cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray absorption spectra: K-edges of 3d transition metals, L-edges of 3d and 4d metals, and M-edges of palladium

Abstract The X-ray absorption spectra of the 3d and 4d transition metals have been calculated within the single-particle approximation by a new linearized augmented plane wave method. The spectra, calculated with sharp atomic and band-structure single-particle levels, have been convoluted with a Lorentzian broadening function whose width is the sum of that of the core hole and the excited electrons. Plots are shown for (i) the K-edge fine structures up to at least 100 eV above the edge for Ca, Ti, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn, (ii) the L2, 3 white lines for Ca, Ti, Cr, Co, and Cu, (iii) the L3 white lines for Sr, Zr, Nb, Ru, Rh, and Pd, and (iv) the M2, 3 and M4,5 spectrum of Pd. Systematic features which depend on the crystal structure and the placement of the Fermi level with conduction band are briefly discussed.
Gene therapy and biosecurity.

The gene therapy field holds tremendous promise of curing or preventing a myriad of diseases. Gene therapy is by nature translational, and investigators in the field are committed to the betterment of human, animal, and plant health. Indeed, most researchers in the biological sciences would like to see their research results put to beneficent use. Unfortunately, not all humans are similarly driven; there are nefarious individuals who would rather do harm than good. Some of these individuals will use a gun, or develop an improvised explosive device, or spread computer viruses over the Internet. There are also those who would use biological agents to inflict harm on others. For example, the Rajneeshee cult tried to fix the results of an election in Oregon in 1984 by contaminating salad bars with Salmonella enterica. Perhaps most chilling, given its timing, was the distribution in 2001 of Bacillus anthracis spores through the US Postal Service on the heels of the September 11 attacks.
The cost of capital for projects: conceptual and practical issues

Examines how individual projects will affect the organization’s stated desire to “add value” by its operations, particularly how the market will judge each project on this basis. Considers rates of return, risk and cost of capital. Provides practical guidance for managers seeking to establish the cost of capital for a number of different types of project. Also provides special guidelines useful in the analysis of cost reduction projects.
Aeolian contamination of Se and Ag in the North Pacific from Asian fossil fuel combustion.

Energy production from fossil fuels, and in particular the burning of coal in China, creates atmospheric contamination that is transported across the remote North Pacific with prevailing westerly winds. In recent years this pollution from within Asia has increased dramatically, as a consequence of vigorous economic growth and corresponding energy consumption. During the fourth Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission baseline contaminant survey in the western Pacific Ocean from May to June, 2002, surface waters and aerosol samples were measured to investigate whether atmospheric deposition of trace elements to the surface North Pacific was altering trace element biogeochemical cycling. Results show a presumably anthropogenic enrichment of Ag and of Se, which is a known tracer of coal combustion, in the North Pacific atmosphere and surface waters. Additionally, a strong correlation was seen between dissolved Ag and Se concentrations in surface waters. This suggests that Ag should now also be considered a...
Characterization of gene localization and accessibility in DHFR-amplified CHO cells.

Efficient transcription is critical for high yields of recombinant proteins by mammalian cells. We previously reported that dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-mediated gene amplification can augment transcriptional rates as well as increasing gene copy numbers in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.1 In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we have employed several approaches to identify the epigenetic differences between cell clones with varying transcriptional rates. Transgene placement and accessibility varies between unrelated parental cell clones with differential transcriptional rates. However, we did not observe any apparent epigenetic differences between parental clones and their amplified progeny, indicating undiscovered regulatory mechanisms are responsible for the augmentation of transcriptional rates upon DHFR-mediated amplification. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Refractory Angina: Current Options

In my opinion, in the acutely symptomatic patient, refractory angina should be considered only when there is ongoing chest discomfort or angina-equivalent symptoms associated with ongoing changes on the electrocardiogram, such as transient ST-segment depression occurring while the patient is receiving maximum aggressive anti-ischemic, antithrombotic and general medical therapy. This includes hypertension control and heart rate control, whether it be fast or slow. Maximum anti-ischemic and anticoagulation therapy also need to be defined. Maximum therapy generally consists of:
The Effect of Water on Passivity and Pitting of Titanium in Solutions of Methanol and Hydrogen Chloride

The effect of water on passivity and breakdown of passivity by pitting of titanium in solutions of methanol and hydrogen chloride has been studied. In anhydrous solutions no passivation occurs. Small additions of water lead to passivation, the region of passivity being limited by the pitting potential to noble values. The critical pitting potential becomes more noble with increasing water content of the electrolyte. Values obtained under steady‐state conditions seem to level off at higher water contents, while values obtained under nonstationary conditions increase linearly with water content. No passivation occurs when 12N aqueous was added to pure methanol to produce an aqueous solution of , but passivation was observed when an aqueous solution of was produced. This is explained by the higher water content of the latter solution, which is sufficient to passivate the surface at potentials below the pitting potential.
Governmental intrusiveness in the family: A continuing dilemma

Abstract This discussion examines the ongoing controversy between critics of and advocates for child protective services. Although this controversy is often identified as taking place between lawyers and social workers, it is a problem that must be faced by society as a whole. The needs of society and the needs of individuals relate directly to each other. When these needs conflict with each other, modification in procedures designed to carry them out becomes crucial. Interventions must be designed so as to achieve that which is in the “best interests of the child” as well as in the best interest of society.
Transition moment closure tests for ethylene

The completeness of a basis set for ethylene is examined relative to its ability to describe transition moments. The double zeta (Dunning contraction) plus polarization plus Rydberg Cartesian Gaussian set does much better for length than for velocity moments. An attempt is made to interpret the transition moment sums for the occupied orbitals.
THE Age of DIY and Dawn of the Maker Movement

HELLO, WORLD! We live in interesting times. While people have been “making” things for quite a while, the last few years has seen the emergence of a distinctive maker and DIY (“do-it-yourself ”) culture all around the world. One interesting facet of the maker culture is its pervasiveness. One does not need a PhD or professional license to be a part of this culture. It is pop culture at its finest! The cost of building a small, interesting robot today is really only a few hundred US dollars. A decent 3D printer can be built for under five hundred (not including ink). There are reasonable digital oscilloscopes that fit inside a watch or plug inside your PC. The precipitous drop in cost of materials and equipment, along with the widespread dissemination of knowledge via low barrier mediums like online videos and the web have all had a hand in making “DIY” easier than ever before. At the heart of the maker world is a collaborative community spirit, whether it is about sharing designs, working collaboratively in a shared space (a.k.a. “hackerspaces”), raising funds from a broad community of interest, or showing off your cool project at venues such as Makerfaire. The community of makers utilizes traditional manufacturing techniques (e.g., woodand metal-working). The special twist is that one does not need to go through an apprenticeship process and commit to years of study along with a vocation. Rather, one can simply find the closest hackerspace and join up or organize a course on PCB (“Printed Circuit Board”) design, soldering, or forging pendants by melting discarded coke cans. In addition, there are some enabling technologies – single board microcontrollers and 3D printers that became popular among the hobbyist communities over the last few years. These are distinct faces of the maker community. Finally, there are a plethora of applications that the maker community is interested in. This changes over time but recently, there is great interest in small robots, flying drones and quantifying one’s daily routines and habits. In this piece, we’ll be exploring some of these broad trends.
Double and single electron capture in slow collisions of Ar9+,8+ ions with He atoms.

The technique of 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Auger-electron spectroscopy has been used to study Na-like ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{7+}$ excited states populated in double- and single-capture collisions by 90-keV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{9+}$ and 80-keV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{8+}$ projectiles from He target atoms. Metastable Ne-like ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{8+}$ 2${p}^{5}$3s $^{3}P_{0}$,2 states play an important role in populating several ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{7+}$ final states. Careful He-target pressure dependence studies were performed to establish the excitation and/or capture mechanism for the Na-like core-excited levels. Highly nonequivalent 2${p}^{5}$3lnl' configurations, with n values peaking at n=8 but extending to near the series limits, were produced in double-electron capture onto ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{9+}$ projectiles. The spectra have been identified and compared with calculated multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) Auger energies and previous measurements. The Auger decay of the ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{7+}$ 2${p}^{5}$3s3p $^{4}\mathrm{D}_{7/2}$ metastable level has been observed and the energy of the line from the Breit induced decay has been measured. Allowed doublet lines from the 2${p}^{5}$3${s}^{2}$ $^{2}\mathrm{P}_{1/2}$,3/2 states were also measured. The experimental values are in strong agreement with the results of the MCDF calculations.
‘Ut pictura poesis’: lo plástico y lo transitorio en la prosa azoriniana de La voluntad (1902)

It is well known that commentaries on the influence of painting in the narrative of Azorin (Jose Martinez Ruiz) have become a topos in the critical canon on this author. The present essay adds to this corpus of study by contrasting the texts on Art Theory written by the Impressionist painters, who were contemporaries of Azorin, with the aesthetic standpoint of the novelist, which is frequently explicit in his own narrative. Azorin perceives writing and painting to be similar practices that are at the service of the same aesthetic objectives, and consequently he dedicates his narrative to the capture of sensation, light and colour. For Azorin, a great writer is characterized by the plasticity of his prose and his sensitive approach to sketching landscapes. Indeed, Azorin's own qualities as a painter of nature, interiors and portraits can be considered on a par with those of the Impressionist school of painting he admired.
Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis of β-galactosidase on microchips

Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) is a method of accomplishing chemical analyses, typically in an open-tubular capillary, due to the difference in the electrophoretic mobility between the particular reagents. This work reports on combining this technique onto microfabricated systems. Two methods of this technique were applied, constant potential and zero potential EMMA onto chips. A dosage response curve was run using this constant potential mode that resulted in a linear response over three orders of substrate concentration magnitude. The chemical system used here is beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as the enzyme and fluorescein mono-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FMG) as the substrate. The zero potential mode was used to amplify product turnover using various incubation times. Using this technique and a 10 min incubation, approximately 40000 enzyme molecules could be detected. The zero potential mode is also used in conjunction with an internal standard to show how one can quantitate using this method. The power and ease of utility of this technique is described.
Exploration for Pennsylvanian Sandstones, South-Central Kansas: ABSTRACT

To determine the presence, or conditions leading to the presence, of uraniferous host rocks in the Pennsylvanian subsurface strata of south-central Kansas, rocks in the Sedgwick basin were studied as part of a much larger investigation involving four 2° quadrangles. Investigation also extended into Oklahoma for purposes of correlation. The area long has been one of active exploration for oil and gas and much of the subsurface information is drawn from well logs. Most of the surface Pennsylvanian outcrops have been studied for several years. The designation "sandstone" herein is used in its broadest sense, and may include any of the coarser clastic sediments because the impure, arkosic or graywacke-type sandstones may be more favorable host rocks, and the granularity may vary from very coarse to fine, in the latter case from cementation of original porosity. The most favorable environments for deposition are terrigenous and fluvial, shoreline, and nearshore deltaic; the cyclothemic deposits so characteristic of the Kansas Pennsylvanian should be most likely host rocks. The problem in part is one of stratigraphic corr lation because the Kansas border was usually close to the hinge line, or shelf-to-basin transition, resulting in numerous facies changes. The presence of uraniferous deposits should probably be complementary with those in which hydrocarbons may occur. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2115------------
Functional expression of NAD(P)H oxidase p47 in lung microvascular endothelial cells.

Vascular endothelial cell superoxide (O(*)(2)) has an important role in intracellular signaling, in interaction with other reactive species such as nitric oxide, and in vascular dysfunction. Little is known regarding the source and function of O(*)(2) from microvascular endothelial cells from specific tissues. Mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with phorbol ester (PMA) or NADPH generated significant O(*)(2), which was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) but not by allopurinol, rotenone, indomethacin, or quinacrine. Optimal O(*)(2) generation required cytosolic as well as particulate cell fractions of cells. In parallel studies, PMA induced increased expression of the p47 component of the NAD(P)H oxidase in the particulate fraction, which was inhibited by staurosporine and calphostin. These data demonstrate that NAD(P)H oxidase is an important source of O(*)(2) generation in lung microvascular endothelial cells.
Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 mediates inhibition of gastrin and histamine secretion from human, dog, and rat antrum

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: In gastric antrum, somatostatin exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on gastrin and histamine secretion. Five different subtypes of somatostatin receptors, designated sst1-5, have been identified. sst2, sst3, and sst5 subtypes have been localized to the stomach by molecular biological techniques. The aim of this study was to identify the sst subtype regulating gastrin and histamine secretion in human, dog, and rat stomach. METHODS: Mucosal segments from human, dog, and rat antrum were superfused with various concentrations of somatostatin 14 and somatostatin analogues selective for sst2, sst3, and sst5. Gastrin and histamine were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Somatostatin 14 and the sst2 agonist EC 5-20 inhibited gastrin and histamine secretion from all three species in a concentration- dependent manner, whereas the sst3 and sst5 agonists had no significant effect. Neutralization of endogenous somatostatin with the somatostatin antibody increased gastrin and histamine secretion. The increases were not affected by the gastrin antagonist but were abolished by the sst2 agonist, implying that the inhibitory influence of ambient somatostatin is exerted directly on the histamine cell rather than indirectly via changes in gastrin secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Somatostatin inhibits gastrin and histamine secretion in human, dog, and rat antrum by activating sst2 receptors on gastrin and histamine cells. (Gastroenterology 1996 Oct;111(4):919-24)
A Reexamination of Japan's Aggregate Import Demand Function: An Application of The Engle and Granger Two-Step Procedure

This paper reexamines the import demand function of Japan. In addition to using the relatively new procedures of cointegration and error-correction modeling, the role of effective exchange rate on Japan's import demand is considered. The empirical results suggest that the error-correction model performs very well. The estimates confirm that the omission of effective exchange rate, misspecification of the adjust- ment mechanism, and the use of the price-ratio format have yielded statistically insignificant or implausible results. The results suggest also that the recent apprecia- tion of the yen has caused a structural shift in Japan's import demand behavior. [C13]
Three-dimensional simulation of the plasma arc welding process

Abstract A finite element-based simulation of the plasma arc welding process is presented. The simulation determines the weld pool's three-dimensional capillary surface shape, the approximate solid-liquid phase boundary, and calculates the pool's three-dimensional flow and temperature fields. The simulation is first used to examine the effect of ambient temperature and plate speed on pool shape. Pool flow is then studied. The flow's qualitative features are primarily determined by jet shear and thermocapillarity while buoyancy is of secondary importance.
Apparent impropriety and procedural fairness judgments

Abstract Variation in decision making and allocation procedures has been shown to affect judgments of the fairness of the procedure and its outcome, but such effects have always been studied in the context of properly enacted procedures. It was hypothesized that the appearance of impropriety in the enctment of a fair procedure would increase the extent to which the procedure is judged in terms of its outcome. One hundred twenty undergraduate males and females were placed in the role of either defendant or observer with respect to an adversary procedure trial. Appearance of impropriety was manipulated during the trial by either including or not including evidence of a friendly personal relationship between the judge and the plaintiff's lawyer. The defendant was said to have either won or lost the case. A significant impropriety × outcome interaction on ratings of procedural fairness, unqualified by higher order effect, supported the hypothesis: a favorable outcome increased and an unfavorable outcome decreased the fairness of the procedure more when the impropriety was present. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for future investigation and theory on procedural justice and for practical issues.
Investigation into steering wheel nibble

AbstractMany studies of mechanisms contributing to steering wheel nibble have been carried out in the past. This paper deals with some aspects that have not yet been studied, or those that have been presented by several authors but are deemed to be controversial. Firstly, an overview of stimulation sources (disturbance factors), and the significance these have with respect to steering nibble, is given. As an example of the controversial aspects of the problem, this paper deals with the assumption of dry friction in steering gear models and its conflict with the observed transfer of vibration caused by small (realistic) amounts of imbalance or tyre force variation. After modelling the steering gear resistance correctly, it is possible to identify, in the steering gear, a natural frequency that contributes reasonably to the nibble phenomenon. Based on this new model, a CAE study on parameter sensitivity, using the ‘design of experiments’ approach, is presented.
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Potentiates Apoptosis, Inhibits Invasion, and Abolishes Osteoclastogenesis by Suppressing Nuclear Factor-κB Activation

Because of its ability to suppress tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation, the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is currently in clinical trials. How SAHA mediates its effects is poorly understood. We found that in several human cancer cell lines, SAHA potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemotherapeutic agents and inhibited TNF-induced invasion and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis, all of which are known to require NF-kappaB activation. These observations corresponded with the down-regulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic (IAP1, IAP2, X chromosome-linked IAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), TRAF1, FLIP, and survivin), proliferative (cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase 2, and c-Myc), and angiogenic (ICAM-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor) gene products. Because several of these genes are regulated by NF-kappaB, we postulated that SAHA mediates its effects by modulating NF-kappaB and found that SAHA suppressed NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF, IL-1beta, okadaic acid, doxorubicin, lipopolysaccharide, H(2)O(2), phorbol myristate acetate, and cigarette smoke; the suppression was not cell type-specific because both inducible and constitutive NF-kappaB activation was inhibited. We also found that SAHA had no effect on direct binding of NF-kappaB to the DNA but inhibited sequentially the TNF-induced activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha ubiquitination, IkappaBalpha degradation, p65 phosphorylation, and p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, SAHA inhibited the NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression activated by TNF, TNFR1, TRADD, TRAF2, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, IkappaBalpha kinase, and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Overall, our results indicated that NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression inhibited by SAHA can enhance apoptosis and inhibit invasion and osteoclastogenesis.
RCVS guide to student behaviour.

WHILE reading Bob Michell's recent letter ( VR , December 6, 2014, vol 175, pp 567-568) I …
A third isoform of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII is present in mammals

The terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), contains three mitochondrial and ten nuclear encoded subunits in mammals. Three of the nuclear subunits (VIa, VIIa, and VIII) have muscle and non-muscle-specific isoforms, subunit IV contains a lung-specific isoform, and subunit VIb contains a testes-specific isoform. For subunit VIII, the smallest nuclear encoded COX polypeptide, we have now found a third gene (COX 8-3), which has been identified in human, lemur, rat, and mouse, suggesting that it is present in a broad range of Eutherian mammals. Sequence similarity and gene structure support the homology of COX8-3 to the other subunit VIII isoforms, indicating that all three are the product of gene duplications. COX VIII-3 protein is mitochondrially-targeted, as shown by a fluorescent COX VIII3/DsRed fusion protein. Both the mitochondrial targeting and its sequence conservation suggest that COXVIII-3 functions as part of the COX holoenzyme and could have a tissue-specific role, as is the case for the other two isoforms. Questions remain about where COX8-3 is predominantly expressed. However, detection of full-length cDNAs, lower levels of sequence divergence at the first and second codon positions compared to the third, and a conserved gene structure indicate that COX VIII-3 is an expressed gene whose origin dates to at least 91 million years ago.
Biochemical regulation of the three different states of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor in pancreatic acini

Abstract We used rat pancreatic acini and measured binding of [125I]CCK-8 and [3H]L-364,718 to the three different states of the CCK receptor to examine potential biochemical regulation of ligand binding for each receptor state. Binding of [125I]CCK-8 to the high affinity state of the receptor was measured as carbachol-inhibitable binding of [125I]CCK-8, whereas binding of [125I]CCK-8, whereas binding of [125I]CCK-8 to the low affinity state was measured as carbachol-resistant binding of [125I]CCK-8. Interaction of CCK-8 with the very low affinity state of the CCK receptor was measured as CCK-8-inhibitable binding of [3H]L-364,718. [125I]CCK-8 that was bound to the high affinity state dissociated slowly at a rate of 0.20%/min and this dissociation was not altered by 30 mM NaF. Dissociation of [125I]CCK-8 bound to the low affinity state was biphasic — 22% of the bound radioactivity dissociated completely within 3 min and the remaining 78% dissociated slowly at a rate of 0.19%/min. Dissociation of [125I]CCK-8 from the low affinity state was not altered by 30 mM NaF. The pattern of dissociation of bound [125I]CCK-8 from the pancreatic CCK receptor expressed in COS cells was also biphasic and closely resembled that observed in pancreatic acini. CCK-8 that was bound to the very low affinity state dissociated completely during a 20-min period of washing and resuspension of acini that had been first incubated with CCK-8. We found extensive biochemical regulation of the different states of the CCK receptor in pancreatic acini. Bombesin, TPA, NaF, CCCP and trifluoperazine each altered binding of [125I]CCK-8 to the high affinity state and to the low affinity state, and except for bombesin each agent was more potent in affecting the high affinity state than the low affinity state. No agent tested affected the low affinity state but not the high affinity state. In contrast, a number of agents affected the high affinity state but not the low affinity state. These included receptor-mediated agonists (carbachol, secretin, VIP), 8Br-cAMP, NEM, agents that affect microtubules or microfilaments (cytochalasin B, vinblastine), calmodulin inhibitors (W-7, chlorpromazine) and genistein. Experiments with EGTA, A23187 and thapsigargin indicated that none of the three receptor states was influenced by intracellular or extracellular calcium. No agent tested altered the interaction of CCK-8 with the very low affinity state of the CCK receptor. The effects on binding of [125I]CCK-8 by NaF, TPA, secretin, bombesin and carbachol were enhanced by okadaic acid, indicating that the abilities of these agents to influence CCK receptor binding involves phosphorylation. The effects of TPA, but not those of NaF, secretin, bombesin or carbachol, were prevented by staurosporine and H-7 (inhibitors of protein kinase C and other kinases). Genistein (inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase), W-7 and trifluoperazine (calmodulin antagonists) did not alter the effects of TPA, secretin, bombesin or carbachol on binding of [125I]CCK-8.
Accurate prediction of absolute acidity constants in water with a polarizable force field: substituted phenols, methanol, and imidazole.

Validity of a force field with explicit treatment of electrostatic polarization in a form of inducible point dipoles for computing acidity constants was tested by calculating absolute pKa values of substituted phenols, methanol, and imidazole in water with the molecular dynamics technique. The last two systems were selected as tyrosine and histidine side-chain analogues, respectively. The solvent was represented by an explicit polarizable water model. Similar calculations were also performed with a modified OPLS-AA nonpolarizable force field. The resulting pKa values were compared with available experimental data. While the nonpolarizable force field yields errors of about 5 units in the absolute pKa values for the phenols and methanol, the polarizable force field produces the acidity constant values within a ca. 0.8 units accuracy. For the case of imidazole, the fixed-charges force field was capable of reproducing the experimental value of pKa (6.4 versus the experimental 7.0 units), but only at a cost o...
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Water Jet With Experimental Validation

Many undergraduate and early graduate engineering programs offer courses in numerical analysis to teach students how to solve partial differential equations numerically and fluid mechanics to teach how the Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid phenomena. However, the connection between numerical analysis taught in the classroom and CFD is very rarely made. In an effort to bridge the gap, a simplified CFD simulation was developed to model the diffusion of a two dimensional turbulent water jet. Assumptions were made to simplify the Navier-Stokes equations in cartesian coordinates to arrive at a single PDE with only three terms. Considering that the modeled water jet is fully turbulent (Re ≈ 150,000), an algebraic turbulence model was incorporated to account for turbulent viscosity effects, namely Prandtl’s Mixing Length model. Velocity measurement and flow visualization were conducted using a water table to validate the model. Also, a commercially available CFD program (FLUENT) was employed to evaluate the validity of the simplifications made to the governing equations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Children's acetaminophen exposures reported to a regional poison control center.

Purpose. The patient characteristics, doses taken, and types of exposures in children with acetaminophen-related exposures reported to a regional poison control center (RPCC) were studied. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of all acetaminophen exposures that occurred between October 31, 2000, and October 31, 2003, in children younger than 18 years who were managed by an RPCC. Children were grouped into three age categories: less than 6 years (group 1), 6–12 years (group 2), and 13–17 years (group 3). Data collected included patient demographics, drug details, type of exposure, time since exposure, exposure site, and caller site. Results. There were 473 exposures to acetaminophen: 76% in group 1, 3% in group 2, and 21% in group 3. Sex was distributed equally among groups, except group 3 was 83% females. The majority of callers seeking information on acetaminophen ingestion in children younger than 12 years were family members (62%), whereas health professionals (61%) were the most common callers for children over 12 years. Unintentional ingestion was the most common type of exposure in group 1 (100%) and group 2 (93.7%). In group 3, intentional ingestions were more common (91%), with females representing far more of these exposures than males (87% versus 14%, respectively). Acetaminophen doses over 200 mg/kg were ingested by 47% of children in group 3. Conclusion. Most acetaminophen exposures reported to an RPCC occurred in children less than six years of age and were unintentional, whereas exposures in children over 12 years were more likely to be intentional overdoses.
The promotion of the anodic dissolution of polycrystalline iron surfaces by adsorbed sulfur: A UHV-electrochemical study

Abstract The effect of systematically increasing surface coverage of sulfur on the electrochemical behavior of polycrystalline iron in a mildly alkaline (pH 8.4) buffer has been examined by combined ultrahigh vacuum/ electrochemistry methodology. Polycrystalline Fe surfaces were cleaned and characterized under UHV conditions, then exposed to H 2 S gas prior to immersion in the electrolyte solutions. Adsorbed sulfur is found to enhance anodic dissolution, though passivation is ultimately observed at all levels of surface sulfur saturation. The iron dissolution current is found to vary in a non-linear manner with S coverage. XPS data reveal that at sulfur levels exceeding 64% of saturation coverage, there is an abrupt change in the anodic dissolution current and in the surface composition ratio of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ . An increase in the ratio of hydroxide to oxide is also observed. An abrupt change in overall overlayer thickness is noted above this level of S coverage. The data indicate that when compared to passive films formed in the absence of S, the surface films that are formed in the presence of S contain significantly higher proportions of Fe 3+ and OH − .
The true sample complexity of active learning

We describe and explore a new perspective on the sample complexity of active learning. In many situations where it was generally believed that active learning does not help, we show that active learning does help in the limit, often with exponential improvements in sample complexity. This contrasts with the traditional analysis of active learning problems such as non-homogeneous linear separators or depth-limited decision trees, in which Ω(1/?) lower bounds are common. Such lower bounds should be interpreted carefully; indeed, we prove that it is always possible to learn an ?-good classifier with a number of samples asymptotically smaller than this. These new insights arise from a subtle variation on the traditional definition of sample complexity, not previously recognized in the active learning literature.
Replacement of degenerated mitral and aortic bioprostheses without explantation

Abstract Background . The most common indication for reoperation in patients with a bioprosthetic valve is primary tissue failure. Explantation of the bioprosthesis is time consuming, and for a mitral valve, may be complicated by cardiac rupture at the atrioventricular junction or the posterior left ventricular wall where a strut is imbedded, injury to the circumflex artery, and late perivalvular leak; for an aortic valve, annular disruption and perivalvular leak may complicate explantation. A new approach to simplify these procedures and avoid these complications, by excising only the bioprosthetic tissue and attaching a bileaflet mechanical valve to the intact stent, was developed in 1991 and was evaluated over a 9-year period in 50 patients who had had one (34), two (10), three (4), or four (2) previous open cardiac operations. Methods . Since 1991, we have replaced degenerated mitral bioprostheses in 34 patients (25 to 84 years of age; 12 male, 22 female) by preserving the stent and suturing a St. Jude or Carbomedics bileaflet valve to the atrial side of the bioprosthetic cuff; the mitral valve was exposed through a median sternotomy in 21 patients and through a right anterolateral thoracotomy in 13. Using a similar approach, starting in 1995, 16 additional patients (55 to 73 years of age; 11 male, 5 female) with degenerated aortic bioprostheses had the aortic valve replaced by excising the bioprosthetic tissue and amputating the struts, then suturing a Carbomedics valve to the aortic side of the bioprosthetic cuff. This allows the use of a bileaflet valve similar in size to the bioprosthesis with exact matching of the orifices. Results . Bypass time averaged 61 ± 14 minutes and aortic cross-clamp time 43 ± 12 minutes. There has been no operative mortality. Three late deaths occurred at 9, 37, and 58 months, and were not valve related. No gradients of hemodynamic significance have been detected on transesophageal echocardiographic follow-up. Conclusions . Leaving the bioprosthetic cuff intact eliminates the need for extensive dissection, thus shortening and simplifying the procedure and diminishing its attendant mortality and morbidity. This valve-on-valve approach also allows replacement of a degenerated bioprosthesis with a bileaflet valve of comparable size rather than a smaller one jammed into the orifice of the bioprosthetic stent, thus avoiding undue trauma to the bileaflet valve and maintaining excellent hemodynamic function.
Paracellular transport of a proteolytically labile pentapeptide across the colonic and other intestinal segments of the albino rabbit: implications for peptide drug design

The objective of this study was to determine whether a pentapeptide susceptible to intracellular collagenase action, 4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-L-Pro-L-Leu-Gly-L-Pro-D-Arg (Pz-peptide), would be able to penetrate the colonic and other intestinal segments of the albino rabbit essentially intact. Incubation of Pz-peptide with homogenates and subcellular fractions of various intestinal segments revealed that this peptide was most susceptible to degradation in the descending colon and least so in the jejunum. About 60% of the proteolytic activity against Pz-peptide was cytosolic. Nevertheless, Pzpeptide penetrated all intestinal segments with more than 80% of it in the intact form. Although Pzpeptide was most susceptible to proteolysis in the descending colon, its penetration was the second best there. Furthermore, the extent of penetration of both Pz-peptide and its hydrolytic product, Pz-Pro-Leu, was as well as or even better than that of more lipophilic atenolol, timolol and propranolol. Escape of Pz-peptide from the surveillance by intracellular collagenases, especially in the descending colon, suggests that Pz-peptide was mainly transported by the paracellular pathway, perhaps by enhancing tight junctional permeability. Such a possibility was supported by (a) no correlation between extent of Pz-peptide penetration and collagenase activity in various intestinal segments, (b) concentration-dependent Pz-peptide transport in the colon and rectum and (c) Pz-peptide-induced increase in the penetration of hydrophilic mannitol and atenolol and decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance in Caco-2 monolayers. The above findings suggest that it may be possible to design peptides that would instinctively seek out the paracellular pathway of transport, thereby escaping intracellular proteolytic processing.
Essential self-adjointness: implications for determinism and the classical-quantum correspondence

It is argued that seemingly “merely technical” issues about the existence and uniqueness of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators in quantum mechanics have interesting implications for foundations problems in classical and quantum physics. For example, pursuing these technical issues reveals a sense in which quantum mechanics can cure some of the forms of indeterminism that crop up in classical mechanics; and at the same time it reveals the possibility of a form of indeterminism in quantum mechanics that is quite distinct from the indeterminism of state vector collapse. More generally, the examples considered indicate that the classical–quantum correspondence is more intricate and delicate than is generally appreciated. The aim of the article is to give a series of examples that reveal why the technical issues about self-adjointness are relevant to the philosophy of science and that help to make the issues accessible to philosophers of science.
Physician and clinic charges for diagnosing growth hormone deficiency.

Abstract Physician and clinic charges for diagnosing growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children are not generally known, whereas the charges for purchasing growth hormone (GH) are known. We recently surveyed the charges submitted to third-party payers for diagnosing GHD in five pediatric endocrine clinics throughout the United States: the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Health Science Schools of the State University of New York at Buffalo, Oregon Health Sciences University, and the University of Chicago. The financial data analyzed included charges for physician services and for GH testing. Different approaches to the medical examination of children with suspected GHD at these clinics prevented any comparison of physician or GH testing charges. However, the charges for diagnosing GHD could be determined for each pediatric endocrine clinic if the methods of examination were not considered. Contractual adjustments, net revenues, costs, and net margins were not surveyed. Subjective comments from the study sites suggest significantly reduced reimbursement amounts. We conclude that the total charges for diagnosing GHD submitted to third-party payers at these institutions averaged $1719. (J P EDIATR 1996;128:S61-2)
Regional variations in cost of trauma care in the United States: who is paying more?

BACKGROUNDThe study of regional variations in costs of care has been used to identify areas of savings for several diseases and conditions. This study investigates similar potential regional differences in the cost of adult trauma care using an all-payer, nationally representative sample.METHODSTrau
Diminished worlds? The geography of everyday life with HIV/AIDS

Abstract This paper examines the impact of HIV/AIDS upon the geography of everyday life using insights gained from an ethnographic study of nine men with symptomatic HIV and AIDS in Los Angeles. Variations among respondents and their immediate environments produce different experiences following diagnosis. Despite these variations, there exist some striking similarities in the impact of the illness. These similarities are conceptualized using a stage model to illustrate the changing effect of the illness upon the geographical dimensions of respondents' lives. Respondents' lives were fundamentally altered by HIV/AIDS, but not all changes were detrimental. The complex nature of the illness engenders a series of both positive and negative shifts in well-being, which, in turn, produces expansion as well as decline of people's daily worlds.
Host genetic mechanism of resistance and susceptibility to a bovine retroviral infection

Abstract The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has approximately 50% nucleotide sequence similarity to HTLV types I and II, and shares common regulatory mechanisms, but differs in host cell tropism, with B‐cells comprising the primary target of infection. We have shown that progression of BLV infection to persistent lymphocytosis (PL) is under the control of the bovine major histocompatibility complex, mapping closest to BoLA class II genes. We recently narrowed the association to exon 2 of the BoLA‐DRB3 gene. This exon was cloned from animals with BoLA haplotypes previously found to be associated with resistance and susceptibility to PL. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of the amino acids Glu‐Arg (ER) at putative antigen binding residues 70 and 71 only in BoLA haplotypes associated with resistance. This correlation was confirmed in a case‐control study using an allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the ER motif at residues 70‐71. Analysis of infection in peripheral blood leukocy...
The Escherichia coli FOF1 gammaM23K uncoupling mutant has a higher K0.5 for Pi. Transition state analysis of this mutant and others reveals that synthesis and hydrolysis utilize the same kinetic pathway.

The Escherichia coli FOF1 ATP synthase uncoupling mutation, γM23K, was found to increase the energy of interaction between γ and β subunits, prevent the proper utilization of binding energy to driv...
Semi‐Markov processes and mobility†

A stochastic model of migration, occupational and vertical mobility, based on the theory of Semi‐Markov processes, is presented and important features of these processes derived. The model is a generalization of the Markov process in which the probability of leaving a state can depend in any arbitrary way on the length of time the state has been occupied (duration‐of‐stay) and on the next state entered (pushes and pulls). For mobility processes it thus captures McGinnis’ ‘axiom of cumulative inertia.’ Several distributions with cumulative inertia are presented and the relationship between the Semi‐Markov model and the Mover‐Stayer model explored. A method of including age effects is described. The model is shown to have applications to many other social processes, in addition to mobility, which have duration‐of‐stay effects.
Multiscale approaches for studying energy transduction in dynein

Cytoplasmic dynein is an important motor that drives all minus-end directed movement along microtubules. Dynein is a complex motor whose processive motion is driven by ATP-hydrolysis. Dynein’s run length has been measured to be several millimetres with typical velocities in the order of a few nanometres per second. Therefore, the average time between steps is a fraction of a second. When this time scale is compared with typical time scales for protein side chain and backbone movements (∼10−9 s and ∼10−5 s, respectively), it becomes clear that a multi-timescale modelling approach is required to understand energy transduction in this protein. Here, we review recent efforts to use computational and mathematical modelling to understand various aspects of dynein’s chemomechanical cycle. First, we describe a structural model of dynein’s motor unit showing a heptameric organization of the motor subunits. Second, we describe our molecular dynamics simulations of the motor unit that are used to investigate the dynamics of the various motor domains. Third, we present a kinetic model of the coordination between the two dynein heads. Lastly, we investigate the various potential geometries of the dimer during its hydrolytic and stepping cycle.
Analysis of Induced Sputum in the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

Sixty-two patients with possible AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were studied to determine the diagnostic usefulness of sputum analysis and whether or not the results of sputum analysis are related to severity of disease. Induced sputum was stained with Gomori Methenamine silver and modified Wright Giemsa stains. Indicators of disease severity were: extent of chest roentgenographic infiltrate, serum lactic dehydrogenase activity, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, and total blood lymphocyte count. All patients with sputum negative for Pneumocystis underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage. Sputum analysis was 71% sensitive and 100% specific for the diagnosis of PCP. The negative predictive value of sputum analysis was 48%. There was no relationship between sputum results and the severity of PCP. This study led to the conclusions that sputum analysis is a sensitive, specific, rapid, and low-cost technique for the diagnosis of PCP, and that the sensitivity of sputum analysis for the detection of PCP is not affected by the severity of PCP.
High frequency Green function for aerodynamic noise in moving media, Part I: General theory

Abstract A method for constructing the high frequency Green function for a source in an arbitrary subsonic flow is described. This construction is done by matching a near source solution to a ray acoustics solution. The value of this Green function is that it can be used to calculate the noise produced by turbulent flows.
Riesz means associated with convex domains in the plane

here our definition of the Fourier transform is f(ξ) = ∫ f(y)e−i〈y,ξ〉dy. For t = 1we also setRλ = Rλ,1 and refer toRλ as the Bochner-Riesz operator associated with Ω. Note that for λ = 0 the Riesz means R0,t are just the partial sum operators associated with the sets tΩ, t > 0, while for λ = 1 one recovers the Fejer means, namely the averages R1,t = t−1 ∫ t 0 R0,sds. The objective is to prove that Rλ,tf converges to f in Lp(R2), for suitable 1 ≤ p 2/p− 3/2. In particular
Treatment of calcified cephalohematoma

This is a case report concerning the surgical treatment of a calcified cephalohematoma, which was possibly caused by an intrauterine fetal monitor. This is the first report of this particular entity as a complication of an intrauterine fetal monitor. As far as we can determine, there is no detailed information available about surgical decision making or surgical techniques for removing such lesions. We operated because of the size and persistence of the lesion. We developed a procedure in which we used the bony cap of the cephalohematoma for a cranioplasty, securing it with microplates.