cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissection of Amino-Terminal Functional Domains of Murine Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 3

ABSTRACT Coronaviruses, the largest RNA viruses, have a complex program of RNA synthesis that entails genome replication and transcription of subgenomic mRNAs. RNA synthesis by the prototype coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is carried out by a replicase-transcriptase composed of 16 nonstructural protein (nsp) subunits. Among these, nsp3 is the largest and the first to be inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum. nsp3 comprises multiple structural domains, including two papain-like proteases (PLPs) and a highly conserved ADP-ribose-1″-phosphatase (ADRP) macrodomain. We have previously shown that the ubiquitin-like domain at the amino terminus of nsp3 is essential and participates in a critical interaction with the viral nucleocapsid protein early in infection. In the current study, we exploited atypical expression schemes to uncouple PLP1 from the processing of nsp1 and nsp2 in order to investigate the requirements of nsp3 domains for viral RNA synthesis. In the first strategy, a mutant was created in which replicase polyprotein translation initiated with nsp3, thereby establishing that complete elimination of nsp1 and nsp2 does not abolish MHV viability. In the second strategy, a picornavirus autoprocessing element was used to separate a truncated nsp1 from nsp3. This provided a platform for further dissection of amino-terminal domains of nsp3. From this, we found that catalytic mutation of PLP1 or complete deletion of PLP1 and the adjacent ADRP domain was tolerated by the virus. These results showed that neither the PLP1 domain nor the ADRP domain of nsp3 provides integral activities essential for coronavirus genomic or subgenomic RNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE The largest component of the coronavirus replicase-transcriptase complex, nsp3, contains multiple modules, many of which do not have clearly defined functions in genome replication or transcription. These domains may play direct roles in RNA synthesis, or they may have evolved for other purposes, such as to combat host innate immunity. We initiated a dissection of MHV nsp3 aimed at identifying those activities or structures in this huge molecule that are essential to replicase activity. We found that both PLP1 and ADRP could be entirely deleted, provided that the requirement for proteolytic processing by PLP1 was offset by an alternative mechanism. This demonstrated that neither PLP1 nor ADRP plays an essential role in coronavirus RNA synthesis.
Attitudes of young adults toward rearing adolescents: test-retest.

Summary.-16 male and 27 female students in an adolescent psychology course used a forced Q-sort to indicate items of greatest concern to them. Ss were asked to imagine themselves the middle-aged parent of a hypothetical adolescent. Effect of the course appeared to depend In part on the sex of the respondent. A retest indicated that, while considerable change took place in items of greatest concern, when the total list was considered items tended to maintain approximately their same relative positions. Attitudes toward child rearing and familial relationships have been investigated by psychologists since at least as early as 1940 when Thompson compared children's reactions with those of parents, teachers, and psychologists. Interest in these relationships has continued to the present (Hunter, 1957; Irving, 1965; Van Mannen, 1968). Hess and Goldblatt ( 1957) investigated factors felt by adolescents to be the greatest problems they would face in adulthood as well as present situations which required attention. In 1968, Bunt studied the relation of an adolescent's self-perception to his opinion of how he was perceived by others, concluding that adolescena judged to be "ego-diffused" had relatively great discrepancies between self-perception and how they believed themselves to be perceived. A method for studying the relative importance of specific attitudes is the "forced" Q-sort (Gordon, 1968; Treichel & Nance, 1970a, 1970b). The purposes of the present study were (a) to determine whether or not there are sex differences in the ranking of items of adolescent behavior and (b) to determine the reliability of the data after a period of time by retesting. (It would, of course, be impossible to determine the cause of low correlations, the content of the course in which Ss were enrolled being somewhat related to the items they sorted.) METHOD A forced Q-sort of behavior items was administered on two occasions, a minimum of 7 wk. apart, with an average of about 10 wk. Ss were volunteers from a psychology of adolescence class, 16 men and 27 women. They ranged in age from 19 to 37 yr., with a mean of 21.8. Two were freshmen, 8 sophomores, 18 juniors, 14 seniors, and 1 graduate student. Each S was to imagine himself a 40-yt.-old parent of a 15-yr.-old adolescent. He was to place the 50 behavior-cards in 11 piles in the frequencies specified, pile 1 indicating least concern. By this procedure, Ss distributed the 50 cards according to an approximately normal distribution. RESULTS Of the 16 male Ss, all considered the adolescent to be either a boy or simply "an adolescent," none a girl. Among female Ss, approximately equal proportions specified a boy, a girl, or merely "an adolescent." Choices by Ss of both sexes remained fairly constant for the two sortings
Polyphase Code Sets with Large Population Size

Good poly phase code sets are proposed that are generated by adding appropriate discrete phase ramps to any single poly phase code with thumbtack ambiguity function. The proposed code sets have small autocorrelation side lobe peaks and cross-correlation peaks, both comparable to those of existing code sets in literature, but can provide a much larger population size. For a single poly phase code of length N and having a thumbtack ambiguity function, the number of poly phase codes in the proposed set can be as large as N, with very small autocorrelation side lobe peaks and cross-correlation peaks and without widening the occupied frequency band. However, this large population size comes at the cost of restricting the maximum allowed target speeds to levels that can still be significantly higher than a vast majority of realistic target speeds. They are suited for MIMO radars and Orthogonal Netted Radar Systems.
The effectiveness of skin cancer screening and continuing medical education programs toward increasing the survival of patients with malignant melanoma.

Abstract The 5-year survival rate for malignant melanoma has increased 40% over the last 50 years. During this same time period, the treatment for the disease has not changed significantly, and consists of wide excision of the primary tumour and perhaps regional node dissection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible impact of screening/education programs on melanoma survival. In 1987, a multimodality University-based Melanoma Treatment Center was established and programs were instituted for skin cancer screening and Continuing Medical Education (CME) of health care providers. During the last 5 years, 594 patients with newly diagnosed melanoma have been registered at the clinic. The number of patients with localized (stage 1 or 2, negative regional nodes) disease was 516 (85%). For all stages of disease, the 3-year actuarial survival for this screened population was 85%. From the National Cancer Database of 9879 patients registered with melanoma for 1988, 75% had localized disease and the 3-year survival was 76%. There were significant differences noted between the screened Florida population and the nationwide database using an odds ratio statistic. This involved a higher frequency of patients diagnosed with localized disease (odds ratio = 1.89 (1.49–2.40)) and a better survival (odds ratio = 1.79 (1.41–2.27)) in the screened population served by CME-educated community physicians.
A Technique for the Simultaneous Measurement of Semen Quality and Testis Histology in Vitamin A Studies of the Dairy Bull

Vitamin A deficiency is the most common of the known vitamin deficiencies which occur in cattle. The clinical symptoms, gross and microscopic pathology and therapy of vitamin A deficiency have been reported by many investigators and are not reviewed in this report. I t has long been known that vitamin A deficiency results in the cessation of spermatogenesis and atrophy of the testis in laboratory animals (87 9) and in cattle recent studies (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) have shown vitamin A deficiency to have a similar effect on the testis of the bull. When small numbers of animals are available it is obviously necessary to obtain as much information from each individual as possible. The standard procedures which have been developed for the measurement of semen quality are of unquestioned value but it is especially desirable to be able to determine the effects of vitamin A deficiency and therapy upon the spermatogenic tissue of the testis itself. This has formerly been possible by autopsy or by the surgical removal of one testis. Each of these methods has the common disadvantage of the limited number of times it can be applied to a particular animal. In recent years the development of biopsy techniques whereby small pieces of tissue can be removed at various intervals have made it possible to gather large amounts of data from single animals. Andrews and McKenzie (1) performed as many as 28 biopsies upon the genitalia of a single mare within a three-month period. The purpose of this report is to describe the procedures used in the conduct of vitamin A studies in the dairy bull. The results obtained in this study should be regarded as preliminary in nature but it is believed that the method will be of value to other investigators in this field.
Cache and I/O efficent functional algorithms

The widely studied I/O and ideal-cache models were developed to account for the large difference in costs to access memory at different levels of the memory hierarchy. Both models are based on a two level memory hierarchy with a fixed size primary memory(cache) of size M, an unbounded secondary memory organized in blocks of size B. The cost measure is based purely on the number of block transfers between the primary and secondary memory. All other operations are free. Many algorithms have been analyzed in these models and indeed these models predict the relative performance of algorithms much more accurately than the standard RAM model. The models, however, require specifying algorithms at a very low level requiring the user to carefully lay out their data in arrays in memory and manage their own memory allocation.In this paper we present a cost model for analyzing the memory efficiency of algorithms expressed in a simple functional language. We show how some algorithms written in standard forms using just lists and trees (no arrays) and requiring no explicit memory layout or memory management are efficient in the model. We then describe an implementation of the language and show provable bounds for mapping the cost in our model to the cost in the ideal-cache model. These bound imply that purely functional programs based on lists and trees with no special attention to any details of memory layout can be as asymptotically as efficient as the carefully designed imperative I/O efficient algorithms. For example we describe an O(n_B logM/Bn_B)cost sorting algorithm, which is optimal in the ideal cache and I/O models.
Scalable mesh-based interpolative coding of synthethic and natural image objects

Abstract This paper presents an object-based synthetic-natural hybrid image coding scheme, where each image objectis encoded individually, provided that their boundaries are specified. This allows coding natural and syntheticimage objects using different methods which are best suited their content. It also allows object-based qualityscalability, in addition to mixing lossy and lossless coding modes depending the requirements of each imageobject. Furthermore, we propose a new object coding method using 2-D mesh-based image sampling and inter- polation, followed by encoding of the interpolation error' image by a traditional data/waveform coding methods. Experimental results on synthetic-natural hybrid test images are provided. 1 INTRODUCTION Images have traditionally been represented by color values sampled on uniform rectangular (square) sampling lattices. Although this representation fits image capture and display hardware well, it may not be the optimumdata structure for image compression, especially for synthetic image objects. It has long been recognized thatthe optimum discrete representation requires non-uniform sampling, where the sampling rate adapts to the localfrequency content (structure) of the image. For example, more pixels are needed in areas of high image detail in
Multiple Combinations of Alternatively Spliced Exons in Rat Tropomyosin-α Gene mRNA: Evidence for 20 New Isoforms in Adult Tissues and Cultured Cells

Abstract Previous studies of the tropomyosin-α gene using Northern blot and ribonuclease protection assay methods identified the expression of nine isoforms generated by alternative splicing of exons. Several of these isoforms were characterized as tissue-specific and/or developmentally specific. The present study used a highly sensitive RT-PCR-based strategy to assay the expression of these and many novel isoforms in a variety of adult rat tissues. All 9 isoforms were found to be expressed in all tissues evaluated. Furthermore, 20 new isoforms were identified with varying tissue specificity. Sequence analysis confirmed exon splicing patterns. This greater degree of isoform generation parallels recent findings for another tropomyosin gene, the TM-5 gene, for which the generation of new isoforms, in particular, ones using novel junctions for carboxy-terminal-coding exons, was also shown. Several of the new cDNA-based isoforms predict tropomyosin protein species that are 10 amino acids longer than previously characterized high-molecular-weight tropomyosin-α gene isoforms. The apparent lack of significant tissue specificity in the expression of tropomyosin isoforms suggests that many of these isoforms have more generic roles in cell function.
Influence of drought on the concentration and distribution of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and other free amino acids in tissues of flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.)

2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (A2bu) may be responsible for the apparent toxicity of flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) forage to some livestock. To obtain information relative to environmental regulation of A2bu, 3-month old flatpea plants, cv. “Lathco”, were subjected to water-deficit stress for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. A2bu, the most abundant free amino acid in roots, stems, and leaves, increased nearly 100% in roots of stressed plants. Increases in the concentrations of asparagine (Asn), proline (Pro), and arginine (Arg) occurred in roots; Asn, Pro, and 4-aminobutyric acid (Abu) in stems; and Pro and homoserine (Hse) in leaves also occurred in response to drought stress. Proline was a minor constituent of the free amino acid pool, even under water-deficit stress. The distribution of A2bu and Pro in the stressed plants (roots > stems > leaves) was the reverse of that in plants supplied with adequate water (roots < stems < leaves). As concentrations of Asn and Abu decreased from roots to leaves in control tissues, concentrations of Hse and A2bu increased in roughly the same proportions. This observation suggests that Abu and Asn may be precursors of A2bu and Hse, respectively. The increase in A2bu levels in aerial parts of drought-stressed flatpea plants is probably not sufficient to lower the feed value of the forage.
Polydiheteroarylenemethines — A new class of conducting polymers

Abstract A new class of conducting polymers, polydiheteroarylenemethines, are chemically prepared by polycondensation of heterocyclic dicarbinoles. It is shown that this method is especially useful for preparation of coatings and electrical conducting composites with conductivities up to 10 −2 S/cm and high third order nonlinear optical susceptibility.
Ligand-switchable Substrates for a Ubiquitin-Proteasome System

Cellular maintenance of protein homeostasis is essential for normal cellular function. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in processing cellular proteins destined for degradation, but little is currently known about how misfolded cytosolic proteins are recognized by protein quality control machinery and targeted to the UPS for degradation in mammalian cells. Destabilizing domains (DDs) are small protein domains that are unstable and degraded in the absence of ligand, but whose stability is rescued by binding to a high affinity cell-permeable ligand. In the work presented here, we investigate the biophysical properties and cellular fates of a panel of FKBP12 mutants displaying a range of stabilities when expressed in mammalian cells. Our findings correlate observed cellular instability to both the propensity of the protein domain to unfold in vitro and the extent of ubiquitination of the protein in the non-permissive (ligand-free) state. We propose a model in which removal of stabilizing ligand causes the DD to unfold and be rapidly ubiquitinated by the UPS for degradation at the proteasome. The conditional nature of DD stability allows a rapid and non-perturbing switch from stable protein to unstable UPS substrate unlike other methods currently used to interrogate protein quality control, providing tunable control of degradation rates.
Crystal doping aided by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions.

The purpose of this study was to test the utility of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) based cocrystallizations in inducing polymorph conversion and crystal disruption of chlorpropamide (CPD). CPD crystals were recrystallized by the RESS process utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent. The supercritical region investigated for solute extraction ranged from 45 to 100°C and 2000 to 8000 psi. While pure solute recrystallization formed stage I of these studies, stage II involved recrystallization of CPD in the presence of urea (model impurity). The composition, morphology, and crystallinity of the particles thus produced were characterized utilizing techniques such as microscopy, thermal analysis, x-ray powder diffractometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Also, comparative evaluation between RESS and evaporative crystallization from liquid solvents was performed. RESS recrystallizations of commercially available CPD (form A) resulted in polymorph conversion to metastable forms C and V, depending on the temperature and pressure of the recrystallizing solvent. Cocrystallization studies revealed the formation of eutectic mixtures and solid solutions of CPD+urea. Formation of the solid solutions resulted in the crystal disruption of CPD and subsequent amorphous conversion at urea levels higher than 40% wt/wt. Consistent with these results were the reductions in melting point (up to 9°C) and in the ΔHfvalues of CPD (up to 50%). Scanning electron microscopy revealed a particle size reduction of up to an order of magnitude upon RESS processing. Unlike RESS, recrystallizations from liquid organic solvents lacked the ability to affect polymorphic conversions. Also, the incorporation of urea into the lattice of CPD was found to be inadequate. In providing the ability to control both the particle and crystal morphologies of active pharmaceutical ingredients, RESS proved potentially advantageous to crystal engineering. Rapid crystallization kinetics were found vital in making RESS-based doping superior to conventional solvent-based cocrystallizations.
Effects of xanthine amine congener on hypoxic coronary resistance and venous and epicardial adenosine concentrations

Objective: The aim was to define the contributions of interstitial and vascular adenosine in regulating coronary vascular resistance during hypoxia. To help in the assessment of adenosine in the vasodilator response, a potent adenosine receptor antagonist, xanthine amine congener (XAC), was used to block adenosine receptors. Methods: Seven isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused at constant flow with Krebs buffer. Coronary vascular resistance was determined during normoxia (95% O2) and mild hypoxia (60% O2) in the absence or presence of 200 or 400 nM XAC. Interstitial fluid was sampled by the epicardial disc technique and the interstitial concentration of XAC (ISF[XAC]) was determined directly by a radioreceptor assay or as tritiated XAC. Venous and epicardial concentrations of adenosine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. In six additional experiments, the vasodilator effect of 1 μM intracoronary adenosine was measured in the absence or presence of 100 or 200 nM XAC. Results: Mild hypoxia decreased coronary resistance by 37(SEM 4)% in the absence of XAC and 26(5)% or 17(4)% in the presence of 200 or 400 nM XAC, respectively. ISF[XAC] rapidly equilibrated with [XAC] in the arterial perfusate or venous effluent. XAC 400 nM markedly increased (p<0.05) the hypoxic levels of venous and epicardial fluid adenosine from 49(19) and 251(42) nM to 75(11) and 495(48) nM, respectively. XAC 100-200 nM almost completely prevented the vasodilatation induced by 1 μM intracoronary adenosine. Conclusions: Adenosine mediates at least 54% of hypoxic vasodilatation. XAC rapidly equilibrates within the myocardial interstitial space and, as a result of blocking adenosine receptors, increases interstitial and venous adenosine concentrations. Increases in interstitial adenosine may partially overcome the adenosine receptor blockade by XAC, thereby reducing the effectiveness of XAC in attenuating the hypoxic vasodilatation. XAC attenuates intracoronary adenosine induced vasodilatation (mediated by endothelial adenosine receptors) much more effectively than it attenuates hypoxic vasodilatation, underscoring the minimal role played by the endothelial receptors in hypoxic vasodilatation. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28 :604-609
Environmental Stressors and Violence: Lead and Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Many environmental risk factors for antisocial and violent behavior have been described. In recent years, this topic has become widely researched in the fields of environmental health, psychology, sociology, and many other disciplines. The results from a myriad of studies have shown that the etiologies of violent and aggressive behavior range from definitive biological environmental stressors like lead or polychlorinated biphenyls to various socio-cultural environmental stressors, such as social, economic, and racial factors. The aim of this paper is (a) to provide an overview of the specific effects of the environmental stressors that have been associated with violent behavior, and (b) to discuss current policies and regulations implemented by the United States government for minimizing exposure to environmental toxins contributing to violence in our society.
EIA outlook: Reversal in U.S. oil import dependency☆

Abstract The United States could achieve a net balance as liquid fuel output exceeds consumption and returns to its surplus status, which has not occurred since the 1960s. Economic, demographic, technological, social, and environmental determinants reveal a decline in vehicle travel demand, reducing forecasts for U.S. oil consumption. Policies that are designed to reduce oil demand for personal transportation are also a vital element of the U.S. ability to achieve net exporter status. Barring investments in refinery configurations, sustained increases in light sweet crude oil production may lead to relaxation of current export restrictions.
Engineering Education as a Complex System.

This paper presents a theoretical basis for cultivating engineering education as a complex system that will prepare students to think critically and make decisions with regard to poorly understood, ill-structured issues. Integral to this theoretical basis is a solution space construct developed and presented as a benchmark for evaluating problem-solving orientations that emerge within students’ thinking as they progress through an engineering curriculum. It is proposed that the traditional engineering education model, while analytically rigorous, is characterised by properties that, although necessary, are insufficient for preparing students to address complex issues of the twenty-first century. A Synthesis and Design Studio model for engineering education is proposed, which maintains the necessary rigor of analysis within a uniquely complex yet sufficiently structured learning environment.
An evaluation of an ambulatory manometry system in assessment of antroduodenal motor activity

While abnormalities in antroduodenal motor function have been documented in both organic and “functional” disorders, controversy surrounds the ideal manometric technique. We sought, therefore, to evaluate a digital solid-state ambulatory system. Sixteen normal volunteers underwent 24-hr recordings of antroduodenal motility. Following catheter placement, a standardized meal was ingested in the laboratory; thereafter, subjects were ambulatory and assumed normal diet and activities. The system was well tolerated; subjects reported that it did not affect their usual activities. Migrating motor complex (MMC) activity was identified in each subject (mean frequency: 4.1 MMCs/24 hr, range 1–8); on average 1.9 (range 0–4, frequency 0.1/hr) occurred while awake and 2.1 (range 0–5, 0.3/hr,P<0.05 vs awake) during sleep. The fed response was evaluated by calculating a motility index (MI) at 30-min intervals from 30 min before to 120 min following meal ingestion. Postprandially, MI was maximal during the first 30 min following meal ingestion: MI (mean±sd) 30 min before vs 30 min after meal in the antrum: 4.16±1.42 vs 5.33±0.72 (P<0.05), duodenum: 4.04±0.80 vs 4.57±0.47 (P<0.05), respectively. None of the other postprandial intervals were significantly different from baseline. There was no significant difference in MI between the standard andad libitum meals. Retrograde catheter migration (mean 5.6, range 1–10 cm) occurred in relation to all meals; as a consequence, antral recordings were lost following 60% of all meals, thereby limiting meaningful analysis of the antral fed response. We conclude, firstly, that while an ambulatory antroduodenal manometry system is well tolerated and reliably records duodenal motility, postprandial catheter migration limits antral recordings, and, secondly, that a motility index calculated during the first 30 min following anad libitum meal accurately reflects the fed motor response.
THE EFFECT OF FEMALE SEX HORMONES UPON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATE OF NORMAL RATS, AND UPON THE TOLERANCE TO DESICCATED THYROID

In a previous report (1) it was shown that pregnant rats tolerate doses of desiccated thyroid which are definitely toxic when fed to non-pregnant animals. Bodansky and Duff (2) made a similar observation. The question immediately arises whether the hormones which are present in high concentration during pregnancy play a role in this increased resistance. The present study is an attempt to answer this question at least in part by determining whether the administration of these hormones increases the tolerance of otherwise normal rats to desiccated thyroid. Also, in view of the varied reports by other workers in this field, the effect of these substances themselves upon oxygen consumption was studied. That the hormones of the thyroid gland and of the gonads have an effect of mutual antagonism under certain conditions has been established. Kippen and Loeb (3) have found that extirpation of the gonads in sexually-mature guinea pigs leads to an increase in the proliferative activity of the thyroid during the f...
A pilot phase II trial of continuous-infusion interleukin-2 followed by lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy and bolus-infusion interleukin-2 in renal cancer

Nine patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were entered into a pilot protocol including a 4-week regimen utilizing human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) and in vitro lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. The regimen included 2 weeks (4 days of treatment and 3 days of rest/week) of continuous-infusion (c.i.) IL-2 at 3 x 10(6) U/m2/day, followed by two leukaphereses. LAK cells were cultured in vitro for 48 to 72 h and administered as a single infusion, followed by 9 days of bolus i.v. injections of 10(6) U IL-2/m2/dose, given every 8 hours (t.i.d.). The average (+/- SD) number of LAK cells infused per patient was 7.2 x 10(10) (+/- 3.5 x 10(10)). One patient showed > 50% shrinkage of tumor (lung + renal bed recurrence). Toxicity was similar to that encountered in other studies using similar IL-2 doses and LAK cells and consisted of fever, hypotension, fluid retention, and reversible renal insufficiency. These results indicate that the 2 weeks of IL-2 c.i. provided conditions enabling the harvest of large quantities of mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of patients; this could be useful for future trials requiring the use of in vitro activated lymphocytes. Nevertheless, these pilot data suggest that this regimen of prolonged t.i.d. IL-2 administration after the LAK infusion does not seem to generate any improvement in antitumor effects from those obtained using other LAK + IL-2 regimens.
Adipose Tissue Deposition and Cellularity in Cimaterol-Treated Female Broilers

The effect of feeding a beta agonist, cimaterol, on carcass yield and composition and adipose tissue development was studied in female broilers. Cimaterol was provided at .25 ppm in the feed starting at 4 wk of age. Birds were sacrificed at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 wk for determination of eviscerated carcass yield, carcass composition, and growth and cellularity of the abdominal, neck, back, and sartorial adipose depots. Carcass yield was significantly (P less than .01) greater in treated birds than in controls (70.0 vs. 72.8%) at 10 wk of age. Moisture percentage and protein decreased (P less than .05) less rapidly in treated carcasses than in control carcasses with increasing age. Lipid percentage increased (P less than .05) in treated carcasses less rapidly than in control carcasses. The weight of the abdominal fat pad was significantly (P less than .05) lower in treated birds than controls at 16 wk. There were no significant treatment effects on live weights, skeletal growth, or liver weights at any age. The composition of the pectoralis minor was not affected by the treatment. Frequency distributions of adipocyte diameters from the neck and thigh differed from those of the abdominal and back depots at 16 wk. Adipocyte diameter appeared to be more sensitive to the dietary treatment than adipocyte numbers per depot. Both adipocyte size and numbers in each depot continued to increase with increasing age of the broilers. The abdominal fat pad showed the largest percentage increase in cell numbers from 4 to 16 wk of age.
Nanophase coexistence and sieving in binary mixtures confined between corrugated walls

The grand canonical Monte Carlo method is used to study a binary mixture of Lennard‐Jones atoms confined to a corrugated slit micropore which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its bulk phase counterpart. The micropore has atomically structured walls; one of the which possesses nanoscale structure in the form of rectilinear grooves (corrugation). The grooved surface divides the confined fluid film into two strip shaped regions, that inside and that outside the grooves. Transverse solidlike order in the film gives rise to shear stress. Transverse order coupled with packing restrictions give rise to a difference between the pore and bulk fluid mixture compositions. Solidlike order may appear within the grooves only, outside the grooves only, or in both regions simultaneously. As the relative alignment of the walls is shifted the pore fluid undergoes freeze–thaw cycles in one or both regions with associated changes in the shear stress and pore fluid composition. The degree of transverse order in the film i...
A note on time-sharing

Abstract The setting for the problem discussed here is a service facility which is to be “time-shared” by two customers. A precise notion of a processing schedule, which prescribes the times at which the facility is available to each customer, is introduced. Associated with each schedule is the expected total waiting time of the two customers. The schedules which minimize this time are called optimum schedules and are determined here. A number of examples and extensions are given which indicate, the scope of the methods used.
Influence of the pituitary on Wolffian lens regeneration.

Abstract Removal of the pituitary 3 days before lentectomy retards Wolffian lens regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens , by two stages over a 21-day period. Hypophysectomy 5 or 10 days after lentectomy does not alter the progress of regeneration during the subsequent 10-day period. Hypophysectomy 3 days before lentectomy also significantly decreases the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine by iris epithelial nuclei 5 days after lentectomy but has no statistically significant effect on the incorporation 7 days after lentectomy. Pituitary tissue from newts or frogs enhances the regenerative activity of newt iris epithelial cells in vitro and in many cases promotes lens fiber formation. To a lesser extent, other tissues, such as nerve ganglion, also enhance the production of lens fiber cells from iris epithelium in vitro , whereas muscle tissue does not; and under certain conditions iris epithelial cells were found to depigment and redifferentiate into lens cells in the absence of other tissues in vitro .
Imaging Simulation For Space-Borne Optical Sensor

Historically, software tools for the design of space-borne imaging sensors have been either typical geometric ray tracing codes or stray-light analysis programs. While these codes provide useful information about the system, they do not currently permit simulation of the image at the detector focal plane. This paper describes a novel software system designed to perform focal simulation, which we believe fulfills an important role in the design of certain systems. The Optical Simulation for Imaging Reconnaissance and Intelligence Sensors (OSIRIS) code will provide users with an environment in which to synthesize imagery to a very high level of fidelity as would be detected at a sensor focal plane. The method for the simulation utilizes a reverse ray tracing technology previously developed for radiometric analysis in the Los Alamos Radiometry Code (LARC). At the present time, the OSIRIS software is complete and undergoing preliminary testing. While this method is extremely computation intensive, it appears to provide the designer with some information which could not otherwise be practically obtained. The primary objective of OSIRIS is to simulate imagery at the focal plane of a detector in space, taking into account laser light scattering in the earth's atmosphere.
Mothers and Militias: Islamic State Construction of the Women Citizens of Northern Sudan

As the only Sunni Islamic Republic in the world, Sudan's middle‐class, modernist Islamist revolution can be seen as a model for the mobilization of public consciousness about citizenship in an Islamic state. That this citizenship is consciously and conspicuously gendered is the main theme of this paper. In the north, where mobilization has been most successful, Sudanese women have both been constructed and have constructed themselves as the woman citizen— mother, Muslim, and soldier. A brief historical background reveals complicated shifts in national, local, and gender identities, from the colonial state to the present. The crux of the paper is an exploration of state hegemonic strategies, including the manipulation of gender and other identities, especially as these are manifested in the fashioning of the ‘new Muslim woman’. Women's complicity in and resistance to these constructions are among the dynamics of contemporary northern Sudan. The paper also explores the waning of ‘Arab’ identity claims in th...
The relationship between rote learning and mediated and nonmediated concept learning

In order to assess the hypothesis that the “response method” of concept learning is a rote learning task, performance on mediated and nonmediated variants of the response method were compared with each other and with performance on paired associate tasks. A low but significant relationship was found between mediated and nonmediated concept learning but little relationship was found between paired associate learning and performance on either concept learning task.
Structure and developmental changes in the tergal glands of adult females of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract Female alates of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus , possess a pair of glands under the 9th and 10th abdominal tergites. These tergal glands located just below the cuticle have two distinct regions. The outer part is made up of type 1 cells. These cells possess large nuclei, abundant mitochondria and bundles of microtubules. Apically the cells possess a distinct layer of microvilli. Numerous ducts with thick cuticular walls are seen traversing this region and the cuticle. The basal two thirds of the gland is composed of glandular cells which in the post-swarming female are packed with electron dense granules closely associated with mitochondria. The basement membrane has several conspicuous invaginations giving the gland a segmented appearance. In newly molted females, the glandular area lacks the dense granules but instead has electron lucent granules. Following swarming the alates lose their wings, a male and a female form a nuptial chamber, mate and lay eggs. In 7–10 day old females, the dense granules coalesce forming larger granules that appear to move towards the area of the intersegmental membrane for possible release. Also the cells appear to degenerate and large number of vacuoles appear throughout the gland.
Compensation analysis: the 2012 ICHRIE Salary Study

Salary data are reported from a survey of hospitality educator compensation sponsored by International CHRIE. As with the 2008 ICHRIE study, data were collected from many regions of the world (all results presented in US$ for analytical purposes). Comparisons are made between the 2008 and 2012 salary studies and changes are highlighted, most of which are discussed in light of the deep, worldwide recession that occurred during that time period. Data are presented by faculty rank, gender and type of institution, among other variables.
Anal incontinence among women with one versus two complete third-degree perineal lacerations.

Abstract Objective: To compare the rate of anal incontinence and severe incontinence among women who had 0, 1, and ≥ 2 additional vaginal deliveries after sustaining a third-degree perineal laceration and between subjects with one versus two third-degree tears. Method: A telephone survey was done to assess the anal function of all subjects who sustained a complete third-degree tear as a nullipara. Result: The rate of anal incontinence and severe incontinence was similar among women who had 0, 1, and ≥ 2 additional deliveries (11/65, 11/67, and 12/40, p = 0.179; 2/65, 1/67, and 2/40, p = 0.811) and between women who had one sphincter tear and no additional delivery versus those with two tears and ≥ 2 subsequent deliveries (11/65 and 10/37, p = 0.225. 2/65 and 2/37, p = 0.460). Conclusion: Additional vaginal deliveries and a repeat sphincter tear after the initial third-degree laceration were not associated with a higher rate or severity of anal incontinence.
Cognitive engagement with a multimedia ERP training tool: Assessing computer self-efficacy and technology acceptance

Computer self-efficacy (CSE) is a person's judgment of his or her ability to use a computer system. We investigated cognitive engagement, prior experience, computer anxiety, and organizational support as determinants of CSE in the use of a multimedia ERP system's training tool. We also examined the impact of CSE on its acceptance. We determined the benefits of a sequential multi-method approach using structural equation modeling and neural network analysis. High reliability predictions of individual CSE were achieved with a sequential multi-method approach. Specifically, we obtained almost 68% perfect CSE group prediction overall, with almost 85% perfect CSE group prediction using fuzzy sets and over 94% accuracy within one group classification. The resulting CSE assessment and classification enables management interventions, such as allocating users to appropriate instruction for more effective training.
A review on parameterization and uncertainty in modeling greenhouse gas emissions from soil

Abstract The efficacy of mathematical modeling as a tool for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil depends on the uncertainty. Systematic evaluation of various sources of uncertainties in GHG emission models is limited. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art knowledge on the parameterization and uncertainty analysis of soil GHG emission models. Major recommendations and conclusions from this work include: (a) uncertainties due to model parameters and structure can be quantified by combining the Bayesian theorem and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method; (b) uncertainty due to event-based model input may also be assessed by regarding each event as a latent variable; however, the necessity of the simultaneous evaluation of uncertainties from model input, parameters, and structure might be negotiable because strong correlations may exist between input errors and model parameters; (c) uncertainty analysis is essential for a successful model parameterization by reducing both the number of undetermined parameters and the parameter space; and (d) model parameterization (calibration) should be conducted on multiple sites towards multiple objectives. Case studies were presented for comparing the model uncertainties of the denitrification components of four models, DAYCENT, DNDC, ECOSYS, and COMP. The methods discussed in this paper can help to evaluate model uncertainties and performances, and to offer a critical guidance for model selection and parameterization.
Aiming for Career Success: The Role of Learning Goal Orientation in Mentoring Relationships.

Abstract Learning goal orientation of mentors and proteges was investigated as it relates to proteges’ mentoring functions received and outcomes (i.e., managerial career aspirations and career satisfaction). Data from 217 mentor–protege dyads comprised of working professionals from a variety of industries were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results indicated that proteges who possessed high levels of learning goal orientation similar to their mentor were associated with the highest levels of psychosocial support. These proteges also reported higher levels of career development, idealized influence, enacted managerial aspirations, desired managerial aspirations, and career satisfaction when compared to mentor–protege dyads who possessed low levels of learning goal orientation or dyads with dissimilar levels of learning goal orientation. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
On Becoming an Adult: Autonomy and the Moral Relevance of Life's Stages

What is it about a person's becoming an adult that makes it generally inappropriate to treat that person paternalistically any longer? The Standard View holds that a mere difference in age or stage of life cannot in itself be morally relevant, but only matters insofar as it is correlated with the development of capacities for mature practical reasoning. This paper defends the contrary view: two people can have all the same general psychological attributes and yet the mere fact that one person is at the beginning of a life and another in the middle of one can justify treating the younger person more paternalistically than the older one. Recognising the moral relevance of age, moreover, is crucial if one is to accommodate both the liberal moral ideal of respect for autonomy and our demanding educational aims, given that these otherwise come into conflict with one another.
Food for Rome: A stable isotope investigation of diet in the Imperial period (1st–3rd centuries AD)

During the Empire, the population of Rome was composed mostly of lower-class free citizens and slaves. Viewed from historical records, the Roman diet included primarily olives, wine, and wheat, but poor and enslaved Romans may have eaten whatever they were able to find and afford, leading to significant heterogeneity in the Roman diet. Previous carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of skeletons from Imperial Italy have begun to reveal variation in diet, but little is known about what people ate in the capital city. This study complements previous work by adding new isotope data from human skeletons found in two Imperial-period (1st–3rd centuries AD) cemeteries in Rome. These data suggest that urban and suburban diets differed, most notably in the consumption of the C4 grain millet. Comparing these new data with all published palaeodietary data from Imperial Italy demonstrates that significant variation existed in the diet of the common people.
Intraocular argon laser photocoagulation in the management of severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy

We surgically repaired seven eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy with intraocular argon laser photocoagulation. Five of the seven retinas were still attached six or more months postoperatively. Endolaser photocoagulation was used in conjunction with pars plana vitrectomy, periretinal membrane stripping, fluid-air exchange, and planned retinotomies. The advantages of endolaser photocoagulation include easier management of posterior retinotomies in an air-filled eye, isolation of anterior traction and retinal breaks by creating an encircling demarcation line posterior to the problem, and less manipulation of existing scleral buckling material.
Control of acid polysaccharide production and 234Th and POC export fluxes by marine organisms

[1] Ratios of particulate organic carbon (POC) to particulate 234Th activities (POC/234Th) in the ocean are used to determine the POC export flux, and thus, the power of the biological pump. In order to understand the main reasons why this ratio frequently varies as a function of depth, size, and kind (suspended vs. sinking particles), we measured vertical profiles in a cold core ring and warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico in May 2001. Here we show that particulate 234Th/POC ratios in the Gulf of Mexico are positively correlated to the content of different Th(IV)-binding polysaccharide fractions (uronic acids, total acid polysaccharides, total polysaccharides) in both suspended and sinking particles as well as to prymnesiophyte abundance, but negatively correlated to bacterial production. Variations in acid polysaccharide compounds, produced by both algae and bacteria, but degraded only by bacteria, can account for observed variations in POC/234Th ratios seen in the ocean.