cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dentin, Cementum, and Age Determination in Bats: A Critical Evaluation

Secondary dentin and cementum were studied histologically in 17 known-age (2–8 years) specimens of Myotis lucifugus and M. velifer and in 30 adult specimens of unknown age representing Pteronotus parnellii, Leptonycteris nivalis, Artibeus jamaicensis, Sturnira ludovici , and Desmodus rotundus . Incremental lines in secondary dentin and cementum were highly variable (both between and within individuals) and did not correspond exactly to age although there generally was a loose correlation between number of lines and age. Difficulties in using such histologically recognizable characteristics to determine age are discussed and previous studies of age determination in bats are reviewed. Incremental lines in secondary dentin were associated with changes in direction and shape of dentinal tubules. Chemical and structural alterations in collagenous matrix and ground substance also were implicated in the formation of incremental lines. Incremental changes in cement were related to stress, consequent dental drift, and eruption.
SOLVENT-INDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ELECTRONIC DELOCALIZATION IN MIXED-VALENCE COMPLEXES. SPECTRAL PROPERTIES

Spectra of the mixed-valence complexes [(bpy)2ClOs(L)Ru(NH3)5]4+ (L = 4,4‘-bipyridine, pyrazine; bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) are highly solvent dependent. They provide oxidation state specific spectral markers which show that oxidation states for L = 4,4‘-bpy are OsIII−RuII in solvents of donor number (DN) 15) they are OsII−RuIII. The isomers coexist at donor numbers 14−15 and the distribution between them tuned in mixtures of acetonitrile and propylene carbonate demonstrating that intramolecular electron transfer can be induced by varying the solvent. Both OsIII−RuII and OsII−RuIII display broad, solvent-dependent intervalence transfer (IT) bands in the near infrared (NIR). There are two isomers of [(bpy)2ClOs(pz)Ru(NH3)5]4+ as well. In one, which is dominant in solvents of DN < 22, the oxidation states are [(bpy)2ClOsIII(pz)RuII(NH3)5]4+. This is shown by the appearance of dπ → dπ marker bands for OsIII (at 4200 and 5800 cm-1 in CD3CN), ν(bpy) OsIII bands in the m...
CONSTRUCTION OF CHAINED TRUE SCORE EQUIPERCENTILE EQUATINGS UNDER THE KERNEL EQUATING (KE) FRAMEWORK AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LEVINE TRUE SCORE EQUATING

In this paper, we develop a new chained equipercentile equating procedure for the nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design under the assumptions of the classical test theory model. This new equating is named chained true score equipercentile equating. We also apply the kernel equating framework to this equating design, resulting in a family of chained true score equipercentile equating functions, which include the Levine true score equating model as a special case.
Transgenic plants: Risks, Concerns and Effects on Ecosystem and Human Health

The review portrays the current status of transgenic crops in the backdrop of sharply divided opinion of anti-GM group vis-A -vis those who advocate that genetically engineered crops do not pose any threat to human or animal health nor does it disrupt the environment through introduction of superweeds. While acknowledging the concern of anti-GM activists, the article supports the view of NE Borlaug who sees no difference between the birth of a genetically complex crop such as hexaploid bread wheat and a bioengineered crop except that the former occurs in mother nature and the latter in the laboratory through genetic manipulation by molecular breeders. The article brings into focus that the methods now being employed to bring about genetic change in crops are safer as the use of antibiotic markers have been replaced by biolistic mode of gene delivery or use of chemicals such as mannose 6-phosphate marker. The article also points out that the chances of birth of â€˜superweeds' destroying the environment will be minimized, if genetic transformation is brought about using chloroplasts. Another important role of biotechnology that is expected to be realized soon is its use in commercial production of oral vaccines for both humans and animals. The article mentions of some of the recent gene discovery such as genes for submergence tolerance in rice or genes that minimizes allergenicity in peanuts. Production of rice varieties capable of withstanding flood will dramatically increase rice yield in flood-prone countries and peanut lines with minimum or no allergen will be welcome in the consumer market where a sizeable portion of people suffer from peanut allergy. The article emphasizes the fact that every GM crop must be subject to rigorous scrutiny to ensure that it is free from any allergen, or hazardous toxic substance and that it is environmentally safe. The article supports the idea that in Europe GM crops with built-in terminator gene and traditional crops may coexist; i.e., may be planted in the same area as the European farmers buy their seeds every year unlike their counterparts in Asia and Africa. Finally the article recommends that the selected GM crops should be grown in the developing countries where the option before the resource-poor population lies between going without food or fall prey to the misinformation of anti-GM activists. Key words: GM Crops, Anti-GM activists, Coexistence, Superweed, Chloroplast Transformation, Oral vaccines, Golden rice, Biosafety, Food security DOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i2.1114 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(2): 139-164, 2006 (December)
Nursing perceptions of collaboration with indigenous healers in Swaziland

Ethnography implemented through interviews and participant observation was utilized to answer the question: "How do nurses from various health care settings (government, private, mission, industrial and non-governmental organizations) perceive collaboration between indigenous and cosmopolitan health care systems?". Fieldwork took place over a period of 12 months, and 65 nurses were formally interviewed. Religious affiliation and clinical setting may affect perceptions of collaboration. Nurses in mission and private rural practice perceive collaboration positively. Government nurses in rural settings indicate a need for national health policy to structure collaboration efforts, while government nurses in urban settings were ambivalent or expressed negative perceptions. Regardless of perceptions, all modes of collaboration expressed by nurses served to further the goals of cosmopolitan health care. Utilizing rural health motivators as culture brokers was suggested to enhance collaboration between indigenous and cosmopolitan health care systems.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator efficacy in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction (from the MADIT II population).

The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II demonstrated a significant 31% reduction in the risk of mortality in postinfarction patients with low ejection fraction (EF ≤30%). Recently, results from the Sudden Death in Heart Failure Trial indicated that a subgroup of patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III heart failure had less benefit from an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) than patients with less advanced heart failure. This study evaluates the association between NYHA class, EF, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels as measures of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, and ICD benefit in reducing mortality as well as the association of these parameters with ICD therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. NYHA class I was identified in 442 patients (36%), class II in 425 (35%), and class III in 350 patients (29%). EF ≤20% was present in 472 patients (38%), EF of 21% to 25% in 359 patients (29%), and EF of 26% to 30% in 401 patients (33%). BUN ≤25 mg/dl was present in 850 patients (70%) and >25 mg/dl in 368 patients (30%). Patients with higher NYHA class and BUN had higher mortality (34%) and a higher risk of arrhythmic events (33% to 35%) than patients in lower functional groups (16% to 20%). EF did not differentiate the risk. There was no evidence for significant interactions between mortality, ICD therapy, and tested parameters. In conclusion, patients with more advanced heart failure have a higher risk of mortality and arrhythmic events than patients with less severe disease. However, there is no significant difference in the benefit from ICD therapy among the above subgroups of patients in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial.
Premature visual experience facilitates visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail neonates

Abstract Exposing precocial avian neonates to premature (prenatal) visual experience appears to accelerate postnatal intersensory functioning. For example, bobwhite quail chicks who received patterned visual stimulation as embryos require auditory and visual cues to direct their filial behavior earlier in postnatal development than do normally reared chicks. The mechanism(s) for this alteration in perceptual organization has, however, not been investigated. The present study examined whether accelerated postnatal intersensory functioning is the result of reduced species-specific auditory responsiveness and/or enhanced postnatal visual responsiveness. Results revealed that bobwhite quail embryos exposed to unusually early visual stimulation do not show reduced auditory responsiveness in the period immediately following hatching but do exhibit an accelerated pattern of species-typical visual functioning. Specifically, chicks who experienced patterned light during the last 24 to 36 hours prior to hatching were able to use visual cues to direct their species-specific social preferences earlier in postnatal development than were control chicks. This finding suggests that one result of unusually early visual stimulation is that subsequent behavior is organized to include the earlier-than-normal sensory information.
The results of surgical treatment of patency of the ductus arteriosus complicated by subacute bacterial endarteritis

Abstract Subacute Streptococcus viridans endarteritis may involve a patent ductus arteriosus at any age. Under conservative therapy, the disease has proved to be almost invariably fatal. In the early stages of infection, vegetations are likely to remain confined to the ductus and pulmonary artery. In the latter stages of infection, or even in the early stages of severe infection, vegetations may spread to the cardiac valves or into the aorta. Aortic spread seems to occur chiefly in cases in which the ductus is short. Eleven patients who had patency of the ductus arteriosus complicated by subacute Streptococcus viridans endarteritis were subjected to operation consisting of ligation (9 cases) or division (2 cases) of the ductus. Nine patients survived the operation; two died of operative hemorrhage. Of the nine survivors, six recovered from infection without benefit of chemotherapy. The remaining three patients did not recover from infection, despite chemotherapy. Of the six patients who recovered, none presented evidence of preoperative spread of vegetations to the cardiac valves or aorta. They have been followed for periods of three to twenty-nine months; all are well and have had repeatedly negative blood cultures. Of the three patients who failed to recover from the infection, two presented evidence of vegetative valvular lesions prior to operation. The third was assumed to have vegetations at the aortic end of the ductus. One died of subacute Streptococcus viridans endarteritis approximately eight months after operation. The other two are unimproved fourteen and sixteen weeks, respectively, after operation. Various aspects of infection of a patent ductus arteriosus which have a bearing upon the results of operative treatment are discussed. A case to illustrate the safety of operating upon even very ill patients is presented.
The use of single-sample clearance estimates to probe hepatic drug metabolism in rats. IV. A model for possible application to phenotyping xenobiotic influences on human drug metabolism.

1. Conditions were examined under which estimates of drug clearance made from a single measurement of plasma concentration effectively represented multi-sample estimates of clearance for carbamazepine, quinidine, and paracetamol. When plasma concentrations were measured at various post-dose times, both individual and mean values of single-sample clearance estimates (C$L) corresponded closely to multi-sample clearance estimates. Best post-dose sampling times were: carbamazepine, 3 h; quinidine, 10 h; and paracetamol, 6 h.2. Single sample clearance estimates, C$L, were calculated for seven drugs employed as probes of hepatic drug-metabolizing activity in rats. Valproic acid was investigated as a probe of microsomal and peroxisomal oxidases; antipyrine, theophylline, ethosuximide, carbamazepine and quinidine as probes of hepatic mixed-function oxidases (MFO), and paracetamol as a probe for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity.3. A clearance index (CI, namely, probe C$L after xenobiotic pretreatment divided b...
Microbial pretreatment of cotton stalks by solid state cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

White rot fungi degrade lignin and have biotechnological applications in conversion of lignocellulose to valuable products. Pretreatment is an important processing step to increase the accessibility of cellulosic material in plant biomass, impacting efficiency of subsequent hydrolysis and fermentation. This study investigated microbial pretreatment of cotton stalks by solid state cultivation (SSC) using Phanerochaete chrysosporium to facilitate the conversion into ethanol. The effects of substrate moisture content (M.C.; 65%, 75% and 80% wet-basis), inorganic salt concentration (no salts, modified salts without Mn(2+), modified salts with Mn(2+)) and culture time (0-14 days) on lignin degradation (LD), solids recovery (SR) and availability of carbohydrates (AOC) were examined. Moisture content significantly affected lignin degradation, with 75% and 80% M.C. degrading approximately 6% more lignin than 65% M.C. after 14 days. Within the same moisture content, treatments supplemented with salts were not statistically different than those without salts for LD and AOC. Within the 14day pretreatment, additional time resulted in greater lignin degradation, but indicated a decrease in SR and AOC. Considering cost, solid state cultivation at 75% M.C. without salts was the most preferable pretreatment resulting in 27.6% lignin degradation, 71.1% solids recovery and 41.6% availability of carbohydrates over a period of 14 days. Microbial pretreatment by solid state cultivation has the potential to be a low cost, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical approaches. Moisture relationships will be significant to the design of an effective microbial pretreatment process using SSC technology.
Pelvic cytoreduction with rectosigmoid resection.

Ovarian cancer frequently metastasizes to the uterus, rectosigmoid colon, and other pelvic structures by intraperitoneal seeding of tumor deposits as well as direct extension. In the case of superficial implantation of tumor nodules along bowel serosa, it may be possible to adequately reduce tumor burden by stripping tumor plaques or using ablative procedures such as cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration (CUSA; Valleylab, Boulder, CO) and argon beam coagulation. However, the extent of disease and invasion into the bowel frequently limits the ability to debulk tumor burden using these types of techniques without compromising bowel integrity. Consequently, optimal or complete cytoreduction of ovarian cancer in the pelvis often requires resection of the rectosigmoid separately (low anterior resection or anterior resection) or as part of an en bloc resection with the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes (modified posterior exenteration) [1–3]. Before proceeding with extensive pelvic debulking, careful evaluation of bulky upper abdominal disease is warranted to ensure resectability of other sites of disease.
Substance Use and PTSD Symptoms Impact the Likelihood of Rape and Revictimization in College Women

The present study utilized a mixed retrospective and prospective design with an 8-month follow-up period to test a model of revictimization that included multiple childhood (i.e., child sexual, physical, and emotional abuse) and situational variables (i.e., substance use, sexual behavior) for predicting rape among 276 college women. It was of particular interest to determine whether traumatic responses (e.g., posttraumatic symptomatology or risky behavior) increased vulnerability for revictimization. During the 8-month follow-up period, 9% of participants were raped; 88% of assaults involved substance use by the victim. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology predicted rape, substance use, and sexual behavior. Substance use, but not sexual behavior, mediated the relation between PTSD symptomatology and rape during the follow-up period. Sexual behavior indirectly impacted risk for rape via substance use. Results suggest that college women with PTSD symptomatology may be at greater risk for rape if they use substances to reduce distress.
Synthesis, structure, and activity of enhanced initiators for olefin metathesis.

A series of ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts of the general structure (H_2IMes)(PR_3)(Cl)_2Ru CHPh (H_2IMes = 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) have been prepared; these complexes are readily accessible in two steps from commercially available (H_2IMes)(PCy_3)(Cl)_2Ru CHPh. Their phosphine dissociation rate constants (k_1), relative rates of phosphine reassociation, and relative reaction rates in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) have been investigated. The rates of phosphine dissociation (initiation) from these complexes increase with decreasing phosphine donor strength. Complexes containing a triarylphosphine exhibit dramatically improved initiation relative to (H_2IMes)(PCy_3)(Cl)_2Ru CHPh. Conversely, phosphine reassociation shows no direct correlation with phosphine electronics. In general, increased phosphine dissociation leads to faster olefin metathesis reaction rates, which is of direct significance to both organic and polymer metathesis processes.
Plant feeding of Yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, and the relationship between seasonal feeding and immature survival

Focal-animal feeding data obtained from 64 adult baboons during a 3-year period were used together with equivalent data from 46 infants to evaluate hypotheses predicting selection for a birth peak and to study the baboon’s eclectic/selective feeding adaptation, with emphasis on differential feeding by sex, developmental trends, and seasonal use of food classes (fruit, leaf, flower, grass, etc.). The findings suggest that feeding conditions are better in the wet season than in the dry season. Despite large sexual dimorphism, estimates of total amounts eaten were virtually identical for males and females. Infants used all of the same plant-food classes as adults, but proportional differences occurred for some food classes in amounts eaten. Foods eaten proportionately less by infants were probably harder for them to obtain and process or were chosen through inexperience or for exploration. There was considerable between-year variation in amounts of food classes eaten, but the within-year standard deviations were similar, as were also the mean amounts eaten per year. An eclectic/selective feeding adaptation has the advantage of permitting long-run acquisition of adequate nutrition within a context of high feeding variation from season to season and year to year. Mixed results were obtained from hypotheses about selection for a birth peak. Although a peak occurred in the early dry season, this was not the optimal time of birth for survival. Survival was highest for individuals born in the late wet season, when the availability and probably the quality of food for lactating mothers were greatest.
SU-FF-P-04: New Stereotactic Radiosurgery CPT Codes for 2006

Purpose: To identify the new planning codes for stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) beginning January 1, 2006. Methods & Materials: On Jan. 1, 2006, CMS promulgated new procedure codes for SRS and SBRT planning. Previously, G0338 was to be used to cover this work in the hospital setting for Medicare patients. After this date, the CPT radiation therapy planning codes available in the 77XXX series are to be used to cover the work of SRS and SBRT planning. Results: The CPT code for 3D planning, CPT 77295 will now be used to cover the work previously covered under the temporary G0338 code in the hospital setting. All of the applicable CPT codes that cover additional work for a course of radiation therapy (77300, 77336, 77370, 77470, etc) will still be available to cover work associated with the treatment course. The new stereoscopic guidance code, 77421, is however bundled into the G codes used for delivery, at present. Suggested codes will be presented. Conclusions:SRS and SBRT users will need to use CPT codes to cover the work of planning for these procedures after Jan 1, 2006. Other carriers will likely follow CMS' recommendation, but they should be queried for their policy on this coverage, lest denial of payments ensue.
Sensory neuron addition in juvenile rat: time course and specificity.

The time course and specificity of neuron addition to lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) L4–L6 of rats was investigated. By using methods validated by three-dimensional reconstructions, profile counts in paraffin sections of nucleoli within a nucleus were 36% greater in 100-day-old (P100) rats than in 1-day-old (P1) rats. Adult values were reached by P50. Added neurons fell disproportionately into the population of neurons whose size was below that of the mean size within the ganglion. The biochemical characteristics of small neurons were used to determine whether added neurons fall into particular subpopulations. In DRGs, L3 and L4, the number of neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP) or calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) or that bound the lectin isolectin B4 (IB4) was determined. Between P5 and P100, the number of SP-stained neurons increased by 2,280 (40% increase), CGRP-stained neurons increased by 6,080 (70% increase), and IB4-stained neurons increased by 6,900 (90% increase). The increase in the number of neurons stained for CGRP or IB4 was more than twice the number of neurons found to be added to these ganglia, indicating that coexpression of these markers as well as neuron number may be developmentally regulated during postnatal life. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:158–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implementing a Bayesian approach to criminal geographic profiling

The geographic profiling problem is to create an operationally useful estimate of the location of the home base of a serial criminal from the known locations of the offense sites. We have developed and released new software based on Bayesian methods that attempts to solve this problem. In this paper, we discuss some of the geographic and computational challenges in implementing this new method.
Localized brain volume and white matter integrity alterations in adolescent anorexia nervosa.

Objective The neurobiological underpinnings of anorexia nervosa (AN) are poorly understood. In this study, we tested whether brain gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in adolescents with AN would show alterations comparable to those in adults. Method We used magnetic resonance imaging to study GM and WM volume, and diffusion tensor imaging to assess fractional anisotropy for WM integrity in 19 adolescents with AN and 22 controls. Results Individuals with AN showed greater left orbitofrontal, right insular, and bilateral temporal cortex GM, as well as temporal lobe WM volumes compared to controls. WM integrity in adolescents with AN was lower (lower fractional anisotropy) in fornix, posterior frontal, and parietal areas, but higher in anterior frontal, orbitofrontal, and temporal lobes. In individuals with AN, orbitofrontal GM volume correlated negatively with sweet taste pleasantness. An additional comparison of this study cohort with adult individuals with AN and healthy controls supported greater orbitofrontal cortex and insula volumes in AN across age groups. Conclusions This study indicates larger orbitofrontal and insular GM volumes, as well as lower fornix WM integrity in adolescents with AN, similar to adults. The pattern of larger anteroventral GM and WM volume as well as WM integrity, but lower WM integrity in posterior frontal and parietal regions may indicate that developmental factors such as GM pruning and WM growth could contribute to brain alterations in AN. The negative correlation between taste pleasantness and orbitofrontal cortex volume in individuals with AN could contribute to food avoidance in this disorder.
Quantifying the value of reconnaissance using Lanchesterian type equations

This paper presents a method to quantify the value of reconnaissance for both direct and indirect fire weapons for the defense in sector battle scenario. The Lanchester area fire model and the Helmbold equations were modified to allow the lethality of the defending blue force to be increased as they gained more combat intelligence about the attacking red force, thus modeling intelligence as a true combat multiplier. By adjustments made to parameters in the model, the lethality of the blue's direct and indirect fire weapons could be adjusted based on the quantity and quality of their intelligence assets. With information from a computer database, and the COMAN model, maximum likelihood attrition rate estimates were calculated for both red and blue forces for ten heavy defensive battles conducted at the Army's National Training Center. In each battle, the red force attrition rate was fit to a curve which represented a percentage of blue's full potential, represented here by the square law. Using this model in a combat simulation, and with some preliminary work with comparable systems, one could implement a change in blue's intelligence assets and then provide a quantitative measure of the effect that this had on the outcome of a battle
The Impact of Membership in a Support Group for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Students

ABSTRACT Many young people are enrolled in colleges and universities during the time they explore their sexual orientation. Although most gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth find ways of achieving positive and healthy identities as adults, many struggle and experience isolation and loneliness. A student organization which provides support for gay, lesbian, and bisexual students may help students through difficult times and facilitate the development of a positive identity. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 gay, lesbian, and bisexual students at a small, church-affiliated university to explore how their membership in a support group affected them. Benefits from group membership include meeting and being with others like themselves; having mentor relationships with other gays, lesbians, and bisexuals; and learning about issues related to homosexuality, all of which can have a positive impact on identity formation.
Platelets roll on stimulated endothelium in vivo: an interaction mediated by endothelial P-selectin

P-selectin, found in storage granules of platelets and endothelial cells, can be rapidly expressed upon stimulation. Mice lacking this membrane receptor exhibit a severe impairment of leukocyte rolling. We observed that, in addition to leukocytes, platelets were rolling in mesenteric venules of wild-type mice. To investigate the role of P-selectin in this process, resting or activated platelets from wild-type or P-selectin-deficient mice were fluorescently labeled and transfused into recipients of either genotype. Platelet-endothelial interactions were monitored by intravital microscopy. We observed rolling of either wild-type or P-selectin-deficient resting platelets on wild-type endothelium. Endothelial stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 increased the number of platelets rolling 4-fold. Activated P-selectin-deficient platelets behaved similarly, whereas activated wild-type platelets bound to leukocytes and were seen rolling together. Platelets of either genotype, resting or activated, interacted minimally with mutant endothelium even after A23187 treatment. The velocity of platelet rolling was 6- to 9-fold greater than that of leukocytes. Our results demonstrate that (i) platelets roll on endothelium in vivo, (ii) this interaction requires endothelial but not platelet P-selectin, and (iii) platelet rolling appears to be independent of platelet activation, indicating constitutive expression of a P-selectin ligand(s) on platelets. We have therefore observed an interesting parallel between platelets and leukocytes in that both of these blood cell types roll on stimulated vessel wall and that this process is dependent on the expression of endothelial P-selectin.
External excitation of a short-wavelength fluctuation in the Alcator C-Mod edge plasma and its relationship to the quasi-coherent modea)

A novel “Shoelace” antenna has been used to inductively excite a short-wavelength edge fluctuation in a tokamak boundary layer for the first time. The principal design parameters, k⊥=1.5±0.1 cm−1 and 45<f<300 kHz, match the Quasi-Coherent Mode (QCM, k⊥∼1.5 cm−1, f∼50−150 kHz) in Alcator C-Mod, responsible for exhausting impurities in the steady-state, ELM-free Enhanced Dα H-mode. In H-mode, whether or not there is a QCM, the antenna drives coherent, field-aligned perturbations in density, ne, and field, Bθ, which are guided by field lines, propagate in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, and exhibit a weakly damped (γ/ω0∼5%−10%) resonance near the natural QCM frequency. This result is significant, offering the possibility that externally driven modes may be used to enhance particle transport. In L-mode, the antenna drives only a non-resonant Bθ response. The facts that the driven mode has the same wave number and propagation direction as the QCM, and is resonant at the QCM frequency, suggest the ...
The efficacy of superior oblique Z-tenotomy in the treatment of overdepression in adduction (superior oblique overaction).

Introduction To evaluate the efficacy of superior oblique Z-tenotomy in the treatment of overdepression in adduction (superior oblique overaction) with respect to collapse of A-pattern strabismus and normalization of versions. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent bilateral superior oblique Z-tenotomy for mild to moderate overdepression in adduction and A-pattern strabismus between June 2004 and August 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical indications included mild to moderate overdepression in adduction (+2 to 3) and an A pattern of 10 Δ to 40 Δ between upgaze and downgaze. A monopolar electrode microdissection needle was used to make two tenotomies, 60% to 80% in width and 8 mm apart, perpendicular to the axes of the tendon in opposite directions. Surgical success included a postoperative A pattern of ≤10 Δ and overdepression in adduction of ≤1. Results A total of 20 patients (mean age, 9.8 years; age range, 3-34) underwent bilateral superior oblique Z-tenotomy during the study period: 2 patients (10%) with esotropia and 18 with exotropia (90%). Average decrease in pattern was 16 Δ (range, 0 Δ -32.5 Δ ). Success rate for pattern collapse was 78%, with resolution of overdepression in adduction of 90%. Conclusions Z-tenotomy of the superior oblique tendon collapsed A-pattern strabismus and normalized versions.
Matched pairs of lie groups and Hopf algebra bicrossproducts

Abstract We construct a new class of examples of non-commutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebras. There is essentially one for every Lie bialgebra, and several other examples including one for every simple real Lie algebra. The latter are obtained from a canonical solution of the Classical Yang-Baxter Equations. Physically, these Hopf algebras arise as the algebra of observables of quantum mechanics on homogeneous spacetimes.
Prevention of Orthopedic Device-Associated Osteomyelitis Using Oxacillin-Containing Biomineral-Binding Liposomes

Purpose To develop novel biomineral-binding liposomes (BBL) for the prevention of orthopedic implant associated osteomyelitis.
Nutritional value of naked oats (Avena nuda) in laying hen diets.

Abstract 1. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of naked oats (NO) in layer diets. In experiment 1 the use of NO supplemented with minerals, vitamins and lysine was examined. In experiment 2 layers were fed equicaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 0–66% NO. 2. Layers fed ground NO supplemented with minerals, vitamins and lysine for 6 weeks exhibited a significant depression in food intake, egg production, egg weight and shell strength. 3. Substitution of NO at 20–66% resulted in performance comparable to that of birds fed a maize‐soyabean meal diet for 12 weeks. Food intake was reduced in the first week of the experiment in birds fed diets with NO; thereafter, treatment effects were not detected. Yolk colour index progressively decreased as dietary inclusion of NO increased. 4. It is concluded that naked oats can be used at levels up to 66% in layer diets to replace all or part of the maize and part of the soyabean meal without any reduction in performance.
Radiation-induced thyroid cancer: the Chicago experience.

IN 1901 KARL WILHELM ROENTGEN, a physics professor at Wurzburg, Germany, received the first Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of x-rays in experiments, which began 6 years earlier in 1895. The invisible cathode rays generated were found to cause a fluorescence on a barium platinocyanide screen and, surprisingly, to outline the bones of his wife’s hand on this photographic film (Fig 1). By 1896, radiographs were being taken for clinical purposes and their diagnostic possibilities were quickly exploited. Bone films, chest x-rays, and even barium studies of the gastrointestinal tract were quickly tried. Roentgen found that prolonged exposure to x-rays produced burns and ulcerations of the skin, hair loss, and dermatitis. These effects were turned into therapy to burn off moles and to treat acne, hemangiomas, skin tuberculosis, and many other benign skin lesions. At about the same time (1891), Maria Sklodowska left Warsaw to study at the Sorbonne. She married fellow scientist Pierre Curie. Her work on uranium led to the discovery of polonium and radium, a substance 900 times more radioactive than uranium. Uranium, polonium, and radium released rays like x-rays that penetrated matter. Madame Curie and a colleague accidentally burned themselves when carrying vials of radium in their pockets. In 1901, Pierre Curie did so purposely by strapping some radium to his arm. By 1904, it was demonstrated that radium rays destroyed
A comparison of the telediagnostic and medilog systems for recording normal sleep in the home environment.

Two home recording systems, the Telediagnostic (TDS) and the Medilog, were used to compare sleep in the home environment with recorded sleep from the laboratory environment in 24 normal subjects (ages 21–42). Each subject was recorded for 4 consecutive nights, 2 each in the home and laboratory environments, in a counterbalanced order. All recorded sleep was manually scored for sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep maintenance, sleep stage architecture, REM sleep latency, and REM sleep activity. Complete data on 10 subjects using the TDS (Experiment 1) and 10 subjects using the Medilog System (Experiment 2) were available for statistical analyses. There were no significant differences in any of the nine sleep parameters tested by recording environment or order of recording environments using the Telediagnostic or the Medilog systems. Comparing the sleep parameters recorded across experiments, subjects recorded with the TDS took longer to fall asleep in the home environment than those subjects recorded with the Medilog System. The TDS demonstrated a clear superiority over the Medilog System in its sleep monitoring feasibility and its practical and economic advantages for carrying out home sleep studies.
Abstract 367: Identification of tumor cell-derived factors associated with resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) functions during physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Strategies that inhibit VEGF are now an established anti-cancer paradigm. We have developed a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), r84 that recognizes mouse and human VEGF and specifically blocks VEGF binding and activation of VEGFR2 but does not interfere with VEGF:VEGFR1 interaction. Therefore, r84 allows for the functional evaluation of tumor cell and stromal cell derived VEGF-induced activation of VEGFR2 signaling in tumor progression and provides a useful comparison to other anti-VEGF strategies in tumor xenograft models. Bevacizumab (bev) is a humanized mAb that binds human VEGF and prevents VEGF-induced activation of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. The FDA has approved bev for the treatment of several tumor types, including non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Given the cost, toxicities and great variation in patient response to bev, it would be desirable to have biomarkers that predict response and allow for “personalized” treatment. The variation of NSCLC response to anti-VEGF therapy suggests a complex mechanism of drug action within tumors and indicates that some tumors may be intrinsically resistant to bev. Therefore, successful use of anti-VEGF therapy may rely on a better understanding of genes associated with responsiveness or resistance. To evaluate intrinsic resistance to anti-VEGF therapy we have performed an in vivo screen of a panel of NSCLC xenografts (n=11) for response to anti-VEGF therapy (bev or r84). We identified NSCLC xenografts that are very sensitive, moderately sensitive or display intrinsic resistance to bev or r84 therapy with final tumor weight treatment/control (T/C) ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.65. Sensitive tumors had low T/C ratios and relevant vascular changes including decreased tumor microvessel density, lymphatic vessel density, and VEGFR2 expression. Microarray analysis of sensitive and resistant cell lines have been used to generate a preliminary gene signature that may mark relevant tumor cell derived genes associated with response to anti-VEGF treatment. Validation of this signature is currently underway. We conclude that NSCLC xenografts can exhibit dramatically different response phenotypes to anti-VEGF mAbs. A better understanding of the mechanisms of response to anti-VEGF therapy may lead to the development of more effective therapies and could ultimately assist in the identification of patients that would benefit the most from anti-VEGF strategies. Supported by the Randall Bridwell Lung Cancer Research Grant from Uniting Against Lung Cancer and Lung Cancer SPORE P50CA70907. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 367.
Donor-Derived Fungal Infections in Transplant Patients

Fungal infection can occur in transplant patients via one of four mechanisms: donor-derived infections, contamination during the transplantation period, reactivation of latent infection in the host, or new infection during the posttransplantation period. Distinguishing between these mechanisms is often difficult and as a result, donor-derived fungal infections may be under-recognized with few data on its prevalence. We review published reports of donor-derived fungal infections and discuss the role of donor screening and the importance of establishing a national reporting, tracking, and notification system for transplant-transmitted infections.
Delineation of tagged region by use of local iso-surface roughness in electronic cleansing for CT colonography

Electronic cleansing (EC) is an emerging method for segmentation of fecal materials, which are tagged by an X-ray-opaque oral contrast agent in CT colonography (CTC) images, effectively removing them for digital cleansing of the colon. Due to the partial volume effect, voxels at the boundary between the lumen and tagged materials, called the L-T boundary, not only have CT values that are close to those of soft-tissue structures, but also have gradient values that are similar to a thin soft-tissue structure that is sandwiched between the tagged region and the lumen, which we call a tagging-tissue-air layer. Degradation of thin colonic wall and folds, as well as creation of pseudo soft-tissue structures at the periphery of tagged regions, are main artifacts in existing EC approaches, which tend to use a gradient-based method to delineate tagged regions. In this study, we developed a novel delineation method of tagged regions by applying local iso-surface roughness. The local iso-surface roughness is defined by the sum of differences between the local curvedness at adjacent scales over all scales. In our approach, the roughness values around the periphery of the tagged regions are integrated into the speed function of a level-set segmentation method for delineation of the tagged regions. As a result, L-T boundaries are subtracted along with tagged regions, whereas the thin soft-tissue structures within the tagging-tissue-air layers are preserved. Application of our computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme showed that the use of the new EC method substantially reduced the number of false-positive detections compared with that of our previous gradient-based method.
Formaldehyde exposures inside mobile homes

Mesures des concentrations en formaldehyde pendant une semaine en hiver et en ete dans 470 maisons mobiles en Californie
The Human Snout: Pigs, Priests, and Peasants in the Parlor

ABSTRACTIreland reeked throughout the nineteenth century from the pages of English representation. The reputed stench of its cabins, cesspools, and dungheaps became a shameful index of national backwardness and the essential mark of Irish olfactory identity. In response to the odor of primitiveness that clung to them also, Ireland's rising middle classes set about a program of national decontamination. Led by the emblematic figure of native Victorian propriety, the Catholic priest, this modernizing class carried the mantras of civility and hygiene to the countryside and the rural home, imposing upon a recalcitrant peasantry a new, “enlightened,” olfactory register predicated on an intolerance of traditional odors. The groundwork for this transformation was the castigation of Ireland's domestic cottage by English observers and, in particular, the metonymic substitution of the peasantry's pigs for Irish national character—a discursive reordering that, though it encountered resistance from a peasantry devote...
Insomnia following hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra

The neuropeptide hypocretin, also known as orexin, has been implicated in waking since its deletion leads to the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Hypocretin neurons project to major arousal areas, and in an effort to determine which region is responsible for the changes in sleep-wake architecture we have developed the neurotoxin hypocretin2-saporin, which lesions hypocretin receptor bearing neurons. Here, in rats, we investigate the effects of hypocretin2-saporin lesions of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Bilateral injection of hypocretin2-sap into both the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra (92 and 184 ng/microl, 0.25 microl in the ventral tegmental area and 0.5 microl in the substantia nigra) or into the substantia nigra alone (184 ng/microl, 0.5 microl) produced insomnia. The insomnia seemed to be associated with a large increase in locomotion on days 4 and 6 postinjection, as hyperactivity and stereotypic movements were consistently observed on the video recordings in all lesioned rats. In these rats, a nearly complete loss of both tyrosine hydroxylase and neuron-specific nuclear protein (neuronal nuclei) immunoreactive cells in the substantia nigra as well as diminution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the caudate putamen was found. Following bilateral injection of hypocretin2-sap at a lower concentration (46 ng/microl, 0.25 microl in the ventral tegmental area and 0.5 microl in the substantia nigra), very little reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuronal nuclei-immunoreactive neurons and only a temporary increase in wakefulness (17.4% increase during light-off period on day 6 postinjection) were observed. Ventral tegmental area lesions (184 ng/mul of hypocretin2-sap, 0.25 microl, bilateral injections) did not produce significant changes in sleep, although most of the tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuronal nuclei-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral tegmental area were destroyed. Insomnia following hypocretin2-sap lesions of the substantia nigra could be secondary to increased motor activity resulting from reduction of tonic inhibitory control by the substantia nigra.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation: Effects of motor imagery, movement and coil orientation

Abstract Objective To compare fMRI activations during movement and motor imagery to corresponding motor evoked potential (MEP) maps obtained with the TMS coil in three different orientations. Methods fMRI activations during executed (EM) and imagined (IM) movements of the index finger were compared to MEP maps of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle obtained with the TMS coil in anterior, posterior and lateral handle positions. To ensure spatial registration of fMRI and MEP maps, a special grid was used in both experiments. Results No statistically significant difference was found between the TMS centers of gravity (TMS CoG) obtained with the three coil orientations. There was a significant difference between fMRI centers of gravity during IMs (IM CoG) and EMs (EM CoG), with IM CoGs localized on average 10.3 mm anterior to those of EMs in the precentral gyrus. Most importantly, the IM CoGs closely matched cortical projections of the TMS CoGs while the EM CoGs were on average 9.5 mm posterior to the projected TMS CoGs. Conclusions TMS motor maps are more congruent with fMRI activations during motor imagery than those during EMs. These findings are not significantly affected by changing orientation of the TMS coil. Significance Our results suggest that the discrepancy between fMRI and TMS motor maps may be largely due to involvement of the somatosensory component in the EM task.
Dolasetron for the prevention of postoperative vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

Summary Background: Children undergoing strabismus surgery have a high incidence of postoperative vomiting (POV). The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of dolasetron for the prevention of emesis comparing a single 0.35 mgAEkg )1 or 12.5 mg dose with placebo. Methods: Children aged 2‐12 years with an ASA status of 1 or 2 undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized in a double-blind manner to one of three treatment groups. Patients were excluded with a history of previous postoperative vomiting or motion sickness, allergy to serotonin receptor antagonists or previous antiemetic administration within 24 h prior to enrollment. General anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane and N2O/O2 and maintained with isoflurane and N2O/O2. The study medication was administered 15 min prior to the end of surgery. Patients experiencing two or more episodes of vomiting were rescued in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) with metoclopramide 0.15 mgAEkg )1 . A total of 118 patients were enrolled with documentation of the number and severity of vomiting episodes, time to awakening, PACU length of stay and postoperative agitation. Results: Patients with an acute complete response (ACR), defined as no emetic episodes and no rescue medication within 24 h of study drug administration were 62% (weight dose), 64% (fixed dose) and 33% (placebo, P < 0.05). Conclusions: There was no statistical difference between the 0.35 mgAEkg )1 dose and the fixed 12.5 mg dose of dolasetron with both reducing the incidence of POV.