cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the Friel Anaerobic Threshold Test Accurately Detect Heart Rate Deflection in Trained Cyclists

The Friel Anaerobic Threshold Test (FATT) has been used to determine anaerobic threshold (AT). The FATT suggests AT occurs near the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 17. Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to determine 1) whether the HRDP could be determined using the FATT, 2) examine differences between HRVT and HR that coincided Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 17, and 3) if riding position (hoods or aero) would influence performance. Methods: Fourteen male cyclists (30.4 ± 7.41years of age; 151.8 ± 60.4 cycled miles/week) participated in the study. Each subject performed the FATT on two occasions within one week. Results: The findings of this study suggest that the FATT can determine HRDP in trained cyclists while riding in the hoods position but not the aero position. No significant difference was found between the hoods and aero position for HRVT as measured by the metabolic cart. Our data suggest that HR at an RPE of 15 more accurately reflects the HRVT than the RPE of 17. A low, non-significant correlation was found for both the hoods and aero (0.41 and 0.44, respectively; p > 0.20) for the HR at RPE of 17. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the FATT can determine HRDP in trained cyclists. However, HRDP was identified in the cyclists preferred riding position. When performing the FATT, HRVT at an RPE of 15 should be used to estimate VT over the suggested RPE of 17.
Performance analysis of machine learning and pattern recognition algorithms for Malware classification

Anti-Malware industry faces the challenge of evaluating huge amount of data for potential malicious contents. This is due to the fact that hackers introduce polymorphism to the existing malicious groups/classes. Effective feature extraction and classification of malware data is necessary to tackle such issues. In this paper, we visualize viruses in an image as they capture minor changes while retaining a global structure. Later, we implement Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method for feature extraction. Based on extracted PCA features, we study the performance of various Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms along with K-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification techniques for identification of malware data into their respective classes. We use k-fold validation to gauge the effectiveness of our approach. The study makes use of the publicly available Kaggle database provided by Microsoft for the Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge (BIG 2015).
Light transmission spectroscopy in real time: a high-resolution nanoparticle analysis instrument

This paper describes light transmission spectroscopy (LTS), a technique for eliminating spectral noise and systematic effects in real-time spectroscopic measurements. In our work, we combine LTS with spectral inversion for the purpose of nanoparticle analysis. This work employs a wideband multi-wavelength light source and grating spectrometers coupled to CCD detectors. The light source ranges from 210 to 2000 nm, the wavelength-dependent light detection system ranges from 200 to 1100 nm with ≤1 nm resolution, and the nanoparticle diameters range from 1 to 3000 nm. The nanoparticles are suspended in pure water or water-based buffer solutions. For testing and calibration purposes, results are presented for nanoparticles composed of polystyrene and gold. Mie theory is used to model the total extinction cross section, and spectral inversion is employed to obtain quantitative particle size distributions, from which information on the size, shape, and number of nanoparticles can be derived. Discussed are the precision, accuracy, resolution, and sensitivity of our results. The LTS technique is quite versatile and can be applied to spectroscopic investigations where wideband, accurate, low-noise, real-time spectra are desired.
Mental Health Courts May Work, But Does It Matter If They Do?

Mental health courts (MHCs) are an important judicial innovation and have become increasingly popular. As specialty therapeutic courts, the MHCs focus on accessing treatment for defendants who meet their eligibility criteria. An overarching question is whether these courts “work”. Another important question is whether it matters even if they do, given the sheer numbers of people with mental illnesses arrested each year in the United States and the comparatively small number of people that mental health court dockets reach. In addition, because the courts are considered boutique courts in many jurisdictions, they may be vulnerable to budget cuts that have affected many state court systems in the United States. Finally, because of long delays in some courts between identification of an individual as potentially eligible and the decision to admit the person to the court, MHCs may not be as expeditious as other forms of diversion in getting people with mental illnesses into treatment rather than deeper into the criminal justice system.
Gyrokinetic predictions of multiscale transport in a DIII-D ITER baseline discharge

New multiscale gyrokinetic simulations predict that electron energy transport in a DIII-D ITER baseline discharge with dominant electron heating and low input torque is multiscale in nature, with roughly equal amounts of the electron energy flux Q e coming from long wavelength ion-scale (k y ρ s 1) fluctuations when the gyrokinetic results match independent power balance calculations. Corresponding conventional ion-scale simulations are able to match the power balance ion energy flux Q i, but systematically underpredict Q e when doing so. Significant nonlinear cross-scale couplings are observed in the multiscale simulations, but the exact simulation predictions are found to be extremely sensitive to variations of model input parameters within experimental uncertainties. Most notably, depending upon the exact value of the equilibrium E × B shearing rate γ E×B used, either enhancement or suppression of the long-wavelength turbulence and transport levels in the multiscale simulations is observed relative to what is predicted by ion-scale simulations. While the enhancement of the long wavelength fluctuations by inclusion of the short wavelength turbulence was previously observed in similar multiscale simulations of an Alcator C-Mod L-mode discharge, these new results show for the first time a complete suppression of long-wavelength turbulence in a multiscale simulation, for parameters at which conventional ion-scale simulation predicts small but finite levels of low-k turbulence and transport consistent with the power balance Q i. Although computational resource limitations prevent a fully rigorous validation assessment of these new results, they provide significant new evidence that electron energy transport in burning plasmas is likely to have a strong multiscale character, with significant nonlinear cross-scale couplings that must be fully understood to predict the performance of those plasmas with confidence.
Stochastic approach to tunneling and baby universe formation

Abstract We develop a stochastic approach to the theory of tunneling with baby universe formation. This method is applied also to the theory of creation of the universe in a a laboratory at a very high temperature. Our investigations indicates that both spontaneous universe formation in the empy Minkowsky space and universe creation in a laboratory may be possible. The probability of the first process in the theories with large masses and coupling constants may be reasonably large. This may lead to a nonperturbative modification of the properties of the vacuum state. The probability of universe creation in a laboratory in theories with large masses and coupling constants also may be considerable, but only at an extremely high temperature. For example, in the theory, λφ4 the probability of the universe creation is not totally suppressed only if λ is large enough, and only at a temperature T ∼ 1 4 Mp ∼ λ 1 4 · 10 19 GeV.
Prospective Associations of 12th-Grade Drinking Intensity and Age 19/20 Driving-Related Consequences.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine driving-related consequences associated with levels of drinking intensity among a national sample of young adult drinkers. Methods Data come from a nationally representative sample of 12th graders sampled annually in 2005–2014 with subsamples surveyed at age 19/20 years. Multivariable logistic regressions examined associations of 12th-grade drinking intensity (0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15+ drinks in a row) with driving consequences at age 19/20 years. Results Twelfth-grade binge drinkers (compared with nonbinge drinkers) were more likely to experience negative driving consequences at age 19/20 years. Among binge drinkers, 15+ drinkers (compared with 5–9 drinkers) in 12th grade had increased the risk of negative drinking consequences at age 19/20 years. Conclusions These results suggest that while underage binge drinkers are at an increased risk for having driving consequences, those who engage in higher intensity drinking are at even greater risk for these consequences. High-intensity drinkers may require additional screening or intervention to reduce future driving-related consequences.
F2FCrowds: Planning Agent Movements to Enable Face-to-Face Interactions

The simulation of human behaviors in virtual environments has many applications. In many of these applications, situations arise in which the user has a face-to-face interaction with a virtual agen...
Social and Political Challenges to Behavioral Programs with Delinquents and Criminals

Considerable attention has been focused on social and political challenges to behavior therapy or behavior modification (Atthowe, 1973; Goldiamond, 1978; Jason, 1977; Liberman, 1979; Norley, 1977; Reppucci, 1973; Reppucci & Saunders, 1974; Rozynko, Swift, Swift & Boggs, 1973; Wray, 1980).1 Much of this focus has been on social and political forces within family, group, community, and institutional settings that pose resistances and constraints on the administration of traditional behavior modification programs. For example, in declaring optimism for the future of behavior therapy, Liberman (1979) warned that we should pay some attention to the problems we face in applying our knowledge, and to the limitations that hamper or impair our work, and slow our progress. These limiting factors lie primarily outside the domain of behavior therapy. It is often not behavioral technology as such, but rather political and social issues that make or break an innovative program. (p.370)
Mechanics and Control of Biomimetic Locomotion

Biomimetic locomotion refers to the movement of robotic mechanisms in ways that are analogous to the patterns of movement found in nature. This paper reviews progress towards the development of more unifying principles for the analysis and control of biomimetic robotic locomotion.
Connectionist Bilingual Representation

As a globalized village, we have more bilingual than monolingual speakers today in the world (Grosjean and Li 2013, Chap. 1).
Dynamics of fracture mirror boundary formation in glass

The formation of fracture mirrors was investigated for specimens of a soda-lime-silicate glass tested in tension, four point flexure, and three point flexure. The dimensions of the mirror region are dependent on the macrostress state of the specimen at fracture. An energy balance approach, incorporating a kinetic term is applied to explain mirror formation and the macrostress state differences.
Microwave Imaging of Nonsparse Object Using Dual-Mesh Method and Iterative Method With Adaptive Thresholding

A new microwave image reconstruction method is proposed to recover a nonsparse object using the iterative method with adaptive thresholding for compressed sensing (IMATCS) method. First, a dual-mesh method discretizes the object using the Distmesh generator tool, which automatically generates size functions and adapts to the curvature and the feature size of the geometry. Near field scattered data collected from a circular phantom are used to solve the inverse scattering problem using the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM). At every iteration during DBIM, the forward problem is formulated as an underdetermined set of linear equations. Then, the IMATCS method is applied to solve the linear equations. IMATCS is a $L_{2}$ -regularized approach to solve the sparse recovery problem, which improves the robustness of the algorithm. Next, the nondecimated wavelet transform (NDWT) method is applied to transform the nonsparse signal into a sparse signal which acts as an input to the IMATCS process. As a result, the new proposed NDWT based on IMATCS method (NDW-IMATCS) is able to recover the nonsparse signal and leads to the reconstruction results. Finally, we demonstrate that our dual-mesh method combined with the NDW-IMATCS algorithm leads to fast, accurate, and stable reconstructions of nonsparse objects.
Norms, Rewards, and the Intentional Stance: Comparing Machine Learning Approaches to Ethical Training

The challenge of training AI systems to perform responsibly and beneficially has inspired different approaches for teaching a system what people want and how it is acceptable to attain that in the world. In this paper we compare work in reinforcement learning, in particular inverse reinforcement learning, with our norm inference approach. We test those two systems and present results. Using the idea of the "intentional stance", we explain how a norm inference approach can work even when another agent is acting strictly according to reward functions. In this way norm inference presents itself as a promising, more explicitly accountable approach with which to design AI systems from the start.
The Harms of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment in Patients with Small Renal Masses: A Mini-review

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment refer to the detection and treatment of conditions that would not ultimately affect an individual's health. With increasing detection of small renal masses there is growing awareness of the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of these tumors, supported by studies showing that 15-30% of nephrectomy specimens are pathologically benign, and that many small renal cell carcinomas are indolent. The harms of overdiagnosis and overtreatment are numerous, including psychosocial stressors and renal morbidity, in addition to unnecessary surgical complications. A greater understanding of the potential harms of overdiagnosis and overtreatment is crucial as clinicians focus on optimizing patient selection for renal mass biopsy, active surveillance protocols, and minimally invasive surgery. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this mini-review we discuss the issues of overdiagnosis and overtreatment in patients with kidney cancer. We enumerate the risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, and examine the next steps towards preventing these harms.
The Uncertain Professional Status of Compliance

This chapter explores the background and reasons for the uncertain professional status of compliance by explaining how it has evolved to achieving professional status, but noting that this field does not possess all the features of a profession. The chapter then identifies several negative effects or consequences of compliance’s uncertain professional status and observes how, from time to time, legal authorities and practitioners assert control over compliance as if it were in their domain of influence, but at other times they have been passive or complacent with respect to compliance practitioners. The chapter offers reasons for the law’s ambivalence toward compliance and concludes with thoughts on the future of compliance as a profession, acknowledging at the same time that a different professional outcome may emerge in the future as it is a “young” occupation.
Critical Thinking: Tools for Internet Information Evaluation.

AUTHOR Fitzgerald, Mary Ann TITLE Critical Thinking: Tools for Internet Information Evaluation. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 18p.; In: Information Rich but Knowledge Poor? Emerging Issues for Schools and Libraries Worldwide. Research and Professional Papers Presented at the Annual Conference of the International Association of School Librarianship Held in Conjunction with the Association for Teacher-Librarianship in Canada (26th, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, July 6-11, 1997); see IR 056 586. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative (142) -Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Content Analysis; *Critical Thinking; Elementary Secondary Education; Evaluation Methods; *Evaluative Thinking; *Information Literacy; Information Sources; Online Systems; Protocol Analysis; *Search Strategies; Thinking Skills; Users (Information); Validity; *World Wide Web IDENTIFIERS Technology Integration
The Fall That Won’t Stop Falling

The brakes of my dark green Honda Accord squeaked as my boyfriend eased his way down the steep concrete hill leading to the cavernous loading bay for the hospital’s emergency department. It seemed ironic to me that a place for the sickest people would smell like exhaust fumes, motor oil, and cigarette smoke.
How Should Mission Trips Be Administered

Opportunities to study and practice health-related professions internationally offer transformative benefits for patients, educators, and students. Institutions and educators should model ethical behavior and set examples for global health trainees. Toward this end, it is imperative that universities engaging in international immersion experiences ensure that principles of respect, beneficence, and justice are upheld.
Accelerating ethylene polymerization using secondary metal ions in tetrahydrofuran

We have prepared a new series of nickel phosphine phosphonate ester complexes that feature two metal-chelating polyethylene glycol (PEG) side arms. Metal binding and reactivity studies in polar solvents showed that they readily coordinate external cations, including alkali (Li+, Na+, K+), alkaline (Mg2+, Ca2+), transition (Sc3+, Co2+, Zn2+), post-transition (Ga3+), and lanthanide (La3+) metals. Although olefin polymerization reactions are typically performed in non-polar solvents, which cannot solubilize +2 and +3 metal cations, we discovered that our nickel catalysts could promote ethylene polymerization in neat tetrahydrofuran. This advance allowed us, for the first time, to systematically investigate the effects of a wide range of M+, M2+, and M3+ ions on the reactivity of nickel olefin polymerization catalysts. In ethylene homopolymerization, the addition of Co(OTf)2 to our nickel-PEG complexes provided the largest boost in activity (up to 11-fold, 2.7 × 106 g mol−1 h−1) compared to that in the absence of external salts. The catalyst enhancing effects of secondary metals were also observed in studies of ethylene and polar olefin (e.g., propyl vinyl ether, allyl butyl ether, methyl-10-undecenoate, and 5-acetoxy-1-pentene) copolymerization. Notably, combining either Co2+ or Zn2+ with our nickel complexes increased the rates of polymerization in the presence of propyl vinyl ether by about 5.0- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Although further studies are needed to elucidate the structural and mechanistic roles of the secondary metals, this work is an important advance toward the development of cation-switchable polymerization catalysts.
Experiments of Crack-Fiber Interactions in Composites with Frictional Interfaces

1. ABSTRACT The goal of the research is to provide design insight for enhancing apparent global fracture toughness of composite materials by exploiting friction between fibers and matrix. If the interface between fiber and matrix is cohesive enough then tractions a t the interfaces may impede the development of a matrix crack. However, increases of the interfacial friction must be balanced against the potential for fiber failure. This trade-off is being explored through threedimensional computational modeling using the surface integral method. This paper discusses some important features of the interaction between cracks and frictional interfaces and proceeds with a description of experiments on model systems which are being used to guide and verify the computational models. The numerical simulations are intended to clarify the physics of crack-fiber interaction and to generate guidelines for optimal design. Two experiments are described. The first involves a method for visually tracking the evolution of frictional sliding on an interface in the vicinity of a pseudo crack. The second comprises a method for growing and recording the progress of a three dimensional crack periphery as it encounters a cylindrical inclusion.
Epilepsy: Invasive Monitoring

This chapter discusses the general and specific indications, advantages, disadvantages, and the role of invasive monitoring in medically refractory focal epilepsy, focusing on subdural grid and strip and stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) methodologies.
Depressive symptoms among mothers with young children-the role of family migration and social networks in Mexico.

Background: Women who remain in migratory sending communities as their family members migrate internationally are at risk for depression. Limited research examines the association between the numbe...
Cyclin E overexpression confers resistance to trastuzumab through noncanonical phosphorylation of SMAD3 in HER2+ breast cancer.

The efficacy of trastuzumab, a treatment for HER2+ breast cancer, can be limited by the development of resistance. Cyclin E (CCNE) overexpression has been implicated in trastuzumab resistance. We s...
The Ontogenesis of Mammalian Sleep: Form and Function

To present an up-to-date review and synthesis of findings about perinatal sleep development and function. I discuss landmark events in sleep ontogenesis, evidence that sleep promotes brain development and plasticity, and experimental considerations in this topic. Mammalian sleep undergoes dramatic changes in expression and regulation during perinatal development. This includes a progressive decrease in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep time, corresponding increases in nonREM sleep and wake time, and the appearance of mature sleep regulatory processes (homeostatic and circadian). These developmental events coincide with periods of rapid brain maturation and heightened synaptic plasticity. The latter involve an initial experience-independent phase, when circuit development is guided by spontaneous activity, and later occurring critical periods, when these circuits are shaped by experience. These ontogenetic changes suggest important interactions between sleep and brain development. More specifically, sleep may promote developmental programs of synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning and influence the opening and closing of critical periods of brain plasticity.
Estimating Unidentified Sex Trafficking in the Child Welfare Population

Sex trafficking involving children is a human rights issue of growing concern, with immediate and lasting impacts on victims. Although victimization is consistently associated with prior maltreatme...
A flexible, pan-species, multi-antigen platform for the detection and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the vaccination effort that is ongoing has created an unmet need for accessible, affordable, flexible and precise platforms for monitoring the induction, specificity and maintenance of virus-specific immune responses. Herein we validate a multiplex (Luminex-based) assay capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies irrespective of host species, antibody isotype, and specimen type (e.g. plasma, serum, saliva or blood spots). The well-established precision of Luminex-based assays provides the ability to follow changes in antibody levels over time to many antigens, including multiple permutations of the most common SARS-CoV-2 antigens. This platform can easily measure antibodies known to correlate with neutralization activity as well as multiple non-SARS-CoV-2 antigens such as vaccines (e.g. Tetanus toxoid) or those from frequently encountered agents (influenza), which serve as stable reference points for quantifying the changing SARS-specific responses. All of the antigens utilized in our study can be made in-house, many in E. coli using readily available plasmids. Commercially sourced antigens may also be incorporated and newly available antigen variants can be rapidly produced and integrated, making the platform adaptable to the evolving viral strains in this pandemic. Brief Summary A multi-antigen assay for monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies irrespective of host species, antibody isotype, and specimen type was developed.
Proteomics and Epidemiological Models of Human Aging

Human aging is associated with a decline of physical and cognitive function and high susceptibility to chronic diseases, which is influenced by genetics, epigenetics, environmental, and socio-economic status. In order to identify the factors that modulate the aging process, established measures of aging mechanisms are required, that are both robust and feasible in humans. It is also necessary to connect these measures to the phenotypes of aging and their functional consequences. In this review, we focus on how this has been addressed from an epidemiologic perspective using proteomics. The key aspects of epidemiological models of aging can be incorporated into proteomics and other omics which can provide critical detailed information on the molecular and biological processes that change with age, thus unveiling underlying mechanisms that drive multiple chronic conditions and frailty, and ideally facilitating the identification of new effective approaches for prevention and treatment.
Outcome Benefits Seen With 1 Year of Optimized Sacubitril/Valsartan for the Treatment of Systolic Heart Failure Managed by Pharmacists in a Cardiology Practice:

Background:Pharmacists’ care in heart failure (HF) management has been shown to better clinical outcomes, including use of guideline-directed medical therapy and hospital readmission, although the ...
Estimating the impact on initiating medications for opioid use disorder of state policies expanding Medicaid and prohibiting substance use during pregnancy.

Abstract Background Medicaid expansion increased access to addiction treatment services for pregnant women. However, states’ imposition of civil or criminal child abuse sanctions for drug use during pregnancy could inhibit access to treatment. We estimated the effects of Medicaid expansion on pregnant women’s medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use, and its interaction with statutes that prohibit substance use during pregnancy. Methods Using the Treatment Episode Dataset for Discharge (2010–2018), we identified the initial treatment episode of pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD). We described changes in MOUD use and estimated adjusted difference-in-differences and event study models to evaluate differences in changes in MOUD between states that prohibit substance use during pregnancy and states that do not. Findings Among a total of 16,070 treatment episodes for pregnant women with OUD from 2010 to 2018, most (74%) were in states that expanded Medicaid. By one year post-expansion, the proportion of episodes receiving MOUD in states not prohibit substance use during pregnancy increased by 8.7% points (95% CI: 2.7, 14.7) from the pre-expansion period compared to a 5.6% point increase in states prohibiting substance use during pregnancy (95% CI: − 3.3, 14.8). In adjusted event study analysis, the expansion was associated with an increase in MOUD use by 15.3% by year 2 in states not prohibiting versus 1.5% percentage points in states prohibiting substance use during pregnancy, respectively. Conclusions State policies prohibiting substance use during pregnancy may limit the salutary effects of Medicaid expansion for pregnant women who could benefit from MOUD treatment.
It’s a Child’s Game – A turn-taking perspective of the role of narration in addressing sociomaterial problems in technology-mediated learning

Instructors delivering technology mediated learning face special challenges of a sociomaterial nature. Some instructors are not able to successfully overcome these challenges and therefore either avoid technology mediated courses or deliver such courses ineffectively. The purpose of this paper is to examine a blended learning experience and offer narration as an effective practice in conducting synchronous class sessions. A turn-taking perspective on the use of instructional technology reveals that by effectively narrating instructors can engage current and future students, maintain control of the session agenda, and assure continuous class engagement despite attention errors on the part of students. In practice, narration abilities will vary across instructors based upon their ability to concentrate in the midst of multi-tasking. Therefore this paper offers narration practice considerations to assist instructors in conducting technology mediated courses.
Asymptotic Distributions of Functions of Eigenvalues

A brief review of some recent developments of asymptotic distributions of eigenvalues is given. Emphasis is on the joint distributions of analytic functions of eigenvalues. The random matrices considered are Wishart, correlation, MANOVA, and canonical correlation.
Comments on Karen Fang's Review of City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema

Karen Fang \'The Poverty of Sociological Studies of Hong Kong Cinema: Stokes and Hoover\'s _City on Fire_\' _Film-Philosophy_, vol. 7 no. 36, October 2003
Benefits of Practicum Students in Preservation: The Value of the Experience to the Department, Students, and Field

Abstract Academic libraries' dependence on student assistants has led to a host of articles debating the merit of employing students, discussing how best to hire and manage students, and offering suggestions for motivating these temporary, part-time employees. Undergraduate student workers are usually highly capable and bring a wealth of ideas and energy to the job, yet they can also be unreliable. The University of Tennessee Libraries Preservation Office has learned that library and information science (LIS) practicum students bring their own motivation to excel and are valuable resources for completing projects. The benefits of supervising a practicum student go not only to the student, but also the supervisor, the library, and the field.
Advances of oscillations in Hopf bifurcation revisited

This study clarifies some issues regarding advances of oscillations when passage through a Hopf bifurcation is attempted. Specifically, it has been reported before that advances occur when the bifurcation parameter varies slowly through a Hopf bifurcation point. Here it is emphasized that if this variation is sufficiently slow advances are eliminated and an upper bound on the error between the system's trajectory and the branch of equilibria is given.
The Phage T4-coded DNA Replication Helicase (gp41) Forms a Hexamer upon Activation by Nucleoside Triphosphate

Sedimentation and high performance liquid chromatography studies show that the functional DNA replication helicase of bacteriophage T4 (gp41) exists primarily as a dimer at physiological protein concentrations, assembling from gp41 monomers with an association constant of ∼106M−1. Cryoelectron microscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and protein-protein cross-linking studies demonstrate that the binding of ATP or GTP drives the assembly of these dimers into monodisperse hexameric complexes, which redissociate following depletion of the purine nucleotide triphosphatase (PuTP) substrates by the DNA-stimulated PuTPase activity of the helicase. The hexameric state of gp41 can be stabilized for detailed study by the addition of the nonhydrolyzable PuTP analogs ATPγS and GTPγS and is not significantly affected by the presence of ADP, GDP, or single-stranded or forked DNA template constructs, although some structural details of the hexameric complex may be altered by DNA binding. Our results also indicate that the active gp41 helicase exists as a hexagonal trimer of asymmetric dimers, and that the hexamer is probably characterized by D3 symmetry. The assembly pathway of the gp41 helicase has been analyzed, and its structure and properties compared with those of other helicases involved in a variety of cellular processes. Functional implications of such structural organization are also considered.
A tutor on subprogram implementation

Subprogram implementation is one of the harder topics for students in the Comparative Programming Languages course. In order to help students learn the implementation of non-local referencing in subprograms, we developed a problem-solving tutor. The tutor covers static chaining and display method for static scope and deep and shallow access for dynamic scope, in the context of a language that allows nested subprograms. In this paper, we will describe the design of the tutor, and present the results of evaluating it in our Programming Languages course.
Equilibrium phase transitions in Josephson junction arrays

I review several problems dealing with the equilibrium behavior of classical two dimensional Josephson junction arrays in applied magnetic fields. Specific attention is given to the cases of a uniform field with average flux density per unit cell of f=0, f=1/2, f=1/q and f=1/2−1/q. Several models incorporating the effects of randomness on the Josephson array are also reviewed. These include the case of a random vortex pinning potential and its effects on vortex lattice order, and the spin glass, gauge glass, and positionally disordered array.
Mechanically patterning the embryonic airway epithelium

Collections of cells must be patterned spatially during embryonic development to generate the intricate architectures of mature tissues. In several cases, including the formation of the branched airways of the lung, reciprocal signaling between an epithelium and its surrounding mesenchyme helps generate these spatial patterns. Several molecular signals are thought to interact via reaction-diffusion kinetics to create distinct biochemical patterns, which act as molecular precursors to actual, physical patterns of biological structure and function. Here, however, we show that purely physical mechanisms can drive spatial patterning within embryonic epithelia. Specifically, we find that a growth-induced physical instability defines the relative locations of branches within the developing murine airway epithelium in the absence of mesenchyme. The dominant wavelength of this instability determines the branching pattern and is controlled by epithelial growth rates. These data suggest that physical mechanisms can create the biological patterns that underlie tissue morphogenesis in the embryo.
Case study of carless mobility constraints

The urban carless population, those members of the metropolitan community who lack access to an automobile, may be considered as a distinct population subgroup with common mobility attributes and mobility problems. The mobility restrictions of the carless are divided into two major categories: (1)Trip-making constraints which are related to the inability of the carless to generate a vehicular trip; and (2) environmental constraints which are imposed on carless groups by the physical and social environments in which they live. The conceptual framework is applied to a particular study area on the periphery of the Denver Central Business District. Descriptive profiles of the socioeconomic and travel characteristics of the study area as well as the rest of the Denver metropolitan area are developed. The difference in travel behavior between the carless population and other members of the metropolitan community are not a reflection of different tastes or preferences, but rather, a result of their restricted mobility. Language: en
Disabled-2 (Dab2) inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signalling by binding LRP6 and promoting its internalization through clathrin

Canonical Wnt signalling requires caveolin-dependent internalization of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). Here we report that the tumour suppressor and endocytic adaptor disabled-2 (Dab2), previously described as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, selectively recruits LRP6 to the clathrin-dependent endocytic route, thereby sequestering it from caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Wnt stimulation induces the casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent phosphorylation of LRP6 at S1579, promoting its binding to Dab2 and internalization with clathrin. LRP6 receptor mutant (S1579A), deficient in CK2-mediated phosphorylation and Dab2 binding, fails to associate with clathrin, and thus escapes the inhibitory effects of Dab2 on Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Our data suggest that the S1579 site of LRP6 is a negative regulatory point during LRP6-mediated dorsoventral patterning in zebrafish and in allograft mouse tumour models. We conclude that the tumour suppressor functions of Dab2 involve modulation of canonical Wnt signalling by regulating the endocytic fate of the LRP6 receptor.
Xanthan enhances water binding and gel formation of transglutaminase-treated porcine myofibrillar proteins.

: In this study, the effect of xanthan on dynamic rheological properties, textural profile, and water binding of transglutaminase (TG)-treated myofibrillar protein (MP) gels was investigated. In experiment 1, MP suspensions (40 mg/mL protein, 0.6 M NaCl) at pH 6.45 with or without 0.05% xanthan were treated with 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% TG; in experiment 2, MP suspensions (40 mg/mL protein, 0.6 M NaCl) at pHs 6.13, 6.30, 6.45, 6.69 with or without 0.05% xanthan were treated with 0.3% TG. Treated samples were analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry for thermal stability and oscillatory rheometry and Instron penetration tests for gelation properties. The TG treatments lowered the transition temperature (Tm) of MP by as much as 6 °C (P < 0.05) but increased apparent enthalpy of denaturation. However, there was no detectable thermal stability difference between MP samples with or without xanthan. The shear storage modulus (G′) of MP gels increased markedly upon treatments with ≥0.3% TG, and the presence of xanthan further enhanced the gel strength (P < 0.05). The addition of 0.05% xanthan decreased cooking loss of TG-treated MP gels by 17% to 23% when compared with gels without xanthan at all pH levels evaluated (6.13 to 6.67). Thus, the combination of TG and xanthan offered a feasible means to promote cross-linking and gelation of MP while reducing cooking losses.
2nd law analysis of ON/OFF vs. frequency modulation control of a refrigerator

The cooling capacity of any refrigerator or freezer should be somewhat oversized to assure that temperature can be retained over a range of conditions such as variable outside temperatures, opening of the doors, uncertainties of insulation and also for an acceptable temperature response to the introduction of new contents. Thus, a temperature control technique is required. The easiest control to implement is ON/OFF control via a thermostat. However, a more efficient control is continuous operation with temperature controlled by adjusting the compressor speed. The speed control advantage results from a lower temperature difference across the heat exchangers with continuous operation relative to ON/OFF control. This paper presents a 2nd law analysis of a freezer that has a 12000 (Btu/hr) capacity, but the load only requires 6000 (Btu/hr). It is shown that speed control results in 41% electric energy savings relative to ON/OFF control.
In search of ethical guidance: constructing a basis for dialogue 1

This paper focuses on protecting human subjects in qualitative research. The standards of informed consent, avoidance of harm, and confidentiality are critiqued from utilitarian, deonto‐logical, re...
Algorithms for sliding block codes---An application of symbolic dynamics to information theory

Ideas which have origins in Shannon's work in information theory have arisen independently in a mathematical discipline called symbolic dynamics. These ideas have been refined and developed in recent years to a point where they yield general algorithms for constructing practical coding schemes with engineering applications. In this work we prove an extension of a coding theorem of Marcus and trace a line of mathematics from abstract topological dynamics to concrete logic network diagrams.
Circadian cycle of urinary cortisol in healthy subjects and in Cushing's syndrome.

The diurnal variation of unconjugated urinary cortisol was measured in 12 healthy subjects and in 3 patients with Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenal hyperplasia. A sensitive double isotope dilution assay has allowed the quantitation of cortisol in 5 ml urine aliquots with satisfactory precision and accuracy. A circadian variation was present in the normal subjects withpeaks in the early or late morning hours and minima in the late evening hours; this rhythm is consistent with the known diurnal changes of plasma cortisol. A cycle was also present in 3 patients with Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenal hyperplasia; its deviations from the normal pattern are pointed out in the text.
APPLICATION OF THE TWO-BEAM INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE TO THE STUDY OF SURFACES

Interference microscopes that have recently become available have overcome many of the operational difficulties previously experienced. As a result, the two-beam interference microscope is finding increasing use in the laboratory in the study of surface topography. Present instruments are capable of examining surface detail in the range of 2 to 100 microinches peak-to-valley. A number of applications to the study of surfaces important in industry are presented. These include: (1) the measurement of thickness of electrodeposited coatings, (2) the study of the leveling properties of electrodeposits, (3) measurement of the erosion or shrinkage of paint films upon weathering, (4) investigation of hardness measurement indentations, (5) examination of industrial sheet-steel finishes, and (6) control of the geometry of accurate surface roughness standards. Replica techniques which make it possible to use the instrument to study curved and inaccessible surfaces are also discussed.
Quality of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fry incubated from eggs in river gravel or plastic substrates

Abstract Pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) eggs were incubated to the emergent-fry stage in separate incubators containing either river gravel or one of four plastic substrates (2.5-cm saddles, 2.5-cm rings, 3.7-cm rings, and a 1 : 1 mixture of 2.5-cm and 3.7-cm rings). Length, weight, stage of development, and survival from egg to emergent fry were similar for fry from all incubators, regardless of substrate. Significantly more fry emerged prematurely (i.e., had open ventral slits) from incubators with plastic substrates (10%) than from incubators with gravel substrates (3%); however, fully developed fry emerged an average of 3 days later from plastic substrates than from gravel substrates.
Response to Hanks and McDermott: Temporal Evolution of Beliefs and Beliefs about Temporal Evolution

This paper critically evaluates the celebrated paper of Hanks and McDermott on temporal projection, non-monotonic reasoning, and the frame problem. First I argue against their intuitions, and a fortiori, against their proposed solution. Next, I suggest how the solution they desire could be obtained, were they willing to represent the problem a bit differently.
Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals

To study the potential effects of increased biofuel use, we evaluated six representative analyses of fuel ethanol. Studies that reported negative net energy incorrectly ignored coproducts and used some obsolete data. All studies indicated that current corn ethanol technologies are much less petroleum-intensive than gasoline but have greenhouse gas emissions similar to those of gasoline. However, many important environmental effects of biofuel production are poorly understood. New metrics that measure specific resource inputs are developed, but further research into environmental metrics is needed. Nonetheless, it is already clear that large-scale use of ethanol for fuel will almost certainly require cellulosic technology.
Modern u.h.f. and microwave ferrite devices

Several ferrite devices recently developed for systems applications are described. The behaviour and characteristics of extremely compact u.h.f. isolators based on new microwave techniques are reported. Faraday rotation and Y-circulators operating over wide temperature ranges and with broad frequency bandwidths are described. Also included are switches based on Faraday rotation, turnstile-junction and stripline-junction circulators. Strip and rectangular coaxial transmission-line phase shifters particularly suitable for antenna scanning applications are discussed. A discussion in terms of the intrinsic properties of ferrite materials is given that defines the frequency regions of operation for these phase shifters.
Aesthetics and Modernity: Art and the Amelioration of Change in Fin-De-Siècle Austria

Austria at the turn of the century was a country in which change was more commonly tolerated than encouraged. Its late economic growth coming at the end of the 1880s signalled the transition from an agrarian to a more industrially based society. This type of change after a long period of semi-depression dating from the crash of 1873 was looked upon with favor and encouraged by the state, banks, and entrepreneurs. It obviously meant increased prosperity and fit in well with the progressivistic attitude of the times, but less obviously meant the growth of urban blight and social disruption.
An international comparison of Okun's laws☆

Abstract Significant differences in the cyclical responses of unemployment rates are found among six countries. Furthermore, these responses increase at approximately the time of the two major OPEC price increases, although the immediate adjustment remains quickest in North America. Much of the international differences in the responses seem to be due to differences in the output elasticity of employment and, to a lesser extent, differences in the output elasticity of hours per employee. The intertemporal differences, however, seem to be the result of changing cyclical response patterns of labor productivity and labor force participation rates.
FlowBroker: A Software-Defined Network Controller Architecture for Multi-Domain Brokering and Reputation

Software defined networking (SDN) provides great flexibility by decoupling the control and the data planes, allowing for the implementation of new and innovative network control plane experiments. Presently, the reference implementation for SDN architecture is reliant upon a single controller to push flow rules to all SDN-enabled switches in the network, creating a performance bottleneck and single-point of failure in large networks. To provide a scalable yet efficient solution to distributed SDN network management, we propose FlowBroker, a hierarchical brokering agent layer which manages and coordinates among distributed SDN controllers, where each controller is charged with the flow-rule maintenance of the switches in its managed domain. This paper proposes the FlowBroker architecture as a collaborative multi-domain approach to load balancing and network performance enhancement in software-defined networks. Moreover, we introduce distributed machine learning agents to allow controllers to evaluate which brokers are more advantageous than others, from a performance-based reputation perspective. Simulation results show that the FlowBroker architecture, with broker-based collaborative load-balancing and controller-based distributed reputation, can significantly increase the network performance of a multi-domain software-defined network. FlowBroker yields significant reductions in traffic loss, end-to-end delay and maximum link utilization when cooperative brokering and reputation are utilized.