cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coumaphos: Delayed neurotoxic effect following dermal administration in hens

This study reports the differential neurotoxic effects of coumaphos [O,O‐diethyl O‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methyl‐7‐coumarinyl) phosphorothioate] when applied orally or dermally in the adult hen. Dermal administration of single (50–500 mg/kg) or daily (100 mg/kg) doses resulted in delayed neurotoxicity in hens, similar to that caused by other delayed neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds. Coumaphos caused loss of weight and produced ataxia, which progressed to paralysis and death. Degeneration of axons and myelin in the spinal cord was the most consistent histopathoiogic alteration and was identical to that reported for other delayed neurotoxic organophosphorus esters. Only one hen showed peripheral nerve degeneration. Oral administration of a single 100 mg/kg dose or daily doses of 10 mg coumaphos caused severe acute toxicity and killed all treated hens after 1–8 d. These hens did not develop delayed neurotoxicity. Some hens given a single oral 50‐mg/kg dose or daily 5‐mg/kg doses of coumaphos recovered from the ini...
Coupling of posture and gait: mode locking and parametric excitation.

We investigate the temporal coordination of human gait and posture and infer the nature of their coupling. Participants viewed a sinusoidally oscillating visual display which induced medial-lateral postural sway during treadmill walking, while display frequency was varied (0.075–1.025 Hz). First, postural responses exhibited the usual low-pass characteristic but with an additional resonance peak near the preferred stride frequency, although shifted downward by 0.12 Hz; this provides evidence of a coupling from gait to posture. Second, the step cycle adapted to mode lock with the visual driver and postural sway, as well as displaying instances of intermittency (slipping in and out of phase) and quasiperiodicity (phase wandering); this provides evidence of a coupling from posture to gait. We observed a spectrum of integer mode locks, including a large 1:1 trapping region about the stride frequency and superharmonic entrainment (stride frequency > driver frequency) at lower driver frequencies. A coupled-oscillator model that incorporates a novel parametric coupling from posture to the gait “stiffness” term reproduces these features of the data, including the resonance peak shift. Biological coordination patterns may thus emerge naturally as properties of a system of appropriately coupled oscillators.
M and L forms of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone: Factors influencing conversion, stability and immunological properties

Abstract The precise mechanisms conducive to the formation of the less polar (L forms) of 18-OH-DOC and 18-OH-B from their respective, more polar (M forms) were investigated. The conversion to the L form during storage appeared to be related to the presence of organic acid impurities in the solvent. Room temperature and temperature of 37°C favored more rapid transformation to the L form than 4°C. The predicatable method of obtaining M and L forms of the steroids and their convenient separation by LH-20 column chromatography permitted further studies of their solubility and immunological characteristics. L forms of both steroids failed to show any binding to an antiserum generated against 18-OH-DOC. These studies provide important insight into the complexity of interconversions of these 18-hydroxylated steroids and will facilitate further studies.
Farm-Level Fertilizer Demand in Java: A Meta-Production Function Approach

This paper models seed variety choice and the demand for variable inputs as jointly determined by profit‐maximizing cultivators. The approach parallels that of Hayami and Ruttan, who postulated that changes in the output‐fertilizer price ratio induce movements along a meta‐fertilizer response function, the envelope of individual variety‐specific response surfaces. Ignoring the possibility of seed variety switching leads to underestimates of fertilizer demand elasticities. In addition, estimation with samples reflecting a single seed variety may involve serious selection bias. A two‐stage procedure which adjusts for selectivity bias is used to estimate the model with farm‐level data from Java.
Real markets in computerized top-management gaming simulations designed for assessment

Objective scoring, comprehensiveness, flexibility, and ease of administration are characteristics of computerized top-management gaming simulations (CTMGS) that suit them for the assessment of management education. These characteristics may be substantially enhanced by the inclusion of real markets. Support for real markets can be supplied by microcomputer local-area networks (LAN) and LAN-cognizant software. Additional advantages of real markets include relief to problems of team forming, decision cycling, hand-holding, end gaming, assignment evaluating, and debriefing. Three gaming simulations that incorporate real markets have been used in undergraduate courses. A great variety is possible in CTMGSs with real markets. The scores of CTMGSs with real markets are valid to the extent the markets appropriately reward business competencies.
On the Geostrophic Flow at the Surface of the Pacific Ocean with Respect to the 1,000-decibar Surface

The geopotential anomaly at the surface of the Pacific Ocean with respect to the 1,000-decibar surface is computed. Horizontal variations in geopotential at greater depth are shown to be smaller and are neglected. The geostrophic flow at the sea surface with respect to the 1,000-decibar surface is shown to agree in general with the averages of currents estimated from the set and drift of vessels and tabulated in various atlases. The major gyres of the ocean are clearly shown and one new feature, a South Equatorial Countercurrent, is revealed in the western Pacific. Since there is meridional flow in the ocean, the flow is not entirely geostrophic and the contours of geopotential anomaly may lie at some angle to the streamlines. This is most evident where the contours intersect the coast and cross the equator. A qualitative consideration of wind stress indicates that where wind and current are in the same direction geopotential anomaly will rise along a streamline and where they are opposed geopotential anomaly will decrease along a streamline. This effect can at least qualitatively account for the rise of geopotential anomaly to the west in the region of the trades and toward the east in the northern hemisphere westerlies. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1961.tb00111.x
Recognizing primitive interactions by exploring actor-object states

In this paper, we present a solution to the novel problem of recognizing primitive actor-object interactions from videos. Here, we introduce the concept of actor-object states. Our method is based on the observation that at the moment of physical contact, both the motion and the appearance of actors are constrained by the target object. We propose a probabilistic framework that automatically learns models in such constrained states. We use joint probability distributions to represent both actor and object appearances as well as their intrinsic spatio-temporal configurations. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our approach on series of human-object interaction classification experiments.
Dopamine is released in the striatum during human emotional processing.

As the role of dopamine in human emotional processing isunclear, we used a dynamic molecular imaging techniqueto examine whether striatal dopamine is released duringprocessing of negative emotions in healthy volunteers.After volunteers have received an intravenous injection of adopamine receptor ligand
The Move to Artist-Led Online Music Distribution: Explaining Structural Changes in the Digital Music Market

We propose a model for understanding the transformation of the market structure in the recorded music industry value chain due to new forms of digital distribution. It takes into account the traditional music industry's value chain and distribution network, and the product characteristics of digital music as they relate to consumer value creation. We showcase changes in market structure from various perspectives of the players in the music industry value chain. With this as background, we then present propositions that highlight forces at work in market transformation and how each player's role in the digital music industry value chain is likely to change. We note the new tensions that arise around intellectual property rights for digital music with market structure changes. We support the propositions with illustrative mini-cases.
Measurement of spontaneous emission quantum efficiency in InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells

The spontaneous emission quantum efficiency of molecular beam epitaxy grown InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells is determined using photoluminescence measurements. The quantum efficiency is inferred from the power law that links pump power and integrated photoluminescence signal.
The Role of Graduate Student Unions in the Higher Education Landscape

Graduate student unionization efforts have made an indelible mark on the higher education milieu, as illustrated by the experiences of students who participated in this movement in recent years.
Wetlands serve as natural sources for improvement of stream ecosystem health in regions affected by acid deposition

For over 40 years, acid deposition has been recognized as a serious international environmental problem, but efforts to restore acidified streams and biota have had limited success. The need to better understand the effects of different sources of acidity on streams has become more pressing with the recent increases in surface water organic acids, or 'brownification,' associated with climate change and decreased inorganic acid deposition. Here, we carried out a large scale multi-seasonal investigation in the Adirondacks, one of the most acid-impacted regions in the United States, to assess how acid stream producers respond to local and watershed influences and whether these influences can be used in acidification remediation. We explored the pathways of wetland control on aluminum chemistry and diatom taxonomic and functional composition. We demonstrate that streams with larger watershed wetlands have higher organic content, lower concentrations of acidic anions, and lower ratios of inorganic to organic monomeric aluminum, all beneficial for diatom biodiversity and guilds producing high biomass. Although brownification has been viewed as a form of pollution, our results indicate that it may be a stimulating force for biofilm producers with potentially positive consequences for higher trophic levels. Our research also reveals that the mechanism of watershed control of local stream diatom biodiversity through wetland export of organic matter is universal in running waters, operating not only in hard streams, as previously reported, but also in acid streams. Our findings that the negative impacts of acid deposition on Adirondack stream chemistry and biota can be mitigated by wetlands have important implications for biodiversity conservation and stream ecosystem management. Future acidification research should focus on the potential for wetlands to improve stream ecosystem health in acid-impacted regions and their direct use in stream restoration, for example, through stream rechanneling or wetland construction in appropriate hydrologic settings.
Microeconomic consequences and macroeconomic causes of foreign direct investment in southern African economies

The authors use a new data set on firms in thirteen countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and comparators from other regions to identify the benefits and determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in this region. FDI has facilitated local development in the SADC. Foreign owned firms perform better than domestic firms, are larger, and locate in richer and better-governed countries and in countries with more competitive financial intermediaries. They are also more likely to export than domestic firms and evidence suggests that they might have positive spillover effects on domestic firms. Based on a standard empirical model, the SADC is attracting the inward FDI per capita the regions level of income would predict. But this means that there are less capital inflows per capita to the region than there are to wealthier parts of the developing world. Moreover, the SADC is attracting less FDI than comparators for reasons that are possibly more fundamental than current income, namely, countries past growth record, demographic structure and the quality of physical infrastructure. Interestingly, inward FDI is less sensitive to variation in income within the SADC than in other parts of the world, but is more responsive to changes in countrys openness to trade.
Multiperiod Models with Capacities in Competitive Supply Chain

This paper considers a supply chain setting where several capacitated suppliers compete for orders from a single retailer in a multiperiod environment. At each period, the retailer places orders to the suppliers in response to the prices they announce. Each supplier has a fixed capacity. We consider a make-to-stock setting where the retailer can carry inventory. The retailer faces exogenous, price-dependent demand. We study the problem using ideas from fluid models. In particular, we (i) analyze when there are pure equilibrium policies in this setting and characterize the structure of these policies; (ii) consider coordination mechanisms; and (iii) present some preliminary computational results. We also consider a modified model that uses option contracts to coordinate the supply chain.
Suppression of motor evoked potentials in biceps brachii preceding pronator contraction

Reciprocal control of antagonists is essential for coordinated limb movement. While Ia afferent dependent reciprocal inhibition has been extensively studied, reports of the control of antagonists during preparation for a motor action are limited. It has been demonstrated that corticomotor (CM) excitability of antagonists is suppressed prior to wrist extension/flexion suggesting the existence of a pre-contraction cortical control mechanism for distal upper limb antagonists. It is unknown whether pre-contraction suppression is evident in the control of proximal upper limb antagonists. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation and a rhythmic motor task to assess pre-contraction changes in excitability of corticospinal pathways projecting to biceps brachii (BB), when BB was an agonist (forearm supinator) or an antagonist. We found a suppression of motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude in BB prior to pronator contraction and facilitation prior to BB contracting as a supinator. The extent of modulation was more profound as the agonist contraction approached. In contrast, there was no suppression evident in brachioradialis and triceps brachii under similar conditions indicating that pre-contraction suppression was specific to the antagonist BB. Our data in combination with published data from wrist muscles suggest that pre-contraction suppression of CM excitability may be a centrally induced mechanism to prevent antagonistic activity before Ia afferent dependent reciprocal inhibition is imposed. The importance of assessment of this inhibitory mechanism in neurologically impaired populations is discussed.
A Learning Analog Neural Network Chip with Continuous-Time Recurrent Dynamics

We present experimental results on supervised learning of dynamical features in an analog VLSI neural network chip. The recurrent network, containing six continuous-time analog neurons and 42 free parameters (connection strengths and thresholds), is trained to generate time-varying outputs approximating given periodic signals presented to the network. The chip implements a stochastic perturbative algorithm, which observes the error gradient along random directions in the parameter space for error-descent learning. In addition to the integrated learning functions and the generation of pseudo-random perturbations, the chip provides for teacher forcing and long-term storage of the volatile parameters. The network learns a 1 kHz circular trajectory in 100 sec. The chip occupies 2mm × 2mm in a 2µm CMOS process, and dissipates 1.2 mW.
Distributed coordination for fast iterative optimization in wireless sensor/actuator networks

Large-scale coordination and control problems in sensor/actuator networks are often expressed within the networked optimization model. While significant advances have taken place in both first- and higher-order optimization techniques, their widespread adoption in practical implementations has been hindered by a lack of adequate programming and evaluation support. This motivates the two major contributions of this paper. First, we extend the distributed programming framework proposed in [1] with a synchronization primitive to implement different versions of the subgradient technique and perform extensive evaluation with varying deployment and algorithmic parameters. Second, the insights — obtained by observing the variability in practical metrics such as response time and incurred message cost — lead us to exploit the spatial locality inherent in these large-scale actuator control applications, and propose a novel consensus algorithm applied to the subgradient method. We show using simulations that there is at least 99% improvement in response time and the message cost is reduced by more than 90% over prior consensus based algorithms.
Applying Real-Time Scheduling Techniques to Software Processes: A Position Paper

Process and workflow technology have traditionally not allowed for the specification of, nor run-time enforcement of, real-time requirements, despite the fact that time-to-market and other real-time constraints are more stringent than ever. Without specification of timing constraints, process designers cannot effectively reason about real-time constraints on process programs and the efficacy of their process programs in satisfying those constraints. Furthermore, without executable semantics for those timing specifications, such reasoning might not be applicable to the process as actually executed. We seek to support reasoning about the real-time requirements of software processes. In this paper, we describe work in which we have added real-time specifications to a process programming language, and in which we have added deadline timers and task scheduling to enforce the real-time requirements of processes.
Are Markets Confused or Systematically Misinformed

This article synthesizes the Fama-French and the Kane models of return behavior under conditions of investor disagreement. In Fama and French, misinformation is "noise," while Kane models purposeful misinformation. The synthesis identifies empirical tests based on the difference between the behaviors of market returns under the two possible conditions. Returns are examined in four countries - Germany, Mexico, Thailand and Turkey - to test for rejection of the Fama-French hypothesis. We reject in Mexico, Thailand and Turkey but not in Germany. This suggests passive investment may increase insider rents under conditions of poor investor protection.
Consent and the Grammar of Theft Law

This contribution to Cardozo Law School's symposium on George Fletcher's "Grammar of Criminal Law" considers three ways in which the concept of consent helps to define the law of theft. First, it considers the suggestion, made by a variety of criminal law scholars, that consent has the power to transform illegal conduct (whether a theft, a rape, or an assault) into legal conduct (a gift, lovemaking, or a handshake, respectively). It argues that this way of speaking about the role of consent is problematic, and that we should instead say that some basic act will be regarded as criminal or non-criminal depending on whether such act is accompanied or informed by consent (as well as a host of other relevant factors). Second, the article seeks to demonstrate the key role that consent plays in distinguishing not only between criminality and non-criminality, but also between different forms of criminality. Of particular concern here is the way in which some senses of consent described by Peter Westen in the context of rape law (attitudinal, expressive, and prescriptive) are also useful in distinguishing among various theft offenses -- larceny, false pretenses, embezzlement, and extortion. Finally, the article considers the question of when non-consent should be part of a given offense's elements, and when instead consent should be viewed as an affirmative defense. It argues that, in the law of theft, as in that of rape, but unlike that of murder and assault (where consent properly functions as an affirmative defense), lack of consent should be regarded as an element of the offense.
A National Employment Profile of the Real Estate Industry and the Appraisal Profession

This project presents a current employment profile of the U.S. real estate industry, with special attention given to the appraisal and assessors profession. It serves as an informative picture of the appraisal profession for use as a benchmark for future assessment of growth. As a component of the real estate industry, the appraisal profession ranks as the smallest in employment, is highly correlated to movements in employment in the Brokers and Agents profession, and relies on Commercial Banking, Credit, and Real Estate Lessors and Managers to deliver its products.
Revising Legal Ethics in Delinquency Cases by Consulting with Juveniles’ Parents

The ABA's Model Rules of Professional Conduct do not require counsel to consult with or communicate with the parents of juveniles charged in delinquency cases. The article suggests modifications to the current ABA Model Rule 1.14 which would require counsel to communicate with the parents of juveniles unless there is adversity between the parent and child. In cases of adversity, counsel should indicate for the record that a conflict or adversity exists, and thus be relieved of the duty to communicate with the parents. This proposed rule modification would help clarify the role of counsel, endorse the family's role in supporting and assisting the juvenile, and help to increase the participatory function the family plays in their children's legal conflicts.
Fumigation Efficiency as Affected by Exposures, Formulations, and by Insect Species and Stages

During 1958 and 1959, various stored-grain insect species and stages were fumigated under laboratory conditions to determine (1) relative toxicities of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), carbon disulfide (CS2), and CCI4 formulated with CS2, methyl formate (C2H2O2) and ethyl formate (C3H6O2) and (2) sorption of 80:20 (CCI4:CS2 by volume) after various exposure periods. Fumigations were conducted at 80°#xb1;2° F. in l-gallon or 20-liter fumatoria containing Hard Red Winter wheat at 12 ±0.1% moisture with less than 1% dockage. Formulations containing 80% or less CS2 failed to produce significantly higher mortalities than 100% CCI4 to adult rice weevils ( Silophilus sasakii (Takahashi)), confused flour beetles ( Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val), saw toothed grain beetles, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), or first- and third-instar rice weevils. The average order of resistance for adults to all formulations was weevils <confused flour beetles=saw-toothed grain beetles and for weevil stages was adult=first instar <third instar. Formulations of 80: 20 (CCl4: C2H2O2 or CCI4: C3H6O2 by volume) were significantly less toxic than 80: 20 (CCl4: CS2) or CCl4 alone to adult weevils, confused flour beetles, and saw-toothed grain beetles. Decreasing the percentage of C2H2O2 or C3H6O2 formulated with CCI4 increased formulation toxicity to confused flour beetles. This effect was not indicated by weevil or saw-toothed grain beetle mortalities. The order of resistance was saw-toothed grain beetles> confused flour beetles = weevils, considering average effectiveness of all formulations containing C2H2O2or C3H6O2 components. Sorption and toxicity studies were conducted with 80:20 (CCl4:CS2) by fumigating various insect species and stages in wheat for exposures of 8, 24, and 48 hours. Approximately 43% and 8.5% of the fumigant was sorbed during the initial 8- and 24- hour exposures, respectively. Extending exposures to 48 hours increased sorption to approximately 90%. The average order of resistance for adults tested for all exposures and all mortality levels was weevils < confused flour beetles <saw-toothed grain beetles. In general, the relative susceptibility of adults compared with immature weevils was less at 8 hours' exposure and greater at 48 hours' exposure.
Observation of complete pressure-jump protein refolding in molecular dynamics simulation and experiment.

Density is an easily adjusted variable in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Thus, pressure-jump (P-jump)-induced protein refolding, if it could be made fast enough, would be ideally suited for comparison with MD. Although pressure denaturation perturbs secondary structure less than temperature denaturation, protein refolding after a fast P-jump is not necessarily faster than that after a temperature jump. Recent P-jump refolding experiments on the helix bundle λ-repressor have shown evidence of a <3 μs burst phase, but also of a ∼1.5 ms “slow” phase of refolding, attributed to non-native helical structure frustrating microsecond refolding. Here we show that a λ-repressor mutant is nonetheless capable of refolding in a single explicit solvent MD trajectory in about 19 μs, indicating that the burst phase observed in experiments on the same mutant could produce native protein. The simulation reveals that after about 18.5 μs of conformational sampling, the productive structural rearrangement to the native state does not occur in a single swift step but is spread out over a brief series of helix and loop rearrangements that take about 0.9 μs. Our results support the molecular time scale inferred for λ-repressor from near-downhill folding experiments, where transition-state population can be seen experimentally, and also agrees with the transition-state transit time observed in slower folding proteins by single-molecule spectroscopy.
Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus: An Electron Microscopic Study

An ultrastructural study of a primary malignant melanoma in the esophagus is reported. The tumor cells contain membrane-bound dense material consistent with melanin and a rare pre-melanosome. The latter structure was not typical, lacking the usual crystalline pattern or cross-linking. This structure was interpreted as a stage in the development of melanin, closer to the mature product. There was a junctional nesting of mein noblasts over a wide area of grossly normal-appearing esophageal mucosa reminiscent of some esophageal squamous cell epitheliomas. This type of tumor extension contributes to the poor prognosis.
Clinical observation of Puerarin injection in treatment of 152 cases of coronary artery disease angina

Objective To study the effect of puerarin injection on treatment of coronary heart disease angina pectoris.Methods Three hundred and four patients with coronary heart disease angina pectoris from October 2010 to April 2012 were randomly divided into two groups,the control group was given conventional western medicine,the treatment group was given puerarin injection on the basis of western medicine,the angina effect and electrocardiogram curative were compared after treatment.Results After treatment,the total effective rate of angina pectoris of treatment group was 92.1%,which was significantly higher than 76.3% of control group(P 0.05);The total effective rate of electrocardiogram of treatment group patients was 94.7%,which was significantly higher than 71.7% of control group(P 0.05).Conclusion Puerarin injection has remarkable effect on the treatment of coronary heart disease angina pectoris,and it changes the symptoms more significantly,and it is worth for clinical use.
Prospective evaluation of malignant neoplasms in cardiac transplant recipients uniformly treated with prophylactic antilymphocyte globulin.

Although there is convincing evidence that prophylactic administration of high doses of the monoclonal antibody OKT3 predisposes patients to an increased prevalence of early posttransplantation malignancy, particularly posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease, it is indeterminate whether polyclonal antilymphocyte globulin poses a similar hazard. We reviewed the outcome of 112 consecutive cardiac transplant recipients who received uniform immunosuppression, including induction therapy with antilymphocyte globulin, and were prospectively followed-up for a median duration of 41.5 months (range 1 to 81 months). No patients had posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease. Nine malignant neoplasms (8%) were detected from 6 to 70 months after transplantation. Four patients with cutaneous neoplasms were alive and well at the time this article was written. Three patients died of disseminated adenocarcinoma 6 months, 17 months, and 60 months after transplantation. One patient was undergoing treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma at the time this article was written, and another was undergoing treatment of transitional bladder cell carcinoma. Actuarial survival for all patients was 88% at 1 year and 79% at 5 years. Moderate doses of induction antilymphocyte globulin may facilitate rapid reduction of maintenance cyclosporine and steroid doses, thereby decreasing the duration of intense immunosuppression and lowering the risk of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease. Testing this hypothesis would require the development of reliable and reproducible in vivo assays to prospectively assess immune status. ( J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;106:1202-7)
Preservation of Reduced Numbers of Insulin-Positive Cells in Sulfonylurea-Unresponsive KCNJ11-Related Diabetes.

Context: The most common genetic cause of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus is activating mutations in KCNJ11, which can usually be treated using oral sulfonylureas (SU) instead of insulin injections, although some mutations are SU unresponsive. Here, we provide the first report of the pancreatic islet endocrine cell composition and area in a patient with an SU-unresponsive KCNJ11 mutation (p.G334D), in comparison to age-matched controls. Case Description: Pancreatic autopsy tissue sections from a 2-year female child diagnosed with KCNJ11-related diabetes at 4 days of age and 13 age-matched controls were stained with insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and Ki67 antibodies to determine islet endocrine cell composition and area. Beta-cell ultrastructure was assessed by electron microscopic (EM) analysis. The patient’s pancreas (sampling from head to tail) revealed insulin-positive cells in all regions. The pancreatic beta-cell (insulin) area was significantly reduced compared to contr...
Thermodynamics of HMX Polymorphs and HMX/RDX Mixtures

We present thermodynamic models for the five most commonly studied phases of the energetic material octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX): liquid HMX and four solid polymorphs (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HMX). We show results for the density, heat capacity, bulk modulus, and sound speed, as well as a phase diagram that illustrates the temperature and pressure regions over which the various HMX phases are most thermodynamically stable. The models are based on the same equation of state presented in our recently published paper [Myint et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2016, 55, 2252] on another energetic material, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). We combine our HMX and RDX models together so that the equation of state can also be applied to liquid and solid mixtures of HMX/RDX. This allows us to generate an HMX/RDX phase diagram and calculate the enthalpy change associated with a few different kinds of phase transitions that these mixtures may undergo. Our paper is the first to present a s...
Dynamics in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid from the Cation Perspective: 2D IR Vibrational Echo Spectroscopy

The dynamics of the room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BmimNTf2) were investigated with two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) vibrational echo spectroscopy and polarization selective pump–probe (PSPP) experiments. The CN stretch frequency of a modified Bmim+ cation (2-SeCN-Bmim+), in which a SeCN moiety was substituted onto the C-2 position of the imidazolium ring, was used as a vibrational probe. A major result of the 2D IR experiments is the observation of a long time scale structural spectral diffusion component of 600 ps in addition to short and intermediate time scales similar to those measured for selenocyanate anion (SeCN–) dissolved in BmimNTf2. In contrast to 2-SeCN-Bmim+, SeCN– samples its inhomogeneous line width nearly an order of magnitude faster than the complete structural randomization time of neat BmimNTf2 liquid (870 ± 20 ps) measured with optical heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE) experiments. The orientational c...
Promising Practices for Secondary English Language Learners

The growth in secondary English language learners in the United States has continued at an alarming rate. The growth rate includes not only recent arrivals, and other immigrants but also secondary students that have been in U.S. schools for several years. The first step in the development of this article was an identification of studies conducted in secondary classrooms that used specific strategies that were effective in the education of English language learners. The strategy was deemed effective when it showed improvement in language development as defined by the particular study. There were thirteen studies including panel reports that identified effective strategies in instructing English language learners at the secondary level. Instructional similarities among the strategies led to four major categories. The four categories identified were vocabulary and language development strategies; teaching for meaning strategies; strategies involving the use of graphic organizers; and cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies. Examples of how the strategy is applicable in a classroom are also given in the article.
Optimizing rail defect inspection frequency to reduce the risk of hazardous materials transportation by rail

Abstract Rail defects are the most frequent cause of freight train derailments and a major hazard to the transportation of hazardous materials in the United States. Railroads periodically inspect their rails using ultrasonic technologies to prevent train derailments, thereby mitigating transportation risk. This research quantifies the relationship between ultrasonic rail defect inspection frequency and railroad hazardous materials transportation risk. A Pareto optimization model is developed to determine optimal annual inspection frequencies on different track segments with different risk levels. The model provides an evaluation of segment-specific hazardous materials transportation risk due to rail failures, as well as an assessment of risk-based prioritization of rail defect inspection. The model can be adapted to other types of hazardous materials or account for other accident causes in the future.
Imaging of pediatric congenital cystic neck masses

Congenital neck lesions are a common indication for imaging in the pediatric population. Although the clinical history and physical examination can narrow the differential diagnosis, imaging is often obtained to distinguish among possible entities and provide additional information needed to guide appropriate treatment. In this article, congenital cystic neck masses including thyroglossal duct cysts, dermoid or epidermoids, branchial apparatus anomalies, thymic cysts, and cervical teratomas will be discussed, with a focus on characteristic imaging features and locations that define these lesions.
Selective inhibition of beta-globin RNA transcripts by antisense RNA molecules.

Inhibition of beta-globin gene expression by antisense nucleic acids is a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy for sickle cell disease. To develop clinically relevant beta-globin antisense agents we created nine stable mouse erythroleukemia cell lines expressing unique anti-beta-globin RNA transcripts with different potentials for cross-hybridization with gamma-globin mRNA. We observed variable inhibition of beta-globin expression independent of the hybridization potential of the respective antisense beta-globin RNA transcript. Similarly, inhibition of gamma-globin expression by anti-beta transcripts varied widely in the nine stable cell lines. Three neighboring regions in the beta-globin gene with low RNA folding potentials conferred significantly stronger antisense effect toward beta-globin while sparing the homologous targets in gamma-globin. We have identified for the first time targets in the beta-globin gene for which the homologous regions in gamma-globin are relatively inaccessible to antisense attack. Our findings offer the prospect of using this approach to reduce the proportion of intracellular hemoglobin S. Gene therapy strategies which combine gamma-globin induction along with beta-globin inhibition using antisense vectors may yield more favorable anti-sickling effects long-term.
W-band radio-over-fiber propagation of two optically encoded wavelength channels

We propose a W-band wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)-over-optical code-division multiple access radio-over-fiber system. This system offers capacity expansion by increasing the working frequency to millimeter wave region and by introducing optical encoding and multiwavelength multiplexing. The system’s functionality is investigated by software modeling, and the results are presented. The generated signals are data modulated at 10 Gb/s and optically encoded for two wavelength channels and transmitted with a 20-km length of fiber. The received signals are optically decoded and detected. Also, encoding has improved the bit error rate (BER) versus the received optical power margin for the WDM setting by about 4 dB. In addition, the eye-diagram shows that the difference between received optical power levels at the BER of 10−12 to 10−3 is about 1.3% between two encoded channels. This method of capacity improvement is significantly important for the next generation of mobile communication, where millimeter wave signals will be widely used to deliver data to small cells.
Afterlife Constructs, Death Anxiety, and Life Reviewing: The Importance of Religion as a Moderating Variable:

A diverse sample (N = 389) completed a death anxiety scale and a series of questions dealing with frequency of church attendance, self-rating of religiosity, and afterlife concerns. Variance in bot...
A Philosophical Model of the Nature of Nursing

Background Today, when nurses are expected to manage large stores of data while providing precision care to individuals or groups of patients, it seems more important than ever that we understand the nature of nursing. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in examining what nursing is and how a clear understanding would impact nursing practice. Objective The goal of this article is to review an ontological account of nursing that seeks to understand the nature of nursing by showing the relation between the goal and structure of nursing care in association with the persons who are its recipients and practitioners. Discussion Nursing is directed to the care and well-being of persons, prevention of illness, restoration of health, and alleviation of suffering. Following the lead of many prior nurse theorists, I argue that nursing is a coherent unity of practice. Its various activities often occur in a clinically intimate interaction and are colored and shaped by the existential concern of the persons involved. Nursing care is directed to all the numerous aspects of the human person, is governed by a broadly ethical mandate and unified by its caring goal. Furthermore, these interactions in their reality, intimacy, and complexity allow for a kind of knowledge that is important for and unique to nursing.
Including the Youth Perspective: The Development of the CPQA Camper Survey

The purpose of this study was to pilot the use of the CPQA Camper Survey, a camper self-report survey to assess summer camp program quality. The survey is based on the best practices identified in the American Camp Association’s Camp Program Quality Assessment (CPQA) short form (American Camp Association, n.d.). Best practices are organized into 5 subscales on the CPQA: staff behavior; emotional safety; camper choice, planning, and reflection; learning at camp; and nature. The CPQA Camper Survey asked youth campers at 5 different overnight camps to report on their perceptions of how often camp program quality best practices occur at summer camp. Results from the surveys collected showed that for each of the 5 subscales, campers’ average camp program quality ratings tended to cluster around the upper end of the rating scales. Respondents’ answers were consistent across the questions comprising each subscale, which indicates that the questions in each subscale reliably measure the same construct or idea. The results of this study show that the CPQA Camper Survey is one tool that camp directors and administrators can use as part of their program improvement processes to assess the quality of their programs, and thus improve the quality of the camp experience.
Dual LP Problems

Perhaps the reader can guess the upcoming relationship between dual LP problems and dual condensed tableaux. In any case we shall define dual LP problems independently and make contact with dual tableaux afterward. The ultimate point (roughly stated) is that solving an LP problem actually solves two LP problems. The principal ideas and results of this chapter (and the next one as well) have origins in the work of John von Neumann (1903–1957).
Stage Review of Fences

A review of Fences by August Wilson, staged by the Cincinnati Shakespeare Company at the Otto M. Budig Theater in Cincinnati, Ohio from January 25-February 16, 2019.
Mental Health Disability, Employment, and Income Support in the Twenty-First Century

This chapter focuses on how the changing twenty-first century economy impacts employment opportunities and income supports for people with mental health disabilities. Specifically, the substitution of computers and other automated technologies for low-skilled labor disproportionately impacts people with mental health disabilities, who often rely on these jobs to remain in the workforce. The shifting demands for labor suggest that without further action, there is likely to be a growing burden of mental-health-related work disability. While workplace accommodations exist for other disabilities, there have been few successful programs for those with mental illness. This chapter identifies four main areas of policy making that may ameliorate this growing problem: first, changes in income support policy that recognize the special features of mental illnesses without dramatically increasing enrollment in SSI/DI; second, the further development of interventions that are administered earlier in the course of illness than has typically been the case and that are more tailored to the functional impairments associated with work; third, new approaches to matching people with mental illnesses with jobs that are consistent with their capabilities; and fourth, creating incentives for employers to adopt technology and workplace accommodations that target people with mental illnesses.
Bold Leadership in Times of Crises: Inclusion, Fear, and Courage in Galatians 2:11–14

According to the recent Gallup survey, the level of fear in American culture is at a 15-year high (Davis, In U.S., Concern About Crime Climbs to 15-Year High, 2016). Because of daily messages of terrorism, global warming, economic instability, threats of violence, and various diseases, some researchers have described contemporary culture as a culture of fear (Furedi, 2006). Fearful times call for fearless leadership. According to Diener (2012), courage allows individuals to defeat personal obstacles and seek an abundant life. Therefore, the need for courageous leaders who are able to stand up for what is ethical and true in the midst of crises of fear is needed now more than ever. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the areas of inclusion, fear, and courage by analyzing the confrontation of Peter by Paul in Galatians 2:11–14. Through contextual analysis of the story in Galatians 2, the reader will have a better understanding of why it has been identified as a crisis. The three topics include the crises of inclusion, the problem of fear, and the courage to confront. After the biblical text is analyzed, each section will look at current research on the topics and how they apply to modern organizational leaders.
500 Minimally Invasive Robotic Pancreatoduodenectomies: One Decade of Optimizing Performance.

Objectives This study aims to present the outcomes of our decade-long experience of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy and provide insights into successful program implementation. Background Despite significant improvement in mortality over the past 30 years, morbidity following open pancreatoduodenectomy remains high. We implemented a minimally invasive pancreatic surgery program based on the robotic platform as one potential method of improving outcomes for this operation. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained institutional database was performed to identify patients who underwent robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) between 2008 and 2017 at the University of Pittsburgh. Results In total, 500 consecutive RPDs were included. Operative time, conversion to open, blood loss, and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula improved early in the experience and have remained low despite increasing complexity of case selection as reflected by increasing number of patients with pancreatic cancer, vascular resections, and higher Charlson Comorbidity scores (all P 2) occurred in less than 24%, clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula in 7.8%, 30- and 90-day mortality were 1.4% and 3.1% respectively, and median length of stay was 8 days. Outcomes were not impacted by integration of trainees or expansion of selection criteria. Conclusions Structured implementation of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy can be associated with excellent outcomes. In the largest series of RPD, we establish benchmarks for the surgical community to consider when adopting this approach.
A 55-Year-Old Patient with Recurrent Pain After Back Surgery

Spine surgery is becoming a more commonly employed treatment methodology as the proportion of the population living with chronic low back pain (LBP) increases. This treatment modality, although often beneficial to this patient population, can sometimes become problematic when the back pain does not cease following surgery, or yet worse, rather intensifies. This chapter will focus on a case of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), also known as postlaminectomy syndrome. A 55-year-old male with chronic LBP, significantly affecting his quality of life, refractory to conservative and conventional treatment methods, underwent back surgery in an attempt to improve his functional status while reducing his pain. Shortly after an uncomplicated laminectomy and discectomy of the lumbar spine procedure, the patient’s initial low back pain resurfaced and progressively increased to a higher pain level than what it had been at baseline. His quality of life and functional status also substantially decreased.
Exploring Adult Large Print User Preferences at a Suburban Public Library

How do today’s users utilize large print collections and why? A survey of adult large print users at one mid-size public library explored their preferences and reading habits. Respondents fell into...