cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An alternative method to determine maximal accumulated O2 deficit in runners.

An accepted measure of anaerobic capacity is the maximal O2 deficit. But it is not feasible to use O2 deficit if > or =10 submaximal runs are needed to extrapolate the O2 demand of high velocity running (Medbo et al. 1988). Recently, an alternative method to determine O2 deficit was proposed (Hill 1996) using only results of supramaximal cycle ergometer tests. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this alternative method with data from treadmill tests. Twenty-six runners ran at 95%, 100%, 105%, and 110% of their velocity at VO2max. Times to exhaustion, velocity, and accumulated oxygen uptake (VO2) from each individual's four tests were fit to the following equation using iterative nonlinear regression: accumulated VO2 = (O2 demand x velocity x time)-O2 deficit. The mean value s derived for O2 demand and O2 deficit were 0.198+/-0.031 ml x kg(-1) x m(-1) and 42+/-22 ml x kg(-1). SEE for the parameters were 0.007+/-0.007 ml x kg(-1) x m(-1) and 8+/-10 ml x kg(-1), respectively. Mean R2 was 0.998+/-0.003. It was concluded that O2 deficit can be determined from all-out treadmill tests without the need to perform submaximal tests.
Intraoperative epicardial echocardiography in assessing pulmonary artery banding procedures

Background. Accurate perioperative assessment of the adequacy of pulmonary artery banding has hitherto relied on oximetry and direct pressure measurements. We report the use of epicardial Doppler echocardiography for assessing banding procedures. Methods. Six consecutive infants (3 male, 3 female; median age, 17 days) who underwent pulmonary artery banding for complex defects were studied by intraoperative epicardial Doppler echocardiography. Results. Excellent visualization of the relation of the band to the pulmonary valve and branch arteries was obtained, enabling or confirming optimal positioning. Doppler echocardiographic estimation of the pressure drop across the band was possible in each patient and resulted in further tightening of the band in 2 patients (33%) with satisfactory increases in transband pressure gradients. Intraoperative echocardiographic estimates of the transband gradients (median, 57 mm Hg; range, 52 to 71 mm Hg; mean ± standard deviation, 59 ± 7 mm Hg) correlated well with those obtained at subsequent transthoracic echocardiography (median gradient, 66 mm Hg; range, 52 to 67 mm Hg; mean ± standard deviation, 63 ± 6 mm Hg). Conclusions. Epicardial echocardiography is a valuable adjunct to direct pressure and saturation measurements for adjustment of final band size and aids in confirming accurate band placement.
Increased U.S. wastepaper recycling: the effect on timber demand

Roughly 47 million metric tons (MMT) of paper and paperboard are disposed of annually in the U.S. as solid waste, an amount constituting about 35% (by weight) [ 1 ] of the materials entering landfills. Motivated largely by concerns over landfill capacity, governments at all levels in the U.S. are moving to promote increased recycling as an alternative to solid waste disposal. The most obvious of these is local government operation or subsidy of recycling programs, using one or both curbside pickup or drop-off centers. These, along with landfill taxes and related recycling incentives, are supply side policies intended to increase the supply of wastepaper for recycling. Demand side policies are those which have as their goal the augmentation of the demand for wastepaper and recycled paper. Important among these is procurement provisions, which require minimum percentages of recycled fiber in paper purchased by governments and their contractors [2 ]. Also on the demand side, several states have mandated minimum recycled fiber content in newsprint, and others are considering similar legislation, including taxes on virgin wood fiber use as paper pulp [ 3 ]. In addition to the landfill problem, a strong motivating force in the case of paper recycling is the desire to reduce the utilization of virgin wood fiber as a means of preserving forests. The tacit assumption or assertion that recycling "saves trees" and will presumably result in a larger forest stock (see e.g., [4] ), suggests the importance of examining the relation between recycling and wood fiber use. A long term projection by the U.S. Forest Service [ 5 ] estimates that an increase in the recycled fiber utilization rate (recycled pulp as a share of total paper pulp) from 21 to 39% will cut the total demand for forest products by only 3.7 percent. In a separate study [6] the same recycling increase is
Low-voltage power-efficient adaptive biasing for CMOS amplifiers and buffers

Novel adaptive biasing techniques, suited for low-voltage operation, are presented. They provide small and accurately controlled quiescent currents, which are automatically boosted when an input signal is applied. Measurement results of an OTA using these techniques and fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS technology show a slew rate of more than 40 V/µs for an 80 pF load capacitance and a static power consumption of only 140 µW.
Prevalence of antipsychotic use in long-term care residents with Parkinson dementia.

Approximately 5% of nursing home residents have a diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD). More than a decade ago, Lapane et al. found that 70% of patients in nursing homes with PD had moderate to severe cognitive impairment, and more than 80% had moderate to severe functional disability. Dementia in patients with Parkinson disease (PDD) has close clinical and pathologic similarities to dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Clinical features of DLB and PDD include fluctuating neuropsychological function and neuropsychiatric features, predominantly visual hallucinations. Nearly 20% of older patients with PD eventually require long-term care. The multiple comorbidities, often-complex medication regimens, and high prevalence of cognitive impairment in these individuals add to the challenge of the riskebenefit assessment faced by clinicians when treating PD in nursing home patients. In a recent analysis of skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents from 2005 through 2010 the prevalence of PD was 5.2%. Moderate to severe cognitive impairment was present in more than 60% of residents with PD, and 50% were diagnosed with non-Alzheimer-related dementia. There were several key findings related to the use of medications in the recent cohort of skilled nursing facility residents with PD:
Examining the emergence of broadcasting in the 1920s through magazine advertising

This paper focuses on the emergence of radio receiver technology and its use by the American public as revealed in 1,725 magazine display advertisements in 12 general circulation and women's magazines from 1920 through 1929. It explores how the complicated wireless telephone receiver was adapted to usability for the decidedly nontechnical public. The study also explores how the “new”; radio — broadcasting — became useful to the general public in various aspects of daily life by the end of the decade. From a technical and social novelty in 1920, radio had evolved to a place squarely‐ on the path to social and cultural integration with American society by 1929.
Long-term outcomes of donation after cardiac death liver allografts from a single center

Organ shortage continues to be a major challenge in transplantation. Recent experience with controlled non-heart-beating or donation after cardiac death (DCD) are encouraging. However, long-term outcomes of DCD liver allografts are limited. In this study, we present outcomes of 19 DCD liver allografts with follow-up >4.5 years. During 1998-2001, 19 (4.1%) liver transplants (LT) with DCD allografts were performed at our center. Conventional heart-beating donors included 234 standard criteria donors (SCD) and 214 extended criteria donors (ECD). We found that DCD allografts had equivalent rates of primary non-function and biliary complications as compared with SCD and ECD. The overall one-, two-, and five-yr DCD graft and patient survival was 73.7%, 68.4%, and 63.2%, and 89.5%, 89.5%, and 89.5%, respectively. DCD graft survival was similar to graft survival of SCD and ECD in non hepatitis C virus (HCV) recipients (p > 0.370). In contrast, DCD graft survival was significantly reduced in HCV recipients (p = 0.007). In conclusion, DCD liver allografts are durable and have acceptable long-term outcomes. Further research is required to assess the impact of HCV on DCD allograft survival.
Opportunities for Increasing Utility of Models for Rangeland Management

A large number of empirical and mechanistic simulation models and decision support tools have been produced for rangelands. Collectively, these models have considerably increased our fundamental knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of ecosystem functions, processes, and structure. We explore three areas where models for rangeland management are often challenging for land managers and enterprise-level decision making: 1) coping with spatiotemporal and climatic variability in implementing scenario forecasting, risk assessments, and adaptive management; 2) addressing outputs of multiple ecosystem goods and services and determining whether they are synergistic or competitive; and 3) integrating experimental and experiential knowledge and observations into decision making. Increasing the utility of models for rangeland management remains a key frontier and a major research need for the modeling community and will be achieved less by further technical advances and model complexity and more by the use of existing topoedaphic databases, the capacity to readily incorporate new experimental and experiential knowledge, and the use of frameworks that facilitate outcome-based, adaptive decision making at the enterprise level with associated economic considerations. Opportunities exist for increasing the utility of models for decision making and adaptive rangeland management through better matching of model complexity with enterprise-level, decisionmaking goals. This could be accomplished by incorporating a fundamental understanding of herbivory, fire, and spatiotemporal interactions with weather patterns that affect multiple ecosystem functions. Most important, effective models would allow land managers in a changing and variable climate to 1) evaluate trade offs in producing multiple goods and services, 2) optimize the application of conservation practices spatially (comparing costs and benefits accrued across different timescales), and 3) incorporate manager capacity, including experience, skills, and labor input.
Java IO and testing made simple

We present software tools that support robust input processing and comprehensive testing in Java. The software includes the JPT library that supports error-checked typed input via console or GUI for all primitive types. This provides a robust encapsulation of typical interactive input requests encountered in introductory programming courses.The Java Power Framework and its extension allow the user to develop a comprehensive test suite independent of the target classes. The type-safe input framework allows us to implement an external iterator interface for several types of input data sources, including the console, a GUI, a file, and an internal data structure. Student's programs that implement various algorithms can then process data independently of its source: running tests on existing data structures; creating inputs interactively; or running stress tests and timing tests on large input files.
An approach to designing computer-based evaluation of student constructed responses: Effects on achievement and instructional time

THIS INQUIRY examined the effectiveness of self-evaluation strategies to supplement computerized evaluation of constructed response answers. Additionally, self-evaluation was looked at as a means to improve learner recall of factual and comprehensive knowledge. The study compared the effects of five constructed response answer evaluation strategies on achievement and instructional time during computer-based learning. The five strategies were: 1) computerized evaluation only, 2) student evaluation only, 3) computerized evaluation and student evaluation, 4) student evaluation with required elaboration, and 5) computer and student evaluation with elaboration following conflicting evaluations.
Characteristics of odorant elicited calcium fluxes in acutely-isolated chick olfactory neurons

To understand avian olfaction, it is important to characterize the peripheral olfactory system of a representative bird species. This study determined the functional properties of olfactory receptor neurons of the chicken olfactory epithelium. Individual neurons were acutely isolated from embryonic day-18 to newborn chicks by dissection and enzymatic dissociation. We tested single olfactory neurons with behaviorally relevant odorant mixtures and measured their responses using ratiometric calcium imaging; techniques used in this study were identical to those used in other studies of olfaction in other vertebrate species. Chick olfactory neurons displayed properties similar to those found in other vertebrates: they responded to odorant stimuli with either decreases or increases in intracellular calcium, calcium increases were mediated by a calcium influx, and responses were reversibly inhibited by 100 μM L–cis–diltiazem, 1 mM Neomycin, and 20 μM U73122, which are biochemical inhibitors of second messenger signaling. In addition, some cells showed a complex pattern of responses, with different odorant mixtures eliciting increases or decreases in calcium in the same cell. It appears that there are common features of odorant signaling shared by a variety of vertebrate species, as well as features that may be peculiar to chickens.
Conversing with children: cartoon and video people elicit similar conversational behaviors

Interactive animated characters have the potential to engage and educate children, but there is little research on children's interactions with animated characters and real people. We conducted an experiment with 69 children between the ages of 4 and 10 years to investigate how they might engage in conversation differently if their interactive partner appeared as a cartoon character or as a person. A subset of the participants interacted with characters that displayed exaggerated and damped facial motion. The children completed two conversations with an adult confederate who appeared once as herself through video and once as a cartoon character. We measured how much the children spoke and compared their gaze and gesture patterns. We asked them to rate their conversations and indicate their preferred partner. There was no difference in children's conversation behavior with the cartoon character and the person on video, even among those who preferred the person and when the cartoon exhibited altered motion. These results suggest that children will interact with animated characters as they would another person.
Ethics in Strategic Thinking: Business Processes and the Global Market Collapse

The authors discussed the reasons for the recent economic collapse as caused by the lack of large businesses and global corporations losing touch with the people they serve. Losing touch has caused a distancing of understanding of the customers as people by these businesses and corporations. An antidote to this is that decisions that have to be made in global businesses as well as domestic organizations reflect some level of empathy. The objective is to highlight the fact that these businesses are corporate citizens and in themselves must be aware of the culture in which they conduct themselves. The authors discuss how empathic decision-making can become part of the corporate fabric without losing any sense of appropriate business judgment. A process is defined to enable the empathic process. Finally, a straw man is set up to fund/enable the process while creating a positive and profitable business environment.
Origin and Early Evolution of Plant Body Symmetry and Gravity Responses

Land plant bodies exhibit both apical–basal and radial symmetry, and they are able to detect and respond to gravitational forces. These attributes were, likely important factors in the success of earliest plants on land. This study focuses on features of charophycean green algae likely to have been pre-adaptive to early establishment of plant symmetry and gravitational responses, though most modern charophyceans occupy aquatic habitats where the buoyancy of water counteracts the effects of gravity. Trait mapping suggests that even the earliest-divergent modern members of the streptophyte clade have bodies whose symmetry departs significantly from the spherical condition, and that cellular mechanisms defining aspects of radial symmetry and polarized tip growth originated early. Genes, cell biological approaches, and taxa are identified for which further exploration is likely to illuminate early evolution of plant body symmetry and gravity responses.
The New Lung Allocation System and Its Impact on Waitlist Characteristics and Post-Transplant Outcomes

Historically, waiting time was the primary determinant of lung organ allocation in the United States. Under this system, waiting time grew progressively longer as the annual number of transplants reached a plateau, and every year, a considerable number of candidates died while waiting. In 2005, the lung allocation system changed; under the new system, priority for transplantation is determined by medical urgency and expected outcome. The lung allocation score is based on survival models that estimate waitlist and post-transplant survival, and reflects the net transplant benefit. Early evaluations of the new system indicate that waiting time has decreased, the total number of transplants has increased, waitlist mortality may be decreasing, and survival after transplantation remains unchanged. Over time, refinements in the lung allocation score will likely reduce waitlist mortality further and maintain or perhaps improve survival after transplantation.
Multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, United States, 1997-1998.

To evaluate multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, including definitive type 104 (DT104) in the United States, we reviewed data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). In 1997–1998, 25% (703) of 2,767 serotyped Salmonella isolates received at NARMS were S. Typhimurium; antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phage typing were completed for 697. Fifty-eight percent (402) were resistant to >1 antimicrobial agent. Three multidrug-resistant (>5 drugs) strains accounted for 74% (296) of all resistant isolates. Ceftriaxone resistance was present in 3% (8), and nalidixic acid resistance in 1% (4), of these multidrug-resistant strains. By phage typing, 37% (259) of S. Typhimurium isolates were DT104, 30% (209) were of undefined type and 15% (103) were untypable. Fifty percent (202) of resistant (>1 drug) isolates were DT104. Multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium isolates, particularly DT104, account for a substantial proportion of S. Typhimurium isolates; ceftriaxone resistance is exhibited by some of these strains.
Saturated monoglyceride effects on low-temperature performance of biodiesel blends ☆

article i nfo The effect of saturated monoglyceride (SMG) content of four B100s on the cloud point (CP) of blends with four diesel fuels was examined. Detecting CP with a more sensitive light-scattering method allowed observation of an early (higher temperature) CP in blends containing approximately 0.01wt.% to 0.03wt.% SMG. Blend samples with SMG content in this range may be particularly prone to unexpected filter clogging above the measured CP. Results for a 140 blend sample matrix revealed that SMG content had a larger effect on CP than other blend properties. An increase of 0.01 wt.% SMG in a biodiesel blend increased CP by as much as 4 °C. At a constant SMG level, increasing biodiesel content lowered CP, as did increasing the diesel fuel aromatic content, by improving the solubility of SMG. This implies that lowering the SMG content of a B100 allows preparation of higher biodiesel content blends having the same or lower CP. Increasing the unsaturated monoglyceride-to- SMG ratio by blending in monoolein lowered CP, presumably because monoolein inhibits nucleation of SMG. In most blends with SMG content above 0.01 wt.%, polymorphic phase transformation of crystallized SMG (converting from the metastable α-form to the less soluble, stable β-form) was observed.
Mitotic Potential of the Enamel Organ of the Rhesus Monkey

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the mitotic behavior of the cells that make up the enamel organs of developing teeth by using tritiated thymidine. Recent radioautographic studies with tritiated thymidine have enhanced the knowledge of cell-proliferation sites and cellmigration patterns in the developing molar teeth of the guinea pig,1 rabbit,2 and rat' and in the developing incisor of the mouse.4 In order to simulate the conditions of the developing human dentition as much as possible, rhesus monkeys were selected for this isotope study.
Lobatto Point Quadrature for Thermal Lubrication Problems Involving Compressible Lubricants. EHL Applications

Refined solutions of thermal lubrication problems generally require fine mesh and many iteration steps. To resolve these difficulties, Elrod and Brewe proposed an efficient algorithm based on the use of a Lobatto point version of the Gauss quadrature, which is typically twice as fast as the other quadrature methods. The original Lobatto algorithm was only applied for incompressible hydrodynamic lubrication. This paper presents a Lobatto point quadrature algorithm which is applicable for thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problems where both density and viscosity of the lubricant are taken to be temperature and pressure dependent and the transverse velocity term in the energy equation is obtained from the continuity equation. Within this approach, the unknown temperature across the film is written in a series ofLegendre polynomials. Regardless of the order of the series expansions, the thermal Reynolds equation can explicitly contain only the information from the first three Legendre polynomials, i.e., data from up to a second-order polynomial. Use of the Lobatto point calculation method has resulted in accuracy without the use of a larger number of grid points.
New games, new rules, new scoreboards: the potential consequences of big data

I believe that Ioanna Constantiou and Jannis Kallinikos are correct in asserting that Big Data portends major changes for organizations and society. But I also believe that the source of Big Data’s potentially transformative power lies not so much in the characteristics of Big Data, on which those authors concentrate, as it does in what Big Data’s character- istics afford (Markus and Silver, 2008; Kallinikos, 2011).
On the convergence of the multigroup, discrete-ordinates solutions for subcritical transport media

In the multigroup, discrete-ordinates approximations to the linear transport equation, the integration over the directional variable is replaced by a numerical quadrature rule, involving a weighted sum over functional values at selected directions, with the energy dependence discretized by replacing the cross section data by weighted averages over each energy interval. The stability, consistency, and convergence rely fundamentally on the conditions that the maximum fluctuations in the total cross section — and in the expected number of secondary particles arising from each energy level — tend to zero as the energy mesh becomes finer, and as the number of angular nodes becomes infinite. Our analysis is based on using a natural Nystrom method of extending the discrete-ordinates, multigroup approximates to all values of the angular and energy variables. Such an extension enables us to employ generalizations of the collectively compact operator approximation theory of P. M. Anselone to deduce stability and convergence of the approximates.
Diurnal variation in cosmic‐ray intensity, 1937–1959, at Cheltenham (Fredericksburg), Huancayo, and Christchurch

The 24- and 12-hr waves in cosmic-ray intensity at Cheltenham (Fredericksburg), Huancayo, and Christchurch and their variability are analyzed statistically, using data, corrected for pressure, for the period 1937 to 1959 from Compton-bennett ionization chambers. The degree of correlation between the deviations of yearly mean 24-hr waves (from their 23-year means) at any two of the stations is alraost as great as can be expected when account is taken of the noise level inherent in the instruments. The deviations of yearly means from their 23-year averages indicate large secular variations which may be due to a quasi-systematic 22-year variatfon. The phase difference between these yearly devfation vectors at Huancayo and Cheltenham (or Christchurch) is considerably less than that between the average vectors for 23 years. The statistical realfty of the 12-hr wave is definitely established at all three stations although, at least at Huancayo, the average 12-hr wave probably results entirely from systematic errors due to exceedingly small frictional effects in the that between the average vectors for 23 years. The statistical reality of the 12-hr wave is definitely established at all three stations although, at least at Huancayo, the average 12-hr wave probably results entirely from systematic errors duemore » to exceedingly small frictional effects in the barograph. (auth)« less
TAT conjugated, FITC doped silica nanoparticles for bioimaging applications

Water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion synthesis of 70 nm size monodisperse TAT (a cell penetrating peptide, CPP) conjugated, FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) doped silica nanoparticles (TAT-FSNPs) is reported; human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells (in vitro) and rat brain tissue (in vivo) were successfully labeled using TAT-FSNPs.
Beta Adrenergic Stimulation and Blockade in Cirrhosis: Effects on Azygos Vein Blood Flow and Portal Hemodynamics

It is unknown whether beta adrenergic stress has adverse hepatic hemodynamic effects. Therefore, the authors studied the hemodynamic effects of beta adrenergic stimulation and subsequent blockade in 10 patients with cirrhosis (6 Childs A, 3 Childs B, and 1 Childs C) with known or suspected portal hypertension. Free and wedged hepatic vein pressures, hepatic venous pressure gradient, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and azygos vein blood flow were measured at rest and after isoproterenol infusion (mean dose = 7.3 micrograms/min: target heart rate = 150% to 200% of resting heart rate). Esmolol, an ultra-short-acting beta blocker, was then infused (dose titrated to return heart rate to baseline), and all measurements were repeated. Based on the results, the authors conclude that beta adrenergic stress provoked by isoproterenol infusion significantly increases azygos vein blood flow and hepatic venous pressure gradient. Beta blockade with esmolol reduces azygos vein blood flow and hepatic venous pressure gradient significantly below baseline.
A Preliminary Analysis of the Phenomenology of Skin-picking in Prader-Willi Syndrome

To examine the nature and psychosocial correlates of skin-picking behavior in youth with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Parents of 67 youth (aged 5–19 years) with PWS were recruited to complete an internet-based survey that included measures of: skin-picking behaviors, the automatic and/or focused nature of skin-picking, severity of skin-picking symptoms, anxiety symptoms, developmental functioning, symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and oppositionality, and quality of life. Results indicated that skin-picking was endorsed in 95.5% of youth. Direct associations of moderate strength were found between skin-picking severity and symptoms of anxiety, inattention, oppositionality, developmental functioning, and quality of life. Other descriptive data, such as areas picked, cutaneous factors, antecedents, and consequences related to skin-picking are reported. The prevalence and consequences associated with skin-picking in PWS indicate a greater need for clinician awareness of the behavior and interventions tailored to meet the needs of this population.
Ranitidine at very large doses does not inhibit theophylline elimination

While most controlled studies in humans indicate that ranitidine does not alter drug metabolism, there is some evidence that ranitidine may have this property. If ranitidine does inhibit drug metabolism in a predictable manner, such an effect might be expressed at higher ranitidine doses. Our study was designed to contrast the effects of large doses of ranitidine (1200 and 4200 mg/day) and Cimetidine (1200 mg/ day) on theophylline elimination. Whereas Cimetidine decreased theophylline clearance in 11 of 12 subjects by a mean of 19.4%, neither ranitidine dose affected theophylline disposition. While case reports indicate ranitidine may inhibit theophylline metabolism specifically and drug metabolism in general, we were not able in our controlled study to detect any effect of ranitidine on theophylline elimination even at ranitidine doses up to fourteenfold greater than are generally prescribed. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 39, 577–581; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.99
The social component of sexuality and disability: Some problems and proposals

This analysis of the social aspects of sexual relations between disabled and nondisabled persons attempts to raise several issues and problems which have been neglected or avoided in prior research. Particular emphasis is placed upon a candid examination of the reduced probabilities of marriage or sexual relationships, the vulnerability, and the potential exploitation of visibly disabled persons. This investigation appears to indicate a need for extended research on the social dimensions of sexuality and disability, an expanded discussion of this subject, a reexamination of personal values, and increased efforts to eliminate the legal and emotional vulnerability and exploitation of visibly disabled individuals in personal relationships.
Mass Spectrometric Analysis of 40 S Ribosomal Proteins from Rat-1 Fibroblasts

Although sequences of most mammalian ribosomal proteins are available, little is known about the post-translational processing of ribosomal proteins. To examine their post-translational modifications, 40 S subunit proteins purified from Rat-1 fibroblasts and their peptides were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry. Of 41 proteins observed, 36 corresponded to the 32 rat 40 S ribosomal proteins with known sequences (S3, S5, S7, and S24 presented in two forms). The observed masses of S4, S6-S8, S13, S15a, S16, S17, S19, S27a, S29, and S30 matched those predicted. Sa, S3a, S5, S11, S15, S18, S20, S21, S24, S26-S28, and an S7 variant showed changes in mass that were consistent with N-terminal demethionylation and/or acetylation (S5 and S27 also appeared to be internally formylated and acetylated, respectively). S23 appeared to be internally hydroxylated or methylated. S2, S3, S9, S10, S12, S14, and S25 showed changes in mass inconsistent with known covalent modifications (+220, -75, +86, +56, -100, -117, and -103 Da, respectively), possibly representing novel post-translational modifications or allelic sequence variation. Five unidentified proteins (12,084, 13,706, 13,741, 13,884, and 34, 987 Da) were observed; for one, a sequence tag (PPGPPP), absent in any known ribosomal proteins, was determined, suggesting that it is a previously undescribed ribosome-associated protein. This study establishes a powerful method to rapidly analyze protein components of large biological complexes and their covalent modifications.
Construction and implementation of a comprehensive hematopathology virtual teaching set

Diagnostic hematopathology requires a multiparametric approach and integration of morphologic findings with the clinical, immunophenotypic, and other features. As hematopathology moves into an increasingly digital era, internet-deployed teaching sets consisting of whole slide images (WSI) and comprehensive ancillary information can help prepare hematopathology trainees for the future. Approximately 200 hematopathology conference cases over a 1-year period were de-identified, and case information (including clinical, microscopic and immunophenotypic features, flow cytometric histograms, and cytogenetic and molecular results) were entered into a database. Approximately 1,800 WSI were prepared by scanning using ×40 magnification, and WSI and supplemental data were stored on separate servers and referenced in the database via hyperlinks. From January 2009 to November 2011, the website has been accessed over 6,000 times. The user can view the list of cases and brief clinical history, with or without the diagnosis displayed. Once a case is chosen, the complete clinical history, WSI, case data, and other hyperlinks are displayed, and the user can also scroll down to see the diagnosis shown at the end of the case. Pre- and post-test evaluations are available for self-assessment. The hematopathology virtual set is emerging as an important tool in hematopathology education. The internet-deployed database is unique in the wide range of ancillary studies readily accessible, which reinforces the multiparametric approach in hematopathology.
Generation ethnicity and marriage: historical patterns in the northern United States.

Immigration was a prominent feature of American life during the early decades of the twentieth century. About 40% of the white population was of foreign birth or parentage, and immigrants were increasingly from diverse national origins. Using data from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1910 U.S. Census, we examine generational and ethnic differences in marital timing. The analysis reveals a striking pattern of delayed marriage among native whites with foreign parents, but marked ethnic variation in the extent of marriage delay within the second generation. We hypothesize that locational factors, especially diverse economic opportunities, were important in shaping this marriage pattern. Separate multilevel analyses are conducted for females and for males living in urban and in rural places. Although significant effects for a variety of contextual factors are found, generational and ethnic differences in nuptial timing persist in multivariate models.
Therapies for perioperative hypertension: pharmacodynamic considerations.

Cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR), the two major determinants of systemic arterial blood pressure (BP), are regulated principally by the adrenergic (ADR) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) systems. Antihypertensive medications ultimately decrease CO, PR, or both, by acting at various sites in the ADR and RAA pathways or affecting cardiovascular functions directly. Beta-ADR-receptor blockers decrease heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) by preventing the cardiostimulating effects of catecholamines and inhibiting renin release. Alpha-ADR-receptor blockers prevent the vasoconstricting effects of catecholamines and reduce PR (afterload). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) block the formation of angiotensin, a potent peripheral vasoconstrictor and aldosterone releaser. Hence, ACEI cause a decrease in both PR and CO, the latter by preventing salt and water retention by aldosterone, thereby reducing plasma volume and venous return. Direct vasorelaxation and, thus, a fall in PR can be achieved by vasodilators. These include drugs (e.g. calcium antagonists) that prevent the entry of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells, and others (e.g. nitrovasodilators) that boost the intracellular levels of vasodilating second messengers (e.g. cyclic GMP). Antihypertensives from different classes are often combined to improve the ratio between therapeutic and adverse effects.
Applying Job Characteristics Theory To Adult Probation

Thirty-five members of an adult probation department were given the Hackman/Oldham Job Characteristics Questionnaire. Statistical results were computed and compared to the national averages for technical/professional workers. As a group, probation officers seemed to experience more "complicated" and "enriched" jobs than most professionals, but significantly lower levels of "feedback" and "knowledge of results." This would appear to be responsible for both the measured level of "job satisfaction" which was significantly lower than the national average, and for the moderately higher "turnover intention" reported by probation officers.
Did the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 Affect Farmland Values

Farmland values are affected by numerous factors, including farm policy, shifts in demand for agricultural output both foreign and domestic, monetary policy and urban pressure. In this study we use an information measure to examine whether the shift toward a more market-oriented policy in 1996 changed the relationship between farmland values and government payments. The results indicated that the shift in agricultural policy resulted in significant shift in this relationship.
Titanum distribution in enstatite chondrites and achondrites, and its bearing on their origin

Abstract Titanium, a strongly lithophilic element in terrestrial rocks and most meteorites, is predominantly chalcophilic in the highly-reduced enstatite chondrites and enstatite achondrites. There it occurs as a constituent of troilite (max. 0.95 wt. % in enstatite chondrites; max. 16 wt. % in enstatite achondrites), daubreelite (max. 0.12 wt. % in enstatite chondrites), ferroan alabandite (max. 0.04 wt. % in enstatite chondrites; max. 0.10 wt. % in enstatite achondrites), niningerite (max. 0.09 wt. % in enstatite chondrites), and of oldhamite (max. 0.02 wt. % in enstatite chondrites). Titanium is a major constituent of a new sulfide mineral, a titanium-iron sulfide with Ti>Fe , which occurs in the Bustee enstatite achondrite. The element may also combine with nitrogen to form TiN (osbornite), a mineral found in the Bustee and Khor Temiki enstatite achondrites. On the basis of similar bulk titanium contents but strikingly different troilite contents and titanium concentrations in troilite of enstatite chondrites and enstatite achondrites, it is concluded that enstatite achondrites are not directly genetically related to enstatite chondrites; i.e. melting of enstatite chondrites with gravitational differentiation cannot account for the origin of enstatite achondrites. All that can be said is that enstatite chondrites and enstatite achondrites were formed under similar highly-reducing conditions.
Automatic integration of Web search interfaces with WISE-Integrator

An increasing number of databases are becoming Web accessible through form-based search interfaces, and many of these sources are database-driven e-commerce sites. It is a daunting task for users to access numerous Web sites individually to get the desired information. Hence, providing a unified access to multiple e-commerce search engines selling similar products is of great importance in allowing users to search and compare products from multiple sites with ease. One key task for providing such a capability is to integrate the Web search interfaces of these e-commerce search engines so that user queries can be submitted against the integrated interface. Currently, integrating such search interfaces is carried out either manually or semiautomatically, which is inefficient and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we present WISE-Integrator - a tool that performs automatic integration of Web Interfaces of Search Engines. WISE-Integrator explores a rich set of special metainformation that exists in Web search interfaces and uses the information to identify matching attributes from different search interfaces for integration. It also resolves domain differences of matching attributes. In this paper, we also discuss how to automatically extract information from search interfaces that is needed by WISE-Integrator to perform automatic interface integration. Our experimental results, based on 143 real-world search interfaces in four different domains, indicate that WISE-Integrator can achieve high attribute matching accuracy and can produce high-quality integrated search interfaces without human interactions.
High-Resolution X-ray Imaging of a Globular Cluster Core: Compact Binaries in 47Tuc

We have obtained high-resolution (approximately 1") deep x-ray images of the globular cluster 47Tucanae (NGC 104) with the Chandra X-ray Observatory to study the population of compact binaries in the high stellar density core. A 70-kilosecond exposure of the cluster reveals a centrally concentrated population of faint (Lx approximately 10(30-33) ergs per second) x-ray sources, with at least 108 located within the central 2' x 2.5' and greater, similar half with Lx approximately 10(30.5) ergs per second. All 15 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) recently located precisely by radio observations are identified, though 2 are unresolved by Chandra. The x-ray spectral and temporal characteristics, as well as initial optical identifications with the Hubble Space Telescope, suggest that greater, similar50 percent are MSPs, about 30 percent are accreting white dwarfs, about 15 percent are main-sequence binaries in flare outbursts, and only two to three are quiescent low-mass x-ray binaries containing neutron stars, the conventional progenitors of MSPs. An upper limit of about 470 times the mass of the sun is derived for the mass of an accreting central black hole in the cluster. These observations provide the first x-ray "color-magnitude" diagram for a globular cluster and census of its compact object and binary population.
Effects of long-term vasodilator therapy on electrocardiographic abnormalities in chronic aortic regurgitation

Abstract Electrocardiographic abnormalities develop in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR). Although vasodilator drugs may reduce left ventricular (LV) volume overload, the effects of such therapy on electrocardiographic abnormalities have not been previously evaluated. Accordingly, electrocardiograms were analyzed before and after double-blind, randomized administration of either hydralazine or placebo in 54 patients with chronic AR. These patients were without limiting symptoms and had preserved ejection fraction on entry in the study. The magnitude of ST-segment depression and Romhilt-Estes point score for LV hypertrophy were assessed. Baseline ST depression and LV hypertrophy scores in the placebo and hydralazine groups were not significantly different. At follow-up, after a mean of 19 ± 6 months, there was a significant reduction in ST depression in patients taking hydralazine (n = 28) compared with patients given placebo (n = 26): −0.023 ± 0.044 vs 0.029 ± 0.055 mV, respectively (p = 0.0001); and in the LV hypertrophy score (−1.1 ± 2.2 vs 0.9 ± 2.3 points, respectively; p = 0.002). Hydralazine-treated patients also had significant decreases in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes, and a significant increase in ejection fraction. These results suggest that such vasodilator therapy may be beneficial in patients with chronic AR.
A Note on Consistent Naive Intertemporal Decision Making and an Application to the Case of Uncertain Lifetime

Samuelson [4] indicated the existence of the problem concerning consistent intertemporal behaviour and Strotz [5] commenced the formal analysis in this area. Subsequent contributions were made by Pollak [3], Peleg and Yaari [2] and Blackorby, Nissen, Primont and Russell [1]. This note extends Strotz's result concerning the consistency of naive intertemporal decision making and then employs this theorem to indicate the extent to which naive decision making will be consistent in the context of uncertain lifetime. Assuming that interest rates are zero the consumer's problem is to maximize the (subjectively) discounted sum of all future utilities subject to a stock constraint. Notationally K is the initial and total stock of wealth for the individual, c(t) is the time path of consumption, a(t, r) is his discount function where t is time and r is the planning date and a is continuously differentiable in t and r, and u[c(t), t] is his period utility function, assumed to be twice continuously differentiable, and monotonic increasing and concave in c. The tools of optimal control theory are employed and it is assumed that replanning may occur at dates 1, '2~ ..' P Our theorem is a generalization of Strotz's result stating that naive intertemporal decision making is consistent if and only if the consumer's subjective discount function is exponential. Strotz restricted his analysis to the case where the discount function was time distance dependent. We require only that it be dependent on both the time of consumption and the planning date. Subsequently it is shown that necessary and sufficient conditions for consistent naive intertemporal decision making are multiplicative separability of a in time (t) and the planning date (X).
Preliminary studies on the preparation and feeding of crustacean diets

Abstract An inexpensive, simple and effective method is described for preparing water-stable diets suitable for aquatic crustacean feeding experiments. Seven representative diets ranging from 25 to 40% total protein were prepared and tested for their dry weight loss in water for 1-, 3- and 5-hour periods. Dissolution was influenced by diet composition, and loss was greater in fresh water than in sea water. Diets were subsequently fed to both marine shrimp (Penaeus sp.) and fresh water Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) held under experimental conditions. Results of these trials showed that diets were capable of producing a 106–329% increase in weight in juvenile Penaeid shrimp over a 25-day period. Growth appeared to increase with amount of protein in the diet. Juvenile Malaysian prawns held under mass culture conditions for 60 days increased in length from 98 to 112% on three different diets. Juvenile Penaeus japonicus held under mass culture conditions for 75 days increased in weight 1877% on a 35% protein diet. In general, all prepared diets produced good growth with low mortality when compared with data reported by other workers.
Design of Airlift Pumps for Water Circulation and Aeration in Aquaculture

Abstract Water flow rates were measured in airlift pumps 3·75-30 cm in diameter to develop performance data that might be useful to aquaculturists. Flows were determined when submergence of airlifts was 100% and when the center-line of the discharge was between 12·5 cm above and 5 cm below the water surface. Air was injected at 15-cm intervals from 15 cm to 120 cm below the discharge of the airlift and air flow was varied from 28 to 1416 liters min −1 . An increase in the vertical lift reduced flow rates greatly in large-diameter pipes, but only slightly affected flow rates in small-diameter pipes. Water flow increased linearly as air flow increased logarithmically.
LIQUID COOLING FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF DATA CENTERS

The power trend for Server systems continues to grow thereby making thermal management of Data centers a very challenging task. Although various configurations exist, the raised floor plenum with Computer Room Air Conditioners (CRACs) providing cold air is a popular operating strategy. The air cooling of data center however, may not address the situation where more energy is expended in cooling infrastructure than the thermal load of data center. Revised power trend projections by ASHRAE TC 9.9 predict heat load as high as 5000W per square feet of compute servers’ equipment footprint by year 2010. These trend charts also indicate that heat load per product footprint has doubled for storage servers during 2000–2004. For the same period, heat load per product footprint for compute servers has tripled. Amongst the systems that are currently available and being shipped, many racks exceed 20kW. Such high heat loads have raised concerns over limits of air cooling of data centers similar to air cooling of microprocessors. Thermal management of such dense data center clusters using liquid cooling is presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME