cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translating object specifications into a computer-generated three-dimensional graphic to be reproduced as a high efficiency, reflection photo-polymer hologram suitable for mass-production

A process is described for translating the specifications of an object and its interrelationship with another object into a three-dimensional computer graphic and then into a photo-polymer hologram. The capability to translate specifications about objects and their interrelationships into accurate holograms without having to create either a physical model or the manufactured object itself opens exciting possibilities in the areas of creative design and communication. It may assist in the manufacturing process by allowing designers to specify objects and to study accurate, three-dimensional representations of those specifications, including interrelationships with other objects, without the need for an actual physical model. Finally, the hologram may become a means for effective representation of an image produced through the use of three-dimensional computer graphics for people without access to appropriate computer graphics. The process described here was divided into two segments. The MIT Media Lab was responsible for creating a sequence of computer-generated images and transferring those images to film. Polaroid Corporation was responsible for creating the hologram from the images on film.
Distributed control design for spatially interconnected systems

This paper deals with analysis, synthesis, and implementation of distributed controllers, designed for spatially interconnected systems. We develop a state space framework for posing problems of this type, and focus on systems whose model is spatially discrete. In this paper, analysis and synthesis results are developed for this class of systems using the l/sub 2/-induced norm as the performance criterion. The results are stated in terms of linear matrix inequalities and are thus readily amenable to computation. A special implementation of the resulting controllers is presented, which is particularly attractive for distributed operation of the controller. Several examples are provided to further illustrate the application of the results.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Infancy: A Guide to Diagnosis

Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of metabolism have improved substantially the prognosis for many of these conditions. This makes it essential that the practicing pediatrician be familiar with the clinical presentation of these disorders. A practical clinical approach to the recognition of inborn errors of metabolism in the young infant is presented in this review. Indications for specific laboratory studies are discussed. Guidelines are provided for the stabilization and emergency treatment of critically ill infants. This approach will identify those infants who will benefit from additional evaluation and specific treatment. Many of the inborn errors of metabolism, including urea cycle defects, organic acidemias, and certain disorders of amino acid metabolism, present in the young infant with symptoms of an acute or chronic metabolic encephalopathy. Typical symptoms include lethargy, poor feeding, apnea or tachypnea, and recurrent vomiting. Metabolic acidosis and/or hyperammonemia are observed in many of these conditions, but there are notable exceptions, including nonketotic hyperglycinemia and molybdenum co-factor deficiency. Therefore, appropriate laboratory testing for metabolic disorders should be performed in any infant who exhibits these findings. Although sepsis may be the initial consideration in a neonate with these symptoms, inborn errors of metabolism should always be in the differential diagnosis, particularly in a full-term infant with no specific risk factors. Hypoglycemia may be the predominant finding in a number of inborn errors of metabolism, including glycogen storage disorders, defects in gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation defects. The latter disorders, among the most common encountered, exhibit marked clinical variability and also may present as a sudden death, a Reye's-like episode, or a cardiomyopathy. Jaundice or other evidence of hepatic dysfunction is the mode of presentation of another important group of inborn errors of metabolism including galactosemia, hereditary tyrosinemia, neonatal hemochromatosis, and a number of other conditions. A subset of lysosomal storage disorders may present very early with coarse facial features, organomegaly, or even hydrops fetalis. Specific patterns of dysmorphic features and congenital anomalies characterize yet another group of inherited metabolic disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome and the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Each of these symptom complexes, and the appropriate evaluation of the affected infants, is discussed in more detail in this review.
Minimum volumes to ensure homogeneity in certain conglomerates

Abstract Conglomerates made up of aggregates enclosed by a binder are here idealized by a uniform matrix with spherical inclusions of different diameters and material properties. The usual notion of homogeneity involves common properties in all samples from the parent body. In fact this regularity does not occur and some statistical measure of homogeneity is necessary. Such a measure is here determined and methods of specifying sample dimensions for an acceptable standard of configurational homogeneity are indicated. For an equivalent standard of stiffness homogeneity a different sample volume is shown to be required and a measure of this property, associated with a sample volume, is developed. The inclusions of each sphere type are required to be distributed in the manner of independent Poisson series.
“If you caint get the boat, take a log”: cultural reinterpretation in the Afro-Baptist ritual

The theory of cultural reinterpretation was Melville J. Herskovits' explanation for the retention of African elements in black cultures in the western hemisphere. Although this theory conflicted with prevailing sociopolitical ideas of racial integration when he first introduced it, Herskovits nevertheless provided African Americans with a cross-cultural framework of analysis for evaluating their cultural past. This paper reexamines the validity of his theory in light of the religious ritual in a southern Afro-Baptist church. Using James Fernandez's concept of the metaphoric frame as the basis of religious ritual, I demonstrate that the Afro-Baptist ritual exploits speech and song variety to preserve a structure inherited from an African past. Reinterpretation becomes a feasible explanation for the similarities between the Afro-Baptist ritual in the United States and those in other Afro-American societies. Sociopolitical and economic factors found in diverse slave systems determined the morphology of various African-derived religious rituals in different regions of the diaspora.[Afro-American studies, ritual performance, ethnomusicology, sociolinguistics, Creole languages]
Pharmacogenomics in Psychiatry

Pharmacogenomics may provide us with the means to expedite treatment for patients with various psychiatric disorders. Treatment is presently hampered by individual variation in medication response that often results in an extended trial-and-error process of treatment until the optimal medication is found. This can extend the time until treatment optimization to months or years. Much of this variation may be genetically based. This review discusses current pharmacogenomics research in mood disorders and in schizophrenia. Although the field is in an early stage, results already suggest that DNA tests will one day be of clinical value in the optimal selection of medications for mood and thought disorders.
Familial Mutation in the Testis-Determining Gene SRY Shared by an XY Female and Her Normal Father

In humans, mutations in the testis-determining gene SRY result in XY sex reversal with pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD). However, only about 10-15% of the cases of PGD can be explained by mutations within the SRY open reading frame, suggesting the existence of other sex-determining genes. Although SRY is known to bind and bend DNA, its target and mode of action remain elusive. Here, we describe a novel mutation in SRY at codon 127, resulting in a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) substitution in the protein. This sequence variant was found not only in the XY female patient but also in her father, who is a phenotypically normal male. However, this Y127F variant was not found in the SRY sequences of 93 other randomly chosen males. This substitution affects a highly conserved tyrosine residue in the HMG box of SRY, in which two de novo mutations have been described previously in XY females with PGD. Furthermore, electromobility shift studies demonstrate that SRY protein harboring the Y127F variant is incapable of binding consensus SRY binding sites in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that the Y127F variant is a novel mutation with functional consequences and not simply a polymorphism. The allelic variant of SRY transmitted in this family and shared by both a phenotypic female (proband) and a phenotypic male (proband's father) emphasizes the importance of modifier genes in the sex determination pathway.
Adoption of Interrelated Agricultural Innovations: Complementarity and the Impacts of Risk, Scale, and Credit

The paper presents a model of farm decisions which arise when a farm is faced with two interrelated innovations. The innovations are distinguished by their returns to scale, and may be adopted individually. It is shown that under conditions of uncertainty or a binding credit constraint, the intuitive concept of innovations' complementarity may be misleading, and a more relevant definition of complementarity is derived. The latter helps to explain why policies which enhance adoption of one innovation may discourage adoption of the other, even when the two innovations seem to complement each other.
Clinical Correlates of High Cervical Fractional Anisotropy in Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Objective Fractional anisotropy (FA) of the high cervical cord (C1-C2), rostral to the injury site, correlates with upper limb function in patients with chronic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). In acute cervical SCI, this relationship has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to identify functional correlates of FA of the high cervical cord in a series of patients with acute cervical SCI. Methods Traumatic cervical SCI patients who underwent presurgical cervical spine diffusion tensor imaging at our institution were reviewed for this study. FA of the whole cord as well as the lateral corticospinal tracts (CSTs) was calculated on axial images from C1-C2. Upper limb motor (C5-T1) and sensory (C2-T1) function scores were extracted from the admission American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) examinations. Correlation analysis for FA with ASIA examinations was performed using a Pearson correlation. Results Twelve subjects (9 men, 3 women; mean age 54.7 ± 4.0 years) underwent cervical spine diffusion tensor imaging at a mean duration of 3.6 ± 0.9 days postinjury. No patient had cord compression or intramedullary T2-weighted hyperintensities within the C1-C2 segments. FA correlated with upper limb motor score (whole cord: r = 0.59, P = .04; CST: 0.67, P = .01) and the ASIA grade (whole cord: r = 0.61, P = .03; CST: r = 0.71, P = .009). No correlation was found between FA and sensory scores. Conclusions FA of the whole cervical cord as well as the CST, rostral to the injury site, is associated with preserved upper limb motor function as well as superior ASIA grades after acute cervical SCI. FA of the high cervical cord is a potential biomarker of neural injury after acute cervical SCI.
Device discovery and connection establishment approach using Ad-Hoc Wi-Fi for opportunistic networks

We propose a device discovery approach and connection establishment scheme for opportunistic networks using Ad-Hoc Wi-Fi as the underlying communication technology. We employ beacon stuffing method for a device to announce its existence in its neighborhood by broadcasting beacons stuffed with useful information in the field of SSID to remote devices. This method can allow a device to discover multiple devices and their running applications without performing connection establishment attempt while limiting the communication for device discovery only on MAC layer. In order to enhance energy efficiency, we also develop a score-based scanning schedule for device discovery operation. Once the neighbor is discovered, we present a connection establishment scheme between peers. We implement our proposed scheme on HP IPAQ 910 mobile phone equipped with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Extensive experiments have been carried out to evaluate our approach. The experiment results show that our approach can achieve high energy efficiency and satisfactory peer connection speed and quality.
Melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs

Melt extrusion (ME) over recent years has found widespread application as a viable drug delivery option in the drug development process. ME applications include taste masking, solid-state stability enhancement, sustained drug release and solubility enhancement. While ME can result in amorphous or crystalline solid dispersions depending upon several factors, solubility enhancement applications are centered around generating amorphous dispersions, primarily because of the free energy benefits they offer. In line with the purview of the current issue, this review assesses the utility of ME as a means of enhancing solubility of poorly soluble drugs/chemicals. The review describes major processing aspects of ME technology, definition and understanding of the amorphous state, manufacturability, analytical characterization and biopharmaceutical performance testing to better understand the strength and weakness of this formulation strategy for poorly soluble drugs. In addition, this paper highlights the potential advantages of employing a fusion of techniques, including pharmaceutical co-crystals and spray drying/solvent evaporation, facilitating the design of formulations of API exhibiting specific physico-chemical characteristics. Finally, the review presents some successful case studies of commercialized ME based products.
Two Non-Emendations in Ovid

In view of the overwhelming weight of the manuscript evidence, including most recently the testimony of Y, it is perhaps about time to stop the attempts at emendation that began in the sixteenth century with sed non blanda puto . The weaknesses, too, of the argument in favour of lengthening metri gratia the final vowel of blanda have been clearly pointed out by Housman, 1 who just as clearly pointed out that blanda must therefore be an ablative.
Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions

Group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) must cross the epithelium as they initiate infection, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a component of the tight junction and is inaccessible to virus approaching from the apical surface. Many CVBs also interact with the GPI-anchored protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Here, we report that virus attachment to DAF on the apical cell surface activates Abl kinase, triggering Rac-dependent actin rearrangements that permit virus movement to the tight junction. Within the junction, interaction with CAR promotes conformational changes in the virus capsid that are essential for virus entry and release of viral RNA. Interaction with DAF also activates Fyn kinase, an event that is required for the phosphorylation of caveolin and transport of virus into the cell within caveolar vesicles. CVBs thus exploit DAF-mediated signaling pathways to surmount the epithelial barrier.
Cortisol infusion depresses the ratio of bioactive to immunoreactive ACTH in adrenalectomized sheep fetuses

We examined the effects of exogenous cortisol on plasma immunoreactive adrenocorticotropic hormone (iACTH), bioactive ACTH (bACTH), and ACTH-(1—39) in nine adrenalectomized fetuses at 126–130 and 1...
Nuclear pre-mRNA processing in higher plants.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on nuclear pre-mRNA splicing in plants, with emphasis on maize. It discusses the salient points of nuclear intron splicing in yeast and animals. Then it reviews the literature on small nuclear RNAs and plant intron splicing, and present a working model for plant intron recognition. It also evaluates the alternative RNA processing events for several transposable-element-induced mutations of maize as a test of the intron recognition model. Introns are included in the primary transcript (pre-mRNA), but are excised in the nucleus before the mature mRNA is translated into protein. Plant internal introns (within coding regions) average only 249 nt versus 1127 nt for vertebrates and 86 nt for fungi. Furthermore, for example, 80% of all maize introns are less than 200 nt. Plant introns are thus more like introns from other lower eukaryotes (e. g., Tetrahymena, Caenohrabditis), which are also short . Results from experiments using synthetic introns indicate that a minimum intron length of 70-73 nt is necessary for efficient splicing in both monocots and dicots. This is consistent with the size distribution of natural introns; for example, only 3% of maize introns are less than 73 nt. The minimum size of plant introns is similar to the minimum length of -80 nt required for efficient splicing in mammals.
Design, development and deployment of a Diabetes Research Registry to facilitate recruitment in clinical research

Abstract Background and aim A major challenge in conducting clinical trials/studies is the timely recruitment of eligible subjects. Our aim is to develop a Diabetes Research Registry (DRR) to facilitate recruitment by matching potential subjects interested in research with approved clinical studies using study entry criteria abstracted from their electronic health records (EHR). Method A committee with expertise in diabetes, quality improvement, information technology, and informatics designed and developed the DRR. Using a hybrid approach, we identified and consented patients interested in research, abstracted their EHRs to assess common eligibility criteria, and contacted them about their interest in participating in specific studies. Investigators submit their requests with study entry criteria to the DRR which then provides a list of potential subjects who may be directly contacted for their study. The DRR meets all local, regional and federal regulatory requirements. Results After 5 years, the DRR has over 5000 registrants. About 30% have type 1 diabetes and 70% have type 2 diabetes. There are almost equal proportions of men and women. During this period, 31 unique clinical studies from 19 unique investigators requested lists of potential subjects for their studies. Eleven grant applications from 10 unique investigators used aggregated counts of potentially eligible subjects in their applications. Conclusion The DRR matches potential subjects interested in research with approved clinical studies using study entry criteria abstracted from their EHR. By providing large lists of potentially eligible study subjects quickly, the DRR facilitated recruitment in 31 clinical studies.
TRISO Particle and Beryllium Pebble Thermo-Mechanical Response in a Fusion/Fission Engine for Incineration of Weapons Grade Plutonium

Among the laser inertial fusion-fission energy (LIFE) engine concepts being considered at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), weapons-grade plutonium (WGPu) LIFE is of particular interest because it is designed to burn excess WGPu material and achieve over 99% fraction of initial metal atoms (FIMAs). At the center of the LIFE concept lies a point source of 14MeV neutrons produced by inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) which drives a sub-critical fuel blanket located behind a neutron multiplier. Current design envisions tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particles embedded in a graphite matrix as fuel and Be as multiplier, both in pebble bed form and flowing in Flibe molten salt coolant. In previous work, neutron lifetime modeling and design of Be pebbles was discussed [10]. Constitutive equations were derived and a design criteria were developed for spherical Be pebbles on the basis of their thermo-mechanical behaviour under continued neutron exposure in the neutron multiplier for the LIFE engine. Utilizing the available material property data, Be pebbles lifetime could be estimated to be a minimum of 6 years. Here, we investigate the thermo-mechanical response of TRISO particles used for incineration of WUPu under LIFE operating conditions of high temperature and high neutron fast fluence. To this purpose, we make use of the thermo-mechanical fuel performance code HUPPCO, which is currently under development. The model accounts for spatial and time dependence of the material elastic properties, temperature, and irradiation swelling and creep mechanisms. Preliminary results show that the lifetime of WGPu TRISO particles is affected by changes in the fuel materials properties in time. At high fuel burnup, retention of fission products relies on the SiC containment boundary behavior as a minute pressure vessel. The discussion underlines the need to develop high-fidelity models of the performance of these new fuel designs, especially in the absence of a fast neutron source to test these fuels under relevant conditions.© 2010 ASME
Thermal Characterization of Microheated Microchannels With Spatially Resolved Two-Color Fluorescence Thermometry

Two-color fluorescence thermometry is a well known, noninvasive, and accurate technique used to measure temperature in liquids. In this paper, we present an improved methodology that enhances the spatial accuracy of the technique by minimizing image-pair distortion errors and its subsequent use in the characterization of heated microchannels. In order to spatially calibrate the image-pair and to quantify the distortion of one image with respect to the other, particle image velocimetry was performed with sandpaper. Results show that the objective lens and the primary dichroic mirror does not significantly affect the beam path and that the main source of distortion is likely to occur between the secondary dichroic mirror and the reflective mirrors within the emission splitting system. This spatial calibration and correlation methodology was used to map the temperature distribution in microheated microchannels. The experimentally calculated advective efficiency results showed good agreement against their numerically computed counterparts. These results suggest that the power supplied to the microheaters should be varied accordingly to maintain fixed heat flux conditions through the microchannel walls as a function of flow rate.
Fear of death

This argument is intended to show that the wise man will not fear death. Its acceptance is taken to make for a more pleasant or tranquil life. Notwithstanding Epicurus' benign intention, most philosophers have resisted his argument. They have thought that death is indeed an evil for one who dies, so that the fear of it is not to be stilled. I think Epicurus was right in holding that death is no evil for one who dies. Nevertheless, I want to argue that it is reasonable to fear death. At issue are basic conditions for the occurrence of evil and good.
Beliefs, experience, and interest in pharmacotherapy among smokers with HIV.

OBJECTIVES To examine beliefs, prior use, and interest in using pharmacotherapy among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). METHODS Cross-sectional survey of smokers in a midwestern HIV clinic. RESULTS The sample (N = 146) included 69% men, 82% African Americans, 45% were in precontemplation for quitting, and 46% were interested in using pharmacotherapy. Primary reasons for non-use included cost and a belief that they would be able to quit on their own. Physician assistance was the strongest correlate of prior use. Perceived benefits and self-efficacy were the strongest correlates of willingness to use pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Future interventions should address misconceptions, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy for using cessation aids. Physicians should offer pharmacotherapy to all smokers.
Analysis on HBsAg Test Results of Employees in Food Industry and Public Places of Zhenning County in 2008

[Objective]To understand the carrying status of HBsAg among food and public places employees in Zhenning County.[Methods]ELISA method was adopted to test serum HBsAg of employees who were physically examined in Zhenning CDC.[Results]HBsAg positive rate was 3.25% among employees.Comparing 45 years age group and 45～65 years age group,the difference of HBsAg positive rate was significant(P0.01).That for male and female employees was 4.36% and 2.35%,respectively;the difference was significant (P0.05).[Conclusion]The HBsAg positive rate among employees in Zhenning County is lower than the national average,but higher than that in large and medium-sized city.To strengthen preventive sanitary supervision on food and public places,to popularize hygienic knowledge and enhance the workers' own initiative of hepatitis B vaccination are the effective ways for HBsAg control.
Effects of dibutyl phthalate on expression of PPARγ mRNA in ovary of rats

Objective To study the effect of dibutyl phthalate(DBP) on the expression of PPARγ mRNA in ovary of adolescent rats. Methods 21-day-old Sprague Dawley(SD) female rats were randomly divided into 250,500 and 1 000 mg/kg body weight experimental groups and one control group(corn oil),the rats were administrated DBP by gavage for eight consecutive weeks. The rats were sacrificed in proestrus,the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPARγ) of ovaries were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results The expression levels of PPARγ mRNA in ovarian in 500 and 1 000 mg/kg body weight groups were significantly higher than that in the control group(P0.05 and P0.01),and the expression level of PPARγ mRNA in 1 000 mg/kg body weight group was higher than those of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight groups(P0.05). Conclusion DBP exposure may activate the expression of PPARγmRNA of ovary,which suggests that DBP exposure may have reproductive toxicity to female rats.
Current vs Charge Density Contributions to Nonlinear X-ray Spectroscopy.

Stimulated (coherent) and spontaneous (incoherent) nonlinear X-ray signals are expressed using a spatially nonlocal response tensor which directly connects them to the time evolving current j and charge σ densities rather than to electric and magnetic multipoles. The relative contributions of the σA2 and j · A minimal coupling terms, where A is the vector potential, are demonstrated. The two dominate off-resonant and resonant scattering, respectively, and make comparable contributions at near resonant detunings.
An Oceanic Heat Content–Based Definition for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

AbstractBased on the variability of heat content in the upper 300 m of the ocean (HC300), the feasibility of defining an index of Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is explored. The motivation for defining the PDO index on HC300 stems from the following considerations: (i) a need to accentuate lower-frequency variations in the monitoring of PDO and (ii) to take into account variations in the temperatures associated with the PDO that extend throughout the upper ocean (and are modulated by the seasonal cycle of mixed layer variability). It is demonstrated that an HC300-based definition is better suited to encapsulate these characteristics in the PDO variability. The variability in an HC300-based definition is also contrasted with the traditional definition of the PDO based on SSTs.
Potential Path of DNA Damage: Electron Attachment–Induced DNA Single-Strand Breaks

The theoretical study of the electron attachment to DNA reveals the possible mechanism of one of the possible paths of damages in DNA single strands – the low energy electron induced strand breaks. This mechanism includes the formation of an electronically stable radical anion at the nascent stage, and the bond breaking at the C–O σ-bonds at the subsequent steps. In the gas phase, the strand break in the pyrimidine diphosphates is dominated by the C3′–O3′ σ-bond cleavage pathway. Moreover, due to the low electron affinities of the purine diphosphates and the low vertical electron detachment energies of the corresponding radical anions, the bond breaks is unlikely to occur in the gas phase. However, the existence of the polarizable surroundings appreciably changes the scenarios. The comparatively high electron affinities of the 3′,5′-dGDP and the vertical detachment energy of 3′,5′-dGDP ·– ensure the formation of the electronically stable radical anion. Furthermore, the surrounding-solute interactions greatly reduce the activation barriers of the C–O bond cleavage, which facilitates the C5′–O5′ or C3′–O3′ bond ruptures at the guanosine site in DNA dominating the damages in aqueous solutions.
Hydrologic response to future land use change in the Upper Mississippi River Basin by the end of 21st century

This study demonstrates the spatial variation in hydrologic processes across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) by the end of 21st century, by ingesting FOREcasting Scenarios (FORE-SCE) of Land-use Change projections into a physics-based hydrologic model—Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The model is created for UMRB (440,000 km2), using the National Landcover Database of year 2001 and climate data of 1991–2010. Considering 1991–2010 as the baseline reference period, FORE-SCE projections of year 2091 under three scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1 from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) are separately assimilated into the calibrated model, whereas climate input is kept the same as in the baseline. Modeling results suggest an increase of 0.5% and 3.5% in the average annual streamflow at the basin outlet (Grafton, Illinois) during 2081–2100, respectively, for A1B and A2, whereas for B1, streamflow would decrease by 1.5%. Under the “worst case” A2 scenario, 6% and 133% increase, respectively, in agricultural and urban areas with 30% depletion of forest and grassland would result into 70% increase in surface runoff, 20% decrease in soil moisture, and 4% decrease in evapotranspiration in certain parts of the basin. Conversion of cropland, forest, or grassland to perennial hay/pasture areas would lower surface runoff by 25% especially in the central region, whereas persistent forest cover in the northern region would cause up to 7% increase in evapotranspiration. The ecosystem in the lower half of UMRB is likely to become adverse, as dictated by a composite water–energy balance indicator. Future land use change extents and resultant hydrologic responses are found significantly different under A2, A1B, and B1 scenarios, which resonates the need for multi-scenario ensemble assessments towards characterizing a probable future. The spatial variation of hydrologic processes as shown here helps to identify potential “hot spots,” giving ways to adopt more effective policy alternatives at regional level.
Anti-incontinence Surgery in High-Risk Male Patients with Stress Urinary Incontinence—an Updated Review

The objective of this manuscript is to review the current literature on anti-incontinence treatment for high-risk patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The occurrence of SUI has been documented as a sequelae following radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy, or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Throughout its evolution, the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) has become the current gold standard for male SUI. Another treatment for men with mild-to-moderate SUI is with the use of a male sling. This review will highlight the treatment options of male slings and AUS in high-risk patients with SUI, report on the outcomes and complications of these treatments, as well as comment on personal insights with this cohort of patients touching on future options.
Teaching Children about Healthy Eating and Exercise during Summer Camp

This article presents activities that can be used to teach children physical activity and health concepts in summer camps, summer-school programs or at home over the summer months.
Presidential campaign talk: Question-answering in ‘Neutral Informational Interviews’:

This article is a dual-case analysis of presidential campaign interviews conducted with former President George HW Bush when he was campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980, a...
Homework Completion, Patient Characteristics, and Symptom Change in Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD

We evaluated the impact of homework completion on change in PTSD symptoms in the context of two randomized controlled trials of Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD (CPT). Female participants (n = 140) diagnosed with PTSD attended at least one CPT session and were assigned homework at each session. The frequency of homework completion was assessed at the beginning of each session and PTSD symptoms were assessed every other session. Piecewise growth models were used to examine the relationship between homework completion and symptom change. CPT version (with vs without the written trauma account) did not moderate associations between homework engagement and outcomes. Greater pretreatment PTSD symptoms predicted more Session 1 homework completion, but PTSD symptoms did not predict homework completion at other timepoints. More homework completion after Sessions 2 and 3 was associated with less change in PTSD from Session 2 to Session 4, but larger pre-to-post treatment changes in PTSD. Homework completion after Sessions 2 and 3 was associated with greater symptom change among patients who had fewer years of education. More homework completion after Sessions 8 and 9 was associated with larger subsequent decreases in PTSD. Average homework completion was not associated with client characteristics. In the second half of treatment, homework engagement was associated with less dropout. The results suggest that efforts to increase engagement in homework may facilitate symptom change.
Becoming a Language Teacher: Tracing the Mediation and Internalization Processes of Pre-service Teachers

In this chapter I examine how language teacher identity develops through the interplay between language teacher cognition and teacher learning. The abundance of factors, conditions and processes operating within various contexts make the path to becoming a language teacher unique to every individual teacher. Investigating the processes and tools utilized in appropriating the knowledge about language teaching and translating it into actions in language teachers’ classrooms might lead to deeper understanding of the entire trajectory of becoming/being a language teacher. Vygotsky’s (Mind in society. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1978) concepts of mediation and internalization are used as a possible framework for unmasking the intricacies of language teacher identity development. Findings indicate some similarities in terms of the mediation and internalization processes and tools activated by the participants. For teacher training programs to initiate change, language teachers must have access to spaces that allow them to construct and reconstruct their language teaching conceptualizations.
Transcriptome profile of acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced genes in tomato suggests a complex polygenic effect on resistance to Phytophthora infestans

Abstract Induced resistance by chemicals such as acibenzolar-S-methyl -ASM (commercialized as Actigard by Syngenta Inc) mimics the biological activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). ASM takes the place of salicylic acid (SA) in the SAR signal pathway inducing the same molecular markers and range of resistance. The goal of our work was to understand the downstream molecular events by which ASM confers resistance to Phytophthora infestans in tomatoes. To accomplish this goal we assayed gene expression in ASM-treated plants using a microarray with more than 12,000 tomato ESTs. As many as 300 genes were responsive to ASM. Of these, 117 were detected in most of the biological replications. Basal defense associated genes as well as SAR and disease resistance genes (R-like) involved in induced resistance and effector-triggered immunity were highly expressed. We attempted to determine the phenotype of 13 of these genes by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS). These 13 genes were selected on the basis of previous implication in plant defense response and by reliability of induction by ASM. VIGS was partially successful for three of the 13 genes, but this partial silencing did not lead to a significant reduction in the effect of ASM. The ethylene pathway was also activated in response to ASM, but a tomato mutant not responsive to ethylene remained responsive to ASM. It seems most likely that the ASM effect is complex and polygenic, depending on the effect of several genes.
Calorimetric Investigation of the Influence of Cholesterol on the Transition Properties of Bilayers Formed from Synthetic l-α-Lecithins in Aqueous Suspension

Abstract The dependence of the enthalpies of the cooperative transitions of aqueous dispersions of synthetic dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl l-α-lecithin on the cholesterol content has been determined in an adiabatic differential scanning calorimeter. In each case the transition enthalpy decreases linearly with increasing mole percentage of cholesterol and vanishes at 33 mole per cent of cholesterol. This indicates that each molecule of added cholesterol removes 2 molecules of lipid from the hexagonal phase which undergoes the cooperative transition to liquid crystal phase.
What Difference Does Mind Make

The question posed in the title of this paper is one of the oldest speculative questions man has asked. How much is one to make of that constellation of abilities loosely called “mind” that mark off some beings as “human”? How sharply does it distinguish its possessor from all else that is?
The Effect of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices on Intraoperative Blood Loss During Radical Prostatectomy and Radical Cystectomy

Intermittent pneumatic compression devices are a widely used, effective and presumed risk-free method of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, presumably by increasing peak venous blood velocity, and stimulating local and systemic fibrinolysis. We investigated whether intermittent pneumatic compression devices had any effect on intraoperative blood loss or transfusion during radical pelvic urological surgery. To our knowledge no previous study has addressed these issues. Records were reviewed for patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy or radical cystectomy with diversion from 1985 to 1990. A total of 91 cases was reviewed: 38 radical retropubic prostatectomies and 53 radical cystectomies with diversion (34 male and 19 female patients). There were 59 patients with intermittent pneumatic compression devices (29 radical retropubic prostatectomies and 30 radical cystectomies with diversion) and 32 without intermittent pneumatic compression devices (9 radical retropubic prostatectomies and 23 radical cystectomies with diversion). Intraoperative blood loss and transfusions were calculated for each group with and without intermittent pneumatic compression devices. No clinically apparent lower extremity deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus was diagnosed in any patient. For the group with intermittent pneumatic compression devices mean intraoperative blood loss was 2,541 ml. (range 700 to 8,850) versus 1,807 ml. (range 450 to 5,100) without a device, for a statistically significant difference of 734 ml. (p = 0.005). When 5 patients with excessive intraoperative blood loss (more than 5,000 ml.) were excluded the statistically significant difference was maintained. When comparing radical retropubic prostatectomy and radical cystectomy with diversion, with and without intermittent pneumatic compression devices, blood loss was greater for the group with a device for each procedure. Differences in intraoperative blood loss were independent of sex or tumor stage. Intraoperative transfusions were increased by approximately 0.6 units per patient with the device. Our study suggests that intermittent pneumatic compression devices may increase blood loss during a radical pelvic operation.
Marketing Principles: Student Attainment and Instructor Performance

The attitudes and viewpoints of professors teaching Marketing Principles are set forth and compared with those of students prior to and following study in the introductory course. Instructors of Marketing Principles appear to have relatively little impact on attitudes and views held by students completing course work. A performance grid is presented for the matching of professors to classes in an application of Fiedler’s Contingency Model for Leadership Effectiveness. Suggestions are also offered for improvements in the formating of the Marketing Principles course.
Obesity and hemoglobin content impact peak oxygen uptake in human heart failure.

BackgroundExercise intolerance, obesity, and low hemoglobin (hemoglobin<13 and <12 g/dl, men/women, respectively) are common features of heart failure. Despite serving as potent contributors to met...
PhCHP(MeNCH2CH2)3N: A Novel Ylide for Quantitative E Selectivity in the Wittig Reaction

PhCHP(MeNCH2CH2)3N (1), a semi-stabilized ylide prepared from the commercially available nonionic base P(MeNCH2CH2)3N, reacts with aldehydes to give alkenes in high yield with quantitative E select...
Visualization of drug-nucleic acid interactions at atomic resolution: II. Structure of an ethidium/dinucleoside monophosphate crystalline complex, ethidium:5-iodocytidylyl (3′–5′) guanosine

Abstract Ethidium forms a second crystalline complex with the dinucleoside monophosphate 5-iodocytidylyl(3′–5′)guanosine (iodoCpG). These crystals are monoclinic, P21, with a = 14.06 A , b = 32.34 A , c = 16.53 A , β = 117.8 ° . The structure has been solved to atomic resolution using rigid-body Patterson vector search and Fourier methods, and refined by full matrix least-squares to a residual of 0.16 on 3180 observed reflections. The structure consists of two ethidium molecules, two iodoCpG molecules, 27 water molecules and four methanol molecules, a total of 165 atoms (excluding hydrogens) in the asymmetric unit. Both iodoCpG molecules are hydrogen-bonded together by guanine · cytosine Watson-Crick base-pairing. Adjacent base-pairs within this paired iodoCpG structure and between neighboring iodoCpG molecules in adjoining unit cells are separated by 6.7 A. This distance reflects the presence of an ethidium molecule intercalated between base-paired iodoCpG molecules and another ethidium molecule stacked above (and below) the dinucleotide. Approximate 2-fold symmetry is used in the interaction; this reflects the pseudo-2-fold symmetry axis of the phenanthridinium ring system in ethidium coinciding with the approximate 2-fold axis relating base-paired iodoCpG molecules. The phenyl and ethyl groups of the intercalated ethidium molecule lie in the narrow groove of the miniature iodoCpG double-helix. The stacked ethidium, however, lies in the opposite direction, its phenyl and ethyl groups neighboring iodine atoms on cytosine residues. Base-pairs within the paired nucleotide units are related by a twist of about 8 °. The magnitude of this angular twist reflects conformational changes in the sugar-phosphate chains accompanying intercalation. These primarily reflect the differences in ribose sugar ring puckering that are observed (i.e. both iodocytidine residues have C3′ endo sugar conformations, while both guanosine residues have C2′ endo sugar conformations), and alterations in the glycosidic torsional angles that describe the base-sugar orientation. The information provided by this structure analysis (along with the accompanying one (ethidium:iodoUpA), described in the previous paper) has led to an understanding of the general nature of intercalative drug binding to DNA. This is described in the third paper of this series.
Tumunu, the Bush Beer Bar Tradition of Atiu, Cook Islands

This chapter explores the tradition of tumunu on Atiu in the southern Cook Islands. Tumunu, which literally means “trunk of the coconut tree,” are drinking establishments hidden in the bush of the island where home brew is produced and drunk. This chapter will first briefly examine the role of kava in the Pacific and its replacement with alcohol. The growth in alcohol use led to the development of the tumunu, which arose to hide the production and consumption of alcohol because it was prohibited. The five tumunu that existed in 2014, as well as two recently closed ones, are mapped and compared. Next, the changes in the tumunu in the recent past are examined. Brewing ingredients have changed from mainly indigenous oranges to imported malt extract since the 1980s. The similarity of social practices relating to the tumunu and to the consumption of kava on other Pacific Islands is pronounced. These social practices are changing as the society changes, and from the presence of tourists at the tumunu, which are promoted as a tourist attraction on the island.
Evolutionary expansion of apical extracellular matrix is required for the elongation of cells in a novel structure

One of the fundamental gaps in our knowledge of how novel anatomical structures evolve is understanding the origins of the morphogenetic processes that form these features. Here, we traced the cellular development of a recently evolved morphological novelty, the posterior lobe of D. melanogaster. We found that this genital outgrowth forms through extreme increases in epithelial cell height. By examining the apical extracellular matrix (aECM), we also uncovered a vast matrix associated with the developing genitalia of lobed and non-lobed species. Expression of the aECM protein Dumpy is spatially expanded in lobe-forming species, connecting the posterior lobe to the ancestrally derived aECM network. Further analysis demonstrated that Dumpy attachments are necessary for cell height increases during posterior lobe development. We propose that the aECM presents a rich reservoir for generating morphological novelty and highlights a yet unseen role for aECM in regulating extreme cell height.
Picoloyl protecting group in synthesis: focus on a highly chemoselective catalytic removal

The picoloyl ester (Pico) has proven to be a versatile protecting group in carbohydrate chemistry. It can be used for the purpose of stereocontrolling glycosylations via an H-bond-mediated Aglycone Delivery (HAD) method. It can also be used as a temporary protecting group that can be efficiently introduced and chemoselectively cleaved in the presence of practically all other common protecting groups used in synthesis. Herein, we will describe a new method for rapid, catalytic, and highly chemoselective removal of the picoloyl group using inexpensive copper(ii) or iron(iii) salts.
The influence of boat moorings on anchoring and potential anchor damage to coral reefs

Abstract Recreational boating is increasingly popular and provides social and economic benefits, but can also have ecological impacts, including damage from anchoring on sensitive seabed habitats like coral reefs. Mooring buoys are commonly used to manage anchoring activity, and I tested whether they moderated anchoring on coral reefs in the British Virgin Islands. A spatial survey revealed that overall boat use (moored plus anchored) was 3.6 times higher at sites with moorings than those without. The density of boats anchored on coral reef was, however, reduced by roughly half at sites with moorings. A survey of two sites before and after moorings were installed confirmed that the addition of moorings increased the total number of boats at a site, but reduced the rate of anchoring on reef. At any given site, the rate of anchoring on reef increased as the total number of boats present increased, but the effect of crowding was diminished at sites with moorings. Moorings can thus be an effective management tool for mitigating anchor damage to sensitive habitats, and because boat densities continue to rise worldwide, these findings focus attention on discovering why moorings reduce the tendency of boats to anchor on reef as sites become more crowded.