cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fine Structure of the Sporozoite of Lankesteria culicis

SYNOPSIS. The sporozoite of Lankesteria culicis was studied by light and electron microscopy, after excystation in the intestine of Aedes aegypti 1st stage larvae. The sporozoite was 9.5–10.0 μ long with a blunt anterior end and a tapered posterior region. The organism was enclosed by a typical pellicle consisting of an outer and an inner membrane with underlying subpellicular microtubules. The anterior end had a conoid with 2 associated rings, a polar ring which served as a termination of the subpellicular microtubules and a flask-shaped structure situated internal and posterior to the conoid. A micropyle consisting of a collar formed from the inner membrane and lacking an invagination of the outer membrane was present near the anterior end of the parasite. The nucleus was centrally located and had a peripheral concentration of chromatin and a central nucleolus. One or more mitochondria were observed in the vicinity of the nucleus.
On specifying and performing visual tasks with qualitative object models

Vision-based control has aimed to develop general-purpose, high accuracy systems for manipulating objects. While much of the scientific and technological infrastructure needed to accomplish this aim is now in place, several stumbling blocks still remain. One continuing issue is accuracy, and its relationship to system calibration. We describe a generative task structure for vision-based control of motion that admits a simple, geometric approach to task specification. At the same time, this approach allows one to state precisely what types of miscalibration lead to errors in task performance. A second hurdle has been the programmability of hand-eye systems. However, we argue that a structured object representation sufficient for flexible hand-eye coordination is a possibility. The result is a high-level, object-centered language for expressing hand-eye tasks.
Mating behavior of a deep-sea squid revealed by in situ videography and the study of archived specimens.

The mating behavior of deep-sea squids is shrouded in mystery. The squids for which mating has been observed use a hectocotylus, a modified arm, for the transfer of sperm packets called spermatophores. However, many deep-sea squid species lack a hectocotylus. We present the first in situ observations of mating behavior in a deep-sea squid that has no hectocotylus but instead uses an elongated terminal organ for the transfer of spermatangia, which are released from the spermatophores and burrow deeply into the female tissue. With remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), we observed two mating pairs of the deep-sea squid Pholidoteuthis adami in the Gulf of Mexico. The male adopted a peculiar position during mating, with its ventral side up and its posterior mantle above the female’s head. While the male held the female in what looked like a firm grip, we observed the long terminal organ extending through the funnel of the male, contacting the female dorsal mantle. Examinations of museum specimens show that spermatangia burrow from the outer dorsal mantle into the inner dorsal mantle. This combination of serendipitous in situ observations and archived specimens can be a powerful tool for understanding the behavior of deep-sea animals. Squids are very successful and abundant molluscs that inhabit the marine environment from coastal waters to the deep sea. Although the use of ROVs in the exploration of the deep sea has led to the discovery of new and often unexpected behaviors of deep-sea squid (1–3), their reproductive biology remains poorly known. For many squid species, mature individuals have never been encountered or are known only from the stomach contents of predators like sperm whales (4). Hence, specifics of the mating behavior in deep-sea squid are mostly inferred from characteristics of dead individuals (5–10). This has led to hypotheses that can only be tested by in situ observations.
Tribology of abrasive machining

Abstract Titanium test blocks were coated with a variety of chemically active materials in order to evaluate their effect on the metal cutting process. The test was designed to simulate conditions which occur during the rough grinding (metal conditioning) of titanium slabs. In the test a single abrasive conical point cuts through the coating and then into the underlying titanium metal. The normal and tangential forces were measured during each cut. The scratch profile was determined microscopically to measure the metal removal rate, and the wear on the abrasive cutting tip was determined with a micrometer. Groove surfaces on the block were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. The influence of the coatings on tribological phenomena was substantial and in several cases surprising. A number of conclusions were drawn from these experiments, as follows. The use of surface-active grinding aids with titanium can markedly increase the metal removal rate, decrease the coefficient of friction and decrease the wear rate of the abrasive. The grinding aid is thought to form an adsorbed molecular layer on the abrasive which prevents physical contact between it and the titanium. Extensive plastic deformation and probably twinning and phase transitions also occur during the grinding of titanium. When steels containing a plastic and a brittle phase are machined, the brittle phase may become concentrated at the sliding surface. This can have a considerable effect on the surface-sensitive properties of the metal.
Adverse Drug Events Involving COX-2 Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE:To describe the types and severity of adverse drug-related events (ADEs) observed in patients receiving cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and to increase the awareness of risk factors that predispose patients to ADEs associated with COX-2 inhibitors.METHODS:A review of ADEs reported at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital (UPMC-P) revealed significant events related to use of celecoxib or rofecoxib. A query of the internal ADE database was performed to identify ADEs involving COX-2 inhibitors from January 1999 to June 2002. A similar query was performed to identify ADEs involving nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reported during this same time period. Utilization data were also collected.RESULTS:Forty-eight ADEs involving 24 patients receiving COX-2 inhibitors were reported and validated via the UPMC-P ADE review process compared with 38 events in 33 patients receiving nonselective NSAIDs. The types of ADEs reported as related to COX-2 inhib...
Investigation of residual vertical intrinsic resonances with dual partial Siberian snakes in the AGS

Two partial helical dipole snakes were found to be able to overcome all imperfection and intrinsic spin resonances provided that the vertical betatron tunes were maintained in the spin tune gap near the integer 9. Recent vertical betatron tune scan showed that the two weak resonances at the beginning of the acceleration cycle may be the cause of polarization loss. This result has been confirmed by the vertical polarization profile measurement, and spin tracking simulations. Possible cure of the remaining beam polarization is discussed.
Negative Oceanic Heat Flux as a Cause of Water-Mass Formation

Abstract Regions of large (>60 kcal cm−2 year−1) net annual heat flux from the oceans to the atmosphere are found only on the western sides of Northern Hemisphere oceans and in the Norwegian Sea, according to Budyko. It has been assumed that these negative heat fluxes are the result of the transport of warm water to middle and high latitudes by major ocean currents, specifically the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current and the Kuroshio. In the case of the Norwegian Sea, Worthington suggested a mechanism for maintaining the negative heat flux, whereby warm surface water is advected northward to replace the dense, deep water formed within that sea by the cooling action of the atmosphere. The deep water mass so formed overflows the sills of the Norwegian Sea and moves southward into the depths of the Atlantic. It is postulated 1) that this mechanism maintains the negative heat fluxes found at mid-latitudes on the northwestern sides of the oceans, and 2) that water masses are also formed at these latitudes...
Evolution of Osmosensory MAP Kinase Signaling Pathways

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases constitute a large family of proteins with many functions. They are represented by a multitude of paralogous isoforms in yeast, vertebrates, and other eukaryotes. A phylogenetically conserved function of MAP kinases is to carry osmotic signals from sensory to target elements of cells. Even though this function of MAP kinases is ubiquitous and characteristic of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes alike the contingencies between individual MAP kinases, sensor elements, and target elements have been subject to vast modification during evolution. Extensive networking of MAP kinase cascades with other signaling pathways is reflected by the large number of diverse signals that can be carried by a single MAP kinase pathway and flexible activation kinetics. It is emerging that the most important function of MAP kinase networks may not be signal amplification but integration of information about the setpoint of environmental parameters (including osmolality) with other physiological processes to control cell function. Insight into how this cellular integration of information is achieved by MAP kinase networks will shed light on the principles of cell dynamics and adaptation.
Evidence Of Value-Expressive Participation Effects In Budgeting

Accounting researchers have defined budgetary participation to encompass employee influence, or control, over budget targets. This view implies that control is a necessary condition for favorable participation effects to occur. This paper presents the results of two field studies that indicate participation can lead to improved employee attitudes even when it does not afford the employees budgetary control.
Trust Evaluation in Mobile Devices: An Empirical Study

Mobile devices today, such as smartphones and tablets, have become both more complex and diverse. This paper presents a framework to evaluate the trustworthiness of the individual components in a mobile system, as well as the entire system. The major components are applications, devices and networks of devices. Given this diversity and multiple levels of a mobile system, we develop a hierarchical trust evaluation methodology, which enables the combination of trust metrics and allows us to verify the trust metric for each component based on the trust metrics for others. The paper first demonstrates this idea for individual applications and Android-based smartphones. The methodology involves two stages: initial trust evaluation and trust verification. In the first stage, an expert rule system is used to produce trust metrics at the lowest level of the hierarchy. In the second stage, the trust metrics are verified by comparing data from components and a trust evaluation is produced for the combined system. This paper presents the results of two empirical studies, in which this methodology is applied and tested. The first study involves monitoring resource utilization and evaluating trust based on resource consumption patterns. We measured battery voltage, CPU utilization and network communication for individual apps and detected anomalous behavior that could be indicative of malicious code. The second study involves verification of the trust evaluation by comparing the data from two different devices: the GPS location from an Android smartphone in an automobile and the data from an on-board diagnostics (OBD) sensor of the same vehicle.
Nonadiabatic diffraction of matter waves

Diffraction phenomena usually can be formulated in terms of a potential that induces the redistribution of a wave's momentum. Using an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to the orbitals of a state-selective optical lattice, we investigate a hitherto unexplored nonadiabatic regime of diffraction in which no diffracting potential can be defined and in which the adiabatic dressed states are strongly mixed. We show how, in the adiabatic limit, the observed coupling between internal and external dynamics gives way to standard Kapitza-Dirac diffraction of atomic matter waves. We demonstrate the utility of our scheme for atom interferometry and discuss prospects for studies of dissipative superfluid phenomena.
Early Characteristics of Children with ASD Who Demonstrate Optimal Progress Between Age Two and Four.

Although for many children, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong disability, a subset of children with ASD lose their diagnosis and show typical cognitive and adaptive abilities. The ages at which this transition can occur is not known, but it sometimes occurs quite early. Participants in the current study were 207 children with an ASD at age two who were reevaluated at age four. Eighty-three percent retained an ASD diagnosis at reevaluation and 9 % showed “optimal progress”: clear ASD at age two but not at age four, and average cognition, language, communication and social skills at age four. Early child-level factors predicted optimal progress: diagnosis of PDD-NOS, fewer repetitive behaviors, less severe symptomatology and stronger adaptive skills.
Visualization of arterio-venous shunts by cinefluorography in the lungs of normal dogs.

SummaryA shunt between the pulmonary artery and vein was demonstrated in 3 of 4 dogs by injecting Thorotrast into a catheter inserted tightly into the pulmonary artery and following the circulation by cinefluorography. In one of these dogs the passage of glass spheres 200 ± 25 μ in diameter: through a cannula in the pulmonary artery, to and through a cannula in the aorta, together with the location of the shunt from plastic casts of the pulmonary vessels, help to confirm the presence of the shunt.
Injuries of the Pancreas from Blunt Trauma

With the experience gained consequent to the increased frequency and magnitude of abdominal trauma, the nature of serious pancreatic injuries has become better understood, the indications for operation have been clarified, and rational principles of surgical therapy have evolved. This paper focuses particularly upon the surgical treatment of those patients in whom pancreatic injury from blunt trauma is recognized early.
Unusual paratracheal masses presenting with vocal fold paralysis.

Most paratracheal masses are of thyroid origin. We describe two cases of vocal fold paralysis that were caused by unusual paratracheal masses. In one case, a 35-year-old man was found to have a mal...
Assessment of Protein Expression by Proximity Ligation Assay in the Nonhuman Primate Endometrium, Placenta, and Fetal Adrenal in Response to Estrogen

In the field of protein biology, immunology-based techniques have been evolving for detection and quantification of protein levels, protein-protein interaction, and protein modifications in cells and tissues. The proximity ligation assay (PLA), a method of detection that combines immunologic and PCR-based approaches, was developed to overcome some of the drawbacks that are inherent to other detection methods. The PLA allows for very sensitive and discretely quantifiable measures of unmodified, native protein levels, and protein-protein interaction/modification complexes in situ in both fixed tissues and cultured cells. We describe herein the PLA method and its applicability to quantify the effects of estrogen on expression of angioregulatory factors, e.g., angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) in the endometrium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the placenta, and melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R)/accessory protein (MRAP) in the fetal adrenal of the nonhuman primate.
Una nueva perspectiva para el constitucionalismo comparado: El análisis cultural del estado de derecho occidental

Resumen Este ensayo reflexiona acerca de los desafios de comprender el estado de derecho como una forma de vida. Para ello aborda la importancia de entender la comparacion entre ordenamientos constitucionales no como una comparacion tecnica entre estructuras y procedimientos de derecho publico, sino como distintas variaciones de un tema perenne en la cultura juridica occidental: la antinomia entre razon y voluntad. Estado de derecho – cultura juridica – constitucionalismo comparado Comparative constitutionalism in a new key: the cultural study of the Western rule of law Abstract This essay reflects upon the challenges that arise from understanding the rule of law as a form of life. To that end, it explores the importance of understanding the comparison between con-stitutional orders not as a technical comparison between public law structures and procedures, but as different variations on a perennial theme within Western legal culture: the antinomy between reason and will. Rule of law – legal culture – comparative constitutionalism
The connection between shared storybook readings, children’s imagination, social interactions, affect, prosocial behavior, and social play

ABSTRACTThis study explored the connection between shared storybook readings and children’s imagination, social interactions, affect, prosocial behavior, and social play. A secondary goal investigated the relationship between social play and vocabulary learning. Participants were 44 young children (17 boys, 27 girls) attending preschool in the northeastern United States. Ages ranged from 4.1 to 5.6 years. The majority of the children were from Mexican, Central American, Brazilian, and African-American ethnic heritages. We observed children before and after repeated shared storybook readings that incorporated story props over multiple sessions. We recorded children’s imaginative ability, social interaction, affective, helping, and social play behaviors using a time sampling approach. Children also completed the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test –Four (PPVT-IV). We found shared storybook reading experiences connected positively to social, cognitive, and emotional developmental outcomes as well as social play....
Waves Propagation Modes: From Simple Systems to Layered Soils

This chapter presents a brief review of the normal modes of wave propagation in simple systems such as rods and beams, and uses these to illustrate the fundamental concepts of wave propagation, including complex wave spectra. Thereafter, it generalizes these concepts to the much more complicated case of horizontally layered media. It presents a brief review of the Stiffness Matrix Method (SMM) for layered media and its uses in the solution of wave propagation problems. Finally, it summarizes the fundamental elements of the discrete counterpart to the SMM, the Thin Layer Method (TLM) which constitutes a powerful tool to obtain the normal modes for both propagating and evanescent waves.
The Effect and Safety of Prostaglandin Administration in Pediatric Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are often administered after liver transplantation (LT) to diminish ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), to favor liver recovery and to prevent vascular thrombosis. Possible beneficial effects in adult liver recipients are controversial, but the single existing pediatric small case series shows no significant impact of prostaglandin administration after LT. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the prostaglandin dinoprostone in pediatric liver recipients. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 41 children (<16 years) who underwent LT between March 2008 and December 2013 was performed. Dinoprostone was administered at a rate from 0.1 to a maximum of 0.6 μg/kg per hour immediately after LT and for a maximum of 5 days. Effect of dinoprostone on post-LT IRI and hepatic function up to 60 postoperative days and number of hypotensive episodes were analyzed. RESULTS The median cumulative dose of dinoprostone was 28 μg/kg (interquartile range, 23.2). Dinoprostone had no significant effect on post-LT liver function tests and factor V levels at any of the administered dosages. There was no significant association between the total quantity of vasopressor given and the number of hypotensive episodes observed in 8 patients. One patient showed a short-lasting hypotension, possibly related to the administration of dinoprostone. CONCLUSIONS This study did not show, at any dosage between 0.1 and 0.6 μg/kg per hour, any differences in beneficial or harmful effects of high- or low-dose dinoprostone administered immediately after pediatric LT on markers of IRI, hepatic function, or hypotension.
Music Therapy and Procedural Support: Opportunities for Practice

The use of music therapy for procedural support is an area of increasing interest yet has little research supporting it as an evidence-based practice. Throughout this article there is an emphasis on the use of music therapy in the pediatric hospital setting, but not exclusively. Procedural support is becoming a commonplace term in music therapy yet there is little information to unify the variety of techniques and practices involved in this particular approach to treatment. This article surveys current literature regarding procedural support, including music therapy supports, child life supports, and medical supports. Definitions of terms are offered and a working definition of procedural support is proposed.
Some Large Deviation Results for Gaussian Measures

Let B denote a real separable Banach space with norm || · || and topological dual B*, and assume X is a centered B-valued Gaussian random vector with μ = L(X). If B is a Hilbert space H, then in [5] we obtained the exact asymptotics of $$P(\left \| X-ta \right \|< R(t))\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;(1.1)$$ as t → ∞, provided lim R(t)/t exists and it is strictly less than ||a||, and a is in the support of the measure μ. We also provided some upper and lower bounds for general B, which extended (slightly) the fundamental ideas in [1]. However, our most intricate results were in the Hilbert space setting, and one of their consequences is the following result when R(t) = tR (see Corollary 5 of [5]).
Common Eye Emergencies

Ocular emergencies such as retinal detachments, mechanical globe injuries, and chemical injuries can cause permanent vision loss if they are not recognized and treated promptly. Family physicians should be familiar with the signs and symptoms associated with each condition, and be able to perform a basic eye examination to assess the situation. The assessment includes measurement of visual acuity, pupillary examination, visual field testing, slit lamp or penlight examination of the anterior segment of the eye, and direct funduscopic examination. Patients with symptomatic floaters and flashing lights require a dilated fundoscopic examination and prompt referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of a retinal tear or detachment. A globe laceration or rupture should be suspected in patients with a recent history of trauma from a blunt or penetrating object. Prophylactic oral antibiotics can be administered after a globe injury to prevent endophthalmitis, and the eye should be covered with a metal shield until evaluation by an ophthalmologist. Chemical injuries require immediate irrigation of the eye to neutralize the pH of the ocular surface.
Phenomenology of Shape Memory Alloys

Abstract The strong demand for high performance structural and mechanical systems for aerospace, defense, and advanced manufacturing industries has promoted the evolution of advanced materials. Materials cannot respond to changes of the surrounding environment and are not able to operate under the service conditions for which they are not optimally designed. There is a significant need for the evolution of advanced active materials with enhanced performance whose elastodynamic response can be optimally adapted in real time under a broad range of service conditions. Unlike the common structures, shape-memory materials are stimuli-responsive materials, they have the extraordinary feature to respond to external stimuli adapting their structure to the surrounding environment and compensating for undesired effects. A shape change because of a temperature change is called thermally induced shape-memory effect.
Gradient dependent dilatancy and its implications in shear banding and liquefaction

A gradient dependent dilatancy condition is assumed in order to capture the heterogeneous character of deformation in granular soils. This assumption is incorporated into the structure of classical deformation and flow theories of plasticity and its implications in two interesting examples of patterning instability, that is shear banding and liquefaction, are examined. Shear banding is considered within a modified gradient dependent deformation theory, while liquefaction is studied within a modified gradient dependent flow theory of plasticity. In both cases a deformation induced length scale is obtained near the instability, and this is identified with the thickness of the shear band or the spacing of the liquefying strips.
Pediatric Recurrent Acute Otitis Media

A computerized Ovid search of MEDLINE 1966-Junuary 2004 was performed. The terms “otitis media” and “antibiotics” were exploded and the resulting articles were cross-referenced, yielding 1947 trials. Given the known richnes sof the otitis media literature and the authority of higher levels of evidence, these artiles were then limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs), resulting in 302 articles. These articles were then reviewed to identify those that met the following inclusion criteria: 1) patient population <18 years of age with documented recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM), 2) intervention with continuous amoxicillin or ampicillin prophylaxis versus placebo control, 3) outcome measured in terms of the number of episodes of acute otitis media (AOM). Articles in which noncontinuous antibiotic therapy was administered were excluded, as were articles that included patients on the basis of chronic middle ear effusion (MEE) alone. Also excluded were articles that were not placebo controlled, as well as those that enrolled children with nonrecurrent AOM (i.e, only one previous episode).
(Mal)Adaptation opportunism: when other interests take over stated or intended climate change adaptation objectives (and their unintended effects)

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces the terminology of (mal)adaptation opportunism – a situation in which projects undertaken in the name of climate change adaptation (CCA) are overrun by interests other than the stated or intended objectives of the CCA project. A goal of CCA projects is to reduce poverty and promote social justice. The case of the threat of displacement of the community of Kewunor by the Trasacco Estate Development Company (TEDC), after the construction of the Ada Sea Defense System (AdSDS) of Ghana as a CCA, is illustrative of this concept of (mal)adaptation opportunism. Through a narrative presentation of eight different accounts concerning this issue, I demonstrate how (mal)adaptation opportunism arises and is often motivated by economic interests. This case illustrates how economic interests can take over not only CCA projects but also their maladaptive effects.
How not to be generous to fine-tuning sceptics

The fine-tuning argument for the existence of God requires that the probability that the universe is life-permitting if God exists is not nearly as low as the probability that the universe is life-permitting if God does not exist. Recently, some proponents of the fine-tuning argument have reasoned as follows. ‘Stipulate that the probability that there exists a life-permitting universe if God exists is one in a billion. Only the most hardened sceptic would refuse odds like that, right? So one in a billion is more than just fair to those sceptical of the fine-tuning argument. It is generous. Even on that generous assumption, the fine-tuning argument is very strong.’ This article explains why the assumption is not, in fact, generous.
Assessing the diversity of Western North American Juga (Semisulcospiridae, Gastropoda).

Abstract Juga is a genus of freshwater gastropods distributed in Pacific and Interior drainages of the Pacific Northwest from central California to northern Washington. The current classification has relied heavily on features of the shell, which vary within and across drainages, and often intergrade without sharp distinctions between species. The only previous molecular analysis included limited population sampling, which did not allow robust assessment of intra- versus interspecific levels of genetic diversity, and concluded almost every sampled population to be a distinct OTU. We assembled a multilocus mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear gene (ITS1) dataset for ∼100 populations collected across the range of the genus. We generated primary species hypotheses using ABGD with best-fit model-corrected distances and further explored our data, both individual gene partitions and concatenated datasets, using a diversity of phylogenetic and species delimitation methods (Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood estimation, StarBEAST2, bGMYC, bPTP, BP&P). Our secondary species delimitation hypotheses, based primarily on the criterion of reciprocal monophyly, and informed by a combination of geography and morphology, support the interpretation that Juga comprises a mixture of geographically widespread species and narrow range endemics. As might be expected in taxa with low vagility and poor dispersal capacities, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed highly structured populations with up to 80% of the observed genetic variance explained by variation between populations. Analyses with bGMYC, bPTP, and BP&P appeared sensitive to this genetic structure and returned highly dissected species hypotheses that are likely oversplit. The species diversity of Juga is concluded to be lower than presently recognized, and the systematics to require extensive revision. Features of the teleoconch considered significant in species-level and subgeneric classification were found to be variable within some species, sometimes at a single site. Of a number of potentially new species identified in non-peer reviewed reports and field guides, only one was supported as a distinct OTU.
The Most Probable Distribution in the Continuous Limit

The cluster ensemble is inherently discrete but when the characteristic cluster size is much larger than the unit of the ensemble, the MPD may be treated as a continuous variable. We define the continuous limit by the condition
Effects of Passive Upper-Extremity Exoskeleton Use on Motor Performance in a Precision Task:

Upper-extremity exoskeletons (UEXO) are promising interventions for reducing the physical demands of work performed with arms elevated (e.g., overhead work). In this study, we investigated the effe...
Spectrum-Based Optimal Filtering for Short-Term Phasor Data Prediction

This article describes a phasor data prediction and recovery algorithm that can be used to optimally extrapolate invalid or missing phasor data measurements. The basic output of the algorithm is the prediction of the phasor data when bad data quality is detected from a phasor measurement unit (PMU) at a given sampling rate. The approach is based on optimal one-sample prediction, where the sampling time between sample predictors is tuned based on the spectral content of phasor data. Optimality of prediction using such optimal filters is addressed in this article by iterative (recursive) search of the parameters of a nonlinear discrete-time integrated filter that minimizes the norm of the prediction error. The extrapolated data are then estimated by interpolation or reconstruction of the signal from the resulting optimally spaced predictors. Finally, a Kalman-filtering-based recovery method is discussed for smoothing the data for transitioning to actual valid measurements for use in real-time control applications. The approach is illustrated on phasor data obtained from a micro-PMU system developed by the Power Standards Lab collected at 60 Hz.
Chapter 7 – THE INTEGRAL

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a second limit, namely, definite integral, which is a powerful tool for solving certain types of problems. It defines the summation, or sigma, notation, indefinite integral. It also presents the evaluation of indefinite integrals. The evaluation of ∫ f(x) dx requires the determination of a function F from the equation F'(x)= f(x), or, what is equivalent, from the equation dF(x)=f(x)dx. The chapter discusses the applications that rely on the definite integral for their solution. The relationships among variables in some problems are much more easily set up in terms of their derivatives and differentials than in terms of the variables themselves. Such relationships are called differential equations. Their solutions often hinge on indefinite integrals.
Transient elastography assessment of liver allograft fibrosis in pediatric transplant recipients

TE measures liver stiffness to assess fibrosis. Its use in post-transplant patients was reported in few small pediatric studies. We evaluated TE ability to predict liver graft fibrosis in a large cohort while comparing it to the performance of APRI and FIB-4. We also investigated the effect of graft type on LSMs. Patients at Boston Children's Hospital who underwent LT and LSM ≤ 1 year from biopsy (2007-2018) were eligible. Ninety-four patients (45%M) aged 1-21 years (89% < 18 years; 13% < 2 years) were eligible. Median time between transplant/biopsy and LSM was 5.1 years and 52 days, respectively. Thirty-nine percent received whole-liver grafts, 54% TV grafts, and 6% as part of MV. At LSM, median ALT was 25 [IQR 16-33] IU/L. Twenty-one percent had METAVIR ≥ F2. LSM was statistically higher among those with significant fibrosis (METAVIR ≥ F2) compared to those with METAVIR F0/F1 (median [IQR] 7.5 [4.6, 13.6] vs 5.1 [4.0, 6.4] kPa, respectively) (P = .005 by Wilcoxon rank-sum test). APRI and FIB-4 distributions were not different across METAVIR stages. The AUROC for LSM was 0.71 (95% CI 0.56-0.85) with an optimal cut-point of 6.5 kPa. Graft type had no influence on the AUROC for LSM. TE is useful for assessing significant graft fibrosis in children and young adult LT recipients and performs better than APRI and FIB-4. TV grafts demonstrate similar correlation with histology as whole-liver grafts.
Seeking Common Ground

A route to common ground for the resolution of existing moral dilemmas using unexplored available common ground to address agriculture’s moral dilemmas is presented. Increasing production is required but is not a justification for all aspects of agricultural technology which impose real and perceived risks to the environment and all who must eat. Failure to consider the ethical dimension of the agricultural enterprise and engage in realistic discussions about its successes and failures leads to the risk of losing public support and understanding.
Presentation and Outcomes of Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 1 and Type 2 in Children: A Single-center Study.

OBJECTIVE Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is designated as type 1 or 2 (AIH-1/2) on the basis of serum autoantibody (Ab) profiles. In children, AIH may present as acute or chronic liver failure or cirrhotic AIH (ALF/CLF/CAIH) with or without overlap sclerosing cholangitis (SC). The aim of this study was to compare demographics, presentation, and outcomes between groups in children. METHODS A retrospective electronic chart review of children with AIH who met standard diagnostic criteria with histologic confirmation at Texas Children's Hospital was performed, with de novo AIH after liver transplant (LT) excluded. Patients were identified and divided into AIH-1, AIH-2, ALF, CAIH, AIH-SC, and LT and compared using chi-square analysis, Student t-test, and Mood median test. RESULTS Among 91 children with AIH, 72 (79.1%) had AIH-1, 19 (20.9%) had AIH-2, 13 (14.3%) had ALF, 25 (27.5%) had CAIH, and 14 (15.4%) had AIH-SC. Both AIH-1/2 had female and Hispanic predominance (72.2/89.5%, 40.3/57.9%). AIH-2 presented at younger mean age in years than AIH-1 (6.8, 12.1, P < 0.05). Both AIH-1/2 had low rates of remission after 1 year of IS (25.4, 35.7%) and most recent (30.6, 54.5%) follow-up. Twenty-two (24.2) patients received LT: 16 had AIH-1 (72.7%), 6 had AIH-2 (27.3%), 9 (40.9%) had ALF, and 13 (59.1%) had CAIH. One-year patient and graft survivals were 100%. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiology and clinical presentation of AIH-1 and -2 had a few subtle differences. AIH-1 was associated with more complications after LT. More data are needed to better characterize the 2 as separate disease entities.
Chimeric Analysis of Cell Layer Interactions During Development of the Flower Pedicel Abscission Zone

The abscission zone that forms on the pedicel of tomato is composed of 5-10 tiers of unexpanded cells that traverse the pedicel at a point where a groove or indentation on the surface is visible. Cell separation occurs between adjacent cells within the abscission zone in response to ethylene (Roberts et al., 1984). The cells of the abscission zone are morphologically distinct prior to separation and are derived from three distinct cell lineages in the shoot apical meristem. In the case of foliar abscission in Impatiens suitan i, cells derived from all three lineages including the epidermal cells of the abscission zone produce their own wall degrading enzymes during the abscission process (Sexton, 1976).
M-theory curves from warped AdS6 in Type IIB

We establish a close relation between recently constructed AdS6 solutions in Type IIB supergravity, which describe the near-horizon limit of (p, q) 5-brane junctions, and the curves wrapped by M5-branes in the M-theory realization of the 5-brane junctions. This provides a geometric interpretation of various objects appearing in the construction of the Type IIB solutions and a physical interpretation of the regularity conditions. Conversely, the Type IIB solutions provide explicit solutions to the equations defining the M-theory curves associated with (p, q) 5-brane junctions.
Introduction: Mediterranean Imaginaries

The introduction to The Fishing Net and the Spider Web lays out the argument for exploring the key role played by the Mediterranean in the formation of the Italian national identity. It begins by redefining Italy as an Empire State born of a violent process of territorialization that extracted the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from its centuries-long belonging to the “Mediterranean continent” to transform it into Italy’s “South.” The ensuing and never-ending process of “making Italians,” Fogu argues, has been marked by this original erasure as testified by the cultural formation and political mobilization of Mediterranean imaginaries that the author analyzes in seven chapters, from their formation in the late nineteenth century to the present.
Decrease in Resident Arthroscopic Case Volume After 2013 Implementation of Minimum Case Requirements.

Purpose To analyze graduating U.S. orthopaedic resident case logs to determine temporal trends in knee and shoulder arthroscopic case volumes, as well as changes in the variability of caseload volumes since the implementation of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) minimum case requirements ("case minimums") in 2013. Methods We abstracted ACGME-published case log data for all U.S. orthopaedic surgery residents who graduated from 2007 to 2013 (before implementation of case minimums) and from 2014 to 2019 (after implementation). Using a case-control study design, we compared mean numbers of arthroscopic knee and shoulder cases reported per resident between the 2 time periods by using unpaired 2-tailed t tests. P values < .05 were considered significant. Results The mean number of arthroscopy knee cases reported by residents decreased from 164 before implementation of case minimums to 107 after implementation (P < .001). The mean number of shoulder cases decreased similarly from 98 to 66 (P < .001). Among residents with caseload volumes in the 90th percentile ("high-volume caseloads") the decrease was greatest, with 38% fewer knee cases and 41% fewer shoulder cases logged. The ratio of the number of cases in the 90th percentile of caseload to the number in the 10th percentile decreased significantly after implementation of case minimums (P < .001). Conclusions After implementation of ACGME case minimums in 2013, the numbers of arthroscopic knee and shoulder cases reported by graduating U.S. orthopaedic surgery residents decreased significantly. The disparity between the number of cases that constitutes a high-volume caseload and the number that constitutes a low-volume caseload narrowed, suggesting greater uniformity in resident exposure to these procedures across training programs. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Dopaminergic associations between behavioral inhibition, executive functioning, and anxiety in development

Abstract Temperamental Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a well-documented risk factor for social anxiety in development. However, not all BI children will ultimately demonstrate anxious symptomology. Levels of inhibitory control have been proposed as a possible risk or protective factor for these children, but research remains mixed on whether higher levels of inhibitory control may increase or decrease risk in development. However, the idea of elevated inhibitory control as a risk factor for maladaptation is often considered incongruent with prior conceptions of advantages conferred by proficient inhibitory control. Here, we review theories pertaining to greater inhibitory control as a risk factor for BI children. We also review how individual differences in dopaminergic activity may link BI, executive functioning, and anxiety both concurrently and longitudinally, explaining these nonlinear relations. By way of these associations, we propose a model examining how transactions between these dopamine- modulated domains over time may predict socioemotional adaptation or maladaptation, and discuss how spontaneous eye blink rate may allow for the developmentally-friendly testing of cognitive and socioemotional associations with dopaminergic activity across different forms of experimental design.
Selling Solar: The Diffusion of Renewable Energy in Emerging Markets

Prologue Part 1: Solar and Diffusion Theory 1. Solar in Emerging Markets 2. Diffusion Eheory and Entrepreneurship 3. Theory Applied to Solar Part 2: Case Studies in Entrepreneurship and Policy Formation 4. Solar Goes Commercial 5. Entrepreneurs as Agents of Change 6. The World Bank on a Learning Curve Part 3: Policy and Conclusions 7. Policy Guidance: Seeing it Like an Entrepreneur 8. Solar Tomorrow: 100 Million Solar Homes 9. Accelerating a Renewable Energy Future. Index
Habitability of the Elderly in Public Housing

Using critical incident and activity analysis techniques, residents of a federally-financed public housing facility for the elderly were interviewed on all aspects of their living and living environment. Of the 49 items covered, the most critical in terms of habitability included the following: difficulty reaching top shelves, certain doors were too heavy to operate, lack of carpeting resulted in cold floors, windows were too high to see out of without standing, bathroom and showers were difficult to use, recreation centered around sing-a-longs, pot-luck dinners, and hobbies included sewing, knitting and crocheting. These and other factors that both enhance and deter the overall habitability of the living complex are discussed and their human factors implications are outlined in terms of four criteria: Performance, Independence, Affectivity, and Preference.
2-D Cellular Automata and Short Range Molecular Dynamics Programs for Simulations on Networked Workstations and Parallel Computers

In the paper parallel algorithms for two popular simulation methods: cellular automata and short range molecular dynamics are presented and their implementation on networked workstations and CONVEX Exemplar SPP1000/XA is reported. Programs are equipped with load balancing procedures based on local self-timings and they are useful for simulation of large systems wit 107+lattice sites and 105+ particles.
Shaping light beams in the nanometer scale: A Yagi-Uda nanoantenna in the optical domain

A Yagi-Uda-like optical nanoantenna concept using resonant core-shell plasmonic particles as its ``reflectors'' and ``directors'' is studied numerically. Such particles when placed near an optical dipole source in a certain arrangement may exhibit large induced dipole moments, resulting in shaping the far-field radiation pattern, analogous to the far field of classical Yagi-Uda antennas in the microwave regime. The variation of the ratio of radii in concentric core-shell nanostructure is used to tailor the phase of the polarizabilities of the particles and, consequently, the antenna's far-field pattern. The idea of a nanospectrum analyzer is also briefly proposed for molecular spectroscopy.
Location of seven post-translational modifications in rabbit elongation factor 1α including dimethyllysine, trimethyllysine, and glycerylphosphorylethanolamine

Amino acid sequencing of a large number of chemical and enzymatic cleavage products of elongation factor 1 alpha purified from rabbit reticulocyte has identified seven post-translationally modified residues. Five of the modifications are methylations of lysine residues yielding dimethyllysine at residues 55 and 165 and trimethyllysine at residues 36, 79, and 318. The two remaining post-translational modifications involve the addition of ethanolamine to glutamic acid residues 301 and 374, as reported previously (Rosenberry, T. L., Krall, J. A., Dever, T. E., Haas, R., Louvard, D., and Merrick, W. C. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7096-7099). Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry have been used to analyze peptides containing these modified residues. The analyses have determined that glycerylphosphorylethanolamine has been attached to the glutamic acid residues. An analysis of the amino acid sequence surrounding each of the three types of modification has indicated no similarities. Therefore, it seems likely that the modifying enzymes do not recognize a specific amino acid sequence but rather the three-dimensional presentation of either amino or carboxyl residues in the elongation factor 1 alpha structure.
Evaluation of pulse features for oscillometry

Blood pressure measurement using oscillometry depends solely on the pressure data. In our work, we evaluate features, which are extracted from the oscillometry waveforms. Feature strength and behavior is evaluated by computing standard deviation of errors. Blood pressure is estimated using maximum amplitude pressure algorithm. A large non-invasively collected database is used for this purpose.
Differential Patterns of Amygdala and Ventral Striatum Activation Predict Gender-Specific Changes in Sexual Risk Behavior

Although the initiation of sexual behavior is common among adolescents and young adults, some individuals express this behavior in a manner that significantly increases their risk for negative outcomes including sexually transmitted infections. Based on accumulating evidence, we have hypothesized that increased sexual risk behavior reflects, in part, an imbalance between neural circuits mediating approach and avoidance in particular as manifest by relatively increased ventral striatum (VS) activity and relatively decreased amygdala activity. Here, we test our hypothesis using data from seventy 18- to 22-year-old university students participating in the Duke Neurogenetics Study. We found a significant three-way interaction between amygdala activation, VS activation, and gender predicting changes in the number of sexual partners over time. Although relatively increased VS activation predicted greater increases in sexual partners for both men and women, the effect in men was contingent on the presence of relatively decreased amygdala activation and the effect in women was contingent on the presence of relatively increased amygdala activation. These findings suggest unique gender differences in how complex interactions between neural circuit function contributing to approach and avoidance may be expressed as sexual risk behavior in young adults. As such, our findings have the potential to inform the development of novel, gender-specific strategies that may be more effective at curtailing sexual risk behavior.