cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Field Learning Activities and Their Relation to Learning Outcome

Field practicum is an active learning process. This study explores the different learning stages or processes students experience during their field practicum. First-year master's of social work students in field practica were asked how much they had engaged in educational learning activities such as observation, working independently, process recordings, and conceptual linkage activities for their practice. Forty-eight students completed a questionnaire three times over the first-year field practicum. The results showed that observation and process recording decreased over the time points. However, most of the participatory activities and conceptual linkage activities increased. Conceptual linkage activities were more strongly related to learning outcomes than observational or participatory activities. The discussion includes suggestions for enhancing student learning over the course of the field practicum.
Time triggered protocol-fault tolerant serial communications for real-time embedded systems

This article discusses an advanced serial communications protocol which has been developed for applications which require highly dependable, or fault-tolerant operation. A typical such application would be automotive brake-by-wire or steer-by-wire systems where the system must be 'fail-operational' as it is safety critical. 'By-wire' systems transfer electrical signals down a wire instead of using a medium such as hydraulic fluid to transfer muscular energy. A conventional Antilock Braking System (ABS) is considered 'fail-silent'; if a fault in the electronic control system is detected, the control system is switched off, leaving the manual hydraulic back-up still operational. If no such hydraulic back-up is available (as in the case of a 'by-wire' system), the system must continue to function in the event of a fault occurring. The automotive industry has identified many good reasons to develop 'by-wire' systems; reduction in parts count, removal of hydraulic system, improved maintenance, increased performance and functionality, increased passive safety by removal of mechanical linkages to passenger compartment, fuel economy, etc. Although there are several non-trivial challenges which must be overcome before 'by-wire' systems become the mainstream, there are many compelling reasons for the technology to be introduced and so it is expected that they'll be overcome relatively quickly. The Time Triggered Protocol (TTP) overcomes the challenge of fault-tolerant distributed embedded processing.
Scaling the management values divide

Expanding the social-ecological science of resource management requires resolving some fundamental issues around the scale of management costs and benefits and the associated values and desires of managers and resource users. Interdisciplinary research and its application alone will not solve this problem, as there are more fundamental problems than inclusiveness and cooperation among academic disciplines. Rather, there is a need for a more explicit evaluation and implementation of stakeholder preferences, those most involved in decisions and those most involved in accessing resources (McClanahan, 2011). I believe that the resolution lies more in the political process of identifying these preferences, developing mutual respect, and co-mingling conceptual narratives and associated management actions rather than deconstructing, reinforcing, and polarizing ideological values and world views (Verweij et al., 2006). Institutional and governance design principles are likely to play key roles in increasing the chances of resolving these problems (Ostrom, 1990). Nevertheless, the elements of successful social institutional design may largely reflect the ability of people to effectively communicate, trust one another, and find and implement shared values. I suspect from experience that when dialogues are focused more specifically on preferences and the political process of compromise, then the resolution of management conflicts is likely to be accelerated (McClanahan, 2007, 2010). Many people using common-pool aquatic resources, particularly in poor or developing countries, lean towards cultural tradition and metaphysical or environmentally indeterminate views of causation while more formally educated managers and donors frequently embrace deterministic biophysical views and associated value systems (Schultz, 2000). This is not a simple north–south cultural divide but more likely to be associated with the time spent in formal education systems – seen even among some of the poorest countries, such as those in south-eastern Africa (Figure 1). Consequently, when these two groups are evaluating cause and effect relationships there is frequently a gap in the culture and education that is not easily scaled and results in conflicting interpretations of causation and consequent plans of action. Additionally, the scale question of who benefits from the change and the perceived disparities is often a key problem – as costs and benefits are not shared equally and net benefits accrue at different scales of time and space and individuals associated with those scales (Bene et al., 2009; Cinner et al., 2012). These differences are easily exemplified by the difference between professions associated with managing and using the aquatic environment (Salomon et al., 2011). Fisheries managers will be more focused on annual yields, accepting of longer-term risks, and aim to reduce resources to target reference points where yields are maximized and cost-benefits optimized (Hilborn, 2007). Conservation professionals, on the other hand, are less willing to exceed points where long-term use could create risks that could
Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Wild horse populations in the American West have been heavily managed to regulate horse numbers since the inception of the Free-Roaming Wild Horse and Burro Act of 1971. The Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory (MPWHT) on the California/Nevada border is unique in the absence of human intervention there across the past 30 years. This has provided the opportunity to observe long-term patterns in the natural relationship between wild horses and their environment and to examine environmental impacts on the horse population and its activities, movements and distribution on the range. In this study multiple variables in the physical environment and in horse behaviour were monitored seasonally across 25 years beginning in 1987. Distinct summer (higher elevations) and winter (lower elevations) range use was characteristic for more than 60% of the population during the first 7 study years, with subsequent gradual but marked reduction in use of summer range. While approximately 20% of the population continued to an...
Hopkins' the Caged Skylark and Shelley's to a Skylark

(1988). Hopkins' the Caged Skylark and Shelley's to a Skylark. The Explicator: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 16-20.
Dynamics of liposomes constructed from phytanyl lipids

Abstract Liposomes constructed from phytanyl lipids3-F/3-NF exhibit very facile transbilayer (“flip-flop”) lipid migration.
Extrapolation of Elastic Differential π p Cross Section to Very High Energies and the Pion Form Factor

A least-squares fit is made of elastic $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ differential cross sections and then extrapolated to infinite energies. The result is used, in the droplet model, to evaluate the pion form factor. The pion root-mean-square radius is found to be (0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm, which is slightly smaller than that of the proton.
Electronic detection of selective proteins using non antibody-based CMOS chip

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has enabled fabrication at nanoscale. We have fabricated 500 nm spaced metal electrodes on silicon chips to selectively capture and detect R2Bm protein molecules. The protein is captured using a dsDNA chemically attached on the SiO2 surface between the electrodes. Surface functionalization and protein-DNA interaction is characterized for specific binding and direct current (DC) measurements are performed as proof of principle of the new modality. Electronic recognition of proteins using nucleic acids can enable more robust detection of a number of important biomarkers. We term such electronics platform for specific protein detection with non-antibody means as proteonic biochip. Current-voltage measurements show more than two order decrease of resistance between electrodes due to the capture of the protein.
Effects of spontaneous ventilation on the circulation

Spontaneous inspiration causes an increase in right ventricular stroke volume due to a transient increase in venous return. In contrast, spontaneous inspiration causes a fall in left ventricular stroke volume which is exaggerated in conditions of accentuated pleural pressure swings and pericardial disease. This is manifested by the clinical sign ofpulsus paradoxus. Recent evidence supports the idea thatpulsus paradoxus is the result of two mechanisms. First, negative pleural pressure surrounding the left ventricle is equivalent to an increase in aortic pressure and impedes emptying of the left ventricle much like an increase in afterload. Second, distention of the right ventricle due to the transient increase in venous return causes an elevation of left ventricular diastolic pressure due to ventricular interdependence and therefore impedes left ventricular filling. The mechanism of negative pleural pressure “afterload” is thought to be the major cause of pulsus paradoxus when pleural pressure swings are accentuated. Ventricular interdependence is thought to predominate when pericardial disease is present.
Computational studies in terminology

Terminology, as a field of applied linguistics, is gaining increasing importance, since in recent years striking new developments of technology and the sciences have taken place. Terminologists have their own international congresses; linguists and standard associations try to build up and control the specific vocabularies of all different fields, in order to have them compiled and printed in up-to-date dictionaries. Industry also shows remarkable interest in this work, because those great international companies heavily depend on the means of a fixed and standardized vocabulary in order to achieve the necessary communication (to go along with its products), either by publication or by translation.For various reasons, the task of documenting and controlling the growth and structure of terminological vocabularies cannot satisfactorily be accomplished without the application of computers. Insight into the structure of terminologies has been gained by functional, computer prepared statistics of vocabularies and validations of texts. Linguists, for their part, have programmed computers in order to isolate relevant lexical items from terminological texts, as well as to determine the various meanings and shades of meaning of specific terms, by means of special procedures.Several linguistic methods and procedures, as originally developed for automatic sentence analysis and mechanical translation, can successfully be employed in the field of computer assisted research and control of terminologies This holds especially true with regard to automated compilation procedures, as to be used within the process of preparing bilingual and multilingual technical dictionaries.
LINCing lamin B2 to neuronal migration: growing evidence for cell-specific roles of B-type lamins.

Nuclear lamins are major components of the nuclear lamina, and play essential roles in supporting the nucleus and organizing nuclear structures. While a large number of clinically important mutations have been mapped to the LMNA gene in humans, very few mutations have been associated with the B-type lamins. We have shown that lamin B2-deficiency in mice results in severe brain abnormalities. While the early stages of forebrain development in lamin B2-deficient mice appear to be normal, cortical neurons fail to migrate and organize into proper layers within the cerebral cortex. The morphogenesis of the hippocampus and cerebellum is also severely impaired. These phenotypes are reminiscent of lissencephaly, a human brain developmental disorder characterized by an abnormal neuronal migration. Most mutations in lissencephaly patients affect cytoplasmic regulators of nuclear translocation, which is a crucial step in neuronal migration. The phenotypes of lamin B2-deficient mice suggest that lamin B2 may also pla...
Effect of sinoaortic denervation on arterial pressure changes evoked by bed nucleus stimulation

To assess whether evoked changes in arterial pressure after stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) are opposed by baroreceptor input to the central nervous system, the rostral BST of sinoaortic-denervated (SAD), urethane- (1.3 g/kg) anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats was probed for cardiovascular reactive sites. Electrical stimuli (50 microA, 50 Hz), delivered through stereotaxically placed glass semimicroelectrodes, were directed to the rostral medial BST. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Stimulation sites were correlated with cytoarchitecturally distinct areas within the rostral BST, and changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were subjected to statistical analysis. Consistent with our previous observations, stimulation of the rostral BST produced changes (p < 0.05) in MAP in both sham-operated and SAD rats. Medial stimulation produced pressor responses; lateral stimulation produced depressor responses. In contrast, neither the magnitude nor the duration of the stimulation-evoked changes in MAP were affected by SAD. Thus, in the urethane-anesthetized rat, the rostral medial BST influence on cardiovascular function is not affected by changes in baroreceptor activity.
Dose—Response Studies of Lormetazepam: Efficacy, Side Effects, and Rebound Insomnia

: Lormetazepam, an investigational hypnotic, was evaluated for efficacy and withdrawal phenomena in doses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg in four separate sleep laboratory protocols, each including four placebo baseline nights, seven drug nights, and three placebo withdrawal nights. A moderate degree of efficacy was shown across the four doses, but this was quite variable. There was no dose—response effect for efficacy for either the first three or last three nights of this short-term administration period. In general, there was less efficacy on the later drug nights, indicating a potential for the development of tolerance over a relatively short period of time. Following drug withdrawal, there was a dose-related worsening of sleep above baseline levels (rebound insomnia). The peak degree of worsening of sleep following drug withdrawal was more than two times greater than the peak degree of improvement of sleep with drug administration.
Improved design of stable and fast-folding model proteins

Backgound: A number of approaches to design stable and fast-folding sequences for model polypeptide chains have been based on the premise that optimization of the relative energy of the native conformation (or Z -score) is sufficient to yield stable and fast-folding sequences. Although this approach has been successful, for longer chains it often yielded sequences that failed to fold cooperatively, instead having multidomain folding behavior. Results: We show that one of the factors determining single-domain or multidomain folding behavior is the dispersion of energies of native contacts. So, we study folding of sequences optimized to have the same native conformation as a global energy minimum but having different dispersion of native contact energies. Our results suggest that under conditions at which native conformation is stable, the best-folding proteins are those that have smaller heterogeneity of native contact energies. For them, the folding transition is all-or-none. On the other hand, proteins with greater heterogeneity of native contact energies have more gradual multidomain folding transition and fold into stable native conformation much slower than those proteins with small dispersion of native contact energies. Conclusion: These results give further guidance for the design of stable, fast-folding and cooperatively folding sequences.
Effects of US reinstatement on the potential of an extinguished CS to attenuate manifest learning about another CS

Abstract Three experiments are reported in which rats were used in a conditioned taste aversion procedure to examine the extent to which a US reinstatement treatment alters the ability of an extinguished CS to limit manifest learning about another association. Rats were initially given a pairing of a vinegar flavor with LiCl followed by three vinegar extinction trials. Subjects were then given compound stimulus conditioning in which a novel sucrose flavor, the target stimulus, was followed by vinegar and then a LiCl injection. Prior to compound conditioning, some animals received a presentation of LiCl in the absence of any flavor, that is, US reinstatement. It was found that reinstatement enhanced the potential of the extinguished CS to limit learning about the added stimulus. The results revealed that reinstatement can alter the influence of a CS on manifest acquisition of another association.
Long-term effects of calcium carrageenan in rats—I. Effects on reproduction

Abstract Long-term multigeneration effects of the dietary intake of calcium carrageenan were measured in a three-generation reproduction and teratology study in Osborne-Mendel rats. Dietary levels of 0·5, 1·0, 2·5 or 5·0% were ingested throughout the study. Carrageenan ingestion caused dose-related and significant decreases in the weights of offspring at weaning, but no effects were detected in respect of fertility, average litter size, average number of liveborn animals, viability or survival of offspring.
Kīlauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i

The tube-fed pāhoehoe lava flows covering much of the northeast flank of Kīlauea Volcano are named the 'Ailā'au flows. Their eruption age, based on published and six new radiocarbon dates, is approximately AD 1445. The flows have distinctive paleomagnetic directions with steep inclinations (40°–50°) and easterly declinations (0°–10°E). The lava was transported ∼40 km from the vent to the coast in long, large-diameter lava tubes; the longest tube (Kazumura Cave) reaches from near the summit to within several kilometers of the coast near Kaloli Point. The estimated volume of the 'Ailā'au flow field is 5.2±0.8 km3, and the eruption that formed it probably lasted for approximately 50 years. Summit overflows from Kīlauea may have been nearly continuous between approximately AD 1290 and 1470, during which time a series of shields formed at and around the summit. The 'Ailā'au shield was either the youngest or the next to youngest in this series of shields. Site-mean paleomagnetic directions for lava flows underlying the 'Ailā'au flows form only six groups. These older pāhoehoe flows range in age from 2750 to 2200 years. Lava flows from most of these summit eruptions also reached the coast, but none appears as extensive as the 'Ailā'au flow field. The chemistry of the melts erupted during each of these summit overflow events is remarkably similar, averaging approximately 6.3 wt.% MgO near the coast and 6.8 wt.% MgO near the summit. The present-day caldera probably formed more recently than the eruption that formed the 'Ailā'au flows (estimated termination ca. AD 1470). The earliest explosive eruptions that formed the Keanakāko'i Ash, which is stratigraphically above the 'Ailā'au flows, cannot be older than this age.
Abstract B39: IGF-IR regulation of osteoclastogenesis in neuroblastoma bone metastasis

Neuroblastoma is a tumor that is responsible for 15% of cancer deaths in children and has a mortality rate greater than 90% percent upon metastasis to bone. Due to the high mortality rate and lack of effective treatment options, our laboratory is investigating potential new therapeutic targets in neuroblastoma bone metastases. Since, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production in the bone promotes neuroblastoma growth and survival, our hypothesis is that inhibiting IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) will prevent metastasis of this tumor to bone. Furthermore, neuroblastoma with increased IGF-IR expression induces osteoclasts to differentiate, with the percentage of differentiated osteoclasts in vitro increasing to 30% in the presence of conditioned medium from high IGF-IR expressing cells. The addition of a monoclonal, neutralizing antibody to the IGF-IR decreases the percentage of mature osteoclasts formed by over 50%. We are testing the hypothesis that IGF-IR activation in neuroblastoma alters the levels of RANK, RANKL and OPG, proteins involved in osteoclast differentiation. This alteration in RANK, RANKL, and OPG may cause osteoclast differentiation and osteolysis. Neuroblastoma cells with high IGF-IR protein levels express low levels of the decoy receptor OPG, while some lines also express high levels of RANKL. Therefore, we are currently testing the effect of IGF-IR inhibition on RANKL and OPG levels and subsequent effect on osteolysis. Citation Format: Chris A. Rivera-Pintado, Yufei Shan, Cynthia M. van Golen. IGF-IR regulation of osteoclastogenesis in neuroblastoma bone metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr B39.
Sensitivity to self-administered cocaine within the lateral preoptic–rostral lateral hypothalamic continuum

The lateral preoptic-rostral lateral hypothalamic continuum (LPH) receives projections from the nucleus accumbens and is believed to be one route by which nucleus accumbens signaling affects motivated behaviors. While accumbens firing patterns are known to be modulated by fluctuating levels of cocaine, studies of the LPH's drug-related firing are absent from the literature. The present study sought to electrophysiologically test whether drug-related tonic and slow-phasic patterns exist in the firing of LPH neurons during a free-access cocaine self-administration task. Results demonstrated that a majority of neurons in the LPH exhibited changes in both tonic and slow-phasic firing rates during fluctuating drug levels. During the maintenance phase of self-administration, 69.6% of neurons exhibited at least a twofold change in tonic firing rate when compared to their pre-drug firing rates. Moreover, 54.4% of LPH neurons demonstrated slow-phasic patterns, specifically "progressive reversal" patterns, which have been shown to be related to pharmacological changes across the inter-infusion interval. Firing rate was correlated with calculated drug level in 58.7% of recorded cells. Typically, a negative correlation between drug level and firing rate was observed, with a majority of neurons showing decreases in firing during cocaine self-administration. A small percentage of LPH neurons also exhibited correlations between locomotor behavior and firing rate; however, correlations with drug level in these same neurons were always stronger. Thus, the weak relationships between LPH firing and locomotor behaviors during cocaine self-administration do not account for the observed changes in firing. Overall, these findings suggest that a proportion of LPH neurons are sensitive to fluctuations in cocaine concentration and may contribute to neural activity that controls drug taking.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 5-halo-2-Pyrimidinone 3′-Azido-2′,3′-Dideoxyribosides

Abstract The synthesis of two nucleosides, 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-iodo- and -5-bromo-2(1H)-pyrimidinone, 1a and 1b, is described. Neither 1a nor 1b exhibited significant inhibition of T, lymphocyte growth. However, both compounds were unable to protect T, lymphocytes from the cytopathic effects of HIV.
Common and Distinct Genomic Events in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer and Diverse Cancer Types

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and elucidation of its underlying genetics has advanced diagnostic screening, early detection, and treatment. Because CRC genomes are characterized by numerous non-random chromosomal structural alterations, we sought to delimit regions of recurrent amplifications and deletions in a collection of 42 primary specimens and 37 tumor cell lines derived from chromosomal instability neoplasia and microsatellite instability neoplasia CRC subtypes and to compare the pattern of genomic aberrations in CRC with those in other cancers. Application of oligomer-based array-comparative genome hybridization and custom analytic tools identified 50 minimal common regions (MCRs) of copy number alterations, 28 amplifications, and 22 deletions. Fifteen were highly recurrent and focal (<12 genes) MCRs, five of them harboring known CRC genes including EGFR and MYC with the remaining 10 containing a total of 65 resident genes with established links to cancer. Furthermore, comparisons of these delimited genomic profiles revealed that 22 of the 50 CRC MCRs are also present in lung cancer, glioblastoma, and/or multiple myeloma. Among 22 shared MCRs, nine do not contain genes previously shown genetically altered in cancer, whereas the remaining 13 harbor 35 known cancer genes, of which only 14 have been linked to CRC pathogenesis. Together, these observations point to the existence of many yet-to-be discovered cancer genes driving CRC development, as well as other human cancers, and show the utility of high-resolution copy number analysis in the identification of genetic events common and specific to the development of various tumor types.
A wheat group 1 Lea intron enhances β-glucuronidase gene expression in cereal cells.

Summary The Group 1 late embryogenesis abundant ( Lea ) genes, typified by the wheat Em gene, are expressed to very high levels during the final third of embryo maturation. The structure of Group 1 Lea genes is highly homologous and all contain one small intron at a conserved location in the coding region. Due to the general correlation between the presence of an intron and enhanced expression, it was of interest to determine if the wheat Em intron contributes to high level expression. The intron from the wheat Em gene was embedded in the NH 2 -terminal region of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene coding region such that enzyme activity is dependent on splicing and expression was analyzed in both in vivo and in vitro expression systems. The results show that the Em intron is efficiently spliced (>80%) in transfected rice protoplasts using the normal wheat donor and acceptor sites. However, normalized enzyme activity directed by the intron-containing plasmid is only slightly higher than from an analogous non-intron-containing plasmid. It is further demonstrated that intron-associated enhancement of enzyme activity can be accounted for by differences in spliced GUS mRNA levels and that three novel amino acid codons inserted into the GUS messenger RNA (mRNA) as a result of splicing do not contribute to enhanced expression. We conclude that although this Group 1 Lea intron is able to enhance expression, it does not contribute significantly to high level expression during embryo maturation.
A formula for the non-integer powers of the laplacian

We provide an elementary formula for the non-integer powers of the Laplace operator in the Euclidean spaces. Such formulas are helpful in establishing the elliptic nature of some pseudo-differential operators arising from the study of energies of knotted loops in space, and possibly of embedded submanifolds in a Riemannian manifold.
Filtered Kriging for Spatial Data with Heterogeneous Measurement Error Variances

When predicting values for the measurement-error-free component of an observed spatial process, it is generally assumed that the process has a common measurement error variance. However, it is often the case that each measurement in a spatial data set has a known, site-specific measurement error variance, rendering the observed process nonstationary. We present a simple approach for estimating the semivariogram of the unobservable measurement-error-free process using a bias adjustment of the classical semivariogram formula. We then develop a new kriging predictor that filters the measurement errors. For scenarios where each site's measurement error variance is a function of the process of interest, we recommend an approach that also uses a variance-stabilizing transformation. The properties of the heterogeneous variance measurement-error-filtered kriging (HFK) predictor and variance-stabilized HFK predictor, and the improvement of these approaches over standard measurement-error-filtered kriging are demonstrated using simulation. The approach is illustrated with climate model output from the Hudson Strait area in northern Canada. In the illustration, locations with high or low measurement error variances are appropriately down- or upweighted in the prediction of the underlying process, yielding a realistically smooth picture of the phenomenon of interest.
SCF-Mediated Cdh1 Degradation Defines a Negative Feedback System that Coordinates Cell-Cycle Progression

Proper cell-cycle transitions are driven by waves of ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key regulators by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. But precisely how APC and SCF activities are coordinated to regulate cell-cycle progression remains largely unclear. We previously showed that APC/Cdh1 earmarks the SCF component Skp2 for degradation. Here, we continue to report that SCFβ-TRCP reciprocally controls APC/Cdh1 activity by governing Cdh1 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Furthermore, we define both cyclin A and Plk1, two well-known Cdh1 substrates, as upstream modifying enzymes that promote Cdh1 phosphorylation to trigger Cdh1 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by SCFβ-TRCP. Thus, our work reveals a negative repression mechanism for SCF to control APC, thereby illustrating an elegant dual repression system between these two E3 ligase complexes to create the ordered cascade of APC and SCF activities governing timely cell-cycle transitions.
Eye and tentacle abnormalities in embryos of the atlantic oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea

Multiple development of eyes and cephalic tentacles was observed in developing embryos of the Atlantic oyster drill,Urosalpinx cinerea (Say). These abnormalities were found in 2.7% of embryos previously exposed to 0.01 ppm mercuric chloride and in 0.4% of control animals. Animals were noted with one to three tentacles and one to six eyes. The most prevalent combination of abnormalities observed was three eyes and two tentacles per animal.
High temperature vaporization and thermodynamic study of the NdS system

Abstract The high temperature vaporization of Nd3−xS4(s) was investigated by the mass loss Knudsen effusion method over the temperature range 1952–2229 K. NdS1.38 vaporizes congruently according to 1. (I) NdS1.38(s) = NdS(g) + 0.38S(g) and 2. (II) NdS1.38(s) = Nd(g) + 1.38S(g). The equilibrium partial pressures are as follows: LnP s (atm) = −63 373(±439) T + 15.67(±0.21) ; LnPNd(atm) = − 62 802 (± 368) + 15.64(± 0.18); LnP NdS (atm) = − 66285(± 807) T + 17.09 (±0.39) . The second-law thermodynamic values are as follows: ΔH298o = 191.6 (±4) cal mol−1, ΔS298o = 58.8(±2) cal mol−1 K−1 for reaction (I); ΔH298o = 304.5(±4) kcal mol−1, ΔSo298 = 81.8(±2) cal mol−1 K−1 for reaction (II). The third-law values are as follows: ΔH298o = 189.4(±2) kcal mol−1 for reaction (I), ΔH298o = 302.3(±2) kcal mol−1 for reaction (II).
Impact of Universal Bilirubin Screening on Severe Hyperbilirubinemia and Phototherapy Use

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess the impact of universal bilirubin screening on severe hyperbilirubinemia and phototherapy use. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of 358086 infants of ≥35 weeks and ≥2000 g born between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 2007, we obtained demographic data, bilirubin levels, and codes for inpatient phototherapy from existing databases. We compared the incidence of high total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels and phototherapy before and after implementation of universal screening and examined risk factors for high TSB levels. RESULTS: A total of 38182 infants (10.6%) were born at facilities that had implemented universal bilirubin screening. Compared with infants born at facilities that were not screening, these infants had a 62% lower incidence of TSB levels exceeding the American Academy of Pediatrics exchange guideline (0.17% vs 0.45%; P CONCLUSIONS: Universal bilirubin screening was associated with a significantly lower incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia but also with increased phototherapy use.
Optimization of sensor resolution for standoff chemical detection

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a standard technique for remote detection of gaseous vapors. However, as algorithms mature and hyperspectral imaging in the longwave infrared becomes more prominent in ground based applications it is important to determine optimum parameters for detection due to potentially high data rates. One parameter, spectral resolution, is of particular interest because 1) it can be easily changed and 2) it has significant effect on the data rate. The following presents a mathematical foundation for determining the spectral resolution for vapor detection in the presence of atmospheric interferants such as water vapor and ozone. Results are validated using real-world long wave infrared hyperspectral data of several open air chemical simulant releases.
Inactivation of Salmonella enterica on tomato stem scars by antimicrobial solutions and vacuum perfusion.

Abstract A study was conducted to identify sanitizing solutions effective at inactivating ca. 5 log CFU of Salmonella enterica inoculated onto the stem scar of red round tomatoes during two-minute immersion treatments. Sixty-three antimicrobial combinations were tested. Vacuum perfusion was applied to tomatoes during selected treatments to promote infiltration of sanitizer into porous tomato stem scar tissue. Red round tomatoes were inoculated to ca. 6.9 log CFU/stem scar with a four-serovar composite of Salmonella enterica , air dried, and tomatoes were immersed in circulating sanitizing solutions for 120 s at ca. 22 °C. Stem scars were aseptically excised, macerated in DE neutralizing broth, and the homogenate was spiral plated. Twenty-four washes inactivated ≥ 3.0 log CFU/stem scar. Seven treatments reduced ≥ 4.8 log (viz., 40% EtOH, sulfuric acid, and organic acid combinations). Log CFU/stem scar reductions for various sanitizers are listed in parenthesis, as follows: 90 ppm peroxyacetic acid (1.31), 200 ppm chlorine (1.53), 190 ppm chlorine + 15″ Hg vacuum perfusion (2.23), 0.2 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (3.78), 2% total of lactic + acetic acid (4.35), 3% total of phosphoric + lactic acids (4.51), and 40% ethanol (4.81). Solutions that achieved ≥ 4.95 log reductions were 5.1% total of lactic + acetic + levulinic acids, 49% ethanol, 6% total of lactic + acetic acids, and a 0.2 M H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) solution. The use of vacuum perfusion with 200 ppm chlorine increased inactivation by 0.7 log CFU over chlorine alone, however, P > 0.05. Results from this study provide tomato processers with some sanitization options effective at inactivating Salmonella from the stem scars of tomatoes. These results may also help processors and scientists design future decontamination studies by incorporating combinations of these chemical treatments.
A Systematic Review on Cost Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Interventions in the United States

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) focus on funding HIV prevention interventions likely to have high impact on the HIV epidemic. In its most recent funding announcement to state and local health department grantees, CDC required that health departments allocate the majority of funds to four HIV prevention interventions: HIV testing, prevention with HIV-positives and their partners, condom distribution and policy initiatives. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature to determine the extent of the cost-effectiveness evidence for each of those interventions. We searched for US-based studies published through October 2012. The studies that qualified for inclusion contained original analyses that reported costs per quality-adjusted life-year saved, life-year saved, HIV infection averted, or new HIV diagnosis. For each study, paired reviewers performed a detailed review and data extraction. We reported the number of studies related to each intervention and summarized key cost-effectiveness findings according to intervention type. Costs were converted to 2011 US dollars. Of the 50 articles that met the inclusion criteria, 33 related to HIV testing, 15 assessed prevention with HIV-positives and partners, three reported on condom distribution, and one reported on policy initiatives. Methodologies and cost-effectiveness metrics varied across studies and interventions, making them difficult to compare. Our review provides an updated summary of the published evidence of cost effectiveness of four key HIV prevention interventions recommended by CDC. With the exception of testing-related interventions, including partner services, where economic evaluations suggest that testing often can be cost effective, more cost-effectiveness research is needed to help guide the most efficient use of HIV prevention funds.
URINARY PRODUCTS FROM QUERCETIN IN NEOMYCIN-TREATED RATS.

Abstract In order to learn whether urinary m -hydroxyphenyl acids are mainly microbial in orgin, following the oral administration of quercetin the phenolic acid content of urine from neomycin-treated rats has been compared with that of urine from rats not treated with neomycin. The three acids, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, homovanillic, and m -hydroxyphenylacetic, occurring characteristically in the urine from untreated rats following quercetin feeding, were not found in urine from neomycin-treated rats fed quercetin. However, dihydroferulic, p -hydroxyphenylpropionic, and p -hydroxybenzoic acids, and tentatively, isovanillic acid, were identified in the urine of the treated rats. None of these compounds was found in urine from neomycin-treated rats which were not fed queercetin. Several compounds whose identification has not been achieved have also been found, but no m -hydroxyphenyl acid have been identified thus far. These results strengthen the evidence for previous suggestions by others that urinary m -hydroxyphenyl acids appear to be primarily bacterial metabolites of certain dietary precursors, including flavonoid compounds.
T-order statistics and secure adaptive steganography

Adaptive steganography is a statistical approach for hiding the digital information into another form of digital media. The goal is to ensure the changes introduced into the cover image remain consistent with the natural noise model associated with digital images. There are generally two classes of steganography − global and local. The global class encompasses all non-adaptive techniques and is the simplest to apply and easiest to detect. The second classification is the local class, which defines most of the present adaptive techniques. We propose a new adaptive technique that is able to overcome embedding capacity limitations and reduce the revealing artifacts that are customarily introduced when applying other embedding methods. To obtain the objectives, we introduce a third faction which is the pixel focused class of steganography. Applying a new adaptive T-order statistical local characterization, the proposed algorithm is able to adaptively select the number of bits to embed per pixel. Additionally, a histogram retention process, an evaluation measure based on the cover image and statistical analysis allow for the embedding of information in a manner which ensures soundness from multiple statistical aspects. Based on the results of simulated experiments, our method is shown to securely allow an increased amount of embedding capacity, simultaneously avoiding detection by varying steganalysis techniques.
Glycoenzymes: A note on the role for the carbohydrate moieties

Abstract The carbohydrate moieties of the glycoenzyme, glucoamylase I from Aspergillus niger are linked by O -glycosidic bonds to approximately 45 serine and threonine residues, presumably on the surface of the enzyme molecule. The glucoamylase is remarkably stable on storage at low temperatures. Extensive oxidation of the carbohydrate residues in the enzyme by periodate markedly affects the stability of the enzyme. It is suggested that the carbohydrate moieties function as stabilizers of the tridimensional structure of the glycoenzyme, and, in turn, of the catalytic property of the molecule.
Factors in Reader Responses to Negative Letters: Experimental Evidence for Changing What We Teach

This article summarizes the scholarly discussion about negative messages and reports the results of two pretests and two experiments using negative letters. The results show that buffers did not significantly affect college students' responses to simulated letters refusing credit and denying admission to graduate school and that strong resale was counterproductive. Students responded least favorably to rejection when they were surprised by it and when their other options were limited. On the basis of these experiments and the published literature, the author recommends that negative letters normally begin with the reason for the refusal. If the reason makes the company look good, then it should be spelled out in as much detail as possible. If an alternative or a compromise exists, then the writer should suggest it. Although a positive ending is not necessary, if one is used, then a bland positive is better than a strong one, especially in letters to clients or customers.
An Engineer’s View on the Implementation and Testing of Seeding Concepts

Comments are made on opportunity recognition, treatment, and evaluation aspects of the implementation and testing of seeding concepts. The main topics include experimental design, experimental units, delivery and dispersion of seeding agents, and statistical evaluation procedures.
The liberating consequences of creative work: How a creative outlet lifts the physical burden of secrecy

A newly emerging stream of research suggests creativity can be fruitfully explored, not as an outcome variable, but as a contributor to the general cognitive and behavioral responding of the individual. In this paper, we extend this nascent area of research on the consequences of creativity by showing that working on a creative task can contribute to feelings of liberation—feelings that can help people to overcome psychological burdens. We illustrate the liberating effects of creativity by integrating the embodied cognition literature with recent research showing that keeping a secret is experienced as a psychological and physical burden. While secrecy is metaphorically related to physical burden, creativity is metaphorically associated with freedom to “think outside the box” and explore beyond normal constraints. Thus, we predict permission to be creative may actually feel liberating and feelings of liberation may, in turn, lift the physical burden of keeping a big secret. The results of three studies supported our prediction and suggest that the opportunity to be creative may be a way for people to unburden without directly revealing secrets that could cause shame and embarrassment. We discuss the implications of our results for future research on the psychological consequences of performing creative work.
Principles in the management of chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the term used to describe renal disease or impairment which has persisted for three months. This paper presents a brief overview of CKD, including classification, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical presentation, investigations and a discussion regarding the principles of management. The aims of management include: preservation of remaining renal function, avoiding further injury, correction of electrolyte disturbances, anaemia and fluid imbalance and also maintenance of good nutrition, bone health and growth. Some children will progress to end-stage disease and there is a brief discussion of renal replacement therapy. Prognosis depends largely on the cause of CKD. Where children should be followed-up is dictated primarily by their renal function and the likely clinical course.
Blockade of central β-adrenergic receptors by tazolol (1-isopropylamino-3-(2-thiazoloxy)-2-propanol)

Abstract Tazolol, a β1-adrenergic agonist in heart, had no intrinsic β-adrenergic agonist activity with respect to cyclic AMP-generating systems in rat cerebral cortical slices or with respect to firing of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Instead, tazolol proved to be a relatively potent and specific β-adrenergic antagonist. The IC50 for (±) tazolol in antagonizing (-) isoproterenol-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP in rat cortical slices was 7 × 10−7M. The IC50 in antagonizing [3H] dihydroalprenolol-binding in rat cortical homogenates was 2.9 × 10−7 M. Tazolol was about 10 fold more potent in both cases than the β-antagonist, (±) sotalol. Tazolol antagonized the inhibitory, β-adrenergically mediated effects of iontophoretically applied norepinephrine on firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The inhibitory effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on firing of Purkinje cells were not altered by tazolol. Tazolol appeared to lack significant local anesthetic activity as evidenced by its lack of effect on spike height in spontaneous firing Purkinje cells.
Traceability in Small Claw-Free Graphs

Abstract We prove that a claw-free, 2-connected graph with fewer than 18 vertices is traceable, and we determine all non-traceable, claw-free, 2-connected graphs with exactly 18 vertices and a minimal number of edges. This complements a result of Matthews on Hamiltonian graphs.
New class of bioinspired lenses with a gradient refractive index

The recognition that eye lenses in nature often employ a gradient refractive index to enhance the focusing power and to correct aberrations has motivated us to construct a synthetic lens using the layered concept encountered in biological lenses. The result is a highly flexible technology for the fabrication of gradient-refractive index lenses that is based on a method of polymer forced assembly. Polymeric nanolayered films with incremental differences in the refractive index are assembled according to a prescribed design and molded into the desired shape. The exceptional flexibility of the process lies in the wide range of lens shapes and index profiles that can be realized. A lens with any refractive index distribution can be achieved within the refractive index range of available coextrudable optical materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1834–1841, 2007
Wave propagation in layered anisotropic medium

In this paper, wave propagation in two-layered anisotropic media when uniaxially anisotropic medium has its optic axis oriented vertically and tilted around z-axis has been investigated. The Fresnel coefficients are derived for horizontally and vertically polarized incident waves with arbitrary incident angles. The contribution of the cross polarized components of the reflected and transmitted waves due to anisotropic- isotropic or isotropic-anisotropic interfaces have been analyzed. The numerical results for the Fresnel coefficients have been presented. The results of this work can be used in calculation of the electric and magnetic fields in radiation and scattering problems.