cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Acute Alcohol Administration on Reproductive Endocrinology in the Male Rat

The results of the current studies further document that acute alcohol administration markedly disrupts the function of the HPG in the male. Our results indicate that alcohol depresses serum testosterone levels and, thereby, produces clinical symptoms associated with hypoandrogenization. Moreover, our studies suggest that acute alcohol administration also affects the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by reducing serum LH levels--an effect that may represent the primary action of alcohol on the HPG.
Addressivity in cogenerative dialogues

Ashraf Shady’s paper provides a first-hand reflection on how a foreign teacher used cogens as culturally adaptive pedagogy to address cultural misalignments with students. In this paper, Shady drew on several cogen sessions to showcase his journey of using different forms of cogens with his students. To improve the quality of cogens, one strategy he used was to adjust the number of participants in cogens. As a result, some cogens worked and others did not. During the course of reading his paper, I was impressed by his creative and flexible use of cogens and at the same time was intrigued by the question of why some cogens work and not others. In searching for an answer, I found that Mikhail Bakhtin’s dialogism, especially the concept of addressivity, provides a comprehensive framework to address this question. In this commentary, I reanalyze the cogen episodes described in Shady’s paper in the light of dialogism. My analysis suggests that addressivity plays an important role in mediating the success of cogens. Cogens with high addressivity function as internally persuasive discourse that allows diverse consciousnesses to coexist and so likely affords productive dialogues. The implications of addressivity in teaching and learning are further discussed.
Threshold estimates of (π, 2π) on nuclei in the Fermi gas model: One-body mechanism

The one-nucleon contribution to threshold pion production in pion-nucleus collisions is calculated using a Fermi gas model of the nuclear excitation spectrum in order to carry out the sum over final nuclear states. For the one-body input a threshold approximant to the production amplitude from the phenomenological Lagrangian theory is used. The cross sections are found to have an ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{4}$ dependence near threshold, where $\ensuremath{\eta}=\frac{({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{k}\ensuremath{-}2{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}})}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ for total incident pion energy ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{k}$. In a simple eikonal approach incident pion attenuation is found to lead to a reduction of threshold estimates by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim} 10.
The dressed Curie constant of a magnetic impurity in metals

Abstract Abrikosov's technique in the treatment of the s-d problem is developed for the calculation of the dressed Curie constant of a magnetic impurity in metals.
Two affinity states of M1 muscarine receptors.

1. The binding of oxotremorine-M to M1 muscarine receptors was examined by measuring competition between the agonist and3H-pirenzepine, using rabbit hippocampal membranes suspended in 20 mM Tris buffer containing 1 mM Mn2+. 2. Both ligands interacted with a single class of receptors. The receptors could assume two affinity states for oxotremorine-M, with equal numbers of high-affinity (KH) and low-affinity (KL) sites. 3. KH interconverted reversibly toKL in the absence of divalent cations and interconverted reversibly to a state similar toKL in the presence of guanyl 5′-yl imidodiphosphate. 4. The results are compatible with a model in which a model in which a pair of receptor molecules can be stabilized by a guanine nucleotide-binding “G protein” and have one site each ofKH andKL affinity.
Identification of proton-pump inhibitor drugs that inhibit Trichomonas vaginalis uridine nucleoside ribohydrolase

Trichomonas vaginalis continues to be a major health problem with drug-resistant strains increasing in prevalence. Novel antitrichomonal agents that are mechanistically distinct from current therapies are needed. The NIH Clinical Compound Collection was screened to find inhibitors of the uridine ribohydrolase enzyme required by the parasite to scavenge uracil for its growth. The proton-pump inhibitors omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole were identified as inhibitors of this enzyme, with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 14.5 μM. This suggests a molecular mechanism for the in vitro antitrichomonal activity of these proton-pump inhibitors, and may provide important insights toward structure-based drug design.
Genomic and proteomic biomarkers for cancer: A multitude of opportunities

Biomarkers are molecular indicators of a biological status, and as biochemical species can be assayed to evaluate the presence of cancer and therapeutic interventions. Through a variety of mechanisms cancer cells provide the biomarker material for their own detection. Biomarkers may be detectable in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. The expectation is that the level of an informative biomarker is related to the specific type of disease present in the body. Biomarkers have potential both as diagnostic indicators and monitors of the effectiveness of clinical interventions. Biomarkers are also able to stratify cancer patients to the most appropriate treatment. Effective biomarkers for the early detection of cancer should provide a patient with a better outcome which in turn will translate into more efficient delivery of healthcare. Technologies for the early detection of cancer have resulted in reductions in disease-associated mortalities from cancers that are otherwise deadly if allowed to progress. Such screening technologies have proven that early detection will decrease the morbidity and mortality from cancer. An emerging theme in biomarker research is the expectation that panels of biomarker analytes rather than single markers will be needed to have sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the presymptomatic detection of cancer. Biomarkers may provide prognostic information of disease enabling interventions using targeted therapeutic agents as well as course-corrections in cancer treatment. Novel genomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies are being used to discover and validate tumor biomarkers individually and in panels.
Hydrogen Bond Breaking and Reformation in Alcohol Oligomers Following Vibrational Relaxation of a Non-Hydrogen-Bond Donating Hydroxyl Stretch

Vibrational relaxation in methanol-d, ethanol-d, and 1-propanol-d dissolved in CCl4 has been measured with ultrafast infrared pump−probe experiments. Non-hydrogen-bond donating OD stretches (∼2690 cm-1) are excited. For concentrations ≤2.5 mol %, alcohol monomers dominate the pump−probe signals, and all three alcohols yield monoexponential decays with decay times of ∼2 ps (varying somewhat for the different alcohols). In the 5 mol % samples studied, molecules associated with oligomers dominate the signals. The signals decay to negative values (increased absorption), but the rates of the vibrational excited state decays are unchanged from those observed in the 2.5 mol % samples. The negative signals recover on two time scales. We propose a model in which hydrogen bond dissociation, following vibrational relaxation, increases the concentration of non-hydrogen-bond donating hydroxyl groups and produces the observed negative signal. The observation of the same decay rates with and without hydrogen bond dissoc...
Biomimetic scaffold design for functional and integrative tendon repair

Rotator cuff tears represent the most common shoulder injuries in the United States. The debilitating effect of this degenerative condition coupled with the high incidence of failure associated with existing graft choices underscores the clinical need for alternative grafting solutions. The 2 critical design criteria for the ideal tendon graft would require the graft to not only exhibit physiologically relevant mechanical properties but also be able to facilitate functional graft integration by promoting the regeneration of the native tendon-to-bone interface. Centered on these design goals, this review will highlight current approaches to functional and integrative tendon repair. In particular, the application of biomimetic design principles through the use of nanofiber- and nanocomposite-based scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering will be discussed. This review will begin with nanofiber-based approaches to functional tendon repair, followed by a section highlighting the exciting research on tendon-to-bone interface regeneration, with an emphasis on implementation of strategic biomimicry in nanofiber scaffold design and the concomitant formation of graded multi-tissue systems for integrative soft-tissue repair. This review will conclude with a summary and discussion of future directions.
Myosin VI altered at threonine 406 stabilizes actin filaments in vivo.

Myosin VI is a minus-end directed actin-based molecular motor implicated in uncoated endocytic vesicle transport. Recent kinetic studies have shown that myosin VI displays altered ADP release kinetics under different load conditions allowing myosin VI to serve alternately as a transporter or as an actin tether. We theorized that one potential regulatory event to modulate between these kinetic choices is phosphorylation at a conserved site, threonine 406 (T406) in the myosin VI motor domain. Alterations mimicking the phosphorylated (T406E) and dephosphorylated state (T406A) were introduced into a GFP-myosin VI fusion (GFP-M6). Live cell imaging revealed that GFP-M6(T406E) expression changed the path myosin VI took in its transport of uncoated endocytic vesicles. Rather than routing vesicles inwards as seen in GFP-M6 and GFP-M6(T406A) expressing cells, GFP-M6(T406E) moved vesicles into clusters at distinct peripheral sites. GFP-M6(T406E) expression also increased the density of the actin cytoskeleton. Filaments were enriched at the vesicle cluster sites. This was not due to a gross redistribution of the actin polymerization machinery. Instead the filament density correlated to the fixed positioning of GFP-M6(T406E)-associated vesicles on F-actin, leading to inhibition of actin depolymerization. Our study suggests that phosphorylation at T406 changes the nature of myosin VI's interaction with actin in vivo. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Soft x-rays for deep sub-100 nm lithography, with and without masks

The development of micro- and nanofabrication, their applications, and their dependent industries has progressed to a point where a bifurcation of technology development will likely occur. On the one hand, the semiconductor industry (at least in the USA) has decided to develop EUV and SCALPEL to meet its future needs. Even if the semiconductor industry is successful in this (which is by no means certain) such tools will not be useful in most other segments of industry and research that will employ nanolithography. As examples, MEMS, integrated optics, biological research, magnetic information storage, quantum-effect research, and multiple applications not yet envisioned will not employ the lithography tools of the semiconductor industry, either because they are too expensive, insufficiently flexible, or lacking in accuracy and spatial-phase coherence. Of course, direct-write electron-beam lithography can meet many of these non-semiconductor-industry needs, but in other cases a technique of higher throughput or broader process-latitude is necessary. Our experience at MIT in applying low-cost proximity x-ray nanolithography to a wide variety of applications leads us to conculde that this technology can provide the alternative path of a bifurcation. A new version of x-ray nanolithography, zone-plate-array lithography (ZPAL), does not require a mask, and has the potential to reach the limits of the lithographic process with a projection process.
Some remarks on witness functions for nonpolynomial and noncomplete sets in NP

Abstract We present two results about witness functions for sets in NP and coNP. First, any set that has a polynomially computable function which witnesses that it is not in coNP must be at least NP-hard. It follows from this result that any set in NP-coNP that has a polynomially computable function which witnesses this fact must already be complete for NP. Second, if B is any set for which there is a polynomially computable function which witnesses that it is not complete for NP by witnessing that some fixed set in NP is not in P B , then B must already be in NP ⊃ coNP. Thus, for two sets in NP-coNP there are no polynomially computable functions which witness that one is not polynomially reducible to the other. In proving the first result we introduce the notion of a k -creative set and prove that all k -creative sets are NP-complete. Since these sets seem not to be all polynomially isomorphic, we counter the conjecture of Berman and Hartmanis that all NP-complete sets are isomorphic to SAT with our own conjecture that not all k -creative sets are isomorphic to SAT. The proofs we give are recursion-theoretic in style, but straightforward.
Mutations affecting translation of the bacteriophage T4 rIIB gene cloned in Escherichia coli.

Mutant ribosome binding sites of the bacteriophage T4 rIIB gene, resident on an 873 bp DNA fragment, were cloned into a plasmid vector as in-frame fusions to a reporter gene, beta-galactosidase. The collection of mutations included changes in the region 5′ to the Shine/Dalgarno sequence, a mutation of the Shine/Dalgarno sequence, the alternate initiation codons GUG, AUA and ACG, and mutants in which several closely spaced initiation codons compete with each other on the same mRNA. The results show that the secondary structure variations we have installed 5′ to the Shine/Dalgarno sequence have little effect on translation. GUG is essentially as good an initiator of translation as AUG when they are assayed on separate messages, but is outcompeted at least 50-fold in the sequence AUGUG. AUA and ACG are poor start codons, and are temperature sensitive. The initiation codon pair AUGAUA, in which the AUG is only two nucleotides from the Shine/Dalgarno sequence, displays a novel cold-sensitive phenotype.
The effects of inhomogeneous boundary dilution on the coating flow of an anti-HIV microbicide vehicle

A recent study in South Africa has confirmed, for the first time, that a vaginal gel formulation of the antiretroviral drug Tenofovir, when topically applied, significantly inhibits sexual HIV transmission to women [Karim et al., Science 329, 1168 (2010)]. However, the gel for this drug and anti-HIV microbicide gels in general have not been designed using an understanding of how gel spreading and retention in the vagina govern successful drug delivery. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory can be applied to model spreading of microbicide gels [Szeri et al., Phys. Fluids 20, 083101 (2008)]. This should incorporate the full rheological behavior of a gel, including how rheological properties change due to contact with, and dilution by, ambient vaginal fluids. Here, we extend our initial analysis, incorporating the effects of gel dilution due to contact with vaginal fluid produced at the gel-tissue interface. Our original model is supplemented with a convective-diffusive transport equation to characterize water transport into the gel and, thus, local gel dilution. The problem is solved using a multi-step scheme in a moving domain. The association between local dilution of gel and rheological properties is obtained experimentally, delineating the way constitutive parameters of a shear-thinning gel are modified by dilution. Results show that dilution accelerates the coating flow by creating a slippery region near the vaginal wall akin to a dilution boundary layer, especially if the boundary flux exceeds a certain value. On the other hand, if the diffusion coefficient of boundary fluid is increased, the slippery region diminishes in extent and the overall rate of gel spreading decreases.
Change in Titin Position in Postmortem Bovine Muscle

Myofibrils were prepared from bovine psoas muscles removed from the carcass at 3 and 48 hr postmortem and subsequently stained with a monoclonal antibody against titin. The antibody stained 2 bands per sarcomere (perpendicular to the fiber direction) in myofibrils from 3-hr muscle but often revealed 4 bands per sarcomere in the 48-hr samples. The results suggested that (1) the titin shape might be altered within the first 2 days postmortem, or (2) proteolysis of titin or a protein to which it was attached occurred.
Simple soda bottle solubility and equilibria

Using a bottle of selzter water and bromocresol green to demonstrate gas-liquid solubility (carbon dioxide in water).
Poly(5,6-dihydroxyindole) Melanin Film Electrode

Abstract Melanoid pigment deposited electrochemically at solid anodes from a 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) solution shows properties of a polymeric quinole-quinone. The structure of this material as a DHI polymer was confirmed with secondary ionization mass spectra (SIMS) and ir, its redox properties were characterized with cyclic voltamrnetry, and its chemical properties were ascertained in a reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The poly(DHI) electrode that exchanges electrons with hydroquinone may serve as a probe in the studies of the reaction of melanin with biological factors carrying a redox system.
Role of Carbamazepine in the Symptomatic Treatment of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We describe the clinical presentation and clinical course of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a 13-year-old previously healthy boy who recently immigrated to the United States from Iraq. He presented with macular retinopathy, followed by progressive myoclonus and encephalopathy. After extensive workup, a diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was suspected by the presence of period epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram and confirmed by elevated measles titers in the cerebrospinal fluid. Combination immunomodulatory therapy with isoprinosine, ribavirin, and intra-Ommaya interferon alpha did not result in clinical improvement. Within days following the administration of carbamazepine, there was remarkable improvement in the myoclonus and he was able to ambulate independently for a period of 4 months at which time he unfortunately progressed to a vegetative state. This case highlights the importance of carbamazepine as a potential first line symptomatic treatment of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and provides a review of the literature on the subject.
Decolonizing Shanghai: Design and Material Culture in the Photographs of Hu Yang

In considering the current state of design in Shanghai, particularly in relationship to the question of globalization, it would be easy to fall into the traditional binary East-West narrative that sets up inherent tensions between a native Chinese past and Western influences ushered in by the colonial era. Remembering the significant imprint left on Shanghai culture through the partial occupation by Western nations of France, Great Britain, and the U.S. from the mid-nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, one can sympathize with the many scholars, critics, and popular commentators who have promoted such readings. After all, even the physical composition of the city, with its distinct historical Chinese and colonial districts, serves as a daily reminder of Shanghai’s complex political and cultural past. The dichotomy is further accentuated by the metropolis’s present role as one of China’s main entry ports of business and cultural exchange with Western nations. In these early years of the twenty-first century, however, prudence should compel us to reassess whether the single East-West narrative, with its accompanying subtexts of center and margin, colonizer and colonized, remains sufficient for describing the complexity of the milieu of design and visual culture of contemporary Shanghai. In addition to questioning our conceptual framework, we also must address the issue of source material when dealing with design in Shanghai. A natural and common approach is to undertake a survey of the design products available on the Shanghai retail market. From this, one can easily construct a narrative about the types of cutting-edge global design products available in Shanghai today. However, while this type of product survey offers information about market availability, it remains one step removed from the consumer, showing what is available for sale, but revealing only marginal information about actual acquisition and the behaviors of Shanghai consumers and their cultural predilections towards design and visual culture. Also, while this type of approach may indicate something about the values of a limited subset of the Shanghai population, it tells us little about the pervasiveness of these values, and nothing about the values of those outside of this group. What are the people of Shanghai actually bringing into their spaces? What is the spectrum of their sensibilities concerning design? In what
Self-organized nanofibers and nanorods of porphyrins bearing hydrogen bonding motifs.

Porphyrins bearing uracyl motifs at the four meso positions self-organize via homo-complementary hydrogen bonds and π-stacking into nanofibers, nanorods and thin films on mica and glass surfaces depending on deposition conditions.
Painless aortic dissection presenting as high paraplegia: A case report ☆ ☆☆

Acute aortic dissection is a catastrophic episode that usually presents as a sudden, painful, ripping sensation in the chest or back. Physical findings may include loss of pulses and aortic regurgitation. It is associated with neurologic sequelae in as many as one third of patients. Painless dissection occurs in 5% of patients. We report a case of painless aortic dissection, presenting as acute paraplegia. The patient was a 77-year-old woman who presented with paraplegia, with no chest or back pain. On examination, strength was 5/5 in both upper extremities and 0/5 in both lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes were absent in her legs. She had no voluntary anal contraction. Sensation was absent from T6 through S5. Computed tomography of the chest revealed a type A dissecting aneurysm. The vascular supply to the spinal cord and the differential diagnosis for new onset paraplegia are discussed.
An assessment of the construct distinctiveness of stress arousal and burnout.

Summary.--This study examined the construct and discriminant validity of stress arousal and burnout as measured on the Stress Arousal Scale and the multidimensional role-specific version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, respectively. The analyses utilized data from 148 individuals randomly selected from a database of 563 respondents to a larger study. The sample responded to a survey sent to members of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Sample size used in this study fell within Loehlin's 1992 prescription that for confirmatory factor analysis with two to four factors, a minimum of 100 to 200 cases should be collected. Forty-six respondents indicated that they were partners, principals, or sole practitioners in accounting firms, and 103 indicated that they were staff members (juniors, seniors, or managers). Latent variables were first constructed for the stress arousal and burnout factors. Confirmatory factor analysis was then conducted on the scale data to assess whether the factors would load on their respective underlying theoretical constructs. Finally, a nested model constraining stress arousal and burnout to load on one underlying construct was tested against the hypothesized two-factor model. The results indicated good model fit for the two-factor model and a significant loss of fit for the onefactor model, thus providing strong support for the conceptualization of stress arousal and burnout as distinct constructs.
Connecting the dots: Crime rates and criminal justice evaluation research

The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
Gender differences in children's outdoor play injuries: A review and an integration☆

Abstract Injuries are the leading cause of death for children. This review integrates the epidemiological literature on children's injury rates and the behavioral correlates of children's injuries with the psychological literature on gender based behavioral differences in children and parenting differences based on child gender. Boys are more likely to experience most kinds of injuries and are more likely to be involved in behaviors that are highly correlated with injury. Common parenting strategies may also be associated with an increase in boys' injury risk. Understanding the mechanism of boys' increased risk is a vital task that may ultimately prevent injuries in both boys and girls.
NEXAFS measurements indicating a tilted molecular orientation for methyl halides on GaAs(110)

The orientation of methyl halides (CH3X, X = Cl, Br, I) molecularly adsorbed at 80 K on GaAs(110) has been investigated by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the carbon K edge. Analysis of the angular dependence of the C-X σ∗ resonance indicates that the molecules are oriented with the C-X axis tilted with respect to the surface normal. In the first monolayer, the molecules are inclined in the [01] direction, the C-X axis approximately 45° from the surface normal. In the second monolayer the molecules are inclined in the opposite [01] direction from the surface normal. Correlations between the orientation results obtained from these studies and other observations on these same surface adsorbate systems are discussed.
Risk Factors Associated with Acute Pyelonephritis in Healthy Women

The risk factors for acute pyleonephritis in nonpregnant, community-dwelling reproductive-age women are similar to the risk factors for acute cystitis. Sexual behaviors, personal and family history...
Galanin Inhibits Cholecystokinin Secretion in STC-1 Cells

Neuropeptides such as gastrin releasing peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulate CCK secretion from CCK producing cells. We hypothesized that in addition to somatostatin, galanin may also play an inhibitory role on CCK secretion. The effect of galanin on CCK secretion was studied in a CCK-producing murine neuroendocrine tumor cell line, STC-1. Galanin below 10 nM did not affect basal CCK secretion but dose- and time-dependently inhibited KCl-stimulated CCK secretion. Galanin also inhibited forskolin-, bombesin- and PACAP- but not dibutyryl cAMP- or beta-TPA-stimulated CCK secretion. The inhibitory effect of galanin was reduced partially by a blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channel (K+ ATP), glibenclamide, and prevented by pretreatment of the cells with PTX. The results indicated galanin regulates CCK secretion by modulation of K+ ATP and cAMP production through receptors coupled to a PTX-sensitive G protein.
Evaluation of portal-systemic shunting in rats from mesenteric and splenic beds.

In rats with partial portal vein ligation, 95±0.9% of the splenic blood flow is shunted from the portal to the systemic circulation when an intrasplenic injection of microspheres is used to determine the degree of shunting. Despite this magnitude of portal-systemic shunting, several biochemical and endocrine consequences of portal-systemic shunting occur at levels below what is expected for the degree of shunting found. In an effort to resolve these discordant findings, shunting from both the splenic and the mesenteric bed was studied in anesthetized portal hypertensive rats with various degrees and/or duration of portal vein stenosis. The shunting from the mesenteric bed averaged 66.7±29.9% (range 5.1–99.1%) and was influenced both by the degree and duration of portal vein stenosis. In contrast, shunting from the splenic bed averaged 97.3±4.0% (range 79–99.9%) and demonstrated no variation between groups determined by the degree of portal vein stenosis. The shunting from the splenic bed was consistently greater than that found from the mesenteric bed. Mesenteric but not splenic shunting correlated with serum bile acid levels. Mesenteric shunting was related inversely to the weight-adjusted liver mass and to serum testosterone levels. Based upon these data obtained in portal hypertensive rats, it is concluded that splenic injections of microspheres overestimate portal-systemic shunting. In contrast, mesenteric injections of microspheres yield values for shunting that correlate well with independently determined biochemical and endocrine consequences of shunting. These observations support the validity of the mesenteric shunting measurements obtained.
A model for peak shape in slow‐scan‐rate quadrupole ion trap mass spectronnetry

The results of calculations are presented that address the effect of the scan rate on peak shape and position for slow-scan-irate detection in the quedrupole ion trap. The calculations are based on a model for signal detection that account for the change in the number of ions in the trap as the ejection field sweeps across a peak. The calculations predict that reduced scan rates lead to peak narrowing, peak asymmetry, and a shift in the apparent mass in the in resulting mass spectrum.
Zur Frage der chemischen Bestimmung des Atomgewichtes des Goldes

Pyridiniumtetrabromoaurat (III) (C5H6NAuBr4) ist genugend bestandig, um chemische Bestimmungen des Atomgewichtes des Goldes zu ermoglichen. Das Atomgewicht wurde durch thermische Zersetzung und durch Analyse (Verhaltnis Au:4 AgBr) bestimmt; der Mittelwert 196,97 ± 0,01 stimmt mit dem Internationalen Tabellenwert (196,967) uberein. The stable pyridinium tetrabromoaurate (III) (C6H6NAuBr4) has been used for a chemical determination of the atomic weight of gold. Thermal decomposition and analysis (Au:4 AgBr) lead to an average value of 196.97 ± 0.01 which corresponds well with the International Atomic Weight of 196.967.
Medication adherence and the use of long-acting antipsychotics in bipolar disorder.

Background.Adherence to treatment is a major determinant of outcome in bipolar disorder. Poor insight, attitudes towards treatment, and poor understanding of medications and the illness can all lead to reduced adherence. Nonadherence and partial adherence both also appear to play a significant role
The Perplexing Political Economy of Energy: An Introduction, Overview and Opinion

While energy no longer has a position of national priority, it continues to be a problem because of rising world energy prices and the interwoven nature of energy economics with the infrastructure of industrialized economies. The West is experiencing a transition from heavy to service industries although the energy costs of manufacturing have pushed the problem underground. Policy failures in removing subsidies continues the distortion of market signals. In an overview of symposium papers the author notes institutional resistance and the record of conservation strategies in the effort to reduce US dependence on oil. He also touches on the paradox and institutional inertia in the case of nuclear power. While historically the energy realm has gone further than other scientific regions in terms of pushing research toward development and demonstration, gaps in the commercial cycle remain. Some of the authors examine the need for a more creative plan for future energy mix strategies. 13 references.
The Advantages of Being a Superantigen

Staphylococcus aureus causes an array of ailments—chronic and recurrent skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, infective endocarditis, septicemia, and osteomyelitis, among others. Host defense against this pathogen is complex and involves the generation of cellular and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, S. aureus infection decreases antibody production in murine models of infection. But humans who are naturally infected with S. aureus develop skewed antibody responses to the bacteria’s most well-characterized virulence factor, Protein A (SpA). The molecular mechanism involved in the generation of epitope-specific antibody production during S. aureus infection in human remains unknown. Now, Pauli et al . investigate why humans produce protective antibodies and immune memory to S. aureus infection. The authors phenotypically characterized the epitopes and responses in activated B cells, called plasmablasts (PBs), from infected patients. Using a variety of high-throughput approaches, the authors found that PB responses are SpA-specific and little to no responses were found against many other clinically relevant virulence factors, with the exception of SpAKK (an inactive bacterial protein structurally related to SpA). These results indicate a preferential induction of SpA-reactive B cells in their group of patients. Furthermore, these responses were specific to a single antibody type and displayed evidence of selected regions responsible for affinity-maturation against SpA. The authors propose that S. aureus uses SpA to dominate expansion of variable heavy 3 (VH3) idiotype B in germinal centers—immune structures responsible for the generation of high-affinity, T cell–dependent antibody responses—thus preventing the production of specific and effective antibody responses to other staphylococcal antigens. The chronic or repeated nature of S. aureus infection in human populations suggests that patients cannot mount a protective antibody response even when serological responses to S. aureus antigens are detected. Nonspecific expansion and activation of PBs by SpA allow S. aureus to prevent protective humoral immune responses and the generation of sufficient memory to avoid future infections. Thus, improved Staphylococcus aureus vaccination strategies should take into consideration the use of inactive toxins, such as SpAKK to improve antibody responses. N. Pauli et al. , Staphylococcus aureus infection induces protein A–mediated immune evasion in humans. J. Exp. Med . 211 , 2331–2339 (2014).[[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://jem.rupress.org/content/211/12/2331.full
Computing Equilibrium Single Commodity Trade Flows Using Successive Overrelaxation

We consider a market economy that is composed of separate regions, each endowed with linear supply and demand curves and represented as a point on a transportation network. The problem addressed is to determine an equilibrium price in each region so that regional price differences do not exceed unit transportation costs, and when trade takes place between two regions, prices differ by the associated transportation cost. The problem has several quadratic programming formulations. We adopt an approach based on a net import relation. Properties are then given which lead to reductions in the quadratic program. A successive overrelaxation algorithm is proposed that is particularly well-suited to the task of solving the inherent large-scale instances of the problem, while at the same time is simple to implement.
Mechanism of nitroglycerin effect in valvular aortic stenosis

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin taken sublingually were studied during cardiac catheterization in 10 patients with valvular aortic stenosis. Hemodynamics and cineangiographic left ventricular volumes were determined before administration of nitroglycerin and at peak nitroglycerin effect. Diastolic pressure-time and ejection pressure-time product were used to evaluate left ventricular energy supply and demand. Pressurevolume loops and left ventricular wall tension were calculated. There was a decrease ( P P It is concluded that sublingual nitroglycerin in aortic valve stenosis: (1) improves indirect indexes of left ventricular energy supply/demand ratio, (2) decreases left ventricular preload and afterload, and (3) does not change left ventricular contractility.
Close Elections and Cognitive Engagement

Existing research has focused primarily on the extent to which close elections affect turnout. While turnout is important, campaigns can also serve a social function by cultivating cognitive engagement. This article thus focuses on the extent to which close elections stimulate cognitive engagement among citizens. Observational data analysis suggests that close elections have a positive effect on cognitive engagement in senate campaigns. Experimental data analysis suggests that when close-election reminders appear in campaign discourse, citizens respond with greater cognitive engagement, as measured by a cognitive-response task and an information-seeking task. When reminded that a race is close, subjects think more about the candidates. They also seek more issue-based information, less group-based information, and read more about the election. Altogether, the results demonstrate that close elections increase citizen engagement.
Mechanical design of fast extraction kicker and PFN for SNS accumulator ring

Two kicker assemblies, seven pulsed magnet modules in each assembly, will be used in the SNS accumulator ring to kick the beam vertically to the extraction septum then to the target. These kickers are designed as window frame magnets housed inside a vacuum chamber. Fourteen pulse forming networks (PFN) housed in separate silicon fluid containers are designed to power each kicker module. A single module prototype kicker magnet and PFN modulator have been successfully assembled and tested. In this paper we discuss the mechanical design criteria of these kicker assemblies, the installation layout in the accumulator ring, the structural analysis of the kicker chamber, the magnetic field analysis of the ferrite magnet, the high voltage feedthrough design, the structural design of the modulator container, the cooling and the thermal expansion considerations of the silicon fluids.
Performance, Spectacle, and Visual Poetry in the Sixtieth Anniversary National Day Parade in the People's Republic of China

The sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 2009 was marked with a massive parade in the heart of Beijing viewed on hundreds of millions of television screens across the nation. English-language media coverage focused primarily on what it saw as the event's explicit message: the Communist Party's celebration of the nation's military might and continued economic growth, and its origins in a coherent and uniquely Chinese ideology. Such coverage largely reflected international fears of China and thus misread the parade's import and impact on its domestic audience. I argue that the National Day events are better understood as a form of visual poetry that relied on performance to emotionally conflate party, nation, and state. Both the speeches of party leaders and the scripted remarks of state media commentators relied on language and ideas that the Chinese public has heard numerous times. The visual elements of the parade, in contrast, were unprecedented in both scale and spectacle. Hundreds of thousands took part in displays of collective harmony, unified patriotic sentiment, and ethnic unity. The distinctive style and rhythm of the parade depicted a vision of nationhood without the ethnic fractures, labour unrest, and massive inequalities that constitute the greatest threat to the power of the party-state as it embarks on its seventh decade of continuous rule.
Vascular protective effects by activation of nuclear receptor PPARγ

Abstract Pharmaceutical interventions targeting proteins that regulate VSMC growth and movement are promising new approach to treat diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor in the nuclear receptor superfamily. Thiazolidineodione (TZT) insulin sensitizers are pharmacologic ligands for PPARγ. All of the major cells in the vasculature express PPARγ, including endothelial cells. VSMCs, and monocytes/macrophages. PPARγ ligands may protect the vasculature against injury by inhibiting cell growth and movement, improving endothelial function, and suppressing tissue inflammation. Antiproliferative effects of PPARγ ligands are mediated by targeting critical cell cycle regulators, including Rb and p27 Kip1 , that regulate the progression of cells from G1 phase into S phase to conduct DNA synthesis. Pharmacologic activation of PPARγ in vascular cells may provide a novel therapeutic approach to retard diabetes-associated vascular disease.
Estimation of fault-free leakage current using wafer-level spatial information

Leakage current or the I/sub DDQ/ test has been shown to be an effective test screen in combination with traditional test methods. However, leakage current is rising rapidly as semiconductor technology advances. This makes it difficult to distinguish between faulty and fault-free chips using traditional threshold setting methods. This paper presents a method to estimate leakage current using neighboring chip information on a wafer. Outlier chips are rejected, and a least-squares-fit plane through neighboring chips is used to estimate defect-free I/sub DDQ/. Chips that significantly deviate from the estimate are rejected. The proposed method is evaluated using industrial test data.
Lytic but Not Latent Replication of Epstein-Barr Virus Is Associated with PML and Induces Sequential Release of Nuclear Domain 10 Proteins

Nuclear domains called ND10 (nuclear domain 10) are discrete nuclear protein aggregations characterized by a set of interferon-upregulated proteins including Sp100 and PML, where papova-, adeno-, and herpesviruses begin their transcription and DNA replication. Both the alpha- and betaherpesvirus subfamilies disrupt ND10 upon infection by dispersing and/or destroying ND10-associated proteins. We studied the effect of the gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on ND10 and its spatial distribution in the nucleus of cells during latency and lytic reactivation. In latently infected Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphoblastoid, and D98/HR1 cells, ND10 were intact, as judged by immunofluorescence localization of PML, Sp100, NDP55, and Daxx. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed no association between viral episomes and ND10 during latency, implying that the maintenance replication of EBV, which depends on host cell proliferation, occurs independent of ND10. As in mitosis, the EBV genomes were attached to interphase chromosomes, suggesting that they are unable to move freely within the interchromosomal space and thus unable to associate with the interchromosomally located ND10 or other nuclear domains. Upon lytic activation, ND10 became dispersed in cells expressing lytic proteins. Redistribution of ND10 proteins occurred sequentially at different stages of the lytic cycle, with Sp100, Daxx, and NDP55 dispersed before and PML dispersed after the onset of lytic replication. ND10 remnants were retained until the early stages of lytic replication, and replicating EBV genomes were frequently found beside this nuclear domain; the number of replication domains was usually lower than the average latent virus frequency. Thus, latency does not require or induce interaction of EBV with ND10 for transcription and replication, whereas lytic replication triggers dispersion of ND10 proteins and occurs in close association with PML aggregates. The required movement of chromosome-attached latent EBV episomes to ND10 after reactivation from latency might include physical release of the chromosome-bound episomes. Only episomes contacting ND10 after such a release might be able to begin lytic replication.
Contrast-enhanced sonography as a novel tool for assessment of vascular malformations.

Background: Vascular malformations with arteriovenous shunt components can cause significant disability, chronic pain, and functional impairment. Effective treatment may require serial procedures, yet an imaging modality optimized to control cost and reduce radiation exposure in this predominantly pediatric population has not yet been identified. Methods and Results: We describe the use of contrast-enhanced sonography as a novel tool to define vascular anatomy and localize arteriovenous shunting in a young patient with a symptomatic vascular malformation. Conclusions: This method may effectively reduce radiation exposure and cost, and additionally provide unique information about arteriovenous shunting, offering a novel imaging application for patients with these conditions. Background Vascular malformations (VM) are congenital lesions with diverse clinical manifestations. In contrast to hemangiomas, a separate category of vascular tumors which tend to involute spontaneously, VM often grow in proportion with the child but may expand at an accelerated pace [1]. VM can occur throughout the body, involve multiple vessel types, and may be localized or extensive [2]. Although criteria have been developed for classifying vascular malformations according to flow velocity and vessel type [3], diagnosis of these heterogeneous lesions remains challenging. While these abnormalities may be asymptomatic, VM become clinically important when associated with disfigurement, functional impairment, pain, infection, and serious bleeding [4,5]. These patients require treatment, which varies according to the specific lesion, its location, functional impairment, and goals of therapy. Assembly of a multi-disciplinary team is advantageous when planning therapy. Further, precise characterization of problematic lesions is critically important both in designing the approach and understanding, likely outcomes (such
Dna computation: Theory, practice, and prospects

L. M. Adleman launched the field of DNA computing with a demonstration in 1994 that strands of DNA could be used to solve the Hamiltonian path problem for a simple graph. He also identified three broad categories of open questions for the field. First, is DNA capable of universal computation? Second, what kinds of algorithms can DNA implement? Third, can the error rates in the manipulations of the DNA be controlled enough to allow for useful computation? In the two years that have followed, theoretical work has shown that DNA is in fact capable of universal computation. Furthermore, algorithms for solving interesting questions, like breaking the Data Encryption Standard, have been described using currently available technology and methods. Finally, a few algorithms have been proposed to handle some of the apparently crippling error rates in a few of the common processes used to manipulate DNA. It is thus unlikely that DNA computation is doomed to be only a passing curiosity. However, much work remains to be done on the containment and correction of errors. It is far from clear if the problems in the error rates can be solved sufficiently to ever allow for general-purpose computation that will challenge the more popular substrates for computation. Unfortunately, biological demonstrations of the theoretical results have been sadly lacking. To date, only the simplest of computations have been carried out in DNA. To make significant progress, the field will require both the assessment of the practicality of the different manipulations of DNA and the implementation of algorithms for realistic problems. Theoreticians, in collaboration with experimentalists, can contribute to this research program by settling on a small set of practical and efficient models for DNA computation.