cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION AND REDUCTION OF SOUND SOURCES IN CAR WHEEL SUSPENSIONS

2 Tenneco Automotive 3 Technical University of Monroe European Technical Budapest Centre, Dept. Research Dept. of Telecommunications II.Z.A Schurhovenveld 1420 Sztoczek u. 2 B-3800 St.-Truiden H-l 111 Budapest Belgium Hungary Tel. : +32 11 703 308 Tel. : +36 1 463 3246 Fax : +32 11703 704 Fax : +36 1463 3266 E-mail E-mail Maarten.Maes@eu.tenneco-automotive.com Fulop@hit.bme.hu The identification and reduction of sound sources in car wheel suspensions is one of today’s major issues in the Automotive industry. The last five years a lot of effort has been spent identifying shock absorber noise. These investigations have now been extended towards complete suspensions. Due to its strong non-linear characteristic, the shock absorber generates high frequency vibrations (100-900 Hz). First, the relationship between the structure borne noise and the damper behaviour needs to be defined by means of a vehicle evaluation. Next the components that need to be modified are identified by comparing time-domain simulations and measurements. To deal with full suspension noise source identification and reduction some specific time-frequency techniques are applied. Additionally some new techniques such as the 3D coherence function are proposed. Because of the transient character of suspension components, these techniques can give some insight into operating mechanisms and reduction potential of car wheel suspensions.
A Neoclassical Model of Managed Distribution Plans: Theory and Evidence

Jensen (1986) identifies the need to motivate managers to distribute funds that earn a ‘below-market’ rate of return as a major problem in corporate finance. Equity closed-end funds (CEFs) provide an example of how capital markets perform this function. CEFs exist to provide investors with portfolio services that investors cannot easily obtain on their own (e.g., liquidity or superior stock picking ability). When a fund does not convincingly provide these services, it trades at a discount to its net asset value (NAV) because managerial compensation is larger than managerial contribution. A Managed Distribution Plan (MDP), where investments might be partially liquidated to increase investors’ cash flows, lowers the value of the manager’s claim on the assets of the fund. This is a direct transfer of wealth from the manager to the shareholders a la Jensen, and will be adopted by managers who fear an eventual liquidation of the fund via a proxy vote. We model the threat of such liquidation through the intermediation of an activist shareholder. Among other things, our model predicts that MDPs are more likely to be adopted by funds that appear to be less effective in providing portfolio services to their investors and that are relatively easy to liquidate or ‘attack’. We test the model on a panel of 236 CEFs and find good agreement with our model.
Collected Extraterrestrial Materials: Constraints on Meteor and Fireball Compositions

The bulk density and bulk porosity of IDPs and various meteorite classes show that protoplanet accretion and evolution were arrested at different stages as a function of parent body modification. The collected IDPs, micrometeorites and meteorites are aggregates of different structural entities that were inherited from the earliest times of solar system evolution. These structural entities and the extent of parent body lithification will determine the material strength of the meteoroids entering the Earth’ s atmosphere. There is a need for measurements of the material strength of collected extraterrestrial materials because they will in part determine the nature of the chemical interactions of descending meteors and fireballs in the atmosphere. High—precision determinations of meteor and fireball compositions are required to search for anhydrous, carbon-rich proto-CI material that has survived in the boulders of comet nuclei.
A Novel Approach to Treating Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's Disease (PD) - A Case Series (P7.086)

OBJECTIVE : To report a treatment approach in PD patients with ICDs using naltrexone and clozapine BACKGROUND: Impulse control disorders are non-motor complications of dopaminergic medications. Management predominantly involves discontinuing dopamine agonists and lowering levodopa dosage at the expense of worsening motor symptoms and psychological distress. Preliminary evidence suggests naltrexone and clozapine may be effective in managing these patients. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective chart review of five patients with PD and ICDs treated with naltrexone and/or clozapine RESULTS: A 62-year-old man with PD for six years, treated with ropinirole and levodopa, had one year of compulsive shopping and hobbyism. There was complete resolution of ICDs with naltrexone 50mg/day, without adjusting dopamine regimen. In the remaining cases, dopamine agonists were discontinued completely but ICDs persisted resulting in clozaril/naltrexone initiation: A 53-year-old woman with PD for eight years, treated with pramipexole and levodopa, had a four year history of compulsive drinking. There was transient benefit with naltrexone and complete resolution on clozapine 25mg/day. A 53-year-old man with PD for eight years, treated with pramipexole, had seven years of hypersexuality. There was transient benefit with naltrexone and complete resolution on clozapine 37.5mg/day. A 69-year-old man with PD for ten years, treated with pramipexole, levodopa and entacapone, had three years of hypersexuality. There was a transient benefit with naltrexone but drug was discontinued for sedation. He had partial resolution of hypersexuality on clozapine 25mg/day. A 63-year-old man with PD for six years, treated with ropinirole, levodopa, and rasagiline, had one year of hypersexuality. There was resolution of ICDs after one month of clozapine 12.5mg/day. Clozaril was stopped due to fatigue and subsequently, compulsive symptoms returned. CONCLUSION: Naltrexone and clozapine may be useful in PD patients with ICD. Further investigation is warranted. Disclosure: Dr. Liang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Groves has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shanker has nothing to disclose.
ALLNODE barrier synchronization network

This paper presents a proposed hardware solution using an existing multi-stage switching network for synchronizing N multiple processors at predetermined programmable barriers. The technique permits all N processors to access the network simultaneously and to perform synchronization in parallel using only several network cycles. The synchronization requires no additional network facilities, and consumes usually less than 5% of the bandwidth when merged onto the same multi-stage network that handles normal message traffic. The approach permits up to 2048 barriers, but can be expanded. The network is based on the Allnode Switch and Network concepts, a circuit-switching implementation, that permits a special barrier synchronization mode where all N processors are simultaneously attached to the network and can interact as if they were attached to a multi-drop bus. >
A System to Measure the Hygroscopicity of Aerosol Particles

An aerosol conditioner (wetted wall reactor) was modified to mimic the conditions inside the human respiratory tract, i.e., relative humidity > 99% and 37°C. By combining the wetted wall reactory with tandem differential mobility analyzer, a system was developed to study the hygroscopic properties of aerosols in submicrometer range. This paper describes the system, and the results of system tests using three compounds of known composition, NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, and (NH4)HSO4, are presented.
The downward flux of O(+) over the nightside of Venus

We have constructed a map of the downward flux of O(+) over the nightside of Venus at high and low solar activities through a combination of modeling and analysis of Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometer data. O(+) density profiles were obtained for almost 40 inbound or outbound segments of orbits from the first 2 years of the mission and about 40 more in the recent reentry phase of the mission. We have determined the nearly linear relationship between the 0(+) maximum density and the downward O(+) flux for several solar zenith angles and local times by constructing models of the nightside ionosphere of Venus for a range of downward ion fluxes at the upper boundaries. We find that the largest downward fluxes occur near the terminators, and the fluxes fall off sharply toward the antisolar point. Although the standard deviations in the data are large, there is a suggestion of a local maximum near 155 deg, and the location of this maximum correlates fairly well with structure in the peak electron density as a function of solar zenith angle reported for the Pioneer Venus radio occulation experiment. The average downward ion flux is inferred to be about 1.7 x 10(exp 8)/sq cm/sec over the nightside hemisphere at solar maximum and a factor of 7 less at moderately low solar activity.
Long-term controlled navel administration of testosterone.

Male fertility has reportedly been regulated by the long-term, continuous administration of testosterone. To deliver the testosterone at a controlled rate for a month or longer, a bandage-type, testosterone-releasing, disk-shaped device was developed. In vitro drug elution studies demonstrated that a constant release profile of testosterone was achieved. In vivo studies in rhesus monkeys with the medicated device directly overlaying the navel for 46 d, yielded a fairly steady plasma level and also a constant urinary excretion rate for 32 d. A greater systemic bioavailability (more than twofold) was achieved as compared with drug disposition directly onto the navel or via the polacebo device (i.e., drug is deposited onto the prefabricated placebo device). A fairly constant cumulative urinary recovery profile was achieved for longer than 1 month, in which >90% of the dose was administered. The in vitro and in vivo relationship was analyzed and discussed.
Retroorbital metastases in ovarian cancer

We report a patient with unilateral metastasis to the posterior orbit from poorly differentiated ovarian carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. Ocular metastases from pelvic neoplasms have been reported infrequently; however, we report the first case of an ovarian cancer with orbital metastasis as the initial presenting symptom.
Quantum chemical investigation of mechanisms of silane oxidation.

Several mechanisms for the peroxide oxidation of organosilanes to alcohols are compared by quantum chemical calculations, including solvation with the PCM method. Without doubt, the reaction proceeds via anionic, pentacoordinate silicate species, but a profound difference is found between in vacuo and solvated reaction profiles, as expected. In the solvents investigated (CH2Cl2 and MeOH), the most favorable mechanism is addition of peroxide anion to a fluorosilane (starting material or formed in situ), followed by a concerted migration and dissociation of hydroxide anion. In the gas phase, and possibly in very nonpolar solvents, concerted addition−migration of H2O2 to a pentacoordinate fluorosilicate is also plausible.
The synthesis and characterization of polyimide homopolymers based on 5(6)‐amino‐1‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,3‐trimethylindane

The isomeric diamine monomer 5(6)-amino-1-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylindane (DAPI) was successfully synthesized via the dimerization of α-methylstyrene followed by nitration and reduction. High molecular weight, soluble polyimides were synthesized via ester–acid solution imidization techniques and had glass-transition temperature values ranging from 247 to 369 °C. The polymers were soluble in common organic solvents because of the asymmetric and nonplanar nature of DAPI and displayed good short-term thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis, as shown by their 5% weight-loss values above 500 °C in air. The DAPI/(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) polyimide also showed 2-h thermal stability at 400 °C under nitrogen, despite the partial aliphatic character. Refractive index values as low as 1.571 were observed for DAPI/6FDA, which allows an estimated dielectric constant of 2.47 to be derived. The permeation of O2 and N2 was conducted on thin dense films. The bulky, bent, and isomeric nature of DAPI imparted film-forming membranes that permitted high O2 permeability. In combination with 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), DAPI had a good combination of O2 permeability and O2/N2 selectivity values of 2.8 Ba and 7.3, respectively. The polymerization method utilized to facilitate the cyclization of DAPI/BTDA to the polyimide affected the final thermal properties of the resulting polymer. The chemical imidization of DAPI/BTDA generated a polyimide with a glass-transition temperature value of 311 °C and a 5% weight-loss value in air of 457 °C. However, thermal and ester–acid imidization routes yielded an increase in the thermal properties. The ester–acid solution imidization of DAPI/BTDA produced a polymer glass-transition temperature value of 333 °C and a 5% weight-loss value of 525 °C in air. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2840–2854, 2000
Nonmedical Stimulant Use among Young Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and Mixed-Race Individuals Aged 12–34 years In the United States

There are concerns over nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among youths, but little is known about the extent of use among young Asian-Americans, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHs/PIs), and mixed-race individuals—the fastest growing segments of the U.S. population. We examined prevalences and correlates of nonmedical stimulant use (NMSU) and disorder (StiUD) for these underrecognized groups. Whites were included as a comparison. Data were from young individuals aged 12–34 years in the 2005–2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. We used logistic regression to estimate odds of past-year NMSU status. Significant yearly increases in lifetime NMSU prevalence were noted in Whites only. NHs/PIs (lifetime 7.33%, past-year 2.72%) and mixed-race individuals (10.20%, 2.82%) did not differ from Whites in NMSU prevalence (11.68%, 3.15%). Asian-Americans (lifetime 3.83%, past-year 0.90%) had lower prevalences than Whites. In each racial/ethnic group, “Methamphetamine/Desoxyn/Methedrine or Ritalin” was more commonly used than other stimulant groups; “got them from a friend/relative for free” and “bought them from a friends/relative” were among the most common sources. Females had greater odds than males of NMSU (among White, NH/PI, mixed-race individuals) and StiUD (among mixed-race individuals). Young adults (aged 18–25) had elevated odds of NMSU (White, NH/PI); adolescents had elevated odds of StiUD (White, mixed-race). Other substance use (especially marijuana, other prescription drugs) increased odds of NMSU and StiUD. NHs/PIs and mixed-race individuals were as likely as Whites to misuse stimulants. Research is needed to delineate health consequences of NMSU and inform prevention efforts for these understudied, rapidly-growing populations.
Lessons from the Dust Bowl: Human-Environment Education on the Great Plains

Abstract This article documents regional demand for human-environment educational resources via assessment of public knowledge of the environmental crisis known as the Dust Bowl. The steadily eroding knowledge-base on the topic is discussed along with the desire for enhanced Dust Bowl educational resources. Regionally focused educational activities utilizing geospatial technologies, family interviews, and repeat photography were created to help redress shortcomings in human-environment understanding of the Great Plains at a local level.
A finite element formulation for rod/continuum interactions: The one-dimensional slideline

A finite element formulation is presented for treatment of the mechanical interaction between a rod-like object and a continuous medium, as occurs, for example, between reinforcing steel and surrounding concrete. An impenetrability constraint restricts the rod's lateral motion relative to the continuum, while an accompanying constraint allows axial slip subject to a release criterion. Satisfaction of these constraints is enforced via application of penalty and augmented Lagrangian regularizations. The proposed implementation is suitable for both static and dynamic implicit equation solving schemes, making it useful for a wide range of problems.
PROSPER community-university partnership model for public education systems: capacity-building for evidence-based, competence-building prevention.

This paper presents a model to guide capacity-building in state public education systems for delivery of evidence-based family and youth interventions—interventions that are designed to bolster youth competencies, learning, and positive development overall. Central to this effort is a linking capacity agents framework that builds upon longstanding state public education infrastructures, and a partnership model called PROSPER or PROmoting School–community–university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience. The paper presents an overview of the evolving partnership model and summarizes positive results of its implementation over a 12-year period in an ongoing project.
Alcoholation of the trifluoromethyl group. I. Ortho esters derived from 1- and 3-trifluoromethylphenothiazines

The preparation of 1-trifluoromethylphenothiazine is reported. Methanolic basic hydrolysis of 1- and 3-trifluoromethylphenothiazines to the corresponding ortho esters of phenothiazine-carboxylic acids is described.
`So: Ragged Woman': The Aesthetics and Ethics of Skilled Action Among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists

This article inquires into the aesthetics and ethics of skilled talk and action among Nepal's Yolmo people, especially as they related to life history research I conducted in the late 1990s with Kisang Omu, an elderly Yolmo woman who resided then in Kathmandu, Nepal. In talking with Kisang about various aspects of her life, it became clear to me that she was greatly concerned about the quality of her talk, whether it was `good' or `not good'. Other Yolmo people, she well knew, might hear and evaluate her words as recorded by me, and convey thoughts on how `skillful' their speaker was. At work here was a set of politically charged cultural discourses that helped to determine what this elderly woman thought of her words and her social and moral worth in general. These same discourses have shaped my own actions as well, for I too was expected to act in skillful, morally responsible ways when putting her words into print. Such reflections point to the ways in which life history research is an ethical act, wit...
Middle Ear Epithelium in the Presence of Experimental Effusion

Serous effusions were experimentally induced in squirrel monkeys 24 hours after obstruction of their Eustachian tubes with fine silicone rubber sponge material. Electronmicroscopic study of the earliest epithelial changes of the mucoperiosteum revealed: (a) evidence of fluid flooding widened intercellular spaces; (b) deformation of non-ciliated and basal cells with cytoplasmic changes while ciliated cells maintained a near normal appearance; (c) ruptures of the basement membrane allowing fluid and cellular passage from the subepithelial to the epithelial layer.These observations suggest that the serous fluid in this model resulted from transudation of vessels rather than active cellular secretion.
Interactions between enkephalin and GABA in avian retina

In addition to conventional neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a number of peptide-immunoreactive substances have recently been localized in the vertebrate retina. The functional roles of these retinal peptides and their interactions with conventional neurotransmitters are largely unknown. We have previously shown that exogenous opiates affect both the release of GABA and the firing patterns of ganglion cells in the goldfish retina, and we have now begun a systematic characterization of the opioid pathways in the chicken retina, because, among vertebrate retinas, avian retinas contain the highest concentration of enkephalins. Monoclonal antibodies specific for enkephalin have been used to demonstrate that a subpopulation of enkephalin-containing amacrine cells exists in the chicken retina. This retina also synthesizes Met-enkephalin and releases it on cell depolarization. The enkephalin-induced inhibition of GABA release in goldfish retina led us to examine whether similar interactions occur in chicken, and if so, whether enkephalins and GABA coexist in the same amacrine cells. Our results, presented here, indicate that exogenous enkephalins do indeed inhibit GABA release in the chicken retina. Surprisingly, we found that although some amacrine cells contain both enkephalin and GABA, others contain only one or the other.
Continuum electrostatics for ionic solutions with non-uniform ionic sizes

This work concerns electrostatic properties of an ionic solution with multiple ionic species of possibly different ionic sizes. Such properties are described by the minimization of an electrostatic free-energy functional of ionic concentrations. Bounds are obtained for ionic concentrations with low electrostatic free energies. Such bounds are used to show that there exists a unique set of equilibrium ionic concentrations that minimizes the free-energy functional. The equilibrium ionic concentrations are found to depend sorely on the equilibrium electrostatic potential, resembling the classical Boltzmann distributions that relate the equilibrium ionic concentrations to the equilibrium electrostatic potential. Unless all the ionic and solvent molecular sizes are assumed to be the same, explicit formulae of such dependence are, however, not available in general. It is nevertheless proved that in equilibrium the ionic charge density is a decreasing function of the electrostatic potential. This determines a variational principle with a convex functional for the electrostatic potential.
Model Simulations of the Bay of Fundy Gyre: 2. Hindcasts for 2005-2007 Reveal Interannual Variability in Retentiveness.

[1] A persistent gyre at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy results from a combination of tidal rectification and buoyancy forcing. Here we assess recent interannual variability in the strength of the gyre using data assimilative model simulations. Realistic hindcast representations of the gyre are considered during cruises in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Assimilation of shipboard and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler velocities is used to improve the skill of the simulations, as quantified by comparison with nonassimilated drifter trajectories. Our hindcasts suggest a weakening of the gyre system during May 2005. Retention of simulated passive particles in the gyre during that period was highly reduced. A recovery of the dense water pool in the deep part of the basin by June 2006 resulted in a return to particle retention characteristics similar to climatology. Retention estimates reached a maximum during May 2007 (subsurface) and June–July 2007 (near surface). Interannual variability in the strength of the gyre was primarily modulated by the stratification of the dense water pool inside the Grand Manan Basin. These changes in stratification were associated with mixing conditions the preceding fall–winter and/or advectively driven modification of water mass properties.
Partial Plasma Exchange Transfusion Improves Cerebral Hemodynamics in Symptomatic Neonatal Polycythemia

Cerebral arterial pulsatile flow changes and the effect of partial plasma exchange transfusion on these pulsatile flow patterns were studied in neonatal polycythemia/hyperviscosity syndrome by transcutaneous Doppler technique. Twenty-two infants with cord blood hematocrit > 58% ( > 2 SD above the mean) were studied from a total of 2,400 infants who were screened for cord hematocrit over a 6-month period. Each of 22 infants had the following initial studies: radial artery hematocrit, viscosity, intracranial pressure measurement, and anterior cerebral arterial Doppler study to determine pulsatility index, mean systolic, mean end diastolic, and mean flow velocities, and area underneath the curve of the velocity tracings/min. Twelve of 22 infants had radial artery hematocrit < 63%, were normoviscous (< 13.5 cps, 11.25 sec− 1) and were designated as control infants. Ten (study infants) were polycythemic (hematocrit ≥ 63%) and hyperviscous ( ≥ 13.5 cps, 11.25 sec− 1). All study patients were treated by partial plasma exchange transfusion. Initial studies were repeated after exchange transfusion. Control infants were not treated. Prior to exchange procedure, the polycythemic hyperviscous infants had significantly higher hematocrit, viscosity, and pulsatility index; the other Doppler measurements and heart rate were lower than those of control babies. The exchange procedure resulted in significantly decreased hematocrit, viscosity, and pulsatility index and increase in the other Doppler measurements, heart rate, and intracranial pressure. All postexchange measurements of study infants were not statistically different from the control infants. These data suggest that neonatal polycythemia/hyperviscosity syndrome may be associated with abnormal cerebral hemodynamics that could improve with partial plasma exchange transfusion.
Characterization of immunoglobulin classes of human antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were determined by radial immunodiffusion techniques in sera from 11 patients with cryptococcosis. Most specimens showed increased levels of IgM. Studies with fluorescein-labeled monospecific antihuman IgG and IgM, however, indicated that IgG was the immunoglobulin reactive in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. In addition, cross-reacting sera from mycotic infections other than cryptococcosis were also shown to contain IFA antibodies of the IgG class. Sera treated with 2-mercaptoethanol continued to react in both the IFA test and the tube agglutination test. No correlation could be established between IgG and IgM concentrations and serological reactivity in the sera evaluated in this study.
Design and performance of a thermal storage resistojet.

Single nozzle thermal storage resistojet thrustor for low thrust satellite attitude and orbit control applications, noting design and performance
Sub-Micron 3D Fluorescent Imaging and Visualization of Remodeling Cavities in Cancellous Bone

The mechanical properties of cancellous bone are determined from a combination of bone quantity (volume), the material properties of the mineralized tissue, and microarchitecture. Bone remodeling is the primary process through which bone mass and structure are altered in the adult skeleton. Bone remodeling involves the coordinated activity of osteoclast and osteoblast cells, which resorb and then form bone at an isolated location on the cancellous bone surface. Because bone resorption precedes formation, each bone remodeling event in cancellous bone is associated with a temporary void on the bone surface known as a remodeling cavity. It has been proposed that remodeling cavities can act as stress risers, modifying stress distributions in cancellous bone and potentially impairing bone strength, stiffness and other mechanical properties. While high resolution finite element modeling supports the idea that remodeling cavities have the potential to modify mechanical properties at the micro-scale (in individual trabeculae) [1] and at the apparent level (entire cancellous bone specimens)[2, 3], the experiments required to confirm these findings are limited because a repeatable method of quantifying the number and size (length width and depth) of remodeling cavities in entire cancellous bone specimens has not yet been demonstrated.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
MO-D-M100J-01: Dose Painting With Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy and Intensity Modulated X-Ray Therapy: A Comparison

Purpose: To compare intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) versus intensity modulated x‐ray therapy (IMXT) for the delivery of nonuniform dose prescriptions based on hypoxia‐imaging, so‐called dose painting. Materials and Methods: IMXT delivered with helical tomotherapy (HT) was compared to IMPT delivered with spot scanning (SS) and distal gradient tracking (DGT). The novel DGT method places beam spots where dose prescription gradients occur along the pencil beam axis. Fundamental dosimetric properties of each modality were assessed by creating optimized plans for 144 variations of a cylindrical phantom with six boost regions embedded inside a base tumor region. Clinical cases with biologically conformal dose prescriptions based on PET with the 61 Cu ‐ATSM hypoxia imagingradiopharmaceutical were planned. The effects on the nonuniform dose distribution of delivering IMPT on a 180° arc versus equi‐spaced beams spread over 360° were investigated. Results: Phantom studies showed that nonuniform dose plan quality for tomotherapy, SS, and DGT, was similar, but DGT plans were most sensitive to phantom size and boost region proximity. IMPT reduced normal tissue integral dose by a mean factor of around two relative to IMXT. Clinical dose deviations from the prescription were comparable for all modalities, but arc IMPT deliveries markedly reduced normal tissue dose and improved critical structure sparing without compromising the dose distribution in the tumor.Conclusions: In the target volume, IMXT and IMPT deliver comparable nonuniform dose distributions. IMPT offers improved integral normal tissue dose and sparing of critical structures over IMXT, as was the case for uniform dose deliveries. DGT reduces required beam spots by a factor of about three relative to SS. IMPT dose painting will require similar management of intrafractional patient motion as for IMXT, with the additional consideration of proton spot placement uncertainty. TR Mackie has a conflict of interest due to financial interest in TomoTherapy, Inc.
Differential effects of hyperosmotic challenge on interleukin-1-activated pathways in bovine articular cartilage

Chondrocytes in situ experience fluctuations in extracellular osmolarity resulting from mechanical loading. The objective of this study was to determine whether hyperosmotic stress causes or exacerbates interleukin-1 (IL-1)-mediated effects in bovine articular cartilage. Disks of cartilage cut from the articular surface of calf radiocarpal joints were incubated for 24h in the presence or absence of IL-1 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium adjusted to various osmolalities with sucrose or NaCl. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels in the cartilage were examined by Western blot. Culture media were assayed for prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), nitrite as an indicator of nitric oxide (NO) production, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan as an indicator of proteoglycan degradation. We report the osmolality-dependent potentiation of COX-2 and PGE(2) production, and the osmolality-dependent inhibition of NO production and proteoglycan degradation in IL-1-activated cartilage. The data demonstrate that osmotic and cytokine signaling interact to differentially modulate IL-1-stimulated effects in calf articular cartilage.
A method for siting parks and reserves with special reference to Columbia and Ecuador

Abstract Many tropical countries contain large numbers of species with small geographical ranges, here, for convenience, termed endemics. South America, for example, harbours 440 endemic land birds having ranges of less than 50 000 km2. These comprise about a quarter of the terrestrial avifauna of the continent. Such species are exceptionally vulnerable to deforestation and their preservation will require siting future parks or reserves in just the right places. Using Colombia and Ecuador as an illustration, we describe a simple procedure for locating areas of concentrated endemism that would be optimal for future protection. Unfortunately, there is little correspondence between the points of maximal endemism and the locations of existing and projected reserves in the two countries. The advantages and limitations of using satellite photos for habitat evaluation in centres of endemism are also discussed.
Commentary on the temperature-dependent viscosity of supercooled liquids: a unified activation scenario

Recent progress in describing the viscosity of vitrified liquids through an effective temperature-dependent activation barrier offers a new look at the basis for classifying fragile and strong glasses. By considering the activated state kinetics of model fragile and strong liquids, we identify a common structure in the temperature variation of their activation barriers. A unified description is proposed in which all glass formers can exhibit strong and fragile behavior in principle, and correspondingly two strong-fragile dynamic crossovers are indicated. Our deductions are based only on atomistic calculations using specific interatomic interactions. Thus the results are model predictions subject to further studies and experimental confirmation. On the other hand, the justification for the method being used to obtain the effective activation barriers is based on a direct experimental test of the calculated viscosities.
Concepts in Advanced Renal Carcinoma

Objectives Treatment options for advanced renal cell carcinoma have increased dramatically over the past 6 years as a result of improved understanding of the biology of renal cancer and the development of therapies to target pathways relevant to tumor progression. Data Sources Research-based articles. Conclusion New therapies to treat advanced renal cell cancer results in a need for evidence-based decision making when discussing treatment choices. Implications for Nursing Practice Knowledge of therapeutic strategies, their proposed mechanism of action, potential adverse events, and management strategies provides nurses with a foundation to provide appropriate patient education and effective management of treatment-related side effects, assisting patients to maximize clinical outcomes.
Modularity within the architecture of the nuclear pore complex

Transport between nucleus and cytoplasm is exclusively mediated by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in the nuclear envelope. The NPC is an enormously elaborate protein assembly, reflecting its ability to multitask by simultaneously regulating the trafficking of a diverse spectrum of substrates, ranging from microRNAs to assembled ribosomal subunits. The complexity and sheer size of the NPC have hampered efforts to elucidate its molecular architecture. However, recent studies using a battery of complementary techniques have significantly enhanced our understanding of the NPC structure. The picture of a highly dynamic and modular machine is emerging.
Utilizing the SIMS technique in the study of grain boundary diffusion along twist grain boundaries in the Cu(Ni) system

The secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique was used to study grain boundary diffusion along (100) twist grain boundaries in the Cu(Ni) system. Concentration profiles of Ni down Cu twist grain boundaries with nominal disorientation angles of 10°, 5 (36.87°), and 45°, were measured using the SIMS technique. The average activation energy for grain boundary diffusion, Qb, was found to be 245 ± 22, 140 ± 10, and 102 ± 15 kJ / mol, for the 10°, 5, and 45° twist grain boundaries, respectively. The average grain boundary diffusion pre-exponential term, sdDbo, was found to be 9.6 ± 1.24 × 10 9 , 1.1 ± 0.17 × 10 14 , and 1.3 ± 0.36 × 10 16 m 3 / s, for the 10°, 5, and 45° twist grain boundaries, respectively.
CP violations in B decays

Abstract I review how one can test the Standard Model predictions for CP violation. This test requires sufficient independent measurements to overconstrain the model parameters and thus be sensitive to possible beyond Standard Model contributions. I address the challenges for theory as well as for experiment to achieve such a test.
Electronic structure of ErAs(100)

The experimental band structure of the rare-earth pnictide erbium arsenide (ErAs), grown epitaxially on GaAs(100), has been mapped out using photoelectron spectroscopy and inverse photoemission spectroscopy. The electronic structure is dominated by bulk bands qualitatively consistent with the calculated band structure. A number of additional nondispersing $4f$ multiplet levels can be identified in the valence-band structure as well as at least one surface resonance band. From symmetry selection rules, photoemission provides strong evidence that the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{5}$ (or e) symmetry bands are a consequence of hybridization between Er and As, while the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ (or ${a}_{1})$ symmetry bands have possible contributions from nonbonding or antibonding states from Er (and/or As).
704 DEVELOPMENT OF GLUTAMINASE ALONG THE VILLUS-CRYPT AXIS OF RAT JEJUNUM

During the development of intestinal cells, energy is required for a number of functions: maintenance of cellular proliferation/ differentiation and migration/ and absorption and packaging of absorbed material. While glutamine is the major fuel source for the entire small intestine, the utilization of glutamine during the development of the intestinal cell has not been described. We have examined the regulation of glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), the entry enzyme for glutamine metabolism/ in enterocytes isolated along the villus-crypt axis from jejunum. Specific activity of glutaminase, μmol/mg protein/h, was 5.07±0.60 in villus cells (0-75% of the total protein removed from jejunum)/ 6.07±1.29 in the villus crypt junction cells (75-95% of total protein) and 3.91 ± 0.80 in crypt cells (95-100% of total protein). Quantity of glutaminase protein was determined by a dot immunobinding assay using an antibody to purified glutaminase. Immunoreactive glutaminase-protein relative to total cell protein was 6.03 ± 1.99 cpm/ μg homogenate protein in villus cells, 3.34±1.16 cpm/μg at the villus-crypt junction and 4.47±1.94 in crypt cells. Thus activity of glutaminase relative to immunoreactive protein was 2.2-fold higher at the villus crypt junction than in villus. All cell types in jejunum have significant activity of glutaminase. The highest activity, present in the area of rapid cellular differentiation, is due to an increased activation of enzyme protein.
Attractor reconstruction from interspike intervals is incomplete

Abstract We investigate the problem of attractor reconstruction from interspike times produced by an integrate-and-fire (IF) model of neuronal activity. Suzuki et al. [Biol. Cybernet. 82 (2000) 305–311] found that the reconstruction of the Rossler attractor is incomplete if the IF model is used. We explain this failure using two observations. One is that the attractor reconstruction only reconstructs an attractor of a discrete system, which may be a strict subset of the original attractor. The second observation is that for a set of parameters with non-empty interior numerical simulations demonstrate that the attractor of the discrete system is indeed a strict subset of the Rossler attractor. This is explained by the existence of phase locking in a nearby periodically forced leaky IF model.
Absence of localization in energy space of a Bloch electron driven by a constant electric force.

Cette absence est vraie pour tout potentiel a l'exception du peigne de Dirac qui est le cas extreme. En analogie a l'analyse en dynamique non lineaire de la connexion du comportement a longue periode au spectre de quasi-energie, on trouve que sous la condition de resonance il n'y a pas de localisation dans l'espace d'energie meme pour le peigne de Dirac
Multispectral analysis of cancer cells using quantum dot leds patterned on-chip

We demonstrate the nanopatterning of multicolored inorganic quantum dot light emitting diodes (QDLED) on silicon for compact multispectral analysis of cancer cells. With well-correlated electroluminescen and photoluminescence spectra, the QDLEDs works as near-field excitation sources to illuminate fluorescently labeled cancer cells. Spectral characteristics of individual cancer cell can be recorded. Key parameters such as the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio of selected cancer cell lines were measured to benchmark cancer progression. This compact platform shows great potential for quantitative identification of circulating tumor cell in blood for early cancer diagnosis.
Quantitating intracellular transport of polyplexes by spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy.

Quantitatively understanding how nonviral gene delivery vectors (polyplexes) are transported inside cells is essential before they can be optimized for gene therapy and medical applications. In this study, we used spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy (ICS) to follow polymer-nucleic acid particles (polyplexes) of various sizes and analyze their diffusive-like and flow behaviors intracellularly to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for their transport. ICS is a quantitative imaging technique that allows the assessment of particle motion in complex systems, although it has not been widely used to date. We find that the internalized polyplexes are able to use microtubule motors for intracellular trafficking and exhibit different transport behaviors for short (<10 s) versus long (≈60 s) correlation times. This motion can be explained by a memory effect of the microtubule motors. These results reveal that, although microtubule motor biases may be present for short periods of time, resulting in a net directional velocity, the overall long-term motion of the polyplexes is best described as a random walk-like process. These studies suggest that spatio-temporal ICS is a powerful technique for assessing the nature of intracellular motion and provides a quantitative tool to compare the transport of different objects within a living cell.
Problem dynamics and working set principle as applied to concurrent processing

For fast and efficient problem solving we need to not only exploit concurrency in the problem structure but also the problem dynamics which allows one to use result sharing and partial evaluation [Kri 87]. Intuitively it is clear that the interplay of problem structure and problem dynamics can be exploited to identify only the essential part of a computation as it evolves over a period of time. Ignoring dynamics may result in redundant and hence inefficient, slow, and expensive computation.The notion of working set in the context of efficient processing of programs was introduced by Denning [Den 68]. For cost-effective computation it is essential to have no more computational resources than that demanded by the average working set of the computation. Similarly, for performance reasons, the amount of computational resources must be at least equal to that demanded by the working set of the computation. Thus, the idea of generating a working set and scheduling computational tasks from the working set is key to both cost-effective and high-performance computations.The working set model based on locality properties has been extensively studied in [Den 68] which assumes sequential computational model. The design and implementation of a working set dispatcher is discussed in [Ros 73]. The working set of processes in running state are computed periodically and the paging algorithm never chooses replacement pages from the working set of running processes. The notion of working set as applied to concurrent processing is proposed in [Tok 83]. The contribution towards working set here is two-fold: due to principle of locality and simultaneity of execution. Unlike in a sequential machine, where the computation flow is more like a thread, in a concurrent machine the computation flow is like a wavefront on the data flow graph. A potentially costly component of a data flow machine is the mechanism to recognize when an instruction node has all of its operands available. For cost and performance reasons only the working set of nodes need to be checked. The working set of computation need to be automatically created based on the structure of the data flow graph of the computation and node fetch and replacement policies.When problem dynamics is exploited in the form of result sharing and better decomposition techniques, as considered in [Kri 87], the potential for efficient problem solving increases by supporting the working set creation and dispatch logic. We need both fast and dynamic analysis of the computation graph in order to identify the working set of computation. Some of the issues involved in this respect are discussed.
Software reuse antipatterns

Software reuse is a productivity technique attempted by many development organizations, with mixed success. In analyzing reuse failures, a number of antipatterns emerge. Antipatterns are obvious, but wrong, solutions to recurring problems. This article outlines a number of reuse antipatterns that have been observed within the software industry.
Computational Study of Subsonic Flow over a Delta Canard-Wing-Body Configuration

Subsonic flowfields over a close-coupled, delta canard-wing-body configuration at angles of attack of 20, 24.2, and 30 deg are computed using the OVERFLOW Navier-Stokes solver. Computed flowfields are presented in terms of particle traces, surface streamlines, and leeward-side surface pressure distributions for the canard-on and -off configurations. The interaction between the canard and the wing vortices, wing vortex breakdown, and the influence of the canard on vortex breakdown are identified. The comparison of the pressure data with the available experimental data at Re = 0.32 x 10 6 and Re = 1.4 x 10 6 shows a significant Reynolds-number dependence
Three Ethical Issues in Negotiation

The overall choice of how to negotiate, whether to emphasize moves that create value or claim it, has implications beyond single encounters. The dynamic that leads individual bargainers to poor agreements, impasses, and conflict spirals also has a larger social counterpart. Without choices that keep creative actions from being driven out, this larger social game tends toward an equilibrium in which everyone claims, engages constantly in behavior that distorts information, and worse.
The effect of elevated homocysteine levels on adrenergic vasoconstriction of human resistance arteries: the role of the endothelium and reactive oxygen species.

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the effect of elevated homocysteine levels on adrenergic contraction of human resistance arteries and tested the hypothesis that homocysteine-induced generation of reactive oxygen species contributes to vascular reactivity changes. Methods: Small ( Results: Sensitivity to norepinephrine was diminished in HC arteries, which increased the median effective concentration (EC 50 ) from 0.24 ± 0.06 μmol/L in control arteries to 0.65 ± 0.10 μmol/L in HC arteries ( P P 50 = 61 ± 3 nmol/L vs 50 ± 19 nmol/L; P >.05) or in sensitivity to acetylcholine (EC 50 = 19 ± 7 nmol/L vs 12 ± 3 nmol/L; P >.05). Arteries in the presence of superoxide dismutase and catalase had similarly impaired reactivity to norepinephrine as did homocysteine arteries (EC 50 , 0.58 ± 0.15 μmol/L; P >.05 vs HC, P Conclusion: An elevated homocysteine level in vitro diminishes adrenergic contraction, with a differential endothelial versus smooth muscle influence that appears unrelated to the generation of reactive oxygen species. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:751-9.)
A discrete analog of the extended Bass algorithm for stabilizing constant linear systems

A discrete analog of the extended Bass algorithm for stabilizing continuous constant systems is discussed and computational experience from using both the continuous and discrete algorithms is presented.