cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development and Application of the Area Concept in Biogeography

Rotramel, G. L. (Calif. State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif. 94704) 1973. The Development of the Area Concept in Biogeography. Syst. Zool. 22:227-232.-Biogeography is the study of biotic areas. The historic development of the essential concepts of areal definition, origin and maintenance are each examined in turn. The early influence of creationism and evolutionism upon biogeographic analysis is discussed and the theoretical bases of some current attempts to apply phyletic analysis to organismic dispersions are examined in detail. The author concludes that biogeography has failed to develop in step with geography as a whole and that a new emphasis on ecologic approaches is required to remedy the situation. Some pioneer efforts by ecologists and biogeographers to integrate ecology and biogeography are discussed in terms of their potential impact on the basic biogeographic questions of areal analysis. Biogeography is primarily the study of
Urinary biomarkers of trimethoprim bioactivation in vivo following therapeutic dosing in children.

The antimicrobial trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is widely used for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections in the outpatient setting. Despite its therapeutic benefits, TMP-SMX has been associated with a number of adverse drug reactions, which have been primarily attributed to the formation of reactive metabolites from SMX. Recently, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that TMP may form reactive intermediates as well. However, evidence of TMP bioactivation in patients has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we performed in vitro trapping experiments with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) to determine stable markers of reactive TMP intermediates, focusing on eight potential markers (NAC-TMP adducts), some of which were previously identified in vitro. We developed a specific and sensitive assay involving liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry for measurement of these adducts in human liver microsomal samples and expanded the methodology toward the detection of these an...
Sex difference in the metabolism of hexobarbital in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

SummaryA sex difference was observed in the metabolism of hexobarbital in the Mongolian gerbil. The hexobarbital hydroxylating activity of the liver microsomal enzymes and the microsomal content of cytochrome P-450 were found to be higher in the female gerbils. This was further supported by the finding that the duration of hexobarbital hypnosis was shorter in the female than in the male gerbils.
Thermal Expansion Measurements by Photodetector Based Laser Beam Position Change Determination

A new method for thermal expansion measurements is described. The technique is based on rotation of a laser beam reflected from a probe bar caused by uneven thermal expansions of sample and reference rods. At a distance, the reflected gaussian laser beam is observed with a small photodetector (much smaller than the beam cross-section). The measurement of minute beam position change thus results in related low thermal expansion measurement capability. Experimental arrangement and the sensitivity are described. Some results are also reported.
Leukocyte Reduction Filtration: Technologies, Benefits, Applications, and Limitations

Recent developments in leukocyte reduction (LR) filtration technology are reviewed. Maturing over the past decade, these filter devices are very effective, easy, and safe to use. Their market availability has generated new questions, such issues as appropriate quality control techniques, optimal timing, and location of filtration. Although guidelines for use or recommendations for specific clinical indications remain incompletely resolved, some promising applications [eg, delay/prevention of white blood cell (WBC) alloimmunization and platelet refractoriness or cytomegalovirus “safe” components] are being investigated by multicenter trials. LR filtration would logically benefit patients who require prolonged or chronic transfusion support and those with recurrent febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions associated with WBC alloimmunization. At this time, LR filtration is recommended neither for all blood recipients nor to prevent transfusion-associated (TA) graft-versus-host disease or TA immunomodulation.
Helmet laws, helmet use, and bicycle ridership

Abstract Purpose To assess bicycle helmet laws' effect on helmet and bicycle use among U.S. high school students in urban jurisdictions. Methods Log-binomial models were fit to Youth Risk Behavior Survey data from five jurisdictions. Adjusted helmet and bicycle use proportions were calculated with post-regression marginal effects. Difference-in-differences were estimated, comparing intervention to concurrent controls. A placebo outcome was used to falsify possible confounding or selection effects. Results In San Diego and Dallas, helmet use increase increased 10.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5 to 14.7, p p p = .003) and 4.0 (95% CI −.7 to 8.8, p = .098) points against age-based and out-of-jurisdiction controls, respectively. Bicycle use fell 5.5 points in both San Diego (95% CI −9.8 to −1.1, p = .015) and the Florida counties (95% CI −11.5 to .5, p = .075) against out-of-jurisdiction controls, but other comparisons had no significant changes. The placebo outcome never changed significantly. Conclusions Laws increased helmet use in all jurisdictions, with limited evidence of reduced cycling. Although sound health policy, laws should be coupled with physical activity promotion.
On the Regulation on Technical Investigation

Technical investigation is the result of the conjunction of modern science and criminal investigation.Judging from the development trend of criminal investigation,technical investigation is an important theory and practical issue of great theoretical and practical meaning which deserves research.The legalization of technical investigation is of realistic rationality,but it has been not given just rational position all along due to people's misunderstanding and the bugs of system.Therefore,we should make it as an important investigation method through legislation,introduce technical investigation into the criminal procedural law and standardize it comprehensively,pay attention to the grasping of principle of legitimacy of procedure,attach same importance to function of cracking down crimes and protecting human rights,and to construct standardized implementation system of technical investigation.
Energy Ontologies: Wind, Biomass, and Fossil Transportation

This article uses literary sources to draw ontological distinctions among three distinct energy sources: wind power, biomass, and fossil fuels. The primary aim is to demonstrate how radically our fossil fuel regime has changed human ontology in the last two centuries during which we have entered the Anthropocene. Because this radical transformation contains myriad elements, this article will focus on transportation: the speed, quality, and quantity of travel permitted by successive energy sources. To consider the comparative literatures of energy as they relate to transportation, we will begin with wind, then consider muscle-driven biomass giving way to coal locomotion, and conclude with the highest octane fuel, petroleum. The central interest is in how the fuel depicted in literature illuminates historical moments in which the interfaces between self, society, and nature are configured by specific energy regimes. By using literature as a source text, we may arrive at an emotionally and philosophically more robust synthesis of energy history than the social and natural sciences, relying upon objective accounts and statistics, are able to provide. By re-reading literature through the lens of the Anthropocene, we gain perspective on how earlier insights into the relationship between energy and experience can inform our explorations of today’s ontological reality. Energy literature instructs us out of the fossil fuel mindset of world domination and back to a physical realm in which we are small actors in a world guided by capricious forces. Such a reality requires hard muscular work and emotional immersion to restore an ethic of care and sustainability.
Combined Radiographic and Urodynamic Monitoring: Advances in Technique

AbstractAn electronic unit that simultaneously displays urodynamic data with radiographic visualization of the urinary tract on television monitors is described. A new photographic technique permits high quality film reproduction of the combined radiographic-urodynamic image from either live or videotape recorded signals.
The role of organizational infrastructure in promoting change: lessons from the American Dental Education Association.

Dry mouth is a common complaint among older adults, and the aging process is erroneously considered by many to be the primary cause. The subjective complaint of dry mouth (xerostomia) is not always associated with objective evidence of a reduced saliva flow rate (salivary gland hypofunction). Moreover, there are patients who have reduced saliva flow rates and are asymptomatic. Xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction are associated with sundry oral and systemic complications and affect the quality of an individual's life. This article includes the common causes of xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction and addresses the common complications of and routine therapeutic modalities available for these conditions in the elderly.
Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Condition Hospitalizations Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Introduction This study examined the association between the distribution of primary care physicians and Medicare beneficiaries' ambulatory care sensitive condition hospitalizations using both statistical and spatial analyses. Methods Data from the 2014 County Health Rankings, 2013–2014 Area Resource File, and the 2014 Food Environment Atlas Data File were integrated to perform county-level ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression. Analyses were conducted in late 2015. Results Primary care physician density was found to be negatively associated with Medicare beneficiaries' ambulatory care sensitive condition hospitalization rate in both ordinary least squares (β=–5.88, p =0.0037) and geographically weighted regression models (37.08% of all counties), with the latter model finding significant relationships in the South and Northeast. Conclusions Preventable hospitalizations are high in areas of the U.S. that have low primary care physician density and other healthcare resources, large non-white populations, high levels of area deprivation, and rural designations. Using geospatial techniques helped document areas of greatest concern for potential intervention. Future research needs to account for these regional differences and target surveillance accordingly.
Voices of teacher candidates of color on white race evasion: ‘I worried about my safety!’

AbstractThis qualitative study investigated the negative impacts minority teacher candidates receive from white teacher candidates in a required multicultural education class. The findings reveal that four teacher candidates of color had difficulty positioning themselves among the overwhelming silencing power of whiteness in the class. The white students were tactful at evading power and race and flattening the existing hierarchical power relations through the discourses of colorblindness and by preying on the minority instructor. Their understanding of diversity was also shallow. On the other hand, the teacher candidates of color were afraid that they might be labeled as the ones who spoke up against the white students and fearful of the possibility of retaliation and ostracism from the white peers. It seems that the teacher education program’s structure allowed the white candidates to impose strong negative peer pressure on the teacher candidates of color.
Deformation Equations for Non-Circular Cylinders

As far as is known, no explicit solution exists in the literature for the displacement equations in u, v and w , for a uniform cylinder of arbitrary cross section subjected to a lateral pressure loading. However, the advent of Ref. 1 now makes available an admirable treatise devoted entirely to the analysis of thin elastic shells. The equations developed in this reference apply only to linear problems, i.e. the displacements are assumed to be small in comparison with the thickness of the shell, but they are general enough to include all shells of arbitrary curvature. Unfortunately the generality of these equations inhibits their immediate use to cylindrical shell problems, and it is the purpose of this note to present the essential features of the theory for non-circular cylinders.
A Survey of U.S Adults' Opinions about Conduct of a Nationwide Precision Medicine Initiative® Cohort Study of Genes and Environment.

Objectives A survey of a population-based sample of U.S adults was conducted to measure their attitudes about, and inform the design of the Precision Medicine Initiative’s planned national cohort study. Methods An online survey was conducted by GfK between May and June of 2015. The influence of different consent models on willingness to share data was examined by randomizing participants to one of eight consent scenarios. Results Of 4,777 people invited to take the survey, 2,706 responded and 2,601 (54% response rate) provided valid responses. Most respondents (79%) supported the proposed study, and 54% said they would definitely or probably participate if asked. Support for and willingness to participate in the study varied little among demographic groups; younger respondents, LGBT respondents, and those with more years of education were significantly more likely to take part if asked. The most important study incentive that the survey asked about was learning about one’s own health information. Willingness to share data and samples under broad, study-by-study, menu and dynamic consent models was similar when a statement about transparency was included in the consent scenarios. Respondents were generally interested in taking part in several governance functions of the cohort study. Conclusions A large majority of the U.S. adults who responded to the survey supported a large national cohort study. Levels of support for the study and willingness to participate were both consistent across most demographic groups. The opportunity to learn health information about one’s self from the study appears to be a strong motivation to participate.
Meaningful contexts for mathematical learning: the potential of game making activities

There is a need for educational researchers to find connections between formal education and the many other activities and contexts which inhabit the "real world" of children. While there has been some research on the potential of game playing for learning, the benefits of game making activities have not been examined. In this paper we present the analysis of a design session in which four elementary school-students designed computer games to teach fractions to other students. We analyzed the design interactions in a microgenetic fashion to identify the progression of students' mathematical thinking. In addition, we paid close attention to the contribution of students' social interactions to the increasing sophistication of fraction representations in the game context. We argue in this paper that not only is the context of game-making itself relevant to children's "real world," but that it also provides opportunities for children to explore mathematical ideas within many other "real world" scenes and situations as they design their games.
Effects of Chronotypes on Students’ Choice, Participation, and Performance in Online Learning:

Introducing a new theoretical framework of chronotypes (inner biological clock), this article presents a study examining students’ choices, participation, and performance in two discussion-heavy on...
Study of charge transport properties in a ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell via admittance spectroscopy

The authors investigate the charge carrier transport properties in a thin-film heterojunction Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell device via coordinated capacitance–voltage and admittance spectroscopic measurements. The CIGS absorber width was measured using temperature dependent depletion width in the freeze-out regime and its acceptor density extracted from conventional capacitance–voltage analysis in the non-freeze-out regime. The bias-dependent modified dielectric relaxation in the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell was exploited to extract the absorber's resistivity, hole mobility, and their temperature dependency, all by admittance spectroscopy. In the temperature range of 133–300 K, the extracted hole mobility in the CIGS device increases from 7.55 × 10−3 to 4.08 cm2/V s with temperature. The temperature dependent resistivity and mobility show Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy ≈120 meV. The thermally activated behavior of mobility is related to the potential fluctuation encountered by the holes during t...
Subtropical/polar jet influence on Plains and Southeast tornado outbreaks

While extensive research consideration has been given to the Northern Hemispheric polar (PJ) and subtropical jet (STJ) streams, there have been fewer climatological studies relating these two jet types to tornado outbreaks. This study examines tornado outbreaks in two regions with substantial tornado risk, Plains Tornado Alley (PTA) and Southeast Tornado Alley (STA), and classifies the jet streak types associated with the outbreaks. Utilizing the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) tornado database and an objective jet identification scheme created from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 data, jet streaks were identified as STJ, PJ, merged (identified as STJ and PJ), superposed, or unidentified for a 30-year period between 1984 and 2013. Tornado outbreaks were categorized into different types based on these jet streak types. Results revealed STJ and PJ tornado outbreaks compose the majority of tornado outbreaks, as well as the most intense outbreaks, in both PTA and STA. STJ tornado outbreaks were found to be more common in PTA than in STA, while PJ outbreaks were more common in STA than in PTA. The study concludes by considering how a coupled jet structure may be important for tornado outbreaks.
30 – Trauma Models for Studying the Influence of Gender and Aging

This chapter provides the basis for the development of experimental systems to study the effect of gender and aging in trauma models. Trauma is the leading cause of death. A number of risk factors for traumatic injury have been identified (lifestyle, alcoholism/drug abuse, economic background, employment, etc.). Several epidemiologic studies also suggest the importance of age and gender as additional risk factors in traumatic injury. As new agents become available and as new insights into the role of these factors are elucidated, trauma models will need to be modified accordingly. This area of experimental study is in its infancy. Application of these methods is far ranging and includes subsequent study of immunologic, physiologic, biochemical, and metabolic parameters. Limitations are only in the ability of the investigator to design experimental models/ systems that are relevant and that accurately mimic the clinical setting.
Evaluating Best Practices in Green Supply Chain

With the rising need of improved environmental performance, it is important that companies implement green supply chain. Many electronic documents containing information about green supply chain are available in various sources such as journals, technical, and online news reports. We studied the green supply chain practices of companies namely Hewlett Packard, Walmart, Johnson & Johnson, and Nike and compared them with the environment standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The information on green supply chain from electronic documents is extracted semiautomatically using an experimental system that we built. Collocation analysis is used for analyzing the organization and relationship of words in a large text to evaluate the importance of the green supply chain terms that appear in the files of the four companies with those of the standards. We calculate t-scores to find relationship between terms (e.g., chemical and hazard, environment and health, and ISO and 14000).
Quantitative imaging of lipid droplets in single cells

The combination of next generation sequencing (NGS) and automated liquid handling platforms has led to a revolution in single-cell genomic studies. However, many molecules that are critical to understanding the functional roles of cells in a complex tissue or organs, are not directly encoded in the genome, and therefore cannot be profiled with NGS. Lipids, for example, play a critical role in many metabolic processes but cannot be detected by sequencing. Recent developments in quantitative imaging, particularly coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques, have produced a suite of tools for studying lipid content in single cells. This article reviews CRS imaging and computational image processing techniques for non-destructive profiling of dynamic changes in lipid composition and spatial distribution at the single-cell level. As quantitative CRS imaging progresses synergistically with microfluidic and microscopic platforms for single-cell genomic analysis, we anticipate that these techniques will bring researchers closer towards combined lipidomic and genomic analysis.
The use of prostate MR for targeting prostate biopsies

Management of prostate cancer relies heavily on accurate risk stratification obtained through biopsies, which are conventionally performed under transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guidance. Yet, multiparametric MRI has grown to become an integral part of the care of males with known or suspected prostate cancer. This article will discuss in detail the different MRI-targeted biopsy techniques, their advantages and disadvantages, and the impact they have on patient management.
Temporal trends in utilization and outcomes of steatotic donor livers in the United States.

Steatotic donor livers (SDLs) (macrosteatosis ≥30%) represent a possible donor pool expansion, but are frequently discarded due to a historical association with mortality and graft loss. However, changes in recipient/donor demographics, allocation policy, and clinical protocols might have altered utilization and outcomes of SDLs. We used Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data from 2005 to 2017 and adjusted multilevel regression to quantify temporal trends in discard rates (logistic) and posttransplant outcomes (Cox) of SDLs, accounting for Organ Procurement Organization-level variation. Of 4346 recovered SDLs, 58.0% were discarded in 2005, versus only 43.1% in 2017 (P < .001). SDLs were always substantially more likely discarded versus non-SDLs, although this difference decreased over time (adjusted odds ratio in 2005-2007:13.15 15.2817.74 ; 2008-2011:11.77 13.4115.29 ; 2012-2014:9.87 11.3713.10 ; 2015-2017:7.79 8.8910.15 , P < .001 for all). Conversely, posttransplant outcomes of recipients of SDLs improved over time: recipients of SDLs from 2012 to 2017 had 46% lower risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.43 0.540.68 , P < .001) and 47% lower risk of graft loss (aHR: 0.42 0.530.67 , P < .001) compared to 2005 to 2011. In fact, in 2012 to 2017, recipients of SDLs had equivalent mortality (aHR: 0.90 1.041.21 , P = .6) and graft loss (aHR: 0.90 1.041.20 , P = .6) to recipients of non-SDLs. Increasing utilization of SDLs might be a reasonable strategy to expand the donor pool.
Dunera Lives: A Visual History: By Ken Inglis, Seumas Spark and Jay Winter with Carol Bunyan. Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2018.Pp. 549. A$39.95 paper.

This visual history on the well-known ‘Dunera’ experience is an impressive publication. The Dunera story told through photographs, documents and artworks uncovered in institutional and private coll...
A longitudinal examination of parent-reported emotional-behavioral functioning of children with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease

Children with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for deficits in neurocognition. Less is known about how CKD affects emotional-behavioral functioning in this population. Parent ratings of emotional-behavioral functioning at baseline and over time were examined for 845 children with mild to moderate CKD using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition Parent Rating Scales (BASC-2 PRS). Associations with demographic and disease-related predictors were also examined. Children with mild to moderate CKD had parent-reported emotional-behavioral functioning largely within normal limits, at baseline and over time. The proportion with T-scores at least 1 SD above the mean was 24% for Internalizing Problems and 28% for Attention Problems. A greater proportion of participants scored lower than expected (worse) on scales measuring adaptive skills (25%). Persistent hypertension predicted attention problems (β = 1.59, 95% CI = 0.24 to 2.94, p < 0.02) and suggested worse behavioral symptoms (β = 1.36, 95% CI = − 0.01 to 2.73, p = 0.05). Participants with proteinuria at baseline, but not at follow-up, had fewer attention problems than participants whose proteinuria had not resolved (β = − 3.48, CI = − 6.79 to − 0.17, p < 0.04). Glomerular diagnosis was related to fewer (β = − 2.68, 95% CI = − 4.93 to − 0.42, p < 0.02) internalizing problems. Although children with CKD generally have average emotional-behavioral parent ratings, a notable percentage of the population may be at risk for problems with attention and adaptive behavior. Providers working with this population should facilitate psychosocial referrals when indicated.
Hundreds of thousands of cell generations reveal a treasure chest of genome alterations.

Mutations can result from DNA replication errors and through the repair of DNA lesions (1). While most mutations are deleterious, some are beneficial and provide the stock for adaptive evolution. In PNAS, Sui et al. (2) performed mutation accumulation experiments in a diploid baker’s yeast strain, identifying genetic alterations throughout the genome. They leveraged high-throughput, deep-coverage whole-genome sequencing to detect a wide variety of mutational events including base substitutions, chromosomal aneuploidy, and structural chromosomal rearrangements. As described below, one of their most interesting and intriguing findings was that among structural alterations allelic interhomolog recombination leading to copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH; Fig. 1 A ) was highly abundant, representing nearly half of all mutational events identified (Fig. 1 A ), whereas gross rearrangements associated with copy number alterations were relatively rare. The high number of CN-LOH events recovered enabled the authors to identify distinct genomic distribution patterns. Fig. 1. Formation of copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) mutations and key Siu et al. (2) findings. ( A ) A pair of replicated homologous chromosomes in a model diploid cell. Blue and green indicate that the two homologs differ at discrete heterozygous sites (SNPs) distributed evenly across their entire lengths. The gap in the long arm of the left green chromatid represents a DNA double-strand break lesion to be repaired by homologous recombination (X). In this case, the template used in the repair reaction is the corresponding (allelic) DNA sequence present in the blue homolog, instead of the identical sequence from the green intact sister chromatid. This is a less frequent and less desirable template choice, but when it occurs either of the two possible recombination outcomes can lead to loss of SNPs present in the broken DNA molecule. In B , a gene conversion outcome of recombination involves a limited (kilobase scale) transfer of blue SNPs to … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: eea3{at}cornell.edu or Lucas.Argueso{at}colostate.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Engineering 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase improves grain yield in heat-stressed maize.

Endosperm starch synthesis is a primary determinant of grain yield and is sensitive to high-temperature stress. The maize chloroplast-localized 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), PGD3, is critical for endosperm starch accumulation. Maize also has two cytosolic isozymes, PGD1 and PGD2, that are not required for kernel development. We found that cytosolic PGD1 and PGD2 isozymes have heat-stable activity, while amyloplast-localized PGD3 activity is labile under heat stress conditions. We targeted heat-stable 6PGDH to endosperm amyloplasts by fusing the Waxy1 chloroplast targeting the peptide coding sequence to the Pgd1 and Pgd2 open reading frames (ORFs). These WPGD1 and WPGD2 fusion proteins import into isolated chloroplasts, demonstrating a functional targeting sequence. Transgenic maize plants expressing WPGD1 and WPGD2 with an endosperm-specific promoter increased 6PGDH activity with enhanced heat stability in vitro. WPGD1 and WPGD2 transgenes complement the pgd3-defective kernel phenotype, indicating the fusion proteins are targeted to the amyloplast. In the field, the WPGD1 and WPGD2 transgenes can mitigate grain yield losses in high–nighttime-temperature conditions by increasing kernel number. These results provide insight into the subcellular distribution of metabolic activities in the endosperm and suggest the amyloplast pentose phosphate pathway is a heat-sensitive step in maize kernel metabolism that contributes to yield loss during heat stress.
Iatrogenic Aortic Insufficiency After Radiofrequency Ablation of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract.

Abstract Aortic insufficiency resulting from radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) is a rarely reported complication. We describe a 56-year-old man with a significant burden of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) who underwent unsuccessful LVOT RF ablation and suffered iatrogenic aortic valve injury producing severe aortic insufficiency. He required aortic valve replacement in the setting of a redo sternotomy and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated diastolic prolapse of a coronary leaflet and a defect in the right coronary leaflet base. Physical inspection of the valve confirmed the echocardiography findings and revealed extensive damage to the noncoronary and right coronary leaflets. These findings suggest that the trauma of extensive RF ablation was the culprit responsible for the iatrogenic aortic valve damage and not a mechanical, catheter-induced injury.
Epidemiology of Female Youth Ice Hockey Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments from 2002 to 2019.

BackgroundFemale youth ice hockey players are an understudied population. This study documented injury types, rates and mechanisms for female youth ice hockey players reporting to US emergency departments to inform safety measures and sideline medical preparedness.MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for all ice hockey injuries (product code 1279) from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2019. Cases involving players over the age of 18 years and males were excluded. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using OpenEpi and compared between age divisions. Spearman's rank correlation was utilized to evaluate the correlation between age and injury incidence. USA Hockey membership statistics were used to establish the population at risk and calculate incidence rates (IR).ResultsAn estimated 20,384 ice hockey injuries presented to participating United States emergency departments. The number of female youth ice hockey players increased significantly from 36,258 in 2002 to 65,072 in 2019 (p<0.01). The most commonly injured body parts were the head (n=5,519, IR=62.1 [95%CI 54.3-70.0 per 10,000 athletes), trunk (n=2,364, IR=26.6 [95%CI 21.2-32.0] per 10,000 athletes), and wrist (n=1,824, IR=20.5 [95%CI 15.7-25.4] per 10,000 athletes). The most commonly reported mechanisms of injury were player-to-player collision (n= 4,746, IR=53.4 [95%CI 46.4-60.5] per 10,000 athletes) and falls (n=4,585, IR= 51.6 [95%CI 44.1-59.1] per 10,000 athletes). The most common diagnoses were traumatic brain injury (n=5,333, IR=60.0 [95%CI 52.3-67.8] per 10,000 athletes), contusion (n=4,204, IR=47.3 [95%CI 40.3-54.4] per 10,000 athletes) and strain/sprain (n=3,601, IR=40.5 [95%CI 34.1-47.0] per 10,000 athletes). A positive correlation was found between age and injury incidence, as well as increasing age and injuries from player-to-player collision and TBI's.ConclusionsThough body checking is illegal at all levels of women's ice hockey, player-to-player collision prevailed as the leading mechanism on injury. Hopefully this study informs players, parents, coaches, trainers and clinicians about the impact of player-to-player collisions on overall injury burden in the older age divisions of youth female hockey.
Health and Safety Considerations in Machining of Composites

Machining of composite creates dust particles that can enter the human respiratory system and reach the bloodstream. Several toxicology studies depict the harmful effect of composite dust on animals. This chapter briefly reviews the detrimental impacts of composite dust, exposure limit of dust, and methods to collect and control dust generation. The relationship of machining parameters to dust formation is discussed based on the limited existing literature. A safe dust collection and real-time dust analysis system based on the isokinetic sampling technique is illustrated in this chapter.
Association of positive psychobehavioral factors and structural disadvantage with condomless sex in men who have sex men with childhood sexual abuse histories.

Previous research has highlighted both psychological and structural risk factors as correlates of condomless anal sex, a key pathway to HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men (MSM). Fewer studies have focused on positive psychobehavioral factors, which may be associated with more consistent condom use. This study hypothesized that positive psychobehavioral factors would be associated with more frequent condom use over and above psychological and structural risk factors. MSM with histories of childhood sexual abuse in Boston, MA and Miami, FL (N = 108) completed cross-sectional assessments of psychosocial, structural, and positive psychobehavioral factors. These factors were entered simultaneously in a linear regression model to examine their association with frequency of condomless sex. More recent seroadaptive behavior (B = 0.323, 95% CI = 0.055–0.590, p = .019) and receipt of government benefits to supplement income (B = 0.892, 95% CI = 0.171–1.612, p = .016) were independently associated with higher frequency of condomless sex over and above all other psychosocial, structural, and positive psychobehavioral factors. R2 for the final model was 0.270. Ancillary analyses including participants taking and adherent to biomedical HIV prevention suggested an association between higher distress tolerance and lower frequency of condomless sex. Positive psychobehavioral factors may potentially lower risk for HIV in high-risk MSM; however, left unaddressed, structural disadvantage is a potent influence which may limit potential benefits.
Commuting Costs and Urban Sprawl: Which Proxy Measures Up?

Empirical studies investigating urban sprawl and the determinants of city size with the Mills-Muth framework have struggled to find a reliable and ubiquitous proxy for the theoretical commuting costs variable. This study is the first to apply the Davidson-McKinnon non-nested specification test to address the long-standing issue in the literature of determining the best proxy measure for commuting costs. We employ this specification test to evaluate the three most widely available commuting costs measures from the literature: vehicle availability, public transit usage, and commuting speed. For a sample of all urbanized areas in 2000 and 2010, our results provide a degree of resolution. While we find for a pooled sample of all urbanized areas that commuting speed is the preferred proxy, subsample analysis reveals the prior result may be driven by larger urbanized areas spanning more than one county; commuting speed dominates the other proxies for these larger cities. Conversely, the sizes of single-county urbanized areas are explained by vehicle availability and transit usage, though neither of those proxy measures emerge as dominant, suggesting some unspecified measure may be better for these smaller cities.
THE FUTURE AND POTENTIAL OF NON-STEADY FLOW DEVICES IN ADVANCED PROPULSION DESIGNS

Conventional aircraft powerplants generate a propulsive force through the application of a relatively constant fluidic flow. In non-steady flow propulsion, an unevenness of fluidic pressure is developed and purposefully controlled with the objective of producing thrust. This paper reviews basic non-steady flow concepts and presents potential applications for emerging technologies.
Answer to a Question of Agarwal

The choice u = xy + eФ shows that the constant C in Agarwal’s inequality must exceed \(\frac{{ab}}{4}\). Here we assume only that Ф satisfies the given boundary conditions, and that $$\int_0^1{\int_0^1{\Phi_{xy}dxdy\,=\,0,\,}}\int_0^1{\int_0^1{\left({xy\Phi_{xy}+\Phi}\right)dxdy\,>\,0}}$$ .
A half-power rating improved 3-phase six-switch boost rectifier using two half controlled configurations with a common DC bus

An improved 3-phase isolated controlled rectifier with unity power factor interface and sinusoidal current waveforms is proposed in this paper. The power ratings of the active devices are reduced to half the rated power of the rectifier. The proposed rectifier consists of two complementary isolated half controlled circuits connected to a common DC bus. A 3-phase transformer with one primary and two complementary secondary windings is employed at the AC side for electrical isolation between the source and the load as well as between the two half controlled rectifiers. In addition to functioning as rectifiers, the two complementary circuits act as an active filter for each other in order to eliminate the low order harmonics both in the AC and DC sides. A simple cross-coupled control algorithm has been proposed in order to realize the above scheme. The proposed rectifier is shoot-through safe, requires single power supply for its gate drives and operates with higher efficiency. The higher efficiency is achieved due to lower switching losses since the switches carry only 50% of the rated current. The proposed topology has been studied for future implementation on a 40 kW rectifier using SABER and the simulation results are presented. The proposed topology will provide distinct advantages in terms of cost and ruggedness of the system compared to existing regular six switch inverters.
Medical complications of stroke.

Publisher Summary Stroke patients are prone to develop complications as a result of the stroke and the disability caused by it. Complications after stroke may be caused by preexisting medical conditions, such as atherosclerosis, prolonged bed rest and immobility, iatrogenic interventions, stroke-related therapeutics, or they may be a direct consequence of the stroke itself. The occurrence of complications after stroke is facilitated by several factors, such as advanced age, pre-stroke disability, pre-existing medical conditions, low serum albumin level, and increasing length of hospital stay. However, the severity of neurological deficits resulting from the stroke plays a dominant role. The likelihood and number of complications often correlate with stroke severity, and patients with the most severe neurological impairments tend to experience the most serious complications. The chapter discusses various medical complications of stroke, such as venous thromboembolism; deep venous thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; cardiovascular complications such as arrhythmias, elevated cardiac enzymes, and myocardial infarction; pulmonary complications such as oxygen desaturation and obstructive sleep apnea, dysphagia and aspiration, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema; genitourinary complications such as voiding dysfunction, urinary tract infections, and sexual dysfunction; psychological complications such as depression and fatigue; gastrointestinal complications such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage and constipation; endocrine and metabolic complications such as hyperglycemia and malnutrition; electrolyte disturbances; and musculoskeletal complications such as arthritis, nerve injury, decubitus ulcers, hip fractures, and limb or shoulder pain. The chapter also describes various neurological complications.
Delta-L methodology for efficient PCB trace loss characterization

The via effect has a big impact to the loss of the entire channel. To characterize the loss of a stripline design without the via contribution is very important for a designer to evaluate the dielectric material selection and the manufacturing process control. In this paper, an effective methodology, namely Delta-L, was proposed to remove the via effect efficiently and characterize the board electrical performance accurately.
Influence of protein supplementation frequency on cows consuming low-quality forage: performance, grazing behavior, and variation in supplement intake.

The objectives of this research were to determine the influence of protein supplementation fre- quency on cow performance, grazing time, distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribu- tion, DMI, DM digestibility, harvest efficiency, percent- age of supplementation events frequented, and CV for supplement intake for cows grazing low-quality forage. One hundred twenty pregnant (60 ± 45 d) Angus × Hereford cows (467 ± 4 kg BW) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design for one 84-d period in each of three consecutive years. Cows were stratified by age, BCS, and BW and assigned randomly to one of three 810- ha pastures. Treatments included an unsupplemented control (CON) and supplementation every day (D; 0.91 kg, DM basis) or once every 6 d (6D; 5.46 kg, DM basis) with cottonseed meal (CSM; 43% CP, DM basis). Four cows from each treatment (each year) were fitted with global positioning system collars to estimate grazing time, distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, and percentage of supplementation events frequented. Collared cows were dosed with in- traruminal n-alkane controlled-release devices on d 28 for estimation of DMI, DM digestibility, and harvest
Adiponectin and Functional Adiponectin Receptor 1 Are Expressed by Airway Epithelial Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

We screened bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from COPD-E (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-Emphysema) and control subjects using a 120 Ab cytokine array and demonstrated that adiponectin was highly expressed in BAL in COPD-E. An adiponectin ELISA confirmed that adiponectin was highly expressed in BAL in COPD-E compared with smokers and healthy control subjects. Immunohistochemistry studies of lung sections from subjects with COPD-E demonstrated that airway epithelial cells expressed significant levels of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) 1 but not AdipoR2. In vitro studies with purified populations of human lung A549 epithelial cells demonstrated that they expressed both adiponectin and AdipoR1 (but not AdipoR2) as assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Lung A549 epithelial AdipoR1were functional as incubation with adiponectin induced release of IL-8, which was inhibited by small interfering RNA to AdipoR1. Using a mouse model of COPD, tobacco smoke exposure induced both evidence of COPD as well as increased levels of adiponectin in BAL fluid and increased adiponectin expression by airway epithelial cells. As adiponectin expression in adipocytes is dependent upon NF-κB we determined levels of adiponectin in tobacco smoke exposed CC10-Cre tg / Ikk β Δ/Δ mice (deficient in the ability to activate NF-κB in airway epithelium). These studies demonstrated that CC10-Cre tg / Ikk β Δ/Δ and wild-type mice had similar levels of BAL adiponectin and airway epithelial adiponectin immunostaining. Overall, these studies demonstrate the novel observation that adiponectin and functional AdipoR1are expressed by lung epithelial cells, suggesting a potential autocrine and/or paracrine pathway for adiponectin to activate epithelial cells in COPD-E.
A study of the reaction p+d → 3He+π0 in the resonance region☆

Abstract The reaction p + d → 3 He + π 0 was studied at incident proton energies of 377, 462 and 576 MeV. A comparison of our data with others suggests the existence of a sharp forward peak in θ He at 377 and 462 MeV, which is unexplained by the theory and disappears at higher energies.
Evidence for the involvement of serine transhydroxymethylase in serine and glycine interconversions in Salmonella typhimurium.

ABSTRACT Salmonella typhimurium can normally use glycine as a serine source to support the growth of serine auxotrophs. This reaction was presumed to occur by the reversible activity of the cnzyme, serine transhydroxymethylase (E. C. 2. 1. 2. 1; L-serine: tetrahydrofolic-5, 10 transhydroxymethylase), which is responsible for glycine biosynthesis. However, this enzyme had not been demonstrated to be solely capable of synthesizing serine from glycine in vivo. The isolation and characterization of a mutant able to convert serine to glycine but unable to convert glycine to serine supports the conclusion that a single enzyme is involved in this reversible interconversion of serine and glycine. The mutation conferring this phenotype was mapped with other mutations affecting serine transhydroxymethylase ( glyA ) and assays demonstrated reduced activities of this enzyme in the mutant.
Transversal Hypergraphs and Families of Polyhedral Cones

We discuss the complexity of generating certain geometric configurations related to the classical theorems of Caratheodory and Helly. Given a set K of rational cones in n dimensions and a rational n-vector b, we consider the families MI N(K, b) and MAX (K, b) of all minimal and all maximal subsets of K that generate or avoid b, respectively. We show that the problems of generating MIN(K, b) and MAX(K, b) are both NP-hard already for systems of dihedral cones, while the case where all cones in K are rays remains open and includes the well-known problem of enumerating the vertices of a given polytope. On the other hand, for any set of rational cones, the generation of MIN(K, b) ∪ MAX (K, b) is polynomially equivalent to the hypergraph transversal problem, and hence can be carried out in a quasi-polynomial time. We provide other examples of mutually transversal NP-hard families of cones and polytopes.