cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A validated method for the quantification of mitragynine in sixteen commercially available Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) products.

Abstract The recent rise in the recreational use of plant-based “legal highs” has prompted the development of methods for the identification of the bulk material, and quantification of their psychoactive components. One of these plants is Mitragyna speciosa, commonly referred to as Kratom. While traditional use of this plant was primarily for medicinal purposes, there has been a rise in its recreational use, and as a self-prescribed medication for opioid withdrawal. Although Kratom contains many alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are unique psychoactive biomarkers of the species, and are responsible for its psychoactive effects. A rapid validated method for the quantification of mitragynine in Kratom plant materials by direct analysis in real time-high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) is presented. It has a linear range of 5–100 μg mL−1, and a lower limit of quantification of 5 μg mL−1. The protocol was applied to determination of the mitragynine content of 16 commercially available Kratom plant products purchased online. The mitragynine amounts in these materials ranged from 2.76 to 20.05 mg g−1 of dried plant material. The utilization of DART-HRMS affords a mechanism not only for the preliminary identification of bulk plant material as being M. speciosa-derived (with no sample preparation required), but also provides the opportunity to quantify its psychoactive components using the same technique.
Effect of Various OR Noise on Fine Motor Skills, Cognition, and Mood.

Background. The amalgam of noises inherent to the modern-day operating room has the potential of diluting surgeon concentration, which could affect surgeon performance and mood and have implications on quality of care and surgeon resilience. Objective. Evaluate the impact of operating room environmental noises on surgeon performance including fine motor dexterity, cognition, and mood. Methods. 37 subjects were tested under three different environmental noise conditions including silence, a prerecorded soundtrack of a loud bustling operating room, and with background music of their choosing. We used the Motor Performance Series to test motor dexterity, neuropsychological tests to evaluate cognitive thinking, and Profile of Mood States to test mental well-being. Results. Our results showed that typical operating room noise had no impact on motor dexterity but music improved the speed and precision of movements and information processing skills. Neurocognitive testing showed a significant decrement from operating room noise on verbal learning and delayed memory, whereas music improved complex attention and mental flexibility. The Profile of Mood States found that music resulted in a significant decrease in feelings of anger, confusion, fatigue, and tension along with decreased total mood disturbance, which is a measure of psychological distress. Loud operating room noise had a negative impact on feelings of vigor but no increase in total mood disturbance. Conclusion. Our results suggest that loud and unnecessary environmental noises can be distracting to a surgeon, so every effort should be taken to minimize these. Music of the surgeons’ choosing does not negatively affect fine motor dexterity or cognition and has an overall positive impact on mood and can therefore be safely practiced if desired.
A rapid and low-cost fabrication and integration scheme to render 3D microfluidic architectures for wearable biofluid sampling, manipulation, and sensing

The large-scale deployment of wearable bioanalytical devices for general population longitudinal monitoring necessitates rapid and high throughput manufacturing-amenable fabrication schemes that render disposable, low-cost, and mechanically flexible microfluidic modules capable of performing a variety of bioanalytical operations within a compact footprint. The spatial constraints of previously reported wearable bioanalytical devices (with microfluidic operations confined to 2D), their lack of biofluid manipulation capability, and the complex and low-throughput nature of their fabrication process inherently limit the diversity and frequency of end-point assessments and prevent their deployment at large scale. Here, we devise a simple, scalable, and low-cost “CAD-to-3D Device” fabrication and integration scheme, which renders 3D and complex microfluidic architectures capable of performing biofluid sampling, manipulation, and sensing. The devised scheme is based on laser-cutting of tape-based substrates, which can be programmed at the software-level to rapidly define microfluidic features such as a biofluid collection interface, microchannels, and VIAs (vertical interconnect access), followed by the vertical assembly of pre-patterned layers to realize the final device. To inform the utility of our fabrication scheme, we demonstrated three representative devices to perform sweat collection (with visualizable secretion profile), sample filtration, and simultaneous biofluid actuation and sensing (using a sandwiched-interface). Our devised scheme can be adapted for the fabrication and manufacturing of current and future wearable bioanalytical devices, which in turn will catalyze the large-scale production and deployment of such devices for general population health monitoring.
Events surrounding stillbirth and their effect on symptoms of depression among mothers.

Women who experience stillbirth often report anxiety, depression, and loss of self-esteem afterward, but aspects of the pregnancy, such as length of pregnancy, seeing the baby after delivery, and s...
Temperature statistics in a radiatively heated particle-laden turbulent square duct flow

Abstract Radiation absorption by preferentially concentrated particles in a turbulent square duct flow is studied experimentally. The particle-laden flow is exposed to near-infrared radiation, and the gas phase temperature statistics are measured along the wall bisector of the duct. It is found that the instantaneous temperature fluctuations are comparable to the overall mean temperature rise. The temperature statistics at the duct centerline and near the wall are qualitatively different. The former reflects preferential concentration in isotropic flows while the latter displays evidence of particle clustering into streamwise elongated streaks. Comparison of the experimental data to a simplified heat transfer model suggests that the Lagrangian evolution of particle clusters and voids, and turbulent mixing in the vicinity of particle clusters, are important. This work was motivated by particle solar receiver technology, but the findings are also relevant to systems where there is localized heat release or mass transfer from disperse particles or droplets. It shows that obtaining Lagrangian histories of particle trajectories is an important next step towards understanding thermal transport phenomena in particle-laden turbulent flows.
Post-Translational Modification Mimicry for Programmable Assembly of Elastin-Based Protein Polymers

Post-translational modification (PTM) of protein polymers is emerging as a powerful bioinspired strategy to create protein-based hybrid materials with molecularly encoded assembly and function for ...
Variability and origins of grain boundary electric potential detected by electron holography and atom-probe tomography

A number of grain boundary phenomena in ionic materials, in particular, anomalous (either depressed or enhanced) charge transport, have been attributed to space charge effects. Developing effective strategies to manipulate transport behaviour requires deep knowledge of the origins of the interfacial charge, as well as its variability within a polycrystalline sample with millions of unique grain boundaries. Electron holography is a powerful technique uniquely suited for studying the electric potential profile at individual grain boundaries, whereas atom-probe tomography provides access to the chemical identify of essentially every atom at individual grain boundaries. Using these two techniques, we show here that the space charge potential at grain boundaries in lightly doped, high-purity ceria can vary by almost an order of magnitude. We further find that trace impurities (<25 ppm), rather than inherent thermodynamic factors, may be the ultimate source of grain boundary charge. These insights suggest chemical tunability of grain boundary transport properties. A number of grain boundary phenomena in ionic materials, such as anomalous charge transport, have been attributed to space charge effects. Space charge potential at grain boundaries in lightly doped, high-purity ceria is now shown to vary by almost an order of magnitude.
Near-Surface Circulation and Fate of Upper Layer Fresh Water from Rivers Runoff and Rain in the Bay of Bengal near Sri Lanka

Abstract : Improve the knowledge of the near-surface circulation in the BoB and of the pathways through which the freshwater fluxes occur.
Dynamics and Limited Cooperation In International Environmental Agreements l

The amount of cooperation needed to improve the welfal"e of signatories of International Environmental Agreements (lEAs), in the presence of market imperfections, depends on the characteristics of pollution. In a dynamic model, the conventional wisdom on the effect of free­ riding needs to be modified for certain types of pollution problems. For local pollution problems, a sufficient level of free-riding actually promotes signatories' welfarc. For global pollution problems, the conventional wisdom is correct insofar as free-riding makes it more difficult to form a suecessful lEA. However, for some global pollution problems, free-tiding may disappeaT. A static model may overstate or understate the difficulty of forming a successful lEA. The effect of an lEA is sensitive to differences between the duration of the lEA and agents' planning horizon.
“We Have to Educate Every Single Student, Not Just the Ones That Look Like Us”: Support Service Providers’ Beliefs About the Root Causes of the School-to-Prison Pipeline for Youth of Color

AbstractThis study adds to the extant research on the school-to-prison pipeline by investigating how school-based service providers and administrators conceptualize the causal mechanisms constraini...
Towards chemical equilibrium in thermochemical water splitting. Part 1: Thermal reduction

Abstract The efficiency of many processes strongly depends on their thermodynamic reversibility, i.e., proximity to equilibrium throughout the process. In thermochemical cycles for water and/or carbon dioxide splitting, thermochemical air separation, and thermochemical energy storage, operating near equilibrium means that the oxygen chemical potential of the solid and gas phases must not differ significantly. We show that approaching this ideal is possible in thermal reduction only if the reaction step occurs at a specific, reaction coordinate- and material-dependent temperature. The resulting thermal reduction temperature profile also depends on the ratio of gas and solid flows.
Knowledge engineering for protein structure and motifs: design of a prototype system

A knowledge base and learning system is designed to help biologists predict protein structure and function based on sequence information. The knowledge base contains diverse information about: (a) protein motif sequences and structures, (b) heuristics and programs for identifying protein features, and (c) molecular simulation programs. The learning system selects the most relevant information for a particular prediction task and optimally integrates the information to generate accurate and comprehensible hypotheses. Biologists define the objectives for learning such as accuracy and comprehensibility. To overcome the limitations of existing induction algorithms, techniques are developed for constructing new features based on the existing knowledge base. Optimization algorithms are used for determining the best combination of induction and feature construction strategies for a problem. >
An Optimization Technique for the Evaluation of Eddy Current Inspection Data to Determine Weld Quality

This paper describes the design, engineering, assembly, testing and implementation of an eddy current inspection system to determine weld quality for a laser welding process. This system performs an in situ circumferential weld depth measurement of nuclear weapons primary components during fabrication. The goal of the inspection is to provide an accurate and repeatable estimate of the weld quality while minimizing contact with the part. Eddy current testing is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used for interrogating conductive materials for defects and metallurgical characteristics. The technique is commonly used in the construction, aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, and power industries to examine structural components for cracks and voids and to study material properties such as hardness, embrittlement, permeability, and conductivity. This paper presents an analysis technique for the evaluation of eddy current data for the determination of weld quality
Performance analysis of pointer forwarding scheme for wireless cellular networks

Location management, a way to track mobile subscribers for service delivery, plays a very significant role in the current and the future wireless mobile networks in effectively delivering services to the mobile users on the move. Many schemes have been proposed and investigated extensively in the last decade. However, most performance analyses were carried out either under simplistic assumptions on some time variables or via simulations. We present a new analytical approach to investigate the tradeoff (cost) analysis for location management schemes under fairly general assumption. In this paper, we focus on pointer forwarding scheme (PFS) and present analytical formulae to compute the total costs. Numerical results show that the traditional exponential approximation may lead to incorrect decision making in the location management scheme. However, our analytical results can be easily used to find the appropriate parameters In PFS.
Caloric Cost of Playing Golf

(1977). Caloric Cost of Playing Golf. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 637-639.
CLOSED CHEST RESUSCITATION. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

Abstract A closed chest resuscitation machine is described. Laboratory experience with the machine on 96 dogs is presented. There were no adverse effects from closed chest resuscitation applied to the dog with normally beating heart. Alternate periods of sternal compression and lung inflation, as would be applied by one rescue worker, was inferior to continuous chest compression and lung inflation, as would be applied by two rescue workers or by the machine. Dogs were kept alive with a fibrillating heart by machine resuscitation for 30 minutes with complete recovery in 100 per cent, for one hour with complete recovery in 92 per cent, and for two hours with complete recovery in 36 per cent. It would appear useful to apply machine resuscitation to victims within and outside the hospital area.
Potential of essential fatty acid deficiency with extremely low fat diet in lipoprotein lipase deficiency during pregnancy: A case report

Background Pregnancy in patients with lipoprotein lipase deficiency is associated with high risk of maternal pancreatitis and fetal death. A very low fat diet (< 10% of calories) is the primary treatment modality for the prevention of acute pancreatitis, a rare but potentially serious complication of severe hypertriglyceridemia. Since pregnancy can exacerbate hypertriglyceridemia in the genetic absence of lipoprotein lipase, a further reduction of dietary fat intake to < 1–2% of total caloric intake may be required during the pregnancy, along with the administration of a fibrate. It is uncertain if essential fatty acid deficiency will develop in the mother and fetus with this extremely low fat diet, or whether fibrates will cross the placenta and concentrate in the fetus.
Rapid extraction of triglycerides from human adipose tissue with petroleum ether.

A rapid method has been developed for extracting neutral lipid from small samples of human adipose tissue, with a petroleum ether ("Skellysolve B") as the extracting solvent. It is coupled with a simple method of transesterification, to convert the purified triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters. Virtually no phospholipid is extracted by the petroleum ether. Analysis of the extracted lipid by gas—liquid chromatography yielded fatty acid distributions comparable to those obtained by chloroform—methanol extraction.
Camphor poisoning: over-the-counter dangers.

Intoxication from camphor has been reported frequently in the literature for decades, most cases involving the accidental ingestion of camphorated oil, mistaken for castor oil or other similar products. Over 20 years ago, Smith and Margolis1 collected 130 nonfatal and 18 fatal cases from literature dating back to 1833. Recent data from the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers reveal an increasing proportion of ingestions of other over-the-counter camphor-containing preparations.2-3 Two cases with documented serum camphor levels have prompted this report and discussion of camphor9s role in the self-medication over-the-counter armamentarium. CASE REPORTS Case 1 A 3-year-old girl was transferred to the University of Michigan Medical Center from a local emergency room.
Chapman–Enskog solutions to arbitrary order in Sonine polynomials I: Simple, rigid-sphere gas

Abstract The Chapman–Enskog solutions of the Boltzmann equations provide a basis for the computation of important transport coefficients for both simple gases and gas mixtures. These coefficients include the viscosities, the thermal conductivities, and diffusion coefficients. The Chapman–Enskog solutions are also useful for computation of the associated slip and jump coefficients near surfaces. Generally, these solutions are expressed in terms of Sonine polynomial expansions. While it has been found that relatively, low-order expansions (of order 4) can provide reasonable precision in the computation of the transport coefficients (to about 1 part in 1000), the adequacy of the low-order expansions for computation of the slip and jump coefficients still needs to be explored. Also of importance is the fact that such low-order expansions do not provide good convergence (in velocity space) for the actual Chapman–Enskog solutions even though the transport coefficients derived from these solutions appear to be reasonable. Thus, it is of some interest to explore Sonine polynomial expansions to higher orders. It is our purpose in this paper to report the results of our investigation of high-order, standard, Sonine polynomial expansions for the viscosity and the thermal conductivity related Chapman–Enskog solutions for a simple, rigid-sphere gas where we have carried out our calculations using expansions to order 150 and where our reported values for the transport coefficients have been demonstrated to converge to at least 25 significant digits. We note that, for a rigid-sphere gas, all of the relevant integrals needed for these solutions are evaluated analytically as pure fractions and, thus, results to any desired precision may be obtained. This work also indicates how results may be obtained in a similar fashion for realistic intermolecular potential models, and how gas-mixture problems may also be addressed with some additional effort.
Fumigation of imported shelled peanuts with methyl bromide.

Abstract Imported shelled peanuts were fumigated with methyl bromide at temperatures and dosages corresponding to quarantine-type fumigations against khapra beetles, Trogoderma granarium Everts. Samples of fumigated peanuts were analyzed independently by four laboratories for bromide residues and five laboratories conducted organoleptic tests of roasted peanuts. Sorption of methyl bromide during fumigation ranged from 89.3 to 71.4% of the dosage applied at temperatures ranging from 27.6 to 4.4 C, respectively. Bromide residues ranged from 70.2 to 286.3 ppm depending upon dosage - temperature combination and source of analysis. Organoleptic tests by 4 of the laboratories showed no flavor differences between treated and untreated peanuts while 1 laboratory obtained significant flavor differences between a paste made of treated peanuts and a paste made from untreated peanuts.
Business Cycle Analysis in Talmudic Literature

Seeks to demonstrate that the Talmudic scholars possessed theoretical knowledge and practical experience regarding the market phenomenon of business disturbances, recognizing the existence of a causal relationship between the physical determinants of the cycles of the weather patterns and the fortunes of the agricultural sector, a condition which affected the economy as a whole. Discusses this linkage with respect to the insights in Johanan′s works. These come close to Hawtrey′s view of the business cycle as a monetary phenomenon, on the one hand, and Samuelson′s discussion of “supply shock” as a result of “...droughts and crop failures in agriculture”, on the other. Johanan also recognized the existence of a quantitativerelationship between money and prices, and prices and incomes. This suggests that the Talmudic scholars had come to appreciate the fundamentals of what was later to emerge as the quantity theory of money.
Functional organization of battery cell complexes in tentacles of Hydra attenuata

Ultrastructural and light microscopic observations on the organization of thick and thin regions of hydra's tentacles, made on serial sections and on whole fixed, plastic-embedded tentacles, reveal the existence of two levels of anatomical order in the tentacle ectoderm: (1) The battery-cell complex (BCC), composed of a single epitheliomuscular cell (EMC) and its content of enclosed nematocytes and neurons; and (2) the battery cell complex ring (BCC ring), an arrangement of 4 or more BCCs into larger units organized as rings around the circumference of the tentacle. All EMCs of the distal tentacle appear to contain batteries of nematocytes, and are, therefore, called "battery cells." Apart from battery cell complexes and migrating nematocytes, there are no other cell types in the tentacle ectoderm. Battery cells are composed of three distinct regions: the cell body, peripheral attenuated extensions and myonemes. Thick tentacle bands are composed of cell bodies, whereas thin bands are made up of attenuated extensions. Myonemes contribute to both thick and thin regions. It was confirmed that each battery cell has several myonemes, which appear to interdigitate with myonemes of other more proximal and distal battery cells, but not with battery cells of the same BCC ring. Nematocytes have several basal processes. Some processes insert between myonemes and contact the mesoglea; other processes insert into cuplike extensions of myonemes, and are connected to myonemal cups by desmosomal junctions. These observations are discussed in relation to mechanical and electrical aspects of tentacular contraction and bending.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Geriatric Depression

Geriatric depression is a common psychiatric illness affecting as many as one-third of the older population. With the growing number of elderly in many countries of the world, the morbidity and mortality associated with untreated and partially treated depression is of great concern from both a medical and economic perspective. Depression in the elderly often presents with more somatic or anxious features and less of the subjective sadness expressed by younger groups. In addition, in the elderly, depressive-spectrum disorders (which include minor depression, dysthymia, mixed anxiety/depression, bereavement-related depression and even suicidal ideation) are generally under-recognised and undertreated by health professionals. The clinical mismatch between high prevalence but undertreatment stems from patient and physician attitudes toward depression as a ‘normal’ response to aging and loss, diagnostically confusing medical illness-related symptomatology, and noncompliance with prescribed treatment. Furthermore, late-onset depression may hold special prognostic value in the elderly, with the relationship between late-onset depression and cerebrovascular events and progressive dementing illness being particularly strong. Therapeutically, there has been a recent expansion in the pharmacological tools that can be used to treat depression. A variety of new agents are now available that have adverse effect, pharmacodynamic and target-receptor profiles that differ from the older agents. For example, newer drugs that block the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) transporter have supplanted older agents that cause more frequent and toxic adverse effects. These newer agents have also focused attention on the impact of polypharmacy on the hepatic cytochrome P450 system, which is responsible for drug metabolism and elimination. Electroconvulsive therapy and psychotherapy remain effective nonpharmacological treatments for geriatric depression. Generally, the opportunities for therapeutic intervention in geriatric depression suggest that greater diagnostic attention and more widespread application of treatments for this increasingly prevalent disorder continue to be needed.
Design and analysis of experiments on mutagenicity III. Assays for X-chromosomal aneuploidy induced in drosophila oocytes

Abstract One of the simpler methods available for detecting the induction of aneuploidy in Drosophila involves the exposure to a suspected mutagen of females homozygous for a readily visible sex-linked recessive mutant allele. The treated females are mated to wild-type males, and the F 1 flies are scored for exceptional progeny (mutant ♀♀ and wild-type ♂♂). The exceptional progeny result from nondisjunction and/or chromosome loss of the X-chromosomes during oogenesis. A mathematical model is presented that describes the “fate” of primary oocytes and which allows one to derive separate estimates of the rates of nondisjunction and chromosome loss during oogenesis. Chromosome loss in this model is defined as the production of nullo-X eggs by any means other than nondisjunction . The model allows for differential viabilities among F 1 genotypes and also allows for the numbers of functional X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm from the male parents to differ from a 1:1 ratio. Statistical procedures are presented that enable one to compare experimental and control groups for rates of nondisjunction and chromosome loss. Interestingly, the spontaneous rate of nondisjunction of X-chromosomes during oogenesis is found to be several times that of chromosome loss.
John Tobin. The Right to Health in International Law.

John Tobin. The Right to Health in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 416 pages. ISBN: 978-0199603299 This book provides a historical, philosophical and practical guide to the right to health in international law. Going back as far as Aristotle's decree ‘men … have an absolute right to such measure of good health as society and society alone is able to give them’ through to the declaration of independence, and the WHO constitution ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights … .’, the introduction of the book describes the right to health in international law as the product of a social process. In the second part, the meaning for the right to …
The equivalence of tariffs-cum-subsidies and official exchange rate devaluations under dual exchange markets

Abstract This paper demonstrates that, under dual exchange markets, explicit tariffs-cum-subsidies on merchandise transactions raise the spread between the parallel and officialexchange rates and, thereby, create implicit tariffs-cum-subsidies on capital account transactions. This implies that merchandise tariffs-cum-subsidies assume more of the properties of official exchange rate devaluations under dual exchange markets than under unified exchange markets. The two policies are equivalent when there is a one-to-one correspondence between transactions that are subject to merchandise tariffs-cum-subsidies and transactions that are channeled by law into the official exchange market.
Leisure and culture: Issues for an anthropology of leisure

The coverage of and interest in non‐Western and cross‐cultural aspects of leisure seems to be on the increase in leisure studies. Although this is a welcome trend in the current climate of multiculturalism, there is currently no systematic agenda for the anthropological study of leisure. I suggest that four issues should be addressed to serve as a foundation for an anthropology of leisure. These include (a) the ethnography of leisure, (b) the cross‐cultural validity of the concept of leisure, (c) leisure and adaptation, and (d) leisure and the evolution of culture. Although my position is scientific, materialistic, and comparative, researchers who bring other perspectives can also contribute to the cross‐cultural understanding of leisure. Most important, anthropologists must come to realize that leisure is a topic worth their attention, and leisure researchers must make use of anthropological resources and not just reprise old and erroneous beliefs about leisure and culture that have become canonical in t...
Just to be certain: Confirming the factor structure of the intolerance of uncertainty scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Abstract Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive construct in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); yet no studies exist confirming the factor structure of the most widely used measure of IU, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), in OCD patients. Moreover, no studies have examined how scores on this measure relate to OCD symptom dimensions. Accordingly, the present study examined a 12-item two-factor revised version of the IUS (IUS-12) in 205 OCD patients. Confirmatory factor analysis verified the scale's two-factor structure. The measure also demonstrated high internal consistency and the IUS-12 was correlated moderately with another self-report measure of IU. Finally, theoretically consistent and specific relationships emerged between the IUS-12 and OCD symptom dimensions. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for the assessment and treatment of OCD, and specifically how elevated scores on the IUS-12 subscales may be utilized to identify subtleties in the presentation of OCD-related problems with IU.
Coupled elastic and electromagnetic fields in a diatomic, dielectric continuum

Abstract Huang's equations for coupled mechanical and electromagnetic fields in diatomic, ionic crystals are extended to accommodate shorter wave lengths and to include the acoustic branches of the dispersion relations for plane waves.
Conditions of contact metamorphism, Papoose Flat Pluton, eastern California, USA: implications for cooling and strain histories

Petrological study of highly strained carbonate and pelitic rocks within the contact aureole surrounding the western part of the Papoose Flat pluton yields thermal profiles (plots of metamorphic temperature versus distance) across the aureole that show temperature gradients which are relatively flat and narrow (<100m). The gradients occur close to the contact and indicate a slight decrease in temperature from 500–550°C at the pluton/wall rock contact to 450–500°C at the outer margin of the aureole. One thermal profile across low-strain metasedimentary rocks located in the southern part of the aureole shows that thermal effects from emplacement extend no further than 600 m from the contact. Coexistence of andalusite and cordierite in pelitic rocks of the aureole constrain pressures to <4 kbar. Thermal modelling using an analytical solution of the conductive heat flow equation for a rectangular-shaped pluton reproduces the observed thermal maxima and profile shape. Conductive rather than convective cooling also is supported by isotopic and field evidence for limited fluid flow along the strongly deformed margin of the pluton. Simple thermal models coupled with observed high-temperature deformation features and a measured 90% attenuation of stratigraphic units in the plastically deformed western part of the pluton's aureole indicate that strain rates may have been of the order of 10-12s-1. Evidence for episodic heating, such as two distinct generations of andalusite growth in pelites from the aureole, alternatively may indicate a longer heating event and, therefore, slower strain rates. Thermal models also indicate that parts of the pluton still may have been above the solidus during deformation of the pluton margin and aureole.
Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of clonality as a non-morphologic diagnostic tool for fine-needle aspiration of the breast.

BACKGROUND. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of breast specimens can be difficult and between 10-25% of the lesions ultimately are classified as atypical, even by the most experienced cytopathologist. The goal of this study was to identify a molecular mechanism that reliably distinguishes benign and malignant (or premalignant) lesions and that could be used as an adjunct in these morphologically ambiguous cases. METHODS. Because all malignancies represent clonal proliferations, assessment of clonality represents a potential molecular mechanism for making this distinction. Excess material preserved from breast FNAs was examined using the human androgen receptor locus clonality assay. This assay allows determination of clonality on the basis of X chromosome inactivation as detected by polymerase chain reaction analysis of genomic DNA after methylase-sensitive restriction digestion. RESULTS. In this pilot study, 25 cases showed reproducible results. All malignant cases (9 of 9) were monoclonal, whereas 10 of 12 benign cases were polyclonal. Of four atypical cases, two were monoclonal and both were found to be malignant after surgical resection. Monoclonality was observed in two benign cases that were hyperplastic lesions. CONCLUSIONS. These preliminary results suggest that this test may provide a non-morphologic molecular mechanism for the objective categorization of breast FNAs.
The lidar dark band: An oddity of the radar bright band analogy

Although much has sbeen learned from independent radar and lidar studies of atmospheric precipitations, occasionally supported by aircraft profiling, what has been lacking is combined optical, microwave, and insitu observations of the melting layer. Fortunately, the rainshowers on April 21, 1994, during the Remote Cloud Sensing intensive obervations Period (RCSIOP) at the Southern Great Plains Cloud and radiation Testbed (CART) site provided an opportunity for coordinated dual-wavelength University of Utah Polarization Diversity Lidar, University of Massachusetts Cloud Profiling Radar System Doppler Radar, and the University of North Dakota Citation aircraft measurements.
Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam . Edited by Peter W. Martin, Conrad Ożóg, and Gloria Poedjosoedarmo. Athens: Southeast Asia Monograph No. 100, Center for International Studies, Ohio University, 1996. xvi, 373 pp. $26.00 (paper).

The oil-rich sultanate of Brunei Darussalam is located on the northern coast of Borneo between the two Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah. Though the country is small in size and in population, the variety of language use there provides a veritable laboratory for linguists in the fields of Austronesian linguistics, bilingual studies, and sociolinguistic studies, particularly those dealing with language shift. This useful reference is divided into three sections: one on varieties of the Malay language used in the country, one on other indigenous languages, and one on the role and form of the English used there. Contributors to the collection include Bruneian scholars as well as established experts in the fields of Austronesian linguistics, sociolinguistics studies, and the description of new varieties of English.
PROVIDING FEEDBACK TO ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERS: A RECONSIDERATION

Feedback frequency is identified as a critical issue in the administration of feedback in organizations. Current assumptions in the literature concerning feedback frequency are critically discussed and areas for future research are identified. Suggestions are made pertaining to the subsequent treatment of feedback in the organizational literature and the appropriate role of an organization in the feedback process. Implications from this research area for practitioners are suggested.
How to Achieve Racial Accommodation by the Year 2068

Abstract Recent theories and empirical work explaining racial differences in the levels of prejudice and discrimination against African-Americans all ignore a more fundamental sociological explanation of intergroup conflict. Following Stark’s (1994) theory on racial accommodation, we ask “What will it take and how long will it take for the U.S. black population to become equal to the majority population?” The theory predicts that if the black population does not achieve equality with whites in education and social and economic status, both successful and unsuccessful blacks will continue to suffer prejudice and discrimination. But, once the black populations’ status equals that of the white population, racial accommodation will occur. A model of what is needed to change the present inferiority of black educational, social, and economic status to equal that of whites by the year 2068 is proposed and examined.
Giant peripheral aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery treated with excision and end-to-end anastomosis

A patient with a giant aneurysm arising from the tonsillomedullary segment of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) presented with clinical and computed tomography findings suggestive of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging led to arteriography and the correct diagnosis. Lack of a clippable neck on the aneurysm and its location proximal to the choroidal point prompted treatment by excision of the aneurysm and end-to-end anastomosis of the PICA. No neurological deficit resulted from the procedure.
New neural network architecture for the fusion of independent or dependent sensor decisions

A new neural network architecture for binary hypothesis testing is discussed. The network can utilize results from sensors making independent or dependent decisions (as well as any combination of binary data). Furthermore, it employs a novel structure, incorporating a set of trainable threshold values but no trainable weight values. The threshold values are trained using a minimum probability of error criterion, and only one threshold is modified for each training sample. Simulation results are presented comparing the performance of the network with that of the optimal parametric detector for the case of independent sensor decisions. These results show that for independent data, the performance of the net approaches that of the optimal parametric detector.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of prostate specific antigen velocity in screened versus referred patients with prostate cancer.

Purpose: Despite the tremendous stage migration associated with prostate cancer screening to our knowledge it remains unproven whether prostate specific antigen based screening decreases prostate cancer specific mortality. Recent studies have shown that prostate specific antigen velocity more than 2 ng/ml per year in the year before diagnosis is associated with a significantly greater risk of prostate cancer specific mortality after treatment. This may serve as a surrogate marker for prostate cancer outcomes. We compared the prostate specific antigen velocity profile between patients with prostate cancer in whom the tumor was detected in a formal screening study and those who were referred for treatment.Materials and Methods: We evaluated prostate specific antigen velocity in 1,101 men from a prostate cancer screening study and in 368 not enrolled in a screening study who were referred for treatment. All patients underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease and had multiple preoperativ...
Association of Body Mass Index and Lipid Profiles: Evaluation of a Broad Spectrum of Body Mass Index Patients Including the Morbidly Obese

Prior epidemiologic studies have shown that increasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). However, these studies were limited by underrepresentation of obese subjects. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between BMI and lipid profiles in a population of patients with a broad spectrum of BMI values. A case-control study was performed involving patients seen at the Cleveland Clinic Florida. Cases (BMI >30 kg/m(2)) were obtained from the obesity surgery database between August 31, 2000, and April 4, 2002. Controls (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m(2)) were obtained from a database of primary care physicians between May 1, 2004, and November 18, 2004. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between BMI and lipid fractions. Multiple linear regression was performed to assess the independent effect of BMI on lipid levels while adjusting for potential confounders and propensity scores. Six hundred thirty-seven patients were analyzed (females, n = 362, 57%). There was no association between higher BMI and LDL (r = 0.19 p = 0.07), a negative association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL; r = 0.45, p < 0.001), and a positive association with the log transformation of triglycerides (r = 0.32, p = 0.005).Higher BMI was inversely associated with HDL and directly associated with TG. BMI showed no significant association with LDL. Although the association between BMI and both HDL and TG may be explained by insulin resistance, the lack of a significant association between BMI and LDL remains an unexpected finding that requires further investigation.
Prospective evaluation of transesophageal pacing for the interruption of atrial flutter.

Abstract purpose: Although transesophageal pacing has been used successfully for the interruption of cardiac arrhythmias, the efficacy of this technique for the interruption of spontaneous atrial flutter remains poorly defined. The utility of transesophageal pacing to interrupt atrial flutter that was persistent despite standard antiarrhythmic drug therapy (mean duration: 70.3 days; range: one day to more than 365 days) was studied prospectively in 39 consecutive patients. patients and methods: After written informed consent was obtained from each patient, transesophageal pacing was performed with a programmable stimulator, using the distal electrode as the cathode and the proximal electrode as the anode. All patients continued to receive a type 1 antiarrhythmic drug or amiodarone throughout the period of transesophageal pacing. The response to transesophageal pacing was classified as follows: (1) direct conversion; (2) indirect conversion; or (3) failure to interrupt atrial flutter. results: The mean stimulus amplitude and pulse duration required for atrial capture were 19.8 ± 7.5 mA and 18.4 ± 7.9 msec. Atrial flutter was successfully converted to sinus rhythm by transesophageal pacing in 82% of patients. In 38% of patients, atrial flutter was converted directly to sinus rhythm without another intervening arrhythmia (direct conversion). The mean pacing rate required for direct conversion was 341 ± 27 beats/minute. In 44% of patients, the cycle length of atrial flutter was accelerated to less than 180 msec or was converted to atrial fibrillation with spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm within 24 hours (mean 8.4 ± 9.3 hours, indirect conversion). The mean pacing rate inducing accelerated atrial flutter or transient atrial fibrillation was 372 ± 61 beats/minute (p = NS compared to direct conversion). Atrial flutter was not interrupted or atrial fibrillation was induced that did not spontaneously convert to sinus rhythm within 24 hours in an additional seven patients (18%). The underlying cardiac disease, age, previous drug therapy, atrial size, atrial flutter cycle length, history of prior atrial fibrillation, left ventricular function, and concomitant medical illnesses did not predict the efficacy of transesophageal pacing. conclusion: The present study suggests that transesophageal pacing is highly effective for interrupting spontaneous atrial flutter that does not terminate with standard antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
Hearing in the elephant (Elephas maximus)

Auditory thresholds were determined for a 7-year-old Indian elephant. The hearing range extended from 17 hertz to 10.5 kilohertz. The results indicate that the inverse relationship between functional interaural distance (that is, the distance between the two ears divided by the speed of sound) and high-frequency hearing limit is valid even for very large mammals.
4.1: Invited Paper: Low-Temperature-Process Development of SrS Electroluminescent Phosphors

A comprehensive study is reported of the influence of the growth technique, flux, co-activator, and charge compensation element selection in optimizing the performance of SrS: Cu thin film electroluminescent phosphors. These studies have shown that low temperature (<400 C) elemental evaporation followed by a post growth sulfur anneal dramatically enhances the grain growth of SrS and its electroluminescent properties. Most recently, ion-assisted deposition from compound sources has produced good EL performance. For this large-area process, as-deposited SrS:Cu samples had a luminance of 18 cd/m2, an efficiency of 0.15 lm/W with chromaticity coordinates of x=0.198, y=0.330 at 60 Hz operation
Suicide substrates: mechanism-based enzyme inactivators

Abstract This review article defines suicide substrates as a class of irreversible inactivators of specific target enzymes where the target enzyme participates in its own destruction by catalytic unmasking of a latent functional group at some stage in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. Criteria for evaluation of suicide substrates are presented. Then, examples of the various types of latent functional groups and their likely enzymic routes of activation are presented for both natural and synthetic compounds. These examples include gabaculine, secobarbital, allopurinol, clavulanate and penicillin sulfones, tranylcypramine, rhizobitoxin, fluoroalanine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate and mitomycin.
Multistate semiclassical orbital treatment of Li+H2 and H+H2 collisions

Abstract A semiclassical orbital description of elastic scattering and of rotational excitation in ion—molecule collisions is presented. Specific account is taken of interference effects between the classical trajectories that contribute to a given scattering angle, and of rainbow scattering. Excellent agreement with full quantal differential cross sections is obtained.
Argument-Driven Inquiry as a way to help students learn how to participate in scientific argumentation and craft written arguments: An exploratory study

This exploratory study examines how a series of laboratory activities designed using a new instructional model, called Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI), influences the ways students participate in scientific argumentation and the quality of the scientific arguments they craft as part of this process. The two outcomes of interest were assessed with a performance task that required small groups of students to explain a discrepant event and then generate a scientific argument. Student performance on this task was compared before and after an 18-week intervention that included 15 ADI laboratory activities. The results of this study suggest that the students had better disciplinary engagement and produced better arguments after the intervention although some learning issues arose that seemed to hinder the students' overall improvement. The conclusions and implications of this research include several recommendations for improving the nature of laboratory-based instruction to help cultivate the knowledge and skills students need to participate in scientific argumentation and to craft written arguments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed95: 217–257, 2011