cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of Brinkman's extension of Darcy's law in the neighborhood of a circular preferential flow pathway

Abstract Flow through preferential pathways can be a significant contribution to the total flow through a porous medium. Analytical strategies for specifying conditions on preferential pathway flow boundaries are considered. A new analytical solution is presented based on Brinkman's extension of Darcy' s law for flow in and around a preferential pathway through a porous medium. Nondimensional analysis is presented to quantify the solution's predicted impact compared to solutions based on Darcy's law as the pathway boundary condition. Analysis is also presented to quantify the magnitude of essential parameters required to produce significant results. These results indicate that for some parameter values, Brinkman's extension of Darcy's law predicts a significantly higher volumetric flux within the preferential pathway, and predicts that velocities in excess of the Darcy velocity will be induced for a significant distance into the porous medium. There has been a struggle to develop appropriate boundary conditions for this problem. Brinkman's extension of Darcy's law is clearly not an ideal solution. However, the approach has an interesting experimental and analytical history, has conceptual merit, responds in a way that is intuitively plausibility, and provides predictions that can be tested experimentally. It is hoped that presenting this new analytical solution will help to advance the scientific discourse on this subject and may provide insights that lead to new kinds of physical experimentation.
Experimental Studies of Changes in Attitudes: I. A Study of the Effect of Oral Argument on Changes of Attitude

Resume On a fait cette etude dans le but de determiner le degre auquel l'expression des attitudes a l'egard de la prohibition des boissons alcooliques pourrait etre changee par le raisonnement oral dans de diverses conditions experimentales. On a construit des arguments logiques et emotifs pour le pour et le contre de la question, et on les a valides quant au type. L'Echelle Smith-Thurstone a ete employee dans le test et apres la presentation des arguments dans le nouveau test. Les sujets experimentaux ont ete 607 etudiants universitaires. Un autre groupe de 300 etudiants universitaires a servi comme sujets de controle et ceux-ci n'ont ecoute aucun argument. Les arguments ont produit un changement statistiquement signifiant des attitudes des sujets experimentaux. Vingt-cinq pour cent des sujets experimentaux ont fait des changements individuels statistiquement signifiants, tandis que seulement cinq pour cent des sujets de controle ont fait ce changement. La suggestibilite negative s'est montree rarement. ...
Kindlin-2 (Mig-2): a co-activator of β3 integrins

Integrin activation is essential for dynamically linking the extracellular environment and cytoskeletal/signaling networks. Activation is controlled by integrins' short cytoplasmic tails (CTs). It is widely accepted that the head domain of talin (talin-H) can mediate integrin activation by binding to two sites in integrin β's CT; in integrin β3 this is an NPLY747 motif and the membrane-proximal region. Here, we show that the C-terminal region of integrin β3 CT, composed of a conserved TS752T region and NITY759 motif, supports integrin activation by binding to a cytosolic binding partner, kindlin-2, a widely distributed PTB domain protein. Co-transfection of kindlin-2 with talin-H results in a synergistic enhancement of integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of endogenous kindlin-2 impairs talin-induced αIIbβ3 activation in transfected CHO cells and blunts αvβ3-mediated adhesion and migration of endothelial cells. Our results thus identify kindlin-2 as a novel regulator of integrin activation; it functions as a coactivator.
Convenient, zirconocene-coupling routes to germole- and thiophene-containing macrocycles with triangular geometries

Abstract Reactions of zirconacyclopentadiene-coupled macrocycles with S 2 Cl 2 or GeCl 4 gave new macrocycles containing thiophene and dichlorogermole groups, respectively. The germoles, synthesized in high yields, possess labile chloride substituents that are readily displaced via nucleophilic substitution reactions. These germole-containing macrocycles are potentially useful as supramolecular building blocks. A macrocyclic trithiophene compound, with 1,4-phenylene groups that bridge the thiophene rings, was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray structure of a related trigermole macrocycle, with bridging biphenylene groups, is also presented.
1055 PROTEIN-OLIGOSACCHARIDE CONJUGATE VACCINE PRIMES INFANTS FOR A MATURE ANTIBODY (Ab) RESPONSE TO THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE (PRP) OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB)

Ab to PRP are protective against systemic infections by Hib, but infants under 18 mo usually have an inadequate Ab response to PRP vaccine. To circumvent this unresponsiveness, we conjugated oligosaccharides of PRP to a protein carrier, CRM197, a nontoxic version of diphtheria toxin. Infants were injected with the conjugate at ages 2, 4, and 6 mo. At age 9 mo the geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-PRP Ab in a group of 5 such infants was 2.0 μg/ml; the response included IgG Ab. In an unvaccinated control group of 13 infants the GMT was 0.015 μg/ml, with no IgG included. Both groups were then vaccinated with PRP vaccine, and the anti-PRP Ab was measured 1 mo later. In the control group, 3/13 infants had a rise, and the GMT rose to 0.024 μg/ml. In the group primed with conjugate, 4/5 had a rise, and the GMT rose to 7.2 μg/ml. Thus the conjugate is able not only to raise the Ab to high levels, but also to prime for an enhanced response to the polymer. It seems likely that such a response would occur also when the infant encounters Hib. Further, boosting with PRP after priming with conjugate may maintain the Ab at an elevated level.
Factors predicting successful labor induction

Objective To evaluate maternal parity, the sonographic measurement of cervical length, and the five components of the Bishop score to determine which factors best predict the length of latent-phase labor in women undergoing labor induction. Methods Cervical position, cervical consistency, cervical effacement, cervical dilation, station of fetal presenting part, maternal parity, and sonographic measurement of cervical length were studied prospectively in 109 women undergoing labor induction. A multiple regression model was used to determine which factors best predict the length of latent-phase labor. Results A model using these seven factors was predictive in determining the number of hours of latent-phase labor (P = 32.1, P Conclusion Only cervical dilation appears to predict the length of latent-phase labor. The sonographic evaluation of cervical length and maternal parity do not add significant independent information.
In search of altruistic community: Patterns of social support mobilization following Hurricane Hugo

Twelve months after Hurricane Hugo, 1,000 disaster victims and nonvictims were asked about social support they exchanged following the hurricane. Victims of disaster received and provided very high levels of tangible, informationa, and emotional support. Disaster exposure (loss and harm) was a strong predictor of help received and a modest predictor of help provided. However, postdisaster help was not distributed equally and disaster exposure was more strongly related to social support in some groups than in others. Race, education, and age most consistently moderated the impact of disaster exposure on receipt of postdisaster support. Blacks and less educated victims received less help than similarly affected victims who were white or more educated. Relative disadvantage of being old in receiving support was not the case for those elderly disaster victims who experienced threats to their lives or health. Some subgroups of victims were relied upon disproportionately for providing assistance. Implications for social support research are addressed.
Ion Transport and the Development of Hydrogen Ion Secretion in the Stomach of the Metamorphosing Bullfrog Tadpole

Isolated bullfrog tadpole stomachs secrete H+ by stage XXIV of metamorphosis, when tail reabsorption is nearly complete. At this stage the PD shows characteristic responses identical to those of the adult. The appearance of HCl secretion correlates well with other studies showing the morphogenesis of oxyntic cells. Prior to the development of H+ secretion tadpole stomachs maintain a PD similar in polarity and magnitude to that of the adult; i.e., secretory (S) side negative with respect to the nutrient (N) side. The interdependence with aerobic metabolism appeared to increase progressively through metamorphosis; however, glycolytic inhibitors always abolished the PD. Isotopic flux analysis showed that the transepithelial movement of Na+ was consistent with passive diffusion, whereas an active transport of Cl- from N to S was clearly indicated. Variations in [Na+], [K+], and [Cl-] in the bathing solutions induced changes consistent with the following functional description of the pre-H+-secreting tadpole stomach. (a) The S side is relatively permeable to Cl-, but not to Na+ or K+. (b) An equilibrium potential for K+ and Cl- exists at the N interface. (c) Ouabain abolishes the selective K+ permeablity at the N interface and reduces the total PD. (d) Effects of Na+ replacement by choline in the N solution become manifest only below 10–20 mM. It is concluded that prior to development of H+ secretion, the tadpole gastric PD is generated by a Cl- pump from N to S and a Na+ pump operating from the cell interior toward the N side.
Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence--Boston, 1880-1960

"In this unflinching history of family violence, the historian Linda Gordon traces policies on child abuse and neglect, wife-beating, and incest from 1880 to 1960. Drawing on hundreds of case records from social agencies devoted to dealing with the problem, Gordon chronicles the changing visibility of family violence as gender, family, and political ideologies shifted. From the "discovery" of family violence in the 1870s - when it was first identified as a social, rather than personal, problem - to the women's and civil rights movements of the twentieth century, "Heroes of Their Own Lives" illustrates how public perceptions of marriage, poverty, alcoholism, mental illness, and responsibility worked for and against the victims of family violence. Powerful, moving, and tightly argued, "Heroes of Their Own Lives" shows family violence to be an indicator of larger social problems. Examining its sources as well as its treatment, Gordon offers both an honest understanding of the problem and an unromantic view of the difficulties in stopping it. "
Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei in the urine of an African in Rhodesia.

The paper discusses the occurrence of nematodes of the genus Rhabditis in man and reports the finding of specimens of what appears to be Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei in the urine of an African female in Rhodesia. A discussion is included on the possible method of infection.
Automated retinal robotic laser system

Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin's Biomedical Engineering Laser Laboratory investigating the medical applications of lasers have worked toward the development of a retinal robotic laser system. The ultimate goal of this ongoing project is to precisely place and control the depth of laser lesions for the treatment of various retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal tears. Researchers at the USAF Academy's Department of Electrical Engineering have also become involved with this research due to similar interests. Separate low speed prototype subsystems have been developed to control lesion depth using lesion reflectance feedback parameters and lesion placement using retinal vessels as tracking landmarks. Both subsystems have been successfully demonstrated in vivo on pigmented rabbits using an argon continuous wave laser. Work is ongoing to build a prototype system to simultaneously control lesion depth and placement. The instrumentation aspects of the prototype subsystems were presented at SPIE Conference 1877 in January 1993. Since then our efforts have concentrated on combining the lesion depth control subsystem and the lesion placement subsystem into a single prototype capable of simultaneously controlling both parameters. We have designed this combined system CALOSOS for Computer Aided Laser Optics System for Ophthalmic Surgery. An initial CALOSOS prototype design is provided. We have also investigated methods to improve system response time. The use of high speed non-standard frame rate CCD cameras and high speed local bus frame grabbers hosted on personal computers are being investigated. A review of system testing in vivo to date is provided in SPIE Conference proceedings 2374-49 (Novel Applications of Lasers and Pulsed Power, Dual-Use Applications of Lasers: Medical session).
Synthesis of perfluoro-t-butyl esters from acid fluorides and potassium perfluoro-t-butoxide

Abstract Reactions of potassium perfluoro-t-butoxide with acyl fluorides lead to the corresponding perfluoro-t-butyl esters in high yield. The compounds [(CF 3 ) 3 CO] 2 CO, (CF 3 ) 3 COC(O)F, CF 3 C(O)OC(CF 3 ) 3 , CH 3 C(O)OC(CF 3 ) 3 and CF 3 OOC(O)OC(CF 3 ) 3 have been thus obtained and some physical and chemical properties of each are reported.
Active Ultrasound Pattern Injection System (AUSPIS) for Interventional Tool Guidance

Accurate tool tracking is a crucial task that directly affects the safety and effectiveness of many interventional medical procedures. Compared to CT and MRI, ultrasound-based tool tracking has many advantages, including low cost, safety, mobility and ease of use. However, surgical tools are poorly visualized in conventional ultrasound images, thus preventing effective tool tracking and guidance. Existing tracking methods have not yet provided a solution that effectively solves the tool visualization and mid-plane localization accuracy problem and fully meets the clinical requirements. In this paper, we present an active ultrasound tracking and guiding system for interventional tools. The main principle of this system is to establish a bi-directional ultrasound communication between the interventional tool and US imaging machine within the tissue. This method enables the interventional tool to generate an active ultrasound field over the original imaging ultrasound signals. By controlling the timing and amplitude of the active ultrasound field, a virtual pattern can be directly injected into the US machine B mode display. In this work, we introduce the time and frequency modulation, mid-plane detection, and arbitrary pattern injection methods. The implementation of these methods further improves the target visualization and guiding accuracy, and expands the system application beyond simple tool tracking. We performed ex vitro and in vivo experiments, showing significant improvements of tool visualization and accurate localization using different US imaging platforms. An ultrasound image mid-plane detection accuracy of ±0.3 mm and a detectable tissue depth over 8.5 cm was achieved in the experiment. The system performance is tested under different configurations and system parameters. We also report the first experiment of arbitrary pattern injection to the B mode image and its application in accurate tool tracking.
Global Self-Esteem Scales: Unidimensional or Multidimensional?

A critical distinction in the self-esteem literature is that between global and specific self-esteem. In this study, two widely-used self-esteem scales, purported to be unidimensional (an additively scored version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Eagly revision of the Feelings of Inadequacy Scale) were factor analyzed. Subjects were 206 female undergraduates. The results supported the unidimensionality of the Rosenberg scale. However, four orthogonal factors were extracted from the Eagly Scale, two global factors and two situation-specific factors which referred to self-confidence in public speaking and novel social situations. The two global factors were more strongly correlated with the Rosenberg scale than were the situation-specific factors. Further work with men and women is needed to develop the Eagly scale as a multidimensional scale or to shorten it to include only global self-esteem items.
Flat work-coil design

IN RECENT YEARS, aerodynamic heating, or air-friction heating, has become one of the major problems in increasing aircraft velocities. Since little is known concerning the effects on air craft structures heated in this fashion, experimental data must be obtained which will indicate necessary design procedure. It is desirable that the experiments be conducted under laboratory conditions to eliminate the necessity for flight, to give greater ease in instrumentation, and to give the greatest control of test conditions.
Ensemble-Based Analysis of the May 2010 Extreme Rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky

AbstractFrom 1 to 3 May 2010, persistent heavy rainfall occurred in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys due to two successive quasi-stationary mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), with locations in central Tennessee accumulating more than 483 mm of rain, and the city of Nashville experiencing a historic flash flood. This study uses operational global ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to diagnose atmospheric processes and assess forecast uncertainty in this event. Several ensemble analysis methods are used to examine the processes that led to the development and maintenance of this precipitation system. Differences between ensemble members that correctly predicted heavy precipitation and those that did not were determined, in order to pinpoint the processes that were favorable or detrimental to the system's development. Statistical analysis was used to determine how synoptic-scale flows were correlated to 5-day area-averaged precipitation. The precipi...
Zero base budgeting in municipalities

Abstract The use of Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) in the public sector has increased significantly since the early 1970's. Recent surveys have indicated that the federal government, twelve state governments and several municipalities are either in the process of implementing a ZBB System or have one in effect. The primary purpose of this paper is to determine (1) the extent to which ZBB is being used in cities, (2) the procedures and practices being employed in user cities, and (3) the problems and benefits of ZBB as a management tool in local governments. This information, collected from a mail questionnaire, provides insight into how effectively ZBB works in the public sector, in general: and, in cities, in particular.
Calcium and calcium sensing receptor modulates the expression of thymidylate synthase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and survivin in human colon carcinoma cells: Promotion of cytotoxic response to mitomycin C and fluorouracil

Ca(2+) and the cell-surface calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) constitute a novel and robust ligand/receptor system in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of colonic epithelial cells. Here we show that activation of CaSR by extracellular Ca(2+) (or CaSR agonists) enhanced the sensitivity of human colon carcinoma cells to mitomycin C (MMC) and fluorouracil (5-FU). Activation of CaSR up-regulated the expression of MMC activating enzyme, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) and down-regulated the expression of 5-FU target, thymidylate synthase (TS) and the anti-apoptotic protein survivin. Cells that were resistant to drugs expressed little or no CaSR but abundant amount of survivin. Disruption of CaSR expression by shRNA targeting the CaSR abrogated these modulating effects of CaSR activation on the expression of NQO1, TS, survivin and cytotoxic response to drugs. It is concluded that activation of CaSR can enhance colon cancer cell sensitivity to MMC and 5-FU and can modulate the expression of molecules involved in the cellular responses to these cytotoxic drugs.
Advancements of the optical vortex coronagraph

The optical vortex coronagraph is a promising scheme for achieving high contrast low loss imaging of exoplanets as close as 2λ/ D from the parent star. We describe results using a high precision vortex lens that was fabricated using electron-beam lithography. We also report demonstrations of the coronagraph on a telescope employing a tip-tilt corrector.
Adding Insight to Intrusive Advising and Its Effectiveness with Students on Probation

In this study, I examined the effectiveness of adding insight-oriented strategies to an intrusive academic-advising approach with students on academic probation. Twenty males and 22 females at a comprehensive private university participated in the study. Students who attended three to eight meetings had a significant improvement in semester GPA compared to students who attended one or two meetings or no meetings. This study suggests that insight-oriented intrusive advising had a positive affect on academic achievement; however, other factors, such as motivation, may also play a role and are worthy of future investigation. Relative Emphasis: research, practice, theory
Patient Reported Outcomes Used in the Assessment of Premature Ejaculation

This article reviews the premature ejaculation (PE)–related patient-reported outcomes that have appeared in the published literature. Each questionnaire's psychometric properties and its benefits and limitations are examined and discussed. The authors hope this helps clinicians and researchers to identify brief, reliable, and valid measures that document treatment effects or identify men with PE.
Studies on the preparation, characterization, and solubility of 2-HP-β-cyclodextrin-meclizine hcl inclusion complexes

Meclizine HCl is a poorly water-soluble drug having a very slow-onset of action. The effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins and β-cyclodextrins on its aqueous solubility and dissolution rate was investigated. The phase solubility profile indicated that the solubility of Meclizine HCl was significantly increased in the presence of both 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and β- cyclodextrin; an extend of increase being more for 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. It was classified as AL-type, indicating the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes. The complexes formed were quite stable. The solid complexes prepared by physical mixtures, kneading methods, and co-precipitation methods were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR. An in vitro study showed that the solubility and dissolution rate of Meclizine HCl were significantly improved by complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Tablet formulation using 1:1 kneading complex of Meclizine HCl and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin with drug equivalent to 25 mg was prepared by a direct compression method. A dissolution study of prepared tablets was performed in 0.5% SLS in water (pH 7.0). Almost 96% drug was released from the formulation at the end of 30min. A comparison study of prepared tablets was done with marketed a Meclizine HCl 25 mg conventional tablet. From the results of dissolution study, it was found that the prepared formulation was showing better release, which was statistically significant P < 0.01 than a marketed tablet (paired t-test). Only 54% drug release was observed from the marketed tablet at the end of 30 min. Hence this study concludes that the solubility enhancement of Meclizine HCl could be successfully achieved using the inclusion complexation technique.
When Science, Politics, and Policy Collide: On the Regulation of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids, Steroid Precursors, and “Dietary Supplements” in the United States

Twenty years after policy makers passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990, adding steroids to the list of Schedule III Controlled Substances in the United States, illicit use of the drugs co...
Examining Mainstream and Afro-Cultural Value Socialization in African American Households

This article examines the role of culture in the socialization patterns found in the households of low-income African Americans. Using the Triple Quandary theoretical framework, the authors hypothesized that cultural themes consistent with an Afro-cultural ethos would be reported significantly more than those associated with a mainstream cultural ethos. Scenarios depicting socialization activities reflecting the four distinct cultural themes were constructed. Seventy-one low-income African American parents reported how often they perform the activities reflecting the cultural themes in question. Findings revealed that parents reported communal practices significantly more than those activities linked to the remaining three cultural themes. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
A delay-efficient radiation-hard digital design approach using CWSP elements

In this paper, we present a radiation-hardened digital design approach. This approach is based on the use of code word state preserving (CWSP) elements at each flip-flop of the design, and leaving the rest of the design unaltered. The CWSP element provides 100% SET protection for glitch widths up to min{Dmin/2, (Dmax - Delta)/2}, where Dmin and Dmax are the minimum and maximum circuit delay respectively and Delta is an extra delay associated with our SET protection circuit. The CWSP circuit has two inputs - the latch output signal and the same signal delayed by a quantity delta. In case an SET error is detected, then the current computation is repeated, using the correct output, which is generated later in the same clock period by the CWSP element. Unlike previous approaches, we use the CWSP element in a secondary path and the CWSP logic is designed to minimally impact the critical delay path of the design. The delay penalty of our approach (averaged over several designs) is less than 1%. Thus our technique is applicable for high-speed designs, where the additional delay associated with SET protection must be kept at a minimum.
Standing the spinal cord injured patient by electrical stimulation: refinement of a protocol for clinical use

Standing by functional neuromuscular stimulation can be obtained in a select subpopulation of spinal cord injured individuals. This technology has not yet been made available to patients on a clinical basis. The methodology for a simple two-channel protocol, including biomechanics, stimulator design, and muscle response to stimulation, is discussed. This protocol shows reasonable promise of successful clinical implementation in the future. Results over a five-year period, which include data on 21 patients, are presented. The potential user population of this protocol is estimated to be 10% of the paraplegic population. >
Adiponectin multimers and metabolic syndrome traits: relative adiponectin resistance in African Americans.

African Americans (AAs) tend to have lower total adiponectin levels compared to European Americans (EA); however, it is not known whether race affects adiponectin multimer distribution and their relationships to metabolic traits. We measured total adiponectin, high molecular weight (HMW), low molecular weight (LMW) (i.e., hexamer), and trimer adiponectin in 132 normoglycemic premenopausal women (75 AAs, 57 EAs), together with measures of total and abdominal fat, plasma lipids, insulin sensitivity (Si), and genetic admixture estimates. We found that lower total adiponectin in AAs was explained by reduced LMW, and trimer forms because levels of HMW did not differ between races. In EAs, HMW was highly correlated with multiple metabolic syndrome traits. In contrast, the LMW and trimer forms were most highly correlated with metabolic traits in AAs, including abdominal adiposity, lipids, and Si. At similar levels of visceral adiposity, AAs exhibited significantly lower LMW adiponectin than EAs. Similarly, at comparable levels of HMW and LMW adiponectin, AAs were more insulin resistant than their EA counterparts. In conclusion, (i) serum adiponectin is lower in AAs predominantly as a result of reduced concentrations of LMW and trimers multimeric forms; (ii) LMW and trimer, not HMW, are most broadly correlated with metabolic traits in AAs. Thus, HMW adiponectin may exert less bioactivity in explaining the metabolic syndrome trait cluster in populations of predominant African genetic background.
THE ORBITS OF NEPTUNE'S OUTER SATELLITES

In 2009, we used the Subaru telescope to observe all the faint irregular satellites of Neptune for the first time since 2004. These observations extend the data arcs for Halimede, Psamathe, Sao, Laomedeia, and Neso from a few years to nearly a decade. We also report on a search for unknown Neptune satellites in a half-square degree of sky and a limiting magnitude of 26.2 in the R band. No new satellites of Neptune were found. We numerically integrate the orbits for the five irregulars and summarize the results of the orbital fits in terms of the state vectors, post-fit residuals, and mean orbital elements. Sao and Neso are confirmed to be Kozai librators, while Psamathe is a reverse circulator. Halimede and Laomedeia do not seem to experience any strong resonant effects.
A Phase I Study of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Sirolimus and MEC Chemotherapy in Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Purpose: Inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts and leukemic stem cells may enhance their sensitivity to cytotoxic agents. We sought to determine the safety and describe the toxicity of this approach by adding the mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus (rapamycin), to intensive AML induction chemotherapy. Experimental Design: We performed a phase I dose escalation study of sirolimus with the chemotherapy regimen MEC (mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine) in patients with relapsed, refractory, or untreated secondary AML. Results: Twenty-nine subjects received sirolimus and MEC across five dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities were irreversible marrow aplasia and multiorgan failure. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sirolimus was determined to be a 12 mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 4 mg/d on days 2 to 7, concurrent with MEC chemotherapy. Complete or partial remissions occurred in 6 (22%) of the 27 subjects who completed chemotherapy, including 3 (25%) of the 12 subjects treated at the MTD. At the MTD, measured rapamycin trough levels were within the therapeutic range for solid organ transplantation. However, direct measurement of the mTOR target p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation in marrow blasts from these subjects only showed definite target inhibition in one of five evaluable samples. Conclusions: Sirolimus and MEC is an active and feasible regimen. However, as administered in this study, the synergy between MEC and sirolimus was not confirmed. Future studies are planned with different schedules to clarify the clinical and biochemical effects of sirolimus in AML and to determine whether target inhibition predicts chemotherapy response. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(21):6732–9)
Draft genome sequences of the altered schaedler flora, a defined bacterial community from gnotobiotic mice.

ABSTRACT The altered Schaedler flora (ASF) is a bacterial community that supports normal growth and development of gnotobiotic mice. We report here the draft genome sequences of the 8 bacteria that comprise the ASF.
Emerging Market Countries Don't Believe in Fiscal Stimuli: Should We Blame Ricardo? *

Emerging market countries had by early 2009 announced that they will have remained fiscally conservative during the 2008–09 crisis, at least compared with the developed countries, which announced much larger fiscal stimuli. We argue that the difference in the pre-announced fiscal stance between those two groups of countries could be at least partly due to the awareness of Ricardian equivalence, that is, a higher offset between private and public saving in emerging market countries. We find that the offset coefficient is almost twice as high in emerging market countries as in developed countries, implying that additional government spending, that is, public dissaving, would be almost completely offset by private saving.
Peptide YY and ghrelin predict craving and risk for relapse in abstinent smokers

Abstract Appetite hormones are directly involved in regulating satiety, energy expenditure, and food intake, and accumulating evidence suggests their involvement in regulating reward and craving for drugs. This study investigated the ability of peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin during the initial 24–48 h of a smoking cessation attempt to predict smoking relapse at 4 weeks. Multiple regression analysis indicated that increased PYY was associated with decreased reported craving and increased positive affect. Cox proportional hazard models showed that higher ghrelin levels predicted increased risk of smoking relapse (hazard ratio = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.30–3.27). These results indicate that circulating PYY may have buffering effects during the early stages of cessation while ghrelin may confer increased risk of smoking relapse. Further investigation of the links between these hormones and nicotine dependence is warranted.
COMPARISON BETWEEN COLD-PRESSED AND DISTILLED LIME OILS THROUGH THE APPLlCATlON OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

31 volatile components representing 98.2% of the volatile fraction of Mexican cold-pressed lime oil and 37 components representing 91.2% of the volatile constituents of distilled Mexican lime oils were identified. A total of 41 compounds were identified including 14 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 2 esters, an aliphatic hydrocarbon, 11 monoterpenes, 8 sesquiterpenes, and 2 oxides. The unidentified components are present in trace quantities. Comparison of the GLC chromatograms of cold-pressed and distilled Mexican and West-Indian lime oils showed that α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene and γ-terpinene were present in lesser amounts in the distilled oil than in the cold-pressed oil. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, β-caryophellene, α-bergamotene, α- and β-humulene, and β-bisabolene, were also found to be present in decreased quantities in the distilled oil as compared to the cold-pressed oil. While α-thujene, neral, geranial, decanal, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and α- and β-elemene were present in the cold-pressed oil, they were almost absent from the distilled oil. There was an increase in concentration of camphene, d-limonene, terpinolene and terpinene-4-ol in the distilled oil. Compounds which apparently were formed during distillation were identified as α-phellandrene, 1,4-cineole, p-cymene, α-fenchyl alcohol, and α- and β-terpineol. Six compounds which have not been previously reported in lime oil were identified as n-nonane, α-thujene, α-phellandrene, α-fenchyl alcohol, β-elemene and guaiene.
Incorporating service learning into programmatic assessment

The process of receiving and using feedback from teachers and peer editing groups in the writing classroom, while valuable, is not sufficient in the discipline of technical communication. Technical communication relies heavily on experiential learning, which is typically gained through internships and coops. Similarly, in courses with a service-learning component or activities, students are able to interact with real-world audiences, getting feedback on their work from audiences beyond the classroom. There has been little integration of service learning into technical communication courses serving a student population comprised of engineering students. In courses with this type of curricular structure, students have the opportunity to learn and apply writing, editing, and collaboration strategies specific to the field of engineering in non academic situations. This paper outlines the justification and methodology for using community engagement and service learning assignments in technical writing courses that primarily serve students in engineering programs. It outlines the benefits to the students and community organizations; details how I, while at the University of Alaska Anchorage, used service learning as a means of programmatic assessment in my technical communication courses; and concludes with the methods of assessment used to evaluate the effectiveness of this type of course.
Using fluorogenic probes for the investigation of selective biomass degradation by fungi

A library of fifteen commercially purchased and synthetic fluorogenic probes was employed for the investigation of biomass degradation using extracts of white-rot fungi. These probes were selected or designed to mimic the dominant linkages in celluloses, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the three most abundant polymers found in biomass. The results show that white-rot fungi display a high preference for cleaving mannose- and glucose-based probes, which mimic hemicelluloses. Low degrees of cleavages were noted for xylose- and cellobiose-based probes. No cleavages were observed for probes that mimic the linkages in lignin. Overall, these discoveries prove that it is possible to employ fungi for selective degradation or release of hemicelluloses from biomass.
Diffracted ScS and the Shear Velocity at the Core Boundary

Summary SH waves from the surface-focus Iranian earthquake of 1968 August 31, have been analysed to study the structure at the base of the mantle. The long-period E-W component records from western North American stations (91° < Δ < 114°) recorded essentially only the SH polarized wave as a pulse; high frequency but less energetic precursors (perhaps SKS) were also present. The gradient of the arrival-times was estimated to be 8.68±0.13 s deg−1. The result is close to a similar estimate of J. Cleary. For a radius of 3479km, assuming the waves are S and diffracted ScS, the S velocity at the boundary is 6.99±0.10 km s−1 which suggests a slight velocity decrease downwards at the mantle bottom. Values of log A/T, used in magnitude determination from S waves, show a monotonic decrease with distance for 100° < Δ < 114°. The unadjusted SH amplitude attenuation (Δ+ 105°) for period 35 s is −0.065 (In A versus Δ°). The frequency spectra of the waves do not seem to vary with distance at the low frequencies in the manner predicted by simple diffraction theory for a homogeneous mantle.
Ngongas and ecology: on having a worldview

Ngongas provide a metaphor for some of the opportunities and challenges facing the science of ecology and evolution. Ngongas, the traditional healers of the Shona culture, Zimbabwe, fail in the delivery of quality health by today's standards. Their outdated worldview makes most health related issues seem more complicated and more multi-factorial than when viewed through the worldviews of modern medicine. With the wrong worldview, one can work very hard, be very bright and dedicated, and still be ineffective. With the right worldview, one can work much less hard and still be extremely effective. As ecologists, we should be opinionated and possess clearly articulated worldviews for filtering and interpreting information. As ecologists we are also a bit like ngongas – we often fail to provide answers for society's ecological questions and problems, and we excuse ourselves with a belief that ecological systems are too complex and have too many factors. Unlike ngongas, this invites us to pay a lot of attention to promoting and assessing competing worldviews. We should be open-minded to the anomalies in our worldview and the successes of alternative viewpoints. As an admitted ecological ngonga, I discuss the worldview I use in my own research: the Optimization Research Program, a Darwinian research program that uses game theory to conceptualize and understand ecological systems. I use it illustrate how worldviews can synthesize disparate ideas. (I use kin selection and reciprocal altruism as examples.) I use it to show how new ideas and predictions can be generated. (I use root competition in plants and the possibility that increased crop yield may be forthcoming from knowledge of this game.)
Erratum to: Correlations between spatial compatibility effects: are arrows more like locations or words?

Responses that were erroneous or longer than 1,500 ms were removed from the analysis. RTs greater than 1,500 ms constituted 1.2% of total trials. Significant main effects were found for the factors of condition, F(2, 90) = 9.05, p \ 0.0005, MSE = 3,457, and compatibility, F(1, 45) = 88.00, p \ 0.0005, MSE = 618, but not their interaction, F(4, 180) \ 1. Overall RT was faster in the arrow condition (M = 499 ms) than in the location condition (M = 527 ms), F(1, 45) = 16.88, p \ 0.0005, MSE = 2,159, and the word condition (M = 534 ms), F(1, 45) = 15.80, p \ 0.0005, MSE = 3,509. There was no difference in RTs between the location and word conditions, F(1, 45) \ 1. The compatibility effect was calculated for each condition as the difference between incompatible and compatible trials and is also shown in Table 1. Paired-sample t tests showed no difference between the compatibility effect for arrows (M = 32 ms), locations (M = 25 ms) and words (M = 27 ms), ps [ 0.22.
Observations of the structure and evolution of surface and flight-level wind asymmetries in Hurricane Rita (2005)

[1] Knowledge of the magnitude and distribution of surface winds, including the structure of azimuthal asymmetries in the wind field, are important factors for tropical cyclone forecasting. With its ability to remotely measure surface wind speeds, the stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) has assumed a prominent role for the operational tropical cyclone forecasting community. An example of this instrument's utility is presented here, where concurrent measurements of aircraft flight-level and SFMR surface winds are used to document the wind field evolution over three days in Hurricane Rita (2005). The amplitude and azimuthal location (phase) of the wavenumber-1 asymmetry in the storm-relative winds varied at both levels over time. The peak was found to the right of storm track at both levels on the first day. By the third day, the peak in flight-level storm-relative winds remained to the right of storm track, but it shifted to left of storm track at the surface, resulting in a 60-degree shift between the surface and flight-level and azimuthal variations in the ratio of surface to flight-level winds. The asymmetric differences between the surface and flight-level maximum wind radii also varied, indicating a vortex whose tilt was increasing.
General Educators' Instructional Adaptation for Students with Learning Disabilities.

Over the past decade, we have conducted research exploring methods by which general educators introduce instructional adaptations to meet the needs of students with learning disabilities (LD). This...
An investigation of how radiation may cause accelerated rates of tropical cyclogenesis and diurnal cycles of convective activity

Abstract. Recent cloud-resolving numerical modeling results suggest that radiative forcing causes accelerated rates of tropical cyclogenesis and early intensification. Furthermore, observational studies of tropical cyclones have found that oscillations of the cloud canopy areal extent often occur that are clearly related to the solar diurnal cycle. A theory is put forward to explain these findings. The primary mechanism that seems responsible can be considered a refinement of the mechanism proposed by Gray and Jacobson (1977) to explain diurnal variations of oceanic tropical deep cumulus convection. It is hypothesized that differential radiative cooling or heating between a relatively cloud-free environment and a developing tropical disturbance generates circulations that can have very significant influences on convective activity in the core of the system. It is further suggested that there are benefits to understanding this mechanism by viewing it in terms of the lateral propagation of thermally driven gravity wave circulations, also known as buoyancy bores. Numerical model experiments indicate that mean environmental radiative cooling outside the cloud system is playing an important role in causing a significant horizontal differential radiative forcing and accelerating the rate of tropical cyclogenesis. As an expansive stratiform cloud layer forms aloft within a developing system the mean low-level radiative cooling is reduced, while at mid levels small warming occurs. During the daytime there is not a very large differential radiative forcing between the environment and the cloud system, but at nighttime when there is strong radiative clear-sky cooling of the environment it becomes significant. Thermally driven circulations develop, characterized by relatively weak subsidence in the environment but much stronger upward motion in the cloud system. This upward motion leads to a cooling tendency and increased relative humidity. The increased relative humidity at night appears to be a major factor in enhancing convective activity, thereby leading in the mean to an increased rate of genesis. It is postulated that the increased upward motion and relative humidity that occur throughout a deep layer aid both in the triggering of convection and in providing a more favorable local environment at mid levels for maintenance of buoyancy in convective cells due to a reduction of the detrimental effects of dry air entrainment. Additionally, the day/night modulations of the environmental radiative forcing appear to play a major role in the diurnal cycles of convective activity in the cloud system. It is shown that the upward velocity tendencies in the system core produced by the radiative forcing are extremely weak when compared to those produced by latent heat release in convective towers, but nevertheless over the course of a night they appear capable of significantly influencing convective activity.
Service Continuity in Networked Control Using Etherware

Service continuity is the capability to provide persistent and reliable service, with graceful degradation in the presence of changes. This is particularly important for networked control systems interacting with the real world, as they have strict safety requirements and must tolerate changes such as component failures and upgrades while maintaining operational integrity. The authors describe how they address these issues in Etherware, their middleware for networked control.
Measuring intrabladder pressure with the head of the bed elevated 30°: evidence to support a change in practice.

BACKGROUND A 30° head-of-bed elevation is recommended for most critically ill patients. Measuring intrabladder pressure with the patient in this position is controversial. OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of measuring intrabladder pressure with a 30° head-of-bed elevation. METHODS A prospective, randomized, and experimental study. Patients had intrabladder pressure measured first while positioned supine with a 30° head-of-bed elevation and 25 mL of saline instilled into the bladder and again after the patients were randomly repositioned to supine without any head-of-bed elevation (flat) or with a 30° head-of-bed elevation while supine or in right lateral or left lateral position with either 25, 50, or 200 mL of saline instilled into the patient's bladder. RESULTS Intrabladder pressures measured with the patient in all 3 head-of-bed elevated positions were higher than pressures measured with patients supine and flat after instillation of 25 mL of saline into the bladder, but intrabladder pressure did not differ between the 30° head-of-bed elevated positions and the supine and flat positions when 50 or 200 mL of saline was instilled into the bladder. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between volume of saline instilled (P = .05), patient's position (P = .007), and bladder instill volume and position interaction (P = .004). CONCLUSION It is feasible to measure intrabladder pressure with a 30° head-of-bed elevation, and that position could be an alternative to supine positioning of patients for measurement of intrabladder pressure.