cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sweetened Condensed Milk

Summary 1.Rancidity here refers to that flavor resembling butyric acid. 2.Commercial samples of rancid condensed milk were found to run relatively high in acidity and in most cases to give the peroxidase test. The viscosity was higher than in normal condensed milk; in some cases the product was solid. 3.Experimental batches of condensed milk prepared under usual conditions except that a little raw milk was allowed to enter the pan while the batch was being condensed invariably became rancid. The defect was more marked, the more raw milk present. 4.The addition of unheated milk to normal condensed milk always produced rancidity, as little as 0.75 per cent being effective. This is equivalent to 0.3 per cent of the amount of whole milk from which the batch was prepared. 5.Heating whole milk to 140°F. for fifteen minutes, or 150° for an instant, was found sufficient to destroy lipolytic power. However, when sugar was present, or, where attempts were made to destroy lipase in condensed milk, a considerably higher temperature was required. 6.Milk three days old had no more power to produce rancidity than fresh milk. This is presented as a point of evidence that this power is not due to any bacteria that might be present. In further support of this contention an experiment was carried out in which cultures of all organisms isolated from raw milk failed to produce rancidity when incorporated in normal condensed milk, though the raw milk itself did have the power to do so. Cultures of organisms isolated from rancid condensed milk also failed to produce rancidity. Sterile whole milk inoculated with these and other cultures, then condensed down in the usual way did not produce rancid batches. 7.Various metallic salts and other chemicals and various mechanical treatments of milk did not cause rancidity. Its production was independent of solids or sugar content. 8.Pancreatic lipase added to condensed milk was shown to produce the rancid flavor, increase the acidity and viscosity exactly as did raw milk.
All the Better to See You With

In the animal kingdom, eyes come in a relatively small variety of functional forms. When a new optical system is found, it usually is a variation of a known form. It is very rare to discover a novel form of an eye. Such a sensational discovery has been made by Annette Stowasser, Alexandra Rapaport, John Layne, Randy Morgan, and Elke Buschbeck. Using two different experimental approaches, they demonstrated an eye with a truly bifocal lens, something that has only been suggested for certain long-extinct trilobites
Differential effects of ozone on airway and tissue mechanics in obese mice

Obesity is an important risk factor for asthma. We recently reported increased ozone (O3)-induced hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in obese mice (Shore SA, Rivera-Sanchez YM, Schwartzman IN, and...
On the compositional field of self-reversing titanomaghemite : Constraints from deep sea drilling project site 307

[1] In 1956, Verhoogen proposed that ionic reordering during low-temperature oxidation of titanomagnetite could result in self-reversal of natural remanent magnetization. Later, in 1966, O'Reilly and Banerjee concluded that (1) the compositional field of self-reversing titanomaghemite was restricted to very high oxidation states and (2) that high oxidation temperature (≥250°C) would be required to reach these oxidation levels, which would in turn be inconsistent with stability of the cation-deficient structure of titanomaghemite in nature. However, an example of the process has been reported, in some altered pillow basalt lavas of Late Cretaceous age from Detroit Seamount (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites 883, 1203, and 1204) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Here we present new paleomagnetic, rock magnetic and compositional data from mid-ocean ridge tholeiitic basalts of Late Jurassic age collected at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 307. Although severely oxidized, the DSDP Site 307 basalt samples lack the clear self-reversed magnetizations seen in some samples from Detroit Seamount. These data constrain the compositional field of self-reversing titanomaghemite to extremely high oxidation states (z ≥ 0.95), consistent with the first conclusion of O'Reilly and Banerjee. The comparison of results from ODP sites 883, 1203, and 1204 on Detroit Seamount and those from the DSDP Site 307 basalts suggests that the presence of self-reversed magnetizations may signify unusually vigorous and sustained fluid flow that resulted in very efficient removal of Fe from titanomaghemite producing the extremely high oxidation states required for self-reversal.
Electromechanically actuating molecules

Controlled motion at the nanoscale is an emerging avenue for low powered electronics. The necessity for precision at the nanoscale makes organic chemistry an exciting addition to electronics, as organic synthesis is based upon the design and creation of nanoscale and sub-nanoscale structures. We have recently demonstrated the role of organic materials in the development of a nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switch that operates by electromechanical modulation of tunneling current through a switching gap defined by a few nanometer-thick organic molecular layer sandwiched between conductive contacts [1]. In this device, the molecular layer not only facilitates controlled formation of nanoscale switching gaps, but also avoids direct contact of the electrodes to minimize surface adhesion and provides force control at the nanoscale to prevent device failure due to stiction. Recent work has focused on the compression of the molecular layer by an applied electrostatic force between the two electrodes to reduce the tunneling gap. However, we envision next generation devices can contain advanced materials, which undergo electrochemically stimulated shape changes to modulate the tunneling distance and current. In order to achieve large current on-off ratios, the molecules must be capable of producing significant changes in dimension or shape upon electrical stimuli. Herein, we report a few examples of electromechanically actuating molecules.
Student group approach to teaching using Tuckman model of group development.

If health care professionals are to be effective members of an interdisciplinary team of diagnostic specialists, it is critical that their university education equip them for that role. Using Tuckman's four stages of "forming," "storming," "norming," and "performing," university faculty are shown how a group of undergraduate science students can be developed into an organism intent on identifying solutions to problems posed to them (e.g., technical, medical-ethical). The use of the group approach enhances maturity, competence, self-esteem, and motivation of the students and enables the instructor to delegate appropriate responsibilities to the students. In addition to a sense of achievement, students also reported greater appreciation of the ideas, values, and abilities of their group colleagues.
Fat Rights and Fat Discrimination: An Annotated Bibliography

This bibliography is a selection of articles, books, and selected other material relevant to antidiscrimination laws and fat people. Prejudice against fat people has been widely discussed in the media. Many people are actively engaged in discourse about how our society treats fat people and whether discrimination against them is acceptable. At the same time, a small but growing body of law has developed to address discrimination against fat people in employment and public accommodations. This bibliography is intended to assist scholars, practicing lawyers, policy makers, and activists by gathering, organizing, and annotating the relevant literature and legal resources.
Distributed Energy Resources Interconnection Systems: Technology Review and Research Needs

Interconnecting distributed energy resources (DER) to the electric utility grid (or Area Electric Power System, Area EPS) involves system engineering, safety, and reliability considerations. This report documents US DOE Distribution and Interconnection R&D (formerly Distributed Power Program) activities, furthering the development and safe and reliable integration of DER interconnected with our nation's electric power systems. The key to that is system integration and technology development of the interconnection devices that perform the functions necessary to maintain the safety, power quality, and reliability of the EPS when DER are connected to it.
The ‘Common Sense’ of Austerity in Europe’s Historic Bloc: A Gramscian Analysis

Euro-area efforts to address recession have moved Europe decisively into an era of harsh austerity despite budget cuts and other fiscal measures facing massive resistance from the public. Moreover, economists continue to express doubts concerning austerity and warn Euro-area officials that fiscal tightening only increases debt relative to GDP. Far from reflecting either popular or economic opinion, I argue that Europe’s pro-austerity discourse both reflects and is constructed by the hegemonic interests of transnational capital. Specifically, advocacy groups representing the business-finance community manufacture the ‘common sense’ of fiscal tightening within narratives of European profligacy and exploding debt. In reality, however, austerity only reinforces the neoliberal structure underlying Europe’s integration into the Single Market. Forces of transnational capital not only serve as the intellectual leaders behind this neoliberal integration but, as my research shows, work to maintain this structure by advancing pro-austerity discourses in a way that ensures their hegemonic position within the historic bloc.
Comment on ‘Quantum chaos in elementary quantum mechanics’ by Yu Dabaghian and R Jensen

Algebraic, numerical and conceptual problems in a recently published paper by Dabaghian and Jensen (2005 Eur. J. Phys. 26 423?439) are discussed. A convergent scheme for summing periodic orbits in the tunnelling regime is suggested.
People, Place, and Power: Changing Life Courses and Inequality

For thousands of years, the average woman spent 100 percent of her adult life in childbearing and child-rearing and averaged five or fewer menstrual cycles in her lifetime. That changed radically i...
Series of uranyl-4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylates and an occurrence of a cation-cation interaction: hydrothermal synthesis and in situ Raman studies.

Three uranium(VI)-bearing materials were synthesized hydrothermally using the organic ligand 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid: (UO2)(C14O4H8) (1); [(UO2)2(C14O4H8)2(OH)]·(NH4)(H2O) (2); (UO2)2(C14O4H8)(OH)2 (3). Compound 1 was formed after 1 day at 180 °C in an acidic environment (pHi = 4.03), and compounds 2 and 3 coformed after 3 days under basic conditions (pHi = 7.95). Coformation of all three compounds was observed at higher pHi (9.00). Ex situ Raman spectra of single crystals of 1–3 were collected and analyzed for signature peaks. In situ hydrothermal Raman data were also obtained and compared to the ex situ Raman spectra of the title compounds in an effort to acquire formation mechanism details. At pHi = 4.00, the formation of 1 was suggested by in situ Raman spectra. At an increased pHi (7.90), the in situ data implied the formation of compounds 1 and 3. The most basic conditions (pHi = 9.00) yielded a complex mixture of phases consistent with that of increased uranyl hydrolysis.
Effect of Interaction of RNA and Polyglucose on Their Solubility in Water-Alcohol Mixtures.∗:

SummaryPhenol extracted RNA, unlike other preparations, is less soluble than DNA in aqueous-alcohol mixtures. Further, the RNA so prepared is associated with a high molecular weight polyglucose (CHO). These components were separated by acid precipitation and their solubility determined separately and in reconstituted mixtures. RNA, free of CHO, remains largely precipitable with 20% ethanol. Isolated CHO precipitates from 20% ethanol only upon addition of RNA which can effect the precipitation of six times its weight of CHO. Denatured fractions of RNA, soluble under these conditions, also precipitate in the presence of CHO. Despite the interaction of these macromolecules in solution, the unusual solubility properties of phenol extracted RNA seem to be a consequence of its native state rather than the presence of CHO.
Clinical Aspects of Endocrine Hypertension

Distinct hypertensive syndromes clearly related to overproduction of certain hormones are increasingly being recognized. The ability to recognize these disorders has come as a result of better understanding of their pathophysiology and the availability of sensitive and accurate diagnostic tools. The particular appeal of making the diagnosis centers around the potential curability of the hypertension with correction of the hormonal abnormality.
Democratic Work at an Organization-Society Boundary: Sociomateriality and the Communicative Instantiation

Studies of constitution, particularly the Communication as Constitutive of Organization (CCO) perspective, currently lacks adequate consideration of how power manifests in ongoing, dynamic, material–symbolic co-constitution. This article aims to locate and understand power in the sociomaterial realities of work. I position democratic work practices as transcendent of symbolic-material dualisms and investigate those practices via a co-constitutive, integrated approach. This critical-interpretive analysis of boundary work illuminates the non-neutral constitutive properties of sociomateriality in action. Findings coalesce around three themes: (a) material objects and notions of success, (b) sites of participation, and (c) bodies and engaged citizenry. The materialities of homelessness, along with those of “non-homelessness,” co-constitute conditions that actively work to maintain homelessness’ existence and restrict the democratic possibilities of work. To understand the complex connections of materiality an...
The Temperature and Strain Rate Dependence of the Flow Stress in MoSi2 Single Crystals

The temperature dependence of the flow stress and deformation mechanisms of single crystal MoSi2 have been determined for compression along three different orientations, [001], [021] and [771], at two different strain rates, 1 × 10−5/s and 1 × 10−4/s, and at temperatures between 900 and 1600°C. The flow stress along [021] is slightly higher than that along [771] while both orientations gave a much lower flow stress than that along [001]. Along [021], slip occurs on the {110} 1/2 slip system between 1000 and 1200°C, while at 1300-1400°C, slip occurs on the {013} slip system. Along [771], deformation occurs by the [001] slip system while cross-slip onto {013} and [011] planes is observed at 1000-1300°C except that slip occurs on the {013{1/2 slip system at 1000-1100°C for faster strain rates. Along [001], slip occurs on the {013}1/2 system at 900-1100°C while slip is observed on the {011} 1/2 system at 1300-1600°C. Strain rate jump tests from 1×10−5/s to 5x10−5/s at 1 100°C revealed a stress exponent of 7 along [771] and 20 along [021], while a rate jump test from lx10−5/s to 2x 10−5/s along [001] at 1400°C gave a stress exponent of 3.9.
Retrieval attempts enhance learning regardless of time spent trying to retrieve.

ABSTRACTAttempting to retrieve information from memory is an engaging cognitive activity. We predicted that people would learn more when they had spent more time attempting to retrieve. In experiments 1a and 1b, participants were shown trivia questions for 0, 5, 10, or 30 seconds and then the answer was revealed. They took a final test immediately or after 48 hours. Retrieval enhanced learning, but the length of the retrieval attempt had no effect (i.e., final test performance was equivalent in the 5-, 10-, and 30-second conditions and worse in the 0-second condition). During the initial retrieval attempt, more time did increase recall, suggesting that participants continued to engage in productive retrieval activities when given more time. Showing the answer for longer (7 versus 2 seconds) increased learning in Experiments 2a and 2b. Experiment 3 examined the effect of retrieval success and Experiment 4 replicated the results using different materials. These results have direct implications for current t...
The 10-20 Electrode System and Cerebral Location

In the three decades since it was introduced, the International 10-20 System of electrode placement has become the standard for locating scalp electrodes in EEG. The technique employs measurements ...
Epidemiological Analysis of the Statutory Notifiable Infectious Diseases in Xiangyun County from 2005 to 2009

Objective: Analysis of the statutory notifiable infectious diseases in order to improve appropriate control strategies.Method: Infectious disease notifications from 2005 to 2009 in Xiangyun were investigated by descriptive epidemiological study method.Results: There were 6 503 cases of 23 species infectious diseases reported in 5 years,the annual incidence was 326.41 in 100 thousand,and the annual mortality was 1.18 in 100 thousand.Disease classification has shown that: 1.Respiratory diseases accounting for 41.01% were mainly composed of tuberculosis(96.03%),whose incidence was declining;2.Enteric infection diseases accounted for 33.51%,and 91.22% among which were dysentery,and incidences of dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid were dclining too;3.Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections accounted for 20.01%,77.58 % of which was hepatitis B,and the incidence of hepatitis B was declining;4.Diseases of natural focus and vector-borne infectious diseases accounted for 5.47%,76.34% of which were malaria,and data showed the incidence of malaria was also declining.Conclusions: Infectious diseases direct network reporting is an effective way to timely detect epidemics outbreak and aggregation and adopt emergency measures.This network needed further improvement.
Study on the epidemiological characteristics of hand,foot,and mouth disease in Tai'an from 2006 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD) in the City of Tai'an from 2006 to 2010.Methods Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data on HFMD from 2006 to 2010 in Tai'an.Results From 2006 to 2010,the City of Tai'an had 19 213 cases of HFMD,with an annual average incidence of 68.95/100000,and 4 deaths,with an annual average mortality rate of 0.01/100000.The mortality rate was 0.02%.The incidence rate gradually increased each year from 2006(623 cases) to 2010(8337 cases,with a peak incidence of 147.67/100000).Most cases occurred from May to August each year.In different years,HFMD cases increased from October to December,potentially resulting in an outbreak the following year.Economically developed areas and regions distributed along main roads had a high prevalence of HFMD.HFMD mostly affected children living apart from their parents,who accounted for 69.47% of patients.Prevalence was highest among children ages 1-2,who accounted for 46.07% of patients.Laboratory results showed that EV71 was the predominant virus in 2008 and 2009 while CA16 was predominant in 2010.Conclusion Peaks in autumn-winter outbreaks foreshadow an outbreak of HFMD in the coming year.EV71 and CA16 alternatively predominate,so HFMD remains prevalent.
Relationship between interleukin-18 gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Objective To investigate the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphisms( SNP)-137G /C( rs187238) and-607C/A( rs1946518) in the promoter region of Interleukin-18( IL-18) gene and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Methods Case-control study was conducted among 264 chronic hepatitis B cases and 300 healthy controls seeking medical care in Guilin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College from March 2007 to October 2010. The SNP at the position of IL-18 gene promoter-137G / C( rs187238) and-607C/A( rs1946518) were detected by sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction( SSPPCR). The genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed for both case group and control group. Results At rs1946518,the difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-18 gene polymorphism between case group and control group was not significant( P 0. 05). but,at rs187238, G allele frequency was significantly higher( OR =1. 353,95% CI: 1. 009-1. 815,P = 0. 043) in case group. Patients who carried rs187238 GG genotype had higher risk of suffering from chronic hepatitis B( OR = 1. 629,95% CI: 1. 152-2. 305,P = 0. 006). Stratified analysis showed that rs187238 GC genotypes and C allele frequency were significantly associated in chronic hepatitis B patients who were HBeAg positive( P = 0. 022,P = 0. 011,respectively). Conclusion IL-18 gene promoter-137G / C( rs187238) polymorphism is correlated with chronic hepatitis B,and rs187238 GC genotypes and C allele frequency are respectively associated with chronic hepatitis B patients who are HBeAg positive.
The diagnosis and treatment of ileitis.

Regional enteritis is a chronic nonspecific granulomatous inflammation primarily of the terminal part of the ileum. The cause is unknown. Medical treatment consisting of measures of a supportive nature should be tried first. If this fails after adequate trial, then surgical treatment must be considered in a high percentage of cases.
Reciprocity in the Medical Encounter

Respect for the therapeutic power of the physician—patient relationship was well noted in antiquity and has been recognized in modern times. However, it is only since the mid-1960s that the actual dynamics of the therapeutic dialogue have been observed in any systematic manner. The evolution of methodological and technological sophistication has made observation and analysis easier over the years, and indeed, the number of empirical studies of physician—patient communication doubled between 1982 and 1987 to over 60 (Roter, Hall, & Katz, 1987a).
Development of a method for assessing haze-active protein in beer by dye binding

Fifteen candidate dyes were combined with the haze-active (HA) protein gliadin in a search for one that would produce a chromatic shift and form the basis of an analytical method for HA protein in beer. Two dyes, alizarin red S and nuclear fast red, produced shifts in the UV region, and two, bromopyrogallol red (BPR) and plasmocorinth B, produced shifts in the visible range. The responses of these four dyes to proteins with a range of haze-forming activity were compared. BPR was selected for method development. A statistical experiment design and response surface modeling were used to determine optimum conditions. BPR produced a linear response to gliadin in buffer, but it suffered interference in the beer matrix. Pretreatment of beer with a C18 cartridge and centrifugal ultrafiltration removed the interference. Measurements of HA protein via the BPR method and by haze induction with tannic acid were performed on unchillproofed beer samples treated with varying levels of silica gel, bentonite, and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The results showed agreement in the patterns but some differences in the levels. It appears that the BPR method gives a different perspective on beer haze stability that should not be influenced by the level of endogenous polyphenol. L'instabilite colloidale de la biere est souvent causee par les interactions proteines-polyphenols, conduisant au developpement d'un trouble. Les polyphenols participant au trouble sont capables de lier deux ou plusieurs proteines entre elles et les proteines concernees ont des sites ou les polyphenols attaquent. Cette etude a pour but de definir une nouvelle approche pour l'estimation des proteines responsables du trouble dans la biere. Pour cela, elle recherche un colorant qui se combinerait specifiquement avec une telle proteine et produirait un changement de couleur par absorption. Apres divers essais, le rouge de bromopyrogallol est selectionne pour le developpement de la methode. Il montre des reponses lineaires pour la gliadine en solution tampon mais des interferences existent dans la matrice de biere.
Interaction of attention and acoustic factors in dichotic listening for fused words

Two dichotic listening experiments examined the degree to which the right-ear advantage (REA) for linguistic stimuli is altered by a “top-down” variable (i.e., directed attention) in conjunction wi...
Modeling of communication systems dependency on electric power during nuclear attacks

This paper presents modeling of communication systems dependency on electric power during nuclear attacks. Resiliency models are used to characterize cell site dependencies on the main power grid and transportation system for generator back up fuel. Primary failure due to direct damage and secondary failures due to dependencies versus yield are studied considering the effects of radiation, blast wave and the thermal effects in the analyzed region. The dependency analysis considers travel times in the road system for diesel generator backup fuel. The impact of buffers, such as energy storage, on failure propagation between infrastructures is discussed. The time dependent resiliency functions derived show that beyond the initial blast zone, the probability of grid failure and travel delays concurrently lead to poor resiliency in the absence of energy storage. Cell site resiliency functions are used to prescribe guidelines for mobile cell site and substation deployment.
The Selection of Catalysts for Metal Carbene Transformations

Abstract A selective survey of the literature since 2013 that includes novel catalytic strategies and transformations involving electrophilic metal carbene intermediates is presented. This review is organized according to donor and acceptor substituents of the carbene precursor and provides an overview of the rapidly expanding field of electrophilic metal carbene generation and reactions. New developments in catalyst and ligand design, the expanded uses of diazo compounds, and the profusion of transformations are presented. The rapid expansion in applications of electrophilic metal carbenes from cyclopropanation and C–H insertion to cycloaddition and reactions of carbene-generated ylides are among the highlighted developments that are discussed.
Aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss increases the progression of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in bone and exacerbates muscle weakness in vivo

// Laura E. Wright 1 , Ahmed A. Harhash 1 , Wende M. Kozlow 2 , David L. Waning 3 , Jenna N. Regan 1 , Yun She 1 , Sutha K. John 1 , Sreemala Murthy 1 , Maryla Niewolna 1 , Andrew R. Marks 4 , Khalid S. Mohammad 1 , Theresa A. Guise 1 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 4 Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Correspondence to: Laura E. Wright, email: laewrig@iu.edu Keywords: breast cancer, bone, metastasis, aromatase inhibitor, skeletal muscle Received: October 20, 2016 Accepted: November 23, 2016 Published: December 25, 2016 ABSTRACT Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) cause muscle weakness, bone loss, and joint pain in up to half of cancer patients. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that increased osteoclastic bone resorption can impair muscle contractility and prime the bone microenvironment to accelerate metastatic growth. We hypothesized that AI-induced bone loss could increase breast cancer progression in bone and exacerbate muscle weakness associated with bone metastases. Female athymic nude mice underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and were treated with vehicle or AI (letrozole; Let). An OVX-Let group was then further treated with bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid; Zol). At week three, trabecular bone volume was measured and mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells into the cardiac ventricle and followed for progression of bone metastases. Five weeks after tumor cell inoculation, tumor-induced osteolytic lesion area was increased in OVX-Let mice and reduced in OVX-Let-Zol mice compared to sham-vehicle. Tumor burden in bone was increased in OVX-Let mice relative to sham-vehicle and OVX-Let-Zol mice. At the termination of the study, muscle-specific force of the extensor digitorum longus muscle was reduced in OVX-Let mice compared to sham-vehicle mice, however, the addition of Zol improved muscle function. In summary, AI treatment induced bone loss and skeletal muscle weakness, recapitulating effects observed in cancer patients. Prevention of AI-induced osteoclastic bone resorption using a bisphosphonate attenuated the development of breast cancer bone metastases and improved muscle function in mice. These findings highlight the bone microenvironment as a modulator of tumor growth locally and muscle function systemically.
Personalized management of asthma exacerbations: lessons from genetic studies.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The genetics of severe asthma and asthma exacerbations are distinct from milder forms of asthma. Gene-environmental interactions contribute to the complexity and heterogeneity of severe asthma and asthma exacerbations, and pharmacogenomic studies have also identified genes that affect susceptibility to asthma exacerbations.Areas covered: Studies on the genetics, gene-environment interactions, and pharmacogenomics of asthma exacerbations are reviewed. Multiple individual genetic variants have been identified to be associated with asthma exacerbations but each genetic polymorphism explains only a fraction of the disease and by itself is not able to translate into clinical practice. Research is shifting from candidate gene studies and genome wide association studies towards more integrative approaches to translate genetic findings into clinical diagnostic and therapeutic tools.Expert commentary: Integrative approaches combining polygenic or genomic data with multi-omics technologies hav...
Bladder Replacement in Children and Young Adults

Abstract Our experience with total and subtotal bladder replacement in 23 patients is reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 categories, depending upon how much functional bladder, bladder neck or urethra was present at the time of reconstruction. The general indications for operation were urinary incontinence in 13 cases and prior urinary diversion in 10. Bladder reconstruction was performed using a segment of the right colon in 18 patients and the left colon in 5. Renal function has remained stable in 20 patients, deteriorated in 2 and improved in 1. Of the patients 14 are dry day and night (8 on clean intermittent catheterization and 2 with an artificial urinary sphincter), 7 are dry by day and wet at night, and 2 are wet day and night. Of the 23 patients 15 experienced a postoperative complication, the most common of which was loss of the antireflux ileocecal mechanism in 8. Bladder replacement with an isolated bowel segment is feasible in properly selected patients. Our series illustrates many of the areas of consideration in total and subtotal bladder replacement.
Clonal Reforestation: Forests of the Future?

Vegetative propagation methods make possible the production of exact copies of trees selected for superior characteristics. These methods include conventional techniques such as rooting cuttings, grafting, and air-layering, as well as newer plant tissue culture methods that include embryo or cotyledon culture, shoot tip culture, and callus and cell culture. Rooted cuttings have been used in reforestation programs in Japan, Europe, New Zealand, and Canada, but not in the United States. Vegetative propagation is easiest with young trees but becomes more difficult as trees age. Plant tissue culture methods may be useful in propagating trees old enough to have demonstrated their superior traits. In contrast to conventional propagation methods in which only one copy is produced from each original cutting, air-layer, or graft, tissue culture methods produce several copies per culture. Only limited information is presently available on the costs and performance of vegetatively propagated material. Although the concept of clonal reforestation may frighten some foresters, its wise and careful use can result in more productive and genetically diverse forests than are now possible.
Automated cell-type classification in intact tissues by single-cell molecular profiling

The human body contains several hundred types of specialized cells that have different roles. The cells form tissues, and each tissue can only work if it has the right cells and if they are correctly organized and distributed to build working structures. This is how the same body parts, e.g. lungs, brains, hearts, end up looking and working the same way in almost everyone. Cells organize themselves into tissues by exchanging short-range messages between nearby cells. Understanding how cells communicate to form, maintain and repair tissues is a challenge for biologists. Finding ways to examine different signals at the same time would improve our understanding of these important processes. Now, Nagendran, Riordan et al. developed a microscopy technique that can tackle this issue. The cells can be stained and tagged with already established dyes and markers to measure the location and signals of all cell groups at the same time. By calculating how these cells are distributed in space it is then possible to estimate how they interact with each other. Based on this, Nagendran, Riordan et al. then successfully tested their tool in lung tissues from mice and humans. This cheap, high-speed technology works on tissue samples from any animal, including humans, and can be easily combined with existing technologies and so be adapted for a wide range of uses. A deeper knowledge of how combinations of signals guide tissue formation and maintenance could help us to better understand what causes developmental diseases, organ failures and cancer. Tools like this could even help to identify key targets for new treatments.
The Place of the Iranian Revolution in the History of Truth: Foucault on Neoliberalism, Spirituality and Enlightenment

In this article I want to argue that Foucault’s engagement with the Iranian Revolution was neither romantic fascist atavism nor does it presage any sort of transformation of his thought. Indeed, Fo...
Extensions of the classical transformations of the hypergeometric function F23

Abstract It is shown that the classical quadratic and cubic transformation identities satisfied by the hypergeometric function F 2 3 can be extended to include additional parameter pairs, which differ by integers. In the extended identities, which involve hypergeometric functions of arbitrarily high order, the added parameters are nonlinearly constrained: in the quadratic case, they are the negated roots of certain orthogonal polynomials of a discrete argument (dual Hahn and Racah ones). Specializations and applications of the extended identities are given, including an extension of Whipple's identity relating very well poised F 6 7 ( 1 ) series and balanced F 3 4 ( 1 ) series, and extensions of other summation identities.
Investigation of porosity on mechanical properties, degradation and in-vitro cytotoxicity limit of Fe30Mn using space holder technique.

Abstract Bioresorbable metallic implants are considered to be a new generation of transient fixation devices, which provide strong mechanical support during healing as well as effective integration with the host bone tissues, free of secondary surgery. We evaluated the microstructures and mechanical properties of iron‑manganese alloys (Fe30Mn) with 0-, 5-, 10-, and 60-volume percent porosity, which was produced through ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) decomposition. We also investigated the influence of porosity concentration on the corrosion rate and cytotoxicity of the alloy. The average value of maximum compressive strength was 2-fold greater in the 0-vol% scaffolds than that in 60-vol% scaffolds. Scaffolds with 60-vol% porosity exhibited the highest average value of corrosion rate in a potentiodynamic polarization test among the four groups. However, the group influenced cellular viability negatively in a subsequent cytotoxicity test. Fe30Mn scaffolds with 10-vol% NH4HCO3 are considered promising resorbable scaffolds based on the results of compression tests, corrosion experiments and cytotoxicity studies.
Evolution of a line vortex in stratified flow

A pair of distributed vortices in stratified flow disintegrate sooner than a traditional vortex pair and form multiple coherent vortex structures.
Overcoming Motivational Barriers to Understanding and Accepting Evolution Through Gameful Learning

The vast majority of the scientific community agrees upon the importance and validity of evolutionary theory while many in the American (US) public struggle to understand or accept it. For those individuals who perceive evolution to contradict their worldview, the effortful accommodation of new information into their existing worldview, conceptual change, is necessary. Affective factors, including motivation, are considered to be requisite for conceptual change to occur, so instruction designed to enhance the motivational nature of learning environments would be expected to enhance to the effectiveness of evolution education. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to evaluate the potential for gameful, inquiry-based learning to enhance students’ motivation to learn in the context of plant evolutionary life history. Eight sections of an introductory laboratory course, including 140 undergraduates, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control; repeat-testing; leaderboard; and leaderboard with repeat-testing. As compared with the other three conditions, gameful learning that included both the leaderboard and repeat-testing elements significantly enhanced students’ motivation to learn biology in the context of plant evolutionary life history. Participants indicated that the leaderboard increased interest, engagement, and motivation to prepare, while repeat-testing reduced test anxiety and made the material easier to learn. These results support the potential for gameful learning to aid evolution instruction by enhancing the affective nature of learning environments—a necessary component for conceptual change regarding the understanding and acceptance of evolution.
Mechanical property, nanopore structure and drying shrinkage of metakaolin-based geopolymer with waste glass powder

Abstract This paper investigates the mechanical properties, nanopore structure and drying shrinkage behavior of the metakaolin-based geopolymer mixtures containing 0%–20% waste glass powder. The prepared samples were cured under ambient temperature and high temperature (60 °C), respectively. The mechanical properties of the samples can be improved by introducing the low content of glass powder (5%–10%). Microstructure and nanopore structure analysis indicated that a denser gel phase was formed in the glass powder modified geopolymer samples. The added glass powder reduced the water loss rate of the samples under drying condition, leading to a reduction of drying shrinkage at early ages. The capillary stress in the prepared geopolymer samples was analyzed based on the pore size distribution of the mixtures. The magnitude of capillary stress generated in glass powder containing samples was similar to that of geopolymers without glass powder. The improved creep modulus with added glass powder facilitated the reduction of the shrinkage of the samples at later ages. This study can facilitate the recycling of waste glass into geopolymer for sustainable construction applications.
Direct Comparison of State-of-Charge and State-of-Energy Metrics for Li-Ion Battery Energy Storage

This paper presents a direct experimental evaluation of differences between state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-energy (SOE) metrics for lithium-ion storage batteries. The SOC-SOE metric differences are first investigated for single constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV) cycles under room temperature (25°C) conditions to understand the significance of incorporating voltage into the SOE metric. Experimental results show that the SOC-SOE difference values are a function of CRate, where larger C-Rates result in larger metric differences. This investigation has also shown that lower ambient temperatures increase the SOC-SOE difference values, mirroring the effects of temperature on battery voltage. Finally, tests investigating the effects of battery aging on these metrics indicate that the SOC-SOE difference values increase as the batteries age, suggesting that the SOC-SOE difference variable holds potential for use in state-of-health estimation.
Peri-Implantitis Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Biomarkers in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid: A Narrative Review

Dental implant diseases, peri-implantitis (PI) and peri-implant mucositis (PIM), have shown wide prevalence in recent studies. Despite the prevalence, diagnosing peri-implant disease (PID) remains challenging as common diagnostic methods of periodontal probing and radiographs may be inaccurate. These methods only document pre-existing destruction rather than current disease activity. Furthermore, there is no current model to predict the progression of PID. Though a predictive model is lacking, biomarkers may offer some potential. Biomarkers are commonly used in medicine to objectively determine disease state, or responses to a therapeutic intervention. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers have moderate diagnostic validity in periodontitis. Biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) also show promising results in regard to their diagnostic and prognostic value. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of PICF biomarkers in the diagnosis of PID and evaluate their validity to predict disease progression. This review found that PICF studies utilize different methods of sampling and interpretation with varying validity (sensitivity and specificity). A number of promising diagnostic techniques were identified. Commercially available chair-side tests for MMP-8 to diagnose periodontal disease and PID activity are now available. Future directions include proteomics and metabolomics for accurate, site-specific diagnosis and prediction of PID progression. Although more research is needed, this review concludes that the assessment of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, MMP-8) in the PICF may be of value to diagnose PI and PIM but current research remains insufficient to indicate whether biomarkers predict peri-implant disease progression.
Associations of Sociodemographic Factors and Psychiatric Disorders With Type of School-Based Mental Health Services Received by Youth.

Abstract Purpose Schools provide access to mental health services for traditionally underserved youth. However, there is variability in the types of school-based services students receive (e.g., school counseling, services in separate classrooms, or schools serving students with psychiatric disorders). Prior research has typically not distinguished among these different types of school-based services. The present study examines sociodemographic characteristics and disorders associated with the types of services received in schools. Methods Data were analyzed from a sample of adolescent–parent pairs in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement who received school mental health services (N = 1,204). DSM-IV diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered to adolescents and questionnaires self-administered to parents. Adolescents (aged 13–18 years) and parents also responded to questions about lifetime school-based mental health service receipt. Results Among those receiving school-based mental health services, almost one-third (29.7%) received services in a separate classroom and almost one-fourth (22.3%) in a separate school. Increased likelihood of lifetime placement in a separate classroom or school was detected among older youth, males, blacks, Latinos, youth with learning disabilities, those whose parents had fewer years of education, and those who received community-based mental health services. Oppositional defiant disorder was associated with increased lifetime placement in a separate school. Conclusions The results advance the evidence base by indicating that racial/ethnic minority youth and those whose parents have fewer years of education were more likely to receive school-based mental health services in separate settings. These results provide more context to studies of school-based mental health service receipt.
Deep Pipeline Circuit for Low-Power Spintronic Devices

As the traditional CMOS technology encounters significant scaling challenges, many emerging beyond-CMOS devices have been proposed and developed to augment or even replace CMOS devices. Spintronic devices have received extensive attention due to several unique attributes, including a low operation voltage and nonvolatility. However, spintronic devices are intrinsically slow because of the long switching delay of the magnet. To overcome the drawback, in this article, we propose and develop a deep pipeline method for generic spintronic majority-gate-based circuits. A fast and efficient pipeline buffer insertion methodology is integrated into the industry-standard placement and routing design flow to ensure the correct functionality. The proposed framework can accurately capture 1) the timing of a multiphase clock-gated spintronic circuit and 2) the energy overhead associated with the supply clocking, which is one major overhead of spintronic circuits. Based on the proposed framework, we demonstrate that a spintronic circuit implemented with a deep pipeline can provide over $10\times $ reduction in energy-delay products compared to their traditional CMOS-based counterparts. In the case study, the proposed deep pipeline method is applied to three emerging spintronic devices. Results show that device-level parameters have significant impacts on circuit-level performance and optimal logic depth.
Devices for dosimetric measurements and quality assurance of the Xstrahl 300 orthovoltage unit.

The Xstrahl 300 orthovoltage unit is designed to deliver kilovoltage radiation therapy using the appositional technique. However, it is not equipped with some typical linear accelerator features, such as mechanical distance indicator and crosshair projection, which are useful for facilitating equipment setup during various quality assurance (QA) and research activities. Therefore, we designed and constructed slip-in devices to facilitate QA for dosimetric measurements of our Xstrahl 300 unit. These include: (a) an ion chamber positioning system for dosimetric measurements, (b) a mechanical pointer for setting dosimeter distance to a nominal 50 cm, and (c) a crosshair projector with built-in light to facilitate alignment of dosimeter to the center of the radiation field. These devices provide a high degree of setup reproducibility thereby minimizing setup errors. We used these devices to perform QA of the Xstrahl 300 orthovoltage unit. One of the QA tests we perform is a constancy check of beam output and energy. Our data since start of clinical use of this unit (approximately 2.5 yr) show dose outputs to be remarkably reproducible (2σ = ±0.4%) for all three clinical beams (75, 125, and 250 kVp). These devices have provided both convenience and high-precision during the unit's commissioning, and continue to provide the same for various QA activities on the Xstrahl 300 orthovoltage unit.
AID: An automated detector for gender-inclusivity bugs in OSS project pages

The tools and infrastructure used in tech, including Open Source Software (OSS), can embed "inclusivity bugs"---features that disproportionately disadvantage particular groups of contributors. To see whether OSS developers have existing practices to ward off such bugs, we surveyed 266 OSS developers. Our results show that a majority (77%) of developers do not use any inclusivity practices, and 92% of respondents cited a lack of concrete resources to enable them to do so. To help fill this gap, this paper introduces AID, a tool that automates the GenderMag method to systematically find gender-inclusivity bugs in software. We then present the results of the tool's evaluation on 20 GitHub projects. The tool achieved precision of 0.69, recall of 0.92, an F-measure of 0.79 and even captured some inclusivity bugs that human GenderMag teams missed.