cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A compact single conductor transmission line launcher for telemetry in borehole drilling process

A very compact and conformai launcher for single conductor transmission lines (SCTL) at HF-band is presented. Also the concept of using drill pipes as the conductor of SCTL is introduced for the first time to satisfy the need for cost-effective and real-time data communication in drilling process. It is shown that a TM surface wave can be launched effectively making use of the drilling mud around the drill pipe. Provision of TM surface wave launchers that can fit within the borehole at both ends makes it feasible to transmit data over the drill pipe from downhole to the surface and vice-versa. The launcher is composed of an open ended helical conductor which concentrically surrounds the drill pipe with appropriate pitch and length forming a compact surface wave launcher. Keeping its dimension smaller than0. 00632 × 0.00632 × 0.062, the proposed launcher provides 250 kHz bandwidth from9. 5 MHz to 9.75 MHZ.
Massive gastric juvenile-type polyposis: a clinicopathological analysis of 22 cases.

Aims Massive gastric polyposis is a rare entity that is often associated with juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of 22 patients with abundant gastric juvenile-type or hyperplastic-like polyps. Methods and results The study included 12 males and 10 females with a median age of 48 years (range: 13–79 years). Fourteen (64%) patients carried a diagnosis of JPS, and three had prior gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Patients without known JPS presented at an older median age (60 years versus 40 years; P = 0.0068). Clinical symptoms included nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; 23% of patients were asymptomatic. Eighteen cases showed complete or near-complete carpeting of the gastric mucosa by innumerable polyps, ranging from a few millimetres to ~100 mm. Most polyps formed long, bulbous projections and had characteristic histological features, including a smooth outer contour, prominent stromal oedema, and widely spaced, often cystically dilated glands lined by foveolar epithelium; some polyps had less stroma and more hyperplastic foveolar epithelium. All had normal underlying or adjacent mucosa. Four (18%) cases harboured adenocarcinoma, and seven (32%) others showed dysplasia. SMAD4 immunohistochemical staining showed patchy loss in polyps from 19 of 20 cases tested. Five of six (84%) patients tested had a germline SMAD4 mutation. Conclusions Massive gastric juvenile-type polyposis can occur in patients with and without known JPS, and may mimic different conditions, such as other polyposis syndromes and Menetrier disease. Pathologists play an important role in disease classification, as some patients lack a family or personal history of JPS, have few if any colonic polyps, and may not harbour diagnostic germline mutations.
A digital ethnography of fan reaction to sponsorship termination

ABSTRACTResearch question: Scholars have paid little attention to consumer response to the termination of a sponsorship. The purpose of this study was to examine the reaction of fans of a professional cycling team to a sponsorship terminating, which ultimately led to the team disbanding.Research methods: The research purpose was pursued through digital ethnography (via message boards and weblog), examining the case of Basque professional cycling fans. Comments were analysed to understand fans’ reaction to the 2013 cessation of Euskaltel-Euskadi, a Basque professional cycling team, after its sponsor, Euskaltel, exited the partnership.Results and findings: Fan reaction to Euskaltel ending its sponsorship was somewhat paradoxical, in that the terminated sponsorship ultimately led to the team disbanding, yet fans appeared to be appreciative of Euskaltel. They continued to celebrate the team’s corporate sponsor colour as they mourned the end of Euskaltel-Euskadi and questioned the future of Basque cycling. Thi...
Long-Term Peer Reviewing Effort is Anti-Reciprocal

Many studies demonstrate that peer reviewing provides pedagogical benefits such as inspiration and developing expert vision, and changes classroom culture by encouraging reciprocity. However, much large-scale research in peer assessment has focused on MOOCs, where students have short tenures, and is unable to describe how reciprocity-oriented classroom cultures evolve over time. This short paper presents the first long-term analysis of peer reviewing with 304 students, conducted in three large physical classes in a year-long undergraduate series. Surprisingly, this analysis reveals that when students receive better reviews on their work, they write worse reviews in the future. This suggests that while students believe in the reciprocal nature of peer review, they act anti-reciprocally. Therefore, battling the emergent norm of anti-reciprocity is crucial both for system designers and practitioners who use peer assessment.
Tools and Functions of Reconfigurable Colloidal Assembly.

We review work in reconfigurable colloidal assembly, a field in which rapid, back-and-forth transitions between the equilibrium states of colloidal self-assembly are accomplished by dynamic manipulation of the size, shape, and interaction potential of colloids, as well as the magnitude and direction of the fields applied to them. It is distinguished from the study of colloidal phase transitions by the centrality of thermodynamic variables and colloidal properties that are time switchable; by the applicability of these changes to generate transitions in assembled colloids that may be spatially localized; and by its incorporation of the effects of generalized potentials due to, for example, applied electric and magnetic fields. By drawing upon current progress in the field, we propose a matrix classification of reconfigurable colloidal systems based on the tool used and function performed by reconfiguration. The classification distinguishes between the multiple means by which reconfigurable assembly can be ...
A deposition model coupling Stokes’ and Darcy’s equations with nonlinear deposition

Abstract In this work we investigate a filtration process whereby particulate is deposited in the flow domain, causing the porosity of the region to decrease. The fluid flow is modeled as a coupled Stokes–Darcy flow problem and the deposition (in the Darcy domain) is modeled using a nonlinear equation for the porosity. Existence and uniqueness of a solution to the governing equations is established. Additionally, the nonnegativity and boundedness of the porosity is shown. A finite element approximation scheme that preserves the nonnegativity and boundedness of the porosity is investigated. Accompanying numerical experiments support the analytical findings.
Though This be Madness

A he number line is a powerful tool that can be used to illustrate the arithmetical operations and their relationships. Unfortunately, when the topic of multiplication and division involving two negative numbers occurs, there seems to be little or no information regarding how to represent these problems on the number line. With the use of two interpretations for the + and signs, both multiplication and division involving negative numbers can be easily represented and their inverse nature illustrated.
Post-transplant Psychosocial and Mental Health Care of the Liver Recipient

Liver transplantation can improve survival and restore quality of life for patients with end-stage liver disease, but recipients can face challenges with mental health issues following transplantation. Substance use disorders are common among liver transplant patients, and clinicians need to be aware of these issues and plan for long-term post-transplant clinical care. Depression is of particular importance being associated with poorer posttransplant outcomes. If psychotropic pharmacologic management is considered, issues with liver recovery, especially during the early postoperative period, need to be evaluated. Patients experiencing cognitive impairment prior to transplant may have ongoing cognitive issues following transplant. Even symptoms associated with hepatic encephalopathy may require a longer period to resolve following transplant. As nonadherence continues to be associated with poorer survival and graft loss, clinicians should be aware of and monitor recipient’s adherence to lifelong transplant recommendations, specifically consistent immunosuppressive medication taking. Future interventions targeting addictions, cognitive recovery, and improved adherence are needed.
Insights on the Recruitment of International Students for Graduate Programs in Kinesiology

The purpose of this study was to examine Kinesiology-related departments’ current engagement in the recruitment of international students for graduate programs. Forty-nine colleagues in Kinesiology...
What Can Mimic Multiple Sclerosis

This article discusses mimics of multiple sclerosis (MS). Excluded in this discussion are neuromyelitis optica and vasculitis, discussed in other articles in this journal. Covered entities include posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, reversible vasoconstriction syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Sussac's Syndrome, and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy. There are also multiple infectious entities that mimic MS including; progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, Herpes Simplex Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein Barr virus, Cryptococcus and Human immunodeficiency virus. In addition, there are leukoencephalopathies that can present in adulthood including Adrenoleukodystrophy, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Cerebral autosomal dominant idiopathic leukoencephalopathy, Leigh's and Alexanders disease that could be mistaken for MS.
“Meeting them where they’re at”: Implementation of community psychology values into city policy and the case of the Honest Elections Initiative

Seattle, Washington, has recently experienced significant economic growth, but, this boom has not been felt by all city residents. Many residents have increasingly felt disenfranchised from Seattle...
EcoSpec: Highly Equipped Tower-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Infrared Automatic Remote Sensing System for Investigating Plant Responses to Environmental Changes.

Despite an advanced ability to forecast ecosystem functions and climate at regional and global scales, little is known about relationships between local variations in water and carbon fluxes and large-scale phenomena. To enable data collection of local-scale ecosystem functions to support such investigations, we developed the EcoSpec system, a highly equipped remote sensing system that houses a hyperspectral radiometer (350–2500 nm) and five optical and infrared sensors in a compact tower. Its custom software controls the sequence and timing of movement of the sensors and system components and collects measurements at 12 locations around the tower. The data collected using the system was processed to remove sun-angle effects, and spectral vegetation indices computed from the data (i.e., the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), and Moisture Stress Index (MSI)) were compared with the fraction of photochemically active radiation (fPAR) and canopy temperature. The results showed that the NDVI, NDWI, and PRI were strongly correlated with fPAR; the MSI was correlated with canopy temperature at the diurnal scale. These correlations suggest that this type of near-surface remote sensing system would complement existing observatories to validate satellite remote sensing observations and link local and large-scale phenomena to improve our ability to forecast ecosystem functions and climate. The system is also relevant for precision agriculture to study crop growth, detect disease and pests, and compare traits of cultivars.
Context Matters: The effects of budgetary and knowledge constraints on residential energy conservation

Residential energy conservation is a function of an individual’s psychological and contextual factors. Unlike most empirical studies that focused on singular types of predictors, this study examines the interactive roles of homeowners’ psychological (indicated by conservation attitude, conservation intention, and knowledge constraint) and contextual (indicated by budgetary constraint) factors in explaining conservation intention. Conservation attitude explains a reasonable proportion of the variance in intent to conserve residential energy; however, the inclusion of the budgetary constraint factor as a moderator reveals how the relationship between conservation attitude and conservation intention differs across three levels of budgetary constraint. Empirical results indicate that the condition of homeowners being in the low and high budgetary constraint segments weakens the marginal effect of conservation attitude on conservation intention, whereas, the condition of homeowners being in the medium budgetary constraint segment strengthens the same effect. The study, additionally, suggests that segments of knowledge constraint do not statistically impact the conservation intentions of homeowners. Further implications of the findings are discussed regarding policy-making and future research.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and the coronavirus pandemic: Current knowledge and implications for public health

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused widespread mortality and morbidity. Though children are largely spared from severe illness, a novel childhood hyperinflammatory syndrome presumed to be associated with and subsequent to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has emerged with potentially severe outcomes. Multisystem inflammatory disorder in children (MIS-C) most commonly affects young, school-aged children and is characterized by persistent fever, systemic hyperinflammation, and multisystem organ dysfunction. While uncommon and generally treatable, MIS-C presents potentially life-altering medical sequelae, complicated by a dearth of information regarding its etiology, pathophysiology, and long-term outcomes. The severity of MIS-C may warrant the need for increased awareness and continued COVID-19 mitigation efforts, particularly until potential factors conferring a predisposition to MIS-C can be clarified through additional research. Well-informed guidelines will be critical as the school year progresses. In this article, current knowledge on MIS-C is reviewed and the potential implications of this novel syndrome are discussed from a public health perspective.
Prophylaxis and Screening Options: Recommendations for Young Women with BRCA Mutations

Young women who carry a BRCA mutation face difficult decisions regarding radiologic screening modalities and prophylactic surgery. Decisions regarding these choices may have short and/or long-term consequences and significant impacts on breast cancer risk. A comprehensive review of currently available data supports the following recommendations for young women with BRCA mutations: perform monthly self breast exam, obtain clinical breast exam 2-4 times per year, discuss annual imaging options with a breast specialist, complete child-bearing by 35 with subsequent prophylactic oopherectomy, avoid hormone replacement therapy, and consider prophylactic mastectomy.
An analytical method to evaluate flying capacitor multilevel converters and hybrid switched-capacitor converters for large voltage conversion ratios

This work investigates the use of multilevel conversion in dc-dc applications that involve a large voltage conversion ratio. A quantitative method that can serve as a guide to compare and design multilevel topologies for large conversion ratio applications is presented. The proposed method keeps the conduction loss and switching loss the same across the different converters and employs the passive component volume as the single performance metric. As examples, flying capacitor multilevel converters (FCMC) and hybrid switched-capacitor (SC) converters are compared to conventional two-level buck converters, and are shown analytically to have significantly reduced passive component size. Three converter prototypes are implemented, based on the presented methodology to experimentally validate the method as well as demonstrate the advantages of multilevel converters.
Le capital symbolique des médailles : autour de l’histoire de la réception de la Légion d’honneur au Québec

La notion de capital symbolique est ici analysee a partir de l’histoire de l’attribution de la Legion d’honneur au Quebec. Cette perspective pourra paraitre curieuse a certains lecteurs dans la mesure ou cette histoire se dessine a l’ecart du strict champ politique quebecois ou ce capital exerce d’ordinaire son pouvoir ; mais, pourvu que tout capital symbolique soit frappe du soupcon de vanite et de venalite, il semble justement que la relative « gratuite » de l’attribution et de la reception de la Legion d’honneur au Quebec permette de mieux degager les principes et les ressorts qui animent la quete d’une telle distinction de ce cote-ci de l’Atlantique. Cette medaille a su, en effet, exercer une attraction d’autant plus symbolique qu’elle etait controlee par un Etat d’outremer et qu’elle brillait du prestige de l’etranger.
Nonlocality of Atlantic tropical cyclone intensities

[1] The assumption that tropical cyclones respond primarily to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) local to their main development regions underlies much of the concern regarding the possible impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse warming on tropical cyclone statistics. Here the observed relationship between changes in sea surface temperature and tropical cyclone intensities in the Atlantic basin is explored. Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity fluctuations and storm numbers are shown to depend not only upon SST anomalies local to the Atlantic main development region, but also in a negative sense upon the tropical mean SST. This behavior is shown in part to be consistent with changes in the tropical cyclone potential intensity that provides an upper bound on storm intensity. However, Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity fluctuations are more nonlocal than the potential intensity itself and specifically vary along with Atlantic main development region SST anomalies relative to the tropical mean SST. This suggests that there is no straightforward link between warmer SSTs in the main development region and more intense tropical cyclones.
Natural Kinds and Artifacts

Natural kinds are categories of things found in nature (e.g. living things, natural substances); artifacts are categories of things created by humans (e.g. furniture, clothing). These two distinct sorts of concepts differ in their implications for human reasoning. Keywords: concepts; categories; inductive reasoning; essentialism; development
Matrix pencil method and its performance

A novel method called matrix pencil method for estimating poles or frequencies from exponentially damped or undamped sinusoidal sequences is presented as an alternative to either the ESPRIT or pencil-of-functions method. A singular generalized eigenvalue problem in this method is solved in several different ways. First-order perturbation analysis reveals many fundamental perturbation properties of the new method. It is found consistently from both theoretical and simulation results that it performs better than the high-performance polynomial method of R. Kumaresan and D.W. Tufts (1982). >
The geographic origins of Nasca trophy heads using strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data

Abstract Scholars continue to debate the identity of individuals curated as trophy heads in the Nazca Drainage of southern Peru (c. 1–800 AD). What was the role of trophy heads in Nasca society? Were they victims of warfare or venerated ancestors? Strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data from archaeological human tooth enamel from Nasca trophy heads from Aja, Cahuachi, Cantayo, Majoro Chico and Paredones, and from individuals buried in Nasca cemeteries at Cahuachi, Cantayo, and Majoro Chico elucidate the geographic origins and paleodiet of trophy heads in the Nazca Drainage. The 87Sr/86Sr and δ18Oc(V-PDB) data from both the trophy heads and the Nazca Drainage burials are all quite variable, and do not support the hypothesis that the Nasca trophy heads were obtained from a geographically-distinct population. Similarly, the δ13Cc(V-PDB) data demonstrates that the individuals included in this study consumed similar diets. These data suggest that the Nasca trophy heads likely derive from the local Nasca population. Rather than obtain heads from enemy warriors through geographic expansion or warfare as seen in other parts of the world, this complex social practice existed within the Nasca polity throughout space and time.
Physics of liquid crystals

This review discusses the physical properties of nematic, cholesteric, and smectic liquid crystals. Molecular theories of the liquid crystal phases are discussed and the molecular field theories of the phase transitions between the various liquid crystal phases are presented. The elastic theory and hydrodynamics of liquid crystals is developed. A wide variety of phenomena in liquid crystals, including elastic distortions, disclinations, flow properties, fluctuations, light scattering, wave propagation, nuclear magnetic resonance, effects of magnetic and electric fields, electrohydrodynamics, and optical properties, is discussed.
Seeing the Big Picture in Fragile X Syndrome

Autism is a heterogeneous disorder caused by diverse genetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Many of these factors are thought to converge at some level to elicit overlapping behavioral symptoms. In particular, cortical circuits composed of numerous interacting cells and synapses represent plausible loci for such convergence. Nevertheless, specific circuit-level abnormalities in autism remain largely unknown. In a recent study, Goncalves et al. describe abnormal patterns of activity in the somatosensory cortex of Fmr1–/– mice, which model Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common single-gene cause of autism. Goncalves et al. used two-photon calcium imaging to measure simultaneous activity from many neurons in the somatosensory cortex of awake, head-fixed mice. They compared neuron activity recorded at different ages in wild-type and Fmr1–/– mice. Typically, cortical activity is highly synchronized across neurons early in postnatal life and then transitions to a more desynchronized pattern by adolescence. Goncalves et al. found that the correlations between neurons were stronger in Fmr1–/– mice than in wild-type mice at an age (P14 to P16) that represents a key time point in the development of somatosensory circuits. These differences were less pronounced at younger and older ages, when activity is more and less synchronized, respectively, suggesting that the differences at ages P14 to P16 represent delayed cortical desynchronization. Goncalves et al. went on to show how these increased correlations result from increased neuronal participation in Up states, brief (1 to 2 s) periods of circuit-wide increases in neuronal excitability and activity that occur every few seconds during sleep or quiet wakefulness. This is notable because increased neuronal activity, possibly as a consequence of decreased synaptic inhibition, has long been hypothesized to play a role in autism. Furthermore, abnormal patterns of activity during Up states could plausibly alter cortical circuit development in ways that contribute to autism and intellectual disability. Future studies should test whether similar alterations in circuit activity are present in other mouse models of autism. Identifying the specific changes in genetic and cellular pathways that drive increased neuronal participation in Up states may lead to novel therapies that restore normal cortical circuit development in FXS and related conditions. J. T. Goncalves et al. , Circuit level defects in the developing neocortex of Fragile X mice. Nat. Neurosci. 16 , 903–909 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23727819
Ouabain pharmacokinetics in dog and man. Determination by radioimmunoassay.

The pharmacokinetics of the relatively polar and rapidly acting cardiac glycoside ouabain (G-strophanthin) were studied in dogs and human subjects by the use of a newly devised radioimmunoassay technic. This method had high specificity and a sensitivity of less than 0.1 ng of ouabain per ml of plasma or urine. After administration of a single intravenous dose, the plasma ouabain concentration fell rapidly in both dogs and humans. After 7 hours, a phase of exponential decline was reached which had a half-life of 18 hours in dogs and 21 hours in normal human subjects. Repeated intravenous administration of ouabain to human subjects for 9 consecutive days resulted in the establishment of a plateau of plasma concentration and urinary excretion after 4-5 days, confirming plasma and urinary half-lives in the 19-24-hour range. The mean ratio of renal clearance of ouabain to that of creatinine was 0.81 in the human subjects. The plasma half-life of ouabain determined in these studies is in good agreement with pre...
Electromagnetic boundary conditions and differential forms

A new representation for electromagnetic boundary conditions involving a boundary projection operator defined using the interior and exterior products of the calculus of differential forms is developed. This operator expresses boundary conditions for fields represented by differential forms of arbitrary degree. With vector analysis, the field intensity boundary conditions require the cross product, whereas the flux boundary conditions use the inner product. With differential forms, the field intensity and flux density boundary conditions are expressed using a single operator. This boundary projection operator is readily applied in practice, so that this work extends the utility of the calculus of differential forms in applied electromagnetics.
Covering the plane with convex polygons

It is proved that for any centrally symmetric convex polygonal domainP and for any natural numberr, there exists a constantk=k(P, r) such that anyk-fold covering of the plane with translates ofP can be split intor simple coverings.
Phase-locking in goldfish saccular nerve fibres accounts for frequency discrimination capacities

THE auditory systems of fishes have been of particular interest in the development of auditory theory because a mechanical analysis of frequency had seemed unlikely on the basis of the ear's rather undifferentiated structural organisation1. Thus, at the level of the 8th nerve, information about stimulus frequency is thought to be coded in the temporal structure of neural activity rather than in across-fibre distributions of impulse rate2–4. However, recent neurophysiological data show that a limited peripheral frequency analysis occurs in several species5–7 and some workers have suggested that this may form the basis for psychophysical demonstrations of filtering8–10 and for frequency discrimination in the fish auditory system11,12. Such a ‘place principle’ of frequency analysis and pitch perception is presently generally believed to originate in the phyletic series among the amphibia and to reach the greatest degree of elaboration with the mammals13. We report here an experiment which helps to resolve this question of frequency codings by evaluating the adequacy of the temporal hypothesis to account for the behaviourally measured frequency difference limens for the goldfish11,12. A simple form of the temporal coding hypothesis states that the reciprocal of stimulus frequency (period) is represented in 8th nerve fibres as the distribution of time intervals between phase-locked impulses4. A discrimination between two different period lengths may thus entail a decision as to whether the two resulting distributions of neural interspike intervals are the same or different. Clearly, the performance on such a discrimination would be limited by the variability of the distributions, or the accuracy with which neural impulses are phase-locked to the stimulating waveform. We demonstrate here that the neurones which phase-lock best at any given frequency show degrees of phase-locking accuracy that would be expected if the central nervous system were processing the input optimally.
Large Pore Size Nanoporous Materials from the Self-Assembly of Asymmetric Bottlebrush Block Copolymers

Asymmetric polystyrene-polylactide (PS-PLA) bottlebrush block copolymers have been shown to self-assemble into a cylindrical morphology with large domain spacings. PLA cylinders can be selectively etched out of the shear-aligned polymer monoliths to generate nanoporous materials with an average cylindrical pore diameter of 55 nm. The remaining bottlebrush backbone provides a functional, hydrophilic coating inside the nanopores. This methodology significantly expands the range of pore sizes attainable in block copolymer based nanoporous materials.
Energy stability theory for free-surface problems: buoyancy-thermocapillary layers

Energy stability theory has been formulated for two-dimensional buoyancy–thermocapillary convection in a layer with a free surface. The theory yields a critical Rayleigh number RE for which R < RE is a sufficient condition for stability of the layer. RE emerges from the variational formulation as an eigenvalue of a nonlinear system of Euler–Lagrange equations. For the case of small capillary number (large mean surface tension) explicit values are obtained for RE. The analogous linear-theory results for this case are obtained in terms of a critical Rayleigh number RL. These are compared. It is found that the existence of the deformable interface can lead to a stabilization relative to the case of a planar interface. This result is explained in physical terms. The energy theory is then generalized to include general flow problems having three-dimensional disturbances, non-Newtonian bulk fluids and general interfacial mechanics such as surface viscosity and elasticity.
A stochastic model of cell cycle desynchronization

A general branching process model is suggested to describe cell cycle desynchronization. Cell cycle phase times are modeled as random variables and a formula for the expected fraction of cells in S phase as a function of time is established. The model is compared to data from the literature and is also compared to previously suggested deterministic and stochastic models.
Early intervention: A model for developmental research?

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1981, p. 686) defines intervention as follows: "To enter or occur extraneously." From the Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1984, p. 999) we have "a coming between; to occur (incidentally) so as to modify or hinder; to occur or happen between other events or periods; to intercede." An intervention, then, is a time-bound event, coming between two other identifiable events or points in time. It is superimposed upon the ongoing stream of life and development. It is something which would not occur under the "normal" or expected course of events, and it may be fortunate or unfortunate, deliberate or accidental. In the more restricted sense with which we are concerned in this symposium, intervention refers, of course, to the deliberate imposition of specific experiences into the lives of children-it is referred to as "early" intervention if it occurs somewhere between birth and middle childhood. Clearly, early intervention is not synonymous with early education or preschool education, although these terms have become linked in the minds of many-perhaps because over the last 20 years or so most early intervention studies with humans have involved education, either directly in the form of instruction of children, or indirectly by education of mothers of young children. It is not my purpose here to review such studies or to summarize the information gained from them. Rather, I shall try to examine the intervention study as a research tool. As a tool of applied research intervention may be done either to prevent undesirable events from occurring or to produce desirable effects which have not previously existed. At a corner at which many accidents are occurring, for example, an engineer
Nonparametric estimation of asymmetric first price auctions: A simplified approach

Abstract We present an approach to nonparametric estimation of pseudo-values in asymmetric affiliated private values (APV) models for first price auctions that eliminates the ‘curse of dimensionality.’ We show that pseudo-values can be estimated by using two-dimensional functions of bids for APV models regardless of the form of asymmetry.
Groundwater seepage nutrient loading in a Florida Lake

Twenty-five seepage meters were positioned in East Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, to determine groundwater seepage contributions of water and nutrients to the lake in 1983. Seepage was found to be an important source of water to the lake, contributing 14.3% of the water sources, and rates decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with distance from shore. A comparison of the piezometer and seepage meter techniques for measuring nutrient loading to the lake indicates the direct seepage meter technique overestimated nutrient inputs due to the enclosure to the sediments, possibly resulting in anaerobic conditions and increased release rates of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate. These results suggest that past studies employing this technique may be in error. Nutrient loading, calculated from piezometer nutrient data and seepage meter flow data, show that the groundwater nutrient loading in the lake was significant, contributing 8.7 and 17.6% of the total phosphorus and total nitrogen inputs to the lake, respectively.
Neural correlates of embryonic motility in the chick

Summary The neurogenic nature of spontaneous embryonic motility in the chick was established in embryos ranging in age from 4 to 21 days. This was done by demonstrating that polyneuronal burst discharges within the spinal cord were correlated with either simultaneously observed body movements or motor nerve discharges. The spinal cord burst discharge was found to be a good neural correlate of general body motility.
Abiotic formation of acylglycerols under simulated hydrothermal conditions and self-assembly properties of such lipid products

Abstract The abiotic formation of aliphatic lipid compounds (i.e., fatty acids, alcohols, and acylglycerols) has been reported to occur at elevated temperatures and pressures under simulated hydrothermal conditions. Although abiotic synthetic chemistry can occur under these conditions, the prebiotic self-assembly of micelles to bilayer to vesicles (protocells) may have occurred elsewhere. Amphiphilic compounds such as fatty acids are important candidates for micelle/bilayer/vesicle formation, because they are abundant products of Fischer–Tropsch-type reactions and are also found in carbonaceous meteorites. Thus, it is of interest to determine whether more complex amphiphilic precursor compounds, capable of assembling into stable membrane structures, can be synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Hydrothermal experiments were conducted to study condensation reactions of model lipid precursors in aqueous media, i.e., glycerol and alkanoic acids, to form acylglycerols (glyceryl alkanoates) at elevated temperature under confining pressure. Nine different alkanoic acids ranging from C 7 to C 16 (except C 8 ) were used in these experiments. The condensation products were two isomers each of monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, as well as the corresponding triacylglycerol. The results indicated that: (1) condensation (dehydration) reactions are possible under aqueous pyrolysis conditions; (2) abiotic synthesis and subsequent condensation reactions of aliphatic lipid compounds are possible under hydrothermal conditions; and (3) such molecules have robust properties of self-assembly into membranous structures that would be suitable boundary structures for primitive forms of cellular life.
Issues in the Management of the Environment and Natural Resources in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a very low per capita income. The increasing poverty and instability in the political front led to degradation of the environment and natural resources in the country. The present article reviews the current use of natural resources in Bangladesh and the emerging issues in sustainable management of those scarce resources. The paper shows that developments in one sector have adversely affected resources in related sectors and calls for an integrated approach to management of the environment and natural resources in a sustainable manner. The development of strong institutional mechanisms is necessary to facilitate the sustainable management of resources and to prevent further deterioration of the environment.
A method for recording single unit activity in lumbar spinal cord in rats anesthetized with nitrous oxide in a hyperbaric chamber

Abstract The limited potency of nitrous oxide mandates the use of a hyperbaric chamber to produce anesthesia. Use of a hyperbaric chamber complicates anesthetic delivery, ventilation, and electrophysiological recording. We constructed a hyperbaric acrylic-aluminum chamber allowing recording of single unit activity in spinal cord of rats anesthetized only with N 2 O. Large aluminum plates secured to each other by rods that span the length of the chamber close each end of the chamber. The 122 cm long, 33 cm wide chamber housed ventilator, intravenous infusion pumps, recording headstage, including hydraulic microdrive and stepper motors (controlled by external computers). Electrical pass-throughs in the plates permitted electrical current or signals to enter or leave the chamber. In rats anesthetized only with N 2 O we recorded extracellular action potentials with a high signal-to-noise ratio. We also recorded electroencephalographic activity. This technique is well-suited to study actions of weak anesthetics such as N 2 O and Xe at working pressures of 4–5 atm or greater. The safety of such pressures depends on the wall thickness and chamber diameter.
THE GILDED AGE "BONE WARS" AND THE BIRTH OF PALEOINDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: WILLISTON, MARTIN, OVERTON, AND THE 12 MILE CREEK SITE

The 12 Mile Creek Paleoindian site, excavated in 1895-6, was the first scientifically excavated Paleoindian site. Reported by Williston in 1902, at a time prior to the establishment of standards of evidence, he was left with little recourse but to affirm the experience and skills of the site’s excavators, H. T. Martin and Thomas R. Overton. In fact, all three men were products of the Gilded Age “Bone Wars,” the highly public feud waged between O. C. Marsh and E. D. Cope. By the time the 12 Mile Creek site was dug, they had amassed considerable experience in fossil collection and preparation. Despite this and Williston’s assurance, the site was not generally accepted by the anthropological elite of the day. This article fills in biographical information on these men and also adds new information, from period newspaper accounts that provide additional insights into the history of the site. These were published in the wake of the Lansing “Man” finds in 1902-3 and on the opening in 1906 of an exhibit featuring a reconstruction of a bison from the 12 Mile Creek site.
The Rearrangement Route to 2-Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Solvent and Electrophile Control of Neighboring Group Participation

The reactions of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-enes 5 with halonium ion electrophiles were studied in polar and nonpolar aprotic solvents and also in protic media with the aim of controlling nitrogen neighboring group participation. Specifically, for bromonium ions nitrogen participation is facilitated by the polar aprotic solvent nitromethane and by the poorly nucleophilic protic solvent acetic acid. Alkene 5b and bromine/nitromethane afford only the rearranged anti,anti-5,6-dibromo-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane 6b, and NBS/acetic acid gives an 8:1 mixture favoring rearranged 5-bromo-6-acetate 6f. Conversely, pyridinium bromide perbromide/CH2Cl2 is selective for only unrearranged 5,6-dibromide 7. Iodonium and phenylselenonium ions react with alkenes 5 to give only unrearranged 1,2-addition products 9 and 10, regardless of solvent. Chloronium and fluoronium ions react with alkenes 5 to give 4-aminomethyl-3-hydroxycyclobutene 11, derived by ring cleavage.
Biomaterials/Tissue Interactions: Possible Solutions to Overcome Foreign Body Response

In recent years, a variety of biomaterial implantable devices has been developed. Of particular significance to pharmaceutical sciences is the progress made on the development of drug/implantable device combination products. However, the clinical application of these devices is still a critical issue due to the host response, which results from both the tissue trauma during implantation and the presence of the device in the body. Accordingly, the in vivo functionality and durability of any implantable device can be compromised by the body response to the foreign material. Numerous strategies to overcome negative body reactions have been reported. The aim of this review is to outline some key issues of biomaterial/tissue interactions such as foreign body response and biocompatibility and biocompatibility assessment. In addition, general approaches used to overcome the in vivo instability of implantable devices are presented, including (a) biocompatible material coatings, (b) steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and (c) angiogenic drugs. In particular, strategies to overcome host response to glucose biosensors are summarized.
Some existence results and properties of solutions in quasilinear variational inequalities with general growths

This paper is about the existence and some properties of solutions of the boundary value problem: $$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} - div(a(|\nabla u|)\nabla u) = f(x,u)in\Omega \hfill \\ u = 0on\partial \Omega , \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right. $$ with the principal term a(|∇u|)∇u having general growth. In the non-coercive case, a sub-supersolution approach is applied to get existence and enclosure results. Other properties such as compactness of solution sets and existence of extremal solutions are also derived.
Allosteric Regulation of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-Atpase by Phospholamban and Sarcolipin using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

The membrane protein complexes between the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and phospholamban (PLN) or sarcolipin (SLN) control Ca2+ transport in cardiomyocytes, thereby modulating cardiac muscle contractility. Both PLN and SLN are phosphorylated upon β-adrenergic-stimulated phosphorylation and up-regulate the ATPase via an unknown mechanism. Using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we mapped the interactions between SERCA and both PLN and SLN in membrane bilayers. We found that the allosteric regulation of the ATPase depends on the conformational equilibria of these two endogenous regulators that maintain SERCA's apparent Ca2+ affinity within a physiological window. Here, we present new regulatory models for both SLN and PLN that represent a paradigm-shift in our understanding of SERCA function. Our data suggests new strategies for designing innovative therapeutic approaches to enhance cardiac muscle contractility.
Optimization of nonionic surfactants for hard-surface cleaning

The hard-surface cleaning performance of various nonionic homologs was evaluated as a function of carbon chain length, ethylene oxide (EO) content, blending and concentration. Results show carbon chain length to be very important to hard-surface cleaning. Performance significantly increases as carbon-chain length decreases, probably as a result of an increase in solvency properties as carbon chain length is decreased. EO content is also important, particularly if nonionics with longer carbon chain lengths are used. Surfactant concentration (dilution) has little effect on the optimum ethylene oxide content but significantly affects the optimum carbon chain length of the hydrophobe. With 5% homolog solutions, the optimally performing nonionic contains a C6 hydrophobe, but with 0.2% solutions, the optimal carbon chain length is shifted to the C8–C10 range. This is thought to result from a trade-off between the surfactant and solvent properties of the nonionic. Overall results show the optimal nonionic for hard-surface cleaning to consist of a blend of C6, C8 and C10 alcohols ethoxylated to a 50% EO level. Commonly used surfactant systems, e.g., alkylphenol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE)-butyl cellosolve (BC) blends, were also examined. Results show that alkylphenol ethoxylates give relatively poor performance compared with lower molecular weight linear nonionics because of the large size of their hydrophobe. Under concentrated use, a synergism does exist between APE and BC, but under dilute conditions, the addition of BC is ineffective. BC does not help the performance of low molecular weight nonionics. Surfactant-soil diffusion studies indicate that surfactant penetration of the soil may be the primary mechanism involved in the hard-surface cleaning of solid soils.
Investigation of the Long-Term Performance of Zero-Valent Iron for Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene

This research investigated the long-term performance of zero-valent iron for mediating the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE). Over a 2-year period, rates of TCE dechlorination in ...
Meron configurations in the two-dimensional O(3) σ-model

Abstract Singular solutions of the Euclidean field equations for the O(3) σ-model in two dimensions are found. These are analogues of the meron field configurations that exist in four-dimensional gauge theories. Explicit multiple meron and anti-meron fields are constructed. It is shown that the long range meron-meron-anti-meron interactions are identical with those of a two-dimensional Coulomb gas. The geometrical meaning and the dynamics of the merons are discussed.
Convergent, enantioselective syntheses of guanacastepenes A and E featuring a selective cyclobutane fragmentation.

The evolution of a convergent strategy that led to efficient, enantioselective syntheses of both natural (+)- and unnatural (−)-guanacastepene E and formal total syntheses of (+)- and (−)-guanacastepene A is described. A union of five- and six-membered ring intermediates by an efficient π-allyl Stille cross-coupling reaction was followed by an intramolecular enone-olefin [2 + 2] photocycloaddition and a stereoelectronically controlled, reductive fragmentation of the resulting cyclobutyl ketone. The latter two transformations enabled controlled formation of the C-11 quaternary stereocenter and the central seven-membered ring of the guanacastepenes. An enantiospecific synthesis of the functionalized five-membered ring vinyl stannane from the monoterpene R-(−)-carvone featuring a carbon−carbon bond forming ring contraction was also developed.
Demographic Seasonality and Development: The Effects of Agricultural Colonialism in Taiwan, 1906–1942

Nearly all developed countries have experienced dramatic declines in the seasonality of demographic behavior over the last century. This article examines seasonal behavior in the population of Taiwan between 1906 and 1942, during Japanese colonial rule. First, we analyze seasonal demographic cycles and their ties to the cultural calendar and agriculture. Second, we compare seasonality in two regions (Xinzhu and Tainan) that experienced different agricultural development under the colonial regime. Findings demonstrate that demographic seasonality was less pronounced when urban development and colonial agricultural intensification produced more heterogeneous seasonal patterns of labor. We find that changes in agricultural organization, rather than purely a shift to nonagricultural production, may significantly reduce established seasonal timing of demographic behavior.