cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fatigue criterion for general multiaxial loading

An incremental fatigue damage model is proposed. The model incorporates the critical plane concept in multiaxial fatigue, plastic strain energy and material memory in cyclic plasticity. With an incremental form the model does not require a cycle counting method for variable amplitude loading. The model is designed to consider mean stress and loading sequence effects. Features of the new model are discussed and the determination of material constants is detailed. Verification of the model is achieved by comparing the predictions obtained by using the new model and experimental data of four materials under different loading conditions.
Recovery from stress is a function of age and telomere length

Cells are constantly exposed to a wide variety of stimuli and must be able to mount appropriate physiological responses in order to maintain proper form and function. Cells from every organism have evolved highly conserved mechanisms to cope with environmental changes, including the widely studied heat shock response (HSR), which is induced by a variety of cellular stresses such as heavy metal ion exposure. It has long been known that as organisms and individual cells age, their ability to appropriately cope with environmental stress is attenuated. Here, we examine the ability of two heavy metal ions (ZnCl2, SnCl2) to induce the HSR in human fibroblasts by assessing the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp90, Hsp70, and p23) and the ability of the cells to recover over time. We demonstrate that the induction and recovery of chaperone levels is attenuated with age and that cells immortalized with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase component of the telomerase enzyme do not attenuate their HSR as their replicative age increases. Our data suggest that the recovery of normal human cells from an HSR is related in part to age and the cell’s overall telomere length.
The mechanism of limb segment reactive hyperemia in man.

The roles of vasodilator metabolites and/or reduced local intra-arteriolar pressure in producing the reactive hyperemia which follows the sudden release of arterial occlusion were studied. It was found that slight increases of metabolic activity during the period of occlusion increased the reactive hyperemia considerably. Maintenance of intra-arteriolar pressure during arterial occlusion depressed the resultant reactive hyperemia. It was concluded that both factors contribute to the reactive hyperemia. The blood flow "debt" incurred during arterial occlusion was almost invariably "overpaid" during the reactive hyperemia period.
Comparison of the experience sampling method and questionnaires to assess visual activities in pre-teen and adolescent children.

Aim: A study was conducted to assess the feasibility of the experience sampling method (ESM) to quantify the daily visual tasks of children. Methods: Thirty-one children (9–14 years old, 39% male) were randomly paged after school (four times per day) and on weekends (eight times per day) for seven consecutive days. When paged, the children completed a voicemail survey regarding the nature, duration, working distance and type of visual correction worn during the activity. Responses of the subjects were grouped into 14 categories. Before beginning the paging, each child and one parent also reported, via survey, the number of hours and working distance for several visual activities. Results: The usable (complete voicemail responses) response rate was 87.1%. The most commonly reported activity category was watching television (17.8%). Other common responses included distance activities (12.5%), reading/studying (12.2%) and sports/outdoor activities (12.0%). Of the total number of responses, 25% were near work activities (reading/studying, computer use, near hobbies and playing Game Boy). The mean working distance (±S.D.) reported was 40.4 ± 36.9 cm for reading/studying, 232.9 ± 127.1 cm for watching television, 354.7 ± 345.8 cm for distance activities and 438.5 ± 421.0 cm for sports/outdoor activities. When comparing the ESM to surveys, the only significant difference was for the amount of time estimated to be spent in talking/conversation (p < 0.0001). No differences were found for any of the near work activities. Conclusions: The ESM provides a feasible way to quantify daily near work tasks in children.
Unilateral pulmonary agenesis and esophageal atresia with a tracheoesphageal fistula-23 year followup

Abstract Pulmonary agenesis, esophageal atresia and a tracheoesophageal fistula (EA + TEF) are a rare combined congenital anomalies associated with a high morbidity and mortality. For those patients that have survived these malformation, there has been limited long-term follow up. This case report describes a 23-year followup with evaluation of the patient's pulmonary, cardiac and gastrointestinal function.
Fast inspection for size-based analysis in aggregate processing

As rocks are transported along the conveyor belt of a quarry, the maximum dimension of the rocks exiting the crushers should not exceed a size threshold specific to each crusher. If the rocks are too large then they can pose a threat to equipment, and lead to a large cost in repair and loss of production. A 2D vision system is presented, which is capable of estimating the size distribution of the rocks, and also monitoring for oversize rocks. Image segmentation is performed, which is followed by a process that classifies the segments as valid or invalid using a support vector machine. A novel split algorithm is presented, which attempts to split segments that have resulted in undersegmentation. This allows the system to constantly monitor for oversize rocks without stopping the conveyor belt. For the experiments presented in this paper, a set of images was taken of rocks on a moving conveyor. In testing, it was found that 81.31 % of the segments output by the system correctly found the maximum dimension of the rock that it represented.
Voltammetric and reference microelectrodes with integrated microchannels for flow through microvoltammetry. 1. The microcell

This paper describes the construction of 2 microsensor units for on-line voltammetric detection inside a cylindrical microcell (a working microsensor unit and a reference and auxiliary microsensor unit), for application to heavy-metal analysis in complex media such as natural waters. Both microsensor units include a channel for the solution renewal in the microcell after analysis. The working microsensor, a Hg-plated Ir microelectrode, is protected against fouling with an agarose gel including a hydrophobic chromatographic phase (C18). The fabrication steps and the quality tests related to long-term use and reliability, as well as to precision, are described. The application of the protective gel layer against fouling by hydrophobic or surface active small molecules is of general application, reliable, and very efficient. The reference and auxiliary unit is composed by an iridium oxide based mini reference electrode, an auxiliary Pt electrode, and a circulation channel. It is built to enable its use insid...
The eer5 mutation, which affects a novel proteasome‐related subunit, indicates a prominent role for the COP9 signalosome in resetting the ethylene‐signaling pathway in Arabidopsis

An Arabidopsis mutant, eer5-1, which has an enhanced ethylene response in etiolated seedlings, including hypersensitivity and extreme exaggeration of response to ethylene, was isolated and characterized. As with other identified eer mutants, the enhanced response phenotype of eer5-1 was correlated with failure to induce appropriately a subset of ethylene-regulated genes, suggesting that proper ethylene-responsive gene expression is necessary for resetting the ethylene response pathway. eer5-1 represents a mutation that causes an amino acid substitution in a previously uncharacterized gene, which encodes a protein with a PAM [proteasome COP9 initiation factor (PCI/PINT)-associated module] domain similar to those found in components of the COP9 signalosome (CSN). Genetic analysis shows that manifestation of the eer5 mutant phenotype is solely dependent on ethylene signaling, as the ein2-5 eer5-1 double mutant was indistinguishable from ein2-5 in the presence of saturating ethylene concentrations. In contrast, the ein3-1 eer5-1 double mutant displayed characteristics of an enhanced ethylene response, and this suggests that EER5 regulates ethylene signaling independently of EIN3. Analysis of the EER5 protein indicates that it interacts with the C-terminus of EIN2 and with the CSN, suggesting that EER5 serves as a bridge between EIN2 and the modification or degradation of target proteins, including a proposed group of transcriptional repressors, as part of a resetting mechanism during or following ethylene signaling.
Tetrakis(diethylamido) titanium (TDEAT) interactions with SiO2 and Cu substrates

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to characterize the chemical interactions of tetrakis(diethylamido) titanium (TDEAT) with SiO 2 and Cu surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. XPS studies show that TDEAT dissociatively chemisorbs on SiO 2 at room temperature or above, resulting in TiN bond scission, and TiO bond formation. No Ti carbide or Si carbide formation is observed. In the presence of co-adsorbed NH 3 , TiN bond formation is enhanced and is stable at temperature up to 900 K in UHV. Continuous exposures of TDEAT on SiO 2 at 500 K produce both Ti oxides and nitride formation. The presence of an overpressure of NH 3 enhances Ti nitride formation. In contrast, TDEAT physisorbed on Cu at 120 K and annealed to 500 K results in desorption of Ti-containing species from the surface. Successive exposures of TDEAT on Cu at 500 K yield a Ti-alkyl reaction product. The presence of NH 3 does not significantly alter TDEAT interaction with Cu.
Induction of erythroblast increase in rabbit marrow cells by extracts of leukocytes and certain metabolic compounds. IV. Studies on erythropoiesis.

Two kinds of extracts of peripheral blood leukocytes induced erythroblast increase and maturation in vitro in rabbit marrow cells. One extract was a secretion or exudate into plasma from intact leukocytes; the other was the supernatant after homogenizing the cells in ethanol. The extracts were less active than the intact leukocytes. The response with the two extracts together was a little greater than with either alone, but less than additive. 11-Ketopregnanolone and 3′5′ cyclic AMP were active inducers. Neither increased the effects of leukocytes or their extracts.
Fine specificity of guinea pig antibodies to angiotensin. II. A comparison with Ir gene control of T lymphocyte responses

In this study, the octapeptide hormone, angiotensin II (H-Asp1-Arg2-Val3-Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7-Phe8-OH; AII), and various AII homologues and analogues were employed as an antigen system to investigate the binding specificities of guinea pig antibodies. Using small, precisely defined peptides facilitates the comparison of the antigen-binding repertoire of antibodies with the antigen specificities of T cells since unconju-gated AII elicits both cellular and humoral immune responses. The T cell proliferative response has previously been shown to be exquisitely specific and under Ir gene control. In contrast, antibody binding, as reported here, was decidedly less specific and independent or the Ir gene control reported for the T cell proliferative response. Antisera from individual strain 2 or 13 guinea pigs immunized with either AII or [Val5]-AII contained IgG antibodies that were highly restricted by isoelectric focusing but capable of binding either antigen with nearly equal efficiency, as determined by competitive inhibition studies in radioimmunoassays. The fine specificity of antibody binding was examined through the use of a series of AII homologues and analogues for competitive inhibition. The important residues for peptide-antibody binding were Phe8, His6, Tyr4, and Asp1, since analogues with residue substitutions at these sites were much less efficient inhibitors. These results are discussed with respect to the differences in recognition of peptide antigenic determinants by T and B cells.
Spectrochemical Analysis of ‘Fissium’ for Cerium and Lanthanum

Summary ‘Fissium’ is a synthetic spent Pu-rich reactor fuel which has a nominal weight per cent composition of 2.5 Fe, 0.7 Ce, 1.3 La, 0.7 Mo, 1.3 Ru, and 0.8 Zr. It is used as a stand-in for irradiated fuel in the study of pyrometallurgical methods of treatment for the removal of fission products. To evaluate the Ce and La contents of the fuel alloy as well as the by-products of this treatment, a spectrochemical method was developed which has a coefficient of variation of 6 per cent and comparable accuracy when amounts ranging from 40 to 200 μg are determined. The recommended procedure involves the following steps: dissolution of the solid sample in HCl, HNO3, or HClO4; oxidation of Pu to the hexavalent state with HClO4; separation of Ce and La from Pu and other elements by precipitating them as the fluorides along with Eu which is added as a coprecipitant; conversion to an HCl medium; spectrographic analysis of the sample and a set of standards, utilizing spark excitation with copper electrodes; photometry of suitable spectral lines, including those of the internal standard, Eu, on a calibrated emulsion to evaluate the concentrations by conventional means. After dissolution of the sample, the succeeding steps can be readily completed for six samples in duplicate by the expenditure of 8 man-hours of work. The least practical amount of element to process is 10 μg. A factorial experiment involving Ce, La, Nd, Pu and other fissium element concentrations indicated that bias existed for Ce and La determinations at the 20-μg level of each, but not at the 50-μg and higher levels. No significant difference is observed when the relative proportions of Ce and La are varied tenfold in the absence of Nd. Erratic and incomplete recovery of Ce is noted if the concentration of HClO4 is less than 1N during the F− precipitation; HClO4 in concentrations up to 3N gives satisfactory results. Processing of standards, both with and without the fission elements, by the recommended procedure yields data which are not significantly different spectrographically from those observed for unprocessed aliquants.
Effects of dietary alkylglycerols in lactating rats on immune responses in pups.

ABSTRACT: Alkylglycerols (AG) are glyceryl ether lipids and are present in human and cow's milk and the hematopoietic organs such as bone marrow, spleen, and liver. The bio-logic effects of AG include stimulation of blood leukocyte and thrombocyte production and activation of macrophage and anti-tumor activity. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary AG in lactating rats on AG levels in milk and development of certain immune responses in the pups. Lactating rats were fed diets supplemented with various levels of AG. Milk samples were expressed from the dams and blood was collected from the pups on postpartum d 8, 16, and 24. Concentrations of AG in milk from the dams fed AG were significantly greater than those of the controls (p < 0.05). Peripheral blood granulocytes were significantly elevated in pups from the dams fed AG, but there were no differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers. Plasma levels of immunoglobulins were significantly greater for IgG (p < 0.01) and IgM (p < 0.001) in pups from the dams fed AG than in the control pups. The supplementation of AG in the diets of lactating dams significantly elevated AG levels in the milk, and the increased AG in the milk subsequently stimulated certain immune responses in the pups.
Intrapartum magnesium for prevention of cerebral palsy: continuing controversy?

Purpose of review The purpose of the present review is to review the literature regarding the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) for fetal neuroprotection and prevention of cerebral palsy in women at risk of preterm delivery. Recent findings Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive disorder of movement and posture and a leading cause of childhood disability. Preterm birth is a major risk factor for the development of cerebral palsy; gestational age at delivery has an inverse relationship to the risk of cerebral palsy. Observational studies over the past 15 years have suggested a possible protective role for MgSO4. In some studies, children born preterm who were exposed prenatally to MgSO4 for obstetric indications such as seizure prophylaxis or tocolysis had decreased rates of cerebral palsy as compared with children born preterm to women who were not exposed to MgSO4. Recent findings Randomized trials have been conducted to test the hypothesis that maternal MgSO4 exposure had neonatal neuroprotective effects. These studies included women thought to be at risk of preterm delivery within 24 h. The largest of these studies, published in 2008 by Dr Rouse et al., included more than 2000 women and found a decreased rate of moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy in surviving children born to women treated with MgSO4. Summary MgSO4 treatment in women at high risk for preterm birth may reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in children who survive.
Amide-containing segmented copolymers

Abstract This review highlights the synthesis, physical properties, and emerging technologies of state-of-the-art segmented copolymers containing amide hydrogen bonding sites. Amide hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the physical properties associated with amide-containing segmented copolymers. Amide hard segments are accessible in many different forms from amorphous alkyl amides to crystalline aramids and greatly influence copolymer morphology and mechanical properties. Variations in copolymer structure allow for the fine tuning of physical properties and the ability to predict mechanical performance based upon structural modifications. This review includes various synthetic methods for producing well-defined amide-containing segmented copolymers as well as common applications. Also, the morphological and mechanical properties associated with modifications in copolymer structure are discussed.
A Position-Sensitive Germanium Detector for Gamma-Ray Astronomy

The critical problem in high-resolution cosmic gamma-ray spectroscopy in the energy range from 0.02 to 10 MeV is the limited spectral sensitivity of the detectors used. This results from the small effective area of the detectors and the high background noise due to induced radioactivity and scattering in the detectors high-energy particle environment. The effective area can be increased by increasing the number of detectors, but this becomes prohibitive because of the size and expense of the resulting instrument. We have taken a new approach: a segmented large-volume germanium gamma-ray detector which can effectively discriminate against internal background yet maintain the high spectral resolution and efficiency of conventional coaxial Ge detectors. To verify this concept, a planar detector divided into two segments has been fabricated and laboratory measurements agree well with Monte Carlo calculations. A large coaxial detector which will be divided into five segments is being built using the techniques developed for the planar detector. Monte Carlo calculations show that the sensitivity (minimum detectable flux) of the segmented coaxial detector is a factor of 2-3 better than conventional detectors because of the reduction in the internal background.
Sediment-bound Arsenic and Uranium Within the Bowman–Haley Reservoir, North Dakota

The purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of regional historical uranium mining activities within sediments of the Bowman–Haley reservoir of southwestern North Dakota. The extent of anthropogenic-influenced watershed impacts were quantified through the determination of sediment metals concentrations and metal enrichment factors to evaluate the potential of geochemically influenced As and U remobilization within the reservoir sediments. Sediment cores were collected and analyzed for total metal concentrations at five locations within the reservoir: Spring Creek delta, Alkali Creek delta, two locations within the North Fork of the Grand River confluence, and adjacent to the reservoir outfall. Pearson-moment correlations were used to establish inter-core metal correlations, while sediment enrichment factors were determined relative to background concentrations. Enrichment factor results suggest all sampling sites are classified as minor to moderately enriched for As and U. Metal behavior for the three reservoir inlets indicated similar metal loading sources and post-depositional behavior, while metals migration within the vicinity of the reservoir outlet appear to be controlled by geochemical and/or physical processes. For the reservoir outlet, As and U normalized to Al suggest the occurrence of vertical migration of As, while surface-bound U remobilization was apparent within the water column immediately above the sediments. Elevated U was found within the Spring Creek inlet, and appear attributed to historical uranium processing operations located in Griffin, North Dakota. While the reservoir As and U sediment concentrations may be considered low, their presence appears directly attributed to historical uranium mining activities within the Bowman–Haley reservoir watershed.
Predictors of in-hospital death and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with thrombolytic therapy: Paul Coverdell Acute Stroke Registry 2008-2012.

Background Limited studies exist on the outcome of thrombolytic therapy of acute ischemic stroke patients outside of clinical trials. Aim To assess the possible risk factors associated with in-hospital death and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage among patients who received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Methods A total of 7193 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke and a documented National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score were treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator within 4·5 hours of time last known to be well. Generalized estimating equations modeling was used to assess the associations of in-hospital death and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage with clinical characteristics. Results Among 7193 patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, 516 (7·2%) died during hospitalization. Factors associated with in-hospital death were older age, male gender, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease, and history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Increasing age, higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and history of dyslipidemia were associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. There was no difference in the rates of in-hospital death or symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage among patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator within three-hours of time last known to be well and those treated between three and 4·5 hours after this time. Conclusions In this study of acute ischemic stroke patients, older age, male gender, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease, and history of atrial fibrillation were associated with increased in-hospital death among patients receiving intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Among patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, in-hospital mortality and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage rates were similar between those treated within three-hours of time last known to be well and those treated between three and 4·5 hours after this time.
Sources of information used in new product and process technology planning within the electron device industry

A survey of participants in the electron device industry has been conducted to identify best practices in the sources of information used in new product and process technology planning. The frequency of use of each source of information is quantified for both tactical and strategic time frames. Further, statistically distinguishable dusters of most-frequently used sources of information are identified as a result of this work Distinctions also are identified between those sources of information most typically used for tactical versus strategic technology planning cycles.
Principles of cylindrical concentrators for solar energy

Abstract Ideal cylindrical light collectors are trough-like reflecting wall light channels of a specific shape which concentrate radiant energy by the maximum amount allowed by phase space conservation. We propose a principle for maximally concentrating radiation onto a tube receiver of general shape. Employing this principle, we give a general prescription for designing concentrators appropriate to such tube receivers. This design may have advantages for solar-thermal and photovoltaic applications.
Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of glutamate and GABA during perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia and seizures

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as estimates of levels in the extracellular compartment of brain, were determined in 7-day postnatal rats at the terminus of hypoxia-ischemia and during status epilepticus, induced with bicuculline, at 2 and 24 h of recovery. Hypoxia-ischemia was associated with increased CSF glutamate, which was not increased further during status epilepticus. In contrast, CSF GABA was increased by hypoxia-ischemia as well as by status epilepticus during recovery. CSF glutamate/GABA ratios in rat pups subjected to status epilepticus with or without prior hypoxia-ischemia were lower than control animals during recovery. The lack of any significant increase in glutamate or in the glutamate/GABA ratio during status epilepticus would preclude any neuronal injury from occurring in those immature rats sustaining seizures alone or any accentuation of brain damage in those animals subjected to prior cerebral hypoxia-ischemia.
Helpless, Hopeless, and Out of Control: Features of Despair

SUMMARY Youth workers often pride themselves on the degree to which they share power with clients, encounter clients on their own terms, and allow young people to set the tone for and direct the helping relationship. In their descriptions of not-knowing, however, many youth workers mention acute discomfort at the feeling of control having been stripped away from them rather than willingly surrendered or shared. This chapter describes the second of five themes associated with youth workers' experiences of not knowing what to do: the loss of control and features of despair. In addition to presenting the dominant theme of helplessness and loss of control, this chapter discusses the three variations on the theme, as described by youth worker participants: (a) There was nothing there to protect me, (b) Something else just took control of everything, and (c) What does he have to do, kill someone?!
Corrections to rule-based forecasting: findings from a replication

Abstract Rule-Based Forecasting (RBF) is an expert system that combines forecasts from simple extrapolation methods based on features of time series. In this study, we provide corrections to ten of the 99 rules contained in RBF. These corrections were identified during a replication of RBF. Empirical comparisons indicate that the corrections did not lead to a noticeable improvement in accuracy when tested against some of the original data. However, in light of the fact that several studies are extending the work on RBF, it is important to report on these corrections to RBF.
Skin and wound care challenges in the hospitalized morbidly obese patient

Hospitalization of the morbidly obese patient is a challenging experience for both the patient and his or her caregivers. Risk of skin breakdown is increased due to immobility caused by underlying disease processes, sedation, improperly sized rooms and equipment, and inadequate staff numbers or staff who lack training in bariatrics. Many of the common and predictable complications related to obesity are more closely related to the nurse's inability to mobilize the patient because of improperly sized rooms and equipment. To complicate matters, wound healing may be impaired by obesity-related underlying disease, such as diminished tissue perfusion. These risks exist in all areas of patient care, including the operating room, emergency department, and nursing units. In this article the demographics, definition, and etiologies of obesity, along with skin breakdown, are described, and the prevention of skin breakdown in hospitalized morbidly obese patients is explored.
Measurement Development and Validation of the Family Supportive Supervisor Behavior Short-Form (FSSB-SF)

Recently, scholars have demonstrated the importance of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB), defined as behaviors exhibited by supervisors that are supportive of employees' family roles, in relation to health, well-being, and organizational outcomes. FSSB was originally conceptualized as a multidimensional, superordinate construct with four subordinate dimensions assessed with 14 items: emotional support, instrumental support, role modeling behaviors, and creative work-family management. Retaining one item from each dimension, two studies were conducted to support the development and use of a new FSSB-Short Form (FSSB-SF). Study 1 draws on the original data from the FSSB validation study of retail employees to determine whether the results using the 14-item measure replicate with the shorter 4-item measure. Using data from a sample of 823 information technology professionals and their 219 supervisors, Study 2 extends the validation of the FSSB-SF to a new sample of professional workers and new outcome variables. Results from multilevel confirmatory factor analyses and multilevel regression analyses provide evidence of construct and criterion-related validity of the FSSB-SF, as it was significantly related to work-family conflict, job satisfaction, turnover intentions, control over work hours, obligation to work when sick, perceived stress, and reports of family time adequacy. We argue that it is important to develop parsimonious measures of work-family specific support to ensure supervisor support for work and family is mainstreamed into organizational research and practice.
Underlying pathology in mammary Paget's disease

Background: Management of patients with mammary Paget's disease is controversial; recent recommendations range from primary radiotherapy to modified radical mastectomy. This review correlates associated breast findings with disease stage and outcome to help guide evaluation and treatment. Methods: Retrospective review of clinical, mammographic and pathologic data from 38 women with mammary Paget's disease treated between 1979 and 1995 was performed. Mastectomies were performed on all but two patients with the entire breast and lymph nodes evaluated for histopathologic evidence of carcinoma. Results: Underlying carcinoma (ductal carcinoma in situ and/or invasive ductal cancer) was found in most patients (92%) even when no palpable mass was evident (85%); this carcinoma is often multifocal (73%). Mammography fails to identify the underlying disease in many patients with no palpable mass and multifocal underlying disease (64%). Patients with Paget's disease and a palpable mass have a much greater incidence of invasive cancer, multifocal lesions, and positive lymph nodes, and have worse survival. Conclusions: Although some patients with Paget's disease might be well treated by breast conservation therapy, many patients have underlying multifocal carcinoma (including invasive cancer), which can be inapparent by examination and mammography. Selecting candidates with disease amenable to complete excision without mastectomy is problematic.
Noncoherent digital network coding using multi-tone CPFSK modulation

Digital network coding is a relaying technique that increases throughput in two-way relay networks. In contrast with analog network coding, which relays received analog signals plus noise, digital network coding relays digital codewords. The digital codewords are created by demodulation, channel decoding, and re-encoding at the relay. By using FSK and noncoherent reception, the relay may operate without knowledge of the phases of the signals transmitted by the two source terminals. In this paper, previous work on binary FSK is extended to multi-tone FSK, where the number of tones may be any power of 2. The relay receiver is formulated for any number of tones that is a power of two. Binary FSK is compared against quaternary FSK, which requires no expansion of bandwidth compared with binary FSK. The comparison is made using two metrics: the simulated bit-error rate (both with and without an outer turbo code), and the binary information rate between the sources and relay. The results illustrate that the energy-efficiency advantage of quaternary FSK on a point-to-point link is magnified when it is applied to digital network coding.
Modeling and identification of uniform corrosion damage on a thin plate using a Bayesian framework

Abstract Corrosion remains one of the primary mechanisms of structural degradation facing the civil and commercial infrastructure. In this study we consider the problem of estimating the degree of corrosion in a plate structure using only the structure׳s vibrational response to impact excitation. Specifically, a thin aluminum plate was twice placed in an accelerated corrosion environment resulting in varying levels of corrosion damage. At each damage level, the impulse response at three different locations was simultaneously measured with resistive strain gauges. From this data, a Ritz model with Timoshenko beam basis functions was used in a Bayesian framework to estimate the average plate thickness. The approach is first illustrated on a numerical model of the plate, and then applied to the experimental structural response. While the approach is able to accurately estimate the thickness of the “healthy” plate, the quality of the estimates degrades as the corrosion begins to alter the thickness in localized regions of the plate. This is reflected in the thickness estimates which show increasing variance with the degree of corrosion.
In Vitro Gamma Interferon Tests for the Detection of Tuberculosis Infection

The QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT-G) is a new FDA approved test for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This test detects the release of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) in whole blood from sensitized persons when it is incubated with mixtures of synthetic peptides representing 2 proteins present in M. tuberculosis: early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10). These antigens have greater specificity than tests using purified protein derivative (PPD) as the tuberculosis antigen. The CDC recommends that QFT-G may be used in all circumstances in which the TB skin test is currently used, including contact investigations, evaluation of recent immigrants, and sequential-testing surveillance programs for infection control (e.g., those for health-care workers). Advantages of the QFT-G include: no false-positive reactions from previous BCG vaccination; no cross-reactivity with non-tuberculous mycobacterium infections; and, better detection of active tuberculosis.
The Greenhouse Effect in Central North America: If Not Now, When?

Climate models with enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations have projected temperature increases of 2 degrees to 4 degrees C, winter precipitation increases of up to 15 percent, and summer precipitation decreases of 5 to 10 percent in the central United States by the year 2030. An analysis of the climate record over the past 95 years for this region was undertaken in order to evaluate these projections. Results indicate that temperature has increased and precipitation decreased both during winter and summer, and that the ratio of winter-to-summer precipitation has decreased. The signs of some trends are consistent with the projections whereas others are not, but none of the changes is statistically significant except for maximum and minimum temperatures, which were not among the parameters predicted by the models. Statistical models indicate that the greenhouse winter and summer precipitation signal could have been masked by natural climate variability, whereas the increase in the ratio of winter-to-summer precipitation and the higher rates of temperature change probably should have already been detected. If the models are correct it will likely take at least another 40 years before statistically significant precipitation changes are detected and another decade or two to detect the projected changes of temperature.
Barpress variability as a function of two methods of body-weight control

Two methods of food deprivation used to control hunger motivation were compared on their ability to control body weight and to control response variability in an appetitive conditioning situation. Percent-weight rats received individually adjusted daily rations to maintain them at 85% of free-feeding body weight. Fixed-food rats each received the average daily ration given the percent-weight subjects. All were given 34 days of training on an FR 10 schedule followed by 15 days on a VI 30-sec schedule. There were no significant differences in mean body weights or mean barpressing rates. Variability in body weight was significantly greater for fixed-food rats, but there was no significant difference in barpress variability. Since experimental error was not reduced by the more costly percent-weight method, it is suggested that the fixed-food method be used for experimental conditions similar to those used in the present study.
Eating in, eating out.

For a Kafkaesque tale of murder and mayhem, of matricide and insecticide, of pathogenesis and mutualism, and yes, of friendship and cooperation, we now turn our attention to Photorhabdus luminescens. But, be warned: this is not a tale for the weak-hearted! P. luminescens, a close relative of the Yersiniae, are gram-negative bacteria that reside peacefully within the gut of the nematode, Heterorhabditis spp1. The free-living form of this nematode is found in the soil as a non-feeding and long-lived 'infective juvenile' (IJ). The IJ actively seeks out any of a number of insect larvae within which it will complete the rest of its life cycle. Once a victim is found, the nematode penetrates into the blood stream of the unfortunate larva and regurgitates its bacterial partner. L-proline, the most abundant amino acid in insect blood, signals the bacteria to turn on an array of virulence genes, and also serves as its preferred energy source2. These genes are involved in adherence, colonization and subversion of t...
Electron Microscopy and 3D Reconstruction of Regulated Thin Filaments Decorated with Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C

Myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) is an accessory protein of striated muscle thick filaments and a modulator of cardiac muscle contraction. Defects in the cardiac isoform, cMyBP-C, cause heart disease. cMyBP-C comprises eleven 10 kDa immunoglobulin- and fibronectin-like domains, numbered C0-C10 from the N-terminus, and a MyBP-C-specific motif between C1 and C2. In vitro studies show that, in addition to binding to the thick filament via its C-terminal region, cMyBP-C can also interact with actin via its N-terminal domains, modulating actin motility. Neutron scattering and 3D EM reconstructions of F-actin decorated with N-terminal fragments of cMyBP-C suggest that cMyBP-C binds to subdomain 1 of actin close to the low Ca2+ binding site of tropomyosin. This suggests that cMyBP-C might modulate thin filament activity by physically interfering with tropomyosin regulatory movements on actin, a possibility strengthened by solution kinetics observations (White and Harris, Biophys. Soc. abstracts, 2012). To determine directly whether cMyBP-C binding affects tropomyosin position, we carried out 3D reconstruction of negatively stained thin filaments (containing F-actin, tropomyosin and troponin) decorated with the N-terminal fragment containing domains C0 to C2. Clear decoration was obtained under a variety of salt conditions. 3D reconstructions suggest that under most conditions cMyBP-C does not displace tropomyosin from its low Ca2+ position, although under certain conditions some shift of tropomyosin did appear to occur. At high Ca2+, there was little effect on tropomyosin position. The results suggest that cMyBP-C may modulate thin filament function by physically competing with tropomyosin for its low Ca2+ site on F-actin.
Cholinephosphotransferase from rabbit lung microsomes. An improved assay and specificity towards exogenous diacylglycerols.

Cholinephosphotransferase is an important enzyme in the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant, the major surface-active component of which is dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine. Cholinephosphotransferase from rabbit lung microsomes was assayed using a variety of exogenous diacylglycerols as substrate. The enzyme exhibited a preference for unsaturated diacylglycerols, which is in keeping with other evidence that the bulk of pulmonary dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine is not synthesized de novo. However, 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol was utilized as a substrate. The highest activity of cholinephosphotransferase was achieved with 1,2-diacylwere 12–16 mg/ml. 1,2-Dioleoylglycerol and 1,2-dipalmitoleoylglycerol were only slightly less effective. The order of preference of cholinephosphotransferase towards other unsatirated diacylglycerols was as follows: 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoylglycerol > 1,2-dilinolenoylglycerol > 1,3-dioleoylglycerol > 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol > 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol. These differences in specificity do not appear to be due to differences in diacylglycerol solubility or molecular orientation since the order of preference was unaffected by changes in pH or temperature.
Regulation of the Nitric Oxide Reduction Operon (norRVW) in Escherichia coli ROLE OF NorR AND ς54 IN THE NITRIC OXIDE STRESS RESPONSE

Nitric oxide (NO) induces NO-detoxifying enzymes in Escherichia coli suggesting sensitive mechanisms for coordinate control of NO defense genes in response to NO stress. Exposure of E. coli to sub-micromolar NO levels under anaerobic conditions rapidly induced transcription of the NO reductase (NOR) structural genes, norV and norW, as monitored by lac gene fusions. Disruption ofrpoN (ς54) impaired the NO-mediated induction of norV and norW transcription and NOR expression, whereas disruption of the upstream regulatory gene,norR, completely ablated NOR induction. NOR inducibility was restored to NorR null mutants by expressing NorR intrans. Furthermore, an internal deletion of the N-terminal domain of NorR activated NOR expression independent of NO exposure. Neither NorR nor ς54 was essential for NO-mediated induction of the NO dioxygenase (flavohemoglobin) encoded byhmp. However, elevated NOR activity inhibited NO dioxygenase induction, and, in the presence of dioxygen, NO dioxygenase inhibited norV induction by NO. The results demonstrate the role of NorR as a ς54-dependent regulator ofnorVW expression. A role for the NorR N-terminal domain as a transducer or sensor for NO is suggested.
FUNCTIONALITY IN BREADMAKING OF YEAST PROTEIN DRIED AT TWO TEMPERATURES

Yeast was spray dried at two temperatures (75°C and 124°C) and incorporated into a dough and bread system to measure functionality. The system dried at the higher temperature exhibited much better functional properties but was still not as good as milk solids. A cell wall-free extract of each of the dried yeasts was tested and showed much poorer characteristics than whole cells. This shows that cell wall removal is not needed for SCP manufacture.
Strategic competition in healthcare information services: an economic analysis

We investigate the investment practices and competitive strategies of a number of providers in the market for healthcare information services that have survived a volatile inception period to achieve some degree of revenue sustainability. We find that these firms continuously broaden and enhance their product lines by leveraging highly mobile and fungible digital resources and capabilities. In particular, we show that investments of a focal firm in organisational networks create higher switching costs relative to those in public networks, therefore, making revenue generation more sustainable. Our findings suggest that healthcare information providers pursue two key strategies to expand their economies of scope and scale. They first rely on complementarities among their internal resources in order to find new uses for existing products. M&A investments in external resources are primarily used when these firms intend to create new product offerings outside of their current capabilities.
A FICKIAN ANALYSIS OF LAKE SEDIMENT UPSURGE

ABSTRACT. The fundamental hypothesis of this paper is that the stratified-mixed states which occur annually in lakes play a dominant role in the movement of nutrient-rich material from the lake bottom upward into the water column. The stratified-mixed history has been used previously to develop a Fourier type, semi-infinite slab energy model to represent the lake surface temperature, thermal profile, and thermocline position with Julian day (Thibodeaux, 1975). The present paper extends the semi-infinite slab idea to include a Fickian type model for the upsurge of nutrients from the sediment-water interface upward. Relations will be developed for the rate of nutrient upwelling into the epilimnion and the photoactive zone of a lake. A lake time constant emerges from the model equations. This constant is thought to be important in predicting the likelihood of a fall algal bloom. Results of model verification attempts on three lakes are presented.
An Ethnography of HIV/AIDS and Sexuality in The People's Republic of China

China's HIV epidemic is now a growing reality, yet there is virtually no evidence of it in the HIV/AIDS literature. This report documents ethnographic and epidemiologic findings from field visits conducted in Beijing, Chengdu, and Kunming; the latter in Yunnan province, site of China's most severe nidus of HIV infection. This report also elaborates those cultural, social, and political factors involved in China's attempt to manage its growing HIV epidemic. Contemporary attitudes toward sexuality in China which impinge upon such management, as revealed through ethnographic interviews, are reviewed. Data from the First Sino‐American Management of HIV Disease Symposium (to which the author was a delegate) are also blended with the ethnographic material to further clarify the cultural and epidemiologic status of HIV/AIDS in China. It is the conclusion of this report that HIV/AIDS and its management pose a transforming, ineluctable challenge to China's traditional attitudes toward sexuality.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Affecting Consumer International Online Shopping Behavior

Few studies in the literature on electronic commerce provide empirical investigation of consumer behavior in the international online shopping context. This study identifies and discusses factors that influence international online purchases and profile the characteristics of those who purchase and those who do not purchase from online stores overseas in three main categories: the online shopping experiential factors, the international shopping motivational factors, and the international trust attitudinal factors. The international online shoppers tend to highly trust foreign vendors and have high preference of and confidence in online shopping. More importantly, these shoppers are knowledge of shopping sites' hosting countries and strongly believe in those sites' global propensity. The paper makes contributions towards new knowledge and understanding of how international online shoppers differ from non-shoppers.