cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparability of interview- and self-administration of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) in English- and Spanish-speaking ambulatory cancer patients.

Background: Flexibility is important in choosing methods and modes of questionnaire administration, to accommodate the needs of patients with diverse linguistic, cultural, educational, and functional skills. Objective: To investigate the extent to which 2 different modes (interview- vs. self-administration) yielded comparable estimates of health-related quality of life (HRQL) as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Participants: English- (n = 739) and Spanish-speaking (n = 456) ambulatory cancer patients. Research Design: Patients were randomly assigned to interview- or self-administration of questionnaires, stratified by site, language, and race/ethnicity. A 3-phase analytic strategy was implemented: (1) confirmatory factor analysis to confirm unidimensionality of each FACT-G subscale; (2) 2 techniques to evaluate differential item functioning across modes; and (3) multivariable regression to compare mean HRQL scores across modes. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis model fit indices provided good support for unidimensionality across all 4 language/mode groups. Three of 27 items demonstrated statistically significant mode differential item functioning in each language. There were no statistically significant or minimally important mode effects on mean HRQL outcomes, with or without adjusting for other factors. Conclusions: Among both English- and Spanish-speaking ambulatory cancer patients, the FACT-G can be administered by either interview- or self-administration, without concern for significant mode effects on the data. Results may not be generalizable to patients with greater disease severity or those with low literacy.
VLF heating of the lower ionosphere

A controlled wave-injection experiment with a 28.5 kHz transmitter having a radiated power of 100 kW has revealed evidence of ionospheric heating by the VLF waves. Calculations indicate that the observed effect can be attributed to the absorption of wave energy in the lower ionosphere, which is estimated to result in a 30% enhancement in the collision frequency at 85 km. This process also represents a new means of direct coupling of lightning energy to the lower ionosphere.
Latino Students' Perceptions of the Academic Library

ABSTRACT Library use is strongly linked with student persistence in higher education, and Latino students have lower rates of academic library use and proficiency than other racial/ethnic groups of students. This study explores Latino undergraduate students' perceptions of the academic library and library staff and identifies the conditions which impede or facilitate the students' use of the library. Using a multiple case study design, this study describes the experiences and perceptions of undergraduate students who identify as Latino and attend a four-year public research-intensive university in the Midwest. The findings suggest that Latino students use the library through the influence of peers, interpret the library as a space for cultural support based on their experiences with public libraries, and do not fully understand the range of resources and support available.
Toward the Measurement of Human Values

Although knowledge about human values is crucial to understanding human behavior, methods for the study of values are relatively underdeveloped. This article examines selected value theory and research, emphasizing attempts to measure values and their methodological implications. We integrate this examination within a proposed values measurement model, based on a human ecological perspective. In this model, we propose that values investigations may be grouped according to threefoci: content, structure, and process. Additionally, we identify three measurement approaches on the basis of subject-object inclusion: subject-only, subject-object reactive, and subject-object interactive. As an outgrowth of our methodological assessment and critique and use of the values measurement model, we propose newfrontiersfor values research and measurement.
Histone H2a mRNA interacts with Lin28 and contains a Lin28-dependent posttranscriptional regulatory element

Lin28 has been shown to block the processing of let-7 microRNAs implicated in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Here, we show that Lin28 also specifically associates with ribonucleoprotein particles containing the replication-dependent histone H2a mRNA in mouse embryonic stem cells. We further show that the coding region of H2a mRNA harbors high affinity binding sequences for Lin28 and that these sequences stimulate the expression of reporter genes in a Lin28-dependent manner. We suggest that a key function of Lin28 in the maintenance of pluripotency is to promote the expression of the H2a gene (and perhaps also other replication-dependent histone genes) at the posttranscriptional level in order to coordinate histone production with the unique proliferative properties of embryonic stem cells.
Inappropriate shocks in patients with Fidelis® lead fractures: impact of remote monitoring and the lead integrity algorithm.

Prevention of Shocks With Fidelis Lead Fractures. Introduction: The role of remote monitoring combined with lead integrity algorithm (LIA) in patients with Fidelis (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) lead fractures is not well defined. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with Fidelis lead fractures at our institution, documenting all pertinent data (remote monitoring use, clinical presentation, lead fracture diagnosis criteria). Patients were classified into subgroups based on the type of home monitoring and whether LIA was uploaded before lead fracture. Subgroups were compared based on delivery of inappropriate shocks (IS). Results: A total of 131 patients (mean age 62 ± 16 years, 70% male, 69% primary prevention implants) were followed until lead fracture (average 32 ± 12 months). IS were delivered in 21% of patients (n = 11/52) with LIA versus 52% (n = 41/79) without LIA, P < 0.001. LIA significantly decreased the number of IS (2.1 ± 1.0 IS vs 7.9 ± 12 IS, P < 0.001) and significantly increased the number of patients diagnosed through audible alert (P < 0.001). Wireless monitoring significantly decreased the time interval to reprogram defibrillators OFF (mean 1.5 ± 1 days vs 15.6 ± 18 days with nonwireless CareLink [Medtronic Inc.] and 12.4 ± 20 days without CareLink, P < 0.001); 14% of patients with LIA and wireless monitoring combined received IS. Without LIA, 63% of patients with wireless monitoring received IS. Conclusion: This study confirms that LIA significantly decreases IS therapy in patients with Fidelis lead fractures. Wireless technology enhances LIA benefits by significantly shortening time to reprogram defibrillators. However, despite the “best scenario” of combining LIA and wireless monitoring, 14% of patients with lead fractures still get IS. Further refinements of detection algorithms are required to eliminate this significant clinical problem. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 1107-1114, October 2011)
The design and demonstration of a multiple beam traveling-wave klystron

The traveling-wave klystron (TWK) was conceived as a superpower microwave amplifier capable of producing flat broadband power levels many times greater than can be achieved with a single beam device. This paper outlines the design philosophy, the principles of operation and their application to an S-band 10 beam traveling-wave klystron and describes the first practical demonstration at S-band in which power levels in excess of 1.0 MW with 14% bandwidth (± 1 db) and 20 db high level gain were obtained. The ever increasing range and data handling requirements of modern communication and defense systems have given rise to a need for microwave amplifiers having power output and bandwidth capabilities which greatly exceed those of present day state of the art single beam klystrons or traveling-wave tubes.
Analysis of survival of end-stage renal disease patients

Traditional life-table analysis of differences in patient survival for various end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment modalities ignore the fact the ESRD patients face sequential risks because they frequently experience more than one mode of therapy. A modification of the usual life-table analysis is suggested as being more appropriate. This modified method takes into account the "time-to-treatment" bias, which, in this instance, is the time spent on the first modality of treatment (that is, center dialysis). The survival data of more than 2,000 ESRD patients in the State of Michigan during the 5-year period, 1974 to 1978, are used to illustrate this method.
Comparative enzymology of 5'-AMP aminohydrolase from normal and genetically dystrophic chicken muscle.

Abstract A comparative study of the functional and structural properties of homogeneous 5′-adenylic acid aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.6) from normal and dystrophic chicken muscle is presented. Dystrophic chickens (New Hampshire Reds) were obtained from the University of California Experiment Station at Davis. Breast muscle from adult (1-year-old) lines 200 (normal), 304, and 307, from 12-week-old line 307, and commercially available chickens, and mixed leg and thigh muscle from 12-week-old line 307 and commercially available chickens were used as the source of the enzyme. The enzyme from each source had the same kinetic properties, subunit, native molecular weight, and rate of inactivation by heat, papain, and chymotrypsin. The enzyme from lines 200 and 307 1-year-old chicken breast muscle had the same amino acid composition within the error of the analysis. Neither enzyme had a reactive N-terminal amino acid as determined by the dimethylaminonapthalene sulfonyl chloride reaction. The enzyme from lines 304 and 307 and normal chicken breast muscle also had the same immunochemical properties. On the other hand, the enzyme from dystrophic muscle from normal dark mixed leg and thigh muscle and from normal breast muscle have differing isoelectric points. Normal breast muscle enzyme has a pI = 5.6–5.7, normal dark mixed leg and thigh muscle enzyme, pI = 6.2, and dystrophic breast and mixed leg and thigh muscle pI = 6.1. Recent evidence (32) shows that the enzyme is a glycoprotein and that the enzyme from dystrophic muscle has an altered carbohydrate composition.
Some Epidemiologic, Clinical, Microbiologic, and Organizational Assumptions That Influenced the Design and Performance of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)

The overall aim of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study–1 (GEMS-1) is to identify the etiologic agents associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) among children <5 years of age, and thereby the attributable pathogen-specific population-based incidence of MSD, to guide investments in research and public health interventions against diarrheal disease. To accomplish this, 9 core assumptions were vetted through widespread consultation: (1) a limited number of etiologic agents may be responsible for most MSD; (2) a definition of MSD can be crafted that encompasses cases that might otherwise be fatal in the community without treatment; (3) MSD seen at sentinel centers is a proxy for fatal diarrheal disease in the community; (4) matched case/control is the appropriate epidemiologic design; (5) methods across the sites can be standardized and rigorous quality control maintained; (6) a single 60-day postenrollment visit to case and control households creates mini-cohorts, allowing comparisons; (7) broad support for GEMS-1 messages can be achieved by incorporating advice from public health spokespersons; (8) results will facilitate the setting of investment and intervention priorities; and (9) wide acceptance and dissemination of the GEMS-1 results can be achieved.
A critical zone analysis of reverse jet flame stabilization

A method has been developed for determining the stability characteristics of a reverse jet flameholder from the stability characteristics of an adiabatic, homogeneous chemical reactor. The method involves the determination of the reactor loading parameter at blowout for a homogeneous reactor, the mass flow rate of reactants into the critical zone and the volume of the critical zone. The calculated volumes were all less than 6·0 ml and compared well with volumes obtained by a temperature traverse of the critical zone reported in the literature. The calculated volumes were also correlated with system parameters. The method was then used to calculate the stability limits for the experimental system employed in the present investigation. The experimental stability data were obtained at various jet equivalence ratios from a standard two-inch combustion tunnel equipped with a water cooled reverse jet. The calculated stability limits compared very well with the experimental stability limits.
End shareholder value tyranny: put the corporation first

Purpose – Many investors view maximizing shareholder wealth as the only obvious and defensible, corporate objective function. But to contradict this view, the paper aims to consider the shortcomings of the “shareholder first” view and offer an alternative.Design/methodology/approach – To make strategic tradeoffs effectively the whole organization needs a clear sense of what it is trying to achieve, and how choosing between specified alternatives serves its highest goal. Organizations need a “best metric” for the corporate strategy. The paper considers what ultimate end should corporations – that is, the managers who run them – refer to when making these difficult and sometimes painful tradeoffs?Findings – The widely held shareholder‐value view holds that every choice should be made with an eye to creating as much financial wealth as possible for the providers of equity capital. But none of the familiar justifications for this view stand up to scrutiny. It is not true that: shareholders are owners; shareho...
Cost of areal reduction of gulf hypoxia through agricultural practice

A major share of the area of hypoxic growth in the Northern Gulf of Mexico has been attributed to nutrient run-off from agricultural fields, but no estimate is available for the cost of reducing Gulf hypoxic area using agricultural conservation practices. We apply the Soil and Water Assessment Tool using observed daily weather to simulate the reduction in nitrogen loading in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) that would result from enrolling all row crop acreage in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Nitrogen loadings at the outlet of the UMRB are used to predict Gulf hypoxic area, and net cash farm rent is used as the price for participation in the CRP. Over the course of the 42 year simulation, direct CRP costs total more than $388 billion, and the Inter-Governmental Task Force goal of hypoxic area less than 5000 square kilometers is met in only two years.
Antidepressant efficacy of venlafaxine

Venlafaxine is a unique antidepressant medication with well documented efficacy and safety in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder. Reports suggest that it may also be effective in the treatment of dysthymic disorder and bipolar II depression, but the available data for these conditions are more limited compared to major depressive disorder. Several studies suggest that there may be a more rapid onset of action for venlafaxine in the treatment of major depression compared to other antidepressant pharmacotherapies, but this has not been fully established. Venlafaxine is also effective in the important long term continuation and maintenance phases of the treatment of depression. Depression and Anxiety, Volume 12, Supplement 1:45–49, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Obstetrical and perinatal outcomes among women with gestational hypertension, mild preeclampsia, and mild chronic hypertension

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes of women with gestational hypertension (GHTN), mild chronic hypertension (CHTN), and mild preeclampsia at delivery. Study Design A multicenter database that contained 228,668 deliveries was used to extract data on gravid women with GHTN, preeclampsia, and CHTN and on women without hypertensive disease (control group). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results There were 4918 women with GHTN, 5274 women with preeclampsia, 2531 women with CHTN, and 15,221 control subjects. Women with GHTN had the greatest risk for blood transfusion (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4–6.3), intensive care unit admission (aOR, 25.7; 95% CI, 9.8–67.3), and lowest risk for stillbirth (aOR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04–0.4); women with preeclampsia had the greatest risk for postpartum hypertension (aOR, 9.6; 95% CI, 7.2–12.9). Neonates with GHTN had the greatest risk for ventilator requirements (aOR, 7.5; 95% CI, 4.6–12.4). Conclusion Women with gestational hypertension and their neonates had significant risks for morbidity, compared with women with mild chronic hypertension and those with mild preeclampsia.
Performance of piezoelectric-based damping techniques for structures with changing excitation frequencies

ABSTRACT The performance of piezoelectric-based damping and vibration control techniques has been studied and analyzedextensively under impulse response or harmonic steady state conditions. Considered here is their performancewhen subjected to an excitation whose frequency is close to a structures resonance frequency but varies suf-ciently quickly to preclude a harmonic analysis. Although a rapidly-varying excitation frequency will reducethe peak response amplitude, additional vibration reduction is often desired. The current research investigatesthe performance of several common passive and semi-active (state switching) vibration reduction techniques. Inmany cases, particularly for high electromechanical coupling, a system provides sucient vibration reduction toapproximate a steady state condition. Special attention is paid to turbomachinery bladed disks and the feasibilityof implementing a particular vibration reduction approach. Semi-active switching approaches are more robust forvibration reduction of multiple frequencies than passive systems which require optimal tuning to the excitationcondition. State switching, synchronized switched damping, and resonance frequency detuning provide the mostrealistic embedded package. Of these three approaches, synchronized switched damping delivers the greatestperformance, although all provide signicant vibration reduction. With far fewer and less stringent switchingrequirements, resonance frequency detuning requires signicantly less power than other semi-active approaches.Keywords: piezoelectric-based damping, time-varying excitation, vibration damping & control, transient vi-bration analysis
An empirical evaluation of three vibrational spectroscopic methods for detection of aflatoxins in maize

Three commercially available vibrational spectroscopic techniques, including Raman, Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were evaluated to help users determine the spectroscopic method best suitable for aflatoxin analysis in maize (Zea mays L.) grain based on their relative efficiency and predictive ability. Spectral differences of Raman and FTIR spectra were more marked and pronounced among aflatoxin contamination groups than those of FT-NIR spectra. From the observations and findings in our current and previous studies, Raman and FTIR spectroscopic methods are superior to FT-NIR method in terms of predictive power and model performance for aflatoxin analysis and they are equally effective and accurate in predicting aflatoxin concentration in maize. The present study is considered as the first attempt to assess how spectroscopic techniques with different physical processes can influence and improve accuracy and reliability for rapid screening of aflatoxin contaminated maize samples.
Effects of imaging system and exposure on accurate detection of the second mesio-buccal canal in maxillary molar teeth

Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine observer ability to detect the second mesio-buccal canal (MB2) in maxillary molars using analog film, CMOS, and photostimulable phosphor x-ray detectors across a wide range of radiation exposures and to determine the optimal exposures for these modalities accurately detecting presence of the MB2. Research design Using 6 experimental models with 2 maxillary molars in each, images were generated with the 3 detector modalities at nominal x-ray beam angulations of 0° and 10° across a range of radiation exposures. Observers independently assessed presence of the MB2 in images presented in random order. Horizontal root sections were then evaluated to determine true MB2 presence. Results For single images at optimal exposures, the correct number of mesiobuccal canals could be identified 55% of the time for CMOS (RVG 6000), 44% of the time for analog x-ray film (InSight), and 39% of the time for photostimulable phosphor (DenOptix). Statistically significant differences were observed between the imaging modalities (χ 2 = 23.4, crucial value = 5.99, P ≤ .05). RVG 6000 CMOS outperformed both DenOptix photostimulable phosphor ( z score = −5.5) and InSight analog direct exposure x-ray film ( z score = 4). Exposure affected the rate of accuracy for MB2 detection across the exposure range tested for RVG 6000 and for film, but not to any appreciable degree for DenOptix. Conclusions The CMOS detector (RVG-6000) performed best for evaluating presence of the MB2. This was the only modality to exceed 50% reliability with optimal exposure when single images were considered.
A Patent Policy Proposal for Global Diseases

recently, in an effort to keep their prices low, many developing countries did not grant patents on new pharmaceutical products. Today, however, most countries have extended their patent laws to include pharmaceutical innovations,and in order to fulfill World Trade Organization membership requirements, the rest will soon follow. Public concern over the price of HIV/AIDS drugs in Africa has focused attention on this new global system and generated a debate between those who support the establishment of strong patent laws to protect pharmaceuticals in developing countries, and those who would weaken them. The choice does not, however, have to be limited to strong versus weak. The worldwide markets for drugs to treat cancer and malaria are very different and the global patent system would be improved by being tailored to these different markets. This policy brief outlines a proposal that would lower the price of pharmaceuticals that treat important global diseases in developing countries, while at the same time allowing patent protection to increase where it is most likely to lead to the creation of new products. The proposal requires no changes in international treaties—only minor changes to U.S. patent law— and would cost very little to implement. Jean Lanjouw
Receptor mediation of the stimulus properties of cholecystokinin.

Abstract Recently, Melton, Kopman, and Riley (20) reported the rapid acquisition of drug discrimination learning using the sulfated form of cholecystokinin (CCK) within the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning. The present study was designed to explore the receptor mediation of the stimulus properties of CCK within this procedure. Every fourth day, experimental subjects were given CCK-saccharin-LiCl pairings, and on the intervening recovery days, saccharin alone. Once discriminative control was established, doses of the CCK receptor antagonists devazepide (CCK-type A receptor subtype) and L-365,260 (CCK-type B receptor subtype) were administered in combination with the training dose of CCK. Unlike L-365,260 (1–1000 μg/kg), devazepide (1 μg/kg) blocked the CCK stimulus, suggesting that within this design CCK's stimulus properties are mediated by the CCK-type A receptor subtype.
Stratigraphic evidence of human disturbance in an estuary

Prior to European settlement, oligohaline and mesohaline sections of Chesapeake Bay draining Piedmont saprolite supported diverse and abundant diatom and macrophyte populations. Compositional changes in diatoms and macrophytes in oligohaline sections correspond with 17th- and 19th-century deforestation and increased siltation, while effects on downstream populations were less notable. After deforestation, previously sparse diatom populations in a mesohaline estuary draining sandy Coastal Plain soils became more abundant. Fertilization of cultivated land was accompanied by increased production of both attached and free-floating diatoms. After the discharge of sewage, diatom populations increased enormously in the affected areas, followed by a dramatic decrease. The decrease suggests silica limitation after intense phosphorus enrichment. The loss of macrophytes and increase in planktonic diatoms in oligohaline areas in recent years resemble the historical sequences observed in lakes undergoing eutrophication. However, in the estuary, similar declines have also occurred in macrophyte populations in mesohaline areas where eutrophication is much less severe, but where chlorine and herbicide toxicity during the past 20 yr is similar to upstream areas.
Atomistic Ordering in Body Centered Cubic Uranium-Zirconium Alloy

The metallic binary-alloy fuel Uranium-Zirconium is important for the use of the new generation of advanced fast reactors. Uranium-Zirconium goes through a phase transition at higher temperatures to a (gamma) Body Centered Cubic (BCC) phase. The BCC high temperature phase is particularly important, since the BCC phase corresponds to the temperature range in which the fast reactors will operate. A semi-empirical MEAM (Modified Embedded Atom Method) potential is presented for Uranium-Zirconium. The physical properties of the Uranium-Zirconium binary alloy were reproduced using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with the MEAM potential. This is a large step in making a computationally acceptable fuel performance code.
A new, experiential curriculum in child advocacy for pediatric residents.

Objective.—To design, implement, and evaluate an experiential child advocacy curriculum for pediatric residents. Design.—Pilot study including before-after 2-group trial of an educational intervention and a qualitative component. Setting.—A large, hospital-based, urban resident continuity clinic. Participants.—General pediatrics residents (N = 29 [PGY: 1–4]). Intervention.—Residents and faculty designed a longitudinal curriculum in child advocacy for the continuity clinic, which included community-based and legislative experiences for individual residents as well as clinic-based group activities. Residents reported their experiences to their clinic group at weekly preclinic conferences. In addition, residents presented posters at their year-end residency retreat and wrote grants to fund community projects based on their original findings. Evaluation.—We used a quantitative assessment of child advocacy knowledge, attitudes, skills, and self-reported practices, which residents completed pre- and postintervention (2 clinics) or, for comparison residents, at the beginning and end of the academic year (3 clinics). In addition, we conducted focus-group discussions with residents in the 2 intervention groups to explore unanticipated responses to the new curriculum. Results.—Residents who received the intervention (n = 13) had a greater increase in advocacy knowledge (2.62 vs 0.19, P = .005), ability to identify community resources (0.62 vs 0.16, P = .03), self-reported advocacy skills (2.0 vs −0.21, P = .002), and perceived value of advocacy training (0.31 vs −0.19, P = .03) compared with residents who did not (n = 16). In focus groups, intervention residents (n = 17) reported being surprised by community groups' and legislators' responsiveness to resident inquiries, and they expressed enhanced confidence in engaging these groups in dialogue about child policy issues. Conclusions.—A longitudinal continuity clinic–based curriculum in child advocacy had significant positive impact on pediatric residents.
Assembling a Career: Labor Market Outcomes for Manufacturing Program Students in Two-Year Technical Colleges.

Objective:Research on labor market outcomes for individuals who enroll in technical colleges is limited, with even less attention to the effects of short-term certificates than associate degrees. A...
Homogeneous Tungsten Chemical Vapor Deposition on Silane Pretreated Titanium Nitride

Homogeneous nucleation of tungsten chemical vapor deposition (CVD) films on metallorganic (MO) CVD substrates has been achieved by pretreating the substrate with at a wafer susceptor temperature of . Deposition of approximately a monolayer of silicon from the pretreatment results in continuous, uniform tungsten films less than thick. Tungsten nucleation films grown on MOCVD without a pretreatment were heterogeneous, with tungsten islands not coalescing into a continuous film until the thickness reached . Experimental results are presented along with implications for use of tungsten CVD for vertical interconnects in high aspect ratio vias. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
Material transport in turbulent gas streams: Radial diffusion in a circular conduit

Experimental studies of the mixing of coaxial streams of a natural gas and air at atmospheric pressure were made at Reynolds numbers of 44,000 and 79,000 under conditions where the turbulent-velocity profile of nearly uniform flow was altered as little as feasible by the blending of the two streams. Total diffusivities of natural gas in air for the region near the center of the conduit were computed from the data for turbulent, steady, nonuniform flow. The total diffusivities were found to be rather complicated functions of the conditions of flow. Limitations in the configuration of the apparatus did not permit a study of the behavior of the total diffusivities to be made over as wide a range of flow rates as would be necessary to investigate the large-scale trends indicated by this study.
Blood film preparation and staining procedures

The blood film is one of the world's most widely and frequently used tests and has undergone remarkably few changes since its introduction in the late 1800s. This article gives direction and some standardization in the preparation of blood films used for morphologic evaluation in the clinical laboratory. Methodologies that can be labeled as being state-of-the-art and methods applicable for laboratories in developing countries are quoted.
On the Consistency of Ranking Algorithms

We present a theoretical analysis of supervised ranking, providing necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic consistency of algorithms based on minimizing a surrogate loss function. We show that many commonly used surrogate losses are inconsistent; surprisingly, we show inconsistency even in low-noise settings. We present a new value-regularized linear loss, establish its consistency under reasonable assumptions on noise, and show that it outperforms conventional ranking losses in a collaborative filtering experiment.
Anatomic M-mode: a new technique for quantitative assessment of left ventricular size and function

To overcome the limitations of conventional M-mode echocardiography, a new technique referred to as anatomic M-mode has been recently developed. This technique is based on postprocessing of digitally acquired two-dimensional (2D) cineloops, and allows the operator to position one or multiple independent M-mode cursors freely on the 2D images. Initial clinical data show that anatomic M-mode can increase the reproducibility and accuracy of standard M-mode measurements of the left ventricle. Also, this quantitative technique has the potential to improve assessment of left ventricular wall motion and thickening, and could be particularly useful in providing objective measures during stress echocardiography.
A 29Si MAS NMR study of modified C-S-H nanostructures

Abstract The sustainability of cement-based materials is a core technical issue of national importance. The serviceability of the concrete infrastructure, especially bridges, has recently received considerable media attention. Concurrently, the nanoscience of cements has emerged as a new discipline with the potential to positively manipulate the nanostructure of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) in order to achieve sustainability objectives. Organic/inorganic C–S–H nanocomposites are being developed to enhance durability and long-term engineering behavior. Results of a 29 Si MAS NMR study of phase pure C–S–H (prepared with C/S ratios 0.6–1.6) modified by interaction with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium (HDTMA), methylene blue (MB), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) are reported. It is apparent that the degree of silica polymerization is affected by the presence of the various organic molecules and the C/S ratio of the C–S–H. Possible mechanisms responsible for this effect are described. The implications of these nanostructural changes for sustainability are discussed. It is suggested that the interaction of polymers with the nanostructure of C–S–H that increases silicate polymerization may improve volume stability and promote mechanical properties of such systems. The resistance of polymer-modified C–S–H systems in chemically aggressive environments is likely to be increased as the defect sites in the silicate structure are eliminated by the presence of polymer molecules.
The lateral geniculate complex of the owl monkey Aotes trivirgatus.

The lateral geniculate complex of 38 normal, one borgne, and one enucleated Aotes trivirgatus were studied to determine the number of laminae present, the laminar organization, and the cell content of the geniculate complex. The optic tract does not display apparent fasciculation. The pregeniculate nucleus consists of two laminae and the lateral geniculate of four, with two magnocellular layers and two parvocellular layers. Layers 1 and 4 receive the terminals of contralateral ganglion cells and layers 2 and 3 receive those of ipsilateral ganglion cells. Approximately, a 4:3 numerical relationship between retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate nucleus cells exists in one animal in which cell counts were made.
VATPA: a simulation environment for message-passing concurrent systems

The authors present an animation tool for visualizing the complex, dynamic behavior of parallel algorithms. The key idea behind this tool design is to abstract run-time activities and turn them into graphical representations that move and vary in location, size, and color. With proper abstractions, it establishes a technical foundation for monitoring, analyzing, and improving complex parallel algorithms. It represents animated views in an informative and coherent manner. There are two unique attributes that distinguish the animation tool from others: (1) it provides a general simulation environment for analyzing parallel algorithms with arbitrary program structures and sizes; and (2) it allows the visualization for computation status of parallel processes and their run-time interactions. >
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization of oligonucleotides with various matrices

Ferulic acid, 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA), and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) were used as matrices in MALDI of various oligonucleotides. It was found that 2,5-DHB is an excellent matrix for polydeoxyribothymi-dylic acid. A poly-T oligonucleotidc with a size of 130 bases was successfully detected. 3-HPA was found to be a good matrix for MALDI of homo-oligomeric deoxynucleotides as well as those containing four different bases. Parent ions of pd(A)60, d(T)100 d(G)40, and d(C)40 were observed, and a mixed-base oligonucleotide of 150-mer was also detected. Polymer ions of poly-A as large as 420-mer were measured; however, the efficiency for detecting poly-T with 3-HPA as a matrix was slightly worse than when 2,5-DHB was used. Comparisons of three matrices for various oligonucleotides is also presented.
A Hydrodynamic Model for Supercritical Water Reformation of Jet Fuel in a Tubular Reactor

Fluid velocities in a continuous-flow, cylindrical, supercritical-water reactor are examined and mathematically modeled using a simplified Navier–Stokes equation. Within the system, a large number of moles of small gaseous species are generated from large molecules of JP-8 jet fuel, causing the fluid to accelerate through the length of the reactor. This net increase in moles leads to a nonconstant fluid density and is modeled using the Peng–Robinson equation of state. Several assumptions are made to make this system readily solvable. The simulation results show that the density change and net generation of moles lead to significant increases in the fluid velocities as the products move down the reactor. Typical reactant feed rates of JP-8 jet fuel (0.5 g min−1 and 1.0 g min−1) are modeled based upon previous experimental data performed in a tubular reactor with a length of 75.6 cm and an inner diameter of 2.54 cm.
Effects of compression and stretch on the determination of laminar flame speeds using propagating spherical flames

The effects of flow compression and flame stretch on the accurate determination of laminar flame speeds at normal and elevated pressures using propagating spherical flames at constant pressure or constant volume are studied theoretically and numerically. The results show that both the compression-induced flow motion and flame stretch have significant impacts on the accuracy of flame speed determination. For the constant pressure method, a new method to obtain a compression-corrected flame speed (CCFS) for nearly constant pressure spherical bomb experiments is presented. Likewise, for the constant volume method, a technique to obtain a stretch-corrected flame speed (SCFS) at elevated pressures and temperatures is developed. The validity of theoretical results for both constant pressure and constant volume methods is demonstrated by numerical simulations using detailed chemistry for hydrogen/air, methane/air, and propane/air mixtures. It is shown that the present CCFS and SCFS methods not only improve the a...
Generating construction schedules through automatic data extraction using open BIM (building information modeling) technology

Abstract The architecture, engineering, and construction industries have had rapid technological advancements over the last decade, particularly in the area of building information modeling (BIM). BIM stores all the information of a building and can be leveraged for many new and exciting applications including the generation of quantity takeoffs, 4D scheduling, and building simulations. The main objective in this study is to establish a framework for automating the generation of construction schedules by using data (e.g. spatial, geometric, quantity, relationship and material layer set information) stored in BIM. Using the extracted information, the proposed system in this research creates construction tasks, computes activity durations using available activity production rates, applies sequencing rules, and finally outputs a schedule. To demonstrate the functionality of this framework, a prototype system has been developed to import BIM representations with basic building elements such as slabs, walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors, and ceilings in two story buildings.
Delivering on the promise of Plato's academy: Educational accessibility for the 21st century

Purpose. This special volume is dedicated to eight updated and expanded communications selected from 33 refereed papers presented at the inaugural international conference on Technology-based Learning with Disability (LWD-07) which took place on July 19–20, 2007 at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio.Methods. Approximately 140 researchers and practitioners attended LWD-07 representing a cross-section of K-12 and higher education, pure and applied research, disability-related industry and rehabilitation agencies with common interests in facilitating educational attainment for people with all types of disabilities through use of technology.Results. The communications selected for publication are representative of the breadth of interest at the nexus of disability, assistive technology, and the pedagogy of individualized learning.Conclusions. Access to education is a key component for quality of life and rehabilitation of any individual with a disability.
A dynamic formulation for input-output modelling of exploited ecosystems

Abstract Exploited ecosystems are similar in many ways to industrial production systems. An extended Leontief input-output model (SIM - Sequential Interindustry Model) that explicitly considers the time required by production processes, and the timing of their inputs, is considered for use in ecosystem modelling. The basics of this dynamic model are presented and then the required modifications for ecosystem application are considered. Human harvest of different species is compared to final demand for industrial goods,, while predation within the ecosystem is viewed as intermediate demand. Special consideration is given to the relationship between members of a species that are consumed at different ages. They are treated as different commodities due to the different history of their inputs. The model is structured to accomodate this need.
Models for Angiogenesis

The study of angiogenesis has produced a plethora of creative assays through which various aspects of vascular formation and growth are observed, measured, evaluated, and inhibited. A basic theme of angiogenesis investigation is that multiple models are needed to prove a hypothesis. Thus, different aspects are tested in separate models in order to circumscribe those selected effects on the vasculature. Traditional models of the study of angiogenesis have generally been categorized into either in vitro or in vivo assays. In vitro models allow for more strict control over the local microenvironment, sometimes at the expense of authenticity to the in vivo event, whereas in vivo models enable more accurate observations in a simulated live environment at the expense of optimizing certain variables. A balance of various techniques involving both in vitro and in vivo models has led to a better understanding of the overall process of angiogenesis, and thus enabled the development of more effective targeting and therapeutic agents. Keywords: tubules; endothelial cells; HUVEC; organic culture; implants; chamber assay
On the photoreactivity of benzodihydrofurans and 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ones

Abstract Stereochemical and structural effects on the photoconversion of benzodihydrofurans to spirocyclopropyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ones are presented.
FROM LEXICAL COHESION TO TEXTUAL COHERENCE: A DATA DRIVEN PERSPECTIVE

This paper presents research that connects the cohesion structure of a text to the derivation of its coherence structure. Two different algorithms that derive the cohesion structure in the form of lexical paths from large thesauri are illustrated. Their results are correlated with (1) cue phrases of discourse usage and (2) coherence constraints empirically derived. A novel model of coherence structure is devised, based on the data provided by lexical paths from real world texts.
MeCP2 Phosphorylation Is Required for Modulating Synaptic Scaling through mGluR5

MeCP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2) is a key player in recognizing methylated DNA and interpreting the epigenetic information encoded in different DNA methylation patterns. The functional significance of MeCP2 to the mammalian nervous system is highlighted by the discovery that mutations in the MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome (RTT), a devastating neurological disease that shares many features with autism. Synaptic scaling is a form of non-Hebbian homeostatic plasticity that allows neurons to regulate overall excitability in response to changes in network neuronal activity levels. While it is known that neuronal activity can induce phosphorylation of MeCP2 and that MeCP2 can regulate synaptic scaling, the molecular link between MeCP2 phosphorylation and synaptic scaling remains undefined. We show here that MeCP2 phosphorylation is specifically required for bicuculline-induced synaptic scaling down in mouse hippocampal neurons and this phenotype is mediated by mGluR5 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 5). Our results reveal an important function of MeCP2 in regulating neuronal homeostasis and may eventually help us understand how MECP2 mutations cause RTT.
Lagrange L4/L5 points and the origin of our Moon and Saturn's moons and rings

The current standard theory of the origin of the Moon is that the Earth was hit by a giant impactor the size of Mars causing ejection of debris from its mantle that coalesced to form the moon; but where did this Mars-sized impactor come from? Isotopic evidence suggests that it came from 1 AU radius in the solar nebula, and computer simulations are consistent with its approaching Earth on a zero-energy parabolic trajectory. How could such a large object form at 1 AU in a quiescent disk of planetesimals without having already collided with the Earth at an earlier epoch before having the chance to grow large? Belbruno and Gott propose that the giant impactor could have formed in a stable orbit from debris at the Earth's Lagrange point L(5) (or L(4)). It would grow quietly by accretion at L(5) (or L(4)), but eventually gravitational perturbations by other growing planetesimals would kick it out into a horseshoe orbit and finally into a chaotic creeping orbit, which Belbruno and Gott show would, with high probability, hit the Earth on a near zero-energy parabolic trajectory. We can see other examples of this phenomenon occurring in the solar system. Asteroid 2002AA29 is in a horseshoe orbit relative to the Earth that looks exactly like the horseshoe orbits that Belbruno and Gott found for objects that had been perturbed from L(4)/L(5). The regular moons of Saturn are made of ice and have the same albedo as the ring particles (ice chunks, plus some dust). We (J. R. Gott, R. Vanderbei, and E. Belbruno) propose that the regular icy moons of Saturn (out to the orbit of Titan), which are all in nearly circular orbits, formed out of a thin disk of planetesimals (ice chunks) rather like the rings of Saturn today only larger in extent. In such a situation formation of objects at L(4)/L(5) might be expected. Indeed, Saturn's moon Dione is accompanied by moons (Helene and Polydeuces) at both L(4) and L(5) Lagrange points, and Saturn's moon Tethys is also accompanied by moons (Telesto and Calypso) at both L(4) and L(5) Lagrange points. Epimetheus is in a horseshoe orbit relative to Janus that is exactly like the horseshoe orbit expected for an object that has been perturbed from a location at L(4)/L(5). We propose that the rings of Saturn visible today are all that remains of this original disk; they lie inside the Roche limit where tidal forces have simply prevented the formation of large moons by accretion. Further out, the icy particles have accumulated into icy moons. Objects in external solar systems on horseshoe orbits (like those of Epimetheus relative to Janus) could be detected by a slow sinusoidal variation with time of the calculated mass of a planet from radial velocity measurements.
Semantic Bridges for Biodiversity Sciences

Understanding the impact of climate change and humans on biodiversity requires the retrieval and integration of heterogeneous data sets for the generation of models that provide insights not possible with a single model. Scientists invest a significant amount of time collecting and manually pre-processing data for the generation of such models. The Earth Life and Semantic Web ELSEWeb project aims to create a semantic-based, open-source cyberinfrastructure to automate the ingestion of data by models. This paper describes the ontologies at the backbone of ELSEWeb that provide semantic bridges between environmental data sources and species distribution models.