cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QM/MM study of dehydro and dihydro β-ionone retinal analogues in squid and bovine rhodopsins: implications for vision in salamander rhodopsin.

Visual pigment rhodopsin provides a decisive crossing point for interaction between organisms and environment. Naturally occurring visual pigments contain only PSB11 and 3,4-dehydro-PSB11 as chromophores. Therefore, the ability of visual opsin to discriminate between the retinal geometries is investigated by means of QM/MM incorporation of PSB11, 6-s-cis and 6-s-trans forms of 3,4-dehydro-PSB11, and 3,4-dehydro-5,6-dihydro-PSB11 and 5,6-dihydro-PSB11 analogues into squid and bovine rhodopsin environments. The analogue−protein interaction reveals the binding site of squid rhodopsin to be malleable and ductile, while that of bovine rhodopsin is rigid and stiff. On the basis of these studies, a tentative model of the salamander rhodopsin binding site is also proposed.
An architecture for enforcing end-to-end access control over web applications

The web is now being used as a general platform for hosting distributed applications like wikis, bulletin board messaging systems and collaborative editing environments. Data from multiple applications originating at multiple sources all intermix in a single web browser, making sensitive data stored in the browser subject to a broad milieu of attacks (cross-site scripting, cross-site request forgery and others). The fundamental problem is that existing web infrastructure provides no means for enforcing end-to-end security on data. To solve this we design an architecture using mandatory access control (MAC) enforcement. We overcome the limitations of traditional MAC systems, implemented solely at the operating system layer, by unifying MAC enforcement across virtual machine, operating system, networking and application layers. We implement our architecture using Xen virtual machine management, SELinux at the operating system layer, labeled IPsec for networking and our own label-enforcing web browser, called FlowwolF. We tested our implementation and find that it performs well, supporting data intermixing while still providing end-to-end security guarantees.
Delineating differences: Sub-communities in the San Francisco gay community

This paper analyses community members' descriptions of subgroups of gay and bisexual men in San Francisco. Five group categories are identified and subjected to detailed analysis. These are labelled leather, men of colour, activists, men who go to clubs and younger. While some of these groups meet established criteria of 'community', they do so in different ways suggesting the existence of relatively discrete sub-communities within the San Francisco gay community. While the gay community is often conceived of as monolithic it may in fact be culturally heterogenous. An alternate multi-constitutive model of community is proposed to account for this cultural heterogeneity. We also discuss how some sub-communities develop around culturally charged areas of difference, and consider the possible implications of these differences for future community interventions.
WATER‐SOLUBLE PROTEINS OF SELECTED PEARL MILLET GENOTYPES

Selected properties of water-soluble proteins from different pearl millet genotypes were determined. Proteins from pearl millet genotypes containing high, average, and low total protein were compared using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and selected enzymatic analyses. Genotypes with higher total protein content contained greater proportions of low molecular weight protein. PAGE of GPC fractions yielded at least 20 bands with widely varying mobilities. Lipoxidase and proteolytic enzyme activity was greatest in millet with high protein content. Further research is suggested to determine effects of grain maturity on protein characteristics.
Characterization of the evolution of immune phenotype during the development and progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

While studies have indicated that squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is associated with immune suppression, these studies did not analyze the immune response at the dysplastic stage. The present study utilized a mouse model of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced oral carcinogenesis to examine the alterations in immune phenotype at the premalignant and malignant stages of HNSCC. Cervical lymph nodes of HNSCC-bearing mice were found to contain a greater number of cells, including a greater number of conventional (Tconv) and regulatory (Treg) T cells, compared to cervical lymph nodes of control and premalignant lesion-bearing mice, though the Tconv cells appear to be less proliferative and the Treg cells appear to be less suppressive at the HNSCC stage. Premalignant lesion-bearing mouse lymph nodes consist of a greater percentage of Tconv cells expressing markers for activation, memory, and exhaustion compared to both control and HNSCC-bearing mice. Also, lymph nodes’ cells from both premalignant lesion-bearing and HNSCC-bearing mice include increased levels of Th1, Tc1, and Th17 cells, with no differences in levels of Th2 cells, compared to control mice. The data show that while there is the expected increase in immunosuppressive Tregs in lymph nodes when HNSCC is present, there is also an unexpected increase in immune populations usually associated with a beneficial antitumor response, including Tconv cells and Th1 and Tc1 cells. In addition, the results demonstrate that the premalignant stage of HNSCC development is associated with a robust immune response involving an increase in inflammatory Th1, Tc1, and Th17 cells.
RESISTANCE TO HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN PITUITARY DWARFISM: CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES.

Thirteen pituitary dwarfs have been treated with human growth hormone (HGH), and growth acceleration with doses of 5–7 mg/week has been observed in all but one patient. On therapy, this 7½year-old girl grew at a rate of 1.05 cm/month for 7 months. Thereafter, despite larger doses of growth hormone (15 mg/week), growth rate fell to 0.27 cm/month. This rate of growth persisted after stopping HGH. On retreatment on 2 occasions, acceleration of growth did not occur. Antibodies to HGH, absent in her serum before treatment, were repeatedly demonstrated in her serum in high concentration (HGH binding capacity up to 100 mg/l) during treatment. Comparable titers of antibody have not been found in any of the 12 other patients receiving long-term HGH treatment. The specificity of the human anti-HGH serum differed from rabbit anti-HGH serum. Whereas both monkey growth hormone (MGH) and HGH were effective inhibitors of the binding of HGH-131I by rabbit antiserum, only HGH was an effective inhibitor with human antiseru...
Parasitic source and drain resistance in high-electron-mobility transistors

Abstract The parasitic source and drain resistances of a high-electron-mobility transistor were analyzed in terms of a two layer transmission line model. The analysis showed that a highly conductive cap layer can function as an extension of the alloyed contact provided that tunneling between the cap layer and the channel is significant. The tunneling between the cap layer and the channel was analyzed in terms of a thermionic-field emission model in which a one dimensional time-dependent WKB transmission probability for the barrier was considered as well as Maxwell-Boltzman statistics for the tunneling carrier distribution. The GaAs cap, GaAlAs layer and 2-DEG channel can then be treated as a distributed resistance element with a characteristic coupling length. A reduction of the parasitic resistance can be obtained for a device structure with a short characteristic coupling length even if there exists an ideal alloyed contact to the 2-DEG channel. A multilayer cap consisting of an undoped GaAs layer inserted between the n -type GaAs and n -type GaAlAs is also proposed to reduce the barrier height for tunneling between the cap layer and the channel. The multilayer cap structure is predicted to appreciably reduce the parasitic resistance at room temperature and still be effective at 77 K.
Directed formation of silica by a non-peptide block copolymer enzyme mimic

A non-polypeptide block copolymer inspired by the enzyme silicatein α is shown to template the formation of silica from tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS) in neutral pH and ambient temperature. The block copolymer was synthesized to mimic the chemical functionality shown to be necessary for the function of the natural enzyme. In this report we demonstrate the templating function of the enzyme mimic, the formation of hierarchical structures, the presence of dual mechanisms of condensation at low pH, investigate the mechanism of templation as hydrolyzed species diffuse from the site of hydrolysis, and explore the formation of silica at the polymer surface. Numerous analytical methods are employed in this study, including AFM, TEM, FESEM, DLS, NMR, GPC, and TGA. This bio-inspired polymer combines the features of neutral pH, low temperature, and structure control in silica formation.
Negotiating a path to efficacy at a clinic of traditional Chinese medicine.

Chinese medicine emphasizes the underlying connection of the bodily, emotional, social, and environmental dimensions in illness experience and healing. The therapeutic process, characterized as tiao (attuning, balancing), targets the patient’s overall illness condition and experience including both physical and nonphysical aspects of suffering. This study, incorporating techniques of microanalysis as an ethnographic tool and using an actual recorded clinical interaction as data, analyzes how the path to effective healing is negotiated among multiple clinical realities at a clinic of Chinese medicine in Beijing. A close examination of interactive features of actual face-to-face communication between a doctor and a patient in a specific case of “stagnation of emotions” reveals that, for an illness recognized in Chinese medicine as originating from disordered emotions, adjustment of the patient’s perceptions of reality and social relations is particularly salient in the “attuning” process. Efficacy then should be understood as more than physiological changes produced by herbs, but also as emergent through an interactive event of clinical encounters. This study demonstrates empirically how the clinical process of Chinese medicine works to define and transform the patient’s emotions and experience.
A Midwestern Mosaic: Immigration and Political Socialization in Rural America. By J. Celeste Lay. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012. 238 pages. $29.95 (paperback).

The article reviews the book "A Midwestern Mosaic: Immigration and Political Socialization in Rural America," by J. Celeste Lay.
Effect of a metal well casing on a 3‐d interpretation of borehole resistivity

This study did not address induced polarization Imeasurements, but for resistivity alone the response of the casing was smaller than expected. For the boreholeto-surface method, thr effects of the casing were small once the transmitter, down the borehole, was coml~letely below the casing and the receiving dipole at the surface was one casing length away from the casing. For the cross-borehole method effects of casing at the top of the receiving hole could be ignored when the dipole receiver was completely below the bottom of the casing regardless of the transmitter depth. The cross-borehole method was slightly more sensitive to having a surface casing in the transmitting hole but acceptable results were obtained when the translnitter (a single electrode) was completely below the casiny and the receiving dipole . 5 casing lengths below the bottom of the casing.
1La transitions of jet-cooled 3-methylindole

Abstract One-photon and polarized two-photon fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled 3-methylindole (3MI) and 3-trideuterio-methylindole are reported at a resolution of ≈0.2 cm−1. On the basis of the two-photon intensity ratios for linear versus circular polarized excitation, strong lines with predominantly 1La character are identified in 3MI at 409, 420, 468, 609, 617, 739, 820, and 918 cm−1 above the 1Lb origin. The lowest-lying 1La line in 5-methylindole appears to be at 1424 cm−1. Evidence for an avoided crossing of the 1La and 1Lb surfaces in 3MI is presented.
Evaluation of Gd2O2S:Tb as a Phosphor for the Input Screen of X-Ray Image Intensifier

X-ray fluorescent screens consisting of a powder embedded in a silicone resin matrix and deposited on an aluminum plate have been prepared with the phosphors Gd2O2S:Tb and (ZnCd)S:Ag(P-20) at a series of different screen thicknesses. The x-ray conversion efficiency of the screens was measured using both radioisotopes and a dental radiography unit as x-ray sources. To simulate screen performance in an x-ray image intensifier tube, the screens were optically coupled to the photomultiplier which served as the detector. We found that Gd2O2S:Tb screens were substantially superior to P-20 screens in both x-ray conversion efficiency and x-ray energy absorption efficiency. Experimental screen efficiencies agree with those derived from theory by an analysis in which the efficiency of the conversion of absorbed x-ray energy to light is assumed equal to the energy efficiency of the phosphor under cathode ray excitation and optical parameters of the screens are used to estimate the efficiency with which the generated light is transmitted to the detector.
Spatial and social proximity in early New York City

Abstract The locational patterning of households in New York City in the 18th and early 19th century is analyzed to observe the spatial effect of bonds of kinship, ethnicity, and occupation. All of these factors are found significant but they vary in the timing and strength of their importance, and all are attenuated as the city enlarges, land becomes a commodity, and residents have less choice in where to live.
The Effect of Childhood Emotional Maltreatment on the Health and Functioning of Later Intimate Relationships

This is the second part of a special double issue focusing on the effects that childhood emotional maltreatment has on intimate relationships. It explores the relational difficulties often encountered by emotional abuse survivors. The empirically based articles in this issue look at the association between childhood emotional maltreatment and the relational difficulties of self-sacrifice, codependency, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression. This introduction provides a brief summary of each article in this special issue.
α integrin cytoplasmic tails can rescue the loss of Rho-family GTPase signaling in the C. elegans somatic gonad

Integrin signaling relies on multiple, distinct pathways to impact a diverse set of cell behaviors. The Rho family of GTPases are well-established downstream signaling partners of integrins that regulate cell shape, polarity, and migration. The nematode C. elegans provides a simple in vivo system for studying both integrins and the Rho family. Our previous work showed that the C. elegans α integrin cytoplasmic tails have tissue-specific functions during development. Here, we use chimeric α integrins to show that the cytoplasmic tails can rescue the loss of the Rho family of GTPases in three cell types in the somatic gonad. Knockdown of rho-1 by RNAi causes defects in sheath cell actin organization, ovulation, and vulva morphology. Chimeric α integrin ina-1 with the pat-2 cytoplasmic tail can rescue both actin organization and ovulation after rho-1 RNAi, yet cannot restore vulva morphology. Knockdown of cdc-42 by RNAi causes defects in sheath cell actin organization, ovulation, vulva morphology, and distal tip cell migration. Chimeric α integrin pat-2 with the ina-1 cytoplasmic tail can rescue vulva morphology defects and distal tip cell migration after cdc-42 RNAi, yet cannot restore sheath cell actin organization or ovulation. Disruption of Rac yields the same phenotype in distal tip cells regardless of α integrin cytoplasmic tail composition. Taken together, the cytoplasmic tails of α integrins can bypass signaling from members of the Rho family of GTPases during development.
Towards a feminist HCI methodology: social science, feminism, and HCI

With substantial efforts in ubiquitous computing, ICT4D, and sustainable interaction design, among others, HCI is increasingly engaging with matters of social change that go beyond the immediate qualities of interaction. In doing so, HCI takes on scientific and moral concerns. This paper explores the potential for feminist social science to contribute to and potentially benefit from HCI's rising interest in social change. It describes how feminist contributions to debates in the philosophy of science have helped clarify relationships among objectivity, values, data collection and interpretation, and social consequences. Feminists have proposed and implemented strategies to pursue scientific and moral agendas together and with equal rigor. In this paper, we assess the epistemologies, methodologies, and methods of feminist social science relative to prior and ongoing research efforts in HCI. We conclude by proposing an outline of a feminist HCI methodology.
Genetic maps of polymorphic DNA loci on rat chromosome 1

Genetic linkage maps of loci defined by polymorphic DNA markers on rat chromosome 1 were constructed by genotyping F2 progeny of F344/N x LEW/N, BN/SsN x LEW/N, and DA/Bkl x F344/Hsd inbred rat strains. In total, 43 markers were mapped, of which 3 were restriction fragment length polymorphisms and the others were simple sequence length polymorphisms. Nineteen of these markers were associated with genes. Six markers for five genes, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor beta3 (Gabrb3), syntaxin 2 (Stx2), adrenergic receptor beta1 (Adrb1), carcinoembryonic antigen gene family member 1 (Cgm1), and lipogenic protein S14 (Lpgp), and 20 anonymous loci were not previously reported. Thirteen gene loci (Myl2, Aldoa, Tnt, Igf2, Prkcg, Cgm4, Calm3, Cgm3, Psbp1, Sa, Hbb, Ins1, and Tcp1) were previously mapped. Comparative mapping analysis indicated that a large portion of rat chromosome 1 is homologous to mouse chromosome 7, although the homologs of two rat genes are located on mouse chromosomes 17 and 19. Homologs of the rat chromosome 1 genes that we mapped are located on human chromosomes 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, and 19.
In-plane monotonic and cyclic racking load testing of structural insulated panels

AbstractStructural insulated panel (SIP) wall systems have been used in residential and light commercial buildings for the past 60 years. Lack of sufficient published research results on racking load performance and understanding of the influence of fastener types on seismic response has been a deterrent in the widespread use of the wall system in seismically active areas. This paper summarizes the results of a full-scale racking load testing study in which a total of 17 2.4×2.4-m (8×8-ft) SIP wall panels were tested under monotonic and cyclic loading. Four 114-mm (4.5-in.) thick SIP specimens were tested under monotonic loading, while 13 114-mm (4.5-in.) thick SIP specimens were tested under the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering loading protocol. Parameters such as fastener type, spline design, hold-down anchor location, and sheathing bearing were adjusted throughout the testing to determine their effects on the SIP’s performance. Performance parameters such as peak load a...
Continental terraces hold clues to the generation and preservation of the stratigraphic record

Multiple frequency, overlapping geometry (or “nested”) seismic images offer an unprecedented opportunity to study how geological processes create and preserve shelf/slope stratigraphy. Multifrequency seismic coverage, including multibeam backscatter/swath bathymetry (Figure 1), has been collected at two continental margin “natural laboratories,” New Jersey and northern California, which are each characterized by distinctive suites of depositional processes.
Geriatric suicide: the preventable death.

Suicide is the ninth-leading cause of death of the elderly, yet it is the leading cause of preventable death in this population. White males over the age of 65 are at special risk for suicide, with a suicide rate twice the national rate for all ages and six times the rate for women over age 65. The nurse practitioner is in a unique position to intervene in geriatric suicide because suicidal geriatrics typically will not seek help from mental health professionals. Rather, they will seek help from the primary caregiver. Strategies for assessment of suicide risk are presented, in addition to strategies for intervention in a suicide-related crisis. Language: en
THE IMPACT OF VIDEO GAME PLAYING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT A COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Much of the controversy about video games centers around their impact on academic performance. Matched groups of community college students, differing in the amount of their game‐playing, were compared on selected academically‐related variables in two studies. Frequent game‐players were not more likely to absent themselves from psychology classes than infrequent players. There was no significant difference between frequent and infrequent players on a measure of locus of control, or on GPAs. However, infrequent players received significantly higher scores on psychology exams. The discrepancy between GPA results and results on psychology exams was discussed and recommendations were made for future research.
The influence of androgynous identification on heterosexual relations

The responses of androgynous and sex-typed students to a questionnaire were compared to explore the impact of sex typing on attitudes and behavior relevant to dating, marital and parental roles, and sexual intercourse. Extent of sex typing was associated with students' attitudes toward sharing dating expenses, sexual intercourse, full-time employment for wives, and wives taking primary responsibility for childrearing. Sex typing was also associated with students' behavior regarding the number of female-initiated dates, proportion of male and female initiation of sexual intercourse, and the frequency of sexual intercourse for males. Gender was more consistently related to the variables under investigation than was sex typing, however, and results are discussed with respect to possible limitations of the influence of androgyny on heterosexual relations.
Economic and climatic factors in ?acreage abandonment? over marginal cropland

Crop yield projections made at planting time or during the growing season often ignore the fact that an unknown percentage of planted acreage is not harvested. As a solution, we present a model for 'acreage abandonment, based upon both economic and weather variables. Weather is shown to be a much more important determinant of the decision not to harvest than is the expected price. The explained variance in abandonment of spring wheat acreage by future delivery price is approximately 16%, but rises to over 60% when weather variables are added. In a similarly designed model for winter wheat in the southern plains, the price contribution is less than 5%.
Piston‐flow reactor model for continuous industrial fermentations

Although the piston-flow (tubular) fermentor would provide operational difficulties, it is of significance for the analysis of mixing imperfections, for the analysis of a large number of stirredtank fermentors operated in series, and for the possibility of more efficient operation than the stirred tank. The basic kinetics of microbial growth are reviewed, noting that the reaction order varies during the course of reaction from autocatalytic first to ordinary first order; the equations describing effluent micro-organism and limiting substrate concentrations for a stirred-tank fermentor operated with recycle are reviewed. A rigorous analysis of the piston-flow fermentor is given, for the first time, by means of a combination of the equations of microbial growth with a mathematical description of the hydraulic regime. A quantitative comparison is made between the two basic reactor types: the type of fermentor used depends on the objective of the process; if the objective is the reduction in effluent concentration of the limiting substrate, the piston-flow fermentor provides more efficient operation. High recycle and concentration factors are of greater benefit to the piston-flow unit, which becomes more efficient from the point of view of both objectives.
Observations on collagen synthesis, lattice formation, and morphology of scaleless and normal embryonic skin.

Abstract Intact scaleless skin, from areas which in normal embryos have feathers, lacks a birefringent fibrous lattice which connects the dermal condensations. Recombinations between scaleless and normal skin components have the birefringent dermal lattice and dermal condensations only when either mutant or normal mesoderm is covered with a genetically normal ectoderm. Skins composed of mesoderm of either genotype covered by a scaleless ectoderm do not have the birefringent lattice, nor do they have dermal condensations. In view of the proposed collagenous nature of the fibrous lattice, collagen synthesis was estimated in both normal and mutant skins to investigate the possibility that scaleless skin might synthesize reduced levels of collagen. Our results indicate that scaleless dorsal skin synthesizes at least as much collagen as normal skins. The results suggest that the absence of a fibrous lattice is not the result of a reduced synthesis, but more likely the result of a failure of synthesized collagen to be organized into a lattice.
Metabolism of arachidonoyl phosphoglycerides in mouse brain subcellular fractions.

— Mouse brain subcellular fractions were prepared at 1, 12, and 24 h and 3 and 8 days after intracerebral injections of [1-14C]arachidonate. Initially, radioactivity was mainly distributed in the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions, but the proportion of radioactivity in the myelin increased from 5 to 16% within 8 days. Radioactivity of the microsomal lipids started to decline at 1 h after injection, and the decay was represented by two pools with half-lives of 19 h and 10 days, respectively. Radioactivity in the synaptosomal and myelin fractions did not reach a maximum until 24 h after injections. The half-life for turnover of synaptosomal lipids was 9 days. The decline of radioactivity measured in the microsomal fraction was due mainly to diacyl-GPC and diacyl-GPI, since radioactivity of other phosphoglycerides (diacyl-GPS, diacyl-GPE and alkenyl-acyl-GPE) continued to increase for 12-24 h. In this fraction, half-lives of 10-14 h were obtained for the fast turnover pools of diacyl-GPC and diacyl-GPI, and slow turnover pools with half-lives of 7 days for diacyl-GPI and 10-14 days for other phosphoglycerides were also present. Among the synaptosomal phosphoglycerides, radioactivity of diacyl-GPI declined in a biphasic mode, thus exhibiting half-lives of 5 h and 5 days. Incorporation of labelled arachidonate into diacyl-GPE and diacyl-GPS in the synaptosomal fractions was observed for a period of 24 h. The half-lives for these phosphoglycerides ranged from 8 to 12 days. Results of the study have demonstrated the presence of small pools of arachidonoyl-GPI in synaptosomal and microsomal fractions which were metabolically more active than other arachidonoyl containing phosphoglycerides.
Smart-cut 6H-silicon carbide (SiC) microdisk torsional resonators with sensitive photon radiation detection

This digest paper reports experimental demonstration of a new type of microdisk torsional resonators based on a smart-cut 6H-silicon carbide (6H-SiC) technology. We carefully calibrate the thermomechanical vibrations of these torsional-mode resonators by employing highly sensitive laser interferometric readout techniques, with displacement sensitivities (i.e., limits of detection) at the levels of Sx1/2~0.1pmWHz and smaller. To utilize these first 6H-SiC torsional resonators, we further demonstrate sensitive detection of radiations from both blue (405nm) and infrared (IR 785nm) photons Toward force detection applications which torsional resonators are suitable, our measurements demonstrate an intrinsic force resolution of SF1/2≈5 7fN√Hz and a torque resolution of ST1/2≈3.7×10-20 (N·m)√Hz, limited by the fundamental thermomechanical fluctuations.
Copper deficiency: A potential model for determining the role of mitochondria in cardiac aging.

Heart mitochondria experience age-related declines in cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity and increases in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may contribute to loss of cardiac function and the development of disease that occur with advancing age. In a manner similar to aging, copper deficiency also suppresses heart CCO activity and has cardiovascular consequences related to increased peroxidation. Food restriction is often used as a tool to study oxidative mechanisms of aging and the present study examines the potential of copper deficiency to model the role of mitochondria in cardiac aging by determining if the effect of food restriction on CCO activity and oxidative stress in heart mitochondria parallels its effect on cardiac mitochondria during aging. Overall, copper deficiency severely inhibited CCO activity and increased both Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in isolated heart mitochondria. However, a 20% reduction in food intake by copper-deficient rats increased CCO activity by 65% and decreased MnSOD activity by 25% but had no effect in rats fed adequate copper. Copper deficiency also reduced the carbonyl content of 80–100 kDa mitochondrial proteins, but the reduction in carbonyl content was unaffected by food restriction. Food restriction did, however, completely prevent the enlargement of cardiac mitochondria in copper-deficient rats. Together, these findings indicate that copper deficiency induces mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activity and hypertrophy in cardiac tissue in response to reduced CCO activity and that food restriction may counteract these changes by reducing oxidative stress. Because the action of food restriction on CCO activity and mitochondrially generated oxidative stress are similar in copper deficiency and aging, copper deficiency may serve as a short-term model for studying the potential roles of mitochondria in cardiac aging.
Lattice properties of the ∗-order for complex matrices

Abstract It is shown that the set C m × n of complex m × n matrices forms a lower semilattice under the partial ordering A ⩽ B defined by A ∗ A = A ∗ B, ∗ AA ∗ = BA ∗ , where A ∗ denotes the conjugate transpose of A. As a special case of a result for division rings, it is further shown that, over any field F, for m = n = 2 and any proper involution ∗ of F2 × 2, the corresponding intersections A ∩ B all exist.
Hexose monophosphate pathway in synapses.

— Synaptosomes isolated from rat cerebral cortex converted [l-14C]glucose more rapidly than [6-24C]glucose to ,14CO2. The ratio of C-l: C-6 in 14CO2 was 3-9, thus suggesting that the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) pathway was functional in synapses in vitro. When changes in the ratio of C-l: C-6 in 14CO2 were used as an index of shunt activity, glucose oxidation by this route was stimulated by electron acceptors as well as by neurohormones, including norepinephrine, acetylcholine and serotonin. Brain mince also exhibited a C-l: C-6 ratio of 3-2 when short (15 min) incubations were employed. Negative results previously reported are attributable to prolonged incubation during which depletion of NADP or randomization of the labelled carbons in radioactive glucose could have occurred. Our experiments excluded the incorporation of glucose into macromolecules as a specific role for the hexose monophosphate pathway. The generation of NADPH for numerous metabolic reactions including the maintenance of membrane SH groups and the oxidation and hydroxylation reactions may represent the functions of the hexose monophosphate in synaptosomes and account for its stimulation by neurohormones.
Hand washing and disgust response to handling different food stimuli between two different cultures.

Abstract Increasing compliance with proper hand washing among consumers and foodservice workers during food handling and preparation is an effective strategy to minimize the spread of bacteria and disease. At home and in the food industry contributing factors and barriers exist that lead to low rates of compliance with proper hand hygiene. Recently, researchers have begun to emphasize the importance of internal motivational factors such as the emotion of disgust and how it affects hygiene behaviors. This study was designed to determine the influence of disgust and other motives on hand washing among participants when handling common foods in the foodservice industry, and if these responses are culturally dependent. A preliminary survey that showed differing levels of consumers' disgust among 21 foods commonly handled in the food industry was conducted. In the main part of the study, representatives from two cultures, Caucasian and Hispanic, were observed while they handled four common foods; apple, bread, chicken and fish. Results from this study showed that hand washing behavior was affected by the type of food being handled and the intensity of the emotion of disgust. Individuals tended to wash their hands more frequently for foods they perceived as more hazardous, and their motives to wash varied among variables of gender (self-protection for men, carryover effects for women), culture (self-protection for Caucasians, texture for Hispanics) and the type of food (self-protection for chicken, smell for fish). Additionally, as the feeling of disgust increased among individuals their probability to wash their hands also increased. Factors that did not show an influence on hand washing included the culture and gender of the participant, and whether they had past foodservice experience. These findings, in combination other studies, should be considered when designing motivation and training strategies to increase consumer or foodservice employee hand washing behaviors.
Possible dust devils, vortices on Mars

This paper presents the results of a study of local vortices, and dust devils, on Mars as observed by Viking Landers 1 and 2. It is found that these vortices are most common during Martian spring and summer, as occurs on earth. Seven of the vortices involve wind speeds that may raise dust from the Martian surface. There is no indication that these possible dust devils contribute to the planet-wide spread of major dust storms. However, it appears that they may help in maintaining the atmospheric dust content. The data indicate that there is no preference in rotation direction, at least to core diameters of 300 m (corresponding to a region of influence of about 3 km diameter).
Changing the resource adequacy paradigm from cost recovery to investment incentives

Summary form only given. Traditional capacity payment mechanisms aimed at incentivizing generation investments are backward looking in nature focusing on ensuring cost recovery to incumbent generators rather than on incentivizing efficient capacity expansion. Such mechanisms tend to encourage overinvestment and suppress scarcity signals that would have otherwise promoted demand response. A more market friendly approach that will guide markets toward prudent risk management practices is to impose hedging requirements on load serving entities (LSEs). Such obligations can be met by long-term contracts or mandated forward-looking call options of sufficient duration so as to stimulate new construction when the option premium is high enough.
Prolactin release after mating and genitosensory stimulation in females.

INTRODUCTION IN many female mammals, vaginocervical stimulation (VCS) received during mating modifies sexual responsiveness and initiates or induces several neuroendocrine changes that influence reproductive success. VCS is particularly important in reflexively ovulating species such as the cat and rabbit in which mating directly induces ovulation by increasing hypothalamic LHRH secretion and pituitary LH release. In spontaneously ovulating species such as the rat, mating-induced changes in neuroendocrine function are no less important for reproductive success. In these cases, mating stimulation triggers the release of the PRL required for rescue of the short-lived corpus luteum of the estrous cycle and for the resulting prolongation of progesterone secretion that is necessary for uterine endometrial development and implantation of the blastocyst. The existence of the link between VCS and reproductive function has been known to endocrinologists since the 1930s (1), and there is substantial understanding o...
Phonon frequencies and CC bond distances in graphite and graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract First-principles, total-energy electronic structure calculations have been carried out for pure graphite, with results in excellent agreement with experiment. The effects of charge transfer on phonon frequencies ωi and in-plane C-C bond lengths dcc in graphite intercalation compounds have been studied using similar first-principles methods. We find that charge transfer is the determining factor for dcc, but for the zone-center ωi, intercalate coupling effects of a novel form, introduced via a simple model, are needed to explain the experimental data.
Temporal patterning of thermal acclimation: from behavior to membrane biophysics

![Figure][1] George Somero discusses Andy Cossins, James Friedlander and C. Ladd Prosser's classic paper, ‘Correlations between behavioral temperature adaptations of goldfish and the viscosity and fatty acid composition of their synaptic membranes’, published in The Journal of Comparative
Synthesis and properties of diarylsiloxane and (aryl/methyl)siloxane polymers: 1. Thermal properties

Abstract Poly(diarylsiloxane)s are highly crystalline, high-melting polymers with excellent high-temperature properties. As a consequence of the rigid polymer backbone, they show crystal-liquid-crystal transitions, and both nematic and smectic states have been observed by optical microscopy. The polymers of greatest interest in this investigation have been those containing phenyl and p-tolyl substituents on the siloxane backbone. We have prepared a series of polymers with various combinations of these substituents, as well as the end members of the series, poly(diphenylsiloxane) and poly(di(p-tolyl)siloxane). The polymers are prepared with controlled molecular weights and distribution by ring-opening anionic polymerization of the cyclic trimers in solution. The crystal-liquid-crystal transition temperatures, T1c, for poly(diphenylsiloxane) and poly(di(p-tolyl)siloxane) are very high (265 and 300°C, respectively) and the polymers are only soluble in a few solvents at temperatures above 150°C. However, the T1c values are reduced for the mixed poly((phenyl p- tolyl)siloxane)s and the polymers become soluble at lower temperatures. The symmetric poly((phenyl p- tolyl)siloxane) is of particular interest since T1c is reduced to 150–160°C, and the polymer is soluble at room temperature in common solvents such as toluene, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform. In contrast to the retention of the crystalline and liquid-crystalline character in the mixed diarylsiloxanes, the replacement of a single phenyl group by a methyl group in the repeat hexaphenyl triad sequence of poly(diphenylsiloxane) is sufficient to destroy both the crystalline and liquid crystalline character of the polymer.
Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in children.

blood count, 13,500, with 65% lymphocytes, 20% polymorphonu cleocytes, 2% bands, 2% metamyelocytes, 2% monoeytes, and 6% eosinophils. Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were normal. The urine spot examination for VMA was 15/~g/mg creatinine. The chest roentgenogram showed a posterior superior mediasfinal mass separate from a normal thymic shadow. Results of an WP, bone survey, and Gallium scan were normal. At thoracotomy a 3 • 5 • 2 cm mass resembling normal thymic tissue was located posterior to the superior vena cava lying along the right side of the trachea. After a normal thymus gland was identified in its usual location, the mass was removed. Histologic examination revealed thymic tissue in involution.
Highly dynamic animal contact network and implications on disease transmission

Contact patterns among hosts are considered as one of the most critical factors contributing to unequal pathogen transmission. Consequently, networks have been widely applied in infectious disease modeling. However most studies assume static network structure due to lack of accurate observation and appropriate analytic tools. In this study we used high temporal and spatial resolution animal position data to construct a high-resolution contact network relevant to infectious disease transmission. The animal contact network aggregated at hourly level was highly variable and dynamic within and between days, for both network structure (network degree distribution) and individual rank of degree distribution in the network (degree order). We integrated network degree distribution and degree order heterogeneities with a commonly used contact-based, directly transmitted disease model to quantify the effect of these two sources of heterogeneity on the infectious disease dynamics. Four conditions were simulated based on the combination of these two heterogeneities. Simulation results indicated that disease dynamics and individual contribution to new infections varied substantially among these four conditions under both parameter settings. Changes in the contact network had a greater effect on disease dynamics for pathogens with smaller basic reproduction number (i.e. R0 < 2).
The Persuasive Effects of Partisan Campaign Mailers

A substantial literature has used field experiments to assess the mobilization effects of non-partisan mailers. However, little work has examined whether partisan mailers affect voters as intended. We report findings from two field experiments conducted in cooperation with partisan campaign strategists that allow us to assess the effects of negative and positive mailers. We find that mailers can affect voters—particularly their recognition of candidate names and their intent to turn out to vote. Notably, we find evidence that both negative and positive mailers stimulate intent to turn out.
IEEE P1647 and P1800: two approaches to standardization and language design

Verification is currently the hot topic in EDA. The move to deep-submicron feature sizes in the latest IC designs has caused a paradigm shift, moving the emphasis from design to verification. Designers must create ICs with upwards of 50 million equivalent gates and still meet cost and time-to-market constraints. To do this, they are limiting new logic to a minimum and relying heavily on the reuse of existing functional blocks and embedded memory to create the required chip functionality. This trend puts even more pressure on the already difficult problem of verifying these massive chips. To cope with these increased demands, chip designers, and therefore the EDA industry, have moved to using specialized languages and tools that improve the efficiency of the verification process. Previously, verification involved writing a testbench in a hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog (IEEE-1364) or VHDL (IEEE-1076). By using the same language for design and verification, the processes tend to be a continuum rather than distinct parts. This is a simple mechanism seemingly not requiring additional training, but it has serious shortcomings when applied to very complex problems. Large projects tend to use specialized languages and, in many cases, separate teams of verification engineers working independently from the design team. Two verification languages emerged in the mid-1990s: Verisity's e and System Science's Vera. These two languages have followed two very different paths.
Requirement for BMP Signaling in Interdigital Apoptosis and Scale Formation

Interdigital cell death leads to regression of soft tissue between embryonic digits in many vertebrates. Although the signals that regulate interdigital apoptosis are not known, BMPs—signaling molecules of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily—are expressed interdigitally. A dominant negative type I BMP receptor (dnBMPR-IB) was used here to block BMP signaling. Expression of dnBMPR in chicken embryonic hind limbs greatly reduced interdigital apoptosis and resulted in webbed feet. In addition, scales were transformed into feathers. The similarity of the webbing to webbed duck feet led to studies that indicate that BMPs are not expressed in the duck interdigit. These results indicate BMP signaling actively mediates cell death in the embryonic limb.
InP-based negative feedback avalanche diodes

The operation of InP-based single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in Geiger mode provides great utility for the detection of single photons at near-infrared wavelengths between 1.0 and 1.6 um. However, SPADs have performance limitations with respect to photon counting rate and the absence of photon number resolution that, at the most fundamental level, can be traced back to the positive feedback inherent in the impact ionization-driven avalanche process. In this paper, we describe the inclusion of negative feedback with best-in-class InP-based single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) structures to form negative feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) in which many of the present limitations of SPAD operation can be overcome. The use of thin film resistors as monolithic passive negative feedback elements ensures rapid self-quenching with very low parasitic effects and wafer-level integration for creating multi-element NFAD arrays. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of this approach with InP-based avalanche diode structures. We present NFAD device properties, including pulse response, quenching dynamics, and photon counting performance parameters such as photon detection efficiency.
Large-scale biophysics: ion flows and regeneration

Regeneration requires exquisite orchestration of growth and morphogenesis. A powerful but still largely mysterious system of biophysical signals functions during regeneration, embryonic development and neoplasm. Ion transporters generate pH and voltage gradients, as well as ion fluxes, regulating proliferation, differentiation and migration. Endogenous bioelectrical signals are implicated in the control of wound healing, limb development, left–right patterning and spinal cord regeneration. Recent advances in molecular biology and imaging technology have allowed unprecedented insight into the sources and downstream consequences of ion flows. In complement to the current focus on molecular genetics and stem cell biology, artificial modulation of bioelectrical signals in somatic tissues is a powerful modality that might result in profound advances in understanding and augmentation of regenerative capacity.
Further Experiments on Cosmic-Ray Bursts

The paper describes further results obtained by the observation of coincidences between pulses of a Geiger-Mueller counter tray and of an ionization chamber. The experiments were carried out partly aboard a B-29 aircraft and partly on the top of Mt. Evans in Colorado. The main purpose of the experiments at Mt. Evans was an investigation of the "transition curve" in lead. The experimental data are consistent with the assumption that the coincident bursts observed with a lead shield between the Geiger-Mueller tubes and the ionization chamber are mainly produced by cascade showers initiated by electrons and photons either incident upon the lead from the atmosphere or produced in the lead by nuclear interactions. The experiments aboard the B-29 furnish information on the variation with altitude of the radiation responsible for the nuclear interactions.