cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpolation in One Dimension

Interpolation is the act of approximating a function f(x) by an Nth degree interpolant IN such that $$\displaystyle I_N(f(x_i))=f(x_i) $$ where xi are i = 0, ..., N specific points where the function is evaluated.
Why T win P eaks

This article examines the ongoing fascination of fans with Twin Peaks and compares the production framework of the first two with the third season. While Twin Peaks: The Return might lack accessibility of the earlier episodes, audience engagement is still going strong. Scholars, just as the fans, find new angles to approach a show that has helped to create Peak TV and is still holding a special place in the canon of quality tv.
Deterministic assembly processes govern seasonal and spatial variation in microbiomes across hydrologically-connected hyporheic zones

Subsurface zones of groundwater and surface water mixing (hyporheic zones) are regions of enhanced rates of biogeochemical cycling, but ecological processes influencing hyporheic microbiomes through space and time remain unknown. We sampled attached and planktonic microbiomes in the Columbia River hyporheic zone across seasonal hydrologic change within three hydrologically-connected, yet physicochemically-distinct geographic zones (inland, nearshore, river). Although microbiomes remained dissimilar through time across all zones and habitat types (attached vs. planktonic), consistent presence of certain heterotrophic taxa suggested dispersal and/or common selective pressures among all zones. We used statistical null models and co-occurrence network analysis, respectively, to demonstrate a pronounced impact of deterministic assembly on microbiomes in all data subsets and to elucidate taxa most affected by these processes. The composition of one network cluster of nearshore organisms exhibited a seasonal shift from heterotrophic to autotrophic microorganisms, and the abundance of taxa within this cluster also correlated positively with active microbial biomass and metabolism, possibly indicating that these taxa have strong influences over biogeochemical reactions within the hyporheic zone. Taken together, our research demonstrates a predominant role for deterministic assembly across highly-connected environments and provides insight into niche dynamics associated with seasonal changes in hyporheic microbiome composition and metabolism.
Leading Through Strategic Mindset

In this book, we have seen the power of a CEO’s strategic mindset to change the company’s culture, strategy, and operations – which ultimately improved the company’s performance and prospects.
“Maybe useful to the future generation but not my own”: How “useful” is Mandarin really for contemporary Hoisan-heritage Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area?

Abstract This paper examines non-Mandarin-speaking Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area who speak a variety of Cantonese called Hoisan-wa , whose histories and experiences are often muted in wider contemporary academic and public “Mandarin-as-Chinese” discourses. Drawing on 93 interviews, I focus on language awareness of Chinese(s) through: a) participants’ anchorings of Chinese varieties; b) self-reported fluency data; c) the use of the term “Chinese. The data suggests that if we aim to promote equitable “Chinese” language maintenance opportunities for all Chinese Americans, rather than viewing Chinese language acquisition as linear and limited to only one variety at a time, there needs to be more inclusion of the diverse Chinese languages that are in the local communities, Hoisan-wa among them.
Impact of patient position on esophageal motility disorders using high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance (HREMI): supine versus upright swallows.

High-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance (HREMI) performed with supine patient positioning is used to evaluate patients for esophageal dysmotility. However, most patients experience symptoms related to esophageal dysmotility when eating or drinking upright. The aims of this study are to: (1) compare HREMI metrics in supine versus upright position; and (2) determine if upright position alters motility characterization of patients. HREMI of twelve wet swallows in supine position and five wet swallows in upright position were performed on normal subjects (NS) and consecutive patients. Chicago Classification v3.0 (CC) diagnoses were evaluated in the supine position and a modified version of the Chicago Classification system was used in the upright position using normative upright values for DCI and IRP. DCI decreased in NS by 414 mmHg × cm × sec (p = 0.001) and patients by 613 mmHg × cm × sec (p < 0.001). IRP decreased in NS by 6.2 mmHg (p < 0.001) and patients by 4.6 mmHg (p < 0.001). The rate of successful bolus clearance decreased in the upright position in patients by 11% (p < 0.001), but no statistically significant differences were observed in NS. 82 of 200 patients (41%) had a change in CC diagnosis in the upright position. Bolus clearance in the upright position varied in patients depending on their diagnosis in the upright position. Upright swallows had lower LES, IRP, DCI and UES pressures in both normal subjects and patients with decreased bolus clearance in patients. Upright positioning can alter esophageal motility patterns and enhance diagnostic yield. Thus, upright swallows supplement supine swallows to help characterize esophageal dysmotility.
Accounting Restatements and Bank Liquidity Creation

Banks play a central role in creating liquidity for the economy by financing illiquid assets with liquid liabilities. This paper examines the effect of accounting restatements on bank liquidity creation. Using a difference-in-differences research design, I show that restatements are associated with a significant reduction in liquidity creation. This effect derives mainly from a shift in banks’ asset composition away from illiquid assets and toward liquid assets. Further analysis reveals that restatements affect liquidity creation through supervisory enforcement actions and unravelling of risk exposures accumulated in the misreporting period. Government deposit insurance blunts the effect of an information asymmetry channel.
Parasitic Lice Help to Fill in the Gaps of Early Hominid History

Humans have been coevolving with three types of ectoparasitic sucking lice for millions of years. Head lice live primarily on the head and often cause undue anxiety and stress to parents of infected children. Body or clothing lice, as the name implies, live primarily in the clothing. They are generally bigger than head lice and can transmit deadly diseases. Pubic lice are sexually transmitted and are primarily found in the pubic region. An upside to the close association humans have with these parasites is that we are able to use the lice to learn about human evolutionary history. For example, understanding the biology of early humans has been historically challenging. Although fossils have provided evidence of the morphological changes that have occurred since the split between humans and chimpanzees, it has been much more difficult to study other attributes of early humans such as behavior or habitat use. Parasitic lice have provided some of this missing information. Herein we review what has been learned about human and primate evolution and behavior through studies of lice. We examine in detail the biology of the human pubic louse, which was transferred from a gorilla ancestor to a human ancestor about 3–4 million years ago. This particular host switch provides evidence of when humans lost their body hair and what habitats these early humans were using.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 gamma-mediated activation of NF-κB

Polymorphisms within G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 gamma (GRK4γ) (R65L, A142V, A486V) are linked to hypertension in epidemiological studies and laboratory studies in mice. However, the mechan...
Exercise History and Remodelling Stress Fracture are Related to Cortical Bone Ultimate Strength (P264)

Mechanical load deforms bone tissue first elastically then plastically. The tissue adapts to the load through internal remodelling and external modelling. Large or repetitive loads can induce significant damage and cause large changes in bone shape and density. Remodelling initially causes transient osteoporosis during damage removal. Intense exercise can damage bone material, we hypothesised that exercise history reduces bone ultimate strength and that ultimate strength is reduced in bones with evidence of stress fracture syndrome. Equine humeri from 18 Thoroughbred racehorses were categorised on the basis of periosteal callus (none, mild, moderate, severe). The location of the callus was consistent with stress related modelling at the proximocaudal stress fracture site. Cortical cores from the humeral diaphysis distal to the callus site were monotonically compressed to failure (strain rate: 0.01s-1). The effect of stress fracture callus severity on ultimate strength was assessed using non-parametric tests. The relationships between ultimate strength and exercise history variables were examined with univariate and stepwise linear regression (p 0.23). Average total high speed distance was the only parameter retained in the stepwise model (r2=0.42). Degradation of material properties occurred in cortical diaphyseal bone material of bones with early evidence of stress fracture syndrome at a distant site, and was related to intense exercise. Thus, remodelling events likely associated with stress fracture syndrome are not isolated to the site of stress fracture.
From Empathetic Understanding to Engaged Witnessing: Encountering Trauma in the Holocaust Classroom.

A commitment to empathetic understanding shaped the field of religious studies; although subject to critique, it remains an important teaching practice where students are charged with the task of recognizing, and perhaps even appreciating, a worldview that appears significantly different from their own. However, when the focus of the course is historical trauma there are significant epistemological and ethical reasons empathetic understanding may not be our best pedagogical strategy. Drawing primarily on my experience teaching a general education class “The Holocaust and Its Impact” at California State University, Bakersfield, I advocate replacing empathetic understanding with engaged witnessing as a pedagogical framework and strategy for teaching traumatic knowledge. To make this case, I delineate four qualities of engaged witnessing and demonstrate their use in teaching about the Holocaust.
Quality of semen stored in on-the-farm semen tanks.

Abstract We assessed the damage to frozen semen packaged in French straws stored for 2 yr in 60 on-the-farm semen tanks on 56 Washington dairy farms. Percentage of motilic spematozoa and percentage of spermatoza with intact acrosomes were not affected significantly by position of the semen on the rack (top or bottom goblet). The semen in 3 of the 60 tanks was lost to tank failure.
SIR-C/X-SAR observations of convergent fronts in the Central Equatorial Pacific

The surface front separating cold equatorial water from warmer tropical water at 2-7/spl deg/N in the Central Pacific was studied twice for one week in April and October 1994 between 115/spl deg/W and 155/spl deg/W with the SIR-C/X-SAR synthetic aperture radar, with supporting NOAA satellites infrared images. During the October flight (the peak of the equatorial upwelling season), zonal linear features of enhanced backscatter intensity were observed at all wavelengths, and corresponded closely to the thermal front seen in the infrared images. A striking example of such feature is seen in an X-band real time image. On some data takes, several linear features were found at different latitudes, suggesting that the front may not have been unique. The motion of the front estimated from successive daily images was consistent with the westward propagation found by previous studies. In contrast, no fronts were observed in the images taken during the April flight, which were dominated by the surface signature of rain cells. The front was also visible as brightness changes in AVHRR images of the Sun glint, and photographs of the glint taken from the Space Shuttle show the equatorial front as a quasi-linear feature, often darker than surrounding water. These observations are consistent with in situ data collected during the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment in 1992 and 1995. Fine-structure was observed, suggesting northward subduction of cold, high salinity equatorial water, beneath warmer less saline ITCZ water. A 40 km drifter array deployed on the cold side of the front became aligned with the front in less than 3 days. The velocity averaged over five frontal crossing showed a 10 km-wide westward jet of 90 cm/s and a cross-frontal convergence of 15 cm/s, both confined above the thermocline. During these cruises, whitecapping was frequently enhanced over a band /spl sim/100 m wide near the front.
Female SUI: Single-Incision Slings

Single-incision slings (SIS) are the third generation of midurethral slings dedicated to the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. SIS seek to mimic the efficacy of the traditional retropubic and transobturator slings, yet lower the risk of major organ and vessel injury by avoiding the passage of trocars through the retropubic or transobturator space. Placed via a single vaginal incision, SIS also aim to limit morbidity by avoiding external incisions, reducing postoperative pain, and affording the opportunity for placement under local anesthesia. Studies of currently available SIS show mixed results with regard to efficacy, and further study of this new generation of slings is warranted. This chapter highlights the important differences in design and surgical placement of the most popular SIS on the market, as well as reviews available outcomes data for each sling.
Extremely fragile glass‐formers? Calorimetric and rheological determinations

We use calorimetry and rheology to investigate reports of extremely fragile polymers and the speculation that d,l-lactic acid should be extremely fragile. The dynamic fragilities of lactic acid, polysulfone, bisphenol-A polycarbonate, and poly(vinyl chloride) were studied. The polymers were used as received and after a wash-precipitation treatment. The current dynamic fragility findings are not in agreement with those reported by C. Evans, H. Deng, W. Jager, J. Torkelson, Macromolecules 2013, 46 (15), 6091–6103 of extremely high fragilities for the mentioned polymers. We also found no sample preparation history effect on the dynamic fragility values. The calorimetric and rheological results for the d,l-lactic acid show dynamic fragility values that are consistent with each other and are not extremely fragile. Calorimetric measurements that use a broad range of cooling rates gave smaller dynamic fragility values than those obtained from a limited range at higher cooling rates. The importance of the results is discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1261–1272
Apologies in Akan discourse

Abstract With knowledge of the potentially deadly repercussions of the spoken word in some communicative encounters, the Akan interlocutor employs various mitigating strategies that pay attention to the face needs of an addressee either by softening the locution of a possible facethreatening act inherent in a speaker's stretch of utterance, or by attempting to remedy an offense committed by the speaker or by someone whose actions for which the speaker accepts responsibility. An apology or a remedy (Goffman, 1971: 140) — a speech act whose primary purpose is redressive action — is one such speech strategy which pays attention to the face needs of interlocutors. It is basically aimed at maintaining or enhancing their face or restoring decorum (Goffman, 1967). Among the Akan, apology expressions may be complex — involving a combination of both explicitness and implicitness — or compound, involving a combination of two or more implicit strategies.
The production of 5-HETE and leukotriene B in rat neutrophils from carrageenan pleural exudates

Rat neutrophils isolated from three-hour carrageenan pleural exudates actively metabolize arachidonic acid into three major metabolites, HHT, 11-HETE and 15-HETE. However, in the presence of the calcium ionophore, A23187, or the non-ionic detergent, BRIJ 56, these cells also produce 5-HETE and LTB. The production of these lipoxygenase products is calcium dependent. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not affect 5-HETE or LTB production, BW 755C and ETYA inhibit formation of these metabolites from exogenously added arachidonic acid.
Work, Mobility, and Participation: A Comparative Study of American and Japanese Industry

The article reviews the book “Work, Mobility, and Participation: A Comparative Study of American & Japanese Industry,” by Robert E. Cole.
A Different Way Home: Resettlement Patterns in Northern Uganda

After decades of civil conflict leading to massive internal displacement of people, Northern Uganda is peaceful again and hundreds of thousands of displaced people are relocating. Using data from maps and satellite imagery, we examine the placement of homes before, during and after the conflict. Examining two study sites, one that experienced a great deal of violence over an extended period of time and one where the experience of violence was more limited, we observe the clustering of home placement in the post-conflict period. As resettlement occurs, there is also evidence of increased location of homes in close proximity to roads in the site with high levels of violence. This research informs what we presently know about the choices of returnees and has implications for service provision and the reclamation of property rights after conflict.
The interaction between a plane shear layer and a slender body

Abstract The interaction of a plane shear layer with a thin flat plate located in the nonlinear region of the shear layer has been investigated experimentally. The shear layer's velocity ratio is 0.375, and its Reynolds number is ϱΔUθ 0 / μ = 625. It is found that for different angles of attack of the plate, the mixing layer is deflected toward the slower stream. In addition, the plate attenuates turbulent fluctuations of the shear layer structures.
Hydrogen permeability and effect of microstructure on mixed protonic-electronic conducting Eu-doped strontium cerate

The hydrogen permeability of SrCe0.95Eu0.05O3−δ was studied as a function of temperature, hydrogen partial pressure (PH2) gradient, and water vapor partial pressure (PH2O) gradient. The effect of the microstructure on hydrogen permeability through a 1.72 mm thick membrane was investigated. The ambipolar conductivity calculated from hydrogen permeation fluxes showed the same PO2 and PH2 dependence as the electronic conductivity, for the experimental conditions. The small grained membrane showed higher hydrogen permeability when compared with the larger grained membrane over the entire temperature range investigated.
Autoinhibition and Polo-Dependent Multisite Phosphorylation Restrict Activity of the Histone H3 Kinase Haspin to Mitosis

Summary The mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 at Thr3 (H3T3ph) plays an important role in chromosome segregation by recruiting Aurora B. H3T3 phosphorylation is catalyzed by Haspin, an atypical protein kinase whose kinase domain is intrinsically active without phosphorylation at the activation loop. Here, we report the molecular basis for Haspin inhibition during interphase and its reactivation in M phase. We identify a conserved basic segment that autoinhibits Haspin during interphase. This autoinhibition is neutralized when Cdk1 phosphorylates the N terminus of Haspin in order to recruit Polo-like kinase (Plk1/Plx1), which, in turn, further phosphorylates multiple sites at the Haspin N terminus. Although Plx1, and not Aurora B, is critical for H3T3 phosphorylation in Xenopus egg extracts, Plk1 and Aurora B both promote this modification in human cells. Thus, M phase-specific H3T3 phosphorylation is governed by the combinatorial action of mitotic kinases that neutralizes Haspin autoinhibition through a mechanism dependent on multisite phosphorylation.
The Operable Modeling of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Ethanol Production from Cellulose

An operable batch model of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for ethanol production from cellulose has been developed. The model includes four ordinary differential equations that describe the changes of cellobiose, glucose, yeast, and ethanol concentrations with respect to time. These equations were used to simulate the experimental data of the four main components in the SSF process of ethanol production from microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101). The model parameters at 95% confidence intervals were determined by a MATLAB program based on the batch experimental data of the SSF. Both experimental data and model simulations showed that the cell growth was the rate-controlling step at the initial period in a series of reactions of cellulose to ethanol, and later, the conversion of cellulose to cellobiose controlled the process. The batch model was extended to the continuous and fed-batch operating models. For the continuous operation in the SSF, the ethanol productivities increased with increasing dilution rate, until a maximum value was attained, and rapidly decreased as the dilution rate approached the washout point. The model also predicted a relatively high ethanol mass for the fed-batch operation than the batch operation.
COST EFFECTIVE DISPOSAL METHODS AND ASSESSMENT OF WASTE GENERATED IN FOODSERVICE OPERATIONS

The purposes of this study were to determine the cost components of alternative disposal methods and to identify techniques for cost analyses including estimating costs and evaluating alternatives. Cost components for alternative disposal methods for food and packaging wastes include labor for sorting wastes and operating equipment, initial purchase prices for equipment and containers, utilities, maintenance, storage, waste hauling, and other related expenses such as surcharge and transportation cost. The procedural steps for completing the cost analysis include: conducting a waste stream analysis; selecting alternative disposal methods; determining costs; estimating inflated costs; adjusting depreciation and determining after tax cash flow (optional); and evaluating alternatives. Other factors, including site availability, labor availability and practices, environmentally friendly disposal alternatives, regulations, and willingness and amount of administrative time also would be considered in deciding the optimum disposal method for afoodservice operation.
NSF proposes environmental research agenda

A proposed 10-year agenda for environmental research and education at the U.S. National Science Foundation is open for comments through 10 August 2002. The agenda recommends increased attention in three areas: coupled human and natural systems, coupled biological and physical systems, and people and technology The third area includes how people and institutions interact with the natural environment, use environmental resources, and create and implement new technologies to protect and improve the environment.
Bridging the Gap between Archaeology and the Physical Sciences

The collaboration between archaeologists and representatives of the physical sciences is often rendered difficult by differing training and expectations, poor mutual understanding, inconsistent terminologies, and a lack of time and willingness to bridge these gaps. In this paper some thoughts and suggestions on research design and interpretation in interdisciplinary studies are brought forth and suggestions towards a fruitful collaboration are made.
Transient and Enduring Spatial Representations under Disorientation and Self-Rotation.

Current theories of environmental cognition typically differentiate between an online, transient, and dynamic system of spatial representation and an offline and enduring system of memory representation. Here the authors present additional evidence for such 2-system theories in the context of the disorientation paradigm introduced by R. F. Wang and E. S. Spelke (2000). Several experiments replicate the finding that disorientation results in a decrease in the precision of people's estimates of relative directions. In contrast to the typical interpretation of this effect as indicating the primacy of a transient spatial system, the present results are generally more consistent with an interpretation of it as indicating a switch from a relatively precise online representation to a relatively coarse enduring one. Further experiments examine the relative precision of transient and enduring representations and show that switching between them does not require disorientation, but can also be produced by self-rotations as small as 135 degrees .
Cilia 2010: the surprise organelle of the decade

Presentations at the 2010 Conference on the Biology of Cilia and Flagella revealed new insights into the functions and assembly of cilia and highlighted their ever-expanding roles in development and disease.
On the equivalence of multiplicative structures in floer homology and quantum homology

In this paper, we will prove that Floer homology equipped with either the intrinsic or exterior product is isomorphic to quantum homology as a ring. We will also prove that GW-invariants in Floer homology and quantum homology are equivalent.
Errors from Rayleigh–Jeans approximation in satellite microwave radiometer calibration systems

The advanced technology microwave sounder (ATMS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite is a total power radiometer and scans across the track within a range of ±52.77° from nadir. It has 22 channels and measures the microwave radiation at either quasi-vertical or quasi-horizontal polarization from the Earth’s atmosphere. The ATMS sensor data record algorithm employed a commonly used two-point calibration equation that derives the earth-view brightness temperature directly from the counts and temperatures of warm target and cold space, and the earth-scene count. This equation is only valid under Rayleigh–Jeans (RJ) approximation. Impacts of RJ approximation on ATMS calibration biases are evaluated in this study. It is shown that the RJ approximation used in ATMS radiometric calibration results in errors on the order of 1–2 K. The error is also scene count dependent and increases with frequency.
Neural aromatization and the control of sexual behavior.

Abstract Neural aromatization of androgens to estrogens is known to be a critical step in the development and adult expression of male sexual behavior in a variety of species. The medial preoptic area (mPOA) is an important site of aromatization necessary for the expression of copulatory behavior in males. The neuroendocrine regulation of female sexual behavior in the musk shrew, an evolutionary "primitive" insectivore, shares several similarities with the regulation of male sexual behavior in many other species. We review the evidence that neural aromatization in the mPOA triggers female sexual behavior in the musk shrew, and speculate on the presence of a similar pathway in other mammalian species.
Alterations in iodinated cell surface proteins during myogenesis.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination was used to label surface proteins of chick embryo muscle cells during myogenesis. Both quantitative and qualitative changes were observed between 125I-labelled surface proteins of pre-fusion, mid-fusion, and post-fusion cells. Significantly, two bands at 245 000 molecular weight were present at pre-fusion but were observed as a single band at mid- and post-fusion. Radioactivity in this band increased selectively at post-fusion with a concomitant increase in lower molecular weight labelled proteins.
Robot-assisted partial and total splenectomy

The interest of robotics in performing partial and total splenectomy is poorly reported so far. We report herein our experience.
Alterations in Acetylcholine Receptors in Experimental Chagas' Disease

Acetylcholine (ACH) receptors were studied to determine whether these receptors are affected during infections due to Trypanosoma cruzi in resistant and susceptible mice. Nicotinic ACH receptors were measured by the binding of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin in skeletal muscle and brain tissues of two susceptible mouse strains (A/J and C3H) infected with the Brazil strain of T. cruzi. In skeletal muscle and brain tissues there were significant increases in alpha-bungarotoxin binding late but not early in infection. Infected resistant mice studied at 30 and 90 days after challenge showed no increase in alpha-bungarotoxin binding. Muscarinic ACH receptors were measured using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. There were no significant changes in numbers of muscarinic ACH receptors in hearts and brains of infected mice. Pathologic studies revealed marked necrosis and many pseudocysts in skeletal muscle of C3H and A/J strain mice. Clinical denervation hypersensitivity occurs in Chagas' disease and is associated with an increase in ACH receptors. Our findings may provide a cellular basis for denervation hypersensitivity in Chagas' disease.
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations, edited by Pushpam Kumar, London, Earthscan Publications, United Nations Environment Programme, 2010, xxxix + 410 pp., US$76.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84971-212-5

In 2007 environment ministers of the G8 + five countries commissioned a project to assess the economic impact of global natural ecosystem and biodiversity loss. The project, entitled The Economics ...
Depending an Accounting Jurisdiction: The Case of Cash Flows

Abstract This paper suggests that the success or failure of particular accounting rules depends on the ability of the accounting standard-setter to "enroll" other actors to accept or agree that such rules "represent" an organization. The Latourian framework used in this paper suggests that success in standard-setting is less a function of developing technically "correct" rules than a process of convincing others of the propriety of one's work, gaining their acceptance of this work, and convincing them to build upon this work. Given its position as an obligatory passage point, a standard-setting organization has the opportunity to "translate" accounting problems and offer new interpretations of these problems. Successful translations may be used to reinterpret challenges to accounting and accounting standard-setting in ways that may maintain the authority of the accounting standard-setter. This paper traces the emergence of "cash earnings" and "cash flows" and the subsequent strategies employed by accountants and accounting standard-setters to eliminate and/or to place this concept within the existing framework of accounting and accounting reports. The paper also considers the allies and others who assisted or refused to co-operate in these translation and enrolment efforts.
The Changing Profile of Patient Selection, Procedural Techniques, and Outcomes in Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty

During the course of development of excimer laser angioplasty, several changes in patient selection and technique have occurred. It is uncertain, however, whether these changes have been associated with improved procedural outcome. In this study, multivariable regression methods were used to identify the factors responsible for clinical success, major complications, and vessel perforation in 2,041 consecutive patients treated with excimer laser coronary angioplasty. The overall rates of clinical success were 89%, major complications 7.5%, and vessel perforation 2.1%. Clinical success was 86% in patients treated with prototype catheters, 89% with flexible catheters, 92% with extremely flexible catheters, and 95% in patients treated with directional eccentric catheters (P 1.0 mm larger than the diameter of the laser catheter (rate = 1.1%, OR = 0.3 [0.2, 0.5]). In conclusion, during the course of clinical investigation with excimer laser angioplasty, procedural outcome has improved. These results emphasize the importance of careful patient selection and procedural technique to enhance the success of excimer laser angioplasty.
Long-term functional and anatomical follow-up of early detected spondylolysis in young athletes.

BackgroundSpondylolysis defects detected by nuclear scintigraphy but not by plain radiographs represent early lesions. Functional outcome and eventual bony union of these defects are unknown.HypothesisDefects with greater degree of healing shortly after treatment will proceed to full bony union and better long-term functional outcome.Study DesignLongitudinal cohort study.MethodsForty young athletes with early detected spondylolysis (radiograph negative, nuclear scintigraphy positive) were divided into 3 stages of healing by computed tomography scan. Functional outcome was assessed 7 to 11 years later using the low back outcome score and other factors. Degree of bony healing was assessed in volunteers.ResultsThirty-two of 40 subjects (80%) completed the survey. Twenty-nine of 32 (91%) had good or excellent low back outcome scores. None required spinal fusion, but 1 required partial diskectomy. Functional outcome did not differ based on initial computed tomography results. Radiographic follow-up was obtaine...
Novel optical strategies for biodetection

Although bio-detection strategies have significantly evolved in the past decade, they still suffer from many disadvantages. For one, current approaches still require confirmation of pathogen viability by culture, which is the ‘gold-standard’ method, and can take several days to result. Second, current methods typically target protein and nucleic acid signatures and cannot be applied to other biochemical categories of biomarkers (e.g.; lipidated sugars). Lipidated sugars (e.g.; lipopolysaccharide, lipoarabinomannan) are bacterial virulence factors that are significant to pathogenicity. Herein, we present two different optical strategies for biodetection to address these two limitations. We have exploited bacterial iron sequestration mechanisms to develop a simple, specific assay for the selective detection of viable bacteria, without the need for culture. We are currently working on the use of this technology for the differential detection of two different bacteria, using siderophores. Second, we have developed a novel strategy termed ‘membrane insertion’ for the detection of amphiphilic biomarkers (e.g. lipidated glycans) that cannot be detected by conventional approaches. We have extended this technology to the detection of small molecule amphiphilic virulence factors, such as phenolic glycolipid-1 from leprosy, which could not be directly detected before. Together, these strategies address two critical limitations in current biodetection approaches. We are currently working on the optimization of these methods, and their extension to real-world clinical samples.
Calibrating the BOLD signal during a motor task using an extended fusion model incorporating DOT, BOLD and ASL data

Multimodal imaging improves the accuracy of the localization and the quantification of brain activation when measuring different manifestations of the hemodynamic response associated with cerebral activity. In this study, we incorporated cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes measured with arterial spin labeling (ASL), Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) recordings to reconstruct changes in oxy- (ΔHbO(2)) and deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbR). Using the Grubb relation between relative changes in CBF and cerebral blood volume (CBV), we incorporated the ASL measurement as a prior to the total hemoglobin concentration change (ΔHbT). We applied this ASL fusion model to both synthetic data and experimental multimodal recordings during a 2-s finger-tapping task. Our results show that the new approach is very powerful in estimating ΔHbO(2) and ΔHbR with high spatial and quantitative accuracy. Moreover, our approach allows the computation of baseline total hemoglobin concentration (HbT(0)) as well as of the BOLD calibration factor M on a single subject basis. We obtained an average HbT(0) of 71 μM, an average M value of 0.18 and an average increase of 13% in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)), all of which are in agreement with values previously reported in the literature. Our method yields an independent measurement of M, which provides an alternative measurement to validate the hypercapnic calibration of the BOLD signal.
Tropolone biosynthesis: the enzymatic decarboxylation of stipitatonic and puberulonic acids.

ISOTOPE tracer studies have established an important role for acetate and formate in the biosynthesis of stipitatic acid (6-hydroxytropolone-4-carboxylic acid) by Penicillium stipitatum and it is probable1 that the C7 tropolone ring is not formed by ring expansion from known C6 structures as proposed by Seshadri2. Seshadri also suggested 6-hydroxytropolone-3,4-dicar-boxylic acid as the immediate precursor of stipitatic acid. This possibility seemed likely since other Penicillium species yielded the compounds puberulic and puberulonic acids3 which are now known to be 6,7-dihydroxytropolone-4-carboxylic acid and the anhydride of 6,7-dihydroxytropolone-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, respectively4. Recently Segal5 isolated from P. stipitatum cultures an anhydride, stipitatonic acid, originally believed to be the 6-hydroxytropolone-3,4-dicarboxylic acid proposed by Seshadri, but now established as the 4,5 isomer6. Although puberulonic acid is usually written as indicated above, it seems reasonable to suppose that any adjacent pair of the four oxygen functions may form the tropolone function and it may equally be regarded as 3,4-dihydroxytro-polone-5,6-dicarboxylic acid, or analogous to stipitatonic acid, as 3,7-dihydroxytropolone-4,5-dicarboxylic acid.
Solid-matrix luminescence from trace organic compounds in glasses prepared from sugars

A new kind of solid matrix, glasses from sugars, was developed for trace organic analysis. Clear glasses of glucose and trehalose were prepared by evaporating the sugar solutions onto solid supports. It was determined that the ratio of methanol to water was very important in forming a clear glass. Also, glasses made from pure trehalose often cracked. However, with the addition of 8-10% NaCl to the trehalose, no cracks were formed. Clear and rigid glasses of both glucose and trehalose/NaCl were obtained on quartz plates. Strong room-temperature fluorescence (RTF) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) were obtained from benzo[f]quinoline (B[flQ), 4-phenylphenol (4-PP), B[a]P-r-7,t-8,9,c-10-te-trahydrotetrol (tetrol I-1), triphenylene, and phenanthrene. The limits of detection (LODs) of both the RTF and RTP for 4-PP and B[f]Q in the glasses were in the subnanogram/milligram range.
Smart hydrogen/metal hydride actuator

Abstract Metal hydrides have been investigated for use in a number of applications, such as heat regenerators, thermal compressors, and hydrogen storage. McKibben actuators are pneumatic actuators that have unique characteristics, such as biomimeticity (having force/linear displacement characteristics similar to muscles), compactness, high force-to-mass ratios, and moreover are lubricationless, noiseless, soft actuating, and environmentally benign. Actuators with these characteristics are ideal for many industrial, space, defense, robotic, and biomedical applications. The combination of metal hydride technology with McKibben actuators builds on the advantages of both technologies, while mitigating the deficiencies of each. Herein, we report results from a comprehensive simulation strategy for a LaNi 4.3 Al 0.7 -based McKibben actuator. The simulations are able to predict and characterize the performance bounds of the actuator in terms of actuator time/thermal input, power/efficiency, and force/displacement diagrams. The advantages and disadvantages of the design are discussed from these perspectives.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contents of Coral and Surface Sediments off the South Texas Coast of the Gulf of Mexico

Sediment and coral (Leptogorgia setacea) samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations along the Port Aransas Jetties off the coast of south Texas. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 243-2121 ppm in corals and from 1-328 ppm in sediments. In addition to total PAH concentrations being higher in coral samples, most of the corals also showed higher PAH concentrations in their skeletal cores than their body tissues. Our results suggest that corals are bioaccumulating PAHs. However, more statistical analysis and a larger breadth of samples need to be collected for better resolution. The importance of our observations is that the general trends show bioaccumulation at the beginning of the food chain (i.e., coral) which can have perilous consequences for bivalves, fish, and other organisms that feed in/on and around corals.
Quaternionic compositum genus

Abstract A quaternionic field over the rationals contains three quadratic subfields with a compositum genus relation of the type described in the author's paper in Volume 9 of this journal, involving the representation of a prime as norm in these subfields. These representations had previously been only partially exlored by the transfer of class structure from the rational to the quadratic fields. Here a full exposition is given by constructing the Artin characters when the subfields are Q (21/2), Q (q1/2), and Q (2q)1/2 (q prime). A special role belongs to q = A2 + 32b2.
The biosynthesis of three macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids retrorsine, seneciphylline and senecionine using senecio vulgaris

Senecio vulgaris, a plant containing 3 macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) was grown under atmospheric CO2, 14CO2, and 13CO2 conditions. This report describes the plant growth chamber, the growing conditions the plants were subjected to and the amounts of macrocyclic PAs isolated from the plants. In addition, a number of radiolabelled experiments are described including a single 25 mCi pulse 14CO2 experiment, a dual 13,·14CO2 experiment and an 800 mCi Pyrrolizidine Alkalolids 14CO2 experiment. The 14C labelled macrocyclic PAs isolated from these experiments (retrorsine, seneciphylline and senecionine) are presently being used in various metabolism studies.
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with macroglobulinemia, bence jones proteinuria, and hypercalcemia

A patient presenting with the unusual combination of acute myelomonocytic leukemia, monoclonal macroglobulinemia, Bence Jones proteinuria and hypercalcemia is discussed. Remission of the acute leukemia was associated with clearing of the other problems. Although concurrent multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia cannot be completely excluded the possibility of this constellation of findings representing synthetic activity of the acute leukemic myeloblast is suggested.
Cyclic AMP and serum arrest of the mitotic activity of human diploid fibroblasts.

Mitotic activity in confluent cultures of human diploid fibroblasts was arrested by the reduction of the serum concentration of the incubation medium to 0.5% or by the addition of 0.5mm 6-N, 2′-O-dibutyryl-adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (db cAMP). Under either of these conditions, cultures maintained a constant cell number for 14 days; cultures continuously exposed to medium containing 10% serum doubled their cell number during this 14-day period. The protein content per cell decreased by 20% when cells were maintained with 0.5% serum whereas that of cells exposed to db cAMP remained constant. Ultrastructural studies revealed that cells exposed to db cAMP exhibited a morphology typical of cells cultured with 10% serum alone, whereas cells incubated with 0.5% serum showed the ultrastructural changes in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex previously identified with low-serum arrest. Cellular adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels remained constant during the 7-day growth period in which confluency was attained, as well as during the 14-day arrested period with 0.5% serum. These results indicated that the mitotic inhibition induced by reducing the serum concentration of the incubation medium was not mediated by increased intracellular levels of cAMP and differed from that induced by the addition of exogenous db cAMP.
Laser velocimetry measurements in a horizontal gas-solid pipe flow

This paper presents laser measurements of particle velocities in a horizontal turbulent two-phase pipe flow. A phase Doppler particle analyzer, (PDPA), was used to obtain particle size, velocity, and rms values of velocity fluctuations. The particulate phase consisted of glass spheres 50 μm in diameter with the volume fraction of the suspension in the range φp=10-4 to φp=10-3. The results show that the turbulence increases with particle loading.
Agent-based modeling of interaction between commercial building stocks and power grid

This paper describes a preliminary study on simulating commercial buildings modeled as consumer agents that interact with the power grid. A simple hourly bottom-up building energy model is developed with respect to climate conditions and building design and operation. This model is used to simulate different types of commercial buildings as agents and to derive the hourly load profile of the entire building stock at the city/regional level. By updating building operating parameters in this bottom-up model according to different occupant control strategies under real-time electricity pricing, the total electricity demand of the building stock can be estimated; this will, in turn, affect the electricity market. Two test cases are modeled to estimate the commercial building stock demand response and its impact on the regional electricity market.
ACTIVITIES OF THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELD OF SEX HORMONES

HE WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTION of glandular products represented as containing sex hormones presented a problem recognized early by the Food and Drug Administration. When the opportunity presented itself in 1935, a unit was established for the purpose of making investigations of these products by use of the recognised methods available for some of them and for the purpose of the investigation of new methods for the assay of others. During the first year a general survey was made to determine what products were being sold, the general nature of these products, the literature distributed with them, the establishment of an assay colony and the preliminary investigations of many of these products. Beginning with the fiscal year 1936–37 a project schedule was set up, patterned on the general plan for all of the operations of the Food and Drug Administration. The country is divided into three districts, Eastern, Central and Western, which in turn are again divided into stations, of which there are 16 for the whole ...
Chemical and morphological analysis of sol-derived KCa2Nb3O10

The chemical and morphological properties of a sol-derived layered perovskite compound, Kca2Nb3O10 (KCN), are presented. Development of this compound is motivated by its use as an interphase fiber-coating material for ceramic matrix composites (CMC’s). In such systems, this material is to be placed between the fiber and matrix to control crack propagation in the vicinity of the fiber, thereby enhancing toughness. Comparative analyses are performed between known bulk specimens of KCN and the sol-derived product using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The suitability of the sol-derived KCN for CMC applications is demonstrated through microstructure and chemical composition similar to that of the known bulk KCN samples.
Nanophotonic Devices and Quantum Frequency Conversion

We describe different experiments demonstrating quantum frequency conversion of single photons produced by a quantum dot, and present efforts at developing new frequency converters using four-wave-mixing and cavity optomechanics in the Si3N4 platform.