cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal transcutaneous oxygen pressure in skin after radiation therapy for cancer

Background. Chronic deleterious changes in human skin after radiation therapy often have been ascribed to progressive ischemia (decreased blood supply and oxy-genation). Recent studies suggest, however, that damaged irradiated skin is not ischemic. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TCPO,), that accurately reflects skin oxygenation, was studied in 100 patients who had undergone prior extensive radiation therapy for cancer. Methods. In the 100 patients, the mean time since radiation was 7.86 ± 10.56 years (mean, ± SD) (range, 1–58 years). Radiation skin effects were graded (0–4+), and TCPO, was measured in irradiated and control nonirradiated sites, with patients first breathing room air, then 100% O2, 6 l/min for 10 minutes. Data were stratified according to skin grades, sex, time since irradiation, site, type, and dose of radiation. Results. The mean TCPO2, in patients breathing room air was 52.0 17.8 mm Hg (mean ± SD) for all irradiated skin, compared with 131.8 ± 51.1 at the same irradiated sites in response to oxygen breathing (P < 0.0001); the mean TCPO, for normal, nonirradiated skin was 56.5 ± 12.6 when patients were breathing room air, compared with 151.5 ± 48.1 when breathing 100% oxygen (P < 0.0001). Higher skin damage grades correlated with increasing time after radiation therapy. However, neither increasing time after irradiation nor grade of skin damage correlated with TCPO2 which was normal in 88% of the patients. Conclusions. Human skin, even many decades after radiation therapy, retains normal tissue oxygenation and TCPO2, response to inspired oxygen. Postradiation scarring, poor healing, and rare ulceration are not solely due to ischemia and may be caused by other radiation effects, such as permanent changes in fibroblasts.
Flexure-torsion behavior of prismatic beams. I - Section properties via power series

The behavior of a tip-loaded cantilever beam with an arbitrary cross section is studied using Saint-Venant's semi-inverse method along with a power series solution for the out-of-plane flexure and torsion warping functions. The power series coefficients are determined by solving a set of variationally derived linear algebraic equations. For complex cross sections, the calculated coefficients represented a 'best-fit approximation' to the exact warping function. The resulting warping functions are used to determine the cross-sectional properties (torsion constant, shear correction factors, shear deformation coefficients, and shear center location). A new linear relation is developed for locating the shear center, where the twist rate is zero about the line of shear centers. Moreover, the kinematic relations for a new fully compatible one-dimensional beam theory are developed. Numerical results are presented first to verify the approach and second to provide section data on NACA four-series airfoils not currently found in the literature.
The demonstration of asymmetric hemoglobin hybrids by polyacrylamide electrophoresis.

Abstract A simpler, more economical technique than previously reported, that of conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis alone, is described for the detection of asymmetric hemoglobin hybrids of the forms αXαYβ2 and α2βXβY when bloods from individuals with α and β chain variants were examined. The presence of α chain variant hybrids, never before reported, is further evidence that hybrid formation is a more widespread phenomenon than has previously been thought of. Hybrids were found in artificial mixtures of hemoglobins and more importantly, are also reported here for the first time in bloods of individuals heterozygous for hemoglobin variants. These hybrid tetramers were as stable as the parent hemoglobins when examined under anaerobic conditions. The involvement of HbF in the formation of hybrids of the type α2βγ is reported, and an analysis of the possible role of these as well as α2βAβS hybrids in the sickling process is presented.
The joint impact of humor and argument strength in a print advertising context: A case for weaker arguments

Humor is used extensively in advertising, but with mixed results. Drawing on the heuristic systematic model of persuasion, the authors explore a contingency underlying the impact of humorous executions on ad and brand attitudes for a convenience good. Results of a laboratory experiment with print ads show that the presence (vs. absence) of incidental humor can interact with message characteristics such that humorous ads engender more positive attitudes when they employ weaker arguments, and less positive attitudes when they use stronger arguments. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple histone methyl and acetyltransferase complex components bind the HLA-DRA gene

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) genes are fundamental components that contribute to adaptive immune responses. While characterization of the chromatin features at the core promoter region of these genes has been studied, the scope of histone modifications and the modifying factors responsible for activation of these genes are less well defined. Using the MHC-II gene HLA-DRA as a model, the extent and distribution of major histone modifications associated with active expression were defined in interferon-γ induced epithelial cells, B cells, and B-cell mutants for MHC-II expression. With active transcription, nucleosome density around the proximal regulatory region was diminished and histone acetylation and methylation modifications were distributed throughout the gene in distinct patterns that were dependent on the modification examined. Irrespective of the location, the majority of these modifications were dependent on the binding of either the X-box binding factor RFX or the class II transactivator (CIITA) to the proximal regulatory region. Importantly, once established, the modifications were stable through multiple cell divisions after the activating stimulus was removed, suggesting that activation of this system resulted in an epigenetic state. A dual crosslinking chromatin immunoprecipitation method was used to detect histone modifying protein components that interacted across the gene. Components of the MLL methyltransferase and GCN5 acetyltransferase complexes were identified. Some MLL complex components were found to be CIITA independent, including MLL1, ASH2L and RbBP5. Likewise, GCN5 containing acetyltransferase complex components belonging to the ATAC and STAGA complexes were also identified. These results suggest that multiple complexes are either used or are assembled as the gene is activated for expression. Together the results define and illustrate a complex network of histone modifying proteins and multisubunit complexes participating in MHC-II transcription.
The kinetic energy in Compton profiles

The electronic kinetic energy obtained from integration of Compton profiles gives evidence for core electron expansion in Be, Al, Mg, diamond and BN relative to the Hartree-Fock free atoms. It is n...
Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Contains an Integrin α5β1 Binding Domain Essential for Viral Cell Entry

Integrins have been implicated as coreceptors in the infectious pathways of several nonenveloped viruses. For example, adenoviruses are known to interact with αV integrins by virtue of a high-affinity arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) domain present in the penton bases of the capsids. In the case of adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2), which lacks this RGD motif, integrin αVβ5 has been identified as a coreceptor for cellular entry. However, the molecular determinants of AAV2 capsid-integrin interactions and the potential exploitation of alternative integrins as coreceptors by AAV2 have not been established thus far. In this report, we demonstrate that integrin α5β1 serves as an alternative coreceptor for AAV2 infection in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Such interactions appear to be mediated by a highly conserved domain that contains an asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) motif known to bind α5β1 integrin with moderate affinity. The mutation of this domain reduces transduction efficiency by an order of magnitude relative to that of wild-type AAV2 vectors in vitro and in vivo. Further characterization of mutant and wild-type AAV2 capsids through transduction assays in cell lines lacking specific integrins, cell adhesion studies, and cell surface/solid-phase binding assays confirmed the role of the NGR domain in promoting AAV2-integrin interactions. Molecular modeling studies suggest that NGR residues form a surface loop close to the threefold axis of symmetry adjacent to residues previously implicated in binding heparan sulfate, the primary receptor for AAV2. The aforementioned results suggest that the internalization of AAV2 in 293 cells might follow a “click-to-fit” mechanism that involves the cooperative binding of heparan sulfate and α5β1 integrin by the AAV2 capsids.
AN EFFICIENT DIVIDE-AND-CONQUER APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR PARTITIONING INTO D-BOXES

Let P be a set of n points located inside a d-box (rectangle if d=2) R. We study the problem of partitioning R into d-boxes by introducing a set of hyperplane (line if d=2) segments of least total (d-1)–volume (length if d=2). Each of the resulting d-boxes in a valid partition cannot contain points from P as interior points. Since this problem is computationally intractable (NP-hard) even when d=2, we present an efficient approximation algorithm for its solution. The partition generated by our approximation algorithm is guaranteed to be within 2d times the optimal solution value. We also present a problem instance for each d≥2 for which the approximation bound is tight for the algorithm. The time complexity for our algorithm is O(dn log n).
Decomposing Statistical Periodicities

Nonstationary random symbolic sequences are investigated for cyclostationarity and decomposition into constituent cyclostationary sources. Since the symbolic sources do not admit an algebraic structure, a composition of distributions of cyclostationary sources is studied that models the erosion in symbolic sequences, for instance, mutations in gene sequences. This composition gives a rich mathematical structure on the collection of cyclostationary sources and a uniqueness theorem for decomposition of pq-statistically periodic symbolic sources into cyclostationary sources with periods p and q, when p and q are coprime.
3-D imaging using an electronically scanned FLS

Frequency domain and multiple correlation analysis of sonar signals have not been extensively used in the past. A possible reason may be that the level of processing required is high. However, with the availability of digital systems and single chip digital signal processors with a built in microcomputer chip that can be preprogramed to perform some specific signal processing function, frequency domain and correlation analysis can be an attractive new development area for sonar applications. Using frequency domain or correlation processing of the sonar signal can result in two main advantages, first a true 3-D image can be generated without having to use multiple beams and second the sonar signal need not be of the usual high frequency pinging type, but band limited white noise can be used. There is an advantage in using band limited white noise over pinging type noise in that it is more difficult to detect. The principle of operation and the signal processing required of such a 3-D imaging system can be outlined as follows. A sector is insonified with band limited white noise by an electronically scanned beam with a narrow azimuth beamwidth and a wide vertical beamwidth. The backscattered signal is received by a multi-element linear transducer where the signal from each element is independently processed. Thus for each section of the insonified sector a matrix of space-time data is continuously being received. Cross spectral density functions are first evaluated between the received signals by each element of the receiver transducer and the transmitted signal. That is the space-time matrix is transformed to a space-frequency matrix. Two additional forward Fourier transforms are then applied to the data, one along the frequency domain and one along the space domain. The resulting matrix contains angle/range information for the particular section of the sector determined from the angle of the projected acoustic beam. A similar procedure is implemented if cross correlation analysis is used. In this paper the implementation of these techniques are described together with some evaluation of the requirements of the transducers to cover a desired range and vertical and horizontal view.
An experimental investigation of turbulent shear flow cavitation

Cavitation inception in a turbulent shear layer was studied at Reynolds numbers up to 2 × 106. Flash photography, high-speed motion pictures and holography were used to study the relation of cavitation inception to the shear-layer turbulent structure. Both spanwise and streamwise vortices were clearly visualized by the cavitation. Cavitation inception consistently occurred in the streamwise vortices and more fully developed cavitation was visible in both structures, with the streamwise cavities typically confined to the braid regions between adjacent spanwise vortices. The strength of the streamwise vortices was estimated using a Rankine vortex model, which showed that their strength was always less than 10% of that of the spanwise vortices. Measurements of fluctuating pressures were made by holographically monitoring the size of air bubbles injected into the non-cavitating shear flow. The measured pressure fluctuations had positive and negative peaks as high as 3 times the free-stream dynamic pressure, sufficient to explain cavitation inception at high values of the inception index. The occurrence of inception in the streamwise vortices of the shear layer, combined with previous reports of velocity dependence of the streamwise vortex strength, may explain the commonly observed Reynolds-number scaling of the cavitation inception index in shear flows.
Measured microwave power performance of AlGaN/GaN MODFET

We report the first microwave power measurement on GaN FET's. At 2 GHz, a class A output power density of 1.1 W/mm with a power added efficiency of 18.6% was obtained on a 1 /spl mu/m gate-length AlGaN/GaN MODFET. Mathematical simulation estimated that the transistor was operating at a channel temperature of 360/spl deg/C as a result of the poor thermal conductivity of the sapphire substrate. Despite this serious heating problem, the power output density still rivals GaAs MESFET's.
Detection Outage and Detection Diversity in a Homogeneous Distributed Sensor Network

The distributed detection problem over a binary target is considered with wireless sensors sending local decisions to a fusion center over slow-fading orthogonal multiple access channels, where the J-divergence between the distributions under different hypotheses is used as the performance criterion. Given the slow-fading channels between the sensors and the fusion center, two new concepts called detection outage and detection diversity are introduced to quantify the long-term system performance, where the detection outage probability is defined as the probability that the instantaneous J-divergence is smaller than a certain threshold. Based on the detection outage probability, detection diversity order is defined as the slope of the outage probability curve (versus system power consumption) when things are plotted in logarithm domain. It is shown that even with a simple uniform transmission strategy, full detection diversity can be achieved on the order of K with K the total number of sensors in the network. We further show that if the transmission power is optimized across sensors, an adaptive power gain can be achieved in addition to the full diversity gain.
Conserved regulatory elements identified from a comparative puroindoline gene sequence survey of Triticum and Aegilops diploid taxa

Kernel texture ('hardness') is an important trait that determines end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum [Desf.] Husn.). Variation in texture is associated with the presence/absence or sequence polymorphism of two proteins, puroindoline a and puroindoline b. This work describes the flanking and coding region sequences of puroindoline genes from 25 accessions representing wild diploid taxa of the Triticeae related to the three genomes of T. aestivum. Analysis of variation at the nucleotide level included hard and soft T. aestivum wheat cultivars. Various degrees of insertions/deletions and point mutations were found, that did not affect the overall sequence structure identity. Nucleotide sequence comparisons and database searches facilitated the identification of the 5' proximal regulating regions, revealing the presence of several putative control elements. An absolute conservation of some known regulatory elements for tissue specificity was observed, while different rates of conservation of reiterated motifs with possible enhancer functions, and the exclusive presence of some elements either in puroindoline a or puroindoline b were also found. A total of 24 new puroindoline alleles (unique sequences) were identified. Despite some primary structure variation, the main features of puroindolines, i.e. the signal peptide, the cysteine backbone, the tryptophan-rich domain, the hydrophobicity and basic identity of the proteins were all conserved.
Adaptive Radiations in the Context of Macroevolutionary Theory: A Paleontological Perspective

Adaptive radiations are often invoked anytime clades show significant bursts of diversification, but it is important to not simply assume that any radiating clade constitutes an adaptive radiation. In addition, several highly relevant macroevolutionary concepts including the Turnover Pulse Hypothesis, the Effect Hypothesis, exaptation, and species selection, have not been considered in the adaptive radiations literature. Here, these concepts are integrated into the theory of evolutionary radiations in general, and adaptive radiations in particular, and different types of evolutionary radiations are identified, including geographic radiations. Special emphasis is placed on considering the role that abiotic as opposed to biotic factors may play in motivating diversification during evolutionary radiations. Further, recent paleontological data suggesting that rather than organismal adaptation it may be principally abiotic factors, such as climate change and a taxon’s presence in a geographically complex region, that cause clades to diversify will be described. The fossil record, the source of the initial hallmark examples of adaptive radiation, now appears to show little concrete support for this phenomenon.
Appearance of the genitalia in girls selected for nonabuse: review of hymenal morphology and nonspecific findings

Abstract Study Objective: To review all existing studies of genital anatomy in girls selected for nonabuse, clarify terminology used to describe hymenal morphology and nonspecific findings, and test consensus terminology in the reevaluation of hymenal morphology and nonspecific findings in 147 premenarchal girls selected for nonabuse. Methods: Over six months, the authors identified and evaluated 147 premenarchal girls without history of sexual abuse who were referred for gynecological examination. Parents and patients were screened for possible abuse or significant past medical or behavioral history, and each girl was interviewed and then received a complete examination including a genital examination documented by colposcopy with both 35 mm camera and video capabilities. Using established terminology 1 each case was then independently reviewed and hymenal morphology and nonspecific findings documented. Results: The study population consisted of 147 premenarchal girls; 76.9% were Hispanic, 12.3% African-American, and 10.3% Caucasian. Subjects had a mean age of 63 months (+/− 38). Hymenal configurations included: annular (concentric) 53%, crescentic (posterior rim) 29.2%, sleeve-like (redundant) 14.9%, septate 2%, and other (imperforate, cribriform) 4 mm, 30.6%; erythema, 48.9%; change in vascularity, 37.4%; labial adhesions, 15.6%; posterior hymenal notch/cleft (partial), 18.3%; posterior notch/cleft (complete), 0%; posterior hymenal concavity or angularity, 29.5%. In addition, each case was assessed for the presence of a thickened (45.5%) or irregular (51.7%) and narrowed (22.4%) hymenal edge. Each case was also reviewed for exposed intravaginal anatomy (93%). Conclusions: The authors concluded that improved techniques and photo documentation have provided examiners with a better understanding of hymenal morphology and that nonspecific genital findings are commonly found in a population of girls selected for nonabuse. A thorough understanding of normal studies and a consistent application of established terminology can prevent the misinterpretation of nonspecific or congenital findings as posttraumatic changes.
Development of Micromechanics Models and Innovative Sensor Technologies to Evaluate Internal Frost Damage of Concrete

Internal frost damage is a major problem affecting the durability of concrete in cold regions. Micromechanics models and innovative sensor technologies were used to study the mechanisms of frost damage in concrete. Crystallization pressure resulting from ice nucleation within capillary pores is the primary cause of internal frost damage of concrete. Crystallization pressure of a cylinder pore was formulated with interface energy balance with thermodynamics analysis. Crystallization pressure on the pore wall was input for fracture simulation with the extended finite element model on a homogeneous beam sample with a vertical cylinder pore; this simulation led to a straight line. An image sample was obtained with imaging process and ellipse fitting techniques to capture microstructure of a tested specimen. Crack simulation of this image sample with the same cylinder pore under crystallization pressure matched fracture patterns of the single-edge-notched bending specimen. Extended finite element model simulat...
The tridimensional personality questionnaire as a predictor of response to nefazodone treatment of depression

Personality traits have emerged as the strongest identified predictors of response to antidepressant treatment of major depressive disorder (Peselow et al., 1992; Joyce et al., 1994). 18 subjects in the midst of a major depressive episode were treated with nefazodone in an open trial. All subjects completed Cloninger's tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ) before beginning treatment. A multiple regression analysis was performed in an attempt to replicate Joyce et al.'s (1994) finding that temperament type, as assessed by the TPQ, is a strong predictor of antidepressant response. A model involving TPQ reward dependence and harm avoidance scores, and their interaction, was found to significantly predict the response to nefazodone (r2 = 0.47, P < 0.027). When response was defined as a 50% decrease in HAM-D score at last visit, high reward dependence score alone significantly separated responders from nonresponders (Fisher's exact P = 0.050, df = 1). These results raise the intriguing possibility that TPQ scores may have direct clinical applications.
Software routing and aggregation of messages to optimize the performance of HPCC randomaccess benchmark

The HPC Challenge (HPCC) benchmark suite is increasingly being used to evaluate the performance of supercomputers. It augments the traditional LINPACK benchmark by adding six more benchmarks, each designed to measure a specific aspect of the system performance. In this paper, we analyze the HPCC Randomaccess benchmark which is designed to measure the performance of random memory updates. We show that, on many systems, the bisection bandwidth of the network may be the performance bottleneck of this benchmark. We suggest an aggregation and software routing based technique that may be used to optimize this benchmark. We report the performance results obtained using this technique on the Blue Gene/L supercomputer.
High resolution doppler spectra from short gravity-capillary wind waves

Microwave CW Doppler backscatter spectra from wind waves have been measured in a controlled laboratory environment at 4.283, 9.375, and 23.9 GHz. Independent variables and their ranges were: windspeed, 0 to 15 m/s; fetch, 1 to 10 m; and Bragg water wavelength, 7 to 0.7 cm. The use of parabolic antennas focused in the near field, and digital signal processing and averaging techniques has yielded considerable improvement in Doppler frequency resolution over that previously achieved[1]. The observed spectra contain considerable fine structure at intermediate and higher winds. At the intermediate winds, this is largely explainable on the basis of second order scattering and hydrodynamic effects[2]. The second order splitting is found to be given by \Delta f=f_{d}[1-\frac{c_{g}(k_{B}){c_{d}}] where C_{g}(k_{B}) is the group speed of the first order Bragg wave and f_{d} and C_{d} are the frequency and phase speed of the dominant wave.At higher winds a transition to two scale scattering is clearly discernible in the measured spectra. Crest speeds and optical slope spectra measurements were made to allow comparison of the measured spectra with a two scale model.
Bone chemistry and bioarchaeology

Isotopic analysis of bones and teeth is now routinely used for dating skeletons and archaeological sites, and for diet, climate, and habitat reconstruction. Techniques of radiocarbon dating of bones and teeth developed by Harold Krueger and others during the 1960s laid the groundwork for subsequent research on stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium isotope analysis. We first review salient points in the history of research in bone isotope biogeochemistry, focusing on Krueger’s contributions. We then discuss the significance of contributions to this volume of the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology for the current state of research in dietary and environmental reconstruction in archaeology, bioarchaeology, and paleoanthropology. All papers in this volume include isotopic analysis of the carbonate phase of bone and/or tooth enamel apatite for dietary and/or environmental reconstruction. Harold Krueger was instrumental in developing methods of apatite purification for removing diagenetic phases, isotopic analysis, and interpretive models of paleodiets. Apatite isotopic analysis is now an important area of bone biogeochemistry research that provides powerful tools for reconstructing human behavior in the emerging anthropological discipline of bioarchaeology.
Intellectual Property in Practice: Filtering Testimony at the United States Trade Representative

Policy is made in small-scale situations mediated by language. This article examines the ways in which the United States Trade Representative establishes a mandate by esoterically interpreting canonical texts and then using that mandate to filter testimony. Its goal is to maintain a watch list of countries that disrespect intellectual property. This involves managing intertextual relations in ways that efface some perspectives and highlight others, while creating three subjectivities: industry, public interest, and foreign governments. The end result is a policy document of markedly partial epistemology that combines direct citation of industry statements with obscure pronouncements that lack empirical basis. The article concludes by considering the ways in which policy-makers modulate between specificity and non-specificity in order to build their authority. In this case, as in others, this authority supports corporations over public-interest groups.
Reverse Ventricular Remodeling Reduces Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Echo-Guided Device Application in the Beating Heart

Background— In ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR), mitral leaflet closure is restricted by ventricular remodeling with displacement of the papillary muscles (PMs). Therapy is uncertain because ring annuloplasty does not alleviate PM displacement. We tested the hypothesis that echo-guided PM repositioning using an external device can reduce MR without compromising left ventricular (LV) function. Methods and Results— We studied 10 sheep with ischemic MR produced by circumflex ligation with inferior infarction, 6 acutely and 4 eight weeks after myocardial infarction (MI). A Dacron patch containing an inflatable balloon was placed over the PMs and adjusted under echo guidance to reverse LV remodeling and reposition the infarcted PM. 3D echo assessed mitral valve geometric changes. In 7 sheep, sonomicrometry and Millar catheters assessed changes in end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships, and microspheres were injected to assess coronary flow. Moderate MR after MI resolved with patch appli...
Tonsillar Hypertrophy in an Adult with Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome: The Use of the Flow-Volume Loop

A 29-year-old obese man had marked tonsillar hypertrophy, somnolence, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. Endotracheal intubation followed by tracheostomy relieved the hypoventilation. Weight loss improved the arterial blood gas levels. Sequential upright and supine flow-volume loops were compatible with a fixed upper-airway obstruction (such as would occur with enlarged tonsils) prior to tonsillectomy. Following surgery, the expiratory flow-volume curve was abnormal in the supine position, consistent with the additional diagnosis of posterior pharyngeal hypotonia. Thus, in this patient the unique combination of tonsillar hypertrophy, posterior pharyngeal hypotonia, obesity, and a depressed respiratory center led to retention of carbon dioxide.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Invited Papers from the 2015 APAHC Conference

The 7th biennial National Conference of APAHC, the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers, was held in Atlanta, Georgia, February 5-7, 2015. Speakers were invited to contribute manuscripts based on their conference presentations, and many submitted manuscripts for this special edition of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. Some papers will appear in the December 2015 issue of JCPMS; others will appear in the March 2016 issue. All papers have undergone a rigorous peer review process. The Conference Co-Chairs, Drs. Laura Shaffer and Amit Shahane, are Guest Editors for the special issue. In this article, they provide an overview of the conference's major themes, and also discuss some aspects of conference planning.
Behavioral Pharmacology of Hallucinogens

All classic hallucinogens produce unique subjective effects on the basic functions of the human mind: perception, affect, cognition, volition, and interoception. Despite these usually profound effects, the individual retains contact with reality and memory during the altered state. Subtle differences are ascribed to particular compounds, although their subjective effects are more alike than different. These subjective effects account for the use of hallucinogens in established rituals of some cultures as well as the use and abuse of them in contemporary Western culture. Hallucinogens differ from other drugs of abuse in that tolerance develops rapidly and there is no physical dependence. The unique and profound effect on cognitive processes makes the hallucinogens valuable in neuroscientific research, and the discovery of LSD’s psychotropic effects, as much as the contemporaneous discovery of chlorpromazine, mark the beginning of modern biological psychiatry (Strassman, 1995).
Terpyridine Molybdenum Dinitrogen Chemistry: Synthesis of Dinitrogen Complexes That Vary by Five Oxidation States

A bimetallic molybdenum complex bridged by an activated dinitrogen ligand and supported by phosphine and terpyridine ligands, [{(PhTpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(μ2-N2)][BArF24]2 [PhTpy = 4′-Ph-2,2′,6′,2″-terpyridine; ArF24 = (C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4], was synthesized and structurally characterized, and its electronic structure was determined using a combination of experimental and density functional theory computational methods. Each molybdenum atom is best described as molybdenum(II) bridged by a modestly activated [N2]2– ligand. The cyclic voltammogram of [{(PhTpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(μ2-N2)]2+ displays two reversible reductive and two reversible oxidative features, prompting the preparation and characterization of a series of molybdenum dinitrogen compounds spanning five oxidation states ([{(PhTpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(μ2-N2)][BArF24]n, where n = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0). Raman and 15N NMR spectroscopic data establish that the bridging nitrogen ligand remains intact across the redox series. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used ...
Applications of Human-Computer Interaction in Management Information Systems

In this introduction to the second of the two complementary volumes, we provide a general context of applications of HCI research in MIS and then preview all papers in the second volume. This volume represents applications of HCI from the point of view of MIS research. Applications take particular courses that are carved out by researchers; we find that MIS researchers have taken HCI work in the directions of electronic commerce, team collaboration, culture and globalization, user learning and training, user-centered system development, and information technology in health care. Two reflective pieces at the end of this volume provide ample food for thought for researchers in this area.
Effects of Single and Sequential Defoliations on Yield and Quality of Soybeans

A single defoliation of soybean plants at threshold levels for 5 growth stages (R3-40%, R4-19%,. R5-6%, R6-6%, R7-20%) did not significantly affect yield, seed size, or percent germination. Sequential defoliations at the same threshold values initiated at each of the same 5 growth stages significantly affected yield only at those defoliations intitiated at growth stage R3. Then, only the 2 heaviest defoliations caused significant yield reductions (R3-40% + R4-19% + R5-6% + R6-6% and R3-40% + R4-19% + R5-6% + R6-6% + R7-20%). Few of the sequential defoliations initiated at any of the 5 growth stages caused significant effects on seed size, % germination, % oil, % protein, and number of pods per plant at harvest.
Spectral efficiency limits in DWDM systems

Information-theoretic limits to spectral efficiency in dense wavelength-division-multiplexed systems are reviewed. Various modulation techniques (unconstrained, constant-intensity), detection techniques (coherent, direct) and propagation regimes (linear, nonlinear) are considered. (4 pages)
Emerging role of long noncoding RNAs as regulators of innate immune cell development and inflammatory gene expression

The innate immune system represents the first line of defense during infection and is initiated by the detection of conserved microbial products by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Sensing through PRRs induces broad transcriptional changes that elicit powerful inflammatory responses. Tight regulation of these processes depends on multiple regulatory checkpoints, including noncoding RNA species such as microRNAs. In addition, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently gained attention as important regulators of gene expression acting through versatile interactions with DNA, RNA, or proteins. As such, these RNAs have a multitude of mechanisms to modulate gene expression. Here, we summarize recent advances in this rapidly moving and evolving field. We highlight the contribution of lncRNAs to both the development and activation of innate immune cells, whether it is in the nucleus, where lncRNAs alter the transcription of target genes through interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complexes or heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein complexes, or in the cytosol where they can control the stability of target mRNAs. In addition, we discuss experimental approaches required to comprehensively investigate the function of a candidate noncoding RNA locus, including loss-of-function approaches encompassing genomic deletions, RNA interference, locked nucleic acids, and various adaptions of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
The effects of diet on the intestinal flora

It has long been recognized that certain pathologic conditions in man are associated with an intestinal flora that is markedly putrefactive in type. Headaches, skin disorders, digestive disturbances, nonalcoholic cirrhosis, nervous abnormalities and cardio-vascular-renal disease have been attributed with more or less reason to the effects of excessive intestinal putrefaction. Metchnikoff1 believed that premature senescence was the result of this bacterial activity, and the term "autointoxication" became almost a household word as the result of his
Genome-wide Association Analysis on Genes Controlling Panicle Traits of Varieties from International Rice Core Collection Bank and Its Breeding Utilization

Genome-wide association study(GWAS)on five panicle traits of 315 rice accessions introduced from international rice micro-core germplasm bank was conducted.The panicle length(PL)and the primary rachis branch number(PBN)exhibited significant difference between the two plant locations,while grain length(GL),grain width(GW)and grain length to width ratio(GLWR)were not,indicating that PL and PBN are sensitive to environments.Totally 7,5,10,8 and 6 chromosome regions or SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)marker loci were significantly associated with PL,PBN,GL,GW and GLWR,respectively.Among them,eleven regions associated with grain shape and one region controlling PBN were consistence in two environments.Significant linear correlation was found between the average trait value and the number of favorable alleles carried by the cultivars in all associational loci.Among all associational loci,the cultivars in Aromatic(ARO)and tropical japonica(TRJ)sub-populations owned most favorable alleles,but those in temperate japonica(TEJ)sub-population contained the least.The domestic varieties mainly harbored unfavorable alleles in 6 of associational loci detected.Totally 15 varieties from 11 different countries harbored more than 30 favorable alleles,which were fallen in TRJ sub-population,demonstrating that the cultivars in TRJ sub-population have high potential in rice breeding for high and stable yield.Based on these results,we discussed the approach to improve domestic rice panicle traits by using TRJ varieties.
Abstract B203: Polyamine blockade modulates the neuroblastoma microenvironment

Neuroblastoma (NB) accounts for a considerable portion of childhood cancer-related mortalities. Despite improvements in therapy over the last few decades, 5-year survival rates in patients with high-risk disease remain poor (40-50%). High-risk disease results from amplification of MYCN and dysregulation in downstream Myc-related pathways. Polyamine (PA) synthesis is one such pathway, as MYCN-amplified high-risk NBs have elevated polyamine levels, and the gate-keeper enzyme in this pathway, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1), is a direct target of Myc. In a mouse model of MYCN-driven NB (TH-MYCN+/+ transgenic mice), inhibition of PA synthesis with an irreversible inhibitor of ODC1, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), led to reductions in NB burden that seemed out of proportion to DFMO9s ability to limit tumor growth in vitro, suggesting that PA blockade may result in additional tumor cell-extrinsic effects. Consistent with this possibility, PAs have been shown to favor the differentiation and function of suppressive, tumor-supportive cell types, while PA depletion results in reversal of immune suppression via increased number and function of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) and concomitant inhibition of infiltration and differentiation of suppressive cell types. However, these previous studies focused on investigating the effects of PA depletion in vitro or in vivo in tumor-induction models or immune-deficient mice. We therefore sought to characterize the tumor microenvironment of NB in TH-MYCN+/+ mice in the presence or absence of DFMO-mediated PA blockade. Tumors at terminal disease were dissected, mechanically and enzymatically dissociated, and the number and frequencies of various TIL subsets were assessed using an optimized flow cytometry-based protocol. Results indicate that DFMO therapy reduces tumor growth and results in distinct and reproducible alterations in the cellular composition of the NB tumor microenvironment at terminal disease. Specifically, we found an increased frequency of dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and a late accumulation of CD4-negative invariant natural killer T cells and granulocytic tumor-associated myeloid cells. Increases in these specific TIL subsets are consistent with the hypothesis that polyamine blockade induces distinct tumor cell-extrinsic changes in the microenvironment that allow for more efficient immune control of NB. We hope that these studies will complement the data being accrued from phase I/II clinical studies using DFMO in various therapeutic strategies for NB and will allow for an increased understanding of how to employ PA blockade in the immunotherapy of this disease. Citation Format: Adriana D. Benavides, Annette T. Vu, Jennie B. Altman, Gabrielle M. Ferry, Michael D. Hogarty, Hamid Bassiri. Polyamine blockade modulates the neuroblastoma microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B203.
Leeches to hirulogs and other thrombin-directed antithrombotics.

Medicinal leeches secrete hirudin, a very specific and potent thrombin-directed anticoagulant. Recombinant hirudins have demonstrated thrombin involvement in many disease states but may not gain therapeutic approval. Hirulogs are synthetic bridgebinding oligopeptides and have many advantageous properties. They most likely will be replaced in a few years, however, by small-molecule thrombin-directed and other antithrombotics.
Case 30: The P Value

If the statistical analysis of your research work shows a p-value of p <0.05, then this is an indication that your results are statistically significant. Furthermore, the paper produced has a great chance of getting accepted for publication. Also, if this was a pilot study, then you may be eligible for funding.
Improved chemical and electrochemical stability of perovskite oxides with less reducible cations at the surface

Segregation and phase separation of aliovalent dopants on perovskite oxide (ABO3) surfaces are detrimental to the performance of energy conversion systems such as solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cells and catalysts for thermochemical H2O and CO2 splitting. One key reason behind the instability of perovskite oxide surfaces is the electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged A-site dopants (for example, ) by the positively charged oxygen vacancies () enriched at the surface. Here we show that reducing the surface concentration improves the oxygen surface exchange kinetics and stability significantly, albeit contrary to the well-established understanding that surface oxygen vacancies facilitate reactions with O2 molecules. We take La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSC) as a model perovskite oxide, and modify its surface with additive cations that are more and less reducible than Co on the B-site of LSC. By using ambient-pressure X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy, we proved that the dominant role of the less reducible cations is to suppress the enrichment and phase separation of Sr while reducing the concentration of and making the LSC more oxidized at its surface. Consequently, we found that these less reducible cations significantly improve stability, with up to 30 times faster oxygen exchange kinetics after 54 h in air at 530 °C achieved by Hf addition onto LSC. Finally, the results revealed a 'volcano' relation between the oxygen exchange kinetics and the oxygen vacancy formation enthalpy of the binary oxides of the additive cations. This volcano relation highlights the existence of an optimum surface oxygen vacancy concentration that balances the gain in oxygen exchange kinetics and the chemical stability loss.
Factor Pricing in Multidate Security Markets

The two most important static models of security markets — the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) — have a common feature that expected returns of a possibly large number of securities satisfy a linear relationship with measures of sensitivity of returns to few common factors. In the CAPM, there is a single factor — the market return — and the pricing relation is exact. In the APT, there are multiple factors and the pricing relation is approximate. The nature of static (two-date) security markets models is such that trade occurs only once, followed by terminal realization of agents’ wealth and simultaneous maturity of all securities. Of course, when static models are used in empirical tests, time-series data on one-period security returns is used and various stationarity properties are assumed.
Perils of Polymorphism: Size Matters

Since the discovery of polymorphism in 1832, the ability of molecular crystals to adopt different crystal forms has intrigued and frustrated the scientific community. Control of this property has been limited by poor understanding of nucleation pathways and the absence of methods that can intercept crystallization at its earliest stages. Nonetheless, polymorphism, a favorite subject of Jack Dunitz, who is honored in this special issue, has opened a window into the forces that govern molecular organization in the solid state, while enabling discovery of new crystal forms with improved properties. This review illustrates the growth of crystals in nanoscale reactors with sizes comparable with those for nucleation, where thermodynamics and kinetics intersect, changing polymorph stabilities, providing insights into nucleation, enabling discovery of new polymorphs, and even suggesting a route to disappearing polymorphs, brought to our attention by Dunitz and Bernstein twenty years ago.
On the Estimation of Skill Coefficients for Heterogeneous Labor

Many economists have questioned the existence of a solution to the problem of reducing the value of skilled to unskilled labor, consistent with the assumptions of the labor theory of value. This article presents a model to account quantitatively for an important component of the reduction—the relation between skills and earnings. The model contains an educational attainment graph and a multivariate linear function, which maps time to labor content. We then compare the resulting relative skill coefficients to earnings relative to an unskilled labor reference. The predictions of the model substantially agree with the empirical data.
Certain Less Invasive Infertility Treatments Associated with Different Levels of Pregnancy-Related Anxiety in Pregnancies Conceived via In Vitro Fertilization.

Background Research supports that in vitro fertilization causes anxiety and that anxiety can continue into the resulting pregnancy. Most women who have IVF will have a less invasive treatment for infertility prior to IVF; however, it is unclear if specific less invasive treatment cycles impact anxiety that is experienced in the pregnancy resulting from IVF. Methods A prospective study was conducted for women who became pregnant via IVF, and data was collected about reported previous non-IVF treatment cycles as well as Pregnancy Related Anxiety Measure. Latent Class Analysis was conducted A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results 144 subjects participated and were highly educated, affluent, married, and primarily white. The LCA process yielded two groups that on average had similar levels on most items except for use of intra uterine insemination and/or ovarian stimulation. This information was used to generate four exhaustive and mutually exclusive groups: Stimulation Only (stim-only), Stimulation and Intra uterine Insemination (stim-IUI), Intra uterine Insemination only (IUI only), or No Treatment (No Tx). ANOVA found that those in the Stim Only group had statistically significantly higher PRAM scores than the Stim IUI (p=0.0036), the IUI only group (p=0.05), and the No Tx group (p=0.0013). Conclusion Women who become pregnant via IVF and had a history of non-in vitro fertilization cycles that only involved ovarian stimulation experienced more pregnancy-specific anxiety in the pregnancy that results from in vitro fertilization.