cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resisting Official Knowledge: The Incorporation and Abjection of Race and Poverty in High School American History Textbooks, 1960s-2000s.

Through an interpretive analysis of how high school American history textbooks depict the urban-riots of the late-1960s, in this article the author discusses how textbooks incorporate and abject official knowledge related to the intersections of race and poverty. Incorporation is related with Raymond Williams’ theory of the selective tradition and Michael Apple's theory of official knowledge. Julia Kristeva's psychoanalytic theory of abjection is utilized throughout this article as a counterpoint to these theories of incorporation and to reflexively elucidate how textbooks expel resistant knowledge and students from the curricular body of official knowledge.
Diesel-Electric Switching-Locomotive Application by Means of Nomographic Charts

The application of switching locomotives involves calculations of locomotive performance under given conditions of grade, train weight, and length of run. Such calculations can be made quickly by nomographic charts. Equipment heating limitations on Diesel-electric and electric locomotives can also be checked by elements added to the nomograms. The theory and the method of construction of such charts are described in the paper.
Implementation of Kalman and adaptive Kalman filtering algorithms for digital distance protection on a vector signal processor

Implementation of two Kalman filtering processes for use in digital distance protection schemes is discussed. The first method uses Kalman filtering to determine the type of fault and fault location, while the second method utilizes adaptive Kalman filtering and conditional probabilities. Both techniques can be divided into five major components: fault detection, postfault current and voltage estimation (filtering), fault classification, zone computation, and fault location. This research focuses on the implementation of the filtering algorithms on the Zoran ZR34161 vector signal processor. The algorithm was tested on the Zoran vector signal processor simulator. The results are presented and discussed. >
Managing on oft overlooked resource: student employees

With the ever-present need for quality user services support, a computing center can ill afford to overlook any resource which might aid in accomplishing it. To arrive at this end, a staff must remain abreast of the constant change in computer technology, as well as the changing needs and wants of its users.At the University of Notre Dame, we have found that student employees have the potential to excel in the area of user services support, and many times they can do so in a more cost effective manner than a full-time staff member. With careful planning and consideration on the part of those supervising the students, their employ can grow to benefit themselves, the full-time staff, and most importantly, the users.If the process of successfully utilizing students were as easy as it sounds, this paper would have no raison d'etre, but there are serious questions to be posed when considering student employees: who to hire, and why; how they should be trained; how to motivate them to reach their fullest potential; and how to most effectively manage them.
The operating characteristics of the major HRNES-R measures

The operating characteristics and base rate effects of tests and indexes in the Halstead Russell Neuropsychological Evaluation System-Revised (HRNES-R) were obtained to determine its accuracy in assessing brain damage. Since operating characteristics and base rate problems are not well understood they were discussed in some detail. The operating characteristics of Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Power, Negative Predictive Power and Overall Predictive Power along with base rate effects were obtained for 2 HRNES-R indexes, 10 index tests and 3 other Halstead Reitan Battery (HRB) tests. The indexes were found to be as accurate as the most accurate indexes from other HRB studies. The accuracy of the various tests were high but varied according to their function and design.
Trichothiodystrophy: Review of sulfur-deficient brittle hair syndromes and association with the ectodermal dysplasias

Trichothiodystrophy appears to represent a central pathologic feature of a specific hair dysplasia associated with several disorders in organs derived from ectoderm and neuroectoderm. The key finding is brittle hair with low sulfur content, but alternating dark and light bands under polarizing microscopy, trichoschisis, and absent or defective cuticle are additional important clues for the diagnosis of trichothiodystrophy. Our review of the literature revealed extensive associated findings in trichothiodystrophy. Classification of patients with trichothiodystrophy and other dysplasias is difficult because diminution of sulfur-rich protein in hair is not a sufficient marker to allow precise differentiation, although several similar ectodermal dysplasias can be excluded by demonstration of abnormal sulfur content in hair of patients with trichothiodystrophy. Patients with trichothiodystrophy should have a thorough evaluation for other associated manifestations, including investigation of photosensitivity and DNA repair defects. Detection of low-sulfur brittle hair syndrome is also important for genetic counseling because the disease appears to be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
Small sample set estimation of a baseline ranking

Ranking objects by a panel of judges is commonly used in situations where objective attributes cannot easily be measured or interpreted. Under the assumption that the judge independently arrive at their rankings by making pair wise comparisons among the objects in an attempt to reproduce a common baseline ranking w0, we develop and explore confidence regions and Bayesian highest posterior density credible regions for w0 with emphasis on very small sample sizes.
Optical imaging of green fluorescent protein markers for tracking vascular gene expression: A feasibility study in human tissue-like phantoms

Vascular gene therapy is an exciting approach to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, to date, there are no imaging modalities available for non-invasive detection of vascular gene expression. We have developed an optical imaging method to track vascular gene expression by detecting fluorescent signals emitted from arterial walls following gene transfer. To investigate the feasibility of this new technique, we performed experiments on a set of human tissue-like phantoms using a common biological marker in gene therapy, the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The phantoms were constructed to mimic the arterial geometry beneath a tissue layer. Human smooth muscle cells transfected with GFP were embedded in a capillary tube in the phantom. Monte Carlo modeling of the phantom experiment was performed to optimize the performance of the optical imaging system. We compared the fluence rates among three types of light beams, including ring beam, Gaussian beam, and flat beam. The results showed that our optical imaging system was able to detect fluorescent signals up to 5-mm depth in the phantom, and that flat beam geometry would produce the optimum fluorescence remittance. This study provides valuable insights for improvements to the optical imaging system and refinement of the new technique to non-invasively detect/track vascular gene expression.
Determination of the Sb/Si(111) interfacial structure by back-reflection x-ray standing waves and surface extended x-ray-absorption fine structure

Based on the surface extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure (SEXAFS) absolute surface coordination numbers, Woicik et al. [Phys. Rev. B 43, 4331 (1991)] argued that Sb trimers adsorb on the Si(111) surface in a modified ``bridge'' configuration rotated by 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the atop ``milk stool'' geometry proposed by Abukawa et al. [Surf. Sci. Lett. 201, 513 (1988)]. Using the accurate near-neighbor bond lengths as determined from SEXAFS, these models predict perpendicular distances of 1.76 and 2.60 \AA{} between the top Si atoms and the Sb layer, respectively. New back-reflection x-ray standing wave data find the Sb atoms to reside 2.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 \AA{} above the Si surface, in clear support of the milk stool geometry. Polarization-dependent SEXAFS relative coordination numbers support the milk stool model as well.
Serotonin transporter interacts with the PDGFβ receptor in PDGF-BB-induced signaling and mitogenesis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

The serotonin transporter (SERT) and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) have been implicated in both clinical and experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the facilitation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) growth. To gain a better understanding of the possible relationship of these two cell surface molecules we have explored interactions between SERT and PDGFR. We have previously demonstrated that SERT transactivates PDGFRβ in serotonin-stimulated PASMC proliferation. We now provide evidence for a role for SERT in PDGF-BB signaling and PASMC proliferation by using pharmacological inhibitors, genetic ablation, and construct overexpression of SERT. The results show that four tested SERT blockers dose dependently inhibit PDGF-stimulated human and bovine PASMC proliferation with comparable efficacy to that of PDGFR inhibitors, whereas 5-HT1B or 5-HT2A receptor inhibitors had no effect. Combinations of the SERT and PDGFR inhibitors led to synergistic/additive inhibition. Similarly, PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation was attenuated by small interfering RNA downregulation of SERT. Inhibition of SERT in PASMCs attenuated PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRβ, Akt, and p38 but not Erk. Overexpression of SERT in HEK293 cells led to enhanced Akt phosphorylation by PDGF, which was blunted by a SERT PDZ motif mutant, indicating the mechanistic need for the PDZ motif of SERT in PDGF signaling. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that SERT and PDGFRβ become physically associated upon PDGF stimulation. In total, the data show for the first time an important interactive relationship between SERT and the PDGFRβ in the production of PASMC proliferation triggered by PDGF that may be important in PH.
Organometallic Catalysis in Aqueous Solution. The Hydrolytic Activity of a Water-Soluble ansa-Molybdocene Catalyst

The synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of the new water-soluble ansa-molybdocene catalyst [{C2Me4(C5H4)2}Mo(OH)(OH2)][OTs] (3) and the related hydroxo-bridged dimer [{C2Me4(C5H4)2}Mo(μ-OH)...
Charge-optimized many-body potential for the hafnium/hafnium oxide system

A dynamic-charge, many-body potential function is proposed for the hafnium/hafnium oxide system. It is based on an extended Tersoff potential for semiconductors and the charge-optimized many-body potential for silicon oxide. The materials fidelity of the proposed formalism is demonstrated for both hafnium metal and various hafnia polymorphs. In particular, the correct orders of the experimentally observed polymorphs of both the metal and the oxide are obtained. Satisfactory agreement is found for the structural and mechanical properties, defect energetics, and phase stability as compared to first-principles calculations and/or experimental values. The potential can be used in conjunction with the previously determined potentials for the Si and SiO2 system. This transferability is demonstrated by comparing the structure of a hafnia/silicon interface to that previously determined from electronic-structure calculations.
Ordination as an aid in determining priorities for plant community protection

Abstract CANOCO and DECORANA ordination programs were used to examine variation among vegetative and environmental variables sampled at 48 pine/graminoid savanna plots in the coastal plain of North and South Carolina, USA. Five savanna communities were delimited to encompass groupings of similar floristic composition and environmental conditions. Relative positions of ordination coordinates for protected and unprotected savannas indicated that acquisition and restoration of additional sites is needed to protect representative savanna communities throughout the study area. Such use of ordination techniques could serve to improve objectivity in determining priorities for protection of plant communities.
Model checking software architecture specifications in SAM

In the past decade, software architecture research has mainly focused on the concept formulation and the development of various architecture description languages. This field has matured enough and thus requires more emphasis on validation techniques. Symbolic model checking has been a highly successful automatic validation technique for hardware systems. We are interested in whether symbolic model checking can be effectively applied to software architecture validation. In this paper, we present our approach to apply the symbolic model checking technique to verify software architecture specifications written in SAM.
Cognitive Self-Regulation and Depression: Examining Academic Self-Efficacy and Goal Characteristics in Youth of a Northern Plains Tribe

The relationship between cognitive self-regulatory processes and depression was examined in American Indian adolescents from a Northern Plains tribe. Students completed measures of negative life events, self-efficacy, goals, and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that academic self-efficacy was strongly associated with depression. Academic self-efficacy also correlated with intrinsically motivating goal representations, such that students who indicated high academic self-efficacy had goals that were more important to them, goals they thought more about, and goals they viewed as wanted by the self instead of as imposed on by others. However, we did not find the hypothesized mediational model in which academic self-efficacy influenced depression indirectly by influencing goal characteristics. Rather, this indirect model varied by grade, and differed from what we expected. Specifically, for older adolescents, higher levels of academic self-efficacy predicted goals that were more likely to be identified as the adolescent's own, and in turn, these self- as opposed to other-oriented goals predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms. Results are discussed as providing support for continued investigations into the role of specific cognitive self-regulatory processes in youth adjustment.
Radiobiological intercomparisons in vivo and in vitro

Abstract The clinical application of neutrons for radiotherapy in the United States and Great Britain involves the use of four large cyclotrons. All four produce neutrons by bombarding beryllium with a beam of deuterons, but their accelerating energies differ from 16 MeV at Hammersmith, 22 MeV at Seattle, and 35 MeV at the Naval Research Laboratory to 50 MeV at TAMVEC (in Texas). In spite of considerable efforts to make dosimetry between these institutions compatible, clinically used dose regimens cannot be compared directly, because each beam has a different biological effectiveness resulting from its different accelerating energy. Consequently, a number of biological intercomparisons have been initiated using portable in vitro and in vivo systems. To exploit to the full the precision of which in vitro cell culture systems are capable, large experiments have been mounted in which pairs of cyclotrons have been compared within the same experiment on the same day. The differences in biological effectiveness of the various neutron beams are now accurately known. It is planned to expand these biological intercomparisons to include neutron generators in Japan and continental Europe.
Efficient model order reduction including skin effect

Skin effect makes interconnect resistance and inductance frequency dependent. This paper addresses the problem of efficiently estimating the signal characteristics of any RLC network when skin effect is significant, which complicates interconnect simulation. In this paper, a new type of moments is defined that simplifies the interconnect simulation, namely, the square root moments. The time to calculate the square root moments is similar to the time to calculate the traditional moments, and the new moments preserve the recursive properties of the traditional moments. Hence, the method introduced here can handle the more complex problem of interconnect simulation with skin effect at almost no overhead compared to constant element interconnect simulation. Using the square root moments, higher order approximations can be reached as compared to traditional moments. Also, the PVL method is modified to implicitly match the square root moments. The simulation results reveal the high accuracy of the proposed methods as well as the apparent variation in the signal characteristics caused by skin effect.
The CD40 agonist antibody CP-870,893 enhances dendritic cell and B-cell activity and promotes anti-tumor efficacy in SCID-hu mice.

CD40 is a member of the TNF family of receptors that has been shown to play a crucial role in enhancing dendritic cell activity and fostering anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate the in vitro properties and in vivo efficacious activity of the CD40 agonist antibody, CP-870,893. CP-870,893 is a fully human, IgG2 antibody that selectively interacts with CD40 at a site distinct from its ligand-binding region with a KD of 0.4 nM. It enhances the expression of MHC class II, CD54, CD86, and CD23 on human B cells in vitro. CP-870,893 also enhances dendritic cell activity as evidenced by cytokine secretion (IL-12, IL-23, IL-8), the upregulation of CD86 and CD83, and the ability to prime T cells to secrete IFNγ. In SCID-beige mice, a single parenteral injection of CP-870,893 was therapeutically effective against several CD40pos human tumors (B-cell lymphoma, breast, colon, and prostate) indicating direct effects on tumor cell survival and/or growth. When mice were co-implanted with human T cells and dendritic cells, the activity of CP-870,893 against CD40pos tumors increased, and efficacy was also observed against CD40neg and CD40low tumors demonstrating the ability of CP-870,893 to enhance anti-tumor immune function in vivo. These studies suggest that CP-870,893 has the potential to be efficacious against a wide range of tumor types through both direct and immune-mediated effects.
Automated Graph-Based Methodology for Fault Detection and Location in Power Systems

This study investigates how the model-based fault detection and location approach of structural analysis can be adapted to meet the needs of power systems, where challenges associated with increased system complexity make conventional protection schemes impractical. With a global view of the protected system and the systematic and automated use of the system's analytical redundancy, faults are detected and located by more than one means. This redundancy can be used as a confirmation mechanism within a wide-area protection scheme to avoid unnecessary or false tripping due to protection component failure or disturbance. Furthermore, this redundancy turns the sensor configuration problem into an optimization problem with regard to fault detection and location. The effectiveness of different system topologies can then be compared on the basis of the optimal number of sensors they require. The principle of structural analysis is described in detail and illustrated on a simple power system model. Pertinence of the approach is demonstrated through simulation.
A fast and highly accurate path delay emulation framework for logic-emulation of timing speculation

This paper proposes a novel path-delay fault emulation technique called Replay. We specifically show it allows FPGA emulation of digital ICs that adopt timing-speculation techniques. For each flip-flop, Replay builds a timing-error predictor based on timing-speculation's aggressive clock period. We use a heuristic which replicates the combination logic and uses path delays to determine which paths will be excited based on the aggressive clock period. The timing-error prediction accuracy is more than 99% for a set of real workloads on the OpenRISC processor and the FPGA emulation speed shows practically no slowdown. We also demonstrate that Replay can evaluate the impact of voltage-drop timing-faults. This fast and accurate timing-error prediction enables practical emulation of timing-speculation and quantitative analysis early in the design-cycle.
Feedback control of congestion in packet switching networks: the case of a single congested node

Addresses a rate-based feedback approach to congestion control in packet switching networks where sources adjust their transmission rate in response to feedback information from the network nodes. Specifically, a controller structure and system architecture are introduced and the analysis of the resulting closed loop system is presented. Conditions for asymptotic stability are derived. A design technique for the controller gains is developed and an illustrative example is considered. The results show that, under appropriately selected control gains, a stable (nonoscillatory) operation of store-and-forward packet switching networks with feedback congestion control is possible. >
Robust impedance shaping telemanipulation

When a human operator performs a task via a bilateral manipulator, the "feel" of the task is embodied in the mechanical impedance of the manipulator. Traditionally, a bilateral manipulator is designed for transparency; i.e. so that the impedance reflected through the manipulator closely approximates that of the task. "Impedance shaping bilateral control", introduced here, differs in that it treats the bilateral manipulator as a means of constructively altering the impedance of a task. This concept is particularly valuable if the characteristic dimensions (e.g. force, length, time) of the task impedance are very different from those of the human limb. It is shown that a general form of impedance shaping control consists of a conventional power-scaling bilateral controller augmented with a real-time interactive task simulation (i.e. a virtual environment). An approach to impedance shaping based on kinematic similarity between tasks of different scale is introduced and illustrated with an example. It is shown that an important consideration in impedance shaping controller design is robustness; i.e. guaranteeing the stability of the operator/manipulator/task system. A general condition for the robustness of a bilateral manipulator is derived. This condition is based on the structured singular value ( mu ). An example of robust impedance shaping bilateral control is presented and discussed. >
Simplified models for edge transitions in rigorous mask modeling

A new method is described for very accurate and rapid 3D simulation of alternating phase-shifting masks. This method for arbitrary 2D mask patterns is based on scalar imaging theory and is therefore much faster (200X or more) than rigorous 3D electromagnetic simulation. It is shown that an alternating phase-shifting mask can be decomposed into single openings and, subsequently, accurate scalar models for the single openings can be combined to give the complete mask result. The Fourier domain is found to be most suitable for the development of these accurate scalar models. A methodology for observing and modeling cross-talk between adjacent features in a phase-shift mask is introduced. The amount of cross-talk is found to be insignificant for mask technologies that are shallower than 90 degree(s)/270 degree(s).
Reduced load approximations for multirate loss networks

A class of loss networks in which each connection specifies a route and a bandwidth requirement is considered. If sufficient bandwidth is not available in one of the links along the route, the connection is blocked and lost. Three schemes are considered for approximating blocking probabilities in the network. For a specific star topology, two of these schemes give blocking probabilities that are very close to the exact values under light, moderate, and heavy traffic. The approximations are shown to be asymptotically correct in a natural limiting regime. The implied costs and their relation to revenue sensitivity are also determined for the approximation schemes. The approximate revenue sensitivities are again very close to the exact values for the specific star topology. >
Predicted for greatness: 1994 molecule of the year--the DNA repair enzyme.

Lung cancer mortality is the highest of any cancer. Primary prevention has stalled, however, new lung cancer screening trials of low-dose computerized tomography (LDCT) have shown that the mortality from lung cancer can be reduced by up to 20% among current and former smokers. There are potential harms that must be taken into account when evaluating any screening program. With LDCT, there is a 90% rate of false positives and the potential for high doses of radiation from subsequent workup of benign lesions. The development of biomarkers that might refine the ability of screening to identify individuals at high risk for developing and dying from lung cancer is a ripe area for investigation. Sevilya and colleagues have developed a highly promising set of biomarkers of DNA repair capacity that may satisfy that goal. The large estimate of risk, the thoughtful combination of functional assays of DNA repair capacity, and the population-based design of the study make it reasonable to test these biomarkers in a larger study. Cancer Prev Res; 7(4); 375–7. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Sevilya et al., [p. 398][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/7/398?iss=4
Umbrella stoichiometry: a guide to the solid state chemistry of copper-rich oxides

Umbrella stoichiometries are relatively unstable compositions that can be leveraged to promote the formation of unconventional solid state structures. LaIII and CuII in a one to one ratio is such a stoichiometry. The addition of a third metal such as MoVI, VV, or RuV generates a complex set of potential products. Nonetheless, La4Cu3MoO12 forms a single phase because no low energy multiphase alternatives exist for a stoichiometry so close to an umbrella stoichiometry. The cations in the structure are severely under-coordinated, yet oxygen can be removed from the structure by substituting CuII for MoVI. La4Cu3+xMo1−xO12−2x forms a single phase for 0.0≤x≤0.12 before La2Cu2O5 appears. This structurally unfavorable substitution is tolerated because it moves the composition even closer to the umbrella stoichiometry.
Extending the Roy Adaptation Model to Meet Changing Global Needs

The purpose of this article is to articulate how the Roy adaptation model has been extended as a conceptual framework to meet changing global needs. Nursing's social mandate is described within the significant global changes of this century. The required synthesis of the individual and common good is predicated within the thinking of the model. Changes are described with specific examples of groups from the family to global society levels. The implications of this work for knowledge development are identified.
Windstar: a synthetic aperture microwave radiometer to measure winds over the ocean

Recent research suggests that it may be possible to measure both wind speed (magnitude) and direction over the oceans with a passive microwave sensor operating in the 18-37 GHz range. Published data suggest that the optimal measurement of direction would be made with the cross correlation function and a 360 degree conical scan. These are measurements ideally suited to a synthetic aperture radiometer. Preliminary studies indicate that a sensor system of this type would meet nominal measurement requirements and could be packaged compactly enough for launch on a PEGASUS/TAURUS class vehicle.
Current sheet interaction and particle acceleration in the Jovian magnetosphere

The thin, rapidly rotating current sheet in Jupiter's magnetodisk can energize heavy ions by hundreds of keV. If the magnetic field lines are azimuthally swept back, energetic ions undergoing nonadiabatic current sheet interactions will step radially outward and be centrifugally energized. Estimated energization times can be comparable to the Jovian rotation period. Nonadiabatic interactions with the rotating Jovian current sheet may be an important energization mechanism for heavy ions, but are not effective for energizing electrons or light ions like protons.
Probabilities of Conditionals

It is a well-known fact that the material conditional familiar from classical logic is not a good translation of English constructions involving 'if . . . then . . . " even though it is the best truth-functional connective to serve that purpose. Work on the semantics of modality and counterfactual conditionals (Lewis, 1 973 ; Kratzer, 1 979) inspired an alternative treatment of indicative conditionals in terms of restricted quantification over possible worlds (Kratzer, 1 986, 1 99 1 ) . Given a conversational background-a contextually given set of possible worlds-the antecedent (that is, the denotation of the protasis) of a sentence like
Assessing Consumer Preferences of Scab-resistant Apples: A Sensory Evaluation

One hundred forty-nine consumers participated in a sensory evaluation, conducted on 14 Nov. 2008, at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, to determine consumer acceptance and perceptions of scab-resistant apples (Malus ·domestica). Consumers were exclusively screened for liking and eating apples. The study provides tree fruit growers and marketers in the mid-Atlantic United States with information on consumer preferences for apples that might substitute for common cultivars that require frequent apple scab pesticide applications. Resistant cultivars are also attractive in organic production systems. During the 10-minute sensory evaluation, panelists rated five scab-resistant apples [‘Crimson Crisp’, ‘GoldRush’, NY 75907–49 (NY 49), ‘Crimson Topaz’, and ‘Sundance’] and a commercially available non-resistant cultivar, Jonagold, on appearance, aroma, texture, flavor, and overall liking using a nine-point hedonic scale (9 = ‘‘like extremely’’ and 1 = ‘‘dislike extremely’’). Three of the four apples tested with a red peel (‘Crimson Topaz’, NY 49, and ‘Crimson Crisp’) were rated significantly higher than the other apples on the basis of appearance, receiving mean ratings that were between ‘‘like moderately’’ and ‘‘like very much,’’ a rating of 7 and 8, respectively. In regards to texture, ‘Crimson Topaz’ and ‘Crimson Crisp’ were significantly higher than ‘Jonagold’ and NY 49, with mean ratings between ‘‘like slightly’’ and ‘‘like moderately.’’ For overall liking scores, ‘Crimson Crisp’, which was rated between ‘‘like slightly’’ and ‘‘like moderately,’’ was not significantly different from ‘Crimson Topaz’ and ‘GoldRush’; however, ‘Crimson Crisp’ was rated higher than ‘Jonagold’, NY 49, and ‘Sundance’. Panelists also responded to questions regarding their food-purchasing attitudes and behaviors. Sixty-two percent of panelists purchased fresh apples for themselves and/or other household members at least ‘‘two or three times a month’’ during an average year. Only 2.7% responded that they purchased fresh apples ‘‘more than once a week.’’ This study of consumer preferences provides an initial assessment of the feasibility of marketing new apple cultivars and organic apples within the mid-Atlantic U.S. region. Those that performed well in the sensory evaluation should be candidates for additional market research.
Temperate Fruits and Nuts

Successful tissue culture propagation of temperate fruit and nut crops has progressed rapidly since the 1980 Beltsville Conference on tissue culture of fruit plants (94). Almost every year since then a review article has surfaced on recent advances in tissue culture of fruit crops (24, 27, 70, 71, 96, 98). Few reviews have appeared on tissue culture of nut crops (18, 48). These reviews indicate that for a number of our fruit crops, we are past the “how to” stage of in vitro propagation and should concentrate on cost reduction and field performance of tissue cultured plants. Even without the availability of data on field performance, numerous commercial companies have sprung up throughout the world (24, 47, 82, 93, 98) that produce fruit tree rootstocks and to some extent scion cultivars in huge numbers. Still, the feasibility of using tissue culture techniques to propagate temperate fruit and nut crops continues to be a major concern for many research and commercial facilities, because with the exception of apple and peach, minimal numbers of cultivars have been cultured and because numerous problems continue to impede successful in vitro propagation of some fruit and nut crops.
UNITED STATES FOREIGN TRADE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

0 NE OF THE HOPEFUL aspects of.the recent Presidential campaign was the wide measure of agreement in principle among the major candidates on the subject of American foreign trade. Both candidates were for greater trade - not more import restrictions. Those who are addicted to the principles which have underlain the foreign trade policies of the United States since World War II can draw some comfort from this performance. But those who also think that the United States needs to do more to foster foreign trade in tle next ten years than it has in the past would be foolhardy to draw too much comfort from the past, including the recent campaign. The forces which underlie protectionism and isolationism have not dissipated; protectionism particularly has gathered strength in recent years; and the difficult period which we are entering will be a serious test. As always, some appreciation of our past is necessary to see where we are and to place the future in perspective. The foreign trade of the United States - our exports and imports - is part of our domestic economy and part of our foreign policy. Our foreign trade policy must therefore make sense in terms of the stability and growth of our domestic economy and our standard of living. It must also support and foster our efforts to be secure in a world which must develop in freedom in order to meet the needs and aspirations of its people. In the 19th Century, when the United States was pursuing a foreign policy of isolationism, when it was seeking to develop a new continent free from economic or political interference from abroad, it was understandable that a policy of self-sufficiency was thought possible and even desirable despite its economic costs. But by the turn of the century, and especially by the time World War I approached, this
Virtual Sales Associates for Mature Consumers: Technical and Social Support in e-Retail Service Interactions

This study examines whether social presence through a virtual sales associate (VSA) affects mature consumers’ perceptions of technical and social supports from an apparel retail website and whether...
Quantum mechanical analysis of nonenzymatic nucleotidyl transfer reactions: kinetic and thermodynamic effects of β-γ bridging groups of dNTP substrates.

Rate (k) and equilibrium (K) constants for the reaction of tetrahydrofuranol with a series of Mg(2+) complexes of methyl triphosphate analogues, CH3O-P(O2)-O-P(O2)-X-PO3(4-), X = O, CH2, CHCH3, C(CH3)2, CFCH3, CHF, CHCl, CHBr, CFCl, CF2, CCl2, and CBr2, forming phosphate diester and pyrophosphate or bisphosphonate in aqueous solution were evaluated by B3LYP/TZVP//HF/6-31G* quantum chemical calculations and Langevin dipoles and polarized continuum solvation models. The calculated log k and log K values were found to depend linearly on the experimental pKa4 of the conjugate acid of the corresponding pyrophosphate or bisphosphonate leaving group. The calculated slopes of these Bronsted linear free energy relationships were βlg = -0.89 and βeq = -0.93, respectively. The studied compounds also followed the linear relationship Δlog k = 0.8Δlog K, which became less steep, Δlog k = 0.6Δlog K, after the range of studied compounds was extended to include analogues that were doubly protonated on γ-phosphate, CH3O-P(O2)-O-P(O2)-X-PO3H2(2-). The scissile Pα-Olg bond length in studied methyl triphosphate analogues slightly increases with decreasing pKa of the leaving group; concomitantly, the CH3OPα(O2) moiety becomes more positive. These structural effects indicate that substituents with low pKa can facilitate both Pα-Olg bond breaking and the Pα-Onuc bond forming process, thus explaining the large negative βlg calculated for the transition state geometry that has significantly longer Pα-Onuc distance than the Pα-Olg distance.
A Primer on the Accounting and Reporting Requirements for Not-for-Profit Organizations

Over the past 20 years, not-for-profit organizations (NPOs) in the United States and across the globe have become increasingly entrenched in the market economy. NPOs conduct business, employ individuals, and compete in the global marketplace. The federal government, institutions of higher education, and health care organizations are three primary examples of NPOs. Each has much in common with business entities. However, the differences between them have profound implications for financial reporting. This is primarily because they are all required to follow complex accounting and reporting requirements that fall under the jurisdictions of various governing bodies. First, this article explores the establishment of an NPO, discusses the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) followed in preparing financial statements, and summarizes the differences between the not-for-profit and for-profit environments. Second, this article explores the accounting and reporting requirements of the federal government, colleges and universities, and health care organizations.
The urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid is transported by the urea pathway in rat terminal IMCD.

Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), a urea analogue, is used clinically to dissolve struvite stones because it inhibits the urease produced by Proteus mirabilis. To be effective, the concentration of AHA must be high in the collecting duct system and final urine. Because AHA is structurally similar to urea, we investigated whether AHA is transported by the urea carrier found in the terminal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) and the erythrocyte. We examined AHA transport under four conditions known to affect urea movement across the terminal IMCD, i.e., stimulation by vasopressin (AVP) and hyperosmolality, and inhibition by phloretin and urea analogues. The AHA permeability was determined with a 10 mM bath-to-lumen AHA gradient. AHA was measured by ultramicrocolorimetry. Addition of 1 nM AVP to the bath increased the AHA permeability of the perfused terminal IMCD. Increasing perfusate and bath osmolality from 290 to 690 mosmol/kgH2O (by adding NaCl) also increased tubule permeability to AHA. Addition of either 0.25 mM phloretin to the bath or 200 mM thiourea to the lumen reversibly inhibited the AVP-stimulated AHA permeability. AHA-induced osmotic lysis of erythrocytes was inhibited by phloretin or thionicotinamide; AHA inhibited the osmotic lysis induced by the urea analogue acetamide. Thus, in the rat terminal IMCD, both urea and AHA transport are stimulated by AVP and hyperosmolality, and both are inhibited by phloretin and thiourea. In erythrocytes, both urea and AHA transport are inhibited by phloretin or thionicotinamide. Thus AHA is transported by the urea carrier in the terminal IMCD and erythrocyte.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quantum Optics of Single, Trapped Ions

Single ions in ion traps can be localized in small volumes and held for long periods of time. This makes it easier to observe certain nonclassical properties of the electromagnetic field, such as photon antibunching and sub-Poissonian photon statistics, which are reduced when large numbers of atoms are present. Such properties can be observed in atomic beams so dilute that the probability of having more than one atom in the observation volume is low.1,2 Trapped ions can be studied for much longer times. This makes it possible, for example, to observe repeated quantum jumps of the same atom.3–5 When there are only a few (or one) ions in the trap, their number can be known and kept fixed. Thus, sub-Poissonian photon statistics can be observed6,7 without the time gating which is necessary with atomic beams.2 Another advantage of trapped ions is that, thanks to their isolation from collisions and other perturbations, they can be laser-cooled to low temperatures and studied spectroscopically with great precision. A single ion has even been cooled to the ground energy level of the harmonic well of the trap, so its motion must be treated quantum mechanically.8
The Role of Potentially Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Joint Arthroplasty.

Introduction Some patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of prIVCF in preventing PE in patients undergoing joint replacement surgery who are at high-risk for VTE.
Undergraduate research experience through the NASA Microgravity University program

Meaningful Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) is known to provide many benefits including enhancing enrollment and retention, supporting richer experiential education, improving students' personal, professional and cognitive skills, and encouraging further professional and academic development. Successful REU may be provided through participation in faculty research projects, real-world projects, independent studies, and internship. This paper describes our experience in utilizing the Reduced Gravity Education Flight Program (RGEFP) of NASA's Microgravity University to provide REU. A team of six undergraduate students from two universities successfully proposed, designed, and completed a project titled 'Robotic control using gesture.' Using it as a case study, we discuss the cost effectiveness and lessons learned in using external programs to provide REU. The perspectives from the students, faculty mentors, and organizing institution are provided to present a holistic overview. The goal of the paper is thus to encourage others to experiment with RGEFP or other similar external program opportunities to support REU.
Head-to-Head Domain Wall Structures in Tapered Magnetic Strips

We present the calculations of head-to-head domain wall (DW) structures in magnetic nanowires of permalloy and cobalt with a tapered cross section, with average widths, W mid , ranging from 60 to 300 nm, ratios of the bottom width, W Bottom , to top width, W Top , ranging from 1 to 2 and thicknesses, T, from 7.5 to 15 nm. In agreement with prior work, for wires with a rectangular cross section, the critical thickness and wire width W which determines whether transverse or vortex DWs are energetically favored is approximated by T · W = C · δ 2 with δ the exchange length and C a constant. When taking the slope of the tapered edge of the nanowires into account, the relation is modified by a slope-dependent term which is presented in this paper. The results provide an extended phase diagram for stable DW regimes. Furthermore, the effect of magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy is investigated which yields a more complex thickness and anisotropy energy-dependent behavior.
Hot electron dynamics and internal photoemission limits

Hot-electron plasmonic devices offering photo absorption without bandgap limitation has created much excitement. However, reported experimental efficiencies are extremely low. Through a bottom-up quantum-transport model we will introduce design parameters for high efficiency photoemission devices.
Adults in the Playground: Winnicott and Arendt on Politics and Playfulness

Donald Winnicott argues that play is essential to happy and healthy adult life, and locates the richest arena for adult play in cultural rather than political experience. Winnicott makes this move with prudential and analytical concerns in mind—for the greater health of democracy and the citizen. Hannah Arendt, like Winnicott, offers powerful normative arguments for establishing forums of playful and spontaneous being-in-the world for adults. Yet, Arendt differs from Winnicott by vitally locating this creative activity in the political rather than cultural realm. This practical opposition between Winnicott and Arendt, despite their parallel embrace of adult play, reveals subtle lines of difference in action-based, creativity-centered philosophies of human flourishing, as well as radically different philosophies of education to develop healthy capacities for action.
Community Conversations on Faith and Disability: Identifying New Practices, Postures, and Partners for Congregations

For many people with disabilities and their families, involvement in a congregation provides an important source of spiritual connections, community, and support. Yet congregations often express uncertainty about how to support meaningful participation for these members of their faith community. We used “community conversations” as a methodology for identifying potential pathways through which congregations—individually and collectively—might foster inclusion and belonging for people with disabilities and their families. We analyzed the nearly 1000 ideas generated by 175 participants representing an array of local congregations within two distinct counties in Tennessee. Their recommendations fell within 23 categories spanning five themes: disability-specific efforts, internal activities, external activities, influencers, and resources. Attendees’ impressions of their own congregation’s actions and attitudes related to including people with disabilities were quite mixed. However, they strongly affirmed this approach to community dialogue and considered it to be fruitful. We offer recommendations for future research at the intersection of faith and disability and suggest ways in which congregations might move forward in this aspect of their ministry.
Reevaluation and taxonomic clarification of Gigantopteridium and Cathaysiopteris of western equatorial Pangea and their biogeographical significance

A reassessment of the taxonomic relationships of North American gigantopterids is presented in light of an examination of large populations of specimens housed in the US National Museum of Natural History. Variations in venation and subtle aspects of leaf shape facilitate refined understanding of the relationships and diversity of the North American gigantopterid species leading to an improved understanding of the taxonomic and biogeographic relationships of this group, which are found most abundantly in western equatorial Pangea and Cathaysia. Current literature suggests that there are eight North American genera, however, this study has revealed a morphological overlap of several previously defined genera, leading to the conclusion that Gigantopteridium encompasses the species previously treated as Cathaysiopteris yochelsonii as well as a new species, Gigantopteridium utebaturianum. The transfer of C. yochelsonii to Gigantopteridium yochelsonii suggests that Cathaysiopteris may represent a genus endemic to Cathaysia, limiting the biogeographical connection between the regions to Zeilleropteris, Gigantopteridium, Euparyphoselis, and Gigantonoclea.