cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual Worlds for Virtual Organizing

The members and resources of a virtual organization are dispersed across time and space, yet they function as a coherent entity through the use of technologies, networks, and alliances. As virtual organizations proliferate and become increasingly important in society, many may exploit the technical architecture s of virtual worlds, which are the confluence of computer-mediated communication, telepresence, and virtual reality originally created for gaming. A brief socio-technical history describes their early origins and the waves of progress followed by stasis that brought us to the current period of renewed enthusiasm. Examination of contemporary examples demonstrates how three genres of virtual worlds have enabled new arenas for virtual organizing: developer-defined closed worlds, user-modifiable quasi-open worlds, and user-generated open worlds. Among expected future trends are an increase in collaboration born virtually rather than imported from existing organizations, a tension between high-fidelity recreations of the physical world and hyper-stylized imaginations of fantasy worlds, and the growth of specialized worlds optimized for particular sectors, companies, or cultures.
Cellular Immunity of Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes in Diffusion Chambers

The importance of bringing live bacteria into intimate contact with macrophages as a prerequisite for establishing cellular immunity was investigated. The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes was shown to replicate and survive in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavities of mice. Humoral substances accruing from host responses to diffusing soluble antigens of the microorganism were unable to inactivate the bacteria. The resistance of mice immunized by subcutaneous inoculation of the live organism always exceeded the resistance of mice with Listeria diffusion chamber implants. Animals with sham diffusion chambers were more resistant to a challenge by L. monocytogenes than were normal mice. Host resistance was not significantly different between Listeria diffusion chamber implant groups and sham diffusion chamber implant groups. The results suggested that direct involvement of macrophages with the parasite is necessary to achieve cellular immunity.
When Disaster Strikes: Death of a Living Organ Donor

Donor safety is of paramount importance in living donor transplantation. Yet, living donor deaths occur. We believe that problems exist in our system of live donor transplantation that can be summarized in a series of simple statements: (1) Donor mortality can never be completely eliminated; (2) Live donor risk has not been mitigated so that it is as low as possible; (3) After a donor death, systematic reviews are not routinely performed to identify correctable causes; (4) The lessons learned from any donor death are not adequately communicated to other programs and (5) The administrative mechanisms and resources are not universally available at all transplant centers to implement lessons learned. To rectify these problems, we propose the following: (1) A national living donor death task force be established with the purpose of performing systematic reviews of any donor death. (2) Findings of these reviews be disseminated to all institutions performing live donor transplants on a secure, password-protected website. (3) A no-fault donor death indemnity fund be established to provide a financial imperative for institutions to cooperate with this external peer-review. These measures will serve the best interests of the involved institutions, the transplant community, and most importantly, the patients and their families.
Artificial Instruction. A Method for Relating Learning Theory to Instructional Design.

In the past, research on learning has been linked to instruction by the derivation of general principles of instructional design from learning theories. But such design principles are often difficult to apply to particular instructional issues. A new method for relating research on learning to instructional design is proposed. Different ways of teaching a particular topic can be evaluated by teaching that topic to a simulation model of learning, and recording the complexity of the resulting learning processes. An application of this method to a traditional problem in mathematics education suggests that conceptual instruction in arithmetic causes more cognitive strain than mechanical instruction, contrary to a widely held belief in the mathematics education community The advantages and disadvantages of the general method are discussed.
Potential Social and Economic Impacts of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Southern New England

Abstract Adelges tsugae (Hemlock Woolly Adelgid; HWA) is a non-native forest insect that causes defoliation and mortality of hemlock in the eastern US. We quantified the extent to which people are potentially affected by the spread of HWA infestation where they live and where they recreate. We also considered how these impacts might change through time using data from 2007, 2009, and 2011. The study area included hemlock stands in a 7500-km2 region of central Connecticut and central Massachusetts. We used sample-plot data on live basal area and vigor of hemlock stands to interpolate hemlock health characteristics for all hemlock stands in the study area. We estimated a loss of property values in the region of approximately $24.6 million USD. This estimate was conservative because there were insufficient data to fully quantify the economic losses associated with the death of hemlock trees and the degradation of recreational opportunities. The spatial extent of the HWA infestation suggests that both of the ...
Effects of S-Nitrosoglutathione on Acute Vasoconstriction and Glutamate Release After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes acute vasoconstriction that contributes to ischemic brain injury shortly after the initial bleed. It has been theorized that decreased availability of nitric oxide (NO) may contribute to acute vasoconstriction. Therefore we examined the effect of the NO donor N-nitroso glutathione (GSNO) on acute vasoconstriction and early ischemic glutamate release after experimental SAH. Methods—SAH was induced by the endovascular suture method in anesthetized rats. GSNO (1 μmol/L/kg, n=31) or saline (n=21) was injected 5 minutes after SAH. Sham-operated rats received GSNO (1 μmol/L/kg, n=5) 5 minutes after sham surgery. Arterial and intracranial pressures, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and extracellular glutamate release were measured serially for 60 minutes after SAH. SAH size was determined, and vascular measurements were made histologically. Results—GSNO had no effect on resting blood pressure, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, or CBF in sham...
Long-term life expectancy for children with ependymoma and medulloblastoma.

Objectives There is a paucity of long-term follow-up data for children with intracranial ependymoma (IE) and medulloblastoma (MB). What happens to these children 20, 30, or 40 years after diagnosis? Do they have potential for a normal lifespan? The purpose of this study was to ascertain the long-term survival potential in children with MB or IE who have survived 5 years from diagnosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using the SEER Program. Children (ages 0–19 years) from 1973 to 2011 with a diagnosis of MB or IE were identified. A cohort was created of potentially cured patients who survived 5 years from diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan–Meier estimates were utilized to analyze long-term survival. Results We identified 876 patients with MB and 474 patients with IE who were alive 5 years from diagnosis. Patients with MB had a 30-year overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of 70.2% and 80.1%, respectively. Patients with IE had a 30-year OS and CSS of 57.3% and 68.8%, respectively. When comparing MB with IE, MB had improved CSS (P = 0.04) and trended toward increased OS (P = 0.10). Conclusions A significant number of deaths due to disease occur for several decades after treatment for both IE and MB. Despite this, the potential for long-term survival exists in 5-year survivors of both histologies. If alive at 5 years from diagnosis, patients with MB tend to have a lower risk of death from disease compared to those with IE. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circulating neprilysin clears brain amyloid

The use of the peptidase neprilysin (NEP) as a therapeutic for lowering brain amyloid burden is receiving increasing attention. We have previously demonstrated that peripheral expression of NEP on the surface of hindlimb muscle lowers brain amyloid burden in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. In this study we now show that using adeno-associated virus expressing a soluble secreted form of NEP (secNEP-AAV8), NEP secreted into plasma is effective in clearing brain Abeta. Soluble NEP expression in plasma was sustained over the 3-month time period it was measured. Secreted NEP decreased plasma Abeta by 30%, soluble brain Abeta by approximately 28%, insoluble brain Abeta by approximately 55%, and Abeta oligomersby 12%. This secNEP did not change plasma levels of substance P or bradykinin, nor did it alter blood pressure. No NEP was detected in CSF, nor did the AAV virus produce brain expression of NEP. Thus the lowering of brain Abeta was due to plasma NEP which altered blood-brain Abeta transport dynamics. Expressing NEP in plasma provides a convenient way to monitor enzyme activity during the course of its therapeutic testing.
A Feasibility Study on the Use of Subsea Chokes in Well Control Operations on Floating Drilling Vessels

The use of a subsea remote-operated adjustable choke between the blowout preventer (BOP) stack and the marine riser was considered as a means of eliminating the need for long subsea flowlines. Well behavior was predicted through computer simulations and showed that existing problems could be reduced but not eliminated entirely. 3 refs.
Alternative Living Arrangements for Older Persons

Billings, G. Alternatives to Nursing Home Care: An Update.Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 2–11. Brill, R.S. New York City Home Care Project: A Coordinated Health and Social Service Approach.Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 12–15. Gray, P.J. State Experiences with Long-term Care.Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 28–33. Sager, A. Improving the Provision of Long-term Care.Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326; 16–27.
Mental-addition development of children classified as mentally handicapped

The training experiment with 30 mentally handicapped children tested two models of mental-arithmetic development. Contrary to an associative learning model and consistent with a schema model, children's initial responses to a mental-addition task appear to be the product of a mechanical prescription, such as simply stating one of the addends. The evolution of mental-addition errors was not linked to practicing incorrect answers; mental-addition errors appear to be more an error of method than an error of recall. Moreover, experimental subjects mastered both practiced and unpracticed combinations involving zero and one, which indicates that they learned relationships, not specific associations:
Accessibility and Mode-Destination Choice Decisions: Exploring Travel in Three Neighborhoods in Puget Sound, WA

Despite the popularity of the neotraditional development concept, attempts to investigate the effectiveness of various mixed-use core (MUC) designs in terms of induced localized walking trips are rare. In this study, we use the logsum measure of accessibility derived from a random utility model to investigate how neighborhood design and regional setting affect mode and destination choices for shopping and how these effects vary by income and day of week. We then use the random utility model to simulate changes in the design configuration of the neighborhood MUC and evaluate the effects of the changes on within-neighborhood-accessibility and travel-decision parameters. Our results provide insight on how traditional neighborhood residents choose destinations and modes for their shopping travel and how the geometric design of the MUC can affect travel decisions. We found that local and regional accessibility have interrelated effects on the choice decisions of traditional residents, which results in variatio...
A Computer Intermediary for Interactive Database Searching. I. Design

This is the first of two articles that report on the development, testing, and evaluation of the Individualized Instruction for Data Access System (IIDA). IIDA is an ex. ample of a class of computer systems which serve as intermediaries, enabling their users to perform a complex task on another computer, and which are coming to be known as expert systems. The system was designed to encourage end users of information retrieval systems to perform their own searches by (1) instructing them in how to search, using computer-assisted instruction, and (2) assisting with the performance of the search by providing diagnostic analyses of the users' performance as well as answering their questions about how to use system commands. The system's design is described, as well as the various tests of its performance and the evaluation of test results. The conclusion is drawn that end users can become successful searchers through such an assistant, for the kinds of searches tested.
Energy Levels of Gd 3+ in LaF 3 *

Absorption spectra of 0.2% Gd:LaF3 have been measured for the transitions to 6P7/2, 6P5/2, and all 6I groups. A crystal-field analysis based on presumed hexagonal site symmetry gives B20 = 106 cm−1, B40 = 234 cm−1, B60 = 124 cm−1, and B66 = 850 cm−1, in the Stevens normalization.
Differential effects of aprotinin and tranexamic acid on outcomes and cytokine profiles in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery

Objective Factors contributing to postoperative complications include blood loss and a heightened inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that aprotinin would decrease perioperative blood product use, reduce biomarkers of inflammation, and result in improved clinical outcome parameters in neonates undergoing cardiac operations. Methods This was a secondary retrospective analysis of a clinical trial whereby neonates undergoing cardiac surgery received either aprotinin (n = 34; before May 2008) or tranexamic acid (n = 42; after May 2008). Perioperative blood product use, clinical course, and measurements of cytokines were compared. Results Use of perioperative red blood cells, cryoprecipitate, and platelets was reduced in neonates receiving aprotinin compared with tranexamic acid ( P P P = .02), and inotropic requirements at 24 and 36 hours ( P P = .04. Production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-2 activation were attenuated in the aprotinin group at 24 hours postoperatively. No differential effects on renal function were seen between agents. Conclusions Aprotinin, compared with tranexamic acid, was associated with reduced perioperative blood product use, improved early indices of postoperative recovery, and attenuated indices of cytokine activation, without early adverse effects. These findings suggest that aprotinin may have unique effects in the context of neonatal cardiac surgery and challenge contentions that antifibrinolytics are equivalent with respect to early postoperative outcomes.
Coupling of Vibrational Excitation to the Rotational Motion of a Single Adsorbed Molecule

The reversible rotation of a single isolated acetylene molecule between two diagonal sites on the Cu(100) surface at 8 K was induced and monitored with tunneling electrons from a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Excitation of the C---H (C---D) stretch mode of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ( ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$) at 358 meV (266 meV) led to a 10-fold (60-fold) increase in the rotation rate. This increase is attributed to energy transfer from the C---H (C---D) stretch mode to the hindered rotational motion of the molecule. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy with the STM provides the energies of the stretch modes and allows a quantitative determination of the inelastic tunneling and coupling probabilities.
Comparison of large-area pulsed-laser deposition approaches

The popularity of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) as a thin film growth technique has dramatically increased over the last six years and proponents of more mature physical vapor deposition processes are quick to point out the main 'draw-back' of PLD--the apparent difficulty in scaling up the process to areas compatible with commercial applications. To date the main focus of PLD has been on its application to the growth and characterization of epitaxial thin films of a variety of chemical compounds, as well as obtaining an understanding of plume dynamics, while relatively little attention has been paid to the issue of scale-up. However, three basic approaches dealing with scaling-up the thin film growth process of pulsed-laser deposition have been reported in the literature. These include rastering the laser beam over a large area target, translation of the substrate with respect to the ablation plume, and 'off-axis' deposition. Each of these approaches has produced quality thin films of the high temperature superconducting oxides as well as other materials over substrate sizes of at least two-inches in diameter. This paper will compare these three basic approaches, and discuss the advantages and draw backs of each. Issues such as film thickness and composition profiles, reproducibility, deposition rate, substrate heating, and target resurfacing will be addressed. Projections to further scale-up of this physical vapor deposition technique will be presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Early Fur Returns from the Pacific Northwest

Long before governmental wildlife agencies existed in the Pacific Northwest, the British Hudson's Bay Company, through monthly and annual fur reports from its far-flung trading posts, provided a source of information on relative populations of economic mammal species. Although most of the historic fur statistics relate to Canadian areas, there were a few H.B.C. outposts in what is now the state of Washington for which fur records are available. One of these was Fort Nisqually, established in 1833 as the first trading post on Puget Sound. Situated about 17 miles south of present-day Tacoma, it became a center of trade with the Indians and between the English and Americans during its 37-year existence. The Fort Nisqually Journal for 1833–36 (Vols. 1 and 2, Hunt. mss FN 1234) and Fort Nisqually fur trade reports for 1843–70 (Hunt. mss FN 1245) are in the manuscript collection of the Henry E. Huntington Library of San Marino, California, and …
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica transmission associated with starling–livestock interactions

Bird–livestock interactions have been implicated as potential sources for bacteria within concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in particular are known to contaminate cattle feed and water with Salmonella enterica through their fecal waste. We propose that fecal waste is not the only mechanisms through which starlings introduce S. enterica to CAFO. The goal of this study was to assess if starlings can mechanically move S. enterica. We define mechanical movement as the transportation of media containing S. enterica, on the exterior of starlings within CAFO. We collected 100 starlings and obtained external wash and gastrointestinal tract (GI) samples. We also collected 100 samples from animal pens. Within each pen we collected one cattle fecal, feed, and water trough sample. Isolates from all S. enterica positive samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All sample types, including 17% of external starling wash samples, contained S. enterica. All sample types had at least one antimicrobial resistant (AMR) isolate and starling GI samples harbored multidrug resistant S. enterica. The serotypes isolated from the starling external wash samples were all found in the farm environment and 11.8% (2/17) of isolates from positive starling external wash samples were resistant to at least one class of antibiotics. This study provides evidence of a potential mechanism of wildlife introduced microbial contamination in CAFO. Mechanical movement of microbiological hazards, by starlings, should be considered a potential source of bacteria that is of concern to veterinary, environmental and public health.
Human biology in Mexico. II. A comparison of blood group, serum and red cell enzyme frequencies, and genetic distances of the Indian populations of Mexico.

Three hundred and ninety-five individuals from two populations from the State of Tlaxcala, Mexico, were studied in relation to the ABO, Rh, MNS, P, Kell, Lewis, Diego, Kidd, Duffy, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Group specific component, Albumin, Acid Phosphatase and Phosphoglucomutase systems. One of the populations (San Pablo del Monte) is Indian, while the other (City of Tlaxcala) is Mestizo. The alleles which show variation in the Mestizo population are intermediate between the Spanish and the Indian gene frequencies. Three different genetic distance measures suggest that the Mestizo population is a triracial hybrid, while the Indian population is closely related to its two most proximal geographic neighbors, Vera Cruz and Puebla.
A seven-level converter using a combination of staircase and PWM switching methods

In this paper, a new method is proposed for switching a multilevel converter. In this converter two H-Bridge cells are connected in series with each phase of a three-phase diode-clamped converter. Operation of main converter and one of H-Bridge cells is based on the staircase switching method. Switching angles of the three phase converter and one of the H-Bridges are selected in a way to generate the fundamental harmonic of the phase and eliminate the fifth and seventh harmonics. However, the switching pattern of the second H-Bridge cell is based on PWM method. This cell generates the remaining parts of the desired sinusoidal waveform. Combination of these converters and their switching methods results in an output waveform with low harmonics. Simulation and experimental results agree with each other and show the proper operation of the proposed method.
Centrifugal Pump Performance During Transient Operation

The effect of transient operation on the hydrodynamic performance of a centrifugal pump impeller was investigated experimentally. All experiments were conducted in the Naval Undersea Warfare Centers Impeller Test Facility (ITF), which was designed and built for transient and steady-state operation impeller research. TheITF provides transient operation through simultaneous control of both impeller rotational speed and flow rate over time. The impeller was accelerated from rest with peak angular accelerations up to 720 radians/s 2 and inlet flow mean accelerations up to 1.7 g, reaching a peak rotational speed of 2400 rpm and a flow rate of 416 l/s. The impeller was then decelerated to rest. Results showed substantial transient effects in overall impeller performance and demonstrated that the quasi-steady assumptions commonly used for the design of impellers that operate under high transient (accelerating or decelerating) conditions are not valid
What can you do with a bone fragment

Taphonomy can be defined as the study of the laws of destruction and burial that intervene between living communities and fossilized ones (1), but it is more an attitude than a proper discipline. Over the last 30 years, taphonomy has emerged as a concentration and set of techniques at the interface of archaeology, paleontology, biological anthropology, and ecology. The fundamental taphonomic question is: what agent or agencies collected and modified a bone assemblage? The task is to deduce how particular bones came to be fossilized in a particular geological setting together and in the state of completeness or preservation in which they were found. One of the main aims of taphonomic studies has been to establish whether hominids (human ancestors and their close kin) were instrumental in creating and modifying the assemblage in question or whether its features can better be explained by the action of natural agencies: carnivores, wind, water, trampling animals, sedimentary abrasion, and the like (2–4).
Feed Sack Fashion in Rural America: A Reflection of Culture

The recycling of cotton feed sacks 1 into apparel and household items was a common practice across rural America during the first half of the twentieth century. This creative recycling of a utilitarian fabric has, until recently, been omitted from histories of American fashion because the practice centered on fabric use rather than new garment styles, and because the farm wife of rural America was not considered to be a source of fashion inspiration. As an element of material culture, the clothing and clothing practices of rural populations reflect the life and times of the era to the same extent as that of the general population. However, it is the activities of these farm wives, clothing their families in feed sacks, that offer a view of life that was unique to rural communities during this time period. This project collected oral histories of individuals who shared memories of using feed sacks during the 1930s through the 1950s. The memories not only confirmed the wide spread use of feed sacks for clothing and house hold goods, but provided a glimpse of everyday life in rural America during this time period.
Sorting by hashing and inserting

Address calculation sorting method is discussed by Kronmal & Tartar (Proc. ACM Nat'l Conf 21). Generally collision resolution is done by chaining, where the records are inserted in ordered linked lists with heads defined as array of pointers. Then the linked lists are merged in the original array. For uniformly distributed lists and careful choice of a hash function the algorithm works quite efficiently and is faster than other sorting methods. Our comparisons show that the algorithm works more than twice as fast as Quick Sort. The disadvantage with this method is that it needs extra space for 2N records. Also it is not an in place sort.
Remarkable Spectator Ligand Effect on the Rate Constant of Ligand Substitution of (Aqua)ruthenium(II) Complexes

The influence of two different di(1-pyrazolyl)alkane ligands on the rate constant of aqua ligand substitution of ruthenium(II) complexes with the formula [Ru(H2O)(L2)(tpmm)]2+ (L2 = di(1-pyrazolyl)methane (DPMet) or 2,2-di(1-pyrazolyl)propane (DPPro)) was investigated. A 9.4 × 105-fold increase in the rate constant of ligand substitution at pH = 6.86 was observed when DPMet was replaced with DPPro. This remarkable increase was unexpected, considering that these bidentate ligands appear quite similar. To help lend insight into this dramatic spectator ligand effect, the activation parameters for the ligand substitution reactions were determined, and single-crystal X-ray data were collected on the structurally analogous (chloro)ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(Cl)(L2)(tpmm)]+. These results are discussed in the context of a heteroscorpionate effect exerted by the DPPro ligand.
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AMNIOTIC AND ALLANTOIC FLUID IN LATE GESTATIONAL MARES

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine certain clinically important parameters of amniotic and allantoic fluid. Amniocentesis was performed on 10 normal mares in late gestation (323.8±10.2 d) and fluid was collected from both amniotic and allantoic cavities. Compared to amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid had significantly higher values of specific gravity, sorbitol dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, gamma glutamyltransferase, creatinine, phosphorus, total protein, and globulin. However, allantoic fluid had significantly lower values for sodium, chloride and alkaline phosphatase than amniotic fluid.
The possible effect of increased surveillance on the incidence of malignant melanoma

Abstract We investigated the hypothesis that the increased incidence of malignant melanoma at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California was associated with a difference in medical care received by its employees compared with that received by other residents of the same geographic area. From records of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, to which about half of the LLNL employees belonged, we confirmed that the incidence of melanoma at the laboratory was 3.2 times that among members served by the Kaiser Permanente medical center in Walnut Creek, a nearby community (95% CI, 1.7–6.0). Rates of biopsy showing junctional, compound, and dermal nevi in men were also higher in the LLNL employees than in the other health-plan members (relative risks, 3.2, 2.4, and 1.3, respectively). When LLNL employees without melanoma were compared with community controls, we found that the employees had substantially more skin biopsies. Although the excess number of skin biopsies existed among LLNL employees before publicity about the problem, this excess increased after the publicity. Exposure to some environmental agent(s) or personal risk factors may have caused clinically suspicious pigmented lesions that required LLNL employees to have more skin biopsies. On the other hand, awareness of the laboratory's excess melanoma incidence may have increased physicians' propensity to obtain biopsy specimens of pigmented lesions.
Phenomenological Analysis of Quasirotational Spectra and Possible Evidence for Higher-Phonon States

We have developed a semiempirical description of the ground-state band of even quasirotational nuclei, based on the picture of anharmonic vibrations, which agrees surprisingly well with experiment. Comparison with previous empirical and semiempirical formulas is presented.
Reduced sleep in Drosophila Shaker mutants

Most of us sleep 7-8 h per night, and if we are deprived of sleep our performance suffers greatly; however, a few do well with just 3-4 h of sleep-a trait that seems to run in families. Determining which genes underlie this phenotype could shed light on the mechanisms and functions of sleep. To do so, we performed mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, because flies also sleep for many hours and, when sleep deprived, show sleep rebound and performance impairments. By screening 9,000 mutant lines, we found minisleep (mns), a line that sleeps for one-third of the wild-type amount. We show that mns flies perform normally in a number of tasks, have preserved sleep homeostasis, but are not impaired by sleep deprivation. We then show that mns flies carry a point mutation in a conserved domain of the Shaker gene. Moreover, after crossing out genetic modifiers accumulated over many generations, other Shaker alleles also become short sleepers and fail to complement the mns phenotype. Finally, we show that short-sleeping Shaker flies have a reduced lifespan. Shaker, which encodes a voltage-dependent potassium channel controlling membrane repolarization and transmitter release, may thus regulate sleep need or efficiency.
Dry deposition of particles to wave surfaces: I. Mathematical modeling

Abstract Previous estimates of dry deposition to water surfaces were generally based on deposition to flat, solid surfaces. This paper examines the effects of waves on dry deposition rates by numerically simulating particle trajectories over wave surfaces. Airflows over two-dimensional sine waves with height-to-length ratios 2 a / λ =0.1, 0.07, and 0.03 were calculated with a commercial computational fluid dynamics model. Results from the airflow simulations (velocity, kinetic energy, energy dissipation rate, and shear stress) provided inputs for a stochastic particle trajectory model. Particles were released from a height of 300 non-dimensional wall units at different locations along the wave. For those between 1 and 20 μm, deposition was found to be greatest for particles released to the upslope portion of the wave, followed by the trough, crest and downslope. Overall deposition rates were enhanced due to the presence of waves. Increases ranged from 5% ( d p =80 μm) to 100% ( d p =1 μm) for waves with 2 a / λ =0.07 and 0.1 and were approximately 50% greater ( d p =1−80 μm) for 2 a / λ =0.03. Deposition rates were enhanced due to increases in impaction and turbulent transport, both of which increase with increasing wave slope. However, an increased slope also produced regions of low or reversed flow in the trough and downslope, which decreased deposition rates. Due to these competing effects with respect to wave slope, deposition rates did not increase monotonically with wave slope.
Tissue-specific expression in mouse P815 mastocytoma cells of the cloned rat α-subunit gene of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E

The high-affinity multisubunit receptor for IgE, Fc epsilon RI, is expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific manner, being found only on mast cells, basophils and epidermal Langerhans cells. The expression of the rat Fc epsilon RI alpha-subunit transcript has been examined here in the mouse mastocytoma cell line, P815, which does not express the endogenous mouse Fc epsilon RI alpha- or beta-subunit transcripts. These studies indicate that an exogenously introduced rat alpha-subunit gene can be faithfully expressed in P815 cells, while no transcripts are produced in the mouse or rat B-lymphoid cell lines, SP2/0 and IR162, respectively. Therefore, in contrast to both B-cell lines, factors necessary for the tissue-specific expression of the alpha-subunit mRNA are present in the P815 cell line, yielding a correctly processed mRNA transcript; nevertheless, this tissue-specific expression is not rigorously species specific. Although the mechanism responsible for these observations is unknown, these results do imply that a specific cis-trans element interaction occurs between this transcriptional unit and factors in the P815 cells that control fidelity of tissue-specific mRNA synthesis and processing from the Fc epsilon RI alpha-subunit gene. Consequently, this reconstructed rat Fc epsilon RI alpha-subunit gene contains minimally sufficient cis elements for tissue-specific expression of mRNA, and so, the P815 cell line should be useful to define these requisite DNA cis elements of the gene, as well as the trans factors from P815 necessary for this process.
Use Your Illusion: secure authentication usable anywhere

In this paper, we propose and evaluate Use Your Illusion, a novel mechanism for user authentication that is secure and usable regardless of the size of the device on which it is used. Our system relies on the human ability to recognize a degraded version of a previously seen image. We illustrate how distorted images can be used to maintain the usability of graphical password schemes while making them more resilient to social engineering or observation attacks. Because it is difficult to mentally "revert" a degraded image, without knowledge of the original image, our scheme provides a strong line of defense against impostor access, while preserving the desirable memorability properties of graphical password schemes.Using low-fidelity tests to aid in the design, we implement prototypes of Use Your Illusion as i) an Ajax-based web service and ii) on Nokia N70 cellular phones. We conduct a between-subjects usability study of the cellular phone prototype with a total of 99 participants in two experiments. We demonstrate that, regardless of their age or gender, users are very skilled at recognizing degraded versions of self-chosen images, even on small displays and after time periods of one month. Our results indicate that graphical passwords with distorted images can achieve equivalent error rates to those using traditional images, but only when the original image is known.
DATING AND SEXUAL CHALLENGES FACED BY HIV- POSITIVE PEOPLE IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA

According to the 2010 UNAIDS Report, an estimated 320 000 (or 20%) fewer people died of AIDS-related causes in 2009 when compared to figures in 2004 in sub-Saharan Africa, when antiretroviral therapy was markedly expanded (UNAIDS, 2010). This decreased mortality rate offers hope for HIV-infected people to plan a future, part of which will include dating and sexual relationships. The Report cites KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa as being at the heart of the HIV/AIDS epidemic; this article is based on research on dating and sexuality among HIV-positive people in KwaZulu-Natal. Dating and sexuality are an integral part of living. Yet HIV-positive persons are denied intimacy at a time when this is most needed (Kasiram in Kasiram, Partab & Dano, 2006). Little is known about the full range of sexual adaptations that HIV-infected individuals choose (Schiltz & Sandfort, 2000). Kasiram, Partab, Dano and Van Greunen (2003:9) cite interaction and intimacy among HIV-positive persons as a neglected research focus, while Painter (2001) adds that insufficient attention is afforded to couple relationships for infected people. An important reason that motivated this study on dating and sexual challenges faced by HIV-positive people was the first author’s (the main researcher’s) personal experience of being HIV positive and counselling and life coaching HIV-positive people. She is confronted regularly with variations of the question “Will I be normal?”, which often translates to: “Will I be able to date and have sex
Techniques in Doppler gravity inversion

The types of Doppler gravity data available for local as opposed to planetwide geophysical modeling are reviewed. Those gravity fields that are determined dynamically in orbit determination programs yield a smoothed representation of the local gravity field that may be used for quantitative modeling. An estimate of the difference between smoothed and true fields can be considered as a noise limitation in generating local gravity models. A nonlinear inversion for the geometry, depth, and density of the Mare Serenitatis mascon using an ellipsoidal model yielded a global least squares minimum in horizontal dimensions, depth, and thickness-density contrast product. It was subsequently found, by using a linear model, that there were an infinite number of solutions corresponding to various combinations of depth and lateral inhomogeneity. Linear modeling was performed by means of generalized inverse theory.
The essential histidine residues of bovine plasma amine oxidase.

Abstract Ethoxyformic acid anhydride and photooxidation have been used to study the function of histidine residues in bovine plasma amine oxidase. Ethoxyformic acid anhydride at pH 6.1 reacted with nearly all of the histidine residues in the enzyme in 15 min but complete enzyme inactivation occurred in several minutes. The concentration of the reagent which caused 50% inhibition was 2.2 · 10−5 M under the conditions of the experiment. The diamine oxidases, Aspergillus niger and pea seedling amine oxidases were also inhibited by ethoxyformic acid anhydride. The concentrations of reagent required for 50% inhibition were 6.6 · 10−5 and 3.3 · 10−4 M, respectively, for the two enzymes. NH2OH could not be used to regenerate the reacted histidine residues since NH2OH itself inhibited the enzyme. Photooxidation in the presence of 0.001% Rose Bengal at pH 7.0 also inactivated bovine plasma amine oxidase. Histidine was the only amino acid destroyed by photooxidation. About six histidine residues were destroyed but in the presence of the substrate kynuramine, two less histidine residues were destroyed. Since lysine which is neither a substrate nor inhibitor of the enzyme did not protect the enzyme from photooxidation, it was concluded that two histidine residues, one in each subunit of the enzyme are essential for activity.
Being Invited to the Table Does Not Mean You Get to Eat: Balancing Individual Accountability and Participatory Decision-making in Site Based Management

The school featured in this case is a composite of several schools visited by the authors. The story we tell highlights the inherent contradictions faced by educators in trying to weld participatory decision-making into a hierarchical structure. The case opens discussion on leadership style, organizational effectiveness, conflict management and community building. Depending on the interest of the group, the case can be presented as a problem-based learning activity that may require students to develop agendas, create school improvement plans and be involved in role playing, for example, conducting a site-based council meeting.
Peroxisomal Acyl-CoA oxidase 4 activity differs between Arabidopsis accessions

In plants, peroxisomes are the primary site of fatty acid β-oxidation. Following substrate activation, fatty acids are oxidized by Acyl-CoA Oxidase (ACX) enzymes. Arabidopsis has six ACX genes, although ACX6 is not expressed. Biochemical characterization has revealed that each ACX enzyme acts on specific chain-length targets, but in a partially overlapping manner, indicating a degree of functional redundancy. Genetic analysis of acx single and double mutants in the Columbia (Col-0) accession revealed only minor phenotypes, but an acx3acx4 double mutant from Wassileskija (Ws) is embryo lethal. In this study, we show that acx3acx4(Col) and acx1acx3acx4(Col) mutants are viable and that enzyme activity in these mutants is significantly reduced on a range of substrates compared to wild type. However, the triple mutant displays only minor defects in seed-storage mobilization, seedling development, and adult growth. Although the triple mutant is defective in the three most active and highly-expressed ACX proteins, increases in ACX2 expression may support partial β-oxidation activity. Comparison of acx mutant alleles in the Col-0 and Ws accessions reveals independent phenotypes; the Ws acx4 mutant uniquely shows increased sensitivity to propionate, whereas the Col-0 acx4 allele has sucrose-dependent growth in the light. To dissect the issues between Col-0 and Ws, we generated mixed background mutants. Although alleles with the Col-0 acx4 mutant were viable, we were unable to isolate an acx3acx4 line using the Ws acx4 allele. Reducing ACX4 expression in several Arabidopsis backgrounds showed a split response, suggesting that the ACX4 gene and/or protein functions differently in Arabidopsis accessions.
Abstract A242: A novel AKT inhibitor, PH427, prevents UVB-induced signaling in human squamous skin carcinomas.

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are a significant and increasing health problem in the United States that occur primarily on sun-exposed areas of the body and are strongly associated with chronic sun exposure. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis have lead to the identification of potential molecular targets that might be used to prevent the progression of early skin cancer. AKT (protein kinase B), a pleckstrin homology (PH) lipid binding domain and a serine/threonine kinase containing protein is a key component of the phophatidylinositol-3-kinase (PtdIns3-K) cell survival signaling pathway which is activated in skin cancers. In this study, we describe the effects of a novel inhibitor of AKT (PH427) that binds to the PH domain of AKT thus preventing its binding to PtIns-(3,4,5)P3 at the plasma membrane and subsequent activation. PH427 inhibits AKT activity at low micromolar concentrations in HaCat human keratinocytes and HaCat-II,4, a ras transformed human keratinocyte cell line. We demonstrate that PH427 is able to prevent UVB-induced AKT activation and expression in both cell lines. PH427 also induced apoptosis in both HaCat and HaCat II,4 keratinocytes. Moreover, the compound is lipophilic and penetrates the skin in SKH-1 mice when applied topically. Short term in vitro studies showed that PH427 prevents UVB-induced AKT activation and UVB-induced signaling, as measured by p70S6 Kinase and p-GSK3-activation. Long-term in vivo studies utilizing SKH-1 mice have also shown significant reduction of UVB-induced skin tumors when PH427 is topically applied when compared to acetone-only control or PH427 alone. Additionally, drug treated mice exhibit reduced levels of phospho-Ser473AKT in the epidermal layers. We conclude that the topical application of PH427 may be beneficial for preventing NMSC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A242.
Doubly resonant Raman scattering induced by an electric field.

By applying a variable electric field to a 30-35 \AA{} GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.65}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.35}$As superlattice we have achieved tunable doubly resonant Raman processes, in which both the incident and the scattered light are in resonance with electronic transitions. The resonances, which involve states of the field-induced Stark ladder, manifest themselves as strong enhancements in the intensity of Raman scattering associated with the longitudinal optical phonon of GaAs. The dependence of the double resonances on field and photon energy provides direct information on the superlattice states, in very good agreement with results of photocurrent and photoluminescence experiments.
The creation and consequences of the social world: an interactional analysis of extraversion

Seventy‐six previously unacquainted, opposite‐sex pairs of undergraduate participants engaged in a 5 min videotaped interaction, then provided their mutual impressions. Research assistants coded 64...
Development of an extraction and cleanup procedure for a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method to analyze octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine in eggs.

Abstract An efficient sample extraction and cleanup method was developed for determination of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in eggs. The procedure included solvent extraction of HMX from eggs followed by cleanup using florisil and styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB) cartridges. Homogenized egg aliquots were thoroughly mixed with 10 mL acetonitrile and extracted with ultrasonication for 1 h. Each sample was centrifuged and all liquid was collected for cleanup. After concentration by N 2 evaporation, each extract was cleaned by florisil and SDB cartridges to remove endogenous interfering compounds. Finally, each extract was filtered through a 0.2 μm PTFE membrane and stored for liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC–MS) analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reverse phase (RP) C18 column, with a mobile phase containing 60% methanol + 40% 1.0 mM acetic acid aqueous solution. Acetic acid was employed as mobile phase additive to form negatively charged adduct ions [ M + CH 3 COO] − , and m / z = 355 was quantified by selective ion monitoring (SIM). Overall recoveries from eggs containing 10, 50, 250 and 1000 ng/g of HMX were 84.0%, 88.0%, 90.6% and 87.4%. A method detection limit (MDL) of 0.15 ng/g was achieved.
ADULTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE BENEFITS OF A COLLEGE DEGREE

This follow-up study of adult graduates (aged 25 or more at college entry) sought their perceptions about the impact of their bachelor's degree, 3 to 5 years after graduation. A sample of 441 adult graduates of the University of Wisconsin System were surveyed, and a response rate of 64% was generated. Results revealed that the two leading goals of adult graduates when they returned to college had been to develop a new career and to gain the satisfaction of earning a degree. Large percentages noted several job-related changes that occurred directly as a result of having the degree. Notable personal gains were also reported, revealing high overall satisfaction with having acquired a degree, even at a later than average age.