cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flowing gas target system for precision electron scattering measurements

Abstract We describe a flowing gas target system which can be used in various electron scattering experiments that require gas density stabilization to one part in 103. The main advantage of this system is that both target pressure and temperature are directly monitored during the data taking process. This eliminates the need to use extra beam time to measure the dependence of local target density on beam current. The system has been successfully used in an elastic electron scattering experiment to obtain a precise measurement of the nuclear ground state rms charge radius 4He.
Control and oscillation in ligand receptor interactions according to the law of mass action.

Abstract The law of mass action is almost universally applied to interactions of both endogenous ligands and drugs with their specific receptors and results in the familiar hyperbolic equilibrium binding curve of bound (y) vs free (z) concentrations. Whereas the concentration of a drug molecule is governed by its pharmacokinetic properties and, possibly, by intrinsic control mechanisms, natural ligands are certainly controlled since their concentrations normally remain within specific limits. This paper represents a further study of control of this kinetic process in a model based on ligand production (rate F), first-order elimination (rate constant E) and a feedback function of occupancy, θ(y), that modulates these. In the controlled situation the system equilibrium occurs at states called critical points (yc,zc) at which both dy/dt and dz/dt are simultaneously zero. There are only a finite number of such points along the hyperbolic binding curve and these may be either stable or unstable. The basal state is the normal operating point of the system and is necessarily stable; that is, perturbations producing states away from it will return in time to this point. We have previously shown that θ′(y)≤0 is a sufficient condition for stability. Accordingly, for a continuous control curve, an adjacent critical point will be unstable, and have θ′(y)0. If the system coordinates get sufficiently close to such an unstable point there is propulsion to extreme states and loss of control. The distance between the stable and unstable points determines whether a dose (or release) of the ligand will be controlled or not. The current paper focuses on the geometrical properties of the binding and control curves and how these relate to the stability of critical points and the overall control of ligand doses. In particular we show how the magnitude of the (negative) slope of the control curve at the basal point affects the frequency of oscillation about the basal state. It is further shown that high frequency control results in lower receptor occupancy, a result that may explain desensitization.
The Rockwell C hardness of quenched high-purity iron-carbon alloys containing 0.09 to 1.91% carbon

The Rockwell C hardnesses of thirteen high-purity iron-carbon alloy specimens that had been brine-quenched from temperatures in the austenite region to room temperature were measured. The hardness versus wt % C curve exhibits a maximum value of ∼ 65.5 Rc near 0.9% C. The decrease in hardness at carbon concentrations >0.9% is the result of a rapid increase in the volume fraction of retained austenite. Attention is called to the desirability of using these or similar data in materials texts to illustrate this structure-property relationship.
The American Peasantry: Southern Agricultural Labor and Its Legacy, 1850-1995, A Study in Political Economy

Subsistence and Commercial Labor The Slave Plantation Cultivation Practices The First Emancipation The Labor Question Sharecrop Tenure in Omsration White Peasants Populism Black Caste System Peasants and Farmers New Deal Agricultural Policies Urban Migration Bibliography Index
Sociodemographic effects on biological, disease care, and diabetes knowledge factors in youth with type 1 diabetes

Sociodemographic risk factors place youth with type 1 diabetes at higher risk for immediate and long-term health complications, yet research has still to disentangle the confounding effects of ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and parental marital status. Group-oriented and variable-oriented analyses were conducted to investigate sociodemographic differences in biological, disease care, and diabetes knowledge factors in youth with type 1 diabetes. The sample included 349 youth, age 9-17 years (79.9% Caucasian, 71.3% lived with two biological parents, M SES = 46.24). Group t-tests confirmed commonly reported ethnic differences in HbA1c and disease care behaviors. However, variable-oriented analyses controlling for confounding sociodemographic influences showed most disease care effects attributed to ethnicity were better explained by SES. Results may inform development of diabetes literacy programs that integrate culturally sensitive lifestyle and language components for families of youth at risk of poor metabolic control.
Light and shadow: Visual recognition of the stationary environment by leopard frogs

Abstract We determined how leopard frogs respond to non-moving aspects of the environment. We have discovered that these frogs are attracted to dark, stationary, opaque objects. This attraction depends on the relative reflectance of the object, i.e., the darker the block, the more attractive it is, and the attraction is found under both bright and dim ambient light levels. Larger blocks are more attractive than smaller blocks, but frogs are still attracted to blocks much smaller than themselves. Previous studies have shown that frogs are also attracted to sources of light. Using a choice experiment, we show that the probability a frog will choose a dark object versus a light source depends on the intensity of the light source relative to the intensity of the ambient light. The frog only moves toward a light source when it is at least 20 times brighter than the brightest object in the environment. These findings help to clarify the frog's “phototactic” nature.
Application of an electrocardiographic inverse solution to localize ischemia during coronary angioplasty.

Localization of Ischemia. This study demonstrates the utility of an electrocardiographic Localization of Ischemia. This study demonstrates the utility of an electrocardiographic Inverse solution, coupled with body surface potential mapping (BSPM), in localizing acute ischemia in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). PTCA balloon inflations produce complete occlusion and acute transient ischemia, which can be detected electrocardiographically with BSPM. Comparisons between maps recorded both during and before the inflation of the PTCA balloon allow patient- and artery-specific characterizations of the resulting ischemia. Knowledge of the patient's coronary anatomy and the location of the occlusion site by coronary angiography permit an estimation based on cardiac hemodynamics of the region of myocardium most likely to suffer from PTCA-induced ischemia. Electrocardiographic inverse solutions provide a means of predicting cardiac potentials from body surface maps. In this study, we describe an inverse solution we have developed to localize the transient ischemia produced by PTCA. To validate the procedure, we compared the locations of predicted ischemia in seven patients with a qualitative estimate of the perfusion region based on fluoroscopic examination of each patient's coronary anatomy and PTCA balloon location. In each case, the region of ischemia predicted by the model included the perfusion zone determined fluoroscopically. These results suggest that electrical changes induced by acute ischemia can be localized with an electrocardiographic inverse solution.
Application of geostatistics to risk assessment.

Geostatistics offers two fundamental contributions to environmental contaminant exposure assessment: (1) a group of methods to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution of a pollutant and (2) the ability to improve estimates of the exposure point concentration by exploiting the geospatial information present in the data. The second contribution is particularly valuable when exposure estimates must be derived from small data sets, which is often the case in environmental risk assessment. This article addresses two topics related to the use of geostatistics in human and ecological risk assessments performed at hazardous waste sites: (1) the importance of assessing model assumptions when using geostatistics and (2) the use of geostatistics to improve estimates of the exposure point concentration (EPC) in the limited data scenario. The latter topic is approached here by comparing design-based estimators that are familiar to environmental risk assessors (e.g., Land's method) with geostatistics, a model-based estimator. In this report, we summarize the basics of spatial weighting of sample data, kriging, and geostatistical simulation. We then explore the two topics identified above in a case study, using soil lead concentration data from a Superfund site (a skeet and trap range). We also describe several areas where research is needed to advance the use of geostatistics in environmental risk assessment.
Mössbauer Spectra in a Fluctuating Environment II. Randomly Varying Electric Field Gradients

We derive an expression for the M\"ossbauer line shape in the presence of an electric field gradient which jumps at random between the $x$, $y$, and $z$ axes. This Hamiltonian represents an idealized model for the effects on a nucleus of Jahn-Teller distortions, jump diffusion of vacancies, or electronic relaxation. A simplified calculation based on a model in which the field gradient jumps between positive and negative values along the $z$ axis is also given. In certain limiting circumstances the two calculations give similar results: The M\"ossbauer line shape consists of a single unsplit line for fast jumping, and of a quadrupole doublet for slow transitions. The results of the calculation agree with experiments of Pipkorn and Leider and of Chappert, Frankel, and Blum, as interpreted by Ham.
Are doctor of pharmacy students prepared for high technology learning

This study evaluated 104 Doctor of Pharmacy students self-reported preparedness for use and natural adaptation to computers in education throughout a course for which students received minimal technology preparation. The setting was a high technology classroom designed for student laptop computer use withIntranet/Internet access for each student. A single group, pre- and post-test survey design was employed to access essential computer terminology, applications, hardware knowledge, and file management skills necessary for successful participation in the course. Students’ computer knowledge and skills improved for the identified essential technology items upon course completion, however, this was not adequate to achieve optimal success. Many problems were encountered as a direct result of inadequate requisite skill attainment prior to starting the course. Pharmacy educators must expect and receive technology support for themselves, their students, and the classroom environment to attain the value-added potential of high technology learning.
PATHOBIOLOGY OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall that is responsible for 25,000-50,000 deaths in the United States each year. The sequelae of gram-negative infection and septicemia leading to death include fever, hypotension with inadequate tissue perfusion, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is clear that different cell types respond differently to lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, various autacoids and cytokines are released that can affect cellular function even in cell types that do not recognize lipopolysaccharide. Despite advances made in the etiology of septic shock and organ failure, therapy is still for the most part supportive and largely ineffective. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the role of lipopolysaccharide in the development of septicemia by examining signal transduction and therapeutic approaches.
Density‐gradient sedimentation equilibrium of DNA and the effective density gradient of several salts

The various treatments of sedimentation equilibrium are compared on a theoretical and an experimental basis. Particular attention is paid to the polyelectrolyte nature of the problem and the choice of a neutral component. The effective density gradients of several cesium salts for DNA are measured. Two previous theories for the effective density gradient are shown to be equivalent, and the experimental values are interpreted with respect to these theories. It is clear t hat sedimentation equilibrium in a density gradient may be used for the determination of unambiguous molecular weights.
Globalization and relative wages: further evidence from U.S. manufacturing industries

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on the relationship between globalization and the relative wages of production and nonproduction workers for U.S. manufacturing industries during 1961–1991. Using a multisector model with three intersectorally mobile factors (two types of labor and capital), we derive price and wage changes caused by technological progress and endowment changes. We then calculate residual price and wage changes, which capture the effects of globalization. On examination, these residuals reveal for the 1970s and 1980s Stolper–Samuelson effects as well as product price changes consistent with the predictions of the Heckscher–Ohlin model for the U.S. economy. These two results together imply that international trade and investment cannot be ruled out as one of the forces behind the observed increase in the skill premium in U.S. manufacturing industries. In effect, we find that 50% of the variation in the premium can be attributed to the impact of globalization.
Intersecting Identities as a Source of Religious Incongruence

Chaves (2010) argues that much of the work in the sociology of religion is susceptible to the religious congruence fallacy—the tendency to assume consistency between religious beliefs and one's attitudes and behaviors across situations when they are in fact highly variable. We build on and extend this argument by focusing on intersecting group identities as a mechanism for identifying such incongruence, not only within religious contexts, but also at the intersection of categories such as gender and race. To illustrate this argument, the analysis draws on data from the 2006 Panel Study of American Religion and Ethnicity (PS-ARE) to assess how race, gender, and religion interact to produce different levels of attitude and behavior incongruencies on key issues of the day, specifically conservative social values and voting behaviors. The results find marked differences and inconsistent relationships between attitudes and behaviors across racial-gender groups. We use the analysis to highlight the conditions that result in incongruence at the intersections of identity categories and pinpoint where social scientists are most vulnerable to committing the congruence fallacy.
Geology and Clay Mineralogy of the Morrow Formation, Southeastern New Mexico

Drilling and completion procedures for Morrow sandstone reservoirs in southeastern New Mexico must be designed to anticipate vertical variations in clay mineralogy in the wellbore, because different reservoir sandstones can have different authigenic clay compositions. In southeastern New Mexico, well control and sample control are more than adequate to facilitate such predictions.
The impact of infection on gluconeogenesis in the conscious dog.

The effect of infection on gluconeogenesis was assessed in the chronically catheterized conscious dog. Dogs were studied 42 h after implantation of a sterile (n = 7) or an Escherichia coli containing (n = 7) fibrinogen clot into the peritoneum (54 h fasted). Infection increased arterial plasma glucagon and cortisol (4.2- and 2.1-fold, respectively), but it did not alter arterial plasma insulin, catecholamines, or glucose concentrations. Infection increased tracer ([3-3H]glucose) determined glucose production and utilization and net hepatic glucose output by 35%. Net hepatic alanine and lactate uptake were also increased by 34 and 54%, respectively, without an alteration in their net hepatic fractional extraction. The intrahepatic efficiency of conversion of [14C]alanine to [14C]glucose was not decreased in the septic dog (.77 +/- .08) vs. .95 +/- .10 in noninfected and infected, respectively). Intestinal glucose uptake and lactate release were increased approximately twofold. The increase in intestinal lactate release accounted for 35% of the increase in net hepatic lactate delivery seen in response to infection. In conclusion, a good model of hypermetabolic infection was developed in which the characteristic increases in hepatic glucose production and gluconeogenesis were observed in the fasted state. The increase in gluconeogenesis was due to an increase in hepatic gluconeogenic precursor uptake with no impairment in the net fractional hepatic extraction of gluconeogenic precursors or the efficiency of gluconeogenesis. In addition, the intestine is a significant contributor to the increase in gluconeogenic precursor supply seen in response to infection.
MreB, A Prokaryotic Actin Homologue, Contributes To Cell Stiffness In E. Coli

Genetic and microscopy studies have shown that the newly discovered bacterial cytoskeleton is essential for the maintenance of cell shape in many prokaryotes. Moreover, the localization of different components of the cytoskeleton correlates with the localization of cell-wall-synthesis enzymes and of newly added cell-wall material. These correlations suggest that the cytoskeleton controls cell shape by regulating the location of cell-wall synthesis. However, whether the cytoskeleton also applies mechanical forces inside of cells is unknown. To address this issue, a quantitative measurement of the role of cytoskeletal proteins in cell mechanics is needed.We used an optical trap to measure the elasticity of live E. coli cells. Upon the addition of A22, a drug that promotes the disassembly of MreB filaments, cells become significantly weaker in their resistance to cell bending. This effect is reversible, and cells recover wild-type stiffness when A22 is removed from the environment. Our results show that MreB, a bacterial actin homologue, contributes as much to the stiffness of a cell as the peptidoglycan cell wall. This is the first direct evidence that the bacterial cytoskeleton contributes to the mechanical integrity of a cell in much the same way as it does in eukaryotes.
Patterned dispersion of nanoparticles in hydrogels using microfluidics

Uniform dispersions of nanoparticles in polymers have received increasing attention for optical applications, and patterned dispersions could enhance the potential applications. Methods for achieving patterned dispersions of nanoparticles in polymers are limited. However, microfluidics represents one technique that holds promise for this application. To demonstrate proof-of-concept, model samples of fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles dispersed in hydrogels were chosen. High fidelity staircase patterns were produced, imaged using fluorescence microscopy and quantified using image analysis software. The results demonstrate the suitability of microfluidics for creating patterned dispersions of nanoparticles in polymers and establishes the foundation for enabling optical applications.
Activation of AP-1 by okadaic acid in mouse keratinocytes associated with hyperphosphorylation of c-jun

Okadaic acid (OA), a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, is also a potent mouse skin tumor promoter. The effects of OA on regulation of c-jun/activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activation were investigated in mouse keratinocytes. AP-1 DNA binding to the jun 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate‐ response element (TGACATCA) as determined by gel shift analysis was strongly induced by OA (100 ng/mL) at 6 and 12 h. Preincubation of nuclear extracts with anti‐c-jun antibody demonstrated that c-jun was a major component of the DNA-bound AP-1 complex induced by OA in 308 cells. Transfection of a c-jun promoterreporter construct demonstrated that AP-1 transactivation was induced by OA. The mRNA level of the c-jun proto-oncogene was dramatically increased by 6 and 12 h of OA treatment. Furthermore, a significant induction of c-jun protein was stimulated by 6 and 12 h of OA treatment. Upon further analysis, it was found that OA induced a significant accumulation of Ser 73‐phosphorylated c-jun protein in 308 cells. In summary, our data suggest that skin tumor promotion by OA is due at least in part to increased AP-1 DNA binding and transactivation mediated by c-jun hyperphosphorylation. Mol. Carcinog. 18:37‐43, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tundra vegetation change near Barrow, Alaska (1972–2010)

Knowledge of how arctic plant communities will respond to change has been largely derived from plot level experimental manipulation, not from trends of decade time scale environmental observations. This study documents plant community change in 330 marked plots at 33 sites established during the International Biological Program near Barrow, Alaska in 1972. Plots were resampled in 1999, 2008 and 2010 for species cover and presence. Cluster analysis identified nine plant communities in 1972. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicates that plant communities have changed in different ways over time, and that wet communities have changed more than dry communities. The relative cover of lichens increased over time, while the response of other plant functional groups varied. Species richness and diversity also increased over time. The most dramatic changes in the cover of bryophytes, graminoids and bare ground coincided with a lemming high in 2008.
Experimental investigation of a blunt trailing edge flow field with application to sound generation

The unsteady lift generated by turbulence at the trailing edge of an airfoil is a source of radiated sound. The objective of the present research was to measure the velocity field in the near wake region of an asymmetric beveled trailing edge in order to determine the flow mechanisms responsible for the generation of trailing edge noise. Two component velocity measurements were acquired using particle image velocimetry. The chord Reynolds number was 1.9 × 106. The data show velocity field realizations that were typical of a wake flow containing an asymmetric periodic vortex shedding. A phase average decomposition of the velocity field with respect to this shedding process was utilized to separate the large scale turbulent motions that occurred at the vortex shedding frequency (i.e., those responsible for the production of tonal noise) from the smaller scale turbulent motions, which were interpreted to be responsible for the production of broadband sound. The small scale turbulence was found to be dependent on the phase of the vortex shedding process implying a dependence of the broadband sound generated by the trailing edge on the phase of the vortex shedding process.
Effect of Prolonged Cold Storage on the Contractile Response of Strips of Rabbit Aorta to Various Agents

After 2 days in cold storage (2.0 ± 0.5°C), the contractile response of spiral strips of rabbit aorta to low concentrations (10-9 to 10-10) of epinephrine and of norepinephrine was potentiated; after storage for 4 to 7 days, an increased contractile response to high concentrations (10-8 to 10-6M) of these catecholamines was also observed. Reserpine-pretreated strips showed potentiation of epinephrine- and norepinephrine-induced contractions, but only after 2 to 7 days in cold storage. Another result of several days of cold storage was a decrease or loss of contractile response to nicotine (10-5 to 10-6M), tyramine (10-4 to 10-6M), and potassium (10 to 40 mM). Potentiation of the contractile response to epinephrine and to norepinephrine was also observed in potassium depolarized strips at low temperature (19°C). After incubation of the depolarized or cold-stored strips in the Ca-free medium, no potentiation of epinephrine- or norepinephrine-induced contractions was observed. These results indicate that col...
Analysis of Fastest and Shortest Paths in an Urban City Using Live Vehicle Data from a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Architecture

Abstract – In this paper, I perform an analysis of the time to traverse different paths from a source to a destination in an urban city based on data gathered by a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture. Vehicle tracking devices have been installed in 15 vehicles that frequent the University of Alaska, Anchorage on a daily basis. This data has been analyzed using FreeSim ( http://www.freewaysimulator.com ) to determine the fastest path from the university to a destination in downtown Anchorage, which is on the other side of the city. During the period of this research, two vehicles departed from the university to the destination along the fastest path and shortest path, respectively, each day of the week at 5:00p.m. to determine the actual amount of time to traverse each path. The fastest path traversed proved to be faster than the shortest path 67% of the time, and the calculated fastest path proved to be faster than the shortest path 84% of the time. I provide an analysis of these paths and give reasons as to why the fastest path was not always faster than the shortest path.
P-selectin inhibition prevents early neutrophil activation but provides only modest protection against myocardial injury in dogs with ischemia and forty-eight hours reperfusion.

OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine whether antibody neutralization of the adhesion protein P-selectin would prevent neutrophil activation and reduce myocardial reperfusion injury. BACKGROUND Although inhibition of P-selectin markedly reduces short-term myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion, it is unknown whether it can provide meaningful long-term protection and preserve left ventricular function. METHODS Closed-chest dogs underwent 90 min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 48 h reperfusion, and were randomized to 1) a treatment group (n = 11) receiving 1 mg/kg of the blocking anti-P-selectin antibody PB1.3, or 2) a control group receiving 1 mg/kg PNB1.6 (nonblocking antibody against P-selectin, n = 7) or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 2) 10 min before reperfusion. Infarct size was assessed postmortem by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Contrast left ventriculography was used to measure left ventricular function. Activation of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was assessed by an increase in surface CD18 expression. RESULTS Neutrophil activation was observed at 30 min after reperfusion in the control group, but was abolished in the treatment group. Infarct size was reduced about 25% in the treatment group after controlling for variations in ischemic blood flow (p = 0.003, by analysis of covariance). However, this protective effect was not associated with preservation of blood flow to the ischemic-reperfused myocardium, nor with any improvement in global or regional left ventricular function. CONCLUSIONS The anti-P-selectin antibody PB1.3 prevented early PMN activation, but had only a modest long-term infarct-limiting effect over 48 h reperfusion. Adhesion molecules other than P-selectin may mediate delayed PMN activation and accumulation in reperfused myocardium.
An Improves Method for the Cleavage of Methyl Esters

Abstract Synthetic organic chemists are continually looking for milder, more specific methods of effecting given transformations, and one such problem which recently arose in our laboratory involved ester cleavage. In particular, we sought a specific, wild, non-hydrolytic method for effecting teh ester - acid transformation under conditions which other acid or base sensitive functional groups would survive.
A general framework for the occurrence and faulting of deformation bands in porous granular rocks

Abstract Deformation bands form in porous granular rocks by localized inelastic yielding that is well described by a modified Cam cap model. All five kinematic varieties of bands observed in the field, including dilation bands, dilation bands with shear, shear bands, compaction bands with shear, and compaction bands, can be explained by this unifying mechanical framework once their localization criteria are also specified. The growth of dilation bands with shear has been observed in the field and in the laboratory for low-pressure conditions. More commonly, however, strain hardening of compaction bands with shear will lead to faulting within, and eventually through, the resulting damage zone if the associated yield cap grows outward sufficiently to intersect the frictional strength surface. This sequence is best explained by replacing the critical state line with a frictional failure criterion in the general Cam cap approach. Given recent advances in localization theory and continuing refinement of field observations, the term “fracture” must now be expanded to include both weak and strong discontinuities, or deformation bands and displacement discontinuities (i.e., cracks, joints, veins, solution surfaces, anticracks, dikes, sills, faults), respectively. Shear zones and fault zones that accommodate both continuous and discontinuous changes in shear offset within them should also be considered as fractures according to this expanded definition.
Some effects of ethyl alcohol on the growth of rumen bacteria

The effects of ethyl alcohol on the growth rate and yield of representative isolates of obligately anaerobic rumen bacteria were studied. Yield was monitored as turbidity at 600 nm until stationary phase was obtained and quantitated as protein per milliter. Rate was determined as the fastest rate of turbidity doubling. With very few exceptions, within the concentration range allowing growth, no effects of alcohol concentration were observed on rate, but substantial effects were found on yield. Growth of most of the organisms studied was completely inhibited at an alcohol concentration between 3% and 7% vol/vol, but the growth ofBacteroides amylophilus andRuminococcus flavefaciens was drastically reduced or eliminated at a 1% alcohol concentration. It is likely that major physiological and biochemical differences exist among anaerobic rumen bacteria, and taxonomically similar organisms, as a function of alcohol exposure.
Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility

The synthesis of epitaxially grown, wurtzite CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals is reported. Shells of up to three monolayers in thickness were grown on cores ranging in diameter from 23 to 39 A. Shell growth was controllable to within a tenth of a monolayer and was consistently accompanied by a red shift of the absorption spectrum, an increase of the room temperature photoluminescence quantum yield (up to at least 50%), and an increase in the photostability. Shell growth was shown to be uniform and epitaxial by the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and optical spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that in the excited state the hole is confined to the core and the electron is delocalized throughout the entire structure. The photostability can be explained by the confinement of the hole, while the delocalization of the electron results in a degree of electronic accessibility that makes these nanocrystals...
Color Centers in Mixed Crystals of Alkali Halides

Single crystals of KCl, RbCl, KBr and mixed crystals of KCl-RbCl, KCl-KBr, and RbCl-KBr of various compositions have been colored by 3-MeV electrons with doses ${10}^{4}$ to ${10}^{6}$ rads at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, -80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and -190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The influence of radiation dose, coloration temperature, and composition of mixed crystals on spectral position, half-width, and intensity of the ${V}_{1}$, $K$, $F$, ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and $M$ bands has been studied. At room temperature $K$, $F$, and $M$ bands were produced, and at highest coloration $N$ bands; only $F$ and $K$ bands appear at -80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At -190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C coloration the ${V}_{1}$, $K$, $F$, and ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ bands appeared. In mixed crystals the spectral position of all absorption bands deviates from the Mollwo relation ($\ensuremath{\nu}{d}^{n}=\mathrm{const}$). The deviation in ${V}_{1}$, $K$, $F$, and $M$ is toward lower, and in ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ toward higher energy. The half-width of all bands in mixed crystals is greater than in pure components except that of ${V}_{1}$ in the KCl-RbCl system, where it is smaller. The intensity of coloration in KCl-RbCl decreases with composition and reaches a minimum at molar ratio 1:1. In KCl-KBr and RbCl-KBr the intensity curves exhibit a relative maximum and a relative minimum. The behavior of the observed color-center bands is correlated to crystal structure and to the configuration of color centers.
Heat transfer in a rarefied polyatomic gas—II. Sphere

Abstract The Hanson-Morse model of the linearized Wang Chang-Uhlenbeck equation is used to calculate the heat transfer from a spherical particle situated in an infinite expanse of a polyatomic gas. Results for heat transfer, density, and internal and translational temperature profiles for all degrees of rarefactions and for arbitrary internal and translational accommodation coefficients are obtained. Also studied is the dependence of these results on Knudsen number, internal energy, Eucken factor, and collision relaxation number.
Influence of the intermediate principal stress on the strain localization mode in porous sandstone

[1] Compaction bands and dilation bands are zones of either pure compaction or pure dilation, characterized by decreased or increased porosity, respectively. In contrast with commonly observed shear bands, there are relatively few reports of compaction bands or dilation bands, particularly in field settings. This work explores one possible explanation for these isolated observations: unique stress conditions, which occur infrequently, are required to form these bands. In particular, the influence of the intermediate principal stress on localization conditions is examined. Theoretical results, using a bifurcation approach to localization, reveal that conditions for compaction band formation are least restrictive when the intermediate principal stress is equal to the minimum compressive stress, while dilation band conditions are least restrictive when the intermediate principal stress is equal to the maximum compressive stress. However, the occurrence of one of these favorable stress states does not guarantee formation of one of these deformation modes, since certain conditions on the inelastic material parameters (i.e., friction factor and dilation coefficient) must also be satisfied. These material parameters vary with mean stress; thus satisfaction of compaction band or dilation band conditions requires not only a specific relationship between the principal stresses but also a loading path resulting in a favorable mean stress, such that inelastic material parameters fall in the required range. In a laboratory environment, where principal stresses are controllable, these conditions should be readily achievable. However, if these specialized stress conditions are uncommon in field settings, theory suggests that compaction bands and dilation bands may form infrequently.
Liquid‐induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Amorphous unoriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) was crystallized at 25°C by various organic liquids. The crystalliznity induced in the amorphous polymer was measured by differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The ability of liquids to interact with and induced crystallinity in the amorphous polymer was classified on the basis of their solubility parameters. Measurements of the density of liquid-crystallized 0.8-mil films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) indicated the presence of extensive internal voids in the semicrystalline polymer matrix. Comparison of differential scanning calorimetric thermograms and infared spectra of heat-crystalized and liquid-crystallized polymer indicated significant differences in the polymer morphologies induced by the two crystallization processes.
The Hydrolysis Activity of Adenosine Triphosphate in Myosin: A Theoretical Analysis of Anomeric Effects and the Nature of the Transition State†

Combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations with density functional theory are employed to analyze two issues related to the hydrolysis activity of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in myosin. First, we compare the geometrical properties and electronic structure of ATP in the open (post-rigor) and closed (pre-powerstroke) active sites of the myosin motor domain. Compared to both solution and the open active site cases, the scissile Pγ−O3β bond of ATP in the closed active site is shown to be substantially elongated. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis clearly shows that this structural feature is correlated with the stronger anomeric effects in the closed active site, which involve charge transfers from the lone pairs in the nonbridging oxygen in the γ-phosphate to the antibonding orbital of the scissile bond. However, an energetic analysis finds that the ATP molecule is not significantly destabilized by the Pγ−O3β bond elongation. Therefore, despite the notable perturbations in the ge...
Analysis of Topographic Maps for Recreational Purposes Using Decision Trees

In this paper we describe a method for predicting the subjective quality of a new mountain bike route for a particular subject based on routes previously ridden and ranked by the subject. GPS tracks of the previously ridden routes are over laid on rasterized topographic maps and topographic features are extracted in the vicinity of the routes using image processing techniques. The subject ranks each previously ridden route segment on four subjective qualities. The extracted topographic features and the subjective rankings are used as input vectors and target vectors to train a series of decision trees. The decision trees are then tested on a series of route segments not used in the decision tree training. The decision trees were able to exactly predict the subjective rankings with over 60% accuracy vs. 20% accuracy for random selection. When close matches are allowed in the prediction of subjective ranking (plus or minus one point vs. actual) the accuracy of the decision trees increased to 90% and above.
Physiologic measures of sexual function in women: a review

Objective To review and describe physiologic measures of assessing sexual function in women. Design Literature review. Setting Studies that use instruments designed to measure female sexual function. Patient(s) Women participating in studies of female sexual function. Intervention(s) Various instruments that measure physiologic features of female sexual function. Main Outcome Measure(s) Appraisal of the various instruments, including their advantages and disadvantages. Result(s) Many unique physiologic methods of evaluating female sexual function have been developed during the past four decades. Each method has its benefits and limitations. Conclusion(s) Many physiologic methods exist, but most are not well-validated. In addition there has been an inability to correlate most physiologic measures with subjective measures of sexual arousal. Furthermore, given the complex nature of the sexual response in women, physiologic measures should be considered in context of other data, including the history, physical examination, and validated questionnaires. Nonetheless, the existence of appropriate physiologic measures is vital to our understanding of female sexual function and dysfunction.
THE ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS: THE UNIVERSAL MAN

Au-dela des differences culturelles entre l'Orient et l'Occident, l'A. souligne l'universalite de l'experience humaine, rapprochant Confucius d'Aristote tant en le domaine ethique que religieux
Cross Talk between Id1 and Its Interactive Protein Dril1 Mediate Fibroblast Responses to Transforming Growth Factor-β in Pulmonary Fibrosis

The presence of activated fibroblasts or myofibroblasts represents a hallmark of progressive lung fibrosis. Because the transcriptional response of fibroblasts to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a determinant of disease progression, we investigated the role of the transcriptional regulator inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1) in the setting of lung fibrosis. Mice lacking the gene for Id1 had increased susceptibility to bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, and fibroblasts lacking Id1 exhibited enhanced responses to TGF-β1. Because the effect of Id1 on fibrosis could not be explained by known mechanisms, we performed protein interaction screening and identified a novel binding partner for Id1, known as dead ringer-like-1 (Dril1). Dril1 shares structural similarities with Id1 and was recently implicated in TGF-β1 signaling during embryogenesis. To date, little is known about the function of Dril1 in humans. Although it has not been previously implicated in fibrotic disease, we found that Dril1 was highly expressed in lungs from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and was regulated by TGF-β1 in human fibroblasts. Dril1 enhanced activation of TGF-β1 target genes, whereas Id1 decreased expression of these same molecules. Id1 inhibited DNA binding by Dril1, and the two proteins co-localized in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential mechanism for suppression of fibrosis by Id1 through inhibition of the profibrotic function of Dril1.
Molecular cloning and structural analysis of the functional mouse genomic XPG gene.

The mouse XPG gene is a homolog of the human DNA excision repair gene known to be defective in the hereditary sunsensitive disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (group-G). Defects in mouse XPG have been shown to directly affect the sensitivity of cultured cells to chemotherapy agents and may play a role in tumor cell drug resistance in vivo. A full-length cosmid clone of mouse XPG was isolated by complementation of the UV sensitivity and repair defect in CHO-UV135 cells. Exon mapping determined that the gene consisted of 15 exons within 32 kb of genomic DNA. Sequencing of intron-exon boundaries revealed that mouse XPG possesses a rare class of intron previously identified in only four other eukaryotic genes; it utilizes AT and AC dinucleotides instead of the expected GT and AG within the splice junctions. Promoter analysis determined that mouse XPG is expressed constitutively and probably initiates transcription from multiple start sites, yet, unlike the yeast homolog RAD2, we found no evidence that it is UVC inducible in cultured cells. Amino acid comparison with human XPG identified a highly conserved acidic region of homology not previously described.
The lower main sequence and the nature of secondary stars in ultracompact binaries.

The possible nature of the secondary stars in ultracompact binary stellar systems (with orbital periods of less than about 1 hr) are systematically investigated. Using a simplified stellar evolution code, which assumes isentropic stellar models, nearly 3000 separate models for hydrogen-burning main-sequence stars with masses less than 0.3 solar mass are generated. The effects of the (homogeneous) chemical composition on the properties of such stars and in, particular, on the minimum main-sequence mass are explored in detail. It is found that this minimum mass is a sensitive function of the hydrogen content and can be as small as 0.035 solar mass. The properties of fully degenerate low-mass stars, as well as low-mass stars that are not in thermal equilibrium are also studied. In particular, it is shown that the thermal time scale of such nonequilibrium stars may exceed 10 billion yr. The results also confirm the existence of a second branch of the main sequence and shed new light on the thermal instability of this branch. The available observational information on the three known ultracompact binary systems (4U 1626-67, G61-29, 4U 1916-05) is summarized, and the results of the stellar model calculations are combined with the empirical results to place constraints on the properties of the secondary stars.
Intracellular fluid loss in diarrheal disease

Summary Estimations of the extent and source of losses of body fluid by infants in an advanced stage of diarrheal disease were obtained from measurements of the excretion of sodium, potassium and nitrogen in the urine and stools. It was found that intracellular fluid is excreted in both urine and stools to an extent much greater than can be accounted for by release of water due to destruction of protoplasm. The additional water is regarded as withdrawn from tissue cells. The total quantity of withdrawn intracellular water was found to be larger than the loss of interstitial water. According to the findings in this study a loss of intracellular fluid, in addition to a loss of extracellular fluid, must be recognized in the process of dehydration produced by diarrheal disease.
Limits of predictability in forecasting in the behavioral sciences

Abstract A series of methodological problems in forecasting which arise out of the humanness of the predictor and/or predictee are reviewed. These include (1) perceptual disordering, in which the imperfect nature of data collected by human sensation is investigated, (2) model disordering, in which the imperfect nature of models and theories arising out of human information processing limitations is investigated, and lastly, (3) obtrusive reactive disordering, in which the human tendencies of the predictee, to guess the forecast, and to alter his or her behavior so as to reinforce or interfere with the forecast, are explored. The implications of these methodological dilemmas for forecasting are discussed.
Effect of exercise and pre-slaughter stress on pork muscle characteristics☆

The effects of exercise, stress and chill temperature on pork muscle characteristics were studied in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which treatments were assigned to blocks made up of six pigs of the same sex from the same litter. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet with the two littermate pigs on each treatment fed together. Treatments were (1) a control group receiving no exercise and fed in an 8 m2 pen; (2) a treatment group fed in an 8 m2 pen and driven 1·6 km/day for 100 days prior to slaughter; and (3) a treatment group fed in pens with 40 m2 floor space with feeders placed 5 m from their waterers. When the animals averaged approximately 105 kg in weight, one animal from each pair treated alike was subjected to standardized stress. After slaughter, one side was chilled at 2–3°C and the other at 13–15°C for 24 h. Both sides were then chilled at 2–3°C for an additional 24 h. Exercise did not affect average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, yield of total wholesale cuts, muscle pH, protein solubility, fiber diameter and sarcomere length of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Quadriceps femoris (QF) muscles or the tenderness of the QF muscle. Exercise decreased backfat thickness and the subjective tenderness of the LD muscle. The effects of stress on the characteristics evaluated were consistent with those that have been previously reported. Chilling temperature and interactions involving chilling temperature did not affect any of the characteristics studied. No exercise × stress interactions were observed. Protein solubility values indicated that pale, soft exudative (PSE) muscle was not a factor in any of the treatments. It was concluded that exercise will produce leaner carcasses but less tender muscle and that exercise will not counteract the effects of pre-slaughter stress.