cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial language, spatial thought: parallels in path structure

A hallmark of human cognition is our capacity to talk about what we see– especially, the objects, motions and events around us. How is this accomplished? Given that language and spatial representations are likely to be quite different in kind, the challenge is to understand how such apparently different systems of knowledge map onto each other, and how these mappings are learned. One solution is to seek core communalities in the structure of linguistic and non-linguistic representations, which could afford learners and mature users a means for talking about their spatial experience. I will discuss this possibility with respect to the structure of paths within events. Over a broad range of event types, formal linguistic analyses, computational models, and experimental studies show that a fundamental property of path representation-an asymmetry between source and goal paths-is pervasive in our non-linguistic understanding of events as well as our encoding of these in language. This suggests that there are deep structural homomorphisms between spatial language and non-linguistic spatial representation. Such structural parallels may provide a partial solution to the problem of mapping dissimilar domains onto each other, and may even yield insight into how some aspects of language evolved.
Healthy Choices: Regulatory Design and Processing Modes of Health Decisions

This article demonstrates experimentally that individuals making decisions about their health management are affected by the decision making environment and that law and policy can serve important roles in improving the decision environment. With the support of a generous grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, we conducted two series of experiments. First a lab experiment with approximately 700 respondents and next a web-based experiment with over 3000 respondents, including 300 medical doctors. In each of the experiments, in addition to manipulating the decision making environment and choice sets, we manipulated the state of the decision maker. In the first series of experiments we used the psychological mechanism of cognitive depletion and in the second series we tested the effects of cognitive overload. Most broadly, unlike past measures of risk aversion, our studies demonstrate that preferences for risk are not fixed in an individual but rather are highly sensitive to the role, context, and state of the decision maker in patterned ways. The project provides new evidence that cognitive processes affect decision making and judgment of risk, often leading to medically suboptimal choices. The lab studies suggest that often people process risk sub-optimally, e.g. favoring potentially harmful omissions over less harmful acts and being influenced by the order of warnings or choices, rather than their substantive value.
21st Century American Military Families: A Review in the Context of the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

This article has three interrelated objectives designed to highlight military family studies in the context of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Often referred to collectively as “the war on terror,” Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom represent the most comprehensive wars fought with an all-volunteer force since the nation's independence. I review the literature on American military families with an emphasis on the challenges facing military families during these operations. First I provide coverage of issues specific to military marriages and then address the research on children of military families. The article ends with an argument for scholars to take a more integrated approach to the study of military families that would help break down the current state of family scholarship and military family scholarship as parallel lines of inquiry.
Real-time 3D fire simulation using a spring-mass model

We present a method for real-time simulation of 3D fire inspired by an old mechanical trick known as the "silk torch". Motivated by the proven illusive effect of silk torch, we model the kinematics of flames by a mass-spring system and its turbulent visual dynamics by texture sequencing with variable speeds and transparencies that depend on the speed of the vaporized fuel. The approach allows for incorporating external forces such as the gravity, and the wind force for added realism. Also, a specific characteristic of our method is that any object inserted in aflame can be modeled simply as an external force in the mass-spring system, making real-time interactions with fire a simple addition to the overall system. While the approach maintains an extremely low computational cost, these flexibilities increase the realism of our 3D fire by allowing for real-time control and the interactivity, which is a highly desirable requirement in applications such as augmented reality.
Social Influence and Group Behavior

The concept of social influence is the cornerstone of social psychology; people would not be social beings if they were not influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. If humans were guided only by their personal interests and idiosyncratic goals, even the most simple of collaborative undertakings would end in failure. People must be sensitive to, make use of, and in many cases change in response to social influence. Early studies of such topics as the psychology of crowds, the development of norms, reference groups, and leadership provided a foundation for the scientific analysis of three sets of social influence processes: conformity, compliance, and obedience. Because of both normative and informational influence, individuals often conform to the standards set by other people, although dissenting individuals sometimes succeed in eventually changing the majority's opinion. Compliance, like conformity, involves a change in opinions, judgments, or actions, but this change results when one person deliberately tries to influence another person. Obedience is also a relatively direct form of influence: a change in behavior to match the dictates of a person who occupies a position of social power. Research, including Milgram's behavioral study of obedience, suggests that those who control key bases of power can compel individuals to obey even when they would rather resist this social pressure, but that those who occupy positions of power in a social organization experience psychological changes that can cause them to misuse their authority. Keywords: social influence; conformity; compliance; obedience; social power
Alcoholic Wernicke’s Encephalopathy with Cranial Nerve XII Involvement on MRI (P5.040)

A 53 year old cachectic alcoholic man who presented with acute altered awareness, ophthalmoplegia, mild hallucinosis and visual loss, diagnosed clinically as Wernicke’s Encephalopathy [WE] and improved with IV thiamine. His MRI on presentation showed T2 signal hyperintensities within the peri- third ventricular, aqueductal, and peri 4th ventricular regions, both medial thalami, portion of both medial mammillary bodies. There was also increased hyperintensity of both hypoglossal nerves within the intra canalicular segment. This is the first reported case of cranial nerve involvement on MRI in an alcoholic WE. WE results from thiamine deficiency, which can be caused by chronic alcoholism or malnourishment in non-alcoholic patients. Though considered a clinical diagnosis classically presenting with encephalopathy, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia, only around one-third of patients actually present with all three signs. In addition, not all patients have a clear history of drinking and it is often difficult to obtain a history from the patient given the mental status. Lab tests take time to be processed, and WE is a neurological emergency with the possibility of irreversible damage if not treated promptly. MRI has emerged as a very powerful ancillary test to help diagnose WE in patients with questionable history or atypical exam. Typical MRI findings for alcoholic and non-alcoholic WE include symmetric T2 signal hyperintensities in the medial thalami, periaqueductal grey, mammillary bodies, and tegmentum. In addition, non-alcoholic Wernicke’s patients may have T2 hyperintensities in the cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, cerebellum, red nuclei, dorsal medulla and cranial nerves. It is not yet understood why hyperintensities in the atypical areas on MRI are absent in alcoholic WE, but it has been suggested that alcohol may be protective. Our case shows that even severe chronic alcoholics can have cranial nerve damage. Disclosure: Dr. Lichtenstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nguyen has nothing to disclose.
Meaning in life goal pursuit moderates the effects of social influences on college student drinking

This study sought to examine whether life goal meaning serves as a protective factor against the effects of social influences on hazardous drinking. The sample consisted of 156 college drinkers who had consumed alcohol in the past 30 days. Results indicated that goal meaning moderated the relation between both injunctive norms and direct offers and heavy drinking episodes. Simple slopes' analyses showed that injunctive norms predicted heavy episodic drinking for students with low but not high levels of goal meaning. Direct offers predicted heavy episodic drinking, however, the strength of this association was reduced at high levels of goal meaning. Results suggest that higher levels of goal meaning may buffer the effects of social influences on college student hazardous drinking.
Layered reconstruction for defocus and motion blur

Light field reconstruction algorithms can substantially decrease the noise in stochastically rendered images. Recent algorithms for defocus blur alone are both fast and accurate. However, motion blur is a considerably more complex type of camera effect, and as a consequence, current algorithms are either slow or too imprecise to use in high quality rendering. We extend previous work on real-time light field reconstruction for defocus blur to handle the case of simultaneous defocus and motion blur. By carefully introducing a few approximations, we derive a very efficient sheared reconstruction filter, which produces high quality images even for a low number of input samples. Our algorithm is temporally robust, and is about two orders of magnitude faster than previous work, making it suitable for both real-time rendering and as a post-processing pass for offline rendering.
Transient Heat Transfer in a Fluid Sphere Translating in an Electric Field

The transient heat transfer in a fluid sphere translating steadily in a dielectric medium is numerically investigated. The energy equation with velocity components of combined translation-induced and electric field-induced internal motion is integrated by the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method for the entire drop interior. Creeping flow is assumed and the preponderance of the thermal resistance is assumed completely in the dispersed phase. The enhancement of heat transfer due to internal motion induced by both drop translation and the electric field is given in terms of the Nusselt number. Nusselt numbers are plotted as a function of the Fourier number, the peclet number, and a parameter E. The parameter E represents the ratio of electric field-induced flow strength to that of translation-induced flow. In general, the heat transfer rate is approximately doubled when the flow is dominated by the electric field as compared with the case where no electric field is applied. It is suggested that for large Peclet numbers, the electric field is negligible for E less than 0.5, while the translation is unimportant for E larger than 10. For small Peclet numbers, the electric field is of minor importance for E less than 2 and the translation ismore » insignificant for E greater than 50.« less
Spontaneous sleep interruptions during extended nights. Relationships with NREM and REM sleep phases and effects on REM sleep regulation.

Abstract Objectives : There is no agreement in the literature as to whether sleep interruption causes rapid eye movement (REM) pressure to increase, and if so, whether this increase is expressed as shortened REM latency, increased REM density, or increased duration of REM sleep. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different durations of spontaneous sleep interruptions on the regulation of REM sleep that occurs after return to sleep. Methods : The occurrence of spontaneous periods of wakefulness and their effects on subsequent REM sleep periods were analysed in a total sample of 1189 sleep interruptions which occurred across 364 extended nights in 13 normal subjects. Results : Compared with sleep interruptions that last less than 10min, sleep interruptions that last longer than 10min occur preferentially out of REM sleep. In both the short and long types of sleep interruptions, the duration of REM periods that ended in wakefulness were shorter than the duration of those that were not interrupted by wakefulness. REM densities of the REM periods that terminated in periods of wakefulness were higher than those of uninterrupted REM periods. The proportion of episodes of wakefulness following REM sleep that were long-lasting progressively increased over the course of the extended night period. The sleep episodes that followed the periods of wakefulness were characterised by a short REM latency. REM duration was increased in episodes that followed long sleep interruptions compared to those that followed short sleep interruptions. REM density did not appear to change significantly in the episodes that followed sleep interruption. Conclusions : REM sleep mechanisms appear to be the main force controlling sleep after a spontaneous sleep interruption, presumably because during the second half of the night, where more sleep interruptions occur, the pressure for non-rapid eye movement sleep is reduced and the circadian rhythm in REM sleep propensity reaches its peak. Processes promoting REM sleep at the end of the night are consistent with the Pittendrigh and Daan dual oscillator model of the circadian pacemaker.
Contribution of peripheral n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors to c-fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus following acute masseteric inflammation

Abstract In this study, we examined the contribution of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors on c-fos expression in the trigeminal brainstem nuclei following acute muscle inflammation. Mustard oil (MO; 20%, 30 μL) injected into the masseter muscle induced extensive peripheral edema and Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in several trigeminal brainstem areas including the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal spinal nucleus (Vc), the ventral and dorsal regions of the Vc/subnucleus interpolaris transition zone, and the paratrigeminal nucleus. In order to assess the effect of antagonizing NMDA receptors on MO-induced Fos-LI, rats were pre-treated with two different doses of i.v. MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg), a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 30 min prior to MO injection. Additional groups of rats received MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg) directly in the masseter muscle or in the biceps muscle 5 min prior to MO injection. A higher dose of i.v. MK-801 (3 mg/kg) and MK-801 given locally into the masseter muscle (0.3 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in total number of MO-induced Fos-LI. Further analyses revealed that pre-treatment with MK-801 (3 mg/kg i.v.) significantly reduced the Fos-LI all throughout the Vc. Only at the caudal Vc, there was a dose-dependent reduction of MO induced Fos-LI. Pre-treatment with masseteric MK-801 also significantly reduced the Fos-LI in the caudal Vc, with the effect greater than that produced by the same dose of MK-801 given intravenously. These results suggest that peripheral NMDA receptors contribute to nociceptive processing from craniofacial muscles.
Carbon Nanotube ``T Junctions'': Nanoscale Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Contact Devices

Stable ``T junctions'' of single-walled carbon nanotubes forming one of the smallest prototypes of microscopic metal-semiconductor-metal contacts are proposed. The structures have been found to be local minima of the total energy on relaxation with a generalized tight-binding molecular dynamics scheme. These quasi-2D junctions could be the building blocks of nanoscale tunnel junctions in a 2D network of nanoelectronic devices.
Multispectral target recognition using adaptive radar and infrared data integration

We report a RF and IR data-integration strategy based on a probabilistic (or a distribution) model. At the heart of our approach is the ability to extract the probability density functions (pdfs) from the sensed dataset for RF and IR respectively followed by the detection or target identification process based on posterior fusion (i.e., the product of individual pdfs) and Bayesian decision process. The pdf-acquisition processes in RF and IR modules have been further refined with clutter models and data-compression techniques.
Effectiveness of Foot and Ankle Exercise Programs on Reducing the Risk of Falling in Older Adults A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Foot and ankle (FA) exercise programs might reduce the risk of falling in older adults. We sought to systematically review the current literature on FA exercise programs targeted at reducing the risk of falling in older adults. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Articles were included based on the following criteria: 1) randomized controlled trial, 2) FA exercise program, and 3) use of fall risk–related motor outcomes (strength, balance, flexibility, and functional ability) or use of falls as an outcome. Weighted effect sizes (d) were calculated across studies for estimating the overall effect of FA exercises on the most frequently reported motor outcome parameters. Results: Eight publications met the inclusion criteria. Small to moderate overall effects were found for balance (d ¼ 0.46, P , .001) and ankle flexibility (d ¼ 0.29, P ¼ .006). No significant overall effects were found for ankle plantarflexor strength (d ¼ 0.11, P ¼ .223) and walking performance (d ¼� 0.05, P ¼ .404). Controversial results were reported for other functional measures. Effects varied depending on the type of intervention. Only one study reported improved ankle evertor strength and a significant reduction in falls. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that FA exercise can improve certain fall risk–related motor outcomes and reduce falls. Limited effects on strength and functional ability might be related to insufficient training intensity and lack of adherence. Further studies that include progressive strength and flexibility training are necessary to validate which FA exercise programs are most effective at preventing falls. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(6): 534-547, 2013)
Sums and ratios for beta Stacy distribution

We derive the exact distributions of R=X+Y and W=X/(X+Y) and the corresponding moment properties when X and Y follow the beta Stacy distribution. The expressions turn out to involve several special functions. We also provide extensive tabulations of the percentage points associated with the distributions. These tables-obtained using intensive computing power-will be of use to practitioners of the beta Stacy distribution.
Air-abrasion experiments in U-Pb dating of zircon

Abstract Air abrasion of zircon grains can remove metamict material that has lost radiogenic Pb and zircon overgrowths that were added during younger events and thereby improve the precision of the age measurements and permit closer estimates of the original age. Age discordance that resulted from a single disturbance of the UPb isotopic decay systems, as had been demonstrated by T.E. Krogh, can be considerably reduced, and, under favorable conditions, the ages brought into concordancy. Two or more events complicate the UPb systematics, but a series of abrasion experiments can be helpful in deciphering the geologic history and in arriving at a useful interpretation of the probable times of origin and disturbances. In east-central Minnesota, U.S.A., Penokean tonalite gneiss is dated at 1869 ± 5 Ma, and sheared granite gneiss is shown to have been a high-level granite intrusion at 1982 ± 5 Ma in the McGrath Gneiss precursor. Tonalite gneiss and a mafic granodiorite in the Rainy Lake area, Ontario, Canada, are dated at 2736 ± 16 and 2682 ± 4 Ma, respectively. The tonalitic phase of the Morton Gneiss, southwestern Minnesota, is dated at 3662 ± 42 Ma.
Economic activities of Safavid women in the shrine‐city of Ardabil

After more than half of the urdu has gone by, the Shah's maidens pass on fine horses; and they ride like men and dress like men, except that on their heads they do not wear caps but white kerchiefs. And in the company of those maidens go 10 or 12 old men, who are called ishikaqiasts, that is masters of the house. And I have seen that there were about 14-15 of those maidens, and they were beautiful, though their faces could not be fully seen. But what could be seen was beautiful and very fair. And sometimes they galloped and perforned marvels with their horses, making them jump and do many other skillful tricks. They went thus behind the court, where the Shah's tents were pitched. (Membre, the Venetian envoy in Maraghah, September 1539)'
Modelling relative survival using transformation methods

Patient survival is often assessed as a measure of effectiveness of treatment in cancer clinical trials. The relative survival rate is a measure of patient survival corrected for the effect of other causes of death. We incorporate an additive hazards model for the overall force of mortality focusing attention on the form of the underlying disease process. Transformation models for the cause-specific hazard rate describing the disease process are considered. We demonstrate a method for estimating the transformation parameter providing insight into the appropriate choice of model structure. The models include the additive and multiplicative structures as special cases. We write the models in the generalized linear model framework and demonstrate ease of fitting via existing statistical software. The methodology is applied to a Hodgkin's disease data set to assess the effect of clinical trial results on population survival. Our analysis concludes that the multiplicative structure provides a more appropriate description of the data as compared to the additive structure.
Ultrasonic modification of alumina powder during wet-ball milling

The comminution of unagglomerated alumina powders was enhanced by applying ultrasonic energy during wet-ball milling for 16 h. The resulting powders had significantly finer mean and median particle sizes, narrower particle-size distributions, and less angular morphologies than powders which were conventionally wet-ball milled.
Partitioning of fluorotelomer alcohols to octanol and different sources of dissolved organic carbon.

Interest in the environmental fate of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) has spurred efforts to understand their equilibrium partitioning behavior. Experimentally determined partition coefficients for FTOHs between soil/water and air/water have been reported, but direct measurements of partition coefficients for dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/water (Kdoc) and octanol/water (Kow) have been lacking. Here we measured the partitioning of 8:2 and 6:2 FTOH between one or more types of DOC and water using enhanced solubility or dialysis bag techniques, and also quantified Kow values for 4:2 to 8:2 FTOH using a batch equilibration method. The range in measured log Kdoc values for 8:2 FTOH using the enhanced solubility technique with DOC derived from two soils, two biosolids, and three reference humic acids is 2.00−3.97 with the lowest values obtained for the biosolids and an average across all other DOC sources (biosolid DOC excluded) of 3.54 ± 0.29. For 6:2 FTOH and Aldrich humic acid, a log Kdoc value of 1.96 ± 0.4...
Automatic detection system for buried explosive hazards in FL-LWIR based on soft feature extraction using a bank of Gabor energy filters

There is a strong need to develop an automatic buried explosive hazards detection (EHD) system for purposes such as route clearance. In this article, we put forth a new automatic detection system, which consists of keypoint identification, feature extraction, classification and clustering. In particular, we focus on a new soft feature extraction process from forwardlooking long-wave infrared (FL-LWIR) imagery based on the use of an importance map derived from a bank of Gabor energy filters. Experiments are conducted using a variety of target types buried at varying depths at a U.S. Army test site. An uncooled LWIR camera is used and the collected data spans multiple lanes and times of day (due to diurnal temperature variation that occurs in IR). The preliminary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve-based performance presented herein is extremely encouraging for FL-EHD.
In-Cell FRET as a Tool to Develop SERCA Activators for Drug or Gene Therapy

We are using in-cell FRET methods (Photobleaching, FLIM, time-resolved FRET in a plate reader) to study the relationships among structure, dynamics, and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) and its cardiac regulator phospholamban (PLB), with the goal of designing activators of SERCA for treatment of heart failure (HF) and muscular dystrophy (MD).Ca2+ drives muscle contraction, and relaxation is accomplished by the sequestration of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA), which is inhibited by phospholamban at submicromolar [Ca2+] in cardiac muscle. SERCA activity is frequently reduced in HF, and many current therapeutic strategies aim to increase cardiac Ca2+ cycling activity. We are designing LOF-PLB mutants (PLBM) that can compete with WT-PLB (PLBW) and thus relieve SERCA inhibition. Our ideal mutant is partial loss-of-function, binds tightly to SERCA2a, and remains phosphorylatable via β-adrenergic pathways. The effects of PLBM on Ca-ATPase activity and FRET are measured to determine the mutant's ability to compete with PLBW, both physically and functionally. Optimal LOF mutants are being tested in a rat model of heart failure.In addition to this SERCA-PLB FRET competition assay, we are using SERCA2a labelled with two different fluorescent probes (GFP and RFP) to screen for small molecule activators of SERCA in living cells. Time-resolved FRET measurements of RFP-GFP-SERCA2a in 96- or 384-well plates have shown the extraordinary precision and sensitivity necessary to probe SERCA's structure-function relationship. New drug screening efforts are active and small molecules from previous screens are being developed as promising drugs for HF therapy (collaboration with Celladon, Inc.). Many of these drugs are direct SERCA activators and are being investigated for their ability to rescue the muscular dystrophy phenotype in dystrophic mice.
Problem-Solving without Awareness: An ERP Investigation.

When subjects are given the balls-and-boxes problem-solving task (Kotovsky & Simon, 1990), they move rapidly towards the goal after an extended exploratory phase, despite having no awareness of how to solve the task. We investigated possible non-conscious learning mechanisms by giving subjects three runs of the task while recording ERPs. Subjects showed significant differences in their ERP components during the exploratory phase between correct and incorrect moves. Exploratory incorrect moves were associated with a shallower response-locked N1 component and a larger response-locked P3 component compared with exploratory correct moves. Subjects who solved the task more quickly exhibited a trend towards larger N1 and P3 components. These results suggest that the brain processes information about the correctness of a move well before subjects are aware of move correctness. They further suggest that relatively simple attentional and error-monitoring processes play an important role in complex problem-solving.
Highly controlled crystallization of silicon thin films on low cost substrate by pulsed laser annealing process

This paper presents heat transfer simulation and annealing process of microscale thin silicon (Si) film on low cost substrate using COMSOL Multiphysics. Two different types (Gaussian and Gate) of controlled (time controlled and laser intensity controlled) input laser power source have been applied on the top surface of the thin film for its crystallization. Comparison has been done for these two types input laser power intensity. The results show that at various laser power density with different times Gate input pulse melts higher thickness from top surface than the Gaussian input pulse. At any specific position inside the film melts faster in case of Gate input pulse rather than the Gaussian input pulse. Also the Gate input pulse shows the longer melted phase duration than Gaussian input pulse. Therefore, the annealing depth and temperature at any depth can be precisely controlled by optimizing power density of the heat source, pulse width, pulse type and exposure time. Finally, it is possible to crystallize Si films by controlled melting without melting the substrate.
Particle simulation study of substrom triggering with a southward IMF

Abstract This paper reports the spatial and temporal development of bursty bulk flows (BBFs) created by reconnection as well as current disruptions (CDs) in the near-Earth tail using our 3-D global electromagnetic (EM) particle simulation with a southward turning interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the context of the substorm onset. Recently, observations show that BBFs are often accompanied by current disruptions for triggering substorms. We have examined the dynamics of BBFs and CDs in order to understand the timing and triggering mechanism of substorms. As the solar wind with the southward IMF advances over the Earth, the near-Earth tail thins and the sheet current intensifies. Before the peak of the current density becomes maximum, reconnection takes place, which ejects particles from the reconnection region. Because of earthward flows the peak of the current density moves toward Earth. The characteristics of the earthward flows depend on the ions and electrons. Electrons flow back into the inflow region (the center of reconnection region), which provides current closure. Therefore the structure of electron flows near the reconnection region is rather complicated. In contrast, the ion earthward flows are generated far from the reconnection region. These earthward flows pile up near the Earth. The ions mainly drift toward the duskside. The electrons are diverted toward the dawnside. Due to the pile-up, dawnward current is generated near Earth. This dawnward current dissipates rapidly with the sheet current because of the opposite current direction, which coincides with the dipolarization in the near-Earth tail. At this time the wedge current may be created in our simulation model. This simulation study shows the sequence of the substorm dynamics in the near-Earth tail, which is similar to the features obtained by multisatellite observations. Identification of the timing and mechanism of triggering substorm onset requires further studies in conjunction with observations.
Brauer-type reciprocity for a class of graded associative algebras

Classical Brauer reciprocity can be stated roughly as follows: Let G be a finite group and let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0. If S is a simple kG-module and P(S) is its projective cover, then the multiplicity of a simple module L as a composition factor of a characteristic zero lift of P(S) is the same as the multiplicity of S as a composition factor of a modulo p reduction of L. (All modules in this paper are assumed to be finite dimensional.) One thinks of the module L as playing an intermediate role between P(S) and S. Reciprocities similar to Brauer reciprocity (here called “Brauer-type reciprocities”) have subsequently been found to occur in many other settings. For instance, if g is a classical (modular) Lie algebra (definition given in Section 2), then there exists a set 9 of g-modules with the following property: Given a simple g-module S, the projective cover P(S) of S has a filtration with each successive quotient (isomorphic to a module) in 5?? and for each such filtration, the number of times ZE 9 occurs is the same as the multiplicity of S as a composition factor of Z. This was proved for g of type A I by Pollack [lo] and for arbitrary g by Humphreys [3]. (The reciprocity in this setting is often called “Humphreys reciprocity.“) Inspired by Humphreys’ result, Bernstein, Gelfand, and Gelfand sought and found a Brauer-type reciprocity (“BGG reciprocity”) in a certain “truncated” category (their category 8) of modules for a complex semisimple Lie algebra (see [ 11). Later, this was generalized by Mirollo and
War of the worms: how plants fight underground attacks

Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) establish specialized feeding cells within roots to maintain long-term relationships with their hosts. However, feeding cells degenerate prematurely in plants that harbor resistance (R) genes against these parasites reducing their life span and ability to reproduce. Recognition of the nematode, mediated directly or indirectly by plant R proteins, occurs via nematode secreted effectors and evokes a resistance response, which is referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Recent breakthroughs in nematode effector biology shed new light on key players mediating ETI and have identified those involved in plant defense suppression as novel targets for engineering resistance in transgenic plants. Advances in plant genetics and genomics has facilitated the discovery of R genes to nematodes. Nevertheless, underlying resistance mechanisms remain poorly understood and are confounded by recently identified R genes that do not fit previously proposed paradigms. Thus, there is still much to be learned about how plants fight off underground attacks from PPNs. In coming years, we can expect breakthroughs in our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of plant resistance and nematode virulence as we explore these novel R genes.
Medicine and the saints: science, Islam, and the colonial encounter in Morocco 1877–1956

In her well-written and argued book, Ellen Amster introduces a new unit of analysis to the historiography of Morocco: the body, both ‘corporeal’ and as ‘body politic’. Drawing on French colonial ar...
Laryngotracheal stenosis: A 5-year review

Twenty-seven children with varying degrees of laryngotracheal stenosis were treated at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) from January 1984 to January 1989. Nineteen children had a residual airway demonstrable preoperatively, and following laryngotracheoplasty, 18 (95%) were successfully decannulated; all but 1 had a normal voice. Eight children had complete stenosis. Of these children, 6 could be decannulated, but 3 required a second laryngotracheoplasty. Four children now have voice abnormalities.
Attitudes, awareness, and barriers toward evidence-based practice in orthodontics.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes, awareness, and barriers toward evidence-based practice. Methods A survey consisting of 35 questions pertaining to the use of scientific evidence in orthodontics was sent to 4771 members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States. Each respondent's age, attainment of a master's degree, and whether he or she was currently involved with teaching were ascertained. To minimize bias, the survey questions were phrased as an examination of the use of scientific literature in orthodontics. Results A total of 1517 surveys were received (response rate, 32%). Most respondents had positive attitudes toward, but a poor understanding of, evidence-based practice. The major barrier identified was ambiguous and conflicting research. Younger orthodontists were more aware, had a greater understanding, and perceived more barriers than did older orthodontists. Orthodontists involved in teaching were more aware, had a greater understanding, and reported fewer barriers than those not involved with teaching. Those with master's degrees had a greater understanding of evidence-based practice than those without degrees. Conclusions Educational initiatives are needed to increase the understanding and use of evidence-based practice in orthodontics.
Gradients in the interpretation of satellite-altitude magnetic data: an example from central Africa

Abstract The Euler and the analytic signal methods have been implemented in spherical coordinates to facilitate the interpretation of spherically-registered potential-field anomaly data collected by satellites. Model studies show that the methods are able to delineate the edges of idealized models even from 400 km altitude; the depth resolution is, however, not adequate from this altitude. A very large magnetic anomaly, the Bangui anomaly in central Africa, was studied using these methods. These results, from Magsat data, suggest that impact related remagnetization (Girdler, R.W.,Taylor, P.T., Frawley, J.J., 1992, A possible impact origin for the Bangui magnetic anomaly (Central Africa), Tectonophysics, 212, 45–58) and presence of a highly magnetic source (Ravat, D., Hinze, W.J., von Frese, R.R.B., 1992, Analysis of Magsat magnetic contrasts across Africa and South America. Tectonophysics 212, 59–76) near the center of the impact structure are likely contributors to the anomaly.
Profiling methods for the determination of phenolic compounds in foods and dietary supplements

Profiling methods are needed that separate and detect all the phenolic compounds in a single extract of a food material. These methods must be comprehensive, rapid, and rich in spectral information. Fourteen methods that meet, or have the potential to meet, these criteria have been selected from the recent literature for review. In general, the methods employ a single aqueous methanol extraction, separation on a reversed-phase C column, and detection by UV/vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The variations in extraction, separation, and detection are discussed. An increasingly important aspect of these methods is the archiving of data to permit cross-comparison of samples and standards and retrospective analysis. This review shows that the necessary technology is available to achieve the desired analytical goals.
Arthroscopic Hill-Sachs remplissage: a systematic review.

Background: Failure to address humeral osseous defects during arthroscopic stabilization surgery for glenohumeral instability leads to an increased rate of recurrence. Arthroscopic remplissage has been proposed as a treatment option for substantial Hill-Sachs lesions. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the outcomes of the remplissage procedure for the treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability of the shoulder with a humeral head defect. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic Hill-Sachs remplissage. Studies that reported on patients who underwent arthroscopic infraspinatus tenodesis concomitant with a standard Bankart repair were included if they had relevant clinical outcomes and associated complications. The frequency-weighted mean was calculated for outcome measures that were similar across several studies. Results: Six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The studies included 167 patients (mean age, 27.5 years) with a mean follow-up of 26.8 months (range, twelve to forty-three months). Patients had a frequency-weighted mean adjusted Rowe score of 36.1 preoperatively compared with 87.6 postoperatively (p 0.05); mean forward elevation changed from 165.7° preoperatively to 170.3° postoperatively, and mean external rotation changed from 57.2° to 54.6°. Nine of 167 shoulders experienced an episode of recurrent glenohumeral instability (overall recurrence rate, 5.4%). Conclusions: Postoperative clinical outcome scores were generally good to excellent following arthroscopic remplissage. No studies indicated a significant loss of shoulder motion following the procedure. The failure rate following Hill-Sachs remplissage compared favorably with previously published rates for patients without clinically important Hill-Sachs lesions who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair alone. The overall complication rate across the studies was low, further supporting the use of this technique along with Bankart repair in the treatment of glenohumeral instability with a concurrent osseous defect of the humeral head. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Women, Earmarks, and Substantive Representation

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate women's substantive impact on government by examining the earmark requests of the US House representatives. Women representatives are hypothesized to make more funding requests for women's issues than male representatives. Through use of OLS statistical analysis, women's issue earmark requests, as reported by the 111th congressional House members for the fiscal year 2010, serve as the dependent variable. Gender is a significant predictor of earmark requests even when controlling for the ideology, partisanship, and racial minority status of a House member. This finding is evidence of women's substantive representation in the form of earmark requests.
The burden of HIV: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Objectives: To evaluate the global and country-level burden of HIV/AIDS relative to 291 other causes of disease burden from 1980 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) as the vehicle for exploration.
Variations in responses of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars to ozone

Four cultivars field-grown Phaseolus vulgaris L., differing in their morphological characteristics, were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF), or 1.5 times greater than ambient ozone O3 concentrations from July to September in Riverside, California (USA). The objective of the study was to determine the relative susceptibility of the four cultivars to O3 and to relate susceptibility to O3 to the physiological characteristics of the cultivars, particularly to rates of stomatal conductance. Compared with bean yields in CF chambers. ambient O3 reduced yields by 65% for ‘Sutter Pink’, 73% for ‘Yolano Pink’ and 44% for ‘Sal Small White’. One cultivar, ‘Linden Red Kidney’, had increased yields in NF relative to CF treatments. The sequence of susceptibility to O3 for both visible foliar injury and reductions in yield in the four cultivars was the same as that for the rates of stomatal conductance. The rate of maximum conductance was significantly positively correlated with both yields in CF chambers (r = 0.77; P < 0.05) and with O3-induced reductions in conductance (r=0.93; P < 0.05). The results suggests that measurements of stomatal conductance in bean cultivars could be used to screen for cultivars potentially susceptible or resistant to O3-induced yield losses in the field.
Hydrologic controls on the morphology and mechanics of accretionary wedges

At many subduction zones, accretionary complexes form as sediments are offscraped from the subducting plate. Existing mechanical models that treat accretionary complexes as critically tapered wedges of sediment demonstrate that pore pressure controls their taper angle by modifying rock strength. We combine a model of groundwater flow with critical-taper theory to show that permeability and plate-convergence rate are important controls on accretionary wedge geometry through their influence on pore pressure. Low permeability and rapid convergence sustain nearly undrained conditions and shallowly tapered geometry, whereas high permeability and slow convergence result in steep geometry. Our results are generally in good agreement with data from active accretionary complexes, but also illustrate the importance of other factors, such as incoming sediment thickness and stratigraphy. One key implication is that strain rate and hydrologic properties may strongly influence the strength of the crust in a variety of geologic settings.
Tomorrow's investor

This article summarises the implications for private pension policy of a 3-year study by Britain's oldest ‘think tank’, the Royal Society for Arts (RSA). It finds that the proper design of a private, funded pension system can add 50 per cent or more to pension outcomes. Few countries have designed and implemented an ideal system, and in consequence there is a significant loss in the productivity of savings and the adequacy of pensions. The article focuses mainly on the situation in the United Kingdom, but incorporates research and examples from around the world. It will be of interest to those involved in the reform and regulation of pension systems in developed markets, and to those involved in the establishment of such systems in the developing world. The RSA's work began by asking pension savers what benefits they sought from the saving system. Through discussion in ‘citizen juries’, it became apparent that most savers did not want a high degree of individual choice. Rather, they wanted a system that could be trusted to make choices on their behalf. Subsequent research suggests that, if properly managed, such trustworthy systems are capable of a high degree of productivity. In economic terms, where there is asymmetric information and principle agent contracting for delivery of long-term benefits, institutional design can make very large differences to outcomes. The work sets private pension policy within the broader context that pension policy makers face. It then goes on to describe an ‘ideal’ pension system, which would have the following characteristics: (i) pensions savings would be collected through some form of auto-enrolment; (ii) pensions institutions would be of a size to benefit from economies of scale; (iii) they would be trustee governed; (iv) their funds would be responsibly and collectively invested; and (v) that the pension ‘promise’ is flexible enough to allow for unanticipated changes in the liability and investment in an appropriate portfolio of investments. Although few countries meet this ideal, in Europe, both Holland and Denmark approximate to it. We note that these countries are generally judged to have some of the best pension provision in the world, and have a significantly different institutional design to that found in other developed markets, particularly the USA. The article notes that, in the United Kingdom there has been a drift away from the ideal design of a private pension system. As a result of a desire to avoid unaffordable pension promises, low-cost, collective and trust-based sytems have been wound down. Recent government policy initiatives have sought to reverse this trend, but their success is dangerously threatened by a lack of focus on the details of institutional design and pension regulation.
Cultural Resource Management and American Archaeology

Cultural resource management (CRM) work accounts for most of the archaeology conducted in the United States. A diverse and somewhat fragmented field, CRM has nonetheless achieved a degree of institutional and organizational maturity. CRM archaeology has produced important contributions to archaeological methodology and has established and refined knowledge of regional cultural-historical sequences and settlement and subsistence patterns. The current florescence of historical archaeology is attributable to CRM. Yet the maintenance of high quality in CRM is a pervasive and enduring problem. Academic institutions need to reestablish alliances with the CRM community. The future viability of CRM archaeology depends on factors both internal and external to the discipline: regulatory and statutory “reform,” agency funding levels, looting and other destructive forces, and Native American and other public involvement.