cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research and development of VCSEL-based optical sensors in industrial applications

Recently VCSEL technology has been emerging outside data communications. VCSEL's unique characteristics of low power consumption, high efficiency, circular beam spot, and low manufacturing cost make it a good candidate to replace LEDs or edge-emitting diode lasers in optical sensors. Optical sensors based on VCSEL technology in industrial applications have been studied in Honeywell. Traditional interruption type and Moire fringes type VCSEL sensors have demonstrated high resolution, simple design and lower cost in both transmission and reflection operation modes. Convergent and retroreflective VCSEL sensors were also studied. A safety circuit was added to control the VCSEL output power within the Class I laser limit. Other potential VCSEL sensors such as a VCSEL light curtain device, dual-beam linear encoder, dynamic Moire optical torque sensor would also be discussed in the presentation.
Development of rapid and sensitive high throughput pharmacologic assays for marine phycotoxins

The lack of rapid, high throughput assays is a major obstacle to many aspects of research on marine phycotoxins. Here we describe the application of microplate scintillation technology to develop high throughput assays for several classes of marine phycotoxin based on their differential pharmacologic actions. High throughput "drug discovery" format microplate receptor binding assays developed for brevetoxins/ciguatoxins and for domoic acid are described. Analysis for brevetoxins/ciguatoxins is carried out by binding competition with [3H] PbTx-3 for site 5 on the voltage dependent sodium channel in rat brain synaptosomes. Analysis of domoic acid is based on binding competition with [3H] kainic acid for the kainate/quisqualate glutamate receptor using frog brain synaptosomes. In addition, a high throughput microplate 45Ca flux assay for determination of maitotoxins is described. These microplate assays can be completed within 3 hours, have sensitivities of less than 1 ng, and can analyze dozens of samples simultaneously. The assays have been demonstrated to be useful for assessing algal toxicity and for assay-guided purification of toxins, and are applicable to the detection of biotoxins in seafood.
Resistance to Cercosporidium Personatum Within Peanut Germplasm

Abstract Late leafspot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum, is prevalent in the southeastern United States and causes extensive defoliation and peanut yield losses if fungicides are not applied. Some sources of resistance to late leafspot have already been identified in the United States peanut germplasm collection. In screening 500 peanut plant introductions from the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, Experiment, Georgia, 33 genotypes with partial resistance to C. personatum were identified. These lines were evaluated for leafspot resistance and yield without fungicide protection from 1989 through 1991. Although PI 215695, PI 215696 and PI 215724 were significantly more resistant than all other genotypes over the three years, pod yields were low. During years of high disease severity, resistant selections PI 203396 and PI 162529 had the highest yields. Significant positive correlation occurred between late leafspot ratings and shelling percentage (r = 0.43 and 0.47) in 1990 and 1991. Evaluati...
How do bacteria find the optimal concentration of oxygen

Abstract Aerobic bacteria avoid the twin dangers of too little oxygen or too much oxygen by utilizing their electron transport system as the sensor for a positive behavioral response to oxygen (aerotaxis) and a different receptor for negative aerotaxis. Salmonella typhimurium swims up a gradient of oxygen until the terminal oxidase (cytochrome o ) is saturated by oxygen. If the bacteria happen to swim too far up the gradient they are repelled by the high oxygen concentrations. The mechanism of positive aerotaxis is quite different from chemotaxis. Adaptation to most chemicals is dependent on methylation of a transducer protein, but adaptation to oxygen is independent of methylation.
Density-dependent effect on reproductive behaviour of Lysmata amboinensis and L. boggessi (Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae)

We compared the reproductive behaviours of two protandric simultaneous hermaphroditic species (Lysmata amboinensis and L. boggessi) that belong to two groups of Lysmata shrimp with different morphology, geographical distribution, and density. Lysmata amboinensis occurs in tropical waters at low population densities, and L. boggessi is found in aggregation in sub-tropical and temperate areas. Reproductive behaviour of L. boggessi under two densities and L. amboinensis in different habitats were compared. Results show that L. amboinensis was much less active during mating than L. boggessi. Male shrimp of L. amboinensis did not display obvious pre-copulation behaviour. They also took significantly longer to transfer spermatophores and lay eggs after mating than L. boggessi shrimp did. For L. boggessi, moulting time of female shrimp, copulation time and the interval between moulting and mating were significantly shorter when three male shrimp were present than when only one male shrimp was present. Our study suggests that the reproductive behavioural differences in the two shrimp species are possibly the results of density-dependent effect.
Associations between Sadness and Anger Regulation Coping, Emotional Expression, and Physical and Relational Aggression among Urban Adolescents

This study examined associations between self reports of sadness and anger regulation coping, reluctance to express emotion, and physical and relational aggression among two cohorts of predominantly African-American fifth (N = 191; 93 boys and 98 girls) and eighth (N = 167; 73 boys and 94 girls) graders. Multiple regression analyses indicated unique associations between relational aggression and expressive reluctance and sadness regulation coping. In contrast, physical aggression, but not relational aggression, was associated with anger regulation coping. These relations did not differ across gender, but, the strength of the association between anger regulation coping and physical aggression varied by grade. Sadness regulation coping moderated the association between expressive reluctance and relational aggression. Conversely, anger regulation coping moderated the relation between expressive reluctance and physical aggression, however, the strength of this relation differed by gender. These findings have important implications for intervention efforts.
Clinical features of depression in the nursing home.

The prevalence of depression among nursing home residents was estimated by screening a group of residents selected from a random sample on the basis of cognitive status; it ranged from 18–20% for major depression to 27–44% for other dysphoric states. Though individual patients were observed to change over a 6-month period, depression as assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale was, in general, persistent. Major depression was clinically confirmed in 8 of 10 patients identified at screening. It was characterized by medical disorders that complicated diagnosis and treatment, and by increased mortality relative to the rest of the population.
Characterization of cDNAs encoding putative laccase-like multicopper oxidases and developmental expression in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae

Abstract Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) is an enzyme with p -diphenol oxidase activity that is a member of a group of proteins collectively known as multicopper, or blue copper, oxidases. Laccase is hypothesized to play an important role in insect cuticle sclerotization by oxidizing catechols in the cuticle to their corresponding quinones, which then catalyze protein cross-linking reactions. To facilitate studies of the structure, function and regulation of insect laccases, we have cloned two cDNAs for laccases from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta ( MsLac 1 and 2 ) , and one from the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae ( AgLac1 ). The MsLac1 and 2 cDNAs encode proteins of 801 amino acids (aa) and 760 aa, respectively, while the AgLac1 cDNA encodes a protein of 1009 aa. All three cDNAs contain putative secretion signal sequences, and the 10 histidines and one cysteine that form the copper-binding centers, as well as a methionine in the T1 copper center. Novel to the insect laccases, relative to both fungal and plant laccases, is a longer amino-terminal sequence characterized by a unique domain consisting of several conserved cysteine, aromatic, and charged residues. Northern blot analyses identified single transcripts of approximately 3.6, 3.5, and 4.4 kb for MsLac1 , MsLac2 , and AgLac1 , respectively, and also showed that AgLac1 was expressed in all life stages of the mosquito. RT-PCR revealed that the MsLac1 transcript was most abundant in the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and epidermis, whereas the MsLac2 transcript was most abundant in the epidermis. MsLac2 showed strong expression in the pharate pupal and reduced expression in the early pupal epidermis, consistent with the laccases’ presumed role in cuticle sclerotization.
Using a depth camera as a touch sensor

We explore the application of depth-sensing cameras to detect touch on a tabletop. Limits of depth estimate resolution and line of sight requirements dictate that the determination of the moment of touch will not be as precise as that of more direct sensing techniques such as capacitive touch screens. However, using a depth-sensing camera to detect touch has significant advantages: first, the interactive surface need not be instrumented. Secondly, this approach allows touch sensing on non-flat surfaces. Finally, information about the shape of the users and their arms and hands above the surface may be exploited in useful ways, such as determining hover state, or that multiple touches are from same hand or from the same user. We present techniques and findings using Microsoft Kinect.
Small-group interactions as a source of learning opportunities in second-grade mathematics.

Small-group problem solving was used as a primary instructional strategy for all aspects of second-grade mathematics, including computation, for the entire school year. This gave rise to learning opportunities that do not typically occur in traditional classrooms, including those that arise from collaborative dialogue as well as from the resolution of conflicting points of view. The nature of these learning opportunities is elaborated and illustrated. The manner in which the teacher used paradigm cases as she initiated and guided discussion of obligations and expectations to make possible the mutual construction of classroom norms for cooperative learning is also illustrated. This and the use of cognitively based activities designed to be problematic for children at a variety of conceptual levels are the crucial features of a cooperative learning environment in the absence of extrinsic rewards.
Assessing evidence from clinical trials in chronic hepatitis C

Summary. Hepatitis C is a global problem with significantly associated morbidity and mortality. Although some recent therapeutic advances have shown rates of sustained virologic remission of 50% or higher, combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin is often not well tolerated and is giving rise to a growing number of nonresponders. As a result, a large number of experimental drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C are in development. As the clinical trial reports are made available, physicians need to become familiar with issues related to the design of these studies and to develop strategies to interpret the evidence they yield. The articles in this supplement describe the issues in clinical trial design and the evaluation of evidence from clinical trials in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and changes in regime

ARCH models often impute a lot of persistence to stock volatility and yet give relatively poor forecasts. One explanation is that extremely large shocks, such as the October 1987 crash, arise from quite different causes and have different consequences for subsequent volatility than do small shocks. We explore this possibility with U.S. weekly stock returns, allowing the parameters of an ARCH process to come from one of several different regimes, with transitions between regimes governed by an unobserved Markov chain. We estimate models with two to four regimes in which the latent innovations come from Gaussian and Student t distributions.
Stable transformation of the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans , using microprojectile bombardment

Germinated asexual sporangia, zoospores, and mycelia of Phytophthora infestans were transformed to G418-resistance by microprojectile bombardment. After optimization, an average of 14 transformants/shot were obtained, using 106 germinated sporangia and gold particles coated with 1 µg of vector. Transformants displayed tandem or simple insertions of vector sequences within chromosomes. Most primary transformants were heterokaryons of transformed and wild-type nuclei, a state which generally persisted for generations, even with G418 selection. Transgenic homokaryons were easily obtained from primary transformants through G418 selection of zoospores. To facilitate the optimization of transformation, experiments were performed using a vector containing neomycin phosphotransferase (npt) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) genes fused to oomycete transcriptional regulatory sequences. To indicate which orientations of transgenes would maximize their expression, head-to-head, head-to-tail, or tail-to-tail orientations of npt and GUS were compared. Each yielded similar rates of transformation and levels of GUS activity, indicating little transcriptional interference.
Wage and Salary Administrative Practices and Decision Process

A survey of wage and salary administrative practices fora sample of business firms is reported (n = 325), including a descriptive analysis of labor market surveys, job evaluation, and the pattern of decision making in a number of activities for each responding firm. The decision-making process is analyzed with a focus on the relative independence of the staff wage and salary function on activities that affect the total organization. The profile of the decision-making process which emerges suggests substantial shared authority between line and staff units. The wage and salary administrator is relatively independent in crucial technical tasks, but is constrained in decision making over tasks that have more obvious organizational impact. The findings and implications contribute to an increased data base on administrative practices and professional development.
Experimental Study on the Impulse-voltage Transmission Characteristics of Inductive Voltage Transformers

For the relay protection of a power system,the transient-based protection can improve the protection operation time,so it is necessary to study the transmission characteristics of instrument transformers.The impulse-voltage transmission characteristics of inductive voltage transformers were studied through the high voltage impulse.Results reveal that,the electrostatic induction in the transmission progress can transfer the signal and polarity of the impulses from primary windings with no time-delay,the transmission function of the inductive voltage transformers' windings is a linear function,and the value and time of the free oscillation in the secondary waveform increase with the decrease of the front time of the impulse from the primary winding.
More than just a bus ride: The role of perceptions in travel behaviour

The purpose of this article is to add another dimension to our understanding of travel behaviour by highlighting how individual decisions about travel are simultaneously influenced by both rational...
Investigation into Possible Differences in Salmonella Prevalence in the Peripheral Lymph Nodes of Cattle Derived from Distinct Production Systems and of Different Breed Types

Previous research demonstrated significant variation in the prevalence of Salmonella in peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) of feedlot cattle and cull cows, with greater prevalence in feedlot cattle. Therefore, we performed experiments to investigate whether these differences in Salmonella prevalence in subiliac LNs are due to, or influenced by, breed, which in many respects is a proxy for the production system in which the animal is derived. Holstein steers are a by-product of dairy systems, and beef steers are an intended product of commercial beef operations. For the first experiment, Holstein and beef steers originating from the same feedlot and harvested on the same day were sampled. Of the 467 Holstein and 462 beef cattle LNs collected, 62.1% of Holstein and 59.7% of beef cattle samples harbored Salmonella (P = 0.46; qualitative culture), with 51.2 and 48.9% of samples containing quantifiable concentrations (P = 0.49), respectively. The concentration of Salmonella within the LN followed a decreasing trend ...
Advances in Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Eye

Over the last few years, huge progress has been made with regard to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases of the eye. Such knowledge has led to the development of gene therapy approaches to treat these devastating disorders. Challenges regarding the efficacy and efficiency of therapeutic gene delivery have driven the development of novel therapeutic approaches, which continue to evolve the field of ocular gene therapy. In this review article, we will discuss the evolution of preclinical and clinical strategies that have improved gene therapy in the eye, showing that treatment of vision loss has a bright future.
F-actin links Epac-PKC signaling to purinergic P2X3 receptor sensitization in dorsal root ganglia following inflammation

Sensitization of purinergic P2X3 receptors (P2X3Rs) contributes to the production of exaggerated nociceptive responses following inflammatory injury. We showed previously that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) potentiates P2X3R-mediated ATP currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from both control and complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced inflamed rats. PGE2 potentiation of ATP currents depends only on PKA signaling in control neurons, but it depends on both PKA and PKC signaling in inflamed neurons. We further found that inflammation evokes an increase in exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epacs) in dorsal root ganglions. This increase promotes the activation of PKC to produce a much enhanced PGE2 effect on ATP currents and to elicit Epac-dependent flinch nocifensive behavioral responses in complete Freund’s adjuvant rats. The link between Epac-PKC signaling and P2X3R sensitization remains unexplored. Here, we show that the activation of Epacs promotes the expression of phosphorylated PKC and leads to an increase in the cytoskeleton, F-actin, expression at the cell perimeter. Depolymerization of F-actin blocks PGE2-enhanced ATP currents and inhibits P2X3R-mediated nocifensive responses after inflammation. Thus, F-actin is dynamically involved in the Epac-PKC-dependent P2X3R sensitization. Furthermore, Epacs induce a PKC-dependent increase in the membrane expression of P2X3Rs. This increase is abolished by F-actin depolymerization, suggesting that F-actin mediates Epac-PKC signaling of P2X3R membrane expression. Thus, after inflammation, an Epac-PKC dependent increase in F-actin in dorsal root ganglion neurons enhances the membrane expression of P2X3Rs to bring about sensitization of P2X3Rs and abnormal pain behaviors.
The Slave Wars in Italy and Sicily

Finding out about Spartacus is more difficult than understanding his role as a modern-day symbol of resistance. To see through the masks of our own modern images of him requires us to discover who Spartacus was in the world in which he and his fellow slaves lived. Most important is for us to understand the new slave economy and society that emerged in the third and second centuries b.c. Once we delve into this historical context, we can begin to learn more about the daily experiences of slaves in Roman society and their limited ability to resist the slave system. By attempting to understand the constraints on large-scale resistance, we can begin to appreciate the rarity of large-scale slave rebellions not just in the Roman Empire but throughout the world.
Diseases Resulting from Defects in the G Protein Gsα

Publisher Summary Gsα is a ubiquitously expressed heterotrimeric G protein α- subunit that couples cell surface receptors for hormones and other extracellular ligands to adenylyl cyclase and mediates receptor-stimulated intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation. G s is composed of a specific α -subunit (Gsα) associated with tightly but noncovalently bound β γ dimers. These heterotrimeric complexes reside in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. Gsα is ubiquitously expressed and couples a wide variety of seven-transmembrane receptors, including those for glycoprotein and peptide hormones, biogenic amines, and neurotransmitters, to the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and generation of the intracellular second messenger cAMP. Gsα may also be activated by tyrosine kinase (growth factor) receptors through tyrosine phosphorylation and may activate other effectors, including cardiac Ca2+ channels and Src tyrosine kinases. In addition to its role as a signal transducer at the plasma membrane, Gsα may also play a role in the control of intracellular membrane and vesicle trafficking. Allele-specific differences in gene expression are most likely the result allele-specific differences in DNA methylation, which are observed in all imprinted genes. Primary imprinting centers are regions of differential methylation in which DNA methylation is erased in primordial germ cells, reestablished in either male or female gametes, and maintained in all tissues throughout development. Differential gene expression may result from differential methylation of gene promoters (with the silenced allele methylated) or may result from more indirect mechanisms.
Phase Behavior of Complex Lipid Mixtures: Signatures of Spatial Organization

The spatial organization of phospholipids and sterols in cellular membranes plays an important role in membrane function and cell activities. Both experimental and simulation studies have shown that the spatial distribution of lipids and sterols can be heterogeneous with various morphologies in multi-component bilayer systems. Here we use coarse-grained Molecular Dynamics simulations to study the phase behavior of a quaternary lipid mixture. We obtain quantities such as density correlation functions and composition distribution functions, and we show how these observables can be analyzed to yield insight into the structure of complex lipid mixtures.
Research and application of maintenance schedule optimization based on intelligent algorithm

According to the features of power system, a new mathematical model for distribution maintenance scheduling is proposed, which combines load path transfer and maintenance schedule time optimization problem. Network reconfiguration algorithm and genetic algorithm are used to solve load path transfer problem and maintenance schedule time optimization problem respectively. Due to the large number variables of the network reconfiguration, encoding with round line and feasible solution operator are adopted to decrease the searching space in the paper. The searching space is significantly reduced and the solution speed is raised. The proposed model and method are applied to IEEE33 test system, the result show that proposed method can obtain the most optimal maintenance schedule and the load transfer line with minimal network loss. The method observably reduces the power off lose which maintenance brings.
Veganer essen ihre Freunde nicht? Anfragen an den Absolutheitsanspruch der Motive veganer Lebensstile

Wer Tieren »helfen« will, dem mag ein veganer Lebensstil eine naheliegende Option scheinen. Der Text vertritt die These, dass diese Option nicht abzulehnen ist, jedoch eine unvollkommene bleibt, wo sie sich auf die Nicht-Schadigung individueller Tiere im direkten Mensch-Tier-Verhaltnis beschrankt. Sie wird somit zu einer Option unter anderen unvollkommenen Moglichkeiten. In starker systemisch betrachteten Zusammenhangen der Auswirkungen menschlichen Handelns scheint eine damit verbundene »ethische Uberhohung« oder Ausschlieslichkeit jedoch zweifelhaft. Ebenso uberzeugend lasst sich fur eine das Tierwohl einbeziehende und gegebenenfalls deren Fortexistenz sichernde Nutzung von Tieren pladieren, die auch in den biblischen Schriften vertreten wird. The intention to help animals is often connected to a vegan lifestyle. This contribution claims, that this option, even though morally plausible, will remain imperfect when reduced to not harming individual animals. Focusing more systematically on the human impact on animals, the vegan option ceases to appear the only plausible one. A plea for a usage of animals while securing their wellbeing may be equally plausible and also corresponds to animal ethics found in biblical scriptures.
Social Reconstruction and Community

In this paper, I examine the concept of community and the role it plays in a social reconstructive approach to art education. To highlight the problematic nature of community and the importance of this concept to a social reconstruction of art education, I offer a critique of current practice in multicultural education.
Evaluation of physical examination elements in the diagnosis and prognosis of sports related concussion in adolescent athletes

Objective To evaluate a brief physical examination (PE) for diagnosis and prognosis of sport-related concussion (SRC) in adolescents. Design Prospective. Setting UniversityConcussion clinics. Subjects 53 adolescents with SRC (mean age 15.4; 70% male) and 30 uninjured controls (mean age 15.8; 73% male). Interventions Participants received a brief PE (11 PE elements in three systems: cervical, oculomotor and vestibular). Concussed adolescents were assessed acutely (mean 4.5 days post-injury) and at follow up (mean 18.5 days). Outcome measures Dependent variables 1: Concussion versus uninjured and 2: Standard versus slow recovery (>3 weeks). Recovery was defined as asymptomatic and exercise tolerant. Results Table 1 shows the significant PE variables that distinguished concussed from uninjured (via Fisher’s exact test; significance p Table 2 shows the significant PE variables distinguishing standard recovery from slow recovery at visit 2 (via Fisher’s exact test; significance p Conclusions Easily administered physical exam reveals clinical findings that are important and sensitive for diagnosing acute concussion. Prognosis was less precise due to the heterogeneity of aetiology of slow recovery. Competing interests No competing interests for any authors.
Outsourcing and Price Competition: An Empirical Analysis of the Partnerships Between Legacy Carriers and Regional Airlines

This paper investigates the determinants and competitive effects of legacy carriers’ outsourcing decision with independent regional airlines. Legacy carriers allocate a larger share of their operations to an independent regional airline partner compared to their own fleet or a wholly owned regional airline on routes that experience stronger competition, particularly from low-cost carriers. Moreover, legacy carriers’ airfares are lower on routes that they outsource more prominently to an independent regional airline. The results suggest that increased route competition is a motivation for the growing use of independent regional airlines by legacy carriers.
A Bayesian method to quantify azimuthal anisotropy model uncertainties: application to global azimuthal anisotropy in the upper mantle and transition zone

Seismic anisotropy is a powerful tool to constrain mantle deformation, but its existence in the deep upper mantle and topmost lower mantle is still uncertain. Recent results from higher mode Rayleigh waves have, however, revealed the presence of 1% azimuthal anisotropy between 300 km and 800 km depth, and changes in azimuthal anisotropy across the mantle transition zone boundaries. This has important consequences for our understanding of mantle convection patterns and deformation of deep mantle material. Here, we propose a Bayesian method to model depth variations in azimuthal anisotropy and to obtain quantitative uncertainties on the fast seismic direction and anisotropy amplitude from phase velocity dispersion maps. We applied this new method to existing global fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps to assess the likelihood of azimuthal anisotropy in the deep upper mantle and to determine whether previously detected changes in anisotropy at the transition zone boundaries are robustly constrained by those data. Our results confirm that deep upper mantle azimuthal anisotropy is favored and well-constrained by the higher mode data employed. The fast seismic directions are in agreement with our previously published model. The data favor a model characterized, on average, by changes in azimuthal anisotropy at the top and bottom of the transition zone. However, this change in fast axes is not a global feature as there are regions of the model where the azimuthal anisotropy direction is unlikely to change across depths in the deep upper mantle. We were, however, unable to detect any clear pattern or connection with surface tectonics. Future studies will be needed to further improve the lateral resolution of this type of model at transition zone depths
Value-guided action: Within-day and lagged relations of experiential avoidance, mindful awareness, and cognitive fusion in a non-clinical sample

Abstract Experiential avoidance (EA), cognitive fusion (CF), and lack of present-moment awareness contribute to the development and maintenance of various forms of psychopathology, principally through their negative impact on value-guided action. However, little research has examined these behavioral processes at the daily level and, as such, the temporal association of each process on the others and daily value-guided action is unclear. This study evaluated the relations of daily EA, CF, mindful awareness, and self-reported value-guided action in a nonclinical sample (n = 104) who participated in a 16-day mindfulness meditation study. Results indicated high EA was associated with low engagement, whereas high mindful awareness was related to high engagement, in same-day value-guided behavior. Time-lagged analysis showed that high EA predicted high next-day CF, and high CF predicted reduced next-day mindful awareness. Results illuminate temporal relations within the psychological flexibility model and identify processes that may be amenable to influence and change in the clinical setting.
Plays of the First Thatcher Ministry: “To the World’s End. To the Churchyard Grave”

This chapter investigates the oppositional history plays of the First Thatcher Ministry. It begins with a detailed examination of Caryl Churchill’s Cloud Nine and contends that the playwright established many of the parameters for the oppositional history play in a work that was performed as the 1979 election was in progress. This chapter also examines David Edgar’s adaptation of Nicholas Nickleby and offers a hearty defense of the play as oppositional and not hegemonic. Pennino argues that the controversy surrounding Howard Brenton’s Romans in Britain ignored the much more radical and “dangerous” elements of the play. This section also explores groundbreaking works by Brian Friel, Edward Bond, and Howard Barker.
Teacher Reports of Social-Emotional Development: Moving from Measure to Construct.

Abstract This study evaluates how teacher report measures align with different conceptualizations of children’s social-emotional development. Leveraging seven teacher report measures of social competence and behavioral regulation in a predominantly low-income, population-based rural sample of four-year-old children (n = 828), model fit and validity were evaluated in a series of confirmatory factor models, including bifactor models. A bifactor model with behavioral regulation as a general factor and an orthogonal social competence factor emerged as the preferred model. Results indicate that teacher reports of behavioral regulation capture teachers’ perceptions of preschoolers’ behavioral regulation. However, teacher reports of social competence reflect teachers’ perceptions of both social competence and behavioral regulation. Post-hoc analyses were conducted to explore potential explanations for these findings. Implications for interpreting teacher reports of social-emotional development and for future work strengthening the quality of scalable measures of children’s social-emotional development are discussed.
Imaging at diagnosis impacts cancer-specific survival among patients with cancer of the oropharynx

Background The optimal imaging for the staging of oropharyngeal cancer is not well defined. Methods The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database for 2006 through 2011 was used to compare patient characteristics and hospital region by the initial imaging modality used for patients with oropharyngeal cancer. The primary outcome was 3-year cancer-specific survival (CSS). Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for imaging, age, sex, region, education, race, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage of disease, and treatment, which were examined using backward elimination. The authors also explored how initial imaging use varied by patient characteristics and hospital region. Results A total of 1765 patients underwent initial diagnostic imaging. Of those, approximately 11.4% (202 patients) received computed tomography (CT) alone as their initial imaging modality, 5.2% (91 patients) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without positron emission tomography (PET), and 83.3% (1472 patients) had initial imaging that included PET. The overall 3-year CSS rate for the entire population was 63.7%. In the adjusted survival models compared by initial imaging modality, patients who underwent a PET examination were found to have higher survival than those who underwent CT alone or MRI, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.337 [95% CI, 1.001-1.785; P = .0491]; and hazard ratio, 1.748 [95% CI, 1.2-2.545; P = .0036]). Conclusions Among patients with oropharyngeal cancer, initial staging with PET imaging was associated with improved 3-year CSS compared with initial staging with MRI or CT.
Litho-GPA: Gaussian Process Assurance for Lithography Hotspot Detection

Lithography hotspot detection is one of the fundamental steps in physical verification. Due to the increasingly complicated design patterns, early and quick feedback for lithography hotspots is desired to guide design closure in early stages. Machine learning approaches have been successfully applied to hotspot detection while demonstrating a remarkable capability of generalization to unseen hotspot patterns. However, most of the proposed machine learning approaches are not yet able to answer one critical question: how much a hotspot predicted from a trained model can be trusted? In this work, we present Litho-GPA, a lithography hotspot detection framework, with Gaussian Process assurance to provide confidence in each prediction. The framework also incorporates a data selection scheme with a sequence of weak classifiers to sample representative data and eventually reduce the amount of training data and lithography simulations needed. Experimental results demonstrate that our Litho-GPA is able to achieve the state-of-the-art accuracy while obtaining on average 28% reduction in false alarms.
FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Age.

Existing public face datasets are strongly biased toward Caucasian faces, and other races (e.g., Latino) are significantly underrepresented. This can lead to inconsistent model accuracy, limit the applicability of face analytic systems to non-White race groups, and adversely affect research findings based on such skewed data. To mitigate the race bias in these datasets, we construct a novel face image dataset, containing 108,501 images, with an emphasis of balanced race composition in the dataset. We define 7 race groups: White, Black, Indian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Middle East, and Latino. Images were collected from the YFCC-100M Flickr dataset and labeled with race, gender, and age groups. Evaluations were performed on existing face attribute datasets as well as novel image datasets to measure generalization performance. We find that the model trained from our dataset is substantially more accurate on novel datasets and the accuracy is consistent between race and gender groups.
Understanding the Impact of Educational Development Interventions on Classroom Instruction and Student Success.

This study explored three US educational development (ED) programs: a weeklong course design institute, a new faculty learning community (NFLC), and a STEM learning community (STEM-LC). We compared...
Nanophotonics of coupled emitters in atomically thin lateral heterostructures

Localized emitters in atomically thin 2D materials and lateral heterostructures are of interest for flexible optoelectronic and nanoscale quantum applications. We investigate near-field photoluminescence (PL) and Raman signals of local heterogeneities such as nanobubbles, lateral heterostructures and alloys in monolayer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides coupled via polariton-like surface waves and plasmon-enhanced hot electrons. We investigate various emitter coupling schemes and near-field enhancement mechanisms and demonstrate near-field imaging of exciton funnels, revealing a strong synergistic enhancement of the PL signals due to the plasmonic antenna tip, hot electron injection, and exciton funnelling. This opens new avenues in exploration of novel nanophotonic coupling schemes.
THE INTERNET IS TRASH: MAKING SENSE OF TOXIC NETWORKS

This panel brings together scholars studying distinct aspects of internet culture in order to make sense of the negative byproducts of online spaces. Each presenter takes on a different topic: political internet memes, fan subcultures, conscious disconnection from internet platforms, and physical digital waste to consider the consequences of internet life. Using distinct methodologies: case study interviews, ethnography, textual studies and histories, and autoethnography, this panel considers what internet scholars can learn from the unsavory parts of the internet. Working with notions of internet waste, these presentations serve to build out a broad set of perspectives about the potential value in the trash internet, what we can learn from it, and how we can think more deeply about that which has little value or consideration in the internet life of clicks, posts, shares, likes, and follows. Through these presentations, the speakers ask the audience to consider their own views of internet garbage and to think about remedies to the toxic ecologies that impact life - both virtual and literal.
JA:2021-20. Source Attribution of MRSA Exposure and Carriage among Dairy Workers

Purpose: Dairy farmers experience a heavy burden of bioaerosol-related respiratory ailments. Bioaerosols are known to contain inflammagens (specifically endotoxin), and a diverse bacterial communit...
Lessons Learned From Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 Screening in K-12 Public Schools in Massachusetts

In-person learning provides substantial benefits for K-12 school students. Risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among educators, staff, students, and household members can be markedly reduced by mitigation measures including masking, ventilation, and hygiene. In addition to these measures, where community transmission is moderate to high, regular SARS-CoV-2 screening testing is recommended by recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance for unvaccinated K-12 students and staff, and supported financially by CDC and Department of Health and Human Services initiatives. Screening can provides an added layer of risk reduction, as well as data and reassurance about in-school transmission. Financial and logistical constraints have challenged implementation of screening in public schools. We report lessons learned from a collaborative of public K-12 schools implementing and evaluating screening programs, including details of population screened, site of specimen collection, assay selection, pooled testing, and resources needed. This work supported the development of a state-wide screening program and led to dissemination of online technical resources that may support other public schools in implementing CDC guidance.
Development of a Genetic Algorithm for Estimation for a DeGroot Opinion Diffusion Model

We present an overview of the development of a genetic algorithm for estimating the parameters of a DeGroot opinion diffusion model over social networks, expanding the use of these models to applications with small data sets.
Drymonia betancurii (Gesneriaceae), a new species from northwestern Colombia

A new species of Gesneriaceae from the Pacific slopes of the Colombian Andes is described and illustrated . The new species, Drymonia betancurii , is differentiated from other congeners by the following combination of characters: upper leaf surface with papillose-hispid trichomes, dark green and often covered with white spots; lower surface pitted; and corolla lobes orange-red with white to yellow margins.
Superoxide Dismutases: Defence Against Endogenous Superoxide Radical

Attempts to measure the rate of O2- production, in whole cells or in intact subcellular organelles, are frustrated by the endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD). Streptococcus faecalis contains a single manganese-SOD which was isolated and used as an antigen in the rabbit. A precipitating and inhibiting antibody was obtained and used to suppress the SOD in crude lysates of S. faecalis. It allowed the demonstration that 17% of the total oxygen uptake by such lysates, in the presence of NADH, was associated with O2- production. O2- attacks unsaturated lipids and breaches the integrity of membranes. When the membranes are free of lipid hydroperoxides, then both O2- and H2O2 are required and singlet oxygen appears to be the proximal attacking species. When the membrane contains some lipid hydroperoxide, then O2- is itself sufficient and seems to generate an alkoxy radical, by reacting with the lipid hydroperoxide. It appears likely that attack on membranes is one of the reasons for the cytotoxicity of O2-. In Escherichia coli the manganese-SOD is derepressed by O2-. This enzyme is not made in the absence of oxygen and in aerobic conditions any change which results in enhanced production of O2- calls forth an increased synthesis of this enzyme. Increased levels of SOD, however achieved, correlate with greater resistance towards oxygen toxicity. It is generally true that respiring cells contain more SOD than non-respiring cells. Among obligate anaerobes there is a correlation between SOD-content and tolerance towards oxygen. It is not known whether the SOD in obligate anaerobes is a retained primitive characteristic or one recently acquired by plasmid transfer. There is an exception to the rule that copper-zinc-SOD is found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes, and that is the symbiotic bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi. This symbiont may have obtained the Cu-ZnSOD gene from the host fish.
Identifying the Matrix Ring: Algorithms for Quaternion Algebras and Quadratic Forms

We discuss the relationship between quaternion algebras and quadratic forms with a focus on computational aspects. Our basic motivating problem is to determine if a given algebra of rank 4 over a commutative ring R embeds in the 2 ×2-matrix ring M2(R) and, if so, to compute such an embedding. We discuss many variants of this problem, including algorithmic recognition of quaternion algebras among algebras of rank 4, computation of the Hilbert symbol, and computation of maximal orders.
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 enhances neurogenesis in GFAP/Gp120 transgenic mice displaying deficits in neurogenesis

Background and Purpose HIV-1 glycoprotein Gp120 induces apoptosis in rodent and human neurons in vitro and in vivo. HIV-1/Gp120 is involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and inhibits proliferation of adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)/Gp120 transgenic (Tg) mice. As cannabinoids exert neuroprotective effects in several model systems, we examined the protective effects of the CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 on Gp120-mediated insults on neurogenesis. Experimental Approach We assessed the effects of AM1241 on survival and apoptosis in cultures of human and murine NPCs with immunohistochemical and TUNEL techniques. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus of GFAP/Gp120 transgenic mice in vivo was also assessed by immunohistochemistry. Key Results AM1241 inhibited in vitro Gp120-mediated neurotoxicity and apoptosis of primary human and murine NPCs and increased their survival. AM1241 also promoted differentiation of NPCs to neuronal cells. While GFAP/Gp120 Tg mice exhibited impaired neurogenesis, as indicated by reduction in BrdU+ cells and doublecortin+ (DCX+) cells, and a decrease in cells with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), administration of AM1241 to GFAP/Gp120 Tg mice resulted in enhanced in vivo neurogenesis in the hippocampus as indicated by increase in neuroblasts, neuronal cells, BrdU+ cells and PCNA+ cells. Astrogliosis and gliogenesis were decreased in GFAP/Gp120 Tg mice treated with AM1241, compared with those treated with vehicle. Conclusions and Implications The CB2 receptor agonist rescued impaired neurogenesis caused by HIV-1/Gp120 insult. Thus, CB2 receptor agonists may act as neuroprotective agents, restoring impaired neurogenesis in patients with HAD.
Cognitive Analysis of Equation Reading: Application to the Development of the Math Genie

Can information about the perceptual and cognitive processes involved in equation reading be applied in the creation of assistive technology for blind equation readers? The present research used four cognitive/perceptual studies to examine several hypotheses about equation reading: people (1) read equations from left to right, one element at a time, (2) back scan when reading equations, (3) substitute the outcome of a parenthetical expression for the initial elements, and (4) scan the entire equation before element by element reading to create a schematic structure. The process tracing study provided evidence for all of the hypotheses, with three experiments supporting the first three hypotheses, but not the fourth. These results have been implemented in assistive software for visually-impaired users, the Math Genie – an auditory browser.