cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Important "Party Line" Information Elements and the Implications for Situational Awareness in the Datalink Environment

Air/ground digital datalink communications are an integral component of the FAA's Air Traffic Control (ATC) modernization strategy. With the introduction of datalink into the ATC system, there is concern over the potential loss of situational awareness by flight crews due to the reduction in the "party line" information available to the pilot. "Party line" information is gleaned by flight crews overhearing communications between ATC and other aircraft. In the datalink environment, party line information may not be available due to the use of discrete addressing. Information concerning the importance, availability, and accuracy of party line elements was explored through an opinion survey of active air carrier flight crews. The survey identified numerous important party line elements. These elements were scripted into a full-mission flight simulation. The flight simulation experiment examined the utilization of party line information by studying subject responses to the specific information elements. Some party line elements perceived as important were effectively utilized by flight crews in the simulated operational environment. However, other party line elements stimulated little or no increase in situational awareness. The ability to assimilate and use party line information appeared to be dependent on workload, time availability, and the tactical/strategic nature of the situations. In addition, the results of both the survey and the simulation indicated that the importance of party line information appeared to be greatest for operations near or on the airport. This indicates that caution must be exercised when implementing datalink communications in these high workload, tactical sectors. This document is based on the thesis of Alan H. Midkiff submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Alliance dynamics and the turn toward moderation in Iran’s relations with surrounding states

Iran’s relations with surrounding states exhibit a shift from unremitting radicalism to pervasive moderation, a transformation that is usually explained in terms of changes in the Islamic Republic’s domestic affairs. Yet the marked turn toward moderation may equally result from the dynamics of entrapment and pre-emptive realignment, which are inherent in alliance politics under conditions of anarchy. Attempts by Syria to strengthen ties to Iran set the stage for the 2006 Hizbullah–Israel war in Lebanon. Policy makers in Tehran recoiled from the fighting, opening the door to rapprochement with Ankara. Improved relations between Iran and Turkey both distanced the Islamic Republic from Iraq and prompted Iranian leaders to make unprecedented overtures to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). Iran’s moves to conciliate Turkey and the KRG gained momentum as the Islamic State in Syria and the Levant seized territory across northern Syria and western Iraq. Nevertheless, ongoing Turkish initiatives in the Caucasus have created unpalatable strategic choices for the Islamic Republic, which put Tehran’s continued commitment to external moderation in jeopardy.
Coupled instability of two X-linked genes in Drosophila mauritiana: germinal and somatic mutability.

ABSTRACT A highly unstable allele has been isolated at the white locus of Drosophila mauritiana, a sibling species of D. melanogaster. This allele, white-peach (wpch), mutates spontaneously in males and females to give both wild-type and bleached-white derivatives. The mutation frequency is about 10-3 mutations/generation. There is no evidence for clustering among mutant progeny, and phenotypically wpch flies with mosaic patches of wild-type tissue in the eyes are frequently recovered. Another X-linked locus, plum, is destabilized when wpch is on the same X chromosome.
Design of an adaptable tool guide for grinding robots

Abstract A method for surface grinding using a robot with a tool guide mechanism is presented. The tool guide is a device to locate accurately the grinding tool and hold it against the work surface in the presence of the large disturbance forces generated in the grinding process. The stiffness with which the tool is held is improved significantly and the accuracy of tool positioning is also increased despite the tolerancing errors of workpart dimensions and fixturing. The mechanism of the tool guide is analyzed. The conditions for the tool guide to locate the tool on the right surface of the workpart and to align the surface automatically are derived. On the basis of the analysis a practical tool guide design is discussed. Sensors for measuring the work surface orientation and the force applied by the robot arm are described. A control scheme for automatically guiding the tool along an unknown surface is then presented.
Comparison of underfloor and overhead air distribution systems in an office environment

This study compares thermal environment of two air distribution systems in an office setting. Airflow, heat and mass (water vapor and contaminant gas) transfer in steady-state condition are modeled for an underfloor air distribution system and an overhead air distribution system. The models include a typical cubicle in a large office floor with a chair, a desk with a personal computer on top, and heat sources such as seated person, desktop computer, and lights. For underfloor air distribution system, cool air enters the occupied zone through an inlet located at the floor level supplying a vertical upward inflow. Three different locations of the inlet diffuser are considered. For overhead air distribution, the inlet is located on the ceiling with slower and cooler inflow. Three inlet angles are considered. For both systems, the air return location is on the ceiling at the same place. Distributions of velocity, temperature, relative humidity, and contaminant concentration in various cases for both systems are computed. Thermal comfort factors are assessed for the two systems. The results are compared among cases of each system, as well as between two typical cases of the two systems and to experimental data for an actual office building given in literature. The results provide a detailed understanding of air transport and its consequence on thermal comfort and indoor air quality that are useful for office building air conditioner design. It is found that underfloor system gives better performance than overhead system in contaminant removal and significantly in energy saving while maintaining the same thermal comfort condition.
Cosmological evolution driven by viscous dissipation and monopole condensation in ten dimensions

A ten dimensional cosmology is studied wherein the stringy state of the early universe is simulated by a combination of viscous effects and monopole condensation in the primeval ten dimensions.
Laser spectroscopy of point defects in CdF2, on the transition to a semiconductor

Abstract The defect sites in CdF 2 :Er 3+ have been studied. Oxidation of the interstitial fluorides which locally compensate the Er 3+ clusters results in the conversion to a semiconductor state.
On yield, fault distributions, and clustering of particles

Increasing the levels of semiconductor integration to larger chips with more transistors causes the fault and defect distributions of VLSI memory chips to deviate increasingly further from simple random Poisson statistics. The spatial distributions of particles on semiconductor wafers have been analyzed to gain insight into the nature of integrated circuit defect statistics. The analysis was done using grids of squares known as quadrats. It was found that the cluster parameter, which until now has been treated as a constant, did vary with quadrat area. The results also show that the deviation from Poisson statistics continues to increase into the realm of wafer-scale integration or WSI. Computer simulations were used to verify this effect.
Structural Estimation of the Affiliated Private Value Auction Model

We consider the structural estimation of the affiliated private value (APV) model in first-price sealed-bid auctions. The model allows for bidders' individual efficiencies and opportunity costs, while permitting dependence among bidders' private values through affiliation. We establish the nonparametric identification of the APV model, characterize its theoretical restrictions, and propose a computationally convenient and consistent two-step nonparametric estimation procedure for estimating the joint private value distribution from observed bids. Using simulated bid data, we provide a step-by-step guide on how to implement our procedure and show the good behavior of our estimator in small samples.
Ultrasound assessment of the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity: A comparison of the near-field versus far-field vessel

Abstract Objective Doppler assessment of the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity may obviate the need for more invasive procedures in the alloimmunized patient. The purpose of this study was to compare middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity measurements in the near field and far field. Study design Patients between 16 and 42 weeks of gestation with normal fetuses were eligible (n=151). Peak systolic velocity measurements were obtained at the proximal portion of each middle cerebral artery at its origin in the internal carotid artery, as well as the most distal portion before its division, for a total of 4 measurements per fetus. Comparisons were made among the 4 locations and the data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance adjusted for gestational age. Results were presented using both P values and 95% CIs. P values P values and 95% CIs were adjusted using the Tukey multiple comparison procedure. A subanalysis was performed using 11 patients to assess interobserver reliability, which was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results All four measurements were obtained for 120 fetuses (79%). The mean gestational age was 27.0 weeks. Statistically significant differences were noted between distal sites (95% CI, −0.05 to 0.01; P P P =0.77). Conclusion By which of the 2 vessels the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity is affected is selected, as well as the location on the vessel. If the near-field proximal site cannot be interrogated, the far-field proximal site may be the best alternative.
Addition of penicillin Grignards to glyoxals: a synthesis of novel penam ketoalcohols

The condensation of penicillin Grignards with substituted glyoxals leads to the synthesis of novel penam α-ketoalcohol antibacterials which are structurally related to several clinically useful penicillins.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Die-Cast Mg Alloys AZ91 and AM60

The influence of microstructure and artificial aging response (T6) on the low-cycle fatigue behavior of super vacuum die-cast (SVDC) AZ91 and AM60 has been investigated. Fatigue lifetimes were determined from the total strain-controlled fatigue tests for strain amplitudes of 0.2 pct, 0.4 pct, 0.6 pct, 0.8 pct, and 1.0 pct under fully reversed loading at a frequency of 5 Hz. Cyclic stress–strain behavior was determined using an incremental step test (IST) and compared with the more traditional constant amplitude test. Two locations in a prototype casting were investigated to examine the role of microstructure and porosity on fatigue behavior. At all total strain amplitudes microstructure refinement had a negligible impact on fatigue life because of significant levels of porosity. AM60 showed an improvement in fatigue life at higher strain amplitudes when compared with AZ91 because of higher ductility. T6 heat treatment had no impact on fatigue life. Cyclic stress–strain behavior obtained via the incremental step test varied from constant amplitude test results due to load history effects. The constant amplitude test is believed to be the more accurate test method. In general, larger initiation pores led to shorter fatigue life. The fatigue life of AZ91 was more sensitive to initiation pore size and pore location than AM60 at the lowest tested strain amplitude of 0.2 pct. Fatigue crack paths did not favor any specific phase, interdentritic structure or eutectic structure. A multistage fatigue (MSF) model showed good correlation to the experimental strain-life results. The MSF model reinforced the dominant role of inclusion (pore) size on the scatter in fatigue life.
Bayesian inference for genomic data integration reduces misclassification rate in predicting protein-protein interactions.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential to most fundamental cellular processes. There has been increasing interest in reconstructing PPIs networks. However, several critical difficulties exist in obtaining reliable predictions. Noticeably, false positive rates can be as high as >80%. Error correction from each generating source can be both time-consuming and inefficient due to the difficulty of covering the errors from multiple levels of data processing procedures within a single test. We propose a novel Bayesian integration method, deemed nonparametric Bayes ensemble learning (NBEL), to lower the misclassification rate (both false positives and negatives) through automatically up-weighting data sources that are most informative, while down-weighting less informative and biased sources. Extensive studies indicate that NBEL is significantly more robust than the classic naive Bayes to unreliable, error-prone and contaminated data. On a large human data set our NBEL approach predicts many more PPIs than naive Bayes. This suggests that previous studies may have large numbers of not only false positives but also false negatives. The validation on two human PPIs datasets having high quality supports our observations. Our experiments demonstrate that it is feasible to predict high-throughput PPIs computationally with substantially reduced false positives and false negatives. The ability of predicting large numbers of PPIs both reliably and automatically may inspire people to use computational approaches to correct data errors in general, and may speed up PPIs prediction with high quality. Such a reliable prediction may provide a solid platform to other studies such as protein functions prediction and roles of PPIs in disease susceptibility.
The Diffusion and Absorption of Neutrons in Paraffin Spheres

Measurements are described of the activities imparted to silver and to indium detectors placed in paraffin spheres of various sizes with a radon-beryllium source of neutrons located at the center. The results are discussed with the aid of diffusion theory. Reasonably good quantitative agreement is obtained at distances from the source greater than about 8 cm. Various independent estimates are made of the mean free path of the neutrons in paraffin, their specific absorption rate constant, and the ratio of the latter to the diffusion constant. The mean free path is found as 0.53 cm; the ratio of the specific absorption rate constant to the diffusion constant as 0.026 cm^-2.
Laboratory simulation of cometary X-rays using a high-resolution microcalorimeter

X-ray emission following charge exchange has been studied on the University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory electron beam ion traps EBIT-I and EBIT-II using a high-resolution microcalorimeter. The measured spectra include the K-shell emission from hydrogen-like and helium-like C, N, O, and Ne needed for simulations of cometary x-ray emission. A comparison of the spectra produced in the interaction of O{sup 8+} with N{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} is presented that illustrates the dependence of the observed spectrum on the interaction gas.
On the aging of organisms and their cells.

Abstract An explanation of organismic ageing based on a limited division capacity of dividing cells is difficult to reconcile with much of the available data. The physiology of cells in ageing organisms tends, on the contrary, to suggest that organisms age as a result of degeneration in their non-dividing cell populations. Senescence in these non-mitotic cells resembles the ageing of the non-dividing fraction of cell cultures clonally senescing, or maintained in long-term quiescence in vitro . As cultures of diploid human fibroblasts senesce there is an accumulation of non-dividing cells. Alterations in these post-mitotic cells can explain the senescent properties of late passage cultures. It is proposed that during the in vitro senescence of fibroblast cultures, cell ageing results from, as opposed to causes, the absence of mitosis. Cell ageing may primarily result from changes in the chromatin induced by the non-mitotic state.
An efficient read-out system for multiwire proportional counter hodoscopes

An efficient scanning method for read-out of a multiwire proportional counter hodoscope is presented. This method which utilizes the grouping of wires in the hodoscope read-out system offers distinct advantages in speed and simplicity over systems employing long shift registers. Power consumption and cost can be minimized with this method because of slower clock speeds and a low parts count. This system has been constructed and used on a hodoscope for cosmic-ray trajectory measurements and a lower-power version has been designed for satellite applications.
Inclusion of explicit electron-proton correlation in the nuclear-electronic orbital approach using Gaussian-type geminal functions

The nuclear-electronic orbital explicitly correlated Hartree-Fock (NEO-XCHF) approach for including electron-proton correlation in mixed nuclear-electronic wavefunctions is presented. A general ansatz for the nuclear-electronic wavefunction that includes explicit dependence on the nuclear-electronic distances with Gaussian-type geminal functions is proposed. Based on this ansatz, expressions are derived for the total energy and the electronic and nuclear Fock operators for multielectron systems. The explicit electron-proton correlation is incorporated directly into the self-consistent-field procedure for optimizing the nuclear-electronic wavefunction. This approach is computationally practical for many-electron systems because only a relatively small number of nuclei are treated quantum mechanically, and only electron-proton correlation is treated explicitly. Electron-electron correlation can be included by combining the NEO-XCHF approach with perturbation theory, density functional theory, and multiconfi...
Approximation of molecular integrals.

Approximation method for molecular integrals that depends on replacement of two-center charge distributions by single-center distributions, giving results in terms of Coulomb type integrals
De Novo Synthesis of Modified Saxitoxins for Sodium Ion Channel Study

Access to novel forms of (+)-saxitoxin (STX), a potent and selective inhibitor of voltage-gated Na(+) ion channels, has been made possible through de novo synthesis. Saxitoxin is believed to lodge in the outer mouth of the channel pore, thereby stoppering ion flux. Herein, we demonstrate that modification of the C13-carbamoyl unit can be accommodated in the binding site of the protein without significantly reducing ligand-receptor affinity. These discoveries have emboldened efforts to prepare photoaffinity-labeled and other unique forms of STX as pharmacological tools for interrogating both the molecular architecture and function of Na(+) channels. A synthetic plan that makes such compounds generally available is described.
The high-potential flavin and heme of nitric oxide synthase are not magnetically linked: implications for electron transfer.

Abstract Background: The homodimeric nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes conversion of l-arginine to l-citrulline and nitric oxide. Each subunit contains two flavins and one protoporphyrin IX heme. A key component of the reaction is the transfer of electrons from the flavins to the heme. The NOS gene encodes two domains linked by a short helix containing a calmodulin-recognition sequence. The reductase domain binds the flavin cofactors, while the oxygenase domain binds heme and l-arginine and additionally mediates the dimerization of the NOS subunits. We investigated the origin of the unusual magnetic properties (rapid-spin relaxation) of an air-stable free radical localized to a reductase domain flavin cofactor. Results: We characterized the air-stable flavin in wild-type NOS, both in the presence and absence of calcium and calmodulin, the imidazole-bound heme complex of wild-type NOS, the NOS Cys415→Ala mutant, and the isolated reductase domain. All preparations of NOS had the same flavin electron-spin relaxation behavior. No half-field transitions or temperature-dependent changes in the linewidth of the radical spin signal were detected. Conclusions: These data suggest that the observed relaxation enhancement of the NOS flavin radical is caused by the environment provided by the reductase domain. No magnetic interaction between the heme and flavin cofactors was detected, suggesting that the flavin and heme centers are probably separated by more than 15 A.
Allylboration of carbonyl compounds in ionic liquids

Room-temperature ionic liquids are suitable reaction media for the allylboration of carbonyl compounds. A wide variety of aldehydes and ketones react with allyldiisopropoxyborane in butylmethylimidazolium bromide at room temperature to yield homoallyic alcohols.
Sustained and Rapid Chromosome Movements Are Critical for Chromosome Pairing and Meiotic Progression in Budding Yeast

Telomere-led chromosome movements are a conserved feature of meiosis I (MI) prophase. Several roles have been proposed for such chromosome motion, including promoting homolog pairing and removing inappropriate chromosomal interactions. Here, we provide evidence in budding yeast that rapid chromosome movements affect homolog pairing and recombination. We found that csm4Δ strains, which are defective for telomere-led chromosome movements, show defects in homolog pairing as measured in a “one-dot/two-dot tetR-GFP” assay; however, pairing in csm4Δ eventually reaches near wild-type (WT) levels. Charged-to-alanine scanning mutagenesis of CSM4 yielded one allele, csm4-3, that confers a csm4Δ-like delay in meiotic prophase but promotes high spore viability. The meiotic delay in csm4-3 strains is essential for spore viability because a null mutation (rad17Δ) in the Rad17 checkpoint protein suppresses the delay but confers a severe spore viability defect. csm4-3 mutants show a general defect in chromosome motion but an intermediate defect in chromosome pairing. Chromosome velocity analysis in live cells showed that while average chromosome velocity was strongly reduced in csm4-3, chromosomes in this mutant displayed occasional rapid movements. Lastly, we observed that spo11 mutants displaying lower levels of meiosis-induced double-strand breaks showed higher spore viability in the presence of the csm4-3 mutation compared to csm4Δ. On the basis of these observations, we propose that during meiotic prophase the presence of occasional fast moving chromosomes over an extended period of time is sufficient to promote WT levels of recombination and high spore viability; however, sustained and rapid chromosome movements are required to prevent a checkpoint response and promote efficient meiotic progression.
Stress intensity factors for cracked wedges

Abstract The elasticity solution to the problem of a cracked semi-infinite wedge is presented. The crack emanates from the wedge apex bisecting the wedge angle. Crack surfaces are subjected to a pair of opposing concentrated forces directed either normal or tangential to the crack plane and located an arbitrary distance from the wedge tip. For the case of small wedge angles closed form results are presented for the crack tip stress intensity factors. These results will be useful in calibrating tapered double cantilever beam specimens.
Interactions of Whey Proteins during Heat Treatment of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Formed with Whey Protein Isolate and Hydroxylated Lecithin

The interactions of proteins during the heat treatment of whey-protein-isolate (WPI)-based oil-in-water emulsions with and without added hydroxylated lecithin were studied by examining the changes ...
Kinetics of reactions between magnetite and carbon monoxide between 723 and 823 K

The kinetics of some reactions between carbon monoxide and magnetite were investigated between 723 and 823 K. Gas-phase mass-transfer effects within and near the porous samples and surface-reaction kinetics were considered. The experiments were done on sintered magnetite disks whose void fraction was 15 to 20 pct. A continuously weighed rotating disk reactor provided uniform mass transfer to the sample faces. The reacted disks were analyzed by Mossbauer spectroscopy and other methods. The only product species found were cementite and carbon, which suggested the existence of two reactions: the formation of cementite and carbon dioxide directly from magnetite and carbon monoxide, and the disproportionation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and free carbon. These reactions were modeled mathematically. The surface kinetic data for both reactions were found to be compatible with rate expressions which were directly proportional to the square of the partial pressure of carbon monoxide and approximately inversely proportional to the partial pressure of product carbon dioxide.
Reassessing War Stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War

Research has shown a clear association between war-zone exposure and psychological readjustment in soldiers. Newer findings suggest that certain event and person characteristics are especially influential in this process. The present article has the following goals: (a) to review existing parameters in the traditional measurement of war-zone exposure, (b) to consider conceptual and methodological limitations in these approaches, (c) to present empirical data from a cohort of Persian Gulf War veterans that support the utility of a broader conceptualization of war trauma, and (d) to examine how gender may be differentially associated with some dimensions of war-zone stress and psychological outcome following deployment. Data suggest that identifying diverse dimensions of war-zone stress may enhance efforts to understand veterans' initial and long-range wartime recovery.
In situ hybridization methods for the detection of somatostatin mRNA in tissue sections using antisense RNA probes.

In situ hybridization studies with [32P] and [3H] labelled antisense RNA probes were undertaken to determine optimal methods of tissue fixation, tissue sectioning, and conditions of hybridization, and to compare the relative merits of the two different radioactive labels. The distribution of somatostatin mRNA in neurons of rat brain using a labelled antisense somatostatin RNA probe was employed as a model for these studies. The highest degree of sensitivity forin situ hybridization was obtained using paraformaldehyde fixation and vibratome sectioning. Optimal autoradiographic localization of mRNA was obtained within 7 days using [32P] labelled probes. However, due to the high energy emittance of [32P], precise intracellular localization of hybridization sites was not possible. [3H] labelled RNA probes gave more precise cellular localization but required an average of 18–20 days autoradiographic exposure. The addition of the scintillator, PPO, decreased the exposure time for the localization of [3H] labelled probes to seven days. We also report a method for combinedin situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry for the simultaneous localization of somatostatin in mRNA and peptide in individual neurons.
Catecholamine-binding brain protein in mice exposed to perinatal malnutrition and neonatal infection.

Extract: The formation and specific activity of a catecholamine-binding brain protein were studied in mice exposed to perinatal malnutrition and neonatal infection. In the malnourished group, the total norepinephrine (NE)-binding protein was less than in the control group (malnourished 7.1 10.0 mg; control 13.0–14.0 mg), but the dopamine (DM)-binding protein was not significantly affected. In the infected group, the quantity of NE-binding protein was also decreased (infected 6.4–8.0 mg), but the DM-binding protein was higher than in the control group. The specific and total binding activity of [3H]NE to brain protein was greatly reduced in the infected group (infected 22.6 pmol/mg protein; control 88.4 pmol/mg protein), and decreased also in the guanidine-HCl eluate of the malnourished group (56.5 pmol/mg protein). The binding activity of [14C]DM was decreased markedly in the infected group (infected 131 pmol/mg protein; control 330 pmol/mg protein), but its specific binding activity was not as severely affected in the malnourished as in the infected group. The molecular weights of the catecholamine-binding protein were 75,000 in the control, 70,000 in the malnourished and 65,000 in the infected groups. There were no marked differences between the malnourished and control groups with regard to the amino acid composition of the NE-binding protein. The DM-binding protein in these animals had decreased amino acid content. The infected group exhibited remarkable changes in NE- and DM-binding brain protein. Speculation: Catecholamine-binding brain protein may be related to the specific protein in the storage granules in the formation of NEATP-protein complex, or it may be a part of a receptor molecule in postsynaptic cells. Perinatal malnutrition and neonatal infection may result in a derangement of catecholamine metabolism. The impaired formation of the synaptic connection may account for some of the functional changes of brain development.
Reversible intracellular translocation of KRas but not HRas in hippocampal neurons regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin

The Ras/MAPK pathway regulates synaptic plasticity and cell survival in neurons of the central nervous system. Here, we show that KRas, but not HRas, acutely translocates from the plasma membrane (PM) to the Golgi complex and early/recycling endosomes in response to neuronal activity. Translocation is reversible and mediated by the polybasic-prenyl membrane targeting motif of KRas. We provide evidence that KRas translocation occurs through sequestration of the polybasic-prenyl motif by Ca2+/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) and subsequent release of KRas from the PM, in a process reminiscent of GDP dissociation inhibitor–mediated membrane recycling of Rab and Rho GTPases. KRas translocation was accompanied by partial intracellular redistribution of its activity. We conclude that the polybasic-prenyl motif acts as a Ca2+/CaM-regulated molecular switch that controls PM concentration of KRas and redistributes its activity to internal sites. Our data thus define a novel signaling mechanism that differentially regulates KRas and HRas localization and activity in neurons.
Smoking behavior as a function of social cues and sex: A naturalistic study

The purpose of the study was to investigate the hypotheses that the smoking behavior of both females and males is affected by social cues and that the smoking behavior of females is more affected by social cues than is the smoking behavior of males. The smoking behaviors of 313 females and 487 males walking on public streets and of 154 females and 146 males waiting in public waiting rooms were recorded. Both sexes smoked more often in the waiting room situation than in the street situation; females' smoking was influenced to a greater degree by the same social context. The presence of a nearby smoker, particularly a male, increased the rate of smoking in female, but not male, subjects. The findings have implications for programs designed to modify the smoking behavior of women and men.
Earnings news and the firm size effect

. Prior studies on the firm size effect either do not adequately control for earnings or ignore the potential implication of earnings news for the firm size effect. Thus, they implicitly assume that the firm size effect is identical across all firms irrespective of earnings news. This study provides additional empirical evidence on the firm size effect by taking earnings news into account. The results indicate that the firm size effect persists even when earnings news, measured by the sign and magnitude of unexpected earnings, is controlled. The firm size effect, however, is pronounced only for firms with “good” earnings news, but not for firms with “bad” earnings news. Possible implications of these findings are explored. Resume. Les etudes qui ont ete realisees jusqu'a maintenant sur l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise ne controlent pas adequatement la variable benefices ou ignorent les consequences potentielles de l'information relative aux benefices sur l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise. Elles supposent donc implicitement que l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise est la meme pour toutes les entreprises, peu importe l'information relative aux benefices. La presente etude ajoute aux preuves empiriques concernant l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise, en tenant compte de l'inforrmation relative aux benefices. Les resultats de cette etude revelent que l'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise persiste, meme lorsque l'information relative aux benefices, mesuree en fonction de l'indication de benefices imprevus et de leur ampleur, est controlee. L'incidence de la taille de l'entreprise est toutefois marquee seulement dans le cas des entreprises pour lesquelles l'information relative aux benefices est « positive », et non dans le cas des entreprises pour lesquelles l'information relative aux benefices est « negative ». L'auteur explore les consequences possibles des resultats de l'etude.
An MCMI cluster typology of obsessive—compulsives: A measure of personality characteristics and its relationship to treatment participation, compliance and outcome in behavior therapy

The two-fold purpose of this investigation was to (a) define personality subtypes among patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and (b) examine the relationship between the resulting typology and treatment participation, compliance and outcome of OCD patients treated with behavior therapy, using exposure and response prevention. A hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis was performed on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) scale scores of 137 OCD patients seeking outpatient treatment; four cluster types emerged. Patients' OCD symptom severity was assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Patients with no evident personality pathology and those with dependent qualities demonstrated the best overall outcome. Patients whose personalities indicated particular difficulties with interpersonal interaction were most likely to refuse behavior therapy and, among these patients who engaged in treatment, evidenced no reduction in OCD symptoms at posttreatment and follow-up. Patients with histrionic/borderline traits showed symptom reductions at posttreatment, but did not maintain their treatment gains at follow-up. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Histone gene expression in human diploid fibroblasts: analysis of histone mRNA levels using cloned human histone genes

The cellular abundance of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 histone mRNA sequences was determined prior to and at various times after stimulation of non-dividing human diploid fibroblasts to proliferate. The representation of histone mRNAs was quantitated by electrophoretic fractionation of total cellular RNAs, diffusion transfer to nitrocellulose and hybridization with a series of cloned genomic human histone sequences. The levels of mRNAs for the four core histones were observed to be temporally and quantitatively coupled with both DNA replication and histone protein synthesis. Therefore, a contribution to the regulation of histone gene expression at a transcriptional level is suggested.
Plasma norepinephrine increased during coronary occlusion in hypertensive pigs that developed ventricular fibrillation.

Abstract Although hypertension is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death, the mechanisms involved remain enigmatic. Little is known about hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine concentration changes during coronary artery occlusion in hypertensive subjects. To study this, 30 pigs were implanted with catheters in the aorta and a silk snare around the left anterior descending coronary artery that could later be pulled to permanently occlude the artery. Perinephritic hypertension was induced in 14 of the animals over 3 weeks by wrapping one kidney in silk followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Coronary artery occlusion (CAO) was carried out in all pigs in the conscious resting state. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) developed in 50% of each group within 15 min after coronary artery occlusion. The hypertensive VF group showed an increase in norepinephrine concentration of 112 ± 46%; a significantly greater increase than the intact VF group, which showed a 29 ± 7% increase in norepinephrine concentration 5 min after coronary artery occlusion (p
Amebic Abscess of the Brain

Brain abscesses caused by Entamoeba histolytica were treated in two residents of New Jersey, neither of whom had traveled beyond the eastern United States. The diagnosis in Case 1 was confirmed by the presence of ameba in both brain and pituitary abscesses. An elevated indirect hemagglutination (IHA) titer of 1:4096 and response to specific treatment with metronidazole and chloroquin were the criteria for diagnosis in Case 2. The computerized tomographic appearance of an amebic abscess is that of a rapidly progressive lesion without reaction in the adjacent brain. Of the seven reported cures, all of the patients received appropriate chemotherapy. Five of the seven were operated upon.
Revised Design Parameters for Vertical Curves

A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), exhibited severe disparities between its recommended procedures for the computation of braking distances on grades and the design controls of vertical curves. The braking distances it advocated for the design of vertical curves are fully consistent with flat terrains. The grades of the tangents only influenced the curvatures needed to achieve braking distances and thus stopping sight distances on flat grades. A vehicle traveling on a crest vertical curve of Type II, or a sag vertical curve of Type IV, experienced at no time a flat grade. Types II and IV vertical curves join tangents with identical grade orientations. This study pinpoints the inconsistencies of the previous procedures and proposes conciliatory procedures. A new methodology computes simultaneously the worst grades of braking initiation, the associated braking and stopping sight distances, and the resultin...
Isolation and characterization of some solid phases of fluprednisolone

Seven different solid phases of fluprednisolone were isolated. Six were crystalline and one was amorphous. Of the crystalline phases, three were anhydrous, two were monohydrates, and one was a tert-butylamine disolvate. The phases were characterized using IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, melting points, and densities. The heats of fusion were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. Heats of solution in water for three phases were also determined.
General Contact Problem for a Circular Annulus

A general formulation is given for the first time to the title problem. The method is based on the new results in potential theory obtained by the author earlier. The problem is reduced to a two-dimensional integral equation with an elementary kernel. Several specific examples are considered. Es wird erstmals eine allgemeine Formulierung des im Titel genannten Problems angegeben. Das Verfahren beruht auf neuen Ergebnissen aus der Potentialtheorie, die vom Autor fruher erhalten wurden. Das Problem wird auf eine zweidimensionale Integralgleichung mit elementarem Kern reduziert. Einige spezifische Beispiele werden betrachtet.
CMB beam systematics: Impact on lensing parameter estimation

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a rich source of cosmological information. Thanks to the simplicity and linearity of the theory of cosmological perturbations, observations of the CMB's polarization and temperature anisotropy can reveal the parameters that describe the contents, structure, and evolution of the cosmos. Temperature anisotropy is necessary but not sufficient to fully mine the CMB of its cosmological information as it is plagued with various parameter degeneracies. Fortunately, CMB polarization breaks many of these degeneracies and adds new information and increased precision. Of particular interest is the CMB's $B$-mode polarization, which provides a handle on several cosmological parameters most notably the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ and is sensitive to parameters that govern the growth of large-scale structure and evolution of the gravitational potential. These imprint CMB temperature anisotropy and cause $E$-to-$B$-mode polarization conversion via gravitational lensing. However, both primordial gravitational-wave- and secondary lensing-induced $B$-mode signals are very weak and therefore prone to various foregrounds and systematics. In this work we use Fisher-matrix-based estimations and apply, for the first time, Monte Carlo Markov Chain simulations to determine the effect of beam systematics on the inferred cosmological parameters from five upcoming experiments: PLANCK, POLARBEAR, SPIDER, $\mathrm{QUIET}+\mathrm{CLOVER}$, and CMBPOL. We consider beam systematics that couple the beam substructure to the gradient of temperature anisotropy and polarization (differential beamwidth, pointing offsets and ellipticity) and beam systematics due to differential beam normalization (differential gain) and orientation (beam rotation) of the polarization-sensitive axes (the latter two effects are insensitive to the beam substructure). We determine allowable levels of beam systematics for given tolerances on the induced parameter errors and check for possible biases in the inferred parameters concomitant with potential increases in the statistical uncertainty. All our results are scaled to the ``worst case scenario.'' In this case, and for our tolerance levels the beam rotation should not exceed the few-degree to subdegree level, typical ellipticity is required to be 1%, the differential gain allowed level is a few parts in ${10}^{3}$ to ${10}^{4}$, differential beam width upper limits are of the subpercent level, and differential pointing should not exceed the few- to sub-arc sec level.
Differentiating interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in adolescence: implications for models of comorbidity.

Research on psychosocial correlates of depression and social anxiety often has not accounted for their comorbidity. Differentiating correlates of depression and social anxiety may inform the development of comorbidity models. Building on research linking both disorders to interpersonal dysfunction, this study examined interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in nonreferred early adolescent (M age = 13.46) girls (n = 83), controlling for comorbid symptoms. Although both showed significant bivariate correlations with peer and family variables, partial correlations revealed that social anxiety (controlling for depressive symptoms) was more strongly related to peer variables (e.g., social competence and trust and communication in friendships), whereas depressive symptoms (controlling for social anxiety) were more strongly related to family variables (e.g., lower trust and greater alienation and conflict). Comorbid girls showed heightened peer and family alienation compared to purely ...
Conversion of intravenous insulin infusions to subcutaneously administered insulin glargine in patients with hyperglycemia

Objective: To determine the optimal dose of insulin glargine needed to maintain glycemic control in patients undergoing conversion from intravenous regular insulin infusions to a subcutaneous insulin regimen. Methods: Seventy-five hospitalized patients receiving continuous insulin infusions were randomized to receive 40%, 60%, or 80% of their total daily insulin requirement, calculated from the rate during the final 6 hours of the infusion, as insulin glargine at the time of conversion to a subcutaneous regimen. Prandial insulin aspart was added to the subcutaneous regimen when patients began oral intake, and the dosage was left to clinical judgment. Capillary blood glucose monitoring (CBGM) was performed before every meal and at bedtime. All CBGM values for the 24-hour period after conversion were collected. Results: Three hundred ninety-two CBGM values were recorded and analyzed. The mean for all CBGM values during the 24-hour period after conversion to the subcutaneous insulin regimen was 151.9 ± 42.5 mg/dL in the 40% group, 164.0 ± 41.6 mg/dL in the 60% group, and 153.2 ± 66.2 mg/dL in the 80% group (P = 0.66). The percentage of CBGM values in the predefined study target range (80 to 140 mg/dL) was 43.2%, 34.8%, and 48% in the 40%, 60%, and 80% groups, respectively (P = 0.09). Secondary analysis with use of a glycemic target of 80 to 150 mg/dL and removal of outliers resulted in CBGM values within that range in 58.7%, 44.4%, and 67.6% for the 40%, 60%, and 80% groups, respectively (overall, P = 0.001; 40% group versus the 60% group, P = 0.03; 60% group versus the 80% group, P = 0.0004; and 40% group versus the 80% group, P = 0.18). Conclusion: Conversion from continuous insulin infusion to subcutaneously administered insulin glargine at a dose equal to 80% of the total daily insulin requirements resulted in the highest percentage of CBGM values in the glycemic target range of 80 to 150 mg/dL within the first 24 hours after regimen conversion in comparison with conversion at 40% and 60%, albeit the difference between the 40% and 80% groups was not statistically significant. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12:641-650)
Quantum jumps of single molecules at room temperature

Abstract The room temperature dynamics of single fluorescent dye molecules adsorbed on dry surfaces was investigated with submilisecond time resolution. Rapid turn-on and off events that satisfy stochastic statistics of quantum jumps were observed. These jumps were most likely intersystem crossing transitions to the triplet state, individually resolved due to the extended triplet state lifetime τoff in the dry condition. Saturation study of such single molecules confirmed the extended τoff. Distributions in intersystem crossing yield YISC and in τoff, probably due to different local environment, were measured. Moreover, individual molecules exhibited abrupt changes in τoff and YISC, correlated with spectral changes of the molecular emission.
The influence of genetic variants on striatal dopamine transporter and D2 receptor binding after TBI

Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission influences cognition and recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We explored whether functional genetic variants affecting the DA transporter (DAT) and D2 receptor (DRD2) impacted in vivo dopaminergic binding with positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]βCFT and [11C]raclopride. We examined subjects with moderate/severe TBI (N=12) ~1 year post injury and similarly matched healthy controls (N=13). The variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism within the DAT gene and the TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism near the DRD2 gene were assessed. TBI subjects had age-adjusted DAT-binding reductions in the caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum, and modestly increased D2 binding in ventral striatum versus controls. Despite small sample sizes, multivariate analysis showed lower caudate and putamen DAT binding among DAT 9-allele carriers and DRD2 A2/A2 homozygotes with TBI versus controls with the same genotype. Among TBI subjects, 9-allele carriers had lower caudate and putamen binding than 10/10 homozygotes. This PET study suggests a hypodopaminergic environment and altered DRD2 autoreceptor DAT interactions that may influence DA transmission after TBI. Future work will relate these findings to cognitive performance; future studies are required to determine how DRD2/DAT1 genotype and DA-ligand binding are associated with neurostimulant response and TBI recovery.