cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mature minor doctrine: do adolescents have the right to die?

BENNY AND BILLY COULD HAVE BEEN best friends. They were both teenagers who enjoyed spending time with their friends and simply participating in the everyday activities that most adolescents spend their free time doing. They were both fiercely independent and striving to attain a position of autonomy that could be considered far beyond their biological years. More significantly, they both suffered from potentially life-threatening illnesses and the painful effects, not only of the disease process, but also of the medical care needed to treat their illnesses. Eventually, neither teen wanted to continue the medical treatments when they felt the pain and discomfort had become too severe. Benny Agrelo had been born with an enlarged, malfunctioning liver and an enlarged spleen. In 1994, when he was fifteen years old, Benny had endured two liver transplants. The first one was done when he was eight years old and for the following five years Benny took a drug called cyclosporin to prevent his body from rejecting the new organ. When the medication no longer worked, doctors performed a second transplant and prescribed an experimental anti-rejection drug that affected his normal activities due to side effects of headaches and irritability. Without this drug, his system would reject the new liver and Benny would ultimately die. Against his parents and doctors’ wishes, Benny decreased his dosage and eventually stopped taking the medication altogether. Although Benny’s mother initially disagreed with him, she eventually supported his decision. When his doctors discovered this, the hospital filed
Normas dominantes en las decisiones éticas y actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios: teoría y prueba empírica obtenida en México / Dominant Norms in Ethical Decisions and Attitudes among University Students: Theory and Empirical Test in Mexico

Para que la fuerza laboral de un pais se comporte de manera etica en el ejercicio profesional es necesario que durante su preparacion educativa desarrolle una base etica solida que le permita resolver dilemas eticos de manera correcta. Estudios previos demuestran que trabajadores no eticos usualmente fueron tambien estudiantes no eticos. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la orientacion etica de los estudiantes universitarios en Mexico y evaluar las diferencias de orientacion entre los alumnos de postgrado y pregrado, y entre los alumnos de las carreras economico-administrativas e ingenieria. Tambien se busco medir las actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios mexicanos respecto al plagio y la copia ilicita en la vida academica.Los resultados del estudio mostraron una diferencia significativa entre la orientacion etica de los alumnos de postgrado y pregrado. Los resultados tambien presentaron diferencias menores entre las carreras economico-administrativas e ingenieria. Las actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios mexicanos respecto del plagio y la copia ilicita reflejaron tanto juicios de valor como razones sociales que buscan justificar sus actitudes respecto al plagio y la copia ilicita, los cuales fueron agrupados en cinco factores: 1) valor del estudio, 2) administracion del tiempo, 3) imitacion, 4) companerismo y 5) presion laboral.La orientacion etica de los estudiantes mexicanos sufre una brecha entre la su juicio etico y su intencion de actuar. Los estudiantes mexicanos determinaron su juicio etico solo con base en su evaluacion moral (deontologica), al mismo tiempo que tomaron una decision, en este caso la decision de premiar o castigar la conducta presentada, con base en su juicio etico o en su evaluacion de las consecuencias (teleologico). Esto es: fueron morales en la actitud, pero pueden ser morales o no morales en la decision de premiar o castigar la conducta. Pueden premiar una conducta inmoral que produce consecuencias positivas o favorables, y pueden castigar una conducta moral que produce consecuencias negativas o desfavorables al actor de la conducta. La mera presencia de dilemas eticos confundio a los estudiantes que probablemente no cuentan con una base moral solida.
Best First Fit (BFF): An Approach to Partially Reconfigurable Hybrid Circuit and Packet Switching

Hybrid switching for data center networks (DCN) has received considerable research attention recently. A hybrid-switched DCN employs a much faster circuit switch that is reconfigurable with a nontrivial cost, and a much slower packet switch, to interconnect its racks of servers. The research problem is, given a traffic demand (between the racks), how to properly schedule the circuit switch so that it removes most of the traffic demand, leaving little for the slower packet switch to handle. All existing solutions make a convenient but unnecessarily restrictive assumption that when the circuit switch changes from one configuration to another, all input ports have to stop data transmission during the reconfiguration period. However, the circuit switch can usually readily support partial reconfiguration in the following sense: Only the input ports affected by the reconfiguration need to pay a reconfiguration delay, while unaffected input ports can continue to transmit data during the reconfiguration. In this work, we propose BFF (best first fit), the first solution to exploit this partial reconfigurability in hybrid-switched DCNs. BFF not only significantly outperforms but also has much lower computational complexity than the state of the art solutions that do not exploit this partial reconfigurability.
Assessment of utilization efficiency using machine learning techniques: A study of heterogeneity in preoperative healthcare utilization among super-utilizers.

Abstract Introduction In the United States, 5% of patients represent up to 55% of all health care costs. This study sought to define healthcare utilization patterns among super-utilizers, as well as assess possible variation in patient outcomes. Methods Medicare super-utilizers undergoing either a total hip or knee arthroplasty were identified and entered into a cluster analysis using annual preoperative charges to identify distinct patterns of utilization. Results Among 19,522 super-utilizers who underwent THA or TKA, there was a marked heterogeneity in overall utilization with 5 distinct clusters of utilization patterns. Of note, comorbidity burden was similar among the 5 clusters. Patient outcomes also varied by Cluster type, ranging from 6.9% to 16.5% experiencing complications and 1.0%–3.2% experiencing 90-day mortality. Conclusion While previous studies have suggested that super-utilizers are a homogenous group of patients, the current study demonstrated a large degree of heterogeneity within super-utilizers. Variations in utilization patterns were associated with postoperative outcomes and subsequent health care costs.
A Seat at the Table: Black Feminist Thought as a Critical Framework for Inclusive Game Design

Game-based second language (L2) learning represents an ideal alternative to foreign language classroom instruction. However, despite a diverse player demographic, the design of L2 games is often not informed by players representative of marginalized populations, especially women of color (i.e., Black women). Such oversight in the design process contributes to games that perpetuate gendered and racist stereotypes, and therefore, are less appealing to women of color. In response this dilemma, we utilize Black Feminist Thought (BFT) as a critical framework to engage Black women, a marginalized and understudied population within the gaming subculture, and more broadly, the Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) community in game design. Twenty-five Black women take on multiple roles as game designers, foreign language instructor, and informants who represent both producers and consumers throughout the conceptualization phase of a L2 mobile game prototype. Applying BFT principles, we leverage Black women\textquotesingle s lived intersectional experiences to transform the traditional game design process into a more inclusive design experience for Black women. In the context of games that support L2 learning, our findings reveal that Black women appreciate games that: 1. provide authentic cultural experiences; 2. feature intersectional game characters that reflect real life experiences; 3. accurately portray the diversity of Black women's bodies; and 4. provide opportunities for players to customize game assets. As a disruptor to traditional game design, BFT makes salient oppressive design practices within the gaming culture that also extend to the larger CSCW community, signifying the need to embrace more inclusive design practices that benefit Black women and other marginalized populations.
Red-to-Blue Photon Upconversion Enabled by One-Dimensional CdTe Nanorods

Photon upconversion via triplet–triplet annihilation creating light in the high-energy regime of the visible spectrum could prove particularly useful in applications such as photocatalysis. Quantum...
Addition of 131I-MIBG to PRRT (90Y-DOTATOC) for Personalized Treatment of Selected Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is an effective treatment for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Delivering a sufficient tumor radiation dose remains challenging because of critical-organ dose limitations. Adding 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) to PRRT may be advantageous in this regard. Methods: A phase 1 clinical trial was initiated for patients with nonoperable progressive neuroendocrine tumors using a combination of 90Y-DOTATOC plus 131I-MIBG. Treatment cohorts were defined by radiation dose limits to the kidneys and the bone marrow. Subject-specific dosimetry was used to determine the administered activity levels. Results: The first cohort treated subjects to a dose limit of 1,900 cGy to the kidneys and 150 cGy to the marrow. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Tumor dosimetry estimates demonstrated an expected dose increase of 34%–83% using combination therapy as opposed to 90Y-DOTATOC PRRT alone. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using organ dose for a phase 1 escalation design and suggest the safety of using 90Y-DOTATOC and 131I-MIBG.
Race, Ethnicity, and Official Perceptions in the Juvenile Justice System: Extending the Role of Negative Attributional Stereotypes:

Overrepresentation of youth of color in the juvenile justice system has been well-documented. Although prior research has frequently drawn on attribution theory to explain the sources of racial and...
A perspective on nonlinear model predictive control

Model predictive control (MPC) is widely accepted as a generic multivariable controller with constraint handling. More recently, MPC has been extended to nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) in order to realize high-performance control of highly nonlinear processes. In particular, NMPC allows incorporation of detailed process models (validated by off-line analysis) and also integrates with on-line optimization strategies consistent with higherlevel tasks, such as scheduling and planning. NMPC for tracking and so-called “economic” stage costs has been developed, and fundamental stability and robustness properties of NMPC have been analyzed. This perspective provides an overview of NMPC concepts and approaches, as well as the underlying optimization strategies that support the solution strategies. In addition, three challenging process case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of NMPC.
Resistance to Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-23 in Potato Cultivars and Its Relationship with Early Blight Resistance and Tuber Yield.

Resistance to late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans clonal lineage US-23, in 217 old and modern potato cultivars was evaluated in field trials in 2016 and 2017 in Pennsylvania. Significant differences in resistance were found among these cultivars (P < 0.0001). Significant interaction between cultivars and environments was found (P < 0.0001). The values of relative area under the disease progress curve ranged from 0 to 0.5841 in 2016 and from 0 to 0.5469 in 2017. Broad-sense heritability of late blight resistance was estimated to be 0.91 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.88 to 0.93. Cluster analysis classified the cultivars into 5 groups: resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, and susceptible. Thirty cultivars showing resistance and 32 cultivars showing moderate resistance were identified. The 217 cultivars were also evaluated for foliar maturity, tuber yield and resistance to early blight, caused by Alternaria solani. A few cultivars with late blight resistance independent of late maturity were found. Late blight resistance and early blight resistance were positively correlated, and 17 cultivars possessed resistance to both diseases. Yield tradeoff associated with late blight resistance was not observed among the cultivars in the absence of disease pressure.
Adolescents and Young Adults Who Vape or Are Susceptible to Vaping: Characteristics, Product Preferences, and Beliefs.

INTRODUCTION This study examined differences among current vapers, those susceptible to vaping, and those non-susceptible to vaping among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in the U.S. We sought to understand vaping-related characteristics, preferences, and beliefs across these populations to inform prevention efforts. Methods: Participants were N=543 adolescents and N=557 young adults recruited in mid-2019 in the U.S. In two separate cross-sectional surveys, we assessed vaping preferences, tobacco product use, and both health harm and addiction risk beliefs about vaping. We ran separate multivariate logistic regressions to assess differences in risk beliefs across the three distinct e-cigarette groups among AYAs. Results: A majority of AYAs were either current vapers (adolescents: 32%, young adults: 36%) or susceptible to vaping (adolescents: 34%, young adults: 24%). In both samples, pod-based devices were the most common device type used, and fruit and mint/menthol were the most commonly used flavors. In multivariate analyses, adolescent (p<.05) and young adult (p<.05) current vapers both had lower risk beliefs about the health harms of vaping compared to those susceptible to vaping. Susceptible adolescents also had lower health harm risk beliefs compared to those who were non-susceptible (p<.05). Addiction risk beliefs seldom predicted use or susceptibility in multivariate analyses, with only susceptible young adults having lower addiction beliefs than those non-susceptible (p<.05). Conclusion: Results from this study highlight the role of health harm risk beliefs among AYA vapers and those susceptible to vaping. Prevention efforts should examine the most potent ways to communicate vaping health harms to discourage AYA vaping.
VideoGasNet: Deep learning for natural gas methane leak classification using an infrared camera

Abstract Mitigating methane leakage from the natural gas system has become an increasing concern for climate change. Efficacious methane leak detection and classification can make mitigation more efficient and cost effective. Optical gas imaging (OGI) is widely used for the purpose of leak detection, but it does not directly provide quantitative detection results and leak sizes. In this study, we consider methane leak size classification as a video classification problem and develop deep learning models to classify the videos by leak volume. Firstly we collected the first methane leak video dataset - GasVid, which has ∼0.7 M frames of labeled videos of methane leaks from different leaking equipment, covering a wide range of leak sizes (5.3–2051.6 gCH4/h) and imaging distances (4.6–15.6 m). Secondly, we studied three deep learning algorithms, including 2D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) model, 3D CNN and the Convolutional Long Short Term Memory (ConvLSTM). We find that 3D CNN is the most accurate and robust architecture, and we name it VideoGasNet. The leak/non-leak binary detection accuracy approaches nearly 100%, and the highest small-medium-large classification accuracy is 78.2% with our 3D CNN network. In eight-class classification, accuracy drops to 39.1%, as this is a more challenging task. In summary, VideoGasNet greatly extends the capabilities of IR camera-based leak monitoring system from leak detection only to automated leak classification, and shows high accuracy for binary and three-class classification.
A conceptual framework for prototyping outsourcing in new product development: A knowledge‐based view

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework for prototyping outsourcing.Design/methodology/approach – This study provides an up‐to‐date literature review and an in‐depth case study.Findings – This study identifies three factors (i.e. the degree of the prototyping to core competence, prototyping complexity, and supplier's capability of providing knowledge and speed for prototyping) and three types of risks (i.e. losing control over suppliers, dependency on suppliers, and supplier's lack of capabilities) for prototyping outsourcing decisions.Practical implications – This paper provides guidelines for new product development managers in order to mitigate the risks associated with outsourcing and achieve effective prototyping.Originality/value – This study provides a strategic outsourcing framework for prototyping.
The functional properties of hemoglobin Bethesda ( 2 2 145His ).

Hemoglobin Bethesda is a β chain variant of human hemoglobin in which histidine is substituted for tyrosine at position 145. From chemical and crystallographic studies, it has been postulated that the tyrosine normally found at this position is critical for the maintaince of a normal deoxy structure. Kinetic studies of the carbon monoxide and n-butyl isocyanide binding reactions show that deoxyhemoglobin Bethesda in low ionic strength buffers at pH 7.0 exhibits noncooperative, chain-like behavior. Under the same conditions, the Soret absorption spectrum of deoxyhemoglobin Bethesda is more like that of the isolated α and β chains than that of the normal deoxyhemoglobin tetramer. In addition, reversible dissociation of deoxyhemoglobin Bethesda can be demonstrated by ultracentrifugation experiments. All of these results suggest that at neutral pH deoxyhemoglobin Bethesda exists in a conformation analogous to that postulated for liganded hemoglobin A. However, in the presence of inositol hexaphosphate, more normal, cooperative kinetic behavior is observed, subunit dissociation is reduced, and the absorption spectrum in the Soret region is found to be virtually identical with that of deoxyhemoglobin A. Thus, the substitution of histidine for tyrosine 145 β drastically alters the ability of hemoglobin to form a normal deoxy structure. Studies of the dissociation of oxygen and n-butyl isocyanide from saturated hemoglobin Bethesda indicate, however, that this mutation does not alter the intrinsic reactivities of the α and β heme sites within the liganded conformation. Rather, this amino acid substitution appears to inhibit the quaternary change to the deoxy conformation in such a manner that only on the addition of organic phosphates is behavior observed which resembles that of normal deoxyhemoglobin A.
Can North Korea Develop? Developmental Dictatorship versus the China Reform Model

Assuming that economic development in North Korea is possible and a priority among the elite, this study compares Chinese and South Korean development strategies the DPRK could implement. While perfect application of another state's development strategy is impossible, historical, demographic, and ideological affinities with South Korea make for a better fit. However, such developmental prospects are largely reliant on international cooperation and acceptance. Applying the South Korean experience to North Korea's developmental prospects is fruitful and opens up a new debate about how the DPRK might achieve some economic parity to its East Asian neighbors.
Employee commitment and restaurant profitability: an exploratory study in the Las Vegas restaurant business.

Abstract A pilot study was conducted in two Las Vegas restaurants. Both restaurants were operating at a loss and suffering from a lack of employee commitment. Previous research has identified a relationship between effective people management and a firm's financial success. In response to managers' request, this study applies qualitative methods to explore the underlying reasons for the lack of employee commitment. The study concluded that the employees did not identify with their companies' values, which was manifested in their complete lack of internalization levels of commitment. Management implications include the need to communicate the companies' values to the employees and the establishment of a service culture in order to create employee and customer loyalty.
The Agrobacterium tumefaciens virC1 gene product binds to overdrive, a T-DNA transfer enhancer.

Abstract In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a cis-active 24-base-pair sequence adjacent to the right border of the T-DNA, called overdrive, stimulates tumor formation by increasing the level of T-DNA processing. Recent results from our laboratory have suggested that the virC operon which enhances T-DNA processing probably does so because the VirC1 protein interacts with overdrive (N. Toro, A. Datta, M. Yanofsky, and E. W. Nester, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8558-8562, 1988). We report here the purification of the VirC1 protein from cells of Escherichia coli harboring a plasmid containing the coding sequences of the virC locus of the octopine Ti plasmid. By gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays, we showed that this purified virC1 gene product binds to overdrive but not to the right border of T-DNA.
Prudence with Biased Experts: Ratings Agencies & Regulators

Why were the rating agencies trusted? When they became required for Federal deposit insurance their incentives for upward bias was common knowledge. The requirement was attacked by a Chicago economist, Melchior Palyi, on philosophical grounds (the expertise is excessively secret) and technical (Moody’s forecasts were inaccurate). The Federal government financed a massive study of bond ratings which developed a technical response to remove the bias. The study required a trade with the rating agencies so the authors wrote prudently to avoid offending the agencies. They disguised the meaning of their procedures and did not discuss the full dimensions of Palyi’s challenge. When the technical methods failed, the loss of memory did not allow us to recover Palyi’s warning about non-transparency.
Relations between Temperament and Anger Regulation over Early Childhood

Theory suggests temperamental reactivity [negative affectivity (NA)] and regulation [effortful control (EC)] predict variation in the development of emotion regulation (ER). However, few studies report such relations, particularly studies utilizing observational measures of children's ER behaviors in longitudinal designs. Using multilevel modeling, the present study tested whether (1) between-person differences in mean levels of mother-reported child NA and EC (aggregated across age) and (2) within-person changes in NA and EC from the ages of 18 to 42 months predicted subsequent improvements in laboratory-based observations of children's anger regulation from the ages of 24 to 48 months. As expected, mean level of EC (aggregated across age) predicted longer latency to anger; however, no other temperament variables predicted anger expression. Mean level of EC also predicted the latency to a child's use of one regulatory strategy, distraction. Finally, decreases in NA were associated with age-related changes in how long children used distractions and how quickly they bid calmly to their mother. Implications for relations between temperament and anger regulation are discussed in terms of both conceptual and methodological issues.
Relationship between Objectively Measured Transportation Behaviors and Health Characteristics in Older Adults

This study used objective Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to investigate the relationship between pedestrian and vehicle trips to physical, cognitive, and psychological functioning in older adults living in retirement communities. Older adults (N = 279; mean age = 83 ± 6 years) wore a GPS and accelerometer for 6 days. Participants completed standard health measures. The Personal Activity and Location Measurement System (PALMS) was used to calculate the average daily number of trips, distance, and minutes traveled for pedestrian and vehicle trips from the combined GPS and accelerometer data. Linear mixed effects regression models explored relationships between these transportation variables and physical, psychological and cognitive functioning. Number, distance, and minutes of pedestrian trips were positively associated with physical and psychological functioning but not cognitive functioning. Number of vehicle trips was negatively associated with fear of falls; there were no other associations between the vehicle trip variables and functioning. Vehicle travel did not appear to be related to functioning in older adults in retirement communities except that fear of falling was related to number of vehicle trips. Pedestrian trips had moderate associations with multiple physical and psychological functioning measures, supporting a link between walking and many aspects of health in older adults.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Eating Disorders

The criteria for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa are summarized in Table 1. It is generally believed that fear of weight gain and body image disturbances are central features of anorexia nervosa that motivate extreme weight control methods such as fasting or purging (Williamson, 1990). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) designates two subtypes of anorexia nervosa. The restricting subtype describes anorexic patients who lose weight by restrictive eating and do not binge eat or purge. The binge eating/purging subtype describes anorexic patients who binge eat and/or purge. The DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa are summarized in Table 2. A central feature of bulimia nervosa is binge eating in which the individual uncontrollably eats a large amount of food in a short period of time. Compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, laxative and/or diuretic abuse, compulsive exercising, or fasting are presumed to be motivated by fear of weight gain and body image disturbances (Williamson, 1990). Two subtypes of bulimia nervosa are designated in DSM-IV. The purging subtype describes persons who binge eat, but use self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, or diuretic abuse to prevent weight gain. The nonpurging subtype describes persons who binge eat, but use other forms of compensatory behavior such as dieting or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain. It is our experience that these patients are usually 10 to 15 pounds overweight. In addition to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, DSM-IV designates a subclinical eating disorder category, eating disorder not otherwise specified (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Examples of this diagnosis include subthreshold anorexics who are not emaciated and obese binge eaters who binge eat but do not use vomiting or exercise to prevent weight gain (Williamson, Gleaves, & Savin, 1992).
Nitric Oxide Synthase Induction in Lung Macrophages: Inhibition by Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate ♦ 1945

Nitric Oxide Synthase Induction in Lung Macrophages: Inhibition by Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate ♦ 1945
Effects of exercise conditioning on semen characteristics from hyper- and hypotensive lines of turkeys.

Abstract 1. Twenty‐one male Broad Breasted White turkeys which had been selected for high or low blood pressure were put on an exercise regimen to determine its effect on semen quality. Eleven were from the hypertensive line and 10 from the hypotensive line. 2. Eleven (6 hypertensive and 5 hypotensive) turkeys were placed on an exercise regime of walking (herding) about 1 mile daily for 6 weeks before the experiment began, and then for a further 6 weeks during semen collection. 3. Semen was collected from 11 turkeys on the exercise regime and 10 non‐exercised control birds which were kept in their experimental pens during the trial. 4. Both hypertensive and exercised groups showed an improved semen colour score at the first collection period (P≤0.09). Only the exercised group showed a significantly (P≤0.05) better score than the control group during periods 2 and 3. The hypertensive line showed significantly higher spermatozoa count than the hypotensive line during the first collection period. 5. There wa...
Exact interpretation of moiré fringe patterns in digital images

Geometric moire enjoys the advantages of simplicity of technique and equipment, and the ability to use white light. However, resolution has been hampered by difficulties in employing more than 40 l per mm. The present paper illustrates the aspects of a digital imaging system relevant to the determination of fractional fringes, and enables reliable analysis from extremely few fringes.
Behavior-genetic analysis ofPhormia regina: III. A phenotypic correlation between the central excitatory state (CES) and conditioning remains in replicated F2 generations of hybrid crosses

A phenotypic correlation between the central excitatory state (CES) and conditioning was measured using the proboscis extension reflex in a freemating, unselected population of the blow fly,Phormia regina. In order to determine whether the correlation might be attributed to nonrandom mating, replicated hybrid crosses were bred from purebreeding high- and low-CES lines. Though previous studies have reported the disappearance of bivariate correlations in the F2 generation, the CES-conditioning correlation did not attenuate, suggesting pleiotropy or tight linkage of the genetic correlates involved. The hybrid analysis is a powerful breeding technique which can improve our understanding of the biobehavioral organization of a species.
Growth of direct bandgap GaLnP quantum dots on GaP substrates

GaInP has a direct bandgap for In concentrations higher than approximately 30%, and the band-lineup between GaInP and GaP is type-II for In concentrations less than 60%. Therefore, in order to use GaInP as the active light-emitting layer in an optoelectronic device grown on GaP, the strain induced by the lattice mismatch between GaInP and GaP has to be somehow managed such that formation of crystal defects is suppressed. One method is to grow the layer thinner than the critical thickness. Another method that recently received much attention is to grow strain-induced Stranski-Krastanov islands (sometimes referred to as self-assembled quantum dots). Small droplets of highly latticmismatched materials have been embedded into single crystals without generating defects such as threading dislocations and stacking faults using this method. We have grown a series of GaInP/GaP layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and have studied the light emission from them. Ordered GaInP islands were found to be responsible for the light emission. We present the light emission characteristics of these ordered GaInP/GaP islands, and their dependence on various growth parameters.
FLUORESCENCE ARRAY DETECTOR FOR LARGE-FIELD QUANTITATIVE FLUORESCENCE CYTOMETRY

A prototypic fluorescence array detector (FAD) has been designed and constructed which is capable of quantifying single-cell fluorescence emissions from a statistically significant population of cell-sized objects (over 103) on a solid substrate. The system is comprised of a cryogenically cooled CCD, 50 mW air-cooled argon ion laser, and optics that image a large (1 × 1 cm) field at 1:1 (no magnification). The CCD is effectively treated as a two-dimensional array of 2.7 × 105 independent 20 × 20 μm photodetectors, with each cell-sized object imaged across only a few CCD pixels. Algorithms have been developed for focusing, image segmentation, shading correction, and noise rejection; performance data for the FAD with fluorescent calibration beads are presented. The FAD is a simple alternative to microscope-based imaging cytometry, allowing large-field imaging without a scanning stage. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Life, the Universe, and Academia An Interactive Discussion on Balance and Early Success for Potential Academics

The human factors discipline has always benefited from a strong connection between industry and academia. However, the increasing need of an educated industry workforce has created a potential concern of maintaining a viable academic workforce. Students, in particular, have previously voiced apprehensions regarding academic careers when compared to industry options. The balance between industry and academia should be preserved. Therefore, to aid in this equilibrium, an open discussion centered on student inquiries about early academia is needed to maintain an understanding of the current academic environment. Specifically, the most beneficial interaction may be through discussions between those interested in academia and those currently entrenched in multiple facets of success in early academic careers.
An Analysis of CSR Activities in the Lodging Industry

This study identified and analysed current corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and benefits gained from implementing these activities in the United States (US) lodging industry. A survey of the US-based hotel executives showed that the most important and highest performing initiatives tended to be popular environmental practices focused on energy, waste and water management. Hotel executives reported that cost savings and branding-related outcomes were the greatest benefits from CSR implementation. It is argued that increased consumer and managerial learning of CSR activities from a holistic perspective is critical to moving the CSR program forward in the lodging industry.
An alternative to the box-cox transformation in model discrimination

Abstract This paper proposes an alternative to the Box-Cox transformation. The alternative transformation, utilizing three runs of regressions, simplifies maximum likelihood estimation of the nesting parameter for model discrimination.
Experiences Regarding Coming Out to Parents Among African American, Hispanic, and White Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Adolescents

This qualitative study, based on data collected from focus groups of ethnically and racially diverse gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents (53% Hispanic/Latino/Latina, 35% Black/African American, 11% Caucasian/White, and 1% South Asian-Indian), serves to expand knowledge about experiences of diverse adolescents when coming out to their parents. Varying aspects of such reactions, particularly among Hispanic/Latino/Latina and African American participants, are a valuable outcome of the current study. As such, this study contributes lesser known aspects of the coming out experience to the social services literature. Recommendations for mental health practitioners and social service workers are provided.
Thiamine and fatty acid content of walleye tissue from three southern U.S. reservoirs.

Abstract We determined the thiamine concentration in egg, muscle, and liver tissues of walleyes Sander vitreus and the fatty acid content of walleye eggs from three southern U.S. reservoirs. In two Tennessee reservoirs (Dale Hollow and Center Hill), in which there were alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in the forage base, natural recruitment of walleyes was not occurring; by contrast in Lake James Reservoir, North Carolina, where there were no alewives, the walleye population was sustained via natural recruitment. Female walleye tissues were collected and assayed for thiamine (vitamin B1) and fatty acid content. Thiamine pyrophosphate was found to be the predominant form of thiamine in walleye eggs. In 2000, mean total egg thiamine concentrations were similar among Center Hill, Dale Hollow, and Lake James reservoirs (2.13, 3.14, and 2.77 nmol thiamine/g, respectively). Egg thiamine concentration increased as maternal muscle (r 2 = 0.73) and liver (r 2 = 0.68) thiamine concentration increased. Walleye egg thia...
AP-1 transcription factor binding activity in rat adrenal medulla and hypothalamus with age and cold exposure.

Summary The AP-1 regulatory element has been implicated in the cold-induced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal medulla. Since in this tissue, the cold-induced increase in tyrosine hydroxylase expression is impaired with age and in other tissues, there is some evidence that AP-1 transcription factor binding is diminished with age, we examined the cold-stimulated AP-1 transcription factor binding to an oligonucleotide with the consensus sequence of the AP-1 response element in nuclear extracts from adrenal medulla and hypothalamus of young and senescent rats. AP-1 transcription factor binding activity diminished by 38% with age in unstimulated adrenal medulla. Following cold stimulation, the AP-1 binding activity increased by 21–25% in the adrenal medulla of both young and senescent rats. However, the level of AP-1 binding in cold-stimulated senescent rats was still less than in cold-stimulated younger rats. There were no changes in AP-3 binding activity with either age or cold exposure in the adrenal medulla. Similarly, in the hypothalamus, there was a 25% decrease with age and a 25% increase following cold stimulation in the level of AP-1 binding. There was a 62% age-related increase in AP-3 binding activity but no change with cold exposure. These data indicate that there is reduced AP-1 binding activity in senescent control rats. Moreover, the demonstration that cold stimulus evokes similar increases in AP-1 binding activity in both young and old rats suggests that the stimulation pathway that increases AP-1 transcription factor is maintained in the senescent animal.
Defect chemistry and transport properties of BaxCe0.85M0.15O3-δ

The site-incorporation mechanism of M3+ dopants into A2+B4+O3 perovskites controls the overall defect chemistry and thus their transport properties. For charge-balance reasons, incorporation onto the A2+-site would require the creation of negatively charged point defects (such as cation vacancies), whereas incorporation onto the B4+-site is accompanied by the generation of positively charged defects, typically oxygen vacancies. Oxygen-vacancy content, in turn, is relevant to proton-conducting oxides in which protons are introduced via the dissolution of hydroxyl ions at vacant oxygen sites. We propose here, on the basis of x-ray powder diffraction studies, electron microscopy, chemical analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and alternating current impedance spectroscopy, that nominally B-site doped barium cerate can exhibit dopant partitioning as a consequence of barium evaporation at elevated temperatures. Such partitioning and the presence of significant dopant concentrations on the A-site negatively impact proton conductivity. Specific materials examined are BaxCe0.85M0.15O3-δ (x = 0.85 - 1.20; M = Nd, Gd, Yb). The compositional limits for the maximum A-site incorporation are experimentally determined to be: (Ba0.919Nd0.081)(Ce0.919Nd0.081)O3, (Ba0.974Gd0.026)(Ce0.872Gd0.128)O2.875, and Ba(Ce0.85Yb0.15)O2.925. As a consequence of the greater ability of larger cations to exist on the Ba site, the H2O adsorption and proton conductivities of large-cation doped barium cerates are lower than those of small-cation doped analogs.
Autoflotation harvesting of algae from high-rate pond effluents

Abstract Autoflotation of algae by photosynthetically produced dissolved oxygen was shown to be a rapid and effective harvesting technique. When used in conjunction with chemical flocculation by alum or C-31 polymer, removal of 80–90% of algal cells was achieved at overflow rates in the flotation basin of up to 2m per hour with algal float concentrations averaging more than 6% solids. Optimum ratios of flocculant to recovered air-dried solids were 1·09 for alum and 0·37 for the polymer. The corresponding chemical costs of alum-flocculated and polymer-flocculated solids containing 11–14% moisture were 18 cents per kilogram and 72 cents per kilogram, respectively. Major problems encountered with the autoflotation process were undersaturated hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentration, partial sedimentation and ephemeral periods of poor flocculation with C-31 polymer.
Frequency analysis approach to study balance control in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Background The ability to control balance is often compromised in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is considered to be a strong contributing factor toward their increased risk of falls. New method The aim of the study was to demonstrate that frequency analysis of postural sway could be used to investigate postural control in people with MS. Ten individuals with MS and ten age-and-gender matched healthy subjects stood on the force platform with eyes open or closed. The displacements of center of pressure (COP) were used to calculate power spectrum using fast Fourier transform. Power spectrum was analyzed for anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions using three frequency bands: 0–0.3 Hz, 0.3–1 Hz, and 1–3 Hz reflecting contributions from the visual, vestibular/somatosensory, and proprioceptive systems, respectively. Results The mean COP velocity in the eyes closed condition was significantly larger for the MS than the healthy control group. Additionally, the MS group showed a significant decrease in the magnitude of COP power spectrum in the low frequency band and a pattern of increase in the medium and high frequency bands in the medial–lateral direction. Conclusion The observed redistribution of the COP power spectrum when vision is absent indicates that people with MS relied more on the vestibular/somatosensory and proprioceptive systems. However, such a strategy change was ineffective in maintaining postural stability, thus highlighting the impaired ability of the somatosensory system in regulation of postural control in people with MS. The outcome of the study suggests that the COP frequency analysis could be used in identifying the possible sources of balance impairment in people with MS.
Mössbauer effect in 167Er following coulomb excitation

Abstract The Mossbauer effect of the λ-rays from the 79,3 keV state of 167Er has been observed following Coulomb excitation with 3 MeV protons. A lower limit for the half-life of the state was determined as 103 ± 6 ps.
United States aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the Mexico City Policy, a United States government policy that prohibits funding to nongovernmental organizations performing or promoting abortion, was associated with the induced abortion rate in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Women in 20 African countries who had induced abortions between 1994 and 2008 were identified in Demographic and Health Surveys. A country's exposure to the Mexico City Policy was considered high (or low) if its per capita assistance from the United States for family planning and reproductive health was above (or below) the median among study countries before the policy's reinstatement in 2001. Using logistic regression and a difference-in-difference design, the authors estimated the differential change in the odds of having an induced abortion among women in high exposure countries relative to low exposure countries when the policy was reinstated. FINDINGS: The study included 261 116 women aged 15 to 44 years. A comparison of 1994-2000 with 2001-2008 revealed an adjusted odds ratio for induced abortion of 2.55 for high-exposure countries versus low-exposure countries under the policy (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.76-3.71). There was a relative decline in the use of modern contraceptives in the high-exposure countries over the same time period. CONCLUSION: The induced abortion rate in sub-Saharan Africa rose in high-exposure countries relative to low-exposure countries when the Mexico City Policy was reintroduced. Reduced financial support for family planning may have led women to substitute abortion for contraception. Regardless of one's views about abortion, the findings may have important implications for public policies governing abortion.
Secondary ion emission from binary alloy systems. Part I: O+2 bombardment

We have studied the emission of positive atomic ions from five binary alloys: Cr‐Ni, Fe‐Ni, Cu‐Ni, Pd‐Ni, and Ag‐Pd, all under O+ 2 bombardment. Significant enhancement and suppression of ionization probabilities due to the presence of the second alloy component were observed. The alloying effect follows two general rules. The first rule states that for an alloy A‐B, where A forms a stronger oxide bond than B, the presence of A enhances the emission of B+, while the presence of B suppresses the emission of A+. The second rule states that the presence of A sharpens the energy distribution of B+, while the presence of B broadens the energy distribution of A+. X‐ray photoemission studies of the O+ 2 bombarded alloy surfaces connect the general rules with the enhanced oxidation of B and the suppressed oxidation of A in the alloys. All the cases that deviate from the rules originate from insufficient oxygen for oxidation resulting from the self‐limiting nature of oxidation by O+ 2 bombardment.
Acute EPOC response in women to circuit training and treadmill exercise of matched oxygen consumption

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of circuit training (CT) and treadmill exercise performed at matched rates of oxygen consumption and exercise duration on elevated post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in untrained women, while controlling for the menstrual cycle. Eight, untrained females (31.3 +/- 9.1 years; 2.04 +/- 0.26 l min(-1) estimated VO2max; BMI=24.6+/-3.9 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in the study. Testing was performed during the early follicular phase for each subject to minimize hormonal variability between tests. Subjects performed two exercise sessions approximately 28 days apart. Resting, supine energy expenditure was measured for 30 min preceding exercise and for 1 h after completion of exercise. Respiratory gas exchange data were collected continuously during rest and exercise periods via indirect calorimetry. CT consisted of three sets of eight common resistance exercises. Pre-exercise and exercise oxygen consumption was not different between testing days (P>0.05). Thus, exercise conditions were appropriately matched. Analysis of EPOC data revealed that CT resulted in a significantly higher (p<0.05) oxygen uptake during the first 30 min of recovery (0.27 +/- 0.01 l min(-1) vs 0.23+/-0.01 l min(-1)); though, at 60 min, treatment differences were not present. Mean VO2 remained significantly higher (0.231 +/- 0.01 l min(-1)) than pre-exercise measures (0.193 +/- 0.01 l min(-1)) throughout the 60-min EPOC period (p<0.05). Heart rate, RPE, V(E) and RER were all significantly greater during CT (p<0.05). When exercise VO2 and exercise duration were matched, CT was associated with a greater metabolic disturbance and cost during the early phases of EPOC.
Husbands’ and wives’ view of the family finances

Abstract Do husbands and wives have the same view of the family’s financial situation? This research shows that when couples are asked separately about finances, very different views emerge of income and wealth. Quantifying the gap between husbands’ and wives’ financial statements shows half of all couples provide family income values that differ by more than 10% and net worth values that differ by more than 30%. The typical husband states the family receives more income each year and holds more gross assets than his wife states. The typical wife reports the family owes more debts than her husband.