cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to the Role of Exports in the Economic Development of Malaysia

Over the past three decades, Malaysia has shown impressive economic growth, placing this country in a group of fast-growing Southeast Asian economies and among the top performing economies in the world. This achievement has been consciously undertaken through export expansion strategies and by attracting foreign investments. Using an artificial intelligence approach and data from 1966 to 1994, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of exports in the economic growth and development of Malaysia. The results of this new methodology confirm the earlier findings that exports strongly contributed to the economic growth and development of Malaysia. The results of the model simulation for the in-sample and out-of-sample data show that the model's forecast is better than of the regression approach.
Effectiveness of forestry streamside management zones in the sand-clay hills of Mississippi: early indications

During the past decade, compliance with initiatives to promote forestry best management practices (BMPs) has been monitored in most states of the southern U.S. and suggests an excellent level of acceptance throughout the region. However, effectiveness of these practices to protect water quality and aquatic habitat in streams that are potentially impacted by forest management activities has not been as thoroughly documented as the degree of compliance. The objective of this study was to determine effectiveness of streamside management zones (SMZs), a key element of BMPs designed for protection of water quality, aquatic habitat, and macroinvertebrate communities, in low-order streams within a region of north central Mississippi that is subjected to intensive forest management. Three SMZ treatments (undisturbed reference, clear-cut logging with an SMZ designated by forest managers, or clear-cut logging with no SMZ) were evaluated using a study with three replications of each treatment. Response metrics including water quality parameters, mineral soil exposure and net deposition/erosion within riparian zones, stream habitat indicators, and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were comparable between streams receiving SMZs and undisturbed reference streams at all sampling intervals during the first year after treatment. Furthermore, significant elevation of streamwater temperature, decline in habitat stability rating, and increase in density of macroinvertebrates occurring in streams without an SMZ in comparison to reference streams provides additional evidence of SMZ effectiveness during the initial year after harvesting.
Radiation-associated endometrial cancers are prognostically unfavorable tumors: a clinicopathologic comparison with 527 sporadic endometrial cancers.

Abstract Introduction. Previous reports have suggested that patients who have undergone pelvic radiation for cervical cancer are at risk for developing poorly differentiated endometrial cancers with poor prognoses. Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective chart and histologic review of patients from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and MD Anderson Cancer Center diagnosed with endometrial cancer after radiation therapy (RT) for cervical cancer from 1976 to 2000. The comparison group comprised MSKCC endometrial cancer patients whose tumors were not radiation associated ("sporadic cancers"). Results. We identified 23 patients who developed endometrial carcinoma or carcinomasarcoma after RT for cervical carcinoma and 527 sporadic endometrial cancer patients. When radiation-associated endometrial cancers (RAECs) were compared with sporadic cancers, significant differences were noted with regard to stage, grade and histologic subtype distribution. In the RAEC group, there were 16 (70%) stages III and IV cancers compared with 101 (19%) in the sporadic group ( P P P P Discussion. The clinicopathologic characteristics of RAECs, which include a preponderance of high-stage, high-grade and high-risk histologic subtypes, indicate that these tumors differ from sporadic endometrial carcinomas. However, patients with RAECs do not appear to have a significantly worse prognosis when compared with patients with high-stage and high-grade sporadic cancers.
The history of metabolic surgery for morbid obesity and a commentary

This paper serves as an introduction to a symposium on “Surgical Treatment of Morbid Obesity.” It offers a brief historical review of the antecedents for and the operative interventions in this field of metabolic surgery. In essence, the procedures can be divided between jejunoileal operations and their derivatives, and gastric operations. The jejunoileal bypasses originated with end-to-end jejunoileostomy; deviated to end-to-side jejunocolic, jejunocecal, and finally jejunoileal bypasses; and returned to end-to-end jejunoileal bypasses with different lengths of functioning bowel and various sites for colonic drainage of the bypassed bowel. More recently, pancreatic-biliary-intestinal bypass operations have been proposed. The gastric operations can be separated into gastric bypasses with closure of the fundic pouch and anastomosis to a segment of small intestine; gastroplasty with separation of the stomach into a small upper pouch communicating via a limiting orifice to the remainder of the stomach; and gastric partitioning, the simplest variation of gastroplasty, consisting of a cross-stapling of the stomach with omission of several central staples. Finally, vagotomy alone has been advocated. We must conclude with the commentary that there is no optimal operation in this field, but that we need not apologize for an “85% cure rate.” What we must work toward in the future is the development of therapy based not on circumvention but on an understanding of the satiety factor.
A spatial and temporal comparison of hemodynamic signals measured using optical and functional magnetic resonance imaging during activation in the human primary visual cortex.

Functional near infrared spectro-imaging (fNIRSI) is potentially a very useful technique for obtaining information about the underlying physiology of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this paper the temporal and spatial statistical characteristics of fNIRSI data are compared to those of simultaneously acquired fMRI data in the human visual cortex during a variable-frequency reversing checkerboard activation paradigm. Changes in the size of activated volume caused by changes in checkerboard reversal frequency allowed a comparison of the behavior of the spatial responses measured by the two imaging methods. fNIRSI and fMRI data were each analyzed using standard correlation and fixed-effect group analyses of variance pathways. The statistical significance of fNIRSI data was found to be much lower than that of the fMRI data, due mainly to the low signal-to-noise of the measurements. Reconstructed images also showed that, while the time-course of changes in the oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin concentrations all exhibit high correlation with that of the BOLD response, the changes in the volume of tissue measured as “activated” by the BOLD response demonstrate a closer similarity to the corresponding changes in the oxy- and total hemoglobin concentrations than to that of the deoxyhemoglobin.
A Method for Estimating the Relative Degree of Saponification of Xanthophyll Sources and Feedstuffs

Saponification of xanthophyll esters in various feed sources has been shown to improve pigmentation efficiency in broiler skin and egg yolks. Three trials were conducted to evaluate a rapid liquid chromatography procedure for estimating the relative degree of xanthophyll saponification using samples of yellow corn, corn gluten meal, alfalfa, and 6 commercially available marigold meal concentrates. In each trial, samples were extracted using a modification of the 1984 Association of Official Analytical Chemists hot saponification procedure with and without the addition of KOH. A comparison of the chromatography results was used to estimate percent saponification of the original sample by dividing the nonsaponified extraction values by the saponified extraction values. A comparison of the percent saponified xanthophylls for each product (mg/kg) was: yellow corn, 101; corn gluten meal, 78; alfalfa, 97.9; and marigold concentrates A through F, 99.8, 4.6, 99.0, 95.6, 96.8, and 6.6, respectively. These results indicate that a modification of the 1984 Association of Official Analytical Chemists procedure and liquid column chromatography can be used to quickly verify saponification and can be used to estimate the relative degree of saponification of an unknown xanthophyll source.
New Possibilities: (Re)Engaging Black Male Youth within Community-Based Educational Spaces.

Despite the assertion that due to an Obama presidency America has become a post‐racial society, Black males still face a unique social crisis. In this article, we hold that both race and gender continue to work in tandem to produce a certain set of social outcomes for young Black men in America despite this assertion. The educational, economic, and social mobility of young Black men is often limited due to structural constraints that are exacerbated by the intersectional dynamism of race, gender, and social class. As young Black men continue to experience social hardships, they are being pushed further and further away from traditional school contexts. Drawing from qualitative interviews with 24 young Black male participants from EmpowerYouth, a national community‐based organization, this study highlights the importance of alternative sites of education and youth development for Black male youth. Findings from this study indicate that flexibility, applied educational and work experience, and positive heal...
GLI1 Localization in the Germinal Epithelial Cells Alternates Between Cytoplasm and Nucleus: Upregulation in Transgenic Mice Blocks Spermatogenesis in Pachytene

The zinc finger transcription factor GLI1 is the mediator of signaling by members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family. Male mice in which Desert hedgehog (Dhh), an Hh homologue expressed in Sertoli cells of the testis, was knocked out are sterile, suggesting that the Dhh/GLI1 pathway plays a role in spermatogenesis. Using an antiserum raised against human GLI1, we found that during the first round of spermatogenesis, GLI1 expression is initially cytoplasmic, then shifts to the nuclei of Sertoli and germ cells, and finally shifts back to the cytoplasm. In the adult mouse testis, GLI1 expression localized to the nuclei of germ cells, beginning with pachytene cells and persisting through round spermatids. Localization of GLI1 in elongating spermatids shifted from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and became associated with microtubules. We also examined a line of transgenic mice that overexpressed human GLI1. Male mice in this line were sterile. Spermatogenesis was blocked at the pachytene stage, and a subset of the morphologically indistinguishable pachytene cells underwent apoptosis. Patched-2, which is a Dhh receptor, and Fused, another component of the signal transduction pathway, are expressed in Leydig cells and in primary and secondary spermatocytes. Expression of GLI1 in the same cell types as Patched-2 and Fused and the disruption of spermatogenesis by GLI1 overexpression suggest that GLI1 is the mediator of the Dhh signal in the testis, and that it may be a regulator of spermatogenesis.
The American West

This is an account of America's most famous drama. By centring solely on three subjects - Native Americans, settlers and ranchers - the author recreates these groups' struggles for their place in this new landscape and illuminates the history of the old West. Beginning with the demise of the Native Americans of the Plains, Brown depicts the onrush of the burgeoning cattle trade and the wave of immigrants who ultimately "settled" the land. By turns heroic, tragic and even humorous, this work brings to life American tragedy and triumph in the years from 1840 to the turn of the century, and a roster of characters both great and small: Red Cloud, Sitting Bull, Geronimo, Wyatt Earp, Buffalo Bill, Wild Bill Hickock and many others.
Cervical, Anal and Oral HPV in an Adolescent Inner-City Health Clinic Providing Free Vaccinations

Objectives Published human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine trials indicate efficacy is strongest for those naive to the vaccine-types. However, few high-risk young women have been followed and cervical HPV has been the predominant outcome measure.
Structure and tectonics of the northern Red Sea: catching a continental margin between rifting and drifting

Abstract The northern Red Sea is a continental rift that has developed nearly to the point where seafloor spreading initiates. We present new geophysical data from the northern Red Sea which bear on how the transition from continental rifting to seafloor spreading takes place. Two distinct provinces within the “main trough” of the northern Red Sea in the area north of 26° N latitude have been identified which are referred to here as the “marginal areas” and the “axial depression”. The marginal areas form a series of bathymetric terraces that step down from the eastern and western shelves toward the central part of the Red Sea. Geophysical data indicate that the marginal areas are underlain by faulted and tilted basement blocks with structural characteristics similar to those observed at “sediment starved” passive margins. Seismic reflection profiles show that recent deformation in the overlaying sediments of the marginal areas has been relatively widely spaced, episodic in places and, although the deformation continues to the present, it is generally decreasing with time. The axial depression forms a continuous narrow zone of deeper water which is located near the center of the Red Sea except in the northernmost part where it shifts to the west in alignment with the entrance to the Gulf of Suez. Sediments in the axial depression exhibit a more intense and closely spaced deformation which appears to continue in activity to the present. Seismic activity in the northern Red Sea south of the Gulf of Suez area is concentrated in the axial depression and heat flow profiles across the main trough show maximum values which occur consistently over the axial depression. These observations indicate that the extension and tectonic activity which had previously been distributed across the rift, are becoming localized in the axial depression. Three major cross-trending “accommodation zones” partition the rift into fault block provinces along strike and serve to take up differential motion between blocks. Small “deeps” occur at various locations in the northern Red Sea. In particular, a series of these is associated with large isolated dipolar magnetic anomalies which appear to result from large intrusions. These intrusion-associated deeps occur at evenly spaced intervals in the axial depression, midway between sets of accommodation zones. This suggests that the accommodation zones may structurally control the emplacement of these intrusions and the formation of the associated deeps. These deeps appear to represent precursors to localized seafloor spreading, such as occurs in the large “transition zone” deeps farther south in the central Red Sea. Geophysical and morphologic evidence suggests that the large transition zone deeps of the central Red Sea represent isolated propagating seafloor spreading cells which eventually may coalesce to form a continuous seafloor spreading axis. The seafloor spreading axis of the southern Red Sea may have formed by this process.
Species of plated dinosaur Stegosaurus (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic) of western USA: new type species designation needed

Stegosaurus armatus Marsh 1877, based on a partial tail and a very large dermal plate from the Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) of Morrison, Wyoming, USA, is a nomen dubium. Valid Morrison stegosaur species (with possible autapomorphies, dermal “armor” considered if present), with most holotypes consisting of a disarticulated partial postcranial skeleton at most, include: Hypsirhophus discurus Cope 1878 (characters of incomplete vertebrae, a dorsal and a caudal; Garden Park near Canon City, Colorado); Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh 1879 (half skeleton with partial skull; three pairs of small flat dermal spines adjacent to terminal tail spikes; Quarry 12, Como Bluff near Como station, Wyoming; syntype is holotype of S. duplex Marsh 1887, half skeleton lacking armor; Quarry 11, Como Bluff); Diracodon laticeps Marsh 1881b (just partial dentaries with few teeth, diastema between predentary and tooth 1; Quarry 13, Como Bluff); Stegosaurus sulcatus Marsh 1887 (pair of ?tail spikes with greatly enlarged base; Quarry 13, Como Bluff); S. longispinus Gilmore 1914 (characters of distal caudal vertebrae, tail spikes: two pairs, sub-equal bases, transversely flattened, very elongate; Alcova, Wyoming); and Hesperosaurus mjosi Carpenter, Miles & Cloward, 2001 (?Stegosaurus mjosi; partial articulated skeleton with skull, no limbs, several plesiomorphic and autapomorphic characters, dorsal plates longer than tall; Wyoming). However, the well known valid nominal species, S. stenops Marsh 1887 (12 autapomorphies, three alternating flat plates adjacent to terminal tail spikes; Garden Park), is based on a virtually complete articulated skeleton lacking only the terminal caudal vertebrae and first pair of tail spikes. It includes 17 dermal plates, is still exposed as preserved on the block, and is the current basis for Stegosaurus. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) will be petitioned to designate S. stenops Marsh 1887 as the new type species of Stegosaurus Marsh 1877 in order to conserve Stegosauria Marsh 1877 and Stegosauridae Marsh 1880 (also Stegosauroidea, Stegosaurinae).
Microwave Instruments: Green Machines for Green Chemistry?

In this column, the authors discuss the ease of using microwave ovens for various activities in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory and suggest a few models of microwave systems for readers to consider.
Modulation of leukocyte–endothelial interactions by reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: relevance to ischemic heart disease

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic diseases of the heart. It is now well appreciated that leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions are important determinants for I/R-induced microvascular injury and dysfunction. There is a growing body of experimental data to suggest that reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen are important physiological modulators of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. A number of investigators have demonstrated that I/R enhances oxidant production within the microcirculation resulting in increases in leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial cell migration. Several other studies have shown that exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors may attenuate leukocyte and platelet adhesion and/or aggregation in a number of different inflammatory conditions including I/R. The objective of this review is to discuss the physiological chemistry of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen with special attention given to those interactions that may modulate leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, provide an overview of the evidence implicating reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen as modulators of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo, and discuss how these mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease.
Structure-Based Design of N-Phenyl Phenoxazine Transthyretin Amyloid Fibril Inhibitors

Starting with the published 2.0 A X-ray crystal structure of the transthyretin·(flufenamic acid)2 complex, a simple structure-based ligand design strategy was employed to conceive of N-phenyl phenoxazine transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibril inhibitors. Fifteen N-phenyl phenoxazines were chemically synthesized and evaluated using a quantitative amyloid fibril assay in vitro. The structure of one of the two most active phenoxazines, 4, bound to TTR was solved to a resolution of 1.9 A to understand the structural basis of its efficacy. N-phenyl phenoxazine 4 binds similar to the orientation anticipated, although not as deeply into the channel as expected. Like flufenamic acid, 4 mediates binding-induced conformational changes that enable intersubunit H-bonding in tetrameric TTR which may be important for preventing fibril formation. Analytical ultracentrifugation analysis demonstrates that 4 blocks the first step of TTR amyloid fibril formation, that is, tetramer dissociation to the alternatively folded amyloi...
Gustatory innervation and bax‐dependent Caspase‐2: Participants in the life and death pathways of mouse taste receptor cells

In the adult mouse tongue, an average of 11% of the gustatory receptor cells are replaced each day. In investigating homeostatic cell death mechanisms in gustatory renewing epithelium, we observed that taste receptor cells were selectively immunopositive for the bcl-2 family death factor, Bax, and for the protease Caspase-2 Nedd2/Ich1 . We determined that 8 ‐10% of the taste receptor cells of the vallate papilla were Bax positive and that 11% were Caspase-2 positive. Some of these immunopositive taste cells had apoptotic morphological defects. Within the subset of vallate taste cells immunopositive for either Caspase-2 or Bax, up to 79% coexpressed both death factors. Bax and Caspase-2 first appeared in occasional vallate taste receptor cells on the same postnatal day—the day after birth. bax null mutation markedly reduced gustatory Caspase-2 immunoexpression. These observations suggest that taste cell death pathways utilize p53, Bax, and Caspase-2 to dispose of aged receptor cells. Apart from reducing Caspase-2 expression, Bax deficiency also altered taste organ development. bax 2/2 mice had a more profusely innervated vallate papilla, which grew to be 25% longer and taller, with the mean taste bud containing more than twice the normal number of taste cells. This augmentation of taste organ development with increased innervation is complementary to the well-documented reduction in taste organ development with sparse innervation. We propose that additional taste neurons survived programmed cell death in Bax-deficient mice, thereby providing an inductive boost to vallate gustatory development. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:640 ‐ 650, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessment of a glutathione S-transferase and related proteins in the gill and digestive gland of Mytilus edulis (L.), as potential organic pollution biomarkers

The response of the glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and related proteins of Mytilus edulis to environmental pollution load was assessed. Mussels were reciprocally transplanted between an industrial estuary (Douglas), a rural estuary (Youghal) and a m arine site (Bantry). In addition, m ussels were sam pled along a pollution gradient in an estuary receiving leather tannery effluent (Colligan). These latter m ussels were previously shown to be subject to oxidative stress resulting from the discharges. GST specific activity of cytosolic extracts from the gill and digestive gland tissues was determ ined for all anim als. Specific activity was shown to vary significantly in anim als from different sites, with highest specific activity always observed in sam ples (local and transplanted) taken from the industrial site. By com parison, the m ussels exposed to tannery discharges displayed no significant alteration in GST specific activity. Total intracellular glutathione (GSH) was also determ ined fo...
AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility

We describe the testing and release of AutoDock4 and the accompanying graphical user interface AutoDockTools. AutoDock4 incorporates limited flexibility in the receptor. Several tests are reported here, including a redocking experiment with 188 diverse ligand-protein complexes and a cross-docking experiment using flexible sidechains in 87 HIV protease complexes. We also report its utility in analysis of covalently bound ligands, using both a grid-based docking method and a modification of the flexible sidechain technique.
Batch Algorithm for Global-Positioning-System Attitude Determination and Integer Ambiguity Resolution

A new algorithm has been developed for simultaneous determination of attitude and carrier phase integer ambiguities based on data from an array of global-positioning-system (GPS) antennas. The purpose of the algorithm is to reduce the required number of tracked GPS satellites and antenna baselines needed to correctly resolve the ambiguities. This new motion-based method relies on data from several sample times. The vehicle must rotate about one or more axes among the samples. The solution algorithm works in two stages. It first solves a nonlinear least-squares problem in which the single-differenced carrier-phase ambiguities are allowed to vary as continuous real numbers. The second stage solves a nonlinear least-squares problem that restricts the ambiguities to be integers. This latter algorithm uses a combined Newton/Levenberg‐Marquardt method to deal with attitude quaternion nonlinearities, and it uses the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment method to deal with the integers. The second-stage algorithm is very accurate, but it needs to use initial guesses generated from first-stage algorithm solutions to find the global optimum. If the maneuver is large enough, then this new method can reliably solve difficult attitude/ambiguity-resolution problems. This capability has been demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulation. In one set of cases, the new algorithm correctly resolves ambiguities and achieves an accuracy of 4 deg or better when using two GPS satellite signals received by three antennas that are arrayed along 1-m baselines.
Nanomanipulation using atomic force microscope with drift compensation

This paper proposes an atomic force microscope (AFM) based force controller to push nanoparticles on the substrates since it is tedious for human. A block phase correlation-based algorithm is embedded into the controller for compensating the thermal drift during nanomanipulation. Further, a neural network (NN) is employed to approximate the unknown nanoparticle and substrate contact dynamics including the roughness effects. Using the NN-based adaptive force controller the task of pushing nanoparticles is demonstrated. Finally, using the Lyapunov-based stability analysis, the uniform ultimately boundedness (UUB) of the closed-loop signals is demonstrated.
The HERMES forward tracking chambers: Construction, operation, and aging effects

Abstract The design, construction and operation of the HERMES forward (front) tracking chambers and associated electronics are described. Resolution and limited aging tests have been performed on these drift chambers, which use an Ar/CF 4 /CO 2 (90 : 5 : 5) gas mixture. No degradation in chamber performance has been observed for a cumulative charge in excess of 9 C / cm .
Holographic data storage in photorefractive polymers

Summary form only given. Holographic data storage offers the potential of extremely high storage densities and high data transfer rates. The search for read-write storage systems based on the photorefractive effect has been limited by the availability of materials that combine good optical quality, high sensitivity and index modulation, long dark lifetime and/or viable fixing mechanisms. Organic photorefractive materials have been the subject of great interest during the past several years, but experiments involving practical data storage schemes have not been reported. We describe the results of recent investigations into high-density digital data storage in photorefractive polymer materials.
High-efficiency identification of genes by functional analysis from a retroviral cDNA expression library.

Abstract Retroviral gene transfer efficiently delivers genes of interest stably into target cells, and expression cDNA cloning has been shown to be highly successful. Considering these two advantages, we now report a method by which one can identify genes stimulating cell growth through functional analysis. The first step requires the construction of a retroviral cDNA expression library and the optimization of transfection of vector DNA into virus packaging cells. The second step involves the cocultivation of target cells with libraries of retrovirus-producing cells, resulting in the amplification of target cells transduced with a gene(s) stimulating cell growth. Under standardized conditions of transfection, we detected an average of 4,000 independent clones per dish, among which expression of a retroviral beta-galactosidase gene at an abundance of 0.2% could be detected. Next, we demonstrated the augmentation of the sensitivity of the assay by retroviral infection and functional analysis. We did this by cocultivating factor-dependent (FD) cells with dishes of GP/E cells transfected with plasmids containing various molar ratios of pN2-IL3 DNA and retroviral library cDNA and by determining the highest dilution of pN2-IL3 which still resulted in the conversion of FD cells to factor independence. The retroviral interleukin-3 gene at an abundance as low as 0.001% could be detected. Indeed, we were able to detect from FD cells the development of factor-independent colonies with different phenotypes after retroviral transfer of cDNAs from an immortalized hemopoietic stem cell line. Thus, the combination of a standardized high-efficiency DNA transfection and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer should facilitate the identification of genes capable of conferring to target FD cells a detectable new function or phenotype. By scaling up the size of the experiment realistically during screening, the assay can detect cDNA at an abundance of lower than 0.0001%.
Convexity Cuts and Cut Search

This note focuses on two new and related cut strategies for integer programming: the "convexity-cut" and "cut-search" strategies. The fundamental notions underlying the convexity-cut approach are due to Richard D. Young and Egon Balas, whose "hypercylindrical" and "intersection" cuts provide the conceptual starting points for the slightly more general framework developed here. We indicate the utility of our framework and hence the importance of the original Young and Balas ideas by specifying a variety of new cuts that can be obtained from it. The second new strategy, cut search, shares with the convexity-cut strategy the notion of generating a cut by passing a hyper-plane through the terminal endpoints of edges extended from the vertex of a cone. However, whereas the convexity-cut approach determines the extensions of these edges by reference to a convex set that contains the vertex of the cone in its interior, the cut-search approach determines these extensions by reference to associations between certain "proxy" sets of points e.g., collections of hyperplanes and "candidate solutions" to the integer program. The cut-search approach typically involves more work than the convexity-cut approach, but offers the chance to identify feasible solutions in the process, and can sometimes also yield somewhat stronger cuts than the convexity cuts.
Biochemical Changes in Carbohydrates and Proteins of Sweet Potato Plants (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) in Response to Enriched C02 Environment at Different Stages of Growth and Development

Summary Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam., cv. Georgia Jet) plants were grown at different C02 concentrations (350, 675 and 1000/μmol mol−1) in controlled environment conditions. The effect of C02 enrichment on carbohydrate concentrations in leaves, stems, roots and tubers at different stages of growth and development were investigated. The glucose, sucrose and starch concentrations in leaves increased during 0–35 days after planting as compared to stems and roots receiving increased CO2 concentrations. However, starch and glucose concentrations increased significantly in tubers during the 50–65 day interval which corresponded with rapid growth of tubers at high CO2 concentrations. Increasing C02 concentrations did not raise the protein content of leaves, roots or tubers at any stages of growth and development. CO2 enrichment increased the soluble protein concentration in stems during the 20–50 day growth interval which subsequently decreased at maturity.
Savannah's Lost Squares: Progress versus Beauty in the Depression-era South

In the 1920s and 1930s Savannahians argued about the future of their world-famous town plan, with its many squares. Savannah9s Lost Squares: Progress versus Beauty in the Depression-era South tells how one body of modern Savannahians—primarily young, white, male business owners—argued that the squares had to be altered—paved over for parking or cut open to allow highways to penetrate them—to accommodate the automobile. Their ideas were opposed by the majority of the city9s residents, who, often led by women9s groups, rallied to preserve the beauty and pedestrian character of the squares. Time after time, the "progressives" were defeated, and the squares largely endured until they came under the protection of sweeping preservation laws in the 1950s. But Nathaniel Robert Walker explains that in 1935, when economic conditions were dire, the financial might of the federal highway program combined with local racism to destroy three of Savannah9s squares for the making of the Coastal Highway, a path for motorized modernity.
Applied mathematics, a national view

The development of applied mathematics in the United States during the past forty years is described, including the role of computers and computation in enlarging and changing the field. The growth of the profession is also discussed, along with needs for training and funding for the future.
Lifting of a large object from a porous seabed

The time required to pull a large object from a sandy seabed is estimated by assuming that the seabed is porous but rigid. The phenomenon of breakout (i.e., sudden release) is shown to occur without the assumption of elasticity of the soil skeleton (Foda 1982). A new case of wedge-shaped gap is also studied, and compared to a uniform gap, Laboratory experiments are shown to support the theory.
Focusing on shared experiences: moving beyond the camera in video communication

Even with the investment of significant resources, video communication in professional settings has not gained mass appeal. This contrasts with the consumer space where, despite limited resources and low quality solutions, services such as Skype have seen widespread adoption. In this paper, we explore the behavior and attitudes of individuals who actively use video communication in both their personal and professional lives. We highlight similarities and differences across these two domains, with particular focus on the interpersonal relationships, spaces, and activities that each domain supports and enables. We conclude by discussing how our study leads to a new perspective that focuses on the shared experiences enabled by video communication.
Helicobacter pylori and ghrelin: Interrelated players in body-weight regulation?

i t n elicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped bacterium that has coevolved with humans in a complex relationship, probably representing either parasitism or ommensalism, depending on host factors and the environent (1,2). The bacterium occupies a unique niche, survivng on the luminal aspect of gastric mucosal cells in a sea of cid. It produces urease, an enzyme that cleaves urea into icarbonate and ammonia—strong bases that generate a rotective, alkaline cocoon within the mucous around the icrobes. This protection, together with mutual adaptaions of the bacteria and their host, allows H. pylori to urvive and colonize human gastric mucosa in a long-standng dynamic equilibrium. Colonization rates are extremely igh in developing nations, especially among malnourished hildren and in settings of poverty and poor sanitation (3). y contrast, the prevalence of infection in industrialized naions is steadily declining, although it remains high among he elderly. Helicobacter pylori is the principal cause of peptic lcer disease and is etiologically linked with chronic atrophic astritis, MALT lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma 3–7). Thus, it is common practice to test people who have hese conditions for H. pylori and to eradicate it from inected patients using triple therapy (a 1 to 2 week course of n antisecretory agent plus two antimicrobials). Helicobacter ylori has also been implicated in nonulcer dyspepsia and everal extragastric diseases, although a pathogenic role in hese conditions is controversial (3,8,9). In this issue of the Journal, Isomoto et al highlight anther potential consequence of H. pylori infection: imaired production of ghrelin, the recently discovered, rexigenic hormone (10). Ghrelin is an acylated peptide roduced primarily by X/A-like cells in the oxyntic muosa of the stomach (11,12). It is secreted into the bloodtream and potently stimulates feeding by activating hyothalamic neurons that cosecrete anabolic substances, europeptide Y and agouti-related protein (13,14). hrelin probably acts both directly through its receptor n these cells and, indirectly, via the vagus nerve. Circuating ghrelin levels rise before every meal and fall shortly fterwards; this and other findings have prompted the ypothesis that ghrelin triggers premeal hunger and prootes initiation of a meal (12,15,16). Other observations
Postlarval Fitness of Transgenic Strains of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Eight transgenic strains of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were compared with the wild-type parental laboratory strain (P95) in colony. Measurements of average weight of pupae, percentage of adults emerging from pupae, ratio of males to total emerged adults, and mating competitiveness were analyzed. The parental strain colony was subcultured and exposed to handling procedures equivalent to transgenic strains for valid comparison of overall colony fitness. None of the transgenic colonies exhibited significantly lower fitness characteristics than the control parental colony. One transgenic colony had a higher ratio of adults emerging from pupae, and five colonies had higher average pupal weight; because fitness cost would only be indicated by lower values, the statistical variations were not significant. Males of one transgenic strain were shown to mate with equal frequency compared with males of the parental strain. Hence, the presence of the transgene used to produce the strains tested did not incur a fitness cost to the colonies of laboratory-reared C. hominivorax.
Flash-and-Freeze Electron Microscopy: Coupling Optogenetics with High-Pressure Freezing

A complete understanding of neuronal functions requires observation of the synapse with high spatial and temporal resolution. Recently, we developed a method to combine optogenetics with electron microscopy to capture dynamic changes in synaptic morphology during neurotransmission. First we generated transgenic C. elegans animals expressing channelrhodopsin in specifi c neurons. We stimulated these neurons in intact animals using a home-built light stimulation device and modifi ed specimen holders for the Leica EM Pact2 high-pressure freezer. Samples were subsequently frozen 20 ms after the light stimulus. We demonstrated that synaptic vesicle fusion intermediates could be captured using this technique. This method can be readily applied to other light-activatable molecules, such as caged compounds, light-switchable ligands, and photoactivatable proteins, to study dynamic changes in cells.
Assessing Brain Stem Function

Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring provides objective measures of nervous system function that are of value when operating in proximity to the brain stem. Real-time measurements of function can be correlated to operative manipulations in order to reduce the risk of damage in critically important regions. Techniques for evaluating brain stem function clinically and electrophysiologically are presented along with their applications during surgery of the brain stem.
The Effect of Color on Automaticity of Aesthetic Judgments

The cognitive processing mode used to process color while making aesthetic judgments was examined. In two experiments, participants rated artistic photographs for preference. Half the participants ...
Overcoming polar-format issues in synthetic aperture radar multichannel autofocus

Multichannel autofocus (MCA) is a subspace-based autofocus method for solving the defocusing problem in synthetic aperture radar. In addition to the one-dimensional (1D) defocusing assumption, MCA assumes that the perfectly focused image has a low-return region, which is naturally guaranteed by the spatially limited nature of the radar antenna footprint. In theory, MCA yields better or even perfect solutions compared to other autofocus methods. However, the authors have discovered that MCA is far more sensitive to violation of the 1D defocusing assumption compared to other methods; in fact, MCA is unsuitable for even fairly small data-collection angles. Fortunately, this problem can be solved if they reverse the order of two steps in the image formation process and apply MCA in a domain where the defocusing effect is one dimensional. The distorted version of the image, obtained by inverse Fourier transforming the polar-grid data without further interpolation, contains regions satisfying a low-return assumption, but the region of low return must be carefully specified for best performance. They present simulation results of the proposed method, reversed-step MCA, for various ranges of look angles and discuss the selection of low-return constraints.
Regional differences in endothelial function in horse lungs: possible role in blood flow distribution?

We investigated regional differences of in vitro responses of pulmonary arteries (6-mm OD) from the dorsocaudal (top) and cranioventral (bottom) lung regions to endothelium-dependent vasodilators (...
Antigone Aloud Allowed

AbstractThis is an exploration of what can happen when a rich, complex, challenging text is read aloud in class, of how students make meanings and connections with their own lives (and of how mysterious these processes often are).
Assessment of the Serum Separator Tube as an Intermediate Storage Device with in the Laboratory

An integral blood-drawing-serum separator tube, (SST) is evaluated for use as an in-laboratory serum storage device. Sera stored in the SST were compared with paired controls that were specimens from the same subjects stored in closed culture tubes. Eighty-six serum chemistry determinations showed no clinically significant change as a result of 48 hours of storage in the original blood-drawing tubes. Storage of serum in this manner provides the laboratory with specimens for reanalysis or additional analyses while eliminating manipulative steps, including serum removal, tube relabeling, and intertube transfers, and reducing errors due to misidentification and/or contamination.
Crisis Bargaining, Escalation, and MAD

Although incomplete information is recognized to be an essential feature of crises, game-theoretic formulations have not generally modeled this explicitly. This paper models a mutually assured destruction (MAD) crisis as a game of sequential bargaining with incomplete information, sufficiently simple that its equibria may be found. These provide better game-theoretic foundations for the notions of resolve and critical risk and their role in crises and also make it possible to compare the bargaining dynamics of this model with those of descriptively richer, but incompletely specified models, revealing several inconsistencies: several analyses of MAD conclude that the state with the greatest resolve in this contest of resolve will prevail. Many models based on critical risks suggest that a state is less likely to escalate, the greater its adversary's resolve. In our model, however, the state with the weakest resolve sometimes prevails, and some states prove more likely to escalate if their adversaries' resolve is greater.
Effects of the Concentration of Ga on Junction Formation in Thin-film ZnO/CdS/CuInXGal-XSe2/Mo Photovoltaic Devices

Charge-collection microscopy (CCM)—commonly known as electron-beam-induced current [EBIC] microscopy—in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to obtain charge-collection efficiency profiles of cleaved thin-film ZnO/CdS/CuInXGal-XSe2/Mo photovoltaic devices on glass substrates, with x varied between 0 and 100%. We observed considerable variation in the EBIC peak position, the uniformity (between and within devices), and overall charge-collection profile of the junction as a function of Ga concentration. Whereas using only CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber material results in a rather wide and buried junction in the CIS, the systematic addition of Ga to the p-CuInSe2 matrix affects the conductivity type of the material, thereby creating an increasingly abrupt, uniform, and shallow junction near the heteroface. Although the substitution of Ga for In improves overall device performance up to ~ X=25% and the Voc continues to improve, the Jsc, FF, and device efficiency degrade with additional Ga.
Producing Broadband Synthetic Time Histories for Central and Eastern North America

Generation of artificial time histories is a promising solution in the absence of sufficient and appropriate (potentially damaging earthquake) recorded seismograms for the seismic time history analysis of structures. In this study, we propose a new method to generate seismograms appropriate for the Central and Eastern North America (CENA). Here, the broadband synthetic seismograms are generated for moment magnitudes 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5 for the CENA region. Utilizing the deterministic synthetics at low frequencies is critical to simulate the characteristics of the actual strong ground motion records like coherent ground motion pulses as well as the near fault effects like forward rupture directivity. In this study, we use the numerical technique of Spudich and Archuleta. The Green's functions which are considered as wave propagation are achieved using the discrete wavenumber finite element method. We consider a spatial random field model to characterize the complexity of the slip distribution on a heterogeneous fault. Also, uncertainties are considered in the method by applying random components in the generation process. Some results for moment magnitude of Mw =6.5 are presented. As it is expected, the effect of forward directivity in the long period velocity time histories is observed in the stations along the strike of the fault.
Robust and Degradable Hydrogels from Poly(ethylene glycol) and Semi-Interpenetrating Collagen

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and interpenetrating collagen can be used to synthesize hydrogels that are elastomeric-like, can withstand reversible loadings, degrade, and are bioactive. Here we present the synthesis of a hydrogel system made of PEG modified with lactide and acrylate end groups and then photo cross-linked in the presence of type I collagen. The hydrogel precursor solutions are low viscous and the cross-linked hydrogels form elastomeric-like polymer networks. Mechanical properties of the hydrogels were found to depend predominantly on PEG concentration and less on collagen. This is possibly due to a balance of molecular interactions that reinforce and weaken the network structure. Hydrogel degradation times were strongly dependent on temperature. The experimental results from this project show how to generate robust, and degradable hydrogels containing bioactive collagen. The data show promise and show the versatility of making biotechnologically relevant soft materials from a few components.