cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What There Is to Go on.

We often meet young people at their existential nadir-families in crisis. Many questions abound. Whether due to a manic episode and the storm that entails, following a suicide attempt, or in the throes of psychosis, in crisis, people turn to us. What we offer, whether to prevent such moments-or worse-from occurring again is of life and death importance. Consider, for example, the prospective observational analysis by Schoenbaum et al.2 of commercially insured young people (age 16-30) who had a first episode psychosis (FEP). This analysis found that in the year following FEP, mortality rates in these young people were 24 times higher than same-age peers and 89 times higher than the general population; few of these young people and families received adequate therapy, and even fewer filled prescriptions for neuroleptics.
Effects of timolol in skin tissue repair: a longitudinal and multimodal in vivo imaging study with two-photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy

The non-selective beta-blocker timolol has shown promising evidence for healing chronic, recalcitrant wounds, improving scar cosmesis, and expediting the completion of secondary intention. The purpose of our pilot study is to use clinical imaging, two-photon excitement fluorescence (TPF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to evaluate the temporal and molecular effects of timolol vs. normal saline in Sprague-Dawley rats traumatized by 5-millimeter dermal punch biopsy. Initial findings suggest timolol delays wound contraction, but advanced imaging techniques may reveal novel collagenous or vascular mechanisms by which timolol is affecting acute wound healing.
Distributed scientific video movie making

A description is given of a versatile, low-cost, video movie-making system for generating and displaying scientific graphics from remote supercomputers. The system makes video movies by single-frame animation from the output of time-dependent, numerical simulations typically done on supercomputers. It uses extensive data compression to permit its use over wide area, as well as local area networks. The system demonstrates an easily used, elementary visualization capability for time-dependent data in a heterogeneous, distributed computing environment.
Dynamic Models of the Firm

Dynamic models of the firm applied to market intermediary behavior are reviewed and formulated. An important input that we have ignored so far is capital. Different models applicable to modeling capital, with special reference to agricultural models, are presented and discussed in this chapter. Both single capital input and multi-variate adjustment cost models are presented. The linkage between quasi-fixed inputs and raw material demand is highlighted. Inventories can be a source of dynamic adjustment of the firm. Dynamic inventory models are formulated to show how lagged inventory adjustment can lead to lagged adjustment in prices and input demands. I discuss some ways in which this model can be modified and extended for other applications. Expectations and lagged inventories through adjustment costs are shown to be significant factors in dynamic adjustment. Different models for expectations formation are presented, and the dynamic inventory model is specified for quasi-rational expectations. Other, mostly empirical approaches to modeling dynamic input demand behavior are also discussed.
A review of ECMO for cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest is an important public health concern, affecting an estimated 356,500 people in the out-of-hospital setting and 209,000 people in the in-hospital setting each year. The causes of cardiac arrest include acute coronary syndromes, pulmonary embolism, dyskalemia, respiratory failure, hypovolemia, sepsis, and poisoning among many others. In order to tackle the enormous issue of high mortality among sufferers of cardiac arrest, ongoing research has been seeking improved treatment protocols and novel therapies. One of the mechanical devices that has been increasingly utilized for cardiac arrest is venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). Presently there is only one published randomized controlled trial examining the use of VA-ECMO as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a process referred to as extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). Recently there has been significant progress in providing ECPR for refractory cardiac arrest patients. This narrative review seeks to outline the use of ECPR for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, as well as provide information on the expected outcomes associated with its use.
Beckman Access versus the Bayer ACS:180 and the Abbott AxSYM cardiac Troponin-I real-time immunoassays: an observational prospective study

Reliability of cardiac troponin-I assays under real-time conditions has not been previously well studied. Most large published cTnI trials have utilized protocols which required the freezing of serum (or plasma) for delayed batch cTnI analysis. We sought to correlate the presence of the acute ischemic coronary syndrome (AICS) to troponin-I values obtained in real-time by three random-mode analyzer immunoassay systems: the Beckman ACCESS (BA), the Bayer ACS:180 (CC) and the Abbott AxSYM (AX). This was an observational prospective study at a university tertiary referral center. Serum from a convenience sampling of telemetry patients was analyzed in real-time for troponin-I by either the BA-CC (Arm-1) or BA-AX (Arm-2) assay pairs. Presence of the AICS was determined retrospectively and then correlated with troponin-I results. 100 patients were enrolled in Arm-1 (38 with AICS) and 94 in Arm-2 (48 with AICS). The BA system produced 51% false positives in Arm-1, 44% in Arm-2, with negative predictive values of 92% and 100% respectively. In Arm-1, the BA and the CC assays had sensitivities of 97% and 63% and specificities of 18% and 87%. In Arm-2, the BA and the AX assays had sensitivities of 100% and 83% and specificities of 11% and 78%. In real-time analysis, the performance of the AxSYM and ACS:180 assay systems produced more accurate troponin-I results than the ACCESS system.
The Convergence of Nanotechnology, Policy, and Ethics

Abstract This chapter reviews the role ethical and societal issues associated with nanotechnology have played in the development of national, and particularly US nanotechnology policies. The prominence of nanotechnology as a matter of national policy is significant, as is the attention being afforded to ethical and societal considerations. Notably, there is an emphasis on the early anticipation of societal dimensions of nanotechnology and of collaborative socio-technical integration during research and development activities. While these policies are fairly unprecedented and pose considerable challenges to the societal and technical researchers to whom the tasks of early integration may fall, there is reason to believe that continued efforts aimed at their implementation are likely. The chapter provides a brief history and explanation of the US nanotechnology “ethics policy” in reference to the discourse and concerns motivating policy makers. It then surveys some of the growing body of literature emerging around what has been termed nanoethics. This literature includes a similar emphasis on early and collaborative anticipation of the ethical and societal implications surrounding nanotechnology. Finally, the chapter identifies a list of fundamental tasks that would be necessary to address for the sake of developing the capacity of social and technical researchers to effectively engage in socio-technical integration. These tasks include defining the scope of nanoscale science and engineering subject to the ethics policy, and the interactions, responsibility, participation, and regulation envisioned or implied by the ethics policy under consideration. A few emerging cases of socio-technical collaborations are noted, and key statements made by congressional witnesses and others are cited. Throughout the chapter, an attempt is made to frame the statements within conceptual considerations drawn from the diverse contexts of nanotechnology, policy, and ethics.
Compression-induced ductile flow of brittle materials and brittle fracturing of ductile materials

ABSTRACT Even under all-around compressive loading, brittle materials tend to fail by the formation of tensile microcracks at microdefects such as cavities, grain boundaries, inclusions, and other inhomogeneities. As the overall confining pressure is increased, plastic flow tends to accompany microcracking, and eventually becomes the dominant mechanism of the overall deformation. Hence, under great confining pressure, brittle materials such as rocks can undergo large plastic flows before rupture. A most remarkable phenomenon, recently predicted analytically and verified experimentally, is that a very ductile material, such as pure copper or mild steel, when deformed inhomogeneously plastically in compression, can develop extensive tensile cracks normal to the applied compression and in the absence of any overall tensile loads. The article addresses the micromechanics of ductile flow of brittle materials and tensile fracturing of ductile materials under a broad range of compressive loads.
Choice or Chance? A Structural Interpretation of Individual Labor Market Histories

Recently survival analysis has made its debut in econometrics as a technique for modeling the observed labor force experience of individuals over time. Although continuous-time theoretical models of optimal dynamic labor force participation are available, little use of them has been made in the empirical literature. Recent papers by Burdett et al.,(1982) by Flinn and Heckman (1982) and by Olsen and Parkas (1982) are exceptions. Burdett et al., develop a continuous-time Markov decision model of an Individual worker’s labor force participation decision problem and use the model to interpret their empirical estimates of what can be regarded as “reduced form” relationships between rates of transition between states ⤔employment, unemployment, and non-participation⤔ and worker characteristics. Flinn and Heckman present a different but related participation model and discuss the problem of empirically identifying its “structure.” Finally, Olsen and Farkas suggest an econometric method of estimating the “structure” of continuous-time Markov chain models. This paper makes three contributions. First, a general dynamic continuous-time discrete choice model is set down which includes those of all three papers as special cases. Second, the problem of identifying the structure of special cases of the model is studied.
Optimal global interconnecting devices for GSI

Size of global interconnects is optimized to have a large bisectional bandwidth as well as small latency. Using physical models it is shown that by maximizing the bandwidth-reciprocal latency product, the delay variation due to different switching patterns decreases to less than 3%. The required silicon area for global repeaters is also less than 1% of the chip area. Compact physical models are derived for far inductive noise, which show that noise remains small and constant (less than 0.2 V/sub dd/) for all technology generations if optimal wire width is used.
Aztec: The world of Moctezuma

Aztec: The world of Moctezuma. Denver Museum of Natural History (September 26 1992 February 21,1993).
Color stability and biochemical characteristics of bovine muscles when enhanced with L- or D-potassium lactate in high-oxygen modified atmospheres.

Abstract Two different bovine muscles – M. longissimus lumborum (LD) and M. psoas major (PM) – were injection-enhanced (n = 10, respectively) with solutions containing phosphate and potassium L- or D-lactate, cut into steaks, packaged with a high-oxygen (80% O2) modified atmosphere packaging, stored 9 d at 2 °C and then displayed for 5 d at 1 °C. Instrumental color, total reducing activity (TRA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and NADH were measured. Enhancement with L-lactate resulted in less color deterioration, and higher a∗ and chroma values (P
Evaluation of extraction and detection methods for determining polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar contaminated soils

The use of batch, Soxhlet, and sonication extraction techniques was evaluated for determining the concentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in four soils contaminated with coal tar. Chromatographic analysis of eighteen PAHs was performed using both ion trap detector (ITD) and flame ionization detector (FID). No consistent differences were observed between the three extraction methods or between the two different chromatographic detection systems. The batch extraction technique was considered the least labor intensive and most cost effective method. The use of GC/FID with certified calibration standards was also found adequate for routine analysis of known organic compounds.
Dendritic cells armed with anti-CD3 mAbs reduce pulmonary metastases, prolong survival, and engender antitumor effector cells demonstrable by adoptive transfer.

Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor cells or peptides are effective antitumor agents in a number of tumor models. In light of our earlier demonstration that T-cell signaling via the CD3 proteins induces cytolytic activity and constrains tumor progression, we equipped DCs pulsed with tumor cells with anti-CD3 mAbs and tested their antitumor efficacy in a murine renal cell cancer pulmonary metastasis model.
Oxygen-Induced Segregation of Hydrogen on a Magnesium Surface Observed by Time-of-Flight Analysis of Direct Recoils

Time-of-flight analysis of direct atomic recoils produced by pulsed ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$-ion irradiation of a polycrystalline magnesium surface enables the identification of hydrogen, as well as other surface atoms. The data demonstrate the direct detection of surface hydrogen and the first direct observation of oxygen-induced surface segregation of hydrogen in a metal at room temperature.
Persistence of nicotinic agonist RJR 2403-induced working memory improvement in rats

Nicotinic systems are involved in the neural basis of memory function and nicotinic agonists have shown promise for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. Both acute and chronic nicotinic treatment has been shown to improve memory performance. There is some evidence for the persistence of nicotine-induced memory improvements lasting longer than the pharmacokinetic presence of nicotine. Novel nicotinic agonists may produce the beneficial effects of nicotine on cognitive function with fewer side effects. RJR 2403 (metanicotine or (E)-N-methyl-4-(3-pyridinyl)-3-butene-1-amine) a preferential α4β2 nicotinic agonist has been shown in previous studies to improve memory function. The present study examined the persistence of oral RJR 2403 on memory performance in young adult Sprague-Dawley rats (3–5 months old) 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h post-administration (PO). In the first experiment, the typical inverted U-shaped dose response curve for cognitive enhancing drugs was seen with RJR 2403 30 min after administration. The lower dose of 1 mg/kg (3.6 μmol/kg), but not higher doses of 3 or 10 mg/kg (10.8 or 36 μmol/kg), of RJR 2403 significantly (P < 0.05) improved working memory on the radial-arm maze relative to placebo-treated controls. In the second experiment, young adult rats were administered RJR 2403 (0, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) and tested 1 h or 6 h following administration in separate treatment groups. The 0.3 mg/kg RJR 2403 dose (1.08 μmol/kg) caused a significant (P < 0.05) memory improvement 1 h after oral administration. Interestingly, both the 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg RJR 2403 doses (1.08 and 3.6 μmol/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) improved memory six hours after administration. These data demonstrate the efficacy of oral RJR 2403 in improving cognitive performance and the long duration of action of RJR 2403 in young adult rats. In contrast, no significant memory improvement was seen in aged rats aged (24–26 months old) after RJR 2403 administration. The inability of RJR 2403 to enhanced cognitive functions in aged rats might be related to the decrease in the number of α4β2 nicotinic receptors, which occurs with age. A similar decreased responsiveness in aged rats has been seen with nicotine. The persistence of action of RJR 2403 provides additional promise for its potential as a treatment for cognitive dysfunction. However, the decreased responsiveness in subjects in populations with decreased nicotinic receptor number may limit the effectiveness of nicotinic therapies. Drug Dev. Res. 55:97–103, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nutrient cycling and primary production in the marine systems of the Arctic and Antarctic

Abstract Primary production events in both the Arctic and the Antarctic are highly localized. Carbon-14 incubations that did not account for this caused antarctic primary production estimates to be revised too far downwards from the historic view of high productivity. The primary production regime in the Arctic is even more heterogeneous than in the Antarctic. Arctic primary production rates are in the process of being revised upwards because of a better spatial and temporal distribution of incubation experiments and a re-awakening of interest in estimating new production from the distribution of chemical variables. Similarly, recent examination of temporal changes in nitrate concentrations and recognition of the importance of ice-edge blooms has caused antarctic primary productivity to be revised upwards. In both the Arctic and the Antarctic, the ratio of “new” to total primary production is high, and neglect of this fact can lead to an underestimation of the potential that these regions have for influencing global cycles of bioactive chemicals. Some recent data on temporal changes in nitrate from Fram Strait emphasize the poor state of our knowledge by suggesting an unexpectedly high “new” production rate of ∼1 g C m −2 d −1 for a 35 day experiment that encountered an early Phaeocystis bloom. Chemical distributions suggest that new production over the shelf seas that border the Polar Basin is about 50 g Cm −2 yr −1 . The shelves in the Arctic Ocean's marginal and adjacent seas comprise ∼ 25% of the total global continental shelf. These extensive shallow regions have much higher rates of primary production than the Polar Basin and may be globally significant sites of denitrification. Globally significant silica deposition could occur on these shelves or on the adjacent slopes. Because of the differences in geomorphology and stratification, global warming is likely to increase primary production in the Arctic and will probably decrease antarctic primary production. In addition to sharing high ratios of “new” to total primary production, high ammonium concentrations occur in the Arctic and Antarctic. It is possible that these accumulations arise from a strong repression of nitrification at low temperatures.
Heat transfer and combustion characteristics of an array of radial jet reattachment flames

Abstract Radial Jet Reattachment Combustion (RJRC) nozzle provided improved fuel/air mixing for use in impingement flame heating. Detailed heat transfer and combustion measurements are conducted to characterize the performance of the RJRC nozzles in an array configuration. The measurements indicated that the RJRC flames produce low NO x and CO emissions. However, their characteristics are highly dependent upon the between-nozzle spacing. At a small spacing, because of the high interaction among the RJRC nozzles, the sub-atmospheric region above the center nozzle vanishes, resulting in a large elliptic flame. In a moderately interactive spacing, high surface heat fluxes are achieved, while at a large spacing, the RJRC flames operate almost independently from each other.
Calcium-mediated release of glucanase activity from cortical granules of sea urchin eggs.

Abstract Confluent monolayers of sea urchin eggs were bonded to culture dishes coated with protamine sulfate. The cytoplasm was then sheared away by a jet of isosmotic buffer. About 326,000 circular fragments of individual egg cortices (430 μg protein) remained bound to each dish. The fragments are composed of cortical granules (CG), plasma membrane, and vitelline layer. A single dish contains 7.7 × 108 CG and is referred to as a CG lawn (CGL). Ca2+-EGTA buffers of estimated free-Ca2+ concentrations (0.06–25.7 μM) were applied to CGL and samples removed and assayed for the CG marker enzyme exo-β(1 → 3)-glucanohydrolase (glucanase). Estimated free-Ca2+ concentrations above 2.75 μM caused the total release of the glucanase to the supernatant within 4 min. The half-maximal rate of appearance of glucanase occurred in 2.5 μM Ca2+. At all Ca2+ concentrations tested, the appearance of enzyme activity exhibited sigmoidal kinetics. The visual disappearance of CG correlated with the appearance of glucanase in the Ca2+ buffer. In response to Ca2+ the CG probably lyse, fuse with adjacent CG, or fuse with the underlying plasma membrane. The calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine inhibited Ca2+-mediated glucanase release from CGL (I50 8 μM). The sensitivity of the CGL to Ca2+ in the 1–10 μM range is rapidly lost during incubation of CGL in the isolation buffer. ATP and low temperature retard the rate of loss of Ca2+ sensitivity. These secretory granules are a model for studying the mechanism of Ca2+-induced secretion. In addition, they contain structural proteins and enzymes which function in the fertilization process. CGL preparations should be useful in studies dealing with the processing of CG components after their release in response to micromolar concentrations of Ca2+.
Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions with Pediatric Populations

Clinical outcome studies have established cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an efficacious treatment for children and adolescents presenting with a variety of problems, such as anxiety and mala...
Device circuit co-design using classical and non-classical III–V Multi-Gate Quantum-Well FETs (MuQFETs)

This paper presents ultra low-power reconfigurable logic and single-electron memory architecture to enable sub-300 mV V CC operation using classical and non-classical (NC) III–V Multi-Gate Quantum Well Field Effect Transistors (MuQFETs). A strained In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As quantum-well based classical multi-gate FET and an In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As MuQFET operating in Coulomb-blockade mode with tunable tunnel barrier are experimentally demonstrated. Reconfigurable Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) logic and single-electron SRAM implementations based on III–V MuQFETs are demonstrated. Using device models well calibrated to experiments, we show 50% reduction in minimum-energy for logic, and 75× reduction in dynamic power for memory at equivalent performance over Si CMOS logic.
Management of soft tissue injuries associated with tibial plateau fractures.

Tibial plateau fractures or knee fracture–dislocations often result from trauma or sporting injuries. Given the subcutaneous position of the knee and upper tibia, without much intervening soft tissue, any such injury can be associated with significant soft tissue damage. Thus, consideration of the degree of soft tissue injury must be part of the treatment plan. Specific management decisions regarding blisters, open wounds, and compartment syndrome are discussed, as well as the timing of surgery, role of provisional external fixation, and placement of incisions for definitive internal fixation.
Synthesis of 1-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy-trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a) pyrene

Abstract A facile synthesis and spectral data of 1-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy- trans -7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a)pyrene the potential carcinogenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene, are described.
Exact boundary value controllability in hyperbolic problems

Control processes which can be modeled by certain linear hyperbolic, partial differential equations are considered with the purpose of identifying those which can be exactly controlled to a specified state in some finite time by control forces applied on the boundary of the region ? in which the process evolves. A class of processes for which such control is possible is determined in terms of asymptotic behavior of the fundamental solution of the modeling equation, and the optimal control time is shown to be no greater than the diameter of ?.
Regulation of Teacher Elicitations in the Mathematics Classroom

Using the perspective of instructional conversation, we investigated how one teacher regulated student participation and conceptual reasoning in the middle-school mathematics classroom. We examined the elicitations—questions and provocative statements—made by the teacher over a four-day algebra lesson. Analyses showed how the teacher systematically regulated the level of cognitive complexity of his elicitations in reaction to students’ responses. When students gave inaccurate or incomplete answers, the teacher tended to reduce the level of cognitive complexity needed to respond to a subsequent elicitation, with the apparent impact being that he scaffolded participation and reasoning. When students provided responses that were mathematically accurate, the teacher usually increased the elicitation level, which subsequently engaged students in more sophisticated forms of reasoning.
Lactate does not enhance anoxia/reoxygenation damage in adult rat cardiac myocytes

Accumulation of lactate in myocardial cells has been proposed as a primary trigger of ischemic damage in heart. This hypothesis was tested using isolated cardiac myocytes from adult rats. Cells were subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation protocols in the presence or absence of lactate at two extracellular pH values. Reductions in total rods and increased numbers of shortened rods ("contracted" cells) were evident in cell populations exposed to anoxia and in reoxygenated populations in the absence of glucose at pH values of 6.9 and 7.3. Although lower pH reduced cell adenine nucleotide contents over those seen at higher pH, neither 10 mM nor 50 mM lactate enhanced nucleotide loss or caused extra morphological damage under any condition in this study. Therefore, under conditions simulating those in ischemic heart, cell damage could not be attributed to high lactate concentrations.
Characterization of the Non-uniform Reaction in Chemically Amplified Calix[4]resorcinarene Molecular Resist Thin Films

The ccc stereoisomer-purified tert-butoxycarbonyloxy-protected calix[4]resorcinarene molecular resists blended with photoacid generator exhibit a non-uniform photoacid-catalyzed reaction in thin films. The surface displays a reduced reaction extent, compared with the bulk, with average surface-layer thickness 7.0 ± 1.8 nm determined by neutron reflectivity with deuterium-labelled tert-butoxycarbonyloxy groups. Ambient impurities (amines and organic bases) are known to quench surface reactions and contribute, but grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction shows an additional effect that the protected molecular resists are preferentially oriented at the surface, whereas the bulk of the film displays diffuse scattering representative of amorphous packing. The surface deprotection reaction and presence of photoacid were quantified by near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements.
A new look for JAMA Dermatology

With this issue we launch the new format of JAMA Dermatology. This is the first major redesign in more than 2 decades. Every article type, including research, opinion, news, humanities, clinical reviews, and letters, was redesigned across all 10 journals that comprise the JAMA Network. The font, tables, graphs, and figure styles have been reviewed and revised. The redesign will be most evident in the print issue, but it will also improve the readability of our content on the web. The goals of the redesign were to create a more modern look with improved navigation across the JAMA Network, reinforce the scholarly importance of our research and evidence-based review sections, and ensure that our viewpoints and editorials are more welcoming.
Renormalization-group study of the ferromagnetic Ising model on the triangular lattice

The dynamic real-space renormalization group of Mazenko and Valls is applied to the zero-field ferromagnetic Ising model on the triangular lattice. Renormalization equations valid for all temperatures above the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ are derived for the susceptibility, specific heat, structure factor, and correlation length. The magnetization is found for $Tl{T}_{c}$. The critical exponents and amplitudes for these quantities are calculated. The agreement between the known static properties and the renormalization-group results is good to excellent, and shows that this renormalization-group method can accurately calculate nonuniversal, as well as universal, quantities on different lattices. The computed dynamic structure factor, however, exhibits nonmonotonic behavior as a function of temperature. This nonmonotonic behavior is conjectured to be due to approximations in determining the expansion parameters.
An analysis of the effect of hard coatings on near-surface rolling contact fatigue initiation induced by surface roughness

Abstract The effect of hard coatings on the fatigue life of rolling elements subject to cyclic concentrated contact loading (such as bearing races or gears) is studied theoretically. Approximate analytical formulae are derived that can be used to estimate the coating thickness required to protect the substrate effectively from the small-scale contact stress spikes produced by surface roughness, and thus prevent near-surface rolling contact fatigue initiation. The present model, although crude, takes into account the multiscale nature of real surface roughness, as well as interaction between different roughness components. The relative danger of near-surface fatigue initiation and the potential effect of a hard coating are determined by the interplay between the coating thickness, the typical size of defect responsible for fatigue crack initiation and the power spectrum of surface roughness. The model predictions agree qualitatively with the results of a companion experimental study. The analysis indicates that in order to be truly effective against rolling contact fatigue, a hard coating has to be relatively thick (say, ≥3 μm), adherent, and have the fine microstructure and the associated resistance to cohesive failure under cyclic contact loading currently found in thin PVD TiN coatings.
Positron annihilation in γ-irradiated pure and Mg-doped LiF

Positron annihilation lifetime spectra in unirradiated and γ-irradiated pure LiF and heavily doped LiF∶Mg have been resolved into three components. The intensity of the intermediate lifetime component increases in proportion to theF-center concentration for both materials until saturation occurs (≈1.4×1017 cm−3 in LiF and ≈5.7×10−17 cm−3 in LiF∶Mg). The presence of a large positive ion vacancy concentration appears to have a much smaller effect than has been observed in KCl∶Ca.
Pulmonary Surfactant and Its Relationship to the Alveolar Epithelial Cell

Osmiophilic inclusions were observed in the alveolar epithelial cells of the hog lung. In many cases, the osmiophilic inclusions appear as myelin figures. The osmiophilic inclusions bear a striking resemblance to osmiophilic material washed from hog lung in the form of bubbles. The general similarity could indicate a direct relationship between the inclusions in the alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar lining substances. In the washed bubbles, a lamellar structure was revealed which indicated a repeat unit of 95A.
Occupational Hazards From Deep Mycoses

The increased recognition of fungi as an important cause of disease is translated into what appears as a high incidence of mycotic disease. The increase in deep mycoses associated with occupations may be due in part to better understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections. The fact that inhalation of sporecontaining dust is the mode of infection in histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and probably cryptococcosis points to any major soil digging as a potential source of such infections. Spores ofSporothrix schenckiihave been found on timber, on the leaves of certain bushes, and in sphagnum moss; traumatic transcutaneous inoculation leading to sporotrichosis is well established. A connection exists between pigeons and the occurrence of cryptococcosis, and between bats and birds and histoplasmosis. LABORATORY INFECTIONS A special chapter in occupational disease caused by "deep fungi" is that associated with laboratory exposure; inhalation of culture material and traumatic transcutaneous inoculations have
Glow-discharge removal of codeposited carbon films in graphite-lined tokamak reactors

In a graphite‐lined tokamak reactor, the interaction of the plasma with the graphite first wall will result in the formation of carbon deposits that are highly rich in tritium. This mechanism of tritium retention will be a major contributor to the in‐vessel tritium inventory. In this paper, the glow‐discharge technique is proposed for removing these films to reduce the inventory buildup. Glow‐discharge runs were performed with feed gases of H2, He, N2, and O2. The results show that only oxygen glow discharges can remove carbon films at sufficiently large rates. The impact of this study on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) and the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is discussed. A recipe for effective glow‐discharge operation on TFTR and CIT is also described.
The projection of noradrenergic neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group to the spinal cord in the rat demonstrated by anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry

Noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A7 and locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) catecholamine cell groups innervate all levels of the spinal cord. However, the specific spinal cord terminations of these neurons have not been clearly delineated. This study determined the spinal cord terminations of the A7 catecholamine cell group using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunocytochemistry. In addition, the spinal cord projections of A7 neurons were examined by measuring the reduction in the density of DBH-immunoreactive axons in specific regions of the spinal cord after a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the A7 cell group. The results of these experiments indicate that noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group project primarily in the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus and terminate most heavily in the dorsal horn (laminae I-IV).
Pioneers in academia: higher education for nurses in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

How have the Baltic States addressed the need to educate nurses since gaining their independence?
Incremental heating of hornblende in vacuo: implications for 40Ar/ 39Ar geochronology and the interpretation of thermal histories

Increasing evidence of the incompatibility between the geologic thermal histories deduced from the {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar incremental-heating technique and those derived form other methods have necessitated a careful evaluation of the assumptions inherent in the former approach. {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar age spectra are frequently used to infer the spatial distribution of Ar in hydrous minerals and, as such, require that the mineral remains stable while heated in vacuo. Aliquots of Mmhb-1, and inter-laboratory hornblende standard used for K-Ar and {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar dating, were heated in vacuo at temperatures of 500, 700, 930, and 1,050C for 30 min. Up to 700C, no physical changes in the hornblende were observed with the scanning electron microscope, although X-ray diffraction data indicate that it had dehydroxylated to oxyhornblende at this temperature. The onset of the structural decomposition of the oxyhornblende, as revealed by backscattered- and secondary-electron images, occurs at {approximately}930C and is directly correlated with the initial release of 6% of its radiogenic Ar ({sup 40}Ar*). The breakdown of the oxyhornblende by the internal nucleation of incongruent melt is almost (93%) complete by 1,050C - the reaction products being titano-magnetite, melt, a pyribole phase, and internal voids. Because Ar is released simultaneously frommore » these products and is subsequently homogenized in vacuo, this breakdown can yield plateau age spectra, regardless of any original Ar spatial gradients in the mineral. Consequently, independent evidence may be required to establish whether a plateau date from hornblende is truly a geologically significant age.« less
Comparing acceleration techniques for the Dixon and Macaulay resultants

The Bezout-Dixon resultant method for solving systems of polynomial equations lends itself to various heuristic acceleration techniques, previously reported by the present author, which can be extraordinarily effective. In this paper we will discuss how well these techniques apply to the Macaulay resultant. In brief, we find that they do work there with some difficulties, but the Dixon method is greatly superior. That they work at all is surprising and begs theoretical explanation.
Volatile sex pheromone in the female German cockroach

Virgin German cockroach adult females release an attractant that can be extracted with organic solvents and trapped from air blown over sexually receptive females. Behavioral assays with an olfactometer showed that the attractant was produced exclusively by adult females and it elicited behavioral responses in adult males, confirming its function as a female sex pheromone. Using behavioral and electrophysiological assays, we localized the site of pheromone production on the tenth abdominal tergite where an adult female-specific gland is found. Females whose glands were ablated were significantly less attractive to males than sham-operated control females.
Effect of Resting in a Chair, Resting with Range of Motion Exercises, and Back Strengthening Exercises on Pain and the Flexion-relaxation Ratio of Computer Workers with Low Back Pain

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of a relaxation chair and resting with simple range of motion exercises during computer work and low back muscle strengthening exercises after computer work on pain and the flexion-relaxation (FR) ratio of one computer worker with LBP. [Subjects] The subject of this study was a 37 year-old male who complained of severe LBP pain at the L4 level. [Methods] In the study, the subject worked on a computer for 5 h each day for 3 days and followed a different program each day. [Results] In Session 1, the FR ratios before and after work were 19% and 38% (+19%), respectively. The respective VAS scores before and after work were 5 and 8 (+3). In Session 2, the FR ratios before and after work were 18% and 21% (+3%), respectively. The respective VAS scores were 5 and 6 (+1). In session 3, the FR ratios before and work were 22% and 29% (+7%), respectively, and the VAS scores were 5 and 6 (+1). [Conclusion] This study suggests that it is more effective to perform regular, passive exercises to prevent LBP in computer users.
Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzyme activity following a single cutaneous dose of methyl parathion and diazinon, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats.

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (14–18 days of gestation) were treated with a single cutaneous subclinical dose(s) of 10 mg kg−1 (15% of LD50) of methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and 65 mg kg−1 (15% of LD50) of diazinon (O,O)-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidinyl phosphorothioate, and their combination. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after dosing. Inhibition of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzyme activity has been determined. Methyl parathion significantly inhibited maternal and fetal brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity within 24 h after dosing. Diazinon and a mixture of methyl parathion and diazinon caused lesser inhibition compared with methyl parathion alone. Recovery of maternal and fetal brain AChE activity was in the order of diazinon > combination of diazinon and methyl parathion > methyl parathion 96 h after dosing. Although fetal plasma BuChE activity recovered to 100% of control within 96 h of application, maternal BuChE activity remained inhibited to 55% and 32% of control 96 h after application of methyl parathion and a mixture of methyl parathion and diazinon, respectively. Following a single dermal dose of methyl parathion, the activity of maternal liver BuChE was 63% of control 2 h after dosing, whereas inhibition of placental AChE or BuChE activity occurred 12 and 1 h following a single dose of methyl parathion, corresponding to activities of 63% and 54% of control, respectively. Diazinon, alone or in combination with methyl parathion, did not inhibit significantly the maternal liver BuChE or placental AChE and BuChE activity. The results suggest that dermal application of a single dose of methyl parathion and diazinon, alone or in combination, has an easy access into maternal and fetal tissues, resulting in inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes. The lower inhibitory effect of the combination of methyl parathion and diazinon might be due to competition of diazinon with methyl parathion for cytochrome P-450 enzymes, resulting in formation of the potent cholinesterase inhibitor methyl paraoxon. The faster recovery of fetal cholinesterase enzymes is attributed to the rapid de novo synthesis of cholinesterase fetal tissues compared with the mother. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial activation sequence mapping in the isolated canine right atrium.

BACKGROUND Since the atria are thin-walled structures, most studies that have examined the spread of activation in the atria have assumed that they behave electrophysiologically as a two-dimensional surface. It was the objective of this study to determine whether or not this assumption is true by simultaneously mapping the epicardial and endocardial activation sequences in the right atrium. METHODS AND RESULTS Identical precisely superpositioned epicardial and endocardial electrode templates with 250 unipolar electrodes each were used to map the isolated canine right atrium (n = 8) during continuous perfusion and superfusion with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Data were recorded during control conditions (normal sinus rhythm), continuous pacing (S1S1 = 300 msec), and premature stimulation (S1S2 = effective refractory period + 5 msec). Pacing was performed at two sites, one located on the inferior crista terminalis and one lateral to the crista terminalis on a pectinate muscle. Tachyarrhythmias were induced by a single extrastimulus during the continuous perfusion of acetylcholine (10(-3.5) mol/L). Individual electrode sites were correlated with the gross anatomy and histology. Activation time differences were calculated between each two corresponding epicardial and endocardial sites. There were differences in the activation times between the epicardium and endocardium during all experimental conditions. However, the average difference for each condition was CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate that epicardial and endocardial activation can be discordant in specific regions and that discordance increases with abnormal activation sequences. Many of the differences in the epicardial and endocardial activation can be correlated with the heterogeneity of the anatomic architecture of the right atrium. The study also demonstrates that reentry can occur in a three-dimensional plane using the epicardial and endocardial surfaces connected by transmural muscle fibers.
Aedes (Stegomyia) bromeliae (Diptera: Culicidae), the yellow fever virus vector in East Africa.

The Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni complex in the Afrotropical Region comprises at least 3 species ( Ae. simpsoni, Ae. lilii , and Ae. bromeliae ). The species from which Mahaffy, Haddow, and others isolated yellow fever virus, and which is the most common and widespread man-biting member of the simpsoni complex, is Ae. bromeliae , not Ae. simpsoni. Aedes simpsoni is apparently restricted to southern Africa, where it is also a manbiting species; however, it is not known to be involved in the transmission of arboviruses. Aedes lilii occurs in eastern and western Africa but is less prevalent than Ae. bromeliae , and no females have been recorded as biting man. Literature references to Ae. simpsoni are reviewed, and those applying to Ae. bromeliae are given. Distribution, immature habitats, and biting preferences of all 3 species in eastern and southern Africa are presented. Aedes bromeliae is reported from South Africa for the first time.
BRIDGES TO ESTABLISH AN EMERGENCY AIRWAY AND ALTERNATE INTUBATING TECHNIQUES

In this article, a number of alternatives to direct laryngoscopy are examined. These alternatives include the laryngeal mask airway (LMA; LMA North America, San Diego, CA), cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA; Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO), and Combitube (Kendall-Sheridan, Mansfield, MA), that have been designed to act as bridges to establish an airway. Other devices, such as rigid stylets, the lightwand (a blind technique) and indirect fiberoptic rigid stylets, such as the Bullard scope, Upsher scope, and Wu scope are also briefly discussed.
Neurogenesis in the visual system of embryonic and adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

The zebrafish has recently assumed a central position in the study of vertebrate development. Numerous studies of other fish have shown that their central nervous systems, and especially their visual systems, continue to add new neurons throughout life, which is probably related to their abilities to regenerate axons and whole nervous tissue. Retinal neurogenesis had not been examined in adult zebrafish, and two reports concluded that the optic tectum ceased neurogenesis early in life, so the question arose whether the zebrafish was anomalous in this regard. We labeled embryonic (24- and 48-h postfertilization) and adult zebrafish with the thymidine analog, bromo-deoxyuridine, and, after short and long survivals, examined the retina and brain for labeled cells. They were abundant in both the optic tectum and the retina. Although the rate of retinal growth slows considerably between embryonic and adult stages, the patterns of neurogenesis in both the embryo and the adult are similar to those described in other fish, so these "fish-specific" features of general interest can justifiably be studied in zebrafish.
Application of acoustic emission techniques in manufacturing

Abstract This paper reviews applications of acoustic emission sensing techniques in manufacturing processes. Acoustic emission (AE) has been a tremendous growth in use in process monitoring and quality control in manufacturing processes since its discovery in the early 1950s in Germany. Originally applied to the destructive testing of structures (especially storage and pressure vessels) it has also become a monitoring technique in manufacturing due to its sensitivity to process parameters. This paper gives some background on the sensing needs in manufacturing for machine diagnostics as well as process monitoring, reviews the potential for AE application in manufacturing and illustrates some of the existing applications dating back to the first process monitoring in the 1970s. Special emphasis is on machining and tool condition monitoring.