cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Online User Location Distribution without GPS Location

We focus on the problem of offline user location estimation using online information, particularly for the application of TV segment advertising. Unlike previous works, the proposed method does not assume GPS information, but works with loosely structured information such as English location description. We propose to use a neural language model to capture the semantic similarity among the location descriptions. The language model can help reduce the otherwise expensive geolocating service lookups by internally resolving similar areas, neighborhoods, etc. Onto the same description. We also propose a metric for comparing geodemographic histograms. This metric considers the demographic gap between the online world and the offline world. In the experiments section, we demonstrate the recall and accuracy of our language-based, GPS-free user location distribution estimation. In addition, we illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed distribution estimation metric.
Missing the mark for patient engagement: mHealth literacy strategies and behavior change processes in smoking cessation apps.

Abstract Objective To examine how Transtheoretical Model (TTM)’s processes of change and mHealth literacy strategies are employed in mobile smoking cessation apps. Methods A purposive sample of 100 iTunes apps were coded to assess descriptive (price, type, developer, user-rating) and engagement metrics, including processes of change and mHealth literacy strategies (plain language, usability, interactivity). One-way ANOVAs and independent samples t-tests examined associations between descriptive and engagement metrics. Results Over half of the apps included 7 (78%) processes of change. Fewer included self-liberation (36%) and reinforcement management (34%). Most apps incorporated plain language, but few integrated usability and interactivity strategies. Hypnotherapy and informational apps included more behavioral processes of change than apps incorporating a combination of features, including gaming, cigarette trackers, and motivational coaching (p Conclusion Apps included behavior change processes but rarely incorporated usability and interactivity features to promote patient engagement. Engagement metrics did not vary by app user-ratings, price-to-download, or developer, including for-profit organizations or government and educational institutions. Practice implications Providers should acknowledge the popularity of smoking cessation apps as potential cessation aids and communicate their benefits and drawbacks to patients. Future efforts to improve smoking cessation apps should focus on enhancing the quality of tailored and interactive content.
Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinopathies: Update on Development Progress:

Inherited retinopathies are a group of genetic disorders that lead to blindness and/or vision impairment. Until now, treatment options for inherited retinopathies largely remained limited to suppor...
Affective Learning Companions and the Adoption of Metacognitive Strategies

Understanding the affective state of a learner is an important element in determining when and how best to provide appropriate support. We advanced an Affective Learning Companion built upon an Affective Agent Research Platform with the goal of discovering when, at various points in the problem solving process a student encounters optimal Flow experiences or non-optimal Stuck experiences (Burleson 2006; Burleson and Picard 2007). We employed the theories of Carol S. Dweck and John H. Flavell, to help students become aware of their emotional states, and to develop metacognitive strategies to use this awareness to persevere in the face of frustration. We wanted to know when and how an intelligent computer tutoring system could provide personally tailored intervention to prompt a student to find the best way to continue to engage in challenging experiences. The findings argue that there are important opportunities to increase girls’ meta-affective skills, increase their experience of Flow and decrease their experience of Stuck, increase their mastery orientation, and increase their intrinsic-motivation. This holds true not only for the further development of affective support and its benefits for girls, but also for the appropriate “coordination” of the elements of the character’s emotional intelligence for boys.
Interrelationships between calcium, calcemic hormones and gastrointestinal hormones.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the interrelationships among calcium, calcemic hormones, and gastrointestinal hormones. Although blood calcium plays a central and important role in regulating the secretion of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and gastrin, the hormones can directly influence the secretion of one another. In the secretion of calcitonin hormones, the results involve two steps—the first involves the effects of various stimuli on secretion of immunoreactive calcitonin into thyroid venous effluent plasma, and the second involves the effects of stimuli on release of immunoreactive gastrin into venous blood draining the antral region of the stomach. Inhibition by somatostatin involves not only a marked increase in gastrin produced by parathyroid hormone but also suppresses hypergastrinemia induced by antral infusion of acetylcholine or calcium. Somatostatin and calcitonin can inhibit or prevent gastrin release stimulated by the parathyroid hormone. Somatostatin can also inhibit or largely reverse hypergastrinemia induced by calcium or acetylcholine as well as the parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid hormone and blood calcium can stimulate the release of gastrin. These relationships are complex and require more study, especially to ascertain whether they indeed have physiological relevance..
Probabilistic Analysis of Generalized Suffix Trees (Extended Abstract)

Suffix trees find several applications in computer science and telecommunications, most notably in algorithms on strings, data compressions and codes. We consider in a probabilistic framework a family of generalized suffix trees — called b-suffix trees — built from the first n suffixes of a random word. In this family of trees, a noncompact suffix trees (i.e., such that every edge is labeled by a single symbol) is represented by b= 1, and a compact suffix tree (i.e., without unary nodes) is asymptotically equivalent to b → ∂. Several parameters of b-suffix trees are of interest, namely the typical depth, the depth of insertion, the height, the external path length, and so forth. We establish some results concerning typical, that is, almost sure (a.s.), behavior of these parameters. These findings are used to obtain several insights into certain algorithms on words and universal data compression schemes.
Learning to Serve: Promoting Civil Society Through Service Learning, University of Colorado at Denver

Throughout the twentieth century a debate that has defined the ever-changing world of higher education has surrounded the notion of the importance of service learning. By highlighting issues such as relevance, accessibility, and most importantly, responsibility, the general public has made it clear that accountability will continue to be a theme in the upcoming future. As a result of the external interest in higher education, many institutions are reassessing their core principles in an effort to expand the meaning of excellence. A concerted effort is being made by the higher education community to incorporate service as a component of the learning foundation instead of just an ancillary activity as in the past. This provides evidence that civic responsibility will play a major role in the progression of this new century, whether the institution is a financial services firm, information technology company, or a university.
Money and the Ghetto, Money in the Ghetto:

This essay revisits Making the Second Ghetto to consider what Arnold Hirsch argued about the relationship between race, money, and the ghetto. It explores how Hirsch’s analysis of this relationship...
The genomics of acute myeloid leukemia in children

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically, morphologically, and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Like many malignancies, the genomic landscape of pediatric AML has been mapped recently through sequencing of large cohorts of patients. Much has been learned about the biology of AML through studies of specific recurrent genetic lesions. Further, genetic lesions have been linked to specific clinical features, response to therapy, and outcome, leading to improvements in risk stratification. Lastly, targeted therapeutic approaches have been developed for the treatment of specific genetic lesions, some of which are already having a positive impact on outcomes. While the advances made based on the discoveries of sequencing studies are significant, much work is left. The biologic, clinical, and prognostic impact of a number of genetic lesions, including several seemingly unique to pediatric patients, remains undefined. While targeted approaches are being explored, for most, the efficacy and tolerability when incorporated into standard therapy is yet to be determined. Furthermore, the challenge of how to study small subpopulations with rare genetic lesions in an already rare disease will have to be considered. In all, while questions and challenges remain, precisely defining the genomic landscape of AML, holds great promise for ultimately leading to improved outcomes for affected patients.
Precursors to Probation and Parole Agent Communication Patterns with Female Clients

Supervising agents serve dual roles as they both help and control the over one million women in the United States (U.S.) on probation and parole as the women strive for lives free of substance abus...
Managing customer reactions to brand deletion in B2B and B2C contexts

â€¢Deleting weak brands facilitates channelizing scarce resources to strong brands.â€¢B2B and B2C firms hesitate to delete brands as they fear facing customer resistance.â€¢Understanding customer reactions to brand deletion ensures a smooth deletion process.â€¢Involving and offering support to customers while deleting a brand is crucial.â€¢Providing timely notifications and brand substitutes helps reduce customer churn.
An RNA-Binding Protein, Hu-antigen R, in Pancreatic Cancer Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition, Metastasis, and Cancer Stem Cells

Pancreatic cancer has poor prognosis and treatment outcomes due to its highly metastatic nature and resistance to current treatments. The RNA-binding protein (RBP) Hu-antigen R (HuR) is a central player in posttranscriptional regulation of cancer-related gene expression, and contributes to tumorigenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. HuR has been suggested to regulate pancreatic cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but the mechanism was not well understood. Here, we further elucidated the role HuR plays in pancreatic cancer cell EMT, and developed a novel inhibitor specifically interrupting HuR-RNA binding. The data showed that HuR binds to the 3'-UTR of the mRNA of the transcription factor Snail, resulting in stabilization of Snail mRNA and enhanced Snail protein expression, thus promoted EMT, metastasis, and formation of stem-like cancer cells (CSC) in pancreatic cancer cells. siRNA silencing or CRISPR/Cas9 gene deletion of HuR inhibited pancreatic cancer cell EMT, migration, invasion, and inhibited CSCs. HuR knockout cells had dampened tumorigenicity in immunocompromised mice. A novel compound KH-3 interrupted HuR-RNA binding, and KH-3 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell viability, EMT, migration/invasion in vitro KH-3 showed HuR-dependent activity and inhibited HuR-positive tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
The Impact of Hypernatremia in Preterm Infants on Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 18 Months of Corrected Age.

Objective The study objective was to assess the correlation between hypernatremia during the first week of life and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of corrected age in premature infants. Study Design A retrospective observational study of preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation who had a neurodevelopmental assessment with the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development III at 18 ± 6 months of corrected age. Serum sodium levels from birth through 7 days of life were collected. The study cohort was divided into two groups: infants with a peak serum sodium of >145 mmol/L (hypernatremia group) and infants with a peak serum sodium level of Results Eighty-eight preterm infants with complete neurodevelopmental outcome data at 18 ± 6 months of corrected gestational age were included in the study. Thirty-five neonates were in the hypernatremia group and 53 were in the no hypernatremia group. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were similar between the two groups except that the hypernatremia group had a significantly lower average birth weight and gestational age. Comparison of the mean neurodevelopmental scores between the two groups showed that patients in the hypernatremia group as compared with those in the no hypernatremia group had significantly lower neurodevelopmental scaled scores in the fine motor domain (p = 0.01). This difference remained significant (p = 0.03, odds ratio [OR] = 0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–0.97) when adjusted for birth weight and gestational age. Conclusion Preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation with hypernatremia in the first week of life have lower fine motor scores at 18 months of corrected age. Key Points
A series of Rb4Ln2(P2S6)(PS4)2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) rare earth thiophosphates with two distinct thiophosphate units [PVS4]3− and [PIV2S6]4−

A series of rubidium rare earth thiophosphates with the formula Rb4Ln2(P2S6)(PS4)2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd) were synthesized using the high temperature molten flux crystal growth method utilizing a RbBr flux. Single crystals of all title compounds, as well as phase pure powders of the La-, Ce-, and Sm-containing compositions, were obtained. Single crystals of the title compounds were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction for structure and phase identification. Rb4Ln2(P2S6)(PS4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system adopting the P21/n space group for the large rare earths (Ln = La, Ce, Pr) and the C2/c space group for the smaller rare earths (Ln = Nd, Sm, Gd). This Rb4Ln2(P2S6)(PS4)2 series is a rare example of thiophosphates containing both tetrahedral [PVS4]3- and dimeric [PIV2S6]4- thiophosphate units that, in this structural family, link corrugated rare earth sulfide chains into sheets. The band gaps of the materials were determined from UV-Vis data and the fluorescence spectrum of Rb4Ce2(P2S6)(PS4)2 was collected. Optical band gaps were estimated to be 2.9 and 2.4 for the Nd and Sm analogues, respectively.
Predictors of inflammatory lower airway disease in cats presented to the emergency room in respiratory distress: a case-control study.

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to identify whether venous blood gas (VBG) variables may serve as a predictor of inflammatory lower airway disease (ILAD) in cats presenting with respirator...
Automation of Marketing Models

This technical note gives students an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in order to help them understand how these fields can contribute to the future of marketing. To provide context, students are first introduced to the history of AI and the basic parameters of AI, ML, and deep learning (DL). The differences between ML and statistical modeling are also described to help students understand that collaboration between these two fields results in better decision-making. The note also provides a description of descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics and how various ML tools span those categories.In order to illustrate AI's applications and the many ways managers can use it to promote their brands, real-world examples are provided, including: (1) 1-800-Flowers' collaboration with the Facebook messenger platform to process orders through chatbots (using DL), (2) Facebook's use of DeepText to determine the meaning of words within their contexts (using DL) and then direct users to related products; and (3) online educator Udacity's use of an ML algorithm to create a bot that advises salespeople on successful words and phrases, but also allows the humans to answer more obscure customer questions, among others. As students consider how AI advances are helping brands such as these market their goods and services to new customers online, students also must consider the ways that AI will continue to shape marketing in the future. Excerpt UVA-M-0965 Nov. 6, 2018 Automation of Marketing Models In 2016, the ongoing tug-of-war between human capability and that of machines reached a critical turning point in the realm of image recognition. As recently as 2010, machine algorithms had a 30% error rate when attempting to identify images from ImageNet, a large database of over 10 million obscure images, lagging well behind the stagnant 5% human error rate. By 2016, however, machines had made such strides in their image recognition capabilities that the error rate had dropped to 4% for the best systems, thus edging out the human eye for the first time in history. Image recognition provides just one example of how artificial intelligence (AI) has progressed over the past several years and how quickly it will continue to evolve. What do these advances mean for businesses, and, more specifically, how will they help brands market their goods and services to new customers? Marketing and Artificial Intelligence . . .
Designing a Clinical Education Tracking System: An Innovative Approach

In clinical education, there is a need for constant evaluation, assessment, and at times immediate feedback for students to recognize areas of success, learning, and areas for improvement. The clinical educator is expected to manage the number of student evaluations and assess their performance, regularly, as needed, and over time. This allows appropriate and timely formative, as well as summative feedback to students and the program. Clinical programs face challenges in finding innovative and efficient methods to track and manage this large volume of seemingly disparate needed and required data. Traditional solutions entail paper-based systems or a paid proprietary clinical tracking system. However, both of these options have their own unique challenges. This perspective article proposes an innovative approach of collecting data electronically via online forms, processing and storing data in cloud-based databases and providing appropriate visualizations for the end users (i.e., students and educators) to analyze and assess the information. Migrating data to be collected in this manner allows for the integration of business intelligence (BI) techniques that provide data mining and machine learning in various user needed methods. This article presents a perspective and an innovative guide for clinical educators on how to develop and design a system that leads to positive sentiments and immediate student feedback regarding their progress to improve student outcomes.
Trading with the Enemy: Opening the Door to U.S. Investment in Cuba

U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba have been in place for nearly seven decades. The stated intent of those sanctions — to restore democracy and freedom to Cuba — is still used as a justification for maintaining harsh restrictions, despite the fact that the Castro regime remains in power with widespread Cuban public support. Starving the Cuban people of economic opportunities under the shadow of sanctions has significantly limited entrepreneurship and economic development on the island, despite a highly educated and motivated population. The would-be political reformers and leaders on the island emigrate, thanks to generous U.S. immigration policies toward Cubans, leaving behind the Castro regime and its ardent supporters. Real change on the island will come only if the United States allows Cuba to restart its economic engine and reengage with global markets. Though not a guarantee of political reform, economic development is correlated with demand for political change, giving the economic development approach more potential than failed economic sanctions. In this short paper, I argue that Cuba has survived in spite of the U.S. economic embargo and that dismantling the embargo in favor of open trade policies would improve the likelihood of Cuba becoming a market-friendly communist country like China. I present the avenues available today for trade with Cuba under the shadow of the economic embargo, and I argue that real political change will require a leap of faith by the United States through removal of the embargo and support for Cuba’s economic development.
Inter-layer coatings for softening polymer-based neural interfaces

This paper reports the successful fabrication of softening polymer (SP)-based devices with inter-layer coatings for neural interface applications. SPs are flexible biocompatible polymers that soften upon implantation into the body, thus capable of reducing mechanical stress on the surrounding tissue and increasing the conformability of the implant. The softening process relies on water uptake into the polymer that can affect its electrical insulation capabilities. Employing an amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) thin film inter-layer between the metal traces and the SP is expected to provide a reliable water-barrier while allowing the SP plasticization once the device is implanted. We report the electrochemical properties and leakage current characteristics of various structures with a-SiC and polyimide inter-layer coatings under simulated physiological conditions. The fabricated structures demonstrated appropriate electrical properties and were found to be reliable up to a 2.5 mm radius of curvature when bending in compression.
Contracting a Cure: Patients, Healers, and the Law in Early Modern Bologna

The author recounts the story of the relationship between healers and patients in the 16th and 17th centuries whereby the practitioner was contractually bound to heal a sick person within a specified period of time, for a stipulated sum. If the patient was not cured, no money changed hands. When disputes over payment arose, the cases were heard by the Protomedicato, the judicial arm of the College of Medicine. By the end of the period, according to Pomata, this system was undermined as physicians and jurists both recognized that payment by results was incompatible with the professionalization of medicine. Rather than presenting simply a history of medical professionalization, the text reconstructs in detail patients' perceptions of the body and disease as recorded in the Bolognese records and extensively uses the voices of both the healers and the healed. In telling the history of contracting for a cure - describing the vanished world of meanings that patients and healers gave to their encounters - Pomata uncovers a notion of justice profoundly different from the one that regulates medical practice today. The history of the cure agreement, she argues, is but a fragment in a wider history of the notions of justice we have lost.
Reality Television and Arab Politics: Screens of Contention: The Battle for Arab Viewers

When the English philosopher George Edward Moore wrote that “[w]henever a philosopher says something is ‘really real,’ you can be really sure that what he says is ‘really real’ isn't real, really,” he could have been describing how Arab viewers related to their state-owned television channels until the 1990s. For decades Arab television had a warped relation to reality. Under the stifling control of the Ministries of Information, media institutions presented a reality that most listeners and viewers knew to be unreal. Every once in a while, Libyan viewers were reportedly treated to what can only be described as surreal: regular programming would be interrupted by a still picture of a pensive Mu‘ammar al-Qaddhafi with a caption informing viewers that “the leader” was “contemplating the future of the nation.” Even less meditative regimes expediently manufactured their own “reality” through controlled media that rarely gave listeners and viewers access to alternative views. Predictably, Arabs turned en masse to foreign broadcasters. In wartime Lebanon, we used to “triangulate” in search of reliable information. Huddled around a battery-operated transistor radio during long, electricity-deprived evenings, we would listen to a couple of local radio news bulletins from opposing camps and then move on to the French Radio Monte-Carlo Middle East, BBC Radio, and, less frequently, Voice of America or Radio Moscow. The explosive growth of pan-Arab satellite channels since 1990 has demoted broadcasts from Paris, London, Washington, and Moscow. Today the average Arab viewer can “triangulate” by using exclusively Arabic-language media.
Comparative estimation of orbital three dimensional CT measurements utilizing ANALYZETM

1. Three- dimensional imaging allows spatial visualization of skeletal and soft tissue structures; however, visualization without objective measurement capability limits the accuracy of the information. 2. Validation of this technology with statistically significant methods is required for its useful clinical applications. 3. Analyze™ distance and volume measurements of different projections of the orbit were consistently comparable with anatomical measurements. 4. There is a good correlation between Analyze™ and anatomical measurements with regard to orbital volume, with Analyze™ values being smaller; nevertheless, the difference was only 0.6 ml and did not reach statistical significance. Volume measurement is one of the most difficult techniques due to the spatial configuration of the orbit, but the average error is very small representing only 0.6 ml of a 30 ml total orbital volume. 5. Analyze™ measurements are reproducible with a high degree of certainty, comparing to that of the actual anatomical measures. This is due to the objectivity of the measurements achieved through the Analyze™ program. 6. Orbital distance and volume measurements with Analyze™ are very accurate and highly reproducible.
The role of large‐scale convective organization for tropical high cloud amount

Tropical high clouds are closely coupled to deep convection, but local cloud amount and convective mass flux are nonlinearly related. We use the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory atmosphere-only model AM2 forced with idealized sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations to study the sensitivity of high clouds to the large-scale distribution of convection. Increasing/decreasing the SST contrast between convective and nonconvective regions decreases/increases the tropical deep convective area, and warming of convective areas decreases the tropical average convective mass flux (〈mc〉). In all experiments, fractional high cloud amount changes are less than fractional changes in 〈mc〉. High cloud amount is half as sensitive as expected from the climatological average cloud amount, as a function of convective mass flux, due to strong compensation from nonconvective high clouds. The latter results from changes in relative humidity related to the change in 〈mc〉. This effect renders high cloud amount remarkably robust to perturbations, though radiative effects of convective and nonconvective clouds will differ.
More nice equations for nice groups

Nice quintinomial equations are given for unramified coverings of the affine line in nonzero characteristic p with PSp(2m, q) and Sp(2m, q) as Galois groups where m > 2 is any integer and q > 1 is any power of p.
Analysis of Pattern Discovery in Sequences Using a Bayes Error Framework

In this paper we investigate the general problem of discovering recurrent patterns that are embedded in categorical sequences. An important real-world problem of this nature is motif discovery in DNA sequences. There are a number of fundamental aspects of this data mining problem that can make discovery “easy” or “hard”—we characterize the difficulty of this problem using an analysis based on the Bayes error rate under a Markov assumption. The Bayes error framework demonstrates why certain patterns are much harder to discover than others. It also explains the role of different parameters such as pattern length and pattern frequency in sequential discovery. We demonstrate how the Bayes error can be used to calibrate existing discovery algorithms, providing a lower bound on achievable performance. We discuss a number of fundamental issues that characterize sequential pattern discovery in this context, present a variety of empirical results to complement and verify the theoretical analysis, and apply our methodology to real-world motif-discovery problems in computational biology.
Lifting formulas, Moyal product, and Feigin spectral sequence

It is shown, that each Lifting cocycle $\Psi_{2n+1},\Psi_{2n+3},\Psi_{2n+5},...$ ([Sh1], [Sh2]) on the Lie algebra $\Dif_n$ of polynomial differential operators on an $n$-dimensional complex vector space is the sum of two cocycles, its even and odd part. We study in more details the first case $n=1$. It is shown, that any nontrivial linear combination of two 3-cocycles on the Lie algebra $\Dif_1$, arising from the 3-cocycle~$\Psi_3$, is not cohomologous to zero, in a contradiction with the Feigin conjecture~[F]. The new conjecture on the cohomology $H^\ndot_\Lie(\Dif_1;\C)$ is made.
Nitrogen fixation. Endocrine disrupters and flavonoid signalling.

Nitrogen fixation is a symbiotic process initiated by chemical signals from legumes that are recognized by soil bacteria. Here we show that some endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)1,2,3, so called because of their effect on hormone-signalling pathways in animal cells, also interfere with the symbiotic signalling that leads to nitrogen fixation. Our results raise the possibility that these phytochemically activated pathways may have features in common with hormonal signalling in vertebrates, thereby extending the biological and ecological impact of EDCs.
Gender, fashion consumer group, need for touch and Korean apparel consumers' shopping channel preference

Shopping preferences are affected by the culture in which an individual grows up as well as by individual differences in consumers such as differences in gender, fashion leadership and need for touch. The current study examined the influence of consumers' need for touch and fashion leadership on preference for shopping outlets (e.g. touch and non-touch shopping channels) between genders and within a particular culture. The purpose of this study was to examine gender, fashion consumer group, need for touch and Korean apparel consumers' shopping channel preference. Participants were a convenience sample of 262 Korean college students who were recruited in Changwon, South Korea. A questionnaire was compiled that included a request for demographic information, the Need For Touch scale, the Measure of Fashion Innovativeness and Opinion Leadership, and items assessing preference for touch and non-touch shopping channels for clothing. Women and men did not differ in overall need for touch or instrumental need for touch. Fashion change agents and fashion followers did not differ in their preference for touch and non-touch shopping channels. Preference for touch shopping channels was more greatly affected by variables such as need for touch, gender, and fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership than preference for non-touch shopping channels. Preference for non-touch shopping channels was virtually unaffected by the variables examined in the current study. Implications for theory and research are provided.
Democratizing Responsibility: Jane Addams’s Pragmatist Ethics

Jane Addams’s approach to responsibility deserves attention from contemporary theorists, largely because it is rooted in a pragmatist understanding of democracy. As a pragmatist, Addams stresses that democracy is a “rule of living,” not simply a set of political institutions. Democratically committed citizens, she argues, must share responsibility for harms arising from processes to which they are connected. They also must learn from and work with people whose experiences of these processes are different from their own. Not all of Addams’s ideas have stood the test of time. Still, her pragmatist approach to responsibility is superior to those of Iris Marion Young and Jean Bethke Elshtain. An exploration of Addams’s thought illuminates the limitations of Young’s separation of blame and character development from the theme of shared responsibility, and suggests that Elshtain’s understandings of character development will be unlikely to help citizens respond to problems that confront them.
Product Differentiation and Commonality in Design: Balancing Revenue and Cost Drivers

Product design decisions substantially affect the cost and revenue drivers. A design configuration with commonality can lower manufacturing cost. However, such a design may hinder the ability to extract price premiums through product differentiation. We explicitly investigate the marketing-manufacturing trade-off and derive analytical implications for three possible design configurations: unique, premium-common, and basic-common. Our model considers two distinct segments of consumers. Some of the implications of our analysis are not readily apparent. For example, when the high-quality component is made common, the average quality of the products offered to the two segments increases. One may infer that with higher average quality, higher prices or higher total revenues might ensue. However, this may not be the case, as detailed in the paper. Finally, our analysis provides a useful framework to develop an index that can rank order components in terms of their attractiveness for commonality.
400-Gb/s/ch high capacity transport technologies

We review key technologies for 100-Tb/s-class high capacity optical transmission systems with 400-Gb/s channel rates focusing on multi-level modulation and spectrally efficient optical multiplexing, and describe pilot-assisted single-carrier frequency-division multiplexing technique.
Pantheon: Visualizing historical cultural production

We introduce Pantheon, a dataset and visualization platform quantifying cultural accomplishments that have broken the barriers of space, time and language. The Pantheon dataset connects the 11,340 biographies available in more than 25 languages in Wikipedia with a cultural domain, place of birth, and time period. We present this data through an online data visualization platform supporting the exploration of the dataset. In this poster we describe the Pantheon dataset and visualization platform, both of which are available at http; / /pantheon. media. mit. edu.
Measurement of acid polysaccharides in marine and freshwater samples using alcian blue

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), including transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), play an important role in ocean biogeochemistry. This paper describes a simple method for measuring acid polysaccharides (APS), which are the major components of TEP and other EPS. APS were stained and precipitated with alcian blue, the precipitate was retained on a 0.2 µm pore size filter and the absorbance of the filtrate was measured at 610 nm using a spectrophotometer. The color of the filtrate was inversely proportional to the amount of APS in the sample. This relationship was linear and was calibrated using gum xanthan or alginic acid as a standard. Salts interfered with the assay; therefore samples from marine environments were dialysed (1000 Da molecular weight cut-off [MWCO]) before addition of alcian blue. The assay was applied to whole water samples to a give a total concentration of APS (particulate plus dissolved) in freshwater ponds, and cultures of marine protists and seawater from the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The assay was effective in measuring dissolved extracellular APS after removal of particulates by filtration, although in marine samples APS molecules smaller than the MWCO of the dialysis tubing (1000 Da) were not measured. The new method has potential in studies on the biogeochemistry of particulate and dissolved APS, including TEP and its precursors.
Restoration of C/EBPα Expression in a BCR-ABL+ Cell Line Induces Terminal Granulocytic Differentiation

The transcription factor C/EBPalpha plays a critical role in the process of granulocytic differentiation. Recently, mutations that abrogated transcriptional activation of C/EBPalpha were detected in acute myeloid leukemia patient samples. Moreover, the progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to blast crisis in patients was correlated with down-modulation of C/EBPalpha. The KCL22 cell line, derived from BCR-ABL+ CML in blast crisis, expressed wild-type C/EBPepsilon protein but not a functional C/EBPalpha, -beta, and -gamma. Restoration of C/EBPalpha expression in KCL22 cells triggered a profound proliferative arrest, a block in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and a gradual increase in apoptosis. Within 3 days of inducing expression of C/EBPalpha, a remarkable neutrophilic differentiation of the KCL22 blast cells occurred as shown by morphologic changes, induction of expression of CD11b, primary, secondary, and tertiary granule proteins, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. Using high density oligonucleotide microarrays, the gene expression profile of KCL22 cells stably transfected with C/EBPalpha was compared with that of empty vector, and we identified genes not previously known to be regulated by C/EBPalpha. These included the up-regulation of those genes important for regulation of hematopoietic stem cell homing, granulocytic differentiation, and cell cycle, whereas down-regulation occurred for genes coding for signaling molecules and transcription factors that are implicated in regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Our study showed that restoration of C/EBPalpha expression in BCR-ABL+ leukemic cells in blast crisis is sufficient for rapid neutrophil differentiation suggesting a potential therapeutic role for ectopic transfer of C/EBPalpha in acute phase of CML.
Epithelial Tube Morphology Is Determined by the Polarized Growth and Delivery of Apical Membrane

Formation of tubes of the correct size and shape is essential for viability of most organisms, yet little is understood of the mechanisms controlling tube morphology. We identified a new allele of hairy in a mutagenesis screen and showed that hairy mutations cause branching and bulging of the normally unbranched salivary tube, in part through prolonged expression of huckebein (hkb). HKB controls polarized cell shape change and apical membrane growth during salivary cell invagination via two downstream target genes, crumbs (crb), a determinant of the apical membrane, and klarsicht (klar), which mediates microtubule-dependent organelle transport. In invaginating salivary cells, crb and klar mediate growth and delivery of apical membrane, respectively, thus regulating the size and shape of the salivary tube.
Ovine reference materials and assays for prion genetic testing

Genetic predisposition to scrapie in sheep is associated with several variations in the peptide sequence of the prion protein gene (PRNP). DNA-based tests for scoring PRNP codons are essential tools for eradicating scrapie and for evaluating rare alleles for increased resistance to disease. In addition to those associated with scrapie, there are dozens more PRNP polymorphisms that may occur in various flocks. If not accounted for, these sites may cause base-pair mismatching with oligonucleotides used in DNA testing. Thus, the fidelity of scrapie genetic testing is enhanced by knowing the position and frequency of PRNP polymorphisms in targeted flocks. An adaptive DNA sequencing strategy was developed to determine the 771 bp PRNP coding sequence for any sheep and thereby produce a consensus sequence for targeted flocks. The strategy initially accounted for 43 known polymorphisms and facilitates the detection of unknown polymorphisms through an overlapping amplicon design. The strategy was applied to 953 sheep DNAs from multiple breeds in U.S. populations. The samples included two sets of reference sheep: one set for standardizing PRNP genetic testing and another set for discovering polymorphisms, estimating allele frequencies, and determining haplotype phase. DNA sequencing revealed 16 previously unreported polymorphisms, including a L237P variant on the F141 haplotype. Two mass spectrometry multiplex assays were developed to score five codons of interest in U.S. sheep: 112, 136, 141, 154, and 171. Reference tissues, DNA, trace files, and genotypes from this project are publicly available for use without restriction. Identifying ovine PRNP polymorphisms in targeted flocks is critical for designing efficient scrapie genetic testing systems. Together with reference DNA panels, this information facilitates training, certification, and development of new tests and knowledge that may expedite the eradication of sheep scrapie.
Sumatran population changes, 1961–80

In the period 1961 and 1980, Sumatra's population increased from nearly 16 to 28 million; a rise of 78%. This population growth was at least 50% faster than the Indonesia national average, and exce...
Laser-photoetching characteristics of polymers with dopants

The photoetching behavior of poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(dimethylglutarimide) and chlorinated poly(methylstyrene) doped with pyrene and 4-aminobenzoylhydrazide excited by 308 nm excimer-laser pulses has been studied. Some common laser-etching characteristics including the reduction of the threshold fluence for ablation, the enhancement of etching efficiency and the existence of optimal conditions regarding the laser fluence and dopant concentration for generating clean and smooth etching patterns are identified. The photoetching mechanism and the potential application of the doping technique to material processing are discussed.
Miniaturizing the Revolution: Political Fantasy, Theatricality, and Sovereignty in Goethe's Comedies Der Groß-Cophta, Die Aufgeregten, and Bürgergeneral

Between 1791 and 1793, Goethe became increasingly concerned with the upheaval unfolding to the West of Weimar, responding to it with a series of plays, Der Gros-Cophta , Die Aufgeregten , and Der Burgergeneral , which transpose the revolution to rural Germany and transform it into comedy. Contemporary audiences as well as modern critics have by-and-large shunned the plays. This article makes a case for a reassessment, arguing that the comedies may be provincial in setting, schematic in script, and minimalistic in cast but pointedly identify the imagination as the primary force pressing for political change. Goethe’s comedies of the revolution respond to this constellation threefold—by denouncing revolutionary fantasies as a scam created by demagogues to fool the gullible; by exposing the theatricality inherent in the revolutionary undertaking; and by branding the apostles of liberty as tyrants in waiting. As Goethe, in each play, pits the lord of the land against a contender, he not only catalogues the sources of sovereign authority but also establishes a disturbing parallel between the sovereign and the con-artist, thus pointing to the foundation of sovereignty in fiction.
The effects of punishing stuttering expectations and stuttering utterances: A comparative study

The effects of contingent shock on signaled stuttering expectancies and/or stuttering utterances were studied in 36 adult male stutterers. Each subject participated in only one of three different punishment conditions. Each condition consisted of three segments: Base Rate, Training, and Recovery. Punishment was administered only during the Training segments. Electroshock was delivered contingent upon signaled expectancies to stutter in one condition; in a second condition, shock was administered for emitted stuttering utterances; and in the third condition, the effect of punishment for both signaled expectancies and stuttered utterances was studied. The general findings were: (a) significant differences existed among conditions with respect to both the frequency of signaled stuttering expectancies and the frequency of stuttering utterances; (b) punishment of signaled expectancies effected only a moderate reduction in additional stuttering expectancies; (c) stuttering utterance contingent shock effected a significant decrease in stuttering; and (d) the combined punishment procedure effected significant reductions in both signaled expectancies and stuttering utterances. A major finding was that the combined punishment procedure did not effect a more immediate or a more significant reduction in stuttering than the stuttering utterance contingent punishment procedure.
Probabilistic Inference of Biochemical Reactions in Microbial Communities from Metagenomic Sequences

Shotgun metagenomics has been applied to the studies of the functionality of various microbial communities. As a critical analysis step in these studies, biological pathways are reconstructed based on the genes predicted from metagenomic shotgun sequences. Pathway reconstruction provides insights into the functionality of a microbial community and can be used for comparing multiple microbial communities. The utilization of pathway reconstruction, however, can be jeopardized because of imperfect functional annotation of genes, and ambiguity in the assignment of predicted enzymes to biochemical reactions (e.g., some enzymes are involved in multiple biochemical reactions). Considering that metabolic functions in a microbial community are carried out by many enzymes in a collaborative manner, we present a probabilistic sampling approach to profiling functional content in a metagenomic dataset, by sampling functions of catalytically promiscuous enzymes within the context of the entire metabolic network defined by the annotated metagenome. We test our approach on metagenomic datasets from environmental and human-associated microbial communities. The results show that our approach provides a more accurate representation of the metabolic activities encoded in a metagenome, and thus improves the comparative analysis of multiple microbial communities. In addition, our approach reports likelihood scores of putative reactions, which can be used to identify important reactions and metabolic pathways that reflect the environmental adaptation of the microbial communities. Source code for sampling metabolic networks is available online at http://omics.informatics.indiana.edu/mg/MetaNetSam/.
Prevalence of Cancer Visits by Physician Specialty, 1997–2006

Understanding the prevalence of cancer-related visits by physician specialty may help target educational and quality improvement initiatives. Using the 1997–2006 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, adult ambulatory visits (N = 161,278) were classified by cancer diagnosis and patients’ characteristics and compared with physician specialty. The prevalence of cancer visits within each specialty varied from 0% to 62%. Aside from hematology/oncology (hem/onc) specialties, nine surgical specialties and four medical specialties had more than 1% cancer visits. Cancer patients with private insurance or Medicaid coverage were less likely to see hem/onc specialists compared to Medicare patients. Whereas hem/onc specialists primarily see cancer patients, general surgeons and primary care physicians provide a large amount of cancer services, particularly to underinsured patients. Thus, when trying to contact cancer patients or their physicians, health administrators, researchers, and practitioners should consider targeting general surgeons and primary care physicians in addition to hem/onc specialists.