cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors alter afferent arteriolar responses to elevations in pressure

The present study evaluated the effects of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on the response of the renal microvasculature to changes in renal perfusion pressure and on autoregulation of glomerular capillary pressure using the rat juxtamedullary nephron microvascular preparation perfused in vitro with a cell-free perfusate containing 5% albumin. The basal diameters of the proximal and distal afferent arterioles averaged 28 +/- 1 (n = 32) and 18 +/- 1 micron (n = 23), respectively, at a control perfusion pressure of 80 mmHg. The diameters of these vessels decreased by 8% when perfusion pressure was elevated from 80 to 160 mmHg. After addition of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors (either 17-octadecynoic acid, 20 microM; 7-ethoxyresorufin, 10 microM; or miconazole, 20 microM) to the perfusate, the diameters of the proximal and distal afferent arterioles increased by 6% in response to the same elevation in perfusion pressure. Control glomerular capillary pressure averaged 43 +/- 1 mmHg (n = 32) at a renal perfusion pressure of 80 mmHg and increased by only 9 +/- 1 mmHg when perfusion pressure was elevated to 160 mmHg. Autoregulation of glomerular capillary pressure was impaired after addition of the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors, and it increased by 18 +/- 2 mmHg when perfusion pressure was varied over the same range. These results indicate that cytochrome P-450 inhibitors attenuate the vasoconstrictor response of afferent arterioles to elevations in renal perfusion pressure and impair autoregulation of glomerular capillary pressure, suggesting a possible role for cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in these responses.
Changes in Customs of Chinese Spring Festival from Sociological Perspective

The status and internal factors of the changes in customs of Chinese Spring Festival are described.It is put forward that,as an important symbol for traditional Chinese rituals and customs,the Spring Festival has an emotional significance for Chinese people.The changes in customs of Chinese Spring Festival are interpreted and analyzed.The issue that,whether the native civilization of the Chinese is unable to adapt to the great changes of the society,is discussed.
Cigarette use among Arab Americans in the Detroit metropolitan area.

Abstract Use of cigarette tobacco by large proportions of the population of Middle Eastern countries has been reported; however, little is known about smoking behavior in one of America's fastest growing minorities, the Arab Americans. The purpose of this study was to examine cigarette smoking behavior of 237 randomly selected Arab American adults from a telephone listing in the Detroit area. Participants lived in the geographic Arab American community and identified with a Middle Eastern cultural heritage. Nurses, who spoke both English and Arabic, interviewed one adult family member using the 59-item self-report from the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Survey developed by Rice. Mean age of respondents was 40.4 years, 97 percent had been born in the Middle East, and 67 percent had been living in the United States 15 years or less. Current smokers rate was 38.9 percent, former smokers rate was 11.1 percent, never smokers rate was 50 percent, and the quit ratio (proportion of ever smokers who are former smokers) was 22.2 percent. Fifty-four percent of the current smokers were between 25 and 34 years of age; fewer women than men were former smokers, and the highest proportion of current smokers were Lebanese. Subjects who had smoked for the longest time were the least well educated. Arab Americans in this sample had a higher smoking rate, a lower quitting rate, and a much lower quit ratio when compared with national and State of Michigan data. With the growing numbers of Middle Eastern immigrants, there is potential for a dramatic increase in smoking-related health problems.
Light and electron microscopic investigation of equine synovial membrane. A comparison between healthy joints and joints with intraarticular fractures and osteochondrosis dissecans.

Light and electron microscopic examination was made on equine synovial membrane from 23 healthy joints, nine joints with synovitis caused by intraarticular fracture and 10 joints with synovitis caused by osteochondrosis dissecans. Histologically as well as ultrastructurally the equine synovial membrane from healthy joints was of principally the same character as described in other species. Three types of synovial membrane — areolar, fibrous and adipose — and two types of lining cell were distinguished histologically. Ultrastructurally three types of lining cells were distinguished: A and Β type and an intermediate cell type. In healthy joints they were loosely arranged, parallel to the joint surface in an intercellular matrix, which was in direct continuity with the joint space. In joints with intraarticular fracture there was mild inflammation of the synovial membrane. There was elongation and hyperplasia of the lining cells with a relative increase in type A cells. The cell surface of lining cells was increased through filopodia. There was also an increase in cytoplasmic organelles i.e. hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes in Β type cells and an increase in lysosomes, and increased numbers of vesicles of varying types in A cells. In joints with osteochondrosis dissecans the lining cell hyperplasia and the inflammation in the synovial membrane were more prominent. Ultrastructurally the same alterations as in the previous group were seen including a relative increase in the number of A cells but degenerative changes were common in the lining cells. These changes were dilatation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial condensation, dilatation of the nuclear envelope and loss of plasma membranes, leading to disintegration of cells.
Passive component loss minimization for interleaved dc-dc boost converters in electric vehicle applications

This paper presents an inductor loss minimization method for interleaved boost converters in electric vehicle applications. Equivalent circuits are presented to analyze the steady state working conditions of the inductors in interleaving topology with and without coupled inductors. With the proposed equivalent circuits, inductor working conditions can be predicted for both boost inductors and coupled inductors with provided converter steady state working conditions. Based on the predicted inductor working conditions, inductor loss modeling is presented in details considering DC and AC winding loss modeling and core loss prediction with improved generalized Steinmetz equation. Passive component loss minimization method is presented to explore the optimized coupled inductance for total inductor loss minimization. By controlling the inductance of the coupled inductor added to the circuit, the loss distribution can be controlled between boost inductors and coupled inductors, with proper coupled inductance, the total passive component loss can be minimized. Experimental verification is conducted based on a 1 kW interleaved dc-dc boost converter. Inductor loss is measured with different combinations of coupled inductor values and boost inductor values, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed inductor loss minimization method.
Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Invasive Aspergillus (IA) sinusitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, but it is uncommon in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To gain a better understanding of the characteristics of IA sinusitis in this population, we present a unique case of chronic IA sinusitis in an HIV-infected patient taking antiretroviral therapy and review the literature summarizing published cases of invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal (n = 41) and mastoid (n = 17) sinuses in HIV-infected individuals. Among these cases, only 4 were reported after 1999, and 98% of patients had acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Orbital invasion occurred in 54% of paranasal sinus cases, whereas intracranial invasion was reported in 53% of mastoid sinus cases. The overall mortality was 79%. We also discuss various clinical and immunologic factors that may play a role in the development of IA and consider the changing epidemiology of aspergillosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
The Dual Role of Lipids of the Lipoproteins in Trumenba, a Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine Against Meningococcal Meningitis B Disease

Trumenba (bivalent rLP2086) is a vaccine licensed for the prevention of meningococcal meningitis disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NmB) in individuals 10-25 years of age in the USA. The vaccine is composed of two factor H binding protein (fHbp) variants that were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli as native lipoproteins: rLP2086-A05 and rLP2086-B01. The vaccine was shown to induce potent bactericidal antibodies against a broad range of NmB isolates expressing fHbp that were different in sequence from the fHbp vaccine antigens. Here, we describe the characterization of the vaccine antigens including the elucidation of their structure which is characterized by two distinct motifs, the polypeptide domain and the N-terminal lipid moiety. In the vaccine formulation, the lipoproteins self-associate to form micelles driven by the hydrophobicity of the lipids and limited by the size of the folded polypeptides. The micelles help to increase the structural stability of the lipoproteins in the absence of bacterial cell walls. Analysis of the lipoproteins in Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation assays revealed their TLR2 agonist activity. This activity was lost with removal of the O-linked fatty acids, similar to removal of all lipids, demonstrating that this moiety plays an adjuvant role in immune activation. The thorough understanding of the structure and function of each moiety of the lipoproteins, as well as their relationship, lays the foundation for identifying critical parameters to guide vaccine development and manufacture.
Hemodynamic Support With a Microaxial Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device (Impella) Protects Against Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Rationale:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly in those with severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. The impact o...
Putting the J into the TRC: Kenya's Truth Commission

This article explores the influence of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the creation and operation of the Kenyan Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission. Notwithstanding its contested legacy within South Africa, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission has generally been viewed throughout the rest of the world as an unqualified success. Many countries forced to grapple with a history of gross violations of human rights often consider “the South African option” as a positive model for their own efforts to further accountability and national unity. Oftentimes those looking to and recommending “the South African option” have very little understanding of what the South African TRC was, what it did, and, perhaps most importantly, to what extent and why it succeeded or failed. This has resulted in a number of countries adopting what they describe as a South African-style truth commission to address their own conflicted past. Such efforts have invariably been limited in their success. This is a brief summary of the influence of the legacy of the South African Commission on the truth commission that operated in Kenya from 2009 to 2013. Four influences are discussed: the explicit reference to Justice; the inclusion of socio-economic rights; the inclusion of women; and the provisions for amnesty. The legacy is mixed – the creators of the Kenyan commission learned from some of the mistakes of the South African commission and thus made some improvements; but they also adopted (or at least attempted to adopt) some of the more controversial aspects of the South African commission under the mistaken belief that such provisions were crucial to the perceived success of the South African commission, and thus would ensure the success of the Kenyan Commission.
Simulating Chemical Kinetics Without Differential Equations: A Quantitative Theory Based on Chemical Pathways.

A new approach is presented for simulating the time-evolution of chemically reactive systems. This method provides an alternative to conventional modeling of mass-action kinetics that involves solving differential equations for the species concentrations. The method presented here avoids the need to solve the rate equations by switching to a representation based on chemical pathways. In the Sum Over Histories Representation (or SOHR) method, any time-dependent kinetic observable, such as concentration, is written as a linear combination of probabilities for chemical pathways leading to a desired outcome. In this work, an iterative method is introduced that allows the time-dependent pathway probabilities to be generated from a knowledge of the elementary rate coefficients, thus avoiding the pitfalls involved in solving the differential equations of kinetics. The method is successfully applied to the model Lotka–Volterra system and to a realistic H2 combustion model.
CD28 induces mitochondrial respiration through Slp-76 in Long-Lived Plasma Cells for ROS-dependent survival.

Sustained humoral immunity is dependent upon bone marrow (BM) resident long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). We have shown that CD28 signaling in LLPCs is necessary for their survival and antibody production; however, the mechanistic basis for this is unclear. In T cells, CD28 induces glycolysis at the expense of mitochondrial respiration. To our great surprise, CD28 induces mitochondrial respiration and increases the spare respiratory capacity in LLPCs, but not in short lived plasma cells (SLPCs), through Slp-76. While not affecting glycolysis, CD28 does increase the glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve specifically in LLPCs. Paradoxically, the mitochondrial respiration dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is required for CD28 mediated survival. Mechanistically, ROS dependent activation of NFkB drives Irf4 expression, which itself upregulates myc, both of which have been described as central regulators of metabolism in T cells. In addition, CD28 drives myc-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in LLPCs, thereby sustaining mitochondrial respiration-dependent ROS. This leads to a self-reinforcing model wherein CD28 induces mitochondrial respiration for ROS-dependent activation of Irf4 and myc, which then drive further mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced metabolic fitness for LLPC survival. Our work suggests that CD28, by increasing metabolic fitness, may provide a qualitatively distinct program of longevity that allows greater competitive advantage for survival in the BM microenvironment. CD28 may therefore regulate LLPC induction, survival, and function, making it an attractive target for the augmentation of vaccine design as well as in the alleviation of antibody mediated autoimmunity.
Case 250: Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome.

It is important to recognize Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome to avoid administering medications that can predispose a patient to liver failure, particularly since liver transplantation is not appropriate in such a patient.
Stretchable and Hydrophobic Electrochromic Devices Using Wrinkled Graphene and PEDOT:PSS

We present an electrochromic device (ECD) fabricated using PEDOT:PSS and graphene as active conductive electrode films and a flexible compliant polyurethane substrate with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI-TSFI) additive, as ionic medium. This device with a docile, elastic intermediate substrate along with a transparency controlled PEDOT:PSS film provides a wide color contrast and fast switching rate. We harness wrinkling instability of graphene to achieve a hydrophobic nature without compromising transparency of the ECD. This mechanical self-assembly approach helps in controlling the wavelength of wrinkles generated by inducing measured prestrain conditions and regulating the modulus contrast by selection of underlying materials used, hereby controlling the extent of transparency. The reduction and oxidation switching times for the device were analyzed to be 5.76 s and 5.34 s for a 90% transmittance change at an operating DC voltage of 15 ± 0.1 V. Strain dependent studies show that the performance was robust with the device retaining switching contrasts even at 15% uniaxial strain conditions. Our device also exhibits superior antiwetting properties with an average water contact angle of 110° ± 2° at an induced radial prestrain of 30% in the graphene film. A wide range color contrast, flexibility, and antiwetting nature of the device envision its uses in smart windows, visors, and other wearable equipment where these functionalities are of outmost importance for developing new generation of smart interactive devices.
Decline of the Great Unity

The Confucian Great Unity (datong) of ruler-Confucians-people is a sacred power similar to the God-King-Nation unity in Western Christian culture, and today it is undergoing its own secularization. This chapter considers each part of the Great Unity in its process of weakening: the Communist Party is transforming from charismatic to technocratic authority; Chinese intellectuals are increasingly functioning as mere professionals; and the common people strike out on their own in a brave new world of individualism. The result is that the ideal of Great Unity is beginning to decline, and it is uncertain if Confucianism can survive this deflation of its highest ideal.
The Convent of the Infirmed: Teresa de Cartagena's Religious Model of Disability

This article presents common medieval constructions of disability: disability as connected to moral failing, as part of systems of charity, and as a test that produces virtue. Teresa de Cartagena, ...
Pediatric subarachnoid haemorrhage

Pediatric subarachnoid haemorrhage is an uncommon clinical etiology but one with profound and potentially devastating consequences. Trauma is the most common culprit followed by aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and tumors. This paper presents an overview of this clinical entity and discusses in detail these underlying causes and their respective treatments to aid the practitioner in the diagnosis and management of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the pediatric population.
Diagonalization of 1-D Differential Operators With Piecewise Constant Coefficients Using the Uncertainty Principle

Abstract A highly accurate and efficient numerical method is presented for computing the solution of a 1-D time-dependent partial differential equation in which the spatial differential operator features a piecewise constant coefficient defined on n pieces, in either self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint form, on a finite interval with periodic boundary conditions. The Uncertainty Principle is used to estimate the eigenvalues of the operator. Then, these estimates are used to construct a basis of eigenfunctions for use with a spectral method. The solution is presented as a truncated eigenfunction expansion, where each eigenfunction is a wave function that changes frequencies at the interfaces between different materials. Numerical experiments demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and scalability of the method in comparison to other methods.
Playing Smart: On Games, Intelligence, and Artificial Intelligence

A new vision of the future of games and game design, enabled by AI.Can games measure intelligence? How will artificial intelligence inform games of the future? In Playing Smart, Julian Togelius explores the connections between games and intelligence to offer a new vision of future games and game design. Video games already depend on AI. We use games to test AI algorithms, challenge our thinking, and better understand both natural and artificial intelligence. In the future, Togelius argues, game designers will be able to create smarter games that make us smarter in turn, applying advanced AI to help design games. In this book, he tells us how.Games are the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. In 1948, Alan Turing, one of the founding fathers of computer science and artificial intelligence, handwrote a program for chess. Today we have IBM's Deep Blue and DeepMind's AlphaGo, and huge efforts go into developing AI that can play such arcade games as Pac-Man. Programmers continue to use games to test and develop AI, creating new benchmarks for AI while also challenging human assumptions and cognitive abilities. Game design is at heart a cognitive science, Togelius reminds us?when we play or design a game, we plan, think spatially, make predictions, move, and assess ourselves and our performance. By studying how we play and design games, Togelius writes, we can better understand how humans and machines think. AI can do more for game design than providing a skillful opponent. We can harness it to build game-playing and game-designing AI agents, enabling a new generation of AI-augmented games. With AI, we can explore new frontiers in learning and play.
Combination of ERK and autophagy inhibition as a treatment approach for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by KRAS- and autophagy-dependent tumorigenic growth, but the role of KRAS in supporting autophagy has not been established. We show that, to our surprise, suppression of KRAS increased autophagic flux, as did pharmacological inhibition of its effector ERK MAPK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that either KRAS suppression or ERK inhibition decreased both glycolytic and mitochondrial functions. We speculated that ERK inhibition might thus enhance PDAC dependence on autophagy, in part by impairing other KRAS- or ERK-driven metabolic processes. Accordingly, we found that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of specific autophagy regulators synergistically enhanced the ability of ERK inhibitors to mediate antitumor activity in KRAS-driven PDAC. We conclude that combinations of pharmacologic inhibitors that concurrently block both ERK MAPK and autophagic processes that are upregulated in response to ERK inhibition may be effective treatments for PDAC. Blockade of ERK signaling in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer increases the dependence on autophagic flux through different mechanisms and provides a rationale for combinatorial targeting with autophagy inhibitors.
AMELOBLASTIC fiBRO-ODONTOMA: A DISTINCT ENTITY

Background Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is a benign odontogenic tumor first described by Hooker in 1967. Its etiology and behavior have long been debated, as some investigators have proposed that AFO may represent a stage in development of an odontoma. For this reason, AFO was eliminated from the most recent Odontogenic and Maxillofacial Bone Tumor section of the World Health Organization (WHO) Head and Neck classification system. Occasional AFOs, however, have been found in patients older than the proposed age for odontoma completion (22 years) or present as large radiolucent lesions consisting mainly of the ameloblastic fibroma (AF) pattern with only foci of mineralized product formation. Herein, we present seven cases of AFO, all of which demonstrate particularly aggressive radiographic and/or histopathologic features and do not support the contention that all AFOs represent maturing odontomas. Materials and Methods An IRB-approved retrospective search of the oral pathology biopsy services at the Universities of Kentucky and Florida between January 1, 1975 and January 1, 2018 was completed. Cases with appropriate histopathological and radiographic documentation were selected. Results Seven patient cases were identified with ages 8, 8, 12, 16, 17, 27, and 29 years. Six cases were from the posterior mandible, and one was located in the posterior maxilla extending into the maxillary sinus close to the floor of the orbit. Only two of the cases have follow-up information, both of which demonstrate no evidence of tumor following conservative treatment. Conclusion Although the majority of cases diagnosed as AFO likely represent developing odontomas, we present seven cases in which the clinical, histopathologic, and/or radiographic features suggest that AFO should exist as a distinct entity and be treated similarly to an AF.
Strategic Attentive Writer for Learning Macro-Actions

We present a novel deep recurrent neural network architecture that learns to build implicit plans in an end-to-end manner purely by interacting with an environment in reinforcement learning setting. The network builds an internal plan, which is continuously updated upon observation of the next input from the environment. It can also partition this internal representation into contiguous sub-sequences by learning for how long the plan can be committed to -- i.e. followed without replaning. Combining these properties, the proposed model, dubbed STRategic Attentive Writer (STRAW) can learn high-level, temporally abstracted macro-actions of varying lengths that are solely learnt from data without any prior information. These macro-actions enable both structured exploration and economic computation. We experimentally demonstrate that STRAW delivers strong improvements on several ATARI games by employing temporally extended planning strategies (e.g. Ms. Pacman and Frostbite). It is at the same time a general algorithm that can be applied on any sequence data. To that end, we also show that when trained on text prediction task, STRAW naturally predicts frequent n-grams (instead of macro-actions), demonstrating the generality of the approach.
The case for CAR T-cell therapy in follicular lymphomas.

In this issue of Blood,Hirayama et al report high, sustained responses in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) follicular lymphoma (FL) treated with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–modified T cells.1 However, the variation in response, relative to patients with transformed FL (tFL), highlights the complexity of CAR T-cell therapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
A Network-Based Analysis of International Refugee Migration Patterns Using GERGMs

Understanding determinants of migration is central to anticipating and mitigating the adverse effects of large-scale human displacement. Traditional migration models quantify the influence of different factors on migration but fail to consider the interdependent nature of human displacement. In contrast, network models inherently take into account interdependencies in data, making them ideal for modeling relational phenomena such as migration. In this study, we apply one such model, a Generalized Exponential Random Graph Model (GERGM), to two different weighted-edge networks of international refugee migration from 2015, centered around Syria and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), respectively. The GERGM quantifies the influence of various factors on out-migration and in-migration within the networks, allowing us to determine which push and pull factors are largely at play. Our results indicate that both push factors and pull factors drive migration within the DRC network, while migration within the Syria network is predominately driven by push factors. We suspect the reason for this difference may lie in that the conflict in Syria is relatively recent, in contrast to the conflict in the DRC, which has been ongoing for almost two decades, allowing for the establishment of systematic migration channels, migration networks, and resettlement, all which are related to pull factors, throughout the years.
Aqueous alkaline electrolytes for dynamic windows based on reversible metal electrodeposition with improved durability

Dynamic windows, which have electronically tunable transmission, are desirable for buildings and automobiles due to their aesthetics and ability to reduce lighting, heating, and cooling energy costs. Reversible metal electrodeposition has recently emerged as a promising alternative to dynamic windows based on electrochromic materials. In this manuscript, we develop alkaline electrolytes that facilitate the reversible electrodeposition of Bi and Cu. Through spectroelectrochemical measurements, we determined that a chelating ligand can be used to design optically reversible devices that exhibit sufficient Bi3+ solubility in alkaline media. Unlike previously studied acidic Bi–Cu electrolytes, these alkaline electrolytes do not degrade the tin-doped indium oxide transparent conductors typically used in dynamic windows. As a result, we demonstrate that practical two-electrode 25 cm2 dynamic windows with these alkaline electrolytes exhibit superior durability to those containing acidic electrolytes. These results are important for the advancement of robust reversible metal electrodeposition technologies.
Partial and total replacement of fish oil with fatty acid ethyl esters in the starter diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are a potential alternative to fish oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish feeds. This investigation examined the growth performance, lipid composition, and intestinal and liver histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed experimental starter diets with graded levels of FAEE and fish oil. Five experimental diets were formulated with 20% total lipid content and 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement of Alaskan Pollock oil with FAEE oil, and they were formulated with analogous fatty acid levels. The five diets used defatted fish meal as the primary protein source, and a sixth diet was included that used full-fat fish meal and extracted fish oil. Triplicate groups of rainbow trout (144 ± 20 mg initial weight) were fed experimental diets for 62 days on a restricted feeding regime (4–5.5% biomass/day). The group fed the full-fat fish meal diet had faster growth and a lower feed conversion ratio than the defatted fish meal diet groups after 31 and 62 days of feeding. The growth rate and feed conversion ratios of fish were significantly different between the FAEE-containing diet groups in the first 31 days of feeding, but were not significant from 32 to 62 days of feeding. Fatty acid analysis showed similarity between the fatty acid profiles in experimental diets and in fish muscle and liver tissues at the end of the experiment (all groups mean weight ~3.6 g/fish). Satiation feed intake for a single day was measured at 31 days of feeding, and feed intake was higher in the 100% FAEE diet than the control (8.3 ± 1.1% vs 6.4 ± 0.3% daily satiation ratio). This result suggests that FAEE has a positive effect on voluntary feed intake. Histological analysis of posterior intestine enterocytes and hepatocytes showed a significant reduction in lipid vacuole size in the 100% FAEE group, relative to the defatted and full-fat fish meal control groups. These results suggest that rainbow trout had utilized diet with ≥50% FAEE less efficiently in the first feeding phase, likely due to reduced fatty acid absorption, but that these trends were diminished as fish grew to a larger size.
What Can We Learn from Parents of Caries-Free and Caries-Active Hispanic Children?

Objective:This study evaluated strength-based motivators within Hispanic families that support the creation of health in their children. A mixed-methods approach was used to understand differences ...
“It would be for the best to suspend publication”: The German–American Press and Anti-German Hysteria During World War I

During World War I, the German-American press became a lightning rod for anti-German sentiment. New rules required German-language papers to supply English translations, and many publications faced...
Shaping youths' perceptions and attitudes toward the police: Differences in direct and vicarious encounters with police

Abstract Purpose Considerable research has examined public attitudes toward the police. Yet, little is known about the effects of direct and vicarious police stops upon youths' attitudes and perceptions of police. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the relationship between direct and vicarious police stops and urban youths' attitudes of and perceptions toward police officers. Methods Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (FFCWS), linear and ordered logistic regressions were used to examine the relationship between police stops and urban youths' perceptions of and attitudes toward police officers. Results Findings indicate that direct and vicarious police stops are associated with lower levels of respect and confidence in the police. We also found that direct and vicarious police stops have a positive relationship with perceptions of procedural justice. However, the positive effect of police stops on procedural justice is mitigated by the level of police intrusiveness during such stops. Conclusions While our findings on respect and confidence suggest that direct and vicarious police stops are catalysts of negative attitude formation, we also show that direct and vicarious stops play an important role in curbing negative sentiments of police injustice.
Fine-grained, spatiotemporal datasets measuring 200 years of land development in the United States

Abstract. The collection, processing, and analysis of remote sensing data since the early 1970s has rapidly improved our understanding of change on the Earth's surface. While satellite-based Earth observation has proven to be of vast scientific value, these data are typically confined to recent decades of observation and often lack important thematic detail. Here, we advance in this arena by constructing new spatially explicit settlement data for the United States that extend back to the early 19th century and are consistently enumerated at fine spatial and temporal granularity (i.e. 250 m spatial and 5-year temporal resolution). We create these time series using a large, novel building-stock database to extract and map retrospective, fine-grained spatial distributions of built-up properties in the conterminous United States from 1810 to 2015. From our data extraction, we analyse and publish a series of gridded geospatial datasets that enable novel retrospective historical analysis of the built environment at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The datasets are part of the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for the United States ( https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/hisdacus , last access: 25 January 2021) and are available at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YSWMDR ( Uhl and Leyk , 2020 a ) , https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/SJ213V ( Uhl and Leyk , 2020 b ) , and https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/J6CYUJ ( Uhl and Leyk , 2020 c ) .
Detecting Change in the Number of Modes for Circular Data

In this paper, we investigate change-point problems for the number of modes in circular data. We use a mixture of two circular normal distributions to model the observed data. Tests for detecting the presence of change-point are derived using the generalized likelihood-ratio method. Asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are obtained. Results of some simulation studies are also presented.
Systematic review: hepatitis C viraemic allografts to hepatitis C-negative recipients in solid organ transplantation

Background Given the success of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in treating hepatitis C (HCV), interest is growing in utilizing solid organs from allografts with active HCV to expand donor availability. Aim To review post-transplant outcomes and patient survival in HCV-negative recipients receiving solid organ transplants (SOT) from viraemic, that is, HCV+/NAT+ (nucleic acid testing) allografts. Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed and EMBASE from 01/01/2007 to 4/17/2021 for articles matching eligibility criteria. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts. Disagreements were solved by a third independent reviewer. Methodological quality assessment was done using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Data synthesis was done qualitatively using median, ranges and percentages. Results Thirty-five studies were included (or 852 SOTs): 343 kidney, 233 heart, 204 liver, and 72 lung transplants from viraemic allografts. Of the recipients eligible for sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12) calculation, 100% achieved cure from HCV. No deaths/graft failures were reported to be related to HCV transmission. Seven SOT recipients had viral relapse, with all seven patients treated successfully. Four patients developed fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis with complete resolution post-treatment. Conclusions Transplanting viraemic organs into uninfected individuals can become the standard of care for patients who do not have contraindications to DAAs.
What to do when there is nothing to do: the ecology of Jamaican intertidal Littorinidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in repose

The littorine gastropods Cenchritis muricatus, Nodilittorina mespillum, N. angustior, N. dilatata, N. riisei, N. ziczac and Tectarius antonii from a natural limestone platform on the north coast of Jamaica were evaluated according to several ecological parameters in an effort to define their respective niches on this shore. Distributions along transects perpendicular to the shore demonstrated that distance from the sea is one, albeit not always consistent, ecological criterion which serves to delineate these species. N. riisei generally occupies that region of the shore frequently wetted by wave splash, N. mespillum is usually found within frequently refreshed tidepools and C. muricatus always occupies the highest regions of the shore most distant from the sea. There is, however, considerable overlap between these and other species and, along much of the rock platform, N. angustior, N. dilatata, T. antonii and C. muricatus are sympatric. N. dilatata has the broadest range on this low profile limestone platform. A comparison of body temperatures and substratum temperatures taken from adjacent rock surfaces revealed that the body temperatures of T. antonii generally reflect that of the ambient environment. On the other hand, C. muricatus, N. dilatata, N. riisei and N. angustior seem to thermoregulate, maintaining body temperatures above ambient at temperatures below 29 °C and below ambient at temperatures above 33 °C. Data were also compiled for most species with respect to resting posture (whether hanging suspended or resting aperture-down), resting site (whether within the shelter of a crevice or upon an exposed rock surface), shell orientation and the relative frequency (presence or absence) of a mucous holdfast. Size-frequency analyses indicate that N. riisei and N. angustior re-populate the shore from the meroplankton at least sometime between January and March.
Special session 12B: Panel: IOT - Reliable? Secure? Or death by a billion cuts?

The era of Internet-Of-Things, or IOT - ubiquitous connected components, shared across an intelligent communication medium, and analyzed by massive storage and analysis “clouds” - has begun. With development of deep integration and sensor technologies, very high speed network connectivity, and huge server farms that can provide 24×7 service, the ability to monitor, process and optimize our work and personal life is at our door step.
Sharper bounds for the zeros of polynomials

In this paper, new upper bounds for the magnitudes of the zeros of polynomials are developed. These bounds are derived from the Cauchy classical bound applied to a new polynomial having zeros with magnitudes that are powers of those of the original polynomial. Lower and upper bounds for the minimum and maximum zeros of real polynomials with real zeros are also developed. Additionally, we derive Kantorovich like inequalities which are used to derive bounds for the condition number and for the eigen spread of real symmetric matrices. The proposed bounds are tested and compared with many existing bounds using several examples.
Molecular Gas in Spiral Galaxies

Our current knowledge of the distribution and total mass of molecular gas in galaxies comes almost exclusively from surveys carried out with filled-aperture millimeter radio telescopes in the λ2.6 mm line of the 12CO molecule; an excellent example is the comprehensive FCRAO survey by Young et al. (1995). The measurement actually made is the surface brightness of the 12CO(1-0) line emission, diluted by the beam of the radio telescope, from which the beam-smoothed and velocity-integrated line intensity ICO is obtained in units of K km s−1. In order to obtain the average column density of H2, it has been customary for many years to simply multiply the observed CO intensity by a constant factor, the so-called “X-factor”. This has led to our present “conventional” view of the distribution and total content of molecular gas in galaxy disks, and to many papers on the variations of the rate and efficiency of star formation in these disks. However, over the past few years evidence has been accumulating that the X-factor is neither constant with position in a given galaxy, nor is it the same from one galaxy to another. A radial gradient of more than a factor of 10 has been reported in our Galaxy, and the values of X for the central regions of starburst galaxies differ by as much as two orders of magnitude from the X for dust clouds in the inner disk of M31.
Quantum evolution as a nonlinear Markov process

Based upon the Madelung version of the Schrodinger equation, quantum evolution in real space is interpreted as a nonlinear Markov process in which the future state depends upon the present state and the present probability distribution. Prom this viewpoint, the concepts of nonlocality and entanglement are discussed. The concept of hidden statistics is introduced as an alternative way to formulate and interpret quantum formalism as well as to solve the Schrodinger equation. The problem of incompleteness of the Schrodinger description as well as physical meaning of the quantum potential is discussed.
Nuclear export of histone deacetylase 7 during thymic selection is required for immune self-tolerance

Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is a T-cell receptor (TCR) signal-dependent regulator of differentiation that is highly expressed in CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Here, we examine the effect of blocking TCR-dependent nuclear export of HDAC7 during thymic selection, through expression of a signal-resistant mutant of HDAC7 (HDAC7-ΔP) in thymocytes. We find that HDAC7-ΔP transgenic thymocytes exhibit a profound block in negative thymic selection, but can still undergo positive selection, resulting in the escape of autoreactive T cells into the periphery. Gene expression profiling reveals a comprehensive suppression of the negative selection-associated gene expression programme in DP thymocytes, associated with a defect in the activation of MAP kinase pathways by TCR signals. The consequence of this block in vivo is a lethal autoimmune syndrome involving the exocrine pancreas and other abdominal organs. These experiments establish a novel molecular model of autoimmunity and cast new light on the relationship between thymic selection and immune self-tolerance.
Protection via parasitism: Datura odors attract parasitoid flies, which inhibit Manduca larvae from feeding and growing but may not help plants

Insect carnivores frequently use olfactory cues from plants to find prey or hosts. For plants, the benefits of attracting parasitoids have been controversial, partly because parasitoids often do not kill their host insect immediately. Furthermore, most research has focused on the effects of solitary parasitoids on growth and feeding of hosts, even though many parasitoids are gregarious (multiple siblings inhabit the same host). Here, we examine how a gregarious parasitoid, the tachinid fly Drino rhoeo, uses olfactory cues from the host plant Datura wrightii to find the sphingid herbivore Manduca sexta, and how parasitism affects growth and feeding of host larvae. In behavioral trials using a Y-olfactometer, female flies were attracted to olfactory cues emitted by attacked plants and by cues emitted from the frass produced by larval Manduca sexta. M. sexta caterpillars that were parasitized by D. rhoeo grew to lower maximum weights, grew more slowly, and ate less of their host plant. We also present an analytical model to predict how tri-trophic interactions change with varying herbivory levels, parasitization rates and plant sizes. This model predicted that smaller plants gain a relatively greater benefit compared to large plants in attracting D. rhoeo. By assessing the behavior, the effects of host performance, and the variation in ecological parameters of the system, we can better understand the complex interactions between herbivorous insects, the plants they live on and the third trophic level members that attack them.
Comparison of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Optic Disc Imaging for Diagnosing Glaucoma in Patients Suspected of Having the Disease

Purpose To compare retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic disc topographic imaging for detection of optic nerve damage in patients suspected of having glaucoma. Design Observational cohort study. Participants A cohort of 82 patients suspected of having glaucoma based on the appearance of the optic nerve. Methods All patients were imaged using the GDx VCC scanning laser polarimeter and HRT (software version 3.0) confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. All patients had normal standard automated perimetry visual fields at the time of imaging and were classified based on history of documented stereophotographic evidence of progressive glaucomatous change in the appearance of the optic nerve occurring before the imaging sessions. Main Outcome Measures Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracies of GDx VCC and the HRT. Results Forty eyes with progressive glaucomatous optic nerve change were included in the glaucoma group, and 42 eyes without any evidence of progressive damage to the optic nerve followed untreated for an average time of 8.97±3.08 years were included in the normal group. The area under the ROC curve for the best parameter from GDx VCC (nerve fiber indicator [NFI]) was significantly larger than that of the best parameter from the HRT (rim volume) (0.83 vs. 0.70; P = 0.044). The NFI parameter also had a larger ROC curve area than that of the contour line–independent parameter glaucoma probability score (0.83 vs. 0.68; P = 0.023). Assuming borderline results as normal, the Moorfields regression analysis classification had a sensitivity of 48% for specificity of 69%. For a similar specificity (70%), the parameter NFI had a significantly larger sensitivity (83%) ( P = 0.003). Conclusions Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with GDx VCC had a superior performance versus topographic optic disc assessment with the HRT for detecting early damage in patients suspected of having glaucoma. For glaucoma diagnosis, these results suggest that GDx VCC may offer advantage over the HRT when these tests are combined with clinical examination of the optic nerve.
Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Albumin Metabolism

This paper describes the effects of 2 anabolic steroids on albumin turnover and balances of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Given parenterally in dosages sufficient to produce clear-cut increases in the metabolic balances, neither norethandrolone nor nandrolone produced any significant effects on independently measured synthesis or degradation of albumin. The decreased urinary excretion of urea responsible for the more positive nitrogen balances was accompanied by either no change or, more commonly, a fall in blood urea nitrogen, and therefore was not of primary renal origin. If, then, protein catabolism is defined in terms of its complete breakdown to urea, the action of the “anabolic” steroids may best be described as anticatabolic. It appears that, at some intermediate stage of protein breakdown, these steroids act to reduce further catabolism and/or to increase the synthesis of nonalbuminous protein. These findings are compatible with studies indicating that other steroids act at a ribosomal level...