cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive Acoustic Techniques in Fisheries Science : A Review and Prospectus

Abstract An extremely wide variety of fish taxa produce sound. Sound production behavior provides an opportunity to study various aspects of fish biology, such as spawning behavior and habitat selection, in a noninvasive manner. Passive acoustics is an active area of ichthyological research. However, fish bioacousticians have generally not published their research in the fisheries literature. Therefore, fisheries scientists may not be fully aware of progress being made in this field or of potential uses for passive acoustic techniques. In this paper, I discuss the evolutionary, physiological, and behavioral aspects of sound production by fishes; investigate the publication patterns of research on fish sound production; review the literature on the application of passive acoustic methods to fisheries research; and suggest ways of designing passive acoustic surveys to optimize the quantity and quality of information obtained. Passive acoustic methods can be an attractive alternative or supplement to traditi...
The88Sr(d, n∼p)88Sr reaction

The88Sr(d, n∼p)88Sr cross section has been measured at 170 ° for deuteron energies from 7.5 to 10.0 MeV, and the total88Sr(d, n∼p) cross section obtained. The total cross section is compared with results of coupled-channel Born approximation calculations using both empirical and shell-model-reaction-theory form factors to describe the decaying isobaric analog state. It is shown also that the new data and calculations are consistent with earlier88Sr(d, p)89Sr data.
Off-Axis Neutrino Scattering in Gamma-Ray Burst Central Engines

The search for an understanding of an energy source great enough to explain the gamma-ray burst (GRB) phenomenon has attracted much attention from the astrophysical community since its discovery. In this paper we extend the work of Asano and Fukuyama, and Salmonson and Wilson and analyze the off-axis contributions to the energy-momentum deposition rate (MDR) from the ν- collisions above a rotating black hole/thin accretion disk system. Our calculations are performed by imaging the accretion disk at a specified observer using the full geodesic equations and calculating the cumulative MDR from the scattering of all pairs of neutrinos and antineutrinos arriving at the observer. Our results shed light on the beaming efficiency of GRB models of this kind. Although we confirm Asano and Fukuyama's conjecture as to the constancy of the beaming for small angles away from the axis, we find that the dominant contribution to the MDR comes from near the surface of the disk with a tilt of approximately π/4 in the direction of the disk's rotation. We find that the MDR at large radii is directed outward in a conic section centered around the symmetry axis and is larger by a factor of 10-20 than the on-axis values. By including this off-axis disk source, we find a linear dependence of the MDR on the black hole angular momentum.
Improved method for in vitro assessment of dermal toxicity for volatile organic chemicals.

Abstract Cell culture methods are being developed to assess the dermal toxicity (irritancy and corrosion) of chemicals. These in vitro methods are being validated to categorize chemicals as irritating or non-irritating to humans. Currently, these cell culture tests are useful to assist in the ranking of chemicals for irritancy, but they are not useful for quantitative risk assessment for two reasons. First, for volatile chemicals the amount of chemical in the media that the cells are exposed to may decrease with exposure time. Also, effective concentrations such as EC50 and IC50 are reported as the concentrations in the media not the skin tissue/cells. We have developed an in vitro approach for dermal toxicity testing of volatile chemicals that avoids these problems. Using sealed vials lacking a headspace, dermal equivalents (dermal fibroblasts in a collagen matrix) were exposed to culture medium containing a test chemical (m-xylene) and compared to a traditional open well culture system. We found that about 90% of the m-xylene was lost from the open well plates and the viability was 4–6 times greater than in the closed system. Partition coefficients were measured and used to estimate the m-xylene concentration in the fibroblasts. The EC50 for m-xylene in the dermal equivalents was 833.13±35.33 μg m-xylene per gram of fibroblasts. This method will provide an effective approach to relate target cell chemical concentration to cellular responses. Based on this method, a biologically-based mathematical model could be used to determine an equivalent external dose for a specific toxic end point.
The Philosophical Foundations of Prescriptive Statements and Statistical Inference

From the perspectives of the philosophy of science and statistical inference, we discuss the challenges of making prescriptive statements in quantitative research articles. We first consider the prescriptive nature of educational research and argue that prescriptive statements are a necessity in educational research. The logic of deduction, abduction, and induction in philosophy of science are briefly reviewed, and the logic of prescriptive statement is specifically considered. The inductive nature of statistical inference is examined for both classical frequentist statistics and Bayesian statistics. To conclude our discussion, we recommend conducting replications and building “research programs” in educational research. We also make recommendations on what to write in the discussion section and what evidence is required to make an appropriate prescriptive statement.
The evolution of U.S. rail freight pricing in the post-deregulation era: revenues versus marginal costs for five commodity types

There have now been over three decades of experience with rate-making freedom for all modes of intercity freight transport in the United States. Most evidence suggests that regulatory change has been beneficial for the rail industry and its users. Despite evidence of positive impacts of regulatory reform of U.S. freight transport, there is limited evidence related to long-term pricing trends by commodity in the deregulated era. Moreover, U.S. shipper groups have called for increased regulation of U.S. railroads, citing increased rates and profits, and monopoly pricing to “captive shippers.” This study estimates U.S. railroad revenue-marginal cost ratios for seven different commodities between 1986 and 2008. Interestingly, we find no significant increase in revenue-cost margins for commodities thought to be “most captive” (coal and chemicals), while finding large increases for some commodities thought to be “non-captive.” These results may provide insight into the impacts of regulatory reform in other countries, where there are similar concerns of equitable pricing and financial viability. They suggest that a move toward a more market-based pricing system can enhance railroad viability without harming those with fewer transport options.
Concentrated entangled and semidilute entangled polystyrene solutions and the second normal stress difference

Abstract Steady shear flow values of the normal stress ratio ψ = −N 2 N 1 are compared for monodisperse polystyrene solutions in the concentrated entangled and semidilute entangled regimes. In both regimes, the zero shear rate limiting values are the same: ψ0 = 0.275 ± 0.005. Surprisingly, the molecular weight required for full entanglement (on the basis of ψ0) scales with concentration as C−1.5±0.1, rather than C−1 as commonly supposed. The value of ψ0 is insensitive to fractional free volume and to solvent affinity for polystyrene, even at semidilute concentrations. However, ψ depends on the shear rate, with shear-thinning behaviour in all solvents. Shear thinning of ψ has not been widely reported, probably because of the ‘edge fracture’ flow instability in rotational rheometers. In concentrated solutions or melts, edge fracture usually occurs before ψ shear thins by a significant amount.
Rapid onset of glacial conditions in the subarctic North Pacific region at 2.67 Ma: Clues to causality

North Pacific deep-sea sediments recovered by Ocean Drilling Leg 145 constrain the timing of the late Pliocene major intensification of Northern Hemisphere continental glaciation. A change in sediment character from nonglacial to glacial—specifically, abrupt increases in the amount of terrigenous clastic sediment and ice-rafted debris—occurred all across the North Pacific at about 2.67 Ma. This change occurred very rapidly, perhaps within 2000 yr, too quickly to be a direct response to either tectonic or orbital forcing. As the number and thickness of volcanic ash layers increased 10-fold at this same time, we suggest that rapid intensification of glaciation may be associated with the widespread episode of explosive volcanism that began then.
Relationship between metabolic syndrome and cognition in patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive impairments are common in schizophrenia. Both are associated with poor outcomes, which have received increasing medical and mental health attention. Whether MetS is associated with impaired cognitive functions in schizophrenia has not been thoroughly addressed. The aim of this study was to compare the association between patients with and without MetS and its contributing components with neurocognitive performance. We hypothesized that patients with MetS would be associated with more impaired cognitive performance. Methods 159 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, with available metabolic data were included in the study. Patients were classified as either having or not having MetS as defined by the NCEP Adult Panel-III criteria. All patients completed neurocognitive and metabolic tests. Results Of the 159 patients, 43.34% had MetS. Patients without the MetS performed significantly better on tests measuring processing speed (p = 0.050), attention/vigilance (p = 0.040), working memory (p = 0.041) and problem solving/reasoning (p = 0.050) compared with those with MetS. Patients with MetS showed significantly lower cognitive domain scores. After Bonferroni correction greater waist circumference was associated with lower scores on attention/vigilance (β = − 0.551; p ≤ .0083), HDL was positively associated with scores on attention/vigilance (β = 0.900, p ≤ .0083) and higher triglycerides were associated with lower scores on attention/vigilance (β = − 1.004, p ≤ .0083). Conclusions Schizophrenia patients with MetS showed significant cognitive impairments in three key cognitive domains. Aggressive medical treatment of the constituent components of MetS may provide the potential for important beneficial effects on patients' cognitive functioning.
Solvent extraction of metals with carboxylic acids — Theoretical analysis of extraction behaviour

Abstract This paper describes a new, theoretical method for analysing the behaviour of metals during solvent extraction with carboxylic acids. A general solvent extraction equation, which allows for extraction of partially hydrolyzed species, solvation of the metal within the carboxylate complex and polymerization of the organic species, is used: M ( OH ) (n−q)+ q + (n-q+m) p ( HR p = 1 x ( M ( OH ) q R n−q ·m HR ) x +(n−q) h + and a general expression for the distribution coefficient is derived, taking into account complexation of the metal in the aqueous phase by inorganic ligands. This general expression is then used to generate sets of theoretical log D/pH curves for different parameters in the extraction equation. For a given set of experimental log D/pH data, the most probable values of the different parameters are deduced by curve-matching. The equilibrium constant for extraction is then found from the position of the experimental curve. This direct approach readily reveals uncertainties arising from the interactive effect of some of the experimental parameters; in these cases alternative experimental techniques can be used to characterize the organic species, thereby improving the accuracy of the derived equilibrium constant. Examples of the technique are given for Fe(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II).
Apramycin recognition by the human ribosomal decoding site.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind specifically to the bacterial ribosomal decoding-site RNA and thereby interfere with fidelity but not efficiency of translation. Apramycin stands out among aminoglycosides for its mechanism of action which is based on blocking translocation and its ability to bind also to the eukaryotic decoding site despite differences in key residues required for apramycin recognition by the bacterial target. To elucidate molecular recognition of the eukaryotic decoding site by apramycin we have determined the crystal structure of an oligoribonucleotide containing the human sequence free and in complex with the antibiotic at 1.5 A resolution. The drug binds in the deep groove of the RNA which forms a continuously stacked helix comprising non-canonical C ● A and G
Optical analysis of electron micrographs of cytochrome oxidase membranes.

Abstract Optical analysis of electron micrographs of membranous cytochrome oxidase shows that the membrane lattice has the symmetry of the ppg two-dimensional space group. The unit cell size is 87A by 115 A. After optical filtering, some details of the particle structure can be seen.
PROTEIN THERMAL DENATURATION, SIDE-CHAIN MODELS, AND EVOLUTION : AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS AT A CONSERVED HELIX-HELIX INTERFACE

Random mutant libraries with substitutions at the interface between the N- and C-terminal helices of Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c were screened. All residue combinations that have been identified in naturally occurring cytochrome c sequences are found in the libraries. Mutants with these combinations are biologically functional. Enthalpies, heat capacities, and midpoint temperatures of denaturation are used to determine the entropy and Gibbs free energy of denaturation (delta GD) for the ferri form of the wild-type protein and 13 interface variants. Changes in delta GD cannot be allocated solely to enthalpic or entropic effects, but there is no evidence of enthalpy-entropy compensation. The lack of additivity of delta GD values for single versus multiple amino acid substitutions indicates that the helices interact thermodynamically. Changes in delta GD are not in accord with helix propensities, indicating that interactions between the helices and the rest of the protein outweigh helix propensity. Comparison of delta GD values for the interface variants and nearly 90 non-cytochrome c variants to side-chain model data leads to several conclusions. First, hydrocarbon side chains react to burial-like transfer from water to cyclohexane, but even weakly polar side chains respond differently. Second, despite octanol being a poor model for protein interiors, octanol-to-water transfer free energies are useful stability predictors for changing large hydrocarbon side chains to smaller ones. Third, unlike cyclohexane and octanol, the Dayhoff mutation matrix predicts stability changes for a variety of substitutions, even at interacting sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Association between medication supplies and healthcare costs in older adults from an urban healthcare system.

OBJECTIVES: The amount of medication dispensed to older adults for the treatment of chronic disease must be balanced carefully. Insufficient medication supplies lead to inadequate treatment of chronic disease, whereas excessive supplies represent wasted resources and the potential for toxicity. We used an electronic medical record system to determine the distribution of medications supplied to older urban adults and to examine the correlations of these distributions with healthcare costs and use. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using data acquired over 3 years (1994–1996). SETTING: A tax-supported urban public healthcare system consisting of a 300-bed hospital, an emergency department, and a network of community-based ambulatory care centers. PATIENTS: Patients were >60 years of age and had at least one prescription refill and at least two ambulatory visits or one hospitalization during the 3-year period. MEASUREMENTS: Focusing on 12 major categories of drugs used to treat chronic diseases, we determined the amounts and direct costs of these medications dispensed to older adult patients. Amounts of medications that were needed by patients to medicate themselves adequately were compared with the medication supply actually dispensed considering all sources of care (primary, emergency, and inpatient). We calculated the excess drug costs attributable to oversupply of medication (>120% of the amount needed) and the drug cost reduction caused by undersupply of medication (<80% of the amount needed). We also compared total healthcare use and costs for patients who had an over-supply, an undersupply, or an appropriate supply of their medications. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 4164 patients with a mean age of 71 ± 7 (SD) who received a mean of 3 ± 2 (SD) drugs for chronic conditions. There were 668 patients (16%) who received 120% of the supply needed. The total direct cost of targeted medications for 3 years was $1.96 million or, on average, $654,000 annually. During the 3-year period, patients receiving >120% of their needed medications had excess direct medication costs of $279,084 or $144 per patient, whereas patients receiving <80% of drugs needed had reduced medication costs of $423,438 or $634 per patient. Multivariable analyses revealed that both under- and over-supplies of medication were associated with a greater likelihood of emergency department visits and hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS: More than one-half of the older adults in our study have under- or over-supplies of medications for the treatment of their chronic diseases. Such inappropriate supplies of medications are associated with healthcare utilization and costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:760–768, 2000.
From CT scans of embedded Ivanovia to models using rapid prototyping

A limestone cube from Tunisia with embedded thalli of the Permian, coenocytic, cyathiform green alga, Ivanovia tebagaensis, was CT (computed tomography) scanned as a nondestructive method to study some of its morphological features. Two sets of scans were used to make three physical three-dimensional models of Ivanovia structures by rapid prototyping stereolithography or layer manufacturing: (1) an asexual reproductive bud using the initial medical CT scans; (2) a cyathiform thallus with an attached bud and a second cup fused to the bottom of the first; and (3) about ten per cent of the total rock volume. A set of high resolution scans was used to construct (2) and (3). Study of the models suggested new information on developmental stages of budding and the great extent of membrane connections.
New role of endocrine therapy in breast cancer.

The growth of specific breast cancers depends upon hormonal factors. This dependence has been demonstrated by the stimulation of growth by small doses of estrogenic hormone and regression of tumor‘ upon withdrawal of estrogens by oophorectomy, or with administration of large doses of estrogenic hormones. The many hormonal factors involved in breast cancer growth are reflected in the therapeutic regulatory concepts of ablative or administered hormonal therapies. Clinical investigations have developed patterns for successive use of the hormonal therapies, primarily depending on the observed responses to each therapy. About 40% of women with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer will benefit from hormonal therapies. The introduction of chemical therapies, especially combination chemotherapies with regression rates exceeding 65%, distracted physicians from employing hormonal therapies. With the realization that despite these high rates the cancer was not being cured, the hormonal therapies have gained attention again. This has been augmented by the effectiveness of the antiestrogenic agents and the role of estrogen receptor proteins (estrophilin) in designating those breast cancers most likely to respond to hormonal manipulations. The estrogen receptor assay results now provide an improved means for individualizing the selection of hormonal or chemical therapies of breast cancer.
Mapping of the Gene (NRAP) Encoding N-RAP in the Mouse and Human Genomes

N-RAP is a nebulin-related actin-binding protein found at the myotendon junction in skeletal muscle and at the intercalated disks in cardiac muscle. We mapped the NRAP gene to mouse chromosome 19 using interspecific crosses and to human chromosome 10 using radiation hybrid panels. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes indicates that the NRAP gene is located in regions of conserved synteny between the two species.
An NMDA antagonist (LY 235959) attenuates abstinence-induced withdrawal of planarians following acute exposure to a cannabinoid agonist (WIN 52212-2)

Abstract The mechanisms that facilitate the development and expression of cannabinoid physical dependence in humans and other mammals are poorly understood. The present experiments used a planarian model to provide evidence that pharmacological antagonism of NMDA receptors significantly attenuates the development of cannabinoid physical dependence. Abstinence-induced withdrawal from the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55212-2 (10 μM) was manifested as a significant (P 0.05, in pLMV). In addition, withdrawal was not observed (no significant difference, P > 0.05, in pLMV) in planarians that were co-exposed to a solution containing WIN 55212-2 (10 μM) and LY 235959 (10 μM). The present results reveal that NMDA receptor activation mediates the development of cannabinoid physical dependence and the expression of cannabinoid withdrawal in planarians.
The Experience-Earnings Profile: Productivity-Augmenting or Purely Contractual? Evidence from the UK

We test the human capital interpretation of the experience-earnings profile. Does the upward sloping portion of the experience-earnings profile reflect on-the-job training which in turn causes the experience-productivity profile to slope upwards, or do purely contractual factors determine the nature of life-cycle earnings. Herein, we provide additional evidence on the relationship between productivity and earnings by examining earnings differentials in the UK academic labor market for economists. Using a test first suggested by Mincer, we find that the empirical results are consistent with human capital theory. We find that, although the positive relationship between earnings and experience persists when individual productivity measures are included in the salary equations for lecturers and senior lecturers, the positive relationship becomes statistically insignificant when the same productivity measures are included in the salary equations for professors. For lecturers and senior lecturers, the experience-salary profile properly reflects the structure of the national pay scale rather than variations in individual research productivity. At the professor level, where individual salaries are not determined by a pay scale, the data support the human capital explanation of the positive experience-earnings profile.
Strongly adherent conductive heteropolymers

Abstract A number of “trimer” thiophenepyrrolethiophene monomers have been synthesized which allow incorporation of functionality at an N-alkyl group and which form semiconducting films upon electropolymerization. When the N-alkyl group is an alkanethiol, the resulting monomers attach strongly to gold or platinum surfaces and allow electropolymerization on the surface rather than precipitation after polymerization. Such polymerized films exhibit remarkable adherence to the metal surface, in contrast to unsubstituted monomers.
Anomalous crystallization behavior of strontium titanate aluminosilicate glass-ceramics

Abstract The crystallization of glasses with a nominal composition consisting of 65 wt% SrTiO 3 , 29 wt% SiO 2 , and 6 wt% Al 2 O 3 , were investigated. Two glass batches of this composition, prepared from different chemicals and similar processing conditions, resulted in glass-ceramics with very different crystalline phases. One glass batch resulted in glass-ceramics with perovskite SrTiO 3 as the primary crystalline phase, while the second glass batch resulted in glass-ceramics with fresnoite Sr 2 TiSi 2 O 8 as the primary crystalline phase. The different crystallization sequences of glass-ceramics of the two glass batches were traced to differences between the first phases to crystalline from each glass. The crystallization behavior of these glass-ceramics was further complicated by the presence of several unidentified phases.
JHK photometry of selected Trojan and Hilda asteroids

No entirely satisfactory match has been established between the present JHK photometry of selected Hilda and Trojan asteroids and photometry for both main belt asteroids and laboratory samples. It is noted that while the leading Trojans and Hildas exhibit similar and homogeneous JHK colors, the trailing Trojans appear to be more heterogeneous. Charcoal and magnetite provide the best match in terms of JHK colors.
The membrane protein ATPase class I type 8B member 1 signals through protein kinase C zeta to activate the farnesoid X receptor

Mutations in ATP8B1 (Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis 1, FIC1) lead to a spectrum of liver diseases (1–4). The more mild end of the spectrum of FIC1 disease is termed benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) (5), while the more severe disease is known as Byler disease or PFIC1 (6). The range of liver disease is presumed in large part to be related to the severity of the functional defect associated with the specific mutation in ATP8B1, although this has not been formally assessed (4). The liver disease may be accompanied by extrahepatic manifestations. These problems do not improve after liver transplantation; the diarrhea may worsen considerably and steatohepatitis may develop as a new problem after liver replacement (7). FIC1 is expressed broadly amongst tissues in the body, accounting in part for its varied extrahepatic manifestations (1, 8, 9). The precise function of FIC1 and the pathophysiology of its variable disease manifestations are not well understood. Nucleotide homology analysis suggests that FIC1 could be a phospholipid flippase, potentially transferring aminophospholipids from the outer to inner hemi-leaflet of the lipid bilayer (1, 10). A chinese hamster ovary cell line that lacks FIC1 has impaired lipid transport capacity (8, 11). Expression of FIC1 in this cell line enhances phosphatidylserine transport (8, 12). Analysis of a limited number of human ileal tissue samples suggested that FIC1 might signal through the Farnesoid X-Receptor (FXR) (13). Confirmation of these findings using human liver tissue has been controversial and problematic due to the limited number of samples analyzed and the potential effects of the intrinsic liver disease on gene expression (14, 15). In vitro studies revealed that nuclear localization of FXR was diminished when FIC1 was knocked-down (13). Overexpression of FXR after FIC1 silencing did not rescue the effect, suggesting that post-transcriptional regulation was operative. FXR plays a key role in a variety of biologically important processes (16–23). FXR-mediated transcriptional effects are of fundamental relevance in bile acid homeostasis including regulation of ileal bile acid uptake by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and canalicular bile acid excretion via the bile salt excretory pump (BSEP) (24–29). The following studies were performed using a gain-of-function model to further assess the potential role that FIC1 may play in modifying FXR function.
γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase and l-Cysteine Regulate Methylmercury Uptake by HepG2 Cells, a Human Hepatoma Cell Line

Abstract Mechanisms of methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (Hg) uptake were examined in HepG2 cells, a human hepatoma-derived cell line. MeHg uptake was faster when it was present as the l -cysteine complex, as compared to the glutathione (GSH), CysGly, γ-GluCys, d -cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, l -penicillamine, or albumin complexes. Uptake of MeHg- l -cysteine was independent of Na+, stereoselective, and was inhibited by the amino acid transport system l substrates l -leucine, l -valine, and l -phenylalanine (5 mM). Moreover, [3H] l -leucine uptake was inhibited by MeHg- l -cysteine, suggesting that MeHg- l -cysteine is transported into HepG2 cells by an l -type amino acid carrier. Uptake of MeHg as the GSH complex (MeHg-SG) was dependent on the extracellular GSH concentration, and was diminished when cellular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was inhibited. Inorganic mercury uptake was slower than that of MeHg, but was also sensitive to the type of thiol ligand present. These findings demonstrate that mercury uptake by HepG2 cells is dependent on the chemical structure of the mercury compound, the thiol ligand, and the activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase appears to play a key role in the disposition of MeHg-SG by facilitating the formation of MeHg- l -cysteine, which is readily transported into the cells on an amino acid-type carrier.
High school laboratory without lab handouts

This paper examines what happens when students are allowed to prepare their lab notebooks any way they like, but may not bring the lab manual into the room on the day of lab.
Ifosfamide with mesna in squamous carcinoma of the cervix: phase II results in patients with advanced or recurrent disease.

Twenty-four evaluable patients with recurrent or advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix were treated with ifosfamide (IFX) and mesna every 3 weeks. The initial dose of IFX was 1.5 g/m2 q.d. Days 1-5. Mesna was given by continuous infusion (1.5 g/m2/day Days 1-6). Seventy-four courses of treatment were given to 24 patients. All patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. The median survival was 26 weeks from initiation of chemotherapy. There were 4 complete responders (CR); there was 1 partial responder. The response rate was 20.8% (CI, 4-38%). One CR patient remains in clinical remission 30 months after initiation of therapy. The other 3 responders recurred after a disease-free interval of 8, 12, and 18 weeks. WBC below 3000/mm3 occurred in 19 patients and was life threatening (below 1000/mm3) in 5 patients. One patient had life-threatening hemorrhagic cystitis. Eleven patients developed CNS symptoms during treatment including somnolence, coma, and acute delirium.
Incorporating Realism into Senior Design

The senior design course at Purdue University involves all seniors in their last semester before graduation and is titled “Civil Engineering Design Project.” It is described in the catalog as “Planning, design, and analysis of a civil project; an integrated and realistic group project involving as much as possible all major aspects of the civil engineering profession.” This high enrollment course 30 to 100 students per semester has been taught since the early 1960s and there have been many approaches to teaching it. Involvement of practitioners has varied from nearly no involvement through nearly total responsibility for the course. The author has observed the teaching of this course for 15 years and has the lead responsibility for the course in the spring semester for the past 6 years. The article is based on a paper presented at the American Society of Engineering Education Conference Drnevich 2005a in June 2005 and at the 4th Global Colloquium on Engineering Education Drnevich 2005b in September 2005. It describes the course and approaches to teaching it and will summarize observations of what worked well and what did not work well. In this article, I will use much material from the paper, but look specifically how environmental issues are being addressed. Comments from the readers of this article are most welcome. The course continually evolves as we learn how to do things better.
“I'll Never Forget Those Cold Words as Long as I Live”: Parent Perceptions of Death Notification for Stillbirth

This qualitative study analyzed stillbirth notification messages recalled by parents who strongly agreed (n = 47) and strongly disagreed (n = 43) that the way news about the death of their infant was delivered negatively impacted their grieving process. Three message elements formed a core stillbirth notification experience (delay of news delivery; expression of sympathy; communication of death), and three additional message elements occurred in both data sets (communication regarding options; expression of uncertainty; exit of health care provider); however, the messages differed in form and frequency between the two groups. Three message elements reflected opposing experiences for the two groups (support of parent emotion; continuity of care; and information provision). Recommendations for stillbirth notification that emphasize acknowledging parent perceptions, clear language and information, empathetic communication, and continuity of care are given.
Diruthenium Complexes of Axial Ferrocenyl−Polyynyl Ligands: The Cases of C6Fc and C8Fc

Four Ru2(Y-DMBA)4(C2nFc)2 type compounds with n = 3, 4 and Y-DMBA = N,N’-dimethylbenzamidinate, N,N’-dimethyl-3-methoxybenzamidinate were prepared using a weak-base protocol and characterized using voltammetry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural studies yielded Fc−Fc (edge−edge) separations of 22.0 and 27.1 A for n = 3, 4, respectively. The potential differences between two Fc oxidation couples were determined via voltammetric studies as 0.24 and 0.22 V for n = 3, 4, respectively, implying the retention of strong interferrocene electronic couplings over extended distances.
Hindlimb muscle fiber types in two frogs (Rana catesbeiana and Litoria caerulea) with different locomotor behaviors: histochemical and enzymatic comparison.

To test how differences in locomotor behaviors may be reflected in muscle fiber-type diversity within anurans, a comparison of hindlimb muscles between the powerful terrestrial hopper, Rana catesbeiana, and the tree frog, Litoria caerulea, was done. One postural muscle (tibialis posticus, TP) and one primary hopping muscle (plantaris longus, PL), were characterized to identify muscle fiber types using standard histochemical methods. In addition, spectophotometric analysis of activity levels of the oxidative enzyme citrate synthase (CS) and the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were done in each muscle. In spite of presumed differences in behavior between the species, we found no significant differences in the proportions of the identified fiber types when the muscles were compared across species. In addition, there were no significant differences in the proportions of the different fiber types between the postural versus phasic muscles within species. Within Rana, the postural muscle (TP) had greater oxidative capacity (as measured by CS activity) than did the phasic muscle (PL). Both muscles had equivalent LDH activities. Within Litoria, PL and TP did not differ in either LDH or CS activities. Both PL and TP of Litoria had less LDH activity and greater CS activity than their homologs in Rana. Thus, in spite of the uniform populations of fiber types between muscles and species, the metabolic diversity based on enzyme activity is consistent with behavioral differences between the species. These results suggest that the range of functional diversity within fiber types may be very broad in anurans, and histochemical fiber typing alone is not a clear indicator of their metabolic or functional properties. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Group intake, brief therapy, and the use of expertise: evolving changes in intake procedure.

Abstract We have made changes in the intake procedure of a training-oriented psychiatric clinic. The changes are simple, and their simplicity belies the often felt personal inadequacy, frustration, and anger that germinated them. Too often in our clinic, a trainee confronted a patient that he felt he could not help. He listened to the patient, perhaps discussed his dynamics with a supervisor, and then, in a variety of ways, told the patient to move on. The person had been a teaching intake; but full schedules, the press of seminars, and an emphasis on long-term one-to-one psychotherapy combined to prevent him from becoming a patient. Having come to see a psychiatrist, he was in the end told to go and see a psychiatrist. Our frustration with this outcome was often met with the dictum “teaching and service do not mix.” In fact, neither seemed well served. Much has been written about the effect of the first interview hour on the ensuing course of psychotherapy. Less has been written about the extraneous but vital factors that occur prior to the first interview, are outside the patient's control, and strongly influence the therapeutic course he will take. These factors include community expectations of the psychiatric clinic, the type of psychotherapy trainees are encouraged to practice, and role modeling by supervisors. Several years ago, our clinic had gotten away from the child guidance model, with its lengthy and multi-disciplinary approach to intake and long waiting lists. We had evolved to hourly, supervised intakes with patients then becoming part of a trainees' individual practice, a practice for which he had various supervisors available to him. In this mode, long-term and one-to-one psychotherapy was emphasized to the partial exclusion of other therapeutic modalities, and a model supported that did not confront realistically the problems of providing more efficient and appropriate psychiatric care to the community. As a result of our growing and focused dissatisfactions, several of us experimented over a six month period with a variety of intake schemes. This paper reports ongoing changes in the intake aspect of our clinic that are making us more helpful to the community we serve.
Carbon dioxide evolution in runoff from simulated rainfall on long-term no-till and plowed soils in southwestern Ohio

Abstract Water erosion results in the mobilization and depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC), but studies providing direct experimental evidence of eroded C mineralization and its linkage to the global C cycle are lacking. A study was conducted to determine the mineralization of SOC in runoff from a southwestern Ohio Crosby soil (fine, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) that had been under no-till (NT), chisel till (CT) and moldboard plow (MP) for 38 years. To simulate present and future soil erosion conditions, the 0–3 and 5–8 cm soil layers from triplicate soil blocks extracted from each tillage practice were used. Soil layers were transferred to runoff trays and simulated rainfall (30±5 mm h −1 ) was applied for 1 h. Runoff was collected at 20, 40 and 60 min following initiation of rainfall event. Carbon dioxide production was monitored for 100 days in runoff samples incubated without and with N (0.15–0.20 g NH 4 -N kg −1 sediment) amendment to simulate situations where water erosion coincides with high soil mineral N availability. The data show that soil layer depth and time of runoff sampling had no significant effect on any of the parameters considered. Sediment delivery (g sediment m −2 h −1 ) was significantly lower in the NT (17.4) than in the other tillage (CT: 48.9, MP: 34.1) practices; it was inversely related to degree of soil aggregation and sediment C content. The average of C export ranged between 0.6 and 1.1 g C m −2 h −1 , and was highest in the CT soil. Mineralization of runoff C followed a first-order kinetics and proceeded at rates significantly higher in NT and N-amended runoff. Nearly half of the total runoff C mineralization recorded during the entire incubation occurred during the first 20 days suggesting that under field conditions, most of the erosion-induced CO 2 production will occur in the days immediately following rainfall events. Potentially mineralizable carbon ( C 0 ) in runoff was significantly greater with NT (13.5 g C kg −1 sediment) than with the other tillage practices, and was positively correlated with sediment C content ( R 2 =0.76) and cumulative C mineralized ( R 2 =0.77–0.97). The data presented showed that 29–35 and 33–46% of the C exported in runoff was mineralized in 100 days without and with N amendment, respectively. These results are the first quantitative evidence that a significant fraction of the SOC released through water erosion is mineralizable and, therefore represents an additional source of atmospheric CO 2 .
Effect of Glucose on the Expression Parameters of Recombinant Protein in Escherichia coli during Batch Growth in Complex Medium

The expression parameters were determined at different phases of batch growth of Escherichia coli JM101/pYEJ001 in complex medium and at different conditions of glucose addition. Thus the plasmid content, the RNA content, the RNA synthesis rate, the specific recombinant mRNA content, the specific recombinant mRNA synthesis rate, the recombinant chloramphenicol acetyltransferase content, and the overall protein synthesis rate were determined during growth with no glucose, with initial glucose, with glucose feeding during stationary phase, and with initial glucose plus glucose feeding during stationary phase. The results show that the specific rate of total RNA synthesis was enhanced in the presence of glucose at both exponential and stationary phases, while recombinant mRNA synthesis was enhanced only at stationary phase by glucose feeding. However, the steady-state level of the recombinant mRNA was not changed under the same conditions. In addition, although the overall protein synthesis rate at exponential phase was enhanced in the presence of glucose, the specific recombinant protein level was unaffected. The specific synthesis rate of recombinant mRNA varied inversely with the plasmid content during exponential and stationary phases. Furthermore, changes in the specific activity of the recombinant protein were not correlated with either the changes in the specific synthesis rate of the recombinant mRNA or the overall protein synthesis rate. Therefore, the specific activity of the recombinant protein is not universally limited by its gene transcription rate or the overall protein synthesis capacity.
Low-Overhead Control Channels in Wireless Networks

Low-latency, low-overhead and reliable control channels are essential to the efficient operation of wireless networks. However, control channels that utilize current in-band and out-of-band designs do not fully meet this requirement. In this paper, we design and implement Aileron, a novel control channel based on automatic modulation recognition that carries control frames over an OFDM(A) PHY by varying the modulation rate of the OFDM subcarriers. With Aileron, the control information is embedded into the modulation type , not as the actual symbol value. The thus-transmitted information can be received with little to no frame synchronization. We have evaluated Aileron using both extensive simulations and real-world measurements, and discovered that control frames can be transmitted with more than 80 percent accuracy using only 10 OFDM blocks on a channel with SNR of merely 10dB. In order to demonstrate its applicability and efficiency in realistic networking scenarios, we also show how Aileron can be used in conjunction with a fine-grained channel access protocol to increase throughput under heterogeneous link conditions.
Localization by a potential with slowly varying period.

In order to understand some discrepancies in the recent Letter of Griniasty and Fishman, a study has been made of localization by a one-dimensional potential with slowly varying period. Away from the band center, localization is produced by local regions in which the Bragg condition allows backward scattering, and the result agrees with that obtained from perturbation theory. The localization length increases as the band center is approached in a manner that cannot be obtained directly from perturbation theory. It is shown that rounding errors set an upper bound to the localization length that would be determined from numerical studies of such a problem.
Oxygen Liquefier Using a Mixed Gas Refrigeration Cycle

This paper presents the design, selection of equipment, testing, and analysis of a 2 TPD (76 kg/hr) prototype oxygen liquefier that employs a mixed gas refrigeration cycle. Small scale oxygen plants (30–60 TPD) based on VPSA systems (Vapor Pressure Swing Adsorption) periodically require liquid back-up to provide uninterrupted supply of O2 gas to customers during planned plant maintenance. Supply of liquid for back-up, especially to customers in remote locations, is expensive and difficult. Economically designed MGR liquefiers will fulfill this market need. The 2 TPD prototype O2 liquefier is based on the dual loop MGR Rankine cycle (see Figure 1). The forecooler loop provides refrigeration at the warm end (233K). R507 is used as a refrigerant for the forecooler in the warm end loop. The main refrigeration loop uses a mixture of R218, R14 and N2 . The main advantage of separating the refrigerants into two different loops is to avoid freezing of high boiling point refrigerants at liquid O2 temperatures in the main refrigeration loop. The process and mixture composition were optimized using the HYSYS process simulation package. Very useful insights were gained in terms of reducing the irreversibilities in the heat exchanger. Low cost innovative designs were adopted for the heat exchangers. For example: (1) plate-and-frame heat exchangers were successfully used for multiple gas streams, (ii) a spirally wound coiled heat exchanger was used to liquefy oxygen. Similarly, the compressors used in the forecooler and main cycle were low cost, off-the-shelf items used in conventional refrigeration systems. The liquefier unit was initially demonstrated and a liquid making capacity of 1.5 TPD at a unit power of 44 kW/TPD was achieved. Subsequent modifications to the heat exchangers resulted in meeting the design expectations at a unit power of 37 kW/TPD.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Classroom academic and social context: relationships among emergent literacy, behavioural functioning and teacher curriculum goals in kindergarten

The teaching beliefs and classroom practices of 54 kindergarten teachers were assessed using a Q‐sort measure. Cluster analysis of the Q‐sort responses revealed four instructional approaches that differed in their focus on literacy skills, social development and self‐esteem. In addition, measures of emergent literacy skills, classroom behaviour and peer relationships were obtained for 162 low‐income children attending these kindergarten classrooms. Children in classrooms emphasising emergent literacy skills demonstrated greater mastery of such skills than did children in classrooms emphasising social development. Moreover, literacy skill‐focused teachers also reported fewer disruptive behaviour and peer problems among these children. These findings highlight the importance of integrating an emphasis on emergent literacy development into kindergarten curricula for promoting literacy development among low‐income children, and also suggest that children’s rates of problem behaviour may vary under different c...
A Vector Development of the Fundamentals of Computational Geometry

Forrest has used the term computational geometry to indicate the mathematical areas associated with the presentation of two-, three-, and higher-dimensional constructs of computer graphics within the one-dimensional storage of computer memory. Traditionally, the form of representation has been homogeneous coordinates. Here, a vector approach is taken to the basic problems of representation and manipulation of geometric data. After defining a notation for a generalized representation for points in space, its relation to homogeneous coordinates is shown. The tree of the vector approach is developed for transformation, perspective and clipping.