cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of a serotonin receptor antagonist, 5-HTP-DP-hex, on spinal and thalamic nociceptive neurons in rats

The antinociceptive properties of a new synthetic dipeptide (N-hexanoyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl-5-hydroxytryptophan amide, or 5-HTP-DP-hex) were studied in rats by an electrophysiological method. After an i.p. injection of alpha-chloralose and urethane, the animals were prepared for stereotaxic approach to the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis of the thalamus. With tungsten microelectrodes, individual nociceptive neurons in the nucleus were identified by the sequence of spikes emitted in response to single-pulse stimulation of the sciatic nerve. In addition to the usual short-latency spikes, a nociceptive neuron fired late spikes at regular intervals within 500 ms following each stimulus. When the spikes were accumulated in poststimulus time histograms, the short-latency spikes compiled an intensity-related (I) peak. The late spikes formed modality-related (M) peaks with spacing characteristic of nociception. Intracarotid infusion of 5-HTP-DP-hex (1 mg/kg) elevated the delayed portion of the I peak and the first M peak. This effect was followed in 25 min by suppression of all M peaks. The control record could be reinstated at any time by 5-hydroxytryptophan (3.5 mg/kg), or by natural recovery in 2.5 h. Responses evoked from a thalamic nociceptive neuron by single-pulse stimulation of the spinothalamic tract were modified by 5-HTP-DP-hex in a similar manner, except that no elevation of the activity peaks was observed. As shown previously, elevation of the delayed I peak and M1 indicated an increased input of A-delta and C fibers, respectively. The increased input lowers the response threshold and may represent hyperalgesia. Suppression of the M peaks may result from altered function of the positive feedback loop in the nociceptive system at the thalamic level, and may represent analgesia. Naloxone, methysergide, as well as ketanserin had no significant effect on the response histograms. These findings suggested that 5-HTP-DP-hex, a known serotonin receptor antagonist, targeted its action on very specific receptors, and thus interfered with particular synaptic activity within the spinal cord and on the thalamic level.
Regulation of the degree of emptying of the left ventricle by the force of ventricular contraction.

Results are presented which indicate that left ventricular end-systolic volume is determined by the force-length relationship of the ventricular muscle at the end of systole. In other words the muscle continues to shorten until it meets a certain force the magnitude of which depends on the length of the musclc fibers at that time; when it meets this force it shortens no further. Since the end-systolic volume is an important determinant of stroke volume the suggestion is made that future studies should be directed toward measuring the effect of various influences on the force-length relationship and the modulus of elasticity of the end of systole in addition to studying the effects on the end-diastolic volume.
Social Discounting and Delay Discounting

Social discounting was measured as the amount of money a participant was willing to forgo to give a fixed amount (usually $75) to another person. In the first experiment, amount forgone was a hyperbolic function of the social distance between the giver and receiver. In the second experiment, degree of social discounting was an increasing function of reward magnitude whereas degree of delay discounting was a decreasing function of reward magnitude. In the third experiment, the shape of the function relating delayed rewards to equally valued immediate rewards for another person was predicted from individual delay and social discount functions. All in all, the studies show that the social discount function, like delay and probability discount functions, is hyperbolic in form. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic Analysis of the Mode of Antibacterial Action of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Against Cronobacter sakazakii 415

Abstract Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that contaminates powdered infant formula, causing a rare but life-threatening infection in neonates and infants. Contaminated powdered infant formula represents the only known source of infection in infants. We previously reported that trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), an ingredient in cinnamon, inactivated C. sakazakii in powdered infant formula. Although the antimicrobial properties of TC have been well established, only limited information is available on its antimicrobial mechanisms, especially at the molecular level. Therefore, we performed a proteomic analysis of the outer membrane and whole cell proteins from TC-treated C. sakazakii to investigate its potential antimicrobial mechanisms against C. sakazakii. The proteomic data revealed that TC exerts antimicrobial effects by several mechanisms, including disruption of carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, TC compromises motility, attachment, and invasion ability ...
Overexpression of Fas Ligand Does Not Confer Immune Privilege to a Pancreatic β Tumor Cell Line (βTC-3)

Background, Fas ligand (Fas-L) is thought to provide immune privilege to specific tissues and tumors by inducing an apoptotic signal of cytotoxic T cells expressing its Fas receptor. Purpose. The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether an immortalized insulin-secreting cell line (βTC-3) gains immune privilege by inducing overexpression of Fas-L. Methods. A lipofection technique was used to transfect a βTC-3 tumor cell line with a plasmid (pcDNA3.1/ Zeo) carrying the Fas-L gene and a zeocin resistance gene. Insertion of Fas-L into βTC was characterized by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the ability of transfectants (βTC-3/Fas-L) to induce apoptosis of Fas-sensitive T cells. Transfectants and control cells were tested for insulin secretion following which 1 × 10 6 insulin-secreting βTC-3 and βTC-3/Fas-L cells were subcutaneously implanted into syngeneic, allogeneic, and Fas mutant (lpr) syngeneic mice. Survival of the insulin-secreting cells was then determined by monitoring serum glucose levels in recipients. Results. Successful transfection of vector resistance gene was achieved in the transfected βTC-3 cells, which was confirmed by zeocin resistance. RT-PCR in resistant Fas-L clones confirmed the transcription of Fas-L, which was absent in controls. Fas-L transfectants induced 20 ± 4.2% apoptosis of Fas-sensitive T cells, while controls induced 3.47 ± 2.3% by flow cytometry (P = 0.04, n = 3). Insulin secretion was equivalent in both βTC-3 and βTC-3/Fas-L cells. Syngeneic mice implanted with control βTC-3 cells died within 3 weeks from hypoglycemia due to overgrowth of βTC-3 tumor. Implanted Fas-L transfected βTC-3 cells were killed and had no effect on glycemic status except in Fas mutant hosts, where tumors formed in two of three mice. Conclusions. Despite the ability of transfected βTC-3 cells to induce apoptosis of T cells in vitro, expression of Fas-L provided no immune privilege to these cells in vivo, but paradoxically induced killing of βTC-3 cells even in syngeneic hosts.
Erasure: Temporality and the Second Generation

This essay is about one street, Lottumstrase, in Berlin, Germany, where my parent andgrandparents lived prior to 1940. The current morphology of the street is contrasted withmy mother’s experience of life on Lottumstrase during the 1930s. The essay is part of alonger investigation regarding issues of post-memory as interpreted by the second andthird generation of trauma survivors. The essay suggests that, through the act of erasure,traces of the original urban or street condition, and the subsequent urban mark-makingof each successive generation, would be perceived and interpreted in order toauthenticate the particulars of place over time. Traces underscore the responsibility tonot only remember historic events but to recognize that those events have contemporarypolitical and social implications. The larger scope of the work includes a film productiontitled ‘TopoNarratives 1-4’: four short stories based upon specific people and placesshaped by the events of the second world war that resonate through subsequentgenerations across topographies and contemporary political events. The workinvestigates the relationship of the second generation’s personal construction of place tothe public consequence of those private interpretations within the built environment.
Diagnostic value of chest radiography for pericardial effusion

Abstract Objectives . This study was designed to determine the diagnostic valve of chest radiography for pericardial effusion. Background . Pericardial effusions may cause life-threatening cardiac complications, yet they are often difficult to diagnose. Methods . In a blinded manner, we reviewed the chest radiographs of 83 ptients with echocardiographicaily diagnosed pericardial effusions (5 large, 18 moderate, 60 small) and those of 17 control subjects without effusions. We examined four radiographic signs: an enlarged cardiac silhouette, a pericardial fat stripe, a predominant left-sided pleural effusion and an increase in transverse cardiac diameter compared with the diameter on a previous chest radiograph. Results . An enlarged cardiac silhouette was moderately sensitive (71%) but not specific (41%) for pericardial effusion. a pricardial fat stripe, a predominant left-sided pleural effusion and an increase in transverse cardiac diameter were all specific (94%, 100% and 80%, respectively) but not sensitive (12%, 20% and 46%, respectively). A predominait left-sided pleural effusion was associated with pericardial effusions of all sizes (odds ratio = 1.3, 9S% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–1.6, p = 0.04) and with large and moderate pericardial efftisions alone (odds ratio = 7.7, 95% CI = 2.5–34.0, p = 0.0004). In contrast, a pericardial fat stripe was associated only with large and moderate pericardial effusions (odds ratio = 3.3, 95% CI = 0.9–12.0, p = 0.07), and an enlarged cardiac silhouette and an increase in cardiac diameter were not associated with pericardial effusion it all. Conclusions . A predominant left-sided pleural effusion and a pericardial fat stripe are chest radiographic signs that are suggestive, but not diagnostic, of pericardial effusion. Because these signs cannot reliably Confirm or exclude the presence of pericardial effusion, we conclude that chest radiography is poorly diagnostic of this condition.
The association−dissociation behavior of the ApoE proteins: kinetic and equilibrium studies.

The apolipoprotein E family consists of three major protein isoforms: apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), ApoE3 and ApoE2. The isoforms, which contain 299 residues, differ only by single amino acid changes but of the three only ApoE4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease. At μM concentrations lipid-free ApoE exists predominantly as tetramers. In more dilute solutions, lower molecular weight species predominate. Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), intermolecular Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and sedimentation methods we find that the association-dissociation reaction of ApoE can be modeled with a monomer-dimer-tetramer process. Equilibrium constants have been determined from the sedimentation data while the individual rate constants for association and dissociation are determined by measuring the kinetics of dissociation of ApoE and are in agreement with the equilibrium constants. Dissociation kinetics as measured by intermolecular FRET show two phases reflecting the dissociation of tetramer to dimer and of dimer to monomer with dissociation from tetramer to dimer being more rapid than the dimer to monomer dissociation. The rate constants differ for the different ApoE isoforms showing that the association-dissociation process is isoforms specific. Strikingly, the association rate constants are almost two orders of magnitude slower than expected for a diffusion controlled process. Dissociation kinetics were also monitored by tryptophan fluorescence in presence of acrylamide and the data found to be consistent with the monomer-dimer-tetramer model. The approach combining multiple methods establishes the reaction scheme of ApoE self-association.
Specificity of synexin-induced chromaffin granule aggregation

Abstract Preparations of synexin (1) exhibit a self-interaction in the absence of chromaffin granules as evidenced by an increase in absorbance at the wave-length used for observing granule aggregation (2). We incorporated this observation into a new formula for calculating the synexin-induced chromaffin granule aggregation. According to this amended analysis, synexin-induced aggregation is specific for chromaffin granules or their membranes. Treatment of intact chromaffin granuleswith trypsin or pronase renders the granules unresponsive to synexin.
Evaluation of Oxytetracycline Marks in Sagittal Otoliths of Juvenile Black Crappies

Abstract We validated oxytetracycline (OTC) mark production in the sagittal otoliths of juvenile black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Black crappies were marked en masse by immersion in a 500-mg oxytetracycline hydrochloride/L solution for 6 h. The exposure to OTC did not diminish survival over 31 weeks. The technique effectively marked 88% of the black crappies, based on observations of one sagitta from each fish. Only 2% of the control black crappies were incorrectly classified as marked, and observer experience did not affect correct classification rate. Because we marked fish late in the growing season, the marks appeared in the annulus; OTC marks applied when fish are growing faster may be more readily discernable.
Nitric oxide signaling in invertebrates

Nitric oxide (NO) is an unconventional neurotransmitter and neuromodulator molecule that is increasingly found to have important signaling functions in animals from nematodes to mammals. NO signaling mechanisms in the past were identified largely through experiments on mammals, after the discovery of NO's vasodilatory functions. The use of gene knock out mice has been particularly important in revealing the functions of the several isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that produces NO. Recent studies have revealed rich diversity in NO signaling. In addition to the well-established pathway in which NO activates guanylyl cyclase and cGMP production, redox mechanisms involving protein nitrosylation are important contributors to modulation of neurotransmitter release and reception. NO signaling studies in invertebrates are now generating a wealth of comparative information. Invertebrate NOS isoforms have been identified in insects and molluscs, and the conserved and variable amino acid sequences evaluated. Calcium-calmodulin dependence and cofactor requirements are conserved. NADPH diaphorase studies show that NOS is found in echinoderms, coelenterates, nematodes, annelids, insects, crustaceans and molluscs. Accumulating evidence reveals that NO is used as an orthograde transmitter and cotransmitter, and as a modulator of conventional transmitter release. NO appears to be used in diverse animals for certain neuronal functions, such as chemosensory signalin, learning, and development, suggesting that these NO functions have been conserved during evolution. The discovery of NO's diverse and unconventional signaling functions has stimulated a plethora of enthusiastic investigations into its uses. We can anticipate the discovery of many more interesting and some surprising NO signaling functions.
What does God know? Supernatural agents' access to socially strategic and non-strategic information.

Current evolutionary and cognitive theories of religion posit that supernatural agent concepts emerge from cognitive systems such as theory of mind and social cognition. Some argue that these concepts evolved to maintain social order by minimizing antisocial behavior. If these theories are correct, then people should process information about supernatural agents’ socially strategic knowledge more quickly than non-strategic knowledge. Furthermore, agents’ knowledge of immoral and uncooperative social behaviors should be especially accessible to people. To examine these hypotheses, we measured response-times to questions about the knowledge attributed to four different agents—God, Santa Claus, a fictional surveillance government, and omniscient but non-interfering aliens—that vary in their omniscience, moral concern, ability to punish, and how supernatural they are. As anticipated, participants respond more quickly to questions about agents’ socially strategic knowledge than non-strategic knowledge, but only when agents are able to punish.
Passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system for terrestrial remote sensing

We have built a passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system with a 15-channel filter bank in the 146-154 GHz band for terrestrial remote sensing. We had built the spectroscopy system first and have now retrofitted an imaging element to it as a single pixel imager. The imaging element consisted of a 15-cm-diameter imaging lens fed to a corrugated scalar horn. Image acquisition is carried out by scanning the lens with a 2-axis translation stage. A LabVIEW-based software program integrates the imaging and spectroscopy systems with online display of spectroscopic information while the system scans each pixel position. The software also allows for integrating the image intensity of all 15 channels to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of ~4 relative to single channel image. The integrated imaging and spectroscopy system produces essentially 4-D data in which spatial data are along 2 dimensions, spectral data are in the 3rd dimension, and time is the 4th dimension. The system performance was tested by collecting imaging and spectral data with a 7.5-cm-diameter and 1m long gas cell in which test chemicals were introduced against a liquid nitrogen background.
Effect of propramolol on circadian variation of ventricular arrhythmias in elderly patients with heart disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract In our elderly population with prior myocardial infarction or hypertensive heart disease, complex ventricular arrhythmias, and an LV ejection fraction ≥40%, a circadian variation of the maximal number of VPCs per hour was noted in patients before and after no antiarrhythmic drug and before propranolol. The primary peak occurred between 7 a.m. and 12 p.m. The secondary peak occurred between 6 and 9 p.m. in patients before and after no antiarrhythmic drug and between 7 and 8 p.m. in patients before treatment with propranolol. However, the circadian variation of the maximal number of VPCs per hour was markedly attenuated by propranolol. This suggests that the sympathetic nervous system contributes to the circadian variation of ventricular arrhythmias as well as to the circadian variation of myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death.
Differences in the cell surface antigens of prolactin-producing cells of human decidual and pituitary tissues.

Anterior pituitary cells and other endocrine cells which synthesize and release protein hormones share the cell surface ganglioside antigens A2B5 and 3G5. In addition, these peptide hormone-producing cells contain chromogranin, a major protein component of secretory vesicles. Since human decidual cells synthesize and release a PRL that has chemical and biological properties indistinguishable from those of pituitary PRL, we examined by immunochemical techniques whether decidual cells also contain cell surface antigens A2B5, 3G5, and chromogranin. In these studies, human decidual tissue from three pregnancies and human and rat pituitary tissues were processed and stained with mouse monoclonal antibodies to A2B5, 3G5, and chromogranin by indirect immunofluorescence using fluorescein- conjugated sheep antimouse ³-globulin. In all instances, the pituitary and pancreatic tissue stained strongly with the monoclonal antibodies to the cell surface antigens, but the decidual tissues from the three pregnancies did n...
Building a 3D wireframe CAD model for an existing prismatic part

Reverse engineering is the process of creating a CAD model and a manufacturing database for an existing part or a prototype. This process is necessary in redesign of existing parts and for automated inspection. In this paper a unique approach to reverse engineering is proposed. Here the part to be modeled is viewed from two othogonal view points. One camera captures the top view of the object while the other camera captures the four side views by rotating the object in steps of 90 degrees. The images are processed and the orthographic views are created. A 3D line drawing of the object is then recreated by matching points in the orthographic views. This paper describes the developed feature extraction procedure, camera calibration method, and the matching technique. Sample results are also given.
Using Housing Vouchers to Move to the Suburbs: The Alameda County, California, Experience

When families with Section 8 housing vouchers move from inner-city communities to the suburbs, are they more likely to perceive difficulties and to be dissatisfied with their search for housing than families who make local moves or families who first move to the suburbs but then return to the central city? Both bivariate cross-tabular and logistic regression analysis are applied to a telephone interview sample of 300 Section 8 voucher recipients in Oakland and Berkeley, California. Although many of the movers experienced difficulty in carrying out the housing search, a vast majority were satisfied with their search. Suburban-bound movers were not more likely to perceive difficulties or to be dissatisfied with their search than were members of the two other mover groups when other background characteristics were controlled. The implications of these results for the Section 8 housing voucher program are discussed.
Psychogenic explanation of symptoms as a denial of physical illness

Abstract Few reports have been published of patients explaining their symptoms as “psychogenic” in order to defend against the recognition of potentially threatening physical illness. With increasing public sophistication and awareness that emotional problems can cause somatic symptoms, such cases may become more common. The author reports on four physically ill patients who considered their symptoms psychogenic. They used denial, rationalization, and displacement to avoid recognizing the physical nature of their disorders. Family members’ reactions rein-forced their distorted perceptions. Careful psychiatric interviewing with supportive confrontation facilitated a therapeutic alliance, and the patients all achieved or approached acceptance of their correct diagnoses.
Comparison of NCS solubilization and a wet combustion technique for 14C measurement in dried biological tissues

Abstract Two techniques, NCS solubilization and wet combustion, were found to be equal in their ability to measure the 14 C present in various dried rat tissues. Larger tissue samples with higher efficiencies were possible with wet combustion but it was inadequate for ring-labeled [ 14 C]carbaryl; it also requires constant supervision by personnel in addition to being very time consuming. NCS solubilization is much more rapid and capable of quantitative recoveries of ring- and carbonyl-labeled carbaryl. NCS seems to be a more rapid alternative when sufficient 14 C is present in tissue for analysis.
A doubly optimal ellipse fit

We study the problem of fitting ellipses to observed points in the context of Errors-In-Variables regression analysis. The accuracy of fitting methods is characterized by their variances and biases. The variance has a theoretical lower bound (the KCR bound), and many practical fits attend it, so they are optimal in this sense. There is no lower bound on the bias, though, and in fact our higher order error analysis (developed just recently) shows that it can be eliminated, to the leading order. Kanatani and Rangarajan recently constructed an algebraic ellipse fit that has no bias, but its variance exceeds the KCR bound; so their method is optimal only relative to the bias. We present here a novel ellipse fit that enjoys both optimal features: the theoretically minimal variance and zero bias (both to the leading order). Our numerical tests confirm the superiority of the proposed fit over the existing fits.
Vertical Accretion in Microtidal Regularly and Irregularly Flooded Estuarine Marshes

Abstract Vertical accretion rates were measured in microtidal (tidal amplitude less than 0·3 m) regularly (flooded twice daily by the astronomical tides), and irregularly flooded (inundated only during spring and storm tides) estuarine marshes in North Carolina to determine whether these marshes are keeping pace with rising sea-level and to quantify the relative contribution of organic matter and mineral sediment to vertical growth. Accretion rates in streamside and backmarsh locations of each marsh were determined by measuring the Cesium-137 ( 137 Cs) activity in 2 cm soil depth increments. Soil bulk density, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) and particle density also were measured to estimate rates of accumulation of organic matter (OM), mineral sediment and nutrients. With the exception of the backmarsh location of the regularly flooded marsh, vertical accretion rates in the marshes studied matched or exceeded the recent (1940-80) rate of sea-level rise (1·9 mm year -1 ) along the North Carolina coast. Accretion rates in the irregularly flooded marsh averaged 3·6 ± 0·5 mm year -1 along the streamside and 2·4 ± 0·2 mm year -1 in the backmarsh. The regularly flooded marsh had lower accretion rates, averaging 2·7 ± 0·3 mm year -1 along the streamside and 0·9 ± 0·2 mm year -1 in the backmarsh. Vertical accretion in the irregularly flooded marsh occurred via in situ production and accumulation of organic matter. Rates of soil OM (196-280 g m -2 year -1 ), organic C (106-146 g m -2 year -1 ) and total N (6·9-10·3 g m -2 year -1 ) accumulation were much higher in the irregularly flooded marsh as compared to the regularly flooded marsh (OM = 51-137 g m -2 year -1 , C = 21-59 g m -2 year -1 , N = 1·3-4·1 g m -2 year -1 ). In contrast, vertical accretion in the regularly flooded marsh was sustained by allochthonous inputs of mineral sediment. Inorganic sediment deposition contributed 677-1139 g m -2 year -1 mineral matter to the regularly flooded marsh as compared to only 147-311 g m -2 year -1 to the irregularly flooded marsh. The irregularly flooded marsh exhibited an accretionary balance (vertical accretion rate minus local apparent sea-level rise) of 0·5-1·7 mm year -1 suggesting that these microtidal marshes would be capable of maintaining their elevation if the rate of sea-level rise increased. In the regularly flooded marsh, the streamside zone had an accretionary balance of 0·8 mm year -1 while the backmarsh had a deficit of 1·0 mm year -1 . Our results suggest that microtidal regularly flooded marshes would be susceptible to submergence by an increase in the rate of sea-level rise unless accompanied by an increase in mineral sediment deposition.
Crack propagation in teeth: a comparison of perimortem and postmortem behavior of dental materials and cracks

This study presents a new method for understanding postmortem heat-induced crack propagation patterns in teeth. The results demonstrate that patterns of postmortem heat-induced crack propagation differ from perimortem and antemortem trauma-induced crack propagation patterns. Dental material of the postmortem tooth undergoes dehydration leading to a shrinking and more brittle dentin material and a weaker dentin-enamel junction. Dentin intertubule tensile stresses are amplified by the presence of the pulp cavity, and initiates crack propagation from the internal dentin, through the dentin-enamel junction and lastly the enamel. In contrast, in vivo perimortem and antemortem trauma-induced crack propagation initiates cracking from the external surface of the enamel toward the dentin-enamel junction where the majority of the energy of the crack is dissipated, eliminating the crack's progress into the dentin. These unique patterns of crack propagation can be used to differentiate postmortem taphonomy-induced damage from antemortem and perimortem trauma in teeth.
A Comprehensive Literature Review on Cheating

This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on academic dishonesty and cheating. The different kinds of cheating behaviors and the factors associated with them are delineated and described. Suggestions are provided on how to take corrective and proactive decisions to control and thereby reduce academic dishonesty and cheating.
Eikonal Regge Model for Elastic Scattering Processes

The Frautschi-Margolis version of the Regge eikonal model is extended to include secondary Regge trajectories. Physical properties of the model are discussed. In particular, the "shrinkage" of dσ/dt observed at present energies (rapid shrinkage for pp and K+p, little or no shrinkage for π±p and K-p, antishrinkage for pp is related to the energy dependence of σtot pp and K+p nearly flat, π±p and K-p falling slowly, pp falling rapidly).
Hyperreninemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism in pheochromocytomas.

Foremost in the differential diagnosis of hypertension is the identification of surgically correctable lesions. Increased plasma renin activity in a hypertensive patient suggests the presence of a renovascular or renal etiology. We have recently seen two adolescent patients whose hyperreninemia was caused by a pheochromocytoma. Secondary hyperaldosteronism was an associated finding.
RANS Simulation of Ducted Marine Propulsor Flow Including Subvisual Cavitation and Acoustic Modeling

High-fidelity Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations are presented for the ducted marine propulsor P5206, including verification and validation (V&V) using available experimental fluid dynamics data, and subvisual cavitation, and acoustics analysis using the modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation along the bubble trajectories with a farfield form of the acoustic pressure for a collapsing spherical bubble. CFDSHIP-IOWA is used with the blended k-ω/k-e turbulence model and extensions for a relative rotating coordinate system and overset grids. The intervals of V&V analysis for thrust, torque, and profile averaged radial velocity just downstream of rotor tip are reasonable in comparison with previous results. The flow pattern displays the interaction and merging of the tip-leakage and trailing edge vortices. In the interaction region, multiple peaks and vorticity are smaller, whereas in the merging region, there is better agreement with the experiment. The tip-leakage vortex core position, size, circulation, and cavitation patterns for σ i =5 also show good agreement with the experiment, although the vortex core size is larger and the circulation in the interaction region is smaller. The simulations indicate globally minimum C p =-σ i =-8.8 on the suction side of the rotor tip at 84% chord from the leading edge and locally minimum C p =-6.4 in the tip-leakage vortex at 8% chord downstream of the trailing edge, whereas EFD indicates σ i = 11 and the location in the tip-leakage vortex core 50% chord downstream of the trailing edge. Subvisual cavitation and acoustics analysis show that bubble dynamics may partly explain these discrepancies.
The development of spherulites from structural units in glassy poly[bisphenol-a-carbooate

Abstract Electron microscopic investigations have revealed that the surface of poly(bisphenol-A-carbonate) contains nodular units ca. 125 A in size. It is shown that annealing thin films at temperatures near the glass transition, Tg, causes these nodules to enlarge. Tensile deformation results in the nodules breaking apart as the film elongates; however, if the sample has been annealed prior to stretching, the nodules appear to rearrange as shear occurs between them. It is suggested that each nodule represents a region containing a near-crystalline degree of molecular order. Featherlike structures, many microns in extent, are also observed to form in thin films annealed near the glass transition. They are thought to be precursors of spherulites. By annealing slightly above the glass transition, the spherulite development sequence has been observed to involve the creation of lamellae from initially broad, radiating arms.
Earthquakes with non--double-couple mechanisms.

Seismological observations confirm that the pattern of seismic waves from some earthquakes cannot be produced by slip along a planar fault surface. More than one physical mechanism is required to explain the observed varieties of these non—double-couple earthquakes. The simplest explanation is that some earthquakes are complex, with stress released on two or more suitably oriented, nonparallel fault surfaces. However, some shallow earthquakes in volcanic and geothermal areas require other explanations. Current research focuses on whether fault complexity explains most observed non—double-couple earthquakes and to what extent ordinary earthquakes have non—double-couple components.
Migration of population to higher-angular-momentum Rydberg states through the degenerate Raman coupling

We formulate a model describing migration of population from low-l-italic to higher-l-italic states of the same principal quantum number in the highly excited state of the atom. The physical mechanism is the degenerate, nearly resonant Raman coupling. Specific calculations are performed for the hydrogen atom. The laser light is modeled as a monochromatic coherent or chaotic colored noise.
Chemical Attractants for Trapping Yellowjackets Vespula germanica and Vespula pensylvanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Worker yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) were captured in traps baited with combinations of an aqueous solution of acetic acid and polyethylene caps loaded with either butyl butyrate, heptyl butyrate, or isobutanol. Vespula germanica (F.) were captured in large numbers in traps baited with acetic acid and isobutanol or acetic acid and butyl butyrate. Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure) were captured in large numbers in traps baited with heptyl butyrate, acetic acid and heptyl butyrate, acetic acid and butyl butyrate, and acetic acid and isobutanol. Acetic acid generally enhanced the attractiveness of these other compounds to V. pensylvanica and V. germanica . Vespula atropilosa (Sladen) were captured in large numbers in traps baited with heptyl butyrate or acetic acid and heptyl butyrate, with no apparent effect of the addition of acetic acid to the trap, and they were only weakly attracted to other baits. The importance of acetic acid to attraction of V. germanica and V. pensylvanica to these lures supports the hypothesis that this response is food-finding behavior. The chemical lure comprised of acetic acid and isobutanol can be used for trapping the worldwide pest V. germanica , with the added advantage of simultaneous attractiveness to V. pensylvanica .
Dicer Is Required for the Transition from Early to Late Progenitor State in the Developing Mouse Retina

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small 19-25 nucleotide RNAs that influence gene expression through posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA translation and degradation, have recently emerged as important regulators of neural development. Using conditional knock-out of Dicer, an RNase III enzyme required for miRNA maturation, previous studies have demonstrated an essential role for miRNAs in mouse cortical, inner ear, and olfactory development. However, a previous study (Damiani et al., 2008) using a Chx10cre mouse to delete Dicer in retinal progenitors reported no defects in the retina before the second postnatal week, suggesting that miRNAs are not required for mouse retinal development. In an effort to further study the role of miRNAs during retinal development and resolve this apparent conflict, we conditionally knocked out Dicer using a different (alphaPax6cre) line of transgenic mice. In contrast to the previous study, we demonstrate an essential role for miRNAs during mouse retinal development. In the absence of Dicer in the embryonic retina, production of early generated cell types (ganglion and horizontal cells) is increased, and markers of late progenitors are not expressed. This phenotype persists into postnatal retina, in which we find the Dicer-deficient progenitors fail to generate late-born cell types such as rods and Muller glia but continue to generate ganglion cells. We further characterize the dynamic expression of miRNAs during retinal progenitor differentiation and provide a comprehensive profile of miRNAs expressed during retinal development. We conclude that Dicer is necessary for the developmental change in competence of the retinal progenitor cells.
AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONCEPT MAP AS AN INTERVIEW TOOL TO FACILITATE THE EXTERNALIZATION OF STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHANGE

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two different types of interviews—one that did (POSTICM) and one that did not (POSTI) embed a concept-mapping process—to elicit students' postinstructional understandings about chlorofluorocarbons and their role in global atmospheric change (GAC). A chief criterion measure was accordance, the degree to which students held the ideal postinstructional understanding set forth in a teacher-expert concept map. After GAC in- struction that included concept-mapping activities, 34 eighth-grade science students were assigned randomly to groups and completed either POSTICM or POSTI. These students and their teacher also completed re- latedness ratings of central concepts from the teacher-expert map. The Knowledge Network Organizing Tool™ was used to transform relatedness ratings to Pathfinder networks and compare nets to yield a stu- dent to teacher similarity index (Pathfinder index). Regression analysis revealed that type of interview did not predict accordance. However, most POSTICM students perceived the concept-mapping interview com- ponent to be helpful and affect positively their answers to the interview questions. The Pathfinder index did predict ( p 5 .003) accordance—the Pathfinder index was a reliable confirmatory measure of the de- gree to which students held the ideal postinstructional understanding. J Res Sci Teach 35: 521-546, 1998.
Valuing soil conservation benefits of agroforestry: contour hedgerows in the Eastern Visayas, Philippines

Abstract Trees can be considered as investments made by economic agents to prevent depreciation of natural assets such as stocks of top soil and water. In agroforestry systems farmers use trees in this manner by deliberately combining them with agricultural crops on the same unit of land. Although advocates of agroforestry have asserted that soil conservation is one of its primary benefits, empirical estimates of these benefits have been lacking due to temporal and spatial complexity of agroforestry systems and the nonmarket aspect of soil capital assets. This study designs and applies a bio-economic framework for valuing the soil conservation benefits of agroforestry. The framework is tested with econometric analysis of data from surveys of households in Eastern Visayas, Philippines, where USAID/Government of Philippines introduced contour hedgerow agroforestry in 1983. By constructing a weighted soil quality index that also incorporates measures of soil fertility, texture and color in addition to erosion, we extend previous economic studies of soil resources. This index is regressed on a variety of farming and site specific bio-physical variables. Next, we use a Cobb-Douglas profit function to directly relate agricultural profits and soil quality. Thus, the value of soil conservation is measured as a quasi-rent differential or the share of producer surplus associated with a change in soil quality. Because this framework assumes the existence of markets, the assumption is tested by analysing the statistical significance of consumption side variables, e.g., number of household members, on production side variables, e.g., profits. Instrumental variables are used to handle the endogeneity of the soil index in the profit equation. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) analysis is used to accommodate correlation of errors across the soil and profit equations. Regression results reveal the importance of agroforestry intensity, private ownership, land fragmentation, and familiarity with soil conservation as positive covariates of soil quality. Analysis of production data indicate the importance of market prices, education, farming experience, farm size, topography, and soil quality as positive covariates of household profits. Investments in agroforestry to improve or maintain soil capital can increased annual agricultural profits by US$53 for the typical household, which is 6% of total income. However, there are significant up-front costs. Given that small farmers in tropical uplands are important players in the management of deteriorating soil and forest resources, policy makers may want to consider supporting farmers in the early years of agroforestry adoption.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Counseling and Development: Volumes 48–66

A content analysis of the Journal of Counseling and Development was conducted for a 19-year period (Vols. 48–66). Articles were cross-classified under content headings and then grouped by the four editorship periods during this time (e.g., Goldman, 1969–1975; Sue, 1975–1978; Barclay, 1978–1984; Goodyear, 1984–1988). Results were compared to earlier studies to illustrate changes and trends in both the counseling professions and the Journal.
Knowledge Assessment of Food Safety Managers in Utah and Its Implications on the Exam and Instruction

ABSTRACT: Food Safety Manager's Certification is offered through a state-local Extension partnership in Utah using an online course management system. Exams and course materials were created by an Extension Specialist at Utah State Univ. Extension Agents provide exam and curriculum facilitation in each county. This form of distance education enables access for students in all 29 Utah counties. All 454 students (Jan 2008–Mar 2009) successfully passed the food safety managers exam in 1 or 2 attempts and received certification. Twenty-nine percent of those taking the exam received certification without accessing any of the course materials. The overall passing exam score mean was 82%. When combining both passing and failing exam attempts, the students' mean was 79%. The students' mean of the lower 25% was only 65%. When evaluating the 7 food safety knowledge domains, students' means were highest in personal hygiene and lowest in facility, equipment, and layout. The lower 25% of students failed to score 70% in 6 of 7 food safety knowledge domains. The English course materials were provided in 3 options where students could select 1 or more: online, textbook, and DVD. For students who chose to access educational materials 67% used online learning, 40% textbooks, and 10% DVDs as part of their study options. Extension Agent feedback on Hispanic students enrolled in the program indicates a need for Spanish language study materials. Overall, the Utah Food Safety Managers program demonstrates a successful state-local Food Science Extension approach to distance education, online curricula, and the use of computers to facilitate testing and learning.
Streptococcus pneumoniae keratitis.

A 45-year-old man with HIV infection (CD4 count of 6 cells per cubic millimeter) presented after 2 days of diminishing visual acuity and pain in his right eye. Examination revealed a corneal ulceration and hypopyon (Fig. 1, white arrow). Chest radiograph demonstrated right lower lobe pneumonia. Cultures of the hypopyon, sputum, and blood grew Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patient was treated with IV ceftriaxone as well as fortified tobramycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline eye drops with intravitreal vancomycin. The patient’s vision and eye pain gradually improved, and he was discharged home. Infectious ulcerative keratitis is a rare entity, most often resulting from direct corneal invasion by bacterial or fungal organisms. This case appears to involve hematogenous spread. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas are the most common bacterial pathogens. Broad-spectrum topical antibiotics are the cornerstone of therapy. Topical steroids may be administered once the infection is under control. Address for correspondence and reprint requests: Prashant Bhave, MD, 505 Parnassus, M980, San Francisco, CA 94117; E-mail: prashant.bhave@ucsf. edu
Molecular phylogeography of Apalone spinifera (Reptilia, Trionychidae)

The molecular evaluation of morphologically based species delimitations of many herpetofauna has improved the understanding of evolutionary processes and the rigor of conservation efforts. Previous evidence for a deep lineage divide between south-eastern + northern subspecies of the softshell turtle Apalone spinifera (A. s. aspera + A. s. hartwegi + A. s. spinifera) and western subspecies (A. s. pallida + A. s. emoryi + A. s. guadalupensis) was re-examined with a broader sampling using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. The south-eastern + northern clade and the western clade maintained mitochondrial reciprocal monophyly. We molecularly confirmed a geographical boundary between these two clades in Oklahoma, and developed a phylogeographical hypothesis that invokes stream capture. We evaluated whether these mitochondrial lineages represent distinct species by surveying these clades for divergence at the nuclear intron R35 and two nuclear genes, Cmos and recombination activating gene 1 (RAG-1). The nuclear loci showed no phylogenetic resolution and only the nuclear intron exhibited significant nearest neighbour statistics. Taken together, the nuclear data suggest that taxonomic elevation of the two mitochondrial clades would be currently unjustified.
Factors predicting change in interpretation in PFTs when using FVC vs. the largest measured vital capacity

Background Although ERS/ATS guidelines recommend using the largest measured vital capacity, VCmax, the FVC is commonly used in PFT interpretations. 6% of PFTs in a large database of all comers have a change in PFT interpretation based on which vital capacity is used in the interpretation. Objective To determine which factors predict increased likelihood of an interpretive change when FVC or VCmax are used. Methods 12,238 PFTs obtained as part of routine clinical care were interpreted using both FVC and VCmax and 6% (710) of interpretations were changed. We examined all variables using a logistic regression model reporting adjusted odds ratios. The model satisfying our diagnostic criteria, generating the highest c-statistic, and achieving the most parsimonious solution was used to determine which variables increased the odds of recategorization. Results Compared to no bronchodilator test, bronchodilator test with a positive response increased the odds of recategorization to 18 (CI 13-24), and even a lack of a bronchodilator response increased the odds of recategorization to 7 (CI 5-9). Larger FVCs decreased the odds of recategorization (0.68, CI 0.63-0.74). The number of tests performed did not increase the odds of recategorization. Conclusion Bronchodilator testing and a positive bronchodilator response were the most likely to recategorize interpretations based on VCmax.
Parameter optimization and calibration of 19F magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 Tesla

Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging is limited by the fact that acquisition times are long and that high concentrations must be used in order to obtain good signal to noise. A significant improvement in signal to noise ratio may be brought about by the addition of Gd-DTPA, a paramagnetic agent which shortens T1. Images of phantoms containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) doped with Gd-DTPA were obtained using a standard spin echo sequence in a 1.5 T field. Interpulse times (TR and TE) and Gd-DTPA concentrations were optimized to yield maximum signal to noise ratios. The use of fast-field-echo scans to image fluorine is also demonstrated. Signal averaging successive FFE scans yields good signal to noise and resolution and may find clinical applicability in imaging areas subject to motion.