cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgene silencing and reactivation in sorghum

Amongst the important cereals, sorghum has been the most recalcitrant to genetic transformation. There are a few reports on sorghum transformation and the majority of these have reported silencing of one of the transgenes. We regenerated plants from two independent transgenic sorghum callus lines that were cotransformed with Ubi promoter:bar and Act1-D promoter:gusA gene constructs using the particle bombardment method. Southern analyses indicated integration of multiple copies of both the transgenes. T0 plants were found to express the bar gene. The gusA gene, however, was silenced. It was possible to activate gusA gene expression in T1 seedlings and in calli derived from immature T1 and T2 embryos by 5-azacytidine (azaC) treatment. In certain cases, spontaneous expression of the gusA gene was observed in T1 and T2 immature embryo-derived calli. Expression of the bar gene, as analyzed by Basta™ tolerance and Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) assays, was detected in T0, T1 and T2 plantlets; however, the expression was reduced in the T2 progeny obtained from a homozygous T1 parent. PAT activity was also lower in the immature embryo-derived T2 calli from the same homozygous T1 parent. Again, culture on azaC increased the level of PAT activity in these calli. Moreover, in a separate set of stable transformation experiments, it was possible to recover a much higher than usual number of gusA gene expressing transgenic calli by growing the bombarded tissues in the presence of azaC. Taken together, these results suggest that methylation-based silencing is frequent in sorghum and probably responsible for several cases of transgene inactivation reported earlier for this crop. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Age: Methods and Metadata

Age has proven to be an extremely useful variable in many social science fields, and linguistics is no exception: it is widely used in applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, and (especially) sociolinguistics. This makes sense – given that even casual observation tells us that humans behave differently at different points in the life cycle, it is quite reasonable to take age into account when investigating human behavior. In turn, the use of age as a variable has led to a wide range of methods and analytical tools that rely on the use of age (e.g., the apparent time construct in sociolinguistics). However, it turns out that even though age is often treated in a rather simple way, it is actually a complicated concept that can be difficult to pin down precisely and that the usual linguistic view of age as a simple reflection of the linear passage of time is lacking. That fact has repercussions for how linguists should deal with age, including not just issues like how to record metadata relating to it, but even methodological concerns such as how to do the initial elicitation in the first place.
Comparison of LPS-stimulated release of cytokines in punch versus transwell tissue culture systems of human gestational membranes

Background: Cytokine signaling within the amnionic, chorionic and decidual extraplacental gestational membranes plays an important role in membrane rupture and the timing of birth. The predominant in vitro explant culture system for evaluating cytokine induction in human gestational membranes has been the freefloating biopsy punch culture. Punch systems have been used to investigate the impact of various toxicants, pharmaceuticals and genetic variation on expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, a dual compartment transwell culture system has been developed that more closely mimics the intrauterine compartment. The current study compares these two systems with respect to release of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a model stimulant. Methods: Tissue samples were exposed to 100 ng/ml LPS for 12 h and cytokines were measured by ELISA. Data are expressed as increase relative to non-treated controls. Results: Levels of interleukin-6 increased in punch culture medium samples to a significantly greater extent (34.2 fold) compared with medium from transwell cultures in the amnion (6.6 fold) or choriodecidual (7.1 fold) compartments. Interleukin-8 also showed a significantly greater induction in punch (4.8 fold) than transwell amnion (1.6 fold) or choriodecidual (1.7 fold) samples. The anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 showed a significant difference between punch (36.5 fold) and transwell amnion (15.4 fold) samples, but no difference was observed between punch and transwell choriodecidual (28.5 fold) samples. Neither interleukin-1beta nor tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) showed a significant difference between the punch and transwell samples. Conclusions: These results indicate that the pattern of LPS-stimulated cytokine release from gestational membranes in vitro depends on the culture system used, confounding comparisons of studies that use different gestational membrane culture systems to study inflammatory responses.
The molecular basis of asbestos induced lung injury.

Asbestos causes progressive pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis), pleural disease (effusion and pleural plaques), and malignancies such as bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma.1-3 Asbestos is a generic term for a group of naturally occurring hydrated silicate fibres whose tensile strength and resilient structural and chemical properties are ideally suited for various construction and insulating purposes. The toxic effects of asbestos depend upon the cumulative dose and the time since the first exposure. Asbestos related diseases typically occur after a 15–40 year latency period following initial fibre exposure. The two classes of asbestos fibres, serpentine and amphibole fibres, can each cause pulmonary disease. Serpentine fibres, of which chrysotile is the principal commercial variety, are curly-stranded structures whereas amphiboles (crocidolite, amosite, tremolite and others) are straight, rod-like fibres. Chrysotile accounts for over 95% of world asbestos consumption.4 Asbestos induced pulmonary diseases remain a significant health concern. In the United States over 30 million tons of asbestos have been mined, processed and applied since the early 1900s.1 Moreover, non-occupational asbestos exposure may originate from existing buildings that contain enormous amounts of the fibres.5 Finally, it is estimated that the cumulative total number of asbestos associated deaths in the United States may exceed 200 000 by the year 2030.6 Extensive investigations over the last two decades have revealed some of the pathogenic mechanisms of asbestos pulmonary diseases. A further benefit of these studies is that asbestos induced pulmonary toxicity is an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms underlying other common causes of pulmonary fibrosis and malignancy. Asbestos is an established genotoxic agent that can induce DNA damage, gene transcription, and protein expression important in modulating cell proliferation, cell death, and inflammation.1 2 7-9 Recent comprehensive reviews have described in detail the histopathological and clinical features of asbestos related diseases1-3 9 …
Fusion and Vaporization Characteristics of ZrTe3O8

The only intermediate phase stable in air in the system ZrO2−TeO2 is ZrTe3O8 with a cubic, distorted, fluorite-type structure. The compound melts congruently at 1014°± 5°C to an unstable liquid. Vaporization occurs, with loss of TeO2, at high temperatures with an activation energy of 64 kcal per mole of ZrTe3O8. No glass formation was observed in the system.
An expanding-grid algorithm for the finite-difference time-domain method (EM deposition in human body)

Recognizing that EM deposition in the human body at higher frequencies is primarily superficial (in the eyes, the frontal lobe of the brain, gonadal area, etc.), the authors have modified the finite-difference-time-domain (FD-TD) algorithm to use a logarithmically expanding grid rather than a uniform grid. The expanding-grid algorithm allows cell-to-cell expansion factors that can differ along the three axes. Expansion factors alpha of the order of 1.03 to 10.8 have been found to give internal fields that are in excellent agreement with those obtained analytically for 2-D homogeneous and layered lossy cylinders and for 3-D homogeneous spheres. In air outside the body, the increasing cell sizes are obviously acceptable and are still a small fraction of the free-space wavelength ( >
Planning patient education for cystic fibrosis: Application of a diagnostic framework

Abstract To date, no comprehensive education program has been developed for families of children with cystic fibrosis which has adequately dealt with the variability of the disease and the complex demands its management places on families. An optimal program must be planned based on a sound educational diagnosis. One hundred twenty-five families responded to a needs assessment survey. The results of this assessment as well as information from clinical experience, the literature, and a pilot program were used in a diagnostic planning framework. Based on this framework, the authors have begun to plan an appropriate comprehensive program to meet the psychosocial and educational needs of families of children with cystic fibrosis. Using the PRECEDE framework as a planning model, the authors have identified and addressed health behaviors that involve not only management skills, but coping and adjustment skills as well — both are crucial in the management of the disease.
Disability during the last two years of life.

Importance Whereas many persons at advanced ages live independently and are free of disability, we know little about how likely older people are to be disabled in the basic activities of daily living that are necessary for independent living as they enter the last years of life. Objective To determine national estimates of disability during the last 2 years of life. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting A nationally representative study of older adults in the United States. Participants Participants 50 years and older who died while enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study between 1995 and 2010. Each participant was interviewed once at a varying time point in the last 24 months of life. We used these interviews to calculate national estimates of the prevalence of disability across the 2 years prior to death. We modeled the prevalence of disability in the 2 years prior to death for groups defined by age at death and sex. Main Outcomes and Measures Disability was defined as need for help with at least 1 of the following activities of daily living: dressing, bathing, eating, transferring, walking across the room, and using the toilet. Results There were 8232 decedents (mean [SD] age at death, 79 [11] years; 52% women). The prevalence of disability increased from 28% (95% CI, 24%-31%) 2 years before death to 56% (95% CI, 52%-60%) in the last month of life. Those who died at the oldest ages were much more likely to have disability 2 years before death (ages 50-69 years, 14%; 70-79 years, 21%; 80-89 years, 32%; 90 years or more, 50%; P for trend, P Conclusions and Relevance Those who live to an older age are likely to be disabled, and thus in need of caregiving assistance, many months or years prior to death. Women have a substantially longer period of end-of-life disability than men.
Therapeutic plasma exchange rapidly improves cardiac allograft function in patients with presumed antibody-mediated rejection.

Background: Allograft dysfunction due to presumed antibody-mediated rejection (pAMR) is one of the most serious complications of heart transplantation. Combination therapies of high-dose steroids, intravenous immune globulin, and/or therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) are often used in this setting. Methods: We performed a 9year retrospective review of all episodes of pAMR treated with TPE at our institution. pAMR diagnosis was based on clinical and pathologic findings. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured at baseline, prior to initiation of TPE, and during the course of treatment. Results: There were 42 patients with 47 episodes of pAMR treated with TPE. The majority of episodes were treated with three TPE; however, eight required only two TPE and five episodes required >3 TPE. All episodes of pAMR had LVEF measured before and after the series of TPEs. The mean pre-TPE LVEF was 38% compared with a post-therapy mean LVEF of 50% (P <0.0001). In 16 episodes of pAMR, for which LVEF was measured following each apheresis, there was significant improvement of allograft function after the first TPE (pre-TPE mean LVEF of 31% and post-first TPE mean LVEF of 37%; P 50.02). Incremental and significant improvement in allograft function continued following each TPE. Changes in human leukocyte antigen-donor specific antibodies and fibrinogen did not correlate with ejection fraction response. Conclusions: The rapid improvement in allograft function in our patients is most likely due to TPE as other pharmacologic interventions have longer onset. TPE should be considered a first-line intervention in the setting of pAMR. J. Clin. Apheresis 00:000–000, 2014. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bath salt intoxication causing acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis

Traditional bath salts contain a combination of inorganic salts like Epsom salts, table salt, baking soda, sodium metaphosphate, and borax that have cleansing properties. Since 2010, there have been rising concerns about a new type of substance abuse in the name of "bath salts." They are beta-ketone amphetamine analogs and are derivates of cathinone, a naturally occurring amphetamine analog found in the "khat" plant (Catha edulis). Effects reported with intake included increased energy, empathy, openness, and increased libido. Serious adverse effects reported with intoxication included cardiac, psychiatric, and neurological signs and symptoms. Not much is known about the toxicology and metabolism of these compounds. They inhibit monoamine reuptake (dopamine, nor epinephrine, etc.) and act as central nervous system stimulants with high additive and abuse potential because of their clinical and biochemical similarities to effects from use of cocaine, amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine. Deaths associated with use of these compounds have also been reported. We report a case of acute kidney injury associated with the use of "bath salt" pills that improved with hemodialysis.
Technique for Chestband Contour Shape-Mapping in Lateral Impact

The chestband transducer permits noninvasive measurement of transverse plane biomechanical response during blunt thorax impact. Although experiments may reveal complex two-dimensional (2D) deformation response to boundary conditions, biomechanical studies have heretofore employed only uniaxial chestband contour quantifying measurements. The present study described and evaluated an algorithm by which source subject-specific contour data may be systematically mapped to a target generalized anthropometry for computational studies of biomechanical response or anthropomorphic test dummy development. Algorithm performance was evaluated using chestband contour datasets from two rigid lateral impact boundary conditions: Flat wall and anterior-oblique wall. Comparing source and target anthropometry contours, peak deflections and deformation-time traces deviated by less than 4%. These results suggest that the algorithm is appropriate for 2D deformation response to lateral impact boundary conditions.
What Is “Abnormal” in Pediatric Sleep?

Sleep-disordered breathing in general and, more particularly, the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are highly prevalent conditions in children. Although the diagnosis appears relatively straightforward using a sleep study (polysomnography), this labor-intensive and expensive procedure is used in only a minority of cases across the country because of the relative unavailability of pediatric sleep centers. However, the definition of an abnormal sleep study is not a trivial process and requires a methodical delineation of normative data, implication of "abnormal" variables to specific outcomes, and demonstration of cost-effectiveness of such approach. Unfortunately, such studies are lacking; there is no real consensus on any of these important aspects, which in turn leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Such paucity of validated data, however, is an opportunity to explore alternative options that would enable incorporation of biomarkers into well defined and validated algorithms. There is no doubt that novel approaches to the evaluation of community-based and clinically referred pediatric populations should enable more pragmatic and reliable diagnostic approaches for pediatric sleep-disordered breathing.
Post-transcriptional regulation of auxin transport proteins: cellular trafficking, protein phosphorylation, protein maturation, ubiquitination, and membrane composition

Auxin concentration gradients, established by polar transport of auxin, are essential for the establishment and maintenance of polar growth and morphological patterning. Three families of cellular transport proteins, PIN-formed (PIN), P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP), and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX1/LAX), can independently and co-ordinately transport auxin in plants. Regulation of these proteins involves intricate and co-ordinated cellular processes, including protein-protein interactions, vesicular trafficking, protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and stabilization of the transporter complexes on the plasma membrane.
The Design of a Large Electrostatic Memory

A large, high-speed random-access memory for the Brookhaven ``Merlin'' digital computer is described. This system employs barrier grid electrostatic storage tubes in a novel configuration yielding improved reliability. Basic design considerations are presented together with a description of circuitry and performance.
A phase I trial of celecoxib in combination with docetaxel and irinotecan in patients with advanced cancer

This phase I study was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability and maximum tolerated dose of the combination of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, with docetaxel and irinotecan, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients with solid tumors received one of three escalating dose levels of daily celecoxib in combination with docetaxel and irinotecan administered on days 1 and 8 of an every 21-day cycle. Toxicities were graded by the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI CTC) and recorded as maximum grade per patient for each treatment cycle. A total of 19 patients received 90 cycles of treatment through three dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities were nausea and diarrhea. The most common treatment-related toxicities in all cycles of treatment were alopecia, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anemia, anorexia, and edema.. The maximum tolerated dose was established at celecoxib 400 mg twice a day continuously, weekly docetaxel 30 mg/m2 and irinotecan 50 mg/m2 for 2 weeks every 21 days. Disease stabilization (five or more cycles) was documented in eight patients. The combination of celecoxib with docetaxel and irinotecan did not ameliorate irinotecan-induced diarrhea. Although prolonged disease stabilization was achieved in some patients, we do not recommend combining celecoxib with docetaxel and irinotecan because of lack of activity and the side effect profile of this combination.
The Development of Fiduciary Duties in Corporate Law

This is the text of a presentation made at the Notre Dame Law School Spring 2009 Symposium, "The Future of Fiduciary Duties in Corporate Law", on Friday, March 27, 2009. An article is in the works. Comments are welcome.
Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture : A rare cause of postoperative shortness of breath

BACKGROUND: Shortness of breath is a common symptom reported by patients after gynecologic procedures. Delayed traumatic diaphragmatic rupture is a rare cause of shortness of breath. CASE: This report describes the diagnosis and management of a patient with a delayed presentation of a ruptured right hemidiaphragm after a laparotomy for a pelvic mass. CONCLUSION: Although rare, delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture should be considered in patients with a history of blunt chest or abdominal trauma as a possible cause of shortness of breath in the postoperative setting.
Obstetric Provider Trainees in Georgia: Characteristics and Attitudes About Practice in Obstetric Provider Shortage Areas

Objectives In Georgia, 52 % of the primary care service areas outside metropolitan Atlanta have a deficit of obstetric providers. This study was designed to identify factors associated with the likelihood of Georgia's obstetric trainees (obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residents and certified nurse midwifery (CNM) students) to practice in areas of Georgia that lack obstetric providers and services, i.e. rural Georgia. Methods Pilot-tested electronic and paper surveys were distributed to all of Georgia's OB/GYN residents (N = 95) and CNM students (N = 28). Mixed-methods survey questions assessed characteristics, attitudes, and incentives that might be associated with trainee desire to practice in areas of Georgia that lack obstetric providers and services. Surveys also gathered information about concerns that may prevent trainees from practicing in shortage areas. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed, and qualitative themes were abstracted from open-ended questions. Results The survey response rate was 87.8 % (108/123). Overall, 24.4 % (19/78) of residents and 53.6 % (15/28) of CNM students expressed interest in practicing in rural Georgia, and both residents and CNM students were more likely to desire to practice in rural Georgia with the offer of any of six financial incentives (P < 0.001). Qualitative themes highlighted trainees' strong concerns about Georgia's political environment as it relates to reproductive healthcare. Conclusions Increasing state-level, rurally-focused financial incentive programs and emphasizing the role of CNMs may alleviate obstetric provider shortages in Georgia.
Painting and Visualization.

Scientific visualization applications can be divided into two categories: expository and exploratory. This chapter focuses on exploratory applications. Exploratory applications typically represent complicated scientific data as fully as possible so that a scientific user can interactively explore it. As per the scientific method, a scientist gathers data to test a hypothesis, but the binary answer to that test is usually just a beginning. The challenge comes in understanding the correlations and dependencies among all the values. The chapter begins with a narrative of some of the work in the area of representing multivalued data, illustrating more specifically some of the ways in which art can be brought to bear on scientific visualization. The chapter then gives a broader survey of scientific visualization work that has been influenced by art, followed by a discussion of some of the open issues in this area, which ties back to studying art, design, and art education.
Corporate Campaign Spending: Giving Shareholders a Voice

The Supreme Court has radically altered the legal landscape for politics with the 5-4 decision in the case Citizens United v. FEC, handed down on January 21, 2010. Turning back decades of statutory law, the Court has elevated the First Amendment rights of corporations to speak during elections, and has created a new paradigm for how political campaigns may be funded. The way that corporations “speak” is by spending money, usually to purchase advertisements that most individuals could not afford to finance.Now that the Court has held that publicly-traded corporations have the same First Amendment protections as individuals, limitations on Congress’ ability to regulate their spending will be severely constrained. That means that corporate treasury money – including the funds invested by individuals, mutual funds, pension funds and other institutional investors – can be spent on politics without alerting investors either before or after the fact. Under current laws regulating corporations, there is nothing that requires corporations to disclose to shareholders whether funds are being used to fund politicians or ballot measures, or how the political money is being spent. Moreover, shareholders have no opportunity to consent to the political use of corporate funds. This does not have to be the case. Britain has an alterative approach. In the U.K., companies disclose past political expenditures directly to shareholders. And more importantly, shareholders must authorize corporate political spending before a corporation uses shareholder funds on political spending. This report argues for the United States to change its securities laws in the wake of Citizens United to (1) provide notice to shareholders of any and all corporate political spending and (2) to require shareholder authorization of future corporate political spending.
Experimental Considerations on the Ischemic Stroke Treated with Regulating Blood Sea of Brain through Ang/Tie2 Signal Pathway

"Blood sea"theory was named from a Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) classical work"Lingshu".The physiological function of Blood sea of brain include adjusting the blood flow of intracerebral vascular,providing nutrition to the Spirit,as well as accumulating and adjusting dynamic balance.If the imbalance of Qi and Blood of Blood sea of brain,for instance,the flow becomes tardy or deficiency,ischemic stroke was onset;if the flow becomes excess,bleeding stroke was onset.It is Ang/ Tie2 signal pathway that produce the dominate action during the procedure of poststroke neurological function recovery.The up-regulation of Ang1 /Tie2 will increase intracerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis;on the other way,The up-regulation of Ang2 will induce hyperplasia disorderly because of instability of vascular construction,as results,malformation and tumor will be malignant growth.Regulating Blood sea of brain of TCM can treat stroke through regulating Ang/Tie2 signal pathway.The study on the ischemic stroke treatment with Regulating Blood sea of brain herbal formula could develop the TCM theory of"Blood sea",then provide an effective method or drug for treating ischemic stroke.
An articulated cervical series of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from Texas: new perspective on the relationships of North America's last giant sauropod

The sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922 has been known from Maastrichtian deposits of south-western North America for nearly a century. Alamosaurus is the youngest sauropod taxon known in North America. Originally described from an isolated scapula and ischium from New Mexico, more of Alamosaurus was revealed by an incomplete skeleton from southern Utah. Additional referred specimens from western Texas provided the first few examples of cervical, dorsal and sacral vertebrae known for the taxon, but these came from relatively small and immature individuals. Here we describe an articulated series of cervical vertebrae of a large, mature titanosaur from Big Bend National Park, Texas, and provide evidence that the specimen can be referred to A. sanjuanensis. The specimen represents the first articulated cervical vertebral series described for the taxon, which clarifies aspects of cervical vertebral anatomy and provides at least one new diagnostic character for Alamosaurus. Many previous c...
An application of backward reasoning to narrative intelligence

Artificial Intelligence seeks to simulate human reasoning abilities on a computer. Humans make sense of their environment by organizing past events into a narrative story. For a computer to do this, it must be able to recognize the form of a narrative and then give meaning to the events that take place within its model of the world. Narrative intelligence is the subfield of AI that seeks to automate this process. After a narrative has been identified, an AI system must use theories of causality to connect current states and events to one another. Once a coherent chain of events is created, they are put together to form the narrative. One such example of a system that does this is the Joseph Story Generation System. It takes a provided world model (in our case the world of Russian Folklore) and generates random stories by the application of a story grammar that we have designed. This is what we will be using to further our theories of knowledge representation, narrative intelligence, and causality.
Macroscopic Interferometry With Electrons, Instead of Photons

For over a century, the standard interferogram has been in the context of interfering optical waves. This talk formally links time-of-flight cameras to electronic interferograms, where electronic waves interfere, enabling macroscopic interferometry. Article not available.
Aspirin Prophylaxis in Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania

A nine year old child with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) was treated successfully using small dose aspirin prophylaxis at the California Medical Clinic for Headache, Encino, and the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA.
Immature neurons and radial glia, but not astrocytes or microglia, are altered in adult Cntnap2 and Shank3 mice, models of autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with cognitive deficits and excessive anxiety. Neuroimaging studies have shown atypical structure and neural connectivity in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and striatum, regions associated with cognitive function and anxiety regulation. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is involved in many behaviors that are disrupted in ASD, including cognition, anxiety, and social behaviors. Additionally, glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, are important for modulating neural connectivity during development, and glial dysfunction has been hypothesized to be a key contributor to the development of ASD. Cells with astroglial characteristics are known to serve as progenitor cells in the developing and adult brain. Here, we examined adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, as well as astroglia and microglia in the hippocampus, mPFC, and striatum of two models that display autism-like phenotypes, Cntnap2-/- and Shank3+/ΔC transgenic mice. We found a substantial decrease in the number of immature neurons and radial glial progenitor cells in the ventral hippocampus of both transgenic models compared with wild-type controls. No consistent differences were detected in the number or size of astrocytes or microglia in any other brain region examined. Future work is needed to explore the functional contribution of adult neurogenesis to autism-related behaviors as well as to temporally characterize glial plasticity as it is associated with ASD.
Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Oral and Craniofacial Regeneration

The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has been rapidly expanded through multidisciplinary integration of research and clinical practice in response to unmet clinical needs for reconstruction of dental, oral, and craniofacial structures. The significance of the various types of stem cells, specifically mesenchymal stem cells derived from the orofacial tissues, ranging from dental pulp stem cells to periodontal ligament stem cells to mucosa/gingiva has been thoroughly investigated and their applications in tissue regeneration are outlined in this article.
CS-1 Re-Directed Central Memory T Cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell malignancy, accounts for approximately 1 percent of all cancers and slightly more than 10 percent of hematologic malignancies in the United States. Approximately 20,000 new cases will be diagnosed this year and over 11,000 people will die from this disease. Current therapies for MM often induce remission, but nearly all patients eventually relapse and die. T-cell mediated anti-tumor therapies using genetically modify T cells with specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have non-overlapping activity, toxicity and tumor resistance profiles compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The main challenge in designing a CAR T cell immunotherapeutic approach is identifying the best antigen for tumor targeting. CS-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor family that is highly and selectively expressed on normal plasma cells and MM cells, with lower expression on NK cells and little or no expression on normal tissues. This unique expression pattern and proven clinical benefit of CS-1 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of relapsed MM makes CS-1 a good target for CAR T cell therapy. Central memory T cells (TCM) from PBMC were isolated using a two-step process on the AutoMACS device to first deplete CD14+, CD45RA+ and CD25+ cells, then to positively select CD62L+ cells. These TCM undergo anti-CD3/CD28 bead stimulation and transduction with a lentiviral vector encoding CS-1 CAR containing a CD28 co-stimulatory domain and two mutations on IgG4 linker CH-2 portion to ensure enhanced potency and persistence after adoptive transfer. Gene modified CS-1 CAR T cells specifically lysed MM.1S, a MM cell line, in 4-hour 51Cr release assays and all the CAR+ cells expressed 107a upon co-cultured with the MM.1S cells. To investigate the potency of the CS-1CAR T cells, 2x106 MM.1S cells that were engineered to express GFP firefly luciferase were inoculated into NSG mice by tibia injection. 7 days post tumor engraftment, 1x106 CS-1 CAR T cells were intravenously injected into the tumor bearing mice. In contrast to untreated and mock cell treated mice in which tumor progressed rapidly systemically, single intravenous infusion of CS-1 CAR T cells induced dramatic tumor regression and significantly prolonged survival. In addition to CS-1, CD44v6 and BCMA are antigens that have also been shown to be over-expressed on MM tumor cells. We therefore compared the two CARs with CS-1 CAR for their anti-MM activity. Based on our studies, targeting CS-1 resulted in the best efficacy (Figure 1) and would be an attractive strategy for development of a clinical trial. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sinus Headache and Rhinogenic Headache

Sinus headache and rhinogenic headache are terms that were once used interchangeably. Studies over the last 15 years have shown that most “sinus headaches” are actually migraine, and that true rhinogenic headaches are relatively rare. Regardless, the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these challenging patients remains controversial. This chapter will review the scientific literature regarding diagnosis and surgical intervention in these patients, and will provide a practical guide for incorporating this information in clinical otolaryngology and allergy practices.
The 9th Circuit's Contrived Comedy of Errors in Washington v. Trump

This essay offers an early critique of the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Washington v. Trump. Despite its well-meaning intentions, the per curiam opinion is, at bottom, a contrived comedy of errors. First, the court grossly erred by treating a temporary restraining order — that contained no reasoning — as a preliminary injunction. The panel’s insistence that emergency relief be provided is irreconcilable with its own conclusion that no such emergency exists. Second, the panel offered zero analysis of the underlying statutory scheme, which is exceedingly complex and intricate. While it is true that this approach would not resolve all claims, as Justice Jackson reminded us six decades ago, the conjunction or disjunction between Congress and the Presidency informs the exactness of judicial review. This timeless lesson was apparently lost on the panel, which, third, applied the strictest of scrutiny to assess whether the executive order was justified based on “a real risk” rather than alternative facts. Fourth, I analyze the panel’s refusal to narrow an overbroad injunction. Once again, a study of the underlying statutory scheme could have afforded a plausible method of saving part of the order, while excising the unconstitutional portions.I will close by critiquing the decision’s treatment of two leading precedents. First, the panel distinguished away with gossamer threads Kleindienst v. Mandel, which for four decades established a presumption of non-reviewability for executive decisions concerning exclusion. Second, the court misread Justice Kennedy’s concurring opinion in Kerry v. Din to establish a principle that courts can assess the President’s policy decisions for “bad faith.” Kennedy’s opinion, like Mandel before it, did no such thing; rather, courts could look only at whether individual consular officers acted in good faith, not whether the policy behind that decision was in bad faith.Personal sentiments about this egregious order should not shade a candid assessment of precedent and constitutional law. This opinion, which enjoins a policy I personally find deeply regrettable, is itself deeply regrettable.
Therapeutic Inhibition of Complement: Well Worth the Risk

Complement is an integral part of the immune system and protects against infection. Complement-mediated immunopathology in many autoimmune diseases and syndromes has led to the therapeutic targeting of complement and to questions around the safety of complement inhibition. Here; I examine and clarify the risks associated with complement therapeutics.
Interventional Strategies for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease.

Many patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) ([1,2][1]), yet interventional cardiologists can almost always identify a single lesion responsible for the infarction. After successful percutaneous coronary intervention of the
Dimensions of athletic star power associated with Generation Y sports consumption

The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensions of athletic star power associated with Generation Y sports consumption. Multivariate analyses revealed that athletic star power factors (Professional Trustworthiness, Likeable Personality, Athletic Expertise, Social Attractiveness and Characteristic Style) were positively (p < .05) predictive of the sport consumption factors (Event Consumption and Merchandise Consumption).
Temporary Loan Limits as a Natural Experiment in FHA Insurance

Section 203 of the National Housing Act of 1934 created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to provide federally backed insurance of home mortgages against the risk of default. FHA insurance typically serves borrowers with higher perceived credit risk, including first-time homebuyers and minority borrowers. FHA is also restricted to loan amounts less than a maximum limit. Historically, these loan limits have tended to not keep pace with house price appreciation, further focusing FHA insurance on a narrowing segment of the mortgage market. But in response to the collapse of house prices and rising foreclosures, Congress enacted legislation in 2008 that drastically increased the maximum loan amount eligible for FHA insurance. Although subsequently extended, the higher loan limits expired at the end of 2013. The changes in loan limits create a natural experiment to measure the effect of the availability of FHA mortgage insurance on the mortgage market. The exogenous variation in FHA eligibility provides an improvement over previous research on the substitution between FHA and conventional (i.e., not insured by the Veterans Administration, Department of Agriculture, or FHA) mortgage lending.
Legal Ethics and the Constitution

Thank you for inviting me to this wonderful conference. I learn so much from these conferences. And I enjoy meeting the leaders in the field of legal ethics. The one person I miss greatly, of course, is Sam Dash. We used to love to exchange stories. We actually believed for a while we were related to each other because a number of people in my family changed their name from Dershowitz to Dash. And I would get phone calls from him when he agreed with something I did: “Alan, we’re related.” And then, two weeks later I would do something he disagreed with: “Alan, we’re not even distantly related.” I had always hoped we were, because he was such a mensch. And being at a conference sponsored in honor of Monroe Freedman is a thrill for me. Monroe was my role model. He was the first lawyer I ever heard argue an appeal. It was in the D.C. circuit. It was a very difficult, complex case and I remember David Bazelon called me. He never, ever said, come down to the court. He always wanted me to work. But he said, Monroe Freedman is arguing. You’ve got to come and listen. And I went and I listened and I said to myself, that’s what I want to be when I grow up. I will never be as good, but at least I’m going to try. And so I have been following in Monroe’s footsteps for so many years. Yesterday, I was at my daughter’s high school parents day. And they announced that they were now going to teach a course on ethics. And they didn’t want to actually hire an ethics teacher, so one day it would be taught by a math teacher, another day by the college guidance counselor, a third day by a minister and a fourth day perhaps by the history professor. And don’t worry, they said, the issues are very simple. It’s a pure question of right and wrong. And it put me in mind of how ethics were taught at law school when I was a student. It was generally taught by the dean. At Harvard Law School it was Erwin Griswold. And he would get up and speak for fifteen minutes to the first year students and with a kind of perennial harrumph in his voice, he would say, do not comingle your funds with your client’s funds. And nobody understood what comingle was; nobody had any notion of funds, but yet we were taught not to do that. Basically, legal ethics was, do not commit perjury and honor your father and your
Partitioning ground reaction forces for multi-segment foot joint kinetics.

Abstract Background Kinematic multi-segment foot models have been increasingly used to study foot function. The addition of kinetics to these models may enhance their utility; however, this been hindered by limitations in measuring ground reaction forces (GRFs) under individual foot segments. Purpose To determine the accuracy of partitioning segment GRFs from a single force platform on foot joint kinetics. Methods Two potential partitioning methods were applied to a previously published three-segment kinetic foot model. The first method calculated joint kinetics only when the center of pressure crossed anterior to a joint (CPcross). The second method utilized a virtual pressure mat and a proportionality assumption to partition GRFs from the force platform (PRESS). Accuracy was assessed by comparing joint moments and powers obtained from each partitioning method to those obtained from a dual force plate approach that isolated forces under two segments at a time (2Plate). Thirteen healthy pediatric subjects walked in a controlled manner so as to isolate the kinetics acting at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and, subsequently, the midtarsal joint. Results The PRESS method was generally more accurate than the CPcross method, and both methods were more accurate at the midtarsal joint than at the MTP joint. At the MTP joint, sagittal plane moment peaks, power peaks, and work done were slightly overestimated, more so by CPcross than PRESS. At the midtarsal joint, sagittal plane moments were captured well by PRESS, while CPcross missed the early portion of the moment, but both methods captured power profiles fairly accurately. Significance Analysis of kinetics in multi-segment foot models may provide insight into foot function, pathologies, and interventions. Partitioning accuracy and generalizability is promising for analysis of the midtarsal joints but has limitations at the MTP joint.
Can sacral development as a marker for caudal regression help identify associated urologic anomalies in patients with anorectal malformation

Abstract Background and aim The sacral ratio (SR) is a well-established tool to quantify sacral development in patients with anorectal malformations (ARM) and can be used as a predictor of fecal continence. We hypothesized that a lower SR correlated with the presence of urologic and renal malformations. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with ARM treated at our center from 2014 to 2016. We measured the lateral SR as a marker for sacral development and assessed the spine for the presence of tethered cord (TC). Urological and renal anomalies, including single kidney, hydronephrosis, hypospadias, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), ectopic ureter, and penoscrotal transposition were assessed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-tests, and multivariable linear regression were used to test for differences in SR with consideration of associated urologic malformations and tethered cord. Results 283 patients with ARM were included for analysis (156 females). The median age was 39months (10–90). Among these, 178 (55.6%) had 1 or more urologic malformations, and 81 (25.3%) had a TC. Hydronephrosis, high-grade VUR (3–5), solitary kidney, and tethered cord were significantly associated with lower SR (p Conclusion SR is a potentially useful indicator of certain urologic anomalies including hydronephrosis, high grade VUR, and solitary kidney in patients with ARM. This association is independent of the presence of TC. A sacral ratio as a part of the VACTERL screening can help the surgeon identify which patients need closer urologic follow up. Level of evidence IV
Three Decades of Hepatitis Vaccinology in Historic Perspective. A Paradigm of Successful Pursuits

Hepatitis is an apt subject for discussions of the history of vaccination, since it is clearly an example of recognizable diseases of ancient recorded history, as well as of clinical diseases of diverse and multiple etiologies. Hepatitis, with its distinguishing yellow jaundice, must have been a recognizable feature for an illness of human beings ever since the species discarded its hairy overcoat in favor of the buff.
Derivation of the Euler Equation from Hamiltonian Systems with Negligible Random Noise

The Euler equation of conservation law has been one of the fundamental equations in fluid dynamics since its discovery two centuries ago. Although there are disputes regarding its maximum range of applicability, it has been firmly established in suitable region. In principle, it is a logical consequence of Newtonian mechanics and a rigorous derivation of it from Newton’s equation should be possible. Certainly some scaling has to be chosen and Euler equation is exact only in the scaling limit. This problem indeed is much harder than it appears, as Euler equation involves thermodynamical quantities such as pressure and temperature while classical Hamiltonian systems are characterized by the pair potential. So there is a link via classical statistical mechanics which does not enter explicitly in the classical Hamiltonain systems. In other words, to prove Euler equation from classical Hamiltonian systems one in a certain sense justifies Boltzmann’s principle from classical mechanics. So far no one knows how to achieve this except in some artificial systems. The known results in this direction include: a heuristic derivation of Euler equation by assuming some strong ergodic property and all equilibrium states being Gibbs; one dimensional hard rod systems; Lanford’s theorem in the small time and low density limit. (For a review see [3].) In this note, I shall report some recent progress in this direction done in collaboration with S. Olla and S. R. S. Varadhan [2].