cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-partum serum albumin as a predictor of metritis

The transition cow is in a negative nutrient balance, recognized largely as a negative energy and calcium balance. In response to the negative energy state, the body begins to mobilize body fat. In response to the negative calcium balance, the body begins to mobilize calcium stores from bone. A negative protein balance has also been documented, and results in mobilization of protein reserves from skeletal muscles. Total serum protein has been associated with cow health, but serum albumin is more specific and plays an important role in transporting triglycerides and calcium. Albumin has been proposed as a potential biomarker for health in the transition cow. The objective of this study was to determine whether low serum albumin concentrations 2 days after calving would result in an increased risk of developing acute puerperal metritis (APM). A secondary objective was to establish whether total or ionized calcium levels 48 hours post calving were associated with serum albumin levels early postpartum.
Distinguishing between Money Income and Utility Income in Cost-Benefit Analysis

To date, the distinction between money income and utility income has been recognized only in an efficiency context. This article argues that it is also significant in an income redistribution context and can be used to identify the form which such redistribution is to take, cash or kind. To illustrate its practical significance, this distinction is shown to underlie the social evaluation of time savings which appear as benefits in many public transport investments. By imputation from past railway closure decisions in the United Kingdom, a value for time twice the conventional evaluation is obtained.
On the Benefits of Currency Reform

Money allows agents to achieve allocations that are not possible without it. How- ever, currency in most economies is a uniform object, and there may be incentive compatible allocations that cannot be implemented with a uniform currency. We show that currency reform, ie, changing the monetary base by replacing one currency with another, is a powerful tool that can enable a planner to achieve his desired allocation. Our monetary mechanism with currency reform is anonymous and features nonlinear pricing of consumption goods and future assets, as observed in practice. Our result suggests that currency reform is rarely seen in practice precisely because it is such a powerful tool and none but the most benevolent planner can be trusted to use it wisely.
An introduction to model implied instrumental variables using two stage least squares (MIIV-2SLS) in structural equation models (SEMs).

Structural equation models (SEMs) are widely used to handle multiequation systems that involve latent variables, multiple indicators, and measurement error. Maximum likelihood (ML) and diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) dominate the estimation of SEMs with continuous or categorical endogenous variables, respectively. When a model is correctly specified, ML and DWLS function well. But, in the face of incorrect structures or nonconvergence, their performance can seriously deteriorate. Model implied instrumental variable, two stage least squares (MIIV-2SLS) estimates and tests individual equations, is more robust to misspecifications, and is noniterative, thus avoiding nonconvergence. This article is an overview and tutorial on MIIV-2SLS. It reviews the six major steps in using MIIV-2SLS: (a) model specification; (b) model identification; (c) latent to observed (L2O) variable transformation; (d) finding MIIVs; (e) using 2SLS; and (f) tests of overidentified equations. Each step is illustrated using a running empirical example from Reisenzein's (1986) randomized experiment on helping behavior. We also explain and illustrate the analytic conditions under which an equation estimated with MIIV-2SLS is robust to structural misspecifications. We include additional sections on MIIV approaches using a covariance matrix and mean vector as data input, conducting multilevel SEM, analyzing categorical endogenous variables, causal inference, and extensions and applications. Online supplemental material illustrates input code for all examples and simulations using the R package MIIVsem. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of Aureobasidium pullulans on microscope slides and leaf surfaces

A 21-mer oligonucleotide probe designated Ap665, directed at the 18S rRNA of Aureobasidium pullulans and labelled with five molecules of fluorescein isothiocyanate, was applied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to populations of the fungus on slides and apple leaves from growth chamber seedlings and orchard trees. In specificity tests that included Ap665 and a similarly labelled universal probe and the respective complementary probes as controls, the hybridization signal was strong for Ap665 reactions with 12 A. pullulans strains but at or below background level for 98 other fungi including 82 phylloplane isolates. Scanning confocal laser microscopy was used to confirm that the fluorescence originated from the cytoplasmic matrix and to overcome limitations imposed on conventional microscopy by leaf topography. Images were recorded with a cooled charge-coupled device video camera and digitized for storage and manipulation. Image analysis was used to verify semiquantitative fluorescence ratings and to demonstrate how the distribution of the fluorescence signal in specific interactions (e.g., Ap665 with A. pullulans cells) could be separated at a given probability level from nonspecific fluorescence (e.g., in interactions of Ap665 with Cryptococcus laurentii cells) of an overlapping population. Image analysis methods were used also to quantify epiphytic A. pullulans populations based on cell number or percent coverage of the leaf surface. Under some conditions, leaf autofluorescence and the release of fluorescent compounds by leaves during the processing for hybridization decreased the signal-to-noise ratio. These effects were reduced by the use of appropriate excitation filter sets and fixation conditions. We conclude that FISH can be used to detect and quantify A. pullulans cells in the phyllosphere.
Acoustic microscopy with mixed-mode transducers

Acoustic microscopes have become important NDE tools in recent years. For accurate and quantitative characterization, it is desirable to have a system capable of dealing with a wide variety of materials, to evaluate both bulk and surface wave properties, and to detect surface damage, subsurface cracks, bulk defects, etc. For this purpose, we have built a new and versatile acoustic microscope which measures both amplitude and phase in the frequency range of 1–200 MHz with selectable operation modes with longitudinal waves, shear waves, or both. The wide frequency range allows us to evaluate a variety of materials. The selectable operation modes enable us to measure different properties of materials and to detect different types of defects.
Cross-layer design for video streaming over wireless ad hoc networks

We propose a cross-layer design framework for supporting delay-critical traffic over ad hoc wireless networks and analyze its benefits for video streaming. In this framework, link capacities and traffic flows are jointly allocated to minimize the congestion experienced by video packets. The optimal solution, calculated via time sharing among different transmission schemes, concentrates resources only on active links. Experimental results on a simulated network illustrate the advantages of cross-layer design over another method based on oblivious layers. With one path, the cross-layer approach yields a 10-fold gain in supported data rate or equivalently 8.5 dB improvement in PSNR of achievable received video quality. Using 3 paths, the gain is 3-fold in rate or 5 dB in video quality. While multipath routing is essential to high data rate in oblivious-layered design, cross-layer design achieves efficient resource utilization regardless of the number of routes.
Radical cation formation and crystal structure determination of 4′-dimethylamino-10-phenylpyrido[3,2-b]benzothiazine

The crystal structure of title compound, 4, shows that the 10-aryl group is parallel to the plane bisecting the pyridobenzothiazine ring. This structure is in contrast to that normally found for phenothiazines substituted with electron-withdrawing substituents on the 10-phenyl ring. In those compounds, the 10-aryl group is perpendicular to the plane bisecting the phenothiazine ring. The esr spectrum of the cation radical of 4 shows that the radical is located on the hetero ring system which is opposite to that of the cation radical of 4′-dimethylamino-10-phenylphenothiazine in which the radical is located on the 10-aryl ring.
Reflection, reality monitoring, and the self.

For some time now, I have been investigating the problem of reality monitoring--how people discriminate, when remembering, between information that had a perceptual source and information that was self-generated from thought, imagination, fantasy, or dreams (Johnson, 1977; Johnson, Taylor, & Raye, 1977). This question has many intriguing facets. It makes contact with fundamental philosophical issues of epistemology; it is a stimulating theoretical puzzle in itself; it is critically important for our everyday functioning in the world. It also has a certain science fiction quality about it that is disconcerting but compelling. If, as the analysis of reality monitoring that I will describe suggests, our ideas of reality and fantasy originate from imperfect attributional processes, who knows what might be true?
Euro-African Commerce and Social Chaos: Akan Societies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Akokɔ nto nto, aduasa – the chicken should lay-lay eggs, thirty [plenty]Akorɔma mfa mfa, aduasa – the hawk should take-take, thirty [plenty]Akokɔ, mato mato bi awura – chicken: I have laid-laid some eggs ownerAkorɔma mmefa me na mabre – the hawk should come and take me, I am tiredAkan drum textAnimguase mfata okaniba – disgrace does not befit the Akan child[i.e., Akan-born]Akan proverbIn the drum text above, the chicken and the hawk parallel the symbiotic relationship between the “slave trade” and the period of “legitimate trade” between the Gold Coast and Britain. The former “trade” paved the way for and nourished the outcomes of the latter, and as the uneven power relations between West Africa and European nation-states become even more explicit in a globalizing economy, Europe or Britain (“the hawk”) seized on the valued resources (“eggs”) of a tiresome and ravaged Gold Coast. To halt the disgrace (animguase) of impending colonial incursion and protectionism, several Akan societies (“chickens”) became hawk-like in domestic matters—for they had less control over international forces beyond their soil—and its internal conflicts had as much to do with their inner drive to maintain “order” in juxtaposition to the exigencies of their times. The key nineteenth-century relationship between Asante of the forest interior and Elmina of the coast provides a spatial parameter and a mnemonic for examining key transformations between those two boundaries as represented by the coastal Fante polities, forest-based Asante, and the Bono, who occupied the northern forest fringe. I argue that the conflicts between and within Akan societies of varying orders were the product of multilayered factors occurring at the same time and in different places, such as power struggles and tensions born of conservatism and Christianity, that ultimately transformed all in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although the Akan share a composite culture, spiritual practice, calendrical system, socio-political structure, and ethos, the transformations in Asante society were not replicated among the Fante or Bono, although the Bono offer a comparative case that diverged from much of the nascent colonial shaping of Asante and Fante society. This essay suggests that Akan societies, beyond the almost exclusive focus on Asante, are better approached thematically than in spatial or chronological isolation, since the themes of social dissolution and conflicts were shared by all in a context of Euro-African commerce, Westernization, and Christian proselytization.
Widespread osseous metastasis of signet ring type bladder cancer detected by NaF18-PET/CT bone scan

We present a case of a 70 year old black male with innumerable small osseous metastases which were not visible on FDG-PET/CT or CT and were only detected by NaF18-PET/CT bone scan. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature reporting the use of NaF18-PET/CT bone scan in the initial staging of signet ring cell bladder carcinoma. Metastatic bone disease was widely spread throughout the skeleton. Some bladder cancers are detected in late stages and have occult distant metastases. Signet ring type adenocarcinomas of the bladder are very rare and they have a very aggressive nature. Proper staging can save the patients from undue surgical procedures. NaF-PET/CT may be a necessary tool in the diagnostic staging of aggressive bladder cancers.
Transport of heavy metals and cations in a fly ash amended soil.

The potential for heavy metal contamination of groundwater in and around coal combustion residue disposal sites is one of the main areas of concern regarding proper disposal of these by-products. The use of fly ash as an amendment to agricultural soils has been investigated to explore its effects on corp growth and production. Precautions must be taken to prevent possible water contamination as a result of fly ash usage in agricultural soils. Positive correlations exist between the concentrations of either water or acid extractable B, F, Mo, and Se or acid extractable As in fly ash and those of the similar elements in effluent waters near a fly ash landfill.Solubility of fly ash in water is an important factor which determines the extent of water pollution from fly ash. This study investigates the transport of heavy metals and cations in a sandy soil amended with various rates of fly ash. 14 refs., 3 tabs.
Effects of Coriolis Force on Countercurrent Chromatography

Abstract During protein separation using the toroidal coil centrifuge, the partition efficiency was found to vary according to the direction of the elution through the coil. In most cases, eluting either the lighter phase toward the direction of rotation or the heavier phase in the opposite direction produced higher efficiencies. The cause of this unusual phenomenon may be attributed to the Coriolis force acting on the mobile phase in the rotating coil. Using a flow-through glass vial and colored mobile phases, the effects of the Coriolis force on moving droplets were observed under stroboscopic illumination. As expected, the path of the descending droplets (heavier phase) shifted against the direction of rotation whereas that of the ascending droplets (lighter phase) shifted toward the direction of rotation. The effect of this Coriolis flow on the partition efficiency was studied with a set of toroidal coils with various core diameters.
A note on defining geographic markets

Abstract This paper offers an approach to delineating geographic markets and/or product markets based on the notion of instantaneous causality. After providing a brief review of the issue of concern and a discussion of the relevant statistical methodology the flour market in the United States is examined. It is concluded that the flour market in fact is national in scope.
INTEGRATING THE ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD WITH A CARDIAC DEVICE REGISTRY ENHANCES OUTCOMES MEASURES

A Cardiac Device Registry1 was developed by a communitybased, integrated healthcare system to: • Identify and track patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillator (ICD) and pacemaker (PM) and lead implants • Respond immediately to identify patients involved during recalls/advisories • Provide an active surveillance system for unexpected or harmful events • Monitor trends in device performance and safety • Produce data to support best clinical practices • Provide a framework for research The purpose of this study was to describe the registered cohort of this registry and incidence of surgical outcomes associated with these procedures.
The influence of time of day on the foraging behavior of the honeybee, Apis mellifera.

The honeybee time sense, or Zeitgedachtnis, is highly adaptive, allowing bees to synchronize their foraging behavior with the peak time of daily floral nectar rhythms. Each foraging group within the honeybee colony shows a high degree of fidelity to one species of flower. Across the day, the temporal accuracy of foraging visits to experimental feeding times varies considerably, being nearly exact for morning-trained foraging groups but becoming less so for foraging groups trained later in the day. The evidence gained in this study suggests that the diel change in accuracy exhibited by foraging groups, which persists after the removal of many potential environmental time cues, is an endogenously driven behavior pattern. Furthermore, it appears that individual bees are continuously and accurately aware of the time of day, but are programmed to forage with greater anticipation to late-day food sources. Therefore, two separate processes contributing to the honeybee time sense are implicated. The first varies with time of day and determines the amount of anticipatory activity directed toward the food source. The second process is invariant across the day and is involved with the individual forager's continuous, accurate awareness of time.
Crystal shedding and acute pseudogout. An hypothesis based on a therapeutic failure

Four patients with chondrocalcinosis of the knees volunteered for joint lavage. Preliminary experiments indicated that disodium EDTA and magnesium ions were potent solubilizers of CPPD crystals. The procedure was a therapeutic failure in that insignificant amounts of CPPD were removed and all 4 subjects developed postlavage attacks of pseudogout. It is hypothesized that the acute attack of pseudogout is a result of crystal shedding and may be triggered by any factor that enhances CPPD solubility.
Nucleophilic catalysis in the insertion of silicon halides into oxiranes: A synthesis of o-protected vicinal halohydrins

Abstract Silicon halides in the presence of nucleophilic catalysts react with epoxides to form O-protected vicinal halohydrins with enhanced regioselectivity.
Congenital Venous Lymphatic Malformation as an Unusual Source of Premenarchal Vaginal Bleeding.

Abstract Background Premenarchal vaginal bleeding can present a diagnostic challenge and has not been previously reported in association with congenital venous lymphatic malformation. Case A 3-year-old girl presented with intermittent vaginal bleeding since birth. Evaluation showed premenarchal estradiol and gonadotropin hormones, a normal pelvic ultrasound and normal colonoscopy. Examination under anesthesia and vaginoscopy showed a congested appearance of the hymen and vaginal petechiae. Sudden development of a vulvar cyst led to a pelvic magnetic resonance imaging scan, which revealed a venous malformation of the pelvis and vulvar lymphatic cyst. Vaginal bleeding stopped for approximately 6 months after sclerotherapy with doxycycline and ethanol, however recurred and required repeat sclerotherapy. Summary and Conclusion Congenital venous lymphatic malformations can rarely be associated with premenarchal vaginal bleeding and should be considered when all more common etiologies have been ruled out. Diagnosis is made using magnetic resonance imaging, and treatment might include doxycycline and ethanol sclerotherapy.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism

Intergroup bias is one of the most actively researched topics in the field of social psychology. Hundreds of books and thousands of research articles have addressed this issue over more than half a century. Although the psychological roots of blatant prejudices are well documented, the development of more subtle and often unintentional forms in societies in which its expression is discouraged poses new and unique challenges to the pursuit of justice and equality in contemporary society. Our interests in the psychological underpinnings of prejudice as researchers and educators are both practical and conceptual. On the practical side, understanding the nature of contemporary forms of prejudice has clear implications for developing effective techniques for combating bias and discrimination. In 1967, nearly 3 years after the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, race riots in the United States prompted the Kerner Commission to investigate the sources of racial tension. Upon the conclusion of its investigation, the commission cited White America’s failure to assist Blacks in need, rather than actively trying to harm Blacks, as a primary cause of racial disparities and, ultimately, civil unrest (Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968). Indeed, it was research on the differential helping behavior of politically liberal Whites toward Black and White motorists who were stranded on a highway that represented the first empirical work on aversive racism (Gaertner, 1973). Considerable subsequent research on aversive racism has revealed that the consequences of subtle bias can be as severe and pernicious as those of blatant prejudice. Conceptually, the complexities of contemporary forms of prejudice and recent advances in techniques and tools for studying non-conscious biases make this research area an exciting and challenging one. We hope that this guide can help orient educators to the many excellent resources that exist and convey our enthusiasm for exploring what psychological methods and theories can contribute to understanding one of the most challenging social issues faced in contemporary society.
Advanced Manufacturing Techniques As Applied To ASIC Photolithographic Processing

An advanced manufacturing photolithographic process has been developed and implemented. Utilizing conventional processing techniques the process demonstrates high levels of consistency and uniformity while maintaining simplicity. The 1.5 micron process as monitored by electrical metrology techniques has demonstrated long term consistency of exposure latitude and critical dimension uniformity. All aspects of processing including coat, expose, develop and etch contribute to a total variation of less than 10% of nominal linewidth. Statistical process control combined with equipment matching has facilitated process standardization and allows for the elimination of all pilots and set-up wafers bringing high throughput ASIC manufacturing to a reality.
Letter to the Editor---The Data-Enrichment Method

The following remarks are intended as a nontechnical exposition of an interesting method which has been proposed not by the present author to improve the quality of inferences drawn from a set of experimentally obtained data.
An archaeology of fear and environmental change in Philadelphia

Abstract This paper examines how mechanisms of social control function to mediate human–environment relations and processes of environmental change in the city. Using the Fairmount Park System of Philadelphia as a case study, I argue that a history of social control mechanisms, both formal and informal, maintained viable socio-environmental urban relationships. Their decline over the last several decades has produced a legacy of fear towards the city’s natural environment that has had, and continues to have, profound socio-spatial and ecological implications. I argue that these changes have their origin in a set of racially motivated decisions made during the volatile years of the late 1960s and early 1970s and that African American women, in particular, have been impacted disproportionately by their consequences. Fear of crime in the natural environment and suspicion of environmental change have resulted in the exclusion of local women and children from what was, historically, a politically and socially viable public space. In this context, urban ecological change is locally understood as more an issue of social control than one of environmental concern.
Retinal delivery of celecoxib is several-fold higher following subconjunctival administration compared to systemic administration.

Purpose. We have previously demonstrated that celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, reaches the retina following repeated oral administrations and inhibits diabetes-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression and vascular leakage in a rat model. The aim of this study was to quantify the relative retinal bioavailability of celecoxib from the subconjunctival route compared to a systemic route.
What Is Beautiful Is Good Because What Is Beautiful Is Desired: Physical Attractiveness Stereotyping as Projection of Interpersonal Goals

The authors posit that the attribution of desirable interpersonal qualities to physically attractive targets is a projection of interpersonal goals; people desire to form and maintain close social bonds with attractive targets and then project these motivations onto those targets. Three studies support this model. Tendencies to see attractive novel targets depicted in photographs (Study 1), attractive romantic partners (Study 2), and attractive friends (Study 3) as especially interpersonally receptive and responsive were explained by perceivers' heightened desires to bond with attractive individuals. Additional findings regarding response latencies (Study 1) also supported this model. Many instances of the "beautiful is good" effect may not reflect stereotyping as it is typically construed. Rather, they may reflect projection of heightened desires to bond with beautiful people.
Transitional vacuole formation following a bolus infusion of PEG-hemoglobin in the rat

This study was designed to assess the morphological effects of a bolus infusion of PEG-hemoglobin on the heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney of laboratory rats. Of particular interest was the determination of PEG-hemoglobin's potential to form vacuoles in the tissues and whether these were transitory and article specific. One hundred ten female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The first experiment determined whether vacuole formation was test article specific by infusing either stroma-free bovine hemoglobin, PEG-hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, PEG-bovine serum albumin or free PEG. The second experiment assessed the transitory nature of vacuolization. In both experiments, unconscious rats received an intravenous top-loading (bolus) injection of test article via the tail vein. Rats were sacrificed at various time points following administration and had their tissues examined for the presence of vacuoles by light microscope morphological examination and iron staining. Formation of vacuoles appeared to be test article specific with only prolonged circulating, high solute test articles producing vacuoles. These vacuoles appeared dose responsive and transitory in nature. The vacuolization found was non-toxic and believed to be due to the known effect of lysosomal overloading following the phagocytosis of vascularly persistent high solute test articles.
Vapor Deposition−Polymerization of α-Amino Acid N-Carboxy Anhydride on the Silicon(100) Native Oxide Surface

In this study, we introduce a novel dry process for surface deposition−polymerization of vapor phase α-amino acid N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) from a surface-immobilized initiator layer. In particular, the NCA of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate is initiated from (1-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-modified silicon(100) native oxide substrates to form poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (PBLG). The progress of the reaction is monitored by the thickness change measured with ellipsometry, the surface composition is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the secondary conformation is characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface roughness is examined by atomic force microscopy. Under an optimal reaction condition with temperature from 95 to 125 °C in vacuo, PBLG films of 40 nm thickness have been prepared in 4 h with surface roughness rms within 3.5 nm. All films above 4 nm thickness adopt the α-helical conformation.
Electron microscopy of the red pulp of human spleen

Terminating arterial vessels, the structure of sinuses and cords, and the passage of cells through the sinus wall in the red pulp of human spleen were studied. All terminating arterial capillaries arterial capillaries observed opened into cords. The distance between terminating arterial capillaries and sinuses varied. Macrophages were commonly present at arterial terminations. Arterial capillary endothelium contained filaments about 80 A in diameter. Blood cells were frequently present in the capillary lumen or in passage through the capillary wall into cords. Endothelial cells of sinuses contained three distinctive structures: loosely organized cytoplasmic filaments, tightly organized finer filaments, and micropinocytotic vesicles. Many micropinocytotic vesicles about 0.1 μ in diameter were present just beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral and luminal sides of sinus endothelial cells and a few at the basal aspect. Loosely organized filaments about 80 A in diameter ran parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sinus endothelium. The finer filaments about 30–50 A in diameter were tightly organized as filamentous bands and present basally. The filaments of the bands appeared inserted upon the plasma membrane. They were also present in the cordal reticular cells and terminating arterial capillaries. Free cells were frequently present in passage through the slits of the sinus wall. There were no preformed or fixed apertures in the sinus wall. The basement membrane and reticular fibers were completely covered by the endothelial cells and/or cordal reticular cells. It is likely that those slits between endothelial cells in the sinus wall not covered by the basement membrane are potential passageways for cells moving from the cords into the sinus. The larger cytoplasmic filaments are likely contractile. The filamentous bands appear to maintain cell shape, stabilize the wall in relation to the basement membrane, and are probably operative in the control of cellular passage through the slits of sinus wall.
Information Literacy Integration in a Doctoral Program

Abstract Information literacy is critical to those preparing to work as leaders in the realm of education. This study looked at the infusion of information literacy into a new doctoral program, the SDSU-USD Joint Doctoral Program. The ACRL standards were used as a founding point from which to appraise the acquisition of information literacy. Data collection involved faculty review of classes taught within the program as related to the standards. In addition, data regarding the specific methods by which standards were put into effect within the courses were gathered from a focus group comprised of doctoral students currently involved in the program. A means by which to incorporate and verify the inclusion of information literacy standards into the curriculum was developed in the course of this research. Furthermore, exemplars that may serve as models for information literacy inclusion have been established. Of greatest importance, a heightened awareness of the concept of information literacy was manifest i...
Design and control of an olefin metathesis reactive distillation column

Abstract This paper considers the design and control of a reactive distillation column in which one reactant is consumed and two products are formed (A⇌B+C). The volatilities are α B > α A > α C , i.e. the reactant is intermediate boiling between the two products. The metathesis of 2-pentene is considered as the demonstrative example. The column has a single feed of the intermediate boiling reactant. The distillate contains mostly light component and the bottoms mostly heavy. Three designs are considered: the base case (low-conversion/low-pressure), a low-conversion/high-pressure case and a high-conversion/high-pressure case. The base design is obtained from the literature, and the other two steady-state designs are optimized with respect to the total annual cost. All the designs are found to be openloop stable. Five control structures are studied for the base design. Then the best two structures are applied to the remaining two designs. This category of reactive distillation exhibits less challenging problems than other categories since it uses a single feed, which eliminates the need for the control structure to perfectly balance two fresh feeds. Simulation results demonstrate that effective dynamic control is provided by a control structure that uses two temperatures to maintain the purities of both product streams. No internal composition measurement is required. This structure is found to be robust and stable and rejects loads and tracks setpoints very well.
Cotton fiber length distribution modality alteration in ginning and mill processing

Mechanical damage in cotton fiber processing both shifts the fiber length distribution and alters its shape. This leads to length distributions with complex shapes, often bimodal, that cannot be classified based on simple summary statistics. In this research, we quantified the distribution departure from unimodality and its alteration from the seed to the card sliver in order to determine where in the cotton process the complex bimodal shape appears, and to identify its potential sources of variability observed at the bale stage. Results presented in this paper indicate that bimodality is a transient state associated with intermediate fiber damage levels starting from the gin stand. The distribution is unimodal or shows a non-significant departure from unimodality at both the low and high damage levels, i.e. seed and card sliver, respectively. Fiber maturity plays a major role in determining the variability of the distribution modality at any processing stages. A mature cotton typically shows an extended ...
Cytoskeletal events underlying dendrite formation by cultured pigment cells

In contrast to neurite outgrowth, pigment cell dendrite formation is relatively unstudied. Keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM) induces a striking dendricity in human melanocytes and B16 melanoma cells that is detectable within 30 min, maximal in 24–48 hr, and quantifiable by computerized image analysis. Cyto-chalasin B (CB), known to disrupt actin microfilaments, completely blocks dendrite formation if added to cultures before or with KCM. This effect is rapidly reversible, and dendrites appear within 1 hr after refeeding with KCM alone. In contrast, CB treatment fails to disrupt existing dendrites previously induced by KCM. Agents known to cause microtubule disassembly (colchicine, nocodazole, or vinblastine) do not inhibit dendrite formation if added before or with KCM. In contrast, these agents disrupt established dendrites Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide or actinomycin D completely blocks dendrite formation, but if cultures are provided fresh KCM lacking protein synthesis inhibitors, dendrites reappear within 24 hr. Actin microfilaments visualized with a monoclonal antibody or rhodamine-phalloidin are poorly organized in untreated cells, but form numerous fibers localized along dendrites in KCM-treated cells. Microtubules visualized with a monoclonal anti-tubulin antibody are localized in the center of dendrites. These cytoskeletal changes occur without altering β actin or β tubulin mRNA levels. Taken together, these data implicate actin microfilaments in dendrite outgrowth, but not in maintenance, and conversely microtubules in dendrite maintenance but not in formation. These keratinocyte-induced changes involving β actin and β tubulin polymerization appear to require both new protein synthesis and post-translational regulation. The observed similarities between melanocytes and other neural crest-derived cells suggest that cutaneous pigment cells might serve as an alternative model for studies of neurite outgrowth. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
College Women's Experiences with Physically Forced, Alcohol- or Other Drug-Enabled, and Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Before and Since Entering College

Objective: Research has shown associations between college women's alcohol and/or drug consumption and the risk of sexual assault, but few studies have measured the various means by which sexual as...
A new approach to the characterization of nanomaterials : Predicting Young's modulus by correlation weighting of nanomaterials codes

Abstract Twenty-nine nanomaterials (atom composition and conditions of syntheses) have been studied. Their characteristics were applied to predictions of Young’s modulus values (in GPa). The obtained statistical characteristics of the models are reasonably good, n = 21, r2 = 0.9757, s = 18.3 GPa, F = 761 (training set) and n = 8, r2 = 0.8952, r pred 2 = 0.8880 , s = 34.7 GPa, F = 51 (test set).
Nitric oxide contributes to control of effusion in experimental otitis media.

Objectives/Hypothesis Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, short-lived free radical involved in cellular signaling and known to play a role in inflammation. It is generated on demand by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on arginine. We have previously found that mRNA encoding NOS is produced in the middle ear during otitis media. The role of NO was therefore explored in an experimental model of immune-mediated otitis media. Study Design and Methods Guinea pigs were systemically immunized and later challenged in the middle ear with the same antigen. One ear of each animal was challenged with antigen alone. In the opposite ear, antigen was combined with a potent inhibitor of NOS, NG-amino-L-arginine (L-NAA). After survival for 24, 48, or 72 hours, the middle ears were evaluated for otitis media. Results Inhibition of NOS resulted in significantly increased middle ear effusion at all three time periods. This increase was blocked by the addition of excess l-arginine, which bypasses the inhibitory effects of L-NAA. The infiltration of cells into the middle ear lumen and the hyperplasia of the middle ear mucosa were unaffected by L-NAA administration. Conclusions The results suggest that NO is involved in regulating the permeability of the middle ear vascular, the transudation of serum into the middle ear mucosa, and/or the movement of extracellular fluid across the middle ear mucosal epithelium.
Role of cell‐cell interactions in the developmental regulation of Ca2+‐activated K+ currents in vertebrate neurons

The functional expression of the Ca2+-activated K+ current (IK[Ca]) is dependent on cell-cell interactions in developing chick autonomic neurons. In chick ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons, expression of macroscopic IK[Ca] coincides with the formation of synapses with target tissues. CG neurons that develop in vivo in the absence of normal target tissues fail to express functional IK[Ca], although voltage-activated Ca2+ currents and most other ionic currents are expressed at normal amplitudes and densities. CG neurons placed in cell culture prior to formation of synapses with target tissues also fail to express macroscopic IK[Ca]. However, CG neurons cultured in the presence of a heat- and trypsin-sensitive extract of target tissues express IK[Ca] at normal levels. Similarly, interactions with target tissue appear to regulate the expression of whole-cell IK[Ca] in developing chick sympathetic ganglion neurons, although the relevant trophic factors appear to be different from those required by CG neurons. In addition to target tissue interactions, an intact preganglionic innervation is required for the normal in vivo development of IK[Ca] in chick CG neurons. The trophic effects of the afferent innervation do not require synaptic activation of the CG neurons, indicating secretion of a trophic factor, possibly an isoform of beta-neuregulin. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that target- and nerve terminal-derived trophic factors interact at a posttranslational level in the regulation of a functional IK[Ca]. Together, this body of data demonstrates an essential role for cell-cell interactions in the differentiation of neuronal excitability.
Magnetic susceptibility tensor and heme contact shifts determinations in the Rhodobacter capsulatus ferricytochrome c': NMR and magnetic susceptibility studies.

The 1H and 15N resonances of the carbon monoxide complex of ferrocytochrome c‘ of Rhodobacter capsulatus, a ferrous diamagnetic heme protein, have been extensively assigned by TOCSY−HSQC, NOESY−HSQC, and HSQC−NOESY−HSQC 3D heteronuclear experiments performed on a 7 mM sample labeled with 15N. Based on short-range and medium-range NOEs and HN exchange rates, the secondary structure consists of four helices: helix 1 (3−29), helix 2 (33−48), helix 3 (78−101), and helix 4 (103−125). The 15N, 1HN, and 1Hα chemical shifts of the CO complex form are compared to those of the previously assigned oxidized (or ferric) state. From the chemical shift differences between these redox states, the orientation and the anisotropy of the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor have been determined using the crystallographic coordinates of the ferric state. The χ-tensor is axial, and the orientation of the z-axis is approximately perpendicular to the heme plane. The paramagnetic chemical shifts of the protons of the heme ligand h...
Decamethonium and the conditioned avoidance response.

The inhibition of performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) by drugs has been a subject of much prominence in psychopharmacological research. This type of learned behavior is well known to be susceptible to selective suppression by diverse agents, especially the phenothiazine-type and reserpine-type tranquilizers, morphinelike analgesics, and centrally-acting cholinergic drugs (H~z, 1960). These agents and most others showing significant influence on CAR performance are accepted as acting via sites within the central nervous system (CNS). Utilizing the peripherally-acting agent tetraethylammonium, AvL~) (1950) found slower performance during both acquisition and extinction of a CAR which he attributed to the inhibition of ganglionic transmission. More recently, FS~LDMA~ (1960) has reported that well established CAR's of rats to either an auditory, visual or tactile conditioned stimulus (CS) were suppressed strikingly for short periods by some subparalytic action of a neuromuscular blocking agent, decamethoninm. He hypothesized that these changes might arise from an altered pattern of interoceptive sensory input to the CNS as a result of the muscle spindles (and in turn their proprioceptors) being affected by the subparalytic dosage of deeamethouium. In view of the paucity of data reported (two or three subjects per treatment group) and the novelty of this finding and the interpretation offered to explain it, we wished to attempt confirmation of the reported effect of decamethonium, and possibly to extend the study of its action. Materials and Methods Male albino rats (goltzman strain) were used at 120--150 days of age. Deeamethouium bromide (as Syncurine, Burroughs-Wellcome) was administered intraperitoneally in dosages of 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, the same as those utilized by FV~LD~A~r (1960). Drug or placebo treatment (0.9~ sahne) was administered to all rats 5 min before the test sessions. Loco
Site of ethacrynic acid action on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract The site of action of ethacrynic acid was studied in a model system conisting of respiring Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Ethacrynic acid released oligomycin-induced respiratory inhibition and depressed the respiration of non-inhibited cells. These observations indicated that ethacrynic acid interfered with mitochondrial respiratory control of the intact cell utilizing endogenous substrate. A study of the effects of ethacrynic acid on intact mitochondria isolated from rat liver and kidney confirmed the observations with intact cells. Ethacrynic acid stimulated mitochon-drial respiration in the absence of a phosphate acceptor and also released oligomycin-induced respiratory inhibition.
STUDIES ON THE DIMENSIONS OF THE RABBIT ANTI-BENZYLPENICILLOYL ANTIBODY-COMBINING SITES

Rabbit antisera prepared against conjugates of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) bifunctional haptenic group were analyzed to determine whether the antibodies are adapted to only a portion of the large BPO molecule, or to the entire molecule, and whether specificity extends to the lysine side chain and adjoining structures of the immunizing carrier protein. No antibodies adapted to the phenylacetylamine portion of the BPO group could be detected in a pooled rabbit anti-BPO serum globulin fraction by PCA and quantitative precipitin analysis using several phenylacetylamine-protein conjugates as antigens. No antibodies adapted only to the thiazolidine carboxylic acid portion of the BPO molecule were detected in the anti-BPO globulin fraction using quantitative precipitin and hapten inhibition methods. At least the bulk of the anti-BPO antibodies was found to be adapted to the entire BPO haptenic group. By quantitative hapten inhibition of precipitation of the anti-BPO globulin fraction, the anti-BPO antibodies were found to show specificity for a 6 carbon amide side chain corresponding to the lysine side chain through which BPO groups are bound predominantly to protein. The contribution of this 6 carbon chain to antibody-hapten binding was small; (-DeltaF degrees ) was calculated to be 460 calories per mole (average). Rabbit anti-BPO antibodies prepared against BPO-rabbit serum albumin conjugates showed specificity also toward structures of the immunizing carrier protein, and possibly toward secondary or tertiary structural configurations. Penicilloyl conjugates of rabbit serum albumin precipitated from 3 individual rabbit antisera more anti-BPO antibodies than did penicilloyl conjugates of heterologous carriers (poly-L-lysine, human serum albumin, and human gamma-globulin). Anti-BPO antibodies demonstrated heterogeneity with regard to closeness of fit to the haptenic group, or with regard to the dimensions of the combining sites, or both. It was concluded that at least a large part of anti-BPO antibodies are specifically adapted to a large antigenic unit comprised of the entire BPO group, the lysine side chain, and structural configurations of the immunizing carrier protein.
Regional control by the dental follicle of alterations in alveolar bone metabolism during tooth eruption

Tooth eruption is a localized, bilaterally symmetrical series of events which involves resorption and formation of alveolar bone on opposite sides of the tooth and requires the presence of the dental follicle. We examined the effect on eruption of selective surgical removal of parts of the follicle. Removal of either the basal or coronal halves of the follicle prevented eruption. Bone resorption and formation of an eruption pathway did not occur after removal of the coronal part of the follicle and bone formation did not occur after removal of the basal part of the follicle. Exposure and incisions of the follicle had no effect on eruption. We interpret these data to mean that the polarized resorption and formation of alveolar bone that occur around a tooth during eruption are regulated by the adjacent parts of the dental follicle.