cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube electron ionization source for portable mass spectrometry.

Cold cathode carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in a low-voltage quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and shown to be a viable low-power alternative to filament sources for portable mass spectrometr...
Implementation and Operational Research: A Time-Motion Analysis of HIV Transmission Prevention Counseling and Antiretroviral Adherence Messages in Western Kenya.

Background: Shortages of health workers and large number of HIV-infected persons in Africa mean that time to provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and other messages to patients is limited. Methods: Using time–motion methodology, we documented the intensity and nature of counseling delivered to patients. The study was conducted at a rural and an urban HIV clinic in western Kenya. We recorded all activities of 190 adult patients on ART during their return clinic visits to assess type, frequency, and duration of counseling messages. Results: Mean visit length for patients at the rural clinic was 44.5 (SD = 27.9) minutes and at urban clinic was 78.2 (SD = 42.1) minutes. Median time spent receiving any counseling during a visit was 4.07 minutes [interquartile range (IQR), 1.57–7.33] at rural and 3.99 (IQR, 2.87–6.25) minutes at urban, representing 11% and 8% of total mean visit time, respectively. Median time patients received ART adherence counseling was 1.29 (IQR, 0.77–2.83) minutes at rural and 1.76 (IQR, 1.23–2.83) minutes at urban (P = 0.001 for difference). Patients received a median time of 0.18 (0–0.72) minutes at rural and 0.28 (IQR, 0–0.67) minutes at urban clinic of counseling regarding contraception and pregnancy. Most patients in the study did not receive any counseling regarding alcohol/substance use, emerging risks for ongoing HIV transmission. Conclusions: Although ART adherence was discussed with most patients, time was limited. Reproductive counseling was provided to only half of the patients, and “positive prevention” messaging was minimal. There are strategic opportunities to enhance counseling and information received by clients within HIV programs in resource-limited settings.
Dyspnoea in a patient with unilateral lung agenesis

A 28-year-old woman presented with sudden onset dyspnoea, left-sided chest pain and dry cough for 3 days. She was a non-smoker. Her blood pressure was 90/60 mm Hg; respiratory rate, 20 breaths/min; finger pulse oximetry, 95% on 10 L/min; supplemental oxygen via non-rebreather mask and heart rate, 100 bpm. On chest auscultation, air entry was absent bilaterally. Initial chest X-ray showed ‘bilateral’ pneumothoraces, left more than right (figure 1). Tube thoracotomy was performed on the left pleural space, with complete resolution of left pneumothorax and partial resolution of right pneumothorax. Contrast-enhanced CT of chest revealed anterior …
Opening Minds Through Improvisation

IntroductIon In this essay, I advocate the practice of free and collective improvisation in efforts to cultivate the opening of minds in classrooms. I do so by forging conceptual connections between improvisation and the “openness” required by open-mindedness. I explore how open-mindedness is generally conceived, including the openness entailed in these conceptions. I then lay out the distinctive features of improvisation and the processes improvisers engage in. I conclude by connecting these features and processes to the openness required by open-mindedness. To be clear: I do not claim that improvisation cultivates open-mindedness. My specific argument is that free and collective improvisation requires an opening of its players, the sort of opening relevant for those of us concerned with cultivating open-mindedness in classrooms. open-MIndedness Scholars such as William Hare, Jason Baehr, and Hugh Sockett have been exploring the nature and educational value of open-mindedness since the late 1970s.2 Open-mindedness, as they explain it, is an intellectual virtue that disposes us to value and seek truth by taking a particular stance toward what we know and processing new information in particular ways. On the margins of its general acceptance as a valuable educational aim in a liberal democracy, several debates about open-mindedness have taken place. Questions about the limits of open-mindedness, its status as an intellectual virtue, and whether it should be subsumed under Harvey Siegel’s “critical spirit” have sharpened our understanding but have not diminished the fundamental recognition that to be disposed to be open-minded (within fairly wide limits) is an intellectual and educational good in a liberal democracy and, moreover, that schools are appropriate places to cultivate this good.
Design and fabrication of Fourier spectral filter array for multispectral imaging

Multispectral imaging has the capability to identify the state of objects based on their spectral characteristics. These are features not available with conventional color imaging based on metameric RGB (red, green and blue) colors alone. Current multispectral imaging systems use narrowband filters to capture the spectral content of a scene, which necessitates different filters to be designed and applied for each application. Previously, we demonstrated the concept of Fourier multispectral imaging using filters with sinusoidally varying transmittance [1, 2]. In this paper, we report to the design of a five channel, spatially multiplexed pixel filter array. This enables single-shot images and makes it possible to capture scenes containing moving objects.
Bayesian abductive logic programs

In this paper, we introduce Bayesian Abductive Logic Programs (BALPs), a new formalism that integrates Bayesian Logic Programs (BLPs) and Abductive Logic Programming (ALP) for abductive reasoning. Like BLPs, BALPs also combine first-order logic and Bayesian networks. However, unlike BLPs that use logical deduction to construct Bayes nets, BALPs employ logical abduction. As a result, BALPs are more suited for solving problems like plan/activity recognition and diagnosis that require abductive reasoning. First, we present the necessary enhancements to BLPs in order to support logical abduction. Next, we apply BALPs to the task of plan recognition and demonstrate its efficacy on two data sets. We also compare the performance of BALPs with several existing approaches for abduction.
The Social Construction of a Border: The US–Canada Border

ABSTRACTThis study argues that boundaries represent socially and politically constructed policy realities and that media policy narratives play an important role in this construction. Traditionally borders are described, and their image is created or at least reified, via traditional media sources such as newspapers and television. In today’s world of increasing access to new media, this trend appears to be shifting. Thus, it is timely to ask, What is the image of the US–Canada border as presented through new media outlets such as YouTube? Does YouTube present narratives that discuss topics different from those in the traditional media? And, Do these narratives describe the issues and people of the border in a deserving or undeserving light? This paper uses the Narrative Policy Framework and Schneider and Ingram’s Social Construction of Policy Design to analyze how YouTube videos construct the US–Canada border. A total of 56 YouTube videos, posted between February 2009 and May 2015, were analyzed. Results...
A Novel Curriculum to Optimize Emergency Medicine Residents' Exposure to Pediatrics.

Recognizing the profound impact that emergency medicine residency graduates have on the quality of the emergency care of children, residency training programs must provide a broad clinical experience and training in pediatric care. Traditionally, part of this training has included a hospital ward rotation in inpatient pediatrics. However, these experiences may be perceived by learners as being educationally low-yield in terms of direct applicability to the practice of emergency medicine. This educational innovation describes the development of a novel curriculum for teaching pediatrics to emergency medicine residents. Rather than focusing on tasks disconnected from emergency medicine practice, residents provide the initial clinical care for patients in the emergency department in a professional setting situated to mirror their ultimate professional practice. The innovation involves longitudinal patient follow-up, with mentored supervision and discussion to reinforce learning. The curriculum includes dedicated Pediatric ED time, deliberate inpatient and phone follow-up, ward rounds, focused pediatric topics, and direct observation assessment and feedback on pediatric clinical skills. This novel curriculum emphasizes the importance of situated learning, and is one component of a longitudinal teaching plan for pediatrics within an emergency medicine residency.
Long-term structural and biomass dynamics of virgin Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus forests after hurricane disturbance.

The development of old-growth forests in northeastern North America has largely been within the context of gap-scale disturbances given the rarity of stand-replacing disturbances. Using the 10-ha old-growth Harvard Tract and its associated 90-year history of measurements, including detailed surveys in 1989 and 2009, we document the long-term structural and biomass development of an old-growth Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus forest in southern New Hampshire, USA following a stand-replacing hurricane in 1938. Measurements of aboveground biomass pools were integrated with data from second- and old-growth T. canadensis forests to evaluate long-term patterns in biomass development following this disturbance. Ecosystem structure across the Tract prior to the hurricane exhibited a high degree of spatial heterogeneity with the greatest levels of live tree basal area (70-129 m2 /ha) on upper west-facing slopes where P. strobus was dominant and intermixed with T. canadensis. Live-tree biomass estimates for these stratified mixtures ranged from 159 to 503 Mg/ha at the localized, plot scale (100 m2 ) and averaged 367 Mg/ha across these portions of the landscape approaching the upper bounds for eastern forests. Live-tree biomass 71 years after the hurricane is more uniform and lower in magnitude, with T. canadensis currently the dominant overstory tree species throughout much of the landscape. Despite only one living P. strobus stem in the 2009 plots (and fewer than five stems known across the entire 10-ha area), the detrital legacy of this species is pronounced with localized accumulations of coarse woody debris exceeding 237.7-404.2 m3 /ha where this species once dominated the canopy. These patterns underscore the great sizes P. strobus attained in pre-European landscapes and its great decay resistance relative to its forest associates. Total aboveground biomass pools in this 71-year-old forest (255 Mg/ha) are comparable to those in modern old-growth ecosystems in the region that also lack abundant white pine. Results highlight the importance of disturbance legacies in affecting forest structural conditions over extended periods following stand-replacing events and underscore that post-disturbance salvage logging can alter ecosystem development for decades. Moreover, the dominant role of old-growth P. strobus in live and detrital biomass pools before and after the hurricane, respectively, demonstrate the disproportionate influence this species likely had on carbon storage at localized scales prior to the widespread, selective harvesting of large P. strobus across the region in the 18th and 19th centuries.
A systematic review of the effects of modifiable risk factor interventions on the progression of multiple sclerosis.

Background:Several risk factors are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) progression and may be amenable to intervention.Objective:To systematically review the evidence for interventions targeting risk factors for MS progression.Methods:We searched six databases and existing reviews till March 2015 and consulted with experts to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions targeting MS risk factors (PROSPERO 2015:CRD42015016461).Results:In total, 37 RCTs met inclusion criteria. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores after exercise interventions did not differ compared with untreated controls (standardized mean differences (SMDs): 0.02; confidence interval (CI): −0.40, 0.44; I2: 0%; seven RCTs; very low quality of evidence (QoE)). Dietary interventions did not show a statistically significant effect on the relative risk (RR) of progression (RR: 0.86; CI: 0.67, 1.05; I2: 0%; four RCTs; moderate QoE) compared to placebo. EDSS scores after vitamin D supplementation were not signific...
Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming.

Objective Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a food compound that has previously been observed to be protective against obesity and hyperglycemia in mouse models. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms behind this protective effect by assessing the cell-autonomous response of primary adipocytes to CA treatment.
A Novel Automatic Segmentation Method to Quantify the Effects of Spinal Cord Injury on Human Thigh Muscles and Adipose Tissue

In this study, a novel automatic method for segmenting muscle groups and adipose tissue in thigh MRI volumes is developed to quantify the negative effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on fat and muscle distribution in individuals with severe SCI. The thigh volumes were segmented based on subcutaneous fat, inter-muscular fat and muscle tissue using Linear Combination of Discrete Gaussians algorithm. Furthermore, the three main compartments of the muscle tissue: knee extensor, knee flexor and hip adductor muscles were segmented utilizing the Joint Markov Gibbs Random Field (MGRF) model that integrates first order appearance model of the muscles, spatial information, and shape model to localize the muscle groups. The method was tested on 10 SCI and 10 non-disabled (ND) subjects and the results has shown high accuracy of 96.86 ± 3.48 for fat segmentation and 94.76 ± 1.70 for muscle group segmentation based on Dice similarity percentage. Next, we calculated 3 ratios based on the volumes of the subcutaneous fat to muscle tissue, inter-muscular fat to muscle and extensor to flexor for all subjects. Mann-Whitney statistical test showed that inter-muscular fat to muscle ratio was significantly greater in SCI than in ND group (p = 0.001).
Hybrid Nanocomposite Films Comprising Dispersed VO2 Nanocrystals: A Scalable Aqueous-Phase Route to Thermochromic Fenestration

Buildings consume an inordinate amount of energy, accounting for 30–40% of worldwide energy consumption. A major portion of solar radiation is transmitted directly to building interiors through windows, skylights, and glazed doors where the resulting solar heat gain necessitates increased use of air conditioning. Current technologies aimed at addressing this problem suffer from major drawbacks, including a reduction in the transmission of visible light, thereby resulting in increased use of artificial lighting. Since currently used coatings are temperature-invariant in terms of their solar heat gain modulation, they are unable to offset cold-weather heating costs that would otherwise have resulted from solar heat gain. There is considerable interest in the development of plastic fenestration elements that can dynamically modulate solar heat gain based on the external climate and are retrofittable onto existing structures. The metal–insulator transition of VO2 is accompanied by a pronounced modulation of n...
Automatic design of balanced board games

AI techniques are already widely used in game software to provide computer-controlled opponents for human players. However, game design is a more-challenging problem than game play. Designers typically expend great effort to ensure that their games are balanced and challenging. Dynamic game-balancing techniques have been developed to modify a game-engine's parameters in response to user play. In this paper we describe a first attempt at using AI techniques to design balanced board games like checkers and Go by modifying the rules of the game, not just the rule parameters. Our approach involves the use of a commercial general game-playing (GGP) engine that plays according to rules that are specified in a general game-definition language. We use a genetic algorithm (GA) to search the space of game rules, looking for turn-based board games that are well balanced, i.e., those that the GGP engine in self-play finds equally hard to win from either side and rarely draws. The GA finds better games than a random-search strategy that uses equivalent computational effort.
Urban Nature Gardens at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County attract “wildlife spectacle” of insect pollinators

The newly-constructed Nature Gardens at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (California, USA) were purposefully built to attract wildlife. In this study we wanted to find out to what extent this manufactured environment is successful in attracting native insect fauna to the urban core of the city when compared to the surrounding neighborhoods or natural areas on the periphery of Los Angeles. To determine this, a one-year Malaise trap catch from the Nature Gardens was compared with samples from four neighboring sites within a five-kilometer radius, as well as a site adjacent to natural habitat located sixteen kilometers away. Our analysis focused on the diversity and abundance of three pollinator groups: bees, flower flies and butterflies contrasted with a single non-pollinator group: scuttle flies. Our findings show that the Nature Gardens support greater abundance and diversity than any of the nearby sites or the natural site for all pollinator taxa examined. In contrast, the natural site supported much higher abundance and diversity of the non-pollinator scuttle flies when compared to the Nature Gardens. Calculated evenness of all taxa was lower in the Nature Gardens than at the natural site and Shannon Diversity indices were highest in the Nature Gardens for flower flies and butterflies, but lower in the Nature Gardens than at the natural site for bees and scuttle flies. These results indicate that biodiversity in an urban environment can be selectively manipulated through management of green spaces, but may not duplicate the communities found in natural spaces. Rather, targeted management (through plantings, ground cover and other substrates, watering, pest management techniques, etc.) can increase fauna predictively to create a “wildlife spectacle” of charismatic microfauna.
Leveraging massive MIMO spatial degrees of freedom to reduce random access delay

Random access is a crucial building block for nearly all wireless networks, and impacts both the overall spectral efficiency and latency in communication. In this paper, we analytically show that the spatial degrees of freedom, e.g. available in massive MIMO systems, can potentially be leveraged to reduce random access latency. Using one-ring propagation model, we evaluate how the random access collision probability depends on the aperture size of the array and the spread of user's signal Angle-of-Arrivals (AoAs) at the base-station, as a function of the user-density and the number of random access codes. Our numerical evaluation shows that for practically sized large arrays in outdoor environments, a significant reduction in collision probability is possible, which in turn can decrease the random access latency.
Evaluating the Mid-Infrared Bi-spectral Index for improved assessment of low-severity fire effects in a conifer forest

Remote sensing products provide a vital understanding of wildfire effects across a landscape, but detection and delineation of low- and mixed-severity fire remain difficult. Although data provided by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) project are frequently used to assess severity in the United States, alternative indices can offer improvement in the measurement of low-severity fire effects and would be beneficial for future product development and adoption. This research note evaluated one such alternative, the Mid-Infrared Bi-Spectral Index (MIRBI), which was developed in savannah ecosystems to isolate spectral changes caused by burning and reduce noise from other factors. MIRBI, differenced MIRBI (dMIRBI) and burn severity indices used by MTBS were assessed for spectral optimality at distinguishing severity and the ability to differentiate between unburned and burned canopy in a conifer forest. The MIRBI indices were better at isolating changes caused by burning and demonstrated higher spectral separability, particularly at low severity. These findings suggest that MIRBI indices can provide an enhanced alternative or complement to current MTBS products in high-canopy-cover forests for applications such as discernment of fire perimeters and unburned islands, as well as identification of low-severity fire effects.
Ordinary First Order Differential Equations

The general form of an ordinary first order differential equation is $$ F\left( {x,y,\frac{{dy}}{{dx}}} \right) = F\left( {x,y,y^{\prime}} \right) = 0 $$ (6.1)
Pulmonary Issues in the Elderly Patient

The anatomical and physiological changes to the respiratory system that accompany aging pose a unique set of challenges to the anesthesiologist caring for the geriatric patient. In addition, the elderly patient is prone to multiple comorbid conditions that predispose to the development of respiratory failure (Fig. 15.1).
Medically assisted nutrition and hydration in end-stage dementia: burdens and benefits of surgically-placed gastrostomy tubes

Le tube gastrostomiche posizionate chirurgicamente si sono rilevate essenziali nel trattamento di alcune patologie. Ciononostante, molti studi le ritengono di efficacia limitata, e significativamente gravose nei pazienti con demenza avanzata terminale. Gli studi dimenticano di mostrare i benefici attesi in termini di maggiore longevita, diminuzione delle possibilita di polmonite e miglioramento dell’integrita della pelle. Gli svantaggi comprendono il deterioramento nella percezione e nella funzione relativi alla ospedalizzazione, l’angoscia derivante dall’uso di limitazioni, la negazione di taluni comfort del paziente, bisogni sociali e spirituali, per lasciare il posto ai dispositivi relativi ai tubi che spesso mettono a rischio l’igiene. Nel seguito affrontiamo i seguenti punti: 1. una review della letteratura recente dei principali ricercatori statunitensi; 2. la distinzione da un punto di vista bioetico nell’uso delle tube gastrostomiche nel cosiddetto “stato vegetativo” e nella demenza terminale; 3. l’analisi dei vantaggi e degli svantaggi; 4. le raccomandazioni per le cure palliative e la nutrizione come vengono percepite da un punto di vista bioetico e le alternative incentrate sul paziente al posizionamento delle tube gastrostomiche per i pazienti con demenza avanzata terminale. ---------- Surgically-placed gastrostomy tubes are essential in managing some conditions. Yet, many studies indicate limited medical effectiveness, and significant burdens, in patients with advanced, end-stage dementia. Studies fail to show the expected benefits of greater longevity, decreased aspiration pneumonia or improved skin integrity. Burdens include deterioration in cognition and function related to hospitalization, distress from use of restraints, neglect of patient’s comfort, social and spiritual needs in favor of tube-related tasks and frequent, excoriating hygiene. Here we present 1. a review of recent literature by leading researchers in the U.S.; 2. distinction between the bioethics of gastrostomy tubes in the so-called “vegetative state” and endstage dementia; 3. analysis of benefits and burdens; 4. recommendations for palliative care and spoon-feeding as bioethically sound and patient-centered alternatives to gastrostomy tube placement for patients with advanced, endstage dementia.
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Ag-Se System Aided by First-Principles Calculations

The substitution of Ag for Cu in CuInxGa1−xSe2-based photovoltaic absorber layers can be used to adjust the bandgap energy to better optimize the overall cell efficiency. Based on available thermochemical, equilibrium, and structural data, the Ag-Se system has been assessed and modeled. Given the order-disorder structure transition Ag2Se, the 2- and 3-sublattice models were used to represent the low- and high-temperature phases of the intermetallic compound respectively. Density functional theory based first-principles calculations were used to calculate the Gibbs energy of formation of the end-member compounds. A set of modeling parameters was obtained by the CALculation of PHAse Diagram approach and reasonable agreement was obtained between the experimental thermodynamic properties of the stable phases and the phase relationships in the Ag-Se system.
The (Extremely) Picky Eaters Clinic: A Pilot Trial of a Seven-Session Group Behavioral Intervention for Parents of Children With Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Abstract Excessive and impairing picky eating is a common problem among children for which there is little published research on efficacious psychosocial treatment. Extant research largely concerns single-case studies, or small samples of very young children, who are typically treated in hospital settings. This paper reports on outcomes of 21 children (ages 4–11) described by their parents as extremely picky eaters who met criteria for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder not associated with a developmental disorder, other eating disorder, or other eating-related anxiety disorder (e.g., specific phobia of vomiting or choking). Seven cohorts of two to four families each took part in a seven-session manualized parent-only group treatment in an outpatient setting. This group treatment focused on training parents to serve as effective coaches for daily in-home exposures to nonpreferred foods, as well as in components of parent management training to reduce problematic mealtime behaviors. Parents completed standardized feeding measures to assess picky eating and associated problem mealtime behaviors at pretreatment, posttreatment, and at 3-month follow-up, as well as a satisfaction measure at posttreatment. Results showed excellent feasibility and adherence by parents and high parent satisfaction with treatment. Paired t tests to measure within-group change showed significant pre–post treatment reductions in picky eating scales with moderate to large effect sizes. Gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Findings indicate that a relatively brief group treatment that focuses specifically on training parents to facilitate and carry out food exposures and contingency management procedures in their homes is associated with reductions in functionally impairing picky eating and related negative mealtime behaviors in elementary school-age children.
Audiences in social context: bridging the divides between political communications and social movements scholarship†

As a media sociologist interested in political voice, visibility, and change, I am increasingly drawn to and in conversation with scholarship on political communication, a rich body of work that is...
Shaping the Future of Policy on Learning Disorders

Learning disabilities (LD) arise out of neurological differences in structure and function that impede an individual’s ability to receive, process, retain, and retrieve information. Similar disruptions in learning manifest in autism, a highly complex neurodevelopmental disorder. For these individuals, learning disabilities are concrete and permanent, resulting in lifelong difficulties in learning, employment, and social recognition. Cases of delayed LD identification are often associated with debilitating incapacitation, resulting from low self-esteem, underachievement, and underemployment.Government policy needs to stand at the forefront of knocking down the many barriers that hinder individuals with LD from becoming confident, independent members of society. Policies from North American and European nations contain respective strengths, and thus international discussions and comparative research should be conducted on LD policies. This article examines national policies of the US, UK, Canada, and Sweden, focusing on identification, funding, and core focuses of learning disability policy.I argue three main points within each respective category of diagnosis, funding, and goals of LD policy. First, educators need to play larger roles in the identification of LD, and government policy should facilitate this role. Second, funding for LD and autism support is largely channelled towards educational initiatives, but such initiatives are currently too broad to promote concrete outcomes. Funding needs to go towards specific categories of support – including assistive technologies, assessment protocols, or extracurricular/pre-professional activities. Finally, the foremost focus of policy should be placed on addressing employment disparities for individuals with LD/autism. Such policy would go the furthest ways in promoting the “normalization principle” and “social role valorization,” which are two guiding principles that can help increase opportunities for persons with disabilities, equip them with socially-valued roles, and bring them towards a greater level of social equality.
NMR Analysis of Stereo Regular Copolymers

Stereoregular copolymers are formed by the chemical modification of stereoregular polymers, by copolymerizations of α-olefins in the presence of stereoregulating catalysts and by ring opening copolymerizations of chiral monomers. Also appropriate for consideration are polydienes containing cis-1,4- and trans-1,4- units as well as those containing l,2-(or 3,4-) and 1,4- units. Analysis of such copolymers by NMR spectroscopy provides information about their compositions and the arrangement of monomer units along their chains. Such information is valuable for understanding the chemical behavior of stereoregular polymers and the mechanisms of stereoregular polymerization processes.
The relationship between increases in low-income mothers’ education and children’s early outcomes: Variation by developmental stage and domain

Abstract A large body of research demonstrates a positive association between maternal education and child development. What is not yet known, however, is whether and to what extent the association between mothers’ education levels and their young children’s outcomes varies across developmental stage (infancy, toddlerhood, or preschool) and child outcome domain (cognitive, social-emotional, and health) prior to school entry. Using a national sample of low-income mothers (n ≈ 3,200), the present study finds that maternal education increases during children’s earliest developmental stages are more strongly associated with children’s outcomes than education increases later on. The directions of those associations vary, however, across domains, such that earlier increases in maternal education level are associated with increased child language and literacy scores and healthier child BMI, but also with elevated hyperactivity and conduct problems relative to no increases at all. These diverging associations by developmental domain are observable as early as preschool and heighten in magnitude by kindergarten entry. We discuss results to inform the targeting and design of two-generation education programs aimed at jointly improving the lives of low-income children and their parents.
A high-profile police-involved shooting, civil unrest, and officers’ perceptions of legitimacy: insights from a natural experiment

To examine the effects of a high-profile police-involved shooting that resulted in a civil unrest on officers’ attitudes towards their communities and job performance. A natural experiment design and original data from a population survey of 1,003 police officers in Newark are used to compare officers’ perceptions of community support for law enforcement, the impact of repeated media scrutiny of law enforcement on their job, and officers' aversion to discipline before and after the civil unrest that occurred in response to the controversial police shooting of Keith Scott in Charlotte. In the weeks after the Keith Scott incident, officers reported significantly lower levels of perceived community support for law enforcement and greater discipline aversion, while no significant change in the impact of media scrutiny was observed. Findings suggest officers may not be immune to controversies involving police in other cities and might project onto the communities they police the feelings of hostility expressed towards law enforcement elsewhere.
THE INFLUENCE OF SMART BOARD GAMES ON THE ROUGH MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AGE 4 TO 5 YEARS

The aim of this study was to develop children's gross motor development through playing. This research used quantitative research methods with quasi experimental -nonequivalent control group design. In this study, the researcher used four research instruments, namely running, jumping, hopping and throwing. The results of this study indicated positive influences of the Smart Board game on the gross motor development. This was evidenced by the significant difference between the results of the pretest and posttest on children's gross motor skills, especially in terms of running, jumping, hopping and throwing in children aged 4-5 years. When playing, the children gained experience, pleasure and knowledge and through this one form of playing that could increase children's knowledge as well as develop the gross motor aspects of children is the Smart Board game. This study showed that this Smart Board game could be used to develop children's gross motor development well, especially for running, jumping, hopping and throwing in children aged 4-5 years.
Amino Acid Synthesis

Amino acids are components of proteins, products of ammonia assimilation, and defense mechanisms against some stresses. This article describes amino acid synthesis and its regulation, and also briefly describes amino acid degradation, which can contribute to steady-state intracellular amino acid concentrations. The focus is on the intensively studied Escherichia coli , which permits an appreciation of the interrelations between pathways.
In vitro Targeting of Transcription Factors to Control the Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19

Treatment of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) has become an important part of rescuing hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Here, we systematically explored the transcriptional regulators of inflammatory cytokines involved in the COVID-19 CRS to identify candidate transcription factors (TFs) for therapeutic targeting using approved drugs. We integrated a resource of TF-cytokine gene interactions with single-cell RNA-seq expression data from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of COVID-19 patients. We found 581 significantly correlated interactions, between 95 TFs and 16 cytokines upregulated in the COVID-19 patients, that may contribute to pathogenesis of the disease. Among these, we identified 19 TFs that are targets of FDA approved drugs. We investigated the potential therapeutic effect of 10 drugs and 25 drug combinations on inflammatory cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which revealed two drugs that inhibited cytokine production and numerous combinations that show synergistic efficacy in downregulating cytokine production. Further studies of these candidate repurposable drugs could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat the CRS in COVID-19 patients.
Tetrakis-1,2,4,5-(bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphino)benzene (Me16tpbz): A soluble and spectroscopically simple variant of the 1,2,4,5-tetraphosphinobenzene ligand platform

Abstract A preparation of 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphino)benzene (Me16tpbz) has been devised as a two-step synthesis beginning with bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)chlorophosphine and 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene, albeit in low overall yield of 10%. The crystal structure of Me16tpbz reveals slight pushing of the phosphorus atoms above and below the central arene ring, suggesting the effect of slight steric pressure, as compared to the fully planar C6P4 core found in 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (tpbz). Upon exposure to air, solution samples of Me16tpbz degrade to (3,5-Me2C6H3)2PP(O)(C6H3-3,5-Me2)2, identified by X-ray crystallography, which suggests P–C bond scission is a decomposition pathway. The dinickel compound [(mnt)Ni(Me16tpbz)Ni(mnt)] (mnt(2–) = [(NC)2C2S2]2–) has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and reveals a chair-like conformation defined by a 32.3° angle between the NiP2 planes with respect to the central C6P4 mean plane. Compared to the analogous [(mnt)Ni(tpbz)Ni(mnt)], slightly weaker binding of Me16tpbz to Ni is implied by its modestly longer Ni–P bond lengths. The cyclic voltammogram of [(mnt)Ni(Me16tpbz)Ni(mnt)] in CH2Cl2 shows reversible reductions at ~ −1.01 V and −1.21 V, corresponding to sequential Ni2+ + e– → Ni1+ processes, while in DMF, under conditions where [(mnt)Ni(tpbz)Ni(mnt)] shows multiple, reversible reduction processes, its behavior is irreversible and more complex.
Case-based diagnostic classification repeatability using radiomic features extracted from full-field digital mammography images of breast lesions

Characterizing case-based repeatability of lesion classification in computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) can support clinical application of CADx in breast cancer imaging. A database of 516 full-field digital mammographic (FFDM) images, 268 unique breast lesions/cases (138 malignant, 130 benign) was retrospectively collected under HIPAA/IRB approval. Lesions were automatically segmented through a region-growing method. Twenty-nine radiomic features were extracted, characterizing lesion size, shape, margin, texture, and contrast. A 0.632 bootstrap/1000 iterations was used to divide cases into training and test folds for support vector machine classification as malignant or benign. Classifier output was averaged by case. The 0.632+ bootstrap-corrected area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) in the task of classification of lesions as malignant or benign was determined. Classifier repeatability was determined as a function of median classifier output across all cases obtained in bootstraps sorted into 10 equal bins. 95% confidence intervals (CI) of sensitivity and specificity were examined as a function of classifier output, i.e., the decision variable in ROC analysis. Actual sensitivity and specificity in the test folds were determined for a target sensitivity (0.95), a target specificity (0.95), and an ‘optimal’ combination that minimized (1-sensitivity)2 + (1-specificity)2. The AUC [95% CI] was 0.82 [0.77, 0.86]. Classifier output was more repeatable at lower and upper ranges. Sensitivity and specificity at the targets were (median, [95% CI]) at 0.92 [0.83, 0.98] and 0.92 [0.82, 0.98] respectively. At an ‘optimal’ decision threshold, sensitivity was 0.73 [0.59, 0.85] and specificity 0.76 [0.62, 0.88]. These results characterize SVM classification repeatability for radiomic features extracted from FFDM images.
Improving Self-Confidence of Military Medical Providers With Joint Procedure Simulation: A Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION Military medical providers are a unique population that encounter different environments across the world. From hospital clinics to war zones, these providers must perform procedures and rely on their training and skill to help their patients. This pilot study aimed to assess the self-confidence of military medical providers performing joint aspiration and injection before and after a simulation workshop in both clinical and austere settings. METHODS In 2016, 25 military physicians from various military facilities participated in a 1-hour knee arthrocentesis and injection and shoulder injection workshop. Education was provided on the knee and shoulder anatomy and various approaches to performing the procedures before the hands-on portion of the workshop. Surveys assessing self-reported confidence levels by performing the procedures in the clinic and austere settings were completed before and after simulation training. RESULTS The results were analyzed and grouped based on the provider experience level, simulation environment, and specific procedure performed. There was a statistical significance seen in the shoulder arthrocentesis group, which included all participating providers, with a P-value of <.01 in the clinic setting and a P-value of <.001 in the austere setting. In the knee aspiration simulation, there were also improvements in the provider confidence, but it was not statistically significant with P-values of .36 and .14 in the clinical and austere settings, respectively. CONCLUSION Simulation training can lead to increased medical provider self-confidence in performing musculoskeletal joint aspirations and injections in both clinic and austere settings. The military medicine demographics have had little research in joint injections and provider confidence to date. This pilot study was one of the first to evaluate this unique population. The methods used in this study, and the positive data collected on provider confidence, can be used in larger studies, encompassing other medical providers to increase the confidence of providers throughout various fields of medicine.
Intraoperative Fluoroscopy Versus Postoperative Radiographs in Assessing Distal Radius Volar Plate Position: Reliability of the Soong Classification

Purpose Fluoroscopic imaging remains the standard intraoperative imaging modality for volar locking plate fixation of distal radius fractures, and correlation with postoperative radiographs remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the Soong classification system between intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative radiographs for distal radius volar plate position. Methods Eleven hand surgery resident physicians (3 in postgraduate year 2, 2 in postgraduate year 3, 3 in postgraduate year 4, and 3 in postgraduate year 5) and 4 attending physicians classified images using the Soong classification system. Fluoroscopic and radiographic lateral images from 30 patients were randomized and deidentified. Thirty percent of the images were duplicated for intraobserver reliability. Seventy-eight images were randomized and presented to each observer in 1 consecutive session. Cohen kappa values were calculated for intraobserver reliability, and Fleiss kappa values were calculated for interobserver reliability. Results Intraobserver reliability demonstrated moderate reliability overall. The intraobserver reliability was highest among postgraduate year 4 residents and attending physicians demonstrating substantial reliability. Lateral intraoperative fluoroscopic and postoperative radiographic imaging demonstrated no difference in intraobserver reliability overall. Interobserver reliability was highest among postgraduate year 5 residents demonstrating moderate reliability and attending physicians demonstrating substantial reliability. Conclusions There was no difference in the intraobserver reliability of the Soong classification system between the lateral images of intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative radiographs. Fluoroscopic analysis using the Soong classification system is a reliable method to determine plate prominence and has demonstrated increasing reliability based on year of training. Fluoroscopic analysis using the Soong classification system and direct visualization during surgery for the assessment of plate prominence is recommended, with the understanding that higher Soong grades are associated with increased rates of complications. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
Benefiting from your buddy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a conceptual understanding of the role played by social capital when firms engage in collaborative partnerships to develop their innovative capability, especially under environmental turbulence. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is theoretical in nature, drawing conceptual insights from two complementary theories: the resource-based view of the firm and institutional theory. Findings – Social capital plays a beneficial role by enhancing the innovative capability of firms, but only up to a point. The paper argues social capital has both positive and negative effects and follows a non-linear relationship with innovative capability. Further, this relationship is also affected by the level of environmental turbulence faced by the firm. Originality/value – By conceptualizing social capital as a double-edged sword in terms of its impact on firm innovative capability, the paper offers insights for managerial action and practice.
Race, Ethnicity, and the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Adults

This chapter provides highlights of historical studies on race, ethnicity, and the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders as well as discussion and data from recent studies such as the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. Historically, comparisons of psychiatric disorder among racial/ethnic groups started with records of hospitalizations, progressed to use of symptom scales, and finally to use of diagnostic interviews. Initial comparisons focused on studying Whites versus Blacks and then expanded to comparisons of Whites, African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics of all races. More recent studies differentiate ancestries by national origin with particular emphasis on cross-national comparisons and first-generation immigrants. Recent reported rates of disorders among various ethnic groups in the United States are also discussed. Together these studies have broadened and deepened our understanding of ethnic and ancestry differences in a range of psychiatric disorders.
Learning about Cockpit Automation: From Piston Trainer to Jet Transport

Two experiments explored the idea of providing cockpit automation training to airline-bound student pilots using cockpit automation equipment commonly found in small training airplanes. In a first experiment, pilots mastered a set of tasks and maneuvers using a GPS navigation computer, autopilot, and flight director system installed in a small training airplane Students were then tested on their ability to complete a similar set of tasks using the cockpit automation system found in a popular jet transport aircraft. Pilot were able to successfully complete 77% of all tasks in the jet transport on their first attempt. An analysis of a control group suggests that the pilot's success was attributable to the application of automation principles they had learned in the small airplane. A second experiment looked at two different ways of delivering small-aeroplane cockpit automation training: a self-study method, and a dual instruction method. The results showed a slight advantage for the self-study method. Overall, the results of the two studies cast a strong vote for the incorporation of cockpit automation training in curricula designed for pilot who will later transition to the jet fleet.
My Mug Is Valuable, But My Partner's Is Even More So: Economic Decisions for Close Others

In three experiments, we investigated how people make economic decisions for close others. Participants performed an imaginary valuation task for objects of theirs, a close other, and a stranger. Replicating the endowment effect, people valued their objects more than a stranger's. Of interest, participants valued a close other's objects more than their own. Further experiments showed that the inflated values for a close other's objects were not due to social desirability or task demands. These results convey the importance of considering for whom an economic decision is being made, as people respond differently for themselves, close others, and strangers.