cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low High-Sensitivity Troponin I and Zero Coronary Artery Calcium Score Identifies Coronary CT Angiography Candidates in Whom Further Testing Could be Avoided

Rationale and Objectives Pilot study to determine whether among subjects receiving coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA), the combination of high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) identifies a low-risk population in whom CTA might be avoided. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study of 314 symptomatic patients receiving CTA as part of their acute coronary syndrome evaluation was conducted. hsTnI was measured with Abbott Laboratories' hsTnI assay. CACSs were calculated via the Agatston method. Patients were followed for at least 30 days after discharge for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs; all-cause mortality, acute coronary syndrome, and revascularization). Results Of 314 subjects studied, 213 (67.8%) had no coronary artery stenosis, and 67 (21.3%), 28 (8.9%), and 6 (1.9%) had maximal coronary artery stenosis of 1%–49%, 50%–69%, and 70% or greater, respectively. All MACEs occurred during index hospitalization and include one myocardial infarction and four revascularizations. Sixty-two percent (189/307) of subjects had zero CACS, and 24% (76/314) of subjects had undetected hsTnI. No subjects with undetectable hsTnI or zero CACS had an MACE. A strategy of avoiding further testing in subjects with undetectable initial hsTnI, performing CACS on subjects with detectable initial hsTnI but nonincreased hsTnI (less than 99th percentile), and obtaining CTA in subjects with Agatston greater than 0 will have a negative predictive value of 100.0% (95% confidence interval, 98.2%–100.0%). This strategy will avoid CTA in 63% (198/314) of subjects. Conclusions In this pilot study, the addition of CACS to hsTnI improves the identification of low-risk subjects in whom CTA might be avoided.
Protecting the Coast

In this draft book chapter, the authors – one a former political appointee at EPA in the Obama administration, the other a senior climate change adaption adviser at EPA – discuss the law and policy of adapting to climate change in coastal areas of the United States. The most dramatic effects of climate change will occur on the coast. That’s where the twin threats of rising seas and stronger storms are already mounting the beaches. And that is where most Americans, along with billions of dollars in cultural and commercial assets, currently reside. Cities like Miami, New York, New Orleans, and Washington, D.C., are in the crosshairs. Adapting to climate change on the coast will require a plan based on a tough defense, smart adjustment, and managed retreat. This Chapter addresses the legal framework of the first two elements. Part I of this Chapter divides adaptation into helpful categories and sets out some guiding principles that we think all adaptation strategies should follow. Part II focuses on strategies geared toward resisting storm surge or floodwaters. These include “hard armoring” strategies, like dikes and levees and “soft armoring strategies,” like coastal restoration. Part III focuses on strategies of adjustment, in which use patterns or consumption patterns are modified to take into consideration climate impacts. We illustrate this type of adaptation with the example of adapting to saltwater intrusion. In Part IV, we offer concluding remarks.
Frequency and significance of serum α-fetoprotein elevation in severe hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis

Abstract To determine the frequency and significance of α-fetoprotein elevation in severe hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis, 558 serum samples obtained from 83 patients were tested by an immunoenzymometric assay. All patients received corticosteroids and sampling occurred at 6–12-mo intervals during 96 ± 6 mo of follow-up. Twenty-nine patients (35%) had an abnormal level. In 26 patients, the abnormality was at presentation. In 3 patients, the abnormality developed 11–127 mo later. Two of these patients had primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were higher in patients with an α-fetoprotein elevation at presentation (p
Effects of a Needle on Shrouded Hartmann-Sprenger Tube Flows

A computational analysis of the effects of a needle on a shrouded Hartmann-Sprenger tube driven by a Mach 2 jet is presented. Solutions in the absence of a resonance tube indicate that the "ideally" expanded jet contains a complex, but weak, Mach diamond pattern that is essentially unaffected by placing a needle on the axis. The resonant modes, however, are strongly impacted by a needle. When a needle is not present, a 4-kHz screech mode is generated with an oscillating shock in front of the tube. When a needle is present, the high-frequency modes are suppressed and a quarter-wave (∼570 Hz), regurgitant oscillation is observed. Lengthening the needle causes the high frequencies to decrease gradually and the quarter wave to increase. Needles longer than the nozzle tend to reduce the amplitude. The results are in quantitative agreement with available measurements and the trends are consistent with results for underexpanded converging nozzles.
Preprocedural anticoagulation does not reduce angioplasty heparin requirements.

Abstract To determine whether continuous preprocedural heparin influences the need for anticoagulation during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), we compared heparin requirements in patients therapeutically anticoagulated after continuous heparinization for ≥12 hours with patients not pretreated with heparin (controls). A Hemochron device was used to monitor the activated clotting time (ACT) values during the procedure. An ACT ≥300 seconds was used as a measure of optimal anticoagulation. Patients pretreated with heparin had significantly higher preprocedural ACT measurements (163 ± 31.5 vs 126 ± 13 seconds, p p 300 seconds was slightly greater in control patients (10,682 ± 1,852 vs 9,269 ± 2,993 units, p 300 seconds throughout the procedure was similar between the two groups (11,551 ± 3,181 units vs 12,136 ± 2,575 units, p = NS). Thus preprocedural anticoagulation does not significantly reduce total heparin requirements, and these patients should receive the same initial heparin regimen as patients not pretreated with intravenous heparin.
The etymology of sheng (sage) and its confucian conception in early China

L'A. souleve trois problemes concernant l'etymologie du terme sheng (sage) dans le chinois classique : 1) la question de l'evolution de la forme graphique du terme; 2) la question de son evolution semantique vers un contenu religieux; 3) la contribution confuceenne a une conceptualisation transcendantale.
Replication origins run (ultra) deep

The search for the holy replicator has been revitalized through ultradeep sequencing of small RNA–primed single-stranded DNA. Saturation sequencing provides an explanation for the lack of overlap in prior data sets, suggests that frequency of origin usage but not site selection is developmentally regulated, and uncovers a complex four-stranded DNA structure associated with most origins.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF GASEOUS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS

(1980). TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF GASEOUS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 7, No. 1-3, pp. 159-168.
National Genome Research Initiative: A New Paradigm For Teaching Research To Undergraduates In South America

Introduction: From 2007 to 2011, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) recruited professors across the US to test a new paradigm in undergraduate education: the National Genome Research Initiative (NGRI). Undergraduates were taught to isolate bacteriophages, characterize their findings, and report to the scientific community. Objective: The educational goal of the NGRI program was to expose science undergraduates to an authentic research experience to increase graduation rates. The scientific goal was to isolate mycobacteriophages to be used as therapeutic agents against disease-causing mycobacteria. Materials and Methods: In a one-semester lab course undergraduates are taught to find, grow, and purify bacteriophages. In the second semester, students use bioinformatic software to annotate sequences of their bacteriophages. Results: Ahead of data on student graduation rates, the NGRI program has generated expanded productivity for US undergraduates. Over a four year period, thousands of participants were taught to collect bacteriophages, annotate sequences, and present their findings. Those undergraduates will have isolated 2300+ phages, annotated 250+ sequences, presented hundreds of posters at conferences across the US, and are co-authors on papers published by labs participating in the NGRI program. Discussion: Many professors in the US academic community are convinced that the NGRI program will have lasting impact on the US educational system. Several professors have banded together to form the Phage Galaxy Consortium to continue HHMI’s goal of implementation of the NGRI program at all US colleges. Conclusions: HHMI’s paradigm is ready for distribution to Central and South America.
Modified charge transfer–embedded atom method potential for metal/metal oxide systems

Atomistic simulations using interatomic potentials are widely used for analyzing phenomena as diverse as crystal growth and plastic deformation in all classes of materials. The potentials for some material classes, particularly those for metal oxides, are less satisfactory for certain simulations. Many of the potentials currently utilized for metal oxides incorporate a fixed charge ionic component to the interatomic binding. However, these fixed charge potentials incorrectly predict the cohesive energy of ionic materials, and they cannot be used to simulate oxidation at metal surfaces or analyze metal/oxide interfaces where the local ion charge can be significantly different from that in the bulk oxide. A recent charge transfer model proposed by Streitz and Mintmire has in part successfully addressed these issues. However, we find that this charge transfer model becomes unstable at small atomic spacings. As a result, it cannot be used for the studies of energetic processes such as ion bombardment (e.g., plasma-assisted vapor deposition) where some ions closely approach the others. Additionally, the Streitz-Mintmire charge transfer model cannot be applied to systems involving more than one metal element, precluding study of the oxidation of metal alloys and dissimilar metal oxide/metal oxide interfaces. We have analyzed the origin of these limitations and propose a modified charge transfer model to overcome them. We then unify metal alloy embedded atom method potentials and the modified form of the charge transfer potential to create a general potential that can be used to explore the oxidation of the metallic alloy and the energetic vapor deposition of oxides, and to probe the structure of dissimilar metal oxide/metal oxide or metal alloy/oxide multilayers. Numerical procedures have been developed to efficiently incorporate the potential in molecular dynamics simulations. Several case studies are presented to enable the potential fidelity to be assessed, and an example simulation of the vapor deposition of aluminum oxide is shown to illustrate the potential utility.
Duality-Based Transformer Model Including Eddy Current Effects in the Windings

This paper presents a general method for building equivalent electric circuits of power transformers, including eddy current effects in windings and core. A high-frequency equivalent dual model for single- and three-phase transformers with two multilayer windings is derived from the application of the principle of duality. The model is built from elements available in circuit simulation programs, such as Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)–Alternative Transients Program, EMTP-RV, PSCAD, and PSpice. The parameters of the frequency-dependent leakage inductance and winding resistance are computed with analytical formulae obtained from the solution of Maxwell’s equations that are based on the geometrical dimensions and material information. Ideal transformers are utilized to isolate the electric components (winding resistors and capacitors) from the magnetic components (inductors). The physically correct connection points for electric and magnetic components are clearly identified. The proposed methodology is successfully validated versus finite- element simulations and laboratory measurements.
Application of the Lienard-Wiechert solution to a lightning return stroke model

The electric and magnetic fields associated with the lightning return stroke are expressed as a convolution of the current waveform shape and the fields generated by a moving charge of amplitude one (i.e., the Lienard-Wiechert solution for a unit charge). The representation can be used to compute the fields produced by a current waveform of non-uniform velocity that propagates along a filament of arbitrary, but finite, curvature. To study numerically the effects of linear charge acceleration and channel curvature two simple channel models are used: the linear and the hyperbolic.
Structure of the gene encoding the entire mature E1α subunit of human branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex

We report the isolation of a 22-kb human genomic clone (G7) that contains 8 exons encoding a partial mitochondrial presequence, the entire mature peptide and the complete 3′ untranslated region of the E1α mRNA of human branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Based on this gene structure, exon 9 contains the Tyr393 → Asn mutation previously identified in the E1α subunit of Mennonite and other maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) patients. Moreover, the homozygous mutation appears to cause skipping of exon 6 in the mutant E1α transcript. The information on the gene structure for the entire mature E1α subunit will facilitate investigations into the molecular basis of MSUD involving this subunit.
Revisiting Constraints on Fourth Generation Neutrino Masses

We revisit the current experimental bounds on fourth generation Majorana neutrino masses, including the effects of right-handed neutrinos. Current bounds from LEP II are significantly altered by a global analysis. We show that the current bounds on fourth generation neutrinos decaying to $eW$ or $\ensuremath{\mu}W$ can be reduced to about 80 GeV (from the current bound of 90 GeV), while a neutrino decaying to $\ensuremath{\tau}W$ can be as light as 62.1 GeV. The weakened bound opens up a neutrino decay channel for intermediate mass Higgs, and interesting multiparticle final states for Higgs and fourth generation lepton decays.
TEACHER ATTITUDES AND CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION

Children from poor homes, especially from homes where the parents have neither the time nor the ability to arouse interest in the development of a complex vocabulary are assumed to be at a disad vantage in the competition for such social awards as schooling, jobs, and money. Such hereditary depri vation is contrary to the American Creed (8) and the schools especially are concerned lest their selection and treatment procedures aggravate the disadvan tages already burdening these children. Certain teachers are subjectively considered by principals, supervisors, and colleagues to hold attitudes and possess skills that make them successful with dis advantaged children and youth. During the course of a recent research and train ing project in which the departments of criminology and education at the Berkeley campus of the Univer sity of California cooperated, an inventory of a 11 i tudes was prepared to assess dimensions of teacher affect that might prove relevant to success in the ed ucation of underpriviledged children and youth. (For full inventory, contact author. ) Preparation and use of the inventory with the se lected group of teachers will be described and pre liminary evidence for the relevance of the test scores to success in teaching underpriviledged chil dren and youth will be presented. More direct evi dence could eventually be obtained by comparing the scores of teachers known for their success with un derprivileged children with those of teachers known for their lack of success with similar children. Should the inventory scores so discriminate, the in ventory may prove useful in testing training pro grams for teachers of the disadvantagedo However, an unanticipated finding of the research project for which the inventory was constructed will be reported at the conclusion of this paper. This finding sug gests that use of the inventory to check pre-post changes in attitude may be inappropriate. Instead, the inventory may be most useful to increase teach er self-awareness so that the teacher can use his present self, with his basic attitudes relatively u n changed, to persuade, entice, and cajole the reluc tant learner.
Branding B-Schools: Reputation Management for MBA Programs

Increasingly, business schools are finding that they need to focus on building reputation — even more so than their parent universities. However, in-house, public relations and publications offices are ill-equipped to take on this responsibility. Some schools, like the University of Chicago, have hired marketers and others have used consulting firms, like McKinsey & Co., to analyze this problem, but none are immune from the phenomenon, and few seem to understand the need to focus on reputation.
Across the manufacturing‐marketing interface Classification of significant research

This article classifies the significant research in the marketing‐manufacturing interface using a framework in three dimensions: process versus outcome, level of interaction (strategic, tactical, or operational), and consideration of situational dimensions. The classification demonstrates that research is limited in specific areas including the consideration of the situational dimensions. Aggregation of topics at the strategic level of the interaction is needed to further research in this area. In addition, it is noted that customer input or measures of either the interaction or performance are important in this literature.
Unilateral Hyperlucent Lung

Unilateral hyperlucent lung syndrome in a 32-year-old asymptomatic man is presented with a discussion of diagnostic measures and typical findings in such cases. Proper study of such patients may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease and the pathophysiology of related disorders involving unifunctioning lung. Low serum IgM level in this patient could not be readily explained.
Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of cancer biomarker using quantum dot functionalized graphene sheets as labels

Abstract Quantum dot (QD) functionalized graphene sheets (GS) were prepared and used as labels for the preparation of sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of a cancer biomarker (i.e., prostate specific antigen (PSA)). The primary anti-PSA antibody was also immobilized onto the GS. The immunosensor displayed a wide range of linear response (0.005–10 ng/mL), low detection limit (3 pg/mL), and good reproducibility, selectivity and stability. The immunosensor was used to detect PSA in patient serum samples with satisfactory results. Thus, this unique immunosensor may provide many applications in clinical diagnosis.
Accumulation of gas‐phase methamphetamine on clothing, toy fabrics, and skin oil

UNLABELLED To better understand methamphetamine exposure and risk for occupants of former residential clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, we measured the dynamic accumulation of methamphetamine in skin oil, cotton and polyester (PE) clothing, upholstery, and toy fabric (substrates) exposed to 15-30 ppb (91-183 μg/m(3)) neutral methamphetamine in air for up to 60 days. The average equilibrium partition coefficients at 30% RH, in units of μg of methamphetamine per gram of substrate per ppb, are 3.0 ± 0.2 for a PE baby blanket, 5.6 ± 3.5 for a PE fabric toy, 3.7 ± 0.2 for a PE shirt, 18.3 ± 8.0 for a PE/cotton upholstery fabric, and 1200 ± 570 in skin oil. The partition coefficients at 60% RH are 4.5 ± 0.4, 5.2 ± 2.1, 4.5 ± 0.6, 36.1 ± 3.6, and 1600 ± 1100 μg/(g ppb), respectively. There was no difference in the partition coefficient for a clean and skin-oil-soiled cotton shirt [15.3 ± 2.1 μg/(g ppb) @ 42 days]. Partition coefficients for skin oil may be sensitive to composition. 'Mouthing' of cloth is predicted to be the dominant exposure pathway [60 μg/(kg body weight*ppb)] for a toddler in former meth lab, and indoor air concentrations would have to be very low (0.001 ppb) to meet the recommended reference dose for children. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Gas-phase methamphetamine transfers to and accumulates on clothing, toys and other fabrics significantly increases risk of ingestion of methamphetamine. Current remediation methods should consider measurement of postremediation gas-phase air concentrations of methamphetamine in addition to surface wipe samples.
The Generalizability of CBM Oral Reading Fluency Measures across General and Special Education

This study examined the generalizability of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) in reading across general and special education. Participants included 12 general and special education students from ...
Power and influence as distinct personality traits: Development and validation of a psychometric measure

Abstract A psychometric measure of power and influence as personality traits was developed according to conceptual distinctions previously made by social scientists. Factor analyses from different samples replicated a distinction between the need for power (nPower), assessing an egoistic striving for position, and the need for influence (nInfluence), assessing a desire to persuade and affect others. These scales were distinguished from the perceived ability to influence/have power and resistance to subordination. Additional analyses supported the reliability and discriminant validity of all scales. Measures reflecting egoism (e.g., arrogance, Machiavellianism) tended to correlate positively with nPower and negatively with nInfluence. Conversely, nInfluence correlated with measures of interpersonal orientation (e.g., expressiveness, perspective taking) while nPower tended to show negative relationships with these scales.
The effect of non‐random migration on genetic differences between populations

Models of genetic population structure generally assume that emigrants from each local group are drawn at random from the set of individuals born there. We show that small violations of this assumption can have disproportionately large effects on genetic population structure....The effect of migration on group differences can be studied by comparing the distribution of genotypes among birthplaces with that among adult residences. We shall introduce a statistical method for this purpose and use it to analyze data from the Aland Islands Finland. (EXCERPT)
Cortisol reactivity to social stress as a mediator of early adversity on risk and adaptive outcomes

Children chronically exposed to stress early in life are at increased risk for maladaptive outcomes, though the physiological mechanisms driving these effects are unknown. Cortisol reactivity was tested as a mediator of the relation between prenatal substance exposure and/or early adversity on adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Data were drawn from a prospective longitudinal study of prenatal substance exposure (N = 860). Cortisol reactivity was assessed at age 11. Among African Americans, prenatal substance exposure exerted an indirect effect through early adversity and cortisol reactivity to predict externalizing behavior, delinquency, and a positive student–teacher relationship at age 11. Decreased cortisol reactivity was related to maladaptive outcomes, and increased cortisol reactivity predicted better executive functioning and a more positive student–teacher relationship.
The influence of personal and organizational values on marketing professionals' ethical behavior

The authors examine empirically the influence of personal and organizational values on marketing professionals' ethical behavior. The results indicate that personal and organizational values underlie differences in marketing professionals' ethical behavior, albeit “small” terms of the proportion of explained variance. The results also suggest the relationship between organizational values and ethical behavior to be significant. However, the same is not the case for the relationship between personal values and ethical behavior.
Detection of Multiple R/C Devices Using MVDR and Genetic Algorithms

Reflections, multipath propagation, and scattering creates phantom sources of signal. In addition, reliable detection of radio controlled (RC) devices in the presence of multiple actual devices is a challenging task. RC devices employing super regenerative receivers (SRRs) and super heterodyne receivers emit unintended radiations in their ON-state. This paper introduces a novel detection scheme that combines self-similarity and received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based detection with minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) method. In addition, detection accuracy is improved using multiconstrained genetic algorithms (GAs). RSSI method detects multiple devices from received signal strength and Hurst parameter identifies self-similar SRR devices. Regularized MVDR improves detection of multiple devices by jamming unwanted signals and signals from known angle of arrival. Regularization reduces variation in detection due to environmental noise. Multiconstrained GA is implemented in the cases where MVDR fails. The experimental results for detection have also been presented for multiple SRR receivers (door bells at 315 MHz).
Characterization of tropospheric methane through space-based remote sensing

Characteristics of tropospheric methane distribution and behavior relevant to an investigation of global climate change are discussed. Of several observational objectives, source characterization is identified as being particularly well suited to space-based measurement. Simple dispersion models are used to relate emission rates due to point sources and distributed sources to field of view and sensitivity of nadir-viewing instruments. Using these models in conjunction with instrument specifications, the contributions of the Tropospheric Radiometer for Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Research (TRACER) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) are evaluated. General points related to methane observation are discussed, and future work is described.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The sleeping bird gets the song. Focus on: "HVC neural sleep activity increases with development and parallels nightly changes in song behavior".

What is sleep's function? Despite different opinions, there is consensus that sleep is not a passive state but rather involves active changes in brain metabolism and neuronal activity including, in terrestrial animals, alternation between two sleep stages, rapid-eye movements (REM) and non-REM sleep
Investigation of selective catalytic reduction for control of nitrogen oxides in full-scale dairy energy production

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) was used to reduce exhaust gas nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the emissions of a 710 kW combined heat and power system fueled by dairy biogas. Exhaust gas NOx was reduced from 63.1 ± 31.9 to 14.2 ± 17.5 ppmvd @ 15% O2 such that emissions were 0.33 ± 0.40 g kW � 1 h � 1 , based on data averaged over 15 min intervals. Online exhaust gas sensors with integrated process control algorithms were effective in improving NOx removal by automated control of urea, the ammonia source used for catal- ysis of NOx reduction reactions. Pre-SCR NOx was most strongly correlated with equivalence ratio (R 2 = 0.39), indicative of the air-fuel ratio. A concave relationship between NOx production and thermal conversion efficiency was not observed since lean-burn operation of the engine was consistent and only altered under low engine load. Following installation of pre- and post-SCR NOx sensors, average daily exhaust gas NOx reduction in the SCR was 82.6 ± 8.5%. Post-SCR NOx emissions were typically impacted by pre-SCR NOx (R
Na+ Occupancy and Mg2+ Block of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Channel

The effect of extracellular and intracellular Na+ on the single-channel kinetics of Mg2+ block was studied in recombinant NR1-NR2B NMDA receptor channels. Na+ prevents Mg2+ access to its blocking site by occupying two sites in the external portion of the permeation pathway. The occupancy of these sites by intracellular, but not extracellular, Na+ is voltage-dependent. In the absence of competing ions, Mg2+ binds rapidly (>108 M−1s−1, with no membrane potential) to a site that is located 0.60 through the electric field from the extracellular surface. Occupancy of one of the external sites by Na+ may be sufficient to prevent Mg2+ dissociation from the channel back to the extracellular compartment. With no membrane potential; and in the absence of competing ions, the Mg2+ dissociation rate constant is >10 times greater than the Mg2+ permeation rate constant, and the Mg2+ equilibrium dissociation constant is ∼12 μM. Physiological concentrations of extracellular Na+ reduce the Mg2+ association rate constant ∼40-fold but, because of the “lock-in” effect, reduce the Mg2+ equilibrium dissociation constant only ∼18-fold.
Isotropic probability measures in infinite-dimensional spaces.

Abstract Every isotropic probability measure on the space R∞ of real sequences x = (x1, x2,...) is a convex combination of the measure concentrated at 0 and a member of I0(R∞), the set of all isotropic probability measures p∞ on R∞ with p∞({0}) = 0. Each p∞ [unk] I0(R∞) is completely determined by any one of its finite-dimensional marginal distributions pn. Each pn has a density function fn with dpn(x1,..., xn) = dx1... dxnfn(x12 +... + xn2). Each fn is completely monotone in 0 < ξ < ∞ (hence analytic in the right complex ξ half-plane), and πn/2Γ(n/2)-1 ʃ0∞dξ ξn/2-1fn(ξ) = 1. Every f that satisfies these two conditions is fn for a unique p∞ [unk] I0(R∞). Hence the equation πʃξ∞dζ f2(ζ) = ʃ0∞dμ (t)e-tξ defines a bijection between I0(R∞) and the set of all probability measures μ on 0 ≤ t < ∞. If p∞ [unk] I0(R∞) then p∞({x: Σi=1∞xi2 < ∞}) = 0, so p∞ is not a “softened” or “fuzzy” version of the inequality Σi=1∞xi2 ≤ 1. If the prior information in a linear inverse problem consists of this inequality and nothing else, stochastic inversion and Bayesian inference are both unsuitable inversion techniques.
Integration test of distributed interactive simulation exercises

This paper describes the integration testing process that has been used successfully to execute distributed interactive simulation (DIS) exercises and experiments as a part of the War Breaker Systems engineering and evaluation program.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Helping students help: empowering and motivating student workers

In the Help Desk environment at the Open Access Labs (OALs) of Texas A & M University, student workers perform most of the services provided. We have reached a remarkable service performance level by enabling the student worker to execute tasks from all of the Help Desk disciplines. Via staff webpages, student workers can do everything from diagnosing complex problems to resetting user account profiles. Student workers utilize in-house problem tracking software, reset account management passwords, and write articles for the online newsletter, the OAL Gazette. However, empowerment also reaches beyond the service area. This paper also outlines the methods through which student workers help manage facilities. For training, the Student Training Advisory Board and student instructors help employees' voices to be heard in the planning stages. The Student Leader and Student Representative systems ensure that students help control the future of the labs. All student workers can control their own schedule by using the online scheduling utilities. Turnover rates are kept low and performance levels are kept high by empowering student workers in all aspects of their jobs, from frontline Help Desk to behind-the-scenes management.
Economy of scale for manufacturing systems

Abstract This paper presents a new method for determining economy of scale for discrete manufacturing systems, a technique that formerly could not be quantified. While economies for operating single pieces of equipment or continuous process production are readily determined, this is not the case with whole manufacturing systems for discrete and durable goods. The proposed method breaks bottlenecks in production with the addition of equipment and labor, thus allowing for the determination of optimum capacity charts. These charts are then transformed with standard statistical treatment to give the economy-of-scale measure. Technological scaling, when separated from financial effects, shows the relative importance of capitalization and operating costs. Using engineering analysis—rather than accounting data—avoids obscuring of the scaling index. Specific techniques are demonstrated for sheet metal production systems having low volume and high mix products. Likewise, statistical validation of the economy-of-scale measure is provided for advanced sheet metal FMSs. Applications are also suggested for the practitioner, and broad-based research in these measures by others is encouraged.
On Representations of Certain Finite Groups

The purpose of this paper is the derivation of a classification of the representations of finite groups with special reference to groups which satisfy the following two conditions: a. Every element is equivalent to its reciprocal, i. e., all classes are ambivalent. b. The Kronecker (or “direct”) product of any two irreducible representations of the group contains no representation more than once.
MICROANALYSIS OF ROOF BOLTER INJURIES

Abstract The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the method and value of microanalysis through its application to reported personal injuries to roof bolters. The technique involves analysis of accident narratives in order to classify the reported injuries according to where they occurred in the roof bolter's work cycle. Microanalysis allows an investigator to use the narrative descriptions to frame the conditions and situations under which miners were injured, results which then may be used in annual refresher training to make breakout sessions site and job specific. A combination of microanalysis and work-site observations of roof bolters was used in this study to classify accidents into selected work routines, to calculate new accident indices, to characterize the situations and conditions surrounding the accidents, and to describe the causes of many of the accidents in work-related terms.
Controlling Carbon Emissions in China

We examine the use of carbon taxes to reduce emissions of CO2 in China. To do so, we develop a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Chinese economy. In addition to accounting for the effects of population growth, capital accumulation, technological change, and changing patterns of demand, we also incorporate into our model elements of the dual nature of China's economy where both plan and market institutions exist side by side. We conduct simulations in which carbon emissions are reduced by 5, 10, and 15 per cent from our baseline. After initial declines, in all of our simulations GDP and consumption rapidly exceed baseline levels as the revenue neutral carbon tax serves to transfer income from consumers to producers and then into increased investment. Although subject to a number of caveats, we find potential for what is in some sense a 'double dividend', a decrease in emissions of CO2 and a long run increase in GDP and consumption.
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is prevented in rats with common bile duct ligation.

Biliary cirrhosis in the rat triggers intrapulmonary vasodilatation and gas-exchange abnormalities that characterize the hepatopulmonary syndrome. This vasodilatation correlates with increased leve...
Design and implementation of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays for the visualization of protein interactions in living cells

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis enables direct visualization of protein interactions in living cells. The BiFC assay is based on the discoveries that two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein can form a fluorescent complex and that the association of the fragments can be facilitated when they are fused to two proteins that interact with each other. BiFC must be confirmed by parallel analysis of proteins in which the interaction interface has been mutated. It is not necessary for the interaction partners to juxtapose the fragments within a specific distance of each other because they can associate when they are tethered to a complex with flexible linkers. It is also not necessary for the interaction partners to form a complex with a long half-life or a high occupancy since the fragments can associate in a transient complex and un-associated fusion proteins do not interfere with detection of the complex. Many interactions can be visualized when the fusion proteins are expressed at levels comparable to their endogenous counterparts. The BiFC assay has been used for the visualization of interactions between many types of proteins in different subcellular locations and in different cell types and organisms. It is technically straightforward and can be performed using a regular fluorescence microscope and standard molecular biology and cell culture reagents.
Where the Ball Drops: Days and Nights in Times Square – By Daniel Makagon Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York's Public Spaces – By Kristine F. Miller The People's Property? Power, Politics, and the Public – By Lynn A. Staeheli and Donald Mitchell

The article presents reviews of the books "Where the Ball Drops: Days and Nights in Times Square," by Daniel Makagon, "Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York's Public Spaces," by Kristine F. Miller and "The People's Property? Power, Politics and the Public," by Lynn A. Staeheli and Donald Mitchell.
Gas-phase oxidation products of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls

Our laboratory recently measured the gas-phase reaction rate constants of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with the hydroxyl radical (OH) and concluded that OH reactions are the primary removal pat...
Kinetics of the reaction between 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, hydrogen peroxide and copper(II) ions

Abstract The kinetics of the reactions between hydrogen peroxide, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene and copper(II) ion at pH 10.7 and 12.7 have been investigated. The overall rate of reaction appears to be approximately first order in perhydroxyl ion, approximately one third order in 1-hydroxyl-3-oxybenzene ion and first order in copper(II) ion. The 1,3-dioxybenzene ion does not appear to participate in a rate determining step. The reaction product, postulated to be 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′-biquinone seems to form a non-labile complex with copper(II) ion which effectively eliminates its roll as a catalyst.
Public participation in the arts in the United States: Summary of the national endowment for the arts 1997 survey

Abstract The 1997 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts examines the extent to which adult Americans throughout the US participate in the arts ‐ by attending live events and exhibitions, listening to and watching broadcast or recorded arts programmes, as well as personally performing or creating art themselves. Respondents indicate that 35 per cent of American adults visited an art museum or gallery at least once in 1997. Other popular activities included attending ‘musical plays’ (25 per cent), non‐musical plays and classical music (both 16 per cent). Twelve per cent of the populated went to performances of jazz and dance other than ballet. Reading literature and visiting a historic park or an arts/crafts fair also had high participation rates ‐ the former, 63 per cent, and the latter two, about 47 per cent. The chapter is divided into eight sections. The first three sections describe total participation, rates of participation, and participation by demographic group for each arts activity by types ...
Membrane fragments from myelin treated with different detergents.

— Bovine CNS myelin treated with cationic, anionic and non-ionic detergents yielded fragments which did not sediment in water at 56,500 g for 15 min. Substantial chemical and immunological differences were observed among the myelin fragments produced by these detergents. The chemical and immunological characteristics of such membrane products were also dependent upon the concentration of detergent. These and similar findings with other biological membranes emphasize the difficulties in using detergents to obtain and examine proposed subunit structures.
Biosynthesis of a disialylated sequence in N‐linked oligosaccharides: identification of an N‐acetylglucosaminide (α2→6)‐sialyltransferase in Golgi apparatus from rat liver

Rat liver Golgi apparatus are shown to have a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: N-acetylglucosaminide (α2-6)-sialyltransferase which catalyzes the conversion of the human milk oligosaccharide LS-tetrasaccharide-a (NeuAcα23Galβ13GlcNAcβ13Galβ14Glc) to disialyllacto-N-tetraose containing the terminal sequence: found in N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. The N-acetylglucosaminide (α26)-sialyltransferase has a marked preference for the sequence NeuAcα23-Galβ13GlcNAc as an acceptor substrate. Thus, the order of addition of the two sialic acids in the disialylated structure shown above is proposed to be first the terminal sialic acid in the NeuAcα23Gal linkage followed by the internal sialic acid in the NeuAcα26GlcNAc linkage. Sialylation in vitro of the type 1 branches (Galβ13GlcNAc-) of the N-linked oligosaccharides of asialo prothrombin to produce the same disialylated sequence is also demonstrated.
The Dragon's Tail: Utilizing Chengdu and Chongqing Technology Development Zones to Anchor West China Economic Advancement

This research examines the role of post-1999 'Develop the West' policies in promoting accelerated economic development in Chengdu and Chongqing, the two largest, spatially proximate metropolitan centers of western China. Differences between these two cities test theories regarding utilization of characteristics that flow from a place's location, history, political-economy, and cultural resources. Chengdu serves as the traditional capital of Sichuan province. The mountainous setting of Chongqing relegated it to a military-industrial complex dominated by state-owned enterprises. Its new autonomous status and completion of the Three Gorges Dam will solidify the city as the western edge of the Yangtze. It is argued that geographically reinforced historical cultural patterns form the basis of systemic problems. A key difference between the two cities lies in their different utilization of university research, a proxy for openness to information fueling change. Statistics and interviews accumulated in both cities flesh out this comparative examination of two major geographical bases for economic dynamism in west China.
Identification of Therapeutic Targets and the Development of Novel Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury Pain

The condition of pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) challenges clinicians and compromises the life quality of nearly 70% of individuals with SCI. In recent years, clinical and basic science studies have provided important insights into the complexities of the psychosocial and clinical characteristics of this condition as well as mechanisms responsible for this devastating consequence of SCI. Through the use of experimental models developed to study at-level or below-level pain, there is an evolving appreciation for the mechanism(s) responsible for the onset and progression of these conditions. As a result of studies focusing on the anatomical, biochemical, molecular, and functional consequences of SCI, progress is being made in identifying therapeutic targets and designing novel strategies for the treatment of various pain conditions associated with spinal injury.
Determination of cosmological parameters from cosmic shear data

We study how parameter error forecasts for tomographic cosmic shear observations are affected by sky coverage, density of source galaxies, inclusion of cosmic microwave background experiments, simultaneous fitting of nondark energy parameters, and the parametrization of the history of the dark energy equation-of-state parameter $w(z)$. We find tomographic shear-shear power spectra on large angular scales ($ll1000$) inferred from all-sky observations, in combination with Planck, can achieve $\ensuremath{\sigma}({w}_{0})=0.06$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}({w}_{a})=0.09$ assuming the equation-of-state parameter is given by $w(z)={w}_{0}+{w}_{a}[1\ensuremath{-}a(z)]$ and that nine other matter content and primordial power spectrum parameters are simultaneously fit. Taking parameters other than ${w}_{0}$, ${w}_{a}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{m}$ to be completely fixed by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), we find errors on ${w}_{0}$ and ${w}_{a}$ that are only 10% and 30% better, respectively, justifying this common simplifying assumption. We also study ``dark energy tomography'' : reconstruction of $w(z)$ assumed to be constant within each of five independent $w$ bins. With smaller-scale information included by use of the Jain and Taylor ratio statistic, we find $\ensuremath{\sigma}({w}_{i})l0.1$ for all five $w$ bins and $\ensuremath{\sigma}({w}_{i})l0.02$ for both $w$ bins at $zl0.8$. Finally, addition of cosmic shear can also reduce errors on quantities already determined well by the CMB. We find the sum of neutrino masses can be determined to $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ and that the primordial power spectrum power-law index, ${n}_{S}$, as well as $d{n}_{s}/d\mathrm{ln}﻿k$, can be determined more than a factor of 2 better than by Planck alone. These improvements may be highly valuable since the lower bound on the sum of neutrino masses is 0.06 eV as inferred from atmospheric neutrino oscillations, and slow-roll models of inflation predict nonzero $d{n}_{S}/d\mathrm{ln}﻿k$ at the forecasted error levels when $|{n}_{S}\ensuremath{-}1|g0.04$.
Field evaluation of a microprocessor-based recording current meter modified for wave research

Abstract The need to estimate the resuspension and deposition of fine-grained sediments and their associated contaminant transport has, in shallow lakes and nearshore areas, called for the measurement of wave data as well as mean flows. Wave statistics recorded by a vector-average current meter over a two-week period are compared to independently measured wave data for a wave-dominated shallow lake at two depths. Wave orbital motions are within 3% of those determined by spectral analysis of frequently sampled currents. Wave propagation directions are within ±19° of spectrally determined directions and qualitatively similar to the fetch-weighted wind direction. Less satisfactory agreement was evident between the wave periods as determined by zero-crossings and the wave spectral peak periods. Reasonable wave periods could be inferred only when the r.m.s. orbital speed exceeded the mean speed. Another possible algorithm for evaluating wave period is tested and recommendations are made for improvements to the measurement system.