cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working Misunderstandings: Donors, Brokers, and Villagers in Africa's AIDS Industry

why do development projects, and aidS projects in particular, take the forms they do? in this essay we argue that it is because the conflicting interests and world views of the key actors involved—donors, brokers, and villagers—leave only a narrow range of themes and practices that can “work” on the ground. By “work” we do not mean, in the aidS case, that they help prevent Hiv transmission; indeed, the non-medical approaches to Hiv prevention are largely ineffectual. what needs to be explained is why such approaches are nonetheless repeated so consistently. we show that these themes and practices work in the sense that they satisfy the varied agendas of the major actors sufficiently to sustain their day-to-day cooperation. understanding these actors and their varying interests and world views is key to understanding why development projects rely on such a narrow repertoire of approaches, particularly the arcane and ubiquitous practice of training. Hiv prevention projects are our case in point. Hiv prevention projects generate complex misunderstandings and conflicting motives among the critical actors in the aidS enterprise: the deeppocketed altruists who fund the programs, the local brokers who implement them, and the villagers who are the programs’ ultimate targets. much has been written about such misunderstandings and motives, both during the colonial period in africa (white 1987; Hodge 2007; Cooper 1998) and in recent times (luke and watkins 2002; Gibson et al. 2005; Burchardt 2012; maes 2012). the surprise in our story is the degree to which these disparate actors fumble toward accommodations that allow them to get along, however awkwardly. using an unusual range of data that we, our colleagues, and graduate students collected in malawi, we describe some of the cultural themes the aidS prevention and mitigation enterprise produces, and the remarkably
Facile fabrication of carbon ultramicro- to nanoelectrode arrays with tunable voltammetric response.

The voltammetric response for nano- to micrometer-sized electrode arrays are represented by two major regimes: a sigmoidal shaped i–v response for arrays acting as individual electrodes in parallel and peak-shaped i–v response for arrays acting as an ensemble in concert. Here, we present a facile and versatile technique to fabricate ultramicro- to nanoelectrode arrays using atomic layer deposition of insulating Al2O3 on conductive carbon films masked by 1.54, 11, or 90-μm-diameter polystyrene spheres (PSS). The ratio between the interelectrode distance and the electrode radii of the electrode arrays is a predictable function of the PSS radius used in fabrication, resulting in electrode arrays with a tunable voltammetric response. Arrays are characterized utilizing cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which provides the critical scan rate, νcrit, the scan rate at which the radial diffusion layers of the individual electrodes overlap and appear as a single linear diffusion layer. T...
Automatic recording of mediating behavior in delayed matching- and nonmatching-to-position procedures in rats.

Rationale Delayed matching-to-position and nonmatching-to-position procedures are widely used to model working memory in rodents. Mediating behavior—which enhances performance but is not explicitly required by the task—is generally considered an obstacle to the measurement of memory, but often occurs despite attempts to prevent it. The ubiquitous nature of mediating behavior suggests it might be analogous to rehearsal, an important component of learning and memory in humans.
Introduction to the Special Section on Alternative Futures for Great Basin Ecosystems

Natural and anthropogenic processes are causing extensive and rapid ecological, social, and economic changes in arid and semiarid ecosystems worldwide. Nowhere are these changes more evident than in the Great Basin of the western United States, a region of 400,000 km2 that largely is managed by federal agencies. Major drivers of ecosystems and human demographics of the Great Basin include human population growth, grazing by domestic livestock, extraction of minerals, development and production of energy, changes in fire and other disturbance regimes, and invasion of non-native annual plants. Exploration of alternative futures may increase the ability of management and policy to maximize the system's resistance and resilience to changes in climate, disturbance regimes, and anthropogenic perturbations. This special section examines the issues facing the Great Basin and then provides examples of approaches to predicting changes in land cover and avifaunal distributions under different management scenarios. Future sustainability of the Great Basin's natural and human systems requires strong, collaborative partnerships among research and management organizations that are capable of obtaining public support and financial resources and developing effective policies and institutional mechanisms.
Modification of Cellular Autophagy Protein LC3 by Poliovirus

Poliovirus infection remodels intracellular membranes, creating a large number of membranous vesicles on which viral RNA replication occurs. Poliovirus-induced vesicles display hallmarks of cellular autophagosomes, including delimiting double membranes surrounding the cytosolic lumen, acquisition of the endosomal marker LAMP-1, and recruitment of the 18-kDa host protein LC3. Autophagy results in the covalent lipidation of LC3, conferring the property of membrane association to this previously microtubule-associated protein and providing a biochemical marker for the induction of autophagy. Here, we report that a similar modification of LC3 occurs both during poliovirus infection and following expression of a single viral protein, a stable precursor termed 2BC. Therefore, one of the early steps in cellular autophagy, LC3 modification, can be genetically separated from the induction of double-membraned vesicles that contain the modified LC3, which requires both viral proteins 2BC and 3A. The existence of viral inducers that promote a distinct aspect of the formation of autophagosome-like membranes both facilitates the dissection of this cellular process and supports the hypothesis that this branch of the innate immune response is directly subverted by poliovirus.
Paclitaxel-induced cell death: Where the cell cycle and apoptosis come together

BACKGROUND Compelling evidence indicates that paclitaxel kills cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. Paclitaxel binds microtubules and causes kinetic suppression (stabilization) of microtubule dynamics. The consequent arrest of the cell cycle at mitotic phase has been considered to be the cause of paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity. However, the biochemical events, downstream from paclitaxel's binding to microtubules, that lead to apoptosis are not well understood. METHODS The authors examined recent scientific literature about the mechanisms by which paclitaxel exerts cytotoxicity. RESULTS In addition to an arrest of the cell cycle at the mitotic phase in paclitaxel-treated cells, recent discoveries of activation of signaling molecules by paclitaxel and paclitaxel-induced transcriptional activation of various genes indicate that paclitaxel initiates apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. The checkpoint of mitotic spindle assembly, aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinases, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) are shown to be involved in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Consistent with observations that microtubules of different status (e.g., cytoskeletal microtubules vs. mitotic spindles) have different sensitivity to paclitaxel, the concentration of paclitaxel appears to be the major determinant of its apoptogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Advances in research of the cell cycle and apoptosis have extended our understanding of the mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced cell death. Further elucidation of resistance and enhancement of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis should expedite the development of better paclitaxel-based regimens for cancer therapy. Cancer 2000;88:2619–28. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Energy, environmental, and economic evaluation of a CCHP system for a data center based on operational data

Abstract Objective Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) is an efficient, clean, and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy simultaneously from a single fuel source on site. CCHP systems in residential buildings and some commercial buildings have been investigated. However, few studies focus on data centers and the studies found are model-based. Without operational data to validate the models, these studies suffer great risks to produce inaccurate results. The objective is to cover the gap through studying CCHP systems in data centers. Methods This paper evaluated the performance by a case study through operational data and transient modeling. Three measures were defined to indicate energy, environmental and economic performance in comparison with conventional systems. Results The results showed that the CCHP system reduced 14.12 GWh of primary energy consumption, 9.72 ktons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, and $3,364,066 of operational costs with overall efficiency of 46%. Recommendations were proposed to improve performance. Conclusion It is concluded that data centers make a compatible match with CCHP systems. Practical implications The critical efficiencies of overall systems and power generation units for a CCHP system which consumes same primary energy as conventional systems were identified. This provides guidance for CCHP systems’ retrofit and expansion.
Breakthroughs in Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Metals and Alloys

While nanocrystalline metals can have strength and hardness values factors of 10 or more greater than their conventional grain size counterparts, ductility in tension has been disappointing, typically less than 2% elongation. This paper reviews the limitations to ductility in nanocrystalline materials and presents the results of recent breakthroughs wherein both high strength and good ductility are observed.
Response to drought among farmers and herders in southern Kajiado District, Kenya

From 1972 to 1976 rainfall in Kajiado District of Kenya was below normal. The capacity of the farming and herding systems to cope with the consequent reduction in production is discussed within a context of changing land-use patterns and altered resource availability. It is concluded that land-use planning to allocate the available land and water resources and to promote off-farm employment is required to reduce the vulnerability of the population to future drought conditions.
Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts

Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz are recorded as prominent sedimentologic, isotopic, magnetic, and faunal signatures in southern Lake Michigan profundal sediments. As a tributary to the main path of eastward Lake Agassiz flow, southern Lake Michigan recorded only the largest, catastrophic discharges. The distinctive Wilmette Bed, a massive gray mud that interrupts laminated red glaciolacustrine clays, marks the first episode, which occurred near the beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling event. The associated discharge may have played a role in the inception or severity of the Younger Dryas event. An oxygen isotope excursion in biogenic carbonate and changes in ostracode assemblages mark the second episode, which appears to have had at least two pulses, dated by accelerator mass spectrometer 14C ages on biogenic carbonate at about 8.9 and 8.6 ka. The second episode occurred during the early Holocene peak in global meltwater discharge and apparently had little wide- spread climatic or oceanographic effect. The contrast between the effects associated with these two episodes of meltwater discharge emphasizes the complexity of the ice sheet-ocean-climate system.
Fluorescence and Reflectance Spectroscopy and Spectral Imaging for Evaluating Surgical Margin Status during Breast Cancer Resection

Fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy and spectral imaging were used to try to evaluate the status of surgical margins following partial or total mastectomies. Classification thus far has achieved 96% specificity and 85% sensitivity.
The Optimal Human Ventral Stream from Estimates of the Complexity of Visual Objects

The part of the primate visual cortex responsible for the recognition of objects is parcelled into about a dozen areas organized somewhat hierarchically (the region is called the ventral stream). Why are there approximately this many hierarchical levels? Here I put forth a generic information-processing hierarchical model, and show how the total number of neurons required depends on the number of hierarchical levels and on the complexity of visual objects that must be recognized. Because the recognition of written words appears to occur in a similar part of inferotemporal cortex as other visual objects, the complexity of written words may be similar to that of other visual objects for humans; for this reason, I measure the complexity of written words, and use it as an approximate estimate of the complexity more generally of visual objects. I then show that the information-processing hierarchy that accommodates visual objects of that complexity possesses the minimum number of neurons when the number of hierarchical levels is approximately 15.
Hegemonic Competition in Intrastate War: The Social Construction of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Iraq's al-Anbar Province

This article employs social constructivist approaches drawn from social movement theory and international relations to explain outcomes of insurgency and counterinsurgency. It argues that mobilizing civilians requires the formation of hegemonic social relations that legitimate coercive force in defense of the political community. Four social mechanisms are hypothesized to be relevant in the creation of hegemony: brokerage, diffusion, reflexive self-restraint, and self-fulfilling prophecies. This constructivist theory of hegemonic competition is then evaluated using a case study of insurgency and counterinsurgency in Iraq's al-Anbar province.
Faculty job satisfaction across gender and discipline

Abstract It is projected that by 2014 colleges, universities, and professional schools will witness an employment growth of 34.3% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005). Thus, issues of faculty satisfaction, retention, and persistence will become increasingly important for university administrators and education policy makers. The need to study faculty satisfaction at universities also stems from the fact that the intellectual and social structures of higher education are changing over time. Increasingly, women and minorities are more likely to occupy higher ranks of the professoriate. The purpose of this research is to explore and compare the job satisfaction rates of faculty members employed in research institutions with special attention paid to differences across gender and disciplines. The study employs data from the 2003 Survey of Doctorate Recipients, which is a biennially collected survey of doctoral awardees and is funded by the National Science Foundation.
Chemical and physicochemical changes of rice during storage at different temperatures.

The study of three typical N. American varieties of rice grains (long, medium and short) stored at different temperatures revealed an extensive influence of storage on physicochemical and functional properties of the rice. Swelling and water absorption of rice grains increased during storage. Bulk density of rice flours and gas retention of the doughs also increased. Color intensity of flours greatly increased. On the other hand, the average particle size of flours milled under the same conditions decreased during storage. A new simple method for measuring stickiness of cooked grains based on mathematical analysis of distribution curves of cooked clusters was developed. The stickiness greatly decreased during storage. Cooked medium rice grains were more sticky than long or short grains. All these changes were more pronounced at higher storage temperatures.
Role of the insulin-like growth factor system on an estrogen-dependent cancer phenotype in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line

Abstract We previously established that exposure of the estrogen receptor (ER) α positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line to 17-β-estradiol (E2) results in the post-confluent development of multilayered cellular aggregates (foci) which is consistent with the in vivo cancer phenotype of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In this investigation, the interaction between the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and ER-signaling systems in regard to post-confluent focus development was studied. We demonstrated that focus development requires the presence of E2 and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), as well as intact ER and IGF-IR. Focus development in MCF-7 cultures, which occurs only after formation of a confluent monolayer, coincides with E2 regulation of key members of the IGF-signaling system such as IGF-IR, IGF-II, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), as demonstrated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To establish the relevancy of an intact IGF-signaling system for foci formation, we generated stable clones from MCF-7 with IGF-IR suppressed by siRNA. Results from these studies implicate signaling through the IGF-IR to be an integral requirement for E2-dependent post-confluent proliferation and focus formation. In summary, these studies establish the interactive roles of IGFs and E2 in the post-confluent development of foci, and will allow subsequent identification of targets for therapeutic intervention in the control and treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
The role of leaf lipids in food selection by larvae of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta.

The role of leaf lipids in food plant selection by larvae ofManduca sexta was investigated by measuring preference responses in a two-choice preference test using glass fiber filter paper disks laced with extract (test) or water (control). The larvae respond to the petroleum ether extract of whole leaves of the host-plantLycopersicon esculentum (tomato) extract in a concentration-dependent manner. At “natural concentration” it is the most strongly stimulating extract or compound yet tested using the disk test. This response is affected by food plant experience of the larvae, suggesting stimulation by plant-specific compounds in the extract. The extract contains volatile compounds that attract the larvae. In contrast, it does not promote continued feeding on an agar-cellulose diet that incorporates the extract. Also stimulating are the extracts of leaf surfaces of two hosts,L. esculentum andSolanum pseudocapsicum, and two acceptable nonhosts,Brassicae napus andVigna sinensis, indicating the presence of nonpolar feeding stimulants at the leaf surface. However, similar leaf-surface extracts of the unacceptable plantCanna generalis were inactive, although the surface extraction process renders this plant acceptable. Leaf-surface extracts ofL. esculentum, S. pseudocapsicum, andB. napus evoke feeding responses that are qualitatively comparable to those of their corresponding leaves. However, no such parallel is found for surface extracts ofV. sinensis andC. generalis. Thus, nonpolar compounds at the leaf surface of host and some acceptable non-host-plant species strongly stimulate feeding and hence must play an important role in food selection by the tobacco hornworm.
A silver anniversary: 25 years of reviewing the literature related to user instruction

Presents a summary review of 25 years of the literature on user instruction and information literacy. Notes how developments in education and technology during the last ten years have affected user instruction and have led to the emergence of information literacy. Demonstrates how the field of user instruction has expanded. A total of 28 publications were reviewed in 1973, and 286 publications were reviewed in 1998 – 25 years later. The title of the literature review changed over the same period from “Library Orientation and Instruction” to “Library Instruction and Information Literacy”.
NMR assignment of a KlbA intein precursor from Methanococcus jannaschii

The backbone and side chain resonance assignments of a precursor of the KlbA intein from Methanococcus jannaschii have been determined, based on triple-resonance experiments with the uniformly [13C,15N]-labeled protein.
Microfabricated V-Groove Power Inductors Using Multilayer Co–Zr–O Thin Films for Very-High-Frequency DC–DC Converters

V-groove microinductors are designed, fabricated, and tested for operation above 10 MHz. Multilayer nanogranular Co-Zr-O/ZrO2 magnetic thin films are used as the core material of these inductors, to improve the magnetic performance of the films deposited on the sidewalls of V-grooves and to control eddy-current loss in the core. Prototype V-groove inductors are fabricated in a Si substrate based on optimization results for 7 to 3.3-V, 1-A dc-dc buck converters. The inductors exhibit an inductance of 3.4 nH from 10 to 100 MHz, a dc resistance of 3.83 mΩ, and a quality factor of up to at least 50. The prototype inductors are a promising candidate for high-power-density high-efficiency dc-dc converters. The measured inductor performance indicates that they could be used to make a 7 to 3.3-V, 1-A converter exhibiting a power density of 2.5 W/mm2 and an efficiency of 86% at 100 MHz; or a power density of 0.36 W/mm2 and an efficiency of 91% at 11 MHz.
Atypical Clavicular Involvement of Nonbacterial Osteitis: An Orthopaedic Enigma

Nonbacterial osteitis (NBO) is an underdiagnosed and poorly understood condition caused by sterile inflammation. It can mimic the presentation of many other orthopaedic conditions, for example, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or malignancy, in particular for those patients who have unifocal presentation. Because NBO is a diagnosis by exclusion, it poses much difficulty and confusion to many orthopaedic surgeons in treating such disease. Clavicular involvement is common but it is typically present at the medial aspect of the clavicle. We report a case of NBO with atypical clavicular involvement who presented to our orthopaedic clinic with painful swelling in the left shoulder. Appropriate investigations and management are discussed together with literature review.
Purification of Hsk1, a Minichromosome Maintenance Protein Kinase from Fission Yeast

Members of the Cdc7 family of protein kinases are essential for the initiation of DNA replication in all eukaryotes, but their precise biochemical function is unclear. We have purified the fission yeast Cdc7 homologue Hsk1 approximately 30,000-fold, to near homogeneity. Purified Hsk1 has protein kinase activity on several substrates and is capable of autophosphorylation. Point mutations in highly conserved regions of Hsk1 inactivate the kinase in vitro and in vivo. Overproduction of two of the mutant hsk1 alleles blocks initiation of DNA replication and deranges the mitotic checkpoint, a phenotype consistent with a role for Hsk1 in the early stages of initiation. The purified Hsk1 kinase can be separated into two active forms, a Hsk1 monomer and a heterodimer consisting of Hsk1 complexed with a co-purifying polypeptide, Dfp1. Association with Dfp1 stimulates phosphorylation of exogenous substrates but has little effect on autokinase activity. We have identified Dfp1 as the fission yeast homologue of budding yeast Dbf4. Purified Hsk1 phosphorylates the Cdc19 (Mcm2) subunit of the six-member minichromosome maintenance protein complex purified from fission yeast. Since minichromosome maintenance proteins have been implicated in the initiation of DNA replication, the essential function of Hsk1 at the G1/S transition may be mediated by phosphorylation of Cdc19. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of critical substrates by Hsk1 kinase is likely regulated by association with a Dbf4-like co-factor.
Promoting Spirituality in Families with Alcoholism

SUMMARY The role of spirituality in the etiology, progression, and treatment of alcoholism has been discussed and explored for some time now. In most of those discussions, it is the spirituality of the individual that has been the focus. This paper presents the concept of a “family spirituality” and discusses the effects of alcoholism on that spirituality. Suggestions are given regarding spiritually-based practices that clinicians can employ to heal and enhance the spirituality of the family that has been affected by alcohol. A case example is included.
The Velocity of Light

IN NATURE for April 4, 1931, M. E. J. Gheury de Bray points out that the determinations of the velocity of light made in this century seem to tend towards smaller and smaller values the more recent the time of observation.
Application of the NSMS model to multi-axis time domain EMI data

ABSTRACT Recently different time domain (TD) electromagnetic induction sensors have been developed and tested for UXO detection and discrimination. These sensors produce well-locat ed, multi-axis, high-density data. One of such sensors is the Man Portable Vector (MPV) TD sensor build by GG this is the most time consuming part of the UXO classification process. In order to avoid solving a traditional ill-posed inverse scattering problem, here we adapt to TD-MPV data a recently develo ped physics-based approach [1], called (HAP), to estimate a buried objects location and orientation. The approach as sumes the target exhibits a dipolar response and uses only three global values: (1) the magnetic field vector H , (2) the vector potential A, and (3) the scalar magnetic potential at a point in space. Of these three global values only the flux of the H field is measurable by the MPV sens or. However, the vector and scalar magnetic potentials can be recovered from measured magnetic field data using a 2D NSMS approach. To demonstrate the applicability of the NSMS and HAP techniques we report the results of a blind-test analysis using multi-axis TD MPV data collected at the U.S. Armys ERDC UXO test site. Keywords: TD MPV, EMI Sensing, NSMS, Scalar and Vector potentials, Inversion, Discrimination 1. INTRODUCTION The detection and remediation of UXO on military ranges still continues to be the number one military environmental problem. A wide range of different sensing technologies, with novel waveforms, multi-axis or vector receivers, tensor magnetic or electromagnetic induction data, or any combination of magnetic and EMI data, are currently being used or developed for detecting and discri minating UXO [2]-[11]. Among these emerging technologies is the new man portable vector time-domain (MPV TD) sensor [4], [10], which has five tri-axial cubic receivers located around two 75-cm diameter transmitter coils. The positions of the transmitter coils are determined using a laser positioning system. The combination of spatial diversity in the measurements, including elevation changes, with full vector definition of signals from a variety of observation points, over an extremely wide time range, offers unprecedented data quality for discrimination-processing algorithms. To take advantage of the data diversity that this instrument provides, new EMI forward models and data interpretation and processing schemes have been recently developed as well.
Regulating Latina Youth Sexualities through Community Health Centers: Discourses and Practices of Sexual Citizenship

This article examines the regulation of Latina youth sexualities in the context of sexual and reproductive health care provision. In-depth interviews with health care providers working in two Latino-serving community health centers are analyzed for how they interpret and respond to the sexual and reproductive practices of their low-income Latina teen patients. The author finds that providers emphasize teenage pregnancy as a social problem among this population to the exclusion of other dimensions of youth sexualities and encourage Latina girls’ adherence to a life course trajectory that conforms to middle-class, heteronormative ideals as a solution to this problem. By relying on such understandings, providers construct meanings of sexual citizenship that require participation in bourgeois heteronormativity. These findings suggest that Latino-serving community health centers, their providers, and their teen patients could benefit from questioning the assumptions that inform providers’ appraisals of Latina ...
Transient Thermal Analysis of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Tank With Active Circulation

This paper presents the transient analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in a zero boil-off (ZBO) cryogenic storage tank of liquid hydrogen. The system includes a tank with cylindrical wall and oblate spheroidal top and bottom, a heat pipe located along the symmetric axis of the tank, and an active circulator. The heat pipe has a rounded evaporator section at its end. The active circulator is an assembly of a pump body, a suction tube for collecting fluid inside the tank, and a spray nozzle from which the fluid is discharged onto the evaporator section of the heat pipe, which is kept at a constant low temperature, where the heat is removed passively to the condenser section of the heat pipe located outside the tank and eventually to the ambient via a cryocooler. Whenever the maximum temperature inside the tank reaches the boiling point under the working pressure in the tank, the pump is activated to create a forced flow from the nozzle to cool off the heated fluid. After a preset period of time, the pump is shut down and standby until the maximum temperature reaches its threshold again and then the pump starts a new cycle. The transient simulations allow the visualization of flow field and temperature distribution, as well as the computation of maximum and mean temperatures of the fluid at various stages of the pump cycle.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Corrosion of Mild Steel in the Presence of Acetic Acid— Part 1: Basic Mechanisms

Abstract The corrosion behavior of mild steel in the presence of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been investigated using electrochemical techniques and weight-loss measurements. Electrochemical measurements have shown that the presence of acetic acid affects predominantly the cathodic reaction. The acetic acid effect is much more pronounced at elevated temperatures when catastrophic corrosion rates may be encountered at high concentrations. The undissociated form of acetic acid, present at lower pH, is responsible for the increases seen in the corrosion rate.
Differential effects on cAMP on the MAP kinase cascade: evidence for a cAMP-insensitive step that can bypass Raf-1.

Abstract Because cAMP exerts opposite effects on cell proliferation in different cell types, we undertook to study its effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in three cell lines (Rat-1, Swiss-3T3, and COS-7) chosen for their different mitogenic responses to cAMP. We measured the effect of cAMP on MAPK, MEK, and Raf-1 activities after stimulation by agonists acting through a tyrosine kinase receptor (epidermal growth factor) or a G protein-coupled receptor (lysophosphatidic acid). In Rat-1 cells we found that cAMP strongly inhibited all three activities (MAPK, MEK, and Raf-1), in good agreement with its effect on cell proliferation in these cells. In Swiss-3T3 and COS-7 cells, on the contrary, cAMP did not inhibit epidermal growth factor- and lysophosphatidic acid-induced stimulation of MAPK and MEK activities, and even stimulated MAPK activity slightly on its own. Again these results are in good agreement with the proliferative effect of cAMP in Swiss-3T3 cells. Raf-1 activity on the hand, was inhibited by cAMP in Swiss-3T3 and COS-7 as it was in Rat-1 cells. This result indicates that signaling pathways in Swiss-3T3 and COS-7 cells can activate MEK and MAPK in a Raf-1-independent and cAMP-insensitive manner. Our results add to growing evidence for the existence of Ras- and/or Raf-1-independent pathways leading to MEK and MAPK activation.
Theories of Social Honor

The approaches used in studying status systems (or systems of prestige or social honor) can be classified as either materialist or nonmaterialist, and the essential differences between them reflect differences in assumptions about human motivations. It is argued that the materialist approach is untenable. The nonmaterialist approaches also differ among themselves in motivational assumptions, and these differences in turn lead to very different views about the nature of status systems. Three nonmaterialist approaches are analyzed, and it is suggested that one of them is more compelling than the others.
Formation of monofunctional cisplatin-DNA adducts in carbonate buffer

Abstract Carbonate in its various forms is an important component in blood and the cytosol. Since, under conditions that simulate therapy, carbonate reacts with cisplatin to form carbonato complexes, one of which is taken up and/or modified by the cell [C.R. Centerwall, J. Goodisman, D.J. Kerwood, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127 (2005) 12768–12769], cisplatin-carbonato complexes may be important in the mechanism of action of cisplatin. In this report we study the binding of cisplatin to pBR322 DNA in two different buffers, using gel electrophoresis. In 23.8 mM HEPES, N -(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine- N ′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 buffer, cisplatin produces aquated species, which react with DNA to unwind supercoiled Form I DNA, increasing its mobility, and reducing the binding of ethidium to DNA. This behavior is consistent with the formation of the well-known intrastrand crosslink on DNA. In 23.8 mM carbonate buffer, 5 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, cisplatin forms carbonato species that produce DNA-adducts which do not significantly change supercoiling but enhance binding of ethidium to DNA. This behavior is consistent with the formation of a monofunctional cisplatin adduct on DNA. These results show that aquated cisplatin and carbonato complexes of cisplatin produce different types of lesions on DNA and they underscore the importance of carrying out binding studies with cisplatin and DNA using conditions that approximate those found in the cell.
Physician concern over medication intake: a simple measure of medication use.

Medication use is commonly measured in clinical pain control studies. Equivalence to a standard medication (e.g., morphine), effective dosage, and percent changes from before to after treatment have been used to provide quantitative medication intake measures which are amenable to statistical analysis. Problems with these methods arise when specific medications are not found in an extant table or when combinations of medications interact in their effectiveness or side effects. In the present study, a Q-sort technique, whereby physicians rated concern over medication intake, provided a simple, rapid measure of medication intake which is sensitive to treatment effects and is amenable to statistical analysis.
Adaptive immunity and adipose tissue biology

Studies of immunity typically focus on understanding how hematopoietic cells interact within conventional secondary lymphoid tissues. However, immune reactions and their regulation occur in various environments within the body. Adipose tissue is one tissue that can influence and be influenced by adjacent and embedded lymphocytes. Despite the abundance and wide distribution of such tissue, and despite a growing obesity epidemic, studies of these interactions have been only marginally appreciated in the past. Here, we review advances in understanding of lymphoid structures within adipose tissue, the relationship between adipose tissue and adaptive immune function, and evidence for how this relationship contributes to obesity-associated diseases.
Developmental outcomes of an executive MBA programme

Demonstrates that EMBA graduates experience broadended perspectives. They “think more broadly”, “understand more comprehensively” and report the “life changing” outcomes expected by their sponsoring organizations. Focuses on the development of managers from specialist perspectives to a more integrated generalist perspective. Personal development and career development literatures provided the theoretical basis for this study. Data were collected using a triangulation design. Methods included survey, invited essays, and interviews. Evidence of change appeared in the surveys, 85 per cent of the comments indicating changes on the personal dimension. Essays indicated that graduates experienced increased confidence, cognitive flexibility, and broadened perspectives. Interviews indicated: greater self‐determination, more flexible approaches to roles, greater value of self and time, more process oriented, increased understanding of self and others, the meaning of success was competence, competence was valued ove...
Germanium γ-ray spectrometers

Potential uses of the Ge(Li) diode detector as part of a spectrometer system for space experimentation would include identification of energy sources and determination of the composition of materials. In laboratory experiments its greatest application is in low-energy nuclear physics, mainly (n, γ) reaction studies. The primary advantage in its present use is energy resolving capability. In future applications, as energy resolution is maintained close to the observed limit for the detector, increased attention must be given to optimization in terms of geometry. Further improvements are needed in the mechanical design of such systems, especially for experiments in space.
The Greuling–Goertzel and Wigner approximations in the theory of neutron slowing down

Abstract The classic Greuling–Goertzel and Wigner approximations for neutron slowing-down problems are reappraised theoretically and numerically. We sketch the standard derivations of these approximations and show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, their theoretical bases are comparable. We also present a new derivation of these approximations, which clarifies the relationship between them and the Fermi age approximation. Finally, we compare numerical solutions of the exact, Greuling–Goertzel, and Wigner equations. These results show that for narrow absorption resonances described by the Breit–Wigner formula, the Wigner solution is significantly more accurate than the Greuling–Goertzel solution.
BIAS CORRECTION FOR THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATE OF ABILITY

Lord's bias function and the weighted likelihood estimation method are effective in reducing the bias of the maximum likelihood estimate of an examinee's ability under the assumption that the true item parameters are known. This paper presents simulation studies to determine the effectiveness of these two methods in reducing the bias when the item parameters are unknown. The simulation results show that Lord's bias function and the weighted likelihood estimation method might not be as effective in bias reduction in the 3PL cases when item parameters are unknown as they are when the true item parameters are given. Algorithms and methods for obtaining the global maximum value of a likelihood function or a weighted likelihood function are discussed in this paper.
Improved horizontal wind model HWM07 enables estimation of equatorial ionospheric electric fields from satellite magnetic measurements

[1] Horizontal neutral winds play an important role in low-latitude ionospheric E and F-region dynamics. In particular, the zonal winds have strong effects on the local structure of the low-latitude ionospheric current system. Accurate wind specification is therefore essential for modeling these currents. In order to investigate the retrieval of eastward electric fields from satellite-derived equatorial electrojet (EEJ) profiles, we consider a provisional Horizontal Wind Model (HWM07) and its implications for the meridional structure of the EEJ. We find that EEJ current profiles predicted using HWM07 agree better with CHAMP magnetometer-derived current profiles than EEJ profiles predicted using the older HWM93 model. The improved wind model opens exciting new possibilities of determining the day-side eastward electric field in the equatorial ionosphere from satellite magnetic field measurements.
Effects of Timber Harvest on River Food Webs: Physical, Chemical and Biological Responses

I compared physical, chemical and biological characteristics of nine rivers running through three timber harvest regimes to investigate the effects of land use on river ecosystems, to determine whether these corresponded to changes linked with downstream location, and to compare the response of different types of indicator variables. Physical variables changed with downstream location, but varied little with timber harvest. Most chemical variables increased strongly with timber harvest, but not with downstream location. Most biological variables did not vary systematically with either timber harvst or downstream location. Dissolved organic carbon did not vary with timber harvest or downstream location, but correlated positively with salmonid abundance. Nutrient manipulations revealed no general pattern of nutrient limitation with timber harvest or downstream location. The results suggest that chemical variables most reliably indicate timber harvest impact in these systems. The biological variables most relevant to human stakeholders were surprisingly insensitive to timber harvest, however, apparently because of decoupling from nutrient responses and unexpectedly weak responses by physical variables.
Synthesis of oxide perovskite solid solutions using the molten salt method

The molten salt method has in the past been employed to synthesize a large number of compounds at low temperatures. In this work we report the formation of solid solutions of BaTiO3–SrTiO3 and BaZrO3–SrZrO3 using a molten salt eutectic of NaOH–KOH as a solvent. Alkaline earth carbonates and titanium oxide were used as precursors for the titanate system, and alkaline earth carbonates and zirconium oxide were used as precursors for the zirconate system. It was found that both systems form solid solutions throughout the composition range. The implications of these results with regards to the applicability of the molten salt method as a tool to investigate low temperature phase equilibria are discussed.
Evaluation of Immune Globulin and Recombinant Interferon-α2b for Treatment of Experimental Ebola Virus Infections

A passive immunization strategy for treating Ebola virus infections was evaluated using BALB/ c mice, strain 13 guinea pigs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Guinea pigs were completely protected by injection of hyperimmune equine IgG when treatment was initiated early but not after viremia had developed. In contrast, mice were incompletely protected even when treatment was initiated on day 0, the day of virus inoculation. In monkeys treated with one dose of IgG on day 0, onset of illness and viremia was delayed, but all treated animals died. A second dose of IgG on day 5 had no additional beneficial effect. Pretreatment of monkeys delayed onset of viremia and delayed death several additional days. Interferon-alpha2b (2 x 10(7) IU/kg/day) had a similar effect in monkeys, delaying viremia and death by only several days. Effective treatment of Ebola infections may require a combination of drugs that inhibit viral replication in monocyte/macrophage-like cells while reversing the pathologic effects (e.g., coagulopathy) consequent to this replication.
Affective modulation of multiple memory systems

The hippocampus and caudate nucleus are anatomical components of relatively independent memory systems and recent research has focused on the nature of the interaction between these two systems. The amygdala exerts a general modulatory influence on memory storage processes related, in part, to an organism's level of affective or emotional arousal. Moreover, affective state can influence the use of different memory systems, and the amygdala may mediate this effect of emotion on memory. Recent evidence indicates that the amygdala modulates the separate types of memory mediated by the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. Recent human brain imaging studies also point to both sex- and hemisphere-related asymmetries in amygdala participation in emotionally influenced memory.
Improving the computational efficiency of fully Bayes inference and assessing the effect of misspecification of hyperparameters in whole-genome prediction models

The reliability of whole-genome prediction models (WGP) based on using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels critically depends on proper specification of key hyperparameters. A currently popular WGP model labeled BayesB specifies a hyperparameter π, that is `loosely used to describe the proportion of SNPs that are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with causal variants. The remaining markers are specified to be random draws from a Student t distribution with key hyperparameters being degrees of freedom v and scale s 2. We consider three alternative Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches based on the use of Metropolis-Hastings (MH) to estimate these key hyperparameters. The first approach, termed DFMH, is based on a previously published strategy for which s 2 is drawn by a Gibbs step and v is drawn by a MH step. The second strategy, termed UNIMH, substitutes MH for Gibbs when drawing s 2 and further collapses or marginalizes the full conditional density of v. The third strategy, termed BIVMH, is based on jointly drawing the two hyperparameters in a bivariate MH step. We also tested the effect of misspecification of s 2 for its effect on accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV), yet allowing for inference on the other hyperparameters. The UNIMH and BIVMH strategies had significantly greater (P < 0.05) computational efficiencies for estimating v and s 2 than DFMH in BayesA (π = 1) and BayesB implementations. We drew similar conclusions based on an analysis of the public domain heterogeneous stock mice data. We also determined significant drops (P < 0.01) in accuracies of GEBV under BayesA by overspecifying s 2, whereas BayesB was more robust to such misspecifications. However, understating s 2 was compensated by counterbalancing inferences on v in BayesA and BayesB, and on π in BayesB. Sampling strategies based solely on MH updates of v and s 2, and collapsed representations of full conditional densities can improve the computational efficiency of MCMC relative to the use of Gibbs updates. We believe that proper inferences on s 2, v and π are vital to ensure that the accuracy of GEBV is maximized when using parametric WGP models.
Princeton_TIGRESS: Protein geometry refinement using simulations and support vector machines

Protein structure refinement aims to perform a set of operations given a predicted structure to improve model quality and accuracy with respect to the native in a blind fashion. Despite the numerous computational approaches to the protein refinement problem reported in the previous three CASPs, an overwhelming majority of methods degrade models rather than improve them. We initially developed a method tested using blind predictions during CASP10 which was officially ranked in 5th place among all methods in the refinement category. Here, we present Princeton_TIGRESS, which when benchmarked on all CASP 7,8,9, and 10 refinement targets, simultaneously increased GDT_TS 76% of the time with an average improvement of 0.83 GDT_TS points per structure. The method was additionally benchmarked on models produced by top performing three-dimensional structure prediction servers during CASP10. The robustness of the Princeton_TIGRESS protocol was also tested for different random seeds. We make the Princeton_TIGRESS refinement protocol freely available as a web server at http://atlas.princeton.edu/refinement. Using this protocol, one can consistently refine a prediction to help bridge the gap between a predicted structure and the actual native structure. Proteins 2014; 82:794–814. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.