cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation energy for electromagnetically induced transparency.

We discuss a requirement for the laser energy that is necessary to initiate electromagnetically induced transparency: The number of photons in the coupling laser pulse must exceed the product of the number of atoms in the laser path times the ratio of the oscillator strengths of the probe and coupling laser transitions.
Policy Trap and Optimal Subsidization Policy under Limited Supply of Vaccines

We adopt a susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model on a Barabasi and Albert (BA) network to investigate the effects of different vaccine subsidization policies. The goal is to control the prevalence of the disease given a limited supply and voluntary uptake of vaccines. The results show a uniform subsidization policy is always harmful and increases the prevalence of the disease, because the lower degree individuals’ demand for vaccine crowds out the higher degree individuals’ demand. In the absence of an effective uniform policy, we explore a targeted subsidization policy which relies on a proxy variable instead of individuals’ connectivity. Findings show a poor proxy-based targeted program can still increase the disease prevalence and become a policy trap. The results are robust to general scale-free networks.
Observation of Postcollision Effects in the Scattered Projectile Spectra for Ionizing Proton-Helium Collisions

We have measured and calculated doubly differential single ionization cross sections as a function of the scattering angle and the projectile energy loss for 50 to 150 keV proton-helium collisions. These cross sections show unexpected structures as a function of both the energy loss and the scattering angle, which are interpreted as due to the postcollision interaction. Although the effects of postcollision interactions have previously been observed in electron spectra, this is the first observation of such effects for the scattered protons.
The recurring rainfall problem

Many studies have used Soloway's Rainfall problem to explore plan composition and programming errors by novice programmers. Few of these have explored students from CS1 courses that use functional programming. The concepts and programming styles commonly taught in such courses give CS1 students more viable plan-composition options than in traditional imperative CS1 courses. Using data from five functional-language CS1 courses at four schools, we show that our students choose different high-level structures and make fewer low-level errors compared to results of other Rainfall studies. We discuss the potential role of language in these results and raise various questions that could further explore these effects.
Poly(allylamine)-stabilized colloidal copper nanoparticles: synthesis, morphology, and their surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties.

Poly(allylamine)-stabilized spherical- and rod-shaped copper nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple chemical reaction. The synthesis is performed by the reduction of copper(II) salt with hydrazine in aqueous solution under atmospheric air in the presence of poly(allylamine) (PAAm) capping agent. Noteworthy of the advantages of the synthetic method includes its production of water dispersible copper nanoparticles at room temperature under no inert atmosphere, making the synthesis more environmentally friendly. The resulting copper nanoparticles are investigated by UV−vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrate that the amount of NaOH used is important for the formation of the copper nanoparticles while the reaction time and concentration of PAAm play key roles in controlling the size and shape of the nanoparticles, respectively. The resulting colloidal copper nanoparticles exhibit large surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals.
Sensitivity to multi-phonon excitations in heavy-ion fusion reactions

Measured cross sections for the fusion of $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ with $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$, and $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$ targets are analyzed in a coupled-channels approach. The data for the $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ target above 0.1 mb are reproduced by including couplings to the low-lying ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states and the mutual and two-phonon excitations of these states. The calculations become more challenging as the fusing nuclei become softer and heavier, and excitations to multi-phonon states start to play an increasingly important role. Thus it is necessary to include up to four-phonon excitations to reproduce the data for the $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}+^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$ system. Similar calculations for $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}+^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$, and also for the symmetric $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}+^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$ system, show large discrepancies with the data. Possible ways to improve the calculations are discussed.
Dependence on p75 for innervation of some sympathetic targets

The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 binds all neurotrophins with similar affinity. For elucidation of its function, mice bearing a null mutation in the p75 locus were generated. Examination of sympathetic innervation of target tissues revealed that pineal glands lacked innervation and sweat gland innervation was absent or reduced in particular footpads. The absence of adult innervation reflects the failure of axons to reach these targets during development rather than a target deficit. These results indicate that p75 facilitates development of specific populations of sympathetic neurons, for which it may support axon growth.
Hemodynamic and energetic comparison of bucindolol and metoprolol for the treatment of congestive heart failure

Abstract Although β blockers have demonstrated a salutary effect on ventricular function in patients with heart failure, it is unclear whether a nonselective third-generation β blocker produces different hemodynamic and energetic effects than a second-generation β 1 selective agent. In 30 male patients with heart failure, we retrospectively analyzed hemodynamic data from 2 protocols examining the effects of a nonselective β antagonist bucindolol [n = 15), and a highly selective β 1 antagonist metoprolol (n = 15). Both studies were conducted in a similar fashion with patients undergoing cardiac catheterization before and after receiving 3 months of β blockade. Both groups were matched at baseline in terms of ventricular function, β blockade resulted in similar reductions in heart rate and similar improvements in ejection fraction, ventricular volumes, stroke and minute work, peak +dP/dt, and isovolumic relaxation in both groups. Only patients faking bucindolol had a significant within-group decrease in resting left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The metoprolol group had a greater decrease in coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. Bucindolol increased cardiac index more than metoprolol, but did not increase stroke volume index more than metoprolol. The bucindolol group had an increase in systolic elastance, whereas the metoprolol group had a parallel left shift in this relation, thus, metoprolol reduces coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption more than bucindolol, whereas bucindolol produces slightly more favorable improvements in resting cardiac index and end-diastolic pressure. Otherwise, these 2 agents produced similar hemodynamic changes.
Four-Item Fatigue Screen Replacing the Brief Fatigue Index

Introduction: To develop a shorter and less burdensome cancer-related fatigue (CRF) questionnaire, the Four-Item Fatigue Scale (FIFS) was tested for validity against the Brief Fatigue Index (BFI).Methods: On day 1, patients with cancer completed the BFI and FIFS in a random order and the reverse on day 7. Sixty-five patients were needed for an 80% power and a Spearman correlation of .7 or greater. The FIFS was compared with the BFI in fatigue severity and changes in fatigue over time. Bonferroni corrections were made for multiple comparisons with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) fatigue criteria.Results: Seventy-nine patients were enrolled, 65 patients completed both surveys. Spearman correlation between FIFS and BFI for day 1 was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-0.87) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.56-0.90) 1 week later. Fatigue severity did not predict survival with either questionnaire. Brief Fatigue Index severity correlated with ICD-10 items 1, 3, 7, and 10B. Regression an...
Staged symbolic execution

Recent advances in constraint solving technology and raw computation power have led to a substantial increase in the effectiveness of techniques based on symbolic execution for systematic bug finding. However, scaling symbolic execution remains a challenging problem.We present a novel approach to increase the efficiency of symbolic execution for systematic testing of object-oriented programs. Our insight is that we can apply symbolic execution in stages, rather than the traditional approach of applying it all at once, to compute abstract symbolic inputs that can later be shared across different methods to test them systematically. For example, a class invariant can provide the basis of generating abstract symbolic tests that are then used to symbolically execute several methods that require their inputs to satisfy the invariant. We present an experimental evaluation to compare our approach against KLEE, a state-of-the-art implementation of symbolic execution. Results show that our approach enables significant savings in the cost of systematic testing using symbolic execution.
The Impact of September 11 on Investors' Risk Aversion

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks provide a rare opportunity to witness a dramatic shift in investors9 risk aversion. The attacks had a huge impact on investors not only because of the significant damage that occurred in both lives and economic value but because of the nearly total surprise achieved by the attackers. This article uses exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to analyze equity returns, beta values, and security market line slopes both before and after the attacks. Using ETFs allows us to also look at the performance of individual industrial indexes and sectors. Finally, we offer some guidance to investors who may unfortunately find themselves facing a similar situation in the future.
Total synthesis of the interleukin-1beta converting enzyme inhibitor EI-1941-2 using tandem oxa-electrocyclization/oxidation1.

The total synthesis of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme inhibitor EI-1941-2 was achieved utilizing tandem oxidation/oxa-electrocyclization/oxidation to access a key α-pyrone intermediate. Suppo...
Rabies virus glycoprotein gene contains a long 3' noncoding region which lacks pseudogene properties.

Analysis of a limited number of laboratory strains of rabies virus had demonstrated the presence of a genome region bounded by two transcription termination and polyadenylation-like (TTP) signals (approximately 400 to 450 nucleotides apart) which was located between the end of the glycoprotein (G) coding sequence and the beginning of the L polymerase coding sequence. Although this region had been suggested to represent a remnant or pseudogene (~), no detailed analysis had been carried out to examine this possibility. Here we present the nucleotide sequence analysis of this genome region for several laboratory rabies virus strains and a large number of diverse rabies viruses detected directly in brain tissue of naturally infected animals, Only one distinct lineage of the laboratory strains and none of the wild-type rabies viruses contained the upstream -I-IP-like signal, indicating that only the downstream -I-IP motif is the authentic G mRNA transcription termination and polyadenylation and signal. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence differences provided no evidence of laboratory strains containing the two -I-IP-like signals being ancestral to any of the viruses possessing only the downstream -I-IP sequence motif. These data indicate that this region of the rabies virus genome encodes a G mRNA with a long 3 ' noncoding region with no evidence of a pseudogene. Rabies virus is a member of the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family, a diverse group of animal, plant, and insect viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rabies and related viruses, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) (1, 2). These viruses all possess nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes of approximately 10 to 15 kb in length. The virus genomes commonly encode at least five mRNAs, which are located and also sequentially transcribed in the general pattern 3'-nucleocapsid protein (N), polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P or M1), matrix protein (M or M2), glycoprotein(s) (G), and large polymerase protein (L)-5'. These genomes usually contain very little noncoding nucleotide sequence and gene junctions are small. The most common exception to this overall genetic structure is the genome region located between the G mRNA termination codon and the L mRNA initiation signal. In IHNV, an additional gene encoding a nonstructural protein (NV) is located in between the G and L genes (3). BEFV contains an additional nonstructural glycoprotein (GNs) in this genome area that has been proposed to have evolved by duplication of the original giycoprotein gene (4). Further, other small open reading frames
Epicardiac Radiofrequency Cardiac Pacemaker Implant Preliminary Report

A newly designed epicardiac radiofrequency (RF) pacemaker implant is described. The technique allows for a possible two-month battery life and is more efficient and practical than previous RF epicardiac pacemakers. Preliminary studies on 20 animals show that stimulation with the conventional external RF unit, although difficult for prolonged periods in the canine (for anatomical reasons), is possible. Studies on electrode size and configuration were done, and the reasons for selecting a platinum peg electrode are discussed.
Holographic particle velocimetry: a 3D measurement technique for vortex interactions, coherent structures and turbulence

To understand the topology and dynamics of coherent structures (CS), the interactions of CS with fine-scale turbulence, and the effects of CS on entrainment, mixing and combustion, experimental tools are needed that can measure velocity (preferably vorticity) vector fields in both 3D space and time. While traditional measurement techniques are not able to serve this purpose, holographic particle velocimetry (HPV) appears to be promising. In a demonstration experiment, the instantaneous 3D velocity vector fields in some simple vortical flows have been obtained using the HPV technique. In this preliminary report, the principles of the HPV technique are illustrated and the key issues in its implementation are discussed.
Mouse Cones Require an Arrestin for Normal Inactivation of Phototransduction

Arrestins are proteins that arrest the activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). While it is well established that normal inactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin, the GPCR of rod phototransduction, requires arrestin (Arr1), it has been controversial whether the same requirement holds for cone opsin inactivation. Mouse cone photoreceptors express two distinct visual arrestins: Arr1 and Arr4. By means of recordings from cones of mice with one or both arrestins knocked out, this investigation establishes that a visual arrestin is required for normal cone inactivation. Arrestin-independent inactivation is 70-fold more rapid in cones than in rods, however. Dual arrestin expression in cones could be a holdover from ancient genome duplication events that led to multiple isoforms of arrestin, allowing evolutionary specialization of one form while the other maintains the basic function.
What should we know about human depth perception in constructing 3D displays

A variety of perceptual issues arise in the use of stereoscopic displays including perceptual distortions, decreased visual performance and increased visual discomfort. I will discuss the causes of these effects and strategies for minimizing them.
Victorian Art History

THERE HAS been an intriguing range of material published concerning Victorian painting since Victorian Literature and Culture last offered an assessment of the field. These books, including exhibition catalogues, monographs, and collections of essays, represent new and important sources for research in Victorian art and its cultural contexts. Most striking of all during this interval has been the range of exhibitions, from focus on the Pre Raphaelites to major installations of such Victorian High Olympians/High Renaissance painters as Frederic, Lord Leighton and Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Included as well have been exhibitions with a particular focus, such as that on the Grosvenor Gallery, and the more broadly inclusive The Victorians held at the National Gallery of Art in Washing ton D.C., this last being the most appropriate point of departure to assess the impact of Victorian art on the viewing public in the States.
Gender differences in social reactions to abuse disclosures, post-abuse coping, and PTSD of child sexual abuse survivors

Abstract Objective: This research examines the understudied issue of gender differences in disclosure, social reactions, post-abuse coping, and PTSD of adult survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA). Method: Data were collected on a cross-sectional convenience sample of 733 college students completing a confidential survey about their demographic characteristics, sexual abuse experiences, disclosure characteristics, post-abuse coping, and social reactions from others. Results: Female students reported greater prevalence and severity of CSA, more distress and self-blame immediately post-assault, and greater reliance on coping strategies of withdrawal and trying to forget than male students. Women were more likely to have disclosed their abuse to others, to have received positive reactions, and to report greater PTSD symptom severity, but were no more likely to receive negative reactions upon disclosure than men. Women delaying disclosure had greater PTSD symptom severity, whereas men's symptoms did not vary by timing of disclosure. Additional regression analyses examined predictors of PTSD symptom severity and negative and positive social reactions to abuse disclosures. Conclusions: Several gender differences were observed in this sample of college students in terms of sexual abuse experiences, psychological symptoms, coping, PTSD, and some aspects of disclosure and social reactions from others.
Objects of Heart's Desire

SUMMARY We enter the world with an expectancy of love and a need to love. That which we love is dictated by our histories and limited by our fears. This paper explains some of the consequences of that for the individual and the couple.
Outcomes of a 12-Month Web-Based Intervention for Overweight and Obese Men

This study assessed the effect of a 1-year internet-based weight loss intervention for men. Four hundred forty-one overweight and obese men were randomized to intervention or delayed treatment. Participants completed a Web-based assessment of diet and physical activity behaviors and weekly tailored Web modules addressing weight-related behaviors. At 12 months compared to controls, intervention men decreased percent of energy from saturated fat and increased grams of fiber and fruit/vegetable servings per 1.000 kcal (p values < 0.001) and walked 16 min more per day (p < 0.05). No between-group differences in body mass index (BMI), weight, or waist circumference were seen, but among completers, men in the highest tertile of intervention participation had lower weight (98.74 vs. 102.37 kg), BMI (32.38 vs. 33.46), and waist circumference (42.17 vs. 43.47 cm) compared to men who participated less often. The intervention improved diet and activity behaviors, but weight loss occurred only for those with the highest adherence.
FILTRATION AND REABSORPTION OF PROTEIN BY THE KIDNEY

Plasma proteins of the rat have been labelled by the in vivo injection of the dye T-1824. From a study of the rate of disappearance of T-1824 from the circulating blood, and the total T-1824 content of the perfused kidney the rate of protein reabsorption from the glomerular fluid by the cells of the renal tubule has been calculated. It is concluded that protein reabsorption by the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule of the rat kidney proceeds at a rate of at least 5 mg. per hour, equivalent to a daily filtration and reabsorption of 33 per cent of the circulating plasma protein.
Health and Environmental Effects on the Academic Readiness of School-Age Children.

Secondary analysis was used to examine how health and environmental risk affect mathematics and reading readiness in a sample of 867 5- and 6-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Measures of risk included low birth weight, length of hospitalization at birth, rehospitalization during the first year of life, family income, maternal education, and the quality of the home environment. Although academic readiness was largely explained by environmental risk, child morbidity had a significant independent impact on reading performance. Furthermore, interaction analyses indicated that child morbidity was predictive of poor mathematics performance only for children from impoverished homes. In contrast, results also indicated that low birth weight children may be less able to benefit from higher levels of maternal education in terms of reading performance. These findings are discussed in the context of developmental risk.
Midfoot arthrodesis: challenges and treatment alternatives

Arthrodesis and realignment of complex deformities of the midfoot requires thorough preoperative evaluation, exacting intraoperative technique, and vigilant postoperative management to achieve a successful functional outcome. An appreciation of the bony and soft-tissue factors contributing to the deformity facilitates a satisfactory functional outcome. Stable fixation in multiple planes with judicious bone grafting achieves union with the most complex deformities and severe bone loss.
Optimized germanium co-implant with B2H6 PLAD for better advanced PMOS device performance

Abstract This work demonstrates that the sequence of a Ge co-implant with a B 2 H 6 PLAD in the source/drain is very critical in order to improve advanced PMOS performance. Locating the Ge co-implant after the B 2 H 6 PLAD resulted in higher total retained B dose and less implant damage. PMOS performance was significantly improved compared to B 2 H 6 PLAD without the Ge co-implant or Ge co-implant before B 2 H 6 PLAD. The Ge implant energy was optimized to locate the Ge peak around the B deposition layer/Si substrate interface for a better knocking effect and less implant damage. With the optimized Ge implant conditions the source/drain contact resistance and sheet resistance were significantly reduced, while the junction leakage current was not degraded. As a result, PMOS I ds improved by 12%, transconductance KL improved by 14%, and I OFF variation improved by 33% without significant change in mean I OFF . This process helps overcome technical challenges of B 2 H 6 PLAD, providing a path for continued scaling of PMOS junction depth with improved device performance.
On the effect of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of steel

A model is developed to quantify the effect of hydrogen on the critical stress intensity factor or fracture toughness of steels. The stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion model proposed by Liu (1970) is assumed and combined with the elastic stress field around the crack tip for quantifying the hydrogen concentration at the crack tip. Introducing a fracture criterion as the critical hydrogen concentration at a critical distance ahead of the crack tip, this model is successfully applied to the interpretation of hydrogen embrittlement behavior in a piping material. Experimental data at constant temperature were used to validate the model. With further development, the model has the potential to predict fracture toughness values at temperatures other than the test temperature.
Localization of α-bungarotoxin binding sites to the goldfish retinotectal projection

Abstract The optic tectum of the goldfishCarassius auratus is a rich source of α-bungarotoxin (α-Btx) binding protein. In order to determine whether some fraction of these receptors is present at retinotectal synapses, we have compared the histological distribution of receptors revealed by the use of [125Iα-Btx radioautography to the distribution of optic nerve terminals revealed by the use of cobalt and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. The majority of α-Btx binding is concentrated in those tectal layers containing primary retinotectal synapses. The same layers contain high concentrations of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), revealed histochemically. Following enucleation of one eye, there is a loss of α-Btx binding in the contralateral tectum, observed both by radioautography and by a quantitative binding assay of α-Btx binding. Approximately 40% of the α-Btx binding sites are lost within two weeks following enucleation. By contrast, no significant change in AChE activity could be demonstrated up to 6 months enucleation. These results are discussed in light of recent studies which show that the α-Btx binding protein and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are probably identical in goldfish tectum. We conclude that the 3 main classes of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the goldfish tectum are nicotinic cholinergic and that little or no postdenervation hypersensitivity due to receptor proliferation occurs in tectal neurons following denervation of the retinal input.
Vision-enhanced formulation of signal-to-noise ratio for imaging systems

When evaluating an imaging system, it is important to have a confident evaluation measure as well as an understanding of the limitations of the evaluation measure. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and several variants such as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) have been used abundantly as quality measures in imaging and video systems. A debate as to whether or not SNR accurately reflects human perception in some cases has attempted to dissuade the use of SNR but SNR is still used in basic research as a quality measure. Recent work for evaluating video sequences suggests that SNR can follow the human perception trend if the proper formulation is used. This paper suggests that SNR can be a valid measure and follow human perception for evaluating quality if a proper formulation of SNR is constructed. The proper formulation must be based on recognition of vision system attributes. In particular, this paper suggests a new variant of the basic PSNR measure for evaluating single frame images based on recognition of the vision spatial attributes. In addition, this paper suggests a new integrated and motion-compensated variant of the PSNR which evaluates video sequences based on vision attributes of temporal integration, motion blur and motion sharpening. The new variants of PSNR are introduced and demonstrated by an example along with justification based on actual measurements of human visual response.
Transforming a Large-Class Lecture Course to a Smaller-Group Interactive Course

Objective. To transition a large pharmacokinetics course that was delivered using a traditional lecture format into a smaller-group course with a discussion format. Design. An e-book and Web-based ...
Quality assurance in radiotherapy: evaluation of errors and incidents recorded over a 10 year period.

Abstract Background and purpose To establish an incident reporting system to (1) record and classify incidents, (2) assess the impact of incidents on patients in terms of dose errors, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of the quality assurance checking program implemented at the Radiation Treatment Program at the Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre (NEORCC). Materials and methods An ‘incident’ is defined as an event or a series of events that has led to, or would have led to if undiscovered, dose errors to a patient undergoing radiation therapy treatment. The incidents reported between November 1992 and December 2002 were analyzed according to their source of error, stage of discovery and dose errors. Results Between November 1992 and December 2002, 13385 patients have undergone radiation treatment at the NEORCC. Over this period of time, 624 ‘incidents’ were reported. Source of error: the majority of the incidents (42.1%) were related to errors in ‘documentation’ and most of these could be attributed to ‘error in data transfer’ or ‘inadequate communication’. ‘Patient set-up error’ accounted for 40.4% of the incidents and about half of these errors were related to shielding. Errors in ‘treatment planning’ accounted for 13.0% of the incidents. Stage of discovery: independent checks by another dosimetrist/physicist and checking during patient first set-up and port film were effective in detecting documentation errors and errors in treatment planning. The use of portal imaging (Siemens Beamview™) has enabled us to detect and correct for more than 85% of reported shielding errors in patient set-up. Dose errors: 40% of the incidents were discovered before the first treatment with no dose error to patients. Overall 97.9% of the incidents had dose error of Conclusions Human errors occur during the various stages of the complex process of radiation therapy. If uncorrected, these could lead to substantial dose errors to patients. The implementation of a quality assurance checking program can substantially reduce these human errors but never totally eliminate them.
Correlates of unsafe syringe acquisition and disposal among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland.

Because multi-person syringe use is the most common vehicle for HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission among injection drug users (IDUs), safe sources of sterile syringes and safe methods of disposal are necessary to curb these epidemics. We examined syringe acquisition and disposal in a cohort of IDUs in Baltimore. Between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2001, 1034 participants reported on syringe acquisition at 3492 visits, and 953 reported on disposal at 2569 visits. Participants were 69.9% male, 93.9% African-American, and median age was 44. Syringes were acquired exclusively from unsafe sources at 32.3% of visits, while exclusively unsafe disposal was reported at 59.3% of visits. Significant correlates of unsafe acquisition were: attending shooting galleries, anonymous sex, sharing needles, smoking crack, and emergency room visits. Significant correlates of unsafe disposal were: injecting speedball, no methadone treatment, acquiring safely, and frequent injection. Having a primary source of medical ...
More, Less, or More of the Same?: Trends in State Social Welfare Policy in the 1990s

Major reforms to cash assistance and other welfare programs in the 1990s raise questions about whether states gained new flexibility in setting social policies, and, if so, how they exercised this flexibility. We extend prior research on state social policy by examining trends during the middle to late 1990s in five areas of cash or near-cash policy affecting the economic security of low-income families. We find evidence of substantial change in the generosity and the availability of these benefits between 1994 and 1999, along with evidence of greater divergence or cross-state variation in policy choices. By considering several forms of assistance simultaneously, we also find evidence that states constricted traditional welfare-based assistance while expanding some forms of non-welfare support for the working poor. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Multiphase Poroelastic Finite Element Models for Soft Tissue Structures

During the last two decades, biological structures with soft tissue components have been modeled using poroelastic or mixture-based constitutive laws, i.e., the material is viewed as a deformable (porous) solid matrix that is saturated by mobile tissue fluid. These structures exhibit a highly nonlinear, history-dependent material behavior; undergo finite strains; and may swell or shrink when tissue ionic concentrations are altered. Give the geometric and material complexity of soft tissue structures and that they are subjected to complicated initial and boundary conditions, finite element models (FEMs) have been very useful for quantitative structural analyses. This paper surveys recent applications of poroelastic and mixture-based theories and the associated FEMs for the study of the biomechanics of soft tissues, and indicates future directions for research in this area. Equivalent finite-strain poroelastic and mixture continuum biomechanical models are presented. Special attention is given to the identification of material properties using a porohyperelastic constitutive law ans a total Lagrangian view for the formulation. The associated FEMs are then formulated to include this porohyperelastic material response and finite strains. Extensions of the theory are suggested in order to include inherent viscoelasticity, transport phenomena, and swelling in soft tissue structures. A number of biomechanical research areasmore » are identified, and possible applications of the porohyperelastic and mixture-based FEMs are suggested. 62 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Myocardial contrast echocardiography has the potential for the assessment of coronary microvascular reserve

Coronary vasodilators increase coronary flow by increasing myocardial blood volume. Diseases affecting the coronary microvasculature will affect vasodilator-induced changes in coronary flow by inhibiting changes in myocardial blood volume. In such cases, when myocardial time-intensity curves after administration of a vasodilator are compared with those at baseline, a less than anticipated increase in microbubble transit rates will be noted. As long as we understand what we are measuring in the context of where and how we inject the bubbles, we can begin to define the role of myocardial contrast echocardiography in assessing changes in coronary microvascular reserve. It is also conceivable that because myocardial contrast echocardiography can assess changes in myocardial flow/volume relations rather than just changes in flow, this technique could be used to provide additional insights into the mechanisms of action of different coronary vasodilators and into the pathophysiology of various diseases affecting the coronary microvasculature. Finally, with the advent of commercially available microbubbles, robust on- and off-line analysis algorithms and intracardiac imaging, myocardial contrast echocardiography may become an invaluable adjunct to coronary angiography for determining the pathophysiologic significance of coronary disease in individual patients.
Trends in Snag Populations in Drought-Stressed Mixed-Conifer and Ponderosa Pine Forests (1997–2007)

Snags provide important biological legacies, resources for numerous species of native wildlife, and contribute to decay dynamics and ecological processes in forested ecosystems. We monitored trends in snag populations from 1997 to 2007 in drought-stressed mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) forests, northern Arizona. Median snag density increased by 75 and 90% in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, respectively, over this time period. Increased snag density was driven primarily by a large pulse in drought-mediated tree mortality from 2002 to 2007, following a smaller pulse from 1997 to 2002. Decay-class composition and size-class composition of snag populations changed in both forest types, and species composition changed in mixed-conifer forest. Increases in snag abundance may benefit some species of native wildlife in the short-term by providing increased foraging and nesting resources, but these increases may be unsustainable in the long term. Observed changes in snag recruitment and fall rates during the study illustrate the difficulty involved in modeling dynamics of those populations in an era of climate change and changing land management practices.
Parish Nursing Addressing the Significance of Social Support and Spirituality for Sustained Health-Promoting Behaviors in the Elderly

Literature about the significance of health promotion for the elderly and identification of various determinants of health-promoting activities contains numerous inconsistencies. From a review of nursing and health-related literature over the past decade, it is possible to draw only limited conclusions about the commitment of the elderly to health-promoting behaviors. Despite this, the importance of the roles of social support and spirituality for the empowerment of older adults to practice health-promoting activities is a consistent research finding in this population. Parish nurse programs expand home health and public health provider roles and use the faith community as a cooperative means for sociocultural implementation of successful health promotion. Significance for nursing education, practice, and research is discussed.
Acute respiratory failure following pharmacologically induced hyperventilation: an experimental animal study

The pulmonary effects of hyperventilation following infusion of sodium salicylate into the cisterna magna was studied in 16 spontaneously breathing adult sheep. We found a fall in PaO2, a decrease in the static compliance of the respiratory system, abnormal chest roentgenographic films, and grossly abnormal lungs following 3.5 to 13 h of hyperventilation. A control group of 15 sheep (10 sheep similarly injected with sodium salicylate, but then sedated and paralyzed and ventilated at normal tidal volume and respiratory rate on a mechanical ventilator, and 5 sheep infused with saline alone and breathing spontaneously) showed no pulmonary or arterial blood gas abnormalities. We conclude that prolonged hyperventilation under the conditions of this experiment precipitated events that resulted in acute lung injury.
Memory-reference characteristics of multiprocessor applications under MACH

Shared-memory multiprocessors have received wide attention in recent times as a means of achieving high-performance cost-effectively. Their viability requires a thorough understanding of the memory access patterns of parallel processing applications and operating systems. This paper reports on the memory reference behavior of several parallel applications running under the MACH operating system on a shared-memory multiprocessor. The data used for this study is derived from multiprocessor address traces obtained from an extended ATUM address tracing scheme implemented on a 4-CPU DEC VAX 8350. The applications include parallel OPS5, logic simulation, and a VSLI wire routing program. Among the important issues addressed in this paper are the amount of sharing in user programs and in the operating system, comparing the characteristics of user and system reference patterns, sharing related to process migration, and the temporal, spatial, and processor locality of shared blocks. We also analyze the impact of shared references on cache coherence in shared-memory multiprocessors.
The proton magnetic resonance spectra and parameters for 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, -benzothiadiazole, and -benzoselenadiazole

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts and coupling constants have been obtained for the title compounds in acetone and cyclo hexane as solvents. Both the chemical shifts and coupling constants show an unusual trend for the group VI elements, going through a mininmium in chemical shift and both minimum and maximum for the coupling constants in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. The results suggest that the pronounced trends shown by these group VI element compounds cannot be completely explained by mesomeric effects, and are probably due to other structural factors.
Attributional, life-event, and affective predictors of onset of depression, anxiety, and negative attributional style

This investigation examined (1) the extent to which negative attributional style and life events predict the development of depression and anxiety, and (2) the extent to which measures of life events, depression, and anxiety predict the development of negative attributional style. Sets of questionnaires, including the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Stimulus-Response Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness (SR-GTA), and the Life Experiences Survey (LES), were administered to 80 undergraduate students on two occasions separated by a 1-month interval, between midterm and final examination periods of an academic semester. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that (1) composite negative attributional style predicted the onset of anxiety, measured by the MAACL anxiety scale, and (2) depression, measured by the MAACL depression scale, and low amounts of desirable life events each predicted the onset of composite negative attributional style.
Direct evidence for ν1-mode excitation in the infrared multiphoton excitation of SO2

Abstract We investigated the infrared multiphoton excitation of SO 2 in bulk samples and in a supersonic jet with the 9R(22), 9R(32), and 9P(32) CO 2 -laser lines. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectra reveal unambiguously that only the ν 1 -mode at 1151.3 cm −1 is actually pumped; no 2ν 2 overtone pumping at 1035.2 cm −1 is observed. From the spectra we directly determine the anharmonic constants χ 11 = −3.65 ± 0.06 cm −1 and χ 12 = −3.3 ± 0.3 cm −1 .
HIV-related neuronal injury. Potential therapeutic intervention with calcium channel antagonists and NMDA antagonists.

Perhaps as many as 25–50% of adult patients and children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) eventually suffer from neurological manifestations, including dysfunction of cognition, movement, and sensation. How can human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) result in neuronal damage if neurons themselves are for all intents and purposes not infected by the virus? this article reviews a series of experiments leading to a hypothesis that accounts at least in part for the neurotoxicity observed in the brains of AIDS patients. There is growing support for the existence of HIV- or immune-related toxins that lead indirectly to the injury or demise of neurons via a potentially complex web of interactions among macrophages (or microglia), astrocytes, and neurons. HIV-infected monocytoid cells (macrophages, microglia, or monocytes), after interacting with astrocytes, secrete eicosanoids, i.e., arachidonic acid and its metabolites, including platelet-activating factor. Macrophages activated by HIV-1 envelope protein gp 120 also appear to release arachidonic acid and its metabolites. In addition, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation of macrophages induces release of the glutamate-like agonist, quinolinate. Furthermore, HIV-infected macrophage production of cytokines, including TNF-α and IL1-β, contributes to astrogliosis. A final common pathway for neuronal susceptibility appears to be operative, similar to that observed in stroke, trauma, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and several neurodegenerative diseases, possibly including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This mechanism involves the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels andN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-operated channels, and, therefore, offers hope for future pharmacological intervention. This article focuses on clinically tolerated calcium channel antagonists and NMDA antagonists with the potential for trials in humans with AIDS dementia in the near future.
Giving Debiasing Away: Can Psychological Research on Correcting Cognitive Errors Promote Human Welfare?

Despite Miller's (1969) now-famous clarion call to “give psychology away” to the general public, scientific psychology has done relatively little to combat festering problems of ideological extremi...
Single-Pass Percutaneous Liver Biopsy for Diffuse Liver Disease Using an Automated Device: Experience in 154 Procedures

Purpose: To describe our experience with ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous liver biopsies using the INRAD 18G Express core needle biopsy system. Methods: One hundred and fifty-four consecutive percutaneous core liver biopsy procedures were performed in 153 men in a single institution over 37 months. The medical charts, pathology reports, and radiology files were retrospectively reviewed. The number of needle passes, type of guidance, change in hematocrit level, and adequacy of specimens for histologic analysis were evaluated. Results: All biopsies were performed for histologic staging of chronic liver diseases. The majority of patients had hepatitis C (134/153, 90.2%). All patients were discharged to home after 4 hr of postprocedural observation. In 145 of 154 (94%) biopsies, a single needle pass was sufficient for diagnosis. US guidance was utilized in all but one of the procedures (153/154, 99.4%). The mean hematocrit decrease was 1.2% (44.1–42.9%). Pain requiring narcotic analgesia, the most frequent complication, occurred in 28 of 154 procedures (18.2%). No major complications occurred. The specimens were diagnostic in 152 of 154 procedures (98.7%). Conclusions: Single-pass percutaneous US-guided liver biopsy with the INRAD 18G Express core needle biopsy system is safe and provides definitive pathologic diagnosis of chronic liver disease. It can be performed on an outpatient basis. Routine post-biopsy monitoring of hematocrit level in stable, asymptomatic patients is probably not warranted.
Alternative k-space sampling distributions for MR spectroscopic imaging

While acquiring data for magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) images, signal-to-noise (SNR) and imaging time considerations limit the amount of sampled spatial frequencies. Typically, the small number of spatial frequencies are uniformly sampled in the center of the transform domain (k-space) and the resulting image, generated from zero-filling, appears blurry. Often times, the MRS image is further degraded by large interfering components. To improve these images, the authors use knowledge of the anticipated anatomical features in the spectroscopic image, as determined from a conventional magnetic resonance image (MRI). They use this prior knowledge during both data acquisition and reconstruction. They show results where the present method not only improves the resolution of the MRS image, but also reduces contamination from undesirable components, such as subcutaneous lipid. >
Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990) Part 7. The Trapeziidae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthoidea) of Indonesia

Twenty-four species of trapeziid crabs, symbionts of scleractinian corals and other colonial cnidarians, are listed from Ambon and other locations throughout Indonesia. Sixteen of these species were collected by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Eight species (Quadrella reticulata Alcock, 1898, Tetraloides heterodactyla (Heller, 1861), Trapezia flavopunctata Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, T. formosa Smith, 1869, T. garthi Galil, 1983, T. lutea Castro, 1997, T. punctipes Castro, 1997 and T. serenei Odinetz, 1984) are new records for Indonesia. The taxonomic status of Quadrella boopsis, Q. reticulata, Tetralia rubridactyla Garth, 1971 and Trapezia garthi Galil, 1983 are also revised. A key for the identification of the Indonesian species of Quadrella, Tetralia and Trapezia is given.