cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STM & AFM of Layered Transition Metal Compounds

We have used scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) operating at 4.2, 77 and 300 K, and atomic force microscopes (AFMs) operating at 300 K, to image charge-density waves (CDWs) in layered structure transition metal dichalcogenides. These materials grow in a variety of phases depending on the growth temperature and the stability of a given phase in a given temperature range. The STM and AFM results reported in this review cover data obtained on the 1T, 2H and 4Hb phases of representative dichalcogenides. Experimental results are presented for the complete range of CDW amplitudes and structures observed in these materials. The spectroscopic mode of the STM has been used to study the energy gap structure associated with the CDWs, and a systematic correlation to the strength of the CDWs has been made. The ability of the STM to detect defects and CDW domain structures is also presented.
Endoscopic colorectal imaging and therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Colorectal cancer screening and prevention is a pivotal element in every gastroenterologist practice. Recent advances in imaging technology and treatment opened the field for endoscopic management of large flat colorectal polyps and early cancer. RECENT FINDINGS High-definition white light colonoscopy allowed for better characterization of colon polyps, particularly flat lesions. Chromoendoscopy facilitated the identification of colon polyps as well as better endoscopic polyp characterization, with strong correlation with final pathological diagnosis, opening the field of 'virtual' biopsy. One particular technology, confocal endomicroscopy can magnify an image approximately 1000 times resembling optical microscopy with very good correlation with histology. Endoscopic mucosal resection has gained great acceptance to manage flat colorectal polyps with the two major complications being bleeding and perforation, both now under 5% in experienced hands. Endoscopic submucosal resection was developed to increase en-bloc resection (less residual disease) of a flat colorectal lesion but one has to accept a higher perforation rate around 10%. SUMMARY Current technology allows for better polyp identification and characterization, which can be managed endoscopically.
Solid-solid phase transformations induced through cation exchange and strain in 2D heterostructured copper sulfide nanocrystals.

We demonstrate dual interface formation in nanocrystals (NCs) through cation exchange, creating epitaxial heterostructures within spherical NCs. The thickness of the inner-disk layer can be tuned to form two-dimensional (2D), single atomic layers (<1 nm). During the cation exchange reaction from copper sulfide to zinc sulfide (ZnS), we observe a solid–solid phase transformation of the copper sulfide phase in heterostructured NCs. As the cation exchange reaction is initiated, Cu ions replaced by Zn ions at the interfaces are accommodated in intrinsic Cu vacancy sites present in the initial roxbyite (Cu1.81S) phase of copper sulfide, inducing a full phase transition to djurleite (Cu1.94S)/low chalcocite (Cu2S), a more thermodynamically stable phase than roxbyite. As the reaction proceeds and reduces the size of the copper sulfide layer, the epitaxial strain at the interfaces between copper sulfide and ZnS increases and is maximized for a copper sulfide disk ∼5 nm thick. To minimize this strain energy, a sec...
Comprehensive Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling Study of Toluene Oxidation

A detailed chemical kinetic model containing 329 species and 1888 reversible reactions has been developed to describe the oxidation of toluene and its intermediates. The model has been validated over a wide range of experimental conditions, including flow reactor, shock tube, jet-stirred reactor, and flame studies, and for toluene, phenol, benzene, and cyclopentadiene as initial reactants. Good agreement is obtained between predictions and experimental results for all venues and initial reactants. The model is of utility not only for predictions of toluene and benzene chemistry but also for providing a needed submodel to describe higher molecular-weight alkyl aromatics more typical of those found in higher molecular-weight fuels.
Learning to manipulate unknown objects in clutter by reinforcement

We present a fully autonomous robotic system for grasping objects in dense clutter. The objects are unknown and have arbitrary shapes. Therefore, we cannot rely on prior models. Instead, the robot learns online, from scratch, to manipulate the objects by trial and error. Grasping objects in clutter is significantly harder than grasping isolated objects, because the robot needs to push and move objects around in order to create sufficient space for the fingers. These pre-grasping actions do not have an immediate utility, and may result in unnecessary delays. The utility of a pre-grasping action can be measured only by looking at the complete chain of consecutive actions and effects. This is a sequential decision-making problem that can be cast in the reinforcement learning framework. We solve this problem by learning the stochastic transitions between the observed states, using nonparametric density estimation. The learned transition function is used only for re-calculating the values of the executed actions in the observed states, with different policies. Values of new state-actions are obtained by regressing the values of the executed actions. The state of the system at a given time is a depth (3D) image of the scene. We use spectral clustering for detecting the different objects in the image. The performance of our system is assessed on a robot with real-world objects.
Foliated S1-Bundles and Diffeomorphisms of S1 †‡

Considering Diff r + S 1 , the group of orientation preserving, C r diffeomorphisms of S 1 . This chapter discusses representations φ: G → Diff r + S 1 of a discrete group G . When G is the fundamental group of a manifold M , these correspond to foliations of an S 1 bundle over M with leaves transverse to the fibers. The topological properties of this foliation correspond to properties of the representation; several interesting examples have been of this type. The chapter reviews of some results of Denjoy, Reeb, and Kopell concerning C r representations of abelian groups in the case r ≥ 2 and the main result is proved. It describes the correspondence between representations and foliations. The chapter presents an example of a nonabelian group acting on S 1 with rather different behavior from the abelian case.
Threat inflation and the Iranian nuclear program

Abstract Much of the debate over the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action—the agreement on Iran’s nuclear program reached in 2015 between the P5 + 1 and Iran–has centered on whether the limits the plan imposes on Iran's nuclear program are sufficient to prevent Iran from achieving a nuclear “breakout” in a year or less. However, “breakout time” is misleading: it involves implausible worst-case assumptions and ignores important factors influencing Iran's nuclear path. It also overlooks important elements of the agreement such as safeguards and transparency measures that likely do the most to prevent Iran from getting a weapon. Why, then has breakout time occupied such a central position in the debate? This paper argues this case is an example of how the over-reliance on technical threat estimates biases policy debates. Technical assessments are critical to understanding threats, but when removed from the political and strategic context can fuel worst-case estimates. Moreover,they create an illusion of precision and certainty that leads policy makers and the public to overlook important areas of uncertainty and factors that can impact policy outcomes that are difficult to measure or are not easily quantified.
Some Recent Advances in the Theory of Financial Reporting and Disclosures

SYNOPSIS This is a personal essay that contains my views on some of the recent history and evolution of the theory of financial accounting and disclosures. The essay starts by discussing how research on information economics by Hirshleifer and Akerlof combined with Demski's critique of academic assessments of accounting standards shifted theoretical research toward emphasizing the role of voluntary disclosures. Grossman's and Milgrom's “unravelling result” is reviewed, as are recent modeling efforts that provide a foundation for studying firms' incomplete voluntary disclosures. The paper also speaks to some contemporary financial reporting problems, such as fair value accounting, and also to an assessment of some recent financial innovations, such as so-called flash trading.
The Historical Inspiration of Structuring Beauty: An Unconventional Wedding Dress

During the design exploration for Structuring Beauty, an unconventional wedding dress, I looked at embellishing details of my previous work (inspired by other cultures) and the work of Christian Dior and Yves St. Laurent for guidance and inspiration.
Food Safety Post-processing: Transportation, Supermarkets, and Restaurants

The size and complexity of the food industry’s transportation, retail, and food service sectors are immense. Over 16 million Americans are employed in over 1 million retail establishments nationwide, contributing more than $1 trillion to the US economy every year. Similar to growers and food manufacturers, food employees working in food transit, food service, and retail food establishments have a responsibility to use proper food handling practices that reduce foodborne illness risks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified five key risk factors that contribute to foodborne illness. These include obtaining food from unsafe sources, poor personal hygiene, inadequate cooking, improper holding of food, and contaminated food surfaces and equipment. Results of studies that have evaluated risk in transportation, retail, and food service operations correlate well with the CDC risk factors. As a result, effective food safety programs must actively control risk by employing time/temperature control, good personal hygiene, cross-contamination control, and effective cleaning/sanitizing programs. Education and changing behavior of food employees are the most important prerequisites for successful risk reduction.
On the Exact Order of Asymptotic Bases and Bases for Finite Cyclic Groups

Let h be a positive integer, and A a set of nonnegative integers. A is called an exact asymptotic basis of order h if every sufficiently large positive integer can be written as a sum of h not necessarily distinct elements from A. The smallest such h is called the exact order of A, denoted by g(A). A subset A − F of an asymptotic basis of order h may not be an asymptotic basis of any order. When A − F is again an asymptotic basis, the exact order g(A − F) may increase. Nathanson [48] studied how much larger the exact order g(A − F) when finitely many elements are removed from an asymptotic basis of order h. Nathanson defines, for any given positive integers h and k, $${G}_{k}(h) {=\max { }_{{ A \atop g(A)\leq h} }\max }_{F\in {I}_{k}(A)}g(A - F),$$ where \({I}_{k}(A) =\{ \vert F\vert \ \vert F\vert = k\text{ and }g(A - F) < \infty \}\). Many results have been proved since Nathanson’s question was first asked in 1984. This function G k (h) is also closely related to interconnection network designs in network theory. This paper is a brief survey on this and few other related problems. G. Grekos [11] has a recent survey on a related problem.
Critical examination of ultrasonic transducer characteristics and calibration methods

ABSTRACTThis study systematically determined the transmission and receiving sensitivities of over twenty transducers. Four types of sensitivities were evaluated for both transmission and receiving sensitivities. These are found to be different from each other and the reversibility or reciprocity conditions exist only in exceptional cases. Using their observed behavior as the basis, we critically examined the calibration methods developed to characterize them, including those based on laser interferometry and the acoustic reciprocity principle. Serious flaws in some of the reciprocity methods are uncovered, which can be rectified by using the Hill--Adams method. Four procedures emerged as workable calibration methods for contact ultrasonic and acoustic emission transducers. However, current experimental uncertainties limit the upper frequency to 2 MHz.
The PPARγ agonist efatutazone delays invasive progression and induces differentiation of ductal carcinoma in situ

Purpose Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a pre-invasive lesion of the breast considered a precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma. This study aimed to determine whether activated PPARγ acts as a tumor suppressor in human DCIS progression.
Predictors of person-centered maternity care: the role of socioeconomic status, empowerment, and facility type

Low use of maternal health services, as well as poor quality care, contribute to the high maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In particular, poor person-centered maternity care (PCMC), which captures user experience, contributes both directly to pregnancy outcomes and indirectly through decreased demand for services. While many studies have examined disparities in use of maternal health services, few have examined disparities in quality of care, and none to our knowledge has empirically examined disparities in PCMC in SSA. The aim of this study is to examine factors associated with PCMC, particularly the role of household wealth, personal empowerment, and type of facility. Data are from a survey conducted in western Kenya in 2016, with women aged 15 to 49 years who delivered in the 9 weeks preceding the survey (N = 877). PCMC is operationalized as a summative score based on responses to 30 items in the PCMC scale capturing dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and supportive care. We find that net of other factors; wealthier, employed, literate, and married women report higher PCMC than poorer, unemployed, illiterate, and unmarried women respectively. Also, women who have experienced domestic violence report lower PCMC than those who have never experienced domestic violence. In addition, women who delivered in health centers and private facilities reported higher PCMC than those who delivered in public hospitals. The effect of employment and facility type is conditional on wealth, and is strongest for the poorest women. Poor women who are unemployed and poor women who deliver in higher-level facilities receive the lowest quality PCMC. The findings imply the most disadvantaged women receive the lowest quality PCMC, especially when they seek care in higher-level facilities. Interventions to reduce disparities in PCMC are essential to improve maternal outcomes among disadvantaged groups.
Science Education as a Site for Biopolitical Engagement and the Reworking of Subjectivities: Theoretical Considerations and Possibilities for Research

This chapter advocates viewing science education as a site for biopolitical struggles and the reworking of subjectivities. Such a perspective provides a framework that can unite various struggles for social justice and help educators and students intervene in the forces of what philosopher Michel Foucault calls biopower. This chapter draws from Foucauldian notions of biopolitics and subjectivity and the work of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, to provide some notes on biopolitical theory and potential applications in science education. This chapter is just one theoretical articulation of how biopolitics and biopolitical struggle can inform critical, activist work in science education. The full productive ‘value’ of biopolitical theory has yet to be realized.
Speech Processes in Dysarthria

Dysarthric speech processes are considered through the Mayo Classification of motor speech disorders, beginning with how their conceptualization emerged late in the 19th century, to become defined within a neurological perspective around 1950. From this review, it will be apparent that the Mayo perceptual classification brought the phenomenology of dysarthria within the scope of speech pathology, yet retained existing neurological concepts where dysarthric speech processes are concerned, leaving prosodic speech processes outside its scope. Recent models have challenged basic tenets of the theory, and question its applicability to dysarthric processes in children.
The Moral Insignificance of ``Bare'' Personal Reasons

Common sense supports the idea that we can have morally significantreasons for giving priority to the interests of persons for whom wehave special concern. Yet there is a real question about the natureof such reasons. Many people seem to believe that there are biologicalor metaphysical special relations, such as family, race, religion orpersonal identity, which are in themselves morally important and thussupply reasons for special concern. I maintain that there are nogrounds for accepting this. What matters morally, I argue, is thesubstance of personal or wider social relationships. My ``substantivist''account of the source of morally salient reasons for special concernis positioned between nonreductionist and strong voluntarist views ofspecial responsibilities. Substantivism is more plausible than theseviews and has important implications for how we approach morallyweighing personal versus impartial reasons.
Systems of Arachnida

Heymons (1901), the author of the term Chelicerata, united Merostomata (Eurypterids and Xiphosurans) with Arachnida in one monophyletic group. Dunlop and Selden (1997) restricted this term to Lemoneites, Xiphosura, Chasmataspida, Eurypterida, and Arachnida. There were many attempts to create a “natural” system of the monophyletic (Wheeler et al. 1993) class of Arachnida. Presently, it seems well established that the class Arachnida (Lamarck 1801) is composed of 10 recent orders plus 2–6 orders of “Acari” and variable number of fossil taxa. The seemingly undisputed orders are Palpigradi, Solifugae, Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Ricinulei, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, and Araneae. The Acari have been (and still are) subject of various systems (see Beron 2008, 2011), more often considered as two (Acariformes and Parasitiformes) or three (+ Opilioacarida) orders. In the recent Manual of Acarology, Krantz and Walter and eds. (2009) agree on six orders of “Acari,” Mesostigmata, Holothyrida, Ixodida, Opilioacarida, Sarcoptiformes, and Trombidiformes, grouped in two superorders: Acariformes and Parasitiformes. Some authors (Stockwell 1989, Lourenco 2000) still raise some orders into subclasses or even classes (Opilionida, Scorpionida).
Carbon dioxide/alkane separations in a SSZ-13 membrane

Abstract Permeation measurements indicate that a SSZ-13 membrane exhibited significantly different adsorption behavior from SSZ-13 crystals. Both C3H8 and n-C4H10 adsorb to high loadings in SSZ-13 crystals, but they only have a small effect on CO2 permeation through a SSZ-13 membrane at 293 K, indicating they do not adsorb in the SSZ-13 pores. Whereas 15% C2H6 in the membrane feed decreased CO2 permeance by 45%, 15% C3H8 only decreased CO2 permeance by 10%, even though C3H8 adsorbs more strongly than C2H6 in SSZ-13 crystals. Moreover, this 10% decrease is attributed to C3H8 adsorption on the external surface of the membrane crystals because i-C4H10, which is significantly larger than SSZ-13 pores and thus does not adsorb in the pores, only decreased CO2 permeance by 15%. The difference between SSZ-13 crystals and the SSZ-13 membrane is attributed to the presence of a diffusion barrier on the external surface of the membrane crystals. Thus, care should be taken in using adsorption measurements on zeolite powders to predict permeation behavior in zeolite membranes.
Optimizing Medical Student Dermatology Education with the American Academy of Dermatology’s Basic Dermatology Curriculum

Skin disorders are among the most common complaints in primary care settings, yet dermatology is often underrepresented in medical school curricula. Lecture time during the preclinical years is limited, and clinical dermatology rotations are rarely mandatory. Therefore, dermatology learning during medical school must be efficient and effective. The American Academy of Dermatology’s Basic Dermatology Curriculum is a set of peer-reviewed, online learning modules that serve as an introductory educational resource for medical students to learn about skin disease. Several studies have demonstrated positive effects of the modules in dermatology instruction, and the use of the modules in medical school curricula has been strongly supported by students. Dermatology educators should consider incorporating the Basic Dermatology Curriculum modules into preclinical and clinical medical student dermatology education.
Perceived Control or Haptic Sensation? Exploring the Effect of Image Interactivity on Consumer Responses to Online Product Displays

The diffusion of image interactivity technology in online advertising has changed how people interact with mediated information. This study explores how interactive images and touch-screen interfac...
Race in the LCHC autobiography: past, present, and future

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I consider the importance of race in the 50-year history of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC) as described in the LCHC Polyphonic A...
Critical inter-defect distance that modulates strength and toughness in defective 2D sp2-lattice

This paper reveals the existence of a critical separation distance ( d c) beyond which the elastic interactions between a pair of monovacancies in graphene or hexagonal boron nitride become inconsequential for the strength and toughness of the defective lattice. This distance is independent of the chirality of the lattice. For any inter-defect distance higher than d c, the lattice behaves mechanically as if there is a single defect. For a distance less than d c, the defect–defect elastic interactions produce distinctive mechanical behavior depending on the orientation ( θ) of the defect pair relative to the loading direction. Both strength and toughness of the lattice containing a pair of “interacting monovacancies (iMVs)” are either higher or smaller than that of the lattice containing a pair of “non-interacting monovacancies (nMVs),” suggesting the existence of a critical orientation angle θ c. For θ < θ c, the smaller the distance between the iMVs, the higher the toughness and strength compared to the lattice containing nMVs, whereas, for θ ≥ θ c, the smaller the separation distance between the iMVs, the smaller the toughness and strength compared to the lattice containing nMVs. The transitional behavior has a negligible dependence on the chirality of the lattice, which indicates that the crystallographic anisotropy has a much weaker influence on toughness and strength compared to the anisotropy induced by the orientation angle itself. These observations underline an important point that the elastic fields emanating from vacancy defects are highly localized and fully contained within a small region of around 1.5 nm radius.
Surgical intervention in patients with proximal femoral fractures confirmed positive for COVID-19-a report of 2 cases.

Demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings of the two patientsCase 1 (Figure 1): An 81-year-old woman presented to a local clinic because of hip pain after a fall on March 17, ...
The Ideal Does Not Exist on Earth: Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage in African Pentecostalism

This study follows theological ethnography on Cameroon Pentecostalism to offer a pastoral theological reflection on questions of marriage, divorce, and remarriage. This method is common in contemporary African Christian theology, especially in African feminist theologies which draw from intimate stories to meditate on the theology of marriage and procreation in Africa. Specifically, this study draws from the story of the author’s sister-in-law, to reflect on the question of marriage, divorce, and remarriage in contemporary African Pentecostalism.
Pediatric asthma hospitalization: individual and environmental characteristics of high utilizers in South Texas.

Few studies have examined factors affecting the high frequency of hospitalization for pediatric asthma. This study identifies individual and environmental characteristics of children with asthma fr...
Attitudes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients and Investigators Toward Genomic Study Enrollment, Consent Process, and Return of Genetic Results

Precision medicine genetics study design requires large, diverse cohorts and thoughtful use of electronic technologies. Involving patients in research design may increase enrollment and engagement, thereby enabling a means to relevant patient outcomes in clinical practice. Few data, however, illustrate attitudes of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and their family members toward genetic study design. This study assessed attitudes of 16 enrolled patients and their family members (P/FM), and 18 investigators or researchers (I/R) of the ongoing DCM Precision Medicine Study during a conjoint patient and investigator meeting using structured, self-administered surveys examining direct-to-participant enrollment and web-based consent, return of genetic results, and other aspects of genetic study design. Survey respondents were half women and largely identified as white. Web-based consent was supported by 93% of P/FM and 88% of I/R. Most respondents believed that return of genetic results would motivate study enrollment, but also indicated a desire to opt out. Ideal study design preferences included a 1-hour visit per year, along with the ability to complete study aspects by telephone or web and possibility of prophylactic medication. This study supports partnership of patients and clinical researchers to inform research priorities and study design to attain the promise of precision medicine for DCM.
Immunohistochemical Identification of Interneuronal Subpopulations in the Basolateral Amygdala of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Inhibitory circuits in the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BNC) critical for controlling the acquisition, expression, and extinction of emotional responses are mediated by GABAergic interneurons (INs). Studies in rodents have demonstrated that separate IN subpopulations, identified by their expression of calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides, play discrete roles in the intrinsic circuitry of the BNC. Far less is known about IN subpopulations in primates. In order to fill in this gap in our understanding of primate INs, the present investigation used dual-labeling immunohistochemistry for IN markers to identify subpopulations expressing cholecystokinin (CCK), calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and somatostatin (SOM) in somata and axon terminals in the monkey BNC. In general, colocalization patterns seen in somata and axon terminals were similar. It was found that there was virtually no colocalization of CB and CR, the two calcium-binding proteins investigated. Three subtypes of CCK-immunoreactive (CCK+) INs were identified on the basis of their expression of CR or CB: (1) CCK+/CR+; (2) CCK+/CB+); and (3) CCK+/CR-/CB-. Almost no colocalization of CCK with SOM was observed, but there was extensive colocalization of SOM and CB. CCK+, CR+, and CCK+/CR+ double-labeled axon terminals were seen surrounding pyramidal cell somata in basket-like plexuses, as well as in the neuropil. CB+, SOM+, and CB+/SOM+ terminals did not form baskets, suggesting that these IN subpopulations are mainly dendrite-targeting neurons. In general, the IN subpopulations in the monkey are not dissimilar to those seen in rodents but, unlike rodents, CB+ INs in the monkey are not basket cells.
Declining bacteria, lead, and sulphate, and rising pH and oxygen in the lower Mississippi River

Various air and water pollution issues in the US were confronted in the last 60 years using national policy legislation, notably the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. I examine changes in the concentrations of bacteria, oxygen, lead, and sulphate at the terminus of the Mississippi River before and after these pollution abatement efforts. Microbial concentrations increased or were stable from 1909 to 1980 but decreased about 3 orders of magnitude after the 1970s, while the average oxygen content increased. A large decline in lead concentration occurred after the 1960s, along with a less dramatic decline in sulphate concentrations. The pH of the river dropped to a low of 5.8 in 1965 as sulfur dioxide emissions peaked and averaged 8.2 in 2019 after emissions declined. Decades of efforts at a national scale created water quality improvements and are an example for addressing new and existing water quality challenges.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Physician Experiences with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Healthcare Training

To assess obstetrician-gynecologist (Ob/Gyn) resident experiences with and preferences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) healthcare training. A cross-sectional, web-based survey was deployed to residents from accredited Illinois Ob/Gyn training programs. The survey included 32 questions on resident demographics, LGBTQ training, and self-perceived preparedness in providing LGBTQ patient care. Of 257 eligible Ob/Gyn residents, 105 (41%) responded. Fifty percent of residents felt unprepared to care for lesbian or bisexual patients and 76% felt unprepared to care for transgender patients. Feeling prepared to provide care for lesbian or bisexual patients was associated with attending a university-based program, working in a hospital without religious affiliation, and year of training. Feeling prepared to provide healthcare for transgender patients correlated with grand rounds focused on LGBTQ health and supervised clinical involvement. Regarding training, 62% and 63% of participants stated their programs dedicate 1–5 h per year to lesbian/bisexual healthcare and transgender healthcare training, respectively. Concurrently, 92% desired more education on how to provide healthcare to LGBTQ patients. Perceived barriers to receiving training in LGBTQ healthcare included curricular crowding (85%) and lack of experienced faculty (91%). Our assessment indicates Illinois Ob/Gyn residents feel inadequately prepared to address healthcare needs of LGBTQ patients. Although barriers exist, residents desire more education and training in providing healthcare to the LGBTQ community. Future work is needed to address this gap through curricular development to ensure that Ob/Gyn residency graduates are prepared care for LGBTQ patients.
Spatial coherence of low-frequency unsteadiness associated with a normal shock wave

Abstract The present data illustrate a unique analysis approach to explore the physics of shock-wave-flow interactions, based upon correlation and spectral analysis of digitized shadowgraph visualization time-sequence data. As such, demonstration is provided of the use of high resolution, flow visualization data for quantitative correlation and spectral analysis. A shadowgraph system is employed to visualize time-varying, shock wave flow features within the test section of one leg of the transonic/supersonic wind tunnel (which is also referred to as the SS/TS/WT or SuperSonic/TranSonic/WindTunnel), located within the Propulsion Research Center of the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Of interest is a flow field with a well-defined normal shock wave, lambda foot, and separated turbulent boundary layer near the entrance of the lower flow passage (which is part of the test section), produced with a test section inlet Mach number of 1.54. Shadowgraph flow visualization images are processed from different pixel locations to compute frequency spectra. Data associated with two separate pixel region locations, each from a different flow region, are employed to determine magnitude squared coherence values, and associated time lag magnitudes. The data associated with lower Strouhal numbers in vicinity of 0.0013 and 0.0039 (which correspond to respective frequencies of 5 Hz and 15 Hz) illustrate important and pronounced interactions between the normal shock wave and the boundary layer separation zone. As this zone breathes and oscillates, additional flow locations are affected in a subsequent and significant manner. With Strouhal numbers in the vicinity of 0.0091, 0.0104, and 0.0260 (which correspond to respective frequencies of 35, 40, and 100 Hz), the most pronounced and significant interactions between the normal shock wave occur with respect to the downstream boundary layer. When St r equals 0.0091, spatially-varying time lag data show events with significant coherence propagate from a range of locations within the downstream boundary layer to the normal shock wave location. As such, events which originate within the downstream boundary layer at these experimental conditions are far more important (compared to events which originate with the upstream boundary layer) in regard to their effects on shock wave unsteadiness and associated flow motions.
Volume of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma is associated with intraoperative hypocalcaemia during large volume intraoperative transfusion.

Background Severe hypocalcaemia is associated with increased transfusion in the trauma population. Furthermore, trauma patients developing severe hypocalcaemia have higher mortality and coagulopathy. Electrolyte abnormalities associated with massive transfusion have been less studied in the surgical population. Here, we tested the primary hypothesis that volume of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma transfused intraoperatively is associated with lower nadir ionised calcium in the surgical population receiving massive resuscitation. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study at an academic quaternary care centre to characterise hypocalcaemia following large volume (4 or more units packed red blood cells) intraoperative transfusion. We used multivariable linear regression to assess if volume of transfusion with packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma were independently associated with a lower ionised calcium. We then used multivariable logistic regressions to assess the association between ionised calcium and transfusion with: (i) mortality, (ii) acute kidney injury, and (iii) postoperative coagulopathy. Results Hypocalcaemia following large volume resuscitation in the operating room is a very frequent occurrence (70% of cases). After controlling for demographic variables and intraoperative variables, the volume transfused intraoperative was independently associated with hypocalcaemia on multivariable linear regression. Hypocalcaemia, intraoperative transfusion of packed red blood cells, and intraoperative transfusion of fresh frozen plasma were not shown to be associated with clinical outcomes. Conclusions Hypocalcaemia was associated with increased transfusion volume in this single-centre study. Unlike the trauma population, hypocalcaemia was not associated with increased mortality during surgical care. Our findings suggest that despite improved practice patterns of calcium supplementation, intraoperative hypocalcaemia occurs with relatively high frequency following large volume intraoperative transfusion.
Situation- and Domain-Specific Composition and Enactment of Business Model Development Methods

Developing effective business models is a complex process for a company where several tasks (e.g., conduct customer interviews) need to be accomplished, and decisions (e.g., advertisement as a revenue stream) must be made. Here, domain experts can guide the choices of tasks and decisions with their knowledge. Nevertheless, this knowledge needs to match the situation of the company (e.g., financial resources) and the application domain of the product/service (e.g., mobile app) to reduce the risk of developing ineffective business models with low market penetration. This is not covered by one-size-fits-all development methods without tailoring before the enaction. Therefore, we conduct a design science study to create a situation-specific development approach for business models. Based on situational method engineering and our previous work in storing knowledge of methods and models in distinct repositories, this paper shows the situation-specific composition and enaction of business model development methods. First, the method engineer composes the development method out of both repositories based on the situational context. Second, the business developer enacts the method and develops the business model. We implement the approach in a tool and evaluate it with a industrial case study on mobile apps.
Evaluating Recreationists’ Awareness and Attitudes Toward Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) at Lake McConaughy, Nebraska, USA

Piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) are shorebirds federally protected by the U.S. Endangered Species Act that often nest on beaches in proximity to human recreation. We evaluated whether awareness...
The Orientational Ordering of Molecular Hydrogen in 2D

The orientational ordering of ortho-hydrogen molecules on a triangular lattice is calculated as a function of ortho concentration using the method of restricted traces. The calculated temperatures for the transitions from the disordered phase to the long range pinwheel ordered phase show a strong concentration dependence with a critical concentration Xc=73% below which the long range ordering is not realized in this model. The results are consistent with recent NMR studies of ortho-para hydrogen mixtures adsorbed as a commensurate \(\sqrt 3 \)×\(\sqrt 3 \) structure on hexagonal boron nitride for which Xc=69±4%. The values of the observed transition temperatures can only be understood if there is a large renormalization of the effective quadrupolar interaction constant in 2D.
Flat Zipper-Unfolding Pairs for Platonic Solids

We show that four of the five Platonic solids' surfaces may be cut open with a Hamiltonian path along edges and unfolded to a polygonal net each of which can "zipper-refold" to a flat doubly covered parallelogram, forming a rather compact representation of the surface. Thus these regular polyhedra have particular flat "zipper pairs." No such zipper pair exists for a dodecahedron, whose Hamiltonian unfoldings are "zip-rigid." This report is primarily an inventory of the possibilities, and raises more questions than it answers.
Extracting the normal lung dose-response curve from clinical DVH data: a possible role for low dose hyper-radiosensitivity, increased radioresistance

In conventionally fractionated radiation therapy for lung cancer, radiation pneumonitis' (RP) dependence on the normal lung dose-volume histogram (DVH) is not well understood. Complication models alternatively make RP a function of a summary statistic, such as mean lung dose (MLD). This work searches over damage profiles, which quantify sub-volume damage as a function of dose. Profiles that achieve best RP predictive accuracy on a clinical dataset are hypothesized to approximate DVH dependence.Step function damage rate profiles R(D) are generated, having discrete steps at several dose points. A range of profiles is sampled by varying the step heights and dose point locations. Normal lung damage is the integral of R(D) with the cumulative DVH. Each profile is used in conjunction with a damage cutoff to predict grade 2 plus (G2+) RP for DVHs from a University of Michigan clinical trial dataset consisting of 89 CFRT patients, of which 17 were diagnosed with G2+ RP.Optimal profiles achieve a modest increase in predictive accuracy--erroneous RP predictions are reduced from 11 (using MLD) to 8. A novel result is that optimal profiles have a similar distinctive shape: enhanced damage contribution from low doses (<20 Gy), a flat contribution from doses in the range ~20-40 Gy, then a further enhanced contribution from doses above 40 Gy. These features resemble the hyper-radiosensitivity / increased radioresistance (HRS/IRR) observed in some cell survival curves, which can be modeled using Joiner's induced repair model.A novel search strategy is employed, which has the potential to estimate RP dependence on the normal lung DVH. When applied to a clinical dataset, identified profiles share a characteristic shape, which resembles HRS/IRR. This suggests that normal lung may have enhanced sensitivity to low doses, and that this sensitivity can affect RP risk.
Lactase deficiency: a common genetic trait of the American Indian.

Intestinal lactase activity was assessed indirectly in 156 American Indians by measuring breath hydrogen after an oral lactose load. Lactase deficiency was present in 66% of subjects and correlated highly with the percentage of Indian blood. Lactase deficiency was present by the age of 5 years and was unrelated to sex. Most lactase-deficient subjects (81%), but only a minority (23%) of lactase-sufficient subjects, developed symptoms after the the oral lactose load, and among lactase-deficient subjects, symptoms occurred more frequently in adults than in children (P = 0.05). Indeed, by history, 53% of lactase-deficient adults, but only 10% of lactase-deficient children under 18 years of age, were aware of milk intolerance. Despite these differences, milk consumption was only slightly less (19 g) in the lactase-deficient subjects than in those with normal lactase activity (25 g) (P
Mothers, daughters, and the transmission of memory in documentaries directed by women of Maghrebi origin in france

ABSTRACTThis article compares the treatment of memory and the transmission of memory in Yamina Benguigui's Memoires d'immigres: l'heritage maghrebin (1997) with the treatment of these themes in five other documentaries directed by Maghrebi-French women—all of which were released after Memoires d'immigres: Yasmina Kherfi's Mes voisines mes copines (2002), Djamila Sfaxi's A ma mere (2003), Rahma Benhamou El Madani's Du cote de chez soi (2003), Soraya Nini's 24 heures dans la Life de ma mere (2007) and Fatima Sissani's La langue de Zahra (2011). It argues that in contrast to Benguigui's foregrounding of collective experiences of Maghrebi migrant women in Memoires d'immigres, these five documentaries highlight the specificity of the memories and experiences of the directors' mothers and in doing so problematize the very idea that there exists a collective trajectory or set of experiences with regard to Maghrebi migrants in France. When considered together, these films reflect a shift away from the universaliz...
Dilute Ammonia Pretreatment of Sorghum and Its Effectiveness on Enzyme Hydrolysis and Ethanol Fermentation

A new pretreatment technology using dilute ammonium hydroxide was evaluated for ethanol production on sorghum. Sorghum fibers, ammonia, and water at a ratio of 1:0.14:8 were heated to 160 °C and held for 1 h under 140–160 psi pressure. Approximately, 44% lignin and 35% hemicellulose were removed during the process. Hydrolysis of untreated and dilute ammonia pretreated fibers was carried out at 10% dry solids at an enzyme concentration of 60 FPU Spezyme CP and 64 CBU Novozyme 188/g glucan. Cellulose digestibility was higher (84%) for ammonia pretreated sorghum as compared to untreated sorghum (38%). Fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A resulted in 24 g ethanol /100 g dry biomass for dilute ammonia pretreated sorghum and 9 g ethanol /100 g dry biomass for untreated sorghum.
Acclimation of the Global Transcriptome of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002 to Nutrient Limitations and Different Nitrogen Sources.

The unicellular, euryhaline cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 is a model organism for laboratory-based studies of cyanobacterial metabolism and is a potential platform for biotechnological applications. Two of its most notable properties are its exceptional tolerance of high light intensity and very rapid growth under optimal conditions. In this study, transcription profiling by RNAseq has been used to perform an integrated study of global changes in transcript levels in cells subjected to limitation for the major nutrients CO2, nitrogen, sulfate, phosphate and iron. Transcriptional patterns for cells grown on nitrate, ammonia, and urea were also studied. Nutrient limitation caused strong decreases of transcript levels of the genes encoding major metabolic pathways, especially for components of the photosynthetic apparatus, CO2 fixation and protein biosynthesis. Uptake mechanisms for the respective nutrients were strongly up-regulated. The transcription data further suggest that major changes in the composition of the NADH dehydrogenase complex occur upon nutrient limitation. Transcripts for flavoproteins increased strongly when CO2 was limiting. Genes involved in protection from oxidative stress generally showed high, constitutive transcript levels, which possibly explains the high-light tolerance of this organism. The transcriptomes of cells grown with ammonia or urea as nitrogen source showed increased transcript levels for components of the CO2 fixation machinery compared to cells grown with nitrate, but in general transcription differences in cells grown on different N-sources exhibited surprisingly minor differences.
Advanced electron holography: a new algorithm for image processing and a standardized quality test for the FEG electron microscope

Abstract Off-acis electron holography was used to characterize the structure and morphology of nanometer-sized particles of palladium. The particles were found to be hollow and partially facetted on internal as well as external surfaces. In theoretical developments, the extended Fourier transform (EFT) is discussed and its necessity for true centering of the sideband in electron holography is shown. A reconstruction procedure for off-axis holograms is then proposed using the advantages of the EFT method. Finally, a standard criterion for assessing the effectiveness of a field emission electron microscope for use in electron holography is proposed and illustrated.
A PERSPECTIVE ON ALDOSTERONE ABNORMALITIES

SUMMARY Not all the varied clinical disorders in which aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid hormones are involved have been reviewed. Only those disorders in which the mineralocorticoid hormones and their regulatory factors are the principal cause of the biochemical and clinical abnormalities have been examied. These are many and varied. Appreciation of the extent and magnitude of their involvement in the regulation of blood pressure, body fluids, and electrolyte composition continues to grow. The major direct clinical impact of the mineralocorticoid hormones appears to be in two areas: hypertension and potassium homeostasis. Their part in the mosaic of hypertension is established in primary hyperaldosteronism, but they also appear to affect and modify the hypertensive process in primary or essential hypertension. The probe continues. Hypoaldosteronism is more than the rare occurrence associated with Addison's disease. It may be the clue to the presence of nonaldosterone mineralocorticoid excess syndromes, and is obviously of critical imporatnce in an increasing number of patients with chronic renal failure of varied aetiologies.
Cytochemical localization of glycolate oxidase in microbodies (glyoxysomes and peroxisomes) of higher plant tissues with the CeCl3 technique

Alpha hydroxy acid oxidase activity (using glycolate as substrate) was demonstrated cytochemically in leaf-type peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, and unspecialized peroxisomes of higher plant tissues with the CeCl3 technique in which cerous ions react with enzyme-generated H2O2 to form insoluble, electron-dense cerium perhydroxide. In all peroxisomes examined, reaction product was deposited throughout the matrices. None of the three types of microbody inclusions (crystals, amorphous nucleoids, or fibrillar, threadlike structures) observed in leaftype peroxisomes showed cytochemical reactivity. However, results with crystal-containing peroxisomes of guayule and tobacco leaves indicate an intimate association of glycolate oxidase with the crystals; reaction product was deposited in the spaces between the structural units of the crystal.
El español en contacto con otras lenguas by KLEE, CAROL A., & ANDREW LYNCH.

A review of the book "El espanol en contacto con otras lenguas," by Carol A. Klee and Andrew Lynch is presented.