cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single in-line biomass probe detects CHO cell growth by capacitance and bacterial contamination by conductivity in bioreactor.

Background Real time process data facilitates timely decisions, enables better process control, and can increase quality assurance. Biological drugs (mol. Wt. ≥ 40 kDa) are manufactured using mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in bioreactors and have significant risks of contamination during processing. In such processes, in-line monitoring of biomass can provide real-time cell growth profiles and indications of bioreactor health. Methods An in-line conductivity/capacitance probe (Aber Instruments, Aberystwyth, UK) for monitoring CHO cell growth during fed batch cultures for producing an IgG1 monoclonal antibody was employed. Cell growth was measured in real-time using the capacitance probe (pF cm-1 ) while being compared with off-line measurements using a metabolic analyzer (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA). Conductivity measurements (mS cm-1 ) detected variations in the solute concentrations in the bioreactor due to nutrient feed, bicarbonate buffer, and cellular metabolism by-products. Results and conclusion Abnormal increases in conductivity were found to consistently correspond to bacterial contamination, which was confirmed by orthogonal methods. The contaminated bioreactor runs exhibited sharp increases in conductivity rates hours before dissolved oxygen levels precipitously decreased due to bacterial growth. It is proposed that in-line measurement of conductivity could be employed for early detection of bacterial contaminations. The probe may be adopted in pharmaceutical aseptic aqueous liquid handling processes.
Further Studies on the Relationship of Non-Verbal to Verbal Behavior: Effect of Lip Caressing on Shame, Hostility, and Other Variables as Expressed in the Content of Speech

This study grew out of a long therapeutic psychoanalysis in which a patient’s speech was tape-recorded before and after he periodically touched different parts of his body. Two types of observations were made during this psychoanalysis on these psychokinesic sequences; (1) impressionistic evaluations of the relationships between hand movements and the content of free-associations, and (2) independent and objective scoring of the content of speech and its statistical relationship to hand movements and placements. These two types of assessment of the data of observation gave results which supplemented one another, the former method allowing more broad generalizations but less certainty, and the latter method enabling more specific evaluations and greater potential for statistical assessment of probabilities.
The food web of a severely contaminated site following reclamation with warm season grasses

We used the stable isotope 13C to distinguish between food web components that depended on warm season grasses with the C4 photosynthetic pathway and those that depended on plants with the C3 pathway. The study site was contaminated by heavy metals from a zinc smelter that operated near Palmerton, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. C3 plants only contributed 1.16% of aboveground primary productivity, whereas recently seeded (5–7 year old) warm season C4 grasses contributed the remaining 98.84%. Analyses of tissue samples revealed that the carbon content of invertebrates and vertebrates did not reflect the composition of the vegetation. Of 135 samples, 48 (36%) had greater than 75% of their carbon from C4-derived sources, while 32 (24%) of the samples had less than 25%. However, carbon from C4 grasses passed through to higher trophic levels, as shown by the abundance of predators with a high proportion of C4-derived carbon. We document three channels of carbon flux through the food web, one based on warm season grasses, now supporting a functioning ecosystem at all key trophic levels, one based on C3 plants, and a third based on detritus. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that relative configurations of such channels are important to ecosystem stability. Our results suggest that functional groupings of plants based on photosynthetic pathway or other plant traits likely form the basis for food web compartments. By using diverse functional groups of plants for reclamation or restoration, practitioners may be able to aid the development of channels and thereby promote desired ecosystem states.
Remarks on red giant and supergiant stars

The preceeding review paper by Hollis Johnson and these remarks summarize portions of a half-day meeting held immediately prior to the Fifth Cool Stars Workshop. This special session was held in order to allow the astronomers interested in problems related to the atmospheres and evolution of red giant and supergiant stars to share ideas on selected current topics and to obtain previews of some of the papers presented during the Workshop. Many of the talks presented are published in these Proceedings.
Information Technology Availability in Schools of Social Work

Abstract The introduction of information technology into social work education is essential and inevitable. Little, however, is known about the current use of computers in schools of social work. This study is the first to focus on the variety and availability of hardware and software; the extent to which computer-related courses are integrated into the curriculum; and the types of computers, uses, and users in schools of social work. The sample consists of non-US schools drawn from the membership of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and US schools drawn from the membership of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). The study tested three hypotheses: A. Schools in the United States use computers significantly more and for more advanced purposes than do schools in other countries; B. Schools that offer graduate degrees will be better equipped with computers and use them more extensively; and C. The larger the school, the greater the number of computers and the higher the ...
The relationship between acoustic bottom loss and the geoacoustic properties of the sediment

The author reports a study of the functional variations between acoustic bottom loss from 50-1500 Hz and the sediment geoacoustic parameters of density, sound speed, thickness and attenuation. She shows simple relationships between certain of these parameters and specific angular regions of the loss curves. These relationships permit bottom losses to be estimated directly from the geoacoustic parameters without the need to exercise complex layer modeling. >
Exoplanet coronagraph shaped pupil masks and laboratory scale star shade masks: design, fabrication and characterization

Star light suppression technologies to find and characterize faint exoplanets include internal coronagraph instruments as well as external star shade occulters. Currently, the NASA WFIRST-AFTA mission study includes an internal coronagraph instrument to find and characterize exoplanets. Various types of masks could be employed to suppress the host star light to about 10 -9 level contrast over a broad spectrum to enable the coronagraph mission objectives. Such masks for high contrast internal coronagraphic imaging require various fabrication technologies to meet a wide range of specifications, including precise shapes, micron scale island features, ultra-low reflectivity regions, uniformity, wave front quality, achromaticity, etc. We present the approaches employed at JPL to produce pupil plane and image plane coronagraph masks by combining electron beam, deep reactive ion etching, and black silicon technologies with illustrative examples of each, highlighting milestone accomplishments from the High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at JPL and from the High Contrast Imaging Lab (HCIL) at Princeton University. We also present briefly the technologies applied to fabricate laboratory scale star shade masks.
Antibacterial effects of blackberry extract target periodontopathogens

Periodontal disease results from chronic infection and inflammation of the tissues that support the teeth (1). This oral inflammatory disease affects about 50% of the U.S. population (2), and is driven by pathogenic succession characterized by a shift in microbial species in the gingival sulcus from Gram-positive, facultative, and fermentative microorganisms to predominantly Gram-negative, anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, and proteolytic microorganisms (1). Bacteria such as Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus spp., are associated with gingivitis and dental caries, whereas Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannarella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intemedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum are later colonizers associated with periodontopathic biofilms (3). Periodontal disease also is implicated in several systemic diseases including preterm/low birth weight deliveries, cardiovascular events, diabetes, and others systemic conditions (4, 5). Thus, development of new cost-effective measures to prevent and control periodontitis is important for improving oral and systemic health. Successful treatment of periodontal disease involves elimination of the microbial burden and associated clinical signs of inflammation through mechanical disruption of biofilms, as well as the use of antimicrobial agents in aggressive and unresponsive forms of the disease (6). Use of mouth rinses with antimicrobial activity (e.g. chlorhexidine [CHX]) has been effective for controlling the colonization of oral bacteria including periodontopathogens and reducing gingival inflammation (7-9). Nevertheless, topical antimicrobial rinses such as CHX have restrictions due to potential side effects including, staining, erosive and abrasive effects, as well as limitations on dosage scheduling (10, 11). Since bacterial growth as an oral biofilm is a continuous event important for biological equilibrium within the oral cavity, and few commercial products exist that inhibit this process, it is important to develop new and more efficient therapeutic strategies to control the constant emergence of bacterial pathogens related to oral disease. Use of natural agents in chewing gums is an important approach for addressing this issue. Previous observations have suggested that blackberry extract (BBE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral properties (12-15), and a limited number of reports have demonstrated antibacterial activity of blackberries and raspberries against skin and enteric pathogens (14, 16). However, the antimicrobial effect of BBE as a topical agent against periodontal pathogens has not yet been demonstrated. In this study we sought to determine the antibacterial properties of blackberry extract in vitro against oral bacteria associated with gingivitis and periodontal disease, with the potential for this material to be used as a topical agent for treating these infections.
Crystallinity properties of parylene-n affecting its use as an ILD in submicron integrated circuit technology

Parylene-n (Poly-p-xylylene) (PA-n) [1-3] has a long history of use as a moisture barrier for printed circuit boards and hybrids. This paper evaluates this compound as a candidate vapor-depositable polymer interlayer dielectric for submicron integrated circuit technology due to its low dielectric constant, good step coverage, and high etch selectivity. To apply PA-n on high-density very large scale integrated circuits, its properties, such as deposition rate, deposition yield, and crystallinity, are investigated as a function of deposition pressure and annealing temperature. The deposition rate was found in the range of 2.66 Pa to 13.3 Pa to be a linearly increasing function of pressure. Good-quality films were obtained when pressure was controlled below 10.64 Pa. Cloudy films, however, were found at 13.3 Pa. The deposition rate could be as high as 3.33 X 10 -10 m s -1 when deposited at 10.64 Pa. The plot of PA-n yield vs. pressure showed a constant plateau of 1 X 10 -4 m kg -1 from 2.66 Pa to 10.64 Pa. The optimum deposition rate was hence obtained at 10.64 Pa without compromising the deposition yield. The crystallinity-associated properties examined were hardness, dielectric constant, and water permeability. A lower deposition pressure was observed to produce higher crystallinity that could be further enhanced by thermal annealing. A 5 X 10 -8 m hard surface layer was detected with hardness 3.5 GPa, that was 3∼7 times larger than that of bulk hardness which was 0.4∼0.7 GPa. The bulk hardness was found to increase as crystallinity increased. The dielectric constant tended to increase when the deposition pressure decreased. Furthermore, the dielectric constant was nearly constant when the polymer was heated up to temperatures as high as 698 K. This behavior, together with the formation of the hard layer and a higher crystallinity, was believed to result from the improved film organization of the deposited films. The competition between the film build-up in the surface region and the monomer diffusion into the bulk region (penetration) was theorized to be responsible for the film organization. The water permeability, which was measured to be as low as 1.2 X 10 -15 kg m -1 s -1 Pa -1 and was found to increase as the deposition pressure was increased, further strengthened the film organization claim.
Some useful filtering techniques for illposed problems7

Abstract Some useful filtering techniques for computing approximate solutions of illposed are presented. Special attention is given to the role of smoothness of the filters and the choice of time-dependent parameters used in these filtering techniques. Smooth filters and proper choice of time-dependent parameters in these filtering techniques allow numerical construction of more accurate approximate solutions of illposed problems. In order to illustrate this and the filtering techniques, a severely illposed fourth-order nonlinear wave equation is numercally solved using a three time-level finite difference scheme. Numerical examples are given showing the merits of the filtering techniques.
The Electrodeposition of Aluminum from Nonaqueous Solutions at Room Temperature

The electrodeposition of aluminum in the form of white or shiny adherent plates on various metals has been accomplished at room temperature. A satisfactory plating solution is prepared by mixing two moles of anhydrous aluminum chloride with 1 mole of ethyl pyridinium bromide, preferably in a dry, oxygen‐free atmosphere, to produce a liquid to which benzene (or toluene) is added until a second layer, principally excess benzene, forms on the top of the plating solution. Using an aluminum anode, plating may be carried out in a protected atmosphere at cathode current densities of approximately 1 amp/dm2 (about 9 amp/ft2) using voltages of the order of one volt.The use of an alternating current superimposed on the direct plating current (a) greatly improved adherence, e.g., a copper wire plated by this procedure can be repeatedly flexed without breaking the coating; (b) increased thickness without brittleness; (c) increased maximum current density; (d) somewhat lowered the voltage requirement; (e) gave the same efficiency based on the direct current; and (f) changed the appearance from shiny to satiny.
Effect of mode of delivery on incidence of respiratory distress syndrome

The effect of route of delivery on incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been controversial. While some investigators have reported no difference in RDS rates in infants born by cesarean section as compared to vaginal delivery, others have shown a significant increase in risk for RDS among infants born by cesarean section. Data from the 297 patients comprising the placebo group in the recently completed collaborative study of antenatal steroid therapy in the prevention of neonatal RDS, were analyzed to determine the effect of mode of delivery on RDS. The results indicate that infants born by cesarean section without labor have a higher risk for neonatal RDS than infants born vaginally or by cesarean section after a trial of labor.
Neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the hypothalami of guinea-pig, rat and monkey

Summary The possible influence of biogenic amines and other agents on the adenylate cyclase activity of guinea-pig, rat and monkey hypothalami and of monkey median eminence was evaluated. Adenylate cyclase activity of hypothalamic homogenates from guinea-pig, rat, and both Cebus appella and Macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys was stimulated by catecholamines, NaF and GPP (NH)P. Similar results were obtained for rhesus monkey median eminence. Stimulation by catecholamines of the rat enzyme was enhanced by prior treatment in vivo with reserpine. Dopamine and norepinephrine were in general more potent than epinephrine and isoproterenol, and in rhesus monkey dopamine was more potent than norepinephrine. In rat hypothalamus, adenylate cyclase was stimulated by methoxamine, a putative α-adrenergic receptor agonist. In guinea-pig but not in rat or monkey hypothalamus, activity was stimulated by histamine and serotonin. Guinea-pig and to a lesser extent monkey hypothalamic adenylate cyclase were also stimulated by 2-chloroadenosine, an effect which was blocked by theophylline. Adenylate cyclase of both Cebus and rhesus as well as rat hypothalami was stimulated by the dopamine receptor agonists, apomorphine and 1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-4-(2-pyrimidinyl) piperazine (S584). Apomorphine was found to be equipotent with dopamine in Cebus monkey system. The stimulation by dopamine of Cebus and rhesus monkey hypothalamic adenylate cyclase activity as well as that of rhesus monkey median eminence was affectively antagonized by fluphenazine and other neuroleptic drugs. Phentolamine and propranolol were much less potent than fluphenazine in inhibiting the dopamine- induced stimulation of rhesus hypothalamic enzyme. In general the predominant adenylate cyclase of hypothalamic homogenates appears to be dopamine sensitive, but in at least certain species activity sensitive to histamine, serotonin, methoxamine and 2-chloroadenosine may also be evident.
Privacy Preserving Query Answering in Peer Data Management Systems

Peer Data Management Systems (PDMS) provide data sharing between heterogeneous databases using peer-to- peer schema mapping, where intermediate peers are used to translate the queries as well as the query results. However, such translation leaks not only the exchanged data but also the private mapping information used by intermediate peers for translation. The privacy of such information is critical in most applications, specially in healthcare. Researchers have proposed to inject dummy values into the query result to confuse the adversary. However, existing solutions overlooked the privacy of the exchanged query. Furthermore, they can only provide partial privacy for the private mapping information and are computationally expensive. This paper presents a novel privacy preserving query answering protocol for PDMS using query decoupling and random value mapping encoding. The former decouples the query and the query result to prevent the leakage of sensitive data, while the latter randomly encodes the private value mappings. The analytical and experimental results confirm that the proposed protocol provides better privacy and also removes the need for expensive commutative encryption, thus greatly reducing the computation overhead.
Adult Moral Development, Experience and Education

Abstract This article reports two studies‐‐a longitudinal investigation of moral judgement and reported moral experience, and an outcome study on the impact of a moral intervention project with adult undergraduate students. In the first study, 29 middle‐class, primarily white, well‐educated adults, ranging in age from 18 to 80 were administered Standard Form Moral Judgment interviews 4 years apart and were asked to describe their own moral events that had occurred. The average moral judgement score on the hypothetical dilemmas was Stage Four. The reasoning in the spontaneously reported moral events was significantly lower, although the two scores were highly correlated. Difference scores between the two were not related to dilemma scores. While there were no significant gender differences in scores on the hypothetical dilemmas, there were in scores on spontaneous‐reported events favouring males. The ethical quality of the reported events could be easily categorised by traditional moral‐philosophic categor...
Be an Expert Witness for Critical Care Nursing

This presentation concerning the role of a nurse expert witness in cases involving critical care nursing standards of care may be used in determining if the individual nurse would want to serve as an expert witness and in alerting the potential expert witness to role expectations. All phases of the process are described, including discovery, deposition, and trial level testimony.
αII-Spectrin interacts with five groups of functionally important proteins in the nucleus

Abstract Nonerythroid α-spectrin (αSpIIΣ ∗ ) is a structural protein that has been identified in the nucleus of mammalian cells and shown to be involved in DNA repair. It is also deficient in cells from the clinically diverse genetic disorder Fanconi anemia (FA). In order to get a clearer understanding of the role of αSpIIΣ ∗ in DNA repair, and whether it may have other important functions in the nucleus, studies were undertaken to identify specific αSpIIΣ ∗ protein binding partners in the nucleus. The results demonstrate that multiple proteins co-immunoprecipitate with αSpIIΣ ∗ from nuclear extracts from normal human lymphoblastoid and HeLa cells. These can be grouped into five categories: structural proteins, proteins involved in DNA repair, chromatin remodeling proteins, FA proteins, and transcription and RNA processing factors. These studies indicate that αSpIIΣ ∗ may play a role in a number of diverse and important processes in the nucleus and that a deficiency in this protein, as occurs in FA, could affect a number of critical cellular pathways.
Disordered drinking after abdominal vagotomy in rats

WHILE investigating the effect of abdominal vagotomy on satiety elicited by cholecystokinin1, we noted that many vagotomised rats seemed to be undernourished and failed to regain their preoperative weight. Because of their low water–food ratio (vagotomised 1.3±0.5 ml g−1, sham 1.8±0.1 ml g−1, P<0.001), we analysed their drinking behaviour in various conditions. We report here that abdominal vagotomy produces severe deficits in drinking behaviour that can be characterised as motivational.
Semi-nonparametric test of second degree stochastic dominance with respect to a function

Abstract In an expected utility framework, assuming a decision maker operates under utility k ( ⋅ | θ ) , for two risky alternatives X and Y with respective distribution functions F and G , alternative X is said to dominate alternative Y with respect to k ( ⋅ | θ ) if ∫ − ∞ y [ F ( t ) − G ( t ) ] d k ( t | θ ) ≤ 0 for all y . Utilizing the empirical distribution functions of F and G , a statistical test is presented to test the null hypothesis of indifference between X and Y given k ( ⋅ | θ ) against the hypothesis that X dominates Y with respect to k ( ⋅ | θ ) . This is a large sample testing application of stochastic dominance with respect to a function. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic associated with the null hypothesis given a sub-set of the utility function parameter space is developed. Based on large sample rejection regions, the hypothesis of preference of one alternative over another is demonstrated with an empirical example.
Biochemical mechanism of resistance of cultured sarcoma 180 cells to 6-thioguanine

Abstract A 6-thioguanine (6TG) resistant clone (S180/TG) of the murine neoplastic cell line Sarcoma 180 (S180) synthesized significantly less 6-thioguanosine 5′-monophosphate (6TGMP) than parent sensitive S180 cells when exposed to 6TG in culture. The decrease in the intracellular level of 6TGMP in S180/TG cells did not appear to be due to a change in the (a) rate of uptake of 6TG (or guanine), (b) synthesis and accumulation of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) from glucose, (c) capacity to enzymatically convert 6TG (or guanine) to its corresponding 5′-mononucleotide in the presence of exogenous PRPP, or (d) rate of hydrolysis of phosphate groups from newly synthesized 6TGMP. Contrasting with the decreased conversion of 6TG to 6TGMP by S180/TG cells was the finding of significantly more guanine conversion to guanine nucleotides by intact S180/TG cells, a phenomenon that resulted in approximately 4- and 2-fold greater incorporation of [8- 14 C]guanine into RNA and DNA, respectively, in resistant cells than in the parent sensitive subline. The findings suggest that the mechanism by which S180/TG cells achieve insensitivity to the 6-thiopurine was through decreased synthesis of analog nucleotide; this phenomenon appears to be the result of altered purine metabolism in resistant cells which selectively permits the conversion of guanine to guanine nucleotides, while suppressing the anabolism of 6TG to 6TGMP.
Knowledge-based approach to quality control assurance using bar code identification systems

Abstract A knowledge-based approach to quality assurance using bar code identification systems can be carried out in three different stages. In the first stage, a complete study of the manufacturing processes, raw materials, and procedures of inspection has to be conducted. Data collection forms are prepared and potential trouble areas located to get more information on the types of problems occurring. In the second stage, inspection procedures are established for in-coming raw material. Acceptance Sampling plans have to be agreed upon to facilitate inspection of raw materials. The procedures are based on Acceptance Sampling Military Standards (MIL-STD 105 E and MIL-STD 414). In the last stage an expert system can be developed and integrated with automatic identification of the in-coming raw material packages for acceptance sampling, and with inprocess goods for establishing and monitoring statistical process control.
Symptom-monitoring behaviors of rural cancer patients and survivors

Symptom monitoring is described among rural cancer patients and survivors with comparison across study variables. An anonymous survey was mailed to adult cancer patients and survivors. Sampling was via a cancer center serving a region of a US rural-frontier state. Symptom monitoring was measured as keeping written track of symptoms, side effects, trends in how one is feeling, and/or limits to what one can do. Useable response rate was 60.4% (134/222). Respondents were on average 62.3 years old, 53.0% were female, and 52.3% had earned less than a college degree. Breast (30.6%) and prostate (28.4%) cancers were most common. Symptom monitoring was reported and confirmed via tracking means, by 32.1% of respondents. Symptom monitoring was associated with “shared” or “passive” symptom management decisions, keeping written track of questions to ask providers and answers received, report of fatigue, and having received the suggestion or advice on how to monitor. Symptom monitoring was not associated with age, education, sex, number of symptoms, or being given something with which to monitor. Symptom monitoring apart from intervention appears common among rural cancer patients and survivors. Findings support using multi-dimensional ways to inquire of, and refer to, such behavior. Data show symptom monitoring is more common among those suffering cancer-related fatigue, indicating opportunities for intervention to optimize monitoring for improved outcomes. Findings also suggest symptom-monitoring patients may rely on, or interact more with, providers regarding symptom management.
Trembling-hand myopia and trembling-hand perfection

Abstract In 1975 Selten introduced trembling-hand perfection, however it was implicitly assumed that specific values of rationality imperfections are common knowledge. Relaxing this assumption, we develop the notion of trembling-hand myopia, and completely characterize equilibria which are robust in this setting.
Diabetes transitional care from inpatient to outpatient setting: pharmacist discharge counseling.

Purpose: Diabetes transitional care from the inpatient to outpatient setting is understudied. This study evaluated the effect of inpatient pharmacist discharge counseling on outpatient diabetes medication adherence. Research methods: Prospective, randomized, controlled study compared pharmacist discharge counseling (intervention) with usual patient care (control) in 127 patients with established diabetes and an A1C ≥8% who had a provider and medications filled within the county health system. The primary outcome was diabetes medication adherence rate measured using the prescription of days covered (PDC) method. Results: Patients in the intervention, compared with control group, had greater diabetes medication adherence rate 150 days after discharge (55.2% vs 34.8%; P = .002), rate of follow-up visits (60.5% vs 43.9%; P = .01) and reduction in A1C (−1.97% vs +0.114%; P = .003). Being in the intervention group and having greater adherence with follow-up visits correlated independently with lower follow-up A...
Material chemistry of perovskite compounds as chemical sensors

The advantages of applying non-stoichiometric perovskite materials in chemical sensor applications are reviewed and highlighted with particular reference to the SrFeO2.5+x system. The phase relationships of SrFeO2.5+x for (0<x<0.5) are described and differences identified with the substituted material, SrFe0.9Cu0.1O2.5+x, such that the prospect of `tunable' chemical and physical properties is identified. Thin-films of the parent perovskite have been prepared by the pulsed laser deposition technique and gas sensor functionality determined by exploiting the effects of gas exposure upon a number of physical properties. There is a large change in the electrical conductivity of SrFeO2.5+x thin-films when exposed to variations in oxygen partial pressure over a wide temperature range as shown in this and previous work. These changes are rapid and reversible at the temperature of the present work at 763 K. The chemical sensing properties of the subject perovskite are compared to two other perovskite materials. Many of the perovskite family of materials in the form of thin-films are well-suited to integration into microsensor devices on various substrate platforms.
Modular Applied Mathematics for Beginning Students.

(1977). Modular Applied Mathematics for Beginning Students. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 7, pp. 555-560.
Mechanism of osmotic regulation of hydrolase synthesis in aleurone cells of barley: inhibition of protein synthesis.

Abstract The osmotic regulation of gibberellic acid-enhanced hydrolase synthesis in aleurone cells of barley is mediated via a general inhibition of protein synthesis. This inhibition of protein synthesis occurs both in the absence and in the presence of gibberellic acid. Osmotica do not specifically inhibit gibberellic acid elicited responses in aleurone cells as was thought in the past.
Sample size planning for the coefficient of variation from the accuracy in parameter estimation approach.

The accuracy in parameter estimation approach to sample size planning is developed for the coefficient of variation, where the goal of the method is to obtain an accurate parameter estimate by achieving a sufficiently narrow confidence interval. The first method allows researchers to plan sample size so that the expected width of the confidence interval for the population coefficient of variation is sufficiently narrow. A modification allows a desired degree of assurance to be incorporated into the method, so that the obtained confidence interval will be sufficiently narrow with some specified probability (e.g., 85% assurance that the 95% confidence interval width will be no wider than ω units). Tables of necessary sample size are provided for a variety of scenarios that may help researchers planning a study where the coefficient of variation is of interest plan an appropriate sample size in order to have a sufficiently narrow confidence interval, optionally with some specified assurance of the confidence interval being sufficiently narrow. Freely available computer routines have been developed that allow researchers to easily implement all of the methods discussed in the article.
Introduction to the NAN 2001 Definition of a Clinical Neuropsychologist. NAN Policy and Planning Committee.

At the request of the membership, and at the direction of the President, Dr. Barbara Uzzell, and the Board of Directors (BoD), the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) Policy and Planning Committee has developed the following 2001 Definition of a Clinical Neuropsychologist, as part of NAN’s White Paper series on Professional Policy and Practice. The entire NAN membership has had an opportunity for input to this definition, and it has been clearly endorsed by our membership and the BoD. We believe that the 2001 NAN Definition incorporates the best aspects of the previous work on Definitions of a Clinical Neuropsychologist, if one keeps in mind that the intent is to provide information to managed care and third party payers regarding general neuropsychological practice and minimal educational, experiential, and licensure requirements. An inclusive, expanded, and updated definition referencing the 1989 and 1984 definition articles, published by Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology) of the American Psychological Association (APA) was considered necessary as an internal NAN reference document. This 2001 NAN Definition of a Clinical Neuropsychologist underwent three major Policy and Planning Committee revisions, one full membership review and one membership vote (81% endorsement out of 789 votes), and two NAN BoD comprehensive discussions, resulting in unanimous approval by a formal vote of the Board of Directors on May 5, 2001.
Induced convective enhancement of the critical heat flux from partially heated horizontal flat plates in saturated pool boiling

Current developments in high-power electronics and other energy-intensive applications have accentuated the need for higher performance heat transfer. Nucleate boiling heat transfer is one of the most effective modes of heat transfer, with pool boiling being perhaps the simplest type of passive two-phase cooling. Unfortunately, the maximum heat flux attainable in nucleate pool boiling is limited by the relatively low critical heat flux at the onset of film boiling. Several methods have been suggested to enhance the critical heat flux. In particular, Costello et al. showed that the critical heat flux in saturated pool boiling could be enhanced by simply increasing the width of the pool while maintaining a fixed heater size. Elkassabgi and Lienhard examined the combined effects of immersion depth and pool size on the critical heat flux for a small-diameter horizontal cylinder in saturated pool boiling. No similar study for flat plate heaters appears in the literature. While as noted above the effect of heater appears in the literature. While as noted above the effect of heater appears in the literature. While as noted above the effect of heater size and immersion depth have been studied independently, no systematic investigation of the combined effects has been conductedmore » previously. This paper presents the results of such a study.« less
Price comparison: A reliable approach to identifying shill bidding in online auctions?

Shill bidding has become a serious issue for innocent bidders with the growing popularity of online auctions. In this paper, we study the relationship between final prices of online auctions and shill activities. We conduct experiments on real auction data from eBay to examine the hypotheses that state how the difference between final auction price and expected auction price implies shill bidding. In the experiments, a neural network based approach is used to learn the expected auction price. In particular, we trained the Large Memory Storage and Retrieval (LAMSTAR) Neural Network based on features extracted from item descriptions, listings and other auction properties. The likelihood of shill bidding is determined by a previously proposed shill certification technique based on Dempster-Shafer theory. By employing the chi-square test of independence and logistic regression, the experimental results indicate that a higher-than-expected final auction price might be used as direct evidence to distinguish likely shill-infected auctions from trustworthy auctions, allowing for more focused evaluation of shill-suspected auctions. As such, this work contributes to providing a feasible way to identify suspicious auctions that may contain shill biddings. It may also help to develop trustworthy auction houses with shill detection services that can protect honest bidders and benefit the auction markets in both the short-term and long term.
Introduction to the Imaging and Staging of Cancer

Cancer staging is how clinicians describe the state of the disease, predict prognosis, help determine best treatment, and interpret outcomes. Although several staging systems are available, the most widely used is the tumor node metastasis (TNM) system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Knowledge of normal anatomy and the myriad appearances of variations in anatomy is the basis of accurate tumor staging. Cross-sectional imaging is complementary to the clinical examination for accurate staging.
Trait interindividual differences in the sleep physiology of healthy young adults

Summary Despite decades of sleep research by means of polysomnography (PSG), systematic interindividual differences in PSG-assessed sleep parameters have been scarcely investigated. The present study is the first to quantify interindividual variability in standard PSG-assessed variables of sleep structure in terms of stability and robustness as well as magnitude. Twenty-one carefully screened healthy young adults were studied continuously in a strictly controlled laboratory environment, where their PSGs were recorded for eight nights interspersed with three separate 36 h sleep deprivation periods. All PSG records were scored blind to subject and condition, using conventional criteria, and delta power in the non-REM sleep EEG was computed for four electrode derivations. Interindividual differences in sleep variables were examined for stability and robustness, respectively, by comparing results across equivalent nights (e.g. baseline nights) and across experimentally differentiated nights (baseline nights versus recovery nights following sleep deprivation). Among 18 sleep variables analyzed, all except slow-wave sleep (SWS) latency were found to exhibit significantly stable and robust – i.e. trait-like – interindividual differences. This was quantified by means of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), which ranged from 36% to 89% across physiologic variables, and were highest for SWS (73%) and delta power in the non-REM sleep EEG (78–89%). The magnitude of the trait interindividual differences was considerable, consistently exceeding the magnitude of the group-average effect on sleep structure of 36 h total sleep deprivation. Notably, for non-REM delta power – a putative marker of sleep homeostasis – the interindividual differences were from 9.9 to 12.8 times greater than the group-average increase following sleep deprivation relative to baseline. Physiologic sleep variables did not vary among subjects in a completely independent manner – 61.1% of their combined variance clustered in three trait dimensions, which appeared to represent sleep duration, sleep intensity, and sleep discontinuity. Any independent functional significance of these sleep physiologic phenotypes remains to be determined.
The sweet smell of success: Apparent double alternation in the rat

Fourteen rats received 104 acquisition and eight extinction trials in a 7 ft runway. Reward and nonreward were administered in double-alternation sequences such that if on rewarded and nonrewarded trials Ss left characteristically different odors, then these odors could act as discriminative cues for subsequent Ss in Group P but not in Group NP. Group P displayed a clear double-alternation pattern of running and extinguished rapidly, whereas Group NP’s responses were not patterned and it extinguished slowly. This supports the hypothesis that rats exude odors which, depending on the manner in which the study is conducted, can serve as a powerful source of contamination among treatments or among Ss within a treatment.
The use of resorbable collagen membrane in conjunction with autogenous bone graft and inorganic bovine mineral for buccal/labial alveolar ridge augmentation: A pilot study

Abstract Statement of problem No study provides human histologic evidence regarding the use of resorbable collagen membrane for a 2-stage localized alveolar augmentation procedure. Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of use of a resorbable collagen membrane in conjunction with an autogenous bone graft and inorganic bovine mineral (IBM) for labial/buccal alveolar ridge augmentation prior to placing dental implants. Material and methods Seven consecutively treated human patients participated in the study. All patients received labial/buccal alveolar ridge augmentation. An autogenous block graft was secured at the recipient site with fixation screws and a mixture of autogenous particulate with IBM was placed at the periphery. Resorbable collagen membrane was used as a barrier. Radiographic and laboratory measurements were made to quantify ridge augmentation and resorption rate. Preoperative and postoperative stone casts were used to quantify alveolar ridge augmentation. Volumetric evaluation was measured in mL whereas linear laboratory evaluation was measured in millimeters. Measurements were made 1 and 6 months after bone grafting. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis from the grafted area evaluated new bone formation, and osteoconductivity of IBM. Results For all patients Type II to III bone quality was achieved at the augmented sites. The implant survival rate was 100% at second-stage surgery. No complication was observed at the recipient sites. Radiographic evaluation revealed 4.65 mm labial/lingual augmentation, whereas laboratory analysis revealed 4.57 mm. Volumetric laboratory analysis demonstrated 1.00 (± 0.29) mL alveolar ridge augmentation 6 months after bone grafting and 13.79% resorption between months 1 and 6. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that on average, the area occupied by bone was 34.28% (range 24 to 50; ±9.05),] soft tissue 46.00% (±9.20%; range 30% to 55%), and IBM particles 19.71% (±11.74%, range 3% to 42%). The proportion of the surface of the IBM particles in contact with bone was 47.14% (range 15% to 64%; SD 17.21%). Conclusions Resorbable collagen membranes may be used as barriers for labial/buccal alveolar ridge augmentation procedures.
FLT3 mutations in canine acute lymphocytic leukemia

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a commonly mutated protein in a variety of human acute leukemias. Mutations leading to constitutively active FLT3, including internal tandem duplications of the juxtamembrane domain (ITD), result in continuous cellular proliferation, resistance to apoptotic cell death, and a poorer prognosis. A better understanding of the molecular consequences of FLT3 activation would allow improved therapeutic strategies in these patients. Canine lymphoproliferative diseases, including lymphoma and acute leukemias, share evolutionarily conserved chromosomal aberrations and exhibit conserved mutations within key oncogenes when compared to their human counterparts. A small percentage of canine acute lymphocytic leukemias (ALL) also exhibit FLT3 ITD mutations. We molecularly characterized FLT3 mutations in two dogs and one cell line, by DNA sequencing, gene expression analysis via quantitative real-time PCR, and sensitivity to the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib via in vitro proliferation assays. FLT 3 and downstream mediators of FLT3 activation were assessed by Western blotting. The canine B-cell leukemia cell line, GL-1, and neoplastic cells from 2/7 dogs diagnosed cytologically with ALL were found to have FLT3 ITD mutations and FLT3 mRNA up-regulation. Lestaurtinib, a small molecule FLT3 inhibitor, significantly inhibited the growth of GL-1 cells, while not affecting the growth of two other canine lymphoid cell lines without the FLT3 mutation. Finally, western blots were used to confirm the conserved downstream mediators of FLT3 activating mutations. These results show that ALL and FLT3 biology is conserved between canine and human patients, supporting the notion that canine ALL, in conjunction with the GL-1 cell line, will be useful in the development of a relevant large animal model to aid in the study of human FLT3 mutant leukemias.
Ultrasonographic features and clinical implications of benign palpable breast lesions in young women

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the breast ultrasonography (US) features and to investigate whether performing a core biopsy is warranted in young women having palpable solid breast masses. Methods A total of 76 solid palpable masses in 68 consecutive women (≤25 years old) underwent tissue diagnosis by percutaneous core biopsy. Two radiologists, who were blinded to the clinical history and histopathology, independently evaluated the US features according to Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon. The frequency of benign and malignant descriptor terms that were used to characterize the lesions were compared to the final pathology. Results All 76 palpable solid masses yielded benign pathology. On the US, the shape of the mass was described by radiologists 1 and 2 as oval or round (63.2% and 71.1%), margin as circumscribed (68.4% and 77.6%) and orientation as parallel (85.5% and 90.8%); the frequency of using all three benign descriptors was 61.8% and 68.5%, respectively. Suspicious descriptors were used less frequently by radiologists 1 and 2 including irregular shape (9.2% and 13.1%), non-circumscribed margin (31.6% and 22.4%) and non-parallel orientation (14.5% and 9.2%); the frequency of using all three suspicious descriptors was 9.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Conclusion Despite the variable US features, breast malignancy seems extremely low in 25 years or younger women for palpable breast lesions. Using the BI-RADS lexicon, US accurately predicted benignity in about two thirds of our patients, supporting US surveillance as a safe alternative to invasive tissue sampling in this setting.
Regulation of Arylalkylamine N‐Acetyltransferase (AANAT) in the Retina

Melatonin synthesis in retinal photoreceptors is under photic and circadian control and is regulated primarily by changes in the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). Previous investigations demonstrated that Aanat transcripts are predominantly expressed in the photoreceptor cells. AANAT activity is high at night and low during the day, and illumination of the retina during the night induces rapid reduction in the activity of this enzyme. The enzyme is subject to both transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms. AANAT transcription is regulated directly by the circadian clock via the E-box present in the promoter region of the gene; the photic environment and circadian clock also influence AANAT transcription via cAMP-responsive elements. The stability of AANAT is regulated by cAMP, and light, which decreases cAMP levels in photoreceptor cells, results in rapid degradation of AANAT protein by proteasomal proteolysis. The circadian rhythm in the levels of Aanat mRNA in the rat retina persists after the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus has been lesioned, indicative of its relative independence from the master clock in the brain. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the retinal clock controlling melatonin synthesis is in photoreceptor cells, but it has not been definitively localized in mammals. Several studies have also shown that dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of AANAT activity by acting via D2/D4-like receptors that are present on the photoreceptors. Finally, it is important to mention that AANAT, in addition to its role in melatonin synthesis, may play a detoxification role in the vertebrate retina by acetylating arylalkylamines that may react with retinaldehyde.