cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of photonic crystal heterostructure cavity lasers

We design, fabricate, and test photonic crystal heterostructure cavity lasers in the InP material system. A heterostructure cavity is formed by interfacing two different photonic crystals such that a dispersion maximum of the inner lattice lies within the band gap of the surrounding lattice. Feedback to slow light modes of the central region results in a lower threshold and single mode operation. The use of a kagome lattice as the inner defect area increases the semiconductor volume as well as the modal overlap with the gain material. We use a simulation technique to verify experimentally observed single mode operation as well as to quantify the effects of the heterostructure cavity formation.
Shareholders Groups, Unbundled Rights, and Corporate Democracy: A Commentary

The commentary proposes a reform in the structure of corporate ownership. This reform would legally require public companies to unbundle their common stock into separately traded voting rights and monetary rights. Arguably, this new unbundled equity structure could profoundly change group dynamics of corporate governance, benefiting shareholder groups, customers, employees, and society at large.
Review of Mechanics of Shape Memory Alloy Structures

This article presents a review of constitutive theories, mechanics, and structural applications of shape memory alloys. Although these materials possess a number of unique features, this review is concerned with the shape memory effect and superelasticity, since they are most often discussed in the context of possible applications. The article begins with a discussion of these effects and a reference to a number of studies elucidating the properties of shape memory alloys. In the next section, a number of constitutive theories are listed and some recent theories are discussed in detail. The work related to numerous technological problems that arise in the process of manufacturing shape memory alloy structures is considered. Structural problems of shape memory structures, such as buckling, vibration, acoustic control, etc are discussed. The work related to development and design of shape memory sensors and actuators is also reviewed. Finally, some applications of shape memory alloy actuators, particularly those in the aerospace and medical fields, are considered. This review article contains 195 references.
Bias-dependent admittance in hybrid bilayer membranes.

Artificial bilayer membranes provide a platform for bioelectronic devices based on their structural, sensing, and transport functions. In this letter, we report on the impedance response of an engineered membrane with a lower leaflet of octadecanethiol on gold and an outer leaflet of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine with the monomeric channel protein gramicidin. This hybrid bilayer exhibits an electrical response analogous to a solid-state diode: the admittance is very low (<10-7 Ω-1 cm-2) over a wide potential range but increases exponentially at negative potentials.
The molecular conservation of ribonucleic acid during bacterial growth

The fate of 13 C and 15 N incorporated in ribosomal RNA of E. coli has been followed after the transfer of a uniformly labeled culture to a medium containing light isotopes alone. The distribution of heavy label among RNA molecules was determined by density-gradient centrifugation in cesium formate solution. Fully labeled molecules persisted for at least three generations while unlabeled molecules were being synthesized. No partially labeled RNA could be detected. It is concluded that no extensive exchange has taken place either with RNA precursors or with other macromolecular RNA, and that such exchange is not a characteristic feature of the synthesis or functioning of ribosomal RNA in rapidly growing E. coli .
Canacidae of Israel, with a review of the paiaearctic species of the genus Canace Haliday (Diptera)

Israel occupies a pivotal position in the Palaearctic Region from the standpoint of zoogeography, being strongly influenced by faunal elements from Asia and Africa. The Canacidae of Israel also reflect this phenomenon, although only two species are known to occur there: one species, C. salonitana Strobl, is typically Mediterranean, the other, Nocticanaci sinaiensis n.sp., represents the Indo-Pacific region. The genus Canace, s.str., is reviewed, with one new species, C. actites, from the Canary and Madeira Islands. All species considered are keyed and figured.
Distribution and toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides in urban and agricultural waterways from Illinois, USA.

A statewide investigation of insecticide presence and sediment toxicity was conducted in Illinois, USA, from June to August 2008. Twenty sediment samples were collected from urban areas throughout Illinois, and 49 sediment samples were collected from 14 agriculture-dominated counties in central and southern Illinois. Ten-day sediment toxicity tests were conducted using the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and 59% of the urban sites and 2% of the agricultural locations sampled caused significant mortality in the amphipods. The field sediments were analyzed for 29 pesticides, including 19 organochlorines, one organophosphate, and nine pyrethroids. The detection frequencies of organochlorines, chlorpyrifos, and pyrethroids were 95, 65, and 95%, respectively, for urban sites, and 45, 6.1, and 47%, respectively, for agricultural sites. Based on toxic unit analysis, bifenthrin was the main contributor to the detected mortality in urban sediments. The present study provides the first broad assessment of pesticide prevalence in both urban and agriculture areas in Illinois. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:149–157. © 2009 SETAC
On the origin of auxiliary do

Prevailing theories link the English periphrastic auxiliary verb do historically with Old and Middle English causative do. I argue that these and other accounts are inconsistent with modern dialect evidence and an analysis of the historical record suggested by that evidence. The primary source of periphrastic do was a habitual aspect marker which itself arose from the reinterpretation of bare object nominalizations as infinitive verbs.1
Preliminary evidence that adherence to counseling mediates the effects of pretreatment self-efficacy and motivation on outcome of a cessation attempt in smokers with ADHD.

BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated predictors of smoking cessation outcomes in smokers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which could help to improve suboptimal treatment outcomes in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine pretreatment thoughts about smoking abstinence (i.e., desire to quit, perceived difficulty quitting, and expected success in quitting) as predictors of smoking cessation outcomes in smokers with ADHD and to determine the extent to which treatment adherence mediates these relationships. METHODS Participants were adult smokers with ADHD (n = 255), who were enrolled in a multisite smoking cessation study and received either osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) or placebo in combination with transdermal nicotine replacement and brief cessation counseling. Bootstrapped logistic regression models were generated to test main effects of thoughts about abstinence on smoking cessation outcomes and to examine treatment adherence as a mediator of these relationships. RESULTS Desire to quit and expected success in quitting, but not perceived difficulty quitting, predicted smoking cessation outcomes, as did all of the treatment adherence variables (i.e., percent sessions attended, counselor ratings of counseling adherence, and percent patch adherence). Counseling adherence partially mediated the relationship between smoking cessation outcomes and both pretreatment desire to quit and expected success. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with ADHD who have higher self-efficacy (i.e., expected success) and motivation (i.e., desire) to quit are more adherent to smoking cessation counseling and have better smoking cessation outcomes. Additional research is needed to determine whether treatment-seeking smokers with ADHD would benefit from an intervention designed to increase self-efficacy and motivation to quit.
Synthesis of polyphosphate by rat liver mitochondria

Abstract The synthesis and hydrolysis of acid insoluble polyphosphates has been observed in many lower species and the enzymes involved have been partially purified by Kornberg and Hughes. Data also exists indicating that in bacteria under experimental conditions of biosynthetic blockade, e.g., nitrogen deficiency etc., polyphosphates accumulate within cells. Lehninger and others have noted that mammalian mitochondria swell in the presence of mitochondrial substrates and in the absence of ADP but shrink when ATP concentration is maintained at a high level. A reasonable explanation for these observations could be that excess substrate in the absence of adequate concentrations of nucleotide acceptor, activates the turnover of high energy phosphate into a “phosphagen” or polyphosphate pool at a very rapid rate, thus allowing ATP concentration to fall. The data in this report indicate that substrate does markedly stimulate phosphate uptake into a high molecular weight polyphosphate of rat liver mitochondria with a concomitant decrease in ATP concentration.
Ampicillin Failure in H. Influenzae Meningitis A Case Report with Added Commentaries

The authors describe a child whose H. influenzae menin gitis persisted despite relatively high-dose ampicillin ther apy. They raise the question whether longterm morbidity from H. influenzae meningitis may be greater with ampicil lin than with the older chloramphenicol-penicillin treatment. Two experts were asked to discuss this question in the light of this case report. Their comments follow the main paper.
Active Microwave Imaging using a Deformable Mirror

Microwave tomography, an active microwave imaging technique, involves reconstruction of the spatial distribution of dielectric property inside the object of interest using field measurements for different angles of incidence. In this paper, a novel microwave tomography system employing a continuously deformable mirror is discussed. Preliminary simulation results demonstrating the validity of the approach are presented
Sleep and Multisystem Biological Risk: A Population-Based Study

Background Short sleep and poor sleep quality are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and mortality. This study examines the contribution of sleep duration and sleep quality on a multisystem biological risk index that is known to be associated with morbidity and mortality.
MAVE: A Multi-agent Architecture for Virtual Environments

This paper describes a Multi-agent Architecture for Virtual Environments (MAVE). The foundation of this research is the development of a two-tier architecture. The first tier of the architecture is an object oriented physical representation of the virtual environment that is designed to mimic the logical decomposition. The second tier of the architecture is designed to support the need for persistence, real-time interface to external data sources, distribution, and collaboration. MAVE addresses the need for autonomous components that support re-use, access to component level services, and intelligent behaviors.
AN INTERVIEW WITH ROGER GUESNERIE

Roger Guesnerie is a prominent economic theorist. Among his many honors and distinctions, he is a Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Science and an Honorary Foreign Member of the American Economic Association; he has been a President of the European Economic Association and of the Econometric Society. Currently a Professor at the College de France, he has made fundamental contributions to second-best theory and public economics, information economics, and rational expectation theory.Guesnerie was one of the founding fathers of second-best theory. His contributions to public economics, addressing issues such as nonconvex economies and especially taxation in a second-best context, remain absolute references on these topics; more recently, he has provided an in-depth analysis of issues related to climate change and global warming from a public economics perspective. Regarding contract theory, his work with Jean Jacques Laffont has considerably extended our understanding of the properties of the basic models, as well as the set of tools that economists can use to address these problems. Finally, Guesnerie's work has been influential in the critical reassessment of rational expectation theory that took place over the last decades. On one hand, he has been a prominent figure in the development of so-called “sunspot” models, which reconcile the Keynesian notion of “animal spirits” with the formal requirements of rational expectations. On the other hand, he has provided path-breaking discussions of the theoretical relevance of rational expectation theory, based on a detailed assessment of the coordination between individual expectations that is implicit in the concept. In some classes of models, Guesnerie argues, rational expectation equilibria constitute a natural outcome, because coordination can be achieved either through “eductive” reasoning (for which common knowledge of individual rationality is sufficient) or as the product of simple evolutionary or learning dynamics (and in general in both ways). In other cases, however, such arguments do not appear to support the rational expectations solution, and its relevance is therefore much less obvious. On a more institutional side, Guesnerie has created the doctoral program “Analyse et Politique Economique” at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales; besides this program, in 1989, several related research centers in Paris merged into Delta, which Guesnerie chaired between 1992 and 2000, and then into the Paris School of Economics (PSE), at which Guesnerie is Chairman of the Board.This interview with Roger Guesnerie gives an opportunity to discuss further the current situation of economic theory and economics in general, as well as to compare the European and American traditions in economics.
Gassendi's Atomist Account of Generation and Heredity in Plants and Animals

In his accounts of plant and animal generation Pierre Gassendi offers a mechanist story of how organisms create offspring to whom they pass on their traits. Development of the new organism is direc...
Robust full-motion recovery of head by dynamic templates and re-registration techniques

This paper presents a method to recover the full-motion (3 rotations and 3 translations) of the head from an input video using a cylindrical head model. Given an initial reference template of the head image and the corresponding head pose, the head model is created and full head motion is recovered automatically. The robustness of the approach is achieved by a combination of three techniques. First, we use the iteratively re-weighted least squares (IRLS) technique in conjunction with the image gradient to accommodate non-rigid motion and occlusion. Second, while tracking, the templates are dynamically updated to diminish the effects of self-occlusion and gradual lighting changes and to maintain accurate tracking even when the face moves out of view of the camera. Third, to minimize error accumulation inherent in the use of dynamic templates, we re-register images to a reference template whenever head pose is close to that in the template. The performance of the method, which runs in real time, was evaluated in three separate experiments using image sequences (both synthetic and real) for which ground truth head motion was known. The real sequences included pitch and yaw as large as 40° and 75°, respectively. The average recovery accuracy of the 3D rotations was about 3°. In a further test, the method was used as part of a facial expression analysis system intended for use with spontaneous facial behavior in which moderate head motion is common. Image data consisted of 1-minute of video from each of 10 subjects while engaged in a 2-person interview. The method successfully stabilized face and eye images allowing for 98% accuracy in automatic blink recognition.
What Do I Need to Vote? Bureaucratic Discretion and Discrimination by Local Election Officials

Do street-level bureaucrats discriminate in the services they provide to constituents? We use a field experiment to measure differential information provision about voting by local election administrators in the United States. We contact over 7,000 election officials in 48 states who are responsible for providing information to voters and implementing voter ID laws. We find that officials provide different information to potential voters of different putative ethnicities. Emails sent from Latino aliases are significantly less likely to receive any response from local election officials than non-Latino white aliases and receive responses of lower quality. This raises concerns about the effect of voter ID laws on access to the franchise and about bias in the provision of services by local bureaucrats more generally.
Novel Antipsychotics and Patient Care in State Hospitals

OBJECTIVE:To review and highlight the opportunities and challenges of pharmacologic advances in the use of antipsychotics for the state hospital system.METHODS:A critical review was performed of studies published either as articles or abstracts, on the use of novel antipsychotics, particularly as they relate to the patient population within the state mental hospital system.FINDINGS:The recent availability of new antipsychotic medications within state facilities has resulted in more progressive treatment, reduced recidivism (and consequently cost savings), and preliminary evidence of preferential and superior treatment response in specific patient subgroups (e.g., those with aggression). At the same time, inpatient pharmacy budget increases and uncertainty in guiding the use of novel antipsychotics have influenced the availability of these agents in state hospitals.CONCLUSIONS:State hospital services have, by and large, embraced the developments in pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Optimal use of these new...
Relative Contributions of Genes, Environment, and Interactions to Blood Lipid Concentrations in a General Adult Population

The authors evaluated the contributions of nine genetic (G) variants (selected from 275 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 reverse cholesterol transport pathway genes), five environmental (E) factors (selected from 10), and G x G, E x E, and G x E interactions in explaining population variance of blood lipid concentrations. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and HDL cholesterol/LDL cholesterol ratio were calculated in a population-based random sample of 1,543 men and women in Geneva, Switzerland, aged 35-74 years in 1999-2001. Explained variances (R2) for HDL cholesterol/LDL cholesterol ratio, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, respectively, were 34%, 33%, and 19%, decomposed into main effects of G (6%, 4%, and 5%) and E (25%, 28%, and 11%), with just 3%, 2%, and 3% due to G x G, E x E, and G x E interactions, respectively. Risk factor clustering was only moderate: 70% of study subjects had < or =3 variants, 75% had < or =2 environmental exposures, and 69% had < or =5 of both types of factors. Multiple genes with weak associations, together with more dominating environmental factors, are involved in determining blood lipid concentrations. Interactions added little explained variance. Increasing trends in hypercholesterolemia are attributable to environmental changes affecting populations as a whole. Reducing obesity and smoking and moderating alcohol intake in entire populations should remain the primary strategies for lipid control.
Fast Pruning Using Principal Components

We present a new algorithm for eliminating excess parameters and improving network generalization after supervised training. The method, "Principal Components Pruning (PCP)", is based on principal component analysis of the node activations of successive layers of the network. It is simple, cheap to implement, and effective. It requires no network retraining, and does not involve calculating the full Hessian of the cost function. Only the weight and the node activity correlation matrices for each layer of nodes are required. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method on a regression problem using polynomial basis functions, and on an economic time series prediction problem using a two-layer, feedforward network.
Recapturing The Falklands: Models of Conservative Popularity, 1979–83

Recently, Sanders et al. have made the intriguing and counter-intuitive argument that the impact of the Falklands war on Conservative popularity was inconsequential. Their analyses raise important theoretical and methodological issues concerning the time-series analysis of party support. This present article contends that the stepwise regression procedures employed by Sanders et al. are misleading, particularly when predictor variables are highly intercorrelated. Box-Jenkins analyses demonstrate that the Falklands strongly influenced Conservative support, net of the effects of macroeconomic conditions and personal economic expectations. The significance of the latter variable in the models confirms Sanders et al.'s argument about the role of subjective economic variables in party popularity functions. Non-economic variables are also relevant, however, and popularity functions that model them correctly will enhance our understanding of both the economics and the politics of party support.
Long-distance dispersal by a subadult male cougar from the black hills, south Dakota

Dispersal is the movement of an animal from its natal range upon reaching age of independence (Bekoff 1989). While subadult (i.e., prepubescent individual independent of its mother's care; Logan and Sweanor 2001) female cougars (Puma concolor) tend to be philopatric, subadult male cougars generally disperse greater distances (Anderson et al. 1992, Sweanor et al. 2000). This phenomenon occurs in cougars at 10-33 months of age (Hemker et al. 1984, Maehr 1990, Ross and Jalkotzky 1992, Beier and Barrett 1993, Sweanor et al. 2000) and has been suggested to take place due to competition for resources and avoidance of inbreeding (Logan and Sweanor 2001). Dispersal movements have been documented in most
Assessment of serum free light chain assays for plasma cell disorder screening in a Veterans Affairs population.

This study evaluated serum κ and l free light chain (FLC) concentrations in a Veterans Affairs (VA) population. We hypothesized that our older, mostly male, population should not differ in serum FLC ranges from levels previously established for younger male and female populations and that the assay would improve our screening protocol for plasma cell dyscrasias (PCD). Serum κ and l FLC were assayed in 312 consecutive serum samples collected during a 16-week period from veterans whose clinical presentation indicated a need for serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) analysis. We reviewed our laboratory information system (LIS) files to evaluate the patients' diagnoses and treatment status in conjunction with serum FLC levels. All assays and validation studies were conducted using an immunoturbidimetric method with a Roche/Hitachi 911 modular analytical system. The intra-assay variability (CV) was <5%, based on 13 replicate assays of 4 control samples and 1 blank sample. Of the 312 patients, the SPEP results were normal in 235 and abnormal in 77. Of the 235 patients with normal SPEP results, 37 had abnormal FLC values and 20 of these were diagnosed as PCD. Of the 77 patients with abnormal SPEP results, only 9 had diagnoses unrelated to PCD. Using the FLC assay in conjunction with retrospective reviews of medical records, we obtained an 86% detection rate of PCD. This detection rate increased to 100% when both SPEP and FLC results were considered. In conclusion, this study documents an important role for serum FLC assays in diagnosing and monitoring PCD in a VA population. Our results support previously established serum FLC reference ranges that were obtained in younger, male and female populations. Using the serum FLC results in conjunction with SPEP results improves the sensitivity and specificity for managing VA patients whose clinical presentation indicates the need to evaluate PCD.
Erythropoietin metabolism and pharmacokinetics in experimental nephrosis

We studied erythropoietin (EPO) metabolism, regulation, and pharmacokinetics in rats with nephrotic syndrome. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into nephrotic (puromycin-induced) and pair-fed control groups. Animals were studied at baseline and after induction of anemia or exposure to hypobaric conditions (32 cmHg). The nephrotic group showed a reduced hematocrit (P < 0.05), a significant urinary EPO excretion, and an inappropriately low plasma EPO. Induction of anemia and exposure to hypoxia resulted in a less pronounced elevation of plasma EPO in the nephrotic group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The blunted plasma EPO response to hypoxia in nephrotic animals was associated with a marked rise in urinary EPO excretion. Pharmacokinetic studies following intravenous injection of recombinant EPO, 100 U/kg, revealed a shorter plasma half-life (t1/2) (P < 0.05), larger apparent volume of distribution (P < 0.05), and greater clearance (P < 0.02) in the nephrotic group than in the controls. Estimated endogenous EPO production rate in nephrotic rats with severe anemia was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of equally anemic controls. Thus puromycin-induced nephrotic syndrome is associated with marked urinary loss of EPO, relatively depressed plasma EPO response to anemia and hypoxia, as well as reduced plasma t1/2, increased volume of distribution, and clearance of exogenous EPO.
One’s Company; Two’s a Crowd Skills in Living Alone Groups

Singleness and living alone are rapidly growing phenomena in our society (Stein, 1976). This is reflective of changes in life-style and values taking place on a societal level in the United States. Our society is beginning to experience some dramatic structural changes in the nature of people’s social relationships and living arrangements that entail more and more people living outside the traditional context of marriage and romantic love; 1 of every 5 American households consists of just one person (Going it Alone,September 4, 1978, p. 76). (This figure does not include the sizeable number of single-parent households.) This may represent a type of sociological evolution in the latter part of the twentieth century, when for a variety of social, cultural, and economic reasons, for a growing minority of the population, the individual constitutes the social unit, rather than the family or the couple.
High Speed, High Price, High Demand: Business Internet Resources and Databases in American Academic Libraries [presentation]

Business school students and faculty increasingly expect the most current and accurate information to be available from their desktop (or wireless laptop). Often the demand is for information on the latest developments from the financial press, such as the collapse of another technology company, or for extensive statistics on international financial markets. The challenge for libraries and librarians is to keep up with this demand while keeping costs under control, maintaining a coherent organization of the increasingly virtual collection, and preserving access to important resources that are not yet webbased. The paper discusses the ongoing evolution of information resources for business from the perspective of academic libraries in the United States supporting graduate business programs. In all areas of business information, electronic resources are increasingly supplanting traditional print resources. Converting existing print resources to electronic form is reviewed, including cost and licensing issues. The proliferation of free
Courts Uniformly Support Climate Science and Scientists

Viewers of certain television networks, readers of certain newspapers, and anyone visiting Capitol Hill would come away with the impression that there are serious questions about whether climate change is occurring and, if it is, whether it is mostly caused by human activity. One place where there are few such questions is the courts. In fact it appears that (with one lone exception in a dissent) not a single U.S. judge has expressed any skepticism, in a written opinion or dissent, about the science underlying the concern over climate change. To the contrary, the courts have uniformly upheld this science, and in one notable recent opinion a judge has gone so far as to suggest that those who accused a leading climate scientist of fraud may have acted with actual malice by making claims that are "provably false," potentially subjecting them to damages in libel. This column begins by discussing the several litigations involving one embattled climate scientist, and then describes how other courts have dealt with issues of climate science.
PRIMUS: improving pedigree reconstruction using mitochondrial and Y haplotypes

UNLABELLED PRIMUS is a pedigree reconstruction algorithm that uses estimates of genome-wide identity by descent to reconstruct pedigrees consistent with observed genetic data. However, when genetic data for individuals within a pedigree are missing, often multiple pedigrees can be reconstructed that fit the data. We report a major expansion of PRIMUS that uses mitochondrial (mtDNA) and non-recombining Y chromosome (NRY) haplotypes to eliminate many pedigree structures that are inconsistent with the genetic data. We demonstrate that discordances in mtDNA and NRY haplotypes substantially reduce the number of potential pedigrees, and often lead to the identification of the correct pedigree. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION We have implemented PRIMUS updates in PERL and it is available at primus.gs.washington.edu.
Wind-wave prediction equations for probabilistic offshore hurricane hazard analysis

The evaluation of natural catastrophe risk to structures often includes consideration of uncertainty in predictions of some measure of the intensity of the hazard caused by the catastrophe. For example, in the well-established method of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, uncertainty in the intensity measure for the ground motion is considered through so-called ground motion prediction equations, which predict ground motion intensity and uncertainty as a function of earthquake characteristics. An analogous method for evaluating hurricane risk to offshore structures, referred to herein as probabilistic offshore hurricane hazard analysis, has not been studied extensively, and analogous equations do not exist to predict offshore hurricane wind and wave intensity and uncertainty as a function of hurricane characteristics. Such equations, termed here as wind and wave prediction equations (WWPEs), are developed in this paper by comparing wind and wave estimates from parametric models with corresponding measurements during historical hurricanes from 22 offshore buoys maintained as part of the National Data Buoy Center and located near the US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. The considered buoys include observations from 27 historical hurricanes spanning from 1999 to 2012. The 27 hurricanes are characterized by their eye position, translation speed, central pressure, radius to maximum winds, maximum wind speed, Holland B parameter and direction. Most of these parameters are provided for historical hurricanes by the National Hurricane Center’s H*Wind program. The exception is the Holland B parameter, which is calculated using a best-fit procedure based on H*Wind’s surface wind reanalyses. The formulation of the WWPEs is based on two parametric models: the Holland model to estimate hurricane winds and Young’s model to estimate hurricane-induced waves. Model predictions are made for the 27 considered historical hurricanes, and bias and uncertainty of these predictions are characterized by comparing predictions with measurements from buoys. The significance of including uncertainty in the WWPEs is evaluated by applying the WWPEs to a 100,000-year stochastic catalog of synthetic hurricanes at three locations near the US Atlantic coast. The limitations of this approach and remaining work are also discussed.
Xenon/CT cerebral blood flow studies during continuous depth electrode monitoring in epilepsy patients.

PURPOSE To observe and describe cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations immediately following depth electrode stimulation of the temporal lobe in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five patients with partial epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation were chosen for xenon/CT cerebral blood flow (Xe/CT CBF) measurement immediately following electrically stimulated seizures via stereotactically placed temporal lobe depth electrodes. Each patient had a baseline Xe/CT CBF study. Four of the five patients had a total of seven temporal lobe stimulations each followed by a Xe/CT CBF study. The other patient had right temporal lobe electrical status epilepticus and was scanned without stimulation or electroencephalogram monitoring. RESULTS Of the four baseline or interictal scans, no areas of abnormally low flow were detected, but one baseline scan had elevated flows of 115 mL.100 g-1.min-1 in the left temporal lobe. One stimulation elicited 8 seconds of afterdischarge potentials, but no alteration of CBF was detected. One stimulation elicited an aura but no electrographic seizure was detected. This resulted, however, in bitemporal lobe elevation of CBF. The other five temporal lobe stimulations resulted in 17-63 seconds of afterdischarge potentials and all resulted in elevation of CBF to 69-118 mL.100 g-1.min-1. One of these five stimulations resulted in seizure and localized elevation of CBF. Following seizure activity, elevated CBF began to return to baseline levels by 20 minutes. CONCLUSION This study reveals a direct spatial and temporal relationship of elevated CBF with seizures. This study provides the most direct data to date in human subjects that focal seizure activity elevates CBF. Since seizures are known to increase metabolic activity in the activated tissue, this data also supports the assumption of coupling between CBF and metabolism during the pathologic process of a seizure.
Isolation of Mycoplasmas from Porcine Rectal Swabs

SUMMARY Three strains of an apparently new species of mycloplasma have been isolated from rectal swabs taken from pork weight pigs.
Toward Validation of the Genius Discipline-Specific Literacy Model.

This paper provides an analysis of the rationale and theoretical underpinnings of the Genius Discipline-specific Literacy Model and its use of SMARTvisuals, interactive visual devices that employ e...
Initial Development and Cross-Validation of the Adolescent Grief Response Inventory:

The current research project sought to develop and validate an instrument to assess the multidimensional aspects of grief in response to the death of a loved one as it pertains to adolescents. A resulting 34-item scale with five factors emerged from an initial validation, with a subsequent cross-validation confirming the reliability and validity estimates. Preliminary results suggest the instrument may be useful in clinical settings and to practitioners in grief support and related areas. Implications for practice and assessment as well as limitations are presented.
Adapting to Flexibility: Model Reference Adaptive Control of Soft Bending Actuators

Soft pneumatic actuators enable robots to interact safely with complex environments, but often suffer from imprecise control and unpredictable dynamics. This letter addresses these challenges through the use of model reference adaptive control, which modulates the input to the plant to ensure that it behaves similarly to a reference dynamic model. We use adaptive control to standardize the performance of soft actuators and eliminate their nonlinear behavior. We implement an adaptive controller chosen for its simplicity and efficiency, and study the ability of this controller to force different soft pneumatic actuators to behave uniformly under a variety of conditions. Next, we formulate an inverse dynamic feedforward controller, allowing soft actuators to quickly follow reference trajectories. We test the performance of the proposed feedforward controller with and without the adaptive controller, to study its open-loop effectiveness and highlight the improvements the adaptive controller offers. Our experimental results indicate that soft actuators can follow unstructured continuous signals through the use of the proposed adaptive control approach.
Adjustment Strategies in the Family Business: Implications of Gender and Management Role

Four gender/role categories are compared to ascertain the influence that gender and management roles and related characteristics have on adjustment strategies selected during hectic times in the family or the family business. The five adjustment strategies involve reallocation of family or business tasks, intertwining tasks, using volunteer help and hiring outside help. Data are from the 1997 National Family Business Study (n = 673). Findings from multiple regression analysis indicate that, with the exception of intertwining tasks, there are not significant differences between men and women on adjustment strategies when controlling for family and business demands and human resources. Single-role managers are more likely to reallocate family resources to the business than are two-role managers, regardless of gender.
Working around the ERM: Automating Accurate Electronic Serials Holdings Data in Bibliographic Records

ABSTRACTAccurate holdings information for electronic serials is essential to librarians and users. Collection management staff spent copious amounts of time creating and updating links and public notes in electronic serials bibliographic records. This effort not only duplicated the work of our e-resource access and management software, but the updated information also quickly became outdated and inaccurate. This article describes our project to replace platform-specific Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) with an International Standard Serial Number–specific, static URL that points to the e-resource access and management software resource page and details the. process, from generating the URL and batch-editing machine-readable cataloging records, to garnering support from stakeholders and teaching users to navigate new steps.
How Much Time to Allocate to Each Topic

Since we cannot spend as much time as we would like to on teaching all the topics, it is necessary to optimally distribute the limited amount of time between different topics. In this chapter, we explain how general techniques of optimization under uncertainty can be used in education.
The Effect of State Parks on the County Economies of the West

The local economic impact of State Parks is analyzed using a cross-section sample of 250 non-metropolitan counties from the eight-State intermountain west. The analysis consists of the estimation o...
Surgical evaluation of lymph nodes in esophageal adenocarcinoma: Standardized approach or personalized medicine?

Abstract The extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma remains controversial. Outstanding issues include the appropriate technical approach such as transthoracic versus transhiatal, or open versus minimally invasive, both of which have implications on overall lymph node harvest numbers and morbidity. Recent data on the relationship of total number of lymph nodes harvested and oncologic survival have been conflicting, due in part to a likely differential impact of lymphadenectomy on survival based on tumor stage and response to neoadjuvant therapy. While standardizing the extent of lymphadenectomy may be desirable, a more useful approach might be to tailor lymphadenectomy considering the multidimensional impact of surgical technique and multimodal treatment strategy.
rac-N-Benzyl-isatincreatinine (unknown solvate).

The title compound, C19H18N4O3 [systematic name: (RS)-1-benzyl-3-hy­droxy-3-(2-imino-3-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one], was prepared as a racemate (RR and SS) by the aldol condensation of N-benzyl­isatin with creatinine in the presence of sodium acetate in acetic acid. The r.m.s. deviation of the isatin ring system is 0.033 A. The benzyl group is disordered over two orientations, with refined occupancies of 0.847 (7) and 0.153 (7). The dihedral angles between the isatin ring system and the benzene ring (major disorder component) and the imidazole ring are 82.82 (7) and 51.31 (3)°, respectively, In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into (001) sheets by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which incorporate R22(9) ring motifs. The crystal was grown from mixed solvents (ethanol, methanol and possibly also ethyl acetate). These solvents are disordered in the crystal and the resulting electron density was found to be uninter­pretable. The solvent contribution to the scattering was removed with the SQUEEZE routine in PLATON [Spek (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155]. The formula mass and density do not take account of the solvent.
Supporting the Effective Implementation of a New Mathematics Curriculum: A Case Study of School-Based Lesson Study at a Japanese Public Elementary School

The Japanese national standards, known as the Course of Study (COS), is revised about every 10 years. After a revised COS is released, Japanese elementary schools usually use lesson study with the entire faculty to seek an effective implementation of the new COS. This chapter, based on a case study, documents how Japanese teachers and administrators in a public school work collaboratively to implement the new curriculum through lesson study, and identifies elements that seem important for connecting the curriculum, teachers, and teaching. The results of the study suggest that Japanese educators’ use of school-based lesson study is an effective way to implement a new curriculum. Unlike many lesson study projects outside Japan, which are often conducted by a few volunteers within a school and supported externally, school-based lesson study in Japan is a highly structured, collaborative effort of school administrators, teacher leaders, and all the teachers at the school, with additional support from the local district.
One-Sided Maximal Functions and H p

D. L. Burkholder. One-sided maximal functions and H p . J. Functional Analysis, 18:429–454, 1975. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier Inc. An electronic version is available at doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(75)90013-0
A transgenic pig model expressing a ZsGreen1 reporter across an extensive array of tissues

Background: The advent of genetically engineered pig production has revealed a wide array of opportunities to enhance both biomedical and agricultural industries. One powerful method to develop these models is transgenesis; however, selection of a suitable promoter to drive transgene expression is critical. The cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is the most commonly used viral promoter as it robustly drives transgene expression in a ubiquitous nature. However, recent reports suggest that the level of CMV promoter activity is tissue-dependent in the pig. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the activity of the CMV promoter in a wide range of porcine tissues. Swine harboring a CMV-ZsGreen1 transgene with a single integration site were utilized for this study. Thirty five tissue samples were collected from neonatal hemizygous (n = 3) and homozygous (n = 3) transgenic piglets and analyzed for ZsGreen1 abundance via immunoblot. Results: ZsGreen1 was detected in all tissues examined; however, quantification revealed that ZsGreen1 protein levels were tissue-specific. Within organs of the digestive system, for example, ZsGreen1 was most abundant in the salivary gland, moderately produced in the esophagus and levels were lowest in the stomach. Interestingly, abundance of ZsGreen1 also differed within organ. For instance, levels were highest in the right ventricle compared with other chambers of the heart. There was no effect of transgene dose as ZsGreen1 expression patterns were similar between homozygous and hemizygous piglets. Conclusions: Ultimately, these results elucidate the tissue-specific activity of the CMV promoter in the neonatal pig. Moreover, this model can serve as a useful tool for research applications requiring reporter gene activity in mammalian organs.
Methodology to Estimate Attack Graph System State from a Simulation of a Nuclear Research Reactor

Hybrid attack graphs are a powerful tool when analyzing the cybersecurity of a cyber-physical system. However, it is important to ensure that this tool correctly models reality, particularly when modelling safety-critical applications, such as a nuclear reactor. By automatically verifying that a simulation reaches the state predicted by an attack graph by analyzing the final state of the simulation, this verification procedure can be accomplished. As such, a mechanism to estimate if a simulation reaches the expected state in a hybrid attack graph is proposed here for the nuclear reactor domain.
Development of Femtosecond Laser Based Microscale Fracture Methods

Growing interest in characterizing the fracture response in non-bulk systems, such as second phase precipitates or microscale structural materials, necessitates the development of accurate fracture methodologies at relevant length scales. Here, femtosecond laser based micromachining is employed to fabricate microscale fracture specimens. Femtosecond laser machining enables rapid production of fractures specimens with sharp initial notches. Fracture tests are subsequently performed in a custom micromechanical testing apparatus. Initially, the femtosecond laser based fracture methodology is applied to fused quartz to validate the accuracy of the measurements. Further measurements are made on polycrystalline silicon carbide to demonstrate the broader applicability to higher fracture toughness materials.
Childhood Adversity and Associated Psychosocial Function in Adolescents with Complex Trauma

Childhood adversity is linked to a number of adult health and psychosocial outcomes; however, it is not clear how to best assess and model childhood adversity reported by adolescents with known maltreatment exposure. This study sought to identify an empirically-supported measurement model of childhood adversity for adolescents in child protective custody and associations among childhood adversity and adolescent outcomes. Self-report survey data assessed childhood adversity and adolescent outcomes, including psychological wellbeing, quality of life, and substance use, in 151 adolescents ages 16–22 in protective custody with a documented maltreatment history. Findings suggest that, among youth with complex trauma histories, it is important to distinguish among risk related to unexpected tragedy (e.g., natural disaster, parental divorce), family instability (e.g., parental substance abuse or mental health concerns), and family violence (e.g., physical or sexual abuse). Family violence was associated with poorer psychological wellbeing and quality of life, while family instability was associated with cigarette and marijuana use. Among adolescents with complex trauma histories, childhood adversity assessments reflect multiple domains of adversity, each of which are differentially related to adolescent risks. Properly assessing childhood adversity in adolescents with complex trauma histories may help target interventions for specific risks (e.g., substance use) based on which types of childhood adversity youth have been exposed to.