cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge Equilibrium Ratios for Hydrogen Ions from Solids

Experimental values for the ratios of the positive, natural, and negative components have been obtained for proton beams in the energy region 3-200 kev emerging from Al, Be, Ca, Ag, Au, and SiO foils. Clean surfaces were obtained by evaporating fresh material onto the foil during a run. As expected, the equilibrium charge ratio appears to be determined by the last few (\ensuremath{\sim}5) atoms on the exit side of the foil. At 37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kev, the positive and neutral components are equal for all materials tested, except Ca (18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 kev). Significant differences have been found in the charged components from these metals. The observed ratios of the components for different metals parallel their work functions at proton energies g100 kev.
The Temporal Dynamics of Processes Underlying Y Chromosome Degeneration

Y chromosomes originate from ordinary autosomes and degenerate by accumulating deleterious mutations. This accumulation results from a lack of recombination on the Y and is driven by interference among deleterious mutations (Muller's ratchet and background selection) and the fixation of beneficial alleles (genetic hitchhiking). Here I show that the relative importance of these processes is expected to vary over the course of Y chromosome evolution due to changes in the number of active genes. The dominant mode of degeneration on a newly formed gene-rich Y chromosome is expected to be Muller's ratchet and/or background selection due to the large numbers of deleterious mutations arising in active genes. However, the relative importance of these modes of degeneration declines rapidly as active genes are lost. In contrast, the rate of degeneration due to hitchhiking is predicted to be highest on Y chromosomes containing an intermediate number of active genes. The temporal dynamics of these processes imply that a gradual restriction of recombination, as inferred in mammals, will increase the importance of genetic hitchhiking relative to Muller's ratchet and background selection.
SU‐DD‐A2‐01: Activation of Metallic Prostheses in Patients Undergoing Fast Neutron Therapy

Purpose: To quantify the induced activity and estimate the tissuedose from metallic prostheses in patients undergoing fast neutron therapy. Method and Materials: Three metal samples were tested, each having the dimensions of 5 × 5 × 0.5 cm3. The metals were composed of alloys that have been used in prosthetic hip implants: cobalt‐chromium, titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium, and stainless steel. The samples were irradiated with fast neutrons produced by d(48.5) + Be reaction in a superconducting medical cyclotron. The samples were placed in a tissue‐equivalent phantom and irradiated in a 10 × 10 cm2 field to a total dose of 9 Gy in 9 × 1 Gy daily fractions. Following each fraction, the sample was measured using a high‐purity germanium gamma‐ray detector. Spectra were taken at the following intervals: 1 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and approximately 24 hours after irradiation. Results: Activity 1 minute after irradiation averaged 5.4 mCi for CoCr, 4.9 mCi for Steel, and 9.3 mCi for TiVAl. Although the TiVAl sample had the highest initial activity, within 3 hours it had decayed the most. TiVAl also had the lowest activity 14 days after the last fraction. For a given dose, activities varied only slightly from day to day. An increase in dose delivered yielded an increase in induced activity. Conclusion: It appears that the TiVAl alloy would be the safest prosthetic material for patients undergoing fast neutron therapy, because of its fast decay rate. The presence of Co‐60 in the CoCr sample is undesirable because of its long half life. Exposure to surrounding tissue as a result of the activation was negligible compared to the levels of radiation caused by neutrons. The level of activation should be considered only if the device is to be removed from the patient after neutron therapy.
Exercise-related knee joint laxity

Knee injuries are the topic of increasingly sophisticated research because of the importance in professional athletics as well as increasing participation in recreational sports. The role of conditioning and fatigue in these injuries remains controversial. Ligaments have high collagen content, and a viscoelastic response to stress would be expected. Because of the postulated relationship between laxity and knee ligament injuries, an experiment was designed using highly motivated athletes to test the hypothesis that exercise to the point of muscular fatigue may cause laxity of the knee and thereby place athletes at risk for ligamentous injury to the knee when fatigued. An exercise protocol was designed to produce muscle fatigue in the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups. Knee ligament laxity was tested prior to and subsequent to the exercise protocol. To document muscle fatigue, isokinetic testing of right knee flexion and extension power was used several times during the exercise protocol. A knee arthrometer (KT-1000) was used to quantitatively document ligamentous laxity before and after exercise. The results indicated a significant lengthening in knee joint laxity between preexercise and postexercise in the left knee as measured at 15 and 20 pounds of passive displacement force (P less than 0.05). Maximum manual displacement also demonstrated a significant increase in joint laxity (P = 0.02). The right knee, which had undergone isokinetic testing, demonstrated a similar tendency but without a statistically significant difference before and after exercise. There was no significant preexercise side to side difference, but postexercise measurements demonstrated a left-right difference at 15 pounds, 20 pounds, and maximum manual displacement of statistical significance (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The complexity of social networks: theoretical and empirical findings☆

Abstract A great deal of work in recent years has been devoted to the topic of “complexity”, its measurement, and its implications. Here, the notion of algorithmic complexity is applied to the analysis of social networks. Structural features of theoretical importance — such as structural equivalence classes — are shown to be strongly related to the algorithmic complexity of graphs, and these results are explored using analytical and simulation methods. Analysis of the complexity of a variety of empirically derived networks suggests that many social networks are nearly as complex as their source entropy, and thus that their structure is roughly in line with the conditional uniform graph distribution hypothesis. Implications of these findings for network theory and methodology are also discussed.
ATP protects against FITC labeling of Solanum lycopersicon and Arabidopsis thaliana Ca2+-ATPase ATP binding domains

Ca2+-ATPases are integral membrane proteins that actively transport Ca2+ against substantial concentration gradients in eukaryotic cells. This active transport is energized by coupling ion translocation with ATP hydrolysis. In order to better understand this coupling mechanism, we studied the nucleotide specificities of isolated ATP binding domains (ABDs) of Solanum lycopersicon Ca2+-ATPase (LCA), a type IIA non-calmodulin regulated P-type pump found in tomato plants that is very similar to mammalian sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), and Arabidopsis Ca2+-ATPase, isoform 2 (ACA2), a type IIB calmodulin regulated P-type ATPase found in the endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis cells. We used nucleotide protection against FITC labeling as a measure of binding since both LCA and ACA contained the KGAP(S,V,F)E motif, which has been shown to be modified by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in P-type pumps from animal cells. We demonstrated that the heterologously expressed GST-tagged ABDs from both LCA and ACA2 were modified by FITC and that ATP protects against this modification. Moreover, GTP was able to reduce, but not eliminate, the level of FITC labeling in both ABD constructs, suggesting that these plant pumps may also bind GTP with low affinity, which is in contrast to mammalian SERCA and PMCA type pumps which do not bind GTP.
A Robust Journey in the New Millennium

(2000). A Robust Journey in the New Millennium. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 95, No. 452, pp. 1331-1335.
The Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome: A Pedigree with Primary Malignant Melanomas of the Choroid and Skin

Intraocular and cutaneous melanomas developed in a family with features of the dysplastic nevus syndrome. (The proband had a choroidal melanoma, his son had a cutaneous melanoma, and his grandchildren have mildly atypical melanocytic lesions clinically.) The syndrome is characterized by clinically and histologically atypical nevi, which may serve as cutaneous markers to identify persons at high risk for melanomas, both of the skin and the eye. Although it has been proposed recently that the association of intraocular melanoma with cutaneous melanoma and the dysplastic nevus syndrome may be coincidental, statistical analysis suggests that the occurrence of the two forms of melanoma in the same patient and in different members of the same family is not explained by chance alone. Therefore, until the relationship between intraocular and cutaneous melanomas is more fully elucidated, recognition of the dysplastic nevus syndrome is important, and the skin of patients suspected of having intraocular melanomas should be examined routinely for evidence of atypical melanocytic lesions.
Weighted search in the plane

Abstract We present a simple two-dimensional weighted version of Megiddo's multidimensional search technique. This speeds up algorithms for certain convex optimization problems in the plane.
Treatment of Hypertension in Older Persons: What Is the Evidence?

Evidence for treatment of hypertension in older people is limited to placebo-controlled studies that reduced blood pressure in persons over 60 years who had systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg. Generally, physicians measure blood pressure poorly, failing to look for white coat or masked hypertension, orthostasis, postprandial hypotension, or pseudohypertension. There is evidence that if 24-hour ambulatory blood pressures were obtained, the treatment goal should be substantially lower. Sleep apnea, pain, nocturnal hypoglycemia, drugs, excess aldosterone production, and pheochromocytoma should all be considered as causes of hypertension in older persons. Evidence supports a low-dose diuretic or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor as appropriate first-line therapies in older persons.
Understanding the effects of wrong-path memory references on processor performance

High-performance out-of-order processors spend a significant portion of their execution time on the incorrect program path even though they employ aggressive branch prediction algorithms. Although memory references generated on the wrong path do not change the architectural state of the processor, they can affect the arrangement of data in the memory hierarchy. This paper examines the effects of wrong-path memory references on processor performance. It is shown that these references significantly affect the IPC (Instructions Per Cycle) performance of a processor. Not modeling them can lead to errors of up to 10% in IPC estimates for the SPEC2000 integer benchmarks; 7 out of 12 benchmarks experience an error of greater than 2% in IPC estimates. In general, the error in the IPC increases with increasing memory latency and instruction window size.We find that wrong-path references are usually beneficial for performance, because they prefetch data that will be used by later correct-path references. L2 cache pollution is found to be the most significant negative effect of wrong-path references. Code examples are shown to provide insights into how wrong-path references affect performance.
Microstructure–Thermal Conductivity Relationships for Plasma‐Sprayed Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Coatings

The microstructures of plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings are complex, contributing to challenges in establishing microstructure-thermal conductivity relationships. Furthermore, the dynamic evolution of microstructure and properties during service offers a significant challenge in defining design strategies and extended coating performance. In this paper, the relationship between microstructure and thermal conductivity is investigated for three sets of plasma-sprayed YSZ coating systems prepared using different morphology powders, different particle size distributions, and controlled modification of particle states through plasma torch parameters. Both ambient and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity were conducted in the as-sprayed and thermally aged states. The results suggest that a range of thermal conductivities can be achieved from the coatings, offering potential for microstructural tailoring for desired performance. The results also demonstrate that different as-deposited microstructures display varying propensity for sintering and these attributes need to be considered in the design and manufacturing cycle. This expansive study of a range of coatings has also allowed synthesis of the results through thermal conductivity-porosity maps and has allowed elucidation of the contributing microstructural components for both the ambient and high-temperature thermal conductivity. Considering that the operating thermal transport mechanisms are different at these two temperature extremes, such mapping strategies are of value to both science and technology.
"Man's best friend": a new model system for cancer therapeutics?

The use of chemotherapeutic agents has not led to high cure rates in the treatment of most solid tumors, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer being good examples. One major obstacle is the inability to deliver adequate levels of drug to the tumor without giving rise to serious toxic side effects in other organs. Conditionally replicating viruses are therapeutic agents that replicate specifically within the target tumor. Two main strategies are being followed to achieve tumor specific replication of adenoviral gene therapy vectors. The first relies on the use of tumor-specific promoter elements that can be inserted into the virus to limit the expression of viral genes controlling replication to tumor cells. The second strategy limits viral replication to dividing cells, by mutation or deletion of viral genes that encode proteins that interact with cell-cycle regulating proteins. Examples include deletion of the E1b-55kD gene that normally binds to p53, and modification of the E1a gene that interacts with Rb (see1 for review).
Inhibition of uterine contraction by synthetic parathyroid hormone fragment.

Abstract The inhibitory effect of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone fragment [bPTH-(1-34)] on rat uterine contraction was studied in vitro . Oxytocin, prostaglandin F 2α and acetylcholine produced log dose-related contraction. The addition of bPTH-(1-34) shifted the dose-response curves of the three agonists to the right. Two doses of bPtH-(1-34) were tested. The higher dose (400 ng/ml) caused a greater inhibition of the agonists than did the lower dose (40 ng/ml). bPTH-(1-34) also inhibited the uterine contraction elicited by electrical stimulation of the tissue. We suggest that bPTH-(1-34) has a non-specific depressing effect on the contractile mechanism of the uterine tissue.
The Role of the Business Educator in a Writing-Across-the-Curriculum Program

Abstract In this article, we describe in detail an effective writing-across-the-curriculum program for improving students' writing and/or speaking skills. Such a program (a) enables faculty of noncommunication disciplines to build on the writing skills taught in the communications course, (b) provides students with the opportunity to strengthen and reinforce communication skills, and (c) encourages consistency in communication training and assessment. Through a collaborative effort, business communication faculty can facilitate training sessions with all business faculty to identify material already covered in communications courses, develop consistent grading standards, and determine expectations for writing assignments. A checklist for incorporating writing assignments is provided as a detailed guide for business faculty.
Lifestyles and new media: adoption and use of wireless communication technologies in China

This study examines the relationships between the lifestyles of urban Chinese consumers and the adoption and use of pagers and mobile phones. Based on a probability sample of 7094 respondents from China’s seven most prosperous cities, results show that the respondents identified as yuppies tended to integrate pagers and mobile phones into their conspicuous, westernized and socially active lifestyle. Adopting a pager and mobile phone is found to be a means to achieve social differentiation and identity among this lifestyle segment. The study demonstrates the utility of segmentation analysis in delineating complex relationships among demographics, lifestyles and adoption and use of new media.
Metagenomics for studying unculturable microorganisms: cutting the Gordian knot

More than 99% of prokaryotes in the environment cannot be cultured in the laboratory, a phenomenon that limits our understanding of microbial physiology, genetics, and community ecology. One way around this problem is metagenomics, the culture-independent cloning and analysis of microbial DNA extracted directly from an environmental sample. Recent advances in shotgun sequencing and computational methods for genome assembly have advanced the field of metagenomics to provide glimpses into the life of uncultured microorganisms.
Genetic interactions between TFIIS and the Swi-Snf chromatin-remodeling complex.

The eukaryotic transcript elongation factor TFIIS enables RNA polymerase II to read through blocks to elongation in vitro and interacts genetically with a variety of components of the transcription machinery in vivo. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the gene encoding TFIIS (PPR2) is not essential, and disruption strains exhibit only mild phenotypes and an increased sensitivity to 6-azauracil. The nonessential nature of TFIIS encouraged the use of a synthetic lethal screen to elucidate the in vivo roles of TFIIS as well as provide more information on other factors involved in the regulation of transcript elongation. Several genes were identified that are necessary for either cell survival or robust growth when the gene encoding TFIIS has been disrupted. These include UBP3, KEX2, STT4, and SWI2/SNF2. SWI1 and SNF5 disruptions were also synthetically lethal with ppr2Δ, suggesting that the reduced ability to remodel chromatin confers the synthetic phenotype. The synthetic phenotypes show marked osmosensitivity and cytoskeletal defects, including a terminal hyperelongated bud phenotype with the Swi-Snf complex. These results suggest that genes important in osmoregulation, cell membrane synthesis and integrity, and cell division may require the Swi-Snf complex and TFIIS for efficient transcription. The detection of these genetic interactions provides another functional link between the Swi-Snf complex and the elongation machinery.
Town and Country in Europe, 1300–1800. Edited by S. R. Epstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xi, 343. $64.95.

Karl Marx put the relations of town and country at the core of the processes by which capitalism arose in Europe: division of labor, commercialization, formation of the bourgeois class, changing (power) relations of production, the whole lot. Today too, the student of emergent capitalism must focus on that nexus, even though to do so is to wrestle with some of the most enduring puzzles, as well as the complexities and varieties, of Europe's early modern age. The collection edited by S. R. Epstein adds to our knowledge of how these urban–rural relations evolved over much of Europe, though it will certainly not resolve the puzzles, nor lay bare the mechanisms, of the run-up to industrialization and sustained economic growth. More disappointing is the lack of comparative perspective, despite the editor's dutiful call for more of it.
Matter Element Analysis for Optimal Timing and Preventive Maintenance of Pavements

Selecting the appropriate pavement preventive maintenance treatment, together with determining the optimal timing of its placement, is critical to lowering agency costs effectively and improving pavement performance. The objective is to develop a methodology for treatment selection and its optimal timing based on matter element analysis (MEA). MEA methodology aims to solve problems with contradictions, and incompatibilities and pavement preventive maintenance decision making fit into this domain. Using data sets consisting of Specific Pavement Study-3 pavement sections from the Long-Term Pavement Performance data-base, statistical performance deterioration models for the do-nothing and posttreatment scenarios for four typical preventive treatments (chip seal, slurry seal, crack seal, and thin overlay) are developed. The models capture variations in environment, traffic level, structural condition, and pavement age. The performance indicators are the international roughness index, rutting, and friction num...
Electrical Conduction in Nickel Ferrous Ferrites

The radio emission from solar flares is of special interest in the study of geomagnetic storms and solar cosmic rays because it gives a direct indication oi the passage of ionized streams of gas through the Sun's atmosphere. The nature of these emissions is reviewed in a general way. (auth)
FIREMAN: a toolkit for firewall modeling and analysis

Security concerns are becoming increasingly critical in networked systems. Firewalls provide important defense for network security. However, misconfigurations in firewalls are very common and significantly weaken the desired security. This paper introduces FIREMAN, a static analysis toolkit for firewall modeling and analysis. By treating firewall configurations as specialized programs, FIREMAN applies static analysis techniques to check misconfigurations, such as policy violations, inconsistencies, and inefficiencies, in individual firewalls as well as among distributed firewalls. FIREMAN performs symbolic model checking of the firewall configurations for all possible IP packets and along all possible data paths. It is both sound and complete because of the finite state nature of firewall configurations. FIREMAN is implemented by modeling firewall rules using binary decision diagrams (BDDs), which have been used successfully in hardware verification and model checking. We have experimented with FIREMAN and used it to uncover several real misconfigurations in enterprise networks, some of which have been subsequently confirmed and corrected by the administrators of these networks.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Histone Acetyltransferase Mst1 (KAT5) Is an Essential Protein Required for Damage Response and Chromosome Segregation

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mst1 is a member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases and is the likely ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Esa1 and human Tip60 (KAT5). We have isolated a temperature-sensitive allele of this essential gene. mst1 cells show a pleiotropic phenotype at the restrictive temperature. They are sensitive to a variety of DNA-damaging agents and to the spindle poison thiabendazole. mst1 has an increased frequency of Rad22 repair foci, suggesting endogenous damage. Two-hybrid results show that Mst1 interacts with a number of proteins involved in chromosome integrity and centromere function, including the methyltransferase Skb1, the recombination mediator Rad22 (Sc Rad52), the chromatin assembly factor Hip1 (Sc Hir1), and the Msc1 protein related to a family of histone demethylases. mst1 mutant sensitivity to hydroxyurea suggests a defect in recovery following HU arrest. We conclude that Mst1 plays essential roles in maintenance of genome stability and recovery from DNA damage.
Training Teachers to Use Pivotal Response Training With Children With Autism Coaching as a Critical Component

Although evidence-based practices (EBPs) for educating children with autism, such as pivotal response training (PRT), exist, teachers often lack adequate training to use these practices. The curren...
Silicon quantum dot optical properties and synthesis: Implications for photovoltaic devices

We study key optical properties for designing an absorber layer with silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs), including the absorptivity of the material, whether the character of the bandgap is direct or indirect, and the relation between absorption and photoluminescence. We report necessary synthesis conditions in order to control size, size distribution, and crystallinity of Si-QDs. This is important for applications of Si-QDs in photovoltaics [1,2], where they excite interest due to their size-tunable bandgap [3], potentially cheap fabrication, and possible enhancement of solar energy conversion efficiency through mechanisms such as multiple exciton generation [4].
Comparison of Ensemble Techniques for Incremental Learning of New Concept Classes under Hostile Non-stationary Environments

We have recently introduced Learn++, an incremental learning algorithm, inspired by the multiple classifiers structure of AdaBoost. Both algorithms generate an ensemble of classifiers trained on bootstrapped replicates of the training data, and the classifiers are then combined through a voting process. Learn++, however, generates additional ensembles as new data become available, and uses a different distribution update rule to resample the data. While AdaBoost was originally designed to improve the performance of a weak classifier, whether it can still achieve incremental learning through its ensemble structure is still an open question. In this paper, we compare the incremental learning ability of AdaBoost. MI and Learn++ under very hostile nonstationary learning environments, which may introduce new concept classes. We also compare the algorithms under several combination rules to determine which of the three key components - ensemble structure, resampling procedure, or the combination rule - has the primary impact on incremental learning in nonstationary environments.
Organic intellectuals, crossing scales, and the emergence of social movements with respect to AIDS in South Africa AES Presidential Address for 2008

I examine the transmission of ideas, from both scientific research and state-sponsored misinformation, with respect to AIDS in southern Africa. On the basis of research among women in AIDS support groups, advocates with South Africa's Treatment Action Campaign, and global health activists, I interpret the role of grassroots social movements in relation to organic intellectuals and their abilities to address the commons from the local to the global. My research has focused specifically on how women's interests have registered in the scientific arena, in global AIDS funding, and at the local political level. As I analyze these issues, I comment more broadly on the role of public intellectuals in relation to social movements.
A cardiolipin-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides has an altered cell shape and is impaired in biofilm formation

ABSTRACT Cell shape has been suggested to play an important role in the regulation of bacterial attachment to surfaces and the formation of communities associated with surfaces. We found that a cardiolipin synthase (Δ cls ) mutant of the rod-shaped bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides—in which synthesis of the anionic, highly curved phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) is reduced by 90%—produces ellipsoid-shaped cells that are impaired in biofilm formation. Reducing the concentration of CL did not cause significant defects in R. sphaeroides cell growth, swimming motility, lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide production, surface adhesion protein expression, and membrane permeability. Complementation of the CL-deficient mutant by ectopically expressing CL synthase restored cells to their rod shape and increased biofilm formation. Treating R. sphaeroides cells with a low concentration (10 μg/ml) of the small-molecule MreB inhibitor S -(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)isothiourea produced ellipsoid-shaped cells that had no obvious growth defect yet reduced R. sphaeroides biofilm formation. This study demonstrates that CL plays a role in R. sphaeroides cell shape determination, biofilm formation, and the ability of the bacterium to adapt to its environment. IMPORTANCE Membrane composition plays a fundamental role in the adaptation of many bacteria to environmental stress. In this study, we build a new connection between the anionic phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) and cellular adaptation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. We demonstrate that CL plays a role in the regulation of R. sphaeroides morphology and is important for the ability of this bacterium to form biofilms. This study correlates CL concentration, cell shape, and biofilm formation and provides the first example of how membrane composition in bacteria alters cell morphology and influences adaptation. This study also provides insight into the potential of phospholipid biosynthesis as a target for new chemical strategies designed to alter or prevent biofilm formation.
Analysis and Experimental Verification for Dynamic Modeling of A Skid-Steered Wheeled Vehicle

Skid-steered vehicles are often used as outdoor mobile robots due to their robust mechanical structure and high maneuverability. Sliding, along with rolling, is inherent to general curvilinear motion, which makes both kinematic and dynamic modeling difficult. For the purpose of motion planning, this paper develops and experimentally verifies dynamic models of a skid-steered wheeled vehicle for general planar (2-D) motion and for linear 3-D motion. These models are characterized by the coefficient of rolling resistance, the coefficient of friction, and the shear deformation modulus, which have terrain-dependent values. The dynamic models also include motor saturation and motor power limitations, which enable correct prediction of vehicle velocities when traversing on hills. It is shown that the closed-loop system that results from inclusion of the dynamics of the [proportional--integral--derivative (PID)] speed controllers for each set of wheels does a much better job than the open-loop model of predicting the vehicle linear and angular velocities. For a vehicle turning with small linear and angular accelerations, the model provides accurate predictions of velocities and reasonable predictions of torques. Hence, the closed-loop model is recommended for motion planning.
Variability in Composition of Butter from the Same Churning in Relation to Working

Summary The effect of prolonged working upon the distribution of water, salt, curd, and fat in butter was studied. Samples of butter were taken from different locations within the churn at three stages of the working process, namely, thirty, forty-five, and sixty revolutions. The composition of butter, as expressed by the variability in the fat content, became less variable as the working process was prolonged. Of the three non-fatty constituents, the curd had the least effect upon the variability in the composition of butter as a whole, while the salt exerted the greatest influence and the water the next greatest influence. The variability in the water content of small churnings decreased as the working process was prolonged; while in large churnings, an increase in variability was shown from thirty to forty-five revolutions followed by a decrease at sixty revolutions; however, the variability was greater at sixty revolutions than at thirty. A more even distribution of the salt and curd was obtained as the working process was prolonged.
Revision of the Genus Panopides Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae)

The formerly monotypic genus Panopides Pascoe is revised to include two species from Sulawesi and one from the Philippines. The genus and its type species, P. anticus Pascoe, are redescribed. Panopides philippinicus (Heller) new combination is transferred from Asytesta Pascoe and is also redescribed. Lectotypes are designated for both species. A new species from Central Sulawesi, P. riedeli Setliff new species, is described. All species are diagnosed and illustrated and male characters are described and illustrated for the first time. A new generic group of Indo-Australian crowned weevils is proposed and four genera, Asytesta Pascoe, Cyamomistus Heller, Nothotragopus Zimmerman (new placement), and Panopides placed therein.
Engineering, Expression and Renaturation of Targeted TGF-Beta Fusion Proteins

This study reports the expression, purification, and renaturation of biologically active Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) fusion proteins from Escherichia coli (E. coli). A prokaryotic expression vector was engineered to produce tripartite fusion proteins consisting of (i) a purification tag, (ii) a protease-sensitive linker/collagen binding domain, and (iii) a cDNA sequence encoding the active fragment of human TGF-beta 1. The expressed fusion proteins TGF-B1-F1 and TGF-B1-F2, located in inclusion bodies, were solubilized with 8 M urea and renatured using a glutathione redox-coupled system and protracted dialysis under several experimental conditions. The purification of the recombinant proteins was achieved by binding the His-tag of the fusion proteins on a Ni-NTA metal chelate column. The biological activity of the recombinant growth factor was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit mink lung (Mv1Lu) cell proliferation and/or to stimulate proliferation of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts, where purified human platelet TGF-beta 1 served as a positive control. Purified TGF-B1-F1 and TGF-B1-F2 (collagen-binding) constructs exhibited anti-proliferative activities comparable to purified platelet TGF-beta 1, but at lower specific activities. Binding of the renatured TGF-B1-F2 fusion protein to collagen was demonstrated by stable binding on a collagen-conjugated Sephadex-G15 column. The high affinity binding was also demonstrated by the binding of 3H-collagen to the TGF-B1-F2 protein immobilized on a Ni-NTA column. The TGF-B1-F2 fusion protein bound to collagen coated surfaces with high affinity but exhibited comparatively lower biological activity than the fusion protein in solution, suggesting a potentially latent configuration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that biologically active TGF-beta 1 fusion proteins can be recovered from transformed bacteria by oxidative refolding; thus, providing a means for its high-yield production, purification, and renaturation from microorganisms. Furthermore, these results support the concept that auxiliary domains may be used to modulate and/or target TGF-beta 1 for specific applications.
Successful radiofrequency ablation therapy for intractable ventricular tachycardia with a ventricular assist device

Refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) can be a potentially life-threatening rhythm in the presence of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when it results in hemodynamic compromise. A 65-year-old man with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy was referred for multiple episodes of VT. A HeartMate left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was implanted to stabilize and control the VT. However, he had multiple episodes of VT and the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias did not improve after LVAD implantation. He required electrical cardioversion to treat each episode. On Day 41 post-operatively, radiofrequency ablation was performed. Two significant areas of scarring were identified and were successfully ablated. After ablation, he did not have significant sustained VT episodes and was discharged.
A Water Elutriation Apparatus for Measuring Settling Velocity Distribution of Suspended Solids in Combined Sewer Overflows

An elutriation apparatus has been proposed for determining the settling velocity distributions of suspended solids in combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The apparatus consisted of a series of interconnected cylindrical settling chambers, through which the sample was drawn using a peristaltic pump attached to the outlet of the last settling chamber. Since the diameters of the cylinders were progressively increasing, sediment with different settling velocities settled in different cylinders. By measuring the amount of sediment in each cylinder, the settling velocity distribution was deduced. The apparatus was tested using samples from a CSO outfall in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The test results showed that the apparatus performed well for determining settling characteristics of suspended solids and chemical distribution in different settling fractions. The effectiveness of polymer addition to enhance flocculation and settling of CSOs was also tested in this apparatus. The elutriation apparatus proposed here offers several advantages over the traditional methods (i.e., settling columns) of measurements of settling velocity distributions. The main advantage is its ability to measure the distributions under dynamic conditions, i.e., in the presence of flow. Consequently, the elutriation apparatus reproduces flow conditions in actual settling tanks better than conventional settling columns.
An investigation of the relationship between K-8 robotics teams' collaborative behaviors and their performance in a robotics tournament

This study investigated the relationship between robotics team members' collaborative behaviors, communication and coordination in particular, during hypothetical challenges and their teams' actual performance during physical robotics challenges. Dataset included robot performance, robot design, research project, core values, and collaboration quality scores for 61 K-8 Robotics teams (N = 366) that participated in a FIRST LEGO League (FLL) Championship in 2015. Our analysis primarily focused on how well the collaboration quality scores predict team performance across different categories. Results indicated that the level of collaboration quality among team members is significantly associated with the team performance in the robotics tournament.
Questioning the Method of Cases Fundamentally—Reply to Deutsch

My ambition, when I wrote the texts to which Max Deutsch is responding in ‘Avner Baz on the “Point” of a Question’, was to engage mainstream analytic philosophers on their own turf and, as much as possible, in their own terms. I was trying to issue a genuine invitation for a serious conversation on the nature and underlying presuppositions of much of the work done within mainstream analytic philosophy. I had good reason to worry, given historical evidence, that the tendency would be to dismiss the invitation as already familiar and known to be misguided; and I made every effort to disarm that tendency. At the time, making the effort seemed to me better—both for my own philosophical progress and in terms of my contribution to present day philosophy—than continuing to converse with those whose philosophical orientation (which for present purposes may be described as broadly Wittgensteinian) was similar to mine, as if mainstream analytic philosophy was either too foreign to engage with fruitfully, or too obviously wrongheaded to be worth engaging with. I found myself unwilling to acquiesce in the mutual shunning of these two philosophical perspectives. (I should note that in no way do I regard myself as the only broadly-Wittgensteinian philosopher who has tried to engage seriously with mainstream analytic philosophy.) Up until now, all of the published responses to my work—by which I will henceforth mean only the work to which Deutsch has responded—have come from people who more or less share my philosophical orientation. Deutsch’s is the first published response from a representative of the philosophical perspective that is under critique in my work. In this respect, I found his response gratifying. Judging from his response, however, I have failed miserably in communicating myself to those whose perspective he represents. His paper misrepresents my thoughts beyond recognition, at every turn and on every
Speculation Serves a Useful Social Function

In days of yore, oriental despots commonly treated the bearers of bad news in a rather extreme manner: they beheaded them!We have made great strides in modem Canada, at least as far as humaneness of punishment is concerned. We no longer execute messengers. But in the case of at least one type of bearer of bad news - the speculator - our present understanding and appreciation of his task rivals even that of the ancient oriental despot - in its ignorance.
Colloidal inhibition of anaphylactic shock

A previous study 1 dealt with the inhibition of anaphylactic shock by the intravenous injection of heterologous serums shortly before the toxic dose of homologous or sensitizing serum. Interpretations based on the method employed indicated that a refractory state was induced. At that time we referred to the refractory state as desensitization, but since we were not dealing with pure proteins and since the refractory condition was not specific, we now employ the term inhibition. Our work is directed ultimately toward the problem as it affects man, and for this reason we have studied sensitization with blood serum rather than with pure proteins. The method employed in the previous study has been used'in a large part of the present study. Sensitized animals were given intravenous injections of homologous serum in order to determine a small lethal dose. In common with many other observers, we regarded a dose as almost uniformly fatal if it killed a series of 3 of 4 guinea-pigs. Accordingly, if the injection of an agent shortly before the toxic dose of serum was followed by recovery of a large proportion of the animals, it was assumed that inhibition had been effected. This will be referred to again in the discussion of our results. Many investigators have published reports which indicate that in anaphylactic shock there is a disturbance of colloidal balance of the body, responsible for the shock. If this be true, it is reasonable to assume that specific desensitization is accomplished by survival of such a colloidal disturbance, quantitatively insufficient to produce death. The present study is an attempt to determine whether or not colloidal disturbances produced in other ways might serve also as inhibitory without exposing the animal or the patient to the dangers or loss of time incident to specific desensitization. Admittedly similar disturbances may be produced by colloids, crystalloids and alterations of hydrogenion concentration. Hanzlik and Karsner2 have shown that the intravenous injection of a wide variety of colloids may produce symp-
Quest for high-performance bufferless NoCs with single-cycle express paths and self-learning throttling

Router buffers are the main reason for the Network-on-Chip's (NoC) scalable bandwidth, but consumes significant area and power. The SCEPTER bufferless NoC sets up single-cycle virtual express paths dynamically, allowing packets to traverse non-minimal paths without latency penalty. Using prioritization, bypassing, and throttling mechanisms, we maximize opportunities to use these paths while pushing bandwidth. For 64 and 256 nodes, we achieve 62% lower latency, 1.3× higher throughput, and 35% lower starvation over a baseline bufferless NoC for synthetic traffic. Full-system 36-core simulations show a 19% lower runtime, on-par performance to a buffered network, with 36% lower area, 33% lower power.
ENHANCEMENT OF PINOCYTOSIS IN THE MACROPHAGE BY MACROPHAGE ACTIVATING FACTOR

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the enhancement of pinocytosis in the macrophage by macrophage-activating factor (MAF). When sensitized lymphocytes are stimulated with specific antigens in vitro, they release a factor that activates macrophages. This MAF has the characteristics of a glycoprotein with a molecular weight ranging from 35,000–55,000 and is so far indistinguishable from migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MAF-rich fractions will consistently enhance the pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) by macrophages two- to fourfold over control populations. The chapter presents an investigation of some aspects of cellular function that are necessary for activation by using various inhibitors of cellular and metabolic function at concentrations not toxic to macrophages. Further studies are required to determine whether this factor enhancing pinocytosis is indeed a macrophage-activating factor and whether this alteration of macrophage behavior is related to macrophage activation as assessed in terms of other functions such as tumor killing and bactericidal activity.
The Vogue of Collectivism in International Relations

Collectivism, or multilateralism, is very much in vogue among scholars in the international field, and among statesmen as well. There are some crotchety, old-fashioned exceptions among both groups, but multilateralism is very much with us in fact and in ideology; it is generally regarded as a Good Thing. We live in an era of international collectivism. We have international organizations galore, symbolizing and implementing the togetherness of states, and belonging to such organizations is, for one reason or another, one of the most characteristic functions of contemporary states. Collective devices for dealing with problems appear to be a natural secretion of the human insect. This has long been evident in the committee-forming propensities of university deans, and contemporary statesmen exhibit the same instinct in their steady proliferation of international agencies. The actual behavior of states may not be fundamentally affected by their involvement in international organizations, but their commitment to the idea that the international system should be equipped with a considerable array of multilateral mechanisms and that they should participate in a great variety of multilateral processes seems to have become very well established.
The Chilling Effect of Politics: CBS News and Documentaries during the Fin–Syn Debate in the Reagan Years

Abstract This study considers the controversy involving the CBS Reports documentary, “The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception,” not as a legal, ethical, or historical topic, as typically treated in the literature, but as a factor in the political battle over the repeal of the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules during the 1980s. It also explores how network news in the mid-1980s was affected by politics. Using historical-critical method, and incorporating evidence embedded within CBS annual reports, this article illuminates the impact of news and documentary coverage of the period on the political climate and the resultant effect on regulation of the networks. The findings show that the importance of “economics” in network decision-making, which eclipsed “public service” in the 1980s, became determinative because of a change in political philosophy in government. The outcome forged a watershed in journalism history, dividing the time in which a vigorous news division protected corporate profits on t...