cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
News from the NIH: potential contributions of the behavioral and social sciences to the precision medicine initiative.

At this year’s State of the Union address, the President announced a new $215 million Precision Medicine Initiative in the 2016 budget that will pioneer a new model of patient-empowered research that promises to accelerate biomedical discoveries and provide clinicians with new tools, knowledge, and therapies to select which treatments will work best for which patients [1, 2]. Concurrently, Directors of the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute, Drs. Francis Collins and Harold Varmus, respectively, published an article in the New England Journal of Medicine that describes two main components of this initiative, a near-term focus on cancer therapy and a longer-term effort to generate knowledge applicable to a wide range of health and disease [3]. This longer-term initiative seeks to generate a cohort of one million or more Americans to “enable better assessment of disease risk, understanding of disease mechanisms, and the prediction of optimal therapy for many more diseases, with the goal of expanding the benefits of precision medicine into myriad aspects of health and healthcare” [3]. Matching treatment to the unique biological, behavioral, or environmental characteristics of the individual is nothing new. Matching blood type for transfusions has been common practice for nearly a century [4]. The guidelines for the management of cholesterol have been based on individual patient factors for over a decade [5]. Tailored behavioral interventions have been evaluated for over two decades. Although early treatment matching studies were disappointing [6], tailored behavioral interventions, especially computerized tailored interventions, have generally been found more efficacious than untailored interventions [7, 8]. The concept of precision medicine is not new, but recent advances in genome sequencing, cohort study designs, health informatics, and mobile/wireless technologies make now an opportune time for a large precision medicine cohort initiative.
Genome-wide identification of post-translational modulators of transcription factor activity in human B cells

The ability of a transcription factor (TF) to regulate its targets is modulated by a variety of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, resulting in highly context-dependent regulatory networks. However, high-throughput methods for the identification of proteins that affect TF activity are still largely unavailable. Here we introduce an algorithm, modulator inference by network dynamics (MINDy), for the genome-wide identification of post-translational modulators of TF activity within a specific cellular context. When used to dissect the regulation of MYC activity in human B lymphocytes, the approach inferred novel modulators of MYC function, which act by distinct mechanisms, including protein turnover, transcription complex formation and selective enzyme recruitment. MINDy is generally applicable to study the post-translational modulation of mammalian TFs in any cellular context. As such it can be used to dissect context-specific signaling pathways and combinatorial transcriptional regulation.
Diagnosis of Problems in Complete Denture Prosthesis

De n t u r e s constitute the remedial and therapeutic vehicle of the dentist in treating the deranged function and partial loss of an important organ of the human body. This vehicle, to possess the maximum remedial, therapeutic and pre­ ventive values, must have its charac­ teristics established by the dentist on con­ cepts and principles accepted as valid and fundamental by the profession. Unsatisfactory results in denture treat­ ment are too readily attributed to poor workmanship and much less readily at­ tributed to the adherence of dentists to incorrect concepts and principles. This statement can be justified best by dis­ cussing the concepts and principles basic to the performance of chair and labora­ tory operative phases and the technics and directives which they dictate. The laboratory phase largely determines the value of a prosthesis and more or less channels the prosthetic thinking of the dentist and the profession. It therefore seems appropriate to begin the diagnostic discussion with this phase.
Prevalence and correlates of fire-setting in the United States: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Fire-setting is a serious and costly form of antisocial behavior. Our objective in this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of intentional fire-setting behavior in the United States. Data were derived from a nationally representative sample of US residents 18 years and older. Structured psychiatric interviews (N = 43,093) were completed by trained lay interviewers between 2001 and 2002. Fire-setting as well as mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) version. The prevalence of lifetime fire-setting in the US population was 1.0%. Respondents who were men, white, 18 to 35 years old, born in the United States, and living in the western region of the United States had significantly higher rates of fire-setting than their counterparts. Fire-setting was significantly associated with a wide range of antisocial behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified strong associations between lifetime alcohol and marijuana use disorders, conduct disorder, antisocial and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, and family history of antisocial behavior. Intentional illicit fire-setting behavior is associated with a broad array of antisocial behaviors and psychiatric comorbidities. Given the substantial personal and social costs related to arson, prevention and treatment interventions targeting fire-setters potentially could save lives and property. Language: en
Coherence in over-the-horizon radar

The coherence of successive dwells from an Over-the-Horizon (OTH) High-Frequency (HF) radar (3-30 MHz) is investigated using a technique based on the spectrogram. Although the data are coherent within a dwell, it is not known if coherence is preserved from one dwell to the next, due to possible limitations of the signal processor. (Incoherence imposed by the propagating medium is not considered here.) Land clutter consisting of a sufficiently clean complex sinusoid should reveal the coherence of data across dwells. Unfortunately, the ionosphere imposes multipath and distortion such that it is difficult to obtain sufficiently clean dwells, but a few cases indicate a linear spectral phase offset on the second dwell consistent with a virtual shift of the time origin that can, in principle, be easily compensated for.
Microring-based optical pulse-train generator

This paper presents a new photonic integrated circuit, namely optical pulse-train generator, which is developed based on the transfer matrix analysis of microrings and utilizes a time-interleaved architecture. This circuit can generate multiple optical pulses sequentially from a single trigger pulse, with the timing and amplitude of each pulse determined by circuit design. Hence it can be applied in optical arbitrary waveform generation and ultrafast electro-optic modulation. A four-tap prototype pulse-train generator design is demonstrated, and the challenge of distributed optical power combining is discussed. The design techniques presented in this paper will find use in other large scale photonic integrated circuit applications.
Steric Control of Coordination Geometry in Titanium-Imido Complexes of N,N′-bis(arylimino)acenaphthylene Ligands

Titanium complexes of N,N′-bis(arylimino)acenaphthylene (BIAN) α-diimine ligands with varied steric profiles have been prepared. Coordination of the BIAN ligand derivatives to TiCl4 afforded the adducts (dpp-BIAN)TiCl4 (1a), (tmp-BIAN)TiCl4 (1b), and (dmp-BIAN)TiCl4 (1c) (dpp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl; tmp = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl; dmp = 3,5-dimethylphenyl). While the least sterically crowded complex 1c is robust toward loss of the diimine ligand, the dpp-BIAN and tmp-BIAN ligands are readily displaced by pyridine from the more crowded derivatives 1a and 1b, respectively. The crowded profiles engendered by the tmp-BIAN and dpp-BIAN ligands result in the formation of five-coordinate titanium-imide complexes, (dpp-BIAN)TiCl2(═NtBu) (2a) and (tmp-BIAN)TiCl2(═NtBu) (2b), upon addition of tBuNH2 to solutions of 1a or 1b, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal a square pyramidal coordination environment with an apical imide ligand and a short Ti−N distance, consistent with a Ti−N triple bond...
Initiation factor promoted reassociation of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits.

Abstract A factor present in rat liver cytosol caused 40S and 60S subunits to reassociate, forming 80S ribosomes. Reassociation required this factor, an RNA template (poly U), and aminoacyl-tRNA (Phe-tRNA); it was enhanced by GTP. Factor-promoted reassociation was not inhibited by puromycin.
Enzymatic degradation of heparin-related mucopolysaccharides from the surface of endothelial cell cultures.

Abstract When cultures of endothelial cells prelabeled with H 2 3 5 SO 4 are exposed to a purified preparation from induced Flavobacterium heparinum containing heparinase and heparitinase activities, radioactivity accumulates in the supernatant medium. After further treatment in vitro with crude enzyme this material migrates, in part, as glucosamine ( N , O -disulfated glucosamine), a breakdown product characteristic of heparin and heparin-related mucopolysaccharides. After exposure of the cultures to the purified enzyme, the amount of acid-insoluble 3 5 S radioactivity that can be removed with EDTA is decreased compared to that that can be removed from control cultures. Since the amount of radioactivity that is released as breakdown products is much higher than the amount of radioactivity that is secreted into the supernatant medium as intact (non-dialysable) mucopolysaccharide chains in control plates, the action of the enzyme appears to be on the cell itself. The data presented support previous studies suggesting that chains of heparitin sulfate that are accessible to the action of the enzyme are present at the surface of endothelial cells.
Kinetic model for the study of gene expression in the developing sea urchin

We have derived a kinetic model to assist in the study of gene expression for systems in which rapid changes in cell number occur. This kinetic model is based upon development of the sea urchin embryo, and considers changes in the number of cells, the fraction of each cell-cycle spent in mitosis, and the overall rate of transcription. We have applied this kinetic model to the accumulation of actin messenger RNA which occurs early in sea urchin embryogenesis. This analysis demonstrates that the rapid increase in cell number profoundly influences the kinetics of mRNA accumulation, and that failure to take into account the work performed by each cell can lead to significant misinterpretations of data on the expression of specific genes.
Sociocultural and clinical characteristics of patients with comorbid depressions: A comparison of substance abuse and non-substance abuse diagnoses

Patients with three varieties of major depression (MD) were compared with respect to sociocultural and clinical characteristics. The patients sought psychiatric evaluation in an intake setting during a 6-year interval. The groups that were compared included MD (sole axis I diagnosis; N = 3,913); MD with a comorbid non-substance abuse ([MD-nonSA] N = 594); and MD with a comorbid substance abuse ([MD-SA] N = 690). Prominent demographic differences were found in the three groups, with males, lower social class status, younger age, and African American ethnicity being more prominent in MD-SA. The four demographic variables, axis I status, axis II diagnosis, and axis III diagnosis constituted the independent variable in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) main-effects comparison of social function (during last year and currently in three areas) and type of depression symptoms (somatic and psychological). Of the demographic variables, age and social class proved to have significant effects on social function and psychological symptoms. Each of the three "syndromic" axes (Axis I, Axis II, and Axis III) had a significant impact on social function and psychological symptoms. Only Axis III produced differences in somatic symptoms. The social and cultural implications of these results are discussed.
Serving transgender youth: Challenges, dilemmas, and clinical examples.

Historically, many gender variant individuals have lived in a chronic state of conflict between self-understanding and physical being, one in which there was a continual misalignment between others' perceptions of them and their internal self-perception of gender. Only recently have professionals from mental health and medical realms come together to provide services to these youth. This paper describes an innovative program: the first mental health and medical multidisciplinary clinic housed in a pediatric academic center in North America to serve the needs of gender variant youth. We describe our model of care, focusing on the psychologist's role within a multidisciplinary team and the mental health needs of the youth and families assisted. We highlight clinical challenges and provide practice clinical vignettes to illuminate the psychologist's critical role.
DNA-based vaccines against malaria: status and promise of the Multi-Stage Malaria DNA Vaccine Operation

Abstract The introduction of DNA vaccine technology has facilitated an unprecedented multi-antigen approach to developing an effective vaccine against complex pathogens such as the Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria. We have established the capacity of DNA vaccines encoding Plasmodium antigens to induce CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte and interferon-γ responses in mice, monkeys and humans. However, like others, we have found that the first or second generation DNA vaccines on their own are not optimal, and have demonstrated the potential of heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategies involving priming with DNA and boosting with poxvirus or recombinant protein in adjuvant. In this review, we summarise the current status and promise of our programmatic efforts to develop a DNA-based vaccine against malaria, our Multi-Stage Malaria DNA Vaccine Operation, and illustrate the transition of promising developments in the laboratory to clinical assessment in humans.
2 Pallas: 1982 and 3 lightcurves and a new pole solution

Photoelectric lightcurves of the asteroid 2 Pallas obtained in March 1982 and May 1983 display amplitudes of 0.04 and 0.10 mag respectively. The latter lightcurve shows that Pallas was at V(1.0) mag of 4.51 + or -0.02 when it occulted 1 Vulpeculae on May 29, 1983. A least-squares best fit to an amplitude-aspect relation for all available lightcurve observations of Pallas between 1951 and 1983 yields two solutions for its pole position: lambda = 200, beta = 40 and lambda = 220, beta = 15, where the uncertainty regions correspond to an overall error estimate of + or -10 deg. Use of phase angle bisector coordinates give lower residuals than geocentric coordinates. The (220, 15) pole position is favored since it is in very good agreement with an independent pole solution obtained by photometric astrometry. This pole position implies that the latitude of the sub-earth point at the time of occultation was 22 deg.
The Projects of Michael Polanyi and Charles Taylor

Now that Taylor has introduced us to the revolutionary ideas blossoming in the 1960s, John Apczynski writes about the reception of Michael Polanyi and Charles Taylor on the intellectual scene. Apczynski conveys the excitement that their ideas generated. He looks back but he also looks forward. He discusses how Polanyi’s epistemology brought new possibilities for the study of religion as well as social and political theory, and how these coordinate with Taylor’s projects of recasting our historical understanding of secularity and revitalizing classical liberal theory in the less atomistic form of civic republicanism.
A Two-Liquid Electroosmotic Pump for Portable Drug Delivery Systems

Portable drug delivery systems present an opportunity to improve patient mobility and reduce drug dosage. Infusion pumps for drug delivery are heavily used in hospital and home care settings to administer a variety of therapies such as chemotherapy, antimicrobials, analgesia, anesthesia, and post-operative and chronic pain management. We are developing electroosmotic (EO) pumps for drug delivery applications. EO pumps offer active dosage control, are compact, use low power, and have no moving parts. We here explore a two-liquid EO pump that decouples the drug from the working electrolyte with a series of collapsible membranes and enables EO pumping of a wide variety of medications.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Propagation of L1 and L∞ Maxwellian weighted bounds for derivatives of solutions to the homogeneous elastic Boltzmann equation

Abstract We consider the n-dimensional space homogeneous Boltzmann equation for elastic collisions for variable hard potentials with Grad (angular) cutoff. We prove sharp moment inequalities, the propagation of L 1 -Maxwellian weighted estimates, and consequently, the propagation L ∞ -Maxwellian weighted estimates to all derivatives of the initial value problem associated to the afore mentioned equation. More specifically, we extend to all derivatives of the initial value problem associated to this class of Boltzmann equations corresponding sharp moment (Povzner) inequalities and time propagation of L 1 -Maxwellian weighted estimates as originally developed Bobylev [A.V. Bobylev, Moment inequalities for the Boltzmann equation and applications to spatially homogeneous problems, J. Statist. Phys. 88 (1997) 1183–1214] in the case of hard spheres in 3 dimensions. To achieve this goal we implement the program presented in Bobylev–Gamba–Panferov [A.V. Bobylev, I.M. Gamba, V. Panferov, Moment inequalities and high-energy tails for Boltzmann equation with inelastic interactions, J. Statist. Phys. 116 (5–6) (2004) 1651–1682], which includes a full analysis of the moments by means of sharp moment inequalities and the control of L 1 -exponential bounds, in the case of stationary states for different inelastic Boltzmann related problems with ‘heating’ sources where high energy tail decay rates depend on the inelasticity coefficient and the type of ‘heating’ source. More recently, this work was extended to variable hard potentials with angular cutoff by Gamba–Panferov–Villani [I.M. Gamba, V. Panferov, C. Villani, Upper Maxwellian bounds for the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation, ARMA (2008), in press] in the elastic case collision case where the L 1 -Maxwellian weighted norm was shown to propagate if initial states have such property. In addition, we also extend to all derivatives the propagation of L ∞ -Maxwellian weighted estimates, proven in [I.M. Gamba, V. Panferov, C. Villani, Upper Maxwellian bounds for the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation, ARMA (2008), in press], to solutions of the initial value problem to the Boltzmann equations for elastic collisions for variable hard potentials with Grad (angular) cutoff.
BIPARTITIONING INTO OVERLAPPING SETS

We consider a generalization of the min-cut partitioning problem where we partition a graph G=(V,E) into two sets V1 and V2 such that |V1∩V2|≤d, d<|V|, and such that |{(u, v)|u∈V1−V2, v∈V2−V1}| is minimized. The problem is trivially solvable using flow techniques for any fixed d, but we show that it is NP-hard for integer values of d. It remains NP-hard if we impose restrictions on the size of V1, i.e., |V1|=k, k∈Z+. The latter problem variation may apply in VLSI layout and hypertext partitioning. We present polynomial time algorithms for the special cases of solid grids and series-parallel graphs. Series-parallel graphs find applications in hypertext partitioning whereas grid graphs model the mapping of a class of Partial Differential Equation computations into parallel machines.
Prognostic value of exercise radionuclide angiography in a population-based cohort of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease

Abstract Five hundred thirty-six residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who underwent supine rest and exercise radionuclide angiography because of known or suspected coronary artery disease, were followed for a median of 46 months to determine the prognostic value of exercise radionuclide angiography in a community population who generally did not undergo coronary angiography. There were 71 persons who experienced a new cardiac event (the initial events were cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in 26 and 45 persons, respectively). A proportional-hazards model identified 4 independent predictors of cardiac events: exercise ejection fraction (p
Nuclear medicine data communications.

Nuclear Medicine was one of the earliest imaging modalities to adopt the use of computers for acquisition, processing, storage, and display of digital images. Originally used for processing images, computer technologies were quickly adopted for image storage, display, and transmission. Modern nuclear medicine cameras produce digital images that can be transmitted over computer networks to other cameras, storage devices, workstations, and printers. In order to achieve nuclear medicine data communication, images must be successfully acquired and transmitted to the appropriate location to be displayed or printed. Standards have been developed over the years to facilitate the creation of interfaces between vendors and equipment, notably the interfile format for nuclear medicine and the DICOM standard for medical images. Studies can be transmitted over network communication links to other sites using telecommunication protocol standards where they can be stored and/or displayed on a wide variety of devices. This ability to move images in a well-understood format to general purpose devices using standard equipment enables the use of the Internet to disseminate nuclear medicine study information over a wide area for clinical use, research, and education. A number of universities have created internet sites with nuclear medicine teaching files and information. As technology advances, it will be feasible to transmit medical images of all kinds to virtually anyone who needs them in near real-time, without regard to the distance between locations, or the types of instrumentation and computers used. The next few years should prove to be very interesting for digital medical imaging in general and nuclear medicine in particular.
Estrogen stimulates female biliary epithelial cell interleukin-6 expression in mice and humans†

Females are more susceptible than males to several biliary tract diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical to triggering autoimmune reactions and contributes substantially to biliary epithelial cell (BEC) barrier function and wound repair, and estrogen differentially regulates IL-6 expression in various cell types. We hypothesized that estrogen might stimulate BEC IL-6 production. Exposure to physiologic levels of estradiol, in vitro, increased female mouse BEC (mBEC) IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression, but either inhibited or had no effect on male mBECs. Female mBECs expressed higher concentrations of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) mRNA and protein and were also more dependent on estradiol for survival, in vitro. In vivo, elevated estrogen during estrous cycling in mice, and estrogen treatment of mice harboring an ERα+ human cholangiocarcinoma resulted in increased BEC IL-6 mRNA and tumor viability, respectively. Both responses could be blocked by an ERα antagonist. Human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines differentially expressing ERα were treated with specific ERα and ERβ agonists/antagonists to further test the relationship between estrogen stimulation, ERα expression, and IL-6 production. Results show that ERα, and not the underlying BEC sex, was responsible for estrogen-induced IL-6 production. Estrogen-induced proliferation of ERα-expressing cholangiocarcinoma was blocked by anti–IL-6 antibodies, indicating that at least some of the estrogen-trophic effects are mediated via IL-6. Finally, an association between ERα, IL-6, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) signaling was shown in female-predominant polycystic livers using immunohistochemical analyses, including multiplex quantum dot labeling. Conclusion: Estrogens stimulate IL-6 production in non-neoplastic female BECs and in neoplastic BECs expressing ERα. An association between these signaling pathways was demonstrated for female-predominant polycystic livers and might also influence autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinogenesis. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.)
Gait patterns of patients with inclusion body myositis

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a progressive, inflammatory muscle disease that is known to cause quadriceps weakness and knee buckling during gait. This is the first known report of gait characteristics in patients with IBM. Nine subjects with IBM and quadriceps weakness underwent gait analysis and quantitative strength testing. A wide range of strength and gait abilities were present in the subject group. Subjects with stronger knee extensors exhibited nearly normal sagittal knee kinematics and kinetics. As quadriceps strength decreased, kinematic and kinetic patterns were increasingly abnormal. Exceptions to this pattern could be explained by examining strength at adjacent joints. Gait analysis and strength testing is a helpful tool in evaluating the functional status of this population and aiding in determination of the needs for interventions such as assistive devices.
High strain rate fragmentation of liquid systems at atmospheric pressure

Abstract The fragmentation characteristics of liquid systems at atmospheric pressure has been investigated experimentally and compared to hydrodynamic calculations as well as theoretical predictions. The geometry is a one-dimensional (1-D) nylon flat plate impacting a flat plate liquid system at velocities of approximately 0.3 km/s. The experiments were conducted at the Marquette University's gas gun facility. Hydrocodes calculations were used to investigate early time shock evolution, material deformation and strain rate. High-speed photography and witness cards were used to capture the impact and fragmentation event as well as drop distributions. The experimental drop distributions are compared to distributions obtained from a Grady–Kipp (GK) fragmentation model. The liquid spall GK fragmentation model predicted the correct median drop size while the flow stress spall over predicted the median drop size. The standard GK Poisson drop distribution superimposed over the median drop size produces a distribution which is wider than the data obtained.
Three photon annihilation of an electron - positron pair

Annihilation of an electron-positron pair accompanied by the emission of three photons is discussed for the case of small relative velocity of the two particles. The energy spectrum of the photons is derived and the cross section for the process is calculated. The ratio of this cross section to that of ordinary two-photon annihilation is found to be 1:370. When the result is applied to the $^{3}S$ ground state of the positronium atom, for which two-photon annihilation is forbidden, one finds a lifetime 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec.
The biochemical basis of long-term memory.

Learning and memory are important elements of our daily lives, familiar to all through introspection. Yet the mechanisms underlying these processes are still for the most part unknown. Here are problems which combine a maximum of intrinsic and practical interest with a minimum of actual knowledge and understanding. Years of our lives are dedicated to the formation of certain long-term memories and behaviour patterns, yet we have only rudimentary notions of how such ‘schooling’ is best accomplished. There is no certainty in any aspect of the process. We are not sure whether relatively few cells or millions participate in a memory trace; whether these cells change as a whole, or whether the changes are limited to synaptic regions. In fact, we cannot be certain whether the changes are confined to the neurones or whether the glia also participate.
Methanol Oxidation on Palladium Compared to Rhodium at Ambient Pressures as Probed by Surface-Enhanced Raman and Mass Spectroscopies

Abstract The influences of surface speciation upon the catalytic oxidation kinetics of methanol on palladium under ambient-pressure flow-reactor conditions was examined by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) and compared with corresponding data on rhodium. The former technique provides uniquely sensitive surface vibrational information under real-time (≈1 s) in situ conditions, by utilizing ultrathin catalyst films electrodeposited onto an inert SERS-active gold substrate. These transition-metal surfaces exhibit sufficiently robust SERS activity to enable temperature-dependent spectral measurements over the range 25–500°C. Parallel kinetic measurements undertaken with MS show the occurrence of methanol decomposition (to CO and H 2 ) in the absence of O 2 on both Pd and Rh. While the presence of a molar deficiency of O 2 yields methanol oxidation (to form CO 2 and H 2 ) in addition to methanol decomposition on Rh, only the latter occurred (at slower rates than Rh) on Pd. These dissimilar reaction selectivities are consistent with the absence of surface vibrational features on the latter surface and the observed presence of adsorbed CO on the former. The behavior can be rationalized by the paucity of adsorbed atomic oxygen, O (ad) , on Pd compared with Rh arising from the greater ability of the latter to dissociatively chemisorb O 2 . Both catalysts induced exhaustive methanol oxidation (yielding CO 2 and H 2 O) in a heavily O 2 -rich reactant mixture, although Pd again yielded less facile reaction kinetics. In addition, a significant catalyst deactivation occurred upon heating Pd in this reactant mixture, which was entirely absent on Rh. The corresponding temperature-dependent SER spectra indicate the formation of palladium oxide (PdO) by 350°C, which was retained entirely upon subsequent cooling. While an oxide (Rh 2 O 3 ) was also seen by SERS to form on Rh by 350°C under these conditions, this species was removed upon subsequent cooling. Transient SERS measurements following sudden exposure of such oxidized surfaces to a methanol gas stream revealed that PdO was entirely unreactive toward methanol even at 350°C, while, in contrast, Rh 2 O 3 was removed entirely within ca. 5 s. This remarkable difference in oxide reactivity, which accounts for the Pd catalyst deactivation, was deduced to be due primarily to the inability of methanol to yield a suitable adsorbed “oxygen scavenger” by dissociative chemisorption on Pd. The possible involvement of a methoxy intermediate in the reaction on Pd under O 2 -rich conditions, as suggested by the SERS data, is also discussed.
Augmenting storage with an intrusion response primitive to ensure the security of critical data

Hosts connected to the Internet continue to suffer attacks with high frequency. The use of an intrusion detector allows potential threats to be flagged. When an alarm is raised, preventive action can be taken. A primary goal of such action is to assure the security of the data stored in the system. If this operation is effected manually, the delay between the alarm and the response may be enough for an intruder to cause significant damage.The alternative proposed in this paper is to provide a response primitive for intrusion detectors to utilize in automating the response. We describe RICE, a modification to the Java file subsystem that provides such functionality for data that is deemed to be threatened by an attack. If it is activated when an intrusion appears likely to succeed, it guarantees the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the protected data even after a system is compromised.In particular, RICE allows cryptographic encapsulation of data to be reduced to simple key deletion so that it can be effected rapidly. Further, it uses digitally signed hashes of file deltas to allow untained data to be distinguished from the rest. Finally, file deltas are replicated at a remote node to ensure that changes made by an attacker can be undone using the remote replicas.
A model and investigation of managerial skills, employees' attitudes, and managerial performance

Abstract A model of effective management is developed based on criticism of prior two-factor models. We identify six specific skills and explore their theoretical contributions. Both self- and others' evaluations of the skills are incorporated. The model is tested using both employees' attitudes and performance as measures of managerial effectiveness. Results of the analysis indicate that others' evaluations of skills are better indicators of employees' attitudes than self-evaluations. In addition, the results support that a complex set of relationships exists among self- and others' evaluations, employee attitudes, and managerial performance. Explanations for these complex relationships are discussed.
Muon Absorption in Liquid Hydrogen

It is shown that it is possible to interpret the muon absorption rate in liquid hydrogen in terms of the basic (pn mu nu ) interaction. The main problem is to calculate the rate for the process: (p- mu -p) yields n+ nu +p in terms of muon absorption in atoms. The discussion applies to solid as well as liquid hydrogen, but it is confined to the case of isotopically pure (H/sup 1/)/sub 2/. Many of these assumptions may be tested by measuring the total hydrogen absorption rate over a rarge of hydrogen densities. (B.O.G.)
The Effect of Forearm Bracing on Radioulnar Impingement

The purpose of this clinical study was to compare patients' symptoms and radioulnar convergence following distal radioulnar reconstruction with and without a functional brace on. Standardized radiographs were taken of the involved wrist at rest, while holding a weight, and during maximum power grip. All radiographs were then repeated while wearing a prefabricated functional brace (Maramed, Miami, FL). The functional brace did not decrease radioulnar convergence and, at rest, the brace actually increased radioulnar convergence. Despite this, all patients who experienced pain without the brace were pain free with the brace on. We conclude that forearm bracing may be a useful nonoperative treatment for residual pain following DRUJ salvage surgery, though its mechanism of action is unclear.
Accumulation of Indole Compounds in Cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum

SUBSTANCES yielding a typical indole test with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich reagent) were recently observed in peptone broth cultures of gelatinous strains of Chromobacterium violaceum 1. The nature and the origin of the substances giving the pink-red colour with Ehrlich reagent was of some interest because the species has been reported to lack the enzyme tryptophanase2 and the genus as a whole is generally considered to be indole-negative3, which implies inability to degrade tryptophan to indole.
A Stellar Model of Mixed Opacity and its Variations with the Mass, Chemical Compositions, Opacity Coefficients, and Energy-Generation Coefficient.

Stellar model of mixed opacity and variations with mass, chemical composition, opacity and energy generation coefficients
Effective Moduli of Unidirectional Fiber Composites Containing Radial Cracking and Interfacial Debonding

It has been observed that radial cracks may be the initial damage due to processing of advanced composites. It has also been observed that a weak bond or debonding between matrix and fiber is common for metal matrix composites. An inelastic finite element procedure is utilized to perform micromechanics analysis of a Sic/Ti continuous fiber laminated composite for the purpose of analyzing the effect of radial matrix cracks and the fiber-matrix debonding on the homogenized stiffness of a unidirectional fiber composite. Specifically, we are looking at the case where partial debonding and radial crack may co-exist over the entire length of the fiber. The material SiC/Ti is selected for this research. Titanium behaves in elastically after applied loads exceed the material yield point, so that the nonlinear material properties and hardening are considered in modeling. Radial cracks and debondings are modeled by rigorous contact models which may allow arbitrary sliding in order to prevent the crack surfaces from...
Potential Use of Nicotinic Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Deficits

Over the past several decades, research in both humans and animals has established the existence of persistent cognitive deficits resulting from exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. Nevertheless, there has been very little research addressing the treatment of chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits and there is currently no approved treatment for this condition, often referred to as 'chemo-brain.' Several drugs that enhance cholinergic function and/or increase nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activity have been demonstrated to improve cognitive performance and/or reverse cognitive deficits in animals, findings that have led to the use of these compounds to treat the cognitive deficits present in a variety of disorders including attention deficit disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Although nAChR agonists have not been assessed for their efficacy in treating chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits, these drugs have been shown to produce measureable increases in performance on several behavioral tasks known to be disrupted by exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. While the processes underlying chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits may differ from those underlying other disorders, there appears to be a broad spectrum of application for the use of nAChR agonists to improve cognitive function. Therefore, studies examining the use of these drugs in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits should be conducted as they may be of benefit for the treatment of 'chemo-brain.'
Spin-disordered ground state for a nearly half-filled Hubbard model

Selon Nagaoka, cet etat est ferromagnetique. Cependant, a cause de l'energie d'echange anisotrope, cet etat est non degenere et comprend un etat de spin totalement desordonne, c'est-a-dire une combinaison lineaire de tous les arrangements de spin possibles. Analyse de la susceptibilite pour cet etat fondamental
Transposon Tn5 as an identifiable marker in rhizobia: Survival and genetic stability of Tn5 mutant bean rhizobia under temperature stressed conditions in desert soils

Five transposon Tn5 insertion mutants of a beanRhizobium strain (Rhizobium leguminosarum b. v.phaseoli) were used in an ecological study to evaluate the extent to which transposon Tn5 was stable to serve as an identifiable marker in rhizobia under a high temperature stress condition in two Sonoran Desert soils. All the mutants possessed single chromosomal insertions of the transposon. In both soils, under the temperature stress conditions that were employed (40°C), both wild type and mutant populations possessing functional transposable elements declined rapidly. After 12 days, mutant cells, when screened using the Tn5 coded antibiotic resistance markers, were significantly less in number than when they were screened using only their intrinsic antibiotic resistance markers. There were no significant differences in numbers between the mutant cell population and the wild type when the mutant cells were screened using only the intrinsic antibiotic resistance markers. DNA-DNA hybridizations using a probe indicated neither deletion nor transposition of the transposable element. The results indicate that transposon DNA sequences are present within cells under high temperature stress conditions, but kanamycin/neomycin resistance is not expressed by some of these cells, suggesting that Tn5 undergoes a possible functional inactivation under these conditions. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Dose Reduction Potential Of Carbon-Fiber Material In Diagnostic Radiology

AbstractA significant portion of the dose received by a patient during a radiographic x -ray examination results from absorption of the beam in the various patient support structures through which the beam must pass. New materials are becomingavailable that offer reduced absorption of x -rays while providing the strength and rigidity required. One such material isCFM. Comparative measurements on CFM and conventional materials (CM) under laboratory and practical conditions arepresented. These measurements address the effect of these materials on patient dose, scattered radiation, and contrast.IntroductionNew techniques now being developed or applied in diagnostic radiology offer the potential of reducing patient exposure without adversely affecting the diagnostic quality of the radiograph. These techniques include the use of rare earthscreens, new scatter rejection techniques, x ray spectrum shape optimization, and low attenuation post -patient support materials. One such material is carbon fiber composite material (CFM)2 available in the form of fixed and movable tabletops, cassette faces, Bucky covers, and rapid film changer pressure plates and dust covers.
DNA synthesis in permeabilized WI38 and MRC5 cells.

Abstract DNA synthesis was examined in cultures of growing WI38 and MRC5 cells made permeable to deoxyribonucleotides. Cells from late passage cultures showed a reduced rate of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) uptake as compared to cells from early- to mid-passage cultures. This reduction became evident earlier in WI38 cultures (passage 33) than in MRC5 cultures (passage 41). Although this reduced rate of incorporation appeared to be primarily due to a reduced percentage of replicating (S phase) cells in later passage cultures, some effect on the rate of DNA synthesis in replicating cells was also evident.
Automated assessment of prosody production

Assessment of prosody is important for diagnosis and remediation of speech and language disorders, for diagnosis of neurological conditions, and for foreign language instruction. Current assessment is largely auditory-perceptual, which has obvious drawbacks; however, automation of assessment faces numerous obstacles. We propose methods for automatically assessing production of lexical stress, focus, phrasing, pragmatic style, and vocal affect. Speech was analyzed from children in six tasks designed to elicit specific prosodic contrasts. The methods involve dynamic and global features, using spectral, fundamental frequency, and temporal information. The automatically computed scores were validated against mean scores from judges who, in all but one task, listened to ''prosodic minimal pairs'' of recordings, each pair containing two utterances from the same child with approximately the same phonemic material but differing on a specific prosodic dimension, such as stress. The judges identified the prosodic categories of the two utterances and rated the strength of their contrast. For almost all tasks, we found that the automated scores correlated with the mean scores approximately as well as the judges' individual scores. Real-time scores assigned during examination - as is fairly typical in speech assessment - correlated substantially less than the automated scores with the mean scores.
International collaboration on childhood leukemia.

The current cure rate of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia has reached 80% in many industrialized countries, but in developing countries the rate is often less than 10%.To advance the cure rate, investigators have formed several parallel initiatives in both industrialized and developing countries through international collaboration and partnership. Among industrialized countries, investigators have combined data to conduct in-depth studies of the biology and heterogeneity of high-risk or drug-resistant subgroups of leukemia to identify optimal or novel treatments. Alliances have been established among government, local nongovernmental organizations, health care providers, and international groups to improve the survival rate of childhood leukemia in developing countries. “Twinning” partnerships between a well-established individual institution or study group and a pediatric cancer unit in a developing country has proved to be the most successful strategy to date.
WE‐E‐M100F‐02: Interplay Between Image Quality and Temporal Resolution in 4DCT Acquisition Protocols

Purpose: The accuracy and temporal resolution of 4DCT imaging depends on temporal characteristics of the acquisition protocol like gantry rotation speed and image reconstruction interval, in addition to the spatial and temporal characteristics of the motion itself. Therefore, a generic acquisition protocol might not be suitable for all patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the interplay between the parameters affecting the accuracy and temporal resolution of 4DCT images.Methods and Materials: Several 4DCT images were acquired of cylindrical phantoms under repetitive motion induced by a translation platform. Acquisition settings were varied with respect to image reconstruction interval, gantry rotation speed and motion period of the phantoms. Reconstructed images were sorted into ten phase bins and compared to CTimages of static phantoms at corresponding positions of the respiration phase. Results: Acquisitions with different image reconstruction intervals did not play a significant role in the amount of motion observed in full cycle maximum intensity projection (MIP) images. Single‐phase image integrity was observed to be constant up to a threshold in the value of reconstruction interval, beyond which the image integrity varied somewhat arbitrarily due to the reduced number of images. This threshold is correlated with the number of phase bins and the motion period. Furthermore, image integrity was observed to improve with decreasing gantry rotation periods. Conclusions:Image integrity as evaluated in this study demonstrates relative gains with respect to changes in the temporal resolution parameters of 4DCT acquisition. Due to observed differences, we report that suboptimal settings could result in dramatic target delineation inaccuracies. Optimization of acquisition parameters needs to be performed, assessing the period of motion and limiting factors such as the availability of acquisition settings, image storage and processing power. Conflict of Interest: Sponsored in part by GE Healthcare.
Progress and Challenges in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death throughout the world. There is evidence that screening of average-risk individuals can result in mortality reduction with early cancer detection and cancer prevention by detection and removal of cancer precursor lesions. The optimal form of screening is not clear. Fecal screening tests can be performed at home at low initial cost, but current versions lack high sensitivity for cancer precursor lesions, and tests need to be repeated at regular intervals. Adherence to repeat testing for negative tests and referral for colonoscopy for positive tests are important elements of program effectiveness. Structural examinations of the colon are more invasive and may result in detection of both early cancer and cancer precursor lesions. Every screening program has advantages and limitations, but each program ultimately depends on quality and patient adherence.