cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A qualitative exploration of Black mothers’ gendered constructions of their children and their parental school involvement

Abstract Research documents the benefits of parental involvement for children's early childhood learning; yet, we know less about how Black mothers navigate their children's early schooling experiences. Further, evidence highlights the uniquely gendered experiences that Black girls and boys have in school, but few studies have considered the extent to which this factors into their mothers’ beliefs about their children as students and the actions they deem necessary to support them in school. The present qualitative study explored the parental involvement expectations of 76 Black mothers of rising 1st grade students. We considered how Black mothers constructed their children as learners across academic, social, and emotional domains, and the extent to which Black mothers’ expectations for parental involvement varied based on their child's gender. Our findings suggest that mothers of boys were more concerned about race and gender bias than mothers of girls, especially in relation to special education placement and the misdiagnosis of developmental disabilities. The authors discuss reasons that parents may need to attend more to the experiences of Black girls, and suggest how teachers can partner with Black parents to help their children thrive in early childhood classrooms.
Number and Type of Complications Associated With Failure to Rescue in Trauma Patients.

Abstract Background Failure to rescue (FTR) is becoming a ubiquitous metric of quality care. The aim of our study is to determine the type and number of complications associated with FTR after trauma. Methods We reviewed the Trauma Quality Improvement Program including patients who developed complications after admission. Patients were divided as the following: “FTR” if the patient died or “rescued” if the patient did not die. Logistic regression was used to ascertain the effect of the type and number of complications on FTR. Results A total of 25,754 patients were included with 972 identified as FTR. Logistic regression identified sepsis (odds ratio [OR] = 6.61 [4.72-9.27]), pneumonia (OR = 2.79 [2.15-3.64]), acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 4.6 [3.17-6.69]), and cardiovascular complications (OR = 24.22 [19.39-30.26]) as predictors of FTR. The odds ratio of FTR increased by 8.8 for every single increase in the number of complications. Conclusions Specific types of complications increase the odds of FTR. The overall complication burden will also increase the odds of FTR linearly. Level of Evidence Level III Prognostic.
Higher reproductive concerns associated with fertility consultation: a cross-sectional study of young adult male cancer survivors.

This study examined associations between fertility consultation (FC) and multiple dimensions of reproductive concerns among young adult (YA) male cancer survivors. One hundred and seventy YA male cancer survivors (age 18 to 35) across the USA completed an online survey between 2016 and 2018. Participants reported demographics, receipt of FC, and reproductive concerns. Reproductive concerns were measured multidimensionally using the Reproductive Concerns after Cancer-Male scale. We used log binomial regression to examine associations between FC and high reproductive concerns across multiple domains. In multivariate analyses adjusting for desire for children, FC was associated with higher likelihood of having at least one high reproductive concern (relative risk [RR] 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7). Across subscales, FC was associated with greater likelihood of having high concerns about fertility potential (RR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0–3.0), achieving pregnancy (RR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3–9.5), their (potential) child’s health (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.2), and disclosing infertility to a partner (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8–4.1). In contrast, associations were not observed between FC and likelihood of high concerns about personal health (RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.5–3.8) or acceptance of infertility (RR 1.8, 95% CI 0.8–3.9). YA male cancer survivors who received FC were more likely to have high reproductive concerns than those who did not receive FC. Men who seek out FC after cancer diagnosis may need additional support for their reproductive concerns. Research is needed to identify strategies to alleviate these concerns among this population.
Occipital Artery to Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) Bypass for Treatment of a Ruptured Proximal AICA−Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Mycotic Aneurysm

Background Intracranial mycotic aneurysms are uncommon. They can occur due to extravascular extension or intravascular seeding of the vessel wall. They often result in subarachnoid hemorrhage with poor prognosis. We present a rare case of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to vertebral artery dissection with aproximal anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)−posterior inferior cerebellar artery common trunk mycotic aneurysm after an episode of bacterial meningitis. Case Description A 66-year-old male with history of 2 episodes of culture-negative bacterial meningitis presented with a Hunt and Hess grade II, Fisher grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage. Catheter angiography showed a right-sided intracranial vertebral artery (VA) dissection and a fusiform AICA−posterior inferior cerebellar artery trunk aneurysm. The patient underwent an endovascular occlusion of the VA dissecting aneurysm followed by an occipital artery to AICA bypass with trapping of the aneurysm. The patient developed a left-sided numbness and weakness after the coiling procedure due to anteromedian medullary stroke (occlusion of the right anterior spinal artery). The patient's magnetic resonance imaging 3 weeks before the aneurysm rupture and during the second episode of meningitis showed new enhancement of both vertebral arteries with a mild reduction in the right VA caliber. At 6 weeks' follow-up the patient was off the ventilator but had a modified Rankin Scale score of 5. Conclusions Bacterial meningitis can lead to inflammatory injury of the intracranial vessels with resultant aneurysm formation. New enhancement of the vessel wall indicates that patients are at risk of developing mycotic aneurysms; therefore close observation with repeated vascular imaging is necessary.
Protection and Risk: Male and Female Genital Microbiota and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Unique compositional and functional features of the cervicovaginal microbiota have been associated with protection against and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI). In men, our knowledge of the interaction between the penile microbiota and STI is less developed. The current state of our understanding of these microbiota and their role in select STIs is briefly reviewed, along with strategies that leverage existing findings to manipulate genital microbiota and optimize protection against STIs. Finally, we focus on major research gaps and present a framework for future studies.
Multi-parameter fiber optic sensing for harsh nuclear environments

Recent advancements in fiber optic manufacturing, sensor design, and fiber optic interrogators have provided significant opportunities towards the development of cross-cutting fiber optic sensing solutions across the nuclear industry. The addressable harsh nuclear environment markets include Gen II, II+ and IV nuclear reactors, fusion reactors, and accelerator systems. In this work the authors present a series of developments towards the implementation of singlefiber, multipoint, temperature and pressure sensors, test results in high-temperature and high-radiation environments, cryogenic environments, material compatibility studies for sensor packaging, and future development needs to address technical challenges towards sensor commercialization.
River phosphorus cycling constrains lake cyanobacteria blooms

Abstract Bioavailable phosphorus exports from rivers during high flow often fuel downstream harmful cyanobacterial blooms; yet whether river phosphorus cycles affect these exports is unclear. Here, we examined river phosphorus cycling during high flow events in a large agricultural watershed that drives cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Erie. We show that between 2003 and 2019 river phosphorus cycles, through phosphorus sorption, reduced bioavailable phosphorus exports by 24%, potentially constraining Lake Erie cyanobacterial blooms by 61%. Over the last 45-years, phosphorus sorption has declined with suspended sediment exports due to increases in soil-erosion-minimizing agricultural practices, likely contributing to recent cyanobacterial blooms. In this, and likely other agricultural watersheds, rivers perform an unrecognized ecosystem service during high flow creating field-river-lake linkages that need to be incorporated into phosphorus management.
Challenges of Rabies Serology: Defining Context of Interpretation

The case fatality rate of rabies, nearly 100%, is one of the most unique characteristic of this ancient virus infection. The crucial role rabies virus neutralizing antibody plays in protection is both well established and explanation of why rabies serology is important. Various laboratory methods can and have been used but serum neutralization methods have long been the gold standard due to the ability to measure function (neutralization), however these methods can be difficult to perform for several reasons. Assays such as enzyme linked absorbance assays (ELISA), indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) and more recently lateral flow methods are in use. Interpretation of results can be problematic, not only between methods but also due to modifications of the same method that can lead to misinterpretations. A common assumption in review of laboratory test results is that different methods for the same component produce comparable results under all conditions or circumstances. Assumptions and misinterpretations provide the potential for detrimental decisions, ranging from regulatory to clinically related, and most importantly what ‘level’ is protective. Review of the common challenges in performance and interpretation of rabies serology and specific examples illuminate critical issues to consider when reviewing and applying results of rabies serological testing.
Defending Aviation Cyber-Physical Systems from DDOS Attack Using NARX Model

Recently, the aviation industries showed interest in transferring their aircraft models to cyber-physical system (CPS)-based models. However, and as it is well known, CPS introduces security threats to the physical components of the system. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDOS) attack is one of the significant security threats to the availability of the communication network, due to making the network resources unavailable. In the presence of DDOS attack, servers are overwhelmed with so many requests which increase the network traffic that causes packet loss. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach to defending the communication network system in the aviation cyber-physical system (ACPS) from a DDOS attack using a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) model. NARX network is used to predict packets that were dropped due to a DDOS attack. The real-time simulation results showed that the network system in ACPS was successfully defended from the DDOS attack because the ACPS maintained the expected normal performance during the DDOS attack.
An Approach to Study the Role of Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are accused of many different biological actions. Everybody is familiar with e.g. the antiaggregatory effect of certain prostaglandins on platelets, as well as with the aggregatory effect of others. Prostaglandins are also involved with vasodilation and with vasoconstriction, with uterus contraction, with inflammation, etc. It is difficult to get an overview on the real role of prostaglandins. Are they regulators, modifiers or mediators of a variety of biological processes ? These questions certainly await clarification.
Ground and Surface Water Interaction—Legal Aspects

Small ground-water withdrawals may have only slight impacts on hydraulically connected streams, ponds and wetlands. Future development of ground-water resources in the small glacial aquifers of New England may be limited by the need to minimize such impacts. The statutory authority to regulate ground-water withdrawals in the New England states is minimal. Private withdrawals of ground water are governed by common law doctrine, modified in some states by the rule of reasonable use. Under current law, protection of minimum streamflows and pond levels from excessive ground-water withdrawals cannot be guaranteed. Rules and regulations recognizing the relation of surface and ground water, coupled with the ability to manage these water resources, are advocated.
The Genomic Data Mine

The genomic data mine represents a fundamental shift from genetics to genomics, essentially from the study of one gene at a time to the study of entire genetic metabolic networks and whole genomes. Experimental laboratory data are deposited into large public repositories and a wealth of computational data mining algorithms and tools are applied to mine the data. The integration of different types of data in the genomic data mine will contribute towards an understanding of the systems biology of living organisms, contributing to improved diagnoses and individualized medicine. This chapter focuses on the genomic data mine consisting of text data, map data, sequence data, and expression data, and concludes with a case study of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO).
Del peligro de una sola historia al poder de "otras" historias

El siguiente texto pertenece a una videoconferencia dictada en el IVILLAB en octubre de 2011. En el, la autora discute como la influencia de discursos dominantes afecta la percepcion y la identidad de grupos minoritarios, creando asi una perspectiva unica que no representa la multiplicidad de sujetos y de voces que existen dentro de una misma cultura. Asimismo, la autora reflexiona sobre su experiencia personal y docente a partir de su encuentro con dos lideres indigenas reconocidas internacionalmente.
(Muslim) American Exceptionalism: Contextualizing religiosity among young Muslims in America

A series of tragic and near-catastrophic events – from Fort Hood to Times Square – have renewed fears of so-called “homegrown” terrorism. Analysts and researchers, in turn, have begun to question previously held assumptions about America’s Muslim communities: Are Muslim-Americans truly assimilating; or are they, like their European counterparts, prone to isolation and, possibly, radicalization? One point of comparison in this discourse is religiosity, thought to be prevalent among alienated European Muslims and shown to be increasing among Muslims in the United States. Recent studies, for instance, indicate that second-generation Muslim-Americans are straying from predicted assimilative patterns and asserting a more religious identity. Examining these phenomena in context, however, evidences unique, or exceptional, circumstances that have collectively shaped a more organic form of religious expression among America’s Muslims. Ultimately, the current conflation of young Muslim-American religiosity with alienation not only belies, but also undermines this community’s closer correlation to the broader society.
Valuable Words: Pricing Internet Domain Names

This paper estimates the first constant quality price index for Internet domain names. The suggested index provides a benchmark for domain name traders and investors looking for information on price trends, historical returns and the fundamental risk of Internet domain names. The index increases transparency in the market for this newly emerged asset class. Furthermore, it can serve as a fever curve capturing the well-being of the Internet economy, as the demand for domains is linked to online business opportunities in general. This proxy also includes small online enterprises that are excluded by traditional stock-price indices.The heterogeneity of domain names is controlled for by hedonic repeat sales regressions. The empirical work is based on a previously unexplored dataset of real domain transactions spanning the years 2006-2012.
Panlingual lexical translation via probabilistic inference

The bare minimum lexical resource required to translate between a pair of languages is a translation dictionary. Unfortunately, dictionaries exist only between a tiny fraction of the 49 million possible language-pairs making machine translation virtually impossible between most of the languages. This paper summarizes the last four years of our research motivated by the vision of panlingual communication. Our research comprises three key steps. First, we compile over 630 freely available dictionaries over the Web and convert this data into a single representation - the translation graph. Second, we build several inference algorithms that infer translations between word pairs even when no dictionary lists them as translations. Finally, we run our inference procedure offline to construct PANDICTIONARY- a sense-distinguished, massively multilingual dictionary that has translations in more than 1000 languages. Our experiments assess the quality of this dictionary and find that we have 4 times as many translations at a high precision of 0.9 compared to the English Wiktionary, which is the lexical resource closest to PANDICTIONARY.
ON THE BROKEN 1-DIAMOND PARTITION

We introduce a crank-like statistic for a different class of partitions. In [4], Andrews and Paule initiated the study of broken k-diamond partitions. Their study of the respective generating functions led to an infinite family of modular forms, about which they were able to produce interesting arithmetic theorems and conjectures for the related partition functions. Here we establish a crank-like statistic for the broken 1-diamond partition and discuss its role in congruence properties.
Reduction of Pea Leaf Roll of Peas (Pisum sativum) with Systemic Insecticides to Control the Pea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Vector

Studies were conducted in the field in 1981 and 1982 to evaluate systemic insecticide treatments for control of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), vector and reduce incidence of the pea leaf roll virus (PeLRV) in peas. In 1981, single and multiple dimethoate sprays applied in midseason resulted in up to 85% reduction in the incidence of PeLRV, whereas disulfoton granules applied at planting and a late-season dimethoate spray did not. In 1982, aldicarb granules applied at planting and multiple dimethoate sprays applied in midseason provided 79 and 96% aphid control, 27 and 25% reduction in PeLRV, and 24 and 28% yield increases, respectively.
Control of vibrational systems

Vibrational systems, characterized by their second-order or "spring-mass" nature, occur throughout engineering. Examples range from lightly damped structures, such as the proposed space station, to regional power system models. While the study of such vibrational systems has a long and rich history, concern has traditionally focused on the properties of passive, uncontrolled systems. The growing need to actively control large, complex systems of this type leads us to the study of controlled vibrational systems. We provide stability assuring constraints for compensator design. These constraints directly use the initial system model, thus avoiding the need for order reduction techniques with the associated problems of "spill-over" from the full to the reduced system model. >
Characterization of the Phosphorylation Site of PP59, a Substrate for Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase That Is Enriched in the Synaptic Membrane Fraction of Rat Cerebellum

We have identified previously a synaptic membrane-associated protein, PP59, that serves as a substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and is enriched in rat cerebellum. We show here that PP59 can be extracted from synaptic plasma membranes with a combination of 2% Triton X-100 plus 1 M KCl. A 290-fold purification of PP59 was achieved by selective solubilization, followed by continuous-elution preparative gel electrophoresis. To determine the amino acid sequence surrounding the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site within PP59, the partially purified 32 P-phosphorylated protein was digested with chymotrypsin, and radiolabeled peptides were purified by sequential reversed-phase HPLC in two different solvent systems. Automated Edman degradation revealed a single phosphorylation site contained within the sequence Ala-Arg-Glu-Arg-Ser-Asp-Ser(P)-Thr- Gly-Ser-Ser-Ser-Val-Tyr. No strong sequence homology to this peptide fragment with other known peptides or proteins in the SwissProt, PIR, or GenPept databases could be found. A synthetic peptide containing this unique 14-amino acid sequence was used to develop polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies that were affinity-purified and shown to recognize intact PP59 as determined by western blotting. These antibodies specifically inhibited the phosphorylation of PP59 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in an in vitro phosphorylation assay containing synaptic plasma membranes.
Next-generation algorithms for unattended ground sensors

Non-linear signal processing algorithms, developed originally by R.A. Wagstaff for ocean acoustics and named "AWSUM(K)," have been applied in this laboratory to atmospheric acoustic signals measured in the presence of severe intermittent noise. It has been found that the AWSUM(K) processors, which filter out strong signals and pass weak signals, can provide dramatic gains in the signal-to-noise ratio for a steady sinusoidal signal strongly degraded by intermittent manmade noise and intermittent wind noise. Further, applications of the processors to field data have shown a number of systematic behaviors that so far have not been explained or understood quantitatively. This article presents a theoretical analysis of the AWSUM(K) processors for a steady sinusoidal signal in the presence of exponential (Rayleigh) noise and intermittent (non-Rayleigh) noise. The theory quantitatively explains the observed behaviors of the AWSUM(K) processors. In particular, it is shown that in the limit of large sample number, the AWSUM(K) gain in the (signal+noise)-to-noise ratio is independent of the sample number and processor order (for K≥2). For a steady sinusoidal signal, the gain is determined solely by the shape of the noise distribution function near zero. For Rayleigh noise, for example, the gain is given by exp(SNR)/(SNR+1), where SNR is the usual linear signal-to-noise ratio (e.g., SNR = 1 corresponds to a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB). For intermittent manmade noise and intermittent wind noise, the measured noise distribution function is strongly peaked near zero, so that gains in approaching 20 dB are predicted, even for small values of SNR. The predictions are in accord with field data from an atmospheric sound propagation experiment.
Remote sensing of Greenland ice sheet using multispectral near-infrared and visible radiances

[1] We present the physical basis of and validate a new remote-sensing algorithm that utilizes reflected visible and near-infrared radiation to discriminate between dry and wet snow. When applied to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, our discrimination algorithm has the potential to retrieve melting regions of the ice sheet at a spatial resolution of 0.25 km 2 , over three orders of magnitude higher than the resolution of current microwave methods. The method should be useful for long-term monitoring of the melt area of the Greenland ice sheet, especially regions close to ice sheet margins and of the outflow glaciers. Our analysis of MODIS retrievals of the western portion of the Greenland ice sheet over the period 2000 to 2006 indicates significant interannual variability with a maximum melt extent in 2005. Collocated in situ meteorological data reveal a high correlation (0.80) between the MODIS melt-day area and the average summer temperature. Our analysis suggests that it is the magnitude of the summer temperature that dominates the melting (not the variability of the length of the melting season). Furthermore, we find that the melt-day area increases by about 3.8% for each 0.1 K increase in the average surface air summer temperature. We combine this empirical relationship with historic temperature data to infer that the melt-day area of the western part of the ice sheet doubled between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s and that the largest ice sheet surface melting probably occurred between 1920s and 1930s, concurrent with the warming in that period.
Demonstration of dielectric optical magnetic mirrors using phase-locked infrared time-domain spectroscopy

We directly demonstrate a dielectric optical magnetic mirror using phase-locked mid-infrared time-domain spectroscopy. This magnetic mirror is formed by micron-sized cubes of tellurium fabricated on a dielectric substrate.
Hy S. Rothstein, Afghanistan & the Troubled Future of Unconventional Warfare. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006. 218 pages.

Afghanistan & the Troubled Future of Unconventional Warfare is a well-articulated argument by Hy S. Rothstein for a separate service devoted to unconventional warfare. This recommendation may strik...
Studies of static and dynamic properties of multilayered (stacked) Josephson junctions

Abstract We have studied the static I-V characteristics and vortex dynamics in stacked Nb/AlOxfNb Josephsonjunctions. In Josephson junction stacks consisting of two junctions having identical maximum Josephsonsupercurrent L, I, vs. H characteristics deviating from the Fraunhofer pattern have been observed, implyingthat a structural phase transformation to a triangular vortex lattice occurs with increasing H. Interjunctioncoupling leads to splitting of the Swihart mode; which manifests itself as Fisk steps with different voltagespacings. When subjected to microwave radiation, the I-V curves of the stacked Josephson junctions exhibitnew features which are absent in single junctions.Keywords: Josephson junctions, stacked junctions, vortex structure 1. Introduction Recent technological progress has made it possible to fabricate stacked Josephson junctions (SJJ) of high quality. One can then study vortex statics and dynamics in this layered superconducting structure. Fundamental studies of fluxon interactions in SJJ's should open a new field of the nonlinear physics andassociated applications1'. In particular, the possibility ofphase-lock motion offluxons in SJJ's suggests thatan SJJ can function as an efficient radiation source in millimeter and sub millimeter wave cryoelectroniccircuits3'4. In this paper we present results on studies of the vortex statics and dynamics in stacked Nb/Al-AlO/Nb/A1AlOx/Nb double Josephson junctions.
High-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of p-nitrobenzyloxyamine derivatives of brain gangliosides.

A new quantitative procedure for the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) resolution of human brain gangliosides employing reversed-phase chromatography is described. To provide a derivative which can be determined by UV absorption techniques, p-nitrobenzyloxyamine was coupled to the gangliosides. Derivatization involves ozonation and cleavage of the ceramide double bond followed by oxime formation to the nascent aldehyde. Individual gangliosides, as they were resolved by HPLC, were collected. These fractions were then identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and by gas chroamtography of their monosaccharides. Quantitative results were obtained along with a marked increase in sensitivity over conventional resorcinol—hydrochloric acid quantitation of TLC-resolved gangliosides.
Regression-based norms improve the sensitivity of the National MS Society Consensus Neuropsychological Battery for Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis (NBPMS).

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society Consensus Neuropsychological Battery for Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis (NBPMS) was designed to detect cognitive impairment in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis. One weakness of the battery is the reliance on published manual-based normative samples varying in size and quality. These primary sources base interpretation on discrete age bands, a practice which may be particularly problematic during periods of rapid development in childhood and adolescence. A further impediment to valid NBPMS interpretation is the lack of control for demographic factors other than age. We endeavored to develop regression-based norms for the NBPMS by gathering a demographically balanced sample of 102 healthy control children and using their performance to derive normalization, controlling for multiple demographic variables (i.e., age, age2, gender, parent education). The regression-based normative equations were applied to the performance of 51 children with MS. For many of...
Indecomposability and the structure of periodic orbits for interval maps

Abstract Suppose f :[a,b]→[a,b] is continuous. Barge and Martin, and Ingram have shown that if the inverse limit of {[a,b],f} is hereditarily decomposable, then the period of every periodic orbit of f is a power of two. We will elaborate on the structure of these orbits, and, assuming f is a Markov map whose partition is a single periodic orbit, give necessary and sufficient conditions for the inverse limit to be (1) decomposable and (2) hereditarily decomposable.
Studying Caves for Scientific, Societal, and Other Benefits

The first time that Penelope Boston went spelunking in a wild cave, it “beat the crap” out of her, she recalled. In 1993, Boston and other novice cavers had taken part in a 5-day NASA expedition to Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico's Carlsbad Cavern National Park.
Composite tissue allotransplantation: a review of relevant immunological issues for plastic surgeons

Summary Background Composite tissue allotransplantation of hand, facial and other tissues is now a clinical reality. The terminology, treatment principles, drug combinations, dosage schedules and mechanisms of the immunosuppression medications on which contemporary transplant surgery is based are unfamiliar to plastic surgeons and most healthcare providers outside the field of transplantation medicine. With this in mind, the purpose of this manuscript is to provide plastic surgeons with a comprehensive and understandable review of key immunological principles relevant to composite tissue allotransplantation. Methods We present an overview of the immunological basis of composite tissue allotransplantation aimed at the plastic surgery readership, based on our own experience plus manuscripts sourced from MEDLINE, EMBASE, text books, ancient manuscripts and illustrations. Results In this manuscript we provide the reader with a brief history of composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA), a concise description of the immunological terminology, treatment approaches, risks associated with immunosuppressive therapy, risk acceptance, and current research avenues relating to contemporary CTA. Conclusion Today, as transplant and reconstructive surgeons join forces to move hand and facial tissue allotransplantation into the clinical arena, it is important that plastic surgeons have an understanding of the major immunological principles upon which this new treatment is based.
Anomalies in the dynamical resistivity due to a quantum critical point

Non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) properties are observed in many heavy fermion systems and frequently attributed to a nearby quantum critical point (QCP). A QCP can arise by suppressing the transition temperature ${T}_{N}$ of an antiferromagnetic phase to zero, e.g., by chemical or applied pressure or an external magnetic field. We consider a QCP arising from the nesting of Fermi surfaces of an electron pocket and a hole pocket separated by a wave vector $\mathbf{Q}$. The nesting together with the remaining interaction between the carriers after the heavy particles are formed give rise to itinerant antiferromagnetism. The order can gradually be suppressed by mismatching the nesting and a QCP is obtained as ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The NFL contribution to the dynamical resistivity is calculated using the Kubo formula and a memory function formalism. The mismatched nesting has the following consequences. (i) The specific heat $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coefficient and the magnetic susceptibility increase with the logarithm of the temperature as $T$ is lowered. (ii) For the tuned QCP the linewidth of the quasiparticles is sublinear in $T$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$. (iii) The specific heat and the linewidth display a crossover from non-Fermi-liquid $(\ensuremath{\sim}T)$ to Fermi-liquid $(\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{2})$ behavior with increasing nesting mismatch and decreasing temperature. (iv) For the tuned QCP the electrical resistivity acquires a quasilinear temperature dependence. This behavior is exponentially suppressed at very low $T$ if the QCP is not tuned. (v) For the tuned QCP and at low $T$ the dynamical conductivity deviates from the usual Drude behavior.
Materials by design. A hierarchical approach to the design of new materials

Major developments in materials characterization instrumentation over the past decade have helped significantly to elucidate complex processes and phenomena connected with the microstructure of materials and interfacial interactions. Equally remarkable advances in theoretical models and computer technology also have been taking place during this period. These latter now permit, for example, in selected cases the computation of material structures and bonding and the prediction of some material properties. Two assessments of the state of the art of instrumental techniques and theoretical methods for the study of material structures and properties have recently been conducted. This paper will discuss aspects from these assessments of computational theoretical methods applied to materials. In addition, an approach will be presented which uses advanced instrumentation and complementary theoretical computational techniques in tandem in an effort to construct and verify hierarchies of models to translate engineering materials performance requirements into microscopic-level and atomic-level materials specifications (composition, structure, and bonding). Areas of practical interest include catalysis, tribology (contacting surfaces in relative motion), protective coatings, and metallurgical grain boundaries. A first attempt involving modeling of grain boundary adhesion in Ni3Al with and without boron additions will be discussed.
In-Disciplining Jwarasur: The Folk/Classical Divide and Transmateriality of Fevers in Colonial Bengal

Extant scholarship on Jwarasur [the Fever-Demon] sees him as a colonial-era invention tied to the exigencies of colonial rule. Jwarasur is held to belong exclusively to the domain of Bengali ‘folk medicine’ rather than ‘classical Ayurveda’. We challenge both these contentions and draw four inter-related inferences. First, we posit that Jwarasur was not alien to classical Ayurvedic medicine. Second, we claim that Jwarasur was significant to the way Ayurvedic physicians negotiated fever. Third, we trace the invention of the folk/classical divide under colonial modernity. Finally, we posit that the divide inspired new reading strategies through which modernising Ayurvedists sought to expunge the transmateriality of Jwarasur. Jwarasur, we find, was constantly re-embedded into multiple heterogeneous traditions of medical and religio-moral practice. These diverse embeddings actively militate against the existence of any corpuscular ‘systems’ called ‘folk’ or ‘classical’ medicine. Rather Jwarasur is a common fig...
Assessing the Credibility of Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) Observations Using Diagnostic Criteria and Witness Qualification

Despite its legal protection, the jaguarundi's (Puma yagouaroundi) status in the United States is currently unknown. Historical accounts indicate jaguarundis previously occupied habitats in extreme southern Texas. Although sightings continue to occur in the United States, none have been confirmed, and it is unclear if jaguarundis are still resident. Since the mid-1970s, however, evidence in the form of first-hand observations is suggestive of the presence of jaguarundis in Big Bend National Park. We assessed the credibility of 79 alleged jaguarundi records spanning three decades using a combination of diagnostic criteria and witness credibility. Based on this discriminatory process, we found “strong support” for 40 of these records, and believe a resident, low-density population of jaguarundis may exist in Big Bend. While not as irrefutable as physical evidence, objective reviews of species records may have merit as a tool to help evaluate whether the investment of more rigorous survey techniques is warra...
Isolation and characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from Flt3 ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–treated mice

Interferon alpha/beta plays an important role in the first-line defense against viral infections and can modulate cytokine responses by T-helper cells. Type 1 interferons (IFNs) are clinically important in infectious diseases and in the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas. Many different cell types have the capacity to produce IFN-alpha after encounter with virus and bacteria. The major, natural type 1 IFN-producing cell in humans was recently described as the plasmacytoid T cell, or pDC2, and it can differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) on culture. This study describes the murine natural IFN-alpha-producing cell, or pDC2, that shares morphologic features with its human counterpart but has some distinct phenotypical characteristics. Murine plasmacytoid DCs can be differentially isolated based on their expression of CD11c, B220 (CD45R), and Thy1.2 (CD90). They lack expression of myeloid (eg, CD11b) antigens and CD8 alpha, a marker used to isolate lymphoid DCs. Like human pDC2, murine plasmacytoid DCs exhibit their maximal type 1 IFN-producing capacity at a precursor stage; pDCs isolated from bone marrow responded to viral stimulation with higher IFN-alpha production than cells of the same phenotype isolated from spleen. Mobilization of mice with Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) or Flt3L and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, hematopoietic factors that specifically enhance DC growth, resulted in strikingly increased numbers of pDC in bone marrow and spleen. The isolation of this novel murine DC subset may serve as a useful tool in the study of viral immunobiology and for the design of treatments for murine malignancies.
Co-immunization with virus-like particle and DNA vaccines induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis.

This study demonstrates that immunization with non-replicating virus-like particle (FFG VLP) containing RSV F and G glycoproteins together with RSV F DNA induced T helper type 1 antibody responses to RSV F similar to live RSV infection. Upon RSV challenge 21 weeks after immunization, FFG VLP vaccination induced protection against RSV infection as shown by clearance of lung viral loads, and the absence of eosinophil infiltrates, and did not cause lung pathology. In contrast, formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccination showed significant pulmonary eosinophilia, severe mucus production, and extensive histopathology resulting in a hallmark of pulmonary pathology. Substantial lung pathology was also observed in mice with RSV re-infections. High levels of systemic and local inflammatory cytokine-secreting cells were induced in mice with FI-RSV but not with FFG VLP immunization after RSV challenge. Therefore, the results provide evidence that recombinant RSV FFG VLP vaccine can confer long-term protection against RSV without causing lung pathology.
LEUKEMIC BLASTS WITH MEMBRANE CHARACTERISTICS OF EITHER T OR B CELLS

Blasts obtained from the diagnostic bone marrow aspiration in 13 children with acute leukemia (excluding acute granulocytic leukemia) were examined for T and B cell membrane characteristics. Blasts accounted for 70-98% (median 92%) of the nucleated cells obtained. Cells were harvested using a sodium metrizoate/Ficoll gradient. Membrane characteristics were assessed by the overnight formation of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosettes at 4°C (T cells), and by the presence of membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) and C'3 receptors (B cells). Two children had blasts (41 and 79%) which reacted as T cells. Two other children had blasts (31 and 80%*) which resembled B cells. In the remaining 9 children, over 92% of the cells reacted as neither T nor B cells. In 1 child (noted above*) following relapse, 82% of the nucleated cells were blasts; 96% of the cells had detectable surface Ig with 80% IgG positive, 5% IgA positive, and 11% IgM positive. C'3 receptors were detected on 31% of the cells by direct immunofluorescence and on 28% by immune rosette formation using complement and antibody-coated erythrocytes. These data illustrate the heterogeneity of the leukemic cells in children with acute leukemia. A ninority of these children have blasts with a cell membrane differentiated enough to bear receptors similar to either T or B cells.
Analytical Electron Microscopy in the Study of Biological Systems

The AEM is a powerful tool in biological research, capable of providing information simply not available by other means. The use of a field emission STEM for this application can lead to a significant improvement in spatial resolution in most cases now allowed by the quality of the specimen preparation but perhaps ultimately limited by the effects of radiation damage. Increased elemental sensitivity is at least possible in selected cases with electron energy-loss spectrometry, but fundamental aspects of ELS will probably confine its role to that of a limited complement to EDS. The considerable margin for improvement in sensitivity of the basic analytical technique means that the search for technological improvement will continue. Fortunately, however, current technology can also continue to answer important biological questions.
Spectroscopic investigations of the fouling process on Nafion membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries

The Nafion membrane is a critical component in redox flow batteries, which are widely investigated for grid-scale energy storage. However, there is very limited understanding of the fundamental properties of the membrane materials in the working environment relevant to redox flow batteries. This paper presents results of the analysis of the Nafion-117 membrane used in a vanadium redox flow battery by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. The XPS study reveals the chemical identity and environment of vanadium cations accumulated at the surface. On the other hand, the 17O NMR measurement explores the nature of the diffused vanadium cations inside the bulk part of the Nafion and shows the chemical bonding of cations and the host membrane. The 19F NMR shows that the basic Nafion structure is not altered by the vanadium cations diffused inside. Based on these spectroscopic studies, the chemical identity and environment of the diffused vanadium cations in the Nafion membrane are discussed. This study reveals important information on the origin of performance degradation of the membrane materials in vanadium redox flow batteries and provides clues on how to improve the chemistry and properties of the energy storage devices.
Basking in reflected glory, cutting off reflected failure, and cutting off future failure: The importance of group identification

Although a large amount of research has investigated the indirect impression management tactics of basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure, none has investigated the potential importance of group identification. Study 1 of the current research tested the prediction that persons maintaining their association with an unsuccessful group would be higher in group identification than those not associating with the group. This prediction was supported. However, contrary to expectations, persons belonging to a successful group were less likely than those belonging to an unsuccessful group to publicly announce their association. It was believed that those identified with the successful group believed that the group may experience failure at a later date and thus, were more concerned about protecting their future ego than enhancing their current ego. This new impression management tactic, labeled cutting off future failure, was documented in Study 2. Discussion centers on the implications of the current research for past work on impression management.
Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonists on D1 Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Changes in Striatal Immediate Early Gene Expression: Evidence for Involvement of Pharmacologically Distinct NMDA Receptors?

Dopamine D1 receptor regulation of striatal gene expression is dependent on N-methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptors. To determine whether pharmacologically distinct NMDA receptors are
Simultaneous activation and hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1-mediated inhibition of matriptase induced at activation foci in human mammary epithelial cells.

Activation of single-chain, latent matriptase, a type II transmembrane serine protease, depends on the weak proteolytic activity of its own zymogen as well as its cognate inhibitor, hepatocyte grow...
Sensitivity of the snowcover energetics in a mountain basin to variations in climate

Snow is an important natural reservoir that holds water on the landscape for release later in the season in western North America and other portions of the world. As air temperature increases with global climate change, the character of the generally established seasonal snowcover will be affected. To study the specific response to variable climate, a carefully collected and processed meteorological data set for the 1984–2008 water years (WYs) was assembled for a snow-dominated headwater mountain catchment. The data were used to force a physically based, distributed energy balance snow model to simulate patterns of snow deposition and melt over the catchment for the 25-year period. This period covers both the highest (1984) and lowest (1992) snow seasons on record and exhibits extreme inter-annual variability. This unique forcing data set captured meteorological conditions that resulted in the range of variability in snowcover accumulation, timing of ablation, and the timing and amount of surface water input (SWI), and discharge during the 25-year study period. SWI is the amount of liquid water delivered to the soil surface from melting snow or from rain that passes through the snowcover or falls directly on the soil. Warm winters, characterized by early- and mid-winter rain, triggered earlier inputs from SWI and response in discharge than cool winters. Cool conditions prolonged the generation of SWI and streamflow out of the basin. Very wet conditions that were warm passed 50% of the SWI 27 days earlier and passed 50% of the discharge 15 days earlier, when compared to very wet conditions that were cool. Warmer conditions produced less snow water equivalent, shortened the melt season, and would be expected to extend the summer drought. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.