cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth

The future adequacy of freshwater resources is difficult to assess, owing to a complex and rapidly changing geography of water supply and use. Numerical experiments combining climate model outputs, water budgets, and socioeconomic information along digitized river networks demonstrate that (i) a large proportion of the world's population is currently experiencing water stress and (ii) rising water demands greatly outweigh greenhouse warming in defining the state of global water systems to 2025. Consideration of direct human impacts on global water supply remains a poorly articulated but potentially important facet of the larger global change question.
Germ cell stimulation of Sertoli cell protein phosphorylation

Cultures of Sertoli cells were treated with freshly isolated, intact germ cells to determine if germ cells were capable of influencing Sertoli cell function. By using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, germ cells were found to increase several-fold the incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate into two phosphoproteins (which we term germ cell-dependent phosphoproteins 1 and 2 or GCl and GC2) of Sertoli cells. Increased phosphorylation of GCl and GC2 was rapid, germ cell dose dependent, and calcium dependent. The increased phosphorylation of GCl appears to involve calmodulin- dependent protein kinase, while phosphorylation of GC2 appears to involve the activation of calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Medium conditioned by germ cells was capable of eliciting the same response in Sertoli cells. Germ cells had no effect on the phosphorylation of proteins in Chinese hamster ovarian cells, but did result in increased phosphorylation of a protein in ...
New algorithms for join and grouping operations

Traditional database query processing relies on three types of algorithms for join and for grouping operations. For joins, index nested loops join exploits an index on its inner input, merge join exploits sorted inputs, and hash join exploits differences in the sizes of the join inputs. For grouping, an index-based algorithm has been used in the past whereas today sort- and hash-based algorithms prevail. Cost-based query optimization chooses the most appropriate algorithm for each query and for each operation. Unfortunately, mistaken algorithm choices during compile-time query optimization are common yet expensive to investigate and to resolve. Our goal is to end mistaken choices among join algorithms and among grouping algorithms by replacing the three traditional types of algorithms with a single one. Like merge join, this new join algorithm exploits sorted inputs. Like hash join, it exploits different input sizes for unsorted inputs. In fact, for unsorted inputs, the cost functions for recursive hash join and for hybrid hash join have guided our search for the new join algorithm. In consequence, the new join algorithm can replace both merge join and hash join in a database management system. The in-memory components of the new join algorithm employ indexes. If the database contains indexes for one (or both) of the inputs, the new join can exploit persistent indexes instead of temporary in-memory indexes. Using database indexes to find matching input records, the new join algorithm can also replace index nested loops join. In addition to join operations, a very similar algorithm supports grouping ("group by" queries in SQL) and duplicate elimination. For unsorted inputs, candidate output records take on the role of one of the inputs in a join operation. Our goal is to define a single grouping algorithm that can replace grouping by repeated index searches, by sorting, and by hashing. In other words, our goal is to end mistaken algorithm choices not only for joins and other binary matching operations but also for grouping and other unary matching operations in database query processing. Finally, these new algorithms can be instrumental for efficient and robust data processing in a map-reduce environment, because `map' and `reduce' operations are similar in essentials to join and grouping operations. Results from an implementation of the core algorithm are reported.
U.S. Climate Science Conference examines strategic plan

A major Bush administration conference on climate change science was widely praised for its efforts to help formulate a good research agenda pursuant to producing a final U.S. government science strategic plan by April 2003; and for promises to seriously consider suggestions from the scientific community about climate research priorities. However, a number of scientists at the U.S. Climate Change Science Program workshop, which took place 3–5 December, said they are concerned about how the administration will eventually select priorities from among a broad array of climate research topics that some said resembled a “Santa's wish list;” and whether sufficient funding will be allocated in the present difficult budgetary environment.
Friction stir lap joining of 2198 aluminum–lithium alloy with weaving and pulsing variants

Abstract Lap joints of 2198-T8 Al–Li alloy in 0.063 in. sheet thickness were friction stir welded to investigate the combination of this material and assembly method for the manufacturing of aerospace structures. Along with conventional friction stir welding (FSW), weaved FSW and pulsed FSW (PFSW) were evaluated to determine the potential impact of these variant technologies on weld strength. Additionally, a more traditional flat shoulder tool geometry operated with a tilt angle was compared to a tapered shoulder tool geometry operated at a 0° tilt angle, which offers the possibility of simplifying robotic welding operations. Faying surface sealant, the use of which is critical in aerospace applications, was investigated as well, to determine its impact on weld strength and to characterize its interactions with welding parameters and process variants.
Numerically Implemented Perturbation Method for the Nonlinear Magnetic Moment of an Anisotropic Superconductor

We present a method to compute the magnetic moment of a bulk, finite-size, three-dimensional, anisotropic superconductor. Our numerically implemented perturbative procedure is based on a solution of the nonlinear Maxwell?London electrodynamic equations, where we include the nonlinear relation between current and gauge invariant velocity. The method exploits the small ratio of the finite penetration depths to the sample size. We show how to treat the open boundary conditions over an infinite domain and the continuity requirement at the interface. We demonstrate how our method substantially reduces the computational work required, and discuss its implementation to an oblate spheroid. The numerical solution is obtained from a finite-difference method. We briefly discuss the relevance of this work to similar problems in other fields.
A simplex algorithm for minimum-cost network-flow problems in infinite networks

We study minimum-cost network-flow problems in networks with a countably infinite number of nodes and arcs and integral flow data. This problem class contains many nonstationary planning problems over time where no natural finite planning horizon exists. We use an intuitive natural dual problem and show that weak and strong duality hold. Using recent results regarding the structure of basic solutions to infinite-dimensional network-flow problems we extend the well-known finite-dimensional network simplex method to the infinite-dimensional case. In addition, we study a class of infinite network-flow problems whose flow balance constraints are inequalities and show that the simplex method can be implemented in such a way that each pivot takes only a finite amount of time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2008
Preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Child Health Ratings Inventory (CHRIs) and Disease-Specific Impairment Inventory-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (DSII-HSCT) in parents and children

Purpose: To describe the initial results of the Child Health Ratings Inventory (CHRIs), 20-item generic health-related quality of life (HRQL) instrument and the 10-item disease-specific (DS) module, the Disease Specific Impairment Inventory-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (DSII-HSCT), for children and adolescents, ages 5–18 years and their parents following HSCT. Study design: Using cross sectional design, 122 children with a median age of 11 years (range 5.0–18 years) completed the questionnaire (CHRIs +DSII-HSCT) with research assistance. Seventy-four parents independently completed a parallel version of the questionnaire; health care providers assigned a global clinical severity rating. Results: The generic core includes four domains: physical, role, and emotional functioning, and energy. The DS module has three domains: worry, hassles, and body image. The Cronbach’s alpha for parents and for older children (8 years and over) exceeded 0.70 for all generic and DS domains. While the range of alpha coefficients was lower for younger children, ages 5–7 year, only the alpha coefficient for one domain (energy) was less than 0.70. The instrument satisfactorily discriminated between clinically important groups: those early in the transplant process ( 12 months) and by provider-assigned clinical severity ratings. Conclusion: results suggest that the CHRIs generic core and its DSII-HSCT module is a promising measure of HRQL after pediatric HSCT. Although parent and child reports were moderately correlated and revealed complementary results, the unique perspectives of both raters provide a more complete picture of HRQL. Longitudinal application is underway to further characterize the measurement properties of the CHRIs and to determine the instrument’s responsiveness and sensitivity to change over time in this vulnerable population.
Capillary electrophoretic analysis of advanced glycation endproducts formed from the reaction of reducing sugars with the amino group of glucosamine

Glucosamine (GlcN) is an amino sugar sold over-the-counter and is widely used as a dietary supplement to relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis. It is not known whether it is the GlcN alone or one of its many possible nonenzymatic glycation products that is responsible for this effect. The current study demonstrates that reducing sugars form advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) with GlcN and, as a result, decrease GlcN autocondensation by reducing the availability of the GlcN amino group. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to analyze the in vitro Maillard reaction of GlcN with glyceraldehyde (GA), glucose (Glc), and fructose (Fru) as well as their inhibition of GlcN autocondensation under physiological conditions. Formation of AGEs was monitored by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Major components were separated by CE using a bare capillary and UV detection at 214 nm. AGE species were separated by HPLC and were complementary to the CE results. The effects of sugar concentration and incubation time on the AGE profile are also reported for each of the GlcN reducing sugar model systems. A simple and rapid CE method was developed to analyze the AGE formation in this initial report of the reaction of reducing sugars with the amino group of GlcN.
Clear the air: adolescents' perceptions of the risks associated with secondhand smoke

Abstract Background Despite numerous studies on adolescents' recognition of the medical risks of primary smoke, there have been surprisingly few investigations of how adolescents perceive the risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke. This study examined whether adolescents' risk estimates when exposed to secondhand smoke differed by: (1) actual smoking experience and (2) adolescents' intentions to smoke in the near future. We also explored whether adolescents perceive different risk depending on who is producing the secondhand smoke. Methods Three hundred and ninety-five 9th graders (mean age = 14.0) completed a survey concerning their perceptions of secondhand smoke, smoking experiences, and intentions. Results On average, adolescents were aware of the serious risks posed by exposure to secondhand smoke. However, adolescents who smoke or intend to smoke were more likely to perceive the risks from exposure to secondhand smoke as lower than did adolescents who had never smoked or had no intentions to smoke. Conclusions The findings from this study suggest that education regarding the risks of secondhand smoke might serve as an additional deterrent against smoking and smoking intentions. Further study using longitudinal data is still needed to fully understand the relationship between such perceptions and smoking behavior.
Effect of particle size distribution and chlorophyll content on beam attenuation spectra

The relationships between beam attenuation spectra, chlorophyll and pheophytin pigment concentrations, and particle size distributions are examined for a coastal region (Monterey Bay area) believed to have negligible concentrations of terrestrially derived dissolved organic compounds (during May 1977) but large quantities of phytoplankton and resuspended sediments. It was found that the slope of the beam attenuation spectra increases when the hyperbolic slope of the size distribution increases. The magnitude of this increase in slope was consistent with calculations based on a range of particle diameters from 0.5 to 30 microm, so that it would be possible to predict the slope of the particle size distribution if the slope of the beam attenuation spectra is known. The ratio of chlorophyll and pheophytin pigments to suspended volume concentrations affected the beam attenuation spectra to a lesser degree and in a more complex manner. Because of the strong effect of slope, it was concluded that the chlorophyll and pheophytin pigment content of suspended particles could not be efficiently predicted by means of beam attenuation measurements.
ℓ 0 Sparsifying Transform Learning with Efficient Optimal Updates and Convergence Guarantees

Many applications in signal processing benefit from the sparsity of signals in a certain transform domain or dictio- nary. Synthesis sparsifying dictionaries that are directl y adapted to data have been popular in applications such as image denois- ing, inpainting, and medical image reconstruction. In this work, we focus instead on the sparsifying transform model, and study the learning of well-conditioned square sparsifying transforms. The proposed algorithms alternate between a l0 "norm"-based sparse coding step, and a non-convex transform update step. We derive the exact analytical solution for each of these steps. The proposed solution for the transform update step achieves the global minimum in that step, and also provides speedups over iterative solutions involving conjugate gradients. We establish that our alternating algorithms are globally convergent to the set of local minimizers of the non-convex transform learning prob- lems. In practice, the algorithms are insensitive to initia lization. We present results illustrating the promising performance and significant speed-ups of transform learning over synthesis K-SVD in image denoising. The transform model is not only more general in its modeling capabilities than the analysis models, it is also much more efficient and scalable than both the synthesis and noisy signal analysis models. We briefly review the main distinctions between these sparse models (cf. (5) for a more detailed review, and for the relevant references) in this an d the following paragraphs. One key difference is in the process of finding a sparse representation for data given the model, or dictionary. For the transform model, given the signal y and transform W , the transform sparse coding problem (5) minimizes kWy − xk 2 subject to kxk 0 ≤ s, where s is a given sparsity level. The solutionis obtained exactly and cheaply by zeroing out all but the s coefficients of largest magnitude in Wy 1 . In contrast, for the synthesis or noisy analysis models, the process of sparse coding is NP-hard (Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard). While some of the approximate algorithms that have been proposed for synthesis or analysis sparse coding are guaranteed to provide the correct solution under certain conditions, in applications, espec ially those involving learning the models from data, these conditions are often violated. Moreover, the various synthesis and analysis sparse coding algorithms tend to be computationally expensive for large-scale problems. Recently, the data-driven adaptation of sparse models has re- ceived much interest. The adaptation of synthesis dictionaries based on training signals (6)-(12) has been shown to be useful in various applications (13)-(15). The learning of analysi s dictionaries, employing either the analysis model or its no isy signal extension, has also received some recent attention ( 3), (16)-(18).
A "quick and dirty" website data quality indicator

This short paper outlines a research study in progress, which is motivated by the perception that the spelling error rate of a document can serve as a rudimentary proxy for the degree of quality control exercised in its creation, and, subsequently, indicate its quality. One objective of this research is to validate this understanding. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to take advantage of such an association. In particular, we propose a simple, "quick and dirty" metric for assisting in the evaluation of the quality of websites. This metric utilizes the reported hit counts of search engine queries on a pre-determined set of commonly misspelled words.
Tobacco pollen: archaeological and forensic applications

The fossil pollen contents found in the charred dottle residue from 20 clay pipe bowls recovered from a cesspit at a house in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (which was owned and used by the artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn), were collected and studied. The clay pipes date from approximately the same period when Rembrandt lived in the house and used the cesspit. We believe that some of the pollen in the dottle residue may have come from the tobacco, some possibly from airborne sources at Rembrandt's house and/or from debris in the cesspit in which the pipes were discarded. The results are compared with a similar study of pipe dottle from Native American clay pipes conducted more than 25 years ago. We also briefly review the origin and spread of domestic tobacco in an effort to determine potential sources of the tobacco imported and used in the Netherlands during the lifetime of Rembrandt and the period when he occupied the house. The pollen content of modern brands of commercial pipe tobacco is studied and the potential for using pollen found in tobacco products as evidence in forensic circumstances is reviewed.
Photoacoustic effect in strongly absorbing fluids

Abstract Ultrasonic waves with an exponential temporal profile are produced when a short pulse of radiation is absorbed in an optically thick fluid. Here, one-dimensional frequency and time domain solutions for the pressure are given for Beer's law absorption of radiation in a fluid in contact with a second transparent medium. Experiments are described where short pulses of 532 nm radiation from a Nd:YAG laser are used to generate exponential waves in solutions containing various concentrations of a dye.
Affective computational priming and creativity

While studies have shown that affect influences creativity, few investigate how affect influences creative performance with creativity support tools. Drawing from methods commonly used in psychology research, we present affective computational priming, a new method for manipulating affect using digitally embedded stimuli. We present two studies that explore computational techniques for inducing positive, neutral, and negative affect and examine their impact on idea generation with creativity support tools. Our results suggest that positive affective computational priming positively influences the quality of ideas generated. We discuss opportunities for future HCI research and offer practical applications of affective computational priming.
Perspectives on Career Assessment of Work-Bound Youth:

In this article, work-bound youth are identified as an adolescent subpopulation whose goals are to attain occupational skills and to enter the workforce immediately on leaving secondary school. The characteristics of this population are discussed, and their needs for systematic career interventions are described. Particular emphasis is given to this group's need for career assessment, the types of assessments that may be useful, and the application of the Super, Osborne, Brown, Walsh, and Niles (1992) Career Development Assessment and Counseling (C-DAC) model as a frame of reference for the choice and use of the career assessments included.
What if they can say the words but don't know what they mean?

Vocabulary is critical to reading comprehension. Children differ greatly in the size of their meaning vocabularies at school entrance, and those with small vocabularies tend to add fewer words than those with larger vocabularies. Included in this column are some strategies to add more meaning-vocabulary development to classroom instruction.
Streaming BDD manipulation for large-scale combinatorial problems

We propose a new BDD manipulation method that never causes memory overflow or swap out. In our method, BDD data are accessed through the I/O stream ports. We can read unlimited length of BDD data streams using a limited size of the memory, and the result of BDD data streams are concurrently produced. Our streaming method features (1) a continuous trade-off between the memory usage and the streaming data length, (2) a valid partial result can be obtained before completing process, and (3) easily accelerated by pipelined multiprocessing. Experimental result shows that our new method is especially useful for the cases where conventional BDD packages are ineffective. For example, we succeeded in finding a number of solutions to a SAT problem using a commodity PC with a 64 MB memory, where the conventional method will require a 100 GB memory to compute it. BDD manipulation has been considered as an intensively memory-consuming procedure, but now we can also utilize the hard disk and network resources as well. Our method will lead a new style of BDD applications.
A polar substituent effect on the ring-cleavage rearrangement of 1-arylcyclobutylmethyl Grignard reagents

The kinetics of the ring-cleavage rearrangements of 1-phenylcyclobutylmethylmagnesium chloride and its p-methyl and p-chloro analogs have been determined. The first-order rate constants are correlated by the Hammett equation, with ϱ = −0.47. The results are consistent with a concerted mechanism with a cyclic transition state having significant polar character, although polar effects on the stabilities of reactant and product may also contribute. The phenyl group itself slows the reaction by a factor of 0.031, which is interpreted principally in terms of steric destabilization of the transition state.
Successful conservative management of a tracheal tear in a septic octogenarian.

An 87-year-old woman with a tracheal tear was admitted from an outside institution for surgical management. She had suffered a myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock 2 weeks before admission and had been intubated. In the days that followed, she had been extubated and reintubated twice. One week before admission, she had become febrile, and subcutaneous air was noted by chest radiography. A tracheostomy had been performed 3 days before the admission and the continued, requisite use of positive-pressure ventilation had resulted in massive subcutaneous emphysema of the trunk, arms, and face. Given her advanced age, positive blood cultures (Staphylococcus sp), and recent cardiac events, conservative management of her tracheal tear was advocated. She was taken to the operating room where fiberoptic bronchoscopy confirmed the presence of a 3-cm full-thickness longitudinal tear of the membranous portion of the trachea, ending approximately 0.5 cm from the carina. Separate 5.5F single-lumen cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) were placed into the right and left mainstem bronchi via the tracheal stoma under bronchoscopic guidance (Fig 1). The cuffs were inflated, and positive-pressure ventilation of the lungs without further air leak from the tear was achieved by using the Y-piece adaptor from a standard double-lumen ETT (Fig 2). Daily chest x-rays were performed as well as daily bronchoscopy to assure that the right single-lumen ETT did not occlude the takeoff of the right upper lobe. The massive subcutaneous emphysema resolved within 4 days. Antibiotic therapy with vancomycin, cefepime, and metronidazole resulted in a resolution of her sepsis, and significant nutritional deficiencies were addressed with enteral feedings. The 5.5F ETTs were uneventfully replaced on postoperative day 7 (6.5F on the left and 7.0 on the right) to facilitate suctioning of pulmonary secretions. Intermittent bronchoscopic surveillance was performed, and the ETTs were replaced by a standard tracheostomy (#8 Shiley) on postoperative day 12. The tear was bronchoscopically noted to be healed by postoperative day 28. Despite experiencing catheter sepsis, intermittent delirium, Clostridium difficile enteritis, intermittent congestive heart failure, and the development of a significant sacral decubitus ulcer,
The role of the microtubules in tumor necrosis factor-α-induced endothelial cell permeability

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a major proinflammatory cytokine, triggers endothelial cell activation and barrier dysfunction which are implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema associated with acute lung injury syndromes. The mechanisms of TNF-α–induced vascular permeability are not completely understood. Our initial experiments demonstrated that TNF-α–induced decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance across human pulmonary artery endothelial cells are independent of myosin light chain phosphorylation catalyzed by either myosin light chain kinase or Rho kinase. We next assessed the involvement of another cytoskeletal component, the tubulin-based microtubule network, and found TNF-α to induce a decrease in stable tubulin content and partial dissolution of peripheral microtubule network as evidenced by anti-acetylated tubulin and anti–β-tubulin immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Microtubule-stabilizing agents, paclitaxel and epothilone B, significantly attenuated TNF-α–induced decr...
Validation of claims‐based algorithms for identification of high‐grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer

Background High-grade cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse has been widely used as a surrogate endpoint in cervical cancer screening or prevention trials. Methods To identify high-grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer, we developed claims-based algorithms that incorporated a combination of diagnosis and procedure codes using the billing data in an electronic medical records database and assessed the validity of the algorithms in an independent administrative claims database. We calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) of each algorithm, using new cytologic or pathologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3, carcinoma in situ, or cervical cancer as the gold standard. Results Having ≥1 diagnosis code for high-grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer had a PPV of 57.1% (95%CI, 54.7–59.5%). By requiring ≥2 diagnoses for high-grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer, separated by 7–30 days, the PPV increased to 60.2% (95%CI, 53.9–66.1%). At least two diagnoses and a procedure code within a month from the first diagnosis date yielded a PPV of 80.7% (95%CI, 73.6–86.2%). The algorithms had greater PPVs in identifying prevalent high-grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer. Overall, the PPVs of these algorithms were similar or slightly lower in the external claims data than in the sample used to derive the algorithms. Conclusions Use of ≥2 diagnosis codes in combination with a procedure code appears to be a valid tool for studying high-grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer in both electronic medical record and administrative claims databases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The architecture of school improvement

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive framework for capturing the complex concept the authors call school improvement.Design/methodology/approach – The author begins by anchoring that framework on an historical understanding of school improvement. The framework itself is then presented. Five dimensions are described: the essential equation, building material (content), guiding principles, supports, and integrative dynamic.Findings – The construct of school improvement has varied over time. The paper articulates the seedbed from which current efforts at school improvement grow – and why those efforts look the way they do. It then reviews what the author has uncovered about how to build productive schools in the post‐industrial world by exposing and populating the key dimensions of the school improvement framework.Originality/value – The paper draws on the author's research legacy to develop a framework for analyzing school improvement efforts.
Conforming Hexahedral Mesh Generation via Geometric Capture Methods

An algorithm is introduced for converting a non-conforming hexahedral mesh that is topologically equivalent and geometrically similar to a given geometry into a conforming mesh for the geometry. The procedure involves embedding geometric topology information into the given non-conforming base mesh and then converting the mesh to a fundamental hexahedral mesh. The procedure is extensible to multi-volume meshes with minor modification, and can also be utilized in a geometry-tolerant form (i.e., unwanted features within a solid geometry can be ignored with minor penalty). Utilizing an octree-type algorithm for producing the base mesh, it may be possible to show asymptotic convergence to a guaranteed closure state for meshes within the geometry, and because of the prevalence of these types of algorithms in parallel systems, the algorithm should be extensible to a parallel version with minor modification.
Breast cancer stem cells: are we ready to go from bench to bedside?

Since the discovery of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) more than 10 years ago, a body of exciting research has developed. The intrinsic properties of BCSCs, including self-renewal and the ability to give rise to heterogeneous progeny, make BCSCs a likely source of tumour initiation, heterogeneity, progression and metastasis. BCSCs are also inherently resistant to conventional therapies and are therefore thought to contribute to disease recurrence. In this review, we will focus on both the challenges and recent advances in the characterization of BCSCs with respect to phenotype, molecular signature and their role in the behaviour of the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Of most importance is our ability to translate our growing knowledge base into the development of targeted therapies with the goal of reducing adverse outcomes in breast cancer patients.
How do I get out of this jam? Overcoming common intraoperative problems in primary total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Prompt attention is typically required in managing intraoperative problems associated with total hip arthroplasty. There is often limited time for consultation or a review of the literature. The treating surgeon should be familiar with treatment options, favored treatment methods, and should be able to implement the most appropriate and optimal treatment for his or her patient. Common intraoperative complications associated with primary total hip arthroplasty include difficulty gaining sufficient exposure, problems with cup fixation, challenges with implant anteversion, intraoperative fracture of the femur, and difficulties with intraoperative limb length and hip instability.
Measuring Li+ Inventory Losses in LiCoO2/Graphite Cells Using Raman Microscopy

Here, the contribution from loss of Li+ inventory to capacity fade is described for slow rates (C/10) and long-term cycling (up to 80 cycles). It was found through electrochemical testing and ex-situ Raman analysis that at these slow rates, the entirety of capacity loss up to 80 cycles can be explained by loss of Li+ inventory in the cell. The Raman spectrum of LiCoO2 is sensitive to the state of lithiation and can therefore be leveraged to quantify the state of lithiation for individual particles. With these Raman derived estimates, the lithiation state of the cathode in the discharged state is compared to electrochemical data as a function of cycle number. High correlation is found between Raman quantifications of cycleable lithium and the capacity fade. Additionally, the linear relationship between discharge capacity and cell overpotential suggests that the loss of capacity stems from an impedance rise of the electrodes, which based on Li inventory losses, is caused by SEI formation and repair.
In situ observation of the spatial distribution of crystalline phases during pressure-induced transformations of indented silicon thin films

Indentation-induced phase transformation processes were studied by in situ Raman imaging of the deformed contact region of silicon thin films, using a Raman spectroscopy-enhanced instrumented indentation technique (IIT). In situ Raman imaging was used to study the generation and evolution of the phase transformation of silicon while performing an IIT experiment analyzed to determine the average contact pressure and indentation strain. This is, to our knowledge, the first sequence of Raman images documenting the evolution of the strain fields and changes in the phase distributions of a material while conducting an indentation experiment. The reported in situ experiments provide insights into the transformation processes in silicon during indentation, confirming, and providing the experimental evidence for, some of the previous assumptions made on this subject. The developed Raman spectroscopy-enhanced IIT has shown its potential in advancing the understanding of deformation mechanisms and will provide a very useful tool in validating and refining contact models and related simulation studies.
Advances in microscale laser shock peening

The response of materials after microscale laser shock peening (μLSP) was experimentally characterized and compared with the theoretical prediction from the finite element method (FEM) analysis in microlength level. X-ray micro-diffraction technique was applied to the post-peened single crystal aluminum of (001) and (110) orientations, and X-ray profile was analyzed by sub-profiling and Fourier analysis method. Spatially resolved residual stress and strain deviation was quantified and explained in terms of the hetero- geneous dislocation cell structure. In-plane crystal lattice rotation induced by μLSP was measured by elec- tron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and compared with the FEM simulation. Average mosaic size was evaluated from X-ray profile Fourier analysis and compared with the result from EBSD. Surface strength in- crease and dislocation cell structure formation were studied. The systematical characterization will lay the ground work for better understanding the effect of μLSP in microlength level and developing more realistic simulations.
Study on on-line jacket insulation monitoring for 500 kV submarine oil-filled cable

Taking insulation condition of the submarine oil-filled cable which used in Hainan Interconnection Project as the research object,a synchronous detection technique by using four current sensors to monitor cable sheath insulation was put forward. The principle of the method was introduced and the ratio of jacket insulation leakage current and the inductance coefficient of grounding circuit current were proposed which can be used to judge the jacket insulation condition. The on-line monitoring system basic on the method was introduced,including the system composition and introduced the structure of current sensor in detail. Simulaiton software was used to build the cable model and simulation calculation on induced current and capacitive current were conducted. The simulation and monitoring results show that the monitoring system which can reflect condition of the cable insulation. The system was successfully put into operation in Hainan Interconnection project at present. The operation condition is good and test data is reliable,and provides an important basis on monitoring jacket insulation for submarine oil-filled cable.
Investigation on the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and clinical features of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Objective To explore the clinical features of positive MP-DNA gene in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( BALF) of children with mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia( MPP). Methods 94 children with MPP from January 2010 to June 2011 were given flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage examination,and then were divided into the experiment group with 61 cases( BALF MP-DNA positive) and the control group with 33 cases( BALF MP-DNA negative). The clinical features were compared between the two groups.Results School-age children were significantly more in the experiment group than in the control group( P 0. 05). Hyperthermia,CRP,Chest X-ray and / or CT atelectasis and pleural effusion were more serious in the experiment group than in the control group( P 0. 05).There was no significant difference on bronchoscopic findings and BALF cytological classification between the two groups. Conclusion The clinical features of children with MPP are school-aged,hyperthermia,high expression of CRP,atelectasis,and pleural effusion. The positive MP-DNA can be easily detected in BALF,which may be associated with strong immune response. Appropriate extension of macrolide antibiotics therapy and immunization therapy should be useful.
Thematic analysis of students’ talk while solving a real-world problem in geometry☆☆☆

Abstract From a social semiotic perspective, students’ use of language is fundamental to mathematical meaning making. We applied thematic analysis to examine students’ use of geometric and contextual ideas while solving a geometry problem that required them to determine the optimal location for a new grocery store on a map of their local community. Students established semantic patterns to connect the problem context to geometry. Groups differed in how they used geometry in their discussion of the solution, in particular with how students used distance to describe the location of a new grocery store. Overall, students’ knowledge of the problem context served as a resource for them to establish geometric meanings. Thematic analysis, which describes the connections in students’ talk between out-of-school and discipline-specific knowledge, highlights ways in which instruction can build upon students’ prior experiences for the purpose of learning in school.
Outcomes of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for refractory cardiac arrest in adult cardiac surgery patients.

Abstract Background The role of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in adult cardiac surgery patients with refractory cardiac arrest is uncertain. We hypothesized that ECPR would be associated with better than expected outcomes in this group of patients. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of adult cardiac surgery patients who underwent ECPR for refractory cardiac arrest during a 6-year period (2010 to 2015). In-hospital mortality, survival at last follow-up, and cerebral performance category (CPC) were examined as outcomes, and potential risk factors for mortality were explored. Results Twenty-three patients underwent ECPR when spontaneous circulation did not return with conventional resuscitation. Thirty-day mortality was 65.2%, and in-hospital mortality was 69.6%. Six of the 23 patients (26.1%) were discharged with a favorable neurologic outcome, defined as CPC 1 or 2. Most patients who died had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (43.8%), and a smaller number had severe brain injury (25.0%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggested age as a critical factor affecting survival ( P = .04, log-rank test). Conclusions ECPR may have a role in younger adult cardiac surgery patients who experience refractory cardiac arrest. Future studies are needed to identify patients who will benefit most from ECPR.
Capacity of MIMO systems in shallow water acoustic channels

Underwater acoustic (UWA) channels are typically characterized by a multipath structure with large delay spread, where only a few propagation paths carry significant energy. Each path exhibits time variability, which, together with the transmitter and receiver motion, induces Doppler spreading and shifting of the signal. In this paper, we analyze the limits on the information rate achievable through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications over UWA channels. Assuming full channel state information (CSI) at the receiver, we evaluate the ergodic capacity in two scenarios: one with partial CSI at the transmitter, and another with no CSI. Also, we consider the constrained capacity for practical modulations, e.g., BPSK and QPSK, and, exploiting the sparseness of the multipath structure, we provide new lower bounds on the achievable information rate. Statistical characterization and numerical examples are given based on the data collected in a recent experiment, conducted off the coast of Kauai, Hawaii, in June 2008.
Surabaya, 1945–2010: Neighbourhood, State and Economy in Indonesia’s City of Struggle

This book is a rich, compelling and disturbing study of great depth and insight based on thirteen years of fieldwork in a kampung of Surabaya, Indonesia. Primarily an ethnographic description and a...
Visual Field Map Clusters in High-Order Visual Processing: Organization of V3A/V3B and a New Cloverleaf Cluster in the Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus.

The cortical hierarchy of the human visual system has been shown to be organized around retinal spatial coordinates throughout much of low- and mid-level visual processing. These regions contain visual field maps (VFMs) that each follow the organization of the retina, with neighboring aspects of the visual field processed in neighboring cortical locations. On a larger, macrostructural scale, groups of such sensory cortical field maps (CFMs) in both the visual and auditory systems are organized into roughly circular cloverleaf clusters. CFMs within clusters tend to share properties such as receptive field distribution, cortical magnification, and processing specialization. Here we use fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) modeling to investigate the extent of VFM and cluster organization with an examination of higher-level visual processing in temporal cortex and compare these measurements to mid-level visual processing in dorsal occipital cortex. In human temporal cortex, the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) has been implicated in various neuroimaging studies as subserving higher-order vision, including face processing, biological motion perception, and multimodal audiovisual integration. In human dorsal occipital cortex, the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) contains the V3A/B cluster, which comprises 2 VFMs subserving mid-level motion perception and visuospatial attention. For the first time, we present the organization of VFMs in pSTS in a cloverleaf cluster. This pSTS cluster contains four VFMs bilaterally: pSTS-1:4. We characterize these pSTS VFMs as relatively small at ~125 mm2 with relatively large pRF sizes of ~2-8° of visual angle across the central 10° of the visual field. V3A and V3B are ~230 mm2 in surface area, with pRF sizes here similarly ~1-8° of visual angle across the same region. In addition, cortical magnification measurements show that a larger extent of the pSTS VFM surface areas are devoted to the peripheral visual field than those in the V3A/B cluster. Reliability measurements of VFMs in pSTS and V3A/B reveal that these cloverleaf clusters are remarkably consistent and functionally differentiable. Our findings add to the growing number of measurements of widespread sensory CFMs organized into cloverleaf clusters, indicating that CFMs and cloverleaf clusters may both be fundamental organizing principles in cortical sensory processing.
Expedited Development of Diphenhydramine Orally Disintegrating Tablet through Integrated Crystal and Particle Engineering.

A palatable direct compression (DC) orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) product of a bitter drug, diphenhydramine (DPH), was developed using an integrated crystal and particle engineering approach. A DPH salt with a sweetener, acesulfame (Acs), DPH-Acs, was synthesized and its solid state properties were comprehensively characterized. Tablet formulation composition and compaction parameters were optimized by employing material sparing techniques. In vivo disintegration time, bitterness, and grittiness of the final ODT product, were evaluated by a taste panel. Physical stability of the ODT tablets was assessed to identify appropriate storage conditions. Phase-pure DPH-Acs exhibited significantly better tabletability and palatability than DPH-HCl. A DC formulation was designed and optimized to obtain a new ODT product with good manufacturability and excellent product characteristics, including fast in vivo disintegration, and acceptable bitterness and grittiness. A new ODT product of DPH with excellent pharm...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Gastric Motility

Driven by technological advances, the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess gastric motor functions has substantially advanced since the earliest studies of gastric emptying and antral and small-bowel motility nearly two decades ago. Those studies used the echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence on a home-built scanner to acquire an image plane within tens of milliseconds using a single shot sequence scheme that allows easy weighting of the sequence to the relaxation times T 1 and T 2 or diffusion and to measure these MRI parameters quantitatively. However, EPI is prone to artifacts and has limited spatial resolution. Since then, imaging modalities have improved substantially, initially through spin echo sequences and more recently with development of fast spin echo and spoiled gradient echo sequences, which provide high-resolution abdominal imaging in a matter of hundreds of milliseconds, permitting GI function, including gastric volumes and contractility, to be evaluated in real time by MRI.
Comparison of Characteristics of Female Drivers with Single and Multiple DUI Convictions.

Background Women are increasingly involved in drunk driving and fatal crashes, yet except for the screening performed in criminal justice settings, little is known about their life context, psychiatric histories, and family backgrounds. This study describes a sample of women with histories of arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) who were interviewed outside a criminal justice setting and contrasts women with single versus multiple DUI convictions. Methods Women with recent documented histories of DUI participated in a study of women's health behaviors. Thirty-six women with 1 DUI and 62 with 2 or more DUIs participated in a diagnostic telephone interview which assessed demographics, alcohol use and problems, psychiatric problems, treatment, and partner violence. Results The sample overall had high rates of co-occurring psychiatric problems, parental alcohol problems, early sexual and physical abuse, and head injuries. Alcohol use severity and the prevalence of head injuries and partner alcohol problems were significantly higher among women with multiple DUIs than women with a single DUI. Measures reflecting life context, such as marital status, number of children, and childhood trauma, were not associated with number of DUIs. Conclusions Findings suggest that DUI recidivism in women is accounted for primarily by AUD severity and is not influenced by previous life events such as partner violence, psychiatric problems, and family context such as divorce/separation or number of children. Multiple DUIs in women may mark an alcohol severity threshold beyond which few factors account for additional risk.