cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carboxyfluorescein diacetate labeling does not affect adhesion molecule expression or function in human neutrophils or eosinophils

Abstract Fluorescently labeled leukocytes are commonly used in in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. However, the effects of fluorescent labeling on the expression and function of leukocyte adhesion molecules has not been examined in part because the extreme intensity of fluorescence tends to obscure signals from other fluorochromes used for dual color analysis. We have utilized a novel technique involving a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) fluorophore-conjugated F(ab′)2 fragment excitable in the ultraviolet wavelength range (350–450 nm) and dual-laser flow cytometry to determine if labeling of human neutrophils and eosinophils with the fluorescent dye 5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) alters surface expression of the primary leukocyte adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Simultaneously, adhesion molecule function was assessed by comparing the ability of CFDA-labeled vs. control cells to adhere to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and purified immobilized adhesion molecules. Isolated human eosinophils and neutrophils were fluorescently labeled by incubation with CFDA. Flow cytometric comparisons of labeled and unlabeled cells demonstrated that fluorescence labeling of neutrophils and eosinophils with CFDA did not alter basal surface expression of the β2 integrins (i.e., CD11a CD11b or, CD18). Stimulation of neutrophils with fMLP and eosinophils with PMA resulted in increased surface expression of CD11b and CD18 which was not altered by CFDA labeling. Likewise, CFDA labeling of neutrophils and eosinophils did not significantly alter their integrin-dependent adhesion to activated HUVEC under static or rotational conditions. Similarly, adhesion to immobilized recombinant E- and P-selectin was unaltered. These data demonstrate that fluorescent labeling of human neutrophils and eosinophils with CFDA does not alter surface expression or function of several adhesion molecules necessary for leukocyte-endothelial interactions. The use of CFDA-labeled cells in experiments employing intravital microscopy should therefore provide valid information on adhesion molecule function in vivo.
Solutions to the solar neutrino problem

Abstract Several well known neutrino physics solutions to the solar neutrino problem are briefly reviewed and their status in the light of the latest experimental data is presented.
Islam in Africa/Africans and Islam

This essay discusses some of the recent trends in the scholarship on Islam and Africa that contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the historical relationship between African Muslims and the global ecumene of believers. Rather than looking at the faith as an insular African phenomenon, this piece examines the links between Africans and the wider community of believers across space and time. Such an approach has important ramifications for our understanding of the dynamics of Islam. However, it also challenges many of the assumptions underpinning the geographic area studies paradigm that has dominated the academy since the Second World War. This essay suggests the adoption of a more fluid approach to scholarly inquiry that reimagines our largely continental attachment to regions in favor of a more intellectually agile methodology where the scope of inquiry is determined less by geographic boundaries and more by the questions we seek to answer.
Confining hot spots in 3C 196 - Implications for QSO-companion galaxies

VLBI observations of the extremely compact hot spot in the northern radio lobe of the QSO 3C 196 reveal the angular size of its smallest substructure to be 0.065 arcsec x 0.045 arcsec or about 300 pc at the redshift distance. The morphology of the hot spot and its orientation relative to the more diffuse radio emission suggest that it is formed by an oblique interaction between the nuclear QSO jet and circum-QSO cloud. The inferred density in this cloud, together with its apparent size, imply that the cloud contains a galactic mass, greater than a billion solar masses of gas. The effect of the jet will be to hasten gravitational collapse of the cloud. If many QSOs such as 3C 196 are formed or found in gas-rich environments, the QSO radio phase may commonly stimulate the metamorphosis of circum-QSO gas to QSO-companion galaxies or it may play a significant part in catalyzing star formation in existing companions.
Technical variables influencing the detection of acute deep vein thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract To establish which technical variables influence the detection of deep vein thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging, 2 dogs, 5 normal volunteers and 17 patients were studied using a 1.5 T whole-body system. A sequential slice gradient echo acquisition (TR 25, TE 13, 0 = 30°, 2 NEX, flow compensation rephasing gradients) in the axial plane was found to be optimal for detecting venous thrombosis. Thus, when using appropriate technique, MRI may identify deep venous thrombosis accurately. It may also allow the diagnosis of conditions which may simulate venous thrombosis clinically since the most common of these, ruptured Baker's cyst, cellulitis, muscle tear, hematoma and external venous compression are all readily identified by MRI.
Cinema is our ‘night school’: appropriation, falsification, and dissensus in the art of Ousmane Sembène

This essay engages the political, aesthetic, and ethical significance of Ousmane Sembene's art by examining how it disturbs the truth claims that underlie African practices and conceptions of self that are streamlined into narrow colonial, ‘Afro-radicalist,’ and ‘nativist’ narratives of African identity. On the whole, the essay illustrates how the aesthetic entanglements and falsifications in Sembene's cinematic and literary practice dispose us toward a different way of thinking about Africanness, modernity in Africa, and the political.
Karlotoxin synthetic studies: concise synthesis of a C(42–63) B-ring tetrahydropyran fragment

Abstract Starting from natural d -mannose, a C(42–63) B-ring tetrahydropyran fragment in karlotoxin 2 has been prepared via a common THP intermediate in a concise manner. E -Selective Julia–Kocienski olefination efficiently assembled a C(51–63) chlorodiene subunit and a C(42–50) tetrahydropyran segment.
Charge transfer satellites in x-ray spectra of transition metal oxides

Strongly correlated materials such as transition metal oxides (TMOs) often exhibit large satellites in their x-ray photoemission (XPS) and x-ray absorption spectra (XAS). These satellites arise largely from localized charge transfer excitations that accompany the sudden creation of a core hole. Here we use a two-step approach to treat such excitations in a localized system embedded in a condensed-matter environment and coupled to a photoelectron. The total XAS is then given by a convolution of an energy-dependent spectral function representing the localized excitations coupled to the photoelectron and the XAS of the extended system. The local system is modeled roughly in terms of a simplified three-level model, leading to a double-pole approximation for the spectral function that represents dynamically weighted contributions from the dominant neutral and charge transfer excitations. This method is implemented using a resolvent approach, with potentials, radial wave functions, and matrix elements from the real-space Green's function code feff9, and parameters fitted to XPS experiments. Representative calculations for several TMOs are found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment and with other calculations.
A Study of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons on an Amino Bonded Phase Liquid Chromatographic Column in the Normal and Reversed Phase

Abstract Experiments were run using an n-propyl amine polar bonded phase (Chromosorb LC-9) liquid chromatographic column in both the normal and reversed phase mode. Results confirm that the mechanism of separation in the normal phase is due mainly to a charge transfer interaction between the lone pair electrons on the stationary phase nitrogen and the π electron cloud of the solute PNAs. Elution order seems to depend upon a combination of π energy, and type of ring condensation of the solute. Plots of log I versus number of aromatic carbons for catacondensed PNAs suggest that while the specific interaction is different than that seen in silica chromatography, the overall adsorption effect is comparable. In the reversed phase there may be two types of separation mechanisms: 1) a pure partitioning effect in highly polar mobile phases (methanol/water), or 2) a mixture of liquid-solid adsorption and liquid-liquid partition in less polar solvent systems (acetonitrile/water).
Serological detection of fermentation wastes.

WATERBORNE wastes from the fermentation industries are difficult to differentiate from natural biological metabolites that occur in streams. Detection of characteristic antigens from organisms would serve to identify such wastes as contributors to the pollution of streams. A study was undertaken to determine if sufficient antigenic material for detection was produced in the medium during fermentation and if the antigens were sufficiently stable to permit recovery and identification in microgram amounts.
Characterization of Different Molecular Weight Fractions Separated from Utah Maltenes by Gel Permeation Chromatography

ABSTRACT Maltenes derived from Utah bitumens were separated by gel permeation chromatography ( OPC) into fractions having number average molecular weights ( MW) in the range from 300 to 11985. The fractions were examined by vapor pressure osmometry, absorption spectrometry in the visible region as well as proton and carbon -13 NMR. The results are reported in comparison with those for the corresponding fractions separated from Athabasca maltenes. Utah fractions appeared to be more aliphatic with longer average aliphatic chains lengths. Branched and alicyciic types were more abundant in Utah samples, especially those with low MW, There was an apparent difference in the hydrocarbon structure of both Utah and Athabasca maltenes GPC
A potent mercapto bi-product analogue inhibitor for human carboxypeptidase N.

Abstract The bi-product analogue inhibitor, 2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid, has been synthesized in high yield and exhibits a Ki of 2.0 nM with human plasma carboxypeptidase N. The ease of synthesis and subsequent availability make it an ideal compound to study potentiation of bradykinin and other vasoactive peptides.
The design, analysis, testing, and use of a small confinement vessel for material shock physics experiments

This paper describes the design, supporting analyses, fabrication, acceptance testing, and deployment of the Small Experiment Confinement Vessel (SECV). The vessel is used in a radiographic imaging facility for confining shock physics experiments where materials are driven to extreme loading conditions by the detonation of high explosives. The SECV provides an inexpensive means for confining a small shock physics experiment primarily due to its relatively simple design as compared to other confinement vessels. The main function of the SECV is to protect the nearby diagnostic equipment from damage by materials of the dynamic experiment. The vessel has been designed to the criteria of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 3, Code Case 2564, with the exception of the materials of construction. The SECV is intended for reuse, with the total number of firings for any one vessel structure being primarily dependent on the accumulated wall damage. The main body of the SECV is made of pipe material per the American Petroleum Institute standard ANSI/API 5L. Machined end flange weldments are joined to the pipe body to enable the closure covers to be bolted to the body. The closure covers have various devices mounted to them, for example a manually actuated valve for venting the vessel interior of detonation gasses, and feed through devices for sending electrical and optical signals across the pressure boundary.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
BMP 7 Is Required for Nephrogenesis, Eye Development, and Skeletal Patterninga

In summary, the generation of BMP-7-deficient mice has provided additional evidence that this family of growth factors regulate many morphogenetic processes including but not limited to skeletal development. In particular our experiments demonstrate that BMP 7 acts as an early inducer of glomeruli formation, and that it is required for skeletal patterning and lens formation. Our results not only demonstrate that BMP 7 is involved in the differentiation of several organs during development, but also raise the hypothesis that mutations in the Bmp 7 gene itself or in the genetic pathway could be responsible for several human genetic diseases in which glomerulus formation is impaired.
The Effect of the Sexual Composition of a Group on Discrimination against Women and Sex-Role Attitudes.

This study examined discrimination against women and endorsement of sex-role attitudes as a function of sex composition of group and sex of subject. Undergraduates (116 female and 55 male) were pla...
Crystallographic study of beef liver catalase

Abstract An orthorhombic form of beef liver catalase crystals has been examined by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The space group is P212121 with a = 89 A , b = 140 A , and c = 231 A . Electron micrographs show the presence of broad channels arrayed in a hexagonal manner. The solvent content of these orthorhombic crystals is considerably less than that for previously reported trigonal crystals of beef liver catalase although the packing arrangement appears to be virtually the same, suggesting a possible symmetry transition upon dehydration.
Comparative effects of naproxen and aspirin on fever in children.

The antipyretic effect of single doses of naproxen, 2.5 mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg, was compared to that ofaspirin, 15 mg/kg, and of a placebo in a double-blind study. Febrile children, hospitalized overnight, were randomly assigned to one of the treatment or placebo groups, and their temperatures were recorded hourly. Naproxen, 7.5 mg/kg, was at least as effective as aspirin in onset of action and reduction of fever, and had a longer duration of action. Each of the three treatments had a significant effect as compared to that of the placebo. There was no difference in the total incidence of side effects among the four groups, but mild gastrointestinal complaints were more common among the patients in the high-dose naproxen group, whereas CNS complaints were more prevalent among the patients in the placebo group.
An Unexpected Role for Ion Channels in Brain Tumor Metastasis

Over the past two decades it has become apparent that essentially all living cells express voltage-activated ion channels. While the role of ion channels for electrical signaling between excitable cells is well known, their function in non-excitable cells is somewhat enigmatic. Research on cancer cells suggests that certain ion channels, K+ channels in particular, may be involved in aberrant tumor growth and channel inhibitors often lead to growth arrest. An unsuspected role for K+ and Cl(-) channels has now been documented for primary brain tumors, glioma, where the concerted activity of these channels promotes cell invasion and the formation of brain metastasis. Specifically, Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels colocalize with ClC-3 Cl(-) channels to the invading processes of these tumor cells. Upon a rise in intracellular Ca2+, these channels activate and release K+ and Cl(-) ions together with obligated water causing a rapid shrinkage of the leading process. This in turn facilitates the invasion of the cell into the narrow and tortuous extracellular brain spaces. The NKCC1 cotransporter accumulates intracellular Cl(-) to unusually high concentrations, thereby establishing an outward directed gradient for Cl(-) ions. This allows glioma cells to utilize Cl(-) as an osmotically active anion during invasion. Importantly, the inhibition of Cl(-) channels retards cell volume changes, and, in turn, compromises tumor cell invasion. These findings have led to the clinical evaluation of a Cl(-) channel blocking peptide, chlorotoxin, in patients with malignant glioma. Data from this clinical trial shows remarkable tumor selectivity for chlorotoxin. The experimental therapeutic was well tolerated and is now evaluated in a multi-center phase II clinical trial. A similar role for Cl(-) and K+ channels is suspected in other metastatic cancers, and lessons learned from studies of gliomas may pave the way towards the development of novel therapeutics targeting ion channels.
Calculations of the thermal boundary resistance

A comparison is made of two versions of the acoustic-mismatch theory of the thermal boundary resistance R which occurs at the interface between a pair of solids. The most recent version predicts R ..-->.. 0 as the two solids become identical, while the earlier version indicates a finite R as the interface essentially vanishes. It is shown that the two versions make different assumptions as to what a thermometer measures and that, if appropriate thermometers are used, both versions give the same result. This conclusion is supported by experimental evidence.
Institutional rationality: The complex norms of science

The claim is made that the norms for justified belief in science require a complex structure of practices and institutional arrangements, that these arrangements have a history which, at crucial junctures, are subject to severe stress, that such severe stress puts at issue the whole epistemic structure of science, and that at present science faces one of these periods, and its future is in doubt.
Fine-grained auditory discrimination and performance on tests of receptive vocabulary and receptive language.

This research investigated the relation between children’s performance on two measures of receptive language and children’s auditory discrimination of consonant-vowel sounds having frequency and temporal acoustic differences. The measures of fine-grained auditory discrimination produced significant multiple regression coefficients against both receptive vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised) and receptive language (Token Test for Children) scores. Validation analyses conducted by predicting receptive vocabulary and language scores for a new sample of children and relating them to the actual scores led to significant outcomes. It was concluded that fine-grained auditory discrimination is particularly important in the relatively early stages of language learning.
When Race Disappears

Starting from the case of Trayvon Martin, this essay explores the significant differences in the ways that blacks and whites in America narrativize the question of the post-racial. It insists upon the prevalence of racism beyond the ‘post-racial’ America associated with Obama’s election. Contrary to the notions that race has disappeared, it examines rather the persistence of racism in the contemporary moment. It explores the role of different kinds of disappointment, suggesting that the veering between melancholia and indignation evident in public discourse produces an intensification of raciality rather than its Aufhebung, its overcoming.
Jehoiakim's Dehumanizing Interment as a Ritual Act of Reclassification

Though scholars rarely comment on the beastly nature of Jehoiakim’s predicted interment in Jer 22:18–19 (“[With] the burial of an ass he shall be buried, / Dragged and cast outside the gates of Jerusalem”), it is significant and worthy of careful explication, for it suggests a ritual act of reclassification: the king is to be punished by being dehumanized through the burial of his corpse, presumably in order to increase his shame. That ritual reclassification with animals represents a loss of rank for a king is made explicit in the narrative of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream in Dan 3:31–4:34 and is implicit in various cuneiform descriptions of dehumanizing punitive rites imposed on living captive enemy rulers by Neo-Assyrian monarchs. Such ritual reclassification of a king represents a potentially efficacious assault on his own royal, hegemonic claims to honor, elite rank, exalted status, and, in some instances, even divinity. Far from being great, the reclassified Jehoiakim, like Nebuchadnezzar and the captive enemies of the kings of Assyria, is, according to Jer 22:18–19, nothing more than a beast with no claim whatsoever to royal honor or privilege.
Temperature-programmed retention indices for g.c. and g.c.-m.s. analysis of coal- and petroleum-derived liquid fuels

Retention indices are very useful in identifying components in liquid fuels by gas chromatography (g.c.), even when g.c. is coupled with mass spectrometry (g.c.-m.s.). In this work, temperature-programmed retention indices of over 150 compounds were determined on an intermediately polar capillary column coated with 50% phenyl-50% methyl polysiloxane (Rtx-50) and a slightly polar column coated with 5% phenyl-95% methyl polysiloxane (DB-5) at three heating rates (2, 4 and 6°C mint−1 from 40 to 310°C). Aliphatic compounds give nearly constant retention indices at different heating rates. However, the retention indices of polycyclic aromatic compounds exhibit a relatively large temperature dependence. The use of a short isothermal hold (5 min) prior to the programmed heat-up did not cause any significant difference in the retention indices. The column polarity can affect the retention indices significantly, depending on the compound type. The differences between the retention indices on the two columns are relatively small with aliphatic compounds but become larger with polycyclic and polar compounds. In general, retention indices and their sensitivity to temperature programming decrease with decreasing column polarity. The usefulness of the temperature-programmed retention indices was also demonstrated in the analysis of liquid fuels. Combined use of retention indices and mass spectra allows the identification of many more compounds with higher confidence in petroleum- and coal-derived JP-8 jet fuels. The knowledge on the effects of temperature and column polarity can be applied for selecting appropriate column and temperature programmes for the separation and reliable identification of compounds in given samples. In addition, the present results can be used in combination with a mass spectral library to accomplish faster and more reliable compound identification.
Identification of copper(II) and copper(I) and their interconversion in Cu/ZSM-5 De-NOx catalysts

Abstract A combined Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study shows that copper in ‘excessively exchanged’ Cu/ZSM-5 is initially present as OH bridged Cu 2+ dimers, besides isolated Cu 2+ ions. Upon heating, the dimers lose water and become oxygen bridged [Cu-O-Cu] 2+ complexes. These are ‘EPR-silent’, presumably as a consequence of antiferromagnetic coupling of the unpaired electrons in each Cu 2+ ; they are, however, detectable by their perturbation of the lattice vibrations, detected by a FT-IR band at 918–923 cm −1 . Reduction by hydrogen or carbon monoxide converts the [Cu-O-Cu] 2+ complexes to pairs of Cu + ions, while the color changes from green to grey. Reductive adsorption of nitrogen monoxide on Cu 2+ results in the formation of Cu + -NO + . Destructive thermal desorption of nitrogen monoxide at 100°C not only restores the Cu 2+ ions, but also appears to regenerate the [Cu-O-Cu] 2+ complex. The results suggest that pairs of copper ions are instrumental in the catalytic decomposition of nitrogen monoxide.
Identification of a kallikrein-like latent serine protease in human erythrocyte membranes.

We have discovered and characterized a kallikrein-like latent serine protease in intact human erythrocytes and ghosts. The enzyme is activatable by trypsin. The solubilized enzyme has esterolytic activity with a pH optimum of 9; but the membrane-associated activity increases almost linearly up to pH 10. The activated enzyme releases kinin from bovine low molecular weight kininogen. Enzyme activity is inhibited by TosLysCH2Cl , phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin and amiloride, and weakly by soybean or lima bean trypsin inhibitor. It is inhibited by Co2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ but is stimulated by Fe2+, deoxycholate and phospholipase A2. An erythrocyte membrane protein (Mr = 88,000) with an active site serine residue was identified with [14C]-diisopropylphosphorofluoridate labeling. Consistent with the finding of tryptic activation of the latent erythrocyte serine protease, trypsin treatment reduced the density of labeling of this protein and revealed a lower molecular weight form (Mr = 64,000). Possible relationships between the activity of this newly identified serine protease and events such as erythrocyte membrane ion fluxes might be of interest.
Microstructural evolution and defect formation during the initial stages of the growth of silicon carbide and aluminum nitride on α(6H)-SiC(0001) substrates

Abstract The effect of gas flow ratios ( C 2 H 4 Si 2 H 6 = 1,2,10 ) on the growth mode of SiC thin films on vicinal α(6H)-SiC(0001) substrates by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) at 950–1150°C has been investigated. Step flow, step bunching and the deposition of 6H-SiC occurred at the outset of the exposure of the (1 × 1) surface to the reactants using any flow ratio. Subsequent deposition resulted in either step flow and continued growth of 6H films using C 2 H 4 Si 2 H 6 = 1 or nucleation and coalescence of 3C-SiC islands on the 6H terraces using C 2 H 4 Si 2 H 6 = 2 and 10. The initial stage of AlN film growth on these substrates and the occurrence of defects has also been investigated. Essentially atomically flat AlN surfaces, indicative of two-dimensional growth, were obtained using on-axis substrates. Island-like features were observed on the vicinal surfaces. The coalescence of the latter features gave rise to double positioning boundaries as a result of the misalignment of the Si/C bilayer steps with the Al/N bilayers in the growing films. The quality of the thicker AlN films was strongly influenced by the concentration of these boundaries. The following sections describe the procedures used to deposit and analyze these two materials as well as detail the results and conclusions of this research.
New reflector design which avoids losses through gaps between tubular absorbers and reflectors

Abstract A reflector design has been developed which eliminates the loss of solar radiation through the gap between the tubular absorber and the reflector. The new design gives higher optical efficiencies by eliminating the gap losses and enhancing the net absorptance of the receiver tubes.
The Molecular Pathology of Rett Syndrome Synopsis and Update

Genetic mutations of the X-linked gene MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, cause Rett syndrome (RTT) and other neurological disorders. It is increasingly recognized that MECP2 is a multifunctional protein, with at least four different functional domains: (1) a methyl-CpG-binding domain; (2) an arginine-glycine repeat RNA-binding domain; (3) a transcriptional repression domain; and (4) an RNA splicing factor binding region (WW group II binding domain). There is evidence that MECP2 is important for large-scale reorganization of pericentromeric heterochromatin during differentiation. Studies in MECP2-deficient mouse brain have identified a diverse set of genes with altered levels of mRNA expression or splicing. It is still unclear how altered MECP2 function ultimately results in neuronal disease after a period of grossly normal development. However, mounting evidence suggests that neuronal health and development depend on precise regulation of MECP2 expression. In genetically engineered mice, both increased and decreased levels of MECP2 result in a neurological phenotype. Furthermore, it was recently discovered that MECP2 gene duplications underlie a small number of atypical Rett cases and mental retardation syndromes. The finding that MECP2 levels are tightly regulated in neurons has important implications for the design of gene replacement or reactivation strategies for treatment of RTT, because affected individuals typically are somatic mosaics with one set of cells expressing a mutated MECP2 from the affected X, and another set expressing normal MECP2 from the unaffected X. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular pathology of both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in MECP2.
Steady-state photoconductivity in a novel solution-cast polydiacetylene film

Abstract Steady-state photoconductivity in solution-cast thin films of a polydiacetylene, ((8-butoxy carbonyl)methyl urethanyl)-1-(5-pyrimidyl)-octa-1,3-diyne (PDA-BPOD), has been investigated as a function of light intensity, applied electric field, incident wavelength and temperature. This newly synthesized polydiacetylene is characterized by a conjugating aromatic side group which is expected to play a role in the electronic properties of the system. The results are interpreted within the framework of one-dimensional Onsager theory of geminate recombination. The photoconductivity action spectrum shows a peak at 1.9 eV and direct band-to-band transition above 2.4 eV.
Triadic Supervision and Its Impact on the Role of the Supervisor: A Qualitative Examination of Supervisors' Perspectives

Although triadic supervision has been the subject of little empirical research, perspectives of supervisors in this form of supervision have received even less attention. This qualitative study examined 6 doctoral student supervisors' experiences of triadic supervision and the demands it placed on them in their role as supervisors. Data collection involved use of in-depth, open-ended interviews, and a whole-text analysis resulted in 2 major categories. These categories address various ways in which triadic supervision increases or decreases the demands placed on the supervisor. Implications of the findings for supervisory practices and future research are also addressed.
A discrete-time model of TCP Reno with background traffic interference

This paper introduces a discrete-time model which captures the essential protocol features of the congestion control mechanism used by the TCP Reno protocol, subject to interference from other sources. Under this model, a single target session is modeled according to the TCP Reno mechanism, including fast retransmit and fast recovery. At the same time, other sources are modeled as a background process using a modified discrete batch Markov arrival process. In order to capture all the TCP Reno protocol features, two levels of Markov process modeling are used: a microscopic level, at the packet transmission time boundaries, and a macroscopic one, at the start of the new transmission windows. Several performance measures are derived, and numerical examples which demonstrate the protocol features are presented.
The dynamical effect of inertial waves on the gyroscopic motion of a body containing several eccentrically located liquid-filled cylinders

A theoretical analysis is made of the effect described in the title. It is shown that both (i) the eigenfrequencies of the inertial waves and (ii) the moment produced by the inertial wave pressure distribution are independent of the location of the off-axis cylinders. Hence, one can use Stewartson's tables computed for a centrally located cylinder to calculate the frequencies and residues for an eccentrically located cylinder.
Evaluation of Procedures to Disperse Inoculated Salmonella in Poultry Feeds

Abstract Establishing known levels of inoculated tracer Salmonella in poultry feeds greatly aids in testing feed sampling techniques and in determining infectivity of contaminated feeds. Three methods were compared for obtaining an even dispersion of inoculated Salmonella in mash and pelleted feed. A twin-shell blender, which tumbled the feed in a “V”-shaped container, was most efficient with recovery of inoculated Salmonella in 49 of 50 samples. Shaking in a polyethylene bag was also effective; inoculated Salmonella were recovered from 45 of 50 samples. A Waring blender was least effective; Salmonella were recovered in only 16 of 50 samples.
Selective regeneration of photoreceptors in goldfish retina

Previous work has shown that the neural retina in adult goldfish can regenerate. Following retinal damage elicited by surgical or cytotoxic lesions, missing neurons are replaced by foci of proliferating neuroepithelial cells, which previous studies have suggested are derived from rod precursors. In the intact retina, rod precursors proliferate but produce only new rods. The regenerative responses observed previously have involved replacement of neurons in all retinal layers; selective regeneration of specific neuronal types (except for rod photoreceptors) has not been reported. In the experiments described here, we specifically destroyed either cones alone or cones and rods with an argon laser, and we found that both types of photoreceptors regenerated within a few weeks. The amount of cone regeneration varied in proportion to the degree of rod loss. This is the first demonstration of selective regeneration of a specific class of neuron (i.e., cones) in a region of central nervous tissue where developmental production of that class of neuron has ceased. Selective regeneration may be limited to photoreceptors, however, because when dopaminergic neurons in the inner retina were ablated with intraocular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine, in combination with laser lesions that destroyed photoreceptors, the dopaminergic neurons did not regenerate, but the photoreceptors did. These data support previous studies which showed that substantial cell loss is required to trigger regeneration of inner retinal neurons, including dopaminergic neurons. New observations here bring into question the presumption that rod precursors are the only source of neuronal progenitors during the regenerative response. Finally, a model is presented which suggests a possible mechanism for regulating the phenotypic fate of retinal progenitor cells during retinal regeneration.
Hybrid tag recommendation for social annotation systems

Social annotation systems allow users to annotate resources with personalized tags and to navigate large and complex information spaces without the need to rely on predefined hierarchies. These systems help users organize and share their own resources, as well as discover new ones annotated by other users. Tag recommenders in such systems assist users in finding appropriate tags for resources and help consolidate annotations across all users and resources. But the size and complexity of the data, as well as the inherent noise and inconsistencies in the underlying tag vocabularies, have made the design of effective tag recommenders a challenge. Recent efforts have demonstrated the advantages of integrative models that leverage all three dimensions of a social annotation system: users, resources and tags. Among these approaches are recommendation models based on matrix factorization. But, these models tend to lack scalability and often hide the underlying characteristics, or "information channels" of the data that affect recommendation effectiveness. In this paper we propose a weighted hybrid tag recommender that blends multiple recommendation components drawing separately on complementary dimensions, and evaluate it on six large real-world datasets. In addition, we attempt to quantify the strength of the information channels in these datasets and use these results to explain the performance of the hybrid. We find our approach is not only competitive with the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy, but also has the added benefits of being scalable to large real world applications, extensible to incorporate a wide range of recommendation techniques, easily updateable, and more scrutable than other leading methods.
Clinical Trials in a Molecular World

New therapies aimed at molecular abnormalities are often more efficacious and less toxic than nontargeted therapies; however, with current technology, major treatment decisions are being made with inadequate data. This problem needs to be fixed by molecular imaging technology, enabling he noninvasive establishment of the presence of a molecular target, its spatial distribution and heterogeneity, and how this changes over time. This article discusses the status of molecular imaging in clinical trails today, and looks forward to what physicians would like it to become.
Organizational Requirements of the SaeR Binding Sites for a Functional P1 Promoter of the sae Operon in Staphylococcus aureus

In Staphylococcus aureus, the SaeRS two-component system controls the expression of multiple virulence factors. Of the two promoters in the sae operon, P1 is autoinduced and has two binding sites for the response regulator SaeR. In this study, we examined the organizational requirements of the SaeR binding sites in P1 for transcription activation. Mutational studies showed that both binding sites are essential for binding to phosphorylated SaeR (P-SaeR) and transcription activation. When the 21-bp distance between the centers of the two SaeR binding sites was altered to 26 bp, 31 bp, 36 bp, or 41 bp, only the 31-bp mutant retained approximately 40% of the original promoter activity. When the -1-bp spacing (i.e.,1-bp overlap) between the primary SaeR binding site and the -35 promoter region was altered, all mutant P1 promoters failed to initiate transcription; however, when the first nucleotide of the -35 region was changed from A to T, the mutants with 0-bp or 22-bp spacing showed detectable promoter activity. Although P-SaeR was essential for the binding of RNA polymerase to P1, it was not essential for the binding of the enzyme to the alpha-hemolysin promoter. When the nonoptimal spacing between promoter elements in P1 or the coagulase promoter was altered to the optimal spacing of 17 bp, both promoters failed to initiate transcription. These results suggest that SaeR binding sites are under rather strict organizational restrictions and provide clues for understanding the molecular mechanism of sae-mediated transcription activation.
A Critical Role for CD2 in Both Thymic Selection Events and Mature T Cell Function

To examine the function of CD2 in vivo, N15 TCR transgenic (tg) RAG-2−/− H-2b mice bearing a single TCR specific for the vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide bound to the H-2Kb molecule were compared on a wild-type or CD2−/− background. In N15tg RAG-2−/− CD2−/− mice, thymic dysfunction is evident by 6 wk with a pre-TCR block in the CD4−CD8− double-negative thymocytes at the CD25+CD44− stage. Moreover, mature N15tg RAG-2−/− CD2−/− T cells are ∼100-fold less responsive to vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide and unresponsive to weak peptide agonists, as judged by IFN-γ production. Repertoire analysis shows substantial differences in Vα usage between non-tg C57BL/6 (B6) and B6 CD2−/− mice. Collectively, these findings show that CD2 plays a role in pre-TCR function in double-negative thymocytes, TCR selection events during thymocyte development, and TCR-stimulated cytokine production in mature T cells.
Simple colorimetric microplate test of phage lysis in Salmonella enterica

Abstract A simple microplate method, based on conversion of tetrazolium to formazan, was devised for rapidly assessing Salmonella survival after phage treatment. Results were easily interpretable. Monitoring with a microplate reader was useful, but not required. The method was used in defining phage–Salmonella interactions for selection of phage biocontrol cocktails.
Risk and Household Grain Management in Developing Countries

A dynamic model is presented of a household's joint production, storage, and trade decisions when facing transaction costs and risk in prices and yields. Grain management decisions balance the goals of maximising profits and reducing consumption price risk. Model solutions calibrated to Chinese data show that grain's consumption role makes it an attractive form of precautionary saving even when households have access to credit, the joint nature of production and savings decisions limits the income loss associated with risk-coping, and the desire to store grain can explain why subsistence households are frequently net purchasers but rarely net sellers of grain.
Ethanol-induced modulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase activity in human A172 astrocytoma cells.

BACKGROUND Glial cells are critical in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), including responsiveness to injury and immunocompetence. The immune and inflammatory response involves the inducible form of nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) production. Previously, we have demonstrated that ethanol inhibits cytokine-induced iNOS expression and activity in rat glial cells. Evidence of ethanol-induced effects on iNOS in human glial cells is nonexistent. Herein, the conditions necessary for significant iNOS induction in human A172 astrocytoma cells have been characterized, and subsequently, the effects of ethanol on iNOS expression have been investigated. METHODS A172 cells were analyzed immunohistochemically for the astrocyte markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100beta. The ability of A172 cells to express iNOS was assessed by stimulating cells with interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), L-arginine, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in various combinations. Following stimulation, iNOS induction was monitored via measurement of nitrite production and in vitro iNOS enzyme activity. Time-course (6-24 hr) studies assessed the effects of ethanol (50-200 mM) on iNOS induction. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed that A172 cells were phenotypically, astrocytic. Induction of nitrite production by a cytomix [IFNgamma (100 ng/ml) + TNFalpha (30 ng/ml) + IL-1beta (5 ng/ml)] was differentially enhanced by exposure to supplemental factors including LPS, L-arginine, and BH4. Nitrite production was greatest over the initial 24 hr of stimulation with iNOS enzyme activity peaking at 12 hr. Acute (6-24 hr) exposure of activated cells to 50 mM ethanol enhanced iNOS activity recovered from the cytosol, whereas 200 mM ethanol decreased it. Ethanol had no direct effect on the catalytic activity of the enzyme. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first published report of ethanol-induced modulation of iNOS expression in human glial cells. The data suggest that ethanol is influencing iNOS enzyme levels most profoundly. Altered astrocyte function may be a point of ethanol-induced perturbation in CNS immune function. These findings should lend insight into the role of ethanol on human CNS immunity and brain injury.
Supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidepiglottopexy

Abstract Supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidepiglottopexy (SCPL-CHEP) is an effective surgical procedure for the management of selected glottic carcinomas. Excellent control rates are achieved, and the functional goals of speech and swallowing are attained without a permanent tracheostomy. This article describes the indications, contraindications, surgical techniques and postoperative issues for SCPL-CHEP.
Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes

Abstract Background : Debate continues about the diagnosis of mixed mania and the restrictiveness of the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar Disorder, mixed. Although awareness of dysphoric features during mania continues to grow, standard mania rating instruments do not adequately assess mixed states and there is a striking disparity between the dysphoric signs and symptoms emphasized in research studies and the commonly employed DSM criteria. Methods : Three hundred sixteen inpatients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for Bipolar Disorder, manic or mixed, were evaluated by rating 20 signs and symptoms. The frequencies of these signs and symptoms were computed for both diagnostic subtypes and compared using χ 2 statistics and conditional probability parameters. Results : The most frequently noted signs and symptoms in mania are motor activation, accelerated thought process, pressured speech and decreased sleep. Although euphoric mood was present in a large portion of the cohort, irritability, dysphoric mood and mood lability were also prominent in the entire cohort. Dysphoric mood, mood lability, anxiety, guilt, suicidality, and irritability were the only symptoms significantly more common in the mixed group. In contrast, grandiosity, euphoric mood, and pressured speech were significantly more often observed in the pure manic group. Contrary to popular belief, paranoia did not differ significantly between the two groups. Suicidality was present in a non-trivial 7% of the entire cohort, including some subjects who did not meet the criteria for mixed mania. Limitations : The comparison of mixed and manic episodes requires the appropriate definition of mixed states. In the current report we use the DSM-III-R definition of Bipolar Disorder, mixed, which may be too rigid. Conclusions : The data underscore that mania is not a purely euphoric state. Substantial rates of dysphoria, lability, anxiety and irritability were noted in the “pure” manic patients, as well as in those who meet the full DSM criteria for Bipolar Disorder, mixed, suggesting, that perhaps a less restrictive definition of mixed states would be more appropriate.
Bounding revenue leakages at scale-bid timber auctions: evidence from Wisconsin state forest auctions

Bid skewing is a potential issue when timber is sold at scale-bid auctions and the seller’s timber-cruise estimate is used for bid evaluation. I illustrate the problem and its potential effect on seller stumpage revenue, and then quantify the impact of species-specific reserve prices as well as species-specific bid caps using data gathered from 41 Wisconsin State forestry auctions.
Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

BACKGROUND: The housefly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) are cosmopolitan pests of both farm and home environments. Houseflies have been shown to be resistant to a variety of insecticides, and new chemistries are slow toemergeonthemarket.Toxicitiesofselectedsemiochemicalswithmolecularstructuresindicativeofinsecticidalactivitywere determinedagainstadultsfromaninsecticide-susceptiblelaboratorystrainofhouseflies.Thethreemostactivesemiochemicals were also evaluated against recently colonized housefly and stable fly strains. RESULTS: Nineteen semiochemicals classified as aliphatic alcohols, terpenoids, ketones and carboxylic esters showed toxicity to houseflies and stable flies. Rosalva (LC50 = 25.98 µ gc m −2 ) followed by geranyl acetone and citronellol (LC50 = 49.97 and 50.02 µ gc m −2 ) were identified as the most toxic compounds to houseflies. Permethrin was up to 144-fold more toxic than rosalvaonthesusceptiblestrain.However,itwasonly35-foldmoretoxictotheinsecticide-tolerantfieldstrain.Thecompounds generated high toxicity to stable flies, with LC50 values ranging from 16.30 to 40.41 µ gc m −2 . CONCLUSION: Quantification of LC50 values of rosalva, citronellol and geranyl acetone against susceptible housefly and field-collected housefly and stable fly strains showed that semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for fly control programs. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Analytical models of bandwidth allocation in pipelined k-ary n-cubes

This paper extends existing work in virtual-channel flow control mechanisms by focusing on the bandwidth allocation issues. It presents an analytical model of the network that captures key phenomena of bandwidth allocation mechanisms in k-ary n-cubes. Tradeoffs are examined between full-duplex vs half-duplex links, purely demand-driven bandwidth allocation vs demand-driven allocation with CTS lookahead, and virtual to physical link assignment with link load balancing. >