cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the five enzymes which convert chorismate to tryptophan in cultured Daucus carota cell extracts

Abstract 1. 1. The five enzymes which convert chorismate to tryptophan were measured in crude extracts from cultures Daucus carota cells. Typical activity levels were 7, 24, 96, 2 and 26 nmoles for substrate removed or product formed per 30 min per mg protein for anthranilate synthetase, anthranilate-5′-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrosphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, N -5′-phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase, indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthetase and tryptophan synthetase, respectively. 2. 2. Anthranilate-5′-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltranferase and N -5′-phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase were measured usign a coupled system with extracts from Pseudomonas putida mutants which lacked the respective enzyme activities. Anthranilate disappearance was determined fluorimetrically after acidification and extraction into ethyl acetate. 5-Phosphorylribose-1-pyrophosphate and MgCl 2 were required for maximal activity of the transferase. 3. 3. Carrot cell extractrs converted some chorismate to tryptophan. 4. 4. The stoichiometry of each reaction was demonstrated.
Contrasting patterns and combined effects of moose and insect herbivory on striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum)

Although both mammalian and insect herbivores can strongly affect plant growth and biomass, interactions between these taxa feeding upon shared plant resources seldom have been studied experimentally in northern forests. In this study, we manipulated density of leaf-chewing insects and took advantage of a natural gradient of moose (Alces alces) foraging activity to examine their separate and combined effects on sapling striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum). Winter moose browse was patchy over space and time, but when present it resulted in a median bud loss of 72%. Saplings responded to moose browse by increasing leading shoot growth during the following summer as well as by developing leaves from epicormic buds. However, they did not fully compensate for the loss of biomass, and produced fewer leaves than in the prior year. Leaf-chewing insect herbivory occurred during the summer and was ubiquitous and more uniform than moose browse, but of a lesser magnitude (average 7% leaf area removed). Insect herbivory suppressed shoot growth and leaf production. Leaf damage was greater on browsed than unbrowsed trees, suggesting that browsing may improve leaf quality for insect herbivores, further constraining sapling growth. Although striped maple mortality was low, the average number of leaves produced per sapling declined during the four years of the study, indicating that combined mammalian and insect herbivory coupled with resource limitation will prevent most saplings from reaching maturity.
Genetic implications of the shapes of martian and lunar craters

Discussion of the problem of lunar crater genesis in the light of some considerations prompted by lunar and Martian crater similarities. By analogy with the moon, Martian craters seem both to vary in initial shape according to the energy of the impact that formed them and to have been modified subsequently by endogenic and surface processes. A proposed model for the geologic development of large Martian and lunar craters outlines a time-dependent sequence of events. Craters which have undergone rapid isostatic adjustment on the moon have distinctive morphologies and occur preferentially along mare basin-upland margins.
Densification of Large Pores: I, Expriments

Three different diameters (0.50, 1, and 2 μm) of monosized spherical pores were introduced, at different volume percents up to 15%, into two submicrometer commercial Zr(Y)O2 powders which exhibited either sluggish (ZrO2–3 mol% Y2O3) or rapid (ZrO2–8 mol% Y2O3) grain growth kinetics. Densification and grain growth behavior was studied as a function of heat-treatment period at 1400°C and/or 1500°C. Pores in the finer-grain Zr(3Y)O2 densified more rapidly. The grain growth kinetics of the Zr(3Y)O2 material were unaffected by porosity, because the pores were always larger than the grains. Consistent with the Zener concept applied to mobile pores on grain junctions, the spherical pores influenced the grain growth kinetics of Zr(8Y)O2 once the grain size was greater than the pore size. Measurements indicated that the number of pores per unit volume decreased dramatically during densification, whereas their average size remained approximately constant.
Unsignaled morphine delivery does not disrupt the development of associative morphine tolerance in the rat

Abstract When morphine administration is paired with a distinctive context, tolerance to morphine's analgesic effects comes readily under the associative control of the drug-paired context. These associative tolerance effects are eliminated when a relatively short (i.e., 6 h) interdose interval (IDI) is used for conditioning. Contemporary models of learned tolerance explain the absence of learning at short IDIs by positing that residual morphine effects from a recent drug exposure disrupt the formation of drug-context associations. The present studies examined the impact of Unsignaled morphine injections given 6 h prior to drug-context pairings on the development of associative tolerance. Analgesia was measured by the tail-flick method, and tolerance levels were assessed by dose-response curve methodology. Morphine preexposure had no detectable influence on the acquisition of associative tolerance when rats were tested immediately after conditioning, after a 30-day rest interval, or after a 30-day period of daily saline injections in their home-cage environment. These data suggest disruption of associative tolerance effects at short IDIs is not attributable to residual effects of morphine from the immediately preceding trial.
Palladium catalyzed fragmentation reaction as an approach to vitamin A ester

Abstract A novel C10 + C10 approach to retinoids employing a palladium induced decarboxylative elimination is described.
Branch plants and poverty in the American South

An alternative to the widely accepted hypothesis that “big business” has a negative impact on community welfare is tested with data from 445 nonmetropolitan counties in the American South. We argue that the appropriate counterhypothesis is not that branch plants have a positive impact on community welfare, because that and similar formulations simply perpetuate the nonsociological approach of the early hypotheses. An interaction formulation that sees community structure as mediating the impact of branch plants better explains differentials in our three criteria of welfare—per capita income, percent below the poverty line, and infant mortality. This explanation predicts positive welfare when pluralism and urbanization are high and branch plants are frequent, and lower welfare when one or both of these is low. Tests using discriminant analysis support the interaction hypothesis while providing little evidence for either the direct positive or negative impact hypotheses.
Long-term depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) use in inner-city adolescents.

Purpose To determine Depo-Provera continuation rates and reasons for its discontinuation among adolescents. Study design Medical record reviews and telephone interviews with 159 adolescents who initiated Depo-Provera use between 1 December 1992 and 31 December 1995 at two clinics in New York City. Depo-Provera continuation was measured using lifetable analysis. Results The mean age was 17.7 +/- 1.5 years, with a median of 1 pregnancy (range 0-11). Mean follow-up was 23.4 +/- 10.7 months. Depo-Provera continuation rates were 71% at 3 months, 48% at 6 months, and 27% at 12 months, and were not affected by age, race, pregnancy or contraceptive history, clinic, or foster care status. Forty-three subjects (37% of discontinuers) restarted Depo-Provera during the study period, with a mean time to restart of 8.4 months after the last Depo-Provera injection. Side effects were the main reported reason for Depo-Provera discontinuation, primarily menstrual irregularities (26%) and weight gain (18%). Seventy percent of those discontinuing Depo-Provera owing to irregular bleeding did so after only one injection. For 23%, the single reason for discontinuation was appointment noncompliance. Restart rates were lowest among those who reported irregular bleeding (15%), weight gain (9%), and hair loss (10%), and highest among those discontinuing owing to missed appointments (87%) (p Conclusion Although Depo-Provera continuation rates among adolescents are low, over a third of discontinuers may restart the method. Aggressive management of side effects and assistance with appointment follow-up may improve long-term use. High pregnancy rates warrant close follow-up after Depo-Provera discontinuation.
A Kinetic Model for β-Amyloid Adsorption at the Air/Solution Interface and Its Implication to the β-Amyloid Aggregation Process

At the air/buffer solution interface the kinetics of adsorption of amyloid beta peptide, Abeta(1-42), whose bulk concentration (submicromolar) is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than that typically used in other in vitro aggregation studies, has been studied using a Langmuir-Blodgett trough. The pressure-time curves exhibit a lag phase, wherein the surface pressure essentially remains at zero, and a rising phase, corresponding to the Abeta adsorption at the interface. The duration of the lag phase was found to be highly dependent on both the Abeta bulk concentration and the solution temperature. A large activation energy (62.2 +/- 4.1 KJ/mol) was determined and the apparent adsorption rate constant was found to be linearly dependent on the Abeta bulk concentration. Attenuated total reflection-IR spectra of the adsorbed Abeta transferred to a solid substrate and circular dichroism measurements of Abeta in the solution layer near the interface reveal that the natively unstructured Abeta in the bulk undergo a conformation change (folding) to mainly the alpha-helical structure. The results suggest that, prior to the adsorption step, an equilibrium between Abeta conformations is established within the subsurface. The kinetic equation derived from this model confirms that the overall Abeta adsorption is kinetically controlled and the apparent rate constant is proportional to the Abeta bulk concentration. This model also indicates that interfaces such as cell membranes and lipid bilayers may facilitate Abeta aggregation/ fibrillation by providing a thin hydrophobic layer adjacent to the interface for the initial A/beta conformation change (misfolding) and accumulation. Such a preconcentration effect offers a plausible explanation of the fact that Abeta fibrillation occurs in vivo at nanomolar concentrations. Another important biological implication from our work is that Abeta misfolding may occur before its adsorption onto a cell membrane. This general kinetic model should also find applications in adsorption studies of other types of biomolecules whose overall kinetics exhibits a lag phase that is dependent on the bulk concentration of the adsorbate.
Low temperature near field spectroscopy and microscopy

Abstract A low temperature near field scanning optical microscope has been constructed. Images of InGaAs quantum wires have been obtained at 4.2 K with a resolution
Glipizide Pharmacokinetics: Effects of Age, Diabetes, and Multiple Dosing

Aging and disease may contribute to alterations in drug pharmacokinetics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aging, the presence of NIDDM, and multiple dosing on the pharmacokinetics of glipizide, an oral hypoglycemic drug. Ten healthy young men (under age 25), ten healthy older men (over age 65) and 15 older diabetic men ingested a single 5 mg tablet of glipizide after an overnight fast. Blood samples for measurement of serum glipizide were obtained over the next 24 hours. The study was repeated in the diabetics after 2 weeks of daily therapy. The mean values for Tmax (range 2.0-2.5 hours), Cmax (385-465 micrograms/l), and t1/2 (4.0-4.2 hours) were not significantly different in the three populations after single doses of glipizide. Several subjects in each population had slow absorption, with peak concentrations delayed for up to 12 hours. Only one elderly diabetic subject had evidence of drug accumulation at steady state. AUC, Cl, Vss and V area were not significantly different in the three populations or at steady state, but there was a trend for AUC to be smaller and each of the other parameters to be increased in the older diabetics. The young subjects had a significantly higher fp (0.83%) than either of the two elderly groups (0.55-0.64%), but Cl int did not differ between groups. Age, diabetes, and multiple dosing appear to have little effect on the pharmacokinetics of glipizide and should have little influence on the clinical response to this drug.
Remote pipes and procedures for efficient distributed communication

We describe a new communication model for distributed systems that combines the advantages of remote procedure call with the efficient transfer of bulk data. Three ideas form the basis of this model. First, remote procedures are first-class values which can be freely exchanged among nodes, thus enabling a greater variety of protocols to be directly implemented in a remote procedure call framework. Second, a new type of abstract object, called a pipe, allows bulk data and incremental results to be efficiently transported in a type-safe manner. Unlike procedure calls, pipe calls do not return values and do not block a caller. Data sent down a pipe is received by the pipe's sink node in the order sent. Third, the relative sequencing of pipes and procedures can be controlled by combining them into channel groups. Calls on the members of a channel group are guaranteed to be processed in order. Application experience with this model, which we call the Channel Model, is reported. Derived performance bounds and experimental measures demonstrate k pipe calls can perform min( 1 + (r/p), k) times faster than k procedure calls, where r is the total roundtrip remote communication time and p is the procedure execution time.
Successful medical management of neutropenic enterocolitis

The medical management of neutropenic enterocolitis has been associated with a 100% mortality rate according to recent reports. This report describes two cases which were successfully managed without colonic resection. In one case, 67Ga radionuclide scanning was utilized as an aid in the diagnosis. The incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and previously reported cases of medical management of neutropenic enterocolitis are reviewed, and the role of granulocyte transfusions and 67Ga scanning are discussed.
Impact of endovascular technology on the practice of vascular surgery

Endovascular treatment techniques have already replaced some vascular operations. The likeli-hood is that new endovascular techniques involving stents and stented grafts will replace additional vascular operations. All these treatments involve the use of catheter-guidewire, balloon, and imaging modalities, particularly digital fluoroscopy. These modalities have already and will increasingly help to improve and simplify standard vascular operations such as thromboembolectomy, infrainguinal bypasses, and management of aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas. Accordingly, vascular surgeons must become familiar with and use these endovascular methods and techniques. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways which includes working as part of a multidisciplinary vascular treatment group in which various specialists collaborate to provide the best, most cost-effective care to vascular disease patients.
The development of the current comparator, a high-accuracy A-C ratio measuring device

The current comparator is a stable, sensitive, and reliable magnetic device, which may be used for a-c ratio measurements of high accuracy. The sources of error in such a device are discussed, and methods are proposed for minimizing their effect. The design of a 2,000-amp (ampere) feed-through current comparator based on these investigations is described, and test results are given which indicate that its over-all accuracy at 60 cps (cycles per second) is better than 0.2 ppm (part per million) for all ratios from 1:1 to 400:1, irrespective of distribution of the primary winding.
Experimental determination of the effects of space charge on ion cyclotron resonance frequencies

Abstract In ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) and Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) the mass-to-charge ratio of an ion is calculated from its measured cyclotron frequency. In principle this can be done very accurately because frequency is a physical parameter that can be measured to sub-p.p.m. accuracy using standard laboratory equipment. In this paper the factors which limit mass measurement accuracy in FTMS and ICR will be discussed in the framework of a theoretical model for the ion space-charge effects derived in the previous paper. The resulting calibration procedure gives accurate mass determinations with errors of less than 1 p.p.m.
A host–parasite interaction rescues Drosophila oogenesis defects

The cytoplasmically inherited bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread parasite of arthropods that manipulates the reproductive biology of its hosts, often to their detriment, in order to foster its own transmission through egg cytoplasm. Here we report that infection by Wolbachia restores fertility to Drosophila melanogaster mutant females prevented from making eggs by protein-coding lesions in Sex-lethal (Sxl), the master regulator of sex determination. Suppression of sterility by Wolbachia discriminates markedly among similar germline-specific Sxl alleles, and is not observed for mutations in other genes that produce similar 'tumorous ovary' phenotypes, including one that blocks Sxl germline expression. This allele and gene specificity indicates that suppression probably results from a specific interaction with Sxl protein, rather than from a bypass of the normal germline requirement for this developmental regulator or from an effect on Sxl expression. The Sxl-Wolbachia interaction provides a rare opportunity to explore host-parasite relationships at the molecular level in a model insect. Furthermore, demonstration that a parasite infection can counteract the deleterious effects of mutations in host genes illustrates how hosts might become dependent on parasites.
‘Thanks, but no Thanks’: Tact, Persuasion, and the Negotiation of Power in Paul's Letter to Philemon

Historical reconstructions concerning Philemon consistently illustrate an overwhelming tendency to see Paul as operating with the most innocuous and transparent of motives. In contrast, my (mildly playful) reading of Philemon posits a Paul engaged in power negotiations with his addressee. Though Philemon acts as Paul's would-be patron, Paul resists the gesture and opts instead to assign Philemon a carefully proscribed role vis-a-vis himself. Paul relies on rhetorical techniques of tact to coerce Philemon to adopt this role ‘voluntarily’. Onesimus emerges, then, as a pawn in a negotiation for power and status in the community.
A consistently convergent OBE algorithm with automatic estimation of error bounds

Conventional optimal bounding ellipsoid (OBE) algorithms require a priori knowledge of error bounds which is unknown in most applications. Conservative (overestimated) error bounds used in practice may lead to inconsistent parameter estimation. This paper presents an enhanced OBE algorithm that is proven to be consistently convergent without a priori knowledge of error bounds. Only a lower bound of the 'tail probability' of the disturbance process is required. Simulations comparing conventional and the enhanced OBE algorithm is provided.
Specific incorporation of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions

Little is known about host factors necessary for retroviral virion assembly or uncoating. We have previously shown that the principal structural protein of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1, the Gag polyprotein, binds the cyclophilin peptidyl-prolyl isomerases; cyclophilins catalyse a rate-limiting step in protein folding and protect cells from heat shock. Here we demonstrate that cyclophilin A is specifically incorporated into HIV-1 virions but not into virions of other primate immunodeficiency viruses. A proline-rich region conserved in all HIV-1 Gag polyproteins is required for cyclophilin A binding and incorporation. Disruption of a single proline blocks the Gag-cyclophilin interaction in vitro, prevents cyclophilin A incorporation into virions, and inhibits HIV-1 replication. Our results indicate that the interaction of Gag with cyclophilin A is necessary for the formation of infectious HIV-1 virions.
Efficacy of Variable Tetraconazole Rates Against Cercospora beticola Isolates with Differing In Vitro Sensitivities to DMI Fungicides

Abstract Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of sugar beet is caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola. CLS management practices include the application of the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides tetraconazole, difenoconazole, and prothioconazole. Evaluating resistance to DMIs is a major focus for CLS fungicide resistance management. Isolates were collected in 1997 and 1998 (baseline sensitivity to tetraconazole, prothioconazole, or difenoconazole) and 2007 through 2010 from the major sugar-beet-growing regions of Minnesota and North Dakota and assessed for in vitro sensitivity to two or three DMI fungicides. Most (47%) isolates collected in 1997–98 exhibited 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for tetraconazole of 0.11 μg ml–1 increased from 2008 to 2010. In contrast, the frequenc...
Nitric oxide effects on myocardial function and force-interval relations: regulation of twitch duration.

Abstract S. D. Prabhu, A. Azimi and T. Frosto. Nitric Oxide Effects on Myocardial Function and Force-interval Relations: Regulation of Twitch Duration. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (1999) 31, 2077–2085. As the precise role of nitric oxide (NO) as a modulator of myocardial contraction and the force-interval relationship remains unclear, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) on baseline myocardial contraction, and the impact of both SNAP and the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) on the force interval relation. Studies were performed using isolated rat papillary muscles. In the presence of baseline NOS blockade, nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of SNAP exerted a modest positive inotropic effect with a small but significant increase in twitch isometric tension (P l -NAME nor SNAP had any effect on post-rest potentiation following rest intervals as long as 6 min, or on the negative FFR at stimulation frequencies between 0.3 to 1.7 Hz. However, l -NAME significantly blunted the net reduction in twitch duration between 0.3 Hz and 1.7 Hz compared to control (P=0.006), an effect reversed by 100 n m SNAP. These results indicate that low concentrations of NO can modulate myocardial function by influencing myocardial inotropy and the time course of myofilament interaction, but do not impact significantly on the force-interval relation and, by inference, SR Ca2+handling. Moreover, modulation of twitch duration occurs over a range of stimulation frequencies, suggesting a mechanistic role for NO in the changes in contraction and relaxation time intervals seen during changes in heart rate.
Monopsony and teachers' salaries in Georgia

Does monopsony power in the labor market for teachers affect teachers’ salaries? Prior studies have found mixed evidence of monopsony effects in teacher labor markets. A major problem has been controlling for union wage effects, which potentially mask the wage-depressing effects of monopsony. We use data from the state of Georgia, one of the few states in the United States where no teacher bargaining takes place. We detect no evidence of lower average teacher salaries in less competitive labor markets. We also find limited evidence that salaries of beginning teachers may be about two percent lower in less competitive labor markets, but our findings are not robust with respect to our various measures of monopsony and labor market boundaries. We conclude that even in the absence of unions the effect of monopsony on teachers’ salaries appears to be very small.
Integral Relations for Disturbance Isolation

Introduction P ASSIVE and active dynamic systems of high order are employed for the purpose of disturbance isolation. Such systems’ theory and designmethods could bene t from using the design theory of active electrical networks. The feasibility and the available performanceof such systemscan be evaluatedusingBode integrals. This enables the system engineer to resolve the design tradeoffs without actually designing the system and the subsystems.A Bode integral is applied to estimate the performanceof a disturbance isolation system. Consider the system in Fig. 1a of two bodies connected with an active strut,2 which is a linearmotor. A force disturbancesource F1 is applied to the body M1 (capital letters designate Laplace transforms). The force F3 is applied via the massless active strut to the body M3 . To increase the disturbance isolation, the force division ratio KF D F3/ F1 should be made small. The strut mobility (in some literature called mechanical impedance) Z2 is the ratio of the difference in the velocities at the ends of the strut to the force (because we neglect the strut’s mass, the force is same at the both ends of the strut). Feedback is employed in the active strut to increase jZ2j in order to reduce jKF j. For the purpose of analysiswe use the following electromechanical analogy: power to power, voltage to velocity, current to force, capacitance to mass, and inductance to the inverse of the stiffness coef cient. The electrical equivalentcircuit for the system is shown in Fig. 1b. The current division ratio I3/ I1 is equivalent to KF . The electrical impedance Z2 is the equivalent of the strut mobility. The current division ratio, i.e., the force division ratio, is
System Redundancy; A Means of Improving Process Variation Yield Degradation in Memory Arrays

This paper addresses the fact that memory yield will be the dominant issue affecting overall yield in nano-scale devices. It illustrates that by treating yield as a system design parameter, tremendous gains in effective chip yield can be achieved. The techniques outlined are especially suited for applications that have inherent system redundancy such as wireless communication. In that context, the paper illustrates a that system redundancy can easily tolerate up to 1% bit errors in memory while meeting system specifications such as bit error rate (BER) metrics.
Art forgery: The history of a modern obsession

by Thierry Lenain London: Reaktion, 2011, 385 pages, 55 illustrations ISBN: 978-1-86189-850-0 (hardback) $55.00 Reviewed by Andrea Siegel, CUNY From the blue tinted black-and-white photograph on th...
Abstract PR2: Identification of luminal breast cancers that establish a tumor supportive macroenvironment defined by proangiogenic platelets and bone marrow derived cells

Breast cancer recurrence rates vary following treatment, suggesting that tumor cells disseminate early from primary sites but remain indolent indefinitely before progressing to symptomatic disease. The reasons why some indolent disseminated tumors erupt into overt disease are unknown. We discovered a novel process by which certain luminal breast cancer cells and patient tumor specimens (LBC “instigators”) establish a systemic macroenvironment that supports outgrowth of otherwise-indolent disseminated tumors (“responders”). Instigating LBCs secrete cytokines that are absorbed by platelets, which are recruited to responding tumor sites where they aid vessel formation. Instigator-activated bone marrow cells (BMCs) enrich responding tumor cell expression of CD24, an adhesion molecule for platelets, and provide a source of VEGFR2+ tumor vessel cells. This cascade results in growth of responder adenocarcinomas and is abolished when platelet activation is inhibited by aspirin. These findings highlight the macroenvironment as an important component of disease progression that can be exploited therapeutically. This abstract is also presented as Poster B6. Citation Format: Timothy Marsh, Hanna Kuznetsov, Beth Markens, Zafira Castano, April Greene-Colozzi, Samantha Hay, Victoria Brown, Andrea Richardson, Sabina Signoretti, Elisabeth Battinelli, Sandra McAllister. Identification of luminal breast cancers that establish a tumor supportive macroenvironment defined by proangiogenic platelets and bone marrow derived cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr PR2.
Real-time Scheduling Techniques for Electric Vehicle Charging in Support of Frequency Regulation☆

Abstract Apart from the potential to reduce emissions and reliance on petroleum, large-scale adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents an opportunity to provide electric energy storage (EES)-based ancillary services, e.g., smoothing intermittency due to renewable energy sources (RESs) and supporting grid-wide frequency stability. However, the potential benefits of EVs are accompanied by a number of challenges. Especially, the charging of EVs can impact the distribution grid because they consume a large amount of electrical energy and can exacerbate undesirable peaks in consumption. To mitigate such issues, in this paper, we present a concept of real-time scheduling (RTS) techniques for EV charging that minimizes impacts to the power grid and guarantees the satisfaction of individual consumer's charging requirements. Simulations using a model of RTS charging concept show its advantages compared to existing “valley-filling” techniques from the literature. For this initial proof of principle, the presented model assumes a centralized control scheme; the simulation environment for this scheme is the precursor to an agent-based concept for a decentralized scheme. The implications of this work to systems engineering are discussed.
Loop Entanglement of Semicrystalline Polyethylene in Amorphous Region: Diamond Lattice Approach

Linear polyethylenes in the amorphous region have been simulated as restricted random walks on a diamond lattice between two absorbing planes. The links among loops were studied by treating loops as oriented curves. The local conformations of polyethylene chains i.e., trans and . gauche energy differences were considered in the simulation, thereby determining the effect of crystallization temperature on the loop entanglement. It was found that the total Gauss winding and link density of linked loops increased with the thickness of the amorphous region. This result agrees with that of the cubic lattice model. The link probability decreases very slowly with the thickness of the amorphous region. On the other hand, the results presented clearly indicate that all statistical measures of linked loops decrease with temperature. Q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 348)353, 1999
Negative Mood and Alcohol Problems are Related to Respiratory Dynamics in Young Adults

This study examined the relationship of negative affect and alcohol use behaviors to baseline respiration and respiratory response to emotional challenge in young adults (N = 138, 48 % women). Thoracic-to-abdominal ratio, respiratory frequency and variability, and minute volume ventilation were measured during a low-demand baseline task, and emotional challenge (viewing emotionally-valenced, emotionally-neutral, and alcohol-related pictures). Negative mood and alcohol problems principal components were generated from self-report measures of negative affect and mood, alcohol use, and use-related problems. The negative mood component was positively related to a thoracic bias when measured throughout the study (including baseline and picture exposure). There was generally greater respiratory activity in response to the picture cues, although not specifically in response to the content (emotional or alcohol-related) of the picture cues. The alcohol problems component was positively associated with respiratory reactivity to picture cues, when baseline breathing patterns were controlled. Self-report arousal data indicated that higher levels of negative mood, but not alcohol problems, were associated with greater arousal ratings overall. However, those with alcohol problems reported greater arousal to alcohol cues, compared to emotionally neutral cues. These results are consistent with theories relating negative affect and mood to breathing patterns as well as the relationship between alcohol problems and negative emotions, suggesting that the use of respiratory interventions may hold promise for treating problems involving negative affect and mood, as well as drinking problems.
Reversal of Tamoxifen Resistance of Human Breast Carcinomas In Vivo by Neutralizing Antibodies to Transforming Growth Factor-β

Background Overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been reported in human breast carcinomas resistant to antiestrogen tamoxifen, but the role of TGF-beta in this resistant phenotype is unclear. We investigated whether inhibition of TGF-beta2, which is overexpressed in LCC2 tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer cells, could modify antiestrogen resistance. Methods TGF-beta2 expression was evaluated in LCC2 cells and tamoxifen-sensitive LCC1 cells by northern blot analysis. Secreted TGF-beta activity was quantified by use of an 125I-TGF-beta competitive radioreceptor assay. Sensitivity to tamoxifen was measured in a soft agarose colony-forming assay and in a xenograft model in nude and beige/nude mice. Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity was measured by 51Cr release from LCC1 and LCC2 cell targets coincubated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Decrease in TGF-beta2 expression in LCC2 cells was achieved by treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and confirmed by TGF-beta2 immunoblot analysis. Results and conclusions The proliferative response of LCC2 cells to tamoxifen in vitro was not altered by TGF-beta neutralizing antibodies. However, established LCC2 tumors in nude mice treated with tamoxifen plus TGF-beta antibodies failed to grow, whereas tumors treated with tamoxifen plus a control antibody continued to proliferate. This reversal of tamoxifen resistance by TGF-beta antibodies did not occur in beige/nude mice, which lack NK-cell function, suggesting that immune mechanisms may be involved in the antitumor effects of tamoxifen. Antisense TGF-beta2 oligodeoxynucleotides enhanced the NK sensitivity of LCC2 cells in the presence of tamoxifen. Finally, LCC1 tumors were markedly more sensitive to tamoxifen in NK-active than in NK-deficient mice. Implications These data suggest that host NK function mediates, in part, the antitumor effect of tamoxifen and that TGF-beta2 may abrogate this mechanism, thus contributing to tamoxifen resistance.
The effect of lens aberrations on lattice images of spinodally decomposed alloys

Lattice fringe images obtained with a high resolution electron microscope have been used to investigate the periodic variation of lattice spacing associated with the spinodal decomposition of some alloys. It is shown that the variation of fringe spacing seen in the image can exceed the actual variation of lattice fringe spacing in the specimen by a large factor as a result of phase variations associated with the transfer function of the objective lens. This modification of the fringe spacing is minimized, although not eliminated, for a particular value of the objective lens defocus.
West Indian Literature: Road to a "New World" Sensibility.

On the whole, West Indian literature, that is, the literature of the English-speaking Caribbean, originates with Guyana and the three largest islands, Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad-Tobago. Historically, this is obvious enough. But what has always been indeterminate has been the basis on which we have traditionally assigned the corporate identity of a single national literature-"West Indian literature"-to writings from territories which have always fostered a sense of separateness (even divisive insularity), and which have become separate and sovereign nations since 1962. Hence, the criticism of West Indian literature has traditionally been rooted in the paradox of a national literature developed and shared by separate nations. For it should be emphasized at this point that the critical usage of the term "West Indian literature" is analogous to, say, "British" or "French" rather than "European" literature. And a major effect of this paradox has been the continuing attempt to develop approaches that describe those common assumptions and experiences which constitute a kind of national consciousness in this literature. Of course, the attempt is not universally accepted. In recent years some have ventured that there is no such thing as West Indian literature-merely a Caribbean outpost of English literature (Dathorne, 1966: 2). And a Jamaican poet, Mervyn
FACULTY PRACTICE IN A TEACHING NURSING HOME

Two approaches were used to define and develop faculty practice in a teaching nursing home. The problems encountered included role conflicts, communication gaps, and differences between faculty and nursing staff goals. Benefits included the availability of new nursing care services as well as increased opportunities for students and faculty to conduct clinical research.
A Naturalistic Inquiry Into the Cultures of Two Divergent MA‐TESOL Programs: Implications for TESOL

This article reports on a naturalistic inquiry into the cultures of two MA-TESOL programs in different parts of the United States, highlighting how their identities have been shaped by factors in their respective local environments that in turn affect what is taught in each program. The study explored how and why the two programs stress certain language teaching skills. The findings detail the divergent realities of the two programs with a view to raising consciousness and debate about the implications of such differences for the field of TESOL. T o what extent is an MA-TESOL program governed by local exigencies, constraints, and conditions that influence its general direction? This question guides the present study, in which we offer an account of a naturalistic inquiry into the cultures of two MA-TESOL programs in different parts of the United States. We highlight how their identities are contingent upon factors in their local environments that in turn shape the curriculum of each program. The study sheds light on at least two key issues: (a) how and why particular MA-TESOL programs stress the language teaching skills they do and (b) what the implications and consequences are for the TESOL field of having teachers graduate from divergent MA-TESOL programs. Our stance toward the programs is not intended to be judgmental; instead, our aim is to present the differences between these two programs by focusing on their institutional contexts, thereby raising consciousness about the implications of these differences for TESOL.
Broadband Femtosecond Sources for Greenhouse Gas Spectroscopy and Trace-Gas Sensing

We describe several approaches for producing broadband femtosecond sources in the mid-infrared for applications in atmospheric spectroscopy. Using a 3.3 µm source, measurements of CH4 and H2O concentrations in atmospheric conditions are described.
Abstract 5741: GUCY2C opposes systemic genotoxic tumorigenesis by regulating AKT-dependent intestinal barrier integrity

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background & Aims. The barrier separating mucosal and systemic compartments is formed by tight junctions annealing epithelial cells together, which limit paracellular exchange that threatens compartmental homeostasis. GUCY2C recently emerged as an intestinal tumor suppressor coordinating AKT1-dependent crypt-villus homeostasis. Here, the contribution of GUCY2C to barrier integrity opposing colitis and systemic tumorigenesis is defined. Methods. Gucy2c−/− and villinERT2-ROSA-Guca2a mouse models, as well as in vivo ligand supplementation models were examined for tight junction structure by expression profile, electron microscopy, and immunoblot analysis. Barrier integrity was quantified by oral FITC-dextran after barrier disruption with DSS. Systemic genotoxicity and tumorigenesis were examined in mice with and without GUCY2C signaling. The role of AKT in tight junction regulation was examined in Akt+/− mice and in Caco2 cells using shRNA or AKT mutants. Results. Gucy2c−/− mice exhibited disrupted tight junctions, associated with reduced junctional proteins and barrier hyperpermeability. Conversely, ligand activation of GUCY2C in mice increased junctional proteins and reduced barrier permeability. Further, eliminating GUCY2C exacerbated, while activation reduced, DSS-induced barrier disruption and colitis. Moreover, eliminating GUCY2C amplified, while activation reduced, oxidative DNA damage and tumorigenesis in lymph nodes, liver and lung. GUCY2C regulated barrier integrity by repressing AKT1 which increased the junction proteins occludin and claudin 4 in mice and Caco2 cells. Conclusions. GUCY2C defends the intestinal barrier, restricting permeability to maintain homeostasis in mucosal and systemic compartments. The pathophysiological significance of GUCY2C-dependent barrier protection is highlighted by its impact on colitis and systemic genotoxicity and tumorigenesis in multiple organs. Its translational potential is underscored by the imminent regulatory approval of oral GUCY2C ligands, which can be used for chemoprophylaxis in inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5741. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5741
Pulmonary artery tear following balloon valvoplasty in Fallot's tetralogy

A 3-year-old girl with Fallot's tetralogy underwent balloon pulmonary valvoplasty without any obvious complications. Elective total correction was performed 15 months later. At operation, a well-healed longitudinal tear measuring 2 cm was noted in the posterior wall of the main pulmonary artery 1 cm from the pulmonary valve extending into the right pulmonary artery.
Clinicopathological features of colon polyps from African-Americans.

Among the ethnic groups, the age-standardized incidence rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) is highest among African-Americans. The majority of CRC arise from preexisting adenoma. It is shown that 30% of the US adult population has adenomas. The potential risk of malignant transformation in adenomas differs by specific pathologic and clinical characteristics that we aimed to study in AAs. All pathologic reports (150,000) in Howard University Hospital from 1959 to 2006 were reviewed manually. Those pathology reports compatible with the colorectal polyps were carefully reviewed and selected by a GI pathologist. All cases with cancer were then excluded from the list. Data were then entered into Microsoft Excel and checked for missing data and duplications. Differences in right-side and left-side polyps for sex, histology, and clinical symptoms were assessed by Chi-2 test. A total number of 5,013 colorectal polyps were diagnosed in this period that include 47% male, with mean age (SD) of 63 (12). Half of the cases were diagnosed in 2001–2006. Tubular adenoma was the most frequent pathology (73%). The highest frequency of right-sided polyps was observed in the 1990s (56%). Left-sided polyps were younger (p < 0.0001), more hyperplasic (23 vs. 5%; p < 0.0001), and more frequent in female (56 vs. 52%; p = 0.02) compared to right-sided polyps. The frequency of right-sided adenoma significantly increases from 18% in the 1960s to 51% in the period of 2001–2006 (p < 0.0001). The most frequent symptom in both sides was GI bleeding (21%). There was a ratio of 8:1 for neoplastic to hyperplastic polyps in our study, which is more than what has been reported in Caucasians (7:1). Our data shows a shift in polyps from the left side to the right side of the colon in recent years. This data is consistent with the lack of a reduction in the incidence of colon cancer in African-Americans. Screening is thus very important in AA to reduce the incidence of colon cancer.
Comparative morphology of Ostertagia mossi and Ostertagia dikmansi (trichostrongylidae) from Odocoileus virginianus and comments on other Ostertagia spp. from the Cervidae

The synlophes of Ostertagia mossi Dikmans, 1931 and O. dikmansi Becklund & Walker, 1968 were found to be identical supporting recognition of these as the major and minor morphotypes, respectively, of a putative species pair within the Ostertagiinae. The cervical synlophe included three narrowly spaced, continuous, parallel ridges laterally and three parallel but more widely spaced ridges in the dorsal and ventral fields (Type II and Type A patterns, respectively). The disposition of the synlophe in conjunction with a long oesophageo-intestinal valve, and attributes of the genital cone and spicules are characteristics shared among other Ostertagia spp. from cervids in the Holarctic region that allow recognition of a species group morphologically distinct from the Ostertagiinae of domestic ruminants. The morphological similarity of O. mossi/O. dikmansi, O. leptospicularis Assadov, 1953/O. kolchida Popova, 1937 and O. gruehneri Skrjabin, 1929/O. arctica Mitzkewitsch, 1929 is substantial, but these species can be differentiated by small but constant differences in the synlophe and genital complex of males; females cannot be easily distinguished. The morphological similarity of this cryptic complex of species and their relatively restricted distribution among cervids suggests a coevolutionary history for hosts and parasites in the Holarctic region.
How Secure are Unproctored Pre-Employment Tests? Analysis of Inconsistent Test Scores

Employment tests have long been scrutinized for psychometric considerations such as validity and reli- ability, but the extent to which cheating may occur on pre- employment tests has generally been overlooked. With the rise of unproctored, on-demand, online testing, the need has never been greater to focus on design and process considerations that can help mitigate the potential for cheating on employment tests. This paper builds on the limited existing research on the detection of inconsistent test scores on unproctored Internet testing. Job candidates (n = 4,026) completed a computer adaptive cognitive ability test under two conditions: an unproctored screening test followed by a proctored confirmation test. Analyses focused on detecting instances of inconsistent test scores based on comparison of standard errors of measure for the unproctored and proctored test scores (Guo and Drasgow, Int J Sel Assess 18:351-364, 2010). Results revealed a relatively low number of inconsistent scores and are dis- cussed in the context of future research, application, and theory building on the nature of cheating on pre-employ- ment tests.
Interaction of Epoxy/Dicyandiamide Adhesives with Metal Substrates

The molecular structure of the interphase formed by curing a model adhesive system consisting of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and dicyandiamide (DDA) against mechanically polished aluminum and electrogalvanized steel (EGS) substrates was determined using reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). RAIR analysis suggested that DGEBA/DDA mixtures created an interphase with a different molecular structure from the bulk of the adhesive when cured in contact with aluminum. The formation of this unique interphase was mainly due to interactions between DDA and the Al surface. XPS analysis indicated that aluminum ions exposed by heating the substrate surface were necessary for this interaction. DDA was found to adsorb onto the aluminum surface via the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atoms of the nitrile groups. A slight decrease in the nitrile stretching frequency suggested an additional back-bonding interaction between aluminum ions and the...