cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic characterization and mutational studies of TruD--the fifth family of pseudouridine synthases.

Abstract Pseudouridine (Ψ) is formed through isomerization of uridine (U) catalyzed by a class of enzymes called pseudouridine synthases (ΨS). TruD is the fifth family of ΨS. Studies of the first four families (TruA, TruB, RsuA, and RluA) of ΨS reveal a conserved Asp and Tyr are critical for catalysis. However, in TruD family, the tyrosine is not conserved. In this study, we measured the enzymatic parameters for TruD in Escherichia coli , and carried out enzymatic assays for a series of single, double, and triple TruD mutants. Our studies indicate that a Glu, strictly conserved in only TruD family is likely to be the general base in TruD. We also proposed a possible distinct mechanism of TruD-catalyzed Ψ formation compared to the first four families.
Influence of Framing and Graphic Format on Comprehension of Risk Information among American Indian Tribal College Students

We evaluated methods for presenting risk information by administering six versions of an anonymous survey to 489 American Indian tribal college students. All surveys presented identical numeric information, but framing varied. Half expressed prevention benefits as relative risk reduction, half as absolute risk reduction. One third of surveys used text to describe prevention benefits; one third used text plus bar graph; one third used text plus modified bar graph incorporating a culturally tailored image. The odds ratio (OR) for correct risk interpretation for absolute risk framing vs. relative risk framing was 1.40 (95 % CI = 1.01, 1.93). The OR for correct interpretation of text plus bar graph vs. text only was 2.16 (95 % CI = 1.46, 3.19); OR for text plus culturally tailored bar graph vs. text only was 1.72 (95 % CI = 1.14, 2.60). Risk information including a bar graph was better understood than text-only information; a culturally tailored graph was no more effective than a standard graph.
Mapping structural to functional damage in glaucoma with standard automated perimetry and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

Purpose To develop a quantitative method for analysis of the topographic relationship between structural and functional damage in patients with glaucoma. Methods We studied 26 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, focal optic disk damage, and focal visual field loss. The visual field was evaluated with automated perimetry, and the optic disk topography was assessed with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Topographic measurements were calculated in 10-degree sectors and compared with a normative database (n = 52). The topographic relationship of structural damage and functional loss was analyzed. Results Rim area ratio was defined as the ratio of rim area in each 10-degree sector divided by the total rim area. This ratio resulted in the identification of one (46%) or more (54%) clusters of optic disk sectors as outside normal limits in all 26 patients (12 and 14 patients, respectively). Twenty-two patients (84%) with superior hemifield sensitivity loss tended to have inferior rim defects, and vice versa. Nasal visual field defects close to the horizontal midline were matched with damaged rim areas close to the vertical midline. Conclusions This mapping method allows an objective and quantitative evaluation of the optic disk and visual field in patients with glaucoma and focal damage. Although the topographic relationship between structure and function is characterized by considerable interindividual variability, the identification of certain patterns may be useful to aid in the evaluation of glaucomatous damage.
Experiences of Ex-Ex-Gay Individuals in Sexual Reorientation Therapy: Reasons for Seeking Treatment, Perceived Helpfulness and Harmfulness of Treatment, and Post-Treatment Identification

Therapy meant to change someone's sexual orientation, or reorientation therapy, is still in practice despite statements from the major mental health organizations of its potential for harm. This qualitative study used an inductive content analysis strategy (Patton, 2002) to examine the experiences of thirty-eight individuals (31 males and seven females) who have been through a total of 113 episodes of reorientation therapy and currently identify as gay or lesbian. Religious beliefs were frequently cited as the reason for seeking reorientation therapy. Frequently endorsed themes of helpful components of reorientation therapy included connecting with others and feeling accepted. Harmful aspects of reorientation therapy included experiences of shame and negative impacts on mental health. Common reasons for identifying as LGB after the therapy included self-acceptance and coming to believe that sexual orientation change was not possible. The findings of this study were consistent with recommendations by the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (2009), which concluded that helpful aspects of reorientation therapy could be achieved through affirmative treatment methods while avoiding potential harms that may be associated with reorientation therapy. Limitations of the findings, including a small, self-selected sample, are discussed.
Problems and potential associated with the production of protein from cellulosic wastes

Abstract Annually, billions of tons of cellulose are included in agricultural and municipal waste streams. This cellulose could be the feedstock for biological and chemical conversion to useful and valuable products. Bioconversion could add to the world's protein supplies as well as supply a variety of chemicals. There still remain technical constraints hindering development of viable bioconcersion processes utilizing these wastes. The cellulose is resistant to rapid assimilation by microorganisms because of its semicrystalline nature. One way to overcome this resistance is to pre-treat the cellulose photochemically, followed by a novel acid hydrolysis. Such processing yields a cellulose to glucose conversion of from 40 to 50 percent per pass through the reactor.
040 The Temporal Expression of the TGF-Beta Pathway in the Rabbit Ear Model of Hypertrophic Scarring

Introduction: There is extensive data implicating the role of the TGF-beta pathway in hypertrophic scarring. However, few studies have examined the temporal expression of the various TGF-beta cytokines and their receptors. Purpose: This study sought to determine the temporal mRNA expression of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, TGFR-I, TGFR-II, Smad-3, and collagen I in a rabbit ear model of hypertrophic scarring compared to smaller, nonhypertrophic control scars. Methods: In an established model of hypertrophic scarring, 7 mm (hypertrophic) and 5 mm (nonhypertrophic control) punch wounds were made on the ears of 12 rabbits. Wounds were harvested at days 7, 15, 28, and 40. Histologic evaluation was performed on all scars in order to validate the model. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to compare mRNA expression between the various time points. Results: At day 7, the 5 mm wounds had epithelialized to a greater extent than the 7 mm wounds. At day 28 and 40, the 7 mm scars were hypertrophic compared to the 5 mm control scars. In both 7 mm and 5 mm scars, TGF-beta1 and beta3 levels declined over time. In 7 mm scars, TGF-beta2 peaked at day 28, TGFR-I levels peaked at day 15, and TGFR-II and Smad-3 remained stable over time. As expected, collagen I expression peaked at day 28. In the 5 mm scars, TGF-beta2 levels remained stable, TGFR-I levels peaked at day 28, while levels of TGFR-II and Smad-3 declined slightly over time. Collagen I expression peaked at day 15. Conclusions: The up-regulation of TGF-beta2 mRNA expression in hypertrophic but not flat scars indicates that it may be important to scar hypertrophy. The sustained expression of TGFR-II and Smad-3 in hypertrophic scars compared to controls suggests that the role of the TGF-beta family in the process of hypertrophic scarring is complex. This study was supported by an NIH grant (5R01GM063825-03) awarded to T.A. Mustoe.
PIXE as an Analytical Tool: An External-Beam System in Helium and the Role of Sample Preparation

A PIXE system in which samples in a helium-filled target chamber are irradiated by an external proton beam is described. The system is well suited for study of a wide range of materials, some merely calling for qualitative analysis, and others requiring quantitative measurements. This variety mandates a flexible approach to sample preparation in order to obtain full sensitivity of the system. Some examples taken from our work are given.
Evaluation of Nitrate in the Ground War in the Delaware Coastal Plain

Data from over 800 well samples collected and analyzed during a study of ground-water quality in Sussex County, Delaware revealed that the water-table aquifer contains excessively high concentrations of nitrate in several areas. Over 20 percent of the wells sampled contained concentrations that exceeded 45 milligrams per liter (mg/l), and in many areas, over 50 percent of the wells sampled exceeded 45 mg/l. Sussex County is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, geologically consisting of a series of unconsolidated sands, gravels, silts, and clays that contain extensive ground-water reserves of generally high quality. On the basis of iron and nitrate concentrations, two major areas of differing water quality were delineated: one in which the ground water contained variable concentrations of nitrate with low concentrations of iron ( 2.0 mg/l) and little detectable nitrate. Nitrate concentrations ranged from zero to 224 mg/l; average and median values determined for the area of nitrate occurrence were 33.9 mg/l and 25 mg/l respectively. Treatment of the nitrate data allowed depicting of 19 areas of possible excessive nitrate contamination. Nitrate occurrences were closely related to land use, soil permeability, water-table depths and aquifer chemistry. The greatest incidence of high nitrate concentrations was associated with confined feeding operations. Other nitrate sources are septic tank effluent, natural and chemical fertilizers, foliage in forests, and precipitation.
Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications

The worldwide increase in obesity has been driven by global trade liberalization, economic growth and rapid urbanization. Owing to the scope and complexity of the obesity epidemic, prevention strategies and policies across multiple levels are needed in order to have a measurable effect. Although many putative causes of the obesity epidemic exist, in this Review the effect of globalization on global trends in obesity prevalence is discussed and population-based interventions from several countries are reviewed. The authors make broad policy recommendations for obesity and chronic disease prevention at the global population level.
Pre-historic Cucurbits from the Valley of Oaxaca'

About 180 specimens of cucurbits were recovered from the Guila Naquitz Cave in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, from strata dated at 8750-7840 B.C. to 1500 A.D. by Carbon- 14 analyses. 4 Almost 60% of the cucurbit specimens were of wild species of Cucurbita. A single seed may be that of the perennial squash or fig- leaf gourd, C. ficifolia Bouch e. All other cultivated squash material was C. pepo L., the summer squash. Cucurbita pepo prefers cool, dry environmental conditions. This suggests that farmers utilized the cave on a seasonal basis, because cultivars of C. pepo mature later and store better than those of C. moschata Poir. or C. mixta Pang., which would normally be the species expected to be cultivated at this latitude. Specimens of bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl., were comparatively rare and comprised only 10% of the total. The scarcity of bottle gourd remains suggests that these gourds were not important for containers and household, use even in preceramic levels, or that they simply did not break many of their vessels during the limited time they occupied the cave. A second possibility is that agriculture was carried out at higher and cooler elevations, which C. pepo prefers but which are unfavorable for Lagenaria. A few Apodanthera seeds were found at all levels.
Assessment of priority pollutant concentrations in the United States using storet database

The examination of the 80,000,000 STORET data points for priority pollutant concentrations yielded principles for system usage to determine the individual occurrence of these pollutants in U.S. waterways. A case study on a representative priority pollutant (butyl benzyl phthalate) is presented in detail to highlight the characteristics of the database. The use of data from the 1980s only is recommended, based on the number of data points and the likelihood that better quality assurance practices were employed. Mean values should not be used because aberrant values dominate the additive mean and can exceed statistical probability (p << 0.01). Since geometric mean calculations are not readily available within the system, the use of median values based on ambient or effluent sampling points and excluding landfill sampling sites is recommended. Careful documentation of nondetectable values is also necessary to reduce errors associated with statistical analysis. Eighty-six of the 110 (78%) organic priority pollutants are not detectable in U.S. waterways. Of the 24 chemicals detected, only 5 exceed an ambient median water concentration of 0.3 μg/L. Ninety-five of the 110 (86%) are not detectable in industrial effluents; the maximum median value of 10 μg/L was reported for four organic priority pollutants. Seventy-nine percent of the organic priority pollutants are not detected in sediments; all but seven medians are less than 15 μ/kg. Eighty-seven percent are not detected in biota; all but three medians are less than 0.25 mg/kg.
Late Pleistocene Hansel Valley basaltic ash, northern Lake Bonneville, Utah, USA

Abstract The Hansel Valley ash bed lies within 5 cm of the base of deposits of Lake Bonneville (∼28 ka) in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake and provides a useful stratigraphic marker for this area of the lake basin. However, it has not been matched to an eruptive edifice, presumably because such an edifice was eroded by waves of Lake Bonneville. We present data for the chemical composition of the tephra and for possible matching lavas and tephras of the region, as well as grain size data for the tephra in an attempt to identify the location of the eruption. Matches with other tephras are negative, but lavas near the coarsest ash deposits match well with the distinctive high values of TiO2 and P2O5 of the ash. Neither chemistry nor grain size data points uniquely to a source area, but an area near the northwest shore of Great Salt Lake and within Curlew Valley is most likely. The Hansel Valley ash is an example of an ash that has no direct numerical date from proximal deposits, despite considerable study, yet nonetheless is useful for stratigraphic studies by virtue of its known stratigraphic position and approximate age. Basaltic tephras commonly are not as widespread as their rhyolitic counterparts, and in some cases apparently are produced by eruptive sources that are short lived and whose edifices are not persistent.
The respiratory rates of midwater crustaceans as a function of depth of occurrence and relation to the oxygen minimum layer off Southern California.

1. 1. Oxygen consumption rate and critical oxygen partial pressure were measured in twenty-eight species of midwater crustaceans and two species of midwater fishes. 2. 2. The Pc's were compared to the environmental oxygens at which these species are found. This comparison indicates that all species, except the two parasites and the one diurnal vertical migrator, are able to regulate their QO2 to at least the lowest pO2 they encounter in nature (as low as 4 mm Hg O2 in some cases). The exceptions have considerable anaerobic abilities. 3. 3. The oxygen consumption rate of these species is shown to decline rapidly with increasing depth of occurrence and the factors involved are discussed.
Application of selective demasking to the spectrophotometric assay of erythrocyte zinc.

Abstract Variation in red cell zinc concentration can be monitored simply through the application of selective demasking prior to the formation of a metal combining ligand, 1,2-(pyridylazo)-2-naphthol, (PAN) in a protein-free hemolysate. Favorable correlation obtained by the proposed method with dual channel atomic absorption spectrometry should make the method especially attractive where a limited choice of instrumentation is available.
Myogenic Markers in the Evaluation of Embryonal Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Female Genital Tract

Rhabdomyosarcoma presents special diagnostic problems when it involves the uterine cervix in young children because tumor cells may lack marked atypia and may blend with the normal, immature, condensed, cellular stroma, rendering diagnosis difficult. Myogenic makers are a valuable ancillary technique for establishing a diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. However, desmin positivity has been reported in cervical stromal cells, which can confound diagnosis. To determine whether immunohistochemical markers of skeletal muscle differentiation are helpful in the diagnosis of uterine botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma, we compared the immunohistochemical staining pattern of cervical rhabdomyosarcoma from 3 patients with that of normal uteri from age-matched autopsy controls by using antibodies for desmin, smooth muscle actin, muscle-specific actin, myoD1, myogenin, and WT-1. All tumors demonstrated at least focal immunopositivity for desmin, muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, myoD1, and WT-1, and 1 tumor was also positive for myogenin. Autopsy controls showed only scattered subepithelial stromal immunoreactivity for desmin, muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, and WT-1 and showed cytoplasmic, but not nuclear, immunopositivity for myoD1 and myogenin. Myometrium was diffusely positive for desmin and muscle-specific actin. We conclude that desmin, muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, and WT1 are not specific for discriminating embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma from normal subepithelial cells in the female genital tract of children, although the number of immunopositive cells is consistently larger in rhabdomyosarcoma. Nuclear staining for myoD1 and myogenin appears not to occur in normal tissue, but it may be absent or sparse in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Our findings indicate that, in this anatomic site, the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma and in particular determination of tumor margins remain very reliant on histomorphology.
An Investigation of Relative Efficiency of Least- Squares Prediction to Conventional Probability Sampling Plans

Abstract A particular finite population, typical of the type encountered in practice, is used to assess the efficiency of ratio estimation of the finite population total using conventional unrestricted random sampling, extreme and balanced sampling plans, for samples of size 10, 50, 100, and 200. The balanced sampling plans are seen to be as much as 30 percent more efficient than the corresponding unrestricted random sampling plan regardless of sample size, but the extreme sample is inferior to both of these plans.
Production of sulfur gases and carbon dioxide by synthetic weathering of crushed drill cores from the Santa Cruz porphyry copper deposit near Casa Grande, Pinal County, Arizona

Abstract Samples of ground drill cores from the southern part of the Santa Cruz porphyry copper deposit, Casa Grande, Arizona, were oxidized in simulated weathering experiments. The samples were also separated into various mineral fractions and analyzed for contents of metals and sulfide minerals. The principal sulfide mineral present was pyrite. Gases produced in the weathering experiments were measured by gas chromatography. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide and carbon disulfide were found in the gases; no hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfides, or mercaptans were detected. Oxygen concentration was very important for production of the volatiles measured; in general, oxygen concentration was more important to gas production than were metallic element content, sulfide mineral content, or mineral fraction (oxide or sulfide) of the sample. The various volatile species also appeared to be interactive; some of the volatiles measured may have been formed through gas reactions.
Multihormonal control of microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity in cultured adult female rat hepatocytes.

The activity of microsomal 5α-reductase, active on 3-oxo-4-ene-steroids, is much higher in adult female than in adult male rat liver. To examine the hormonal control of this enzyme under defined in vitro conditions, adult female rat hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion and cultured onto collagen membranes. The isolated hepatocytes form a nonreplicating monolayer after 24 h when cultured with or without serum, although the addition of fetal calf serum (FCS) or charcoal-extracted FCS improves hepatocyte plating efficiency. The charcoal-extracted FCS also significantly increases the 5α-reductase activity in cells cultured for 48 h. Time-course studies on 5α-reductase activity in isolated cells show that the activity in isolated cells is significantly lower than that in the intact animal. The activity is stable for 48 h in culture and then decreases. In cells cultured for 48 h, insulin significantly increases 5α-reductase activity at all doses tested (0.005–50 μg/ml), whereas estradiol induces h...
Photochemistry of 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-thietan-1-ylidene: A Heterocyclic Carbene with an Unusually Short Lifetime and Evidence for a Nonclassical Structure

Laser flash (308 nm) and steady-state photolysis (300 nm) of Δ3-1,3,4-oxadiazoline (3) produces a transient that can be trapped with pyridine to give an adduct with λmax = 350 nm, attributed to ylide 10. Laser flash photolysis (LFP) studies of the ylide indicate that the value of kpyrτ (where kpyr is the absolute rate constant of carbene reaction with pyridine and τ is the carbene lifetime) of the reactive intermediate is 25 times smaller than that deduced for cyclobutylidene. The sulfur-containing transient may have a much shorter lifetime than cyclobutylidene or a much smaller value of kpyr. These experimental results, along with ab initio calculations, suggest that the structure of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thietan-1-ylidene is best represented as nonclassical, bisected structure 2 and not classical structure 1.
Synthesis of an ortho-triazacyclophane: N,N',N''-trimethyltribenzo-1,4,7-triazacyclononatriene.

N,N′,N′′-Trimethyltribenzo-1,4,7-triazacyclononatriene has been synthesized via sequential palladium-catalyzed Buchwald−Hartwig N-arylation reactions affording the 9-membered triaza o-cyclophane in 35% overall yield. An X-ray crystal structure shows the new cyclophane to have a C2-symmetric saddle conformation, as compared to the crown conformation exhibited by the related carbocyclic cyclotriveratrylene (CTV).
The failure of triggered pacemakers.

Abstract Noncompetitive pacemakers had been expected to prolong pacemaker longevity and reduce patient mortality rates compared to asynchronous pacemakers. Neither has occurred. Mortality rates are equal to those for asynchronous pacemakers and pacemaker longevity has been substantially shorter. Problems unique to triggered pacemakers of electromagnetic interference, pacemaker-induced arrhythmias, inadequacies in sensing physiologic signals with bipolar electrodes, and artifacts mimicking the normal cardiac signal produced by normal and partially defective electrodes have occurred. All of these factors have limited the utility and in some instances the safety of triggered pacemakers.
Leak-free focusing of propagating surface plasmon waves using non-symmetric double nanorings

Plasmonic leak-free focusing is proposed using nonsymmtric double nanorings. A single focal spot could be obtained at the geometric center through the constructive interference of two anti-propagating surface plasmon waves by breaking the geometrical symmetry.
Mechanism of the neurotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of carbon disulfide

The mechanisms of carbon disulfide toxicity can be divided into two categories; nonmicrosomal and microsomal. The nonmicrosomal pathway involves nonenzymatic spontaneous reaction of carbon disulfide with amino or thiol groups that leads to formation of dithiocarbamates or GSH conjugates as well as inhibition of certain enzymes such as dopamine beta-hydroxylase. These reactions primarily lead to neurotoxic effects. The second mechanism of carbon disulfide toxicity involves its metabolism by hepatic microsomal enzymes to two reactive sulfur atoms that bind covalently to cell macromolecules causing hepatotoxicity. This oxidative metabolism of carbon disulfide has been suggested to be responsible for much of the liver pathology and impairment of liver metabolism of other endogenous substrates as well as exogenous compounds entering the body.
Genome-Wide Control of RNA Polymerase II Activity by Cohesin

Cohesin is a well-known mediator of sister chromatid cohesion, but it also influences gene expression and development. These non-canonical roles of cohesin are not well understood, but are vital: gene expression and development are altered by modest changes in cohesin function that do not disrupt chromatid cohesion. To clarify cohesin's roles in transcription, we measured how cohesin controls RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity by genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and precision global run-on sequencing. On average, cohesin-binding genes have more transcriptionally active Pol II and promoter-proximal Pol II pausing than non-binding genes, and are more efficient, producing higher steady state levels of mRNA per transcribing Pol II complex. Cohesin depletion frequently decreases gene body transcription but increases pausing at cohesin-binding genes, indicating that cohesin often facilitates transition of paused Pol II to elongation. In many cases, this likely reflects a role for cohesin in transcriptional enhancer function. Strikingly, more than 95% of predicted extragenic enhancers bind cohesin, and cohesin depletion can reduce their association with Pol II, indicating that cohesin facilitates enhancer-promoter contact. Cohesin depletion decreases the levels of transcriptionally engaged Pol II at the promoters of most genes that don't bind cohesin, suggesting that cohesin controls expression of one or more broadly acting general transcription factors. The multiple transcriptional roles of cohesin revealed by these studies likely underlie the growth and developmental deficits caused by minor changes in cohesin activity.
Constructing matrix Green's functions for radiation and scattering problems

A method for constructing a Green's function for an arbitrary scatterer or antenna consisting of multiple parts is presented. By exploiting the partitioning of the impedance matrix that naturally develops in a method-of-moments (MM) formulation when a number of objects are present, a matrix of numerical values representing the fields of one object in the presence of all others is computed. This matrix may be stored and used repeatedly when one of the scatterers or antennas is varied in location or shape. The matrix Green's function approach is also extended to represent incrementally larger objects. Savings in computation time over using the free-space Green's function and re-solving the large MM matrix repeatedly are considerable. The proposed technique has been implemented on the JPL/CIT Mark III Hypercube Computer and applied to radiation and scattering from a large array. >
On the theoretical sub-optimality of optimal disturbance-utilizing control laws

Optimal control problems involve uncertain external disturbances w(t) and/or set-point/servo-commands y/sub c/(t). The authors consider a class of a linear-quadratic set-point problems with disturbances and use a reverse-time solution procedure introduced by Kalman to solve the absolute optimal control under the idealistic case that at each time t the future behaviors of y/sub c/(t) and w(t) are completely known a priori. An alternative optimal control is also developed using the optimal disturbance-utilizing control (DUC) theory in which future behaviors of (y/sub c/(t), w(t)) are not known but, rather, sparse-impulse driven state-models of y/sub c/(t) and w(t) are introduced. The general similarities and differences in the two optimal controls are discussed and specific versions of those controls are derived for a concrete example. Optimal DUC control is apparently the best of all rational physically realizable controls for the class of problems considered. >
Quantitative Effect of Excess Lysine on the Ability of Arginine to Promote Chick Weight Gain

A well-balanced crystalline amino acid diet was modified such that arginine was first limiting and lysine second limiting for chick weight gains. Male crossbred chicks were used in three growth assays (9 to 14 days posthatch- ing) to determine the effect of excess lysine on the ability of arginine to promote chick weight gains (arginine efficacy). Incremental arginine supplementation of arginine-deficient diets containing from 0.55% (control level) to 2.55% dietary lysine allowed evaluation of the linear regression of chick weight gain on argi nine consumption at each level of lysine. The ratio of regression coefficients (slope-ratio technique) showed that arginine efficacy decreased as dietary lysine increased. Pooled results from the three assays showed that relative arginine efficacy decreased linearly to 58.8% of the control at 1.84% dietary lysine. Higher levels of lysine caused no further decrease in arginine efficacy. A linear relationship between feed consumption and weight gain was observed which was unaffected by lysine level. Incremental additions of Quillaja saponin, an anorectic agent, to an arginine-deficient diet (0.95% lysine) did not alter argi nine efficacy but did alter the relationship between feed and gain. Body water data indicated that lysine caused no change in body composition which could not be ascribed to reduced feed consumption. It is postulated that the decrease in growth rate and feed consumption observed when lysine is added to arginine- deficient diets results from accentuating the arginine deficiency. J. Nutr. 202: 171-180, 1972.
Improving Educational Efficiency in Developing Countries: what do we know?[1]

[1] The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein, which are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organisations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of research or analysis supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank.
A Potential Key Role for Radionuclide Imaging in the Prediction and Prevention of Sudden Arrhythmic Cardiac Death

Despite enormous progress over the past few decades in reducing deaths from cardiovascular disease, the ability to identify patients at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a challenge. SCD accounts for about 350,000 deaths annually in the United States ( [1][1] ). Most SCDs are from
An Apparatus for Direct Proton Conductivity Measurement of Powdered Materials

An apparatus with multiple sample cells for direct two-electrode electrochemical measurement of powdered materials (e.g., nanoparticles) has been designed and fabricated. Polyetherimide (PEI, ULTEM 1000) is chosen as the cell material because it is optically transparent, electrically insulating, and mechanically and chemically stable up to 170°C. The sample cells are slim with high length-to-electrode-area ratio so that efficient, reliable, and nondestructive measurements of proton conductivity can be obtained on 20-30 mg powder samples using impedance spectroscopy at less than 2×10 5 Hz while still being able to eliminate the effects of contact resistance. Several electrode materials have been evaluated and data show 80%Pt-20%Ir electrodes adequately acid-resistant to avoid metal ion poisoning of the ion conductor.
Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: Current concepts and challenges

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common viral pathogen that influences the outcome of liver transplantation. In addition to the direct effects of CMV syndrome and tissue-invasive diseases, CMV is associated with an increased predisposition to acute and chronic allograft rejection, accelerated hepatitis C recurrence, and other opportunistic infections, as well as reduced overall patient and allograft survival. Risk factors for CMV disease are often interrelated, and include CMV D+/R- serostatus, acute rejection, female gender, age, use of high-dose mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone, and the overall state of immunity. In addition to the role of CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, there are data to suggest that functionality of the innate immune system contributes to CMV disease pathogenesis. In one study, liver transplant recipients with a specific polymorphism in innate immune molecules known as Toll-like receptors were more likely to develop higher levels of CMV replication and clinical disease. Because of the direct and indirect adverse effects of CMV disease, its prevention, whether through antiviral prophylaxis or preemptive therapy, is an essential component in improving the outcome of liver transplantation. In the majority of transplant centers, antiviral prophylaxis is the preferred strategy over preemptive therapy for the prevention of CMV disease in CMV-seronegative recipients of liver allografts from CMV-seropositive donors (D+/R-). However, the major drawback of antiviral prophylaxis is the occurrence of delayed-onset primary CMV disease. In several prospective and retrospective studies, the incidence of delayed-onset primary CMV disease ranged from 16% to 47% of CMV D+/R- liver transplant recipients. Current data suggests that delayed-onset CMV disease is associated with increased mortality after liver transplantation. Therefore, optimized strategies for prevention and novel drugs with unique modes of action are needed. Currently, a randomized controlled clinical trial is being performed comparing the efficacy and safety of maribavir, a novel benzimidazole riboside, and oral ganciclovir as prophylaxis against primary CMV disease in liver transplant recipients. The treatment of CMV disease consists mainly of intravenous (IV) ganciclovir, and if feasible, a reduction in the degree of immunosuppression. A recent controlled clinical trial demonstrated that valganciclovir is as effective and safe as IV ganciclovir for the treatment of CMV disease in solid organ (including liver) transplant recipients. In this article, the author reviews the current state and the future perspectives of prevention and treatment of CMV disease after liver transplantation.
The phylogeny of the Pantropical genus Arrhipis Bonvouloir (Coleoptera, Eucnemidae)

The phylogeny of the genus Arrhipis Bonvouloir (Coleoptera, Eucnemidae) is clarified with a cladistic analysis based on five molecular markers and morphology. Sixteen species from Africa, America, Asia, and Australia are included in the analysis. Two separate Asian clades are recovered, one of them being the sister group to a clade with the American and African species. With the exception of the continental south-east Asian species, all Gondwanan regions have monophyletic faunas. According to the present data, the continental south-east Asian fauna comprises two monophyletic groups, one of which is the sister group to African and American species. Vicariance seems to be the logical explanation for the distribution of these lignicolous beetles. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Novel Quantitative Imaging for Early Detection of Joint Tissue Injury to Support Early Treatment Strategies

The Cartilage Restoration Center at the University of Pittsburgh conducts research using novel imaging technologies to detect early microstructural changes to articular joint tissues in degenerative and traumatic injury-induced articular cartilage and meniscus disease. Identification of early changes to joint tissues permits the identification of patients who could potentially benefit from therapeutic interventions. Quantitative strategies for the diagnosis and staging of joint tissue degeneration prior to the breakdown of the articular cartilage or meniscal surfaces remain a challenge. Our research has shown that the current clinical standard, arthroscopic visualization, and palpation of cartilage and menisci, may be insensitive to early subsurface alterations in these tissues, particularly in the deepest layers of articular cartilage [1–3]. Our work with quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) reveals a strong potential for these methods to provide information regarding early diagnosis and staging of subsurface tissue injury that are not readily available with current technologies [3–5].
SIMULATING VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SELECTED FOOD GUMS AND GUM MIXTURES USING A FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE MODEL

A four parameter semi-empirical model has been developed using the fractional derivative (FD) theory, which consists of applying a mathematical operator to a constitutive equation. The Fourier transform approach is used to obtain the analytical function of the derived model. Since a single four parameter model can predict both storage modulus (G') and dynamic viscosity (n ' ), the developed FD model was appropriate in describing the viscoelastic properties of selected food gum dispersions, food gum mixtures and gellan gel. This fractional derivative model shows good simulation capability for selected food gum dispersions (0.5% xanthan gum, 0.5 and 0.75% locust bean gum, and 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% guar gum), 0.6% gellan gel, and binary mixtures of carrageenan and guar gum, carrageenan and xanthan, as well as guar and xanthan gum.
1141420984 Placental exosome suppression of T cell activation and differential target of T cell subsets

Problem: One immunoregulatory pathway that has received little attention is placental exosome release. In normal pregnancy, as factors linked with early immunomodulation decline, placental exosomes become key in modulating T-cell activation, maintaining the absence of effector T-cells by enhancing T cell apoptosis and loss of CD3-z. Method of Study: Placental exosomes were isolated from the maternal peripheral circulation by a chromatographic/MACS procedure developed to specifically purify exosomes of placental origin. Exosomal FasL was identified by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and quantified by ELISA. Exosomal suppression of T cell signaling molecules and induction of apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation, respectively. The role of FasL in these events was defined by use of FasL blocking antibody. The differential effect of exosomes on CD3-z on T subsets was analyzed by western immunoblot (WB). Results: When T cells were co-incubated with placental exosomes, CD3-z was down-regulated, with placental exosomes treated cells expressing 18,900 ± 7,000 MESF units of zeta, while control fraction-treated cells expressed 49,000 ± 4,800 MESF units of zeta (P < 0.001). This down-regulation of CD3-z was partially reversed by pre-incubating T cells with ZB4 antibody, suggesting a role for FasL. IEM revealed FasL-antibody complexes located on the exterior of placental exosomes; however, only 20/27 preparations were FasL+. When placental exosomes were added to T cells, the level of CD3-z expression on CD8+ cells was 7.1%, (8.7% vs 59.7%) inhibited 1.43-fold more than in CD4+ cells (85.5 P < 0.01). On CD4+CD25+ cells, CD3-z was not significantly inhibited. (P < 0.05). Conclusions: While all term placental exosome preparations tested induced apoptosis, exosomes obtained from 7/27 patients were negative for FasL but were able to induce DNA degradation. These results indicate that, while exosomal FasL is apoptogenic, additional exosome components are capable of inducing apoptosis, but these factors exhibit differential effect on T subsets.
Mouse Shoulder Morphology Responds to Locomotor Activity and the Kinematic Differences of Climbing and Running

Mechanical loads play a significant role in determining long bone shape and strength, but less work has explored how these loads influence flat bones like the scapula, which has been shown to vary with locomotor preference among primate taxa. Here, we tested the effects of voluntary running and climbing exercise in mice to examine how the mechanical loads borne from different locomotor patterns influence shoulder morphological development. Ninety-nine female wild-type mice were distributed equally among sedentary control, activity-wheel running, and vertical climbing experimental conditions. Running mice had the lowest body masses, larger intrinsic shoulder muscles, and the most pronounced differences in scapular size and shape relative to the other groups. Climbing mouse scapular morphology also differed significantly from the control individuals, but these differences were not as marked as those between the running and control mice. This might be attributable in part to greater levels of activity in the wheel-runners relative to the climbers. Additionally, climbing mice held their bodies closer to the substrate and maintained more flexed limbs and posterior hand positions compared with the kinematics of running. As a result, climbers differed significantly from both the running and control mice in developing a relatively broader infraspinous region, which is likely related to preferential recruitment of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles to maintain flexed shoulder postures. The results of this study demonstrate that variation in activity level and type of locomotor regime over a significant portion of the life history influences muscle and bone development in the shoulder.
QUANTIFYING RISK OF PENILE PROSTHESIS INFECTION WITH ELEVATED GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN

AbstractPurpose: Elevation of glycosylated hemoglobin above levels of 11.5 mg.% has been considered a contraindication to penile prosthesis implantation in diabetic patients. We determine the predictive value of glycosylated hemoglobin A1C in penile prosthesis infections in diabetic and nondiabetic patients to confirm or deny this prevalent opinion.Materials and Methods: We conducted a 2-year prospective study of 389 patients, including 114 diabetics, who underwent 3-piece penile prosthesis implantation. All patients had similar preoperative preparation without regard to diabetic status, control or glycosylated hemoglobin A1C level. Risk of infection was statistically analyzed for diabetics versus nondiabetics, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C values above and below 11.5 mg.%, insulin dependent versus oral medication diabetics, and fasting blood sugars above and below 180 mg.%.Results: Prosthesis infections developed in 10 diabetics (8.7%) and 11 nondiabetics (4.0%). No increased infection rate was observed in...
Disclosure and Self-Report of Emotional, Social, and Physical Health in Children and Adolescents With Chronic Pain—A Qualitative Study of PROMIS Pediatric Measures

Objectives To examine the content validity of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System pediatric measures, including the pain interference scale, among children and adolescents (aged 8–18 years) who experience chronic pain. To describe children’s understandings of the health domain constructs and elucidate verbal and conceptual aspects of self-reported pain-related functioning, which shape disclosure and reporting. Methods 34 children and youth with diagnoses of juvenile idiopathic arthritis or noninflammatory chronic pain completed semistructured and cognitive interviews exploring the meaning, experience, and expression of up to 4 of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System pediatric domains: anger, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, pain interference, and peer relationships. Team-based thematic and content analyses were conducted. Results Clear verbal and social-cognitive differences were observed in representations and accounts of the domain-experiences across age-groups, but we noted little, if any, evidence of problems with content validity. Conclusions Findings suggest the importance of a rigorous developmental approach for understanding the verbal and cognitive dimensions of pediatric self-reports and patient-reported outcomes.
Coherent Linewidths of Interfacial GaAs Quantum Dot Excitons and Incoherent Coupling from Quantum Well Excitons

Optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy is used to study interfacial GaAs quantum dots (QDs). We extract the temperature dependence of the QD homogeneous linewidth and energy relaxation from quantum well excitons to the lower energy QDs.
A top-half tDNA minihelix is a good substrate for the eubacterial CCA-adding enzyme

The CCA-adding enzyme [ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase] catalyzes the addition and regeneration of the 3'-terminal CCA sequence of tRNAs. We show that the CCA-adding enzyme will specifically add a CCA terminus to synthetic full-length tDNA and to DNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the "top half" of tRNA-the acceptor stem and TpsiC stem-loop of tRNA. CCA addition to the top half tDNA minihelices requires a 2' as well as a 3' OH at the 3' terminus of the tDNA. Addition also depends on the length of the base paired stem, and is facilitated by, but is not dependent upon, the presence of a TpsiC loop. These results provide further evidence for independent functions of the top and bottom halves of tRNA, and support the hypothesis that these two structurally distinct and functionally independent domains evolved independently.
Controlling Airborne Cues to Study Small Animal Navigation

A device for generating precise spatial and temporal patterns of airborne odorants is reported. In combination with machine vision tracking software, the authors use the device to monitor navigation of freely moving Drosophila melanogaster larvae.
Inner-Sphere Heterogeneous Electrode Reactions. Electrocatalysis and Photocatalysis: The Challenge

This paper offers a perspective on inner-sphere heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions and electrocatalysis as it is applied to electrochemical energy conversion systems. Fundamental concepts and an overview of past approaches to studies of these types of reactions are discussed. A method for the discovery of new electrocatalysts (for example, ones for the oxygen reduction reaction) and photocatalysts (for solar energy conversion to fuels) based on scanning electrochemical microscopy is briefly described, as well as new surface interrogation techniques for quantifying intermediates.
Transcendental Realism, Empirical Realism and Transcendental Idealism

The debate regarding the interpretation of Kant's idealism is usually seen as turning on the best way to understand his transcendental distinction between appearances and things in themselves: that it marks either a contrast between two types of thing (the ‘two-object’ or ‘two-world’ view) or one between two sides or aspects of ordinary empirical objects (the ‘two-aspect’ view). But, even though I have long been associated with the latter camp, I have also thought for many years that this is not the most helpful way to frame the issue. The problem lies in an ambiguity inherent in the two-aspect view. It can be understood either metaphysically, as a thesis about the kinds of properties attributable to empirical objects, that is, as a form of property dualism in which these objects are assigned both phenomenal and noumenal properties, or methodologically, as a contrast between two ways in which such objects can be considered in a philosophical reflection on the conditions of their cognition. Accordingly, I take the fundamental question to be whether transcendental idealism is to be understood in the latter way or as a form of metaphysical dualism (whether as a thing or a property dualism being a matter of relative indifference). And I have further thought that the best way of addressing that question is through a consideration of the view which Kant opposes to transcendental idealism, namely, transcendental realism. If this realism is identified with a particular metaphysical doctrine then transcendental idealism must be as well; but if, as I maintain, transcendental realism cannot be so understood, then neither can Kant's idealism.