cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Stability of Tire Torsional Oscillations Under Locked-Wheel Braking

This paper deals with the stability of self-excited tire torsional oscillations during locked-wheel braking events. Using a combination of torsionally flexible tire-wheel model and a dynamic tire-ground friction model, it is highlighted that the primary cause of unstable oscillations is the ‘Stribeck’ effect in tire-ground friction. It is also shown analytically that when suspension torsional compliances are negligible, the bifurcation parameters for the local torsional instability include forward speed, normal load and tire radius. In the presence of significant suspension torsional compliance, it is shown that the stability is also affected by suspension torsional stiffness and damping. Furthermore, the tire torsional stiffness becomes an important bifurcation parameter only in the presence of significant suspension compliance. This analysis gives useful insights for the selection of tire sidewall stiffness ranges and their proper matching with targeted vehicle suspensions at the design stage.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The cytoarchitecture of normal mouse lens epithelium

The lens epithelium of 30 gm male albino CF1 mice was characterized by determining the area dimensions and the mitotic rate of the total and of the several different regions of whole-mount preparations. A ring of nonpigmented iris cells is found to adhere to the outer surface of the lens cuticle, which serves to delineate an inner central zone from an outer peripheral zone of the epithelium. A high number of dividing cells in the peripheral area, especially immediately adjacent to the meridional rows, but including the area overlain by the iridial fringe of cells, identifies this wide region as the proliferative zone. The mitotic rate, furthermore, undergoes marked diurnal variation, rising in the late evening through the early morning hours and diminishing during the late morning and afternoon hours.
Comparison of analytical methods and calibration methods for correction of detector response drift in arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors

The responses of 15 carbon black-polymer composite chemiresistors have been analyzed during exposure to eight different analytes (n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and isooctane) in random order at low concentration (0.5% of the vapor pressure of analyte at room temperature) over 4 months (8000 total analyte exposures) of data collection. Data were collected for periods during which the array was continuously exposed periodically to analytes and after long periods during which no analyte exposures had been performed. All but the most difficult separation tasks (for example, discrimination between low concentrations of straight-chain hydrocarbons) could be performed robustly over the entire 4 month time period based only on the use of a decision boundary formulated from an initial training set of 200 exposures, indicating the sensor drift had minimal effect on system performance in such classification tasks. For the remaining classification tasks, modeling the dynamics of sensor drift either through a linear regression or Fourier transform decomposition of the individual relative differential resistance responses versus time of each sensor yielded little improvement in classification performance, indicating that external events were largely responsible for changes in sensor response versus time. Six analytes that were not treated as unknowns for a binary separation task were individually treated as calibrants whose response was intermittantly used to renormalize the response of the sensor array. A simple linear sensor-by-sensor calibration scheme proved effective at restoring the classification performance of difficult binary separation tasks to the performance that was observed in the initial training set period. Calibrants that were mutually similar to the analytes being differentiated tended to be more effective than calibrants that were very chemically different from the analytes of interest. Evaluation of various calibration protocols indicated that an optimal tradeoff existed between the number of calibration exposures and the frequency of calibration periods. Condition-based calibration, in which calibration was only performed when the classification model exhibited a decline in classification performance below a predetermined threshold value, was observed to be superior to a time-based calibration approach or to interval-based, cyclic calibration protocols for this set of analytes exposed under the chosen analysis conditions.
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE INFECTIONS IN ADULTS : A PATHOGEN IN SEARCH OF RESPECT

Despite the success of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in preventing bacterial disease in children, H influenzae remains a common pathogen in adult patients in the United States and Europe. At least half of invasive H influenzae infections are caused by nontypable strains. The spectrum of diseases includes sinusitis, pneumonia, otitis media, epiglotitis, and meningitis. An etiologic diagnosis is most reliably established by positive cultures from a normally sterile site. Although resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin has steadily increased in clinical H influenzae isolates during the past two decades, a variety of other antimicrobial agents are available for the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium.
Electric Vehicle Design Optimization: Integration of a High-Fidelity Interior-Permanent-Magnet Motor Model

The simulation-based design optimization of an electric-vehicle (EV) propulsion system requires integration of a system model with detailed models of the components. In particular, a high-fidelity interior-permanent-magnet (IPM) motor model is necessary to capture important physical effects, such as magnetic saturation. The system optimization challenge is to maintain adequate model fidelity with acceptable computational cost. This paper proposes a design method that incorporates a high-fidelity motor, high-voltage power electronics, and vehicle propulsion simulation models in a system design optimization formulation that maximizes energy efficiency of a compact EV on a given drive cycle. The resulting optimal design and associated energy efficiency for a variety of drive cycles and performance requirements are presented and discussed.
Lesioning noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in C57Bl/6 mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injection, to assess molecular, electrophysiological and biochemical changes in noradrenergic signaling.

Abstract The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major loci of noradrenergic innervation to the forebrain. Due to the extensive central nervous system innervation of the LC noradrenergic system, a reduction in the number of LC neurons could result in significant changes in noradrenergic function in many forebrain regions. LC noradrenergic neurons were lesioned in adult male C57Bl/6 mice with the unilateral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) (vehicle on the alternate side). Noradrenergic markers were measured 3 weeks later to determine the consequence of LC loss in the forebrain. Direct administration of 6OHDA into the LC results in the specific reduction of noradrenergic neurons in the LC (as measured by electrophysiology, immunoreactivity and in situ hybridization), the lateral tegmental neurons and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental region were unaffected. The loss of LC noradrenergic neurons did not result in compensatory changes in the expression of mRNA for norepinephrine (NE)-synthesizing enzymes. The loss of LC noradrenergic neurons is associated with reduced NE tissue concentration and NE transporter (NET) binding sites in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as other forebrain regions such as the amygdala and SN. Adrenoreceptor (AR) binding sites (α 1 - and α 2 -AR) were not significantly affected on the 6OHDA-treated side compared to the vehicle-treated side, although there is a reduction of AR binding sites on both the vehicle- and 6OHDA-treated side in specific forebrain regions. These studies indicate that unilateral stereotaxic injection of 6OHDA into mice reduces noradrenergic LC neurons and reduces noradrenergic innervation to many forebrain regions, including the contralateral side.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a subareolar abscess of the male breast

We report on the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of a subareolar abscess of the breast in a 45-yr-old man. The patient presented with a 1.5-cm mass in the subareolar region. FNA cytology demonstrated the presence of numerous anucleated squamous cells and a few small nucleated squamous cells as well as numerous neutrophils and some lymphocytes in the background. Histiocytes were also present, including some multinucleated foreign-body-type giant cells. No organisms were identified either with special stains or microbiologic cultures. The differential diagnosis of FNA of the male breast is presented, along with other lesions that can potentially contain either benign or malignant squamous cells in the aspirate. The correct FNA diagnosis of this unusual benign lesion involving the male breast should lead to the appropriate treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published report of FNA cytology of a subareolar abscess of the male breast.
The Influence of Catching Method on Severity of Bone Darkening in Chicken Broilers Frozen by Different Methods

Abstract INTRODUCTION The problem of bone and meat discoloration of cooked frozen young poultry has been present since commercial freezing of poultry originated and has been the subject of numerous studies (Stewart et al., 1945; Koonz and Ramsbottom, 1947; Brant and Stewart, 1950; Ellis and Woodroof, 1959; Spencer et al., 1961). Industry reports substantiated by Wilson and Brunson (1968) suggest that a hemorrhagic condition resulting from handling birds roughly prior to processing may be responsible for a condition that may be mistaken for the bone darkening which is normally associated with chicken broilers that have been frozen prior to cooking. This may be a confounding factor in the reported incidence of bone darkening. The studies reported herein were initiated to determine whether the method of catching birds prior to slaughter as well as varying the freezing method influenced the severity of bone darkening. PROCEDURE One hundred fifty 9-week-old Hubbard-White Mountain broilers…
Relative Effectiveness of Reading Intervention Programs for Adults With Low Literacy

To compare the efficacy of instructional programs for adult learners with basic reading skills below the seventh grade level, 300 adults were randomly assigned to one of three supplementary tutoring programs designed to strengthen decoding and fluency skills, and gains were examined for the 148 adult students who completed the program. The three intervention programs were based on or adapted from instructional programs that have been shown to benefit children with reading levels similar to those of the adult sample. Each program varied in its relative emphasis on basic decoding versus reading fluency instruction. A repeated measures MANOVA confirmed small to moderate reading gains from pre- to post-testing across a battery of targeted reading measures, but no significant relative differences across interventions. An additional 152 participants who failed to complete the intervention differed initially from those who persisted. Implications for future research and adult literacy instruction are discussed.
New x-ray telescope design

The Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) is a complimentary, add-on instrument designed for use on the next generation of Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellites (GOES). Its primary mission is to continuously observe the full solar disc at X-ray wavelengths; including coronal holes, active regions, flares, and coronal mass ejections. For wide-field imaging applications, there is little merit in an optical design exhibiting stigmatic imaging on-axis; we therefore departed from the classical Wolter Type I design in favor of a hyperboloid-hyperboloid design that balances not only defocus with field curvature but also third-order spherical aberration and astigmatism with oblique spherical aberration. A detailed system engineering analysis including the substantial surface scattering and detector effects indicates that the resulting hyperboloid-hyperboloid design will achieve an 80% increase (over the baseline design) in the number of spatial resolution elements (and hence in total information content in the image) over an 18 arc min radius field-of-view. A comparison of performance predictions with X-ray test data for the SXI Engineering Model is included.
Editors and Their Sins

Author's Summary— In basing exercises on difficult literary prose, many editors of texts for elementary classes in French sin against fundamental pedagogical principles and ordinary common sense. Presenting serious difficulties even for the advanced student of the language, these exercises can have no place among the legitimate objectives of a two-year course.
Movable Light-Stripe Sensor For Obtaining Three-Dimensional Coordinate Measurements

We describe an apparatus for obtaining three-dimensional surface information that may be used to recognize objects and determine their position and orientation. A lightweight camera and a light-stripe projector using an infrared laser diode are mounted in the hand of a robot manipulator. Image-processing routines locate the stripe in the camera image, and homogeneous coordinate transform techniques are then applied to solve for the three-dimensional coordinates of points illuminated by the stripe. We describe the hardware, the equations for coordinate measurement and the procedures for accurately calibrating the apparatus.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Partial-Thickness Articular Cartilage Defects: Evaluation and Treatment

Existing scientific publications regarding evaluation and treatment of partial-thickness articular cartilage defects report conflicting results. Magnetic resonance imaging is an excellent diagnostic evaluation tool. In the community setting, however, using magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate partial-thickness cartilage defects may have variable or low sensitivity and specificity. Today, diagnostic arthroscopy with visual inspection and probing of the entire articular surface may be the gold standard for diagnostic evaluation of partial-thickness cartilage lesions. However, before surgery, nonsurgical treatment is recommended based on the presumptive diagnosis. Mechanical debridement and lavage using a suction oscillating shaver (chondroplasty) is the accepted surgical treatment of choice. However, reported outcomes of mechanical chondroplasty are not so good as might be expected, and basic and clinical research suggests that thermal chondroplasty using radiofrequency energy may prove superior in the future. In addition, basic research suggests that treatments using growth factors may, in the future, expand management options.
Stochastic yet biased expression of multiple Dscam splice variants by individual cells

The Drosophila melanogaster gene Dscam is essential for axon guidance and has 38,016 possible alternative splice forms. This diversity can potentially be used to distinguish cells. We analyzed the Dscam mRNA isoforms expressed by different cell types and individual cells. The choice of splice variants expressed is regulated both spatially and temporally. Different subtypes of photoreceptors express broad yet distinctive spectra of Dscam isoforms. Single-cell RT-PCR documented that individual cells express several different Dscam isoforms and allowed an estimation of the diversity that is present. For example, we estimate that each R3/R4 photoreceptor cell expresses 14-50 distinct mRNAs chosen from the spectrum of thousands of splice variants distinctive of its cell type. Thus, the Dscam repertoire of each cell is different from those of its neighbors, providing a potential mechanism for generating unique cell identity in the nervous system and elsewhere.
Transmission routes of HIV-1 gp120 from brain to lymphoid tissues.

Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of antiviral agents into the CNS thereby facilitating the creation of a reservoir of HIV that could potentially reinfect peripheral tissues. We characterized the efflux from brain of radioactively labeled viral coat HIV-1 gp120 (I-gp120) after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection. The half-time disappearance rate of I-gp120 from brain was 12.6 min, which was faster than could be explained by the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid into blood but could not be explained by a saturable transporter. After i.c.v. injection, I-gp120 appeared in the serum and was sequestered by spleen and the cervical nodes, demonstrating a potential for virus within the CNS to reinfect peripheral tissues. However, the amount of I-gp120 appearing in serum was less than that expected based on the efflux rate, whereas uptake by the cervical nodes was much greater after i.c.v. than after i.v. injection of I-gp120. These findings were explained by drainage from the brain directly to the cervical lymph nodes through the brain's primitive lymphatic system. These lymphatics potentially provide a pathway through which CNS reservoirs of HIV-1 could directly reinfect lymphoid tissue without being exposed to circulating antiviral agents.
Canonical nucleosides can be utilized by T4 DNA ligase as universal template bases at ligation junctions

T4 DNA ligase catalyzes the template-dependent ligation of DNA. Using T4 DNA ligase under specific experimental conditions, we demonstrate that each of the four canonical nucleosides, centrally located on a template molecule such that they flank the site of ligation, can direct the ligation of nucleic acids regardless of the identity of the terminal nucleosides being covalently joined. This universal templating capability extends to those positions adjacent to the ligation junction. This is the first report, irrespective of the ligation method used or the identity of the template nucleosides (including analogs), which shows that nucleosides can act essentially as universal templates at ligation junctions in vitro. The canonical nucleosides do, however, differ in their ability to template sequence- independent ligations, with thymidine and guanosine being equally effective, yet more effective than adenosine and cytidine. Results indicate that hybridization strength surrounding the ligation junction is an important factor. The implications of this previously undiscovered property of T4 DNA ligase with canonical nucleosides are discussed.
Analysis of subsurface contaminant migration and remediation using high performance computing

Abstract Highly resolved simulations of groundwater flow, chemical migration and contaminant recovery processes are used to test the applicability of stochastic models of flow and transport in a typical field setting. A simulation domain encompassing a portion of the upper saturated aquifer materials beneath the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was developed to hierarchically represent known hydrostratigraphic units and more detailed stochastic representations of geologic heterogeneity within them. Within each unit, Gaussian random field models were used to represent hydraulic conductivity variation, as parameterized from well test data and geologic interpretation of spatial variability. Groundwater flow, transport and remedial extraction of two hypothetical contaminants were made in six different statistical realizations of the system. The effective flow and transport behavior observed in the simulations compared reasonably with the predictions of stochastic theories based upon the Gaussian models, even though more exacting comparisons were prevented by inherent nonidealities of the geologic model and flow system. More importantly, however, biases and limitations in the hydraulic data appear to have reduced the applicability of the Gaussian representations and clouded the utility of the simulations and effective behavior based upon them. This suggests a need for better and unbiased methods for delineating the spatial distribution and structure of geologic materials and hydraulic properties in field systems. High performance computing can be of critical importance in these endeavors, especially with respect to resolving transport processes within highly variable media.©1998 Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved
An optical system designed for image processing

Abstract In some cases it is possible to radically modify the character of an optical system to make it highly compatible with image processing. One such case is discussed in this paper. A large-aperture optical system may be operated as a multi-element interferometer such that a posteriori image processing can yield images that are free from the usual distortions of atmospheric “seeing”. Most significantly, the image corrections can be accomplished without any knowledge of the point-spread function of the atmosphere.
Covalent surface modification of a metal–organic framework: selective surface engineering via CuI-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition

A Zn-cornered, mixed-ligand, metal–organic framework (MOF) bearing TMS-protected acetylenes has been constructed and its surface decorated with organic molecules via‘click chemistry’, in a demonstration of selective post-synthesis functionalization.
Differential lymphocyte reactivity to serum-derived metal-protein complexes produced from cobalt-based and titanium-based implant alloy degradation.

The lymphocyte response to serum protein complexed with metal from implant alloy degradation was investigated in this in vitro study using primary human lymphocytes from healthy volunteers (n = 10). Cobalt chromium molybdenum alloy (Co-Cr-Mo, ASTM F-75) and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V, ASTM F-136) beads (70 microm) were incubated in agitated human serum at 37 degrees C to simulate naturally occurring metal implant alloy degradation processes. Particulate free serum samples that had been incubated with metal were then separated into molecular weight based fractions. The amounts of soluble Cr and Ti within each serum fraction were measured and correlated with lymphocyte proliferation response to the individual serum fractions. Lymphocytes from each subject were cultured with 11 autologous molecular weight based serum fractions either with or without added metal. Two molecular weight ranges of human serum proteins were associated with the binding of Cr and Ti from Co-Cr-Mo and Ti implant alloy degradation (at <30 and 180-250 kDa). High molecular weight serum proteins ( approximately 180 kDa) demonstrated greater lymphocyte reactivity when complexed with Cr alloy and Ti alloy than low (5-30 kDa) and midrange (30-77 kDa) serum proteins. When the amount of lymphocyte stimulation was normalized to both the moles of metal and the moles of protein within each fraction (metal-protein complex reactivity index), Cr from Co-Cr-Mo alloy degradation demonstrated approximately 10-fold greater reactivity than Ti in the higher molecular weight serum proteins ( approximately 180 kDa). This in vitro study demonstrated a lymphocyte proliferative response to both Co-Cr-Mo and Ti alloy metalloprotein degradation products. This response was greatest when the metals were complexed with high molecular weight proteins, and with metal-protein complexes formed from Co-Cr-Mo alloy degradation.
A Comparison of Voxel-Based Morphometry and Volumetry Methods in the Context of the Neural Basis of Aggression

The assumption that voxel-based morphometry (VBM) offers an automated substitution for manually-traced volumetry was subjected to empirical evaluation. Data available from a previous volumetry study (Gansler et al. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 171:145–154, 2009) provided the basis for the current study, which assessed for convergence between the methods. Optimized modulated VBM was used to preprocess images (N = 40). Gray matter volume and self-reported aggression associations were tested. Results indicate convergence, as both methods revealed significant negative associations of the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and aggression. VBM detected an additional positive left OFC result not revealed with volumetry, suggesting that VBM may allow greater within-region localization than volumetry. However, the methods differentially deal with error rates and power demands and as such are better conceptualized as complementary than interchangeable.
Reading between the “posts”: Systemic violence and the trope of hybridity in the postcolonial novel

The late-20th-century convergence of post-structural, postmodern and postcolonial theories has engendered a critical discourse network that privileges hybridity. These accounts contend that it (re)inscribes the agency of minority subjects, destabilizing hegemonic discourses, but, paradoxically, hybridity has become a stabilizing trope for – as well as the dominant way to read – the postcolonial novel. This essay discusses three postcolonial novels that “disidentify” with this master narrative of postcolonialism: Maryse Conde’s Heremakhonon, Jessica Hagedorn’s Dogeaters and Shani Mootoo’s Cereus Blooms at Night. When reread as performances enacted between the “posts”, these novels suggest that hybridity can expose the systemic violence of colonial rationality.
The tenacious grasp of American exceptionalism A response to Djelal Kadir, 'Defending America against its devotees'

Abstract This response endorses the call for international perspectives on American Studies, while it explores some of the potential pitfalls in the way that Professor Kadir formulates this project: the danger of reproducing the nationalist divisions between inside and outside and reifying the international; the problem of restoring a white male canon; and the trap of an exceptionalism paradigm, which criticizes the USA on the grounds of not living up to its own ideals. Reinterpreting some of the examples about the Puritans and William James, the article suggests alternative ways of decentering the USA by locating the migration of people, culture, capital and weapons in the transnational routes of empire and resistance.
A new species of stored products Cryptolestes from Thailand (Coleoptera: Cucujidae: Laemophloeinae)

Abstract A new species of stored products Cryptolestes, C. cornutus , is described from specimens found in whole dried peppers, Capsicum sp., imported into the United States from Thailand. Diagnostic characters of C. cornutus are illustrated and compared with other stored products species of Cryptolestes Ganglbauer.
Aqueous Solubility, n -Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient, and Sorption of Five Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors to Sediments and Soils

Aqueous solubilities (S (w)) and n-octanol-water partition coefficients (K (ow)) of five selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were measured and sorption to two sediments and three soils with organic matter contents ranging from 0.16% to 1.77% and pH ranging between 5.0 and 7.8 was investigated using a batch equilibrium method. SSRIs had high S (w) (3,022-15,460 mg/l) and relatively low log K (ow) (1.12-1.39). Sorption isotherms followed the Freundlich equation. All SSRIs had sorption capacities of greater than 91% except fluvoxamine with a minimum capacity of 73%. Organic matter contents partly affected sorption, however no correlation between sorption characteristics and cation exchange capacity (CEC) or clay content was observed for any SSRI or adsorbent. Values of K (f), K (d), and log K (oc) ranged from 39 to 18,342, from 60 to 42,579, and 3.35 to 6.02 for the SSRIs. SSRIs likely exhibit mixed mechanisms of sorption such as ionic binding in addition to hydrophobic interactions.
Aerosol size-temperature relationship

It has been discovered that the size distribution of atmospheric aerosols in air masses over central Alaska varies systematically with air temperature. Cold air masses contain relatively few, coarse aerosols. Aerosols in warm Pacific-marine air masses, on the other hand, are plentiful in number, but their mean size and mass loading is small. There are decreasing numbers of cloud condensation nuclei, but substantial increases in aerosol mass with decreasing temperatures. We speculate that the cause is related to a combination of air pollution transport from Eurasia into the Arctic air mass and photolytic creation of nuclei in the sunlit Northern Pacific.
The Impact of Living Group Social Climate on Student Academic Performance.

The relationship between living group social climate and freshman scholastic achievement was examined in 36 fraternity groups and 18 male residence hall groups. Certain aspects of a living group's social environment, as measured by the subscales of the University Residence Environment Scale (Moos and Gerst, 1974), were significantly correlated with the freshman members' level of achievement (after controlling for high school grades and college entrance exam scores). Among fraternity groups, freshman achievement was higher in groups that emphasizedacademic achievement and competition, and lower in groups that emphasizedstudent influence. Among residence hall groups, freshman achievement was lower in groups that emphasizedtraditional social orientation. The results suggest that student living groups can affect the academic performance of their freshman members.
Why the tolerance of potential harms? Research ethics in Alzheimer disease.

This article summarizes the history of presentations to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) by representatives of the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc., on the topic of human subjects research ethics. The interactions between these two bodies presents a useful profile of a public commission and a voluntary association working to clarify issues of great importance to the association's constituency. The context of epidemiology and ongoing research is also briefly presented. The author is a member of the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc., National Ethics Advisory Panel, and in that role presented the Association position before NBAC and at the Friends Research Institute conference.
Detection of a lysosomal carboxypeptidase and a lysosomal dipeptidase in highly-purified dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I (cathepsin C) and the elimination of their activities from preparations used to sequence peptides

Description of the properties of a carboxypeptidase, termed 'catheptic carboxypeptidase C,' and a dipeptidase, termed 'Ser-Met dipeptidase.' Both were found in highly purified DAP I from either beef spleen or rat liver. Methods are described for the removal or selective inactivation of these contaminating enzymes.
Escape hypothesis for the Stikine block

Comparison of stratigraphic, faunal, and paleomagnetic characteristics of the Stikine terrane of British Columbia with other terranes in the Cordilleran collage reveals broad similarities with a group of terranes that formed a volcanic belt marginal to North America in Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time. Unlike Stikine, these terranes lie inboard of another belt of terranes that represents an early Mesozoic subduction complex or melange belt. Thus, in British Columbia the marginal volcanic belt is apparently doubled. In the Columbia embayment region, the marginal volcanic and melange belts are missing, and rocks of the outermost major component of the collage, the Wrangellia superterrane, are juxtaposed directly against cratonic rocks. We propose that Stikine is the missing fragment from the Columbia embayment; its northward "tectonic escape" was driven by the early stages of collision of the Wrangefia superterrane with North America in Middle to Late Jurassic time. The escaped fragment was then trapped between melange and more northerly, later arriving parts of the Wrangellia superterrane in Early to mid-Cretaceous time.
Preliminary investigation of the composition of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) milk in California

Abstract The objective of this preliminary investigation was to study the composition of alpaca milk. To define the nutritional requirements of growing alpaca crias, information is needed on the composition of the milk from their dams. Information on milk composition will also contribute to the development of milk formula for alpaca crias. However, there is a paucity of data for the composition of alpaca milk in the literature. The aim of this research was to obtain information on the composition of alpaca milk. Milk samples ( n = 168) were collected from 11 alpacas on two farms. Average milk concentrations were 3.68% for fat, 4.53% for protein, 6.00% for lactose, and 15.05% for total solids. Milk urea nitrogen averaged 31.4 mg/dl of milk. Concentrations of selected minerals ( n = 22) varied between animals. Concentration of individual milk components, including selected minerals, showed considerable variability. Milk lipids ( n = 11) had appreciable amounts of fatty acids of 14 carbon chain-length and greater including high amounts of C16:0 (35.04 g/100 g fatty acids), but there were few fatty acids of 12 carbons and less.
The Connection Between Research and Practice

This article reviews four hypotheses that have been put forward to account for a perceived lack of connection between research and practice: (a) research needs to be more authoritative, (b) research needs to be more relevant, (c) research needs to be more accessible, and (d) the education system itself is inherently too stable or too unstable and therefore unable to respond coherently to research findings. A brief history of thought within each of these hypotheses is offered, and the place of education researchers in the larger education context is discussed.
ANTIDIURETIC PROPERTIES OF CHLOROTHIAZIDE IN DIABETES INSIPIDUS DOGS.

Abstract Chlorothiazide was found to decrease urine volume and increase urine concentration in diabetes insipidus dogs. There was no change in GFR, RPF, TmPAH, plasma volume, extracellular fluid or total body water. The one consistent altered function was a decrease in “free water” clearance. Diazoxide and mercuhydrin were not antidiuretic. It is believed that the antidiuretic action is dependent on the chlorothiazide-induced saluresis. Although the mechanism of this antidiuresis has not been clearly defined, it seems best explained by postulating a decrease in filtrate reaching the distal nephron (giving a decreased final urine volume) coupled with inhibition of solute reabsorption in the distal tubule (preventing the selective reabsorption of solute in the distal tubule that is normally seen, accounting for the increase in urine concentration). The possible role of the mineralocorticoids in the antidiuretic response to chlorothiazide therapy was investigated in diabetes insipidus and adrenalectomized dogs. Administration of sodium-retaining steroids to diabetes insipidus dogs did not reproduce the urinary changes associated with chlorothiazide therapy. In addition, the antidiuretic response to chlorothiazide was not altered by adrenalectomy or spironolactone administration. Therefore, the presence of the sodium-retaining steroids are not essential for the antidiuretic response of chlorothiazide in diabetes insipidus.
Preventing Intolerance: The Induction of Nonresponsiveness to Dietary and Microbial Antigens in the Intestinal Mucosa

The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is constantly exposed to a variety of Ags and must therefore decipher a large number of distinct signals at all times. Responding correctly to each set of signals is crucial. When the GALT receives signals from the intestinal flora or food Ags, it must induce a state of nonresponsiveness (mucosal tolerance). In contrast, when pathogenic bacteria invade the intestinal mucosa, it is necessary to elicit strong T and B cell responses. The GALT is therefore in the position of constantly fighting intolerance to food and the commensal flora while effectively battling infectious microbes. Determining precisely which type of response to generate in each case is key to the prevention of immune dysregulation and tissue damage.
The Ombudsman: Employee Ownership as a Mechanism to Enhance Corporate Governance and Moderate Executive Pay Levels

By drawing on information about firms, including the Mondragon cooperatives and major Japanese corporations, I provide evidence on ways in which employee ownership may improve corporate governance and moderate executive pay levels.
Iron bioavailability from hemoglobin and hemin in chick, rat, cat, and dog: A comparative study

Experiments were conducted, using hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and total body gain in hemoglobin, to assess iron bioavailability from dietary hemoglobin and hemin across several species. Iron bioavailability was determined by adding hemoglobin and hemin to casein-dextrose basal diets to provide iron within the linear response range for each species. Similar diets were fed to all species with the exception that the cat diet contained 25% poultry fat to improve acceptability and growth whereas 3% corn oil was used in chick, rat, and dog diets. Percent bioavailability relative to ferrous sulfate-iron was calculated using standard curve methodology in chick, cat, and dog assays, and slope-ratio methodology in the rat assay. In species that were less homogeneous in size, i.e., cats and dogs, both initial and final body weights varied considerably, therefore estimates based on total body gain in hemoglobin were deemed to be more accurate estimates of iron bioavailability. Hemin was poorly available to rats but completely unavailable to chicks, cats and dogs. Hemoglobin iron bioavailability was 68% for rats, 93% for chicks, 90% for dogs, and 70% for cats. The protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule is hypothesized to play a critical role in heme iron absorption from a casein dextrose based diet in these species.
Adrenergic Regulation of IgE Involves Modulation of CD23 and ADAM10 Expression on Exosomes

Soluble CD23 plays a role in the positive regulation of an IgE response. Engagement of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) on a B cell is known to enhance the level of both soluble CD23 and IgE, although the mechanism by which this occurs is not completely understood. In this study, we report that, in comparison with a CD40 ligand/IL-4-primed murine B cell alone, β2AR engagement on a primed B cell increased gene expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)10, which is the primary sheddase of CD23, as well as protein expression of both CD23 and ADAM10, in a protein kinase A- and p38 MAPK-dependent manner, and promoted the localization of these proteins to exosomes as early as 2 d after priming, as determined by both Western blot and flow cytometry and confirmed by electron microscopy. In comparison with isolated exosomes released from primed B cells alone, the transfer of exosomes released from β2AR agonist-exposed primed B cells to cultures of recipient primed B cells resulted in an increase in the level of IgE produced per cell, without affecting the number of cells producing IgE, as determined by ELISPOT. These effects still occurred when a β2AR antagonist was added along with the transfer to block residual agonist, and they failed to occur when exosomes were isolated from β2AR-deficient B cells. These findings suggest that the mechanism responsible for mediating the β2AR-induced increase in IgE involves a shuttling of the β2AR-induced increase in CD23 and ADAM10 proteins to exosomes that subsequently mediate an increase in IgE.
Stopping the Hemorrhage: A New Baseline Bleeding Score Brings Us a Step Closer for Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Aggressive management of high-risk non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients has focused on reducing ischemic complications with potent medications and mechanical interventions1,2 but at the cost of increased rates of major bleeding and associated adverse outcomes.3,4 The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2007 guidelines for management of patients with unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)1 stress the importance of balancing antithrombotic and interventional therapies with therapeutic risk, and they urge special attention in groups at high bleeding risk, including women, the elderly, and those with renal insufficiency. For risk-prone groups, careful selection and dose adjustment of antithrombotics is encouraged, but no specific instruction for calculating bleeding risk or modifying treatment is provided. Article p 1873 The European Society of Cardiology’s 2007 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes2 also recognize and devote a special section to bleeding complications, covering predictors of bleeding risk, the impact of bleeding on prognosis, the management of bleeding complications, and the impact of blood transfusions on outcomes. Major bleeding has been reported in 2% to 8% of non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients, with higher rates noted in broad-based registries (as in CRUSADE: Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress Adverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) than in controlled clinical trials. Complicating therapeutic decision making is the observation that baseline predictors of bleeding, ie, old age, female sex, renal dysfunction, and baseline anemia, also predict the risk of death due to ischemic complications. The impact of bleeding on prognosis is increasingly recognized. Major bleeding in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) was significantly associated with in-hospital death (adjusted OR 1.645). In registries and trials of more than 30 000 patients, major bleeding was associated with a 4-fold increase in the …
Hydrolytic Weakening of Quartz and Other Silicates

Summary Rocks at high pressure and temperature become weak when exposed to an aqueous environment. Four different weakening processes have been found: (1) Increase in pore pressure reduces the effective confining pressure, thus negating the strengthening effect of confining pressure (Terzaghi). (2) Penetration of water into the intergranular boundaries reduces the cohesive strength. This is believed to have occurred in the dehydration weakening found in gypsum (Heard & Rubey) and in serpentinite (Raleigh & Paterson). (3) Water promotes recrystallization, greatly reducing the strength at low strain-rates at temperatures above the critical temperature for recrystallization. (4) Water permeates most silicate crystals so far tested and causes hydrolytic weakening of the component crystals of rocks. The most revealing experiments on hydrolytic weakening have been those on single crystals of synthetic quartz with varying water content (Griggs & Blacic). The water content inferred from 3 micron infra-red absorption varies from 0.0015 to 0.13 wt% (100–9000 H/106 Si) in the nine crystals tested. All crystals became weak at a critical temperature dependent on the water content, varying from 380°C at 0.13% to 1070°C at 0.0015%. The weakening process is thermally activated, is reversible, and is rate dependent. The mechanism of deformation is intracrystalline glide. MLaren has shown by transmission electron microscopy that deformed weakened synthetic quartz contains dislocation densities similar to those found in strong dry quartz deformed in the ductile regime. Annealing of water-weakened quartz removes most of the dislocations and causes the formation of bubbles. These are believed to be water bubbles formed by the reaction Si(OH)4→ SiO2+2H2O, the water migrating through the lattice. The Frank-Griggs hypothesis of hydrolytic weakening is that easy slip occurs only when Si-O-Si bridges adjacent to a dislocation are hydrolyzed by the migration of water. No Si-O bonds need be broken, for dislocation motion can occur by hydrogen bond exchange. All the evidence in hand suggests that hydrolytic weakening is general in silicates containing very small amounts of water. This phenomenon is expected to be important in the mantle, leading to a rate-dependent strength.
Studies of ferroelectric film growth processes using in situ, real-time ion beam analysis

Abstract Further technological advances in ferroelectric thin film-based devices requires to achieve a better understanding of the growth of ferroelectric and electrode layers, including oxygen incorporation during growth and other parameters. This can be achieved using in situ, real-time characterization techniques. We are currently using time-of-fligh ion scattering and recoil spectroscopy (TOF-ISARS) to study film growth processes. Results discussed in this review concerns initial studies of the growth of SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) films. As an example, the potential of TOF-ISARS has been demonstrated by determining that the layered SBT films are terminated in an incomplete (Bi2O2)2+ layer with an oxygen plane as the top most layer. This results and the implications for understanding the resistant to fatigue of Pt/SBT/Pt capacitors are discussed in this review.
Diagnosing Inborn Errors of Metabolism in the Newborn: Laboratory Investigations

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. List the initial laboratory tests used to assess the infant suspected of having an inborn error of metabolism. 2. Delineate the most common cause of a decreased anion gap. 3. List the specialized tests that should be undertaken in neonates suspected of having inborn errors of metabolism. Approximately 4% of individuals born in the United States have a genetic or partly genetic disorder. Inborn errors of metabolism contribute significantly to this total. Although individually rare, the aggregate incidence of metabolic disease is relatively high and may be greater than 1 in 1,000 newborns. Newborn screening programs using tandem mass spectrometry that can detect approximately 20 inborn errors of metabolism typically have reported an incidence of 1 in 5,000. Because there are hundreds of known metabolic conditions, the aggregate estimate seems reasonable. Relatively few metabolic diseases produce symptoms in the neonate. Many disorders, such as the sphingolipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, purine and pyrimidine disorders, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, produce slowly progressive encephalopathies, although histologic abnormalities may be present in the fetal central nervous system by 4 to 5 months of gestation. Because inborn errors of metabolism that present in the newborn period often have nonspecific features, appropriate laboratory investigations are required to avoid misdiagnoses such as sepsis or asphyxia. Many medical centers are not equipped to perform the specialized investigations needed to evaluate a patient in whom an inborn error of metabolism is suspected, such as detailed amino acid, organic acid, or acylcarnitine analyses. However, simple laboratory tests, including measurements of blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, lactate, and ammonia levels and basic urinalysis, often provide the initial clues to a possible underlying metabolic disease. Although the presence of a specific inborn error of metabolism cannot be confirmed until biochemical genetic laboratory results are available, a diagnosis may …
Image restoration using a modified Hopfield network

A modified Hopfield neural network model for regularized image restoration is presented. The proposed network allows negative autoconnections for each neuron. A set of algorithms using the proposed neural network model is presented, with various updating modes: sequential updates; n-simultaneous updates; and partially asynchronous updates. The sequential algorithm is shown to converge to a local minimum of the energy function after a finite number of iterations. Since an algorithm which updates all n neurons simultaneously is not guaranteed to converge, a modified algorithm is presented, which is called a greedy algorithm. Although the greedy algorithm is not guaranteed to converge to a local minimum, the l/sub 1/ norm of the residual at a fixed point is bounded. A partially asynchronous algorithm is presented, which allows a neuron to have a bounded time delay to communicate with other neurons. Such an algorithm can eliminate the synchronization overhead of synchronous algorithms. >