cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chorea associated with a subdural hematoma in a child with leukemia.

Patient M. H., a 12-year-old Caucasian boy, developed acute lymphocytic leukemia in February, 1968, and was given systemic induction and maintenance chemotherapy, without central nervous system prophylaxis. A lumbar puncture performed in May, 1968, because of recurrent headache, lethargy, and vomiting, revealed 30 lymphoblasts/mm ~ CSF. A single dose of intrathecal methotrexate resulted in clearing of spinal fluid and resolution of the symptoms. A lumbar puncture two months later was normal. The child remained free of central nervous system symptoms until 1974. Bone marrow relapses in January and August, 1969, and February, 1970, were effectively treated. In December, 1974, massive weight gain, headache, nausea, and vomiting led to a diagnosis of meningeal leukemia with hypothalamic syndrome. The CSF contained 490 lymphoblasts/ mm -~, Results of a brain scan and EEG were normal. I ntrathecally administered cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate resulted in clearing of the spinal fluid and regression of symptoms. Only mild headache and nausea persisted. Intrathecal methotrexate was given weekly until February, 1975, and then administered monthly. In March, 24 hours after receiving intrathecal methotrexate, he developed a severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. In the following two weeks the parents noted increasing nervousness, incoordination, and unusual movements involving the patient's face, trunk, and extremities. His speech was difficult to understand. In retrospect, the parents felt that the abnormal movements may have preceded the lumbar puncture. No seizure activity was observed, but he periodically appeared to be dazed.
A Cultural Anthropologist as Expert Witness: A Lesson in Asking and Answering the Right Questions

A few years ago, a Mexican man in the United States allegedly abused his young stepdaughter by fondling her breasts. Last summer, his ex-wife formally accused him of this crime, and the public defender hired me to serve as an expert witness in the sexual abuse case. The defendant argued that he had not intentionally fondled the girl, and that when this occurred a younger boy—his biological son—was also present in the bed. His lawyer believed that some of his ideas and behaviors concerning bed-sharing behavior were cultural, and that is why she contacted me.1 My task was to establish whether, in fact, in "Mexican culture" such bed-sharing behavior is considered appropriate. As I prepared myself for this endeavor I found that there is a dearth of information about the practical, scholarly, and ethical dilemmas I encountered along the process of serving as an expert witness. The case never made it to trial, as the defendant was eventually offered a plea deal in large part because of my testimony. Nonetheless...
Computer finds ore

Artificial intelligence techniques are being used for the first time to evaluate geophysical, geochemical, and geologic data and theory in order to locate ore deposits. After several years of development, an intelligent computer code has been formulated and applied to the Mount Tolman area in Washington state. In a project funded by the United States Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation a set of computer programs, under the general title Prospector, was used successfully to locate a previously unknown ore-grade porphyry molybdenum deposit in the vicinity of Mount Tolman (Science, Sept. 3, 1982). The general area of the deposit had been known to contain exposures of porphyry mineralization. Between 1964 and 1978, exploration surveys had been run by the Bear Creek Mining Company, and later exploration was done in the area by the Amax Corporation. Some of the geophysical data and geochemical and other prospecting surveys were incorporated into the programs, and mine exploration specialists contributed to a set of rules for Prospector. The rules were encoded as ‘inference networks’ to form the ‘expert system’ on which the artificial intelligence codes were based. The molybdenum ore deposit discovered by the test is large, located subsurface, and has an areal extent of more than 18 km2.
Investigation of interfacial reactions between thin films of gold and substrates of gallium arsenide by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Interfacial reactions between thin films of gold and substrates of gallium arsenide have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy in order to identify resultant reaction products and to determine concomitant evolution of phase morphology at a high level of resolution. These reactions proceed in a highly inhomogeneous manner and are characterized by special orientation relationships on specific crystallographic planes of the parent phase. Results are analyzed in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic arguments and compared with selected electrical characteristics.
Processing of psoralen adducts in an active human gene: repair and replication of DNA containing monoadducts and interstrand cross-links.

Abstract We have examined DNA repair in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene in cultured human cells treated with 4′-hydroxymethyl-4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (HMT) using a newly developed assay for interstrand DNA cross-linking in defined genomic sequences. Within 24 hr, 80% of the cross-links, but only 45% of the monoadducts, were removed from a 32 kb transcribed sequence, demonstrating that repair efficiency in an active human gene varies with the nature of the damage. HMT monoadducts were also detected in the replicated DHFR sequence at frequencies indicating little interference with replication. The existence of cross-linkable monoadduct sites in the replicated DNA implies strand continuity opposite those sites and a relatively error-free mechanism of bypass. Translesion replication could circumvent transcription blockage in a damaged gene. These findings have important implications for mechanisms of mutagenesis and DNA lesion tolerance in human cells.
Community networks: Community capital or merely an affordable Internet access tool?

In this study a perceived gap between the ideal and the reality of a community network (CN) is examined. Most proponents of CNs state that building a better physical community is their major service goal. However, there has been a concern that citizens might use the service simply as a means to connect to the Internet rather than as a means to connect to their communities. Using a survey research method (n = 213), users' perceptions of community aspects of CN service and the influence of such perceptions on their use were investigated. User demographics and alternative service accessibility were also examined as predictors of use. The present study found that the respondents were using the service mainly for general Internet features. More than two thirds of the respondents were not aware of the community content aspect of the service. Approximately 20% of respondents were identified as those whose perceptions of the community aspects actually affected their use of the service. They were both aware of community contents and using an additional Internet service provider. Findings suggest that the providers did not fully communicate the community aspects of the service with the users, while the user perception of community aspects is a key to further promotion of the service.
Myosin Heavy Chain (SMMHC) SM-B Isoform Is Differentially Expressed in Developing and Adult Smooth Muscle Tissues of the Rat

inILD(n=15), and rarefocal staining (<1%) was seen in normal subjects (n=8). However inPPH,APN was posi¬ tive for6of6patients inthemedia andadventitia ofsmall, medium, andlarge vessels, butforonly 3of6patients in theEN layer ofsmall, medium, andlarge vessels; APN staining was present intheadventitia andmedia ofthe plexiform lesions foronly 1of6patients and was absent in theEN oftheplexiform lesions forall 6patients. NEPand ACEwere present inall cell types innormal subjects and inpatients withILD, butthestaining distribution differed fromPPH.NEP was seen inall cell types andvessels in PPH,with theexception that NEPstaining inEN cells of plexiform lesions was absent in 8 of9 patients (score=0.08), which was less thantheNEP scoresfor media(1.4) andadventitia (3.94) oftheplexiform lesions (p<0.0001). ACE staining inplexiform EN was signifi¬ cantly less than inplexiform media(1.0) oradventitia (1.1) (p<0.0012). NEP andACEstaining intheEN ofplexi¬ formlesions was less thanthat intheEN ofsmall, medium, andlarge vessels (p<0.0001 andp<0.0078, respectively) (Fig 1). Nested reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction forpeptidases wasperformed on PPHlungs andthose of normal subjects. Representative products weresequenced toconfirm identity. NEPandAPNproducts were present inPPHandnormal lungs butACEmessage waspresent in normallungs only. We have an experimental modelfor plexiformlike lesions invitrobyapplying shear stress to HUVECs ina CellMax apparatus (Quad Instrument; Cellco, NJ). Ourpreliminary findings show an absence of peptidase expression inplump EN oftheplexiformlike lesions stained, as compared tooccasional staining in spindle EN.Whereas expression ofall three peptidases is
Identification of a new allele of es-1 segregating in an inbred strain of mice.

A new allele of Es-1, designated Es-1 e, has been identified in the mouse. This allele was discovered segregating among the progeny of a strain DBA/2J male and is apparently the result of a spontaneous mutation within this strain. Genetic analyses have shown that this mutation is heritable and, further, that both heterozygous and homozygous progeny are viable and fertile. To date, no discernible deleterious effects have been identified as associated with this mutation.
First-episode major depressive and dysthymic disorder in childhood: clinical and sociodemographic factors in recovery.

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the temporal pattern of depressive disorder in childhood, the first episode of depression was examined, focusing on recovery and its baseline predictors. Method The sample includes 112 clinically referred 8- to 13-year-olds with first-episode major depressive or dysthymic disorder participating in a naturalistic follow-up study. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on standardized interviews and operational criteria. Recovery was modeled by multivariate procedures using baseline clinical and demographic predictors. Results Recovery rates were 86% and 7% for major depression and dysthymia, respectively, 2 years after onset. Median duration of major depression was 9 months and was predicted only by underlying dysthymia. Median duration of dysthymic disorder was 3.9 years and was predicted only by comorbid externalizing disorder. In post hoc analyses, no positive treatment effects were detected. Conclusions First-episode depression in youths is persistent, it generally appears to run its own course, and its naturalistic treatment requires scrutiny. However, because comorbid externalizing disorder apparently affects duration of dysthymia, intervention for behavior problems may shorten this type of depression.
Effect of renal failure and Bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate pretreatment on the disposition and metabolism of antipyrine in the rat

Renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis are regularly exposed to phthalate plasticizers leached from dialysis tubings. Previous studies have shown that antipyrine is eliminated more rapidly in chronic renal failure patients compared with normal individuals. Therefore, the effect of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on the metabolism of antipyrine was investigated in normal and renal failure rats. In normal animals, the elimination kinetics of an intravenous dose of antipyrine (20 mg/kg) was determined before and after 14 days of peroral treatment with 2 mL/kg/d of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The plasma clearance of antipyrine increased markedly after bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate treatment. There was a corresponding decrease in the elimination half-life of antipyrine, whereas the apparent volume of distribution was not affected. Both liver weight and hepatic cytochrome P450 content increased following exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, indicating the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. The fractional urinary recovery of the N-demethyl, 4-hydroxy, and 3-hydroxymethyl metabolites of antipyrine was not altered, suggesting that all three oxidative pathways were induced to the same extent. Renal failure alone did not affect the elimination kinetics of antipyrine. However, antipyrine clearance was induced to a greater extent by bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate treatment in the renal failure rats as compared with the control animals. The potential for phthalate plasticizers to alter hepatic drug metabolism in hemodialysis patients should be considered.
Effect of curing on water diffusivities in acrylate free films as measured via a sorption technique.

Studies were performed to investigate the effect of curing on the diffusion coefficients of water, as measured via the sorption technique, in acrylate polymeric films. The mathematical model selected for obtaining diffusion constants from the vapor-phase sorption studies was derived from the longtime Fourier equation used for diffusion into a planar sheet. For Eudragit NE films, the diffusion coefficients of water decreased continuously until a constant minimum value was reached. Diffusion coefficients in Eudragit RS films decreased initially but increased beyond 4 hours of curing at 70δC and 90°C. This latter result suggested the possible evaporation of plasticizer, which also results in a more dramatic increase in glass transition temperature with curing for the Eudragit RS free film in comparison to the Eudragit NE free film. Such loss of plasticizer could also lead to the formation of molecular-scale channels within the films, which would result in increased film permeability. To verify this proposed explanation, the amounts of triethyl citrate plasticizer in Eudragit RS free films were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry. An optimal curing condition was predicted for Eudragit NE and Eudragit RS films based upon the curing conditions at which a minimum value of the diffusion coefficient was reached.
Averaged differential expression for the discovery of biomarkers in the blood of patients with prostate cancer.

Background The identification of a blood-based diagnostic marker is a goal in many areas of medicine, including the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. We describe the use of averaged differential display as an efficient mechanism for biomarker discovery in whole blood RNA. The process of averaging reduces the problem of clinical heterogeneity while simultaneously minimizing sample handling.
A zero-equation turbulence model for indoor airflow simulation

Abstract At present, Computational-Fluid-Dynamics (CFD) with the ‘standard’ k-ɛ model is a popular method for numerical simulation of room airflow. The k-ɛ model needs a lot of computing time and large a computer. This paper proposes a new zero-equation model to simulate three dimensional distributions of air velocity, temperature, and contaminant concentrations in rooms. The method assumes turbulent viscosity to be a function of length-scale and local mean velocity. The new model has been used to predict natural convection, forced convection, mixed convection, and displacement ventilation in a room. The results agree reasonably with experimental data and the results obtained by the standard k-ɛ model. The zero-equation model uses much less computer memory and the computing speed is at least 10 times faster, compared with the k-ɛ model. The grid size can often be reduced so that the computing time needed for a three-dimensional case can be a few minutes on a PC.
Catalase overexpression in aortic smooth muscle prevents pathological mechanical changes underlying abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

The causality of the associations between cellular and mechanical mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation has not been completely defined. Because reactive oxygen species are established mediators of AAA growth and remodeling, our objective was to investigate oxidative stress-induced alterations in aortic biomechanics and microstructure during subclinical AAA development. We investigated the mechanisms of AAA in an angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion model of AAA in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) mice that overexpress catalase in vascular smooth muscle cells (apoE−/−xTgSMC-Cat). At baseline, aortas from apoE−/−xTgSMC-Cat exhibited increased stiffness and the microstructure was characterized by 50% more collagen content and less elastin fragmentation. ANG II treatment for 7 days in apoE−/− mice altered the transmural distribution of suprarenal aortic circumferential strain (quantified by opening angle, which increased from 130 ± 1° at baseline to 198 ± 8° after 7 days of ANG II treatment) without obvious changes in the aortic microstructure. No differences in aortic mechanical behavior or suprarenal opening angle were observed in apoE−/−xTgSMC-Cat after 7 days of ANG II treatment. These data suggest that at the earliest stages of AAA development H2O2 is functionally important and is involved in the control of local variations in remodeling across the vessel wall. They further suggest that reduced elastin integrity at baseline may predispose the abdominal aorta to aneurysmal mechanical remodeling.
Identification of the deleted in liver cancer 1 gene, DLC1, as a candidate meningioma tumor suppressor.

Objective Meningiomas are the second most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. Meningiomas at the cranial base pose technical challenges and result in increased morbidity. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of meningioma formation, the expression profiles of 12 000 genes from meningiomas and dural specimens were compared. Methods Ribonucleic acid from 6 meningiomas (World Health Organization Grade I) and 4 dural specimens was profiled using U95A GeneChips (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Expression profiles of the 2 groups were compared using dChip and Data Mining Tool software packages (Affymetrix, Inc.) to identify differentially expressed genes. Down-regulation of a differentially expressed tumor suppressor gene, deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), was verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. Function and methylation of DLC1 were assessed by ectopic expression in 5 primary cultures, demethylation assay using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in 4 meningioma samples. Results Gene expression profiling revealed up-regulation of 5 genes (fibroblast growth factor 9, gibbon leukemia virus receptor 2, cyclin D1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, and 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid) and down-regulation of 35 genes, including DLC1, in meningiomas. The down-regulation of DLC1 in meningiomas was confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. Transfection of DLC1 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid into primary cultures of 5 meningiomas resulted in decreased replication. Although demethylation decreased meningioma cell growth rates in vitro, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction did not detect DLC1 promoter methylation. Conclusion The results suggest that DLC1 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in meningiomas. Furthermore, DLC1 promoter methylation does not appear to be responsible for the decreased DLC1 expression in these tumors.
Modeling of the source resistance in modulation-doped FETs

Abstract A distributed multiple layer transmission line (MTL) model has been developed for the planar source ohmic contacts as encountered in modulation-doped FETs. Detailed current and voltage distributions under the MTL system have been obtained by numerical solutions of the coupled differential equations. The results clearly demonstrate that source resistance RS cannot be estimated simply from knowledge of the behavior of series resistance RNG in non-gated TLM test structures. The effects of the heavily-doped cap layer and the variation of the gate-source spacing on RNG and RS have been studied. Differences between our results based on the MTL model and that obtained from the lumped element contact end-resistance (LECR) model are explained satisfactorily. Our results show that the LECR method could be used to calculate the series resistance of the MODFET structures provided appropriate end elements are first determined by the distributed MTL model. Our results clearly indicate that attempts to reduce RS by increasing the cap layer thickness or decreasing the gate-source spacing would have only limited effectiveness. However, reduction of the interfacial contact resistivities is more effective in the reduction of RS, as demonstrated in the case of pseudomorphic structures. Graphical results are presented that clearly show the dependence of RS on the structural parameters of representative conventional and pseudomorphic test MODFETs.
The reactant concentration spectrum in turbulent mixing with a first-order reaction

The power specturm of a passive scalar contaminant undergoing a first-order chemical reaction and isotropic turbulent mixing is deduced for three different spectral ranges: (i) the inertial-convective range; (ii) the viscous-convective and viscous-diffusive ranges for very large Schmidt number; (iii) the inertial-diffusive range for very small Schmidt number. The analysis is restricted to stationary, locally isotropic fields, and to systems so dilute that the heat of reaction has no effect on the reaction rate.
EVALUATING DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT CENTERS AS INTERVENTIONS

This study addresses the question of whether developmental assessment centers are effective interventions. Career outcomes of assessment center participants (n= 151) were evaluated with respect to center ratings, developmental activity, and acceptance of feedback. Although comparison between a subgroup of assessees (n= 113) and a naturally occurring control group of non-assessees (n= 167) showed no differences in terms of career advancement, findings within the assessee sample did show that developmental activity related to advancement. Findings also showed that assessors' ratings of career motivation, rather than ratings of knowledge or skill (KS) dimensions, predicted both developmental activity and career advancement.
Closed-form Green functions, surface effects, and the importance of dimensionality in tight-binding metals.

Closed-form expressions for all elements of a d-dimensional tight-binding metal’s Green function matrix are presented and used to explore edge effects of a surface. We find that, when moving from the surface into the bulk, the number of layers passed before the surfaced substrate behaves like the bulk decreases with dimensionality. In particular, the surface of a one-dimensional substrate becomes indistinguishable from the bulk after O(101–102) layers, a two-dimensional substrate after O(101) layers, and a three-dimensional substrate after O(100) layers. Finally, the effects of substrate dimensionality on molecule-substrate interactions are discussed.
Medical education and practice on the periphery: consultation psychiatry and the psychosocial tradition in American medicine.

Abstract The culture of American medicine has both central biomedical and peripheral psychosocial traditions, a pluralism which demands further study. Anthropologists have traditionally learned a great deal about any culture by studying the socialization process, and the same is true of medicine. In consultation-liaison psychiatry, the peripheral position of the psychosocial tradition can be better understood as psychiatrists teach students and residents how to assist biomedical specialists in the care of their hospitalized patients. Through such student socialization, the use of the technology of biomedicine by psychiatrists for both the manifest function of patient care and the latent function of cementing interprofessional relationships is revealed. In consultation psychiatry, students are also taught that the object of their ministrations is not the patient, but all members of the ward milieu, a focus which is not characteristic of the biomedical tradition. Students in consultation psychiatry are inculcated with attitudes and values which are divergent from those of the biomedical tradition; the competetive presentation and selective assimilation of such elements of professional ideology by students further betrays the peripheral position of psychosocial concerns in medicine. This position is also highlighted by the teaching of ‘survival strategies’ to students and residents in psychiatry, designed to increase the likelihood of acceptance by biomedical specialists. These include mimicking biomedical approaches to diagnosis and treatment, viewing biomedical specialists as patients who are unwitting victims who can be cured with the right treatment, manipulating symbols and using metaphors of biomedicine to affirm the basic kinship of all physicians, and otherwise promoting psychiatry as central to modern medicine. Yet, the psychosocial tradition, itself, is not homogeneous. Students in psychiatry are confronted with diverse role models: psychopharmacologists who risk the charge of reductionism from within their own ranks; consultant psychiatrists who view themselves as messianic within medicine; and other psychiatrists who so abhor the biomedical tradirion that they only practice psychotherapy with patients outside the hospital. Nevertheless, consultation-liaison psychiatry is a specialty which holds great promise for promoting the interaction and diffusion of ideas between the biomedical and psychosocial traditions; for the social scientist it is an important arena both for further study of the professional socialization of medical students and for documenting the struggle for professional dominance within the culture of medicine.
Correlation of ganglioside patterns of primary brain tumors with survival.

BACKGROUND Classification/grading schemes for brain tumors are based mainly on histologic examinations, but these have major limitations, which has led to a search for more objective prognostic markers. Gangliosides have several biologic effects relevant to tumors, and ganglioside compositions of primary brain tumors correlate with diagnosis. This led to the authors' hypothesis that ganglioside patterns of brain tumors might be useful as prognostic indicators. METHODS Gangliosides in primary brain tumors of different histologic types from 84 patients were analyzed. Specific ganglioside patterns and several other relevant variables were examined for associations with survival using a Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. RESULTS Patients in whom less than 30% of total tumor gangliosides consisted of 1b pathway gangliosides (GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b) had significantly higher risk ratios than those with more than 30% 1b gangliosides (P approximately 0.03). The presence of 6'-LM1 (NeuAc alpha 2-->6Gal beta 1-->4Glc-NAc beta 1-->3Gal beta 1-->4Glc beta 1-->1Cer was also associated with a higher risk ratio (P approximately 0.007). Combinations of 1b gangliosides and 6'-LM1 identified three groups of patients regardless of histologic diagnosis. Group A, with less than 30% 1b and the presence of 6'-LM1, had a median survival time of 331 days. Group B, with less than 30% 1b but no 6'-LM1, had a median survival time of more than 698 days. Group C, with more than 30% 1b had a median survival time of more than 776 days. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of ganglioside patterns with survival in this initial investigation suggests the potential of 1b gangliosides and 6'-LM1 to be used as prognostic indicators. Continuing research is being conducted to assess this possibility prospectively.
A combinatorial partition of Mersenne numbers arising from spectroscopy

Abstract An analytic proof has been developed for a conjecture postulating a finite and non-integer, though rational, partitioning of Mersenne numbers, i.e., those of form 2 n − 1 . This conjecture had arisen from a pattern of values observed for interference coefficients present in a system of absorbers in transmission spectroscopy. A set of foundational lemmas is presented and proven as an aid in simplifying the proof of the conjecture. The proof also establishes the validity of related partitions for various number families, such as even perfect numbers, in which a Mersenne number type of factor is present.
520 RAPID PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF FABRY'S DISEASE

A rapid (3 day) procedure has been evaluated for the prenatal diagnosis (Dx) of Fabry's disease, an X-linked lipidosis resulting from defective α-galactosidase A activity (α-gal A) and the accumulation of trihexosyl ceramide (GL-3). In 7 at-risk pregnancies Dx was based on 1) specific assay of thermolabile α-gal A, 2) α-gal A inhibition by myoinositol (Myo) and melibiose (Mel), and 3) GLC quantitation of GL-3 in amniotic fluid (AF). These data were supported by careful X and Y chromatin studies of uncultured amniotic cells (UAC) and subsequently by α-gal A and karyotype analyses in cultured (C) AC. Normal mean (range;n) α-gal A in AF, UAC and CAC were 0.93 nmoles/h/ml (0.50-1.3;10),1.76 nmoles/h/mg Pr (0.65-4.0;14), and 116.7 nmoles/h/mg Pr (58.1-210.0;10), respectively. Myo and Mel inhibited normal AF α-gal A activity by 50 and 85%, respectively. Normal mean AF GL-3 concentration was 0.35 nmoles/ml (0.18-0.46;5). Of the 7 pregnancies monitored, 1 affected hemizygote, 1 normal male and 2 heterozygous (het) and 2 normal female fetuses were diagnosed 3 days after amniocentesis. The affected fetus had no detectable α-gal A and 10X higher levels of GL-3 in AF, and was Y-chromatin positive. Each Dx was confirmed by enzyme and karyotype analyses in CAC. The affected pregnancy was terminated and the Dx documented by biochemical and ultrastructural studies. Postnatal studies confirmed the other Dx with the exception of the 2 het females who were not carriers by postnatal assay. These results indicate that the prenatal Dx of Fabry's disease can be made rapidly and reliably by these procedures.
Pool Boiling Experiments on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Forests

In this study, two silicon wafer substrates were coated with vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) "forests" and were used for pool boiling studies. The MWCNT forests (9 and 25 μm in height) were synthesized on the silicon wafer substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The substrates were clamped on a cylindrical copper block with embedded cartridge heaters. The heat flux was measured using sheathed K-type thermocouples, which were placed inside the cylindrical copper block. Pool boiling experiments using refrigerant PF-5060 as the working liquid were conducted to obtain the pool "boiling curve." The experiments were conducted in nucleate and film boiling regimes to investigate the effect of MWCNT height on pool boiling performance. Reference (control) experiments were also performed with an atomically smooth bare silicon wafer (without MWCNT coating). The results show that the MWCNT forests enhanced critical heat flux (CHF) by 25-28 % compared to control experiments. For the film boiling regime, Type-B MWCNT(25 μm in height) yields 57% higher heat flux at Leidenfrost point (film boiling regime) compared to control experiments. However, for the Type-A MWCNT (9 μm in height) the film boiling heat flux values are nearly identical to the values obtained for the control experiments performed on bare silicon.
Comparative effects of oxygen on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase of the kynurenine pathway.

Abstract Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) reacts with either oxygen or superoxide and tryptophan (trp) or other indoleamines while tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) reacts with oxygen and is specific for trp. These enzymes catalyze the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway from trp to quinolinic acid (QA) with TDO in kidney and liver and IDO in many tissues, including brain where it is low but inducible. QA, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, is an excitotoxin found in the CNS during various pathologies and is associated with convulsions. We proposed that HBO-induced convulsions result from increased flux through the KYN pathway via oxygen stimulation of IDO. To test this, TDO and IDO of liver and brain, respectively, of Sprague Dawley rats were assayed with oxygen from 0 to 6.2 atm HBO. TDO activity was appreciable at even 30 μM oxygen and rose steeply to a maximum at 40 μM. Conversely, IDO had almost no detectable activity at or below 100 μM oxygen and maximum activity was not reached until about 1150 μM. (Plasma contains about 215 μM oxygen and capillaries about 20 μM oxygen when rats breathe air.) KYN was 60% higher in brains of HBO-convulsed rats compared to rats breathing air. While the oxygen concentration inside cells of rats breathing air or HBO is not known precisely, it is clear that the rate-limiting, IDO-catalyzed step in the brain KYN pathway (but not liver TDO) can be greatly accelerated in rats breathing HBO.
The Nature of Immorality

This article is concerned with the nature of individual moral failure. This has not been a standard issue for exploration in moral philosophy, where questions surrounding moral success have been more popular: in particular, the questions “What is it to do the moral thing (i.e., how do I identify moral success)?” and “Why am I supposed to do the moral thing (i.e., what is morality's authority)?” I want to change the subject and pursue answers to three importantly related questions about people's failure to be moral.First, I want to explore an issue in moral psychology: why do people behave immorally? I suspect this question has been largely ignored by philosophers because they have thought it a question for psychologists, and one that, at any rate, has an easy surface answer. Isn't it our immorality simply the result of our excessive self-interest? Yet we shall see in what follows that this answer is not nearly good enough, and that philosophers have a lot to contribute in determining what would count as a satisfactory answer. We shall also see that different meta-ethical theories purporting to explain the authority of moral action implicitly assume different and often mutually inconsistent accounts of why (and when) we fail to be moral, and our analysis will show that none of these accounts of moral failure is unproblematic.
Impact of the spread ofPhragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal marshes

Dense monocultures ofPhragmites australis (common reed) have been rapidly expanding in Connecticut’s tidal wetlands at the expense of cordgrass (Spartina spp.) and cattail (Typha spp). Bird and vegetation surveys in 40 salt and brackish marshes showed that there were significantly fewer species of birds and state-listed species inPhragmites-dominated wetlands than in short-grass marshes. Seaside Sparrow. Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, and Willet, three marsh specialists adapted to nesting in short graminoids, had low frequencies in plots dominated byPhragmites. Marsh Wren and Swamp Sparrow, however, are marsh specialists that prefer tall, reedy vegetation, and both species had significantly greater densities at sites with morePhragmites or cattail. Although the bird communities of cattail sites andPhragmites sites were similar, the abundance of Virginia Rails was positively correlated with percent cover of cattail but notPhragmites. The extent of pools was positively related to bird species richness in short-grass meadows but not inPhragmites plots. InPhragmites-dominated wetlands, the height and density of reed stands may inhibit bird use of any pools that are present. Muskrats create pools that may enhance bird species richness, but populations of this mammal have dwindled during the same time period thatPhragmites increased in connecticut’s marshes. Although a few species may benefit from reed invasion, it has a negative impact on some marsh bird species that have already declined. These findings support the continued need for marsh restoration and the control of common reed.
Solid-state lighting: failure analysis of white LEDs

Abstract Long life, on the order of 50,000–100,000 h, is one of the key features of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that has attracted the lighting community to this technology. White LEDs have yet to demonstrate this capability. The goal of the study described in this manuscript was to understand what affects the long-term performance of white LEDs. Different types of LEDs have different degradation mechanisms. As a starting point, this study considered a commonly available commercial package, the 5 mm epoxy-encapsulated phosphor-converted (YAG:Ce) white LED. Based on past studies, it was hypothesized that junction heat and the amount of short-wavelength emission would influence the degradation rate of 5 mm type white LEDs, mainly due to yellowing of the epoxy encapsulant. Two groups of white LEDs were life-tested. The LEDs in one group had similar junction temperatures but different amplitudes for the short-wavelength radiation, and the LEDs in the second group had similar amplitudes for the short-wavelength radiation but different junction temperatures. Experimental results showed that the degradation rate depends on both the junction temperature and the amplitude of short-wavelength radiation. However, the temperature effect was much greater than the short-wavelength amplitude effect. Furthermore, the phosphor medium surrounding the die behaves like a lambertian scatterer. As a result, some portion of the light circulates between the phosphor layer and the reflector cup, potentially increasing the epoxy-yellowing issue. To validate this theory, a second experiment was conducted with LEDs that had the phosphor layer both close to the die and further away. The results showed that the LEDs with the phosphor layer away from the die degraded at a slower rate.
THE PRODUCTS OF THE CYCLIZING DEHYDRATION OF 1-BETA-PHENYLETHYLCYCLOHEXANOL-1 AND THE SYNTHESIS OF SPIROCYCLOHEXANE-1,1-INDANONE-3.

(1) Spirocyclohexane-1,1-indanone (VI) has been found among the oxidation products of the hydrocarbon mixture which results when 1-beta-phenylethylcyclohexanol-1 is dehydrated, or when 1-beta-phenylethylcyclohexene is cyclized by aluminum trichloride, and its constitution has been proved by synthesis (2) Its oxime melts at 137-137.8 degrees (corr.). The oxime of m.p. 187.5 degrees , reported by Cook et al. therefore must be derived from some other ketone, perhaps the trans-ketooctahydrophenanthrene, since we were unable to isolate any oxime of m.p. 177 degrees , the figure which they reported for this compound.
Reactions to Physician-Inspired Shame and Guilt

Participants reported attributions and responses to shame (Study 1 and Study 2) and guilt (Study 2) experienced during an interaction with a physician. These emotional interactions elicited both negative and positive reactions. Regardless of whether the person felt guilt or shame, self-condemnation and the perception that the physician intentionally induced the emotion were associated exclusively with negative outcomes (e.g., ceasing physician visits), whereas negative attributions about one's behavior (rather than the self as a whole) were associated with primarily beneficial outcomes (e.g., positive impact). We discuss how these data bear on theories of shame and guilt.
Familial hyperthyroidism including two siblings with neonatal Graves' disease

A Negro family is reported in which 4 members of 3 generations suffered from Graves' disease. Two premature siblings, born a year apart, whose mother had Graves' disease, had persistent neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Their bone ages advanced rapidly and each developed craniosynostosis. Antithyroid medication was given for several years. Long-acting thyroid stimulator assays were elevated at ages 8 and 9 years, respectively, but were normal 7 years later. Although these children have remained euthyroid at 15 and 16 years, respectively, they are mentally subnormal and have developed acropachy.
Sociocultural theories, academic achievement, and African American adolescents in a multicultural context: a review of the cultural incompatibility perspective

Some theories have posited that African American youth are academic underachievers because of sociocultural factors. We label this point of view the cultural incompatibility perspective. Ogbu’s oppositional culture theory and Steele’s stereotype threat theory are selected as popular examples of this viewpoint. A critical review of the literature on these particular theories was conducted. It was concluded that there is limited empirical support for the cultural incompatibility perspective on African American academic achievement. This raises questions about the focus on academic underachievement among African Americans versus high achievement among other ethnic/racial groups. Implications of the empirical findings on the incompatibility perspective for the role of African American culture in Black student achievement are discussed.
Microstructure and water transport in spin cast films of poly(hexylmethacrylate azobenzene-sulfone)

Abstract Spin cast films of poly(hexylmethacrylate azobenzene-sulfone) (PHMA-AS) with a thickness of 7.5 μm were studied at 25 °C by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy before and after annealing at 140 °C, and before and after contact with water vapor or liquid. Spectral analysis of the hydrocarbon and water bands was used to probe the changes in the film microstructure after these treatments. Slight orientation changes were detected in the hydrocarbon region after hydration. No changes were observed, however, in the dichroic ratios of the carbonyl and the chromophore groups of the PHMA-AS films. These groups had average tilt angles of 62 ° and 69 °, respectively, from the surface normal. The addition of side chains consisting of a spacer and a chromophore group to the backbone of PMMA makes the film a better barrier material for water, as it absorbs less water vapor and less liquid water. The density of the sorbed water at 89% relative humidity was estimated to be 0.006 g per cm 3 of polymer. Initially water permeated fast, as non-bulk-like water, through film defects before diffusing more slowly, as bulk-like water, throughout the film. The estimated total density of liquid water absorbed by the film was 0.05 g per cm 3 of polymer. The in-situ transport data suggest transport mechanisms more complex than the one-dimensional Fickian diffusion, evidently due to the complex microporous structure of the films.
Female discrimination of male dominance by urine odor cues in hamsters

Female hamsters have been found to differentially respond to the odors of dominant as opposed to subordinate males. This study reexamined these responses in an olfactometer allowing the females to choose between urinary odors obtained from males differing in dominance status and clean air source. The behavior of the estrous females was consistent with previous research which indicated that such females exhibit a preference for stimuli obtained from dominant males. Contrary to previous findings in a two-choice apparatus, diestrous females failed to prefer the odors of subordinates. These females spent significantly more time in the area infused with unscented air. These data emphasize the importance of odor cues as they relate to male attractivity and possibly mate choice. They also underscore the need to allow animals to avoid conspecific odors in order to reduce the possibility of forcing animals into an unrealistic choice situation.
An Optimal Control Approach to Designing Constant Gain Filters

This paper applies optimal control theory to designing constant gain filters which minimize a weighted average of the filtered variances. Uniaxial second-order motion is studied in detail, and an example is given which indicates that a constant gain filter may be designed with performance comparable to a Kalman filter. An appendix is included which shows how the approach may be extended to higher order systems.
Subjective probabilities and utility with event-dependent preferences

This article generalizes Savage's theory to include event-dependent preferences. The state space is partitioned into finitely many events. The induced preferences over consequences are assumed independent of the underlying states within, but not across, these events. This results in an additively separable representation of preferences over acts. The dependence of the preference relation over consequences on the events is represented by event-dependent mappings of the set of consequences onto itself. Given these mappings, the preferences on acts are represented by the expectation of event-dependent utilities on the consequences with respect to unique subjective probabilities on the states.
Role of nitric oxide in rat coronary flow regulation during respiratory and metabolic acidosis

Abstract A rat Langendorff heart preparation, perfused at constant pressure, was used to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in the increases in coronary vessel flow during hypercapnic and metabolic acidosis. Prior administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N6-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 μM) significantly reduced the basal, resting, rate of coronary flow but did not attenuate the increases in flow during brief (2-min) periods of perfusion with acidotic solutions. These results suggest that nitric oxide is not a significant contributor to rat heart coronary flow regulation during respiratory or metabolic acidosis.
When the Welding Load Outgrows the Distribution Power Supply

The ability of a 2,300-4,000-volt distribution system to supply single-phase a-c welders is limited not only by current-carrying capacity, but also by voltage regulation. The voltage limitations are reviewed and methods suggested for increasing the limits by changes in the power system and the customers' installations. Three types of subtransmission connections are described for use when the welding load outgrows the distribution power supply.
Electrical conductivity and grain boundary composition of Gd-doped and Gd/Pr co-doped ceria

Abstract We characterize electrical conductivity, microstructure, nano-scale grain boundary structure and chemistry of ceria electrolytes with nominal compositions of Gd0.2Ce0.8O2-δ (GDC) and Gd0.11Pr0.04Ce0.85O2-δ (GPDC). The electrolytes are fabricated using mixed oxide nanopowders synthesized by spray drying. AC impedance spectroscopy was performed from 150 °C to 700 °C in air to determine grain-interior electrical conductivity. Grain-boundary conductivity was determined below 300 °C. The grain-interior conductivity of the GPDC was higher than that of GDC by as much as 10 times, depending on the temperature. The GPDC specific grain-boundary conductivity was measured to be approximately 100 times higher than that of GDC. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) confirmed the grain-to-grain compositional uniformity of both materials following heat treatments. Grain boundaries were free of glassy intergranular phases; dopant concentration and Ce oxidation state were found to vary significantly near grain boundaries. Boundary core composition was estimated from STEM EELS to be Gd0.62Ce0.38O2-δ, and Gd0.29Pr0.16Ce0.55O2-δ in GDC and GPDC, respectively. Pr segregation to grain boundaries in the GPDC is hypothesized to enhance conductivity by both decreasing oxygen vacancy migration energy, and inducing mixed ionic–electronic conductivity in the near-boundary region.