cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Study of Chronic Depressive Symptoms and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Older Men and Women

Objectives Late-life depression is associated with alterations in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and metabolism in a neural network that includes frontostriatal and limbic regions and the cerebellum. Prior studies suggest that clinical depression and subthreshold depressive symptoms (SDS) are associated with similar cognitive deficits and structural brain changes, but little is known about the relationship between SDS and patterns of brain activity. Additionally, the neural correlates of depression have not been fully explored in men and women separately. This study investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between SDS and rCBF in older men and women. Methods Sixty-one dementia-free older adults (35 men, 26 women), 56 years of age and older at baseline, from the neuroimaging substudy of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participated. Participants underwent resting-state PET scans at baseline and at year 9 and completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale annually. Results At 8-year follow-up, both men and women showed cross-sectional associations between mean depressive symptom scores and activity in primarily frontal and temporal regions and the cerebellum. Higher average depressive symptoms were associated with longitudinal rCBF decreases in frontal regions in both men and women, and in temporal regions in men. Conclusion Regions showing associations between activity and SDS were similar to those found in studies of clinical depression, providing support for the hypothesis that depressive syndromes exist on a continuum of severity. Sex differences in associations provide some evidence that the pathophysiology of depressive disorders differs between men and women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Background Thoughts on Curriculum Planning for Biology

was a disparity between the current state of biology and the entry into the science we were providing to students with professional interest. The focus of the teacher and the objective of the active investigator seemed to be diverging, it was taking too long to bring the student into contact with newer knowledge emerging from the laboratory, teaching was less and less spiced with the sharing of discovery, it was more and more enforced by the pressures and devices of pedantry. This, we knew, was occurring not because of deficiencies in the teachers, but because of the rapidity with which biology was changing. The normal hazards of communicating an expanding body of knowledge were being exaggerated by the truly exceptional rate of progress, and fundamentally altered orientation, of mid-twentieth century biology. In the journals facts were coalescing into generalizations, and gen-
Analyzing late SEC filings for differential impacts of IS and accounting issues

This paper investigates differential market response to the reasons that companies provide for late SEC filings of 10-K and 10-Q reports. Specifically, we examine the market reaction to late filings when the stated reasons are related to information systems (IS) issues versus accounting and other issues. We find that the reasons stated for delayed filings on Form 12b-25 explain differences in market response. More negative market returns are associated with filing delays caused by IS issues, SOX implementations, and SEC investigations. Accounting and administrative reasons are less significant. These results suggest that late filers bear different costs of noncompliance with SEC filing requirements depending on whether the underlying reasons are systems-related or accounting-related.
The use of small pivot perturbation in circuit analysis

A technique that can improve the accuracy of Gaussian elimination in those cases where small pivot magnitudes are encountered during the Gaussian elimination procedure, thus avoiding an inaccurate solution and allowing the analysis to continue, is presented. This technique is known as small pivot perturbation (SPP). It is shown that SPP can be used to provide accurate solutions in those cases where Gaussian elimination without row or column pivoting has resulted in a very small or zero-valued pivot. The SPP technique has been implemented in the AS/X circuit analysis program. For the AS/X circuit analysis application, where maintenance of matrix sparsity has ruled out any pivoting during Gaussian elimination, SPP is the most practical technique yet found for dealing with small pivots. >
Absolute beam charge measurements with toroid monitors: Experience at the Bates Linac☆

Abstract The beam charge monitor developed at the Bates Linear Accelerator uses a compensated toroid current transformer and a precision linear gate to achieve long-term 0.1% accuracy that is independent of beam parameters over the range encountered at Bates. Accuracy specifications and the validity of absolute monitor calibration with a charge pulser have been confirmed by comparing a pulser calibrated monitor with the Faraday cup at the NBS Linac.
A comparative study of methods for detecting small somatic variants in disease-normal paired next generation sequencing data

While high-throughput next generation sequencing technologies are rapidly approaching maturity, computational tools for variant calling have significant room for improvement. The recently emerged computational methods typically compare a disease sample directly with its matched control in order to improve the accuracy of variant calling and search disease specific mutations. In this paper, we performed a comparative study of five methods, JointSNVMix, SAMtools, SomaticSniper, Strelka and VarScan, for simultaneous detection of small somatic variants from disease-normal pairs. This paper evaluates the sensitivity and false discovery rate of these methods, aiming to provide guidelines for users and algorithm developers. The computational efficiency and other issues are also explored.
A milk-borne factor inhibits mammotrope differentiation in the neonatal rat.

Within the first few days of neonatal life in the rat, a milk-borne peptide is transferred to the neonatal circulation and transported to the pituitary gland where it acts directly to induce final differentiation of mammotropes. As we were attempting to purify this stimulatory peptide, we separated an antagonistic activity that serves as the focus of the present study. Milk obtained on days 2–3 of lactation was subjected to pH fractionation followed by acetone precipitation to yield two fractions that stimulated and inhibited, respectively, mammotrope differentiation in cultures of neonatal pituitary cells. The stimulatory agent more than doubled the proportion of prolactin secretors in those cultures, whereas the inhibitory agent exerted the opposite effect when tested alone. Moreover, the inhibitory agent severely attenuated mammotrope differentiation evoked by the stimulatory fraction or by basic FGF, an established inducer of this developmental phenomenon. The discovery of a milk-borne inhibitor, coupled with the previously described milk stimulatory factor, indicates that maternal control of mammotrope differentiation is considerably more sophisticated than previously believed.
Chronic ethanol alters CNS cholinergic and cerebellar development in chick embryos

Chick embryos were given daily injections of ethanol (approximately 30 mg/day) either chronically from embryonic days 4 to 15 (E4-E15) or E18, or acutely from E15 to E18. Untreated and saline-injected embryos served as controls. Although morphological indicators of developmental age were not different among groups, chronic ethanol reduced weights of several brain regions. Similar to rodent models of prenatal ethanol exposure, chronic ethanol treatment reduced cerebellar Purkinje cell numbers compared to controls. Chronic but not acute ethanol exposure resulted in a significant reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity in the optic tectum (OT) and forebrain (FB) compared with controls. This study demonstrates that the chick embryo is a viable model to investigate the effects of ethanol exposure on CNS development. Unlike the mammalian fetus, the avian embryo is isolated from maternal interactions and may prove more useful in investigating the mechanisms by which ethanol directly influences brain development.
Circumventing Ambivalence in Identity: The Importance of Latent and Overt Aspects of Symbolic Meaning:

Individuals negotiate identity through symbolic communications, expressing their own beliefs in relation to those that exist within the broader cultural context. In this process, individuals may simultaneously address multiple aspects of identity. To do so, individuals may rely upon both overt and latent meanings, sometimes using overt meaning to attend to one aspect of identity and latent meaning to address another. When one of the aspects of identity being negotiated creates ambivalence due to the co-presence of seemingly exclusive meanings about that particular aspect, the ability to make symbolic meaning in these multiple ways becomes particularly important. In this situation, an ambivalence-reducing circumvention of one of the meanings may be necessary, and that it can occur through either the overt or latent level of meaning increases the flexibility of the circumvention process, as well as the identity negotiation as a whole.
Microscale polymeric helical structures produced by electrospinning

Microscale helical coils consisting of a composite of one conducting and one nonconducting polymer were produced using electrospinning. The nonconducting polymer was poly(ethylene oxide) and the conducting polymer was poly(aniline sulfonic acid). The coil structures were studied over a range of processing conditions and fiber composition. The data suggest that the helical structures are formed due to viscoelastic contraction upon partial neutralization of the charged fibers. Polymeric microcoils may find applications in microelectromechanical systems, advanced optical components, and drug delivery systems.
Atomistic Simulations Reveal Structural Disorder in the RAP74-FCP1 Complex

We report atomically detailed molecular dynamics simulations characterizing the interaction of the RAP74 winged helix domain with the intrinsically disordered C-terminal of FCP1. The RAP74–FCP1 com...
Successive Optimization Transmission for High and Low SNR Stations in Wireless LAN Systems

Multiuser (MU) - multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques are attractive for increasing the downlink spectrum efficiency while requiring few antennas at each user station (STA). As practical precoding methods for multi-user MIMO systems, block diagonalization (BD) and successive optimization (SO) algorithms have been investigated using the metric of channel capacity. However, the throughput of SO algorithms has not been evaluated for wireless LAN systems. This paper focuses on the two-STA scenario where a close STA lies in the very near field of the access point (AP) while the distant STA lies farther from the AP; it proposes MU-MIMO transmission based on an SO algorithm that uses only the channel state information (CSI) of the close STA. The proposed method determines the transmission weight for the distant STA so as to nullify the close STA and reduces the inter-user interference at the distant STA by decreasing the transmission power for the close STA. Thus, the distant STA does not have to implement the CSI feedback function. Simulations compare zero forcing (ZF), BD, and proposed SO algorithms and confirm the conditions wherein the proposed method outperforms single user MIMO and multiuser MIMO based on ZF and BD algorithms.
Kaliumpermanganat als Urtitersubstanz für die Jodometrie

Die Bedingungen fur die Verwendung des Permanganats zur Titerstellung in der Jodometrie sind nicht so eng begrenzt, wie von anderen Autoren angegeben wird. Man erhalt damit Werte fur die Normalitat der Thiosulfatlosung, die innerhalb 0,1% mit der mit reinem Jod oder Kaliumbichromat gefundenen Zahl ubereinstimmen. Diese drei Titersubstanzen konnen unter wechselnden Bedingungen verwandt werden, ohne dass erkennbare Fehler auftreten, wenn nur das Endvolumen der Losung ziemlich gross ist, so dass die Oxydation des Kaliumjodids wahrend der Titration mit Thiosulfat auf ein Minimum herabgedruckt wird. Naturlich ist darauf zu achten, dass man die Thiosulfatlosung, deren Normalitat mit Hilfe einer dieser 3 Titersubstanzen festgestellt ist, nicht unter ganzlich anderen Bedingungen verwendet, wie die waren, bei welchen die Titerstellung erfolgte.
Location and allocation for distribution systems with transshipments and transportation economies of scale

Locating transshipment facilities and allocating origins and destinations to transshipment facilities are important decisions for many distribution and logistic systems. Models that treat demand as a continuous density over the service region often assume certain facility locations or a certain allocation of demand. It may be assumed that facility locations lie on a rectangular grid or that demand is allocated to the nearest facility or allocated such that each facility serves an equal amount of demand. These assumptions result in suboptimal distribution systems. This paper compares the transportation cost for suboptimal location and allocation schemes to the optimal cost to determine if suboptimal location and allocation schemes can produce nearly optimal transportation costs. Analytical results for distribution to a continuous demand show that nearly optimal costs can be achieved with suboptimal locations. An example of distribution to discrete demand points indicates the difficulties in applying these results to discrete demand problems.
P300 topography and modality effects from a single-stimulus paradigm.

The P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) was elicited with auditory and visual stimuli in two different tasks. The oddball paradigm presented both target and standard stimuli; the single-stimulus paradigm presented a target but no standard stimulus, with the intertarget interval the same as that for the oddball condition. Target probability was .20 for the oddball task, with target stimuli occurring at the same temporal frequency in the single-stimulus paradigm. Scalp topography was assessed with 15 electrode locations. P300 amplitude was larger and latency was longer for the oddball than for single-stimulus procedure. P300 from auditory stimuli was smaller and shorter in latency than that from the visual stimuli, and both modalities showed similar but not identical scalp topographies. The findings suggest that the single-stimulus paradigm may be useful in experimental and applied contexts that require very simple ERP task conditions.
Expanding the functional information search model

Thisstudy used a decision-making and information search model as a framework for explaining the factors which influence the use of communications as they relate to recreation and tourism experiences. Traditionally, touristic information has been studied as a means to make destination choices. Studies have shown that not everyone who collects information actually intends to travel. An expanded approach to information search is taken where many of the leisure and recreation-based motivations are considered such as information for social, entertainment, visual, and creativity purposes. The findings expand the view of tourism information search process from a strict marketing context into a broader communication one.
Migration as Social Movement: Voluntary Group Migration and the Crimean Tatar Repatriation

Voluntary group migration occurs when a collectivity reaches a group-level decision to migrate and does so as a community without external compulsion. Typical examples include collective settler movements and voluntary repatriations of refugee communities. We demonstrate the distinctive characteristics of voluntary group migration that make it hard to analyze with current migration theories, and we develop an initial theoretical framework identifying the conditions that typically produce this type of population flow. Recognizing the collective nature of the mobilization that leads to voluntary group migration, we turn to social movement theory as a source of analytical tools that, in combination with concepts offered by prior migration theories, help us build an initial theory. To illustrate our ideas, we discuss an especially revealing contemporary case: the resettlement of Crimean Tatars to their original homeland.
Quantum relativistic oscillator. III. Contraction between the algebras of SO(3,2) and the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator.

This paper concerns a relativistic model of a particle with internal structure: the quantum relativistic oscillator. We distinguish the nonrelativistic limit of the overall motion from the nonrelativistic limit of the internal structure. The latter limit is given in terms of a contraction between the algebra of SO(3,2) and that of the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator. We analyze this contraction process in detail and show that the quantum relativistic oscillator is the appropriate relativistic generalization of harmonic internal motion.
Religion as Culture: Religious Individualism and Collectivism Among American Catholics, Jews, and Protestants

We propose the theory that religious cultures vary in individualistic and collectivistic aspects of religiousness and spirituality. Study 1 showed that religion for Jews is about community and biological descent but about personal beliefs for Protestants. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity were intercorrelated and endorsed differently by Jews, Catholics, and Protestants in a pattern that supports the theory that intrinsic religiosity relates to personal religion, whereas extrinsic religiosity stresses community and ritual (Studies 2 and 3). Important life experiences were likely to be social for Jews but focused on God for Protestants, with Catholics in between (Study 4). We conclude with three perspectives in understanding the complex relationships between religion and culture.
The selection of antigens for the diagnosis, prognosis and evolutive study of parasitic diseases

The hypothesis is set forth that schizodeme (kDNA) typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, and possible other parasites, may be used to resolve the problem associated with the protean clinical manifestations of the disease. kDNA typing of T. cruzi clones may turn out to be useful in: (1) diagnosis; (2) prognosis; (3) production of species (generic) vaccines; (4) the study of autoimmunity. We recommend that an international culture bank of schizodeme-type T. cruzi be established.
Abstract 992: Credentialing UHRF1 as a target for prostate cancer therapy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Alterations in DNA methylation are a hallmark of prostate carcinogenesis. UHRF1 is an essential component in the machinery required for the maintenance of DNA methylation in actively dividing cells. In S-phase, UHRF1 binds nascent hemimethylated DNA and recruits DNA methyltransferases to copy the methylation pattern to the daughter DNA strand in a manner analogous to semi-conservative replication. Additionally, it has been shown that UHRF1 interacts with methylated histones and histone methyltransferases, making it an important epigenetic regulator in proliferating cells. Because of its ties to epigenetic gene silencing and cell proliferation, we hypothesized that UHRF1 could serve as a target for prostate cancer treatment. In this study, we have taken steps to credential UHRF1 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer and have developed a high-throughput UHRF1-DNA binding assay to screen for UHRF1 inhibitors. We show that UHRF1 is overexpressed in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines and it appears to track with proliferation in prostate cancer tissue. Through loss-of-function studies in prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145, we show that long-term UHRF1 depletion leads to a decrease in clonogenic survival and an overall reduction in global levels of DNA methylation. Further, we find that UHRF1 is required to maintain DNA methylation and epigenetic silencing of hypermethylated genes in prostate cancer cells. Additionally, ChIP experiments revealed that UHRF1 can be bound at the promoter CpG islands of epigenetically silenced genes in prostate cancer cells. With the goal of ultimately developing UHRF1 inhibitors, we have developed a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based assay, compatible with high-throughput screening, that can detect the binding of the SRA domain of UHRF1 to hemimethylated DNA. In summary, we have shown that UHRF1 plays a critical role in maintaining the DNA methylation of epigenetically silenced genes in prostate cancer and have developed an assay for high-throughput screening of UHRF1 inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 992. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-992
Can Perestroika Still be Reformed

Current events in the Soviet Union cannot be understood without comprehending the nature of Soviet communism. Begins with a description of the system singlehandedly imposed on the Soviet Union by Lenin and Stalin, focusing on the key elements of Marxist‐Leninist ideology and the nomenklatura. Brings to light a seldom‐recognized characteristic of communist governments, which is obscured by official propaganda, that Marxism‐Leninism is firmly grounded on “science”. It involves the rejection, by communist policy makers, of any coherent intellectual framework which would guide and also explain their actions. This, however, is not surprising, because any theoretical blueprint would force these leaders to spell out the precise goals they are pursuing, as well as the costs (to whom?) and the benefits (also to whom?) of their actions. It would, additionally, make the communist party accountable for its policies, a fact that would represent an intolerable restriction of its practically unlimited power. Perestroika...
New insights into the roles of ATM and DNA-PKcs in the cellular response to oxidative stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are induced by a variety of endogenous and exogenous sources. At pathologically high levels, ROS cause damage to biological molecules, including DNA. The damage sustained by DNA likely plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aging and carcinogenesis. Extensive research has established in detail the mechanism of cellular response to oxidative stress. Attention is now focused on identifying the molecular contributions of the key DNA damage response kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) in the oxidative stress response. In this review, we will provide an update of the current evidence regarding the involvement of these related DNA damage response kinases in oxidative DNA lesion repair and signaling responses. The growing understanding of the involvement of ATM, DNA-PKcs, and ATR in the oxidative stress response will offer new possibilities for the treatment of ROS-related diseases.
Adaptation of DICOM to an operational PACS

Image communication between PACS applications and radiologic imaging equipment has always been difficult due to the proprietary communication protocols and data formats used by the individual manufacturers. With the introduction of DICOM, image communication among PACS components and radiologic imaging devices becomes feasible. We have integrated our PACS into a DICOM-compliant system that facilitates the communication of radiologic images between individual PACS components and radiologic imaging equipment. The image communication software implemented in our PACS was based on the Mallinckrodt's central test node software with several enhanced features. These features included dual network interface support, adjustable TCP buffer size, prioritizing job control, and computer host verification. The enhanced DICOM-based communication software has demonstrated a reliable yet efficient transfer for images in a PACS environment. This paper describes our implementation strategy of adapting DICOM to the UCSF PACS and the utilization of DICOM in the PACS operation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Production and administration to dogs of aerosols of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor

The feasibility of aerosol administration of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (human) (A1PI) was assessed. Of three different methods of aerosolizing A1PI that were evaluated, an ultrasonic nebulizer was found to be best suited to the present purpose, producing particles of a size that allowed them to reach the distal air spaces of the lung and that retained specific A1PI anti-elastase activity. Administration of 20 mg/kg of A1PI and 150 μ Ci of 131 iodine. A1PI to three dogs was accomplished without complications. Gamma camera scans documented a relatively homogenous distribution throughout the lungs. Bronchial lavage fluid that was recovered from the lungs of the dogs six hours after administration contained large amounts of human A1PI and showed a proportional elevation of anti-elastase activity. There was no evidence of acute toxicity.
Do Racial Minority Applicants Have a Better Chance to Be Recruited in Predominately White Neighborhoods? An Empirical Study

For decades, police departments across the nation have made notable progress in aggressively recruiting racial minority officers and female officers. The main controversy is primarily centered on t...
Implications of the Dilute Approximation for the Prediction of Heat and Mass Transfer Rates in Multi-Component Systems

Use of the Fick's law of diffusion is inappropriate in multi-component systems comprised of more than two species since it results in local violation of overall mass conservation. One approach that is often used to circumvent this problem is the dilute approximation, in which the conservation of the diluent is not enforced. It is generally believed that if the mass fraction of the diluent is "large" and it is a non-reacting species, the dilute approximation yields accurate results. In this study, the accuracy of the dilute approximation is quantitatively assessed by comparing its predictions against a rigorous multi-component diffusion formulation, derived from the Stefan-Maxwell equation. Both mass and heat flux errors are computed for a one-dimensional pure diffusion problem. It is found that even for quite dilute mixtures with mass fraction of the diluent exceeding 70%, the errors are ~15% for mass fluxes and as high as 35% for heat fluxes. In addition, the errors are found to be strongly dependent on the type of species in the mixture, implying that the validity of the dilute approximation cannot be judged a priori. Additional results are presented to show that in systems with combined heat and mass diffusion, net heat transfer can occur against the imposed temperature gradient. A Second Law analysis is presented and performed to corroborate these non-intuitive results.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Changing water availability during the African maize-growing season, 1979-2010

Understanding how global change is impacting African agriculture requires a full physical accounting of water supply and demand, but accurate, gridded data on key drivers (e.g., humidity) are generally unavailable. We used a new bias-corrected meteorological dataset to analyze changes in precipitation (supply), potential evapotranspiration (, demand), and water availability (expressed as the ratio ) in 20 countries (focusing on their maize-growing regions and seasons), between 1979 and 2010, and the factors driving changes in . Maize-growing areas in Southern Africa, particularly South Africa, benefitted from increased water availability due in large part to demand declines driven primarily by declining net radiation, increasing vapor pressure, and falling temperatures (with no effect from changing windspeed), with smaller increases in supply. Sahelian zone countries in West Africa, as well as Ethiopia in East Africa, had strong increases in availability driven primarily by rainfall rebounding from the long-term Sahelian droughts, with little change or small reductions in demand. However, intra-seasonal supply variability generally increased in West and East Africa. Across all three regions, declining net radiation contributed downwards pressure on demand, generally over-riding upwards pressure caused by increasing temperatures, the regional effects of which were largest in East Africa. A small number of countries, mostly in or near East Africa (Tanzania and Malawi) experienced declines in water availability primarily due to decreased rainfall, but exacerbated by increasing demand. Much of the reduced water availability in East Africa occurred during the more sensitive middle part of the maize-growing season, suggesting negative consequences for maize production.
Cell surface and secreted protein profiles of human thyroid cancer cell lines reveal distinct glycoprotein patterns

Cell surface proteins have been shown to be effective therapeutic targets. In addition, shed forms of these proteins and secreted proteins can serve as biomarkers for diseases, including cancer. Thus, identification of cell surface and secreted proteins has been a prime area of interest in the proteomics field. Most cell surface and secreted proteins are known to be glycosylated and therefore, a proteomics strategy targeting these proteins was applied to obtain proteomic profiles from various thyroid cancer cell lines that represent the range of thyroid cancers of follicular cell origin. In this study, we oxidized the carbohydrates of secreted proteins and those on the cell surface with periodate and isolated them via covalent coupling to hydrazide resin. The glycoproteins obtained were identified from tryptic peptides and N-linked glycopeptides released from the hydrazide resin using 2-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in combination with the gas phase fractionation. Thyroid cancer cell lines derived from papillary thyroid cancer (TPC-1), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC-133), Hurthle cell carcinoma (XTC-1), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ARO and DRO-1) were evaluated. An average of 150 glycoproteins were identified per cell line, of which more than 57 percent are known cell surface or secreted glycoproteins. The usefulness of the approach for identifying thyroid cancer associated biomarkers was validated by the identification of glycoproteins (e.g. CD44, galectin 3 and metalloproteinase inhibitor 1) that have been found to be useful markers for thyroid cancer. In addition to glycoproteins that are commonly expressed by all of the cell lines, we identified others that are only expressed in the more well-differentiated thyroid cancer cell lines (follicular, Hurthle cell and papillary), or by cell lines derived from undifferentiated tumors that are uniformly fatal forms of thyroid cancer (i.e. anaplastic). Based on the results obtained, a set of glycoprotein biomarker candidates for thyroid cancer is proposed.
Comparison of the far lateral and extreme lateral variants of the atlanto-occipital transarticular approach to anterior extradural lesions of the craniovertebral junction.

Objective Managing lesions situated in the anterior aspect of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) remains a challenging neurosurgical problem. The purposes of this study were to examine the microsurgical anatomy of the anterior extradural aspect of the CVJ and the differences in the exposure obtained by the far lateral and extreme lateral atlanto-occipital transarticular approaches. The far lateral approach, as originally described, is a lateral suboccipital approach directed behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the vertebral artery and just medial to the occipital and atlantal condyles and the atlanto-occipital joint. The extreme lateral approach, as originally described, is a direct lateral approach deep to the anterior part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and behind the internal jugular vein along the front of the vertebral artery. Both approaches permit drilling of the condyles at the atlanto-occipital joint but provide a different exposure because of the differences in the direction of the approach. Methods Fifteen adult cadaveric specimens were studied using a magnification of x3 to x40 after perfusion of the arteries and veins with colored silicone. The microsurgical anatomy of the extradural aspects of the CVJ and the two atlanto-occipital transarticular approaches were examined in stepwise dissections. Results The far lateral atlanto-occipital transarticular approach provides excellent exposure of the extradural lesions located in the ipsilateral anterior and anterolateral aspects of the extradural region of the CVJ. The extreme lateral atlanto-occipital transarticular approach provides excellent exposure, not only on the side of the exposure, but also extending across the midline to the medial aspect of the contralateral atlanto-occipital joint and the lower clivus. Conclusion The far lateral and extreme lateral variants of the atlanto-occipital transarticular approach provide an alternative to the transoral approach to the anterior extradural structures at the CVJ. Compared with the transoral approach, both approaches provide a shorter operative route, avoid the contaminated nasopharynx, reduce the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak, and are not limited laterally by the atlanto-occipital joint.
Damage accumulation for growth of anti-plane crack in work-hardening material

Abstract Elastic–plastic solutions of an anti-plane crack in an infinite body are used in conjunction with a continuum damage model to describe the conditions necessary for the onset of crack instability, fatigue crack propagation due to cyclic loading, and rates of crack growth due to time dependent events. A power law relates the stress to the strain of the material. The damage, which invokes nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids due to elevated strain, is confined to the plastic zone surrounding the crack tip. For applied loading below the yield stress, the small-scale and large-scale yielding solutions are used to determine the influence of strain hardening on crack instability and failure. Crack growth due to cyclic loading and time-dependent deformations are studied using the small-scale yielding solution of the deformation theory of plasticity.
Using bidimensional regression to assess face similarity

Face recognition is the identification of humans by the unique characteristics of their faces and forms the basis for many biometric systems. In this research the problem of feature-based face recognition is considered. Bidimensional regression (BDR) is an extension of standard regression to 2D variables. Bidimensional regression can be used to determine the degree of resemblance between two planar configurations of points and for assessing the nature of their geometry. A primary advantage of this approach is that no training is needed. The goal of this research is to explore the suitability of BDR for 2D matching. Specifically, we explore if bidimensional regression can be used as a basis for a similarity measure to compare faces. The approach is tested using standard datasets. The results show that BDR can be effective in recognizing faces and hence can be used as an effective 2D matching technique.
Differential lateral mobility of IgM and IgG receptors in mouse B lymphocyte membranes

Abstract Anti-Ig induced redistribution of different Ig subclasses was studied as a function of temperature and correlated with membrane phase transitions as revealed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled anti-IgG2 and anti-IgM antibodies induced patching and capping that proceeded with increasing rates from 2° to 40° (measured at 2° intervals). Characteristic temperatures marked the onset of discontinuities in such rate changes. IgG2-bearing lymphocytes displayed discontinuities at 14°, 22°, 28°, and 36°, whereas IgM-bearing lymphocytes displayed discontinuities at 18°, 24°, 32°, and 38°. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies using the spin label 2,2-dimethyl-4-butyl-4-penty-N-oxyloxazolidine, a nitroxide-substituted decane, indicated that these temperatures are a function of hydrocarbon phase separations in the B lymphocyte membrane. With a glucosamine-derivative [2-(10-carboxydecyl)-2-hexyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl glucosamide] as a probe restricted to the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane, the temperatures 14° and 28° denoted the onset and end, respectively, of a fluidizing process in the outer monolayers of IgG2-bearing lymphocytes. Temperatures of 18° and 32° denoted these boundaries in IgM-bearing lymphocytes. Inner monolayer transitions are associated with the remaining temperatures. We conclude that membranes of IgM-bearing lymphocytes are less fluid than those of IgG2-bearing lymphocytes.
Concentration and Ion Induced Effects on Nucleotide Binding, Aggregation and Thermal Unfolding Transitions of Reca

The Escherichia coli protein, RecA, catalyzes the DNA pairing and strand exchange reactions that are utilized in DNA recombination and repair. Buffer and salt conditions are known to influence the activity, aggregation state and thermal unfolding of RecA. We have used circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, infrared and dynamic light scattering studies (DLS) to better understand the salt-induced effects on RecA structure, substrate binding and unfolding. CD and infrared studies were performed in order to monitor the thermally induced unfolding of RecA in the presence of a variety of salts and/or nucleotide and DNA substrates. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the concentration and identity of the salt ions resulted in unique influences on RecA unfolding transitions and stability. Unfolding studies performed under salt conditions known to activate RecA's ATPase activity in the absence of DNA showed thermally stable RecA structures. Additional characterization of these stable structures using DLS and fluorescence experiments shows unique aggregation states and nucleotide binding for some of the thermally stable RecA structures. A comparison of the influences of different ions on RecA unfolding, aggregation and nucleotide binding will be presented. These studies may help to elucidate how different ions influence RecA activity, structure, aggregation, and stability.
Understanding thermal behavior in the LENS process

Abstract In direct laser metal deposition technologies, such as the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process, it is important to understand and control the thermal behavior during fabrication. With this control, components can be reliably fabricated with desired material properties. This paper will describe the use of contact and imaging techniques to monitor the thermal signature during LENS processing. Development of an understanding of solidification behavior, residual stress, and microstructural evolution with respect to thermal behavior will be discussed.
Using Confocal Microscopy to Study the Colloidal Glass Transition

We study concentrated colloidal suspensions, a model system which has a glass transition. We view the motion of the colloidal particles using a confocal microscope, and quantify this motion as a function of the concentration.
Reversible Complete Heart Block following Cardiac Surgery Analysis of His Bundle Electrograms

His bundle electrograms were recorded before and throughout the postoperative course in two children who developed temporary complete heart block after surgical correction for tetralogy of Fallot. In one the complete heart block was associated with prolonged duration of the QRS complex, and in the other there was no prolongation of the QRS complex. His bundle electrograms in the patient with widened QRS identified the site of block to be between the low atrium and the His bundle, and in the patient with a QRS of normal duration the block was distal to the His bundle. Complete heart block disappeared within 3 weeks in both patients. Subsequent His bundle studies showed normal A-V conduction in the first patient except for the presence of persistent complete right bundle-branch block. In the other, prolongation of the P-R interval was persistent, and atrial pacing at high rates produced a Wenckebach type of block distal to the His bundle. These studies indicate that electrophysiologically the site of complete heart block following definitive intracardiac surgery can occur at multiple sites. Furthermore, in complete heart block the site of the pacemaker may not be accurately predicted from routine electrocardiograms alone, and His bundle recordings may be necessary to clarify this site.
Information transfer under different sets of protocols

We study four kinds of protocols in distributed computing. Besides the case of deterministic protocols, we consider random, nondeterministic and probabilistic models. We show a strict containment relationship with exponential gaps. We also explore in some depth the relationship between one-way and two-way communications. It is shown, for example, that the complexity classes of random one-way protocols and of deterministic two-way protocols are incomparable: exponential gaps exist in either direction. On the other hand there is no difference between the complexity of one-way and two-way communications in the nondeterministic case.
Text messaging-based smoking cessation intervention: a narrative review.

Abstract Introduction Smoking cessation interventions delivered via text messaging on mobile phones may enhance motivations to quit smoking. The goal of this narrative review is to describe the text messaging interventions' theoretical contents, frequency and duration, treatment outcome, and sample characteristics such as age and motivation to quit, to better inform the future development of this mode of intervention. Methods Studies were included if text messaging was primarily used to deliver smoking cessation intervention and published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. All articles were coded by two independent raters to determine eligibility and to extract data. Results Twenty-two studies described 15 text messaging interventions. About half of the interventions recruited adults (ages 30–40) and the other half targeted young adults (ages 18–29). Fourteen interventions sent text messages during the quit phase, 10 had a preparation phase and eight had a maintenance phase. The number of text messages and the duration of the intervention varied. All used motivational messages grounded in social cognitive behavioral theories, 11 used behavioral change techniques, and 14 used individually tailored messages. Eleven interventions also offered other smoking cessation tools. Three interventions yielded smoking cessation outcomes greater than the control condition. Conclusions The proliferation of text messaging in recent years suggests that text messaging interventions may have the potential to improve smoking cessation rates. Detailed summary of the interventions suggests areas for future research and clinical application. More rigorous studies are needed to identify components of the interventions that can enhance their acceptability, feasibility and efficacy.
When primary molar lesions are cavitated into dentin, glass ionomer has similar 2-year survival to resin composite as a restorative material when using the "ART" technique.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A Clinical Evaluation of Resin-Based Composite and Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Placed in Primary Teeth Using the ART Approach: Results at 24 Months Ersin NK, Candan U, Aykut A, Oncag O, Eronat C, Kose T. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(11):1529-36 Level of Evidence 1 Purpose/Question To evaluate the 24-month performance of a high-viscosity glass ionomer restorative material and a packable resin-based composite with dentin bonding system in restorations placed into primary molars using the “atraumatic restorative treatment” (ART) technique. Source of Funding Both materials (GIC [glass ionomer cement] and resin-based composite/bonding system) were supplied by the manufacturer of the GIC material. No additional source of funding was identified. Type of Study/Design Split Mouth Paired Design with Random Assignment to Side of Mouth
Donor‐Derived Human Bone Marrow Cells Contribute to Solid Organ Cancers Developing After Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow-derived stem cells have been shown to participate in solid organ repair after tissue injury. Animal models suggest that epithelial malignancies may arise as aberrant stem cell differentiation during tissue repair. We hypothesized that if bone marrow stem cells participate in human neoplasia, then solid organ cancers developing after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) might include malignant cells of donor origin. We identified four male patients who developed solid organ cancers (lung adenocarcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and Kaposi sarcoma) after myeloablation, total body irradiation, and ABMT from female donors. Donor-derived malignant cells comprised 2.5%-6% of the tumor cellularity The presence of donor-derived malignant cells in solid organ cancers suggests that human bone marrow-derived stem cells have a role in solid organ cancer's carcinogenesis. However, the nature of this role is yet to be defined.
Resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity as a probe of ion adsorption at solid liquid interfaces

We discuss new opportunities to understand processes at the solid-liquid interface using resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity (RAXR). This approach is illustrated by determination of element-specific density profiles at mica surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions containing Rb{sup +} and Sr{sup 2+}. The total interfacial electron density profile is determined by specular reflectivity (i.e., reflected intensity vs. momentum transfer, q, at an energy, E, far from any characteristic absorption edge). RAXR spectra (i.e., intensity vs. E at fixed q) reveal element-specific ion distributions. Key differences in the interaction of Rb{sup +} and Sr{sup 2+} with mica are observed using resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity: Rb{sup +} adsorbs in a partially hydrated state, but Sr{sup 2+} adsorbs in both fully and partially hydrated states.
Modulation of CXCL‐8 expression in human melanoma cells regulates tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis

CXCL-8, a chemokine secreted by melanoma and stromal cells, serves as a growth and angiogenic factor for melanoma progression. This study evaluated how modulation of CXCL-8 levels in melanoma cell lines with different tumorigenic and metastatic potentials affected multiple tumor phenotypes. A375P cells (CXCL-8 low expressor) were stably transfected with a CXCL-8 mammalian expression vector to overexpress CXCL-8, whereas A375SM cells (CXCL-8 high expressor) were transfected with a CXCL-8 antisense expression vector to suppress CXCL-8 expression. Subsequent cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and soft-agar colony formation were analyzed, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated using mouse xenograft models. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of CXCL-8 significantly enhanced primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, accompanied by increased microvessel density in vivo, as compared with vector control-transfected cells. We also observed increased clonogenic ability, growth, and invasive potential of CXCL-8 overexpressing cells in vitro. Knockdown of CXCL-8 using an antisense vector resulted in increased cell death and reduced tumor growth relative to control. Taken together, these data confirm that CXCL-8 expression plays a critical role in regulating multiple cellular phenotypes associated with melanoma growth and metastasis.