cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Structure of the T127L/S128A Mutant of cAMP Receptor Protein Facilitates Promoter Site Binding

The x-ray crystal structure of the cAMP-ligated T127L/S128A double mutant of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) was determined to a resolution of 2.2 A. Although this structure is close to that of the x-ray crystal structure of cAMP-ligated CRP with one subunit in the open form and one subunit in the closed form, a bound syn-cAMP is clearly observed in the closed subunit in a third binding site in the C-terminal domain. In addition, water-mediated interactions replace the hydrogen bonding interactions between the N(6) of anti-cAMP bound in the N-terminal domains of each subunit and the OH groups of the Thr(127) and Ser(128) residues in the C alpha-helix of wild type CRP. This replacement induces flexibility in the C alpha-helix at Ala(128), which swings the C-terminal domain of the open subunit more toward the N-terminal domain in the T127L/S128A double mutant of CRP (CRP*) than is observed in the open subunit of cAMP-ligated CRP. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements on the binding of cAMP to CRP* show that the binding mechanism changes from an exothermic independent two-site binding mechanism at pH 7.0 to an endothermic interacting two-site mechanism at pH 5.2, similar to that observed for CRP at both pH levels. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements exhibit a broadening of the thermal denaturation transition of CRP* relative to that of CRP at pH 7.0 but similar to the multipeak transitions observed for cAMP-ligated CRP. These properties and the bound syn-cAMP ligand, which has only been previously observed in the DNA bound x-ray crystal structure of cAMP-ligated CRP by Passner and Steitz (Passner, J. M., and Steitz, T. A. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 2843-2847), imply that the cAMP-ligated CRP* structure is closer to the conformation of the allosterically activated structure than cAMP-ligated CRP. This may be induced by the unique flexibility at Ala(128) and/or by the bound syn-cAMP in the hinge region of CRP*.
Modeling internal temperature changes of timber poles during ACA treatment

The temperature-time-location relationships during steam conditioning and pressure treatment of timber poles using ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) have been studied and a new mathematical model that incorporates both the thermal properties of the poles and the parameters of the treatment process is discussed. Prediction equations and charts are presented that show the minimum required steaming time to satisfy the 1982 Rural Electrification Authority (REA) purchase specification, i.e. a center temperature above 150 °F (65.5 °C) for 2 hours. A six hour steaming time, commonly used for ACA treatment, has been found to be too short to bring poles with diameters larger than about 40 cm to the required sterilization conditions. Therefore longer steaming times, predicted using the methods given here, are recommended. The temperature of the preservative used does not appear to be a major factor in determining the maximum temperature achieved at the center of a pole, but it can influence the length of time the pole is above 65.5 °C.
Ecology and Participation in Landscape-Based Planning Within the Pacific Northwest

Landscape-based planning, and in particular ecosystem management, has been promoted widely as an approach to linking ecological, social, and economic concerw at large spatial and temporal scales, yet there have been fgv comparative studies of act4 projects. We used a mailed questionnaire and four cave studies within the Pacijic Northwest region of the United States to explore the ways in which ecological analyses are being integrated with ldcape planning projects and to identify linkages between science and public involvement. Specifically, we wanted to learn: (a) what types of ecological science are being used in landscape-based planning projects, (b) what factors most limit the application of ecological analyses to land planning processes, (c) how ecological information and analyses are being integrated with stakeholder participation, and (d) what appear to be the key strategies for developing productive links between ecological science and public involvement. Results from the questionnaire show the ecological complexities of attempting to manage large landscapes, exemplifid by the broad array of ecological issues and stressors tb projects attempt to address, :he high degree to which they are attempting to analyze them scientifically. and the wide array of assessments and analytical techniques they are using to do so. While both public involvement and scientific research generally had strong influences on planning and management deciswns, there appeared to be less efSective exchanges between researchers and stakeholders. Based on the case studies, we identijiid key strategies for strengthening the links between ecological science and public involvement in three principal areas: ecosystem analysis, linking science to the public via community outreach and education, and employing economic development as an ecosystem restoration and management strategy. To implement these strategies requires reconceptualizing the roles of both scientists and stakeholders so as to improve the integration of applied ecological science with democratic decisionmaking.
Farnesol Decreases Biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Exhibits Synergy with Nafcillin and Vancomycin

Biofilm infections are frequently caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, are resistant to antimicrobial agents, and adversely affect patient outcomes. We evaluated farnesol (FSL), the Candida quorum-sensing molecule, on S. epidermidis biofilms, in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated ED50, ED75, and ED90 (drug concentrations causing 50%, 75%, and 90% inhibition, respectively) of FSL and evaluated synergy with nafcillin and vancomycin. FSL's effects on morphology of S. epidermidis biofilms were analyzed using confocal microscopy and real-time changes using a bioluminescent strain of S. epidermidis, Xen 43. In mice, effects of FSL treatment on s.c. catheter biofilms; cultures of blood, kidney, and catheter and pericatheter tissues; and bioluminescence in strain Xen 43 were evaluated. FSL inhibited biofilms (ED50 ranged from 0.625 to 2.5 mM) and was synergistic with nafcillin and vancomycin at most combination ratios. FSL significantly decreased biovolume, substratum coverage, and mean thickness of S. epidermidis biofilms. In mice, FSL significantly decreased viable colony counts of S. epidermidis from blood, kidney, and catheter and pericatheter tissues and decreased Xen 43 bioluminescence. We confirmed the antibiofilm effects of FSL both in vitro and in vivo, in a bioluminescent strain and its synergy with antibiotics. FSL may be effective against clinical S. epidermidis biofilm infections.
Characterizing the Use of Research-Community Partnerships in Studies of Evidence-Based Interventions in Children’s Community Services

This study characterized the use of research community partnerships (RCPs) to tailor evidence-based intervention, training, and implementation models for delivery across different childhood problems and service contexts using a survey completed by project principal investigators and community partners. To build on previous RCP research and to explicate the tacit knowledge gained through collaborative efforts, the following were examined: (1) characteristics of studies using RCP models; (2) RCP functioning, processes, and products; (3) processes of tailoring evidence-based practices for community implementation; and (4) perceptions of the benefits and challenges of collaborating with community providers and consumers. Results indicated that researchers were solely or jointly involved in the formation of almost all of the RCPs; interpersonal and operational processes were perceived as primary challenges; community partners' roles included greater involvement in implementation and participant recruitment than more traditional research activities; and the partnership process was perceived to increase the relevance and "fit" of interventions and research.
Lack of personality pathology in Turner's syndrome: relation to cytogenetics, hormones and physique.

Follow-up of 73 patients withTurner's syndrome (XO) seen since 1953 disclosed the presence of a remarkable “inertia of emotional arousal” in the majority. All patients developed a feminine psychosexual identity. Nine of 28 adult patients were married, and two had adopted children. It is not known whether the emotional inertia is a secondary or a direct consequence of the chromosomal abnormality.
Comparison of suprachoroidal drug delivery with subconjunctival and intravitreal routes using noninvasive fluorophotometry.

Purpose To determine whether exposure of sodium fluorescein (NaF) to the choroid-retina region in the posterior segment of the eye is greater with suprachoroidal injection when compared to intravitreal and transscleral routes. Methods Suprachoroidal injection, a new approach for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye was validated using a 34 G needle and Indian ink injections in Sprague Dawley rats, followed by histology. Delivery of NaF was compared in Sprague Dawley rats after suprachoroidal, posterior subconjunctival, or intravitreal injections. NaF levels were monitored noninvasively up to 6 hours using Fluorotron Master™, an ocular fluorophotometer Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using WinNonlin. Results Histological analysis indicated localization of India ink to the suprachoroidal space below sclera, following injection. NaF delivery to choroid-retina was in the order: suprachoroidal > intravitreal >posterior subconjunctival injection. Peak NaF concentration (Cmax) in choroid-retina was 36-fold (p = 0.001) and 25-fold (p = 0.001) higher after suprachoroidal (2744±1111 ng/ml) injection when compared to posterior subconjunctival (76±6 ng/ml) and intravitreal (108±39 ng/ml) injections, respectively. NaF exposure (AUC0–360min) to choroid-retina after suprachoroidal injection was 6-fold (p = 0.001) and 2-fold (p = 0.03) higher than posterior subconjunctival and intravitreal injections, respectively. Choroid-retina Tmax was observed immediately after dosing with suprachoroidal injections and at 10 and 27.5 minutes, respectively, with subconjunctival and intravitreal injections. Conclusions Suprachoroidal injections are feasible in a rat model. Suprachoroidal injections resulted in the highest bioavailability, that is, the extent and rate of delivery of NaF to choroid-retina, when compared to intravitreal and posterior subconjunctival injections. Ocular fluorophotometry is useful for noninvasive monitoring of NaF in rats following administration by various routes including suprachoroidal route.
Ideal gas solubilities and solubility selectivities in a binary mixture of room-temperature ionic liquids.

This study focuses on the solubility behaviors of CO2, CH4, and N2 gases in binary mixtures of imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluo...
Junin Quechua children's understanding of mind

2 tasks that examine the child's understanding of false belief, representational change, and the appearance-reality distinction were conducted among 34 4- to 8-year-old Junin Quechua children in Peru. A majority of children demonstrated an understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, though there was a clear improvement with age. Both younger and older children, however, performed poorly on questions that tested their understanding of representational change and false belief. These results raise questions as to whether or not thinking about thought and its relation to action develops in a similar manner in all cultures. If the Junin Quechua children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction is grounded in the same representational ability that is necessary to understand one's own and another's misrepresentation of reality, then we must look for other factors that prevent them from performing correctly on tasks that test their understanding of false belief and representational change.
On the interfacial constitutive laws of mixed mode fracture with various adhesive thicknesses

Abstract Interfacial toughness and interfacial strength, as two critical parameters in an interfacial traction–separation law, have important effect on the fracture behaviors of adhesively bonded joints. In this work, the global and local fracture tests are employed to investigate the effect of adhesive thickness on interfacial energy release rate, interfacial strength, and shapes of the interfacial traction–separation laws under the mixed I/II mode loading condition. Basically, the measured interface laws based on the single leg bending (SLB) specimens reflect the equivalent and lumped interfacial fracture behaviors which include the cohesive fracture, damage and plasticity. Several new and interesting experimental results were obtained. The experimentally determined interfacial traction–separation laws may provide valuable baseline data for the parameter calibrations in numerical models. The current experimental results may also facilitate the understanding of adhesive thickness-dependent interface fracture of bonded SLB joints.
Regulatory light-chains and scallop myosin. Full dissociation, reversibility and co-operative effects.

Both regulatory light-chains of scallop myosin are removed from myofibrils by a short EDTA treatment at elevated temperatures (25°C in the case of Placopecten magellanicus ; 35°C in the case of Aequipecten irradians ). Essential light-chains are not lost by this treatment. Denuded myofibrils readily recombine with regulatory light-chains in the presence of magnesium ions up to a stoichiometry of two moles of regulatory light-chains per mole of myosin. High-affinity, specific calcium binding sites are proportional to regulatory light-chain content and are lost upon complete removal of regulatory light-chains. Denuded myofibrils contain two non-specific divalent cation binding sites of lower affinity per myosin that are not found on intact myofibrils. Occupancy of these sites by calcium depresses the actin-activated Mg 2+ -ATPase activitybby about 20 to 30%. Regulatory light-chains specifically modify the actin-activated Mg 2+ -ATPase of scallop myofibrils, inhibit the ATPase 10 to 20-fold in the absence of calcium but increase the turnover rate by two to fourfold if calcium is present. The elevated Mg 2+ -ATPase of denuded myofibrils in the absence of calcium is restored biphasically by regulatory light-chains to the low rates typical of intact myofibrils. This ATPase rate remains constant until one mole of regulatory light-chain is added back, then is depressed linearly upon further re-addition of regulatory light-chains. This ATPase dependency is taken as evidence that both regulatory light-chains must be attached to intact scallop myosin for regulation, and suggests that regulatory light-chains re-add in a negatively co-operative manner.
Net Neutrality and Libraries: Conflicts of Access

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit recently heard a suit brought against the Federal Communications Commission by Verizon concerning the 2010 Open Internet Rules. These rules were meant to protect consumers and ensure net neutrality by Internet service providers (ISPs). The Court struck down these rules, and now ISPs will have more power about how content is delivered to users. Librarians should be knowledgeable of net neutrality and this ruling, as it potentially affects abilities of users to exercise intellectual freedoms and could impact the library’s ability to provide services to its users.
Power and life extension of battery-ultracapacitor hybrids

The performance of a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid power source under pulsed load conditions is analytically described using simplified models. We show that peak power can be greatly enhanced, internal losses can be considerably reduced, and that discharge life of the battery is extended. Greatest benefits are seen when the load pulse rate is higher than the system eigenfrequency and when the pulse duty is small. Actual benefits are substantial; adding a 23 F ultracapacitor bank (3 /spl times/ 7 PC10 ultracapacitors) in parallel with a typical Li-ion battery of 7.2 V and 1.35 A hr capacity can boost the peak power capacity by 5 times and reduce the power loss by 74%, while minimally impacting system volume and weight, for pulsed loads of 5 A, 1 Hz repetition rate, and 10% duty.
measurement of aldicarb degradation and movement in upstate New York and Massachusetts potato fields (U.S.A.)

Abstract The degradation and movement of aldicarb residues from an emergence application was measured in soil and groundwater beneath potato fields near Deerfield, Massachusetts, and Savannah, New York. Soil samples collected following the application showed that aldicarb residues degraded at a rate corresponding to a half-life of ∼1.1 months. This half-life is consistent with previous studies. At the Massachusetts location, residues in half of the plot were confined to the upper 1.2 m of soil. In the other half of the plot which was temporarily flooded due to an overflow of a nearby pond, residue movement exceeded 4.8 m and residues up to 21 μg L −1 were observed in the upper 1.5 m of the saturated zone. No residues were observed in wells installed farther than 40 m from the treated area and residues in all wells dropped below 10 μg L −1 within 16 months of the aldicarb application. At the New York site, aldicarb residues entered shallow groundwater after a period of heavy rainfall in late November and early December of 1986. During the study, aldicarb residues were confined to shallow groundwater directly beneath or within 5 m of the treatment area. Aldicarb residues in excess of 10 μg L −1 were not found deeper than ∼2.5 m below the water table. Aldicarb residues had declined to below 1 μg L −1 in all monitoring wells within 5 yr, implying an average half-life of aldicarb residues in groundwater of
ASSOCIATION OF ANTENATAL DEXAMETHASONE WITH DECREASED SEVERITY OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY. † 1277

In order to assess risk factors associated with incidence and severity of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP), a consecutive sample of all infants born at an urban public hospital with birth weight < 1250 grams was enrolled beginning July 1991 through July 1995. Surviving infants received ophthalmologic screening in accordance with AAP recommendations. Information collected on each infant included birth weight, gestational age, sex, antenatal dexamethasone administration, and common complications of prematurity. Seventy three percent (63/87) of the infants were included in the analysis (22 infants died and 2 were transferred prior to ophthalmology screening examinations). Mean birth weight was 981 ± 179 grams; mean gestational age was 27.8 ± 2.4 weeks. Among infants receiving antenatal dexamethasone, 2/23 (8.7%) developed ROP ≥ stage 2. Infants who did not receive antenatal dexamethasone had a significantly greater incidence of ROP≥ stage 2 (14/40 or 35%), chi square = 4.0, p = 0.04. Other factors significantly associated with ROP ≥ stage 2 included birth weight, gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Antenatal dexamethasone administration was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ROP ≥ stage 2 by multiple logistic regression analysis, after controlling for birth weight, gestational age, RDS, BPD, and PDA (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.93). The association was stronger (AOR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.76) when the analysis was restricted to infants of 24-28 weeks gestation (n= 36). This study demonstrates an association between antenatal dexamethasone administration and a decreased incidence of ROP ≥ stage 2 in an urban population. In addition to promoting lung maturation and decreasing the incidence of IVH, antenatal steroids may play a role in decreasing the severity of ROP.
Tumu Crisis and the Weakness of the Military System of Ming Dynasty

In the year of 1449, Ming lost the battle against the Oirats in Tumu Bao due to its poor military system. In this article, the history of the Tumu Crisis and the military system of Ming dynasty were systematically studied. The article, First of all, analyzed the weakness of the military system of Ming from five aspects, and concluded that the main problems were the lower social statue of the army and a serial unrealistic regulation. Following that, the article explained how the military system caused the Tumu Crisis. It is found that the low quality of the military personnel caused by the army family system, the inefficient supply system, the war-weary attitude and the poor leadership were the main reasons for losing the battle.
Transcriptional regulation of α1-adrenoceptor gene in the rat liver during different phases of sepsis

Abstract Changes in α 1 -adrenoceptor (α 1 AR) gene expression in the rat liver during different phases of sepsis were studied. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Septic rats exhibit two metabolically distinct phases: an initial hyperglycemic phase (9 h after CLP, early sepsis) followed by a hypoglycemic phase (18 h after CLP; late sepsis). The [ 3 H]prazosin binding studies show that the density of α 1 AR was increased by 30% during the early phase while it was decreased by 24% during the late phase of sepsis. Western blot analyses reveal that α 1 AR protein level was elevated by 48% during early sepsis but was decreased by 55% during late sepsis. Northern blot analyses depict that the steady-state level of α 1b AR mRNA was enhanced by 21% during the early phase but was declined by 29% during the late phase of sepsis. Nuclear run-off assays show that the transcription rate of α 1b AR gene transcript was increased by 76% during early sepsis while it was decreased by 29% during late sepsis. The actinomycin D pulse-chase studies indicate that the half-life of α 1b AR mRNA remained unaffected during the early and the late phases of sepsis. These findings demonstrate that during the early phase of sepsis, the increase in the rate of transcription of α 1b AR gene paralleled with the elevations in the α 1b AR mRNA abundance and α 1 AR protein level, while during the late phase of sepsis, the decrease in the rate of transcription of α 1b AR gene coincided with the declines in the α 1b AR mRNA abundance and the α 1 AR protein level in the rat liver. These observations indicate that the altered expression of α 1 AR genes in the rat liver during the progression of sepsis was regulated transcriptionally.
157-nm imaging using thick single-layer resists

During the past year the probability that 157 nm lithography will precede next generation lithographies such as EUV or EPL has increased, partly due to encouraging advances in the design of polymeric materials, which have sufficient transparency at 157 nm to serve as platforms for single layer photoresists. We have identified several fluorinated resins which can be developed in aqueous 0.26 N TMAH, have reasonable etch resistances (comparable to poly-parahydroxystyrene), and can be formulated to yield photoresists with optical absorbancies at 157 nm which are low enough to be used at thicknesses of 150-200 nm. We have imaged a number of these formulated resists at 157 nm with the Exitech microstepper at International Sematech, and the results for formulated resists with optical absorption coefficients (base 10) as low as 2.1 per micron are described.
Denervation effects on newt limb regeneration: autoradiography with 3H-thymidine.

Abstract The effect of denervation on thymidine incorporation in vivo was studied in partially regenerated limbs of the newt, Triturus (Notophthalmus) viridescens. After 41 hr of denervation, incorporation during a 6-hr labeling period in vivo has decreased by 57%. This decrease is accompanied by a quantitatively similar decrease in the number of labeled cells, as measured radioautographically. A differential effect on blastemal cells is observed, suggesting that the nerve trophic function is exerted mainly on this cell type.
Radiative Decay of the Metastable States of the H and He Sequences — Experiment

There are four known levels in the spectra of one- and two- electron atoms which can decay predominantly by other than an allowed El transition. These are indicated in Fig. 1. The theory of these decays has been described in the preceding paper1 and we here summarize those properties that are relevant for experiment.
The optic tract in embryonic hamsters: Fasciculation, defasciculation, and other rearrangements of retinal axons

The early development of the optic tract in hamsters was studied by labeling retinal axons with Dil applied to the eye, and then examining the labeled axons in flatmount preparations of the rostral brain stem. This technique permits a panoramic view of the entire retinal projection, from the chiasm to the caudal end of the superior colliculus. In the E11 embryo, retinal axons have reached the chiasm. They defasciculate as they emerge from the nerve, prior to reaching the ventral midline of the diencephalon, then converge again as they pass over to the opposite side. At the midline, many axonal trajectories crisscross, implying some shuffling of relative positions. Retinal axons are tightly bundled within the optic tract. Upon reaching the ventral border of the lateral geniculate body (LGB), they splay out over the nucleus, revealing a wavefront of pioneer axons individually distributed across the rostro-caudal extent of the LGB. Later-emerging retinal axons course over the surface of the thalamus in waves; subsequent waves of axons interdigitate between the lead fibers without fasciculating along them. Past the LGB, the axons undergo a second change in relative positions as the ribbon of fibers swerves caudally, prior to entering the superior colliculus. Retinal axons are tipped with growth cones of varying morphologies. No strong correlation is evident between the structural complexity of the growth cone and its position within the tract. In the majority of cases, ipsilaterally and contralaterally directed axons follow a similar developmental course along the optic tract, without any indication of a temporal lag in the ipsilateral projection as claimed in earlier reports. Understanding the changes in spatial distribution of embryonic retinal axons as they navigate along the optic tract provides a further step towards elucidating how point-to-point projections form in developing sensory systems.
Investigation of LaFeO3 perovskite growth mechanism through mechanical ball milling of lanthanum and iron oxides

LaFeO3 perovskite was synthesized mechanochemically through ball milling of La2O3 and Fe2O3 in stoichiometric ratio. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis (DSC–TGA), Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were combined for a detailed study of the growth mechanism of LaFeO3 perovskite during the ball milling process. The XRPD results showed that La2O3 is unstable when exposed to air. Both La2O3 and La(OH)3 phases coexist under the ball milling process, indicating that La2O3 or La(OH)3 can be used to produce LaFeO3. The formation of LaFeO3 perovskite was evident after only 2 h of milling and the amount of LaFeO3 gradually increased with the increase of ball milling time. After 12 h of ball milling, single phase LaFeO3 was formed. The Mossbauer spectroscopy studies show that the spectrum of the formed LaFeO3 phase consists of three sextets and one doublet, indicating the wide distribution of LaFeO3 particle sizes and some of the smaller particles having superparamagnetic properties. This is in good agreement with the SEM images, which show that the formed LaFeO3 phase consists of nanometer-sized particles and micrometer-sized agglomerates. The formation of LaFeO3 phase was mainly caused by the La3+ substitution of Fe3+ in Fe2O3 lattice. Optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy studies show that the formed LaFeO3 phase has semiconductor properties, with the band gap energy ~2.67 eV.
Outcome in Female Patients with Both Substance Use and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

Abstract The present study examines six-month treatment outcomes for substance use disordered (SUD) female patients with a comorbid diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Patients completed a baseline assessment while receiving inpatient substance use treatment and were reinterviewed six-months post-treatment. Approximately one-half the women had relapsed on alcohol and/or drugs during the follow-up period. One-quarter had remitted from PTSD at follow-up. Logistic regressions showed that baseline severity of PTSD reexperiencing symptoms is a significant predictor of both alcohol/drug relapse and PTSD status (remitted/unremitted). No baseline measure of substance use emerged as a significant predictor of PTSD remitted/unremitted status at follow-up. Our results suggest that treatment targeting comorbid PTSD might result in improved outcomes for both disorders.
Demographic differences in support for smoking policy interventions.

Abstract The Smoking Policy Inventory (SPI) is a 35-item scale, which measures attitudes towards tobacco control policies. The five dimensions of the SPI are advertising and promotion, public education, laws and penalties, taxes and fees, and restrictions on smoking. The SPI has been applied to different samples, both in the USA and internationally. However, no one has investigated if there is differential support for policy intervention among subgroups within the USA. This study investigated subgroup differences on five demographic variables (gender, age, race, ethnicity, and education) across the five dimensions of the SPI. A random digit dial sample of 506 adult participants from the United States was analyzed with five MANOVAs and follow-up ANOVAs. Men (N = 188) had significantly (p
Venular-arteriolar communication in the regulation of blood flow

Muscle blood flow is regulated to meet the metabolic needs of the tissue. With the vasculature arranged as a successive branching of arterioles and the larger, >50 μm, arterioles providing the major site of resistance, an increasing metabolic demand requires the vasodilation of the small arterioles first then the vasodilation of the more proximal, larger arterioles. The mechanism(s) for the coordination of this ascending vasodilation are not clear and may involve a conducted vasodilation and/or a flow-dependent response. The close arteriolar-venular pairing provides an additional mechanism by which the arteriolar diameter can be increased due to the diffusion of vasoactive substances from the venous blood. Evidence is presented that the venular endothelium releases a relaxing factor, a metabolite of arachidonic acid, that will vasodilate the adjacent arteriole. The stimulus for this release is not known, but it is hypothesized that hypoxia-induced ATP release from red blood cells may be responsible for the stimulation of arachidonic release from the venular endothelial cells. Thus the venous circulation is in an optimal position to monitor the overall metabolic state of the tissue and thus provide a feedback regulation of arteriolar diameter.
Spectral selectivity of visual response alterations mediated by interconversions of native and intermediate photopigments inDrosophila

Recent studies have indicated that intense short wavelength stimulation in flies converts rhodopsin to a longlived metarhodopsin while decreasing visual sensitivity and electroretinographic (ERG) responsivity. Long wavelength stimulation reverses both visual pigment and ERG alterations. In this study of ERG's in white-eyedDrosophila, spectral sensitivities were obtained following intense visible and ultraviolet short wavelength stimuli. Both stimuli decreased sensitivity to all wavelengths while ultraviolet light also selectively decreased ultraviolet sensitivity (Fig. 1). These results isolated three sensitivity components contributing to the ERG in flies: (1) the dark adapted sensitivity (Fig. 1); (2) the residual sensitivity remaining subsequent to intense ultraviolet stimulation (Fig. 1); and (3) the ultraviolet sensitivity specifically abolished by intense ultraviolet stimulation (Fig. 2). Further evidence shows that the three components are probably receptor-specific; the first two resemble recent fly receptor spectral sensitivity data (e.g. Eckert, 1971) while the third represents a separate ultraviolet receptor. Linear reciprocity of time and intensity to alter the ERG responsivity was found over considerable ranges for long wavelength (Fig. 3) and short wavelength (Fig. 4) induced responsivity alterations. ERG action spectra were obtained for altering responsivity (Fig. 5). The action spectrum for decreasing responsivity was roughly parallel with the dark adapted spectral sensitivity for wavelengths below 500 nm. The action spectrum for reestablishing responsivity had a peak near 570 nm and agreed with previous determinations of spectral characteristics of fly metarhodopsin. The action spectra determined were probably based on photopigment interconversions in the 1–6 receptor system. Long wavelength reconversion of metarhodopsin to rhodopsin may explain the high ultraviolet and low red sensitivities and the functional significance of red eye color pigments in flies.
Optimization of the cathode geometry in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells

A nonlinear constrained optimization procedure is used in the cathode design in order to maximize the average current density at a fixed voltage in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell with interdigitated fuel/air distributors. The operation of the PEM fuel cell is studied using a steady-state, two-phase, two-dimensional electro-chemical model. The following geometrical parameters of the cathode are considered: the thickness, and length per one shoulder of the interdigitated air distributor and the length of the shoulder. The optimization results obtained show that within manufacturability controlled lower and the space-limitation controlled upper bounds of these parameters, the optimal-cathode design corresponds to the lower bounds in the cathode length per one shoulder of the interdigitated air distributor and the fraction of the length associated with the shoulders and at a low (but larger than the lower bound) value of the cathode thickness. These findings are explained using an analogy with the effect of pipe dimensions on the fluid flow through a pipe and by considering the role of forced convection on the oxygen transport to the membrane/cathode interface.
An intercalated-spiral wound hollow fiber bioreactor for the culture of mammalian cells

A dual circuit bioreactor is developed; it consists of two intercalated-spiral sets of hollow fibers with alternated dead-ends. The construction is relatively simple, but guarantees uniform distribution of the ‘arterial’ and ‘venous’ circuits. Data are presented to illustrate the ability of the bioreactor to culture a human lymphoblastoid B-cell line.
A novel method for watermarking sequential circuits

We propose a novel technique to watermark sequential circuits by embedding a signature via state encoding. The proposed technique is a greedy heuristic for the subgraph matching problem, which has two steps: (a) watermark graph construction and (b) watermark embedding in the State Transition Graph of the FSM. Due to combinatorial complexity, reverse engineering and erasing the watermark from the FSM is not feasible with finite resources/time. The signature can be extracted by applying a specific secret sequence which is generated by the embedding algorithm. Experimental results on benchmarks chosen from IWLS' 93 suite, show that this is a secure and flexible method for protecting sequential circuit based Intellectual Property cores.
Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

The effective provision of psychotherapy services to individuals with intellectual disability requires consideration of ethical issues related to clinical competence, access to services, obligations to multiple parties, guardianship, and appropriate assessment practices. This article provides an overview of major ethical considerations with guidance for clarifying and resolving common ethical concerns. Psychologists are encouraged to expand access to psychotherapy services for this population while maintaining awareness of potential modifications, training needs, and boundaries of professional competence. The authors provide recommendations and resources for effective and ethical treatment of psychotherapy clients with intellectual disabilities.
The effect of care quality on medical malpractice litigation

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect on medical malpractice litigation of the quality of the medical care provided by the defendant. Our data set includes measures of the quality of the defendant’s medical care. We explore the extent to which information about care quality or negligence is incorporated in three evaluations of the plaintiff’s claim, each based on a different amount of information: (1) the initial reserve, chosen by the risk manager when he first learns of the existence of the claim; (2) the mediation award, made after a hearing, and after pretrial discovery is under way or completed; and (3) the settlement payment, made after the parties have acquired all the information they think it is worthwhile to acquire. We develop a simple model of the correlation between estimates (1) and (2) and the settlement payment. We find that the initial reserve provides no information about care quality. Several alternative measures indicate that the mediation award includes substantial information about the quality of care, but less than that reflected in the settlement payment. Given the recent growth in the use of methods of alternative dispute resolution such as mediation, it is important to learn how well these methods determine whether the care at issue meets the legal standard. Thus our finding that the mediation award includes substantial information about care quality may be our most interesting result.
Quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity in smooth muscle myosin heavy chains

Previous studies have shown that smooth muscle myosin consists of two heavy chains (MHCs) of unequal molecular weight; however, it is not clear whether there are intermuscle, inter- and intraspecies differences in the MHCs. The purpose of these experiments was to quantitatively and qualitatively compare MHCs in different smooth muscles. Extracts of bovine aorta (BAo), dog saphenous vein (dSV) and femoral artery (dFA), and rat aorta (rAo), femoral artery (rFA), carotid artery (rCA), ileum (rGI) and uterus (rUt) were electrophoresed on 5% polyacrylamide-1% SDS gels. All tissues exhibited two MHCs with molecular weights of 207,000 (MHC1) and 204,000 (MHC2) daltons. In all cases the proportion of total MHC made up by MHC1 was greater than that by MHC2. Based on their relative proportions (MHC1:MHC2), the tissues fell into one of three groups: (1) 55:45 - rAo, rCA, dFA; (2) 60:40 - dSV, BAo, rGI; and (3) 65:35 - rUt, rFA. Group 1 differed significantly from group 3 in the proportion of each MHC. One dimensional peptide maps indicated that BAo, dSV and dFA were similar while subtle differences existed between rUt and rAo. Differences between rUt and rAo were also observed in their cross-reactivity to a monoclonal antibody to smooth muscle MHC, confirming the differences seen on peptide maps. These results indicate that there are intertissue and inter- and intraspecies differences in smooth muscle MHCs. The significance of these differences to muscle function remains to be determined.
Effect of nuclear irradiation on the superconducting transition temperatures of A-15 materials

Abstract A mechanism for the degradation of superconducting transition temperatures Tc by high energy nuclear irradiation in A-15 materials is proposed. The radiation is supposed to produce small “disordered” regions having a very low Tc, in a matrix having the original Tc of the material. The composite system has a well defined but lower Tc due to the proximity effect of the “disordered” regions.
Media Coverage of Minority Congresswomen and Voter Evaluations: Evidence from an Online Experimental Study

Scholars of gender and race politics have long drawn links between the media’s less than favorable treatment of women and minorities, and these candidates’ struggles to curry favor with voters. However, few have examined minority women’s coverage. This multimethodological study examines the nature and implications of the media’s treatment of Anglo, Latina, and African American congresswomen. The results indicate significant differences in the content of these women’s media coverage and its influence on voters’ attitudes. The implications of these findings for Anglo and minority women campaigning for and holding elective office are discussed.
Cohesion and lattice stabilities in the 5d transition metals: Full versus muffin-tin potentials

First-principles linear augmented-Slater-type-orbital (LASTO) calculations have been carried out for the 5d transition metals Hf through Au. Among the various topics discussed are the stability of the hcp, fcc, and bcc phases, lattice volumes, and cohesion. Effects of the full versus the muffin-tin potential are also examined; in particular the ground state of Au is now correctly predicted to be fcc with use of the full potential. The hcp-fcc energy differences are a factor of 5 smaller than the corresponding fcc-bcc energy differences along the row.
Input, accumulation and cycling of materials on the continental slope off Cape Hatteras: An introduction

Abstract The studies reported in this special issue ofDeep-Sea Research are largely derived from data collected as part of programs supported by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service (MMS) in response to concerns about the effect of oil and gas exploration on the largely unknown continental slope environment. Results of the MMS U.S. South Atlantic continental slope and rise program conducted off the Carolinas from Cape Hatteras to off Charleston in depths ranging from 600–3500 m identified the importance of the slope off Cape Hatteras in cycling of materials from the shelf to the deep sea. Other more detailed investigations followed which filled numerous gaps in our knowledge of the role played by such special regions of the continental slope in the global cycling of carbon and other materials.
PDZ-Containing Proteins Provide a Functional Postsynaptic Scaffold for Nicotinic Receptors in Neurons

Protein scaffolds are essential for specific and efficient downstream signaling at synapses. Though nicotinic receptors are widely expressed in the nervous system and influence numerous cellular events due in part to their calcium permeability, no scaffolds have yet been identified for the receptors in neurons. Here we show that specific members of the PSD-95 family of PDZ-containing proteins are associated with specific nicotinic receptor subtypes. At postsynaptic sites, the PDZ scaffolds are essential for maturation of functional nicotinic synapses on neurons. They also help mediate downstream signaling as exemplified by activation of transcription factors. By tethering components to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors, PDZ scaffolds can organize synaptic structure and determine which calcium-dependent processes will be subject to nicotinic modulation.
A small antisense RNA downregulates expression of an essential replicase protein of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid.

Summary Tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens replicate via the products of the repABC genes, which are highly conserved among plasmids of the alpha-Proteobacteria. RepA and RepB direct stable partitioning of daughter plasmids, while the RepC directs replicative DNA synthesis. We have identified a new gene (repE) within the repB–repC intergenic region of an octopine-type Ti plasmid. This gene encodes a small, non-translated RNA that is transcribed in the direction opposite to the repABC mRNA. Increased expression of repE blocked plasmid replication of a repABC-dependent miniplasmid, while decreased repE expression increased plasmid copy number. Direct RNA measurements and repC–lacZ fusions demonstrated that RepE inhibits the expression of RepC at the transcriptional level and possibly also at the translational level. Based on our experimental results and an RNA folding algorithm, we predict that RepE binding to the repABC mRNA would promote termination of the repABC transcript near the start codon of repC. Sequence analysis suggests that this phenomenon may be widespread among plasmids of this family.
Aeridizinium derivatives having meta-directing substituents

Through cyclization of suitably substituted 1-benzyl-2 - (1, 3- dioxolan-2-yl)pyridinium salts, aceridizinium salts having nitro, carboxyl or sulfo substituents have been prepared. The 9-sulfo aeridizinium derivative exists as a remarkably stable betaine.
Synthesis of 10α-Methoxy-Δ8’9-lysergaldehyde from Elymoclavine

A new synthesis is described for 10alpha-methoxy-delta8,9-lysergaldehyde involving the oxidation of elymoclavine with manganese dioxide in methanol. Lysergol and agroclavine provide no reaction under the same conditions.
Hydrodynamics of offshore structures with specific focus on wind energy applications

Abstract This review covers the broad scope of ocean hydrodynamics on offshore marine structures, laying the framework for studying offshore wind energy with a variety of engineering methods. First, water wave theory is described beginning with the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics. A variety of wave theories are discussed, beginning with linearized wave theory, and continuing with Stokes, cnoidal and solitary wave theory. The regions of wave applicability for different theories are shown, summarizing the discussion of water wave theory. Following the introduction of water wave theory, ocean physics is introduced. This section includes ocean wave generation, random waves, spectral representation and commonly used wave spectra, including the Pierson–Moskowitz and JONSWAP spectra. Next, wave–body interaction is presented, first looking at static and then dynamic loads. The dynamic load discussion covers waves, added mass and impulse loads. The section on wave–body interaction concludes with a review of recent literature on wave–body interactions, with emphasis on offshore wind energy. Additionally, a sample of existing engineering tools for modeling hydrodynamics on offshore wind turbines is presented. Finally, finite volume methods are presented to lay the groundwork for reviewing recent computational fluid dynamics research relating to the wave–body interaction problem. The review culminates in a review of recent CFD research.
Thickening of small bowel folds.

W1 Thickening of small bowel folds (> 3 mm) can be caused by any process that increases the volume of fluid or cells in the submucosal or mucosal region (Table 1). The critical diagnostic observation is whether the general pattern of the thickening is regular or irregular. Regular thickening of small bowel folds, which are perpendicular to the bowel lumen and parallel to neighboring folds, is usually caused by fluid, generally hemorrhage or edema (Fig. 1). Irregular thickening of small bowel folds is produced by an extensive group of diseases that infiltrate the bowel wall with deposition of cells or other amorphous material. In these conditions, the folds are distorted, not perpendicular to the lumen, and are angled with respect to neighboring folds (Fig. 2). Thickening of Small Bowel Folds Res idents ’ Sect ion • Pat tern of the Month