cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simpler constant-seed condensers

Condensers are functions which receive two inputs--a random string of bits chosen according to some unknown distribution and an independent uniform (short) seed--and output a string of bits which somehow preserves the randomness of the input. The parameters of interest here are the seed length, output length and how much randomness is preserved. Here we present explicit algorithms for condensers which have constant seed size. Our constructions improve on previous constant-seed condensers of Barak et al (2005). When the input distribution has high min-entropy, we provide a condenser having optimal rate and seed chosen from {1, 2, 3}. The analysis of this construction is considerably simpler than those of previous constructions. For the low min-entropy regime, we provide a different construction which can be viewed as a pseudorandom coloring of hypergraphs. The analysis of this condenser involves a generalization of the celebrated Balog-Szemeredi-Gowers Theorem. As an example of the simplicity of the ideas behind this generalization, we improve Bourgain-Katz-Tao sum-product estimates in just a few lines.
Nonlinear Spatio-temporal Interactions and Neural Connections in Human Vision Using Transient And M-Sequence Stimuli

There are two classes of connections among neurons in cat and monkey cortices [1]: (a) the traditional receptive field connections (feedforward connections), and (b) the dynamic association of neurons in different cortical areas which form functionally coherent assemblies (reciprocal connections). The feedforward connections have been well studied using traditional single-unit recording techniques. As pointed out by Singer [1], there are two strategies for characterizing the dynamic association of neurons in different cortical areas (reciprocal connections): 1) examin- ing changes in discharge rate, and 2) examining temporal synchrony (the stimulus evoked coherent oscillations are in the gamma range 30–110 Hz). The first was evidenced by spatio-temporal interactions beyond the classical receptive fields (RFs) for V1 cortical neurons. The second was revealed recently using multiple-unit recording techniques and cross-correlation analysis, which have shown that cortical neurons can synchronize their discharges very precisely (e.g., [2]). The reciprocal connections can be categorized as tangential intra-areal, interhemispheric, and/or feedback (between cortex and LGN) connections, and may play an important role in integrating and binding widely distributed and parallel representations in different cortical areas.
Feeding a child with mealtime challenges: A mother's work

BACKGROUND: The literature suggests that at least 25% of all children [18,19] and up to 80% of children with developmental disabilities [19] have some type of feeding and/or eating difficulty. Currently there is limited information in the literature related to mothers who are mothering young children with difficulties in the area of feeding and eating. Specifically there is little information available regarding how mothering a young child with difficulties in feeding and eating impacts participation in the work of mothering. OBJECTIVE: This paper discusses a piece of the qualitative portion of a mixed methods study. The qualitative portion of the study sought to examine the lived experience of mothers who were mothering a young child with feeding concerns. PARTICIPANTS: Five women between the ages of 26 and 41 years of age agreed to participate in this portion of the study. All of the women were married and were mothering a child between 12 and 36 months experiencing concerns related to feeding. METHODS: Phenomenological methods were used to complete the qualitative portion of this study. Each woman participated in one interview in her own home that lasted between one and two hours. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the data analysis, feeling supported, seeking support, the range of emotions/feelings, dealing with the system, and the complexity of feeding. Two of the themes are discussed in this paper in detail as they relate to maternal work. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study were analyzed in relationship to maternal work. Findings highlight the difficulty of negotiating daily mealtime occupations and support the connection between mealtime occupations and maternal work as outlined by Ruddick [3].
Reverse phase protein arrays in signaling pathways: a data integration perspective

The reverse phase protein array (RPPA) data platform provides expression data for a prespecified set of proteins, across a set of tissue or cell line samples. Being able to measure either total proteins or posttranslationally modified proteins, even ones present at lower abundances, RPPA represents an excellent way to capture the state of key signaling transduction pathways in normal or diseased cells. RPPA data can be combined with those of other molecular profiling platforms, in order to obtain a more complete molecular picture of the cell. This review offers perspective on the use of RPPA as a component of integrative molecular analysis, using recent case examples from The Cancer Genome Altas consortium, showing how RPPA may provide additional insight into cancer besides what other data platforms may provide. There also exists a clear need for effective visualization approaches to RPPA-based proteomic results; this was highlighted by the recent challenge, put forth by the HPN-DREAM consortium, to develop visualization methods for a highly complex RPPA dataset involving many cancer cell lines, stimuli, and inhibitors applied over time course. In this review, we put forth a number of general guidelines for effective visualization of complex molecular datasets, namely, showing the data, ordering data elements deliberately, enabling generalization, focusing on relevant specifics, and putting things into context. We give examples of how these principles can be utilized in visualizing the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and in meaningfully displaying the entire HPN-DREAM RPPA dataset within a single page.
WebScript -- A Scripting Language for the Web

WebScript is a scripting language for processing Web documents. Designed as an extension to Jacl, the Java implementation of Tcl, WebScript allows programmers to manipulate HTML in the same way as Tcl manipulates text strings and GUI elements. This leads to a completely new way of writing the next generation of Web applications. This paper presents the motivation behind the design and implementation of WebScript, an overview of its major features, as well as some demonstrations of its power.
Grade and laterality of intraventricular haemorrhage to predict 18-22 month neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely low birthweight infants.

Aims To determine whether extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with bilateral compared to unilateral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) have worse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18–22 months.
Reaction of Rat Lungs to Inhaled Chrysotile Asbestos Following Acute and Subchronic Exposures

Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause fibrotic and neoplastic diseases in the lung. The early in vivo interactions between fibers and lung tissue that initiate these diseases have received little study. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were placed in inhalation chambers and exposed to 9.06 ± 1.83 mg/m3 (average respirable mass) of chrysotile asbestos for 1 hr, 1 day, 7 hrlday for 5 days, or 5 days/week for 3 months. Qualitative examination of the tissue showed that, after 1 day, fibers were found not only in the alveolar macrophages, but also in the epithelium and interstitium of the alveolar region. After 3 months, numerous fibers were present in the epithelium and interstitium. Morphometric analysis of this tissue showed that these compartments were also the most significantly changed as a result of asbestos exposure. The majority of epithelial changes were attributable to a 57% increase in the number of type II cells and a 90% increase in their average cell volume. The interstitial cell population in...
Phospholipids of two strains of dermatophyte, Arthroderma uncinatum.

The phospholipid composition of a mutant strain of the dermatophyteArthroderma uncinatum was compared with that of the wild type. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid were present, and there was marked variation in the amounts of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid in the two strains. Thus, the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (wild type) to phosphatidylcholine (mutant) was 2∶1; the ratio of phosphatidylserine (wild type) to phosphatidylserine (mutant) was 3∶1 and the ratio of phosphatidic acid (wild type) to phosphatidic acid (mutant) was 1∶5. In both strains, the predominant fatty acid was 18∶2, with 54.0% in the wild type and 46.7% in the mutant. Qualitatively, the same fatty acids, with the exception of C20∶0, were found in all of the phospholipid classes; C20∶0, both in the mutant strain (5.79%) and the wild type (trace amounts), was associated with phosphatidylserine. There was a significant difference in the rates of growth of the two strains; the mutant strain grew more rapidly than, and produced three times as much mycelium as, the wild type. The mutant strain also produced larger proportions of total lipid and phospholipid than the wild type; there was 20.5% total lipid and ca. 5% phospholipid in the mutant compared with 15.5% total lipid and 2.6% phospholipid in the wild type.
Expansive convection in vapor transport across horizontal rectangular enclosures

Abstract The enhancement of diffusive-advective vapor transport across horizontal rectangular (2D) enclosures by expansive convection is studied numerically. Most of the simplifying assumptions made in the analytical treatment of Klosse and Ullersma (KU) are relaxed. It is shown that up to moderately large Grashof numbers N Gr (i.e. when the Sherwood number N Sh ⩽ 5) KU's analytical model gives a reasonably good estimate of the convective transport enhancement in two dimensions, for both conducting and insulating enclosure walls. For higher N Gr their asymptotically converging solutions must be expected to depart considerably from (2D) reality. Beyond earlier analyses, solutions for temperature and concentration distributions are obtained showing practically important non-uniformities.
Crystal assisted processes in ion channeling

Abstract Channeled ions experience a restoring force from adjacent atomic rows or planes that govern their trajectories and hence limit their interactions to those with valence or conduction electrons. Trajectory information can be gained from emergence patterns and studies of radiative electron capture (REC) can give information on the electron momentum distributions and densities in the channel. With this knowledge, one can study ion-electron collisions in dense media; in particular, dielectronic excitation and recombination. The states of the energetic channeled ions can be influenced by the crystal field and by the wake field that follows them. They can also be perturbed by the periodic electromagnetic force with a frequency depending on their velocity and the periodicity of the lattice. When the frequency of the perturbation v caused by passing along a given crystal direction with atomic spacing d at velocity v reaches a resonance, v res = ( v d )K , where K = 1, 2, 3, …, resonant coherent excitation (RCE) can occur to non-degenerate eigenstates of the ion. Ions in these excited states can then be ionized by the channel electrons or, if not ionized, can escape from the crystal and radiate. RCE has been studied in both axial and planar channeling by varying the ion velocity or, in the case of planar channeling, by varying the apparent interatomic spacing by changing the angle with respect to an axis. In both cases, information can be gained concerning the states of channeled ions and the nature of the crystal channel.
Estimating Densities of Peromyscus leucopus Using Live-Trap and Nestbox Censuses

We determined if various trap and nestbox census methods used during a 22-year monthly study yielded consistent density estimates of the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) in an Ohio woodlot. Because trap and nestbox census methods were used concurrently for only 32 months during the 22-year study, we also compared census methods that had been used sequentially by first removing seasonality using density-dependent parameters. Nestbox estimates were lower than trap estimates in summer and higher in winter, and the three variations in trap census methods used over 22 years did not result in different density estimates. Twenty-five percent of individuals caught in nestboxes were never caught in traps, and nestboxes increased densities by 7% by increasing nest-sites during the 15 years they remained in the woodlot. Because the ‘minimum number alive’ estimator could not overestimate the population in an isolated woodlot, trap censuses underestimated the population in winter, and nestbox censuses accurately estimated the population in late autumn and winter.
Translation of in vitro synthesized reovirus messenger RNAs into proteins of the size of reovirus capsid proteins in a mouse L cell extract.

Abstract Reovirus messenger RNAs were synthesized by incubating chymotrypsin treated reovirus type 3 with ATP, CTP, GTP and UTP, and fractionated into long, medium and short size classes. In a cell-free system from mouse L cells the medium sized messengers directed the synthesis of proteins coelectro-phoresing with the medium sized reovirus capsid proteins and the short messengers that of proteins coelectrophoresing with the short reovirus capsid proteins.
Analysis of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Particles by Using Cryo-Electron Tomography

The particle structure of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is poorly characterized. Here, we have used cryo-electron tomography to analyze HTLV-1 particle morphology. Particles produced from MT-2 cells were polymorphic, roughly spherical, and varied in size. Capsid cores, when present, were typically poorly defined polyhedral structures with at least one curved region contacting the inner face of the viral membrane. Most of the particles observed lacked a defined capsid core, which likely impacts HTLV-1 particle infectivity.
Cognitive behavioral stress management intervention improves quality of life in Spanish monolingual hispanic men treated for localized prostate cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: The efficacy of a group-based psychosocial intervention with ethnic minority health populations may depend on consideration for cultural factors that can interact with group processes. Purpose: The current study explored the efficacy of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention that was linguistically and culturally adapted for use with Hispanic monolingual men recently treated for localized prostate carcinoma (PC). Methods: 71 Hispanic monolingual Spanish speakers were randomly assigned to a 10-week CBSM intervention or a half-day stress management seminar (control condition). Hierarchical regression was used to predict post-intervention QoL. Results: After controlling for relevant covariates, assignment to the CBSM condition significantly predicted greater physical well-being, emotional well-being, sexual functioning, and total well-being after the 10-week intervention period. Conclusions: Results suggest that participation in a culturally and linguistically adapted CBSM group intervention improved QoL in Hispanic monolingual men treated for localized PC.
Direct N2O emissions following transition from conventional till to no-till in a cover cropped Mediterranean vineyard (Vitis vinifera)

Abstract Knowing underlying practices for current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a necessary precursor for developing best management practices aimed at reducing N2O emissions. The effect of no-till management on nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, remains largely unclear, especially in perennial agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to compare direct N2O emissions associated with management events in a cover-cropped Mediterranean vineyard under conventional tillage (CT) versus no-till (NT) practices. This study took place in a wine grape vineyard over one full growing season, with a focus on the seven to ten days following vineyard floor management and precipitation events. Cumulative N2O emissions in the NT system were greater under both the vine and the tractor row compared to CT, with 0.13 ± 0.021 kg N2O–N ha−1 growing season−1 emitted from the CT vine compared to 0.19 ± 0.017 kg N2O–N ha−1 growing season−1 emitted from the NT vine and 0.07 ± 0.041 kg N2O–N ha−1 growing season−1 emitted from the CT row compared to 0.11 ± 0.018 kg N2O–N ha−1 growing season−1 from the NT row. Yet these variations were not significant, indicating no differences in seasonal N2O emissions following conversion from CT to NT compared to long-term CT management. Individual management events such as fertilization and cover cropping, however, had a major impact on seasonal emissions, indicating that management events play a critical role in N2O emission patterns.
Multi-layer reticle (MLR) strategy application to double-patterning/double-exposure for better overlay error control and mask cost reduction

Double-patterning lithography / double-exposure lithography is believed to be a solution in order to enable the 32nm-Half-Pitch (HP) and below process node until EUV lithography infrastructure is ready. However, one of the biggest challenges is the overlay budget along with critical dimension (CD) control. In this paper, we propose that instead of using multiple masks for the DPL (STD DPL), multiple split patterns are printed on a single mask so that each pattern is separately or simultaneously exposed onto a wafer in order to reduce the mask-to-mask overlay error. This can also reduce the mask cost and mask manufacturing time compared with STD DPL, at the expense of reducing manufacturing throughput. We propose two ideas about how to place the split patterns in a single mask and simulate corresponding shot throughput comparisons. The results show that by using multi-layer reticle (MLR) strategy for splitting the original layout into 2 split patterns onto a single mask (Method I), we achieve: 1) reduction of the mask-to-mask overlay error factor 2) use of a single mask (reducing mask costs) and 3) reduction of wafer shot throughput to roughly 50% of that achieved by STD DPL. Also by using our new approach of placing multiple-split patterns to form the arrays within the mask scribe (Method II), we achieve: 1) reduction of the mask-to-mask overlay error factor 2) use of a single mask (reducing mask costs) and 3) drastically improved wafer shot throughput (at least 90% of the STD DPL, 180% of Method I).
Maxillary osteomyelitis and spontaneous tooth exfoliation after herpes zoster

Abstract Reports of spontaneous tooth exfoliation and osteonecrosis trigeminal herpes zoster are extremely rare and have been sporadic. This article reports a pertinent case of a 50-year-old man who exhibited prodromal odontalgia before the appeatance of vesicular mucocutaneous lesions, together with severe destruction of the maxillary bone and exfoliation of multiple teeth. This patient was successfully treated using a unique closed nasal-vestibular drainage system for the ultimate control of maxillary bone viability. A review and analysis of the clinical aspects and the pathogenesis of herpes zoster and bone necrosis are discussed.
Discharge patterns of cat raphe neurons during sleep and waking.

Abstract Discharge patterns of 21 single neurons of median and magnus raphe have been chronically recorded with tungsten microelectrodes stereotaxically placed in freely behaving unrestrained, unanesthetized cats. These neurons in the median and magnus raphe fired slowly during slow-wave sleep (SWS, 5.66 ± 4.24/sec), faster during awake (AWA, 11.11 ± 7.56/sec) and fastest during paradoxical sleep (PS, 15.87 ± 8.46/sec). Student'st-test (single-tailed) indicated that differences between SWS and AWA, SWS and PS were highly significant, and was significant between AWA and PS. The ratio of the firing rate of PS to SWS varied from 1.4 to 5 for the entire group. During PS the raphe units had a tendency to fire in burst. Interspike interval and joint interval distribution histograms (JIDH) also showed pronounced differences between the patterns of raphe activity during PS and SWS. Twelve units recorded from raphe magnus began to discharge more rapidly about 10–20 sec before the onset of the hippocampal theta rhythm characteristic of PS. This enhanced unit activity decreased concomitantly with the cessation of theta activity. These data indicate that neurons in raphe magnus might participate in the generation and maintenance of theta activity in dorsal hippocampus (DH) during PS. The lower single unit activity during SWS in comparison to AWA seems to disagree with Jouvet's ‘active serotonergic control of the SWS’; the increased raphe magnus activity prior to and during theta rhythm in DH gives some support to his ‘possible participation of the serotonergic caudal raphe system in PS genesis’.
Actinide Redistribution in the Outer Regions of Mixed-Oxide Fuel

Significant actinide redistribution was observed in the outer low-temperature region of uranium-plutonium mixed-oxide fuel. Data from the large number of fuel pins examined indicated boundaries within which redistribution in the outer low-temperature regions of the fuel occurred. Plutonium redistribution was not observed in fuel pins with an initial fuel oxygen-to-metal ratio (O/M) of >1.98 or in fuel irradiated to burnups of <5.0 at. %. Fuel pins with an initial O/M ratio of 1.96 exhibited plutonium enrichments in the equiaxed grain region and uranium enrichments in the equaxed grain region and uranium enrichments on the fuel outer periphery at a burnup of greater than or equal to 5.0 at. %. Approx.6.5 at. % burnup, a transition in character of the actinide distribution occurred, resulting in plutonium enrichments on the outer periphery of the fuel. Increasing the fuel initial O/M to 1.97 decreased the burnup at which plutonium enrichment occurred near the equiaxed grain region from 6.5 to 5.0 at. %. Conversely, decreasing the initial O/M ratio from 1.96 to 1.95 increased the burnup at which plutonium enrichment occurred in the equiaxed grain region from approx. 6.5 to approx. = 7.5 at.%.
Mechanisms for object caching in distributed applications using Java RMI

Remote Method Invocation (RMI), a mechanism to access remote objects in Java-based distributed applications, uses network communication for each method invocation. Consequently, using RMI in a wide-area environment can cause poor application performance. One solution to improve performance is to cache the objects such that network communication is not necessary for each method invocation. In this paper, we present mechanisms to transparently add object caching to RMI. These mechanisms are compatible with existing RMI applications and use an event-based model to support different consistency policies. The mechanisms also include the ability to adaptively select the consistency policy for an object based on its usage pattern. A novel feature of our mechanisms is the use of a ‘reduced object’, which is a partial representation of the RMI object. We experimentally evaluate and demonstrate the benefits of our mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Fold and Thrust Belt Imaging, Wyoming Thrust Belt, Wyoming - A Case Study

The LaBarge area of the Wyoming Range is located along the western edge of the Green River Basin in westcentral Wyoming. ExxonMobil’s predominantly gas and minor oil production from the LaBarge area began in 1953 from the Cretaceous Frontier Formation with additional production from the Mississippian Madison Formation in the mid 1980’s. Methane gas production from these main producing intervals currently exceeds 200 Mcf/d from ExxonMobil leases. In 2004 ExxonMobil undertook a 4 year effort focused on improving seismic imaging over the extensive LaBarge structure with the primary objective to improve understanding of the complex structural framework and fault geometries that control productivity trends and to identify new opportunities on the existing leases.
Unclassed Choropleth Maps Revisited/Some Guidelines For The Construction Of Unclassed And Classed Choropleth Maps

The debate over the value of unclassed versus classed choropleth maps is revisited and updated in light of new research which confirms the communicative effectiveness of unclassed maps. A resolution-independent algorithm for continuous tone unclassed maps is introduced and some guidelines are suggested for the appropriate use of both classsed and unclassed maps. On revoit apparaitre le debat entre la valeur des cartes statistiques non classees et celle des cartes classees. En effet, on remet ce debat a jour a la lumiere des nouvelles recherches qui confirment l'efficacite de la communication des cartes non classees. On introduit un algorithme a resolution independante pour les cartes non classees, a tons continus, et l'on suggere des lignes directrices quant a l'utilisation appropriee des cartes classees et non classees.
Giant Craters on Mathilde

Abstract Mathilde possesses at least five giant craters, where crater diameters are comparable to the mean radius of the body. Initially, it seems remarkable that this asteroid survived such an onslaught of impacts without disrupting. We consider implications of giant cratering on Mathilde, including effects of oblique impacts. Experimental databases and theory indicate that oblique impacts are (1) less likely to disrupt a target, (2) produce less ejecta relative to a normal impact, and (3) most often do not generate elongated craters. Moreover, oblique impacts reduce crater sizes and ejecta volumes particularly in the case of giant craters, where projectile fragments can miss the target. The morphology of giant craters on Mathilde and the lack of obvious ejecta are consistent with formation by oblique impacts, which could help explain why Mathilde survived. The composition and low density of Mathilde probably indicate a porous and volatile-rich body. Target porosity attenuates shock waves and enhances survival without catastrophic disruption. It is not surprising that several giant craters can be formed on a body without disrupting it. For a realistic projectile population, the probability of making a giant crater on Mathilde is 2.1 to 2.6 times greater than the probability of disruption. The probability of Mathilde surviving the formation of five giant craters is approximately 1 in 5 to 1 in 7.
Alteration of plasmid DNA-mediated transformation and mutation induced by covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene- 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide in Escherichia coli

Plasmid-mediated transformation and mutagenesis induced by (+/-)-trans-benzo[alpha]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BP-DEI) in recipient Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been studied. Because plasmid DNA is used, the system is entirely free from direct toxic effects of BP-DEI on the recipient cells. Plasmid pK0482 DNA, which has two dominant genes, beta-lactamase (amp-r) and galactokinase (galK) was modified with BP-DEI prior to its transformation of E. coli N99, AB1157, AB2463(recA-) and AB1886(uvrA-). Transformants were selected by ampicillin resistance and mutations were analyzed simultaneously by the altered expression of the galK gene. (1) Approx. 3 molecules of BP-DEI per molecule of pK0482 DNA decreased the transformation efficiency to 37% in AB1157 and the mutation frequency in this strain was proportional to the amount of BP-DEI covalently bound to pK0482 DNA. (2) In Ab1886(uvrA-) a 37% transformation efficiency was produced by only 1 molecule of BP-DEI per molecule of pK0482 DNA, and the mutation frequency in this strain was higher than in AB1157. (3) In AB2463(recA-), the transformation efficiency was similar to that obtained with AB1157, but mutagenesis was clearly suppressed. (4) Polyacrylamide gel patterns of restriction digests of the pK0482 mutated at the galK gene were indistinguishable from those of the unmutated plasmid DNA.
Lack of development of phagocytic inhibitory activity in serum of cats immunized withEnterobacter cloacae lipopolysaccharide

Sequentially collected sera from cats immunized withEnterobacter cloacae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were assessed for their effect on phagocytosis by incubating alveolar marcophage monolayers in the presence of3H-labeled bacteria and 5% serum from control or immunized animals. Unlike serum fromPseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-immunized orP. aeruginosa-infected cats in previous studies, which contained phagocytic inhibitory activity specific forP. aeruginosa, serum from 12 of 13 cats immunized withE. cloacae LPS did not contain phagocytic inhibitory activity forE. cloacae orP. aeruginosa. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) demonstrated a significant rise inE. cloacae LPS specific IgG (peak titer 1:10,240) by week 13 after immunization. This study suggests that long-term immunization withE. cloacae LPS does not result in the induction of macrophage phagocytic inhibitory activity as previously demonstrated withP. aeruginosa LPS immunization.
The oil boom and structural transformation in the sugar industry of Iran

Abstract This article examines policies and the changes in the sugarbeet industry of Iran during the oil boom. It presents the results of a large-scale microeconomic study. While industry output and production by large-holders fell, there was a notable increase in the output of peasant and medium producers. Thus, while the sugar industry was part of the lagging sector, the peasant subsector of the industry was part of the booming sector. By increasing protected cash crop production and non-agricultural employment, peasants were able to capture a greater share of the oil income. The results are similar to those reported by Scherr for Mexico, and strongly support the hypothesis that countries with a peasant-dominated agriculture are better able to cope with the macroeconomic effects of the commodity export booms.
Structural correction of the 3-methylindole oxidatively-coupled dimer

Abstract The main product of the horseradish peroxidase-mediated oxidative coupling of 3-methylindole by H 2 O 2 has been found to be the same compound previously obtained from chemical, radiolytic, and anodic oxidation of 3-methylindole and claimed to be a hexahydrofurodiindole of undefined stereochemistry ( meso versus d , l ). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the compound, aimed at determining the stereochemistry, revealed that the actual product is an isomer, 7,8-dimethyl-2-oxa-4,11-diazadibenzo[ e , i ]tricyclo[5.4.0.0 3,8 ]undecane that derives from hydrolytic reorganization of the initially formed biindoline radical coupling product.
Perceived susceptibility measures are not interchangeable: absolute, direct comparative, and indirect comparative risk.

Objective: To provide an explanation of perceived susceptibility judgment that accounts for both inconsistencies among commonly used measures of perceived susceptibility (i.e., absolute risk, direct comparative risk, and indirect comparative risk) and their inconsistent relationships to disease risk factors. Inconsistencies are attributed to differential processing of general versus personal risk factors, coupled with the method of computation of the risk measures. Design and Measures: Study 1 characterized risk factors as general versus personal. In Studies 2 and 3, community-residing adult women (ns = 432 and 147, respectively) rated perceived susceptibility to osteoporosis, breast cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, rated risk factors, and reported personal medical history. Results: Correlations and regression analyses mainly supported our characterization of the source of inconsistencies among susceptibility measures and their relationships to risk factors. Conclusion: Perceived susceptibility measures are not interchangeable and can lead to opposite conclusions about correlates of perceived susceptibility. Researchers are cautioned against using indirect comparative measures, computed as difference scores, and are encouraged to use other methods to compel participants to consider the risk of others when making comparative judgments.
Central venous air embolism without a catheter.

Venous air embolism is a well-recognized complication of central venous catheterization. Although previous reports have documented venous air embolism occurring in a number of ways, including during initial catheterization, when catheters crack or are disconnected, and after catheter removal, no reports mention the possibility of air embolism occurring when a guide wire without a catheter was in place. A patient is presented who displayed signs and symptoms of venous air embolism (tachypnoea, chest pain, and arterial hypoxaemia) during central venous catheter manipulation while a guide wire alone was in place. Pulse oximetry was used to detect hypoxaemia and suggest an aetiology for the patient’s clinical symptoms. It is postulated that a previously described gasp reflex or some sort of sustained negative pressure manoeuvre caused venous air embolism around the guide wire and accounted for the patient’s signs and symptoms. During central venous catheter placement, a high index of suspicion for venous air embolism should be maintained, pulse oximetry should be used, the skin entrance site should be kept covered by an occlusive dressing, and the patient should be positioned head-down.
Hormonally active long-term culture of human ovarian cells: initial characterization.

At present, to our knowledge, there are no long-term hormonally active cultures of normal human stromal ovarian cells. This report describes a method of developing such a system. Normal human stromal ovarian cells from three patients were cultured in McCoy's 5A tissue culture medium at 37°C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity. The cells rapidly acquired fibroblastic appearance and grew in monolayers. The cells were trypsinized and passaged weekly. Tissue culture medium was collected and assayed for progesterone. The cells were initially producing 33.2 ± 2.64 ng/mg protein of progesterone. By the eighth to twelfth passage, however, progesterone was no longer detectable in the medium. When the cells of the 12th passage were incubated with cholesterol, progesterone production resumed (8.9 ± 0.09 ng/mg protein). When pregnenolone was used as a substrate, progesterone production was also present (8.06 ± 0.24 ng/mg protein). Moreover, in the cells incubated with pregnenolone, progesterone production could be stimulated by adding 50 ng/mL FSH, or 50 ng/mL insulin to the incubation medium. Progesterone content of the medium increased to 11.3 ± 0.29 ng/mg protein and 10.97 ± 0.54 ng/mg protein respectively (P < .05). The cells were also able to convert androstenedione to estrone. When the cells were incubated with 3 μmol/L androstenedione, estrone content of the medium ranged from 318 ± 13 to 382 ± 14 pg/mg protein. This finding suggests that aromatase is present in cultured human ovarian cells. These cells have now been maintained for 12 passages. A hormonally active long-term culture of normal human ovarian cells could be a useful tool in studies of ovarian physiology.
Biological properties of mengovirus: characterization of avirulent, hemagglutination-defective mutants.

Biological properties of two mengovirus mutants, 205 and 280, were compared to those of wild-type virus. The mutants exhibited alterations in plaque morphology, hemagglutination, and virulence in mice, but were not temperature-sensitive. Agglutination of human erythrocytes by mengovirus was dependent on the presence of sialic acid on the erythrocyte surface; however, free sialic acid failed to inhibit hemagglutination. Glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes, exhibited receptor specificity for wild-type virus, but not for mutants 205 or 280. Cross-linking studies indicated that glycophorin exhibited binding specificity for the alpha (1 D) structural protein. The LD50 titers for wild-type mengovirus were 7 and 1500 plaque forming units (PFU) in mice infected intracranially (IC) and intraperitoneally (IP), respectively. However, mice infected IC or IP with 106 or 107 PFU of mutant 205 or 280 did not exhibit symptoms indicative of virus infection. Revertants were isolated from the brains of mice infected with mutant 205, but not from the brains of mice infected with mutant 280. The biological characterization of the revertants indicated that hemagglutination and virulence may be phenotypically-linked traits.
A genetic evaluation of the influence of stocking density on the early growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract The influence of stocking density on mean body weight and on genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation for body weight was explored. It was hypothesized that high stocking density may suppress environmental variation in body weight arising from hierarchical interactions, resulting in a larger ratio of genetic to environmental variation. Thirty-two genetically marked full-sib families were reared to 130 days at five stocking densities ranging from 5 to 95 fish l −1 in blocks of eight families. Intermediate densities of 20 and 45 fish l −1 provided the best growth through 81 days, though no differences in mean body weight were encountered among stocking densities at older ages. A family by environment interaction was observed at 130 days; subsequent analyses suggested that both genotype by rearing container and genotype by density effects may have contributed to the interaction. Genetic variation was significantly smaller, and environmental variation significantly larger, at 20 fish l −1 than at stocking densities of 45 fish l −1 or more. It could not be determined whether differences in expression of social behaviors or differences in genes controlling growth were primarily responsible for the observed differences in variation across densities.
Observations on Patients With Idiopathic Macular Holes and Cysts

• We reexamined 96 patients with macular holes or cysts. The mean follow-up period was 4.7 years. Of 19 eyes with macular cysts, only two (10.5%) showed progression to a macular hole. In 15 (79%) of those 19 eyes, the cyst disappeared. Of 80 patients with a macular hole or cyst in one eye and a normal fellow eye, a hole developed in the fellow eye in only one patient (1.2%) and a cyst developed in the fellow eye in only two patients (2.5%). Of 66 eyes with a stage 3 full-thickness macular hole, three eyes (5%) showed resolution without any sign of a hole. Our results suggest a favorable prognosis for normal fellow eyes of patients with macular holes or cysts and for eyes with cysts. Eyes with full-thickness macular holes have a less favorable prognosis, although their natural history may not be as poor as previously thought.
Alcohol use and misuse in urban Mexican men and women: an epidemiologic perspective.

Consumption patterns and misuse of alcohol were examined in adults sampled from three cities in Mexico (n = 1933). The sample was divided into groups of persons who abstained from alcohol, drank but endorsed no misuse, or drank and endorsed at least some misuse of alcohol. Half of the entire sample was categorized as drinkers (12 or more drinks in lifetime). Mexican men drank more per occasion and reported more problems with alcohol rather than did Mexican women. Low socioeconomic resources, not being married, and female gender were related to whether Mexicans abstained from alcohol rather than drank without misuse. Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression increased the likelihood of misusing alcohol versus drinking without misuse, as did greater amount of drinks consumed per occasion and male gender. Younger age and not being married were also related to misuse, although this was true mostly for women. The number of traumatic experiences in childhood and lower socioeconomic resources also predicted misuse, although mostly for men. Specific traumatic experiences and their relationship to alcohol use and misuse were also examined.
Dietl's crisis: an under-recognized clinical entity in the pediatric population.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize and determine whether patients with recurrent abdominal symptoms and associated ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) (Dietl's crisis) are effectively treated by pyeloplasty and to determine criteria for evaluating UPJO in childhood abdominal pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review from 1998 to 2001 was performed to identify patients with Dietl's crisis and associated UPJO. Chart review included presenting symptoms, location of lesion, condition of the affected renal unit, referral method, and surgery success. RESULTS: Eight patients (7 male and 1 female) were identified with Dietl's crisis. All eight were initially misdiagnosed and spent at least a year with significant pain symptoms before being properly diagnosed. Only one patient had associated urologic complaints. Renal scan split functions of the affected renal unit ranged from 34% to 51%. One nephrectomy and seven pyeloplasties were performed and resolution of all patients' abdominal symptoms, including pain, resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Children with Dietl's crisis often suffer a delay in diagnosis; the clinical entity appears to be under-diagnosed. Renal parenchyma is typically preserved, and there is a paucity of associated urologic complaints. Once properly diagnosed, patients are well served by a pyeloplasty. Children with periumbilical pain and vomiting, particularly males, would benefit from ultrasound imaging.
The Heresy Examinations of John Philpot: Defiance, Bold Speaking and the Making of a Martyr

John Philpot was one of the most notable Protestants to be martyred under Mary Tudor, with his examinations constituting perhaps the most dramatic (and lengthy) presentations in all of John Foxe's Acts and Monuments. This article will attempt to bring historical context to those examinations by considering Philpot's life, his fraught and familiar relations with those who interrogated him, and his ability to resist his persecutors through a number of bold strategies and angry encounters. Since the Philpot who appears in the examinations is a frequently difficult character, however, it will also be argued that supplemental documents such as prison letters, woodcuts and marginalia needed to be added and edited by John Foxe, in order that Philpot could be transformed into a more universal, generic and scriptural figure-a martyr appropriate for Foxe's audience, and for the ages.
Reduced Genetic Diversity and Effective Population Size in an Endangered Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) Population from Maine, USA

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in Maine, USA, are listed as a Distinct Population Segment under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to reduced spawning runs and juvenile densities. Whenever possible, optimal conservation strategies for endangered populations should incorporate both present and historical knowledge of genetic variation. We assayed genetic diversity at seven microsatellite loci and at the mitochondrial ND1 gene in an endangered wild population of Atlantic salmon captured from the Dennys River from 1963 to 2001 using DNA’s extracted from archival scale and tissue samples. We examined temporal trends of genetic diversity, population structure, and effective population size (Ne). Overall temporal trends of diversity and Ne show significant reductions from 1963 to 2001 raising the possibility that current restoration efforts may be impacted by historical loss of diversity potentially critical to adaptation. Although our results suggest genetic stability in this population from 1963 to 1981, significant differentiation was observed for both the 1995 and 2001 samples compared with all other temporal samples. The presence of an ND1 mtDNA haplotype in this population, historically observed only in European and Newfoundland stocks, may represent previously unrecognized local wild diversity or, alternatively, may represent introgression from non-native fish.
711-3-A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Trial of Standard Versus Low Dose Weight-Adjusted Heparin in Patients Treated with the Platelet GP IIb/IIIa Receptor Antibody c7E3 During Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization

Blockade of the platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor by the monoclonal antibody c7E3 during high-risk coronary intervention reduced the 30-day endpoint of death, MI, or urgent revascularization by 35% in ...
Retinotectal maps: molecules, models and misplaced data.

Abstract The mechanisms underlying the formation of topographic maps in the retinotectal system have long been debated. Recently, members of the Eph and ephrin receptor–ligand family have been found to provide a molecular substrate for one type of mechanism, that of chemospecific gradient matching, as proposed by Sperry. However, experiments over several decades have demonstrated that there is more to map formation than gradient matching. This article briefly reviews the old and new findings, argues that these two types of data must be properly integrated in order to understand map formation fully, and suggests some experimental and theoretical ways to begin this process.
Space-time theories and symmetry groups

This paper addresses the significance of the general class of diffeomorphisms in the theory of general relativity as opposed to the Poincare group in a special relativistic theory. Using Anderson's concept of an absolute object for a theory, with suitable revisions, it is shown that the general group of local diffeomorphisms is associated with the theory of general relativity as its local dynamical symmetry group, while the Poincare group is associated with a special relativistic theory as both its global dynamical symmetry group and its geometrical symmetry group. It is argued that the two groups are of equal significance as symmetry groups of their associated theories.
Internucleotide incorporation of arabinosyladenine into herpes simplex virus and mammalian cell DNA.

Abstract Viral DNA was isolated from lysates of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells which had been incubated in the presence of 0.1, 1.0, or 3.2 μM [ 3 H]ara-A. The DNA was purified by isopycnic centrifugation and was enzymatically digested with micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase. The resulting nucleotides and nucleosides were resolved by means of thin-layer chromatography. Examination of the distribution of radioactivity on the chromatograms revealed that 92–96% of the label was present as nucleotides demonstrating that [ 3 H]ara-A was internally incorporated into viral DNA. Virtually identical results were obtained using DNA isolated from mature virions. Additional analysis of virion DNA using Hind III restriction endonuclease demonstrated that the incorporation of [ 3 H]ara-A into the viral genome was random and did not occur at preferential sites. The amount of ara-A incorporated into viral DNA from infected cells was compared with the amount incorporated into cellular DNA from uninfected cells. Viral DNA isolated from cells maintained in 0.1, 1.0, or 3.2 μM [ 3 H]ara-A, contained 2.3, 9.7, or 27.5 ara-AMP residues/10,000 dAMP residues, respectively, whereas uninfected cellular DNA. contained 4.1, 41.0, or 160 ara-AMP residues/10,000 dAMP residues, respectively. These data establish that (i) ara-A is not an absolute chain terminator of HSV-1 DNA synthesis, and (ii) the amount of ara-A incorporated into viral DNA is less than the amount incorporated into cellular DNA.