cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engaging Parents Who Quit Smoking in Antismoking Socialization of Children: A Novel Approach to Relapse Prevention

INTRODUCTION Data from a randomized controlled trial designed primarily to test the effect of an antismoking socialization parenting program on child initiation of smoking were used to test the subsidiary hypothesis that providing antismoking socialization to children would lower the odds of relapse within a sub-sample of parents who had recently quit smoking. METHODS Over 13 months, 11 state Quitlines provided contact information for callers who were parents of 8- to 10-year-old children. Of 1604 parents enrolled in the trial, 689 (344 treatment; 345 control) had quit smoking cigarettes for at least 24 hours after calling a Quitline. Their data were used to test for group differences in 30-day abstinence measured using telephone interviews conducted 7 and 12 months post-baseline. Analyses of parents with complete follow-up data and intent-to-treat analyses incorporating parents lost to follow-up are presented. RESULTS Among 465 parents with complete follow-up data, treatment group parents had twice the odds of being abstinent 12 months post-baseline (adjusted OR = 2.01; P = .001) relative to controls. Intent-to-treat analysis with all 689 parents, in which those lost to follow-up were coded as having relapsed, showed a smaller though significant treatment effect on 30-day abstinence at 12 months (adjusted OR = 1.58; P = .017). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to observe that engaging parents who have quit smoking in antismoking socialization of children can lower their odds of relapse. Additional research is needed to replicate this finding and to identify the psychological mechanisms underlying the observed effect. IMPLICATIONS There is a clear the need for research to develop new relapse prevention strategies. This study is the first to observe that engaging parents who have quit smoking in antismoking socialization of children can lower their odds of relapse.
Checking inside the black box: regression testing based on value spectra differences

Comparing behaviors of program versions has become an important task in software maintenance and regression testing. Traditional regression testing strongly focuses on black-box comparison of program outputs. Program spectra have recently been proposed to characterize a program's behavior inside the black box. Comparing program spectra of program versions offers insights into the internal behavior differences between versions. We present a new class of program spectra, value spectra, which enriches the existing program spectra family. We compare the value spectra of an old version and a new version to detect internal behavior deviations in the new version. We use a deviation-propagation call tree to present the deviation details. Based on the deviation-propagation call tree, we propose two heuristics to locate deviation roots, which are program locations that trigger the behavior deviations. We have conducted an experiment on seven C programs to evaluate our approach. The results show that our approach can effectively expose program behavior differences between versions even when their program outputs are the same, and our approach reports deviation roots with high accuracy for most programs.
Lakes as Ecosystems

Early studies of lakes focused on specific topics such as lake-basin measurements or presence and abundance of specific kinds of organisms. In the late nineteenth century, Alphonse Forel introduced comprehensive studies through his work on Lake Geneva. In the same era, Stephen Forbes proposed studying the entire biotic-abiotic system that comprises a lake, now recognized as an ecosystem. This fundamentally new concept, though illustrated for a lake, is now applied to all of Earth's ecosystem types, and is the basis for modern limnology. The ecosystem concept yields scientific understanding at a level that cannot be achieved solely through the study of individual ecosystem components. Metabolic studies allow quantification of the total amount of organic synthesis, the relative importance of organic matter generated in an aquatic ecosystem as compared with organic matter coming from the watershed and atmosphere, and the degree to which organic matter is mineralized through catabolic processes. Studies of food webs, which are based on analysis of energy flow between groups of organisms at different feeding levels, lead to a mechanistic understanding of factors controlling the abundance and production of organisms at any given feeding level. Processes involving transport, storage, and biotic use of elements in lake ecosystems are analyzed successfully through biogeochemical studies, which allow aquatic ecosystems to be compared functionally. The spatial arrangement of organisms within lakes can be understood through analysis of abiotic factors such as light exposure, substrate conditions, or dissolved oxygen. When used together, these integrative approaches to the study of aquatic ecosystems support explanations of differences among aquatic ecosystems and predictions of their response to human actions or other disturbances.
Analyzing and Generating Mathematical Models: An Algebra II Cognitive Tutor Design Study

This paper reports a formative analysis of a Math Modeling Tool in the Algebra II Cognitive Tutor. This tutor is designed to support algebraic reasoning about real world problems. This study focuses on reasoning about situations that can be modeled with general linear form expressions (c = ax + by). Formative evaluations of an early general linear form lesson showed that it helped students comprehend the underlying problem situations, but was less successful in helping students construct symbolic models of the situations. These evaluations guided design of a new tool to scaffold students' understanding of the componential structure of these symbolic models and the mapping of model components to the problem situation. An empirical evaluation shows that the new tool successfully helps students understand the structure of these mathematical models and learn to construct them.
Expression of Intracellular IFN-γ in HSV-1-Specific CD8 + T Cells Identifies Distinct Responding Subpopulations During the Primary Response to Infection

Cutaneous infection in the footpads of C57BL/6 mice with HSV-1 results in an accumulation of activated (CD44 high CD25 + ) CD8 + T cells within the draining popliteal lymph node (PLN). These studies were undertaken to evaluate the frequency and phenotype of the CD8 + T cell population within the PLN, recognizing the single immunodominant HSV-1 epitope derived from the viral envelope glycoprotein, glycoprotein B (gB), using an intracellular IFN-γ-staining assay. It revealed that ∼6% of the CD8 + T cells were specific for the gB epitope. Phenotypic analysis of the IFN-γ-producing gB-specific CD8 + T cells generated in the PLN during the course of the acute infection expressed the CD44 high CD25 + phenotype on days 3–5 postinfection. Surprisingly, IFN-γ-producing CD8 + T cells expressed the CD44 high CD25 − phenotype on days 5–8 postinfection, in contrast to expectations for a CD8 + effector T cell. IFN-γ-producing CD25 − CD8 + T cells were detected in the PLN on day 21 postinfection, long after infectious virus had been cleared. Throughout the response, the spleen was found to be the major reservoir of gB-specific CD8 + T cells, even during the peak of the response. In contrast to the gB-specific CD8 + T cell population within the PLN, the entire gB-specific CD8 + T cell population within the spleen was CD25 − . Collectively, these results suggest the generation of subpopulations of virus-specific CD8 + T cells, distinguished by the expression of CD25, during the acute phase of the primary response to a localized viral infection.
Combinations of recombinant colony-stimulating factors are required for optimal hematopoietic differentiation in serum-deprived culture.

Previous in vitro investigations on enriched human hematopoietic progenitors have led to the conclusion that the purified recombinant multipoietins, interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can alone induce the formation of colonies from a variety of multipotent and lineage committed progenitors. Since fetal calf serum was included in these cultures and itself might contain growth factors or other cofactors, we re-examined the actions of the CSFs in serum-deprived conditions. Results show that both the multipoietins are inadequate stimuli of colony formation. At maximal concentrations IL-3 alone induces only 25% of the granulocyte and macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-G and CFU-M) produced by a T-cell conditioned medium that contains a mixture of CSFs. When IL-3 was added at the initiation of the cultures and erythropoietin (ep), G-CSF, or M- CSF added on day 3, almost full recovery of erythroid, granulocytic, and monocytic colonies, respectively, was obtained. Similar results were obtained with GM-CSF except that fewer erythroid colonies were recovered at high concentrations, and almost maximal CFU-M proliferation could be induced. These results show that in serum- deprived conditions, the multipoietins must be combined with lineage specific CSFs for full progenitor expression.
Radioimmunoassay of Plasma Testosterone, with Use of Polyethylene Glycol to Separate Antibody-Bound and Free Hormone

We have developed a reliable radioimmunoassay for testosterone in plasma, polyethylene glycol ("Carbowax 6000") being used to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. Testosterone is separated from interfering steroids, notably dihydrotestosterone, by liquid—liquid partition chromatography on infusorial earth (Celite). The assay is sensitive (9 pg for standards), precise, and accurate. The lowest measurable concentration of testosterone is 350 ng/liter for plasma from men and 70 ng/liter for plasma from women. Intraand inter-assay coefficients of variation were 6.9% and 9.7%, respectively, for plasma from men, and 9.6% and 11.8%, respectively, for plasma from women. Our method for separating antibody-bound and free hormone is practical and convenient and may be generally applicable to all radioimmunoassays of steroid hormones in plasma.
Do chemically contaminated river estuaries in Puget Sound (Washington, USA) affect the survival rate of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon?

This study examined the rate of survival for hatchery-reared, ocean-type juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the adult life stage in relation to contamination status for estuaries...
The Influence of Spanish‐Language Media on Latino Public Opinion and Group Consciousness

Objective. This article determines if the use of Spanish-language media among Latinos influences public opinion on various policy issues and group consciousness. Methods. Using a 2004 national public opinion survey of U.S. Latinos, a multivariate analysis is run to determine the effect of language media preference on immigration policy, abortion, same-sex marriage, and three measures of group consciousness. Results. I find more frequent use of Spanish-language media leads to more liberal attitudes toward immigration, but has no effect on opinions toward abortion and same-sex marriage. I also find increased use of Spanish-language media leads to increased levels of group consciousness. Conclusions. The differences in attitudes are due to the diverging goals of Spanish-language and English-language media. The effect of using Spanish-language media serves to promote a sense of group consciousness among Latinos by reinforcing roots in Latin America and the commonalities among Latinos of varying national origin.
Ectopic adiposity is associated with autonomic risk factors and subclinical cardiovascular disease in young adults.

Objective To examine the relationship between ectopic adiposity and markers of cardiometabolic risk, autonomic control, and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods Cross-sectional analyses were performed in 324 subjects with overweight and obesity. Single-slice CT images were analyzed to calculate thigh muscle attenuation (MA), a measure of ectopic adiposity. Autonomic control was assessed using low-frequency to respiratory-frequency heart rate variability (LFa/RFa ratio). Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was a marker of subclinical CVD. Results Among overweight participants, those with low MA had lower HDL-c, higher LFa/RFa ratio, and subcutaneous thigh fat compared to high MA individuals despite no difference in visceral fat or insulin resistance. Significant associations were not observed in the class I obese group. In the class II obese group, those with high MA had higher triglycerides and insulin levels, yet there was no difference in visceral fat compared to the low MA group. Mean IMT was significantly higher in the low MA compared to the high MA overweight group (0.63 mm vs. 0.58 mm, P = 0.04) but was similar between the low and high MA class II obese groups. Conclusions Excess ectopic adiposity in muscle tissue is associated with metabolic and autonomic risk factors and subclinical CVD, most notably in overweight individuals, independent of insulin resistance and visceral abdominal fat.
Faith in the Wake of Homicide: Religious Coping and Bereavement Distress in an African American Sample

Mourners often rely on faith following loss, but not all find spirituality comforting. Some grievers engage in negative religious coping (NRC), signaled by behaviors and thoughts such as anger toward God or their faith community, feeling spiritually abandoned, or questioning God's power. Our longitudinal study of 46 African American homicide survivors explored the relation of both positive religious coping (PRC) and NRC to complicated grief (CG) and investigated whether religious coping more strongly predicted psychological distress or vice versa. Results indicated that NRC was associated with CG, whereas PRC was substantially unrelated to bereavement outcome. Significantly, CG prospectively predicted high levels of spiritual struggle 6 months later, both in terms of CG and NRC composite scores and at the individual-item level. Clinical implications regarding spiritually sensitive interventions are noted.
Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties

We summarize procedures for producing 'nanoemulsions' comprised of nanoscale droplets, methods for controlling the droplet size distribution and composition, and interesting physical properties of nanoemulsions. In contrast to more common microscale emulsions, nanoemulsions exhibit optical transparency at high droplet volume fractions, , surprisingly strong elasticity at low , and enhanced diffusive transport and shelf stability. For these reasons, nanoemulsions have great potential in a wide range of industries including pharmaceuticals, foods, and personal care products.
Monte Carlo and lattice-dynamics studies of the thermal and elastic properties of a rigid-ion model of sodium chloride

We have calculated the thermodynamic properties and elastic constants of a rigid-ion model of sodium chloride, at zero pressure, using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations at high temperatures (300--1050 K) and anharmonic perturbation theory at low temperatures. While the results were intended as a benchmark for the simple model we have used, the agreement with experiment is remarkably good.
Assessment of disease activity and impending flare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Comparison of the use of complement split products and conventional measurements of complement.

Objective. To determine whether increased levels of the complement split products generated in the activation of the alternative or classical pathway accompany more severe disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and whether these measurements are useful in predicting flares of disease. Methods. Levels of Ba, Bb, SC5b-9, and C4d were measured in 380 plasma samples obtained from 86 SLE patients who were prospectively followed up for 15 months. Results. In the 20 patients who had inactive disease at the initiation of the study, the mean values of all of the complement split products at entry were within the normal range. In the 47 patients with stable or moderate disease activity, levels of Ba were significantly increased, while the mean values for Bb, SC5b-9, and C4d did not differ significantly from those in patients with inactive disease. The mean entry value of each analyte was highest in the group of 19 patients who had the most severe disease activity at initial evaluation. Traditional measurements of complement, i.e., C3, C4, and CH50, followed similar trends, but did not discriminate between the 3 groups of patients as well as did measurements of the split products. Analysis of the disease course in the patients with inactive or stable/moderate disease revealed that an elevated level of C4d had the most sensitivity with regard to subsequent flare, while an elevated Bb level had the highest specificity and the greatest predictive value. Conclusion. These data suggest that elevated levels of complement split products, particularly products of alternative and terminal pathway activation, more accurately reflect disease activity than do conventional measurements of complement in SLE and may be useful in the prediction of impending disease flares.
Masticatory muscle transposition in primates: Effects on craniofacial growth

The effects of early transposition of the masticatory muscles on the craniofacial growth and development of infant primates are documented with the aid of serial cephalometry, EMG's, and dry-skull preparations. The bilateral posterior transposition of the insertion of the masseter and temporalis muscles was followed by a significant superior and anterior rotation of the midfacial growth pattern as well as by marked skeletal morphological changes. The study documents the ability to change skeletal craniofacial growth patterns by altering muscle attachments.
Vortex Formation and Saturation for Low-Aspect-Ratio Rotating Flat Plates at Low Reynolds Number

We investigate experimentally the unsteady, three-dimensional vortex formation of lowaspect-ratio flat plates undergoing rotation from rest at fixed angles of attack and low Reynolds number (order 10 3 ). Two configurations are investigated: a trapezoidal plate at 90° angle of attack that is a simplified model of a fish-fin starting flow, and rectangular plates at 45° angle of attack that are very simplified models of a hovering-wing half-stroke. The objectives are to characterize the time-varying, three-dimensional vortex structure for various velocity profiles and geometries, to understand the effect of the significant root-to-tip flow on the vortex formation, and to investigate whether vortex saturation (“formation number”) effects are present. The experiments are performed in a water tank facility, and the diagnostic tools are dye flow visualization and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). For the fin-like starting configuration, the flow is dominated by the tip vortex and the overall flow structure is a symmetrical ring-like vortex. At high rotational amplitudes and speeds this vortex sheds while the plate is still in motion, indicating that it has saturated (achieved maximum circulation). The time-varying vortex circulation calculation, obtained from DPIV measurements in the symmetry plane, also shows evidence of saturation effects for some cases. For the majority of the velocity profiles and amplitudes tested, the behavior of the circulation with time is complex, making an objective determination of the saturation time difficult. This complexity is directly related to flow phenomena such as the strong rootto-tip velocity induced by the tip and side-edge vortices, and a Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability inherent in the separated shear layers at this Reynolds number. For the wing-like starting case, rectangular wings of aspect ratio (AR) 2 and 4 are compared. Dye flow visualization reveals a strong spanwise (root-to-tip) flow over the entire wing and an attached helical leading-edge vortex (LEV) early in the motion, consistent with prior research. We observe LEV bursting for both AR’s, however for the AR = 2 wing the bursting occurs relatively later. For the AR = 2 case the flow consists of an overall, three-dimensional vortex loop made up of a connection among the LEV, the tip vortex (TV), and the trailingedge vortex (TEV), similar to previous studies. For the AR = 4 wing the flow is less coherent and exhibits massive separation near the tip late in the motion. For this flow the KelvinHelmoltz-like instability is also observed in the separated shear layers, and is relatively larger with distance toward the tip. This instability most likely contributes to the breakdown of the LEV structure, which has been found previously.
A new algorithm to align three-dimensional maps of helical structures.

Abstract By subtracting one three-dimensional (3-D) map from another, one can calculate a difference map that can reveal structural changes, such as conformational changes, not detectable by eye. Furthermore, statistical significances can be assigned to such differences. The validity of the features in the difference map, however, depends on the alignment of the two maps; that is, one needs to align the two 3-D maps so that densities corresponding to equivalent parts of the structures are at the same coordinates. An existing method using the Fourier–Bessel coefficients G n ,1 ( R ) is commonly used for the alignment of maps of helical structures. This procedure works well if the two maps have most features in common. But if they do not, it is difficult to control which features are used in the alignment procedure since the contributions from different features in the map are not easy to separate. We devised a procedure using the radial transform of G n ,1 ( R ) (i.e., g n ,1 ( r )), which retains the powerful mathematical advantage of the Fourier–Bessel representation of the data and which provides the ability to select the radial features used in the alignment procedure. We applied the new method to 3-D maps of F-actin and F-actin decorated with various myosin motor constructs. Whereas the procedure using G n ,1 ( R ) failed to align myosin-S1 decorated actin to undecorated actin, the new procedure accurately aligned maps.
Benzophenothiazine and Benzoporphyrin Derivative Combination Phototherapy Effectively Eradicates Large Murine Sarcomas

The tumoricidal effects of photochemotherapy with two photosensitizers, 5-ethylamino-9-diethylaminobenzo[a] phenothiazinium chloride (EtNBS) and benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), were evaluated separately and in combination against the EMT-6 fibrosarcoma implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c mice. Animals carrying tumors 8-10 mm in diameter were divided into eight different groups (approximately 20/group) and subjected to various photoirradiation and drug conditions. The tumor response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) was measured as the mean tumor wet weight 2 weeks post-PDT. The combination treatment with 5.25 mg/kg EtNBS and 2.5 mg/kg BPD-MA followed by photoirradiation with 100 J/cm2 at 652 nm and then by 100 J/cm2 at 690 nm resulted in a 95% reduction in the average tumor weights compared to controls (no light, no drugs) with 76% of the mice being tumor free 2 weeks post-PDT. Because treatment with EtNBS or BPD-MA at twice the light dose and drug concentration resulted in either no significant reduction in tumor weights or increased the lethality of treatment, respectively, the data suggest that the enhanced PDT effect observed with the combination of drugs is synergistic rather than additive. Histology of tumors 24 h post-PDT with the combination of drugs showed nearly complete destruction of the tumor mass with little or no damage to the vasculature and no extravasation of red blood cells. There was no damage to the normal skin adjacent to the tumor. Fluorescence microscopy of EMT-6 cells incubated in vitro with the two photosensitizers revealed that they were localized to different intracellular compartments. The fluorescence pattern from frozen tumor tissue slices following the in vivo administration of the photosensitizers indicated a greater intracellular localization for EtNBS vs BPD-MA.
Limited cardiac ultrasound examination for cost-effective echocardiographic referral.

Abstract Background: Although a standard echocardiogram is frequently requested and requires significant resources, few data exist on methods to improve referral for this examination. Therefore, we sought to determine the diagnostic value of a limited echocardiographic examination and to predict the cost-effectiveness of a limited imaging strategy on echocardiographic referral. Methods: A limited echocardiographic examination was reviewed for abnormalities and compared with standard echocardiographic findings. Assuming an imaging strategy in which a normal limited echocardiographic examination would negate the need for standard echocardiography, we calculated the diagnostic yields, the number of full echocardiographic studies eliminated, and the number of abnormal cases missed. We also stratified data by patient age ( Results: In 151 outpatients, overall diagnostic yield was 47% (95% CI [39%, 55%]), and was lower in those younger than 65 years, in women, and in noncardiologist referral. In 155 inpatients, yields were 75% (95% CI [67%, 83%]) and were also related to age, but not to gender, diagnosis, and physician subspecialty. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, and accuracy for the limited echocardiographic examination was 77%, 72%, 67%, 81%, and 75%, respectively. The limited imaging strategy negated 70% of studies in the outpatient group younger than 65 years, with a less than 5% chance of missing a clinically significant finding. Conclusion: A limited echocardiographic imaging strategy is most cost-effective when used in young outpatients, where it can result in a substantial reduction in referral for standard echocardiography while rarely missing findings. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:640-6.)
Out of Focus: Children's Conceptions of AIDS

Abstract A group of 75 ethnically diverse fifth graders were evaluated on their understanding of HIV/AIDS before any systematic HIV education occurred. Information was collected through use of focus groups consisting of several children led in discussion by two moderators. Children generally demonstrated a superficial understanding of HIV, with many misconceptions about casual contact. Although televised information about HIV was well known, their underlying conceptions of the disease were more naive than anticipated. For most children, explanations of HIV transmission were based on association or magical thinking rather than causality. Their immature understanding seemed to be due to anxiety, generally not disclosed to others, about contracting HIV. Focus groups were effective in evaluating the children's process of understanding and may be a valuable teaching device as well.
Urbanization and city growth: The role of institutions

This paper examines how urbanization is accommodated by increases in numbers and in sizes of cities. Political institutions play a key role. Estimation uses a worldwide data set on all metro areas over 100,000 from 1960 to 2000. The degree of democratization and technological advances strongly affect growth in both city numbers and individual city sizes. Effects on city sizes are heterogeneous. Technology improvements help bigger cities relative to smaller ones. Increasing democratization levels the playing field across the urban hierarchy, helping smaller cities. Given these opposing effects, the overall relative size distribution of cities worldwide is unchanged over the time period.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES (HSV) INTO PRIMARY HUMAN VAGINAL/CERVICAL CELLS. † 715

Genital HSV infection is a major health problem that impacts both on sexually active individuals and neonates who become infected perinatally. To develop new strategies for the prevention of HSV, determination of the requirements for establishment of genital infection is imperative. The aims of these studies are to identify requirements for entry of HSV into cervical cells. Primary cultures were established using fragments of vagina, ectocervix and endocervix from specimens obtained from patients who had undergone hysterectomies for conditions such as endometriosis. Pts. ranged in age from 30-54, mean 43±7 years. We found that both HSV-1 and HSV-2 form plaques on primary cells within 24 h of infection; at the same m.o.i., virus plaques on cell lines in 48-72 h. Endocervix (columnar epithelium) was more susceptible to infection than ectocervix (squamous epithelium). Susceptibility of HSV infection increased if cells were cultured in the presence of 10-8-10-10 m/L of 17-beta-estradiol. We found that heparan sulfate serves as a receptor for binding of HSV to the cells. Heparin, an analog of HS, but not other glycosaminoglycans inhibited viral binding. The antiviral activity of heparin for both serotypes was independent of anticoagulant activity. N-sulfated regions of heparin were key for interactions of HSV with the cell surfaces since N-desulfation, but not N-deacetylation, abolished the antiviral activity. To assess the role of the heparin-binding glycoprotein, gC, in viral entry, we compared infection of wild-type (WT) and gC-deletion (gC-) viruses. We found a significant impairment in ability of HSV-1 gC- virus to infect primary human ectocervix. In contrast, deletion of gC from HSV-2 had no deleterious effect on HSV-2 infection of primary cells. These observations may reflect serotype differences in the role of gC in binding and entry for HSV-1 and HSV-2. In conclusion: 1) Primary human cervical and vaginal cells are susceptible to HSV infection in vitro and are a model system for study of genital tract infection; 2) HS is a receptor for viral binding; 3) for HSV-1, but not HSV-2, gC plays a key role in mediating viral entry into primary human cells; 4) serotype differences in gC may contribute to serotype differences in cell tropism.
Differential cross sections and polarizations of Fe XXIV L-shell line emission produced by electron impact excitation

Abstract Theoretical results for L-shell X-ray differential cross sections and polarizations in the electron energy region where the doubly excited autoionizing states contribute significantly to the DCS and the linear polarization are presented for an angle of 90° with respect to the electron beam direction. The particular X-ray transition considered is from the 1s 2 3p 2 P 3/2 excited state to the ground state of Fe 23+ . The calculations were performed with the close coupling R-matrix computer programs including the relativistic effects. The lowest 13 lithium-like states were included to represent the target in the R-matrix internal region.
Attenuation of myocardial acidosis by propranolol during ischaemic arrest and reperfusion: evidence with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance

31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to ascertain whether propranolol could reduce the development of myocardial acidosis during periods of ischaemic arrest and reperfusion of isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts. Two groups (35 or 60 min) of global ischaemia and arrest were studied. Cardiac pH progressively declined during ischaemia from a normal of 6.97 ± 0.02 (n = 23) to 6.09 ± 0.04 or 5.96 ± 0.04, respectively. Normalisation of pH following reperfusion occurred only in the 35 min ischaemic hearts. Propranolol (1 mg·litre−1) given prior to arrest significantly reduced the magnitude of developing acidosis regardless of the length of ischaemia. Furthermore, it aided in the normalisation of intramyocardial pH upon reperfusion in both groups. Propranolol significantly reduced the magnitude of phosphocreatine (PCr) loss normally seen during ischaemic arrest alone, but it did not protect against the depletion of ATP. Restoration of PCr during reperfusion was virtually complete in all cases, while transient increases in ATP were seen only in those hearts protected by propranolol. In summary, this NMR study demonstrated the first direct evidence that a significant component of the myocardial acidosis caused by global ischaemia and arrest can be blocked by propranolol.
Reviving the superorganism.

Individuals become functionally organized to survive and reproduce in their environments by the process of natural selection. The question of whether larger units such as groups and communities can posses similar properties of functional organization, and therefore be regarded as “superorganisms”, has a long history in biological thought. Modern evolutionary biology has rejected the concept of superorganisms, explaining virtually all adaptations at the individual or gene level. We criticize the modern literature on three counts. First, individual selection in its strong form is founded on a logical contradiction, in which genes-in-individuals are treated differently than individuals-in-groups or species-in-communities. Imposing consistency clearly shows that groups and communities can be organisms in the same sense that individuals are. Furthermore, superorganisms are more than just a theoretical possibility and actually exist in nature. Second, the view that genes are the “ultimate” unit of selection is irrelevant to the question of functional organization. Third, modern evolutionary biology includes numerous conceptual frameworks for analyzing evolution in structured populations. These frameworks should be regarded as different ways of analyzing a common process which, to be correct, must converge on the same conclusions. Unfortunately, evolutionists frequently regard them as competing theories that invoke different mechanisms, such that if one is “right” the others must be “wrong”. The problem of multiple frameworks is aggravated by the fact that major terms, such as “units of selection”, are defined differently within each framework, yet many evolutionists who use one framework to argue against another assume shared meanings. We suggest that focusing on the concept of organism will help dispell this fog of semantic confusion, allowing all frameworks to converge on the same conclusions regarding units of functional organization.
A neutron powder diffraction study of zirconium bromide deuteride, ZrBrD. Two hydrogen atoms in the same metal interstice

Abstract The D atoms in the double-metal-layered compound ZrBrD have been located and refined by Rietveld analysis of the powder neutron diffraction (IPNS). Interestingly, the D atoms are approximately trigonal planar to Zr, a pair lying 0.25 A inside opposite triangular faces in the trigonal antiprismatic (“octahedral”) zirconium interstices ( d ( D−D ) = 2.204 (8) A ) . Similar trends for single D atoms can be recognized in the structures of the rare earth metal trihydrides. The refinement also shows a small occupation of tetrahedral interstices which are less favourable owing to short H…Br distances. These second nearest neighbour interactions are generally important in hydride structures.
Chronic anal fissure

Today, chronic anal fissure can be treated and often cured by nonsurgical therapy. Both topical application of glyceryl tri nitrate and intra-sphincteric injection of botulinum toxin appear to be safe and effective in relieving symptoms and in healing the anal fissure in 70% to 90% of patients. These drugs should now be regarded as the mainstay of therapy for chronic fissure-in-ano. Surgery should only be performed in refractory cases and should no longer be the first-line approach, largely because of the unpredictable and unacceptable adverse effects. It is important to emphasize that although the aforementioned therapies can heal fissure-in-ano, simpler lifestyle measures may be effective in the majority of patients with acute anal fissure. These include avoiding excessive straining, consuming a high fiber diet, using stool softeners, and taking warm sitz baths, together with local emollients with or without local anesthetics and steroids.
Message from the HCW Steering Committee Chair

These are the proceedings of the “20th Heterogeneity in Computing Workshop,” also known as HCW 2011. A few years ago, the title of the workshop was changed from the original title of “Heterogeneous Computing Workshop” to reflect the breadth of the impact of heterogeneity, as well as to stress that the focus of the workshop is on the management and exploitation of heterogeneity. All of this is, of course, taken in the context of the parent conference, the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), and so explores heterogeneity in parallel and distributed computing systems.
Quantum phase transitions and the ν=5/2 fractional Hall state in wide quantum wells.

We study the nature of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ quantum Hall state in wide quantum wells under the mixing of electronic subbands and Landau levels. A general method is introduced to analyze the Moore-Read Pfaffian state and its particle-hole conjugate, the anti-Pfaffian state, under periodic boundary conditions in a ``quartered'' Brillouin zone scheme containing both even and odd numbers of electrons. By examining the rotational quantum numbers on the torus, we show spontaneous breaking of the particle-hole symmetry can be observed in finite-size systems. In the presence of electronic-subband and Landau-level mixing, the particle-hole symmetry is broken in such a way that the anti-Pfaffian state is unambiguously favored, and becomes more robust in the vicinity of a transition to the compressible phase, in agreement with recent experiments.
Efficient PUMA manipulator jacobian calculation and inversion

An efficient Jacobian calculation and inversion for a PUMA manipulator permits the real-time implementation of modern Cartesian space manipulator control techniques. Efficient exact computational formulations for the Jacobian and its inverse have been developed by symbolic reduction techniques. Jacobian computational requirements have been reduced to 66 multiplications and 30 additions. The inverse Jacobian requires only 103 multiplications, 5 divisions, and 70 additions. These computational requirements are easily satisfied in real-time by modern microprocessor-based manipulator control systems.
A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of structured patient interactions on pharmacy students' counselling behaviours and attitudes.

Objectives To determine whether pharmacy students who performed Diabetes Checks with patients have greater improvements in attitudes and behaviour regarding monitoring than students who performed a control activity. The Diabetes Check is a brief structured interaction that was designed to facilitate patient-pharmacist conversations about monitoring A1c, blood pressure and cholesterol (diabetes ABCs). Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted where students in the intervention group performed five to ten Diabetes Checks. In the control group, students performed two drug-profile reviews for patients with diabetes. Students completed a pre- and post-assessment of the frequency of monitoring behaviour and attitudes, including self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, role beliefs (counselling role orientation and monitoring role orientation) and mattering. Improvements in behaviours and attitudes were assessed with bivariate and multiple linear regression. The study setting was University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy and its affiliated Ambulatory Pharmaceutical Care Clerkship community pharmacies. Key findings Of 130 students, 119 (92%) completed surveys at both time points. Students who completed the Diabetes Check intervention had greater improvements in the frequency of monitoring patients' A1c values and in their counselling role orientation than control group students. Conclusions The Diabetes Check improved pharmacy students' monitoring behaviour and general counselling beliefs. The Diabetes Check is a practical intervention to get patients and pharmacy students working together to monitor diabetes and potentially improve patient health.
Tribological Shear Conversion of Starch

Tribological (powdery friction) conversion (cooking) of starch as followed by DSC measurements was studied in a capillary rheometer. The crumbly extrudates with <20% conversion were analyzed to obtain a kinetic model and its parameter values suitable to describe the phenomena of tribological conversion of starch. Such conversion of starch followed zeroth order kinetics. An Arrhenius type activation energy plot described the shear energy initiated conversion well. The shear activation energy of starch conversions due to tribological shearing of powders was lower than that found for overall (tribological plus rheological) conversions. These findings can help develop more accurate and realistic models for starch conversion and similar processes and help elucidate their mechanisms.
Uncertainty and learning in a strategic environment: global climate change

Global climate change is rife with uncertainties. Yet, we can expect to resolve much of this uncertainty in the next 100 years or so. Therefore, current actions should reflect the value of flexibility. Nevertheless, most models of climate change, particularly game-theoretic models, abstract from uncertainty. A model of the impacts of uncertainty and learning in a non-cooperative game shows that the level of correlation of damages across countries is crucial for determining optimal policy.
Quantitative Structure–Pharmacokinetic Relationships (QSPR) of Beta Blockers Derived Using Neural Networks

This study demonstrates the application of neural networks to predict the pharmacokinetic properties of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists in humans. A congeneric series of 10 beta-blockers, whose critical pharmacokinetic parameters are well established, was selected for the study. An appropriate neural network system was constructed and tested for its ability to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters from the octanol/water partition coefficient (shake flask method), the pKa, or the fraction bound to plasma proteins. Neural networks successfully trained and the predicted pharmacokinetic values agreed well with the experimental values (average difference = 8%). The neural network-predicted values showed better agreement with the experimental values than those predicted by multiple regression techniques (average difference = 47%). Because the neural networks had a large number of connections, two tests were conducted to determine if the networks were memorizing rather than generalizing. The “leave-one-out” method verified the generalization of the networks by demonstrating that any of the compounds could be deleted from the training set and its value correctly predicted by the new network (average error = 19%). The second test involved the prediction of pharmacokinetic properties of compounds never seen by the network, and reasonable results were obtained for three out of four compounds tested. The results indicate neural networks can be a powerful tool in exploration of quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic relationships.
On the Cattle Problem of Archimedes

There is no serious reason to believe that the ‘Cattle problem’ ascribed to Archimedes is unsolvable. Es gibt keinen ernsthaften Grund zu glauben, daβ das ‘Vieh-Problem,’ das Archimedes zugeschrieben wird, unlosbar ist. Il n'y a pas de raison serieux de croire que le ‘probleme de betail’ qui est associe a Archimede n'est pas soluble.
Stability of analog neural networks with delay

Continuous-time analog neural networks with symmetric connections will always converge to fixed points when the neurons have infinitely fast response, but can oscillate when a small time delay is present. Sustained oscillation resulting from time delay is relevant to hardware implementations of neural networks where delay due to the finite switching speed of amplifiers can be appreciable compared to the network relaxation time. We analyze the dynamics of continuous-time analog networks with delay, and show that there is a critical delay above which a symmetrically connected network will oscillate. Two different stability analyses are presented for low and high neuron gain. The results are useful as design criteria for building fast but stable electronic networks. We find that for some connection topologies, a delay much smaller than the relaxation time can lead to oscillation, whereas for other topologies, including associative memory networks, even long delays will not produce oscillation. The most oscillation-prone network configuration is the all-inhibitory network; in this configuration, the critical delay for oscillation is smaller than the network relaxation time by a factor of N, the size of the network. Theoretical results are compared with numerical simulations and with experiments performed on a small (eight neurons) electronic network with controllable delay.
Distributed microbially- and chemically-mediated redox processes controlling arsenic dynamics within Mn-/Fe-oxide constructed aggregates

Abstract The aggregate-based structure of soils imparts physical heterogeneity that gives rise to variation in microbial and chemical processes which influence the speciation and retention of trace elements such as As. To examine the impact of distributed redox conditions on the fate of As in soils, we imposed various redox treatments upon constructed soil aggregates composed of ferrihydrite- and birnessite-coated sands presorbed with As(V) and inoculation with the dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella sp. ANA-3. Aeration of the advecting solution surrounding the aggregates was varied to simulate environmental conditions. We find that diffusion-limited transport within high dissolved organic carbon environments allows reducing conditions to persist in the interior of aggregates despite aerated advecting external solutes, causing As, Mn, and Fe to migrate from the reduced aggregate interiors to the aerated exterior region. Upon transitioning to anoxic conditions in the external solutes, pulses of As, Mn and Fe are released into the advecting solution, while, conversely, a transition to aerated conditions in the exterior resulted in a cessation of As, Mn, and Fe release. Importantly, we find that As(III) oxidation by birnessite is appreciable only in the presence of O 2 ; oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by Mn-oxides ceases under anaerobic conditions apparently as a result of microbially mediated Mn(IV/III) reduction. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering redox conditions and the physical complexity of soils in determining As dynamics, where redox transitions can either enhance or inhibit As release due to speciation shifts in both sorbents (solubilization versus precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides) and sorbates (As).
Capsella embryogenesis: the early embryo.

The ultrastructure and composition of the Capsella embryo from the terminal cell of the 3-celled embryo through the globular (32—64-celled) embryo was examined. Starch and lipid deposits which accumulate in the terminal cell disappear after its first division. Cell size and number of organelles per cell decrease with repeated divisions through the formation of the globular embryo. The cells contain few dictyosomes and little ER but are rich in ribosomes grouped into small polysomes. The embryo stains intensely for protein and nucleic acids. There are no apparent ultrastructural and histochemical differences in the cells of the protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem until the formation of the heart-shaped embryo. The implications of this finding to the general problem of cell and tissue differentiation during embryogenesis are discussed.