cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Layered Reconfigurable Architecture for Autonomous Cooperative UAV Computing Systems

Cooperative processing in UAV swarms requires efficient architectural and algorithmic solutions to maximize the operational speed and life time span. Solutions need to include communication, data gathering, data processing and general management. In this paper, we address all these needs and we also present a reconfigurable approach to the UAV swarm cooperative processing with maximum extent of decentralization. UAVs with multiple devices (such as cameras, radars), and multiple processing units (CPUs and reconfigurable FPGAs) onboard are considered. We present main elements of the architecture and two reconfiguration algorithms used in the process of management of FPGA chips. Results are evaluated using the dedicated simulation framework and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solutions.
Rendering Unto Caesar or Electioneering for Caesar? Loss of Church Tax Exemption for Participation in Electoral Politics

The restriction on church participation in political campaigns contained in the Internal Revenue Code operates uneasily. It appears to serve the useful purpose of separating the spheres of religion and electoral politics. But the separation often is only apparent, as churches in practice signal support for a particular candidate hi a variety of ways that historically have not cost them their exemptions. Although the limited enforcement by the Internal Revenue Service has reflected the sensitive nature of the First Amendment. values present, the federal government should provide more formal elaboration by statute or regulation. Focus on the use of funds seems warranted, to prevent the diversion of government subsidy from exempt purposes to political activity. Beyond that comparatively clear line, the practical difficulties of enforcement loom large.
The Impact of Religion on Voting For Female Congressional Candidates

Research shows that areas with high levels of aggregate religiosity are less likely to elect female candidates to national, state, and local offices. These studies, however, do not determine the causal mechanisms underlying this relationship. In the present analysis, we seek to examine what role, if any, religious exposure and tradition play in determining individuals’ general election vote choices in mixed-gender contests. To explore this relationship, we use data from the 2010 and 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Studies. We find some evidence of a relationship between religious beliefs and voting for female congressional candidates; when compared to secular voters, evangelical Protestants and Catholics are more likely to vote for Republican women and less likely to support Democratic women. Our results, however, also underscore partisan identities’ central role in shaping individual vote choice, regardless of a candidate's gender.
A contribution to theory of utility functions

The paper deals with two specific types of utility functions displaying decision maker's risk aversion at expressing the utility of monetary values. These functions are following: w ( c ) = 1 – e - x /R , u(x) = ln(x + R), where x is a monetary value and R is a constant expressing the degree of risk tolerance. Basic properties of the above mentioned functions and formulas for calculations of certainty equivalents and risk premiums are derived. Some properties of the analyzed functions are numerically and graphically illustrated by concrete examples.
Evolutionary history of Daphnia drives divergence in grazing selectivity and alters temporal community dynamics of producers

Consumers with different seasonal life histories encounter different communities of producers during specific seasonal phases. If consumers evolve to prefer the producers that they encounter, then consumers may reciprocally influence the temporal composition of producer communities. Here, we study the keystone consumer Daphnia ambigua, whose seasonal life history has diverged due to intraspecific predator divergence across lakes of New England. We ask whether grazing preferences of Daphnia have diverged also and test whether any grazing differences influence temporal composition patterns of producers. We reared clonal populations of Daphnia from natural populations representing the two diverged life history types for multiple generations. We conducted short-term (24 hr) and long-term (27 days) grazing experiments in equal polycultures consisting of three diatom and two green algae species, treated with no consumer, Daphnia from lakes with anadromous alewife, or from lakes with landlocked alewife. After 24 hr, life history and grazing preference divergence in Daphnia ambigua drove significant differences in producer composition. However, those differences disappeared at the end of the 27-day experiment. Our results illustrate that, despite potentially more complex long-term dynamics, a multitrophic cascade of evolutionary divergence from a predator can influence temporal community dynamics at the producer level.
Hemodynamics Modify Collagen Deposition in the Early Embryonic Chicken Heart Outflow Tract

Blood flow is critical for normal cardiac development. Hemodynamic stimuli outside of normal ranges can lead to overt cardiac defects, but how early heart tissue remodels in response to altered hemodynamics is poorly understood. This study investigated changes in tissue collagen in response to hemodynamic overload in the chicken embryonic heart outflow tract (OFT) during tubular heart stages (HH18 to HH24, ~24 h). A suture tied around the OFT at HH18 was tightened to constrict the lumen for ~24 h (constriction range at HH24: 15–60%). Expression of fibril collagens I and III and fibril organizing collagens VI and XIV were quantified at the gene and protein levels via qPCR and quantitative immunofluorescence. Collagen I was slightly elevated upstream of the band and in the cushions in banded versus control OFTs. Changes in collagen III were not observed. Collagen VI deposition was elevated downstream of the band, but not overall. Collagen XIV deposition increased throughout the OFT, and strongly correlated to lumen constriction. Interestingly, organization of collagen I fibrils was observed for the tighter banded embryos in regions that also showed increase in collagen XIV deposition, suggesting a potentially key role for collagens I and XIV in the structural adaptation of embryonic heart tissue to hemodynamic overload.
Analgesic efficacy of orally administered buprenorphine in rats: Methodologic considerations

Buprenorphine has been widely recommended for treatment of pain in rodents. We have previously documented that the recommended postoperative oral dose of buprenorphine in male Long-Evans rats, 0.5 mg/kg, is not as effective as the recommended parenteral dose of buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) as an analgesic. In the series of experiments reported here, we compared: the analgesic effect of buprenorphine when prepared in two ways in the laboratory with that of a commercially available injectable solution of buprenorphine; the analgesic effect of buprenorphine in Long-Evans rats with that in Sprague-Dawley rats; and Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats for development of pica, a commonly reported side effect of buprenorphine. We followed the pica experiment with assessment of the effectiveness of buprenorphine in establishing a conditioned flavor aversion. The results indicated that method of preparation did not result in any significant differences in the efficacy of injected buprenorphine. Strain of rat was not associated with a significant difference in the efficacy of buprenorphine. However, a significant strain difference was found in development of pica. Buprenorphine treatment was effective in inducing a conditioned flavor aversion. We concluded that the recommended oral dose of buprenorphine (0.5 mg/kg) is ineffective as an analgesic, and that this was not the result of method of preparation of the buprenorphine or strain of rat used. Furthermore, we concluded that buprenorphine treatment may induce gastrointestinal distress in both strains tested. The results reaffirm our previous conclusion that oral administration of buprenorphine at 0.5 mg/kg, despite the general recommendation, is not a reasonable treatment for postsurgical pain in rats.
Maltreated Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Do Teachers and Parents See the Same Things?

We examined whether parent/caregivers and teacher/therapists differ in their perceptions of the behavior problems of young maltreated children. The sample consisted of 33 maltreated preschoolers (58% neglected, 24% sexually abused, 18% physically abused, 59% African American, 41% Caucasian) enrolled in a metropolitan-area treatment center providing an educational/intervention program for maltreated children and their families. Most (82%) of the participant families had an annual income of $10,000 or less. Parent/caregivers and teacher/ therapists provided data about the children, employing the Colorado Child Temperament Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist, and Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. The results indicate that the teacher/therapists and the parent/caregivers perceived the same child as behaving differently. Implications concerning how teachers and parents might communicate are discussed, as well as possible reasons for the two different perceptions of the same child. Three potential reasons for the differences are that they are due to the different perspectives of parents and teachers in assessing child behaviors, to situational variation in child behavior (e.g., home versus school), or to some combination of both effects.
Armed-Disarmed Concept in the Synthesis of Glycosidic Bond

Fraser-Reid et al. reported [1] that n-pentenyl glycosides undergo chemospecific cleavage 1 → 2 → 3, with N-bromosuccinimide under condition that leave a wide variety of other protecting groups unaffected (Fig. 5.1).
Going Flat: Pursuit of a Democratic Organizational Structure

A 2010 MBA graduate explored her options for full-time employment. She found Ethical Business Company (EBC) and was instantly intrigued. Not only did the company consult on many of the ethical issues that were important to her, but it also had a flat organizational structure. Although it was a riskier choice than going with a larger and more established firm, she was excited about being able to use her skills in direct interaction with clients and senior executives, rather than having them hidden beneath multiple layers of hierarchy. But after three weeks at EBC, she wonders if a flat structure is right for all companies and all employees or if there are certain companies and people who fit better in the hierarchy more than others. Excerpt UVA-OB-1041 Rev. Nov. 5, 2018 Going Flat: Pursuit of a Democratic Organizational Structure Bella Wilfer graduated from the Darden Graduate School of Business in 2010, ready to become a principled leader in the world of practical affairs. Wilfer had pursued the consulting track while at Darden and had spent her summer internship at a large, prestigious management consulting firm. After being offered a full-time job and deciding that her summer employer was not a good fit, Wilfer had taken time in the fall of her second year to explore other options for full-time employment after graduation before accepting her offer. In her off-grounds search, Wilfer had found Ethical Business Company (EBC) through an alumni connection and was instantly intrigued. Not only did the company consult on many of the ethical issues that were important to Wilfer, but it also had a flat organizational structure. When she compared it with the other large, hierarchical organizations, she decided she would have a greater impact earlier in her career and more control over it at EBC. Although it was a riskier choice than going with a larger and more established firm, Wilfer was excited about being able to use her skills in direct interaction with clients and senior executives, rather than having them hidden beneath multiple layers of hierarchy. After long consideration, she turned down the offer from her summer employer and signed with EBC. Company History . . .
Predicting soil thickness on soil mantled hillslopes

Soil thickness is a fundamental variable in many earth science disciplines due to its critical role in many hydrological and ecological processes, but it is difficult to predict. Here we show a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.19 m) between soil thickness and hillslope curvature across both convergent and divergent parts of the landscape at a field site in Idaho. We find similar linear relationships across diverse landscapes (n = 6) with the slopes of these relationships varying as a function of the standard deviation in catchment curvatures. This soil thickness-curvature approach is significantly more efficient and just as accurate as kriging-based methods, but requires only high-resolution elevation data and as few as one soil profile. Efficiently attained, spatially continuous soil thickness datasets enable improved models for soil carbon, hydrology, weathering, and landscape evolution.
Generalization and extension of a problem from an American mathematics competition

The purpose of these notes is to generalize and extend a challenging geometry problem from a mathematics competition. The notes also contain solution sketches pertaining to the problems discussed.
Preliminary Evaluation of an Injectable Sensor for Subcutaneous Photoplethysmography in Animals

This paper demonstrates the construction and preliminary evaluation of a capsule system that can be easily injected under the skin of animals for real-time photoplethysmography. The presented device incorporates three light-emitting diodes, a photodiode, a microprocessor, and a Bluetooth Low Energy transceiver into a miniaturized package made of poly(methyl methacrylate). In order to provide a low-cost solution, this generation of the device is constructed with only commercial off-the-shelf electronic components. A low-power electronic design addresses concerns about the thermal effects on the surrounding tissue. The heart rate monitoring accuracy is comparable to that of traditional electrocardiography measured with subdermal needle electrodes on rat models. We expect this work to lay the foundation for a novel tool to provide biomedical researchers and veterinarians with a continuous and real-time measurement of heart rate through subcutaneous wireless photoplethysmography.
Characterization of Arousals in Polysomnography Using the Statistical Significance of Power Change

Arousals are neural events during sleep represented as abrupt increases of high-frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in polysomnography (PSG). In clinical practice, a human scorer uses visual detection to demarcate the starts and ends of arousals, whereas other properties of arousals are hardly ever studied. Here we characterized arousals by the statistical significance of arousal-associated changes in the EEG signal power. To evaluate the test-retest reliability, we used a database of 1026 men who completed two PSGs separated by several years. Ten-second segments of EEG signals that either contained or were without arousals were extracted. For each segment, the power of EEG signal filtered in delta, theta, alpha, beta or gamma frequency band was computed. Then for each PSG, statistical significance of the difference in power between the arousal-containing and the arousal-absent group of EEG segments was computed. The statistical significance showed good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC0.40). In comparison, the numeric value of the difference in power showed generally poor test-retest reliability (ICC <0.10). The statistical significance had higher test-retest reliability in theta band (4-8 Hz) than in other frequency bands, and higher reliability in Stage 2 sleep than in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Furthermore, the statistical significance in theta band was not influenced by the incidence rate of arousals. Thus, statistical significance of power change in the theta band is a robust metric of arousal-associated EEG signal changes, which may become useful in studying diseases associated with abnormal arousals.
Second language partial word form learning in the written mode

Research on partial knowledge of word forms can be used to assess further how perceptual salience and processing resource allocation affect vocabulary learning. For this purpose the present study examined properties of word fragments produced by L2 learners. English-speaking learners of Spanish attempted to learn new Spanish words by viewing word-picture pairs. After the learning phase; they were asked to write the words when presented with pictures only. Their productions were analyzed for (a) percentage of partial versus fully produced words; (b) amount of word produced in partial words; (c) length of fragments in partial words; and (d) location of target letters produced in partial words (word-initial; -medial; or –final). The results indicated production of 69% partial words and 31% whole words; a high percentage of 1-letter fragments; and privileging for word-initial position.
Home-School Partnerships and Mixed-Status Immigrant Families in the United States

Mixed-status families (families with at least one undocumented member) in the United States are experiencing a crisis of historic depth and scope due to recent changes in immigration enforcement policy. They experience unique challenges in their home-school partnerships because of an unprecedented policy-driven climate of fear affecting their everyday lives. Put simply, the fear of deportation is affecting their experience of every context in their lives, including what has traditionally been the safe haven of schools. This chapter focuses on how these policy developments have created barriers for sustained home-school partnerships involving mixed-status families, potential solutions to these barriers, and a research agenda moving forward.
Drift Subtraction for Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Using Double-Waveform Partial-Least-Squares Regression.

Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) provides a method for detecting molecular fluctuations with high spatiotemporal resolution in the brain of awake and behaving animals. The ...
Gothic Ivan the Terrible in the 1920s: Iurii Tarich’s Wings of a Serf and the Curious Case of Ignatii Stelletskii

Abstract The article centers on close readings of Iurii Tarich’s little studied film Wings of a Serf (1926) and the life and times of the archaeologist Ignatii Iakovlevich Stelletskii (1878–1949), who obsessively sought to discover the legendary library of Ivan the Terrible, thought to lie concealed beneath the Moscow Kremlin. These examples show the peculiar fascination of early Soviet audiences with the tsarist past in its most extreme expressions of violence and cruelty. The alluring, frightening early Soviet Ivan the Terrible demonstrates post-Revolutionary society’s queasy sense that the excesses of the old regime threatened to reemerge in the new, Soviet era. The conclusion of the article considers how the Stalinist period, both in its unprecedented bloodshed and violence and in its positive myth of Ivan the Terrible as a great leader despite his cruelty, fulfilled this fearful anticipation in ways that could not have been foreseen in the 1920s. This macabre return of a superseded past undergirded the one Stalinist representation of Ivan to revisit the 1920s Gothic image of the tsar, Sergei Eisenstein’s ambivalent portrayal of despotic power and violence in his uncompleted film trilogy Ivan the Terrible (1942–1944).
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Brief Evidence-Based Review of Common Etiologies, Mechanisms of Secondary Injury, and Medical and Surgical Management

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for only 10 to 15% of all strokes but remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite lengthy stays in critical care units, only one-half of those experiencing an ICH survive after 30 days, and those who do are often left with considerable disability. Treatment has traditionally focused on minimizing the hemorrhage expansion and reducing clot volume through both medical and surgical means. Management of ICH is a complex and multidisciplinary process. This review will discuss a few common etiologies, explore the pathophysiology of secondary neuronal injury after ICH, review the basics of ICH imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and highlight latest practices in medical and surgical management. Secondary injury mechanisms such as perihematomal edema and disordered cerebral autoregulation are discussed as potential targets for new treatment modalities. Emergent treatment in the “golden hour” after ictus provides a template of measures to adopt from initial contact with emergency medical services, to the emergency department, and thereafter, triage to the intensive care unit. Medical management including blood pressure control, hemostasis, and coagulopathy reversal are discussed and evidence from trials such as INTERACT 2, ATACH 2, and ANNEXA-4 are given a clinical context. Surgical management including intracranial pressure monitoring, surgical evacuation with open craniotomy, and minimally invasive approaches such as stereotactic-guided aspiration and thrombolysis, ultrasound-induced thrombolysis, image-guided stereotactic endoscopic aspiration, and stereotactic ICH underwater blood aspiration are enumerated. The outcomes and relevance of STICH, MISTIE, and CLEAR trials to present surgical care are elaborated. The review summarizes the current guidelines for the treatment of ICH and the latest literature in the field they are based upon. It aims to provide a concise article beneficial to the emergency physicians and neurointensivists/neuroanesthesiologists.
The Role of Communicating the Beliefs of the Clinician – Using the Placebo Effect in Clinical Practice

The use of substances, medications, ritual acts, or anything else that triggers in the recipient a placebo effect has gone through a rapid evolution. It began as an attempt to control and to objectify experiments and research, to make their results, even modest results, unassailable. The concept was then used by business interests as a tool to dumb down fields to which it was applied, in order to take control away from caregivers of many of the tools that are the foundations of good clinical practice. The placebo effect turns out to be robust and to vary in the size of its effect depending on many conditions. The placebo effect, or the meaning effect, is now recognized as being an integral part of health care, which good providers should be harnessing to give their patients the highest level of care. Knowing how to use all the tools that constitute being a good clinician also means taking back the application of clinical judgment and the rejection of groupthink in health care.
Interaktionen zwischen Antiepileptika und Psychopharmaka

Begleiterkrankungen fuhren zur vermehrten Verordnung von Medikamentenkombinationen und damit zur Moglichkeit von Wechselwirkungen. Aufgrund einer hohen Komorbiditat der Epilepsien mit psychischen Storungen kommt moglichen Interaktionen zwischen Antiepileptika und Psychopharmaka eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Moglichkeit pharmakokinetischer Interaktionen wird im Wesentlichen vom Stoffwechselweg der beteiligten Medikamente bestimmt. Dabei spielen die Isoenzyme des Cytochrom- P450 eine besonders grose Rolle. Die Verordnung von Medikamenten, die nicht auf diesem Weg metabolisiert werden, kann das Risiko von Interaktionen verringern. Die Kenntnis moglicher Interaktionen ist unabdingbar, da diese einerseits uber eine Beschleunigung des Abbaus zur verminderten Wirksamkeit eines Medikamentes, andererseits uber eine Inhibition zu einem Anstieg des Serumspiegels und zu Intoxikationen fuhren konnen.
Investigation of 3D Functional Grip Shape to Design Products for Dog Walking and Hiking.

For product designers, the hand is a challenging part of the body to innovate products for. Anthropometrically, the availability of hand data relevant to civilians are sparse, as most data are from military personnel. In addition, data are typically of static hands which do not include task-related or functional knowledge, like grip shape. Inappropriate data could misinform product shape, design features, fit, performance, and safety. This paper explored how 3D functional hand grip shape could be captured from civilians and inform the design of products for dog walking and hiking.
Association of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act With Dietary Quality Among Children in the US National School Lunch Program

Importance The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, implemented nationwide in 2012, was intended to improve the nutritional quality of meals served in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). Objective To assess whether there was an association between the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 and dietary quality of lunch for students participating in the NSLP, stratified by income. Design, Setting, Participants Serial cross-sectional study design, using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016, of students who were surveyed in the NHANES and were attending schools participating in the NSLP. Individuals who were aged 5 to 18 years, in kindergarten through 12th grade, enrolled in a school that served school lunch, and had a reliable weekday dietary recall were included. Exposures The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 (prepolicy period: 2007-2010; postpolicy period: 2013-2016), with participation in the NSLP estimated based on an algorithm. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was dietary quality of intake for lunch, measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score (range, 0-100; 0 indicates a diet with no adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and 100 indicates a diet with complete adherence to the guidelines). Results Among 6389 students included in the surveys (mean age, 11.7 [95% CI, 11.6-11.9] years; 3145 [50%] female students; 1880 [56%] were non-Hispanic white), 32% were low-income, 12% were low-middle–income, and 56% were middle-high–income students. A total of 2472 (39%) were participants in the NSLP. Among low-income students, the adjusted mean prepolicy HEI-2010 score was 42.7 and the postpolicy score was 54.6 among NSLP participants and the adjusted mean prepolicy score was 34.8 and postpolicy score was 34.1 among NSLP nonparticipants (difference in differences, 12.6 [95% CI, 8.9-16.3]). Among low-middle–income students, the adjusted mean prepolicy HEI-2010 score was 40.4 and postpolicy score was 54.8 among NSLP participants and the adjusted mean prepolicy score was 34.2 and postpolicy score was 36.1 among NSLP nonparticipants (difference in differences, 12.4 [95% CI, 4.9-19.9]). Among middle-high–income students, the adjusted mean HEI-2010 prepolicy score was 42.7 and postpolicy score 55.5 for NSLP participants and the adjusted mean prepolicy score was 38.9 and prepolicy score was 43.6 for NSLP nonparticipants (difference in differences, 8.1 [95% CI, 4.2-12.0]). Conclusions and Relevance In a serial cross-sectional study of students, the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 was associated with better changes in dietary quality for lunch among presumed low-income, low-middle–income, and middle-high–income participants in the NSLP compared with nonparticipants.
At what life-cycle stage does the auditors’ going concern report add value?

In this paper, we examine the market reaction to going concern audit opinions (GCAO) issued to firms in different life-cycle stages. We find that for firms in the introduction, decline, and shakeout stages there is information content at the time of the publication of a GCAO, reflected by a significant and negative market reaction for these firms relative to mature stage firms. This differential reaction for these life-cycle stages exists for both first-time and second-time GCAO reports, as well as for a subsample of financially distressed firms. Controlling for confounding events, such as debt covenant violations and earnings surprises, these results provide evidence that the auditors’ going concern report provides valuable information to the market during certain life-cycle stages and is consistent with the notion that information opacity exists in early and late life-cycle stages. Furthermore, we find that the variation in the information content of the audit report is conditional on high investor attention. This study overcomes conflicting evidence from prior literature, as to whether the market reacts to a GCAO issuance and whether the market understands the differences in firms’ business strategies in each life-cycle stage, by showing that only after including life-cycle stages is a significant market reaction observed, and that this reaction differs across the stages.
KNOCAP: capturing and delivering important design bits in whiteboard design meetings

It is well known that it is desirable to capture the most essential parts of software design meetings that take place at the whiteboard. It is equally well known, however, that actual capture rarely takes place. A few photos may be taken, informal notes might be scribbled down, and at best one of the developers may be tasked with creating a summary. Regardless, problems persist with important information being lost and, even when information is captured, that information not being easily located and accessed. To address these problems, I propose to design and evaluate a novel suite of tools that enables software designers working at the whiteboard to: (1) efficiently and in-the-moment capture important information produced during that meeting, and (2) be delivered, either by request or proactively by the tools, relevant information captured in the past when it is needed in a future design meeting.
Convex Optimization in Infinite-Dimensional Spaces

In the next three chapters, we consider convex optimization problems of the kind that arise in the maximum (penalized) likelihood approach to nonparametric estimation.
Successful Implementation of a Medical Student Postpartum Follow-up Phone Call Project.

Introduction The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends prompt postpartum follow-up. However, 40% of women do not attend postpartum visits. These rates are lower in populati...
Sometimes FRAND Does Mean License-to-All

FRAND commitments are creations of written policy documents and contract law. Accordingly, the existence of a “License to All” obligation under a FRAND commitment must arise from the relevant policy language. Numerous SDO policies expressly impose “License to All” requirements. Some SDO policies are ambiguous with respect to this requirement and such ambiguities should be resolved based on an examination of extrinsic evidence including the intentions of policy drafters, the shared understandings of SDO participants, and the historical precedents for such policies. In many cases, an examination of these factors should lead to the conclusion that “License to All” is, indeed, required by the relevant policies. The only sure way to prevent the imposition of “License to All” obligations on SDO participants is to draft clear policy language expressly disavowing such obligations and permitting level discrimination in SEP licensing.
Permanent deformation of triangle weaver silk enables ultrafast tangle-free release of spider webs.

Entanglements are common in both natural and artificial systems and can result in both beneficial and harmful effects. Most spider webs are static structures held under constant tension and do not tangle. However, many spiders actively load tension into their webs by coiling silk threads that are released to “fire” webs at prey. Here we test whether or not tangling occurs during the rapid release of webs built by the triangle spider Hyptiotes cavatus. We use high-speed videography to examine the release of the spider’s web, looking for signs of tangling both visually on the videos and on acceleration graphs. The spider tenses the web by pulling on a silken anchor line using a leg-over-leg movement, deforming the silk into permanent coils and storing excess slack in a loose bundle between the spider’s legs. This 1–3cm long bundle of coils straightens during the web’s release in as few as 4ms. Though the messy silk coils are pressed closely together, the web’s release is never impeded by catastrophic tangling. This lack of serious tangling is perhaps due to the permanent coils preventing random movement of the silk. The coils also compact the loose silk, preventing interference with the spider’s movement. The ability to coil its anchor line allows H. cavatus to permanently restructure its silk, facilitating its active web-hunting behavior. Our findings broaden our knowledge of silk manipulation by spiders and may give insights into creating tangle-free systems through structural changes.
Recurrence Rates After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Spontaneous Pneumothorax.

Background: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with pulmonary apical wedge resection is the mainstay procedure performed for spontaneous pneumothorax (sPTX). However, there is variability ...
A game of hide and peek.

A continuous cuticle is required for normal development of Arabidopsis embryos. Despite this barrier, embryos remain sensitive to outside signals. In this issue of Developmental Cell, De Giorgi et al. show that the embryonic cuticle is relatively permeable and becomes sealed during germination in response to peptide signaling.
Emotion: A Biosocial Synthesis

Part I. A Biosocial View of Emotion: 1. A developmental-interactionist theory of emotion Part II. Biological Emotions: A Readout View: 2. Neurochemical systems: evolution and function 3. Structure of neurochemical systems of emotion 4. Attachment: the evolution, development, and neurochemistry of sociality Part III. Higher-Level Emotions: An Ecological-Systems View: 5. Cognitive and linguistic emotions 6. Social emotions 7. Moral emotions: the passions of civility.
Characterization of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels from Purified Skeletal Muscle Transverse Tubules

The activity of calcium channels contributes to a large number of cellular functions, of which the best known are neurotransmitter release, pacemaking, motility, and muscle contraction (Reuter, 1983; Hille, 1984). Yet many more roles may be envisioned, as suggested by the fact that almost all cells, procaryotes and eucaryotes, have well-defined calcium currents (see Hille, 1984). More than any other channel, the calcium channel is presently the target of vigorous chemical and clinical research aming to understand how antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drugs, such as dihydropyridines, modulate, block, or antagonize calciumchannel function (Janis et al., 1985).
Chapter 3 - Clarifying the Dynamics of the General Circulation: Phillips's 1956 Experiment

This chapter describes the dynamics of the first consistent theory of general circulation of the atmosphere. The state of knowledge concerning atmospheric general circulation in the 1940s and early 1950s, with some attention to the underlying controversies are also focused in the chapter. With the advent of high-speed computation, Norman Phillips blended theory and observations in the design of a numerical experiment—an experiment that he hoped would clarify the interaction between synoptic scale eddies and the general circulation. The simplicity of the model dynamics exhibited an irreverent disregard for the complexities of the real atmosphere—the governing equations were quasi-geostrophic, there were no mountains, no land/sea contrast, and water vapor was only indirectly accounted for in the empirically derived heating function. The experiment was based on reasonable simulation of the energy transformation rates and the explanation of interacting physical processes that gave rise to the midlatitude westerlies and the alternating surface wind regimes. The experiment also demonstrated the linkage between surface frontogenesis and evolution of the planetary wave. The experiment helped resolve the Starr–Palmen controversy.
Actigraphic assessment of sleep in insomnia: application of the Actigraph Data Analysis Software (ADAS).

Abstract JEAN-LOUIS, G., F. ZIZI, H. VON GIZYCKI AND P. HAURI. Actigraphic Assessment of Sleep in Insomnia: Application of The Actigraph Data Analysis Software (ADAS) . PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 65 (4/5)659–663, 1998.—The usefulness of the actigraph methodology has been demonstrated in normal individuals. However, the validity of actigraphy has been questioned in insomnia patients because of the considerable measurement error that has been reported between actigraphy (ACT) and polysomnography (PSG). Two independent investigations have reported errors of 48 and 49 min in total sleep time between ACT and PSG. With a new scoring method called the Actigraph Data Analysis Software, a reanalysis of one of these studies was conducted. Based on this reanalysis, we have obtained a measurement error of only 25 min between the two methods. This finding may be an indication of the advantage of this new scoring method. A strong correlation coefficient (r = 0.82, p
Seeking Closure in an Open World: A Behavioral Agent Approach to Configuration Management

We present a new model of configuration management based upon a hierarchy of simple communicating autonomous agents. Each of these agents is responsible for a "closure": a domain of "semantic predictability" in which declarative commands to the agent have a simple, persistent, portable, and documented effect upon subsequent observable behavior. Closures are built bottom-up to form a management hierarchy based upon the pre-existing dependencies between subsystems in a complex system. Closure agents decompose configuration management via a modularity of effect and behavior that promises to eventually lead to self-organizing systems driven entirely by behavioral specifications, where a system's configuration is free of details that have no observable effect upon system.
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule is important for early development in Xenopus tropicalis.

Summary The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) is an Ig containing cell adhesion molecule with remarkable structural conservation throughout metazoans. In insects, DSCAM has 38,000 potential isoforms that convey axon guidance, fasciculation, and dendrite morphogenesis during neurodevelopment. In vertebrates, DSCAM is expressed throughout the nervous system and seems to also mediate proper axonal guidance and synaptogenesis without the isoform diversity found in insects. Differences in DSCAM function among several vertebrate species complicate the understanding of an evolutionarily conserved role during embryogenesis. We take advantage of the frog developmental model Xenopus tropicalis to study DSCAM function in early development by expression analysis and morpholino-mediated knockdown. Our results indicate that DSCAM is expressed early in development and restricted to the head and nervous system. Knockdown of protein expression results in early morphogenetic phenotypes characterized by failed gastrulation and improper posterior neural tube closure. Our results reveal a specific, fundamental role of DSCAM in early morphogenetic movements, presumably through its well-known role in homophilic cell adhesion. genesis 52:849–857, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Biomimetic-Computational Approach to Optimizing the Quantum Efficiency of Photovoltaics

The most advanced low-cost organic photovoltaic cells have a quantum efficiency of ~10%. This is in stark contrast to plant/bacterial light-harvesting systems which offer quantum efficiencies close to unity. Of particular interest is the highly effective quantum coherence-enabled energy transfer (Fig. 1). Noting that quantum coherence is promoted by charged residues and local dielectrics, classical atomistic simulations and time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) are used to identify charge/dielectric patterns and electronic coupling at exactly defined energy transfer interfaces. The calculations make use of structural information obtained on photosynthetic protein-pigment complexes while still in the native membrane making it possible to establish a link between supramolecular organization and quantum coherence in terms of what length scales enable fast energy transport and prevent quenching. Calculating energy transfer efficiencies between components based on different proximities will permit the search for patterns that enable defining material properties suitable for advanced photovoltaics.
Review of oral oxymorphone in the management of pain.

Chronic cancer and nonmalignant pain (CNMP) is a common and major health problem affl icting approximately 40 million persons in the US. Most cancer patients, and many patients with CNMP, require opioid analgesics to obtain adequate pain relief. Oral oxymorphone is a new formulation of an existing parenteral opioid that has become available for the treatment of signifi cant pain: acute postoperative, chronic arthritis, chronic low back, and chronic cancer pain. Oxymorphone is a typical mu-opioid agonist that is effective in both immediate- and extended-release (IR and ER) formulations. Oxymorphone is more lipid soluble than morphine, resulting in a rapid onset of action when given in tablet formulation, with a duration of action of approximately 4-6 hours in IR and 12 hours in ER preparations. Oxymorphone provides excellent pain relief for signifi cant pain, with typical opioid side effects that are usually mild or moderate in intensity. Multiple double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the clinical effi cacy and safety of this new oral opioid preparation. Oral oxymorphone is an effective opioid that provides a new therapeutic option for the physician.
Focusing generalizations of belief propagation on targeted queries

A recent formalization of Iterative Belief Propagation (IBP) has shown that it can be understood as an exact inference algorithm on an approximate model that results from deleting every model edge. This formalization has led to (1) new realizations of Generalized Belief Propagation (GBP) in which edges are recovered incrementally to improve approximation quality, and (2) edge-recovery heuristics that are motivated by improving the approximation quality of all node marginals in a graphical model. In this paper, we propose new edge-recovery heuristics, which are focused on improving the approximations of targeted node marginals. The new heuristics are based on newly-identified properties of edge deletion, and in turn IBP, which guarantee the exactness of edge deletion in simple and idealized cases. These properties also suggest new improvements to IBP approximations which are based on performing edge-by-edge corrections on targeted marginals, which are less costly than improvements based on edge recovery.
The Meaning of “Do No Harm”: A Medical Student Perspective

The maxim, “First, do no harm” is strongly associated with the medical profession. It is a fundamental statement about the role of the physician in patient care. A patient should not be worse off after treatment than they were before. In modern medicine this can be a difficult standard to adhere to.
Instability of a Plasmid-Borne Inverted Repeat in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Inverted repeated DNA sequences are common in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We found that a plasmid-borne 94 base-pair inverted repeat (a perfect palindrome of 47 bp) containing a poly GT sequence is unstable in S. cerevisiae, with a minimal deletion frequency of about 10(-4)/mitotic division. Ten independent deletions had identical end points. Sequence analysis indicated that all deletions were the result of a DNA polymerase slippage event (or a recombination event) involving a 5-bp repeat (5' CGACG 3') that flanked the inverted repeat. The deletion rate and the types of deletions were unaffected by the rad52 mutation. Strains with the pms1 mutation had a 10-fold elevated frequency of instability of the inverted repeat. The types of sequence alterations observed in the pms1 background, however, were different than those seen in either the wild-type or rad52 genetic backgrounds.
The aesthetic turn in green marketing:Environmental consumer ethics of natural personal care products

Green consumerism is on the rise in America, but its environmental effects are contested. Does green marketing contribute to the greening of American consciousness, or does it encourage corporate green washing? This tenuous ethical position means that eco-marketers must carefully frame their environmental products in a way that appeals to consumers with environmental ethics and buyers who consider natural products as well as conventional items. Thus, eco-marketing constructs a complicated ethical identity for the green consumer. Environmentally aware individuals are already guided by their personal ethics. In trying to attract new consumers, environmentally minded businesses attach an aesthetic quality to environmental goods. In an era where environmentalism is increasingly hip, what are the implications for an environmental ethics infused with a sense of aesthetics?
Successful Management of Pancreatic Ascites with both Conservative Management and Pancreatic Duct Stenting

Pancreatic ascites is a rare complication and should be suspected in patients with chronic alcoholism and pancreatitis presenting with ascites. The etiology is likely from a pancreatic pseudocyst leakage or due to ductal disruption. Treatment is controversial but includes conservative medical therapy or endoscopic transpapillary pancreatic duct stenting or surgery. We present a case of pancreatic ascites in a patient with alcohol use and chronic pancreatitis. Patient received conservative therapy including octreotide. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed, which confirmed a pancreatic duct dehiscence with extravasation of the injected contrast. This was treated with placement of a stent. Patient improved clinically and symptomatically. This case report augments the existing data from two prior reported case series, and this modality of management should be actively pursued in such cases.
Dry tap bone marrow aspiration: Clinical significance

Failure to obtain bone marrow on attempted marrow aspiration, "dry tap," has commonly been ascribed to faulty technique. All reports of simultaneous marrow aspirations and biopsies performed at the University of Virginia between January 1, 1983, and July 1, 1989, were reviewed to determine the frequency of dry taps, the diagnoses and pathologic findings in these cases, and the associated laboratory findings. Among 2,235 simultaneous bone marrow aspirations and biopsies, 87 were dry taps (3.9%). Of these 87 dry taps, only six (6.9%) showed normal marrow biopsies, whereas the majority showed significant marrow pathology, usually associated with fibrosis, or hypercellularity, or both. These conditions most likely account for the inability to aspirate marrow. The most frequent diagnoses were metastatic carcinoma (17.2%), chronic myelogenous leukemia (14.9%), idiopathic myelofibrosis (13.8%), and hairy cell leukemia (10.3%). The presence of peripheral blood nucleated red blood cells, thrombocytopenia, and elevation of the serum lactate dehydrogenase were frequent findings in patients who experienced dry taps. Methods to obtain sufficient marrow for rapid diagnosis in these cases are discussed.
Dual EGFR/ErbB3 targeting effectively inhibits tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)

METHODS: We utilized AsPC-1 (K-ras/mutant) and BxPC-3 (Kras/wt) pancreatic cancer cells to develop subcutaneous mouse xenografts. Therapy consisted of MM-121 (anti-ErbB3 mAb), erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) and gemcitabine, alone or in combination. Six groups of 20 mice each were treated for 5 weeks. EGFR and ErbB3 signaling was determined by immunoblot. RESULTS: There was inhibition of both AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 xenograft progression in animals treated with erlotinib alone as compared to placebo (216% vs. 272% (AsPC-1); 286% vs. 525% (BxPC-3); p 0.005), MM-121 alone (264% vs. 272% (AsPC-1); 268%vs.525%(BxPC-3);p0.005).Inthecombinationarms,the