cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative analysis of three-dimensional strain using twins in calcite and dolomite☆

Abstract Turner's (1953) technique of locating the compression (C) and tension (T) axes from the known orientations of C-axis and twin pole ([0221] in dolomite and [0112] in calcite) for each grain yields the orientation of the unique stress system when a great majority of the grains in the rock shows only singlet twins. However, since it assumes the highest possible value for the coefficient of resolved shear stress s0 (= 0.5), application of the technique to rocks in which a large number of grains show doublet and triplet twins results in great dispersion of the C- and T-axes. In such cases the unique stress system can be established by preparing separate C-axes fabric diagrams for the untwinned grains, grains with singlet twins, grains with doublet twins and grains with triplet twins; measurement of the orientations of the twin planes becomes unnecessary. Two examples are presented. In the light of this work, the significance of the appearance of “conjugate twin planes” is discussed.
The ties that bind: freight and passenger high-speed rail are interdependent

Abstract Per-pound rail transportation is both a cost effective and a green alternative to truck and air transportation, but as the implementation of ARRA progresses it has become clear that the original goals must be amended as the operating environment dictates. This commentary supports utilizing HSR investments for a spectrum of rail projects, ranging from truly high-speed passenger rail on par with the fastest trains in the world, to the upgrading of the United States’ supporting, but under-engineered, rail infrastructure.
Second Language Teacher Education: A Review of the Literature

: During the past decade, an increasing number of publications have critically examined traditional views of second language teacher education and research and have called for a reconceptualization of the field (Freeman & Johnson, 1998; Freeman & Richards, 1996; Richards & Nunan, 1990; Schulz, 2000). The field has also recognized the need to establish standards for the content of language teacher education and outline its knowledge base so that new research avenues and effective teacher education models can be developed (Guntermann, 1993). This article attempts to delineate the “state of the art” of second language teacher education through a review of recent research and presents an overview of current perspectives on the field's knowledge base. The article concludes with a proposal for a reflective approach to the preparation of second language teachers that draws from the literature review.
Regurgitant reflux, vs non‐regurgitant reflux, is preceded by rectus abdominis contraction in infants

Infants commonly regurgitate during some, but not all, gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes. As several different mechanisms for reflux episodes have been identified, it was hypothesized that the mechanisms for regurgitant and non-regurgitant reflux differ. To test whether regurgitant episodes are associated with, and perhaps propelled by, rectus abdominis contraction, ten infants, aged 9–30 weeks (median 16.5 weeks), with regurgitant reflux and no other cause for their regurgitation, were studied with concurrent distal oesophageal pH probe monitoring and surface electromyography of the rectus abdominis muscles. Reflux episodes with material emanating from the mouth (regurgitant reflux) were distinguished from those without visible regurgitation, and were characterized as being, or not being, temporally associated with rectus abdominis activity. During 80 h of monitoring of the ten infants, 279 reflux episodes were identified. Electromyographic activity was observed with 58% of 24 regurgitant reflux episodes compared to only 32% of 255 non-regurgitant reflux episodes (Mantel Haenzel P = 0.006, common odds ratio = 4.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.5–11.3). Among the 95 reflux episodes that were positive for rectus abdominis activity (whether regurgitant or not), 25% of those in the first 42 min following feeding were regurgitant, whereas only 6% of those occurring beyond 42 min were regurgitant (Mantel Haenzel P = 0.03, common odds ratio = 4.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.14–17.6). It was concluded that rectus abdominis contraction is one of the propulsive mechanisms that contribute to regurgitant reflux. Further, rectus abdominis contraction is more likely to result in regurgitation in the early period after a meal, suggesting that intragastric volume is a factor which influences whether reflux will be regurgitant.
Conv—convolution for responses to a finite diameter photon beam incident on multi-layered tissues

A convolution program (CONV) solving responses to a collimated finite diameter photon beam perpendicularly incident on a multi-layered tissue has been coded in ANSI Standard C, hence, the program can be executed on various computers. The program, employing an extended trapezoidal rule for integration, convolves the responses to an infinitely narrow photon beam computed by a companion program (MCML). Dynamic data allocation is used for CONV as well as MCML, therefore, the number of tissue layers and grid elements of the grid system can be varied at run time. The potential error due to not scoring the first photon-tissue interactions separately is illustrated. The program, including the source code, has been in the public domain since 1992 and can be downloaded from the web site at http://biomed.tamu.edu/~lw.
New chromogens of the ferroin type—V: Pyridylpyrimidines, bidiazines and other substituted derivatives of diazines

Spectrophotometric studies of the reactions of iron(II), copper(I) and cobalt(II) with 33 new compounds have demonstrated that the chromogenic properties of diazyl groups are inferior to those of triazyl or pyridyl groups when incorporated into the ferroin chromophore group. The metal complexes of the diazyl derivatives are less stable than those of the corresponding pyridyl and triazyl derivatives. Conditional formation constants of the iron(II) chelates of some representative diazyl derivatives indicate that pyridazyl groups impart greater stabilities than pyrimidyl or pyrazyl groups. Five of the new chromogens have structures that suggest they can chelate iron(II) without steric hindrance, either as bidentate or as terdenate ligands. Although the terdentate mode would ordinarily be expected, two of the five were found to act preferably as bidentate ligands.
Nicotine antagonists: phosphoinositide turnover and receptor binding to determine muscarinic properties

Des antagonistes et agonistes nicotiniques sont testes pour leur activite muscarinique. On determine leur competition avec le benzilate 3 H-Quinuclidinyl dans membrane de cerveau de rat et leur effet sur le turn over des phosphatidylinositols
Substance P enhances HIV-1 replication in latently infected human immune cells

Abstract Substance P (SP) is a potent modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. SP receptors are present on human monocytes and T lymphocytes, and SP alters the function of these immune cells. We investigated the effects of SP on HIV-1 replication in latently infected human immune cells. SP significantly enhanced HIV-1 replication in the latently infected promonocytic cell line (U1) and T lymphocyte line (ACH-2) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). When added to these cells in combination with TNF-α, SP also enhanced HIV-1 gag gene expression in U1 and ACH-2 cells. This stimulatory effect of SP was associated with the activation of HIV-LTR (long terminal repeat) driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene expression, and could be blocked by pretreatment of U1 and ACH-2 cells with an SP receptor antagonist RP-67,580, indicating specific SP receptor-mediated regulation. Furthermore, the addition of SP to the cultures of latently infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from HIV-1-infected patients enhanced HIV-1 gag gene expression. Thus, SP may play a potentially important role as a positive regulator of HIV-1 replication in latently infected monocytes and lymphocytes. These observations may have significant implications toward understanding the role of neuropeptide SP in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
Review of Ahmed et al.'s "India's New Economic Policy"

This edited volume provides a welcome critical analysis of the impact of India's economic reforms from 1991 onwards. While acknowledging that economic growth rates have been high since the adoption...
Photochemistry and fluorescence spectroscopy of polymeric materials containing triphenylsulfonium salts

Triphenylsulfonium salts (TPS) have been formulated with polymers to make photosensitive systems for optical and optoelectronic applications. Photolysis of these salts generates strong acid which has been used in cross-linking reactions, deprotection reactions, and depolymerization reactions for photosensitive polymers, photodeformable polymers, and photo-doped conducting polymers. In addition, materials best described as polymeric sulfonium salts have been found to become conducting after photolysis. We have studied the photochemistry of TPS in polymer films and in solution. TPS photodecomposes by a mechanism that gives both in-cage recombination reactions and cage-escape products, and by reaction with solvent or polymer matrix. These products give cage/escape (C/E) ratios which are sensitive to the viscosity, rigidity, and polarity of the environment, and also the excited state from which the photochemistry occurs. Details of the reactivity and C/E ratios from photolysis of TPS salts in solution, have made it possible to determine their reactivity in polymers. In some cases the polymer behaves as a viscous solvent leading to high C/E ratios and in other systems the polymer excited state can sensitize the decomposition of TPS salts to give lower C/E ratios. Fluorescence studies on these polymers and quenching studies with TPS salts have helped to determine which excited states of the polymer and TPS salts are involved, and whether there is static or dynamic quenching in these systems. The photochemistry of model compounds for the polymeric sulfonium salts is also described.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Antenatal umbilical coiling index and Doppler flow characteristics.

Objective To evaluate whether a relationship exists between the antenatal umbilical coiling index (UCI) and umbilical cord Doppler flow characteristics. Methods During the fetal anatomical survey in 200 consecutive pregnant patients at 18–23 weeks' gestation, we recorded umbilical coiling patterns and blood flow characteristics. The antenatal UCI, calculated as a reciprocal value of the distance between a pair of umbilical cord coils, was compared with Doppler parameters including umbilical vein blood flow volume (in mL/min/kg), and mean resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV in cm/s) averaged from both umbilical arteries. Results A total of 154 patients met the inclusion criteria of singleton pregnancy and having adequate sonographic umbilical cord images, Doppler flow indices, and all demographic, antenatal and labor data. The mean antenatal UCI was 0.40, with 10th and 90th centiles of 0.20 and 0.60, respectively. The mean ± SD umbilical artery RI and PSV and umbilical vein blood flow volume were 0.74 ± 0.07, 25.1 ± 6.4 cm/s, and 264 ± 106 mL/min/kg, respectively. All Doppler variables correlated significantly with antenatal UCI, with lower RI and higher PSV and umbilical vein blood flow volume values being associated with higher antenatal UCI (P = 0.016, P < 0.001, and P = 0.032, respectively). However, when stratified by antenatal UCI into hyper- (above 90th centile), normo- (10th–90th centile), and hypocoiled (below 10th centile) umbilical cord groups, a significant difference was observed for PSV only (P = 0.016). Conclusion It appears that umbilical cord coiling modulates noticeably blood flow through the umbilical cord. We speculate that more prominent umbilical coiling (higher antenatal UCI values) has a protective effect on blood flow in terms of decreased arterial resistance and higher blood flow velocities, as well as increased venous blood flow. However, due to lack of significant differences between Doppler characteristics when stratified by antenatal UCI into hypo-, normo-, and hypercoiled groups, the clinical implications of this observation are uncertain. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbonic Acid: An Important Intermediate in the Surface Chemistry of Calcium Carbonate

Calcium carbonate is an important and ubiquitous component of biological and geochemical systems. In this study, the surface chemistry of calcium carbonate with several trace atmospheric gases including HNO3, SO2, HCOOH, and CH3COOH is investigated with infrared spectroscopy. Adsorbed carbonic acid, H2CO3, is found to be an intermediate in these reactions. In the absence of adsorbed water, carbonic acid is stable on the surface at room temperature. However, upon water adsorption, carbonic acid dissociates as indicated by the evolution of gaseous CO2 and the disappearance of infrared absorption bands associated with adsorbed carbonic acid. Thus, it is postulated that under ambient conditions, carbonic acid may be an important albeit short-lived intermediate in the surface chemistry of calcium carbonate.
Structural basis for coreceptor selectivity by the HIV type 1 V3 loop.

The third variable region (V3) of the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein, gp120, plays a central role in the interaction of the virus envelope with the cell surface chemokine receptors, triggering membrane...
Dissolution Model for a Weak Carboxylic Acid

AbstractA chemical reaction, diffusion, and ionization model is presented for the dissolution of solid, weak acids in reactive media. The model assumes an equilibrium plane, which is located within the diffusion layer and in which ionization equilibrium is established. The model, which proposes that the aqueous diffusion layer is divided into three zones, is tested by use of experimental dissolution rates of p-aminobenzoic acid and is compared to a two-zone model.
Crime and safety-related concerns in a small community

This research utilizes social context and personal characteristics as determinants of both perceptions and satisfaction with safety in the local neighborhood. Using survey data obtained from residents of a small town, this analysis examines the impact of satisfaction with the environment, victimization, and social integration on attitudes concerning safety. Consistent with past research, results indicate that victimization and satisfaction with the local area are both significant predictors of perceptions of safety. They also share a significant relationship with satisfaction with safety. Two indicators of social integration yielded differing results. Participation in local organizations and associations played a more significant role in attitudes concerning safety than did the number of friends a respondent has in the neighborhood. When controlling for personal characteristics, participation in organizations was a more significant predictor of perceptions of safety than of satisfaction with safety.
The longevity of the South Pacific isotopic and thermal anomaly

Abstract The South Pacific is anomalous in terms of the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios of its hot spot basalts, a thermally enhanced lithosphere, and possibly a hotter mantle. We have studied the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope characteristics of 12 Cretaceous seamounts in the Magellans, Marshall and Wake seamount groups (western Pacific Ocean) that originated in this South Pacific Isotopic and Thermal Anomaly (SOPITA). The range and values of isotope ratios of the Cretaceous seamount data are similar to those of the island chains of Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas and Cook/Austral in the SOPITA. These define two major mantle components suggesting that isotopically extreme lavas have been produced at SOPITA for at least 120 Ma. Shallow bathymetry, and weakened lithosphere beneath some of the seamounts studied suggests that at least some of the thermal effects prevailed during the Cretaceous as well. These data, in the context of published data, suggest: (1)|SOPITA is a long-lived feature, and enhanced heat transfer into the lithosphere and isotopically anomalous mantle appear to be an intrinsic characteristic of the anomaly. (2)|The less pronounced depth anomaly during northwesterly plate motion suggests that some of the expressions of SOPITA may be controlled by the direction of plate motion. Motion parallel to the alignment of SOPITA hot spots focusses the heat (and chemical input into the lithosphere) on a smaller cross section than oblique motion. (3)|The lithosphere in the eastern and central SOPITA appears to have lost its original depleted mantle characteristics, probably due to enhanced plume/lithosphere interaction, and it is dominated by isotopic compositions derived from plume materials. (4)|We speculate (following D.L. Anderson) that the origin of the SOPITA, and possibly the DUPAL anomaly is largely due to focussed subduction through long periods of the geological history of the earth, creating a heterogeneous distribution of recycled components in the lower mantle
Assessment of Two Nonnative Poeciliid Fishes for Monitoring Selenium Exposure in the Endangered Desert Pupfish

We assessed the suitability of two nonnative poeciliid fishes—western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna)—for monitoring selenium exposure in desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius). Our investigation was prompted by a need to avoid lethal take of an endangered species (pupfish) when sampling fish for chemical analysis. Total selenium (SeTot) concentrations in both poeciliids were highly correlated with SeTot concentrations in pupfish. However, mean SeTot concentrations varied among fish species, with higher concentrations measured in mosquitofish than in mollies and pupfish from one of three sampled agricultural drains. Moreover, regression equations describing the relationship of selenomethionine to SeTot differed between mosquitofish and pupfish, but not between mollies and pupfish. Because selenium accumulates in animals primarily through dietary exposure, we examined fish trophic relationships by measuring stable isotopes (δ 13C and δ 15N) and gut contents. According to δ 13C measurements, the trophic pathway leading to mosquitofish was more carbon-depleted than trophic pathways leading to mollies and pupfish, suggesting that energy flow to mosquitofish originated from allochthonous sources (terrestrial vegetation, emergent macrophytes, or both), whereas energy flow to mollies and pupfish originated from autochthonous sources (filamentous algae, submerged macrophytes, or both). The δ 15N measurements indicated that mosquitofish and mollies occupied similar trophic levels, whereas pupfish occupied a slightly higher trophic level. Analysis of gut contents showed that mosquitofish consumed mostly winged insects (an indication of terrestrial taxa), whereas mollies and pupfish consumed mostly organic detritus. Judging from our results, only mollies (not mosquitofish) are suitable for monitoring selenium exposure in pupfish.
Fabrication of corrosion-resistant tungsten shapes by plasma spraying and activated sintering

Abstract A sintering technique was developed to fabricate thin-walled plasma-sprayed tungsten components for containment of corrosive fluids. High density (greater than 90% of the theoretical density) and the elimination of interconnected porosity were achieved through the use of nickel-activated sintering. Specimens tested in an agitated mixture of molten zinc and a fused CaCl 2 KCl eutectic salt showed little corrosion or penetration.
The control-of-consumption approach to alcohol abuse prevention. II. A review of empirical studies.

Key empirical studies of the postulates of the single-distribution theory and the associated control-of-consumption approach are reviewed. The review is organized in terms of the six links possible between the four variables of the “Ledermann string” (availability, average consumption, proportion of heavy consumers, and prevalence of damage) presented in Part I. It is concluded that, on the whole, the available evidence is too inconsistent to support the control-of-consumption approach and that a more comprehensive understanding of alcohol abuse and prevention is needed.
An evaluation of conjoint behavioral consultation as a model for supporting students with emotional and behavioral difficulties in mainstream classrooms

Abstract Conjoint behavioral consultation (CBC) is an indirect form KEYW ORDS of service delivery in which parents and teachers collaborate to meet the academic, social, and behavioral needs of children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CBC as a method of providing behavioral support for two students with emotional and behavioral difficulties (EBD) in mainstream classrooms. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants' design and a follow-up phase were employed to assess an evidence-based intervention (self-management) delivered in the context of the CBC model. Results indicated a significant increase in teacher ratings of behavioral control from baseline to treatment. Positive treatment effects were maintained at a 4 week follow-up. Norm referenced measures produced statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in teachers' perceptions of disruptive behavior following treatment. Parents and teachers indicated satisfaction with consultation services and viewed CBC as accept...
Barriers to Services for Rural and Urban Survivors of Rape

A significant proportion of survivors of rape do not utilize formal services to cope with the aftermath of rape. Understanding victimization experiences in environments that differ on resources, such as rural versus urban areas, may be an important dimension to consider in understanding barriers. Thirty women (18 rural and 12 urban) were recruited from rape crisis centers to participate in focus groups. Study results suggest that (a) survivors of rape experience many barriers to service utilization, (b) there were some differences in barriers to service utilization that were mentioned only in rural areas and some that were mentionedonly in urban areas that may suggest that community context is important to consider in understanding barriers to service use, and (c) barriers to health and mental health services overlap with barriers to criminal justice system services.
The LEC-CAMs: An Emerging Family of Cell-Cell Adhesion Receptors Based upon Carbohydrate Recognition

Cell surface carbohydrates, because of their demonstrated and potential structural diversity, have long been considered as excellent candidates for determinants of cell-cell recognition. Recently, a gene family has been identified, which encodes a series of three adhesion proteins (pnHR, ELAM-1, and GMP-140), designated as the LEC-CAMs. Each receptor participates in highly specific cell-cell recognition events within the blood vascular compartment. The LEC-CAMs share a high degree of sequence homology and the same organization of protein motifs, which includes a calcium-type lectin domain at the extracellular amino-terminus of each. In the case of the pnHR (peripheral lymph node homing receptor), the lectin domain has been shown to be central to the adhesive function of the receptor, i.e., lymphocyte attachment to high endothelial venules (HEV) of lymph nodes. The cognate ligand for the pnHR on HEV is a sialylated glycoprotein. Sialic acid is required for the adhesive function of this ligand, and prelimin...
Pleural Plaques: A Review of Diagnostic Issues and Possible Nonasbestos Factors

The authors reviewed nonasbestos etiologies and diagnostic issues related to pleural plaques. Through searches of PUBMED and DIALOG using the term pleural plaques, they identified 125 articles. The authors found additional references by reviewing citations of these 125 articles. Exposure to nonasbestos agents (eg, erionite, silicates, manmade fibers) was cited as a possible factor in plaque development, although this association was based on limited data; empyema, tuberculosis, rib fractures, and hemothorax also were cited as potential etiologies. Rib companion shadows, fat, intercostal vessels, and muscles can appear as plaques; thus, radiographic diagnosis requires careful evaluation. Chest x-rays show large false negative and varying false positive rates. The terms calcification and thickening often were used as synonymous with plaques; however, these terms have different meanings. The authors concluded that plaques may be associated with nonasbestos exposures and certain medical conditions. Without a thorough exposure/medical history, plaque reports can be misleading.
Covalent adducts arising from the decomposition products of lipid hydroperoxides in the presence of cytochrome C

Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be converted to lipid hydroperoxides through nonenzymatic and enzymatic pathways. The prototypic ω-6 lipid hydroperoxide 13-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) homolytically decomposes to form highly reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, such as 9,12-dioxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid (DODE), 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE), 4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decenal (EDE), and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE), that can form covalent adducts with DNA. Both 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal can also modify proteins to form products that can potentially serve as biomarkers of lipid hydroperoxide-mediated macromolecule damage. In this study, cytochrome c was used to identify and individually characterize the modification sites for each of these aldehydes and also determine the most abundant adduct formed following the decomposition of 13-HPODE. The adducts were characterized by ESI-TOF/MS analysis of the intact proteins and by a combination of ESI-ion-trap/MSn and quadrupole-TOF/MS/MS analysis of...
Effects of Item Characteristics on Psychometric Properties of Forced Choice Scales

Two studies examined the effects of indeterminate frequency modifiers, item length, and statement direction on response to forced choice scale items. A pilot study established relative intensities of nine adverbial modifiers. Study 1 (N = 320) showed no effect on item variances due to the treatments. Differences were found between mean responses of short and long items as well as between positively and negatively stated items. Study 2 (N = 110) investigated effects on scale reliability and validity related to different intensity levels of modifiers. It is concluded that differential responses to items may not reflect differences in the behavior referenced by the items but rather observed differences in individual responses may be due to the mechanical, grammatical or delimitive characteristics of the items.
Effect of Three Different Modes of Alcohol Administration on the Activity of the Rat Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

The present study compared the effect of different modes of alcohol administration on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In a first series of studies, we investigated the influence of the intraperitoneal (ip) and intragastric (ig) effect of acutely administered alcohol. Over a 3-hr period, alcohol induced dose-related increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and alcohol levels in the circulation. There was a good correlation between blood ACTH and alcohol levels (ip treatment, R = 0.84; ig treatment, R = 0.79). Measurement of steady-state mRNA of the immediate early gene NGFI-B, taken as an index of neuronal activation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of rats administered 3 g of alcohol/kg, indicated significant (p < 0.01) increases between 60 and 180 min after both ip and ig alcohol injection, with peak stimulation at 1 and 2 hr, respectively. Although NGFI-B mRNA levels had returned to control level in the parvicellular portion of the PVN of animals administered the drug ip 4 hr earlier, they were still significantly (p < 0.01) elevated 4 hr after ig treatment. A second series of studies used rats fed an alcohol diet containing 6.4% alcohol (w/v), or pair-fed. The rats were tested during the 4th or 6th night of treatment. Despite blood alcohol levels ranging between 0.060 and 0.140% w/v, there was no significant rise in plasma ACTH/corticosterone levels in animals fed the drug, and no detectable NGFI-B mRNA in their PVN. Collectively, these results indicate that both the ip and the ig acute injection of alcohol induced dose-related increases in plasma ACTH levels. PVN neuronal activation was also observed. In contrast, the alcohol diet had no effect on HPA hormone levels or PVN expression of NGFI-B.
p53 Targets Chromatin Structure Alteration to Repress α-Fetoprotein Gene Expression

Many of the functions ascribed to p53 tumor suppressor protein are mediated through transcription regulation. We have shown that p53 represses hepatic-specific α-fetoprotein (AFP) gene expression by direct interaction with a composite HNF-3/p53 DNA binding element. Using solid-phase, chromatin-assembled AFP DNA templates and analysis of chromatin structure and transcription in vitro, we find that p53 binds DNA and alters chromatin structure at the AFP core promoter to regulate transcription. Chromatin assembled in the presence of hepatoma extracts is activated for AFP transcription with an open, accessible core promoter structure. Distal (−850) binding of p53 during chromatin assembly, but not post-assembly, reverses transcription activation concomitant with promoter inaccessibility to restriction enzyme digestion. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by trichostatin-A (TSA) addition, prior to and during chromatin assembly, activated chromatin transcription in parallel with increased core promoter accessibility. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed increased H3 and H4 acetylated histones at the core promoter in the presence of TSA, while histone acetylation remained unchanged at the site of distal p53 binding. Our data reveal that p53 targets chromatin structure alteration at the core promoter, independently of effects on histone acetylation, to establish repressed AFP gene expression.
Determinants of diet quality: the effects of diet pH, buffer concentration and buffering capacity on growth and food utilization by larvae of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

The growth of fourth-instar Munduca sexta larvae on nutrient-rich artificial diets is significantly affected by the characteristics of the buffer system present in the diet. An increase in diet buffer concentration or buffering capacity can cause decreases in total larval weight gain, relative growth rate, net growth efficiency and larval lipid content, and increases in the length of the instar, respiration rate, and the amount of assimilated food allocated to energy metabolism. We conclude that there is a significant metabolic cost associated with processing a diet with a high buffer concentration or buffering capacity. Within the pH range examined in this study (4.4-S), pH has a less pronounced effect on herbivore growth parameters, and presumably also on fitness, than do bulfer concentration and buffering capacity. These results demonstrate that foliar buffer systems are potentially important determinants of the nutritional value of foliage to insect herbivores. Diet pH Diet buffer Buffering capacity Herbivory Nutrition Manduca sexta
Characterization of the steady state in mouse lymphoblasts cultured in hypotonic medium.

Abstract 1. 1. Mouse lymphoblasts (L5178-Y), cultured in hypotonic medium, grow at a slower rate than in their normal culture medium. 2. 2. Cells grown in 70% (v/v) medium for several days have a nearly normal cell volume, lower intracellular K + (79% of normal), Na + (64%) and Cl − concentrations (63%). 3. 3. Utilizing the equations based on constant-field assumptions, the permeability ratio, P Na+ P k+ , remains constant at 0.54. Na + : K + pump ratios are 1 :1 for cells in the steady state in both 70% (v/v) and 100% (v/v) medium. Passive ionic fluxes in 70% (v/v) medium have decreased to 74% of control levels for both Na + and K + . 4. 4. (Na + + K + )-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity remains at the control level of 2.0 mM P i 10 8 cells per h for cells in the hypotonic environment. 5. 5. These results are compatible with pump regulation by means of intracellular Na + concentration rather than an alteration of number of pump sites.
Debye-Waller factors of copper, silver, and lead

Using very high intensity $(\ensuremath{\sim}70{Ci)}^{183}\mathrm{Ta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$ M\"ossbauer sources, we have measured the Debye-Waller factors (DWF's) for the (200), (400), and (600) Bragg reflections of three fcc metals (silver, copper, and lead) as a function of temperature from near 80 K to within about 100 K of their melting temperatures. Our reexamination of earlier measurements on these metals indicated problems with data analysis, and there are serious discrepancies between the present results and those reported earlier by Day, Mullen, and Shukla. We have corrected our data for the effects of thermal expansion, in a manner similar to our earlier paper [Phys. Rev. B 57, 889 (1998)] on alkali halides and reinvestigated the anharmonic contributions to the DWF of these three metals. We have found significant ${Q}^{4}$ contributions to the DWF in both silver and copper, with ${m}_{4}$ values of $1.5(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{4}/{\mathrm{K}}^{3}$ and $4.1(15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{4}/{\mathrm{K}}^{3},$ respectively.
Molecular basis of the cauliflower phenotype in Arabidopsis

Genetic studies demonstrate that two Arabidopsis genes, CAULIFLOWER and APETALA1, encode partially redundant activities involved in the formation of floral meristems, the first step in the development of flowers. Isolation of the CAULIFLOWER gene from Arabidopsis reveals that it is closely related in sequence to APETALA1. Like APETALA1, CAULIFLOWER is expressed in young flower primordia and encodes a MADS-domain, indicating that it may function as a transcription factor. Analysis of the cultivated garden variety of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) reveals that its CAULIFLOWER gene homolog is not functional, suggesting a molecular basis for one of the oldest recognized flower abnormalities.
Dividends, Interest, Profits, Wages, 1923–35

Introduction, 561.— I. Labor incomes, dividends and interest: all corporations, 563. — What is national income? 566.— Choice of a base for comparison, 571.— Dividends and interest payments vs. net earnings, 573.— II. The manufacturing industries taken separately, 575. — Further evidence on dividend payments, 581.— Corporate capitalization during the depression, 584.— III. Confusion of profits with interest and dividends, 585.— Different experience of these items, 586.— The fortunate exceptions, 590.— Computation of profits, 590. — Reduction in interest payments, 593.— Net profits in 1933 and 1934, 595.— Deficits, 599.— Conclusions, 599.
Mentoring for perianesthesia nurses.

THE SPECIALTY OF perianesthesia nursing can boast much diversity in nursing practice, experience, and expertise. There is a great deal of history within our units and a myriad of specialty experience that each nurse brings from her/his previous nursing roles. Historically, perianesthesia nursing units typically have not embraced graduate nurses on an entry level because prerequisite experience for a PACU nurse generally includes critical care or telemetry experience, whereas ambulatory units may require a medical surgical nursing background and some experience in the PACU. This trend may begin to change, however, as graduate nurses pursue an avid interest in perianesthesia nursing and staffing needs (or shortages) in our units persuade managers to change what has been “typical” in perianesthesia hiring practices.
Minimum Repair Bandwidth for Exact Regeneration in Distributed Storage

We consider a set up where a file of size $M$ is stored in $n$ distributed storage nodes, using an (n,k) minimum storage regenerating (MSR) code, i.e., a maximum distance separable (MDS) code that also allows efficient exact-repair of any failed node. The MDS property ensures that the original file can be reconstructed even if any $n-k$ storage nodes fail. When a node fails, a new node collects data from the remaining n-1 healthy nodes and repairs the failed node. The problem of interest in this paper is to minimize the repair bandwidth B for exact regeneration of the failed node, i.e., the minimum data to be downloaded by the new node to replace the failed node by its exact replica. Previous work has shown that with random network coding, a bandwidth of B=M(n-1/(k(n-k)) is necessary and sufficient for functional (not exact) regeneration, i.e., if the repaired new node need not be exactly identical to the failed node, but only information equivalent to it. It has also been shown using interference alignment based techniques that if $k \leq \max(n/2, 3)$ then, surprisingly, there is no extra cost of exact regeneration over functional regeneration and the same repair bandwidth of M(n-1)/(k(n-k)) suffices for exact regeneration. The practically relevant setting of low-redundancy, i.e., k/n>1/2 remained open for k>3 and it has been shown that there is an extra bandwidth cost for exact repair over functional repair in this case. In this work, we adopt into the distributed storage context an asymptotically optimal interference alignment scheme previously proposed by Cadambe and Jafar for large wireless interference networks. With this scheme we solve the problem of repair bandwidth minimization for (n,k) exact-MSR codes for all (n,k) values including the previously open case of k > max(n/2,3). Our main result is that, for any (n,k), and sufficiently large file sizes, there is no extra cost of exact regeneration over functional regeneration in terms of the repair bandwidth per bit of regenerated data. More precisely, we show that $\lim_{M\to \infty} \frac{B}{M} = \frac{n-1}{k(n-k)}$. The result is analogous to the wireless interference channel setting where exact interference alignment through linear beamforming is seen to be infeasible for more than 3 users, but almost perfect alignment is achieved asymptotically by the Cadambe-Jafar scheme over a large number of signaling dimensions for any number of users.
Teacher education and the best-loved self

Four narrative fragments involving research disseminated globally – namely, United States, Israel, The Netherlands, The People's Republic of China – are used to instantiate the phenomenon of teachers teaching their best-loved selves, without becoming the curriculum themselves. Next, the development of the best-loved self-conceptualization as it emerged in Joseph J. Schwab's scholarship is traced, along with important connections to Michael Connelly and Jean Clandinin's research programme. After that, two important research questions are addressed: (1) If the best-loved self is integral to the teacher-as-curriculum-maker image, what practices might we engage in in teacher education to foster the best-loved self? And (2) How does change happen in pre-service teachers' pedagogical practices and repertoires, given the potential significance of the teacher's best-loved self-image? To conclude, the work returns to the opening narrative fragments to determine the answers that lie within.
OTHER EXAFS-LIKE PHENOMENA

A description and comparison of various EXAFS-like phenomena are presented based on theoretical and practical considerations. Most of the phenomena are similar but not exactly the same as EXAFS. This does not limit their usefulness for structure determination but requires separate experimental calibration and theoretical calculations.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Fish and Meat Systems by Use of Oregano and Cranberry Phytochemical Synergies

Optimized phenolics from oregano and cranberry extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes in laboratory media and in beef and fish. The antimicrobial activity increased when oregano and cranberry extracts were mixed at a ratio of 75% oregano and 25% cranberry (wt/wt) with 0.1 mg of phenolic per disk or ml, and the efficacy was further enhanced by lactic acid. The inhibition by phytochemical and lactic acid synergies was most effective when beef and fish slices were stored at 4°C.
Methods and advances in metabolic flux analysis: a mini-review.

Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is one of the pillars of metabolic engineering. Over the past three decades, it has been widely used to quantify intracellular metabolic fluxes in both native (wild type) and engineered biological systems. Through MFA, changes in metabolic pathway fluxes are quantified that result from genetic and/or environmental interventions. This information, in turn, provides insights into the regulation of metabolic pathways and may suggest new targets for further metabolic engineering of the strains. In this mini-review, we discuss and classify the various methods of MFA that have been developed, which include stoichiometric MFA, 13C metabolic flux analysis, isotopic non-stationary 13C metabolic flux analysis, dynamic metabolic flux analysis, and 13C dynamic metabolic flux analysis. For each method, we discuss key advantages and limitations and conclude by highlighting important recent advances in flux analysis approaches.
Magnetic conjugacy at very high latitude; shepherd bay-scott base relationship

Abstract Magnetic variations occurring at very high latitudes have been studied to determine if they are similar at conjugate points, how the conjugacy or non-conjugacy changes during the day and season, and how this may be related to the sources of the disturbances and the field lines in the magnetosphere. Data from the conjugate pair Scott Base, Antarctica and Shepherd Bay, Canada were used in this study. Two basic types of magnetic activity must be considered, occurring at about the times the midpoint of the field line linking the pair is at the noon and midnight meridian. The field line midnight activity seems to result from auroral zone electrojets, and its conjugacy or non-conjugacy relates to the relative locations of the stations to the respective auroral zones. Field line noon activity is evident even on very quiet Kp, days and usually amounts to several hundred gammas irregular variations. It seems likely that this “dayside agitation” relates closely to the neutral point field lines, or on the magnetosphere surface under the solar wind may transmit particle fluxes or H−M waves down the field lines on the day side. Both the dayside and night-time types of activity show poor correlation at the conjugate points. Intervals of essentially one-to-one correlation can be found at almost any time during various days however. On the average the best correlation corresponds to the interval following the auroral zone type activity but preceding the dayside agitation. This also corresponds to the average quietest time of the day. These variations may be of global character, reflecting changes in solar wind pressure or interplanetary magnetic fields.
Regional-scale geostatistical inverse modeling of North American CO 2 fluxes: a synthetic data study

Abstract. A series of synthetic data experiments is performed to investigate the ability of a regional atmospheric inversion to estimate grid-scale CO2 fluxes during the growing season over North America. The inversions are performed within a geostatistical framework without the use of any prior flux estimates or auxiliary variables, in order to focus on the atmospheric constraint provided by the nine towers collecting continuous, calibrated CO2 measurements in 2004. Using synthetic measurements and their associated concentration footprints, flux and model-data mismatch covariance parameters are first optimized, and then fluxes and their uncertainties are estimated at three different temporal resolutions. These temporal resolutions, which include a four-day average, a four-day-average diurnal cycle with 3-hourly increments, and 3-hourly fluxes, are chosen to help assess the impact of temporal aggregation errors on the estimated fluxes and covariance parameters. Estimating fluxes at a temporal resolution that can adjust the diurnal variability is found to be critical both for recovering covariance parameters directly from the atmospheric data, and for inferring accurate ecoregion-scale fluxes. Accounting for both spatial and temporal a priori covariance in the flux distribution is also found to be necessary for recovering accurate a posteriori uncertainty bounds on the estimated fluxes. Overall, the results suggest that even a fairly sparse network of 9 towers collecting continuous CO2 measurements across the continent, used with no auxiliary information or prior estimates of the flux distribution in time or space, can be used to infer relatively accurate monthly ecoregion scale CO2 surface fluxes over North America within estimated uncertainty bounds. Simulated random transport error is shown to decrease the quality of flux estimates in under-constrained areas at the ecoregion scale, although the uncertainty bounds remain realistic. While these synthetic data inversions do not consider all potential issues associated with using actual measurement data, e.g. systematic transport errors or problems with the boundary conditions, they help to highlight the impact of inversion setup choices, and help to provide a baseline set of CO2 fluxes for comparison with estimates from future real-data inversions.
Subaltern Studies and African Studies

In a context of increasing interest by scholars to break down area studies boundaries, this article addresses the influence and methodological potential of Subaltern Studies within the field of African studies. Originating in South Asia, Subaltern Studies has created a much-debated dialogue between the disciplines of history, postcolonial theory, and cultural studies over the past twenty years. This brief article traces the history of this movement, its parallels at present with scholarship on Africa, and the consequent value this school of history might have on future work in Africa.
The Method of Receptances for Continuous Rods

It is shown that it is possible in general to assign 2n poles of an axially vibrating nonuniform rod by sensing the state at n points along the rod and by using an actuator which applies the control force. Moreover, the assignment of poles may be done without continuous or discrete analytical modeling. In particular, the rigidity, the density, and the variable cross-sectional area of the rod may be considered unknown. The control gains are determined by the receptances between the point of actuation and the points of sensing, which may be measured experimentally. In the analytical arena, where the receptances are exact, the assignment of the desired poles is also exact and suffers from no discretization or model reduction errors. However, the control force affects in general the distribution of the poles which are not intended to be desirably placed or to remain unchanged. Although the analysis is carried out for simplicity on an axially vibrating rod, the above mentioned results are generally applicable to other linear elastic structures of higher dimensions.
The Personal Vote and the Efficacy of Education Spending

In this article we explore the ways in which incentives to cultivate a personal vote affect the efficiency of education spending in developing democracies. We argue that where the electoral system provides incentives for political particularism, resources are allocated less efficiently and the effect of increased spending on literacy is diminished. We test our hypotheses using data on education spending and performance in over 40 developing democracies since 1980. We find that though personal vote systems spend just as much on education as party vote systems, particularism in personal vote systems dampens the marginal effect of increased education spending on illiteracy and at its highest levels, incentives to cultivate a personal vote completely undermine the positive effects of increased education spending on literacy.