cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ex Vivo Measurement of Electrically Evoked Dopamine Release in Zebrafish Whole Brain.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have recently emerged as useful model organism for the study of neuronal function. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to measure locally evoked dopamine release and uptake in zebrafish whole brain preparations and results were compared with those obtained from brain slices. Evoked dopamine release ([DA]max) was similar in whole brain and sagittal brain slice preparations (0.49 ± 0.13 μM in whole brain and 0.59 ± 0.28 μM in brain slices). Treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (αMPT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, diminished release and the electrochemical signal reappeared after subsequent drug washout. No observed change in stimulated release current occurred after treatment with desipramine or fluoxetine in the whole brain. Treatment with the uptake inhibitors, nomifensine or GBR 12909 increased [DA]max, while treatment with sulpiride, a D2 dopamine autoreceptor antagonist, resulted in increased stimulated dopamine ...
TESOL Strategies for the Mathematics Classroom

Teaching mathematics becomes especially challenging when including the needs of the limited English proficient students who struggle with language and cultural issues. However, many strategies exist that can ease the difficulty involved in providing a quality mathematics experience. The strategies to help the limited English proficient student are separated into three specific categories: literacy development strategies, cultural harmony strategies, and effective instructional strategies. Each category has specific suggestions and real class examples that make teaching mathematics to ALL more than just a possibility.
Writing While White: Uncreative Writing, Racism and Disavowal

The most troubling charge against Uncreative Writing has been that it is racist. Critics have taken as their most damning evidence Kenneth Goldsmith’s insensitive use of the St. Louis County medical examiner’s report of the autopsy of Michael Brown and Vanessa Place’s apparently race-baiting recycling of Gone with the Wind. While attacks on Uncreative Writing have tended to lump both Place and Goldsmith together, Chapter 4 demonstrates that their projects are very different.
Chemoembolization versus radioembolization for the treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a single institution image-based efficacy and comparative toxicity.

Aim Compare radioembolization (Y90) and chemoembolization (CE) for the treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (UICC). Materials & methods Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective search was performed. Forty patients with UICC were treated with either Y90 (n = 25, 39 treatments) or CE (n = 15, 35 treatments). Comparative analysis was performed using Student's t and fisher-exact tests. Multivariable-logistic regression was also performed. Results Median ages were 60 and 64 years for CE and Y90 groups, respectively (p = 0.798). Patient variables including age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score, tumor burden, extra-hepatic disease, prior chemotherapy and prior surgery were similar between groups. Adverse events were similar in both groups (CE 20%, Y90 26%; p > 0.9). Overall response rate (CE 6%, Y90 4%; p > 0.9) and disease control rate (CE 46%, Y90 48%; p > 0.9) were statistically similar. Multilogistic regression did not identify any variables that correlated with disease control rate, including Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score and tumor burden. Conclusion Our observation shows that CE and Y90 display similar toxicity and disease control in the treatment of UICC.
Incorporating Diversity and Inclusion as Core Values in Organization Development Practice

This chapter argues that diversity and inclusion are and should be at the core of organization development (OD). It describes what is meant by diversity and inclusion—especially as perspectives, practices, and values crucially relevant to OD practice—makes the connections of diversity and inclusion values and practices with OD more explicit, and suggests how to be more intentional and focused in integrating diversity and inclusion as core values in OD practice.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of an impact vibration harvester with triboelectric transduction

Abstract There has been remarkable interest in triboelectric mechanisms because of their high efficiency, wide availability, and low-cost generation of sustainable power. Using impact vibrations, we introduce piece-wise stiffness to the system to enlarge frequency bandwidth. The triboelectric layers consist of Aluminum, which also serves as an electrode, and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with micro semi-cylindrical patterns. At the bottom of the PDMS layer, there is another Al electrode. The layers are sandwiched between the center mass of a clamped-clamped beam and its base. The center mass enhances the impact force on the triboelectric layers subjected to external vibrations. Upon impact, alternating current, caused by the contact electrification and electrostatic induction, flows between the Al electrodes. Because of the impact, the equivalent stiffness of the structure increases and as a result, the frequency bandwidth gets wider. The output voltage and power reach as large as 5.5 V , 15 μ W , respectively at 0.8 g vibrational amplitude. In addition, we report how the surface charge density increases with the excitation levels. The analysis delineates the interactions between impact vibrations and triboelectric transductions. The ability of the system to achieve wider bandwidth paves the way for efficient triboelectric vibrational energy harvesters.
Efficacy of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, and Peroxyacetic Acid in Reducing Salmonella Contamination in Wash Water and on Mangoes Under Simulated Mango Packinghouse Washing Operations

Salmonellosis associated with consumption of mangoes have been traced back to the use of contaminated wash water. This highlights the critical role of wash water disinfection in mango processing, affecting its quality, and safety. Moreover, steps unique to the post-harvest handling of mangoes also create a conducive environment for internalization of pathogens into the fruit pulp. Currently, no effective treatment exists to eliminate internalized pathogens from mangoes. Therefore, it is critical to prevent contamination on the fruit to avert pathogen internalization. So the present study evaluated the efficacy of chlorine (200 ppm), peroxyacetic acid (80 ppm) and chlorine dioxide (5 ppm) for reducing Salmonella populations on mangoes and in wash water under simulated mango packing house conditions. Nalidixic-acid resistant isolates of Salmonella Montevideo, S. Newport, S. Baildon, S. Braenderup and S. Poona were used in this study. Disinfectants were added to inoculated wash water (ca.7 log CFU/ml) and mangoes (var. Atualfo and Tommy Atkins) were washed under simulated dump tank wash (24°C for 2 min), hot water treatment (46°C for 75 and 110 min) and hydrocooling conditions (21°C for 30 min). Wash water and mangoes were collected at different times for microbiological analysis. Additionally, residual disinfectant concentration was monitored throughout the study. All the three disinfectant tested were effective in significantly reducing Salmonella populations in wash water and on mangoes during dump tank wash, hot water treatment and hydrocooling (p≤0.05). Specifically, no Salmonella was detected from samples treated with 200 ppm chlorine and 80 ppm PAA. On the other hand, Salmonella was consistently recovered from mango and water samples treated with chlorine dioxide (5 ppm). This reduced antimicrobial efficacy can be attributed to the sharp decline in residual chlorine dioxide concentrations in wash water. Further, reductions in residual chlorine and PAA concentrations were also observed over time. Therefore, to ensure the sustained antimicrobial activity of chlorine and PAA, it is critical to regularly monitor and replenish the disinfectant in wash water. However, given the laboratory scale of these experiments, further validation of these results on a commercial scale are warranted.
Properties of 3 He on the Melting Curve

We have made measurements of pressure, volume, and magnetization of a 3He sample self-cooled by compressional cooling techniques. The method of this type of refrigeration is now well established (see, e.g., Ref. 1). In these experiments we investigated properties of both liquid and solid 3He constrained to the melting curve at temperatures less than 3 m°K. This work was motivated by several interesting features of 3He at low temperatures: the nuclear spin order anticipated in solid 3He near 2 m°K, and the recent observations by Osheroff et al 2 (OGRL) that at a very well-defined temperature below 2.65 m°K the NMR absorption signal of liquid 3He appears to drop suddenly by approximately 50%.
The Expected Difficult Airway

The primary purpose of airway management is to oxygenate the patient, as loss of airway is associated with hypoxemia causing significant morbidity and mortality. Patients need successful airway management as part of a general anesthetic or for resuscitation when a patient is in extremis. Difficulty with achieving satisfactory ventilation and oxygenation is a medical emergency, where prevention is better than the cure, and adverse outcomes follow rapidly with unprepared attempts by unskilled practitioners. Ever since the ASA closed claims studies [1], the critical importance of recognizing the difficult airway and preventing hypoxia has been a primary aspect of airway training. The advent of neuromuscular relaxants in the 1950s ushered in an era of tracheal intubation as this was considered the most effective way to ensure adequate ventilation during surgery. As a result, the vast majority of published literature looks at prediction of difficult tracheal intubation. However, mask ventilation is an equally critical component of successful airway management. Successful mask ventilation provides practitioners with a rescue technique during unsuccessful attempts at laryngoscopy and unanticipated difficult airway situations. Difficulty with both tracheal intubation and mask ventilation is associated with increased risk of patient injury. Several clinical models and tests have been described for the prediction of difficult intubation and mask ventilation. These screening tests use history elements and quantitative or estimated measures of various aspects of the face, upper airway, and neck to ascribe either high or low risk of an expected difficult airway. In order to better understand the performance and accuracy of these tests, a working understanding of the anatomy of the structures of interest is essential. A variety of systemic and local tissue factors impact the ease of tracheal intubation and mask ventilation. While the elective situation permits a rigorous examination of the airway, certain urgent and emergent clinical scenarios preclude a complete and thorough airway examination, making difficult airway situations more likely but less predictable. Irrespective of the urgency of airway instrumentation, clinical suspicion of a difficult airway helps prepare the practitioner for backup airway management strategies that often require additional personnel, equipment, and techniques for successful tracheal intubation. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the clinical features associated with the difficult airway and explore the clinical utility of these features on prediction of difficult mask ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation.
A Spatial Output Decomposition Method for Assessing Regional Economic Structure

This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Philip Israilevich, a close friend and valued colleague, whose enthusiasm, intellectual curiosity and good nature were inspirational to all who knew him. These pages present a method for measuring and comparing economic structure, using the input-output framework as a foundation, and demonstrated using data for the Midwest economy. These topics are among the many that captured Phil’s interest and imagination throughout his career.
Finding ways to decrease gait and speech impairment in patients with chronic STN DBS for Parkinson’s disease (P4.063)

Objective: To report the outcome of a DBS programming paradigm (PP) aimed at reducing gait, balance and speech impairment after prolonged STN DBS. Background: DBS of the STN using high frequency (130–185Hz) stimulation (HFS) is more effective for appendicular than axial symptoms. Low frequency stimulation (LFS) of the STN may reduce gait/balance impairment, but often results in worsening of appendicular symptoms. Medtronic DBS offers interleaving that allows delivery of two programs on each DBS lead. We used this to create a PP with a combination of low and high frequencies. Design/Methods: The novel PP (interlink-interleave, IL-IL) consists of two overlapping LFS programs on each DBS lead, with the overlapping area focused around the optimal contact. This area receives HFS controlling appendicular symptoms. The non-overlapping areas receives LFS potentially reducing gait/balance impairment and stimulation-induced-dysarthria. The Clinical-Global-Impression-of-Change (CGI-C) was completed retrospectively based on patient/caregiver feedback in patients remaining on IL-IL (at 3-months and current time). Results: Seventy-six patients were programmed with IL-IL (frequency 60–90Hz) from optimized HFS. Fifty-five (72%) patients remained on IL-IL after 18-months. These patients were separated into three categories: gait/balance impairment (n=48); stimulation-induced-dysarthria (n=17); and incomplete symptom control (n=14), with some belonging to more than one group. The median (range) CGI-C for gait was 2(1–5) at 3-months and 3(1–4) currently; for stimulation-induced-dysarthria 4(1–4) at 3-months and 4(1–5) currently, and for incomplete symptom control 2(1–3) at 3-months and 2(1–3) currently. Nine (12%) patients returned to conventional HFS after 5 days because of incomplete appendicular symptom control. Twelve (16%) patients have not returned for follow up. Conclusions: A significant number of patients chose to remain on IL-IL because of subjective improvements in balance/gait or dysarthria. Formal assessment with objective/quantitative outcome measures is currently under way and preliminary data will be presented. Disclosure: Dr. Karl has nothing to disclose. Dr. Verhagen Metman has nothing to disclose.
Evidence for recent and ancient faulting at Mare Frigoris and implications for lunar tectonic evolution

Abstract Nearside basin-related extensional tectonism on the Moon was thought to have ended by about 3.6 billion years ago and mare basin-localized contractional deformation ended by about 1.2 billion years ago. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) high resolution (50–200 cm/pixel) images show the Moon's surface in unprecedented detail and have enabled us to find many previously unidentified tectonic landforms, forcing a re-assessment of our views of tectonism in the maria. The morphology and stratigraphic relationships of these newly identified populations of tectonic landforms imply a more complex and longer-lasting history of deformation. We selected Mare Frigoris as an ideal location to perform a mapping survey where excellent imaging conditions, abundant tectonic landforms, and restricted mascon allow us to unravel the mare's tectonic evolution. Similar to previous surveys, we find that tectonism in the eastern portion of Mare Frigoris was controlled by ancient mascon induced flexure. In the western portion, however, we identify a parallel set of ancient compressional wrinkle ridges across the mare that is inconsistent with an origin by mare basin-centric mascon flexure or influence from the Mare Imbrium mascon. Instead, our results imply an ancient, regional, non-isotropic stress field over western Mare Frigoris. We also identify young wrinkle ridges and show that they have likely been active within the last 1 billion years, and some ridges as recently as within 40 million years. Finally, we identify a 300 km long series of lobate scarps coincident with one of the shallow moonquakes recorded during Apollo and use geodetic strain from the mapped global population of young lobate scarps to predict a level of seismicity consistent with the shallow moonquakes recorded during Apollo. In tandem with similarly young lobate scarps and small graben, as well as recorded shallow moonquakes, these young wrinkle ridges imply that some tectonism in and around Mare Frigoris has occurred in the geologically recent past and likely still continues today.
Characteristic dynamics of height and weight in preschool boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

OBJECTIVE Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a frequent variant of the normal leading to short stature and/or pubertal delay. To distinguish CDGP from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), we evaluated height, growth and weight pattern of CDGP and HH in the first 5 years of life. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We studied retrospectively height and weight in the first 5 years (y) of life in 54 boys with CDGP and 8 boys with HH. RESULTS In boys with CDGP, height-SDS decreased (change -0.94 (interquartile range [IQR] -1.69 to -0.05); P < 0.001) between birth and 2 years. BMI-SDS decreased (change -0.38 (IQR -1.21-0.16); P < 0.001) in the same time period. There were no significant changes in height-SDS or BMI-SDS between 2 years and 5 years, while height-SDS (change + 1.49 (IQR 1.02-1.95); P < 0.001) and BMI-SDS (change + 0.91 (IQR 0.12-1.69); P < 0.001) increased between pubertal and adult age. In boys with HH, height-SDS and BMI-SDS did not change significantly in the first 5 years of life. Height-SDS decreased (change -1.39 (IQR -1.96 to -0.67); P = 0.018) significantly between 5 years of life and puberty, while there were no significant changes in BMI-SDS in this time period. At pubertal age, BMI-SDS was significantly (P = 0.001) higher in boys with HH compared with boys with CDGP. CONCLUSION Height deflection and weight deflection in CDGP occur already during the first two years of life in contrast to HH. This different pattern of growth and weight might be helpful to distinguish CDGP from HH.
Multiplicity-free Hamiltonian actions need not be K\"ahler

We show that Tolman's example (of a six dimensional Hamiltonian $T^2$-space with isolated fixed points and no compatible K\"{a}hler structure) can be constructed from the flag variety $U(3)/U(1)^3$ by $U(2)$-equivariant symplectic surgery. This implies that Tolman's space has a ``transversal multiplicity-free'' action of $U(2)$ and that Delzant's theorem ``every compact multiplicity-free torus action is K\"{a}hler'' \cite{D1} does not generalize to non-abelian actions.
Effect of Visual Perceptual Training on Reading Achievement

This study was designed to determine the effect of visual perceptual training on perceptual, readiness, and word recognition skills of low readiness first grade children. The experimental group worked on Frostig worksheets. Under equally close attention of the teacher, control pupils listened to stories through a headset. Gains in perception, readiness, and word recognition outcome variables analyzed for experimental and control groups within 16 classrooms and between 4 pretreatment perceptual levels showed no significant differences in favor of the experimental group.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography Detection of Extracranial Vertebral Artery (EVA) Calcification and Ectasia

Carotid artery calcification is frequently noted in panoramic dental radiographs but more evident on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. Vertebral artery calcification and ectasia, although rare, can place the patient for equal risk for a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). The aim of this article is to radiographically identify calcified atheromatous plaque, as well as, atresia related to vertebral artery in large field of view CBCT examinations. This article presents two patients with radiographic diagnosis of vertebral artery disease. In case 1, the large field of view CBCT volume was obtained for evaluation of the temporomandibular joints. A curvilinear high-density structure was seen within the left transverse foramen of C3. Based on the density, location, and shape, a radiographic diagnosis of calcified atheromatous plaque was made. The patient was referred to her physician for management. In case 2, irregularly shaped, small, high-density structures were noted on the CBCT examination close to the left carotid bifurcation at the level of C3–C4. It was also noted that the left transverse foramen of C4 was enlarged. A diagnosis of calcified atheroma of left carotid was made in patient 1, and calcified atheromatous plaque in the left carotid bifurcation area and concomitant vertebral artery ectasia was made in patient 2. Both the patients were referred to their physicians for management. Although prevalence of carotid artery stenosis and calcification is noted more frequently in CBCT examinations, vertebral artery calcification or ectasia is rare but because of its potential risk for causation of stroke, identification is paramount.
Социальные функции сельской библиотеки

The paper presents a comparative analysis of social functions of domestic rural libraries in the different periods of their history.
1614. Single-Dose Doxycycline as Lyme Disease Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in a National Commercial Insurance Claims Database―the United States, 2014–2017

Background Approximately 300,000 cases of Lyme disease occur annually in the UNITED STATES, with children aged 5–9 years disproportionately affected. A single dose of doxycycline administered within 72 hours of a high-risk tick bite is recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to prevent Lyme disease in areas of high incidence. However, it is not known how often or for which patients PEP is used. We aimed to describe recent patterns of single-dose doxycycline medication claims in states with high and low Lyme disease incidence, and the associated patient and prescription characteristics in a large national commercial insurance claims database.
Mesozoic biochronostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of the South Atlantic: A revised framework based on 20 DSDP and ODP deep-water sites

Abstract The South American and West African margins of the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean are characterized by Mesozoic black shales that serve as source rocks of known and unknown petroleum systems. The knowledge of regional chronostratigraphy and paleoenvironment enables the prediction of the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of black shales with precision, as well as the understanding of local heterogeneity in regional- or global-scale oceanographic changes, such as oceanic anoxic events. Through sample re-analyses, this study provides a high-resolution Mesozoic chronostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental framework with the help of new micropaleontological data generated from 17 DSDP and ODP sites (out of 20 study sites), ranging from the Equatorial South Atlantic to the Southern South Atlantic. A series of eight regional Mesozoic unconformities are proposed and correlated to previously known unconformities or seismic reflectors. The regional paleoenvironmental interpretation, which utilizes the standardized chronostratigraphic framework, is herein accomplished for four time-horizons, namely, Middle Jurassic–Valanginian, Hauterivian–Albian, Cenomanian–Turonian, and Coniacian–Maastrichtian. Chronostratigraphic cross-sections and reconstruction maps for the time-horizons show that significant changes in paleoenvironmental parameters, such as bottom-water oxygenation and allochthonous sedimentation, were governed by the tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic margins.
Karst Aquifers: Hydrogeology and Exploitation

Karstic terrains cover approximately 12% of the Earth’s continental surface and 25% of the world’s population is supplied partially or entirely by karst water resources. In the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia, karst aquifers are the primary water resources. Karst terrains results from karstification, a phenomenon of dissolution of carbonate rocks under the action of water followed by physicochemical processes. Karst processes use the original discontinuities, fractures, joints, bedding planes or macroporosity, developing a hydraulic continuum from surface to spring. The exploitation of karst aquifers integrates the concept of the close relationship between the surface water and groundwater with the evolution of karst aquifer as the dissolution process progresses in order to manage and protect these water resources from overexploitation and pollution. This chapter presents the key elements related to the hydrogeology of karst aquifers and the karst water resources exploitation including methods of exploitation, impacts of exploitation such as overexploitation, salinization and sinkhole, and risk assessment and mapping for karst aquifer protection.
The European Union’s credibility–expectations gap in its European neighbourhood policy: perspectives from Georgia and Ukraine

Fifteen years have passed since the European Union launched the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Despite the EU’s attempts to reload the ENP, first in 2011 and later in 2015, in response to cha...
Electron and phonon thermal conductivity in high entropy carbides with variable carbon content

Abstract Due to their diverse bonding character and corresponding property repertoire, carbides are an important class of materials regularly used in modern technologies, including aerospace applications and extreme environments, catalysis, fuel cells, power electronics, and solar cells. The recent push for novel materials has increased interest in high entropy carbides (HECs) for such applications. The extreme level of tunability alone makes HECs a significant materials platform for a variety of fundamental studies and functional applications. We investigate the thermal conductivity of high entropy carbide thin films as carbon stoichiometry is varied. The thermal conductivity of the HEC decreases with an increase in carbon stoichiometry, while the respective phonon contribution scales with elastic modulus as the excess carbon content increases. Based on the carbon content, the HECs transition from an electrically conducting metal-like material with primarily metallic bonding to a primarily covalently-bonded crystal with thermal conductivities largely dominated by the phononic sub-system. When the carbon stoichiometry is increased above this critical transition threshold dictating bonding character, the electronic contribution to thermal conductivity is minimized, and a combination of changes in microstructure, defect concentration and secondary phase formation, and stiffness influence the phononic contribution to thermal conductivity. Our results demonstrate the ability to tune the thermal functionality of high entropy materials through stoichiometries that dictate the type of bonding environment.
Trends in undergraduate economics degrees, 2001–2019

Undergraduate degrees awarded in economics by U.S. colleges and universities were stagnant from 2010 (2009–2010) through 2013, increased rapidly (almost 14 percent) over the 2 years from 2013 throu...
Thermodynamics of Ca(OH)2/CaO reversible reaction: Refinement of reaction equilibrium and implications for operation of chemical heat pump

Abstract Thermochemical energy storage system based on Ca(OH)2/CaO reversible reaction can also be operated as a chemical heat pump to boost the temperature of the delivered energy stream. High energy density and potential to achieve a wide range of high delivery temperatures make this system attractive for application in many high temperature industrial processes. A refinement of the equilibrium relationship between pressure and temperature for the reaction is presented in this paper by incorporating temperature dependence of the thermodynamic properties and vapor phase non-ideality. The results show that incorporation of the temperature dependence of enthalpy leads to prediction of higher equilibrium pressures and the non-ideality in vapor phase can become significant at high pressures. Equilibrium relationships of greater accuracy that are based on sound theoretical foundation are highly desired, as they have significant impact on the design and operation of the chemical heat pump/thermochemical energy storage system.
Effects of Pringle Maneuver and Partial Hepatectomy on the Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Fluorescein in Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (Pringle maneuver) and/or partial hepatectomy (Hx) on the systemic pharmacokinetics of fluorescein (FL)...
Evaluating A Buy and Hold Strategy for the S&P 500 Index

In this paper, we calculate the real rate of return from purchasing the S&P 500 index from 1871 through 2001. We assume the investor purchases the index in January of each year and holds it forever, consuming dividends, but never selling the index itself or else selling it after its present value is dwarfed by the present value of the dividend flows. The calculations rest on best guesses about post 2000 dividends. These we infer from past behavior. The highest real return was 13.02% for a purchase in June 1932. The lowest was 2.88% for August 2000. The expected return for a purchase in January 2001 was 3.08%. To raise it to the 5% that we judge the minimum return necessary to maintain investor interest, the S&P 500 index would have had to fall by 53% from its January 2001 value of 1336 to 624.
Does Every Difference Make a Difference

It is argued that natural language syntactic differences must be used a useful cues in determining the contents of input sentences to be inserted into a knowledge base. To demonstrate how some apparently less important syntactic details might turn out to be useful, relative clauses have been analyzed in the context of conceptual graph theory.
Low and high speed propellers for general aviation: Performance potential and recent wind tunnel test results

A survey is presented of current research efforts in general aviation, low-speed propeller design and high-speed propfan design, with attention on such features as (1) advanced blade shapes, with novel airfoils and sweep, (2) tip devices, (3) integrated propeller/nacelle designs, (4) area-ruled spinners, (5) lightweight, all-composite blade construction, and (6) contra-rotating propfan systems. The potential overall improvements associated with these design modifications are calculated to lie at 10-15% for low-speed rotors and 15-30% for high-speed ones. Emphasis is placed on noise reduction, blade drag, performance prediction methods and wind tunnel testing of alternative rotor configurations. Extensive use of graphs is made in performance comparisons between alternative blade and rotor designs.
Sinicization and the Rise of China : Civilizational Processes Beyond East and West

1 China's Rise: Rupture, Return, or Recombination? Peter J. Katzenstein Part 1 2. Reimagining the Frontier: Patterns of Sinicization and the Emergence of New Thinking about China's Territorial Periphery Allen Carlson 3. One China, Two Worlds: Taiwan and China's Quest for Identity and Security Xu Xin Part 2 4. Compressed Development, Flexible Practices, and Multiple Traditions in China's Rise Tianbiao Zhu 5. The Rise of China and Its Implications for East Asia Takashi Shiraishi Part 3 6. Cultural Sinicization in Four Diasporic Lives Chih-yu Shih 7. Becoming "Chinese" in Southeast Asia Caroline S. Hau Part 4 8. Sinicization in Comparative Perspective Peter J. Katzenstein
Effect of cortisol on the maturation of fetal rabbit lungs.

The effect of cortisol on the maturation of fetal lungs was investigated in two series of experiments in rabbits. In one series cortisol (10 to 30 mg/kg) was injected into 16 pregnant does for 3 days. Twenty-one does were injected with saline and served as controls. In the second series involving 21 does, cortisol (0.5 to 1.0 mg) was injected directly into some fetuses and amniotic sacs 2 to 3 days prior to premature delivery while their littermates were given saline and were used as controls. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section at gestational ages between 26 and 29 days (full term: 30 days). Following maternal injection many fetuses were dead at delivery and the remaining live fetuses were smaller and weighed less than controls. There was no evidence of accelerated lung maturation. Fetuses directly injected with cortisol were more active, breathed better, and their lungs were better aerated when compared with their control littermates. In treated animals surfactant appeared at 26 to 27 days, a day earlier than controls and on electronmicroscopy there was evidence of accelerated maturation of alveolar epithelial cells. Thus, direct fetal injection of cortisol accelerates maturation of lungs and synthesis of surfactant, and promotes earlier extra-uterine adaptation of premature fetuses.
Market concentration and commercial bank loan portfolios

This paper estimates the relationship between banking market concentration and high-risk portfolio strategies at commercial banks. I use the unprecedented changes in the degree of competition in local banking markets that occurred after 1980 to estimate the impact of market competition on the risk profile of commercial bank lending. I find evidence that increasing concentration has been associated with reductions in the flow of bank capital to construction and land development loans, the highest-risk category of commercial bank loans. The magnitude of this effect is large: an increase in concentration from the 25 th to the 75 th percentile of the sample distribution is associated with a 15 percent drop in the share of bank lending going to construction loans. Robustness to a variety of econometric strategies supports a causal interpretation of this empirical relationship. Increasing concentration also appears to increase average bank capitalization, raise the average share of assets loaned out to borrowers, and reduce bank failure rates during this period. Because the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assumes the assets and liabilities of failing banks, changes in bank portfolio risk affect the value of the government’s contingent liability to the banking sector, as well as the health and stability of the larger economy.
The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism

To obtain information on the safety and efficacy of the gluten-free/casein-free (GFCF) diet, we placed 14 children with autism, age 3-5 years, on the diet for 4-6 weeks and then conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge study for 12 weeks while continuing the diet, with a 12-week follow-up. Dietary challenges were delivered via weekly snacks that contained gluten, casein, gluten and casein, or placebo. With nutritional counseling, the diet was safe and well-tolerated. However, dietary challenges did not have statistically significant effects on measures of physiologic functioning, behavior problems, or autism symptoms. Although these findings must be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size, the study does not provide evidence to support general use of the GFCF diet.
Crystal Structure of a Procaspase-7 Zymogen: Mechanisms of Activation and Substrate Binding

Abstract Apoptosis is primarily executed by active caspases, which are derived from the inactive procaspase zymogens through proteolytic cleavage. Here we report the crystal structures of a caspase zymogen, procaspase-7, and an active caspase-7 without any bound inhibitors. Compared to the inhibitor-bound caspase-7, procaspase-7 zymogen exhibits significant structural differences surrounding the catalytic cleft, which precludes the formation of a productive conformation. Proteolytic cleavage between the large and small subunits allows rearrangement of essential loops in the active site, priming active caspase-7 for inhibitor/substrate binding. Strikingly, binding by inhibitors causes a 180° flipping of the N terminus in the small subunit, which interacts with and stabilizes the catalytic cleft. These analyses reveal the structural mechanisms of caspase activation and demonstrate that the inhibitor/substrate binding is a process of induced fit.
Model evaluation of datasets using critical dimension model invariants

Critical dimension is the minimum number of features that is required to ensure the performance of a learning machine to be “high”. This critical dimension is usually unique to the learning machine and the ranking algorithm combination. Medical- and bio-informatics datasets are different from most other datasets in that there is an imbalance in most of these datasets and a high prediction accuracy often depends upon not just the overall accuracy but also the true positive and the false negative rates. To find a medically and bio-informatically accurate critical dimension and for better analysis of such datasets we develop two evaluation models, one using all features and the other using critical number of features. The performance measurements such as accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, area under the curve, F-score and kappa values are compared. This paper shows that at the critical dimension the evaluation model shows good results for all performance measurements measured on most datasets studied. The difference in performance measurements obtained using only critical number and using all features is significantly less, i.e., there is not much difference in sensitivity, specificity and other measurements calculated.
The role of dendritic cells in viral persistence

Viruses must modulate or suppress their host's immune system in order to persist. In this review, we discuss the means in which the lymphocytic choriomenengitis virus targets and infects an essential component of the immune system, the dendritic cell, essential to bridging the innate and adaptive immune response. Infection of these cells results in pleiotropic effects that serve to deregulate the host immune response.
Short-term order and item retention.

This paper evaluates two hypotheses: (a) that transposition errors made in the recall of letter strings occur as a by-product of acoustic confusion errors and do not represent the loss of order information, and (b) that order and item information are independently retained in short-term memory. An experiment was conducted in which four-consonant strings containing exactly zero or two acoustically confusable items were recalled in order after retention intervals of 3, 8, or 18 intervening digits, all characters being successively presented at a rate of 400 msec per item and read aloud by the subject. An analysis of errors in relation to intra- and extrastimulus sources of acoustic confusion, retention interval, and serial position produced results that refute hypothesis (a) and support hypothesis (b). The implications of the present results for an adequate theory of the short-term retention of ordered strings are indicated.
Sensory irritation tolerance development to chlorine in F-344 rats following repeated inhalation.

Abstract Upper respiratory tract irritation (sensory irritation) by airborne chemicals in animals causes a decrease in respiratory rate with no compensatory increase in tidal volume. This condition is an important respiratory tract defense mechanism. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether sensory irritation tolerance would develop in F-344 rats following repeated Cl 2 inhalation. Male, F-344 rats were divided into four groups (40 to 50 animals/group) and exposed to 0, 1, 5, or 10 ppm Cl 2 , 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks. Sensory irritation was quantified 16 to 24 hr following the last day of Cl 2 pretreatment by measuring respiratory rate depression during exposure of groups of three to four animals for 10 min to various Cl 2 concentrations (1 to 760 ppm). Concentration-response curves were compared to the curve obtained from rats receiving no pretreatment (naive group). Tolerance was seen after all Cl 2 pretreatments and was greatest in the 10-ppm group. When compared to the non-pretreated group, all Cl 2 -pretreated rats had concentration-response curves with decreased slopes demonstrating increasing tolerance with increasing Cl 2 challenge concentration. The concentration of Cl 2 needed to elicit a reflex decrease in respiratory rate of 50% (RD 50 ) was 25 ppm in non-pretreated rats whereas Cl 2 pretreatments of 1, 5, or 10 ppm increased the RD 50 values to 90, 71, and 454 ppm, respectively. Tolerance development to sensory irritation is important because an organism's ability to perceive the presence or lung damaging concentrations of irritants may be compromised. Since the current threshold limit value for Cl 2 is 1 ppm, indications of tolerance development of rats exposed to Cl 2 at 1 ppm may be relevant to humans exposed repeatedly to this concentration.
Uniqueness of analytic continuation: Necessary and sufficient conditions☆

Necessary and sufficient conditions for uniqueness of analytic continuation are investigated for a system of m ⩾ 1 first-order linear homogeneous partial differential equations in one unknown, with complex-valued b∞ coefficients, in some connected open subset of Rk, k ⩾ 2. The type of system considered is one for which there exists a real k-dimensional, b∞, connected C-R submanifold Mk of Cn, for k, n ⩾ 2, such that the system may be identified with the induced Cauchy-Riemann operators on Mk. The question of uniqueness of analytic continuation for a system of partial differential equations is thus transformed to the question of uniqueness of analytic continuation for C-R functions on the manifold Mk ⊂ Cn. Under the assumption that the Levi algebra of Mk has constant dimension, it is shown that if the excess dimension of this algebra is maximal at every point, then Mk has the property of uniqueness of analytic continuation for its C-R functions. Conversely, under certain mild conditions, it is shown that if Mk has the property of uniqueness of analytic continuation for all b∞ C-R functions, and if the Levi algebra has constant dimension on all of Mk, then the excess dimension must be maximal at every point of Mk.
Hydrogen on-orbit storage and supply (HOSS) thermal design and analysis

This paper describes the thermal design and analysis of the HOSS (Hydrogen On-Orbit Storage and Supply) liquid hydrogen dewar. This task is being carried out by the Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University under contract from NASA Lewis Research Center. The vacuum jacketed 80-liter dewar is designed for a mission life greater than 30 days. The design uses concentric G-10 fiberglass support tubes and multilayer insulation to thermally isolate the hydrogen tank. Heat load trade off studies were performed based on the support tube thickness, plumbing size, and vacuum shell temperature. The dewar employs a liquid nitrogen cooled shield to provide a non-venting ground hold capability of more than 96 hours for launch preparation. Analysis has shown that a greater than 30 day mission is feasible even with a mechanically robust design capable of withstanding most launch environments.
The addition of carbon monoxide to certain binuclear organometalllic compounds of iron, molybdenum and tungsten containing bridging thiolate ligands. The formation fo mononuclear species

Abstract The reaction of carbon monoxide wiht [Fe(CO)(C 5 H 5 (RS)] 2 and [M9CO) 2 (C 5 H 5 )(RS)] 2 (where M = Mo or W, and R = p -CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) in tetrahydrofuran results in (a) the cleavage of the bridging sulfur  metal bond, (b) the uptake of carbon monoxide, and (c) the formation of the mononuclear species; Fe(CO) 2 (C 5 H 5 )(RS) and M(CO) 3 (C 5 H 5 (RS). The relative stabilities of the two isomers of [Fe(CO)(C 5 H 5 (RS)] 2 are discussed.
Using mid-range RFID for location based activity recognition

Development of smarthome home application depends on the ability to identify resident activity and track occupancy of rooms as people move within a residence. Existing solutions to home activity recognition are evaluated using controlled experiments and having participants maintain logs of daily activities as ground truth. In our study, we evaluate the effectiveness of using mid-range RFID as a research tool to perform in-situ evaluation of smarthome systems. We propose that using bracelets and anklets embedded with passive RFID tags can provide an accurate ground truth system, which can help evaluate the performance of research solutions for smarthomes with higher accuracy - in presence of natural variability of people in activities and movement in homes.
Backward masking of visual targets with internal contours

Detection thresholds were obtained using a staircase procedure coupled with a forced-choice indicator response to test the hypothesis that a visual target would become increasingly less susceptible to backward masking as the amount of its internal contour increased. Relative maskability of each of several targets was expressed as a ratio of threshold under masking to threshold under nonmasking conditions. The hypothesis was confirmed, some earlier results were verified, and an unan ticipated backward “facilitation” effect was indicated for the target with the most extensive internal contour (a disk composed of 16 black and white segments).
The Dynamic Disc Model: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Background: The intervertebral disc (IVD) has been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of spine pain. Examination and treatment approaches directed at the IVD often cite a biomechanical principle referred to as the dynamic disc model (DDM), which is hypothesised to account for positional changes of the nucleus pulposus (NP). The DDM proposes a predictable pattern of NP migration in response to movements and positioning; consequently, this model has served the basis for many clinical decisions. Objectives: The purpose of this manuscript was to systematically review the available research pertaining to the DDM in human discs. Methods: A literature review was conducted by two investigators independently using the MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE.com and CINAHL databases and the following key words independently and in combination: intervertebral disc, nucleus pulposus, nucleus migration, disc model, disc loading and dynamic disc model. Results from each researcher were pooled and studies were ma...
T7 RNA polymerase can direct expression of influenza virus cap-binding protein (PB2) in Escherichia coli

Influenza virus cap-binding protein (PB2; Mr 85,000) is made in Escherichia coli when the cloned cDNA is transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase. Translation begins at the probable natural start codon and also from at least five internal sites in the same reading frame. The eukaryotic initiation site is not typical of protein initiation sites of E. coli, in that the closest potential Shine-Dalgarno sequence is far (15 nucleotides) from the start codon. Nevertheless, protein synthesis initiates efficiently at this site even in competition with a strong upstream prokaryotic initiation site. PB2 is somewhat unstable in the cell, but accumulates to a level where it is easily detectable in electrophoresis patterns of total cell protein. The full-length protein and various subfragments of it are insoluble in crude extracts, but have been useful for producing antibodies.
Prevention of hospital-acquired systemic mycoses.

Abstract Systemic mycoses, particularly candidiasis and aspergillosis, may be acquired as a direct result of hospitalization. Prevention of candidiasis rests upon avoiding therapeutic maneuvers which lead first to enhanced Candida colonization of the patient and then to breaks in tissue barriers. Prevention of aspergillosis rests upon protecting the severely immunosuppressed patient from airborne spores.