cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contaminant Concentrations in Sediments, Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish in Proximity to Rail Tracks Used for Coal Transport in the Pacific Northwest (USA): A Baseline Assessment

Railway transport of coal poses an environmental risk, because coal dust contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mercury, and other trace metals. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, proposed infrastructure projects could result in an increase in coal transport by train through the Columbia River corridor. Baseline information is needed on current distributions, levels, and spatial patterns of coal dust-derived contaminants in habitats and organisms adjacent to existing coal transport lines. To that end, we collected aquatic surface sediments, aquatic insects, and juvenile fish in 2014 and 2015 from Horsethief Lake State Park and Steigerwald National Wildlife Refuge, both located in Washington state close to the rail line and within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. Two subsites in each area were selected: one close to the rail line and one far from the rail line. Detected PAH concentrations were relatively low compared with those measured at more urbanized areas. Some contaminants were measured at higher concentrations at the subsites close to the rail line, but it was not possible to link the contaminants to a definitive source. Trace metal concentrations were only slightly higher than background concentrations, but a few of the more sensitive benchmarks were exceeded, including those for arsenic, lead, and selenium in fish tissue and fluoranthene, cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, zinc, iron, and arsenic in sediments. At Horsethief Lake, Chinook salmon and yellow perch showed lower total mercury body burdens than other species, but PAH body burdens did not differ significantly among species. Differences in the species caught among subsites and the low number of invertebrate samples rendered food web comparisons difficult, but these data show that the PAHs and trace metals, including mercury, are accumulating in these wetland sites and in some resident organisms.
LAW AND B/ORDER: from the self-defeating logics of border enforcement to the politics of sanctuary

Insofar as border policing and wall construction symbolize the reassertion of nation-state sovereignty, the fact that they exacerbate the problems they seek to contain makes them complicit in under...
Hearing Loss in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Objective To determine the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to describe frequency-specific hearing threshold changes in this patient population compared to patients without AS. Methods A systematic review querying four databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane) was performed to identify studies evaluating HL in patients with AS. Meta-analysis was performed to identify overall prevalence rate and odds ratio (OR) of HL, as well as to compare mean differences in frequency-specific hearing thresholds between patients with and without AS. Results This meta-analysis included 14 studies and 1,083 patients (598 with AS vs. 485 without AS). The pooled prevalence of HL in patients with AS was 42.4% (95% CI 29.2 - 56.2%). Patients with AS had a significantly higher OR of HL in patients with AS over patients without AS (4.65 OR, 95% CI 2.73 – 7.91). Mean differences in pure tone hearing thresholds ranged from 0-5 decibel (dB) for frequencies 0.25-4kHz and from 5-15 dB for frequencies 6-16 kHz. Conclusion Patients with AS have higher odds of having HL over patients without AS. This population also presents with significantly impaired hearing thresholds across all conventional and extended pure tone frequencies. This may manifest as slight to moderate hearing loss. Results of this systematic review might justify increased attention audiologic manifestations of patients with AS.
"Wars" on COVID-19 in Slovakia, Russia, and the United States: Securitized Framing and Reframing of Political and Media Communication Around the Pandemic

This study analyzes securitized discourses and counter narratives that surround the COVID-19 pandemic. Controversial cases of security related political communication, salient media enunciations, and social media reframing are explored through the theoretical lenses of securitization and cascading activation of framing in the contexts of Slovakia, Russia, and the United States. The first research question explores whether and how the frame element of moral evaluation factors into the conversations on the securitization of the pandemic. The analysis tracks the framing process through elite, media, and public levels of communication. The second research question focused on fairly controversial actors – “rogue actors” – such as individuals linked to far-leaning political factions or militias. The proliferation of digital media provides various actors with opportunities to join publicly visible conversations. The analysis demonstrates that the widely differing national contexts offer different trends and degrees in securitization of the pandemic during spring and summer of 2020. The studied rogue actors usually have something to say about the pandemic, and frequently make some reframing attempts based on idiosyncratic evaluations of how normatively appropriate is their government’s “war” on COVID-19. In Slovakia, the rogue elite actors at first failed to have an impact but eventually managed to partially contest the dominant frame. Powerful Russian media influencers enjoy some conspiracy theories but prudently avoid direct challenges to the government’s frame, and so far only marginal rogue actors openly advance dissenting frames. The polarized political and media environment in the US has shown to create a particularly fertile ground for rogue grassroots movements that utilize online platforms and social media, at times going as far as encouragement of violent acts to oppose the government and its pandemic response policy.
Optimal service zone and headways for flexible-route bus services for multiple periods

Where private ridesharing companies such as Uber and Lyft are transforming the transit sector by making flexible transit cheaper and more readily available than ever before, it may be beneficial fo...
A Multimodal Self-Healing Flexible Sweat Sensor for Healthcare Monitoring

We report a self-healable, flexible, and multimodal sweat sensor based on laser-induced graphene electrodes for healthcare monitoring application. A transfer printing and laser engraving process has been developed to conduct a high-throughput patterning process of various materials on a self-healable substrate. The prototype device is capable of simultaneous detection of pH, uric acid, and tyrosine, which are important indicators for skin and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, this work has made advancements as compared with the state-of-art works: (1) maintaining sensitivity under large strain, such as under 180-degree folding with a bending radius of ~1 mm, and (2) recovery of conductivity and sensitivity by self-healing after being cut through into two pieces by a razor blade. As such, this sensing system is suitable for wearable health monitoring systems that often encounter accidental damages due to the settings of large deformation and bending in practice.
Baseline Infection Burden and Cognitive Function in Elders with Essential Tremor.

Background: Patients with essential tremor (ET) have an increased risk of cognitive impairment, yet little is known about the predictors of cognitive decline in these patients. Exposures to infectious agents throughout the lifespan may impact the later development of cognitive impairment. For example, high Infection exposure has been associated with lower cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. However, this predictor has not been examined in ET. Objectives: To determine whether a higher baseline infection burden is associated with worse cognitive performance at baseline and greater cognitive decline over time in an ET cohort. Method/Design: 160 elderly non-demented ET participants (80.0 ± 9.5 years) underwent an extensive cognitive evaluation at three time points. At baseline, participants completed an infection burden questionnaire (t-IBQ) that elicited information on previous exposure to infectious agents and number of episodes per disease. Analysis of covariance and generalized estimated equations (GEEs) were used. Results: Overall, infection burden was not associated baseline cognitive performance. Adjusted GEE models for repeated measures yielded a significant time interaction between moderate infection burden at baseline and better performance in the attention domain over time (p = 0.013). Previous history of rubella was associated with faster rate of decline in visuospatial performance (p = 0.046). Conclusion: The data were mixed. Moderate self-reported infection burden was associated with better attention performance over time. Self-reported history of rubella infection was related to lower visuospatial performance over time in this cohort. Follow-up studies with additional design elements would be of value.
Charge transfer states and carrier generation in 1D organolead iodide semiconductors

Excited-state interactions between organic and inorganic components in hybrid metal halide semiconductors open up the possibility of moving charge and energy in deliberate ways, including energy funneling, triplet energy harvesting, or long-lived charge separation. In this work, we utilize π-conjugated naphthalene diimide electron accepting molecules to fabricate a hybrid one-dimensional (1D) lead iodide semiconductor ((NDIC2)Pb2I6) with an internal charge separating junction. Despite recent efforts on the synthesis of 1D metal halide semiconductors, little is known about their electronic structure, optical properties, and excited-state dynamics. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of ((NDIC2)Pb2I6) thin films elucidate discrete optical features from the lead iodide and naphthalene diimide components of this heterostructure, along with a weakly bound optically active charge transfer state. The type-II heterojunction between the organic NDIC2 and inorganic Pb2I6 moieties facilitates rapid separation of photogenerated charges, where charge recombination is hindered by the spatial separation of charges across the organic/inorganic interface. Our study also provides some important insights into the ways in which Coulomb interactions between the organic and metal halide moieties and π–π interactions between the organic cations can affect the crystallization of these hybrid semiconductors with large, optically active π-conjugated chromophores. We believe our findings will further enable the rational design of low-dimensional organic–inorganic heterostructures where the dielectric environment, charge transfer states, and exciton behavior may be modulated.
Intuitive Biases in Choice versus Estimation: Implications for the Wisdom of Crowds

Although researchers have documented many instances of crowd wisdom, it is important to know whether some kinds of judgments may lead the crowd astray, whether crowds’ judgments improve with feedback over time, and whether crowds’ judgments can be improved by changing the way judgments are elicited. We investigated these questions in a sports gambling context (predictions against point spreads) believed to elicit crowd wisdom. In a season-long experiment, fans wagered over $20,000 on NFL football predictions. Contrary to the wisdom-of-crowds hypothesis, faulty intuitions led the crowd to predict “favorites” more than “underdogs” against point spreads that disadvantaged favorites, even when bettors knew that the spreads disadvantaged favorites. Moreover, the bias increased over time, a result consistent with attributions for success and failure that rewarded intuitive choosing. However, when the crowd predicted game outcomes by estimating point differentials rather than by predicting against point spreads,...
Contextual gating of motivationally-relevant stimuli in the mouse nucleus accumbens

Neural activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is thought to track fundamentally value- centric quantities such as current or future expected reward, reward prediction errors, the value of work, opportunity cost, and approach vigor. However, the NAc also contributes to flexible behavior in ways that are difficult to explain based on value signals alone, raising the question of if and how non-value signals are encoded in NAc. We recorded NAc neural ensembles while head-fixed mice performed a context-dependent odor discrimination task, and extracted single-unit and population-level correlates of task features. We found coding for context-setting cues that modulate the stimulus-outcome association of subsequently presented reward-predictive cues. This context signal occupied a subspace orthogonal to classic value representations, suggesting that it does not interfere with value-related NAc output. Finally, we show that the context signal is predictive of subsequent value coding, supporting a circuit-level gating model for how the NAc contributes to behavioral flexibility and providing a novel population-level perspective from which to view NAc computations.
Comparing the Efficacy of Radiation Free Machine-Vision Image-Guided Surgery With Traditional 2-Dimensional Fluoroscopy: A Randomized, Single-Center Study:

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) computer-assisted navigation (CAN) has emerged as a potential alternative to 2-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy in the surgical placement of spinal instrumentation. R...
The Strategic Logics of Wartime and Post-War Power Sharing

Scholars have extensively studied the effects of power sharing agreements, but the dynamics behind their adoption have received scant attention. This neglect is unfortunate, as studying these processes about can shed light both on the nature of the strategic dilemmas that characterize civil war termination and on persistent concerns about bias in studies of power sharing effectiveness. This paper therefore takes an in-depth look at how and why power sharing agreements get adopted, making both theoretical and empirical contributions. First, I propose a typology of power sharing logics — stalemate, token, cynical, and coalitional — that shows how agreements that are similar in form can differ greatly in function. Second, I offer quantitative evidence and qualitative comparisons of a random sample of several dozen power sharing agreements to corroborate the theoretical claims. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of the argument for studies of power sharing effectiveness specifically and the study of civil war termination more broadly.
Towards More Computationally Efficient Techniques for Processing Uncertainty

In this chapter, we consider challenges related to computational efficiency of uncertainty propagation.
The value line enigma (1965–1978)

Abstract The performance of Value Line Investment Survey recommendations made between 1965 and 1978 is evaluated by applying a future benchmark technique. The future benchmark technique avoids selection bias problems associated with using historic benchmarks as well as known difficulties of using Capital Asset Pricing Model benchmarks. Potential problems (implicit in the technique) are discussed and resolved within the conduct of the experiment. Results indicate statistically significant abnormal performance when future benchmarks are computed using a market model.
Structure and Expression of the Murine Slow/Cardiac Troponin C Gene

Cardiac troponin C (cTnC) is the calcium-binding subunit of the myofibrillar thin filament that regulates excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle. We have utilized a novel polymerase chain reaction cloning procedure to isolate cDNA clones encoding murine cTnC. Murine cTnC is a 161-amino acid polypeptide that has been highly conserved during evolution. Southern blot analyses demonstrated that the cTnC gene is a member of a multigene family. Northern blot analyses revealed that the cTnC gene is expressed in murine cardiac tissue and slow skeletal muscle (soleus), but is not expressed in fast skeletal muscle (extensor digitorum longus and anterior tibialis) or in neonatal or adult brain, kidney, lung, liver, or testis. In addition, while the cTnC gene is not expressed in murine C2C12 myoblasts, differentiation of these cells into myotubes was shown to result in a dramatic induction of cTnC gene expression. A full length cTnC genomic clone was isolated from a murine genomic library by hybridization with a cTnC cDNA probe and structurally characterized by DNA sequence, primer extension, and S1 nuclease protection analyses. The cTnC gene is 3.4 kilobase pairs long and is composed of six exons. The introns do not appear to divide the gene into functional domains. Analysis of the 5′-flanking region of the gene revealed the presence of a consensus TATA box 24 base pairs 5′ of the transcription start site. Despite the finding that the gene is expressed only in cardiac and slow skeletal muscle, it lacks the previously described CArG and M-CAT transcriptional regulatory sequence motifs that are involved in regulating the expression of a number of other myofibrillar genes.
Vortex phase diagram of Ba(Fe 0.93 Co 0.07 ) 2 As 2 single crystals

Irreversible magnetic properties of $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{0.93}{\text{Co}}_{0.07})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ single crystals were studied by using several techniques including transport, magnetization, and magneto-optics. The mixed-state response was found to be very similar to high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates, such as Y-Ba-Cu-O and Nd-Ce-Cu-O. In particular, we find a nonmonotonic ``fishtail'' shape of the magnetization loops $M(T=\text{const},H)$ and a corresponding feature in $M(T,H=\text{const})$ scans, as well as a very large magnetic relaxation rate. The supercurrent density, $j$, in the critical state was evaluated from magnetization and from direct transport measurements close to ${T}_{c}$. At 5 K we estimate a moderate $j\ensuremath{\approx}2.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\text{ }\text{A}/{\text{cm}}^{2}$. Analysis of the temperature and field dependencies of the magnetic relaxation is consistent with the collective pinning and creep (weak pinning and fast creep) model and suggests a crossover from the collective to the plastic creep regime in fields exceeding the field at which the fishtail magnetization is maximum. While the zero-field anisotropy of the magnetic properties in the superconducting state of $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{0.93}{\text{Co}}_{0.07})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ is small, the vortex behavior changes for different orientations of magnetic field with respect to the crystal axes, implying field-dependent anisotropy of pinning properties.
Transition of adolescents with chronic health conditions to adult primary care: factors associated with physician acceptance.

PURPOSE: To assess the willingness of adult primary-care physicians to transfer young adults with special health care needs (YASHCN) into their practices, and the relative impact of patient characteristics and transition supports. METHODS: Survey of primary care internists and family practitioners using randomized patient characteristics and transition supports in clinical vignettes to assess physician willingness to accept a YASHCN into their practice. RESULTS:404 responses were received from 601 surveys (response rate 67%). Only 44% rated themselves “willing” or “enthusiastic” to accept a YASHCN. Using four-way ANOVA testing, provider and practice characteristics significantly associated with willingness to accept included gender, years in practice, presence of YASHCN in current practice and whether the practice was accepting new patients. Patient condition and transition support significantly affected willingness to accept; training in internal medicine versus family practice did not. CONCLUSION: Physicians providing primary care for adults express limited willingness to accept YASHCN into their practices. Provider, practice and patient characteristics affected willingness to accept. Although transition supports affected willingness to accept, effects varied markedly across diagnoses and physician gender. Findings have implications for patients and healthcare teams and policy planners.
Histological study of recurrence in adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri

Abstract The histology of the primary and recurrent tumor in 30 cases of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium was studied. In 28 of the 30 cases the histological grade was found unchanged after intervals of 3 months to 16 years. In the two exceptions it seemed that, although apparent histological structure differed, the finer cytological characteristics were similar in the primary and recurrent lesions. The time interval between treatment of the primary lesion and appearance of the recurrence, and the anatomical distribution of the recurrences, were also examined in relation to histological grades.
Signal processing within an integrated teaching laboratory

An integrated teaching laboratory (ITL) is being built at the University of Colorado to provide interdisciplinary design and development experiences for engineering students beginning at the freshman level. The ITL will be fully operation in 1997 and will consist primarily of open space with portable lab stations that can be reconfigured to accommodate various types of experiments. Students from every discipline in the engineering college will work next to one another in the lab. The close proximity will foster interdisciplinary curiosity and cooperation, and encourage teamwork and creative problem-solving. The building is being designed with many sensors so that it can itself be part of experimentation that can range from environmental air analysis to water flow to electrical usage. This paper will specifically address the results of the pilot sections of the ITL First-Year Engineering Projects Course in which one section is focusing on speech processing in the design of systems that are controlled by speech. >
Reducing cache miss ratio for routing prefix cache

Because of rapid increase in link capacity, an Internet router has to complete routing lookup function in a much shorter amount of time in order to keep up with the line rate. Many fast routing lookup algorithms have been proposed in the past. Because most of them require some memory accesses, their lookup speed is limited by memory access speed. IP address caching has been used to improve upon existing routing lookup algorithms by storing the most recently referenced IP address. Most recently, routing prefix caching has been proposed to increase caching effectiveness. In this paper, we evaluate techniques to further reduce cache miss ratio, thereby, increase caching effectiveness for a routing prefix cache. We first study the effect of routing. table compaction, which reduces the routing table size. Then we propose and evaluate a new cache replacement policy that outperforms both least recently used and least frequently used replacement policy. The experiment result shows that up to 39% percent reduction in cache miss ratio could be achieved. It further proves that routing prefix cache has the potential to greatly outperform IP address cache.
Discontinuum Theory of Diffuse Reflection

The sections in this article are Introduction Plane Parallel Layer Treatment Approach The Mathematics of Plane Parallel Layers Equations of Benford2 The Stokes Formulas1, 3 Application to Real Systems4 Obtaining Effective Linear Absorption and Remission Coefficients4, 5 Meaning of the Coefficients4-9 Analytical Expressions for Special Cases2, 4 Transmission for Samples without Scatter Transmission Detected by a Small Area Detector for Samples without Absorption Transmission Detected by a Small Area Detector for Samples with Both Absorption and Scatter Transmission with Hemispherical Detection for Samples without Absorption The Absorption/Remission Function4-7 Making Measurements on Real Samples4-7 Determination of Particle Properties from Fundamental Constants of the Material of Which they are Composed Approach The Fresnel Formula to Calculate Reflection from a Surface1 Models of a Particle as a Layered Structure Model of a Particle as Plane Parallel Layers1, 3, 7 Difference between Directly and Diffusely Illuminated, Plane Parallel Layers7, 9 A Particle Model of Spheres as a Layered Structure7 Remission from a Spherically Shaped External Surface Remission from a Spherically Shaped Internal Surface Absorption by a System of Directly Illuminated Plane Parallel Layers with the Surface Area and the Variation in Thickness of a Sphere Models for Particles as Spheres Melamed Particle Theory10, 11 Modified Particle Model of Simmons11, 12 Simplified Particle Model of Simmons11, 13 The Dahm Particle Model7 Obtaining Properties of a Layer from Those of the Particles Approach The Representative Layer Theory4 Three-Flux Planar Model7 Conclusions
Congenital toxoplasmosis: Prevention or palliation?

Abstract Prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis rather than palliation should be our aim. We need only persuade pregnant women to wash their hands after contact with meat, cats, and soil and to cook their meat adequately. This educational approach costs little when compared to the serologic surveillance of pregnant women, with palliation by chemotherapy or termination of pregnancy. There is every reason to expect a similar success rate from serologic surveillance and from education, with prevention becoming increasingly successful through a learning curve.
Synchroscalar: Evaluation of an embedded, multi-core architecture for media applications

We present an overview of the Synchroscalar single-chip, multi-core processor. Through the design of Synchroscalar, we find that high energy efficiency and low complexity can be attained through parallelization. The importance of adequate inter-core interconnect is also demonstrated. We discuss the impact of having multiple frequency and voltage domains on chip to reduce the power consumption where parallelization fails. Finally, we investigate how the ad-hoc selection of tile size that is currently used in most single-chip multi-core processors impacts the power consumption of these architectures.
Book review: The Artificial Life Route to Artificial Intelligence: Building Embodied, Situated Agents edited by Luc Steels (Lawrence Earlbaum, New Jersey)

The book, "The Artificial Life Route to Artificial Intelligence," edited by Luc Steels and Rodney Brooks follows from a workshop held in April of 1991 in the old Priory of Corsendonck, north of Brussels. The workshop was organized by Luc Steels and Rodney Brooks and sponsored by NATO and MIT. The participants were Rodney Brooks, William Clancey, John Hallam, Stevan Harnad, Leslie Kaelbling, Chris Langton, Maja Mataric, Rolf Pfeifer, Tim Smithers, Luc Steels, Charles Taylor, Francis Van Aeken, and Francisco Varela. The purpose of this workshop was to explore a new paradigm in AI, one that is predominantly bottom-up in nature: exploiting intelligent autonomous agents.
Shock Compression of a Pyrolytic, Ceylon Natural, and Hot-Pressed Synthetic Graphite to 120 GPa

In 1961, De Carli and Jamieson [1] recovered diamonds from shock experiments. Since then, shock-induced solid-solid phase transitions in carbon have been of continued interest because a complete description of the process is not yet available. Bundy and Kasper [2] enumerated the parameter requirements for static-pressure synthesis of diamond. However, the reaction times involved in static-pressure synthesis are much longer than those of the shocked case. Also, because temperature control is better, it is unclear whether Bundy’s observations apply to shock experiments.
Designing an improved transition metal phosphide catalyst for hydrogen evolution using experimental and theoretical trends

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as highly active catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, insights into the trends and limitations in their activity are lacking, and there are presently no guidelines for systematically improving their intrinsic activity. The complexity and variations in their structures further pose challenges in theoretically estimating their activity. Herein, we demonstrate a combined experimental–theoretical approach: by synthesizing different TMPs and comparing experimentally determined HER activities with the hydrogen adsorption free energies, ΔGH, calculated by density functional theory, we determine the level of detail needed in the simulations to bring out useful trends in the experimental data. In particular, we show that the TMPs follow the HER volcano relationship. Using our combined experimental–theoretical model, we predict that the mixed metal TMP, Fe0.5Co0.5P, should have a near-optimal ΔGH. We synthesized several mixtures of Co and Fe phosphides alloys and confirmed that Fe0.5Co0.5P exhibits the highest HER activity of the investigated TMPs. Furthermore, our results suggest that there could be inherent limitations in the intrinsic HER activity of TMPs that prevent them from performing as well as Pt-group metals. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to generate and verify a model of activity trends with predictive capabilities even for new transition metal compounds with varied structures and surface terminations. The identification of an improved mixed metal TMP based on theoretical predictions and subsequent synthesis and testing demonstrates the need for an approach that combines theory and experiment to understand and ultimately design advanced catalysts.
Organ, Species, and Compound Specificity in the Metabolic Activation of Primary Aromatic Amines

For the evaluation of the role of target tissue activation in the induction of bladder cancer, microsome-mediated N-hydroxylation of the bladder carcinogen 4-biphenylamine (4-BA) was studied in bovine and canine bladder mucosae, relative to the activity in liver. Bovine bladder microsomes mediated the N-hydroxylation of 4-BA at an exceptionally high rate, whereas no detectable activity was found with bovine liver microsomes. Dog bladder microsomes were 40-100 times less active than bovine bladder microsomes and contained approximately one-third the amount of cytochrome P450. Dog liver microsomes were as active as dog bladder microsomes per nanomole P450 and an order of magnitude more active when normalized to microsomal protein. Rat liver microsomes contained the highest level of P450 of all the preparations studied, and N-hydroxylase activity was approximately twice the rate of that of dog liver. The rate of N-hydroxylation of 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) and 1-naphthylamine (1-NA) was compared in bovine bladder mucosa and was found to correlate well with the relative potency of these compounds as bladder carcinogens (4-BA greater than 2-NA greater than 1-NA). Such a comparison could not be made with dog bladder mucosa because of its low N-hydroxylation activity. In addition, bovine bladder mucosa S-9 mutagenic activation of 4-BA, 2-NA, and 1-NA was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and found to parallel the carcinogenic potency of these compounds. These results demonstrate considerable tissue, species, and compound specificity for the metabolic activation of aromatic amines and provide further evidence in support of bladder activation as a mechanism of aromatic amine-induced bladder cancer.
Quantitative trait loci affecting cotton fiber are linked to the t1 locus in upland cotton

Pilose (T 1), a dominant marker in upland cotton, has been associated with coarse, short fibers. Pilose was, thereby, considered to be pleiotropic on fiber fineness and length. However, a pilose-expressing line with a fiber of average fineness was recently identified. This finding does not support pleiotropy between T 1 and fiber traits, but is indicative of linkage between pilose and loci influencing fiber characteristics. To understand the relationship between T 1 and fiber traits, a pilose line with short, coarse fiber was crossed to two t 1 lines with standard fiber characteristics. One hundred and forty-nine F2-derived F3 lines were developed from one cross, and 60 F2-derived F3 lines from the other. Seven fiber traits (elongation, maturity, micronaire reading, perimeter, 2.5% span length, strength, and wall thickness) were measured. Segregation was normal, as indicated by allelic frequencies of 0.5 for T 1 and t 1, and segregation ratios of 1∶2∶1 for marker genotypes. The association of homozygous T 1 lines with fibers of average fineness was again observed. Linkage between T 1 and loci affecting micronaire, perimeter, 2.5% span length, strength, and wall thickness was found in both populations. Significant additive and non-additive gene effects for each of these traits at the marker locus were found as well. The pilose marker accounted for 10–75% of the phenotypic variation associated with each trait. In conclusion, the t 1 locus is linked to numerous loci that influence fiber traits, and this linkage has previously been misinterpreted as pleiotropy.
Biosynthesis in vitro of neolactotetraosylceramide by a galactosyltransferase from mouse T-lymphoma: purification and kinetic studies; synthesis of neolacto and polylactosamine core.

The galactosyltransferase, GalT-4, which catalyses the biosynthesisin vitro of neolactotetraosylceramide, nLcOse4Cer (Galβ1-4GleNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc-Cer) from lactotriaosylceramide, LcOse3Cer (GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc-Cer), and UDP-galactose has been purified 107 500-fold from a mineral oil induced mouse T-lyphoma P-1798, using affinity columns. The purified enzyme is partially stabilized in the presence of phospholipid liposomes. Two closely migrating protein bands of apparent molecular weights 56 kDa and 63 kDa were observed after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of highly purified mouse GalT-4. These two protein bands, when subjected to limited proteolysis, resulted in three peptides with identical mobilities indicating amino acid sequence identity between the proteins. Both protein bands from P-1798 gave a positive immunostain when tested with polyclonal antibody against bovine lactose synthetase (UDP-Gal:Glc β4-galactosyltransferase) following Western blot analysis on nitrocellulose paper. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.0 and like all other galactosyltransferases, GalT-4 has absolute requirements for divalent cation (Mn2+). TheK m values for the substrate LcOse3Cer and donor UDP-galactose are 110 and 250 µm, respectively. Substrate competition studies with LcOse3Cer and either asialo-agalacto-α1-acid glycoprotein orN-acetylglucosamine revealed that these reactions might be catalysed by the same protein. The only other glycolipid which showed acceptor activity toward the purified GalT-4 was iLcOse5Cer (GlcNAcβ1-1-3Galβ1-4Lc3), the precursor for polylactosamine antigens. However, competition studies with these two active substrates using the most purified enzyme fraction, revealed that these two reactions might be catalysed by two different proteins since the experimental values were closer to the theoretical values calculated for two enzymes. Interestingly however, it seems that the GalT-4 from P-1798 has an absolute requirement for anN-acetylglucosamine residue in the substrate since the lyso-derivative (GlcNH2β1-3Galβ1-4Glc-sphingosine) of the acceptor glycolipid LcOse3Cer is completely inactive as substrate while theK m andV max of the reacetylated substrate (GlcNacβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc-acetylsphingosine) was comparable with LcOse3Cer. Autoradiography of the radioactive product formed by purified P-1798 GalT-4 confirmed the presence of nLcOse4Cer, as the product cochromatographed with authentic glycolipid. The monoclonal antibody IB-2, specific for nLcOse4Cer, also produced a positive immunostained band on TLC as well as giving a positive ELISA when tested with radioactive product obtained using a highly purified enzyme from mouse P-1798 T-lymphoma.
A LAMPF controls retrospective: the good, the bad, and “it seemed like a good idea at the time”☆

Abstract LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) was the first large particle accelerator to require the use of a computerized control system as part of its design. Over the past 25 years, the LAMPF control system has evolved from a single mini-computer system using home-built data acquisition hardware to a complex network of VAX and micro-VAX computers using CAMAC and other data acquisition protocols. On the occasion of LAMPF's possible closing, this paper provides a look back at how the LAMPF control system got to where it is today. After a brief historical introduction, we will discuss aspects of control system design and implementation including, the impact of technology on decision making and topics from the LAMPF operational experience.
Centromere round-up at the heterochromatin corral.

Abstract Studies in several organisms have shown that eukaryotic centromere regions contain proteins involved in chromosome inheritance functions such as centromere structure, heterochromatin assembly and sister chromatid cohesion. Mutation, inhibition, knockout and reciprocal epistasis experiments have revealed functions for many centromere region proteins and their order in the centromere assembly pathway. Proteins are organized into spatially distinct domains that might be established, separated and maintained by boundary elements and/or heterochromatin. Dissecting the multi-domain configuration of centromeres will enhance our knowledge of centromere and chromosome assembly and might aid in engineering artificial chromosomes for agricultural and gene therapy applications.
Formation of esterase, xylanase and xylosidase by cellulolytic anaerobes

Abstract Three mesophilic anaerobes, namely Acetivibrio cellulolyticus, Acetivibrio cellulosolvens and Bacteroides cellulosolvens and a thermophilic anaerobe, namely Clostridium thermocellum, produced xylanase, xylosidase and esterase activities when grown on medium containing cellulose. Xylanase and xylosidase activities produced by both the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes were stimulated by the presence of ascorbic acid, cysteine or dithiothreitol, but differed in their stability at high temperatures, their response to the presence of calcium and magnesium and they had different temperature optima. Esterase activity from both mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes had a pH optimum between 5.5 and 6.0 but the temperature optimum of the esterase was 37°C for mesophilic and 50°C for thermophilic anaerobes. The strains used in this study were unable to utilize glucose or xylose and their growth on xylan was limited. These anaerobes appear to produce these enzymes as a part of their cellulolytic enzyme system and degrade xylan during their growth on cellulose.
Theory and design of the liquid crystal TV as an optical spatial phase modulator

An expression is derived for the complex amplitude transmittance of the liquid crystal TV (LCTV) and verified experimentally. It is shown that spatial phase modulation is realizable with good linearity, high transmission efficiency, and small intensity distortion. Although the commercial LCTV does not provide a sufficiently large dynamic range for continuous phase modulation, a dynamic range of 2'rr can be obtained by making appropriate changes in the design.
Bias in the Reporting of Family History: Implications for Clinical Care

Family history of cancer is critical for identifying and managing patients at risk for cancer. However, the quality of family history data is dependent on the accuracy of patient self reporting. Therefore, the validity of family history reporting is crucial to the quality of clinical care. A retrospective review of family history data collected at a community hospital between 2005 and 2009 was performed in 43,257 women presenting for screening mammography. Reported numbers of breast, colon, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancer were compared in maternal relatives vs. paternal relatives and in first vs. second degree relatives. Significant reporting differences were found between maternal and paternal family history of cancer, in addition to degree of relative. The number of paternal family histories of cancer was significantly lower than that of maternal family histories of cancer. Similarly, the percentage of grandparents' family histories of cancer was significantly lower than the percentage of parents' family histories of cancer. This trend was found in all cancers except prostate cancer. Self-reported family history in the community setting is often influenced by both bloodline of the cancer history and the degree of relative affected. This is evident by the underreporting of paternal family histories of cancer, and also, though to a lesser extent, by degree. These discrepancies in reporting family history of cancer imply we need to take more care in collecting accurate family histories and also in the clinical management of individuals in relation to hereditary risk.
The Digitized Self as Public Tender: Conceptualizing Informational Privacy at the Intersection of Information Technology, Commerce, and Public Policy

This article identifies the key issues and interests influencing the informational privacy debate, namely, new information technologies, the mass media, the identity industry, and lawmakers. It argues that new information technologies undermine informational privacy by facilitating personal record (mis)management and (ab)use, that sensational coverage by the media of identity theft, data breach, or record misplacement promotes, even if inadvertently, more the interests of commercial data brokers than those of consumers. The article also asserts that although the identity industry, consumer privacy advocates, and federal lawmakers all share a genuine desire to provide greater protections to individuals' personal records, they differ on the nature and scope of such protection because of their contrasting perceptions of informational privacy.
Epistemological Misgivings of Karen Barad’s ‘Posthumanism’

Karen Barad develops a view she calls ‘posthumanism,’ or ‘agential realism,’ where the human is reconfigured away from the central place of explanation, interpretation, intelligibility, and objectivity to make room for the epistemic importance of other material agents. Barad is not alone in this kind of endeavor, but her posthumanism offers a unique epistemological position. Her aim is to take a performative rather than a representationalist approach to analyzing ‘socialnatural’ practices and challenge methodological assumptions that may go unnoticed in some disciplinary fields. Yet for all the good of the challenge, Barad must support it with sound epistemological theorizing, theorizing that would apply to any methodology, whether that be sociological, historical, anthropological, or philosophical. Thus, where one might critique Barad on her assessments of sociological, historical, or anthropological incorporations of humans and the nonhuman, I critique Barad’s epistemology on its sense of objectivity and dismissal of the centrality of the human. I argue that Barad’s epistemology must retain a particular form of humanism, a humanism that stakes human subjectivity as the locus of rationality and objectivity, without which it creates intractable problems. To recuperate Barad’s challenge to contest assumptive distinctions while avoiding her epistemological problems, I offer some parting reflections.
Heavy Higgs boson with a light sneutrino next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle in the MSSM with enhanced SU(2) D-terms

The minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model provides a solution to the hierarchy problem and leads to the presence of a light Higgs. A Higgs boson with mass above the present experimental bound may only be obtained for relatively heavy third generation squarks, requiring a precise, somewhat unnatural balance between different contributions to the effective Higgs mass parameter. It was recently noticed that somewhat heavier Higgs bosons, which are naturally beyond the CERN LEP bound, may be obtained by enhanced weak SU(2) D-terms. Such contributions appear in models with an enhanced electroweak gauge symmetry, provided the supersymmetry breaking masses associated with the scalars responsible for the breakdown of the enhanced gauge symmetry group to the standard model one are larger than the enhanced symmetry breaking scale. In this article we emphasize that the enhanced SU(2) D-terms will not only raise the Higgs boson mass but also affect the spectrum of the nonstandard Higgs bosons, sleptons, and squarks, which therefore provide a natural contribution to the T parameter, compensating for the negative one coming from the heavy Higgs boson. The sleptons and nonstandard Higgs bosons of these models, in particular, may act in a way similar to the so-called inertmore » Higgs doublet. The phenomenological properties of these models are emphasized, and possible cosmological implications as well as collider signatures are described.« less
Linking Teacher and Student Learning Styles with Student Achievement and Attitudes.

The authors present an innovative model for economic education research on teaching methods at the university level. The results suggest that student achievement and attitudes toward economics might be improved by a better match between the teaching style of instructors and the learning style of students.
Time History Response of Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems

In Chapter 7 the nonlinear analysis of a single degree-of-freedom system using the step-by-step linear acceleration method was presented. The extension of this method, with a modification known as the Wilson-θ method, for the so-lution of structures modeled as multidegree-of-freedom systems is developed in this chapter. The modification introduced in the method by Wilson et al. 1973 serves to assure the numerical stability of the solution process regardless of the magnitude selected for the time step; for this reason, such a method is said to be unconditionally stable. On the other hand, without Wilson’s modification, the step-by-step linear acceleration method is only condition-ally stable and for numerical stability of the solution may require such an extremely small time step as to make the method impractical if not impos-sible. The development of the necessary algorithm for the linear and nonlin-ear multidegree-of-freedom systems by the step-by-step linear acceleration method parallels the presentation for the single degree-of-freedom system in Chapter 7.
Unstructured adaptive meshes: bad for your memory?

The most important performance bottleneck in modern high-end computers is access to memory. Many forms of hardware and software support for reducing memory latency exist, but certain important applications defy these. Examples of such applications are unstructured adaptive (UA) mesh problems, which feature irregular, dynamically changing memory access. We describe a new benchmark program, called UA, for measuring the performance of computer systems when solving such problems. It complements the existing NAS Parallel Benchmarks suite that deals mainly with static, regular-stride memory references. The UA benchmark involves the solution of a stylized heat transfer problem in a cubic domain, discretized on an adaptively refined, unstructured mesh. We describe the numerical and implementation issues, and also present some interesting performance results.
The Welfare Cost of Rationing-By-Queuing Across Markets: Theory and Estimates from the U. S. Gasoline Crises

Governments sometimes impose price controls and nonprice rationing-by-queuing. Profit-seeking firms occasionally ration by putting their customers on "allocation." Following Barzel [1974] and Deacon and Sonstelie [1985], we take the decision to ration as a given and analyze it, employing standard microeconomics and applied welfare economics. This paper adds to the literature by focusing on optimally rationing a good across markets. Further, we estimate the actual welfare cost of improper allocation across markets in the U. S. gasoline crises of 1973–1974 and 1979.