cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety disorders in major depression

The prevalence and clinical impact of anxiety disorder comorbidity in major depression were studied in 255 depressed adult outpatients consecutively enrolled in our Depression Research Program. Comorbid anxiety disorder diagnoses were present in 50.6% of these patients and included social phobia (27.0%), simple phobia (16.9%), panic disorder (14.5%), generalized anxiety disorder ([GAD] 10.6%), obsessive-compulsive disorder ([OCD] 6.3%), and agoraphobia (5.5%). While both social phobia and generalized anxiety preceded the first episode of major depression in 65% and 63% of cases, respectively, panic disorder (21.6%) and agoraphobia (14.3%) were much less likely to precede the first episode of major depression than to emerge subsequently. Although comorbid groups were not distinguished by depression, anxiety, hostility, or somatic symptom scores at the time of study presentation, patients with comorbid anxiety disorders tended to be younger during the index episode and to have an earlier onset of the major depressive disorder (MDD) than patients with major depression alone. Our results support the distinction between anxiety symptoms secondary to depression and anxiety disorders comorbid with major depression, and provide further evidence for different temporal relationships with major depression among the several comorbid anxiety disorders.
Hawaiian craniofacial morphometrics: Average Mokapuan skull, artificial cranial deformation, and the “rocker” mandible

Craniofacial morphology and cultural cranial deformation were analyzed by the computer morphometric system in 79 adult Hawaiian skulls from Mokapu, Oahu. The average Hawaiian male was large, but similar in shape to the female. Both were larger than the present Caucasian, showed a greater dental protrusion, and possessed a larger ANB angle, flatter cranial base, and larger facial heights. Correlations in Hawaiian craniofacial structure were found between an increasing mandibular plane angle and 1) shorter posterior facial height, 2) larger gonial angle, 3) larger cranial base angle, and 4) smaller SNA and SNB angles. Of the 79 skulls studied, 8.9% were found to have severe head molding or intentional cranial deformation. Significant statistical differences between the molded group and the nonmolded group are, in decreasing significance: 1) larger upper face height, 2) smaller glabella to occiput distance, and 3) increased lower face height with deformation. The morphometric differences were readily seen by graphic comparison between groups. It is postulated that external forces to the neurocranium result in redirection of the growth vectors in the neurocranial functional matrix, including the cranial base, and secondarily, to the orofacial functional matrix. There is a possibility that the cranial deformation is a retention of the normal birth molding changes. The Polynesian "rocker jaw" was found in 81% to 95% of this populace. This mandibular form occurs only with attainment of adult stature and craniofacial form. This data agrees with the hypothesis that mandibular form is modified by the physical forces present and their direction in the orofacial functional matrix.
The Invisible Victims: Children of Incarcerated Mothers

During the last several years the number of incarcerated mothers has steadily increased. Subsequently the number of children involved is also increasing. While substantial research has been done on the topic of children with incarcerated mothers, the voices of the children on the matter are often invisible from research. When a child’s mother is incarcerated they are often placed into a relatives home, or into foster care. Children become vulnerable and many times do not know how to deal with these issues, and do not know how to express how they feel. Many times children are left to make sense of the situation on their own. The negative influences on children in regards to maternal incarceration are endless. The stories of how children of incarcerated mothers are affected by the matter need to be heard. Doing so may provide insight into how children deal with the issue of maternal incarceration, and what helps them, if anything, to overcome their struggles and address their feelings towards their incarcerated mother. Familiarizing ourselves of the struggles of children with incarcerated mothers may help in the development of more support programs that will ultimately make life for these children a bit easier to deal with.
Exploiting data parallelism in the Image Content Engine

The Image Content Engine (ICE) is a framework of software and underlying mathematical and physical models that enable scientists and analysts to extract features from Terabytes of imagery and search the extracted features for content relevant to their problem domain. The ICE team has developed a set of tools for feature extraction and analysis of image data, primarily based on the image content. The scale and volume of imagery that must be searched presents a formidable computation and data bandwidth challenge, and a search of moderate to large scale imagery quickly becomes intractable without exploiting high degrees of data parallelism in the feature extraction engine. In this paper we describe the software and hardware architecture developed to build a data parallel processing engine for ICE. We discuss our highly tunable parallel process and job scheduling subsystem, remote procedure invocation, parallel I/O strategy, and our experience in running ICE on a 16 node, 32 processing element (CPU) Linux Cluster. We present performance and benchmark results, and describe how we obtain excellent speedup for the imagery searches in our test-bed prototype.
Injection locked phase lock loop clock recovery circuit at 1.25 Gb/s

Future local area distribution networks will require optical interconnects between various processors or video distribution nodes, which operate in excess of gigabit per second (Gb/s) with very low prime power consumption. The practical limitation of the receiver is unavailability of low power consuming clock recovery circuits. To overcome this limitation, we present a new design method for low power consuming optical receiver/clock recovery circuit, by extracting the clock signal from ECL compatible data streams above Gb/s, and regenerating the original data signal.
Optimum Polymer - Solid Interface Design for Adhesion Strength: Carboxylation of Polybutadiene and Mixed Silanes Surface Modification of Aluminum Oxide

Abstract To understand the optimum design of polymer-solid interfaces for adhesion strength, model polymer-solid interfaces of carboxylated polybutadiene(cPBD) adhered to mixed silane modified Al2O3 surfaces were examined. The cPBD, having various [sbnd]COOH sticker group concentration φ(X) (0 ∼ 10 mol%), was synthesized through high-pressure carboxylation of PBD, while Al2O3 surfaces were modified to have various -NH2 density, φ(Y) (0 ∼ 100 mol%), using self-assembly of mixed amine- and methyl-terminated silanes. The coadsorption kinetic model of the two silanes was analyzed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM), and dynamic contact angle (DCA), which gave the capability of controlling the receptor concentration of aluminum oxide surfaces. The polymer surface chain responses after exposure to various media were understood by measuring contact angle changes of various probe liquids. T-peel tests of the model polymer–solid interfaces, as a function of time and sticke...
Particle identification with FAUST detector

Abstract Pulse shape discrimination is applied to the signal obtained from a photodiode coupled to a CsI(Tl) crystal to perform light charged particle identification. Very good light charge particle identification is obtained and 8Li are differentiated from double 4He hits.
Relaxation of quasiconvex functional in BV(Ω, ℝp) for integrands f(x, u,∇;u)

In this paper it is shown that if p(x, u,·) is a quasiconvex function with linear growth, then the relaxed functional in BV(Ω, ℝp) of $$u \to \int\limits_\Omega {f(x, u(x), \nabla u(x)) dx} $$ with respect to the L 1 topology has an integral representation of the form $$\begin{gathered} \mathfrak{F}(u) = \int\limits_\Omega {f(x, u(x), \nabla u(x)) dx + \int\limits_{\Sigma (u)} {K(x, u^ - (x), u^ + (x), v(x)) dH_{N - 1} (x)} } \hfill \\ + \int\limits_\Omega {f^\infty (x, u(x),dC(u))} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where Du = ∇u dx + u +−u −)⊗v dH N−1L∑(u)+C(u). The proof relies on a blow-up argument introduced by Fonseca & Muller in the case where u ∈ W 1,1 and on a recent result by Alberti showing that the Cantor part C(u) is rank-one valued.
High-energy total cross sections on nuclei

We discuss some features of the description of hadron-nucleus total and inelastic cross sections at present and foreseeable energies within the framework of Reggeon calculus. In the first (theoretical) part we discuss the Amati-Stanghellini-Fubini cancellation, emphasizing the analytic features involved, especially the consistency with unitarity in the Reggeon-particle channel. In the second (phenomenological) part we show that the observed triple-Pomeron coupling is so small that effects of Reggeon interactions can probably be ignored both at Fermilab energies and for observations of extensive air showers. It follows that the Glauber formula should describe all current experiments with only small corrections for inelastic intermediate states. (AIP)
Mutual gaze and social cognition

I examine the role of mutual gaze in social cognition. I start by discussing recent studies of joint visual attention in order to show that social cognition is operative in infancy prior to the emergence of theoretical skills required to make judgments about other people's states of mind. Such social cognition depends on the communicative potential inherent in human bodies. I proceed to examine this embodied social cognition in the context of Merleau-Ponty's views on vision. I expose some inner difficulties within Merleau-Ponty's position as well as to point out the ways of resolving them by means of combined insights from developmental psychology and the analyses of self-other relations from philosophies of dialogue.
Just add water: reproducible singly dispersed silver nanoparticle suspensions on-demand

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of interest due to their antimicrobial attributes, which are derived from their inherent redox instability and subsequent release of silver ions. At the same time, this instability is a substantial challenge for achieving stable long-term storage for on-demand use of AgNPs. In this study, we describe and validate a “just add water” approach for achieving suspensions of principally singly dispersed AgNPs. By lyophilizing (freeze drying) the formulated AgNPs into a solid powder, or cake, water is removed thereby eliminating solution-based chemical changes. Storing under inert gas further reduces surface reactions such as oxidation. An example of how to optimize a lyophilization formulation is presented, as well as example formulations for three AgNP core sizes. This “just add water” approach enables ease of use for the researcher desiring on-demand singly dispersed AgNP suspensions from a single master batch. Implementation of this methodology will enable studies to be performed over long periods of time and across different laboratories using particles that are identical chemically and physically and available on-demand. In addition, the approach of freeze drying and on-demand reconstitution by adding water has enabled the development of AgNP reference materials with the required shelf-life stability, one of the principal objectives of this research.
Perspectives on research in gynecologic oncology. Treatment protocols

Gynecologic cancers present unusual opportunities to explore the fruits of well-designed clinical trials to assess the value of existing treatment using a combined modality approach soon after diagnosis. Cancers of the ovary and uterus have well-defined, familiar natural histories. Pathways of spread are clear and reasons for treatment failure are often blatantly obvious. In the case of ovarian cancer, regional treatment with surgery and radiotherapy has been relatively ineffective and generally has not improved the survival statistics in the last two decades. Spread of tumor cells widely throughout the abdominal cavity outside radiation or surgical fields, even in patients with apparently early disease, is the obvious reason. Studies are underway to assess the impact of long-term postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with L-phenylalanine mustard, an alkylating agent effective in patients with advanced disease, in early stages of ovarian cancer following surgery and or x-irradiation. The search is on for more effective drugs, or combinations of drugs, that could subsequently serve as more effective adjuvant treatments. In carcinoma of the uterine cervix, chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgery and/or radiotherapy in patients with localized, or locally inoperable disease has been poorly evaluated; little data are available and the value of many established drugs in patients with metastatic cervical cancer is undermined. Some recent evidence suggests the use of hydroxyurea, a drug that by itself is not effective in controlling tumor, may enhance the effect of radiotherapy in patients with Stage II disease. Uterine fundal cancer is often successfully treated by surgery alone. The data for the use of pre- or postoperative radiotherapy are open to considerable question. While the relative nontoxic progesterone compounds are effective in a small but significant fraction of patients with advanced uterine cancer, no properly designed clinical trial has truly evaluated their role as postoperative adjuncts in patients who have resectable tumor but a definite high risk of recurrence. Systemic chemotherapy has been rarely used with any consistency against this tumor but, even so, some chemotherapeutic leads, such as the use of adriamycin, are worthy of exploration. The absence of useful information on systemic treatment of gynecologic malignancies can be traced to the excessive rigid compartmentalization of medical practice. Only recently have investigators of all persuasions begun to explore and exploit some of the therapeutic opportunities, which have been available for some time.
The Influence of Religion on Coping and Adaptation of Families Who Have Children with Disabilities: A Comparison of Christianity and Buddhism Using the Double ABCX Model

In this literature review, the influence of religion on coping abilities of families of children with disabilities will be explored and compared with regard to Christianity and Buddhism. Over the course of adapting to the reality of their new life with a child who has a disability, families often experience psychosocial or existential stress through due to the demands of providing care to the child or by searching for the meaning of why such an event has occurred in their life. This discussion uses the double ABCX model to highlight how religion can contribute to how families cope with stress.
Exact equivalence of chromodynamics to a string theory

A previously proposed model of hadrons constructed out of quarks and strings is further developed into a fully interacting theory in any dimension. It is shown that in two dimensions chromodynamics is equivalent to this theory in the sense that the hadronic spectrum and matrix elements for the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions are identical in both theories. (AIP)
High-power ultra-wideband spiral antenna arrays

High-power circularly-polarized (CP) ultra-wideband (UWB) arrays are of great interest for wide range of applications including pulsed through-wall imaging, ground penetrating radar, electronic warfare (EW), and communication systems. The design thereof is; however, quite challenging. The main challenge is the design of the unit cell which needs to be inherently broadband simple CP antenna and can sustain relatively large amount of power. Spirals are frequency-independent antennas that can be designed to have multi-octave consistent input impedance, gain, and circularly-polarized radiation patterns over a wide field of view which make them excellent candidate for wideband CP arrays. However, the major issues of these antennas include efficiency, dispersion, and the complexity of the beamformer; especially when a multi-arm spiral is considered to achieve better frequency-domain performance. In this work, different approaches are adopted to overcome these issues. Specifically, high-power lumped resistors are utilized to terminate the arms of a metal-backed spiral antenna (array's element) and thus improving their performance (i.e. efficiency at high and mid bands) with the lossless metallic backing. The four-arm spiral antenna configuration is considered to ensure a good frequency-domain performance of the good time-domain spiral (i.e. loosely-wrapped spiral). Finally, the four-arm spiral's beamformer complexity is addressed by the development of a dual microstrip feed which acts not only as an integrated balun (infinite Dyson balun), but also as an impedance transformer to match 50Ω to the input impedance of spiral.
Specification and verification of pipelining in the ARM2 RISC microprocessor

Gurevich Abstract State Machines (ASMs) provide a sound mathematical basis for the specification and verification of systems. An application of the ASM methodology to the verification of a pipelined microprocessor (an ARM2 implementation) is described. Both the sequential execution model and final pipelined model are formalized using ASMs. A series of intermediate models are introduced that gradually expose the complications of pipelining. The first intermediate model is proven equivalent to the sequential model in the absence of structural, control, and data hazards. In the following steps, these simplifying assumptions are lifted one by one, and the original proof is refined to establish the equivalence of each intermediate model with the sequential model, leading ultimately to a full proof of equivalence of the sequential and pipelined models.
Error sources in phase-measuring interferometry (Invited Paper)

Phase-measurement interferometry (PMI) techniques enable quantitative measurements to be performed in optical testing, holographic interferometry, and speckle metrology. This paper presents the results of error analyses of the most common errors in phase-measurement techniques. These errors include miscalibrated and nonlinear phase shifters, detector nonlinearities, detection quantization, vibration and air turbulence, and frequency mixing. Simulations providing the magnitude and form of these errors are shown for a number of different phase-measurement algorithms.
Guest editorial: Evolutionary psychology and consumption

Consumer behavior is discussed as a biobehavioral phenomenon and considered in light of evolutionary theory. Current consumer choices are viewed as shaped in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), and the expression of these evolved behavioral repertoires in modern consumer settings such as malls, grocery stores, and on-line shopping are analyzed in terms of evolutionary psychology. A variety of empirical studies confirm that consumption conforms to predictions made from sexual strategies, reciprocal altruism, foraging, and matching theories. Further explorations of consumer behavior and marketing practices from an evolutionary psychology perspective are a promising area for future research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of relative survival and proportional mortality

Abstract A computer program utilizing cause-age-time-sex-race-specific mortality or incidence rates is described. The program is used to determine the expected number of deaths or cases of disease in a cohort. Also, among a group of persons known to be dead, the number expected to have died of each cause can be calculated using proportional mortalities. Mortality rates based on United States vital statistics have been assembled for 57 causes of death for white males, white females and non-white males for each five-year age and time period from 1925 through 1969. Proportional mortalities and proportional cancer mortalities have been calculated. Incidence rates from the Connecticut Cancer Registry are available. The computer program is general and can be modified to use other sets of rates in determining the expected number of deaths in any study population.
The Expectations and Problems of University Supervisors of Early Field Experiences

abstract Field experiences are an essential component of the teacher education curriculum. Prospective teachers, as part of methods courses and introductory professional educational experiences, are expected to spend time in schools observing and working with teachers and students. Until recently, little was known about the effects and impact of such experiences. This investigation identifies the expectations and problems of university supervisors and complements studies conducted by the authors focusing on the expectations and problems of cooperating teachers and preservice students. Eight expectations and problems factors are described and the implications for structuring field experiences are discussed.
Regional suppression, therapy after onset and prevention of relapses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by mitoxantrone

Abstract Mitoxantrone, a new antineoplastic anthracenedione drug, suppressed the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats when administered during the incubation period. One dose of mitroxantrone had a favorable effect on EAE even when withheld until after the onset of clinical signs. In a model of relapsing EAE, a single dose during a remission prevented the expected relapse. Mitoxantrone had a particularly favorable effect when administered at the site of inoculation of the encephalitogenic antigen and adjuvant, indicating the importance of its interaction with the regional draining lymph nodes. These results support the possible clinical use of mitoxantrone for immunosuppression.
Incorporation of highly dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in a polyimide matrix

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were dispersed in the form of individual nanotubes and small bundles, and subsequently polymerized to prepare composite films. The nanotubes were first dispersed in dimethylacetamide in the presence of 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene (APB), which was then polymerized with 4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidiene diphthalic anhydride (6-FDA). Optical microscopy, SEM and TEM studies of the composite show that the SWNTs are homogenously distributed in the polymer matrix, and AFM observations indicate that ∼80% of the dispersed SWNTs are stabilized as individual nanotubes. The freestanding composite films were found to have very good optical, thermal and mechanical properties as well as enhanced electrostatic charge dissipation properties.
A low cost multi-level sampling device for synchronous aseptic collection of environmental water samples

We describe a simple device for the aseptic collection of environmental water samples at high spatial resolution to depths of 50m. To demonstrate the utility of this technique we present geochemical and archaeal community data from samples collected throughout the water column of a stratified lake.
The state of the science

This review was derived from the first Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) ‘‘State of the Science’’ lecture, which was delivered at the 30th Annual APIC Educational Conference and International Meeting in San Antonio, Texas, in June 2003. It begins with a few comments about science in general and then moves on to comments about the current state of the science in question, the epidemiology and prevention of adverse events associated with health care. It focuses on the topic that has been both the traditional and the continuing predominant focus of health care epidemiology, health care–associated infections. Of the hundreds of recent publications in this field, many were very good. In the space allotted, however, the review will necessarily cover only selected topics that will hopefully provide some insight into the current state of the science.
SEPARATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON METABOLITES BY γ-CYCLODEXTRIN-MODIFIED MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY

A γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) modified micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic (CD-MEKC) method has been developed to separate PAH metabolites. Baseline resolution of six acidic PAH metabolites was achieved within 14 min. The effects of several separation parameters were investigated in detail. These were the γ-CD concentration, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, pH of the buffer, organic modifier, and urea concentration. The apparent capacity factors (k′app) increased linearly with SDS concentration which was consistent with theory. Possible mechanisms that account for the differences in the apparent distribution coefficients (Kapp) were proposed. The CD-MEKC method was compared with a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method that we developed previously for the separation of the PAH metabolites.
Now Tweet This How News Organizations Use Twitter

This content analysis examined how Twitter is used as a content dissemination tool within the news industry. Using Gans’ conception of news values as a theoretical framework, this study looked at tweets of nine news organizations during a 4-month period to determine how individuals, links, news headlines and subject areas were employed within the 140-character limits. Results indicated that regional media tended to differ in Twitter usage from both local and national media and that broadcast news agencies were more likely to tweet multimedia packages than were print-based organizations. Crime and public affairs were the most tweeted topics. Implications of results were discussed.
Presidents and Personal Goals: The Speaker of the House as Nonmajoritarian Leader

Existing theories of congressional politics emphasize partisan incentives for the behavior of formal party leaders in Congress. However, these theories do not persuasively explain important cases in which Speakers of the House have sought to influence legislative outcomes contrary to the policy preferences of their party. I argue that the majority party in the House allows the Speaker to act on behalf of several expectations for leadership that are unrelated or even contrary to partisan goals, including ones related to the agenda of the institutional presidency and the Speaker’s personal preferences. As evidence for this claim, I introduce a data set of significant acts of legislative leadership by the Speaker since the 1940s, analyzing several cases from the data set. The findings suggest that our understanding of leadership in Congress may be improved by identifying the formal and informal duties and responsibilities of individual leaders and the broader contextual environment in which such leaders operate. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is a major figure in American national government. Mandated by the Constitution, the Speaker is the top party leader in the House, serves as its presiding officer, and stands third in line in succession to the presidency. Within the House, the Speaker has traditionally possessed several important powers, including bill referral authority, the power of recognition during debate, the ability to establish rulemaking precedents and decide points of order, and the appointment of members to certain committees. Simply put, as House historian George Galloway described it, the speakership “is an office of great honor and influence” (Galloway 1955, 346). Yet many theories of leadership in Congress tend to describe Speakers, as well as other congressional party officers, less as leaders and more as “followers” or “agents” of their own party in the legislature, rarely able to exercise decisive organizational leadership. A number of scholars point to the relatively decentralized nature of Congress, the weakness of congressional party structures, and the absence of centralized control over significant rewards and benefits as sharply limiting what party leaders can accomplish. Speakers, even the infamous Joseph “Czar” Cannon (R-IL), are held to be majoritarian actors who exercise leadership only when the outcome is desired by their congressional party or by a voting majority in the House (Burns 1978, 345; Krehbiel and Wiseman 2001; Riker 1986, 129-30; Sinclair 1995, 1999).
Effects of bias in solar radiative transfer codes on global climate model simulations

[1] Codes commonly used in climate and weather prediction models for calculating the transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere show systematic differences amongst each other, and even the best of codes show systematic differences with respect to observations. A 1-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium model is used to show the effects of such bias on the global energy balance and on the global response to a doubling of CO2. We find the main impact is in the energy exchange terms between the surface and atmosphere and in the convective transport in the lower troposphere, where it exceeds 10 W m−2. The impact on model response to doubling of CO2, on the other hand, is quite small and in most cases negligible.
1,2‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane

[2071-20-7] C25H22P2 (MW 384.39) InChI = 1S/C25H22P2/c1-5-13-22(14-6-1)26(23-15-7-2-8-16-23)21-27(24-17-9-3-10-18-24)25-19-11-4-12-20-25/h1-20H,21H2 InChIKey = XGCDBGRZEKYHNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a ligand to form chelate complexes that can catalyze a wide array of organic transformations1) Alternative Names: methylenebis(diphenylphosphane); dppm; dpm. Physical Data: mp 120.5–121.5°C,2 crystal structure.3 Solubility: sol in common organic solvents; insol in water. Form Supplied in: white crystalline powder; available from major chemical suppliers (Acros, Aldrich, Alfa Aesar, Strem Chemicals, TCI). Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR νmax 3055, 1590, 1490, 793, 695 cm−1;4 1H NMR (400 MHz in CDCl3) δ 7.45–7.40 (m, 8H), 7.31–7.25 (m, 12H), 2.81–2.80 (m, 2H) ppm;4 13C NMR (22.5 MHz in CDCl3) δ 139.15, 138.99, 138.82, 133.32, 132.87, 132.41, 128.66, 128.53, 128.37, 128.22, 29.23, 28.20, 27.16 ppm;4 31P NMR (121 MHz in CDCl3) δ −21.8 ppm;5 MS (EI) 384 (55.8), 262 (100).4 Preparative Methods: 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane was first prepared through the reaction of sodium diphenylphosphide (Ph2PNa) with dichloromethane (eq 1).2 A simplified procedure involves deprotonating diphenylphosphine with KOH in aqueous DMSO and then alkylating the phosphide anion with dichloromethane to give dppm in 86% yield.6 It can also be synthesized through the P-alkylation of diphenylphosphine with dibromomethane in the presence of cesium hydroxide and molecular sieves in DMF at room temperature (eq 2).7 (1) (2) Purification: commonly used as received from commercial vendors; it can be recrystallized from propan-1-ol or benzene.2, 7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: oxidizes on prolonged exposure to air; store and handle under inert atmosphere, protected from air. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Wash thoroughly after handling. Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid ingestion or inhalation. Keep container tightly closed. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.
Clinical implications of aminopenicillins with β-lactamase inhibitors

Aminopenicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (ampicillin/sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) are well established in the therapy of a wide range of infections in both hospital and primary-care settings as a result of their very broad-spectrum activity and good tolerability. These agents are particularly suited to the prophylaxis and treatment of polymicrobial infections. Clinical studies have demonstrated their efficacy in the treatment of diabetic foot infections, intra-abdominal infections, aspiration-related lung infections, brain abscesses and pelvic inflammatory disease, and in the prophylaxis of infections following abdominal, pelvic and head and neck surgery. Recent studies have also revealed that aminopenicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitors may provide therapy or prophylaxis which is more cost-effective than with comparative antimicrobial agents.
Ethical vulnerabilities in nursing history: Conflicting loyalties and the patient as ‘other’

The purpose of this article is to explore enduring ethical vulnerabilities of the nursing profession as illustrated in historical chapters of nursing's past. It describes these events, then explores two ethical vulnerabilities in depth: conflicting loyalties and duties, and relationships with patients as 'other'. The article concludes with suggestions for more ethical approaches to the other in current nursing practice. The past may be one of the most fruitful sites for examining enduring ethical vulnerabilities of the nursing profession. First of all, professional identity, which includes moral identity, comes in part from knowledge of the nursing profession's past. Second, looking to the past to understand better how events and ideologies have brought vulnerabilities to the fore raises questions about ethical nursing practice today.
Determination and quantification of kokumi peptide, γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine, in brewed alcoholic beverages.

Recently, it has been demonstrated that kokumi substances such as glutathione are perceived through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), and screening by CaSR assay and sensory evaluation has shown that γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine (γ-Glu-Val-Gly) is a potent kokumi peptide. In this study, γ-Glu-Val-Gly contents in various brewed alcoholic beverages were investigated. Contents of γ-Glu-Val-Gly in four brands of wine, four brands of rice wine (sake) and eight brands of beer were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry followed by derivatization with 6-aminoquinoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-carbamate. The analyses indicated that γ-Glu-Val-Gly was present in all of eight beer samples at concentrations in the range of 0.08–0.18 mg/L, although the peptide was not detected in any wine or rice wine samples. These results suggest that amongst the brewed beverages tested, beer contains γ-Glu-Val-Gly, and that γ-Glu-Val-Gly is widely distributed in beer.
Cultural Differences in Perinatal Experiences for Women with Low Socioeconomic Status

In this study, similarities and differences in perinatal experiences between women with low socioeconomic status (SES) by race, ethnicity, and nativity were explored. The objective was to better understand the sociocultural and environmental contexts ofperinatal experiences and potential implications for screening and assessment among women with low SES. A purposive stratified sample of 32 women who were likely to be screened for perinatal depression participated in four focus groups organized by African American, white, Hmong, or Latina race or ethnicity. A descriptive study design was used to collect and evaluate focus-group data using qualitative content analysis. Women understood their perinatal experiences through the stressors in their environment. The stressors of insufficient socioeconomic resources and interpersonal support were relatively consistent across the focus groups. However, women's understanding of these stressors and their meaning differed between groups. Racially and ethnically diverse women with low SES experienced a complex interaction of sociocultural and environmental factors in the perinatal period. The findings highlight the need for health and social work practitioners to conduct depression screenings in conjunction with a com- prehensive psychosocial assessment, informed by cultural competence.
Protein kinase Cα and ε small-molecule targeted therapeutics : a new roadmap to two Holy Grails in drug discovery?

Protein kinase (PK)Cα and e are rational targets for cancer therapy. However, targeted experimental therapeutics that inhibit PKCα or e are unavailable. The authors established recently that covalent modification of an active-site cysteine in human PKCe, Cys452, by small molecules, for example 2-mercaptoethanolamine, is necessary and sufficient to render PKCe kinase-dead. Cys452 is conserved in only eleven human protein kinase genes, including PKCα. Therefore, the design of small molecules that bind PKC active sites with an electrophile substituent positioned proximal to the Cys452 side chain may lead to targeted therapeutics that selectively inhibit PKCe, PKCα or other PKC isozymes.
A convergence theorem for noncommutative continued fractions

Abstract : A convergence theorem is proved for a continued fraction whose elements are members of a complex Banach algebra. This is a generalization of a well-known theorem when the elements are scalars. (Author)
Analysis of flooding as a stochastic process in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells by impedance techniques

Impedance measurements were conducted to gain insight into flooding of a single polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The stochastic character of the formation of water droplets and subsequent removal by gas flow is demonstrated to increase the standard deviation of impedance measurements, yielding a sensitive manner to detect onset of flooding. The increase in stochastic noise associated with flooding was more apparent at low frequencies, due to the closer match to the characteristic frequency associated with the growth and removal of water droplets. The onset of flooding was sensitive to the design of the gas diffusion layer.
Inactivation of Genes for Antigenic Variation in the Relapsing Fever Spirochete Borrelia hermsii Reduces Infectivity in Mice and Transmission by Ticks

Borrelia hermsii, a causative agent of relapsing fever of humans in western North America, is maintained in enzootic cycles that include small mammals and the tick vector Ornithodoros hermsi. In mammals, the spirochetes repeatedly evade the host’s acquired immune response by undergoing antigenic variation of the variable major proteins (Vmps) produced on their outer surface. This mechanism prolongs spirochete circulation in blood, which increases the potential for acquisition by fast-feeding ticks and therefore perpetuation of the spirochete in nature. Antigenic variation also underlies the relapsing disease observed when humans are infected. However, most spirochetes switch off the bloodstream Vmp and produce a different outer surface protein, the variable tick protein (Vtp), during persistent infection in the tick salivary glands. Thus the production of Vmps in mammalian blood versus Vtp in ticks is a dominant feature of the spirochete’s alternating life cycle. We constructed two mutants, one which was unable to produce a Vmp and the other was unable to produce Vtp. The mutant lacking a Vmp constitutively produced Vtp, was attenuated in mice, produced lower cell densities in blood, and was unable to relapse in animals after its initial spirochetemia. This mutant also colonized ticks and was infectious by tick-bite, but remained attenuated compared to wild-type and reconstituted spirochetes. The mutant lacking Vtp also colonized ticks but produced neither Vtp nor a Vmp in tick salivary glands, which rendered the spirochete noninfectious by tick bite. Thus the ability of B. hermsii to produce Vmps prolonged its survival in blood, while the synthesis of Vtp was essential for mammalian infection by the bite of its tick vector.
Anglo-Saxon prognostics in context: a survey and handlist of manuscripts

The various Latin and Old English texts which have come to be called ‘prognostics’ have not, in general, been well served by scholars. For some texts the only available edition is Oswald Cockayne's Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England from 1864-6; most others are available only in the broad but somewhat unsystematic series of articles published by Max Forster in Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen in the 1910s and 1920s. Anselm Hughes does not include the eight prognostic texts in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 391 in his otherwise fairly thorough edition of much of that manuscript; Peter Baker and Michael Lapidge omit any discussion of such texts from their excellent survey of the history of the computus in the preface to their edition of Byrhtferth's Enchiridion. The mid-eleventh-century Christ Church manuscript now known as London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius A. iii has attracted the notice of many fine scholars, including liturgists, linguists and monastic and art historians, who have been drawn to the series of texts at the beginning of the manuscript (fols. 117-73 and 2-27), including two magnicent full-page drawings (117v and 2v) and glossed copies of the Benedictine Rule and the Regularis Concordia. Helmut Gneuss describes this carefully presented series of interrelated texts as ‘a compendium of the Benedictine Reform movements in Carolingian Francia and in tenth-century England’; Robert Deshman has argued that the very sequence of texts is ‘laden with meaning’. Despite their appreciation of these manuscript sequences, however, few scholars have included in their study of this material the eighteen prognostic texts which follow the Regularis Concordia in the manuscript (27v-47), though most of these are in the same hand and are arranged, it may be argued, with equal care.
A dependently typed assembly language

We present a dependently typed assembly language (DTAL) in which the type system supports the use of a restricted form of dependent types, reaping some benefits of dependent types at the assembly level. DTAL improves upon TAL , enabling certain important compiler optimizations such as run-time array bound check elimination and tag check elimination. Also, DTAL formally addresses the issue of representing sum types at assembly level, making it suitable for handling not only datatypes in ML but also dependent datatypes in Dependent ML (DML).
Tribochemical polishing of silicon carbide in oxidant solution

Abstract Tribochemical polishing (TCP) has been applied to finish polycrystalline silicon carbide samples. With this technique, material is removed without intentionally using abrasives, by chemical dissolution stimulated by friction in a suitable reactive fluid. For the latter, oxidant solutions such as CrO3, H2O2 and KMnO4 were used. A smooth (Ra=1 nm), defect-free SiC surface is achieved when a SiC sample is polished in a 3 wt.% CrO3 solution at speeds of 4–6 cm/s and loads of 1.96 N–9.8 N. The polishing rate is 3–7×10−6 mm3/N m when rubbing against a Si3N4 tool. Plane samples with surface dimensions of 2 cm×2 cm were polished by rubbing against cast iron. The surface roughness was less than 1 nm, analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The polishing rate is 0.2–0.4 μm/h, which is comparable to that of the finishing step in ceramic lapping. The polishing mechanism of SiC is discussed in terms of interaction between mechanics and chemistry.
Comparing two approaches for estimating the causal effect of behaviour-change communication messages promoting insecticide-treated bed nets: an analysis of the 2010 Zambia malaria indicator survey.

Over the past decade, efforts to increase the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) have relied primarily on the routine distribution of bed nets to pregnant women attending antenatal services or on the mass distribution of bed nets to households. While these distributions have increased the proportion of households owning ITNs and the proportion of people sleeping under an ITN the night prior to the survey, the role that behaviour-change communication (BCC) plays in the use of ITNs remains unquantified. This paper uses two analytic approaches, propensity score matching and treatment effect modelling, to examine the relationship between exposure to the BCC messages and the use of a bed net the previous night, using the 2010 Zambia Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS). When matched on similar propensity scores, a statistically significant 29.5 percentage point difference in ITN use is observed between exposed and unexposed respondents. Fifty-nine per cent of unexposed respondents reported sleeping under an ITN the previous night, compared to 88% of the exposed respondents. A smaller but similarly significant difference between exposed and unexposed groups, 12.7 percentage points, is observed in the treatment effect model, which also controls for the number of bed nets owned by the household and exposure to malaria information from health workers. Using either approach, a statistically significant effect of exposure to BCC messages on a woman’s use of an ITN was found. Propensity score matching has the advantage of using statistically-matched pairs and relying on the assumption that given the measured covariates, outcome is independent of treatment assignment (conditional independence assumption), thereby allowing us to mimic a randomized control trial. Results from propensity score matching indicate that BCC messages account for a 29-percentage point increase in the use of ITNs among Zambian households that already own at least one ITN. These analyses serve to illustrate that BCC programmes can contribute to national programmes seeking to increase the use of ITNs inside the home. They also offer a viable approach for evaluating the effectiveness of other BCC programmes promoting behaviour that will reduce malaria transmission or mitigate the consequences of infection.
Successful use of a pneumatic biventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation in cardiogenic shock

Background Mechanical circulatory support is a highly effective technology to maintain organ perfusion in patients with cardiogenic shock as a bridge to transplantation. Although implantation of a left ventricular assist device alone is often the preferred configuration, patients with biventricular failure and significant end-organ dysfunction often require biventricular assistance. Methods Between January 2000 and September 2008, 80 patients with severe biventricular failure were accepted for heart transplantation and received a pneumatic biventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplant. Patients were retrospectively divided into 2 groups: those successfully bridged to transplant (Group A) and those who died (Group B). Patients were also divided into 2 periods of implantation: Group X (2000–2005) and Group Y (2006–2008, which used a multidiscipline selection process). Results Overall success rate to transplantation was 71.3%, with Group Y demonstrating an 82% success to transplant rate vs 63% in Group X. One-year actuarial survival after transplant was 89% compared with 92% in patients without a ventricular assist device. There were no statistically significant laboratory parameters between Groups A and B identifying potential risk factors for poor outcome. Conclusion Biventricular assist device therapy represents an effective and reliable means of supporting selected Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profile 1 patients as a bridge to transplantation, with excellent success to transplant rates and post-transplant survival.