cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Talking Our Way Out of a Racist Society

Recent media coverage of the trial of former Klansman Edgar Ray Killen and his sentencing to 60 years in prison for his role in the deaths of three civil rights workers in 1964 suggest that the nation is ready to accept responsibilities for racism. Yet, 41 years after President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, racial inequality and social division continue to be evident throughout our courts, schools, media, corporations, and neighborhoods. Race remains in the forefront of debates over the selection of Supreme Court judges, the use of standardized testing, the building of day labor centers, the imposition of the death penalty, and the rhetoric employed in English Only Campaigns, the No Child Left Behind legislation, charter schools and voucher movements, and welfare reform. New verbal forms of expressing privilege and political correctness, and the widely accepted rational choice and "color blindness" ideology has camouflaged racist attitudes, actions, and white privilege. Hate crimes have been brushed away as an aberration in social life; racial disparities "scientifically" explained as the personal failings of the underclass; and our stratified society has been defended as the inevitable production of meritocracy. These arguments are frequently enhanced by benevolent and supportive rhetoric. Finding appropriate texts and approaches to teaching race relations at the political juncture marked by this peculiarly covert racial discourse and multiracial landscape, requires interrogating dominant narratives and examining the concrete complexities of race in specific historical, social, political, and economic circumstances. Research in the field of whiteness studies
Tube flow of non-Newtonian polymer solutions: PART I. Laminar flow and rheological models

A correlation of turbulent tube-flow friction factors for non-Newtonian polymer solutions, based upon the fluid property τ1/2; defined in Part I, has been found to represent data taken on seven solutions of Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose in ½- and 1-in, I.D. smooth tubes, with an average accuracy of 10.8%. Also, for these seven solutions, this correlation gives somewhat more accurate predictions of the point of transition into turbulent flow than are made by the Ryan-Johnson stability theory. The correlation must be considered only provisional, however, because it does not simplify to the limiting case of extremely dilute solutions. Plausible extensions based on models of steady-flow non-Newtonian viscosity behavior, and other possible correlation schemes utilizing viscoelastic fluid properties, are briefly discussed.
Lumbar extensor fatigue and circumferential ankle pressure impair ankle joint motion sense

Fatigue of the lumbar extensor muscles has been associated with a degradation of balance, but the mechanism is not well understood. The ankle plays a major role in upright standing, and loss of proprioceptive acuity at the ankle could contribute to a degradation of balance. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lumbar extensor fatigue on ankle proprioceptive acuity. The second objective was to investigate the effect of circumferential ankle pressure (CAP) on ankle proprioceptive acuity to evaluate CAP as a potential intervention to mitigate any loss of proprioceptive acuity at the ankle with lumbar extensor fatigue. To address these objectives, ankle joint motion sense was evaluated with and without CAP, both before and after the lumbar extensors were fatigued. Results showed an impairment in joint motion sense with both fatigue and CAP. These results indicate that lumbar extensor fatigue impairs ankle proprioceptive acuity, which may help explain observed increases in postural sway subsequent to lumbar extensor fatigue.
LUNAR FOSSIL MAGNETISM AND PERTURBATIONS OF THE SOLAR WIND.

Perturbations of the solar wind downstream of the moon and lying outside of the rarefaction wave that defines the diamagnetic cavity are used to define possible source regions comprised of intrinsically magnetized areas of the moon. A map of the moon is constructed showing that a model in which the sources are exposed to the grazing solar wind during the lunation yields a selenographically invariant set of regions strongly favoring the lunar highlands over the maria. An alternative model with the source due to electromagnetic induction is explored. The ages of the field sources should be consistent with those based on the basalt ages and possibly far older if the sources are connected with the formation of the highland rocks themselves. The perturbations are tentatively identified as weak shock waves, and a Mach angle in accord with nominal values for the solar wind is found.
Gender- and age-related differences in treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors among high-risk patients with angina

Dyslipidemic, hypertensive patients (N = 48,863) were stratified by gender, age, and angina (n = 2502) vs. nonangina (n = 46,358) status. Comparing 95% confidence intervals yielded significant differences in treatment and cardiovascular risk factor control between subgroups. More men than women had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or = 130 mg/dL (angina, 27.68-27.72 vs. 23.91-23.93; nonangina, 38.70-38.70 vs. 35.38-35.39). Women were less likely than men to receive statins (angina, 69.95-69.99 vs. 82.11-82.13; nonangina, 59.80-59.80 vs. 63.72-63.72), any antilipidemic medication at all (angina, 25.93-25.97 vs. 13.48-13.48; nonangina, 36.73-36.73 vs. 30.73-30.73), or to have current cholesterol measurements (angina, 56.82-56.88 vs. 34.54-34.56; nonangina, 45.77-45.77 vs. 39.75-39.75). Primary care providers treat high-risk patients relatively aggressively; however, opportunities to forestall cardiovascular disease may be missed in hypertensive, dyslipidemic women whose LDL-C is often not measured and controlled.
Study of trapping in amorphous materials

Measurements are made on two amorphous alloys (Te40As35Ge7Si18 and Se97.5As2.5), primarily to compare the information on trapping processes revealed by photo-effect depolarization and by conventional methods. The former method is shown to have a number of advantages and, in particular, is found to be much less dependent on contact effects than thermally stimulated currents or depolarization methods involving external electric fields. Trap depths are deduced which are in fair agreement with theoretical and experimental results by other workers. Messungen an zwei amorphen Legierungen (Te40As35Ge7Si18 und Se97,5As2,5) werden durchgefuhrt, um Informationen uber Anhaftprozesse zu vergleichen, die durch Photoeffekt-Depolarisation und durch konventionelle Methoden gewonnen werden. Es wird gezeigt, das die erste Methode eine Reihe Vorteile aufweist und insbesondere viel weniger von Kontakteffekten beeinflust wird wie thermisch stimulierte Strome oder Depolarisationsmethoden, die ausere elektrische Felder benotigen. Es werden Haftstellentiefen bestimmt, die sich in vernunftiger Ubereinstimmung mit theoretischen und experimentellen Ergebnissen anderer Autoren befinden.
A MINIATURIZED DUAL BAND BOW-TIE MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR IMPLANTABLE AND WEARABLE TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS

In this article, a miniaturized dual band, multislotted bow-tie microstrip antenna for wearable telemedicine applications involving a bidirectional wireless link between implantable and wearable systems is proposed. The number, size, and position of the slots, center width, as well as the size of the ground plane, were selected to control the TM30 mode such that the antenna resonates at the desired frequencies and provides the radiation patterns for the intended application. The antenna operates with a dipole-like radiation pattern in the 915 MHz band and a broadside radiation pattern in the 2.45 GHz band. The reflection coefficient and far-field radiation patterns were measured and compared against the simulated results. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:365-369, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/ mop.26523
Investigation of the trap states and their effect on the low-frequency noise in GaN/AlGaN HFETs

It has been suggested the surface defects and dislocations could act as the leakage paths affecting the low-frequency noise performance of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors. In this paper we report results of the capacitance-voltage (CV) characterization of SiO2-passivated Al0.2Ga0.8 N/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors. From the measured frequency dependent CV profiling data, we identified the characteristics of the traps at the AlGaN/GaN interface adjoining the channel and on the surface along the ungated region between the gate and drain. Based on the measured data, the influence of the channel traps on the low-frequency noise spectra and the effect of the surface traps on possible leakage noise are analyzed and compared with previous studies.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pressure dependence of the Mössbauer isomer shift for metallic Sb and for I - in KI. Systematics with atomic number of the pressure dependence of |ψ(0)| 2

We have measured the pressure dependence of the M\"ossbauer isomer shift for metallic Sb and for ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in KI. This pressure dependence is related to $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{d{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}}{d}\mathrm{ln}V$ and we have obtained values for $\ensuremath{\gamma}(\mathrm{Sb})$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}({\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ from the M\"ossbauer results. For Sb, we find $\ensuremath{\gamma}(\mathrm{Sb})g0$, viz., that ${|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}$ decreases when an antimony sample is compressed. For ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in KI we find $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ to have a value of zero within experimental error. The systematics of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with atomic number are discussed.
High-resolution ranging of a diffuse target at sub-millisecond intervals with a calibrated FMCW Lidar

We demonstrate a FMCW Lidar with a frequency-calibrated laser modulated over 1 THz at ∼1 kHz modulation frequency. Range to a diffuse target is measured at 0.5 ms intervals with 150 μm resolution and ∼1 μm precision. Work of the U.S. government, not subject to copyright.
Baseline and On-Treatment High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of Cancer in Randomized Controlled Trials of Lipid-Altering Therapy

Objectives We sought to examine the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of the development of cancer in large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lipid-altering interventions. Background Epidemiologic data demonstrate an inverse relationship between serum total cholesterol levels and incident cancer. We recently reported that lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with a significantly higher risk of incident cancer in a meta-analysis of large RCTs of statin therapy. However, little is known about the relationship between HDL-C levels and cancer risk. Methods A systematic MEDLINE search identified lipid intervention RCTs with ≥1,000 person-years of follow-up, providing baseline HDL-C levels and rates of incident cancer. Using random-effects meta-regressions, we evaluated the relationship between baseline HDL-C and incident cancer in each RCT arm. Results A total of 24 eligible RCTs were identified (28 pharmacologic intervention arms and 23 control arms), with 625,477 person-years of follow-up and 8,185 incident cancers. There was a significant inverse association between baseline HDL-C levels and the rate of incident cancer (p = 0.018). The inverse association persisted after adjusting for baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, sex, and smoking status, such that for every 10-mg/dl increment in HDL-C, there was a 36% (95% confidence interval: 24% to 47%) relatively lower rate of the development of cancer (p Conclusions There is a significant inverse association between HDL-C and the risk of incident cancer that is independent of LDL-C, age, BMI, diabetes, sex, and smoking.
Carbon incorporation in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy grown GaAs using CHyX4-y, TMG and AsH3

Abstract The incorporation of carbon into GaAs grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has been studied through the addition of the halomethanes CCl 4 , CHCl 3 , CH 2 Cl 2 , CBr 4 , CI 4 , CHI 3 , CH 2 I 2 , CH 3 I and CH 4 . Growth temperatures of 600–750°C, V/III ratios of 30–100, and halomethane mole fractions of 2 × 10 -8 -1 × 10 -4 were investigated. The incorporation of carbon for all the halomethanes decreases at high V/III ratios and also decreases at high growth temperatures with an exponential Arrhenius fitting parameter of -30 to -60 kcal/mol. The carbon incorporation dependence of the chloromethanes on halomethane mole fraction conforms to a first order power function. However, carbon incorporation with CH 2 I 2 conforms to a second order power function. The trend in the halomethanes is to incorporate carbon more efficiently in more highly substituted halomethanes, following the series CH 3 X 2 X 2 3 4 throughout the range V/III ratios and growth temperatures investigated. good correlation in this series of low average bond strength to carbon incorporation is also observed. The dependence of carbon incorporation on V/III ratio and growth temperature are explained by a simple reaction scheme based on the competition at the growing interface between the decomposition of the halomethane to incorporate carbon and the desorption of the decomposing halomethane from the interface.
Low temperature yield properties of two 7–9Cr ferritic/martensitic steels

Abstract Tensile properties of two 7–9Cr ferritic/martensitic steels have been investigated over the temperature range 77–293 K. Along with the temperature dependence, the strain rate sensitivity of the yield stress has been studied by performing strain rate jump tests. Activation volume and activation energy have been determined and used to identify the rate controlling mechanism of dislocation motion. It has been observed that the temperature and stress dependence of the activation parameters are both consistent with a Peierls mechanism below 190 K. Between 190 and 293 K, other mechanisms begin to operate, replacing the Peierls mechanism. At static strain rates, the athermal regime is reached slightly above room temperature.
Rated graphic distinctiveness of consonants

Mean ratings of graphic distinctiveness were obtained for pairs of consonants. The comparisons were between uppercase forms of different consonants, lowercase forms of different consonants, and uppercase vs lowercase forms of the same consonants. The ratings were demonstrated to have satisfactory reliability and to covary moderately well with feature-component measures of letter-pair distinctiveness. The present study presents normative data for the gra phic distinctiveness of pairs of consonants. Specifically, ratings of graphic distinctiveness were obtained for all combinations of paired consonants in both their uppercase and lowercase forms, together with comparisons between the uppercase and lowercase forms of each consonant. The norms supplement Gibson's (1969) feature-component system of measuring letter-pair distinctiveness, a system based on the percentage of physical features shared by letters. However, Gibson's system is applicable only to uppercase comparisons. Moreover, gradations of distinctiveness are somewhat limited by the relatively few physical features employed. Letters obviously vary in the extent of their distinctiveness. Variation in distinctiveness, in turn, is likely to be related to performance on tasks requiring discriminations between letters, whether the letters occur as individual items or as elements of words serving as items. These tasks include letter identification (e.g., Thompson & Massaro, 1973), same-different letter judgments (e.g., Krueger, 1973), and recognition learning (e.g., Kausler & Pavur, in press), and they in vo I ve discriminations between both nominally different letters (e.g., B vs P) and nominally identical letters (e.g., B vs b). The present norms should facilitate such research by extending the material available for selecting consonant pairs of differential distinctiveness. METHOD
Creative urban regeneration between innovation, identity and sustainability

The proposed study aims to investigate the concept of the creative city: who are the drivers and what are the factors conditioning creativity in cities and how do they stimulate sustainable urban regeneration and innovation. In the framework of the creative clusters of events, the case study serves to illustrate the Milla Digital project in Zaragoza (Spain), in which place identity and creativity play a fundamental role. The urban transformation offered by Expo 2008 is for Zaragoza, the driving force for planning and producing new and sustainable social, cultural and economic change for the city's image.
Aggressive lipid therapy in the statin era

Aggressive cholesterol lowering with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy has contributed to the substantial decrease in coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality in recent years, as documented in a number of controlled clinical trials in both primary- and secondary-prevention patients. Although benefit was first established in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia, more recent trials have extended the benefit to patients with mildly to moderately elevated cholesterol. In addition to improvements on the lipid profile, statins appear to confer nonlipid benefits, such as improved endothelial function, modification of plaque cellularity, and plaque stabilization.
Functional and molecular characterization of nitric oxide synthase in the endometrium and myometrium of pregnant sheep during the last third of gestation.

Objective: This study was undertaken to characterize the biochemical and expression profiles of the nitric oxide synthase isoforms present in the sheep uterus during late gestation. Study Design: Myometrium and endometrium were obtained from 28 time-mated pregnant sheep that were under halothane general anesthesia. Tissues were kept frozen at –80°C until they were homogenized for the measurement of (1) nitric oxide synthase activity according to the carbon 14–labeled arginine-citrulline conversion assay, (2) nitric oxide synthase protein mass according to Western blot analysis, and (3) nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid according to the ribonuclease protection assay. The nitric oxide synthase activity assay included 8 parallel treatments for biochemical characterization, in particular with the arginase inhibitors ornithine and (+)-S-2-amino-5-iodoacetamidopentanoic acid. Results: The biochemical characterization of nitric oxide synthase indicated that the predominant form of nitric oxide synthase in endometrium and myometrium (80%-90%) was calcium-calmodulin dependent. In endometrium 50% of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–dependent arginine metabolism was accounted for by the presence of alternative arginine metabolic pathways. Expressions of type 1 and type 3 nitric oxide synthase were demonstrated in endometrium and myometrium by Western blot and ribonuclease protection assay. Although no significant decrease in nitric oxide synthase activity or protein mass was observed, a significant decrease in myometrial type 1 nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid occurred in sheep not in labor at 140 days’ gestation (P < .05 by analysis of variance; term is 144 ± 5 days). Conclusion: In the gravid sheep uterus the predominant nitric oxide synthase isoforms are type 1 in myometrium and type 3 in endometrium. Despite a decrease in type 1 nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid, enzymatic activity and type 1 nitric oxide synthase protein mass do not decrease before parturition. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:116-25.)
Systematic development of input-quantum-limited fluoroscopic imagers based on active-matrix flat-panel technology

The development of fluoroscopic imagers exhibiting performance that is primarily limited by the noise of the incident x-ray quanta, even at very low exposures, remains a highly desirable objective for active matrix flat-panel technology. Previous theoretical and empirical studies have indicated that promising strategies to acheiving this goal include the development of array designs incorporating improved optical collection fill factors, pixel-level amplifiers, or very high-gain photoconductors. Our group is pursuing all three strategies and this paper describes progress toward the systematic development of array designs involving the last approach. The research involved the iterative fabrication and evaluation of a series of prototype imagers incorporating a promising high-gain photoconductive material, mercuric iodide (HgI2). Over many cycles of photoconductor deposition and array evaluation, improvements ina variety of properties have been observed and remaining fundamental challenges have become apparent. For example, process compatibility between the deposited HgI2 and the arrays have been greatly improved, while preserving efficient, prompt signal extraction. As a result, x-ray sensitivities within a factor of two of the nominal limit associated with the single-crystal form of HgI2 have been observed at relatively low electric fields (~0.1 to 0.6 V/μm), for some iterations. In addition, for a number of iterations, performance targets for dark current stability and range of linearity have been met or exceeded. However, spotting of the array, due to localized chemical reactions, is still a concern. Moreover, the dark current, uniformity of pixel response, and degree of charge trapping, though markedly improved for some iterations, require further optimization. Furthermore, achieving the desired performance for all properties simultaneously remains an important goal. In this paper, a broad overview of the progress of the research will be presented, remaining challenges in the development of this photoconductive material will be outlined, and prospects for further improvement will be discussed.
Against Internalism About Reasons—Gert's Rational Options*

The contemporary debate about the relation between reasons and motivation is partly driven by the problem of explaining the "normativity" of reasons. Reasons are "prescriptive". They direct us how to act. They are "apt" to guide our choices. Moreover, reasons are "action guiding". Insofar as we are rational, we let them guide our choices, for we accept their instructions. These formulations are metaphorical, however, and the problem is to explain precisely what they mean. One strategy for explaining normativity, an "internalist" strategy, is to construe reasons or rationality as being necessarily connected to motivation. According to one internalist view, which is defended by Bernard Williams, appropriate motivation is entailed by reasons.' This is the sense in which reasons are "apt" to guide our choices. According to another view, which is defended by Michael Smith, Christine Korsgaard, and T.M. Scanlon, motivation to act in accord with reasons is entailed by rationality.2 This is why we are guided by reasons insofar as we are rational. These are two familiar internalist doctrines. As we will see, Bernard Gert's theory of rationality conflicts with both of these doctrines.3 And Gert has strong intuitive reasons for denying the doctrines. As we will see, both run afoul of the apparently innocuous common sense observation that there are "rational options". If we agree that there are rational options, we cannot object to Gert's theory simply because it conflicts with these two internalist doctrines. But I will argue that Gert's theory also conflicts with another internalist doctrine, one that any plausible
Tablets: A Survey of Circulation Policies at Academic Libraries.

This article presents the results of a Web-based survey regarding the circulation of tablets in academic libraries. The survey, which was completed by 61 respondents, identifies the most common circulation policies and procedures used. These results will help other academic institutions develop their own policy or update existing ones. Areas of disagreement raised by the survey are also discussed and avenues for further study are identified.
Theory and implementation of nuclear safety system codes – Part II: System code closure relations, validation, and limitations

Abstract This is Part II of two articles describing the details of thermal-hydraulic system codes. In this second part of the article series, the system code closure relationships (used to model thermal and mechanical non-equilibrium and the coupling of the phases) for the governing equations are discussed and evaluated. These include several thermal and hydraulic models, such as heat transfer coefficients for various flow regimes, two phase pressure correlations, two phase friction correlations, drag coefficients and interfacial models between the fields. These models are often developed from experimental data. The experiment conditions should be understood to evaluate the efficacy of the closure models. Code verification and validation, including Separate Effects Tests (SETs) and Integral effects tests (IETs) is also assessed. It can be shown from the assessments that the test cases cover a significant section of the system code capabilities, but some of the more advanced reactor designs will push the limits of validation for the codes. Lastly, the limitations of the codes are discussed by considering next generation power plants, such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), analyzing not only existing nuclear power plants, but also next generation nuclear power plants. The nuclear industry is developing new, innovative reactor designs, such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) and others. Sub-types of these reactor designs utilize pebbles, prismatic graphite moderators, helical steam generators, innovative fuel types, liquid metal coolants, and many other design features that may not be fully analyzed by current system codes. This second part completes the series on the comparison and evaluation of the selected reactor system codes by discussing the closure relations, validation and limitations. These two articles indicate areas where the models can be improved to adequately address issues with new reactor design and development.
Perceptual Stereotypes about Life Adjustments

(1956). Perceptual Stereotypes about Life Adjustments. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 239-245.
Anatomy and Preservation of Accessory Pudendal Arteries in Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Objective The incidence of laparoscopically diagnosed accessory pudendal arteries (APAs) varies depending on how proactive the surgeon is to find them. Their preservation depends on their calibre and location. Our objective was to provide a detailed description of how to identify, dissect, and preserve APAs during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). Methods Between January 2003 and January 2005, we treated 377 men with LRP; 325 met inclusion criteria for this study. We defined an APA as any artery located within the periprostatic region running parallel to the dorsal vascular complex and extending caudally towards the anterior perineum, other than cavernous arteries, corona mortis, and satellite arteries to the superficial and deep vascular complex. Two distinct varieties of APAs were identified: (1) lateral APAs course along the lateral aspect of the prostate and branch off any of the terminal branches of the hypogastric artery; and (2) apical APAs emerge through the levator ani fibres near the apical region of the prostate and most likely branch off the pudendal artery or corresponds to an aberrant course of the pudendal artery itself. We present a video depicting the laparoscopic anatomy of APAs and the technique to preserve them. Results Ninety-six of 325 men (30%) were found to have 125 separate APAs. Using the depicted surgical technique, we were able to preserve 83% of all APAs. Forty-nine of 55 lateral APAs (89%) and 55 of 70 apical APAs (79%) were preserved. Thirty-five of 38 large-calibre APAs (92%) and 70 of 87 small-calibre APAs (80%) were spared. The side-specific incidence of PSMs were 3% and 6% when APAs were preserved and not preserved, respectively ( p =0.5). Conclusions APAs are frequently identified during laparoscopic prostatectomy. Their preservation is feasible in LRP without increasing the risk of causing a PSM. It is reasonable to integrate APA preservation as part of the modern radical prostatectomy, although their role in functional outcomes still needs to be prospectively established.
The Impact of Incomplete Typeface Logos on Perceptions of the Firm

Abstract This research investigates the influence of incomplete typeface logos on consumer perceptions of the firm. In these logos, parts of the characters in the company name are intentionally missing or blanked out, giving rise to a form of perceptual ambiguity. Three studies demonstrate that although incomplete typeface logos have an unfavorable influence on perceived firm trustworthiness, they have a favorable influence on perceived firm innovativeness. The former influence is tied to the logo's perceived clarity, while the latter influence is tied to its perceived interestingness. Furthermore, incomplete typeface logos have an unfavorable influence on overall attitude toward the firm, but only for consumers with a prevention, rather than promotion, focus. These findings suggest that firms should avoid incomplete typeface logos if perceptions of trustworthiness are critical or if consumers are likely to have a prevention focus. However, such logos may be successfully employed with promotion-focused co...
Collisional activation and dissociation of large multiply charged proteins produced by electrospray ionization

Abstract Electrospray ionization is capable of producing multiply charged ions of large biopolymers having molecular weights in excess of 100 kDa. Primary structural information can be obtained from highly charged molecular ions by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) in the atmospheric pressure/vacuum interface of the quadrupole mass spectrometer. Ions are sampled from atmospheric pressure through a 1-mm nozzle orifice to a 2-mm opening skimmer in front of a radiofrequency-only quadrupole. The pressure in the nozzle-skimmer region is typically ≈ 2 Torr. With the potential between the nozzle and skimmer elements (ΔN-S) approximately +185 V, ions due only to intact molecular species are typically observed. Increasing ΔN-S allows for crude control of the collision energy in this region since collision energy depends on the charge state. At ΔN-S > + 300 V, most of the multiply charged molecular ions are dissociated, producing singly and multiply charged product ions. For example, at a ΔN-S value of + 335 V, molecular ions from bovine, human, and rat serum albumin (≈ 580 amino acid residues, Mr ≈ 66 kDa) are efficiently dissociated to yield distinct product ion mass spectra. Series of 3+, 4+, and 5+ “b-type” fragment ions originating from dissociation at amino acid residues ≈ 15–30 from the NH2-terminus of the polypeptide sequence are prominent in the spectra. These results are consistent with other CAD data of smaller proteins showing that fragmentation generally occurs from the ends of the molecule. Extended mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis (CAD-MS-CAD-MS or effectively MS-MS-MS) with a triple quadrupole MS apparatus is potentially available for confirmation of product ion assigments and for obtaining sequence information from molecular regions unprobed by the initial CAD step for the intact molecular ion.
O escândalo da tradução

The essay discusses the concepts of translation and authorship based on an analysis of Les Chansons de Bilitis (1895) by Pierre Louys - a hoax translation of a supposedly classical Greek female poet.
Calculation of harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation device's capacity configuration in electric vehicle charging Stations

The high-power rectifiers in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations may bring serious harmonic pollution to power grid. For different types of EV charging stations, one of the issues concerned in the engineering is that how much capacity of the active power filter (APF) and reactive power compensator should be configured. Previous research has given preliminary configuration principle and calculation formula of the APF's capacity. On this basis, based on the configuration parameters of typical EV chargers and charging stations, firstly, this paper gets the maximum harmonic current and power factor values in the output voltage range of the different EV chargers by doing lots of simulations. Secondly, the capacity of APF and reactive power compensator needed for single EV charger is calculated. Thirdly, the mathematical formula of APF's configuration capacity for the whole EV charging station is presented. Finally, the configuration capacity's calculation results of APF and reactive power compensator for different EV charging stations are given.
Two properties of M-matrices

Abstract If A is an M -matrix with the property that some power of A is lower triangular, then A is lower triangular. An analogue of the Minkowski determinant theorem is proved for a subclass of the M -matrices.
Prioritizing genetic variants for causality on the basis of preferential linkage disequilibrium.

To date, the widely used genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the human genome have reported thousands of variants that are significantly associated with various human traits. However, in the vast majority of these cases, the causal variants responsible for the observed associations remain unknown. In order to facilitate the identification of causal variants, we designed a simple computational method called the “preferential linkage disequilibrium (LD)” approach, which follows the variants discovered by GWASs to pinpoint the causal variants, even if they are rare compared with the discovery variants. The approach is based on the hypothesis that the GWAS-discovered variant is better at tagging the causal variants than are most other variants evaluated in the original GWAS. Applying the preferential LD approach to the GWAS signals of five human traits for which the causal variants are already known, we successfully placed the known causal variants among the top ten candidates in the majority of these cases. Application of this method to additional GWASs, including those of hepatitis C virus treatment response, plasma levels of clotting factors, and late-onset Alzheimer disease, has led to the identification of a number of promising candidate causal variants. This method represents a useful tool for delineating causal variants by bringing together GWAS signals and the rapidly accumulating variant data from next-generation sequencing.
Analysis of management actions, human behavior, and process reliability in chemical plants. I. impact of management actions

While management and engineering actions have a significant impact on process reliability, these factors have received too little attention in calculating plant risks. In this work, the focus is on understanding and modeling the influence of human behavior patterns on plant safety in two settings. The first, introduced in Part I, involves a framework to estimate the impacts of management and engineering decisions, process operator performance, and processing equipment operations on the failure state of chemical plants. As examples, the impacts of poor training, maintenance problems, operator inabilities, control system failures, and excessive feed quantities, on failure states are studied. The management and engineering team and the operators are found to have significant impacts on process reliability. While the theoretical framework introduced herein is illustrated using hypothetical plant data, it should provide a basis for more quantitative safety analyses. Attempts to obtain operating data in industrial plants for validation of the framework were unsuccessful because of confidentiality and liability issues associated with industrial data. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Purification and measurement of secretory IgA in mouse milk

An important factor limiting better understanding of the protective role of sIgA at mucosal surfaces is the limited availability of the purified immunoglobulin. Among other things, purified sIgA is needed for use as a standard in measurements of the concentration of this immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, particularly in mice, where several models of mucosal infections are available. We describe here a simple method by which one can obtain a mean of 3.5 ml of milk per mouse without a breast pump. Immunoblotting studies after native PAGE demonstrated that the milk contained mainly 420 kDa dimeric sIgA and higher polymeric forms of sIgA; only a trace of monomeric IgA was present. Similar immunoblotting studies after SDS-PAGE revealed that a portion of the sIgA was dissociated by this treatment. The 420 kDa sIgA was purified by salt fractionation, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography, and the purity of the final product was demonstrated by immunoblot analysis of biotinylated polypeptides after reduction of biotinylated protein. The concentration of 420 kDa sIgA in whey was measured by densitometry of immunoblot bands, using the purified 420 kDa sIgA as a standard, and found to be 1.0 +/- 0.3 mg/ml.
Clinical Outcome of Malignant Biliary Obstruction Caused by Metastatic Gastric Cancer

The clinical outcome of malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcome and predictive factors of survival in patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer. Between April 1997 and March 2006, 38 consecutive patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent PTBD. After PTBD, serum bilirubin levels significantly decreased in 29 (76%) of 38 patients. Pruritus, fever, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, and general fatigue improved significantly in 100%, 100%, 78%, 64%, 53%, and 48% of patients, respectively. Early complications related to the intervention occurred in ten patients. Seven patients developed symptoms of recurrent jaundice or cholangitis. Overall median survival was 79 days, and 6-month and 1-year survival rates after PTBD were 39.5% and 13.2%, respectively. Serum bilirubin level after PTBD (P < 0.0001), chemotherapy after PTBD (P < 0.0001), and performance status at presentation (P = 0.0363) were found to be independent predictors of survival. PTBD with metallic stent placement is a safe and effective palliation for patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer. Our results suggest that patients in good clinical condition are candidates for aggressive treatment with a combination of PTBD with metallic stent placement and chemotherapy.
Inspecting alternating phase-shift masks by matching stepper conditions

The paper presents a new technology to inspect alternating phase shifting masks. Instead of finding defects based on a size-dependent defect specification, defects are found according to their impact at the wafer CD result. The inspection methodology used is aerial imaging. Phase effects are taking into account inherently. The main advantage of this method is that only defects, which actually affect the wafer result, will be detected and classified. The paper presents first inspection results on alternating phase shifting test masks designed for the 70nm generation.
Early Earth: Oxygen for heavy-metal fans

Chromium isotopes provide an eyebrow-raising history of oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere. Not least, it seems that oxygen might have all but disappeared half a billion years after its initial rise.
Riding out the storm: sympathetic storming after traumatic brain injury

Following acute multiple trauma, hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands causes an increase in circulating corticoids and catecholamines, or a stress response. In individuals with severe traumatic brain injury or a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3-8, this response can be exaggerated and episodic. A term commonly used by nurses caring for these individuals to describe this phenomenon is storming. Symptoms can include alterations in level of consciousness, increased posturing, dystonia, hypertension, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, and agitation. These individuals generally are at a low level of neurological activity with minimal alertness, minimal awareness, and reflexive motor response to stimulation, and the storming can take a seemingly peaceful individual into a state of chaos. Diagnosis is commonly made solely on clinical assessment, and treatment is aimed at controlling the duration and severity of the symptoms and preventing additional brain injury. Storming can pose a challenge for the nurse, from providing daily care for the individual in the height of the storming episode and treating the symptoms, to educating the family. Careful assessment of the individual leads the nurse to the diagnosis and places the nurse in the role of moderator of the storming episode, including providing treatment and evaluating outcomes.
EXPLICIT SOLUTION OF SOME FIRST-ORDER PDE'S

The classical Hopf-Lax formula for an explicit solution of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation is extended to equations of the formu t +H(u,Du)=0 with terminal datau(T, x)=g(x) assumed to be merely quasiconvex, i.e., having convex level sets. Using a new quasiconvex conjugateg *γ,p), the formula is given byu(t,x)=(g *(γ,p)-(T−t)H(γp))*. We give a direct proof thatu is a Subbotin minimax solution of the problem. The first-order obstacle problem associated with optimal control inL ∞ is also studied and an explicit solution given.
Effect of phenethylbiguanide on sugar and amino acid transport in rabbit ileum

Abstract Phenethylbiguanide has been shown to be an inhibitor of sugar and amino acid uptake in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. This action could be due to a competition for sodium sites on the sugar and amino acid carrier molecules. The effects of phenethylbiguanide on in vitro intestinal preparations indicate that this compound has a time-dependent effect, it is most effective when placed on the mucosal surface but is also effective on the serosal surface. Furthermore, competition studies indicate that it is a competitive inhibitor of sugar uptake and a non-competitive inhibitor of amino acid uptake. These results are consistent with the differences in the mechanism of coupled transport between sugars and amino acids, but, do not substantiate the idea that phenethylbiguanide competes for the sodium site on the ternary carrier.
Natural Selection as a Population- Level Causal Process

Recent discussions in the philosophy of biology have brought into question some fundamental assumptions regarding evolutionary processes, natural selection in particular. Some authors argue that natural selection is nothing but a population-level, statistical consequence of lower-level events (Matthen and Ariew [2002]; Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew [2002]). On this view, natural selection itself does not involve forces. Other authors reject this purely statistical, population-level account for an individual-level, causal account of natural selection (Bouchard and Rosenberg [2004]). I argue that each of these positions is right in one way, but wrong in another; natural selection indeed takes place at the level of populations, but it is a causal process nonetheless.
Formal development of correct algorithms: An example based on earley's recogniser

This paper contains the formal development of a correct algorithm from an implicit definition of the task to be performed. Each step of the development can be accompanied by a proof of its correctness. As well as ensuring the correctness of the final program, the structured development gives considerable insight into the algorithm and possible alternatives. The example used is a simplified form of the recognition algorithm due to Earley.
Synthesis of Fe Oxide Core/Au Shell Nanoparticles by Iterative Hydroxylamine Seeding

Water-soluble, Au-coated magnetic Fe oxide nanoparticles with diameters ∼60 nm were synthesized by the reduction of Au3+ onto the surfaces of ∼9 nm diameter particles consisting of either γ-Fe2O3 or partially oxidized Fe3O4 via iterative hydroxylamine seeding. The morphology and optical properties of the core/shell particles are dependent on the quantity of deposited Au, while the magnetic properties remain largely independent of Au addition. The Au-coated particles exhibit a surface plasmon resonance peak that blue-shifts from 570 to 525 nm with increasing Au deposition. SQUID magnetometry reveals that particle magnetic properties are not affected by the overlayer of a moderately thick Au shell.
Effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the dynamical, thermal, and chemical structure of the middle atmosphere

[1] A simulation of the middle atmosphere is presented using a general circulation model (GCM) forced with observed sea surface temperature for the period 1950–2000. The GCM extends to the lower thermosphere and reproduces realistic dynamical and temperature distributions. The period contains several El Nino and La Nina events, which are identified using the NINO3 index. Composite anomalies of relevant meteorological fields are obtained by stratifying the northern winter season according to the NINO3 index. These anomalies have the structure of vertically propagating planetary waves extending from the troposphere to the mesosphere. Circulation anomalies in the middle atmosphere are accompanied by large temperature anomalies that are of opposite sign in the stratosphere and mesosphere, the former being warmer and the latter colder during El Nino events. Near the summer mesopause, changes in momentum deposition by parameterized gravity waves results in warming during El Nino. Detailed statistical analysis is used to determine the significance of these anomalies. A chemical/transport simulation is carried out using output from the GCM. It shows that when the lower stratosphere is colder (as during La Nina events), some ozone depletion takes place. Conversely, when the lower stratosphere is warmer and more disturbed, as is the case during El Nino events, heterogeneous chemical processes are inhibited.
Effect of Position of Substitution on the Separation Behavior of Deuterated Toluene

Abstract The position and number of deuterium atoms substituted onto the toluene molecule was found to affect its separation behavior on a silver nitrate-water column. Substitution on the ring affected the capacity ratio substantially while substitution on the methyl group had no measurable effect. At the same time, the separation behaviors of benzene and perdeuterobenzene were examined using several other salt solutions and polar liquids as possible stationary phases.
Stroke and Bleeding Risks in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with a substantial risk of stroke and mortality. Strokes in patients with AF are associated with a greater disability and poorer outcomes than strokes in patients in sinus rhythm. Patients with AF are at increased risk of bleeding, especially if they use anticoagulant therapy. Recent research in the field of anticoagulation has led to development of new anticoagulants for stroke prevention in addition to antiplatelet agents and warfarin. This review discusses the role of AF as a risk factor for stroke and evaluates the role of various schemes for predicting the risk of stroke and bleeding in patients with AF.