cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Historical experience of Labor: Archaeological Contributions to Interdisciplinary Research on Chinese Railroad Workers

Since the 1960s, archaeologists have studied the work camps of Chinese immigrant and Chinese American laborers who built the railroads of the American West. The artifacts, sites, and landscapes provide a rich source of empirical information about the historical experiences of Chinese railroad workers. Especially in light of the rarity of documents authored by the workers themselves, archaeology can provide direct evidence of habitation, culinary practices, health care, social relations, and economic networks. As archaeologists expand collaboration with each other and with scholars in other fields, interpretations of archaeological research move beyond site-specific description into analyses that trace the changing experiences of workers as they entered new environments and new landscapes. The materiality of daily life at railroad work camps is interconnected with the risks the workers endured and the wealth that their labor generated for railroad owners and investors.
A New Comprehensive Model of a Phase Change Memory (PCM) Cell

This paper presents a HSPICE macromodel of a phase change memory (PCM) cell. The proposed PCM macromodel consists of two interrelated models, i.e., the operational model and the drift model. The operational model simulates the holding voltage, the programming process, and the continuous change behavior of the PCM resistance (as corresponding to the amorphous and crystalline phases) by considering also the temperature profile and the crystalline fraction. Using these features, drift behaviors are assessed for the resistance and the threshold voltage; the parameter drifts occur when the cell is not been programmed, thus matching simulation with the operational characteristics observed experimentally in a PCM cell. An analysis of the drift behaviors is then presented. This analysis provides the basis by which an electrical-based framework can be used for simulation. The simulation results show that the plots of resistance and threshold voltage of the PCM cell during the modeled drift behaviors are very close to the experimental results. Moreover, selection of the parameters is based on PCM operational features, so the electrical characterization of the drift is simple, easy to simulate and intuitive.
Automation Reliance on a Combat Identification System

Several combat identification systems have been designed to reduce fratricide by providing soldiers the ability to “interrogate” a potential target by sending a signal that, if returned, identifies the target as a “friend.” Ideally soldiers will appropriately rely on these automated decision aids. However, research has found human operators often under-utilize (disuse) or overly rely on (misuse) automated systems (cf. Parasuraman & Riley, 1997). The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which experience and training would lead participants to appropriately rely on an automated decision aid. Participants provided with the automated aid were unable to adjust their reliance strategy to the reliability of the automated aid; results indicated aided participants made more errors than unaided participants did. Future studies should examine the processes underlying the automation reliance decision.
Precipitin Production in Rabbits Following Intramuscular Injection of Antigen Adsorbed by Aluminum Hydroxide

Adsorbents are used in the investigation of enzymes, vitamins, hormones and toxins as well as other antigens and other substances concerned in immune reactions. We report here the results of immunizing rabbits with various antigens adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide we use is prepared as described by Marshall and Welker 1 in their pioneer work on its use as an adsorbent for colloids. This method is briefly as follows (Welker and Tracy10) :
Experimental Study on Tensile Damage Process of NEPE Propellant

In order to study the damage process of NEPE propellant during tensile condition,the micro-structure of NEPE sample was observed by in situ SEM.The results show that the interphase dewetting and crack are first founded around big grains.And the binder is pulled into silk shape.Then the crack in NEPE propellant extends through the big grains and collects into macro-crack.On the other hand,the stress distribution in grain-binder unit was also analyzed by finite element method.The analysis shows that the effective stress in big grain-binder unit is much greater than that of small grain-binder unit.So,the main damage model of NEPE propellant during tensile process is interphase damage between big grain and binder.
Analysis on Characteristics of AIDS High Risk Behavior among MSM in an Immigrant City

OBJECTIVE To understand the characteristics of the HIV high risk sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men(MSM) in an immigrant city and provide scientific evidence for behavioral intervention among them. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was conducted on MSM who were recruited by respondent-driven sampling(RDS). The questionnaire contains general population information, sexual orientation, method of sexual behavior, condom use and commercial sexual behaviors, etc. RESULTS Among total 589 cases MSM investigated, 90.49% were unmarried, 72.33% people are from other province. In the past 6 months, the median of homosexual partner number of MSM was 5. Consistent condom use was 74.27%. Condom use of regular sexual partner, multiple sexual partners, occasional sexual partners and commercial sex partners were 15.79%, 16.85%, 15.38% and 82.35%. 9.78% of anal intercourse investigated people from foreign countries; 24.37% of MSM non-commercial sexual partners were from Hongkong; 46.18% of investigated people have commercial sex with men, 7.64% of investigated people have commercial sex with women; 47.88% of investigated people have sex with women, while their condom use was 40.59%. CONCLUSION There is large population mobility in the immigrant city, sexual behavior with people from Hongkong, foreign countries are popular, multiple sexual partners and commercial sexual behaviors is also prevalent. Condom use rate is very low among above behaviors, exceptcommercial sexual behavior. Health education and behavioral intervention should be strengthened.
Problems and Countermeasures of Humanistic Education in Adult Higher Colleges

Under the impact of traditional thinking pattern,adult higher colleges present the phenomenon which place more emphasis on specialty,on science technology and utility but despise the foundation,the liberal arts and the quality in different degree.Many adult higher colleges eager for quick success to cater for the market so that they pay excessive attention to the cultivation of professional skill and ability but neglect the improvement of students' comprehensive qualities.Now it is an important problem ahead of adult higher colleges to improve the quality of students and strengthen humanistic education to make them be of sound personality.
HIV/AIDS in Hongya County

Objective To analyze the current status of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Hongya county.Methods Meta-analysis was conducted on HIV/AIDS control work-related data and information in Hongya county from 1996 to 2011.Results Since the first case of HIV infection found in Hongya in 1996,totally 76 cases with HIV have been confirmed by the end of 2011.There was no case reported from 1997 to 2004,and 13,9,18,9,4,5,17 cases were reported in each year from 2005 to 2010.The main route of transmission before 2009 was injective drug use(77.36%),and after 2009,the main way converted into heterosexual and homosexual sex(90.91%).No HIV infected adventive women was reported before 2010,2 and 3 adventive women were reported HIV possitive in 2010 and 2011,respectively.Conclusion The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Hongya county increased year by year,with the declining transmission of injecting drug use,and sexual transmission has become the main way.Adventive women living with HIV increases,therefore,AIDS prevention and treatment of sex workers and adventive women need to be strengthened.
Electric Filed Distribution in Transformer Oil Under DC Electric Field

Due to the accumulation of surface and space charges, which were created by the dissociation of neutral molecules in oil and by the ion injection from the metal electrodes in oil-paper insulation system under DC electric field, the field induced by these charges will distort the original applied fields. So the DC electric field distribution in oil shows some different features compared to its AC counterparts. As one of the key parameters, the DC field distribution in the oil bulk must be considered during the design of the insulation structure for oil-paper insulation system under DC electric field. In this paper, the space electric field distribution in a 6 mm oil gap with two plane metallic electrodes were measured using a contactless electric field measurement method based on the Kerr electro-optic effect. The results show that the DC electric field in the oil gap is a non-uniform field and its ratio to average DC field ranges from 0.87 to 1.05. Furthermore, the field values near the anode are large than that near the cathode and it increase monotonically from cathode to anode under the circumstances of equally applied voltages. Moreover, these experiments show that the normalized electric field by E0 could be distinguished by three stages: a. at low electric field stage(E0.5 k V/mm), the normalized field increase monotonically with the applied voltage. b. at high electric field stage(E 4.5 k V/mm), the normalized filed decrease monotonically with the applied voltage. c. at medium electric field stage(0.5 k V/mmE4.5 k V/mm), the field change in the relative moderate manner.
Progress in research on markers of bone turnover in neonates

Bone metabolism is the course of dynamic balance between bone formation and bone resorption, and can produce some metabolites. These metabolites are named for markers of bone turnover, and classified into markers of bone formation and markers of bone resorption. Markers of bone formation represent the activity of osteoplast and metabolite of bone formation, and markers of bone resorption represent the activity of osteoclast and metabolite of bone resorption. In this review, the researches on neonatal markers of bone turnover were discussed.
Interventions for Specific Phobia in Special Populations

Although implementation of standard evidence-based protocols for the treatment of specific phobias in typical populations is vital, such protocols may not work in the same way with atypical populations. It is often the case that modifications need to be made to adapt these evidence-based treatment protocols to address differences in individuals with special needs. For example, symptoms of anxiety have been associated with deficits in intellectual functioning in both typically- and atypically-developing children (Davis et al., Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 33:171–177, 2011; Davis et al., Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 30:43–51, 2008). This chapter is devoted to the assessment and treatment of specific phobias in a particularly neglected group—those having co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) and/or developmental disabilities (DD) such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
Infant food problems and analytical aspects of providing safe and wholesome infant foods.

The technology of milk and infant food production, storage, and handling has advanced to the point that infant foods have had an excellent record of being free of recognized health hazards. The Infant Formula Council has published methods specifically for these foods. Methods are included from Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, Official Methods of Analysis, Bacteriological Analytical Manual, the Manual of Clinical Microbiology, and the U.S. Pharmacopeia. Criteria for microbiological quality have been issued by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods, and the Public Health Service. Surveys in the United States and Canada have shown that sanitary standards are met with ease.
Pictures: Democracy Imagined

Two months after French Jacobins executed Louis XVI, the most prolific satiric artist in late Georgian Britain responded with a caricature whose message was as unambiguous as it was perverse. In Democrat, or Reason & Philosophy, James Gillray cast Charles James Fox as a ragged, hirsute plebeian (see Figure 8.1). Looking directly at the viewer, the Westminster MP wears a French cockade and dances stupidly while singing a revolutionary song. Viewers of the coloured version observed Fox’s hands and a dagger tucked in his belt covered with blood. One of the most powerful anti-democratic prints of the era and deeply resented by Fox because of its impact, Gillray’s caricature combined standard symbols for his subject with potent messages (bad ideas produce bad behaviour) and visual puns (passing gas as windy speech).1
Computerized Segmentation of Clustered Seeds in Prostate Brachytherapy

Permanent interstitial implantation of radioactive seeds is widely recognized as a therapeutic option for early-stage prostate carcinoma [1]. One of presently active research areas associated with the procedure is intraoperative dose optimization designed to improve the delivered dose uniformity based on the anatomy under surgical condition [2]. The need for intraoperative optimization arises from the fact that the patient anatomy could change significantly under surgical condition due to positioning, anesthetically induced pelvic muscle relaxation, and swelling of the prostate due to the invasive nature of the procedure. Because of strict time constraint, intraoperative planning and dosimetry would require a computerized approach in image-guided components including prostate volume reconstruction as well as determination of implanted seed coordinates. This paper focuses on the latter aspect. Modality of seed image acquisition is projection x-ray captured with fluroscopy or film.
Carbonic anhydrase, red cell membranes, and CO 2 transport.

Extracellular facilitation of CO2 transport by human red cell carbonic anhydrase has been demonstrated. Inhibition of this facilitation by DDT concentrated in the red cell membrane has also been shown, as well as the retention of a minor but significant amount of enzyme activity in washed bovine and human red cell ghosts. These findings are compatible with the concept that an appreciable catalytic effect on the hydration of extracellular CO2 is due to carbonic anhydrase associated with the cell membrane.
Trademark Law's De-Evolution: Why Courts Get Trademark Cases Wrong Repeatedly

This article examines trademark law’s de-evolution from efficient market regulator to inefficient rent protector. This article shows that the standing rules which govern trademark litigation have played a key role in trademark law’s de-evolution. Under trademark law, only commercial market participants, i.e. trademark owners and their competitors, have standing. Consumers do not. This creates two problems. First, it brings the wrong cases to court for judicial resolution. Trademark owners repeatedly bring cases challenging efficient interpretations of trademark law, seeking to replace them with inefficient interpretations in order to capture the resulting rents. Potential trademark defendants, on the other hand, avoid conduct that will lead to, or settle rather than litigate, cases either defending efficient, or challenging inefficient, interpretations of trademark law. While efficient interpretations of trademark law can sharply increase welfare, most of the benefits flow to consumers in the form of reduced prices, rather than to any given potential trademark defendant. As a result, trademark owners repeatedly bring litigation challenging efficient interpretations of trademark law until trademark law becomes inefficient, at which point, potential defendants largely accede. Second, standing rules also frame the question presented in a misleading fashion. By defining who may appear in court and who thereby has a voice in the courtroom, the standing rules implicitly frame the question to be decided as whether the plaintiff or the defendant should prevail. But that frame completely mis-states the question presented in trademark litigation. It omits entirely the interests of consumers. Properly framed, the question that a court should be answering in trademark litigation is not whether the plaintiff or the defendant should win, but how the court can rule so that consumers win. But the standing rules obscure the true nature of the dispute.Having identified the reasons courts get trademark cases wrong repeatedly, this article proposes two types of solutions. These proposed solutions aim not at substantive doctrinal reform, but at: (i) changing the incentives for bringing and defending trademark lawsuits; and (ii) more accurately framing the question presented in trademark litigation for judicial resolution. Within existing law, these reforms include: (i) broader availability of enhanced attorneys’ fees awards for prevailing defendants; (ii) increased viability of antitrust counterclaims in trademark litigation; and (iii) increased use of Federal Rule of Evidence 706 to appoint a neutral expert to identify and explain the consumer interests at stake in trademark litigation. In addition, Congress should amend the Trademark Act to add a strategic lawsuit against competition defense to trademark law, modeled after existing state strategic lawsuit against public participation laws. Only through such procedural reforms can we halt the otherwise ongoing substantive de-evolution of trademark law.
CO2 corrosion of mild steel

Abstract The current state of understanding of CO 2 corrosion as related to internal corrosion of oil and gas pipelines made from mild steel is reviewed. The review covers the effects of basic physicochemical phenomena underlying CO 2 corrosion, such as surface electrochemistry, homogenous aqueous chemistry, mass transfer, and formation of protective corrosion product layers. It then addresses some of the main “complicating factors,” such as multiphase flow, additional aqueous species, hydrocarbon composition, inhibition, and localized corrosion. Additional challenges seen in the field are presented at the end.
PL 6 Long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcome after early fetal growth restriction

Introduction Early onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are strongly associated with placental insufficiency and consequently fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm birth. Some children may remain small or thin, but there is especially concern about high BMI. Neurocognitive and behavioral disabilities have been described in FGR children. Brain sparing might be protective. Children ( n = 96) born from mothers participating in the Preeclampsia Eclampsia TRial Amsterdam were followed from birth to age twelve years. Anthropometry was performed, and neurocognitive outcomes were assessed with an extensive battery including attention and executive function (EF) and parental questionnaires and compared with a normal birthweight comparison group. They had a mean BWR of 0.68 (p2), a highest UC-ratio above 0.72 indicating brain sparing, and a mean GA of 31 weeks (range 27–38). Results Growth [1] : Mean height SDS (SD) corrected for target height was −0.09 (0.94), mean body mass index (BMI) SDS was 0.00 (1.16) and mean head circumference SDS was −0.37 (1.11). Neither FGR severity nor gestational age was related to height and BMI at age 12.5 years. Neurocognitive and behavioral outcome [2] : Mean IQ was comparable for FGR and comparison children. Parents of the FGR-children reported significantly more social and attention problems than parents of the comparison children) Further, all EF- and attention test performances and parent-reports were comparable between FGR and comparison children. Psychiatric diagnoses were comparable to nationwide rates. Discussion In these 12-year children born FGR with signs of brain sparing there is excellent catch up growth. Their neurocognitive outcome is hardly different from comparison children, nor nationwide numbers. Because in this cohort mortality was relatively high especially at low gestation, we need to compare these data with data from recent cohorts with lower mortality rates.
On Externalities and Incentives: The Role of the Market Power and Organizational Form of Financial Intermediaries

We use a general equilibrium model to study how the market power and organizational form of banks interacts with the coordination problem arising from externalities in economic activity. If externalities are positive, bank market power severely reduces social welfare by exacerbating this coordination problem, especially in marginal economies where individuals may “opt out” of the formal economy. However, this effect of bank market power may be eliminated if banks adopt a cooperative ownership form and increases social welfare if externalities are sufficiently negative. We also show how “redlining” may arise in marginal economies and provide testable predictions and policy implications.
FIE 2017: Reviewing the past, predicting the future

At FIE 2002, 13 engineering educators assembled to address a variety of topics and predict the “Future of Engineering Education.” Larry Shuman organized and moderated the session [1]. Topics included the changing demographics and economics of the country, technological advances, the engineering pipeline, the state of the University and forces driving change, engineering as a liberal art, the accreditation process and faculty reward system, the role of technology in delivering engineering education, educating for higher levels of performance, research in engineering education, research applications, and outcomes assessment. This panel includes five of the original authors and some new contributors who are active in FIE. We will examine the predictions made in 2002, and ask where we were right, where we were wrong, what has come to pass, what is still in progress, and what concerns have faded from view. Many of the issues previously discussed are still hot topics 15 years later.
Thermodynamics of Self Assembly: An Empirical Example Relating Entropy and Evolution

Although Sidney Fox is best known for his pioneering contributions in protein chemistry and molecular evolution, I think it should also be recalled that his professional origins were in the thermodynamics of biology. His Ph. D. dissertation (1) reported the measured thermodynamic properties of the compounds which participate in the urea cycle. Hugh Huffman, Fox’s mentor and coauthor of a salient treatise: “The Free Energies of Some Organic Compounds” (2), commented that Fox’s urea work was the first research to unequivocally demonstrate a biochemical reaction requiring linking to another under in vivo conditions (3). It was a clear illustration of “a new point of view which the application of the second law of thermodynamics to physiological questions has introduced” (3).
Identifying User Demographic Traits Through Virtual-World Language Use

The paper presents approaches for identifying real-world demographic attributes based on language use in the virtual world. We apply features developed from the classic literature on sociolinguistics and sound symbolism to data collected from virtual-world chat and avatar naming to determine participants’ age and gender. We also examine participants’ use of avatar names across virtual worlds and how these names are employed to project a consistent identity across environments, which we call “traveling characteristics.”
Approximations of One-dimensional Expected Utility Integral of Alternatives Described with Linearly-Interpolated p-Boxes

In the process of quantitative decision making, the bounded rationality of real individuals leads to elicitation of interval estimates of probabilities and utilities. This fact is in contrast to some of the axioms of rational choice, hence the decision analysis under bounded rationality is called fuzzy-rational decision analysis. Fuzzy-rationality in probabilities leads to the construction of x-ribbon and p-ribbon distribution functions. This interpretation of uncertainty prohibits the application of expected utility unless ribbon functions were approximated by classical ones. This task is handled using decision criteria Q under strict uncertainty—Wald, maximax, Hurwicz\({}_{\alpha }\), Laplace—which are based on the pessimism-optimism attitude of the decision maker. This chapter discusses the case when the ribbon functions are linearly interpolated on the elicited interval nodes. Then the approximation of those functions using a Q criterion is put into algorithms. It is demonstrated how the approximation is linked to the rationale of each Q criterion, which in three of the cases is linked to the utilities of the prizes. The numerical example demonstrates the ideas of each Q criterion in the approximation of ribbon functions and in calculating the Q-expected utility of the lottery.
Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal.

Study objectives To determine the presence of a hypothesized trait vulnerability to sleep disturbance and hyperarousal. Design Polysomnographic assessment of sleep in response to stress during a first night in the laboratory and subsequent physiologic arousal. Participants One hundred and four individuals (46% men, mean age 40.4 +/- 12.9 years) drawn from a population-based sample. Interventions Individuals were exposed to a first night in the laboratory. Measurements and results Participants completed a Likert-scale questionnaire, consisting of 27 items, that assesses sleep disturbance in response to commonly experienced stressful situations. Factor analytic techniques identified a single 9-item factor that was representative of the construct of "stress-related" vulnerability to sleep disturbance. Reliability of the resulting 9-item scale was high (Cronbach's alpha = .83). Individuals with higher scores on this scale, the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST; median split), had a lower sleep efficiency (P = .001), as well as an increased latency to stage 1 sleep (P = .001) and persistent sleep (P = .002) on the first night of nocturnal polysomnography. Moreover, these high-scoring individuals showed increased arousal as evidenced by an elevated sleep latency on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test compared to individuals with low FIRST scores. Importantly, after controlling for current and past insomnia, the differences between individuals scoring high and low on the FIRST in terms of nocturnal sleep and daytime arousal remained significant. Other stages of sleep (stage 2, slow-wave, and rapid eye movement sleep) were not different between the groups. Conclusions These results showing a relationship between FIRST scores and nocturnal polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test scores have 3 potential implications: (1) the data demonstrate a characteristic that relates to vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance as manifested by a first night in the laboratory; (2) the elevated latencies on the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in these individuals, despite significantly disturbed sleep, support the notion of physiologic hyperarousal in these individuals and suggests they may be predisposed to developing chronic primary insomnia; and (3) the vulnerability identified may underlie vulnerability to transient sleep disturbance associated with other sleep-disruptive factors.
Control in the Psychiatric Setting—Children and Adolescents

Psychiatric inpatient treatment programs for children and adolescents encounter aggressive behaviors from many of their patients, and it is incumbent upon the professional staff of these programs to have an understanding of the importance of aggressive behavior as a clinical phenomenon and to have a clear approach to the management of violence on the unit. Aggression among hospitalized children and adolescents is multifactorial in etiology. The clinician must weigh the historical and diagnostic antecedents to the child’s behavior, as well as the current clinical issues and the inpatient environment itself to unravel the reasons for the child’s violent and destructive impulses. Parallel and coexistent with these imperatives are the programmatic needs to maintain a safe, nurturing, and therapeutic environment for all patients, and thus, the need to effectively intervene with aggressive behavior whenever it occurs on the unit. This chapter addresses the factors, clinical and programmatic, relevant to aggressive behavior on child and adolescent units and emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnoses in the evaluation of aggression. It reviews the application of contingency management techniques coupled to child skills training to decrease violent behavior, and it also reviews the psychopharmacological approach to aggression in this age group.
Arterial cell interactions: mechanistic studies related to eicosanoid and growth factor-induced alterations in cholesterol metabolism.

Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the arterial wall and the proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells are the hallmarks of atherogenesis. Humoral fluid-phase interactions between arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells have been studied in vivo and in vitro in an attempt to delineate whether these cells communicate in the regulation of intimal hyperplasia and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in arterial smooth muscle cells.
Artificial gravity in space and in medical research

The history of manned space flight has repeatedly documented the fact that prolonged sojourn in space causes physiological deconditioning. Physiological deterioration has raised a legitimate concern about man's ability to adequately perform in the course of long missions and even the possibility of leading to circumstances threatening survival. One of the possible countermeasures of physiological deconditioning, theoretically more complete than others presently used since it affects all bodily systems, is artificial gravity. Space stations and spacecrafts can be equipped with artificial gravity, but is artificial gravity necessary? The term "necessary" must be qualified because a meaningful answer to the question depends entirely on further defining the purpose of space travel. If man intends to stay only temporarily in space, then he must keep himself in good physical condition so as to be able to return to earth or to land on any other planetary surface without undue exposure to major physiological problems resulting from transition through variable gravitational fields. Such a situation makes artificial gravity highly desirable, although perhaps not absolutely necessary in the case of relative short exposure to microgravity, but certainly necessary in interplanetary flight and planetary landings. If the intent is to remain indefinitely in space, to colonize space, then artificial gravity may not be necessary, but in this case the consequences of long term effects of adaptation to weightlessness will have to be weighed against the biological evolutionary outcomes that are to be expected. At the moment, plans for establishing permanent colonies in space seem still remote. More likely, the initial phase of exploration of the uncharted solar system will take place through successive, scope limited, research ventures ending with return to earth. This will require man to be ready to operate in gravitational fields of variable intensity. Equipping spacecrafts or space stations with some means of artificial gravity in this initial phase is, therefore, necessary without question. In a strict sense artificial gravity is conceived as a means of replacing natural gravity in space by the centripetal acceleration generated by some sort of rotating device. Rotating devices create an inertial force which has effects on bodies similar to those caused by terrestrial gravity, but artificial gravity by a rotation device is not the same as terrestrial gravity, as we shall see. Present research in artificial gravity for space exploration is projected in two main directions: artificial gravity for whole space stations and artificial gravity produced by short arm centrifuges designed for human use in space.
Moderate-Penetrance Predisposition to Breast Cancer

Research over the past 25 years has revealed much about the architecture of predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. There is now a general understanding that there are three broad categories of germline variation that may increase risk. First, there are the “high-penetrance” genes associated with a relative risk for cancer of greater than 5 and demonstrating an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. At the other end of the spectrum are “low-penetrance” common variants. These variants are associated with minor increases in risk (commonly less than a relative risk of 1.5). The third group of genes are “moderate-penetrance” genes, with pathogenic variants seen rarely in the general population (commonly < 1%) and relative risks for cancer generally between 2 and 5. Moderate-penetrance genes are the focus of this review. With the advent of multigene panel testing based on next-generation (or massively parallel) sequencing, genetic risk assessment is identifying significant numbers of patients with pathogenic variants in moderate-penetrance genes such as CHEK2, ATM, PALB2, BRIB1, RAD51C, RAD51D, BARD1, and NBN. Risks associated with breast, ovarian, and other cancers are emerging. The strength of associations between many of these “moderate-penetrance” genes and cancer risk remains somewhat unclear. Risk is likely to be modulated by age, family history, and perhaps specific genotype, further complicating the clinical counseling scenario. There is a clear need for ongoing research in this area, an endeavor that is likely to take time and commitment given the relative rarity of these pathogenic variants.
Does God roll dice? Neutrality and determinism in evolutionary ecology

A tension between perspectives that emphasize deterministic versus stochastic processes has sparked controversy in ecology since pre-Darwinian times. The most recent manifestation of the contrasting perspectives arose with Hubbell’s proposed “neutral theory”, which hypothesizes a paramount role for stochasticity in ecological community composition. Here we shall refer to the deterministic and the stochastic perspectives as the niche-based and neutral-based research programs, respectively. Our goal is to represent these perspectives in the context of Lakatos’ notion of a scientific research program. We argue that the niche-based program exhibits all the characteristics of a robust, progressive research program, including the ability to deal with disconfirming data by generating new testable predictions within the program. In contrast, the neutral-based program succeeds as a mathematical tool to capture, as epiphenomena, broad-scale patterns of ecological communities but appears to handle disconfirming data by incorporating hypotheses and assumptions from outside the program, specifically, from the niche-based program. We conclude that the neutral research program fits the Lakatosian characterization of a degenerate research program.
Racial Disparities in Surgical Outcomes After Spine Surgery: An ACS-NSQIP Analysis

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objectives:Racial disparities in postoperative outcomes are unfortunately common. We present data assessing race as an independent risk factor for postoperat...
The Mismatch of Intrinsic Fluctuations and the Static Assumptions of Linear Statistics

The social and cognitive science replication crisis is partly due to the limitations of commonly used statistical tools. Inferential statistics require that unsystematic measurement variation is independent of system history, and weak relative to systematic or causal sources of variation. However, contemporary systems research underscores the dynamic, adaptive nature of social, cognitive, and behavioral systems. Variation in human activity includes the influences of intrinsic dynamics intertwined with changing contextual circumstances. Conventional inferential techniques presume milder forms of variability, such as unsystematic measurement error, as in a Gaussian distribution. Inferential statistics indicate an elementary Newtonian cause-effect metaphor for change that is inconsistent with known principles of change in complex systems. Pattern formation in self-organizing systems and quantum probability are used to illustrate theoretical metaphors that instantiate alternative notions of change in complex systems. Inferential statistics and related techniques are crucial scientific resources. However, in the social and behavioral sciences, they must be practiced in conjunction with an appropriate general systems framework that accommodates intrinsic fluctuations and contextual adaptation.
Reinforce Division by Learning Ratios.

J'x the sixth-grade level, pupils are expected to learn several concepts that are related to ratios in one way or another; for example, rational number, decimal, percent, and constant. Learning and relating these concepts is affected by factors which, to many teachers, seem difficult to reconcile. The process of abstracting the concepts, learning symbolic representations of the concepts, and making a shift from concrete or visual to formal or abstract ways of thinking about these concepts are among the factors that must be taken into consideration. With all of this, teachers consistently express concern for how to employ interesting, meaningful ways to teach the concepts without detracting from a need to teach basic skills. Each of the three activities described below reinforce the basic skills of measuring and computing with decimals by having pupils discover that, in one sense, a ratio is a single number that expresses a relationship between two other numbers. The three activities usually require three to four mathematics periods. In a self-contained classroom they are most successful when the whole class is involved. In other teaching situations, groups of ten to fifteen pupils are best. Pupils should be allowed to share information, and everything should be done to create an atmosphere of cooperative problem-solving. Activity 1
A High-Throughput Method To Measure Relative Quantum Yield of Lanthanide Complexes for Bioimaging.

Luminescent lanthanides provide a promising alternative to organic chromophores for cellular bioimaging and bioassay applications; efficacy is closely governed by their respective quantum yields. C...
Intrauterine inhibition of chemokine receptor 4 signaling modulates local and systemic inflammation in ovine pregnancy.

Problem Chemokines help coordinate inflammation within the fetal-maternal microenvironment during gestation. The chemokine CXCL12 signaling through its receptor CXCR4 regulates inflammatory activity, but this phenomenon is not well understood during pregnancy, and there are no reports exploring the role of this pair in peripheral immune tolerance during gestation. Herein, we hypothesize that intrauterine CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling governs local and systemic immunomodulatory dynamics during early gestation in ewes. Method of study Osmotic pumps were surgically installed for intrauterine infusion of a CXCR4 inhibitor, AMD3100, beginning on day 12 post-breeding in sheep. Endometrial tissues were collected on day 35 of gestation and evaluated for inflammatory potential, Akt pathway activation, and autophagy induction. Demonstrative of peripheral immune activity, levels of select cytokines were assessed in daily blood samples collected throughout the study, as well as in corpus luteum and spleen on day 35. Results Anti-inflammatory IL10 was primarily localized to endometrial glandular epithelium with lower abundance when CXCR4 was antagonized. Inhibition of CXCR4 at the fetal-maternal interface resulted in less activation of Akt in endometrium, while evidence of autophagy induction was greater. Corpora lutea from ewes receiving intrauterine AMD3100 exhibited lower interferon-gamma (IFNG) expression. Blood inflammatory potential was differentially altered in a temporal fashion throughout infusion. IL10 abundance in spleen was greater following CXCR4 inhibition at the fetal-maternal interface, while IFNG was less. Conclusion Intrauterine CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling governs endometrial and systemic inflammation; disruption of this axis may have detrimental impacts on offspring and maternal health.
PLANC: Parallel Low Rank Approximation with Non-negativity Constraints

We consider the problem of low-rank approximation of massive dense non-negative tensor data, for example to discover latent patterns in video and imaging applications. As the size of data sets grows, single workstations are hitting bottlenecks in both computation time and available memory. We propose a distributed-memory parallel computing solution to handle massive data sets, loading the input data across the memories of multiple nodes and performing efficient and scalable parallel algorithms to compute the low-rank approximation. We present a software package called PLANC (Parallel Low Rank Approximation with Non-negativity Constraints), which implements our solution and allows for extension in terms of data (dense or sparse, matrices or tensors of any order), algorithm (e.g., from multiplicative updating techniques to alternating direction method of multipliers), and architecture (we exploit GPUs to accelerate the computation in this work).We describe our parallel distributions and algorithms, which are careful to avoid unnecessary communication and computation, show how to extend the software to include new algorithms and/or constraints, and report efficiency and scalability results for both synthetic and real-world data sets.
One-dimensional cellular automata with random rules: longest temporal period of a periodic solution

We study one-dimensional cellular automata whose rules are chosen at random from among $r$-neighbor rules with a large number $n$ of states. Our main focus is the asymptotic behavior, as $n \to \infty$, of the longest temporal period $X_{\sigma,n}$ of a periodic solution with a given spatial period $\sigma$. We prove, when $\sigma \le r$, that this random variable is of order $n^{\sigma/2}$, in that $X_{\sigma,n}/n^{\sigma/2}$ converges to a nontrivial distribution. For the case $\sigma > r$, we present empirical evidence in support of the conjecture that the same result holds.
Nationally poor, locally rich: Income and local context in the 2016 presidential election

Abstract When social scientists examine relationships between income and voting decisions, their measures implicitly compare people to others in the national economic distribution. Yet an absolute income level (e.g., $57,617 per year, the 2016 national median) does not have the same meaning in Clay County, Georgia, where the 2016 median income was $22,100, as it does in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where the median income was $224,000. We address this limitation by incorporating a measure of one's place in her ZIP code's income distribution. We apply this approach to the question of the relationship between income and whites' voting decisions in the 2016 presidential election, and test for generalizability in elections since 2000. The results show that Trump's support was concentrated among nationally poor whites but also among locally affluent whites, complicating claims about the role of income in that election. This pattern suggests that social scientists would do well to conceive of income in relative terms: relative to one's neighbors.
HIV-1 Encephalitis is a Consequence of Viral Infection and Neuroimmune Activation

The neuropathogenic mechanism(s) of human immunodeficiency virus type l (HIV-l) encephalitis was investigated utilizing a severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mouse system where virus-infected monocytes are stereotactically placed into the cerebral cortex and deep nuclei. Aspects of HIV-1 induced central nervous system (CNS) disease including viral (p24 antigen) expressing macrophages and multinucleated cells, marked astrogliosis, and microglia activation were present in this animal model system as in HIV-infected human brain tissue. A marked neuroimmune activation correlated with numbers of HIV-1 infected monocytes found in affected SCID brains. These changes were accompanied by abnormalities within the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules, hypertrophy of astrocyte foot processes and perivascular edema). Similar results have already been demonstrated in human autopsy specimens of lentivirus affected brain tissue. These data suggest that HIV-1 encephalitis is consequence of macrophage activation with accompanying BBB impairment(s).
THE ROLE OF SUBTHALAMIC MECHANISMS IN HUNGER AND THIRST

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of subthalamic mechanisms in hunger and thirst. The chapter describes experiments conducted on rats, in which it was found that rats with small electrolytic lesions in the subthalamic region were slightly hypodipsic when food was available ad libitum but drink little or no water during prolonged periods of food deprivation. This shows that the water intake of these animals may be motivated exclusively by immediate prandial needs rather than normal regulatory responses to osmotic or volumetric deficits, which are thought to initiate water intake in the intact rat. Lesions in the lateral preoptic area, rostroventral to the zona incerta have been reported to impair 2-DG feeding without affecting ad libitum intake and to abolish drinking responses to osmotic stimuli without impairing the drinking response to PG-induced hypovolemia.
Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells as a Cellular Carrier for Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Interferon-β in Preclinical Models of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Oncolytic viruses have demonstrated efficacy in numerous tumor models including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One limitation of viral therapy for metastatic lung cancer is that systemic administration can be hindered by complement and antiviral immunity. Thus, we investigated whether ex vivo-infected blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) could be used to deliver VSV-IFNβ in preclinical models of NSCLC. BOECs were obtained from human donors or C57/Bl6 mice. VSV was engineered to produce GFP or IFNβ. Human and murine BOECs could be infected by VSV-GFP and VSV-IFNβ. Infected BOECs resulted in killing of NSCLC cells in vitro and shielded VSV-IFNβ from antibody neutralization. Mouse BOECs localized to lungs of mice bearing syngeneic LM2 lung tumors, and infected murine BOECs reduced tumor burden in this model. In an immune-deficient A549 xenograft model, mice treated with VSV-IFNβ-infected human BOECs exhibited superior antitumor activity and survival of mice (n = 10, P
Bullish and Bearish Engulfing Japanese Candlestick patterns: A statistical analysis on the S&P 500 index

Abstract Technical analysts believe that by studying past price action, it is possible to forecast future prices of specific securities. Technical analysts rely on the use of charts, which graphically show the past fluctuations of prices. This study focuses on the chart style known as Japanese candlesticks, which relies on four pieces of information for every session: Open, High, Low and Close prices. It is believed that some candle patterns possess predictive capabilities that can alert investors of imminent price tops, bottoms, or price trend continuations. For this study, we performed a statistical analysis, using historical prices of the S&P 500 index, of the effectiveness of Bullish Engulfing and Bearish Engulfing patterns, which are believed to forecast bottoms and tops respectively. Results indicate that the Bearish Engulfing provide strong short-term forecasting power when using the Open and High criteria but not the Close criterion. Likewise, the Bullish Engulfing offered strong short-term forecasting power when using the Open and Low criteria but not the Close criterion.
Ingredients of 'rituals' and their cognitive underpinnings.

Ritual is not a proper scientific object, as the term is used to denote disparate forms of behaviour, on the basis of a faint family resemblance. Indeed, a variety of distinct cognitive mechanisms ...