cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome analysis in rhesus macaques infected with hepatitis E virus genotype 1/3 infections and genotype 1 re-infection.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 1 (gt1) and gt3 infections have distinct epidemiologic characteristics and genotype-specific molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well characterized. Previously, we showed differences in immune response-related gene expression profiles of HEV gt1 and gt3 infections using qPCR. We hypothesize that HEV gt1 and gt3 infections induce transcriptome modifications contributing to disease pathogenesis. RNAseq analysis was performed using liver biopsy samples of naive (baseline), HEV gt1, or gt3-infected rhesus macaques, and nine anti-HEV positive rhesus macaques re-inoculated with HEV gt1. All 10 primary HEV gt1/gt3 infected animals exhibited the typical course of acute viral hepatitis and cleared the infection between 27 to 67 days after inoculation. Viremic stages of HEV infection were defined as early, peak, and decline based on HEV RNA titers in daily stool specimens. During early, peak, and decline phases of infection, HEV gt1 induced 415, 417, and 1769 differentially expressed genes, respectively, and 310, 678, and 388 genes were differentially expressed by HEV gt3, respectively (fold change ≥ 2.0, p-value ≤ 0.05). In the HEV gt1 infection, genes related to metabolic pathways were differentially expressed during the three phases of infection. In contrast, oxidative reduction (early phase), immune responses (peak phase), and T cell cytokine production (decline phase) were found to be regulated during HEV gt3 infection. In addition, FoxO and MAPK signaling pathways were differentially regulated in re-infected and protected animals against HEV gt1 reinfection, respectively. Significant differences of hepatic gene regulation exist between HEV gt1 and gt3 infections. These findings reveal a new link between molecular pathogenesis and epidemiological characteristics seen in HEV gt1 and gt3 infections.
Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Female Patients With Scleroderma

Introduction Systemic sclerosis or scleroderma (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease that renders the esophagus prone to significant gastroesophageal reflux due to impaired esophageal clearance and reduced lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The reported prevalence of Barrett's esophagus (BE) in women with SSc varies from 2% to 37% and is derived from older studies with small sample sizes. We aimed to assess the prevalence of BE in a large cohort of women with SSc. Methods Women with SSc referred from the Mayo Clinic Arizona Rheumatology Clinic who completed esophagogastroduodenoscopy between 2002 and 2020 were included. Demographic and high-resolution manometry data were evaluated. The diagnosis of scleroderma was confirmed by an expert rheumatologist. The BE diagnosis was confirmed by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist. Results There were 235 women with SSc who underwent EGD. High-resolution manometry (HRM) was completed in 172 patients. Women with SSc with BE were significantly more likely to have scleroderma esophagus (absent contractility with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter) on HRM than women with SSc without BE (P = 0.018). There were 30 patients with SSc (12.8%) with histologically proven BE. Dysplasia was found in 13 (43.3%): 4 with indefinite, 7 with low grade, and 2 with adenocarcinoma. The incidence of any dysplasia was 5.3% per year (0.9% per year for adenocarcinoma). Discussion This the largest study on prevalence of BE in women with SSc, yielding a prevalence of 12.8%. Women with SSc with BE were significantly more likely to have absent contractility with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter findings on HRM. The high prevalence and incidence of dysplasia found suggest that women with SSc should be included in the screening recommendations for BE.
BS16 The role of parasympathetic nervous system in the infarct-limiting effect of SGLT2 inhibitors

Introduction As long-term outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) is predicted by final infarct size (IS), reducing IS is of paramount importance. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated a strong infarct-sparing effect of SGLT2 inhibitors – a class of drugs which have proved to be safe and beneficial in patients with heart failure. Repurposing SGLT2 inhibitors for the benefit of patients presenting with an acute MI should be preceded by investigation of the underlying mechanisms of infarct limitation. Experimental and clinical data indicate a potential role for autonomic modulation in these mechanisms, specifically sympatho-inhibition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of parasympathetic tone in the infarct-sparing effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. Methods Twenty seven Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the diet containing the SGLT2 inhibitor Ertugliflozin or vehicle for 3 days. Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury was caused by a 40-min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion under isoflurane anaesthesia (4% for induction and 1.5-2% for maintenance). Two groups of animals, pre-treated with Ertugliflozin, were subjected to parasympathetic denervation prior to myocardial ischaemia, either with the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine sulfate i.v. (2 mg/kg bolus, then 1 mg/kg/h), or bilateral cervical vagotomy (figure 1). Results Pre-treatment with Ertugliflozin reduced IS by 63% (p 0.05 vs. vehicle, p Conclusion These results suggest that the Infarct-limiting effect of SGLT2 inhibitor Ertugliflozin may be mediated via M-cholinoreceptors. Conflict of Interest No
CD8+ Lymphogranulomatous Dermatitis as a Manifestation of Malignancy-Associated Immunodeficiency: Rethinking Paraneoplastic Granulomas.

ABSTRACT Paraneoplastic granulomatous disease occurs in approximately 7.3% of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, most commonly among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These lesions are often reported to appear similar to sarcoidosis in clinical presentation and under light microscopy. However, comprehensive descriptions of the cytomorphologic characteristics of these paraneoplastic granulomas are lacking, and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain ill-defined. Noninfectious dermal granulomatous reactions have also been reported in many primary immunodeficiencies, including common variable immune deficiency and ataxia-telangiectasia. We present a case of noninfectious CD8+ predominant granulomatous dermatitis with ocular involvement occurring in the setting of CLL and marked hypogammaglobulinemia. Based on the analysis of shared factors in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and CLL, we conclude that the presence of pan-humoral immunodeficiency could itself be a risk factor for developing a CD8+ lymphogranulomatous reaction. This report and associated discussion evince that CD8+ predominant granulomatous reactions, distinct from sarcoidosis, may represent a previously unappreciated segment of the paraneoplastic granulomas observed in hematologic malignancies.
Manual of clinical dialysis

Brief History of Clinical Dialysis: The Seattle Experience.- Hemodialysis Technique.- Anticoagulation.- Vascular Access.- Complications of Hemodialysis.- Dose of Hemodialysis.- Continuous Therapies.- Peritoneal Dialysis.- Technique of Peritoneal Dialysis.- Dose of Peritoneal Dialysis.- Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis.- Nutritional Issues.- Hypertension.- Anemia.- Renal Osteodystrophy.- Atypical Dialysis Circumstances.- The Future.
‘We’re here to stay’: economic restructuring, Latino migration and place-making in the US South

This article examines immigrants’ and long-term residents’ intertwining practices of flexible labour and social reproduction in the American South. It analyses neoliberal globalisation's flexible-labour demands through the body and social reproduction's spatial forms and politics through place, arguing for the centrality of these processes to both recent political shifts in the South and broader theorisations of globalisation and social reproduction. As immigrants and long-term southern residents grapple with factors from casualised employment to militarised borders, they work to situate themselves in place as community members. The frictions between these processes create political initiatives into which our analysis offers new insight.
Fat metabolism in higher plants: XLIII. Control of fatty acid synthesis in germinating seeds

Abstract Fatty acid synthesis by germinating pea and safflower seeds has been studied by following acetate incorporation in vivo . The pea synthesizes saturated acids in the C14–28 range. In this plant, increased germination temperature and fluoride addition both reduce elongation of stearic acid. In addition, arsenite blocks elongation at the palmitate level. These blocking effects, which have also been studied with in vitro fatty acid-synthesizing systems, indicate the presence of, at least, three separate enzyme systems in pea which are responsible for (a) de novo synthesis of palmitate, (b) elongation of palmitate to stearate, and (c) further elongation of stearate to the very long-chain fatty acids. Safflower is also sensitive to fluoride or arsenite during germination. In the presence of arsenite, palmitate accumulated with a sharp reduction in synthesis of the very long chain fatty acids and linoleate. Fluoride reduced linoleate formation without affecting the very long chain fatty acids. Thus, arsenite and fluoride effects are not uniform from species to species. Although trichloroacetic acid had no effect on synthesis of fatty acids by either seed, other compounds such as decenylsuccinic acid and carbamate weed killers specifically reduce the formation of the very long chain fatty acids by pea thus suggesting a mode of action for these compounds in wax formation.
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Optical Telescope Element (OTE) Architecture and Technology

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Optical Telescope Element (OTE) is the first NASA segmented space telescope and is planned for launch in 2011. The telescope architecture was recently finalized with the selection of the primary mirror material. This presentation reviews the telescope architecture and discusses the remaining key technological challenges of this element.
Monometallic Ni0 and Heterobimetallic Ni0/AuI Complexes of Tripodal Phosphine Ligands: Characterization in Solution and in the Solid State and Catalysis

The tridentate chelate nickel complexes [(CO)Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )3 CMe}] (2), [(CO)Ni{(PPh2 CH2 CH2 )3 SiMe}] (6), and [Ph3 PNi{(PPh2 CH2 CH2 )3 SiMe}] (7), as well as the bidentate complex [(CO)2 Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )2 CMeCH2 PPh2 }] (3) and the heterobimetallic complex [(CO)2 Ni{(PPh2 CH2 )2 CMeCH2 Ph2 PAuCl}] (4), have been synthesized and fully characterized in solution. All (1) H and (13) C NMR signal assignments are based on 2D-NMR methods. Single crystal X-ray structures have been obtained for all complexes. Their (31) P CP/MAS (cross polarization with magic angle spinning) NMR spectra have been recorded and the isotropic lines identified. The signals were assigned with the help of their chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) data. All complexes have been tested regarding their catalytic activity for the cyclotrimerization of phenylacetylene. Whereas complexes 2-4 display low catalytic activity, complex 7 leads to quantitative conversion of the substrate within four hours and is highly selective throughout the catalytic reaction.
Shapes of Absorption and Emission Lines of Impurities in Solids

Existing treatments of band shapes in solids, for the simplest impurity centers, predict Gaussian shape functions. These treatments assume for simplicity that the electronic matrix element is independent of the nuclear wave functions, and that the energy width of the band is negligible compared with the energy of the mid-point of the band. We estimate here the expected magnitude of the effect of correcting these assumptions in typical cases, and find that the emission or absorption band may deviate from a Gaussian by twenty percent or more on the wings.
t-matrix approximation in spin wave calculation

Abstract A Green function method is used to determine the spin wave energy in the itinerant model for a ferromagnet. The self energy used is the t -matrix approximation in a one band model using the Hubbard Hamiltonian. Within this approximation the relevant diagrams for the transverse spin susceptibility are summed and a formal expression is obtained for the spin wave dispersion relation valid for all values of the wave vector q in the low density limit. This expression reduces, in the appropriate limit, to the RPA result with the bare interaction V replaced by t .
Record-efficiency biphoton correlator and observation of high-order dispersion cancellation

We construct an ultrafast biphoton correlator with a record pair conversion efficiency of 1e-5 based on sum-frequency generation in a PPLN waveguide, enabling us to demonstrate high-order dispersion cancellation for the first time.
Performing public announcements: The case of flight attendants’ work discourse

Public announcements by flight attendants on nine flights of three U. S. airlines are submitted to a discourse analysis, using Norman Fairdougk's scheme of description, interpretation, and explanation. A cluster of three textual features is described that can be used to identify flight attendant performance of public announcements as a distinctive style: unexpected stress, nonjuncture and the serving bowl intonation contour. The performance of public announcements in this style are analyzed at the situational level as a practical technique to reappropriate experience and maintain a sense of personal identity and efficacy within the expert system of commercial air transportation. The style of performing public announcements enables workers to manage the tensions between conflicting work requirements to control and regulate passengers and to comfort and serve them. The performance of public announcements is shown also to be an instrument for managing institutional tensions.
Neutral Currents in High-Energy Neutrino Collisions: An Experimental Search

A search for events with no final-state muon, as expected in the neutral-current interactions νμ(ν μ)+N→νμ(ν μ)+hadrons, has been carried out by using the California Institute of Technology-Fermilab neutrino detector and narrow-band neutrino beam. A clear signal of events with no apparent final-state muon has been observed. Furthermore, missing energy in the final state for these events provides strong evidence for the existence of a final-state ν.
Options for the fabrication of provisional restorations for ITI solid abutments

In this article, 4 techniques for fabricating provisional restorations for ITI solid abutments are described. The use of a burn-out coping, acrylic resin coping, impression cap, and protective cap are presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.
Characterizing flash-radiography source spots

Flash radiography of large hydrodynamic experiments driven by high explosives is a venerable diagnostic technique in use at many laboratories. The size of the radiographic source spot is often quoted as an indication of the resolving power of a particular flash-radiography machine. A variety of techniques for measuring spot size have evolved at the different laboratories, as well as different definitions of spot size. Some definitions are highly dependent on the source spot intensity distributions, and not necessarily well correlated with resolution. The concept of limiting resolution based on bar target measurements is introduced, and shown to be equivalent to the spatial wavenumber at a modulation transfer function value of 5%. This resolution is shown to be better correlated with the full width at half-maximum of the spot intensity distribution than it is with other definitions of spot size.
Pain-related fear is associated with avoidance of spinal motion during recovery from low back pain.

Study design A longitudinal assessment of the association between pain-related fear and joint motions in 36 participants with subacute low back pain. Objectives To determine how the psychologic construct of pain-related fear maps to motor behavior in standardized reaching tasks. Summary of background data Pain-related fear is a significant predictor of avoidance behavior and occupational disability in individuals with low back pain. However, it is not currently known how pain-related fear maps to motor behavior. Methods Participants with an episode of subacute LBP were tested at 3, 6, and 12 weeks following pain onset. Participants performed reaching tasks at comfortable and fast-paced movement speeds to 3 targets (high, middle, low) located in a midsagittal plane. Three-dimensional joint motions of the thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and hip were recorded using an electromagnetic tracking device. Group differences in joint excursions were assessed using 2 groups (high pain-related fear, low pain-related fear) x 3 times (3, 6, 12 weeks) x 2 movement speeds (comfortable, fast paced) x 3 target heights (high, middle, low) MANOVAs. Results Individuals with high pain-related fear had smaller excursions of the lumbar spine for reaches to all targets at 3 and 6 weeks, but not at 12 weeks following pain onset. Conclusion Individuals with high pain-related fear adopt alternative movement strategies and avoid motion of the lumbar spine when performing a common reaching movement. Identifying how pain-related fear maps to actual motor behavior (i.e., alternative movement strategies) is a crucial first step in determining how pain-related fear and motor behavior interact to promote or delay recovery from acute low back pain.
Calcein: a new dye for evaluation of the blood-retinal barrier by fluorophotometry.

A vitreous fluorophotometry study was performed on rabbits to compare the characteristics of carboxyfluorescein and calcein with those of sodium fluorescein. Our results demonstrated that carboxyfluorescein and calcein attained mid vitreous concentrations similar in magnitude to fluorescein approximately one hour after injection of the dye. As long as three to four hours after injection of the dye, the mean fluorescence levels of calcein in the chorioretina were much higher than those of sodium fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein. These results point out that calcein has potential experimental and clinical use as a probe of the blood-ocular barrier as well as in experimental and clinical angiography of the fundus.
Responses of rats and nonhuman primates to 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.

Abstract In a series of experiments that were conducted on rats it was shown that a single oral dose of 2,5,2′,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) in excess of 1,5 g/kg body weight produced heavy mortality within 2 to 3 days. The rats receiving doses below 1.0 g/kg were essentially free of gross abnormalities. Animals pretreated with phenobarbital were able to survive without obvious ill effects when given 1.25 g/kg of TCB while those given SKF 525A were all dead within 4 days, thus relating metabolism with toxicity of the compound. Rats given 100 ppm TCB in the diet for 3 weeks showed less liver hypertrophy and fewer biochemical changes than rats given a similar dose of Aroclor 1248. When monkeys were administered a single dose of 18 mg/kg of TCB/kg body weight, 12% of the unmetabolized compound was excreted in the feces within 14 days. Since only small amounts of TCB were detected in the tissues, it was postulated that a majority of the compound had been metabolized and excreted. At the dose employed, TCB caused only a slight proliferation in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and minimal changes in the activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes.
RECURSION FORMULAS FOR SOME ABELIAN KNOT INVARIANTS

Let K be a tame knot in S3. We show that the sequence of cyclic resultants of the Alexander polynomial of K satisfies a linear recursion formula with integral coefficients. This means that the orders of the first homology groups of the branched cyclic covers of K can be computed recursively. We further establish the existence of a recursion formula that generates sequences which contain the square roots of the orders for the odd-fold covers that contain the square roots of the orders for the even-fold covers quotiented by the order for the two-fold cover. (That these square roots are all integers follows from a theorem of Plans.)
Mapping the Par Path: Outcome Evaluation of Participatory Action Research Interventions with Youth

There is a large and growing number of participatory action research (PAR) programs, both with youth and with the general population. There is significant literature on evaluation methodology, including on making evaluations more participatory (a topic addressed elsewhere in this issue). However, rarely are the two linked: there are very few published works on evaluations of PAR programs or PAR evaluation methodology. The lack of focus on evaluation of PAR is particularly troubling given the shift towards foundation and federal funding of ‘science-based,’ or rigorously evaluated, interventions with youth. Evaluation is becoming increasingly necessary in establishing interventions as legitimate. If PAR is to progress along the path towards prominence and viability with respect to youth-oriented intervention, then evaluation of PAR is the map needed to follow that path.
Audio amplifier with reduced plate dissipation

An audio frequency amplifier arrangement is described which results in decreased plate dissipation. The arrangement is suitable for either class A or class B amplifiers. The scheme employed is to feed the grid of the amplifier an auxiliary signal as well as the desired audio frequency signal. The auxiliary signal is at a super-audible frequency and is automatically adjusted so that its peaks in the positive direction never cause the peak plate current to exceed the maximum current peak of the desired signal, nor shall its amplitude be so high as to cause clipping of the auxiliary signal on its negative peaks; in other words, the added wave should not affect the average value of the current generated by the desired signal. The plate circuit has its regular low-frequency load, but it also has a load circuit tuned to the super-audible frequency. The super-audible output may be dissipated as heat in a resistor. Calculations have been made which show that for a given input and output at low frequencies, the maximum plate dissipation of a class A amplifier may be reduced to as low as 41 per cent of the maximum dissipation attained in conventional class A operation, and that the maximum plate dissipation of a class B amplifier may be reduced to as low as 50 per cent of the maximum dissipation attained in conventional class B operation.
Noise transmission into semicylindrical enclosures through discretely stiffened curved panels

An analytical study of sound transmission into semicylindrical enclosures through discretely stiffened curved elastic panels is presented. The transmitted sound is estimated by solving the acoustic wave equation for the interior acoustic field, a Galerkin-like method being used. This solution is then coupled to the vibration of the stiffened panels. The response characteristics of these panels are determined by using a modal analysis where the modes are obtained by the finite element-strip method. Numerical results include spectra of the interior sound pressure due to white noise, turbulent boundary layer and propeller noise inputs.
Granulomatosis and testicular germ cell tumors.

Objective To determine the cumulative incidence of granulomatous disease among patients with testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) at the University of Pennsylvania and to describe these patients’ characteristics and disease outcomes. Materials and Methods A computerized search of a large electronic medical database at the University of Pennsylvania was conducted to identify all patients from 1997 to 2012 with a diagnosis of granulomatous disease and GCT. Results A total of 14 patients were identified. The median age at the diagnosis of GCT was 32.5 years, and the median age at the diagnosis of granulomatous disease was 31 years. Most patients were diagnosed with granulomatous disease either concomitantly or after their diagnosis of GCT. The estimated cumulative incidence of granulomatous disease in patients with GCT at the University of Pennsylvania from 1997 to 2012 was 168.7/100,000. Conclusion These data suggest a strong association between granulomatous disease and GCTs. The observed incidence of granulomatous disease among patients with GCT represents a 10-fold increase compared with the general population. Additional investigation is needed to elucidate the true nature of this association.
Redox State Regulates Binding of p53 to Sequence-Specific DNA, but Not to Non-Specific or Mismatched DNA

Redox modulation of wild-type p53 plays a role in sequence-specific DNA binding in vitro . Reduction produces a DNA-binding form of the protein while oxidation produces a non-DNA-binding form. Primer extension analysis reveals that increasing concentrations of reduced p53 result in enhanced protection of the consensus sequence, while increasing concentrations of oxidized p53 confer minimal protection of the consensus sequence. DNA binding by oxidized p53 is, therefore, not sequence-specific. In contrast, there is no observable difference in the binding of oxidized p53 and reduced p53 to double-stranded non-specific or mismatched DNA in gel mobility shift assays. Both forms of p53 bind equally well, suggesting that redox modulation of p53 does not play a role in its binding to non-specific or mismatched DNA. In view of the in vitro evidence that redox state influences the sequence-specific DNA-binding of p53, we have examined the effect of oxidative stress on the in vivo ability of p53 to bind to and transactivate PG13-CAT, a reporter construct containing multiple copies of the p53 consensus binding site linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Hydrogen peroxide treatment of cells cotransfected with p53 results in a marked decrease in CAT activity, suggesting that oxidation of p53 decreases the ability of the protein to bind to consensus DNA and transactivate target genes in vivo.
Optical second harmonic spectra of silicon-adatom surfaces: theory and experiment

Abstract A recently-developed ab initio theory of second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy of semiconductor surfaces is used to develop a new ‘modified’ semi-empirical tight binding model (SETBM) of SHG spectroscopy. Some key quantitative features of experimental SHG spectra for H- and Ge-covered Si(001) are not well explained by a simple two-parameter SETBM, despite its success in explaining linear semiconductor surface spectra. The ab initio theory identifies the source of this short-coming as the stronger contribution of optical transitions involving surface atom/adatom states to the SHG response, and is then used to quantify additional SETBM parameters describing these transitions, resulting in a complete, accurate, and convenient description of surface orbital hybridization and experimental results.
Stabilizing decompositions of sigma

Abstract Denote by σ the subspace of the Hilbert cube consisting of {(xi): xi=0 for all but finitely many i}. For a large class of cell-like, upper semicontinuous decompositions G of σ, σ ⧸ G R 1 is shown to be homeomorphic to σ. In particular, if G is a cell-like, upper semicontinuous decomposition of σ such that σ ⧸ G is the countable union of finite-dimensional compacta and the closure of the nondegeneracy set is finite-dimensional, then σ ⧸ G × R 1 is homeomorphic to σ.
Decay of angular correlations in hard-sphere fluids

The decay of the collisional contribution to the shear-stress autocorrelation function is shown to be inconsistent with at−3/2 inverse-power law. The decay of the self part (a combination of pair and triplet correlations) indicates a stretched-exponential decay with a density-independent exponent. The pair contribution by itself also shows stretched-exponential behavior in both two and three dimensions, with different, but still density-independent, exponents. At very long times this stretched-exponential decay of the pair correlations switches over to an algebraic decay, consistent with the diffusional separation of pairs of particles.
Analysis of 232Th/230Th in volcanic rocks: a comparison of thermal ionization mass spectrometry and other methodologies

Abstract Techniques for measuring Th isotopic compositions of igneous rocks are evaluated using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) data collected at the University of Hawaii (UH). A new single collector method for unspiked 232Th/230Th measurement is presented and compared to UH results using other published methods (multicollector and “split-analysis” single collector, a.k.a. “bridge”). Analyses of a synthetic thorium standard (UCSC-Th-A, n=245 over 4 years), ionization from single and triple filaments, instrumental parameters affecting analytical quality, and analyses using two secondary energy filters (a 30-cm electrostatic analyzer, ESA, and a Micromass WARP©) are discussed. The TIMS technique with the best combination of accuracy (42 analysis mean=0.12%>gravimetric), precision, reproducibility and analyte size was single collector ion-counting analysis of 50-ng single filament loads. Static multicollector analysis (500 ng triple filament loads) resulted in somewhat lower overall precision at similar accuracy (with small but measurable differences between the ESA and WARP data). Bridge analyses (50-ng single filament loads) were the least precise and accurate. Low-Th-abundance volcanic rocks (10 duplicates, 2 triplicates) were also analyzed for 232Th/230Th by the single collector technique. Chemical blanks were demonstrably negligible and all replicate sets agreed to within the precision of the standards data. Generalizations are made about the state of the art (analysis techniques and the standards themselves) using a compilation of synthetic and natural standards data from 25 publications (15 laboratories worldwide) collected by TIMS, high resolution α-spectrometry, and other mass spectrometry types. Precision and accuracy are variable between data sets (by more than 10×), regardless of instrumentation. Not all publications give uniform analytical meta data, making it difficult to assess the causes of this variability. Perhaps contrary to popular conception, traditional α-spectrometry data can be highly accurate and only moderately imprecise relative to mass spectrometry data. Inter-laboratory means for commonly used standards (UCSC-Th-A, Table Mountain Latite, TML, and AThO) are calculated. The mean 232Th/230Th of the 146 UH analyses of UCSC-Th-A is 170,790 (2σ=1.4%, 2σm=0.11%, 0.11%>gravimetric). Combining with available literature data (unfiltered) yields 232Th/230Th=170,760 (255 analyses, 2σ=1.2%, 2σm=0.08, 0.09%>gravimetric).
Computerized Procedure for Time‐Intensity Sensory Measurements

A computerized procedure for time-intensity (TI) measurements was developed wherein instructions to the judge as well as data collection were handled by a microcomputer. A joystick linked to the computer was used by the judge as an input device for recording perceived intensity of taste with time. TI curves for bitterness of iso-cuacids in water using both the computerized system and a strip chart recorder showed no significant differences in maximum intensity, time to reach maximum intensity, and duration of bitterness. The computerized system, however, was faster, more accurate, and more interesting for the judges.
Instability criteria for the flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid

We present a geometric estimate from below on the growth rate of a small perturbation of a three-dimensional steady flow of an ideal fluid and thus we obtain effective criteria for local instability for Euler's equations. We use these criteria to demonstrate the instability of several simple flows and to show that any flow with a hyperbolic stagnation point is unstable.
Differential operators and their adjoints under integral and multiple point boundary conditions

Differential operators and adjoints defined on Hilbert space of n x 1 matrices under integral and multiple point boundary conditions
The Thickness Effect in X-ray Absorption Edges of Metals and Alloys:

The thickness effect is treated using a simplified form for the window function and the absorption edge. It is shown that for the low absorbing portion of the K edge the relative error caused by the tail of the window function becomes larger, rather than vanishing, in the limit of zero thickness foils. A means is described and experimentally demonstrated for separating changes in K absorption edge fine structure due to alloying from those due to the thickness effect.
Geologic Highlights--Easterly Extension of Wilmington Oil Field: ABSTRACT

An offshore seismic survey in 1954 revealed a continuous anticlinal structure extending from the presently developed area of the Wilmington oil field easterly to an undetermined area beyond the Belmont Offshore Field. A number of normal faults transverse to the axis of the anticline were recognized. In 1961, the Long Beach Harbor Department Petroleum Division estimated that an oil reserve of approximately 800 million barrels of oil can be recovered under a water-flood pressure maintenance operation in the undeveloped offshore and townlot area of the City of Long Beach. Recent core hole data from eight wells drilled in 1962 in the offshore area showed possible production from five zones (Ranger, Upper Terminal, Lower Terminal, Union Pacific, and Ford). All the stratigraphi units in the developed portion of the field are present in the undeveloped area with possibly some older sediments overlying the basement rock. Based on the core hole information, the reserve estimate was revised to a range of 1.1-billion to 1.5-billion barrels of oil recoverable under a water-flood pressure maintenance operation. A development program is under consideration to produce the townlot and offshore area under a unit plan with drill sites to be provided from four, 10-acre, manmade islands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1774------------
Perinatal outcome of broken marriage in the inner city

Objective To test the hypothesis that the erosion of family structure, epidemic substance abuse, and increased low birth weight (LBW) rates are interrelated. Methods In this cohort study, we analyzed information coded prospectively in a computerized perinatal data base. Separated, divorced, and widowed mothers were grouped as broken marriages. The setting was a predominantly urban, indigent population in a tertiary care hospital. The analysis included singleton pregnancies of 14,896 women receiving prenatal and intrapartum care at our hospital from 1986–1991. The main outcome measures included LBW, prematurity, small for gestational age, neonatal mortality, and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Results Married mothers fared better than single mothers, but risks for adverse perinatal outcomes for women with broken marriages were consistently as high or higher than for single mothers. The rate of LBW infants was 43% higher in the broken marriage group than in the married group. The increased frequency of LBW among infants born into broken marriages was attributable mainly to reduced growth rather than to prematurity and was associated with substance abuse. Conculsion Our findings indicate that mothers from broken marriages are at relatively higher risk for LBW infants than married mothers (odds ratio 1.5). Broken marriage warrants emphasis as an important perinatal risk factor.
A parametric study of two normally intersecting cylindrical shells subjected to out-of-plane moment

Abstract There are studies which suggest that design equations in the ASME Pressure Vessel Codes 1 may be unconservative for diameter ratios of branch and run shells less than, as well as larger than, 0·5. Since several investigations exist for cases in which this ratio is less than 0·5, this study mainly concentrates on ratios larger than 0·5. Five models with radius ratios ranging from 0·528 to 1·000 were considered for a study of the problem caused by out-of-plane moment loading. For each diameter ratio different combinations of thickness ratios and radius-to-thickness ratios of the run shell were considered, for a total of 52 cases. A numerical technique (finite element method) was used to find the magnitude and location of the maximum stress. Depending on the location of the maximum stress on the branch or run shell, the result from the numerical technique was divided into two sections. Each part was statistically analyzed to find the dependency of the stress index on diameter ratio, thickness ratio and radius-to-thickness ratio of the run shell.
A Phenomenological Study of Spirituality as a Protective Factor for Adolescents Exposed to Domestic Violence

ABSTRACT This phenomenological qualitative study was designed to understand how spirituality serves as a protective factor, mediating adverse developmental outcomes, for adolescents exposed to domestic violence. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 adolescents, recruited through an agency for domestic violence survivors. Four significant themes (learning from experiences, self-expression, beliefs, and feelings), through which participants’ spirituality manifested as a strength, emerged. This study adds to the growing support spirituality has received as a protective factor for at-risk adolescents and provides several practice implications. Future research is also suggested to better understand the developmental process by which spirituality serves as a protective factor.
Issues of scale and monitoring status and trends in biodiversity

Designing a framework that can generate data to meet multiple audience objectives must consider interactions across levels and multiple scales of interest. One solution is to define targets using global criteria such that units are discrete. This aids identification of the types of data to collect in order to enable aggregation and reporting across relevant scales. By striving to standardize measurable targets and data requirements, we improve our ability to format monitoring information and tailor indicators for different reporting and decision-making purposes. We outline the application of a nested approach presently used by Conservation International and describe some of its advantages and limitations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene transfer into vascular cells

The goal of gene therapy is to introduce foreign deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into somatic cells to correct or prevent disorders caused by the malfunction of genes within a diseased individual. Overexpression of recombinant genes at specific sites within the vasculature can provide insights into vascular biology and potential treatments for various cardiovascular disorders such as restenosis. Methods for the introduction of foreign DNA into endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells have been developed recently. These include the genetic modification of endothelium in vitro and implantation in vivo on arterial segments, direct infection of the arterial wall in vivo with a replication-defective retroviral vector expressing a recombinant gene and direct transfer of genes into vascular cells in vivo with use of liposomes. Although still in its formative stages, gene transfer into the vasculature holds promise as a potential treatment for vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and restenosis. This approach may also provide insight into the role of specific gene products in the development of pathologic lesions.
Impacts of aerosol chemical composition on microphysics and precipitation in deep convection

Aerosols affect precipitation by modifying cloud properties such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNQ. Aerosol effects on CDNC depend on aerosol properties such as number concentration, size spectrum, and chemical composition. This study focuses on the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and, thereby, precipitation in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. The NICE was observed during the 1997 department of energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) summer experiment. Double-moment microphysics with explicit nucleation parameterization, able to take into account those three properties of aerosols, is used to investigate the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and precipitation. The effects of aerosol chemical compositions are investigated for both soluble and insoluble substances in aerosol particles. The effects of soluble substances are examined by varying mass fractions of two representative soluble components of aerosols in the continental air mass: sulfate and organics. The increase in organics with decreasing sulfate lowers critical supersaturation (S,) and leads to higher CDNC. Higher CDNC results in smaller autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain. This provides more abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to more intense downdrafts, low-level convergence, and updrafts. The resultant stronger updrafts produce more condensation and thus precipitation, as compared to the case of 100% sulfate aerosols. The conventional assumption of sulfate aerosol as a surrogate for the whole aerosol mass can be inapplicable for the case with the strong sources of organics. The less precipitation is simulated when an insoluble substance replaces organics as compared to when it replaces sulfate. When the effects of organics on the surface tension of droplet and solution term in the Kohler curve are deactivated by the insoluble substance, S, is raised more than when the effects of sulfate on the solution term are deactivated by the insoluble substance. This leads to lower CDNC and, thus, larger autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain, providing less abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling. The resultant less evaporative cooling produces less intense downdrafts, weaker low-level convergence, updrafts, condensation and, thereby, less precipitation in the case where organics is replaced by the insoluble substance than in the case where sulfate is replaced by the insoluble substance. The variation of precipitation caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble and insoluble substances is larger than that caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble substances. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (Less)
Parametric control of structural vibrations via piezoelectric materials shunted with adaptive circuits

A new structural vibration control concept, using piezoelectric materials shunted with real- time adaptable electrical networks, has been developed. The variable resistance and inductance in an external RL circuit are used as control inputs. Novel energy-based parametric control schemes are created to reduce the total system energy (the main structure mechanical energy plus the electrical-mechanical energy of the piezoelectric material and electrical circuit) while minimizing the energy flowing into the main structure. The performances of the controllers are examined through computer simulations on a beam example. It is shown that the structure energy level and vibration amplitude can be suppressed effectively.
Therapeutic choices in convulsive status epilepticus

Introduction: Convulsive status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most frequent and severe neurological emergencies in both adults and children. A timely administration of appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can stop seizures early and markedly improve outcome.Areas covered: The main treatment strategies for SE are reviewed with an emphasis on initial treatments. The established first-line treatment consists of benzodiazepines, most frequently intravenous lorazepam. Benzodiazepines that do not require intravenous administration like intranasal midazolam or intramuscular midazolam are becoming more popular because of easier administration in the field. Other benzodiazepines may also be effective. After treatment with benzodiazepines, treatment with fosphenytoin and phenobarbital is usually recommended. Other intravenously available AEDs, such as valproate and levetiracetam, may be as effective and safe as fosphenytoin and phenobarbital, have a faster infusion time and better pharmacokinetic profile. The ra...
Communicating globalization in Bombay cinema: Everyday life, imagination and the persistence of the local

AbstractBollywood films increasingly portray the life-worlds of India's urban middle class and their transnational connections. Characters in the Hindi-language films use English phrases, cell phones and computers, celebrate Valentine's Day and are seen to frequent exercise clubs and shopping malls. The non-resident Indian, or NRI, symbol of the diaspora, is now a fixture in these films, often the hero and portrayed as part of the familial world and social circle of the urban middle classes. This, combined with the way a large portion of the films depict settings outside India, in Switzerland, Mauritius, the UK and North America, have led critics to question the Indian-ness of the films. This article examines the deterritorialized narrative of Bollywood film for its communication of globalization and transnationalism. It argues that Bombay films address broader debates in the study of transnationalism, such as the significance of the local in a postnational world. The films offer insights into the product...
Infusion of adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22,536 into the medial pontine reticular formation of rats enhances rapid eye movement sleep.

Abstract Microinjection of cholinergic and adenosinergic agonists into the medial pontine reticular formation of rats produces long lasting increases in the time spent in rapid eye movement sleep. Several G-protein-coupled muscarinic and adenosinergic receptors share a common action of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate has been implicated in the mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep induction in the cat. We sought to determine whether a direct inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase microinjected into the rat reticular formation at sites where muscarinic and adenosinergic agonists are effective in producing long lasting elevations in rapid eye movement sleep also result in similar effects on the sleep/wake cycle. The caudal, oral pontine reticular formation was unilaterally infused with 60 nl volumes of carbachol (0.1–1.1 mM) and N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine (0.1 mM) each within 1 h of lights on. Sites effective for significantly elevating rapid eye movement sleep for the 8 h following microinjection of both receptor agonists were additionally injected with the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, SQ22,536 (0.1 M). Pontine injections of SQ22,536 resulted in significant mean increases in rapid eye movement sleep time and rapid eye movement sleep period frequency at all of these sites. As with the receptor agonists, SQ22,536 did not alter latency to rapid eye movement sleep onset. Rapid eye movement sleep amounts were observed to be significantly elevated by SQ22,536 at two days, but not at four days, following a single microinjection. These data implicate inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the pons of the rat as a mechanism involved in the long-term modulation of rapid eye movement sleep. This mechanism may underlie the homeostatic regulation exhibited by this sleep-state.
Peptide-based treatment for autoimmune diseases: learning how to handle a double-edged sword

Several self-molecules have been identified as target antigens in autoimmune diseases. Since lack or loss of tolerance to these molecules is one of the key events promoting autoimmunity, researchers are exploring the possibility that the administration of antigens or peptides may stimulate tolerogenic mechanisms and delay or prevent the full phenotypic expression of autoimmune diseases. There is much enthusiasm for such therapies, as these will probably be disease-specific and not associated with the side effects of conventional immunosuppression. Studies have been performed and are ongoing in both rodents and humans, using whole antigens or peptides, and testing diverse administration routes such as intrathymic, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal. Despite many studies, robust data demonstrating clinical benefits are not yet available (1).