cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serious challenges require serious scholarship: Integrating implementation science into the scholarly discourse

Abstract The articles in this special issue illustrate the challenges of implementing interventions in school contexts, as well as the lessons that can be learned from such work. Being responsive to the challenges and affordances of educational contexts requires studying not just the treatment, but also what happens before, during, and after implementation. Scholarship on implementation science and curricular design can be productively integrated into intervention development and research, as the authors in this special issue have shown. Gathering data regarding the entirety of the intervention implementation can result in powerful lessons for the field, but researchers, and journal editors, must apply the same standards of rigor for reporting implementation fidelity as they do for reporting psychometrics or statistical analyses. As this special issue shows, when the field of educational psychology takes seriously the scholarship of implementation, the result is positive implications for theory, practice, and the preparation of future scholars.
Ionic requirements for establishment of an embryonic axis in Pelvetia zygotes.

Previous reports have shown that fertilized Pelvetia fastigiata (J. Ag.) DeToni eggs generate a transcellular ionic current which correlates temporally and spatially with establishment of a rhizoid/thallus axis. In order to understand more fully the ionic controls of development, we have determined the ionic requirements for axis formation induced by unilateral light. Formation of the developmental axis was independent of the presence of individual ions in artificial seawater. This finding indicates that transcellular circulation of a particular ion is not obligatory for polarization, and it confirms earlier work showing that calcium circulation is not fundamental to axis establishment in Fucus zygotes. Polarization was not, however, completely independent of ionic conditions; zygotes were unable to form an axis in pure sucrose solutions. Single salts were added to sucrose to determine which ions were sufficient to permit polarization. Salts of impermeant monovalent cations and salts of divalent cations supported polarization weakly or not at all. By contrast, zygotes photopolarized well in KCl, and other alkali metals substituted for K+ with varying effectiveness (Rb+>Na+> Cs+≫ Li+). The anion was unimportant; a variety of different potassium salts all supported polarization equally well. The mechanism by which KCl promotes polarization is not yet understood, but may involve transport through K+ channels.
EFFECT OF RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION ON THE UPTAKE AND IMMUNE RESPONE TO DIETARY ANTIGENS: POSSIBLE ROLE IN POTENTIATION OF ALLERGY

Groups of Balb/c-mice were sham infected or infected intranasally (I/N) with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The animals were repeatedly exposed I/N to ovalbumin (OVA), with or without adjuvant (Alum). At different intervals, levels of anti-OVA antibody and OVA concentrations were determined in serum and pulmonary lavage fluid (PLF) employing the techniques of Elisa (for IgG, IgA, IgM) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (for IgE). In all mice, anti-OVA IgG in the serum reached peak liters after 24 days, with statistically significant higher titers in the infected mice compared to uninfected controls. OVA-specific IgA and IgM could be detected in low concentrations in both groups. Antigen-specific IgA in PLF was detectable from 17 to 31 days after exposure, with higher titers for the RSV-infected animals. OVA-specific IgE response in serum and PLF was demonstrable in 20% of the infected mice and in none of the controls. OVA concentration in serum peaked at 2 hours after administration and appeared to be higher in RSV infected animals as well as non infected animals treated with adjuvant, when compared to uninfected animals without adjuvant treatment. These observations suggest that acute bronchopulmonary infection with RSV is associated with significant increase in the development of IgG and IgE immune response to other concurrently inhaled antigens. These findings may explain the observed nonspecific increase in allergic reactions to dietary antigens during viral infection.
Introduction: Robert C. Solomon and the Spiritual Passions

Robert C. Solomon saw spirituality and emotion as interpenetrating themes. I will summarize his views on spirituality and then introduce the articles in the special issue in his honor. Relating emotional integrity to spirituality, Bob argues that it is precisely through engagement - throwing ourselves into relationships and endeavors - that we come to recognize ourselves as part of something much larger than ourselves. Spirituality is an on-going adventure according to Bob, and it recommends itself in the way that all adventures do. It is exciting and fun, a matter of an overflowing passionate life.
Survival After Simultaneous Left Ventricular Free Wall, Papillary Muscle, and Ventricular Septal Rupture

Cardiac rupture is a catastrophic complication of acute myocardial infarction. The three potential sites of rupture are the left ventricular free wall, interventricular septum, and papillary muscle. Without rapid surgical correction, each of these complications typically leads to cardiogenic shock, multiorgan failure, and death. Postmortem analysis has identified a small number of cases in which myocardial infarction led to rupture at more than one of these sites; however, there are no reports of survival from such an event. We report a case involving rupture at all three sites in the same patient, emphasizing the importance of transesophageal echocardiography and surgical management.
Stream function finite element solution of Stokes flow with penalties

SUMMARY A finite element method for solution of the stream function formulation of Stokes flow is developed. The method involves complete cubic non-conforming (C") triangular Hermite elements. This element fails the patch test. To correct the element and produce a convergent method we employ a penalty method to weakly enforce the desired continuity constraint on the normal derivative across the inter-element boundaries. Successful use of the method is demonstrated to require reduced integration of the inter-element penalty with a 1-point Gauss rule. Error estimates relate the optimal choice of penalty parameter to mesh size and are corroborated by numerical convergence studies. The need for reduced integration is interpreted using rank relations for an associated hybrid method.
An Alternative to the Distributed Pipeline

An alternative multiple processor organization to the distributed pipeline (DP) [1] is presented. It is shown that the proposed organization is superior to the DP in every respect.
Autologous, Noncultured Epidermal Cell Suspension Grafting in the Management of Mechanically and Chemically Induced Leukodermic Scars

Background:Melanocyte-keratinocyte transplant procedure (MKTP) successfully repigments postburn leukodermic scars.Objective:To further investigate the efficacy and limitations of MKTP for treatment...
The Use of Auditory Evoked Responses at One-Year-of-Age to Predict Language Skills at 3-Years

Auditory evoked responses (AER) were recorded from scalp locations over both hemispheres of one-year-old infants in response to a series of computer synthesized vowel sounds. The infants were tested two years later to measure verbal ability and found to differ in language skills as measured by a standardized test. Multivariate analyses of the AER data identified regions of the brain wave recorded at one year of age which discriminated between the language performance levels of these groups of infants two years later.
An iterative method for the calculation of nuclear level densities

Abstract An improved method is presented for the calculation of nuclear level densities from single particle energy levels. The calculation is performed using a statistical approach but avoiding the usual mathematical approximations. Recursion relations are given for the calculation of coefficients of a finite order partition function for the case of non-interacting fermions and for the case in which the effect of residual interactions is approximated by a diagonal pairing energy for doubly degenerate states. Computer calculations of the level density are demonstrated for several simple models exhibiting structure in the single-particle level scheme and for the deformed nucleus single-particle Nilsson levels for the nuclei 30Si, 31P, 32P and 32S as a function of deformation parameter η and pairing energy Δ. Non-zero values of both parameters are required to obtain reasonable agreement with observed level densities at or below 8 MeV.
Claudin-2-dependent Changes in Noncharged Solute Flux Are Mediated by the Extracellular Domains and Require Attachment to the PDZ-scaffold

Paracellular transport through the tight junction shows selectivity for both ionic charge and solute size. It is known that charged residues on the extracellular loops of claudins control charge selectivity. It is also known that inducible expression of claudin-2, but not claudin-4, will selectively increase the permeability for polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules which are <0.4 A in radius, but it is not known whether permeability is controlled by the same regions of claudins which control charge selectivity. Using inducible expression of chimeras of claudin-2 and claudin-4 in monolayers of MDCK II cells we show that the extracellular loops alone are responsible for controlling the permeability for noncharged PEGs as well as for charge selectivity. Further, the cytoplasmic C-terminal PDZ-binding motif is required for wild-type claudin-2 to control permeability, suggesting a requirement for attachment to the PDZ scaffold in order to form pores. These observations support a model where the loops form pores controlling permeability for both charged and noncharged solutes which are smaller than 0.4 A. They leave unanswered why both claudin-2 and -4 can influence electrical properties while only -2 can selectively increase permeability for small PEGs.
Die simulation sozialer prozesse

Zusammenfassung Die Simulation sozialer Prozesse auf dem Elektronenrechner wird als Methode dargestellt, um die aus verschiedenen Quellen herruhrenden Schwierigkeiten bei der Durchfuhrung von Grossgruppenexperimenten in der Soziologie zu uberwinden.
Engineers' Role in Sustainable Development: Considering Cultural Dynamics

In 1994, the American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES) issued a statement titled “The Role of the Engineer in Sustainable Development” which proclaimed that sustainable development requires “dramatic changes in the culture of engineering.” In this paper, the writers examine some ideas about sustainable development and consider the implications for the culture of engineering. Specifically, we argue that, because the future is uncertain, promoting a variety of approaches to sustainable development would seem to be a prudent means of spreading the risks associated with uncertainty. Engineers in the United States appear to favor approaches that emphasize developing more efficient and effective technology through free enterprise, as expressed in the AAES statement. We think this tendency reflects some of the values, assumptions, and culture of the engineering profession. We consider the limitations of this approach and present arguments in favor of simple technology and low consumption lifestyles. E...
Interpolating multiplicity varieties in C n

A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for a discrete multiplicity variety to be an interpolating variety for weighted spaces of entire functions in C n .
Reform oratory in Alabama, 1890–1896

(1963). Reform oratory in Alabama, 1890–1896. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 94-106.
Evaluation of Haynes 242 alloy as SOFC interconnect material

Ni-based alloy Haynes 242 with low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was evaluated as a candidate material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnect application in this paper. Short-term isothermal oxidation tests at 700, 800 and 900 °C in air indicated that the oxidation kinetics of Haynes 242 obeyed the parabolic law and the weight gain of the alloy increased with the increase in oxidation temperature. The oxides formed on it consisted of an outer layer of NiO and an inner layer of Cr2O3 with (Mn,Cr)3O4 spinel; however, the top NiO layer did not uniformly cover the surface of the sample. The long-term isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance of this alloy at 800 °C in air was similar to that of current interconnect alloys Ebrite and Haynes 230, and better than that of Crofer. The area specific resistance (ASR) of the surface oxides formed on Haynes 242 was comparable to that of Haynes 230, and lower than that of Ebrite and Crofer after similar thermal exposures. Based on the experimental results, the potential of Haynes 242 as interconnect material of intermediate temperature SOFC was discussed.
Mitochondrial proteome remodeling in ischemic heart failure.

Abstract Aims Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important part of the decline in cardiac function in heart failure. We hypothesized for hypothesized that there would be specific abnormalities in mitochondrial function and proteome with the progression of ischemic heart failure (HF). Main methods We used a high left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation in 3–4 month old male rats to generate HF. Rats were studied 9 weeks post-ligation. Key findings Electron microscopy of left ventricle samples showed mitochondrial changes including decreased size, increased number, abnormal distribution, and cristae loss. Mitochondria in ischemic HF exhibited decreased total ATP, impaired mitochondrial respiration, as well as reduced complex I activity. Analysis of LV mitochondrial proteins by mass spectrometry was performed, and 31 differentially expressed proteins (p Significance Specific changes in mitochondrial protein expression, which correlate with changes in mitochondrial function, have been identified in ischemic HF for the first time.
Preoperative treatment of patients with locally advanced unresectable rectal adenocarcinoma utilizing continuous chronobiologically shaped 5-fluorouracil infusion and radiation therapy

BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine the efficacy and maximally tolerated dose of 5-fluorouracil when administered by chronobiologically shaped prolonged infusion in combination with radiation therapy in patients with both locally advanced and unresectable rectal carcinoma. METHODS Eighteen sequential patients determined clinically to have either locally advanced or unresectable rectal carcinoma were treated by 4500 centigray (cGy) or 5580 cGy, respectively, combined with continuous chronobiologically modulated 5-FU infusion starting at 250 mg/m2/day, with the dose escalating in each cohort of 5 patients if no Grade 3 or higher toxicity was observed in each cohort. Imaging studies were obtained prior to and after completion of treatment. RESULTS All 18 patients completed the full course of radiation therapy and all were subsequently resectable for potential cure. The maximum tolerated dose of 5-FU was 275/m2/day for 5 weeks. Seven patients had a sphincter-sparing procedure, and ten patients underwent an abdominoperineal resection, all with clear margins. Five complete pathologic responses (28%) were obtained. The average follow-up time was 12 months with a range of 6 to 37 months. With the exception of two patients, one of whom declined surgery and one of whom died of widespread disease, all of the patients have remained free of disease. CONCLUSIONS The combination of radiation therapy and continuous chronobiologically shaped 5-FU infusion at a dose of up to 275/m2/day is well tolerated and appears to be more effective in downsizing and possibly downstaging locally advanced and unresectable rectal carcinoma than radiation therapy alone. Longer follow-up will determine whether ultimate disease free and overall survival are improved by this method. Cancer 1996;78:217-25.
Extreme hypermagnesemia caused by an overdose of magnesium-containing cathartics

We describe a patient who survived a peak serum magnesium level of 9.5 mmol/L (23.0 mg/dL) after an oral cathartic overdose. The patient presented in coma but regained full consciousness over the next six hours with supportive therapy. His serum magnesium had returned to near-normal levels by the following morning at the time of his hospital discharge. This case represents an unprecedented extent of ingestion-related hypermagnesemia in a surviving patient, given that serum levels of more than 8 mmol/L are frequently associated with death from cardiac arrest.
Axoneme-specific β-tubulin specialization

Abstract Axonemes are ancient organelles that mediate motility of cilia and flagella in animals, plants, and protists. The long evolutionary conservation of axoneme architecture, a cylinder of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a central pair of singlet microtubules, suggests all motile axonemes may share common assembly mechanisms. Consistent with this, α- and β-tubulins utilized in motile axonemes fall among the most conserved tubulin sequences [1, 2], and the β-tubulins contain a sequence motif at the same position in the carboxyl terminus [3]. Axoneme doublet microtubules are initiated from the corresponding triplet microtubules of the basal body [4], but the large macromolecular "central apparatus" that includes the central pair microtubules and associated structures [5] is a specialization unique to motile axonemes. In Drosophila spermatogenesis, basal bodies and axonemes utilize the same α-tubulin but different β-tubulins [6–13]. β1 is utilized for the centriole/basal body, and β2 is utilized for the motile sperm tail axoneme. β2 contains the motile axoneme-specific sequence motif, but β1 does not [3]. Here, we show that the "axoneme motif" specifies the central pair. β1 can provide partial function for axoneme assembly but cannot make the central microtubules [14]. Introducing the axoneme motif into the β1 carboxyl terminus, a two amino acid change, conferred upon β1 the ability to assemble 9 + 2 axonemes. This finding explains the conservation of the axoneme-specific sequence motif through 1.5 billion years of evolution.
Electronic structures of lithium metasilicate and lithium disilicate.

The electronic structures of lithium metasilicate (${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SiO}}_{3}$) and lithium disilicate (${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$) are calculated using a first-principles orthogonalized linear combination of atomic-orbitals method. Results are compared with experimental x-ray-photoemission spectra and earlier calculations on sodium metasilicate and sodium disilicates.
Periodic solutions of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili

On etablit l'existence de solutions globales pour l'equation non lineaire de Kadomtsev-Petviashvili u t +uu x +u xxx =D −1 u yy , periodiques en x et en y, et D −1 denote la primitive en x
Videophone Communication Between Residents and Family: A Case Study

Objectives This case study examines the uses, perceived advantages and disadvantages, and expectations of videophone communication by a nursing home resident and a geographically distant family member. Methods Interviews were conducted with these participants, one in person and one by phone. Results Themes identified suggest that, with the added visual component, there are additional uses and psychosocial benefits of videophone communication when compared to the telephone for both nursing home residents and family members. Conclusion The study suggests that the use of the technology is not only feasible in an institutional setting but also beneficial. Further research with larger groups is supported.
Microcamera aperture scale in monocentric gigapixel cameras

Multiscale cameras achieve wide-angle, high-resolution imaging by combining coarse image formation by a simplified wide-field objective with localized aberration correction in an array of narrow field microcameras. Microcamera aperture size is a critical parameter in multiscale design; a larger aperture has greater capacity to correct aberration but requires a more complex microcamera optic. A smaller aperture requires integration of more microcameras to cover the field. This paper analyzes multiscale system performance as a function of microcamera aperture for 2 and 40 gigapixel monocentric objective lenses. We find that microcamera aperture diameters of 3 to 12 mm paired with complementary metal oxide semiconductor sensors in the 1 to 15 megapixel range are most attractive for gigapixel-scale cameras.
Application of relativistic quantum chemistry to the electronic energy levels of the uranyl ion

The ground and excited electronic states of the uranyl ion UO22+ are computed using relativistic core and spin−orbit potentials and multireference graphical unitary group approach configuration interaction as implemented in the COLUMBUS suite of programs. Excitation energies, symmetric stretch vibrational frequencies, and angular momentum coupling properties are compared to the extent possible with spectroscopic data from Cs2UO2Cl4 and CsUO2(NO3)3.
Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A: An Inflammatory Adipokine and Potential Link between Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications

Background Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, and serum markers of inflammation are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that link obesity to chronic inflammation and CVD are poorly understood.
CT perfusion evidence of early global cerebral hypoperfusion after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with cardiac arrest.

Background Cardiac arrest and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage both cause sudden, severe cerebral hypoperfusion at ictus. Animal studies indicate that the resultant microvascular dysfunction and cerebral perfusion abnormalities are important determinants of the associated cerebral injury in both conditions. Although this suggests that perfusion imaging might be a useful tool for prognostication in patients with these conditions, this hypothesis has not been thoroughly investigated in humans.
CIP2A and PP2A in human leptomeninges, arachnoid granulations and meningiomas

Previously we have found that mitogens stimulate proliferation of meningioma cells of all grades, in part, by activation of the PI3K-PKB/Akt-PRAS40-mTOR pathway regulated to some degree by the tumor suppressor phosphatase PP2A. PP2A activity is inhibited by the oncoprotein cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), which has not been studied in meningiomas to our knowledge. Six fetal and one adult human leptomeningeal samples and 38 meningiomas were evaluated by western blot. Fifteen adult arachnoid granulations and 58 formalin-fixed meningiomas (36 World Health Organization grade I, 15 grade II and seven grade III) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effects of the mitogens platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and cerebrospinal fluid on CIP2A were also studied. By western blot, CIP2A and PP2A were found in the five fetal and one adult leptomeninges and all meningiomas. By immunohistochemistry, CIP2A was detected in the arachnoid granulations and all meningiomas. CIP2A tended to be higher in grade III tumors. Three fetal leptomeningeal (two grade I and one grade II) and meningioma cells treated with PDGF-BB and/or human cerebrospinal fluid resulted in a slight increase in CIP2A in the leptomeningeal cells but not meningioma cells. Considered the mechanism of action and seen in other neoplasms, these findings raise the possibility that CIP2A may participate in the biology of meningiomas.
Divisive Presidential Primaries and Party Electoral Prospects, 1932-1976

Using two different units of analysis, this article examines the impact of divisive presidential primaries on party electoral prospects. First, an examination of state-level data from 1932 to 1976 shows that divisive presidential primaries hurt both parties' chances of winning those same states in the November general election. This effect is stronger for Democrats and remains even after controlling for incumbency and state party orientation. Second, an examination of survey data collected in 1972 and 1976 shows that supporters of losing contenders are likely to defect in general elections. Here again, the effect is present for both parties, but more pronounced for Democrats.
Safety of losartan in hypertensive patients with thiazide-induced hyperuricemia.

Safety of losartan in hypertensive patients with thiazide-induced hyperuricemia Background Losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, has been shown to decrease serum uric acid and to increase urinary excretion of uric acid. Methods To determine if this effect can increase the risk of acute urate nephropathy, 63 hypertensive patients with thiazide-induced asymptomatic hyperuricemia (serum uric acid 7.0 to 12.0 mg/dl) were randomized double-blind to losartan 50 mg every day (q.d.), losartan 50 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 50 mg q.d., HCTZ 50 mg q.d., or placebo for three weeks. To potentiate the risk of crystal formation, patients received a 2 g/kg protein diet one day prior to each clinic visit on days 0 (baseline), 1, 7, and 21. Results Adverse events typically associated with acute urate nephropathy, for example, flank pain, hematuria, or increased blood urea nitrogen/creatinine, were not reported. Uric acid excretion and urine pH increased four and six hours after losartan on day 1 compared with day 0. Dihydrogen urate, the primary risk factor for crystal formation, decreased at four and six hours on day 1 compared with day 0 associated with the concurrent rise in urine pH. Day 7 and 21 changes, compared with day 0, in uric acid excretion rate, urine pH, and dihydrogen urate with losartan were comparable to day 1 results but were not statistically significant. Serum uric acid was significantly reduced after 21 days of therapy with losartan. Conclusion Losartan decreased serum uric acid and increased uric acid excretion without increasing urinary dihydrogen urate, the primary risk factor for acute urate nephropathy, during 21 days of dosing in hypertensive patients with thiazide-induced hyperuricemia.
Two-dimensional protein separation in microfluidic devices

Proteomics is emerging as an important tool in modern drug discoveries and medical diagnostics. One of the techniques used in proteomics studies is 2-DE. The process of the conventional 2-DE is time-consuming and it has substandard reproducibility. Many efforts have been made to address the limitations, with an aim for fast separation and high resolution. In this paper, we reviewed the work on achieving 2-DE in microfluidic devices, including individual dimension in one channel, two dimensions in two intersected channels, and 2-D separation in a large number of channels. We also discussed the need for integrating microvalves within 2-DE devices to prevent different separation media from contaminating with each other. Although more efforts are required to match the performance of conventional 2-DE in a slab gel, microfluidics-based 2-D separation has a potential to become an alternative in the future.
Time allocation shifts and pollutant exposure due to traffic congestion: An analysis using the national human activity pattern survey

Abstract Traffic congestion increases air pollutant exposures of commuters and urban populations due to the increased time spent in traffic and the increased vehicular emissions that occur in congestion, especially “stop-and-go” traffic. Increased time in traffic also decreases time in other microenvironments, a trade-off that has not been considered in previous time activity pattern (TAP) analyses conducted for exposure assessment purposes. This research investigates changes in time allocations and exposures that result from traffic congestion. Time shifts were derived using data from the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), which was aggregated to nine microenvironments (six indoor locations, two outdoor locations and one transport location). After imputing missing values, handling outliers, and conducting other quality checks, these data were stratified by respondent age, employment status and period (weekday/weekend). Trade-offs or time-shift coefficients between time spent in vehicles and the eight other microenvironments were then estimated using robust regression. For children and retirees, congestion primarily reduced the time spent at home; for older children and working adults, congestion shifted the time spent at home as well as time in schools, public buildings, and other indoor environments. Changes in benzene and PM 2.5 exposure were estimated for the current average travel delay in the U.S. (9 min day − 1 ) and other scenarios using the estimated time shifts coefficients, concentrations in key microenvironments derived from the literature, and a probabilistic analysis. Changes in exposures depended on the duration of the congestion and the pollutant. For example, a 30 min day − 1 travel delay was determined to account for 21 ± 12% of current exposure to benzene and 14 ± 8% of PM 2.5 exposure. The time allocation shifts and the dynamic approach to TAPs improve estimates of exposure impacts from congestion and other recurring events.
Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy of InGaAs quantum dots

Summary form only given. Topographic cross section scanning tunnelling microscope (X-STM) images show dot sizes of approximately 20 nm, consistent with atomic force microscopy measurements on similar samples. I-V measurements on the QDs feature a lower tunneling current turn-on for the dots than the surrounding areas. Tunneling-induced luminescence images from the surrounding layers provide additional information about carrier behavior within the system.
S^3: Smart Shadow System for Real World Service and Its Evaluation with Users

Many studies have been focusing on building smart environments, which provide useful real world services (RWSs). However, with RWSs, feature interactions (FIs), device and service conflicts, occur more often because many devices run automatically. For this FI problem, we have been developing a Smart Shadow System (S3), which provides RWSs and is able to dynamically detect and resolve FIs. We describe an experiment for general users to try RWSs provided by S3 in two scenarios. The purpose of one of the scenarios is to clarify convenience of RWSs and that of the other is to determine the acceptability of FI resolution approaches. We obtained results from three viewpoints and analyzed them according to the two purposes mentioned above. We conclude that RWSs are convenient for general users and that an approach for resolving FIs with user interaction is the most acceptable for general users. Finally, we discuss issues that need to be addressed.
Evolution of mixed strategies for social dilemmas on structured networks

Cooperation in social dilemma games has been shown to be favored through evolution by various means such as topological heterogeneities or high benefit to cost ratio. As an extension to the previous studies with pure strategies, we incorporate the mixed strategies in the evolutionary dynamics and provide a higher resolution for the quantitative comparison of different scenarios with varying network topologies or game parameters. We show that this extension helps to reveal more information about the cooperation tendencies of different networks which can not be obtained from the pure strategy analysis. Comparison of steady state behaviors for different networks and game parameters are presented through simulation results.
Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction

Direct physical evidence is presented for an unusual event at exactly the time of extinctions in the planktonic realm. Deep-sea limestones exposed in Italy, Denmark, and New Zealand indicate iridium increases of about 30, 160, and 20 times, respectively, above the background level at precisely the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions, 65 million years ago. Reasons are given that this iridium is of extraterrestrial origin, but did not come from a nearby supernova. A hypothesis is set forth which accounts for the extinctions and the iridium observations. One prediction of this hypothesis is verified, that the chemical composition of the boundary clay, which is thought to come from the stratospheric dust, is markedly different from that of clay mixed with the chemically similar Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones.
Effect of broken clouds on satellite-based columnar water vapor retrieval

We investigate the effect of broken clouds on the satellite-based retrieval of columnar water vapor using a near-infrared radiance ratio technique. A typical difference between the retrieval using only pixels directly illuminated by the Sun and pixels with mixed illumination containing direct sunlight as well as cloud shadows is found to be within 3%.
Distinct roles of apolipoprotein components within the trypanosome lytic factor complex revealed in a novel transgenic mouse model

Humans express a unique subset of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) called trypanosome lytic factors (TLFs) that kill many Trypanosoma parasite species. The proteins apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoL-I, and haptoglobin-related protein, which are involved in TLF structure and function, were expressed through the introduction of transgenes in mice to explore their physiological roles in vivo. Transgenic expression of human apolipoprotein L-I alone conferred trypanolytic activity in vivo. Coexpression of human apolipoprotein A-I and haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) had an effect on the integration of apolipoprotein L-I into HDL, and both proteins were required to increase the specific activity of TLF, which was measurable in vitro. Unexpectedly, truncated apolipoprotein L-I devoid of the serum resistance gene interacting domain, which was previously shown to kill human infective trypanosomes, was not trypanolytic in transgenic mice despite being coexpressed with human apolipoprotein A-I and Hpr and incorporated into HDLs. We conclude that all three human apolipoproteins act cooperatively to achieve maximal killing capacity and that truncated apolipoprotein L-I does not function in transgenic animals.
Compensation for biodynamic feedthrough in backhoe operation by cab vibration control

This research investigates and seeks to mitigate the undesirable effects of biodynamic feedthrough in backhoe operation. Biodynamic feedthrough occurs when motion of the controlled machine excites motion of the human operator, which is fed back into the control input device. This unwanted input can cause significant performance degradation, which can include limit cycles or even instability. Backhoe user interface designers indicate that this is a problem in many conventional machines, and it has also proved to degrade performance in this testbed. A particular backhoe control system, including the biodynamic feedthrough, is modeled and simulated. Cab vibration control is selected as a means to mitigate the biodynamic feedthrough effect. Two controller based methods are developed based on these models and presented, both of which use the working implement itself to reduce the cab motion. In this case, the backhoe arm has dual functionality, to perform excavation operations and to cancel cab vibration. Results show that significant reductions in cab motion can be obtained with minimal tracking performance degradation, without additional actuators.
Efficient belief propagation for higher-order cliques using linear constraint nodes

Belief propagation over pairwise-connected Markov random fields has become a widely used approach, and has been successfully applied to several important computer vision problems. However, pairwise interactions are often insufficient to capture the full statistics of the problem. Higher-order interactions are sometimes required. Unfortunately, the complexity of belief propagation is exponential in the size of the largest clique. In this paper, we introduce a new technique to compute belief propagation messages in time linear with respect to clique size for a large class of potential functions over real-valued variables. We discuss how this technique can be generalized to still wider classes of potential functions at varying levels of efficiency. Also, we develop a form of nonparametric belief representation specifically designed to address issues common to networks with higher-order cliques and also to the use of guaranteed-convergent forms of belief propagation. To illustrate these techniques, we perform efficient inference in graphical models where the spatial prior of natural images is captured by 2x2 cliques. This approach shows significant improvement over the commonly used pairwise-connected models, and may benefit a variety of applications using belief propagation to infer images or range images, including stereo, shape-from-shading, image-based rendering, segmentation, and matting.
Stress in a stratified crust overlying a buried screw dislocation

A Haskell matrix solution to the equation of stress equilibrium is used to describe the crustal response to a screw dislocation source lying beneath a uniform elastic crust capped by a region of layered rigidity. The solution is used to illustrate the effect a stratified crustal rigidity has on the near surface in situ stress field. Without accounting for this effect, it is possible to overestimate the deep tectonic stress levels inferred from in situ vertical gradients measured in the uppermost crust.
Epstein-Barr Virus Lacking Glycoprotein gp42 Can Bind to B Cells but Is Not Able To Infect

The Epstein-Barr virus gH-gL complex includes a third glycoprotein, gp42, which is the product of the BZLF2 open reading frame (ORF). gp42 has been implicated as critical to infection of the B lymphocyte by virtue of its interaction with HLA class II on the B-cell surface. A neutralizing antibody that reacts with gp42 inhibits virus-cell fusion and blocks binding of gp42 to HLA class II; antibody to HLA class II can inhibit infection, and B cells that lack HLA class II can only be infected if HLA class II expression is restored. To confirm whether gp42 is an essential component of the virion, we derived a recombinant virus with a selectable marker inserted into the BZLF2 ORF to interrupt expression of the protein. A complex of gH and gL was expressed by the recombinant virus in the absence of gp42. Recombinant virus egressed from the cell normally and could bind to receptor-positive cells. It had, however, lost the ability to infect or transform B lymphocytes. Treatment with polyethylene glycol restored the infectivity of recombinant virus, confirming that gp42 is essential for penetration of the B-cell membrane.
EMPIRICAL REALISM AND OTHER MINDS

In apparent vogue, perhaps as a reaction against excesses on the part of certain Wittgensteinians, is the idea that the existence and nature of other people's mental lives are things known to us on broadly empirical grounds. A particularly unabashed version of this idea is to be found in Hilary Putnam's “Other Minds”1. Therein Putnam defines empirical realism as the “position that the existence of the external world is supported by experience in much the way that any scientific theory is supported by observational data,”2 His concern in this article is to defend, after entering some criticism of detail, Paul Ziff's attempt to show that the same general sort of position is the proper one to adopt with regard to the traditional problem of other minds. I wish to argue here that the empirical realist's solution to the problem of other minds offered by Ziff and defended by Putnam is wrong.
Anticariogenic Effect of a Sodium Monofluorophosphate Solution in Children after 21 Months of Use

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAEFFECTO ANTICARIOGENE DE UN SOLUTION DE MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATO DE NATRIUM IN JUVENILES POST CURSOS DE APPLICATION DE VINTI-UN MENSES.—Un gruppo de 263 juveniles de etates de inter 6 e 14 annos e habitante un area a aqua fluorurate esseva dividite in duo gruppos de 129 e 134 individuos. Le juveniles in gruppo I continuava lor usual methodo de brossar lor dentes supplementate per le uso, un vice per die, de un solution de 6 pro cento de fluoruro in un preparation a aroma e a coloration rosa. Le subjectos in gruppo II recipeva le mesme instructiones, sed le solution in lor caso esseva chloruro de natrium. Le conclusiones del studio es basate super 77 juveniles usante fluoruro e 75 usante chloruro. Es presentate plur indices reflectente le plus favorabile resultatos obtenite in gruppo I. In gruppo II le reversiones esseva 66 pro cento plus frequente que in gruppo I.
Strategic value of AACSB International accreditation in start-up overseas American business schools: two case studies

International business education has reached an unprecedented level of importance and notoriety. There remains much debate about precisely what, how, and increasingly, where international business programmes should be taught, particularly at the MBA level. Association for the Advancement of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International is a professional accrediting body that accredits business schools throughout the world. Only about 15% of all business schools worldwide are so accredited. This is an elite group and membership equates with quality. More specifically, what is the strategic long-term value added to start-up overseas American business schools from the strenuous, time-consuming and costly AACSB 5-year accreditation process? Presented here are two case studies that illustrate why two start-up business schools in American universities located overseas have decided to embark on the AACSB International accreditation process. Both cases highlight the strategic value of AACSB International accreditation and how this process is helping them gain a competitive advantage over other local, more well-established academic competitors.
MT1-MMP- and Cdc42-dependent signaling co-regulate cell invasion and tunnel formation in 3D collagen matrices

Complex signaling events control tumor invasion in three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices. Recent evidence suggests that cells utilize both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent and MMP-independent means to traverse 3D matrices. Herein, we demonstrate that lysophosphatidic-acid-induced HT1080 cell invasion requires membrane-type-1 (MT1)-MMP-mediated collagenolysis to generate matrix conduits the width of a cellular nucleus. We define these spaces as single-cell invasion tunnels (SCITs). Once established, cells can migrate within SCITs in an MMP-independent manner. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts also generate SCITs during invasive events, suggesting that SCIT formation represents a fundamental mechanism of cellular motility within 3D matrices. Coordinated cellular signaling events are required during SCIT formation. MT1-MMP, Cdc42 and its associated downstream effectors such as MRCK (myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase) and Pak4 (p21 protein-activated kinase 4), protein kinase Cα and the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCK-1 and ROCK-2) coordinate signaling necessary for SCIT formation. Finally, we show that MT1-MMP and Cdc42 are fundamental components of a co-associated invasion-signaling complex that controls directed single-cell invasion of 3D collagen matrices.
The Role of Geographic Scale in Monitoring Environmental Justice

Utilizing the concept of environmental justice, this paper examines the differential burdens of toxic and hazardous waste facilities locations in low income minority communities. The association between the presence of facilities and socioeconomic characteristics of places are examined for the state of South Carolina at three different spatial scales: counties, census tracts, and census block groups. Three different types of hazardous waste/toxic facilities are also examined: Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites, Treatment, Storage, and Disposal sites (TSD), and inactive hazardous waste sites. At the county level, there was some association between the presence of toxic/hazardous waste facilities and race and income. In South Carolina, this translates to a disproportionate burden on White, more affluent communities in metropolitan areas, rather than low income minority communities. At both the census tract and block group levels, there is no association between race and the location of toxic/hazardous waste facilities. There are slight differences in the income levels between tracts and block groups with facilities and those without. This localized ecology of hazard sources must be expanded to include emission/discharge data in order to adequately address environmental justice issues on who bears the burdens of environmental contamination.
Multiple Paternity In the American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract: The reproductive strategies and variation in reproductive success of ticks are poorly understood. We determined variation in multiple paternity in the American dog tick Dermancentor variabilis. In total, 48 blood-engorged female ticks and 22 male companion ticks were collected from 13 raccoon (Procyon lotor) hosts. In the laboratory, 56.3% of blood-engorged females laid eggs, of which 37.0% hatched or showed signs of development. We examined the presence of multiple paternity in the ensuing clutches by genotyping groups of eggs and larvae at 5 microsatellite loci and subtracting the known maternal alleles, thereby identifying male-contributed alleles. Seventy-five percent of the clutches presented multiple paternity, with a mode of 2 fathers siring the clutch. Males associated with the females on the host always sired some offspring. In 1 case, a male was the sire of clutches derived from 2 females, indicating both polygyny and polyandry may occur for this species. These results, combined with t...
Minerva's First Born: My Experiences as UNCG's First Diversity Resident Librarian

This column documents some of the thoughts and experiences of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro's first diversity resident librarian. The resident offers information about how the residency program at UNCG was structured and implemented, and ways he feels the program can be improved.
Targeted therapy vs chemotherapy: which has had more impact on survival in lung cancer? The significant impact of chemotherapy in lung cancer.

Over the last few years, the use of molecular profiling to direct patients to specific targeted therapies has irrevocably changed how we treat lung cancer. Despite this, many randomized trials have failed to show an apparent survival advantage from this approach in stage IV disease. Are we using targeted therapy for no real benefit, lulled into a false sense of security by impressive radiographic responses—only to shorten the patient’s life later? Of course not, as anyone who treats lung cancer patients can tell by how the quality and quantity of our patients’ lives have improved in the last few years. Profound and durable responses now can be achieved in an increasing proportion of patients across a range of actionable abnormalities; historical trends and meta-analyses of trials all suggest the overall survival benefit is really there; and, when large populations are explored, key subsets of patients, who are likely to be the ones harboring the most actionable molecular markers, are now living longer than they did before targeted therapies were available. Is it easy to point to a single irrefutable piece of evidence proving the survival benefit of targeted therapy in lung cancer? No, but it is also impossible to ignore.