cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of antifolate activity in skin of rats following systemic administration of methotrexate.

Studies of the time course of methotrexate-derived antifolate activity (methotrexate activity) in plasma and skin of rats have been carried out to evaluate the hypothesis that the formation of therapeutically active poly-γ-glutamyl conjugates of methotrexate in skin after systemic administration of the drug will result in the prolongation of methotrexate effects in skin. Such a finding may eventually bear on the use of the drug in the treatment of psoriasis. Three groups of 4 rats received a single i.v. dose of methotrexate, 5, 20, or 40 mg/kg, respectively. Serial skin and plasma samples were obtained over 48 h from each rat and analyzed for methotrexate activity by a dihydrofolate reductase enzyme inhibition assay. The values of pharmacokinetic parameters describing the disposition of the drug were calculated from plasma data using standard methods. Skin to plasma ratio of methotrexate activity was also calculated each time a skin sample was obtained. Pharmacokinetic parameter values and skin to plasma ratios were not significantly different between doses. Methotrexate activity declined biexponentially in plasma and skin. The terminal half-life in plasma (mean ± SD) was 20.3 ± 9.2 h. At early times, methotrexate activity in skin was less than plasma, but at later times activity in skin was an order of magnitude greater than that in plasma. In a preliminary study to determine whether the persistent activity in skin is associated with the presence of poly-γ-glutamyl conjugates of methotrexate, a rat was dosed with tritiated methotrexate, 0.18 mg/kg, i.v., and skin was obtained 24 h later. Skin homogenate was treated with papain and applied to an anion-exchange column for cleanup prior to injection on a reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography system. Methotrexate poly-γ-glutamates were identified by elution with authentic standards and specific hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase G 1 .
Individuality in a Contact Call of the Ringtailed Lemur (Lemur catta)

A vocalization of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) was examined for individual differences according to several temporal- and frequency-dependent variables. Vocalizations were tape recorded at the Duke University Primate Center (Durham, NC) and spectrographically analyzed. Significant differences were found in pair-wise comparisons of call structure among the study subjects, thus providing the physical basis for individual discrimination. A separate analysis comparing degree of kinship and vocal similarity revealed a positive but nonsignificant correlation between these two variables. This study represents an initial examination of vocal individuality in prosimian primates.
Regular Comb Polystyrenes and Graft Polyisoprene/Polystyrene Copolymers with Double Branches (“Centipedes”). Quality of (1,3-Phenylene)bis(3-methyl-1-phenylpentylidene)dilithium Initiator in the Presence of Polar Additives

The synthesis of regularly spaced comb polystyrenes and graft polyisoprene/polystyrene copolymers with two branches at each junction point (centipedes) is presented. The synthetic approach involves...
Ability and Learning: a theoretical synthesis

ABSTRACT The contribution of 20 intelligence theorists are reviewed and organised according to six conceptual paradigms. Implications of the conceptions of ability and learning for educational productivity are drawn.
Host−Guest Chemistry of 1,2-Bis(chloromercurio)tetrafluorobenzene. Chelation of the Carbonyl Oxygen Atom of Acetone by a Bidentate Lewis Acid

Incremental addition of DMF or DMSO to a solution of 1,2-bis(chloromercurio)tetrafluorobenzene (3) in acetone results in a change of the 199Hg NMR chemical shift of 3. The titration curves thus obtained can be fitted and indicate the formation of the 1:1 host−guest complexes 3·μ2-DMF (4) and 3·μ2-DMSO (5). The stability constants of 4 and 5 have been determined and are respectively equal to 1.8 (±0.2) M-1 and 8.0 (±0.8) M-1. The X-ray crystal structures of 4 and 3·μ2-acetone (6) have been determined. In the structure of 4, the carbonyl oxygen atom is coordinated to three mercury atoms and has a distorted-tetrahedral geometry. In 6 however, the acetone oxygen is coordinated to only two mercury atoms and exhibits a trigonal-planar geometry. While it is difficult to detect any metrical changes undergone by the organic substrates upon chelation, the IR carbonyl stretching frequency of 4 (νCO 1635 cm-1) and 6 (νCO 1639 cm-1) indicates that the carbon oxygen bond is weakened. Accordingly, the 13C CP/MAS NMR car...
Experiences and reflections of former pediatric chief residents.

Objective: To compare actual and ideal time commitments of pediatric chief residents between 1972 and 1992 and to determine if actual time commitments have changed. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey. Participants: One thousand two hundred eighty-four former pediatric chief residents. Results: Chief residents between 1972 and 1982 spent a greater percentage of time teaching and providing patient care than chief residents between 1983 and 1992. Chief residents between 1983 and 1992 spent a greater percentage of time scheduling and performing other administrative tasks. In general, chief residents desired more time to teach, to conduct research, and to provide outpatient care and desired less time for scheduling and for performing other administrative duties. Conclusions: Although chief residents desire to spend more time teaching and less time performing administrative tasks, administrative duties have increased at the expense of teaching and patient care responsibilities over the past 20 years. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:518-521)
Study on the Simulation of Grinding Burn

Grinding is often used as the final manufacturing method which is an important processing method. Its’ quality of parts surface will directly affect the life and strength of mechanical parts. Therefore, the quality of parts surface in grinding is particularly important to mechanical parts. In this paper, after the simplification of theoretical model of the parts, we can use software such as WORKBENCH and MATLAB to obtain the temperature field of grinding and numerical simulation in case of 45# steel. Subsequently, it also makes use of LS-DYNA to carry out micro-morphology’s simulation in the process of grinding. Then it can significantly verify the previous simulation’s results. We preliminarily obtain the mechanism of the grinding burn on parts surface. It also shows the concrete impact on temperature field with the changing of grinding parameters. Finally we can receive the method to minimize the grinding burn.
Pendelluft in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Measured with Lung Sounds

Objective. The phenomenon of pendelluft was described over five decades ago. In patients with regional variations in resistance and elastance, gas moves at the beginning of inspiration out of some alveoli into others. Gas moves in the opposite direction at the end of inspiration. The objective of this study was to apply the method of lung sounds mapping, which is known to provide regional information about gas flow, to study pendelluft in COPD patients. Methods. A 16-channel lung sound analyzer was used to collect sounds from patients with COPD (n = 90) and age-matched normals (n = 90). Pendelluft at the beginning of inspiration is expected to result in vesicular sounds leading the tracheal sound by a few milliseconds. Pendelluft at the end of inspiration is expected to result in vesicular sounds lagging the tracheal sound. These lead and lag times were calculated for the 14 chest wall sites. Results. The lead time was significantly longer in COPD patients: 123 ± 107 ms versus 48 ± 59 ms in controls (P < 0.0001). The lag time was also significantly longer in COPD patients: 269 ± 249 ms in COPD patients versus 147 ± 124 ms in controls (P < 0.0001). When normalized by the duration of the inspiration at the trachea, the lead was 14 ± 13% for COPD versus 4 ± 5% for controls (P < 0.0001). The lag was 28 ± 25% for COPD versus 13 ± 12% for controls (P < 0.0001). Both lead and lag correlated moderately with the GOLD stage (correlation coefficient 0.43). Conclusion. Increased lead and lag times in COPD patients are consistent with the phenomenon of pendelluft as has been observed by other methods.
Pre- and post-settlement processes in recruitment of the American lobster

Abstract In censuses conducted between 1989 and 1993 the cause of consistent local differences in benthic recruitment of the American lobster ( Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards) to coastal sites in Maine was unclear. Field experiments were conducted to assess the role of pre- and post-settlement processes in causing high and low extremes in recruitment on opposite sides of an outer coastal island in our study area. The west side of the island has some of the highest population densities measured in New England. Our results indicate that postlarval supply determines these differences in recruitment between the two sites. Standardized replicate cobble plots deployed on each side of the island ruled out habitat differences as an explanation for these differences, because they exhibited the same east-west difference in recruitment as the natural habitat. We also ruled out differing rates of post-settlement loss because we recovered previously marked and released settlers in equal numbers in similar plots from both sites. The distribution of neustonic postlarvae and hydrographic evidence indicate that wind-driven surface transport produces an asymmetric postlarval supply to the two sides of the island during the settlement season. Differences in the degree of asymmetry from year to year correspond to differences in the magnitude of eastward transport. We also conducted experiments at the site receiving high recruitment to assess whether new recruits or older year classes were near the saturation of cobble habitat for these animals. The combination of saturation seeding trials, using hatchery-reared lobsters, and weekly counts of natural recruits and immigrants suggests that lobsters may become increasingly subject to crowding as they grow. Movements away from the initial settlement site, probably in part caused by crowding, tend to smooth the inequality in population density which is set initially by postlarval supply.
Endotoxemia in Dairy Cattle: Role of Eicosanoids in Reticulorumen Stasis

The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the forestomach stasis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin was evaluated. Six adult Holstein cows received saline solution; endotoxin at 1, 10, and 100 ng/kg of body weight; flunixin meglumine at 1.1 mg/kg of body weight; and flunixin meglumine at 1.1 mg/kg plus endotoxin at 100 ng/kg. The frequency of reticulorumen contractions, mental attitude, body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, and thromboxane were evaluated. Administration of saline solution and endotoxin at 1 ng/kg had no significant effects. Administration of endotoxin at 10 ng/kg did not cause significant clinical effects or alter reticulorumen contractions but enhanced synthesis of thromboxane. Administration of endotoxin at 100 ng/kg caused mild clinical signs of stasis, reduced the frequency of reticulorumen contractions, and enhanced synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin. Reticulorumen stasis was not accompanied by an increase in the plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2. Flunixin meglumine abolished endotoxin-induced reticulorumen stasis, tachycardia, and synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites. Reticulorumen stasis during bovine endotoxemia is caused either by enhanced synthesis of an arachidonic acid metabolite other than prostaglandin E2 or by local synthesis of prostaglandin E2.
A Goodness-of-Fit Approach to Informed Consent for Pediatric Intervention Research

As children and adolescents receive increased research attention, ethical issues related to obtaining informed consent for pediatric intervention research have come into greater focus. In this article, we conceptualize parent permission and child assent within a goodness-of-fit framework that encourages investigators to create consent procedures “fitted” to the research context, the child's cognitive and emotional maturity, and the family system. Drawing on relevant literature and a hypothetical case example, we highlight four factors investigators may consider when constructing consent procedures that best reflect participants' rights, concerns, and well-being: (a) the child's current assent capacity and the likely impact of study information on the child's mental and physical development, (b) parents' understanding of their child's treatment needs and distinctions between treatment and clinical trials research, (c) the family's history of shared decision making, and (d) the child's strivings for autonom...
Modulation of lymphocyte mitogen responses by cocultured fibroblasts.

Abstract Immunological reactions in vivo occur in an environment rich in fibroblasts (FB) and other connective tissue cells. The possibility that FB might affect mononuclear cell proliferative responses to mitogens in vitro was examined in a microculture system. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MC) were cocultured with mitomycin C-treated FB in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Cocultured FB (at a 1:100 to 1:10 FB:MC ratio) suppressed the response of MC to PHA (by as much as 35%) but did not significantly affect PWM responses. Cocultures of FB and MC were characterized by 10- to 30-fold increases in prostaglandin E 2 concentrations compared to MC or FB cultured alone. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or mefenamic acid significantly reversed the FB-mediated suppression of lymphocyte PHA responses. Prostaglandin-dependent FB suppression of lymphocyte PHA responses was seen only when FB:MC coculture was initiated at the onset of exposure of MC to PHA. When FB were added to MC after 24 hr of culture with PHA, no effect was seen. Addition at 48 or 66 hr resulted in prostaglandin-independent enhancement of lymphocyte proliterative responses to PHA. Thus in cocultures of FB and MC, MC reactivity to PHA may be influenced in part via alterations in FB prostaglandin metabolism. The interaction between FB and MC may be important in the modulation of immune responses in inflammatory lesions.
Invariant imbedding, scattering processes and projectors in systems

Abstract This paper explores various methods of solving problems in modern control theory with particular emphasis on the optimal control problem. The concepts of invariant imbedding, scattering and projectors are given and then applied to the optimal control problem. It is shown that the scattering process is the general theory from which invariant imbedding method can be derived. The method of block diagonalization of matrices and the derivation of projectors is given for a general time-varying system. These two methods are applied to the optimal control problem where it is shown that the general algorithm follows directly from the procedures.
Studies on the murine L-4946 ascitic leukemia in Swiss albino mice

Virologische Untersuchungen einer Mauseleukamie, die sich durch eine «subzellulare onkogene Komponente» ubertragen lasst.
Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security

Welcome to the Sixth Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security! This year's program features 16 technical papers, two workshops, 17 posters, 11 posters published in the past year at other conferences, a panel, five discussion sessions, and an invited talk. On Thursday evening SOUPS 2010 attendees will enjoy a dinner cruise on the waterways of Lake Washington and Lake Union. This year we received a record 64 technical paper submissions. Each paper was refereed by at least three members of the technical papers committee, and through an online discussion process the committee selected 16 papers for presentation and publication. The technical papers committee selected the paper "Where Do Security Policies Come From?" by Dinei Florencio and Cormac Hurley to receive the SOUPS 2010 Best Paper Award. This paper presents a study of website password policies and concludes that password strength requirements appear to have more to do with whether a website can afford to accept the diminished usability associated with strict requirements than with the security needs of the website. SOUPS 2010 features an invited talk on engineering security usability by Adam Shostack of Microsoft. A panel discussion will focus on using crowd sourcing and cloud computing as research tools. Finally, the SOUPS 2010 program includes five parallel "discussion" sessions, featuring moderated discussion on a topic of interest to attendees. We hope the informal, small group format will lead to lively and productive interactions.
Time and dose influences on the behavioral effects of L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan after inhibition of extracerebral decarboxylase.

Abstract The influence of time and dose factors on the locomotor activity and gross behavioral effects of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were assessed in albino mice pretreated with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, MK-486. L-DOPA caused stereotyped behaviors and a decrease in orienting responses and locomotor activity, followed at the highest dose by increased locomotor activity. 5-HTP caused a dose-dependent decrease in locomotion activity followed after 90 min by a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor activity. Administration of MK-486 and L-DOPA followed in the same animal by 5-HTP resulted in a diminution of the effects seen after either drug alone. This apparent antagonism may result from competition between the two amino acids at sites of membrane transport in the brain.
Cropping system effects on weed emergence and densities in corn.

The USDA has a goal of implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices on 75% of the cropland in the USA so growers may adopt weed control practices that emphasize crop rotation and cultivation. Our objectives were to estimate weed densities in corn (Zea mays L.) and to examine weed emergence in an unmanaged weed area of corn following 4 yr of continuous corn, which received preemergence broadcast herbicides, and following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-corn and soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)-corn cropping systems, which received banded herbicides and cultivation, on four farms in New York. More total weeds emerged at two sites and more perennial weeds emerged at all sites in the unmanaged weed area of corn in the soybean-wheat/ red clover-corn cropping system compared with continuous corn because of poor red clover establishment, which resulted in a fallow period after wheat harvest. Weed densities in corn averaged 6.3 and 9.9 weeds m -2 in the soybean-wheat/red clover-corn cropping system, compared with 1.7 and 1.0 weeds m -2 in continuous corn at two of the sites, because of greater weed emergence and unsatisfactory weed control with banded herbicides and a single cultivation in the soybean-wheat/red clover-corn cropping system. When red clover does not establish well, growers should expect increased weed densities in the subsequent corn crop. Growers should then consider fall tillage or herbicide application after wheat harvest, or additional cultivation(s) or herbicide applications in the subsequent corn crop.
Effect of Low pH on Carbohydrate Production by a Marine Planktonic Diatom (Chaetoceros muelleri)

Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere due to human activity are causing the surface ocean to become more acidic. Diatoms play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem function in the ocean. pH affected the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and carbohydrate metabolism in a planktonic diatom (Chaetoceros muelleri), representative of a widely distributed genus. In batch cultures grown at low pH, the proportion of total carbohydrate stored within the cells decreased and more dissolved carbohydrates were exuded from the cells into the surrounding medium. Changes in productivity and the way in which diatoms allocate carbon into carbohydrates may affect ecosystem function and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump in a low pH ocean.
Global Perception, Meaning, and Aesthetic Appreciation:

Studies show meaningfulness overshadows collative variables in determining aesthetic preferences, and this meaning effect can occur very quickly, requiring only very brief visual information. Obser...
Hexahedral and Tetrahedral Mesh Untangling

We investigate a well-motivated mesh untangling objective function whose optimization automatically produces non-inverted elements when possible. Examples show the procedure is highly effective on tetrahedral meshes and on many hexahedral meshes constructed via mapping or sweeping algorithms.
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities and Sudden Death in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1

Background Sudden death can occur as a consequence of cardiac-conduction abnormalities in the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy type 1. The determinants of the risk of sudden death remain imprecise. Methods We assessed whether the electrocardiogram (ECG) was useful in predicting sudden death in 406 adult patients with genetically confirmed myotonic dystrophy type 1. A patient was characterized as having a severe abnormality if the ECG had at least one of the following features: rhythm other than sinus, PR interval of 240 msec or more, QRS duration of 120 msec or more, or second-degree or third-degree atrioventricular block. Results Patients with severe abnormalities according to the entry ECG were older than patients without severe abnormalities, had more severe skeletal-muscle impairment, and were more likely to have heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, or atrial tachyarrhythmia. Such patients were more likely to receive a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator dur...
'Benemid' p-(di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid; lack of effect of aureomycin, chloromycetin, streptomycin and terramycin.

ConclusionNine patients who received aureomycin, 9 patients who received chloramphenicol, 7 patients who received streptomycin and 6 patients who received terramycin failed to show any influence of p-(di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid, ‘Benemid’, administered orally every 6 hours in a dose of 0.5 g on the plasma concentrations of the respective antibiotic agents. The failure of ‘Benemid’ to increase the plasma concentrations of streptomycin indicates that ‘Benemid’ may be administered safely to patients who are receiving streptomycin in conjunction with PAS.
Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis-Challenged Laying Hens Fed Alfalfa Crumbles. III. Blood Plasma Metabolite Response

The objective of this study was to examine an alfalfa crumble diet as an alternative molt diet and compare the physiological response of hens to the responses of feed-deprived molted hens. Hens >50 wk old were placed into 6 treatment groups (12 hens per group in trial 1 and 10 hens per group in trial 2): nonmolted Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis positive (FF+), nonmolted Salmonella Enteritidis negative (FF-), feed withdrawal Salmonella Enteritidis positive (FW+), FW Salmonella Enteritidis negative (FW), alfalfa Salmonella Enteritidis positive (ALC+), and ALC Salmonella Enteritidis negative (ALC-). Each hen in the Salmonella Enteritidis-positive groups was challenged on the fourth day of the study with 1 mL of 10(6)-cfu Salmonella Enteritidis. Blood was collected on d 2, 5, 9, and 12 of the trial. Blood plasma was collected and metabolite concentrations were analyzed for glucose, calcium, cholesterol, uric acid, total protein, and triglycerides. The feed intakes of the FF hens were 4- to 6-fold greater (P <or= 0.05) than those of the ALC birds in both trials. Over the 12 d of molt, the FW+ hens lost more (P <or= 0.05) BW than all other groups except the FW- hens, whereas the FW-, ALC-, and ALC+ hens lost more BW than the FF hen groups. Uric acid concentrations were generally lower in molted hens compared with the FF hen groups during the initial stages of molt. On d 9 of both trials, concentrations of calcium and total protein were higher (P <or= 0.05) in the FF hens than in the other groups. The FF hen groups exhibited higher (P <or= 0.05) concentrations of triglycerides than the FW and ALC groups in both trials on d 5, 9, and 12. Based on the results from these studies, ALC diets can limit some of the potential physiological stress indicators that accompany feed deprivation during an induced molt.
Characterization of the metallic phases in BaCo 0.9 Ni 0.1 S 1.87

The temperature dependence of the resistivity along the c axis and in the a-b plane of layered ${\mathrm{BaCo}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.1}{\mathrm{S}}_{1.87}$ has been measured on a single crystal under hydrostatic pressures. The monoclinic metallic (LTM) phase stable at $Tl~150\mathrm{K}$ is suppressed under a pressure $Pg1.5\mathrm{kbar};$ it has a nearly isotropic conductivity. Pressure induces an insulator-metal (IM) transition at $Pg10\mathrm{kbar}$ within the tetragonal phase. A change from a nearly isotropic conduction to a highly anisotropic conduction is associated with the IM transition. Isotropic conduction in the LTM phase is consistent with its crystallographic structure; the IM transition in the tetragonal phase has been interpreted to be due to a high-spin to low-spin transition of Co(II) ions. The resistivity and thermal conductivity of the LTM metallic phase are typical of those of a normal metal.
Crack-tip dislocations and fracture behavior in Ni3Al and Ni3Si

Abstract The ideal Griffith energies and the critical stress intensity factors for three cleavage modes are determined from the calculated elastic constants and surface energies. The propensity for crack tip deformation is estimated on the basis of the calculated antiphase boundary (APD), complex stacking fault and superlattice intrinsic stacking fault energies and the anisotropic coupling effect on dislocation mobility, i.e. non-Schmid effects. It is shown that while the calculated Griffith energy of Ni3 Si is larger than that of Ni3Al, dislocation emission from a crack tip is easier and dislocation mobility is higher in Ni3Al than in Ni3Si. When a crack is loaded in a mixed mode (KI + KIII), emission of a super-Shockley partial from the crack trailing extended SISF is predicted and confirmed by in situ straining transmission electron microscopy observations of Ni3Al.
The EARLY trials: a consortium of studies targeting weight control in young adults

Young adulthood has been identified as a high-risk period for the development of obesity but few interventions have been tested in this population. One way to escalate our learning about effective interventions is to test a number of interventions simultaneously as a consortium of research trials. This paper describes the Early Adult Reduction of weight through LifestYle intervention (EARLY) trials. Seven research sites were funded to conduct intervention trials, agreeing to test similar primary outcomes and cooperating to use a set of common measurement tools. The EARLY consortium was able to work cooperatively using an executive committee, a steering committee, workgroups and subcommittees to help direct the common work and implement a set of common protocol and measurement tools for seven independent but coordinated weight-related intervention trials. Using a consortium of studies to help young adults reach or maintain a healthy weight will result in increased efficiency and speed in understanding the most effective intervention strategies.
Anterior Ocular Toxicity of Intravitreous Melphalan for Retinoblastoma.

Importance Intravitreous injections of melphalan hydrochloride are increasingly used in the treatment of vitreous seeding of retinoblastoma. Although this technique can save eyes otherwise destined for enucleation, ocular salvage may be accompanied by local toxic effects. Posterior segment toxic effects in this context are well established. This report describes the toxic effects on the anterior segment following intravitreous administration of melphalan. Observations Our clinic cohort included 76 patients who received intravitreous injections of melphalan at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from September 12, 2012, through April 15, 2015; data analysis was performed from April 15 through May 15, 2015. We report a series of 5 patients from this cohort who developed anterior segment toxic effects. These abnormalities were found at the injection site or within the meridian of the injection and included a traumatic cataract following an injection at an outside hospital, iris depigmentation and thinning, iris recession with retinal necrosis and hypotony, a filtering conjunctival bleb, and focal scleromalacia with localized pigmentation. Conclusions and Relevance Intravitreous injection of melphalan may result in toxic effects on the anterior segment of the eye, in addition to retinal abnormalities, and appears to be more common in the meridian of the injection where the drug concentration is highest.
Stability of coupled fluctuations in movement and visual attention in infants.

Fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection were measured over minutes in 3-month-old infants to look for evidence of coupling. In Experiment 1, infants (n = 12) looked ad libitum at two identical pictures for an average of 7.3 min. Analysis of the spontaneous fluctuations in movement and inspection revealed that they were inversely coupled: Moment-to-moment changes in movement and inspection occurred in opposite directions. In Experiment 2, after 4 min of free looking, infants (n = 33) were presented with a new pair of stimuli, a temporary change in the stimuli, or no change in stimuli. The inverse coupling between the fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection found in Experiment 1 was present before and after the stimulus changes, even in infants whose body movement decreased transiently in response to the stimulus changes. The reappearance of inversely coupled fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection following the stimulus changes was led by increases in movement. The results demonstrate the stability of the inverse coupling between spontaneous fluctuations in body movement and visual inspection, and suggest that changes in movement may lead changes in inspection.
Severe Hypercalcemia Complicating Recovery of Acute Kidney Injury due to Rhabdomyolysis

Patient: Male, 23 Final Diagnosis: Rabdomyolysis Symptoms: Cardiac arrest • cardiac arrhythmia • hypercalcemia Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: — Objective: Unusual clinical course
The transference and the zone of proximal development.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is discussed, a construct that, when introduced into psychoanalysis, advances understanding of the key clinical relationship between the intrapsychic and the ...
The Relationship of Obesity and Gender Prevalence Changes in United States Inpatient Nephrolithiasis

Objective To review the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to examine the relationships between obesity, gender, and nephrolithiasis. Recent reports indicate that the prevalence of nephrolithiasis has been increasing, especially among women. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample contains data on approximately 20% of hospital stays in the United States. Included in this analysis were discharges with primary diagnosis ICD-9 codes 592.0 (renal calculus) or 592.1 (ureteral calculus), from 1998 through 2003. All raw data were weighted to produce national estimates. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to determine changes in nephrolithiasis prevalence and associations of obesity and other comorbidities with nephrolithiasis. Results We reviewed 181,092,957 hospital stays (weighted data). The prevalence of nephrolithiasis was relatively stable: 0.52% (149,302) in 1998 and 0.47% (147,541) in 2003. The prevalence of obesity increased from 3.06% (878,155) to 4.99% (1,575,247). The male:female ratio of patients with stones decreased from 1.6:1 to 1.2:1. Multivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.20–1.23, P P P Conclusion In this sample of inpatients, obesity was associated with a significantly increased prevalence of urinary stones. This relationship was stronger in females than in males. Further studies are needed to determine whether weight reduction in obese patients affects urinary stone disease.
Discussion by B.D Ripley

The nature of the problem of QSO absorption systems is sometimes referred to as stereology ([Rip81], Chapter 9; [SKM87]). This can be defined as “the theory of recovering three-dimensional information from one- and two-dimensional samples” ([Rip81], p. 191). In biological applications one-dimensional probes or planar sections are taken of three-dimensional organs and organisms. Other applications occur in metallurgy, materials science, and petrophysics. The complications in QSO absorption are that distance along the probe must be inferred from redshifts rather than measured directly, and that distances are measured with errors due to the width of the observed lines. (That width can in itself carry useful information.) The population of objects may also be nonstationary, in particular different near to the QSO source.
Corals of the K/T‐boundary: Scleractinian corals of the suborders Astrocoeniina, Faviina, Rhipidogyrina and Amphiastraeina

Synopsis This taxonomic review of the scleractinian corals of the Maastrichtian and Paleocene period focuses on the scleractinian suborders Astrocoeniina, Faviina, Rhipidogyrina and Amphiastraeina. This, the first extensive compilation of coral species of the K/T (Cretaceous/Tertiary) boundary, deals with more than 2500 records of 550 nominal taxa. In addition to the re‐examination and re‐evaluation of described forms, this study also includes the first description of the largest Maastrichtian coral assemblage known (consisting of about 4000 specimens from Jamaica), as well as new material from the Campanian‐Maastrichtian of Argentina, Lower Maastrichtian of Mexico (Cerralvo), and the Paleocene of Austria (Kambuhel‐Kalke). A diagnosis is provided for each species, as well as for each higher‐level taxonomic category and issues concerning taxonomic assignment are discussed in detail. The descriptions are accompanied by illustrations of representatives of each species and, in many cases, include illustration...
Limits to Voluntary Disclosure in Efficient Markets

In competitive markets, prices offered by investors play a dual role: they must induce the firm to make truthful disclosures about its expected cash flows and they must also be efficient, i.e., equal the expected future cash flows to the buyer conditional on the disclosed information. We show that these requirements may exert opposing influences resulting in equilibrium disclosures being partial; that is, they might cause firms to reveal some, but not all of the valuation relevant information possessed by the firm. We then characterize the maximal level of information that can be elicited through efficient prices. We apply our analysis to the study of voluntary disclosures in the context of equity offerings, leases and sale of tax-loss carry-forwards and compare these to the level of currently mandated disclosures under GAAP.
Reflection of Electromagnetic Pulses from a Multilayered Medium

The Fast Fourier Transform has been used to determine the reflection of a normally incident pulse from a three layered medium. The results show that the pulse reflection offers a diagnostic tool for obtaining information from stratified media. The detection of water layers in dry earth at depths up to approximately 10 meters or the measurement of ice thickness are specific examples.
Distinct Roles for Secreted Semaphorin Signaling in Spinal Motor Axon Guidance

Neuropilins, secreted semaphorin coreceptors, are expressed in discrete populations of spinal motor neurons, suggesting they provide critical guidance information for the establishment of functional motor circuitry. We show here that motor axon growth and guidance are impaired in the absence of Sema3A-Npn-1 signaling. Motor axons enter the limb precociously, showing that Sema3A controls the timing of motor axon in-growth to the limb. Lateral motor column (LMC) motor axons within spinal nerves are defasciculated as they grow toward the limb and converge in the plexus region. Medial and lateral LMC motor axons show dorso-ventral guidance defects in the forelimb. In contrast, Sema3F-Npn-2 signaling guides the axons of a medial subset of LMC neurons to the ventral limb, but plays no major role in regulating their fasciculation. Thus, Sema3A-Npn-1 and Sema3F-Npn-2 signaling control distinct steps of motor axon growth and guidance during the formation of spinal motor connections.
An evaluation of surgical site infection surveillance methods for colon surgery and hysterectomy in Colorado hospitals.

Surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance techniques for colon surgery and hysterectomy among Colorado infection preventionists were characterized through an online survey. Considerable variation was found in SSI surveillance practices, specifically varying use of triggers for SSI review, including laboratory values, healthcare personnel communication, and postoperative visits.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–3
Bone Marrow Colony-Stimulating Factor Following Ureteral Ligation in Germfree Mice

SummarySix days after unilateral ureteral ligation, serum colony-stimulating factor (CSF) is four times as high as in nonoperative germfree mice. The elevation in serum CSF is associated with a significant increase in peripheral blood granulocytes, but not lymphocytes, monocytes, or eosinophils. This finding supports the view that CSF not only is capable of stimulating proliferation of granulocytes and mononuclear cells in vitro, but also promotes granulopoiesis in vivo, and can be regarded as a leukopoietin.
Intrusion Detection Using Variable-Length Audit Trail Patterns

Audit trail patterns generated on behalf of a Unix process canb e used to model the process behavior. Most of the approaches proposed so far use a table of fixed-length patterns to represent the process model. However, variable-length patterns seem to be more naturally suited to model the process behavior, but they are also more difficult to construct. In this paper, we present a novel technique to build a table of variable-length patterns. This technique is based on Teiresias, an algorithm initially developed for discovering rigid patterns in unaligned biological sequences. We evaluate the quality of our technique in a testbed environment, and compare it with the intrusion-detection system proposed by Forrest et al. [8], which is based on fixed-length patterns. The results achieved with our novel method are significantly better than those obtained with the original method based on fixed-length patterns.
Improving the energy efficiency of big cores

Traditionally, architectural innovations designed to boost single-threaded performance incur overhead costs which significantly increase power consumption. In many cases the increase in power exceeds the improvement in performance, resulting in a net increase in energy consumption. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that modern attempts to improve singlethreaded performance will have a negative impact on energy efficiency. This has led to the belief that "Big Cores" are inherently inefficient. To the contrary, we present a study which finds that the increased complexity of the core microarchitecture in recent generations of the IntelR Core™ processor have reduced both the time and energy required to run various workloads. Moreover, taking out the impact of process technology changes, our study still finds the architecture and microarchitecture changes ---such as the increase in SIMD width, addition of the frontend caches, and the enhancement to the out-of-order execution engine--- account for 1.2x improvement in energy efficiency for these processors. This paper provides real-world examples of how architectural innovations can mitigate inefficiencies associated with "Big Cores" ---for example, micro-op caches obviate the costly decode of complex x86 instructions--- resulting in a core architecture that is both high performance and energy efficient. It also contributes to the understanding of how microarchitecture affects performance, power and energy efficiency by modeling the relationship between them
Marine atmospheric boundary layer height over the eastern Pacific: Data analysis and model evaluation

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height (h) is a crucial parameter for the treatment of the ABL in weather and climate models. About 1000 soundings from 11 cruises between 1995 and 2001 over the eastern Pacific have been analyzed to document the large meridional, zonal, seasonal, and interannual variations of h. In particular, its latitudinal distribution in August has three minima: near the equator, in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and over the subtropical stratus/stratocumulus region near the west coast of California and Mexico. The seasonal peak of h in the ITCZ zone (between 5.68 and 11.28N) occurs in the spring (February or April), while it occurs in August between the equator and 5.68N. Comparison of these data with the 10-yr monthly output of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2) reveals that overall the model underestimates h, particularly north of 208N in August and September. Directly applying the radiosonde data to the CCSM2 formulation for computing h shows that, at the original vertical resolution (with the lowest five layers below 2.1 km), the CCSM2 formulation would significantly underestimate h. In particular, the correlation coefficient between the computed and observed h values is only 0.06 for cloudy cases. If the model resolution were doubled below 2.1 km, however, the performance of the model formulation would be significantly improved with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 for cloudy cases.
Human cytomegalovirus. Studies on the mechanism of viral cytopathology and inclusion body formation.

SummaryWhen cultured human fetal fi-broblasts were infected by human cytomegalo-virus, virus-induced morphologic changes consisting of cytopathology, intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies developed during a 72-hour period. Thus, in this system, virus-induced cell changes followed closely upon viral multiplication. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis, IUdR (100 μg/ml), mitomycin C (15 μg/ml) and cytosine arabinoside (100 μg/ml), when added at the time of infection, suppressed the production of infectious virus and the development of mature inclusions but did not interfere with the development of cytopathology and the “early” cytoplasmic lesion. An inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actino-mycin D (0.5 μg/ml), when added at the time of infection, prevented all virus-induced morphological changes and the production of infectious virus. An inhibitor of protein synthesis, puromycin (0.5 μg/ml), gave the same results as the inhibitors of DNA synthesis.
Laplace Inverse Transformation Based Semi-Analytical Solution of Coupling Currents of Transmission Line Illuminated by Electromagnetic Pulse

According to the characteristics of the uniform plane wave, the distributed source generated on transmission line by external field can be regarded as the source delayed by that at the sending terminal. This retardation is the function of incident parameters of external field. On the basis of Taylor transmission line model and considering the retardation of distributed exciting sources under the excitation of uniform plane wave, the formulae of semi-analytical solution of current at receiving terminal of transmission line, which is composed of single lossless conductor and ideal ground, are derived in the Laplace domain; then by use of the property of Laplace inverse transformation, the semi-analytical solution of current in time domain is derived. Terminal coupling current varies with the transmission line parameters and incident parameter of spatial electromagnetic field. Simulation results show that the derived formulae for semi-analytical solution can converge quickly, and the derived formulae are available for reference to the research on the coupling mechanism of electromagnetic field to transmission line and on effect of parameters on the magnitude of coupling current.
Measures of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is one of the most widely studied and oldest constructs in scientific psychology. Accordingly, a number of measures have been used over the past century. Despite the wide variety of measures that have appeared in the literature, the majority of researchers use either the Rosenberg (1989) Self-Esteem scale or Harter's (e.g., Harter & Pike, 1988) Self-Perception Profile series of scales. This chapter provides a detailed description of these two measures that is updated from the last edition of the chapter. We also provide extensive coverage of three additional scales that were either not available for the last edition of the chapter or not extensively reviewed: the Self-Liking and Self-Competence Questionnaires (e.g., Tafarodi & Swann, 1995), the series of Self-Description Questionnaires (e.g., Marsh, 1992a), and the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (Robins et al., 2001). We provide a critical evaluation of each measure and make recommendations for future research.
Structural and Functional Influence of the Glycine-Rich Loop G302GGGY on the Catalytic Tyrosine of Histone Deacetylase 8

Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetyl-l-lysine to yield products l-lysine and acetate through a mechanism in which a nucleophilic water molecule is activated by a histidine general base and a catalytic metal ion (Zn2+ or Fe2+). Acetyl-l-lysine also requires activation by metal coordination and a hydrogen bond with catalytic tyrosine Y306, which also functions in transition state stabilization. Interestingly, Y306 is located in the conserved glycine-rich loop G302GGGY. The potential flexibility afforded by the tetraglycine segment may facilitate induced-fit conformational changes in Y306 between “in” and “out” positions, as observed in related deacetylases. To probe the catalytic importance of the glycine-rich loop in HDAC8, we rigidified this loop by preparing the G302A, G303A, G304A, and G305A mutants and measured their steady state kinetics and determined their X-ray crystal structures. Substantial losses of catalytic efficiency are observed (10–500-fold based on kcat/KM), par...
Emergent Social Capital

Emile Durkheim was one of the first to demonstrate that the emergent properties of the community can affect the behavior and health of individuals. It is interesting that such collective emergent properties are relatively independent of the individuals’ other characteristics and circumstances. On the other hand – and in line with the main thread of this book – the source of collective emergent properties should be searched in the underlying basic or background culture of the community (or society or nation) in question.