cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similarity and Induction

We advance a theory of inductive reasoning based on similarity, and test it on arguments involving mammal categories. To measure similarity, we quantified the overlap of neural activation in left Brodmann area 19 and the left ventral temporal cortex in response to pictures of different categories; the choice of of these regions is motivated by previous literature. The theory was tested against probability judgments for 40 arguments generated from 9 mammal categories and a common predicate. The results are interpreted in the context of Hume’s thesis relating similarity to inductive inference.
Intermediate filament expression in prostate cancer

The human prostate is composed of a series of tubular-alveolar glands and their ducts surrounded by a fibro-muscular stroma. The parenchymal glands secrete the seminal fluid and are anatomically arranged into the central, peripheral, and transitional zones. In this chapter the pattern of intermediate filament expression by the various epithelial components of the ducts, tubuloalveolar glands, and stroma are described. The changes which occur during malignant transformation from normal glands to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and subsequent invasive carcinoma are presented. The usefulness of cytokeratin markers in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma is also discussed.
Potentials of mean force for the interaction of blocked alanine dipeptide molecules in water and gas phase from MD simulations.

We calculate potentials of mean force (PMFs) for the intermolecular interaction of two blocked alanine dipeptide (AcAlaNHMe) molecules in water and gas phase at two temperatures, 278 and 300 K, from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Simple models based on buried solvent accessible surface and one-dimensional potentials derived from distance-based radial distribution functions are not capable of expressing the short- and long-range complexity of the solute-solute interactions in water. Instead, radial and angular variations in the PMFs are observed with the two-dimensional potentials. The strength of the interactions for specific relative orientations of the molecules in the two-dimensional PMFs is more than double that observed in the one-dimensional PMFs. The populations of specific blocked alanine dipeptide conformations in water, such as αR and PPII, vary with temperature, and most significantly, with the distance between the centers of mass. A preference for helical conformations is observed at close encounter between molecules.
Renal transplantation with iliac vein transposition

Abstract We evaluated a technique for implantation of right kidneys with short renal veins without the need for venous reconstruction. Method The technique of iliac vein transposition was performed in six recipients who received right kidneys with short renal veins. Two cases were living related donors, two were living unrelated, one was an autotransplant, and one was a cadaver kidney recipient. The common and external iliac veins and arteries of the recipient were thoroughly mobilized, allowing for the lateral transposition of the external iliac vein with respect to the external iliac artery. The renal vessels were subsequently implanted in an end to side fashion onto the corresponding transposed external iliac vessels. After implantation, the iliac vein remained lateral with respect to the iliac artery. Conclusions The technique described allows for the implantation of right kidneys without the need for venous reconstruction. Such an approach is especially useful in cases of grafts with short veins.
3331 A QUALITY ASSURANCE POLICY DECREASES INAPPROPRIATE USE OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS FOR ENDOCARDITIS PRIOR TO GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY.

Objective: There are no universal standards for antibiotic prophylaxis before gastrointestinal endoscopy to prevent endocarditis. Recommendations have been issued by the AHA, the ASGE, the ACG and the Committee on Rheumatic Fever and Infective Endocarditis of the Council on Cardiovascular Diseases of the Young. Recognizing that antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately in our own unit, we developed a quality assurance (QA) policy in 1990. Methods: A survey identifying patients with potential indicators for antibiotic prophylaxis was included in the nursing assessment notes. Data were collected prospectively over 10 years (1990- 1999) to determine whether or not antibiotics were administered appropriately for approved indications. Results: Annual samples of consecutive patients totaling 3692 were assessed for indicators for and actual use of antibiotic prophylaxis. During the first three years 743 patients were reviewed, antibiotics were appropriately given in 32 (4.3%), inappropriately in 28 patients (3.8%) or appropriately withheld in 671 (90.3%). For the remaining 2949 patients during the following seven years, antibiotics were used appropriately in 7 (0.2%), were appropriately withheld in 2905 (98.5%), and unnecessarily administered in 32 (1.1%). Conclusions: Implementation of a policy to guide the administration of prophylactic antibiotics for endocarditis in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures is effective in reducing unnecessary prescribing. This is cost effective, easily implemented and improves the quality of patient care.
Photoacoustic and fluorescence image-guided surgery using a multifunctional targeted nanoprobe

Purpose A complete surgical excision with negative tumor margins is the single most important factor in the prediction of long-term survival for most cancer patients with solid tumors. We hypothesized that image-guided surgery using nanoparticle-enhanced photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging could significantly reduce the rate of local recurrence.
Axiom of choice and chromatic number of R n

In previous papers (J. Combin Theory Ser. A 103 (2003) 387) and (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 105 (2004) 359) Saharon Shelah and I formulated a conditional chromatic number theorem, which described a setting in which the chromatic number of the plane takes on two different values depending upon the axioms for set theory. We also constructed examples of a distance graph on the real line R and difference graphs on the real plane R2 whose chromatic numbers depend upon the system of axioms we choose for set theory. Ideas developed there are extended in the present paper to construct difference graphs on the real space Rn, whose chromatic number is a positive integer in the Zermelo-Fraenkelchoice system of axioms, and is not countable (if it exists) in a consistent system of axioms with limited choice, studied by Solovay (Ann. Math. Ser. 2 (1970) 1). These examples illuminate how heavily combinatorial results can depend upon the underlying set theory, help appreciate the potential complexity of the chromatic number of n-space problem, and suggest that the chromatic number of n-space may depend upon the system of axioms chosen for set theory.
The β-catenin/VegT-regulated early zygotic gene Xnr5 is a direct target of SOX3 regulation

In Xenopus laevis, beta-catenin-mediated dorsal axis formation can be suppressed by overexpression of the HMG-box transcription factor XSOX3. Mutational analysis indicates that this effect is due not to the binding of XSOX3 to beta-catenin nor to its competition with beta-catenin-regulated TCF-type transcription factors for specific DNA binding sites, but rather to SOX3 binding to sites within the promoter of the early VegT- and beta-catenin-regulated dorsal-mesoderm-inducing gene Xnr5. Although B1-type SOX proteins, such as XSOX3, are commonly thought to act as transcriptional activators, XSOX3 acts as a transcriptional repressor of Xnr5 in both the intact embryo and animal caps injected with VegT RNA. Expression of a chimeric polypeptide composed of XSOX3 and a VP16 transcriptional activation domain or morpholino-induced decrease in endogenous XSOX3 polypeptide levels lead to an increase in Xnr5 expression, as does injection of an anti-XSOX3 antibody that inhibits XSOX3 DNA binding. These observations indicate that maternal XSOX3 acts in a novel manner to restrict Xnr5 expression to the vegetal hemisphere.
Assessing the role of spatial heterogeneity and human movement in malaria dynamics and control

Mathematical models developed for studying malaria dynamics often focus on a single, homogeneous population. However, human movement connects environments with potentially different malaria transmission characteristics. To address the role of human movement and spatial heterogeneity in malaria transmission and malaria control, we consider a simple malaria metapopulation model incorporating two regions, or patches, connected by human movement, with different degrees of malaria transmission in each patch. Using our two-patch model, we calculate and analyze the basic reproduction number, R(0), an epidemiologically important threshold quantity that indicates whether malaria will persist or go extinct in a population. Although R(0) depends on the rates of human movement, we show that R(0) is always bounded between the two quantities R(01) and R(02)-the reproduction numbers for the two patches if isolated. If without migration, the disease is endemic in one patch but not in the other, then the addition of human migration can cause the disease to persist in both patches. This result indicates that regions with low malaria transmission should have an interest in helping to control or eliminate malaria in regions with higher malaria endemicity if human movement connects them. Performing a sensitivity analysis of R(0) and the endemic equilibrium to various parameters in the two-patch model allowed us to determine, under different parameterizations of the model, which patch will be the better target for control measures, and within that patch, what type of control measure should be implemented. In the analysis of R(0), we found that if the extrinsic incubation period is shorter than the average mosquito lifespan, the control measures should be targeted towards reducing the mosquito biting rate. On the other hand, if the extrinsic incubation period is longer than the average mosquito lifespan, control measures targeting the mosquito death rate will be more effective. Intuitively, one might think that resources for malaria control should be allocated to the region with higher malaria transmission. However, our sensitivity analyses indicated that this is not always the case. In fact, if migration into the lower transmission patch is much faster than migration into the higher transmission patch, the lower transmission patch is potentially the better target for malaria control efforts. While human movement between regions poses challenges to malaria control and elimination, if estimates of relevant parameters in the model are known, including migration rates, our results can help inform which region to target and what type of control measure to implement for the greatest success.
Resident involvement in residency training

Abstract The residents at Temple University Health Sciences Center have shown over the past 2 years that working together with staff they can design a curriculum that is highly satisfactory to all concerned. This was partly possible because of efforts of the 1969–1970 resident group but was set upon a positively accelerating course by the resident group of 1970–1971. The agency mainly responsible for this accomplishment was a formal resident curriculum committee, which together with staff members, designed and implemented the curriculum for 1970–1971. This effort is being maintained in 1971–1972.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS AND THEIR SUPPORT FOR THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

The purpose was to describe the characteristics of elementary school principals who support elementary physical education programs. A statewide random sample of 500 elementary school principals and their respective elementary physical education teachers (n = 500) were mailed questionnaires. A total of 321 principals responded (64%) to a 20-item questionnaire which assessed their physical fitness and their perceptions of elementary physical education. A total of 340 physical education teachers (68%) responded to a 23-item survey assessing their perceptions of their elementary principals' support for the physical education program. The majority of teachers perceived their principals to be supportive of them and the physical education program. A series of l tests showed no significant differences in principals' age, gender, years of experience as a principal, or how important they thought health and physical education was compared to other subjects taught in the elementary school and how supportive of physic...
Taiwan position on nano EHS

In light of the importance of nanotechnology-related environmental, health and safety (EHS) issues, we have set up a common platform to study its potential impacts on environment, health and safety by coordinating research efforts from different agencies in Taiwan. The purpose is to understand and manage the potential risks of nanotechnology. It is more important to look for a mechanism to effectively integrate resources and knowledge, and to quickly leverage the internal and external efforts to deliver sustainable value for the society. Furthermore, how to collect toxicology data to support the revision of policies/regulations has become an urgent issue in nanotechnology communities. This study discusses the recent approaches including the management guidelines for nanomaterials in workplace, the epidemiological study of people working with nanoparticles, a nanoMark system for labeling nanoproducts, the nano standardization efforts, and a standardized evaluation platform for investigating the biological and physiological effects related to the exposure to nanoparticles.
Probabilistic verification of ER stress-induced signaling pathways

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a communication hub for several signaling and secretory pathways that regulate the cell cycle progression. Recent studies revealed that deregulation of ER stress-induced signaling pathways are involved in the patho-genesis of cancer and Alzheimers disease. Computational analysis and verification of these pathways will provide insights into the mechanism linking ER stress with different diseases. Based on the experimental observation and our recent bioinformatics studies, we construct a quantitative model to systematically study the ER stress-induced apoptosis and survival signaling pathways. To overcome the limitations of traditional simulation techniques, a formal verification method, called Probabilistic Model Checking, was introduced and applied to formally analyze the temporal logic properties of the stochastic model, which is written in the PRISM language. Compared with the symbolic model verification method, this PRISM verification technique can not only qualitatively verify the signaling pathway model using sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), but also provide a quantitative estimation of the temporal properties using confidence interval estimation method. The probabilistic verification studies show that, overexpressed ER transmembrane proteins will promote the expression of Cyclin D, Amyloid-β and MDM2, leading to the pathogenesis of cancer and other diseases in the long term, and inhibit the apoptosis. Our work also verified that, varying IKK's expression level will influence the number of NFκB molecules in the nucleus, which explained why IKK inhibitor could inhibit tumorigenesis. The proposed signaling pathway model and PRISM method can help our understanding of the mechanisms that link ER stress with cancer and other diseases.
Effects of kraft mill effluent on a marine benthic community

A quantitative survey of a marine benthic community was taken just prior to the discharge nearby of a bleached kraft paper mill. The area was surveyed again 2 yr later and significant changes were found to have taken place in the faunal composition. Changes were attributed to flocculation of suspended solids.
Where's Poppa?: The Relative Lack of Attention to the Role of Fathers in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

Compared with mothers, fathers are dramatically underrepresented in clinical child and adolescent research. The author reviewed empirical and theoretical clinical child and adolescent literature to ascertain the reasons for this underrepresentation. Four somewhat interrelated factors are discussed: practical issues in participant recruitment, differential base rates of paternal vs. maternal psychopathology, theory-driven research based on sexist theories, and research assumptions based on outdated societal norms. Suggestions for future research are discussed, including parallel investigations of paternal characteristics whenever maternal characteristics are investigated, assessment of both similarities and differences in the role of fathers and mothers in child and adolescent psychopathology, and investigation of parenting factors for both fathers and mothers (e.g., time spent in actual caretaking, career vs. family orientation) in relation to child and adolescent psychopathology.
Proximity effect in spin sublevel dynamics: Possible influence of a low-lying3 A2 (nπ*) state: On singlet → triplet intersystem crossing of Pyrimidine

Abstract Comparison of spin sublevel population rates in pyrimidine and 5-methylpyrimidine suggests that the vibronic perturbation of 3 B 2 and/or 3 A 1 ππ* states by a higher-lying 3 A 2 nπ* state plays an important role in S 1 → T 1 intersystem crossing of pyrimidine. The result also implies that the n + π*—n − π* splitting in pyrimidine is significantly smaller than the corresponding gap in pyrazine. The appearance of the 0.0 band in the τ x spectrum indicates that the triplets state symmetry is lower tha C 2v .
Subclavian artery in head and neck surgery.

Summary Two cases of anomalous subclavian artery in the exposure of head and neck surgery are reported. Contrasts are shown between gross anatomy and surgical anatomy texts. Precaution and forethought are discussed in avoidance of injury to anomalous subclavian arteries and intraoperative treatment for iatrogenic lacerations is mentioned.
Two centuries of neurology and psychiatry in the Journal.

This article discusses the many reports on neurologic and psychiatric diseases that have been published in the Journal and the impact they have had on the field.
Simple descriptor for contextual classification of hyperdimensional remotely sensed spectral data.

An extended CIE transformation was employed to deal with data reduction problems of hyperdimensional spectral data for NASA airborne and Shuttle imaging spectrometers. A simple descriptor was found to be very effective in analyzing spectral data covers from 0.4 to 2.4 microns. Results reveal contextual properties of minerals, vegetation, and crops. It provides a means to monitor seasonal growth variations for crops. It can also serve as pseudocolor indexing for imaging spectrometer imagery extended beyond the visible range.
Mean wave propagation in a slab of one-dimensional discrete random medium

Abstract A study has been made of the propagation of time harmonic waves through a one-dimensional medium of discrete scatterers randomly positioned over a finite interval L . The random medium is modeled by a Poisson impulse process with density λ. The invariant imbedding procedure is employed to obtain a set of initial value stochastic differential equations for the field inside the medium and the reflection coefficient of the layer. By using the Markov properties of the Poisson impulse process. exact integro-differential equations of the Kolmogorov-Feller type are derived for the probability density function of the reflection coefficient and the field. When the concentration of the scatterers is low, a two variable perturbation method in small λ is used to obtain an approximate solution for the mean field. It is shown that this solution, which varies exponentially with respect to λL , agrees exactly with the mean field obtained by Feldy's approximate method.
Linear Time-Variant Modeling and Analysis of All-Digital Phase-Locked Loops

All-digital phase-locked loops (ADPLL) are inherently multirate systems with time-varying behavior. In support of this statement linear time-variant (LTV) models of ADPLL are presented that capture spectral aliasing effects that are not captured by linear time-invariant (LTI) models. It is analytically shown that the latter are subset of the former. The high-speed ΣΔ modulator that improves the frequency resolution of the digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) is included, too. It realizes fractional resampling and interpolation of the tuning data of the DCO. The noise transfer from all three operating clock domains of the ADPLL (reference, ΣΔ, and DCO) to its output phase is accurately predicted and design metrics are derived with regard to its folded close-in and far-out phase noise performance. The analytical results are validated via simulations using measured event-driven modeling techniques for a CMOS RF ADPLL.
Tor Tanus Rectica Uda: Extension of Range To Arabian Gulf (Copepoda, Calanoida, Tortanidae)

[Tortanus recticauda est redecrit et illustre d'apres un materiel provenant de Ruwais, Golfe Arabique, et compare avec la description des specimens d'Assab, mer Rouge, par Giesbrecht., Tortanus recticauda est redecrit et illustre d'apres un materiel provenant de Ruwais, Golfe Arabique, et compare avec la description des specimens d'Assab, mer Rouge, par Giesbrecht.]
A 3-Dimensional Beam Scanning System for Particle Radiation Therapy

In radiation therapy treatment volumes up to several liters have to be irradiated. Today's charged particle programs use ridge filters, scattering foils, occluding rings collimators and boluses to shape the dose distribution.1 An alternative approach, scanning of a small diameter beam, is analyzed and tentative systems specifications are derived. Critical components are scheduled for fabrication and testing at LBL.
Musicians' and Nonmusicians' Preferences for World Musics: Relation to Musical Characteristics and Familiarity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among musical characteristics and musicians' and nonmusicians' preferences for world musics. World musics were drawn from Africa, Asia...
Prediction of Cannabis Use Disorder Between Childhood and Young Adulthood Using the Child Behavior Checklist

A prospective investigation was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of internalizing and externalizing traits measured at ages 10–12 for predicting a DSM-IV diagnosis of cannabis use disorder manifest by age 22. The sample consisted of 189 boys rated on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by their biological mothers. The results indicated that externalizing but not internalizing disturbance was a significant predictor of cannabis use disorder. Moreover, a construct capturing their common variance did not predict cannabis use disorder better than externalizing behavior alone.
The distribution of DNA topoisomerase II isoforms in differentiated adult mouse tissues

Abstract Antibodies raised against the α and β isoforms of human DNA topoisomerase II were found to react with the corresponding mouse enzymes. By using these antibodies in Western blotting experiments, it was observed that these isoforms are differentially expressed in adult mouse tissues. The α isoform is abundant in testis and spleen. The β isoform is also abundant in spleen and in addition is present in kidney and liver. Type II topoisomerase is low in brain and heart. These results suggest different functions for these two isoforms of DNA topoisomerase II.
Effect of Sm content on energy product of rapidly quenched and oriented SmCo 5 ribbons

The Sm-content dependence of phase composition, anisotropy, and other magnetic properties of Sm1+δ Co5 (δ ≤ 0.12) ribbons melt spun at 10 m/s has been studied. The samples consist of hexagonal SmCo5 grains whose c axes are preferentially aligned along the long direction of the ribbon. The lattice parameter a and the cell volume (V) increase with increasing Sm content δ, whereas c decreases. Sm addition appears to improve the degree of the preferred orientation of the c-axis and to increase the mean grain size, which weakens the effective intergranular exchange coupling. Therefore, the remanence ratio, coercivity, and squareness of the hysteresis loops are significantly enhanced. The remanence ratio of 0.91 and the maximum energy product of 21.2 MGOe, which is the highest value reported so far for Sm–Co ribbons, are achieved for δ = 0.06. High performance in combination with simple processing may facilitate high-temperature applications for anisotropic Sm1+δ Co5 ribbons.
What is myelin

The evolution of a character is better appreciated if examples of convergent emergence of the same character are available for comparison. Three instances are known among invertebrates of the evolution of axonal sheaths possessing the functional properties and many of the structural properties of vertebrate myelin. Comparison of these invertebrate myelins raises the question of what structural features must a sheath possess in order to produce the two principal functional characteristics of impulse speed enhancement and energy savings. This essay reviews the features recognized by early workers as pertaining to myelin in vertebrate and invertebrate alike: osmiophilia, negative birefringence and saltatory conduction. It then examines common features revealed by the advent of electron microscopy: multiplicity of lipid membranes, condensation of those membranes, specialized marginal seals, and nodes. Next it examines the robustness of these features as essential components of a speed-enhancing sheath. Features that are not entirely essential for speed enhancement include membrane compaction, spiral wrapping of layers, glial cell involvement, non-active axonal membrane, and even nodes and perinodal sealing. This permissiveness is discussed in relation to the possible evolutionary origin of myelin.
Charge transport in nanoscale aromatic and antiaromatic systems

Molecules such as benzene, that have six pi electrons cyclically delocalized, have the special stability that chemists call aromaticity. When electricity passes through a molecular wire containing a benzene ring a quinone-like structure is induced, and there is some loss of aromaticity. The conductance of such systems correlates with the magnitude of this effect. A molecule such as cyclobutadiene with only four cyclically delocalized pi electrons has special instability, called antiaromaticity. Evidence that such antiaromatic systems could convey high conductance in appropriate systems is derived from electrochemical studies, which also detect geometric changes in some thiophene-derived nanolength wires.
Isolated Chemotherapeutic Perfusion of Pelvis as Neoadjuvant or Palliative Therapy for Advanced Cancer of the Rectum

Previously irradiated recurrent rectal cancer is a formidable patient threat with limited treatment options. Isolated pelvic perfusion (IPP) by the balloon-occlusion technique provides high-dose regional chemotherapy that may facilitate resection if appropriate or palliate pain and fungating tumor mass in the symptomatic patient. We currently report our results in 49 recurrent rectal cancer patients (26 had neoadjuvant IPP with intent to resect and 23 had IPP for palliation). IPP was done for 1 hour with paclitaxel 30 mg/m2, 5 fluorouracil 1500 mg/m2, cisplatin/oxaliplatin 60-130 mg/m2, and mitomycin C 10 to 15 mg/m2 (the latter three achieving pelvic-to-systemic drug ratios of 6–9:1). Neoadjuvant perfusion in 26 patients achieved a response in 14 patients (made resectable). Seven had R0 resections (clear margins), six by abdominal sacral resection (ABSR), and one by an extended APR. Of seven other patients, one had a complete pathologic response negating planned resection, one had >50% tumor regression in pelvis (but developed distant metastases), and three refused ABSR. Planned ABSR in two patients was aborted because of complicating cardiovascular issues. A variety of medical and cancer issues precluded resection in the remaining 12 of these 26 neoadjuvant patients. Within the neoadjuvant group, median survival was 24 months in the responding (made resectable) group (14 patients) and it was 8 months in the non-resectable group (12 patients), p = 0.0001. In the responding (made resectable) group, seven patients had R0 resections (median survival 26 months) and seven patients were not resected (median survival 18 months), p = 0.0198. In the IPP group for palliation, 17 of 23 patients (74%) had significant relief of pain, and other tumor-related symptoms (mean survival 11 months). Isolated pelvic perfusion using a simplified balloon-occlusion technique has promise in palliation of or augmenting resectability of advanced rectal malignancy in patients not amenable to treatment with conventional modalities.
The political epidemiology of HIV.

No abstract available. (Published: 23 July 2014) Citation: Amon JJ. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17 :19327 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19327 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19327
Improved Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Si-Doped α-Fe2O3 Nanowires

We report an improved method to synthesize α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanowires (NWs) via thermal oxidation that significantly reduces reaction time while improving NW density and uniformity. Stress introduced by shot-peening the starting steel foils and the relief of such stress seem to play an important role in promoting uniform one-dimensional growth. Water vapor is also shown to strongly influence both the density and the morphology of the grown nanostructures. Furthermore, although the as-grown NWs exhibit the high average resistivity (4 × 102 ± 4 × 102 Ω·m) associated with undoped hematite, chemical vapor deposition of silane coating these NWs, followed by an annealing step, produces silicon-doped α-Fe2O3 NWs that exhibit a significantly improved average resistivity of 4 × 10–3 ± 6 × 10–3 Ω·m. High-resolution electron microscopy, elemental mapping by EDS, and further study of their electrical properties attribute the increased conductivity to lattice doping. These doped hematite NW arrays are promising cand...
Correlation of yolk phosphatase expression with the programmed proteolysis of vitellin in Blattella germanica during embryonic development

Proteolytic processing of the vitellin in Blattella germanica eggs occurs 4 days postovulation and is correlated with both the onset of its utilization and the major portion of the embryo's growth. Yolk phosphatase is also expressed coincident with this event, and some aspects of its activation have been investigated. The enzyme is absent from the ooplasm (yolk) during the first 2 days following ovulation but increases approximately 20-fold in specific activity between days 3 and 4, when assayed at pH 3.9 or 4.8 and 9-fold at pH 6.5. No activation is observed for yolk-bound α-mannosidase, its specific activity remains elevated through the first 6 days following ovulation. This suggests that expression of the phosphatase is regulated independently of that of α-mannosidase in the yolk. Yolk with active phosphatase can dephosphorylate native vitellin, delipidated vitellin, and phosphocasein. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of yolk obtained from eggs 4 days postovulation, revealed that phosphatase activity cosediments with material which reacts with antivitellin antibodies, while α-mannosidase and β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase are found near the top of the gradient. Oothecae derived from crossing certain translocational heterozygote males and wild-type females contain some eggs with severely depressed levels of yolk phosphatase in which embryos do not grow. Vitellin in these eggs fails to undergo proteolytic processing as late as day 5 postovulation and retains the subunit composition of freshly ovulated vitellin.
Topographic organization of rat locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nuclei: Distribution of cells projecting to visual system structures

Previous reports from this laboratory and elsewhere have provided evidence that the locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe (DR) nuclei are topographically organized with respect to their efferent targets. Whereas most of these previous studies have focused on relationships between these monoamine-containing brainstem nuclei and cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic structures, they have not systematically examined the distribution of LC and DR cells that project to multiple structures with common sensory or motor functions. The goal of the present study was to characterize and compare the distributions of LC and DR cells which project to different visual areas of the rat central nervous system. Long-Evans hooded rats received unilateral pressure injections of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in either the dorsal lateral geniculate, ventral lateral geniculate, or lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus; superior colliculus, cortical area 17, cortical area 18a/b cerebellar vermis (lobules VI and VII); or paraflocculus. Transverse sections through the midbrain and pons were examined by light microscopy after performing routine tetramethyl benzidine histochemical procedures. For all cases studied, retrogradely labeled cells were observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the LC and DR; however, labeling patterns which were distinctive for different injection sites were noted in each of these brainstem nuclei. The major conclusion drawn from this work is that subsets of LC and DR cells which project to different target structures within the rat visual system are found in overlapping but not necessarily coextensive zones within these nuclei. These studies provide further evidence of a rough topographic ordering within both the LC and DR nuclei, as well as support a new hypothesis that the outputs from each of these nuclei are organized with respect to the sensory related functions of their efferent targets. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A direct correlation between the levels of ascorbic acid and H2O2 in aqueous humor

There is evidence that H2O2 present in aqueous humor arises from ascorbic acid which is also present in this fluid, but the extent to which peroxide is derived from ascorbic acid is not known. We have measured the concentrations of H2O2 and ascorbic acid normally present in the aqueous humor of various species and also under conditions in which the level of ascorbic acid in the fluid was experimentally altered. In aqueous humor of rabbit and guinea pig the concentration of ascorbic acid was 10 times higher than that present in aqueous of rat and frog. Similarly, the concentration of H2O2 was four to 10 times higher in rabbit and guinea pig aqueous compared to that in rat and frog. Consistent with the higher concentration of ascorbic acid in posterior compared to anterior aqueous humor in the rabbit, the concentration of H2O2 was also significantly higher in the posterior aqueous. When ascorbic acid in rabbit aqueous humor was elevated by intraperitoneal administration of the compound, there was a significant increase in the level of H2O2 in both anterior and posterior aqueous humor. Moreover, when the level of ascorbic acid was lowered experimentally by placing guinea pigs on an ascorbic acid deficient diet, a 10-fold decrease in the level of both ascorbic acid and H2O2 was observed in the aqueous humor. Upon returning the animals to a normal diet, the concentrations of both compounds returned to control values. The direct correlation between the concentrations of ascorbic acid and H2O2 in aqueous humor suggests that ascorbic acid is the primary source of H2O2 in this fluid.
Irreversible thermodynamics of flow in solids

Dynamic deformation of solid materials is described in terms of nonuniform material motion and simultaneous thermoelastic strain and plastic flow. For deformations of arbitrary form and magnitude in an initially isotropic solid, an approximate expression for the entropy production is given, and the interrelations among the thermodynamic variables of stresses, elastic and plastic strains, and temperature and entropy are derived. The theory is specialized to plane-wave geometry, appropriate for describing a weak planar shock, and is compared with the relaxing solid model which has previously been used to analyze plane shocks in solids. A qualitative examination of the mechanics of elastic strain and plastic flow indicates that a thermodynamic description is accurate for many fast deformation processes in solids.
The Patient-Centered Medical Home and the Nephrologist

The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) is a model of practice that has been proposed to address the many ills of our current health care delivery and financing systems. At its heart is a primary care practice that provides comprehensive, coordinated, high-quality, personalized care. Integral to the success of the PCMH model is a "neighborhood" of specialists who subscribe to the principles of the PCMH. Nephrologists will have an opportunity to practice within this framework, either as the PCMH itself or, more likely, as "neighbors" to the "home." The effective and enthusiastic participation of nephrologists and other specialists will depend on the details of the model, not the least important of which is the financial structure. Dozens of demonstration projects around the country are currently testing the model. If the PCMH model proves to be workable and is widely adopted, nephrologists could be uniquely positioned to participate, given our long experience providing coordinated care for complex patients in a quality-conscious environment.
A Critical Potential of Methane and Its Absorption in the Ultra-Violet.

In a previous paper (1) it was stated that the maximum in the current potential curve found in a three-electrode tube with methane must be due either to a resonance potential of methane or to a large transparency for slow electrons. It was further pointed out that the interpretation of maxima in current-potential curves obtained in four-electrode tubes must also take into account the possibility of abnormal transparency at certain velocities. In the meantime Brode (2) has as a matter of fact found a variable mean free path for electrons in methane using the method of Ramsauer,(3) which presumably accounts for the maximum, since it occurs at about the expected velocity.
Time-Optimal Velocity Control of a Spinning Space Body

The problem of minimum-time angular velocity control of a spinning space body, with a sinigle axis of symmetry, is examined. The control thrusts are assumned bounded. Two-axis, gimballed, and single-axis controls are considered. The optimal controls law is derived for each method. Comparison of the response times indicates that gimballed control is best.
The Failing Fontan: Options for Surgical Therapy

The Fontan procedure has been a significant contribution to the therapeutic armamentarium of congenital heart surgeons for the treatment of single ventricle anomalies. However, it has its limitations. Patients may have failure of the Fontan circulation acutely postoperatively or late during the long-term follow-up. Early failure is often related to an intraoperative myocardial injury or unsuspected elevated pulmonary vascular resistance; this has a very high mortality. Late failure of the Fontan procedure may present with symptoms typical for heart failure. However, protein-losing enteropathy is another condition related to late failure of the Fontan operation. Late failure may be related to a number of different factors, many of which are amenable to reoperation. Every effort should be made to identify which hemodynamic factors are responsible for late failures. However, cardiac transplantation will likely be necessary for the majority of patients.
Definition and diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media.

To the Editor — In their recent article on acute otitis media (AOM), Chan et al1 provide an important guide for future research. However, clarification is needed regarding their diagnostic criteria. According to the authors, a child must have <48 hours of signs and symptoms, and a middle ear effusion “with or without the following: a) opacification, not including erythema, and b) a full or bulging tympanic membrane.” We feel these criteria are too loose and too stringent at the same time. Consider the following: Scenario one: an 18-month-old with rapid onset of upper respiratory infection, irritability, and middle ear effusion confirmed by tympanometry, but without opacification or erythema of the tympanic membranes (TMs). Do I understand that this would meet the criteria for AOM? Children with middle ear effusion and URI symptoms are commonly encountered in our practice, but we require specific changes in their TMs to diagnose AOM. Erythema of the TM is a minimum requirement. Scenario two: an 18-month-old with 3 days of irritability and bilateral immobile, bulging, erythematous TMs. Is it true that this patient would not fit the criteria for AOM because symptoms had been …
The validity of computer-generated graphic images of forest landscape

Abstract This study examines the validity of using computer-generated graphic images of forest landscapes as decision-making aids for visual quality management. Photographs have been found to be acceptable surrogates for actual landscapes for judging visual quality. A public preference survey was conductd to compare photographs of forest landscapes with computer images created with the Vantage Point landscape visualization tool. Moderate to high correlation was found between mean visual quality ratings of photographs and corresponding Vantage Point images. Correlation levels between all ratings for individual photograph/image pairs, however, are low. Individual observers, on average, show low levels of correlation between their ratings, although some observers have significant correlation. Observer feedback indicates that the lack of correlation is due to the omission of important landscape elements in the Vantage Point images. Omissions were the result of limitations in the prototype version of Vantage Point .
Backstepping Control of the Toroidal Plasma Current Profile in the DIII-D Tokamak

One of the most promising devices for realizing power production through nuclear fusion is the tokamak. To maximize performance, it is preferable that tokamak reactors achieve advanced operating scenarios characterized by good plasma confinement, improved magnetohydrodynamic stability, and a largely noninductively driven plasma current. Such scenarios could enable steady-state reactor operation with high fusion gain, the ratio of produced fusion power to the external power provided through the plasma boundary. For certain advanced scenarios, control of the spatial profile of the plasma current will be essential. The complexity of the current profile dynamics, arising due to nonlinearities and couplings with many other plasma parameters, motivates the use of model-based control algorithms that can account for the system dynamics. A first-principles-driven, control-oriented model of the current profile evolution in low-confinement mode (L-mode) discharges in the DIII-D tokamak is employed to address the problem of regulating the current profile evolution around desired trajectories. In the primarily inductive L-mode discharges considered in this paper, the boundary condition, which is dependent on the total plasma current, has the largest influence on the current profile dynamics, motivating the design of a boundary feedback control law to improve the system performance. The backstepping control design technique provides a systematic method to obtain a boundary feedback law through the transformation of a spatially discretized version of the original system into an asymptotically stable target system with desirable properties. Through a nonlinear transformation of the available physical actuators, the resulting control scheme produces references for the total plasma current, total power, and line averaged density, which are tracked by existing dedicated control loops. Adaptiveness is added to the control scheme to improve upon the backstepping controller's disturbance rejection and tracking capability. Prior to experimental testing, a Simserver simulation was carried out to study the controller's performance and ensure proper implementation in the DIII-D Plasma Control System. An experimental test was performed on DIII-D to test the ability of the controller to reject input disturbances and perturbations in initial conditions and to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed control approach.
How activist organizations are using the Internet to build relationships

Abstract This study examines the mediated communication of activist organizations to understand how these groups use their Web sites to build relationships with publics. A study of one hundred environmental organization Web sites identified common features and examined the incorporation of dialogic communication into this new medium. The data suggest that while most activist organizations meet the technical and design aspects required for dialogic relationship building on the Web, they are not yet fully engaging their publics in two-way communication. Moreover, it appears that the activist organizations are better prepared to address the needs of member publics rather than media needs.
Pulse Stretching of Q-Switched Lasers.

Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
Design of an MPEG-2 transport demultiplexor core

A new high-performance MPEG-2 transport demultiplexor hardware architecture is presented which minimizes the support required from a host processor for common tasks such as clock recovery and table section filtering, yet provides an interface for a processor to modify the handling of the incoming transport stream. A common on- chip SRAM is used for temporary storage of transport packets as they are processed, as well as for control and status registers, allowing space for efficient storage and reducing silicon size. Memory storage is further reduced by delivering data directly to the audio and video decoder rate buffers and to system memory as part of a total, integrated MPEG subsystem design. The architecture is implemented as part of the IBM Blue Logic™ core library.
Iterative, backscatter-analysis algorithms for transmission maximization in highly-scattering random media

We provide rigorous numerical evidence confirming the existence of highly transmitting eigen-wavefronts in highly-scattering random media. We develop physically-realizable algorithms for constructing these wavefronts using backscatter analysis that converge in just a few iterations.
Improved vision and on-field performance in baseball through perceptual learning.

Our visual abilities profoundly impact performance on an enormous range of tasks. Numerous studies examine mechanisms that can improve vision [1]. One limitation of published studies is that learning effects often fail to transfer beyond the trained task or to real world conditions. Here we report the results of a novel integrative perceptual learning program that combines multiple perceptual learning approaches: training with a diverse set of stimuli [2], optimized stimulus presentation [3], multisensory facilitation [4], and consistently reinforcing training stimuli [5], with the goal to generalize benefits to real world tasks. We applied this training program to the University of California Riverside (UCR) Baseball Team and assessed benefits using standard eye-charts and batting statistics. Trained players showed improved vision after training, had decreased strike-outs, and created more runs; and even accounting for maturational gains, these additional runs may have led to an additional four to five team wins. These results demonstrate real world transferable benefits of a vision-training program based on perceptual learning principles.