cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resynthesis of multi-level circuits under tight constraints using symbolic optimization

We apply recently introduced constructive multi-level synthesis in the resynthesis loop, targeting convergence of industrial designs. The incremental ability of the resynthesis approach allows more predictable circuit implementations while allowing their aggressive optimization. The approach is based on a very general symbolic decomposition template for logic synthesis that uses information-theoretical properties of a function to infer its decomposition patterns (rather than more conventional measures such as literal counts). Using this template the decomposition is done in a Boolean domain unrestricted by the representation of a function, enabling superior implementation choices driven by additional technological constraints. The symbolic optimization is applied in resynthesis of industrial circuits which have tight timing constraints yielding their much improved timing properties.
IMMIGRATION AND CRIME IN AN ERA OF TRANSFORMATION: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF HOMICIDES IN SAN DIEGO NEIGHBORHOODS, 1980-2000

Emerging research associated with the “immigration revitalization” perspective suggests that immigration has been labeled inaccurately as a cause of crime in contemporary society. In fact, crime seems to be unexpectedly low in many communities that exhibit high levels of the following classic indicators of social disorganization: residential instability, ethnic heterogeneity, and immigration. But virtually all research conducted to date has been cross-sectional in nature and therefore unable to demonstrate how the relationship between immigration and crime might covary over time. This limitation is significant, especially because current versions of social disorganization theory posit a dynamic relationship between structural factors and crime that unfolds over time. The current study addresses this issue by exploring the effects of immigration on neighborhood-level homicide trends in the city of San Diego, California, using a combination of racially/ethnically disaggregated homicide victim data and community structural indicators collected for three decennial census periods. Consistent with the revitalization thesis, results show that the increased size of the foreign-born population reduces lethal violence over time. Specifically, we find that neighborhoods with a larger share of immigrants have fewer total, non-Latino White, and Latino homicide victims. More broadly, our findings suggest that social disorganization in heavily immigrant cities might be largely a function of economic deprivation rather than forms of “neighborhood” or “system” stability.
Employment and Coronary Risk in Women at Midlife: A Longitudinal Analysis

This study investigated the relation between employment and cholesterol in 541 women aged 42-50 years who resided in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, in 1985-1988. Employment, health-related variables, and cholesterol were assessed at baseline and 3 years later. At baseline, employed and nonemployed women did not differ in cholesterol or health behaviors. However, women employed at baseline had a significant decrease in total high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.9 mg/dl) and high density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol subfraction (3.2 mg/dl) at follow-up. Those who were employed at both assessments had the lowest high density lipoprotein cholesterol at follow-up. These effects could not be accounted for by sociodemographics or employment quality variables. Post hoc analyses were conducted to examine health behaviors as a potential mechanism to account for the association between employment status and cholesterol. Over the study period, those who were employed at baseline were less likely to increase exercise and more likely to gain weight than those who were not employed at baseline. With menopause-related changes in metabolism, this can result in detrimental effects for cholesterol levels and coronary health. The results highlight the importance of longitudinal assessment in the study of employment and health.
Perimenopause and Cognition

The impact of perimenopause on cognition seems to be characterized by an absence of improved scores rather than a decline. In the SWAN, the perimenopausal decrement in cognitive performance was not accounted for; however, increases in anxiety and depressive symptoms had independent, unfavorable effects on performance. Estradiol has been found to protect against changes resulting from serotonin withdrawal and defend against changes from cholinergic depletion. There is support for the critical timing hypothesis--that estrogen benefits cognitive function when instituted early, but not later. The menopausal transition may affect cognitive function in older age owing to worsened cardiovascular risk factors.
Limitations of exemplar models of multi-attribute probabilistic inference

Observers were presented with pairs of objects varying along binary-valued attributes and learned to predict which member of each pair had a greater value on a continuously varying criterion variable. The predictions from exemplar models of categorization were contrasted with classic alternative models, including generalized versions of a "take-the-best" model and a weighted-additive model, by testing structures in which interactions between attributes predicted the magnitude of the criterion variable. Under typical training conditions, observers showed little sensitivity to the attribute interactions, thereby challenging the predictions from the exemplar models. In a condition involving highly extended training, observers eventually learned the relations between the attribute interactions and the criterion variable. However, an analysis of the observers' response times for making their paired-comparison decisions also challenged the exemplar model predictions. Instead, it appeared that most observers recoded the interacting attributes into emergent configural cues. They then applied a set of hierarchically organized rules based on the priority of the cues to make their decisions.
Functional morphology of proximal hindlimb muscles in the frog Rana pipiens.

Musculoskeletal models have become important tools in understanding motor control issues ranging from how muscles power movement to how sensory feedback supports movements. In the present study, we developed the initial musculotendon subsystem of a realistic model of the frog Rana pipiens. We measured the anatomical properties of 13 proximal muscles in the frog hindlimb and incorporated these measurements into a set of musculotendon actuators. We examined whether the interaction between this musculotendon subsystem and a previously developed skeleton/joint subsystem captured the passive behavior of the real frog's musculoskeletal system. To do this, we compared the moment arms of musculotendon complexes measured experimentally with moment arms predicted by the model. We also compared sarcomere lengths measured experimentally at the starting and take-off positions of a jump with sarcomere lengths predicted by the model at these same limb positions. On the basis of the good fit of the experimental data, we used the model to describe the multi-joint mechanical effects produced by contraction of each hindlimb muscle and to predict muscle trajectories during a range of limb behaviors (wiping, defensive kicking, swimming and jumping). Through these analyses, we show that all hindlimb muscles have multiple functions with respect to accelerating the limb in its three-dimensional workspace and that the balance of functions depends greatly on limb configuration. In addition, we show that muscles have multiple, task-specific functions with respect to the type of contraction performed. The results of this study provide important data regarding the multifunctional role of hindlimb muscles in the frog and form a foundation upon which additional model subsystems (e.g. neural) and more sophisticated muscle models can be appended.
Exploring the Bargaining Model of War

The bargaining model of war envisions the initiation, prosecution, termination, and consequences of war as part of a single bargaining process. This article focuses on the most recent works on this topic, many of which employ formal techniques, and it applies the model to the different phases of war. It also discusses the state of empirical work on the bargaining model. Finally, the article considers how the bargaining model meshes with other theories of war and international relations, including cognitive psychology, organization theory, domestic politics, and constructivism.For comments, he thanks Risa Brooks, Hein Goemans, Ted Hopf, Robert Powell, Bruce Russett, Alastair Smith, Allan Stam, and Suzanne Werner. He would like to note that any remaining errors are exclusively his own.
Accuracy of a SET of Screening Parameters Developed for the Diagnosis of Arterial Gas Embolism: The SANDHOG Criteria.

Abstract Background Arterial gas embolism (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving and certain medical procedures. There are currently no well-defined criteria to diagnose AGE. Emergency physicians often find themselves facing a decision whether or not a patient with dive-related symptoms has an AGE and needs to be transferred to a hyperbaric facility. Objectives The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of diagnostic criteria developed by the San Diego Hyperbaric Oxygen Group (SANDHOG) for the diagnosis of AGE. Methods This was a retrospective review of consultations completed by the Hyperbaric Medicine Department (HBO) at the University of California San Diego where the diagnosis of AGE was considered. HBO staff blinded to the purpose of the study identified potential cases of AGE. The criterion standard was the final diagnosis by a panel of HBO specialists also blinded to the purpose of this study. Descriptive statistics and comparisons evaluating SANDHOG criteria compared to the criterion standard were performed. Results Twenty-six patients were identified for inclusion. Twenty-three of 26 (88%) were SCUBA divers, 2 had intravascular gas injections, and 1 patient had a military training chamber accident. Nineteen of 26 (73%) patients were diagnosed with AGE. A SANDHOG score of 2 had 94.7% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 71.9–99.7), 85.7% specificity (95% CI 42.0–99.2), positive likelihood ratio of 6.6 (95% CI 1.1–40.8), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.06 (95% CI 0.01–0.43) for AGE. A SANDHOG score Conclusion The SANDHOG criteria appear to be reliable in diagnosing AGE. AGE is unlikely with SANDHOG scores
Can fruit pulp meet the calcium needs of tropical frugivorous passerines during reproduction

Calcium is an important nutrient for birds, especially for eggshell production and the mineralization of the skeleton of developing young. In temperate regions insects and seeds that form the bulk of the diet of breeding passerines do not contain sufficient calcium to meet the needs of breeding females and young; these birds obtain their calcium by eating snails, woodlice and millipedes. Little is known about the way tropical frugivorous passerines meet their calcium needs. The calcium contents of fruits of 34 species eaten by birds during the breeding season in mature floodplain forest in south-eastern Peru were determined. The suitability of these fruits as calcium sources for hypothetical 10-g and 25-g birds and for 26 species of frugivore that breed at the study site was evaluated based on bird body weight and on the rictal width of the bill, which influences feeding. Fruits of five species in the study area appear to be suitable sources of calcium for birds ≤25 g, although those of Ficus killipii (Moraceae) are likely optimal. The latter contain a lot of calcium (2.48% dry weight of pulp or c. 4.15 mg per pulp per fruit) and are small enough (mean diam. = 9 mm) for most birds to swallow whole, and trees produce large crops. Snails, woodlice and millipedes are common in the area and also contain sufficient calcium to meet birds’ needs. In addition, birds could likely meet their calcium needs through geophagy at natural mineral licks.
Offset local oscillator for cw laser Doppler anemometry.

Using two CO2 lasers with one frequency-locked to the other, we have developed a simple heterodyne cw Doppler backscatter anemometer for remote sensing. The configuration as tested in a lidar application requires no additional optics or detector over a homodyne setup. Spectra of the vertical wind show an example of the results available from a simple heterodyne Doppler lidar with a threshold of 0.25 m sec−1 and an uncertainty of ±10% in the velocity estimate.
Formal total synthesis of shikonin via Dötz benzannulation

Abstract The Dotz benzannulation reaction provides mild conditions for the construction of highly functionalized aromatic compounds. We have utilized this method for the formal total synthesis of shikonin. The key step in our approach is the application of the Dotz benzannulation reaction between Fischer a chromium carbene complex and an optically active alkyne for the construction of the aromatic skeleton. This is followed by protecting group manipulation and formation of the epoxide moiety using the Sharpless procedure.
A case study of post-deployment user feedback triage

Many software requirements are identified only after a product is deployed, once users have had a chance to try the software and provide feedback. Unfortunately, addressing such feedback is not always straightforward, even when a team is fully invested in user-centered design. To investigate what constrains a teams evolution decisions, we performed a 6-month field study of a team employing iterative user-centered design methods to the design, deployment and evolution of a web application for a university community. Across interviews with the team, analyses of their bug reports, and further interviews with both users and non-adopters of the application, we found most of the constraints on addressing user feedback emerged from conflicts between users heterogeneous use of information and inflexible assumptions in the team's software architecture derived from earlier user research. These findings highlight the need for new approaches to expressing and validating assumptions from user research as software evolves.
Novel growth mode of solid–liquid–solid (SLS) silica nanowires

A novel and previously unreported, high temperature solid–liquid–solid (SLS) silica nanowire (NW) growth mode has been observed and investigated. In this mode, SLS NW nucleation and subsequent growth was uniquely promoted by—and coupled to—the formation of thermally etched pyramidal pits in the Si substrate that formed during a high temperature anneal phase before the onset of SLS NW formation. The silicon oxide-mediated thermal pit formation process enhanced Si transport to Au–Si alloy droplets directly adjacent to the pyramidal pits. Consequently, SLS NW nucleation and growth was preferentially promoted at the pit edges. The promotion of SLS NW growth by the pyramidal pits resulted in the observation of SLS NW “blooms” at the pit locations. Subsequent NW growth, occurring both at the pit sites and from Au–Si alloy droplets distributed across the planar surfaces of the Si wafer, eventually occluded the pits. This newly observed process is termed as “thermal pit-assisted growth.”
Damage in prestressed concrete structures due to creep and shrinkage of concrete

The theory of concrete creep and shrinkage has not been regarded as part of what has been understood as damage mechanics. However, these inelastic phenomena do result in significant damages to structures, including not only distributed cracking, which is damage in classical sense, but also damage in the form of excessive deflection which puts the structure out of service. It is for this reason that a chapter on creep and shrinkage is included in this handbook. The theory of creep and shrinkage of concrete has become a vast field. In what follows, only a rather brief exposition of this subject will be included. The emphasis will be on the topics of wide recent interest, triggered by the revelation of practical problems that have been synthesized into a coherent picture only during the last few years. The creep effects are particularly important for super-tall buildings and prestressed concrete structures, because of their slenderness and high flexibility, and are paramount for nuclear reactor containments and vessels. At high-temperature exposure, as in fire in tunnels or tall buildings or in postulated nuclear reactor accidents, creep is very large and plays a major role.
The use of a small computer as a terminal controller for a large computing system

In the spring of 1967 Washington State University began investigating the possibility of replacing or supplementing its IBM 2702 terminal control unit with a small computer. We hoped to realize four significant advantages from such a move:1. A small computer---being programmable---offered the opportunity of increased flexibility in the control of remote terminals.2. The prices of small computers had decreased to the point that it seemed reasonable to expect such a system to cost less than the IBM 2702.3. Since IBM required that each TTY line be connected to the 2702 via a 3233 line adapter and a 103A or 103F data set, we felt that significant savings might be obtained through lower incremental costs per line, achieved by providing either direct TTY connection or the use of lower cost data sets on leased private lines.4. By handling as many communication problems as possible in the small computer, we hoped to reduce substantially the amount and complexity of system modifications in the large computer.
The effectiveness of treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder : A meta-analysis

The last decade has seen a noticeable increase in the number of treatment outcome studies for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present article describes a meta-analysis of this literature with the aim of quantifying treatment effects and examining the extent to which various patient or treatment variables are related to outcome. Results showed that pharmacotherapy with serotonergic antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy involving exposure and response prevention are each effective in reducing OCD symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy produced larger effect sizes and greater rates of clinically significant improvement compared to medication, although there were methodological differences between medication and psychotherapy studies.
Self-assembly of multilayer arrays from Ag nanoclusters delivered to Ag(111) by soft landing

Abstract Three-dimensional Ag nanostructures containing 150–600 000 atoms were created on Xe multilayers at 50 K. They were delivered to Ag(111), strained Ag(111), and Ag/Si(111)-( 3 × 3 )R30° following Xe desorption, and they were imaged with a scanning tunneling microscope after warming to room temperature. On Ag(111), they wetted the surface and produced hexagonal multilayer epitaxial islands that decayed via step–step contact while maintaining a constant mean terrace width of ≈11 A. On strained Ag(111), there was wetting and an irregular hexagonal footprint but strain stabilized the multilayers by changing the energetics of atom exchange and step fluctuation. On Ag/Si(111)-( 3 × 3 )R30°, contacts were established but decay was not observed.
GETTING OFF DEATH ROW: COMMUTED SENTENCES AND THE DETERRENT EFFECT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT*

Abstract This paper merges a state‐level panel data set that includes crime and deterrence measures and state characteristics with information on all death sentences handed out in the United States between 1977 and 1997. Because the exact month and year of each execution and removal from death row can be identified, they are matched with state‐level criminal activity in the relevant time frame. Controlling for a variety of state characteristics, the paper investigates the impact of the execution rate, commutation and removal rates, homicide arrest rate, sentencing rate, imprisonment rate, and prison death rate on the rate of homicide. The results show that each additional execution decreases homicides by about five, and each additional commutation increases homicides by the same amount, while an additional removal from death row generates one additional murder. Executions, commutations, and removals have no impact on robberies, burglaries, assaults, or motor‐vehicle thefts.
Revolutionary Games and repressive tolerance: on the hopes and limits of ludic citizenship

This essay considers examples of boisterous game play, including ludic movement activity and humour in the context of the Occupy Wall Street movement in the USA. This form of auto-ethnography makes use of the researcher’s feelings, inviting readers into the personal, emotional subjectivities of the author. In this case, the author explores games, play, and humour highlighting a few of the possibilities and limits of play as a mechanism of social change, looking at the spaces in which it controls and when it liberates. While play has often been relegated to the sports field and the behaviour of children, there are other ways of opening spaces for play for civic purposes and political mobilization. The paper suggests play as a resource for social movements; it adds life and joyousness to the process of social change. Without playful humour, the possibilities for social change are limited.
Effects of Local Weather on Air-Pollution Problems

Valid findings in study of problem at given site can be made only from local meteorological data; wide variations in data between two adjacent Florida localities, cited; five typical cases show effect of local weather on diffusion of air borne pollutants.
Research and Comparison of the Thermophysical Properties of Molten Semiconductors

Recently published thermophysical data on molten materials from many researchers greatly differ. Accurate data are needed for predicting material production processes by computer simulation.The thermophysical properties of molten semiconductors were investigated under microgravity conditions. The wettability and electrical resistivity between the solid-liquid surface of silicon or germanium and ceramic plates were examined under normal gravity.Comparing published data with the experimental results, some discrepancies and validity along with visible results were discovered, and the points of problems are discussed. We report guidlines that can be used to obtain the thermophysical properties of pure materials with a high degree of accuracy.
The Dependence of the Magnetic Properties of GaMnN on Codoping by Mg and Si

The magnetic properties of GaMnN, grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, depend on the addition of dopants; where undoped materials are ferromagnetic, and n-type (Si-doped) and p-type (Mg-doped) films are either ferromagnetic or paramagnetic depending on dopant concentration. The ferromagnetism of this material system seems correlated to Fermi level position, and is observed only when the Fermi level is within or close to the Mn energy band. This allows ferromagnetism-mediating carriers to be present in the Mn energy band. The current results exclude precipitates or clusters as the origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in GaMnN.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder : Exploring the evidence for a biological basis

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a pervasive anxiety disorder characterized by ego-dystonic features associated with intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors. Traditionally, most etiological studies have focused on the maladaptive and dysfunctional cognitive processes associated with the disorder. More recently, with the development of neuroimaging techniques and advanced pharmacological interventions, additional support for the hypothesis of a biological basis for the disorder has increased. The present literature review brings some of the evidence for a neurobiological foundation of OCD into perspective and examines neuroimaging studies, the possibility of serotinergic dysregulation in individuals with OCD, and the role of the basal ganglia in the etiology and course of this debilitating disorder.
Increased Production of Alatae by Aphids Reared on Oats Infected with Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus

Morphological development of parthenogenetic viviparous Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) was influenced by the condition of a host plant, Avena byzantina (Koch). Aphids reared on oats infected with various isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) were much more likely to mature as winged adults (alatae), than were aphids reared on healthy oats. In 15 experiments during a 2-yr period, 75% of 2670 aphids reared on BYDV-infected oats developed as alatae; 36% of 2470 reared in parallel on healthy oats developed as alate forms. A greater percentage of winged progeny was consistently produced on infected oats in all experiments, regardless of aphid species, morphology of parent aphid, or the BYDV isolate used. Results of one experiment indicated that BYDV-infected plants could influence aphids during 1st instar development to mature as alatae. Alatae production was also favored by senescing oat tissues. Differences in nitrogen metabolism, resulting in increased amino acid concentration in diseased or senescing plants, could explain increased alatae production. The possible importance of these observations in spread of plant luteoviruses by aphids is discussed.
Evaluation of Low-dose Spiral CT and Multiple Planar Reconstruction in Diagnosing the Foreign Body in Trachea and Bronchi in Children

To investigate low-dose spiral CT and MPR in diagnosing the foreign body in trachea and bronchi in children before the operation.Low-dose spiral CT 、MPR and CTVB were performed in 211 patients with foreign body in trachea and bronchi,and the results of the bronchi endoscopy were compared.The foreign bodies were divided into three types on the basis of their location.The accordance rate of X ray、CT、MPR and CTVB in diagnosing the foreign body in trachea and bronchi(type I、type II、type III) is 9.52%、64.29%、44.44%;100.00%、93.51%、77.78%;100.00%、98.70%、97.22%,respectively.The sensitivity of low-dose spiral CT、MPR and CTVB was the best,then the CT and X-ray.The results of CT were coincidence with the results of endoscopy.Low-dose spiral CT 、MPR and CTVB had significant clinical value in diagnosing the foreign body in trachea and bronchi in children.
Book Reviews: Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge: New Methods for Trace Evidence Analysis

Please forward book reviews to the Book Review Editor, Alexander Scheeline, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801.
Frances Loeb Library at the Harvard Graduate School of Design: a 100-year history

The Frances L. Loeb Library at the Harvard Graduate School of Design has served the needs of the teaching faculty and students of the University, and of architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning design scholars worldwide, since the beginning of the architecture program in 1900. During that period the library has had two different homes, and the collections have grown through a combination of purchased acquisitions and gifts from faculty and alumni of the School. The library has been an integral part of the School throughout its history, working closely with faculty and students to support design education.
Denoising method selection by comparison-based image quality assessment

Based on a diverse range of priors on natural scene images and noise, numerous denoising algorithms have been proposed in the literature. The image quality resulting from different denoising algorithms may vary significantly across a data set. In this work, we propose a denoising algorithm selection framework that chooses among different denoising algorithms using comparison-based image quality assessment. Extensive experiments on two databases show that the proposed comparison-based selection framework consistently selects the SSIM-optimal denoising algorithm without a reference image. The proposed selection method effectively removes the burden of selecting a denoising method for applications involving processing large data sets automatically.
LEAST INFORMATIVE DISTRIBUTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses least informative distributions. Among all distributions with given variance and satisfying certain regularity assumptions, the normal distribution minimizes the Fisher information. It is the distribution for which, in large samples, the task of estimating the location parameter is the hardest. The chapter presents a formulation in which this assertion holds for small samples and without the regularity assumptions required for the asymptotic result. It also discusses an analogous property of the exponential distribution.
Rethinking The Performance Appraisal: Between Evaluational and Motivational Puposes

There are two main purposes of performance appraisal. First, it is done to evaluate the past performance of employees in order to give sufficient and necessary data for personnel decision making. This calledevaluational purpose. Second, it is be is meant to one of the strategies to motivate employees in order to increase their productivity. This one is called motivational purpose (Roberts & Pavlak, 1996). Most of researches on performance appraisal focused on the appraisal processes that govÂ­ erned by the evaluational paradigm, while motivational purpose. which is also the ultimate purpose of performance appraisal (Roberts & Pavlak, 1996), is not widely researched yet (see appendix). This paper discusses the differences between those two paradigms and argue why the focus should be shifted from eva/uffonal to motivational porpuse. The proposed characteristics of a new performance appraisal design is also discussed. Key Words : Evaluational Paradigm, Motivational Paradigm, PerformanÂ­ ce Targeting, &bjedive Judgement, Corrparison Standard.
Wildfire: approximate synchronization of parameters in distributed deep learning

In distributed deep learning approaches, contributions to changes in the parameter values from multiple learners are gathered at periodic intervals and collectively used to update weights associated with the learning network. Gathering these contributions at a centralized location, as in common synchronous parameter server models, causes a bottleneck in two ways. First, the parameter server needs to wait until gradients from all learners have been received, and second, the traffic pattern of the gradients between the learners and the parameter server causes an imbalance in bandwidth utilization in most common networks. In this paper, we introduce a scheme called Wildfire, which communicates weights among subsets of parallel learners, each of which updates its model using only the information received from other learners in the subset. Different subsets of learners communicate at different times, allowing the learning to diffuse through the system. Wildfire reduces the communication overhead in deep learning by allowing learners to communicate directly among themselves rather than through a parameter server, and by limiting the time that learners need to wait before updating their models. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Wildfire on common deep learning benchmarks, using the IBM Rudra deep learning framework.
A time series classification-based approach for solar flare prediction

Solar flare prediction is an important task because of their potential impacts on both space and terrestrial infrastructure. This prediction task can be modeled as a binary classification between flaring and non-flaring Active Regions. Previous works on flare prediction focused on representing flaring and non-flaring Active Region examples in vector space, where the feature space was found from the Active Region magnetic field parameters. We extract time series samples of these Active Region parameters and present a flare prediction method based on the k-NN classification of the univariate time series. We find that, for our classification task, using a statistical summarization on the time series of a single Active Region parameter, called total unsigned current helicity, outperforms the use of all Active Region parameters at a single instant of time. Additionally, we present a data model of the flaring/non-flaring Active Regions using multivariate time series.
MELD as a metric for survival benefit of liver transplantation.

Currently, there is debate among the liver transplant community regarding the most appropriate mechanism for organ allocation: urgency-based (MELD) versus utility-based (survival benefit). We hypothesize that MELD and survival benefit are closely associated, and therefore, our current MELD-based allocation already reflects utility-based allocation. We used generalized gamma parametric models to quantify survival benefit of LT across MELD categories among 74 196 adult liver-only active candidates between 2006 and 2016 in the United States. We calculated time ratios (TR) of relative life expectancy with transplantation versus without and calculated expected life years gained after LT. LT extended life expectancy (TR > 1) for patients with MELD > 10. The highest MELD was associated with the longest relative life expectancy (TR = 1.05 1.201.37 for MELD 11-15, 2.29 2.492.70 for MELD 16-20, 5.30 5.726.16 for MELD 21-25, 15.12 16.3517.67 for MELD 26-30; 39.26 43.2147.55 for MELD 31-34; 120.04 128.25137.02 for MELD 35-40). As a result, candidates with the highest MELD gained the most life years after LT: 0.2, 1.5, 3.5, 5.8, 6.9, 7.2 years for MELD 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-34, 35-40, respectively. Therefore, prioritizing candidates by MELD remains a simple, effective strategy for prioritizing candidates with a higher transplant survival benefit over those with lower survival benefit.
Association between provider type and cesarean birth in healthy nulliparous laboring women: A retrospective cohort study.

Background Term nulliparous women have the greatest variation across hospitals and providers in cesarean rates and therefore present an opportunity to improve quality through optimal care. We evaluated associations between provider type and mode of birth, including examination of intrapartum management in healthy, laboring nulliparous women. Methods Retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected perinatal data from a United States academic medical center (2005-2012). The sample included healthy nulliparous women with spontaneous labor onset and term, singleton, vertex fetus managed by either obstetricians or certified nurse-midwives. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to compare labor interventions and mode of birth by provider type. Results A total of 1339 women received care by an obstetrician (n = 749) or nurse-midwife (n = 590). The cesarean rate was 13.4% (179/1339). Adjusting for maternal and pregnancy characteristics, care by obstetricians was associated with an increased risk of unplanned cesarean birth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.48 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.04-2.12]) compared with care by midwives. Obstetricians more frequently used oxytocin augmentation (aOR 1.41 [95% CI 1.10-1.80]), neuraxial anesthesia (aOR 1.69 [95% CI 1.29-2.23]), and operative vaginal delivery with forceps or vacuum (aOR 2.79 [95% CI 1.75-4.44]). Adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes were not different by provider type across all modes of birth, but were more frequent in women with cesarean than vaginal births. Discussion In low-risk nulliparous laboring women, care by obstetricians compared with nurse-midwives was associated with increased risk of labor interventions and operative birth. Changes in labor management or increased use of nurse-midwives could decrease the rate of a first cesarean in low-risk laboring women.
Comparing Costs of Traditional and Specialty Probation for People With Serious Mental Illness.

Objective:Specialty mental health probation reduces the likelihood of rearrest for people with mental illness, who are overrepresented in the justice system. This study tested whether specialty pro...
Dysfunctional Mechanisms of Anti-inflammation in Aortic Stenosis

Aortic valve disease is the third most common cardiovascular disease in the United States, exceeded only by hypertension and coronary artery disease. Approximately 2–7 % of the population older than 65 years has aortic stenosis [1], and calcific aortic stenosis is the most common indication for valve replacement. Despite its prevalence, the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis is not well understood. In particular, the cellular mechanisms by which the aortic valve leaflets become calcified are unclear.
The use of knitted, woven and nonwoven fabrics in interior textiles

Abstract: Common fabric constructions included in this chapter are knit, lace, woven, and nonwoven. Discussion focuses on these fabric structures and their appropriateness for end use. Differences among fabrics and construction methods are identified in terms of appropriateness for end use, cost, appearance, texture, and performance. Fiberfill, down, leather, suede, and fur are also addressed. The contributions textiles make to interiors are described and some trends in the industry in terms of green or sustainable design are given.
Technology and dementia: The way ahead

This chapter is an overview of the future state of the art in using technology to help people remain functionally independent and in their residence of choice. This is perceived to be the direction and ultimate goal of dementia treatment and prevention. Of course methods and new approaches gained in striving toward an era of prevention may be immediately applicable to those who unfortunately nevertheless may succumb to dementing illnesses as well. This chapter describes first what current and then prospective generations of senior’s experiences and interactions can tell us about how technologies may be shaped and used in the future. This is followed by a vision of the future based on the view that the multiple technologies now available will continually undergo mixing and hybridization such that increasingly the home will become the basic unit of assessment and care provision in an environment of multifunctional ambient technology monitoring and health maintenance. Finally, key challenges to achieving this environment are described at the person level as well as the technical and systems level. Ultimately, these are perceived as challenges that can be surmounted ushering in an era of personalized health maintenance and care that also provides better population-based policy and management.
Initial evaluation of a direct 4D PET parametric image reconstruction method

1462 Objectives The goal of this study is to evaluate an algorithm for direct reconstruction of PET parametric images from a one-tissue (1T) kinetic model. Methods Replicates of a 10-cm spherical phantom with 3 regions (Gray matter (GM), White matter(WM) and Basal Ganglia(BG)) were simulated; each comprised a 1-h list mode file (~4x108 events) based on a measured input function, typical kinetic parameters, and C-11 decay. Parametric images were produced with a frame-based method (FM) and the direct 4D method. The FM reconstructed individual frames (21 frames: 6x30s, 3x60s, 2x120s, 10x300s) and estimated each voxel9s kinetic parameters from its time-activity curve with weighted least squares (weights based on noise equivalent counts). The 4D method, an extension of the MOLAR algorithm, was derived from a new likelihood function which incorporated the 1T model into the physical projection model, and employed a novel EM algorithm to estimate the kinetic parameters directly from the list-mode data. Both methods used ordered subsets (30 subsets, 2 iterations). Evaluation was based on each region’s bias and coefficient of variation (COV) across replicates. Results Percent bias of both methods were small, with Conclusions This study indicates that the direct 4D reconstruction method is a promising approach to reduce noise in parametric images. Additional evaluation both by simulation and with real data is required.
Pathophysiologie der plasmatisch bedingten Coagulopathien

In dieser Krankheitsgruppe werden alle hamorrhagischen Diathesen zusammengefast, die durch eine nicht cellular bedingte Storung des Gerinnungsablaufes verursacht werden. Die einzelnen wohl umschriebenen Krankheitsbilder unterscheiden sich nicht so sehr durch ihre klinische Symptomatologie als vielmehr durch charakteristische Veranderungen des Gerinnungsablaufes. Die Gerinnungsstorung ist meist angeboren, oft sogar in typischer Weise vererbt und manifestiert sich bereits kurze Zeit nach der Geburt oder aber in den ersten Lebensjahren. Neben diesen hamorrhagischen Diathesen im engeren Sinne konnen sich ahnliche Veranderungen einzelner Gerinnungsfaktoren symptomatisch im Laufe einer anderen Erkrankung, selten ohne erkennbare Ursache als sogenannte idiopathische Form im spateren Leben entwickeln. Die Veranderungen des Gerinnungsablaufes konnen durch einen Mangel oder vollstandiges Fehlen eines Gerinnungsfaktors oder durch Vermehrung eines Hemmstoffes bedingt sein. Bis vor kurzer Zeit wurde die Anschauung vertreten, das bei den angeborenen Gerinnungsstorungen immer nur ein Gerinnungsfaktor verandert ist, wahrend bei den erworbenen Formen mehrere Gerinnungsfaktoren gleichzeitig betroffen zu sein pflegen. Dieser Satz scheint sich nicht vollkommen aufrecht erhalten zu lassen, da in letzter Zeit gleichzeitige Verminderungen von Faktor VIII (AHF) und V bzw. von Faktor IX und VII bei Patienten mit angeborenen hamorrhagischen Diathesen beobachtet werden konnten [112, 284, 369] Allerdings scheint auch in diesen Fallen die Veranderung des einen Faktors die grundlegende, die des anderen nur eine begleitende von geringerer Bedeutung zu sein.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate protects against brain microvascular endothelial junctional protein disorganization and barrier dysfunction caused by alcohol.

Objective S1P has known endothelial barrier-protective properties, but whether this extends to the BBB is unclear. We hypothesized that alcohol-induced disruption of brain microvascular endothelial barrier function and junctional protein organization can be ameliorated by S1P treatment. Methods Cultured primary HBMEC monolayers were used to characterize endothelial-specific mechanisms of BBB regulation. TER and apparent permeability coefficients for albumin, dextran-4 kDa, and sodium fluorescein were used as indices of barrier function. Junctional localization of Claudin-5, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin was determined by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. S1P was applied following treatment with alcohol. Results Alcohol significantly impaired HBMEC TER. Application of S1P after alcohol treatment resulted in a hastened recovery to the baseline HBMEC TER. Alcohol-treated HBMEC had a significantly higher mean permeability than control that was reversed by S1P. Alcohol caused the formation of gaps between cells. Treatment with S1P (after alcohol) increased junctional localization of VE-Cadherin, Claudin-5, and β-catenin. Conclusions Alcohol impairs the barrier function and junctional organization of HBMEC monolayers. S1P enhanced barrier function and restored junctions in the presence of alcohol, and thus may be useful for restoring BBB function during alcohol intoxication.
RESOLUTION OF THE REGULATORY SYSTEMS OF THE CARDIAC SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ca2+ + Mg2+ -ATPase

Publisher Summary Muscle contraction is induced by the depolarization of sarcolemma. This depolarization is propagated to the transverse tubule causing the release of calcium (Ca) that is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In cardiac muscle, calcium also enters the cell through the slow calcium channels in the sarcolemma. The increased cytosolic calcium concentration leads to contraction. Relaxation occurs when calcium is removed from the cytoplasm by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemmal membrane systems. The sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane is involved in active transport of calcium, mediated by the activity of the Ca 2+ +Mg -ATPase, a 105K protein associated with it. The mechanism of coupling between ATP hydrolysis and calcium transport has been an issue of great interest, though not clearly defined as yet. The system exists both in the cardiac and skeletal muscles and considerable work has been accomplished in characterizing it from both tissue sources. The cardiac calcium transporting mechanism is more complex and relatively less understood. The complexity is attributed to the regulatory systems that are associated with it. β-adrenergic amines, such as norepinephrine, cause ionotropic and chronotropic effects in the heart. Thus, catecholamines cause an increase in peak tension; the shortening of the time to reach peak tension; and the shortening of the refractory period. The catecholamine action is attributed to a cascade reaction that is initiated by hormone–receptor interaction, leading to an increase in the intracellular c-AMP. This chapter presents studies to correlate the membrane phosphorylation status and the level of the ATPase function that is regulated.
Contributions of financial, social and natural capital to food security around Kanha National Park in central India

The well-being of people living around protected areas is critical in its own right as well as for effective conservation, particularly in human-dominated landscapes. We examine the contributions of financial, social, and natural capital to household food access of 883 households around Kanha National Park (KNP) in central India over three seasons. We use regression trees and mixed effects models to identify associations between natural, social, and financial capital indicators and household food access (an indicator of well-being). We find that food access is low in the KNP landscape with over 80% of households indicating lower than acceptable food consumption scores, with a further worsening in monsoon season. Financial capital (e.g., salaried jobs and proximity to towns for all seasons) is most prominently associated with higher food consumption scores. Moreover, households supplement incomes by converting social capital (e.g., 28% of surveyed households access “food in lieu of work or credit” in monsoon) and natural capital (e.g., 14% of surveyed households sold forest products in summer) to financial capital seasonally. Financial capital dwarfs contributions of social and natural capital around KNP, in contrast to other studies, which suggest that gains from natural capital are essential for well-being of people around protected areas. Management interventions, such as kitchen gardens (borne from human capital) to supplement market-bought produce, could contribute to food security without high financial inputs. However, food insecurity in the KNP landscape primarily relates to the lack of financial capital. Food security of people around protected areas in other human-dominated landscapes is likely to be context-specific and counter to frequent assumptions particularly as livelihood strategies change with increasing economic opportunities.
On Librarianship and/with Digital Scholarly Practice

This chapter argues that the new knowledge created by digital scholarly work needs to be recognized as collaboratively produced. Resulting from the expertise of both library professionals and academic scholars, work in the digital humanities is uniquely positioned at the intersection of different intellectual fields. Treating the economic and political issues that arise with the institutionalization of digital scholarship, Zafrin makes a case for greater recognition of the labor performed by librarians.