cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An introduction to the use of electronic tagging to provide insights into salmon migration and survival

The west coast of North America serves as home for five species of semelparous salmon and the iteroparous steelhead and cutthroat trout, all in the genus Oncorhynchus. Currently, only Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) reside in the rivers and streams of California’s Central Valley. By contrast, the coastal streams of California contain coho salmon (O. kisutch), Chinook salmon and, to a much lesser extent, cutthroat trout (O. clarki). The rivers and streams of the Central Valley are unique because they host four Chinook salmon runs identified by the season when most adults return to freshwater to spawn. These seasons include winter, spring, fall, and late-fall (Fry 1961; Stone 1874). Of the four runs, the fall run is the most abundant, largely due to supplementation by hatchery production (Fisher 1994). Fall-run juvenile Chinook salmon emigrate to the ocean soon after hatching. Some of their springrun and winter-run counterparts engage in similar conduct, thereby exhibiting what is known as ocean-type behavior. Late-fall and some spring-run juveniles use a different strategy, remaining in freshwater for a few weeks to several months before outmigrating to the ocean at a larger size. This pattern is described as stream-type behavior. The ocean-type juveniles spend relatively little time in streams and enter the ocean at a small size [80 mm fork length (FL)]. The stream-type juveniles enter the ocean at 120–180 mm FL. These larger stream-type smolts are also called yearlings. Central Valley steelhead are currently recognized only as winter run, although in the past there may have been a summer run as wIell (Needham et al. 1941). Juvenile steelhead vary in freshwater residency and age at ocean entry. While many enter the ocean as smaller sub-yearlings, others enter as larger yearlings or when even older. Populations of coho salmon migrate upstream and spawn in coastal streams and larger rivers outside of the Central Valley, especially in the area north of the Golden Gate, the estuarine exit for Central Valley salmonids. Today salmon populations are only a fraction of their historical abundance, primarily because of the loss of spawning habitat that has resulted from dam construction. Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon are classified as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, with Central Valley steelhead and spring-run Chinook salmon listed Environ Biol Fish (2013) 96:131–133 DOI 10.1007/s10641-012-0099-x
Tumor lipids: Characterization of the lipids isolated from membranous material

Abstract Membranous material was prepared from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by zonal centrifugation. The distribution of fatty acids among the individual neutral lipid and phospholipid classes isolated from the membrane preparation was determined. Survey electron microscopy indicated that the preparations consisted of vesicles of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomal-like structures, virus-like particles, few intact mitochondria, and unidentified amorphous material, in addition to plasma membranes. Lipids and proteins accounted for approximately one-third and two-thirds of the membranous material. Phospholipids accounted for two-thirds of the total lipids. The membranous material contained higher levels of free fatty acids, cholesterol, diacyl phosphatidyl choline, diacyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and lower levels of glyceryl ether diesters and cholesterol esters than whole cells. The fatty acid composition of all the lipid classes isolated from the membranous material, except phosphatidyl inositol and cholesterol esters, was similar to the fatty acid distribution of the corresponding classes obtained from whole cells. Cholesterol esters contained elevated levels of 16:1 and stearic acid accounted for 88% of phosphatidyl inositol fatty acids. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine isolated from the membranous preparations contained 1% or less alkyl acyl phosphatides, and plasmalogens were not detected. The lipids of whole Ehrlich ascites cells have been shown to contain high levels of ether-linked lipids, whereas these data indicate that alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers are virtually absent from membrane preparations of these cells. These results indicate that the ether-linked lipids are not distributed equally among all cell structures.
EBP, a Program for Protein Identification Using Multiple Tandem Mass Spectrometry Datasets

MS/MS combined with database search methods can identify the proteins present in complex mixtures. High throughput methods that infer probable peptide sequences from enzymatically digested protein samples create a challenge in how best to aggregate the evidence for candidate proteins. Typically the results of multiple technical and/or biological replicate experiments must be combined to maximize sensitivity. We present a statistical method for estimating probabilities of protein expression that integrates peptide sequence identifications from multiple search algorithms and replicate experimental runs. The method was applied to create a repository of 797 non-homologous zebrafish (Danio rerio) proteins, at an empirically validated false identification rate under 1%, as a resource for the development of targeted quantitative proteomics assays. We have implemented this statistical method as an analytic module that can be integrated with an existing suite of open-source proteomics software.
Phase control of HF chemical lasers for coherent optical recombination

A servo system for phase-locking two HF chemical lasers has been designed and simulated. A steady-state phase error is achieved that is adequate for coherent optical recombination. The results are based on the measured frequency drift of a small HF chemical laser and the measured frequency response of a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) mirror driver. A major innovation is the use of rate feedback with a laser Doppler sensor to extend the useful frequency response of the PZT driver.
Greenfield vs. Acquisition: The Strategy of Japanese Investors in the United States

Multinational firms can enter a foreign market by taking over existing local firms acquisitions or by setting up new ventures greenfield investments. Surprisingly, there has been limited empirical work on this topic. This paper examines the determinants of this choice by looking at Japanese entries into the United States. By focusing on firms of one country entering a single market, we are able to separate the impact of a firm's strategy from that of the characteristics of the target industry or country. This paper tests simultaneously a number of competing hypotheses. The results suggest that acquisitions are used by Japanese investors with weak competitive advantages, while investors with strong advantages find that greenfield investments are a more efficient way to transfer these advantages to the U.S. Acquisitions are also chosen to enter industries with either very high or very low growth rates, when entry is at a scale that is large relative to the parent, and when entry is into a different industry. The Japanese investor's previous experience of the U.S. market, its financial situation, and its status as a follower in an oligopolistic industry have no statistically significant impact on the entry mode. Neither do U.S. stock market conditions.
Nanoporous Ultralow Dielectric Constant Organosilicates Templated by Triblock Copolymers

Triblock polymers, poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO), are used as molecular templates in poly(methyl silsesquioxane) (MSQ) matrixes to fabricate nanoporous o...
Treatment of post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction: Aortic counterpulsation versus dobutamine

Abstract Background : Post resuscitation myocardial stunning is well described and recognized as a significant contributor to poor long-term outcome following cardiac arrest. Optimal strategies for treatment have not been determined. Methods : Ten domestic swine (49±3 kg) underwent 15 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation before being successfully resuscitated. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function was measured at pre-arrest baseline, at 30 min and at 6 h post resuscitation. Five animals were treated immediately after resuscitation with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) and five were given dobutamine (5 mcg/kg per min). Results : No baseline differences were found. At 30 min post resuscitation pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and LVEDP were significantly higher (16±3 vs. 7±1 and 20±2 vs. 11±1 mmHg) while LV isovolumic relaxation (‘Tau') was significantly longer (34±2 vs. 20±2 ms) in the IABP treated versus the dobutamine treated animals. Likewise, at 6 h post resuscitation LV ejection fraction was significantly less (21±6 vs. 39±4%), and LVEDP significantly higher (18 vs. 10 mmHg) in the IABP group. Heart rate was not different between the groups at any time post resuscitation. Conclusion : Dobutamine was superior to IABP for treatment of post resuscitation left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The hypothesized advantage of IABP for treatment of post resuscitation myocardial stunning without excessively raising the heart rate like dobutamine was not realized.
PET Scanning with (18)F 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (FDG) in Patients with Melanoma. Benefits and Limitations.

Abstract We reviewed our experience with positron imaging tomography (PET) scanning from 1996–1998 in 45 patients (51 scans) with high risk (n = 15) or recurrent melanoma (n = 30). Positive or negative PET findings were considered correct if confirmed or refuted by other radiologic modalities or biopsy within 6 weeks, or clinical follow up within 6 months. PET scans were usually obtained to make a decision regarding surgical management (29/51 scans, 57%) or to confirm that a patient was disease free (12/51 scans, 23%). PET results facilitated clinical decision making in 15/45 (33%) patients, often due to the detection of distant disease making a surgical procedure inappropriate (5/15, 33%). There were 3 false positive (6%) and 7 false negative (14%) PET scans. False negative scans occurred in patients with small volume disease of the lung (4 patients) or CNS (2 patients, 3 scans). Three patients had false positive scans. These were secondary to benign hepatic tumors and sarcoidosis (one patient each). One patient with stage IV melanoma had PET findings not confirmed by CT scanning or clinical follow-up. PET scanning was clinically useful in a third of patients in our initial experience, and false positives were uncommon. Small volume disease in the lung or CNS may be missed by PET, and additional imaging modalities should be obtained when patient management would be impacted.
Social defeat and the culture of chronicity: or, why schizophrenia does so well over there and so badly here

The history of the way schizophrenia has been conceptualized in American psychiatry has led us to be hesitant to explore the role of social causation in schizophrenia. But there is now good evidence for social impact on the course, outcome, and even origin of schizophrenia, most notably in the better prognosis for schizophrenia in developing countries and in the higher rates of schizophrenia for dark-skinned immigrants to England and the Netherlands. This article proposes that “social defeat” may be one of the social factors that may impact illness experience and uses original ethnographic research to argue that social defeat is a common feature of the social context in which many people diagnosed with schizophrenia in America live today.
Metabolism of C14 bradykinin in man

Although kinins have been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, often definitive proof of their involvement has been lacking. This situation exists because: 1) specific blockers of kinin liberation or utilization are not available, 2) kinins and related enzymes and proteins are difficult to measure, and 3) there are no known metabolites of kinins. In an attempt to get at some of the problems, the National Heart Institute has financed the synthesis of radioactive kinins and made them available to qualified researchers (1,2). The radioactive peptides have been invaluable in the development of a radioimmunoassay for bradykinin (3,4), the elucidation of a proteolytic mechanism of kinin inactivation in lung (5), the characterization of kinins in human urine (6), and, as reported here, study of the kinetics of kinin metabolism and characterization of urinary metabolites in man.
Mechanism of RNA double helix-propagation at atomic resolution.

The conversion of a nucleic acid from single strands to double strands is thought to involve slow nucleation followed by fast double-strand propagation. Here, for RNA double-strand propagation, we propose an atomic resolution reaction mechanism. This mechanism, called the stack-ratchet, is based on data-mining of threedimensional structures and on available thermodynamic information. The stack-ratchet mechanism extends and adds detail to the classic zipper model proposed by Porschke (Porschke, D. Biophysical Chemistry 1974, 2, pp. 97-101). Porschke’s zipper model describes the addition of a base pair to a nucleated helix in terms of a single type of elementary reaction; a concerted process in which the two bases, one from each strand, participate in the transition state. In the stack-ratchet mechanism proposed here a net base-pairing step consists of two elementary reactions. Motions of only one strand are required to achieve a given transition state. One elementary reaction preorganizes and stacks the 3′single-strand, driven by base-base stacking interactions. A second elementary reaction stacks the 5′strand and pairs it with the preorganized 3′strand. In the stackratchet mechanism, a variable length 3′stack leads the single-strand/double-strand junction. The stack-ratchet mechanism is not a two-state process. A base can be (i) unstacked and unpaired, (ii) stacked and paired, or (ii) stacked and unpaired (only on the 3′strand). The data suggests that helices of DNA and of RNA do not propagate by similar mechanisms.
Contractile protein gene expression in primary myotubes of embryonic mouse hindlimb muscles

The time course of contractile protein [actin, myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myosin light chain (MLC)] gene expression in the hindlimb muscles of the embryonic mouse (
Surface-plasmon enhanced fluorescence in CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots

We report surface-plasmon enhanced fluorescence in CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots via linear and nonlinear excitations. 2× and 10× fluorescence enhancements have been achieved for linear and nonlinear excitations, respectively.
Pelvic Revascularization During Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms (EVAR) has gained widespread acceptance in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Prospective studies have shown advantages compared with open surgical repair, including decreased blood loss, operating time, hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. Approximately 30% of patients treated by EVAR have ectatic or aneurysmal common iliac arteries not suitable for distal sealing zones. In these patients, one of the most commonly utilized options is exclusion of the internal iliac artery (IIA). Decreased pelvic perfusion carries the risk of ischemic complications, including buttock claudication, sexual dysfunction, and other devastating complications such as spinal cord injury, ischemic colitis, and gluteal muscle necrosis. This article summarizes the methods of pelvic revascularization in patients with aortoiliac aneurysms involving one or both common iliac arteries.
Update on Medical Practices That Should Be Questioned in 2015

Importance Overuse of medical care, consisting primarily of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, is a common clinical problem. Objectives To identify and highlight articles published in 2014 that are most likely to influence medical overuse, organized into the categories of overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and methods to avoid overuse, and to review these articles and interpret them for their importance to clinical medicine. Evidence Review A structured review of English-language articles in PubMed published in 2014 and a review of tables of contents of relevant journals to identify potential articles that related to medical overuse in adults. Findings We reviewed 910 articles, of which 440 addressed medical overuse. Of these, 104 were deemed most relevant based on the presentation of original data, quality of methods, magnitude of clinical effect, and number of patients potentially affected. The 10 most influential articles were selected by author consensus using the same criteria. Findings included lack of benefit for screening pelvic examinations (positive predictive value 90 days in 3% [1229 of 39 140] of patients). Conclusions and Relevance Many common medical practices should be reconsidered. It is anticipated that our review will promote reflection on these 10 articles and lead to questioning of other non–evidence-based practices.
Theory and Experiments of MEMS Thermal Biosensors

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of MEMS thermal biosensors in flow-through measurements of metabolites. A model is developed to consider convective heat transfer effects and enzyme kinetics using the Michaelis-Menton theory. Numerical solutions from the model are compared with experimental data obtained from a prototype MEMS thermal biosensor. Satisfactory agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results, indicating that the model is useful for designing MEMS thermal biosensors with optimized performance
Use of Specific rRNA Oligonucleotide Probes for Microscopic Detection of Mycobacterium avium Complex Organisms in Tissue

Members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are important environmental pathogens that are implicated in several chronic, idiopathic diseases. Diagnosis of MAC-based diseases is compromised by the need to cultivate these fastidious and slowly growing organisms in order to identify which mycobacterial species are present. Detection is particularly difficult when MAC is intracellular or embedded within mammalian tissues. We report on the development of culture-independent, in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for the detection of MAC in culture, sputum, and tissue. This assay includes a highly reliable technique for the permeabilization of mycobacterial cells within culture and tissues. We describe a set of rRNA-based oligonucleotide probes that specifically detect either M. intracellulare, the two M. avium subspecies associated with human disease, or all members of MAC. The results call into question the validity of ISH results derived by the use of other gene loci, such as IS900.
Advanced Metering for Phase Identification, Transformer Identification, and Secondary Modeling

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) offers utilities new ways to model and analyze distribution circuits. Results from two circuits introduce a new method to identify phasing of transformers and single-phase taps using voltage and kilowatt-hour measurements from AMI. In addition to phase identification, we show how to use the same approach to create or check meter-to-transformer mappings. These algorithms are based on linear regression and basic voltage drop relationships. With this approach, secondary connectivity and impedance models can be auto generated. In addition, detection of unmetered load appears possible. Also demonstrated is use of AMI to estimate primary-side voltage profiles.
The origin of P elements in Drosophila melanogaster.

The P family of transposable genetic elements is thought to be a recent addition to the Drosophila melanogaster genome. New evidence suggests that the elements came from another Drosophila species, possibly carried by parasitic mites. The transposition mechanism of P elements involves DNA gap repair which may have facilitated their rapid spread through D. melanogaster worldwide. These results provide new insight into the process of a transpo-son's invasion into a new species and the potential risk of extinction such an invasion might entail.
Generalizing Newcomers' Relational and Organizational Identifications: Processes and Prototypicality

A recent theoretical proposal is that relational identification generalizes to organizational identification through affective, cognitive, and behavioral mediating mechanisms. The generalization pr...
Integrated optics technology for quantum information processing in atomic systems

Scalable quantum information processing in ion traps or neutral atoms requires highly integrated and functional optical systems for qubit manipulation and detection. We discuss and demonstrate integrated optics technologies that are relevant for this application.
Evaluating Our Tenure: 2012

e 1 s m c It’s mid-year 2012 and we’re into the 18th—and penultimate—year of our tenure as the editorial team of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. When we took the reins in late 1994, about 140 unsolicited papers were being submitted to AJPM annually. This year, we anticipate that over 1250 unsolicited manuscripts will be thrown “over the transom” into our editorial office. During the first years, the papers arrived in triplicate in large manila envelopes; since 1998, they’ve arrived via an electronic format—through an online submission program. In 1995, in the first issue published under our tenure, we assured AJPM’s readers that we would maintain a reputation of excellence in prevention science, andwould strive to include material on prevention research, policy, education, and practice; that we would maintain quality standards for the Journal through rigorous editorial and peer review of its content. In that editorial, while we were not prescient enough to predict the revolution in wireless and mobile technologies (Apple stock was trading then for less than $10/share) we also stated:
Technology Features and Design Tools for mm-wave Applications in CMOS

Leading-edge CMOS provides transistor performance that, by traditional measures, is more than adequate for implementing millimetre-wave transceivers. Analogue and RF design is supported by device-level libraries and extraction tools. Simple extensions to these will allow rapid design cycles for millimetre-wave applications.
Enabling scalable self-management for enterprise-scale systems

Implementing self-management for enterprise systems is difficult. First, the scale and complexity of such systems makes it hard to understand and interpret system behavior or worse, the root causes of certain behaviors. Second, it is not clear how the goals specified at a system-level translate to component-level actions that drive the system. Third, the dynamic environments in which such systems operate requires self-management techniques that not only adapt the system but also adapt their own decision making processes. Finally, to build a self-management solution that is acceptable to administrators, it should have the properties of tractability and trust, which allow an administrator to both understand and fine-tune self-management actions. This dissertation work introduces, implements, and evaluates iManage, a novel system state-space based framework for enabling self-management of enterprise-scale systems. The system state-space, in iManage, is defined to be a collection of monitored system parameters and metrics (termed system variables). In addition, from amongst the system variables, it identifies the variables of interest, which determine the operational status of a system, and the controllable variables, which are the ones that can be deterministically modified to affect the operational status of a system. Using this formal representation, we have developed and integrated into iManage techniques that establish a probabilistic model relating the variables of interest and the controllable variables under the prevailing operational conditions. Such models are then used by iManage to determine corrective actions in case of SLA violations and/or to determine per-component ranges for controllable variables, which if independently adhered to by each component, lead to SLA compliance. To address the issue of scale in determining system models, iManage makes use of a novel state-space partitioning scheme that partitions the state-space into smaller sub-spaces thereby allowing us to more precisely model the critical system aspects. Our chosen modeling techniques are such that the generated models can be easily understood and modified by the administrator. Furthermore, iManage associates each proposed self-management action with a confidence-attribute that determines whether the action in question merits autonomic enforcement or not.
Educational disparity in obesity among U.S. adults, 1984–2013

Abstract Purpose Examine the annual trends in educational disparity in obesity among U.S. adults aged 18 years and more from 1984 to 2013. Methods Secondary data analysis of 6,147,379 participants in a repeated cross-sectional nationally representative health survey of U.S. adults. Results The obesity prevalence among people with primary school or lower education increased from 17.46% or 3.41 times the prevalence among college graduates (5.12%) in 1984 to 36.16% or 1.73 times the prevalence among college graduates (20.94%) in 2013. In any given year, the obesity prevalence increased monotonically with lower education level. The obesity prevalence across education subgroups without a college degree gradually converged since early 2000s, whereas that between those subgroups and college graduates diverged since late 1980s. Absolute educational disparity in obesity widened by 60.84% to 61.14% during 1984–2013 based on the absolute concentration index and the slope index of inequality, respectively; meanwhile, relative educational disparity narrowed by 52.06% to 52.15% based on the relative index of inequality and the relative concentration index, respectively. The trends in educational disparity in obesity differed substantially by gender, race/ethnicity, age group, and obesity severity. Conclusions There was substantial educational disparity in obesity among U.S. adults and the trend differed across population subgroups.
LONG-TERM RESULTS OF RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY IN MEN WITH HIGH GRADE CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE

ABSTRACTPurpose: We sought to determine the efficacy of radical retropubic prostatectomy in men with high grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a population that had not been screened for prostate specific antigen (PSA).Materials and Methods: An inception cohort of 116 men surgically treated for prostate cancer between 1980 and 1991 was created in April 1992 and prospectively followed thereafter. Median followup was 7 years (range 2.2 to 14.6).Results: The major cause of death in this group of men was prostate cancer, not competing causes. Ten-year disease specific survival was 96% for organ confined (stage pT2c or less) and 78% for unconfined (stage pT3a or greater) disease. Five and 10-year PSA progression-free survival by pathological stage was 83 and 53% for organ confined disease, and 34 and 22% for unconfined disease with negative pelvic lymph node dissection (p = 0.001). Five and 10-year metastasis-free survival was 96% for organ confined disease, and 81 and 62% for unconfined disease (p = 0.011)...
Release of neurosecretory granules within the corpus allatum in relation to the regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis in Diploptera punctata.

Abstract The release of neurosecretory granules within the corpora allata (CA) of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata has been compared in glands with intact nerves from the brain (Brain–CA) and those detached from the brain. Measurements of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis in vitro, comparing these two conditions of the CA at several stages of vitellogenesis in adult females, showed lower production of hormone in Brain–CA complexes than in CA alone. Glands treated with tannic acid to trap exocytotic granules before fixation for electron microscopical examination showed, in sample sections, 10 times more exocytotic profiles in the glands with intact nerves to the brain than in the isolated glands. Sections treated with antibody against allatostatin I (Dip 7), a member of the neuropeptide family that inhibits JH synthesis by CA in vitro, showed neurosecretory granules in allatostatin immunoreactive nerves to be 75±4% of the granules in the sample of sections of CA. Because the total quantity of allatostatin in CA was found by ELISA not to vary significantly with changes in JH synthesis, it is concluded that the lower rates of JH synthesis by glands with intact nerves to the brain are most likely due to the release of small amounts of allatostatin within the CA.
Implantable left ventricular assist device for patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defect

The mortality for patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) remains high because of extensive ventricular infarction and cardiogenic shock. 1 Attempts to bridge patients with VSD to transplantation are complicated by technical difficulties because of necrotic muscle at the site of left ventricular apical cannulation and previously placed patches for VSD repair. We report 2 patients with cardiogenic shock after VSD repair who were bridged to transplant with implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. Clinical Summaries PATIENT 1. A 57-year-old man was transferred 2 days after an anterior wall myocardial infarction with a large left-to-right shunt on an intra-aortic balloon pump and inotropic support. The anterior VSD was repaired with a bovine pericardial patch similar to the technique of David et al. 2 The postoperative course was complicated by ongoing cardiogenic shock, despite maximal inotropic and intra-aortic balloon pump support. Despite no residual shunt, the patient had impending multiple organ failure. Seven days after VSD repair, a HeartMate pneumatic LVAD (Thermo Cardiosystems, Inc, Woburn, Mass) was implanted. At the operation, the left ventricle was opened at the apex, leaving the patch undisturbed on the septum. The inflow cannula cuff was sutured to the apex of the left ventricle with horizontal mattress sutures and buttressed with a strip of felt, with the inflow cannula oriented toward the mitral valve. The patient was weaned off inotropic drugs with right ventricular function preserved. He was transferred to a nursing floor, and the only postoperative complication was a Staphylococcus aureus infection, which was successfully treated with antibiotics. LVAD explantation and cardiac transplantation were performed on the 73rd day of LVAD support, and the patient was discharged 10 days after transplantation. Five years after transplantation, the patient is alive and well. PATIENT 2. A 54-year-old man underwent emergency anterior VSD patch closure and coronary artery bypass. His postoperative convalescence was complicated by congestive heart failure, but the patient eventually was transferred to a rehabilitation facility. He was transferred to our hospital because of persistent congestive heart failure and was listed for transplantation. He had progressive deterioration requiring 2 inotropic drugs, and a Novacor LVAD (World Heart Corp, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) was implanted. The left ventricular apex was opened, and the patch was left on the septum. The inflow cannula was placed and secured with the same technique used in patient 1. After a slow recovery caused by cardiac cachexia, he was discharged from the hospital. His postLVAD course was complicated by a transient ischemic attack and high panel-reactive antibody titers. On postoperative day 91 after LVAD implantation, the patient underwent LVAD explantation and cardiac transplantation. The patient was discharged home 13 days after transplantation and is alive and well 3 years after the operation.
The use of learning rate, recall and listener confidence ratings to assess effects of acoustically distorted speech stimuli.

The present investigation was concerned with the application of three listener performance tasks; learning rate, recall, and listener confidence ratings as criteria for evaluating speech communication systems. Lists of 24 words, equal in intelligibility and content but differing in acoustic quality were presented auditorily to five groups of listeners. Both learning rate and the listener confidence ratings varied systematically with the type and severity of signal distortion. The results indicated that learning rate and listener confidence ratings are sensitive to signal distortion and may prove useful as criteria for assessing speech communication systems.
Progress towards laser cooling in semiconductors

We describe a mechanism for cooling semiconductors via laser excitation, radiative recombination, and efficient coupling of the emitted light. Preliminary experimental results on lattice matched InGaAs/InP with an index-matching silicon lens are presented. The external radiative efficiency of the structure is approximately 49% at room temperature, a record high for spontaneous emission at this technologically important wavelength (1.6 μm coincides with a major optical communications band). While this efficiency is well below that required for refrigeration, extrapolation to 77K bodes well for laser cooling in this device.
I Can Tell When You're Telling Lies: Metadata in Litigation and Transactional Practice

This article analyzes the ethical duties arising from metadata and other embedded data that accompanies Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and other computer files. It analyzes how the duty of competency requires lawyers to remove embedded data, and describes how the duty of confidentiality and fairness to opposing counsel may require lawyers to notify the sender of a document containing metadata of its receipt.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is associated with impairment of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)

NAFLD impacts patient reported outcomes (PROs). Our aim was to assess the impact of NAFLD on patients’ HRQOL. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2011 data were used to identify adult patients with NAFLD [Fatty Liver Index (FLI) > 60 in absence of other liver disease and excessive alcohol >20 g/day for men, >10 g/day for women]. Patients with other chronic diseases (ex. HIV, cancer, end-stage kidney disease) were excluded. Subjects without any of these conditions were healthy controls. HCV RNA (+) patients were HCV-controls. All patients completed NHANES HRQOL-4 questionnaire. Linear regression determined the association between NAFLD and HRQOL components adjusting for age, gender, race, and BMI. Participants with complete data were included (n = 9661); 3333 NAFLD (age 51 years and BMI 34 kg/m2); 346 HCV+ (age 49 years; BMI 27 kg/m2) and 5982 healthy controls (age 48 years and BMI 26 kg/m2). The proportion of subjects rating their health as “fair” or “poor” in descending order were HCV controls (30 %) NAFLD (20 %) and healthy controls (10 %) (p < 0.001). HRQOL-4 components scores 2–4 were lowest for HCV, followed by NAFLD and then healthy controls (p-values p = 0.011 to < .0001). After adjustment for age, gender, race, and BMI, NAFLD patients were 18–20 % more likely to report days when their physical health wasn’t good or were unable to perform daily activities as a result (p < .0001). NAFLD causes impairment of HRQOL. As NAFLD is becoming the most important cause of CLD, its clinical and PRO impact must be assessed.
Summary of the Highlights of the Conference

Attempts at being unbiased in summarizing the results of a scientific conference such as ICES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM usually fail because of unavoidable personal preferences for particular topics. Nevertheless, I shall do my best to be impartial in presenting the highlights of the subjects discussed during this very fruitful and interesting meeting.
Examining weight and eating behavior by sexual orientation in a sample of male veterans.

Abstract Objective Eating disorders are understudied in men and in sexual minority populations; however, extant evidence suggests that gay men have higher rates of disordered eating than heterosexual men. The present study examined the associations between sexual orientation, body mass index (BMI), disordered eating behaviors, and food addiction in a sample of male veterans. Method Participants included 642 male veterans from the Knowledge Networks-GfK Research Panel. They were randomly selected from a larger study based on previously reported trauma exposure; 96% identified as heterosexual. Measures included the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale, the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and self-reported height and weight. Results Heterosexual and sexual minority men did not differ significantly in terms of BMI. However, gay and bisexual men ( n =24) endorsed significantly greater eating disorder symptoms and food addiction compared to heterosexual men. Conclusions Our findings that sexual minority male veterans may be more likely to experience eating disorder and food addiction symptoms compared to heterosexual male veterans highlight the importance of prevention, assessment, and treatment efforts targeted to this population.
A novel tomographic optical breast imaging system to simultaneously co-register x-ray tomosynthesis

We constructed a novel tomographic optical breast imager with simultaneous x-ray tomosynthesis co-registration. It consists of a continuous wave and a frequency encoded frequency domain imaging unit connected to an x-ray translucent fiber optic probe.
Modulation of tissue repair by regeneration enhancer elements

How tissue regeneration programs are triggered by injury has received limited research attention. Here we investigate the existence of enhancer regulatory elements that are activated in regenerating tissue. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that leptin b (lepb) is highly induced in regenerating hearts and fins of zebrafish. Epigenetic profiling identified a short DNA sequence element upstream and distal to lepb that acquires open chromatin marks during regeneration and enables injury-dependent expression from minimal promoters. This element could activate expression in injured neonatal mouse tissues and was divisible into tissue-specific modules sufficient for expression in regenerating zebrafish fins or hearts. Simple enhancer-effector transgenes employing lepb-linked sequences upstream of pro- or anti-regenerative factors controlled the efficacy of regeneration in zebrafish. Our findings provide evidence for ‘tissue regeneration enhancer elements’ (TREEs) that trigger gene expression in injury sites and can be engineered to modulate the regenerative potential of vertebrate organs. An injury-dependent enhancer element is identified that activates gene expression in regenerating zebrafish tissues and can be engineered into DNA constructs that increase tissue regenerative capacity; the element is also active in injured mouse tissue. Ken Poss and colleagues identify an injury-dependent enhancer element that activates gene expression in regenerating zebrafish tissues. They find that the element, which they term a 'tissue regeneration enhancer element' (TREE), is divisible into tissue-specific modules that can each direct expression in zebrafish hearts or fins. The identified element can be used to direct the expression of pro- or anti-regenerative factors in zebrafish tissues and thus control the efficiency of regeneration. Finally, by engineering TREEs upstream of mitogenic factor genes, the authors demonstrate their ability to boost tissue repair in injured mouse tissue.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Airspace Complexity for Air Traffic Controller Workload-Based Sectorization

*† We develop an Air Traffic Controller (ATC) workload-based methodology for airspace sectorization. As an initial step, we partition the US National Airspace into three layers with different altitude ranges. The range of each layer is based on the operational levels in low, high, and ultra-high airspace. Each layer is further tiled to 2,566 hexagonal cells (hex-cells) with 24 nautical mile sides. These hex-cells are assumed to be the finite elements of airspace and ATC workload is modeled for each hex-cell using various airspace metrics. We simulate a one-day scenario of the entire National Airspace System (NAS) and calculate the ATC workload for each hex-cell. Furthermore, we apply new visualization techniques to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the controller workload. Having the workload values for each cell for the entire day, we develop clustering algorithms using optimization theory to cluster cells and construct sectors. Our effort concentrates on simulation as a means to evaluate cognitive workload for the elements of airspace regardless of current sector and center boundaries.
Cutaneous vesicostomy with direct intravesical application of formalin: management of severe vesical hemorrhage resulting from high dose cyclophosphamide in boys

A severe form of hemorrhagic cystitis occurs when high doses of cyclophosphamide are administered before bone marrow transplantation. Severe vesical bleeding in male children is difficult to manage because the small urethra precludes the use of large catheters for bladder irrigation and clot removal. We report on the use of cutaneous vesicostomy with the instillation of 4% formalin to control bleeding in 3 boys.
Variational Methods for Design Sensitivity Analysis of Nonlinear Response with History Dependent Effects

In this paper, general sensitivity analysis for structural systems with nonlinear response is developed. Both geometric and response history dependent material nonlinearities are considered. A variational formulation unifying the conventional and shape design problems is employed. Two approaches for sensitivity analysis, i.e., the direct differentiation and the adjoint structure, are developed. The difficulties associated with nonlinear sensitivity analysis and relative advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed.
Quarks, diquarks and pentaquarks

In the early 1960s particle physicists found that they had wandered into a jungle. They were confronted by a bewildering array of particles called hadrons that did not appear to follow any discernible pattern. Murray Gell-Mann eventually tamed this hadronic jungle by proposing that all hadrons are made up of combinations of more fundamental particles called quarks: mesons contain a quark and an antiquark, while baryons contain three quarks. Some physicists found this bold hypothesis difficult to swallow at first, but for four decades these two basic "body plans"have been more or less adequate to accommodate the many new hadrons that have turned up in experiments.
Prevalence and reasons for delaying and foregoing necessary care by the presence and type of disability among working-age adults

Abstract Background While it is commonly accepted that disparities in unmet need for care vary by age, race/ethnicity, income, education, and access to care, literature documenting unmet needs experienced by adults with different types of disabilities is developing. Objective The main objective was to determine whether subgroups of people with disabilities are more likely than people without disabilities to delay/forgo necessary care, in general and among the insured. Methods We used pooled Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data (2004–2010) to examine delaying or forgoing medical, dental, and pharmacy care among five disability subgroups (physical, cognitive, visual, hearing, multiple) and the non-disabled population. Logistic regression was conducted to examine delayed/forgone care, controlling for sociodemographic, health, and health care factors. Results Over 13% of all working-age adults delayed/forwent necessary care; lack of insurance was the strongest predictor of unmet needs. Among the insured, disability subgroups were greater than two times more likely to report delayed/forgone care than adults without disabilities. Insured working-age adults with multiple chronic conditions and those with ADL/IADL assistance needs had higher odds of delayed or forgone care than their peers without these characteristics. Reasons related to affordability were most often listed as leading to unmet needs, regardless of disability. Conclusion Although insurance status most strongly predicted unmet needs for care, many people with insurance delayed/forewent necessary care. Even among the insured, all disability subgroups had significantly greater likelihood of having to delay/forgo care than those without disabilities. Differences also existed between the disability subgroups. Cost was most frequently cited reason for unmet needs.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia worsens bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to increased mortality in pulmonary fibrosis. Its key feature, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation, known to lead to fibrotic pathology in other organs. We tested the effects of CIH in an animal model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Sprague Dawley rats were instilled intratracheally with bleomycin (Blm) or saline (Sal), and exposed to CIH or normal air (Norm) for 9 or 30 days. Pulmonary function was tested and lungs were harvested for histological and molecular analyses. In Blm-treated animals, 30days of CIH compared to Norm increased total lung collagen content (p=0.008) and reduced Quasi-static lung compliance (p=0.04). CIH upregulated lipid peroxidation and increased NF-κB activation, IL-17 mRNA and Col1α1 mRNA expression. Our results indicate that following Blm-induced lung injury, CIH amplifies collagen deposition via oxidative and inflammatory pathways, culminating in stiffer lungs. Thus, OSA may augment fibrosis in patients with interstitial lung disease.
Controls on the distribution of fluorescent dissolved organic matter during an under-ice algal bloom in the western Arctic Ocean

In this study we used fluorescence excitation and emission matrix spectroscopy, hydrographic data, and a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to assess the spatial distribution of labile and refractory fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) for the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas at the time of a massive under-ice phytoplankton bloom during early summer 2011. Biogeochemical properties were assessed through decomposition of water property classes and sample classification that employed a SOM neural network-based analysis which classified 10 clusters from 269 samples and 17 variables. The terrestrial, humic-like component FDOM (ArC1, 4.98 ± 1.54 Quinine Sulfate Units (QSU)) and protein-like component FDOM (ArC3, 1.63 ± 0.88 QSU) were found to have elevated fluorescence in the Lower Polar Mixed Layer (LPML) (salinity ~29.56 ± 0.76). In the LPML water mass, the observed contribution of meteoric water fraction was 17%, relative to a 12% contribution from the sea ice melt fraction. The labile ArC3-protein-like component (2.01 ± 1.92 QSU) was also observed to be elevated in the Pacific Winter Waters mass, where the under-ice algal bloom was observed (~40-50 m). We interpreted these relationships to indicate that the accumulation and variable distribution of the protein-like component on the shelf could be influenced directly by sea ice melt, transport, and mixing processes and indirectly by the in situ algal bloom and microbial activity. ArC5, corresponding to what is commonly considered marine humic FDOM, indicated a bimodal distribution with high values in both the freshest and saltiest waters. The association of ArC5 with deep, dense salty water is consistent with this component as refractory humic-like FDOM, whereas our evidence of a terrestrial origin challenges this classic paradigm for this component.