cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perturbation theory for the Stark effect in the hyperfine structure of alkali-metal atoms

We have studied the quadratic Stark effect on the hyperfine structure in the ground states of the alkali-metal atoms, lithium through cesium. In evaluating the leading perturbation terms, we have utilized two sets of first-order wave functions, corresponding respectively to perturbations of the atomic wave functions by the electric field and by the nuclear moment. The perturbed wave-functions were obtained by solving the appropriate differential equations in first-order perturbation theory. The theoretical results agree very well with the recent experimental data for the entire series of alkali-metal atoms. A discussion of the relation of our theoretical results to earlier ones in some of the alkali-metal atoms is also presented.
A carbon budget for Brazil: Influence of future land-use change

Because of its large area of high C density forests and high deforestation rate, Brazil may play an important role in the global C cycle. The study reported here developed an estimate of Brazil's biotic CO2-C budget for the period 1990–2010. The analysis used a spreadsheet C accounting model based on three major components: a conceptual model of ecosystem C cycling, a recently completed vegetation classification developed from remote-sensing data, and published estimates of C density for each of the vegetation classes. The dynamics of the model came from estimates of disturbance to ecosystems that release C and estimates of recovery from past disturbance that store C. The model was projected into the future with three alternative estimates of the rate of future land use change. Under all three deforestation scenarios Brazil was a C source in the range of about 3–5 × 109 MgC over the 20-yr study period.
Sculpting a Pre-planetary Nebula with a Precessing Jet: IRAS 16342–3814

We have imaged the bipolar pre-planetary nebula IRAS 16342-3814 with the Keck adaptive optics (AO) system in four near-infrared bands in the 1.6-4.7 (micro)m range. The lobes, which showed smoothly varying brightness distributions in previous optical images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, have a limb-brightened appearance in the AO images, with a remarkable corkscrew structure inscribed on the lobe walls. A well-collimated, precessing jet with a diameter less than or approximately equal to 100 AU and a precession period less than or approximately equal to 50 yr, interacting with ambient circumstellar material, is most likely responsible for the corkscrew structure and the lobes, as indicated by a detailed comparison of our observations with published numerical simulations. The very red colors of the lobes in the near-infrared, coupled with their visibility at optical wavelengths, require that at least half, but not all, of the light of the central star be trapped by a compact circumstellar dust cloud heated to approximately 600-700 K and reradiated in the infrared. The lobes are thus illuminated both by the infrared light from this dust cloud as well as by the optical light from the central star.
The analysis and modelling of dilatational terms in compressible turbulence

It is shown that the dilatational terms that need to be modeled in compressible turbulence include not only the pressure-dilatation term but also another term - the compressible dissipation. The nature of these dilatational terms in homogeneous turbulence is explored by asymptotic analysis of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. A non-dimensional parameter which characterizes some compressible effects in moderate Mach number, homogeneous turbulence is identified. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of isotropic, compressible turbulence are performed, and their results are found to be in agreement with the theoretical analysis. A model for the compressible dissipation is proposed; the model is based on the asymptotic analysis and the direct numerical simulations. This model is calibrated with reference to the DNS results regarding the influence of compressibility on the decay rate of isotropic turbulence. An application of the proposed model to the compressible mixing layer has shown that the model is able to predict the dramatically reduced growth rate of the compressible mixing layer.
Depletion of eugenol residues from the skin-on fillet tissue of rainbow trout exposed to 14C-labeled eugenol

Abstract The U.S. is lagging in access to an approved immediate-release sedative, i.e. a compound that can be safely and effectively used to sedate fish and has no withdrawal period. AQUI-S® 20E (10% active ingredient, eugenol) is under investigation as an immediate-release sedative for freshwater finfish. Because of its investigational status, data are needed to characterize the depletion, distribution, and identity of AQUI-S® 20E residues in fillet tissue. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to uniformly ring labeled 14C-eugenol at a nominal concentration of 10 mg/L for 60 min in 18 °C water. Fish (n = 6) were sampled immediately after the exposure (0 min) then at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. Eugenol concentrations and characterization of 14C residues in the fillet tissue were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography and flow-through liquid scintillation counting techniques. Total 14C-residue burdens in fillet tissue were determined by tissue oxidation and static liquid scintillation counting techniques. Maximum eugenol and 14C-eugenol equivalent residue concentrations in the fillet tissue were measured immediately after the exposure (44.5 and 38.8 μg/g, respectively). Eugenol was the primary 14C-residue (> 90% of all 14C-residues) in extracts from fillet tissue taken from fish sampled immediately after the exposure (0 min) and from fish sampled at 30 and 60 min after the exposure. The depletion of 14C-eugenol residues from the fillet tissue was rapid (t1/2 = 26.25 min) after transferring the exposed fish to fresh flowing water.
Existence of solitary waves in higher dimensions

The elliptic equation Δu=F(u) possesses non-trivial solutions inR n which are exponentially small at infinity, for a large class of functionsF. Each of them provides a solitary wave of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation.
A unified framework for energy efficient physical activity tracking

A unified framework of joint state tracking and control design is proposed for energy-efficient physical activity tracking in heterogeneous Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). The objective is to devise sensor selection strategies for the WBAN's fusion center to optimize the trade-off between tracking performance and energy consumption. Our recently proposed Kalman-like estimator is employed for state tracking. The associated mean-squared error and an appropriate energy consumption metric are used in a partially observable Markov decision process formulation to derive the optimal selection strategy. A low-complexity suboptimal strategy is also proposed. Numerical results are provided using real WBAN experimental data.
How work ideologies shape the psychological contracts of professional employees: doctors' responses to perceived breach

This study suggests that the psychological contract between a professional and his/her employing organization is shaped by both professional and administrative work ideologies and therefore involves both professional and administrative roles and perceived role obligations. It is also suggested that because of important differences between these two ideologies, a professional employee's response to perceptions that his/her organization is not fulfilling its role obligations will depend on whether the perceived breach involves professional or administrative obligations. Hypotheses based on this general proposition were strongly supported in a sample of medical professionals. Specifically, results suggest that perceived breaches of administrative role obligations are most strongly associated with dissatisfaction, thoughts of quitting, and turnover whereas perceived breaches of professional role obligations are most strongly associated with lower organizational commitment and job performance (productivity and client satisfaction). Implications for theory and research on the dimensionality of the psychological employment contract and on the employment of professionals are considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of detergent complex on the rate of secretion of gastric juice and its components in total pouches of the stomach.

Several analyses of the gastric juice of isolated stomach pouches are presented before and after oral administration of RD 11, a detergent complex. These analyses show a trend of inhibition of the secretion of total available pepsin, and lysozyme, but not much change in the acidity of the secretion. The viscosity increases in the post-medicated samples, as does the amount of mucin per sample. A humoral or/and nervous inhibition mechanism therefore seems to be concerned here.
The Taste to Come: The Lick of Faith & the Other-Mouths of Messianism

This article exploits a core defect in the phenomenology of sensation and self. Although phenomenology has made great strides in redeeming the body from cognitive solipsisms that often follow short-sighted readings of Descartes and Kant, it has not grappled with the specific kind of corporeal self-reflexivity that emerges in the oral sense of taste with the thoroughness it deserves. This path is illuminated by the works of Martin Luther, Jean-Luc Marion, and Jacques Derrida as they attempt to think through the specific phenomena accessible through the lips, tongue, and mouth. Their attempts are, in turn, supplemented with detours through Walter Benjamin, Helene Cixous, and Friedrich Nietzsche. The paper draws attention to the German distinction between Geschmack and Kosten as well as the role taste may play in relation to faith, the call to love, justice, and messianism. The messiah of love and justice will have been that one who proclaims: taste the flesh.
A 3D Numerical Simulation of a Cylindrical Towel Heater With Symmetric and Asymmetric Heating

In this study a cylindrical towel heater filled with air is simulated numerically in three-dimensions, with the cylinder being heated electrically from the side. The objective is to investigate the efficiency of the heating process as to maintain the towel at a certain temperature, higher than the ambient temperature (ambient temperature outside the heating cylinder), with the heating being symmetric or asymmetric. The process is modeled analytically assuming the towel as a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium, saturated with air, and enclosed by the cylinder. The cylinder wall is heated with a constant, symmetric or asymmetric heat flux, with the bottom surface assumed adiabatic and the top isothermal in equilibrium with the ambient air. The porous-continuum mass, momentum and energy equations for the natural convection inside the cylinder, derived through volume averaging the continuum equations with appropriate closure equations, are written in nondimensional form and solved numerically using the finite-volume method. A parametric study is then performed, after identifying suitable ranges for the parameters involved, to identify the effects of the several controlling parameters, namely the cylinder heating strength (the Rayleigh number), the towel permeability (the Darcy number), form coefficient (the dimensionless form coefficient), and thermal diffusivity (modified Prandtl number). The results, in terms of volume-averaged and surface-averaged temperatures and Nusselt numbers, indicate that the Darcy and Rayleigh numbers have a predominant effect on the natural convection process inside the cylinder, with the inertia coefficient and the modified Prandtl number having lesser influence on the results. For the asymmetric heating configuration, the resulting Nusselt number is higher while the volume-averaged temperature is lower, as compared to the symmetric heating. Hence, a symmetric heating is preferable if a high average towel temperature is the objective of the heater. If a more efficient heating process is sought, on the other hand, than the asymmetric option should be the best alternative.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Secretion of active bovine somatotropin in Escherichia coli.

We have expressed a chimeric protein, comprising the LamB secretion signal sequence fused to mature bovine somatotro-pin (bST), in Escherichia coli. Plasmid constructs with the recA promoter showed significant protein accumulation prior to induction and cell lysis occurred after induction. In contrast, the lacUV5 promoter was tightly regulated. With the lacUV5 promoter, temperature and inducer concentration had significant effects on the total amount of recombinant protein produced and the fraction processed to mature bST. Quantitation of bST from shake flask cultures showed that 1–2 μg/ml/OD550 could be released from the periplasm by osmotic shock. N-terminal sequence analysis of the purified protein indicated that the majority of the secreted bST was correctly processed. The bST present in the osmotic shock fraction was judged to be correctly folded by comigration with oxidized methionyl-bST standard on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel and activity in a bovine liver radioreceptor assay. These results provide a rapid method to produce bST for use in structure-function studies.
Modeling and monitoring of polymorphic transformations during the drying phase of wet granulation.

Purpose. The purpose of this work was to monitor polymorphic transformations of glycine during the drying phase of a wet granulation and model the polymorphic conversions using a time-based reconciliation model.
Determination for the critical damage factor of a perfect brittle rock

Abstract The purpose of the paper is to find a simple way which can be used to determine the critical damage factor for perfect brittle rock. Phenomenological method is employed to introduce a new characteristic variable—continuous degree, which represents the distance between two contiguous micro-flaws in rock. The mapping relationship between damage factor and continuous degree is deduced. According to the size distribution function of fragments, the theoretically critical value of damage factor is obtained.
Don't get “hooked” by phishing scams

Right this minute, someone has “gone phishing”— hoping to catch you, your company employees, or your customers. Criminals are duping computer users into revealing sensitive information— including bank accounts, social security numbers, credit card numbers, passwords, and more. Here's how to escape getting caught. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of papillary plasma flow by angiotensin II

Regulation of papillary plasma flow by angiotensin II. We examined in anesthetized dogs the effects of left (L) intrarenal artery infusion of angiotensin II (AII) on renal hemodynamics, urinary concentration and Na excretion, and papillary plasma flow (PPF) (measured by the albumin accumulation technique) in both kidneys. Following AII infusion (0.5 ng/kg/min) into the L renal artery, urinary Na excretion decreased and osmolality increased slightly ipsilaterally, whereas Na excretion did not change significantly and osmolality decreased in the right (R) kidney. PPF was significantly lower in the L compared to the R kidney. When saline loading was superimposed on L intrarenal AII infusion, there was a blunted natriuretic response ipsilaterally with a significantly smaller decrease in urine osmolality compared with the R kidney. PPF increased significantly in the R, but not in the L kidney. Finally, AII blockade with saralasin prior to AII infusion and saline loading prevented the differences between the two kidneys, including PPF. In all groups GFR and renal blood flow did not differ between the two kidneys before or after AII. These data suggest that AII regulates regional blood flow in the medulla, and that the exogenously administered AII induces papillary ischemia, which serves to preserve medullary hypertonicity, preventing an increase in PPF during saline loading, and possibly contributing to the diminished natriuretic response.
Temperature and Time of Day Influence on Double-Ring Infiltrometer Steady-State Infiltration Rates

Steady-state infiltration rates (IRs) correlate well with temperature. They have been observed, however, to have values 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than predicted by viscosity, known as the t-effect. Many field studies that have observed the t-effect used continuous IR measurement systems. We measured 67 IRs using double-ring infiltrometers (DRIs) during the 2007 and 2008 autumn seasons in sand and loamy sand soils across a temperature range of 5 to 35°C. We found above-average to good correlation between temperature and IR. For loamy sand (n = 17), IR rate differences were accounted for by viscosity differences, but for sand (n = 30) the IR values were 2.0 to 2.9 times higher than the viscosity-predicted rate. Additionally, we found a difference in the IR temperature regressions based on the time of day of the measurements in the sand. Morning measurements were two times the viscosity-predicted IR, while afternoon measurements were nearly three times. This research corroborates other field studies that observed the t-effect using DRIs.
Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process

This article considers the construct of mental representation from the perspectives of psychoanalytic object-relations theory and cognitive developmental psychology and the congruence of these form...
Transbronchial biopsy during mechanical ventilation

The value and risk of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) was assessed in 15 cases requiring mechanical ventilation for progressive pulmonary infiltrates. TBB was diagnostic in five patients, and in two additional cases a diagnosis was made from the accompanying bronchial secretions. TBB results significantly altered the therapeutic management in seven cases. The alveolar-arterial gradient P(A-a)O2, widened by a mean of 110 mm Hg in nine patients; however, this change was transient and clinically insignificant. Three instances of reversible hypercapnia (mean of 15 mm Hg) occurred. Complications included self-limited bleeding in three cases and one tension pneumothorax. No fatalities were attributable to TBB. In these hemodynamically stable patients requiring mechanical ventilation for diffuse lung disease, TBB was performed safely and provided important data.
Enlargement and maturation in benign cystic ovarian teratoma.

This is a report of a 13½ year old girl with bilateral benign cystic ovarian teratomas (BCOT). The clinical presentation was with an abdominal mass and an abdominal X-ray film confirmed the mass which contained teeth. Previous abdominal X-ray at 3 and 10 years of age had not shown any abnormality. The clinical features and the radiological findings indicated that the BCOT had enlarged and matured during the period of follow-up.
The saturation throughput region of p-persistent CSMA

Many modern wireless data networks employ Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) for efficient medium access. The p-persistent CSMA protocol is an analytically tractable version of CSMA that has been used successfully to model practical medium access protocols such as the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). We present a closed-form expression to characterize the access probabilities at the boundary of the saturation throughput region of p-persistent CSMA. This expression is a non-trivial generalization of the elegant result, obtained by J. Massey and P. Mathys in 1985, that the boundary of the saturation throughput region for slotted Aloha corresponds to the users adopting independent access probabilities that sum up to 1. We also present a closed form expression for the throughput values obtained at the boundary of the saturation throughput region of p-persistent CSMA for the case of 2 users.
The supply chain for producing quality organizational knowledge

Organizational phenomena emerge from the collective operation of forces spanning levels of analysis and disciplinary categories. Knowledge about organizations is based on studies of the individual ...
Factors Mediating Children's Health Care Attitudes

Children (N = 55; ages 6 to 15.5 years) and their mothers participated in a study to gather psychometric data for the Children's Health Care Attitudes Questionnaire (CHCAQ), and to explore how several variables (child's age, sex, cognitive-developmental level, experience with illness and health care, and health locus of control; maternal health care attitudes and health locus of control; and family socioeconomic status) might mediate children's differential responding to this measure. Additional support was obtained for satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity of the CHCAQ. Patterns of intercorrelations of CHCAQ scales were generally consistent with previous findings. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that those factors mediating children's health care attitudes differ for each CHCAQ scale. Findings suggest that a modified CHCAQ may be a useful instrument for assessing adults' health care attitudes.
Class Organization and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-National Analysis

I examine labor organization as a determinant of cross-national variation in life satisfaction across the industrial democracies. The evidence strongly suggests not only that unions increase the satisfaction of their own members, but, critically, that the extent to which workers are organized positively contributes to the satisfaction of citizens in general, non-members included. These hypotheses are confirmed using both aggregate-level pooled time serial and individual-level cross-sectional data across a number of countries. These relationships are shown to have an impact that is independent and separable from other economic, political and cultural factors. The implications for the study of subjective well-being per se and of labor organization as a more general social phenomenon within class societies are discussed.
Men's Head and Facial Hair in the Far West: 1873 to 1899

The purpose of this study was to explore adopted facial and head hair styles of nineteenth century men in the far west from 1873 to 1899. A content analysis of historical photographs was completed The sample of 571 politicians was selected because legislative photographs were documented. Primary and secondary sources were analyzed to investigate factors that may have influenced the hair styles, including the question of individual or group behavior. Findings were not consistent with the literature. Differences were discerned in facial and head hair styles among the decades. During the decade known for nonconformity greater variation was found, particularly among facial hair styles. Whereas personal independence appears to have influenced hair style choices somewhat, political independence did not.
Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in Down syndrome subjects

Because of the overexpression of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are believed to suffer from increased oxidative stress as a result of the excessive production of oxygen-based free radicals; their exposure to higher than normal free radical production may account in part for signs of premature aging, early onset of cataracts, and of Alzheimer's disease. Free radicals are normally neutralized by free radical scavengers and other antioxidants. The pineal hormone melatonin is a potent scavenger of both the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, both of which are highly toxic, and a stimulator of the antioxidative enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Considering this, we deemed it important to define the day/night rhythm and levels of melatonin production in DS subjects. To do this, we assessed the urinary excretion of the chief melatonin metabolite, 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate, throughout a 24 hr period in DS subjects; comparisons were made with the metabolite levels in the urine of non-Down siblings and parents of the DS subjects. All 8 non-Down subjects exhibited what was classified as normal urinary excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate with the usual low daytime and high night-time levels of the melatonin metabolite. Of 12 DS subjects studied, 10 exhibited the normal day/night rhythm in urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate levels; 2 subjects were devoid of a rhythm. However, when all the data from each group were averaged, there were no noticeable differences in the absolute levels or 24 hr variations in urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion between DS and non-Down subjects.
Acupuncture in the treatment of hand paresis in chronic and acute stroke patients - improvement observed in all cases

This study reports the effect of acupuncture on the treatment of hand paresis in stroke patients who had no other proximal arm or leg paresis following stroke. The location of the area of infarction on a chronic CT scan was analysed in all cases.Eight chronic stroke patients were treated with acupuncture beginning after six months to eight years following stroke; and three acute stroke patients were treated with acupuncture beginning after two months following stroke. Patients received 20 or 40 acupuncture treatments over a two- or three-month period. All patients had good response defined as improvement on at least four of six hand tests after 20 or 40 acupuncture treatments. Among the eight chronic cases, significant improvement was observed in timed hand dexterity tests, as well as pinch and grip strength tests. Most of the improvement was sustained for at least two months after the completion of acupuncture treatments. All patients had lesion in only half, or less than half of the motor pathway areas ...
Collaborative Intrusion Prevention

Intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) have long been proposed as a defense against attacks that propagate too fast for any manual response to be useful. In an important class of IPSs, the host-based IPSs, honeypots are used to collect information about attacks. The collected information will then be analyzed to generate countermeasures against the observed attack. Unfortunately, these IPSs can be rendered useless by techniques that allow the honeypots in a network to be identified ([1, 9]). In particular, attacks can be designed to avoid targeting the identified honeypots. As a result, the IPSs will have no information about the attacks, and thus no countermeasure will ever be generated. The use of honeypots is also creating other practical issues which limit the usefulness/feasibility of many host-based IPSs. We propose to solve these problems by duplicating the detection and analysis capability on every protected system; i.e., turning every host into a honeypot. In this paper, we will first lay out the necessary features of any scheme for such large scale collaboration in intrusion prevention, then we will present a framework called collaborative intrusion prevention (ClP) for realizing our idea of turning every host into a honeypot.
Suppression of Autoimmunity via Microbial Mimics of Altered Peptide Ligands

Molecular mimics of self-antigens can behave as altered peptide ligands and serve to ameliorate autoimmune disease. Analysis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with proteomic autoantibody microarrays reveals that there might exist a wide variety of microbes with features that mimic self-epitopes. Autoimmunity could therefore be modulated via microbial immunity, which may account for relapse and remission of ongoing disease.
Altered hypothalamic signaling and responses to food deprivation in rats fed a low-carbohydrate diet.

Objective: To model how consuming a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet influences food intake and body weight. Research Methods and Procedures: Food intake and body weight were monitored in rats with access to chow (CH), LC-high-fat (HF), or HF diets. After 8 weeks, rats received intracerebroventricular injections of a melanocortin agonist (melanotan-II) and antagonist (SHU9119), and feeding responses were measured. At sacrifice, plasma hormones and hypothalamic expression of mRNA for proopiomelanocortin (POMC), melanocortin-4 receptor, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti related protein (AgRP) were assessed. A second set of rats had access to diet (chow or LC-HF) for 4 weeks followed by 24 h food deprivation on two occasions, after which food intake and hypothalamic POMC, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression were measured. Results: HF rats consumed more food and gained more weight than rats on CH or LC-HF diets. Despite similar intakes and weight gains, LC-HF rats had increased adiposity relative to CH rats. LC-HF rats were more sensitive to melanotan-II and less sensitive to SHU9119. LC-HF rats had increased plasma leptin and ghrelin levels and decreased insulin levels, and patterns of NPY and POMC mRNA expression were consistent with those of food-deprived rats. LC-HF rats did not show rebound hyperphagia after food deprivation, and levels NPY, POMC, and AgRP mRNA expression were not affected by deprivation. Discussion: Our results demonstrate that an LC diet influences multiple systems involved in the controls of food intake and body weight. These data also suggest that maintenance on an LC-HF diet affects food intake by reducing compensatory responses to food deprivation.
Reliability of the Semantic Differential Used by Children: Evaluation of the Evaluative Dimension

Summary.-The present study investigated the reliabiliv of individual bi-polar adjective scales on the semantic differential over a 6-mo. span. Also, the utility of the Evaluative dimension as a reliable measure of "self-concept" was studied with a sample of 459 fifth graders. The concepts, Hurricane, My City, and Myself, were rated on the 19-scale semantic differential. Low but significant test-retest correlations were found on all scales. Factor 1 (Evaluation dimension) seemed moderately reliable over the 6-mo. period. If these results can be generalized to other populations and concepts, it appears that the semantic differential technique can be considered reliable. Also, present findings support the implementation of the semantic differential as a "selfconcept" measure. The semantic differential technique (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957) has become a very popular and useful measure in psychological and educational research. However, only a few studies have addressed the problem of scale (and factor structure) reliability (DiVesta Dick, 1966; Oles, 1973; Tzeng, 1975; Vidali, 1976). This appears most evident when investigating young children because there are instructional problems and expected developmental changes over time. In summary, the present study had two main concerns: ( 1) investigate the reliability of individual bi-polar adjective scales over a 6410. span, and (2) study the utility of the Evaluation dimension on the semantic differential as a reliable measure of "self-concept" in school-aged children.
Efficient stochastic superparameterization for geophysical turbulence

Efficient computation of geophysical turbulence, such as occurs in the atmosphere and ocean, is a formidable challenge for the following reasons: the complex combination of waves, jets, and vortices; significant energetic backscatter from unresolved small scales to resolved large scales; a lack of dynamical scale separation between large and small scales; and small-scale instabilities, conditional on the large scales, which do not saturate. Nevertheless, efficient methods are needed to allow large ensemble simulations of sufficient size to provide meaningful quantifications of uncertainty in future predictions and past reanalyses through data assimilation and filtering. Here, a class of efficient stochastic superparameterization algorithms is introduced. In contrast to conventional superparameterization, the method here (i) does not require the simulation of nonlinear eddy dynamics on periodic embedded domains, (ii) includes a better representation of unresolved small-scale instabilities, and (iii) allows efficient representation of a much wider range of unresolved scales. The simplest algorithm implemented here radically improves efficiency by representing small-scale eddies at and below the limit of computational resolution by a suitable one-dimensional stochastic model of random-direction plane waves. In contrast to heterogeneous multiscale methods, the methods developed here do not require strong scale separation or conditional equilibration of local statistics. The simplest algorithm introduced here shows excellent performance on a difficult test suite of prototype problems for geophysical turbulence with waves, jets, and vortices, with a speedup of several orders of magnitude compared with direct simulation.
Climate Change and Crop Yields: Beyond Cassandra

An analysis of recent data from a wide variety of field experiments suggests that previous studies overestimated the positive effects of higher carbon dioxide concentrations on crop yields.
Treatment of Casein Micelles with Soluble and Immobilized Neuraminidase: Implications in Structure of the Micelle

Abstract Bovine casein micelles were isolated from raw uncooled skim milk by ultracentrifugation, washing, and resuspending in simulated milk ultrafiltrate. They were reacted with soluble and immobilized neuraminidase in studies on the kinetics of release of sialic acid. Almost all of the sialic acid was released with soluble neuraminidase whereas only 88% was released with immobilized neuraminidase. After casein solubilization is accounted for, its appears that at least 75% of the glyco- κ -casein in on the micelle surface.
Beard dermatitis due to para-phenylenediamine use in Arabic men☆☆☆★

The most common active ingredient in hair coloring is para-phenylenediamine (PPDA), which can produce contact dermatitis, particularly in persons who dye their scalp hair and in hairdressers. We have identified another group of patients also at risk, namely men from Arab countries, who commonly grow beards and dye them. We searched the computerized patient database at the Mayo Clinic for patients with beard dermatitis associated with dye use. Eight Arabic men presented to the Mayo Clinic between 1994 and 1999 with beard dermatitis and a positive patch test to PPDA. The lesions were described as pruritic, erythematous, papular eruptions that developed in the jaw area after each application of beard dye. The symptoms subsided after the patients discontinued use of the PPDA-containing dye and received treatment with topical corticosteroids. Allergic contact dermatitis in the beard area due to PPDA occurs in Arabic men as a result of their propensity to dye their beards.
A retrospective examination of the effect of fever and microgametocyte count on mosquito infection on humans infected with Plasmodium vivax

A retrospective examination was made of archival data collected between 1940 and 1963 on the infection of mosquitoes with the St. Elizabeth strain of Plasmodium vivax. Patients were undergoing malariatherapy for the treatment of neurosyphilis. A total of 845 lots of Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes were fed during primary infections and 76 during secondary infections. Average percentage infection during the primary infection was 56.55% versus 49.83% during the secondary infection. There appeared to be no relationship between microgametocye density, asexual parasite count, and percentage infection. However, very high fevers appear to have a significant effect on infection rates. Persons with fever > or = 105 degrees F showed the lowest rates of infectivity regardless of parasitemia; persons with moderate (101-104.8 degrees F) fever produced somewhat higher rates, and persons with no fever had the highest levels of infection at all parasitemia levels greater than 1,500/microL
Fast Monte Carlo simulation of DNA damage formed by electrons and light ions.

The passage of ionizing radiation through living organisms initiates physical and chemical processes that create clusters of damaged nucleotides within one or two turns of the DNA. These clusters are widely considered an important initiating event for the induction of other biological endpoints, including cell killing and neoplastic transformation. Monte Carlo simulations of the DNA damage formation process are a useful adjunct to experiments because they provide additional information about the spatial configuration of damage within a cluster. In this paper, the fast Monte Carlo damage simulation (MCDS) algorithm is re-parameterized so that yields of double-strand breaks, single-strand breaks and sites of multiple base damage can be simulated for electrons, protons and α particles with kinetic energies on the order of GeV. The MCDS algorithm provides a useful, quasi-phenomenological scheme to interpolate damage yields from computationally expensive, but more detailed, track-structure simulations. The predicted characteristics of various classes of damage produced by electrons, protons and α particles, such as average number of lesions per DNA damage cluster and cluster length in base pairs, are presented. A study examining the effects on damage complexity of an extrinsic free radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide, is also presented. The reported studies provide new information that will aid efforts to characterize the relative biological effectiveness of high-energy protons and other light ions, which are sometimes used in particle therapy for the treatment of cancer.
Microcallus formation from maize protoplasts prepared from embryogenic callus

Conditions have been developed that induce maize (Zea mays L.) protoplasts to re-synthesize cell walls and to initiate cell divisions. Two types of embryogenic maize callus were used as a source of protoplasts: a heterogeneous callus (Type I) derived from immature embryos after three weeks in culture, and a friable, rapidly growing callus (Type II) selected from portions of the Type I callus. Many variables in the growth conditions of the donor tissue (type of medium, transfer schedule, age of callus), protoplast isolation solutions (pH, osmolarity, type and concentration of cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, addition of polyamines) and conditions (amount of time in enzyme, amount of tissue per volume of enzyme incubation medium, agitation, preplasmolysis of source tissue, type of callus), and purification procedures (filtration and-or flotation), were found to affect both yield and viability of protoplasts (based upon fluorescein-diacetate staining). Our isolation procedure yielded high numbers of viable, uninucleated maize callus protoplasts which were densely cytoplasmic and varied in size from 20 to 50 μm in diameter. Protoplasts plated in solid medium formed walls and divided several times. Of several gelling agents tested for protoplast propagation, only agarose resulted in protoplasts capable of sustained divisions leading to the formation of microcalli. Plating efficiency was established over a wide range of protoplast densities (103–107 protoplasts/ml). Highest plating efficiency (25%) was obtained at 1·106 protoplasts/ml). The resulting microcalli grew to be dense clusters of about 0.1–0.5 mm in diameter and then stopped growing. Nurse cultures of maize and carrot (Daucus carota L.), were used to establish that individual protoplasts (not contaminating cells or cell clusters) formed walls and divided. Nurse cultures also increased the efficiency of microcallus formation from protoplasts.
Infertility and the desire for multiple births

Increased physician and patient awareness of the risks of multiple births may be an important strategy to reduce the incidence of multiple gestation associated with assisted reproductive technologies.
Sigmatropic Rearrangements as Tools for Amino Acid and Peptide Modification: Application of the Allylic Sulfur Ylide Rearrangement to the Preparation of Neoglycoconjugates and Other Conjugates

Reaction of S-allyl cysteine derivatives, generated by the selenocysteine ligation, with rhodium carbenoids, stabilized and unstabilized, enables the attachment of diverse functionality onto cysteine residues. The reaction is successfully applied to the introduction of lipid-like residues, a fluorous alkyl chain, and mono- and disaccharides.
Factors Related to In-Class Spiritual Experience: Relationship Between Pre-Class Scripture Reading, In-Class Note-Taking, and Perceived In-Class Spiritual Experiences

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between student in-class note-taking and pre-class reading with perceived in-class spiritual and religious outcomes. This study surveyed 620 students enrolled in six different sections of an introductory religion course at a private religious university. Full-time religious faculty members taught these students. Data were gathered via a self-report Likert scale survey instrument. Results showed a modest, positive relationship between both in-class note-taking (r = .32) and pre-class reading (r = .26) with in-class spiritual experience, with both factors explaining 15.6% of the combined variance of student reported in-class spiritual experience. This article explores the practical implications from these findings.
Survivor’s Guide to DTI Acquisition

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is among the most commonly performed type of MR study in the clinic. A more complex variant of DWI is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), which helps the physician to interrogate tissue with anisotropic (direction-specific) diffusion behavior that may be useful in rendering a diagnosis for a patient. In this chapter we will discuss images for common DTI acquisitions along with their strengths and weaknesses. We will show distorted and artifacted images to demonstrate typical pitfalls in standard DTI, and we will provide suggestions to resolve the artifacts, which are presented in order to accustom the reader to viewing and evaluating diffusion tensor images. To help with this, we will present a checklist to aid troubleshooting and it is intended to be a starting point for the puzzled operator. To aid you in navigating and understanding each section’s main points, you will find a short summary called “To review” which outlines the major take-home messages from that section. In summary, this chapter is intended to help with standard DTI acquisitions, improve and optimize image quality of such exams, and is presented in a way to help ensure the acquisition is robust and reproducible. In the case that artifacts occur, we will show how to best change the scan parameters to avoid and minimize their recurrence.
Modeling Macromolecular Crowding through Translational and Rotational Diffusion of Small Molecular Probes

Living cells are crowded with macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA, biomembranes, actin filaments, and a wide range of organelles. Macromolecular crowding in living cells is believed to affect processes such as protein folding, biochemical reactions and diffusion, which are essential for cell survival, function, and ultimately biomedical implications. Although a large body of work using myriad model systems and experimental methods has been done, the role of crowding on molecular processes is not fully understood. In this contribution, we used polymers (Ficoll-70) and proteins (BSA, ovalbumin) as biomimetic crowding agents as a means to quantify their effect on the diffusion mechanism of a small molecular probe (namely, rhodamine green, RhG). To distinguish between crowding and viscosity effects on diffusion, control studies were carried out on glycerol-enriched buffer under the same experimental conditions. The viscosity of these crowding and control environments was quantified independently using viscometer and rheology methods. In contrast with glycerol-rich buffers, the rotational diffusion measurements using time-resolved anisotropy indicate binding reaction (specific or transient due to weak interactions) that is dependent on the concentration and type of the crowding agents. These results on the fast time scale guide our modeling of the translational diffusion of RhG using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) as a function of crowding agents. Our results on both translational and rotational diffusion studies of RhG indicate deviation from the Stokes-Einstein model as a function of the concentration and type of the crowding agents. Our studies represent a step forward in the collective effort aimed at elucidating the role of macromolecular crowding towards quantitative cell biology.
The Reproductive Biology of Hippelales collusor. III. Effect of Temperature on Oogenesis

Oogenetic development is characterized by 2 phases: a lag phase and a growth phase. The lag phase is characterized by the persistence of stage 2 oocysts for from 200 hours at 65°F to 25 hours at 106°F before the initiation of the growth phase. The growth phase contains stages 22 through 9 and has its shortest duration (48 hours) at 90°F, with the other temperatures requiring more time. No ovarian development occurs at 60° or 110°F; temperatures of 65° and 106°F are suboptimal, while 70°, 80°, and 90°F are within the optimal range for ovarian development.
Reintegration of Child Soldiers: The Role of Social Identity in the Recruitment and Reintegration of Child Soldiers

This chapter analyses how social identity influences children’s recruitment and reintegration. In ideologically laden conflicts and also ones in which entire families and communities become militarised, social identity plays a powerful role in children’s recruitment. Also, children who had been recruited by force or other means frequently undergo an identity transformation as armed groups resocialise them as soldiers and warriors. Following conflict, children’s identities, as soldiers or former soldiers, can impede their reintegration into civilian life. Using lessons about the reintegration of former child soldiers, the chapter suggests steps to address the identity challenges described above.
Explaining Constrains Causal Learning in Childhood.

Three experiments investigate how self-generated explanation influences children's causal learning. Five-year-olds (N = 114) observed data consistent with two hypotheses and were prompted to explain or to report each observation. In Study 1, when making novel generalizations, explainers were more likely to favor the hypothesis that accounted for more observations. In Study 2, explainers favored a hypothesis that was consistent with prior knowledge. Study 3 pitted a hypothesis that accounted for more observations against a hypothesis consistent with prior knowledge. Explainers were more likely to base generalizations on prior knowledge. Findings suggest that attempts to explain drive children to evaluate hypotheses using features of "good" explanations, or those supporting generalizations with broad scope, as informed by children's prior knowledge and observations.
Advanced Tritium Recovery System

To safely carry out its experimental program, the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester has commissioned the design, fabrication, and installation of a Tritium Removal System to clean up the various exhaust streams and to control tritium activity in the gloveboxes. This system, which is described in this paper, is optimized for minimum environmental impact and maximum personnel safety. It uses the best available technologies to extract tritium from inert gas streams in the elemental form. The various technologies considered and the rationale for their selection are discussed in detail. This approach reduces the volumes of effluent that require treatment to the extent practical and also avoids the need to oxidize HT to HTO with its higher radiotoxicity, thereby contributing to safety.