cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing multi-jurisdictional requirements in the cloud: towards a computational legal landscape

Although cloud services allow organizations to transfer the planning and setup to the service provider and thus reduce costs through reuse, these services raise new questions regarding the privacy and security of personal information stored in and transferred across systems in the cloud. Prior to cloud services, personal information was commonly stored within the owning or licensing company's locality where the company maintained its facilities. Cloud services, however, move data to remote, potentially unknown, locations maintained by third parties. The responsibility for data protection and integrity no longer remains exclusively with its owner or licensee, but with these third parties. Thus, both parties must identify and manage the many regulatory requirements that govern their services and products in this multi-jurisdictional environment. To simplify this problem, we are developing methods to extract and codify regulatory requirements from government laws. We apply previously validated metrics to measure gaps and overlaps between the codified regulations. Our findings include a semi-formalization of the legal landscape using operational constructs for high- and low-watermark practices, which correspond to high- and low standards of care, respectively. Business analysts and system developers can use these watermarks to reason about compliance trade-offs based on perceived businesses costs and risks. We discovered and validated these constructs using seven U.S. state data breach notification laws that govern transactions of financial and health information of residents of these seven states.
Response to stem bending in forest shrubs: stem or shoot reorientation and shoot release.

Shrubs in the forest understory may be bent by their own weight or by overstory debris. To maintain height growth they must respond to bending by vertical growth of new shoots, reorientation of old...
John Wisdom on philosophy and metaphysics

Effort de caracterisation des positions de J. Wisdom sur la philosophie et la metaphysique: sa doctrine, que les assertions philosophiques sont verbales est-elle consistante?.
Failure of Yellow Bass, Roccus mississippiensis, to form Annuli

Abstract Failure to form annuli in certain years was noted in the analysis of age and growth data for yellow bass collected from Clear Lake, Iowa, from 1952 through 1959, when the yellow bass were slow-growing. Lack of fish in the 1950 and 1951 year classes permitted detection of the failure of the abundant 1949 year-class fish to form annuli in 1955, 1956, 1957, and 1958. The 1946, 1948, and 1952 year classes also were shown to have missed annulus formation in some of the same years. The fourth annulus of the 1952 year class was not formed until late 1956 or early 1957, and age VI yellow bass of this year class showed only four annuli. Many scales also showed lateral resorption in 1956-58. Failure of annulus formation in slow-growing fish of several species is believed to be more common than reported, but difficult to detect. Finding of age IX yellow bass (with five annuli, however) extends the known life span of this species.
Microstructural characterization, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the CaO–TiO 2 system

Ceramic materials with chemical compositions of CaO--X mole % TiO[sub 2], where [ital X] ranges from 3 to 40, have been prepared for evaluation of microstructures, mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, resistance to hydration in air, and resistance to corrosion in molten salt saturated with calcium. When the TiO[sub 2] content is less than 40.3 mole%, the CaO forms two-phase microstructures consisting of CaO and Ca[sub 3]Ti[sub 2]O[sub 7], and the composition CaO--40.3 mole % TiO[sub 2] corresponds to the (single-phase) compound Ca[sub 3]Ti[sub 2]O[sub 7]. The data on mechanical properties suggest that the single-phase material has better flexural strength and fracture toughness than do the two-phase materials. It is also demonstrated that the stabilizing effect of TiO[sub 2] and CaO imparts resistance to atmospheric hydration. Both scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis of specimens exposed to molten CaCl[sub 2]--20 mole % CaF[sub 2] saturated with calcium at 900 [degree]C show that corrosion resistance increases with an increase in TiO[sub 2] content, but that corrosion does occur in all materials. On the basis of experimental observations and thermodynamic considerations, the degradation of Ca[sub 3]Ti[sub 2]O[sub 7] is shown to be associated with reduction of Ca[sub 3]Ti[sub 2]O[sub 7] bymore » calcium to form CaO and metallic titanium followed by the dissolution of the reaction product CaO in the molten salt.« less
Pulmonary Function and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Systemic Sclerosis

Objective: To determine the relations among esophageal dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux, and lung involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis. Design: Retrospective review of esophageal mot...
INTERVENTION-BASED ASSESSMENT : RATES OF EVALUATION AND ELIGIBILITY FOR SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY CLASSIFICATION

Intervention-based assessment, a systematic form of prereferral intervention, represents a viable alternative to "test and place" models for identifying and teaching children with a variety of learning-related problems in schools. Data obtained from 13 schools participating for a third year in a pilot study of statewide implementation of intervention-based assessment suggested that, in comparison to a prior prereferral intervention model, fewer children are evaluated and found eligible for special education. Of those children receiving intervention-based assessment, a slight decrease occurs in the percentage classified as specifically learning disabled.
Messenger RNA regulation in human diploid fibroblasts

In resting, non-growing human diploid fibroblasts the amount of rRNA is reduced 1.8-fold, cytoplasmic polysomes are disaggregated, and the level of poly-A RNA (mRNA) is reduced 1.8-fold in relation to growing cells. The distribution of poly-A RNA is altered in resting, non-growing cells so that an average of 64% of the total cytoplasmic poly-A RNA sediments along with particles lighter than 80S (prepolysomal) in sucrose density gradients. By camparison, in growing cells only 30% of the cytoplasmic poly-A RNA sediments in the prepolysomal region. In SDS sucrose gradients, the sedimentation profile of the prepolysomal poly-A RNA from resting cells resembles that of polysomal poly-A RNA from those cells. In contrast, the average size of prepolysomal poly-A RNA from growing cells is much smaller than that of the polysomal poly-A RNA from those cells. These data are compatible with the possibility that resting cell prepolysomal poly-A is untranslated mRNA. Also consistent with this interpretation are experiments which demonstrate that one-quarter to one-third of the prepolysomal poly-A RNA of resting cells is recruited into polysomes in the presence of of cyoloheximide.
The minimum force debate: contemporary sensibilities meet imperial practice

No aspect of British counter-insurgency has been more problematic and controversial than the doctrine of minimum force. This common law principle provided ambiguous guidance for soldiers and police quelling unrest within a global empire and has become the subject of intense scholarly debate in the post-imperial era. The argument divides academics into two broad camps. One group sees minimum force as a vital element of a largely successful, uniquely British approach to counter-insurgency. The other claims that the legal principle never really restrained British security forces and considers the British approach to counter-insurgency neither unique nor particularly successful. This debate appeared in an exchange of views between John Newsinger and the current author in a 1990 volume of Small Wars and Insurgencies and more recently in a similar but lengthier argument between Rod Thornton and Huw Bennett in the same journal between 2007 and 2010.1 Such disagreements are of course endemic to academic discourse...
Real-time intensity inversion using two-wave and four-wave mixing in photorefractive Bi12GeO20.

In this paper, we consider a two-wave mixing system using a photorefractive medium and compute the diffraction efficiency as a function of the writing beam ratios. In certain conditions, the diffraction efficiency is shown to be exactly proportional to the inverse of the object beam intensity. Experimental results, obtained using a Bi12GeO20 crystal, are compared to the theoretical expression. In particular, we investigate the dependence of the range of beam ratios over which inversion occurs on the experimental parameters of total writing beam intensity and applied electric field. Results of performing inversion of gray-scale objects using a degenerate four-wave mixing setup are shown.
Initial stages of electrophilic substitution studied with quantum molecular dynamics

Abstract We report molecular dynamics simulations of the initial step of electrophilic substitution in benzene. Forces are calculated at each time step using quantum mechanical methods. Comparison of the trajectories with classical calculations shows a striking difference. Whereas the classical trajectory shows a proton with no specific bonds, the quantum calculations exhibit a clear bond to one of the carbons, leading to a cyclohexadienyl cation, as expected from standard ideas derived from electrophilic substitution reactions. The simulations demonstrate that forces calculated from quantum mechanics ‘on the fly’ exhibit the proper chemical behavior when bonds are formed or broken.
Two-Phase Flow Regime Modeling and Pressure Drop Behavior

A unique horizontal two-phase flow facility has been fabricated in an effort to understand the dynamics of two-phase flow in small pipes. The fluid chosen for study is the low pressure refrigerant R-123. In this work, two-phase pressure drop data were obtained for two-phase flow of refrigerant R-123 in a 17.0 mm inner diameter tube over a wide range of quality, from .015–1, and mass fluxes that were varied from 50 kg m−2 s−1 to 550 kg m−2 s−1 . These data have been compared, as a whole and by regime, against four frequently-used two-phase frictional pressure drop prediction correlations. Flow regimes were visualized using a quartz tube at the end of the test section over this wide range of conditions, which ranged from stratified to annular flow. Each condition was mapped on the Mandhane, Taitel-Dukler, and Kattan-Favrat-Thome flow regime maps in an attempt to understand the applicability of each. Some discrepancies exist between the current data and the published flow maps, and recommendations are made based on these observations. The pressure drop data appear to be dependent upon the flow regime, suggesting that an entire set of correlations is necessary based upon flow regime for accurate prediction of pressure drop.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Genome-wide association studies in disease risk calculation: The role of bioinformatics in patient care

The study of epidemics of heritable diseases and knowledge about the genetic architecture of complex human traits have developed rapidly in the last two decades. These advances have been primarily due to improvements in genotyping technology and a commensurate increase in the amount and availability of data with which to describe and understand the nature of genetic variation in human populations. During this period, genetic studies of human traits have moved away from a focus on assaying a relatively small number of loci to identify regions of linkage to traits in family studies to samples of hundreds of thousands of study subjects assaying millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for statistical association with traits. There is perhaps no better example of this than the genome-wide association study (GWAS).
A Review of: “Lesley Gill. The School of the Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas”

The United States acts as an imperial power in today's international scenario, says Lesley Gill. Imperialism, “the use of state power to penetrate and transform other states for [the imperial power...
DISTRIBUTION OF STEROID SULFATASE IN HUMAN TISSUES.

Distribution of steroid sulfatase in human tissues was determined by incubating whole homogenates of placenta, hydatidiform mole, fetal membranes, ovarian cortex, corpus luteum, arrhenoblastoma, myometrium, leiomyomata, endometrium, liver, kidney, striated muscle, adipose tissue and skin with 4-14C-dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. Reproductive tissues and liver had appreciable activity; placenta was by far the most active tissue studied. Placentas of anencephalic fetuses were more active than those of normal infants.
Robust Statistical Estimation and Segmentation of Multiple Subspaces

We study the problem of estimating a mixed geometric model of multiple subspaces in the presence of a significant amount of outliers. The estimation of multiple subspaces is an important problem in computer vision, particularly for segmenting multiple motions in an image sequence. We first provide a comprehensive survey of robust statistical techniques in the literature, and identify three main approaches for detecting and rejecting outliers. Through a careful examination of these approaches, we propose and investigate three principled methods for robustly estimating mixed subspace models: random sample consensus, the influence function, and multivariate trimming. Using a benchmark synthetic experiment and a set of real image sequences, we conduct a thorough comparison of the three methods
Author's Repsonse to Commentary on “Revisiting the Role of Fat Mass in the Life Extension Induced by Caloric Restriction”

DECENTLY, mutations in several genes in the nematode s worm (1) and in the drosphilla fly (2) resulted in a dra­ matie inerease in life span. These diseoveries support the eon­ eept that genes determine longevity. Are these diseoveries rele­ vant to humans? This year a published report showed that siblings of eentenarians live longer than siblings of the eente­ narian's eohort (3), supporting a major genetie eomponent for human longevity. On the other hand, the effeets of ealorie re­ strietion on the extension of maximallife span seem to suggest that the environment also plays an important role in mediating this effeet. Are the suggestions that longevity may be deter­ mined by genes as weIl as by the environment eontradieting eaeh other? We argue that they are not-rather the environment may eause a marked differenee in the expression of longevity related genes. Dur hypothesis article (4) may help us under­ stand the interaetion between the environment and genes, and may provide an insight into how modulation of gene expression may determine longevity. We suggest that the obvious eandi­ dates for genes that influenee longevity are those expressed in fat, or whose levels are ehanged with fat mass. As an example of the latter, insulin levels inerease with fat mass and, therefore, decrease in ealorie-restrieted animals. As reviewed (4), hyperin­ sulinemia is associated with diseases and early mortality in hu­ mans, whereas a mutation in the nematodes' insulin-signaling pathway is associated with extreme longevity. Thus, this is an example demonstrating environment modulation (ealorie re­ striction), gene mutation (in nematodes), and their relationship to longevity. Fat mass is increased by 2- to 5-fold in ad-libitum fed com­ pared with calorie-restrieted animals. If the plasma levels of certain fat-derived peptides chronically increase by that many folds, they should be considered as eandidates to affect longevity (just like insulin). Durhypothesis article focused on the example of leptin-a fat-derived hormone, whose expres­ sion is modulated by fat mass, and which has been shown to control the hypothalamic response to ealorie deprivation and energy expenditure. Moreover, while fat mass is increased by several fold, the plasma leptin levels change by -2 log scales in obese humans (5) and with nutrient access to ad libitum fed an­ imals (6). This chronic -100-fold increase in the expression of a gene product is similar to differences in expression designed by genetie manipulation. Thus, together with the known actions of
Differential effects of D-amphetamine on red and blue light-induced photic activation: A novel BOLD fMRI assay of human dopamine function.

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) illnesses including Parkinson's disease, attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. A better understanding of CNS DA function would be of importance in improving our understanding of these conditions. Several lines of evidence suggest that exploring visual system function may be a useful paradigm for examining DA function. Clinical and basic science findings suggest that the visual response to blue light might prove a useful assay of CNS DA tone. To test this hypothesis, we used the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD method to measure visual cortical activation in human subjects (N = 6) in response to 8 Hz flashing red and blue light stimuli during placebo conditions and during the oral administration of 2.5 mg of D-amphetamine, a drug known to increase synaptic concentrations of DA and other monoamine neurotransmitters. There was no effect of D-amphetamine administration on the percent BOLD signal change to red or blue light. However, there was a specific augmentation of the spatial extent of activation (as measured by the number of activated pixels; P = 0.018) to blue, but not red light following D-amphetamine administration. This finding is consistent with our hypothesis that blue light function may have utility as an assay of CNS DA tone. However, several limitations to the study, including the small sample size, low dosage of D-amphetamine, and the fact that D-amphetamine increases synaptic concentrations of DA and other monoamine neurotransmitters do not permit a conclusion regarding a specific role for DA in the observed increase in spatial activation to blue light in the amphetamine condition. Synapse 62:268–272, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Immigrants, cultural distance and U.S. state-level exports of cultural products

Abstract We examine the relationships between immigrants, cultural distance and state-level exports, employing state-specific immigrant stocks and total US immigrant stocks, separately, and a measure of cultural distance recently introduced by [Tadesse, B., & White, R. (2008b). Cultural distance as a determinant of bilateral trade flows: Do immigrants counter the effect of cultural distance? Applied Economic Letters]. A positive link between immigrants and aggregate exports is reported and, while cultural distance is found to reduce exports, immigrants partially offset the effects of cultural distance by increasing both the intensity of existing exports and the likelihood that exporting occurs. However, heterogeneity in immigrant effects is observed across cultural product sub-classifications, suggesting variation in the ability of immigrants to influence trade by overcoming information asymmetries.
MATTHEW WILLIAMS STIRLING 1896–1975

Stirling's bibliography, of 126 titles, appears with Michael D. Coe's obituary in the January 1976 issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 67–73).
Computing education in academia: toward differentiating the disciplines

Being a fairly new discipline within academia, information technology must demonstrate its uniqueness in order to derive sufficient support to continue as an effective educational domain. A substantial part of the initial research in this area will need to focus on how information technology is different from other computing disciplines already present in academia. If this is not done then confusion is likely to predominate. The author has already noted an increased confusion in industry as well as among students and parents in relation to what various computing programs offer and prepare students for.Some initial research has been completed by Lunt, et al, that seems to indicate a significant difference in the discipline when compared with computer science and information systems [8]. They note, for instance, that some universities offer baccalaureate degrees in all three disciplines. This conclusion would seem to indicate that there are sufficient differences to warrant the universities approving such offerings. The author, in this paper, seeks to build on the initial work by Lunt, et al, [8] to develop possible models for differentiating the computing disciplines based on the type (e.g. business, math, and technology) and number of credits earned. As a result of this study of 61 computing programs offered at 39 universities, the author has developed several possible preliminary models for effectively differentiating the computing disciplines. This paper will review the research methodology as well as describe the models and how they might be used in analyzing and differentiating computing programs at universities. Some discussion concerning the nature of computing program names in relation to content will also be presented.The author believes that this research will have significant implications for determining the content, naming, and academic domain from which content is drawn. It is expected that the preliminary models will be the starting point in helping to eliminate confusion in differentiating programs as well as assist universities and industry to effectively develop and position computing technology offerings.
Analytical validation of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for Pan-American lineage H7 subtype Avian influenza viruses.

A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for the identification of the H7 subtype in North American Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) was first reported in 2002; however, recent AIV surveillance efforts in wild birds and H7 outbreaks in poultry demonstrated that the 2002 test did not detect all H7 AIVs present in North and South America. Therefore, a new test, the 2008 Pan-American H7 test, was developed by using recently available H7 nucleotide sequences. The analytical specificity of the new assay was characterized with an RNA panel composed of 19 H7 viruses from around the world and RNA from all hemagglutinin subtypes except H16. Specificity for North and South American lineage H7 viruses was observed. Assay limits of detection were determined to be between 10 3 and 10 4 gene copies per reaction with in vitro transcribed RNA, and 10 0.0 and 10 0.8 50% egg infectious doses per reaction. The 2008 Pan-American H7 test also was shown to perform similarly to the 2002 test with specimens from chickens experimentally exposed to A/Chicken/BritishColumbia/314514-2/04 H7N3 highly pathogenic AIV. Furthermore, the 2008 test was able to detect 100% (n 5 27) of the H7 AIV isolates recovered from North American wild birds in a 2006- 2007 sample set (none of which were detected by the 2002 H7 test).
Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Nurses in the Early Implementation Phase of California's Safe Patient Handling Legislation

Musculoskeletal injuries and symptoms are prevalent in nurses and are largely associated with strenuous patient handling. In 2011, California enacted legislation that required acute-care hospitals to implement safe patient handling (SPH) policies and programs. To assess the early phase of this legislation, we conducted an epidemiological assessment of organizational SPH practices, musculoskeletal symptoms, and perceptions in a random sample of 396 registered nurses. Among those who worked in hospitals and had patient handling duties (n = 220), the 12 month prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms was 69% (lower back 54%, neck 41%, shoulders 34%, and hands/wrists 26%). Twenty-two percent of the nurses reported that their hospitals had a “no-lift” policy, 37% reported that their hospitals had lift teams, and 61% reported the availability of mechanical lift equipment such as floor or ceiling lifts. Nurses whose facilities employed lift teams were significantly less likely to report low back pain (OR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.30–0.97]). Nurses whose units had ceiling lifts were significantly less likely to report shoulder pain than nurses with no access to lifts (OR = 0.32, 95% CI [0.10–0.98]). Roughly 60% of respondents were aware of the SPH law, and 33% reported changes in their hospital's patient handling policies or programs since the law went into effect. Hospital SPH practices reported by the nurses in our sample were generally sub-optimal, but our findings suggest positive effects of elements required by SPH legislation. These data will serve as the baseline for future evaluation of the impact of this law in California. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do formal methods really belong in the toolbox of the practicing engineer

The purpose of this panel is to present different perspectives and opinions regarding the issues associated with the acceptance and use of formal methods by practicing engineers.
A comparison of yolk growth rates in seabird eggs

The duration and rate of yolk deposition in the formation of avian eggs are species specific and are apparently fixed characteristics. We determined these properties for eggs from 40 species of marine birds. The mass of yolk laid down daily during rapid yolk deposition in the ovary was calculated and used to construct and compare yolk enlargement curves for each species. The spectrum of curves are all best fitted by simple second-order polynomial regression equations, with the very rapidly enlarging yolks of Alcidae at one extreme and the slow-forming eggs of Procellariiformes at the other. Calculated daily energy allocation to yolk deposition during the last, and most demanding, phase of yolk formation ranged from 3% to 44% of standard metabolic rate, considerably lower than other estimates.
Marked gender differences in progression of mild cognitive impairment over 8 years

Abstract Introduction This study examined whether, among subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), women progressed at faster rates than men. Methods We examine longitudinal rates of change from baseline in 398 MCI subjects (141 females and 257 males) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1, followed for up to 8 years (mean, 4.1 ± 2.5 years) using mixed-effects models incorporating all follow-ups (mean, 8 ± 4 visits). Results Women progressed at faster rates than men on the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog; P = .001) and clinical dementia rating-sum of boxes (CDR-SB; P = .003). Quadratic fit for change over time was significant for both ADAS-Cog (P = .001) and CDR-SB (P = .004), and the additional acceleration in women was 100% for ADAS-Cog and 143% for CDR-SB. The variability of change was greater in women. The gender effect was greater in apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 carriers. Discussion Women with MCI have greater longitudinal rates of cognitive and functional progression than men. Studies to confirm and uncover potential mechanisms appear to be warranted. Trial Registration ADNI ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00106899 .
Chronic cocaine self-administration is associated with altered functional activity in the temporal lobes of non human primates.

Previous studies utilizing a nonhuman primate model have shown that cocaine self-administration in its initial stages is accompanied by alterations in functional activity largely within the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum. Continued cocaine exposure may considerably change this response. The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the effects of reinforcing doses of cocaine on cerebral metabolism in a nonhuman primate model of cocaine self-administration, following an extended history of cocaine exposure, using the quantitative 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose (2-DG) method. Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/injection (n = 4) or 0.3 mg/kg/injection (n = 4) cocaine and compared to monkeys trained to respond under an identical schedule of food reinforcement (n = 6). Monkeys received 30 reinforcers per session for a total of 100 sessions. Metabolic mapping was conducted at the end of the final session. After this extended history, cocaine self-administration dose-dependently reduced glucose utilization throughout the striatum and prefrontal cortex similarly to the initial stages of self-administration. However, glucose utilization was also decreased in a dose-independent manner in large portions of the temporal lobe including the amygdala, hippocampus and surrounding neocortex. The recruitment of temporal structures indicates that the pattern of changes in functional activity has undergone significant expansion beyond limbic regions into association areas that mediate higher order cognitive and emotional processing. These data strongly contribute to converging evidence from human studies demonstrating structural and functional abnormalities in temporal and prefrontal areas of cocaine abusers, and suggest that substance abusers may undergo progressive cognitive decline with continued exposure to cocaine.
A new approach for automatic parallelization of blocked linear Algebra computations

This paper describes a new approach for automatic genera­ tion of efficient parallel programs from sequential blocked lin­ ear algebra programs. By exploiting recent progress in fine­ grain parallel architectures such as iWarp, and in libraries based on matrix-matrix block opera tions such as LAPACK, the approach is expected to be effective in para//elizing a large class of linear algebra computations. An implementation of LAPACK on iWatp is under development. In the implementa­ tion, block routines are executed on the ,Warp processor array using highly parallel systolic algorithms. Matrices are distrib­ uted over the array in a way that allows parallel block routines to be used wherever the original program calls a sequential block routine. This data distribution scheme significantly sim­ plifies the process of parallelization, and as a result, efficient parallel versions of programs can be generated automatically. We discuss experiences and performance results from our pre­ lim inary impleme ntation, and present the design of af ully auto­ matic system.
Computing eigenvalue bounds for iterative subspace matrix methods

A procedure is presented for the computation of bounds to eigenvalues of the generalized hermitian eigenvalue problem and to the standard hermitian eigenvalue problem. This procedure is applicable to iterative subspace eigenvalue methods and to both outer and inner eigenvalues. The Ritz values and their corresponding residual norms, all of which are computable quantities, are needed by the procedure. Knowledge of the exact eigenvalues is not needed by the procedure, but it must be known that the computed Ritz values are isolated from exact eigenvalues outside of the Ritz spectrum and that there are no skipped eigenvalues within the Ritz spectrum range. A multipass refinement procedure is described to compute the bounds for each Ritz value. This procedure requires O(m) effort where m is the subspace dimension for each pass.
Deja Vu All Over Again? The Internal Affairs Rule and Entity Law Convergence Patterns in Europe and the United States

The internal affairs rule is probably the most well-established choiceof-law principle in American corporate law. This rule holds that the law governing a corporation’s internal matters, like shareholder/management relations, is the law of the state/country where the corporation is organized. As an example, a corporation may incorporate in Delaware, thereby adopting Delaware’s corporate governance rules, and at the same time locate its company headquarters and conduct all business elsewhere. The internal affairs rule stands in marked contrast to the real seat choice-of-law doctrine that continental European countries have traditionally applied in the field of company (corporate) law. Under the latter approach, a business entity must organize itself under the company law of its “real seat” jurisdiction. The company’s real seat is the state/country where the company’s administrative headquarters—its nerve center—and presumably its center of interest is located. Because the internal affairs rule permits business managers to select the incorporating jurisdiction based on corporate governance considerations alone, it is generally agreed that the rule facilitates a market for corporate laws across the United States. Scholars from a variety of perspectives have long argued that Delaware dominates this market, and that Delaware’s dominance has in turn triggered a convergence of state corporate laws around permissive approaches to corporate governance that impose relatively few constraints on shareholders, managers, and other corporate
Altering Judicial Review of Labor Arbitration Awards

This Article is primarily about whether the parties to a collective bargaining agreement can voluntarily agree to alter the standard of judicial review that any such labor arbitration decision would normally be subjected to. Under the FAA in the context of commercial arbitration, this issue has generated a significant amount of scholarly debate by academic commentators as well as a conflict in the circuits - with some courts even drawing a distinction between expanding judicial review and eliminating judicial review altogether. Significantly, however, with the exception of dicta contained in one Seventh Circuit opinion written by Judge Posner, the alteration of the standard of judicial review of labor arbitration awards in the private sector has not been addressed by scholarly commentators or by courts in the private sector. The present state of the law does not provide any clear answer to the question whether the parties can contractually alter the standard of judicial review of a commercial arbitration decision. There is a tension between freedom of contract which lies at the heart of arbitration law and the need for judicial oversight in order to prevent abuse. The Supreme Court has denied certiorari four times where the issue has been raised in the context of a commercial arbitration. Given the amount of conflicting opinions that have been generated and the amount of scholarly debate, it is only a matter of time before the Supreme Court takes up this issue. It is submitted that regardless how the Supreme Court ultimately rules with respect to commercial arbitration under the FAA, an even more compelling case exists to allow parties to a collective bargaining agreement, which contains a labor arbitration provision, to alter the standard of judicial review. This is principally because labor arbitration is fundamentally different from commercial arbitration.
Potential origin and formation for molecular components of humic acids in soils

Abstract Soil humic acids are the base soluble/acid insoluble organic components of soil organic matter. Most of what we know about humic acids comes from studies of their bulk molecular properties or analysis of individual fractions after extraction from soils. This work attempts to better define humic acids and explain similarities and differences for several soils varying in degrees of humification using advanced molecular level techniques. Our investigation using electrospray ionization coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has given new insight into the distinctive molecular characteristics of humic acids which suggest a possible pathway for their formation. Humic acids from various ecosystems, climate regions and soil textural classes are distinguished by the presence of three predominant molecular components: lignin-like molecules, carboxyl-containing aliphatic molecules and condensed aromatic molecules that bear similarity to black carbon. Results show that humification may be linked to the relative abundance of these three types of molecules as well as the relative abundance of carboxyl groups in each molecular type. This work also demonstrates evidence for lignin as the primary source of soil organic matter, particularly condensed aromatic molecules often categorized as black carbon and is the first report of the non-pyrogenic source for these compounds in soils. We also suggest that much of the carboxyl-containing aliphatic molecules are sourced from lignin.
Deformation of Sand in Hydrostatic Compression

The deformational behavior of a granular soil under hydrostatic compressive stress is studied. A theoretical model consisting of regular arrays of uniform spheres, but with a probabilistic distribution of holes in the arrays, is postulated. When Hertzian behavior at the points of contact between the spheres is assumed and the holes are made to close under increasing pressure, a theoretical hydrostatic stress-strain relationship is derived. The theory is used to predict the compression of an Ottawa sand at various densities, and is found to give good agreement with the measurements obtained by testing the soil in a new apparatus. The behavior is found to be nonlinear but almost completely elastic.
Upper Airway Stimulation for OSA: Early Adherence and Outcome Results of One Center.

ObjectiveTo review outcome measures and objective adherence data for patients treated with hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) therapy for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic sleep medicine center.Subjects and MethodsThe first 20 implanted patients to complete postoperative sleep laboratory testing were assessed. All patients had moderate to severe OSA, were unable to adhere to positive pressure therapy, and met previously published inclusion criteria for the commercially available implantable HNS system. Data included demographics, body mass index (BMI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS), nightly hours of device usage, and procedure- and therapy-related complications.ResultsMean age was 64.8 ± 12.0 years, with 50% female. Mean BMI was unchanged postoperatively (26.5 ± 4.2 to 26.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2; P > .05). Mean AHI (33.3 ± 13.0 to 5.1 ± 4.3; P < .0001) and mean ESS (10.3 ± 5.2 to 6.0 ± 4.4; P < .01) decreased sign...
Evolution of the arthropod prophenoloxidase/hexamerin protein family

Phylogenetic analysis of the prophenoloxidase/hexamerin family of arthropods revealed four well supported subfamilies: (1) the arylphorin subfamily, including arylphorins, storage proteins, and other proteins of uncertain function from insects; (2) the hemocyanins of branchiopod crustaceans, which are copper-binding proteins involved in oxygen transport; (3) the hemocyanins of chelicerates; and (4) the prophenoloxidases (proPO) of both insects and branchiopods, which are copper-binding molecules that play a role in sclerotization of cuticle and encapsulation of foreign particles. The phylogeny indicated that insect and branchiopod proPO constitute a monophyletic group but that branchiopod and chelicerate hemocyanins do not constitute a monophyletic group. Branchiopod hemocyanin and proPO diverged from each other prior to the divergence of insects from branchiopods and probably prior to the divergence of chelicerates from the insect-branchiopod lineage. Likewise, the insect arylphorin subfamily diverged from proPO prior to the divergence of insects from branchiopods and probably prior to the divergence of chelicerates; thus, the results did not support the hypothesis that insect arylphorins represent hemocyanins freed to assume a new function because the insect tracheal respiratory system removes the need for an oxygen-transport molecule. Nonetheless, reconstruction of ancestral sequences by the maximum parsimony method suggested that the ancestors of the arylphorin family were copper-binding. Regions corresponding to the copper-binding domains were found to have a faster rate of nonsynonymous evolution in arylphorin subfamily genes than in other hexamerin family genes; this presumably reflects a relaxation of purifying selection after the loss of copper-binding function.
Student Investigation of Rapid Prototyping Technology for Hybrid Rocket Motor Fuel Grains

This study reports on a class project designed to introduce students to applications of additive manufacturing in the rocket propulsion industry. Students from the Mechanical Engineering department at Alfred University (AU) have designed, built, and tested smallscale hybrid rocket motors. The project focused on design and fabrication of a test rig that could test many different grain geometries. The students used CAD and CAM software to design this hardware, and had the opportunity to work with a CNC mill and lathe to machine their designs. The primary additive manufacturing technology investigated in this project was 3D printing and was used to make unique hybrid grain designs. The novel ABS hybrid grains were made with additive manufacturing technology from two very different machines, one much more advanced than the other. Through small-scale propulsion testing at AU, we developed a reliable test to compare grains made with the inexpensive printer. To validate our testing and introduce students to a more advanced propulsion test lab, we tested several 3D printed grains at The Pennsylvania State University’s High Pressure Combustion Lab (HPCL). This project was coupled to a senior-level fluid mechanics course taught at AU, and students were introduced to nozzle sizing and simple hybrid rocket motor ballistic predictions and analysis. Difficulties in accurately predicting the performance of complex grain geometry was introduced as well by comparing to data from the various tests. The ultimate goal of this student-led research is to report on the future impact additive manufacturing technology could have on hybrid rocket performance, with suggestions for grain designs.
Magnetic mesoporous carbon material with strong ciprofloxacin adsorption removal property fabricated through the calcination of mixed valence Fe based metal-organic framework

As an efficient and low cost adsorbent to remove fluoroquinolones antibiotics (such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin) in waste water, magnetic mesoporous carbon material has attracted increasing concern all over the world. Here, a convenient strategy to fabricate magnetic mesoporous carbon material has been explored with Fe containing metal-organic framework (MOF) as precursor. With this method, a magnetic mesoporous carbon material, Fe3O4/C , which possesses high surface area, is obtained through the calcination of a mixed valence Fe based MOF. For Fe3O4/C, its ciprofloxacin adsorption capacity reaches as high as 868.6 mg/g. Magnetic measurement reveals its ferromagnetic feature of Fe3O4/C with magnetization saturation 22.81 emu g−1 and this guarantees its excellent magnetic separation performance. Furthermore, Fe3O4/C also exhibits outstanding stability during ciprofloxacin containing waste water treatment.
MotionSynthesis Toolset (MoST): An Open Source Tool and Data Set for Human Motion Data Synthesis and Validation

Access to experimental data in the development of algorithms and techniques for wearable computing devices and body sensor networks allows faster validation and refinement of algorithms. The MotionSynthesis Toolset is an open source toolset and database built to assist in data collection and data sharing, and allow collaboration in review and validation of data sets. The tools can generate a sequence of movements and synthesize a data stream based on the data stored in the database. New movements can be added to the database and the tools by the community. The tools also allow visualization, and validation of the movements and data with video and signal waveforms. The data set has more than 20 subjects and multiple repetitions of the movements from each subject to increase data diversity.
Statistical Process Control For Quality Improvement- Hardcover Version

While the common practice of Quality Assurance aims to prevent bad units from being shipped beyond some allowable proportion, statistical process control (SPC) ensures that bad units are not created in the first place. Its philosophy of continuous quality improvement, to a great extent responsible for the success of Japanese manufacturing, is roote
Local Release of Paclitaxel from Aligned, Electrospun Microfibers Promotes Axonal Extension

Traumatic spinal cord injuries ultimately result in an inhibitory environment that prevents axonal regeneration from occurring. A low concentration administration of paclitaxel has been previously shown to promote axonal extension and attenuate the upregulation of inhibitory molecules after a spinal cord injury. In this study, paclitaxel is incorporated into electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) microfibers, and it is established that a local release of paclitaxel from aligned, electrospun microfibers promotes neurite extension in a growth-conducive and inhibitory environment. Isolated dorsal root ganglion cells are cultured for 5 d directly on tissue culture polystyrene surface, PLA film, random, or aligned electrospun PLA microfibers (1.44 ± 0.03 μm) with paclitaxel incorporated at various concentrations (0%-5.0% w/w in reference to fiber weight). To determine the effect of a local release of paclitaxel, paclitaxel-loaded microfibers are placed in CellCrown inserts above cultured neurons. Average neurite extension rate is quantified for each sample. A local release of paclitaxel maintains neuronal survival and neurite extension in a concentration-dependent manner when coupled with aligned microfibers when cultured on laminin or an inhibitory surface of aggrecan. The findings provide a targeted approach to improve axonal extension across the inhibitory environment present after a traumatic injury in the spinal cord.
Estimation of P(X > Y) When X and Y Are Dependent Random Variables Using Different Bivariate Sampling Schemes

The stress-strength models have been intensively investigated in the literature in regards of estimating the reliability = P (X > Y) using parametric and nonparametric approaches under different sampling schemes when X and Y are independent random variables. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating when (X; Y) are dependent random variables with a bivariate underlying distribution. The empirical and kernel estimates of = P (X > Y), based on bivariate ranked set sampling (BVRSS) are considered, when (X; Y) are paired dependent continuous random variables. The estimators obtained are compared to their counterpart, bivariate simple random sampling (BVSRS), via the bias and mean square error (MSE). We demonstrate that the suggested estimators based on BVRSS are more efficient than those based on BVSRS. A simulation study is conducted to gain insight into the performance of the proposed estimators. A real data example is provided to illustrate the process.
The Lucky Electron Model for TDDB in Low-k Dielectrics

At the present time, there are at least six models to describe time dependent dielectric breakdown in low- ${k}$ dielectrics. They all agree with highly accelerated test data quite well and are difficult if not nearly impossible to differentiate experimentally. However, two of the models appear to fit long term test data (more than 2 years duration) and have survived detailed statistical analysis better than the others. These two models differ considerably in the physical description. This paper describes in detail one of the models known as the “impact damage” model or the “lucky electron” model. Because of the particular physical model described, certain predictions can be made compared to the other contender, the “power law” model that may lead to suggestions for experiments to determine which if either of these models is correct, thereby suggesting further steps that may be taken to mitigate or discount the associated reliability problem.