cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Methods for Simulation Speed-up and Test Qualification with Analog Fault Simulation

With SOCs being increasingly designed for communication and embedded processing applications, the content of analog, mixed-signal (AMS) and RF components in them has increased. Large SOCs are often dominated by these components, which in turn also contribute to the overall incurred test time, attainable test quality and time required for silicon debug and characterisation. Existing test methods based on the use of specification based tests and use of design verification test-benches are increasingly difficult to adopt in such SOCs (as compared to standalone IP chips) since a large number of such modules and their interactions must be tested in the budgeted test time. The paper describes the practical use of fault simulation for AMS circuits to address the above issues. The main contributions of this paper are two-fold. (i) Enhancements are proposed to a commercially available analog fault simulation flow to handle specific SOC requirements of accuracy and speed, using smart management of models and/or fault lists across different fault conditions and fault sites. (ii) Efficient test generation methods targeting the analog -- digital interface are built by identifying uncovered regions/operating modes of the circuit. These are novel extensions to the commercial analog EDA tools supporting regular fault simulation. Experiments are performed on industrial designs and benefits are highlighted. It is expected that such techniques will be increasingly required to be integrated into the design flows for mixed-signal SOCs.
Introduction: The subaltern and the popular1

The papers in this issue address the ‘subaltern’ and the ‘popular’ as subjects and modes of enquiry into culture and history. These papers were first presented at the symposium, ‘The Subaltern and ...
Procyclical Labour Productivity, Increasing Returns to Labour and Labour Hoarding in Car Assembly Plant Employment

This paper empirically examines the sources of procyclicality in labor productivity for a panel of U.S. auto assembly plants from 1978-85. An employment demand equation, derived from a cost-minimization model, is estimated to test for the presence of increasing returns and labor hoarding on the employment dimension. The data used match employment and wage data from the BLS Current Establishment Survey to publically available data on output and the nature of production at these plants. Statistical evidence in favor of both increasing returns and hoarding is found. These findings suggest that the observed procyclicality of labor productivity in this industry is due to both the nature of technology (increasing returns) as well as attempts by plant managers to maintain a reserve of experienced workers (labor hoarding). Copyright 1992 by Royal Economic Society.
A case of neonatal-onset carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I deficiency treated by continuous haemodiafiltration.

This is the first case of fulminant neonatal-onset carbamoylphosphate synthase I deficiency treated by continuous haemodiafiltration indicating that this is an available and effective procedure for neonates with hyperammonaemic coma.
Management of Active Crohn Disease

Importance Treatment of Crohn disease is rapidly evolving, with the induction of novel biologic therapies and newer, often more intensive treatment approaches. Knowing how to treat individual patients in this quickly changing milieu can be a challenge. Objective To review the diagnosis and management of moderate to severe Crohn disease, with a focus on newer treatments and goals of care. Evidence Review MEDLINE was searched from 2000 to 2011. Additional citations were procured from references of select research and review articles. Evidence was graded using the American Heart Association level-of-evidence guidelines. Results Although mesalamines are still often used to treat Crohn disease, the evidence for their efficacy is lacking. Corticosteroids can be effectively used to induce remission in moderate to severe Crohn disease, but they do not maintain remission. The mainstays of treatment are immunomodulators and biologics, particularly anti–tumor necrosis factor. Conclusion and Relevance Immunomodulators and biologics are now the preferred treatment options for Crohn disease.
Avatar Impotence: On 'User Will,' 'Avatar Agency,' and 'System Control' in Second Life

Virtual worlds often contain an underlying philosophy of idealism. This idealism can take many forms, from the construction of new self-identities to the creation of utopian societies. At its extreme, idealism fuels a drive to transcend the limitations of physical reality and the physical body by finding a new home in virtual environments. We contend, however, that the further evolution of virtual worlds requires a move beyond idealism and into a more complex and nuanced relationship between user, avatar, and environment. In this paper we present a theoretical framework for understanding the operation of idealism in virtual worlds through a potency complex centered on the avatar as the link between the human user and the virtual environment. We introduce the concept of the unintentional at the center of the issue of potency, and describe an art project in Second Life that re-introduces different forms of unintentionality to create an alternative to idealism.
On adaptive multilevel superposition of finite element meshes for linear elastostatics

Abstract A multilevel finite element mesh superposition technique aimed at hierarchically improving the quality of numerical solutions and mathematical models for a certain class of problems is developed. A posteriori error estimates, adaptive mesh overlay schemes, iterative solution procedures, data structures, and numerical experiments are described in the context of linear elastostatics.
A cylinder cone for dental roentgenography.

Abstract The use of a restricted beam of radiation when serial roentgenograms of small areas are to be made is suggested. The diagnostician benefits from a roentgenogram that has increased definition, and the patient is subjected to less tissue irradiation. The construction of a simple, inexpensive cylinder cone of practicable dimensions is described.
Identification of the in vivo sperm proacrosin into acrosin conversion sequence

Abstract 1. 1. Proacrosin and acrosin were quantitated in boar sperm which were incubated in ligated segments of gilt uteri and in buffer. 2. 2. Most of the proacrosin (70–80%) was converted into acrosin in sperm incubated in vivo for 120 min while less than 3% of the proacrosin was converted into acrosin in the control sperm. 3. 3. Electrophoretic comparison of the enzymatic activities in the sperm extracts to homogeneous m(inχ)-acrosin and m μ -acrosin suggested that the in vivo conversion sequence was: proacrosin → min(χ)-acrosin → m β acrosin.
Good Imaging With Very Fast Paraboloidal Primaries: An Optical Solution And Some Applications

Attention is given to the imaging performance improvement obtainable in telescopes with fast parabolic primaries by means of two-mirror correctors of the Paul-Baker type. Images with 80 percent of the energy concentrated within 0.2 arcsec are projected for an f/1 primary relaying to an f/2 final focus, over a 1 deg-diameter field. It is noted that the mechanical structure and enclosure of a large telescope built with these fast optics should be significantly smaller and less expensive than those for conventional optics. The application of the Paul-Baker corrector system is explored for such diverse telescope types as those employing six off-axis primary mirrors, UV astronomy telescopes with no chromatic aberration, a low emissivity IR astronomy instrument with an off-axis f/1 parent primary mirror part, and thin rectangular aperture telescopes which are useful for spectroscopy and photometry.
Is sestamibi-guided parathyroidectomy really cost-effective?

Abstract Background: Sestamibi-guided limited neck explorations are an alternative to the standard bilateral neck exploration for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. A recently published meta-analysis by Denham and Norman (JACS vol.186, 1998) suggested that a sestamibi-directed approach offers a cost benefit because it decreases operative and recovery room times, hospital stay, and the number of frozen sections needed. Methods: We reviewed 41 bilateral neck explorations for primary hyperparathyroidism and compared our results with those reported by the meta-analysis to determine whether a sestamibi-directed approach is cost effective. Results: Operative and recovery room times averaged 60.3 ± 19.3 and 45 minutes, respectively. Forty six percent of the patients were treated as outpatients, and 1.21 ± 0.57 frozen sections were obtained per case. Our standard bilateral exploration cost 47% less than the bilateral approach and 17% less than the sestamibi-directed operation calculated in the meta-analysis. There were no cases of nerve injury or permanent hypocalcemia, 98% of patients were cured, and 61% of patients did not require narcotics postoperatively. Conclusions: Sestamibi-guided parathyroidectomy may not offer any advantage over the standard bilateral exploration. In our experience, a bilateral neck exploration can be performed on an outpatient basis and at low cost, with a high success rate and minimal morbidity. Most patients do not require narcotics, and the cosmetic results are excellent. (Surgery 1999;126:1036-41.)
Healing rate of human skin determined by measurement of the electrical potential of experimental abrasions

Abstract 1. 1. Measurements of the electrical wound potential of human skin may be used to indicate the rate of healing. 2. 2. Minor skin abrasions heal at an average rate of 2.3 per cent per hour as indicated by the fall in wound potential. 3. 3. An extract of yeast and liver incorporated in a petrolatum-lanolin ointment accelerates healing of human skin to statistically significant degree compared with control abrasions treated with petrolatum alone.
In the Rainforest

In the Rainforest: Report from. Strange, Beautiful, Imperiled World. Catherine Caufield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. xlv. 306 pp. $11.95 (paper). ISBN 0-226-09785-2
Ga(In)N Nanowire Light Emitting Diodes and Single Photon Sources

Abstract: Ga(In)N nanowires and Ga(In)N quantum disks can be grown defect-free on silicon with p- and n-doping to form diodes. We will describe the characteristics of light-emitting diodes and electrically injected single nanowire single photon sources. OCIS codes: (230.3670) Light-emitting diodes; (250.5590) Quantum-well, -wire and -dot devices.
Colobus guereza: Birth and infant development in captivity

Abstract Labour postures performed during birth of Colobus guereza are a series of alternating torso stretches. Early development of this species differs from many Old World monkeys in that females other than the mother are allowed to handle the very young infant and males show considerable interest in infants.
The traumatic subjectivity of un Allāh Ibrāhīm's Dhāt

AbstractIn contrast with previous readings of un Allāh Ibrāhīm’s Dhāt, this article argues that the novel’s conceptual center is not simply a socio-political critique of materialism, but rather a case of psychological trauma, of which materialism is just a symptom. By examining narrative structure and temporality, this article theorizes the affects of trauma towards explaining how an entire Egyptian generation came to experience the past, or history, as a depressing process of displacement that ultimately leads to alienation from environment and self. Exploring the meaning of trauma and its ethical and psychological side effects, this article also elaborates on how gossip transforms trauma into a socially contagious disease. Reading the novel back into the standard genealogy of Arabic literature, it could be viewed as a concluding note of the 1960s generation and a precursor of the 1990s generation, and of the so-called novel of the “closed horizon.”
A single ubiquitin is sufficient for cargo protein entry into MVBs in the absence of ESCRT ubiquitination

ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) bind and sequester ubiquitinated membrane proteins and usher them into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). As Ubiquitin (Ub)-binding proteins, ESCRTs themselves become ubiquitinated. However, it is unclear whether this regulates a critical aspect of their function or is a nonspecific consequence of their association with the Ub system. We investigated whether ubiquitination of the ESCRTs was required for their ability to sort cargo into the MVB lumen. Although we found that Rsp5 was the main Ub ligase responsible for ubiquitination of ESCRT-0, elimination of Rsp5 or elimination of the ubiquitinatable lysines within ESCRT-0 did not affect MVB sorting. Moreover, by fusing the catalytic domain of deubiquitinating peptidases onto ESCRTs, we could block ESCRT ubiquitination and the sorting of proteins that undergo Rsp5-dependent ubiquitination. Yet, proteins fused to a single Ub moiety were efficiently delivered to the MVB lumen, which strongly indicates that a single Ub is sufficient in sorting MVBs in the absence of ESCRT ubiquitination.
The wisdom of the commons

Motivation: Classification and regression trees have long been used for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Nevertheless, instability and variable selection bias, as well as overfitting, are well-known problems of tree-based methods. In this article, we investigate whether ensemble tree classifiers can ameliorate these difficulties, using data from two recent studies of radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer. Results: Using time to progression following prostatectomy as the relevant clinical endpoint, we found that ensemble tree classifiers robustly and reproducibly identified three subgroups of patients in the two clinical datasets: non-progressors, early progressors and late progressors. Moreover, the consensus classifications were independent predictors of time to progression compared to known clinical prognostic factors. Contact: dmercola@uci.edu
An experiment in processing electronic documents

Trends in technology now support a "paperless" environment, but in the author's experiment to produce an entire issue of a technical journal using electronic documents, more paper was generated than ever before. The conclusion is that it is possible to achieve efficient handling of technical journal papers in electronic form throughout a cycle that encompasses peer-level review, author revision, editing, print production, but in most organizations this efficiency will require additional software, changes to hardware, and adaptation to new processes. The author presents the highlights of an experiment to investigate how a journal publication process could evolve to accommodate the new processes, methods, and capabilities of some selected software applications. The author reports on experiences and suggest what may be practical to do in a current publishing environment.
The Carotenoids of Certain Fruits (Apple, Pear, Cherry, Strawberry)

SUMMARY The carotenoids of nine varieties of apple, four varieties of pear, two of strawberry, and one of cherry were examined. The first three fruits are low in carotenoid (0.3—5.0 ppm on a fresh-fruit basis), the pears exceptionally so (0.3—1.2 ppm). The cherry ranks somewhat higher (5—11 ppm). With the possible exception of the cherry, no new polyene synthesis appears to occur during ripening.
Secondhand Brokerage: Evidence On The Importance Of Local Structure For Managers, Bankers, And Analysts

Analyzing network associations with performance in three study populations, I find that secondhand brokerage--moving information between people to whom one is only connected indirectly--often has little or no value. Brokerage benefits are dramatically concentrated in the immediate network around a person. Why that is so, and conditions under which it is more or less so, are examined. The research implication is that brokerage can be measured with designs in which data are limited to an immediate network. The theory implication is that the social capital of brokerage is a local phenomenon mirrored in the Austrian market metaphor's emphasis on tacit, local knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Academy of Management Journal is the property of Academy of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Pyrosequencing reveals higher impact of silver nanoparticles than Ag+ on the microbial community structure of activated sludge

Abstract Although the antimicrobial capabilities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely reported, their impacts on ecologically important microbial communities are not well understood. AgNPs released from consumer products will likely enter sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants, where they would encounter (and potentially upset) activated sludge (AS), a complex ecosystem containing a variety of bacteria. Herein we address the effects of AgNPs and Ag+ ions on the microbial community structure of AS, using pyrosequencing technology. Compared to Ag+ amendment, a lower AgNP concentration resulted in a more pronounced effect on AS community structure, possibly reflecting a higher propensity of Ag+ than AgNPs to be scavenged by inorganic ligands and organic matter. Furthermore, AgNPs decreased the abundance of nitrifying bacteria, which would hinder N removal, and damaged AS floc structure, which could affect sludge clarification and recycling. Overall, although released Ag+ is known to be the critical effector of the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs, the nanoparticles apparently delivered Ag+ to bacteria more effectively and exerted more pronounced microbial population shifts that would hinder some wastewater treatment processes.
Corollaries to Amdahl's Law for Energy

This paper studies the important interaction between parallelization and energy consumption in a parallelizable application. Given the ratio of serial and parallel portion in an application and the number of processors, we first derive the optimal frequencies allocated to the serial and parallel regions in the application to minimize the total energy consumption, while the execution time is preserved (i.e., speedup = 1). We show that dynamic energy improvement due to parallelization has a function rising faster with the increasing number of processors than the speed improvement function given by the well-known Amdahl's Law. Furthermore, we determine the conditions under which one can obtain both energy and speed improvement, as well as the amount of improvement. The formulas we obtain capture the fundamental relationship between parallelization, speedup, and energy consumption and can be directly utilized in energy aware processor resource management. Our results form a basis for several interesting research directions in the area of power and energy aware parallel processing.
Breast Cancer Survivorship Issues

Survivors of breast cancer are confronted with a plethora of cancer treatment-related long-term symptoms, the most common being fatigue, hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, arthralgias, neuropathy, and cognitive dysfunction. Survivors of breast cancer also face cancer treatment-related disease states, such as osteoporosis, cardiac dysfunction, obesity, infertility, and secondary cancers. Evidence-based recommendations for screening, prevention, and early intervention should be implemented to improve quality of life and decrease comorbidities in this population.
Microsatellite Instability in Nonneoplastic Mucosa from Patients with Chronic Ulcerative Colitis

Microsatellite instability (MIN) has been detected in many cancer types; however, recently we also observed it in the nonneoplastic but inflammatory setting of pancreatitis. Consequently, we sought to examine whether MIN was present in another inflammatory condition, ulcerative colitis (UC). MIN was found in 50% of UC patients whose colonic mucosa was negative for dysplasia, 46% of those with high-grade dysplasia, and 40% of those with cancer but in none of the ischemic or infectious colitis controls (P<0.03). Thus, UC patients may have MIN within mucosa that has no histological evidence of neoplastic change. MIN in this setting may reflect the inability of DNA repair mechanisms to compensate for the stress of chronic inflammation, and may be one mechanism for the heightened neoplastic risk in UC.
Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation.

Examines the Dollard et al. (1939) frustration-aggression hypothesis. The original formulation's main proposition is limited to interference with an expected attainment of a desired goal on hostile (emotional) aggression. Although some studies have yielded negative results, others support the core proposition. Frustrations can create aggressive inclinations even when they are not arbitrary or aimed at the subject personally. Interpretations and attributions can be understood partly in terms of the original analysis but they can also influence the unpleasantness of the thwarting. A proposed revision of the 1939 model holds that frustrations generate aggressive inclinations to the degree that they arouse negative affect. Evidence regarding the aggressive consequences of aversive events is reviewed, and Berkowitz's cognitive-neoassociationistic model is summarized. In 1939, researchers at the Yale University Institute of Human Relations published a small monograph that has had a tremendous impact, directly or indirectly, on almost all of the behavioral sciences. Led by,John Dollard, Leonard Doob, Neal Miller, O. H. Mowrer, and Robert Sears (1939), the group attempted to account for virtually all of human aggression with a few basic ideas. Their book, Frustration and Aggression, quickly attracted considerable attention. Seven articles in one 1941 issue of Psychological Review were devoted to the controversy generated by the monograph, and excerpts from these papers as well as from other related articles were reprinted in a major section of the classic Readings in Social Psychology (Newcomb & Hartley, 1947). Most of the studies investigating the causes and consequences of aggression in the immediately following decades were oriented, to some extent at least, toward issues raised by the Yale group's analysis (see Berkowitz, 1958, 1962; Buss, 1961).
Finding Acceptable Solutions Faster Using Inadmissible Information

Bounded suboptimal search algorithms attempt to find a solution quickly while guaranteeing that the cost does not exceed optimal by more than a desired factor. These algorithms generally use a single admissible heuristic both for guidance and guaranteeing solution quality. We present a new approach to bounded suboptimal search that separates these roles, consulting multiple sources of potentially inadmissible information to determine search order and using admissible information to guarantee quality. An empirical evaluation across six benchmark domains shows the new approach has better overall performance.
Bacterial Degradation of Streptococcal Glucans

Several strains of bacteria were isolated which have the ability to use the polyglucan polymers produced by four strains of Streptococcus mutans as a sole source of carbon and energy for growth requirements. This study shows that the enzyme system responsible for the degradation of the polyglucan is extracellular in nature.
Time-related decline in sperm motility patterns in men with cytotoxic antibodies

Sperm motility patterns in semen from 10 fertile nonautoimmune men (fertile control group) and 33 infertile men with various titers of cytotoxic sperm antibodies in their seminal plasma (group 1: titers ≤ 16, n — 6; group 2: titers 64 to 512, n - 12; group 3: titers &ge 1024, n — 15) were evaluated every 2 hours for 12 hours and finally at 24 hours. A significant decline in sperm swimming speed and linearity was observed at 6 hours in semen from 27 infertile men with sperm antibodies. Beginning at 8 hours, semen from sperm antibody-positive men in group 2 showed a significant decline in percentage motile sperm (p < 0.001) compared to the fertile controls. The percentage motility in semen of donors in groups 1 and 3 was significantly lower than that in semen of fertile donors at 10 hours (p < 0.05), 12 hours (p < 0.01), and 24 hours (p < 0.001). The mean velocity in groups 2 and 3 was significantly less than that in fertile controls at 10 and 12 hours (p < 0.05). The linearity of sperm motility started to ...
Causal reasoning with continuous uncertain quantities

The author considers an idealized model of causal schemata that facilitates the estimation of uncertain continuous variables by local and unsupervised computations. The updating rules dictated by this model reveal general strategies of reasoning, suitable for combining estimates from diverse, unreliable sources. The rules admit flexible control strategies and facilitate the generation of intuitively meaningful explanations, with a minimum of arithmetic machinery. >
Resolution of dynamic memory allocation and pointers for the behavioral synthesis form C

One of the greatest challenges in C/C++-based design methodology is to efficiently map C/C++ models into hardware. Many of the networking and multimedia applications implemented in hardware or mixed hardware/software systems are making use of complex data structures stored in one or multiple memories. As a result, many of the C/C++ features which were originally designed for software applications are now making their way into hardware. Such features include dynamic memory allocation and pointers used to manage data. We present a solution for efficiently mapping arbitrary C code with pointers and malloc/free into hardware. Our solution fits current memory management methodologies. It consists of instantiating a hardware allocator tailored to an application and a memory architecture. Our work also supports the resolution of pointers without restriction on the data structures. An implementation using the SUIF framework is presented, followed by some case studies such as the realization of a video filter.
INI1/hSNF5-interaction defective HIV-1 IN mutants exhibit impaired particle morphology, reverse transcription and integration in vivo

Retroviral integrase catalyzes integration of viral DNA into the host genome. Integrase interactor (INI)1/hSNF5 is a host factor that binds to HIV-1 IN within the context of Gag-Pol and is specifically incorporated into HIV-1 virions during assembly. Previous studies have indicated that INI1/hSNF5 is required for late events in vivo and for integration in vitro. To determine the effects of disrupting the IN-INI1 interaction on the assembly and infectivity of HIV-1 particles, we isolated mutants of IN that are defective for binding to INI1/hSNF5 and tested their effects on HIV-1 replication. A reverse yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify INI1-interaction defective IN mutants (IID-IN). Since protein-protein interactions depend on the surface residues, the IID-IN mutants that showed high surface accessibility on IN crystal structures (K71R, K111E, Q137R, D202G, and S147G) were selected for further study. In vitro interaction studies demonstrated that IID-IN mutants exhibit variable degrees of interaction with INI1. The mutations were engineered into HIV-1NL4-3 and HIV-Luc viruses and tested for their effects on virus replication. HIV-1 harboring IID-IN mutations were defective for replication in both multi- and single-round infection assays. The infectivity defects were correlated to the degree of INI1 interaction of the IID-IN mutants. Highly defective IID-IN mutants were blocked at early and late reverse transcription, whereas partially defective IID-IN mutants proceeded through reverse transcription and nuclear localization, but were partially impaired for integration. Electron microscopic analysis of mutant particles indicated that highly interaction-defective IID-IN mutants produced morphologically aberrant virions, whereas the partially defective mutants produced normal virions. All of the IID-IN mutant particles exhibited normal capsid stability and reverse transcriptase activity in vitro. Our results demonstrate that a severe defect in IN-INI1 interaction is associated with production of defective particles and a subsequent defect in post-entry events. A partial defect in IN-INI1 interaction leads to production of normal virions that are partially impaired for early events including integration. Our studies suggest that proper interaction of INI1 with IN within Gag-Pol is necessary for proper HIV-1 morphogenesis and integration.
MicroRNA expressions associated with progression of prostate cancer cells to antiandrogen therapy resistance

Development of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a major obstacle for the management of advanced prostate cancer. Therapies with androgen receptor (AR) antagonists and androgen withdrawal initially regress tumors but development of compensatory mechanisms including AR bypass signaling leads to re-growth of tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are involved in maintenance of cell homeostasis but are often altered in tumor cells. In this study, we determined the association of genome wide miRNA expression (1113 unique miRNAs) with development of resistance to ADT. We used androgen sensitive prostate cancer cells that progressed to ADT and AR antagonist Casodex (CDX) resistance upon androgen withdrawal and treatment with CDX. Validation of expression of a subset of 100 miRNAs led to identification of 43 miRNAs that are significantly altered during progression of cells to treatment resistance. We also show a correlation of altered expression of 10 proteins targeted by some of these miRNAs in these cells. We conclude that dynamic alterations in miRNA expression occur early on during androgen deprivation therapy, and androgen receptor blockade. The cumulative effect of these altered miRNA expression profiles is the temporal modulation of multiple signaling pathways promoting survival and acquisition of resistance. These early events are driving the transition to castration resistance and cannot be studied in already developed CRPC cell lines or tissues. Furthermore our results can be used a prognostic marker of cancers with a potential to be resistant to ADT.
Korean character recognition using neural networks

A neural network approach for recognizing printed Korean characters, based on a variant of the backpropagation algorithm, is presented. Implementation of the algorithms for neural networks with Hough transform inputs provided excellent recognition: about 81% of the training samples and 73% of the tested samples can be recognized. >
Predicting Spontaneous Stone Passage in Prepubertal Children: A Single Institution Cohort.

Abstract Introduction: No method currently exists for predicting which young child with a renal or ureteral stone will require surgery as opposed to pass the stone. Our goals were to analyze practice patterns at a major pediatric center and to identify factors that predicted spontaneous stone passage. Method: A retrospective review of all prepubertal patients (≤ 11 years) presenting to our institution from January 2005 to July 2014 with symptomatic nephrolithiasis was performed. Demographic data and stone details were reviewed, including anatomic location, size, and outcomes. Spontaneous stone passage was determined by parental report and/or stone absence on imaging obtained within 6 months after initial diagnosis. Results: A total of 119 eligible patients were identified, with an average age of 88.7 months (4–143). Forty eight (40.3%) patients spontaneously passed their stone and the remaining 59.7% required endoscopic intervention. Overall, 79.0% had symptomatic presentation (flank pain, hematuria) and ...
Changes in the scoliotic spine after fusion.

1. Of 117 cases of scoliosis treated by spine fusion, the growth of the fused segment of the spine in young patients was absent or minimal except when pseudarthrosis occurred. 2. Pseudarthrosis was related to the mobility of the fused spinal segment and to the extent of the fusion. It was very common in fusions of the lumbar spine, but infrequent in fusions of the thoracic spine alone. Spontaneous closure of the pseudarthrosis was often observed when the scoliosis became stabilized. 3. In idiopathic thoracic and thoracolumbar and paralytic thoracolumbar curve patterns, short fusions of the main curve and one vertebra above and below it gave the most satisfactory results. 4. Increase of the scoliosis following spine fusion was seen when the fused area was either too long or too short. In extensive fusions, increased scoliosis was associated with pseudarthrosis, bending of the graft, or with the addition of more vertebrae to the curve. Where fusion did not reach the ends of the curve, increase occurred above or below the fused segment.
Catalytic performance of biological method seeds on jarosite process

Abstract The catalytic performance on jarosite process of jarosite seeds via biosynthesis and chemical processes were studied, respectively. The SEM and XRD results showed that biosynthetic jarosite seeds (BIO seeds) had smooth surface and mainly consisted of potassium jarosite. The chemical synthesis jarosite seeds (CHM seeds) had a loose cauliflower-like surface and mainly consisted of hydronium jarosite. The catalytic performance of BIO seeds was better than that of CHM seeds on the formation of final jarosite product. The induction time can be shortened to 20 min, the reaction temperature can be reduced to only 75 °C, and the initial reaction speed was enhanced obviously, up to 3.933%/min. The crystallinity of final jarosite product using BIO seeds can achieve 97.22%, while it was only 12.89% without seeds. This indicates that the precipitation process of jarosite is more complete with BIO seeds.
Parent-child conflict and drug use in college women: a moderated mediation model of self-control and mindfulness.

This cross-sectional study examined the association between parent-child conflict and illicit drug use in a sample of female college students (N = 928). The mediating roles of self-control and mindfulness, as well as an interaction between self-control and mindfulness, were examined in a moderated mediation model for the purposes of expanding etiological theory and introducing targets for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse. Whereas deficits in self-control were found to facilitate the positive relation observed between parent-child conflict and the likelihood of experiencing drug-related problems, an interaction between mindfulness and self-control helped explain the association between parent-child conflict and intensity of drug-related problems. Parent-child conflict was related to low mindfulness when self-control was low, and low mindfulness in turn was related to a higher intensity of drug-related problems. This association did not exist for women with high self-control. Findings are consistent with developmental research on the etiology of drug use and the protective properties of mindfulness and self-control. Mindfulness as a potential target of intervention for drug users with low self-control to prevent drug-related problems is explored.
Ewing Sarcoma by Any Other Name.

To the Editor Weissferdt and colleagues1 described three cases of what they have called “Ewing sarcoma” with extensive neural differentiation. Their patients had primary tumors of the testis, lung, and uterine cervix; all of the tumors had CD99 immunopositivity; and two that were tested had EWSR1 gene rearrangements. All tumors had areas with a ganglioneuroblastomatous appearance, and the testicular tumor also had foci with an ependymoma-like pattern of perivascular pseudorosettes. The authors assert that Ewing sarcoma is now a preferred diagnostic term for such neoplasms, supplanting such diagnoses as peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) as well as older terms such as neuroepithelioma or Askin tumor . While one can agree that the latter two terms are obsolete, there is no …
Procedural sedation in the emergency department

Procedural sedation in the emergency department is performed successfully across the country by many emergency medicine physicians. There are many varied styles of sedation in the ED that may vary from hospital to hospital. The required equipment, presences of additional providers, etc may vary slightly depending on the emergency department and its staffing complements. In addition, there are a variety of sedatives that may be used for sedation in the ED. Among the most common are ketamine and propofol, etomidate, and fentanyl/versed. Dexmedetomidine and remifentanyl remain on the horizon. Both the sedation practice and the need for the ED physician to also perform the procedure himself/herself make the style and technique of procedural sedation in the ED unique. It many ways it is very different from elsewhere in the hospital. However, the emergency medicine physician still maintains a high standard of care and a high quality safety margin. At all times there should be emergency airway equipment available. Also, an assessment of the urgency of the procedure is made by the ED physician. NPO status is less of a highlighted issue. In most all settings, it is also highly recommended that supplemental oxygen and capnography be used. The physician performing the sedation must be competent in emergency airway techniques.
The diagnostic challenge of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ

Abstract Background Diagnostic agreement among pathologists is 84% for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Studies of interpretive variation according to grade are limited. Methods A national sample of 115 pathologists interpreted 240 breast pathology test set cases in the Breast Pathology Study and their interpretations were compared to expert consensus interpretations. We assessed agreement of pathologists' interpretations with a consensus reference diagnosis of DCIS dichotomised into low- and high-grade lesions. Generalised estimating equations were used in logistic regression models of rates of under- and over-interpretation of DCIS by grade. Results We evaluated 2097 independent interpretations of DCIS (512 low-grade DCIS and 1585 high-grade DCIS). Agreement with reference diagnoses was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 42–51) for low-grade DCIS and 83% (95% CI 81–86) for high-grade DCIS. The proportion of reference low-grade DCIS interpretations over-interpreted by pathologists (i.e. categorised as either high-grade DCIS or invasive cancer) was 23% (95% CI 19–28); 30% (95% CI 26–34) were interpreted as a lower diagnostic category (atypia or benign proliferative). Reference high-grade DCIS was under-interpreted in 14% (95% CI 12–16) of observations and only over-interpreted 3% (95% CI 2–4). Conclusion Grade is a major factor when examining pathologists' variability in diagnosing DCIS, with much lower agreement for low-grade DCIS cases compared to high-grade. These findings support the hypothesis that low-grade DCIS poses a greater interpretive challenge than high-grade DCIS, which should be considered when developing DCIS management strategies.
Rethinking rhetorical field methods on a precarious planet

ABSTRACTThis essay offers a narrative of rhetorical field methods and intertwined climate justice exigencies. We argue the emergence of and resistance toward rhetorical field methods responds to a growing ecological consciousness, reflecting a changing understanding of the relationship between human agency and the planet. Drawing upon fieldwork from our own research and other scholars in the field, we organize our argument in three related themes: culture, interconnection, and voice. Given the expansive objects, people, and practices rhetorical field methods engage, this approach offers one compelling way to listen to and amplify marginalized voices. Overall, this essay explores how rhetorical field methods have provided and might further offer a compelling set of principles and practices for resisting structures of ecological and social precarity for life on Earth.
Covering arrays: Evaluating coverage and diversity in the presence of disallowed combinations

Test engineers are often faced with the challenge of selecting test cases that maximize the chance of discovering faults while working with a limited budget. Combinatorial testing is an effective test case selection strategy to address this challenge. The basic idea is to select test cases that ensure that all possible combinations of settings from two (or more) inputs are accounted for, regardless of which subset of two (or more) inputs are selected. Currently, combinatorial testing usually implies a covering array as the underlying mathematical construct. Yet, despite their demonstrated utility, practitioners sometimes encounter challenges that impede their use. For example, given a covering array with constraints on allowed combinations of settings for some subset of inputs, it is often unclear how to assess the coverage and diversity [2] properties of the resulting covering array.
Repurposing established cyclic adenosine monophosphate reducing agents for the prevention and therapy of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a family of cancers comprised of four different histological subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and carcinoids. Among the NSCLC subtypes, adenocarcinoma is the most common with incidence rising (1).
A Spatial Model of Work Relationships: The Relationship-Building and Relationship-Straining Effects of Workspace Design

The physical layout of office space design has evolved to reflect the complexity of modern work and the transitory nature of contemporary employment. Although scholars have investigated the influen...
The spleen in hematologic disorders.

Embryologically, the spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between the two mesothelial layers of the mesogastrium. These cells form the splenic pulp, the supporting connective tissue structures, and the capsule of the spleen. The primitive artery penetrates a lobulated embryonic spleen, and arterioles branch through the connective tissue into the splenic sinusoids. Continued growth and formation occurs during fusion of the splenic lobules.
Gestural Envelopes: Aesthetic Considerations for Mapping Physical Gestures Using Wireless Motion Sensors

Just as one who plays the violin is a violinist, or the piano a pianist, one who performs with electronics is an electronicist. Too often, electronicists act as technicians, rather than true performers. This apparent lack of performativity among electronicists stems from a disregard for embodiment and physicality in a performance context. We address these concerns related to physicality and embodiment via a new set of aesthetic considerations for mapping gestural information to sound with wireless sensors. Our concept uses the metaphor of an ADSR envelope to similarly break down a gesture into discrete events used for mapping potentials. We have applied this model specifically to a device called the Mugic sensor, and describe two case studies that use the Mugic sensor and Max to implement these ideas. We discovered that these mapping considerations result in a more visually engaging performance for audiences and create a meaningful link between performer and interface.
Impacting Mathematical and Technological Creativity with Dynamic Technology Scaffolding

This chapter reports on studies conducted during the past decade that investigated mathematical learning for teaching with technology (MLTT) and its relationship to creativity. Though related to mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) (Ball et al. in J Teach Educ 59, 389–407, 2008) and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) (Mishra and Koehler in Teachers Coll Rec 180(6):1017–1054, 2006; Niess in Teach Teach Educ 21(5):509–523, 2005), mathematical learning for teaching with technology has a strong dispositional component coupled with curiosity, creativity, and meaning making (Thompson in Third handbook of international research in mathematics education. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 435–461, 2015). Using design-based research methods (Cobb et al. in Educ Researcher 32(1):9–13, 2003) a framework for dynamic technological scaffolding (DTS) has emerged in support of teacher learning. DTS has provided fertile ground for the design and further study of learning trajectories in which learners are exploring and eventually creating cognitively challenging mathematical task sequences in the presence of new (to them) physical and technological tools. By harnessing teachers’ motivation to inculcate curiosity, engagement, and learning for their students, these design studies have created conditions where teachers have become curious, creative, and technologically savvy to the point where many have gone on to pursue similar kinds of experiences with their mathematics students. This chapter will explore and present DTS as created and implemented with secondary mathematics teachers and DTS as creative work pursued by teachers.
Home Schooling: Philosophy Without Travel

“Life as journey” is an ideology of civilization. When travel is justified as producing knowledge, positivism enters the ideology. Consider a counter-metaphor: wisdom that comes of being traveled to. Lucian imagines a Scythian assessing Roman customs. Descartes’s Meditations begins with “infidels” who need his proofs for God’s existence. Kant’s Third Critique recalls an Iroquois chief in Paris. Such travel brings outsiders to question our unquestioned thoughts—likewise appeals to observers from Mars or the future. Against the checklist “Places to visit before you die” I’d propose travel-as-knowledge for philosophers under the rubric “Places to be visited from before you start to live.”
Hitchhiking of Viral Genomes on Cellular Chromosomes.

Persistent viral infections require a host cell reservoir that maintains functional copies of the viral genome. To this end, several DNA viruses maintain their genomes as extrachromosomal DNA minic...
Pulmonary embolism response team implementation improves awareness and education among the house staff and faculty

A subset of high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) patients requires advanced therapy beyond anticoagulation. Significant variation in delivery of care has led institutions to standardize their approach by developing Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT). We sought to assess the impact of PERT implementation on house staff and faculty education. After implementation of PERT, we employed a targeted educational intervention aimed to improve PERT awareness, familiarity with treatment options, role of echocardiogram and Doppler ultrasound, and knowledge of acute PE risk stratification tools. We conducted an anonymous survey among the house staff and faculty before and after intervention to assess the impact of PERT implementation on educational objectives among clinicians. Initial and follow up samples included 115 and 109 responses. The samples were well represented across the subspecialties and all levels of training, as well as junior and senior faculty. Following the educational campaign, awareness of the program increased (72.2–92.6%, p < 0.01). Proportion of clinicians with reported comfort level of managing PE increased (82.4–90.8%, p = 0.07). Proportion of clinicians with self-reported comfort with explaining all available treatment modalities to patients increased (49.1–67.9%, p = 0.005). Proportions of responders who correctly identified the role of echocardiography in risk stratification of patients with known PE increased (73.9–84.4%, p = 0.07). Accurate clinical risk stratification of acute PE increased (60.2–73.8%, p = 0.03). The implementation of a targeted educational program at a tertiary care center increased awareness of PERT among house staff and faculty and improved physician’s accuracy of clinical risk stratification and comfort level with management of acute PE.