cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of pentaamminerhodium(III) on the1H n.m.r. spectra and pyrrole pKas of coordinated imidazoles and pyrazoles

The following [(NH3)5RhLH]Cl3 salts were preparedvia the [(NH3)5Rh(O3SCF3)](O3SCF3)2 synthetic route; LH=1-methylimidazole (1CH3imH), 2-methylimidazole (2CH3imH), 4-methylimidazole (4CH3imH), 5-methylimidazole(5CH3imH), and pyrazole (pyzH). pKa's at 25.0°C were determined for [(NH3)5RhLH]3+ complexes as follows: 2CH3imH, 10.4±0.1; 5CH3imH/4CH3imH isomer mixture, 10.3±0.1; pyzH, 6.54±0.05. The influence on the pKa's of imidazoles is dominated by σ withdrawal of the rhodium(III) centre and may be compensated by the presence of ring methylation by only 0.5log units for cobalt(III) and rhodium(III) derivatives, compared to 1.3 units for the π-withdrawing ruthenium(III) centre. In the case of the π-acceptor pyrazole ring, [(NH3)5Rh]3+ is observed to serve as a slight π-donor and raises the pKa above the cobalt(III) analogue. The1H n.m.r. spectra of [(NH3)5RhLH]3+ complexes of the substituted imidazoles and pyrazole exhibit a deshielding order. C−2H>C−5H>C−4H for imidazoles and C−3H>C−5H>C−4H for pyrazole, as do their cobalt(III) analogues. The magnitude of Δδ values (Δδ=δfree L-δcomplex) are virtually the same as in the cobalt(III) systems which shows that TIP influences are unimportant compared to ring rehybridization in estabilishing chemical shifts for both the cobalt(III) and rhodium(III) complexes. The imidazolato and pyrazolato complexes exhibit resonances upfield of the respective substituted imidazole or pyrazole complex in keeping with more negative charge on the rings; the influence is largest at C−2H of imidazolates and C−3H of pyrazolate.
Genetic deficiency of cyclooxygenase-2 attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in mice

Objective: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are characterized by chronic inflammation which contributes to the remodeling and eventual weakening of the vessel wall. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is detected in human aneurysmal tissue and is suggested to contribute to the disease. The aim of the current study was to define the role of COX-2 expression in the development of AAAs, using a model of the disease. Methods: AAAs were induced in mice by chronic angiotensin II infusion, and were analyzed following 3, 7, 21 or 28 days of the infusion. AAA incidence and severity, together with the expression of inflammatory markers, were compared between abdominal aortas from COX-2-deficient mice and their wild-type littermate controls. Results: The AAA incidence in COX-2 wild-type mice was 54% (13/24), whereas AAAs were not detected in COX-2-deficient mice (0/23) following 28 days of angiotensin II infusion. The genetic deficiency of COX-2 also resulted in a 73% and 90% reduction in AAA incidence following 7 and 21 days of angiotensin II infusion, respectively. In COX-2 wild-type mice, COX-2 mRNA expression in the abdominal aorta was induced by angiotensin II beginning 3 days following initiation of the infusion, which continued throughout progression of the disease. Abundant COX-2 protein expression was detected in medial smooth muscle cells adjacent to the AAAs. The deficiency of COX-2 significantly attenuated mRNA expression in the abdominal aorta of the macrophage marker CD68, and the inflammatory cell recruitment chemokines, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that increased COX-2 expression in smooth muscle cells of the abdominal aorta contributes to AAA formation in mice by enhancing inflammatory cell infiltration.
Time-dependent, environmentally assisted crack growth in Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites at elevated temperatures

Subcritical crack growth measurements were conducted on ceramic matrix composites of β-SiC matrix reinforced with NICALON fibers (SiC/SiCf); fiber-matrix interphases were of carbon andboron nitride. Velocities of effective elastic cracks were determined as a function of effective applied stress intensity in pure Ar and in Ar plus 2000, 5000, and 20,000 ppm O2 atmospheres at 1100 °C. Over a wide range of applied stress intensities, theV-K eff diagrams revealed a stage II pattern in which the crack velocity depends only weakly on the applied stress intensity, followed by a stage III, or power-law, pattern at higher stress intensity. Oxygen increased the crack velocity in stage II and shifted the stage II to III transition to the left. A two-dimensional (2-D) micromechanics approach, developed to model the time dependence of observed crack-bridging events, rationalized the measured effective crack velocities, their time dependence, the stage II to III transition, and the effect of oxygen in terms of the load relaxation of crack-bridging fibers.
Are you related to "the Geschwind?".

Being a neurologist with the last name Geschwind can be daunting....So, when I was asked to write a biography of Norman Geschwind, my father’s cousin, I was very hesitant about what to write. Numerous biographies and articles have been written about him and his remarkable contributions to the field of neurobehavior and neurology; most are written by those trained by him and who knew his work personally and far better than I could ever know it. I decided to focus on a more personal story about how I was affected and continue to be influenced by Norman’s legacy. Growing up I knew my father’s cousin Norman was a physician, but I must admit, as a child I thought he was a family doctor—I don’t even think I knew what a neurologist was at the time. My primary memory of him was as a great raconteur; I recall him sitting back and telling stories at my Aunt Shirley’s dining room table during one of the Jewish Holidays, but I had no clue about his contributions to the field of neurobehavior and neurology. During a psychology course sophomore year in college, I kept coming across the name Norman Geschwind in my textbooks; I called up my father to inquire if this person was the same as “our cousin Norman.” I was fascinated by his work in brain behavior relationships and cerebral lateralization. I was amazed to find that this was my cousin Norman. I started to read more of his writings. Although a solid-state experimental physicist, my father became fascinated by neuroscience in large part through the writings of his cousin; we would spend hours discussing Norman’s papers on brain localization, function and behavior. Although I started out as a physics major, I eventually changed my major to neurobiology as I became increasingly drawn to studying the role of the brain in human behavior and function. I was home from college and had just had a conversation with my father about Norman’s writings when we received the phone call from Pat, Norman’s wife, about his sudden and tragic death. In addition to the tragedy of the loss of a family member, leaving behind his wife and three children, I also realized what a great loss his death would be to the medical community, particularly the field of neurobehavior. Influenced in some part by Norman’s writings, I ended up majoring in neurobiology and writing my senior thesis on cerebral lateralization. Although I left science for several years to explore other fields, despite my attempts to not go into science/medicine, I eventually realized it was the career I would enjoy most and ended up pursuing my MD-PhD in neuroscience and becoming a neurologist. Curiously, my older brother Dan, had a not too dissimilar path. After trying out business Norman Geschwind. Photograph from Damasio and Galaburda Archives of Neurology 1985.
Profiling of the early transcriptional response of murine γδ T cells following TCR stimulation

γδ T cells represent one of the three lineages of lymphocytes, along with αβ T cells and B cells, which express antigen receptors. Since their discovery over two decades ago, considerable effort has been made to understand their antigen specificity and their contribution to the immune response. From these studies, we have learned that γδ T cells recognize a different set of antigens than αβ T cells, acquire effector functions faster than αβ T cells, regulate the response of other immune cells during infection, and play distinct roles in immunity. The molecular basis for how γδ T cells manifest their unique functions, however, remains unknown. To address this, we profiled the genes upregulated soon after TCR stimulation in order to identify which gene networks associated with T cell effector function are induced in γδ T cells. Interestingly, most of the genes in this transcriptional profile were not unique to activated γδ T cells, as they were also expressed in activated αβ T cells. However, many of the genes within this profile were upregulated with faster kinetics and/or greater magnitude in activated γδ T cells than in activated αβ T cells. In addition, we found that the genes in the transcriptional profile of activated wild-type γδ T cells can be used as a standard to screen activated γδ T cells from mice with potential signaling defects for alterations in γδTCR signal transduction. Thus, by defining the early transcriptional response of activated wild-type γδ T cells and by comparing their transcriptional profile to that of activated wild-type αβ T cells as well as to that of activated γδ T cells from signaling defective mice, we are able to gain important insights into the molecular basis for γδ T cell function.
Greater splanchnic nerve activity in the rat.

The greater splanchnic nerve trunks in the rat, unlike in other experimental animals, do not join celiac plexus directly. These nerve trunks join small ganglia, the cardiac ganglia, on either side. The cardiac ganglia are located about 1 cm rostro-lateral to unpaired celiac ganglion. The greater splanchnic nerve activity immediately proximal to celiac ganglion is predominantly post-ganglionic in the rat. On the other hand, the activity of the greater splanchnic nerve proximal to the celiac ganglion is predominantly preganglionic in other experimental animals, (e.g., cat), In the rat, preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity is predominant in the segment of the greater splanchnic nerve proximal to the cardiac ganglion.
Soil phosphorus cycling in an Antarctic polar desert

Abstract Soil phosphorus distribution and cycling in the McMurdo Dry Valleys is poorly understood despite its importance for contemporary Antarctic ecosystem processes. We present data from sequential chemical extractions of phosphorus pools from dry valley soils and sediments on tills across a gradient of surface exposure ages, and across potential weathering gradients in stream channels. The geologically old, but poorly weathered, soils of the dry valleys have large phosphorus pools relative to in situ biological requirements. These pools are dominated by unweathered P fractions, comprising between 60 and 90% of total soil phosphorus among sites occurring on tills ranging in surface exposure ages of approximately 103–106 yrs. Variation in total phosphorus concentration and availability are related to differences in the initial P content of these tills; Ross Sea tills contain basalts and kenyte which contribute to higher concentrations of phosphorus relative to soils developing on tills deposited by advances of the Taylor Glacier. At local scales, physicochemical gradients contribute to variation in weathering rates, altering the distribution of phosphorus among chemical fractions, which differ in their potential mobility and availability to microorganisms. For example, hyporheic stream sediments exhibit evidence of phosphorus weathering from primary minerals and loss relative to upland soils adjacent to stream channels. Dry valley landscapes (glaciers, lakes streams, soils) are hydrologically connected, providing a mechanism for phosphorus weathering and mobilization in soils and sediments to contribute to the nutrient budgets of adjacent aquatic ecosystems. We suggest that landscape history (till composition) and contemporary subsurface and stream hydrology are the primary controls over phosphorus cycling in the McMurdo Dry Valleys.
Steady-State Residual Vibrations in High-Speed, Dwell-Type, Rotating Disk Cam-Follower Systems

Followers driven by high-speed, dwell-type, rotating disk cams can exhibit undesirable residual vibrations during dwell. These vibrations have been studied with linear models mostly using results from transient vibration analysis, assuming quiescent initial conditions. Here, the residual vibrations are studied with closed-form solutions to the steady-state vibrations obtained with a circular convolution integral. The steady-state vibrations, which can extend over the entire cam cycle, are periodic and continuous. It is shown that significant differences exist between the residual vibration results obtained from steady-state analysis and those obtained from transient analysis. The undamped steady-state vibrations exhibit resonances. Away from the resonance conditions, the steady-state residual vibration amplitudes are consistently smaller than those predicted by transient analysis. The results from the two approaches agree quantitatively only for relatively stiff and damped follower systems.
Do student programmers all tend to write the same software tests

While many educators have added software testing practices to their programming assignments, assessing the effectiveness of student-written tests using statement coverage or branch coverage has limitations. While researchers have begun investigating alternative approaches to assessing student-written tests, this paper reports on an investigation of the quality of student written tests in terms of the number of authentic, human-written defects those tests can detect. An experiment was conducted using 101 programs written for a CS2 data structures assignment where students implemented a queue two ways, using both an array-based and a link-based representation. Students were required to write their own software tests and graded in part on the branch coverage they achieved. Using techniques from prior work, we were able to approximate the number of bugs present in the collection of student solutions, and identify which of these were detected by each student-written test suite. The results indicate that, while students achieved an average branch coverage of 95.4% on their own solutions, their test suites were only able to detect an average of 13.6% of the faults present in the entire program population. Further, there was a high degree of similarity among 90% of the student test suites. Analysis of the suites suggest that students were following naive, "happy path" testing, writing basic test cases covering mainstream expected behavior rather than writing tests designed to detect hidden bugs. These results suggest that educators should strive to reinforce test design techniques intended to find bugs, rather than simply confirming that features work as expected.
Computing the zeros of a Fourier series or a Chebyshev series or general orthogonal polynomial series with parity symmetries

In recent years, good algorithms have been developed for finding the zeros of trigonometric polynomials and of ordinary polynomials when written in the form of a truncated Chebyshev polynomial or Legendre polynomial series. In each case, the roots can be found from the eigenvalues of a generalized Frobenius companion matrix whose elements are trivial functions of the Fourier coefficients or Chebyshev coefficients. However, the QR method for computing the companion matrix eigenvalues has a cost that grows proportionally to N^3 where N is the polynomial degree. (By exploiting the special structure of the companion matrices, the cost can be reduced to O(N^2), but only for large N.) Here, we show that if the polynomial has definite parity, such as a trigonometric polynomial composed only of cosines or a polynomial that is a sum only of Chebyshev polynomials of odd degree, one can exploit these symmetries to halve the size of the problem. This reduces costs in the companion matrix method by a factor ranging between four and eight. For trigonometric polynomials, we give transformations that dramatically reduce costs even if the roots are found by an algorithm other than the companion matrix procedure. We further give reductions for trigonometric polynomials with double parity symmetries which save a factor of sixteen to a factor of sixty-four in the companion matrix algorithm. Special functions such as spherical harmonics, Mathieu functions, prolate spheroidal wavefunctions and Hough functions, all represented by truncated Fourier series with double parity, are a rich source of applications.
Nursing and organizational barriers to daily interruption of sedation in U.S. hospitals: A thematic review of the literature

Despite focused attention on hospital-acquired infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) infections and deaths continueto be a problem in U.S. hospitals. Research indicates that protocols are in place across hospitals but actual implementationlags behind. The inconsistencies in protocol implementation may be due to workarounds created during the process of dailyinterruption of sedation (DIS), which is the process of stopping the ventilated patient’s sedation at a prescribed time each day toevaluate the patient’s ability to wean. The purpose of this thematic synthesis of the literature was to understand how nursing andorganizational barriers may affect adherence to DIS protocols in U.S. hospitals. We conducted a search using the CumulativeIndex of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, using terms related to sedation and mechanical ventilation, then coded andcategorized the study findings, and developed themes. Three themes emerged: (1) organizational structure does not influenceDIS at either the hospital or unit level, (2) a collaborative, multidisciplinary culture may be needed to influence changes insedation practices, and (3) the gap between evidence and practice may be due to lack of nursing education and experience. Toimprove outcomes, intensive care units should evaluate the impact of multidisciplinary ventilator rounding teams that includenursing, on DIS adherence and VAP rates, and ensure that nurses are up-to-date on the evidence around all aspects of sedationmanagement.
Inducibility of thymic lymphomas in female Hsd: (ICR)BR mice following subcutaneous injection of ethyl- and isopropyl methanesulfonate.

Abstract Isopropyl methanesulfonate (IMS), a direct-acting S N 1 alkylating agent, induced thymic lymphomas in 29 of 30 female Hsd: (ICR)BR mice by the 139th day following once a week subcutaneous injections at a dose of 10 μmol/mouse. No such neoplasms were observed at the 450th day following 52 once a week subcutaneous injections (20 μmol/mouse) of the borderline S N 1/S N 2 alkylating agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Local sarcomas were observed in 2 and pulmonary adenomas in 20 of the 30 EMS-treated mice, 70% of which were alive at the 450th day. Neoplasms were not observed at local or at distant sites other than the thymus gland following treatment with IMS. The results suggest a sensitivity of hemopoietic tissue to the types of DNA lesions induced by IMS.
Targeted disruption of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene NBS1 leads to early embryonic lethality in mice

Abstract Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive human disease whose clinical features include growth retardation, immunodeficiency, and increased susceptibility to lymphoid malignancies. Cells from NBS patients exhibit γ-irradiation sensitivity, S-phase checkpoint defects, and genomic instability. Recently, it was demonstrated that this chromosomal breakage syndrome is caused by mutations in the NBS1 gene that result in a total loss of full-length NBS1 expression [1, 2]. Here we report that in contrast to the viability of NBS patients, targeted inactivation of NBS1 in mice leads to early embryonic lethality in utero and is associated with poorly developed embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. Mutant blastocysts showed greatly diminished expansion of the inner cell mass in culture, and this finding suggests that NBS1 mediates essential functions during proliferation in the absence of externally induced damage. Together, our results indicate that the complex phenotypes observed in NBS patients and cell lines may not result from a complete inactivation of NBS1 but may instead result from hypomorphic truncation mutations compatible with cell viability.
Characterization of transition to chaos with multiple positive Lyapunov exponents by unstable periodic orbits

We investigate how the transition to chaos with multiple positive Lyapunov exponents can be characterized by the set of infinite number of unstable periodic orbits embedded in the chaotic invariant set. We argue and provide numerical confirmation that the transition is generally accompanied by a nonhyperbolic behavior: unstable dimension variability. As a consequence, the Lyapunov exponents, except for the largest one, pass through zero continuously.
The comparative ecology of two sympatric polychromatic populations of Xererpes fucorum Jordan & Gilbert (Pisces: Pholididae) from the rocky intertidal zone of Central California

Abstract A total of 517 Xererpes fucorum Jordan & Gilbert (422 red and 95 green) were collected near Piedras Biancas, California during 13 consecutive monthly transects through the exposed intertidal zone at 3 sites. Xererpes was most abundant ( N = 274) and had its highest mean vertical distribution (+0.42 m) in the summer (June–August) and was least abundant ( N = 17) in the winter (December–February) and had its lowest mean vertical distribution ( +0.06 m) in the spring (March–May). The times of peak abundance, mean standard length frequencies, and intertidal vertical distributions of the red and green populations, however, differed over the year. The species occupied agal substrata (23 spp.), mainly Gigartina papillota, Pelvetia fastigiata and Rhodoglossum affine (73.4% incidence), which matched its body coloration in 95.6% of 580 field substrata recorded. A skin-diving operation conducted at high tide and the release and recapture of marked Xererpes at low tide indicated that the species does not occupy typical low tide habitats when immersed, but re-occupies its original habitat upon emersion in a high percentage (56.3%) of cases. Laboratory substratum preference experiments confirmed field observations in most cases, and laboratory color change experiments, in conjunction with field and published data, suggested that the polychromatism of Xererpes may result in intraspecific resource partitioning, thereby broadening the utilization of available resources within the intertidal zone.
A wireless batteryless in vivo EKG and core body temperature sensing microsystem with 60 Hz suppression technique for untethered genetically engineered mice real-time monitoring

A wireless, batteryless, and implantable EKG and core body temperature sensing microsystem with adaptive RF powering for untethered genetically engineered mice real-time monitoring is designed, implemented, and in vivo characterized. A packaged microsystem, exhibiting a total size of 9 mm × 7 mm × 3 mm with a weight of 400 mg including a pair of stainless-steel EKG electrodes, is implanted in a mouse abdomen for real-time monitoring. A low power 2 mm × 2 mm ASIC, consisting of an EKG amplifier, a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT)-based temperature sensor, an RF power sensing circuit, an RF-DC power converter, an 8-bit ADC, digital control circuitry, and a 433 MHz FSK transmitter, is powered by an adaptively controlled external RF energy source at 4 MHz to ensure a stable 2V supply with 156µA current driving capability for the overall microsystem. An electrical model for analyzing 60 Hz interference based on 2-electrode and 3-electrode configurations is proposed and compared with in vivo evaluation results. Due to the small laboratory animal chest area, a 60 Hz suppression technique by employing input termination resistors is chosen for two-EKG-electrode implant configuration.
Ancient oceans in the northern lowlands of Mars: Evidence from impact crater depth/diameter relationships

[1] We present depth (d) and diameter (D) data for 2269 Martian impact craters in the diameter range 6–216 km, distributed over ∼11.52 × 106 km2 of terrain that samples several geologic settings and the full range of latitudes and elevations throughout the northern lowlands of Mars. Our data indicate that there are three major crater types that fall into two major populations, those craters that contain Vastitis Borealis formation (VBF) and those that do not. The deepest type 1 craters comprise a Late Hesperian/Early Amazonian-age population that does not contain VBF. Type 2, type 3, and subdued type 1 craters comprise a population of Hesperian-age craters partially buried by the VBF. The unique d/D distribution of type 3 craters and photogeologic evidence suggest an erosional style for the VBF that requires sublimation processes, indicating that the VBF contained a substantial amount of ice. Type 3 craters occur throughout the northern lowland plains at elevations below −2400 m. If the VBF is a sedimentary deposit left by a large body of standing water in the northern lowlands of Mars, then the northern lowland plains contained a body of water with a volume of ∼6 × 107 km3 or the equivalent of a 430 m global ocean during the Late Hesperian/Early Amazonian. This also implies that the VBF contains ∼4 × 106 km3 of material, in agreement with the estimated amount of material eroded from the outflow channels surrounding Chryse basin and washed into the northern lowlands.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of cardiac tissue to detect collagen deposition after myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction often leads to an increase in deposition of fibrillar collagen. Detection and characterization of this cardiac fibrosis is of great interest to investigators and clinicians. Motivated by the significant limitations of conventional staining techniques to visualize collagen deposition in cardiac tissue sections, we have developed a Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) methodology for collagen assessment. The infrared absorbance band centered at 1338 cm−1, which arises from collagen amino acid side chain vibrations, was used to map collagen deposition across heart tissue sections of a rat model of myocardial infarction, and was compared to conventional staining techniques. Comparison of the size of the collagen scar in heart tissue sections as measured with this methodology and that of trichrome staining showed a strong correlation (R = 0.93). A Pearson correlation model between local intensity values in FT-IRIS and immuno-histochemical staining of collagen type I also showed a strong correlation (R = 0.86). We demonstrate that FT-IRIS methodology can be utilized to visualize cardiac collagen deposition. In addition, given that vibrational spectroscopic data on proteins reflect molecular features, it also has the potential to provide additional information about the molecular structure of cardiac extracellular matrix proteins and their alterations.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multiple Sclerosis: The Evidence for Neuronal Plasticity

Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a powerful technique to visualize the localization of cerebral activity in both healthy and diseased brains. BOLD fMRI has been used to assess brain function in a variety of diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), and has shown that altered patterns of connectivity are used to recruit more widespread eloquent brain networks engaged in tasks relating to motor activity, sensory and cognitive function, and memory when compared to normal controls. This review will examine the evidence that functional reorganization is a consequence of demyelination and tissue loss in MS that may serve as an adaptive response to limit clinical disability. It remains unclear whether cerebral plasticity is a marker of permanent functional restructuring or a short-term compensatory response to injury. Long-term longitudinal studies that correlate fMRI activity with other MRI markers of disease burden and activity, as well as with clinical measures of disease activity and progression, are badly needed to determine fMRI's relevance to clinical practice and its place as a surrogate outcome measure in MS.
Further Insights Into Interconnections between the Shallow and Deep Systems from a Natural CO2 Reservoir Near Springerville, Arizona, U.S.A.

Abstract If carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sequestration into deep geologic reservoirs is to be accepted by the public and environmental regulators, the possibility of upward leakage into shallow groundwater should be acknowledged and those processes well-understood. Studies of natural CO 2 reservoirs and their connection (or lack thereof) with the shallow subsurface is one way to explore these issues. A natural reservoir near Springerville, Arizona, U.S.A. has leaked CO 2 to the surface along a fault zone for thousands of years, creating large travertine deposits. In recent times, the CO 2 leak rates have declined significantly yet the shallow aquifer is still highly enriched in dissolved CO 2 . In previous studies, using water level data and simulations we demonstrate that the fault zone provides hydrologic communication between the shallow aquifer and the deeper reservoir. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that the source of the CO 2 in wells completed within the fault zone is the deeper CO 2 reservoir. We present water chemistry data to demonstrate the geochemical impact of this CO 2 on shallow groundwater quality. Interestingly, arsenic concentrations are elevated, but other trace metals concentrations are not. Previous studies [1–3] showed that CO 2 originating from magmatic and deep crustal origin is migrating upward along the fault and dissolving into the shallow groundwater. Saline waters are also mixing, to a much lesser degree, but their source was unknown. Here we present strontium isotope data that clearly shows the source to be water/rock interactions with reservoir rocks, which include Paleozoic carbonates, evaporites and shale units.
Branching rules for two row partitions and applications to the inductive systems for symmetric groups

Let K be a field of characteristic p > 0 and let D λ be an irreducible representation of the symmetric group ∑ n over K corresponding to a p-regular partition λ. We describe the composition factors in the restricted modules for all two part partitions λ. We use these branching rules to classify all inductive systems consisting of irreducible modules D λwith λ having at most two parts.
A Review of the Chemistry, Biological Action, and Clinical Applications of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Abstract Background: Since its discovery in 1935, numerous derivatives of testosterone have been synthesized, with the goals of prolonging its biological activity in vivo, producing orally active androgens, and developing products, commonly referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), that are more anabolic and less androgenic than the parent molecule. Objective: This article reviews the structure, biotransformation, and mechanism of action of testosterone and some of the most commonly used AAS. Clinical applications of the AAS are discussed, and guidelines and therapeutic maneuvers for minimizing their side effects are outlined. Methods: Literature for inclusion in this review was identified using the libraries of the University of Wisconsin Medical School and School of Pharmacy, the author's files, and searches of MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, and Chemical Abstracts. Results: The myotrophic action of testosterone and its derivatives and their stimulatory effects on the brain have led to widespread use of AAS by athletes and "recreational" drug users. Consequently, all AAS were classified as class III controlled substances in 1991. Nonetheless, AAS have shown benefit in a variety of human disorders, including HIV-related muscle wasting and other catabolic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe burn injuries, and alcoholic hepatitis. Because of their diverse biological actions, AAS have been used to treat a variety of other conditions, including bone marrow failure syndromes, constitutional growth retardation in children, and hereditary angioedema. AAS therapy is associated with various side effects that are generally dose related; therefore, illicit use of megadoses of AAS for the purpose of bodybuilding and enhancement of athletic performances can lead to serious and irreversible organ damage. The most common side effects of AAS are some degree of masculinization in women and children, behavioral changes (eg, aggression), hepatotoxicity, and alteration of blood lipid levels and coagulation factors. Conclusions: To minimize or avoid serious toxicities with AAS therapy, close medical supervision and periodic monitoring are important, with dose adjustment as appropriate to achieve the minimum effective dose. Given the biological effects and potential adverse effects of AAS, administration of these agents should be avoided in pregnant women, women with breast cancer or hypercalcemia, men with carcinoma of the prostate or breast, and patients with nephrotic syndromes or significant liver dysfunction.
Respiration-Linked Proton Transport, Changes in External pH, and Membrane Energization in Cells of Escherichia coli

The kinetics of respiration-dependent proton efflux and membrane energization have been studied in intact cells of logarithmic-phase Escherichia coli. Parallel measurements of the rate and extent of proton efflux into the external medium (half-time, about 10 s; ratio of H+ to O, about 0.5) and the oxidation of E. coli cytochrome b (half-time, ≤1 s; about 6% oxidized) after a pulse of 5.5 ng-atoms of O indicate that the rate of proton efflux is at least 10 times slower than expected from the time required for the cells to reduce the oxygen added in the pulse. The kinetics of formation and dissipation of the transmembrane electric potential (δψ) after an O2 pulse were estimated from changes in the fluorescence properties of the cell envelope-bound probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. Under anaerobic conditions, a small pulse of oxygen induced a rapid (half-time, ≤1 s) partial decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the probe, followed by a slower relaxation of the fluorescence change to the original intensity. The extent of the initial rapid decrease was linearly dependent upon the amount of oxygen added in the pulse (0 to 11 ng-atoms of O per pulse), whereas the rate of the subsequent relaxation was accelerated by the uncoupler p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanidephenylhydrazone and the K+ ionophore colicin E1. This suggests that the initial fluorescence decrease after an O2 pulse reflects the energization of the membrane, whereas the relaxation of the fluorescence decrease reflects the subsequent deenergization of the membrane arising from counterion redistributions. The fact that the efflux of H+ into the external medium after an O2 pulse was inefficient and much slower (half-time, about 10 s) than the reduction of the added O2 (half-time, ≤1 s) and the energization of the membrane (half-time ≤1 s) suggests that some of the protons translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane during a brief pulse of respiratory activity are accumulated in a region of the cell which is not in rapid equilibrium with the external medium.
Opposing Southern Ocean climate patterns as revealed by trends in regional sea ice coverage

The 16.8 year sea ice record (November 1978 to August 1995) derived from satellite passive microwave data shows evidence of contrasting climate patterns in the Southern Ocean as indicated by persistent opposing trends in regional sea ice coverage. Southern Ocean regions adjoining the south Atlantic, south Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans show increasing trends in sea ice coverage, particularly during non-winter months, while regions adjoining the southwest Pacific Ocean show decreasing trends in sea ice coverage, particularly during summer months. The data are compiled from three successive passive microwave sensors from which two separate time-series are analyzed. The first includes the data originally released by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) which have not been significantly adjusted to account for differences in the successive sensors, while the second includes data recently released by NSIDC which have been rigorously adjusted (Cavalieri et al., 1997) to account for differences between sensors. Although the significance of many of the increasing trends detected in the original time-series decrease in the reanalyzed time-series, the overall pattern of contrasting trends remains evident. These trends have important implications for the southern hemisphere heat budget and surface albedo as well as for marine ecosystems associated with various sea ice habitats. Other evidence of contrasting climate patterns with respect to southern hemisphere atmospheric circulation is explored. Due to the relatively short sea ice record, it still remains to be seen whether these trends are natural decadel variation or indicative of global climate change. However, the persistent opposition in Southern Ocean regional ice coverage is noteworthy and may well be studied using global circulation models in order to better define potential positive and negative feedbacks for global change scenarios.
Sexually Dimorphic Developmental Rates in the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Female Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), eclosed before males in field-collected and laboratory-reared samples. This dimorphism is due to more rapid female development during pupal, larval, and perhaps even egg stages. Adult females in the laboratory stock and in the field-collected samples eclosed before male members of the same cohort. At the conclusion of pupal development, 92% of females and only 52% of males emerged from the pupal state on the first of two days of eclosion. During the early portion of the larval maturation period, sex ratios were biased toward females and biased toward males at the end ( r 2 = 0.73). Within 72 h of oviposition, 70% of female flies and only 55% of male flies had hatched. Earlier adult female eclosion does not necessarily result in earlier sexual maturation. Males copulated a day earlier than females ($\bar x$ = 6.6 versus $\bar x$ = 7.5 d of age). Earlier female larval development provides an opportunity to separate late-instar male and female maggots. At this point, larvae are still susceptible to attack by parasitic Hymenoptera (e.g., Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead)). Mass-rearing facilities might thus be able to use female maggots to rear parasites for inundative releases while holding males for sterile release.
Generating Higher Value at IBM (A)

This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004 to 2013, during which IBM returned more than $140 billion to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam Palmisano's created, announced, and then regularly updated a long-term financial "roadmap" as part of the firm's strategic transformation. The roadmap showed both a destination (a target EPS number) and a detailed path to that destination in terms of revenue growth, margin expansion, and share repurchases. After successfully achieving its first roadmap, the firm announced a second 5-year roadmap known as the "2015 EPS roadmap". The case is set in May 2014, just after IBM's annual investor briefing. Despite more than 10 years of strong financial performance, IBM reported relatively weak financial results in the first quarter of 2014. Sophia Johnson, an equity analyst, must decide whether to revise her investment recommendation based on what she heard that day.This comprehensive case works well in a variety of courses ranging from introductory financial accounting and corporate finance courses to more advanced accounting and finance courses. The case is designed to teach basic financial statement analysis (sources and uses of cash, DuPont formula, financial ratio analysis, etc.) in a unique and interesting setting. It is also designed to illustrate modern payout policy and the various mechanisms for distributing cash to shareholders. A third objective is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of providing long-term earnings guidance. Finally, the case illustrates how publicly stated, long-term financial goals can be an integral part of a corporate transformation program.
Genetic Diversity of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Isolates from Turfgrasses from Various Regions in North America.

ABSTRACT Sixty-seven isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, causing dollar spot disease in creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, Bermudagrass, and perennial ryegrass turf, collected from 23 golf courses in various geographical regions of the United States and Canada between 1972 and 2001, were characterized by vegetative compatibility, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity. Eleven vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs A to K) were identified among the isolates tested in this study, and five of them (VCGs G to K) were new. VCG B was the most predominant group, typifying 33 isolates (51%) tested. S. homoeocarpa isolates collected from golf courses in Pennsylvania belonged to seven VCGs (A, B, E, F, G, I, and K), whereas three groups were observed in those collected from New York (B, E, and G) and New Jersey (E, H, and I). Two isolates, one each from Pennsylvania and Canada, were incompatible when paired with the tester isolates in all possible combinations, and did not fall into any known VCG. An isolate colle...
Activity Identification Utilizing Data Mining Techniques

We propose a novel method that, given an unknown moving object trajectory, determines which known activity type the trajectory would belong to. The proposed method utilizes various data mining techniques, including clustering, classification, and Markov model. We collect trajectories of moving objects of known activity types and build one Markov model for each activity type. Given an unknown trajectory, we compute the likelihood of this trajectory belonging to each activity type using the Markov model and the trajectory is determined to belong to the activity type that results in the highest likelihood. We use only location information of moving objects. We do not use any other information such as color, size, or shape of objects, or contextual information. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method using trajectories of students playing two sports activities Ultimate Frisbee and volleyball. We show that the accuracy of this method is as high as 94%.
Introduction to Special Issue – Cultural geographies of tourism: image, identity and place

This special issue of Tourism Geographies is a collection of articles that were independently submitted to the journal, but which bring a cultural geography perspective to tourism studies. The articles are organized into the topics of: ‘revealing places’ about both alternative attractions and mass images in tourist marketing; ‘heritage identities’ on the role of heritage tourism in creating a sense of place; ‘local agency’ about how locals assert their responses to tourism and tourists; and ‘tourist culture’ on how tourists and the tourism industry also have their own cultural geographies.
Genetic diversity and relatedness of rice cultivars resistant to straighthead disorder

With 4 figures and 3 tables Summary Straighthead, a physiological disorder of rice (Oryza sativa L.), has been reported in numerous rice-growing countries for its severe impact on yield reduction. Genetic diversity, relatedness and structure of parental germplasm are important for breeders to design strategies in breeding programmes. We analysed 1002 rice accessions that were sampled from the USDA core collection, evaluated for straighthead and genotyped with 72 molecular markers. Forty-two accessions were resistant to straighthead with no yield reduction under severe infestation. The resistant cultivars originated from 15 countries in 10 geographic regions worldwide. The accessions had great diversification indicated by 15 phenotypic characteristics including all types of grain and cooking quality. The number of alleles averaged 5.9, and the 72 molecular markers were highly informative among the 42 resistant accessions. Thirty resistant accessions were identified as indica type and were clearly classified in two groups. Ten resistant cultivars were identified as temperate japonica and the other two were positioned between temperate and tropical japonica rice. Breeders worldwide could use these findings on phenotypic diversification and genetic relatedness among the straighthead resistant accessions in order to make germplasm choices for transferring straighthead resistance to their local cultivars, serving various needs on grain, cooking quality and genetic classification in their programmes.
QR-based TLS and mixed LS-TLS algorithms with applications to adaptive IIR filtering

The least squares (LS), total least squares (TLS), and mixed LS-TLS approaches are compared as to their properties and performance on several classical filtering problems. Mixed LS-TLS is introduced as a QR-decomposition-based algorithm for unbiased, equation error adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering. The algorithm is based on casting adaptive IIR filtering into a mixed LS-TLS framework. This formulation is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of the mean-square equation error subject to a unit norm constraint on the denominator parameter vector. An efficient implementation of the mixed LS-TLS solution is achieved through the use of back substitution and inverse iteration. Unbiasedness of the system parameter estimates is established for the mixed LS-TLS solution in the case of uncorrelated output noise, and the algorithm is shown to converge to this solution. LS, TLS, and mixed LS-TLS performance is then compared for the problems of echo cancellation, noise reduction, and frequency equalization.
Rotational symmetries of electromagnetic radiation fields

Maxwell's equations and their solutions have been examined from the point of view of the full rotation group. Two mapping theorems have been derived which give the rotational symmetries of the radiated electric and magnetic and Poynting's vector field as a function of the symmetries of the electric current density which acts as the radiating source.
Pseudoaneurysms and the role of minimally invasive techniques in their management

Pseudoaneurysms are common vascular abnormalities that represent a disruption in arterial wall continuity. Some complications associated with pseudoaneurysms develop unpredictably and carry high morbidity and mortality rates. The advent of new radiologic techniques with a greater sensitivity for asymptomatic disease has allowed more frequent diagnosis of pseudoaneurysms. Conventional angiography remains the standard of reference for diagnosis but is an invasive procedure, and noninvasive diagnostic modalities (eg, ultrasonography [US], computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography) should be included in the initial work-up if possible. A complete work-up will help in determining the cause, location, morphologic features, rupture risk, and clinical setting of the pseudoaneurysm; identifying any patient comorbidities; and evaluating surrounding structures and relevant vascular anatomy, information that is essential for treatment planning. Therapeutic options have evolved in recent years from the traditional surgical option toward a less invasive approach and include radiologic procedures such as US-guided compression, US-guided percutaneous thrombin injection, and endovascular management (embolization, stent-graft placement). The use of noninvasive treatment has led to a marked decrease in the morbidity and mortality rates for pseudoaneurysms.