cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Navy passive ranging problem

Abstract One of the important interfaces between the operations researcher and the real world is data, particularly data involving human decisions. I suspect that such data often contain information that is hard to understand because we are not expecting to hear what it is saying. The easy route is to discard it as “contaminated” or “full of errors” when persistence and open mindedness would be rewarded. This is a brief account of such a case. Our task was to develop an improved decision processes to be used by a submarine commander in determining when to fire a torpedo at a target submarine he is approaching. The critical element in the decision is knowledge of the distance between him and his target. The decision inputs are a series of measurements of bearing to the target coupled with heading changes during his approach which are called “passive ranging maneuvers”. Each such maneuver, consisting of two straight legs with a large heading change in between, yields a measurement of target range through a process related to triangulation. The accuracy of the measurement increases with the time spent on each leg of the maneuver and also improves as the actual range becomes shorter. On the other hand, if the legs are too long, the rate at which the attacking submarine gets range information may be too slow and he may inadvertently get too close before firing. Hence the need for optimizing his “approach tactics”. The Navy had developed a substantial quantity of realistic exercise data on which our decision processes were to be based, and we examined it quantitatively and were surprised.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Studies of Electric-Field-Induced Molecular Reorientation Dynamics

A new form of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) for studying electric-field-induced dynamics in highly localized regions within birefringent thin film materials is presented. The method is applied to dynamics studies of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films. A sinusoidally modulated voltage is applied between the NSOM probe and a conductive substrate upon which the PDLC film is supported. A concentrated electric field is formed within the film directly beneath the probe. Time-dependent molecular motion induced by this field is observed via crossed-polarized, transmitted-light near-field optical methods. It is shown that dynamics in volumes as small as 10-15 cm3 may be probed using this method. Via lock-in detection of the optical signal, amplitude and phase images of the local dynamics are recorded. Contrast in these images is utilized to better understand the local-field-induced reorientation process. Information on both the path through which the molecules reorient and spatial variat...
A simple, low waste and versatile procedure to make polymer electrochromic devices

Herein we present a simple and elegant method for the creation of solid-state conjugated polymer devices. Their electrochromic properties were fully explored in this study, but one could envision the extension of this method to displays, solar cells, OLEDs, transistors, or many other applications. We prepared conductive polymer composites or blends within a polymer electrolyte using electrochemical polymerization of these monomers inside an assembled solid-state device. This method will work for any monomer that can be dissolved in the gel electrolyte. This technique offers simplicity in device construction, is easily adapted to patterned systems and comprises a low-waste assembly process. Our novel approach of assembling polymer electrochromic devices avoids the tedious cleaning process of the substrates, produces almost no waste, and by inkjetting insulating materials to mask the substrates, letters and high-resolution images could be achieved inside the converted polymer devices. Electrochromic devices utilizing PEDOT assembled by our method showed compatible switching speed and durability with a slightly higher contrast ratio.
Cloning of Brassica napus phospholipase C2 (BnPLC2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (BnVPS34) and phosphatidylinositol synthase1 (BnPtdIns S1)—comparative analysis of the effect of abiotic stresses on the expression of phosphatidylinositol signal transduction-related genes in B. napus

The cloning and identification of full-length cDNA fragments coding for the Brassica napus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C2 (BnPLC2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (BnVPS34) and phosphatidylinositol synthase (BnPtdIns S1) is described. In addition, two complementary fragments (120 nucleotides long) corresponding to Arabidopsis PtdIns 4-kinase (PtdIns 4-K) and PtdIns-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PtdIns4P 5-K) sequences were chemically synthesized. These, as well as the cDNA clones, were used as probes to study the corresponding steady state mRNA levels in different tissues and developmental stages of B. napus, as well as in response to different environmental conditions. Transcripts corresponding to BnPLC2, BnPtdIns S1, BnVPS34 and PtdIns 4-K were found constitutively expressed at different levels in most tissues, with young leaves, siliques, and developing seeds showing the lowest levels. No detectable PtdIns4P 5-K transcripts were found in buds or flowers. Up-regulation of BnPLC2 was seen in response to low temperature stress, which was notably accompanied by a parallel down-regulation of BnPtdIns S1, while BnVPS34 and PtdIns 4-K remained at control levels. A moderate increase in PtdIns4P 5-K levels was noted. In high salinity conditions BnPtdIns S1, BnVPS34 and BnPLC2 transcripts had similar responses but at different levels, with no major changes detected for PtdIns 4-K or PtdIns4P 5-K. Significantly, all five transcripts increased under drought stress conditions and all stressed plants clearly showed relatively higher levels of total inositol trisphosphate.
“Sad Experiment” in Paradise Lost: Epic Knowledge and Evental Poetics

AbstractEquating epic events in Paradise Lost with the experimental philosophy of the Royal Society, a commonplace in modern scholarship, misses the central concern of Milton’s poetry: making intelligible prelapsarian states of being. Eve’s irreparable transgression acutely stages the epistemology underlying the epic, what I call an evental poetics. Singular, unrepeatable events emerge as conceptual and narrative units of certainty that precipitate understanding of prelapsarian being, while repeatable experiences merely provide probable knowledge about the world one occupies. By showing how experiment, a postlapsarian epistemology, cannot take one back to Eden, Milton dismantles the redemptive promise of contemporary natural philosophy. Marking the disjunctions between poetic methods and natural philosophy, Miltonic events translate and make accessible to readers the unknowable prelapsarian world. Since what Paradise is remains inseparable from how one knows it, the epistemology of Paradise Lost reveals a...
LSR 1610–0040: The First Early-Type L Subdwarf

We report the discovery of LSR 1610-0040, a previously unreported r = 17.5 star with a very high proper motion, μ = 146 yr-1. This very cool star (b-i = 6.3) is found to have a peculiar spectrum that does not fit into the standard sequence of late-M dwarfs and L dwarfs. Rather, the spectrum is more typical of an ultracool subdwarf, with weak bands of TiO and no detectable VO. But because LSR 1610-0040 is so much redder than any other sdM known, and because it does not appear to fit well into the sdM sequence, we propose that LSR 1610-0040 be assigned a spectral type sdL, making it the first early-type L subdwarf known. Evidence suggests that LSR 1610-0040 is an old, metal-poor star whose mass is just above the limit of hydrogen burning (M ≈ 0.08 M☉).
FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE MEMBERS

A nonlinear model for the fracture analysis of high strength concrete members is developed through the interactive use of experimental data and finite-element analysis. The experimentally obtained tensile softening relationship is incorporated into a nonlinear ABAQUS finite-element program. Finite-element analysis is performed to evaluate flexural strength, process zone size, size effect, and the effect of load line deflection measurements on concrete fracture energy. The finite-element model is simple and shown to be successful in predicting beam test results. Finally, the finite-element model is used to compare the size effect model and the two-parameter fracture model. The fracture energies obtained by these alternatives are compared and discussed.
Responses of ganglion cells to repetitive electrical stimulation of the retina

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be activated electrically either directly or indirectly (via the retinal neural network). Previous studies have shown that RGCs can follow high stimulus rates (> or = 200 pulses s(-1)) when directly activated. In the present study, we investigated how well RGCs can follow repetitive stimulation of the neural network. We studied the responses (spike activity) of RGCs in isolated rabbit retina to stimulation with paired pulses applied at different interpulse intervals and trains of pulses applied at different frequencies. We found that the response amplitude of a RGC to a current pulse applied soon (< or = 400 ms) after a preceding current pulse is diminished. This depression in response amplitude became greater as the interval between pulses became shorter. At an interpulse interval of 15 ms (shortest tested), the response amplitude to the second current pulse was reduced on average 94%. When a train of ten stimulus pulses was applied, further depression was observed, particularly at high stimulation frequencies. The depression with each successive pulse was relatively moderate compared to the depression to the second pulse. The results of this study have implications for the design of electrical stimulation strategies in a retinal prosthesis.
ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal method as an anode material for Li-ion batteries

Abstract ZnMn 2 O 4 nanoparticles prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis were evaluated as anode material for Li-ion batteries. XRD measurements showed that a ZnMn 2 O 4 I4 1 /amd tetragonal spinel structure was obtained with crystallite sizes ≤5 nm. TEM micrographs showed that particles of about 5 nm in diameter were synthesized. Li/ZnMn 2 O 4 half cell battery cycling showed that the nanoparticles, using lithium salt of carboxymethylcellulose as binder, give a high capacity of 430 mAh g −1 when cycled 100 times at C /10.
Sensitivity of various Serological (Lancefield) Groups of Streptococci to Penicillin.

Summary and DiscussionThe tests reported here show that penicillin in amounts varying between 0.0039 and 0.0625 Oxford units sterilized an inoculum containing 1,000 to 10,000 cells of all the strains tested belonging to serological groups A through N with the exception of group D strains which required 2.0 to 5.0 units to inhibit completely the growth of a similar sized inoculum. Group M strains were the most sensitive; group A, C, G, H, and L strains were next; and group B, E, F, K, and N strains were the least sensitive of those found susceptible to the action of penicillin in small amounts.From our experience as well as that of others,11, 12 it appears that with the doses and methods of administration currently used in patients, concentrations of more than 1 Oxford unit per cc of blood would be difficult to maintain for an appreciable length of time. It, therefore, seems unlikely that human infections with group D streptococci that requiresystemic treatment would respond readily to penicillin therapy i...
Consensus protocols for networked multiagent systems with relative position and neighboring velocity information

The consensus problem appears frequently in the coordination of multiagent systems in science and engineering and involves the agreement of networked agents upon certain quantities of interest. In this paper, we focus on a new consensus protocol for networked multiagent systems. The proposed control protocol consists of a standard term capturing relative position information and a new term capturing neighboring velocity information. In particular, the addition of the latter term results in an increase of the rate of system convergence while maintaining a fixed graph structure and without increasing the maximum eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian. Furthermore, in certain cases, it is shown that the maximum singular value of the graph Laplacian is not increased. This departs from the traditional view that the Fiedler eigenvalue, a function of graph structure, governors the system's rate of convergence. In addition, it is shown that a connected and undirected graph topology acts as a weighted complete graph topology with the addition of this latter term to a standard consensus protocol. A comparative numerical example is provided to demonstrate the advantages of this new consensus protocol.
Simplified Theory of Symmetry Change in Second-Order Phase Transitions: Application to V 3 Si

We report a simplification of the Landau theory, permitting more direct prediction of compatible space groups in second-order phase transitions. The theory is applied to the ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si transition, to predict that the lower symmetry space group is either ${{C}_{4v}}^{7}\ensuremath{-}P4\mathrm{mc}$ or ${{D}_{2d}}^{5}\ensuremath{-}P\overline{4}m2$. The former possibility admits a polar axis.
MIXING ART AND LIFE: The Conundrum of the Avant‐Garde's Autonomous Status in the Performance Art World of Los Angeles

Performance art, the quintessential avant-garde art form, flourished and gained national renown in Los Angeles during the last three decades of the twentieth century. In 1989, however, pivotal chan...
Nanotechnology Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Neurological Disorders

This talk is aimed at presenting novel solutions developed recently by the author’s group for many neurological disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, anxiety, sleep apnea and sleep disorders using the fundamental research and developments in nanotechnologies and wireless sensor network. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics promises to bring diagnostic testing out of the laboratory directly to patients and the general public wherever they may be. The key to POC diagnostics is capable of bringing immediate answers so that health care professionals can make rapid and accurate diagnosis of disease so as to ensure the effectiveness of therapy and early detection for preventive therapy. Selected movies illustrating the applications of both invasive and non-invasive wireless nanosensor systems to patients and surgical procedures will be shown at the talk.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
On economic values in policy analysis

Analyses of public policy are rooted in the economic theory of the private sector. How relevant is this approach to the public sector? Specifically, where the organization is generally viewed as a controlled variable it often exhibits the characteristics of an independent variable working to constrain the feasible solution space. An illustration of this phenomenon is discussed, using a state rehabilitation agency as the case in point. Conclusions of an analysis based mainly on maximizing the economic value of return on investment conflicted with the agency professional values of individualized client service. This external/internal value conflict led to the apparent inability of the agency to implement the study conclusions in the near term. The substance of this conflict is seen as the main problem facing many public administrators. Recognition of economic values as but one element of public agency analysis is suggested as an approach superior to sole concentration on maximization of the return on public investment. By taking a broader view, the analyst may be able to encourage more rapid implementation of his recommendations.
Occupational therapy in primary health care: we should be there.

For me, the concept that occupational therapy belongs in primary care began to form slowly, with those brief, casual conversations that practitioners have every day in their personal lives, such as at a school or community event, offering small pieces of advice about how to adapt an activity, explaining a medical diagnosis or clarifying a physician’s recommendations, and suggesting how those recommendations can be reasonably incorporated into daily life. So often the person would respond, “Why didn’t someone explain thisto me at the doctor’s office? IwouldhavedoneitifIhadjustunderstood
Separating online piracy from counterfeit medicines: The need for policy reform and a call to action

Abstract The recent public backlash against proposed federal anti-piracy legislation provides important lessons regarding promoting public policy for public health and patient safety online. Anti-piracy legislation contained many novel regulatory strategies that may have had an impact on combating counterfeit medicines sold by online pharmacies, but was derailed due to non-health related considerations and concerns about intellectual property rights protection. Instead, effective policy to regulate online pharmacies needs to focus on health and patient safety issues separate from intellectual property considerations to combat this online crime.
Differential utilization of nutrients during development by the xylophagous leafhopper, Homalodisca coagulata

Utilization of nutrients at different stages of development was examined for the xylophage, Homalodisca coagulata (Say). Survivorship and consumption rates of second-instar, fourth-instar and adult leafhoppers were measured daily on the hosts Lagerstroemia indica L. and Euonymus japonica Thumb. Rates of consumption, assimilation efficiencies and daily assimilation of nitrogen, carbon, and individual organic compounds were calculated based on chemical analyses of xylem fluid and insect excreta. Gross growth efficiencies of diet utilization were also estimated by comparing biomass of young adults to estimates of nutrient utilization of the two host species. Different instars survived and utilized nutrients at varying rates on the two hosts. Second-instar leafhoppers survived at higher rates and utilized nitrogen more efficiently on E. japonica than on L. indica. However, assimilated nitrogen was much less as a result of lower consumption rates. In contrast, adults on L. indica had increased longevity, utilized carbon more efficiently, and assimilated higher quantities of both carbon and nitrogen than those on E. japonica. Efficiencies of nutrient utilization were high for H. coagulata compared to folivores or phloem feeders, particularly in the conversion of ingested nutrients to assimilated compounds. Variations in diet utilization during development are discussed in terms of polyphagy.
A comparative study of variation in codon 33 of the rpoS gene in Escherichia coli K12 stocks: implications for the synthesis of σ s

The Escherichia coli rpoS gene encodes an RNA polymerase sigma factor (sigma S or σS) required for the expression of stationary-phase genes. In the first published rpoS sequence from E. coli K-12 codon 33 is given as CAG. However, several subsequent independent studies found the amber codon TAG at this position ( rpoSAm). Besides this amber codon, other codons such as TAT have also been found at this location in rpoS. Comparative genome analysis now leads us to propose TAG as the parental codon 33 in rpoS in E. coli K-12. Five different stocks of the strain W3110, which differ in the levels of σS protein they express, were investigated. We sequenced the rpoS gene from these, and found a T at nucleotide position 97 in four out of the five stocks and a G at position 99 in three out of the five. W1485, a parental strain of W3110, and W3350, a derivative of W3110, are also rpoSAm mutants. Such rpoSAm mutants would be expected to show no RpoS activity. The retention of partial or intermediate σS activity by suppressor-free rpoSAm mutants is therefore puzzling. We propose that a functional, N-terminally truncated, σS (Δ1–53σS) can be translated from a Secondary Translation Initiation Region (STIR) located downstream of the amber codon 33. It has recently been reported that a fragment of RpoS (Δ1–53σS) that lacks the first 53 amino acids is functional when synthesized in vivo. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that the original codon 33 of the rpoS gene in E. coli K-12 strains is the amber codon TAG.
Five-year follow-up survey of practices and beliefs of clinical neuropsychologists

Abstract Following up on a national survey by Sweet and Moberg (1990), a 21-item questionnaire was mailed to all current ABPP Diplomates in clinical neuropsychology and a comparable number of randomly selected non-ABPP members of Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology) of the American Psychological Association. Despite some shifts in training beliefs, the Ph.D. degree in clinical psychology remains prevalent, with a majority now also receiving additional postdoctoral training, whether board-certified or not. Seemingly in response to health-care economic changes, there is now a clear shift of all clinical neuropsychologists toward less involvement in research and teaching activities, and an increased number of clinical hours per week. Across 5 years, the flexible battery approach has gained even more popularity (61%), and the standardized battery approach has declined still further (14%). Use of technicians/psychometricians or some other type of assistant to gather test data, although still common (59%), ha...
Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of the Michigan highbush blueberry agroecosystem.

ABSTRACT Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a native North American crop dependent upon pollen movement by bees for high fruit set and large berries. Commercial blueberry farms use honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to provide pollination services, but there is concern regarding their long-term sustainability as crop pollinators. We conducted a 3-yr study at 15 farms to identify the bee community associated with the blueberry agroecosystem in Michigan to improve our understanding of this community and to better target conservation practices. Pan trapping and direct observation were used to determine the relative abundance and diversity of wild bees before, during, and after bloom. We found at least 166 species, representing 30 genera and five families, 112 of which were active during bloom. Most bees captured were solitary, soil-nesting bees. Most species were from subfamily Halictinae (family Halictidae) and genus Andrena (family Andrenidae). Andrena Carolina Viereck, a specialist on Ericaceae, ...
A comparison of approximation techniques for variance-based sensitivity analysis of biochemical reaction systems

Background Sensitivity analysis is an indispensable tool for the analysis of complex systems. In a recent paper, we have introduced a thermodynamically consistent variance-based sensitivity analysis approach for studying the robustness and fragility properties of biochemical reaction systems under uncertainty in the standard chemical potentials of the activated complexes of the reactions and the standard chemical potentials of the molecular species. In that approach, key sensitivity indices were estimated by Monte Carlo sampling, which is computationally very demanding and impractical for large biochemical reaction systems. Computationally efficient algorithms are needed to make variance-based sensitivity analysis applicable to realistic cellular networks, modeled by biochemical reaction systems that consist of a large number of reactions and molecular species.
Self-modulation of Notch signaling during ommatidial development via the Roughened eye transcriptional repressor

The Notch (N) signaling pathway is involved in a vast number of patterning processes in all metazoans. The regulation of the core N pathway is largely understood, but little is known about fine-tuning modulatory effects. Here, we address the role of Drosophila Kruppel-family Zn-finger transcription factor roughened eye (roe) in the context of N signaling. We demonstrate that during eye patterning, N signaling regulates the expression of roe. In turn, Roe negatively modulates the expression of target genes of Nsignaling activation. In the absence of roe function, expression of N target genes is elevated and the resulting phenotypes during patterning of the retina are similar to those of N gain-of-function scenarios. Importantly, our data show that Roe binds regulatory DNA sequences of N target genes of the E(spl)-complex both in vitro and in vivo, independently of Su(H)-DNA interaction. Thus, our data suggest that Roe acts as a transcriptional repressor in a negative-feedback loop of the N pathway.
Keeping the Old While Adding the New

Beyond Bilateralism: U.S.–Japan Relations in the New Asia–Pacific. Edited by Ellis S. Krauss, T. J. Pempel. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 448 pp., $65.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-4909-4), $27.95 paper (ISBN: 0-8047-4910-8). The central argument of Beyond Bilateralism , made in T. J. Pempel's Introduction, is that US–Japan relations have been changed fundamentally as a result of three developments: geopolitical changes resulting from the end of the Cold War system, the growth of international flows of private capital, and the proliferation and evolution of multilateral governmental organizations. Indeed, Pempel argues that the joint effects of these three developments have not only changed the relationships between the two countries, they have also transformed the forums in which they pursue and arrive at policy preferences and the implications of their bilateral relations for the Asian region and, indeed, the world as a whole. In short, what was usually thought to be a quintessentially bilateral relationship has become a far more complex, multilevel one. These themes are explored in various ways in the eleven chapters that form the substantive core of Beyond Bilateralism . These contributions look at US grand strategy in Asia (John Ikenberry), US–Japan military security relations (Christopher Hughes and Akiko Fukushima), the US–Japan alliance in light of the development of China (Mike Mochizuki), the two powers' relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Andrew MacIntyre), their role in Asian capital flows and financial markets (Natasha Hamilton-Hart), the rivalry in Asia between US and Japanese manufacturers (Walter Hatch), cooperation and competition in …
Brain and Whole-Body Imaging in Rhesus Monkeys of 11C-NOP-1A, a Promising PET Radioligand for Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide Receptors

UNLABELLED Our laboratory developed (S)-3-(2'-fluoro-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran]-1-yl)-2-(2-fluorobenzyl)-N-methylpropanamide ((11)C-NOP-1A), a new radioligand for the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor, with high affinity (K(i), 0.15 nM) and appropriate lipophilicity (measured logD, 3.4) for PET brain imaging. Here, we assessed the utility of (11)C-NOP-1A for quantifying NOP receptors in the monkey brain and estimated the radiation safety profile of this radioligand based on its biodistribution in monkeys. METHODS Baseline and blocking PET scans were acquired from head to thigh for 3 rhesus monkeys for approximately 120 min after (11)C-NOP-1A injection. These 6 PET scans were used to quantify NOP receptors in the brain and to estimate radiation exposure to organs of the body. In the blocked scans, a selective nonradioactive NOP receptor antagonist (SB-612111; 1 mg/kg intravenously) was administered before (11)C-NOP-1A. In all scans, arterial blood was sampled to measure the parent radioligand (11)C-NOP-1A. Distribution volume (V(T); a measure of receptor density) was calculated with a compartment model using brain and arterial plasma data. Radiation-absorbed doses were calculated using the MIRD Committee scheme. RESULTS After (11)C-NOP-1A injection, peak uptake of radioactivity in the brain had a high concentration (∼5 standardized uptake value), occurred early (∼12 min), and thereafter washed out quickly. V(T) (mL · cm(-3)) was highest in the neocortex (∼20) and lowest in hypothalamus and cerebellum (∼13). SB-612111 blocked approximately 50%-70% of uptake and reduced V(T) in all brain regions to approximately 7 mL · cm(-3). Distribution was well identified within 60 min of injection and stable for the remaining 60 min, consistent with only parent radioligand and not radiometabolites entering the brain. Whole-body scans confirmed that the brain had specific (i.e., displaceable) binding but could not detect specific binding in peripheral organs. The effective dose for humans estimated from the baseline scans in monkeys was 5.0 μSv/MBq. CONCLUSION (11)C-NOP-1A is a useful radioligand for quantifying NOP receptors in the monkey brain, and its radiation dose is similar to that of other (11)C-labeled ligands for neuroreceptors. (11)C-NOP-1A appears to be a promising candidate for measuring NOP receptors in the human brain.
PROOXIDANT IRON AND COPPER, WITH FERROXIDASE AND XANTHINE OXIDASE ACTIVITIES IN HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROTIC MATERIAL

Abstract Low density lipoproteins are highly sensitive to oxidation by copper salts, and such peroxidation is accompanied by macrophage scavenger receptor recognition. This study shows that fresh human atherosclerotic material (aneurysms and endarterectomies) can contain detectable amounts of redox active iron and copper that is chelatable from tissue homogenates. Such material is often prooxidant towards lipid peroxidation and deoxyribose degradation. Aneuryems and endarterectomies contain ferroxidase 1 activities, whereas only in aneurysms could caeruloplasmin be immunologically detected. Ferroxidase 2 activity, characteristic of a copper-oxidised lipoprotein complex, could not, however, be detected in any of the atherosclerotic samples. A third ferroxidase activity, attributable to xanthine oxidase, was present in several aneurysms and endarterectomies.
Automatic Correction of Idiomatic Usage in English Using Web Search

Non-native English speakers often have problems determining the exact form of an idiomatic expression while they have some vague idea about the key words in them. In this paper, we describe a system called Webtionary that allows users to consult idiomatic usage by entering a questionable expression. Webtionary uses web search to find candidate corrections and suggests expressions that are commonly used in writing and semantically-related to the user query. Evaluation results show that Webtionary significantly outperforms direct web search in providing useful suggestions.
The necessity of feedback physics in setting the peak of the initial mass function

A popular theory of star formation is gravito-turbulent fragmentation, in which self-gravitating structures are created by turbulence-driven density fluctuations. Simple theories of isothermal fragmentation successfully reproduce the core mass function (CMF) which has a very similar shape to the initial mass function (IMF) of stars. However, numerical simulations of isothermal turbulent fragmentation thus far have not succeeded in identifying a fragment mass scale that is independent of the simulation resolution. Moreover, the fluid equations for magnetized, self-gravitating, isothermal turbulence are scale-free, and do not predict any characteristic mass. In this paper we show that, although an isothermal self-gravitating flow does produce a CMF with a mass scale imposed by the initial conditions, this scale changes as the parent cloud evolves. In addition, the cores that form undergo further fragmentation and after sufficient time forget about their initial conditions, yielding a scale-free pure power-law distribution dN/dM ∝ M^(−2) for the stellar IMF. We show that this problem can be alleviated by introducing additional physics that provides a termination scale for the cascade. Our candidate for such physics is a simple model for stellar radiation feedback. Radiative heating, powered by accretion on to forming stars, arrests the fragmentation cascade and imposes a characteristic mass scale that is nearly independent of the time-evolution or initial conditions in the star-forming cloud, and that agrees well with the peak of the observed IMF. In contrast, models that introduce a stiff equation of state for denser clouds but that do not explicitly include the effects of feedback do not yield an invariant IMF.
Ventilatory muscle training in the elderly

To test the hypothesis that declining ventilatory function in the elderly impairs exercise capacity, we tested maximal exercise capacity and ventilatory function before and after a program of ventilatory muscle training in 25 elderly subjects (ages 65-75 yr). Ventilatory muscle training was performed by means of isocapnic hyperpnea for 30 min/day, 4 days/wk for 8 wk. Before and after the training, we measured maximal exercise capacity by means of an incremental exercise test (IET) and ventilatory muscle endurance by means of the maximum sustained ventilatory capacity (MSVC). Ratings of perceived exercise (RPE) for breathlessness and leg effort were evaluated each minute by means of a modified Borg scale during both the IET and a 12-min single-stage exercise test (SST) performed at approximately 70% of the maximal exercise capacity. The trained group showed a significant increase in the MSVC, from 71.9 +/- 26.4 to 86.9 +/- 20.9 l/min (P less than 0.01), whereas the control group showed no change (66.3 +/- 22.5 to 65.1 +/- 22.1 l/min). In addition, the maximal voluntary ventilation increased in the trained group, from 115 +/- 41 to 135 +/- 36 l/min (P less than 0.01). Neither the trained nor the control group showed an increase in maximum O2 uptake, maximum CO2 consumption, or maximum minute ventilation during the IET. Evaluation of the RPE during both the IET and SST showed that although there was a small decrease in RPE for breathing and leg discomfort, changes between the control and treated groups were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of two EEG asymmetry indices in depressed patients vs. normal controls

In 11 non-depressed, age-matched controls, and in 13 depressed patients, we compared the frontal alpha asymmetry mean for a baseline session with the percentage of the time in the session when the asymmetry score > 0. It was found that the percent index was a better discriminator of the two groups than was the asymmetry score.
“I Tell My Partner Everything . . . (or Not)”: Patients’ Perceptions of Sharing Heart-Related Information With Their Partner

This study is grounded in theories of information management. Patients with a diagnosed heart-related condition (N = 253) completed a survey regarding their perceptions of sharing/not sharing information with a partner about their health condition. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that although most patients reported sharing "everything" with their partner, others reported not sharing certain topics such as health issues and physical symptoms/ailments. In addition, patients who reported sharing everything with a partner reported significantly greater communication efficacy, and breadth, depth, and frequency of communication about a heart-related condition compared with those who reported not sharing certain topics. Finally, as hypothesized, there were no significant group differences in terms of sharing specific physical and psychological health information. We discuss the findings and implications of the study for nursing practice.
Scalable modeling of real graphs using Kronecker multiplication

Given a large, real graph, how can we generate a synthetic graph that matches its properties, i.e., it has similar degree distribution, similar (small) diameter, similar spectrum, etc? We propose to use "Kronecker graphs", which naturally obey all of the above properties, and we present KronFit, a fast and scalable algorithm for fitting the Kronecker graph generation model to real networks. A naive approach to fitting would take super-exponential time. In contrast, KronFit takes linear time, by exploiting the structure of Kronecker product and by using sampling. Experiments on large real and synthetic graphs show that KronFit indeed mimics very well the patterns found in the target graphs. Once fitted, the model parameters and the resulting synthetic graphs can be used for anonymization, extrapolations, and graph summarization.
Descending pathways necessary for vestibular influences on sympathetic and inspiratory outflow

The objective of this study was to determine which brain stem regions that have projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons or phrenic motoneurons ae necessary for vestibulosympathetic or vestibulorespiratory responses in decerebrate cats. Bilateral kainic acid injections into the rostral ventrolateral medulla abolished splanchnic nerve responses to electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve, suggesting that this region is critical for the production of vestibulosympathetic responses. In contrast, injections into the caudal medullary raphe nuclei had no apparent effect on the responses. Neither the dorsal nor the ventral respiratory group appears to be necessary for mediating vestibular influences on the phrenic nerve, suggesting that nonrespiratory neurons (such as vestibulospinal neurons) may be important for producing vestibulorespiratory responses.
Living in a big data world

As advertisers increasingly rely on mobile-based data, consumer perceptions regarding the collection and use of such data becomes of great interest to scholars and practitioners. Recent industry data suggests advertisers seeking to leverage personal data offered via mobile devices would be wise to acknowledge and address the privacy concerns held by mobile users. Utilizing the theoretical foundation of communication privacy management (CPM), the current study investigates commonly understood privacy concerns such as collection, control, awareness, unauthorized secondary use, improper access and a newly adapted dimension of location tracking, trust in mobile advertisers, and attitudes toward mobile commerce, to predict mobile commerce engagement. Data from this study indicate that control, unauthorized access, trust in mobile advertisers, and attitude toward mobile commerce significantly predicted 43% of the variance in mobile commerce activity. Data gleaned from personal mobile devices has become a central focus.CPM theory: personal information shared via CMC protected by privacy boundaries.Privacy concerns predict mobile commerce attitudes and engagement.Concerns: collection, control, awareness, trust, unauthorized use, location tracking.Results: control, unauthorized use, trust significantly predict 43% of variance.
Image contrast enhancement following carbogen inhalation

We have studied the dynamic changes in the optical absorption of tissues in animal studies following the inhalation of carbogen gas. Differential imaging enhanced the image contrast between normal and cancerous tissues.
Dose-intense paclitaxel, etoposide and cyclophosphamide: a safe and active regimen for tumor cytoreduction and stem cell mobilization in metastatic breast cancer.

Dose-intense paclitaxel, etoposide and cyclophosphamide: a safe and active regimen for tumor cytoreduction and stem cell mobilization in metastatic breast cancer
Molecular, immunohistochemical and morphologic analysis of urothelial carcinoma with ERBB2/ERBB3 mutations

Background Aberrations in ERBB2 (both amplification and mutations) and ERBB3 represent a novel therapeutic avenue for HER2/HER3-targeted therapy. A minority of urothelial carcinoma (UC) is known to have ERBB2 amplification but little is known about ERBB2 and ERBB3 mutations in this disease. We identified a cohort of UC with ERBB2/ERBB3 mutations using a next generation sequencing platform and performed detailed histopathologic evaluation and immunohistochemistry for HER2. Methods A total of 138 UC cases were studied. Frozen tumor tissue and matching germline DNA from peripheral blood were analyzed using a targeted, deep-sequencing assay designed to identify point mutations, indels, and copy number alterations in 300 cancer-associated genes, including ERBB2 and ERBB3. HER2 IHC was performed on the confirmed mutant UCs and on 14 randomly selected cases from the cohort that were without ERBB2/ERBB3 mutations or amplification. Results ERBB2 mutations were identified in 15 cases (11%). There were 14 missense mutations and one frameshift mutation. Two HER2 mutant UCs also exhibited ERBB2 amplification. ERBB3 mutations were identified in 17 cases (12%), all of which were missense mutations. Three cases had concurrent ERBB2 and ERBB3 mutations (2%).The majority of the ERBB2/ERBB3 mutant tumors did not exhibit HER2 overexpression as determined by intense and diffuse membranous staining by IHC. Only 4 mutant cases had 3+ staining, 2 of which also had HER2 amplification. Many tumors with wild-type ERBB2 and ERBB3 expressed HER2 at variable intensity but none as 3+. Conclusions Mutations in ERBB2 and ERBB3 are present in a significant minority of urothelial carcinoma and may represent targets for anti-HER2 and anti-HER3 therapy. HER2 immunohistochemistry is not a sensitive method for identifying tumors with ERBB2/ERBB3 mutations.
Situation,Problems and Countermeasures of Pork and Its Products in Henan Province

In this paper,the situation and problems,as well as advantages of production area layout,of pork and its products in Henan province were overviewed.Countermeasures on rapid development of pork and its production industry in Henan were also discussed.
Priming Effect Across Modalities and Influence of Processing Fluency on AD Designs

This paper theoretically illustrates cross-modality priming effect in advertising. Economic and cognitive theories are used to analyze the priming effects resulting from ad picture-word combinations. The paper discusses that cross-modality effect may be monitored with priming order, priming depth priming element relationships, and priming emotional dimensions.
‘Why Didn’t I Know About This Book When I Started?’: In Memory of Donald Graves and Arthur Applebee

AbstractThis essay explores Donald Graves’ groundbreaking research of the 1980s. We show how Graves’ approach to the teaching of writing built on his sensitive appreciation of the ways children actually engage in the composing process when they are given the opportunity to produce writing that is meaningful to them. However, the issue for us is not simply the quality of Graves’ research, but how his work slipped from our memories, to be replaced by the dull drills in writing skills that now dominate US classrooms. To try to engage with this second issue, it has seemed best to disrupt the flow of our account of Graves’ work with representations of personal moments in teaching writing that we have each experienced, which we include as interpolations in the text. Only in this way do we feel that we can somehow get close to the nub of the issue with respect to the collective amnesia surrounding Graves’ achievement, in an attempt to bring back – both individually and collectively – his key insights and our stu...
Grain size effect on radiation tolerance of nanocrystalline Mo

We report a significant grain size effect on radiation tolerance of nanocrystalline Mo under He ion irradiation. Irradiation-induced dislocation loops mainly contribute to the irradiation-induced hardening of Mo films with grain size of > 90 nm, while few such loops in those with grain size of < 90 nm. The hardness increment after irradiation decreases with decreasing the grain size, and approaches zero at the grain size of 25 nm. Also, the size and the density of irradiation-induced He bubbles decrease as the grain size decreases. This observation provides direct evidence that nanocrystalline body-centered-cubic metals have greater radiation tolerance than their ultra-fine-grained or coarse-grained counterparts.
Destructive Collectivism: Dodd-Frank Coordination and Clearinghouses

The recent financial crises have generated strenuous academic debates on the fundamental premises of market regulation. The interaction between the state and the market is at the core of this discourse. A plethora of postcrisis reforms threaten to undermine the historical monopoly of centralized regulators through more coordinated, “collectivist” approaches to capital market regulation. The dangers of this new collectivism are not fully explored in the current scholarship.This Article questions the Dodd-Frank coordination mechanisms by demonstrating that crucial benefits may result from the predictability of a linear market-regulator interaction in a cooperative environment. An example of such a successful multiparty interaction is the traditional sector-specific regulatory regime in the clearing and settlement industry. In clearing, the linear interaction between centralized regulators, such as the SEC, and clearinghouses was associated with market efficiencies, lower regulatory costs, and transaction cost reduction. The relationship was premised on several fundamental postulates, including principles-based regulations, a low frequency of enforcement actions, participatory corporate governance mechanisms that strengthened market self-regulation, a contestable monopoly organization of the industry, and the continuous judicial support of clearing and settlement utilities. To examine these postulates, this Article reviews the history of clearing regulations and forty years of pertinent case law and enforcement actions.This Article suggests that Dodd-Frank has put forth a questionable approach to reforming — at the very least — successful industries, such as clearing, which were not directly implicated in the crisis. In clearing, Dodd-Frank coordination mechanisms should be invoked rarely, and only in cases where specific inefficiencies in the traditional sector-specific model explicitly undermine its benefits, including regulatory flexibility and cooperation between expert regulators and regulated industries.
Impacts of pH on leaching potential of elements from MSW incineration fly ash

Abstract In this study, leaching behaviors of aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), barium (Ba), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and sulfate (SO42−) from fresh and aged municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes under different pH conditions (pH ∼ 2–14) were investigated. Results showed that majority of the elements followed a cationic leaching pattern where the leached element concentrations from fly ashes decreased with an increase in pH. Only Al, Ba, As, and Se showed different leaching patterns. Maximum concentrations of leached Al and As were measured at extreme acidic (pH ∼ 2) and basic (pH ∼ 12) conditions consistent with an amphoteric leaching pattern. Leached Se and Ba reached peak concentrations at very alkaline conditions (pH > 11) following an oxyanionic leaching pattern. Geochemical modeling analyses were conducted to determine controlling mechanisms of leaching of these elements. Leaching of elements, except As, Se, Ag, and Cr, were controlled by the dissolution/precipitation of their (hydr)oxides, carbonate or sulfate solids. Leaching of Cr may be controlled by BaCrO4(s), while no solid phases were found that controlled leaching of As, Se, and Ag. Sorption control leaching mechanisms should be included to determine the leaching mechanisms of these three elements. Leached element concentrations and leaching controlling mechanisms were not affected significantly by aging of the MSWI fly ash.