cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mixed methods study of HIV-related services in buprenorphine treatment

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major risk factor in the acquisition and transmission of HIV. Clinical practice guidelines call for the integration of HIV services in OUD treatment. This mixed methods study describes the integration of HIV services in buprenorphine treatment and examines whether HIV services vary by prescribers’ medical specialty and across practice settings. Data were obtained via qualitative interviews with buprenorphine experts (n = 21) and mailed surveys from US buprenorphine prescribers (n = 1174). Survey measures asked about screening for HIV risk behaviors at intake, offering HIV education, recommending all new patients receive HIV testing, and availability of on-site HIV testing. Prescribers’ medical specialty, practice settings, caseload demographics, and physician demographics were measured. Multivariate models of HIV services were estimated, while accounting for the nesting of physicians within states. Qualitative interviews revealed that physicians often use injection behaviors as the primary indicator for whether a patient should be tested for HIV. Interviews revealed that HIV-related services were often viewed as beyond the scope of practice among general psychiatrists. Surveys indicated that prescribers screened for an average of 3.2 of 5 HIV risk behaviors (SD = 1.6) at intake. About 62.0% of prescribers delivered HIV education to patients and 53.2% recommended HIV testing to all new patients, but only 32.3% offered on-site HIV testing. Addiction specialists and psychiatrists screened for significantly more HIV risk behaviors than physicians in other specialties. Addiction specialists and psychiatrists were significantly less likely than other physicians to offer on-site testing. Physicians in individual medical practice were significantly less likely to recommend HIV testing and to offer onsite testing than physicians in other settings. Buprenorphine treatment providers have not uniformly integrated HIV-related screening, education, and testing services for patients. Differences by medical specialty and practice setting suggest an opportunity for targeting efforts to increase implementation.
Cancer Caregivers' Preparedness for Loss and Bereavement Outcomes: Do Preloss Caregiver Attributes Matter?

Past studies examining the relationship between preparedness for loss and bereavement outcomes among caregivers of spouses/partners with life-limiting illness did not adequately account for preloss...
Dynamic ultrasound-guided short-axis needle tip navigation technique vs. landmark technique for difficult saphenous vein access in children: a randomised study.

Summary Dynamic ultrasound-guided short-axis needle tip navigation is a novel technique for vascular access. After venipuncture, the needle and catheter are further advanced within the vessel lumen under real-time ultrasound guidance with constant visualisation of the needle tip in the short-axis view. This can minimise the risk of transfixing the cannulated vessel. We compared two techniques for non-visible saphenous vein cannulation under general anaesthesia in children weighing ≥ 3 kg and less than four years of age: dynamic ultrasound-guided short-axis needle tip navigation technique (ultrasound group) vs. landmark technique. Venous cannulation was performed by three experienced anaesthetists. The primary outcome measure was first-attempt success rate. Success rate within 10 min was a secondary outcome. A total of 102 patients were randomly allocated to either the ultrasound group or the landmark group. First-attempt success rate was 90% in the ultrasound group compared with 51% in the landmark group, p<0.001, difference 39%, 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference 23–55%. Success rate within 10 min was 92% in the ultrasound group compared with 63% in the landmark group, p = 0.001, difference 29%, 95%CI of the difference 14–45%. We conclude that, when performed by experienced anaesthetists, the dynamic ultrasound-guided short-axis needle tip navigation technique improved non-visible saphenous vein cannulation in children compared with the landmark technique.
Genitourinary and Splenic Hemorrhage: We’re Important Organs Too!

Trauma to the genitourinary tract can affect the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Of those, the kidneys are the most commonly injured organs with potential for significant blood loss. Considering this book’s focus on hemorrhage control, this chapter will therefore only discuss the management of kidney lacerations. In contrast to other solid organs, nonoperative management of high-grade renal lacerations is frequently successful and generally preferred. Isolated renal injuries causing hemodynamic instability are exceedingly rare, and a high index of suspicion should be maintained for the presence of associated injuries, particularly in blunt abdominal trauma. More often, kidney injuries are identified on abdominal computed tomography scan and can be managed nonoperatively with close monitoring and serial hemoglobin measurements. Intraoperatively, high-grade renal lacerations can present as zone II retroperitoneal hematoma and should only be explored in select circumstances.
New design concept of thermal conductive sheet showing low total thermal resistance

High thermal conductive adhesive is important to cool power devices. Recently thermal conductivity reaches more than 10W/mK by efficient addition of thermal conductive filler. However, high loading of filler makes the thermal conductive sheet poor adhesion. Furthermore, we focused on reducing an interfacial heat resistance between high thermal conductive sheet composed of resin and heat conductive filler and metal such as Cu or Al. The interfacial heat resistance was determined by dispersion of high heat conductive filler and interfacial residual stress. The good dispersed sheet shows lower interfacial resistance than poor dispersed sheet, The interfacial residual stress causes an poor contact to metal to make void in the interface. To consider the effect of those facts, we successfully developed the high thermal conductive sheet with extremely low interfacial resistance. The interface heat resistance is below 0.01W/C.
Interactions Between Growing Predators and Growing Prey

Many concepts in community ecology suffer from a typological approach to species interactions in which the ecological relationships between species are classified as competitive, mutualistic or predatory; and then they are represented by -/-, +/+, or -/+ pairs of elements in a community matrix. These relationships are often diagramed by a food web that represents the presumed trophic connections among species in a community. Species within a trophic level are assumed to be potential competitors and predators are considered to have a negative effect on the population dynamics of their prey. This negative effect arises from predators decreasing the rate of increase of prey or lowering the equilibrium density of prey. Recently, the simplicities of this approach have been recognized as ecologists have studied multispecies communities with techniques designed to understand mechanisms that structure natural communities. It is now recognized that the interaction between two species can depend on the context in which it is measured (Boucher 1985; Kerfoot and Sih 1986). For example, two species may have a competitive (-/-) interaction when raised in isolation, but show mutualistic (+/+) interaction when a predator is added to the system because the two species spread the risk of predation both benefiting from the presence of the other.
Degradation of Reef Structure, Coral and Fish Communities in the Red Sea by Ship Groundings and Dynamite Fisheries

Reef degradation was investigated on 66 Egyptian Red Sea reefs-60 reefs for dynamite damage (using line transects) and six ship grounding sites (using 1 m sample squares). Ship groundings and dynamite fishing caused similar damage, reduction of the reef to rubble (65% of reefs were dynamited, mostly leeward, 58%). Changes in coral (line transect study) and fish communities (point count study) in impacted sites were documented. On impacted reefs, coral cover decreased, bare substratum and rubble increased, and fish dominance shifted away from Pomacentridae. Oceanographic conditions result in a stable pattern of coral communities (windward Acropora, leeward Porites). Most dynamite damage was on leeward, near-climax Porites reef slopes or Porites carpets. Most ship groundings were on windward Acropora reefs with regeneration periods calculated to be between 100 and 160 yrs. Regeneration time of dynamite damage is expected to be similar because of similar damage. Rehabilitation could speed up recovery but has to be consistent with natural community patterns. Coral transplants should mimic previously existing community structure in order to avoid space preemption by introduced superior competitors. Particularly if Acropora were introduced on a large scale into normally Porites dominated reef areas, re-establishment of the original community within the desired time-frame could be delayed.
Mechanisms of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity

Acetaminophen overdose is the most frequent cause of hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure in the United States and many other countries. It is well established that the formation of a reactive metabolite by P450 enzymes is critical for the initiation of the injury process. Although the reactive metabolite is detoxified by reaction with glutathione, after ingestion of an overdose cellular glutathione is exhausted and the reactive metabolite binds to cellular protein including mitochondrial proteins. The initial stress signal induced by the metabolism phase is then propagated and amplified by mitochondrial dysfunction with formation of reactive oxygen and peroxynitrite and ultimately opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pores with collapse of the membrane potential and cessation of ATP synthesis. The release of endonucleases from the mitochondrial intermembrane space and lysosomes triggers nuclear DNA fragmentation. As a consequence of these events, the cell eventually undergoes oncotic necrosis. The release of cell contents from necrotic cells leads to an innate immune response with inflammatory mediator formation and recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils into the liver. These secondary events in response to cell damage have the potential to further enhance the injury process and participate in the regenerative response, which attempts to restore the original liver mass. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge and the more recent progress made in the understanding of the intracellular signaling mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver cell death, the impact of the innate immune response on the pathophysiology of acetaminophen-induced liver injury, and the role of regeneration.
Automatically learning speaker-independent acoustic subword units.

We investigate methods for unsupervised learning of sub-word acoustic units of a language directly from speech. We demonstrate that states of a hidden Markov model “grown” using a novel modification of the maximum likelihood successive state splitting algorithm correspond very well with the phones of the language. In particular, the correspondence between the Viterbi state sequence for unseen speech from the training speaker and the phone transcription of the speech is over 85%, and generalizes to a large extent (∼ 63%) to speech from a different speaker. Furthermore, we are able to bridge more than half the gap between the speaker-dependent and cross-speaker correspondence of the automatically learned units to phones (∼ 75% accuracy) by unsupervised adaptation via MLLR.
Personality Traits and Psychological Explanation

The central concept of personality psychology is the trait. Yet there is little consensus in the field concerning the definition of traits. Most investigators would agree that personality traits are relatively enduring psychological characteristics of persons, and that traits function, either validly or invalidly, to describe, predict, explain, or understand persons and their behavior. But this definition is quite broad, and beyond it there is little consensus. Investigators appear to disagree about virtually every feature of personality traits. Disagreements occur on such basic issues as the location of traits (whether in the head of the actor or in the language of the observer), the origins of traits (genetic versus environmental contributions, early versus recent experience), the plasticity of traits in response to environmental change, and the importance of traits vis-a-vis other aspects of personality, the proximal environment, and the sociocultural context (e.g., Allport, 1966; Buss & Craik, 1985; Cattell, 1946; Feshbach & Weiner, 1986; Guilford, 1975; Hirschberg, 1978; Kluckhohn & Murray, 1961; Runyan, 1982; Wiggins, 1974).
Waste Heat Recovery From Distributed Rack-based Fuel Cells Using Thermoelectric Generators

Off-grid power generation has been demonstrated in data centers through the deployment of site-specific centralized power plants utiLizing gas turbine or fuel cell-based power generation. Because power is centrally generated, power distribution requires a high voltage power grid within the data center with its ancillary storage and conditioning requirements and equipment. An alternative approach is a completely decentralized distributed power generation system in which fuel cells deployed within individual server racks provide power localized to that rack only. Among other advantages, such an approach also greatly increases the ability to modulate and control power to individual rack units. Because the Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) proposed in this approach are air-cooled and have extremely high air exhaust temperatures, of order 800 °C, the optimal energy efficient design of an overall localized fuel-cell power generation system should also consider the opportunities to recover and re-use the waste heat. This paper reports on the development of a coupled thermal-electrical model of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) based energy recovery system operating between the fuel cell hot exhaust air temperature and a warm water cooling system deployed within the rack for server cooling. The power generation system consisted of a TEG module sandwiched between a hot air heat exchanger and a colder water based heat exchanger. The design of the TEG module for maximum power generation is heavily coupled with thermal and electrical conditions. Distribution of temperature on generator surfaces change the optimum design, hence the optimization of generator system required co-optimization with the design of the heat exchangers. This paper presents the results of electro-thermal co-optimization, which considers the impact of the flow rates and temperatures of exhaust gas and cooling water, parallel and counter-flow arrangements, as well as the TEG packaging design including junctions, fractional area coverage, and substrate thickness.
Active wave suppression in the interior of a one-dimensional domain

We consider the problem of creating an absorber in the interior of a system that supports one-dimensional wave propagation, such as a waveguide, using active control. The control goal is suppression of wave propagation beyond a prescribed region of the waveguide, but without perturbing the propagation within that region. Unlike boundary control, achieving full absorption in the interior introduces a challenge of creating both a non-transmitting and a non-reflecting sink. We overcome this challenge by introducing a near uni-directional control wave which is accomplished by using two concentrated actuators. The residual back-action wave is minimized based on the available control energy. We employ this control wave in two algorithms, a feed-forward and a feedback one, which we denote by Interior Wave Suppression. We illustrate the theoretical results through numerical simulation of an acoustic waveguide example.
Painting on PIacement: Forecasting Routing Congestion using Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets

Physical design process commonly consumes hours to days for large designs, and routing is known as the most critical step. Demands for accurate routing quality prediction raise to a new level to accel-erate hardware innovation with advanced technology nodes. This work presents an approach that forecasts the density of all routing channels over the entire floorplan, with features collected up to placement, using conditional GANs. Specifically, forecasting the routing congestion is constructed as an image translation (colorization) problem. The proposed approach is applied to a) placement exploration for minimum congestion, b) constrained placement exploration and c) forecasting congestion in real-time during incremental placement, using eight designs targeting a fixed FPGA architecture.
The Rode0day to Less-Buggy Programs

Despite their best efforts, computer programmers consistently fail to build the safe and reliable programs they imagine; rather, they typically build systems that work well until something unexpected happens. When presented with unexpected inputs, systems may reveal bugs in their code, which cause incorrect behavior or crashes. Every programmer knows that bugs are a persistent and costly issue in computer programs, but the path to getting rid of them is less clear.
Stromal ColXα1 expression correlates with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and predicts adjuvant therapy outcome in ER-positive/HER2-positive breast cancer.

The breast cancer microenvironment contributes to tumor progression and response to chemotherapy. Previously, we reported that increased stromal Type X collagen α1 (ColXα1) and low TILs correlated with poor pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy in estrogen receptor and HER2-positive (ER+/HER2+) breast cancer. Here, we investigate the relationship of ColXα1 and long-term outcome of ER+/HER2+ breast cancer patients in an adjuvant setting. A total of 164 cases with at least 5-year follow-up were included. Immunohistochemistry for ColXα1 was performed on whole tumor sections. Associations between ColXα1expression, clinical pathological features, and outcomes were analyzed. ColXα1 expression was directly proportional to the amount of tumor associated stroma (p = 0.024) and inversely proportional to TILs. Increased ColXα1 was significantly associated with shorter disease free survival and overall survival by univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, OS was lower in ColXα1 expressing (HR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.2–3.9) tumors of older patients (> = 58 years) (HR = 5.3; 95% CI = 1.7–17) with higher stage (HR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.3–5.2). Similarly, DFS was lower in ColXα1 expressing (HR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.6–5.7) tumors of older patients (HR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.3–7.8) with higher stage (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.6–5.7) and low TILs. In low PR+ tumors, higher ColXα1 expression was associated with poorer prognosis. ColXα1 expression is associated with poor disease free survival and overall survival in ER+/HER2+ breast cancer. This study provides further support for the prognostic utility of ColXα1 as a breast cancer associated stromal factor that predicts response to chemotherapy.
Hospitalization after Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer: A Population-Based Study in Utah.

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA, age 15–39 years) with cancer may be at elevated risk for late morbidity following their cancer treatment, but few studies have quantified the excess burden of severe disease in this population. Using population-based data from Utah, we examined the risk of inpatient hospitalizations among AYA cancer survivors compared with their siblings and the general population. Methods: Survivors of AYA cancer who were ≥2 years from diagnosis and diagnosed from 1994 to 2015 (N = 6,330), their siblings (N = 12,924), and an age- and sex-matched comparison cohort (N = 18,171) were identified using the Utah Population Database (UPDB). Hospitalizations from 1996 to 2017 were identified from statewide discharge records in the UPDB. We estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for first hospitalization and rate ratios (RR) for total hospitalizations for survivors relative to the matched comparison cohort and siblings. Results: Overall, the risk of a first hospitalization was higher among AYA cancer survivors than the matched population-based cohort [HR = 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.81–2.06]. Risk was most elevated for survivors of leukemia (HR = 4.76), central nervous system tumors (HR = 3.45), colorectal cancers (HR = 2.83), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR = 2.76), and breast cancer (HR = 2.37). The rate of total hospitalizations was also increased among survivors relative to the comparison cohort (RR = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.95–2.14). Patterns were generally similar in analyses comparing survivors to their siblings. Conclusions: AYA cancer survivors have a higher burden of inpatient hospitalization than their siblings and the general population. Impact: Results indicate the importance of long-term, risk-based follow-up care to prevent and treat severe morbidities after cancer treatment.
Foundation for Stroke in Systemic Sclerosis: A Clarion Call for Proactive Assessment?

To the Editor: The study by Ying, et al 1 of ischemic stroke risk in systemic sclerosis (SSc) reported increased prevalence (15.3 vs 12.2 per thousand in the control cohort) and delineated a series of likely predisposing comorbidities. There is an additional consideration, also amenable to risk adjustment: such events are also characteristic of the effect of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL)2. The reported prevalence of ischemic events in SSc is characteristic of that noted with aPL, a known association with … Address correspondence to Dr. B.M. Rothschild, IU Health, 2401 W. University Ave., Muncie, Indiana 47303, USA. E-mail: spondylair{at}gmail.com
Alcohol-Induced Immune Dysregulation in the Colon Is Diurnally Variable.

Introduction Alcohol increases the risk of colon cancer. Colonic inflammation mediates the effects of alcohol on colon carcinogenesis. Circadian rhythm disruption enhances the alcohol's effect on colonic inflammation and cancer. Objective Here, we investigate the diurnal variation of lymphocyte infiltration in the colonic mucosa in response to alcohol. Methods Sixty C57BL6/J mice were fed a chow diet, and gavaged with alcohol at a specific time once per day for 3 consecutive days. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to quantify total, effector, and regulatory T cells in the colon. Student's t test, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA were used to determine significance. Results Following the alcohol binge, the composition of immune T cell subsets in the mouse colon was time-dependent. Alcohol did not alter the total number of CD3+ T cells. However, upon alcohol treatment, T-bet+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells appeared to dominate the T cell population following a reduction in Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers. Depletion of Tregs was time-dependent, and their numbers were dramatically reduced when alcohol was administered during the rest phase. A reduction in Tregs significantly increased the Th1/Treg ratio, resulting in a more proinflammatory milieu. Conclusions Alcohol enhanced the proinflammatory profile in the colon mucosa, as demonstrated by a higher T-bet+/Foxp3+ ratio, especially during the rest phase. These findings may partly account for the interaction of circadian rhythm disruption with alcohol in colon inflammation and cancer.
Experimental evidence of consumer and physician detection and rejection of misleading prescription drug website content.

Abstract Background Consumers and primary care physicians (PCPs) sometimes encounter deceptive promotional claims about prescription drugs. Whether consumers and PCPs can detect deceptive claims or whether those claims negatively affect medical decision making, however, remain important, unanswered research questions. Objectives This article explores (1) the ability of consumers and PCPs to identify deceptive prescription drug promotion at various levels of deception, (2) the influence of such tactics on obstructing risk recognition, and (3) whether perceived deception mediates relationships between exposure to deceptive tactics and various outcomes (including false-claim acceptance, attitudes, information-seeking intentions, and interest toward the promoted drug). Methods Two experiments—1 with consumers (N = 366) and 1 with PCPs (N = 378)—were conducted to determine whether participant exposure to deceptive prescription drug website content corresponds to detection and acceptance (or rejection) of claims and tactics. In each experiment, the number of deceptive claims and tactics on a consumer- or PCP-targeted website for a fictitious chronic pain medication were varied, in a 1 × 3 (none, fewer, more) between-subjects design. Results Among consumers, exposure to more deceptive claims or tactics did not increase suspicion about the veracity of the website (relative to fewer claims and tactics) and actually had a limited positive direct effect on false-claim acceptance and attitudes toward the drug. Among PCPs, a mediation effect existed such that exposure to more deceptive claims and tactics resulted in higher perceived website deceptiveness relative to those in the fewer deceptive claims condition, which, in turn, resulted in lower acceptance of deceptive claims and tactics, lower perceived drug effectiveness, more negative attitudes toward the drug, and lower interest and intentions. Conclusion These experiments demonstrate potential differences between consumers and PCPs as well as implications for consumer and PCP vulnerability to website deception.
PUPIL MAPPING IN TWO DIMENSIONS FOR HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING

Pupil mapping is a technique whereby a uniformly illuminated input pupil, such as from starlight, can be mapped into a nonuniformly illuminated exit pupil, such that the image formed from this pupil will have suppressed sidelobes, many orders of magnitude weaker than classical Airy ring intensities. Pupil mapping is therefore a candidate technique for coronagraphic imaging of extrasolar planets around nearby stars. The pupil mapping technique is lossless and preserves the full angular resolution of the collecting telescope, so it could possibly give the highest signal-to-noise ratio of any proposed single-telescope system for detecting extrasolar planets. A planet fainter than 10-10 times its parent star and as close as about 2λ/D should be detectable. We derive the two-dimensional equations of pupil mapping for both two-mirror and two-lens systems. We give examples for both cases. We derive analytical estimates of aberration in a two-mirror system and show that the aberrations are essentially corrected with an added reversed set of mirrors.
Qualitative Study of Interprofessional Collaboration in Radiation Oncology Clinics: Is There a Need for Further Education?

Purpose Interprofessional education (IPE) is gaining recognition as a means of improving health care delivery and patient outcomes. A primary goal of IPE is improved interprofessional collaboration (IPC). The multidisciplinary team in the radiation oncology clinic requires effective IPC for optimal delivery of radiation therapy. However, there are limited data on IPE and IPC in radiation oncology. This qualitative study aims to characterize IPC in radiation oncology. Methods and Materials Semistructured phone interviews were performed from June to August 2019 with radiation oncologists, nurses, dosimetrists, radiation therapists, medical physicists, and medical students across a single academic medical center and affiliated network sites. Interviews were recorded, de-identified, and transcribed verbatim. Resulting transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Seventeen interviews were performed with 4 radiation oncologists, 2 nurses, 2 dosimetrists, 4 radiation therapists, 2 medical physicists, and 3 medical students. Thematic analysis identified 4 themes: (1) management of the radiation oncology clinic, (2) potential impact of interprofessional training in radiation oncology, (3) current climate of interprofessional education in radiation oncology, and (4) creating an interprofessional training program in radiation oncology. Each theme elicited between 2 and 7 subthemes. Conclusions From the analytical themes that emerged, it is hypothesized that misunderstanding professionals’ roles can lead to communication breakdown, which creates less efficient clinic management and disorganized patient care. Although other medical professionals shadow physicians during their training, physicians are not learning about other professions in the same way. Interviewees from each professional category recommend a formal shadowing program for radiation oncology trainees at the medical student or resident level. Having structured opportunities for IPE is important given competing demands of learners during medical student rotations and residency. This study suggests an unmet need for exposure of radiation oncology medical trainees to IPE with the ultimate goal of improving IPC in the radiation oncology clinic.
Negotiating Self: Navigating Feminist and Submissive Identities

As women navigate the intersecting meanings of feminism and submission, some struggle to reconcile their feminist politics and submissive practice (e.g., belief in equality and desire to yield auth...
The Long Term Effects of Bank Recapitalization: Evidence from an Emerging Market

Do government-sponsored bank recapitalization programs spur lending and reduce risk? This paper assesses the impact of Indonesia’s bank recapitalization program on lending and bank risk following the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Using unique bank-level data, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that recapitalization increased lending (and more so for larger banks),but also boosted bank risk in the long term. Results remain robust to considerations of (1) bank-level differences in political connections, business group affiliation, ownership type, and (2) changes in macroeconomic conditions, capital requirements, accounting regulations, and public credit registry availability.
Verifying Compiler Based Refinement of BluespecTM Specifications Using the SPIN Model Checker

The underlying model of computation for PROMELA is based on interacting processes with asynchronous communication, and hence SPIN has been mainly used as a verification engine for concurrent software systems. On the other hand, hardware verification has mostly focused on clock synchronous register-transfer level (RTL) models. As a result, verification tools such as SMV which are based on synchronous state machine models have been used more frequently for hardware verification. However, as levels of abstractions are being raised in hardware design and as high-level synthesis is being promoted for synthesizing RTL, hardware design verification problems are changing in nature. In this paper, we consider a specific high-level hardware description langauge, namely, Bluespec System Verilog (BSV). The programming model of BSV is based on concurrent guarded actions, which we also call as Concurrent Action Oriented Specification (CAOS). High-level synthesis from BSV models has been shown to produce efficient RTL designs. Given the industry traction of BSV-based high-level synthesis and associated design flow, we consider the following formal verification problems: (i) Given a BSV specification ${\cal S}$ of a hardware design, does it satisfy certain temporal properties? (ii) Given a BSV specification ${\cal S}$, and an implementation Rsynthesized from ${\cal S}$ using a BSV-based synthesis tool, does Rconform to the behaviors specified by ${\cal S}$; that is, is Ra refinement of ${\cal S}$? (iii) Given a different implementation Ri¾?synthesized from ${\cal S}$ using some other BSV-based synthesis tool, is Ri¾?a refinement of Ras well? In this paper, we show how SPIN Model Checker can be used to solve these three problems related to the verification of BSV-based designs. Using a sample design, we illustrate how our approach can be used for verifying whether the designer intent in the BSV specification is accurately matched by its synthesized hardware implementation.
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of straight channel PEM fuel cells

The need to model three-dimensional flow in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is discussed by developing an integrated flow and current density model to predict current density distributions in two dimensions on the membrane in a straight channel PEM fuel cell. The geometrical model includes diffusion layers on both the anode and cathode sides and the numerical model solves the same primary flow related variables in the main flow channel and the diffusion layer. A control volume approach is used and source terms for transport equations are presented to facilitate their incorporation in commercial flow solvers. Predictions reveal that the inclusion of a diffusion layer creates a lower and more uniform current density compared to cases without diffusion layers. The results also show that the membrane thickness and cell voltage have a significant effect on the axial distribution of the current density and net rate of water transport. The predictions of the water transport between cathode and anode across the width of the flow channel show the delicate balance of diffusion and electroosmosis and their effect on the current distribution along channel.
Marketing Measures for Information Services

Le marketing des services d'information est un theme a la mode depuis quelques annees. Pour les documentalistes le concept et la pratique du marketing ne sont pas nouveaux puisque les services d'informations ont toujours ete concus comme devant prevoir les besoins d'information et non seulement y repondre. Les concepts cles du marketing sont rappeles et analyses: identification et estimation de l'information disponible, des clients potentiels, de leurs besoins, planification et coordination d'un programme, audit: cette derniere etape est la plus difficile pour les documentalistes en raison des problemes d'evaluation et des mesures qu'elle exige. Pour toutes ces etapes les mesures a prendre en compte sont precisees. (INTD)
Synthesis of Thio-AICA, 6-Thioxanthine, Isoguanine Analogs, and Their Ribosides

4-Amino-5-thiocarbamoylimidazole (II, thio-AICA) was prepared by direct thiation of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide (I, AICA) with phosphorus pentasulfide and also by addition of 4-amino-5-imidazole carbonitrile (III) with hydrogen sulfide. Similarly, 5-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl-1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole (XVII, thio-AICA-riboside) was prepared by addition of 5-amino-1-(2', 3'-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl) imidazole-4-carbonitrile (XIII) with hydrogen sulfide followed by removal of the isopropylidene group. XVII was converted by treatment with ethyl formate in ethanolic sodium ethoxide to 6-mercapto-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine (XVIII, 6-thioinosine) in good yield and with diethyl carbonate under the similar conditions to 6-mercapto-2-hydroxy-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-purine (XXI, 6-thioxanthosine). Methylation of the latter with methyl iodide and subsequent amination afforded 6-amino-2-hydroxy-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine (XXIII, isoguanosine). In a similar fashion, N6-substituted isoguanosines were prepared by reaction of 6-methylthio-2-hydroxy-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine (XXII) with the appropriate amines.
Characteristics associated with pelvic organ prolapse in women with significant levator ani muscle deficiency

Age is a factor associated with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) among women with significant levator ani deficiency. This cross-sectional study included patients who were referred for varied pelvic floor disorders, had 3D endovaginal ultrasound as part of their evaluation, and were diagnosed with significant levator ani muscle deficiency defined as a score of 12 or more on 3D endovaginal ultrasound. Patients were categorized as having no pelvic organ prolapse (stages 0 and 1), or symptomatic prolapse (stages 2–4). Seventy-six women were available for analysis and found to have significant levator ani muscle deficiency, including 51 with symptomatic POP and 25 without POP. Patients with symptomatic POP were older, (mean age 66 (SD ± 11.8) vs 48 (SD ± 17.3) years; p <0.0001), had greater mean minimal levator hiatus (MLH) area (19.7 cm2 (SD ± 4.6) vs 17.5 cm2 (SD ± 3.5); p = 0.048), and were more likely to be menopausal (91.3 % vs 54.5 %; p <0.001) compared with those with no POP. In a modified Poisson regression analysis excluding nulliparous women, increasing age (RR = 2.39, 95 % CI 1.03–5.55) and smoking (RR = 1.34, 95 % CI 1.08–1.67) remained associated with symptomatic POP after controlling for one another and the MLH area. Among women with significant levator ani deficiency, older women and smokers had an increased prevalence of symptomatic POP. On average, women without POP, but with significant levator ani deficiency were 18 years younger than women with POP and significant muscle deficiency.
Pediatric renal transplantation and its challenges

Summary Pediatric renal transplantation poses many challenges, yet successful transplantation is the optimum therapy for children with ESRD. The impediments to success are different and of greater magnitude than seen with adults, primarily because of different and problematic disease causes, distinctly different medical and surgical considerations in small children, and what appears to be an enhanced immune response in smaller children. Nevertheless, excellent results can be obtained in pediatric renal transplantation by strict adherence to surgical detail, tight immunosuppressive management, careful integration of urologic reconstructive surgery with the renal transplant, and aggressive fluid management in the small child. 60 Most important to achieving this success is the management of these patients by an integrated and experienced medical, surgical, and anesthesia team.
Alcohol and substance misuse in older adults.

With the “Baby Boom” cohort reaching the age of 65 years, the older adult population is growing and will continue to grow at a rapid rate. There is a substantial and growing number of older adults who misuse alcohol, psychoactive prescription drugs, and/or other substances. The emerging literature on the cohort of aging adults indicates that they are continuing to use alcohol and psychoactive prescription medications at a higher rate than previous generations. The development and refinement of techniques to address these problems and provide early intervention services is going to be crucial to meeting the needs of this growing population. This chapter provides background on the extent of the problem, guidelines for alcohol and psychoactive medication use, and methods for screening and providing early interventions to improve the lives of older adults who misuse alcohol and/or psychoactive medications and drugs.
Optical tractography of the mouse heart using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

We developed a method to image myocardial fiber architecture in the mouse heart using a Jones matrix-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) system. The “cross-helical” laminar structure of myocardial fibers can be clearly visualized using this technology. The obtained myocardial fiber organization agrees well with existing knowledge acquired using conventional histology and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.
Neuropathology of vaccination in infants and children

Abstract Aims Documentation of clinical-pathological features of 37 infants/children whose parents alleged a relationship between vaccination and death or permanent central nervous system (CNS) damage, and sought compensation through the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Scope Of the 5545 claims filed during the 10-year period (1990–1999), CNS tissue was available for evaluation by a pediatric neuropathologist in 37; 33 died and 4 had a biopsy or lobectomy. Most commonly implicated vaccines were DTP/DTaP, followed by MMR and IPV/OPV, but almost all of the vaccines currently given to infants/children were alleged to be responsible for the illness/death. No lesions were found in 5 of 37 (13.5%). The most frequent abnormality consisted of acute anoxic encephalopathy (14 of 37 – 37.8%), consequent to several different causes, such as positional asphyxia, cardio-respiratory arrest during status epilepticus, etc. The remaining children manifested other lesions, including inflammation (5 of 37 – 13.5%), vascular and developmental anomalies (4 each of 37 or 10.6%), cerebral edema and system degeneration (2 each of 37 or 5.4%), and one case of heavy metal exposure in a child living near an abandoned mine (2.2%). Conclusions There was no obvious relationship between type of vaccine (or vaccines simultaneously administered) to time of onset of symptoms, nature of symptoms or the lesions found.
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN NEOPLASTIC DISEASE.

Abstract The malnutrition of human malignant neoplastic disease is characterized by wasting of body tissues and loss of body fat stores. This may be largely accounted for by a reduced dietary intake and excessive energy needs. Efforts to reduce the caloric deficit in patients with neoplastic disease have been successful only when a remission of the disease has been produced. Forced oral dietary supplementation has for the most part resulted in increased energy expenditure in such individuals without correction of the caloric deficit. Failure of host tissues to replete themselves even with increased substrate may be associated with increase in metabolic turnover, with either a failure of synthesis of normal protoplasm or a failure of retention of newly synthesized materials. It would appear that normal protein synthesis and lipogenesis are depressed in the presence of malignant neoplastic disease.
Mozzarella cheese making by a stirred curd, no brine procedure

Abstract To eliminate the problems associated with brine salting, a milled curd, no brine method for making low moisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheese was developed and reported previously. The method produced cheese with homogeneous chemical composition and desirable functional characteristics. However, the moisture content of the low moisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheese from this method was too low (about 44 to 45%). To increase cheese moisture content, a stirred curd, no brine Mozzarella cheese-making process was developed. With this new method, cheese moisture content can be controlled within the range of 45 to 52% while achieving normal salt, pH, and fat content on a dry weight basis. Changes in proteolysis and functional properties during the refrigerated storage were similar to those for commercial cheeses.
Automated Prompting in a Smart Home Environment

With more older adults and people with cognitive disorders preferring to stay independently at home, prompting systems that assist with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are in demand. In this paper, with the introduction of â€œThe PUCKâ€, we take the very first approach to automate a prompting system without any predefined rule set or user feedback. We statistically analyze realistic prompting data and devise a classifier from statistical outlier detection methods. Further, we devise a sampling technique to help with skewed and scanty data sets. We empirically find a class distribution that would be suitable for our work and validate our claims with the help of three classical machine learning algorithms.
Electroretinographic Findings in Selected Pedigrees With Choroideremia

We recorded full-field electroretinograms from 47 males and 26 obligate carrier females with choroideremia. All males had responses that were subnormal with delayed cone b-wave implicit times or undetectable. Only four of 26 females had abnormal electroretinographic responses but 25 of 26 were identified by ophthalmoscopy.
Phenytoin Blocks the Reversal of a Classically Conditioned Discriminative Eyeblink Response in Rabbits

Summary: Purpose: Cognitive deficits associated with chronic treatment with phenytoin (PHT) have been reported. PHT blocks transfer from a signaled appetitive bar press to an active avoidance response in rats. We investigated the effects of PHT and the prodrug fosphenytoin in rabbits required to learn a discrimination and reversal of a classical eyeblink conditioning paradigm. Methods: Before drug treatment was started, rabbits were trained to produce a discriminated eyeblink response. PHT (n = 7) was administered centrally or the prodrug fosphenytoin (n = 2) was given systemically. Control animals were similarly treated centrally with either saline (n = 3) or no drug treatment (n = 13). Rabbits were then challenged with a stimulus reversal while being maintained on the respective drug. Results: On the first day of reversal training, control animals typically displayed high response rates to both tones, followed by a reduction in responsiveness to the new conditioned stimulus (CS-) in the ensuing days. In contrast, PHT-treated animals failed to suppress responsiveness to the new CS-. Conclusions: The response patterns observed are similar to those observed in rabbits with hippocampal ablations, leading us to suggest that the adverse effects of phenytoin may be due to actions in the hippocampus. Key Words: PhenytoinFosphenytoin-Prodrug-Antiepileptic-AnticonvulsantEpilepsy. The prevalent therapy for the treatment of seizure disorders is antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Phenytoin (PHT) is an AED that has played a major role in the treatment of seizures since its anticonvulsant properties were reported by Merritt and Putnam (1). While the control of abnormal seizure activity is the primary goal of this class of drugs, the side effects of these drugs have not been adequately investigated. Aldenkamp et al. (2) and Pullainen and Jokelainen (3) reported that cognitive deficits were associated with chronic PHT treatment. Wilder et al. (4) have shown that all major antiepileptic drugs, particularly at high blood levels, can cause such deficits in cognition. These results stress the need for a systematic analysis of the ways in which chronic treatment with AEDs may affect learning and memory. We previously reported that chronic PHT treatment in rats impaired their acquisition of an avoidance response to a tone that had previously signaled the availability of a food reinforcement (5). Moreover, Renfrey et al. (6) reported that
Aesthetic Mediation and the Politics of Technology: (re)New(ed) Strategies for a Critical Social Theory

AbstractThere is a rich history in early critical theory of attempting to harness the power of aesthetic imagination for the purposes of political liberation. But this approach has largely faded to the background of contemporary critical theory, eclipsed lately by attempts to reconstruct and apply norms of rationality to processes of democratic will formation a la Habermas. This paper represents a small attempt to return the aesthetic element to its proper place within critical theory, by investigating the aesthetic aspects of certain forms of resistance to technological domination, forms of resistance that become “embodied” in technologies themselves. The phenomena of customization and personalization of technologies, although already co-opted in a variety of ways, are examples of such resistance. I begin then, by specifying the conventional method of understanding technological domination: the differentiation thesis. I then show how this understanding of technological development fails to grasp the real...