cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ECMO in evolution: The impact of changing patient demographics and alternative therapies on ECMO

The incidence of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is decreasing nationally. This decrease is presumed to be a result of the emergence of alternative technologies such as high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), nitric oxide (NO), and surfactant therapy as well as others. The purposes of the present report were to determine just how rapidly the demographics of ECMO are changing and to determine the impact of competing technologies on ECMO use. The authors reviewed their entire ECMO experience of 455 cases (370 neonatal, 38 pediatric, and 47 cardiac). The neonatal cases also were separated into diagnostic groups: MAS (meconium aspiration syndrome), PPHN (persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn), RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), and sepsis. To allow statistical comparison, the patients were divided into four chronological groups, of equal 3-year duration, spanning the 12 years that ECMO has been available. The results of the analysis demonstrated four principle findings. (1) The total number of patients receiving ECMO per year was declining (P = .0001). This decline was attributable to a reduction in the total number of neonatal patients, with the exception of cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. (2) The complexity of each ECMO run was increasing, as evidenced by substantial increases in mean ECMO duration per patient and an increase in the incidence of patient complications on ECMO (P = .0001). (3) There has been a significant decrease in the overall survival rate for patients treated with ECMO (P = .0001). (4) The ECMO population mix has shifted away from straightforward neonatal cases and toward the more complex pediatric and cardiac cases. This demographic shift has occurred as a result of improvements in pre-ECMO management of neonatal patients, and is primarily responsible for the findings noted above. However, there also has been a worsening of condition severity within each diagnostic group, which also is partly responsible for the changes noted. If these trends continue, pediatric, cardiac, and CDH patients will likely account for the majority of ECMO patients. Consequently, existing ECMO centers must be prepared to adapt to the changing demographics by evolving programs that support pediatric, cardiac, and adult patients, in addition to neonates. Furthermore, the complexity associated with transporting these unstable older patients and the likelihood that the number of active ECMO centers will decline may require remaining ECMO centers to develop long-distance ECMO transport capabilities.
First 3-D images of the Sun

NASA's twin Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft have produced the first three-dimensional images of the Sun. The images, released on 23 April, will allow scientists to better understand and model solar storms and the drivers of adverse space weather. Launched on 25 October 2006, the STEREO spacecraft circle the Sun close to Earth's orbit, and are separating from each other on their orbital arc by about 45 degrees per year. Currently, the offset between the spacecraft has grown to the point where simultaneous views of the Sun from each spacecraft provide depth perception when combined, similar to the eyes on a person's face.
The Linked Classroom as Studio: Connectivity and the Etymology of Networks.

Abstract Using a developing multimedia network to connect three campuses, undergraduate public relations students linked with national spokespersons, editors, journalists and scholars to discuss the role of mediated religion, its impact on public opinion, and on popular culture. Historically, the tactics of public relations are closely intertwined with the history of religion in America: The Religious Public Relations Society of America is older than the Public Relations Society of America. So the innovation in the Media, Religion and Cultural Identity course was not in our subject matter, but in our uses of electronic communication and technology to construct a learning community, to turn the laboratory into a studio, where both teacher and student learned through performance. The article argues for integrating spiritual intelligence in the PR curriculum.
Application of classic utilities to published pediatric cost-utility studies.

Abstract Objective Economic analyses, such as cost-utility analyses (CUAs), are dependent on the quality of the data used. Our objective was to test how health utility values (measurements of patient preference) assessed by recommended methods (classic utilities) would impact the conclusions in published pediatric CUAs. Methods Classic utilities for pediatric health states were obtained by recommended utility assessment methods, time trade-off, and standard gamble in 4016 parent interviews. To test the impact of these utilities on published studies, we obtained a sample of published pediatric CUAs by searching Medline, EMBASE, EconLit, Health Technology Assessment Database, Cochrane Database on Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and the Cost Effective Analysis (CEA) Registry at Tufts Medical Center, using search terms for cost-utility analysis. Articles were included when results were presented as cost per quality adjusted life-years (QALYs), the interventions were for children Results We evaluated 39 articles. Eighteen articles presented results of one-way SAs on utilities. Seven articles presented SAs over a range that included our classic utilities. In 4 of the 7, using classic utilities would change the conclusion of the study. For the 32 articles where no one-way SA were presented (n = 21), or where the classic utilities fell outside the range tested (n =11), a change to classic utility would tend against the study conclusion in 12 articles (31%). Conclusions More than a third of published CUA studies could change if pediatric utilities obtained by recommended, classic methods were used. One-way SAs on utilities are often not presented, making comparison between studies challenging.
Triple negative breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers with a complete radiologic response to neoadjuvant paclitaxel: a case report.

While good therapies exist for treating breast cancer in the adjuvant setting, many patients still experience disease recurrence, and improved data regarding ways to tailor therapy to individual patients is needed. When treating BRCA-associated breast cancers, it has been suggested that BRCA-associated cancers have predicable responses to various chemotherapeutic agents. We present two cases in which BRCA-1 mutation carriers had complete responses to paclitaxel chemotherapy, a drug that is predicted to have poor efficacy in this patient population. These cases underscore the need for more research to further understand the complex biology of these tumors, and for larger clinical trials to test potential therapeutic options.
Effects of defensiveness on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Summary.-105 Naval Aviation Officer Cadets and 105 male universiry seniors were administered on one occasion the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Barron Ego Strength Scale, and the MMPI K Scale as measures of psychological defensiveness. It was expected that the cadets who were in a highly stressful environment would score higher on state anxiety and psychological defensiveness. In contrast to the impressive accumulation of research showing that the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory can discriminate between state and trait anxiety in a conjrived situation, in this study the inventory did not differentiate between the two dimensions when tested k vivo. Moreover, increased defensiveness related negatively with reported anxiery levels. Ir was suggested that the authors of the inventory include a "correction" factor (measure of d'efensiveness) to attenuate the inventory's vulnerability to distortion by defensive subjects. The nature and effects of anxiety have been thoroughly studied for many years. Attempts to measure anxiety, complex dimension that it is, have included a wide range of strategies. A boon to the consideration of anxiety came when Cattell and Scheier ( 1961 ) postulated a dualistic concept of anxiety, state and trait dimensions. Holzapfel (1973) and Sarasan and Spielberger (1975, 1976) are recommended for those interested in a more detailed discussion of anxiety. This paper is concerned with one particular measure of the dual aspects
Methoxychlor residues in milk of cattle treated with Marlate 50 insecticide as a dermal spray.

Abstract Lactating Holstein cattle were treated twice at an interval of 14 days with methoxychlor (Marlate ® 50 insecticide) as a 0, .25, or .50% dermal spray, with 2 quarts of spray mix applied to each animal. Residues of methoxychlor in whole milk were highest on the 1st or 2nd day after treatment and, when expressed as part per million equivalent in milk fat, were as high as 2.0 and 3.0ppm in samples from the low and high dosage sprays. Residues in milk dropped rapidly after the first few days so that after 14 days, residues were at most only slightly above the sensitivity limit (.005ppm in whole milk) of the analytical method. Applicative specifications for Marlate® 50 insecticide use on lactating dairy cattle might result in violative methoxychlor residues in milk during the first 1 to 3 days after treatment.
SURVEY FOR RABIES, LEPTOSPIROSIS, TOXOPLASMOSIS AND TULAREMIA IN STRIPED SKUNKS (Mephitis mephitis) FROM THREE PUBLIC USE AREAS IN NORTHWESTERN ARKANSAS

During a skunk eradication program in late August, 1979,53 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were removed from three public use areas on Beaver Lake, Benton and Carroll counties in northwestern Arkansas. None of the 53 animals were positive for rabies (fluorescent antibody technique) and only one of 45 (2.2%) was positive for rabies antibodies. Twenty-one of 45 animals (46.6%) tested were positive for leptospirosis; 10 of 45 (22.2%) were positive for toxoplasmosis; and none were positive for tularemia. High populations of striped skunks in public use areas could be a potentially important reservoir for several diseases affecting both humans and other animals.
Spending on substance abuse treatment: how much is enough?

Aim To describe a framework that can be used to determine optimal spending on substance abuse treatment in the United States. Methods Selective review of the literature on spending for substance abuse treatment combined with an economic analysis of how to determine when spending is optimal, defining optimal spending as that which minimizes the social costs of substance use disorders. Results In 1997, only $11.9 billion of the $294 billion estimated social costs of substance abuse was spent on treatment. The discrepancy between the high indirect costs of illness relative to the level of spending on treatment of addictive disorders leads many to believe that the United States spends too little on treatment. In this paper, we argue that information on the social costs of substance abuse disorders and the level of spending on treatment is insufficient to determine whether current spending is optimal. We develop a framework that could be used to determine optimal spending on substance abuse treatment in the United States. We develop this framework in four steps. First, we provide background on the unique financial and delivery features of substance abuse treatment. Secondly, we outline the points raised by advocates of expanded substance abuse treatment: substance abuse has high social costs, yet few people receive the many effective treatments available partly because of financial barriers to treatment. Thirdly, we provide a framework that can be used to judge the additional benefits of alternative levels and types of spending on substance abuse treatment. Finally, we discuss the distinction between the potential impact of spending on substance abuse treatment and its actual impact, using productivity as an example of one significant portion of the costs of substance abuse. Conclusion To determine optimal spending on substance abuse treatment, research should describe who receives treatment, the quality of treatment received, and how treatments relate to outcomes that comprise a large share of the economic burden of substance abuse.
Vegetable concentrates interact with canthaxanthin to affect carotenoid bioavailability and superoxide dismutase activity but not immune response in rats

Abstract We examined tomato paste and dried spinach powder as dietary sources of lycopene and lutein and determined their interactions with canthaxanthin (CX) in water-soluble beadlets. Mature male rats, 10/group, were fed a basal diet containing 16% fat and 2 g per kg CX from beadlets (+CX) or placebo beadlets (−CX) for 8 weeks. Tomato paste or spinach powder was added to each of these diets at 0, 5 (low tomato, low spinach) and 15% (ww) (high tomato, high Spinach). The low and high levels of tomato paste and spinach powder contained 0.03 and 0.09 g lycopene and 0.02 and 0.06 g lutein per kg of diet, respectively. CX was detected in liver and plasma. High tomato decreased liver CX concentrations 5-fold and plasma CX 2-fold; low tomato had no effect. Liver lycopene concentrations increased as the concentration of tomato paste increased in the diet. However, feeding CX dramatically decreased liver lycopene concentrations. Feeding high tomato and no CX lowered liver superoxide dismutase activity. Neither dietary carotenoids nor CX treatment altered mitogenic response of splenic mononuclear cells to concanavalin (Con A) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These data from rats illustrate how a carotenoid-rich food may influence the bioavailability of a carotenoid supplement. Likewise, supplementation with a single purified carotenoid may antagonize the bioavailability of carotenoids in food matrices.
Colour glass condensate at RHIC

The colour glass condensate formalism and its application to high-energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC are discussed. We argue that the RHIC data support the view that the colour glass condensate provides the initial conditions for gold–gold collisions at RHIC while final-state (quark–gluon–plasma) effects are responsible for the high pt physics in mid-rapidity. At forward-rapidities in deuteron–gold collisions, however, the colour glass condensate is the underlying physics of the observed suppression of the particle spectra and their centrality dependence INT-PUB 04-07.
Irradiation of Developing Plant Embryos. I. Effects of External Irradiation (X Rays) on Barley Embryogeny, Germination, and Subsequent Seedling Development

Barley embryos in varying stages of development were subjected in situ to single doses of x radiation of 50 to 800 r. At intervals following irradiation, part of the developing grains were sampled for histologic examination; those remaining were allowed to mature so that effects of irradiation could be followed on their subsequent germination and seedling development. In the histological study, irradiation effects increased in number and severity with an increase in radiation level. Evidence from the germination- seedling study indicates the occurrence of hidden effects. (C.H.)
Design Tradeoffs for a Neutron Radiation-Tolerant Silicon Transistor

A detailed study was conducted of the tradeoffs involved in the design of silicon planar transistors tolerant to fast-neutron irradiation up to 1 × 1015 nvt. Initial measurements made on irradiated 2N918 transistors indicated that breakdown voltage and collector current range must be sacrificed in order to improve device radiation resistance. The tradeoffs relating post-irradiation hFE to transistor fT, saturation region characteristics to breakdown voltage, and usable collector current range to length of emitter periphery are discussed in detail. The cptirn design is a high frequency, lcw breakdawn voltage transistor with a narrow usable current range. Transistors were fabricated having hFE greater than 5 over a wide tenwrature range after irradiation to 1 × 1015 nvt.
Altered cellular distribution of iron in the central nervous system of myelin deficient rats.

Abstract Under normal conditions, iron is found predominantly in oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cell, in the rat brain. A genetic mutant strain of rats known as myelin deficient rats is examined in the present study because their number of oligodendrocytes is decreased and those oligodendrocytes present are structurally abnormal. The levels of iron in the liver (major site of iron storage) and in the pons-cerebellum did not differ statistically between the myelin deficient rats and the littermate control rats, whereas only half of the iron normally found in the cerebrum-midbrain was present in the myelin deficient rat. Histologically, iron was found predominantly in oligodendrocytes in the littermate control rats, as expected. In the myelin deficient rat, iron staining was confined to astrocytes and microglia. The results of this study strongly suggest that iron uptake into the brain continues in the absence of normal oligodendrocytes and myelin. Furthermore, these data suggest that iron metabolism can be substantially altered, as indicated by the accumulation of iron in astrocytes and microglia, when normal or near normal levels of iron are quantitatively demonstrated. The response of astrocytes and microglia to sequester the iron (presumably through phagocytosis) in the absence of invasive damage represents, to our knowledge, a new functional observation for these cells. Based on these observations it is clear that iron histochemistry in combination with quantitative analysis is necessary to interpret data regarding iron physiology, at least in neurobiology, and iron accumulation by astrocytes and microglia may provide clues of altered iron metabolism despite normal iron levels.
A comparison of temporal decay in place memory tasks in rats (Rattus norvegicus) with lesions affecting thalamus, frontal cortex, or the hippocampal system.

Three experiments compared the effects of lesioning areas of thalamus, cortex, and the hippocampal system on delayed matching (DMTS) and nonmatching (DNMTS) to sample. Temporal decay was measured by comparing performances at different retention intervals (RIs) for rats trained to stability. Lesions of the lateral-internal medullary lamina site in thalamus and the medial wall area in frontal cortex produced impairments that were significantly greater than for lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus in thalamus, the fornix, or the dorsal hippocampus. The effects of lesions on temporal decay differed depending on how RIs were manipulated. When RIs were manipulated within training sessions, the DMTS and DNMTS impairments were delay independent (i.e., none of the lesions increased the rate of temporal decay). When RIs were manipulated between sessions, thalamic lesions were associated with an increase in the rate of temporal decay of DNMTS.
Absence of superconductivity in the 1D extended Hubbard model with repulsive interactions

Abstract We investigate numerically the ground state of the 1D extended Hubbard model, with on-site interaction U and nearest-neighbor interaction V . We focus V U, U ~ t at quarter filling, where previous studies suggested the possibility of dominant superconducting pairing fluctuations before phase separation at a critical value V = v ps . We calculate v ps and the Luttinger Liquid correlation exponent K ρ using quantum Monte Carlo and exact diagonalization methods. Our results for U = t and n = 1/2 show no superconductivity before phase separation.
HICC: an entropy splitting-based framework for hierarchical co-clustering

Two-dimensional contingency tables or co-occurrence matrices arise frequently in various important applications such as text analysis and web-log mining. As a fundamental research topic, co-clustering aims to generate a meaningful partition of the contingency table to reveal hidden relationships between rows and columns. Traditional co-clustering algorithms usually produce a predefined number of flat partition of both rows and columns, which do not reveal relationship among clusters. To address this limitation, hierarchical co-clustering algorithms have attracted a lot of research interests recently. Although successful in various applications, the existing hierarchical co-clustering algorithms are usually based on certain heuristics and do not have solid theoretical background. In this paper, we present a new co-clustering algorithm, HICC, with solid theoretical background. It simultaneously constructs a hierarchical structure of both row and column clusters, which retains sufficient mutual information between rows and columns of the contingency table. An efficient and effective greedy algorithm is developed, which grows a co-cluster hierarchy by successively performing row-wise or column-wise splits that lead to the maximal mutual information gain. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real datasets demonstrate that our algorithm can reveal essential relationships of row (and column) clusters and has better clustering precision than existing algorithms. Moreover, the experiments on real dataset show that HICC can effectively reveal hidden relationships between rows and columns in the contingency table.
Conditional Expectations in von Neumann Algebras

Let M be a von Neumann algebra and N its von Neumann subalgebra. Let ϑ be a faithful, semifinite, normal weight on M+ such that the restriction ϑ ¦ N of ϑ onto N is semifinite. The first main result is that N is invariant under the modular automorphism group σtϑ associated with ϑ if and only if there exists a σ-weakly continuous faithful projection ϵ of norm one from M onto N such that ϑ(x) = ϑ ∘ ϵ(x) for every xϵMϑ. The second result is that a von Neumann algebra M is finite if and only if any maximal abelian self-adjoint subalgebra of M is the range of a σ-weakly continuous projection of norm one. This result is an answer for the question which Kadison raised in the author's talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice, 1970.
Multiscale Analysis of a Mature Mesoscale Convective Complex

Abstract A multiscale analysis reveals diverse atmospheric structure and processes within a mesoscale convective complex (MCC) observed during the Oklahoma-Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central (PRE-STORM) experiment. This midlatitude system was the second in a series of four MCCs that developed and traveled along a quasi-stationary frontal zone over the central United States on 3–4 June 1985. Objectively analyzed mesoscale upper-air soundings encompassing the MCC are interpreted in tandem with more detailed dual-Doppler radar measurements that disclose the storm's internal airflow and precipitation structure. The mature MCC is found to include a variety of local environments and associated weather, ranging from tornadic thunderstorms to more linear convective bands and widespread chilling rains. A corresponding spectrum of mesoscale ver6cW-motion profiles is documented. These findings are related to previous composite-based portrayals of MCCs, as well as detailed case studies of simple...
Towards a theory of the American rural residential land market

Abstract Since the late 1960s there has been a notable acceleration in America in the demand for rural residential land within commuting range of urban and suburban employment and service opportunities. American rural residential households do not seem to purchase acreage tracts primarily for their ‘productive’, or resource value, however. Instead, they purchase rural land for its ‘consumptive’ or residential value, as its value is primarily derived from the bundle of residential attributes associated with it. Over time, rural land within commuting range of metropolitan areas becomes underproductive and idled — a situation which precedes urban sprawl. Rural residential development has thus become a focus of debate on the effects and inefficiencies associated with urban sprawl. Yet, not enough is known about the nature of the rural residential land market. It is argued that American rural residential households are different from their suburban and urban counterparts for at least three reasons. First, they are distinguishable for their pursuit of self-sufficiency, self-expression, and the cultural status that a rural residential lifestyle offers. Second, they seek low cost rural jurisdictions in order to afford more housing and land than they could afford in higher cost urban and suburban locations. Third, they value distance from the city center colinearly with externalities such as pollution, crime, overcrowding, and noise associated with central city areas. In the latter sense, American rural residential households value land more highly the farther away it is from the city center, but discount land value the farther away it is from the boundary of urban development. In light of these considerations, this paper (a) reviews the literature describing the motivations of American rural residential households, (b) poses a theory of the American rural residential land market, (c) applies the theory to a case study, and (d) offers implications of the theory to planning efforts aimed at preserving resource land and containing urban sprawl.
Kinetocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and arterial pulse waves during acute hemodynamic changes.

The effects of drugs that produce known hemodynamic alterations were assessed on externally recorded pulse waves, heart sounds, and the relationship of these to each other and to the electrocardiogram. The shape of the carotid pulse and the carotid-femoral pulse-wave transmission time difference showed changes that could be related to alterations in central arterial distensibility. The ratio of the second to the first positive inflection, and of the incisura to the first positive inflection of the carotid pulse wave, increased following use of drugs which raised mean arterial pressure and decreased after those which lowered blood pressure. The carotid-femoral transmission time difference decreased with vasopressor agents, increased with amyl nitrite and hexamethonium, and showed no consistent change after isoproterenol. Left ventricular ejection time, measured from the carotid pulse, changed in relation to heart rate, increasing with cardiac slowing and decreasing when the rate accelerated. The ejection t...
Predicting stroke inpatient rehabilitation outcome using a classification tree approach

A classification tree, a nonparametric statistical analysis, was used to develop decision rules to predict a favorable inpatient stroke rehabilitation outcome. Descriptive and functional status data collected on admission from 225 patients were the predictor variables. Favorable outcome was defined as having met three criteria: discharged to community, survival greater than 3 months postdischarge, and no more than minimal physical assistance required in functional activities on discharge. The classification tree correctly classified 88% of the sample using only four of the predictor variables (level of independence in Toilet Management, Bladder Management, and Toilet Transfer, and adequacy of Financial Resources). The cross validation error rate was 18%. The advantages of the classification tree approach over parametric methods are that it is desirable for ordinal data, it readily identifies the interactions among predictor variables, the results are easily communicated, and it provides additional insights into the factors that predict outcome.
Synthesis and lodination of human (phenylalanine13, tyrosine19) melanin-concentrating hormone for radioreceptor assay

An analogue of human melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) suitable for radioiodination was designed in which Tyr13 and Val19 of the natural peptide were replaced by phenylalanyl and tyrosyl residues: [Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH. The peptide was synthesized by the continuous-flow solid-phase methodology using Fmoc-strategy and polyhipe PA 500 and PEG-PS resins. The linear MCH peptides with either acetamidomethyl-protected or free cysteinyl residues were purified to homogeneity and cyclized by iodine oxidation, yielding the final product with the correct molecular weight of 2434.61. Radioiodination of the C-terminal tyrosine was carried out enzymatically using solid-phase bound glucose oxidase/lactoperoxidase, followed by purification on a reversed-phase mini-column and by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The resulting [125I]-[Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH tracer was the first radiolabelled MCH peptide suitable for radioreceptor assay: saturation binding analysis using mouse G4F-7 melanoma cells demonstrated the presence of 1090 MCH receptors per cell. The dissociation constant (KD) was 1.18 x 10(-10) M, indicating high-affinity MCH receptors on these cells. MCH receptors were also found in other cell lines such as mouse B16-F1 and G4F and human RE melanoma cells as well as in PC12 and COS-7 cells. Competition binding analyses with a number of other peptides such as alpha-MSH, neuropeptide Y, substance P and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, demonstrated that the binding to the MCH receptor is specific. Atrial natriuretic factor was found to be a weak competitor of MCH, indicating topological similarities between MCH and ANF when interacting with MCH receptors.
Norditerpene alkaloid concentrations in tissues and floral rewards of larkspurs and impacts on pollinators

Abstract Plant secondary compounds mediate interactions with insects and other animals. The norditerpene alkaloids are significant secondary compounds in Delphinium (larkspur) species which are divided into two classes: the 7, 8-methylenedioxylycoctonine (MDL-type) and N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL-type), and are known to be toxic to herbivorous insects and livestock. Alkaloid concentrations were measured in a whole plant context in vegetative and floral tissues as well as rewards (pollen and nectar) in Delphinium barbeyi and Delphinium nuttallianum. Alkaloid concentrations differed between vegetative tissues, floral tissues and floral rewards. Alkaloid concentrations in floral parts were consistent with optimal defense theory, with tissues more closely tied to plant fitness, such as fruits, being more heavily defended than foliage. However, alkaloid concentrations were significantly lower in nectar compared to other tissues. The norditerpene alkaloids influenced the activity of bumble bees, the dominant pollinator of larkspur, but the effects were concentration dependent. Alkaloids in nectar are found at concentrations that have no effect on bee activity; however, if alkaloid concentrations in nectar were similar to those in foliage bee activity would be reduced significantly. These results suggest that nectar with low alkaloid concentrations may be beneficial to plant fitness by limiting adverse effects on pollinator activity.
Three-dimensional seepage through a homogeneous dam

Abstract Seepage flow through a homogeneous earth dam is a free surface flow phenomenon. Because of the shape of the dam a two-dimensional analysis may not be appropriate and a three-dimensional analysis undertaken. Such situations are investigated using the Baiocchi method and transformation. Algorithms using finite difference and finite element successive over-relaxation methods with projection are formulated. The solution to several example cases are presented with a discussion of the approach.
International Communication, Ethnography, and the Challenge of Globalization

This article articulates media ethnography with international communication theory in the context of globalization. It explores the history and regional trajectories of media ethnography, as well as anthropology's epistemological and political issues of representation that have become relevant to media studies. The authors argue that rethinking the limits and potential of media ethnography to address cultural consumption also necessarily involves considering how ethnography can serve to engender a vision of international communication theory grounded in the practices of everyday life. This reformulation is crucial at a time when some media scholars celebrate difference via microassessments of postcolonial locales and the plurality of cultures without attempting to consider global structural concerns. In fact, the authors argue, if media ethnographies are rigorously developed, they can offer international communication theory the material to bridge the gap between meaning and structure without losing site of the complexity, context, and power imbalances inherent in processes of globalization.
Analysis of biological thiols: Derivatization with monobromobimane and separation by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A method is described for determination of biological thiols at the picomole level based upon conversion of thiols to fluorescent derivatives by reaction with monobromobimane and separation of the derivatives by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Thiols separated by the procedure include N -acetylcysteine, coenzyme A, coenzyme M, cysteamine, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, ergothioneine, ethanethiol, glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine, homocysteine, hydrogen sulfide, 2-mercaptoethanol, mercaptopyrimidine, methanethiol, pantetheine, 4′-phosphopantetheine, thiosulfate, and 2-thiouracil. Since monobromobimane has little fluorescence and reacts very selectively with thiols to produce fluorescent derivatives, crude extracts can be derivatized and analyzed without prepurification of the thiols, the entire process requiring only 1 to 2 h. The technique is illustrated by determination of the thiol levels in red blood cells.
Power corrections in hadronic scattering. I, Leading 1/Q2 corrections to the Drell−Yan cross section

Abstract We review the leading 1/ Q 2 corrections to hadronic structure functions measured in deeply inelastic scattering, and we calculate the leading 1/ Q 2 corrections to Drell-Yan cross section. We find that the leading 1/ Q 2 corrections to a Drell-Yan cross section is given by the convolution of a calculable short-distance hard part, a twist-2 matrix element and a twist-4 matrix element. At leading order in α s , the normalization of the 1/ Q 2 longitudinal structure functions for Drell-Yan cross sections are determined by higher-twist longitudinal structure functions in deeply inelastic scattering. Other experimental tests of 1/ Q 2 corrections are also discussed.
Status of the BLAST project

The Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid (BLAST) is a detector designed to study the spin-dependent electromagnetic response of few-body nuclei at momentum transfers up to 1 (GeV/c)2 at the MIT/Bates Linear Accelerator Center's South Hall Ring (SHR). The BLAST detector consists of an eight-sector copper coil array producing a toroidal magnetic field, instrumented with two opposing wedge-shaped sectors of wire chambers, scintillation detectors, Cerenkov counters, neutron detectors, a lead-glass fo ward calorimeter, and recoil detectors. Presently, BLAST is under construction and it is on schedule to be done in summer 2001. A status of the project is presented as well as highlights of the scientific program.
Movement and space: Andamanese cartography

The anthropological study of space usually presents the cultural construct of space as a prefabricated stagelike structure. The cultural construct of space of the Ongee hunters and gatherers of Little Andaman is not stagelike but is a “map” of movements created by the plotting of various experiential coordinates that demarcate activity-specific places. Ongees share space both with spirits who hunt and with animals who are hunted. Conjunctions in the paths of movement of humans, spirits, and animals set up the culture's dynamics of movement, dynamics expressed in patterns of individual movement, myths, body painting, language, and the maps of space that the Ongees drew for this ethnographer.
Temporal rate adaptation transfers cross-modally at a subconscious level

In an earlier study, we demonstrated that the temporal rate adaptation effect can be transferred from audition to vision and vice versa. However, it was unclear whether this effect was due to a top-down cognitive process, or rather to an earlier calibration process which is stimulus-driven and automatic. We therefore examined the effect of interocular masking of the adapting stimuli on the temporal rate adaptation and its cross-modal transfer from vision to audition (VA). Participants were trained, using feedback, to classify repetitive auditory stimuli presented at a range of frequencies (3.25–4.75 Hz) as fast or slow (as compared to the average frequency of 4 Hz). Afterwards, subjects were repeatedly exposed to visual stimuli at a specific rate (3 or 5 Hz). This adaptation stimulus was masked by continuous flash suppression (CFS). During CFS, a stimulus presented to one eye can be suppressed from awareness by a stream of constantly changing images in the other eye. To test whether adaptation resulted from this less visible exposure, participants then performed the same task as in the training, but without feedback. Test and adaptation tasks were presented in 20 alternating blocks. A comparison of the pre- and post-adaptation responses showed cross-modal changes in subjects’ perception of temporal rate. Adaptation to the masked 5 Hz (3 Hz) stimuli led to subsequent stimuli seeming slower (faster) than they had before adaptation. Since the adaptation stimuli were mostly masked by CFS, the results suggest that temporal rate adaptation and its cross-modal transfer occur mostly at a subconscious level.
Production and delivery policies for enhanced supply chain partnerships

Recent research on supply chain management has highlighted the importance of building strong customer–supplier relationships in order to gain competitive advantage. This paper examines the benefits of buyer–supplier partnerships over lot-for-lot, i.e. single setup single delivery (SSSD) systems and suggests two policies that the supplier can pursue in order to meet customers’ needs: (1) Single setup multiple delivery (SSMD), and (2) Multiple setup multiple delivery (MSMD). If its fixed setup cost is relatively high, the supplier would prefer to implement SSMD and produce an entire order with one setup. However, if the supplier can reduce the setup cost and the supplier's capacity is greater than the threshold level (P = 2D), it is more beneficial for the supplier to implement the multiple setups and multiple deliveries (MSMD) policy, even though he pays more frequent setup costs since the savings in inventory holding costs is greater than the increased setup costs. In the latter case, setup reduction is r...
Runoff and drainage water quality from geotextile and gravel pads used in livestock feeding and loafing areas

Abstract Geotextile and gravel pads offer a low-cost alternative to concrete for providing all-weather surfaces for cattle and vehicle traffic, and are used in many livestock facilities to minimize mud, runoff and erosion of heavy traffic areas. The objective of this study was to compare different combinations of geotextile and gravel used in heavy livestock traffic areas that minimize the potential for water pollution. Three different pad combinations were constructed in 2.4 × 6-m plots as follows: (i) woven geotextile + 100 mm of gravel + 50 mm Dense Grade Aggregate (DGA); (ii) woven geotextile + geoweb® + 100 mm DGA; and (iii) non-woven geotextile + 152 mm of gravel + 50 mm DGA; (iv) mud lots as control. The third combination was equivalent to one of the base treatments specified by the Kentucky Natural Resource and Conservation Service (NRCS). All treatment combinations were duplicated. Lysimeter pans were installed in four out of eight plots for the collection of leachate or drainage water. Runoff was collected at the lower end of the plots. About 14 kg of beef cattle manure were added evenly to the plots. Rainfall at 50 mm/h was applied using rainfall simulators. In the first five of ten experiments, manure was removed from the surface of the pads after each experiment. In the remaining five experiments manure accumulated on the surface of the pads. The effect of pad treatment was significant on the electrical conductivity (EC), total solids (TS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite (NO2–N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) values in surface runoff at the 5% level. Manure removal did not have any significant effect on the nutrient content of runoff or leachate samples except for ammonia (NH4–N) values. Although a mass balance indicated relatively small amounts of organic matter and nutrients were lost by runoff and leaching, the actual contamination level of both runoff and leachate samples were high; TP levels as high as 12 mg/l (5.4 mg/m2) in runoff and nitrate (NO3–N) values as high as 10.8 mg/l (1.6 mg/m2) in leachate were observed.
Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Avocado Branch Cankers in California

McDonald, V., and Eskalen, A. 2011. Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with avocado branch cankers in California. Plant Dis. 95:1465-1473. Members of the family Botryosphaeriaceae cause branch cankers and dieback on California avocado trees. More intensive pruning, a practice associated with high-density planting that is becoming more common in the California avocado industry, may increase the occurrence of branch canker. This study was undertaken to identify and characterize the Botryosphaeriaceae spp. involved in the branch canker disease complex in order to develop future management strategies. From 2008 to 2009, branch cankers were sampled from four or five trees from each of eight avocado groves in five California counties. Six Botryosphaeriaceae spp. were identified based on morphology as well as phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS15.8S-ITS2) and a partial sequence of the -tubulin gene. These six species included Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. parvum, an unknown Neofusicoccum sp., Fusicoccum aesculi, and Dothiorella iberica. Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae were isolated from all avocado-growing regions sampled in California; however, incidence and distribution of species varied. This report is the first description of the isolation of D. iberica from avocado branch cankers in California.
Investigation of Approximate Diffusion Models for the Prediction of Heterogeneous Combustion in Monolith Tubes

In the case of heterogeneous reactions, diffusion is the only mechanism, locally, of transport of species to and from a surface. Thus, accurate prediction of diffusive transport is a prerequisite for accurate prediction of the operation of devices in which heterogeneous reactions occur. Three different diffusion models are examined from the standpoint of both accuracy and efficiency. Two of these models, namely the Dilute Approximation (DA) model and the Schmidt Number (SN) model, are approximate models, and are compared against a rigorous Multi-Component Diffusion (MCD) model derived from the Stefan-Maxwell equation. Both hydrogen-air and methane-air combustion in a monolith channel are studied. Inlet equivalence ratio, Reynolds number (flow rate), and wall temperature are considered as parameters. The results show that both the DA model and the SN model are accurate within 2% irrespective of the equivalence ratio or fuel—the worst accuracy being for hydrogen combustion. The DA model and the SN model produce almost identical results. In comparison to the MCD model, the DA model is approximately twice as computationally efficient, while the SN model is 3–4 times more efficient. The accuracy and efficiency of the SN model, in conjunction with its simplicity, makes it an attractive choice for the treatment of diffusion in catalytic combustion calculations.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Successful desensitization in a patient with lenalidomide hypersensitivity.

To the Editor: A 48-year-old woman being treated with lenalidomide for kappa light chain multiple myeloma presented with severe rash associated with urticaria, pruritus, and fever. The patient was initially diagnosed with Stage II breast cancer (ER/PR+ and HER-2neu negative) in 2003 and underwent treatment with lumpectomy followed by four cycles of Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide followed by two cycles of Paclitaxel and then switched to an additional two cycles of Taxotere because of poor tolerance. This was followed by radiation therapy and hormonal therapy. Two years later she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. As a result of her negative prior experience with chemotherapy and steroids she refused treatment with either and was therefore initially treated with single agent thalidomide. Thalidomide treatment had to be discontinued due to a similar reaction manifesting with severe rash, urticaria, and pruritus, which was thought to be a Type I (IgE mediated) hypersensitivity reaction. When lowered to 50 mg the patient continued to experience side effects necessitating its permanent discontinuation. She was subsequently treated with bortezomib which had to be discontinued secondary to increasing neuropathy. Lenalidomide treatment at the standard dose of 25 mg resulted in the reaction described above which was similar to the reaction she developed on thalidomide, which is not surprising given the structural similarities between the two drugs. The patient was subsequently referred to Allergy-Immunology for desensitization in August 2006. The patient was desensitized using the protocol shown in Table I. In brief, lenalidomide was dissolved in normal saline and diluted to concentrations of 0.025, 0.25, and 2.50 mg/ml. She was given gradually increasing strengths to take orally at 15to 20-min interval. During the desensitization she had her blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, pulse oximetry, and peak flow monitored. She tolerated the escalating doses with no reaction and was subsequently begun on lenalidomide 15 mg daily, and continues to tolerate daily continuous dosing with no evidence of recurrent hypersensitivity. The patient remains asymptomatic in a PR as defined by the International Working Group Uniform Response Criteria, and also remains free from any evidence of recurrent breast cancer. This represents the first case of successful desensitization to lenalidomide that we are aware of. Since this drug has become an integral component of multiple myeloma therapy this represents an important option for patients who otherwise would not be able to tolerate lenalidomide. JOSEPH PHILLIPS JENNIFER KUJAWA MARK DAVIS-LORTON ALEXANDER HINDENBURG Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York Department of Allergy/Immunology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York Published online 6 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21004
The photodynamic immobilization of Artemia salina nauplii by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its relationship to carcinogenic activity.

— The rates of the photosensitized immobilization of the nauplii of the crustacean Artemia salina were measured as a function of irradiation time and the amount of light absorbed by the sensitizers. The nauplii were incubated in the dark in dilute solutions of the sensitizers for periods of 2 and 22 h prior to irradiation. Nineteen carcinogenic and 22 noncarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were used as sensitizers. Relative photodynamic activities (RPA) were determined from the rates of immobilization using benz[c]acridine as a standard (RPA = 1). High RPA was restricted to carcinogenic compounds with 4 and 5 fused rings, compounds with 6 or more fused rings had low RPA regardless of their carcinogenic activities. The correlation of RPA with carcinogenic activity was excellent (P= 0.006 and 0.009 for the 2 and 22 h dark incubations, respectively). It is suggested that carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatics may result from sublethal photodynamic effects.