cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diet, Lifestyle, Biomarkers, Genetic Factors, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Nurses’ Health Studies

Objectives. To review the contributions of the Nurses’ Health Studies (NHSs) to the understanding of cardiovascular disease etiology in women.Methods. We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1976 and 2016.Results. Diets low in trans fat, saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and sugar-sweetened beverages and rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and sources of unsaturated fats are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Healthy lifestyle choices include smoking avoidance, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body mass index, and moderate alcohol consumption. Adherence to a combination of these healthy diet and lifestyle behaviors may prevent most vascular events. Studies also covered oral contraceptive use, postmenopausal hormone therapy, shift work, sleep duration, psychosocial factors, and various biomarkers and genetic factors. Findings, such as the association of trans fat with cardiovascular disease, have helped shaped medica...
A two-pool kinetic model predicts phosphate concentrations during and shortly following a conventional (three times weekly) hemodialysis session.

Background Previous studies have suggested that a conventional two-pool model cannot be used to predict intradialysis and early postdialysis phosphorus concentrations. Methods A conventional two-pool urea model was modified by increasing the distal compartment volume from two-thirds to three times the total body water and by the use of a dynamically variable intercompartmental phosphorus clearance during dialysis. The phosphate solver model parameters were derived from an examination of the results in the literature, and fine-tuned using a training set (F4) of 415 Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study patients studied during a dialysis session where phosphorus was measured at 4 months of follow-up. Validation was done in a group of 380 different HEMO Study patients plus 9 from the original F4 group, who were evaluated at 36 months of follow-up. Results The model predicted measured median early (1 h) intradialysis, end-dialysis and 30-min postdialysis serum phosphorus levels in the test and validation datasets with little apparent bias, including the highest and lowest deciles of predialysis serum phosphorus. The model tended to underestimate slightly intradialysis serum phosphorus when predialysis serum phosphorus was <3.0 mg/dL (0.97 mmol/L). There was a large scatter and standard deviation among patients, and whether aberrant values represent a patient-specific phenomenon is unclear. Conclusions A modified two-pool model using a slightly expanded distal compartment and a dynamically varying intercompartmental clearance, depending on the intradialysis phosphorus concentration, can be used to predict serum phosphorus level during and shortly after dialysis, in patients following a conventional three times per week dialysis prescription.
Expectation Values of 〈 r n 〉 4 f for Rare-Earth Ions

The average values of the powers of $r$ for the $4f$ orbital, ${〈{r}^{n}〉}_{4f}$, were calculated using accurate analytical self-consistent-field wave functions. The results were compared with experimental and other theoretical values.
Appreciative Advising to Promote Degree Completion by Appalachian Women

Women from the Appalachian region complete undergraduate degrees at a lower rate than other students across the United States. The low postsecondary completion rate correlates to the high levels of...
Stratosphere Conditions Inactivate Bacterial Endospores from a Mars Spacecraft Assembly Facility.

Abstract Every spacecraft sent to Mars is allowed to land viable microbial bioburden, including hardy endospore-forming bacteria resistant to environmental extremes. Earth's stratosphere is severely cold, dry, irradiated, and oligotrophic; it can be used as a stand-in location for predicting how stowaway microbes might respond to the martian surface. We launched E-MIST, a high-altitude NASA balloon payload on 10 October 2015 carrying known quantities of viable Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 (4.07 × 107 spores per sample), a radiation-tolerant strain collected from a spacecraft assembly facility. The payload spent 8 h at ∼31 km above sea level, exposing bacterial spores to the stratosphere. We found that within 120 and 240 min, spore viability was significantly reduced by 2 and 4 orders of magnitude, respectively. By 480 min, <0.001% of spores carried to the stratosphere remained viable. Our balloon flight results predict that most terrestrial bacteria would be inactivated within the first sol on Mars if contam...
Time-varying Newton based extremum seeking for optimization of vapor compression systems

In applications such as home air conditioners and building chillers, optimizing a vapor compression system's energy consumption may lead to significant operational cost savings for the entire HVAC system. Model-free extremum seeking has recently been investigated as a means of real-time nonlinear programming for HVAC equipment. For mass produced vapor compression systems, gradient descent extremum seeking may incur a high manual tuning cost because knowledge of the performance index function's curvature is required for algorithm deployment. Using Newton descent extremum seeking is a possible remedy for replacing manual tuning with automatic tuning of optimization gains. However, Newton descent extremum seeking requires estimation of the Hessian inverse, leading to an increase in the number of estimated parameters. Thus, a well-tuned gradient descent controller that incorporates prior knowledge of the Hessian inverse may converge at a faster rate. This paper proposes a discrete-time extremum seeking algorithm that extends previous approaches from the literature and addresses the Newton descent convergence rate issue by leveraging the recursive least-squares algorithm's potential for achieving fast parameter estimation. Using a moving boundary vapor compression system simulation model, the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach are evaluated against its gradient descent and LTI filter based extremum seeking counterparts. Results confirm that Newton descent is robust to Hessian uncertainty, while the convergence rate improvement from using recursive least-squares estimation helps the proposed approach compete with gradient descent extremum seeking.
Draft Genome Sequence of USA100 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain 209.

ABSTRACT USA100 strains are significant contributors to the overall burden of health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Strain 209 is a representative MRSA isolate that serves as a model organism for agr type II studies and USA100 virulence assessments. We present a draft genome sequence of this strain.
Overcoming Spatial Mismatch: The Opportunities and Limits of Transit Mode in Addressing the Black‐White Unemployment Gap

Spatial inequality is a central characteristic of U.S. metropolitan areas. Overcoming related employment disadvantages requires a broad set of responses: relocation, economic development, or an inc...
Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and products with little or no starch, nonenzymatic-gravimetric method: collaborative study

A collaborative study was conducted to validate a nonenzymatic-gravimetric method for the determination of total dietary fiber (TDF) of samples containing little or no starch such as most fruits, and vegetables and many purified polysaccharides. This simple procedure involves suspension of freeze-dried, ground samples in deionized water and incubation at 37 degrees C for 90 min, followed by precipitation with 4 volumes of 95% ethanol. The weight of the dilute alcohol-insoluble residues after correcting for crude protein and ash corresponds to the TDF content of the sample. Six samples in blind duplicate (apples, apricots, cabbage, carrots, onions, and soy fiber) were sent with Celite to 10 laboratories. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) of the TDF values for 9 laboratories ranged from 2.92 to 6.25%. The repeatability standard deviation (RSDr) for the 9 laboratories ranged from 1.50 to 2.70%. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Cryopreserved Embryos and Dignitas Personae: Another Option?

Many of the thousands of human embryos currently in cryogenic storage will sooner or later be discarded, often after being experimented upon. Others will remain in storage indefinitely, left there by parents who have no plans either to bring them to term or to offer them for adoption. These facts, coupled with a commitment to the basic moral equality of all human beings at all stages of development, generate a pressing question: What should be done for these embryos whose vital activities have been suspended and whose futures look so bleak? This paper offers a case that allows some of these cryogenically stored embryos to thaw and die, allows disposal of their remains in a manner that reflects their status, and is morally acceptable in that it is consistent with the principles that many accept as governing the removal of life-sustaining treatment in end-of-life cases.
A History of Intravenous Anesthesia

Wren began intravenous (IV) anesthesia in 1656, using a goose quill and a bladder to inject wine and ale into a dog’s vein. Invention of the hollow needle in 1843 and the hypodermic syringe in 1853 allowed IV administration of drugs. By the 1900s, diverse drugs, including ether, had been given IV for sedation.
A CASE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM IN A PATIENT USING THE NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT “SURVIVAL SHIELD”

Objective: Many patients take dietary supplements, which are unregulated. Some of these may contain iodine. Labeling regarding iodine content may be inaccurate, and potential side effects are not e...
Imperial Manila: How institutions and political geography disadvantage Philippine provinces:

Critics of Philippine democracy have pointed out that the unitary system employed since the country became a sovereign state in 1946 led to the prolonged underdevelopment of sub-national regions (p...
Vestibular neurons with direct projections to the solitary nucleus in the rat.

Vestibular neurons with direct projections to the solitary nucleus utilize glutamate for neurotransmission, modulated by imidazoleacetic acid ribotide. This is the first direct demonstration of the...
Probable Amniotic Fluid Embolus

Amniotic fluid embolus is a rare and potential deadly complication in the peripartum period. The classic symptoms and signs are reviewed in this chapter as well as intraoperative management and resuscitation.
TCT-444 Left Ventricular Thinning and Distension to Mimic Heart Failure and Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Swine Hearts: A Platform to Test New Transcatheter Mitral and Heart Failure Devices

The need for clinically relevant experimental platforms of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) are necessary to test new transcatheter mitral valve devices. Isolated mitral valve models of FMR have been reported previously, but they lack a left ventricle (LV). This study reports a novel model of
Variable-length Coding Error Exponents for the AWGN Channel with Noisy Feedback at Zero-Rate

A one-way additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with active feedback sent over another AWGN feedback channel is considered. Achievable error exponents are presented in the finite message / zero-rate regime for a variable length coding (VLC) scheme. This coding scheme uses a form of round-robin scheduling of messages, and a simplex-based feedback code to obtain reliable feedback and remain synchronized, despite the noise in the feedback link. Our results show that this new VLC scheme under an almost-sure power constraint achieves an error exponent similar to an achievable exponent attained using a fixed block length scheme under a much more relaxed expected block power constraint, and is larger than that achieved by schemes without feedback.1
Prioritizing genetic variants in GWAS with lasso using permutation-assisted tuning.

Motivation Large scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have resulted in the identification of a wide range of genetic variants related to a host of complex traits and disorders. Despite their success, the individual single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis approach adopted in most current GWAS can be limited in that it is usually biologically simple to elucidate a comprehensive genetic architecture of phenotypes and statistically underpowered due to heavy multiple-testing correction burden. On the other hand, multiple-SNP analyses (e.g. gene-based or region-based SNP-set analysis) are usually more powerful to examine the joint effects of a set of SNPs on the phenotype of interest. However, current multiple-SNP approaches can only draw an overall conclusion at the SNP-set level and does not directly inform which SNPs in the SNP-set are driving the overall genotype-phenotype association. Results In this article, we propose a new permutation-assisted tuning procedure in lasso (plasso) to identify phenotype-associated SNPs in a joint multiple-SNP regression model in GWAS. The tuning parameter of lasso determines the amount of shrinkage and is essential to the performance of variable selection. In the proposed plasso procedure, we first generate permutations as pseudo-SNPs that are not associated with the phenotype. Then, the lasso tuning parameter is delicately chosen to separate true signal SNPs and non-informative pseudo-SNPs. We illustrate plasso using simulations to demonstrate its superior performance over existing methods, and application of plasso to a real GWAS dataset gains new additional insights into the genetic control of complex traits. Availability and implementation R codes to implement the proposed methodology is available at https://github.com/xyz5074/plasso. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Modeling Factual Claims with Semantic Frames.

In this paper, we introduce an extension of the Berkeley FrameNet for the structured and semantic modeling of factual claims. Modeling is a robust tool that can be leveraged in many different tasks such as matching claims to existing fact-checks and translating claims to structured queries. Our work introduces 11 new manually crafted frames along with 9 existing FrameNet frames, all of which have been selected with fact-checking in mind. Along with these frames, we are also providing 2,540 fully annotated sentences, which can be used to understand how these frames are intended to work and to train machine learning models. Finally, we are also releasing our annotation tool to facilitate other researchers to make their own local extensions to FrameNet.
Characterizing co-located insecure coding patterns in infrastructure as code scripts

Context: Insecure coding patterns (ICPs), such as hard-coded passwords can be inadvertently introduced in infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts, providing malicious users the opportunity to attack provisioned computing infrastructure. As performing code reviews is resource-intensive, a characterization of co-located ICPs, i.e., ICPs that occur together in a script can help practitioners to prioritize their review efforts and mitigate ICPs in IaC scripts. Objective: The goal of this paper is to help practitioners in prioritizing code review efforts for infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts by conducting an empirical study of co-located insecure coding patterns in IaC scripts. Methodology: We conduct an empirical study with 1613, 2764 and 2845 Puppet scripts respectively collected from three organizations namely, Mozilla, Openstack, and Wikimedia. We apply association rule mining to identify co-located ICPs in IaC scripts. Results: We observe 17.9%, 32.9%, and 26.7% of the scripts to include co-located ICPs respectively, for Mozilla, Openstack, and Wikimedia. The most frequent co-located ICP category is hard-coded secret and suspicious comment. Conclusion: Practitioners can prioritize code review efforts for IaC scripts by reviewing scripts that include co-located ICPs.
bbeaR: an R package and framework for epitope-specific antibody profiling.

SUMMARY Analysis of epitope-specific antibody repertoires has provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders, especially allergies. A novel multiplex immunoassay, termed Bead-Based Epitope Assay (BBEA), was developed to quantify levels of epitope-specific immunoglobulins, including IgE, IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes. bbeaR is an open-source R package, developed for the BBEA, provides a framework to import, process and normalize .csv data files exported from the Luminex reader, evaluate various quality control metrics, analyze differential epitope-binding antibodies with linear modelling, visualize results, and map epitopes' amino acid sequences to their respective primary protein structures. bbeaR enables streamlined and reproducible analysis of epitope-specific antibody profiles. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION bbeaR is open-source and freely available from GitHub as an R package: https://github.com/msuprun/bbeaR; vignettes included. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Pulmonary Embolism Does Not Have an Unusually High Incidence Among Hospitalized COVID19 Patients.

Introduction:Acute respiratory illnesses from COVID19 infection are increasing globally. Reports from earlier in the pandemic suggested that patients hospitalized for COVID19 are at particularly hi...
Are We Decolonizing or Recolonizing Colonial English Education Policy

Why should English continue in India as a language, or as a literary study, or as a medium? Has there been any major paradigm shift in the English language education policy since the days of its first architect? What is English language teachers’ commitment and contribution to the policy making? Is its continuance a sign of neo-imperialism in India? Which English is or ought to be taught: British, American, or International (Global)? How should it be taught? Who are qualified to teaching English today? Above all, is there any conflict between people’s attitude and politicians’ attitude toward English education in India? It is high time that these questions were honestly and intellectually approached and addressed rather than postponed inadvertently or conveniently. As postcolonial educators, English language teachers ought to assist policy makers in the country to evolve policies with regard to men, matter, and methods of ELT that are a must for the 21st century citizens who are increasingly viewed as digital natives with the attributes of multi-tasking individuals. The paper attempts to address these vital questions dispassionately through the analysis of the Minutes of Macaulay and the Educational Reports of Commissions and Committees appointed in Independent India from time to time.
The genome of a daddy-long-legs (Opiliones) illuminates the evolution of arachnid appendages.

Chelicerate arthropods exhibit dynamic genome evolution, with ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) events affecting several orders. Yet, genomes remain unavailable for a number of poorly studied ...
Multiple Bias Modeling

Many nonrandomized epidemiologic studies are susceptible to more than one threat to validity (i.e., multiple biases). Bias analysis applied to these studies requires a strategy to address each important threat. The methods described in earlier chapters can be applied serially or in parallel to quantify bias and uncertainty from these multiple biases.
Interdependent Self-Construal

Self-construal refers to how a person conceptualizes the relationship between the self and others. A self-view that emphasizes one's close relationships (e.g., “I'm Michelle's best friend,” “I'm an older sister”) and important group memberships (e.g., “I'm Mexican-American,” “I'm on the volleyball team”) is said to constitute an interdependent self-construal. By constructing an identity based largely on one's varied social roles, interdependent self-construals encourage perceiving the self as fundamentally similar and connected to others and flexible across situations. In other words, thinking of the self as part of a larger “we” instead of “me” characterizes interdependent self-construals. When construing the self as interdependent, interactions with people in the social world involve a desire to maintain social harmony, which often requires regulating the self in keeping with social norms and expectations. It is important to note that although there are striking similarities between the concepts of collectivism and interdependent self-construal, interdependent self-construal is employed to describe the psychological experiences of individuals, whereas the dimension of collectivism is used in reference to cultures more generally. Keywords: self and identity; individualism; collectivism
New records for prehistoric introduction of Neotropical mammals to the West Indies: Evidence from Carriacou, Lesser Antilles

Aim This paper investigates the prehistoric introduction of five mammalian taxa to Carriacou (Lesser Antilles) and refines the known anthropogenic ranges for these fauna in the pre-Columbian West Indies. The importance of such records for understanding the region’s historical biogeography and ecology is considered. Location Carriacou Island, Grenada (12°28′ N, 61°26′ W). Methods Zooarchaeological assemblages from Carriacou’s earliest documented prehistoric sites, Grand Bay and Sabazan, were analysed, and exotic taxa were identified and quantified. The timing of introductions was established based on multiple radiocarbon assays, including three new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) direct dates obtained on the bone of exotic taxa. Source species and location(s) are considered and compared with known prehistoric records for the Caribbean to synthesize anthropogenic distributions for the pre-Columbian period. The contexts of the zooarchaeological remains are evaluated to better understand the nature and purpose of introductions. Results Zooarchaeological investigation on Carriacou reveals the occurrence of multiple mammal introductions from South American between c. ad 700 and ad 1400. This paper presents the first records for guinea pig (Cavia sp.), armadillo (Dasypus sp.), peccary (Tayassu/Pecari sp.), opossum (Didelphis sp.) and agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) from the island. Human-mediated transport of these taxa is indicated by their absence from the record prior to human settlement of Carriacou. Several translocated species are either rare or entirely unknown for the region, and overall West Indian distributions are temporally and spatially discontinuous. Archaeological contexts indicate that mammalian introductions arose from human subsistence needs, but other social factors may have shaped the dispersal of these fauna. Main conclusions The taxonomic combination and richness of Carriacou’s introduced fauna are unusual within the region. Importantly, the new records significantly improve the known pre-Columbian geographic range for peccary, guinea pig and armadillo. Integrated with regional records, these data augment our understanding of the Caribbean’s historical biogeography, and have the potential to improve our understanding of human mobility and anthropogenic environmental impacts in the West Indies prior to the arrival of Europeans.
Constitutionalizing Immigration Law on Its Own Path

Courts should insist on heightened procedural protections in immigration adjudication. They should do so under the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause rather than by importing Sixth Amendment protections from the criminal context. Traditional judicial oversight and the Due Process Clause provide a better basis than the Sixth Amendment to interpose heightened procedural protections in immigration proceedings, especially those involving removal for a serious criminal conviction. The Supreme Court’s immigration jurisprudence in recent years lends support for this approach. The Court has guarded the availability of judicial review of immigration decisions. It has affirmed that courts are the arbiters of constitutional issues (including due process) and criminal statutory interpretation. The Court has accorded agency deference on matters of agency expertise, which does not include interpretation of criminal law and convictions. And the Court has created generally applicable procedural protections in order to minimize court interference with substantive immigration policy. Guided by these core concepts, courts are poised to develop procedural protections for immigrants in removal proceedings that are tailored to the institutional interests at stake and protective of immigrants. By constitutionalizing immigration on its own path, courts may also avoid some of the pitfalls of a Sixth Amendment–based criminal-rights model.
The power of cooperation

It is widely believed that a group of cooperating agents engaged in problem solving can solve a task faster than either a single agent or the same group of agents working in isolation from each other. As a matter of fact, that cooperation leads to improvements in the performance of a group of individuals underlies the founding of the firm, the existence of scientific and professional communities, and the establishing of committees charged with solving particular problems. In the realm of computation, the emergence of massively parallel machines underscores the assumed power of concurrency for solving very complex tasks that can be decomposed into smaller pieces, and a large effort is being devoted to the design of parallel algorithms for the solution of computationally hard problems.
A Review of “Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931–1941”: Maiolo, Joseph, New York: Basic Books 473pp., $35.00, ISBN 978-0-465-01114-8 Publication Date: September 2010

In this book, Joseph Maiolo, senior lecturer in international history in the Department of War Studies at King's College (London), examines rearmament and the arms race as a central feature of the ...
Recreation demand and the influence of site preference variables.

Leisure researchers' conceptions of how individuals make decisions involve an understanding of the personal tastes, motives, and private decisions that directly affect an individual's utility (sati...
Deep and superficial masseter muscle blood flow in women.

Author(s): Curtis, Donald A; Gansky, Stuart A; Plesh, Octavia | Abstract: PurposeAlthough changes in blood perfusion have been described as being associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) myofascial pain, very little is known about blood flow levels in the deep and superficial masseter muscle. This study investigated blood flow in deep and superficial sites of six healthy female participants at baseline and during intermittent and continuous biting exercises and recovery.Materials and methodsBlood flow was monitored unilaterally using a single-fiber probe laser Doppler flowmeter. The blood flow was continuously monitored at baseline and during two biting exercises: (a) intermittent at 25%, 50%, and 100% maximum voluntary bite force for 30 seconds each followed by 90 seconds rest between each biting level and (b) continuous biting at similar maximum voluntary bite force levels followed by 90 seconds rest.ResultsThere was significantly higher blood flow in the deep sites compared to the superficial sites (p l 0.001) and a significant increase in blood flow during biting compared to baseline (p l 0.001). There were no significant changes in blood flow among the three levels of biting, between the intermittent and continuous exercises, or from baseline blood flow compared to recovery.ConclusionsThis study showed regional differences in masseter muscle blood flow, perhaps related to differences in muscle fiber type and pattern of muscle fiber recruitment.
The N-terminal domain of the Drosophila histone mRNA binding protein, SLBP, is intrinsically disordered with nascent helical structure

Stem−loop binding protein (SLBP) is a 31 kDa protein that is central to the regulation of histone mRNAs and is highly conserved in metazoans. In vertebrates, the N-terminal domain of SLBP has sequence determinants necessary for histone mRNA translation, SLBP degradation, cyclin binding, and histone mRNA import. We have used high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism to characterize the structural and dynamic features of this domain of SLBP from Drosophila (dSLBP). We report that the N-terminal domain of dSLBP is stably unfolded but has nascent helical structure at physiological pH and native-like solution conditions. The conformational and dynamic properties of the isolated domain are mimicked in a longer 175-residue region of the N-terminus, as well as in the full-length protein. Complete resonance assignments, secondary structure propensity, and motional properties of a 91-residue N-terminal domain (G17−K108) of dSLBP are reported here. The deviation of 1Hα, 13Cα, and 13Cβ chemical shifts f...
Early Manufacturing in Oregon

If the whole history of American experience in establishing and operating manufacturing ventures were recorded, the number of failures would probably be found to be prodigious. Countless communities on rivers, large and small, dreamed of the time when the hum and whir of machines would bring them wealth, and many such communities actually set up factories.
Microbiological assessment of channel catfish grown in cage and pond culture

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) grown in cage and pond culture were collected from South Georgia. Bacterial indicators and pathogens of pond water and fish samples were assessed. Microbial changes on processed catfish packaged with wrapping or vacuum packed were analyzed during 16 days of refrigerated (4°C) storage. Results showed that water for cage culture had significantly higher (P
Properties of Planetary Fluids at High Shock Pressures and Temperatures

Observational data obtained by the Voyager space probes to the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have provided valuable information, which is used to refine the picture of the nature of the interiors of these planets. Major results from the Voyager missions include observations of substantial magnetic fields and improved models of internal density distributions. The goal is to obtain equations of state and electrical conductivity data for planetary gases (H2 and He) and the ices (H2O, CH4, and NH3, and their mixtures), which are considered to be the major constituents of the giant planets. These data are needed to test theoretical data bases used to construct models of the chemical composition of planetary interiors, models which are consistent with observables such as mass, diameter, gravitational moments, rotation rate, and magnetic field. The 100 GPa (1 Mbar) pressures and several 1000 K temperatures in the giant planets can be achieved in the lab by the shock compression of liquid specimens. Results are briefly examined.
Quantum longitudinal and Hall transport at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface at low electron densities

Abstract We examined the magneto-transport behavior of electrons confined at the conducting LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 interface in the low sheet carrier density regime. We observed well-resolved Shubnikov-de Haas quantum oscillations in the longitudinal resistance, and plateau-like structures in the Hall conductivity. The Landau indices of the plateaus in the Hall conductivity data show spacing close to 4, in units of the quantum of conductance. These experimental features can be explained by a magnetic breakdown transition, which quantitatively explains the area, structure, and degeneracy of the measured Fermi surface.
Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Fertigation of Broccoli

water standard of 10 mg NO3-N L 1 in Arizona, California, and Texas ranges from 9.4 to 13.9%. In contrast, Subsurface drip irrigation offers potential for increased water and an average of 6.4% of all wells sampled in the USA N fertilizer use efficiency, and decreased groundwater NO3 pollution. were above 10 mg L 1 (Fedkiw, 1991). Replicated factorial experiments consisting of four rates of N fertilizer The use of subsurface drip irrigation is a practice that application (60–500 kg ha 1 ) and three target soil water tensions (SWT) (low, medium, and high) were conducted on subsurface drip- offers the potential for increased water and N fertilizer irrigated broccoli (Brassica olearacea L. Italica ) during three winter use efficiency, and decreased groundwater NO3 pollugrowing seasons in southern Arizona. Objectives were to (i) determine tion (Phene, 1999). The use of subsurface drip irrigation effects and interactions of irrigation water and N inputs on net eco- is increasing in the desert Southwest and California. nomic return, residual soil NO3-N, and unaccounted fertilizer N, and Currently, 3600 ha in Arizona and 22 300 ha in Califor(ii) use abstract spatial analysis techniques to simultaneously evaluate nia are irrigated in this manner (Anonymous, 1994; agronomic, economic, and environmental production functions during 1998). Several recent studies have illustrated the effithree growing seasons. Spatial analysis was used to identify overlap cient nature of subsurface drip irrigation for delivery of of acceptable zones of marketable yield, net return, and unaccounted
Teaching Vocabulary to First-Grade Students Through Repeated Shared Storybook Reading: A Comparison of Rich and Basic Instruction to Incidental Exposure

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of rich and basic instruction to incidental exposure of target words with first-grade students within the context of repeated shared storybook reading. Participants were 224 first-grade students, randomly assigned to a condition by classroom, from three elementary schools that serve large numbers of students at-risk for experiencing reading difficulties. All three conditions received large group instruction of the storybook intervention in three 20–30 minute sessions over the course of one week. Results indicated that rich instruction was superior to both basic and incidental exposure across all taught measures. These results were maintained at delayed post-test three weeks following the conclusion of the intervention. Implications are discussed in relation to a three-step approach to vocabulary instruction.
Interstitial Water Quality of Lake Trout Spawning Habitat

Coarse substrates used by spawning lake trout may be degraded when fine sediment fills inter-particulate space, and by the breakdown of organic matter trapped within the substrate. Comparative substrate data were obtained to show how interstitial conditions reflect habitat degradation, and the range of measured values associated with some key parameters. Although some spawning habitats are clearly degraded, the extent to which this influence effects reproductive success remains uncertain. Small dialysis chambers were placed in cobble-gravel substrates, at sites used by spawning lake trout. These were filled with nitrogen-purged distilled water and were allowed to equilibrate with substrate water at depths of about 4–8 cm below sediment surface. Open boxes of artificial substrate (0.25 m2) were placed flush with this surface to collect bedload and deposited fines. Recoveries were made at 1-to 2-week intervals throughout the fall. In two Algonquin lakes where lake trout reproduction is successful, DO concentrations were mostly > 5 mg L−1, dissolved CO2 was generally 30 μg L−1) were associated with degradation of milfoil and, to a lesser extent, Cladophora. In the Finger Lakes, substrate quality was much lower in Seneca Lake (hatchery supported lake trout stock) than in Keuka Lake (wild lake trout stock). Depression of DO followed periods of high paniculate flux and this stress was greatest after lake trout spawning, and when rates of degradation are still relatively high.
Supernumerary ribs in developmental toxicity bioassays and in human populations: incidence and biological significance.

Supernumerary or accessory ribs (SNR), either lumbar (LR) or cervical (CR), are a common finding in standard developmental toxicology bioassays. The biological significance of these anomalies within the regulatory arena has been problematic and the subject of some debate. In rodents, the spontaneous incidence of SNR is species and strain related and ranges from 30%. Compound-induced LR are induced by a wide variety of chemical and physical agents when pregnant animals are exposed during specific gestational periods. A significant portion of the agent-induced LR may be due to maternal factors, as it has been shown that stress alone will induce LR in rodents. SNR are not isolated phenomena and signify basic alterations in the architecture of the axial skeleton. LR are associated with longer ribs, increased numbers of vertebrosternal ribs, and the presence of extra presacral vertebrae (“anteriorization”). CR are associated with reduced numbers of vertebrosternal ribs (“posteriorization”). It is evide...
Site-specific monoubiquitination of IκB kinase IKKβ regulates its phosphorylation and persistent activation

Transcription factor NF-κB governs the expression of multiple genes involved in cell growth, immunity, and inflammation. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB is regulated from the cytoplasm by IκB kinase-β (IKKβ), which earmarks inhibitors of NF-κB for polyubiquination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Activation of IKKβ is contingent upon signal-induced phosphorylation of its T loop at Ser-177/Ser-181. T loop phosphorylation also renders IKKβ a substrate for monoubiquitination in cells exposed to chronic activating cues, such as the Tax oncoprotein or sustained signaling through proinflammatory cytokine receptors. Here we provide evidence that the T loop-proximal residue Lys-163 in IKKβ serves as a major site for signal-induced monoubiquitination with significant regulatory potential. Conservative replacement of Lys-163 with Arg yielded a monoubiquitination-defective mutant of IKKβ that retains kinase activity in Tax-expressing cells but is impaired for activation mediated by chronic signaling from the type 1 receptor for tumor necrosis factor-α. Phosphopeptide mapping experiments revealed that the Lys-163 → Arg mutation also interferes with proper in vivo but not in vitro phosphorylation of cytokine-responsive serine residues located in the distal C-terminal region of IKKβ. Taken together, these data indicate that chronic phosphorylation of IKKβ at Ser-177/Ser-181 leads to monoubiquitin attachment at nearby Lys-163, which in turn modulates the phosphorylation status of IKKβ at select C-terminal serines. This mechanism for post-translational cross-talk may play an important role in the control of IKKβ signaling during chronic inflammation.
Oligosaccharide Mapping of Fungal Glucan Synthase Product by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography

Abstract Crude membrane preparations of fungi contain the enzyme glucan synthase (EC 2.4.1.34) which produces a polymer of glucose linked through 1,3-β-glycosidic bonds. This polymer is a major structural element of the fungal cell wall. Preparations of glucan synthase are contaminated with the enzyme glycogen synthase (EC 2.4.1.11). Glycogen synthase forms the storage carbohydrate glycogen, a polymer of glucose consisting of mainly 1,4-α-glycosidic linkage. Both enzymes utilize uridine diphosphoglucose as substrate. Discrimination of glucan synthase from glycogen synthase activity has relied upon the inclusion of glycogen-degrading enzymes in the crude reactions. The polysaccharide reaction products of glucan synthase assays have been characterized by their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation by various glucanohydrolases. These degradative enzymes are impure and inclusion of appropriate control polysaccharides often leads to ambiguous results. A method for comparative qualitative analysis of polysaccharides formed in fungal glucan synthase reactions has been developed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Using this method, polymers of glucose with 1,3-β-glycosidic linkage and 1,4-α linkage can be readily distinguished. This method has been applied to map oligosaccharides derived by partial acid hydrolysis from fungal glucan synthase reaction products from Candida albicans protoplasts prepared by two different methods.
In vitro screening of Haemonchus contortus third stage larvae for ivermectin resistance.

Abstract The indiscriminate repeated use of ivermectin has resulted in the emergence of ivermectin resistant field strains of Haemonchus contortus in sheep in South Africa. There is a need for a rapid and cost effective in vitro test to detect such strains. Infective H. contortus larvae known to be resistant to ivermectin, were incubated in vitro in a diluted concentration of the drug. Subsequently their ability to migrate was compared with that of larvae of isolates known to be susceptible to ivermectin. The criterion used to determine resistance was the ability of the larvae to migrate out of gelled agar after exposure to ivermectin using diluted propylene glycol as the control compound. The results obtained by this technique confirmed the results obtained with critical controlled tests; significant differences between the ivermectin sensitive and resistant isolates were demonstrated, thereby confirming that this in vitro technique may be used as a screening method to identify ivermectin resistant isolates of H. contortus .
Coupled Axisymmetric and Plane Stress Finite Element Model for the Stress Analysis of an Aircraft Engine Compressor

A coupled finite element model is proposed that can be used to carry out a static stress analysis of rotating parts. The rotating part consists of a disk modeled with four-node axisymmetric quadrilateral elements and blades modeled with four-node quadrilateral plane stress elements. The coupled finite element model is used to carry out a stress analysis of a simple rotor and complex aircraft engine compressor. The coupled model is compared to a solid ANSYS® finite element model using the twenty noded tetrahedral element. The major advantage of the coupled model over a three-dimensional model is that an analysis can be carried out quickly in the early design stage.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cardiorespiratory and Biomechanical Responses to Simulated Recreational Horseback Riding in Healthy Children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of cardiorespiratory and pelvic kinematic responses to simulated horseback riding (SHBR) and to characterize responses to SHBR relative to walking in apparently healthy children. Method: Fifteen healthy children (Mage = 9.5 ± 2.6 years) completed SHBR on a commercially available simulator at low intensity (0.27 Hz) and high intensity (0.65 Hz) during 3 sessions on different occasions. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and respiratory gases were measured at rest and during steady-state exercise at both intensities. Pelvic displacement was measured during steady-state exercise. Rate of energy expenditure, mean arterial pressure, and rate pressure product (RPP) were calculated. Participants also walked on a treadmill for 26.8 m/min to 80.5 m/min in 13.4-m/min increments at 0% grade during 1 session to compare cardiorespiratory responses with those of SHBR. Results: Physiological variables across all 3 SHBR sessions were similar at both intens...
Rat liver DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I is inhibited by cycloheximide.

Abstract The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I of rat liver is specifically inhibited by low concentrations of cycloheximide when prepared using the techniques described. Fifty percent inhibition was observed at 0.15 nanomolar cycloheximide (43 picograms/ml).
Maturation of bacteriophage P2 DNA in vitro: A complex, site-specific system for DNA cleavage.

Abstract Bacteriophage P2-infected cell extracts lacking the M gene product can package linear (mature) P2 DNA, but not its closed circular precursor, into phage particles. Thus the P2 M gene product is required for site-specific DNA cleavage ( ter cleavage) during DNA packaging. The P2 M and P gene products have been extensively purified using an in vitro complementation-packaging assay. When studied in vitro , the site-specific DNA cutting which generates mature P2 DNA requires P2 head structures in addition to purified M and P proteins, spermidine, and ATP.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION USING THE CARDIO VENT DEVICE IN A RESUSCITATION MODEL

Abstract To compare the "Bellows on Sternum Resuscitation" (BSR) device that permits simultaneous compression and ventilation by one rescuer with two person cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation in a single blind crossover study performed in the laboratory setting. Tidal volume and compression depth were recorded continuously during 12-min CPR sessions with the BSR device and two person CPR. Six CPR instructors performed a total of 1,894 ventilations and 10,532 compressions in 3 separate 12-min sessions. Mean tidal volume (MTV) and compression rate (CR) with the BSR device differed significantly from CPR with the BVM group (1242 mL vs. 1065 mL, respectively, p = 0.0018 and 63.2 compressions per minute (cpm) vs. 81.3 cpm, respectively, p = 0.0076). Error in compression depth (ECD) rate of 9.78% was observed with the BSR device compared to 8.49% with BMV CPR ( p = 0.1815). Error rate was significantly greater during the second half of CPR sessions for both BSR and BVM groups. It is concluded that one-person CPR with the BSR device is equivalent to two-person CPR with BVM in all measured parameters except for CR. Both groups exhibited greater error rate in CPR performance in the latter half of 12-min CPR sessions.
Infrared luminescence from spark-processed silicon

Abstract The infrared (IR) photoluminescence (PL) emission of spark-processed silicon (sp-Si) was investigated. A broad and strong room temperature PL peak in the 945 nm (1.31 eV) spectral range was observed when sp-Si was excited with an argon laser. This peak is different from the PL commonly reported for anodically etched porous silicon and other silicon-based materials. The PL intensity increases substantially after annealing sp-Si between 350 and 500 °C in air after which it decreases again. The PL wavelength is observed to peak at 1010 nm by annealing sp-Si near 450 °C. It was further found that the most efficient PL occurs for a Si/O ratio of 0.3, for a small spark gap of about 1 mm, and for spark-processing times in the 15–60 min range. A model for the IR PL is proposed which mirrors that for visible PL. Specifically, it is proposed that the electrons which have been pumped by the laser from the ground state into a broad quasi-absorption band (or closely spaced absorption lines between 1.7 and 2.3 eV) revert back to lower IR levels at 1.31 eV by a non-radiative transition from where they revert radiatively to the ground state by emitting the observed 945 nm light.
Achievement motivation and knowledge development during exploratory learning

Abstract Exploring a new concept before instruction can improve learning but can also be challenging. Individual differences in achievement motivation influence how learners respond to challenge and may therefore moderate the benefits of exploratory learning. Higher mastery orientation generally yields increased effort in response to challenge, whereas higher performance orientation yields withdrawal, suggesting that mastery orientation may help individuals better cope with and learn from exploration. Second- through fourth-grade children (N = 159) were given novel mathematical equivalence problems to solve as either an exploratory learning activity before instruction or as practice after instruction. Higher mastery orientation was associated with increased reliance on sophisticated problem-solving strategies during exploration and improved conceptual learning. In contrast, higher performance orientation corresponded with increased reliance on ineffective problem-solving strategies during exploration and impaired procedural learning. The current findings suggest that exploration prior to instruction can improve children's adoption of sophisticated problem-solving strategies and heighten their conceptual knowledge, primarily if they approach learning with a mastery orientation.