cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile phones in the classroom

This study examined the perceptions of 245 preservice teachers in Kentucky and Tennessee to determine their support for the use of mobile phones in the classroom, as well as their perceptions of the mobile phone features that they view as beneficial for school-related work, and the instructional benefits and barriers to mobile phone use in the classroom. The results indicated that almost half (45%) of preservice teachers supported the use of mobile phones in the classroom while one-fourth (25%) did not support their use and approximately one third (30%) reported uncertainty. The preservice teachers perceived many features/functions of mobile phones as being useful in the classroom, but they identified access to the Internet, clicker capabilities, use of educational apps, and use as a reader as the most valuable. They perceived cheating, disruptions, cyberbullying, and accessing inappropriate content as major barriers to the use of mobile phones in the classroom. Most useful features are accessing the Internet, using as a clicker and using an educational app.Primary benefits are developing digital fluency and providing anywhere/anytime learning opportunities.Primary barriers are cheating and disruption to class.Primary disruptions are texting, playing games and tweeting.
Mechanical effects of defect closure following BPTB graft harvest for ACL reconstruction.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury affects roughly 120 000 athletes in the United States every year. One of the most common techniques is the use of a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Graft harvest creates a sizeable defect in the remaining patellar tendon. Closure of this defect is based on surgeon preference. To date there has been no study on the effects of defect closure on the mechanical properties of remaining donor patellar tendon. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of closure on both the strength and stiffness of the remaining patellar tendon. 7 pairs of fresh frozen cadaver patellar tendons were matched by tendon dimensions. Bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts were harvested from all of the specimens and then half of the paired tendons underwent defect closure. All of the donor tendons were then tested in a servohydraulic load frame to failure at a constant displacement rate at room temperature. This study found no differences in the load at failure, the engineering failure stress, stiffness or in the engineering modulus between the donor tendons that underwent defect closure versus those that did not.
Case Report and Literature Review of Hypoparathyroidism-Deafness-Renal Dysplasia Syndrome in Children

Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment of hypopara thyroidism-deafness-renal dysplasia(HDR) syndrome in children.Methods According to the symptoms,signs,laboratory examination and the previous published papers of other authors,the disease of the child was diagnosed and treated,and some related literatures were reviewed.Results The 12-years-old boy presented with tetany and deafness and Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs were positive.The initial laboratory studies showed that the serum concentration of calcium was lower,parathormone was in the low limit of normal range and alkalin phosphatase was normal.An audiography revealed the pattern of sensorineural deafness in all frequencies.Abdominal CT revealed that his right kidney was not observed and creatinine clearance rate was low.After treated with calcium carbonate and vitamin D,the symptoms and the signs were improved.Conclusion HDR syndrome is a rare disorder and less recognized in children,and therefore more attention should be paid to avoid missing diagnosis.
Analysis on Aetiological Surveillance of 278 Children with Hand-foot-mouth Disease

Objective To analyze the aetiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Yongzhou from January to December 2012,and to provide aetiological evidence for prevention and control of HFMD.Methods Totally,278 cases of HFMD hospitalized in a grade A class 3 hospital from January to September 2012 were selected to serve as research subjects.Throat swab specimens of children with HFMD were collected within 1 week of symptom onset.Real-time fluorescence RT-PCR method was used to detect specific nucleic acids of general enterovirus,Coxsackie virus group A type 16(CoxA16) and enterovirus 71(EV71).The distribution of patients' sex,age,and case sources was retrospectively analyzed.Results Totally,182(65.47%) of 278 HFMD cases were positive with enterovirus universal nucleic acid;among them,EV71,CoxA16,EV71 and CoxA16 mixed infection,non-EV71 and CoxA16 other intestinal virus which were positive with nucleic acids accounted for 82.97%(151/182),0.55%(1/182),0.55%(1/182),and 15.93%(29/182),respectively.Non-enterovirus(NEV) infection accounted for 34.53%(96/278).Most of the patients were scattered children under 3 years of age,with more males than females.Conclusions EV71 may be the predominant circulating strain causing HFMD in Yongzhou from January to December 2012.Real-time fluorescence RT-PCR can be used for rapid diagnosis of hand,foot and mouth disease.Pathogen detection for HFMD among children under 3-year-old,early detection and early treatment are the key points to prevent HFMD deaths.
Hair sheep genetic resources and their contribution to diversified small ruminant production in the United States.

Two Caribbean hair sheep breeds, the St. Croix (SC) and Barbados Blackbelly (BB), are found in the United States, and the SC has led to the development of the Katahdin (K), a synthetic breed of hair sheep. These breeds have mature ewe BW ranging from 32 to 54 kg (for BB and SC) and from 55 to 73 kg (K). Hair sheep and hair sheep crosses have lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates than wool breeds and a lower DMI and water intake. There are indications of increased resistance to internal parasites in hair sheep. Although hair sheep are seasonal breeders under U.S. photoperiodic conditions, they tend to perform better under accelerated lambing systems than traditional wool breeds. Fertility, prolificacy, and lamb survival is high in BB and SC, but hair x wool crossbred ewes tend to have a higher level of fertility than hair and wool parent breeds. Ewe productivity is also higher in hair x wool crosses than in wool crosses, particularly when adjusted for ewe BW or under accelerated lambing systems. Hair sheep have a lower ADG and intake of high-energy diets, as well as a lower gain/feed ratio, than wool breeds. Growth rates tend to be higher in SC than in BB. Differences in carcass characteristics are inconsistent between hair and wool breeds. Production characteristics of hair sheep, particularly hair x wool crosses, make them suitable for low-input, sustainable production systems that do not require high growth rates and large carcasses. There is a need to preserve the existing U.S. hair sheep germplasm base in support of such systems.
A Comparative Study of Visual Cues for Adaptive Navigation Support

Past work in the area of adaptive navigation support assumed no difference between different interface implementations of personalization approaches that are conceptually the same. The goal of this paper was to compare the impact of different implementations of the same adaptive navigation support approach on user perception and performance.
The Naturalistic Option

There are two kinds of anti-theistic or, more broadly, naturalistic argument. The negative kind seeks to show that a religious interpretation of the universe is otiose because all the phenomena known to us, including religion itself, can be adequately described and explained without it. The positive kind goes beyond this, seeking to show that there is an aspect of the universe that is actually incompatible with a theistic, or a religious, world-view.
Addressing bias from non-random missing attributes in health data

This paper aims to improve health outcomes research and data management practices. Typically health care records are very large and cumbersome to manage, and the quality of the data is often overlooked because the volume is thought to be large enough to overcome issues arising from missing data. However, simply removing observations with missing data is problematic because the distribution of missing information is non-random, thus the sample used for analysis becomes biased. We propose a method for evaluating and addressing bias in the data cleaning process. Specifically, we identify where bias exists within data and address the bias using sub-sampling or discarding data. We present a case study analyzing data from a level 1 trauma center to establish how bias in health registries exists and how this bias can have downstream implications for evaluating hospital performance. Our method utilizes a two-tailed z-test to compare subgroups in the data set, which demonstrates how missing data in these subgroups can lead to bias. We demonstrate how to localize the bias in particular subgroups and provide corrective actions to handle the bias. We also exhibit how failure to account for bias can distort performance, illustrating the importance of the proposed method.
Beyond Beats, Rhymes, & Beyoncé

For more than 25 years I have been studying the pedagogical practices of teachers who are successful with African American students. My rationale for this inquiry came from my early days in graduate school where it seemed everything I read discussed the near impossibility of teaching poor, Black children. I read studies that suggested that poor, Black families were dysfunctional and incapable of raising healthy, happy children able to achieve in school classrooms.
Medullary nephrocalcinosis in idiopathic hypercalciuria

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a metabolic abnormality characterized by excessive calcium excretion in the urine with normal serum calcium levels and is a common risk factor for formation of kidney stones and/or nephrocalcinosis. These patients benefit from a normal-calcium, reduced-animal protein, and low-salt diet, along with a thiazide diuretic.
High Awareness Adaptive Beaconing Based on Fuzzy Logic in VANET

A beacon in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a periodic message that contains status information of a vehicle such as id, velocity, location and other information that is needed by routing protocols and safety as well as non-safety applications. Generating beacons at high rate is desirable as it can potentially increase the freshness of the exchanged information (neighborhood awareness). However, this causes network congestion and high resources consumption. On the other hand, generating few beacons saves bandwidth and reduces congestion, but leads to outdated information. Thus, adaptive schemes that adjust the beacon transmission rates based on different situations are required. In this paper, we propose a high awareness adaptive beaconing (HAAB) scheme that is based on fuzzy logic. This scheme uses signal to interference-noise ratio (SINR), number of neighboring nodes and mobility factors as inputs to a fuzzy logic system. The scheme employs the fuzzy logic system to determine the congestion rank and uses it to adapt the beacon transmission frequency. Simulations using NS-3 have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of our proposed protocol. HAAB is shown to have the highest neighborhood awareness compared to other protocols in both highway and urban environments.
Defense against Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks

IEEE 802.22 is the first standard based on the concept of cognitive radio. It recommends collaborative spectrum sensing to avoid the unreliability of individual spectrum sensing while detecting primary user signals. However, it opens an opportunity for attackers to exploit the decision making process by sending false reports. In this paper, we address security issues regarding distributed node sensing in the 802.22 standard and discuss how attackers can modify or manipulate their sensing result independently or collaboratively. This problem is commonly known as spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack or Byzantine attack. To counter the different attacking strategies, we propose a reputation based clustering algorithm that does not require prior knowledge of attacker distribution or complete identification of malicious users. We compare the performance of our algorithm against existing approaches across a wide range of attacking scenarios. Our proposed algorithm displays a significantly reduced error rate in decision making compared to current methods. It also identifies a large portion of the attacking nodes and greatly minimizes the false detection rate of honest nodes.
Chromosomes and Cancer in the Mouse: Studies in Tumors, Established Cell Lines, and Cell Hybrids

Publisher Summary The determination of the karyotypic changes related to mouse tumorgenesis had to await the development of banding techniques to identify normal and abnormal chromosomes and the accumulation of enough data to sort out significant from fortuitous changes. Two general approaches have been used in the study of tumors per se, particularly leukemias and the study of somatic cell hybrids in which one or both parents is a tumorigenic cell line. These experimental approaches are dealt with separately; however, same genes may control tumorigenicity in both cases. X-Rays and chemicals also induce leukemias that are associated with aneuploidy. Leukemias produced by injecting dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) or benzpyrene (BP) in CRW or C57BL mice resulted in a large proportion of the tumors. Evidence obtained from rats indicated that DMBA produced the same type of chromosome changes in sarcomas, leukemias, and carcinomas—that is, the agent rather than the target cell determined the type of chromosome changes. The cytogenetic analyses of mouse tumors, tumor-derived cell lines, and tumor X nontumor cell hybrids have shown that specific chromosomes play a role in the expression of tumorigenicity.
Polymerase infidelity and frameshift mutation.

Mutant T4 DNA polymerases which alter mutation rates in vivo have been used to approach questions of replication fidelity. Most studies have characterized “mutator” or “antimutator” polymerases by their influence upon base-pair substitution mutation, particularly transitions. We are extending the characterization of mutant polymerases to include the role of T4 DNA polymerase in frame fidelity.
Cataract Surgery and Rate of Visual Field Progression in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Purpose To test the hypothesis that cataract surgery slows the apparent rate of visual field (VF) decay in primary open-angle glaucoma patients compared with rates measured during cataract progression. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Consecutive open-angle glaucoma patients who underwent cataract surgery and who had ≥4 VFs and ≥3 years of follow-up before and after surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Mean deviation (MD) rate, visual field index (VFI) rate, pointwise linear regression (PLR), pointwise rate of change (PRC), and the Glaucoma Rate Index (GRI) were compared before and after cataract surgery. Results A total of 134 eyes of 99 patients were included. Median (interquartile range) follow-up was 6.5 (4.7-8.1) and 5.3 (4.0-7.3) years before and after cataract surgery, respectively. All intraocular pressure (IOP) parameters (mean IOP, standard deviation of IOP, and peak IOP) significantly improved (P Conclusion Although all IOP parameters improved after cataract surgery, VFs continued to progress. Cataract surgery does not slow the apparent rate of glaucomatous VF decay as compared to rates measured during the progression of the cataract.
Lead in drinking water is coming to a city near you

Introduction: The disclosure of a lead-poisoning epidemic in Flint, MI in October 2015 elicited similar reports across the US, including Sebring OH, Jackson MISS, Brick Township NJ, Pittsburg and P...
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Moonlighting Functions of Bacterial Factors That Support Actin-Based Motility

Various bacterial pathogens display an intracellular lifestyle and spread from cell to cell through actin-based motility (ABM). ABM requires actin polymerization at the bacterial pole and is mediated by the expression of bacterial factors that hijack the host cell actin nucleation machinery or exhibit intrinsic actin nucleation properties. It is increasingly recognized that bacterial ABM factors, in addition to having a crucial task during the intracellular phase of infection, display "moonlighting" adhesin functions, such as bacterial aggregation, biofilm formation, and host cell adhesion/invasion. Here, we review our current knowledge of ABM factors and their additional functions, and we propose that intracellular ABM functions have evolved from ancestral, extracellular adhesin functions.
Single Incision Sling Procedure Done by the Dynamic Intraoperative Standing Sling Technique: A 2-Year Analysis

Objective: To evaluate 2-year outcome of subjects who underwent the single incision midurethral sling procedure by the Dynamic Intraoperative Standing Sling Technique (DISST). Design: A chart revie...
Barriers to meeting formal child support obligations: Noncustodial father perspectives

Abstract Changes in family demographic patterns and the erosion of the social safety net have contributed to the centrality of child support as a source of income for many families. Many custodial mothers and their children rely on child support to meet basic needs; yet, most do not receive all of the support they are owed. Given the importance of child support as a financial resource for many families, and the gap between child support owed and received, understanding why some fathers do not meet their formal support obligations is important for improving the well-being of children in single-parent families. This article contributes to the evidence base on barriers to compliance with formal child support obligations by the sharing perspectives of noncustodial fathers struggling to find work and pay child support. Data were gathered through focus groups with noncustodial fathers conducted for the Child Support Noncustodial Parent Employment Demonstration. Results indicate four types of factors contributing to noncompliance: (1) practical impediments, including income constraints, high-burden orders and obligations to other children; (2) system-imposed barriers; (3) noncustodial father preferences; and (4) prior interactions with the child support system. Findings from this study suggest a number of policy changes that could help facilitate compliance among struggling noncustodial fathers. These include access to services to help overcome practical barriers to work; administrative and statutory changes within child support to help address high burden orders, enforcement actions that impede employment, and state-owed arrearages; and changes to TANF pass-through policies.
Pilot Investigation: Prospective Needs Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Insight About Mental Health Treatment Options in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

IntroductionMood disorders frequently coexist with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), yet patient views of how mental health impacts their disease, and their willingness to engage in treatment is not we...
From two-atom interference to BEC: Scaling atom arrays in optical tweezers (Conference Presentation)

In this talk, I will discuss our pathway toward quantum simulations and computation with neutral atoms in arrays of optical tweezers cooled to their motional ground state. Initially, I will talk about two-atom interference experiments, e.g. the atomic analog to the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, and how we create spin entangled states. I will then talk about how we scale our system to accommodate 80 single atoms, loaded into 100 traps while maintaining full single-atom control. For this efficient loading process, we control atomic collisions in the tweezers using grey molasses. When combined with ground-state cooling and atom-rearranging, this should allow us to form a micro-BEC with controlled atom number and entropy.
Therapeutic plasma exchange taper does not decrease exacerbations in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients.

Background Despite rapid and intensive treatments with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and immunosuppression, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients are at risk of disease exacerbation, i.e., early recurrence of TTP within 30 days of achieving treatment response. TPE taper, a practice of performing additional TPE procedures after achieving treatment response, is commonly performed for decreasing exacerbations, although no evidence supports this practice. Study design and methods In this prospective observational investigation over four years, our center switched its standard of care for treating all TTP patients from not performing TPE taper after achieving treatment response (i.e., no-taper cohort) to performance of TPE taper (i.e., yes-taper cohort) to characterize impacts on exacerbations. Continuous and categorical data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Fisher's exact, and log-rank tests; significance was defined as p Results The two cohorts were well matched and had no significant differences in demographics, presentation laboratory values, or TTP history (p > 0.05 for all). The yes-taper cohort of 26 patients with 29 consecutive episodes did not have a significantly different exacerbation rate from the no-taper cohort of 24 patients with 27 consecutive episodes (exacerbation rates of 37.9% vs. 33.3%, respectively; p = 0.78); however, treatment-related complications directly attributed to the TPE procedures, blood products, or central venous catheters were significantly greater in the yes-taper cohort (nine vs. one events, respectively; p = 0.01). Conclusion Since TPE taper did not reduce exacerbations in our TTP patients, we no longer advocate for TPE taper and have reverted to our original standard of care.
Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation Grant Program in Providence, Rhode Island

The Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation (BCJI) initiative was focused in the Olneyville neighborhood of Providence. The Olneyville section of Providence has a history closely tied with the textile industry, and the industry’s collapse in the mid-twentieth century distressed the neighborhood in many ways we still see today. For example, Olneyville has a disproportionately high number of chronically vacant residences compared to other similarly situated neighborhoods. Similarly, Olneyville has a disproportionately large percentage of vacant land, residential parcels in tax delinquency, and property foreclosures. It is currently among the most economically distressed neighborhoods in Providence. Olneyville has also experienced challenges relating to crime. Olneyville reported the highest number of violent crimes between 2010 and 2013 when compared to other neighborhoods in Providence. Known locally as Community and Police Alliance (CaPA), the BCJI initiative in Providence was a community-led approach that sought to improve community conditions and crime issues. The BCJI-Providence plan focused on five priority outcomes: reductions in crime, particularly serious assaultive crime; reduction in quality of life problems; improvement of the physical environment to reduce crime and disorder; and the redevelopment of nuisance properties and the increase in affordable housing. Surveys, interviews, and examination of official crime data suggested that the BCJI program was an effective mechanism for both focusing services and encouraging the Providence Police Department and community groups throughout Olneyville to stay engaged in productive communications around the issue of crime and community development.
Blood pressure management after mechanical thrombectomy in stroke patients.

Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is proven as a safe and effective novel treatment for emergent large vessel occlusion in the anterior cerebral circulation. However, there are still many unanswered questions on peri and post-procedural management including blood pressure (BP) control. The current guidelines recommend maintaining BP <180/105 mmHg in the first 24 h after MT. However, recent studies suggest that maintaining BP levels at lower levels in the first 24 h after successful revascularization have been associated with favorable functional outcome, reduced mortality rate, and hemorrhagic complications. Not only absolute BP but also its variation in the first 24 h after MT have been associated with neurological outcomes. Evidence on the effect of BP variability (BPV) after MT in AIS even though limited, it does indicate the association of the higher BPV in the first 24 h after MT and poor functional outcomes in AIS. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on BP management in the first 24 h after MT and the impact of BPV in the first 24 h after MT.
Advances in Polymerizations Modulated by External Stimuli

Synthetic polymer chemistry endeavors to imitate the spatial and temporal control exhibited within biological systems to obtain well-defined polymeric materials with unique structures, properties, ...
Assignments of 19F NMR resonances and exploration of dynamics in a long-chain flavodoxin

Abstract Flavodoxin is a small protein that employs a non-covalently bound flavin to mediate single-electron transfer at low potentials. The long-chain flavodoxins possess a long surface loop that is proposed to interact with partner proteins. We have incorporated 19F-labeled tyrosine in long-chain flavodoxin from Rhodopseudomonas palustris to gain a probe of possible loop dynamics, exploiting the presence of a Tyr in the long loop in addition to Tyr residues near the flavin. We report 19F resonance assignments for all four Tyrs, and demonstration of a pair of resonances in slow exchange, both corresponding to a Tyr adjacent to the flavin. We also provide evidence for dynamics affecting the Tyr in the long loop. Thus, we show that 19F NMR of 19F-Tyr labeled flavodoxin holds promise for monitoring possible changes in conformation upon binding to partner proteins.
An Interactive & Cooperative Activity for Exploring Animal Systematics Using Cards & String

Students sometimes struggle to organize complex concepts and visualize the connectedness of hierarchical groups, yet much of the biological sciences depends on ranking, ordering, or grouping of information. Diagnosing disease, converting units, and evolutionary relationships all follow stepwise ranking of groups of information. This article presents a cooperative, low-stakes, inexpensive method for novice students to organize hierarchical information. As an example, students work together placing and rearranging animal cards according to taxonomic and evolutionary relationships along a string using shared characteristics. The cards provided address Next Generation Science Standards pertaining to inheritance/variation (LS3) and unity and diversity (LS4). I provide a detailed description of the activity as well as the tools needed to perform this lesson.
Maintaining Dialogue in Remote English Classes

This week, I’ve been thinking a lot about one of our students who has disclosed to my CT (Cooperating Teacher) that she has been living on her own for the past two semesters and works full time to support herself. Due to her work schedule, she goes through periods of time when she is unable to attend classes, and other periods of time when she can. She asked my CT to reach out to her other teachers about her situation so that they know why her attendance is sporadic. I worked with this student in our afternoon classes, which my CT had decided to reserve for making up work at the end of the marking period.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Stable Colchicine-Binding Site Tubulin Inhibitors 6-Aryl-2-benzoyl-pyridines as Potential Anticancer Agents.

We previously reported a potent tubulin inhibitor CH-2-77. In this study, we optimized the structure of CH-2-77 by blocking metabolically labile sites and synthesized a series of CH-2-77 analogues. Two compounds, 40a and 60c, preserved the potency while improving the metabolic stability over CH-2-77 by 3- to 4-fold (46.8 and 29.4 vs 10.8 min in human microsomes). We determined the high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of 40a (resolution 2.3 A) and 60c (resolution 2.6 A) in complex with tubulin and confirmed their direct binding at the colchicine-binding site. In vitro, 60c maintained its mode of action by inhibiting tubulin polymerization and was effective against P-glycoprotein-mediated multiple drug resistance and taxol resistance. In vivo, 60c exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis in a taxol-resistant A375/TxR xenograft model without obvious toxicity. Collectively, this work showed that 60c is a promising lead compound for further development as a potential anticancer agent.
Successful multi-stage surgery for a giant lymphatic malformation encircling the leg in an infant

Abstract Treatment methods for lymphatic malformations vary and are selected according to the location and extent of the disease. A giant lymphatic malformation surrounding the leg in an infant is a rare and challenging condition. Only few cases of surgery of such giant lymphatic malformation have been reported in the literature. The objective of this clinical case report is to describe a successful multi-stage surgery for a giant lymphatic malformation encircling the leg in an infant.
Bikes for Life: Measuring the effects of a bicycle distribution program on 6 to 12-year-old children's BMI and health behaviors.

Abstract Treating pediatric obesity is challenging. The objective was to evaluate effect of receiving a bicycle on (a) physical activity, (b) sedentary activity, (c) Body Mass Index (BMI), and (d) eating habits. A stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial of 6- to 12-year-old patients with overweight/obesity was conducted April 2012–2018. Participants were randomized to wait 0, 2, 4, or 6 months for a bicycle. Outcomes on activity, BMI and eating were collected at 3, 6, 9- and 12-months after children received a bicycle. A total of 525 participants with 387 (74%) completed 3-month follow-up questionnaire, and 346 (66%) completed 12-month follow-up visit. Participants were mostly Latino/a (71%) and low income (58%), and 31% had never ridden a bicycle. Median baseline BMI was 98th percentile. At 3 months, 62% reported bicycle use last week, on average 3.6 days. Time spent on sedentary activities decreased by 48 min/day (p = 0.04), and time spent playing sports increased by 1.7 h/week (p Participants reported riding bicycle, improved activity and dietary habits, though reversion towards baseline behavior was seen by one year and no change in BMI from enrollment.
Feasibility and Pilot Studies

This chapter defines feasibility and pilot studies according to the 2010 CONSORT guidelines. Feasibility studies are always linked to a planned clinical trial. Pilot studies are a subset of feasibility studies that use an identical randomized design as the planned clinical trial but are conducted to answer questions about the feasibility of a protocol. Pilot studies are distinct from miniature efficacy trials. Although both are conducted on a small number of participants and use a randomized design, pilot studies focus on feasibility, but miniature efficacy trials claim to provide estimates of efficacy. The evolving literature on behavioral trial methodology has shown a variety of problems that result from estimating efficacy with underpowered miniature efficacy trials. Recommendations are to prepare for a definitive behavioral clinical trial by making a strong case for its credibility, plausibility, and feasibility and by estimating effect sizes using targets needed to achieve clinically significant benefit. The popular practice of conducting miniature efficacy trials which are loosely linked to a planned behavioral trial, calling them pilot studies, drawing conclusions about potential efficacy, and using results to estimate sample size should be discontinued.
Location of Injury and Other Factors Associated With Increased Survival Among Severely Injured Geriatric Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND Patients with a Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS) < .5 are termed "unexpected survivors." There is scarce information published on this subset of geriatric patients whose survival is an anomaly. METHODS This is a retrospective case-control study examining all geriatric patients (age ≥65) not expected to survive (TRISS<.5) in the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS) database from 2013 to 2017. Primary outcome was survival to discharge. We selected 10 clinically important variables for logistic regression analysis as possible factors that may improve survival. RESULTS 1336 patients were included, 395 (29.6%) were unexpected survivors. Factors that improved survival odds are the following: Place of injury: street/highway (AOR:0.51; 95% CI: .36-.73, P < .001) and residential institution (AOR:0.46; 95% CI: .21-.98, P = .043); and presence of Benzodiazepines (AOR:0.49; 95% CI: .31-.77, P = .002) or ethanol (AOR:0.57; 95% CI: .34-.97, P = .040). Factors that decreased survival odds are the following: Hypotension (AOR: 8.59; 95% CI: 4.33-17.01, P < .001) and hypothermia (AOR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.10-2.28, P = .014). Gender, race/ethnicity, blood transfusion in first 24 hours, shift of presentation to Emergency Department, place of injury (farm, industrial, recreational, or public building), use of Tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamines or opioids, and level of trauma activation did not impact survival. DISCUSSION Location of injury (street/highway and residential institution) and ethanol or benzodiazepine use led to a significant increased survival in severely injured geriatric patients. Hypotension and hypothermia led to decreased survival. Future studies should determine possible reasons these factors lead to survival (and identify additional factors) to focus efforts in these areas to improve outcomes in geriatric trauma.
Ribosome Profiling Reveals Novel Regulation of C9ORF72 GGGGCC Repeat-Containing RNA Translation.

GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat expansion in the first intron of C9ORF72 causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Repeat-containing RNA is translated into dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, some of which are neurotoxic. Using dynamic ribosome profiling, we identified three translation initiation sites in the intron upstream of (G4C2) repeats; these sites are detected irrespective of the presence or absence of the repeats. During translocation, ribosomes appear to be stalled on the repeats. An AUG in the preceding C9ORF72 exon initiates a uORF that inhibits downstream translation. Polysome isolation indicates that unspliced (G4C2) repeat-containing RNA is a substrate for DPR protein synthesis. (G4C2) repeat-containing RNA translation is 5' cap-independent but inhibited by the initiation factor DAP5, suggesting an interplay with uORF function. These results define novel translational mechanisms of expanded (G4C2) repeat-containing RNA in disease.
XIII. Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia: an indolent B‐cell lymphoma with distinct molecular and clinical features

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia (WM) is a distinct Bcell lymphoma resulting from the accumulation, predominantly in the bone marrow, of clonally related lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytic cells and plasma cells that secrete a monoclonal IgM protein [1]. This condition is considered to correspond to the lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) as defined by the World Health Organisation classification system [2]. Most cases of LPL are WM, with less than 5% of cases made up of IgA, IgG and non-secreting LPL.
Studies in the tetraarylborates: Part IV. The, preparation and reagent properties of sodium tetrakis(m - trifluoromethylphenyl) borate

Sodium tetrakis(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate has been synthesized and shown to be a highly selective reagent for cesium ion even in the presence of other alkali metal ions. Equivalent amounts of rubidium or potassium do not interfere.
The Recovery of Unconscious (Inaccessible) Memories: Laboratory Studies of Hypermnesia

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the recovery of unconscious memories. Potzl heightened sensitivities result from the destruction of inhibitory mechanisms that normally block maladaptive hypersensitivities. The Potzl study corroborates the reality of unconscious perception and memory. It demonstrates the feasibility of recovering unconscious materials into unconsciousness, that is, hypermnesia. The Potzl effect is a variant and is based on observed discrepancies between two different indicators of perception: (1) an intentional report and (2) some fantasy production. Such discrepancies might reflect intrinsic differences in the indicators rather than subception—that is, the dissociation between indicators need not imply the psychological dissociation between conscious and unconscious. The biased allocation of retrieval effort to some and not to other memory complexes probably accounts, at least in part, for repression-like effects in the real world. Some memory complexes may be relatively inaccessible not because they are actively pushed out of consciousness at the time of recall, although this too might happen, but because of the retrieval counterpart of selective inattention; the subject selectively allocates less retrieval effort to some memory complexes than to others, thereby producing, over the long run, substantial differences in accessible memory.
Recombinational DNA repair: the ignored repair systems

The recent finding of a role for the recA gene in DNA replication restart does not negate previous data showing the existence of recA-dependent recombinational DNA repair, which occurs when there are two DNA duplexes present, as in the case for recA-dependent excision repair, for postreplication repair (i.e., the repair of DNA daughter-strand gaps), and for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Recombinational DNA repair is critical for the survival of damaged cells.
Formation and mineralization of organic sulfur in forest soils

The incorporation of sulfur from inorganic sulfate into organic matter was examined using35S for O1, O2 and A-horizon samples from two hardwood forests located at the Coweeta hydrologic laboratory, near Franklin, NC. This temperature-dependent transformation was stimulated by increased availability of sulfate or energy and the process was inhibited by sodium azide, erythromycin and candicidin. These data suggest that bacteria and fungi mediate sulfur incorporation via the formation of the covalent linkages. The latter possibility was confirmed by characterization of the organic sulfur fraction after isolation and partial purification from O2 layer material. Evidence is presented which indicates that the sulfur of this fraction is subject to mineralization after depolymerization of the carbon matrix and methods are given for the direct and indirect assessment of potential turnover rates. The availability of sulfate from mineralization appears to depend upon the rate of incorporation of sulfur into organic matter. Thus, substantially higher levels of extractable sulfate were detected when turnover of the isolated organosulfur fraction was assayed for in the presence of azide, an inhibitor of sulfate incoporation. However, the reverse was true when turnover was monitored in the presence of glucose and succinate which stimulate sulfate incorporation.
Information Precision and Long‐Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings

Due to a lack of an information history, IPO firms' information precision is not only generally low but also likely to be estimated initially with considerable error. I hypothesize and find that the deviation between expected and realized information precision is predictably associated with the magnitude and the persistence of long-run abnormal returns after an IPO. Specifically, an upward (downward) revision of information precision results in positive (negative) abnormal returns over the period in which investors update their beliefs. In addition, the positive abnormal returns of firms with unexpectedly high realized information precision are less persistent than the negative abnormal returns of firms with unexpectedly low realized information precision, which can extend up to 18 months after the IPO. The findings imply that long-term investors in IPO stocks do not necessarily behave irrationally, but that both positive and negative post-IPO abnormal performance is also consistent with rational investors gradually updating the perceived information precision parameter of these stocks.
Buckling and postbuckling of the lying sheet

Abstract The buckling and postbuckling of a finite, heavy elastic sheet is studied. The sheet originally lies on a horizontal plane, one end clamped and one end subjected to a compressive load. Depending on the magnitude of the normalized force F , the lying sheet may be regarded “long” or “short”. Stability analyses in both cases show the buckling behavior is quite different from the Euler column theory. A modified critical buckling load is defined. The analytic results compare well with exact numerical integration.
Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) analysis of cyanide and thiocyanate from swine plasma

An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in swine plasma was developed and validated. Cyanide and thiocyanate were simultaneously analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in negative ionization mode after rapid and simple sample preparation. Isotopically labeled internal standards, Na13C15N and NaS13C15N, were mixed with swine plasma (spiked and nonspiked), proteins were precipitated with acetone, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed and dried. The dried samples were reconstituted in 10 mM ammonium formate. Cyanide was reacted with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and taurine to form N-substituted 1-cyano[f]benzoisoindole, while thiocyanate was chemically modified with monobromobimane to form an SCN-bimane product. The method produced dynamic ranges of 0.1–50 and 0.2–50 μM for cyanide and thiocyanate, respectively, with limits of detection of 10 nM for cyanide and 50 nM for thiocyanate. For quality control standards, the precision, as measured by percent relative standard deviation, was below 8 %, and the accuracy was within ±10 % of the nominal concentration. Following validation, the analytical procedure successfully detected cyanide and thiocyanate simultaneously from the plasma of cyanide-exposed swine.
Optical metabolic imaging of live tissue cultures

The fluorescence properties, both intensity and fluorescence lifetime, of NADH and FAD, two coenzymes of metabolism, are sensitive, high resolution measures of cellular metabolism. However, often in vivo measurements of tissue are not feasible. In this study, we investigate the stability over time of two-photon auto-fluorescence imaging of NADH and FAD in live-cultured tissues. Our results demonstrate that cultured tissues remain viable for at least several days post excision. Furthermore, the optical redox ratio, NADH fluorescence lifetime, and FAD fluorescence lifetime do not significantly change in the cultured tissues over time. With these findings, we demonstrate the potential of sustained tissue culture techniques for optical metabolic imaging.
Paleo-environmental reconstruction and bio-stratigraphy, Oklahoma Panhandle, USA

Worldwide, the period between 12,000 and 9000 radiocarbon years before present (RCYBP) witnessed the shift from glacial to post-glacial times and marks the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. On the southern Plains of North America this period is marked by rapidly changing climatic conditions, shifting flora and faunal associations, and cultural adaptations. A recently discovered locality along Bull Creek, Oklahoma Panhandle, provides the opportunity to study the environmental context of changing megafauna presence during this transition. The paleo-environment is reconstructed from sediment particle size distribution, stable carbon isotope, pollen, and phytolith analyses from the Bull Creek site, and compared with the megafaunal biostratigraphy in this area.
Reversed enzyme activity DNA interrogation test: a new method for mutation detection

The Reversed Enzyme Activity DNA Interrogation Test (READITTM) System provides a new, rapid method for genotype determination. The system can be used for the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms as well as insertions, deletions and chromosomal rearrangements. The READITTM System is based upon driving various enzymatic reactions in the reverse direction from the direction they are normally considered. The method is based on a pyrophosphorylation reaction that is the reverse of DNA polymerization. Interrogation probes annealed to DNA fragments with which they have a 3- mismatch are not a substrate for the reaction and do not generate significant signals compared with probes that match the interrogation sequence perfectly. By interrogation of specific DNA sequences with carefully designed probes, mutant genes can be identified with speed and precision.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extraction of nematodes from Dry Valley Antarctic soils

Nematode density and taxonomic composition from Dry Valley soil processed by the sugar centrifugation (SC) method in Antarctica was compared to those extracted from soils shipped frozen to the USA and processed by either the SC or Baermann Funnel (BF) (at 5°C and 10°C) techniques. Soil selected for the extraction comparisons represented a wide range of soil properties found in the Dry Valleys. More nematodes were recovered from freshly collected Antarctic soil and from stored frozen soil using the SC technique than from BF at either temperature (P<0.05). Temperature had no effect on nematode densities extracted by the BF. Scottnema lindsayae was the most abundant species recovered by all extraction methods, but recovery was significantly lower from stored soils. Thus, nematodes can be extracted qualitatively following frozen storage using SC, but quantitative studies of nematode populations should be based on soils extracted following field sampling.
Broiler Chickens and a Critique of the Epistemic Foundations of Animal Modification

Within this paper, I critique the history of the modification of the broiler chicken through selective breeding and possible future genetic modification. I utilize Margaret Atwood’s fictitious depiction of genetically engineered chickens, from her novel Oryx and Crake, in order to forward the argument that modifications that eliminate animal telos either move beyond the range of current ethical frameworks or can be ethically defended by them. I then utilize the work of feminist epistemologists to argue that understanding what it means to be a chicken shapes our conceptions of what modifications are or are not acceptable. Taking into account justifications stemming from practical knowledge when making ontological claims can help to shift our understanding of what animal modifications can or cannot be justified. The paper ends by addressing three possible problems brought about by accepting such justifications.
Lactic acid bacteria in murcha and ragi

Sixty-nine strains of bacteria isolated from murcha and ragi (amylase starters) were studied. These came from 14 different amylase starters from Java, Bali, and Nepal and were isolated from dilution plates incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Most belonged to Pediococcus, probably P. pentosaceus, and to Streptococcus faecalis. None were able to attack starch although they are used in starch fermentations. When inoculated on rice as pure cultures most of them failed to show visible growth unless yeasts and moulds were added at the same time. The roles of these bacteria are unknown but they may produce secondary products from the glucose formed by the amylolytic yeasts and moulds always found in the starters.