cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SDMA: On The Suitability for VANET

Medium access control (MAC) is critical for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). A real commercial VANET system has not come into the market. Different MAC schemes have been proposed to attempt to achieve the expected performance, such as bounded delay, high packet reception rate, security, etc. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is one of the VANET MAC proposals and has been theoretically investigated. However, it has not been studied whether SDMA is realistically feasible in VANET. In this paper, the suitability of SDMA for VANET is studied. The core mechanisms of the proposed SDMA and of the possible SDMA functions for VANET are analyzed and evaluated. Concerns upon practical implementation issues and theoretical limits are presented, based on which the conclusion of the unsuitability of SDMA for VANET is drawn.
Contamination removal from collector optics and masks : An essential step for next generation lithography

Tin is the preferred fuel in EUV sources due to its higher conversion efficiency (3%) compared to Xe (1%.) However, there are several critical challenges to overcome before Sn can be used. Sn is a condensable fuel, which deposits on nearby surfaces. The light is collected in this technology using reflective collector mirrors, which are placed near to the plasma pinch area. Collection efficiency of these mirrors and their ability to direct EUV light to the intermediate focus depends heavily on its reflectivity, which in turn depends on the surface morphology and composition. Tin contamination reduces the reflectivity of the mirror surfaces. High energy tin ions or neutrals, contaminate the surface, makes it rougher and also erode it away. Due to these effects mirrors would need to be changed frequently, which increases the cost of ownership. The Center for Plasma Material Interactions at the UIUC is expanding efforts to develop cleaning methods for Sn off of EUV compatible surfaces. Reactive ion etching methods are developed as an effective tool for this process. An in-house RIE chamber is used to investigate Sn etching by Ar/Cl 2 plasma. Gas flow rates, chuck bias, sample temperatures and the chamber geometries are being analyzed to optimize the etching. Results are very promising and encouraging towards an extended collector life time. Etch rates are measured for Sn and its selectivity is studied over SiO 2 and Ru, which shows that the method adopted at UIUC for Sn etching is a potential solution to this problem. Additional experiments for cleaning Sn off a mock collector mirror geometry, shows the potential to integrate this method in real technology.
Systems analysis of hybrid, multi-scale complex flow simulations using Newton-GMRES

We present a methodology to analyze the stationary states and stability of complex fluid flows by using hybrid, discrete, and/or continuum multi-scale simulations. Building on existing theories, our scheme extracts dynamical and equilibrium characteristics from carefully chosen time integrations of these multi-scale evolution equations. Two canonical problems are presented to demonstrate the ability and accuracy of the formalism. The first is an investigation of flow-induced transitions seen in homogeneous, hard- rod liquid crystal suspensions subjected to a linear shear flow. In the second problem, we study the phenomenon of draw resonance, a dynamical instability in an isothermal fiber-spinning process, by using a multi-scale hybrid simulation that incorporates both stochastic and continuum models.
NASA's swarm missions: the challenge of building autonomous software

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) introduces its new millenium mission class. Motivated by the need to gather more data than is possible with a single spacecraft, scientists have developed a new class of missions based on the efficiency and cooperative nature of a hive culture. The missions, aptly dubbed nanoswarm is a little more than mechanized colonies cooperating in their exploration of the solar system. Each swarm mission can have hundreds or even thousands of cooperating intelligent spacecraft that work in teams. One swarm mission under concept development for 2020 to 2030 is the autonomous nano technology swarm (ANTS). For software and systems development, this is uncharted territory that calls for revolutionary techniques.
Bollworm: Development in Relation to Temperature and Larval Food ,

Development of 2 strains of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), one from Tifton, GA and the other from Tucson, AZ, on 3 diets was similar at 12 constant temperatures between 15.6 and 34°C. Larvae developed most rapidly when they were fed a semisynthetic diet and more rapidly on corn than on cotton. Pupal development was similar for the 2 strains and the 3 foods. Duration of the adult stage of both sexes was determined at 6 constant temperatures between 15.6 and 36°C.
The complexity turn in educational linguistics

In the wake of conversations about integrating macro- and micro-levels of linguistic analysis over the last 50 years, and following theoretical and methodological debates in the 1990s about investigating the dynamics of entire social systems, complexity theory is coming of age in educational linguistics. Central to the application of complexity theory in social science is its attention to multiple scales of social organisation and how they are connected through the actions of individuals, with an emphasis on the unfolding of social processes rather than on cause–effect relationships. This provides us with a new perspective that is increasingly being adopted in the development and implementation of multilingual education throughout the world, as seen in the simultaneous management of linguistic resources across different scales – national, regional, community, classroom, and interpersonal.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: "key" regulators of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury is characterized by neuroinflammatory pathological sequelae which contribute to brain edema and delayed neuronal cell death. Until present, no specific pharmacological compound has been found, which attenuates these pathophysiological events and improves the outcome after head injury. Recent experimental studies suggest that targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may represent a new anti-inflammatory therapeutic concept for traumatic brain injury. PPARs are “key” transcription factors which inhibit NFκB activity and downstream transcription products, such as proinflammatory and proapoptotic cytokines. The present review outlines our current understanding of PPAR-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms in the injured brain and discusses potential future anti-inflammatory strategies for head-injured patients, with an emphasis on the putative beneficial combination therapy of synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., dexanabinol) with PPARα agonists (e.g., fenofibrate).
Machine learning-based automatic detection of pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary embolism is a common cardiovascular emergency with about 600,000 cases occurring annually and causing approximately 200,000 deaths in the US. CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has become the reference standard for PE diagnosis, but the interpretation of these large image datasets is made complex and time consuming by the intricate branching structure of the pulmonary vessels, a myriad of artifacts that may obscure or mimic PEs, and suboptimal bolus of contrast and inhomogeneities with the pulmonary arterial blood pool. To meet this challenge, several approaches for computer aided diagnosis of PE in CTPA have been proposed. However, none of these approaches is capable of detecting central PEs, distinguishing the pulmonary artery from the vein to effectively remove any false positives from the veins, and dynamically adapting to suboptimal contrast conditions associated the CTPA scans. To overcome these shortcomings, it requires highly efficient and accurate identification of the pulmonary trunk. For this very purpose, in this paper, we present a machine learning based approach for automatically detecting the pulmonary trunk. Our idea is to train a cascaded AdaBoost classifier with a large number of Haar features extracted from CTPA image samples, so that the pulmonary trunk can be automatically identified by sequentially scanning the CTPA images and classifying each encountered sub-image with the trained classifier. Our approach outperforms an existing anatomy-based approach, requiring no explicit representation of anatomical knowledge and achieving a nearly 100% accuracy tested on a large number of cases.
Treatment of os odontoideum in a patient with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy

Severe atlantoaxial instability due to os odontoideum in a patient with spastic cerebral palsy has not been well described. There is no consensus on treatment, particularly with regard to conservative or surgical options. Our patient was a 9-year-old girl with spastic cerebral palsy and unstable os odontoideum as an incidental finding. During the waiting period for elective surgical treatment, the patient developed respiratory compromise. Surgery was performed to reduce the subluxation and for C1–C2 arthrodesis and the girl regained baseline respiratory function. A CT scan was obtained 1 year after the initial surgery and revealed adequate maintenance of reduction and patency of the spinal canal. This patient highlights the fact that unstable os odontoideum can cause mortality due to respiratory distress in patients with spastic cerebral palsy. This is an important factor in deciding treatment options for cerebral palsy patients with low functional demand. We review the relevant literature.
THE ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT PROGRAM CLOUD RADARS : OPERATIONAL MODES

Abstract During the past decade, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, has supported the development of several millimeter-wavelength radars for the study of clouds. This effort has culminated in the development and construction of a 35-GHz radar system by the Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Radar systems based on the NOAA ETL design are now operating at the DOE ARM Southern Great Plains central facility in central Oklahoma and the DOE ARM North Slope of Alaska site near Barrow, Alaska. Operational systems are expected to come online within the next year at the DOE ARM tropical western Pacific sites located at Manus, Papua New Guinea, and Nauru. In order for these radars to detect the full range of atmospheric hydrometeors, specific modes of operation must be implemented on them that are tuned to accurately detect the reflectivities of specific types of hydrometeors. The set...
Development of scanned focussed ultrasound hyperthermia: Clinical response evaluation clinical response evaluation

Abstract Selective heating of irregularly shaped tumors at depth can now be accomplished through focussing and controlled scanning of energy deposition patterns by ultrasound. A scanned focussed ultrasound (SFUS) hyperthermia system developed at the University of Arizona has been used to deliver 220 treatments to 87 tumors in 71 patients with extracranial malignancies between October 1986 and May 1990. Patients received an average of three SFUS hyperthermia treatments, spaced weekly, during ongoing fractionated radiotherapy. The most common anatomic sites treated were the pelvis (22 patients), chest wall or breast (14), neck (8), and axilla (7), while the most common histologies were adenocarcinoma (36), squamous cell carcinoma (11), and melanoma (10). Concurrent radiotherapy was delivered (range 1000–7640 cGy, mean 4320 cGy) to 67 SFUS hyperthermia patients; 4 received concomitant chemotherapy. Tumor volumes ranged from 1–2100 cubic centimeters (mean 325 cc), and 75% were located at depths > 3 cm from skin. A 62% overall response rate was observed, with 22% of treated tumors demonstrating a complete response (defined as complete disappearance of treated tumor), and 40% exhibiting a partial response (defined as >- 50% reduction in tumor volume). Dramatic local pain reduction was achieved in 42% of the tumors treated. The acute tolerance of SFUS hyperthermia was quite good, and chronic toxicities (persistent skin blisters/burns) were identified in two patients. The versatility of the SFUS system is discussed, as well as its future potential for improving control of advanced loco-regional malignancies treated with curative intent.
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on a 244 Line by 188 Element Charge Injection Device Imager

The total dose effects of gamma radiation on an unhardened 244 line by 188 element charge injection device (CID) imager have been investigated. Key device parameters were monitored and the primary failure mechanisms identified. The operating parameters which are compatible with the largest possible total dose tolerance were determined.
A gold nanocage–CNT hybrid for targeted imaging and photothermal destruction of cancer cells

This communication reports the design of a novel aptamer conjugated gold nanocage decorated SWCNTs hybrid nanomaterial for targeted imaging and selective photothermal destruction of the prostate cancer cells.
Architectures For Parallel Image Processing

Images taken by airborne and laboratory sensors have been used for many purposes including autonomous guidance, robot vision, medical diagnosis, automated inspection and automated measurements. Scene recognition operations are relatively costly in computing time due to the large amount of data needed to be analyzed. To obtain real-time operations, image processing and scene recognition can be done with several microprocessors operating in parallel. Since many of the operations are repetitive in nature, the use of multipro-cessors can greatly enhance the speed of operations. Architectures of several multiprocessor systems capable of performing image processing and scene matchingare described. The design of a new architecture is also described. This system is designed to take advantages of computing capability of a single stream/multi-data stream structure and the architectural simplicity of a pipeline computer.
Prediction and Hindsight as Confirmatory Evidence

The central concept of Carnap’s probabilistic theory of induction is a triadic relation, c(h, e), the probability or degree of confirmation of the hypothesis, h, on evidence, e. The relation is a purely logical one. The value of c can be computed from a knowledge of h, of e, of the structure of the language, and of the inductive rule to be employed [1 and 2].
Hurting Stalemate or Mediation? The Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, 1990-95*

The impacts of six attempts to mediate the conflict over the political status of Nagorno-Karabakh in the Caucasus region of the former Soviet Union were compared. Each mediation was intended to get the direct parties - Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh - to the negotiating table. Nearly 4,000 events were recorded for a six-year period from 1990 through 1995. Each event was coded in terms of a six-step scale ranging from a significant action toward peace (+3) to substantial violence directed at an adversary (-3). Time-series analyses of changes in the extent of violence showed no change from before to after any of the mediations. A significant change did occur, however, between the months preceding and following the period of intensive combat between April 1993 and February 1994. These results support the hypothesis that a mutually hurting stalemate is a condition for negotiating a ceasefire and reduced violence between warring parties. A number of theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Ranked retrieval with semantic networks and vector spaces

The equivalence of semantic networks with spreading activation and vector spaces with dot product is investigated under ranked retrieval. Semantic networks are viewed as networks of concepts organized in terms of abstraction and packaging relations. It is shown that the two models can be effectively constructed from each other. A formal method is suggested to analyze the models in terms of their relative performance in the same universe of objects.
The functions of attributions.

Four functions that attributions fulfill for the attributor are catalogued and described. Explanatory attributions promote an understanding of the social world through implicit attribution theories; predictive attributions facilitate the development of expectations concerning the likelihood offuture events; egocentric attributions meet self needs and reduce anxiety; and interpersonal attributions provide for the communication of social identity information to others. The importance of considering the functions of attributions is considered, and the implications of the functions approach for attributional asymmetries, the causelreason distinction, and arguments regarding the accessibility of higher-order cognitive processes are noted.
Development of supersensitivity of apomorphine-induced increases in acetylcholine levels and stereotypy after chronic fluphenazine treatment

Abstract Dopamine agonists administered systemically produce an increase in striatal levels of acetylcholine (ACh). Possible development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity after neuroleptic treatment was studied by measurement of apomorphine (APO)-induced increase in ACh levels in the striatum and olfactory tubercle. Apomorphine-induced Stereotypic behaviour was also measured. Rats received a single subcutaneous injection of either sesame seed oil vehicle or fluphenazine (FLU) decanoate (10mg kg−1), a long-acting neuroleptic preparation. After 14 days, rats received APO intraperitoneally, in various doses (0.03–1.0 mg kg−1). Fifteen minutes later, brain tissue was rapidly fixed by microwave irradiation, dissected, and ACh levels determined by means of gas chromatography. Acetylcholine levels were 75nmol g−1 in olfactory tubercle and 70 nmol g−1 in striatum. Apomorphine treatment resulted in dose-dependent increases of ACh level in both regions. Apomorphine-induced increases were greater in rats pretreated with FLU than in controls. Using 0.1 mg kg−1 APO, the higher striatal ACh-elevating effect found 14 days after FLU treatment was also present 21 days, but not 27 days after FLU treatment. At 21 days after subcutaneous injection, 0.25 mg kg−1 APO induced significantly greater Stereotypic behaviour in FLU-treated rats than in controls. Thus. FLU treatment led to an apparent temporary supersensitivity of APO-induced increases in ACh levels and stereotypic behaviour.
Problem behaviors in later portions of officers' careers

Purpose – The aim of this study is to investigate whether police problem behaviors decline over time as officers gain experience, or whether they rise again as officers approach or pass the typical year of retirement.Design/methodology/approach – Research hypotheses were tested examining mean citizen complaint rates by years of experience, for a cohort of officers for a 14‐year period at the aggregate level, and a semi‐parametric, group‐based approach at the individual level, to estimate developmental trajectories of officers who follow similar pathways over time.Findings – While at the aggregate level rates of citizen complaints steadily decline between years 4 and 23, there were three trajectories underlying this aggregate pattern. These trajectories differed in terms of their magnitude, but all exhibit a general decline over time, except for the most problematic group. For this group, problem behaviors began to rise between years 16 and 23.Research limitations/implications – This study relies on citize...
Noise and context-dependent memory

Thirty-five undergraduate volunteers were presented with four lists of 28 words each. The words were presented via slide projector for 3 sec each, and subjects were given 90 sec after each list to recall as many words as possible. Two of the lists were presented under normal background (55-dB) noise conditions, and the other two with 95-dB(A) noise present. Recall for one of the 55-dB and one of the 95-dB lists was at 55 dB, and recall for the other two lists was at 95 dB. Results indicated that noise during initial exposure to the word lists impaired subsequent recall, but that noise during recall neither impaired nor enhanced performance.
Nitrosonium-Catalyzed Decomposition of S-Nitrosothiols in Solution: A Theoretical and Experimental Study

The decomposition of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) in solution under oxidative conditions is significantly faster than can be accounted for by homolysis of the S-N bond. Here we propose a cationic chain mechanism in which nitrosation of nitrosothiol produces a nitrosated cation that, in turn, reacts with a second nitrosothiol to produce nitrosated disulfide and the NO dimer. The nitrosated disulfide acts as a source of nitrosonium for nitrosothiol nitrosation, completing the catalytic cycle. The mechanism accounts for several unexplained facets of nitrosothiol chemistry in solution, including the observation that the decomposition of an RSNO is accelerated by O(2), mixtures of O(2) and NO, and other oxidants, that decomposition is inhibited by thiols and other antioxidants, that decomposition is dependent on sulfur substitution, and that decomposition often shows nonintegral kinetic orders.
Work hardening in face-centered substitutional alloys

Abstract The existing experimental data on the mechanical properties of single crystals of the face-centered cubic substitutional alloys are reviewed. It is shown that the data can be understood by supposing that source hardening and impurity hardening are important whereas interaction hardening is not. The free length distribution of dislocations is found to be essentially independent of concentration. A process which is shown to be important for alloys is that by which a new slip band reduces the impurity stresses in its neighbourhood. It is suggested that vacancy and interstitial production can explain the results. Several experiments are suggested.
Forced turning induced by toluene

Abstract Repeated daily toluene inhalation produces circling in rats. This effect may be specific to toluence since xylene fails to elicit turning. The turning follows toluence nhalation and is not associated with histological lesions of the brain. Forced circling can be reestablished more rapidly 15 days after last toluene inhalation than 21 or 34 days thereafter These latter conditions require about as many exposures to toluene as were required to institute turning originally.
Wholesale operations and vendor evaluation

Abstract A set of contextual variables affecting wholesalers' evaluation of vendors is examined empirically. The study is conducted on 148 U.S. and Canadian wholesalers that participated in a survey, with an overall response rate of 5.5%. The wholesalers in the sample vary considerably in terms of size and primary industry. Five factors that impact wholesaling logistical operations are identified: 1) forecasting/efficiency, which addresses regularity of demand; 2) supplier/internal communications, which addresses inbound intrafirm shipments; 3) computers/measurement, or the internal communications linkages of the operations subsystem; 4) leveling, which is concerned with the irregularity of demand; 5) transportation, which addresses outbound shipments to customers. Transportation is the most important factor, since it is related to 12 of 17 supplier evaluation criteria, including price, service quality, and on-time delivery.
Phosphorus regeneration in fresh-water paramecia.

SYNOPSIS Turnover rates of soluble phosphorus (P) by Paramecium multimicronucleatum were compared under 3 temperature regimes. Phosphorus uptake by this heterotroph was almost completely dependent on consumption of bacteria rather than direct uptake of soluble 32PO4. Phosphorus uptake rates by P. bursaria when in its autotrophic state (a symbiotic relationship with zoochlorellae) and when in its heterotrophic (bacteria feeding) state were also compared. Paramecium bursaria showed a much higher uptake of P when large numbers of labeled bacteria were present than when they were absent. Phosphorus turnover rates by P. bursaria were determined and compared with those of P. multimicronucleatum. These ciliates showed remarkably rapid turnover rates for soluble P. In each case turnover rates were universely related to biomass. Ciliates, although small, have very high metabolic rates and therefore may be important for nutrient regeneration in our fresh-water lakes, streams, and ponds.
The effects of mental illness on families within faith communities

The present study examined the experiences and values of families caring for a mentally ill loved one within the context of a Christian faith community. Participants (n = 5899) in 24 churches representing four Protestant denominations completed a survey describing their family's stresses, strengths, faith practices, and desires for assistance from the congregation. Results showed mental illness in 27% of families, with those families reporting twice as many stressors on average. In addition, families with mental illness scored lower on measures of family strength and faith practices. Analysis of desires for assistance found that help with mental illness was a priority for those families affected by it, but ignored by others in the congregation. These results suggest that mental illness is not only prevalent in church communities, but is accompanied by significant distress that often goes unnoticed. Partnerships between mental health providers and congregations may help to raise awareness in the church com...
Molecular weight and temperature dependence of intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions

Abstract The molecular weight and temperature dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions have been predicted by combining the calculated radius of gyration, RG, and hydrodynamic radius, RH, with either the static empirical approach of Mandelkern—Flory or the dynamic argument of Weill—des Cloizeaux. It is found that experimental results can be successfully represented by the dynamic model for a range of five decades of molecular weight and temperature. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental data at N ⋍ N т reveals the crudeness of the discontinuity at the temperature cut-off assumed by current temperature blob theory.
Hemiretinal differences in face recognition: Accuracy versus reaction time

Abstract A face-recognition task involving monocular presentation of laterally displaced stimuli yielded a nasal hemiretinal advantage for reaction time for correct identifications, but a temporal hemiretinal advantage for accuracy ( d ′). These hemiretinal effects, in conjunction with eye dominance, could in principle distort or obscure interpretations of hemispheric processing differences obtained with binocular stimulation.
Rewarding periaqueductal gray stimulation disrupts long-term memory for passive avoidance learning.

Rats were given a single footshock while licking a water tube and were tested 24 hr later for retention of the footshock experience. Post-trial application of rewarding stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) resulted in a time-dependent disruption in retention of the footshock experience. In contrast, neutral stimulation of the PAG had no effect upon long-term retention, while punishing stimulation produced a facilitatory effect. Additional experiments ruled out the possibility that the disruptive effects of rewarding PAG stimulation were (a) due to a direct interference with consolidation in that a reminder footshock reinstated the memory for the aversive experience or (b) due to interference with the pain input system via perhaps the release of endogenous opiates in that post-trial injections of morphine into the PAG did not alter long-term retention for passive avoidance learning and intracranial injections of naloxone into the PAG did not alter the rate of self-stimulation of the PAG region. Instead, it is proposed that rewarding PAG stimulation represents a detectable experience which competes with the consolidation and/or retrieval of the original memory and subsequently impairs long-term retention for passive avoidance training.
A Catalan triangle

We develop an arithmetic triangle similar to Pascal's triangle. The entries are interpreted in terms of numbers of pairs of nonintersecting paths in the first quadrant. The main applications are results about the Catalan numbers and various random walk problems.
Interpreting ethnic fragmentation effects

Abstract Ethnic fragmentation indices, originally developed by linguists, have become increasingly commonplace in empirical economics. This note derives an interpretation for ethnic fragmentation effects based on a model of differential altruism, and reports the implications for empirical specifications.
Three-Dimensional Unilateral Frictionless Contact Problem for Finite Bodies

The numerical solution of the three dimensional frictionless contact problem is obtained by means of a boundary element discretization of a variational inequality and its related extremum principle. The discretization leads to a finite dimensional quadratic programming problem, solved by a modification of the gradient profection method. the associated Green's funciton is approximated using a standard direct boundary element procedure
The once and future experience of the California coastal conservancy

Abstract This paper examines the activities of the California State Coastal Conservancy. It will examine the agency's procedures and identify those factors critical to its success. Finally, suggestions for improvements in its operations are given.
Prevalence of Atypical Chest Pain Descriptions in a Population from the Southern United States

Introduction The character of chest pain (CP) is a major factor determining triage and admission for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Previous studies have found atypical descriptions in as little as 10–15% of patients with true myocardial ischemic pain. Atypical descriptions may be more prevalent in the Deep South of the United States because of cultural differences in the semantic description of pain.
Generalized Lambert Series Identities

We present two infinite families of generalized Lambert series identities, and deduce several known identities from them. They include an identity due to M. Jackson, a corollary of Ramanujan's $_1\psi_1$-summation formula, and a recent identity of G. E. Andrews, R. P. Lewis and Z.-G. Liu.
A New Means To Identify Type 3 Secreted Effectors: Functionally Interchangeable Class IB Chaperones Recognize a Conserved Sequence

ABSTRACT Many Gram-negative bacteria utilize specialized secretion systems to inject proteins (effectors) directly into host cells. Little is known regarding how bacteria ensure that only small subsets of the thousands of proteins they encode are recognized as substrates of the secretion systems, limiting their identification through bioinformatic analyses. Many of these proteins require chaperones to direct their secretion. Here, using the newly described protein interaction platform assay, we demonstrate that type 3 secretion system class IB chaperones from one bacterium directly bind their own effectors as well as those from other species. In addition, we observe that expression of class IB homologs from seven species, including pathogens and endosymbionts, mediate the translocation of effectors from Shigella directly into host cells, demonstrating that class IB chaperones are often functionally interchangeable. Notably, class IB chaperones bind numerous effectors. However, as previously proposed, they are not promiscuous; rather they recognize a defined sequence that we designate the conserved chaperone-binding domain (CCBD) sequence [(LMIF)1XXX(IV)5XX(IV)8X(N)10]. This sequence is the first defined amino acid sequence to be identified for any interspecies bacterial secretion system, i.e., a system that delivers proteins directly into eukaryotic cells. This sequence provides a new means to identify substrates of type III secretion systems. Indeed, using a pattern search algorithm for the CCBD sequence, we have identified the first two probable effectors from an endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius. IMPORTANCE Many Gram-negative pathogens utilize type 3 secretion systems to deliver tens of effectors into host cells. In order to understand the diverse ways that these organisms cause disease, it is necessary to identify their effectors, many of which require chaperones to be secreted. Here we establish that class IB chaperones are not promiscuous, as previously proposed, but rather recognize a conserved effector sequence. We demonstrate that pattern search algorithms based on this defined sequence can be used to identify previously unknown effectors. Furthermore, we observe that class IB chaperones from at least seven bacterial species are functionally interchangeable. Not only do they bind and mediate the delivery of their own set of effectors into host cells but they also bind to type 3 substrates from other bacteria, suggesting that inhibitors that block chaperone-effector interactions could provide a novel means to effectively treat infections due to Gram-negative pathogens, including organisms resistant to currently available antibiotics.
Activity-independent homeostasis in rhythmically active neurons.

Abstract The shal gene encodes the transient potassium current (I A ) in neurons of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Overexpression of Shal by RNA injection into neurons produces a large increase in I A , but surprisingly little change in the neuron's firing properties. Accompanying the increase in I A is a dramatic and linearly correlated increase in the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I h ). The enhanced I h electrophysiologically compensates for the enhanced I A , since pharmacological blockade of I h uncovers the physiological effects of the increased I A . Expression of a nonfunctional mutant Shal also induces a large increase in I h , demonstrating a novel activity-independent coupling between the Shal protein and I h enhancement. Since I A and I h influence neuronal activity in opposite directions, our results suggest a selective coregulation of these channels as a mechanism for constraining cell activity within appropriate physiological parameters.
Outlier Detection in Smart Environment Structured Power Datasets

Household electricity consumption is a direct contributor to household expenses. Electricity acts as a backbone for a strong economy [1]. The rise in the energy consumption is clearly observed in this past decade, and so is the rise in the need for energy efficiency and conservation [2]. Monitoring power consumption by using various devices and instruments is on the rise; however a smart environment scenario needs more than just real-time monitoring. The need for identifying abnormal power consumption is clearly present. In this paper, we introduce our work on building novel outlier detection algorithms which uses statistical techniques to identify outliers and anomalies in power datasets collected in smart environments. We also experiment clustering techniques on the same dataset and report the results found.
Use of Bone Morphogenic Protein-7 as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder resulting from breakdown of articular cartilage. Previous work has shown bone morphogenic protein-7 has a potential protective effect on cartilage during the development of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone morphogenic protein-7 could decrease the amount of cartilage degradation in preexisting osteoarthritis. The rabbit ACLT model was used as a model of osteoarthritis. Bone morphogenic protein-7 was delivered via Alzet osmotic pump to the joint 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection; thus cartilage injury was preexisting. The experimental group showed less cartilage degradation than the controls, with an average Outerbridge score of 1.9 versus 2.6 for the controls. Histomorphometry showed a trend toward less cartilage degradation in the bone morphogenic protein-7 group when compared with controls. Semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed a considerably greater expression of aggrecan in the bone morphogenic protein-7-treated cartilage when compared with controls and less expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-13, important catabolic mediators. The synovial tissue of the experimental group also showed considerably less expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-13, and aggrecanase. These results indicate bone morphogenic protein-7 may reduce degradation of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis.
Sociophysiology 25 years ago: early perspectives of an emerging discipline now part of social neuroscience

Sociophysiology was a term used early in the history of sociology and then again 25 years ago to describe interactions between the "social" and the "biological" worlds. Social scientists had largely viewed biology and the brain as a "black box" that was not an active aspect of their work or theories. A landmark, unpublished conference in 1986 brought together social scientists and biologists dedicated to the idea that bringing sociological conceptualizations and approaches together with those of physiology might create new ways to understand human behavior. The umbrella question for sociophysiology was dual: how do social processes impact the physiology of the organism, and how does that altered physiology affect future social behavior? This paper summarizes that conference with the goal of providing a glimpse into the early history of social neuroscience and to demonstrate the variety of individuals and interests that were present at the emergence of this new field. The late Patricia R. Barchas organized and chaired the conference.
Deep brain stimulation in benign tremulous parkinsonism.

Background Benign tremulous parkinsonism (BTP) is characterized by prominent resting plus action tremor, mild parkinsonism with limited disability or progression apart from tremor, and a less-robust response to levodopa therapy. This disorder has an uncertain pathophysiologic relationship to idiopathic Parkinson disease. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) should be efficacious for this condition, but there is no previously published experience. Objectives To assess the clinical outcomes and surgical complications of patients with BTP who underwent DBS. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Patients Twelve men and 3 women with BTP who underwent DBS for levodopa-refractory tremor. Main Outcome Measures Tremor status after DBS, preoperative vs postoperative scores on the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor scale, and the presence of adverse events. Results Of the 15 patients, 8 underwent unilateral thalamic nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM), 4 bilateral VIM, and 3 bilateral subthalamic nucleus DBS. At last follow-up at a median of 4 years post-DBS, 7 patients were tremor free, 6 had only trace tremor, and 2 were definitely improved but with residual tremor. The median preoperative Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor scale score was 17 (range, 11-21); the tremor scale score at the last videotaped follow-up was 1 (range, 0-6). Median time between the 2 videotapes was 11.5 months (range, 3-14 months). No patients experienced adverse events after the surgical procedure. Conclusions These findings support the efficacy of DBS, with VIM and STN targets, in medically refractory BTP-related tremor. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term durability of response and to better compare the surgical targets.
Work and Life Strategies of Professionals in Biotechnology Firms

Career issues of professionals working in the biotechnology industry give insight into work and life strategies of the future. Through in-depth case studies, we explore commonalities and differences between men and women. We examine individual and organizational factors that serve as barriers or enablers to full integration of work and life issues. The structure of the professionals' work itself contributes to new constructions of the employment relation and to the very concept of career in these firms. The old employment contract no longer concerns employment alone (since key workplace decisions have implications for family life, and vice versa), nor is it clearly any longer a contract, but rather an emergent, ever changing interactive set of adaptations. We argue that this requires a new conception of career, which is more fluid, more adaptable to different life stages and needs, and more variable than the traditional conception.
Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice have impaired innate immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes in vivo

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) influences both innate and acquired immunity in cultured cells. To determine whether apoE affects the immune system in vivo, Listeria monocytogenes (LM) was administered intraperitoneally (10(4) c.f.u.) to congenic C57BL/6 apoE-/- and +/+ mice (n = 12 in each group). Survival was assessed daily for 5 days. Deficiency of apoE significantly increased death by day 5 (P = 0.03). The majority of deaths occurred at day 4. Extent of infection after LM administration was assessed at day 3 by determining colony counts in hepatic and splenic extracts. ApoE+/+ mice had very low colony counts in both spleen and liver [mean +/- SE: 2.0 +/- 0.5 and 0.7 +/- 0.2 (x 10(4)), respectively, n = 8 in each group]; while apoE-/- mice had significantly increased counts in both spleen and liver [64 +/- 51 and 98 +/- 93 (x 10(4)), P = 0.05 and 0.03]. Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha were significantly increased in apoE-/- mice at day 3 compared to apoE+/+ mice (127 +/- 43 pg/ml versus 20 +/- 17, P = 0.003). LM induced more hepatic damage in apoE-/- mice compared to apoE+/+ mice as judged by increased serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase at day 1 (apoE-/- 301 +/- 45 U/ml, apoE+/+ 101 +/- 9 U/ml, P = 0.01). The increased proliferation and mortality from LM in apoE-/- mice occurred prior to the initiation of acquired immune responses. Therefore, apoE-deficient mice have an impaired innate response to infection by LM.
Methylation segments are not required for chemotactic signalling by cytoplasmic fragments of Tsr, the methyl-accepting serine chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli.

Summary The serine chemoreceptor Tsr and other methylaccepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) control the swimming behaviour of Escherichia coli by generating signals that influence the direction of flagellar rotation. MCPs produce clockwise (CW) signals by stimulating the autophosphorylation activity of CheA, a cytoplasmic histidine kinase, and counterclockwise signals by inhibiting CheA. CheW couples CheA to chemoreceptor control by promoting formation of MCP/CheW/CheA ternary complexes. To identify MCP structural determinants essential for CheA stimulation, we inserted fragments of the tsr coding region into an inducible expression vector and used a swimming contest called ‘pseudotaxis’ to select for transformant cells carrying CW-signalling plasmids. The shortest active fragment we found, Tsr (350‐470), stimulated CheA in a CheW-dependent manner, as full-length Tsr molecules do. It spans a highly conserved ‘core’ (370‐420) that probably specifies the CheA and CheW contact sites and other determinants needed for stimulatory control of CheA. Tsr (350‐470) also carries portions of the left and right arms flanking the core, which probably play roles in regulating MCP signalling state. However, this Tsr fragmentlacksall of the methylation sitescharacteristic of MCP molecules, indicating that methylation segments are not essential for generating receptor output signals.
Palestinian Refugee Resettlement: Lessons from the East Ghor Canal Project:

1. Purpose and method The problem of the Palestinian refugees is a major obstacle to peace in the Middle East. Israel argues that the refugees should be resettled somewhere in the Arab world, since it took in equivalent numbers of Jews from Iraq, Morocco, Yemen, and the other Arab countries.' But the Arabs insist that the refugees should be repatriated rather than resettled, since they have a historic right to the land and left it only because of Zionist terrorism in 1948.2 Although they stress the refugees' attachment to Palestine, the Arabs seem to fear what the Israelis assume: that refugee resettlement will reduce the refugees' desire to return to their homes. The purpose of this study is to test this assumption, i.e. to determine whether or not refugee resettlement does in fact reduce the refgees' attachment to Palestine, through an analysis of the East Ghor Canal project. This project was, prior to its abandonment soon after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the largest refugee resettlement project in the Arab world. The question is whether or not it was successful. Did it raise the refugees' levels of productivity and income? If so, did ft reduce their desire to return to their homes? If not, why not? What lessons can be learned about refugee resettlement from an analysis of the East Ghor Canal project? Data to answer these questions will be drawn primarily from a survey research project which I directed in 1966, five years after the opening of the Canal.3 Of the total sample of 278 respondents drawn from the first section of the project at least 216 were Palestinian refugees.4 Of these, 71 were project farmers and 145 were nonproject farmers. All interviewing was done in Arabic, by two trained and experienced Palestinian interviewers, under my direct supervision. These survey data were supplemented with information from a variety of sources: interviews with Jordanian administrators and their American advisors, research in the UNRWA archives in Jerusalem and the files of both the USAID mission and the East Ghor Canal Authority in Amman, and six months of anthropological field work in the project area.
Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Reduces Microglial and Astroglial Inflammatory Responses

Upon activation, microglia and astrocytes produce a number of proinflammatory molecules that participate in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative disorders. This study explores the anti-inflammatory property of cinnamon metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) in microglia and astrocytes. NaB, but not sodium formate, was found to inhibit LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) and surface markers (CD11b, CD11c, and CD68) in mouse microglia. Similarly, NaB also inhibited fibrillar amyloid beta (Abeta)-, prion peptide-, double-stranded RNA (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid)-, HIV-1 Tat-, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(+)-, IL-1beta-, and IL-12 p40(2)-induced microglial expression of iNOS. In addition to microglia, NaB also suppressed the expression of iNOS in mouse peritoneal macrophages and primary human astrocytes. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by NaB suggests that NaB exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of NF-kappaB. Although NaB reduced the level of cholesterol in vivo in mice, reversal of the inhibitory effect of NaB on iNOS expression, and NF-kappaB activation by hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, mevalonate, and farnesyl pyrophosphate, but not cholesterol and ubiquinone, suggests that depletion of intermediates, but not end products, of the mevalonate pathway is involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of NaB. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an inhibitor of p21(ras) farnesyl protein transferase suppressed the expression of iNOS, that activation of p21(ras) alone was sufficient to induce the expression of iNOS, and that NaB suppressed the activation of p21(ras) in microglia. These results highlight a novel anti-inflammatory role of NaB via modulation of the mevalonate pathway and p21(ras).
Private Women/Public Acts: Petticoat Government and the Performance of Resistance

Feminists in 19th-century America performed their politics by storming taverns, holding mock elections at polling sites, and lecturing in public. These performances exacerbated fears concerning the “Woman Question” as antebellum feminists exposed gender as ritualized acts and employed performativity as a way to enact their resistance.