cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Heating at Tissue Interfaces

A number of investigators have observed localized heating by ultrasound near impedance discontinuities within tissues. It was hypothesized that mode conversion to shear waves at impedance discontinuities and subsequent absorption of these waves in a very small distance was the explanation for this heating. To test this hypothesis preliminary measurements of the shear acoustic properties of soft tissues at low megahertz frequencies were made. At these frequencies soft tissues are viscosity dominated, but the viscosities are orders of magnitude below those reported at lower frequencies. The low viscosities result in low velocities and extremely high absorption coefficients for shear waves in tissue. A mathematical model for mode conversion at a plane interface between two viscoelastic media was developed. Longitudinal and shear properties of tissue were then used to calculate the amount of mode conversion at tissue-air and tissue-water interfaces. It was found that negligible energy was converted to the shear mode.
Sam Shepard’s Buried Child: Unearthing the Family Drama

Sam Shepard’s Pulitzer Prize–winning Buried Child (1977; revised 1997) resonates so strongly with twentieth-century U.S. literature that it seems to emerge from the earthy, Illinois soil echoing im...
Left atrial and left atrial appendage 4D blood flow dynamics in atrial fibrillation

Background— Atrial 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging was used for the characterization of left atrial (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA) flow dynamics in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and Results— 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging measured in vivo 3D blood flow velocities in 60 AF patients and 15 controls. Anatomic maps of LA and LAA stasis and velocity were calculated to quantify atrial peak velocity, mean velocity, and stasis (velocities <0.1 m/s). In a substudy with 30 AF patients, 4D flow metrics were compared with Doppler transesophageal echocardiography. For all 15 controls, LAA mean and peak velocities were consistently lower (by 21%/12%; P <0.001) while LAA stasis was higher (by 58%; P <0.001) compared with the LA. In contrast, lower LAA velocity and increased LAA stasis were only found in a fraction (38 of 60) of AF patients. In AF patients, increased CHA2DS2-VASc score was associated with significantly ( P <0.043) reduced LA velocities and elevated stasis. There was a heterogeneous expression of atrial flow dynamics, and 25% to 68% of AF patients demonstrated flow in the normal range: 25%/68% for LA/LAA stasis and 38%/60% for LA/LAA peak velocities. Transesophageal echocardiography velocities modestly but significantly ( P <0.05) correlated with 4D flow–based LA velocities ( r =0.41) and stasis ( r =−0.39). Conclusions— AF resulted in overall impaired but individually variable flow dynamics in both the LA and LAA. AF patients demonstrated atrial flow in the normal range, despite elevated CHA2DS2-VASc score.
Methodological and Topic Trends in JGITM: A 10-Year Retrospect

The Journal of Global Information Technology Management (JGITM) is an established journal, in its nineteenth year, and is a premier outlet for publishing research on global issues of information te...
Comparison of Opioid Prescribing Patterns in the United States and Japan: Primary Care Physicians' Attitudes and Perceptions

INTRODUCTION Far fewer opioids are prescribed in Japan than in the United States. METHODS We conducted an online physician survey assessing attitudes and perceptions that might influence prescribing. A Japanese version was distributed to members of the Japan Primary Care Association and an English version to members of the American Academy of Family Physicians practicing in Oregon. RESULTS We received 461 Japanese responses and 198 from the United States, though overall response rates were low (Japan: 10.1%, United States: 18.5%). Japanese respondents reported far less opioid prescribing than US respondents, especially for acute pain (acute pain: 49.4% vs 97.0%; chronic pain: 63.7% vs 90.9%; P < .001 for both). Almost half of respondents from both countries indicated that patient expectations and satisfaction were important factors that influence prescribing. US respondents were significantly more likely to identify medical indication and legal expectation as reasons to prescribe opioids for acute pain. Most US respondents (95.4%) thought opioids were used too often, versus 6.6% of Japanese respondents. CONCLUSIONS Lower opioid use was reported in Japan, especially for acute pain, which may help minimize long-term use. Patient expectations and satisfaction seem to influence opioid prescribing in both countries. The United States could learn from Japanese regulatory and cultural perspectives.
BMP and Beyond: A 25-Year Historical Review of Translational Spine Research at Emory University

A high rate of symptomatic spinal pseudoarthrosis and a wide range of complications associated with the use of iliac crest bone graft (the gold standard) have prompted the spine surgery community to seek alternative options to promote spinal fusion. Emory University has been one of the global leaders in this endeavor. This invited review covers the last 25 years of Emory's contributions to translational spine research, focusing specifically on our work with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and the BMP signaling pathway. As a result of this work, recombinant human BMP-2 is the only Food and Drug Administration approved biologic bone graft substitute. It has been shown to significantly increase spinal fusion rates across the spinal column because of its potent ability to stimulate local bone formation through the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells. This review covers our development of animal models of spinal fusion, our body of work regarding the translation of BMP from the benchtop to the clinic, the discovery of LMP-1 and strategies to enhance cellular responsiveness to BMPs, and the design of various small molecule drugs that can enhance local bone formation.
The Role of BMI in Hip Fracture Surgery.

Introduction:Obesity is an oft-cited cause of surgical morbidity and many institutions require extensive supplementary screening for obese patients prior to surgical intervention. However, in the e...
Characterization of Cell Boundary and Confocal Effects Improves Quantitative FRAP Analysis

Abstract Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is an important tool used by cell biologists to study the diffusion and binding kinetics of vesicles, proteins, and other molecules in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or cell membrane. Although many FRAP models have been developed over the past decades, the influence of the complex boundaries of 3D cellular geometries on the recovery curves, in conjunction with regions of interest and optical effects (imaging, photobleaching, photoswitching, and scanning), has not been well studied. Here, we developed a 3D computational model of the FRAP process that incorporates particle diffusion, cell boundary effects, and the optical properties of the scanning confocal microscope, and validated this model using the tip-growing cells of Physcomitrella patens . We then show how these cell boundary and optical effects confound the interpretation of FRAP recovery curves, including the number of dynamic states of a given fluorophore, in a wide range of cellular geometries—both in two and three dimensions—namely nuclei, filopodia, and lamellipodia of mammalian cells, and in cell types such as the budding yeast, Saccharomyces pombe , and tip-growing plant cells. We explored the performance of existing analytical and algorithmic FRAP models in these various cellular geometries, and determined that the VCell VirtualFRAP tool provides the best accuracy to measure diffusion coefficients. Our computational model is not limited only to these cells types, but can easily be extended to other cellular geometries via the graphical Java-based application we also provide. This particle-based simulation—called the Digital Confocal Microscopy Suite or DCMS—can also perform fluorescence dynamics assays, such as number and brightness, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and raster image correlation spectroscopy, and could help shape the way these techniques are interpreted.
LAD in Autoregression

This chapter is devoted to stationary, kth order autoregressions $$ {X_n} = {a_0} + {a_1}{X_{n - 1}} + \ldots + {a_k}{X_{n - k}} + {U_n} $$ (1) where...,U-1,U0,U1,... is an i.i.d. sequence of random variables. The first question that arises is: what conditions on a and the Ui will assure that there actually exists a stationary sequence {Xi} satisfying (1)? Using (1) recursively for Xn-1 in (1), then again for Xn-2, etc., one obtains after N substitutions, $$ {X_n} = d(N) + \sum\limits_{j = 0}^N {{b_j}{U_{n - 1}}} + \sum\limits_{j = N + 1}^{N + k} {{c_j}(N){X_{n - j}}} $$ (2) for a certain unique choice of bj,cj(N); i.e., b0 = 1, b1 = a1, etc.
Clinical Use of Vasopressin Analogues

Since the pressor and antidiuretic properties of the native hormone were characterized, chemists have been working to synthesize vasopressin analogues selective for particular biologic activities. Desmopressin has had the longest clinical track record. Subsequently, three more analogues have been formulated and have found specific clinical application. Their actions and uses are reviewed.
LC/NACO Authority File in the Library of Congress BIBFRAME Pilots

The LC/NACO Authority File is a large cooperatively-maintained authority file that also functions as the Library of Congress local name authority file. In the Library of Congress BIBFRAME Pilots, c...
2018 Breathe-Zy Community Education Program Outcomes

Background: An AARC/USRC member created/implemented a community education program since 1995. The key objective was lung health awareness among school-aged students. The program occurs in 1-3 hour blocks with an overview of lung anatomy/physiology, basic gas exchange, asthma pathophysiology, interactive exercises and bovine/porcine lung dissection. The program was awarded $5000 initially by Intermountain Healthcare for the Utah Society (RTs) to become community partners. Materials/supplies were purchased for approximately $1,500 including: inflatable, porcine lungs (normal/diseased), scalpels, gloves, sanitizing wipes, posters/ teaching aids, storage bins, colored t-shirts, rope and batting, and purchasing porcine lungs from local butchers. Volunteers attend Super User Training sessions led by RT student representatives from BSRT offering universities working closely with the program9s creator. Seven courses were completed between January-April 2018. One course was excluded for wrong testing. A total of 106 elementary, 7 middle and 165 high school students participated. Methods: Pre-/post-program, grade tailored exams were given. Results: Not all students attended all courses. Some may/may not have completed both exams, thus the break out of those taking pre-/post exams are reported. Full results are reported in Table 1. Conclusions: Through the Breathe-zy program, we have appreciated: 1) increased youth/adult awareness of the impact of tobacco on lung and overall health, 2) awareness of RT as a profession, 3) appreciation for RTs as community partners, and 4) improved RT student engagement in professional initiatives. RT students are mentored as leaders since they were responsible to schedule courses, coordinate volunteers, assist with data input, analysis and outcomes reporting. It is our impression that improving professional impact occurs when we create strong community partnerships. It is our impression this will be required if we are to reach the AARC9s 2015 and Beyond initiatives. When Utah legislators failed to pass e-cigarette legislation in 2014, youth education about the harm of all lung inhalants became vital. Since 2014, we report that active lobbying has resulted in Utah9s e-tobacco legislation resolution passing, being signed into law and enforcement in 2018 being scheduled. When RTs unite with clearly defined objectives to offer high quality care and services, we can make impactful changes.
Lista de especies costarricenses del orden Odonata (Insecta) de las que se conoce la náyade

There are almost 280 species of Odonata in Costa Rica, of which 142 have their naiad described. Two families have a11 their species described, Calopterygidae and Cordulegastridae, and one has not naiad description for the country, Platystictidae. The rest of the families are in different states of knowledge: Perilestidae, Protoneuridae and Corduludae have only one species with the naiad described; Polythoridae has three; Pseudostigmatidae has four; Lestidae and Megapodagrionidae have seven' Aeshnidae has 16; Coenagrionidae 19; Gomphidae 20 and finally Libellulidae has 55. A checklist of ali those species with the description of the naiad is presented, along with the bibliographic reference
Inclusion of Radiation Environment Variability for Reliability Estimates for SiC Power MOSFETs

Variability of the solar energetic particle environment is investigated for single-event burnout (SEB) reliability of silicon carbide power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. A probabilistic assessment of failure evaluates the benefits of derating voltage, shielding, and mission length. The Prediction of Solar particle Yields for Characterizing Integrating Circuits code is used to calculate a cumulative density function for the fluence of the environment. The lethal ion method is then used to determine what proportion of the environment will cause SEB. The operating voltage determines the lowest linear energy transfer (LET) particle that will cause SEB, and that should be included in the environment distribution. The shielding and mission length also determines the final environment distribution of the mission fluence. When the critical LET for a device is relatively low for the expected mission environment, the method in this article can calculate the probability of failure from a destructive event. The calculated probability of failure enables the consideration of part use outside the safe operating area, especially when derating the operating voltage would eliminate the technology advantage of the part.
Sleep Symptoms Predict School Attendance After Pediatric Concussion

This study examined the relationship between postconcussive symptom domain and school attendance. Retrospective chart review was completed for 88 children aged 6 to 18 years who were evaluated within 30 days postinjury. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the association of physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms with extent of school attendance. A subgroup multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate whether age affected the relationship of symptoms to school attendance. After controlling for demographic variables and total number of symptoms, a higher number of postconcussive sleep symptoms strongly predicted less school attendance. Specifically, older children (≥14 years old) with more sleep symptoms demonstrated less school attendance. For children presenting for specialty care after concussion, sleep symptoms are unfavorably associated with return to school. Future work aimed at optimizing sleep regulation following concussion may assist with early reengagement in school as recommended by current concussion management guidelines.
Dosage of booster phone calls following an SBIRT intervention in the emergency department for reducing substance use.

Abstract Brief Interventions (BIs) for problematic drug use in general medical settings, including in Emergency Departments (EDs), have shown disappointing results compared to those that target problematic alcohol use. Telephone booster calls may augment the impact of a BI delivered in the ED. The current study uses data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) Protocol 0047, “Screening, Motivational Assessment, Referral, and Treatment in Emergency Departments (SMART-ED)”, a multisite randomized clinical trial conducted in six EDs in the U.S. We examine dose effects of telephone boosters (0, 1, or 2 calls completed) with non–treatment seeking patients who we randomized to the BI-Booster condition and who endorsed problematic drug use during their ED visit (N = 427). We assessed primary outcomes at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups, which included past month use of the primary drug of choice, use of any drug, and heavy drinking. There were no significant differences among those completing 0, 1, or 2 booster calls on any of the three main outcomes at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-BI in the ED. Patients who were older were significantly more likely to complete booster calls. Taken together, these findings raise questions about the clinical utility of booster phone calls following screening and BIs targeting heterogeneous drug use in the ED.
Integrated Silurian conodont and carbonate carbon isotope stratigraphy of the east-central Appalachian Basin

Abstract The eastern and southeastern margins of the Appalachian Basin contain extensive exposures of Telychian through Pridoli (upper Silurian) strata. Litho- and biostratigraphic analyses of these strata over the last century provided a general means for their chronostratigraphic correlation to global series and stage boundaries. However, a rarity of zonally diagnostic fauna limited precise correlation both within and beyond the Appalachian Basin. Recent conodont biostratigraphic studies substantially revised the chronostratigraphic position of these strata by more than a series in some cases. Much of the interval, however, remained biostratigraphically unzoned and the precise position of series and stage boundaries remained tentative. To improve the chronostratigraphic correlation of these strata to global series and stage boundaries we provide new integrated conodont and high-resolution δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphic analyses from two outcrops located in West Virginia and Virginia, spanning the upper Rose Hill through Tonoloway formations (upper Telychian through Pridoli). These new data show that the Silurian carbon isotope record for this portion of the Appalachian Basin is shifted to more negative δ13Ccarb values than typical global data. However, the overall isotopic records appear correlative at least within the Appalachian Basin thereby providing a means for future correlation within the basin for intervals in which biostratigraphy is traditionally lacking. These coupled data demonstrate that the Ireviken and Mulde excursions are contained within our sections. The high-amplitude Lau Excursion was, however, not observed and the present biostratigraphic data suggest that a majority of the Ludlow Series was either not recorded or was later removed by erosion. These coupled analyses therefore indicate that the Ludlow-Pridoli boundary resides within the Wills Creek Formation and we propose that the overlying isotopic record presented here records the Late Ludlow Carbon Isotope Excursion (LLCIE) and Silale Low, previously identified only within the Baltic Basin.
New Attending Surgeons Hired by Their Training Institution Exhibit Greater Research Productivity

Background A first attending job often sets the tone for academic surgeons’ future careers, and many graduating trainees are faced with the decision to begin their career at their training institution or another institution. We hypothesized that surgeons hired as first-time faculty at their cardiothoracic surgery fellowship institution exhibit greater research productivity and career advancement than those hired as first-time faculty at a different institution. Methods Cardiothoracic surgeons who were listed as clinical faculty at all 77 accredited United States cardiothoracic surgery training programs in 2018 and who trained through the general surgery residency and cardiothoracic surgery fellowship pathway were included (n = 904). Surgeon-specific data regarding professional history, publications, and grant funding were obtained from publicly available sources. Results Of the 904 surgeons, 294 (32.5%) were hired as first-time faculty at their cardiothoracic surgery fellowship institution whereas 610 (67.5%) were hired at a different institution (start year 2005 vs 2006; P = .342). Both groups exhibited similar research productivity upon starting their first job (total papers: 7.0 vs 7.0, P = .591). Followed to the present, surgeons hired at their cardiothoracic surgery fellowship institution produced more total papers (64.5 vs 39.0, P Conclusions Surgeons hired as first-time faculty at their cardiothoracic surgery fellowship institution may experience benefits to research productivity but not career advancement. Trainees may find it advantageous to begin their careers in a familiar environment where they have already formed a robust specialty-specific network.
Cosmological Constraints from Weak Lensing Peaks: Can Halo Models Accurately Predict Peak Counts?

In order to extract full cosmological information from next-generation large and high-precision weak lensing (WL) surveys (e.g. Euclid, Roman, LSST), higher-order statistics that probe the small-scale, non-linear regime of large scale structure (LSS) need to be utilized. WL peak counts, which trace overdensities in the cosmic web, are one promising and simple statistic for constraining cosmological parameters. The physical origin of WL peaks have previously been linked to dark matter halos along the line of sight and this peak-halo connection has been used to develop various semi-analytic halo-based models for predicting peak counts. Here, we study the origin of WL peaks and the effectiveness of halo-based models for WL peak counts using a suite of ray-tracing N-body simulations. We compare WL peaks in convergence maps from the full simulations to those in maps created from only particles associated with halos -- the latter playing the role of a "perfect" halo model. We find that while halo-only contributions are able to replicate peak counts qualitatively well, halos do not explain all WL peaks. Halos particularly underpredict negative peaks, which are associated with local overdensities in large-scale underdense regions along the line of sight. In addition, neglecting non-halo contributions to peaks counts leads to a significant bias on the parameters ($\Omega_{\rm m}$, $\sigma_{8}$) for surveys larger than $\geq$ 100 deg$^{2}$. We conclude that other elements of the cosmic web, outside and far away from dark matter halos, need to be incorporated into models of WL peaks in order to infer unbiased cosmological constraints.
Development of the Brief Educational Guide for Individuals in Need (BEGIN): A psychoeducation intervention for individuals at risk for psychosis.

AIM Identification of individuals with psychosis risk (PR) through screening and specialized assessment is becoming more widespread in an effort to promote early intervention and improve recovery outcomes. PR individuals report interest in psychoeducation, though such interventions are currently lacking. Our goal was to develop a structured PR psychoeducation intervention grounded in theory and stakeholder feedback. METHODS By following a step-by-step intervention development model, we identified relevant conceptual frameworks, developed the content and format, and obtained stakeholder feedback. This process resulted in a 5-session PR psychoeducation intervention, Brief Educational Guide for Individuals in Need (BEGIN), with content conveyed visually via a slideshow presentation. PR individuals (n = 5) and parents of PR individuals (n = 5) reviewed BEGIN's content and format, and provided feedback through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Major themes were identified through iterative thematic analysis. RESULTS PR individuals and parents had a positive impression of BEGIN's materials and step-by-step format and psychoeducation about the PR condition. They indicated that the intervention was likely to encourage agency. PR participants emphasized the importance of a patient's decision regarding whether their family member(s) should participate in BEGIN. Parents reported that BEGIN is an important first step in treatment and offers a safe therapeutic environment. Feedback was then utilized to modify the intervention. CONCLUSIONS BEGIN is desired by consumers and may lay the foundation for future engagement with treatment by facilitating agency. A feasibility trial is underway and future studies are needed to measure outcomes (e.g., treatment engagement) and evaluate BEGIN as an evidence-based PR psychoeducation model.
Sexual and Gender Minority People’s Physical Health and Health Risk Behaviors

Although the literature on physical and sexual health and health risk behaviors among sexual and gender minority (i.e., queer) people is burgeoning, it is limited in its methodology and nuanced understanding of subgroups and intersectional experiences within the queer community. This chapter has three main goals. First, we provide a review of the literature on sexual orientation and gender identity disparities in physical health, sexual health, and health risk behaviors among queer people. Some of the physical health literature reviewed covers disparities in cancer, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and sleep disturbance. We review some of the literature on sexual health, including sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy rates. We also discuss the research on health risk behaviors, such as substance use, physical activity, dietary behaviors, sexual behavior, and health screenings. Second, we describe several etiological factors that explain these disparities. These factors are adverse life experiences, minority stress, structural stigma, and other systemic oppression and barriers. Lastly, we end with a case to help illustrate how these etiological factors shape physical health and health behaviors and to demonstrate some intervention approaches with a biracial, pansexual, non-binary youth.
Diurnal and flavor effects on antinociception in infant rats

We examined whether infant rats would display a diurnal variation in antinociception that was produced by oral infusion of nutritive and nonnutritive fluids. Ten-day-old pups were assigned to one of four fluid conditions (milk, sucrose, saccharin, and water) or one of three conditions that controlled for the stress of the infusion procedure, either during the dark or during the light. Longer paw lift latencies were observed under dark than under light conditions in all control conditions and in most fluid-infusion conditions, indicating that antinociception is influenced by diurnal variables in the 10-day-old rat. Saccharin, milk, and water were effective in elevating paw lift latencies, but sucrose was not, indicating that the nutritive value of fluids is less important than flavor in producing antinociception. The antinociceptive effects of the diurnal cycle and the infused fluids appeared to be additive.
Cellular mechanisms of cyclophosphamide resistance: model studies in human medulloblastoma cell lines.

Cyclophosphamide is extremely active in the treatment of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant tumor arising in the central nervous system of children’. Phase 2 trials in children with recurrent and newly diagnosed medulloblastoma have confirmed both clinical and radiographic responses to this alkylating agent2-5and a current Children’s Oncology Group international Phase 3 trial is comparing a cyclophosphamide-based regimen to a CCNU-based regimen for children with newly diagnosed high-risk medulloblastoma. Unfortunately, patients with medulloblastoma treated with cyclophosphamide frequently fail therapy, confirming the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells. Although selection of alternative treatment for these patients who relapse is the only option currently available, definition of the mechanism(s) responsible for cyclophosphamide resistance might provide new therapeutic strategies to reverse or even prevent resistance to this alkylator
Effects of selective inhibitors of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway on androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cells (842.6)

The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) provides substrates, such as geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which are used to post-translationally modify proteins that are key regulators of malignant cell properties such as proliferation, migration, and invasion. Clinically relevant IBP inhibitors, including statins and nitrogenous bisphosphonates, affect these malignant cell properties. However, they broadly deplete all mevalonate derivatives, thus affecting farnesylated proteins and cholesterol. XZ-1-269 and XZ-4-37 were developed as selective inhibitors of GGDP synthase to reduce protein GGation. In the androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa) cell line LNCaP and the highly metastatic androgen-independent PCa cell line PC3, lovastatin and XZ-1-269 more potently reduce protein GGation and cell viability than digeranyl bisphosphonate, XZ-4-37, and zoledronate. In the androgen-independent PCa cell line 22Rv1, all compounds are less potent in reducing protein GGation and cell viability than in LNCaP and PC3 ...
Construing the Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act: Reflections on the Illinois Supreme Court's Reading of the Throwback Rule

In the state tax field, decisions of state tribunals generally deal with statutory issues of little precedential significance outside the jurisdiction in which they arise. Even cases raising federal constitutional issues normally do not disturb the analytical framework established by the Supreme Court and thus are more appropriately treated in the footnotes to a discussion of that Court's opinions. The recent decision of the Illinois Supreme Court in GTE Automatic Electric, Inc. v. Allphin' is an exception, however. It construes a statute substantially identical to one in force in over half the states,2 addressing a question of first impression3 and advancing a solution that raises a host of statutory and constitutional problems. Because other state courts are likely to be confronting the issues raised by GTE4 and because the constitutional problems involved are unlikely to be resolved definitively in the near future,5 the Illinois court's opinion merits critical examination. Part I of this article examines the structure and underlying policy of the Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act's provisions relating to the apportionment of income arising from economic activity conducted across state lines. In particular, it considers the Act's "throwback" rule, which reapportions income ordinarily apportioned to a state in which it is not taxable to one in which it is. Part II explores in detail the Illinois court's resolution of the problem raised by GTE, namely, how to assign sales of tangi-
Traveling salesman problem in the space of binary vectors

The traveling salesman problem in the space Z/sub 2//sup n/ of all n-dimensional binary vectors can be formulated as follows. Given: a set C(n,M) of M n-dimensional vectors over GF(2) (M points in Z/sub 2//sup n/). Find: a Hamiltonian circuit for C(n,M) of minimum Hamming length, i.e., a cycle with minimum sum of Hamming distances between connected points (henceforth called minimal cycle). This problem is encountered in various situations related to the design and testing of computer hardware. In contrast with the "unrestricted" traveling salesman problem, the length of the minimal cycle in Z/sub 2//sup n/ is always upperbounded by that for the "worst" possible configuration of M points. Hence the authors come to the following variational problem. Problem: for any number M of points in Z/sub 2//sup n/ find the function L(n,M) defined as follows: M L(n,M)=max{C} min{P}/spl Sigma//sub i=1//sup M/ d(x/sub p(i)/,x/sub P(i+l(modM))/) where x/sub 1/, ..., x/sub M/ are the points comprising a binary code C(n,M), d(x,y) is the Hamming distance between points x and y, {P} is the set of all possible permutations of the codewords, and the maximum is taken over the set of all possible binary codes of size M and dimension n. The problem is still open, but partial results are presented. >
Members Matter in Team Training: Multilevel and Longitudinal Relationships Between Goal Orientation, Self-Regulation, and Team Outcomes

Longitudinal data from 338 individuals across 64 teams in a simulation-based team-training context were used to examine the effects of dispositional goal orientation on self-regulated learning (self-efficacy and metacognition). Team goal orientation compositions, as reflected by average goal orientations of team members, were examined for moderating effects on these individual-level relationships. Finally, individual-level self-regulation was investigated for its influence on multiple team-level outcomes across time. Results showed generally positive effects of learning goal orientation and negative effects of avoid performance and prove performance goal orientations on rates of self-regulation during team training. However, several of these individual-level relationships were moderated by team goal orientation composition. The importance of self-regulation in teams was displayed by results showing the average level of self-regulation among a team’s members over time was positively associated with team efficacy, team cooperation quality, and team decision making.
Representing Concepts in Time

People make use of concepts in all aspects of their lives. Concepts are mental entities, which structure our experiences and support reasoning in the world. They are usually regarded as static, although there is ample evidence that they change over time with respect to structure, content, and relation to real-world objects and processes. Recent research considers concepts as dynamical systems, emphasizing this potential for change. In order to analyze the alteration of concepts in time, a formal representation of this process is necessary. This paper proposes an algebraic model for representing dynamic conceptual structures, which integrates two theories from geography and cognitive science, i.e., time geography and conceptual spaces. Such representation allows for investigating the development of a conceptual structure along space-time paths and serves as a foundation for querying the structure of concepts at a specific point in time or for a time interval. The geospatial concept of `landmark' is used to demonstrate the formal specifications.
Comparative Efficacy of Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography in Detection of an Intracardiac Bullet Fragment

A 19-year-old man received a gunshot wound to the heart. Transthoracic echocardiography was unable to localize the bullet fragment, whereas transesophageal echocardiography localized the bullet fragment in the posteroseptal wall at the base of the posteromedial papillary muscle.
Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Properties of Bismuth-Antimony Alloys

The electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and Hall effect $R$ of zone-levelled single crystals of Bi-Sb alloys have been measured in the temperature range from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. $\mathrm{Log}(\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{300}})$ vs $\frac{1}{T}$ curves suggest thermal activation of carriers in the concentration range from 5% to 40% Sb in the temperature range from 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; approximate activation energies have been inferred from their slopes. The activation energy appears to have a maximum at a concentration near 12%. Some anomalies have been observed in the behavior of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $R$ on both sides of this concentration at low temperatures. Lattice parameters for these alloys have also been measured for the entire range of solid solubility. Both a maximum and minimum in the $c$-axis lattice parameter vs concentration occur near the concentration at which anomalies appear in transport properties. These phenomena are discussed in terms of a simple band model proposed by Blount and Cohen.
2.1.3 Applying Systems Engineering to Clinical Trials

The clinical trials industry has remained largely untouched by the application of systems engineering principles, perhaps due to the intangible nature of its product. This complex and growing industry could benefit greatly from a more widespread application of systems engineering. Work in clinical trials Data Coordinating Centers (DCCs) includes managing unique tasks and complicated flows of communication, processes that systems engineering can improve. The focus narrows on one study group as a case study, as some systems engineering principles are explored and suggested applications of them are made that could improve workflow and alleviate problems.
Prior Similar Acts in Prosecutions for Rape and Child Sex Abuse

The final question raised by the Bush administration proposal is whether its adoption would inevitably undermine the general rule limiting the introduction of prior acts. Of course, the proposal is limited on its face to prior acts of rape and child sex abuse, and the arguments based on greater likelihood of repetition are by their nature applicable only to a limited class of offenses. However, the doctrine of chances argument is applicable to any offense, and it has the potential to override the traditional rules strictly limiting the introduction of prior acts evidence.
Working with mike on distributed computing theory, 1978--1992

I have had the honor of working with Mike Fischer on no fewer than 15 projects in the area of distributed computing theory, plus a few others in other areas. The results of some of these projects, like the one with Mike Paterson on impossibility of consensus, are very well known in the PODC community and elsewhere. Others are less well known, but I think are interesting anyway.I will take the opportunity of Mike's birthday celebration to review the many papers we have written together and describe their contributions. I will put the ideas of these papers in the context of earlier and later distributed computing theory research.These papers cover a wide range of topics within distributed computing theory. The papers include algorithms and/or impossibility results for mutual exclusion, k-exclusion, optimal resource placement in networks, consensus (synchronous and asynchronous), global snapshots, and implementing reliable communication over unreliable channels. One paper establishes a quantitative difference between the capabilities of synchronous and asynchronous systems. Another, dated 1980, presents an early levels-of-abstraction proof for a complex mutual exclusion algorithm. Yet another, dated 1979, presents a very early compositional model for fair asynchronous systems.
Dislocation substructures in deformed uranium dioxide single crystals

Abstract Single crystals of uranium dioxide were deformed in compression to nominal strains of 1 and i %. The crystals were oriented to promote slip on only one slip system of the family {100} 〈110〉. The strain rate and temperature ranges studied were 10 −3 to 10 −1 min and 750 to 1400°C, respectively. The dislocation density of the as-grown crystals was 2 × 10 6 / cm 2 . Sections of the deformed specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy, indicating that the dislocation substructures at a strain of 1% consist of numerous dipoles and dipole loops, the edge components of the dipoles lying along 〈110〉 directions. At 5% strain, extensive dislocation tangles are present in addition to the dipole configurations. Particular features are noted in the dislocation arrangements which can be related to several of the theories of dipole formation. The critical resolved shear stress on the {100} 〈110〉 slip system is reported as a function of temperature, as is the variation in the appearance of the loaddeflection curve with temperature level. Of particular interest is the markedly serrated load-deflection behavior observed at 1150 °C, and the minimum in the shear stress curve at 950 °C. The dislocation density as a function of strain has been evaluated, and dislocation velocities are estimated.
Autophagy for cancer therapy through inhibition of pro-apoptotic proteins and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling.

Autophagy is an alternative cell death pathway that is induced by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and up-regulated when apoptosis is defective. We investigated radiation-induced autophagy in the presence or absence of Bax/Bak with or without an mTOR inhibitor, Rad001. Two isogenic cell lines, wild type (WT) and Bak/Bak-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts and tumor cell lines were used for this study. Irradiated Bak/Bak-/- cells had a decrease of Akt/mTOR signaling and a significant increase of pro-autophagic proteins ATG5-ATG12 COMPLEX and Beclin-1. These molecular events resulted in an up-regulation of autophagy. Bax/Bak-/- cells were defective in undergoing apoptosis but were more radiosensitive than the WT cells in autophagy. Both autophagy and sensitization of Bak/Bax-/- cells were further enhanced in the presence of Rad001. In contrast, inhibitors of autophagy rendered the Bak/Bax-/- cells radioresistant, whereas overexpression of ATG5 and Beclin-1 made the WT cells radiosensitive. When this novel concept of radiosensitization was tested in cancer models, small interfering RNAs against Bak/Bax also led to increased autophagy and sensitization of human breast and lung cancer cells to gamma radiation, which was further enhanced by Rad001. This is the first report to demonstrate that inhibition of pro-apoptotic proteins and induction of autophagy sensitizes cancer cells to therapy. Therapeutically targeting this novel pathway may yield significant benefits for cancer patients.
Baf250a orchestrates an epigenetic pathway to repress the Nkx2.5 -directed contractile cardiomyocyte program in the sinoatrial node

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is essential for rhythmic beating of the heart; however, our understanding of what controls proper functioning of the SAN remains primitive. To explore molecular control of SAN function, we specifically deleted Baf250a, a key regulatory component of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF, in the SAN. Deletion of Baf250a in the SAN led to sinus bradycardia. Time series analysis of dysregulated genes after deletion of Baf250a reveals a transcriptional hierarchy maintaining pacemaker cell identity, i.e., Baf250a activates the expression of Tbx3, and Baf250a, Tbx3 and histone deacetylase 3 coordinately repress the expression of Nkx2.5. Disruption of this repressive pathway switches on expression of Nkx2.5, which stimulates expression of Gata4 and Tbx5. These three cardiac transcription factors further turn on a contractile cardiomyocyte program in the SAN, which eventually leads to sick sinus disease (SSD). Our study suggests that disruption of key genetic pathways regulating cardiac lineage segregation may cause SSD and cardiac arrhythmias in general.
The distribution of glycogen in mouse and rat palatal processes during secondary palate formation: An ultrastructural study

Abstract The ultrastructure of palatal shelves in normal mouse embryos revealed the presence of glycogen reservoirs within the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells during the shelf transposition stage of secondary palate formation. Shelves of cortisone-treated embryos, however, had considerably less mesenchymal cell glycogen through a comparable period of palatal process development. These findings suggest a relationship between glycogen and the internal shelf force responsible for shelf transposition as well as a possible local action of cortisone during cleft palate induction. In a separate investigation, ultrastructural observations of rat embryo palatal processes which normally fuse at 16 days to 16 1 2 days showed a remarkable decrease in epithelial cell glycogen between the 14 1 2 day embryo and the 15 1 2 day embryo as well as an increase of desmosomal junctions between cells in the older group. Since the shelves of the older group have a higher fusion potential in culture, these findings suggest a positive correlation between glycogen utilization and fusion potential as well as a similar correlation between the development of desmosomes and incidence of fusion.
Anisotropy of flux penetration into BiSrCaCuO crystals

Abstract The onset of flux penetration in crystals of two-layer BiSrCaCuO is determined from measurements of the zero-field-cooled dc magnetization. For magnetic fields applied in the a-b plane, a flux penetration anomaly shifts linearly to lower temperature with increasing field, indicating low-temperature H c1 values of 80–140 Oe, within a factor of two of the values for YBaCuO crystals. The much larger anisotropy reported earlier is suggested to arise from extrinsic intergrowths.
The sum of two bell-shaped curves can be sinusoidal

Abstract This paper restates the conflict between probability theory and quantum mechanics using the two-slit interference experiment. We show that standard probability theory can describe the emergence of sinusoidal fringes. What it cannot describe - and thus what is central to quantum mechanics - is destructive interference.
On the shape of the population ROC curve

Rationale and Objectives Human observers often do not produce empirical operating points near the northeast corner of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot, and thus the local shape of the population ROC curve is unknown. Materials and Methods We call attention to occult abnormalities and propose that considerations by human observers of the prior probability of occult abnormalities can cause the shape of the local population ROC curve to be convex, a straight line, or concave near the northeast corner of the ROC plot. We further conducted a set of simulated detection-task (without-search) experiments with human observers and, mathematically, with an ideal observer and a model observer. In the experiments, we used signals, pseudo-signals that were similar to signals, and random image noise. The relative frequency of occult signals was controlled in the experiments. Results In the simulated experiments, the population ROC curve of the ideal observer was always convex, but those of the model observer and of human observers were convex, a straight-line, or concave, depending on the relative frequency of occult signals. The population ROC curve for the model observer was identical to that for the ideal observer when knowing the relative frequency of occult signals was not important for the ideal observer, and it was similar to that for human observers otherwise. Conclusion Observer consideration of the prior probability of occult abnormalities is important in ROC studies and could cause unexpected shapes of the local population ROC curve. Absence of empirical operating points near the northeast corner of the ROC plot may be caused by occult abnormalities.
The suburban public realm I: Its emergence, growth and transformation in the American metropolis

Abstract This two‐part essay analyses the changing nature of the public realm in the evolving edge of the American metropolis and the implications for urban design and planning. Many forces are changing the form and use of public space in cities—concerns for safety and liveability, increasing dependence on telecommunications, decline in public revenues, the privatization of many amenities, and an increasingly pluralist society. The essay specifically focuses on the historical influence of planning and design practices on suburban form: density levels, land use and zoning patterns, suburban layouts and streetscapes. Field surveys and morphological analyses of urban edge patterns from the San Francisco Bay area document the current state of the suburban public realm. The second part of the essay will examine how physical planning can contribute to restoring a more vibrant public realm amidst raging debates over its changing nature and relevance.
THE FINANCING AND INVESTMENT OF A LEVERED FIRM UNDER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION

This research extends the literature on financing and investment under asymmetric information by considering the effect of initial leverage. Because decisions affect the value of outstanding bonds, realistic behaviors arise that are absent in extant unlevered analyses. Leverage may induce social improvements in investment. Further, a stock offering may be a positive signal if lower-value firms face greater default risk and thus have lower debt values. Conditions that support positive reactions to equity funding appear to be present in the early 1990s.