cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A maximum-likelihood approach for ADC estimation of lesions in visceral organs

Accurate estimation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of lesions in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) is important to predict and monitor anticancer therapy response. The task of ADC estimation of lesions is complicated due to noise in the image, different variances in signal strengths at different b values and other random phenomena. In organs that have visceral motion, due to motion across scans, estimating the ADC becomes even more complex. To get rid of inaccuracies due to motion, only a single ADC value of the lesion is estimated, conventionally using a linear-regression (LR) approach. The LR approach is based on an inaccurate noise model and also suffers from other deficiencies. In this paper, we propose an easy-to-implement and computationally-fast maximum-likelihood (ML) method to estimate the ADC value of heterogeneous lesions in visceral organs. The proposed method takes into account the Rician distribution of noise in DWMRI. In the process, we also derive the statistical model for the measured mean signal intensity in DWMRI. We show using Monte-Carlo simulations that that the proposed method is more accurate than the LR method.
Probabilistic Cluster Labeling of Imagery Data

In this paper the author considers the problem of obtaining the probabilities of class labels for the clusters using spectral and spatial information from a given set of labeled patterns and their neighbors. A relationship is developed between class and cluster conditional densities in terms of probabilities of class labels for the clusters. Expressions are presented for updating the a posteriori probabilities of the classes of a pixel using information from its local neighborhood. Fixed-point iteration schemes are developed for obtaining the optimal probabilities of class labels for the clusters. These schemes utilize spatial information and also the probabilities of label imperfections. Furthermore, experimental results from the processing of remotely sensed multispectral scanner imagery data are presented.
Sequential Signaling through Notch1 and erbB Receptors Mediates Radial Glia Differentiation

Radial glia cells both generate neurons and physically guide nascent neurons to their target destination in the cortex, and as such they are essential for CNS development. It has been proposed that in the developing cerebellum, neuronal contact induces radial glia formation, however, the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that neuronal induction of radial glia formation is the result of sequential signaling through Notch1 and erbB receptors. First, Notch1 activation by neuronal contact induces the glial expression of the brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) and erbB2 genes. Interestingly, two different signaling pathways mediate these effects of Notch1 on transcription, BLBP expression being dependent on Su(H), whereas erbB2 is regulated by a yet unidentified Notch1 pathway. The subsequent increase in erbB2 receptor expression makes the glia more responsive to neuronal NRG, which then induces the morphological transformation into radial glia. Thus, these results unveil some of the mechanisms underlying radial glia formation.
The effects of an ethics training program on attitude, knowledge, and transfer of training of office professionals: A treatment‐ and control‐group design

This study examines the effects of ethics training on the attitudes, knowledgebased scores, and analysis of ethical dilemmas among office professionals. A treatment-and control-group design was used with variables of interest measured before, immediately after, and ninety days following completion of a six-hour ethics training workshop. A Web-based research randomizer was used with an electronic file to identify full-time office professionals at a large university in the northeastern United States. Seventy-one participants were assigned to the treatment (training) group, twenty to the control group. Results indicate significant differences in attitude and analysis of ethical dilemmas between the two groups.
An analysis of ritualistic and religion-related child abuse allegations.

A stratified random sample survey of clinical members of the American Psychological Association was conducted to determine the number and nature of cases involving alleged ritualistic and religion-related child abuse, whether reported directly by children or retrospectively by adults. Results indicated that only a minority of clinical psychologists have encountered ritual cases, but of those, the vast majority believe their clients' claims. Even so, the purported evidence for the allegations, especially in cases reported by adults claining to have suffered the abuse during childhood, is questionable. Most clients who allege ritual abuse are diagnosed as having multiple personality disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder, two increasingly popular, but controversial, psychological diagnoses.Clinical and legal implications are discussed and a future research agenda is urged.
Climate‐controlled aggradation and cyclicity of continental loessic siliciclastic sediments in Asselian–Sakmarian cyclothems, Permian, Hugoton embayment, USA

Siliciclastic intervals in Lower Permian carbonate–siliciclastic cyclothems in western Kansas record climate control on facies progression, deposition and preservation. The 26 000 km2 study area comprises seven marine-continental (carbonate–siliciclastic) cyclothems caused by glacioeustasy. Core data and a three-dimensional geological model provide a detailed view of the sub-surface on a gently sloping ramp. Siliciclastic intervals in the cyclothems are fine-grained red beds with extensive pedogenic features, indicating a continental origin. Bed geometry (sheet-like deposits that thin to the east), lateral grading, grain size (very fine-grained sand to silt) and grain angularity (sub-angular to angular) suggest that the sediment is loess sourced from the west, probably the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. There is a repeated record of glacial-cycle-scale, climate-controlled cyclicity within siliciclastic intervals that has not been recognized previously. Aeolian silt grain size coarsens upward towards the middle, then fines upward in each siliciclastic interval. When sea-level was high (interglacial) and carbonate production flourished, aeolian sedimentation nearly ceased, suggesting increased vegetation and rainfall at the source. As sea-level fell, fine-grained siliciclastic sediments were deposited under relatively dry, but seasonally wet conditions on an exposed ramp. Laterally graded coarser grained siliciclastic sediments with diagnostic fabrics indicate drier conditions with seasonal rainfall during a continued relative fall in sea-level. The coarsest siliciclastic sediments were deposited during the lowest sea-level and driest conditions, but still with sufficient seasonal moisture to allow vegetative cover and bioturbation. Subsequent upward fining is correlated with sedimentological indications of wetter conditions during relative sea-level rise. Unlike common sequence stratigraphic models that relate siliciclastic sediment accumulation to base-level rise, continental deposits were preserved because plants and pedogenesis stabilized aeolian sediment. The aggradational landscape formed by this process had several metres of positive relief that reduced accommodation for overlying marine carbonate strata. Thus, this mechanism for continental siliciclastic aggradation has a significant effect on sequence stratigraphic architecture.
Language Development and Age: Right on time: process and schedule of first language acquisition

Introduction In the chapter “Baby born talking – describes heaven,” Pinker (1995, 269–270) quotes Adam, the toddler whose corpus of evolving speech has furnished data to generations of scholars (the first number after Adam's name refers to the year and the second to the month of his age). Play checkers. Big drum. I got horn. A bunny-rabbit walk. (Adam 2;3) That birdie hopping by Missouri in bag. Do want some pie on your face? Why you mixing baby chocolate? I finish drinking all up down my throat. I said why not you coming in? We going turn light on so you can’t see. (Adam 2;11) So it can’t be cleaned? I broke my racing car. Do you know the light wents off? What happened to the bridge? When it's got a flat tire it's need a go to the station. Can I put my head in the mailbox so the mailman can know where I are and put me in the mailbox? Can I keep the screwdriver just like a carpenter keep the screwdriver? (Adam 3;2) Adam, like all children, was not born talking, but by two years three months he was combining words in a toddler-like fashion; a year later his language was nearly that of the adults and children he had been listening to for the first three years of his life.
Ball-tipped fibers for laser angioplasty with the pulsed-dye laser

A method of introducing high-intensity laser radiation into arteries has been developed and tested in amputated human limbs. The device consists of a small-diameter, flexible, quartz optical fiber which tapers to a large-diameter, smooth, rounded-ball tip. The small-ball tip minimizes the chance of mechanical dissection or perforation of the vessel wall. The spot size can be varied over a large range by varying the fiber input coupling, taper length, and numerical aperture. With 480-nm radiation, which is preferentially absorbed by atherosclerotic plaque and thrombus, at 80 mu s pulse durations, the device effectively recanalized occluded human peripheral arteries creating a 2-3-mm diameter channel. >
How to win friends and influence people, truthfully: influence maximization mechanisms for social networks

Throughout the past decade there has been extensive research on algorithmic and data mining techniques for solving the problem of influence maximization in social networks: if one can incentivize a subset of individuals to become early adopters of a new technology, which subset should be selected so that the word-of-mouth effect in the social network is maximized? Despite the progress in modeling and techniques, the incomplete information aspect of the problem has been largely overlooked. While data can often provide the network structure and influence patterns may be observable, the inherent cost individuals have to become early adopters is difficult to extract.In this paper we introduce mechanisms that elicit individuals' costs while providing desirable approximation guarantees in some of the most well-studied models of social network influence. We follow the mechanism design framework which advocates for allocation and payment schemes that incentivize individuals to report their true information. We also performed experiments using the Mechanical Turk platform and social network data to provide evidence of the framework's effectiveness in practice.
A discontinuous hp finite element method for the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations

We introduce a new method for the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, which is based on the application of a recently developed discontinuous Galerkin technique to obtain a compact, higher-order accurate and stable solver. The method involves a weak imposition of continuity conditions on the state variables and on inviscid and diffusive fluxes across interelement and domain boundaries. Within each element the field variables are approximated using polynomial expansions with local support; therefore, this method is particularly amenable to adaptive refinements and polynomial enrichment. Moreover, the order of spectral approximation on each element can be adaptively controlled according to the regularity of the solution. The particular formulation on which the method is based makes possible a consistent implementation of boundary conditions, and the approximate solutions are locally (elementwise) conservative. The results of numerical experiments for representative benchmarks suggest that the method is robust, capable of delivering high rates of convergence, and well suited to be implemented in parallel computers
Strategies for Human-Driven Robot Comprehension of Spatial Descriptions by Older Adults in a Robot Fetch Task

This contribution presents a corpus of spatial descriptions and describes the development of a human-driven spatial language robot system for their comprehension. The domain of application is an eldercare setting in which an assistive robot is asked to "fetch" an object for an elderly resident based on a natural language spatial description given by the resident. In Part One, we describe a corpus of naturally occurring descriptions elicited from a group of older adults within a virtual 3D home that simulates the eldercare setting. We contrast descriptions elicited when participants offered descriptions to a human versus robot avatar, and under instructions to tell the addressee how to find the target versus where the target is. We summarize the key features of the spatial descriptions, including their dynamic versus static nature and the perspective adopted by the speaker. In Part Two, we discuss critical cognitive and perceptual processing capabilities necessary for the robot to establish a common ground with the human user and perform the "fetch" task. Based on the collected corpus, we focus here on resolving the perspective ambiguity and recognizing furniture items used as landmarks in the descriptions. Taken together, the work presented here offers the key building blocks of a robust system that takes as input natural spatial language descriptions and produces commands that drive the robot to successfully fetch objects within our eldercare scenario.
Two‐Dimensional Divalent Metal Coordination Polymers Containing 3,4′‐Dipyridylketone Tethers: Layer Topology Tuning by Anion Binding Preferences

Slow diffusion of aqueous cobalt thiocyanate or cadmium perchlorate and ethanolic solutions of 3,4′-dipyridylketone (3,4′-dpk) generated the coordination polymers {[Co(NCS)2(3,4′-dpk)2]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Cd(H2O)2(3,4′-dpk)2](ClO4)2·2H2O}n (2), which were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of 1 consists of interdigitated neutral [Co(NCS)2(3,4′-dpk)2]n (4,4) rectangular grid coordination polymer layers. However, compound 2 manifests cationic [Cd(H2O)2(3,4′-dpk)2]n2n+ two-dimensional (6,3) herringbone lattices connected through hydrogen bonding mediated by interlamellar unligated perchlorate anions. Upon excitation with ultraviolet radiation, 2 emits blue-violet light, ascribed to π–π* transitions within the pyridyl rings of the 3,4′-dpk ligands. Thermal decomposition behavior of 1 is also discussed.
The performance potential of fine-grain and coarse-grain parallel architectures

Recent work has shown that pipelining and multiple instruction issuing are architecturally equivalent in their abilities to exploit parallelism, but there has been little work directly comparing the performance of these fine-grain parallel architectures with that of the coarse-grain multiprocessors. Using trace-driven simulations, the authors compare the performance of a superscalar processor and a pipelined processor using dynamic dependence checking with that of a shared memory multiprocessor. For very parallel programs, they find that the fine-grain processors must bypass an unrealistically large number of branches to match the performance of the multiprocessor. When executing programs with a wide range of potential parallelism, the best performance is obtained using a multiprocessor where each individual processor has a fine-grain parallelism of two to four. >
Outpatient virtual clinical encounters after complex surgery for cancer: a prospective pilot study of “TeleDischarge”

Abstract Background Outpatient clinical encounters are used to promote recovery after complex surgical procedures for cancer. These care episodes are resource intensive. Virtual clinical encounters (VCEs) can now be conducted using widely available videoconferencing technologies. However, whether these technologies may be used to monitor postoperative recovery is unknown. Methods In this pilot study, we provided care using a comprehensive “TeleDischarge” protocol to 15 patients after pancreatectomy. In addition to routine follow-up, all patients participated in two scheduled and an unlimited number of unscheduled VCEs using mobile hardware and secure videoconferencing software. We evaluated feasibility, patient satisfaction, postoperative adverse events, and health care human resource utilization. Results The median age of enrolled patients was 63 y (range, 52–83 y) and 93% underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. Twenty-eight scheduled VCEs (93%) were completed successfully, and only one unscheduled VCE was requested. Twelve patients (80%) felt their postoperative care was enhanced by VCEs and 14 (93%) felt that VCEs should be a regular part of postoperative care. Minor interventions in four patients (27%) were performed on the basis of clinical data gathered during a VCE. On a per patient basis, the TeleDischarge pathway was estimated to take 36 min longer and to have a direct labor cost $39 greater than the standard pathway. Conclusions Secure VCEs can be conducted using widely available hardware and software solutions. Although cancer patients support the introduction of mobile technology into postoperative care, further studies are needed to identify ways in which such technology can be used most effectively and efficiently to reduce barriers to recovery.
Production Problems and Issues in Agricultural Development

T HE prime economic objective of agricultural development is to contribute to increased per capita incomes. In most low-income countries, this objective is sought in an environment in which (a) the relative price of agricultural commodities tends to rise, and (b) capital forms drawn from the nonagricultural sector of the economy have a high opportunity cost. Upward pressure is placed on agricultural prices by the unprecedented rate of increase in population. In addition, the relatively high income elasticities of demand for agricultural commodities, characteristic of low-income nations, make growth in per capita incomes highly effective in increasing the demand for food. Such demand conditions provide a favorable environment for raising national income by increasing the supply of domestically consumed agricultural commodities. Demand conditions may be less favorable for nations oriented to production of commodities exported to high-income nations, with their low rates of population growth and highly inelastic demand schedules for most agricultural commodities.
Generative Learning in a Service-Learning Project and Field-Base Teacher Education Program Learning to Become Culturally Responsive Teachers

Research on literacy tutoring such as working in an after-school reading or writing club, situated as a service-learning project, suggests that such work can foster culturally responsive teaching for prospective teachers by increasing additive perspectives toward students from diverse backgrounds and transforming views of diversity. The purpose of this qualitative study was to document the value of participating in a semester long, field-based university course combined with a service-learning program to enhance prospective teachers’ generative learning of culturally responsive pedagogy. Building on generative learning theories, we identified the ways prospective teachers became more metacognitive of their past experiences and beliefs, developed caring relationships, and gained confidence about the positive impact they were having on students’ literacy learning.
Nanoplasmonic Array Enhancement of Two-Photon Absorption in a Dye Film

We investigate the enhancement of the effective two-photon absorption cross section of a film of an organic dye by a plasmonic triangular prism array through finite element calculations and experim...
Advanced Oxidation of Trace Organics in Water by Hydrogen Peroxide Solar Photolysis

Solar-UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation for destruction of trace organics was investigated under a variety of operating conditions in homogeneous, laboratory-scale batch reactor experiments. Fluorescein a...
State Evaluation Algorithm Based on Catastrophe Progression Method of High Voltage Switchgears

State evaluation method of high-voltage switchgear is of great importance for constructing of the condition maintenance system of equipment in power grids. We proposed a state evaluation algorithm by using on-line detection data and taking switchgear information and daily defect into account. The algorithm based on the fuzzy theory combines with the catastrophe theory, hence it avoids relying on subjective weight, which is quite common in traditional methods. The algorithm helps to reflect insulation state of equipment from the aspect of catastrophe. Taking all factors influencing the switchgear's status into consideration, the algorithm can obtain reasonable evaluation results under the situation of insufficient parameters,meanwhile, it is easy to use. Analyses of the evaluation results and the on-line detective data based on field data from substations reveal that the proposed algorithm is proved to be effective and feasible.
EVALUATION OF THE STIMULATED MENSTRUAL CYCLE BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Changes in uterine zonal anatomy in six women during a cycle of treatment with clomiphene citrate is studied by magnetic resonance imaging. There was a rapid rate of increase in endometrial thickness during the periovulatory period that was similar to the pattern seen in a prior study of women with normal (nonstimulated) cycles. Junctional zone thickness did not parallel the endometrial pattern and differed from the response seen in nonstimulated cycles. Results of large scale studies may help to further understand the effects of these medications.
Ablation of the Inferior Mesenteric Plexus in the Rat: Alteration of Sperm Storage in the Epididymis and Vas Deferens

AbstractThe involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the transport and storage of spermatozoa in the male reproductive tract was examined by surgically ablating the inferior mesenteric plexus (IMP). One to eight weeks after ablation of the IMP, epididymal weight and the total number of spermatozoa present in the cauda epididymidis were significantly greater in IMP-ablated rats than in sham-operated rats. By contrast, the number of spermatozoa present in the initial segment of the vas deferens was significantly greater than in sham operated controls one week after IMP ablation but returned to control levels at two, four, six and eight weeks. Throughout the experiment, no differences were observed between IMP-ablated and control rats in the percentage of motile cauda epididymal spermatozoa, testicular weight, testicular sperm number or serum testosterone. These data demonstrate that the sympathetic nervous system differentially regulates sperm transport and storage in the male reproductive tract and...
Coronary plaques with near-infrared spectroscopy

Coronary near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an intravascular imaging modality with high sensitivity and specificity for lipid core plaque detection. A combined modality catheter that coregisters NIRS measurements with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is available, providing the operator with both structural and compositional data. NIRS/IVUS can identify plaques at risk for periprocedural myocardial infarction during stenting, allowing implementation of preventive strategies. NIRS/IVUS is currently being studied for identification of vulnerable plaques and vulnerable patients at risk of future cardiovascular events. Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/4279887/Activity.aspx
Carotenoids in Vegetables: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, Impacts on Human Health, and Potential for Manipulation

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the current knowledge of carotenoid chemistry, bioavailability assessments, the impacts of certain carotenoids on human health and disease suppression, how pre- and post-harvest cultural practices can alter carotenoid levels and influence potential bioavailability, and current vegetable carotenoid enhancement efforts. Consumption of vegetables provides the human diet with many essential vitamins and minerals important for health maintenance. Vegetables also contain secondary metabolite phytochemicals, which provide benefits beyond normal health maintenance and nutrition and play active roles in chronic disease reductions. One important class of phytochemicals is the carotenoids. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments found in all photosynthetic organisms. Among the naturally occurring plant pigments, carotenoids are widely distributed, demonstrate a high degree of structural diversity, and possess large variations in biological functions. The many health benefits attributed to carotenoid intake include prevention of certain cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and aging eye diseases, as well as enhanced immune system functions. Pro-vitamin A activity is the classical biological function of carotenoids in mammalian systems. Research into carotenoid enhancement of vegetable crops to benefit human health has paralleled efforts to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Release of carotenoid compounds from the membranes of plant tissues facilitates intestinal absorption; however, changes in carotenoid chemistry by biotic and abiotic factors can influence bioavailability. Current methods to assess bioavailability include serum measurements and in vitro digestion models.
Winter Customs: Bonfire Night and Mumming

In The Return of the Native Hardy introduces the inhabitants of Egdon Heath alongside a multi-layered exploration of Bonfire Night. Hardy’s reference to the ‘jumbled’ traditions of bonfire-making is not a prelude to any attempt to untangle the various meanings latent in the custom. On the contrary: it suits him better to bring into play the varied strands—Christian and pagan, rebellious and celebratory, communal and individual, local and universal, historical and instinctive—at different times in the novel, without privileging or excluding any one of them. This chapter will begin by establishing some of the etymological traditions associated with the word ‘bonfire’, before looking at portrayals of the seasonal bonfire in antiquarian and historical literature as they developed into the Christian and post-Reformation manifestations that Hardy would come to know personally in the nineteenth century.
A Proactive Approach to Penicillin Allergy Testing in Hospitalized Patients

Background Penicillin allergy testing is underutilized in inpatients despite its potential to immediately impact antibiotic treatment. Although most tested patients are able to tolerate penicillin, limited availability and awareness of this tool leads to the use of costly and harmful substitutes. Objective We established an inpatient service at a large academic hospital to identify and test patients with a history of penicillin allergy with the goals of removing inaccurate diagnoses, reducing the use of beta-lactam alternatives, and educating patients and clinicians about the procedure. Methods Eligible inpatients were flagged daily through the electronic medical record and prioritized via a specialized algorithm. A trained clinical pharmacist performed penicillin skin tests and challenges preemptively or by provider request. Clinical characteristics and antibiotic use were analyzed in tested patients. Results A total of 1203 applicable charts were detected by our system leading to 252 direct evaluations over 18 months. Overall, 228 subjects (90.5%) had their penicillin allergy removed. Of these, 223 were cleared via testing and 5 by discovery of prior penicillin tolerance. Among patients testing negative, 85 (38%) subsequently received beta-lactams, preventing 504 inpatient days and 648 outpatient days on alternative agents. Conclusions Penicillin allergy testing using a physician-pharmacist team model effectively removes reported allergies in hospitalized patients. The electronic medical record is a valuable asset for locating and stratifying individuals who benefit most from intervention. Proactive testing substantially reduces unnecessary inpatient and outpatient use of beta-lactam alternatives that may otherwise go unaddressed.
“A Sea of Faith”: The American Religious Exception

“America is exceptionally religious.” Americans have long believed it; foreigners have marveled at it; most scholars have confirmed it. One of the oldest claims about the American exception still enjoys widespread support. Even in the twenty-first century, after all, while Old Europe steadily loses faith, Americans seem so much more “into” religion. Their churches flourish, their God is “alive and well” (Newport 2012).
Psychometric properties of the Canine Symptom Assessment Scale, a multidimensional owner-reported questionnaire instrument for assessment of physical symptoms in dogs with solid tumors

OBJECTIVE To describe development and initial psychometric testing of the Canine Symptom Assessment Scale (CSAS), a multidimensional owner-reported questionnaire instrument, in a population of dogs with solid tumors enrolled in clinical trials. DESIGN Questionnaire development and validation study. ANIMALS 238 client-owned dogs with solid tumors. PROCEDURES A 14-symptom questionnaire was developed. Symptoms were defined as subjective physical disturbances dogs experienced during the course of daily living as assessed through proxy reports of pet owners. For each symptom, owners reported frequency and severity of the symptom and extent of distress caused by the symptom for the dog and the owner. Questionnaire content, symptom prevalence and dimensionality, internal consistency, and factor structure were examined. Construct and criterion validity were examined via comparison with the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI). RESULTS Symptom prevalence was high, with pain and lack of energy reported in most dogs. Severity, versus frequency, was most highly correlated with both dog and owner distress. Two symptoms were removed from consideration because of poor performance. Analysis of the remaining 12 symptoms revealed that they could be grouped into 3 factors: malaise, anxiety, and digestive upset. The CSAS factor and total scores demonstrated predictable relationships with quality of life and pain scores as measured by the CBPI, including a significant association between increasing symptom burden and decreasing quality of life. The Cronbach α for the CSAS was 0.77. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 12-item CSAS was a psychometrically sound owner-reported instrument for assessment of symptom frequency and characteristics in client-owned dogs with solid tumors. Potential applications include clinical research and practice settings.
Geographic Information System for Pigweed Distribution in the US Southeast

In the southeastern United States, Amaranthus, or pigweed species, have become troublesome weeds in agricultural systems. To implement management strategies for the control of these species, agriculturalists need information on areas affected by pigweeds. Geographic information systems (GIS) afford users the ability to evaluate agricultural issues at local, county, state, national, and global levels. Also, they allow users to combine different layers of geographic information to help them develop strategic plans to solve problems. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in testing free and open-source GIS software for weed surveys. In this study, the free and open-source software QGIS was used to develop a geographic information database showing the distribution of pigweeds at the county level in the southeastern United States. The maps focused on the following pigweeds: Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, and tall waterhemp. Cultivated areas and glyphosate-resistant (GR) pigweed data were added to the GIS database. Database queries were used to demonstrate applications of the GIS for precision agriculture applications at the county level, such as tallying the number of counties affected by the pigweeds, identifying counties reporting GR pigweed, and identifying cultivated areas located in counties with GR pigweeds. This research demonstrated that free and open-source software such as QGIS has strong potential as a decision support tool, with implications for precision weed management at the county scale.Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; pigweeds, Amaranthus spp.; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE; tall waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer AMATU
Male Fertility Preservation

With improvements in cancer treatment outcomes and an increase in cancer survivorship, understanding the importance of fertility preservation options prior to undergoing cancer treatment is essential. Therefore, we review herein the effect of cancer and its treatment on male fertility, the rationale for sperm cryopreservation, options for sperm retrieval, ART outcomes, and experimental options. Recent data update fertility outcomes with newer cancer therapies and provide longitudinal insight into survivor paternity with and without fertility preservation. Likewise, updated ART outcomes and future preservation options are discussed. The effect of cancer and its treatment on spermatogenesis is well established. Sperm cryopreservation is the best pre-treatment insurance for the opportunity of future fertility. Post-therapy patients may also achieve fertility restoration with ART, using cryopreserved or freshly obtained sperm. Meanwhile, utilization of cryopreserved testicular stem cells for future transfer or for in vitro maturation represents exciting alternatives on the horizon.
Tumor Infiltration by Immune Cells: Pathologic Evaluation and a Clinical Significance

Tumor infiltrating leukocytes comprise a significant population of cells in the tumor microenvironment. Pathologic evaluation of tumors by methods of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry allow identification of all types of leukocytes, including the cells of myeloid, monocytoid and lymphoid origin. The density of these cells, their spatial distribution in tumor islets and stroma, their level of maturation and functional status vary considerably in the tumors of different nature, grade and stage. By the analysis of clinical data it has been shown that specific types of tumor infiltrating leukocytes have a major impact on the clinical course and the outcome of malignant diseases. This chapter describes an approach used by pathologists to gain insight into morphologic and functional properties of tumor infiltrating leukocytes, as well as their prognostic significance.
Many-Body Effects on EXAFS Amplitudes

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure was measured at K edges of both elements in InAs and GaAs. The measurements were made at SSRL (Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory) during dedicated runs. The samples were measured at three temperatures (80 K, 180 K, and room temperature) to determine the temperature dependency of the disorders.
Association between Oral Candida and Bacteriome in Children with Severe ECC

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal organism frequently detected in the oral cavity of children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Previous studies suggested the cariogenic potential of C. albicans, in vitro and in vivo, and further demonstrated its synergistic interactions with Streptococcus mutans. In combination, the 2 organisms are associated with higher caries severity in a rodent model. However, it remains unknown whether C. albicans influences the composition and diversity of the entire oral bacterial community to promote S-ECC onset. With 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing, this study analyzed the microbiota of saliva and supragingival plaque from 39 children (21 S-ECC and 18 caries-free [CF]) and 33 mothers (17 S-ECC and 16 CF). The results revealed that the presence of oral C. albicans is associated with a highly acidogenic and acid-tolerant bacterial community in S-ECC, with an increased abundance of plaque Streptococcus (particularly S. mutans) and certain Lactobacillus/Scardovia species and salivary/plaque Veillonella and Prevotella, as well as decreased levels of salivary/plaque Actinomyces. Concurrent with this microbial community assembly, the activity of glucosyltransferases (cariogenic virulence factors secreted by S. mutans) in plaque was significantly elevated when C. albicans was present. Moreover, the oral microbial community composition and diversity differed significantly by disease group (CF vs. S-ECC) and sample source (saliva vs. plaque). Children and mothers within the CF and S-ECC groups shared microbiota composition and diversity, suggesting a strong maternal influence on children's oral microbiota. Altogether, this study underscores the importance of C. albicans in association with the oral bacteriome in the context of S-ECC etiopathogenesis. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to examine how fungal-bacterial interactions modulate the onset and severity of S-ECC, potentially leading to novel anticaries treatments that address fungal contributions.
How Perceptions of Web Resource Boundaries Differ for Institutional and Personal Archives

What is and is not part of a web resource does not have a simple answer. Exploration of web resource boundaries have shown that people's assessments of resource bounds rely on understanding relationships between content fragments on the same web page and between content fragments on different web pages. This study explores whether such perceptions change based on whether the archive is for personal use or is institutional in nature. This survey explores user expectations when accessing archived web resources. Participants in the study were asked to assume they are making use of an archive provided by an institution tasked with preserving online resources, such as a digital archive that is part of the Library of Congress. Groups of pair web pages presented to the participants. Each group has a primary web page that is the resource being saved by the institutional archive. Each group has several subsequent parts or pages, which we will ask about. Consistent with our previous study on personal archiving, the primary-page content in the study comes from multi-page stories, multi-image collections, product pages with reviews and ratings on separate pages, and short single page writings. Participants were asked to assume the institutional archive wants to preserve the primary page and then answer what else they would expect to be saved along with the primary page. The results show that there are similar expectations for preserving continuations of the main content in personal and institutional archiving scenarios, institutional archives are more likely to be expected to preserve the context of the main content, such as additional linked content, advertisements, and author information.
Theory, practice, and perspectives: Disability Studies and parenting children with disabilities

AbstractIn this process-oriented article, the authors weave short personal narratives with theoretical reflections to examine the relationship between Disability Studies scholarship and parenting c...
Incorporating Unemployment into the GTAP Model

This paper documents the development of a labor module that incorporates job-search frictions, to introduce unemployment into the standard GTAP model. In this approach, unemployed individuals must search for a job opening and firms that want to hire must search for a worker to fill the job. To illustrate the potential value of a GTAP model with frictional unemployment, the impacts of a 25 percent increase in U.S. tariffs on metal products (e.g., ferrous and non-ferrous metals) are simulated. While employment of skilled and unskilled labor increases in the U.S. metals sector, employment of both types of labor declines in U.S. manufacturing and services sectors. These decreases in employment offset the increase in the metals sector, leading to a 0.8 percent increase in the unemployment of unskilled labor and a 1.5 percent in the unemployment of skilled labor. These increases would translate to a 0.1 percent point increase in the unemployment rate in the U.S. labor market. A potential barrier to wider use of a the GTAP model with unemployment is the availability of job separation or turnover rate data in regions other than the United States. In the example simulation, job turnover rates, and thus the initial levels of matched labor in the non-U.S. regions are assumed to be the same as for United States.
Investigation on accuracy of triage of the pediatric patients with rash

Objective To summarize the experience of identifying rash of the pediatric patients and improve the recognition rate of rash.Methods A total of 419 pediatric outpatients with rash were recruited.The characteristics of rash,accompanying symptoms,doctors diagnose and the status of identify triage wereanalyzed.Results The average accuracy of triage of rash Was 76.13%.11le accuracy of triage of rash in allersic skin diseases was 82.4% and in viral or bacterial infectious disases was 66.3%.The top five triage diseases were eczenma,acute urticaria,drug rash,chicken pox,hand,foot and mouth disease.Conclusions Since the pediatric patients'rash con be found in a vailety of diseases,triage nurses should carefully observe the performance and characteristics of the rash in order to prevent errors triage. Key words: Children; Rash; Triage
CyNAPSE: A Low-power Reconfigurable Neural Inference Accelerator for Spiking Neural Networks

While neural network models keep scaling in depth and computational requirements, biologically accurate models are becoming more interesting for low-cost inference. Coupled with the need to bring more computation to the edge in resource-constrained embedded and IoT devices, specialized ultra-low power accelerators for spiking neural networks are being developed. Having a large variance in the models employed in these networks, these accelerators need to be flexible, user-configurable, performant and energy efficient. In this paper, we describe CyNAPSE, a fully digital accelerator designed to emulate neural dynamics of diverse spiking networks. Since the use case of our implementation is primarily concerned with energy efficiency, we take a closer look at the factors that could improve its energy consumption. We observe that while majority of its dynamic power consumption can be credited to memory traffic, its on-chip components suffer greatly from static leakage. Given that the event-driven spike processing algorithm is naturally memory-intensive and has a large number of idle processing elements, it makes sense to tackle each of these problems towards a more efficient hardware implementation. With a diverse set of network benchmarks, we incorporate a detailed study of memory patterns that ultimately informs our choice of an application-specific network-adaptive memory management strategy to reduce dynamic power consumption of the chip. Subsequently, we also propose and evaluate a leakage mitigation strategy for runtime control of idle power. Using both the RTL implementation and a software simulation of CyNAPSE, we measure the relative benefits of these undertakings. Results show that our adaptive memory management policy results in up to 22% more reduction in dynamic power consumption compared to conventional policies. The runtime leakage mitigation techniques show that up to 99.92% and at least 14% savings in leakage energy consumption is achievable in CyNAPSE hardware modules.
Adverse Events Associated with Use of Digoxin Immune Fab Reported to the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, 1986-2019.

Digoxin immune fab products, DigiBind and DigiFab, are antidotes for the treatment of patients with life-threatening or potentially life-threatening digoxin toxicity or overdose. Although approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986 (DigiBind) and 2001 (DigiFab), there remains a paucity of literature describing the safety of these products in the postmarketing setting. We sought to assess US adverse event (AE) reports submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for DigiBind and DigiFab in the postmarketing period. We searched reports for DigiBind and DigiFab submitted from the time of each product approval through December 31, 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to assess AE reports for DigiBind and DigiFab. Empirical Bayes geometric means (EBGMs) and their 90% confidence intervals were computed to identify disproportionate (i.e., at least twice the expected) reporting of DigiBind and DigiFab. Reports describing selected AEs and death outcomes were individually reviewed. A total of 78 DigiBind and 43 DigiFab reports were identified, of which 68 DigiBind (87.2%) and 27 DigiFab (62.8%) reports were serious. Among the most frequently reported AEs for both products [DigiBind, DigiFab, respectively] were cardiac (bradycardia [3.8%, 3.9%], cardiac arrest [3.3%, 3.9%], and hypotension [2.4%, 2.6%]) and non-cardiac (nausea [1.9%, 2.6%] and hyperkalemia [1.4%, 1.9%]) events. These AEs were labeled events or confounded by indication for use (digoxin toxicity). Nineteen (24.4%) DigiBind and 13 (30.2%) DigiFab reports described an outcome of death, of which seven (53.8%) DigiFab reports were attributed to poisoning with non-digoxin cardiac glycosides. No deaths could be attributed to DigiBind or DigiFab administration. Our analysis did not identify new safety concerns for DigiBind or DigiFab. Most AEs reported were labeled events or confounded by indication for use.
Experimental Science for the ‘Bananapocalypse’: Counter Politics in the Plantationocene

The plantation has become a landscape of political impossibility. Its industrial modes of production and scientific management pose existential threats to local lifeways, stymie social justice move...
21st-century holidays

Do you use vacations to unwind from physics or to focus on it without distraction? Robert P Crease wonders what holidays mean to physicists in the 21st century
The Chemistry of Complex Aluminohydrides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemical studies of complex aluminohydrides. Complex metal hydrides, in general, are white crystalline solids, stable to dry air, soluble in certain ether-type solvents, very sensitive to moisture in the air or any protic compounds, and are very reactive as reducing agents toward both organic and inorganic compounds. Most complex metal hydrides have been prepared by the reaction of a metal halide with LiAlH 4 . Complex metal hydrides react with metal-halogen, metal-alkoxy, and metal-alkyl compounds to form the corresponding metal hydride and with any active hydrogen compound to rapidly release hydrogen. The chapter discusses major contributions to the chemical studies of complex aluminohydrides by Wiberg, Zakharkin, Finholt, and Brown. It tabulates some physical and thermodynamic properties of the known complex aluminohydrides.