cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Enrichment Techniques for Mass Spectrometry: Identification of Tyrosine Phosphoproteins in Cancer Cells

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues by protein tyrosine kinases mediates numerous cellular processes. Deregulated tyrosine phosphorylation underlies constitutive activation of signaling pathways leading to oncogenesis. Analytical techniques for evaluation of the global phosphoproteome level are challenging and can be improved on to enhance yields. Here, we evaluated several approaches to enrich for tyrosine phosphoproteins in cancer cells for subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis using lysates from SU-DHL-1 cells, which express the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase as a model system. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate, and tyrosine phosphoproteins were subsequently enriched by immunoprecipitation or immunoaffinity chromatography and protein identification performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our results show that sodium orthovanadate improves enrichment and thus detection of tyrosine phosphoproteins. Immunoprecipitation of tyrosine phosphoproteins using two different antiphosphotyrosine antibodies increased the number of protein identifications. Finally, peptides from proteins enriched by immunoprecipitation were more abundant (n = 338) than those enriched by immunoaffinity chromatography (n = 138), and relatively few proteins were found in common (n = 43). Our data demonstrate the utility of an enrichment strategy for the mass spectrometry-based identification of tyrosine phosphoproteins and show the advantage of complementary techniques for greater protein identification.
Robust Nonlinear Control Of Robotic Manipulators by the Method of Computed Torque

The method of computed torque or inverse dynamics has gained some success as an approach for nonlinear control of robotic systems. Exact knowledge of the system parameters is required, however. This paper addresses the problem of nonlinear control when the robotic system exhibits parameter variation. The approach is based upon decoupled model following using a trajectory sensitivity function. Control of a three degree of freedom manipulator arm under mass variation is discussed, as an example.
Insurance Agents in the 21st Century: The Problem of Biased Advice

A substantial fraction of insurance bought by consumers and small businesses is sold through insurance agents rather than purchased directly from firms. Insurance agents can serve valuable “market-making” functions by providing information to both sides of a transaction; and they can offer unsophisticated parties useful advice about how to choose from among a surfeit of complex options. At the same time, agents can inefficiently withhold information and distort consumer choices by providing misleading information or operating in their own self-interests. This Chapter surveys the legal and economic literature on intermediaries operating in consumer-driven insurance markets, analyzing the extent to which competition and/or regulation promote objective and high-quality coverage information and advice. It concludes that neither market forces nor legal or regulatory rules substantially constrain insurance agents’ capacity to advance their own interests by providing biased advice, though direct empirical evidence about the frequency of such misbehavior is limited. Although legal or regulatory reforms could improve matters, the Chapter suggests that institutional-cum-technological developments now underway will likely lead to the replacement of human insurance agents by software similar to that which has largely displaced human travel agents. This change poses both opportunities and pitfalls for regulation. Software may provide more accurate, less biased and more easily-regulated market-making services than humans now do. But it may also facilitate mismatching and be subject to the same kinds of misguided incentives as human intermediaries.
Fast collision resolution (FCR) MAC algorithm for wireless local area networks

Development of efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols is a fundamental research issue in high-speed wireless local area networks (LANs). We focus on the throughput efficiency of medium access algorithms for high-speed wireless LANs which use carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). We propose an efficient distributed contention-based MAC protocol for wireless local area networks, namely, the fast collision resolution (FCR) algorithm, and show that the proposed FCR algorithm provides high throughput and low latency in wireless LANs. The performance of FCR algorithm is compared with that of the IEEE 802.11 MAC algorithm via extensive simulation studies. The results show that FCR algorithm achieves a significantly higher efficiency than the IEEE 802.11 MAC algorithm and is easy to implement in wireless LANs.
An examination of preferences for social presence in online courses with regard to personality type

The purpose of this research was to examine the connections between personality types as illustrated by the Myers Briggs Type Indicator and the desire for social presence components within a technology based learning environment. Participants in the study were undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in an educational technology program at a public university in the State of Texas. The study employed a mixed-method qualitative approach that utilized a paired comparison evaluation, a personality assessment, and semi-structured interviews. Results showed that the components of organization and feedback were thought to best foster social presence in technology based learning environments and that there was no real difference between the personality types of introverts versus extroverts and judgers versus perceivers.
COMPARING INDEPENDENCE: NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

In the late 18th century and early 19th the greatest part of the Americas became independent of European powers. There were numerous reasons for discontent but in each case European events contributed to the outbreak of revolution. The political and social transformation produced in Angloamerica was relatively moderate whereas the Haitian revolution produced deep social as well as political change. In the Spanish colonies, scene of the longest military struggle, and in lesser degree Brazil, the change in political system was more abrupt than in Angloamerica and the social changes uneven but not insignificant.
Nc limit of spin-flavor breaking in excited baryon levels

Spin-flavor symmetry breaking in the levels of excited Baryons are studied to leading order in the 1/N{sub c} expansion. This breaking occurs at zeroth order. For non-strange Baryons with a single quark excited, it is shown that to first order of perturbation theory the breaking is given by one 1-body operator (spin-orbit), and three 2-body operators, all involving the orbital angular momentum of the excited quark. Higher-body operators can be reduced to that set of operators. As illustration, p-wave Baryons are briefly discussed.
Trend of semiconductor packaging, high density and low cost

The form of semiconductor packaging is shifting from a wire bonded package to a flip chip package, using a buildup PCB as its substrate. Flip chip technology, used in main frame computers for a long time, is now spreading throughout many applications, with the large advantage of low cost achieved by "under-fill reinforced flip chip bonding" and "epoxy-base build-up PCB technology". The applications include telephones, high-tech consumer products, PC processors and ASICs, and there is an expected further movement to server applications. It is now nearing its original objective, the system-on-package.
Experimental studies of millimeter-wave scattering in discrete random media and from rough surfaces - Summary

(1996). Experimental studies of millimeter-wave scattering in discrete random media and from rough surfaces - Summary. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 451-453.
Sucrose as an analgesic for newborns.

To the Editor.— Blass and Hoffmeyer1 are to be congratulated for documenting the simple noninvasive use of a sucrose-flavored pacifier to relieve pain in newborns. In well-controlled studies they showed that not only did this benign therapy decrease distress during blood collection for routine newborn screening, but it also reduced crying more than 50% during circumcision. Earlier work by Blass and others indicated that a pacifying stimulus as well as oral sucrose relieves pain2-4 and that this analgesic effect is mediated through opiate pathways.5-7
Follicular helper T cell-mediated mucosal barrier maintenance

Abstract The basic functions of the immune system are protection from pathogens and maintenance of tolerance to self. The maintenance of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces adds a layer of complexity to these basic functions. Recent reports suggest follicular helper T cells (Tfh), a CD4 + T cell subset specialized to provide help to B cells undergoing isotype switching and affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC), interact with the microbiota and are essential to maintenance of mucosal barriers. Complicating the issue is ongoing controversy in the field regarding origin of the Tfh subset and its distinction from other effector CD4 T cell phenotypes (Th1/Th17/Treg). This review focuses on the differentiation, phenotypic plasticity, and function of CD4 T cells, with an emphasis on commensal-specific GC responses in the gut.
The Protective Effects of Neighborhood Collective Efficacy on Adolescent Substance Use and Violence Following Exposure to Violence

Research has demonstrated that exposure to violence can result in many negative consequences for youth, but the degree to which neighborhood conditions may foster resiliency among victims is not well understood. This study tests the hypothesis that neighborhood collective efficacy attenuates the relationship between adolescent exposure to violence, substance use, and violence. Data were collected from 1,661 to 1,718 adolescents participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, who were diverse in terms of sex (51% male, 49% female), race/ethnicity (48% Hispanic, 34% African American, 14% Caucasian, and 4% other race/ethnicity), and age (mean age 12 years; range 8-16). Information on neighborhood collective efficacy was obtained from adult residents, and data from the 1990 U.S. Census were used to control for neighborhood disadvantage. Based on hierarchical modeling techniques to adjust for the clustered data, Bernoulli models indicated that more exposure to violence was associated with a greater likelihood of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use and perpetration of violence. Poisson models suggested that victimization was also related to a greater variety of substance use and violent behaviors. A moderating effect of collective efficacy was found in models assessing the variety of substance use; the relationship between victimization and substance use was weaker for youth in neighborhoods with higher versus lower levels of collective efficacy. These findings are consistent with literature indicating that social support can ameliorate the negative impact of victimization. This investigation extends this research to show that neighborhood social support can also help to promote resiliency among adolescents.
MAPPING MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION

Abstract A method is presented for using point mean precipitation data to estimate areal values in regions of high relief. Variation of precipitation with altitude is determined. Local anomalies from this relationship are mapped, and lines of equal anomaly are drawn. By use of the mean relation corrected for the local anomaly, the mean precipitation at any point can be determined and an isohyetal map drawn. A similar approach can be used to determine mean temperature for studies of snowmelt or of potential evapotranspiration.
Drying gels: III. warping plate

An analysis is presented of the warping of a plate of gel as it dries by evaporation from one side. First, an elastic solution is obtained for the stresses and strains in a plate with an arbitrary variation in free strain through its thickness. The solution for a porous viscous material, such as a gel, is obtained by analogy. The free strain rate of the gel is determined by extension of the theory presented in Part I of this series. Two cases are considered: 1) a plate drying by evaporation from one side, with the other side in contact with a reservoir of liquid; 2) a plate with no such reservoir. In both cases, the plate initially becomes concave toward the direction of evaporation. If a reservoir is present, the plate does not dry unless the permeability is very low. If a dry region does form, the curvature of the plate tends to reverse, in keeping with experimental observations. The slower the drying rate, the smaller the residual curvature. The magnitude of the curvature and its dependence on drying rate are sensitive to the assumed properties of the gel, particularly the assumed dependence of the viscosity of the solid phase on the relative density.
RUMORS OF THE DEATH OF DISPOSITIONAL RESEARCH ARE VASTLY EXAGGERATED

In this article we reply to Davis-Blake and Pfeffer's (1989) critique of dispositional research in organizational behavior and their suggestions for what it would take for dispositional research to make a valid contribution to the field. Based on a review of studies of different populations in various settings and the different assessments of dispositional we conclude that the evidence presents a compelling argument for incorporating dispositional theory into explanations of behavior in organizations.
POSSIBLE DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF INTRASPECIFIC SHELTER COMPETITION AMONG AMERICAN LOBSTERS

Abstract Pioneering work by J. Stan Cobb described how habitat architecture and body size scaling affect shelter-related behavior of American lobsters. Subsequent research suggested that shelter availability and competition could set local carrying capacity and demographics for this species. To determine how shelter spacing affects population density, the intensity of intraspecific competition and the distribution of body size for this species, I deployed sets of 10 identically sized artificial shelters spaced at distances of 2.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 meters on otherwise featureless substrate at 10 m depth in mid-coast Maine, U.S.A. Five sets had two parallel strings of five opposing shelters and an additional linear string set 2 m apart without opposing shelters was the most widely separated treatment. Shelters spaced 1 m apart and closer had higher lobster population densities, more intraspecific competition and higher proportions of empty shelters. Surprisingly, lobsters there were also significantly ...
A Transient Thermoelastohydrodynamic Lubrication Model for the Slipper/Swashplate in Axial Piston Machines

A transient lubrication model has been developed for the sliding interface between the slipper and swashplate in axial piston hydraulic pumps and motors. The model considers a nonisothermal fluid model, microdynamic motion of the slipper, as well as pressure and thermal deformations of the bounding solid bodies through a partitioned solution scheme. The separate contributions of elastohydrostatic and elastohydrodynamic lubrication are studied. Although hydrostatic deformation dominates, hydrodynamic effects are crucial for actual operation. Finally, the impact of transient deformation on lubricant pressure is explored, with its consideration necessary for accurate analysis.
Whole genome assessment of the retinal response to diabetes reveals a progressive neurovascular inflammatory response

Despite advances in the understanding of diabetic retinopathy, the nature and time course of molecular changes in the retina with diabetes are incompletely described. This study characterized the functional and molecular phenotype of the retina with increasing durations of diabetes. Using the streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes, levels of retinal permeability, caspase activity, and gene expression were examined after 1 and 3 months of diabetes. Gene expression changes were identified by whole genome microarray and confirmed by qPCR in the same set of animals as used in the microarray analyses and subsequently validated in independent sets of animals. Increased levels of vascular permeability and caspase-3 activity were observed at 3 months of diabetes, but not 1 month. Significantly more and larger magnitude gene expression changes were observed after 3 months than after 1 month of diabetes. Quantitative PCR validation of selected genes related to inflammation, microvasculature and neuronal function confirmed gene expression changes in multiple independent sets of animals. These changes in permeability, apoptosis, and gene expression provide further evidence of progressive retinal malfunction with increasing duration of diabetes. The specific gene expression changes confirmed in multiple sets of animals indicate that pro-inflammatory, anti-vascular barrier, and neurodegenerative changes occur in tandem with functional increases in apoptosis and vascular permeability. These responses are shared with the clinically documented inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy suggesting that this model may be used to test anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
The role of bedside ultrasonography, urinalysis, and computed tomography in the diagnostic evaluation of flank pain

Study objectives: Numerous patients can present to the emergency department (ED) with flank pain. The diagnostic evaluation of these patients is varied but commonly includes urinalysis and an imaging modality. In this study, we evaluate the safety and utility of emergency ultrasonography for the evaluation of renal colic in patients with flank pain. Methods: This was a consecutive, prospective enrollment of afebrile patients with flank pain presenting to an ED of a tertiary care center. Exclusion criteria included trauma, recent urologic surgery, known current kidney stone, or unstable vital signs. All patients underwent identical evaluations, including urinalysis, bedside emergency ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scan, and a follow-up call. Ultrasonographic scans were performed by experienced emergency ultrasonographers who were blinded to the CT scan results. A percentage of the CT scans (n=44) were initially read by a radiology resident and later reread by a radiology attending physician. Final diagnosis was determined at 1-month follow-up after review of all patient records and a patient interview. Sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasonographic and initial CT scans were determined using final CT reading. To evaluate a hypothetical decision tree for the evaluation of flank pain in the ED, data were also analyzed post hoc using a set of predefined assumptions: (1) all patients undergo urinalysis; (2) ultrasonography is performed on patients with hematuria; (3) patients with hematuria and unilateral hydronephrosis (by ultrasonography) are diagnosed with renal colic and discharged; and (4) CT scans were performed on all patients with nondiagnostic urinalysis and ultrasonography. The accuracy of this decision tree was evaluated using the final diagnoses as determined by analysis of data and telephone interview at 1-month follow-up. Results: A total of 82 patients were enrolled from December 2001 to December 2003. The average age was 38.8 years, and 59% were female patients. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the emergency ultrasonography (87% and 78%, respectively) closely matched that of the initial resident-read CT scan (84% and 89%, respectively). An analysis of the flank pain decision tree shows that the combination of a positive urinalysis and ultrasonography (n=39) correctly diagnosed 97% of the patients in the study, whereas CT scan (n=43) diagnosed the remainder. Final diagnoses included renal colic (62%), urinary tract infection (6%), diverticulitis (3.6%), pneumonia (2.4%), flank pain (15%), and other (11%). Conclusion: Patients with multiple diagnoses can present with flank pain. Emergency ultrasonography of the kidney has a sensitivity and specificity similar to that of CT. A flank pain decision tree using limited bedside ultrasonography would result in a reduction of 52% of the CT scans, with no loss of diagnostic sensitivity or specificity.
Cross-Fertilization of Knowledge: The Case of MIS and its Reference Disciplines

This study examines the characteristics of cross-fertilization of knowledge of MIS and its related disciplines. The examination is conducted from the perspective of two significantly different models of scientific development. These are the internalist model and the externalist model. Citation data is used to develop a cross-fertilization network of scientific disciplines. The patterns of knowledgesharing among the disciplines are studied. MIS and its reference disciplines are analyzed in terms of the degree to which they remain open to the ideas of other fields. Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields. This suggests that no one model of scientific development serves to describe adequately MIS and its related disciplines. The status of MIS as a scientific discipline is discussed. The authors argue that the multifaceted nature of MIS should be re-conceptualized as progress from multiple directions.
Effect of Oxidation on Creep Strength and Resistivity of Porous Fe-26Cr-1Mo

To investigate its application as a material for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects, oxidation rates of replicated E-Brite (Fe-26Cr-1Mo, wt pct) foams with 43 and 51 pct open porosity were measured in static laboratory air for up to 200 hours. Results correlate well with previously reported values for dense material when normalized by surface area. Area-specific resistance measurements, taken in the range of 823 K to 1073 K (550 °C to 800 °C) after 24 hours of oxidation at 1123 K (850 °C), yield activation energies in the range 69 to 82 kJ mol−1 for porous E-Brite that closely match dense E-Brite. Compressive creep properties, measured at 1073 K (800 °C) for pristine and oxidized porous E-Brite, show that pre-oxidation (10 hours at 1073 K (800 °C)) led to a ~100-fold decrease in creep rate. This is due to strengthening of the alloy foam by the formation of a continuous network of oxide, which coats the internal pore surface and reduces porosity by as much as 10 pct after 200 hours of oxidation at 1073 K (800 °C). Choking of the fenestrations between the pores, however, leads to an increase in closed porosity. Strengthening and pore filling effects should be taken into account in the design of the SOFC stack when using E-Brite as a porous interconnect material.
Action of spleen phosphodiesterase upon soluble ribonucleic acid

Abstract The attack of spleen phosphodiesterase upon aminoacyl-sRNA's results in a rapid loss in ability of the aminoacyl-sRNA to transfer its amino acid into polypeptide material. There is a direct correlation, within the degraded aminoacyl-sRNA's, between this loss in amino acid transfer ability and a loss in aminoacyl-sRNA, mRNA, ribosome complex forming ability. This suggests that the loss in amino acid transfer ability within aminoacyl-sRNA upon treatment with spleen phosphodiesterase is due to inability of the degraded aminoacyl-sRNA to complex with mRNA upon ribosomes. The structural and functional implications of this observation necessitate a more definitive study of the action of spleen phosphodiesterase upon sRNA and aminoacyl-sRNA. Evidence is presented supporting the concept that spleen phosphodiesterase, or a contaminant in same, catalyzes an initial endonucleolytic cleavage within sRNA's after which nucleoside monophosphat.es are released sequentially from the site of endonucleolytic cleavage.
Phenomenological approach to the role of C3A in the hardening of portland cement pastes

Abstract This paper is a contribution to the growing belief that the C 3 A acts as a catalyst on the calcium silicates during hydration. This is based on the finding that the rates of reactions of the silicates are linear functions of the C 3 A content of the cement. The effect of C 3 A on the ultimate strength is also discussed numerically along with evidence that shows that the rate of hardening, per se, affects the ultimate strength through its effect on the structure of the hardening cement paste.
The internal milieu of the pregnant rat is not growth promoting for maternal tissues and it reduces growth of fetal paw transplants.

We have investigated whether the internal milieu of the pregnant female rat is growth promoting to fetal or adult tissues. Adult female littermates were divided into two groups, one of which remained virginal while the other was bred repeatedly. Four successive pregnancies did not affect skeletal growth (i.e. tail length increase) or BW gain. Three-month-old females were hypophysectomized (HX) or sham HX on day 13 of pregnancy. Age-matched virgins were treated similarly. Eight days after surgery, the width of the tibial epiphysial plate of the HX virgins had decreased from 146.2 +/- 5.6 mu to 98.4 +/- 2.5 mu. In the pregnant rats, the width of the plate in the shams was reduced to 120.8 +/- 7.6 mu, and hypophysectomy tended to further reduce its width to 103.2 +/- 8.4 mu. Paws from 14- to 15-day fetal rats were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult nonpregnant or pregnant hosts and grown there for 6 or 11 days. In the nonpregnant hosts the paws grew substantially during both periods, but in gravid females their growth was inhibited by about 35%. Paws were also transplanted to the kidney of HX pregnant and HX nonpregnant females to determine whether the internal milieu of the gravid female retains more growth-promoting/growth-supporting activity after pituitary removal than does that of HX virgin hosts. In both types of HX hosts, transplant growth was inhibited to the same degree (65-70%) relative to growth in intact hosts. The growth-inhibiting properties of the internal environment of the gravid hosts were not due to ovarian steroids because injections of estradiol plus progesterone had no effect on transplant growth. We also tested the effects of placental transplants and placental extracts on the growth of transplanted paws in juvenile female hosts. Both placental treatments caused inhibition of transplant growth by 25-30%. Overall, our results indicate that the internal milieu of the pregnant rat is not somatotrophic for her tissues, and it actually suppresses growth of fetal tissue transplants. The placenta may be responsible for this growth-inhibitory effect.
On the reaction of sulfenyl iodide derivatives with azide

Abstract Based on the suggested mechanism of the Raschig catalytic iodine-azide reaction the use of azide for the azotometric estimation of sulfenyl iodide groups is proposed. In the Raschig reaction reduction of iodine to iodide and oxidation of azide to elementary nitrogen is specifically catalyzed by bivalent sulfur compounds; the reaction is usually formulated to proceed via hypothetical sulfenyl iodide derivatives. This has been explored with the use of available, relatively stable sulfenyl iodide derivatives. The -SI group oxidizes azide to nitrogen stoichiometrically: 1 mole of a sulfenyl iodide consumes 2 moles of sodium azide and yields 3 moles of elementary nitrogen. The specificity and limitations of the method are discussed.
Synthesis of quinolinyl/isoquinolinyl[a]pyrrolo [3,4-c] carbazoles as cyclin D1/CDK4 inhibitors.

Abstract A novel series of pyrrolo[3,4-c] carbazoles fused with a quinolinyl/isoquinolinyl moiety were synthesized and their D1/CDK4 inhibitory and antiproliferative activity were evaluated. Compound 8H, 14H-isoquinolinyl[6,5-a]-pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-7,9-dione (1d) was found to be a highly potent D1/CDK4 inhibitor with an IC50 of 69 nM. Compound 1d also inhibited tumor cell growth, arrested tumor cells in G1 phase and inhibited pRb phosphorylation.
The introduction of computers in an at-risk learning environment: a seven-year retrospective view

The purpose of the present investigation was to gain a retrospective view of the infusion of computer technology at a large, predominantly ethnic/racial minority, inner-city high school serving at-risk students. To obtain a view of the effects of the introduction of computer technology over the seven-year course of the study, three methodologies were used: (a) in-depth case studies of a sample of students, teachers, and administrators; (b) classroom observations of students and teachers during the use of technology; and (c) a self-esteem index administered to a group of students. Students felt more confident and competent about using technology after exposure in a computer laboratory; there was also a significant difference between measured self-esteem of a sample of students before and after exposure to computer technology. Based on interviews and observations, teachers were categorized in three groups that focused on their use and perceptions of computer technology in their teaching. Administrators expressed a desire for teachers to become more proficient in integrating course content and available computer technology into lessons for at-risk students participating in this investigation.
MITRE: DESCRIPTION OF THE ALEMBIC SYSTEM AS USED IN MET

Alembic is a comprehensive information extraction system that has been applied to a range of tasks. These include the now-standard components of the formal MUC evaluations: name tagging (NE in MUC-6), name normalization (TE), and template generation (ST). The system has also been exploited to help segment and index broadcast video and was used for early experiments on variants of the co-reference identification task. (For details, see [1].)
New limits on gravitational symmetry violations from pulsar measurements

Abstract It was recently noted that symmetry violations in gravity are constrained by timing observations of pulsars. We present measurements which substantially improve the limits on these terms, surpassing the quarter century old results obtained from measurements of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of the hydrogen atom.
Abstraction in methodology: A framework for computer support

Abstract Computer-based methodologies for systems modelling, design, and analysis require the user to understand and manipulate abstractions of the objects of direct interest. The success of such methodologies may hang on human ability to deal with such abstractions and the degree to which the computer assistance meshes with this ability. This paper formulates systems methodologies within a problem solving frame-work in which abstractions, and the role they play, are formally represented. Two kinds of abstraction-based methodologies are distinguished: information-based methodologies employ abstractions to provide projections of the current state of the problem solving process, subsearch methodologies augment the underlying solution space with abstract representations that are intended to facilitate better perception of goal directions and improved quality of solutions. In this framework, implementation of abstraction classes is shown to involve overhead costs to both software and “brainware” that may vitiate the intended benefits. Components of, and approaches to, such a cost/benefit analysis are presented.
Cytokine-mediated human polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis : evidence of differential sensitivities to manipulation of intracellular mechanisms

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are well known mediators in infectious processes with pleiotropic effects on a variety of cells. These cytokines are known to upregulate Fc receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) but the mechanisms of this enhanced phagocytosis are not known. We investigated the effects of various alterations in intra- and extracellular events on cytokine-induced phagocytic upregulation. Blockade of mRNA synthesis, protein kinase C activation, or G protein activation prevented enhanced phagocytosis by either cytokine. The PMN phagocytic response to TNF-α, but not IL-1β, was also blunted by agents interfering with mRNA translation or FcγR recycling.
National and cultural variables in ergonomics.

Ergonomics has so far been largely an American and Western European discipline. For that reason, present-day ergonomics is not robust enough to cope with the many large and important differences that one finds among the people of the earth. These differences are discussed under five major headings: anthropometry, language, physiology, psychology, and customs and practices. In each case, the differences are so great that they require substantial modifications in commonly accepted ergonomics principles and practices. In some cases, the technical design problems involved in adapting equipment to non-Western societies have required the development of new ergonomics principles. Failure to take account of national and cultural variables may nullify the gains that one might reasonably expect to follow from the application of ergonomics in many areas of the world.
Supervenience and explanation

This paper explores the explanatory adequacy of lower-level theories when their higher-level counterparts are irreducible. If some state or entity described by a high-level theory supervenes upon and is realized in events, entities, etc. described by the relevant lower-level theory, does the latter fully explain the higher-level event even if the higher-level theory is irreducible? While the autonomy of the special sciences and the success of various eliminativist programs depends in large part on how we answer this question, neither the affirmative or negative answer has been defended in detail. I argue, contra Putnam and others, that certain facts about causation and explanation show that such lower-level theories do explain. I also argue, however, that there may be important questions about counterfactuals and laws that such explanations cannot answer, thereby showing their partial inadequacy. I defend the latter claim against criticisms based on eliminativism about higher-level explanations and sketch a number of empirical conditions that lower-level explanations would have to meet to fully explain higher-level events.
Social Signals—An Overview

SYNOPSIS. Behavioral signals play an important role in the communication of members of a social group. This symposium explores those aspects of social signals that emphasize phylogenetic adaptations and endocrine coordination of communicatory behaviors. Species diversity in signalling modalities may be viewed as adaptations for effective communication in different habitats. Reproduction provides a rich context for social signalling, perhaps related to requirements for complex and intimate cooperation between partners. Hormones that regulate reproductive physiology also act to modulate the production and reception of social signals. The approaches of symposium contributors have benefited from the combination of field studies with the powerful analytic techniques of the laboratory. In addition, an appreciation of sources of information important for an animal in its natural habitat has focused the attention of physiological studies onto behaviorally meaningful problems.
Complex venous reconstruction for chronic iliofemoral vein obstruction

Abstract A 35-year-old patient, physically very active, developed symptoms and signs of postphlebitic venous obstruction in the right lower extremity that was complicated by deep venous thrombosis, while recovering from a motorcycle accident. Duplex and venography demonstrated occlusion of the right superficial femoral vein and right external iliac vein. Strain-gauge plethysmography and measurements of venous pressures demonstrated functional obstruction. The patient underwent saphenous cross-femoral vein bypass, right saphenous-popliteal anastomosis accompanied with distal posterior tibial to saphenous vein arteriovenous fistula. Ten days following surgery, the arteriovenous fistula and the distal great saphenous vein closed spontaneously. The rest of the reconstruction remained patent as documented by duplex up to 24 months following the surgery. Clinically, the patient is doing well, tolerating heavy physical exertion as before his accident. The importance of selection of patients for venous bypass surgery is stressed. Only patients with co-existing anatomical and functional obstruction are good candidates for these procedures. Copyright © 1996 The International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery.
A big data correlation orchestrator for Internet of Things

Connecting embedded sensors with cloud infrastructure could open enormous possibility for creating new services which eventually could have unprecedented impact in our way of living. To provide robust and reliable services, embedded sensor generally need to produce significant amount of data which could easily exceed storage capability of micro-servers. To address this problem, in this paper, we present BigCO: a big data correlation orchestrator for internet of things. This orchestrator is implemented in a micro cloud server whose role is to manage centralized as well as distributed wireless sensor nodes. In this paper, we address how multifaceted data could be interrelated and analyzed using 3D modeling and present a streaming compression algorithm (extending Ramer-Douglas-Peucker heuristic). Applying our proposed compression algorithm, we have achieved as high as 99.86% compression of sensor data.
Hydroxamic acids: relationship between structure and ability to reactivate phosphonate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase.

A series of hydroxamic acids have been examined for their ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase inhibited by isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate. The active compounds fall into two structurally distinct groups, neither of which is closely related to the natural substrate of the enzyme. Reactivation of the inhibited enzyme appears to involve a number of sites around the active center which absorb and orient the reactivators. Unless the specific structural requirements for this absorption are met, no reactivation occurs.
Decorrelation of spike trains by synaptic depression

Abstract Synaptic depression modeled after that seen in cortical slices removes correlations from realistic spike sequences. If not removed, such correlations can lead to inefficient and redundant neural codes. We suggest that this redundancy reduction at individual synapses enables a neuron to better process information from multiple inputs.
Cochlear microphonic measurements of interaural time differences in the chick

The major cues for the sound localization are the interaural differences in the timing and intensity of acoustic information. This poses a difficult coding problem for animals with relatively small heads, such as birds, because interaural time differences (ITDs) would have a small range and magnitude and interaural intensity differences (IIDs) would be significant for only high frequency sounds. It has been suggested that this coding problem is mitigated in birds by an enhancement of ITDs and IIDs resulting from the acoustic coupling of the two middle ear cavities through an interaural canal. In this report, the functional ITDs for sounds at different azimuthal locations were recorded in young chicks, and the contribution of middle ear acoustic coupling was evaluated. ITDs were calculated from simultaneous cochlear microphonic (CM) recordings evoked by pure tone stimuli. These effective ITDs were larger than predicted by the physical separation of the two ears, and this enhancement was more pronounced at low (0.8 and 1 kHz) than at high (2 and 4 kHz) frequencies, reaching maximum values of approximately 180 and 100 microseconds, respectively. The amplitude of the CM also varied as a function of sound source location. This variation was as much as +/- 30%, even for the low frequency tones. This suggests that IID cues are also available to the chick. To determine the contribution of middle ear acoustic coupling to the timing and amplitude of the CM response, the CM in one ear was measured prior to, and following occlusion of the contralateral external auditory canal. The cochlear microphonic from the ear distal to the sound source advanced in time and increased in amplitude when the ear proximal to the sound source was sealed. These effects were more pronounced for low frequency sounds. These findings confirm that acoustic coupling of the middle ear cavities plays a role in enhancing sound localization cues in the chick.
Influence of personal and lesson factors on caloric expenditure in physical education

Background:Increasing caloric expenditure in physical education is considered an effective school-based approach to addressing the child obesity epidemic. This study was designed to determine synergistic influences of student characteristics and lesson factors on caloric expenditure in elementary and middle school physical education. Methods:The study used a multi-level design. Level-1 factors included personal characteristics: age, gender, and body mass index. Level-2 factors included lesson length, content, and school level. Based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention age–gender adjusted growth chart, students in 87 classes from 14 elementary and 15 middle schools were pre-screened into “Overweight”, “Healthy weight”, or “Thin” groups. One boy and one girl were randomly selected from each group in each class as data providers (264 elementary and 294 middle school students). Caloric expenditure was measured in 243 physical education lessons using accelerometers. Results:Analysis of variance revealed and hierarchical linear modeling confirmed separate age by body mass index, age by gender, and content by lesson–length interaction effects, suggesting that the personal and lesson factors influenced caloric expenditure independently. Older male and heavier students burned more calories in all lessons. Students burned more calories in 45–60 min sport skill or fitness lessons than in shorter (30 min) or longer (75–90 min) game or multi-activity lessons. Conclusions:The hypothesized cross-level interaction was not observed in the data. Caloric expenditure can be optimized in 45–60 min sport skill or fitness development lessons. It can be recommended that schools adopt 45–60 min lesson length and provide skill and fitness development tasks in physical education to maximize caloric expenditure.
Cognitive Development of the Binary Operations for Standard and Nonstandard Logic

The binary operations of standard logic, conjunction, implication, equality, not/both, exclusive/or, and inclusive/or disjunction are usually employed as a basis for the construction and evaluation of psychological theories of logical behavior. An additional 10 binary nonstandard operations are proposed. Together the standard and nonstandard operations comprise the operations of the extended logic. An axiom of developmental order proposes that extended operations with fewer valid cases are mastered before operations with more valid cases. The operations are discussed from the perspectives of developmental theory, model theory, pragmatic reasoning structures, and deontic, dialectic, and standard logic.
The Effects of Lidocaine on the Vulnerable Period During Ventricular Fibrillation

Vulnerability in Ventricular Fibrillation. Introduction: It was postulated that a subthreshold defibrillation shock failed to halt ventricular fibrillation because the shock itself reinitiated Ventricular fibrillation by falling into the vulnerable period of the wave fronts. Whether or not the timing of the vulnerable period is determined by the ventricular fibrillation cycle length is unknown. Methods and Results: We determined the patterns of epicardial activation in ten dogs by computerized mapping techniques during unsuccessful defibrillation. Lidocaine was then given to prolong the ventricular fibrillation cycle length, and the computerized mapping studies were repeated. The results showed that lidocaine increased the ventricular fibrillation cycle length from 110 ± 13 msec to 156 ± 5 msec (P < (0.001). Among 55 episodes of unsuccessful defibrillation, the site of the earliest postshock activation occurred in the center of the mapped tissue 12 times at baseline and 14 times during lidocaine infusion. At electrodes that registered as post-shock early sites, the preshock intervals clustered within a narrow range both before (58 ± 14 msec) and during (10l ± 18 msec, P < 0.001) lidocaine infusion. The correlation between the preshock intervals and the ventricular fibrillation cycle length was significant for these 26 sites (r = 0.87, P< 0.001.). Conclusion: We conclude that a vulnerable period is present during ventricular fibrillation, and the timing of the vulnerable period is determined by the ventricular fibrillation cycle length.
Unhydrolyzed Vegetable Sucrose Polyester in Broiler Diets

Abstract Duplicate 42-d broiler studies were conducted in pens with litter on the floor, beginning with 1-d-old chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery. Seven replicate pens, each starting with 12 male and 12 female chicks, received each dietary treatment in a randomized-block design. Dietary treatments comprised 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5% unhydrolyzed vegetable sucrose polyester (UVSP) added to the starting and finishing diets at the expense of filler. In both studies, up to 2.5% UVSP did not have a significant negative effect on body weights, daily feed intake, feed conversion, or litter moisture. In Experiment 2, average body weights were significantly greater than control for groups that received 0.5, 2.0, or 2.5% UVSP. However, the degree of shank yellowness as measured with a Minolta Chroma-meter was consistently and significantly reduced by 0.5% or more UVSP. Although xanthophyll levels were intentionally lowered somewhat to improve sensitivity (7.9 and 9.6 mg/kg for starter and finished feeds, respectively), it is obvious that the utilization of xanthophyll was reduced somewhat by UVSP. Additional pigment titration trials could provide valuable information about the levels required to overcome this effect.
On the Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus Justitia (Decapoda, Palinuridae) 1)

Vom Pazifik werden einige spatere Stadien der Phyllosoma-Larven von Justitia longimanus mauritiana und Justitia japonica beschrieben und mit der Art vom Atlantik verglichen.
Multisite phosphorylation of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunits from rat brain.

Reversible phosphorylation of ion channels underlies cellular plasticity in mammalian neurons. Voltage-gated sodium or Nav channels underlie action potential initiation and propagation, dendritic excitability, and many other aspects of neuronal excitability. Various protein kinases have been suggested to phosphorylate the primary α subunit of Nav channels, affecting diverse aspects of channel function. Previous studies of Nav α subunit phosphorylation have led to the identification of a small set of phosphorylation sites important in meditating aspects of Nav channel function. Here we use nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC MS/MS) on Nav α subunits affinity-purified from rat brain with two distinct monoclonal antibodies to identify 15 phosphorylation sites on Nav1.2, 12 of which have not been previously reported. We also found 3 novel phosphorylation sites on Nav1.1. In general, commonly used phosphorylation site prediction algorithms did not accurately predict these novel in vivo phosphorylation sites. Our results demonstrate that specific Nav α subunits isolated from rat brain are highly phosphorylated, and suggest extensive modulation of Nav channel activity in mammalian brain. Identification of phosphorylation sites using monoclonal antibody-based immunopurification and mass spectrometry is an effective approach to define the phosphorylation status of Nav channels and important membrane proteins in mammalian brain.
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Papillary Fibroelastoma Presenting With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

![Figure][1] A 61-year-old female presented at the emergency department with chest pain and shortness of breath. The initial electrocardiogram was negative for ischemia; however, cardiac enzyme levels were mildly elevated with an initial serum troponin I level of 1.15 ng/ml. The patient was