cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Class of Pattern-Recognition Networks

The realization of devices to perform a given pattern-recognition task can be considered in terms of the problem of providing the following specifications. A. The observables (measurements or tests) x i , i = 1,2,…N,by which patterns are to be characterized. B. The form of the classification function, i.e., the manner in which observables are to be used in assigning a pattern to one of K known groups. C. The procedures for determining the classification function from samples of patterns from the K different groups.
Analytical Performance Issues

Real-time and near real-time methods for assessing workplace exposures are becoming increasingly available. While many conventional exposure assessment methods require collecting the agent of inter...
S4LP and local realizability

The logic S4LP combines the modal logic S4 with the justification logic LP, both axiomatically and semantically. We introduce a simple restriction on the behavior of constants in S4LP, having no effect on the LP sublogic. Under this restriction some powerful derived rules are established. Then these are used to show completeness relative to a semantics having what we call the local realizability property: at each world and for each formula true at that world there is a realization also true at that world, where a realization is the result of replacing all modal operators with explicit justification terms. This is a part of a project to understand the deeper aspects of Artemov's Realization Theorem.
Genetic regulation of pristane-induced oil granuloma responses.

Oil granuloma (OG) induced by intraperitoneal injection of pristane represents a non-infectious granuloma. Oil granuloma has been characterized, but the regulation of its formation still remains unknown. To address this, we injected pristane into various mice deficient for genes including, linker for activation of T cells (LAT), μMT, LTα, TNFα, IL-6. T cell deficient mice (LAT−/−) responded to pristane by developing serosal granuloma and mesenteric granuloma (MG) as in wild type mice. The absence of B cells blocked serosal granuloma (SG) formation and diminished MG development in response to pristane. However, even when a comparable number of B cells were present in the mesentery, the absence of TNFα resulted in similar defects in OG formation after pristane treatment, demonstrating that both B cells and TNFα are very crucial for pristane-induced OG formation. Interestingly, IL-6−/− mice had intact MG formation; however, SG organization was impaired. These studies provide insight into granulomateous pathology induced by non-infectious substances for example, biomedical sutures.
Acute‐phase Proteins

Acute-phase proteins form part of the systemic acute-phase response which accompanies inflammation. Their synthesis by hepatocytes is primarily regulated by inflammation-associated cytokines and their presumed functions are highly variable and diverse. Keywords: acute-phase proteins; acute-phase response; inflammation; cytokines
Morphometric Study of the Rat Exocrine Pancreas After Diversion of Bile and Pancreatic Juice From the Intestine

The effects of 6 h of diversion of bile and pancreatic juice from the intestine on the ultrastructure of rat pancreatic acinar cells were studied by morphometric procedures. After diversion the volume of zymogen granules decreased markedly, representing a reduction of 77%. The volume of autophagic vacuoles increased twofold after diversion. The volume of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus was not different from that of control. It has been proved by electron microscopic morphometry that the degree of reduction of zymogen granules was similar to that after stimulation by exogenous cholecystokinin or introduction of trypsin inhibitor to the duodenum. This suggests that hypersecretion caused by diversion is due to failure of a negative feedback regulation normally induced by proteases found in pancreatic juice. An increased number of autophagic vacuoles suggests an increase of organelle turnover due to heightened secretory activity of acinar cells.
Comparative Genetics of Disease Resistance Within the Solanaceae

Genomic positions of phenotypically defined disease resistance genes (R genes) and R gene homologues were analyzed in three solanaceous crop genera, Lycopersicon (tomato), Solanum (potato), and Capsicum (pepper). R genes occurred at corresponding positions in two or more genomes more frequently than expected by chance; however, in only two cases, both involving Phytophthora spp., did genes at corresponding positions have specificity for closely related pathogen taxa. In contrast, resistances to Globodera spp., potato virus Y, tobacco mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus were mapped in two or more genera and did not occur in corresponding positions. Without exception, pepper homologues of the cloned R genes Sw-5, N, Pto, Prf, and I2 were found in syntenous positions in other solanaceous genomes and in some cases also mapped to additional positions near phenotypically defined solanaceous R genes. This detailed analysis and synthesis of all available data for solanaceous R genes suggests a working hypothesis regarding the evolution of R genes. Specifically, while the taxonomic specificity of host R genes may be evolving rapidly, general functions of R alleles (e.g., initiation of resistance response) may be conserved at homologous loci in related plant genera.
Characterization of multiple-herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum).

BACKGROUND Multiple-herbicide resistance in Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum has evolved in many areas in Oregon. To manage the resistant populations, the resistance patterns must be determined. In this study, a population (CT) suspected to be resistant to sulfometuron and hexazinone was collected from a Christmas tree plantation. RESULTS The CT population is resistant to at least six herbicides with four different mechanisms of action: atrazine (>16-fold), diuron (2.4-fold), glyphosate (7.4-fold), hexazinone (3.1-fold), imazapyr (1.8-fold) and sulfometuron (>16-fold). Two mutations, Trp-591-Leu and Ser-264-Gly, were identified in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) and psbA gene respectively. No previously reported mutation in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene was found. Less shikimic acid accumulated in the CT plants than in the susceptible plants after treatment with glyphosate at 0.6 kg AE ha−1. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the multiple resistance patterns of Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum populations can be complex, but that chemical control options to manage these populations exist. These remaining chemical options should be integrated with non-chemical management strategies to slow the spread of multiple-resistant biotypes in agroecosystems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Biochemical maturation of the central nervous system. II. Protein and proteolytic enzyme changes

Abstract In an earlier study, the maturation of the central nervous system was followed by analyzing the lipids 5 . Since in the myelin the lipids are complexed with proteins, we have extended our studies to the proteins of the brain, cord, and myelin and have followed the development from embryonic to mature rabbit brains. It was found that the brain weights are quite uniform in the same age group, and that the greatest increase occurs between 14 and 60 days. For assaying protein changes, the technique of acrylamide electrophoresis was found eminently suitable. It was applied in two forms: one, after complete solubilization of the myelin for demonstration of the proteolipids and the encephalitogenic proteins; two, after acid extraction for the demonstration of all basic proteins, including the encephalitogenic protein. This basic, encephalitogenic protein appears later than the proteolipids, although both are constitutents of the myelin. The embryonal brain contains a fast-moving basic protein, most likely a histone, which is either not present or in minimal quantity after birth. Brain and cord myelin proteins were compared and it was found that the sequence of protein synthesis in the early stage differed in that the encephalitogenic protein appeared earlier in the cord than in the brain.
KATRINA: Unmasking Race, Poverty, and Politics in the 21st Century

In his allegorical tale “Racism's Secret Bonding,” legal scholar Derrick Bell imagined the occurrence of fourth of July “racial data storms.” During these storms, the consciousness of each and every White American was flooded with full information about the slave trade, slavery, lynching, Jim Crow, and contemporary discrimination, as well as a powerful emotional appreciation for the human suffering entailed by these conditions. Bell's “racial data storms” created great turmoil, anxiety, and demands for action. These demands focused on preventing future waves of “racial data storms” but also sought significant progressive policy intervention against discrimination and inequality. Bell mused that by the time the “racial data storms” had stopped, they “left behind them the greatest social reform movement America had ever known” (1992, p. 150).
Steroid hormone antagonism and a cyclic model of receptor kinetics.

Abstract Steady state agonist-antagonist relations have been derived for a general version of a cyclic model of glucocorticoid-receptor kinetics. The model was previously shown to account quantitatively for the transient and steady state distribution of hormone-receptor complexes formed in thymus cells by several glucocorticoids. Agonist-antagonist properties of a steroid in the model are expressed quantitatively by its “agonist activity” A, the steady state ratio of nuclear-bound to total complexes it forms. For a pure agonist A = 1, for a pure antagonist A = 0. This ratio is found to be independent of steroid concentration and a function only of the rate constants of reactions involving complexes formed by the steroid. Analysis of the dependence of A on each rate constant reveals how each reaction in the cyclic model—activation, nuclear binding, dissociation of activated and nuclear-bound complexes—influences antagonist properties. The steady state interaction of an antagonist with an agonist is shown to be governed by relations that are indistinguishable from competition relations for the simplest equilibrium system, and to yield dose-response curves that are very similar to those produced by two-state allosteric models of steroid hormone antagonism, despite the fact that the cyclic model includes no allosteric mechanisms. With steroids for which relevant rate constants can be measured, the model is directly testable. Limitations of the model arise from lack of information about the nuclear events that lead to biological activity following binding of activated complexes to the nucleus.
The Case of the Missing Democrats: Reexamining the "Republican Advantage" in Nonpartisan Elections

uch of the scholarly attention to nonpartisan elections' has centered around the single question: are Republicans advantaged in securing nonpartisan elective positions? There is good reason for such a focus. Strong support exists for defending nonpartisan elections against the incursion of partisan politics; as recently as June 1986 California voters approved a constitutional amendment explicitly prohibiting parties from making endorsements in nonpartisan elections.2 Yet for over 30 years there also has been criticism of nonpartisan election systems centered around the argument that they tend to favor the selection of conservative Republicans, and thus tilt public policies away from the positions supported by liberals. Although such arguments are often made by Democratic candidates and their supporters, and thus have a decidedly self-interested cast, their apparent plausibility leaves nonpartisan election advocates vulnerable to charges of elitism (Morland and Hardy 1968: 88). Advocates resist these charges (see testimony in California State Legislature, Assembly Committee on Elections and Reapportionment 1985). Systematic empirical investigation is helpful in resolving the controversy about any Republican advantage, and political scientists rightly have applied
Broadcasting and Narrowcasting: How Audience Size Affects What People Share

Does the number of people with whom someone communicates influence what he or she discusses and shares? Six studies demonstrate that compared with narrowcasting (i.e., communicating with just one person), broadcasting (i.e., communicating with multiple people) leads consumers to avoid sharing content that makes them look bad. Narrowcasting, however, encourages people to share content that is useful to the message recipient. These effects are driven by communicators' focus of attention. People naturally tend to focus on the self, but communicating with just one person heightens other-focus, which leads communicators to share less self-presenting content and more useful content. These findings shed light on the drivers of word of mouth and provide insight into when the communication sender (vs. receiver) plays a relatively larger role in what people share.
Opioid receptor-activation: retina protected from ischemic injury.

Purpose In nonocular systems, activation of opioid receptors has been shown to ameliorate tissue damage induced by ischemic stress. The current study was an investigation of whether opioid receptors activated by endogenous or exogenous agonists can ameliorate ischemic retinal injury. Methods In an investigation of whether endogenous opioid receptor-activation reduces ischemic injury, the effects of the opioid antagonist naloxone (3 mg/kg; IP) on retinal neuroprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) were evaluated. Whether exogenous opioid administration can reduce ischemic retinal injury was determined by pretreating rats with morphine (0.01-10 mg/kg) before injury. Morphometric and electroretinogram (ERG) analyses were used to assess the differences in retinal structure and function. The expression of opioid receptor subtypes was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Results In control animals, 7 days after ischemic retinal injury, ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes were significantly reduced (23% and 41%, respectively). In addition, degeneration of the inner retina resulted in a 34% reduction in overall retina thickness. In animals receiving IPC before ischemic injury, ERG wave forms and retinal morphology were preserved. Pretreatment with naloxone reversed both the functional and structural retinal protection induced by IPC. In animals treated with morphine 24-hours before ischemic injury, ERG waveforms were preserved in a dose-dependent fashion (ED(50) = 0.18 mg/kg), and this protective response was reversed by naloxone pretreatment. Immunohistochemical and Western blot data demonstrated that the delta-, kappa-, and mu-opioid receptor subtypes are expressed in the retina. Conclusions These data provide evidence that activation of one (or more) opioid receptor(s) facilitates the development of IPC within the retina and can reduce ischemic retina injury.
Patent prescription: a radical cure for the ailing [US patent policy]

This work discusses the problems with the current patent system in the US. While the US patent policy makes it easier to obtain patents, to enforce patents against others, and to extract large financial awards from such enforcement, it has become harder for those accused of infringing patents to challenge the patents' validity. To address the problem, a patent policy reform program was initiated based on three proposals: first, create incentives and opportunities for parties to challenge the novelty and nonobviousness of an invention before a patent is granted, second, provide multiple levels of application review, with examiners devoting successively more time and effort as an application proceeds to higher levels, and third, in cases involving claims of patent invalidity based on the existence of prior act, replace juries with judges who could call on experts for guidance. The first two proposals aim to make the PTO more effective at a reasonable cost. The third addresses the reality that since even the best of all possible PTOs will make mistakes, a court system capable of correcting them is necessary.
Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene metabolites in Fischer-344 rats

Abstract Technical grade dinitrotoluene (DNT) is hepatocarcinogenic when fed to rats. DNT is oxidatively metabolized by hepatic enzymes and reductively metabolized by rat intestinal microflora in vitro . The objectives of the present studies were to determine the importance of bile as a route of excretion for DNT metabolites and to investigate the role of enterohepatic circulation in the metabolism of DNT. The common bile ducts of male and female F-344 rats were cannulated with an uninterrupted cannula at the hepatic and ileal ends. After 24 hr, male rats were given a po dose of 35, 63, or 100 mg 2,4-[ 14 C]DNT/kg; female rats received 35 mg 2,4-[ 14 C]DNT/kg. Immediately prior to dosing, the cannula was snipped and bile was allowed to collect in a glass reservoir, surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity, which could be sampled externally. In males, excretion of 14 C in bile was linearly related to dose. From 9.2 to 29.2 μmol eq of [ 14 C]DNT (approximately 25% of the dose) appeared in bile within 24 hr. Females dosed with 35 mg/kg excreted only 18% of the dose in the bile. Over 90% of the radioactivity in the bile was the glucuronide conjugate of 2,4-dinitrobenzyl alcohol (DNBAlc-G). In comparison to control rats, in which bile flow to the small intestine was uninterrupted, collection of bile decreased the amount of 14 C excreted in urine. In both males and females most of the 2,4-DNT dose excreted in the urine was in the form of the oxidized metabolites DNBAlc-G and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid. These results indicate that bile is an important route of excretion for 2,4-DNT metabolites and that metabolites excreted in the bile can be reabsorbed from the gut.
Opiate modulation of the active and inactive components of the postshock reaction : parallels between naloxone pretreatment and shock intensity

Electric footshock elicited an immediate burst of activity followed by a period of immobility termed freezing. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, enhanced both of these postshock reactions (Experiment 1). Naloxone's effects on the active and inactive components of the postshock reaction paralleled those of increasing shock intensity (Experiment 2). This finding suggests that the drug caused these results by enhancing the perceived intensity of shock. The facilitatory effects of naloxone on the active and inactive reactions to shock appear to be specific to nociceptive stimuli, as naloxone decreased the activity burst elicited by a nonnociceptive startling stimulus and had no effect on the freezing that followed that nonnociceptive stimulus (Experiment 3). Naloxone could accomplish its alteration of perceived intensity by antagonizing endogenous opioid analgesic systems. However, as hypophysectomy did not block the drug's action, the effects are not mediated by pituitary opioids (Experiment 4).
Are electronic health records ready for genomic medicine

Purpose: The goal of this project was to assess genetic/genomic content in electronic health records. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with key informants. Questions addressed documentation, organization, display, decision support and security of family history and genetic test information, and challenges and opportunities relating to integrating genetic/genomics content in electronic health records. Results: There were 56 participants: 10 electronic health record specialists, 18 primary care clinicians, 16 medical geneticists, and 12 genetic counselors. Few clinicians felt their electronic record met their current genetic/genomic medicine needs. Barriers to integration were mostly related to problems with family history data collection, documentation, and organization. Lack of demand for genetics content and privacy concerns were also mentioned as challenges. Data elements and functionality requirements that clinicians see include: pedigree drawing; clinical decision support for familial risk assessment and genetic testing indications; a patient portal for patient-entered data; and standards for data elements, terminology, structure, interoperability, and clinical decision support rules. Although most said that there is little impact of genetics/genomics on electronic records today, many stated genetics/genomics would be a driver of content in the next 5–10 years. Conclusions: Electronic health records have the potential to enable clinical integration of genetic/genomic medicine and improve delivery of personalized health care; however, structured and standardized data elements and functionality requirements are needed.
How do people organize their desks? (Extended Abstract): Implications for the design of office information systems

In this paper, I describe a series of case studies of how professional and clerical office workers organize the information in their desks and offices. Then I discuss a number of implications of these results for designing natural and convenient office information systems.Two principal claims are made: (1) A very important function of desk organization is to remind the user of things to do, not just to help the user find desired information. Failing to support this function can seriously impair the usefulness of electronic office systems, and explicitly facilitating it can provide an important advantage for automated office systems over their non-automated predecessors. (2) The cognitive difficulty of categorizing information is an important factor in explaining how people organize their desks. Computer-based systems can help with this difficulty by: (a) doing as much automatic classification as possible (e.g., based on access dates), and by (b) including untitled “piles” of information arranged by physical location as well as explicitly titled and logically arranged “files”.
Adapting physical carrier sensing to maximize spatial reuse in 802.11 mesh networks

Spatial reuse in a mesh network can allow multiple communications to proceed simultaneously, hence proportionally improve the overall network throughput. To maximize spatial reuse, the MAC protocol must enable simultaneous transmitters to maintain the minimal separation distance that is sufficient to avoid interference. This paper demonstrates that physical carrier sensing enhanced with a tunable sensing threshold is effective at avoiding interference in 802.11 mesh networks without requiring the use of virtual carrier sensing. We present an analytical model for deriving the optimal sensing threshold given network topology, reception power and data rate. A distributed adaptive scheme is also presented to dynamically adjust the physical carrier sensing threshold based on periodic estimation of channel conditions in the network. Simulation results are shown for large-scale 802.11b and 802.11a networks to validate both the analytical model and the adaptation scheme. It is demonstrated that the enhanced physical carrier sensing mechanism effectively improves network throughput by maximizing the potential of spatial reuse. With dynamically tuned physical carrier sensing, the end to end throughput approaches 90% of the predicted theoretical upper-bound assuming a perfect MAC protocol, for a regular chain topology of 90 nodes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image-Guided Titanium Implantation for Craniofacial Prosthetics

Osseointegration implants have revolutionized craniofacial prosthetic reconstruction. Implant placement relies on adequate thickness and quality of bone to permit osseointegration. Positioning the implant is critical in craniofacial reconstruction because surface contours of the prosthesis must be preserved while housing attachment components securely and discreetly. Also, the position of the final prosthesis must transition to native tissue smoothly. We report on the use of intraoperative stereotactic image guidance in the placement of implants for orbital, nasal, and auricular prosthetic reconstruction. Clinical data, intraoperative images, and postoperative rehabilitated results are presented to demonstrate the utility of the application of stereotactic image guidance for implant placement. In our experience, stereotactic image guidance facilitates optimal implant site selection if there is abnormal bone quantity or quality.
Reactivity of diphenylpropynone derivatives toward metal-associated amyloid-β species.

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), metal-associated amyloid-β (metal–Aβ) species have been suggested to be involved in neurotoxicity; however, their role in disease development is still unclear. To eluci...
A Teambuilding Model: Appreciating Differences Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator with Developmental Theory

Effective teambuilding is a critical aspect of management. The concept of appreciation of differences through understanding personality types and female/male developmental theory adds previously unexplored dimensions to teambuilding. The authors present a teambuilding model using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and female/male developmental theory. “And in understanding me you might come to prize my differences from you, and, far from seeking to change me, preserve and even nurture those differences.” (Keirsey & Bates, 1984, p. 1)
Experimental and Calculated RF Properties of the Disk-and-Washer Structure

A detailed study of the disk-and-washer structure using SUPERFISH has shown that the physical geometry can be optimized to make the structure more efficient than previously reported. The calculated ZT2 is equal to that of an equivalent LAMPF cavity (neglecting any losses associated with the side-coupler slots) for s = 0.6 and is 30% higher for s = 1.0. Several techniques for supporting the washer were studied in addition to the conventional "L" supports. Two types of supports, the "TO" that supports two washers from every other disk with a T, and radial supports in the washer plane, improve left-right symmetry and reduce the tuning effort required to achieve a satisfactory field distribution. Effects of these supports on tuning procedures are discussed.
Glandularia X hybrida (Verbenaceae), a new combination for a common horticultural plant

A new combination,Glandularia x hybrida, and a lectotype are proposed for the common Garden Vervain (Verbena xhybrida). The plant is of horticultural origin, but occurs widely in North America and Mexico as an adventive.
Repeat long QT syndrome genetic testing of phenotype-positive cases: prevalence and etiology of detection misses.

Background Approximately 75% of long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been explained genetically through research-based and, more recently, commercial genetic testing. While novel LQTS-susceptibility genes or mutations in unexplored regions of known genes underlie the genetic mechanism for some of the 25% "genotype-negative" remnant, it is likely that some cases represent false-negative test results owing to mutation detection failures. Objective To determine the prevalence and etiology of false negatives that occurred with research-based mutational analysis involving denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) followed by DNA sequencing (DHPLC-SEQ) in our previously published cohort of unrelated patients referred for LQTS genetic testing. Methods Forty-four LQTS cases (29 men, average age 23 ± 15 years, average corrected QT interval 516 ± 56 ms) deemed genotype negative following DHPLC-SEQ were selected for repeat genetic testing using direct DNA sequencing. Results LQTS-causing mutations were identified in 7 of 44 (16%) phenotype-positive/previously genotype-negative subjects, including 4 mutations in KCNQ1 (S225L, G568R, R591H, and R594Q), 2 in KCNH2 (H70R and G925R), and 1 in SCN5A (V411M). None of these variants were seen in more than 2600 reference alleles. Analysis of the misses revealed (1) normal DHPLC detection profile in 2, (2) allelic dropout in 2, (3) failure to correctly optimize DHPLC conditions in 1, and (4) failure to detect abnormal DHPLC signal in 2. Conclusions Repeat genetic testing using direct DNA sequencing may be warranted for LQTS phenotype-positive individuals who were pronounced genotype negative during the decade of research-based mutational analysis that involved intermediate mutation detection methods such as DHPLC.
Intraclonal competition limits the fate determination of regulatory T cells in the thymus

Because the deletion of self-reactive T cells is incomplete, thymic development of natural Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is required for preventing autoimmunity. However, the function of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity in thymic Treg cell development remains controversial. To address this issue, we generated a transgenic line expressing a naturally occurring Treg cell-derived TCR. Unexpectedly, we found that efficient thymic Treg cell development occurred only when the antigen-specific Treg cell precursors were present at low clonal frequency (o1%) in a normal thymus. Using retroviral vectors and bone marrow chimeras, we observed similar activity with two other Treg cell-derived TCRs. Our data demonstrate that thymic Treg cell development is a 'TCR-instructive' process involving a niche that can be saturable at much lower clonal frequencies than is the niche for positive selection.
Meniscectomy in children.

Abstract An analysis of twenty-one children under the age of sixteen requiring meniscus surgery is presented and the results assessed. The findings indicate a larger proportion of females than would be expected in adults and that the lateral meniscus is the principal site of lesions in the child. The necessity for accurate diagnosis is stressed, particularly since the results of the meniscectomy were moderate to poor.
Airborne Communication Networks for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

This paper explores the role of meshed airborne communication networks in the operational performance of small unmanned aircraft systems. Small unmanned aircraft systems have the potential to create new applications and markets in civil domains, enable many disruptive technologies, and put considerable stress on air traffic control systems. We argue that of the existing networked communication architectures, only meshed ad hoc networking can meet the communication demands for the large number of small aircraft expected to be deployed in future. Experimental results using the heterogeneous unmanned aircraft system are presented to show that meshed airborne communication is feasible, that it extends the operational envelope of small unmanned aircraft at the expense of increased communication variability, and that net-centric operation of multiple cooperating aircraft is possible. Additionally, the ability of airborne networks of small unmanned aircraft to exploit controlled mobility to improve performance is discussed.
A Proof of Morley's Conjecture

La conjecture de Morley affirme qu'une theorie complete d'ordre 1 dans un langage denombrable admet un spectre non decroissant sur des cardinaux non denombrables. Elle a ete demontree par Shelah, et on presente ici une nouvelle demonstration correspondant a une approche plus naive
Heterologous expression of L. major proteins in S. cerevisiae : a test of solubility, purity, and gene recoding

High level expression of many eukaryotic proteins for structural analysis is likely to require a eukaryotic host since many proteins are either insoluble or lack essential post-translational modifications when expressed in E. coli. The well-studied eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses several attributes of a good expression host: it is simple and inexpensive to culture, has proven genetic tractability, and has excellent recombinant DNA tools. We demonstrate here that this yeast exhibits three additional characteristics that are desirable in a eukaryotic expression host. First, expression in yeast significantly improves the solubility of proteins that are expressed but insoluble in E. coli. The expression and solubility of 83 Leishmania major ORFs were compared in S. cerevisiae and in E. coli, with the result that 42 of the 64 ORFs with good expression and poor solubility in E. coli are highly soluble in S. cerevisiae. Second, the yield and purity of heterologous proteins expressed in yeast is sufficient for structural analysis, as demonstrated with both small scale purifications of 21 highly expressed proteins and large scale purifications of 2 proteins, which yield highly homogeneous preparations. Third, protein expression can be improved by altering codon usage, based on the observation that a codon-optimized construct of one ORF yields three-fold more protein. Thus, these results provide direct verification that high level expression and purification of heterologous proteins in S. cerevisiae is feasible and likely to improve expression of proteins whose solubility in E. coli is poor.
Electrical activity and gene expression in the development of vertebrate neural circuits.

Over the past several decades, anatomical and electrophysiological analyses have demonstrated that the electrical activity of neurons is required for development of the precise patterns of synaptic connectivity found in the adult central nervous system. However, knowledge of the molecular cascades that underlie activity-dependent synaptic development remains rudimentary. As a result, many fundamental issues remain unresolved. Recent advances in differential cloning have begun to provide the tools and insight necessary to bring a molecular level of understanding to principles of activity-dependent synaptic development established via classic systems approaches. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 41: 148–157, 1999
Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine, a brain serotonin depletor, on pituitary cyclic AMP levels in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Abstract The tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor para -chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) was employed in an investigation of the role of brain serotonin in the regulation of pituitary cyclic AMP levels in Salmo gairdneri . Hypothalamic serotonin content was measured with a fluorometric assay, while pituitary cAMP was determined by means of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. A time-course study revealed that 250 mg pCPA/kg significantly reduced hypothalamic serotonin content within 1 hr after injection. Lower doses were effective in reducing serotonin content after 48 hr. Pituitary cAMP levels declined significantly 1 hr after injection of 250 mg pCPA/kg. Administration of pCPA at 50 and 250 mg/kg doses reduced cAMP levels within 24 hr. These data indicate that a serotonergic mechanism is involved with the regulation of pituitary cyclic AMP levels in the rainbow trout.
Quantitative morphology of the central fovea in the primate retina.

Electron micrograph composites of tangential sections of the fovea centralis of three cynomolgus monkeys (Macaco, irus) and one baboon (Papio anubis) were used to determine the spatial density of the principal retinal cells. In the center of the foveola, the density of cones ranged from 113,000 to 230,000/mm2, and pigment epithelial cells from 4,900 to 7,000/mm2. At a distance of 500μm from the foveolar center the density of the cone cell pedicles ranged from 29,000 to 36,300/mm2, and the density of horizontal cells ranged from 19,000 to 25,100/mm2. Densities of bipolar, Muller, and amacrine cells were determined in only two monkeys and in the baboon. The fact that the cone cell pedicles have a larger diameter than the foveolar cones explains the geometry of the fovea. The morphology of the junction between foveolar cone outer segments and the pigment epithelium reflects the complex metabolism of this functional unit. The comparison with the peripheral primate retina suggests that the densities of horizontal and bipolar cells, but not of amacrine and Muller cells, are correlated with the density of cone cell pedicles.
Issues in characterizing anatomic structure in digital breast tomosynthesis

Normal mammographic backgrounds have power spectra that can be described using a power law P(f) = c/f &#946 , where β ranges from 1.5 to 4.5. Anatomic noise can be the dominant noise source in a radiograph. Many researchers are characterizing anatomic noise by β, which can be measured from an image. We investigated the effect of sampling distance, offset, and region of interest (ROI) size on β. We calculated β for tomosynthesis projection view and reconstructed images, and we found that ROI size affects the value of β. We evaluated four different square ROI sizes (1.28, 2.56, 3.2, and 5.12 cm), and we found that the larger ROI sizes yielded larger β values in the projection images. The β values change rapidly across a single projection view; however, despite the variation across the breast, different sampling schemes (which include a variety of sampling distances and offsets) produced average β values with less than 5% variation. The particular location and number of samples used to calculate β does not matter as long as the whole image is covered, but the size of the ROI must be chosen carefully.
Elastic Properties of Three-dimensional Angle-interlock Fabric Preforms

An Investigation is reported in which a model based upon fabric geometry was developed to predict the thread-volume fraction and elastic constants of three-dimensional angle-interlock fabric composites. The architecture of this model was investigated by identifying the structural and geometric parameters. The structural parameters include the total number of weft threads in the preform and the number of weft threads interlocked by warp threads in the thickness direction. A lenticular geometry was assumed for warp and weft threads in order to represent thread-flattening. Elastic constants were determined by using the averaging method and tensor transformations. Parametric studies were performed to examine the effects of various structural and geometrical parameters on the effective elastic properties of the composite.
On the Jacobians of plane cubics

Abstract Let S be a scheme and f a ternary cubic form whose ten coefficients are sections of O S without common zero. The equation f = 0 defines a family of plane cubic curves X ⊂ P S 2 → S parametrized by S. We prove that the family of generalized Jacobians of those cubic curves is a group scheme J / S which is the locus of smoothness of a scheme f * = 0 , where f * is a Weierstrass cubic form f * = f * ( x , y , z ) = y 2 z + a 1 xyz + a 2 yz 2 - x 3 - a 2 x 2 z - a 4 xz 2 - a 6 z 3 , in which the coefficient a i is a homogeneous polynomial with integral coefficients, of degree i in the ten coefficients of f , which we give explicitly. A key ingredint of the proof is a characterization, over sufficiently nice bases, of group algebraic spaces which can be described by such a Weierstrass equation.
Neuro-fuzzy based human intelligence modeling and robust control in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process

Human welder's experiences and skills are critical for producing quality welds in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. Modeling of the human welder's response to 3D weld pool surface can help develop next generation intelligent welding machines and train welders faster. In this paper, a neuro-fuzzy based human intelligence model is constructed and implemented as an intelligent controller in automated GTAW process to maintain a consistent desired full penetration. An innovative vision system is utilized to real-time measure the specular 3D weld pool surface under strong arc interference in GTAW process. Experiments are designed to produce random changes in the welding speed and voltage resulting in fluctuations in the weld pool surface. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is proposed to correlate the human welder's response to the 3D weld pool surface. Control experiments are designed to start welding using different initial current and have various disturbances including variations of arc length and welding speed. It is found that the proposed human intelligence model can adjust the current to robustly control the process to a desired penetration state despite different initial conditions and various disturbances. A foundation is thus established to explore the mechanism and transformation of human welder's intelligence into robotic welding system.
Studies on the Effects of Captopril on Rats' Renal Ischemia Reperfusion (I / R) Injury Mediated and The Mechanism of Action

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of renal I / R injury and its key factors, and analyze how angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) have protective effect on renal I / R injury.
Highly stable bilayer MFI zeolite membranes for high temperature hydrogen separation

Abstract Stable inorganic membranes perm-selective to hydrogen will find applications in a number of important industrial processes including water gas shift reaction for hydrogen production. This paper reports a highly stable bilayer MFI zeolite membrane with good hydrogen separation characteristics. The membrane consists of a thin (2 μm) ZSM-5 layer on a thick (8 μm) silicalite base layer supported on macroporous α-alumina with a yttria stabilized zirconia intermediate barrier layer. The zeolitic pores of the thin ZSM-5 layer were narrowed by catalytic cracking deposition (CCD). At 500 °C, the bilayer zeolite membrane exhibits H 2 permeance of about 1.2×10 −7 mol m −2 s −1 Pa −1 , with H 2 to CO 2 , CO and H 2 O vapor selectivity respectively of about 23, 28 and 180. The membrane shows slightly improved separation properties (H 2 permeance, H 2 /CO and H 2 /CO 2 selectivity) as the feed side pressure increases during the test of separation of industrial relevant simulated gas mixture (25% H 2 : 25% CO: 25% H 2 O: 25% CO 2 , with 400 ppm H 2 S) at 500 °C for 24 days. Membrane reactor made of the bilayer zeolite membrane shows stable performance under water gas shift reaction conditions (500 °C, H 2 O/CO=3, GHSV=60,000 h −1 , with a ceria doped iron oxide catalyst) in terms of CO conversion, H 2 recovery, and H 2 permeance and selectivity of the zeolite membrane. The unprecedented thermal and chemical stability and good separation properties of the bilayer zeolite membrane are related to its unique bilayer structure and synthesis methods.
Comparative biological activities of potent active-site analogues of α-melanotropin. Effect of tyrosine substitution at position-4

We have prepared several α-melanotropin (α-MSH) analogues with tyrosine substituted for methionine at the 4-position and determined their melanotropic activities on the frog (Rana pipiens), lizard (Anolis carolinensis) and S-91 (Cloudman) mouse melanoma adenylate cyclase bioassays. The potencies of Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 and Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 were compared with α-MSH and with their corresponding methionine and norleucine substituted analogues. The Tyr-4 analogues were found to be less active than the Nle-4 analogues on both the frog and lizard assays. Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 was found to be less active than Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 on the lizard bioassay, but more active than the longer fragment on the frog skin assay. Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 exhibited extremely prolonged biological activity on frog skin, but not on lizard skin, while the melanotropic activity of Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 was rapidly reversed on both assay systems. The increased potency of Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 over Ac-[Tyr4]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 on frog melanocytes may be related to the fact that the shorter 4–10 analogue exhibits prolonged biological activity. Interestingly, it was found that both Tyr-4 analogues were partial agonists on the mouse melanoma adenylate cyclase bioassay, and stimulated the enzyme to only about 50% of the maximal activity of α-MSH. We reported previously that replacement of L-Phe-7 by its D-enantiomer in [Nle4]-α-MSH and its Nle-4 containing analogues resulted in peptides with increased potency and in some instances prolonged activity. Similarly, incorporation of D-Phe-7 into Tyr-4 containing melanotropin fragments produced analogues Ac-[Tyr4, D-Phe7]-αMSH4–10-NH2 and Ac-[Tyr4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH4–11-NH2, which also exhibited greatly increased biological activity in all three assay systems. Both of these analogues were also found to have prolonged activity in the frog skin bioassay but little or no prolonged activity in the lizard skin bioassay. These two analogues turned out to be full agonists in the mouse melanoma adenylate cyclase bioassay and were equipotent to α-MSH. These results demonstrate that substitution of tyrosine for methionine at position-4 dramatically affects the potency and prolonged activity of these melanotropin analogues and the melanotropic activities observed as a result of such substitutions are themselves affected by concomitant substitutions at the 7(Phe) and 11 (Lys) positions of the analogues.
Reactivity and Regiochemical Behavior of the 2,2-Difluorocyclopropylcarbinyl Cation: A New and Improved Mechanistic Probe To Distinguish Radical and Carbocation Intermediates

Acetolysis of 2,2-difluorocyclopropylcarbinyl tosylate (5) yields products derived from both SN1 and SN2 processes. Product identification and kinetic data indicated, as had been predicted computationally, that the cyclopropylcarbinyl−allylcarbinyl cationic rearrangement of 5 occurs simultaneously with its ionization and with regiospecific proximal bond cleavage to give products that formally derive from the 1,1-difluoro-3-butenyl cation with a rate constant that is 8.3 × 104 smaller than that of the parent cyclopropylcarbinyl tosylate and 1.8 times larger than isobutyl tosylate at 96.6 °C.
Campylobacter jejuni—An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the United States. Adding to the human and economic costs are chronic sequelae associated with C. jejuni infection—Guillian-Barre syndrome and reactive arthritis. In addition, an increasing proportion of human infections caused by C. jejuni are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. Efforts to prevent human illness are needed throughout each link in the food chain.
Enumeration of hamiltonian paths in Cayley diagrams

LetG be a group generated by a subset of elementsS. The Cayley diagram ofG givenS is the labeled directed graph with vertices identified with the elements ofG and (v, u) is an edge labeledh ifh ∈S anduh=v. The sequence of elements ofS corresponding to the edges transversed in a hamiltonian path (whose initial vertex is the identity) is called a group generating sequence (abbreviatedggs) inS.
Rethinking scale as a geographical category: from analysis to practice

In the past two decades human geographers have intensely theorized scale, and extended claims that it is a foundational element of geographic theory. Yet attendant with this move has been a growing...
An impact weldability domain for the amorphous ribbon/steel system

Abstract The explosive welding domain for the amorphous ribbons/steel system is elucidated by the use of gas-gun (impact) welding experiments. The welds obtained inside the weldability window were found to have good bond strength. X-ray diffraction, reflection electron diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate that there is no recrystallisation induced to the amorphous alloys by the temperature generated during the impact.