cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid and kinetic modeling for micromechanical structures

Micromechanical structures are structures which are at least partially mechanical in nature and function, which are very small (usually less than 1mm), and are produced using semiconductor fabrication technology. Micromechanical technology is a growing industry. The devices can be replicated cheaply and fast, and their small size saves space and offers flexibility (by integrating many devices). Micromachines are used both as sensors and actuators. Present applications include, for instance, accelerometers for air-bag deployment in automobiles and pressure sensors in medical and industrial applications. There are, in general, three aspects to simulating micromechanical structures; (i) The mechanical aspect, relating to bending and stress of the elements of the structure; (ii) The electromagnetic aspect when voltages are applied to either stimulate or sense the motion of the structure (piezoelectric, piezoresistive and capacitive effects), and (iii) The fluid or kinetic aspect, depending on the relative dimensions, which is present when liquid or gas are not evacuated from the region of mechanical motion.
Does the Vigilance Decrement Occur for Elementary Features

The aim of the current study was to determine whether the vigilance decrement occurs when observers search for a critical signal that consists of an elementary feature (line orientation). Elementar...
Engineered cardiac tissue analyzed using the mechanical bidomain model

Experiments show that when engineered cardiac tissue is stretched, cells grow preferentially at the free edge of the tissue compared to the interior. In order to understand why cells grow near the edge, the mechanical bidomain model is used to simulate these experiments. This mathematical model of mechanotransduction treats the intra- and extracellular spaces individually, and predicts the force on integrin proteins in the cell membrane. The bidomain equations are solved numerically using the finite-difference method. The simulations predict that the difference between intra- and extracellular displacements, which the model assumes is the driving force behind cellular growth and remodeling, is largest near the free edge of a sheet of tissue, and is smallest at the center, consistent with experiments.
Where does the pipeline get leaky? The progressive ambition of school board members and personal and political network recruitment

Public school boards are a significant exception to the significant gender gap in political representation. Throughout the country, 44 percent of board members are women; this is a potentially sign...
Income Distribution and Inequality: Measurement Issues

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by A.B. Atkinson, volume 11, pp. 7265–7271, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Impact of warm ischemia on phosphorylated biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives: To quantitatively and visually characterize changes in phosphorylated biomarker expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma specimens from excision through 90 minutes of warm ischemia. Materials and Methods: Tissue biospecimens were procured prospectively. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma specimens from 5 patients were subdivided into three parts upon excision, exposed to warm ischemia of 15, 30, or 90 minutes, and routinely biobanked. Relative change in biomarker expression of p-Akt, p-ERK, and p-Stat3 was measured by immunoblot densitometry. Immunofluorescent stains were performed to visually supplement the quantitative analysis. Results: From 15 to 30 minutes of ex vivo ischemia, there was a significant decrease in p-Akt (p = 0.045) as the mean intensity fell by 44.9%. This decrease in p-Akt remained significant at the 90 minute time point (p = 0.015). From 15 to 30 minutes of ischemia, there was a trend toward a decline in p-ERK, which became significant by 90 minutes of ex vivo warm ischemia (p = 0.008). These changes were supported by qualitative differences in p-ERK fluorescence at 0 and 90 minutes warm ischemia. Conclusion: Some phosphorylated biomarkers of HNSCC remain highly dynamic during the period of ex vivo warm ischemia after surgical excision but before biobanking. These findings have critical implications for studies that attempt to correlate protein phosphorylation with clinical outcome. We conclude that ex vivo warm ischemia time is a major determinant of tissue quality that may explain inconsistent results from biomarker research in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Restoration of the Self through History and Myth in Lina Kostenko’s “Marusia Churai”

The paper analyzes Lina Kostenko’s historical novel in verse portraying the life of the 17th century Ukrainian minstrel poet Marusia Churai, condemned to death for poisoning her faithless lover. This work, which grows out of Kostenko’s individualized mythical perception of Marusia Churai legend, represents a unique individual construct in which the heroines’ quest for self-realization is kept in tune with the same yearning of the poetess herself; the author’s attitude towards the myth resembles the heroine’s relations with history. The narrative mode of the novel functions mainly in three aspects; these are the heroine’s confrontation with the carnivalized reality of her trial; her subjective journey inward, into the ruined self, when her execution was pending; and her objective pilgrimage outward, into the history of her ruined land, after getting pardon. The paper touches upon various aspects of the heroine’s perception of history. The main character is depicted as a witness of contemporary events and a bearer of the Word who keeps harmony with the sacred truth of the past. The Hetman’s ‘pardon’ allows Marusia to move freely through history in order to achieve a deeper understanding of her ruined land and seize its spirit. In the experience of the heroine the historical reality appears as versatile and polyphonic, at the same time remaining integral and inseparable from her personality. Kostenko asserts the rights of poets to create their own epochs, to recreate the past or present from within their own mythical experience, becoming thus not only myth-bearers but also mythmakers.
Hate (or Bias) Crime Laws

This chapter reaches the following conclusions about laws that enhance punishment for criminal conduct prompted by group hatred or bias: Hatred (as opposed to bias) should not be either a necessary or a sufficient condition for enhanced punishment. Enhanced punishment is justifiable when bias crimes display greater culpability, express disrespect for the victim’s group, or cause either greater psychic harm to the victim or group-specific outrage in the victim’s community. Properly designed bias crime laws do not improperly punish for thoughts or character. Such laws are more defensible if they require that the actor’s primary motive was animus toward the disfavored group. There is no principled reason to require that such laws merely enhance punishment for an already existing parallel crime. Increasing punishment significantly because of bias may violate principles of proportionality.
Discriminant Distribution-Agnostic Loss for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) has demonstrated remarkable progress due to the advancement of deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). FER's goal as a visual recognition problem is to learn a mapping from the facial embedding space to a set of fixed expression categories using a supervised learning algorithm. Softmax loss as the de facto standard in practice fails to learn discriminative features for efficient learning. Center loss and its variants as promising solutions increase deep feature discriminability in the embedding space and enable efficient learning. They fundamentally aim to maximize intra-class similarity and inter-class separation in the embedding space. However, center loss and its variants ignore the underlying extreme class imbalance in challenging wild FER datasets. As a result, they lead to a separation bias toward majority classes and leave minority classes overlapped in the embedding space. In this paper, we propose a novel Discriminant Distribution-Agnostic loss (DDA loss) to optimize the embedding space for extreme class imbalance scenarios. Specifically, DDA loss enforces inter-class separation of deep features for both majority and minority classes. Any CNN model can be trained with the DDA loss to yield well separated deep feature clusters in the embedding space. We conduct experiments on two popular large-scale wild FER datasets (RAF-DB and AffectNet) to show the discriminative power of the proposed loss function.
Poststroke Cognitive Outcomes: Sex Differences and Contributing Factors.

Background The study investigated sex differences in cognitive outcomes at 90 days after first‐ever stroke using data from a population‐based sample. Methods and Results The study sample consisted ...
Early Life Sexual Trauma and Later Life Genitourinary Dysfunction and Functional Disability in Women.

Past research has examined the health outcomes of early sexual trauma in reproductive age women, but little is known about potential long-term effects in older age. To examine associations between early life sexual trauma and later life sexual/genitourinary dysfunction and general functional disability in women. Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative observational data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (2010–2011) One thousand seven hundred forty-five US women aged ≥ 50 years Two forms of early life sexual trauma (childhood sexual abuse and unwanted first sexual experience), sexual/genitourinary dysfunction (pain during sex, lack of pleasure during sex, urinary incontinence, other urinary symptoms), and general functional disability (difficulty performing 7 activities of daily living (ADLs) or 8 instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)), assessed by interview and questionnaire. Of 1745 women, 11% reported a history of childhood sexual abuse and 39% an unwanted first sexual experience. Childhood sexual abuse was associated with later life sexual/genitourinary dysfunction (pain during sex [OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3], other urinary problems [OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.1]), and difficulty with multiple ADLs/IADLs (walking across the room [OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.1], getting in or out of bed [OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.3], bathing [OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.5], prepping meals [OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–3.8], shopping for food [OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.4], and completing light work [OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.4]), after adjusting for age, race, and education. Unwanted first sexual experience was associated with later life lack of pleasure with sex (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5) and difficulty with ADLs/IADLs (walking one block [OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1], completing light work [OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.1]) in adjusted analyses. Early sexual trauma may be an under-recognized marker of risk of aging-related functional decline in women. Findings underline the importance of providing trauma-informed care for women across the aging spectrum.
Dietary antioxidant seleno-L-methionine protects macrophages infected with Burkholderia thailandensis

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially life-threatening disease endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Treatment of melioidosis is a long and costly process and the pathogen is inherently resistant to several classes of antibiotics, therefore there is a need for new treatments that can help combat the pathogen. Previous work has shown that the combination of interferon-gamma, an immune system activator, and the antibiotic ceftazidime synergistically reduced the bacterial burden of RAW 264.7 macrophages that had been infected with either B. pseudomallei or Burkholderia thailandensis. The mechanism of the interaction was found to be partially dependent on interferon-gamma-induced production of reactive oxygen species inside the macrophages. To further confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the effectiveness of the combination treatment, we investigated the impact of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenger, seleno-L-methionine, on intracellular and extracellular bacterial burden of the infected macrophages. In a dose-dependent manner, high concentrations of seleno-L-methionine (1000 μM) were protective towards infected macrophages, resulting in a reduction of bacteria, on its own, that exceeded the reduction caused by the antibiotic alone and rivaled the effect of ceftazidime and interferon-gamma combined. Seleno-L-methionine treatment also resulted in improved viability of infected macrophages compared to untreated controls. We show that the protective effect of seleno-L-methionine was partly due to its inhibition of bacterial growth. In summary, our study shows a role for high dose seleno-L-methionine to protect and treat macrophages infected with B. thailandensis.
Nevus of Ota and Ito

Nevus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris) and Ito (nevus fuscoceruleus acromiodeltoideus) are lesions that are examples of dermal melanocytosis. Dermal melanocytosis results from abnormal migration of neural crest cells with subsequent pigmentary changes from the ectopic melanocytes in the dermis.
An FPGA Implementation of Privacy Preserving Data Provenance Model Based on PUF for Secure Internet of Things

Data provenance to maintain data integrity and authenticity is a significant challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Data provenance protocols must communicate provenance metadata while preserving its privacy. This enables trust in IoT systems expanding its acceptance within society. In this paper, we present a scheme to combine data provenance and privacy-preserving solutions. Our scheme utilizes Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) with non-interactive zero knowledge proof to provide trustworthy and dependable IoT systems. An IoT device can anonymously send data to the corresponding server associated with the proof of ownership. We propose a privacy-preserving data provenance protocol. This protocol was synthesized with Altera Quartus. It was implemented on an Altera Cyclone IV FPGA to demonstrate its practicality and feasibility. Most of the protocol steps take time of the order of 40 $$\upmu$$ s establishing its practicality.
Examining social determinants of undiagnosed diabetes in Namibia and South Africa using a behavioral model of health services use

Abstract Aims To examine factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes in Namibia and South Africa. Methods This study used the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from Namibia (2013) and South Africa (2016). This study focused on adults at 35–64 years old. Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model, potential contributing factors were categorized into predisposing factors (sex and education), enabling factors (wealth, health insurance, and residence), and a need factor (age, BMI, and high blood pressure). Separate multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes in Namibia (N = 242) and South Africa (N = 525). Results In Namibia, higher odds of having undiagnosed diabetes were associated with rural residence (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.21) and age younger than 45 years old (aOR = 3.20). In South Africa, odds of having undiagnosed diabetes were higher among the poorest-to-poorer group than it was in the richer-to-richest group (aOR = 2.33). In both countries, having high blood pressure was associated with lower odds of having undiagnosed diabetes (aOR = 0.31 in Namibia; aOR = 0.21 in South Africa). Discussion Different enabling and need factors were associated with undiagnosed diabetes in these two countries, which implies potentially-different mechanisms driving the high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes, as well as the needs for different solutions.
Missionary theology and the peopling of pre-Columbian America: John Oxenbridge’s “A plea for the dumb Indian” (ca. 1666):

John Oxenbridge was a 17th-century Puritan minister who lived in England, Bermuda, Suriname, Barbados, and New England. During his residence in Suriname, a short-lived English colony, he wrote a mi...
An Introduction to Neuroscientific Methods: Single-cell Recordings

This chapter describes the role of single-cell recordings in understanding the mechanisms underlying human cognition. Cognition is a function of the brain, a complex computational network, whose most elementary nodes are made up out of individual neurons. These neurons encode information and influence each other through a dynamically changing pattern of action potentials. For this reason, the activity of neurons in the awake, behaving brain constitutes the most fundamental form of neural data for cognitive neuroscience. This chapter discusses a number of technical issues and challenges of single-cell neurophysiology using a recent project of the authors as an example. We discuss issues such as the choice of an appropriate animal model, the role of psychophysics, technical challenges surrounding the simultaneous recording of multiple neurons, and various methods for perturbation experiments. The chapter closes with a consideration of the challenge that the brain’s complexity poses for fully understanding any realistic nervous circuit, and of the importance of conceptual insights and mathematical models in the interpretation of single-cell recordings.
Characterization of Several Aluminum Alloys for Moderate-Strength High-Conductivity Applications

Practical superconductors are composite conductors containing filaments of superconducting material surrounded by a low-resistance normal metal called the stabilizer. The stabilizer is an electrical shunt when the superconductor goes normal and provides support for the superconducting filaments. Owing chiefly to considerations of electrical conductivity and superconductor compatibility, oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper is the usual stabilizer material. Serious consideration of aluminum has arisen because of the increasing availability of high-purity material and the favorably low magnetoresistance effect. The factor most responsible for copper being favored over aluminum is inherent strength. Aluminum would be the choice for many applications if both metals had similar mechanical properties.
Effects of brief periods of unrestricted vision on the development of form-deprivation myopia in monkeys.

PURPOSE. To characterize the temporal integration properties of the mechanisms responsible for form-deprivation myopia (FDM), the effects of brief daily periods of unrestricted vision on the degree of FDM were investigated in infant monkeys. METHODS. Starting at approximately 3 weeks of age, unilateral form deprivation was produced in 24 infant rhesus monkeys by securing a diffuser spectacle lens in front of one eye and a clear, zero-powered lens in front of the fellow eye. During the treatment period (17 2 weeks), six infants wore the diffuser lenses continuously. In the other experimental infants, the diffuser lenses were removed each day and replaced with clear, zero-powered lenses for 1 (n 7), 2( n 7), or 4 hours (n 4). Refractive development was assessed by retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography. Control data were obtained from 11 normal infants and 3 infants reared with zero-powered lenses over both eyes. RESULTS. The degree of FDM varied significantly with the duration of unrestricted vision. Continuous form deprivation produced 5.2 3.6 D of relative axial myopia. However, 1 hour of unrestricted vision was sufficient to reduce the degree of axial FDM by more than 50% (1.7 3.2 D). The infants that were allowed 4 hours of unrestricted vision exhibited only 0.4 0.5 D of FDM. CONCLUSIONS. As observed in chickens and tree shrews, relatively long periods of form deprivation can be counterbalanced by quite short periods of unrestricted vision. These results indicate that the processes or signals that promote axial elongation in monkeys are comparatively weak or easily overridden by factors that slow ocular growth. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:291‐299)
A Movable Feast: BUILDING THE BARNYARD

There is in every animal's eye a dim image and gleam of humanity, a flash of strange light through which their life looks out and up to our great mastery of command over them, and claims the fellowship of the creature if not of the soul. John Ruskin HUNTING WAS THE MAJOR preoccupation of people everywhere around 18,000 years ago and there were plenty of caribou and bison to be hunted – these animals still staring out at us from cave paintings at Lascaux in southwestern France and Altamira in Spain. But over millennia, as temperatures grew warmer, herds were nudged northward. The caribou, probably the most important game animal in Europe, had long sustained humans and some followed the animals. Others, however, faced up to the problem by taking charge of the caribou, leading them between winter and summer feeding grounds, and harvesting individuals as needed for food. Does this mean that animal domestication preceded that of plants? Not really. These animals were probably no more domesticated than the wild grasses being harvested at the time. Most experts are convinced that domesticated plants came before domesticated animals, save the dog, and that the former were vital to the domestication of the latter. Climatic change at the tail end of the Ice Age produced forests on what had been bare steppes and crafted a habitat of wild plants that fed smaller creatures such as deer, hare, boar, and various birds.
Coking in pulse and flow microreactors

Abstract A relation is obtained for coke deposition in pulse microreactors. The relation has three parameters: an initiation rate constant, a chain-growth rate constant, and an asymptotic deposition amount. The relation can be easily extended to apply to coke deposition in continuous-flow reactors. The derived form for continuous-flow reactors is sufficiently general to be reduced to the same qualitative nature as different special cases more-or-less emperically obtained in the literature. The model is fitted to data from pulse or continuous-flow reactors on the craking of cumene, hexadecane or styrene over silica—alumina or Y zeolite of various acidities and exposed to various steam treatments. Increasing the acidity increases the chain-growth rate. Steaming the catalyst affects primarily the initiation rate. The asymptotic deposition is not appreciably affected in either case. The rate parameters depend upon the time interval between pulses, for time intervals less than eight minutes. The chain-growth rate is the most affected, and appears to tend to zero with decreasing time intervals. This is consistent with the fit obtained from data using continuous-flow reactors (zero time between pulses) where the chain-growth rate constant is vanishingly small. The results imply that both the type and the amount of coke formed depend upon the reactor used.
Computer-assisted analysis of receptor-binding studies of [3H]-naloxone and [3H]-DADL: A reinterpretation of the Na+ effect

Computer-assisted analysis of competitive binding studies of [3H]-naloxone, [3H]-DADL, morphine and meperidine in the presence and absence of 100 mM NaCl have been made. The results are most consistent with a 3-site model of opiate receptors and indicate that in the presence of Na+ naloxone changes from a mu-specific (81%) to a more kappa-specific (63%) ligand. The large IC50 shift in inhibition of [3H]-naloxone by three agonists, DADL, morphine and meperidine is found not to be due to a decrease in affinity at any receptor site but rather to a low affinity of these agonists at "kappa" in the presence of Na+.
Preference Testing of Whiskey Sour Formulations: Magnitude Estimation Versus the 9‐Point Hedonic

Consumer preferences for different whiskey sour formulations were determined by a consumer laboratory panel and by a home panel using two different sensory techniques: the magnitude estimation procedure and the nine-point hedonic method. Use of the magnitude estimation testing procedure resulted in more statistically significant differences in preference in both the home panel and the consumer laboratory panel. Many more significant differences in preference were expressed by the home panel than by the consumer lab panel. The standard whiskey sour formula scored very well in the preference tests in comparison to the formula adjusted samples. In only two of the comparisons were the adjusted samples preferred over the standard, the 25% dilution of the standard and the 35° proof samples.
SU-E-J-196: New Visualization Methods for Longitudinal MRI Registrations and Segmentations

Purpose: To develop visualization techniques to facilitate easy assessment of (a) registration and (b) tracking volumetric changes in structures during radiation therapy from MRI. Method: The frequently used method for visualizing registrations between scans is a multi-color overlay technique or deformation vector fields. However, the overlay technique is unintuitive and does not help to appreciate the quality of registration particularly when the registration mismatches are not very large. Similarly, the deformation fields give an indication of extent of deformation but do not help to assess the differences in registration. We present a mirroring and edge-augmented mirroring technique that places the fixed and moving image next to each other and allows the user to quickly assess the small differences in registration. Next, we present a volumetric intersection based 3D model to visualize the changes in diseased lymph node volumes in head and neck cancer. 3D model-based visualization provides more information about the location-specific changes in volume rather than the simplistic one dimensional information obtained from 2D plot of nodal volume changes. Result: We show results comparing our approach with the standard colorbased overlay method for comparing registrations of intra-patient registrations using T2-MRI. Upon comparing the mirroring technique with the color-overlay, one can more easily appreciate the differences in registration. Adding edge-based mirroring seems to further assist in evaluating the registration. Our approach for viewing registrations seems to be more intuitive and easy to use in order to help assess the quality of registration compared to color-based overlays. Similarly, the change volumetric model together with a 2D plot reveals more information including the locations undergoing changes and responding to treatment. Conclusions: Better approaches are necessary for assessing the quality of registrations and changes in diseased structures over time. Our approach presents some novel visualization solutions for registration and segmentation.
Transnational Crimes Against Culture: Looting at Archaeological Sites and the “Grey” Market in Antiquities

Diversified transnational criminal activities coupled with broader geographic capabilities have turned the black and white line between the licit “upperworld” and the illicit underworld a murky sha...
Monte Carlo variational study of Be: A survey of correlated wave functions

Using the Metropolis Monte Carlo integration technique, we calculate upper bounds to the correlation energy of a Be atom for a variety of wave functions. With this method, it is simple to treat unconventional wave functions, including those which depend on the interelectronic distance rij. We obtain about 40% of the correlation energy by using only a simple two‐parameter Jastrow function of rij with a single Slater determinant of Hartree–Fock orbitals. A four configuration wave function with this Jastrow function yields 87% of the correlation energy. Several wave functions derived from nonvariational methods are shown to give no correlation energy when used in a strictly variational computation.
CORD: A program to compute the directional correlation coefficient d

QUICLSTR is a program for hierarchical cluster analysis. It IS especially useful for problems involving large numbers of subjects. It can handle most such problems efficiently even on a fairly small computer, and does not require auxiliary storage of data during execution (cf. Levinson & Funk, 1973). The program uses squared Euclidean distance as the measure of dissimilarity between groups, and clusters according to Ward's (1963) error sum of squares method. At the user's option, data will be converted to standard (z) scores prior to clustering. Input to the program consists of (I) program parameters, read from card. and (2) raw data, read from card. tape, or disk. Output includes, for each step in the clustering process, (l) the error sum of squares, (2) the increase in this error over the previous step, and (3) thc acceleration of the increase of error. In addition, for as many steps as the user requests, the members of each group are listed. The primary limitation of the program is that when the number of subjects clustered is large, the number of variables employed must be correspondingly small. This limitation can
Mysticism, mediation, and the non-linguistic

Le debat actuel concernant le statut epistemologique de l'experience mystique a commence avec la publication de Mysticism and Philosophical Analysis de S. T. Katz. Les pratiques mystiques sont nombreuses: le chant, le banquet, la danse, la meditation. Les systemes de croyance qui soutiennent de telles experiences contribuent a l'evocation d'une valeur pour la communaute. Pourtant, cette valeur ne doit pas necessairement passer par une experience non linguistique. Elle peut etre un repos emotionnel, une assurance psychologique, une renforcement du sens de la communaute
Epidermal Ectoderm Is Required for Full Elevation and for Convergence During Bending of the Avian Neural Plate

Previous studies suggest that bending of the neural plate requires the juxtapo- sition of neural plate and non-neuroepithelial tissues. The current study examines the role of one of these tissues, the epidermal ectoderm, in bending. Chick blastoderms were harvested from fertile eggs incubated for 24 hr and cultured dorsal-side-up on agar-albumen substrates. In one experiment, a rectangular flap of epidermal ectoderm on one side of each blastoderm was separated from underlying layers and gently re- flected onto the area opaca; a fragment of tung- sten wire was placed on top of the flap to hold it down and to prevent healing. Embryos were then allowed to develop in a humidified incubator for 2-18 hr. Asymmetric neurulation was observed between the operated and control sides as early as 2 hr after surgery. The amount of asymmetry was quantified in serial transverse sections from embryos collected 8 hr after surgery. Elevation of the lateral edge of the neural plate on the oper- ated side averaged one half to two thirds of that on the control side, and convergence of the oper- ated side around the dorsolateral hinge point toward the dorsal midline did not occur. These results demonstrate that epidermal ectoderm is required for full elevation and for convergence during bending. In another experiment, lateral epidermal ectoderm was removed, leaving only a medial strip consisting of both the epidermal component of the future neural fold and flanking future epidermis. This experiment revealed that although epidermal ectoderm is necessary for full elevation and for convergence of the neural folds, a medial strip of epidermal ectoderm is sufficient to drive bending. Collectively, these results further support the idea that neurulation is a multifactorial process driven by both intrin- sic and extrinsic factors acting in concert. Dev. Dyn. 1997;210:397-406. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Teaching a core course in occlusion

Summary The University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, through analysis of its curriculum, completely revised its undergraduate dental program. A major outgrowth of this change has been the development of a four-year core course in occlusion with approximately 400 hours of lecture, seminar, clinic, and laboratory time allotted. The first year of the occlusion course began officially in the fall of 1967. Logistically, the occlusion program is administered as a separate division with its own director and budget. It has a separate faculty which is supplemented by representative members from other clinical and basic science departments. An in-service faculty training program in occlusion has developed through this association which has helped to coordinate clinical teaching in the third and fourth years of the predoctoral program. Conceptually and philosophically, the program is devoted to developing an early appreciation of the functioning of the healthy stomatognathic system prior to starting a study of occlusal pathology and therapy. The teaching of occlusion should be instituted in the curriculum as early as possible, be integrated with all clinical and basic science disciplines, and approach therapy from a rational, realistic basis. The conceptual approach to occlusal therapy should be carried out and blended into all forms of treatment, not just the most sophisticated or most advanced ones. As the program has matured over the years, a definite change in the students' approach to clinical dentistry has been recognized. There is an increased awareness of the causes of occlusal pathology and methods of managing them.
An implicit enumeration technique for the land acquisition problem

Abstract The effect of geometrical changes of symmetric rigid-jointed portal frames on their natural frequencies is analysed. Discussed are the following issues: (a) the sensitivity of the frequencies to selected shape variables; (b) the variation of the three lowest frequencies ω1, ω2 and ω3 as functions of the shape variables in a prescribed domain; and (c) the occurrence of the repeated lowest frequency ω1.
Molecular Communication Noise and Capacity Analysis for Particulate Drug Delivery Systems

Particulate Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS) are ther- apeutic methods that use nanoparticles to achieve their healing effects at the exact time, concentration level of drug nanoparti- cles, and location in the body, while minimizing the effects on other healthy locations. The Molecular Communication (MC) paradigm, where the transmitted message is the drug injection process, the channel is the cardiovascular system, and the received message is the drug reception process, has been investigated as a tool to study nanoscale biological and medical systems in recent years. In this paper, the various noise effects that cause uncertainty in the cardiovascular system are analyzed, modeled, and evaluated from the information theory perspective. Analytical MC noises are presented to include all end-to-end noise effects, from the drug injection, to the absorption of drug nanoparticles by the diseased cells, in the presence of a time-varying and turbulent blood flow. The PDDS capacity is derived analytically including all these noise effects and the constraints on the drug injection. The proposed MC noise is validated by using the kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation technique. Analytical expressions of the noise and the capacity are derived, and MC is presented as a framework for the optimization of particulate drug delivery systems (PDDS). Index Terms—Drug delivery systems, nanonetworks, molecu- lar communication, time-varying channels, communication chan- nels, intra-body communication, noise modeling, capacity, kinetic Monte-Carlo.
Simulations of Virtual PET/CT 3-D Bronchoscopy Imaging Using a Physical Porcine Lung–Heart Phantom

Purpose We present a systematic approach for studying positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) 3-D virtual fly-through endoscopy and for assessing the accuracy of this technology for visualizing and detecting endobronchial lesions as a function of focal lesion morphology and activity.
Lessons on Using Computationally Generated Influence for Shaping Narrative Experiences

In this paper, we present computational models for generating influence that allow story managers to shape players' decisions in interactive narrative experiences. Our approach uses concepts from social psychology, discourse analysis, and natural language generation. We describe an abstract formalism to operationalize tools of social psychological influence described by Cialdini (Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, New York, NY, USA: Harper-Collins, 1998) and evaluate two example implementations that enable a storytelling system to generate influence on the fly (with varying degrees of success), thereby adapting stories to realize goals specified by authors. These implementations are used in an interactive story where influence is generated dynamically as players' experiences unfold. We present the results of a user study to characterize the effectiveness of these models. Results did not indicate the presence of any significant differences in players' sense of control over the story with, or without, the use of influence. Further, the use of influence resulted in a set of stories experienced by players that more closely matched the author's goals.
The Relationship of Arm Span Vs. Height in Boys with Constitutional Delay and Boys and Girls with Short Stature

The Relationship of Arm Span Vs. Height in Boys with Constitutional Delay and Boys and Girls with Short Stature
Localization of MMR proteins on meiotic chromosomes in mice indicates distinct functions during prophase I

Mammalian MutL homologues function in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) after replication errors and in meiotic recombination. Both functions are initiated by a heterodimer of MutS homologues specific to either MMR (MSH2–MSH3 or MSH2–MSH6) or crossing over (MSH4–MSH5). Mutations of three of the four MutL homologues (Mlh1, Mlh3, and Pms2) result in meiotic defects. We show herein that two distinct complexes involving MLH3 are formed during murine meiosis. The first is a stable association between MLH3 and MLH1 and is involved in promoting crossing over in conjunction with MSH4–MSH5. The second complex involves MLH3 together with MSH2–MSH3 and localizes to repetitive sequences at centromeres and the Y chromosome. This complex is up-regulated in Pms2−/− males, but not females, providing an explanation for the sexual dimorphism seen in Pms2−/− mice. The association of MLH3 with repetitive DNA sequences is coincident with MSH2–MSH3 and is decreased in Msh2−/− and Msh3−/− mice, suggesting a novel role for the MMR family in the maintenance of repeat unit integrity during mammalian meiosis.
A cycling workstation to facilitate physical activity in office settings

Facilitating physical activity during the workday may help desk-bound workers reduce risks associated with sedentary behavior. We 1) evaluated the efficacy of a cycling workstation to increase energy expenditure while performing a typing task and 2) fabricated a power measurement system to determine the accuracy and reliability of an exercise cycle. Ten individuals performed 10 min trials of sitting while typing (SIT type) and pedaling while typing (PED type). Expired gases were recorded and typing performance was assessed. Metabolic cost during PED type was ∼ 2.5 × greater compared to SIT type (255 ± 14 vs. 100 ± 11 kcal h(-1), P < 0.01). Typing time and number of typing errors did not differ between PED type and SIT type (7.7 ± 1.5 vs. 7.6 ± 1.6 min, P = 0.51, 3.3 ± 4.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.7 errors, P = 0.80). The exercise cycle overestimated power by 14-138% compared to actual power but actual power was reliable (r = 0.998, P < 0.01). A cycling workstation can facilitate physical activity without compromising typing performance. The exercise cycle's inaccuracy could be misleading to users.
1321 THE EVOLUTION OF PRIMITIVE REFLEXES PRIOR TO TERM IN EXTREMELY PREMATURE INFANTS

The emergence of 7 primitive reflexes in a population of 47 premature infants with BW below 1300 gms born at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1983 is described. These extremely premature infants (67% were at or below 28 wks gestation) were examined weekly, from 1 week until discharge, and the primitive reflexes were quantitatively graded as to completeness and intensity of response. The upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE) grasps were present in all premature infants, from 25 wks postconceptional age (PCA) and beyond. The Moro, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) and Galant were present in some as early as 25 wks PCA, and in the majority by 30 wks PCA. The positive support and stepping appeared at 30 wks PCA in some, yet were not universally present even by term (40 wks PCA). Each of the primitive reflexes became stronger, more complete and more prevalent with increasing postconceptional age. The pattern of primitive reflexes in the premature infant at term is similar to that of full term newborns. Sequential assessment of the primitive reflexes may be a useful method of evaluating extremely premature infants prior to term. 1. Capute, A.J., F.B. Palmer, B.K. Shapiro et al: Primitive reflex profile: A quantitation of primitive reflexes in infancy, Dev Med Child Neur 1984, 26:375
In Situ Structural Studies of the Underpotential Deposition of Copper onto an Iodine Covered Platinum Surface Using X-Ray Standing Waves

Abstract : We present initial results of an in situ structural investigation of the underpotential deposition of copper on an iodine platinum/carbon layered synthetic microstructure, using x ray standing waves generated by specular (total external) reflection and Bragg diffraction. We also compare the result of surface coverage isotherms derived from both electrochemical and x-ray measurements. The underpotential deposition (UPD) process has been extensively studied during the past two decades due to its theoretical and practical importance in fields such as: electrocrystallization, catalysis, and surface chemistry. In this process, submonolayer to monolayer(s) amounts of a metal can be electrodeposited on a foreign metal substrate in a quantifiable and reproducible fashion prior to bulk deposition. Numerous electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques have been utilized to probe the mechanism(s) of formation, and the structural properties of UPD layers. Conventional electrochemical methods have been used to obtain thermodynamic and kinetic information about the UPD process. Cyclic voltammetry and current transient2 experiments are the methods of choice in these types of studies. Structural features of the UPD layer were first derived, indirectly, from equilibrium- coverage potential isotherms using single crystal substrates.
Chronic neuroinflammation impacts the recruitment of adult-born neurons into behaviorally relevant hippocampal networks

Growing evidence suggests that adult-born granule cells integrate into hippocampal networks and are required for proper cognitive function. Although neuroinflammation is involved in many disorders associated with cognitive impairment, it remains unknown whether it impacts the recruitment of adult-born neurons into behaviorally relevant hippocampal networks. Under similar behavioral conditions, exploration-induced expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in hippocampal cells has been linked to cellular activity observed by electrophysiological recording. By detecting exploration-induced Arc protein expression, we investigated whether neuroinflammation alters the recruitment of adult-born neurons into behaviorally relevant hippocampal networks. Neuroinflammation was induced in rats by intra-cerebroventricular infusion of lipopolysaccharide for 28 days. Animals received bromodeoxyuridine injections starting on day 29 (5 days) and were euthanized two months later. Persistent lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation was reliably detected by microglial activation in the hippocampus. Neuroinflammation did not impact the number of adult-born neurons but did alter their migration pattern through the granule cell layer. There was a positive correlation between the density of activated microglia and alterations in the fraction of existing granule neurons expressing Arc, suggesting that neuroinflammation induced a long-term disruption of hippocampal network activity. The proportion of adult-born neurons expressing behaviorally induced Arc was significantly lower in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats than in controls. This observation supports the fact that neuroinflammation significantly impacts adult-born neurons recruitment into hippocampal networks encoding spatial information.
Postobstructive pulmonary edema

Postobstructive pulmonary edema (POPE; also known as negative pressure pulmonary edema) is a potentially life-threatening complication in which pulmonary edema occurs shortly after the relief of an upper airway obstruction. The incidence of POPE has been reported to be as high as 1 in 1000 general anesthetic cases and commonly presents as acute respiratory distress that requires immediate intervention. This review examines the 2 subclasses of POPE and describes the etiologic factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies associated with each. The aim of this review was to equip clinicians with the knowledge base necessary to identify patients at increased risk for POPE and to expeditiously diagnose and treat this potentially catastrophic complication.
A Mathematical Model of the Impact and Adhesion of Microsphers

A model is presented for the low velocity planar impact of a micrometer-sized sphere (microsphere) having an arbitrary angle of approach to a surface in the presence of arbitrary contact and external forces. This model, based upon classical impact dynamics and Hertzian theories, analytically relates the velocity change of the microsphere to the physical parameters of the microsphere and the surface and to the microsphere-surface adhesion forces. The model is based upon two fundamental assumptions, namely, that the energy losses due to the process of material deformation and the process of adhesion are independent, and that the energy loss due to the adhesion process occurs only during the rebound phase of the impact. No assumptions are made about the nature of inelastic deformations in the formulation of the model, permitting it to apply equally well to viscoelastic, elastic-plastic, or other materials or combinations thereof. The utility and accuracy of the model is assessed by comparing its predictions ...