cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral methods for mesoscopic models of pattern formation

Abstract In this paper we present spectral algorithms for the solution of mesoscopic equations describing a broad class of pattern formation mechanisms, focusing on a prototypical system of surface processes. These models are in principle stochastic integrodifferential equations and are derived directly from microscopic lattice models, containing detailed information on particle–particle interactions and particle dynamics. The enhanced computational efficiency and accuracy of spectral methods versus finite difference methods are also described.
P2 Desorption from Phosphine Decomposition on Si(100) Surfaces

Phosphorus desorption following phosphine (PH 3 ) adsorption on the Si(100) surface was analyzed via temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy. Phosphine partially decomposes upon adsorption at room temperature. Hydrogen (H 2 ) and phosphine are produced via recombinative desorption during TPD. At higher temperatures the remaining phosphorus desorbs in the form of P 2 . At low P coverages, a single α state is present in the desorption spectra which obeys second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 72 kcal/mol. At coverages around 21% of a phosphorus monolayer, a second β state appears at lower temperatures which also obeys second-order kinetics with a desorption energy of 57 kcal/mol. At coverages greater than about 42% of a phosphorus monolayer, a third desorption state is observed.
Coaching in context: the role of relationships in the work of three literacy coaches

In the United States and internationally, instructional coaching has been implemented as a mechanism to increase professional capacity, and in so doing improve student achievement. However, instructional coaches often face resistance from the teachers with whom they work; a manifestation of the egalitarian, isolated culture of teaching in many schools. In this paper, we analyze the daily roles of literacy coaches in three schools in one urban US school district. We explore how coaches’ responsibilities are shaped by the everyday realities of their school contexts. Further, we discuss how coaches manage those realities through the relationships that they build. We found that building relationships and establishing rapport are the foremost concerns for literacy coaches in their first months on the job and continue to be central throughout their time as coaches. Implications for the design, implementation and evaluation of district literacy coaching initiatives are discussed.
Arginine-induced growthhormone responses in children: Effect of age and puberty*

I. Hon, E. H., and Khazin, A. F.: Biochemical studies of the fetus. Part I, Obstet. Gynec. 33: 219, 1969. 2. Hon, E. H., Khazin, A. F., and Paul, R. H.: Biochemical studies of the fetus. Part II, Obstet. Gynec. 33: 237, 1969. 3. Seeds, A. E., and Behrman, R. E.: Acid-base monitoring of the fetus during labor with blood obtained from the scalp, J. P~mAT. 74: 804, 1969. 4. Phillips, L., Lumley, J., Paterson, P., and Wood, C.: Fetal hypoglycemia, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 102: 371, 1968. 5. Hobel, C. J.: The influence of anemia on the acid-base state of the fetus and newborn, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 106: 303, 1970. 6. Saling, E.: Amnioscopy and fetal blood sampiing: Observaffons on foetal acidosis, Arch. Dis. Child. 41: 472, 1966. 7. Wintrobe, M. N.: Clinical hematology, ed. 6, Philadelphia, 1967, Lea & Febiger, Publishers, p. 429. 8. Liley, A. W.: Errors in the assessment of hemolytic disease from amniotic fluid, Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 86: 485, 1963. 9. Wu, P. Y. K., and Oh, W.: Evaluation of the newborn, in Charles, A. G., and Friedman, E. A., editors: Rh isoimmunization and erythroblastosis fetalis, New York, 1969, AppletonCentury-Crofts, Inc., p. 168.
Serratia marcescens causing cervical necrotizing oropharyngitis

Summary Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare, life-threatening infection. We report a case of necrotizing oropharyngitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a previously immunocompetent 6-year-old male. This necrotizing infection led to a near-total defect of the oropharynx. The wound was managed with daily wound debridement of the patient’s oropharynx with 3% hydrogen peroxide, carotid artery coverage with Kaltostat™, and pharyngeal packing with iodoform ribbon gauze. Our patient’s resultant nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal stenoses present challenges for restoration of form and function for voicing and deglutition. We present our experience of managing this child’s hypopharyngeal stenosis with a minimally invasive double-balloon dilatation technique.
Multicast Grouping for Data Distribution Management

Abstract The High Level Architecture's (HLA) Data Distribution Management (DDM) services are the most recent in a succession of systems designed to reduce the amount of data received by individual simulations in large-scale distributed simulations. A common optimization in these interest management systems is the use of multicast groups for sending data to a selected subset of all potential receivers. The use of multicast has met with considerable success in this application. However, its use to date has relied on a priori knowledge of communication patterns between simulations and static assignment of multicast groups to these patterns. As larger, more complex, and less predictable simulations are built, the need has arisen for more efficient use of multicast groups as they are a restricted resource [3Com Corporation, Scaling Performance and Managing Growth with the CoreBuilder 3500 Layer 3 Switch (available at http://www.3com.com/products/dsheets/400347a.html ) lists a limit of 6 K, the highest number identified while Synthetic Theater of War (STOW) (D. Van Hook, RITN IM and IM history, personal communication, January 1996) had a hardware limit of approximately 1000. A typical workstation network interface card has only a few (H. Abrams, Extensible interest management for scalable persistent distributed virtual environments, Ph.D. Dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1999)]. This paper presents two algorithms for performing grouping, and the message delivery time improvements resulting from applying the algorithms to selected data sets.
The effect of dichloromethane on the oxygenation of hemoglobin.

Abstract Dichloromethane is an anesthetic that weakdy binds to hemoglobin at four different sites. It also reduces the gelation of hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin oxygenation curves have been measured for different partial pressures of dichloromethane. These curves show that the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin remains cooperative in the presence of dichloromethane. Application of the thermodynamic approach suggests that only one of the binding sites is responsible for decreasing the oxygen-affinity of hemoglobin.
Identification of distinctive regimes of behaviour in the ac electrical response of glasses

Abstract A careful analysis of ac electrical measurements of the Na 2 O·3SiO 2 glass in the temperature range from 2 to 435 K and frequency range 10 to 10 5 Hz enables the clear separation of different regimes of behaviour. At the centre of this study is the power-law behaviour called `universal dynamic response' (UDR). It is part of a conductive process which includes the dc conductivity. The domain of dominance of this type of behaviour in ω – T (frequency–temperature) space is determined, and the values of key parameters are obtained for the glass under study. However, the UDR behaviour is only an asymptotic manifestation of a more general relation that becomes important at high temperatures/low frequencies. A totally different process which dominates at low temperatures/high frequencies is that which gives rise to a power law near unity for the conductivity, and therefore, to nearly constant loss (NCL). This behaviour is due to a dielectric relaxation mechanism involving only local ionic motions. In an intermediate ω – T region, the UDR and NCL processes are shown to superimpose.
Observation of Strong Quantum Depletion in a Gaseous Bose-Einstein Condensate

We studied quantum depletion in a gaseous Bose-Einstein condensate. An optical lattice enhanced the atomic interactions and modified the dispersion relation resulting in strong quantum depletion. The depleted fraction was directly observed as a diffuse background in the time-of-flight images. Bogoliubov theory provides a semiquantitative description for our observations of depleted fractions in excess of 50%.
Intracranial meningiomas associated with non-traumatic chronic subdural hematoma.

Background. Non-traumatic subdural hematomas are very rarely associated with intracranial meningiomas. Pathophysiological mechanisms of such an association are not yet fully understood.
Influence of steel heat treatment on ultrasonic absorption measured by laser ultrasonics

Abstract Laser ultrasonics is combined with the reverberation technique to measure ultrasound absorption during thermal cycles applied to medium-carbon steel samples. During heating to the austenitic phase, a small Snoek peak is observed around 360 °C at 10 MHz along with a signature of the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition near 768 °C. Upon cooling, the behavior of the internal friction is much different from that of heating: reduced high-temperature absorption, delayed phase transition, smaller magnetoelastic contribution and stronger Snoek peak are observed. The austenitizing temperature is found to have primary importance on the internal friction behavior during cooling. These measurements show that ultrasound absorption measurements using laser ultrasonics could serve as a basis for a technique to characterize the microstructure evolution of steel in various temperature ranges.
Inclusiveness in the face of anticipated disagreement

This paper discusses the epistemic outcomes of following a belief-forming policy of inclusiveness under conditions in which one anticipates systematic disagreement with one’s interlocutors. These cases highlight the possibility of distinctly epistemic costs of inclusiveness, in the form of lost knowledge of or a diminishment in one’s rational confidence in a proposition. It is somewhat controversial whether following a policy of inclusiveness under such circumstances will have such costs; this will depend in part on the correct account of the epistemic significance of disagreement (a topic over which there is some disagreement). After discussing this matter at some length, I conclude, tentatively, that inclusiveness under disagreement can have such epistemic costs. Still, I go on to argue, such costs by themselves would not rationalize substantial limitations on a broad policy of inclusiveness. Insofar as there are grounds for restricting how inclusive one should be in belief-formation, these grounds will not be epistemic, but instead will reflect the practical costs—the time, effort, and resource costs to the subject—of following such a policy.
Localization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), VEGF Receptors and Endothelial Cell Markers in Human Fetal Lung In Vitro. • 223

Localization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), VEGF Receptors and Endothelial Cell Markers in Human Fetal Lung In Vitro. • 223
Measurement of reflectivities for magnetooptical media

Reflectivities for magnetooptical media are measured as functions of angle of incidence in a series of related experiments. Measurements yield sufficient information to determine absolute magnitude and relative phase for the Fresnel amplitude reflection coefficients, r‖(p) and r‖(s), as well as for r⊥, which describes the polar Kerr effect on incident polarized light. Using dielectric tensor values measured at normal incidence, theoretical curves for magnitude and phase of r‖(p),r‖(s), and r⊥ vs angle of incidence are developed. Experimental measurements are compared to theoretical functions of the reflectivities and found to be in good agreement throughout the range of angle of incidence. The theoretical analysis and related experimental procedures explicitly treat the presence of a transparent overcoating layer.
Comparison of Feeding Value of Corn and Grain Sorghum Silages on the Basis of Milk Production and Digestibility

Abstract Eighteen cows were used to compare the feeding value of three silages, a combine-type (RS610), a forage-type (Regular Hegari) grain sorghum, and corn. A switchback design trial with 28-day periods and individual feeding was used. The cows were fed silage ad libitum twice daily and 0.5 kg of alfalfa hay per 100 kg of body weight once daily. A 16% crude protein grain mix was fed at the rate of 1.0 kg per 3.0 kg of 4% FCM. The average daily silage dry matter consumption was significantly greater for RS610 than for corn or Hegari. There was no significant difference in average daily FCM production between cows fed RS610 and corn. Both supported a higher level of production than Hegari. The cows fed RS610 and those fed corn silage increased in body weight during the trial. The difference was significant in favor of the RS610-fed cows. The cows fed Hegari had a slight daily body weight loss. A 3 × 3 Latin-square design digestion trial with six bred dairy heifers was used to determine digestibility of the three silages. The digestion coefficients for dry matter and gross energy were greater for the corn silage than for either of the sorghum silages. The crude protein of the corn and RS610 silages was more digestible than that of the Hegari.
Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants with Mass-Produced ZnS Nanocrystals.

Photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants using nanometersized semiconductor colloids is an emerging area of environmental remediation. The synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), however, can be costly and result in low product yields. For large-scale photocatalytic application in environmental remediation, cost-effective production of the semiconductor NCs would be ideal. Demonstrated in this report is the efficient photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol (pNP) and Acid Orange 7 (AO7) using ZnS nanocrystals (∼3 to 5 nm diameter) produced in gram quantities with >50% product yield. The pNP half-life in ZnS nanocrystal photocatalyzed reactions was about 1.95 to 2.45 min, whereas in comparable TiO2 reactions, the pNP half-lives were in the range of 12 to 15 min. Absorption spectra of the photocatalysis reactions suggested the decolorization of pNP without any noticeable formation of phenolic intermediates, implying a mechanism that involves a pNP ring opening via a radical mediated attack. Likewise, the degradation of AO7 was suggested to occur via an oxidative pathway involving hydroxyl radicals formed at the photocatalyst/liquid interface. Optimum conditions for AO7 degradation such as pH, photocatalyst-to-AO7 ratio, and photocatalyst surface passivation were similar to those for pNP. By demonstrating efficient mineralization of these model pollutants using mass-produced ZnS nanocrystals, we hope to lay the foundations necessary for development of large-scale, field-applicable systems.
The mediating role of intercultural wonderment: connecting programmatic components to global outcomes in study abroad

This study examines the mediating role of intercultural wonderment in relation to students’ development of a global perspective. We utilize both confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to validate the intercultural wonderment construct and test the direct and indirect effects of the structural pathways in the model, respectively. Additionally, we highlight the relative and comparative effects of our model across cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal dimensions of student development while also testing equivalent and nested models to rule out alternative and rival explanations. The results have broad implications for study abroad researchers and practitioners who are interested in developing a deeper understanding of how students learn and develop in study abroad contexts, while offering a more nuanced understanding of how experiential and constructivist practices influence student learning abroad.
Substrates and inhibitors display different sensitivity to expression level of the dopamine transporter in heterologously expressing cells.

The use of heterologous expression systems for studying dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) function has provided important information corroborating and complementing in situ obtained knowledge. Preliminary experiments with human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) heterologously expressing varying amounts of DAT suggested fluctuations in the potency of cocaine in inhibiting DA uptake and led to the present systematic assessment of the impact of the density of DAT on its function. Transiently expressing intact HEK293 cells, transfected with increasing amounts of DAT cDNA, displayed increasing levels of surface DAT, binding of the cocaine analog [3H]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane ([3H]CFT), and uptake of [3H]DA, [3H]N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]MPP+), [3H]norepinephrine, and [3H]serotonin. However, the amount of DAT cDNA and the DAT expression level required to produce 50% of maximal activity was threefold higher for CFT binding than for DA uptake. Increased DAT expression was accompanied by weakened potency in inhibiting [3H]DA uptake for cocaine, CFT, benztropine, and its analog JHW025, GBR 12909 and mazindol; their potency in inhibiting [3H]CFT binding was unaffected. Inhibition of uptake by the substrates DA, m-tyramine, d-amphetamine, or MPP+ was also unaffected. Increasing DAT in stably expressing HEK293 cells by stimulation of gene expression with sodium butyrate also decreased the uptake inhibitory potency of a number of the above blockers without affecting the interaction between substrates and DAT. The present results prompt discussion of models explaining how factors regulating DAT expression at the plasma membrane can regulate DAT function and pharmacology.
Dietary fiber and coronary heart disease

Facteurs de risques d'atherosclerose (lipides, alimentation, hypertension entre autres). Pathologie: mecanismes proposes de la pathologie de l'atherosclerose. Effets des fibres alimentaires sur les facteurs de risques. Revue des fibres alimentaires: gommes, pectine, fibres de cereales, de fruits, de legumineuse. Mecanismes d'actions des fibres. Applications therapeutiques. Revue bibliographique
The Mercury 6(3P1) Photosensitized Decomposition of Methyl Ethyl Ether

The mercury photosensitized decomposition of methyl ethyl ether has been studied at 55 °C and at pressures between 0.25 and 10 Torr in a static system. Some twenty products are observed at moderate conversions of which the most abundant are hydrogen and 2,3-dimethoxyl butane. The distribution of products studied as a function of irradiation time and ether pressure is consistent with a primary process which produces an alkoxyl alkyl radical through breaking of a carbon hydrogen bond. A possible competing primary process producing alkyl and alkoxyl radicals through breaking of a carbon-oxygen bond occurs with no more and probably considerably less than ten percent probability in this pressure range.
The structure of the religious world

Soulevant la question de la signification du point de vue religieux et de la verite de la religiosite, l'A. etudie la notion de sacre comme categorie du monde religieux et des attitudes de la personne religieuse. Examinant les structures du monde profane et du monde religieux que sont l'espace, le temps et la causalite, en se referant aux travaux phenomenologiques de M. Eliade et Kristenten, l'A. montre que ni la philosophie ni la science ni la poesie ne peuvent rendre compte de l'experience religieuse qui n'est pas une experience esthetique, mais l'experience de la transcendance dans le monde profane
Suppression of HIV-Specific and Allogeneic T Cell Activation by Human Regulatory T Cells Is Dependent on the Strength of Signals

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses against both self and non-self antigens. Tregs require activation through the T cell receptor (TCR) and IL-2 to exert their suppressive functions. However, how strength of TCR signals modulate the potency of Treg-mediated suppression of antigen-specific T cell activation remain unclear. We found that both strength of TCR signals and ratios of Tregs to target cells, either through superantigen, allogeneic antigens or HIV-specific peptides, modified the suppressive ability of Tregs. While human Tregs were able to mediate suppression in the presence of only autologous antigen-presenting cells, this was much less efficient as compared to when Tregs were activated by allogeneic dendritic cells. In another physiologically relevant system, we show that the strength of peptide stimulation, high frequency of responder CD8+ T cells or presence of high IL-2 can override the suppression of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by Tregs. These findings suggest that ratios and TCR activation of human Tregs, are important parameters to overcome robust immune responses to pathogens or allogeneic antigens. Modulating the strength of T cell signals and selective enhancement or depletion of antigen-specific Tregs thus may have implications for designing potent vaccines and regulating immune responses during allogeneic transplantation and chronic infections.
Mechanical Principles of Operative Dentistry

2. The use of the chewing gum con­ taining Furadroxyl after each meal dur­ ing a 12 m onth experimental period by a group of 30 caries-susceptible subjects resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of new dental decay as con­ trasted to the amount of new decay in two control groups each consisting of 25 caries-susceptible subjects. 3. The dental caries attack rate in the group who used the gum containing Furadroxyl during the experimental pe­ riod was 75 per cent lower than that of the control group which used a gum similarly prepared but not containing Furadroxyl and 80 per cent lower than that of the control group which did not
A one-year introductory course for computer science undergraduate program

The approach taken to teach the first undergraduate course in computer science varies a great deal. The one that places major emphasis on the teaching of a programming language is still widely used. We find many drawbacks with this approach. In our opinion, the discussion of introductory computer concepts and problem-solving techniques should precede the coverage of the syntax of a programming language. It is also our belief that basic data structure concepts should be presented in the first course and discussed independently of any particular programming language considerations. Finally, we don't subscribe to the view that teaching of programming styles should be delayed until later courses. With these ideas in view, we present in this paper the outline of a one-year beginning course for the computer science undergraduate degree program.
Controller Design via System Identification

An approach to controller design, based on system identification methods, is proposed and illustrated using an example. Controller parameters are estimated using a least squares method and specified models for the desired input-output behavior of the closed-loop system. The proposed controller design method provides a tradeoff between potentially conflicting objectives specified for command following, disturbance rejection and noise rejection. The controller order can also be determined using standard model order determination techniques.
Nate Harrison as Person, Myth, and Legend: Archaeological History and the Apotheosis of a Nineteenth-Century African American in San Diego County

AbstractHistorical accounts of famed San Diego pioneer Nate Harrison (c. 1833-1920), a formerly enslaved African American from the antebellum South, underwent meaningful transformations during the twentieth century. Secondary narratives of the region’s first African-American homesteader grew into some of San Diego County’s most popular and exotic legends. Local authors repeatedly altered specific details of Harrison’s emancipation, longevity, living quarters, and other biographical items, resulting in the creation of new myths long after Harrison’s death. Traditional archaeological seriations can be extended to historical texts to show when and how these narrative changes occurred. Some transformed gradually over time, while others changed in a punctuated manner that corresponded with groundbreaking, socio-political changes across the nation. In identifying dynamism in the historical records, this analysis situates recent discoveries from the ongoing Nate Harrison Historical Archaeology Project excavation...
A cost-benefit analysis of a third camera for stereo correspondence

This paper looks at the twin issues of the gain in accuracy of stereo correspondence and the accompanying increase in computational cost due to the use of a third camera for stereo analysis. Trinocular stereo algorithms differ from binocular algorithms essentially in the epipolar constraint used in the local matching stage. The current literature does not provide any insight into the relative merits of binocular and trinocular stereo matching with the matching accuracy being verified aginst the ground truth. Experiments for evaluating the relative performance of binocular and trinocular stereo algorithms were conducted. The stereo images used for the performance evaluation were generated by applying a Lambertian reflectance model to real Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) available from the U.S. Geological Survey. The matching accuracy of the stereo algorithms was evaluated by comparing the observed stereo disparity against the ground truth derived from the DEMs. It was observed that trinocular local matching reduced the percentage of mismatches having large disparity errors by more than half when compared to binocular matching. On the other hand, trinocular stereopsis increased the computational cost of local matching over binocular by only about one-fourth. We also present a quantization-error analysis of the depth reconstruction process for the nonparallel stereo-imaging geometry used in our experiments.
HOW IS THE ETHICS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH DIFFERENT FROM THE ETHICS OF ABORTION

It seems that if abortion is permissible, then stem cell research must be as well: it involves the death of a less significant thing (an embryo rather than a fetus) for a greater good (lives saved rather than nine months of physical imposition avoided). However, I argue in this essay that this natural thought is mistaken. In particular, on the assumption that embryos and fetuses have the full moral status of persons, abortion is permissible but one form of stem cell research is notFthe practice of creating embryos and then destroying them to extract cell material. Furthermore, I argue that the same is true on the assumption that embryos and fetuses have at least some moral status. I conclude that this form of stem cell research is permissible only if the embryos in question lack moral status. I then present and briefly defend a view on which these embryos lack moral status.
Attachment of selenium to a reverse osmosis membrane to inhibit biofilm formation of S. aureus

Previous experiments have shown that when selenium was attached to a surface, biofilm development on the surface was inhibited. Selenium is a catalytic producer of superoxide radicals via oxygen reduction. The superoxide radicals can cause damage to the outer membrane of bacterial cells that frequently results in cell death. Therefore, we propose selenium attachment to an RO membrane surface as a biofouling inhibition technique. Selenium was attached to the surface of RO membranes via monomer (selenocystamine) and polymer (aceto acetoxy ethyl methacrylate) attachment mechanisms. Using confocal microscopy and Staphylococcus aureus cell counting to evaluate S. aureus biofilm growth, the number of attached S. aureus cells was seen to be significantly reduced on RO membranes coated with selenium. While both selenium coatings had similar S. aureus inhibition, the selenium coatings had much different impacts on permeate flux. The selenocystamine attachment method maintained a higher permeate flux compared to the AAEMA attachment method due to AAEMA requiring a harsh attachment procedure. Ultimately, attached selenocystamine showed great potential to serve as a biofouling inhibitor by reducing attached S. aureus growth on RO membranes without excessive permeate flux loss.
The maturation of incentive processing and cognitive control

Understanding how immaturities in the reward system affect decision-making can inform us on adolescent vulnerabilities to risk-taking, which is a primary contributor to mortality and substance abuse in this age group. In this paper, we review the literature characterizing the neurodevelopment of reward and cognitive control and propose a model for adolescent reward processing. While the functional neuroanatomy of the mature reward system has been well-delineated, adolescent reward processing is just beginning to be understood. Results indicate that adolescents relative to adults demonstrate decreased anticipatory processing and assessment of risk, but an increased consummatory response. Such differences could result in suboptimal representations of reward valence and value and bias adolescent decision-making. These functional differences in reward processing occur in parallel with on-going structural and pharmacological maturation in the adolescent brain. In addition to limitations in incentive processing, basic cognitive control abilities, including working memory and inhibitory control, continue to mature during adolescence. Consequently, adolescents may be limited, relative to adults, in their abilities to inhibit impulsive behaviors and reliably hold 'on-line' comparisons of potential rewards/punishments during decision-making.
Degradation of GaAs Diode Lasers

Gallium arsenide diode lasers degrade when too high a current density is passed through them. The degradation consists of a decrease in output optical power, an increase in the laser thershold current, and a decrease in the current-rectification ratio. Degradation occurs in both diffused and solution-grown junctions, for lightly doped junctions. The degradation occurs under pulsed operation at room temperature and continuous operation at low temperatures. If the duty cycle under pulse room-temperature operation is increased at a constant peak current, a value is reached beyond which degration occurs. For continuous lasers, efficient diodes are more prone to degration than poor diodes. Spectral measurements indicate that junction heating is negligible. These results are reminescent of degradation in GaAs tunnel diodes, and the failure mechanism may be similar.
The A.M.I.G.O. project: A multicultural intergroup opportunity

Abstract This paper describes an empirical investigation of changes incurred as a result of participation in a semester-long intercultural experience. “The A.M.I.G.O. Project” is conducted in small group communication classes and requires students to meet and interact weekly with foreigners living in their community. The project is designed to allow college students to obtain some of the benefits of a foreign experience without going abroad. The program is also intended to provide a meaningful and worthwhile experience to individuals temporarily living in the U.S. A single-factor repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine differences between participants and non-participants at the beginning and end of the semester. Five dependent variables-acceptance of differences, openness to new ideas, importance of foreign exchange, responsibility toward foreigners living in the community, and attitudes toward peace-were evaluated. The results of the questionnaire strongly indicate a significant change in the attitudes of the participants. Overall, students became more accepting of diversity and differences, felt greater responsibility to and increased importance of foreign visitors to the United States, and developed a sense of importance and desire for travel abroad. Furthermore, the members of the English as a Second Language class [the Amigos] demonstrated significantly greater improvement on their English proficiency exams than non-participants. Implications of the results and a discussion of the limitations of the study conclude with suggestions for future research.
The Use of Arcs and other Fluctuating Sources in Photoelectric Photometry

IN his paper on the registering microphotometer, P. P. Koch (Annalen der Physik, iv. 39, p. 705, 1912) describes an arrangement consisting of two similar photoelectric cells connected to an electrometer, both illuminated by the same source, but through different optical paths. The arrangement described has the advantage of being independent of intensity fluctuations in the source (provided that these are uniform over the area of the source), since the electrometer reading depends only upon the ratio of the intensities falling on the two cells. An example is given in which a change from 10 to 100 in the light intensity of the source produced only a 1 per cent, change in the electrometer deflexion. However, it remained impossible to use arcs, or other light sources which not only fluctuate in intensity but also flicker or change their position; for since the two beams come from different parts of the source, and traverse different optical paths, flickering changes the ratio of their intensities, as well as the absolute values.
Survey of computer-aided electrical analysis of integrated circuit interconnections

In the last decade an important shift has taken place in the design of hardware with the advent of smaller and denser integrated circuits and packages. Analysis techniques are required to ensure the proper electrical functioning of this hardware. In this paper we give a coherent survey of the modeling and computer-aided design techniques applicable to solving these problems. Methods are considered for the computation of resistances, capacitances, and inductances. Also, an extensive list of references is given.
Measurements of the coefficient of restitution for particle collisions with ductile surfaces in a liquid

This paper presents the approach and rebound of a particle colliding with a deformable surface in a viscous liquid. The complex interaction between the fluid and the solid phases is coupled through the dynamics of the flow as well as the deformation process. For the experiments, steel particles impacted ductile aluminum alloys samples immersed in an aqueous mixture of glycerol and water. The experiments involved particle Stokes number from 5 to 10^5 and deformation parameters from 10^(−2) to 10^2. From the experiments, the coefficient of restitution is shown to depend on both these parameters. The coefficient of restitution is closest to unity when the deformation parameter is less than one and the Stokes number is greater than 10^3. The coefficient of restitution decreases as the deformation parameter increases and when the Stokes number decreases.
A quasi-synchronous checkpointing algorithm that prevents contention for stable storage

Checkpointing and rollback recovery are established techniques for handling failures in distributed systems. Under synchronous checkpointing, each process involved in the distributed computation takes checkpoint almost simultaneously. This causes contention for network stable storage and hence degrades performance as processes may have to wait for long time for the checkpointing operation to complete. In this paper, we propose a staggered quasi-synchronous checkpointing algorithm which reduces contention for network stable storage without any synchronization overhead.
REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY, SURFACE CHEMISTRY, AND FLUID PHYSICS ON EVAPORATION AT THE CONTACT LINE

Liquid-vapor phase-change processes are becoming increasingly important in a wide variety of fields ranging from energy conversion, to microelectronics cooling, MEMs devices, and self-assembly. The phase change in these systems is governed by processes that occur at the contact line, where three phases meet. Evidence suggests that alterations of the surface chemistry and surface topography on the nanoscale can be used to dramatically enhance the phase-change process. This article reviews the current state of the art in nanoscale surface modification as applied to the enhancement of evaporative processes.
Elevated Atmospheric CO2 in Agroecosystems: Residue Decomposition in the Field

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration can increase biomass production and alter tissue composition. Shifts in both quantity and quality of crop residue may alter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics and management considerations in future CO2-enriched agroecosystems. This study was conducted to determine decomposition rates of the legume soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and nonlegume grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] residue produced under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (ambient and twice ambient) on a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults) in Auburn, Alabama, USA, managed using no-till practices. At maturity, harvested plants were separated into component parts for dry weight determination and tissue analysis. Mass, C, and N losses from residues were determined using the mesh bag method. Biomass production was significantly greater for soybean compared to sorghum and for elevated versus ambient CO2-grown plants. The CO2 level had little affect on the C/N ratio of residue (probably because the tissue used was senesced). Elevated CO2 concentration did not affect percent residue recovery; however, greater biomass production observed under elevated CO2 resulted in more residue and C remaining after overwintering. The higher total N content of soybean residue, particularly when grown under elevated CO2, indicated more N may be available to a following crop with lower N inputs required. Results suggest that in a high CO2 environment, greater amounts of residue may increase soil C and ground cover, which may enhance soil water storage, improve soil physical properties, and reduce erosion losses.
Prospective investigation of complementary and alternative medicine use and subsequent hospitalizations

The prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has been estimated to be as high as 65% in some populations. However, there has been little objective research into the possible risks or benefits of unmanaged CAM therapies. In this prospective study of active duty US Navy and Marine Corps personnel, the association between self-reported practitioner-assisted or self-administered CAM use and future hospitalization was investigated. Cox regression models were used to examine risk of hospitalization due to any cause over the follow-up period from date of questionnaire submission, until hospitalization, separation from the military, or end of observation period (June 30, 2004), whichever occurred first. After adjusting for baseline health, baseline trust and satisfaction with conventional medicine, and demographic characteristics, those who reported self-administering two or more CAM therapies were significantly less likely to be hospitalized for any cause when compared with those who did not self-administer CAM (HR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.86). Use of multiple practitioner-assisted CAM was not associated with a significant decrease or increase of risk for future hospitalization (HR = 1.86; 95 percent confidence interval = 0.96-3.63). While there were limitations to these analyses, this investigation utilized an objective measure of health to investigate the potential health effects of CAM therapies and found a modest reduction in the overall risk of hospitalization associated with self-administration of two or more CAM therapies. In contrast, use of practitioner-assisted CAM was not associated with a protective effect.
Purification and properties of xylanase from Aureobasidium

The yeast-like fungusAureobasidium is a promising source of xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) with an exceptionally high specific activity. For enzyme production in volumes of several liters, xylose was the preferred carbon source and inducer. Xylanase in clarified cultures was concentrated by reversible adsorption to cation-exchange matrix to 5% of the initial volume, and recovered at nearly 2 million IU/1. Selective conditions permitted 97% recovery of xylanase with a 1.8-fold enrichment in specific activity, to 70% of purity. The predominant xylanase species (20 kDa) was subsequently purified to >99% of homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography. Purified enzyme exhibited an isoelectric point of 8.5, and specific activity of 2100 IU/mg under optimal conditions, determined to be pH 4.5 and 45°C. The activity of purified enzyme was specific for polymeric xylan.
Proceedings of the twenty-first ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems

This volume contains the proceedings of the Twenty-first ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS 2002), held at Madison, Wisconsin on June 3-5, 2002 in conjunction with the 2002 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. It consists of a paper based on the invited talk by Rajeev Motwani, two papers based on the invited tutorials by Maurizio Lenzerini and Dennis Shasha, and 24 contributed papers that were selected by the program committee for presentation at the symposium.The contributed papers were selected from 109 submissions. Most of the papers are "extended abstracts" and are preliminary reports on work in progress. While they have been read by program committee members, they have not been formally refereed. It is expected that much of the research described in these papers will be publihsed in detail in computer science journals.The program committee selected "Monadic Datalog over Trees and the Expressive Power of Languages for Web Information Extraction" by Georg Gottlob and Christoph Koch for the PODS 2002 Best Paper Award and "From Discrepancy to Declustering: Near optimal multidimensional declustering strategies for range queries" by Chung-Min Chen and Christine T. Cheng for the PODS 2002 Best Newcomer Award. Warmest congratulations to the authors of these papers.
GENERIC SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS FOR COGNITIVE WORK: LAWS THAT GOVERN COGNITIVE WORK IN ACTION

Research in Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) has successfully identified basic requirements that must be met if new technology will be useful to practitioners in context. Synthesizing these basic requirements or support functions is part of a process of debate and consolidation of the foundations of the field after 25 years of productive activity (Klein, 1999; Endsley et al., 2003; Hollnagel and Woods, 2005). This work takes the “Laws that Govern Cognitive Work” which synthesize basic findings aand patterns (Woods, 2002; Hoffman and Woods, 2005) and provides the next step—a set of basic requirements or support functions for design. General requirements for effective support can be used to jump start individual development projects in any domain. Debating how to achieve these support functions helps translate the insights of cognitive work analyses into tangible new uses of technological possibilities.
Adapted Minds and Evolved Schools.

Evolutionary psychology raises questions about how cognitive adaptations might be related to the emergence of formal schooling. Is there a special role for natural domains of cognition such as folk physics, folk psychology and folk biology? These domains may vary from small fragments of reasoning to large integrated systems. This heterogeneity complicates claims about abilities to inhibit folk sciences and about how formal education exploits such inhibitory abilities. Moreover, formal education often needs to build on intuitive knowledge systems rather than inhibit them. Education must also reduce complex information to the right level of granularity and help students appreciate the limits of their understanding. This involves learning how to outsource understanding to other minds and to read intentions. In his article in this issue, David C. Geary provides an important focus on these issues by suggesting that educational and evolutionary psychologists ask how the patterns found in each field might inform...
Development of lower leg strength and flexibility with the strength shoe

The Strength Shoe is a modified athletic shoe with a 4-cm thick rubber platform attached to the front half of the sole. It is promoted as an effective method of increasing "speed, quickness, and explosive power," as well as ankle flexibility and calf circumference, when used in a plyometrics-based training regimen. This study evaluates, in a prospective, randomized trial, the efficacy and safety of the Strength Shoe training regimen for increasing lower leg flexibility and strength in intercollegiate track and field participants. No enhancement of flexibility, strength, or performance was observed for participants wearing the Strength Shoe at the end of an 8-week training program, following the suggested regimen of the manufacturer. The use of the Strength Shoe cannot be recommended as a safe, effective training method for development of lower leg strength and flexibility. However, the use of plyometrics in a properly supervised setting may improve athletic performance and merits further investigation.
Analysis of noise amplification by a CW pump signal due to fiber nonlinearity

The amplifier spontaneous emission noise can be changed significantly due to fiber nonlinearity during its propagation through the fiber with a strong pump signal. We present, in this letter, a new analysis on this effect based on perturbation theory. The new analysis gives the parametric gain transfer matrix in a simple format which gives clear insight on the effect from dispersion, fiber nonlinearity, and their interaction.
A Mathematical Model of Transmission Line Audible Noise Part 2: Comparison with Experiment

This part of the paper compares the model developed in Part 1 with experimental results obtained by a number of investigators. The shape of the curves predicted by the model is shown to be in good agreement with results showing audible noise as a function of gradient or rainfall rate. Simple curve fitting is used to find values of the constants in the model using published audible noise data. A single equation predicting audible noise for multiconductor lines in saturated conditions is presented. Implications in the areas of interpretation of existing data, conductor testing and conductor design are discussed.
Recognition of Affective Communicative Intent in Robot-Directed Speech

Human speech provides a natural and intuitive interface for both communicating with humanoid robots as well as for teaching them. In general, the acoustic pattern of speech contains three kinds of information: who the speaker is, what the speaker said, and how the speaker said it. This paper focuses on the question of recognizing affective communicative intent in robot-directed speech without looking into the linguistic content. We present an approach for recognizing four distinct prosodic patterns that communicate praise, prohibition, attention, and comfort to preverbal infants. These communicative intents are well matched to teaching a robot since praise, prohibition, and directing the robot's attention to relevant aspects of a task, could be used by a human instructor to intuitively facilitate the robot's learning process. We integrate this perceptual ability into our robot's “emotion” system, thereby allowing a human to directly manipulate the robot's affective state. This has a powerful organizing influence on the robot's behavior, and will ultimately be used to socially communicate affective reinforcement. Communicative efficacy has been tested with people very familiar with the robot as well as with naive subjects.