cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman Scattering as a Probe of the Superconducting Proximity Effect

Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the effect of superconductivity on the near-surface electronic structure of a semiconductor in good electrical contact with a superconductor. The light scattering is performed through a high-quality thin (60–100A) film of Nb, grown directly ontoin-situ Ar+-etched (100)-n+InAs. Below Tc, the LO mode, associated with the surface charge accumulation layer in the InAs, is enhanced by ∼40% in comparison with the nearby L_bulk phonon mode. This change, reversible upon temperature cycling, is observed only when the Nb is in good electrical contact with the InAs. Preliminary results show a similar effect on NbN/InAs. Our results constitute the first optical detection of the superconducting proximity effect.
The twin rivers program on energy conservation in housing: Highlights and conclusions

Abstract Key results and conclusions of a five-year field study of residential energy use are reviewed. Our multidisciplinary research is being undertaken in a set of nominally identical townhouses in Twin Rivers, New Jersey, a recently built community of standard construction with gas space heating, electric central air conditioning, and a full set of appliances. Average levels of energy consumption and their dependence on weather and building type have been established, thereby permitting detailed quantitative studies of the sources of remaining variability. Starting from this baseline, we have established the level of change in energy consumption that followed the “energy crisis” in the autumn of 1973 and we have performed two kinds of controlled experiments: (1) experiments where a set of modifications (retrofits) are made to the building structure, and (2) experiments where “feedback” is provided to residents, on a regular basis, reporting their level of consumption of energy. Conclusions drawn from our modeling and experimentation are presented here, with emphasis given to those results bearing directly on the character of programs to retrofit the national housing stock. Photographs of the site, of building defects, and of our retrofits are included, as well as a selection of graphical displays of data, each a snapshot of a kind of analysis we have found useful and are prepared to recommend to others who wish to help develop an understanding of how houses work. Lists are included both of the program's reports and publications and of the people who have contributed to the Twin Rivers program since its inception.
A thermocouple-based beam profile monitor for an 800 MeV proton accelerator

Abstract A thermocouple-based proton beam profile monitor is designed for use in front of the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center target. The purpose of the device is to determine the location and standard deviation of the incident proton beam using thermocouple temperatures. The beam profile monitor consists of two perpendicular planes of thermocouple wires mounted in 1 cm increments on Macor ceramic rings. Temperatures are measured from heat generated volumetrically in the thermocouple wires by the incident proton beam. Operating requirements for the device include the ability to work in pressure ranges of 0.1 to 10 Torr and at beam currents of 5 μA to 100 μA. Temperature data from a beam test are compared with predictions from an analytical model, a finite elements analysis using the code TOPAZ2D, and an automated curve fitting routine. Average relative errors of less than 10% are calculated from the analytical solution and the finite elements analysis. The curve fitting routine provides quick estimates of the proton beam parameters which are useful during beam tuning.
Nonlinear mixing of electromagnetic waves in plasmas.

Recently, a strong research effort has been focused on applications of beat waves in plasma interactions. This research has important implications for various aspects of plasma physics and plasma technology. This article reviews the present status of the field and comments on plasma probing, heating of magnetically confined and laser plasmas, ionospheric plasma modification, beat-wave particle acceleration, beat-wave current drive in toroidal devices, beat wave—driven free-electron lasers, and phase conjugation with beat waves.
Germany's Foreign Trade Terms in 1899–1913

A new method proposed for measuring the trend of the terms of trade, 665. — Germany's pre-war trade balance, 666. — Distribution of imports and exports in main groups, 668; in detail, 669. — Trade balance in physical terms, 671. — Indices of changes, in value and in physical terms, 674. — Explanation of the changes, 674. — Increasing exports of capital after 1908, 680. — Significance of the rates of foreign exchange, 682. — Conclusion, 683.
Self- and other regulation during the infancy period

Abstract The “other regulation” views of Lev Vygotsky and of Jerome Bruner are contrasted with Jean Piaget's self-regulatory model of infant development. Examples of adult behavior in Piaget's writings and in mother-infant interactions suggest that adults perform behaviors which are analogous to Piaget's type a and b self-regulation. Data from infant games are provided to illustrate the processes by which mothers regulate the environments for their infants and the consequences of such maternal regulation for infant development.
Hand Dominance and Age Have Interactive Effects on Motor Cortical Representations

Older adults exhibit more bilateral motor cortical activity during unimanual task performance than young adults. Interestingly, a similar pattern is seen in young adults with reduced hand dominance. However, older adults report stronger hand dominance than young adults, making it unclear how handedness is manifested in the aging motor cortex. Here, we investigated age differences in the relationships between handedness, motor cortical organization, and interhemispheric communication speed. We hypothesized that relationships between these variables would differ for young and older adults, consistent with our recent proposal of an age-related shift in interhemispheric interactions. We mapped motor cortical representations of the right and left first dorsal interosseous muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in young and older adults recruited to represent a broad range of the handedness spectrum. We also measured interhemispheric communication speed and bimanual coordination. We observed that more strongly handed older adults exhibited more ipsilateral motor activity in response to TMS; this effect was not present in young adults. Furthermore, we found opposing relationships between interhemispheric communication speed and bimanual performance in the two age groups. Thus, handedness manifests itself differently in the motor cortices of young and older adults and has interactive effects with age.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Viral RNA Polymerases Link Conserved and Correlated Motions of Functional Elements to Fidelity

The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential for multiplication of all RNA viruses. The sequence diversity of an RNA virus population contributes to its ability to infect the host. This diversity emanates from errors made by the RdRp during RNA synthesis. The physical basis for RdRp fidelity is unclear but is linked to conformational changes occurring during the nucleotide-addition cycle. To understand RdRp dynamics that might influence RdRp function, we have analyzed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the nanosecond timescale of four RdRps from the picornavirus family that exhibit 30-74% sequence identity. Principal component analysis showed that the major motions observed during the simulations derived from conserved structural motifs and regions of known function. The dynamics of residues participating in the same biochemical property, for example, RNA binding, nucleotide binding or catalysis, were correlated even when spatially distant on the RdRp structure. The conserved and correlated dynamics of functional structural elements suggest coevolution of dynamics with structure and function of the RdRp. Crystal structures of all picornavirus RdRps exhibit a template-nascent RNA duplex channel too small to fully accommodate duplex RNA. Simulations revealed opening and closing motions of the RNA and nucleoside triphosphate channels, which might be relevant to nucleoside triphosphate entry, inorganic pyrophosphate exit and translocation. A role for nanosecond timescale dynamics in RdRp fidelity is supported by the altered dynamics of the high-fidelity G64S derivative of PV RdRp relative to wild-type enzyme.
Neurofilament Polymer Transport in Axons

Neurofilament proteins are known to be transported along axons by slow axonal transport, but the form in which they move is controversial. In previous studies on cultured rat sympathetic neurons, we found that green fluorescent protein-tagged neurofilament proteins move predominantly in the form of filamentous structures, and we proposed that these structures are single-neurofilament polymers. In the present study, we have tested this hypothesis by using a rapid perfusion technique to capture these structures as they move through naturally occurring gaps in the axonal neurofilament array. Because the gaps lack neurofilaments, they permit unambiguous identification of the captured structure. Using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy, we show that the captured structures are single continuous neurofilament polymers. Thus, neurofilament polymers are one of the cargo structures of slow axonal transport.
Virtual Auditing Agents: The EDGAR Agent Challenge

Abstract Intelligent agents can be used as agents of organizational change. This potential exists in the domain of accounting audit, where much of what is currently done manually in batch mode could be done continuously and on-line. We discuss the use of intelligent Internet agents as a way of changing and expanding audit practices in the virtual world. A quality/service framework is presented that suggests ways that accounting firms can evolve in this era of on-line opportunities. The EDGAR Agent is presented as an example of an intelligent Internet agent that gathers financial information. The challenges involved in the development of the EDGAR Agent are analyzed, providing insight into the practical aspects of agent technology designed for a specific business domain. A test of the agent is presented, with comments and suggestions from financial practitioners that will be integrated into the research stream.
Emphysematous Bullae and Pulmonary Tuberculosis

1)Pulmonary tuberculosis may develop in an area of lung which is the site of pre-existing emphysematous bullae. 2)The combined process may present a bizarre picture suggesting extensive caseation and cavitation. 3)Fluid levels may develop in such bullae, apparently due to tuberculous changes in their walls. It is believed this is a hitherto undescribed disease complex. 4)The presence of bullae apparently has no effect upon the prognosis of the tuberculous process. However, the development of fluid levels in such bullae may be an indication of a spread or reactivation of the tuberculous process in a juxta-bullous location. 5)If the bullae are diagnosed as tuberculous cavities, one may be led to give a falsely poor prognosis or to recommend unnecessary extensive thoracic surgery.
Sex Differences Of RyR2 Expression And Phosphorylation In Heart Failure

Sex differences in the expression and phosphorylation of Ca handling proteins could underlie sex differences in contractile function and ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure (HF). We previously showed down-regulation of cardiac RyR (RyR2) and increased CaMKII- & PKA -dependent phosphorylation of RyR2 associated with increased CaMKII-dependent SR Ca leak in our arrhythmogenic rabbit model of HF. Here, we assessed sex differences in RyR2 expression and phosphorylation in HF. We found total RyR2 protein expression in control F was 27% lower (vs control M, n=3,3, p<0.05); but with HF, both M & F exhibited a down-regulation of RyR2 vs control M (41% and 49%, respectively, n=4,4, p<0.05). Phosphorylation of RyR2 at the serine-2809 (PKA- & CaMKII-) and serine-2815 (CaMKII) sites was increased in both HF-M & HF-F (73% & 43%, and 67% & 135%, respectively, vs control M, n=4,4,4,4, p<0.05). Moreover, CaMKII and PKA backphosphorylation (-P) of RyR2 were assessed in immunoprecipitated RyR2 proteins with specific RyR2 antibody. CaMKII-P of RyR2 was significantly increased with HF in both sexes vs control M (71% and 87%, respectively, n=5,5,5,5, p<0.05), while PKA-P of RyR2 was increased (by 228%) only in HF-F (p < 0.001). HF-M (but not HF-F) exhibited increased global expression of CaMKIIδ (cardiac isoform) by 141% (vs control M, n=4,4,4,4, p<0.05), but co-immunoprecipitated CaMKIIδ with RyR2 antibody was increased in both HF-M & HF-F (vs control M, 38% and 43%, respectively, n=3,3,3,3, p<0.05). In contrast, co-immunoprecipitated PKA with RyR2 was increased in only HF-F (26%, p< 0.001), while global expression of PKA was unchanged in both sexes. Thus, there are sex differences in RyR2 hyperphosphorylation with HF. HF-F have increased co-localized CaMKIIδ and PKA with RyR2, while HF-M have increased global CaMKIIδ and increased co-localized CaMKIIδ (but not PKA) with RyR2.
Digital casts for the study of clubbing of the fingers.

A method is described for the production of accurate casts of the digits using an alginate impression material. The use of such casts is illustrated with respect to changes in the degree of digital clubbing in tetrad of Fallot following total surgical correction.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability of the Solid Solution Phase in Nanocrystalline LixFePO4

Samples of nanostructured Li_(x)FePO_4 with characteristic crystal sizes of 26 nm, and compositions of x = 0.35 and 0.65, were synthesized by ball-milling and chemical delithiation. X-ray powder diffraction showed that the solid solution phase started to form whenever two-phase materials were heated above 200 °C. The solid solution phase of nanocrystalline Li_(0.65)FePO_4 was quick to form above 200 °C but did not unmix at lower temperatures. Unmixing below 200 °C was found after long-time annealing of nanocrystalline Li_(0.35)FePO_4, however, consistent with the equilibrium phase diagram of bulk Li_(x)FePO_4. The stability of the solid solution of nanocrystalline Li_(x)FePO_4 is kinetic in origin, perhaps originating with effects of crystal surfaces.
Continuities in the structural expression of affectivity: a developmental comparison.

Developmental trends in children's verbalization of affective distress is examined using the Structured Pediatric Psychosocial Interview. Scale scores for two independent samples of younger (7–10 yrs) and older (11–14 yrs) public school children were factor analyzed. Results show high degree of congruency between the two developmental groups in their verbalization of affectivity. Factors associated with effective hostility (Resentment and Detachment) and with goal-directed investment (Emulation and Apathy) show marked continuity across developmental stages. However, a factor related to description of internal arousal (Tension, Restlessness, Sensitivity) showed increased complexity with age.
Urban Regime Change A Silver Lining for Scandals

Regime theorists have developed typologies that characterize a range of potential regimes. There has been little investigation of regime change, the transformational process by which one regime typ...
Rapid separation of urinary acids by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Over a hundred acidic urinary constituents were separated within 30 min by using 5-μm octadecyl-silica columns and gradient elution with increasing acetonitrile concentration in dilute aqueous phosphoric acid solution at 70°. The column effluent was monitored with a UV detector at 280 nm or with a fluorescence detector at 260 nm excitation and 340 nm emission wavelengths. The high sensitivity and speed of analysis, the excellent reproducibility and adequate resolution obtained suggest that this technique may be useful to obtain metabolic profiles in routine clinical work.
Intending and Causing

In much of the contemporary discussion of end of life cases, active killing is forbidden doctors, whereas the passive bringing about of death is, e.g., a rather common occurrence in our hospitals. In the former sorts of cases, doctors are held to be causes of death; in the latter sorts of cases, they are held not to be. If they did not cause a death, even though they did passively bring it about, we cannot use casual responsibility for a death in order to raise possible questions about moral responsibility for that death. I here look at part of this insistence that doctors are not a part cause of death and call it into question.
Overview of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Purpose of review The purpose of this article is to review recent literature regarding pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) published within the last year. By reviewing and assessing these articles, a more clear understanding regarding the etiology and management of pediatric RRP can be obtained, allowing physicians to better care for their pediatric RRP patients. Recent findings Pediatric RRP continues to be an extremely difficult management problem for otolaryngologists. This disease process continues to be a significant burden on the health care system and is a significant cause of morbidity in affected patients and their families. The incidence of RRP continues to be approximately 3.96 per 100,000 in the pediatric population. It has been noted recently that approximately 7 of every 1000 children born to mothers with vaginal condyloma develop pediatric RRP. Although the mainstay of surgical management has traditionally been the CO2 laser, newer surgical techniques have demonstrated efficacy in the management of pediatric RRP patients, including powered instrumentation and the pulse-dye laser. The traditional adjuvant medical therapies used for pediatric RRP continue to be commonly used, including interferon-α2a, retinoic acid, and indol-3-carbinol/diindolylmethane (I3C/DIM). Recently cidofovir has demonstrated efficacy in selected patients. In addition, current research regarding vaccine therapy for pediatric RRP has shown promise. Basic science research in the field of immunology has demonstrated multiple defects in cell-mediated immunity, which has shed further light on the etiology of pediatric RRP. Summary Pediatric RRP continues to be a highly morbid disease process. New surgical and medical therapies offer hope for better control of this disease in affected patients. Recent advances in immunologic research offer the hope of immune system modulation and augmentation as potential future treatment modalities to better control this disease process.
You don't act like you trust me: dissociations between behavioural and explicit measures of source credibility judgement.

This study compared explicit and behavioural measures of source credibility judgements based on two factors: a source's past record of accuracy and its production of predictions that participants would like to believe. The former is considered to be a rational factor for judging credibility, while the latter is considered nonrational (i.e., it does not predict actual credibility). In Experiments 1 and 2, participants saw an equal number of predictions from two sources, one of which was either highly or slightly more accurate/desirable than the other. In Experiment 3, either one source was high accuracy and the other high desirability, or one source was higher on both measures. For all experiments, participants then saw new accurate and inaccurate predictions and said which source they thought was most likely to produce each (behavioural task). Participants then gave a percentage rating for each source's perceived accuracy (explicit judgement task). Participants showed sensitivity to past accuracy differen...
Understanding conditional probabilities

Abstract In two experiments, subjects were asked to judge whether the probability of A given B was greater than, equal to, or less than the probability of B given A for various events A and B. In addition, in Experiment 2, subjects were asked to estimate the conditional probabilities and also to calculate conditional probabilities from contingency data. For problems in which one conditional probability was objectively larger than the other, performance ranged from about 25–80% correct, depending on the nature of A and B. Changes in the wording of problems also affected performance, although less dramatically. Patterns of responses consistent with the existence of a causal bias in judging probabilities were observed with one of the wordings used but not with the other. Several features of the data suggest that a major source of error was the confusion between conditional and joint probabilities.
Fatigue reliability of steel bridges

Abstract A fatigue reliability analysis is performed for steel girder bridges. The data base for the live load model is obtained by weigh-in-motion (WIM) measurements. Bridge structures were selected to determine the site-specific truck parameters and component-specific stress spectra. Stress cycles are presented as cumulative distribution functions. The WIM measurements confirm a significant variation in stress spectra between girders. Fatigue limit state function is developed using the number of cycles to failure as the structural resistance, and the number of applied cycles as the load. The statistical parameters of steel are based on the available test results. Reliability indices are calculated for several equivalent stress ranges.
OVER EXPRESSION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1α IN RENAL AND BLADDER CANCER CELLS INCREASES TUMORIGENIC POTENCY

ABSTRACT Purpose: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcriptional factor that regulates genes involved in the response to hypoxia. We evaluated the effects of HIF-1α over expression on the tumorigenic potency of renal cell carcinoma VMRC cells and bladder cancer EJ cells in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: We introduced HIF-1α expression vectors into VMRC and EJ cells, and generated the HIF-1α over expressing cell lines VMRC-HIF1α and EJ-HIF1α, and the vector only transfected cell lines VMRC-neo and EJ-neo. We then evaluated in vitro cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth of these cell lines after subcutaneous injection into athymic nude mice. Results: In vitro studies showed that HIF-1α over expression in VMRC and EJ cells accelerated cell proliferation during the confluent growth phase and rendered these cells resistant to hypoxic stress. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that all 4 types of cancer cells (VMRC-neo, VMRC-HIF1α, EJ-neo and EJ-HIF1α) formed tumors in nude mice and the size of VMRC-HIF1α cell derived xenografts was much larger than that of VMRC-neo cell derived xenografts. Although HIF-1α over expression did not affect the size of EJ cell derived xenografts, histological examination showed that there was only a small area of necrosis in EJ-HIF1α cell derived xenografts, whereas a large area of central necrosis was observed in EJ-neo cell derived xenografts. It was also found that HIF-1α over expression increased intratumor microvessel density in the xenografts. Conclusions: These results suggest that HIF-1α may have important roles in bladder and renal cancer angiogenesis and proliferation.
Selective lethal effect of thymidine on human and mouse tumor cells

Human cell lines derived from a melanoma and a colon carcinoma, and cultures of human melanocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, as well as a mouse mesenchymal non-neoplastic cell line and a malignant subline of the same have been quantitatively studied in tissue culture for their sensitivity to thymidine. All three tumor lines produced solid tumors when injected into nude thymus-deficient mice. No tumors were obtained by injecting cells of the human normal long-term cultures or of the non-neoplastic mouse line. The tumor-producing lines showed a greater sensitivity to the lethal effects of high concentrations of thymidine than their non-tumor-producing counterparts. Less than 23% of the tumor cells survived 72 hours in the presence of 1 mg/ml of thymidine, in contrast to 60% or more of the non-tumor cells. Colony formation was much more inhibited by thymidine and the differential between normal and tumor cells was even more pronounced. Tumor cells which also were treated for 72 hours with 1 mg/ml of thymidine and then plated in fresh medium formed very few colonies. If the plating efficiency of the untreated controls is considered as 100%, 4.3% or less of the treated tumor cells formed colonies, in contrast to 33% or more of the non-tumor cells.
On symmetry in semi-linear elliptic systems with nonnegative solutions

It is shown in8 that positive solutions to the semilinear elliptic system are radially symmetric if f is of C1 and quasimonotone increasing, is a bounder domain in Rn with n>1. In this paper we show that if is a ball in Rn then all non-negative nontrivial solutions of (1) are positive and therefore radially symmetric.
Adherence to CLSI Recommendations for Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Louisiana Hospitals: Report of a Clinical Failure and Results of a Questionnaire Study

We report a case of failure of clindamycin therapy due to inducible clindamycin resistance. We surveyed and found that only 52% of reporting hospitals in the state of Louisiana were performing the D test for inducible clindamycin resistance according to guidelines recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards).
Effect of Film Hole Row Location on Film Effectiveness on a Gas Turbine Blade

Experiments were performed to study the effect of film hole row location on local film effectiveness distribution ofa turbine blade model with air or CO 2 film injection. Tests were performed on a five-blade linear cascade at the chord Reynolds number of 3.0 X 10 5 at the cascade inlet. A combination of turbulence grid and unsteady wake was used to create a higher free-stream turbulence level. The test blade had three rows of film holes in the leading edge region and two rows each on the pressure and suction surfaces. Film hole row locations were set by leaving the film holes at that row location open and covering the remaining rows. In addition, the additive nature of film cooling on the turbine blade model was examined by comparing the measured film effectiveness with the predicted effectiveness from the superposition method. Results show that injection from a different film hole row location provides a different effectiveness distribution on pressure and suction surfaces depending on local mainstream velocity and blade curvature. In most cases, the superposition method holds downstream of the last film hole row.
Serotonergic neurons as carbon dioxide sensors that maintain pH homeostasis.

Serotonergic neurons in the medulla have recently been shown to be sensors of carbon dioxide and pH. There is compelling evidence that the co-release of serotonin, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone from these neurons stimulates the neural network that controls breathing at numerous sites using many different mechanisms. Serotonergic neurons in the midbrain are also chemosensitive, and might mediate non-respiratory responses to increased carbon dioxide, such as arousal. This role in control of pH homeostasis could provide a neurobiological explanation for the link between changes in the serotonin system and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON SKELETAL MATURATION OF HYPOTHYROID RATS.

The rate of skeletal maturation as indicated by ossification of bony elements of the central and appendicular skeleton was compared in two groups of hypothyroid young rats, raised at 20°C and 30°C constant environment respectively. Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding 0.2% propylthiouracil mixed with the food in powdered form to pregnant rats starting on the fifteenth day of gestation and continuing this treatment to the suckling mother until their litters had reached weaning age. The appearance of epiphyseal centers, of carpal and tarsal centers, middle phalanges and femoral and tibial processes and caudal vertebrae 7–27 is delayed in hypothyroid newborn rats over that of normal controls. Hypothyroid rats raised at 20°C lag more severely behind the controls with respect to skeletal maturation, than do hypothyroid rats raised at 30°C. The latter are intermediate or in some instances their rate of skeletal maturation resembles that of the control group. The possible significance of the demonstration of diminished requirements for thyroid hormone by the developing rat for studies attempting to identify mechanisms of hormone action in development is briefly discussed.
Neural Basis of Preference for Human Social Hierarchy versus Egalitarianism

A fundamental way that individuals differ is in the degree to which they prefer social dominance hierarchy over egalitarianism as a guiding principle of societal structure, a phenomenon known as social dominance orientation. Here we show that preference for hierarchical rather than egalitarian social relations varies as a function of neural responses within left anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortices. Our findings provide novel evidence that preference for social dominance hierarchy is associated with neural functioning within brain regions that are associated with the ability to share and feel concern for the pain of others; this suggests a neurobiological basis for social and political attitudes. Implications of these findings for research on the social neuroscience of fairness, justice, and intergroup relations are discussed.
Sources of Difficulty in Deductive Reasoning: The THOG Task:

The THOG task presents four designs constructed from two shapes and two colours. Subjects are told that the experimenter has written down one of the shapes and one of the colours and are provided the rule that if, and only if, any design has either the shape or the colour, but not both, written down, then it is a THOG. Finally, they are given an exemplar and are asked to classify the remaining designs. Successful solution requires construction of hypotheses, reasoning under each hypothesis, and comparison of the results under each to reach a final conclusion. Few subjects are able to provide adequate responses on the standard version of the task. We present the results of four experiments, with 160 undergraduates each presented with one of eight versions of the task. Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that (1) some subjects think that the properties that are written down are identical to those of the exemplar, although these are not the same subjects who exhibit the modal error pattern, (2) many subjects correc...
Use of Ventricular Synchronized Triggered Atrial Pacing to Facilitate Hemodynamic Support During Mapping and Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Vachycardia

Use of VSTAP to Facilitate Hemodynamic Support. The ablation of hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT) is challenging and frequently requires alternative mapping techniques or the use of percutaneous mechanical support devices. Loss of atrioventricular synchrony contributes to hemodynamic compromise during VT. In order to facilitate successful mapping and ablation of unstable VT, we employed ventricular synchronized triggered atrial pacing (VSTAP) at 50% of the RR interval. In this case, triggered atrial pacing permitted activation mapping and, subsequently, successful ablation of the patient's unstable VT. Thus, VSTAP is a readily available and noninvasive technique that may provide adequate hemodynamic support during catheter ablation of unstable VT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 1174-1178, October 2011)
Interhemispheric transfer of language in patients with left frontal cerebral arteriovenous malformation

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are frequently evaluated before therapeutic embolization by superselective injection of anesthetics into individual arterial branches so as to determine whether permanent occlusion would affect eloquent function. In Experiment 1, we used this adaptation of the Wada procedure to study three right-handed adult patients with left frontal cerebral AVMs by injecting vessels in Wernicke's and Broca's areas, respectively, and assessing language functions. The results showed that superselective testing in the inferior division of the left MCA in all three patients produced a dense Wernicke's aphasia. Injections into the left frontal regions, however, resulted in right paresis in all patients, but no language deficits including no loss of fluency. In Experiment 2, Patient 2 underwent fMRI activation for spontaneous word-list generation using multi-slice echo planar BOLD techniques at 1.5 Tesla. A voxel-by-voxel comparison of rest vs activation for each task was performed with a Z-score threshold of 2.5 SD for activated voxels. There was activation in the right hemisphere in the insula, frontal operculum pars opercularis, and inferior frontal gyrus, an area homologous to Broca's area in the left hemisphere. There was also activation in the left hemisphere in the Rolandic region, but language function was unaffected during Wada testing in this area. These data suggested that features of expressive language were no longer controlled by the left frontal lobe where the AVM was located, and provided new evidence for interhemispheric re-organization under conditions of chronic neurovascular disease.
Nanoindentation creep of quartz, with implications for rate- and state-variable friction laws relevant to earthquake mechanics

The frictional behavior of rocks in the laboratory is reasonably well described by rate- and state-variable friction laws, which reproduce a rich variety of natural phenomena when used in models of earthquakes. Despite the widespread adoption of the rate and state formalism in earthquake mechanics, the physical mechanisms that occur at microscopic contacting asperities on the sliding surface, which give rise to the observed rate and state effects, are still poorly understood. In an attempt to identify these underlying mechanisms, a series of nanoindentation experiments on quartz, an abundant mineral in the earth’s crust, was conducted. These experiments demonstrate the utility of using continuous stiffness measurements as a means of obtaining reliable indentation creep data on hard materials like quartz at room temperature. The projected area of indentation in quartz increases linearly with the logarithm of the time of indentation, in agreement with the increase in real area of contact with log time inferred from slide-hold-slide friction experiments on quartz rocks. However, the increase in fractional area with time in the indentation tests was larger than that inferred from friction experiments by a factor of 1.7. Differences between the rates of fractional area increase in the two tests may indicate that the increase in contact area during the hold portion of slide-hold-slide tests was modulated by slip that occurs during reloading after the hold, as was observed for other materials. The nanoindentation results suggest that the increase in frictional strength (i.e., the increase of state in the rate- and state-variable friction laws) during slide-hold-slide friction experiments was caused by creep of the highly stressed asperity contacts.
African Americans and obesity: implications for clinical nurse specialist practice.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to examine the connection between genes, culture, and environment in the development of obesity and its impact on the health of African Americans. This information will be utilized to facilitate the design of weight management programs for African Americans. RATIONALE: Literature review of the connection between the above variables revealed a disproportionate amount of health risks associated with excess weight in African Americans. Several nonfatal consequences of obesity were noted to impact quality of life but improved significantly with small reductions in body weight. However, factors that affect weight in a culturally relevant context were seldom addressed and few intervention programs were specifically designed to treat minorities with obesity issues. DESCRIPTION: This article describes the role that genetic, cultural, and environmental factors play in energy regulation. Factors that impact lifestyle changes, self-esteem, public awareness, participation, and community involvement are highlighted. OUTCOME: Providing healing environments that are culturally acceptable can empower individuals to commit to goals as well as influence others who are resistant to change. Public awareness tools designed by clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) that appeal to ethnic values can facilitate cooperation and enhance successful outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite genetic susceptibility to obesity, research on the African diaspora emphasized that obesity tends to be expressed in environmental conditions that are markedly different from ancestral origin. (Kruger A, Kruger HS, MacIntyre U, et al. S Afr J Sci. 2000;96:505-513. Available at: www.nrf.ac.za/sajs/absepooj.stm. Accessed April 11, 2004.) Black adults therefore have much to gain from weight management strategies that address the complexity of the disorder and are sensitive to cultural issues. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: CNSs with advanced knowledge of the impact of obesity on health and wellness are in a unique position to utilize research-based data in the design of weight management programs for diverse populations. In practice, cultural variables that significantly impact the complex issues of weight control should be addressed in the study and treatment of obesity in black populations. By researching what is available to the community, CNSs can evaluate programs that may require adaptation to encourage greater participation.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children: Intercorrelations for Normal Youngsters.

The relationship between scores on the PPVT-R and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children was examined utilizing 86 normal children, including 55 females and 31 males from middle-class families. Correlation coefficients were computed between the standard scores obtained on the PPVT-R and the T scores from the summary scales on the Luria-Nebraska. Significant relationships were predicted between the PPVT-R and the Receptive scale on the Luria-Nebraska. Significant but small correlations were found between the PPVT-R and this scale as well as the Intelligence, Visual, Arithmetic, Memory scales on the Luria-Nebraska.
TeamSkill and the NBA: applying lessons from virtual worlds to the real-world

In this paper, we build on our previous work by evaluating several approaches for assessing the skill of players and teams on the basis of both individual performance and group cohesion, or "team chemistry", using game data from the National Basketball Association (NBA). Previously developed for skill assessment in team-based multi-player video games (e.g., Halo 3), we find that group cohesion is a predictive feature in virtual and real-world team-based games, and that methods utilizing such features can often outperform the baseline in both contexts. Additionally, we observe a strong positive correlation between the predictive accuracy of our group cohesion-based approaches and the duration of playing time between a particular configuration of players on a team and their opponents, or "match-up" length.
The Market for Corporate Control (including Takeovers)

Mergers, acquisitions and takeovers often imply dramatic changes for employees, competitors, customers and suppliers. Not surprisingly, the market for corporate control has generated controversy and is frequently regulated by law or business custom. Though transfers of control take place in many countries, explicit and public struggles for control occur most frequently in the U.S. and U.K. During most of the 20th century, critics of mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. pointed to the danger of monopoly and increased concentration. Partly in response to the emergence of new control transactions such as the hostile takeover and leveraged buyout, more recent criticism has focused on the consequences for corporate productivity, profitability and employee welfare. Subject to qualifications, the market for corporate control reallocates productive assets ? in the form of going concerns ? to the highest bidder. In cases where the bidder uses his own money or acts on behalf of the bidding firm1s shareholders, the asset goes to the highest value use. In cases where managers of the bidding firm are able to serve their own interests rather than the interests of shareholders, the market for corporate control plays a paradoxical role. It simultaneously provides (1) a means by which managers may acquire companies using other people's money and (2) a means by which they may themselves be disciplined or displaced.
The Problems And Promise Of Vaccine Markets In Developing Countries

As in the market in North America, major barriers to private investment in the development and production of vaccines exist for markets in developing countries. These include the risks of uncertain funding and demand and the difficulties created by historically low pricing. A number of promising and innovative approaches nonetheless are being explored to increase the incentives and reduce the risks of investing in vaccines for developing countries. These innovations are fueled by the growing recognition of powerful stakeholders that vaccines are a critical technology for ensuring global health.
Photoheterotrophic Microbes in the Arctic Ocean in Summer and Winter

Photoheterotrophic microbes, which are capable of utilizing dissolved organic materials and harvesting light energy, include coccoid cyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus), aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, and proteorhodopsin (PR)-containing bacteria. Our knowledge of photoheterotrophic microbes is largely incomplete, especially for high-latitude waters such as the Arctic Ocean, where photoheterotrophs may have special ecological relationships and distinct biogeochemical impacts due to extremes in day length and seasonal ice cover. These microbes were examined by epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays for PR and a gene diagnostic of AAP bacteria (pufM). The abundance of AAP bacteria and PR-containing bacteria decreased from summer to winter, in parallel with a threefold decrease in the total prokaryotic community. In contrast, the abundance of Synechococcus organisms did not decrease in winter, suggesting that their growth was supported by organic substrates. Results from QPCR assays revealed no substantial shifts in the community structure of AAP bacteria and PR-containing bacteria. However, Arctic PR genes were different from those found at lower latitudes, and surprisingly, they were not similar to those in Antarctic coastal waters. Photoheterotrophic microbes appear to compete successfully with strict heterotrophs during winter darkness below the ice, but AAP bacteria and PR-containing bacteria do not behave as superior competitors during the summer.
Design of closed-loop input shaping controllers

Input shaping/time delay prefilter are techniques for robust vibration control of slewing flexible structures. These are open-loop schemes and cannot handle uncertain initial conditions and effects of disturbances. In this paper, we develop a technique for the design of closed loop input shapers and illustrate it on a simple benchmark problem. A range of uncertainties over which the system remains stable is determined and is used as a design tool. It should be noted that the structure of the controller is similar to internal mode control (IMC).
Subtraction libraries for the molecular characterization of gene–environmental interactions in bipolar disorder

Yolken RH. Subtraction libraries for the molecular characterization of gene–environmental interactions in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2002: 4(Suppl. 1): 77–80. ©Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002 Objectives: We endeavoured to identify gene–environmental interactions related to bipolar disorder. Methods: We generated subtraction libraries from the frontal cortex of brains obtained postmortem from individuals with bipolar disorder and age- and sex-matched unaffected controls. Results: There are a number of RNA transcripts which are apparently up-regulated or down-regulated in the frontal cortex of individuals with bipolar disorder as compared with the controls. Many of these transcripts are involved in processes crucial to brain function. Several are also related to pathways involved in infections or the inflammatory response in environmental stimuli. Conclusions: Bipolar disorder may involve a complex set of interactions between genes which affect brain function and infections which control the expression of these genes.
Room-Temperature Life Test of Nichia AlGaN/InGaN/GaN Blue Light Emitting Diodes

We report on the current status of room-temperature life testing of Nichia NLPB-500 blue light emitting diodes. So far, two tests have been completed. During the first 1000-h test, a constant current of 20 mA was maintained in all devices. During the second 1650 h test, groups of 3 or 4 devices were driven at currents ranging from 20 mA to 70 mA. Very little degradation has been observed in devices driven at normal conditions (20-30 mA), with a noticeable increase in degradation rate above 60 mA.
The Second Educational Revolution: Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology.

This paper drew upon a recent book (Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology) to summarize a number of prospects and challenges arising from the appropriation of digital technology into learning and educational practice. Tensions between traditional models of schooling and the affordances of digital media were noted, while the promise of these technologies for shaping a new system of education was reviewed. It was argued that new technology brings radical opportunities but also significant challenges. The urgency of seeking a coherent model for the future of education in a technological age was stressed.
Cyclosporin a and tissue antigen matching in bone transplantation: Fibular allografts studied in the dog

We studied the mechanical, metabolic, and histologic properties of short-term nonvascularized cortical bone grafts in a canine fibular graft model. Sham operated nonvascularized autotransplanted and allotransplanted bones were compared. The allografts were performed between dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class I and II matched; DLA class I and II mismatched; and cyclosporin A (CsA) treated, DLA class I and II mismatched animals. Cyclosporin was given for 1 month, and all the animals were followed for 3 months after surgery. Mechanical properties were investigated using standard torsional tests, metabolic kinetics were assessed using isotopic prelabeling techniques, and histomorphometric analysis of cross-sectional area properties and sequential fluorochrome labels were performed. Autografts were mechanically stronger and stiffer than all the types of allograft. CsA-treated, DLA-mismatched allografts performed better than matched allografts. These in turn were stronger than non-CsA-treated, mismatched allogra...
α1‐Antitrypsin can increase insulin‐induced mitogenesis in various fibroblast and epithelial cell lines

α1-Antitrypsin (AT), the archetypal member of the superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors, inhibits leukocyte elastase activity and thereby can prevent lung damage. Here we show that in fibroblasts from human fetal lung and mouse embryo as well as in certain epithelial cells AT can also enhance the stimulatory effects of insulin on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Warming of AT at a moderate (41°C) temperature for a longer time (21 h) or at a higher (65°C) temperature for 30 min before treatment increased its stimulatory effects on both DNA synthesis and activating phosphorylation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases. The results suggest that AT may promote regeneration of damaged tissues under pathophysiological conditions which are associated with fever.