cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earnings Management Proxies: Prudent Business Decisions or Earnings Manipulation?

Researchers and practitioners often use the term “earnings management” to mean different things. In particular, earnings management proxies are often designed to capture a particular construct, but used by subsequent researchers for different (and often incongruous) purposes. We focus on the distinct construct of “earnings manipulation” and assess the extent to which commonly used earnings management proxies (which are designed to represent varying constructs) actually capture earnings manipulation. We argue that current-period earnings manipulation should lead to declining future operating performance when accruals reverse or the implications of real earnings management are realized. Although many studies use this logic, prior research does not provide a systematic investigation of the relation between commonly used earnings management measures and future performance. We find that three earnings management measures are negatively associated with firms’ future operating performance (earnings and cash flows), indicating that they likely reflect the construct of earnings manipulation. However, we find that four common earnings management proxies are actually positively associated with firms’ future operating performance. Thus, these four commonly used measures do not appear to reflect earnings manipulation, but instead may capture prudent business decisions or earnings smoothing. In supplemental analyses, we also examine stock price performance, restatements, and analysts’ forecast errors and find similar results, suggesting that our inferences are very robust.
Extended Breast Feeding: A Proposal for Further Study: Brief Communication

Extended breast-feeding is considered. While breast-feeding has always been considered of positive value for the development of infants, the significance of the duration of experience of breast-feeding for the mother/child couple has not been carefully explored. In this paper an extended duration of breast-feeding is explored with a hope that the significance of the topic will be obvious and encourage more psychoanalytic exploration.
Adaptations of lumbar biomechanics after four weeks of running training with minimalist footwear and technique guidance: Implications for running-related lower back pain

Abstract Objectives To investigate the changes in lumbar kinematic and paraspinal muscle activation before, during, and after a 4-week minimalist running training. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Seventeen habitually shod recreational runners who run 10–50 km per week. Main outcome measures During stance phases of running, sagittal lumbar kinematics was recorded using an electrogoniometer, and activities of the lumbar paraspinal muscles were assessed by electromyography. Runners were asked to run at a prescribed speed (3.1 m/s) and a self-selected speed. Results For the 3.1 m/s running speed, significant differences were found in the calculated mean lumbar posture (p = 0.001) during the stance phase, including a more extended lumbar posture after minimalist running training. A significant reduction in the contralateral lumbar paraspinal muscle activation was also observed (p = 0.039). For the preferred running speed, similar findings of a more extended lumbar posture (p = 0.002) and a reduction in contralateral lumbar paraspinal muscle activation (p = 0.047) were observed. Conclusion A 4-week minimalist running training program produced significant changes in lumbar biomechanics during running. Specifically, runners adopted a more extended lumbar posture and reduced lumbar paraspinal muscle activation. These findings may have clinical implications for treating individuals with running-related lower back pain.
Rigid-body motion correction of the liver in image reconstruction for golden-angle stack-of-stars DCE MRI.

Purpose Respiratory motion can affect pharmacokinetic perfusion parameters quantified from liver dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Image registration can be used to align dynamic images after reconstruction. However, intra-image motion blur remains after alignment and can alter the shape of contrast-agent uptake curves. We introduce a method to correct for inter- and intra-image motion during image reconstruction. Methods Sixteen liver dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI examinations of nine subjects were performed using a golden-angle stack-of-stars sequence. For each examination, an image time series with high temporal resolution but severe streak artifacts was reconstructed. Images were aligned using region-limited rigid image registration within a region of interest covering the liver. The transformations resulting from alignment were used to correct raw data for motion by modulating and rotating acquired lines in k-space. The corrected data were then reconstructed using view sharing. Results Portal-venous input functions extracted from motion-corrected images had significantly greater peak signal enhancements (mean increase: 16%, t-test, P < 0.001) than those from images aligned using image registration after reconstruction. In addition, portal-venous perfusion maps estimated from motion-corrected images showed fewer artifacts close to the edge of the liver. Conclusions Motion-corrected image reconstruction restores uptake curves distorted by motion. Motion correction also reduces motion artifacts in estimated perfusion parameter maps. Magn Reson Med, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Novel agents and targets in managing patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

Background: Docetaxel has recently been found to improve survival in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Chemotherapy as a first-line option leaves room for improvement, while second-line options are multiple and somewhat controversial. Methods: Clinically relevant articles focusing on chemotherapy drugs for metastatic prostate cancer and their mechanism of action and efficacy were reviewed from January 2004 through April 2006. Results: Docetaxel is the standard of care for AIPC. However, for doublets with docetaxel or second-line chemotherapy, multiple studies have shown interesting and promising results with calcitriol, thalidomide, bevacizumab, satraplatin, vaccines, ixabepilone, and atrasentan. Conclusions: Docetaxel should be considered for first-line treatment of metastatic AIPC. Due to its progression-free survival of only 6 months, more effective drugs and drug combinations need to be developed to treat patients with AIPC. Combination treatments with docetaxel and other new agents are promising, but adequately powered phase III trials need to be conducted with survival as the principal endpoint for these promising drug combinations.
Single-crystal metal growth on amorphous insulating substrates.

Metal structures on insulators are essential components in advanced electronic and nanooptical systems. Their electronic and optical properties are closely tied to their crystal quality, due to the strong dependence of carrier transport and band structure on defects and grain boundaries. Here we report a method for creating patterned single-crystal metal microstructures on amorphous insulating substrates, using liquid phase epitaxy. In this process, the patterned metal microstructures are encapsulated in an insulating crucible, together with a small seed of a differing material. The system is heated to temperatures above the metal melting point, followed by cooling and metal crystallization. During the heating process, the metal and seed form a high-melting-point solid solution, which directs liquid epitaxial metal growth. High yield of single-crystal metal with different sizes is confirmed with electron backscatter diffraction images, after removing the insulating crucible. Unexpectedly, the metal microstructures crystallize with the 〈 111 〉 direction normal to the plane of the film. This platform technology will enable the large-scale integration of high-performance plasmonic and electronic nanosystems.
Rule of Law in China: Social Milieu and Global Survey

This chapter provides an empirical-based assessment of the prevailing public sentiment toward social problems, social harmony, and social control in China at the current time. It gauges the level of willingness and readiness of the Chinese public toward supporting rule of law. It also compares and contrasts China’s rule of law performance with that of the other countries.
Pharmacologic Modulation of Leukotriene Biosynthesis by Incorporation of Alternative Unsaturated Fatty Acids (20:5 and 22:6)

The 5-lipoxygenase pathway for oxidative metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids was first recognized less than 10 years ago with the definition of 5S-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) as a product, l and its potential biological relevance to inflammation was defined solely by the modest chemotactic activity of 5-HETE.2 However, major interest in this pathway did not occur until 5 years ago when leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 5S,12R-dihydroxy-6,14-cis-8,10-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid was first described3 and the elusive “slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A),” was chemically defined as three additional leukotriene products of this pathway: LTC4, 5S-hydroxy-6R-S-glutathionyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acido; LTD4, 5S-hydroxy-6R-S-cysteinylglycyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid5-7; and LTE4, 5S-hydroxy-6R-S-cysteinyl-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid.8 That efforts to decrease the generation of the leukotriene compounds could have a significant effect in down-regulating a variety of inflammatory events has been strongly suggested by several types of data developed over the past 5 years, with regard to the breadth of proinflammatory effects manifested by these compounds, indications that a variety are mediated via specific receptors that do not recognize other naturally-occurring compounds, an expanding knowledge of the inflammatory cell types which serve as sources for the leukotrienes, and the demonstration that leukotrienes are recoverable from complex biological fluids in both in vivo models of inflammation and human disease. Although there is potential for antagonizing the biological effects of each leukotriene at the end-organ receptor level, the present discussion will focus mainly on regulation of leukotriene biosynthesis as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach. Furthermore, the potential of dietary alteration as an adjunct to developing pharmacotherapeutic inhibitors of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway will be specifically considered.
Individual‐based models forecast the spread and inform the management of an emerging riverine invader

AIM: Mounting ecological impacts of invasive species on freshwater ecosystems are among the greatest challenges confronting ecologists and decision‐makers in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem function. Tools to slow the proliferation of aquatic invasive species are still needed to guide the allocation of limited resources more effectively and efficiently once a species is already established. Here we develop mechanistic models to recreate the invasion history of the rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus in the John Day River (JDR) basin, forecast its future distribution, and evaluate the management efficiency of, and trade‐offs among, population control actions. LOCATION: John Day River Basin, Oregon. METHODS: The spread and control of rusty crayfish in the JDR was simulated with a spatially explicit individual‐based model (SEIBM) whereby the life history of each crayfish in the population is modelled in response to environmental conditions that vary across space and time. The model was calibrated by comparing modelled rusty crayfish spread throughout the JDR to known occurrences according to three comprehensive surveys. RESULTS: Our model accurately reproduced historical rusty crayfish distribution data for 2005, 2010, and 2016 with a specificity and sensitivity of ~80%. Leveraging this realistic model of the spread of rusty crayfish, we show that rapid management actions to the initial invasion would have resulted in an opportunity to slow the spread of rusty crayfish. We instead predict that rusty crayfish will reach the mainstem of the Columbia River by 2025, at which our model predicts that the crayfish population will number on the order of 10⁸ individuals over more than 1100 km of river throughout the watershed and progress into critical salmon spawning habitat. MAIN CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SEIBMs can provide unique insight into the future distribution of aquatic invasive species and concretely support decision‐makers in choosing an optimal control strategy.
Prenatal imaging throughout gestation in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Purpose Prenatal occurrence and timing of appearance of associated features in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are unknown. We reviewed our BWS patients with serial fetal imaging and correlated these with postnatal findings. Methods All BWS patients with fetal ultrasound (US) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from 2000 to 2016 were reviewed to determine the presence of polyhydramnios, placentamegaly, macrosomia, macroglossia, retrognathia, omphalocele, visceromegaly, and hemihypertrophy. These observations were correlated with postnatal findings. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Results Nine BWS patients underwent 42 fetal imaging studies with median of five (range of two to six) studies per patient between 13 and 35 weeks gestation. All prenatal findings were confirmed postnatally with complete concordance. All patients with omphalocele were detected early in gestation but other postnatal findings less predictably so. All omphaloceles were small, and were found significantly earlier in gestation than macrosomia (P = 0.004) and macroglossia (P = 0.012). Visceromegaly and retrognathia were less frequent, with no significant differences in median gestational age from omphalocele when prenatally identified. Conclusions In BWS, omphalocele is the most common prenatal finding and routinely observed in early gestation with 100% accuracy. Associated findings of macrosomia, macroglossia, visceromegaly, and retrognathia, when present, are detected later in gestation. Imaging in later gestation may reveal additional abnormalities that support a BWS diagnosis.
α-Particle-Emitter Radiopharmaceutical Therapy: Resistance Is Futile.

Alpha-emitter radiopharmaceutical therapy (α-RPT) is a treatment modality that is impervious to conventional cellular resistance mechanisms because of the unique properties of the α-particle. Radiobiological studies of α-particle emitters have been few as they require detailed consideration of both biology and physics. Clinical studies of this radiation delivery modality have shown highly promising results in cancers that are resistant to other treatments. The work by Yard and colleagues published in this issue introduces an innovative approach to radiobiological investigations of α-RPT and highlights the specific physics considerations required to properly investigate this multidisciplinary treatment modality. See related article by Yard et al., p. 5640
Principles of Percutaneous Ablation in the Liver

Since its introduction into clinical practice in the 1990s, thermal ablation has become an important tool in the treatment of patients with tumors of solid organs and soft tissue. In well-selected cases, ablation can provide long-term survival on par with resection; furthermore, the addition of intraoperative ablation has increased the number of patients amenable to curative resection. There are several different modalities commercially available, and in order to choose the optimal tool for a given situation, the user should have an understanding of both the mechanisms of action and limitations of each device. This chapter presents an overview of the different modalities followed by a discussion of their clinical applications in the liver, focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases from colon and breast cancer.
Orientalism and the Legacy of Racialized Sexism: Disparate Representational Images of Asian and Eurasian Women in American Culture

The representation of Asian women in popular media and cultural artifacts has historically underscored reductive and damaging stereotypes of hypersexualization and objectification. For Eurasian women (half white, half Asian), however, whose racial difference is only partial, media representation takes a starkly contrasting form that leads to entirely different popular perceptions. This article explores how forces of misogynistic objectification have disparate impacts on Eurasian and fully Asian women in contemporary American culture and society. Using contemporary media analysis, prominent celebrity case studies, and personal interviews, I argue that contemporary entertainment media objectify and sexualize both Asian and Eurasian women to generate public allure; however, these media use Otherness as a medium for the sexualization of fully-Asian women, whereas the ambiguous Eurasian racial appearance leads to a deracialized sexualization that allows both agency beyond race lines as well as cultural and racial erasure. This deracialization, however, comes with double-edged implications for Eurasian belonging: while it may seem that Eurasians have greater access to hegemonic American media and audiences, they lack a sense of belonging within pre-established racial paradigms. Their biracial identity thus has highly-nuanced implications for professional mobility, individual erasure, and community belonging.
Late-Onset Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders after Solid Organ Transplantation in Adults: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

The posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that have wide variety of clinical and histological presentations. The management of PTLDs is challenging due to variety of involvement sites and histological types. The length and type of immunosuppression are correlated with the emergence of PTLDs, and most of the cases appear within the first two years after transplant. This case series describes five late-onset PTLDs with rare histological features and multiorgan involvement.
Performance evaluation of a wind farm using different power density distributions

Several wind resource assessment studies showed that the various power density functions (PDFs) were not always able to reproduce the wind regime available in different regions. Moreover, the impac...
Design and Evaluation of Nano-Composite Core Inductors for Efficiency Improvement in High- Frequency Power Converters

This paper evaluates the performance of a novel nano-composite core inductor. In this digest, a brief explanation of the superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticle core is given along with magnetic characterization results and simulated design parameters and dimensions. A nearly flat relative permeability (μ r ) of around 5 is measured for the magnetic material to 1 MHz. A synchronous buck converter with nano-composite inductor was constructed and evaluated; the converter demonstrates a 1% improvement in conversion efficiency at higher currents (4% reduction in electrical losses), compared to an identical circuit with a benchmark commercial ferrite inductor.
Back to the Good—or Were They the Bad—Old Days of Antitrust? A Review Essay of Jonathan B. Baker's The Antitrust Paradigm: Restoring a Competitive Economy

This essay reviews Jonathan Baker's important book, The Antitrust Paradigm: Restoring a Competitive Economy, to frame the debate over appropriate antitrust policy and enforcement. Baker argues that competition is inadequate in many US markets and that antitrust could and should be strengthened to restore competition and benefit consumers. Baker presents an unrelenting critique of what he believes is the University of Chicago's harmful influence on what was once an effective antitrust policy. I compress Baker's book into four issues that economists can debate and I offer an alternative view that is more supportive of the current state of industry competition, the efficacy of market forces, and the case for limited antitrust intervention.
Microfluidic delivery of cutting enzymes for fragmentation of surface-adsorbed DNA molecules

Abstract We describe a method for fragmenting, in-situ, surface-adsorbed and immobilized DNAs on polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)-coated silicon substrates using microfluidic delivery of the cutting enzyme DNase I. Soft lithography is used to produce polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gratings which form microfluidic channels for delivery of the enzyme. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used to reduce DNase I adsorption to the walls of the microchannels and enable diffusion of the cutting enzyme to a distance of 10mm. Due to the DNAs being immobilized, the fragment order is maintained on the surface. Possible methods of preserving the order for application to sequencing are discussed.
Beyond Decoding the Disciplines 1.0: New Directions for the Paradigm

Decoding the Disciplines has emerged as one of the foremost approaches to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) and is being used to increase learning across the globe. But it is often not recognized that the paradigm has undergone enormous changes since its appearance in 2004. The original model has been clarified and perfected, but scholars of teaching and learning have also expanded the scope of this work to include emotional, bodily, and social learning; created new roles for students in these investigations; and explored learning beyond the individual. Some of these changes have been so far reaching that they may be said to constitute a new version of the paradigm, Decoding 2.0. It is the purpose of this article to provide an overview of this paradigm’s development since it first appeared on the SoTL stage.
Implosion Dynamics and Radiative Properties of Recent Experiments with W Double Planar Wire Arrays on UM Maize Ltd

The results of the 2017 experiments with tungsten (W) Double Planar Wire Arrays (DPWA) at the University of Michigan's (UM) low-impedance Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) MAIZE generator ( $(0.1 \Omega, 0.5-1 Ma$ , and 100–250 ns) are presented and analyzed. For these experiments, the peak of generator current was typically near 500 kA. Observations were made previously and tested for Al DPWAs on MAIZE1. It was earlier determined that DPWA implosion dynamics depend strongly on the aspect ratio $\phi,$ defined as array width to inter-planar gap, which ranged from 0.82 to 2.33, with array masses ranging from 55 to $76 \mu \mathrm{g}/\text{cm}$ . New calculations were made to derive the time-dependent inductance throughout implosions on the MAIZE generator (using the formalism in ref.2), which were then used to calculate implosion characteristics and the dynamic plasma radius. This information can be used to better optimize future DPWA loads and measure the strength of the pinch. The diagnostics include an absolutely calibrated filtered photoconducting detector - PCD (>2.4 keV, time resolution 0.5 ns) and Si-diodes (> 1.4 ke V, time resolution > 1 ns), x -ray pinhole cameras, spectrometer, and 12-frame optical shadowgraphy system. The results are compared to those obtained earlier at the University of Nevada, Reno's (UNR) high-impedance Marx bank Zebra generator ( $1.9 \Omega, 1 \text{MA}, 100 \text{ns}$ ).
Chapter 9 Plasma Kinetics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the plasma decomposition processes of silane (SiH 4 ). The major primary dissociative mechanisms and the further reactions expected for the resulting primary fragments are presented in the chapter. These are balanced against the known kinetic parameters and lead to some general conclusions about the nature of the intermediates involved in the production of amorphous Si:H materials during plasma decomposition. In addition, the implications of these conclusions for a quite different problem—namely, the surface chemistry of the film formation process—are discussed in the chapter. The plasma discharge decomposition of molecules represents a uniquely challenging and complex chemical system, both mechanistically and kinetically. The mass spectrometric analysis of silane discharges in the “ionizer-off” mode allows direct observation of ions produced in the discharge. While ionic clusters containing from 2–5 Si atoms are observed, only the monosilicon ions can be considered primary ionic fragments—that is, fragments created directly by the electron-impact dissociation of SiH 4 .
Transanal endoscopic resection with peritoneal entry: a word of caution

Peritoneal entry during transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) can usually be managed transanally with full-thickness suture closure by experienced operators. The preliminary safety of transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) has been demonstrated, but the reported experience with upper rectal tumors is limited. The incidence and management of peritoneal entry during transanal endoscopic surgery across various platforms have not been previously evaluated. Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all transanal endoscopic resections performed at a single institution between January 2008 and December 2014 was conducted. Cases with and without peritoneal entry were evaluated with respect to transanal platform used, surgical indication, size, location and distance from the anal verge, and incidence of postoperative complications. A total of 78 transanal endoscopic procedures were performed on 76 patients using the rigid transanal endoscopic operation (TEO, 65.4 %), TEM (26.9 %), and TAMIS platform (7.7 %). The most common surgical indication included endoscopically unresectable adenomas (50 %). The average distance of lesions from the anal verge (AV) was 9.6 cm (range 4–20 cm). Peritoneal entry occurred in 22 cases (28.2 %). Platform used (TAMIS vs. rigid, p < 0.05), mean distance from the AV (p < 0.0001), location along the rectum (p = 0.01), and mean specimen size (p = 0.01) were associated with a higher likelihood of peritoneal entry. All rectal defects associated with peritoneal entry were successfully closed transanally except for two (TEM and TEO) cases that required conversion to laparoscopic low anterior resection and laparoscopic Hartmann’s, respectively. There were four TAMIS cases that required conversion to TEO platforms. In this high-risk TEM, TEO, and TAMIS series (one-third of rectal lesions located in the upper rectum), 91 % of all peritoneal entries were managed transanally without increased morbidity. TAMIS for upper rectal lesions was associated with a high risk of complicated peritoneal entry requiring conversion to a rigid platform.
Charge recycling sense amplifier based logic: securing low power security ICs against DPA [differential power analysis]

A charge recycling sense amplifier based logic is presented.. This logic is derived from the sense amplifier based logic, which is a logic style with signal independent power consumption. It has been proven previously to protect security devices such as smart cards against power attacks. Experimental results show that the use of advanced circuit techniques, which enable charge recycling and intermediate precharge voltages, saves 20% in power consumption and 63% in peak supply current and that the logic style preserves the energy masking behavior of the sense amplifier based logic.
How do Changes in Monetary Policy Affect the Term Structure of Interest Rates

This paper provides a new analysis of the effects of monetary policy on the term structure of interest rates using a tractable dynamic asset pricing model which incorporates a responsive monetary policy rule. The model shows how a change in the policy rule simultaneously affects inflation, interest rates, volatilities, co-movements between long and short rates, and is able to account for some empirical regularities of the term structure across different policy regimes in the United States.
The SEC and the Failure of Federal Takeover Regulation

In this Article, I argue that the current federal takeover law is a failure. I do this by first exploding the commonly accepted academic myth of the federal government as an active regulator of takeovers. Rather, since the twilight of the 1980s, the SEC has abandoned its earlier presence as the nation's primary takeover regulator. The consequence of this abstention is that the federal takeover code has become obsolete. It oftentimes regulates incongruously, does not regulate important areas, or regulates in a manner inconsistent with the welfare of its relevant parties. Moreover, in the SEC absence the Delaware courts have emerged as the nation's takeover regulator. Yet, Delaware's interests are narrower and more manager-oriented than the federal government's. The consequence is that today's Delaware-erected takeover code is suboptimal and contrary to national interests. This Article exposes these deficits and argues that they can be cured through an SEC-initiated review and update of the federal takeover law and a going-forward active, reengaged SEC as a principal regulator of takeovers.
Homologies between Isoenzymes of Fishes and Those of Higher Vertebrates EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE H4 LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES IN TROUT

The multiple forms of lactate dehydrogenase that occur in trout were partially purified and examined by physical, catalytic, and immunological methods. Two major groups of isoenzymes were detected, which we refer to as the heart and muscle groups. Upon starch gel electrophoresis at pH 6, extracts prepared from white skeletal muscle gave rise to five closely spaced bands of lactate dehydrogenase activity with low mobility. Heart extracts exhibited another group of five (or, in some individuals, nine) closely spaced isoenzymes, which migrated rapidly toward the anode. Liver extracts contained predominantly one isoenzyme corresponding in mobility to one of the heart isoenzymes. When the lactate dehydrogenases of different species (brook, brown, and rainbow trout) were compared, differences were observed in the spacing between individual isoenzymes within the heart and muscle groups. In addition, the mobilities of the isoenzyme groups differed from species to species. To determine whether the trout heart and muscle groups are homologous with the heart and muscle lactate dehydrogenases of higher vertebrates, a comparison was made with crystalline preparations of the pure H4 (heart) and M4 (muscle) homotetramers obtained from the chicken. The two isoenzyme groups of trout were similar in molecular size to the chicken enzymes, as judged by gel filtration experiments with a calibrated column of Sephadex G-200. The heart group, like the chicken H4 enzyme, survived heating at 65°, whereas the chicken M4 enzyme and the trout muscle group were inactivated rapidly by heating at 55°. The trout heart group was more susceptible to inhibition by pyruvate than the muscle group, a difference which is similar in magnitude and direction to that known to exist between the chicken H4 and M4 enzymes. Finally, the trout heart and muscle groups were tested for reactivity with specific antisera prepared in rabbits. Antisera prepared against the chicken H4 enzyme reacted with the trout heart group but not with the trout muscle isoenzymes. The reactions were detected by immunodiffusion, enzyme inhibition, and micro-complement fixation tests. Similarly, antisera prepared against the chicken M4 enzyme reacted with the trout muscle lactate dehydrogenases but not with the trout heart enzymes. Thus, by physical, catalytic, and immunological criteria, the trout heart and muscle groups of lactate dehydrogenases appear to be homologous with the H4 and M4 enzymes, respectively, of higher vertebrates. In all the above tests, the trout liver isoenzyme behaved as a member of the heart group of lactate dehydrogenases, not as a member of the muscle group. The inclusion of the liver isoenzyme in the heart group was confirmed by experiments with an antiserum prepared against purified trout liver lactate dehydrogenase. These results, together with the published results of genetic experiments, appear to be consistent with the postulate that two distinct genes dictate the formation of the heart group of lactate dehydrogenases in trout.
Politics, Psychology and the Battered Woman's Movement

Abstract The recent history of the battered woman's movement is an interesting study in social science politics. Wife-beating never actually held center stage in social reformation movements until the effort over the last three decades that emphasized changing the power relationship between women and men to one of equality. Professionals in the battered woman's movement are often viewed as having little concern about changing the patriarchal structure of society by grassroots advocates, who in turn are often viewed by professionals as zealots without adequate mental health training. Feminist advocates have fought to keep the structure of the battered woman's shelter consistent with a philosophy of working toward equality between women and men as well as protecting women and children from men's violence. To date, it has been very successful in the latter goal but less so in changing societal norms. After almost 30 years of studying domestic violence, there are still major separations between professionals ...
Use of Green's functions in the numerical solution of two-point boundary value problems

This study investigates the use of Green's functions in the numerical solution of the two-point boundary value problem. The first part deals with the role of the Green's function in solving both linear and nonlinear second order ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions and systems of such equations. The second part describes procedures for numerical construction of Green's functions and considers briefly the conditions for their existence. Finally, there is a description of some numerical experiments using nonlinear problems for which the known existence, uniqueness or convergence theorems do not apply. Examples here include some problems in finding rendezvous orbits of the restricted three body system.
Sphincter saving operations for carcinoma of the distal twenty centimeters of the rectum and colon.

Summary Adequate information supports the thesis that most operable cancers between 5 and 20 cm. from the dentate line can be controlled as well by sphincter preserving operations as by resection of the rectum and sphincter. The operations have been developed to a point that in skilled hands their mortality rates are similar to the rate for the Miles operation. It is to the patient's advantage and pleasure to avoid colostomy if possible and justifiable. Probably no more than a third of the patients having operable lesions in the last 20 cm. of rectum need have permanent colostomy today.
A Perturbation Solution for Transport and Diffusion of a Single Reactive Chemical with Nonlinear Rate Loss

A perturbation solution is obtained to the partial differential equation describing one-dimensional water and chemical transport in soil systems. Uptake by plant roots is considered in determination of the steady water velocity while the chemical may be lost by plant uptake as well as by first or second-order reactions. Examples illustrate the effect of nonlinear chemical kinetics as well as diffusion.
Interstate Cigarette Bootlegging: Extent, Revenue Losses, and Effects of Government Intervention

In this paper, we develop and estimate a model of commercial smuggling in which some, but not all, firms smuggle a portion of the cigarettes they sell. The model is used to examine the effects on interstate cigarette smuggling of the Contraband Cigarette Act and a change in the federal excise tax. We find that both policies have unintentional effects. While the Contraband Cigarette Act was imposed to reduce interstate smuggling, we find it had the opposite effect. In contrast, an increase in the federal tax is not intended to affect smuggling, but we find it increases the portion of cigarette sales that is commercially smuggled.
An Arrhythmia-Anomalous Beat Monitoring System

An electronic monitoring system has been developed to detect the four conditions that usually lead to fibrillation in the infarcted heart. Artifact-free QRS detection is accomplished by passing the preamplified QRS through a bandpass filter, an automatic gain control (AGC)circuit, a full-wave rectifier, a nonlinear amplifier, and positive and negative slope detectors. High-threshold logic circuitry then applies the timing criteria necessary for positive identification of a QRS complex. A printout of the ECG is made if 1) the number of premature beats in the last minute exceeds a physician-set number (0 through 10), 2) the number of successive anomalous beats (i. e., area increase, QRS increase, or polarity reversal) exceeds a physician-set number (0 through 5), 3) an "early" premature beat occurs (i.e., R-R' < QT), or 4) a multiformal beat is detected (i.e., its morphology differs from that of the previous anomalous beat).
Separation of pulmonary surfactant phospholipids by high-performance liquid chromatography

The seven major phospholipid classes of pulmonary surfactant were cleanly separated within 45 min by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on microparticulate silica (5 microns). Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were separated with an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile--85% phosphoric acid (99:1). Lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin were subsequently eluted by changing the composition of the mobile phase to acetonitrile--methanol--85% phosphoric acid (97:2:1). Phospholipids were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 203 nm and were quantitated by integration of peaks. When integrator counts were corrected by using calibration curves obtained from chromatograms of commercial phospholipids and surfactant-derived PC, the HPLC analysis gave results comparable to those obtained by thin-layer chromatography.
Magnetic resonance imaging: application in musculoskeletal infection.

Abstract Forty-two patients with clinically suspected osteomyelitis were examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-seven patients (64%) had previous surgery or fracture, and 15 (36%) were referred for differentiation of acute osteomyelitis from bone tumors or other pathologic conditions. MRI was compared with computed tomography in 12 cases and with 111In-labeled leukocyte scans in 22. With MRI, 92% of proved infections were detected, and bone and soft-tissue changes were more evident than with routine radiographs, tomography, or computed tomography. In patients with negative cultures and no previous surgery or fracture, MRI was negative. In patients with negative cultures and previous surgery or fracture, it was difficult for MRI to differentiate operative changes from infection. In these patients, 111In-labeled leukocyte images were more specific than MRI.
Religious and spiritual assessment of the child and adolescent

Assessment in child and adolescent psychiatry is a complex process that involves developmental, environmental, and experiential perspectives. Recently, there has been interest in including spiritual and religious assessment in the psychiatric assessment of children, but no well-recognized guidelines for such an assessment have been established. This article proposes an approach to spiritual assessment of children and adolescents that begins with developing an understanding of the family's spiritual and religious life, followed by a developmentally informed method of observing and talking with children and adolescents about their spiritual and religious beliefs. The article concludes with a discussion of ethical issues involved when the psychiatrist addresses issues of spirituality and religion with child and adolescent patients and their families.
Effect of cimetidine on biotransformation of enflurane in man.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that administration of clinical doses of cimetidine could affect the metabolic degradation of enflurane to inorganic fluoride via inhibition of the mixed function oxidase enzyme (MFOE) system. In Part I of the study 38 female patients undergoing gynaecologic surgery received, double blind, either cimetidine, 300 mg PO the night prior to surgery and 300 mg IV 30 minutes prior to anaesthesia induction or a placebo. In Part 2,24 patients received either cimetidine as in Part I, but with continued administration for 24 hours into the postoperative period, or a placebo. Anaesthesia in all cases was with enflurane in oxygen, via a closed circuit.
Stability and independence of the shifts of finitely many refinable functions

Typical constructions of wavelets depend on the stability of the shifts of an underlying refinable function. Unfortunately, several desirable properties are not available with compactly supported orthogonal wavelets, e.g., symmetry and piecewise polynomial structure. Presently, multiwavelets seem to offer a satisfactory alternative. The study of multiwavelets involves the consideration of the properties of several (simultaneously) refinable functions. In Section 2 of this article, we characterize stability and linear independence of the shifts of a finite refinable function set in terms of the refinement mask. Several illustrative examples are provided. The characterizations given in Section 2 actually require that the refinable functions be minimal in some sense. This notion of minimality is made clear in Section 3, where we provide sufficient conditions on the mask to ensure minimality. The conditions are shown to be necessary also under further assumptions on the refinement mask. An example is provided illustrating how the software package MAPLE can be used to investigate at least the case of two simultaneously refinable functions.
Complications of Arthroscopic Meniscectomy in the Older Population

Background: Complications of arthroscopic meniscectomy in the older population have not been established.Purpose: To determine the risk and relative risk of developing pyogenic arthritis (PA), a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) in an older population of patients who have undergone arthroscopic meniscectomy.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: Men and women ≥65 years old who underwent procedures coded as CPT-29880 (medial and lateral meniscectomy) and CPT-29881 (medial or lateral meniscectomy) were identified in the Medicare Standard Analytic Files database from 2005 to 2008. Identified patients were analyzed for gender and postoperative complications, including PA, DVT, and PE, occurring within 90 days of the index operation.Results: Overall, 314,578 patients (119,814 men and 194,764 women) were identified. With respect to the Current Procedural Terminology codes, 131,420 patients were coded 29880 and 183,158 patients were coded 29881. In the study population, 0....
Effect of anterior acetabular rim recession on radiographic parameters: an in vivo study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to validate additional radiographic parameters that detect changes within the acetabular cavity during acetabular rim trimming for pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement in an in vivo setting. Methods Patients who met the inclusion criteria and underwent arthroscopic acetabular rim trimming had their preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior radiographs measured. Intraoperatively, these patients had their labrums detached, acetabular walls trimmed by roughly 3 to 5 mm, and then labrums reattached. Radiographic measurements were subsequently obtained by use of the anterior rim angle (ARA), anterior wall angle (AWA), and anterior margin ratio (AMR). Results Statistically significant changes were seen in the postoperative ARA, AWA, and AMR. Mean pre- and post-trimming changes were 83.8° and 87.9°, respectively, for the ARA; 38.8° and 35.8°, respectively, for the AWA; and 0.57 and 0.53, respectively, for the AMR. There were no postoperative complications. No patients had any instability events. Conclusions This study shows that significant changes in anterior acetabular anatomy can be evaluated radiographically in the in vivo setting for treatment of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement. We saw a significant, consistent decrease in both the AWA and AMR and increase in the ARA. This research serves to guide surgeons with preoperative and intraoperative templating while providing the groundwork to investigate these radiographic parameters in an asymptomatic patient population. Clinical relevance These novel radiographic measurements can be used by hip arthroscopists to better characterize their surgical role in altering acetabular morphology. In addition, these measurements will be able to better describe acetabular anatomy.
Comparing bacterial infections in portacaval and distal splenorenal shunts

Since 1976, we have compared the end-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) with the distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) in patients with alcoholic liver disease and recurrent variceal bleeding. Fifty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive either shunt procedure. There were 27 patients in each group and both groups were highly comparable in clinical and laboratory characteristics. Median follow-up was 31 mo in each group. Postoperative complications and operative mortality (7% after PCS, 12% after DSRS) were comparable. Spontaneous portasystemic encephalopathy developed in 32% of the patients at risk after PCS and in 39% after DSRS. Rebleeding from varices occurred in 4% of the patients after PCS and in 27% after DSRS. Cumulative survival was not significantly different between groups (5-yr survival: 31% after PCS, 43% after DSRS). We have failed to demonstrate superiority of DSRS in our patients with alcoholic liver disease with respect to postoperative encephalopathy or survival, and have experienced an unusually high rate of variceal rebleeding after DSRS.
Grouped sparse signal reconstruction using non-convex regularizers

This paper introduces the usage of non-convex based regularizers to solve the underdetermined MEG inverse problem. The signal to be reconstructed is considered to have a structure which entails group-wise sparsity and within group sparsity among its covariates. We discuss the usage of l 2 norm regularization and smoothed l 0 (SL0) norm regularization to impose group-wise and within group sparsity respectively. In addition, we introduce a novel criterion which if satisfied, guarantees global optimality while solving this non-convex optimization problem. We use proximal gradient descent as the method of optimization as it promises faster convergence rates. We show that our algorithm can successfully recover a sparse signal with a smaller number of measurements than the conventional l 1 regularization framework.
Arsenic surface segregation during in situ doped silicon and Si1−xGex molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Surface segregation has been a major factor limiting dopant incorporation in silicon and Si 1− x Ge x epitaxy. This paper discusses arsenic incorporation and surface segregation during mixed gas- and solid-source molecular beam epitaxy of silicon and Si 1− x Ge x . The use of Si 2 H 6 gas as the silicon source and careful control of growth conditions enable calculation of the surface arsenic concentration during growth from its effect on the gas-source growth rate. A wide range of surface arsenic concentrations were examined to determine the near-equilibrium relationship between the surface arsenic concentrations and the incorporated arsenic concentrations in the silicon epilayers. A new model based on 2-dimensional islanding of surface arsenic dimers is proposed to explain the observed segregation relationship and the changing surface morphology. The effects of germanium on arsenic surface segregation in Si 1− x Ge x are also discussed qualitatively.