cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Simulation of Electronic Structure with Linear Depth and Connectivity

As physical implementations of quantum architectures emerge, it is increasingly important to consider the cost of algorithms for practical connectivities between qubits. We show that by using an arrangement of gates that we term the fermionic swap network, we can simulate a Trotter step of the electronic structure Hamiltonian in exactly N depth and with N^2/2 two-qubit entangling gates, and prepare arbitrary Slater determinants in at most N/2 depth, all assuming only a minimal, linearly connected architecture. We conjecture that no explicit Trotter step of the electronic structure Hamiltonian is possible with fewer entangling gates, even with arbitrary connectivities. These results represent significant practical improvements on the cost of most Trotter-based algorithms for both variational and phase-estimation-based simulation of quantum chemistry.
Eliminating the Direct/Indirect Internal Argument Distinction

In the spirit of traditional subcategorization frames, we have been assuming that categories other than NPs can be arguments. For verbs like be, go and put in (1), it is the entire PP in crates or into crates and not the inner NP crates that is the verb’s argument.
Single image structured illumination (SISIM) for in-vivo imaging

Recently, it has been demonstrated that sectioning within a turbid media using structured illumination microscopy can be greatly enhanced through the use of a Hilbert transform algorithm. This technique, known as single image structured illumination microscopy (SISIM), provides high quality sectioning even within a strongly refracting/scattering medium, such as tissue. It is found that motion artifacts comprise a large portion of the error in in-vivo imaging. Thus, we expand on the SISIM technique by implementing an image registration algorithm which greatly mitigates motion induced artifacts. Multiple images and movies are developed to demonstrate SISIMs ability to provide real-time, in-vivo imaging of human tissue.
From hyperbolic diffusion scheme to gradient method: Implicit Green–Gauss gradients for unstructured grids

Abstract This paper introduces a new approach to constructing algorithms for gradient computations on unstructured grids. The proposed approach is to derive a gradient algorithm from a hyperbolic diffusion scheme, which solves the diffusion equation and equations for the solution gradient, by ignoring the residual component for the diffusion equation. The resulting scheme forms a globally coupled linear system of equations for the gradients with the Green–Gauss gradient formula on the right hand side, which can be solved efficiently by iterative techniques. Accuracy and iterative performance can be controlled by parameters inherited from the generating hyperbolic diffusion scheme. Second- or fourth-order gradient accuracy can be obtained on regular grids, and first-order accuracy, which is sufficient for second-order finite-volume schemes, can be obtained on irregular grids. Numerical results indicate that the method gives highly accurate gradients especially for highly-curved high-aspect-ratio grids typical in high-Reynolds-number boundary layer flows over complex geometries, and can be employed in finite-volume solvers as an efficient alternative to least-squares or Green–Gauss gradient methods. It is also shown that one of the parameters has a role of dissipation, and can be tuned to yield a smooth gradient distribution over a discontinuous function, thereby allowing an implicit finite-volume solver to converge for a discontinuous solution with a mild overshoot. The paper concludes with a discussion for future developments.
Chemical defense of early life stages of benthic marine invertebrates.

Accurate knowledge of factors affecting the survival of early life stages of marine invertebrates is critically important for understanding their population dynamics and the evolution of their diverse reproductive and life-history characteristics. Chemical defense is an important determinant of survival for adult stages of many sessile benthic invertebrates, yet relatively little consideration has been given to chemical defenses at the early life stages. This review examines the taxonomic breadth of early life-stage chemical defense in relation to various life-history and reproductive characteristics, as well as possible constraints on the expression of chemical defense at certain life stages. Data on the localization of defensive secondary metabolites in larvae and the fitness-related consequences of consuming even a small amount of toxic secondary metabolites underpin proposals regarding the potential for Mullerian and Batesian mimicry to occur among marine larvae. The involvement of microbial symbionts in the chemical defense of early life stages illustrates its complexity for some species. As our knowledge of chemical defenses in early life stages grows, we will be able to more rigorously examine connections among phylogeny, chemical defenses, and the evolution of reproductive and life-history characteristics among marine invertebrates.
On reconciling disparate studies of the sea-ice floe size distribution

The size distribution of sea-ice floes is an important descriptor of the sea-ice cover. Most studies report that floe sizes follow a power-law distribution over some size range, but the power-law exponents often differ substantially. Other studies report two power-law regimes over different size ranges, or more complicated behavior. We review the construction of power-law floe size distributions and compare the results of previous studies. Differences between studies may be due to spatial and temporal variability of the floe size distribution, sampling variability, inadequacy of the power-law model, or flaws in the mathematical analysis. For a power-law model, the most accurate method for determining the exponent from data is Maximum Likelihood Estimation; least-squares methods based on log-log plots of the data yield biased estimates. After calculating the power-law exponent from data, a goodness-of-fit test should be applied to determine whether or not the power-law model actually describes the distribution of the data. These analysis principles have been described in the literature but have not generally been applied to floe size distributions. Numerical ice-ocean models are beginning to simulate the floe size distribution, which should give further insight into the interpretation of observational studies.
Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory disease in beef calves during the first year of life

The prevalence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was assessed in a population of 10,142 beef calves representing nine pure breeds and three composite populations born in 1983 through 1988. Twenty-four percent of the calves experienced at least one episode of respiratory disease during the 1st yr of life; frequencies over the six birth years ranged from 14 to 38%. The timing of respiratory disease outbreaks differed among birth years; in 4 of the 6 yr, more illness occurred in the pasture before weaning than in the feedlot after weaning. Frequencies of BRD during preweaning and postweaning periods were analyzed separately. Pure breeds and composite populations within a single preweaning location differed in frequency of illness during the preweaning period. However, not all possible breed comparisons could be made because preweaning location differed for the breed groups, and preweaning location had a significant effect on the frequency of respiratory disease in the preweaning period. The preweaning location effect did not carry through to the postweaning period. Pinzgauers had the highest BRD frequency within the feedlot (24.6%). The heritability estimates of BRD during the preweaning and postweaning periods did not differ significantly from 0 (.10 +/- .02 and .06 +/- .07, respectively). Although it is likely that response to selection for resistance to BRD would be slight using the animal's history of BRD as the selection criterion, including information on relatives or additional immune traits may improve the accuracy of an estimated breeding value for BRD resistance.
THE ONTOGENY AND SPECIFICITY OF HUMAN LENS PROTEINS.

The ontogeny and specificity of human lens proteins were studied by immunologic and starch gel electrophoretic methods. Nine antigens were detected in noncataractous lenses by im- munoelectrophoresis, while 16 components were formed on starch gel analysis. Of the dif- ferent antigens, only one was specific for man and anthropoid apes. This antigen which reflected a high degree of species specificity was first detected in the lenses of 6-month-old fetuses after the appearance of the other proteins. Starch gel studies showed that alpha and gamma crystallins are the predominant proteins in the earlier stages of lens development. Furthermore, at least two of these gamma crystallins are markedly decreased in senile catarac- tous lenses.
Hormone regulation of immune homeostasis: local or long distance?

Abstract The endocrine system and the immune system consist of dynamic biological processes involved on the one hand in the regulation of a complex array of metabolic and physiologic activities, and on the other hand in protection against infection and disease. Evidence for bidirectional functional involvement of immune–endocrine interactions can be seen at many levels, including codependence during critical stages of development, the complementary use of shared molecular mediators and receptors by both systems, and the integrated participation of the immune system and the endocrine system in resistance or susceptibility to disease. Moreover, recent findings—principally derived from studies of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in mice—suggest that immune–endocrine interactions are essential for the proper development of intestinal T cells, and indicate that this most likely occurs via a local network of hormone synthesis and utilization. In the present article, these findings will be discussed in the context of immune–endocrine collaboration, with particular attention given to the involvement of the thymus in this process, and a hypothesis will be proposed which suggests that the homeostatic balance between health and disease is largely driven by local rather than systemic hormonal regulatory events.
Electrochemical Behavior of Metals in the Biological Milieu

Corrosion in the biological milieu presents the basic science background to understand the nature of corrosion processes associated with medical devices and the metallic biomaterials from which they are made. This chapter introduces the concepts of corrosion, the factors that affect corrosion (oxidation and reduction reactions), and the role of passive oxide films in the behavior of metallic biomaterials. Links between the environmental conditions, including biological molecules and mechanical factors, and interactions between the biological system and the metal–oxide surface are described. Current state-of-the-art corrosion testing methods including polarization testing, scratch testing, and impedance spectroscopy are described and related to currently used materials. The importance of the biological environment is also presented to provide a better understanding of how inflammation, infection, or other local conditions may enhance or alter corrosion behavior. Finally, aspects of corrosion that are not typically considered, including the reduction half-cells, are presented and shown to significantly affect cell behavior. Overall, much is known about corrosion in the biological milieu; however, there is also much that is not yet understood. This chapter lays the foundation upon which additional studies could be designed.
Critical Nostalgias in Democratic South Africa

Evidence suggests that some black residents in South Africa experience nostalgia for the racist and authoritarian apartheid regime. What dynamics generate apartheid nostalgia, and what work does it...
Intersublattice magnetocrystalline anisotropy using a realistic tight-binding method based on maximally localized Wannier functions

Using a realistic tight-binding Hamiltonian based on maximally localized Wannier functions, we investigate the two-ion magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) in $L{1}_{0}$ transition metal compounds. MAE contributions from throughout the Brillouin zone are obtained using magnetic force theorem calculations with and without perturbation theory. The results from both methods agree with each other, and both reflect features of the Fermi surface. The intrasublattice and intersublattice contributions to MAE are evaluated using a Green's function method. We find that the sign of the intersublattice contribution varies among compounds, and that its amplitude may be significant, suggesting MAE can not be resolved accurately in a single-ion manner. The results are further validated by scaling spin-orbit-coupling strength in density functional theory. Overall, this realistic tight-binding method provides an effective approach to evaluate and analyze MAE while retaining the accuracy of corresponding first-principles methods.
Association Between State Minimum Wages and Suicide Rates in the U.S.

Introduction The suicide rate in the U.S. has been increasing in recent years. Previous studies have consistently identified financial stress as a contributing factor in suicides. Nevertheless, there has been little research on the effect of economic policies that can alleviate financial stress on suicide rates. The purpose of this study is to determine whether increases in state minimum wages have been associated with changes in state suicide rates. Methods A retrospective panel data study was conducted. In 2018, linear regression models with state fixed effects were used to estimate the relationship between changes in state minimum wages and suicide rates for all 50U.S. states between 2006 and 2016. Models controlled for time-varying state characteristics that could be associated with changes in minimum wages and suicide rates. Results There were approximately 432,000 deaths by suicide in the study period. A one-dollar increase in the real minimum wage was associated on average with a 1.9% decrease in the annual state suicide rate in adjusted analyses. This negative association was most consistent in years since 2011. An annual decrease of 1.9% in the suicide rate during the study period would have resulted in roughly 8,000 fewer deaths by suicide. Analyses by race and sex did not reveal substantial variation in the association between minimum wages and suicides. Conclusions Increases in real minimum wages have been associated with slower growth in state suicide rates in recent years. Increasing the minimum wage could represent a strategy for addressing increases in suicide rates.
Realizing the Value of Community Health Workers — New Opportunities for Sustainable Financing

Realizing the Value of Community Health Workers Community health workers are an underused resource in a system that is seeking effective strategies for increasing the value of health care. New oppo...
Neurophysiological monitoring during neurosurgery: anesthetic considerations based on outcome evidence.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the recent outcome studies that investigated intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during spine, neurovascular and brain tumor surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Several recent studies have focused on identifying which types of neurosurgical procedures might benefit most from IONM use. Despite conflicting literature regarding its efficacy in improving neurological outcomes, many experts have advocated for the use of IONM in neurosurgery. Several themes have emerged from the recent literature: the entire perioperative team must always work together to ensure adequate communication and intervention; systems and checklists, in which each member of the perioperative team has a clearly defined role, can be useful in the event of a sudden intraoperative changes in electrophysiological signals; regardless of the IONM modality used, any sudden change in electrophysiological signal should prompt an immediate and appropriate intervention; a multimodal IONM approach is often, but not always, advantageous over a single IONM approach. SUMMARY For neurosurgical procedures that can be complicated by neural injury, the use of IONM should be considered according to specific patient and surgical factors. Future studies should focus on improving IONM technology and optimizing sensitivity and specificity for detecting any impending neural damage.
SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND CATASTROPHIC EVENTS: THE 1993 ROCKSLIDE AT LA JOSEFINA, ECUADOR

The 1993 rockslide at La Josefina, Ecuador, killed many people, displaced thousands, and dramatically altered a populated mountain landscape. The author's field research in this area, before and after the rockslide, yields new insights into the volume of sediment moving through tributary river systems in this Andean environment and into the ongoing interaction of human activity and local geomorphic processes. The rockslide, thought to have been triggered by human-caused as well as natural circumstances, moved 30 × 106 m3 of rock debris to the valley floor, blocking the flow of a major river and one of its tributaries. Behind the rockslide dam, a growing lake filled the valleys and trapped fluvial sediment. When a channel constructed in the debris released the impounded water 33 days after the rockslide, much of the sediment trapped upstream remained in place. The volume of sediment contributed by one upstream tributary river indicates that actual rates of sediment movement exceed those derived from studie...
Quartic Gradient Descent for Tractable Radar Slow-Time Ambiguity Function Shaping

We consider the problem of minimizing the disturbance power at the output of the matched filter in a single antenna cognitive radar set-up. The aforementioned disturbance power can be shown to be an expectation of the slow-time ambiguity function (STAF) of the transmitted waveform over range-Doppler bins of interest. The design problem is known to yield a nonconvex quartic function of the transmit radar waveform. This STAF shaping problem becomes even more challenging in the presence of practical constraints on the transmit waveform such as the constant modulus constraint (CMC). Most existing approaches address the aforementioned challenges by suitably modifying or relaxing the design cost function and/or the CMC. In a departure from such methods, we develop a solution that involves direct optimization over the nonconvex complex circle manifold, i.e., the CMC set. We derive a new update strategy [quartic-gradient-descent (QGD)] that computes an exact gradient of the quartic cost and invokes principles of optimization over manifolds toward an iterative procedure with guarantees of monotonic cost function decrease and convergence. Experimentally, QGD can outperform state-of-the-art approaches for shaping the ambiguity function under the CMC while being computationally less expensive.
Maximum Likelihood Joint Reconstruction of Activity and Attenuation Factors from Time-of-Flight PET Histoimages

In positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, attenuation correction with accurate attenuation estimation is crucial for quantitative patient studies. Recent research showed that the attenuation can be determined from emission data, jointly with reconstructed activity images, up to a scaling constant when utilizing the time-of-flight (TOF) information. The TOF PET data can be naturally and efficiently stored in a histoimage format without information loss, and the radioactive tracer distribution can be efficiently reconstructed using the DIRECT framework. In this paper, we explore maximum likelihood joint reconstruction of activity and attenuation factors from TOF histoimages. There are two sets of unknowns, the activity image and the attenuation factors, and we use the alternating technique to iteratively maximize the likelihood function—first with fixed activity image to update attenuation factors and then with fixed attenuation factors to update activity image within histoimage format. The MLACF implementation for histoimages is evaluated with 2-D simulations and 3-D experimental data from PennPET Explorer and compared with the reference reconstructions using OSEM and RAMLA algorithms. The reconstructions using MLACF are comparable to those reconstructed using OSEM and RAMLA. In conclusion, the implementation of MLACF for histoimage expands our DIRECT framework to reconstruct accurate activity images when CT attenuation is not available or is incomplete.
From literary concept to self-proclaimed state: three generations of Anglophone-Cameroonians at war

In 1985, Barrister Gorji Dinka forged the concept “Ambazonia” in an open letter to President Paul Biya. The appointed president had just modified the Constitution and reverted to La Republique du C...
Flow physics and mixing quality in a confined impinging jet mixer

Due to their ability to provide efficient mixing at small scales, confined impinging jet mixers (CIJMs) are employed widely in nanoparticle assembly processes such as flash nanoprecipitation and flash nanocomplexation, which require rapid mixing. In this mixing device, two jets from opposite directions impinge directly on each other forming a thin shear layer that breaks down rapidly into small flow structures. This enables effective mixing of the species transported by each jet by drastically reducing the diffusion distance. In the present study, the mixing performance of a commonly used cylindrical CIJM is examined by direct numerical simulations. Analysis of the simulation results indicates that the interaction of the shear layer with the inner walls of the CIJM is critical in inducing a range of instabilities in the impinging jet flow. By examining flow structures, statistical quantities, and metrics, we have characterized and quantified the mixing quality of a binary mixture in the CIJM. Product uniformity in processes such as precipitation and complexation is expected to depend on the residence time of the constituents, and this quantity is also calculated and compared for the cases with different jet Reynolds numbers. The jet Reynolds numbers of Re = 200, 600, and 1000 are considered, and the simulation results show that the CIJM achieves very good mixing for the Re = 600 and Re = 1000 cases. It is also found that the Re = 600 case performs slightly better than the other cases in terms of uniformity of the residence time. These quantitative analyses offer useful insights into the mechanism of nanoparticle size control and uniformity afforded by the unique flow physics and mixing characteristics in the CIJMs.
Simplified interconnection structure based on C60/SnO2-x for all-perovskite tandem solar cells

The efficiencies of all-perovskite tandem devices are improving quickly. However, their complex interconnection layer (ICL) structures—with typically four or more layers deposited by different processes—limit their prospects for applications. Here, we report an ICL in all-perovskite tandem cells consisting merely of a fullerene layer and a SnO2–x (0 < x < 1) layer. The C60 layer is unintentionally n-doped by iodine ions from the perovskite and thus acts as an effective electron collecting layer. The SnO2–x layer, formed by the incomplete oxidization of tin (x = 1.76), has ambipolar carrier transport property enabled by the presence of a large density of Sn2+. The C60/SnO1.76 ICL forms Ohmic contacts with both wide and narrow bandgap perovskite subcells with low contact resistivity. The ICL boosts the efficiencies of small-area tandem cells (5.9 mm2) and large-area tandem cells (1.15 cm2) to 24.4% and 22.2%, respectively. The tandem cells remain 94% of its initial efficiency after continues 1-sun illumination for 1,000 h. Interconnecting layers are critical to the efficiency of tandem solar cells and a high number of layers is typically needed to ensure good electrical properties. Yu et. al show that a fullerene/tin-oxide interconnecting layer enables 24.4% efficiency and improved stability in all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
Heading-Related Slowing by Twenty-Four Hours in Youth Athletes.

Research suggests cumulative effects of repetitive head impacts (RHIs) on brain structure, especially with younger age of first exposure. Further, recent evidence suggests no immediate cognitive ch...
Avalanche induced coexisting localized and thermal regions in disordered chains

The authors show that when the localization length is only marginally above the critical threshold the presence of strongly disordered regions typically stops the avalanche in many body one dimensional systems. The paper delves into this stopping process using a single interacting thermal seed coupled to an Anderson chain
A Method for Calculating Linkage Values.

Page 242, line 10, for "Percentage crossing over equals 110" read "Percentage crossing over equals 100
Expression of the Extracellular Sulfatase SULF2 Affects Survival of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) regulates signaling of growth factor receptors via specific interactions with the sulfate groups. 6-O-Sulfation of HSPG is an impactful modification regulated by the activities of dedicated extracellular endosulfatases. Specifically, extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2 (SULF2) removes 6-O-sulfate from HS chains, modulates affinity of carrier HSPG to their ligands, and thereby influences activity of the downstream signaling pathway. In this study, we explored the effect of SULF2 expression on HSPG sulfation and its relationship to clinical outcomes of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We found a significant overexpression of SULF2 in HNSCC tumor tissues which differs by tumor location and etiology. Expression of SULF2 mRNA in tumors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was two-fold lower than in tumors associated with a history of tobacco and alcohol consumption. High SULF2 mRNA expression is significantly correlated with poor progression-free interval and overall survival of patients (n = 499). Among all HS-related enzymes, SULF2 expression had the highest hazard ratio in overall survival after adjusting for clinical characteristics. SULF2 protein expression (n = 124), determined by immunohistochemical analysis, showed a similar trend. The content of 6-O-sulfated HSPG, measured by staining with the HS3A8 antibody, was higher in adjacent mucosa compared to tumor tissue but revealed no difference based on SULF2 staining. LC-MS/MS analysis showed low abundance of N-sulfation and O-sulfation in HS but no significant difference between SULF2-positive and SULF2-negative tumors. Levels of enzymes modifying 6-O-sulfation, measured by RT-qPCR in HNSCC tumor tissues, suggest that HSPG sulfation is carried out by the co-regulated activities of multiple genes. Imbalance of the HS modifying enzymes in HNSCC tumors modifies the overall sulfation pattern, but the alteration of 6-O-sulfate is likely non-uniform and occurs in specific domains of the HS chains. These findings demonstrate that SULF2 expression correlates with survival of HNSCC patients and could potentially serve as a prognostic factor or target of therapeutic interventions.
State-dependent responses to intracranial brain stimulation in a patient with depression

Deep brain stimulation is a promising treatment for severe depression, but lack of efficacy in randomized trials raises questions regarding anatomical targeting. We implanted multi-site intracranial electrodes in a severely depressed patient and systematically assessed the acute response to focal electrical neuromodulation. We found an elaborate repertoire of distinctive emotional responses that were rapid in onset, reproducible, and context and state dependent. Results provide proof of concept for personalized, circuit-specific medicine in psychiatry. Acute mapping of responses to focal electrical neuromodulation in a patient with treatment-resistant depression reveals distinct mood and symptom changes that are highly context dependent.
Computing the Extent of Circumvention of Proposition 13: A Note

We analyze the own-source revenues of California state and local governments relative to the State's personal income in order to examine the extent to which the growth in non-tax revenues has circumvented the reduction in taxes produced by Proposition 13. Our results show that, while non-tax revenues have been the favored means to circumvent California's fiscal constitution, the circumvention has been only marginal.
California Dreamin': The Rise of the Iskanian Exception and the Fall of the State Effective-Vindication Exception to Federal Arbitration Act Preemption of State Employment Arbitration Doctrine

This paper considers the extent to which a state may refuse to enforce an arbitration agreement so as to safeguard the public policies that ground that state’s employment statutes. A principal way in which states have regulated employment arbitration in an attempt to protect the public policies that ground their employment statutes is pursuant to the state effective-vindication exception. Thus, this paper begins by reviewing the suggested bases for the state effective-vindication exception as well as the basis for the related federal effective-vindication exception. Recent U.S. Supreme Court arbitration jurisprudence undermines the ability of states to utilize the state effective-vindication exception as a means to control the substance of their own employment law regimes. Indeed, this case law calls into question the very existence of the state effective-vindication exception. The paper discusses in particular the Supreme Court’s relatively recent decisions in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion and American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant and explains how these cases limit the state effective-vindication exception, especially as applied to class and representative employment arbitration waivers. The paper then focuses on California law in discussing the demise of the state effective-vindication exception. California has several employment arbitration doctrines grounded in the state effective-vindication exception. The paper details the unwaivability doctrine respecting the right to a Berman hearing process, the Gentry doctrine, and the unwaivability doctrine respecting representative Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) actions and evaluates how the California Supreme Court has applied Concepcion and Italian Colors Restaurant in ruling on whether the FAA preempts these doctrines. The paper focuses on the split that has developed within the federal district courts in California over whether the California Supreme Court was correct in holding in Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC that the FAA does not preempt the unwaivability doctrine respecting representative PAGA actions. Finally, the paper examines the Broughton-Cruz doctrine and explores the implications of Iskanian, Concepcion, and Italian Colors Restaurant for the continuing viability of that doctrine.
Corporate Violence in the Central Appalachian Coal Industry: From Roots to Repercussions

Studies of green corporate crime tend to be ahistorical in nature. This article explores the coal industry in the Central Appalachian region of the United States to highlight how historical context is crucial for understanding ongoing societal ills. The linkage between capitalism’s traumatic legacy and current social problems is quantified in negative indicators like high poverty, low life expectancy, and high rates of opioid addiction, and is manifest in the failed economic strategy of prison building. I examine the foundational role the coal industry has played in these modern outcomes, as well as the incalculable ecological damage to the region, by tracing corporate entities' appropriation of land and resources and their maltreatment of labor in the region. I then address the capture of regulatory bodies and politicians that has resulted in thousands of unnecessary deaths and the erasure of unique ecosystems, before exploring the ideological machinations that generate misplaced support for the industry today.
Improved empirical hard rock pillar strength predictions using unconfined compressive strength as a proxy for brittleness

Abstract Pillars are a critical component of underground mining systems, and for this reason, pillar mechanics has historically been a major topic of rock mechanics research. In the late 20th century, many empirical studies on hard rock pillar strength were conducted, culminating in the development of a pillar strength formula by Lunder & Pakalnis( Lunder and Pakalnis, 1997) 1 based on a large database of pillar cases with different performance outcomes. In this study, we re-evaluate this database with the benefit of an improved understanding of hard rock pillar mechanics based on recent findings in the literature. Specifically, pillar strength can be governed by spalling-dominated, shear-dominated, or transitional failure mechanisms depending on pillar W/H (and associated confining stress conditions). Based on this, we identify that the W/H ratios at which these transitions in strength trends occur vary as a function of brittleness , which can be approximated using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). In contrast to existing empirical hard rock pillar strength models, this implies a non-linear relation between pillar strength and UCS. We then develop and compare a series of models that account for this behavior against the empirical database compiled by Lunder & Pakalnis( Lunder and Pakalnis, 1997) .11 Our final model is shown to be both more accurate and more conservative than that of Lunder & Pakalnis( Lunder and Pakalnis, 1997) ,11 while still requiring the same basic input parameters (UCS and W/H); specifically, our model accurately classifies 98.4% of “Stable” and “Failed” cases within the database, as compared to 90.6% for the Lunder & Pakalnis( Lunder and Pakalnis, 1997) 1 model.
Choosing Constitutional Remedies

When a judge finds that a statute violates the Constitution, the statute must give way. But in many cases, there is more than one way for a judge to remedy the conflict between a statute and the Constitution. And in choosing which remedy to impose, there is usually no external source of law telling the judge what to do. They alone must decide which remedy is best. How should judges exercise this discretion? In the American tradition, it is taken for granted that judges should use restraint — they should select the remedy that disrupts the statute as little as possible. But, as this Article shows, there are two conflicting approaches to judicial restraint when choosing constitutional remedies. One approach, herein labeled “Editorial Restraint,” holds that judges should assume as little power to change legislation as possible. It posits a sliding scale of judicial interventions — adding language to a statute is worse than striking down language, which is worse than striking down an application, which is worse than adopting an avoidance interpretation. The other approach, herein labeled “Purpose Preservation,” focuses instead on finding the remedy that does the least damage to the legislature’s goals. That remedy might involve adding language, striking down language, striking down an application, or adopting an avoidance interpretation — all that matters is the intervention’s substantive effect on the statute and the legislative purpose. These two approaches are manifested in relatively pure form in the laws of England (which adopts Editorial Restraint) and Canada (which adopts Purpose Preservation), while the American doctrine of constitutional remedies is an untheorized, heterodox, and often incoherent mix of both. This Article explores several different aspects of the American doctrine of constitutional remedies, showing that it sometimes follows the logic of Editorial Restraint and sometimes the logic of Purpose Preservation (and, sometimes, that it purports to follow one but in fact follows the other). The Article then argues that Purpose Preservation is the superior approach, and ought to be explicitly embraced. This is so because Editorial Restraint relies on false distinctions — there is no meaningful difference between a judge adding language to a statute, striking down language, striking down applications, or adopting an avoidance interpretation. These remedial categories blur together in practice, and none is a greater intrusion into the legislative sphere than any other. Purpose Preservation, while not a perfect approach, at least safeguards the principle that majoritarian legislatures’ goals should determine the content of the statutes they enact.
The aggregation principle in scenario analysis stochastic optimization

Most systems that need to be controlled or analyzed involve some level of uncertainty about the value to assign to some of the parameters, if not about the actual layout of certain subcomponents of the system. In many situations not much is lost by assigning “reasonable” values to these parameters or by choosing a particular design. In other instances ignoring uncertainty may very well lead to totally misleading solutions that would invalidate any of the implications one may wish to draw from the analysis.
XENON100 implications for naturalness in the MSSM, NMSSM, and $\lambda$-supersymmetry model

In a recent paper arXiv:1107.5048, we discussed the correlation between the elastic neutralino-nucleon scattering cross section, constrained by dark matter direct detection experiments, and fine-tuning at tree-level in the electroweak symmetry breaking sector of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Here, we show that the correlation persists in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), and its variant, lambda-SUSY. Both models are strongly motivated by the recent discovery of a 125 GeV Higgs-like particle. We also discuss the implications of the recently published bound on the direct detection cross section from 225 live days of XENON100 experiment. In both the MSSM and the NMSSM, most of the parameter space with fine-tuning less than 10% is inconsistent with the XENON100 bound. In lambda-SUSY, on the other hand, large regions of completely natural electroweak symmetry breaking are still allowed, primarily due to a parametric suppression of fine-tuning with large \lambda. The upcoming XENON1T experiment will be able to probe most of the parameter space with less than 1% fine-tuning in all three models.
The Process of Breast Augmentation with Special Focus on Patient Education, Patient Selection and Implant Selection

Breast augmentation remains one of the most commonly performed plastic surgical procedures worldwide; however, Food and Drug Administration clinical trials have suggested that this procedure has a reoperation rate of 14% to 24% after 3 years. Recent literature has proposed that breast augmentation should not only be a surgical procedure but ultimately a surgical process to reduce postoperative complications and enhance patient satisfaction. The process of breast augmentation has been documented to optimize postsurgical outcomes and includes the following 4 steps: patient education, tissue-based planning, refined surgical techniques, and defined postoperative management.
Comparative epigenomics: defining and utilizing epigenomic variations across species, time-course, and individuals.

Epigenomic profiling, by revealing genome-wide distributions of epigenetic modifications, generated a large amount of structural information about the chromosomes. Epigenomic analysis has quickly become a big data science, posing tremendous challenges on its translation into knowledge. To meet this challenge, comparative analysis of epigenomes, dubbed comparative epigenomics, has emerged as an active research area. Here, we summarize the recent developments in comparative epigenomic analyses into three major directions, namely the comparisons across species, the time-course of a biological process, and individuals. We review the main ideas, methods, and findings in each direction, and discuss the implications to understanding the regulatory functions of the genomes. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:345–352. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1274 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Role for the Female in Bacterial Conjugation in Escherichia coli

Hfr and F' Lac male strains of Escherichia coli were mated with purine-requiring females which had been starved for purine. These females formed mating pairs with the males. However, a mating in the absence of purine markedly reduced the yield of recombinants. Transfer of F' Lac or of lambda prophage also occurred infrequently. It was concluded that deoxyribonucleic acid transfer from male to female requires some, as yet unknown, function of the female.
Rising-bucket heating in helicons

Summary form only given. Accelerating phase-space buckets, a well-known concept in particle accelerator physics, was explored theoretically and predicted to be an effective means of heating plasma by intense microwaves in a tokamak. The observed r.f. absorption in the MTX tokamak was consistent with this mechanism. An increasing phase velocity vs. distance was reported recently for helicon experiments at ANU and test-particle calculations showed that wave trapping and heating can occur for these experiments. We use analytic techniques developed previously to specify the conditions under which this mechanism can be significant for helicon plasmas, and obtain a model for such a heating rate that can be used in transport codes.
Sustainable Hydrogen Production

Identifying and building a sustainable energy system are perhaps two of the most critical issues that today's society must address. Replacing our current energy carrier mix with a sustainable fuel is one of the key pieces in that system. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, primarily derived from water, can address issues of sustainability, environmental emissions, and energy security. Issues relating to hydrogen production pathways are addressed here. Future energy systems require money and energy to build. Given that the United States has a finite supply of both, hard decisions must be made about the path forward, and this path must be followed with a sustained and focused effort.
Final Stage Densification in Vacuum Hot-Pressing of Alumina

The kinetics of the final stage of densification of fine-grained aluminum oxide were studied by vacuum hot-pressing between 1150° and 1350°C and from 2000 to 6000 psi. The kinetics are consistent with the Nabarro-Herring diffusional creep model. The activation energy for the final stage densification is 115 kcal/mole which agrees with the activation energy for diffusion of aluminum ions. Densification takes place by particle rearrangement and by diffusional creep. The extent of densification in the initial stage depends on the amount of sliding, fragmentation, and plastic flow. The final stage of densification takes place by diffusional creep and is controlled by aluminum ion diffusion in aluminum oxide. It is shown that gases entrapped within pores of the hot-pressed compact will produce end-point porosities. A technique is described for removing adsorbed water when it is the source of the Presented at the Fall Meeting of the Basic Science Division and the Seventeenth Pacific Coast Regional Meetings of the American Ceramic Society, San Francisco, California, October 30, 1964.
Sequence and Spacing of TATA Box Elements Are Critical for Accurate Initiation from the β-Phaseolin Promoter

The beta-phaseolin (phas) gene, which encodes one of the major seed storage proteins of P. vulgaris, is tightly regulated at the transcription level resulting in strict tissue-specific and spatial expression during embryonic development. The phas proximal promoter contains a complex arrangement of core promoter elements including three TATA boxes as well as several putative initiator elements. To delineate the respective contributions of the core promoter elements to transcription initiation we have performed site-directed mutagenesis of the phas promoter. In vivo expression studies were performed on transgenic Arabidopsis harboring phas promoter mutants driving expression of the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene. Quantitative assessment of GUS activity in seeds bearing the promoter mutants indicated that both sequence and spacing of the TATA elements influenced the efficiency of transcription. Substitution, insertion or deletion mutations had no effect on histochemical staining patterns indicating that strict spacing requirements are not essential for correct spatial expression of phas during embryogenesis. Further evaluation of the phas promoter by in vitro transcription analysis revealed the presence of multiple TATA-dependent transcription initiation start sites. The distance between TATA elements and transcription start sites was maintained in insertion and deletion mutants through the creation of novel initiation sites, indicating that positioning of the TATA elements rather than DNA sequence was the primary determinant of start site location. We conclude that, while dispensable for proper spatial distribution, the complex architecture of the phas promoter is required to ensure high levels of accurate phas transcription initiation in the developing embryo.
Thermal Management Analysis of On-Board High-Pressure Metal Hydride Systems

Reversible metal hydrides are ideal vehicular hydrogen storage materials for the realization of on-board filling. Systems utilizing metal hydrides with high hydrogen release pressure (> 3 bar at -30 °C) can provide excellent cold-start capability. Although the required hydrogen filling pressure will also be high accordingly (> 100 bar), high-pressure (HP) metal hydride (MH) systems can store 20% to 50% more hydrogen in the void space between hydride particles in addition to the hydrogen absorbed by the metal alloys. To maintain a sufficiently high hydriding driving force during filling, it is very important to keep the MH temperature below a desirable level (85 °C). This issue becomes more important when the systems operate at high pressures, because the stress limits of materials for the container and other components decrease with increasing temperature. Efficient thermal management is needed to dissipate the large amount of heat produced during the initial rapid compression process (< 20 seconds) and the subsequent fast hydriding process (< 5 minutes). In this paper, thermal management design and analysis of a bench-scale rectangular-shaped HPMH module is reported. This module is approximately 1/70 of a vehicle-scale hydrogen storage tank. The modular approach provides flexibility to apply the knowledge obtained in this study to vehicle-scale designs. A typical AB2 HPMH is used as the hydrogen storage material. During the hydrogen filling process, the time-averaged volumetric heat release rate is approximately 3 MW/m3 . Inner coolant passages are adopted to remove the heat. Through a scaling analysis of the energy conservation equation, the results indicate that thermal conduction in the metal hydride bed and convection in the coolant passages are both important factors. For the test module under development, finned tubes in conjunction with two-phase convection have been designed to meet the cooling requirements. Fin designs (material, thickness and spacing) have been evaluated using 3D numerical analysis. The knowledge learned from theoretical and numerical analyses is used to guide the construction of the HPME module, and hydrogen filling tests will be conducted soon.Copyright © 2006 by ASME