cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscous “Interphase” Water Adjacent to Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Terminated Monolayers

We report measurements of the interaction force between functionalized probe tips and oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-terminated monolayers. Force profiles obtained with the interfacial force microscope indicate the presence of an interphase water layer adjacent to the OEG-terminated monolayer that generates a repulsive hydration force. This interphase layer extends up to 5 nm from the surface and has a viscosity that is 6 orders of magnitude greater than that of bulk water. The possible role this interphase layer plays in the exceptional protein resistance of such systems is discussed.
To MACT or Not to MACT: Mercury Emissions From Waste-to-Energy and Coal-Fired Power Plants

During the combustion of fuel in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) and coal-fired power plants, all of the mercury input in the feed is volatilized. The primary forms of mercury in stack gas are elemental mercury (Hg0 ) and mercuric ions (Hg2+ ) that are predominantly found as mercuric chloride. The most efficient way to remove mercury from the combustion gases is by means of dry scrubbing, followed by activated carbon injection and a fabric filter baghouse. Back in 1988, the U.S. WTE power plants emitted about 90 tons of mercury (Hg). By 2003, implementation of the EPA Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards, at a cost of one billion dollars, reduced WTE mercury emissions to less than one ton of mercury. EPA now considers coal-fired power plants to be the largest remaining anthropogenic source of mercury emissions. Approximately 800 million short tons of coal, containing nearly 80 short tons of Hg are combusted annually in the U.S. for electricity production. About 40% of this amount is presently captured in the gas control systems of coal-fired utilities. Since the concentration of mercury in U.S. coal is ten times lower than in the MSW feed and the volume of gas to be cleaned 55 times higher, the cost of implementing MACT by the U.S. coal-fired utilities is estimated to be about $25 billion. However, when this retrofit cost is compared to the total capital investment and revenues of the two industries, it is concluded that MACT should be affordable. Per kilogram of mercury to be captured, the cost of MACT implementation by the utilities will be twenty times higher than was for the WTE industry. However, implementation of MACT by the utilities will also reduce the emissions of other gaseous contaminants and of particulate matter.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dural sinus thrombosis presenting three months postpartum

Dural sinus thrombosis is a rare complication of pregnancy and the puerperium. We report a case of dural sinus thrombosis that presented as a persistent headache and then a new-onset seizure in a previously healthy 28-year-old woman 3 months postpartum. Subtle changes consistent with sinus thrombosis were present on noncontrast computed tomography, but magnetic resonance venography ultimately confirmed the diagnosis. Anticonvulsant and anticoagulant therapy were initiated and maintained, and the patient recovered completely. Follow-up genetic analysis revealed heterozygosity for the Factor II 20210A variant of the prothrombin gene mutation.
The regrets of procrastination in climate policy

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are projected to impose economic costs due to the associated climate change impacts. Climate change impacts can be reduced by abating CO2 emissions. What would be an economically optimal investment in abating CO2 emissions? Economic models typically suggest that reducing CO2 emissions by roughly ten to twenty per cent relative to business-as-usual would be an economically optimal strategy. The currently implemented CO2 abatement of a few per cent falls short of this benchmark. Hence, the global community may be procrastinating in implementing an economically optimal strategy. Here we use a simple economic model to estimate the regrets of this procrastination—the economic costs due to the suboptimal strategy choice. The regrets of procrastination can range from billions to trillions of US dollars. The regrets increase with increasing procrastination period and with decreasing limits on global mean temperature increase. Extended procrastination may close the window of opportunity to avoid crossing temperature limits interpreted by some as 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system' in the sense of Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Global Climate Change.
Vibrations of initially imperfect circular plates including the shear and rotatory inertia effects

Abstract An analysis of the free flexural vibrations of elastic circular plates with initial imperfections is presented. The analysis includes the effects of transverse shear and rotatory inertia. The vibration amplitudes are assumed to be large, and two non-linear differential equations are obtained for free vibration of the plate and solved numerically. The period of the plate has been calculated as a function of the initial amplitude for four typical supporting conditions.
Partitioning of gadolinium and its induced phase separation in sodium-aluminoborosilicate glasses

Abstract Phase separation in sodium-aluminoborosilicate glasses was systematically studied as a function of Gd 2 O 3 concentration with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) methods. Gadolinium-induced phase separation in the glasses can be consistently explained by proposing that Gd cations partition to the borate-rich environments and subsequent agglomeration of the Gd–borate moieties, or short-range ordered structural groups, in the glass. Agglomeration of the Gd–borate rich environments is further discussed within the context of excess metal oxides, [Na 2 O] ex or [Al 2 O 3 ] ex =|Na 2 O–Al 2 O 3 |, and excess B 2 O 3 , [B 2 O 3 ] ex , available for incorporating Gd cations. Results showed that agglomeration of the Gd–borate rich environments occurred at a much lower Gd 2 O 3 concentration in the glass without [Na 2 O] ex or [Al 2 O 3 ] ex and at a significantly higher Gd 2 O 3 concentration in the glass with either [Na 2 O] ex or [Al 2 O 3 ] ex . Assuming 1BO 4 :1Gd:2BO 3 (based on literature-reported Gd–metaborate structure) as a local Gd–borate environment in glass, we introduced the saturation index of boron, SI [B] =Gd 2 O 3 /(1/3[B 2 O 3 ] ex ), to examine the glass susceptibility to Gd-induced phase separation for all three alkali-aluminoborosilicate systems. While our results have provided some insight to the glass structure, they also provide insight to the mechanism by which the metal oxide is dissolved into the melt. This appears to occur predominately through boron complexation of the metal oxide.
Pulmonary embolism complicating human chorionic gonadotropin treatment in a patient with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.

Summary: Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) therapy has been used beneficially in men with subfertility especially after varicocele surgery. Very few side effects have been observed in male patients. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary embolism in a male patient following the use of HCG. The patient was subsequently found to have type IV hyperlipoprotenemia. The etiology of the thrombo-embolic episode is conjectural, but this case emphasizes the need for stricter criteria of patient selection and screening for conditions that predispose to thrombo-embolism before starting HCG therapy. Lungenembolie-Komplikation nach HCG-Behandlung eines Mannes mit Hyperlipoproteinamie Typus IV Zusammenfassung: Kasuistische Mitteilung uber eine unerwunschte Nebenwirkung der HCG-Therapie bei einem kinderlos verheirateten Mann mit Subfertilitat und Zustand nach hoher Ligatur wegen Varikocele und nachfolgender HCG-Anwendung. Neun Wochen nach Beginn einer HCG-Therapie mit einer Gesamtdosis von 45.000 I.E. HCG kam es zu einer Lungenembolie. Bei der klinischen Aufnahme ergab sich auserdem eine Hyperproteinamie Typus IV. Die Atiologie der thrombo-embolischen Episode beruht auf einer Vermutung. Allerdings unterstreicht diese Beobachtung die Notwendigkeit einer genaueren Auswahl der Patienten fur eine HCG-Therapie und die Berucksichtigung bestimmter Screening-Be-dingungen, aus denen eine Pradisposition fur ein thrombo-embolisches Geschehen abge-leitet werden kann.
Oxazolidinones: Clinical pharmacology and use in the treatment of infections caused by resistant gram-positive pathogens

Abstract During the last decade, gram-positive bacteria have emerged as important nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. Development of antimicrobial resistance has complicated the therapeutic management of patients with infections caused by gram-positive pathogens and, in many cases, therapeutic alternatives are limited. The oxazolidinones, a novel class of antimicrobials, show potent activity against gram-positive organisms, including those with multiple-drug resistance. Linezolid, the only agent in this class currently approved for clinical use, shows favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicologic profiles and offers considerable therapeutic promise. Phase III clinical trials with linezolid have shown efficacy in patients with pneumonia and skin and soft tissue infections. Compassionate use of linezolid in both adult and pediatric patients also has shown efficacy in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. Currently, the primary role of linezolid appears to be in the treatment of patients with infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Future development of oxazolidinone analogues with enhanced activity against gram-negative pathogens and mycobacteria may further expand the utility of these novel compounds. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Thermal decomposition pathways for peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): Implications for atmospheric methyl nitrate levels

Abstract The unimolecular decomposition pathways of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) have been investigated in the presence of added NO2 over the temperature range 298–345 K. The major products of the PAN decomposition were CO2 and, depending on the ratio of O2 to NO2 in the experiment, either CH2O or methyl nitrate. From the observed PAN decay rates and product yields, upper limits for the direct formation of either NO3 or methyl nitrate from the unimolecular decay of PAN were obtained. The results indicate that these channels occur with rate constants that are thousands of times slower than dissociation of PAN into peroxyacetyl and NO2, and that PAN decomposition is not a significant source of atmospheric methyl nitrate.
Performance characteristics of silicon photodiode (SiPD)-based instrument for fast functional optical tomography

We describe the design rationale, performance features, and operating characteristics of a newly constructed CW-NIR tomographic imaging system that is capable of continuous, real-time imaging of large tissue structures. Results from phantom and clinical studies are presented and discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of side-chain cholesteric elastomers derived from an isosorbide crosslinking agent

New liquid crystalline monomer 4-(4-ethoxybenzoyloxy)biphenyl-4′-[(10-undecylen-1-yloxy)-4′-ethoxy]benzoate (M 1 ), chiral crosslinking agent isosorbide di-(10-undecylen-1-yloxybenzoate) (M 2 ), and the corresponding elastomers were prepared. The chemical structures of M 1 and M 2 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. The mesomorphic properties and phase behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements. M 1 exhibited typical threaded texture and droplet texture of nematic phase. The use of chiral crosslinking agent in the polymer networks could induce cholesteric phase. The elastomers containing less than 10 mol% of the chiral crosslinking units showed elasticity, reversible phase transition, wide mesophase temperature ranges, and high thermal stability. For the elastomers P 2 –P 4 , the glass transition temperature (T g) increased; clearing temperature (T i) and mesophase temperature range (ΔT) decreased with increasing content of the crosslinking unit.
Liberal States and Print Media Coverage of Global Advocacy Events: The Case of the UN Beijing Conference for Women

Abstract UN conferences and summits have played a critical role in bringing local activists’ claims to international audiences. One might assume that UN conferences, like other fora of “information politics,” rely on the global media to convey advocates’ messages. Yet, extensive research on U.S. media portrayals of UN women’s conferences, 1975–1995, have not found this to be the case. To the contrary, U.S. press coverage of these conferences follows a seemingly universal pattern of negative representations of female political candidates and public officials in the media. However, since there are sharp national differences in social policies related to women, we question whether media in other liberal democracies follow the U.S. pattern for covering UN women’s conferences or reflect the more variable pattern of diverse national policies. Comparing elite media from the United States, Canada, and Britain, we find evidence suggesting variable coverage across countries.
The use of audiovisual materials in sex therapy: A critical overview

Abstract The use of various audiovisual materials in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions is reviewed. The results of several studies suggest that sexually explicit materials may have some desensitizing effects when used in a graduated fashion tinder the control of individuals who can terminate the stimuli in response to their anxiety level. However, it appears that the use of such materials may actually lead to increases in anxiety if used in an indiscriminate fashion. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.
The effect of increasing grain size in biosand water filters in combination with ultraviolet disinfection

With sand less than 0.70 mm often difficult to source in the field, it is of interest to study larger grained sand for use in biosand water filters (BSF). This study examined how sand grain size affects biological sand water filtration and how the combination of biological sand filtration and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection affects drinking water quality. Two BSFs were built: a control with maximum grain size, d max = 0.70 mm and an experimental with grain sizes ranging from 0.70 mm to d max = 2.0 mm. Untreated water was passed through each BSF daily. Results show Escherichia coli and turbidity removal characteristics of the control and experimental BSFs were not significantly different from one another. Both BSFs produced water that met World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines for turbidity, and although E. coli reduction was over 98% for each BSF, a high initial bacteria concentration resulted in effluent levels above WHO guidelines. Subsequently, effluent from each BSF was placed in clear plastic bottles under UV light, after which water from each BSF met E. coli guidelines. The data yielded promising results for using larger sand in BSFs, but longer duration studies with more data points are needed.
Predictable individual differences in the initiation of cocaine self-administration by rats under extended-access conditions are dose-dependent.

Rationale: The characterization of self-administration (SA) under extended access conditions is necessary for the development of addiction models. Objective: The purposes of this experiment were to investigate: (1) dose effects on the initiation of cocaine SA under extended access conditions; (2) predictable individual differences in SA under these conditions and their relationships to neuroendocrine function and cocaine dose. Methods: After they were tested for their locomotor responses to novelty and to cocaine and trained to lever-press under a food-reinforced schedule, male Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to SA cocaine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg per infusion, IV) by lever-pressing under a FR1 schedule during five consecutive daily 10-h sessions. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) and prolactin (PRL) were measured throughout the experiment. Results: Rats tested at higher cocaine doses more readily acquired and showed increased drug intake and more regular patterns of SA. High responders (HR) to novelty self-administered greater amounts of cocaine, acquired more rapidly and displayed more regular SA compared to LR rats, but only at the lowest cocaine dose tested (i.e., 0.25 mg/kg per infusion). HR rats also exhibited a greater high-dose escalation of SA compared to LR rats. Novelty-induced (but not cocaine-induced) locomotor activity, pre-SA plasma CORT, and pre-SA food-reinforced lever-pressing predicted SA, but only at the lowest cocaine dose tested. No differences in plasma CORT or PRL were observed between LR and HR rats. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that predictable individual differences in cocaine SA under extended access conditions are relevant only at low doses and are surmountable by increasing the available dose of cocaine.
Predicting programmer performance among non-preselected trainee groups

For those of you were in Chicago last summer at the last meeting of the Computer Personnel Research Group, at the conclusion of our paper we presented the research plan of an experiment we planned to conduct at Georgia Tech during the year which is now past. Our purpose today is to first describe the progress of the experiment during the past year, which I will do, and then, secondly, Dr. Malcolm H. Gotterer will briefly describe the work we plan to do for the following year -- work associated with the same area.
The Optimal Foraging Analysis of Horticultural Production

This paper extends the application of optimal foraging theory to horticultural economies. The Machiguenga, a native Amazonian population of southeastern Peru, are used as a test case. The results demonstrate the theory's utility in structuring questions and predicting the outcome of horticultural production. By extending the range of foraging theory the evolution of subsistence strategies from hunting-gathering to agriculture can be examined in quantitative terms. The evolutionary sequence is illustrated with a hypothetical population. Additional insights are gained when the theory is used to structure specific production decisions. Disagreements concerning the scarcity of protein in Amazonian economies are shown to be a consequence of the measurement units employed.
Thiols and the diazo group in photoaffinity labels.

The photoactivable carbene precursor, 2-diazo-3,3,3-tri-fluoro-propionyloxy group, has been introduced recently for light-induced covalent crosslinking in studies of protein-phospholipid interactions in biomem-branes. The diazo group in this reagent has now been shown to undergo reduction in the dark by a number of thiols (dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteine and reduced glutathione) used commonly as protective agents for proteins. In contrast, thioglycolate did not cause significant reduction and, therefore, can be safely used as a protective agent. In vesicles formed from phospholipids containing the above photolabel in the fatty acyl chain, dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol caused reduction. However, cysteine and reduced glutathione caused insignificant reduction of the diazo group, presumably because of their non-permeant nature.
Torsional Oscillations of the Earth and some Related Problems

Summary Variational calculus methods are applied to the problem of torsional oscillations of elastic spheres of variable densities and elasticities and the corresponding plane Love wave problem for vertically heterogeneous media. The methods work well and give the phase velocity curve shown in Figure I for the model Earth, the internal constitution of which was inferred by K. E. Bullen. The corresponding displacement distributions are shown in Figure 2.
Disturbance Rejection Helps Modulate the p53 Oscillation

Designing a system that adequately processes the input and that rejects the effects of disturbance is a central theme in feedback control theory. In this paper, we use the concept of “disturbance rejection” to analyze the oscillatory behavior of p53, a well-known tumor suppressor protein. Our analysis reveals that the p53 oscillation is not completely dictated by the p53-MDM2 negative feedback loop—it is also modulated by periodic DNA repair-related fluctuations. According to our disturbance rejection model, the feedback loop normally filters the effects of noise and fluctuations on p53, but upon DNA damage, it stops performing the filtering function so that DNA repair-related fluctuations can modulate the p53 oscillation. Our analysis suggests that the overexpression of MDM2, observed in many types of cancer, can make the feedback mechanism less responsive to the modulating signals after DNA damage occurs.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A comparison of novices and experts in the identification of sonar signals

Abstract This research contrasted trained sonar operators with novices in their abilities to categorize sonar signals as being of biological or man-made origin. Although the sonar operators performed significantly better than the naive subjects, the performance of the naive subjects (d′ = 1.39) was closer to that of the sonar operators (d′ = 1.81) than to chance. Additionally, there were qualitative similarities in the two groups’ performances. In order to understand this, a new group of people listened to a subset of 76 of the sounds, and chose verbal descriptors from a detailed list of 146 words such as “pht”, “chuck-chuck”, “rainfall”, etc. to describe each sound. Analyses of the descriptor choices demonstrated that biological sound sources were identifiable as such simply because they sounded like animal noises. Man-made signals were identified as more percussive, a result confirmed by an acoustical analysis of the signals. Two scales were developed for the signals, indicating how “animal like” and how percussive they were, respectively. Either of the two scales could predict with about 75% accuracy the category of the signals, a level of accuracy equal to that of the novices, and not bested by neither a CART model nor a neural net model. A simple acoustical analysis of the percussiveness of the waveforms could predict people’s judgments, but not predict the objective classifications of the signals.
Kiloelectron volt cluster impacts: prospects for cluster-SIMS

Abstract This paper describes part of our continuing efforts in examining the ability of polyatomic or ‘cluster’ projectiles to improve secondary ion yields in SIMS. Negative secondary ion yields resulting from keV bombardment of lanthanum and bismuth oxide projectiles (composition (M2O3)mMO+) were measured and compared for both organic and inorganic targets. Each metal oxide projectile produces an increase in secondary ion yield when compared to the same number of Cs+ projectiles at similar energies. In addition, the nonlinear increase in secondary ion yield per number of constituent atoms in the primary ion is compared for polyatomic projectiles within a given metal oxide series. The high secondary ion yields combined with efficient time-of-flight mass analysis translate into prospects for SIMS under ‘superstatic’ conditions, which should be particularly attractive for the detection of organics. In considering analytical applications it must be recognized that when a projectile becomes more efficient at ejecting molecular or quasimolecular ions (intact emission), it may also become more efficient at ‘manufacturing’ ions (recombination processes). Moreover, the number of molecules destroyed per analyte-specific secondary ions detected varies with projectile characteristics. The challenge for the practice of ‘cluster-SIMS’ is to optimize the projectiles for maximizing sensitivity and eventually limit-of-detection.
Mate choice by lineage in three captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

The hypothesis that the matrilineal affiliation of 410 infants born in three captive groups of rhesus macaques is independent of the patrilineal affiliation of these infants was tested. Preferential mating with particular patrilines was observed for matrilineal members. We conclude that lineage affiliation does influence mate choice of rhesus macaques, at least when a large number of matrilines and relatively few patrilines which include natal males are represented in the group. Such nonrandom mating might explain high levels of genetic heterogeneity reported among matrilines within rhesus groups, despite high rates of male emigration, and is consistent with the maintenance of high levels of within-matriline kinship which might promote cooperative behavior among matriline members.
A comparison of two methods for the administration of paradoxical intention

Abstract Recent research in the treatment of insomnia by paradoxical intention has utilized two different methods of instruction. Studies utilizing the random assignment of subjects to treatment groups employ a procedure in which clients are provided with a straight-forward explanation based on the present authors' understanding of the use of paradoxical intention with insomnia (type A administration). In contrast, controlled case studies have employed reframing, a procedure which explains the need for the paradoxical intention in a manner which best suits the specific understanding of the individual client (type B administration). The present study employed the type B method in a design employing the random assignment of clients to groups. Three additional groups (type A administration, placebo control, no-treatment control) completed the design. The results indicated that the type A method was superior to the type B procedure when the same method for administering paradoxical intention was applied to a randomized group of individuals.
Early metamorphic insertion technology for insect flight behavior monitoring.

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on insects during their metamorphic development. Here, the implants are fused within the structure and function of the neuromuscular system as a result of metamorphic tissue remaking. The implants emerge with the insect where the development of tissue around the electronics during pupal development results in a bioelectrically and biomechanically enhanced tissue interface. This relatively more reliable and stable interface would be beneficial for many researchers exploring the neural basis of the insect locomotion with alleviated traumatic effects caused during adult stage insertions. In this article, we implant our electrodes into the indirect flight muscles of Manduca sexta. Located in the dorsal-thorax, these main flight powering dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscles actuate the wings and supply the mechanical power for up and down strokes. Relative contraction of these two muscle groups has been under investigation to explore how the yaw maneuver is neurophysiologically coordinated. To characterize the flight dynamics, insects are often tethered with wires and their flight is recorded with digital cameras. We also developed a novel way to tether Manduca sexta on a magnetically levitating frame where the insect is connected to a commercially available wireless neural amplifier. This set up can be used to limit the degree of freedom to yawing “only” while transmitting the related electromyography signals from dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscle groups.
Secondary Left Ventricular Endocardial Fibroelastosis Following Mitral Valve Replacement Cause of Cardiac Failure in the Late Postoperative Period

Secondary endocardial fibrosis of variable severity was observed in the left ventricle in 13 of 16 patients after mitral valve replacement. Similar lesions were not observed in any of 20 patients who died in the late postoperative period after isolated aortic valve replacement. The left ventricular endocardial thickening is believed to be the result of turbulent flow, produced in the left ventricle by the caged ball within it. Severe impairment of cardiac function appeared to result from the process in two of the 13 patients: each developed intractable and ultimately fatal cardiac failure several months after double valve replacement, and the extensive endocardial thickening was the only anatomical cause for failure in both patients. Thus, secondary left ventricular endocardial fibrosis appears to be another, although uncommon, cause of cardiac failure in the late postoperative period after replacement of the mitral valve with a cagedball prosthesis.
Development of laminar organization in the mushroom bodies of the cockroach: Kenyon cell proliferation, outgrowth, and maturation.

The mushroom bodies of the insect brain are lobed integration centers made up of tens of thousands of parallel-projecting axons of intrinsic (Kenyon) cells. Most of the axons in the medial and vertical lobes of adult cockroach mushroom bodies derive from class I Kenyon cells and are organized into regular, alternating pairs (doublets) of pale and dark laminae. Organization of Kenyon cell axons into the adult pattern of laminae occurs gradually over the course of nymphal development. Newly hatched nymphs possess tiny mushroom bodies with lobes containing a posterior lamina of ingrowing axons, followed by a single doublet, which is flanked anteriorly by a γ layer composed of class II Kenyon cells. Golgi impregnations show that throughout nymphal development, regardless of the number of doublets present, the most posterior lamina serves as the “ingrowth lamina” for axons of newborn Kenyon cells. Axons of the ingrowth lamina are taurine- and synaptotagmin-immunonegative. They produce fine growth cone tipped filaments and long perpendicularly oriented collaterals along their length. The maturation of these Kenyon cells and the formation of a new lamina are marked by the loss of filaments and collaterals, as well as the onset of taurine and synaptotagmin expression. Class I Kenyon cells thus show plasticity in both morphology and transmitter expression during development. In a hemimetabolous insect such as the cockroach, juvenile stages are morphologically and behaviorally similar to the adult. The mushroom bodies of these insects must be functional from hatching onward, while thousands of new neurons are added to the existing structure. The observed developmental plasticity may serve as a mechanism by which extensive postembryonic development of the mushroom bodies can occur without disrupting function. This contrasts with the more evolutionarily derived holometabolous insects, such as the honey bee and the fruit fly, in which nervous system development is accomplished in a behaviorally simple larval stage and a quiescent pupal stage. J. Comp. Neurol. 430:331–351, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Describing semantic data bases with logic

Abstract This paper describes the representation and structural formalism used in LOOD (logic-oriented object data base), a semantic data base that enhances the existing semantic data bases with formal representation and more procedural semantics. It provides a formal means to assert knowledge into a knowledge base, and therefore provides a solid basis on which automatic reasoning and verification are possible. A LOOD specification describes a data base in terms of entities, classes, relations, procedures, properties, transactions, integrity rules, and deductive laws. LOOD can be considered an extension of deductive data bases, since it allows more semantics be described for real-world objects; it can also be considered an extension of contemporary semantic data bases, since it couples logical representation, procedural semantics, and a powerful query language into the semantic framework.
Income Characteristics of Rural Older Women and Implications for Health Status

ABSTRACT This review examines the relationship between rural residence, income, and health status for older women in the U.S. Little published research has focused on the interaction between financial status and the specific health-related needs of these rural women. Both descriptive data from the 1990 U.S. Census and empirical data from the health care literature are analyzed. Gender, rural residence, and poverty are identified as risk factors for reduced access to health care services, lower rates of health care service utilization, and poorer health outcomes.
Simplified model of dismount microDoppler and RCS

Our goal is to be able to detect and classify dismounts, but we were lacking a quick way to estimate dismount parameters, especially with respect to angle of motion and depression angle of the radar. Micro-Doppler models have been developed which attempt to predict the human micro-Doppler response, and here we present a simplified model to quickly estimate dismount RCS and some micro-Doppler characteristics across a range of angles of motion. This model was extracted from measured radar data. We focus on modeling and measuring the characteristics of human walking parameters to determine response of dismounts to radar signals. We determine a simple closed form for RCS as a function of angle for walking dismounts as well as several rules of thumb, and we also determine a closed form for front-view micro-Doppler.
The propagation of transgranular stress-corrosion cracks in admiralty metal

An investigation has been made of the propagation of transgranular stress-corrosion cracks in monocrystals and polycrystals of Admiralty Metal tested in ammoniacal solutions. Studies were made of the topography and orientation of the fracture surfaces, the acoustic emission during crack propagation, and the stress dependence of the crack velocity. Cracking was found to occur on parallel but displaced {110 facets, and the steps between the fracture facets also were crystallographic in nature, consisting of alternating segments of two {111 planes. The overall direction of the steps was found to be perpendicular to the crack front, and examination of opposing fracture surfaces indicated that the surface features are matching and interlocking. While not generally resolvable with the SEM, crack-arrest markings could be detected on the fracture faces under certain conditions, and this, together with the occurrence of discrete acoustic-emission events, indicated that propagation is discontinuous. Based on these and other observations, it is suggested that propagation occurs by discontinuous cleavage on {110 planes and that the steps are produced by shear on {111 planes. Possible mechanisms of embrittlement are discussed.
TYROSINE 462 OF THE MEMBRANE-PROXIMAL F′-G′ LOOP OF MURINE Mpl IS NOT ESSENTIAL FOR HIGH-AFFINITY BINDING OF THROMBOPOIETIN

Abstract The ligand binding site of Mpl, the thrombopoietin (Tpo) receptor, has not been determined. Tyr 462 of murine Mpl corresponds to Tyr 421 of the common β chain of the human IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptors. Tyr 421 has been identified as essential for high-affinity ligand binding. To determine whether Tyr 462 is similarly required for Tpo binding, wild-type murine Mpl (Mpl-WT) or mutant receptors containing an alanine (Y462A) or lysine (Y462K) in place of Tyr 462 were expressed in BaF3 cells. In proliferation studies, the Y462A mutation had no effect on Tpo-induced growth. In contrast, the Y462K mutation led to an attenuated proliferative response to Tpo. In single-point binding studies, both Mpl-WT and Y462A cells were able to bind [ 125 I]Tpo in a specific manner. In contrast, there was a marked reduction in binding of [ 125 I]Tpo by Y462K cells. Mpl-WT cells bound Tpo with a K d of approximately 330 pM, while Y462A cells bound Tpo with a K d of approximately 268 pM. The binding affinity of Y462K cells was below that quantifiable by Scatchard analysis. This study suggests that unlike the corresponding Tyr 421 of the common human β chain, Tyr 462 of murine Mpl is not required for high-affinity ligand binding, although it may be located in proximity to the ligand binding site.
Extent of overweight among US children and adolescents from 1971 to 2000

CONTEXT: The prevalence of overweight (OW) among children in the United States has increased during the last three decades, but prevalence measures fail to reveal the extent to which OW children exceed the OW threshold. OBJECTIVE: To measure the amount by which OW children exceed the OW threshold. To examine the trend in this measure over the last three decades using data with measured weights and heights. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data used for analysis are from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for persons between 2 and 19 y of age from 1971 to 2000. Anthropometric measures were obtained by trained health technicians, and the sample sizes range from 4037 in 1999–2000 to 10 590 in 1988–1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The extent of OW is measured as the average amount by which each child's body mass index (BMI) exceeds their age and gender-specific OW threshold. This measure is examined by sex, age group and race/ethnicity. The OW threshold for those aged 2–19 y is defined as at or above the 95th percentile of the sex-specific BMI for age growth charts. RESULTS: The extent of child OW has been increasing faster than the prevalence of child OW for all classifications considered in this paper, including the analysis by age, sex, race and ethnicity. The prevalence of OW for children aged 2–19 y increased by 182% between 1971–1971 and 1999–2000, while the extent of OW increased by 247% over the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike prevalence measures, the measure of the extent of child OW is sensitive to changes in the BMI distribution of the overweight. This analysis reveals that not only have more children become OW in the last three decades, but OW children have been getting heavier.
A Bipolar Electrode and Current Pump for Volume Conductor Experiments

A simple bipolar-electrode current source and a constant-current driving circuit for it are described. Excellent electrical isolation and long-term stability are achieved. Integrated-circuit operational amplifiers are employed.
β2-Microglobulin: occurrence in fetal life and malignancy

Abstract The levels of β2-microglobulin in human fetal sera were found increased as compared with those in maternal and normal adult sera. Serum concentrations of β2-microglobulin in the course of intrauterine development parallel concentration changes of feto-specific proteins. Elevated serum levels of β2-microglobulin were also found in a number of pathological conditions, especially those of a neoplastic nature.
A small cryptic plasmid from Rhodococcus erythropolis: characterization and utility for gene expression.

Exploration of metabolically diverse rhodococci is generally hampered by the lack of genetic tools. A small cryptic plasmid (pAN12) isolated from Rhodococcus erythropolis strain AN12 was sequenced. Plasmid pAN12 encodes proteins that share homology to replication proteins and putative cell division proteins. Based on in vitro transposon mutagenesis, we determined that the Rep protein of pAN12 is essential for plasmid replication in Rhodococcus spp., and the putative cell division protein Div is important for plasmid stability. The pAN12 replicon is able to replicate in R. erythropolis strains AN12 and CW23 (ATCC 47072) and is compatible with the nocardiophage Q4 replicon present on a Rhodococcus shuttle plasmid pDA71. pAN12 appears to belong to the pIJ101/pJV1 family of rolling circle replication plasmids. Expression of an isoprenoid pathway gene (dxs) on the pAN12-derived multicopy shuttle vector increased production of carotenoid pigments in R. erythropolis ATCC 47072.
Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography

This book is a study of the various claims to authority made by the ancient Greek and Roman historians throughout their histories and is the first to examine all aspects of the historian's self-presentation. It shows how each historian claimed veracity by imitating, modifying, and manipulating the traditions established by his predecessors. Beginning with a discussion of the tension between individuality and imitation, it then categorises and analyses the recurring style used to establish the historian's authority: how he came to write history; the qualifications he brought to the task; the inquiries and efforts he made in his research; and his claims to possess a reliable character. By detailing how each historian used the tradition to claim and maintain his own authority, the book contributes to a better understanding of the complex nature of ancient historiography.
THE RESPONSES OF THE VENUS HEART TO CATECHOL AMINES AND HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE

Abstract The catechol amines excite the isolated heart of Venus mercenaria in a characteristic manner. This response was not obtained with phenethylamine, tyramine, ephedrine, or mescaline, nor with histamine, nor with the basic n-alkylamines. 5-Hydroxytryptamine had a distinctive effect at high concentrations (above 3×10-6 M) different from that at lower doses. The response to high concentrations was dominated by an increase in muscle tone. Hearts exposed to high concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and other tryptamine analogues for long periods became tachyphylactic to low doses of these substances. However, high doses of 5-hydroxytryptamine (about 2×10-5 M) still excited the tachyphylactic heart, but the response was then like that to the catechol amines. When high bath temperatures rendered the heart insensitive to 5-hydroxytryptamine, high concentrations of this compound again had the catechol amine effect. The possibility of a physiological role for the catechol amines or high 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations is discussed.
Multiresolutional Distributed Filtering and Prediction for Sensor Integration

The paper investigates an algorithm for dynamic multi- resolutional distributed prediction and filtering for target tracking. The algorithm incorporates a wavelet transform for integrating sensor signals at different resolution levels. Simulating the performance of an aircraft pilot; comparisons for real-time and semi-real-time performances are conducted for tracking situations in which a pilot makes decisions incremental or after waiting for a history of information respectively. By predicting from learned experiences and filtering current multi-resolutional data achieves optimal filtering control under dynamic uncertainty.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Target intersection probabilities for parallel-line and continuous-grid types of search

The expressions for calculating the probability of intersection of hidden targets of different sizes and shapes for parallel-line and continuous-grid types of search can be formulated by vsing the concept of conditional probability. When the prior probability of the orientation of a widden target is represented by a uniform distribution, the calculated posterior probabilities are identical with the results obtained by the classic methods of probability. For hidden targets of different sizes and shapes, the following generalizations about the probability of intersection can be made: (1) to a first approximation, the probability of intersection of a hidden target is proportional to the ratio of the greatest dimension of the target (viewed in plane projection) to the minimum line spacing of the search pattern; (2) the shape of the hidden target does not greatly affect the probability of the intersection when the largest dimension of the target is small relative to the minimum spacing of the search pattern, (3) the probability of intersecting a target twice for a particular type of search can be used as a lower bound if there is an element of uncertainty of detection for a particular type of tool; (4) the geometry of the search pattern becomes more critical when the largest dimension of the target equals or exceeds the minimum spacing of the search pattern; (5) for elongate targets, the probability of intersection is greater for parallel-line search than for an equivalent continuous square-grid search when the largest dimension of the target is less than the minimum spacing of the search pattern, whereas the opposite is true when the largest dimension exceeds the minimum spacing; (6) the probability of intersection for nonorthogonal continuous-grid search patterns is not greatly different from the probability of intersection for the equivalent orthogonal continuous-grid pattern when the orientation of the target is unknown. The probability of intersection for an elliptically shaped target can be approximated by treating the ellipse as intermediate between a circle and a line. A search conducted along a continuous rectangular grid can be represented as intermediate between a search along parallel lines and along a continuous square grid. On this basis, an upper and lower bound for the probability of intersection of an elliptically shaped target for a continuous rectangular grid can be calculated. Charts have been constructed that permit the values for these probabilities to be obtained graphically. The use of conditional probability allows the explorationist greater flexibility in considering alternate search strategies for locating hidden targets.
Polymorphism and melting in the alkali nitrates to 40kb with some comments on the alkaline earth carbonates

Abstract The phase diagrams of the alkali nitrates were determined by differential thermal analysis to 40 kb and 700°C. LiNO 3 shows no polymorphic transitions. The effect of pressure on the gradual transition in NaNO 3 can be expressed by the equation T = 275+6.076 p -0.038475 p 2 ( T in °C, p in kb). The melting curves of LiNO 3 and NaNO 3 are very similar. The latter flattens considerably at higher pressure and cannot be fitted to the Simon equation. This might indicate an approach to a maximum in the melting curve similar to the one found in KNO 3 . The RbNO 3 IV-III and CsNO 3 II-I transitions were followed to 40 kb. The results are in very good agreement with Bridgman's lower pressure data. The melting curves of CsNO 3 I, RbNO 3 III and KNO 3 VI rise steeply with pressure. Comparison is made between the alkali nitrates and the alkaline earth carbonates and a tentative phase diagram is proposed for CaCO 3 based on the analogous KNO 3 diagram and on available experimental data.
The Soul of Teaching: Educating Teachers of Character

Abstract The notion that schooling exists for the development of character as well as skills is not a new view of education. Still, in our schools of education today, little is done to prepare candidates to be teachers of character. This article initially addresses the lack of character education training in teacher education programs and makes a case for its inclusion. Several general ways for integrating teacher education and character education are explored. Finally, a description of a specific course that deliberately combines these two areas is presented.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ADULTS AS THERAPISTS DURING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES

The differential effects of caregivers and inpatient staff members as therapists on behavior were evaluated within a reversal design. Results indicated that problem behaviors were higher in the presence of caregivers relative to inpatient staff. These results are discussed in terms of how antecedent stimuli can affect functional analysis outcomes.