cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator interactions

BACKGROUND Some of the most exciting advances in pollination biology have resulted from interdisciplinary research combining ecological and evolutionary perspectives. For example, these two approaches have been essential for understanding the functional ecology of floral traits, the dynamics of pollen transport, competition for pollinator services, and patterns of specialization and generalization in plant-pollinator interactions. However, as research in these and other areas has progressed, many pollination biologists have become more specialized in their research interests, focusing their attention on either evolutionary or ecological questions. We believe that the continuing vigour of a synthetic and interdisciplinary field like pollination biology depends on renewed connections between ecological and evolutionary approaches. SCOPE In this Viewpoint paper we highlight the application of ecological and evolutionary approaches to two themes in pollination biology: (1) links between pollinator behaviour and plant mating systems, and (2) generalization and specialization in pollination systems. We also describe how mathematical models and synthetic analyses have broadened our understanding of pollination biology, especially in human-modified landscapes. We conclude with several suggestions that we hope will stimulate future research. This Viewpoint also serves as the introduction to this Special Issue on the Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Interactions. These papers provide inspiring examples of the synergy between evolutionary and ecological approaches, and offer glimpses of great accomplishments yet to come.
Bus Stuttering : An Encoding Technique to Reduce Inductive Noise in Off-Chip Data Transmission

Simultaneous switching noise due to inductance in VLSI packaging is a significant limitation to system performance. The inductive parasitics within IC packaging causes bounce on the power supply pins in addition to glitches and rise-time degradation on the signal pins. These factors bound the maximum performance of off-chip busses, which limits overall system performance. Until recently, the parasitic inductance problem was addressed by aggressive package design which attempts to decrease the total inductance in the package interconnect. In this work we present an encoding technique for off-chip data transmission to limit bounce on the supplies and reduce inductive signal coupling. This is accomplished by inserting intermediate (henceforth called "stutter") states in the data, transmission to bind the maximum number of signals that switch simultaneously, thereby limiting the overall inductive noise. Bus stuttering is cheaper than expensive package design since it increases the bus performance without changing the package. We demonstrate that bus stuttering can bound the maximum amount of inductive noise, which results in increased bus performance even after accounting for the encoding overhead. Our results show that the performance of an encoded bus can be increased up to 225% over using un-encoded data. In addition, synthesis results of the encoder in a TSMC 0.13mum process show that the encoder size and delay are negligible in a modern VLSI design
Perception of natural therapies following student-led education

Abstract Objective This pilot study sets out to discover the consumer's attitudes and perceptions about herbal therapy—both before and after viewing student pharmacists' posters that included information on various supplements and herbal therapies. Methods An eleven-question survey was distributed among 61 attendees. In addition to demographic information, questions were asked about opinions of safety and efficacy of natural supplements and herbal therapies. Additionally, respondents were asked about their intended future use of herbal therapies. Results Twenty-four percent of the survey respondents changed their perception regarding the safety of natural and herbal therapies, ( p = 0.23), while 45% changed their perception of efficacy ( p = 0.012). Overall, there was not an anticipated change in the use of natural and herbal therapies among the respondents. Prior use of or familiarity with natural or herbal products did not influence future anticipated use. Conclusion Student pharmacists' poster presentations significantly changed the perception regarding the efficacy of dietary supplements, but not the perception of safety.
Severe distortion of the uterus associated with a B-Lynch suture.

negative women (t test, P = 0.01). The median AFI for women on ART (n = 13) was 4.9 cm and for women not on ART (n = 7) was 5.8 cm (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P = 0.50). Low birth weight has been associated with HIV infection [3], and if related to placental insufficiency, oligohydramnios could be expected. Another explanation may be found in the ART regimen that usually contains tenofovir, known to be nephrotoxic [4], possibly reducing fetal urine output. This study could not provide supporting evidence for the role of tenofovir, because ART regimens were not recorded. The results, limited by small sample size, suggest that HIV-1 may be involved in oligohydramnios at advanced gestation. This needs to be confirmed or excluded in a larger focused study. Conflict of interest
Soil Seed banks in a Mature Coniferous Forest Landscape: Dominance of Native Perennials and Low Spatial Variability

Viable seeds stored in soil (soil seed banks) are important features of plant communities that contribute to site potential for restoration and recovery from disturbance (events that disrupt an ecosystem such as fire or logging). Seed banks typically contain few seeds of late-successional species. Rather, forest seed banks are normally dominated by early successional species, often short-lived (e.g., annual) and "ruderal" (weedy) species with abilities to rapidly colonize disturbed areas. When disturbance reduces the tree overstory, these species recruit, produce seed to replenish seed banks, and then often become sparse or absent aboveground as forest canopy increases. On the other hand, aboveground species of a late-successional forest often do not rely on soil seed banks. Instead, these species are usually long-lived, rendering persistent seed banks of minimal importance to their population dynamics. As a result, seed banks of late-successional forests are generally dominated by species other than those of the existing mature vegetation. Soil seed bank samples were collected on the east side of the Spring Mountains in southern Nevada (Figure 1, page 2). We used a network of Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory (TEUI) sites established by the U.S. Forest Service to characterize variability in environmental gradients and vegetation across the landscape. These sites were established in the centers of mapping units defined on the basis of similarity in climate, soil parent material and vegetation. With much of the study area roadless and in designated wilderness, human disturbance at the sites over the past 50-100 years is not extensive. Sample sites encompassed broad environmental and vegetation gradients across the landscape, ranging in elevation from 7,039 feet to 10,798 feet in forest types that included pinyon-juniper, pinyon pine, ponderosa pine, mixed conifer and bristlecone pine.
Elderly in America: A Descriptive Study of Elder Abuse Examining National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Data, 2000–2005

Elder abuse is the newest form of intrafamilial violence to garner the attention of the public, policy makers, health officials, researchers, and the criminal justice system. Despite evidence that elder abuse is a growing problem, there is little known about the phenomenon because of persistent limitations in the extant empirical work. The present study examined a large cross-national sample of reported incidents (n = 87,422) collected as part of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 2000-2005. Addressing limitations in prior works, this research employed a criminal justice oriented definition of elder abuse examining victim, offender, and incident characteristics using chi-square tests and logistic regression to establish baseline findings from a more comprehensive sample of data than previously existed. Results render a baseline profile of victims and abusers and suggest that gender differences prevail throughout elder abuse. This work both corroborates and contrasts past findings of elder abuse research, providing new insights and much needed baseline data.
Communicating with special populations: children and older adults.

This article highlights the importance of human-animal bond for children and older adults, addresses issues of pet loss and provides suggestions for meeting the communication needs of both populations. This article is divided into 2 sections. The first section focuses on the developmental benefits of the bond between children and animals and provides practical suggestions for developing child-friendly practices. The second section discusses how the developmental changes experienced by the elderly may influence encounters with veterinary professionals.
Spectral Analysis of Natural Seismic Events Using Autoregressive Techniques

This paper presents results illustrating the use of high-resolution spectral estimation methods in the analysis of natural seismic events produced by a small earthquake. The methods used are based on autoregressive (AR) data modelling, originally introduced by Burg as maximum-entropy spectral analysis. In addition, a recently proposed adaptive AR method is also examined. Comparisons with conventionally generated power spectra show that the higher resolution spectra computed using the AR technique provide additional useful information for these data. The adaptive AR results indicate that the signatures may be characterized by the early arrival of a high-frequency component near 0.009 Hz which decays to a value of 0.007 Hz at 25 s after onset.
Characterization of an Anechoic Wind Tunnel Facility

Acoustic characterization of an anechoic wind tunnel facility at the University of Florida is presented. A previously existing and ISO 3745 validated 100 Hz anechoic chamber is upgraded to incorporate an open-jet anechoic wind tunnel facility suitable for airframe noise studies. The design and preliminary characterization results at 17 m/s was initially presented in reference 1. This paper presents new acoustic characterization data with an empty test section for test section speeds up to UTS = 31.2 m/s. These new measurements show the overall SPL from 100 Hz–20 kHz ranges from 51 dB (re 20 μPa) at 13.4 m/s to 73 dB at 31.2 m/s.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Impressions of Psychotherapists' Offices: Do Therapists and Clients Agree?

Do therapists and potential clients similarly evaluate offices of practicing clinicians? Furnishings in a therapist’s office can create a welcoming environment, yet little research examines perceptions of such furnishings, leading to the focus of this research. In a previous study with 30 color photographs of psychotherapists’ offices, students favored clinical settings that were soft, personalized, and orderly (Nasar & Devlin, 2011). Using the same 30 photographs, the present studies had 32 licensed psychotherapists evaluate the quality of care, comfort in the setting, and therapist qualities they expected clients to experience in each office. The judgments that therapists thought clients would make had high correlations with the earlier judgments of students; each group’s composite evaluation improved significantly as the office became softer and more orderly. This brief report concludes by recommending the features likely to create a welcoming therapeutic office.
Neuroendocrine potential of the colon and rectum.

T he stomach and small bowel have been extensively studied as sources of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, whereas the colon has been considered infrequently in assessments of the gut functioning as an endocrine organ (1,~). The colon and rectum, however, contain peptides and amines that are both stored in numerous mucosal endocrine cells, which suggests a hormonal role, as well as in neurons and nerve terminals, which suggests a neurotransmitter function (3). Furthermore, the results of standard experimental techniques in GI endocrinology, such as intraluminal perfusion with nutrients, show the colon to be a source of endocrine effects (4-10). In this review, we describe mucosal endocrine cells of the colon and summarize the hormonal actions of their peptides, which explain the endocrine effects that may originate from the colon. We review colonic neuropeptides and summarize recent studies on the characterization and ontogeny of colonic peptides and endocrine cells, as well as their effect as local regulators of colonic absorption or secretion, and motility. Finally, we list and describe those conditions and diseases that affect neuroendocrine elements of the colorectum, such as malabsorption, inflammatory bowel disease, Hirschsprung’s disease, and carcinoid tumors.
Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families. Byrrhidae Latreille, 1804

Diversity in Peru: 1 subfamily, 1 genus, 1 species. Recognition: The adult beetles are immediately recognized by their very convex, tight and compact body, strongly deflexed head, transverse front coxae, and retractile antennae and legs. Tarsi are all pentamerous. Antennae are narrowly to moderately clavate. Flight wings are reduced or lacking. They are commonly called pill beetles, due to their compact appearance, and sometimes moss beetles because of their associations with bryophytes. Habitat: The known specimens of Peruvian byrrhid are from high elevations, probably in mosses among grasses and broken rock. Lowland species of South America remain unknown for Peru. Elsewhere, most species are bryophagous. Notes: We report here the first record of the family Byrrhidae from Peru, based on two specimens that were both collected at high elevations: Specimen 1: PERU: JU. Carhuamayo, La Victoria 10u51959.50/75u569200 4384 m, 15–16.iv.2012, I. Galindo y J. Grados [1 male, MUSM]. Specimen 2: PERU: Junin, 30.xi.78, R. Aloana/EEASC 72–78/Peru [1, USNM]. There are no described byrrhids from Peru or elsewhere in the central or northern Andes, or Amazonia. The most recent summary of six species representing five genera of South American byrrhids is Blackwelder (1944), who repeated the taxa listed by Dalla Torre (1911). Most reports of byrrhids in South America are from forests of southern Chile and the Falkland Islands. The exception is Reichardt (1974, 1975) who reported Chaetophora striata (Pic) and C. monnei (Reichardt) from southern Brazil and Uruguay. Based on above reports, it can be predicted that presently unreported taxa of Chaetophora can be expected in lowland areas of Peru, where they will probably be attracted to lights. As indicated above, montane species remain undescribed. Johnson (2002) gave a general overview of the biology of the family.
OkCupid Data for Introductory Statistics and Data Science Courses.

We present a data set consisting of user profile data for 59,946 San Francisco OkCupid users (a free online dating website) from June 2012. The data set includes typical user information, lifestyle...
Monolithic on-chip nonreciprocal photonics based on magneto-optical thin films

Monolithic integration of nonreciprocal optical devices on semiconductor substrates has been a long-sought goal of the photonics community. One promising route to achieve this goal is to deposit high quality magneto-optical (MO) oxide thin films directly on a semiconductor substrate. In this article, we will review our ongoing progress in material development and device engineering towards enabling a monolithically integrated, high-performance magneto-optical nonreciprocal photonics platform. In particular, we will discuss our recent work which has led to a new pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique of Ce or Bi substituted yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films with reduced thermal budget, simplified growth protocols and improved magneto-optical characteristics. These materials were incorporated in monolithic resonator and interferometer based isolator devices to demonstrate on-chip optical isolation with improved device figure of merit. Challenges and opportunities for monolithic magneto-optical devices will be discussed in the context of our latest material and device performance metrics.
Genetic characterization and population structure of Indian rice cultivars and wild genotypes using core set markers

Genetic diversity among 23 rice genotypes including wild species and cultivars of indica, japonica, aus and aromatic type was investigated using 165 genomewide core set microsatellite (SSR) markers. This genotypic characterization was undertaken to know the genetic similarity among the parental lines to be used in developing a set of chromosome segment substitution lines. In all, 253 alleles were identified using 77 polymorphic SSRs, and polymorphism information content ranged from 0.31 to 0.97 with a mean of 0.79. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into three clusters at a genetic similarity of 0.26-0.75. Wild accessions grouped together in cluster-I, indica cultivars formed cluster-II, and aromatic, japonica and aus types came under cluster-III. Principal component analysis also showed similar results. The genotypic data was analyzed using STRUCTURE, and genotypes were grouped into four populations. RM1018 on chromosome 4, RM8009 on chromosome 7, and RM273 on chromosome 12 amplified alleles specific to wild accessions. The information obtained from core set markers would help in selecting diverse parents including wild accessions and for tracking alleles in mapping or breeding populations.
Intensity of Site Preparation Influences on Pine Webworm and Tip Moth Infestations of Pine Seedlings in North-central Florida

Site preparation prior to planting slash pines significantly influenced subsequent attacks by the pine webworm, Tetralopha robustella Zeller, at the end of the slash pines' 2nd growing season (in one of 3 studies). Numbers of trees infested followed a site preparation intensity gradient with the most trees being attacked on the burn-harrow plots and the fewest trees being attacked on the burn-harrow-high bed plots. In all three studies, tip moth ( Rhyacionia spp.) infestation followed a site preparation intensity gradient with significantly more pines attacked on the most intensively prepared plots. This attack pattern occurred by the end of the pines' 2nd growing season.
Experiments Studying Thermal Cracking, Catalytic Cracking, and Pre-Mixed Partial Oxidation of JP-10

Practical air-breathing pulse detonation engines (PDE) will be based on storable liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as JP-10 or Jet A. However, without significant advances in initiation technology, such fuels are not optimal for PDE operation due to the high energy input required for direct initiation of a detonation and the long deflagration-todetonation transition times associated with low-energy initiators. In an effort to utilize such conventional liquid fuels and still maintain the performance of the lighter and more sensitive hydrocarbon fuels, various fuel modification schemes such as thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and partial oxidation have been investigated. We have examined the decomposition of JP-10 through thermal and catalytic cracking mechanisms at elevated temperatures using a benchtop reactor system. The system has the capability to vaporize liquid fuel at precise flow rates while maintaining the flow path at elevated temperatures and pressures for extended periods of time. The catalytic cracking tests were completed utilizing common industrial zeolite catalysts installed in the reactor. A gas chromatograph with a capillary column and flame ionization detector, connected to the reactor output, is used to speciate the reaction products. The conversion rate and product compositions were determined as functions of the fuel metering rate, reactor temperature, system backpressure, and zeolite type. An additional study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using pre-mixed rich combustion to partially oxidize JP-10. A mixture of partially oxidized products was initially obtained by rich combustion in JP-10 and air mixtures for equivalence ratios between 1 and 5. Following the first burn, air was added to the products, creating an equivalent stoichiometric mixture. A second burn was then carried out. Pressure histories and schlieren video images were recorded for both burns. The results were analyzed by comparing the peak and final pressures to idealized thermodynamic predictions.
Scalar and Velocity Field Measurements in Acoustically Excited Variable Density Transverse Jets

This experimental study explores both the natural and acoustically forced behavior of variable density transverse jets. A recent study by Getsinger et al. determined that transverse jets (of Reynolds number Rej = 1800) likely transition to global instability in response to su cient lowering of the jet-to-cross ow density ratio S (below 0.45-0.40) or momentum ux ratio J (below 10). This transition is characterized by weak shear layer oscillations easily overcome by external forcing for the convectively unstable (high S and J) case, and strong pure-tone oscillations resistant to external forcing for the globally unstable (low S and J) case. Here, simultaneous PLIF and PIV measurements of jet uid concentration and velocity elds are obtained in the jet neareld, as well as standalone PLIF measurements with a larger eld of view. Neareld PLIF/PIV measurements show agreement with hotwire measurements in terms of jet structural features and the character of the shear layer instabilities. The e ect of this apparent transition on jet mixing is also examined here, with implications for control of jet behavior in practical applications.
The increased rate of ethanol removal from blood of clofibrate-treated rats (Short Communication)

After ethanol injection similar metabolite changes were found in livers of clofibrate-treated and non-treated rats. The rate of ethanol removal from blood of clofibrate-treated rats was increased by 50%, but this was directly proportional to the increased liver size caused by clofibrate. No other difference needs to be postulated to explain the increased rate of ethanol removal from blood.
Maternal-Derived Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen Alters Macrophage Function in Offspring to Drive Viral Persistence after Vertical Transmission

Summary In contrast to horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) between adults, which often leads to self-limited acute infection, vertical transmission of HBV from mother to child often leads to chronic infection. However, the mechanisms linking vertical transmission with chronic infection are not known. We developed a mouse model to study the effect of maternal HBV infection on HBV persistence in offspring and found that HBV carried by the mother impaired CD8 + T cell responses to HBV in her offspring, resulting in HBV persistence. This impairment of CD8 + T cell responses was mediated by hepatic macrophages, which were predisposed by maternal HBV e antigen (HBeAg) to support HBV persistence by upregulation of inhibitory ligand PD-L1 and altered polarization upon restimulation with HBeAg. Depletion of hepatic macrophages led to CD8 + T cell activation and HBV clearance in the offspring, raising the possibility of targeting macrophages to treat chronic HBV patients.
Steady State Levels of Factor X mRNA in Liver and Hep G2 Cells

In order to examine the control of human factor X biosynthesis we have molecularly cloned the cDNA and investigated the expression of the Factor X gene. A recombinant clone of approximately 1100 base pairs in length containing the sequence of factor X was identified in a lambda gt11 human liver cDNA library by screening with polyclonal antibodies. One plaque was selected and confirmed for specificity with a mixture of five factor X specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). A partial nucleic acid sequence of the 5′ end of the cDNA corresponded to the described amino acid sequence between residues 41 and 56 of the light chain of factor X. Northern blot analysis of RNA from human liver and the hepatoma cell line, Hep G2, identified the factor X mRNA as a single molecular species of approximately 1700 bases. Cell lines which do not secrete factor X did not contain factor X mRNA indicating restriction of transcription to hepatocytes. Slot-blot hybridization analysis of factor X and actin mRNA demonstrated no change in the levels of total or specific factor X mRNA in Hep G2 cells following treatment with warfarin or vitamin K. We conclude that modulation of factor X production by these drugs, known to influence gamma-carboxylation and total factor X secretion by these cells, is mediated by changes in posttranscriptional events rather than by effects on the steady state levels of factor X mRNA.
Common oral lesions and oral manifestations of systemic illnesses and therapies.

The more common oral lesions that might be seen in a pediatric practice are discussed and classified. The lesions are classified under neonatal oral disease; under the areas involved by the lesions — teeth, gingiva, or other mucous membranes; under their clinical appearance; and under the categories of local or systemic. Methods of treatment of these lesions are described.
Recurrent Status Epilepticus

The risk of recurrent status epilepticus in 95 children followed prospectively for a mean of 29 months was determined at the Montefiore Medical Center and affiliated hospitals of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Survival of Klebsiella pneumoniae Heated in Buffer and in Tomato Juice

Klebsiella pneumoniae survived nonexponentially when heated in phosphate buffers at pH 7.0 and 4.3 and in tomato juice at pH 4.3. At 60 C, an initial inoculum of 109 cfu/ml decreased by 6 log units in 15 min, with a long tailing of the survivors to 75 min of heating. At 67 C, total destruction of K. pneumoniae was attained in both buffers at 25 min, and in tomato juice at 40 min. Factors influencing heat resistance of the bacterium are discussed.
Comparing Approaches for Combining Data Sampling and Feature Selection to Address Key Data Quality Issues in Tweet Sentiment Analysis.

When training tweet sentiment classifiers, many data quality challenges must be addressed. One potential issue is class imbalance, where most instances belong to a single majority class. This may negatively impact classifier performance as classifiers trained on imbalanced data may favor classification of new, unseen instances as belonging to the majority class. This issue is accompanied by a second challenge, high-dimesionality, since very large numbers of text based features are used to describe tweet datasets. For datasets where both of these challenges are present, we can combine feature selection and data sampling to address both highdimensionality and class imbalance. However, three potential approaches exist for combining data sampling and feature selection and it is unclear which approach is optimal. In this paper, we seek to determine if there is a best approach for combining data sampling and feature selection. We conduct tests using random undersampling with two post-sampling class ratios (50:50 and 35:65) combined with three feature rankers. Classifiers are trained with each potential combination approach using seven different learners on two datasets. We found that, overall, classifiers trained by performing feature selection followed by data sampling performed better than the other two approaches; however, the differences were only significant for the more imbalanced dataset.
TBCRC 018: Phase II study of iniparib plus chemotherapy to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) central nervous system (CNS) metastases (mets).

515 Background: Nearly half of women with advanced TNBC develop CNS mets. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of iniparib, a small molecule anti-cancer agent that penetrates the blood brain barrier (BBB), and the topoisomerase I inhibitor, irinotecan, in patients (pts) with TNBC CNS mets. Methods: Eligible pts had TNBC with new or progressive CNS mets with at least 1 measurable (> 5mm) lesion. Pts received irinotecan 125mg/m2 IV days (d) 1, 8 and iniparib (initial dose 5.6mg/kg, later changed to 8mg/kg) IV d 1, 4, 8, 11 every 21d. Tumor response rate (RR) was assessed by brain MRI and body CT every 9 weeks. The Kaplan Meier method estimated the primary endpoint of time to progression (TTP, intracranial [modified RECIST] or extracranial [RECIST 1.1]). Secondary endpoints were RR, PFS, OS, quality of life (QOL) and correlative endpoints. Results: Of 37 pts who began treatment, 34 were evaluable for efficacy. Mean age was 48 yrs (34 – 80 yrs). BRCA status was known for 16 patients of whom 5 had a mu...
Standardizing the Response to Category II Tracings during Induction with Oxytocin: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Background Oxytocin is one of the most frequently used medications in obstetrics. It is generally considered to be safe and effective for induction and augmentation of labor but has been implicated in uterine hyperstimulation and adverse fetal outcomes. The management of labor with oxytocin in response to changes in fetal status remains an area of debate. Objective This study sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of reducing or ceasing oxytocin administration in response to Category II fetal heart rate tracings. Study Design A decision-analytic model was built using TreeAge 2016 software (TreeAge Software Inc.) with probabilities, costs, and utilities derived from the literature. Primary outcomes included cerebral palsy (CP), neonatal mortality, and mode of delivery. Secondary outcomes included cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY; cost-effectiveness threshold set at $100,000/QALY), admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and low 5-minute Apgar score ( Results In a theoretical cohort of 900,000 women (estimated number of women undergoing induction at term in the United States), decreasing or stopping oxytocin in response to Category II tracings prevented 12,510 NICU admissions, 4,410 low Apgar scores, 204 neonatal deaths, and 126 cases of CP. However, there were 81,900 more cesarean deliveries. The strategy cost $356 million more, but was cost-effective with an ICER of $9,881.5 per QALY. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the intervention would be cost-effective up to a cesarean rate of 54%. Conclusion Decreasing or stopping oxytocin in response to Category II fetal heart rate tracings is cost-effective. This intervention increases the rate of cesarean deliveries but reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Further work on this guideline should be performed to ascertain how the approach using different aspects of the Category II tracing to guide care might lead to similar improved outcomes without increasing the cesarean delivery rate.
The formative years: 1920 to 1949

The direction of medical mycology was affected by the occurrence of a number of scientific events during the 1920s. The first medical mycology laboratory was established in 1926 at Columbia University. Serological and cell mediated studies were conducted with crude antigens of C. immitis and Cryptococcus neoformans; diagnostic laboratory tests began to be developed; Pseudallescheria boydii (as Allescheria boydii) was identified as an etiologic agent of disease (mycetoma); revision of reported cases and isolates were conducted as a means of classifying different isolates within a species or genus; better descriptions of histoplasmosis capsulati and its etiologic agent were published; and sporotrichosis was declared an occupational disease. Serologic and other diagnostic tests were among the major contributions singled out by 9% and 10.1%, respectively of the questionnaire respondents (Table 4, Appendix A). Development of skin tests and the work of Raimond Jacques Sabouraud were considered the most important contributions by 7% of the 86 individuals who answered the question regarding these issues (Table 3, Appendix A). For Jose Vazquez (questionnaire), “Sabouraud’s book, Les Teignes, on the dermatophytes is one of the first descriptions of fungal diseases and their etiologic agents”.
Multitasking in the University Classroom.

Although research evidence indicates that multitasking results in poorer learning and poorer performance, many students engage with text messaging, Facebook, internet searching, emailing, and instant messaging, while sitting in university classrooms. Research also suggests that multitasking may be related to risk behaviors. This study’s purpose was to describe the multitasking behaviors occurring in university classrooms and to determine relationships between multitasking and risk behaviors. Surveys assessing multitasking, grades, and risk behaviors were completed by 774 students. Results show that the majority of students engage in classroom multitasking, which is significantly related to lower GPA and an increase in risk behaviors.
Turkish Germans in the Federal Republic of Germany: Immigration, Space, and Belonging, 1961–1990

As the largest national group of guest workers in Germany, the Turks became a visible presence in local neighbourhoods and schools and had diverse social, cultural, and religious needs. Focussing on West Berlin, Sarah Thomsen Vierra explores the history of Turkish immigrants and their children from the early days of their participation in the post-war guest worker program to the formation of multi-generational communities. Both German and Turkish sources help to uncover how the first and second generations created spaces of belonging for themselves within and alongside West German society, while also highlighting the factors that influenced that process, from individual agency and community dynamics to larger institutional factors such as educational policy and city renovation projects. By examining the significance of daily interactions at the workplace, in the home, in the neighbourhood, and in places of worship, we see that spatial belonging was profoundly linked to local-level daily life and experiences.
Value of combined video EEG and polysomnography in clinical management of children with epilepsy and daytime or nocturnal spells

Abstract Purpose Sleep disorders are common in epilepsy. Additionally, events of staring, jerking, or nocturnal behaviors are common presentations in neurology or sleep practice. Moreover, sleepiness and nocturnal awakenings are common symptoms in children with epilepsy and differentiation form ongoing seizures and sleep disorders is needed. However, limited data exist for the best evaluation methods. This study evaluated the usefulness of combined video electroencephalography (EEG) and polysomnography (PSG) studies (vEEG/PSG). Methods Polysomnography custom database was searched for combined vEEG/PSG studies, performed from July 2010 to April 2014, which identified 240 studies. From chart review, data were collected for presenting symptoms, sleep disorder and epilepsy/neurology diagnoses, and EEG and PSG results. Results Most common indications for performing combined vEEG/PSG were correlating sleep events with seizure occurrence, evaluating sleepiness, nocturnal awakenings and nocturnal events. Sleep physician evaluation and/or PSG were abnormal in 94% of the studies. The EEG was abnormal in 53% and events or seizures were recorded in 40% of the studies. Hence, vEEG/PSG addressed the diagnostic questions. Additionally, as compared to children with epilepsy, a significantly larger number of children with spells/parasomnia had a normal sleep evaluation including a normal PSG (9 Vs 37%, p = 0.00003). Conclusions This study demonstrates that combined video EEG and polysomnography is useful in addressing the common management questions in children with epilepsy and suspicious nocturnal events. Additionally, sleep disorders are more common in children with epilepsy than parasomnia. Hence sleep evaluation is important in children with epilepsy. Further prospective studies are needed.
A Phenomenology of Being Seen

Being seen is an essential phenomenon of performance. This chapter explores this preliminary intuition. First section, “Phenomenology as a Method”, explains phenomenology as a method for studying being seen in performance. Second section, “Being Seen in Performance”, examines being seen through a variety of performances, while focusing on somatic practices. Third section, “On Being Seen: Performance Maps for Somatic Experiencing” makes a shift towards somatic explorations. It continues phenomenological reflections on being seen and provides simple templates for practice. At the end, consideration is given to a key question: what are the values of being seen in performance? This essay holds that being seen is an experience consciously (or sometimes tacitly) initiated in performance, and that there is intention and agency in being seen. It is worth noting, however, that Husserlian phenomenology usually delineates the intentionality of the subject, the one who sees. In this chapter, we focus more on the affective life of the one who is seen, not the seer.
Biobased Reprocessable Polyhydroxyurethane Networks: Full Recovery of Crosslink Density with Three Concurrent Dynamic Chemistries

Despite significant past efforts to exploit green, renewable precursors in polymeric materials and to improve the recyclability and reprocessability of nonisocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) networks, n...
Analysis of Variance Models

SAS procedures ANOVA and GLM are used to illustrate traditional analysis of various one-way and two-way classifications including randomized block designs, covariance models, and unbalanced data structures. Discussion includes how inference from such models such as a priori comparisons, estimating and hypothesis tests on contrasts, multiple pairwise comparisons, orthogonal polynomials, analysis of interaction, and residual analysis is accomplished with those procedures. Usage of graphics to aid such inference is encouraged using those produced from the above procedures as well as some SG procedures. A detailed example illustrates the methodology involved in the analysis of an unbalanced two-way factorial using the GLM procedure.
Work In Progress: Development of an Online Puzzle Game to Teach Electric Circuits

This innovative practice, work-in-progress paper reports on a student-led project to develop an educational game to build conceptual understanding in electric circuits. Circuits is a common engineering course, foundational to electrical engineering, but taken by many students in other disciplines due to the content being part of the Fundamentals of Engineering examination. Given the fact that most electrical phenomena are not experienced directly or causally in everyday life and that the phenomena arise from interactions between charges, the concepts that underlie circuit behavior are emergent rather than direct. Misperceptions of emergent concepts are robust due to students day-to-day experiences with more direct concepts. To develop correct conceptual understandings it has been hypothesized that it is necessary to let students explore misconceptions in a causal, i.e. cause and effect, way. To enable students to explore phenomena of electric circuits in a causal way this work-in-progress paper outlines development of a puzzle-format game platform which enables a wide variety of conceptual problems to be posed and player solutions recorded. Briefly the game builds in visual elements on the Unity development platform to represent both potential and current. Game developers pose puzzles, similar to problems on existing circuits concept inventories, that players solve by wiring a level-defined set of electronic components. A novel feature of the game platform is the use of a SPICE® engine to allow in-game computation of many circuit configurations. The work-in-progress paper discusses development of the game platform, design for conceptual understanding, and initial trials using the game to teach circuit concepts.
Chapter 4 – Tripeptides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of tripeptides. The chemistry and biological activity of pyro-Glu-His-Pro amide, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), has generated considerable interest in obtaining related tripeptides. TRH is believed to set off the secretion of thyrotropin, and the potential medical importance of this observation has encouraged a substantial effort directed at synthesis of the actual hormone and related tripeptides. The most recent TRH syntheses were developed through careful investigations of Konig and Geiger. These syntheses offer four new approaches based on protecting amides with the 4,4'-dimethoxybenzhydryl group. All involve about five steps with reasonable overall yields.
Unintentional injury fatalities in the context of rising U.S. suicide rates: A five-year review of the web-based injury statistics query and reporting system

This archival study focuses specifically on suicide fatalities in relation to unintentional and undetermined injury fatalities in an effort to determine whether or not these rates are rising consistently. This question may serve to inform whether or not suicides are being accurately reported and documented. Data from all 50 states from the years 2012-2016 were obtained from the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 213,726 suicide fatalities, 702,176 unintentional injury fatalities, and 24,533 undetermined injury fatalities comprised the dataset. Injury fatality rates depicted annual increases in both suicide and unintentional injury fatalities but variability in undetermined injury fatalities. Bivariate analyses discovered a statistically significant association between annual suicide fatality rates and unintentional (nonsuicidal) injury fatality rates. It would be suspected, ceteris paribus, that calculated rate changes over these years would follow suit. However, this was not observed. Given the trends and increasing stigma surrounding suicide, it is worth considering the degree to which suicides may be underreported or -documented and the epidemiological and translational ramifications of these trends as they pertain to future suicide research.
Membrane module design, constructions, and testing for vacuum sweep dehumidification (VSD): Part II, prototype performance vs variations in feed conditions

Abstract The lack of membrane humidity control systems for air conditioning (AC) systems is due, in part, to the lack of optimized/tested application specific membrane modules. Part I developed an AC membrane module that differed from typical membrane modules. Part II measures the developed module's performance using three different humid feeds representing three applications: 5 g/kg-DA producing dry air (
Comparison of Driving Times to Opioid Treatment Programs and Pharmacies in the US

Importance Methadone maintenance is an effective treatment of opioid use disorder, but federal regulations in the US restrict methadone dispensing to opioid treatment programs (OTPs). In Australia, Canada, and the UK, patients can obtain methadone maintenance from community pharmacies. Objective To compare driving access to methadone maintenance treatment between OTP and pharmacy dispensing models. Design, Setting, and Participants This descriptive cross-sectional study assessed driving times from census tract mean centers of population to OTPs and pharmacies. Census tracts from the 50 US states and the District of Columbia (based on the 2010 US Census) were included if their population was greater than 0, if their mean center of population (MCP) was within 3 miles of the road network, and if the 1-way driving times from the census tract MCP to both an OTP and a pharmacy were 12 hours or less. Data analyses were performed from November 15, 2019, to April 18, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the population-weighted mean driving time from census tract MCPs to OTPs and pharmacies in the US. Census tract MCPs are population-weighted geographic centroids of residents living in each census tract. Driving times were estimated using historical average driving speeds. Results All 1682 unique locations of OTPs were included, and 69 475 unique pharmacy locations were included after geocoding. A total of 72 443 census tracts were included in the analysis. The mean population-weighted driving time from census tract MCPs was 20.4 minutes (95% CI, 20.3-20.6 minutes) to OTPs and 4.5 minutes (95% CI, 4.4-4.5 minutes) to pharmacies (P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, population-weighted mean driving times from US census tract MCPs were longer to OTPs than to pharmacies.
What influences the "when" of eating and sleeping?A qualitative interview study.

Abstract Timing of eating relative to sleep and endogenous circadian rhythm impacts weight and cardiometabolic health. We used qualitative methods to explore what influences the “when” of eating and sleeping. We conducted 37 one-on-one semi-structured interviews among participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 recruited from three internal medicine clinics affiliated with an urban academic hospital. Participants (70.3% Female; 51.4% White; Age range: 21–83 years old) completed measures of social jetlag, physical activity, eating habits, and mobile application use and participated in interviews following a guide developed by the study team. Responses were recorded, transcribed and coded sequentially by two trained researchers using editing-style analysis to identify themes. We identified two main themes, each with subthemes: 1) influences on the “when” of eating and sleeping, with subthemes including social jetlag and being overscheduled, and 2) contextualizing beliefs and perceptions about the “when” of eating and sleeping, with subthemes including perceived recommendations for timing of eating and sleeping, and alignment of behaviors with perceived recommendations. Many participants noted being more flexible in their eating and sleeping times on work-free vs work days. The themes this study identified should be considered when designing interventions that influence the timing of eating and sleeping for weight management.
The 'High Skies': Establishing Venue for Prosecutions of Crimes Aboard Aircraft

A fundamental concept in criminal procedure is that the trial must take place where the crime was committed. Without proper venue, a defendant cannot be found guilty of the charged crime. But where is venue when the crime is committed on an airplane traveling through the sky at 500 miles per hour? This article analyzes United States v. Lozoya, a 2019 decision from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals that broke from the conventional wisdom of the Tenth and Eleventh Circuits in holding that the proper venue is the federal judicial district over which the plane was flying at the time of the crime. No legal scholarship has ever considered criminal venue in this particular context. This article analyzes the two main federal venue statutes, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3237 and 3238, and argues that neither the Ninth Circuit approach nor the Tenth or Eleventh Circuit approaches view the law correctly. The most logical outcome — prosecution in the district in which the plane ultimately lands — is undisputed. But the plain meaning of the venue statutes supports the assumption that airplanes in the “high skies” are a lot like ships on the high seas. When the Ninth Circuit reconsiders this issue en banc in 2020, it can solve the problem by holding, for purposes of criminal venue, that American airspace is considered “outside of any district” and thus the prosecution can bring charges where the defendant is arrested (i.e. the landing district).