cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenovirus and Herpesvirus Diversity in Free-Ranging Great Apes in the Sangha Region of the Republic of Congo

Infectious diseases have caused die-offs in both free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees. Understanding pathogen diversity and disease ecology is therefore critical for conserving these endangered animals. To determine viral diversity in free-ranging, non-habituated gorillas and chimpanzees in the Republic of Congo, genetic testing was performed on great-ape fecal samples collected near Odzala-Kokoua National Park. Samples were analyzed to determine ape species, identify individuals in the population, and to test for the presence of herpesviruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, bocaviruses, flaviviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We identified 19 DNA viruses representing two viral families, Herpesviridae and Adenoviridae, of which three herpesviruses had not been previously described. Co-detections of multiple herpesviruses and/or adenoviruses were present in both gorillas and chimpanzees. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and lymphocryptovirus (LCV) were found primarily in the context of co-association with each other and adenoviruses. Using viral discovery curves for herpesviruses and adenoviruses, the total viral richness in the sample population of gorillas and chimpanzees was estimated to be a minimum of 23 viruses, corresponding to a detection rate of 83%. These findings represent the first description of DNA viral diversity in feces from free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees in or near the Odzala-Kokoua National Park and form a basis for understanding the types of viruses circulating among great apes in this region.
Performance of NRZ and duobinary modulation formats in Rayleigh and ASE-dominated dense optical links

The performance of spectrally compressed optical modulation formats in the presence of Rayleigh and ASE-dominated noise are investigated and quantified. The results show that wider modulation formats outperform narrower bandwidth formats unless format-tailored filtering is used.
An experimental study of air-assist atomizer spray flames

It is noted that air-assisted atomizer spray flames encountered in furnaces, boilers, and gas turbine combustors possess a more complex structure than homogeneous turbulent diffusion flames, due to the swirling motion introduced into the fuel and air flows for the control of flame stability, length, combustion intensity, and efficiency. Detailed comparisons are presented between burning and nonburning condition measurements of these flames obtained by nonintrusive light scattering phase/Doppler detection. Spray structure is found to be drastically changed within the flame reaction zone, with changes in the magnitude and shape of drop number density, liquid flux, mean drop size diameter, and drop mean axial velocity radial distributions.
The Effects of Aging on Area 46 of the Frontal Cortex of the Rhesus Monkey

An examination of cortex of area 46 in the floor of the principal sulcus in the frontal lobe of the rhesus monkey has been carried out using three young (4-6 years of age), one middle-aged (12 years of age), and five old (25-32 years of age) rhesus monkeys. Light microscopic examination revealed no age-related change in the thickness of the cortex, and no changes in the frequency of profiles of neurons displaying nuclei and contained in 250-micron-wide strips of 1-micron-thick sections. Since the diameters of the nuclei of the neurons were found to be the same in the young and old monkeys, it was concluded that there was no change in the numbers of neurons beneath similar areas of cortical surface of area 46 with age. This conclusion was reinforced by an electron microscopic examination, since there was no suggestion of degeneration of the cell bodies of the neurons, which accumulated but little lipofuscin in the old monkeys. However, there were signs of degeneration in some of the dendrites in the upper layers of the cortex in the old monkeys, especially in layer 1, in which many of the dendrites had lost organelles from their cytoplasm. The other notable change was a degeneration of myelinated axons in the deep layers and white matter in some of the old monkeys. In contrast to the neurons, the effects of aging on the neuroglial cells and pericytes were very obvious, since in the old monkeys each type of neuroglial cell accumulated large inclusions within its cytoplasm. Prior to fixation, these monkeys had been behaviorally tested using a series of spatial and visual recognition tasks, which revealed that relative to the young monkeys, the old monkeys as a group displayed memory impairment. On one task, the extent of the impairment for each old monkey correlated well with the extent of degeneration of myelinated fibers in the cortex and white matter. Consequently, it is suggested that age-related cognitive changes are unlikely to be a result of a loss of neurons, but might be due to an alteration in connections between the cortex and other brain structures.
Early Versus Late Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistulas: Vaginal and Abdominal Approaches

AbstractWe reviewed retrospectively 24 consecutive women who presented with a vesicovaginal fistula repaired by a single surgeon between 1989 and 1993. All patients underwent preoperative investigation, including cystoscopy, excretory urography and bilateral retrograde pyelography. Followup ranged from 6 months to 5 years. Postoperatively, 96 percent of the women were cured. Two patients had persistent symptomatic detrusor instability and 1 had mild stress incontinence. In 1 woman a vaginal repair failed and she was subsequently cured after an abdominal repair. Five patients presented 6 to 12 months after fistula formation. Among the other 17 patients the average interval from pelvic surgery to vesicovaginal fistula repair was 10.8 weeks. Indications for abdominal repair were indurated vaginal epithelium approximately 2 cm. in circumference around the fistula, a vault fistula with poor vaginal exposure and fistulas involving the ureters. Surgical timing and route of repair are best tailored to the individ...
Testing for a unit root in time series using instrumental variable estimators with pretest data based model selection

Abstract Pantula and Hall (1991) proposed instrumental variable based tests for a unit root in an ARMA(p+1, q) time series under the assumption that (p,q) are known. In this paper we derive conditions under which the Pantula-Hall tests still converge to the Dickey-Fuller distributions when (p, q) are chosen from the data. We propose a simple residual based statistic which can be used to estimate (p, q) and derive conditions under which the asymptotic distribution of the ensuing unit root tests are unaffected by this method of choosing (p, q). We also compare the local power properties of a number of unit root tests.
Study of Low-Aspect Ratio Swept and Oblique Wings

Experimental forces and moments for two wing-body combinations having a) a swept wing and b) an oblique wing are compared. At all Mach numbers, the oblique wing (at its optimum sweep angle) had higher maximum lift-to-drag ratios than the fixed, swept wing. At high angles of attack, the direction of the pitching or rolling tendencies of the oblique wing was a function of the spanwise distribution of wing bend or washout for the two bends being investigated. At low angles of attack, linear theory gave satisfactory predictions of the subsonic liftcurve slope, the aerodynamic-center travel with Mach number, and the maximum lift-to-drag ratio.
Photochromic Dye-Doped Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles: Photomodulated Emission and Nanoenvironmental Characterization

We present studies of fluorescence photomodulation and solvatochromism in nanoparticles of the conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) doped with a photochromic spirooxazine dye. The fluorescence properties of doped nanoparticles with dyes in the spirooxazine form are identical to those in undoped control nanoparticles. UV irradiation converts some of the dyes to their visible-absorbing merocyanine form, which is an efficient quencher of MEH-PPV fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity of the nanoparticles drops to less than 10% of its initial value and recovers when the merocyanines undergo thermal reversion to spirooxazines. The fluorescence modulation can be cycled many times without fatigue or photodegradation, and the degree of quenching is linear with merocyanine concentration. The photochromic conversion can also be used as a probe of the environment within the nanoparticles as both the kinetics of the thermal merocyanine-to-spirooxazine conversion and...
Who Enrolls in Teen Parent Education Programs? An Emphasis on Personal and Familial Characteristics and Services Received

This study describes personal and familial characteristics of 58 teenage mothers enrolled in Mama Club, a free community-based teen parent education program. It also identifies types of services and support participants received and program elements perceived to be important for attending Mama Club. Most participants were raised single-parent households (55.0 %), reported having mothers who were teenage parents (64.8 %), were impoverished (86.0 %), not enrolled in school (54.5 %), and unemployed (81.8 %). Participants primarily received assistance from Medicaid (86.5 %), Food Stamps (67.3 %), and family members (40.0 %); only 5.5 % received money from their child’s father. Teen parent education programs should educate parenting teenagers about available assistance programs and involve diverse community partners to establish a seamless referral system.
Parents’ refusal of medical treatment based on religious and/or cultural beliefs: The law, ethical principles, and clinical implications

When parents apply religious or cultural beliefs concerning spiritual healing, faith healing, or preference for prayer over traditional health care for children, concerns develop. Medical care is considered one of the most basic of all human needs, and yet parents may elect to apply religious or cultural beliefs in place of traditional Western medical care for their children. Because memberships in religious groups that have beliefs concerning prayer and health care for children are increasing, the topic is of great importance for pediatric health professionals. This article describes parental refusal of medical care, and it discusses the legal, ethical, and clinical implications.
Suppression of Colorado potato beetle infestation by pheromone-mediated augmentation of the predatory spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Summary 1 Hardware and protocols were tested to enable individual growers and insectary operators to mass-produce predatory spined soldier bugs (SSBs), Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae), for augmentative biological control. Using pheromone-based technology, an average of 1775 female SSBs (potentially as many as 1.6 million offspring) were captured each year during 2–3 weeks in early spring. 2 Data for the first 2 years of a 3-year project to use SSB for biological suppression of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), verified earlier research showing that augmentation of SSB (∼5 nymphs/plant) can significantly suppress CPB infestations. In the third year, wild SSBs were transferred directly from pheromone traps to mid-plot nursery cages having a mesh size chosen to retain the adult predators but allow their offspring to escape. Pheromone dispensers were placed peripherally to promote dispersal of young predators and immigration of new wild spined soldier bug adults. Pheromone-mediated augmentation using porous nursery cages and pheromone dispensers was less labour-intensive than earlier methods, and resulted in significantly improved potato yield. 3 Trapping SSB adults early in the spring protects them from parasitization by tachinid flies and scelionid wasps that use the pheromone to facilitate host-finding. The compatibility of pheromone-mediated predator augmentation/conservation with implementation of transgenic plants, imidacloprid insecticide, and other biocontrol methods is discussed.
Five Academic Development Programs in the Eastern Cape Province: Reactions of an American Academic in South Africa.

In February 1996, I came to Border Technikon on a one-year appointment as a visiting professor under the Educators for Africa Program of the International Foundation for Education and Self-Help. My major responsibility in South Africa has been to establish a center for Academic Development (AD) at Border Technikon. My background in the United States includes first evaluating and later directing a program for Instructional Development at Utah State University and for five years directing a four-state consortium promoting instructional development in the western United States.
Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents: a one-year naturalistic follow-up study.

ABSTRACT Objective To report on a 1-year naturalistic follow-up study of 14 depressed adolescents who were treated for 3 months with interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for depressed adolescents (IPT-A). Method The 14 depressed adolescents were contacted approximately 1 year after completion of 3 months of IPT-A to participate in an evaluation of depressive symptomatology, social functioning, and life events. Both self-report and clinician-rated measures were administered. Results Ten adolescents participated in the follow-up evaluation. Only one of them met criteria for an affective disorder. The majority of subjects reported few depressive symptoms and had maintained their improvements in social functioning since completion of treatment for depression. The life events survey suggested that the subjects had experienced a significant number of negative life events during their lifetime. There were no reported hospitalizations, pregnancies, or suicide attempts since completion of treatment, and all were attending school regularly. Conclusions Despite the limitations of a naturalistic follow-up and the small sample size, the results suggest that the adolescents maintained their state of recovery from depression until 1 year after completing treatment with IPT-A.
On the design of a decentralized observation scheme for large-scale systems

The problem of designing a decentralized observation scheme with a specified convergence rate for a large-scale system that may be described as an interconnection of several subsystems is considered. A new mathematical result for the factorization of the interconnection matrix in a certain form is given and its application to the observer design problem is discussed. The present results demonstrate how a knowledge of the existing interconnection pattern can be exploited for improving the efficiency in such designs.
Modulation of fibroblast growth factor 19 expression by bile acids, meal replacement and energy drinks, milk, and coffee.

Background The enterohepatic pathway involving the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and bile acids (BA) has been linked with the etiology and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Specifically, diabetic patients had lower FGF19 circulating levels but postoperative FGF19 and BA levels were higher in diabetic patients that experience remission of T2D, as compared to non-diabetic patients and diabetic patients that do not experience remission. It has been proposed that this may be due to the direct flow of digestate-free bile acids into the ileum benefiting mostly T2D patients without severe diabetes. Methods/Results We used a human colorectal cell line (LS174T) that endogenously expresses FGF19, real time PCR, and Elisas for precise quantitation of FGF19 mRNA and secreted protein levels. We report here that BA and fractions of BA stimulated FGF19 in vitro but this effect was partially blocked when BA were pre-incubated with a lipoprotein mix which emulates digested food. In addition, we show that FGF19 mRNA was stimulated by meal replacement drinks (Ensure, Glucerna, SlimFast), non-fat milk, and coffee which has been linked with reduced risk for developing diabetes. Pure caffeine and the 5-hour Energy drink, on the other hand, decreased FGF19 mRNA. Conclusions In summary, FGF19 expression in vitro is modifiable by popular drinks suggesting that such approaches could potentially be used for modulating FGF19 expression in humans.
Testing multichip modules

Too complex to be tested as a chip and too packaged to be probed like a board, the multichip module presents a new set of challenges to the test engineer. The author describes how, until dedicated testers are developed, applying board-type tests using an IC tester will prove to be the most effective test methodology. >
Rulemaking by improvisation: Guidelines and goals in the model cities program

Bureaucratic guidelines are statements by public administrators explaining--more or less clearly; in greater or lesser detail--how recipients of public funds or targets of public law will be expected to behave. By "the guideline process" we mean the activities by which guidelines are devised (formulated and written); promulgated (issued, interpreted, and modified); and enforced. Two elements carry special importance in distinguishing bureaucratic guidelines from other techniques of government: first, guidelines are devised, promulgated, and enforced by public administrators (that is, not by elected officials, but by appointed ones deriving authority from bureaucratic roles). Second, guidelines are public rules--vehicles of control---not mere advice. Close inspection of the guideline process might provide useful empirical data for a range of topics of interest to political scientists and students of public administration. These topics include: the workings and proper scope of administrative responsibility in a democracy; the uses and effectiveness of techniques of congressional oversight of administration; the relationship between regulatory agencies (and federal departments exercising regulatory roles) to regulated interests; the consequences for program implementation of delegation of authority to administrative officials. Moreover-to introduce the subject of this paper--examination of the guideline process might shed light on lengthy and polemical debates over whether and how the expansion of the domestic agenda of the federal government in the last decade has produced a corresponding expansion of influence of federal bureaucrats in the management of local (especially urban) affairs. In these and other appropriate areas, however, we lack careful studies of how the guideline process actually works? This scholarly
DFT Calculations of Proton Hyperfine Coupling Constants for [VO(H2O)5]2+: Comparison with Proton ENDOR Data

Density functional theory (DFT) methods, as implemented in the Amsterdam Density Functional Theory (ADF) program, were used to calculate the proton hyperfine coupling constants for [VO(H2O)5]2+. Qualitative agreement between the calculated and experimental proton hyperfine coupling constants for the axial water molecule in [VO(H2O)5]2+ was observed. For the equatorial water molecules, the proton hyperfine coupling constants depend on the orientation of the water molecule relative to the equatorial plane. DFT calculations revealed that the isotropic component of the proton hyperfine coupling constant for an equatorial water molecule has a trigonometric dependence on β, where β is the OVOH dihedral angle. The relative sizes of the isotropic hyperfine coupling constants for two protons on one water molecule can be used to determine the orientation of the water molecule with respect to the equatorial plane. The computational results were compared with experimental single-crystal and powder ENDOR data from the...
South Asians in Toronto: geographies of transnationalism, diaspora, and the settling of differences in the city

This article examines the formation of South Asian identities through transnational urban networks. Using narratives of South Asians in Toronto from diverse contexts of migration and settlement, I investigate the ways in which the city brings together geographies of South Asian transnationalism and diaspora in the production of identities. In the first section, I examine how connections across urban centers in Toronto, South Asia, and the South Asian diaspora re-spatialize identities. The second section focuses on the relation between discourses of urban multiculturalism and South Asian diasporic identities in Toronto. I find that South Asian identities are formed through connections across urban sites and in everyday encounters in the city. These identities cannot be contained within national conceptions of diaspora and are owed to the particular experiences of migration and settlement in the city and in the transnational spaces that shape diasporic imaginaries.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Emetine in Corn

Abstract A High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative analysis of emetine in corn is described. Corn kernels are removed from the ears, blended, and extracted with methanol. The extract is filtered through a 0.45 um Acrodisc filter and analyzed by HPLC using a LC-18-DB column. For detection, a fluorescence detector set at excitation of 285 and emission at 316 nm is used. The recoveries of samples fortified between 0.1 ppm to 20 ppm with emetine ranged from 95.5% to 103.3%.
Biogenic Silica Fluxes and Accumulation Rates in the Gulf of California

The Gulf of California, though small in size, plays an important role in the global silica cycle. The seasonal pattern of biogenic silica flux in the gulf is closely related to that of phytoplankton biomass levels and is controlled by changes in weather and hydrographic conditions. The highest opal fluxes ([approximately] 0.35 g[center dot]m[sup [minus]2][center dot]d[sup [minus]1]) occur during winter and spring, and they are comparable to those measured in some of the most productive ecosystems of the world. Approximately 15%-25% of the biogenic silica produced in surface waters is preserved in gulf sediments, a figure significantly higher than the average global ocean preservation rate. However, the flux of opal at 500 m water depth is less than 25% of that being produced at the surface, suggesting that most of the recycling of biogenic silica in the Gulf of California occurs in the upper water column. 28 refs., 3 figs.
Overview of the CDF Run II data handling system

Abstract The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) collaboration records and analyses proton–anti-proton interactions with a center-of-mass energy of 2 TeV at the Tevatron. During the next collider run the experiment expects to record about 1 PetaByte of data, an increase by more than an order of magnitude in data volume compared to the existing data of the experiment. This paper gives an overview of the new data handling system. The design builds upon successful strategies used in the past but eliminates shortcomings encountered with the old system. The core of the central analysis system will be a pool of over 20 TBytes of data disks. Logically behind this disk pool will be an automated tape library with a storage capacity to hold the full 1 PByte of Run II data. Multi-processor compute systems will be located around this storage pool to provide the required analysis power of over 3000 SPECint95. Desktop systems will be integrated into the analysis system via a shared login area and user authentication. The data handling software falls into four categories: software to manage computing resources, software for the data disks and for the mass storage subsystem, software to organize and manage the meta-data information, and the I/O modules in the analysis framework for accessing data.
A positive contrast effect in probability learning with monetary incentives

A total of 60 Ss participated in a binary decision probability learning experiment designed to investigate the effects of information concerning the potential availability of “another” magnitude of reward on contrast phenomenon. The procedure was analogous to the within-S design often used to study “contrast effects” except that instead of having actual experience with two different levels of incentive, Ss were merely informed of the availability of the “other” incentive level. Such information was sufficient to provide behavioral contrast. However, white the within-S design consistently provides negative contrast effects, the present procedure resulted in highly significant positive contrast effects.
A fragment of a fifteenth‐century planisphere in the James Ford Bell collection

(1965). A fragment of a fifteenth‐century planisphere in the James Ford Bell collection. Imago Mundi: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 106-107.
Safety Efficacy of Gadodiamide Injection Administered Intravenously to Children for Contrast-Enhanced MR of the Central Nervous System

Rationale and Objectives. The lower osmolality of gadodiamide injection than gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) contributes to gadodiamide having a higher median lethal dose in mice and rats. However, proof of safety and efficacy of gadodiamide has been derived largely from adult studies. To assess the performance of gadodiamide in pediatric central nervous system imaging, a study of 187 pediatric patients was performed. Methods. Part 1 of the study compared gadodiamide and Gd-DTPA in 174 children from 2 to 18 years of age. In part 2, 13 patients under the age of 2 were evaluated with gadodiamide alone. The majority of patients in both parts of the study were evaluated for possible neoplasm. Results. The difference in the incidence of adverse events between gadodiamide and Gd-DTPA showed an important trend. Three percent of gadodiamide-treated patients reported adverse events, whereas 9% did so in the Gd-DTPA group. Both agents were equally effective in terms of providing added diagnostic value: 76% for gadodiamide and 75% for Gd-DTPA. Conclusion. Gadodiamide and Gd-DTPA are equally effective in detecting lesions, and gadodiamide is at least equal in safety to Gd-DTPA at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg in the pediatric population from birth to 18 years of age.
Modeling the Cooling of Postflare Loops

We present a model for the cooling of postflare loops. In our model, we form an arcade that consists of hundreds of loops with offset formation times to simulate a rising reconnection site. An initial temperature and density is assumed in each loop, and then the scaling laws of Cargill, Mariska, & Antiochos are used to determine the evolution of the temperature and density in the loop. Once these quantities are found, they are passed through the instrument response functions for TRACE and the Yohkoh Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) to obtain intensities, which are integrated over the arcade to give a simulated light curve. This light curve is then compared to observed light curves from the 2000 July 14 X6 flare. We find that this multiloop, multithermal approach to simulating the flare cooling fits the observed data much better than a single-loop model. There are some discrepancies between our simulations and the observed data in the decay phase of the flare, however, which may be due to residual late-phase heating. We also find that the temperatures calculated by using SXT filter ratios are generally lower than the initial loop temperatures needed in the simulation to give a good fit to the observed data.
Ab initio study on carbon Kinetic Isotope Effect (KIE) in the reaction of CH4+Cl•

Recent studies suggest that the destruction of methane by Cl• in the marine boundary layer could be accounted for as another major sink besides the methane destruction by OH•. High level ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been carried out to study the CH4+Cl• reaction, the carbon Kinetic Isotope Effect (KIE) is calculated using Conventional Transition-State Theory (CTST) plus Wigner and Eckart semiclassical tunneling corrections. The calculated KIE is around 1.026 at 300 K and has a small temperature variation. This is by far the largest KIE among different processes involving atmospheric methane destruction (e.g., OH•, soil). A calculated mass balance of atmospheric methane including the KIE for the CH4+Cl• reaction is found to favor those methane budgets with enhanced biological methane sources, which have relatively lighter carbon isotope composition.
On the cause of plasma-sheet thinning during magnetospheric substorms

We propose that the thinning of the plasma sheet during magnetospheric substorms is caused by an earthward gradient of the rate of magnetic merging (field annihilation) in the tail current sheet, which is in turn caused by the velocity-dependent access of plasma mantle particles to the current sheet. A simple model calculation based on this effect predicts a thinning time constant of the order of 1 hour, consistent with observations. The mechanism is also consistent with the observed correlation between plasma-sheet thinning and southward-directed magnetic field components in the solar wind.
Interstitial fluid pressurization during confined compression cyclical loading of articular cartilage.

The objective of this study was to experimentally verify the well-accepted but untested hypothesis that cartilage interstitial fluid pressurizes variously under the action of an applied cyclical stress in confined compression over a range of loading frequencies, contributing significantly to the cartilage dynamic stiffness. Eighteen bovine cartilage cylindrical samples were tested under load control using a porous indenter in a confined compression chamber fitted with a microchip pressure transducer at its bottom. Over a static stress of 130 kPa, a cyclical stress of amplitude 33 kPa was applied with the indenter at frequencies ranging from 0.0001 to 0.1 Hz. The cartilage interstitial fluid pressure and deformation were measured simultaneously as a function of time. The displacement response at the lowest tested frequency was curvefitted in the time domain to determine the linear biphasic material properties, HA=0.70±0.10 MPa and k 0=2.4 × 10-16±0.64 × 10-16m4/Ns. These properties were employed in the biphasic theory to predict the interstitial fluid pressure response and compare it to experiment, resulting in nonlinear coefficients of determination ranging from r2=0.89 ± 0.15 to 0.96±0.03 depending on frequency. It was found for the samples of this study that above a characteristic frequency of 0.00044 Hz, the magnitude and phase of fluid pressurization matched the applied stress, reducing the tissue strain at the impermeable bottom surface to nearly zero. The findings of this study verify the hypothesis that cartilage dynamic stiffness derives primarily from flow-dependent viscoelasticity as predicted by the linear biphasic theory; they demonstrate experimentally the significance of interstitial fluid pressurization as the fundamental mechanism of cartilage load support over a wide range of frequencies. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Rr
Samurai Baseball: The Vicissitudes of a National Sporting Style

The conventional view of Japan's national pastime, baseball, is that it is a sport misshapen from an original exuberant American game by a Japanese national propensity to slavish loyalty and uncritical adherence to form. This substantially misrepresents the trajectory of baseball in Japan by substituting an illusory appeal to national character stereotypes for a serious historical sociology of sport. Abe and Mangan, among others, have already uncovered the complex influences of British athleticism and sportsmanship on early Japanese sport philosophies. This article depicts the subsequent history of Japanese baseball as a complex interplay of nationalized sporting style, educational pedagogy, urban entertainment, media creation, local identity and the realities of sports practices.
Geostatistical description of the spatial distribution of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in lentils

The spatial distribution of Lygus Hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) in lentils was evaluated at five locations over two years using geostatistical methods. Geostatistics uses temporal or spatial variation to determine the degree of association and dependence of temporally or spatially related data. These analyses revealed unique spatial distributions for adults and nymphs, which varied as the growing season progressed and population densities changed. After immigrating into lentil fields, adults were aggregated. During the middle of the growing season, adult distributions were clumped at low densities and were uniform or random at higher densities. At the end of the growing season, newly emerged adults again had a clumped distribution. Nymphs showed random to uniform distributional patterns until late in the growing season when, as population densities increased, their spatial distribution became clumped.
Guidelines for training adaptive expertise

People operating in today's society frequently encounter complex, dynamic, and ambiguous situations; thus, people must possess mental agility and the ability to adjust quickly yet accurately. Therefore, there is a need to train adaptive expertise to performance successfully. To that end, the purpose of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners with a review of the literature pertinent to developing training targeting adaptive expertise. This review is presented in the form of guidelines for designing and implementing training interventions specifically focusing on adaptive expertise.
Donor-Supported Transnational Higher Education Initiatives for Development and Research: A Framework for Analysis and a Call for Increased Transparency.

As universities in the North and South become increasingly dependent on donor patronage for research and sustainable development initiatives, systematic assessments of transnational-partnership-award decisions and outcomes are of rising interest in academic and policy circles. After presenting a conceptual framework that facilitates comparative analysis of donor awards to higher education institutions, the author applies the framework to a subset of 197 proposals advanced by the US and the Canadian universities that recently received United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) funding. The distribution of awards generally proves consistent with expectations based on the donor's regional/country priorities and programme objectives, particularly with regard to institutional capacity building and human capability building. The article includes a call for increased transparency in web postings regarding successful and unsuccessful transnational higher education partnerships for research and development and concludes by considering implications for sustainable development of the emphasis on capacity building observed in recent USAID- and CIDA-supported transnational higher education partnerships.
Effect of scanning pressure on intracranial hemodynamics during transfontanellar duplex US.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transducer scanning pressure during duplex ultrasonographic evaluation of intracranial hemodynamics in newborns. Doppler spectra were obtained from the anterior cerebral artery with use of light and firm scanning pressure over the anterior fontanelle in 23 healthy infants and 20 infants with reduced cranial compliance due to ventricular dilatation, intracranial hemorrhage, diffuse cerebral edema, and extraaxial fluid. In healthy infants, the mean resistive index (RI) increased from 69.9 +/- 3 to 74.8 +/- 3 (P or = 20% increase in RI, or reversal of diastolic flow) ...
Psychological issues associated with acute physical injury: After the pediatric emergency department

Millions of children each year are treated for acute physical injuries in the United States. Many of these youth have pre-existing emotional or behavioral difficulties and many develop negative mental health sequelae from the injury event. Coordinated care from the time of injury on is necessary to provide support, information, and education to families of injured children as well as to identify at-risk youth to develop targeted interventions. This article reviews the types of traumatic injury that children experience, the ways in which these events can affect children and families, and highlights clinical interventions that are useful with this population.
Bus rapid transit identity meets universal design

As bus rapid transit (BRT) systems continue to become more popular and as capital expenditure for such projects continues to grow, careful consideration of BRT identity design becomes ever more necessary. Properly considered identity systems can ensure accessibility to and usability of physical features and can also ensure that BRT systems are accessible and practical to use. Based on the seven principles of universal design, this article proposes a basic means to evaluate existing and planned BRT identity systems. The article concludes with recommendations for evaluators and guidelines for designers of BRT identity systems that will help to ensure the practical usability of BRT identity systems by a broad audience of diverse users, regardless of physical, cognitive or situational ability.
Regulation of T cell-mediated hepatic inflammation by adiponectin and leptin.

Concanavalin A-induced hepatotoxicity was compared in lipodystrophic aP2-nSREBP-1c transgenic mice (LD mice) lacking adipose tissue, obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, and lean wild-type (WT) mice. Serum leptin and adiponectin were low in LD mice, whereas ob/ob mice had undetectable leptin, but high adiponectin. Protection from hepatotoxicity was observed in ob/ob, but not in LD mice, despite low cytokine levels and reduced T cell activation and hepatic natural killer T cells in both groups. Administration of adiponectin protected LD mice from hepatotoxicity without altering cytokine levels. In contrast, administration of leptin heightened disease susceptibility by restoring cytokine production. Neutralization of TNFα protected LD mice from liver damage. Increased in vivo susceptibility to the hepatotoxic effect of TNFα was observed in LD mice. In vitro, adiponectin protected primary hepatocytes from TNFα-induced death, whereas leptin had no protective effect. In conclusion, although leptin increases susc...
Further results on infinite valued predicate logic

In a previous paper [1] Chang and the present author presented a system of infinite valued predicate logic, the truth values being the closed interval [0, 1] of real numbers. That paper was the result of an investigation attempting to establish the completeness of the system using the real number 1 as the sole designated value. In fact, we fell short of our mark and proved a weakened form of completeness utilizing positive segments, [0, a ], of linearly ordered abelian groups as admissible truth values. A result of Scarpellini [8], however, showing that the set of well-formed formulas of infinite valued logic valid (with respect to the sole designated real number 1) is not recursively enumerable indicates the above mentioned result is the best possible.
Response of male poults to high levels of dietary niacinamide.

Abstract The response was determined of male poults to high levels of dietary niacinamide, when maintained in a stressful environment of high stocking density and high litter moisture induced by excess dietary NaCl. The experiment was designed as a factorial (2 by 2 by 2) with 70 versus 140 mg of niacinamide per kg; .3 versus 1% NaCl; 7 versus 14 birds per m. Each treatment was assigned to 6 pens, with either 20 or 40 males per pen depending on stocking density. The calculated niacin content of the basal diet was 22 mg per kg; the experimental diets contained 92 and 162 mg of total niacin per kg. Added niacinamide at 140 mg per kg increased the body weight at 8 wk of age (3,095 versus 3,198) at .3% dietary NaCl. The response to 140 mg per kg of niacinamide was 4.6% at .3% NaCl and only 1.9% at 1% NaCl. The high level of niacinamide was ineffective in terms of alleviating the growth depression induced by a high stocking density. Treatment effects were not detected in relation to feed efficiency. The incidence of leg abnormalities was not influenced by dietary niacinamide or by litter moisture, but was aggravated by a high stocking density. The treatments did not induce ascites or macroscopic lesions in the heart or kidney. These findings demonstrated that supplemental niacinamide at 140 mg per kg, in a basal diet calculated to contain 22 mg of niacin per kg of feed, will produce a significant increase in the weight gain of male poults at 8 wk of age under praxis conditions when dietary salt is at .3%, but not at 1%.
Dopaminergic tone regulates transient potassium current maximal conductance through a translational mechanism requiring D1Rs, cAMP/PKA, Erk and mTOR.

Dopamine (DA) can produce divergent effects at different time scales. DA has opposing immediate and long-term effects on the transient potassium current (IA) within neurons of the pyloric network, in the Panulirus interruptus stomatogastric ganglion. The lateral pyloric neuron (LP) expresses type 1 DA receptors (D1Rs). A 10 min application of 5-100 μM DA decreases LP IA by producing a decrease in IA maximal conductance (Gmax) and a depolarizing shift in IA voltage dependence through a cAMP-Protein kinase A (PKA) dependent mechanism. Alternatively, a 1 hr application of DA (≥5 nM) generates a persistent (measured 4 hr after DA washout) increase in IA Gmax in the same neuron, through a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) dependent translational mechanism. We examined the dose, time and protein dependencies of the persistent DA effect. We found that disrupting normal modulatory tone decreased LP IA. Addition of 500 pM-5 nM DA to the saline for 1 hr prevented this decrease, and in the case of a 5 nM DA application, the effect was sustained for >4 hrs after DA removal. To determine if increased cAMP mediated the persistent effect of 5nM DA, we applied the cAMP analog, 8-bromo-cAMP alone or with rapamycin for 1 hr, followed by wash and TEVC. 8-bromo-cAMP induced an increase in IA Gmax, which was blocked by rapamycin. Next we tested the roles of PKA and guanine exchange factor protein activated by cAMP (ePACs) in the DA-induced persistent change in IA using the PKA specific antagonist Rp-cAMP and the ePAC specific agonist 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP. The PKA antagonist blocked the DA induced increases in LP IA Gmax, whereas the ePAC agonist did not induce an increase in LP IA Gmax. Finally we tested whether extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk) activity was necessary for the persistent effect by co-application of Erk antagonists PD98059 or U0126 with DA. Erk antagonism blocked the DA induced persistent increase in LP IA. These data suggest that dopaminergic tone regulates ion channel density in a concentration and time dependent manner. The D1R- PKA axis, along with Erk and mTOR are necessary for the persistent increase in LP IA induced by high affinity D1Rs.
NONPARAMETRIC RELIABILITY ESTIMATION BASED ON A FEW ORDERED OBSERVATIONS

Summary The usual one-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance is generalized to obtain an improved lower confidence region for the extreme left tail of the reliability function based on k observations in a “k out of n censored” plan. Finite sample and asymptotic critical values necessary for implementation are given. The two numerical comparisons with existing parametric procedures for the case of complete or censored samples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed nonparametric procedure.
Disrupted thalamocortical connectivity in PSP: A resting-state fMRI, DTI, and VBM study

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is associated with pathological changes along the dentatorubrothalamic tract and in premotor cortex. We aimed to assess whether functional neural connectivity is disrupted along this pathway in PSP, and to determine how functional changes relate to changes in structure and diffusion. Eighteen probable PSP subjects and 18 controls had resting-state (task-free) fMRI, diffusion tensor imaging and structural MRI. Functional connectivity was assessed between thalamus and the rest of the brain, and within the basal ganglia, salience and default mode networks (DMN). Patterns of atrophy were assessed using voxel-based morphometry, and patterns of white matter tract degeneration were assessed using tract-based spatial statistics. Reduced in-phase functional connectivity was observed between the thalamus and premotor cortex including supplemental motor area (SMA), striatum, thalamus and cerebellum in PSP. Reduced connectivity in premotor cortex, striatum and thalamus were observed in the basal ganglia network and DMN, with subcortical salience network reductions. Tract degeneration was observed between cerebellum and thalamus and in superior longitudinal fasciculus, with grey matter loss in frontal lobe, premotor cortex, SMA and caudate nucleus. SMA functional connectivity correlated with SMA volume and measures of cognitive and motor dysfunction, while thalamic connectivity correlated with degeneration of superior cerebellar peduncles. PSP is therefore associated with disrupted thalamocortical connectivity that is associated with degeneration of the dentatorubrothalamic tract and the presence of cortical atrophy.
A joint band prioritization and band-decorrelation approach to band selection for hyperspectral image classification

Band selection for remotely sensed image data is an effective means to mitigate the curse of dimensionality. Many criteria have been suggested in the past for optimal band selection. In this paper, a joint band-prioritization and band-decorrelation approach to band selection is considered for hyperspectral image classification. The proposed band prioritization is a method based on the eigen (spectral) decomposition of a matrix from which a loading-factors matrix can be constructed for band prioritization via the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Two approaches are presented, principal components analysis (PCA)-based criteria and classification-based criteria. The former includes the maximum-variance PCA and maximum SNR PCA, whereas the latter derives the minimum misclassification canonical analysis (MMCA) (i.e., Fisher's discriminant analysis) and subspace projection-based criteria. Since the band prioritization does not take spectral correlation into account, an information-theoretic criterion called divergence is used for band decorrelation. Finally, the band selection can then be done by an eigenanalysis based band prioritization in conjunction with a divergence-based band decorrelation. It is shown that the proposed band-selection method effectively eliminates a great number of insignificant bands. Surprisingly, the experiments show that with a proper band selection, less than 0.1 of the total number of bands can achieve comparable performance using the number of full bands. This further demonstrates that the band selection can significantly reduce data volume so as to achieve data compression.
Direct Write Fabrication of Polymer Fibers for Microscale Applications

A new direct write technique has been developed for processing viscous polymer solutions into suspended, three-dimensionally-oriented polymer fibers. This process has been successfully implemented to produce fibers from multiple materials including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT)-doped PMMA, and biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA). Process characterization performed with PMMA suggests that fiber diameter is controllable through modulation of process geometry and/or polymer solution properties. Furthermore, suspended microchannels have been produced by employing directly written fibers as sacrificial structures.