cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Moves: Libraries and Data Science Workflows

This chapter compares examples of data workflows across disciplines to identify common data-analysis “moves.” Drawing on the precedent of so-called in silico science—which has had a ten-year start on developing methods and standards for tracking the provenance of data, annotating and visualizing data-analysis workflows for reproducibility, and comparing data workflows in different fields, Liu argues that disciplines such as the humanities and social sciences can exploit today’s library data collections, just as scientists can benefit from humanities and social science approaches to data workflows that emphasize storytelling and narrative motifs.
The Reading–Writing Connection based on Independent Reading and Writing: A Systematic Review

Although much is known of the impact of systematic reading instruction on writing performance and of systematic writing instruction on reading comprehension, little is known regarding the reading–w...
Matrix permeability measurement from fractured unconventional source-rock samples: Method and application

Abstract Shale matrix permeability is one of the most important parameters for characterizing a source rock reservoir and for predicting hydrocarbon production. The low permeability value and the presence of induced fractures during core retrieval and transportation make the accurate measurement of the true permeability values for source rocks a significant challenge for the industry. The steady state flow method and the transient pressure pulse decay method on core plug samples mainly measure the permeability of fractures when fractures are present. While the Gas Research Institute (GRI) method that uses pressure decay on crushed rock samples was designed to overcome this difficulty associated with the induced fractures, its measurement results are reported to be sensitive to the particle size of crushed rock samples and also need correction of Knudsen diffusion effect. Moreover, the GRI method is limited to the unconfined stress condition. This work develops a practical method to measure the matrix permeability values from fractured source rock samples by extending the commonly used pressure pulse decay method. A source rock sample with fractures can be more accurately described by a dual-continuum system consisting of a fracture continuum and a matrix continuum. During the pulse decay test, the initial flow across the source rock sample is dominated by the fracture continuum because it has much higher permeability values than those for the rock matrix. Thus, the initial gas pressure signals from the test are used to estimate the fracture permeability. During the late-stage of a pulse decay test, the flow process within the rock sample is controlled by the rock matrix. The observed pressure signals at this stage are used for estimating matrix permeability. The method is based on the analytical solution to gas flow in the fractured rock sample and relatively simple to apply in practice. Both fracture and matrix permeability's dependence on the effective stress can be assessed with this method.
Abstract 5882: Genomic correlates of differential response to EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Background: Oncogenic mutations in EGFR are powerful biomarkers of response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there remains significant heterogeneity in duration of response to therapy and overall survival. TP53 mutations have been linked with worse outcomes, thought to be due to increased likelihood of small cell transformation. Methods: We identified NSCLC patients at our institution with sensitizing oncogenic EGFR mutations who had been treated with EGFR TKI(s) and who had at least one tumor specimen profiled via targeted next generation sequencing (OncoPanel). Progression free survival (PFS) on first-line EGFR TKI, overall survival (OS), and resistance mechanism were assessed. Patients were defined as TP53 mutant positive (TP53+) or wild type (TP53-). Pathogenic TP53 mutations were identified and associated with outcome and resistance mechanism. Results: We identified 270 patients for inclusion in our cohort. 70% were female (190/270), 60% were never smokers (163/270), and median age was 62 (range 29-93). Sensitizing EGFR mutations were predominantly exon 19 deletion (51%, 138/270) or L858R (38%, 103/270). 94% of patients were treated with first-line erlotinib (253/270), and 30% received second-line osimertinib (82/270). TP53+ patients were as likely to achieve objective radiographic response as TP53- (p=0.615), but had shorter PFS (HR 1.56, CI 1.1-2.2, p=0.011). TP53+ patients were no more likely to develop SCLC transformation (p=0.637). Among patients with T790M as their resistance mechanism, TP53+ patients still had shorter PFS compared to TP53- (HR 1.9, CI 1.2-3, p=0.003). Pre-treatment TP53 mutations were associated with a higher tumor mutational burden (p=0.017) and copy number burden (p=0.0026). Conclusion: While TP53 mutations associate with shorter PFS, there is no association with baseline TP53 mutation status and small cell transformation, and TP53+ patients also develop the T790M resistance mutation earlier than TP53- patients. Higher mutation and copy number burden in TP53+ patients suggests greater genomic instability and may act as a mechanism of earlier resistance development. Citation Format: Natalie Vokes, Tom Nguyen, Christine Lydon, Emily Chambers, Lynette Sholl, Mizuki Nishino, Eliezer Van Allen, Pasi Janne. Genomic correlates of differential response to EGFR-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5882.
The link between the federal funds rate and banking system distress: An empirical investigation

Abstract We investigate the association between deviations of the monetary policy rate from its benchmark, and systemic risk between 2001 and 2017. We adopt an impulse response function framework that uses the local projections method model proposed by Jorda (2005). We find that paying interest on reserves by the Fed beginning in 2008 introduced a monetary policy regime shift between the period that the Fed did not pay interest on reserves and the period that it did. Consequently, while we identify a positive and significant link between deviations of the policy rate from its benchmark and systemic risk in the former period, this link was broken in the latter period. During the former period, upsurges in the fed funds rate raised bank costs and increased bank distress. In contrast, during the latter period, interest payment on reserves exceeded the policy rate, except for 2009Q1, and as a result, banks did not expand lending in response to the Fed's reserve injections, instead, holding large amounts of excess reserves. This practice produced greater bank profitability and reduced bank liquidity risk and credit risk, without increasing systemic risk.
Impact of Contextual Error Correction Techniques in CLAMR

Hardware-based error detection and correction (EDAC) techniques are used to mitigate the impact of transient soft errors. In our prior work, we detailed an application-specific contextual correction technique that works to extend the capabilities of existing EDAC schemes to correct detectable but otherwise uncorrectable errors. In this work, we extend our prior work by investigating the impact that miscorrections have on a running hydrodynamics application.
Disorder-controlled relaxation in a three-dimensional Hubbard model quantum simulator

The authors study the relaxation dynamics of doubly occupied lattice sites in the three-dimensional disordered Fermi-Hubbard model and find a dynamical regime in strong interactions that is characterized by disorder-enhanced relaxation.
Transliterating From All Languages

Much of the previous work on transliteration has depended on resources and attributes specific to particular language pairs. In this work, rather than focus on a single language pair, we create robust models for transliterating from all languages in a large, diverse set to English. We create training data for 150 languages by mining name pairs from Wikipedia. We train 13 systems and analyze the effects of the amount of training data on transliteration performance. We also present an analysis of the types of errors that the systems make. Our analyses are particularly valuable for building machine translation systems for low resource languages, where creating and integrating a transliteration module for a language with few NLP resources may provide substantial gains in translation performance.
Alignment of pointing beam in the Optical Thomson Scattering Laser at the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF), the world’s largest and most energetic laser, employs 192 laser beams to achieve inertial confinement fusion by irradiating a mm scale fusion target. The optical Thomson scattering (OTS) laser is being deployed to probe the target and understand the target implosion physics using 3ω and 5ω probe beams. Understanding of the plasma physics will enable improvements of the fusion performance. OTS is a complex system employing many automated alignment loops. Centroid based approach is one of the common approaches for detecting the position of normal Gaussian beams within the OTS for beam alignment. However, due to several optical effects the alignment beam used for one of the pointing loops is shaped like a comet. The pointing beam exhibits a faint tail and a brighter head. Centroiding with a high threshold usually is able to select the brightest spot located within the head. However, there are cases when the brightest region moves around, in some cases the brightest spot appears in the tail, leading to an oscillation in the beam position with the current centroid-based detection scheme. The purpose of this work is to investigate approaches to find a suitable solution to this oscillation and implement a stable beam positioning algorithm.
Spot Prices and Forward Premia on the MISO Exchange

This paper explores information contained in the basis for wholesale electricity on the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) electricity exchange. Utilizing Fama and French’s (1987) approach, the basis is found to have predictive power on changes in real-time (spot) prices but provides only limited evidence of a time-varying forward premium. This result contradicts Huisman and Kilic’s (2012) theory that the basis in an electricity market which relies primarily on storable forms of power for electricity production (such as MISO) should contain information on both changes in spot prices and provide evidence of a time-varying forward premium.
Quantitative Description of Sediment Transport by Waves

With the apparent desire of man to move some of his activities into the offshore region the problems associated with the assessment of the impact of large structures in this environment will be of increasing importance. One of the impacts of a large offshore structure, such as for example the Atlantic Generating Station proposed by Public Service Electric and Gas Company of New Jersey, would be its effect on the wave and current pattern in the vicinity of the structure. These changes in wave and current conditions will induce changes in the sediment transport pattern and may disturb an existing equilibrium thus causing large changes in bottom topography in the vicinity of the structure. These topographical changes may extend all the way to the adjacent shoreline and thus cause deposition in some and erosion in other areas. To assess the severity and extent of topographical changes induced by an offshore structure an ability to quantify not only the effects of the structure on the wave and current pattern but also the mechanics of the interaction of the resulting fluid motion with the bottom sediment is clearly needed. The purpose of this paper is to establish quantitative relationships for the fluid-sediment interaction in this environment.
Medical Therapy of Pituitary Tumors

Medical therapy of pituitary tumors is directed at decreasing the overall effects of the hormonal oversecretion of these tumors. With the possible exception of prolactinomas and growth-hormone-secreting adenomas, which may show morphological regression after treatment with dopamine agonists, there is no evidence that any form of medical therapy reduces the size of tumors. Therefore, medical therapy should be thought of as adjunctive, rather than definitive, therapy. Accordingly, there is no place for the medical therapy of “functionless” tumors except for the obvious hormonal replacements (hydrocortisone, thyroxine, gonadal steroids, vasopressin) that may be needed if the tumor, by its mass effects, causes hypopituitarism. Detailed testing of both functionless and functioning tumors should always be performed (see Chapter 11), especially after ablative therapy, so that proper hormone replacement can be given (see Chapter 20). This chapter will deal with the specific medical therapies that have been used to treat the hormonal syndromes that result from tumors secreting growth hormone (GH), adrenocroticotropic hormone (ACTH), and prolactin (PRL), i.e., acromegaly, Cushing’s disease, and the galactorrhea-amenorrhea-impotence syndromes.
A computational architecture for conversation

We describe representation, inference strategies, and control procedures employed in an automated conversation system named the Bayesian Receptionist. The prototype is focused on the domain of dialog about goals typically handled by receptionists at the front desks of buildings on the Microsoft corporate campus. The system employs a set of Bayesian user models to interpret the goals of speakers given evidence gleaned from a natural language parse of their utterances. Beyond linguistic features, the domain models take into consideration contextual evidence, including visual findings. We discuss key principles of conversational actions under uncertainty and the overall architecture of the system, highlighting the use of a hierarchy of Bayesian models at different levels of detail, the use of value of information to control question asking, and application of expected utility to control progression and backtracking in conversation.
β-Endorphin and β-lipotropin concentrations in umbilical cord blood

Abstract Antisera suitable for human β-endorphin and β-lipotropin radioimmunoassay were developed, and radioimmunoassays were established to measure these peptides in umbilical cord plasma, with silicic acid extraction and gel chromatography used to separate the β-endorphin from the β-lipotropin fraction. These two peptides were determined in umbilical venous plasma from 64 newborn infants. Umbilical vein β-endorphin and β-lipotropin concentrations averaged 38.5 ± 3.2 and 50.4 ± 4.1 (± SE) fmoles/ml in the 54 newborn infants without and 115 ± 18 and 110 ± 25 fmoles/ml in the 10 newborn infants with apparent fetal distress. Neither the presence or absence of labor nor the route or mode of delivery was found to affect umbilical vein β-endorphin or β-lipotropin concentrations. However, cord plasma levels of both peptides were significantly elevated in conjunction with fetal distress, as evidenced by prolonged bradycardia, late and prolonged variable fetal heart rate decelerations, or fetal acidosis. In 18 of 22 pairs of simultaneously measured umbilical venous and arterial β-endorphin and β-lipotropin concentrations in newborn infants without apparent intrapartum distress, the venous β-endorphin concentrations, which averaged 40.4 ± 3.5 fmoles/ml, were significantly higher than the arterial β-endorphin levels, with a mean of 28.5 ± 4.2 fmoles/ml. No significant umiblical arteriovenous concentration difference could be observed for β-lipotropin. This suggests that at least a portion of the cord plasma β-endorphin is derived from the placenta. The ratio of umbilical arterial to venous β-endorphin concentrations rose as the absolute cord plasma β-endorphin levels increased. Furthermore, both the molar umbilical venous and arterial β-lipotropin to β-endorphin ratios decreased significantly in association with intrapartum fetal distress. These data indicate that the stress-related increase in umbilical plasma β-endorphin exceeds that of β-lipotropin and may be, at least in part, of fetal origin. Umbilical venous β-endorphin and β-lipotropin levels of neonates whose mothers did not receive meperidine or other narcotic agents did not differ from those of neonates whose mothers were given meperidine or other narcotics during labor. Our data, in conjunction with those of others, are consistent with the hypothesis that fetal hypoxia causes the release of neurotransmitters such as β-endorphin, which may modulate the regulation of fetal heart rate patterns.
Digital television in Brazil: the view from Manaus | A televisão digital no Brasil: vista de Manaus

Abstract This article looks at the impacts that digital television technologies have had and likely will have in Manaus, Amazonas from the perspectives of people involved in manufacturing and development. Located both centrally in terms of global manufacturing and peripherally in terms of digital television policy, this article explores the anxieties, uncertainties, and ambivalences that the introduction of digital television has evoked with those charged with producing these technologies. Keywords: digital television, Manaus, manufacturing, production Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Resumo Este artigo examina os impactos que a TV digital tem tido e continuara tendo em Manaus, no Amazonas, na perspectiva das pessoas envolvidas na manufatura e no desenvolvimento dos produtos. Localizando-se centralmente em termos da fabricacao mundial e perifericamente em termos da politica para televisao digital, este artigo explora as ansiedades, incertezas e ambivalencias que a introducao da TV digital tem despertado naqueles que estao encarregados de produzir essas tecnologias. Palavras-chave televisao digital, Manaus, manufatura, producao
Using the amplitude variation of a reverberation chamber channel to predict the synchronization of a wireless digital communication test system

We discuss the use of a metric based on the amplitude variation of a channel in the signal bandwidth to predict whether or not a digital wireless communication test system receiver will be able to demodulate a test signal. This metric is compared to another method consisting of the correlation calculated across the channel. A logistic regression analysis is used to provide a normalized assessment of the effectiveness of each metric as a predictive tool. We show that both metrics provide similar predictive capabilities, with the peak-to-minimum being significantly easier to calculate.
Controlling a group velocity of light by magnetic field

We have shown that quantum interference in a driven quasi-degenerate two-level atomic system can be controlled by an externally applied magnetic field. We demonstrate that the mechanism of optical control is based on quantum interference, which allows one to implement both electromagnetically induced transparency and electromagnetically induced absorption in one atomic system. Dispersion of such the medium allows one to control group velocity of propagation of light pulses be ultra-slow or superluminal via applied magnetic field.
The Separation Plot: A New Visual Method for Evaluating the Fit of Binary Models

We present a visual method for assessing the predictive power of models with binary outcomes. This technique allows the analyst to evaluate model fit based upon the models’ ability to consistently match high-probability predictions to actual occurrences of the event of interest, and low-probability predictions to nonoccurrences of the event of interest. Unlike existing methods for assessing predictive power for logit and probit models such as Percent Correctly Predicted statistics, Brier scores, and the ROC plot, our “separation plot” has the advantage of producing a visual display that is informative and easy to explain to a general audience, while also remaining insensitive to the often arbitrary probability thresholds that are used to distinguish between predicted events and nonevents. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in building predictive models in a number of different areas of political research.
Proprioceptive acuity in the frontal and sagittal planes of the knee: a preliminary study.

Though the knee experiences three-dimensional loading during everyday tasks, assessment of proprioceptive acuity has typically been limited to the primary direction of movement, knee flexion and extension. While loading in the constrained directions (varus/valgus and internal/external rotation) may contribute to injury and joint disease, little information is available regarding proprioceptive acuity in these planes of movement. The primary aim of this study was to characterize proprioceptive acuity in the frontal plane (varus/valgus) and to compare it with sagittal plane (flexion/extension) proprioceptive acuity in healthy subjects. Proprioception was assessed in 17 young, healthy subjects (11 females, 6 males, ages 21–33 years) using the threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM). TDPM was found to be significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the frontal plane [valgus: mean (SD) 0.60 (0.20)° and varus: 0.58 (0.23)°] compared with the sagittal plane [extension: 0.78 (0.34)°, flexion: 0.82 (0.48)°]; however, no significant differences were noted within the same plane of movement. Results from this preliminary study may suggest more accurate proprioceptive acuity in the frontal plane compared with the sagittal plane. While further examination is necessary to confirm this relationship, more accurate frontal plane acuity may reflect a protective neural mechanism which enables more precise neuromuscular control of the joint in this constrained plane of movement.
Land-based greenhouse gas emission offset and leakage discounting

This paper examines leakage from agricultural greenhouse gas reduction programs stimulated by reductions in regional commodity supply. This paper develops an extension of the leakage discount formula in Murray et al. (2004) that incorporates changes in input (land) usage rather than product output (crop or forest product quantity). Additionally the leakage discount developed here allows for land conversion and production replacement involving multiple alternative uses. In an empirical application in the Southeast Texas we compute leakage discounts of 14.8% for the conversion of rice to no-till sorghum and 14.9% for rice to pasture program. Most of the sources of GHG offset leakage come from conversions of cotton to rice and pasture to rice in the other regions.
The Structure of Program Evaluation: An Approach for Evaluating a Course, Clerkship, or Components of a Residency or Fellowship Training Program

Background: Directors of courses, clerkships, residencies, and fellowships are responsible not only for determining whether individual trainees have met educational goals but also for ensuring the quality of the training program itself. The purpose of this article is to discuss a framework for program evaluation that has sufficient rigor to satisfy accreditation requirements yet is flexible and responsive to the uniqueness of individual educational programs. Summary: We discuss key aspects of program evaluation to include cardinal definitions, measurements, needed resources, and analyses of qualitative and quantitative data. We propose a three-phase framework for data collection (Before, During, and After) that can be used across undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education. Conclusions: This Before, During, and After model is a feasible and practical approach that is sufficiently rigorous to allow for conclusions that can lead to action. It can be readily implemented for new and existing med...
Species Differences: The Basis for and Importance of Comparative Toxicology

(1970). Species Differences: The Basis for and Importance of Comparative Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 5-10.
A potential danger of oral chlorpropamide therapy: impaired excretion of a water load.

A modified Carter Robbins test was used to diagnosis diabetes insipidus (DI) in three patients and to re-evaluate the effects of oral chlorpropamide after 2–3 months of therapy. In all three an abnormal response manifested by an impaired ability to excrete water developed. CH2O in the repeat study did not change after pitressin administration. Subsequently these and one other patient with DI were subjected to a sustained water load, in order to further evaluate water excretion by the kidney. Water excretion was impaired in all. Serum sodium and osmolality fell in all and weight together with chloride space increased. If chlorpropamide acts by potentiating ADH, these data suggest that the effective circulating ADH presumed to be present in our patients cannot be suppressed by water administration to levels which will permit appropriate quantities of water to be excreted. If chlorpropamide acts directly on the renal tubule, then the data demonstrate that its action cannot be affected by water loading. In ei...
Exchange rate regimes and banking crises: the channels of influence investigated

We investigate the effects of alternative exchange rate regimes on the probability of banking crises using a new set of classifications from the IMF that allows us to distinguish between hard and soft pegs. We find that this distinction is quite important and helps explain some of the contradictory results of previous studies. We go beyond analysis of the total effects on crises and investigate some of the major mechanisms through which exchange rate regimes can affect a country's susceptibility to banking crises. These are domestic credit growth, net foreign borrowing, and currency crises: we find stronger linkages for the last two channels than the first. We find evidence that the unstable middle hypothesis applies with respect to banking crises as well as currency crises. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling Fragmentation in Molecular Ions via Dynamic Resonances

We examine the role that ultrafast dynamic resonances in molecular ions play in controlling fragmentation. By creating wave packets on ionic potential energy surfaces, one can time-resolve ionic resonances leading to molecular fragmentation.
THE CHEMICAL STATE OF THE CALCIUM REACTING IN THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD

1. The widely accepted theory that calcium participates in the coagulation mechanism in the form of Ca++ and acts as a catalyst is not in accord with several important experimental findings: (a) The anticoagulant action of sodium oxalate is much slower than the precipitation of ionized calcium as the oxalate salt. (b) Sodium citrate begins to depress prothrombin activity at a concentration at which ionized calcium is still present. The inability of tricalcium phosphate to adsorb prothrombin from citrated plasma indicates that citrate forms a complex with prothrombin and it is postulated that prothrombin is thereby inactivated. (c) In plasma which is decalcified, i.e. in which the Ca++ is markedly reduced, the labile factor of prothrombin rapidly decreases. A concentration of 0.01 M sodium citrate sufficient to inhibit coagulation does not depress Ca++ enough to cause diminution of the labile factor, whereas when the concentration is increased to 0.02 M the labile factor decreases as rapidly as in oxalated plasma. 2. It is postulated that calcium functions in coagulation not as Ca++ but as combined with a component which is part of the prothrombin complex that is not adsorbed by tricalcium phosphate. A concentration of sodium citrate just sufficient to inhibit coagulation is not enough to remove calcium from the essential prothrombin component. The primary anticoagulant action of sodium citrate is therefore not decalcification but antiprothrombic. 3. It has been shown that citrated plasma is basically different from oxalated plasma in several important aspects. Unless cognizance is taken of these differences, serious errors and misinterpretations of experimental findings may be made.
Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background. The incidence of paraneoplastic syndromes varies with tumor histology. Uterine sarcomas rarely cause paraneoplastic syndromes. Furthermore, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis has never been reported to accompany a uterine leiomyosarcoma. Case. A 44-year-old female developed an ANNA-1 paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis after a diagnosis of a uterine leiomyosarcoma. Conclusion. Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis usually causes progressive neurologic decline. Treatment rarely alters this course.
Empirically-based re-design of a hypertext encyclopedia

This paper reports on the processes used and guidelines discovered in re-designing the user interface of the hypertext encyclopedia, HyperHolmes. The re-design was based on the outcomes of a previous experiment and was evaluated experimentally. Results showed that the new system resulted in superior performance and somewhat different styles of navigation compared to the old system and to paper. The study provides empirical support for design guidelines relating to tiled windows, navigation tools, graphics and hierarchical navigation.
When and where was the most recent common ancestor

The structured coalescent is investigated for single-locus, digenic samples in the diffusion limit of the unidimensional stepping-stone model for homogeneous, isotropic migration and random genetic drift. Let T denote the scaled time to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the two genes, and let Z designate the scaled deviation of the position of the MRCA from the average position of the two genes. The joint probability density of T and Z is evaluated explicitly. Both the marginal and conditional distributions of T have infinite expectation, as does the marginal distribution of Z. Conditioned on T = τ, the distribution of Z is Gaussian with mean zero and variance 2τ. The main results are extended to anisotropic migration. The results establish the existence of and define in the diffusion limit a retrospective stochastic process for digenic samples in one spatial dimension.
Thermal accommodation coefficient of gases on controlled solid surfaces: Argon-tungsten system

The knowledge of the thermal accommodation coefficient for gases on well-controlled surfaces as a function of temperature is imperative to understanding the mechanism of interphase heat transfer on the microscopic level. With this goal in view, a heat transfer column instrument is designed, fabricated, assembled, and tested for the specific case a argon—tungsten system. With 99.9999%, pure argon, six sets of data are taken in the rarefied gas region in the maximum temperature range of 500–1500 K. Four sets of these measurements are in the temperature-jump region and are analyzed by the constant-power method to compute the thermal accommodation coefficient of argon on a controlled tungsten surface. The other two sets are taken under free-molecular flow conditions and are interpreted in accordance with the man-free-path kinetic theory for the low-pressure regime. These data are compared and discussed in the context of reported data in the literature and interpreted in the light of the surface condition and finish of the tungsten wire.
Deformation‐induced mössbauer spectra in NaCl

Mossbauer emission spectra of Co57 in alkali halides were observed. A doublet attributed to Fe2+ at a deformation–induced defect has been observed in NaCl crystals. One component is at (−2.21 ± 0.04) mm/s (80°K) while the other half is masked by an asymmetric Fe3+ doublet. In undeformed samples the asymmetry of the trivalent doublet inverts upon heating from 80 to 300°K while in deformed samples it does not. Spectra were also observed for undeformed LiF:Co57 crystals that were similar to those observed for NaCl. Les spectres ont ete observes par spectroscopie Mossbauer d'emission de Co57 introduit dans les alcali-halides. Un doublet attribue a Fe2+ a un defaut induit par la deformation a ete observe dans les cristaux de NaCl. L'un composant est a (−2,21 ± 0,04) mm/s (80°K) tandis que l'autre moitie est masquee par un doublet asymetrique de Fe3+. Dans les echantillons non deformes l'asymetrie du doublet trivalent s'invert en les echauffer de 80 a 300°K, tandis que dans les echantillons deformes elle ne s'invert pas. Les spectres ont ete observes aussi pour les cristaux non deformes de LiF:Co57 qui ont ete semblables a ceux qui ont ete observes pour le NaCl non deforme.
Differential Receptor–G-Protein Coupling Evoked by Dissimilar Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists

Multiple affinity states are revealed by agonist competition for radioantagonist [3H]SR141716A binding to rat brain CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Desacetyllevonantradol (DALN), a tricyclic cannabinoid, and WIN55212-2, an aminoalkylindole, both bound in two discrete affinity states (30% high affinity), but the ratios of the IC50 revealed distinct differences. Other affinity-state differences between the agonists were: Na+ reduced the affinity for the membrane-bound receptor by 10-fold for DALN but minimally for WIN55212-2; a nonhydrolysable GTP analogue decreased the fraction of high-affinity WIN55212-2 binding but not that of DALN unless Na+ was also present. Detergent solubilisation increased the fraction of high-affinity binding for both agonists but eliminated any effect of Na+ on the agonist affinities. In detergent solution, the GTP analogue reduced the WIN55212-2 high-affinity fraction but not that of DALN, even though the IC50 values increased for both DALN and WIN55212-2. The differential modulation of CB1 receptor-G-protein coupling by Na+ and guanine nucleotides is dependent upon the cannabimimetic agonist bound.
Comparison of dependent two-way contingency tables

Comparison of two-way contingency tables using measures of association is considered. Multiple comparison procedures for dependent tables are proposed, enabling us to compare tables that are faces from larger multl-dimensional tables. An example is given to Illustrate the analysis of two 2 × 2-tables formed from a 24-table.
Recoverability of heat-injured Bacillus spores by lysozyme and EDTA or alkaline thioglycollate

The D95°C value of Bacillus thuringiensis spores plated in the presence of lysozyme increased from 3.0 min to 3.6 min by post-treatment of heat-injured spores with 50mm EDTA. In the case of Bacillus alvei and Bacillus polymyxa spores D-values decreased from 4.9 to 4.3 min and from 4.7 to 4.1 min respectively. Post-treatment of heat-injured spores treated with alkaline thioglycollate increased D95°C values of Bacillus alvei from 4.2 to 5.3 min, B. thuringiensis 3.6 to 4.7 min, and Bacillus polymyxa from 4.2 to 5.0 min when spores were plated in the presence of lysozyme. Electron micrographs of heat-injured B. alvei spores treated with sodium thioglycollate indicated that the coat layers of the treated spores were granulated and less intact than the control spores.
Do PROPERTY-CASUALTY INSURANCE UNDERWRITING MARGINS HAVE UNIT ROOTS?

A growing literature analyzes determinants of insurance prices using time series data on insurer underwriting margins. If the variables analyzed are stationary, conventional regression models may be appropriately used to test hypotheses. Based on pretests for a unit root, several studies have instead used co-integration analysis to analyze the long-run relationship between purportedly nonstationary underwriting margins and macroeconomic variables. We apply a battery of unit root tests to investigate whether underwriting margins are stationary under different assumptions concerning deterministic components in the data generating process (DGP). When linear and/or quadratic trends are included in the assumed DGPs, the tests reject the null hypothesis of a unit root for loss ratios, expense ratios, combined ratios, and economic loss ratios from 1953 through 1998 for many of the individual lines examined and for all lines combined. Consistent with prior work on whether macroeconomic variables have unit roots, a simulation of test power for underwriting margins during the sample period demonstrates that nonrejections of the null hypothesis of a unit root could easily reflect low power. The overall findings suggest that conventional regression methods can be used appropriately to analyze underwriting margins after controlling for deterministic influences and transforming any nonstationary regressors.
10-nm resolution electron-beam lithography

An analytical electron microscope has been used to fabricate a variety of ultrasmall structures and to test the size limits and some basic concepts of high‐resolution electron‐beam lithography. Arbitrarily shaped patterns on both thin film and bulk substrates have been written with dimensions of approximately 10 nm. A review of devices, structures, materials, and techniques is presented.
Low resolution spin echo: a simple timesaving technique for MRI liver exams.

Abstract MR evaluation of the liver at mid-field strength requires relatively lengthy T2-weighted sequences (T2W) for differentiation of benign cavernous hemangiomas from malignant lesions. A short duration T2W, which maintains standard signal-to-noise ratio and also contrast relationships, can be easily implemented by increasing the pixel size in the phase-encoding direction (thus reducing spatial resolution) and proportionally decreasing the number of phase-encoding steps in the matrix (thus reducing acquisition time). Blinded interpretations of a quick (4 min), low resolution (3.4 mm × 1.7 mm pixel) T2W sequence (matrix 64 × 256, FOV 21.7 cm phase × 43.5 cm frequency) were compared to the 17 min standard resolution (1.7 mm × 1.7 mm) T2W sequence (256 × 256 matrix, FOV 43 × 43 cm) in 25 patients suspected of having liver metastasis. Lesions felt to be cavernous hemangiomas showed a 100% ( 24 24 ) agreement for interpreter “A” and 96% ( 22 23 ) agreement for interpreter “B” when 4 min low resolution T2W was compared to the standard 17 min sequence. Sensitivity (for all types of lesions) of the low resolution T2W sequence ranged from 100% ( 31 31 ) for interpreter “A” to 80% ( 28 35 ) for interpreter “B”. Missed lesions (interpreter “B”) were either partially obscured by excessive fat (wrap around) (N = 4), less than 1 cm in size (N = 2), or degraded by motion artifact (N = 1). Thus in many situations low resolution T2 may provide a substantial timesaving alternative to standard T2W particularly where T2W is used primarily for lesion classification in normal sized patients.
Aerodynamic Jump for Long Rod Penetrators

Aerodynamic jump for a non-spinning kinetic energy penetrator is neither a discontinuous change in the ,direction of motion at the origin of free night, nor is it the converse, i.e. a cumulativer~direc4on over a domain of infinite extent. Rather aerodynamic jump, for such a projectile, is a localised redirection of the centre of gravity motion, caused ~ the force of lift due to yaw over ther4latively short region from entry into free flight until the yaw reaches its first maximum. The primary objective of this paper is to provide answtfrs to the questions like what is aerodynamic jump, what liauses it, !lnd wh~t aspects df the flight trajectory does it refer to, or account for .
Magnetic resonance imaging of mouse skeletal muscle to measure denervation atrophy

We assessed the potential of different MRI measures to detect and quantify skeletal muscle changes with denervation in two mouse models of denervation/neurogenic atrophy. Acute complete denervation and chronic partial denervation were examined in calf muscles after sciatic nerve axotomy and in transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice, respectively. Serial T(2), diffusion tensor, and high resolution anatomical images were acquired, and compared to behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological data. Increase in muscle T(2) signal was first detected after sciatic nerve axotomy. Progressive muscle atrophy could be monitored with MRI-based volume measurements, which correlated strongly with postmortem muscle mass measurements. Significant increase in muscle fractional anisotropy and decreases in secondary and tertiary eigenvalues obtained from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were observed after denervation. In SOD1(G93A) animals, muscle denervation was detected by elevated muscle T(2) and atrophy in the medial gastrocnemius at 10 weeks. Changes in T(2) and muscle volume were first observed in medial gastrocnemius and later in other calf muscles. Alterations in secondary and tertiary eigenvalues obtained from DTI were first observed in tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles at age 12 weeks. We propose that MRI of skeletal muscle is a sensitive surrogate outcome measure of denervation atrophy in animal models of neuromuscular disorders, with potential applicability in preclinical therapeutic screening studies in rodents.
SOLAR ROTATION EFFECTS ON THE HELIOSHEATH FLOW NEAR SOLAR MINIMA

The interaction between fast and slow solar wind (SW) due to the Sun's rotation creates corotating interaction regions (CIRs), which further interact with each other creating complex plasma structures at large heliospheric distances. We investigate the global influence of CIRs on the SW flow in the inner heliosheath between the heliospheric termination shock (TS) and the heliopause. The stream interaction model takes into account the major global effects due to slow-fast stream interaction near solar minima. The fast and slow wind parameters are derived from the Ulysses observations. We investigate the penetration of corotating structures through the TS and their further propagation through the heliosheath. It is shown that the heliosheath flow structure may experience substantial modifications, including local decreases in the radial velocity component observed by Voyager 1.
Adverse performance effects of acute lorazepam administration in elderly long-term users: pharmacokinetic and clinical predictors.

Background The benzodiazepine lorazepam is widely utilized in the treatment of elderly individuals with anxiety disorders and related conditions. Negative effects of acute lorazepam administration on cognitive performance, especially memory, have been reported in both previously untreated elderly and in individuals who have received short term (up to three weeks) treatment with therapeutic doses. However, it remains unclear if these adverse cognitive effects also persist after long-term use, which is frequently found in clinical practice.
Simulated cost comparisons of hollow-fiber and integrated nanofiltration configurations

Abstract Treatment costs and cost effectiveness of a hollow-fiber nanofiltration (HFNF) system vs. an integrated system comprised of spiral-wound nanofiltration (SWNF) pre-treated with hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) are estimated and compared using numerical simulation and cost modeling. Optimal selections are investigated based on the cost effectiveness of the two treatment options over different raw water conditions and for different plant capacities. Recently developed permeate flux and cost models were used to simulate the membrane systems. Values for operating parameters used in the simulations were chosen from previously reported pilot studies. For relatively smaller (≤1 mgd) plants, a HFNF system that can handle higher solids loading is predicted be the cost effective treatment option, due to the associated lower non-membrane capital costs that form the dominant component of total treatment costs at smaller capacities. However, when the raw water is largely characterized by particles with a very high fouling potential for the single HFNF step, separate HFUF pre-treatment for particulate removal may be warranted. At higher plant capacities, economies of scale are shown to be significantly realized in non-membrane capital costs, and the integrated HFUF–SWNF configuration is predicted to become increasingly cost effective due to the cost advantages of spiral-wound membranes. Hence, optimal design philosophies with regard to cost effectiveness may be quite different for small and large membrane plants.
MEDIA EFFECTS IN DIRECTED ORTHO METALATION

Abstract Rates and extents of directed ortho metalation (DoM) of anisole and p-methylanisole (p-MA) with n-BuLi have been measured in THF/n-hexane. About a 14% (v/v) solution of THF in the hydrocarbon provides an extent of metalation which exceeds that in neat. THF at the same concentration. Impressive regioselectivity results from the DoM of p-MA in this solvent system; virtually no metalation of the lateral methyl group occurs.
Renormalon ambiguities in NRQCD operator matrix elements

We analyze the renormalon ambiguities that appear in factorization formulas in QCD. Our analysis contains a simple argument that the ambiguities in the short-distance coefficients and operator matrix elements are artifacts of dimensional-regularization factorization schemes and are absent in cutoff schemes. We also present a method for computing the renormalon ambiguities in operator matrix elements and apply it to a computation of the ambiguities in the matrix elements that appear in the NRQCD factorization formulas for the annihilation decays of {ital S}-wave quarkonia. Our results, combined with those of Braaten and Chen for the short-distance coefficients, provide an explicit demonstration that the ambiguities cancel in the physical decay rates. In addition, we analyze the renormalon ambiguities in the Gremm-Kapustin relation and in various definitions of the heavy-quark mass. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Seedbed Residue and Seed Size Relationships in Winter Barley

Understanding how winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds and seedling plants interact with crop residue in the seedbed is essential for development of planting recommendations for dryland conservation tillage systems. Field trials were conducted in 1990-1991 (Trial 1) and 1991-1992 (Trial 2) near Pendleton, OR, to determine the effects of seedbed crop residue, seed size, and cultivar on emergence, growth, and yield of winter barley. Seedbed residue cover (32-45%) did not affect seedling emergence rate in Trial 1. Seed-soil contact was apparently reduced in high-residue seedbeds, but emergence was reduced only when seed-zone water content was <120 g kg -1 in Trial 2. More water was present in the seedbed at the time of seeding in Trial 1 than in Trial 2. Low-residue seedbeds were drier than moderate- or high-residue seedbeds at the time of seeding in both trials. Final stand density and subsequent plant growth were not influenced by seedbed residue (up to 49% residue) in either trial. Spike production was reduced by high residue and test weight was reduced by moderate and high residue in Trial 1. Grain yield and plumpness were lowest when barley was sown in low residue in Trial 2. Seedlings produced from large seeds emerged more rapidly and produced higher density stands than small seeds in Trial 1 but not Trial 2. Plants grown from large seed were somewhat larger in spring, but seed size had no other effect on growth or yield. Grain plumpness was greater in plants grown from large seed in Trial 1 but not Trial 2. No differences in stand establishment were detected among the cultivars tested. Higher seedbed residues should not be viewed as detrimental to achieving good winter barley performance in conservation tillage svstems.