cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution submillimeter astronomical spectroscopy comes of age

In this talk I review how the overall picture for high resolution submillimeter astronomical spectroscopy has evolved in recent years. Star formation is a key aspect of the evolution of galaxies, and understanding how new stars form requires observation of many different spectral lines that probe the physical conditions and chemical composition of interstellar clouds, including those regions that are actually collapsing to form new stars. Using submillimeter observations, astronomers study star formation in regions ranging from the solar neighborhood to distant galaxies. Studies of key molecular species such as water in sources ranging from galaxies to comets also rely heavily on high resolution submillimeter spectroscopy. In this talk I also discuss the current state-of-the-art in critical technology areas, what we can anticipate occurring in the coming decade, and how this will affect both planned missions and the astronomical studies that will be carried out with them.
Nanomechanics of Defects in Solids

Publisher Summary This chapter examines different aspects of nanomechanics of defects in solids. The methods by which the classical boundary-value problems of continuum mechanics can be imbued with atomistic content are reviewed. Microscopic modeling is founded on the fundamental assertion that beneath the details of observed macroscopic phenomenology, there is a set of microscopic processes which, when understood, rationalize the observed macroscopic behavior to the extent of enabling quantitative predictions. The microscopic simulation of materials is based on the evolution of degrees of freedom that are governed by the Schrodinger equation. It is found that either phenomenologically, or through explicit calculational strategies, the electronic degrees of freedom is implicitly subsumed in the effective pair potential. Once the pair potential has been identified, it is a straightforward matter to evaluate radial derivatives and the corresponding force fields. The energy associated with each distortion may be computed explicitly by recourse to direct atomistics. The contribution due to slip may be extracted by subtracting off the bulk elastic energy. As a result, the exact misfit energy is determined from atomistics. The cohesive-zone theories applied to fracture are also elaborated.
Geschichte des Computers

Der Computer ist ein Produkt menschlicher Ingenieurkunst, das an die Entwicklungsstadien fruherer Werkzeuge anschliest. Werkzeuge dienten ursprunglich der Verstarkung und Optimierung menschlicher Fahigkeiten. Erinnert sei an erste einfache Werkzeuge wie Hammer, Hebel und Zange, die der Verstarkung und Verfeinerung der motorischen Fahigkeiten des Menschen dienten und zu ihrer Benutzung menschliche Kraft benotigten. In der industriellen Revolution folgten Kraftmaschinen von der Dampfmaschine bis zum Elektro- und Brennstoffmotor. Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts loste die automatische Datenverarbeitung mit programmgesteuerten Computern eine technische Revolution aus. Rechenprobleme wurden mit unvorstellbarer Geschwindigkeit gelost. Als Informationstrager standen nun nach dem menschlichen Gedachtnis, den Schriftrollen und schlieslich Buchern und Zeitschriften automatische Datenbanken zur Verfugung. Generationen von Programmiersprachen wurden entwickelt, um die Schnittstelle Mensch-Maschine zu uberbrucken und von maschinennahen zu menschennahen (d.h. den naturlichen Sprachen ahnlichen) Programmiersprachen zu gelangen. Automatische („wissensbasierte“) Systeme sollen auf dieser Grundlage menschlichen Experten zur Seite treten, um sie bei intelligenten Problemlosungen zu unterstutzen, wenn nicht gar zu simulieren.
Miniaturized Wireless Power Transfer Module Design for Brain Optoelectronic Implant

Optogenetics is a clinical methodology that stimulates genetically modified neurons in the brain using Lasers or µLEDs. The most challenging part of designing an optoelectronic implant is to deliver continuous power to the µLED. To overcome this challenge, a wireless power transfer module is designed and presented in this paper. A miniaturized 10.5 mm×10.5 mm receiver coil has been designed and fabricated using the FR4 substrate and Cu trace as a prototype. Inductive power transmission with magnetic coupling has been utilized to transfer power to the implant at a frequency of 7.2 MHz. The measurement data of the resonant coil shows a return loss (S 11 ) of −9.08 dB, a received power of −15.48 dBm in the air and −18.58 dBm in the muscle media at 5 mm distance with 0 dBm input power. With the design of the proper matching network, the achieved efficiency can be further improved.
Exploring the Fairness and Resource Distribution in an Apache Mesos Environment

Apache Mesos, a cluster-wide resource manager, is widely deployed in massive scale at several Clouds and Data Centers. Mesos aims to provide high cluster utilization via fine grained resource co-scheduling and resource fairness among multiple users through Dominant Resource Fairness (DRF) based allocation. DRF takes into account different resource types (CPU, Memory, Disk I/O) requested by each application and determines the share of each cluster resource that could be allocated to the applications. Mesos has adopted a two-level scheduling policy: (1) DRF to allocate resources to competing frameworks and (2) task level scheduling by each framework for the resources allocated during the previous step. We have conducted experiments in a local Mesos cluster when used with frameworks such as Apache Aurora, Marathon, and our own framework Scylla, to study resource fairness and cluster utilization. Experimental results show how informed decision regarding second level scheduling policy of frameworks and attributes like offer holding period, offer refusal cycle and task arrival rate can reduce unfair resource distribution. Bin-Packing scheduling policy on Scylla with Marathon can reduce unfair allocation from 38% to 3%. By reducing unused free resources in offers we bring down the unfairness from to 90% to 28%. We also show the effect of task arrival rate to reduce the unfairness from 23% to 7%.
High Quality Factor PECVD Si 3 N4 Ring Resonators Compatible with CMOS Process

We demonstrate high-confinement Si 3 N 4 resonators with intrinsic quality factor more than 1 million using standard PECVD process. We show that by addressing scattering, the loss at 1.6 µm can be as low as 0.4 dB/cm. © 2019 The Author(s)
Electron correlation in chemical bonds II. LiH and LiH

Abstract The correlation energy in LiH and LiH+ molecules is studied as a function of bond distance, from the united atom limit to the complete bond dissociation, using customized basis sets and Full Configuration Interaction. The analysis reveals an unusual complexity of the correlation energy dependence on the bond distance. The obtained accurate correlation energy profiles are used to study the performance of the established correlation models. The density functional models are found to be reasonably accurate in the description of LiH molecule, and are deficient in LiH+.
Displaced Meniscus Tear in the Acute Postoperative Period After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

Case Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a commonly performed surgery with well-known complications. Unreported in the literature is a displaced meniscus tear in the acute postoperative period. We present the case of a displaced meniscus tear acutely after THA and discuss our management of this unique problem. Conclusions Displaced meniscus tears after THA pose unique challenges and should be considered in patients with knee pain after THA. Arthroscopic intervention occurred 8 weeks after THA to minimize prosthetic joint dislocation and loosening during arthroscopy.
Exploring Barriers: How to Overcome Roadblocks Impeding the Provision of Postabortion Care to Young People in Togo.

Background Family planning counseling and provision of a variety of contraceptive methods during postabortion care (PAC) can increase voluntary contraceptive use and prevent unintended pregnancies, helping to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Youth in Togo, however, face many barriers to accessing contraceptives during PAC including provider bias, parental consent policies, stigma, and pressure on young people to have children. This article describes the lessons learned from follow-up with providers who were trained on PAC to build their willingness and skills in offering youth-friendly PAC. Methods With assistance from the Evidence to Action (E2A) Project, Togo's Division for Maternal and Infant Health and Family Planning (DSMI/PF) systematically applied IntraHealth International's Optimizing Performance and Quality (OPQ) approach to improve the quality of PAC at 5 health facilities from 2014 to 2016. OPQ identified gaps and helped establish solutions to shortcomings that hinder youth's access to contraceptive choice during PAC. To address these shortcomings, staff trained providers to improve their knowledge, attitudes, and skills with regard to (1) medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use to remove age as justification for denying contraceptives; (2) AFPAC to increase the ability to consider gender-based violence and to encourage client-focused and age-sensitive counseling; and (3) monitoring through disaggregation of data by age, method, and parity for data-driven planning and delivery of AFPAC. Results Providers reported improved attitudes and empathy toward young PAC clients, efforts to screen for exposure to sexual and gender-based violence, and willingness to explore reproductive health needs and assist clients in choosing contraceptive methods. Previously, no youth PAC clients chose contraceptives during PAC or returned to the facility for routine follow-up. After providers received OPQ training, they treated 775 PAC clients in 5 health facilities between June and December 2016; 351 were ages 14-24, of whom 142 (40.5%) chose a modern contraceptive. The most common method selected by youth was oral contraceptive pills (44%), followed by implants (41%) and injectables (15%). Of the 142 youth PAC clients who chose a method, 86 (58.5%) returned for the 7-day follow-up. Conclusions Training providers to offer AFPAC along with the application of OPQ to improve the quality of PAC increases voluntary contraceptive uptake, including implants, among youth who make up a substantial portion of all PAC clients. Incorporating AFPAC in family planning/reproductive health policies, norms, protocols, and PAC training, as Togo's DSMI/PF did, is an important element to ensuring institutionalization of the practice.
Perfluoro-tert-Butyl Hydroxyprolines as Sensitive, Conformationally Responsive Molecular Probes: Detection of Protein Kinase Activity by 19F NMR.

19F NMR spectroscopy provides the ability to quantitatively analyze single species in complex solutions but is often limited by the modest sensitivity inherent to NMR. 4R- and 4S-Perfluoro-tert-buy...
Effect of low-dose exposure helix CT scan on image quality for children's hip joint

Objective To discuss the effect of reducing the tube current on the images quality in undergoing hip joint CT examination for children. Methods Forty-five patients were divided at random into three groups with different tube currents, namely group with routine dose, group Ⅰ aged less than 6 years with low dose and group Ⅱ aged from 6 to 12 with low dose. CT dose index ( CTDLvol) and average dose-length produce (DLP) were detected. The image quality of three groups was analyzed by experienced ragiologists with score assessment and t-test. Results The CTDLvol values of three groups were 35.4,15.8 and 17.3 mGy, and those of DLP were 442.75±23.51,197.91±18.46 and 216.01±14.25 mGy·cm, respectively. The percentage of images meeting clinic diagnostic requirement was no significantly different (P>0.05) in three groups. Conclusion Low dose helix CT scan for children's hip joint can meet the clinic diagnostic requirement. Key words: Hip joint; Children; Helical CT; Low-dose
Toll-Like Receptors Induce Signal-Specific Reprogramming of the Macrophage Lipidome

Macrophages reprogram their lipid metabolism in response to activation signals. However, a systems-level understanding of how different pro-inflammatory stimuli reshape the macrophage lipidome is lacking. Here, we use complementary "shotgun" and isotope tracer mass spectrometry approaches to define the changes in lipid biosynthesis, import, and composition of macrophages induced by various Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory cytokines. "Shotgun" lipidomics data revealed that different TLRs and cytokines induce macrophages to acquire distinct lipidomes, indicating their specificity in reshaping lipid composition. Mechanistic studies showed that differential reprogramming of lipid composition is mediated by the opposing effects of MyD88- and TRIF-interferon-signaling pathways. Finally, we applied these insights to show that perturbing reprogramming of lipid composition can enhance inflammation and promote host defense to bacterial challenge. These studies provide a framework for understanding how inflammatory stimuli reprogram lipid composition of macrophages while providing a knowledge platform to exploit differential lipidomics to influence immunity.
Physiological sensing-driven personal thermal comfort modelling in consideration of human activity variations

As one of the representative parameters for human energy metabolism, the metabolic rate has been considered as the significant factor for occupants’ thermal comfort analyses. Despite the importance...
Multiple evaporator and condenser loop thermosyphon system for passive cooling of liquid-fuel molten salt nuclear reactors

Abstract A Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) cooling concept is presented, using passive Multiple Evaporator and Condenser Loop Thermosyphons (MECLTS) to transfer heat from the reactor core to the steam cycle. This concept allows for the intermediary coolant salt system to be eliminated, reducing the associated auxiliary power load. Heat transfer using the MECLTS cooling method is investigated using a thermal network approach, and results are compared to a conventional active MSR cooling concept. In a conceptual 450 MWth MSR power plant the passive MECLTS cooled MSR improved net power output from 200 to 206.8 MWe compared to the conventional active cooling system.
The Original Cushing Society: A Historical Review of the Senior Society's First 6 Meetings

The Society of Neurological Surgeons (SNS), founded in 1920, is one of the oldest neurosurgical society in the world. The founding members were prominent surgeons that met with the idea of furthering the field of neurosurgery. Initial meetings were forums to observe and discuss new surgeries. During the first 6 meetings of the SNS, surgical cases from the areas of cranial trauma, epilepsy, spinal cord tumors, brain tumors, pituitary tumor, trigeminal neuralgia, and cerebellar tumors were discussed. Publications from the members during that time included articles on the use of intracranial hypertonic saline, trigeminal neuralgia, brachial plexus injuries, management of head injury, spinal cord tumors, cervical spine trauma, and intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn. The members also invited lecturers from other specialties, such as neurology, ophthalmology, radiology, and pathology, typifying the interdisciplinary nature of neurosurgical practice. The meetings served as a forum to build consensus on neurosurgical treatment methods. Cases that ultimately changed the practice of neurosurgery at that time will be profiled. The SNS began as a traveling club of neurosurgical leaders who learned from each other's clinical experience to mold this burgeoning new field. However, the members made an impact on how neurosurgery was practiced nationally.
The Effect of Grades on Student Performance: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

Grades are frequently understood as an output of the educational process. However, they may also be an input: receiving a midterm grade may affect student performance in the remainder of the semest...
Collaborative Dialogue and Types of Conflict: An Analysis of Pair Programming Interactions between Upper Elementary Students

In successful collaborative paradigms such as pair programming, students engage in productive dialogue and work to resolve conflicts as they arise. However, little is known about how elementary students engage in collaborative dialogue for computer science learning. Early findings indicate that these younger students may struggle to manage conflicts that arise during pair programming. To investigate collaborative dialogue that elementary learners use and the conflicts that they encounter, we analyzed videos of twelve pairs of fifth grade students completing pair programming activities. We developed a novel annotation scheme with a focus on collaborative dialogue and conflicts. We found that student pairs used best-practice dialogue moves such as self-explanation, question generation, uptake, and praise in less than 23% of their dialogue. High-conflict pairs antagonized their partner, whereas this behavior was not observed with low-conflict pairs. We also observed more praise (e.g., "We did it!") and uptake (e.g., "Yeah and...") in low-conflict pairs than high-conflict pairs. All pairs exhibited some conflicts about the task, but high-conflict pairs also engaged in conflicts about control of the computer and their partner's contributions. The results presented here provide insights into the collaborative process of young learners in CS problem solving, and also hold implications for educators as we move toward building learning environments that support students in this context.
Quantitative phase gradient microscopy and other imaging techniques using metasurfaces

Optical metasurfaces enable control of the phase, polarization and amplitude of optical wavefronts with high spatial resolution that can be difficult to achieve via other means. This opens the possibility of developing new imaging devices that provide various advantages in terms of size and multi-functionality compared to conventional optical systems. One such modality is quantitative phase imaging, that enable label-free imaging of transparent bio-samples. Miniaturization of these imaging systems will extend their potentials in biomedical and diagnostic applications. We demonstrate a novel quantitative phase gradient microscope using two multifunctional metasurface layers that retrieves a quantitative phase gradient image in a single shot with low noise levels and single cell resolution. Besides quantitative phase imaging, I will discuss other imaging applications for dielectric metasurfaces, including hyperspectral imaging.
Advances in Brillouin–Mandelstam light-scattering spectroscopy

Recent years have witnessed a much broader use of Brillouin inelastic light-scattering spectroscopy for the investigation of phonons and magnons in novel materials, nanostructures and devices. Driven by the developments in instrumentation and the strong need for accurate knowledge on the energies of elemental excitations, Brillouin–Mandelstam spectroscopy is rapidly becoming an essential technique that is complementary to Raman inelastic light-scattering spectroscopy. We provide an overview of recent progress in the Brillouin light-scattering technique, focusing on the use of this photonic method for the investigation of confined acoustic phonons, phononic metamaterials and magnon propagation and scattering. This Review emphasizes the emerging applications of Brillouin–Mandelstam spectroscopy for phonon-engineered structures and spintronic devices, and concludes with a perspective on future directions. Nearly 100 years after the prediction of Brillouin light-scattering spectroscopy, or Brillouin–Mandelstam light-scattering spectroscopy, the effect has proved itself a powerful tool for decades. Now its application to probing confined acoustic phonons, phononic metamaterials and magnons is reviewed.
LA RELACIÓN ENTRE ESPIRITUALIDAD Y TEOLOGÍA DESDE LA RELACIÓN ENTRE LO VIVIDO Y LO PENSADO

This article aims to study the relationship between spirituality (what is lived) and theology (what is thought), using the methodology developed by a new paradigm to interpret the Christian and Ignatian tradition in the current context of post-Christianity: that of the lgnatian Christian life. The first part offers a synthesis of this paradigm, focusing on the relationship between motion, emotion, and decision in the decision-making process, whereas the second part discusses the importance of the notion of transformation following the approach of St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. John of the Cross. The third and last part presents the consequences for theology of the two preceding parts: it determines the convenience of assuming the notion of ‘Christian life’ to express the experience of Christian revelation holistically and to propose ‘experiential theology’ as a renewal of spiritual theology. KEYWORDS: Experience. Theology. Spirituality. lgnatian Spirituality. Decision.
Wetting Characteristics of Asphalt Binders at Mixing Temperatures

Conventional hot-mix asphalt is produced by heating the aggregate and the asphalt binder to elevated temperatures, typically within the range of 140°C to 170°C. These temperatures ensure that the viscosity of the asphalt binder is low enough to coat the aggregate particles effectively. During the past decade, warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technology has been introduced to reduce the mixing temperatures by approximately 30°C compared with hot-mix asphalt. Workability at these reduced temperatures typically is achieved by the use of chemical additives in the asphalt binder or through the foaming of the asphalt binder with small percentages of water. In either case (i.e., WMA or hot-mix asphalt), one of the important physical properties that dictates the quality of coating and concomitant aggregate–binder bonding is the surface tension of the asphalt binder at mixing temperatures. In this study, the surface tension of different liquid asphalt binders was measured at typical mixing temperatures. The influence on the...
On Free Speech and Civil Discourse: Filtering Abuse in Blog Comments.

Internet blogs provide forums for discussions within virtual communities, allowing readers to post comments on what they read. However, such comments may contain abuse, such as personal attacks, offensive remarks about race or religion, or commercial spam, all of which reduce the value of community discussion. Ideally, filters would promote civil discourse by removing abusive comments while protecting free speech by not removing any comments unnecessarily. In this paper, we investigate the use of user flags to train filters for this task, with the goal of empowering each community to enforce its own standards. We find encouraging results on experiments using a large corpus of blog comment data with real users flags. We conclude by proposing several novel deployment schemes for filters in this setting.
Indirectly Estimating International Net Migration Flows by Age and Gender: The Community Demographic Model International Migration (CDM-IM) Dataset

Although data for the total number of international migrant flows is now available, no global dataset concerning demographic characteristics, such as the age and gender composition of migrant flows exists. This paper reports on the methods used to generate the CDM-IM dataset of age and gender specific profiles of bilateral net (not gross) migrant flows. We employ raw data from the United Nations Global Migration Database and estimate net migrant flows by age and gender between two time points around the year 2000, accounting for various demographic processes (fertility, mortality). The dataset contains information on 3,713 net migrant flows. Validation analyses against existing data sets and the historical, geopolitical context demonstrate that the CDM-IM dataset is of reasonably high quality.
Chromatin changes accompany the developmental activation of insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription.

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a potent regulator of postnatal growth in mammals, yet little is known about the developmental control of IGF-I synthesis. We have investigated the regulation of IGF-I expression in the rat in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of growth factor induction during early postnatal life. Steady-state levels of liver IGF-I mRNA increased by more than 15-fold during the period from fetal day 18 to postnatal day 7 and reached 50% of adult values by day 14. Transcription run-on experiments using isolated hepatic nuclei and direct analysis of nuclear RNA each demonstrated a comparable rise in nascent IGF-I mRNA over the same time period. Over 90% of transcripts were directed by promoter 1, the more 5' of the two IGF-I gene promoters. By contrast IGF-II gene transcription rates and mRNA levels fell during the first 3 weeks after birth, and albumin expression rose slightly. Analysis of chromatin structure around the IGF-I gene revealed 15 DNase I-hypersensitive sites in adult rat liver in the 120 kilobases (kb) comprising the 6 exon gene and its flanking regions (8 sites within 10 kb at the 5'-end including exons 1-3, 5 sites in the 50-kb third intron, and 2 sites in the 15-kb fifth intron). During development there was a progressive appearance of DNase I-hypersensitive sites that coincided with activation of IGF-I gene expression. One site that became fully hypersensitive by postnatal day 7 was mapped by in vivo DNAse I footprinting to the proximal 200 nucleotides of promoter 1. Since serum IGF-I values rose from 10 to 120 micrograms/liter during the initial postnatal week, these results indicate that transcriptional mechanisms are principally responsible for the stimulation of IGF-I synthesis that occurs shortly after birth. Because discrete changes in chromatin organization coincided with induction of IGF-I gene transcription, it is likely that a series of developmentally modulated transcription factors are involved the activation process.
The Delirious Patient in the ICU

Until a few years ago, the occurrence of delirium or ‘intensive care unit (ICU) psychosis’ was regarded as a routine feature of life in the ICU. Delirium occurred with such a high frequency that it was often considered to be a routine consequence of prolonged stay — a combined effect of the patient’s underlying illness and perhaps the administration of large amounts of sedatives.
Traveling Wave Antennas

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Long Wire Antenna Rhombic and Vee-Antennas Dielectric-Clad Planar Conductors Corrugated Planar Conductors Surface Wave Excitation Surface Wave Antennas Fast Wave Antennas Trough Waveguide Antennas Traveling Wave Arrays of Quasi-Resonant Discretely Spaced Slots [Main Beam at ?????? 0 = arccos( ??????/k )] Traveling Wave Arrays of Quasi-Resonant Discretely Spaced Slots (Main Beam Near Broadside) Frequency Scanned Arrays This chapter contains sections titled: References Problems ]]>
Organising for innovation: parallel processing as a design principle for field-related interfirm networks

The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of parallel processing as a key design principle in organising the expansion and deployment of complex knowledge. Parallel processing is the preferred information architecture for the open inter-firm systems through which complex, field-related knowledge is most effectively managed. Open inter-firm systems are emergent, organising themselves on a project-by-project basis with new inter-firm teams created for each project. Participation in these systems is determined by the underlying knowledge base deployed to address a specific innovation. Within these systems, participants expand their knowledge base by learning to solve complex product/process design problems.
Sickle cell trait: not as benign as once thought.

We describe a case of renal papillary necrosis in a middle-aged female with sickle cell trait who presented with gross hematuria. We wish to highlight this case for several reasons. Sickle cell trait is often viewed as a benign condition despite the fact that it is associated with significant morbidity such as renal papillary necrosis and renal medullary carcinoma. Appropriate evaluation needs to be undertaken to promptly diagnose renal papillary necrosis and differentiate it from renal medullary carcinoma as this can result in deadly consequences for patients. CT urography has emerged as a diagnostic study to evaluate hematuria in such patients. We review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of renal papillary necrosis in patients with sickle cell trait. Keywords: Sickle cell trait; renal papillary necrosis; CT urography (Published: 25 November 2014) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2014, 4 : 25418 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v4.25418
Estimating Magnetic Field Exposures of Rail Maintenance Workers

A measurement survey was undertaken to estimate exposures to 25 hertz (Hz) magnetic fields of maintenance workers on electrified rail lines near Philadelphia, Pa. Because of the mix of frequencies expected, a strategy was developed using a new instrument to capture magnetic field waveforms, which were then analyzed by fast Fourier transform for their frequency components. This instrument could only take spot measurements, so a personal monitor repeatedly measured magnetic fields in the ranges of 40–1000 Hz. To power trains in the mid-Atlantic region, electrical current flows from the overhead catenary to the locomotive and returns through the rails in a loop up to 10 miles long. This flowing current was the primary source of the magnetic field exposures when a train was near the maintenance work site being measured. A total of 93 spot measurements was taken at five locations. Peak magnetic flux densities ranged from 34 to 185 milligauss (mG) near a transformer, while medians at the five locations ranged f...
Electron microscopic atlas of the simian cochlea

An electron microscopic atlas of simian cochlear duct structures is presented with the hope that it may help to clarify certain questions of structural-functional relationships. Emphasis is placed on structures directly involved in sensory transduction and in synaptic transmission, at afferent and efferent nerve fiber terminals. A brief discussion is included as an introduction to the possibilities of interpretation of electron microscopic data. Orientation of electron micrographs is assisted by means of numerical coding on light microscopic photographs, and by means of a diagram which combines electron microscopic and light microscopic data.
A numerical study of the development mechanisms of polar lows

Two well-documented polar lows, one occurring in the Atlantic Ocean and the other in the Pacific Ocean, are modeled numerically. These numerical results are compared with our analytic results in order to determine how the effects of nonlinearity and more complete physics may modify our tentative conclusions. The numerical model used in this study is The Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR), three-dimensional (3-D) primitive equation mesoscale model with a high-resolution planetary boundary-layer parameterization and moist physics. A prediction equation for ground temperature takes into account the existence of variable surface parameters such as albedo, emissivity, thermal inertia. roughness and moisture availability. The Atlantic polar low developed in a shallow but intense baroclinic zone in the Denmark Strait region during the first 24 h of the forecast period. Sensitivity studies with the 3-D model revealed that the baroclinity was sufficient to allow realistic development while the polar low was in the vicinity of this baroclinic zone. However, both convective and non-convective latent heating and the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat were necessary for the simulation of observed development after this polar low departed from this baroclinic zone and entered the Norwegian Sea. The fact that convective and non-convective latent heating were both essential for simulating the observed development of the Atlantic polar low is consistent with previous analytic-model results. Like the Atlantic polar low, the Pacific polar low developed in an intense baroclinic zone, but this baroclinic zone was deep. Sensitivity studies revealed that baroclinity in conjunction with only non-convective latent heating, overdeveloped the polar low, unlike the analytic results. It was only through the use of the convective parameterization and the convective heating profile that correct development of the simulated Pacific polar low resulted. Surface fluxes played little role in this development. Thus, moist baroclinity and CISK (conditional instability of the second kind) were both important to the observed development of both the Atlantic and Pacific polar lows. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00444.x
Second Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors

I will describe the latest in laser interferometers for gravitational wave detection. These instruments are being designed to have CW circulating power levels of ~1 megawatt and sense mirror motions at the 10-20meters/rHz level.
Can Nonuse Value Be Measured from Observable Behavior

Major pollution incidents, such as the oil spill caused by the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, have given immediacy to the notion of nonuse values, or values people hold (and are willing to pay) for improvements in environments or ecosystems with which they have little, or no, direct contact. When the scope of benefit-cost evaluation is expanded to encompass nonusers of an injured environment (quite rightly in some cases involving unique, nationally prominent resources), the number of people potentially affected leads to the possibility of large nonuse values in the aggregate. Thus, the study of methods for rigorous and defensible measurement of nonuse values is a crucial part of adequate benefit-cost analysis and has considerable policy significance. The importance of this issue to current environmental policy can be seen in the actions taken by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to discharge its responsibilities under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. NOAA has
Evidence for a Reversible Equilibrium between Actin, Myosin and Actomyosin

IN an investigation of the characteristics of the reaction between actin and myosin and adenosine triphosphate, we have found that it is more complicated than hitherto assumed1,2. Ultracentrifuge studies were made under various conditions in order to obtain further information on the behaviour of these muscle proteins.
Time Urgency and Type a Behavior: A Methodological Note

The time urgent compotent of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern was investigated through examination of temporal placement of participation in a questionnaire study. Subjects volunteered to complete a questionnaire battery during an eight-week time period in order to gain extra-credit toward their course grade. Results indicated that Type As participated earlier in the time period than Type Bs. It was suggested that Type A-B status could be confounded with systematic changes in a study that occur as a function of time. Random assignment of subjects to participation times appears to be essential in such cases.
SOIL PENETRATION MEASUREMENTS SUPPORTING THE DESIGN OF AN IMPACT BORING TOOL

The hardware, transducers, and data acquisition system used for these tests performed quite well. Our experimental and simulation results show good agreement, and together, indicated that the boring tool design was capable of incremental displacement and cycle rate combinations that would allow it to exceed the required boring rate.
Audit Culture and Grassroots Participation in Rural Haitian Development

When implementing development projects and programs in the global south, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) seek to maximize project success and sustainability through the practical management of risk. In southern rural Haiti, efforts by NGOs and the Haitian state to minimize the corruption and political opportunism that pervade and jeopardize development activities have resulted in the implementation of an “audit culture,” in which community-based organizations (CBOs) must engage before partnering with NGOs in bringing development to their communities. Conjoined with neoliberal governmentality and known locally as the process of legalizasyon (legalization), the processes of audit culture represent techniques by which the objects of development and governance–local communities and the organizations that represent them–are made knowable and accountable to local government and transnational development authorities. Assumed to reduce the risks posed to development projects by local social environments, legalization shapes the meaning of “participation” and “bottom-up development” for actors engaged in development practice. Efforts to limit political opportunism and corruption in development result in the implicit depoliticizing of grassroots organizations, because NGOs avoid local groups whose “audits” reveal any “political” activity. This article concludes that the implementation of an audit culture in development represents a transition in government authoritative power from direct control and supervision to indirect power relations premised on new forms of bureaucracy.
Effects of metal chelation on intraligand bonds—I kinetics of metal-catalysed decarboxylation of histidine☆

Abstract The kinetics of the metal ion-catalysed thermal decarboxylation of histidine have been studied in glycol-type solutions. The decarboxylation reaction was found to be first order with respect to histidine concentration. First order rate constants range from 0·39 × 10 −6 to 8·15 × 10 −6 sec −1 for the series of reactions using histidine with the following metal ions, arranged in decreasing order of effectiveness: Cu(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Al(III), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pd(II). Specific reaction rate constants have been studied as functions of temperature between 90° and 150°C for Cu(II) catalysed histidine decarboxylations in three solvent systems. The Arrhenius equations for kinetic behaviour for these systems are as follows: ethylene glycol, k = 2·089 exp (−10,180/ RT ), ethylene glycol water (10:1 by volume), k = 20·09 exp (−11,740/ RT ) and diethylene glycol, k = 1·142 exp (−10,300/ RT ). It appears that a competitive oxidation reaction is occurring since the first order decarboxylation reaction is deactivated before the theoretical amount of CO 2 is evolved.
Coexistent attractors and new periodic cycles in a bistable ring cavity

Abstract Two distinct period doubling routes to chaos on the low transmission branch of a bistable ring cavity are identified with bifurcations from stable solutions in different regions of parameter space. New periodic cycles, which cannot be predicted by conventional linear stability analysis, can abruptly appear via a tangent bifurcation and undergo a period doubling cascade over a limited parameter range before disappearing.
Multinomial probit and multinomial logit: a comparison of choice models for voting research

Abstract Several recent studies of voter choice in multiparty elections point to the advantages of multinomial probit (MNP) relative to multinomial/conditional logit (MNL). We compare the MNP and MNL models and argue that the simpler logit is often preferable to the more complex probit for the study of voter choice in multi-party elections. Our argument rests on three areas of comparison between MNP and MNL. First, within the limits of typical data—a small sample of revealed voter choices among a few candidates or parties—neither model will clearly appear to have generated the observed data. Second, MNP is susceptible to a number of estimation problems, the most serious of which is that the MNP is often weakly identified in application. Weak identification is difficult to diagnose and may lead to plausible, yet arbitrary or misleading inferences. Finally, the logit model is criticized because it imposes the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property on voter choice. For most applications the IIA property is neither relevant nor particularly restrictive. We illustrate our arguments using data from recent US and French presidential elections.
Strain relaxation in InGaAs lattice engineered substrates

Strain relaxation of hypercritical thickness InxGa1−xAs layers has been observed during lateral oxidation of underlying AlAs layers. Strain relaxation of InxGa1−xAs layers was studied as a function of indium composition and the AlAs oxidation temperature. It is proposed that the enhanced strain relaxation is due to two factors. The first is enhanced motion of threading dislocations due to stresses generated during the lateral oxidation process. The second is the porous nature of the InxGa1−xAs/Al2O3 interface that minimizes the interaction of threading dislocations with existing misfit dislocation segments. The extent of strain relaxation increases with increasing oxidation temperature, whereas the efficiency of strain relaxation was found to decrease with increasing indium composition. The efficiency of strain relaxation upon oxidation can be improved by reducing the misfit dislocation density at the InxGa1−xAs/AlAs interface prior to oxidation and by changing the nature of the InxGa1−xAs/Al2O3 interface.
Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy in the Presence Of Circumaortic or Retroaortic Left Renal Vein

ABSTRACTPurpose: Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy is now an accepted alternative to open surgery in donors with normal renal vasculature. However, the suitability of laparoscopy for donors with anomalous vasculature is less well known. We compared the donor and recipient outcome data of 16 patients with circumaortic or retroaortic left renal vein to 20 recent patients with normal left renal venous anatomy undergoing laparoscopic donor left nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: Of 170 patients undergoing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy at our institution from October 1997 to October 2002, 18 (10.6%) had either a circumaortic or retroaortic left renal vein (group 1). Demographic and perioperative parameters of these donors and their recipients were retrospectively compared to a contemporary cohort of 20 recent patients with a normal single left renal vein (group 2).Results: All laparoscopic procedures were completed successfully without open conversion. Groups 1 and 2 were similar in regard to operative time...
Emergency replacement of valves in endocarditis

Abstract This is a case report on a 24-year-old man with Streptococcus viridans endocarditis that produced rapid circulatory deterioration because of massive aortic insufficiency. In order to prevent death from cardiac failure, early operative intervention became mandatory prior to absolute assurance that the endocarditis was controlled. Prosthetic valve replacement was carried out 10 days after the institution of antibiotic therapy. In spite of the short period of therapy, sterilization of the aortic remnants was evidenced by the lack of bacterial growth in culture and the failure of the prosthesis to become infected. The result of the initial operation was a dramatic improvement in clinical and hemodynamic status. The need for a second operation was based on the return of mild symptoms of aortic insufficiency and evidence of malfunction of the prosthesis. The lack of adequate fixation of the first ball valve was due to a failure of the sutures to remain embedded in the edematous and friable aortic annulus. Sufficient healing and scar formation permitted successful replacement of the initial valve at the time of the second operation, without further morbidity. At the time of this writing, the follow-up period had been 12 months and the patient had returned to full activity without symptoms.
Internal processes governing party positions in elections

A number of authors have examined the question of what is the optimal position for each of two political parties along a continuum of political opinion, when the two parties are in competition for voters, each aiming to win a majority. Downs (1957) initiated this investigation, using a result from spatial competition in a market by Hotelling. He showed that if voters choose that party closest to them on the continuum, and parties are completely free to move, there is an equilibrium position for the two parties; it is the identical position, at the position of the median voter.
Thermal dispersion effects in non-Darcian convective flows in a saturated porous medium

Abstract The importance of thermal dispersion on non-Darcian convective flow in a saturated porous medium is discussed in this paper. A new theoretical model taking into consideration thermal dispersion effects in non-Darcian convective flows is proposed. A method for the determination of the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients from experimental data is discussed.
Singular value decomposition of wintertime sea surface temperature and 500-mb height anomalies

Abstract Single field principal component analysis (PCA), direct singular value decomposition (SVD), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and combined principal component analysis (CPCA) of two fields are applied to a 39-winter dataset consisting of normalized seasonal mean sea surface temperature anomalies over the North Pacific and concurrent 500-mb height anomalies over the same region. The CCA solutions are obtained by linear transformations of the SVD solutions. Spatial patterns and various measures of the variances and covariances explained by the modes derived from the different types of expansions are compared, with emphasis on the relative merits of SVD versus CCA. Results for two different analysis domains (i.e., the Pacific sector versus a full hemispheric domain for the 500-mb height field) are also compared in order to assess the domain dependence of the two techniques. The SVD solution is also compared with the results of 28 Monte Carlo simulations in which the temporal order of the SST gri...
A predictive location model for location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBSs) utilize information about users' locations through location-aware mobile devices to provide services, such as nearest features of interest, they request. This is a common strategy in LBSs and although it is needed and benefits the users, there are additional benefits when future locations (e.g., locations at later times) are predicted. One major advantage of location prediction is that it provides LBSs with extended resources, mainly time, to improve system reliability which in return increases the users' confidence and the demand for LBSs. However, much of the current location prediction research is focused on generalized location models, where the geographic extent is divided into regular-shape cells. These models are not suitable for certain LBSs whose objective is to compute and present on-road services, because a cell may contain several roads while the computation and delivery of a service may require the exact road on which the user is driving. We propose a new model, called Predictive Location Model (PLM), to predict locations in LBSs with road-level granularities. The premise of PLM is geometrical and topological techniques allowing users to receive timely and desired services.