cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Aspects of Computerized Office Work

Publisher Summary Computerized jobs tend to be more sedentary, require more cognitive processing and mental attention, and require less physical energy expenditure than traditional manufacturing jobs with high physical demands. Yet the production demands can be high, with constant work pressure and little decision making possibilities. These are conditions that have been shown to produce occupational stress. The economic advantages of computers at work have overshadowed potential problems that can occur that may influence the health and safety of employees. Computing has brought a host of problems including reduced quality of working life, job loss, cumulative trauma disorders, and increased psychological stress. The transition from more traditional forms of work to computerization has been difficult in many workplaces and has resulted in significant psychosocial and sociotechnical problems for the workforce. The chapter discusses these issues as well as the recommendations for more effective computer automation implementation strategies and work design improvements. The purpose of the chapter is to examine how the use of computers at work affects the satisfaction and stress levels of employees who use computers and how to design computerized work systems for the best possible result.
Development of a behavioral marker system to assess intensive care unit team performance

Teamwork plays a pivotal role in ensuring the quality and safety of care delivery in the intensive care unit (ICU). The measurement of these skills, therefore, is paramount to quantifying performan...
Metformin Accumulation Correlates with Organic Cation Transporter 2 Protein Expression and Predicts Mammary Tumor Regression In Vivo.

Several epidemiologic studies have associated metformin treatment with a reduction in breast cancer incidence in prediabetic and type II diabetic populations. Uncertainty exists regarding which patient populations and/or tumor subtypes will benefit from metformin treatment, and most preclinical in vivo studies have given little attention to the cellular pharmacology of intratumoral metformin uptake. Epidemiologic reports consistently link western-style high fat diets (HFD), which drive overweight and obesity, with increased risk of breast cancer. We used a rat model of HFD-induced overweight and mammary carcinogenesis to define intratumoral factors that confer metformin sensitivity. Mammary tumors were initiated with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and rats were randomized into metformin-treated (2 mg/mL drinking water) or control groups (water only) for 8 weeks. Two-thirds of existing mammary tumors responded to metformin treatment with decreased tumor volumes (P 0.11 cm3 reduction in tumor volume. Metformin treatment also decreased proinflammatory arachidonic acid >1.5-fold in responsive tumors (P = 0.023). Collectively, these preclinical data provide evidence for a direct effect of metformin in vivo and suggest that OCT2 expression may predict metformin uptake and tumor response. Cancer Prev Res; 10(3); 198-207. ©2017 AACR.
Celiac Disease: Lessons for and from Chemical Biology

Celiac disease is a lifelong immune disorder of the small intestine where inflammation is triggered by dietary gluten. There is an urgent need for the development of nondietary therapies for this widespread but overlooked disease. More fundamentally, a molecular understanding of gluten-induced pathogenesis in celiac disease has the potential to provide new insights into mucosal immunology. Over the past two decades, three pathogenically critical molecules—gluten, TG2, and HLA-DQ2—have served as focal points for collaborative efforts between biologists, chemists, engineers, and clinicians with an interest in celiac disease. This perspective summarizes a few examples of such multidisciplinary research directions with an emphasis on groundbreaking clinical studies that have profoundly informed the trajectory of subsequent molecular investigations. Examples of future challenges in fundamental and translational celiac disease research are also discussed.
On the Cultural Representation of Labor (Value)

What is the value of labor? If labor is as contestable as we have already indicated, then value is no less disputed. Within Marxist critiques of capitalism, the labor theory of value attempts to show how the socially necessary time of the worker is embedded by workers in the commodity. The value of the workers’ labor power is the market rate of that power as a commodity. This division of value between time and power is central to how labor’s value for capital is understood. Labor power is a specific capacity for producing use value that is commodified at the moment it is sold. The labor theory of value, however, which pre-exists Marx in the thinking of Adam Smith and David Ricardo for instance (from whom he rearticulates the concept) concerns the degree to which social production and reproduction constitutes the value of labor time in the commodity. In contrast to classical political economy, Marx argues that labor is value, a measure over time of how a socio-economic formation organizes the conditions of socialization in general.
Inheritance: Male mtDNA Just Can’t Catch a Break

Summary Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is actively eliminated from the developing sperm in Drosophila . New work shows that the mitochondrial DNA polymerase, which normally replicates mtDNA, plays a surprising role in mtDNA elimination.
Topical therapies for the treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

Anal cancer may be prevented by treating anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Ablative therapies are the most commonly used treatments, but they may not be appropriate for all patients including those with extensive HSIL or bleeding diastheses. Researchers have studied topical therapies for human papillomavirus related lesions including anal HSIL. These therapies include patient-applied 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod and cidofovir, and provider-applied trichloroacetic acid. This review will discuss literature supporting efficacy of these products, which is based mainly on case series with few controlled trials having been conducted. Side effects are common with patient-applied topical therapy often requiring dose reduction and medication to treat pain. However, treatment discontinuations are infrequent. This review will also discuss some approaches to the use of these products in clinical practice.
Diagnostic Methods, Risk Factors, Prevention, and Management of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Past, Present, and Future Directions.

Purpose of Review Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic, adverse, and much feared complication of breast cancer treatment, which affects approximately 20% of patients following breast cancer treatment. BCRL has a tremendous impact on breast cancer survivors, including physical impairments and significant psychological consequences. The intent of this review is to discuss recent studies and analyses regarding the risk factors, diagnosis, prevention through early screening and intervention, and management of BCRL.
Ischemic Optic Neuropathies

Ischemic optic neuropathy is one of the major causes of blindness or seriously impaired vision, yet there is disagreement as to its pathogenesis, clinical features, and especially its management. I have conducted basic, experimental, and clinical studies on it since 1955. From these studies, I discussed at length various basic and clinical aspects of ischemic optic neuropathy recently in my book entitled Ischemic Optic Neuropathies [1]. The following is a brief summary.
Evidence-Based Support for Nutrition Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer.

Patients diagnosed with head and neck (HN nutritional optimization is therefore critical to the success of treatment for these complex patients. This article aims to review the current nutrition literature pertaining to H&N cancer patients and to present evidence-based strategies for nutritional support specific to this population. Aggressive nutritional intervention is frequently required in the H&N cancer patient population. Rehabilitating nutrition during operative and nonoperative treatment improves compliance with treatment, quality of life, and clinical outcomes. When and whether to establishing alternative enteral access are points of controversy, although recent evidence suggests prophylactic enteral feeding tube placement should not be universally applied. Perioperative nutritional optimization including preoperative carbohydrate loading and provision of arginine-supplemented immunonutrition has been shown to benefit at-risk H&N cancer patients. With multidisciplinary collaboration, H&N cancer patients can receive individualized nutritional support to withstand difficult cancer treatment regimens and return to acceptable states of nutritional health.
Relationships and Clinical Utility of Creatinine, Cystatin C, eGFRs, GFRs, and Clearances.

Background: This review addresses techniques for glomerular filtration rate (GFR), either measured by clearance tests such as with creatinine, iothalamate, inulin, or iohexol [measured GFR (mGFR)] or calculated by equations that determine the estimated GFR (eGFR) from serum measurements of creatinine and/or cystatin C. However, mGFR tests are slow and impractical for routine use. Therefore, calculations of eGFRs have been developed that have advantages over the mGFRs. Content: The eGFR is a serum creatinine and/or cystatin C adjusted for age, sex, and race, with mathematical manipulations to produce an average numerical agreement with the mGFR. However, all comparisons between eGFR and mGFR show wide scatter that appears to be related to the large variability of the mGFR. Procedures for mGFR often do not agree with each other and have both wide population variation (similar to plasma creatinine and cystatin C) and within-individual variation that is much larger than creatinine or cystatin C. Whether the measured GFR is even equivalent to serum creatinine and/or cystatin C for detecting early clinical changes in chronic kidney disease will be addressed. Summary: Procedures for measuring GFR are tedious and expensive, and have both wide population variation (similar to plasma creatinine and cystatin C), and within-individual variation that is much larger than either creatinine or cystatin C. Because the normal range for mGFR overlaps considerably with the stages 1 and 2 of chronic kidney disease, mGFR has significant clinical limitations. Instead of trying to mimic mGFRs, the focus should be on using eGFRs on their own clinical merits to detect impaired kidney function.
Deficient Processing in Learning and Performance

Two experiments investigated the assumption made by Shea and Zimny (1983) in their recently proposed theoretical framework for contextual interference that recognition and recall performance are at least partially separable and can be independently manipulated. In both experiments, recognition training prior to acquisition resulted in fewer tasks being recalled for the recognition training condition than for the non-task recognition and no-recognition training conditions. We offer an explanation in which recognition training enabled subjects to solely use identification processes to keep the tasks in working memory and allow subsequent motor performance. These identification processes, however, did not provide detailed enough knowledge of the tasks to support recall performance (i.e. deficient processing). These findings are interpreted within a parallel-distributed processing view of learning and performance.
Religion and Educational Development in Thailand

The discussion of religion and educational development tends to be a neglected topic. This area is particularly important in Thailand because religion is one of the three pillars of the nation. In the centuries prior to the visionary education reforms of King Chulalongkorn the Great to create a modern secular education system, the Siamese education system was basically religious with monks as the teachers and temples as the schools. Later Buddhist universities were developed in the King Chulalongkorn era, which is described. There is then a discussion of how Western missionary influence in the 1800s and early 1900s was important for the development of modern Thai education. Many of Thailand’s elite most prestigious schools are missionary ones such as Assumption and Mater Dei. Then background is provided on Thailand’s religious diversity, followed by a discussion of how certain Buddhist principles relate to progressive education. Among concepts discussed are Buddhist epistemology, modest consumption and the economic sufficiency concept (settakit phophiang) (เศรษฐกจพอเพยง), and impermanence (relates to innovation). Also discussed are Buddhist implications for the curriculum and assessment. Another topic rarely discussed is how religion (both Buddhism and Christianity) can contribute to social mobility. Recent initiatives to have schools more active in promoting Buddhist thought are described. Among these initiatives are the rongrian withiput (โรงเรยนวธพทธ) (Buddhist-oriented schools) and the creation of the Sathirakul Youth Education Foundation. The chapter concludes with reflections on happiness education, core values, and education for optimal living and sustainable development.
Cannibalism of Pupae by Caterpillars of the Ranchman's Tiger Moth, Arctia Virginalis, (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)

While once dismissed as an artifact of unnatural laboratory conditions, cannibalism is now widely accepted as a common behavior exhibited by multiple insect taxa, including primarily herbivorous species. In some cases cannibalism provides a means of acquiring nutrients and defensive compounds, reducing competition, and decreasing population density. For plants, inducing insect cannibalism is a defense mechanism to decrease damage by pests. Despite the growing awareness of cannibalism, its causes, and its ecological importance, few model systems exist, largely because observations of cannibalism are not reported. Here, we investigated the cannibalism of pupae by caterpillars of the ranchman's tiger moth, Arctia virginalis, [Lepidoptera: Erebidae] based on an observation of a late instar caterpillar attacking the pupa of a conspecific in our laboratory. We conducted separate laboratory and field experiments to confirm this observation and determine the propensity for cannibalism under more natural conditions. We confirmed our observation of cannibalism in the laboratory experiment but failed to detect evidence of this behavior in the field. Consequently, the frequency of cannibalism, the conditions under which it occurs, and its impact on the population dynamics of A. virginalis are still unknown.
Analytical approach for injection profiling through warm-back analysis in multilayer reservoirs

Abstract Injection profiling in multilayer (stratified) reservoirs is essential for successful water flooding and effective reservoir management. When possible, injection profiling may be achieved via production logging tools (PLT). An alternative approach is to utilize real-time temperature obtained e.g. via fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to obtain the injection profiles. Development of modelling tools is required to enable analyzing temperature data to obtain the injection profiling. In this work, an analytical solution is developed to determine the transient temperature distribution in the reservoir during the warm-back period that follows cold fluid injection. The analytical model is used to introduce a temperature inversion approach to obtain the injection profile. The analytical solution is developed for single- and multi-layer reservoirs considering single-phase flow at constant rate over the injection period. The solution considers heat transfer by conduction and convection during the injection period. Warm-back is attained during the subsequent shut-in period through heat transfer by conduction in the reservoir (thermal equilibration) as well as the heat exchange between the completed layers and the surroundings. Heat transfer with the surrounding layers affects the warm-back rate the most for relatively thin layers. The analytical solution is verified through comparison against numerical simulation results obtained using a thermally coupled numerical simulator for single- and multi-layer reservoir cases. Graphical interpretation techniques are introduced by recasting the analytical solution into convenient forms. The graphical techniques are applied to synthetic warm-back data to illustrate their reliability and accuracy in obtaining the injection profile and the thermal front extent (per layer) during the injection period.
Concept of a Microwave Heating Array along with IR Radiometry for Measuring Regional Blood Perfusion

This paper presents the concept of applying an array of microwave heating (MWH) antennas for the measurement of skin perfusion through thermoregulatory temperature response, captured by the infrared (IR) thermal imaging. Each antenna element has a hole placed in it to allow for "multi-point" perfusion measurement. The thermal responses at the holes (points) are simultaneously measured by an IR camera. A microstrip-fed, 2 by 1 array of rectangular shape annular slot antennas, on a semi-flexible substrate, operating at 2.45 GHz, was designed. 10-mm diameter holes allow the IR measurement of the skin temperature. Two pairs of this array, side by side, were used for MWH and the control. Measurements performed on tissue phantom and lower arm demonstrate promising results, where about 1 W power per element is enough to raise the tissue temperature by a desirable 2 °C per hole, within a reasonable time.
Equivalence Method of Wind Farm in Steady-State Load Flow Calculation

Steady-state load flow calculation is an important constituent in conceptual planning of wind farm. To obtain accurate calculation results it is very necessary to build up a steady-state model that can accurately describe the characteristics of wind farm. Generally, in its load flow calculation the wind farm is regarded as PQ node and the power factor of a wind farm is considered as same as that of a single wind turbine. Because such a method does not take the collection system within the wind farm into account, it may cause larger calculation error when the scale of wind farm is biggish. Through case study the collection system of wind farm is illustrated by means of dividing it into two complexions, i.e., the collection system using overhead line and that using cable. It is pointed out that when cable is used as collection system, the equivalent power factor of a wind farm is evidently different from that of single wind turbine, thus in load flow calculation the action of collection system should be taken into account.
Comparison of Antithrombin III Products in Pediatric Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

The study investigated the safety and efficacy of two antithrombin III (ATIII) products in pediatric patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) by performing a retrospective analysis of patients who received either recombinant ATIII (rATIII) or human-derived ATIII (hATIII). Twenty-two patients were included in the study from January 2014 to September 2015 and all received unfractionated heparin (UFH) as anticoagulation during ECMO. In total, 86 doses of ATIII were included in the analysis in which 37 doses (43%) were rATIII and 49 doses (57%) were hATIII. Unfractionated heparin rates were also evaluated for all cases (n = 86) at 24 hours post-ATIII supplementation. The UFH rate decreased after the administration of both types of ATIII. However, neither the reduction in UFH rate between the two ATIII products (p = 0.52) nor the UFH rates pre- and post-ATIII supplementation at 24 hours (p = 0.08) reached statistical significance. There was a significant difference in cost favoring the rATIII product (p $100,000 in financial loss of unused drug. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of ATIII supplementation in pediatric ECMO.
NOW YOU SEPTUM, NOW YOU DON’T

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiomyopathy and is associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD). Septal reduction therapy is indicated when obstructive symptoms persist despite medical management. A 15-year-old previously healthy female presented with SCD while
Scaling Functional Traits from Leaves to Canopies

In this chapter, we begin by exploring the relationship between plant functional traits and functional diversity and how this relates to the characterization and monitoring of global plant biodiversity. We then discuss the connection between leaf functional traits and their resulting optical properties (i.e., reflectance, transmittance, and absorption) and how this related to remote sensing (RS) of functional diversity. Building on this, we briefly discuss the history of RS of functional traits using spectroscopy and imaging spectroscopy data. We include a discussion of the key considerations with the use of imaging spectroscopy data for scaling and mapping plant functional traits across diverse landscapes. From here we provide a review of the general methods for scaling and mapping functional traits, including empirical and radiative transfer model (RTM) approaches. We complete the chapter with a discussion of other key considerations, such as field sampling protocols, as well as current caveats and future opportunities.
NAPL-water interfacial area as a function of fluid saturation measured with the interfacial partitioning tracer test method

The presence of organic immiscible liquids such as chlorinated solvents and fuels continues to be a primary source of risk for many hazardous waste sites. In this study, the standard miscible-displacement interfacial partitioning tracer test (IPTT) method was used for the first time to measure NAPL-water interfacial areas for a range of saturations. Multiple measurements were conducted for a natural quartz sand, with tetrachloroethene as the representative NAPL. The interfacial areas increased with decreasing water saturation. The measurements compared well to interfacial areas measured for the same sand with two alternative tracer methods, the mass-distribution batch method and the two-phase flow method. Measurements obtained with all three tracer-based methods exhibit a relatively large degree of variability. Thus, it is important to employ replication when using these methods. In contrast, interfacial areas measured with x-ray microtomography exhibit very small variability. However, the measured interfacial areas do not capture the contribution of surface-roughness to film-associated interfacial area. Each method has associated advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to be cognizant of them during their application.
O7 Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Availability and Cost in SNAP-participating Retail Stores in Mississippi: Differences by Rurality

Background Access to healthy, affordable food is an environmental factor that can influence food security. Research suggests healthy food availability varies by store type, rurality/urbanicity, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation, and sociodemographic characteristics. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in variety and cost of fresh fruits and vegetables in convenience stores, grocery stores, and supermarkets in Mississippi across Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCCs). Study Design, Setting, Participants A survey design was used to collect data in 461 convenience stores, grocery stores, and supermarkets. Trained surveyors (Extension county agents, Extension nutrition educators, and research team members) selected an assigned number of SNAP-participating stores by county to represent food availability across Mississippi. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Availability and cost data were collected using an adapted version of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Corner Store (NEMS-CS). Metro areas were defined as those with RUCCs of 1 to 3, while non-metro areas were defined as those with RUCCs of 4 to 9. Independent samples t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare means in metro vs non-metro areas within store types. Results Variety of fresh fruits and fresh vegetables was greater in non-metro vs metro areas in convenience and grocery stores but not supermarkets. Cost of 6 most commonly available fruits and vegetables was similar within store types when comparing metro vs non-metro areas. Conclusion Elucidation of food availability patterns in retailers serving SNAP clients is important for planning outreach efforts. Smaller retailers may be important partners and could be a setting for SNAP-Education social marketing messages encouraging healthy food selection behaviors. Involving agents and educators in data collection and in building shared goals with local food retailers may be a promising strategy for improving purchase and consumption of healthy foods in Mississippi. Funding Mississippi State University Extension.
ESTAN: Enhanced Small Tumor-Aware Network for Breast Ultrasound Image Segmentation.

Breast tumor segmentation is a critical task in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer detection because accurate tumor size, shape and location are important for further tumor quantification and classification. However, segmenting small tumors in ultrasound images is challenging, due to the speckle noise, varying tumor shapes and sizes among patients, and the existence of tumor-like image regions. Recently, deep learning-based approaches have achieved great success for biomedical image analysis, but current state-of-the-art approaches achieve poor performance for segmenting small breast tumors. In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture, namely Enhanced Small Tumor-Aware Network (ESTAN), to accurately and robustly segment breast tumors. ESTAN introduces two encoders to extract and fuse image context information at different scales and utilizes row-column-wise kernels in the encoder to adapt to breast anatomy. We validate the proposed approach and compare it to nine state-of-the-art approaches on three public breast ultrasound datasets using seven quantitative metrics. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves the best overall performance and outperforms all other approaches on small tumor segmentation.
Smoothing Property of Load Variation Promotes Finding Global Solutions of Time-Varying Optimal Power Flow

This article analyzes solution trajectories for optimal power flow (OPF) with time-varying load. Despite its nonlinearity, time-varying OPF is commonly solved every 5–15 min using local-search algorithms. Failing to obtain the globally optimal solution of power optimization problems jeopardizes the grid's reliability and causes financial and environmental issues. The objective of this article is to address this problem by understanding the optimality behavior of OPF solution trajectories. An empirical study on California data shows that, with enough variation in the data, local search methods can solve OPF to global optimality, even if the problem has many local minima. To explain this phenomenon, we introduce a backward mapping that relates the time-varying OPF's global solution at a given time to a set of desirable initial points. We show that this mapping could act as a stochastic gradient ascent algorithm on an implicitly convexified formulation of OPF, justifying the escape of poor solutions over time. This work is the first to mathematically explain how temporal data variation affects the complexity of solving power operational problems.
Transcondylar Approach for Resection of Medullary Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Cavernous malformations located within the brainstem present with a high rate of neurological symptoms and carry a more aggressive course in both pediatric and adult populations.1,2 Cavernomas within the medulla are the rarest form, representing only 5% of all brainstem lesions.3 Repeated hemorrhage of brainstem cavernomas is associated with significant and cumulative neurological deficits and thus requires treatment.4 Microsurgical resection has become the optimal mode of treatment with the aim of resecting the live malformation and not merely the multiaged, organized hematoma.4 This is best achieved by approaching the cavernoma at the location where it projects to the surface and entering the lesion through a safe brainstem anatomic zone. For ventrally located lesions in the medulla, a transcondylar skull base approach provides a direct trajectory to the entry zone through a short surgical distance without the need to manipulate or retract neurovascular structures.5-8 Neuronavigation and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of somatosensory evoked potential, motor, and lower cranial nerves are adjuncts to increase patient safety. Radiosurgery for the treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations has been proposed; however, it demonstrates high risk and variable and often poor response rates.9 We present a surgical video demonstrating the transcondylar approach and resection of a medullary cavernoma in a 54-yr-old woman who has had multiple known prior hemorrhages and presented with a new onset of facial numbness and weakness, ataxia, and left body sensory loss. The patient consented to surgery and to photograph publication. Images at 1:28, 1:43 (left), 2:02 from Al-Mefty O, Operative Atlas of Meningiomas, © LWW, 1997,5 with permission. Images at 1:43 (right) from Arnautovic et al,8 with permission from JNSPG.
Dynamic Inductive Transfer Learning with Decision Support Feedback to Optimize Retina Analysis

The retina is a unique tissue considered an extension of a brain that transforms the incoming light into neural signals. Numerous deep neural networks are developed to segment retinal images precisely for detecting diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. However, these networks are limited in selecting evaluation metrics and tuning hyperparameters subjectively in the model validation process. Furthermore, the segmentation networks lack a progressive mode of model tuning for active transfer learning. This article proposed a novel technique of dynamic inductive learning with single-point decision criteria, striving to optimize the image segmentation model using multi-criteria decision support feedback. A case study is conducted to reveal the problems related to the conventional approach and establish the significance of a proposed concept with empirical evidence. It is found that dynamic inductive transfer learning reduces the subjectivity of hyperparameter selection in a model validation process. For a given challenge of retinal vessel extraction, stochastic gradient descent is considered an optimal candidate for two variants of dynamic inductive transfer learning with a decision score of 0.9634 and 0.9951, respectively. This effort would serve as a vital step towards an optimal disease diagnosis.
Strategies for K-12 Social Studies

Review of the book "Teaching History with Museums" by Alan S. Marcus, Jeremy D. Stoddard, and Walter W. Woodward
Chapter 5. Antiparkinsonism Drugs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies focusing on antiparkinsonism drugs. Parkinsonian patients' brains show cytological deterioration, principally but not exclusively in midbrain and basal ganglia. It also shows a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and in the corpus striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in the basal ganglia of the forebrain. The depletion of dopamine is presumably due to degeneration of fibers of the nigrostriatal tract. Results convincingly established the striking efficacy of a degree exceeding that of all previous medications, when high sustained doses of levodopa were administered. Levodopa favorably altered nearly all symptoms of Parkinson's disease, though not equally and it works best in patients with mild disease of short duration, but it also helps patients with severe long-term disease. While it helps all forms of the disease, postencephalitic cases are very sensitive to both the therapeutic effects and the side effects. Results of studies to find efficiency of decarboxylase inhibitors, apomorphine, and amantadine are also discussed.
Density estimation by maximum quantum entropy

A new Bayesian method for non-parametric density estimation is proposed, based on a mathematical analogy to quantum statistical physics. The mathematical procedure is related to maximum entropy methods for inverse problems and image reconstruction. The information divergence enforces global smoothing toward default models, convexity, positivity, extensivity and normalization. The novel feature is the replacement of classical entropy by quantum entropy, so that local smoothing is enforced by constraints on differential operators. The linear response of the estimate is proportional to the covariance. The hyperparameters are estimated by type-II maximum likelihood (evidence). The method is demonstrated on textbook data sets.
Extending a Multi-agent System for Genomic Annotation

The explosive growth in genomic (and soon, expression and proteomic) data, exemplified by the Human Genome Project, is a fertile domain for the application of multi-agent information gathering technologies. Furthermore, hundreds of smaller-profile, yet still economically important organisms are being studied that require the efficient and inexpensive automated analysis tools that multi-agent approaches can provide. In this paper we give a progress report on the use of the DECAF multi-agent toolkit to build reusable information gathering systems for bioinformatics. We will briefly summarize why bioinformatics is a classic application for information gathering, how DECAF supports it, and recent extensions underway to support new analysis paths for genomic information.
Continuations and the Nature of Quantification

This paper proposes that the meanings of some natural language expressions should be thought of as functions on their own continuations. Continuations are a well-established analytic tool in the theory of programming language semantics; in brief, a continuation is the entire default future of a computation. I show how a continuation-based grammar can unify several aspects of natural language quantification in a new way: merely stating the truth conditions for quantificational expressions in terms of continuations automatically accounts for scope displacement and scope ambiguity. To prove this claim, I exhibit a simple finite context-free grammar with a strictly compositional semantics in which quantificational NPs are interpreted in situ but take semantic scope over larger constituents. There is no Quantifier Raising (nor any use of a level of Logical Form distinct from overt syntax), no Cooper Storage (or similar mechanisms used in many recent HPSG, Categorial, or Type-logical treatments), and no need for type-shifting (as in Hendriks' Flexible Types account). Continuations also provide a natural account of generalized coordination that does not require either type-shifting or type polymorphism. Compositionality issues are discussed in some detail.
Design of a notional ship for use in the development of early-stage design tools

In this paper, current early-stage design tools are used to produce a notional ship that includes leading-edge weapons and sensors. These new systems stress the capabilities of current design tools and demonstrate the need for tools that can address the increasingly integrated, powerful and heat-producing nature of future payloads. The data produced in this process are shown to be the required input to new design tools under development, thus establishing the link between the existing state of the art and tools that provide more advanced capability necessitated by advances in ship system technology. A framework for a semi-automated template-based system arrangement tool is then presented.
Our Libertarian Court: Bong Hits and the Enduring Hamiltonian-Jeffersonian Colloquy

The Supreme Court's decision in Morse v. Frederick, otherwise known as the Bong Hits 4 Jesus case, highlights the non-realization of Chief Justice Roberts's goal of greater cohesion and unanimity among the nine Justices. Bong Hits is an example of the Chief Justice appearing increasingly among the majority, Justice Stevens speaking vigorously for the minority, and Justice Thomas's iconoclastic approach to constitutional issues. Importantly, the case also reveals a trend of alliance between Justices Kennedy and Alito and their shared Hamiltonian skepticism of local power, as well as Chief Justice Roberts' unsuccessful attempts to limit constitutional questions to narrow grounds of decision. This Essay explores the divided factions of the Court through the lens of Bong Hits and offers further insight into the Justices' constitutional jurisprudence.
Brine fluxes from growing sea ice

It is well known that brine drainage from growing sea ice has a controlling influence on its mechanical, electromagnetic, biological and transport properties, and hence upon the buoyancy forcing and ecology in the polar oceans. When the ice has exceeded a critical thickness the drainage process is dominated by brine channels: liquid conduits extending through the ice. We describe a theoretical model for the drainage process using mushy layer theory which demonstrates that the brine channel spacing is governed by a selection mechanism that maximizes the rate of removal of stored potential energy, and hence the brine flux from the system. The fluid transport through the sea ice and hence the scaling laws for brine fluxes and brine channel spacings are predicted. Importantly, the resulting brine flux scaling is consistent with experimental data for growth from a fixed temperature surface, allowing all parameters in the scaling law to be determined. This provides an experimentally tested first principles derivation of a parameterization for brine fluxes from growing sea ice.
Existence of equilibria with infinitely many consumers and infinitely many commodities. A theorem based on models of commodity differentiation

Abstract This paper presents a general result on the existence of competitive equilibria in exchange economies in which consumers and commodities are both infinite in number. The result shows that — in this framework at least — the added assumptions necessary to handle models with infinitely many agents are remarkably similar to the additional restrictions needed when only finitely many commodities are available for trade. It is shown that the results apply, in a straightforward manner, to two of the common models of consumer choice when commodity differentiation is an important consideration.
Robot task programming by human demonstration: mapping human grasps to manipulator grasps

To alleviate the problem of overwhelming complexity in grasp synthesis and path planning associated with robot task planning, we adopt the approach of teaching the robot by demonstrating in front of it. A system with this programming technique is able to temporally segment a task into separate and meaningful parts for further individual analysis and recognize the human grasp employed in the task. With such derived information, this system would then map the human grasp to that of the given manipulator plan its trajectory, and proceed to execute the task. This paper describes how grasp mapping can be accomplished in our system. The mapping process essentially comprises three steps. The first step is local functional mapping, in which grasps of functionally equivalent fingers are established. This is followed by gross physical mapping which produces a kinematically feasible manipulator grasp. Finally, by carrying out local grasp adjustment using some task-related criterion, we arrive at a locally optimal manipulator grasp. We describe these steps in detail in this paper and show results of example grasp mappings. >
Electronically Commutated dc Motors for Electric Vehicles

A motor development program to explore the feasibility of electronically commutated dc motors (also known as brushless) for electric cars is described. Two different design concepts and a number of design variations based on these concepts are discussed. One design concept is based on a permanent magnet, medium speed, machine rated at 7000 to 9000 rpm, and powered via a transistor inverter power conditioner. The other concept is based on a permanent magnet, high speed, machine rated at 22,000 to 26,000 rpm, and powered via a thyristor inverter power conditioner. Test results are presented for a medium speed motor and a high speed motor each of which have been fabricated using samarium cobalt permanent magnet material.
Electronic effects of sodium in epitaxial CuIn1−xGaxSe2

Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements were made on Na-contaminated and uncontaminated epitaxial p-type CuIn1−xGaxSe2 films. Na was introduced by diffusion into as-deposited samples using both NaOH and Na2Se as sources. Na concentrations were measured using secondary ion mass spectroscopy by comparison to an implanted standard. Films contaminated with Na from either source were found to have much lower compensating donor densities than as-deposited films. Oxygen and other impurities were not found to be necessary to produce this effect although some changes with Se content were observed. These were independent of the Na effect.
Evolution of Titan's coupled Ocean-Atmosphere system and interaction of ocean with bedrock

A recent model for the surface state of Titan proposes a liquid ethane-methane-molecular nitrogen layer of order one kilometer thick which because of stratospheric methane photolysis has become increasingly ethane-rich with time (1). We explore the interaction of such an ocean with the underlying “bedrock” of Titan (assumed to be water-ice or ammonia hydrate) and with the primarily nitrogen atmosphere. It is concluded that although modest exchange of oceanic hydrocarbons with enclathrated methane in the bedrock can in principle occur, it is unlikely for reasonable regolith depths. The surprisingly high solubility of water ice in liquid methane (2) implies that topographic features on Titan of order 100 meter in height can be eroded away on a time scale ≲ 109 years. The large solubility difference of N2 in methane versus ethane implies that the ocean composition is a strong determinant of atmospheric pressure; a simple radiative model of the Titan atmosphere is employed to demonstrate that significant surface pressure and temperature changes can occur as the oceanic composition evolves with time.
Lung pathology after high frequency jet ventilation combined with low rate intermittent mandatory ventilation in a canine model of meconium aspiration

The microscopic appearance of lungs subjected to six hours of conventional ventilation (CV), standard high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), and HFJV combined with low rate intermittent mandatory ventilation (CHFJV) was studied in 22 mongrel puppies. A lung injury model was created by insufflating 4 ml/kg of a 20% mixture of meconium into the trachea. The animals were initially ventilated at the same mean airway pressure (Paw). Subsequently, if PCO2 fell below 20 torr, peak and mean airway pressures were reduced. A scoring system was devised which assigned 0-3 points for each of eight lung injury parameters, and a total lung injury score (TLIS) was calculated. CHFJV resulted in significantly less bronchopneumonia and edema, when compared to CV. A consistent, though not significant, trend toward lesser injury scores in CHFJV animals was noted for several other parameters. Six of eight lungs exposed to CV had TLIS greater than 5 compared to only 1 of 9 ventilated by CHFJV. (P = 0.02). It is concluded that CHFJV may have a protective effect on the lung, perhaps because effective gas exchange is achieved with a lower pressure amplitude and at lower Paw.
Effects of "free" medical care on medical practice--the Quebec experience.

Abstract Interviews with random samples of practicing physicians in Montreal were conducted before and after the introduction of a universal health-insurance plan. The size and composition of the physician population were not affected by the introduction of the plan. There was a reduction of 8 1/2 hours, however, in the physician's average workweek, from 54.8 hours to 46.3 hours, with large declines in time spent in telephone consultations and in seeing patients at home or in the hospital. Average daily patient contacts also fell — from 82,262 to 74,463 —owing to declines in telephone contacts and home and hospital visits. Patients seen in the office increased, however, from 23,840 per day to 31,509. Patients thought by doctors to have sought medical advice without reasonable cause rose from 1.1 per cent of all patients seen to 1.9 per cent, whereas those who physicians thought should have sought medical advice sooner fell from 2.6 to 1.8 per cent. (N Engl J Med 288: 1152–1155, 1973)
Abstract LB-344: Emergence of carcinoma resistance to EGFR blockade via an integrin avb3/RalB/NFkB signaling axis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL EGFR inhibitors have been used to treat several cancers including pancreatic, breast, lung and colorectal cancers. However, resistance to EGFR inhibitors has emerged as a significant clinical problem. KRAS activation in cancer has been associated with tumor cell resistance to EGFR inhibition. Here we identify integrin αvβ3 as a marker for tumors that are resistant to EGFR blockade. In addition, we find that tumor cells initially lacking or expressing low levels of integrin αvβ3 specifically upregulate this integrin upon treatment with EGFR inhibitors. Surprisingly, αvβ3, even in the unligated state, interacts with and promotes a specific KRAS ependent function leading to the EGFR independent growth of various tumors. Specifically, αvβ3 promotes KRAS dependent activation of RalB and its downstream effectors TBK1/NFkB and Src leading to tumor growth in the presence of EGFR inhibitors. Accordingly, knockdown of RalB sensitizes αvβ3-expressing tumors to EGFR blockade while expression of an active RalB mutant promotes resistance of αvβ3 negative tumor cells to EGFR blockade. These findings reveal a new role for integrin αvβ3 in mediating tumor cell resistance to EGFR inhibition through activation of a specific KRAS dependent function. Our findings suggest a new way to circumvent EGFR resistance of a wide range of cancers by targeting the αvβ3/KRAS signaling pathway and its downstream effectors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-344. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-344
Crystallization kinetics behavior of PEEK based composites exposed to high heating and cooling rates

The crystallization kinetics of PEEK based composites has been studied extensively under isothermal conditions. Little work has been carried out to date on crystal growth behavior under highly non-isothermal conditions. This paper uses a crystallization kinetics growth and melting model to predict crystal growth and melting under highly non-isothermal conditions characteristic of in-situ lamination methods such as Automated Tow Placement, pultrusion and induction bonding. A single ply experiment was developed to validate these models using the actual thermal data acquired during experiments. Good agreement is obtained between model predictions and experimental results for heating rates in excess of 700 °C/s and cooling rates up to 150 °C/s.