cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CoSMoS: A BIM and wireless sensor based integrated solution for worker safety in confined spaces

Abstract Within the construction industry, accident statistics indicate that there are fatalities and serious injuries in confined spaces due to exposure to hazardous environment. A review of international safety regulations suggest that lack of oxygen and temperature extremes contribute to make these work environments hazardous. Building Information Modeling (BIM) platform has the potential to provide improved visualization for effective monitoring of confined spaces on construction sites. In an attempt to reduce Health and Safety (H&S) hazards, this work reports upon an integrated solution based on BIM and wireless sensor technology. A literature review has led to conceptualize a model for a BIM based technology application. This was later shaped into a scenario through industry feedback followed by a prototype development as a proof of concept. The prototype system uses BIM to present data received from wireless sensors placed at confined spaces on a construction site. Industry feedback on the prototype indicates that the proposed solution will facilitate intelligent monitoring of confined spaces through real-time sensor data to avoid time sensitive emergency situations typically encountered by workers operating in such work environments.
Time resolution of the Miocene fauna from Paşalar

Abstract The mammalian fauna from middle Miocene deposits at Pasalar, Turkey, contains 52 species. Included in this is the hominoid primate, Griphopithecus alpani , which is one of the most abundant species present. The fossil assemblage was transported to the site and deposited extremely quickly, but the presence of surface weathering with subsequent modification by abrasion shows that the bones accumulated elsewhere over a period of years before being transported to the fossil site. The Pasalar fossils have an attritional distribution pattern of surface weathering, indicating slow accumulation over a period of years, and by modern analogies a period of at least 10-20 years is indicated. Evidence of burial of some of the bones, but lack of evidence of subsurface weathering and root marks, indicates that the period of accumulation is almost certainly longer than this, but not more than a few hundred years. Even so, a period of 100-200 years is still short ecologically, and since stratigraphic evidence limits the source of the sediments and bones to a restricted area close to the fossil site, it can be further concluded that the mammal assemblage is restricted in both time and space. The assemblage may approximate to a natural mammalian community, with many of the populations contemporaneous and perhaps even related.
Exercise caution !: a hazard of treadmills

Regular physical activity is known to reduce the risk of a wide group of disorders, that include, coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes [1,2]. However despite the proven health benefits associated with exercise, keeping fit leads to an estimated 19 million injuries per year, with a resultant 8 million days off work [3]. Not surprisingly, football is the leading cause of sports injuries, with 30% of all incidents attributed to it, the vast being minor and taking the form of sprains or strains of the ankle or knee. Running is the second most common cause of injury (9% of all incidents). The use of commercial treadmills is a popular means of keeping fit, individuals gaining the health benefits of running within an indoor environment. We report an unusual injury in a young man, sustained whilst using a treadmill.
Sexual Orientation Microaggressions: “Death by a Thousand Cuts” for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth

In recent years, there has been a growth of literature examining the mental health impacts of microaggressions, which are defined as subtle forms of discrimination toward oppressed groups. The current study utilized a qualitative focus group method and directed content analysis to categorize several types of sexual orientation microaggressions that exist. Eight themes were identified, including “Use of heterosexist terminology” and “Endorsement of heteronormative culture/behaviors.” Results suggest that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals experience both conscious and unconscious microaggressions from heterosexuals and support that microaggressions negatively impact LGB individual's mental health. Implications for youth development are discussed.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting Mating Type Frequency in Natural Isolates of Tetrahymena thermophila

Abstract In Tetrahymena thermophila mating type alleles specify temperature sensitive frequency distributions of multiple mating types. A-like alleles specify mating types I, II, III, V and VI, whereas B-like alleles specify mating types II through VII. We have characterized the mating type distributions specified by several A- and B-like genotypes segregated by genomic exclusion from cells isolated from a pond in northwestern Pennsylvania. The B-like genotypes are alike in specifying very low frequencies of mating type III, but differ with respect to the frequencies of other mating types, particularly II and VII. An A-like genotype specifies a high frequency of mating type III and is unstable in successive generations for the expression of mating type II, suggesting a possible modifier. Inter se crosses performed at 18 °C, 28 °C and 34 °C showed that each genotype specifies a frequency distribution that is uniquely affected by temperature. No mating type was affected the same way by temperature in all ge...
PKX, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in Pacific salmonid fishes and its affinities with the Myxozoa.

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by an unclassified protozoan (PKX), is reported from Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) and O. kisutch (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, held at the Mad River Hatchery in California, USA. The cumulative mortality attributed to the disease was 95, 13, and 18% respectively. The mortalities were greatest at mean water temperatures of 12-14°C during July 1983. The ultrastructure of the PKX organism and its associated pathology during clinical disease in all three species were consistent with those of the parasite in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as described in European outbreaks. Significant mortalities did not occur after August, at which time the parasite could no longer be detected in the salmon species. The steelhead continued to exhibit parasites in the kidney interstitium and epithelium and lumens of the tubules. Myxosporidan trophozoites and developing spores were also observed in the lumens of the kidney tubules of these fish. Although a mixed infection with another parasite may have occurred, evidence suggests that the myxosporidans are later stages of PKX. They were only observed in fish exposed to water with the infective stage and were particularly prominent in recovering fish. The PKX organism is similar to UBO, an unclassified protozoan of carp suspected to be an early stage of Sphaerospora renicola Dykova & Lom. Both parasites infect the blood and kidney, divide by endogeny, and are released by disintegration of the primary mother cell. The intraluminal myxosporean forms show similarities to Sphaerospora spp. in that they are monosporous and sporoblasts are formed within pseudoplasmodia. It is possible that PKX migrates to the lumen of the kidney tubule and subsequently sporulates. If the myxosporean forms are later stages of PKX, then it would belong to the phlyum Myxozoa.
Measurement of Complex Permittivity and Permeability Using Two Flanged Rectangular Waveguides

In this paper, a non-destructive material parameter extraction technique which uses two flanged rectangular waveguides is presented. The technique improves on existing single probe methods, common in the literature, by its ability to easily measure reflection and transmission coefficients necessary for extraction of epsivr and mur over all frequencies. Love's Equivalence Principle is used to create a system of coupled magnetic field integral equations (MFIEs) which are solved using the Method of Moments (MoM). Measurement results for two R-cards and one magnetic shielding material are shown.
Neodymium isotopic study of rare earth element sources and mobility in hydrothermal Fe oxide (Fe-P-REE) systems

Rare earth element (REE)-enriched, igneous-related hydrothermal Fe-oxide hosted (Fe-P-REE) systems from four areas in North America have been analyzed for their neodymium iosotopic composition to constrain REE sources and mobility in these systems. The Nd isotopic results evidence a common pattern of REE concentration from igneous sources despite large differences in age (Proterozoic to Tertiary), tectonic setting (subduction vs. intraplate), and magmatic style (mafic vs. felsic). In the Middle Proterozoic St. Francois Mountains terrane of southeastern Missouri, {epsilon}{sub Nd} for Fe-P-REE (apatite, monazite, xenotime) deposits ranges from +3.5 to +5.1, similar to associated felsic to intermediate igneous rocks of the same age ({epsilon}{sub Nd} = +2.6 to +6.2). At the mid-Jurassic Humboldt mafic complex in western Nevada, {epsilon}{sub Nd} for Fe-P-REE (apatite) mineralization varies between +1.1 and +2.4, similar to associated mafic igneous rocks ({minus}1.0 to +3.5). In the nearby Cortez Mountains in central Nevada, mid-Jurassic felsic volcanic and plutonic rocks ({epsilon}{sub Nd} = {minus}2.0 to {minus}4.4) are associated with Fe-P-REE (apatite-monazite) mineralization having similar {epsilon}{sub Nd}({minus}1.7 to {minus}2.4). At Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico, all assemblages analyzed in this Tertiary rhyolite-hosted Fe oxide deposit have identical isotopic compositions with {epsilon}{sub Nd} = {minus}2.5. These data are consistent with coevalmore » igneous host rocks being the primary source of REE in all four regions, and are inconsistent with a significant contribution of REE from other sources. Interpretations of the origin of these hydrothermal systems and their concomitant REE mobility must account for nonspecialized igneous sources and varied tectonic settings.« less
Rubicon: bounded verification of web applications

Rubicon is a verifier for web applications. Specifications are written in an embedded domain-specific language and are checked fully automatically. Rubicon is designed to fit with current practices: its language is based on RSpec, a popular testing framework, and its analysis leverages the standard Ruby interpreter to perform symbolic execution (generating verification conditions that are checked by the Alloy Analyzer). Rubicon has been evaluated on five open-source applications; in one, a widely used customer relationship management system, a previously unknown security flaw was revealed.
Horizon-based semiautomated nonhyperbolic velocity analysis

ABSTRACTWith higher capacity recording systems, long-offset surveys are becoming common in seismic exploration plays. Long offsets provide leverage against multiples, have greater sensitivity to anisotropy, and are key to accurate inversion for shear impedance and density. There are two main issues associated with preserving the data fidelity contained in the large offsets: (1) nonhyperbolic velocity analysis and (2) mitigating the migration/NMO stretch. Current nonhyperbolic velocity analysis workflows first estimate moveout velocity Vnmo based on the offset-limited gathers, then pick an effective anellipticity ηeff using the full-offset gathers. Unfortunately, estimating Vnmo at small aperture may be inaccurate, with picking errors in Vnmo introducing errors in the subsequent analysis of effective anellipticity. We have developed an automated algorithm to simultaneously estimate the nonhyperbolic parameters. Instead of directly seeking an effective stacking model, the algorithm finds an interval model t...
Quantitative Calculation of Oxygen Incorporation in Sputtered IGZO Films and the Impact on Transistor Properties

The calculation of the molecular flux of sputtered indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) and oxygen during IGZO growth is used to generalize the optimum synthesis conditions for thin film transistors (TFTs). TFTs fabricated with an O 2 and IGZO incorporation ratio = 1 demonstrated the best transfer curve with the resistivity of ∼5 × 10 3 Ω cm at ∼1 mTorr of oxygen partial pressure. We demonstrate that the resistivity can be systematically varied almost 7 orders of magnitude by varying the oxygen partial pressure during sputtering. The relative Fermi level position was estimated as a function of the O 2 /IGZO incorporation ratio. It is demonstrated that the resistivity curve with O 2 /IGZO incorporation ratio can be used as a powerful tool to determine the IGZO sputtering conditions for optimum TFT fabrication. Furthermore, the proposed oxygen incorporation calculation method is applied to subsequent passivation layer sputtering; when the oxygen incorporation rate during SiO 2 passivation sputtering is increased to a point that is higher than the amorphous IGZO incorporation rate during IGZO sputtering, the leakage current via the back channel is noticeably reduced.
Diagnostic and treatment delays in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated disease.

BACKGROUND: Because Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD) is primarily an inpatient issue, hospitalists are at the forefront of the timely diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease. DESIGN: The study was a retrospective cohort of all inpatients with CDAD at Brigham and Women's Hospital from 1997 to 2004 in order to determine the time to diagnosis and treatment in initial and recurrent episodes of disease. RESULTS: The mean time to sampling, between 2.09 and 2.24 days, was not significantly different between initial and recurrent CDAD hospital episodes. The mean time to treatment (from symptoms and sampling) was shorter in recurrent episodes but was still 2.5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with recurrent disease were more likely to be treated earlier but not diagnosed earlier than those with initial disease. Because both groups had significant diagnostic and treatment delays, this is an area in which hospitalists can have a major impact on patient care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:156–159. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Dependence of juvenile hormone activity on haemolymph factor in Tenebrio molitor pupae.

Abstract Morphogenetic response of Tenebrio molitor pupae to juvenile hormone (JH) varies with age, it being low during the first 6 hr after pupal ecdysis and reaching a peak at about 18 hr after ecdysis. Parabiosis of 6-hr pupa to a 18-hr-old pupa causes a higher morphogenetic response in 6-hr pupa to JH. A similar increase in morphogenetic response was not noticeable when a 0·45 μm Millipore filter was placed between the parabiotic partners, suggesting that the factor(s) may be macromolecular. This view is further supported by the observation that the Millipore filter did not prevent transport of ecdysterone another agent that enhances morphogenetic response of pupae to JH.
The clinical gaze in the practice of migrant health: Mexican migrants in the United States

This paper utilizes eighteen months of ethnographic and interview research undertaken in 2003 and 2004 as well as follow-up fieldwork from 2005 to 2007 to explore the sociocultural factors affecting the interactions and barriers between U.S. biomedical professionals and their unauthorized Mexican migrant patients. The participants include unauthorized indigenous Triqui migrants along a transnational circuit from the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico, to central California, to northwest Washington State and the physicians and nurses staffing the clinics serving Triqui people in these locations. The data show that social and economic structures in health care and subtle cultural factors in biomedicine keep medical professionals from seeing the social determinants of suffering of their unauthorized migrant patients. These barriers lead clinicians inadvertently to blame their patients--specifically their biology or behavior--for their suffering. This paper challenges the focus of mainstream cultural competency training by showing that it is not the culture of the patient, but rather the structure and culture of biomedicine that form the primary barriers to effective multicultural health care.
Effects of gear box vibration and mass imbalance on the dynamics of multistage gear transmission

The dynamic behavior of multistage gear transmission system, with the effects of gear-box-induced vibrations and rotor mass-imbalances is analyzed. The model method, using undamped frequencies and planar mode shapes, is used to reduce the degree-of-freedom of the system. The various rotor-bearing stages as well as lateral and torsional vibrations of each individual stage are coupled through localized gear-mesh-tooth interactions. Gear-box vibrations are coupled to the gear stage dynamics through bearing support forces. Transient and steady state dynamics of lateral and torsional vibrations of the geared system are examined in both time and frequency domain. A typical three-staged geared system is used as an example. Effects of mass-imbalance and gear box vibrations on the system dynamic behavior are presented in terms of modal excitation functions for both lateral and torsional vibrations. Operational characteristics and conclusions are drawn from the results presented.
Back-illuminated large-format Loral CCDs

The authors use charge-coupled devices (CCDs) from a lot of Loral wafers containing 3072 X 1024 and 800 X 1200 pixel detectors. These CCDs were specifically designed for astronomical spectrographic applications with the intention of thinning them at Steward Observatory for backside illumination. The thinning procedure and how it relates to the packaging method developed to keep the devices flat for use in fast optical beams are described. Initial results with a new oxidation procedure to allow better backside charging is also described. This oxidation method is especially effective with biased gate-charging techniques which apply a voltage directly over the backside oxide.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A calorimetric study of precipitation in commercial aluminium alloy 6061

No detailed calorimetric study of precipitation in 6××× series aluminium alloys has been reported to date. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been utilized in conjunction with DSC to study precipitate evolution in aluminium alloy 6061
Application of symbolic computation to two-dimensional elasticity

Application of symbolic algebra software (Mathematica) is presented to analyze a two-dimensional elasticity problem. Elastic fields for a two-dimensional body subject to linear temperature distribution are obtained in semi-analytical form using symbolic algebra software Mathematica by implementing the Galerkin method. Two test cases, a homogeneous elastic body with rectangular shape, and body that contains circular inhomogeneity (inclusion), are analyzed to demonstrate the proposed methodology. Without resorting to purely numerical methods such as finite element, the present method can automate otherwise tedious code rewriting procedures and is ideal for sensitivity analysis as it retains all the relevant parameters.
Radiosurgery of Jugular Foramen Tumors

This article discusses the use of radiosurgery in the treatment of tumors of the jugular foramen, including glomus tumors; schwannomas involving cranial nerves (CNs) IX, X, and XI; and meningiomas. The appropriate role of radiosurgery, stereotactic radiotherapy, or both in the management of these tumors is controversial. Radiosurgery may be used as a primary treatment modality or as an adjunct after subtotal or partial extirpation of a tumor. Although long-term follow-up for as long as 7 years does not conclusively demonstrate the efficacy of radiosurgery in controlling tumors, results have been comparable to those achieved with conventional radiotherapy. Furthermore, radiosurgical outcomes compared favorably with CN morbidity and mortality of surgical series and with radiation-induced morbidity in radiotherapy series. Finally, the limitations and disadvantages of radiosurgery in the treatment of these lesions are discussed.
Family Life Cycle, Extended Family Orientations, and Economic Aspirations as Factors in the Propensity to Migrate*

This paper provides a simultaneous examination of three noteworthy causes of migration. The influences of the nuclear family life cycle, orientation toward the extended family, and economic aspirat...
Afforestation, restoration and regeneration — Not all trees are created equal

Undulations in weather patterns have caused climate shifts of increased frequency and duration around the world. The need for additional research and model data on this pressing problem has resulted in a plethora of research groups examining a particular tree species or biome for negative effects of climate change. This review aims to (1) collect and merge recent research data on regeneration within old- and new-growth forests, (2) highlight and expand upon selected topics for additional discussion, and (3) report how shade tolerance, drought tolerance, and inherent plasticity affect tree growth and development. Although shade and drought tolerance have been well studied by a number of research groups, this review reveals that in-depth analysis of a single or a few species in a given area will not generate the data required to implement a successful regeneration plan. Studies using historical accounts of previous species composition, information regarding site seasonality, species competition, and individual responses to drought and shade are needed to (1) develop best management plans and (2) ensure future modeling experiments are focused on a greater variety of species using more innovative methods to evaluate climate change effects.
Evidence for the binding of two factors of the third component of complement to red cells.

A NUMBER of recent investigations1–4 have led to the view that there are two factors in serum which are responsible for the action of what has previously been called the third component of complement (C′3). This communication presents further evidence for this view, based on experiments with radioactive guinea pig complement prepared biosynthetically according to the method of Penn et al.5. This was used in preference to serum proteins labelled with iodine-131 with which Mayer et al.6 have demonstrated uptake of radioactivity by EAC′142 in the reaction with C′3. It was felt that biosynthetically labelled complement would be less likely to be adsorbed non-specifically than complement labelled with iodine-131.
Esthesioneur oblastoma: Cytologic features with differential diagnostic considerations

A case of recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of a midcervical mass. The cytologic features that characterize this uncommon neoplasm include uniform, small, round-to-oval cells with coarsely granular chromatin, multiple small nucleoli, prominent nuclear membranes, and scant cytoplasm. Morphologically and ultrastructurally, esthesioneuroblastoma cells resemble those of sympathetic neuroblastomas. Both tumors show rosette formation and minimal cellular pleomorphism, and, by electron microscopy, dense-core cytoplasmic granules can be identified. The cytologic recognition of esthesioneuroblastoma is important since it metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes accessible to fine-needle aspiration biopsy. In addition, the histogenesis of this unusual neuroectodermal tumor and its behavior are discussed.
Properties of ceramic foam catalyst supports: pressure drop

Abstract Ceramic foams are prepared as positive images of corresponding plastic structures and exhibit bed porosities as high as 80–90%. This makes them attractive as catalyst supports in processes where high pressure drop in the reactor tube is a problem. In this research, pressure drop relationships were examined for 10, 30, 45 and 65 pores per inch (PPI) ceramic foam samples made from 92.0 and 99.5% α-Al2O3 and from ZrO2 stabilized with Mg, Ca, and La2O3. Pore distributions were determined with imaging analysis, using digital techniques. Pressure drop measurements confirmed that ceramic foams follow the Forscheimer relationship and may be interpreted with the Ergun model, in which the pressure drop is the sum of viscous and inertial terms. The Ergun parameters, α and β, are not constant, α decreases from 8.05 to 2.88 and β increases from 0.0338 to 0.111 as the pore density increases from 10 to 65 PPI. Empirical equations were developed for these parameters in terms of the mean pore size and the bed porosity, and these indicated a dependence on the media properties. Calculated pressure drop from these equations were within 15% of measured values. Up to 15 wt.% γ-Al2O3 washcoat was added to 30 PPI samples of α-Al2O3 foams. Nitrogen BET surface areas increased from about 2 m2 g−1 in the unwashcoated samples to almost 15 m2 g−1 at the highest loading. Both α and β increase linearly with the BET surface area, α by only about 50% but β by a factor of 8. This suggests that roughness introduced by the washcoat plays a dominant role in the turbulent resistance.
Somatic expression of LINE-1 elements in human tissues

LINE-1 expression damages host DNA via insertions and endonuclease-dependent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are highly toxic and mutagenic. The predominant tissue of LINE-1 expression has been considered to be the germ line. We show that both full-length and processed L1 transcripts are widespread in human somatic tissues and transformed cells, with significant variation in both L1 expression and L1 mRNA processing. This is the first demonstration that RNA processing is a major regulator of L1 activity. Many tissues also produce translatable spliced transcript (SpORF2). An Alu retrotransposition assay, COMET assays and 53BP1 foci staining show that the SpORF2 product can support functional ORF2 protein expression and can induce DNA damage in normal cells. Tests of the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase expression suggest that expression of exogenous full-length L1, or the SpORF2 mRNA alone in human fibroblasts and adult stem cells triggers a senescence-like phenotype, which is one of the reported responses to DNA damage. In contrast to previous assumptions that L1 expression is germ line specific, the increased spectrum of tissues exposed to L1-associated damage suggests a role for L1 as an endogenous mutagen in somatic tissues. These findings have potential consequences for the whole organism in the form of cancer and mammalian aging.
Features of auditory comprehension in severely impaired aphasics.

Summary Despite gross impairment to comprehension, severe cases of aphasia nevertheless demonstrate some retained ability to distinguish commands, yes/no questions, and information questions from one another. This ability includes such features of comprehension as distinguishing relevant from irrelevant material and recognizing the salient grammatical properties of question's and commands. Patients respond significantly better to spoken than to tape-recorded items, especially when the examiner is seated before them.
Predictive vision from stereo video: robust object detection for autonomous navigation using the Unscented Kalman Filter on streaming stereo images

A predictive object detection algorithm was developed to investigate the practicality of using advanced filtering on stereo vision object detection algorithms such as the X-H Map. Obstacle detection with stereo vision is inherently noisy and non linear. This paper describes the X-H Map algorithm and details a method of improving the accuracy with the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The significance of this work is that it details a method of stereo vision object detection and concludes that the UKF is a relevant method of filtering that improves the robustness of obstacle detection given noisy inputs. This method of integrating the UKF for use in stereo vision is suitable for any standard stereo vision algorithm that is based on pixel matching (stereo correspondence) from disparity maps.
Lattice model calculation of hugoniot curves and the grüneisen parameter at high pressure for the alkali halides

Abstract A seven parameter shell model of the interatomic forces in the NaCl lattice is used to make a detailed lattice dynamics calculation at arbitrary volume, for fourteen alkali halides. The calculated normal mode spectrum gives an explicit vibrational contribution to the pressure and the elastic constants in the quasiharmonic approximation. The seven parameters are chosen to fit low pressure ultrasonic data and the low and high frequency dielectric constants. Prediction of the Gruneisen parameter γ, (∂ l nγ/∂ l n V ), and δ s = (−1/β B s )(d B s /d T ) are in reasonable agreement with experiment. The calculated γ decreases monotonically with volume. Calculated Hugoniots are in good agreement with experiment for NaCl, NaBr and NaI, and in fair agreement for LiBr, LiI and NaF.
Synthesis and Structure of the Alkali–Metal Amalgams A3Hg20 (A=Rb, Cs), K3Hg11, Cs5Hg19, and A7Hg31 (A=K, Rb)

Abstract The synthesis and single-crystal structures of four alkali–metal amalgams are reported. The compounds A 3 Hg 20 ( A =Rb, Cs) are of new structural type ( Pm -3 n , Z =2, a =10.737(1) A and 10.913(1) A, for A =Rb and Cs, respectively), while K 3 Hg 11 is the first example of a mercury compound with the α -La 3 Al 11 -type structure ( Immm , Z =2, a =5.122(1) A, b =10.063(2) A, c =14.782(3) A). The structure of A 7 Hg 31 ( A =K, Rb) determined from single crystal ( P 6/ mmm , Z =1, a =10.850(2) A and 11.000(2) A, c =10.210(2) A and 10.377(3) A, for A =K and Rb, respectively) is compared with that of K 7 Hg 31 , previously known from powder diffraction only. Cs 5 Hg 19 ( I 4/ m , Z =2, a =11.803(3) A, c =10.814(5) A) is isostructural with the known Rb 5 Hg 19 .
Structural and chemical requirements for hydroxychlorobiphenyls to uncouple rat liver mitochondria and potentiation of uncoupling with aroclor 1254.

Abstract Rat hepatic mitochondrial permeability and succinate + valinomycin-dependent swelling were studied in the presence of hydroxy derivatives of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBOHs), Aroclor 1254 (ARO) and combinations of both. PCBOHs with two or more chlorines and pK a s > 8.0 (PCBOH I) induced passive swelling in a potassium acetate-sucrose medium (pH 7.2), maximally stimulated succinate respiration, and suppressed ADP-stimulated H + uptake. Mono- and certain dichlorinated biphenylols with similar high pK a s (PCBOH II) were ineffective. Para -hydroxy PCBs with chlorines substituted in the 3,5 positions and with pK a s near 6.8 (PCBOH III) inhibited succinate + valinomycin swelling and ADP-stimulated H + and oxygen uptake. The efficacy of both PCBOH I and III derivatives required the presence of a hydroxyl moiety and increased directly with the degree of chlorination. Coplanarity was not a determining factor for PCBOH I compounds. ARO activated succinate + valinomycin swelling at low concentrations (3–25 nmol/mg protein) but inhibited at higher concentrations ( > 40 nmol/mg). Activating concentrations of ARO potentiated the influence of PCBOHs on mitochondria. The uncoupling effects of the PCBOHs and ARO involved permeability changes of the inner membrane, respiratory inhibition, or combinations of both.
The effect of the preparation conditions on the optical properties of transparent silica aerogels

Hemispherical and specular transmittance in visible wavelength region and small-angle neutron-scattering of silica aerogels were measured to investigate the effects of supercritical drying media and heat treatment on the optical properties and structure of them. Silica aerogels were prepared by using methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and carbon dioxide as supercritical drying medium. The analysis of transmission spectra suggested that a reduction of transmittance in visible light can be attributed to Rayleigh scattering, and the scattering intensity depended on the supercritical drying medium. The difference of the scattering intensity among the samples was related to the difference of the cluster size of aerogels from the results of small angle neutron scattering. Heat treatment affected the scattering intensity, but the change of the cluster size was not observed.
What Makes Green Cities Unique? Examining the Economic and Political Characteristics of the Grey-to-Green Continuum

In the United States, urbanization processes have resulted in a large variety—or "continuum"—of urban landscapes. One entry point for understanding the variety of landscape characteristics associated with different forms of urbanization is through a characterization of vegetative (green) land covers. Green land covers—i.e., lawns, parks, forests—have been shown to have a variety of both positive and negative impacts on human and environmental outcomes—ranging from increasing property values, to mitigating urban heat islands, to increasing water use for outdoor watering purposes. While considerable research has examined the variation of vegetation distribution within cities and related social and economic drivers, we know very little about whether or how the economic characteristics and policy priorities of green cities differ from those of "grey" cities—those with little green land cover. To address this gap, this paper seeks to answer the question how do the economic characteristics and policy priorities of green and grey cities differ in the United States? To answer this question, MODIS data from 2001 to 2006 are used to characterize 373 US cities in terms of their vegetative greenness. Information from the International City/County Management Association's (ICMA) 2010 Local Government Sustainability Survey and 2009 Economic Development Survey are used to identify key governance strategies and policies that may differentiate green from grey cities. Two approaches for data analysis—ANOVA and decision tree analysis—are used to identify the most important characteristics for separating each category of city. The results indicate that grey cities tend to place a high priority on economic initiatives, while green cities place an emphasis on social justice, land conservation, and quality of life initiatives.
Cut scheduling in the apparel industry

A problem encountered in the apparel industry is that of producing, with no excess, a known number of different styles from the same cloth. This situation occurs, for instance, in the case of special order or made-to-order garments. In the cutting process, plies of cloth are spread on a cutting table, and several patterns are placed across the top ply. Cutting out the patterns through all plies creates a set of bundles of garment pieces, and several such lays may be required to satisfy all demands. The cut scheduling problem concerns finding a feasible cutting schedule having the minimum number of lays. We present an exact enumerative approach that identifies all optimal solutions to a practically important variant of this problem. The availability of multiple solutions allows greater flexibility and permits decision makers to apply additional criteria in selecting an appropriate cutting schedule. Computational evidence shows that our approach can efficiently solve standard test problems from the literature as well as some very challenging examples provided by a global garment manufacturer.
Application of Hasselman’s Crack Propagation Model to Insertion Electrodes

Electrode failure, in the form of fracture or decrepitation, can occur as a result of repeated volume expansion and contraction in insertion electrodes used in lithium-ion batteries. Deleterious reactions with the electrolyte may also occur at the newly cracked surface, causing capacity fade. In this article, we derive an analytic expression for the total elastic energy stored within a spherical particle due to diffusion-induced stresses. Using this equation and taking an approach similar to that of Hasselman [J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 46, 535 (1963)], we establish a criterion for crack propagation within a spherical insertion electrode.
Scale And Frequency Dependence Of Reflection And Transmission Coefficients

Well-logs show that heterogeneities occur at many different spatial scales. In this paper, we want to characterize how waves are affected by these heterogeneities, and we study how reflection and transmission coefficients depend on temporal frequency and spatial scale. We use wavelet transformations to filter certain spatial scales from the velocity logs. The scale-filtered logs serve as input for a numerical layer-stack model to calculate reflection and transmission coefficients as functions of frequency and scale. We find that transmission coefficients are largely independent of frequency or scale. They depend mostly on average slowness. Contrarily, reflection coefficients are extremely sensitive to the perturbations of the slownesses, even at low frequencies. INTRODUCTION Seismic velocities obtained from well-logs commonly exhibit strong fluctuations over very short distances. Typically, the sampling interval is well below one meter. On the other hand, seismic properties are also estimated from surface seismic data which have a resolving power of tens of meters. Many researchers are studying how to relate the two different datasets obtained at different spatial wavelengths. We want to pose a slightly different question instead: which spatial scales of heterogeneity affect the propagation of seismic waves of a particular temporal frequency? We will answer this question by calculating reflection and transmission coefficients as functions of temporal frequency of the wave and spatial scale contents of the medium. As we will show, the results for transmission experiments differ dramatically from reflection experiments. We find that transmission is oblivious to the different spatial scales. Contrarily, reflections are extremely sensitive to change of scale content. Even perturbations at scales well below the seismic wavelength affect the resulting reflection parameters dramatically. Specifically, we will concentrate on reflection and transmission magnitudes and phases which relate to phaseand group-slownesses of the layer-stack.
Tenosynovitis of the wrist and thumb and carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Histoplasma capsulatum : case report and review of the literature

A patient presenting with acute carpal tunnel syndrome and swelling and pain in the wrist and thumb is presented. An open carpal tunnel release and tenosynovectomy were performed with biopsy specimen revealing infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. The case is discussed in context of the prior scant literature of tenosynovitis of the wrist and hand caused by histoplasmosis.
LSD: permanent behavioral effect in rats.

Abstract Rats with a unilateral nigrostriatal lesion produced by infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) exhibited acute contralateral (apomorphine-like) rotation in response to systemic LSD administration. When re-introduced to the environment in which LSD had been administered weeks earlier, the animals exhibited a 2–3 min burst of coistralateral rotation. This behavior developed over a period of weeks and could be produced by a single LSD treatment. This latent, undrugged rotation is similar to that which we previously reported to result from one or more apomorphine treatments.
EFFECT OF SIGNAL DURATION ON PREFERENCE FOR SIGNALLED REINFORCEMENT

Summary.-By responding on a changeover key, subjects could change the prevailing unsignalled Vi 65-sec. schedule to a signalled, but otherwise identical, schedule. On the signalled schedule a brief tone preceded reinforcement. Regardless of the duration of the signal (5.0, 3.0, 1.0, 0.5, or 0.1 sec.), subjects strongly preferred the signalled schedule. Withdrawal of the signal produced a rapid decline in the changeover key response rate, demonstrating that production of the signalled condition maintained the responding. Results support the information hypothesis. Considerable evidence indicates that animals prefer situations in which positively reinforcing events are signalled to situations in which events are unsignalled, but otherwise identical (Lewis, Lewin, Muehleisen, & Stoyak, 1974; Prokasy, 1956). Prokasy ( 1956) employed an E-maze procedure. Rats could choose either arm of a maze, and responses to each side were reinforced on one-half the trials. On the "consistent" side of the maze, two different stimuli signalled whether or not, on a given uial, reinforcement was to be forthcoming. On the "inconsistent" side of the maze, Ss found stimuli uncorrelated with uial outcome. Prokasy found that rats develop a preference for the consistent side of the maze. Lewis, et al. (1974) found that pigeons choose signalled reinforcement over unsignalled reinforcement. In that experiment pecks were reinforced following variable intervals (VI) of time in two conditions. In one condition reinforcement was preceded by a signal, a 5-sec. tone; in the other condition the signal was omitted. When given a choice, pigeons chose to be in the signalled condition over 90% of each session. The effect on preference of the duration of the signal-to-reinforcement interval has been investigated in two reports. Both used the Prokasy (1956) E-maze methodology. By detaining Ss in the presence of the "consistent" or "inconsistent" stimuli for intervals of time ranging from 81 to 0 sec., Lutz and Perkins ( 1960) manipulated the time between the onset of the signal and the availability of reinforcement. Results indicated that durations between 81 and 3 sec. were sufficient to maintain responding to the consistent side, while the brief exposure to the consistent stimuli in the 0-sec. condition was not sufficient. Mitchell,
Improved understanding of factors driving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic waves

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. Since the global spread of MRSA in the 1960s, MRSA strains have evolved with increased pathogenic potential. Notably, some strains are now capable of causing persistent infections not only in hospitalized patients but also in healthy individuals in the community. Furthermore, MRSA is increasingly associated with infections among livestock-associated workers, primarily because of transmission from animals to humans. Moreover, many MRSA strains have gained resistance to most available antibiotics. In this review, we will present current knowledge on MRSA epidemiology and discuss new endeavors being undertaken to understand better the molecular and epidemiological underpinnings of MRSA outbreaks.
Shedding Light on the Ghrelin/GOAT Metabolism Saga

Getting the GOAT: The identification of a ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) inhibitor displaying metabolic modulatory activities has recently been reported. This research might provide a link for answering key questions relating to ghrelin's role(s) in obesity and diabetes.
Strain and displacement across the Pinaleño Mountains shear zone, Arizona, U.S.A.

Abstract The 27 km long, 0.5 km thick mylonite zone of the Pinaleno Mountains metamorphic core complex is interpreted as a normal-displacement simple-shear zone on the basis of major, minor and microscopic-scale structures. Shear strains calculated as a function of the angle between the foliation and the lower boundary of the shear zone range from 2 to 19 and have a mean value of 3.5, corresponding to a mean angular shear of 74°. These values are the same as those calculated independently from rotations of sheared lithologic contacts. Integration of the calculated shear strains yields a minimum translation estimate of 2.9 km.
High Spatial Resolution Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) in a Diffusion-Pumped SEM

High spatial resolution Auger electron spectroscopy in an SEX is presented, and aspects of vacuum requirements for AES in a diffusion-pumped SEM are discussed. The vacuum system of a Cambridge Stereoscan* was rebuilt. Auger spectra recorded after 45 minutes of electron bombardment demonstrated that the carbon buildup-due to the polymerization of hydrocarbon molecules can be prevented by using the gas-jet technique. Auger data taken in an unmodified Cambridge Stereoscan, using only the gas-jet technique, is also presented. The spatial resolution of the SEM operating in the Auger mode is a function of necessary beam current, lens aberrations, and gun brightness. In the existing SEX equipped with a LaB6 electron gun, beam diameters of 0.4 ?m containing 4 x 10?7 A at 20 kV were obtained. This allowed the recording of greyscale Auger images with less than 0.5 ?m spatial resolution in 400 sec.
Calcium exchange and contraction strength of guinea pig atrium in normal and hypertonic media.

A Krebs-Henseleit (KH) medium made hypertonic by adding nonpermeant molecules substantially increased the isometric peak tension at steady-state contractions below 3 per sec in guinea pig atrium at 27°C. Action potential durations were decreased. KH plus 100 mM raffinose or sucrose resulted in similar and nearly maximal changes which were essentially reversible upon return to normal KH. When one active contracting atrium was used to passively stretch a second atrium, the difference in Ca ion exchange (1 min exchange with the extracellular space) between active and stretched atria significantly increased at 1 per sec and at 2 per sec in going from normal to 100 mM hypertonic KH. The calculated mean Ca ion cellular exchange per beat per 100 g of cells (a) doubled in changing from normal to 100 mM hypertonic KH, and (b) decreased slightly in changing from contractions of 1 per sec to 2 per sec in normal KH. These data are consistent with the hypothesis (a) that Ca ion entry per beat from the extracellular space is proportional to membrane depolarized time with a constant medium and a steady-state condition, and the hypothesis (b) that 100 mM hypertonicity doubles the Ca ion entry rate during depolarization. These data enable rejection of the hypothesis that the peak tension is proportional to the Ca ion entry per beat from the extracellular space under steady-state conditions, and suggest that any additional Ca ion involved in the larger contractions at higher frequencies comes from an increase in Ca ion available from intracellular stores.
CO methanation on low-weight loading Ni/Al2O3: multiple reaction sites

Abstract Temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) with mass spectrometric detection was used to study the hydrogenation of adsorbed carbon monoxide on low-weight loading Ni Al 2 O 3 catalysts. These catalysts are shown to differ from high-weight loading nickel/alumina catalysts and are shown to have two distinct pathways for carbon monoxide methanation. These pathways are attributed to two forms of adsorbed CO. The CO site which reacts at low temperature (446 K) appears to be from carbon monoxide adsorbed on nickel atoms that are bonded to other nickel atoms. It has an activation energy for methanation of 51 kJ/mol. The CO site that reacts at high temperature (546 K) has an activation energy of 145 kJ/mol. The high-temperature site, which is sensitive to the pretreatment temperature, results from CO adsorbed on nickel atoms that are interacting strongly with an oxide phase of the catalyst. Interconversion of CO between the two sites occurs and is influenced by hydrogen. Neither of the pathways appears limited by direct hydrogenation of surface carbon; this step is shown to be slightly faster under TPR conditions. The ability of TPR to measure specific reaction rates and to separate reaction pathways that might be obscured in steadystate kinetic measurements is demonstrated.
Disruptive and cryptic coloration

Camouflage may be achieved in three ways: crypsis, disruptive coloration and masquerade ([Endler 1981][1]). Cryptic prey resemble random samples of the visual background ([Endler 1978][2], [1981][1], [1984][3]), minimizing their signal/noise ratio (S/N). Disruptively coloured prey contain some