cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scheduling and Optimization of the Delivery of Multimedia Streams Using Query Scripts

New techniques are necessary to satisfy the high bandwidth requirement and temporal relationships of multimedia data streams in a network environment. Clients can experience gaps between the multimedia data streams during presentations as the multimedia server services multiple clients. This variable delay occurs between the end of one multimedia stream and the beginning of the next multimedia stream because client requests are queued awaiting service. This leads to interruptions and discontinuities of the client's presentation. Special techniques are necessary to manage the temporal relationships between multimedia streams in distributed environments. In this paper we propose two scheduling algorithms for delivering multimedia streams by using the query script, which is a multimedia database interface for clients. A client can specify all the multimedia objects that make up the presentation and their temporal relationships in a query script. Once submitted, the information in the query script is used by the multimedia database system to schedule and optimize the delivery. Using simulations we analyzed the performance of the proposed delivery scheduling algorithms and the predelivery optimization method. The simulation results show that delivery scheduling algorithms satisfy the specified temporal relationships between multimedia streams while maintaining better use of system resources.
A comprehensive problem for algorithm and paradigm visualization

The web site for algorithm visualization described in a previous article [4] has been extended to include the multi-stage Chinese Postman problem in the context of grid graphs. The various stages are solved by algorithms, which illustrate paradigms featured by the site. Objectives of the site include aiding students in visualizing the behavior of these algorithms by actively involving them in manual input of graphs, networks and strings and in stepping through the algorithms, and to provide students with mental graphics model which can be used in problem solving. The visualizations employ a dynamic display of high-level pseudo code with an indicator of the current step being executed. The student controls execution and receives feedback from a 2D graphics illustration of the effects of the individual steps. The multi-stage Chinese Postman algorithm enables the user to step backwards as well as forward.
Neurostimulation for Treatment of Migraine and Cluster Headache.

Objective The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the current state of neurostimulation therapies for the treatment of migraine and/or cluster. Methods For this narrative review, publications were identified by searching PubMed using the search terms “migraine” or “cluster” combined with “vagal nerve stimulation,” “transcranial magnetic stimulation,” “supraorbital nerve stimulation,” “sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation,” “occipital nerve stimulation,” “deep brain stimulation,” “neurostimulation,” or “neuromodulation.” Publications were chosen based on the quality of data that were provided and their relevance to the chosen topics of interest for this review. Reference lists of chosen articles and the authors' own files were used to identify additional publications. Current clinical trials were identified by searching [clinicaltrials.org][1]. Results and Conclusions Neurostimulation of the vagal nerve, supraorbital nerve, occipital nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep brain stimulation have been investigated for the treatment of migraine and/or cluster. Whereas invasive methods of neurostimulation would be reserved for patients with very severe and treatment refractory migraine or cluster, noninvasive methods of stimulation might serve as useful adjuncts to more conventional therapies. Currently, transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation is FDA approved and commercially available for migraine prevention and TMS is FDA approved for the treatment of migraine with aura. The potential utility of each type of neurostimulation has yet to be completely defined. [1]: http://clinicaltrials.org
Analysis of five-point bending of composite laminates

Composite laminates are subjected to five-point bending test conditions, resulting in cracks and delaminations in the laminate. A theoretical model is also developed to represent the five-point bending configuration, resulting in the calculation of the through-the-thickness distribution of stresses and strains. The results of the theoretical analysis and the five-point bending tests are presented. The stress and strain distributions arising from the theoretical model, together with knowledge of the laminate stacking sequence, can be used to predict the type and location of failures under five-point bending test conditions.
Ceramics in the African Atlantic: new perspectives on social, economic, political and other everyday interactions

This collection of papers originated from the session entitled “Ceramics in the African Atlantic: New Perspectives on Social, Economic, Political, and other Everyday Interactions” at the 2011 Socie...
A high yield preparation of 2-fluoropodophyllotoxin☆

Abstract The high yield synthesis of 2-fluoropodophyllotoxin is presented. This preparation represents the first example of a 100% diastereospecific electrophilic fluorination.
A quantitative examination of modern sedimentary lithofacies formation on the glacially influenced Gulf of Alaska continental shelf

Abstract Continental-shelf lithofacies are described from a series of cores collected in the northern Gulf of Alaska, a high-energy paraglacial shelf experiencing rapid rates of sediment accumulation. Short-lived tracers (234Th and chlorophyll-a) indicate that during the annual peak in fluvial sediment input (summer), biologic sediment mixing coefficients in the surficial seabed are generally lower than other coastal environments ( 2 cm yr−1 and non-steady sediment deposition occurs. Depositional fabric is also observed in strata at 50–100 m water depths and is similar in appearance to beds that may form through deposition of wave-induced fluid-mud flows, which have been observed forming on other shelves with moderate to high wave energy. Five general lithofacies can be identified for the study area: inner-shelf sand facies, interbedded sandy mud facies, moderate-to-well-bioturbated mud facies, gravelly mud facies, and Tertiary bedrock facies. The moderate-to-well-bioturbated mud facies is areally dominant, representing over 50% of the shelf area, although roughly equal volumes (∼0.4 km3) of strata with some preservation of primary fabric are annually accumulating. Lithofacies on this paraglacial shelf generally resemble mid- and low-latitude allochthonous shelf strata to a much greater degree than Holocene glacimarine strata formed on shelves dominated by icebergs and floating ice shelves. Paraglacial strata may be differentiated from non-glacial shelf strata by lower organic carbon concentrations, a relatively lower degree of bioturbation, and increased preservation of primary depositional fabric.
Correlation of total organic carbon and dry weight data as indices of fresh-water zooplankton biomass

Preserved zooplankters from DeGray Lake, Arkansas, U.S.A., were separated from other net seston by density-gradient centrifugation, washed, dried, and weighed. Total organic carbon (TOC) content of zooplankters was determined from carbon analysis involving wet persulfate oxidation. Dry weight and TOC data were highly correlated (r2 = 0.9649; P < 0.001) when subjected to a step-wise procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The model is represented by the equation log Y =1.14 log X + 0.46, where X = TOC and Y = dry weight. Carbon averaged 30.33 ± 9.86 (S.D.)% of dry weight.
FORMATION OF ROUGH AND SMOOTH STRAINS OF SPHAEROTILUS DISCOPHORUS.

Sphaerotilus discophorus forms characteristic filamentous dark brown colonies on dilute organic media containing managanous salts. Spontaneously or by induction the organism may produce an entirely different kind of colony, the S type which is smooth, glistening, hemispherical with a regular edge, and colorless. The latter resembles, therefore, colonies of common bacteria. The S colony may be a temporary modification imposed by nutritional conditions or a mutation. Temporary S-colony modifications occurred when a 0.5% peptone, mineral salts agar was enriched with 0.2 to 1.0% glucose, galactose, mannitol, sucrose or salicin but not with raffinose, glycerol or Na lactate. Two per cent peptone and 0.5% tryptose also stimulated temporary S-colony formation. However, the dark brown pigmentation, i.e. MnO2 deposition, persisted in contrast to its marked repression by sugars. Phytone and tryptone are partially effective in S-colony formation and proteose-peptone is ineffective. Mutations of R to S strains were obtained by ageing broth cultures of R strains. The mutant S strains were identical to the parent R strains in nutritional and physiological properties but differed apparently in that they did not form sheaths or oxidize manganous salts.
Non-maxwellian velocity distributions and molecular beam intensities in sonic nozzle expansions

Abstract The thermal conduction model is used to calculate the second moment of the kinetic energy distributions in both the parallel and perpendicular degrees of freedom of sonic nozzle expansions. Comparisons with the first moment affords a measure of the departure from maxwellian distributions in these coordinates. Agreement between the computed parallel velocity distribution and measurements described in the literature is good. A Monte Carlo simulation is then used to get further information on the perpendicular velocity distribution at large distances and, in particular, on the intensity of molecular beams which can be skimmed from these expansions. The sonic nozzle expansion constitutes a potentially useful medium for the study of molecular relaxation phenomena. Our understanding of the evolution of the parallel temperature is now virtually complete. The present study has also shown how Monte Carlo calculations can supplement the thermal conduction model to get information on the less tractable problem of the perpendicular velocity distribution. The methodology can be readily extended to polyatomic media [5]. We have focused on the central portion of the perpendicular velocity distribution, as this is the regime of greatest interest. It is disappointing to f
The determination of mass of metabolites with tracers

Application of tracers in vivo for the determination of replacement and mass of bloodborne compounds at steady state is discussed. Theory and methods to determine mass with tracers (total amount of compound-tracee-within the body) for compartmental and noncompartmental systems are presented, and their limitations examined. Methods to derive mass from the specific activity curves after bolus injection or infusion of tracer are described using graphic procedures or by equations using the parameters of exponential curves. The relationship between assumed models and the interpretation of tracer data is examined. The determination of both replacement (appearance, which equals utilization at steady state) and mass of most compounds present in both extracellular and intracellular fluids (such as lactate and amino acids) requires the application of the A-V mode for tracer administration and sampling of blood. Recycling of carbon affects the determination of mass with 14C. Estimates of true mass are provided with tritium-labeled compounds, even when tritium loss is by exchange with protons or through futile cycling. Estimates of the amount (body mass) of lactate, alanine, glutamate, and proline obtained with tritium-labeled compounds are presented. Most of these masses are intracellular. The concentration of lactate in tissues equals or is greater, and that of amino acids much greater than that in plasma. Hence, the so-called "distribution space" for these compounds, calculated conventionally by dividing mass by plasma concentration, would appear to be equal to or greater than the body water of lactate, and several liters per kilogram for amino acids.
A review of directionally solidified intermetallic composites for high-temperature structural applications

Alloys based on intermetallics have been considered for high temperature structural applications. However, many of these alloys suffer from intrinsic brittleness and low fracture toughness at ambient temperature. Therefore, ductile-phase-toughened intermetallic composites are being investigated as a means to improve the fracture toughness. A subset of this class of materials is in-situ composites produced by directional solidification of intermetallic eutectics. In this paper, we review recent developments related to the processing and properties of these composites.
DOMINE: a database of protein domain interactions

DOMINE is a database of known and predicted protein domain interactions compiled from a variety of sources. The database contains domain-domain interactions observed in PDB entries, and those that were predicted by eight different computational approaches. DOMINE contains a total of 20 513 unique domain-domain interactions among 4036 Pfam domains, out of which 4349 are inferred from PDB entries and 17 781 were predicted by at least one computational approach. This database will serve as a valuable resource to those working in the field of protein and domain interactions. DOMINE may not only serve as a reference to experimentalists who test for new protein and domain interactions, but also offers a consolidated dataset for analysis by bioinformaticians who seek to test ideas regarding the underlying factors that control the topological structure of interaction networks. DOMINE is freely available at http://domine.utdallas.edu.
Multiphoton Microscopy of Tissues for Medical Diagnostics

Multiphoton Microscopy for spectral imaging of tissue fluorescence at 500nm lateral resolution can provide early medical diagnostics for lung cancers, inflammation and infection with the potential to reduce the ubiquitous mortality associated with lung cancer. Article not available.
Researching proposal development: accounting for the complexity of designing persuasive texts

Formal accounts of how proposals are prepared in the contemporary workplace are scarce. In particular, researchers have published very few reports based on structured studies of proposal writing. This paper offers an overview of the current state of our knowledge about proposal writing in the contemporary workplace. Drawing upon data from a case study, the paper then advances an argument for the field to develop an increasingly sophisticated understanding of proposal development as a complex information gathering and design activity
Estimation of chest-wall induced diffusive wave distortion with the assistance of ultrasound

A two-layer model is used to estimate diffusive wave distortion caused by chest-wall underneath breast tissue. Results have shown that absorption of the chest-wall layer has more influence on measurements at distance source-detector pairs.
Security of interdependent and identical networked control systems

This article studies security decisions of identical plant-controller systems, when their security is interdependent due to network induced risks. Each plant is modeled by a discrete-time stochastic linear system, with the systems controlled over a shared communication network. We formulate the problem of security choices of the individual system operators (also called players) as a non-cooperative game. We consider a two-stage game, in which on the first stage the players decide whether to invest in security or not; and on the second stage, they apply control inputs to minimize the average operational costs. We characterize the equilibria of the game, which includes the determination of the individually optimal security levels. Next, we solve the problem of finding the socially optimal security levels. The presence of interdependent security causes a negative externality, and the individual players tend to under invest in security relative to the social optimum. This leads to a gap between the individual and the socially optimal security levels for a wide range of security costs. From our results, regulatory impositions to incentivize higher security investments are desirable.
Polybutadiene-g-polypentafluorostyrene as a coupling agent for lignin-filled rubber compounds

Abstract This study investigated the role of polybutadiene-g-polypentafluorostyrene (PB-g-PPFS) as a coupling agent between lignin and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in preparation of compounds with higher mechanical strength and lower viscoelastic loss. Lignins are three-dimensional amorphous polymers consisting of benzene rings carrying alkyl, alkoxy, and hydroxyl groups as substituents. These substituents render lignin electron-rich. The PPFS domains in PB-g-PPFS provide an electron-deficient π-ring system that can couple lignin with rubber via arene–perfluoroarene interactions. PB-g-PPFS molecules were synthesized with 2:1 molar ratio of pentafluorostyrene and polybutadiene, respectively. The arene–perfluoroarene interactions were confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy and the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength improved by 20% and 10% for compounds of lignin and lignin–carbon black hybrid fillers, respectively. The loss tangent value reduced due to improved filler–rubber interactions promoted by PB-g-PPFS compounds.
Single units and visual cortical organization.

The visual system has a parallel and hierarchical organization, evident at every stage from the retina onwards. Although the general benefits of parallel and hierarchical organization in the visual system are easily understood, it has not been easy to discern the function of the visual cortical modules. I explore the view that striate cortex segregates information about different attributes of the image, and dispatches it for analysis to different extrastriate areas. I argue that visual cortex does not undertake multiple relatively independent analyses of the image from which it assembles a unified representation that can be interrogated about the what and where of the world. Instead, occipital cortex is organized so that perceptually relevant information can be recovered at every level in the hierarchy, that information used in making decisions at one level is not passed on to the next level, and, with one rather special exception (area MT), through all stages of analysis all dimensions of the image rema...
Robust analogue background calibration technique for multi-bit switched capacitor DACs

A robust analogue calibration technique to continuously correct for element mismatch in multi-bit switched capacitor DACs is proposed. Unlike most existing analogue calibration techniques, its accuracy is not limited by the mismatch of charge injection that is outside of the calibration loop. Using the proposed technique, multi-bit switched-capacitor DACs the linearity of which is only limited by the calibration loop gain can be realised. Simulation results show that the INL of a switched-capacitor DAC improves from 8-bit level to 15-bit level with the proposed calibration.
Stroke and neurodegenerative disorders: 1. Stroke management in the acute care setting.

Objective This self-directed learning module highlights management of stroke in the acute care setting. It is part of the study guide on stroke and neurodegenerative disorders in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Using a case vignette format, this article specifically focuses on initial assessment and management of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, descriptions of posterior circulation and lacunar stroke, and criteria for admission to acute inpatient rehabilitation after stroke and secondary stroke prevention. The goal of this article is to improve the learner's ability to identify, treat and manage a patient with a stroke in the acute care setting.
First-principles study of the electronic, optical, and lattice vibrational properties of AgSbTe 2

First-principles calculations of the electronic, optical, and lattice vibrational properties of ${\text{AgSbTe}}_{2}$ were performed with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and the screened-exchange local-density approximation (sx-LDA) method, which successfully corrects the band-gap problem found with GGA. We find a vanishing density of states at the Fermi level, which is consistent with the semiconducting behavior of ${\text{AgSbTe}}_{2}$. Various optical properties, including the dielectric function, absorption coefficient, and refractive index, as functions of the photon energy are also calculated with the sx-LDA and are found to be in good agreement with experiments. Phonon spectra obtained by the cumulant force constant method show that the optic modes of ${\text{AgSbTe}}_{2}$ are very low in frequency and should scatter strongly with acoustic modes during heat transport. The calculated specific-heat curve is in general agreement with experiment. Ag/Sb disorder is expected to have a small effect on the electrical transport but may introduce strong phonon scattering due to the large force constant disorder. The scattering of acoustic phonons by optic modes and the possible Ag/Sb disorder may explain the extremely low lattice thermal conductivity of ${\text{AgSbTe}}_{2}$.
A critical period in maturation of performance with space-displaced vision

This research rests two specific hypotheses of neurogeometric theory that a critical period of maturation of space-displaced visual feedback in behavior occurs in childhood, and that a differential organization of inverted, reversed, and inverted-reversed visual feedback in motion will be found at the time when children are first capable of giving compensatory response to the geometric disorientation of vision. Thirty-six right-handed boys between the ages of 9.5 yr. and 13.5 yr. were tested in the different motions under conditions of normal, reversed, inverted, and inverted-reversed visual feedback. The results confirmed both main hypotheses. Ss younger than Age 12 consistently failed to perform the drawing tasks with inverted visual feedback while older Ss seldom failed. In keeping with theoretical expectations the results also showed that, when the different inverted and reversed feedback conditions could be performed, the response to the inverted feedback conditions was poorest, while that to the rev...
A fine structural study of renal glycosuria.

Abstract Five patients with a clinical diagnosis of renal glycosuria were subjected to renal function tests and percutaneous needle biopsies of the kidney; the biopsy specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy. Basement membrane thickening was demonstrated in the proximal tubules of one patient who was felt to be in a pre-diabetic stage of orthoglycemic glycosuria. The other patients were felt to represent renal glycosurics with a decrease in the tubular maximum reabsorption of glucose. In the patients representing idiopathic renal glycosuria, no fine structural abnormality could be detected in any segment of the proximal convoluted tubule. The inability to demonstrate fine structural abnormality suggests the glucose reabsorptive defect to be either a biochemical deficit or, as Oliver has postulated, a decrease in the number of physiologically active units created by a “shortening” of the proximal convoluted tubule.
Transcriptional control in the mammalian liver: liver development, perinatal repression, and zonal gene regulation.

Liver function is crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in mammals. Numerous genes must be properly regulated for the liver to develop and perform a variety of activities. Several recent gene-knockout studies in mice have clarified the roles of GATA6, HNF4α, and Foxa1/Foxa2 in early stages of liver formation. After the liver forms, transcriptional changes continue to occur; during the perinatal period, certain genes such as α-fetoprotein and H19 are silenced, others are activated, and position-dependent (or zonal) regulation is established. Zhx2 was recently identified as one factor involved in postnatal repression of α-fetoprotein and other genes. Furthermore, several studies indicate that negative regulation is involved in the zonal control of glutamine synthetase. Finally, exciting new evidence indicates that signaling through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is also involved in zonal regulation in the adult liver.
Shedding ‘light’ on marriage: the influence of skin shade on marriage for black females

Abstract The inter-racial marriage gap that opened in the past 50 years is generally attributed to a decline in the availability of young black marriageable men. We contend that the associated shortage of desirable men in the marriage market provides those black men who are sought after with the opportunity to attain a high status spouse, which has placed a premium on black women with lighter skin. We provide evidence, based on data drawn from the Multi City Study of Urban Inequality, consistent with this hypothesis. Our theoretical analysis of the marriage market reveals that marriage promotion policies to increase the desire to marry on the part of young black women will serve to exacerbate the importance attached to skin shade.
Solution and solid state studies of a triangle-square equilibrium: anion-induced selective crystallization in supramolecular self-assembly.

We report that an equilibrium mixture of triangular and square supramolecular species results when the flexible, ditopic donor unit, trans-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, is reacted with the ditopic accept...
Bottleneck Analysis and Alleviation in Pipelined Systems: A Fast Hierarchical Approach

Abstract—Fast bottleneck detection and elimination is an important component of any design flow that aims at producing high-throughput systems. Bottlenecks can be difficult to find and correct, because their causes are diverse and often subtle. In this paper, we build on our recent method for performance analysis to develop a method for bottleneck identification and alleviation for pipelined asynchronous systems. More specifically, this paper makes two contributions. First, we introduce a method that, given a throughput goal, identifies which parts of the pipelined system constrain its throughput. Each such bottleneck is categorized based on the type of structural transformation that could potentially alleviate it: increase degree of pipelining (stage splitting, stage duplication, and loop unrolling); decrease forward latency (stage merging and parallelization); and perform slack matching. The second contribution is a method that guides the user to systematically apply these modifications to alleviate the bottlenecks and reach a target throughput goal. We have validated the bottleneck analysis method on several examples and were able to attain the desired throughput goal in each case through iterative application of our bottleneck alleviation method. Runtimes were negligible in all cases (less than 50 ms).
Reparación endovascular torácica aórtica (TEVAR): un enfoque sobre complicaciones

La reparacion endovascular toracica (TEVAR) se ha constituido como una alternativa valida para la reparacion de los aneurismas toracicos, al ser menos agresiva. Una reciente revision sistematica y metaanalisis de estudios comparativos confirma que TEVAR, cuando se compara con la cirugia abierta, puede reducir la muerte precoz, la paraplejia, insuficiencia renal, transfusiones, reoperacion por hemorragia, complicaciones cardiacas, neumonia y estancia hospitalaria. Esta revision se referira a algunas de las complicaciones del procedimiento. Estas incluyen: mortalidad, accidente cerebrovascular, isquemia medular, diseccion retrograda, disfuncion del dispositivo, complicaciones del acceso, endofuga y migracion.
Involvement of OSP/claudin-11 in oligodendrocyte membrane interactions: role in biology and disease.

Oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP/claudin-11) is a four transmembrane protein concentrated in central nervous system myelin. Recent evidence has emerged suggesting that OSP/claudin-11 is involved in membrane interactions at tight junctions and with the extracellular matrix. OSP/claudin-11 seems to modulate proliferation and migration of oligodendrocytes presumably through these interactions. Furthermore, evidence is presented implicating OSP/claudin-11 as an autoantigen in the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 59:706–711, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhancing and initiating phage-based therapies

Drug development has typically been a primary foundation of strategy for systematic, long-range management of pathogenic cells. However, drug development is limited in speed and flexibility when response is needed to changes in pathogenic cells, especially changes that produce drug-resistance. The high replication speed and high diversity of phages are potentially useful for increasing both response speed and response flexibility when changes occur in either drug resistance or other aspects of pathogenic cells. We present strategy, with some empirical details, for (1) using modern molecular biology and biophysics to access these advantages during the phage therapy of bacterial infections, and (2) initiating use of phage capsid-based drug delivery vehicles (DDVs) with procedures that potentially overcome both drug resistance and other present limitations in the use of DDVs for the therapy of neoplasms. The discussion of phage therapy includes (a) historical considerations, (b) changes that appear to be needed in clinical tests if use of phage therapy is to be expanded, (c) recent work on novel phages and its potential use for expanding the capabilities of phage therapy and (d) an outline for a strategy that encompasses both theory and practice for expanding the applications of phage therapy. The discussion of DDVs starts by reviewing current work on DDVs, including work on both liposomal and viral DDVs. The discussion concludes with some details of the potential use of permeability constrained phage capsids as DDVs.
On strategies and programs for coping with large scale food shortages

A basic premise of the paper is that for various reasons many people in developing countries will experience food shortages in the years ahead. A” main thrust of this paper is in considering strategies for managing available food resources from domestic and foreign sources during a period of scarcity in a particular population group, region or country. Historical experience, deductive argument and simulation studies are used to seek policy guidelines that can lead to reductions in mortality and morbidity resulting from food shortages. It is concluded that in a number of cases a “fair share” distribution policy can significantly reduce mortality and morbidity. The paper concludes with discussions of programs for implementing a fair share policy and the role that computer simulation models can play in the development of policies and programs for coping with food shortages.
Effects of permeable boundaries on the diffusion-attenuated MR signal: insights from a one-dimensional model

The local magnetization distribution M(x,t) and the net MR signal S arising from a one-dimensional periodic structure with permeable barriers in a Tanner-Stejskal pulsed-field gradient experiment are considered. In the framework of the narrow pulse approximation, the general expressions for M(x,t) and S as functions of diffusion time and the bipolar field gradient strength are obtained and analyzed. In contrast to a system with impermeable boundaries, the signal S as a function of the b-value is modeled well as a bi-exponential decay not only in the short-time regime but also in the long-time regime. At short diffusion times, the local magnetization M(x,t) is strongly spatially inhomogeneous and the two exponential components describing S have a clear physical interpretation as two "population fractions" of the slow- and fast-diffusing quasi-compartments (pools). In the long-diffusion time regime, the two exponential components do not have clear physical meaning but rather serve to approximate a more complex functional signal form. The average diffusion propagator, obtained by means of standard q-space analysis procedures in the long-diffusion time regime is explored; its structure creates the deceiving appearance of a system with multiple compartments of different sizes, while in reality, it reflects the permeable nature of boundaries in a system with multiple compartments all of the same size.
Water as rural heritage: reworking modernity through resource conflict in Edwards County, Kansas

Abstract Conflicts over changing uses of natural resources are familiar within communities of the Western US and are usually resolved through legal processes. This paper analyzes resource conflict through juxtaposing impact analyses often used in their juridical resolution with discourse analyses of affected rural communities. The purchase of property by a mid-size city in central Kansas to transfer water from a ranch along the Arkansas River in rural Edwards County evoked expressions of water as “heritage”, functioning as a placed-based, defensive ideology. Plans for the first rural-to-urban interbasin water transfer in Kansas failed to materialize into a legal proposal because of the controversy that ensued, despite the fact that impact analyses suggested little material effect. In light of decades of decline due to economic frustration, political marginalization, and demographic outmigration, rural communities maintain the symbols of nature in order to legitimate their struggle against what are seen as intrusive, destructive elements of changing uses of natural resources.
The fine structure of the trophic cells of Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Some aspects of the fine structure of trophic cells associated with the braconid parasite Perilitus coccinellae are described. Morphological changes in those cells as they age and hypertrophy are considered. Suggestions are made which correlate these morphological changes with functional changes in these trophic cells.
Observation of the E2 nuclear resonance effect in some pionic atoms

Abstract The E2 nuclear resonance effect has been studied in the pionic atoms of 48 Ti, 104 Ru, 110 Pd, 111, 112 Cd, and 150 Sm. For pionic 111, 112 Cd, where the “mixed-in” level is directly observable, the measured effect agrees very well with theory. For pionic 110 Pd, the measurement confirms for the first time the prediction of Ericson et al. that the P-wave π-nucleus interaction becomes repulsive for large enough Z , but also implies a P-wave absorptive width smaller than predicted by standard optical potentials. The experimental results for 104 Ru and 150 Sm agree with simple theoretical model, while that for 48 Ti does not.
The association between patellar alignment on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographic manifestations of knee osteoarthritis

The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between patellar alignment by using magnetic resonance imaging images and radiographic manifestations of patello-femoral osteoarthritis (OA). Subjects were recruited to participate in a natural history study of symptomatic knee OA. We examined the relation of patellar alignment in the sagittal plane (patellar length ratio (PLR)) and the transverse plane (sulcus angle (SA), lateral patellar tilt angle (LPTA), and bisect offset (BO)) to radiographic features of patello-femoral OA, namely joint space narrowing and patellar osteophytes, using a proportional odds logistic regression model while adjusting for age, sex, and bone mass index (BMI). The study sample consisted of 126 males (average age 68.0 years, BMI 31.2) and 87 females (average age 64.7 years, BMI 31.6), 75% of whom had tibiofemoral OA (a Kellgren-Lawrence score of 2 or more). PLR showed a statistically significant association with joint space narrowing and osteophytosis in the lateral compartment. SA showed significant association with medial joint space narrowing and with lateral and medial patellar osteophytosis. LPTA and BO showed significant association with both radiographic indices of the lateral compartment. Clear linear trends were found in association between PLR, LPTA and BO, and with outcomes associated with lateral patello-femoral OA. SA, LPTA, and BO showed linear trends of association with medial joint space narrowing. Results of our study clearly suggest the association between indices of patellar alignment and such features of patello-femoral OA as osteophytosis and joint space narrowing. Additional studies will be required to establish the normal and abnormal ranges of patellar alignment indices and their longitudinal relation to patello-femoral OA.
Painless programming combining reduction and search: design principles for embedding decision procedures in high-level languages

We describe the Funlogic system which extends a functional language with existentially quantified declarations. An existential declaration introduces a variable and a set of constraints that its value should meet. Existential variables are bound to conforming values by a decision procedure. Funlogic embeds multiple external decision procedures using a common framework. Design principles for embedding decision procedures are developed and illustrated for three different decision procedures from widely varying domains.
Interactions between Organized, Surface-Confined Monolayers and Vapor-Phase Probe Molecules. 9. Structure/Reactivity Relationship between Three Surface-Confined Isomers of Mercaptobenzoic Acid and Vapor-Phase Decylamine

We used Fourier transform infrared external reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS), nanogravimetry based on thickness-shear-mode resonators (TSMRs), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of three mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) isomers on Au and their interactions with vapor-phase decylamine. FTIR-ERS spectra of the 4-, 3-, and 2-MBA SAMs indicate that the proximity of the carboxylic acid group to the Au substrate surface affects the electronic environment of the benzene ring and the acidity of the carboxyl-group proton. TSMR results show that reaction of 4-, 3-, and 2-MBA monolayers with vapor-phase decylamine probe molecules results in decylamine fractional surface coverages of 0.97, 0.83, and 0.45 of the theoretical monolayer maximum, respectively. The gravimetric results are corroborated by in-situ FTIR-ERS difference spectra of the MBA monolayers obtained during reaction with decylamine, which show the simultaneous disappearance of carbonyl and hydroxyl bands an...
Simplified solution for elliptical-contact deformation between two elastic solids.

A linear regression by the method of least squares is made on the geometric variables that occur in the equation for elliptical-contact deformation. The ellipticity and the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind are expressed as a function of the x,y-plane principal radii. The ellipticity was varied from 1 (circular contact) to 10 (a configuration approaching line contact). The procedure for solving these variables without the use of charts or a high-speed computer would be quite tedious. These simplified equations enable one to calculate easily the elliptical-contact deformation to within 3 percent accuracy without resorting to charts or numerical methods.
Genome-Wide Significance and Replication of the Chromosome 12p11.22 Locus Near the PTHLH Gene for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Background—Peripartum (PP) cardiomyopathy (CM) is a rare condition of unknown etiology that occurs in late pregnancy or early postpartum. Initial evidence suggests that genetic factors may influenc...
Histopathological changes associated with silverleaf syndrome in squash

Silverleaf syndrome on squash (Cucurbita pepo) is characterized by vein clearing, and leaf whitening, and has been associated with the presence of nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly), and the presence of two double-stranded RNAs (4·2 and 4·6 kb) in symptomatic leaves. However, the aetiology of the disorder remains unknown. Anatomical studies using transverse and paradermal sections from symptomatic leaves of C. pepo cv. Dixie showed turgescent, aligned adaxial epidermal cell layer, flat cuticle and the presence of sub-epidermal spaces. Histochemical studies failed to reveal any breakdown in the cellulose cell walls; however, the cuticular layer, the pectin layer and cellulose wall of epidermal cells formed a fiat compact structure. Some changes were observed in the lipid content, with the presence of lipid bodies near cell wall membranes. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of preparations of symptomatic squash leaves, partially purified by differential centrifugation, revealed a protein with a molecular mass of about 48 k Da that was not found in comparable preparations of asymptomatic leaves. This protein was localized by immunological staining in the spongy mesophyll cells and in the layer of bundle sheath associated with sieve elements and companion cells of the leaf phloem.
Post-Silicon Validation and Calibration of Hardware Security Primitives

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and TrueRandom Number Generators (TRNGs) are gaining significantimportance in the field of hardware security. These cryptographicprimitives harness randomness from IC fabricationprocess and on-chip noise respectively, necessitating unconventionalpost-Silicon (Si) validation techniques. In this work, we present a brief survey of post-Si validation techniques forPUFs and TRNGs, highlighting the importance of testing PUFsresilience against novel attacks and monitoring bias in TRNGs. We also propose novel techniques for monitoring PUFs reliabilityand measuring bias in TRNGs. The proposed techniquesdo not only facilitate on-chip calibration for hardware securitysystems, but can also be used as a countermeasure againstfault-attacks.
Coupling 16S‐ITS rDNA clone libraries and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis to show marine microbial diversity: development and application to a time series

Summary We outline an approach to simultaneously assess multilevel microbial diversity patterns utilizing 16SITS rDNA clone libraries coupled with automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA). Sequence data from 512 clones allowed estimation of ARISA fragment lengths associated with bacteria in a coastal marine environment. We matched 92% of ARISA peaks (each comprising > 1% total amplified product) with corresponding lengths from clone libraries. These peaks with putative identification accounted for an average of 83% of total amplified community DNA. At 16S rDNA similarities 10 bp, readily detectable and suggesting ARISA resolution is near the ‘species’ level. Prochlorococcus abundance profiles from ARISA were strongly correlated ( r 2 = 0.86) to Prochlorococcus cell counts, indicating ARISA data are roughly proportional to actual cell abundance within a defined taxon. Analysis of ARISA profiles for 42 months elucidated patterns of microbial presence and abundance providing insights into community shifts and ecological niches for specific organisms, including a coupling of ecological patterns for taxa within the Prochlorococcus , the Gamma Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Clade-specific ARISA protocols were developed for the SAR11 and marine cyanobacteria to resolve ambiguous identifications and to perform focused studies. 16S-ITS data allowed high-resolution identification of organisms by ITS sequence analysis, and examination of microdiversity.
Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the S1 genome segment of turkey-origin reoviruses.

Based on previous reports characterizing the turkey-origin avian reovirus (TRV) σB (σ2) major outer capsid protein gene, the TRVs may represent a new group within the fusogenic orthoreoviruses. However, no sequence data from other TRV genes or genome segments has been reported. The σC protein encoded by the avian reovirus S1 genome segment is the cell attachment protein and a major antigenic determinant for avian reovirus. The chicken reovirus S1 genome segment is well characterized and is well conserved in viruses from that species. This report details the amplification, cloning and sequencing of the entire S1 genome segment from two and the entire coding sequences of the σC, p10 and p17 genes from an additional five TRVs. Sequence analysis reveals that of the three proteins encoded by the TRV S1 genome segment, σC shares at most 57% amino acid identity with σC from the chicken reovirus reference strain S1133, while the most similar p10 and p17 proteins share 72% and 61% identity, respectively, with the corresponding S1133 proteins. The most closely related mammalian reovirus, the fusogenic Nelson Bay reovirus, encodes a σC protein that shares from 25% to 28% amino acid identity with the TRV σC proteins. This report supports the earlier suggestion that the TRVs are a separate virus species within the Orthoreovirus genus, and may provide some insight into TRV host specificity and pathogenesis.
Differentiation-induced enhancement of the ability of cultured human keratinocytes to suppress oxidative stress.

Human keratinocytes in culture were harvested at different stages of differentiation. Both the level of antioxidants and the response of cells to oxidative stress were measured as a function of growth and differentiation. As the keratinocyte cultures became confluent and began to differentiate, the cellular levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased. This higher level of antioxidants was maintained until the cells began to lose viability. Further, as the keratinocyte cultures began to differentiate, they became more resistant to the toxic effect of cumene hydroperoxide in terms of both of the rate of loss of cell mass and total glutathione and of the rate of decline in the activity of oxidation-sensitive enzymes. To determine how tightly the observed effects are linked to the calcium- dependent aspects of differentiation and to rule out effects related to time in culture, the cells were switched from 1.2 mM Ca ++ to 0.03 mM Ca to suppress Ca ++ -dependent differentiation. After 4 d, these cells were then treated with 0.5 mM cumene hydroperoxide. The switch to 0.03 mM Ca ++ blocked the normal increases in both glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, Further, cells in 0.03 mM Ca ++ had reduced resistance to cumene hydroperoxide relative to cells cultured for the same length of time in 1.2 mM Ca ++ . This indicates that there is a differentiation-associated, Ca ++ -specific increase in both the level of antioxidants and in tolerance to organic hydroperoxides.
Connectionism, Processing, Memory

Abstract computing devices such as Turing machines resolve the dilemma between the necessary finitude of effective procedures and the potential infinity of a function's domain by distinguishing between a finite-state processing part, defined over finitely many representation types, and a memory sufficiently large to contain representation tokens for any of the function's arguments and values. Connectionist networks have been shown to be (at least) Turing-equivalent if provided with infinitely many nodes or infinite-precision activation values and weights. Physical computation, however, is necessarily finite