cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beam and pulse waves, imaging, and enhanced backscattering in turbulence

Optical and beam propagation characteristics in the turbulent atmosphere and short-time and long-time beam spreads are reviewed. Particular attention is given to pulse wave propagation in terms of coherence bandwidths, imaging through turbulence for an incoherent source, backscattering enhancement through turbulence, and speckle imaging.
Syndecan-1 Ectodomain Shedding Is Regulated by the Small GTPase Rab5

The ectodomain shedding of syndecan-1, a major cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, modulates molecular and cellular processes central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Syndecan-1 shedding is a highly regulated process in which outside-in signaling accelerates the proteolytic cleavage of syndecan-1 ectodomains at the cell surface. Several extracellular agonists that induce syndecan-1 shedding and metalloproteinases that cleave syndecan-1 ectodomains have been identified, but the intracellular mechanisms that regulate syndecan-1 shedding are largely unknown. Here we examined the role of the syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain in the regulation of agonist-induced syndecan-1 shedding. Our results showed that the syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain is essential because mutation of invariant cytoplasmic Tyr residues abrogates ectodomain shedding, but not because it is Tyr phosphorylated upon shedding stimulation. Instead, our data showed that the syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain binds to Rab5, a small GTPase that regulates intracellular trafficking and signaling events, and this interaction controls the onset of syndecan-1 shedding. Syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain bound specifically to Rab5 and preferentially to inactive GDP-Rab5 over active GTP-Rab5, and shedding stimulation induced the dissociation of Rab5 from the syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain. Moreover, the expression of dominant-negative Rab5, unable to exchange GDP for GTP, interfered with the agonist-induced dissociation of Rab5 from the syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain and significantly inhibited syndecan-1 shedding induced by several distinct agonists. Based on these data, we propose that Rab5 is a critical regulator of syndecan-1 shedding that serves as an on-off molecular switch through its alternation between the GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms.
Effects of perfusion pressure on the morphology of the central sinus in the trout gill filament.

The central sinus, a prominent component of the nonrespiratory, ionoregulatory vasculature of the fish gill has been variously described as a simple sack-like structure in the eel A. anguilla and as an intricate series of parallel vessels in the catfish I. punctatus. To resolve whether these differences are interspecific or methodological, corrosion replicas of the central sinus in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were prepared at physiological and superphysiological perfusion pressures with a low-viscosity methyl methacrylate resin. At physiological perfusion pressure (30 mmHg, 4.0 kPa), the central sinus vasculature appears as a series of parallel vessels traversing the filament beneath, and in register with, the interlamellar filamental epithelium. At elevated perfusion pressure (55–65 mmHg, 7.3–8.7 kPa) the sinus becomes greatly distended and sack-like and the vessels appear to coalesce. These changes are most pronounced in the basal area of the filament and along the efferent filamental artery. The results show that the interpretation of the vascular organization of the central sinus is highly dependent on methodology. In addition, the sensitivity of the central sinus to changes in perfusion pressure suggests that the sinus plays a dynamic role in intrabranchial hemodynamics.
Mercury localization in mouse kidney over time: autoradiography versus silver staining.

Several methods of silver staining have been employed to localize mercury in tissue, under the assumption that the techniques represent total Hg, but recent reports have suggested that these stains are specific for a limited fraction of the Hg present in some samples. Magos et al. (1985, Arch. Toxicol. 57, 260–267) hypothesized that the stains actually vary with inorganic mercury content. The purpose of the present study was to compare localization by radiolabeling to localization by one silver stain, the photoemulsion histochemical technique, in tissues prepared to contain a range of levels of total Hg and a range of levels of inorganic Hg. Mice dosed with 8 mg Hg/kg as MeHg were killed 24 hr, 1 week, or 2 weeks after exposure, to allow a decrease in total Hg and an increase in the proportion of demethylated Hg over time. Mice dosed with 4 mg Hg/kg as HgCl2 provided samples in which all the Hg present was in the inorganic form. Atomic absorption of kidneys of mice dosed with MeHg showed that total Hg fell from 55 μg/g to 39 to 25 over 2 weeks, while the inorganic fraction climbed from about 2 to 27 to 35%. Grain counts from autoradiographs of 203Hg-labeled sections correlated with total Hg content at +0.88, but silver staining was correlated with inorganic Hg content, appearing only at late termination times in MeHg-exposed animals, but soon after dosing in mice exposed to inorganic Hg. The photoemulsion histochemical technique revealed a substance strictly localized in the proximal tubules, while autoradiographs and grain counts showed total Hg to be present throughout the kidney tissue. These results support the contention that silver stains are selective for inorganic Hg and suggest that the distribution of inorganic Hg, whether introduced experimentally or by gradual demethylation, is different from the distribution of MeHg. If subsequent studies support the association of silver stains with inorganic Hg, it should be possible to localize Hg in histologic sections, distinguishing between organic and inorganic forms, which differ in toxicity.
“My Child Can Beat Your Child”: Toward a Measure of Parental Self-Evaluation Maintenance (PSEM)

From a self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) perspective, a parent's levels of allocentrism and collectivism were predicted to increase the parent's (a) self-protection from negative social comparison, (b) need for positive self-evaluation through “basking in reflected glory,” and (c) dependency on the child's performance to achieve (a) and (b).This study also aimed to identify messages parents communicate in order to maintain a positive self-evaluation through (a) favorable social comparison of their child's performances to the performances of a close other parent's child, and through (b) basking in reflected glory. In pursuing a test of SEM in a non-experimental context, a new set of measures of many of the components of the SEM model was developed for this study. The results reveal a reliable six-factor structure of regulative and reflective SEM strategies parents endorse in response to their child's performance. The data indicate that allocentric parents tend to engage in relationship-maintaining regulati...
Kinetic Analysis of C4 Alkane and Alkene Pyrolysis: Implications for SOFC Operation

Pyrolysis experiments of isobutane, isobutylene, and 1-butene were performed over a temperature range of 550–750 °C and a pressure of ∼ 0.8 atm. The residence time was ∼ 5 s. The fuel conversion and product selectivity were analyzed at these temperatures. The pyrolysis experiments were performed to simulate the gas phase chemistry that occurs in the anode channel of a solid-oxide fuel cell. The experimental results confirm that molecular structure has a substantial impact on pyrolysis kinetics. The experimental data show considerable amounts of C5 and higher species (∼2.8 mole % with isobutane at 750 °C, ∼7.5 mole % with isobutylene at 737.5 °C, and ∼7.4 mole % with 1-butene at 700 °C). The C5 + species are likely deposit precursors. The results confirm that hydrocarbon gas phase kinetics have substantial impact on SOFC operation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal alcohol: Part III. PLS analyses of neuropsychologic tests.

Abstract This paper is the third in a three-part series describing an investigation of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the neurobehavioral functioning of 384 children about 1 2 years old. Here we describe the use of Partial Least Squares for data reduction and analysis of 158 neurobehavioral measures as they relate to 13 aspects of prenatal alcohol exposure. A general alcohol latent variable, emphasizing both binge and regular drinking patterns in the period prior to pregnancy recognition as well as during pregnancy, predicts a pattern of neurobehavioral deficit that includes attentional and memory deficits across both verbal and visual modalities; a variety of “process” variables reflecting poor integration and quality of responses; behavior patterns involving distractibility and poor organization; and an inflexible approach to problem-solving. The prominence of poorer spatial organization and arithmetic as primary outcomes of alcohol teratogenesis suggests a possible “nonverbal learning disability” pattern of deficit associated with prenatal alcohol exposure at the level of social drinking.
First Report of Blight of Common Bean Caused by Phytophthora capsici in Connecticut.

Phytophthora capsici Leonion was first identified on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and is widespread on solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops. It was first documented on Phaseolus lunatus L. in Delaware in 2002 (1), followed by reports on snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Michigan in 2003 (2), and on Long Island, NY in 2008 (http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/ NewsArticles/Bean_phytoJune09.html). In 2009, we observed snap and wax beans in commercial production with water-soaked lesions on foliage, stems, and pods. Twelve to sixteen hectares were affected in the flood plain of the Connecticut River in central Connecticut. Weather conditions had been warm and very wet. Lesions displayed white mycelia and sporangia. P. capsici was isolated from surface-sterilized tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar. Hyphal tips were subcultured onto V8 media for further analysis. To confirm Koch's postulates, two isolates were tested for pathogenicity against bean (cv. Valentino) and pepper (c...
The transition from steady to weakly turbulent flow in a close-packed ordered array of spheres

The sequence of transitions in going from steady to unsteady chaotic flow in a close-packed face-centred cubic array of spheres is examined using lattice-Boltzmann simulations. The transition to unsteady flow occurs via a supercritical Hopf bifurcation in which only the streamwise component of the spatially averaged velocity fluctuates and certain reflectional symmetries are broken. At larger Reynolds numbers, the cross-stream components of the spatially averaged velocity fluctuate with frequencies that are incommensurate with those of the streamwise component. This transition is accompanied by the breaking of rotational symmetries that persisted through the Hopf bifurcation. The resulting trajectories in the spatially averaged velocity phase space are quasi-periodic. At larger Reynolds numbers, the fluctuations are chaotic, having continuous frequency spectra with no easily identified fundamental frequencies. Visualizations of the unsteady flows in various dynamic states show that vortices are produced in which the velocity and vorticity are closely aligned. With increasing Reynolds number, the geometrical structure of the flow changes from one that is dominated by extension and shear to one in which the streamlines are helical. A mechanism for the dynamics is proposed in which energy is transferred to smaller scales by the dynamic interaction of vortices sustained by the underlying time-averaged flow.
Brown adipose tissue metabolism in hypothalamic-obese rats

Studies were performed to evaluate the metabolic changes of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats with hypothalamic obesity (VMNL). In vitro 14C-palmitate oxidation and incorporation into triglycerides were similar in VMNL and control rats. However, protein and fatty acid content and incorporation of 14C-palmitate into phospholipid were significantly less in both hyperphagic and normophagic VMNL rats. In order to assess in vivo BAT lipogenesis, rats were injected with 3H2O. Plasma H2O incorporation into BAT lipids was significantly greater in VMNL rats. Likewise, BAT lipid content was higher in obese rats. In another experiment BAT was incubated with U-14C-glucose to evaluate glucose utilization by BAT. 14C-glucose was oxidized and incorporated into both lipids and glycogen more rapidly by obese than by normal rat BAT. Glycogen content was greater in VMNL rats. Tissues were also incubated with 1-14C-pyruvate and 2-14C pyruvate. Pyruvate incorporation into glyceride glycerol and oxidation of 2-14C pyruvate through the Krebs cycle were similar in both obese and control rats. However, the incorporation of pyruvate into glyceride fatty acids was increased in VMNL rats. The results indicate that both fatty acid and lipid synthesis are increased in BAT of obese rats whereas lactate production is decreased and Krebs cycle activity is normal. Some of these changes appear to be independent of the level of food intake.
Direct medical expenditure associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a nationally representative sample from the medical expenditure panel survey

Objective To quantify the incremental direct medical expenditure associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the US population from a payer's perspective. Methods A probability-weighted sample of adult respondents from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2008) was used to identify a cohort of patients with RA and compared to a control cohort without RA. Annual expenditure outcomes, including total expenditure and subgroups related to pharmacy, office-based visits, emergency department visits, hospital inpatient stays, and residual expenditures were estimated. Differences between the RA and control cohort were adjusted for sociodemographic factors, employment status, insurance coverage, health behavior, and health status using a generalized linear model with log link and gamma distribution. Statistical inferences on difference in expenditures between RA and non-RA controls were based on nonparametric cluster bootstrapping using percentiles. Results The adjusted average annual total expenditure of the RA cohort in 2008 US dollars (USD) was $13,012 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] $1,737–$47,081), while that of the control cohort was $4,950 (95% CI $567–$17,425). The incremental total expenditure of the RA patients as compared to non-RA controls was $2,085 (95% CI $250–$7,822). RA patients also had a significantly higher pharmacy expenditure of $5,825 (95% CI $446–$30,998) that was on average $1,380 (95% CI $94–$7,492) higher as compared to the controls. The summated total incremental expenditure of all RA patients in the US was $22.3 billion (2008 USD). Conclusion RA exerts considerable incremental economic burden on US health care, which is primarily driven by the incremental pharmacy expenditure.
Application Analysis and Capacity Configuration of Battery Energy Storage in Renewable Generation System

In this paper, the characteristics and applications of various battery energy storage systems (BESS) are compared. The lead acid batteries are emphatically summarized, involving categories, principles and critical techniques. According to the running condition and performance needs of energy storage in renewable energy power generation system, appropriate lead acid battery is selected. The energy storage system control method based on low-pass filter is systematically expatiated. Finally, the deployment of energy storage in micro-grid is also calculated by supplying reliable power for the consumer within certain time.
Learning a new curricular approach: Mechanisms of knowledge acquisition in preservice teachers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how eight preservice teachers acquired knowledge of a movement approach to elementary physical education that was highly discrepant from traditional sport-oriented content and instruction. Prior to student teaching, the preservice teachers' knowledge of deeper content objectives was weak and a mid-range aspect of the movement approach was salient. The preservice teachers used knowledge acquisition mechanisms to oversimplify content which resulted in similar problems with understanding the relations among aspects of the approach. In early field experiences they attended to aspects of the approach that were most relevant to their capabilities as novice teachers.
Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe

Trace-element abundances were measured in situ by ion microprobe in five samples of hornblende and melt ranging from basaltic andesite to high-silica rhyolite. Except for one sample, for which quench overgrowth or disequilibrium is suspected, the abundance ratios show systematic inter-element and inter-sample variations, and probably approach true partition coefficients. Apparent partition coefficients are reported for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Dy, Er, Yb, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Sr, Y and Zr. Rare-earth elements (REE) and Y form smooth convex-upward partitioning patterns that rise to higher D-values and become increasingly convex in more evolved samples. Apparent partition coefficients for REE, Y, Ti, V and Cr can be parameterized as functions of the distribution of Ca between hornblende and melt, giving expressions to predict hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning values. These expressions are used to show that heavy REE-enriched hornblende/whole-rock REE abundance patterns in granitoids may result from partial re-equilibration of hornblende and late-stage residual liquids rather than from anomalous partitioning values.
FISH CELL LINES: CHARACTERIZATION BY ISOZYME ANALYSIS

The electrophoretic mobilities of isozymes from 16 enzyme systems were determined for nine fish cell lines. The relative migration of the malate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase isozymes could be used together to distinguish between seven of the fish cell lines. Two cyprinid cell lines could not be distinguished from each other but were readily separated from the six noncyprinid lines and the one other line of cyprinid origin.
A PC PROGRAM FOR COMPUTING CONFIDENCE BANDS FOR AVERAGE AND INDIVIDUAL GROWTH CURVES

Dawson et al. (Am. 1. Med. Genet. 7, 529-536, 1980) developed a procedure for constructing confidence bands for both average and individual growth curves which may be of considerable value in the study of growth and development. This paper describes their method for constructing, and provides a menu-driven GAUSS386i program for computing these confi- dence bands. It is demonstrated how these bands are useful for both the diagnosis and prognostication of growth patterns with known levels of confidence. It is assumed that the study is planned so that individuals will be measured at the same times, but missing data are allowed.
Adoptive transfer of low zone tolerance into normal adult mice.

SummaryLow zone tolerance to BSA in CAF1 mice appears to be more a specific active immunosuppressive effect than an immunocyte clone-loss phenomenon. Quantities of normal syngeneic splenocytes able to immunologically reconstitute lethally X-irradiated mice failed to break the low zone tolerance, and similar cells obtained from immunized donors did so only partially. Furthermore, spleen cells were able to transfer this tolerance adoptively not only into immunologically deficient X-irradiated recipients but also into immunologically intact normal recipients. These data suggest that this low zone tolerance may be an example of antibody-mediated immunosuppression.
Influence of initiators on the growth of poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) nanofibers

The type of anionic initiator used to polymerize ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate was found to influence the morphology of the polymer formed via vapor phase polymerization. Depending upon the type of initiator, polymerization of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate resulted in either the formation of neat polymer nanofibers (∼200 nm in diameter) or thin films. Based on the classification of anions using Hard Soft Acid Base principles, we found that harder anions favored polymer film formation while softer ones favored polymer nanofibers. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the structure, morphology and molecular weight of the synthesized polymers, respectively. Finally, a mechanism of formation of different polymer morphologies is proposed.
On the issue of resonance in an unsteady supersonic cascade

M a recent paper, Verdon and McCune1 presented a inearized analysis of an unsteady supersonic cascade with subsonic axial velocity. It is an interesting advancement on Ver don's previous paper.2 To achieve its objective of computing the pressure distribution, the analysis of Ref. 1 starts out to add the contributions from unsteady disturbances generated at all the oscillating airfoils below the reference airfoil in the cascade. The partial sums of the series were found to oscillate about apparent limiting values in general but, unfortunately, convergence was not proved. Aside from the problem of convergence, Ref. 1 also reports that under certain circumstances the numerical scheme broke down rather inexplicably. Thus it states in the concluding remarks that further work is needed to resolve these questions. Several years ago, the author of the present Note encountered essentially the same series and found that it diverges at a certain number of discrete points, although these results were never published. The appearance of Ref. 1, therefore, seems a fitting opportunity to point out the divergence of the series, to offer it as a possible explanation for the aforementioned breakdown of the numerical scheme and to discuss its physical implications in regard to resonance and other salient points. Consider, for example, the following kernel function K(x) , which appears in the integral equation (23) of Ref. 1 : where S (x) is given by -7
Physiologic Studies Following Surgical Correction of Ventricular Septal Defect

Sixteen patients were studied immediately and for 3 days following surgical closure of ventricular septal defect. In eight patients with absent or mild pulmonary vascular disease, convalescence was uneventful and only small deviations from normal in cardiac output, blood gas levels, and acid-base profile were observed. The remaining eight patients had pre-existing moderate or severe pulmonary vascular disease. Values for cardiac output were abnormally low at some time in the postoperative period in all but two of these eight patients. Failure to survive was clearly related to a low cardiac output in four of the five nonsurvivors. Reduction in cardiac output observed in this group of patients is believed to be based in major part on the pre-existing increased resistance to blood flow through the pulmonary vascular bed and also to impaired right ventricular function following operation. No evidence was obtained to suggest that major changes in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred in the immediate postoperative period in patients with moderate or severe pulmonary vascular disease following closure of ventricular septal defect. Right ventricular function following atriotomy or transverse ventriculotomy was less impaired than after vertical ventriculotomy.
An evolutionary system for recognition and tracking of synoptic-scale storm systems

Abstract An evolutionary system was developed for generation of complete tracks of northern midlatitude synoptic-scale storm systems based on optical flow and cloud motion analyses of global satellite-based datasets produced by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). The tracking results were compared with low sea level pressure anomaly (SLPA) tracks obtained from the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). The SLPA tracks were produced at GISS by analysis of meteorological, ground-based National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) datasets. Results from the evolutionary system were also compared with results from using (a) the k -nearest neighbor rule ( k -NN) and (b) self-organizing maps (SOM) to determine correspondences between consecutive locations within a track. The consistency of our evolutionary storm tracking results with the behavior of the low sea level pressure anomaly tracks, the ability of our evolutionary system to generate and evaluate complete tracks, and the close comparison between the results obtained by the evolutionary, k -NN, and SOM analyses of the ISCCP-derived datasets at tracking steps in which proximity or optical flow information sufficed to determine movement, demonstrate the applicability and the potential of evolutionary systems for tracking midlatitude storm systems through low-resolution ISCCP cloud product datasets.
Localization of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in sorghum kernels

Abstract White and red of sorghum grains were sequentially pearled into 11 pearling fines and the corresponding 11 pearled kernels to study the localization of phenolic acids within sorghum grains. All fractions were analyzed for phenolic acids content by HPLC and antioxidant capacity by FRAP assays. Four phenolic acids identified in all fractions were caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Data showed that the distribution of phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity in two sorghum genotypes was heterogeneous. Around 60% of the phenolic acids and the antioxidant capacity were recovered in the initial three pearling fine fractions that constituted about 20% surface removal. The concentrations of the phenolic acids decreased significantly with sequential pearling. Significant correlation between total phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity was observed with all fractions except for the first pearling fines from the red sorghum.
Delusional infestation/parasitosis and the Law: A Review

Delusional infestation (DI) is a psychodermatological condition where sufferers falsely believe they are infested with parasites despite all evidence to the contrary. Besides sparse records of suicide and doctors being assaulted or threatened with legal action by DI patients, few studies have looked at the forensic presentation of DI. This study aimed at describing when and why DI appears in the courtroom. Westlaw and Google Scholar searchers were conducted for relevant articles and legal cases in the USA containing keywords including delusions, insects, bugs, mites, worms, infested, and parasite. The presentation of DI in the courtrooms was compared to its appearance in the general population. Co-morbidity with other mental disorders and/or drug abuse was common, as were other delusions. Evidence of DI has been used in hearings of competency to stand trial and appeals against involuntary commitment or denial of disabilities benefits. Several DI sufferers had filed lawsuits against those they felt failed ...
Phlyctema vagabunda causes coin canker of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America.

During the spring of 2001, nursery-grown ash trees in Michigan and Ontario, Canada displayed coin cankers that were previously described (1). Cankered cultivars included Cimmaron®, ChampTree®, and Urbanite® (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and Autumn Purple® (F. americana). Tissue from surface-sterilized cankers (0.06% sodium hypochlorite or 70% ethanol, 3 min) was placed onto one-half strength potato dextrose agar amended with 200 ppm of streptomycin sulfate (½ SPDA). Plates were incubated at 20 and 4°C in the dark. Phlyctema vagabunda (anamorph of Neofabraea alba (E.J. Guthrie) Verkley, (1999)) was isolated on the 4°C plates from most tissue pieces from all cultivars. P. vagabunda causes stem cankers of apple (Malus spp.) (1) but its pathogenicity to ash has never been demonstrated (2). Inoculations with P. vagabunda were made to green and white ash to fulfill Koch's postulates. Apple trees were also inoculated with the ash isolate. In Corvallis, OR, 2-year-old, bare-root ash trees and 15 1-year-old apple seed...
Doping-evolution of the superconducting gap in single crystals of (Ca 1-x La x ) 10 (Pt 3 As 8 )(Fe 2 As 2 ) 5 superconductor from London penetration depth measurements

The doping-evolution of the superconducting gap structure in iron-based superconductor (CaLa x )10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5 (x = 0.04, 0.06, 0.09, 0.11, and 0.18) was probed by high—resolution measurements of the London penetration depth, . The samples spanned compositions from underdoped to slightly overdoped with superconducting critical temperatures, T c , from 12.7 K (x = 0.04) through (optimal) 23.3 K (x = 0.11) to 21.9 K (x = 0.18). The low-temperature variation (up to 0.3 T c ) of was analysed using a power-law function, . For compositions close to the optimal doping, (x = 0.09, 0.11, and 0.18), characterized by , shows a tendency to saturation, indicative of a full gap on the Fermi surface. Fitting over the lowest temperature range () gives n = 2.6. This value is well outside the range expected for the line-nodal superconductor. The exponent n decreased to in the two most underdoped compositions x = 0.04 (T c = 12.7 K) and 0.06 (T c = 18.2 K), implying the development of a notable gap anisotropy revealed by the enhanced influence of pair-breaking scattering. This decrease is accompanied by a significant increase of the total variation of the penetration depth in a fixed temperature interval (e.g., ). Both the decrease of the exponent and the increase of the absolute value of in the underdoped regime are similar to the observations in other charge-doped iron-based superconductors, such as doped BaFe2As2 and NaFeAs, suggesting a universal behavior in iron-based superconductors.
Proof-term synthesis on dependent-type systems via explicit substitutions

Typed λ-terms are used as a compact and linear representation of proofs in intuitionistic logic. This is possible since the Curry-Howard isomorphism relates proof-trees with typed λ-terms. The proofs-as-terms principle can be used to verify the validity of a proof by type checking the λ term extracted from the complete proof-tree. In this paper we present a proof synthesis method for dependent-type systems where typed open terms are built incrementally at the same time as proofs are done. This way, every construction step, not just the last one, may be type checked. The method is based on a suitable calculus where substitutions as well as meta-variables are first-class objects. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
The psychopharmacologic and prolactin response after large doses of naloxone in man.

Abstract Large doses of naloxone (150–300 mg), placebo, and morphine (15–30 mg) were given intramuscularly to human volunteers and compared using measures of subjective feeling states, physiological measures and discriminative features. Plasma prolactin responses after naloxone 210 mg and placebo were compared. The subjective measures and discriminative features of naloxone revealed that the drug is subtly psychoactive but the stimulus is vague and cannot be identified clearly as an opioid agonist or antagonist in nondependent opioid-using volunteers. The physiologic and prolactin responses closely resembled opiate agonist activity. We conclude that naloxone in this dose range may act as an opiate agonist in man.
Vibration analysis of elastic spherical shells

Abstract The transient response to time-dependent pressure and velocity inputs of elastic spherical shells made of an isotropic and homogeneous material is investigated. The dynamical problems considered include the incompressible thin and thick shell problems of nonlinear elasticity theory, the compressible thin shell problem, also of nonlinear elasticity and the compressible thick shell problem of classical elasticity theory. Numerical methods are developed to solve the differential equations governing the motion of the elastic shell. These methods include the method of characteristics for the compressible shell problem. Results obtained for the free and forced vibrations of the thin and thick shells considered are found to be consistent with existing numerical and closed form analytical solutions.
The national center for the study of corporal punishment and alternatives in the schools: Moving from policy formation to implementation

As a result of A.P.A.’s resolution opposing corporal punishment in the schools, a series of events resulted in the establishment of a center which has had an important impact on policy makers. The National Center conducts research, is active in advocacy efforts and offers training in alternatives to corporal punishment. In addition, the Center has developed a major collection of books, journal articles and newpaper clippings which further the efforts of scholars and researchers. This collection is complemented by consultation from staff.
Identification of the basolateral targeting determinant of a peripheral membrane protein, MacMARCKS, in polarized cells

Abstract Background: Although the molecular determinants that specify the targeting of transmembrane proteins to the apical or basolateral membrane domains within polarized epithelial cells have been well characterized, very little is known about the targeting of peripheral membrane proteins within these cells. MacMARCKS is a member of the MARCKS family of protein kinase C (PKC) substrates. This myristoylated protein regulates actin structure at cell membranes and is essential for the morphogenic movement of neuroepithelial cells during the formation of the neural tube. Results: MacMARCKS was specifically targeted to sites of cell–cell contact in the basolateral domain of polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells and was displaced from this location upon activation of PKC. We defined the basolateral targeting determinant of MacMARCKS to be the effector domain, a basic region spanning 24 amino acids and containing the PKC phosphorylation sites as well as binding sites for calmodulin and actin. This domain, in conjunction with a myristoyl moiety, was sufficient to target a non-membrane-associated protein – green fluorescent protein – specifically to the basolateral surface of polarized MDCK cells. Conclusions: This is the first description of a specific amino acid sequence that specifies targeting of a peripheral membrane protein to the basolateral membrane in polarized epithelial cells.
Characteristics of Typical Minnesota Aggregates

The consensus aggregate properties recommended in SUPERPAVE and selected mixture properties were evaluated for a wide range of Minnesota aggregate sources obtained from 16 construction projects completed in 1993. Measured aggregate properties included the sand equivalent (SE) and fine aggregate angularity for the fine aggregate fractions, and percentage of fractured faces and flat and elongated particles in the coarse aggregate fractions. Laboratory-compacted samples were prepared and tested to determine air voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), tensile strengths, and an assessment of the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures. Only 3 of 29 SE values for individual stockpiles were less than 40 percent. These values were not significantly affected by changes in either the general mineralogy (i.e., igneous, limestone, mixed) or the percentage passing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve. Single regression analyses indicated no significant relationship between SE and either mixture moisture sensitivity or VMA. Whil...
Increased conditioning in rats to a blocked CS after the first compound trial

Two experiments examined the effects of increased conditioning to a blocked conditioned stimulus (CS) with increased compound training, using the conditioned suppression procedure. Experiment 1 demonstrated that conditioning to the blocked element increased after the first compound trial but that there was no additional conditioning after 10 compound trials. Conditioning to the blocking CS was also tested and showed no reliable differences among groups given different amounts of compound training. A small increase in conditioning to the pretrained element after the first compound trial suggested that asympotote might not have been reached during pretraining. In Experiment 2 the level of conditioning to the blocking CS was tested extensively. Conditioning to the blocking element did not increase after pretraining when it was conditioned either in a compound or by itself. This provides strong evidence that the pretraining procedures of Experiment 1 did result in asymptotic learning. The results were interpreted as showing that even a completely redundant CS can acquire excitatory strength when it is paired with a significant event such as footshock.
Linking science more closely to policy-making: Global climate change and the national reorganization of science and technology policy

This paper examines the national trends behind recent efforts to link scientific research more closely to policy-making. It discusses the evolution of these efforts within the Clinton Administration in general and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) in particular. The paper describes the politics surrounding the establishment of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) and its Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, of which the USGCRP is a part, and concludes with an appraisal of the NSTC and of the “assessments” component of the USGCRP.
Hybrid method for frequency-dependent lossy coupled transmission line characterization and modeling

This paper presents a hybrid method that combines measurements, electromagnetic (EM) numerical tools, and extrapolation techniques for accurate modeling of lossy multi-transmission lines over tens of gigahertz (GHz) ranges. The parameters of the RLGC model are made up of the frequency-dependent characteristic impedance and the propagation constant, which are de-embedded from measured scattering (S) matrices of two transmission lines of different lengths and an extrapolation technique. By combining the extracted RLGC parameters with an EM tool, the relative permittivity and loss tangent of a dielectric substrate and the effective conductivity of a conductor for considering the surface resistivity due to skin effect and surface roughness are determined accurately. Multiconductor transmission lines are simulated using tabular W-element models based on frequency-dependent RLGC parameters.
Magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent.

Although magnesium sulfate is widely used as a tocolytic agent in the hope of preventing spontaneous preterm birth, there is a paucity of data from large well-designed randomized, clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of magnesium sulfate therapy. Given the potential for untoward side effects and the inherent risks of magnesium sulfate therapy, a thorough understanding of the potential risks and benefits of this agent is needed. To accomplish this understanding we have provided a detailed, review the history, pharmacology, physiology, maternal/fetal side effects, and tocolytic efficacy of magnesium sulfate.
Dietary Prescriptions to Control Dyslipidemias

In this pharmaceutically driven world, many clinicians have forgotten that dietary therapy can significantly improve dyslipidemia. Even in patients taking lipid-modifying drugs, dietary therapy achieves additional lipid-lowering that augments the therapeutic effects of drugs.1 ### Five Dietary Recommendations for High LDL Levels #### Case No. 1 A 5-ft-8-in tall, 172-lb, 65-year-old woman has a total cholesterol level of 289 mg/dL; triglycerides, 108 mg/dL; LDL, 205 mg/dL; and HDL, 62 mg/dL. She does not smoke and has blood pressure of 122/70. There is no family history of premature coronary artery disease, but both her parents died in their 80s from massive strokes. Her older brother also had a stroke at age 60. She has tried 4 different statin drugs in the past 2 years and states that with each drug, she develops the insidious onset of lethargy, fatigue, and achiness, which resolve within 1 week of stopping the drug. She is highly motivated and is requesting dietary recommendations to reduce her LDL cholesterol. ##### (1) Reduce Saturated Fat Intake to <7% of Calories The most powerful factor in raising LDL cholesterol levels is saturated fatty acids. Hepatic LDL receptor activity is modified by the saturated fat content of the diet: More saturated fat equals lower receptor activity and hence higher plasma LDL levels. Substituting monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, or carbohydrates for saturated fat in the diet can result in nearly 80% lowering of LDL. Two different dietary approaches can be used to reduce saturated intake: The latter has been a popular strategy on the basis of the rationale that all fats contain some saturated fat, and reduction in total fat therefore will achieve a reduction in saturated fat. This strategy, however, is nearly ineffective for patients consuming primarily low-saturated-fat vegetable …
Design, synthesis, and SAR studies on a series of 2-pyridinylpiperazines as potent antagonists of the melanocortin-4 receptor

Abstract A series of 2-pyridinylpiperazines derived from β-Ala-(2,4-Cl)Phe dipeptide was synthesized for the study of their SARs and possible interactions with the MC4 receptor. Compounds such as 11k (Ki = 6.5 nM) possessed high potency.
ATP-Binding Cassette G-Subfamily Transporter 2 Regulates Cell Cycle Progression and Asymmetric Division in Mouse Cardiac Side Population Progenitor Cells

Rationale: After cardiac injury, cardiac progenitor cells are acutely reduced and are replenished in part by regulated self-renewal and proliferation, which occurs through symmetric and asymmetric cellular division. Understanding the molecular cues controlling progenitor cell self-renewal and lineage commitment is critical for harnessing these cells for therapeutic regeneration. We previously have found that the cell surface ATP-binding cassette G-subfamily transporter 2 (Abcg2) influences the proliferation of cardiac side population (CSP) progenitor cells, but through unclear mechanisms. Objective: To determine the role of Abcg2 on cell cycle progression and mode of division in mouse CSP cells. Methods and Results: Herein, using CSP cells isolated from wild-type and Abcg2 knockout mice, we found that Abcg2 regulates G1-S cell cycle transition by fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicators, cell cycle–focused gene expression arrays, and confocal live-cell fluorescent microscopy. Moreover, we found that modulation of cell cycle results in transition from symmetric to asymmetric cellular division in CSP cells lacking Abcg2. Conclusions: Abcg2 modulates CSP cell cycle progression and asymmetric cell division, establishing a mechanistic link between this surface transporter and cardiac progenitor cell function. Greater understanding of progenitor cell biology and, in particular, the regulation of resident progenitor cell homeostasis is vital for guiding the future development of cell-based therapies for cardiac regeneration.
Towards an integrative tax course: a mutual funds case study

Abstract Students preparing for a career in professional accountancy need to be exposed to tax planning issues. In this paper we argue that the typical college tax course places too much emphasis on tax compliance rather than tax planning. Faculty can make their course into a more integrative experience by using case studies which concentrate on issues which are commonly faced by individual taxpayers but are seldom covered in today's tax courses. As a demonstration, an informational handout and a case study based on the investment and sale of mutual fund shares are provided.
Cosmic ray tests of the Zeus barrel calorimeter modules

Abstract The ZEUS barrel calorimeter consists of 32 wedge-shaped modules constructed using alternate layers of depleted uranium and scintillator with one radiation length sampling. In this paper we summarize tests made on 22 of these modules by measuring their response to hardened cosmic rays. We describe the cosmic ray facility, the data taking, the track reconstruction, the data analysis and the module testing. These tests include the uniformity, both tower-to-tower and module-to-module, in the response to minimum ionizing particles, the mapping of this response as a function of lateral position of the particles inside a given tower, and the measurement of the number of photoelectrons produced by a minimum ionizing particle. In addition, we present data on the stability of the current in the photomultiplier tube generated by the natural radioactivity of the uranium.
Titanium impurity effects in thin film oxide cathodes

Abstract This investigation concerns a relatively new form of oxide cathode which is fabricated on a sapphire wafer utilizing electron beam evaporated metallurgy and an alkaline-earth carbonate/photoresist mixture. The heater (Ti/Mo/Ti sandwich), cathode (Ba, Sr, Ca-oxide on W) and grid (Ti on W) structures are delineated using photolithography and wet-etching. During the initial thermal activation of the cathode, the photoresist and carbonates decompose to leave the electron emissive alkaline-earth oxides in well defined areas. The behavior of some prototype thin-film cathodes was found to depend upon the concentration of Ti impurities in the W base-metal film. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to quantitatively determine the concentration of Ti in the W films. High temperature Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) showed rapid surface segregation of these Ti impurities upon heating to 850°C in ultra-high vacuum. The emission lifetime of cathodes fabricated with these W films was inversely proportional to the Ti impurity concentration. Moreover, AES analyses of the emitting oxide surfaces showed a correlation between the Ba/O ratio and the emission current density. It is proposed that the Ti impurities segregate to the oxide/W interface at 850°C where they can reduce the BaO and thereby effectively activate the cathode. However, segregation to the interface, and/or the subsequent BaO reduction, occurs rapidly in the case of Ti in W and leads to a shortened emission lifetime. It is likely that the Ti-oxide reaction products left behind at the interface increase the cathode resistance, and perhaps more importantly, create a chemico-physical barrier which limits any subsequent reaction of Ti, W or other activating agents with the BaO species.
Pathophysiology of drug-induced papillary necrosis

Papillary necrosis, a common cause of renal failure, is a life-threatening pathophysiologic event which may have a multiplicity of mechanisms. The primary functional lesions are salt wastage, impairment of urinary concentrating ability, polyuria, and imbalances of potassium, calcium and phosphate homeostasis; urinary acidification is completely normal. Papillary necrosis is associated with a profound decrease in juxtamedullary nephron glomerular filtration rate, in addition to damage to the papillary collecting duct. 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) has proved to be a useful tool in elucidating the generation of this important clinical syndrome.