cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thiol S-methyltransferase from rat liver.

Abstract The thiol S-methyltransferase from rat liver has been solubilized and prepared in homogeneous form. The enzyme exists in a monomer of Mr 28,000 although enzyme activity is highly unstable with a half-life of 4 days under the best conditions of storage. The reaction requires S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donor but, as is the case with many enzymes active in detoxification, a large variety of lipophilic compounds can serve as acceptors. Acceptor activity is limited to thiols. The naturally occurring hydrophilic thiols, glutathione and cysteine, act neither as substrates nor as inhibitors. The course of the reaction is biphasic with an initial rapid formation of product that is followed by a slower linear rate. The suggestion is offered that this behavior reflects the slow dissociation of an enzyme-product complex composed of enzyme and S-adenosyl-homocysteine.
Multiple wavelength vertical-cavity laser arrays with wide wavelength span and high uniformity

Multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays are fabricated by using a patterned-substrate growth technique and a location-resolvable in situ optical calibration method in a molecular beam epitaxy system. We achieved a record wavelength span of 62.7 nm, highly uniform threshold currents with an average of 2.16 +/- 0.81 mA, and high repeatability of wavelength spacing between 15 arrays with sharp wavelength shift rate of 117.14 nm/mm. Accuracy of 0.28% of high and low wavelength limits and a 2.66 angstroms wavelength standard deviation from 4 X 35 arrays are also obtained.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reply to Critics: In Defense of One Kind of Epistemically Modest But Metaphysically Immodest Liberalism

In this reply to his three critics, Talbott develops several important themes from his book, Which Rights Should Be Universal?, in ways that go beyond the discussion in the book. Among them are the following: the prescriptive role of human rights theory; the need to guarantee an expansive list of basic rights as a basis for a government to be able to claim recognitional legitimacy; the futility of trying to define human rights in terms of what there can be reasonable disagreement about; and the problems for any proceduralist account of human rights. Talbott also further elaborates his consequentialist defense of basic human rights and his arguments against cultural relativism about human rights.
Zone Plates For Optical Sensor Applications

Zone plate optical-spectral properties are described and key parameters are tabulated. Several arrangements are given for zone plate optical sensors, and the advantages of zone plate optical elements are listed. The axial detector (AX-D) is described as a new detector configuration that is planned to take maximum advantage of the optical-spectral properties of zone plates.
Formation of long-lived C60− ions in Rydberg atom-C60 collisions

Abstract Studies of collisions between C 60 and K( n p) Rydberg atoms with 35 ⩽ n ⩽ 125 indicate that C 60 can attach very-low-energy electrons to form long-lived C 60 − ions. The rate constant for negative ion formation is observed to be small, ≈ 10 −8 cm 3 s −1 , and to be independent of n pointing to s-wave capture. Possible mechanisms for this are discussed, including the formation of image-charge-bound C 60 − ions.
Experimental Study of Flame Balls in Space: Preliminary Results from STS-83

Results from the Structure Of Flame Balls At Low Lewis-number (SOFBALL) spaceflight experiment conducted on the STS-83/MSL-1 Space Shuttle mission are reported. These are the first premixed gas combustion experiments to be performed in space. Two of the 15 scheduled tests were successfully completed on this shortened mission. Two different types of mixtures were burned, and both burned much longer than expected based on prior theoretical understanding. From these tests, two new insights were obtained, namely, on the buoyancy-induced drift speed and repulsion of adjacent flame balls due to their mutual interaction. Preliminary results from the STS-94/MSL-1 reflight are also presented and show a remarkable sensitivity of the flame balls to small accelerations resulting from Orbiter attitude control maneuvers. Comparison of experimental results to computational predictions reveals limitations in current models of H 2 -O 2 chemistry for very lean mixtures. It is shown how the results of these space experiments may provide an improved understanding of the interactions of the two most important phenomena in combusting materials, namely, chemical reaction and transport processes, in the unequivocally simplest possible configuration.
Biosynthesis of phycocyanin in vivo.

Abstract 1. 1. Cells of the unicellular alga, Cyanidium caldarium , synthesize phycocyanin in the light but lack this pigment when grown in darkness. Dark-grown cells fed δ-amino[4- 14 C]levulinic acid and [4,5- 3 H 2 ]leucine synthesized double-labeled phycocyanine in the light. Leucine was incorporated solely into the protein moiety of the phycocyanin molecule and δ-aminolevulinic acid was incorporated exclusively into the phycocyanin chromophore, phycocyanobilin. 2. 2. Phycocyanin apoprotein and phycocyanobilin are synthesized simultaneously in stoichiometric amounts in the light suggesting that the pathways for protein (apoprotein) and polypyrrole (phycocyanobilin) synthesis in C. caldarium cells are subject to strict coordinate regulation. 3. 3. Pigmented C. caldarium cells which were not dividing and in which the quantity of phycocyanine per cell remained constant, incorporated relatively small quantities of δ-aminolevulinic acid and leucine into phycocyanobilin and phycocyanin apoprotein, respectively. This showed that phycocyanin was either synthesized, or turned over in C. caldarium cells.
The nervous system in the praesoma of Echinorhynchus salmonis (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae).

Based on light microscopic observations, nerve pathways are described for the first time in the praesoma of a species of the Echinorhynchidae. The pathways are described for 18 nerves, 8 paired and 2 single, which originate from the cerebral ganglion and a post-ganglionic cell and terminate in the body wall musculature and the proboscis. The location of two commissures formed by these nerves is also described.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Perceived Early-Life Stress in Depressed Patients and Healthy Control Subjects

Previous studies have reported elevated concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in patients with major depression. Elevations of CSF CRF have also been reported in adult laboratory animals exposed to the stress of brief maternal deprivation or maternal neglect in the neonatal or preweaning period. The present study was designed to determine whether major depression and a history of perceived early adversity in childhood are independently associated with elevated CSF CRF concentrations in adults. In this case-control study, 27 medication-free adults with major depression and 25 matched controls underwent standardized lumbar puncture for collection of a single CSF sample at 1200. Subjects provided data about significant adverse early-life experiences and rated their global perceived level of stress during pre-school and preteen years on a six-point Likert scale. The mean difference in CSF CRF between depressed patients and controls did not reach statistical significance. In a regression model, perceived early-life stress was a significant predictor of CSF CRF, but depression was not. Perinatal adversity and perceived adversity in the preteen adversity years (ages 6-13 years) were both independently associated with decreasing CSF CRF concentrations. The relationship observed between perceived early-life stress and adult CSF CRF concentrations in this study closely parallels recent preclinical findings. More work is needed to elucidate the critical nature and timing of early events that may be associated with enduring neuroendocrine changes in humans.
Mathematical modeling and parametric study of heat transfer in Bridgman-Stockbarger growth of crystals

Abstract A one-dimensional heat transfer model was developed that allows calculation of interface melt temperature gradient and interface locations in Bridgman-Stockbarger growth. A set of parameters appear naturally in this analysis. A parametric study was used to predict the effect of these parameters on temperature gradient and interface location. The validity of the model was tested by comparison with experimental results on the MnBi/Bi eutectic system. The agreement is fair.
Fabrication of diamond microstructures for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) by a surface micromachining process

Abstract Selective polycrystalline diamond thin film has been grown on a silicon dioxide/silicon substrate using high pressure microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition from a gas mixture of methane and hydrogen at a substrate temperature of 950°C. A simple process flow has been developed to fabricate diamond microstructures such as diamond beams and cantilever beams using surface micromachining and photolithography for the first time. Scanning electron and optical microscopy has been used to characterize the surface micromachined diamond microstructures.
Surgical Treatment of Foot and Ankle Trauma: Use of Indirect Reduction Techniques

A useful intraoperative technique to aid the surgical treatment of complex foot and ankle trauma is described. With mechanical distraction to help obtain bony reduction and improve exposure, it can be used in the acute or reconstructive situation. Indications and a step by step technique are outlined.
Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair.

PURPOSE: This study reviews the long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence. METHODS: Seventy-one consecutive patients underwent overlapping sphincteroplasty from 1989 to 1996. Current degree of continence and associated quality of life were determined by telephone interview using the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, as validated by The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Both the patient-rated and the surgeon-rated Fecal Incontinence Severity Index scores were recorded. Demographic and perioperative data were obtained from patient charts. RESULTS: Forty-nine (69 percent) of the 71 patients, with a median age of 38.5 (range, 22–80) years, could be contacted at a median of 69 (range, 48–141) months after sphincter repair. Four patients were diverted at the time of follow-up. Twenty-four (54 percent) patients were incontinent to liquid or solid stool, and only six patients (14 percent) were totally continent. Fifteen patients (34 percent) had the best possible Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life score of 16. The median patient-rated and surgeon-rated Fecal Incontinence Severity Index scores were 20 (range, 0–61) and 20 (range, 0–57), respectively. The patient-rated score correlated to the surgeon-rated score (r = 0.98, P < 0.001) and the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life score (r = 0.64, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Years after sphincter repair surgery more than half of the patients are incontinent to liquid or solid stool. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons-validated Fecal Incontinence Severity Index and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life scores are useful and complementary tools for evaluation of fecal incontinence.
EVIDENCE FOR MYOSIN-BINDING PHOSPHATASE IN HEART MYOFIBRILS

Abstract Protein phosphatase was partially purified from myofibrils of bovine heart by sequential column chromatographies. The purified protein phosphatase was immunologically identified as a δ isoform of PP1 (PP1δ). The myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of myosin-binding phosphatase (MBP) in smooth muscle was co-purified with PP1δ at each step of the sequential column chromatographies. The immunoprecipitation experiment using the polyclonal antibody to MBS showed that PP1δ associates with MBS in the purified phosphatase. In addition, the myosin-binding assay showed that the purified phosphatase has the characteristics of binding to cardiac myosin. These data strongly suggest that MBP, the holoenzyme composed of PP1δ and MBS, is expressed in heart myofibrils.
Integrated membrane material and process development for gas separation

The widespread application of membrane gas separation systems in recent years results from the development of effective process designs and high performance membrane materials. This has led to low-cost and energy-efficient processes. This review highlights three new developments in membrane technology that further enhance the technology's competitiveness. First, the development of sweep/countercurrent designs that integrate membrane units into process trains with high energy efficiency, especially for separations with low feed-to-permeate pressure ratios, are discussed. Second, the development of process designs that balance permeability and selectivity to achieve maximum efficiency are considered. Finally, recent studies of thin-film membrane stability are reviewed. The decrease in membrane permeability overtime is a problem that continues to limit membrane processes. However, because the causes of the decline are now better understood, cures may be possible.
Substratum preference of the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

The position of Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) larvae on the substratum surface is dependent on the current regime but varies with larval size. All size classes of larvae chose significantly different positions on the substratum under high versus low current velocities. All size classes preferred exposed surfaces under low current velocities. Small larvae preferred the upper surfaces of substrata under low current velocities and were physically displaced under high current velocities. Larger larvae also occurred on upper surfaces, but were more evenly dispersed over all surfaces than smaller larvae, and tended to aggregate on down-stream faces of rocks during high flow.
Response of plasma 17, 21-dihydroxy-20-ketosteroids to repository corticotropin.

THE widespread use of long-term therapy with corticotropin (ACTH) in the treatment of numerous medical disorders has stimulated the search for a potent and long-acting intramuscular repository form. The introduction of corticotropin in gelatin (Gel-ACTH) in 1952 and more recently corticotropin with zinc hydroxide (Zn-ACTH) have made available two such preparations for clinical use. The sustained effectiveness of a single intramuscular dose of these preparations has been measured in the past primarily by indirect laboratory tests of increased function of the adrenal cortex and by the clinical responsiveness to therapy. Levin (1) reported clinical improvement for twelve to twenty-four hours following one injection of 40 to 60 units of Gel-ACTH. Thorn (2) reported a depression in the number of circulating eosinophils and an increase in the urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids for twelve to twenty-four hours following a single injection of the same repository preparation. Zn-ACTH was studied by Greene...
Foam drainage, surface viscosity, and bubble size bias

Abstract The frequently neglected correction for statistical bias in the measurement of bubble size distribution at a surface is found to be significant for the size distributions involved in the foaming experiments, insofar as calculation of effective surface viscosity from the drainage theory that was developed earlier by the authors' group is concerned. However, with the establishment of an appropriate surface viscosity, the scatter in predicting the steady rate of foam overflow or drainage by the said theory is barely affected.
Changing Constructions of Sexuality and Risk: Migrant Mexican Women Farmworkers in California

Este articulo examina las contradicciones existentes entre poder, cuerpo femenino y la sexualidad marcada racialmente y definida por cuestiones de genero, en comunidades rurales de California predominantemente mexicanas. Despues de migrar, las trabajadoras agriolas mexicanas enfrentan una serie de "riesgos politicos y economicos" queestan vinculados con inequidades sociales dentro del proceso migratorio. Basadas en metodos de observacion participativa, grupos focales y entrevistas en profundidad, analizamos como los discursos hegemonicos se inscriben o "dibujan" en los cuerpos de estas mujeres y como ellas desarrollan mecanismos de sobrevivencia para enfrentarlos. En este escenario, las mujeres reajustan sus cuerpos transgrediendo normas sociales establecidas, enfrentando discursos hegemonicos y explorando su propia poetica del deseo.
A silica-rich sodium pyroxene phase with six-coordinated silicon

Phase transitions in minerals and melts that involve a change in the coordination of silicon from fourfold to sixfold are generally accompanied by large changes in material properties such as density, bulk modulus and elastic moduli. When such transformations occur within the Earth, these large changes in material properties can result in seismic discontinuities. The presence of six-coordinated silicon in minerals such as majorite garnet at upper-mantle pressures is therefore of crucial importance to an understanding of the properties of this region of the Earth. The silicate pyroxenes are also believed to comprise a significant portion of the upper mantle1, and to provide a host for large cations such as sodium and calcium. It has long been assumed that silicon is restricted to the tetrahedral sites within the pyroxene structure. Here, however, we report the high-pressure synthesis and characterization of single crystals of a pyroxene of nominal stoichiometry Na(Mg0.5Si0.5)Si2O6, which is the first pyroxene known to contain both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated silicon.
Simulation of nitrogen rhizodeposition and assimilation back into corn (Zea mays L.) roots

Abstract The objectives were to quantify the dynamics of N exchange between corn root and soil under field conditions and to compute the amount of N-rhizodeposition that is recycled back into corn by maturity. In a previous publication the simulation model NCSWAP/NCSOIL was used to quantify the release of organic-C from corn and its incorporation into soil organic matter. In this publication, results from the same simulations but pertinent to N are presented. The model was calibrated against measured N concentration in corn and soil and 15 N enrichment data obtained from a long-term field experiment located near St Paul, MN. Field management included rototillage, the removal of stover-residue and grain and 4 fertilizer N treatments: 200 and 20 Kg N ha −1 added yearly from 1980 to 1992, with 15 N added with the fertilizer from 1980 until either 1985 or 1992. The same total amount of 15 N was added with the 200 and 20 Kg N ha −1 fertilizer: 4 and 40 15 N at.%, respectively. Corn roots released 24% of total N uptake. This loss was mitigated by the recycling of 14% of N-rhizodeposition into corn by maturity. 15 N enrichment in corn and soil was higher for the 200 than the 20 Kg N ha −1 treatment. This resulted from the rapid N mineralization–immobilization turnover that channelled N through the inorganic N pool whose 15 N enrichment was fixed yearly to that of the fertilizer. Tracer N enrichment decreased more rapidly in corn than in soil from 1986 to 1992 when tracer N was no longer added with the fertilizer, and by 1992, 15 N was localized in the stable pool and flushed from the more labile pools.
The role of the pituitary-adrenal system in cystine-S35 incorporation into protein.

STUDY of the role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in protein metabolism is desirable in view of the conflicting reports of Novack (1952) and of White et al. (1948), Friedberg (1950) and Marshall and Friedberg (1951). Novack showed the administration of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) to increase C14-histidine incorporation into the visceral and muscle protein of the intact mouse. The other authors, in studies employing C14-glycine or S35-methionine, showed adrenalectomy to increase incorporation into the tissues of the fasted mouse and the administration of dehydrocorticosterone to the adrenalectomized rats or ACTH to the hypophysectomized rat to suppress amino acid incorporation. In an attempt to resolve this conflict we have studied the role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the incorporation of S35-cystine into tissue proteins of the albino rat. methods Equal numbers of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in all experiments and were kept on an ad libitum regime of Purina diet at all times.
Academic Freedom and Peer Reviews of Research Proposals and Papers

Academic freedom—the freedom of professional persons to present unpopular views—can exist only when there is freedom from severe sanctions such as censorship of research proposals and papers. Peer reviews are invaluable to researchers struggling to improve their work. They are also invaluable to administrators who must allocate limited funds and journal pages among competing researchers. However, evidence indicates that some administrators use peer criticisms to justify the suppression in whole or part of unpopular proposals and papers. Such prior restraint is censorship unless the administrators can prove that it is justified because of gross incompetence or financial exigency.
Pitfalls in ultrasonic detection of pleural fluid

This is a report of proven massive infiltration of Hodgkin's disease of the lung with correlative sonographic, roentgenographic, and pathologic findings. Special emphasis is placed on the difficulties in distinguishing pleural fluid from massive tumor infiltration of the lung by Hodgkin's disease.
Short-Term Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Mouse Liver

IN a previous report1, there were presented findings which were unexpected if the entire polycarboxylic acid cycle were involved in carbon dioxide fixation by animals. At 5 and 15 min. after the injection of radioactive sodium bicarbonate (NaH14CO3) (obtained as Ba14CO3 from the Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee) there appeared to be a more direct path of carbon to succinate than that previously postulated. In addition, the labelling in such acids as α-ketoglutarate, citrate and aconitate was not measurable. It was thought desirable to examine the path of carbon dioxide employing paper chromatography, because by this technique compounds retained by the silica gel (used in previous studies) which escaped examination would become detectable.
Dual focus in exploration and exploitation: the strategic path to sustainable competitive advantage

Organisations that can successfully develop both radical and incremental product innovations positively impact sustained competitive advantage. Past research has indicated that a dual focus in innovation strategy may be fulfilled by use of dual organisational structures and cultures. This research complements these efforts by analysing business process influences on dual focus. Using data collected from US high technology manufacturers, four strategic archetypes in innovation were developed and analysed using cluster analysis. Dual focus firms were shown to have multiple processes in place that impact both types of innovation strategies and that these firms implement these processes to a greater extent than those firms operating in the more extreme positions. Following the report of results, implications for organisations toiling for a sustainable competitive advantage through product innovation are discussed, as well as future research directions.
The Potential for Conflict Index: A Graphic Approach to Practical Significance of Human Dimensions Research

To facilitate the understanding and applicability of human dimensions findings, this article develops a formula for computing a Potential for Conflict Index (PCI) and a graphic technique for presenting the results. This approach (1) conveys information about a distribution's central tendency, dispersion, and form simultaneously; (2) uses a graphic display that allows easy assimilation of research findings; and (3) places the findings in the context of managerial concern. Computed values for PCI range from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates no conflict and 1 indicates maximum conflict. Data are presented from a recent wildlife values project to illustrate the computation and graphic display of the PCI for univariate and bivariate situations. Researchers are encouraged to adopt this approach or variations of it to improve the understandability of their research results.
Ribosomal Discrimination of tRNAs

Mutations in two proteins of the 30S ribosomal subunit indicate that the ribosome provides a recognition screen for tRNAs before, or simultaneous with, their interaction with mRNA.
Adjoint sensitivity of the model forecast to data assimilation system error covariance parameters

The development of the adjoint of the forecast model and of the adjoint of the data assimilation system (adjoint-DAS) makes feasible the evaluation of the local sensitivity of a model forecast aspect with respect to a large number of parameters in the DAS. In this study it is shown that, by exploiting sensitivity properties that are intrinsic to the analyses derived from a minimization principle, the adjoint-DAS software tools developed at numerical weather prediction centres for observation and background sensitivity may be used to estimate the forecast sensitivity to observation- and background-error covariance parameters and for forecast impact assessment. All-at-once sensitivity to error covariance weighting coefficients and first-order impact estimates are derived as a particular case of the error covariance perturbation analysis. The use of the sensitivity information as a DAS diagnostic tool and for implementing gradient-based error covariance tuning algorithms is illustrated in idealized data assimilation experiments with the Lorenz 40-variable model. Preliminary results of forecast sensitivity to observation- and background-error covariance weight parameters are presented using the fifth-generation NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) atmospheric DAS and its adjoint developed at the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Integrated, advanced tokamak operation on DIII-D

Recent experiments on DIII-D have demonstrated the ability to sustain plasma conditions that integrate and sustain the key ingredients of advanced tokamak (AT) operation: high β with 1.5 2.0, plasmas with β≈2.9% and 90% of the plasma current driven non-inductively have been sustained for nearly 2 s (limited only by the duration of the ECCD pulse). Negative central magnetic shear is produced by the ECCD, leading to the formation of a weak internal transport barrier even in the presence of Type I ELMs. Separate experiments have demonstrated the ability to sustain a steady current density profile using ECCD for periods as long as 1 s with β = 3.3% and >90% of the current driven non-inductively. In addition, stable operation well above the ideal no-wall β limit has been sustained for several energy confinement times with the duration only limited by resistive relaxation of the current profile to an unstable state. Stability analysis indicates that the experimental β limit depends on the degree to which the no-wall limit can be exceeded and weakly on the actual no-wall limit. Achieving the necessary density levels required for adequate ECCD efficiency requires active divertor exhaust and reducing the wall inventory buildup prior to the high performance phase. Simulation studies indicate that the successful integration of high β operation with current profile control consistent with these experimental results should result in high β, fully non-inductive plasma operation.
Unveiling facebook: a measurement study of social network based applications

Online social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace have become increasingly popular, with close to 500 million users as of August 2008. The introduction of the Facebook Developer Platform and OpenSocial allows third-party developers to launch their own applications for the existing massive user base. The viral growth of these social applications can potentially influence how content is produced and consumed in the future Internet.To gain a better understanding, we conducted a large-scale measurement study of the usage characteristics of online social network based applications. In particular, we developed and launched three Facebook applications, which have achieved a combined subscription base of over 8 million users. Using the rich dataset gathered through these applications, we analyze the aggregate workload characteristics (including temporal and geographical distributions) as well as the structure of user interactions. We explore the existence of 'communities', with high degree of interaction within a community and limited interaction outside the community. We find that a small fraction of users account for the majority of activity within the context of our Facebook applications and a small number of applications account for the majority of users on Facebook. Furthermore, user response times for Facebook applications are independent of source/destination user locality. We also investigate distinguishing characteristics of social gaming applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing user activities on online social applications.
DNA fingerprinting of Listeria monocytogenes strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Abstract Chromosomal DNA of Listeria monocytogenes strains was digested with SmaI restriction enzyme, and the resulting fragments were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Distinctive banding patterns were obtained from the strains of major foodborne disease serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b. Matched sets of clinical and food isolates revealed close similarity among strains from a given episode and distinct differences among strains from separate episodes.
Establishment and characterization of a new mantle cell lymphoma cell line, Mino.

Abstract Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct type of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterized by cyclin D1 overexpression and the cytogenetic abnormality, the t(11;14)(q13;q32). MCL cell lines have been difficult to establish and in vitro studies of these neoplasms are scarce. We describe the establishment and characteristics of a new MCL cell line, Mino. The cells are large, growing singly and in small clumps in vitro. By flow cytometry, the immunophenotype was compatible with MCL (i.e. CD5 + CD20 + CD23 − FMC7 + ). Conventional cytogenetics showed hyperdiploidy with multiple complex karyotypic abnormalities, but no evidence of the t(11;14), proven to be present only by fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Western blots showed expression of cyclin D1 but no detectable cyclin D2 and cyclin D3; the retinoblastoma protein was predominantly phosphorylated. There was expression of tumor suppressor gene products including p53, p16 INK4a , and p21 WAF1 . Sequencing of the TP53 gene revealed a mutation (codon 147 valine→glycine ) in exon 5. Epstein Barr virus was absent. In summary, Mino is a new MCL cell line that may be useful to study the pathogenesis of MCL.
Social Problem Solving as a Predictor of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Care and Medical Care Among Veterans

Attitudes toward seeking health care, particularly mental health care, are significantly affected by stigma. Stigma surrounding mental health care is a particularly poignant issue for military veterans who are returning home in need of both medical and psychological care. The present study aimed to investigate whether social problem solving plays a role in perceptions of stigma and subsequent attitudes toward seeking both mental health care and medical care among veterans. Social problem solving was found to be a significant predictor of psychological openness, a subscale of the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS) assessing the extent to which one is open about recognizing a problem and seeking help for that difficulty. These findings suggest that programs aimed at improving social problem solving skills may help veterans seek necessary care.
STAT2 mediates innate immunity to Dengue virus in the absence of STAT1 via the type I interferon receptor.

Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, and symptoms of infection range from asymptomatic to the severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). High viral loads correlate with disease severity, and both type I & II interferons (IFNs) are crucial for controlling viral replication. We have previously reported that signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1-deficient mice are resistant to DENV-induced disease, but little is known about this STAT1-independent mechanism of protection. To determine the molecular basis of the STAT1-independent pathway, mice lacking STAT1, STAT2, or both STAT1 and STAT2 were infected with a virulent mouse-adapted strain of DENV2. In the first 72 hours of infection, the single-deficient mice lacking STAT1 or STAT2 possessed 50–100 fold higher levels of viral RNA than wild type mice in the serum, spleen, and other visceral tissues, but remained resistant to DENV-induced death. In contrast, the double-deficient mice exhibited the early death phenotype previously observed in type I and II IFN receptor knockout mice (AG129), indicating that STAT2 is the mediator of the STAT1-independent host defense mechanism. Further studies demonstrated that this STAT2-dependent STAT1-independent mechanism requires the type I IFN receptor, and contributes to the autocrine amplification of type I IFN expression. Examination of gene expression in the spleen and bone marrow-derived macrophages following DENV infection revealed STAT2-dependent pathways can induce the transcription of a subset of interferon stimulated genes even in the absence of STAT1. Collectively, these results help elucidate the nature of the poorly understood STAT1-independent host defense mechanism against viruses by identifying a functional type I IFN/STAT2 signaling pathway following DENV infection in vivo.
Survival of acid-adapted or nonadapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple wounds and surrounding tissue following chemical treatments and storage

This study evaluated survival/growth of acid-adapted or nonadapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated (4 log CFU/wound) in wounds (10 mm deepx6 mm diameter) of apples. Wounds were inoculated with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing derivative of a rifampicin-resistant strain of E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 and allowed to attach (1 h). Apples were dipped (2 min) in solutions (approximately 25 degrees C) of water (W), 5% acetic acid (AA), 5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 0.02% sodium hypochlorite (SH), or not treated (NT), and stored at 25 degrees C. Survivors were determined in cores (10-mm deep) of the apple wounds (12 mm from center of wound; inner core) and surrounding tissue (18 mm from center of wound; outer core) after homogenizing the samples in Dey-Engley (D/E) neutralizing broth and plating on tryptic soy agar (TSA) and TSA supplemented with 100 microg/ml rifampicin (35 degrees C, 48 h) after 0, 2 and 5 days. Average bacterial populations at day-0 were 4.0 and 2.0 logs in the inner and outer core, respectively. In the inner core of the untreated apples populations increased to 7.0 logs at day-2, while counts did not exceed 3.0 logs in the outer core during storage of all treatments. Previous acid-adaptation of the cultures did not affect survival of the pathogen. Dipping in W, AA and SH did not reduce initial bacterial populations, while at day-2 of storage inner core counts from W, AA and SH reached 7.1, 5.5 and 6.9 logs, respectively. In contrast, HP reduced initial counts in the inner core by approximately 1.5 logs, but they increased to 7.0 logs by day-2. Populations of all treatments reached 6.6-7.2 logs in the inner core by day-5. Thus, sanitizer treatment did not effectively reduce nor inhibit growth of E. coli O157:H7 contamination in apple wounds and surrounding tissue.
Refining risk stratification for locoregional failure after chemoradiotherapy in human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer

Summary Background To determine whether the addition of molecular and imaging biomarkers to established clinical risk factors could help predict locoregional failure (LRF) after chemoradiation in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related (+) oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and improve patient selection for locoregional treatment de-intensification. Methods HPV status was determined for 198 consecutive patients with stage III/IV OPC treated with definitive chemoradiation from 5/2003 to 10/2010. The impact of pre-therapy epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression; imaging biomarkers including primary tumor and nodal maximum standardized uptake values on FDG-PET, gross tumor volumes, and matted nodes; and clinical factors on LRF (including residual disease at adjuvant neck dissection) was assessed. Results Primary tumors were HPV+ in 184 patients and HPV-negative in 14. EGFR overexpression was related to HPV-negative status and was univariately associated with LRF in the overall population, but was neither retained in the multivariate model after adjustment for HPV status, nor associated with LRF in HPV+ patients. Similarly, imaging biomarkers were univariately associated with LRF, but correlated with T-stage and/or N-stage and did not remain predictive in HPV+ patients after adjustment for T4- and N3-stages, which were the only significant predictors of LRF on multivariate analysis. Among HPV+ patients with non-T4- or N3-stages, only minimal smoking was associated with decreased LRF. Conclusions The prognostic impact of EGFR overexpression and imaging biomarkers on LRF was predominantly related to their association with HPV-negative status and T- or N-stage, respectively. Among HPV+ OPC patients treated with uniform chemoradiation, only T4-stage, N3-stage, and smoking contributed to risk-stratification for LRF.
The relationship between psychiatry residency applicant evaluations and subsequent residency performance.

Objective: The goal of this study was to measure the predictive value of applicant evaluations for a psychiatry residency in terms of the subsequent performance of those who matriculated in the program. Method: The match lists for resident cohorts beginning their course of training over 4 years were divided into thirds, which served as our primary, preresidency measure of expected performance. The preresidency applicant evaluations of those residents who entered were compared to their postresidency evaluations. Results: There was no significant association between preresidency selection evaluations and postresidency final evaluations in any of the four cohorts of trainees. Conclusions: The overall results of this study of four cohorts of residents indicate only a small, nonsignificant association between pre- and postresidency evaluations. Further efforts to predict residency performance in applicants may help identify those trainees who might benefit from additional monitoring and supervision.
The effect of signal‐to‐noise ratio on phase measurements with polarimetric radars

Increased interest in the observation of geophysical objects with polarimetric radar has led to the opportunity for the classification and discrimination of targets through the use of signal‐phase ...
Does Clio Have a Place in Technical Writing? Considering Patents in a History of Technical Communication

Technical writers need a historical perspective in order to distinguish between enduring and transitory writing standards, to understand the variety of past styles in building future styles, and to give the profession a better sense of self-identity. To overcome the problems in developing a historical perspective, such as a dearth of artifacts to examine and the peculiarities in rhetorical time and place which undercut attempts to generalize on historical information, the 200 year-old federal collection of patents is offered as a solution. This collection of patents is also very often the only remaining written work of the ordinary mechanic of the nineteenth century, and this collection truly reflects technical not legal, business, or science writing.
Consuming Europe: the moral significance of mobility and exchange at the Spanish–Moroccan border of Melilla

Situated on the north-eastern coast of Morocco, Melilla is a fenced territory of 12 square kilometres under Spanish sovereignty since 1497. Over the course of the twentieth century, and particularly after Spain's incorporation into the European Community (1986), Melilla's fiscal and geo-political status has triggered the growth of a black market economy built on a large variety of cross-border activities, most commonly the smuggling of basic commodities and luxury goods. This paper examines the connections between different forms of exchange linking the Iberian Peninsula to the Spanish enclave of Melilla, and Melilla to the neighbouring Moroccan province of Nador. Different forms of exchange rely on one another – from the family links on which smuggling networks are built, to the migratory tradition which connects Nador to Spain and to a number of European capitals and which has influenced patterns of exchange across the border in unexpected ways. In particular, this paper explores how the assimilation on...
Energy Balance Climate Models

An introductory survey of the global energy balance climate models is presented with an emphasis on analytical results. A sequence of increasingly complicated models involving ice cap and radiative feedback processes are solved, and the solutions and parameter sensitivities are studied. The model parameterizations are examined critically in light of many current uncertainties. A simple seasonal model is used to study the effects of changes in orbital elements on the temperature field. A linear stability theorem and a complete nonlinear stability analysis for the models are developed. Analytical solutions are also obtained for the linearized models driven by stochastic forcing elements. In this context the relation between natural fluctuation statistics and climate sensitivity is stressed.
Virtual benchmarking and model continuity in prototyping embedded multiprocessor signal processing systems

The complexity of hardware/software codesign of embedded real-time signal processing systems can be reduced by rapid system prototyping (RSP). However, existing RSP frameworks do not provide a sound specification and design methodology (SDM) because they require the designer to choose the implementation target before specification and design exploration and they do not work together coherently across development stages. This paper presents a new SDM, called MAGIC, that allows the designer to capture an executable specification model for use in design exploration to find the optimal multiprocessor technology before committing to that technology. MAGIC uses a technique called "virtual benchmarking," for early validation of promising architectures. The MAGIC SDM also exploits emerging open-standards computation and communication middleware to establish model continuity between RSP frameworks. This methodology has been validated through the specification and design of a moderately complex system representative of the signal processing domain: the RASSP Synthetic Aperture Radar benchmark. In this case study, MAGIC achieves three orders of magnitude speedup over existing virtual prototyping approaches and demonstrates the ability to evaluate competitive technologies prior to implementation. Transfer of this methodology to the system-on-a-chip domain using Cadence's Virtual Component Codesign infrastructure is also discussed with promising results.
Minimax Regret Simultaneous Confidence Bands for Multiple Regression Functions

Abstract When a simultaneous confidence band for a multiple regression function is to be constructed, one encounters the problem of choosing a band from among those available. The following notion of optimality for bands is introduced. Suppose that the band is constructed with the purpose of giving confidence intervals for evaluations x i βt, of the regression function at future settings x i (i = 1, …, n) of the predictor variables. The settings are assumed to be unknown at the time the band is to be chosen, but they are assumed to lie within a given bounded set, which is referred to as the constraint set. Once a particular band is chosen and the predictor variable settings become known, the “regret” for the procedure can be defined as the difference between the average width of the n intervals and the smallest possible width attainable by a band constructed using knowledge of the predictor variable settings. Thus the regret measures the cost of not knowing the settings when the band is chosen. It is reas...
Revealing individual differences in strategy selection through visual motion extrapolation

Humans are constantly challenged to make use of internal models to fill in missing sensory information. We measured human performance in a simple motion extrapolation task where no feedback was provided in order to elucidate the models of object motion incorporated into observers’ extrapolation strategies. There was no “right” model for extrapolation in this task. Observers consistently adopted one of two models, linear or quadratic, but different observers chose different models. We further demonstrate that differences in motion sensitivity impact the choice of internal models for many observers. These results demonstrate that internal models and individual differences in those models can be elicited by unconstrained, predictive-based psychophysical tasks.
What Do the Elderly Do

The most direct way to find out what elderly Americans do is to study how they occupy their time and, if they are still in the labor force, in what occupations can they be found. This essay focuses on three key issues regarding the activities of those 65 and over: their average use of time in 41 different activities, especially how they employ the greater discretionary time available to them in comparison to younger adults; the factors underlying their rising participation in the labor in the first decade of the twenty-first century; and the occupations that elderly men and women are most likely to be found and how this has changed.
THE SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE STRUCTURE OF LEGAL DECISION-MAKING

This conceptual article uses an interpretive approach to legal decision-making to explain the operation of crime stereotypes in the courts. A model is proposed to address the social psychological dynamics involved in assessing both conforming and exceptional cases. Evaluated against the backdrop of prevailing stereotypes, conforming cases may be disposed of routinely, while exceptional cases present cognitive dilemmas for court actors. In that stereotypes are internalized as enduring mental structures, the latters’ dispositions require a more probing search for an explanation of the crime than is necessary with more typical offenses. Legal decisions in exceptional cases are influenced by the meaning court actors attribute to the offense within the context of the offender's alternative (i.e., noncriminal) social statuses. A series of interrelated propositions based on these arguments is formulated.