cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermetallic compounds between lanthanons and transition metals of the first long period: I—Preparation, existence and structural studies☆☆☆

Abstract Alloys have been prepared with compositions corresponding to the formulas AB 5 , AB 2 , AB and A 3 B, in which A is Y, La, Ce, Sm, Gd, Dy or Ho and B is Mn, Fe, Co or Ni. Samples were prepared by the technique of levitation melting. Powder diffraction patterns were obtained to establish whether or not the various alloys existed in the form of intermetallic compounds. Extensive compound formation tendency was exhibited by all the lanthanons except La. All AB 2 type compounds were found to exist in the MgCu 2 structure. The AB 5 type compounds occurred either in the CaCu 5 structure or in an unsolved orthorhombic structure. Some AB and A 3 B compounds may exist. Confirmation awaits interpretation of their diffraction patterns. Factors affecting the existence of these compounds and their structural parameters are discussed.
Community Mental Health: Challenges for the 21st Century

Nasar, Foreword. Conceptualizing the Challenges in Community Mental Health. Patient, Client, Consumer, Survivor: The Mental Health Consumer Movement in the United States. Consumer-Providers Theories about Recovery from Serious Psychiatric Disabilities. Pursuing Hope and Recovery: A New Integrated Approach to Psychiatric Rehabilitation. In the Community: Aftercare for Seriously Mentally Ill Persons. The Wraparound Process: Individualized, Community-Based Care for Children and Adolescents with Intensive Needs. Evidence-Based Treatment for Adults with Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders. Putting Values into Practice: Involuntary Treatment in Mental Health. Neuropsychiatric Perspectives for Community Mental Health Theory and Practice. Public Mental Health Systems: Breaking the Impasse in the Treatment of Oppressed Groups. Stigma, Sexual Orientation, and Mental Illness: A Community Mental Health Perspective. African Americans and Mental Health. Mental Health Issues of Chinese Americans: Help-Seeking Behaviors and Culturally Relevant Services. Psychological Intervention with Hispanic Patients: A Review of Selected Culturally-syntonic Treatment Approaches. Homeless Shelters: An Uneasy Component of the De Facto Mental Health System. The Practice Effectiveness of Case Management Services for Homeless Persons with Alcohol, Drug, or Mental Health Problems. We'll Meet You on Your Bench: Developing a Therapeutic Alliance with the Homeless Mentally Ill Patient. Social Work in a Managed Care Environment. Networks and Organizational Identity: On the Front Lines of Behavioral Health. The Uncertain Future of Public Mental Health Systems: A West Virginia Case Study. Mental Health Leadership in a Turbulent World.
TU-EF-303-00: Bridging the Scales From Molecules and Cells to Clinical Applications

Many medical physics diagnostic and therapeutic developments have significant overlap with biophysical approaches to measuring and modeling molecular and cellular systems. Although these methods may differ dramatically in terms of temporal and spatial scales, many of the underlying concepts are identical, suggesting potential synergies across the scales. For example, while clinical imaging is typically in the (sub)millimeter and second regime, biophysical imaging technologies reach sub-nanometer and sub-picosecond scales. Despite these scale differences, the use of molecular labeling, resulting large datasets, and need for quantitative analysis methods are similar, and solutions developed for one application are easily translated to others. Similarly, mathematical models used to understand clinical responses are often based on molecular and cellular networks that have been elucidated by biophysical studies. In turn, such models are directly useful for guiding on-going biophysical and biomedical research. Relevant biophysical applications are found in the cancer, neuroscience, and cardiac fields, which are also research focus areas for many AAPM members. Presentations by physicists working in biophysics will explore potential synergies with diagnostic and therapeutic medical physics, as well as help identify areas of common interest that would be ripe for novel collaborations. Learning Objectives: 1. 1.To learn about differences in temporal and spatial scales of medical physics and biophysics 2. To learn about common methods used in medical physics and biophysics 3. To learn about synergistic opportunities between medical physics and biophysics
A New Board Policy on Deferral to Arbitration: Acknowledging and Delimiting Union Waiver of Employee Statutory Rights

This article considers the extent to which the National Labor Relations Board should defer in its protection of statutory rights to the private arbitration process under collective bargaining. The article explains and criticizes the theory of implied union waiver advanced by the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals under the leadership of Judge Harry Edwards. It posits a reformulation of Board deferral doctrine for waivable substantive rights. The article also consider the relevance of the Supreme Court’s 2009 decision in 14 Penn Plaza, LLC v. Pyett to Board deferral to arbitration in cases involving § 7 rights that are not subject to waiver by exclusive bargaining agents.
On‐line systems in the communication process: Projections

The current place of on-line systems within the communication process in science and technology is defined. On-line systems can be termed “value-added information sources,” as illustrated by examples of available bibliographic data bases, numeric data banks, and referral data bases. Limitations of existing patterns of data base production and distribution are described, and the management considerations in operating on-line search services in libraries are outlined, including financing, facilities, staffing, service promotion, document delivery, and evaluation. The role of library schools in preparing searchers of on-line systems is also reviewed. A number of future developments in on-line systems are predicted based on available technological forecasts. The ways in which professionals can be expected to use future on-line systems are described, highlighting important differences from the present information-seeking environment. The article concludes with an assessment of the roles of libraries and of information specialists in the world of electronic publication, suggesting that while the library as an institution may decline in importance, the information specialist of the future is likely to provide information support services much richer and more varied than those offered by the librarian of today.
Residential exposures to pesticides and childhood leukaemia

Like many chemicals, carcinogenicity of pesticides is poorly characterised in humans, especially in children, so that the present knowledge about childhood leukaemia risk derives primarily from epidemiological studies. Overall, case-control studies published in the last decade have reported positive associations with home use of insecticides, mostly before the child's birth, while findings for herbicides are mixed. Previous studies relied solely on self-reports, therefore lacking information on active ingredients and effects of potential recall bias. Few series to date have examined the influence of children's genetic susceptibility related to transport and metabolism of pesticides. To overcome these limitations, investigators of the Northern California Childhood Leukaemia Study (NCCLS) have undertaken, in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, a comprehensive assessment of residential pesticide exposure, including: (1) quality control of self-reports; (2) home pesticide inventory and linkage to the Environmental Protection Agency to obtain data on active ingredients; (3) collection and laboratory analyses of approximately 600 home dust samples for over 60 pesticides and (4) geographic information studies using California environmental databases to assess exposure to agricultural pesticides. The NCCLS is also conducting large-scale genotyping to evaluate the role of genes in xenobiotic pathways relevant to the transport and metabolism of pesticides. A better quantification of children's exposures to pesticides at home is critical to the evaluation of childhood leukaemia risk, especially for future gene-environment interaction studies.
One time Pads are Key Safegaurding Schemes, not Cryptosystems. Fast Key Safeguarding Schemes (Threshold Schemes) Exist.

Common sense, David Kahn [KA67] and Gilles Brassard [BR79] all argue that there are no unbreakable cryptosystems. What, then, is to be made of the -- provably [D179a, pp. 399-400] unbreakable -- Vernam one-time pad? The somewhat surprising answer is that it is not a cryptosystem at all, but rather a key safeguarding scheme [BL79] used, as all such schemes can be, in the courier mode. This suggests that proofs of invulnerability of key safeguarding schemes, what A. Shamir [SH79] calls threshold schemes, are as natural as proofs of difficulty of breaking cryptosystems are un-natural (perhaps impossible). Indeed, such an approach sets the Vernam one-time pad securely into context. Both the projective geometric threshold scheme [BL79] and the Lagrange interpolation threshold scheme [SH79] profit from being generalized from the field of integers modulo some prime p to arbitrary Galois fields. In particular, their computer implementations are particularly felicitous in some fields with 2n elements.
Structural changes in gills of Lost River suckers exposed to elevated pH and ammonia concentrations.

The Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) is a federally listed, endangered fish that occurs primarily in Upper Klamath Lake—a hypereutrophic lake in southern Oregon, USA. A decline of the sucker population in the lake over the past few decades has been partly attributed to adverse water quality conditions, including elevated pH and ammonia concentrations that occur during summer cyanobacterial blooms. We quantitatively analyzed structural changes in gills of larval Lost River suckers after they were exposed to elevated pH and ammonia concentrations for 30 d. Exposure to pH as high as 10 caused no observed structural changes. However, lamellar thickness and O2 diffusion distance increased significantly (P<0.05) at ammonia concentrations that did not significantly decrease survival, growth, whole-body ion concentrations, or swimming performance. Additionally, we qualitatively observed increases in the frequency of hyperplasic and hypertrophic mucous cells, tissue damage, epithelial lifting, and infiltration of white blood cells into paracellular lymphatic spaces at the highest sublethal ammonia concentration. These observed gill changes typically indicate compromised respiratory and ionoregulatory capacity, although such effects were not manifested in the assays we performed. Regardless, these structural gill changes appear to be a more sensitive indicator of exposure to elevated ammonia concentrations than are more traditional sublethal indices. Therefore, gill histopathology might be a relevant early-warning monitoring tool of the health of Lost River suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, and other species in similar eutrophic systems.
Turbidity as a Factor in the Decline of Great Lakes Fishes with Special Reference to Lake Erie

Abstract Fish live and thrive in water with turbidities that range above 400 p.p.m. and average 200 p.p.m. The waters of the Great Lakes usually are clear except in Lake Erie where the turbidities of the inshore areas averaged 37 p.p.m.; the turbidities of the offshore waters averaged less. Lake Erie waters were no clearer 50 years ago than they are now. In fact, the turbidity values are less now than they were in the earlier years; the annual average of the inshore waters dropped from 44 p.p.m. before 1930 to 32 p.p.m. in 1930 and later, and the April-May values decreased from 72 p.p.m. to 46 p.p.m. Any general decline in the Lake Erie fishes cannot be attributed to increased turbidities. Furthermore, these turbidities averaged well below 100 p.p.m. and, therefore, were too low to affect fishes adversely. Turbidity in the open waters of Lake Erie is primarily the result of wave action induced by winds. River discharge is a minor factor even in the western end of the lake. Other probable factors are plank...
Lifetime and Reorientation Measurements of 7-Azaindole and 7-Azatryptophan in Aqueous Adipic Acid Solutions: The Significance of Pendant Functionalities in Solution Phase Association Processes

We report on the ability of the chromophores 7-azatryptophan (7AT) and 7-azaindole (7AI) to sense aggregation of adipic acid in aqueous solution. We have studied the fluorescence lifetime and reorientation dynamics of 7AT and 7AI in water and aqueous adipic acid solutions from subsaturation through supersaturation. These probe molecules, differing by the presence (7AT) or absence (7AI) of an amino acid side group, each possess a labile proton on the chromophore ring system that renders them sensitive to changes in pH, and both chromophores are quenched collisionally in buffer solution. The dependence of the 7AI fluorescence lifetime on adipic acid concentration differs fundamentally from that of 7AT, indicating complexation of the 7AI heterocyclic nitrogen(s) with adipic acid. 7AT exhibits an increase in reorientation time near and above adipic acid saturation concentration and this trend is absent for 7AI. The 7AT amino acid side group interacts with adipic acid with a characteristic persistence time of < 50 ps. For 7AI the interaction with adipic acid is too short-lived to be seen by reorientation measurements.
Vertex corrections to vacuum polarization in hadronic field theories.

Vacuum polarization is studied in a model with neutral vector mesons and Dirac baryons. The lowest-order polarization is known to produce a ghost pole when it is summed to all orders in the vector meson propagator. It is also known that the infrared structure of the meson-baryon (NN\ensuremath{\omega}) vertex in this model produces a proper vertex function that is strongly damped at large spacelike momentum transfer; this is analogous to the result first derived by Sudakov in quantum electrodynamics. When the model vertex function is approximated by its on-shell form and combined with the lowest-order polarization, the vacuum contributions are significantly reduced. The resulting random-phase approximation meson propagator has no ghost pole and is finite at large spacelike momenta. Implications and perspectives of this result and necessary extensions of this calculation are also discussed.
Development and ecology of bottomland hardwood sites

Abstract A basic knowledge of the origin, development, and ecology of bottomland hardwood sites is important for assessing harvesting impacts on those sites. This paper presents an overview of the geologic origin and development of hardwood sites, species-site relationships and the natural patterns of ecological succession on those sites, and the implications of that information for forest management. Bottomland hardwoods occur on floodplain sites primarily in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Past geologic events led to the formation of broad stream valleys in those areas because of the erodible, sedimentary geologic materials. Natural patterns of ecological succession on floodplain sites are influenced by autogenic and allogenic processes in that the sites may undergo constant change because of deposition. Three natural patterns of succession are recognized for floodplain sites of major river bottoms—those occurring on permanently flooded sites, those on low elevation wet sites, and those on higher elevation, better drained sites. Floristic composition and successional patterns are strongly influenced by the hydrologic events on the sites and particularly by rates and types of deposition.
Recovery of MicroRNA from Stored Human Peripheral Blood Samples.

Recovery of microRNAs (miRs) from tissue samples of many kinds has become an area of increasing interest and importance in recent years. We isolated and then amplified and quantitated miRs from human peripheral blood samples stored in the University of Colorado Denver Skin Cancer Biorepository to determine whether miR recovery was possible and consistent over time in storage. Forty-five blood samples from patients with different stages of malignant melanoma were collected in PAXgene Blood RNA tubes and then stored at −80°C prior to RNA preparation. The samples examined had been stored from 4 weeks to 3 years. Total RNA was prepared, followed by miR isolation, amplification, and quantitation using real-time polymerase chain reaction. A widely expressed miR, miR-221, was used as a standard for comparison across samples and storage time. miR-221 was recovered from all samples, with no differences observed with longer storage time. These studies show that miRs can be recovered and quantified from human blood ...
Cellular composition of the rostral pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland of the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, during the spawning run.

The rostral pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland of the marine alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, during its annual spawning run to fresh water was examined histologically. The rostral pars distalis is composed of many interconnecting follicles of various sizes. Contrary to earlier reports, the follicular epithelium contains not only prolactin (PRL) cells but corticotropic (ACTH) cells and thyrotropic (TSH) cells (in addition to two nonendocrine cell types). Basally all three endocrine cell types make direct contact with the basement membrane which separates the follicles from the neurohypophysial processes. Apically, however, only the prolactin cells, the largest of the three, protrude into the follicular lumen by means of the small ciliated apical protruberance. All other cellular elements are sealed from the follicular lumen by a layer of covering cells which have properties of transitional epithelial cells. In the follicular epithelium, the slender TSH cells are intercalated between the large conspicuous prolactin cells. The ACTH cells, the smallest of the three endocrine cells, lie in deep invaginations in the basal regions of the individual PRL cells in such a way that on cursory examination they can be mistaken for the nuclei of the latter. Only a small portion of the cellular surface of the ACTH cell escapes the enveloping prolactin cell to make contact with the basement membrane of the follicle. In teleosts, prolactin, ACTH, and TSH have all been implicated in the regulation of hydromineral metabolism and reproductive development. The intimate spatial relation between the three endocrine cells in the alewife rostral pars distalis thus raises the possibility of some functional interactions at the adenohypophysial level, perhaps as an adaptation of this anadromous teleost whose reproductive development and behavior is associated with large changes in ambient salinity. The functional significance of the follicular lumen is discussed together with possible sensory functions of the PRL cells.
Gendering the Cult of the Offensive

Theorists of the offense-defense balance frequently note that perceptions of technology, as well as military doctrine, play a role in states' perception of offense dominance or the “cult of the offensive.” I argue that gender may constitute the missing link in explaining this misperception and suggest three possible areas of investigation. First, the perceptions and uses of technologies are dependent upon gendered ideologies which encouraged disastrous strategies in the First World War. Second, gender is an integral part of nationalism that promotes offensive policies by defining masculinity in terms of heroic service to the nation. Third, gendered discourses of protection use the language of defense to legitimate offensive policies. By analyzing the roots of perceptions of offense dominance, feminist analysis shows how gender discourses and the production of gender identities are not confined to individuals and the private realm but rather are a pervasive fact of social life on an international scale.
Patency of the internal jugular vein following modified radical neck dissection

Although the internal jugular vein is commonly preserved in modified radical neck dissections, the English literature contains only a single study assessing postoperative vein patency including only 13 patients. The present study was instituted to better determine the patency of the internal jugular vein following modified radical neck dissection and to identify factors associated with venous occlusion. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 69 patients undergoing 79 vein sparing neck dissections. Sixty-eight veins (86%) were patent postoperatively. A retrospective chart review revealed that compression by either a musculocutaneous flap or recurrent carcinoma in the neck was associated with venous occlusion. We conclude that the internal jugular vein is likely to remain patent after modified radical neck dissection with vein preservation.
Observations on the California Mastiff Bat

The mastiff bat is one of the largest and most impressive Chiroptera inhabiting North America. Eumops perotis californicus occurs most abundantly in southern California but its range also includes southern Arizona, western Texas and north-western Mexico. Much of our present knowledge of the life-history of this bat stems from work by H. W. Grinnell (1918), A. B. Howell (1920a, 6), A. B. Howell and L. Little (1924), P. H. Krutzsch (1943, 1945), and W. W. Dalquest (1946). The present paper synthesizes the foregoing citations and adds additional data. Many of the observations presented here were made in San Diego County, California and were gathered intermittently through most of the years 1935 to 1943 and in the summer months (June to September) of 1946, 1948, 1949, 1951, and 1953. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. K. Dixon, C. Engler, J. R. Homesley, R. Neil, and A. C. Olson, Jr., all of whom accompanied me at one time or another in search of these bats. Thanks are also due Drs. S. B. Benson and Hildegard Howard for permission to examine material in their care. Eumops perotis calif ornicus is a species of the Lower and Upper Sonoran life zones and has been found in cultivated areas, in rocky places where chaparral and live oak intermingle, and in more arid, rocky situations where vegetation is sparse. Mastiff bats utilize a variety of roosting places: Von Blocker (1932) records one which was found hanging in a black acacia tree; Stephens (1906) lists a signboard and a tunnel as roosting sites; Howell (1920a, 6) records several old buildings (either stone or wood) as roosts; Krutzsch (1943, 1945) and Dalquest (1946) report having found them in crevices in rocks; and we have one taken from under a …
Small Farmer Credit and the Village Production Unit in Rural Mali

This paper reviews the appropriateness of a development intervention celebrated for its direct benefits to the rural poor: small farmer credit. It will focus on the degree of inappropriateness that results from a contradiction between the convenience of directing the credit to discrete compound units and the dependence of small farmers' success on the coordination of production activities among larger groupings. The case to be looked at is from the West African savannah of Central Mali. The economic posture of Malian savannah farmers develops within the context of these larger groups of producers. Unlike peasant coalitions in Latin America (Ortiz, 1972), the Malian groupings have not arisen to provide mutual security by spreading market risk among a wider group. This occurs where peasants are dependent on returns from a commercial crop the demand for which leaves them uncertain about how much to produce at any given time. If this were the case, subsidized credit inasmuch as it improved the peasant's marketing options might be able to circumvent such coalitions in attracting the small farmer. But the Malian peasant's coalitions are organized to confront production rather than marketing constraints. As long as these production constraints remain, his loyalty will be to his coalitions rather than to a marketing opportunity should these conflict. The Malian peasant is not limited by land scarcity in the amount he cultivates. Therefore, he is not dependent on income from commercial crops to buy food; he will increase cash crop production only when its marketing situation is stable. Dry season migrant labor opportunities have long been available to him as an alternative for raising money for the colonial and post-colonial head taxes. Migrant laborers come home to grow unmarketed, subsistence crops. The money uses of their labor are often better served elsewhere.
Systematic reviews of injury-prevention strategies for occupational injuries: an overview.

Abstract Background: Information on which strategies have been shown to be effective, which are ineffective, and which strategies have been inadequately evaluated is important for both public policy and future research. Objective: The objective of this study was to provide systematic reviews of the literature on important strategies to prevent occupational, including agricultural, injuries. Methods: The Injury Control Research Centers (ICRCs) funded by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Centers for Agricultural Injury funded by the Division of Safety Research, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, identified 12 important occupational and agricultural injury-prevention strategies or areas of research. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to identify relevant controlled trials and studies. These were critically reviewed and summarized. Results: A total of 12 reviews were conducted on a range of topics in the occupational injury field. Few randomized controlled trials were found; most controlled studies were either comparisons over time and/or across different populations. In several areas we were limited to summarizing the descriptive literature. Nevertheless, summaries of these studies provide meaningful conclusions about the effectiveness of various interventions to decrease morbidity and mortality from selected occupational and agricultural injuries. Conclusions: A large body of literature on occupational, public health, or injury prevention interventions exists. The summary of this literature provides a framework to both direct policy and guide future research efforts.
Reaction of CO2 with clean coal technology ash to reduce trace element mobility

The combustion of coal in power plants generates solids (e.g., fly ash, bottom ash) and flue gas (e.g., SO x , CO2). New Clean Air Act mandated reduction of SO x emissions from coal burning power plants. As a result, a variety of Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) are implemented to comply with these amendments. However, most of the CCT processes transfer environmentally sensitive elements (e.g., As, Cd, Pb, Se) from flue gas to CCT ash. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a pressurized CO2 treatment on the chemistry of CCT ash. Three CCT ash samples, produced from lime injection, atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, and sodium carbonate injection processes were reacted under different CO2 pressure treatment conditions. Treated and untreated samples were subjected to various experiments including, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, calcium carbonate solubility studies, and trace element extraction studies. Factors influencing the efficiency of a CO2 treatment for CCT ash samples include combustion process, moisture, CO2 concentration, and pressure. The CO2 pressure treatment resulted in the precipitation of calcite in CCT ash samples, and thus lowered the pH and the concentration of extractable trace elements (e.g., Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Se). Furthermore, we found that CO2 pressure treatment was more effective for lime injection and atmospheric fluidized bed combustion processed samples than for sodium carbonate injection processed samples.
Delinquent Career‐Lines: A Conceptual Link Between Theory and Juvenile Offenses*

Theories of delinquent behavior have failed to adequately explain the seeming lack of specialization or development in the delinquent careers of chronic offenders. The extent to which delinquents s...
Effects of deficiency of vitamin B6 on transsulfuration

Abstract Transsulfuration processes have been studied in vitamin B 6 -deficient and control rats. After five weeks, the major transsulfuration step affected is the cleavage of cystathionine, and this is due to decreased formation of holocystathionase and not of apocystathionase. In vitamin B 6 deficiency, cystathionine accumulates in plasma and urine, and in all of the tissues studied, as expected of a compound proximal to an enzymatic block. Taurine, a compound distal to the block, remains unchanged in all of the tissues studied and in plasma, but decreases in urine, establishing decreased renal clearance as the mechanism for conserving taurine.
A new in vitro technique for studies on tooth permeability

Abstract An in vitro technique for studying tooth permeability, while attempting to maintain the physiologic conditions present in in vivo experiments, was developed. Freshly extracted teeth were perfused with a tissue culture medium and maintained in an air incubator with the humidity near 100 per cent and a temperature of 37 °C. Appropriate test solutions of Na22, I131, and Fe59 were placed in a plastic cap attached to the crown with tape and a special wax. A glass T-latex assembly was attached to the apical 1 3 of the tooth and served as a perfusate collecting device. Every hour during the perfusion period, washings of the coronal 2 3 of the root were taken to determine the effectiveness of the coronal and root seals. Data from the washing revealed the difficulty in obtaining isotope-impermeable seals and the significant effect which leakage could have on overall results. This technique could be used to study a variety of factors which might influence enamel and dentine permeability.
Branches in the Everett interpretation

Abstract Hugh Everett III describes a quantum measurement as resulting in the “branching” of the quantum state of observer and measured system, with all possible measurement outcomes represented by the ensuing branches of the total quantum state. But Everett does not specify a general rule for decomposing a quantum state into branches, and commentators have long puzzled over how, and even whether, to regard Everett׳s notion of branching states as physically meaningful. It is common today to appeal to decoherence considerations as a way of giving physical content to the Everettian notion of branches, but these appeals to decoherence are often regarded as considerations foreign to Everett׳s own approach. This paper contends that this assessment is only half right: though he does not invoke environmental decoherence, Everett does appeal to decoherence considerations, broadly understood, in his treatment of measurement. Careful consideration of his idealized models of measurement, and of the significance he ascribes to the branching of states corresponding to definite measurement outcomes, reveals that his notion of branching refers to a special physical characteristic of elements of a particular decomposition, namely the absence of interference between these component states as a result of the particular dynamics governing the evolution of the system. Characterizations of branching that appeal to the results of modern decoherence theory should therefore be regarded as a natural development of Everett׳s own physically meaningful conception of branching.
Parallel optical pyramidal image processing

Pyramidal processing is a form of multiresolution image processing in which the image is decomposed into a sequence of images at different resolutions. Pyramidal processing aims to extract and interpret significant features of an image at different resolutions. Digital pyramidal image processing, because of the large number of convolution-type operations, is time consuming. On the other hand, optical pyramidal processors, described here, are preferable in real-time image-understanding applications because of their ease in performing convolution operations. Preliminary experimental results for optical Gaussian and Laplacian pyramidal image processing are presented.
A preliminary checklist of the cardinalfishes (Actinopterygii: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) of Singapore

We record the presence of 35 cardinalfish species from the marine waters of Singapore based on a review of existing literature and examination of museum specimens. Another 13 species previously recorded as occurring in Singapore are considered doubtful records. Five of the 35 species reported here ( Apogon crassiceps , Apogonichthyoides timorensis , Jaydia lineata , Nectamia similis , and Siphamia tubifer ) are new records for Singapore, while another four species have not been encountered in more than a century.
Yeast molecular chaperones and the mechanism of steroid hormone action

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become a valuable tool for the analysis of steroid action in vivo. Results from studies using yeast have been productive for understanding the role of molecular chaperones, especially Hsp90 and its cochaperones, in regulating the activation of heterologously expressed steroid hormone receptors. The methodology for these investigations involves assaying receptor function in yeast strains with deletions or mutations in the genes encoding molecular chaperone proteins. The information obtained thus far indicates that the Hsp90 chaperone machine functions in vivo to maintain steroid receptors in a high-affinity hormone-binding conformation and also in downstream events of the activation pathway.
Harnessing naturally occurring data to measure the response of spending to income

This paper presents a new data infrastructure for measuring economic activity. The infrastructure records transactions and account balances, yielding measurements with scope and accuracy that have little precedent in economics. The data are drawn from a diverse population that overrepresents males and younger adults but contains large numbers of underrepresented groups. The data infrastructure permits evaluation of a benchmark theory in economics that predicts that individuals should use a combination of cash management, saving, and borrowing to make the timing of income irrelevant for the timing of spending. As in previous studies and in contrast to the predictions of the theory, there is a response of spending to the arrival of anticipated income. The data also show, however, that this apparent excess sensitivity of spending results largely from the coincident timing of regular income and regular spending. The remaining excess sensitivity is concentrated among individuals with less liquidity.
MO‐A‐213A‐01: Harmonic Imaging

The purpose of this course is to acquaint participants with recent signal processing techniques and modes on ultrasound instruments. Emphasis is on second harmonic imaging, a processing and display mode implemented on most scanners. Harmonic imaging was originally applied to enhance echo signals due to nonlinear scattering by ultrasound contrast agents. However, the modality is much more commonly used in “native tissue harmonic” mode, where echoes originating from nonlinear components of propagating acoustic beams are detected and displayed. The source of these echo signals and the advantages and disadvantages of harmonic imaging will be described. When applied effectively, harmonic imaging provides significant improvements in image quality compared to that obtained using conventional signal processing. A primary reason for harmonic imaging's improved image quality is reduction of acoustic noise caused by reverberations within overlying tissues. Other contributors to high quality ultrasoundimages include spatial and frequency compounding and speckle reduction. These techniques also will be described and placed in context with harmonic imaging. Learning Objectives After completing this course, participants will: 1. Describe the origin of harmonic echo signals for both conventional and contrast agent imaging modes; 2. Contrast resolution and penetration capabilities for harmonic imaging and linear imaging; 3. Identify clinical situations where harmonic imaging is used advantageously; 4. Describe how harmonic imaging is used to enhance detection of contrast agents; 5. State the benefits of spatial and frequency compounding, and speckle reduction.
Metal- and ligand-dependent topologies and chirality in luminescent cadmium and zinc trans-aconitate coordination polymers with bis(pyridylmethyl) piperazine ligands

Abstract Zinc and cadmium coordination polymers containing both trans-aconitate (acon) and bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine (bpmp) ligands show dramatically different dimensionalities and topologies depending on metal coordination environment and nitrogen donor atom disposition. {Zn(acon)(H4-bpmp)·9.5H2O}n (1) displays a chiral threefold interpenetrated diamondoid lattice along with “infinite” water molecule slabs. {[Cd(H2O)(acon)(H4-bpmp)]·3H2O}n (2) manifests a very rare 4-connected chiral layered net with 658 topology, formed by offset covalent linkage of anionic [Cd(H2O)(acon)]nn− chain motifs by long-spanning H4-bpmp+ tethers. Use of an isomeric bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine ligand with a kinked nitrogen donor disposition resulted in the achiral 1D coordination polymer solid {[Cd(acon)(H3-bpmp)]·3H2O}n (3), which possesses a supramolecular 3D 3,8-connected binodal network with (4.62)4(41264812) topology. Ultraviolet irradiation of 1–3 resulted in blue-violet light emission from molecular orbital transitions within the bpmp ligands.
Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Complex Auditory Stimuli: Native and Nonnative Languages:

50 subjects used magnitude-estimation scaling to rate 11 languages on two subjective perceptual tasks. On Task 1, the subjects rated languages according to how similar they were to their native language (English). In Task 2, the subjects rated languages according to how much they like them. Analysis showed a high over-all correlation between how similar subjects felt the languages were to their native language and how much they liked them (Pearson product-correlation r = .86). The high correlation indicates consistency in subjects' scaling responses. This consistency may suggest that magnitude estimation is an appropriate method for scaling complex auditory stimuli represented by various attributes of native and nonnative languages.
What can we learn from e++e− → U++U− → μ± + hadrons + neutrinos?☆

We have made a systematic study of the process e/sup +/+e/sup -/..-->..U/sup +/+U/sup -/..--> mu../sup + -/(direct single muon production process or DSM), to determine how information on the weak interaction governing the U decay can be obtained. We have found the following: (1) The muon-energy distribution for the process e/sup +/+e/sup -/..--> mu../sup + -/can be studied to extract the value of the Michel parameter rho for the decay U..--> mu..+ neutrinos. (2) The muon-angular distribution for the same process can be studied to obtain information on the U/sup +/U/sup -/ ..gamma..-coupling. (3) Among many U-decay channels contributing to the process e/sup +/+e/sup -/..--> mu../sup + -/minus-or-plus+ neutral particles, decays U/sup -/..--> nu../sub U/+..pi../sup -/ and U/sup -/..--> nu../sub U/+rho/sup -/ can be separated from the rest since these decay modes result in considerably different pion-energy distributions. The contributions of U/sup -/..--> nu../sub U/+..pi../sup -/ and U/sup -/..--> nu../sub U/+rho/sup -/ in above process can be studied to obtain further information on the nature of the weak current. There are quite a few different ways in which DSM can be studied. Many are complimentary to each other and we except that such studies will lead to a good understandingmore » of the weak decays of U/sup + -/Lagrange equations postulated in the first paper of this series for the case when they are regular, namely, when they are simple equivalence transformations of the conventional Lagrange equations. We first introduce a generalization of the action principle capable of inducing the generalized as well as the conventional equations. In this way we establish that the former equations are ''bona fide'' analytic equations. Finally, as our most general analytic framework for the case of unconstrained field equations, we work out the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of ordered direct analytic representations of quasi-linear systems in terms of the generalized analytic equations and study their relationship to the conventional representations.« less
Evidence on the weak and the strong versions of the screening hypothesis in the United States

Abstract This paper extends the works of Psacharopoulos (1979), Lee (1980), and Liu and Wong (1982) by controlling for differences in ability and testing both versions of the screening hypothesis. Using micro data from the United States, the empirical results do not support either the theoretical strong or weak versions of the screening hypothesis.
The Future of Architectural Simulation

Simulation is an indispensable tool for evaluation and analysis throughout the development cycle of a computer system, and even after the computer system is built. How simulation should evolve as the complexity of computer systems continues to grow is an open question and the subject of this panel from the 2009 Workshop on Computer Architecture Research Directions.
High-content imaging for automated determination of host-cell infection rate by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi.

Abstract Chagas disease affects 8–11 million people, mostly in Latin America. Sequelae include cardiac, peripheral nervous and/or gastrointestinal disorders, thus placing a large economic and social burden on endemic countries. The pathogenesis and the evolutive pattern of the disease are not fully clarified. Moreover, available drugs are partially effective and toxic, and there is no vaccine. Therefore, there is an urgent need to speed up basic and translational research in the field. Here, we applied automated high-content imaging to generate multiparametric data on a cell-by-cell basis to precisely and quickly determine several parameters associated with in vitro infection of host cell by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Automated and manual quantifications were used to determine the percentage of T. cruzi-infected cells in a 96-well microplate format and the data generated was statistically evaluated. Most importantly, this automated approach can be widely applied for discovery of potential drugs as well as molecular pathway elucidation not only in T. cruzi but also in other human intracellular pathogens.
Deformation behavior of long-range ordered AgMg

The deformation behavior of long-range ordered AgMg single crystals was investigated in tension and compression for several orientations and temperatures. The study revealed that AgMg exhibits a complex and asymmetric deformation behavior corresponding to the operation of two different primary slip vectors, and , whose activation depends on the crystallographic orientation and sense of the applied uniaxial stress and on temperature. Crystals of various orientations deformed between 20° and 298°K exhibited six different operative slip systems, {112} , {123} , {110} , {120} , {100} , and {110} . It is shown that the high strain-hardening rate exhibited by polycrystalline AgMg does not arise from the Vidoz-Brown5 mechanism of formation of antiphase boundary (APB) tubes on jogged superdislocations, but is associated with the operation of the {hko} slip systems.
TOWARD A THEORY OF COMPILATION FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION

This article proposes a framework in which knowledge compilation can be exploited in a principled manner for the task of generating natural language. We have constructed an utterance generator for one side of a realistic dialogue that exploits compiled knowledge of, for instance, the effects of discourse pragmatics on text plans, and the effects of register, style, and politeness on text realization. The motivation for this work is the significant impact that compiled knowledge has on the speed of language generation.
SU-E-T-657: Prostate Robotic Radiotherapy On Conventional C-Arm Linacs

Purpose: To maximize rectum sparing in prostate radiotherapy, both the beam angles and fluence are optimized to be deliverable on a conventional C‐arm linac equipped with robotic couch and gantry. Methods: 12 retrospective low‐risk prostate cancer patients previously treated by volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were replanned by 4π radiotherapy. Forty Gy in 5 fractions were prescribed to cover 95% of the prostate PTV. To replan, 5×5 mm2 beamlets were precomputed using convolution/superposition. A column generation method was used to optimize beam orientations and fluence in an inter‐leaved fashion. The candidate beam pool consisted of non‐coplanar beams free from collision. The price, defined as the first order inner product, of each additional beam or beamlet was evaluated and the ones with highest price were kept. A total of 30 beams were selected for each patient. The planning target volume coverage, maximum doses (D1cc) to 1 cm3 the rectum and bladder were compared. Results: Both planning methods resulted in PTV coverage according to the prescription. For the centrally located prostate target, the 4pi planning method tends to selected beams confined to non‐coplanar angles between ±30°. Nevertheless, compared with the VMAT plans using two full arcs, rectum D1cc was reduced from 30.2 Gy to 26.9 Gy (p=0.0005), the mean body dose was reduced from 2.07 Gy to 1.75 Gy (p=0.0001). The maximum bladder dose was not significantly changed. Conclusion: By adding beams with moderate non‐coplanar angles and allowing more intensity modulation at each beam orientation, superior prostate plan conformality was achieved compared against state of the planning method; the maximum rectum dose was reduced for more than 10% without compromising target coverage. While prostate SBRT was used as an example, we reasonably expect similar dosimetric improvements for conventionally fractionated prostate treatment. The study supports the development of prostate robotic radiotherapy.
The effects of test item format on self-efficacy and worry during a high-stakes computer-based certification examination

Abstract This study investigated the relationships between test item format and state self-efficacy and state worry as a result of completing a computerized, high-stakes certification examination. The Novell™ certification test used both multiple-choice and open-ended item formats. Participants were 610 male Certified NetWare Engineer™ candidates. They were asked to describe their thoughts and feelings about the recently completed Novell™ examination. The results indicated that there was no significant effect of item format on either state self-efficacy or state worry. However, participants who achieved mastery status on the exam demonstrated both significantly higher levels of state self-efficacy and less state worry than those participants who failed the exam.