cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zoom-TOFMS: addition of a constant-momentum-acceleration “zoom” mode to time-of-flight mass spectrometry

In this study, we demonstrate the performance of a new mass spectrometry concept called zoom time-of-flight mass spectrometry (zoom-TOFMS). In our zoom-TOFMS instrument, we combine two complementary types of TOFMS: conventional, constant-energy acceleration (CEA) TOFMS and constant-momentum acceleration (CMA) TOFMS to provide complete mass-spectral coverage as well as enhanced resolution and duty factor for a narrow, targeted mass region, respectively. Alternation between CEA- and CMA-TOFMS requires only that electrostatic instrument settings (i.e., reflectron and ion optics) and ion acceleration conditions be changed. The prototype zoom-TOFMS instrument has orthogonal-acceleration geometry, a total field-free distance of 43 cm, and a direct-current glow-discharge ionization source. Experimental results demonstrate that the CMA-TOFMS “zoom” mode offers resolution enhancement of 1.6 times over single-stage acceleration CEA-TOFMS. For the atomic mass range studied here, the maximum resolving power at full-width half-maximum observed for CEA-TOFMS was 1,610 and for CMA-TOFMS the maximum was 2,550. No difference in signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was observed between the operating modes of zoom-TOFMS when both were operated at equivalent repetition rates. For a 10-kHz repetition rate, S/N values for CEA-TOFMS varied from 45 to 990 and from 67 to 10,000 for CMA-TOFMS. This resolution improvement is the result of a linear TOF-to-mass scale and the energy-focusing capability of CMA-TOFMS. Use of CMA also allows ions outside a given m/z range to be rejected by simple ion-energy barriers to provide a substantial improvement in duty factor.
Organization of β-adrenoceptor signaling compartments by sympathetic innervation of cardiac myocytes

The sympathetic nervous system regulates cardiac function through the activation of adrenergic receptors (ARs). β1 and β2ARs are the primary sympathetic receptors in the heart and play different roles in regulating cardiac contractile function and remodeling in response to injury. In this study, we examine the targeting and trafficking of β1 and β2ARs at cardiac sympathetic synapses in vitro. Sympathetic neurons form functional synapses with neonatal cardiac myocytes in culture. The myocyte membrane develops into specialized zones that surround contacting axons and contain accumulations of the scaffold proteins SAP97 and AKAP79/150 but are deficient in caveolin-3. The β1ARs are enriched within these zones, whereas β2ARs are excluded from them after stimulation of neuronal activity. The results indicate that specialized signaling domains are organized in cardiac myocytes at sites of contact with sympathetic neurons and that these domains are likely to play a role in the subtype-specific regulation of cardiac function by β1 and β2ARs in vivo.
The kinetics of hemolytic plaque formation. III. Inhibition of plaques by antigen.

Abstract We present a mathematical theory of hapten inhibition of hemolytic plaque formation. The treatment is based upon the mathematical model for plaque growth presented by DeLisi & Bell (1974). The lymphocyte under consideration is embedded in an infinite three-dimensional medium, and is secreting antibodies isotropically at a constant rate. As the antibodies diffuse from the source they can bind reversibly to hapten, and in the most general case reversibly to red blood cell (RBC) epitope. The model leads to a non-linear diffusion equation coupled to a set of first order differential equations. The system must, in general, be solved numerically. However, in many cases of experimental interest simplifications arise which permit closed form solutions to be obtained. In this paper we have developed solutions for three special cases. In the first example antibodies can bind only univalently to RBCs, as would be expected if the epitopes are sparsely distributed. In this case reaction between antibody site and RBC epitope is rapid ( ⪆ 1 sec) and reversible and local equilibrium is assumed. This leads to a “pure” diffusion equation in the free antibody concentration, but with a reduced diffusion coefficient. In another example univalent attachment of an antibody site to a RBC epitope is followed by a rapid irreversible intramolecular reaction. This might be expected for example if the epitope density is large. An exact solution to the resulting diffusion equation was also found in this case. In order to assess an intermediate situation, we also solved the equations for a model in which intramolecular reaction is slow and irreversible. The theory predicts that the type of information one can obtain from inhibition experiments depends critically upon the preparation of the RBC. If the cell is sufficiently haptenated so that rapid irreversible multivalent attachment is favorable, a differential plot of the inhibition curve will reflect the affinity distribution of antibody sites for free hapten. If only univalent attachment with RBCs is possible, so that antibody sites bind to RBC hapten in the same way they bind to free hapten, then a differential plot of the inhibition curve will reflect the secretion rate distribution.
Edison Redux: 380 Vdc Brings Reliability and Efficiency to Sustainable Data Centers

We are on the cusp of a great technology transition in power distribution from ac to dc at the edge of the grid. Data centers are merely one of the first industries to embrace the coming tide. The transition on the customer side of the meter is on the order of what happened over the last 40 years with personal computers, the Internet, and cell phones. The predominant use of power electronics in almost everything we buy new today makes them natively dc devices. As a society, we could be more efficient and sustainable if we were to skip the last ac-to-dc conversion. At some point soon, when the majority of the load base is natively dc, we reach a tipping point where ac and hot power converter “bricks” on everything are no longer sustainable. Add to this distributed generation, distributed energy storage, and renewable carbon-free power sources that prefer dc, and one can conclude that the transition is not only necessary but inevitable.
Effects of ethanol on the acoustic startle reflex in humans.

The effect of ethanol on human sensorimotor reactivity was assessed by examining the acoustic startle response. Twelve healthy normal subjects participated in a startle reflex experiment in which placebo or ethanol were given on separate days. Three types of startle probes were used. They consisted of pulse-alone bursts of white noise at 108 dB(A) and 99 dB(A) to explore startle reactivity, and of a 108 dB(A) pulse preceded by a 85 dB(A) prepulse stimulus (prepulse + pulse) to assess prepulse inhibition. Startle amplitude was larger to the 108 dB(A), compared to the 99 dB(A) pulse-alone probes. The prepulse stimulus significantly reduced the amplitude of the startle reflex elicited by the subsequent 108 dB(A) stimulus. The amplitude of the startle response was dramatically reduced by acute ethanol. The effects of ethanol on prepulse inhibition could not be assessed because the startle response was too small in the ethanol condition.
Reworking diversity: Effects of storm deposition on evenness and sampled richness, Ordovician of the Basin and Range, Utah and Nevada, USA

Storm-generated event beds are an important source of paleoecological information, especially in Paleozoic strata. Storm deposition and subsequent physical and biological modification can potentially alter the diversity structure of death assemblages significantly. To examine the effects of storm deposition on fossil assemblage composition, storm beds are compared with co-occurring beds representing background sedimentation in 67 samples from six Ordovician mixed carbonate-clastic units deposited above the maximum storm wave base. In the great majority of pairwise comparisons, evenness and sampled richness are higher in storm beds than in background beds. This effect is not explained by differences in lithification, skeletal fragmentation, or in the proportions of aragonitic or multielement skeletons. The elevated diversity of storm beds can result from homogenization of fine-scale faunal patchiness preserved in background beds or may be due to taphonomic feedback. The relative importance of these two end-member scenarios can be evaluated with detrended correspondence analysis. In shallow, carbonate-dominated environments, the former appears to predominate, while the latter is more important in a deeper setting dominated by fine-grained clastics. The disparity between background beds and storm beds suggests that, at least in the Lower Paleozoic, background beds may record a higher-resolution paleoecological signal while storm beds record a more complete census of alpha diversity. Because post–Middle Ordovician increases in the depth and intensity of bioturbation may have diminished the temporal resolution and increase the faunal completeness of background beds, this disparity is not necessarily expected in younger strata.
Copper stimulates proliferation of human endothelial cells under culture

Copper ions stimulate proliferation of human umbilical artery and vein endothelial cells but not human dermal fibroblasts or arterial smooth muscle cells. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 48 h with 500 microM CuSO4 in a serum-free medium in the absence of exogenous growth factors results in a twofold increase in cell number, similar to the cell number increase induced by 20 ng/ml of basic fibroblast growth factor under the same conditions. Copper-induced proliferation of endothelial cells is not inhibited by 10% fetal bovine serum or by the presence of antibodies against a variety of angiogenic, growth, and chemotactic factors including angiogenin, fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, macrophage/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha. Moreover, despite the previous observations that copper increased total specific binding of 125I-angiogenin to endothelial cells, binding to the 170 kDa receptor is not changed; hence, the mitogenic activity of angiogenin is not altered by copper. Copper-induced proliferation, along with early reports that copper induces migration of endothelial cells, may suggest a possible mechanism for the involvement of copper in the process of angiogenesis.
Base and sequence specificities of aflatoxin B1 binding to single- and double-stranded DNAs.

The inhibitory effect of alfatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the template function for RNA synthesis of several single- and double-stranded DNAs with known base content and sequence was studied in vitro. The results showed that AFB1 strongly inhibits the template function of poly[d(G-C)] and has little, if any, effect on poly[d(A-T)]. Using [3H]AFB1 for the binding, and by spectrum analysis of the appearance of a broad AFB1-DNA adduct peak between 300 and 400 nm right after the typical DNA peak at 260 nm, it is possible to conclude that the binding preference of AFB1 to DNA is: poly[d(G-C)] greater than polydG.polydC greater than polydG greater than polydC, with no detectable binding to poly[d(A-T)]. These studies have therefore provided evidence that the selective inhibition of DNA template function is a direct reflection of the binding specificities of AFB1 to DNA. Furthermore, since there is a 3-fold binding preference of AFB1 for poly[d(G-C)] over polydG.polydC on an equal weight basis, and with very low binding affinity toward either G or C when it is in single-stranded form, these data also suggest: (i) AFB1 binds preferentially to DNA with an alternating G-C sequence compared to DNA with a sequence of contiguous Gs or Cs; and (ii) intercalation may be part of the mechanism for the binding of AFB1 to DNA.
Role of pelvic sensory signalling during delivery in postpartum mental health

Background: Animal research demonstrates that pelvic sensory signalling at parturition initiates behavioural and emotional changes that are protective for mother and offspring. In contrast, research with humans has found no effect of caesarean delivery (i.e. procedure that blocks pelvic signalling) on mother's mental health. The lack of effect may reflect little consideration for the use of epidurals, another intervention that blocks pelvic signalling. The following study examines whether blocking pelvic signalling during delivery predicts postpartum depression symptomatology. Method: Longitudinal mental health data were collected prospectively from 142 primiparous women who had a caesarean delivery and/or received epidural anaesthesia (Intervention) or delivered vaginally without anaesthesia (No‐Intervention). Measurements began in late pregnancy and continued through the first postpartum year. Results: Intervention mothers reported more depressive symptoms at the end of the first postpartum year compare...
The global positioning system (navstar)

In October 1978, the third of a series of prototype navigational satellites of an entirely new design was successfully launched. By the end of the first phase (1979) there will be six of these “NAVSTAR” satellites. They constitute one piece of a major development thrust to deploy a revolutionary navigation system called the Global Positioning System (GPS), or NAVSTAR. This system, being developed by the Air Force for the joint use of al components of the Department of Defense, has been under development since 1972. The purpose of this article is to describe the system, indicate the requirements which have caused the Department of Defense to spend many millions of dollars on the development, outline how the geodetic community can potentially use it, present the test results that have been accumulated to date and finally, indicate what future plans lie in store for this new system.
Regulation of competence and gene expression in Streptococcus mutans by the RcrR transcriptional regulator

Summary An intimate linkage between the regulation of biofilm formation, stress tolerance and genetic competence exists in the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. The rcrRPQ genes encode ABC exporters (RcrPQ) and a MarR-family transcriptional repressor of the rcr operon (RcrR) that play a dominant role in the regulation of the development of genetic competence and connect competence with stress tolerance and (p)ppGpp production in S. mutans. Here we identify the target for efficient RcrR binding in the rcr promoter region using purified recombinant RcrR (rRcrR) protein in electrophoretic mobility shift assays and show that DNA fragments carrying mutations in the binding region were not bound as efficiently by rRcrR in vitro. Mutations in the RcrR binding site impacted expression from the rcrR promoter in vivo and elicited changes in transformation efficiency, competence gene expression, and growth inhibition by competence-stimulating peptide; even when the changes in rcrRPQ transcription were minor. An additional mechanistic linkage of RcrR with competence and (p)ppGpp metabolism was identified by showing that the rRcrR protein could bind to the promoter regions of comX, comYA and relP, although the binding was not as efficient as to the rcrRPQ promoter under the conditions tested. Hence, tightly controlled autogenous regulation of the rcrRPQ operon by RcrR binding to specific target sites is essential for cellular homeostasis, and RcrR contributes to the integration of genetic competence, (p)ppGpp metabolism, and acid and oxidative stress tolerance in S. mutans through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
Characterization of a Cα gene of swine

The cDNA sequence encoding the constant region of the porcine IgA heavy chain as well as the exon-intron structure of the germline gene, have been determined. A cDNA clone (1A1) spanning the CH3 domain and part of the CH2 domain was isolated from a porcine mesenteric lymph node cDNA library. Clone 1A1 was aligned with a PCR-generated DNA fragment encompassing the CH1 domain through the 5' end of the CH3 domain to derive the complete cDNA sequence. Comparison with other mammalian C alpha heavy chains (hinge regions excluded) indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence of porcine C alpha is most homologous with the human C alpha subclasses (> 70%), followed by mouse C alpha (61%) and a consensus sequence of the 13 rabbit C alpha heavy chains (59%). The greatest sequence homology was found among the CH3 domains in all species. A striking feature of porcine C alpha is its short six amino acid hinge which like other mammalian IgAs, is encoded with the CH2 domain. Sequence analysis of germline C alpha, generated by PCR from liver or sperm DNA, revealed an exon-intron organization similar to other mammalian C alpha genes. Genomic Southern blot data are consistent with the presence of a single C alpha gene within the porcine genome. Data obtained in these studies will be valuable in pursuing the use of swine as a model in immunological research.
Lar(m, c, l) grammars

We present the class of LAR(M, C, L) context-free grammars: a generalization of several classes of fixed and arbitrary lookahead LR grammars that appear in the literature. The parser construction is based on three parameters M, C and L; M and C determine the type of parser, and L is the amount of lookahead. Specific settings of these parameters yield fixed-lookahead grammar classes such as LALR(k), SLR(k) and NQLALR, along with several arbitrary lookahead classes, all of which are subsets of LR-Regular. Thus both fixed and arbitrary lookahead LR techniques are described (and implemented) by one powerful model.
A Zinc Finger Motif-Containing Protein Is Essential for Chloroplast RNA Editing

C-to-U editing of transcripts in plant organelles is carried out by small (<400 kD) protein complexes called editosomes. Recognition of the proper C target for editing is mediated by pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) containing proteins that recognize cis-elements. Members of two additional gene families, the RIP/MORF and ORRM families, have each been found to be required for editing of particular sets of Cs in mitochondria and/or chloroplasts. By co-immunoprecipitation of the chloroplast editing factor ORRM1, followed by mass spectrometry, we have now identified a member of the RanBP2 type zinc fingers (pFAM00641) protein family that is required for editing of 14 sites in chloroplasts and affects editing efficiency of another 16 chloroplast C targets. In yeast two-hybrid assays, OZ1 (Organelle Zinc finger 1) interacts with PPR site recognition factors whose cognate sites are affected when OZ1 is mutated. No interaction of OZ1 with the chloroplast editing factors RIP2 and RIP9 was detected; however, OZ1 interacts with ORRM1, which binds to RIP proteins, allowing us to build a model for the chloroplast RNA editosome. The RNA editosomes that act upon most chloroplast C targets are likely to contain a PPR protein recognition factor, either RIP2 or RIP9, ORRM1, and OZ1. The organelle zinc finger editing factor family (OZ) contains 4 members in Arabidopsis, three that are predicted to be targeted to chloroplasts and one to mitochondria. With the identification of OZ1, there are now 4 nuclear-encoded protein families known to be essential for plant organelle RNA editing.
Mechanism and elimination of a water vapor interference in the measurement of ozone by UV absorbance.

A water vapor interference in ozone measurements by UV absorption was investigated using four different ozone monitors (TEI models 49 and 49C, Dasibi model 1003-AH, and a 2B Technologies model 202 prototype). In the extreme case of step changes between 0 and 90% relative humidity (RH), a large interference in the range of tens to hundreds of ppbv was found for all instruments tested, with the magnitude and sign depending on the manufacturer and model. Considering that water vapor does not absorb at the wavelength of the Hg lamp (253.7 nm) used in these instruments, another explanation is required. Based on experimental evidence and theoretical considerations, we conclude that the water vapor interference is caused by humidity effects on the transmission of uncollimated UV light through the detection cell. The ozone scrubber acts as a water reservoir, either adding or removing water from the air sample, thereby modulating the detector signal and producing a positive or negative offset. It was found for the...
ABSENCE OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN PREMATURE INFANTS OF HEROIN-ADDICTED MOTHERS

Abstract The frequency of the respiratory distress syndrome (R.D.S.) increased progressively with decreasing gestational age in premature infants whose mothers were not addicted to heroin. No cases of R.D.S. were noted among 33 premature infants born to heroin-addicted mothers. The apparent absence of R.D.S. in this group of infants cannot at present be explained.
Competing models of librarianship: do core values make a difference?

Abstract Librarianship’s worldview or philosophy preconditions understanding of ideas such as core value, diversity, and equity. Adherents to the orthodox version of this worldview restrict minority interests while aspiring to become a scientific profession. Those in favor of a modified version of the worldview support cultural diversity and non-positivist knowledge systems.
Enhancement of scFv fragment reactivity with target antigens in binding assays following mixing with anti-tag monoclonal antibodies

The phage display Ab library technology has been found to be a useful method to isolate antigen-specific Ab fragments, since the repertoire of antibody specificities is broad and since it bypasses the need of immunization. However, when screening clones isolated from a phage display Ab library, the yield of isolating antigen-specific Ab fragments is low and the rate of false negative results is high. This limitation reflects the low affinity/avidity of Ab fragments and/or the low density of the target antigen. To facilitate the isolation of Ab fragments with a broad range of affinities to antigens of interest from phage display Ab libraries, we have developed a simple method to increase the sensitivity of binding assays to detect the reactivity of single-chain fragments of antibody variable regions (scFv) with target antigens. This method involves the mixing of scFv fragments, expressing a c-myc epitope tag, with anti-tag mAb 9E10 prior to their use in binding assays in order to form stable dimeric Ab fragment-anti-tag mAb complexes. The increase in the reactivity of scFv fragments with the corresponding antigen is observed over a broad range of scFv fragment (6-800 microg/ml) and mAb 9E10 (0.5-30 microg/ml) concentrations, thereby facilitating the testing of scFv fragment preparations with unknown scFv fragment concentrations. Use of this method in binding assays resulted in a twofold increase in the reactivity of low-affinity purified scFv fragments with the corresponding antigen. Moreover, application of this method to screen clones isolated from phage display scFv libraries resulted in a reproducible increase in both the yield of antigen-specific scFv clones and the titer of scFv fragment preparations by a factor of 5 and 2- to 32-fold, respectively. Lastly, this method can be applied in both ELISA and flow cytometry and is independent of the characteristics of the antigen (i.e. whole cells, carbohydrates and purified protein) and/or of the library (synthetic scFv Library (#1), a large semi-synthetic phage display scFv library and the human synthetic VH+VL scFv library (Griffin.1 library)) used. Therefore, the method we have described represents a sensitive, simple and reproducible technique that will facilitate the isolation and use of scFv fragments.
Rupture of the outer partition of aortic dissection during transesophageal echocardiography

Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has gained widespread clinical acceptance as a cardiovascular imaging technique.1 Its reported accuracy and ease of performance may make TEE the procedure of choice for the evaluation of thoracic aortic aneurysms.2 The safety of this procedure has been well demonstrated, and serious complications have rarely been noted.3,4 We report an unusual case in which an aortic root aneurysm with a DeBakey type I dissection ruptured during a TEE procedure, resulting in cardiac tamponade and death.
Information seeking in a virtual learning environment

Duplicating a time series study done by Kuhlthau and associates in 1989, this study examines the applicability of the Information Search Process (ISP) Model in the context of a virtual learning environment. This study confirms that students given an information seeking task in a virtual learning environment do exhibit the stages indicated by the ISP Model. The six-phase ISP Model is shown to be valid for describing the different stages of cognitive, affective, and physical tasks individuals progress through when facing a situation where they must search for information to complete an academic task in a virtual learning environment. The findings in this study further indicate there is no relationship between the amount of computer experience subjects possess and demonstrating the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions described by the ISP Model. The study demonstrates the ISP Model to be independent of the original physical library environments where the model was developed. An attempt is made to represent the ISP model in a slightly different manner that provides more of the sense of motion and interaction among the components of thoughts, feelings, and action than is currently provided for in the model. The study suggests that the development of non-self-reporting data collection techniques would be useful in complementing and furthering research to enhance and refine the representation of the ISP Model. Additionally, expanding the research to include the examination of group interaction is called for to enhance the ISP Model and develop further applications that could potentially aid educational delivery in all types of learning environments.
Uptake of leucine and lysine in chicken red blood cells of varying density.

Abstract 1. 1. Reproducible separations of chicken red blood cells into three density ranges have been achieved employing Ficoll density layer centrifugation techniques. 2. 2. Carrier-mediated lysine uptake was observed to be much greater than that of leucine and was found to decrease with an increase in cell density due to a change in the maximal uptake rate ( V max ) but not in apparent uptake affinity ( K 1 ). 3. 3. Little difference was seen between cells of varying density in their ability to absorb leucine. 4. 4. Since red blood cell density increases with cell age, these results suggest that the uptakes of leucine and lysine are affected differentially during cell aging.
A fluorescent colorimetric pH sensor and the influences of matrices on sensing performances

A fluorescent colorimetric pH sensor was developed by a polymerization of a monomeric fluorescein based green emitter (SM1) with a monomeric 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran derived red emitter (SM2) in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-polyacrylamide (PHEMA-co-PAM) matrices. Polymerized SM1 (PSM1) in the polymer matrices showed bright emissions at basic conditions and weak emissions at acidic conditions. Polymerized SM2 (PSM2) in the polymer matrices exhibited a vastly different response when compared to PSM1. The emissions of PSM2 are stronger under acidic conditions than those under basic conditions. When SM1 and SM2 were polymerized in the same polymer matrix, a dual emission sensor acting as a ratiometric pH sensor (PSM1,2) was successfully developed. Because the PSM1 and PSM2 exhibited different pH responses and separated emission windows, the changes in the emission colors were clearly observed in their dual color sensor of PSM1,2, which changed emission colors dramatically from green at pH 7 to red at pH 4, which was detected visually and/or by using a color camera under an excitation of 488 nm. In addition to the development of the dual color ratiometric pH sensor, we also studied the effects of different matrix compositions, crosslinkers, and charges on the reporting capabilities of the sensors (sensitivity and pKa).
Food consumption and growth of normal infants fed milk-based formulas.

154 formula-fed infants aged 8 to 112 days (69 males 89 females) were studied during the period January 1966 to April 1970 in order to collect normative data that would be useful for at least 3 purposes: 1) evaluation of other formulas providing 67 kcal/100 ml 2) study of factors affecting food consumption of normal infants and 3) assessment of performance of individual infants suspected of abnormality. Weight of each food consumed by each infant every day was recorded. Volume of intake and caloric intake were determined for each of the following age intervals: 8-13 14-27 28-41 42-55 56-83 and 84-111 days. Body weight and length of each infant were also measured at ages 8 14 28 42 56 84 and 112 days. Data analysis is based on 142 infants for whom complete data were available. 9 formulas were fed to the infants; each supplied 67 kcal/100 ml with protein from cows milk and fat from vegetable oils. Analysis of variance on a sex-specific basis for the age interval 8-111 days showed no statistical signficance (p<0.05) in feeding-related differences with respect to volume of intake caloric intake gain in weight or gain in length. At a specified body weight mean caloric intake was found to be greater among the younger than among older infants. During the interval 8-111 days mean values for males were greater than those for females with respect to the following: volume of intake calorie intake gain in weight and gain in length and gain in weight per unit of gain in length; these sex-related differences were statistically significant at p<0.05. Sex-related differences in gain in weight/unit of caloric intake or gain in length/unit of caloric intake were not statistically significant. The 10th 25th 50th 75th and 90th percentile values for gain in weight are presented for each sex for all age intervals and the same percentile values for gain in length for all age intervals of at least 34 days duration. Regressions of volume of intake on body weight caloric intake on body weight and weight gain are also presented for the various age groups. This study provides a basis for speculating about the partition of calories for growth and maintenance. An estimated 1/3 of caloric intake is utilized for growth during the age interval 8-111 days.
Piezoelectrically actuated dome-shaped diaphragm micropump

This paper describes a piezoelectric micropump built on a dome-shaped diaphragm with one-way parylene valves. The micropump uses piezoelectric ZnO film (less than 10 /spl mu/m thick) to actuate a parylene dome diaphragm, which is fabricated with an innovative, IC-compatible process on a silicon substrate. Piezoelectric ZnO film is sputter-deposited on a parylene dome diaphragm with its C-axis oriented perpendicular to the dome surface. Two one-way check valves (made of parylene) are integrated with a piezoelectrically actuated dome diaphragm to form a multi-chip micropump. The fabricated micropump (10/spl times/10/spl times/1.6 mm/sup 3/) consumes extremely low power (i.e., 3 mW to pump 3.2 /spl mu/L/min) and shows negligible leak up to 700 Pa static differential pressure.
The Model Rules and Problems of Code Interpretation and Enforcement

Regulating lawyers is a three-part process. Rules must be formulated, they must be interpreted, and they must be enforced. Although those who formulate rules cannot be held responsible for their interpretation and enforcement, they can and should bring to their work an appreciation of the problems experienced in interpreting and enforcing earlier rules. One way to evaluate the proposed Model Rules of Professional Conduct' is to ask whether they are properly responsive to problems that have arisen in interpreting and enforcing the Code of Professional Responsibility. That is the standard against which the Model Rules will be measured in this review. No effort, however, will be made to canvass all the problems that have been identified under the Code.
On the Optimal Deployment of Heterogeneous Sensing Devices

The problem of optimally deploying a heterogeneous set of sensing devices in environments with differential surveillance requirements is presented. The problem is formulated in the form of integer mathematical program with an objective function that maximizes overall system coverage. The formulation considers several operation capabilities for the sensing devices including reliability, mobility, transfer cost, lifespan and power selfscheduling. Due to the intractability of the problem, optimal solutions obtained using our mathematical programming formulation can be utilized for small problems. In addition to the optimal solution, two heuristic algorithms are presented to solve different versions of the problem. A set of experiments is conducted to evaluate the algorithms performances for different problem settings. Results of these experiments illustrate that near-optimal coverage performance could be achieved in much less running time.
Precluding nonlinear ISI in direct detection long-haul fiber optic systems

Long-distance, high-rate fiber optic systems employing directly modulated 1.55- mu m single-mode lasers and conventional single-mode fiber suffer severe intersymbol interference (ISI) with a large nonlinear component. A method of reducing the nonlinearity of the ISI, thereby making linear equalization more viable, is investigated. It is shown that the degree of nonlinearity is highly dependent on the choice of laser bias current, and that in some cases the ISI nonlinearity can be significantly reduced by biasing the laser substantially above threshold. Simulation results predict that an increase in signal-to-nonlinear-distortion ratio as high as 25 dB can be achieved for synchronously spaced samples at an optimal sampling phase by increasing the bias current from 1.2 times threshold to 3.5 times threshold. The high SDR indicates that a linear tapped delay line equalizer could be used to mitigate ISI. Furthermore, the shape of the pulse response suggests that partial response precoding and digital feedback equalization would be particularly effective for this channel. >
High‐resolution AMLCD made with a‐Si:H TFTs and an Al gate and IZO structure

— Using a low-cost a-Si:H-TFT process with an Al gate and IZO last structure, a direct-view active-matrix display with the highest information content has been fabricated in a phase-2 mass production line at DTI Himeji. The display, a 16.3-in.-diagonal 200-ppi QSXGA (quad SXGA) incorporates 7680 columns and 2048 rows. Each subpixel measures 42 μm (H) × 126 μm (V).
The Acquisition Probability for a Minimum Distance One-Class Classifier

An approximation for the acquisition probability for a minimumdistance one-class classifier is derived. An exact expression for theacquisition probability is dependent upon the operatingcharacteristics in the distance space, the number of targets detected,and the number of other objects detected. An approximateexpression replaces the operating characteristics curve by a singlepoint. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate thevalidity of the approximation. Combinatorial techniques can be usedwhen only the total number of objects detected is known. All ofthese results can be extended to include the multitarget, multipleshotcase.
Capacity Sizing Under Parameter Uncertainty: Safety Staffing Principles Revisited

We study a capacity sizing problem in a service system that is modeled as a single-class queue with multiple servers and where customers may renege while waiting for service. A salient feature of the model is that the mean arrival rate of work is random (in practice this is a typical consequence of forecasting errors). The paper elucidates the impact of uncertainty on the nature of capacity prescriptions, and relates these to well established rules-of-thumb such as the square-root safety staffing principle. We establish a simple and intuitive relationship between the incoming load (measured in Erlangs) and the extent of uncertainty in arrival rates (measured via the coefficient of variation) that characterizes the extent to which uncertainty dominates stochastic variability or vice versa. In the former case it is shown that traditional square-root safety staffing logic is no longer valid, yet simple capacity prescriptions derived via a suitable newsvendor problem are surprisingly accurate.
Electrocardiographic Alterations Produced by an Increase in Plasma pH, Bicarbonate and Sodium as Compared with Those Seen with a Decrease in Potassium

The effects of an increase in plasma pH, bicarbonate and sodium on the electrocardiogram of the normal dog have been compared with those produced by a decrease in plasma potassium. The electrocardiographic alterations in these experimentally induced situations were found to be similar in form and progression.
Effects of Actinomycin D and Puromycin on Blastokinin Synthesis by the Rabbit Uterus

Actinomycin D and puromycin were administered to mature rabbits during the first 5 days of their pregnancy to determine whether induction of blastokinin synthesis occurs at the transcriptional or translational level. Actinomycin D and puromycin both inhibit the production of blastokinin in pregnant rabbits. The disappearance of blastokinin after treatment with actinomycin D indicates that thcontinual synthesis of new RNA is neces- sary for the synthesis of blastokinin. Blastokinin requires continual RNA and protein synthesis during the peak of its secretion into uterine fluidsof pregnant rabbits.Other proteins such as albumin may be superinduced by actinomycin D since total protein in the uterine flushings is higher in actinomycin D-treated animals than in controls. Puromycin tends to repress synthesis of all proteins in 5-day pregnant rabbit uterine flushings but does not completely repress blastokinin. Thus, while their effects on total protein production are greatly different, both antibiotics inhibit blastokinin synthesis. We conclude that induction of blastokinin
Clinical Pathologic Conference Case 3: Nodular Fasciitis

Intraoral nodular nodular fasciitis is a rare entity that is important to recognize because it may simulate a malignancy clinically and histologically. The rapid growth and high mitotic index seen in nodular fasciitis may suggest a malignant neoplastic process, but it is generally considered to be a benign reactive proliferation. Recognizing the unique histologic features of nodular fasciitis is important to avoid a possible misdiagnosis as a malignancy, leading to unnecessary further treatment.
Techniques for optimizing statistical simulations (IC processes)

The authors address the methodology developed for the Florida SEMATECH Center of Excellence (FSCOE) for performing statistical simulations of integrated circuit processes. This methodology involves doing a series of statistical simulations at the process, device, and circuit design levels. Various techniques to improve the amount of time it takes to obtain results from statistical simulations of processes using Suprem-IV are described. Methods the design engineer can use, rather than means of improving the models in the simulator are considered. The key to this methodology is that multiple simulations are performed in order to obtained the statistical results to adequately model the effect of the variation in the fab. Five possible techniques are outlined that reduce the simulation time and eliminate the need to buy expensive computer equipment or use less accurate simulation models. >
“BALLADS IN PROSE”: GENRE CROSSING IN LATE-VICTORIAN WOMEN'S WRITING

"Oh, it is indeed a burning shame that there would be one law for men and another law for women. I think that there should be no law for anybody" (Beckson, / Can Resist 100). So said Oscar Wilde to a journalist interviewing him in January 1895. And for the first five years of the 1890s, it looked as though the British literary and publishing worlds, at least, were increasingly in accord with this Wildean perspective. Texts challenging the double standard of heterosexual conduct proliferated, even as bold articulations of same-sex desire appeared. At the same time, laws of all sorts that governed the production and consumption of literature seemed to be struck down daily. The three-volume novel declined and, with it, the circulating libraries' law of conforming to Mudie's definition of the reading public's tastes. New Women and other new realists gleefully violated the laws that required fictional narratives to end with marriage or, indeed, to provide some version of closure. In the sphere of periodical publishing, the law demanding that the visual arts be subordinate to words vanished in April 1894 with the first issue of the Yellow Book. The Bodley Head's new quarterly proudly stated that "The pictures will in no case serve as illustrations to the letter-press, but each will stand by itself as an independent contribution" (Stetz and Lasner 8). With the hardbound Yellow Book, too, came the demise of any fixed notion about what constituted a book per se, based merely on look, size, binding, format, or price. The Yellow Book certainly resembled a book in all essentials, yet called itself a magazine, while doing away with such conventions for Victorian periodicals as the practice of publishing serial fiction. Richard Le Gallienne would later announce defiantly in that same quarterly in July 1895 (at a moment when, in the wake of the Wilde trials, to say this did indeed constitute a dangerous act of defiance), "The one law of externals is beauty in all its various manifestations" (Le Gallienne 320). According to Le Gallienne, who spoke with the authority of a voice coming from within the inner circle of the Bodley Head, one should no more classify a book, based merely on its appearance, than one should categorize the gender of a body: "To ask the sex of a beautiful person is as absurd as it would be to ask the publisher the sex of a beautiful book" (320-21). In the first years of the 90s, even the seemingly inflexible laws of genre began to give way. These laws, of course, long had served the interests of publishers, whose lists had depended upon the enforcement of distinctions between poetry, on the one hand, and various prose forms, on the other. Such divisions had been equally convenient for and thus important
Local coordinates of a trellis source code

Let G k be the de Bruijn graph with 2k vertices. When reproduction labels from a 4-letter alphabet A 4 are assigned linearly to the edges of G k using a three row binary generating matrix, a 2k-state trellis code results which is suitable for encoding a source with alphabet A 4 at a rate of one bit per source sample with respect to the Hamming fidelity criterion. There is a special type of code which results in this way called systematic code. A systematic code belongs to three sets of codes, each set isomorphic to a residue class ring of polynomials over GF(2). A systematic code sweeps out a cycle in each of its three residue class rings via repeated multiplication by the residue class of polynomial x. The local coordinates of a systematic code are non-negative integer parameters which describe how the code is positioned in each of its three cycles. Our main result is that a systematic code is uniquely determined by its local coordinates, except in rare instances. The paper concludes with some preliminary work indicating how a code with good distortion performance in coding a memoryless source with alphabet A 4 can be found in relatively small sets of systematic codes whose local coordinates are of a certain type.
Cognitive Domain Decline in Healthy Apolipoprotein E ε4 Homozygotes Before the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background Memory declines more rapidly with age in apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) e4 carriers than in APOE e4 noncarriers, and APOE e4 homozygotes' cognitive performances correlate with stressors. These changes could represent presymptomatic disease in some, despite their youth. Objective To show that presymptomatic APOE e4 homozygotes experience greater psychometric decline at a younger age than APOE e4 heterozygotes and noncarriers before the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Design Prospective observational study Setting Academic medical center. Participants A total of 43 APOE e4 homozygotes, 59 APOE e4 heterozygotes, and 112 APOE e4 noncarriers aged 50 to 69 years were cognitively healthy and matched at entry according to age, educational level, and sex. Intervention Neuropsychological battery given every 2 years. Main Outcome Measures Predefined test and cognitive domain decline criteria applied to consecutive epochs. Results Of 214 participants, 48 showed no decline on any test, 126 showed decline on only 1 test in 1 or more domains, and 40 showed decline on 2 or more tests in 1 or more domains. Cognitive domain decline occurred in 4 of 10 APOE e4 homozygotes 60 years and older at entry (40.0%) compared with 5 of 66 APOE e4 heterozygotes and noncarriers (7.6%) ( P = .02) and was more predictive of subsequent decline than nondomain decline (17 of 24 [70.8%] vs 29 of 70 [41.4%]; P = .01). Decline on any memory test was predictive of further decline ( P P = .006) in all genetic subgroups. Seven participants developed MCI (in 6) or AD (in 1), of whom 5 were APOE e4 homozygotes ( P = .008). Retrospective comparison showed that those who experienced multidomain, memory, and language domain decline had lower spatial and memory scores at entry than those who experienced no decline. Conclusions APOE e4 homozygotes in their 60s have higher rates of cognitive domain decline than APOE e4 heterozygotes or noncarriers before the diagnosis of MCI and AD, thus confirming and characterizing the existence of a pre-MCI state in this genetic subset.
Silent stores and store value locality

Value locality, a recently discovered program attribute that describes the likelihood of the recurrence of previously seen program values, has been studied enthusiastically in the recent published literature. Much of the energy has focused on refining the initial efforts at predicting load instruction outcomes, with the balance of the effort examining the value locality of either all register-writing instructions or a focused subset of them. Surprisingly, there has been very little published characterization of or effort to exploit the value locality of data words stored to memory by computer programs. This paper presents such a characterization, including detailed source-level analysis of the causes of silent stores, proposes both memory-centric (based on message passing) and producer-centric (based on program structure) prediction mechanisms for stored data values, introduces the concept of silent stores and new definitions of multiprocessor false sharing based on these observations, and suggests new techniques for aligning cache coherence protocols and microarchitectural store handling techniques to exploit the value locality of stores. We find that realistic implementations of these techniques can significantly reduce multiprocessor data bus traffic and are more effective at reducing address bus traffic than the addition of Exclusive state to a MS I coherence protocol. We also show that squashing of silent stores can provide uniprocessor speedups greater than the addition of store-to-load forwarding.