cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirement of a soluble protein for maximal activity of the mono-oxidase system of hepatic microsomes.

Hepatic microsomes were shown to possess only about 13 to 12 of the aminopyrine and ethylmorphine (EM) N-demethylase activities of the 9000 × g supernatant fraction from which they were derived. Activity was restored with the 105,000 × g supernatant fraction (SF). The factor in SF is heat labile, precipitated by ammonium sulfate or acetone, none-dializable, and resists sedimentation at 170,000 × g for 4 hr. SF elevated the Km for EM N-demethylation. These observations suggest that the factor in SF is a macromolecule which functions as an unknown component of the monoxidase system, as an activator of the system, or by removing an inhibitor of the system.
Hepatic radionuclide imaging: an effective diagnostic procedure!

Hepatic scans are often obtained when a diagnosis of carcinoma or lymphoma either is suspected or has been established. They are also frequently obtained when there is biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction or when the liver is noted to be enlarged on physical examination. Is the liver scan of true value in the diagnosis and management of patients with hepatic or neoplastic diseases. Is the liver scan a cost-effective diagnostic tool and is it overused. These questions are important in their own right. They are also representative of larger questions which should be asked about new diagnostic procedures and their relationship to the escalating costs of medical care.
Acceleration of β-receptor desensitization in combined administration of antidepressants and phenoxybenzamine

The delayed therapeutic effects of antidepressants (usually between 10 and 14 days)1,2 and of the tricyclic antidepressants in particular, are believed (on the basis of animal experiments3–8) to lie in a progressive decrease of the sensitivity of cortical β-adrenergic receptors. This is thought to be due to an increase in the synaptic concentration of noradrenaline, in turn accomplished by a decrease in the sensitivity of the presynaptic α2 receptors which normally regulate noradrenaline secretion by a negative feedback mechanism. This model suggests that the desensitization of postsynaptic β-receptors by antidepressants should be accelerated by the inhibition of the presynaptic α2-adrenergic system, and we have indeed observed such an effect in preliminary studies with desipramine and phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) combined9. We now show that the administration of either tricyclic or monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants in combination with PBZ, an irreversible α-adrenergic blocker9,10, accelerates and intensifies the desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors. Our observations may have therapeutic implications.
Midterm outcomes of revisional surgery for gastric pouch and gastrojejunal anastomotic enlargement in patients with weight regain after gastric bypass for morbid obesity.

Reoperative surgery for the morbidly obese has become increasingly common due to postoperative weight regain. There are limited studies evaluating the effectiveness of revisional surgery. This study evaluates the weight loss outcomes of revisional surgery over a 2-year period at our University Hospital, USA. Of the 412 patients who underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery between June 2009 and June 2011, we identified 25 patients who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) originally, who underwent laparoscopic revisional surgery for weight regain. Preoperative and postoperative data were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t test. This study includes 0 male and 25 female patients with an average age of 42 (range min to max: 28–58), mean original body mass index (BMI) of 54.6 kg/m2 (r = 37.3–80.7), average lowest BMI achieved of 32.2 (r = 20.1–50.9), and average BMI at the time of revision of 41.0 kg/m2 (r = 29.5–60.7, standard deviation (SD) = 8.5). All laparoscopic revisions consisted of resizing the gastric pouch by resection and recreating the gastrojejunostomy. Average hospital length of stay was 1.28 days (r = 1–4). Perioperative morbidity was 8 %; one patient developed a trocar site hernia which required repair, and another suffered postoperative bleeding requiring transfusion. There was no mortality. Postoperative BMI averages at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months were 35.0 (SD = 7.15), 34.7 (SD = 4.26), 36.2 (SD = 7.63), 33.0 (SD = 6.58), and 44.2 (SD = 12.87), respectively. Statistically significant weight loss was achieved at 3 [t (10) = 6.74, p 0.05]. Laparoscopic revisional bariatric surgery can be performed with significant weight loss up to 1 year postoperatively. However, additional studies are required to evaluate longer-term success.
Phase retrieval from noisy data based on minimization of penalized I-divergence.

We study noise artifacts in phase retrieval based on minimization of an information-theoretic discrepancy measure called Csiszar's I-divergence. We specifically focus on adding Poisson noise to either the autocorrelation of the true image (as in astronomical imaging through turbulence) or the squared Fourier magnitudes of the true image (as in x-ray crystallography). Noise effects are quantified via various error metrics as signal-to-noise ratios vary. We propose penalized minimum I-divergence methods to suppress the observed noise artifacts. To avoid computational difficulties arising from the introduction of a penalty, we adapt Green's one-step-late approach for use in our minimum I-divergence framework.
Public Support for Correctional Treatment: The Continuing Appeal of the Rehabilitative Ideal:

For three decades, American correctional policy has focused on “getting tough” with offenders, and recent innovations continue this trend. It is unclear, however, that the public desires such a singularly punitive approach to crime. This study reports results from a statewide, contemporary assessment of citizens' attitudes toward rehabilitation. The results indicate that the public still believes that rehabilitation should be an integral part of correctional policy. Furthermore, support for a treatment approach is fairly consistent across demographic groups and across different types of questions used to tap citizens' views. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
High-fidelity PWM inverter for digital audio amplification: Spectral analysis, real-time DSP implementation, and results

A complete digital audio amplifier has been developed, implemented and tested. The process is entirely computational, and the output load and filter are the only analog components in the system. The process makes use of digital signal processing and a switching power stage to provide both high fidelity and high efficiency, beginning with a digital audio data stream. The advantages of naturally-sampled pulse-width modulation (PWM) are discussed in depth, including spectral analysis and comparisons to uniformly-sampled PWM. It is shown that natural PWM does not introduce audible distortion at switching frequencies consistent with power electronics practice. Interpolation methods for sample data conversion to natural PWM are discussed, and error analysis is presented based on Lagrange's Expansion Theorem. Noise-shaping processes are used to support high fidelity with practical values of time resolution. A counter conversion process enforces switching dead time in the inverter gate signals. The experimental full-bridge inverter implementation demonstrates that miniaturization is possible. A complete test system delivered more than 50 W into an 8 /spl Omega/ load with an efficiency of 80% and total harmonic distortion plus noise of 0.02%.
Competing E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Govern Circadian Periodicity by Degradation of CRY in Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Summary Period determination in the mammalian circadian clock involves the turnover rate of the repressors CRY and PER. We show that CRY ubiquitination engages two competing E3 ligase complexes that either lengthen or shorten circadian period in mice. Cloning of a short-period circadian mutant, Past-time, revealed a glycine to glutamate missense mutation in Fbxl21 , an F-box protein gene that is a paralog of Fbxl3 that targets the CRY proteins for degradation. While loss of function of FBXL3 leads to period lengthening, mutation of Fbxl21 causes period shortening. FBXL21 forms an SCF E3 ligase complex that slowly degrades CRY in the cytoplasm but antagonizes the stronger E3 ligase activity of FBXL3 in the nucleus. FBXL21 plays a dual role: protecting CRY from FBXL3 degradation in the nucleus and promoting CRY degradation within the cytoplasm. Thus, the balance and cellular compartmentalization of competing E3 ligases for CRY determine circadian period of the clock in mammals.
Predicting the Time To Failure of a randomly degrading component by a hybrid Monte Carlo and possibilistic method

The main goal of a prognostic system is to estimate the Time To Failure (TTF) of a structure, system or component (SSC), i.e. the lifetime remaining between the present and the instance when it can no longer perform its function. Such prediction on the time of loss of functionality is typically done on the basis of measurements of parameters representative of the SSC condition state and degradation process. Uncertainties from two different sources affect the prediction: randomness due to inherent variability in the SSC degradation behavior (aleatory uncertainty) and imprecision due to incomplete knowledge and information on the SSC stress and strength characteristics (epistemic uncertainty). Such uncertainties must be adequately represented and propagated in order for the prognostic results to have operative significance, e.g. in terms of maintenance and renovation decisions. This work illustrates an hybrid Monte Carlo and possibilistic method for the representation and propagation of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, with reference to a case study of a component which is randomly degrading in time according to a stochastic fatigue crack growth model of literature. The crack depth is assumed as representative parameter of the component condition state and its limit value beyond which failure occurs is assumed to be affected by epistemic uncertainty, as represented by a possibility distribution.
A note on determining the number of cues used in judgment analysis studies: The issue of type II error

Many judgment analysis studies employ multiple regression procedures to estimate the importance of cues. Some studies test the significance of regression coefficients in order to decide whether or not specific cues are attended to by the judge or decision maker. This practice is dubious because it ignores type II error. The purposes of this note are (1) to draw attention to this issue, specifically as it appears in studies of self-insight, (2) to illustrate the problem with examples from the judgment literature, and (3) to provide a simple method for calculating post-hoc power in regression analyses in order to facilitate the reporting of type II errors when regression models are used.
Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of squid myosin-V: a vesicle motor in nerve cells.

We have shown that vesicles in the axoplasm of the squid giant axon move on actin filaments and that movement is inhibited by myosin V-specific antibodies [Tabb et al., 1998]. In the study reported in this article, experiments were performed to clone and sequence the cDNA for squid brain myosin V. Five proteolytic fragments of purified squid brain myosin V were analyzed by direct protein sequencing [Tabb et al., 1998]. Based on this sequence information, degenerate primers were constructed and used to isolate cDNA clones by PCR. Five clones, representing overlapping segments of the gene, were sequenced. The sequence data and the previous biochemical characterization of the molecule support the classification of this vesicle-associated myosin as a member of the class V myosins. Motif analysis of the head, neck, and tail domains revealed that squid MyoV has consensus sequences for all the motifs found in vertebrate members of the myosin V family of motor proteins. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from a sequence alignment by the neighbor-joining method, using Megalign (DNAStar, Madison, WI); the resulting phylogenetic tree showed that squid MyoV is more closely related to vertebrate MyoV (mouse dilute, chicken dilute, rat myr6, and human myo5a) than Drosophila and yeast (myo2, and myo4) myosins V. These new data on the phylogenetic relationships of squid myosin V to vertebrate myosin V strengthens the argument that myosin V functions as a vesicle motor in vertebrate neurons. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 46:108 ‐115, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Talking trash: Performing home and anti-home in Austin's salsa culture

Austin, Texas, has long been recognized for its racial and ethnic segregation. Policies created in 1927 officially segregated the city, and the public landscape has remained divided. How does a cosmopolitan community of difference constitute itself against the dominant Anglo culture of this Texan city? Analyzing the speech genre of “trash talk” in salsa-club culture, I demonstrate how affect is created in language and how this speech genre co-occurs with other aesthetic practices to produce a sense of belonging across boundaries of race and class. The tension between “home” and “anti-home” creates affective and discursive engagement, mitigating paradox in spaces of alterity.
MLSvisual: a visualization tool for teaching access control using multi-level security

Information security continues to be a pressing issue for industry and government. Perhaps the two most fundamental mechanisms for controlling access to information are cryptography and access control systems. This paper presents MLSvisual, a tool that helps students learn the multi-level(Bell-LaPadula) access control model. MLSvisual allows students to create, explore, and modify an MLS policy through a graphical visualization system. A query system can be used by students to test their understanding of a given policy. Instructors can utilize a test function in the tool to assign an exercise or quiz, with answers sent to them via email. We also present the results of an evaluation of MLSvisual within a senior-level course on information security. This evaluation received positive feedback and showed that MLSviusal helped the understanding of the Bell-LaPadula model and enhanced the course. We believe that this user-level tool will help instructors to teach this material more effectively, and make teaching this material more practical in resource-constrained environments.
Determining wet surfaces from dry

Wet surfaces are ubiquitous in our visual experience. Autonomous machines with vision systems will need to identify wet surfaces from dry. Wet surfaces (especially rough, absorbent ones) appear darker when wet. This paper presents the Lekner and Dorf (1988) model for describing the darkening caused by wetting. We explain how to use this optics model to transform intensity values of a region of an image to make that region appear wet. We also show how the model can be reversed in order to make a wet part of an image appear dry. It is also shown that this technique can be used to identify wet regions. This identification is contrasted with darkening caused by shadows. Comparisons of the gray-level histograms of these real images show the validity of this approach for distinguishing wet surfaces from dry. >
Factors Involved In Dental Surgery Fires: A Review of the Literature

Surgical fires are well-characterized, readily preventable, potentially devastating operating room catastrophes that continue to occur from 20 to 100 times per year or, by one estimate, up to 600 times per year in US operating rooms, sometimes with fatal results. The most significant risk factors for surgical fires involve (a) the use of an ignition source, such as laser or electrocautery equipment, in or around an oxygen-enriched environment in the head, neck, and upper torso area and (b) the concurrent delivery of supplemental oxygen, especially via nasal cannula. Nonetheless, while these 2 conditions occur very commonly in dental surgery, especially in pediatric dental surgery where sedation and anesthesia are regularly indicated, there is a general absence of documented dental surgical fires in the literature. Barring the possibility of underreporting for fear of litigation, this may suggest that there is another mechanism or mechanisms present in dental or pediatric dental surgery that mitigates this worst-case risk of surgical fires. Some possible explanations for this include: greater fire safety awareness by dental practitioners, incidental ventilation of oxygen-enriched environments in patient oral cavities due to breathing, or suction used by dental practitioners during procedures. This review of the literature provides a background to suggest that the practice of using intraoral suction in conjunction with the use of supplemental oxygen during dental procedures may alter the conditions needed for the initiation of intraoral fires. To date, there appear to be no published studies describing the ability of intraoral suctioning devices to alter the ambient oxygen concentration in an intraoral environment. In vivo models that would allow examination of intraoral suction on the ambient oxygen concentration in a simulated intraoral environment may then provide a valuable foundation for evaluating the safety of current clinical dental surgical practices, particularly in regard to the treatment of children.
Feelings of Alienation and Community among Higher Education Students in a Virtual Classroom.

Although the professional literature identifies feelings of alienation and low sense of community as factors that help explain relatively low student persistence rates in distance education programs, no studies have attempted to investigate the relationship between these two constructs. Accordingly, the present study uses canonical correlation analysis to determine if and how a set of three alienation variables is related to a set of two classroom community variables in a sample (N=117) of online graduate students. The results suggest that the two sets of variables are related along two reliable multivariate dimensions. Implications for college teaching are discussed.
Wide-baseline stereo experiments in natural terrain

We have developed a wide-baseline stereo vision technique for Mars rovers in order to map terrain distant from the rover and allow localization and navigation over large areas. This technique uses two images captured by the same camera at different rover positions as a virtual stereo pair. The larger baseline yields better accuracy for distant terrain, but makes stereo matching more difficult. In addition, calibration of the relative camera positions in advance is no longer possible and odometry errors result in uncertainty in the camera positions in practice. Our methodology addresses these problems. We have tested these techniques in several locations containing natural terrain (mostly desert). This paper describes the experiments and discusses the successes and failures of the wide-baseline stereo technique
Structural Model for the Cooperative Assembly of HIV-1 Rev Multimers on the RRE as Deduced from Analysis of Assembly-Defective Mutants

Abstract The functional efficacy of the HIV-1 Rev protein is highly dependent on its ability to assemble onto its HIV-1 RNA target (the RRE) as a multimeric complex. To elucidate the mechanism of multimeric assembly, we have devised two rapid and broadly applicable strategies for examining cooperative interactions between proteins bound to RNA, one based on cooperative translational repression of a two-site reporter and the other on gel shift analysis with crude E. coli extracts. Using these strategies, we have identified two distinct surfaces of Rev (head and tail) that are critical for different steps in multimeric assembly. Our data indicate that Rev assembles cooperatively on the RRE via a series of symmetrical tail-to-tail and head-to-head protein–protein interactions. The insights into molecular architecture suggested by these findings have enabled us to derive a structural model for Rev and its multimerization on the RRE.
UNDERSTANDING THE DESIGN OF CONVERTIBLE DEBT

There are now two dominant theories of convertible debt held by academic economists. One theory which has been called the “risk-shifting” hypothesis–effectively views convertibles as an alternative to straight debt. The second–known as the “sig-nalling” (or “backdoor-equity”) theory-treats convertibles as an alternative to ordinary equity. This article attempts to unify (or at least to illustrate the relationship between) these two theories by focusing on the design of the securities. In structuring a convertible, managers and their investment bankers must make a variety of decisions. Besides the coupon rate, face value, issue size, and maturity, managers must also decide the conversion ratio (the number of shares promised per bond) and the amount of call protection afforded investors. Several of these design features have the effect of making a convertible more like a straight debt or a straight equity issue. The hypothesis underlying the authors' recent research is that the issuers of debt-like convertibles are attempting to address a somewhat different financing challenge than the issuers of convertibles that behave more like equity. Their findings suggest that the primary aim of “debt-like” convertible issues is to address investors' uncertainty and concerns about risk, whereas the main goal of “equity-like” convertibles is to minimize the “information costs” associated with raising new equity.
Potential role of Mytilus edulis in modulating the infectious pressure of Vibrio anguillarum 02β on an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farm

Abstract Marine finfish producers in the Northeast are adopting an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) approach by growing mussels, Mytilus edulis, with marine finfish species. Shellfish play a critical role in an IMTA system by filtering particulate bound nutrients and other seston from surrounding waters. During feeding, mussels bio-accumulate microbes, including fish pathogens, from the water column. This may influence pathogen dynamics on IMTA farms by either reducing infectious pressure or by serving as a reservoir for important finfish pathogens. The first step in evaluating the disease risks or benefits on a mussel-fish IMTA farm is to understand the interaction between mussels and finfish pathogens. We investigated the fate of the cod bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum 02β in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mussels exposed to 104 CFU of V. anguillarum ml− 1 concentrated bacteria in digestive gland tissues 2 orders of magnitude above the concentration of bacteria in the surrounding water. To determine if mussels could release concentrated bacteria back into the environment, V. anguillarum-exposed mussels were transferred to clean water and fecal and water samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria. V. anguillarum was not detected in the water; however mussel feces and pseudofeces had high loads of V. anguillarum (107 CFU g− 1). Within 72 h of depuration, V. anguillarum was no longer detected in fecal samples. Immersion challenge trials using fecal material from V. anguillarum-exposed mussels resulted in 58–70% mortalities in challenged cod. These results demonstrate that mussels are capable of bio-accumulating V. anguillarum and shedding virulent bacteria through their feces. While this study does not likely reproduce the dynamic conditions on a finfish–mussel farm, results obtained do present valuable information when considering biosecurity and pathogen risk reduction on IMTA farms.
Recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the elderly

Objective: Data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Medicare-linked database were used to estimate the incidence of and risk factors associated with recurrent thyroid cancer, and to assess the impact of recurrence on mortality following diagnosis, controlling for mortality as a competing risk. Design: We identified 2883 patients over 65 years of age diagnosed with a single, primary welldifferentiated thyroid cancer between 1995 and 2007. A recurrence was considered if the patient had evidence of I-131 therapy, imaging for metastatic thyroid carcinoma, or complete thyroidectomy beyond 6 months of diagnosis. Competing risk regressions were performed using Cox proportional hazards models with 1- and 2-year landmarks. Results: Recurrence was observed in 1117 (39%) of the 2883 patients in the cohort. Age, stage, and treatment status were significant risk factors for developing recurrent disease (P!0.0001). Patients with recurrent disease had a higher risk of all-cause mortality within 10 years of diagnosis than patients with no recurrence at 1- and 2-year landmarks. Patients with follicular histology and a recurrence were less likely to die from cancer (hazard ratio 0.54; PZ0.03) than patients with no recurrence. Conclusions: The rate of recurrence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas in this sample of elderly patients was 39%. Extent of disease and older age negatively impacted the risk of recurrence from differentiated thyroid cancer. In these data, patients with follicular histologyand a recurrence were less likely to die, suggesting that mortality and recurrence are competing risks. These data should be taken into account with individualized treatment strategies for elderly patients with recurrent malignant thyroid disease.
Occupational exposure, knowledge of standard precautions and behavior among health workers in Southern Nigeria.

Results 57.7% of respondents were aware of the term Standard Precautions (SPs) overall. Doctors (94.4%) and nurses (84.2%) had the highest levels of awareness compared to 3.0% of health assistants. There was a significant relationship between the respondents’ level of education and a correct knowledge of SPs. (Fisher’s Exact= 125.745, df = 4, p = 0.000) and duration of employment was not significantly associated with the awareness of SPs. (x2 = 5.676, df =3, p =0.128). Life time risks of needle stick (39.8%; 95% CI 36.4-44.6%) and sharps injuries (25.7%; 95% CI 21.8-29.6%) were high. 77 .8% washed their hands at the close of work. Over half (56.6%) always used gloves and two-thirds (62.3%) had never worn goggles during contact with blood and body fluids. Only 46.2% of HCWs reported washing their hands before each patient contact. Overall compliance with non-recapping of used needles was generally poor (14.6%) and about half (48.1%) of the respondents recapped used needles before disposal. The one year prevalence of needle stick and sharps injury were 29.3% (95% CI 26.7-32.8%) and 22.9% (95% CI 19.8-25.2%) respectively.
The effect of two types of induced-motion displays on perceived location of the induced target.

Using a pointing test, perceived location of a target seen in induced motion was evaluated under two display conditions. In one, a fixated, horizontally stationary spot was surrounded by a frame moving back and forth. As the frame moved to each side, its center shifted correspondingly with respect to the subject’s objective median plane. In the second display, the surround was constructed so that as it moved back and forth, its center remained in virtual alignment with the objective median plane. Although both conditions produced a substantial induced-motion effect, only the former produced significant shifts in the target’s perceived location. Furthermore, similar shifts were also obtained with a stationary, offcenter frame (Experiment 2). This suggests that the changes in perceived location obtained with the first induced-motion display were not derived from the induced motion per se, but, rather, from a frame effect produced when the surround moved to an off-center position. Implications for the relationship between perceived motion and position, as well as for two theories of induced motion, are discussed.
Bacteriophages as genetic and biochemical systems.

Work with bacteriophages is no longer of interest exclusively or primarily to virologists. It has become a branch of genetics and biochemical. The history of lysogeny parallels the history of research with virulent phages. Both are rapidly becoming branches of genetics. To anticipate what is not yet proved, work with the lytic cycle of viral growth is becoming a branch of chemical genetics: it emphasizes the molecular level of genetic determination. Lysogeny deals more exclusively at the cellular level of genetic determination, both through necessity and competence. It is found that genetic recombination between phages presents critical information about genetic system of phages. It is found that viral inheritance is based on a linear linkage system comparable to that of other organisms. It is also likely that phages contain a single linkage structure, joining the three linkage groups first recognized in T2 bacteriophage. A selective method is described in the chapter which is applicable to problems of both genetic recombination and mutation. It is based on the fact that E. coli K12 carrying lambda prophage is resistant to one class of mutants of T4, but sensitive t o other mutants or to the wild-type phage. To study the chemistry of viral growth vegetative replication and maturation cycle is considered as independent processes. The vegetative cycle of phage growth is chiefly characterized by the synthesis of phage precursor DNA. By the same hypothesis, synthesis of phage precursor protein is assigned to the maturation cycle.
Arachnoiditis Following The Use Of Iodized Oil

1. Clinical and laboratory data presented suggest that pantopaque and other iodized oils may contribute to, or possibly cause, severe reaction within the subarachnoid space. 2. Verbal communication indicating similar experience among orthopaedists and neurosurgeons has suggested to us that there is need for a more critical evaluation of the properties of pantopaque and other iodized oils and a more conservative approach to their use than is often practised. The importance of complete removal of the substance is evident.
Sheep in Goats' Clothing: Satire and Fair Use After Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music, Inc.

A tricky question emerges from the Supreme Court's decision in Campbell: If a parodic work, to use Justice Souter's words, shades into satire, is it no longer classifiable (and therefore no longer defensible) as a parody? Should it be regarded as having crossed a critical boundary for fair use purposes? Campbell suggests that it should, but there are actually compelling reasons, rooted in principles underlying the doctrine of fair use, why some types of parodic works that shade into satire should not be regarded as infringing. After examining the curious development of the parody/satire distinction within the law of fair use, this article draws on literary theory to propose a workable and more accurate taxonomy than that provided in Campbell, by means of which courts engaging in a fair use analysis can evaluate works that are hybrids of parody and satire.
Reflections on the Future of Research on Evaluation

This chapter explores the future of research on evaluation (RoE) and the actions that we can take to help RoE develop and thrive in the coming years. These actions focus on the production of RoE that is specifically usable and relevant to practicing evaluators, the systematic collection and sharing of evaluation practice data, the active development of methods and tools that feasibly and rigorously measure different aspects of evaluation, the use of new technological developments (e.g., crowdsourcing) in RoE, and dissemination through new and existing systems that target other researchers and evaluation professionals. The potential impact of these actions on the future of RoE is discussed throughout this chapter, along with concluding thoughts on the current and future importance of RoE for evaluation theory and practice.
The development of vertebral bone marrow of human fetuses

The development of the bone marrow of the thoracic vertebrae in seven human fetuses ranging from 95 to 150 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) was studied using light and electron microscopy. In the 95-mm CRL, hypertrophy of the chondrocytes occurred in the central region of the vertebrae, and blood vessels penetrated there from dorsal and ventral sides of the vertebral body. The primary marrow was represented by liberated cartilage lacunnae, occupied by the thin-walled blood vessels and a few mesenchymal cells and mononuclear cells containing granules or vacuoles (GMC). In the 99-mm CRL, chondroclasts were active in removing the cartilage near the central region of the vertebrae. Consequently, a large cavity was formed and occupied by a dilated sinus. GMC were numerous. Osteoblasts and osteocytes were increased in number. Reticular cells with long processes containing large amounts of glycogen began to appear in the extravascular space and formed the loosely arranged cellular meshwork of the hematopoietic compartment. Bundles of collagen fibrils were scattered in the meshwork. Hematopoietic cells were recognizable only in the 105-mm-CRL fetus and increased in number in the 120-mm-CRL fetus. The sinus endothelium was very thin and continuous without apertures except where blood cells crossed the wall. The developing blood cells lying against the outside of the sinus endothelium indented it. At points, collagen fibrils attached to the outside of endothelial cells and appeared to function as the anchoring filaments of lymphatics. The physiologic implications of the association of stromal cells, vascular sinuses, and hematopoietic cells are discussed in relationship to the microhematopoietic environment of the bone marrow.
Proliferating Provinces: Territorial Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia

What explains the recent internal territorial changes in the Indonesian archipelago? Given the relatively constant number of provinces and districts during the New Order period, the sudden rise of ...
Design and characterization of gadolinium infused theranostic liposomes

Multifunctional theranostic gadolinium infused liposomes containing the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), in its core are designed as potential candidates for diagnosis and therapy of various cancers. In these theranostic liposomes, Gd3+ ions are chelated by the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, which is covalently linked to the hydrophilic head moiety of the phospholipid. Therefore, the Gd3+ labels are an integral part of the lipid bilayer of liposomal construct. The physical properties of the Gd-infused liposomes were characterized including drug loading, drug release kinetics, cellular consequences, and T1 weighted magnetic properties. The theranostic liposomes exhibits uniform size distribution (hydrodynamic size of 150 ± 10 nm) and a high drug loading efficiency with sustained drug release characteristic. Due to stable Gd3+ in their lipid bilayers, the theranostic liposomes displayed an enhanced r1 relaxivity of 12.3 mM−1 s−1 at 14.1 T, which is three times higher than that of currently used Gd-based contrast agent (Magnivest®: 4.1 mM−1 s−1, 1.4 T). Moreover, cellular uptake studies revealed that these theranostic liposomes exhibit higher structural integrities inside B16-F10 melanoma cells. It shows uniform intracellular distribution throughout the cells. In vitro cytotoxicity revealed that Gd-infused liposomes have excellent biocompatibility without significant cytotoxicity, whereas they showed higher cellular toxicity when loaded with DOX against B16-F10. The observed toxicity was equivalent to the same concentration of free DOX. With regard to the ongoing development in theranostic water-dispersible nanoformulations, the current formulation where Gd3+ ions are encapsulated by a macrocyclic chelator and covalently tethered to the hydrophilic head moiety of a lipid, is rather promising and holds great promise.
Tensile properties of tendon in copper-deficient swine.

SummaryYoung pigs were rendered copper deficient as demonstrated by serum copper levels and aortic tensile properties. Tail tendons of the same pigs had normal ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus, elastic recoil, and stress-relaxation compared to controls. These results suggest that lysine-derived cross-links of insoluble collagen of tendon may not be decreased in copper deficiency, as are the analogous elastin cross-links, or that such cross-linkages may not be the limiting factor in determining tensile strength of collagen, as they appear to be in elastin.
Agitated dementia: drug vs nondrug treatment.

When an elderly patient with Alzheimer’s disease or other form of dementia exhibits agitated behavior, the caregiver often wants the physician to “do something”—ie, give a neuroleptic drug. Yet, an individualized, rational approach to identify and treat the cause of the agitation is more effective. We present an algorithm that emphasizes environmental and behavioral therapy.
Microbial interactions in the rumen

Numerous interaction have been observed between the three largest groups of microorganisms that exist in the rumen, i.e., protozoa, bacteria and fungi. Many of these interactions may be negative by nature and have been observed only in vitro, or they are based on limited live observations. These interactions are briefly outlined and a short discussion of each is presented. Since these three types of microorganisms possess similar metabolic capacities, a negative interaction between two of them may not be reflected in a disminution of digestion in the rumen because this activity is simply controlled by another organism. Or: the other hand, the different enzyme activities that occur between types and species of organisms result in a distinct synergism and crossed feeding. This could in the end be beneficia1 to the animal host through increases in the digestibility and diet utilization.
Intelligent Energy Management and Optimization in a Hybridized All-Terrain Vehicle With Simple On–Off Control of the Internal Combustion Engine

This paper presents research in cognitive vehicle energy management for low-cost hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power systems for small vehicles, such as all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). The power system consists of a small engine, a lead–acid battery, and an ultracapacitor. For simplicity of implementation and low hardware cost, engine control is restricted to two states, i.e., on and off , and vehicle speed control is restricted to three discrete levels, namely, high, medium, and low. The authors developed advanced algorithms for modeling and optimizing vehicle energy flow, machine learning of optimal control settings generated by dynamic programmling on real-world drive cycles, and an intelligent energy controller designed for online energy control based on knowledge about the driving mission and knowledge obtained through machine learning. The intelligent vehicle energy controller cognitive intelligent power management (CIPM) has been implemented and evaluated in a simulated vehicle model and in an ATV, i.e., Polaris Ranger EV, which was converted to an HEV. Experimental results show that the intelligent energy controller CIPM can lead to a significant improvement in fuel economy compared with the existing conventional vehicle controllers in an ATV.
Multiphoton ionization of atomic hydrogen in superintense, high-frequency laser fields

We review recent developments in multiphoton ionization (MP1) in superintense, high-frequency laser fields. We begin by discussing a fairly well-known high-frequency iteration scheme in increasing powers of the inverse frequency that was developed several years ago.1 The atom was shown to be stable, though distorted, against decay by MPI to lowest order in the frequency (i.e., the high-frequency limit).
Automatic Registration of Wide Area Motion Imagery to Vector Road Maps by Exploiting Vehicle Detections

To enrich large-scale visual analytics applications enabled by aerial wide area motion imagery (WAMI), we propose a novel methodology for accurately registering a geo-referenced vector roadmap to WAMI by using the locations of detected vehicles and determining a parametric transform that aligns these locations with the network of roads in the roadmap. Specifically, the problem is formulated in a probabilistic framework, explicitly allowing for spurious detections that do not correspond to on-road vehicles. The registration is estimated via the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm as the planar homography that minimizes the sum of weighted squared distances between the homography-mapped detection locations and the corresponding closest point on the road network, where the weights are estimated posterior probabilities of detections being on-road vehicles. The weighted distance minimization is efficiently performed using the distance transform with the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least-squares minimization procedure, and the fraction of spurious detections is estimated within the EM framework. The proposed method effectively sidesteps the challenges of feature correspondence estimation, applies directly to different imaging modalities, is robust to spurious detections, and is also more appropriate than feature matching for a planar homography. Results over three WAMI data sets captured by both visual and infrared sensors indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology: both visual comparison and numerical metrics for the registration accuracy are significantly better for the proposed method as compared with the existing alternatives.
Changing Beliefs About Gambling: The Downside of Hope

This chapter explains the downside of hope for changing beliefs about gambling. This chapter highlights the general nature of a cognitive approach to pathological gambling along with a few intervention examples. This is a rapidly developing area with much interesting work occurring internationally. However, despite a theoretical leaning toward cognitive explanations, each group is pursuing slightly different applications. This is to be expected in the initial development of an applied treatment, but still the research and practice is under development. This chapter suggests that examining one's beliefs can interrupt the automatic behavioral tendency to gamble when stress arises. Instead of managing stress in the given moment, this strategy attempts to change the unexamined assumptions that drive deeply ingrained gambling responses. Cognitive behavior therapy uses different terms to describe the belief systems that lead to dysfunctional behavior and feelings. Addiction treatment requires further adapting the terminology of cognitive therapy. Finally, cognitive therapy addresses positive beliefs as vigorously as it addresses negative ones.
Professional Identity Constructions of Indian Women

This book analyzes the narratives of urban, North Indian women for the diverse ways in which they construct the impact of their medium of education – Hindi, English, or a combination of both – on varied aspects of their professional and personal lives. It examines how participants reinforce or interrogate firmly entrenched power heirarchies that have long elevated English in India. Adopting a social constructionist perspective, and treating oral narratives as impacted both by local interactional contingencies and by larger social contexts, this book provides an innovative framework for the analysis of narratives told in qualitative research interviews. Stylization, mock languages, similes and metaphors, reported speech, and varied interactional cues are some of the devices used to examine the intersectioanlity of power and identity within participants’ oral narratives.The book will be of interest to scholars and students of narrative analysis, gender and identity studies, postcolonialism, and professional identity constructions of women.
The Phylogeny of Primates

Primates are one of the most diverse orders of living mammals with 80 genera and over 500 recognized species and are found almost exclusively in tropical parts of Africa, Asia, South America, and North America. Primates have an extensive fossil record extending back about 56 million years from all continents except Australia and Antarctica. The phylogeny of extant primates is well established, but that of the many extinct groups is less secure. Relative brain size and aspects of sensory biology including vision, olfaction, and facial sensation can be traced through primate phylogeny using physiology and morphology.
Towards a direct Bayesian adaptation framework for deep models

We attempt to formulate Bayesian speaker adaptation for deep models and explore two different solutions. In the first “indirect” approach, Bayesian adaptation is applied to context-dependent, Gaussian-mixture-model based hidden Markov models (CD-GMM-HMMs) with bottleneck (BN) features derived from deep neural networks (DNNs). The second method directly formulates Bayesian adaptation for CD-DNN-HMMs by casting the adaptation step into a generative framework to formulate maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) adaptation schemes. Experiments on the Wall Street Journal task demonstrate that both MAP and Structural MAP (SMAP) adaptation schemes are effective even with discriminative BN features. Furthermore, SMAP can attain a meaningful word error reduction (WERR) of 7.3% even when 80 hours of data, and 284 different speakers are available at training time. We have also observed a notable performance improvement with the indirect approach, and that supports the plausibility of proposed solution towards this novel direction.
Not Quite Civil

This fictional piece draws on the author's experience as a juror and the experience of other colleagues who have served as jurors. Although this story is fairly critical of the jury process, this is not to imply that all jury processes are flawed. However, as a teacher and student of organizational behavior and an OD practitioner, the author is particularly conscious of group dynamics. In the juries that he has participated in and interviewed other colleagues about, it became clear that some jurors' decisions were influenced by pathologies that these jurors brought with them into the courtroom.
Testing Fundamental Properties of Space with the Fermilab Holometer

Precision length measurements provide valuable insights about the fundamental properties of space-time. The Holometer is a research program to both experimentally probe signatures of the Planck scale and to extend the accessible frequency range from kHz up to MHz for gravitational wave searches. The instrument consists of separate yet identical 39-meter Michelson interferometers operated at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, which can reach length sensitivities better than 10^(-20)m/√Hz within the 1-10 MHz frequency range. The Holometer is fully operational with 130 of hours of science quality data obtained during the first observational campaign.
Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in HIV-infected patients.

Background:Clostridium difficile infection is a healthcare-associated infection resulting in significant morbidity. Although immunosuppression is associated with Clostridium difficile infection acq...
Techniques for Cytogenetic Analysis

This chapter is essentially a compilation of techniques for the preparation of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from a variety of starting materials. Section I deals with what I consider to be the ideal technique for karyotypic analysis: the preparation of mitotic chromosomes from cultured cells of fetal origin. Other sources of cells and other techniques are dealt with in Sections II through VI. Section VII discusses a variety of staining and banding techniques, and Section IX contains reference karyotypes from several species. Section X contains discussion of the various reagents and equipment referred to throughout the chapter, with information on how they may be made or obtained.