cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feedback Linearization of Discrete-Time Systems

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a nonlinear discrete-time system to be feedback equivalent to a controllable linear system. Some preliminary work on the effects of sampling on feedback linearizability is reported.
Chapter 11 – Open 12-Vertex and Supra-Icosahedral Carboranes

The open-cage C2B10 mono- and dianions mentioned in Chapter 10 are discussed in greater detail, and the formation of carbon-bridged 12-vertex clusters is described. The synthesis of nido-C4B8 cages via facile metal-promoted oxidative fusion of 2,3-R2C2B4H42− (R = alkyl, aryl, or silyl) ligands is discussed, and the unusual structures and fluxional behavior of R4C4B8H8 clusters are correlated with the choice of R groups. The reactivity of the R4C4B8H8 systems, including their reduction to mono- and dianions, conversion to neutral arachno-C4B8 clusters, deboronation, and generation of metallacarboranes, is outlined. The synthesis of arachno-C6B6 carboranes and of the first characterized supra-icosahedral 13-vertex C2B11 and 14-vertex C2B12 clusters is described together with supporting structural studies.
A Practical Pre-Operative Predictive Model for Determining Hamstring Autograft Size for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Children and Adolescents:

Background:The most commonly used graft for pediatric/adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the hamstring autograft. Recent evidence has suggested that graft sizes less than...
Parent, partner and individual contexts of very early first sex experiences among young men and their links to subsequent reproductive health outcomes.

Research indicates that upwards to 30% of US urban Black male adolescents report first sex younger than age 13; however, there is limited literature on the sexual and reproductive health outcomes a...
Classifying Wikipedia Article Quality With Revision History Networks

We present a novel model for classifying the quality of Wikipedia articles based on structural properties of a network representation of the article's revision history. We create revision history networks (an adaptation of Keegan et. al's article trajectory networks [7]), where nodes correspond to individual editors of an article, and edges join the authors of consecutive revisions. Using descriptive statistics generated from these networks, along with general properties like the number of edits and article size, we predict which of six quality classes (Start, Stub, C-Class, B-Class, Good, Featured) articles belong to, attaining a classification accuracy of 49.35% on a stratified sample of articles. These results suggest that structures of collaboration underlying the creation of articles, and not just the content of the article, should be considered for accurate quality classification.
Queues with Updating Information: Finding the Amplitude of Oscillations.

Many service systems provide customers with information about the system so that customers can make an informed decision about whether to join or not. Many of these systems provide information in the form of an update. Thus, the information about the system is updated periodically in increments of size $\Delta$. It is known that these updates can cause oscillations in the resulting dynamics. However, it is an open problem to explicitly characterize the size of these oscillations when they occur. In this paper, we solve this open problem and show how to exactly calculate the amplitude of these oscillations via a fixed point equation. We also calculate closed form approximations via Taylor expansions of the fixed point equation and show that these approximations are very accurate, especially when $\Delta$ is large. Our analysis provides new insight for systems that use updates as a way of disseminating information to customers.
Comparing Functors to Complete Segal Spaces

In the various comparisons we have made, we have actually overdetermined the relationships between the model categories, in that we have more Quillen equivalences than we need to show that all the models for (∞, 1)-categories are equivalent. We could ask, then, whether certain diagrams of Quillen equivalences commute even up to homotopy. For example, given a (fibrant) simplicial category, we can obtain a complete Segal space in two different ways: by applying the simplicial nerve to get a Segal category, then taking a fibrant replacement in CSS; or by applying the coherent nerve functor to obtain a quasi-category and then extending to get a complete Segal space. In addition, we have another functor which is not given by one of the Quillen equivalences at all. If we take the simplicial nerve of a simplicial category, it is a Segal space (up to Reedy fibrant replacement), and hence we can apply the completion functor of Definition 5.5.7 to get a complete Segal space.We would like to compare the output of this functor to what we get from the chains of Quillen functors. The advantage of this procedure, while not part of a Quillen equivalence, is that it enables us to give an up-to-homotopy characterization of the resulting complete Segal space. Lastly, if we begin with a model category, we have a number of ways to obtain a complete Segal space. We can take its simplicial localization to get a simplicial category and then apply one of the methods given above. However, we can also take the classification diagram, as described in Definition 8.3.1, to get a complete Segal space directly, at least up to Reedy fibrant replacement. Once again, we want to know that these methods result in weakly equivalent complete Segal spaces. Understanding these relationships is the subject of this chapter. Classifying and Classification Diagrams Recall the classifying diagram construction, which associates to any small category C a complete Segal space N C, from Definition 3.3.1. We saw that the classifying diagram of a category can be regarded as a more refined version of the nerve. Now that we have given a rigorous definition of complete Segal space, we can state the following result.
Mother Tongues and Nations: The Invention of the Native Speaker

This monograph examines the ideological legacy of the the apparently innocent kinship metaphors of "mother tongue" and "native speaker" by historicizing their linguistic development. It shows how the early nation states constructed the ideology of ethnolinguistic nationalism, a composite of national language, identity, geography, and race. This ideology invented myths of congenital communities that configured the national language in a symbiotic matrix between body and physical environment and as the ethnic and corporeal ownership of national identity and local organic nature. These ethno-nationalist gestures informed the philology of the early modern era and generated arboreal and genealogical models of language, culminating most divisively in the race conscious discourse of the Indo-European hypothesis of the 19th century. The philosophical theories of organicism also contributed to these ideologies. The fundamentally nationalist conflation of race and language was and is the catalyst for subsequent permutations of ethnolinguistic discrimination, which continue today. Scholarship should scrutinize the tendency to overextend biological metaphors in the study of language, as these can encourage, however surreptitiously, genetic and racial impressions of language.
An advanced teleoperator control system: design and evaluation

The design goal of an advanced teleoperator control system is twofold: (1) to allow the operator's manual control to be robust to system nonlinearities such as time delays and operator's control errors, and (2) to support the high performance of teleoperation while reducing the operator's control burden by providing the master and slave arms with desirable dynamic properties and by allowing the slave arm to automatically perform such control tasks as compliance and force control in the form of task sharing. The authors present a novel teleoperator control system achieving the above design goal by taking the following into consideration: the human dynamics involved in generating control command based on visual and force feedback is modeled and incorporated into the controller design and evaluation: the dynamic characteristics of slave and master arms are actively modified in such a way as to implement the desirable dynamic characteristics; and the force feedback is redefined in terms of the combination of opposition and force discrepancies in order to establish the required man/machine dynamic coordination under shared control. The proposed control system with human dynamics in the control loop is simulated and compared with a number of conventional methods in the presence of human control errors and time delays. >
Jak3 and the pathogenesis of severe combined immunodeficiency.

By the early 1990’s it had become abundantly clear that protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) were critical elements in growth and regulation of virtually all cell types. Impressed by the emerging importance of PTK in lymphocyte activation, it seemed likely that there might be a panoply of lymphoid-specific PTK that presumably would have critical functions in regulating immune responses. We thought it would be a good idea to try to get our hands on some of our own lymphoid-expressed kinases to study. Andrew Wilks’ PCR-based strategy for identifying novel PTK’s looked like an outstanding approach; Wilks, of course, had identified Jak1 and Jak2 using this method (1–4). At this point however, this was not what made an impression on us — who knew what these Jaks were anyway. The importance to us was that this was a rapid way of getting some kinases in hand.
Diversity of the transient outward potassium current in somata of identified molluscan neurons

We have undertaken a quantitative study of the differences in the properties of the fast transient outward current (A-current) between identified neurons of 2 species of nudibranch mollusc. Somata from identifiable neurons of Archidoris montereyensis and Anisodoris nobilis were isolated and voltage-clamped with a 2-microelectrode voltage clamp at 11 degrees C. We examined diversity in the expression of the time- and voltage-dependent properties of A-current by measuring the following parameters: (1) current magnitude, (2) current density, (3) inactivation kinetics, (4) the voltage dependence of steady-state activation and inactivation. We first characterized A-current in each cell type by measuring these parameters for each identified neuron in a series of animals of a given species. The results of these measurements were used to describe the A-current properties of an identified neuron in terms of a mean and SD. The SD measured diversity within the animal population for any given cell type, while the mean values could be compared to measure diversity in the expression of A-current between identified neurons. When we compared mean values for A-current properties between identified neurons of a given species, we did not detect statistically significant differences in the steady-state voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. However, there were statistically significant differences in peak A-current magnitude, density, and inactivation kinetics between identified neurons. We examined differences between the species by comparing the A-current properties of homologous neurons. The major difference between the species was that outward current magnitude and density were significantly greater in Anisodoris than in Archidoris. We conclude that the magnitude and density of A-current differ between identified nudibranch neurons. The neurons also differentially express A-current inactivation kinetics in a cell-specific manner.
Surgical treatment of transcapsular rupture of kidney

Abstract 1. 1. Treatment of a severely ruptured kidney became rational only after surgery of the organ was generally practiced. 2. 2. Although transcapsular rupture of the kidney is not uncommon, few surgeons are called to handle a large series of cases; yet any surgeon may treat a case. 3. 3. The common symptoms are shock, pain, hematuria, muscular rigidity, tympanites, nausea, vomiting and hematoma. 4. 4. Shock is of two types. The immediate is a dilatation of the vascular bed associated with slow pulse, lowered blood pressure, diaphoresis and subnormal temperature. It is relieved by adrenalin hypodermically and hypodermoclysis of normal saline. Delayed shock is usually due to hemorrhage and it yields best to blood transfusion. 5. 5. Four cases of transcapsular rupture of the kidney are presented, 2 of the subparietal type, and 2 gunshot wounds involving the peritoneum and liver. 6. 6. Urography, direct or intravenous, is indicated where practicable. Intravenous urography was employed in the 2 subparietal cases with satisfactory results. 7. 7. Treatment of transcapsular rupture of the kidney is: (a) expectant, and (b) surgical, as repair and removal. 8. 8. Surgical treatment was instituted in each case, resulting in nephrectomy in 3 cases and repair in one, with complete recovery in all.
Natural genetic variation in whole‐genome expression in Arabidopsis thaliana: the impact of physiological QTL introgression

A long-standing and fundamental question in biology is how genes influence complex phenotypes. Combining near-isogenic line mapping with genome expression profiling offers a unique opportunity for exploring the functional relationship between genotype and phenotype and for generating candidate genes for future study. We used a wholegenome microarray produced with ink-jet technology to measure the relative expression level of over 21 500 genes from an Arabidopsis thaliana near-isogenic line (NIL) and its recurrent parent. The NIL material contained two introgressions (bottom of chromosome II and top of chromosome III) of the Cvi-1 ecotype in a L er -2 ecotype genome background. Each introgression ‘captures’ a Cvi allele of a physiological quantitative trait loci (QTL) that our previous studies have shown increases transpiration and reduces water-use efficiency at the whole-plant level. We used a mixed model anova framework for assessing sources of expression variability and for evaluating statistical significance in our array experiment. We discovered 25 differentially expressed genes in the introgression at a false-discovery rate (FDR) cut-off of 0.20 and identified new candidate genes for both QTL regions. Several differentially expressed genes were confirmed with QRT–PCR (quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction) assays. In contrast, we found no statistically significant differentially expressed genes outside of the QTL introgressions after controlling for multiple tests. We discuss these results in the context of candidate genes, cloning QTL, and phenotypic evolution.
Is Cinderella Mathematically Literate

(1996). Is Cinderella Mathematically Literate? The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 44-47.
Developing an Instrument To Measure Computer Literacy.

AbstractAlthough computer literacy is critical to functioning in today’s society, there has been little effort to develop and test adequate measures of this construct. “In point of fact, most of our measures are only measures because someone says that they are, not because they have been shown to satisfy standard measurement criteria” (Jacoby, 1978, p. 87). This study is an attempt to develop such a measurement instrument for computer literacy. The reliability and validity of an objective computer literacy measurement instrument are assessed using longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Longitudinal data have been collected from this instrument over a five-year period. In addition, results of the instrument are compared to results of another, more subjective computer literacy measurement instrument for which adequate measurement properties have been demonstrated in prior research.
COMBINATION THERAPY FOR FOOTPAD LESIONS IN A CAPTIVE BENGAL TIGER (PANTHERA TIGRIS TIGRIS)

A captive adult male Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was treated for chronic footpad ulcers associated with pacing on concrete cage surfaces. Combination therapy of oral fluoxetine and acepromazine administration to diminate pacing behavior, daily application of moisturizing ointment, and oral vitamin E supplementation resulted in complete resolution of all footpad lesions. Subsequent clinical episodes completely resolved with similar treatments.
No gender‐specific differences in mechanical efficiency during arm or leg exercise relative to ventilatory threshold

The purpose of this study was to determine economy and mechanical efficiency in men and women during both arm cranking (AC) and leg cycling (LC) at 70%, 85%, 100%, and 115% of mode-specific ventilatory threshold (T(vent)). Recreationally active men (n=9) and women (n=9) with similar values for %VO2peak at T(vent) served as subjects. All subjects performed 5 min of exercise at each intensity of 70%, 85%, 100%, and 115% of T(vent) for both AC and LC. Economy was expressed as W/L/min. Gross efficiency (GE) was determined as the ratio of work accomplished to total energy expended (%). Delta efficiency (DE) was determined as the ratio of delta work accomplished to delta energy expended (%). Economy and efficiency during LC were greater than during AC in men and women. During AC or LC exercise, no sex differences were found in either economy (P=0.93 for AC, 0.98 for LC), GE (P=0.88 for AC, 0.75 for LC), or DE (P=0.57 for AC, 0.51 for LC). These findings indicate that men and women show similar economy and efficiency during both AC and LC exercise when subjects have similar %VO2peak at Tvent.
NMR of the Enaminones

Abstract: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has advanced as an important tool in support of several studies of pharmacological interest. In this chapter, the following sections are discussed: the history of NMR spectroscopy, the enaminone derivatives and their NMR, the use of molecular modeling techniques as an adjunct to NMR analysis, and a newer class of compounds, the sulfonamide enaminones and their intermolecular forces determined via NMR and X-ray crystallography. The history of NMR spectroscopy details the field of NMR, its origin, and utilization in the area of structure identification. The section on NMR spectroscopy of the enaminones gives a detailed look into the use of NMR in the area of analyzing various enaminone analogs, including our library of anticonvulsant enaminones. Examples of enaminones and NMR include the work of Zhou in noting the correlation between the 17O (which has natural abundance) chemical shifts of the carbonyl atom and the 1H chemical shifts. Our work on enaminones analogs was complemented by NMR spectroscopy with examples of how reactions were determined by NMR analyses. The section on molecular modeling aspects as an adjunct to the NMR field explains how the use of Gaussian 03 performs suitable functions in determining the final structure and gives reason to why some compounds in a series are more potent than others. The final section illustrates the newer sulfonamido enaminones now being researched as potential anticonvulsant agents and how their pharmacological profile (having 6 Hz ‘psychomotor’ activity) differs from the previously investigated anticonvulsant enaminone derivatives.
Glucose metabolism in the hypothermic perfused rat heart.

Abstract Although hypothermic whole organ perfusion is widely used in attempts to preserve organs for transplantation and to preserve the myocardium during cardiac surgery, little is known about substrate metabolism during hypothermia. A knowledge of metabolism utilization during hypothermic whole organ perfusion might allow optimal substrate choice for preservation of energy stores and functional capacity. Separate groups of hearts from fed rats were perfused 30 minutes with Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 5mM glucose-U-14C, at 37°, 25°, 20°, 15° and 10°C. From 37° to 15°C, heart rate decreased 90% and coronary flow decreased 25%. Glucose uptake decreased 5 fold from 37° to 10°C while 14CO2 and lactate production decreased 50 fold and 28 fold, respectively. Myocardial glycogen was stable until 10°C at which point increased glycogenolysis occured. The incorporation of 14C in glycogen was stable at 37°, 30° and 25° but decreased progressively with lower temperatures. The percent recovery of glucose as 14CO2, lactate and 14C in glycogen decreased from 73% at 37° at 10°C. Our studies indicate that metabolism of glucose is greatly reduced but significant above 15°C.
Analysis and Suppression of DNA Polymerase Pauses Associated with a Trinucleotide Consensus

We have studied a novel class of DNA sequences that cause DNA polymerases to pause. These sequences have the central consensus Py-G-C and are not necessarily adjacent to hairpins in the DNA template. Since most consensus sequences do not cause pauses under standard conditions, additional template features must exist that make it difficult to incorporate nucleotides at these positions. We believe that these pauses result from constraints that make the conformation change involved in nucleotide selection more difficult. These pauses can obscure parts of DNA sequencing ladders and prevent DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. The addition of betaine, and some related compounds, relieves these pauses.
Human very-low-density lipoprotein receptor complementary DNA and deduced amino acid sequence and localization of its gene (VLDLR) to chromosome band 9p24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization

A complementary DNA for the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) that codes for a protein of 873 amino acids was cloned from a human heart cDNA library. The mature protein of 846 amino acids, preceded by a 27-residue signal peptide, shares 97% amino acid sequence identity with the rabbit VLDLR. Like the low-density lipoprotein receptor, the VLDLR contains five different domains, all of which are highly conserved between human and rabbit. A tetrapeptide NPVY that potentially serves as a signal for clustering of the VLDLR on coated pits is present in the cytoplasmic domain, which is 100% conserved between human and rabbit. We localized the VLDLR gene to chromosome 9p24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization using the cloned cDNA as hybridization probe. The high amino acid sequence homology of the VLDLR between two mammalian species suggests that the receptor plays a fundamental role in lipoprotein metabolism and that energy metabolism mediated by triglyceride utilization may be an evolutionarily highly conserved mechanism.
Dynamics and stability of plane trusses with gusset plates

Abstract The effect of gusset plates on free and forced vibration and stability analyses of plane trusses is investigated. The gusset plates are considered to be finite joints possessing mass and rotational flexibility. The bars of the truss are assumed to be elastic Bernoulli-Euler beams with distributed mass. Axial deformation of the bars and the effect of a constant axial force on the bending stiffness are taken into account. On the basis of these assumptions element stiffness matrices are constructed and presented in detail. The general formulation and solution of stability and free and forced vibration problems of trusses is discussed. Examples are presented in detail which demonstrate the effect of the gusset plates on the behavior of trusses under static or dynamic loads.
Ethanol potentiates the mitogenic effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate by a zinc- and calcium-dependent mechanism in fibroblasts.

Abstract In mouse embryo NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, ethanol (60–80 mM) was found to enhance the stimulatory effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Well-detectable potentiating effects of ethanol on S1P-induced mitogenesis required the presence of calcium (>1 mM) and zinc (20–40 μM) in the incubation medium. The amphibian tetrapeptide bombesin, which is known to mobilize intracellular calcium in fibroblasts, had no effect alone, but it approximately doubled the combined stimulatory effects of ethanol and S1P on DNA synthesis. The synergistic mitogenic effects of ethanol and S1P were also slightly enhanced, rather than inhibited, by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (5 mM). Of the various growth regulatory enzymes examined, ethanol detectably enhanced the stimulatory effects of S1P on the phosphosphorylation (activation) of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, but not of p38 MAP kinase. Cotreatment of fibroblasts with ethanol for 10 min also enhanced the stimulatory effects of S1P on the activities of c-Raf-1 kinase and p70 S6 kinase, but neither S1P nor ethanol had effects on phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and Akt/PKB kinase activities. Ethanol-plus-S1P-induced DNA synthesis was partially inhibited by both PD 98059 (50 μM) and rapamycin (10 nM), inhibitors of p42/p44 MAP kinase kinase and mTOR/p70 S6 kinases, respectively. The results indicate that in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, ethanol can enhance the mitogenic effects of S1P by a zinc- and calcium-dependent mechanism involving both the rapamycin-sensitive p70 S6 kinase-dependent and the c-Raf-1/MAP kinase-dependent growth regulatory pathways.
Cell-based Therapies: Current Issues and Future Directions

This article focuses on current issues facing cell-based therapies in equine practice and future studies validating the use of stem cells and related biologic therapies for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions in the horse. Issues raised include the characterization and use of tissue- and anatomic location-specific mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sources, the putative advantages and feasibility of allogeneic embryonic stem cell and MSC products, the technical advantages and performance of cell-based biologic agents that do not require extensive ex vivo manipulation, the regulation of MSC homing, potential nonorthopaedic stem cell applications, and the logistics required to demonstrate cell-based therapy efficacy in horses.
IUE observations of globular clusters and blue horizontal branch stars

Abstract This paper presents a review of ultraviolet photometry and spectroscopy of globular clusters and blue horizontal branch stars. Current observations with IUE are placed within the framework of earlier photometric studies carried out by OAO and ANS. In order to provide basic information on the nature of the horizontal branch star, whose light dominates in the ultraviolet, observations of field horizontal branch stars as well as individual stars in globular clusters are discussed. Finally the IUE observations of globular clusters in the Magellanic Clouds are examined, since they provide a sequence spanning the age range from 7 × 106 years to 1010 years.
The importance of comorbidity in HIV-infected patients over 55: A retrospective case-control study

Purpose To study the impact of comorbidity on the course of HIV disease in older patients as compared to a matched cohort of younger patients. Methods In a retrospective case-control study, we compared 43 HIV-infected patients >55 years old to a randomly selected cohort of 86 patients 45 years old, matched by date of HIV diagnosis. We collected data on non-HIV-related morbidity (as assessed by the Charlson comorbidity index), initiator of HIV testing, HIV stage at time of HIV diagnosis (TOHD), AIDS defining diagnoses, AIDS-related illnesses (ARI), observed AIDS-free interval, survival, and frequency of HIV-related and unrelated hospitalizations. Results The older cohort was more likely to have had HIV testing initiated by a health care provider (36 of 36 versus 50 of 66, P = 0.003), and to have acquired HIV from a transfusion (5 of 43 versus 0 of 86, P = 0.001), had lower CD4 cell counts at TOHD (205 versus 429, P = 0.02), a shorter observed AIDS-free interval (24.0 versus 52.8 months, P = 0.0002) and a shorter survival (28.2 versus 58.9 months, P = 0.0002). The older cohort had more HIV-related (13.4 versus 9.2 per 100 patient-months, P = 0.024) and non-HIV-related hospitalizations (12.9 versus 8.1 per 100 patient-months, P = 0.0001). The comorbidity index was significantly higher in the older cohort (0.907 versus 0.198, P = 0.0001) and was a strong predictor of mortality, independent of age group (risk ratio=1.38 per comorbidity point, P = 0.0003). Conclusions Older HIV-infected patients presented with more advanced disease, which may have been due to lack of HIV awareness in this population. Older patients had a shorter observed AIDS-free interval and shorter survival. In addition, they had more HIV- and non-HIV-related comorbidity. The more rapid course and decreased survival in the elderly may be related to the increase in comorbidity.
Tattoos, piercings, and sexual activity

In this study, I examined the correlation between having a tattoo and/or body piercing and the time at which sexual activity began. Data were gathered from a convenience sample of 2,080 students, who were recruited by approaching them on the campuses of public universities in France. Tattooed and/or pierced students reported earlier experiences of sexual intercourse than did nonpierced and nontattooed students. This effect was found with both males and females, and was reinforced when respondents had both piercings and tattoos.
A Linear Spine Calculus

Abstract : We present the spine calculus S(approaches -o&T) as an efficient representation for the linear lambda-calculus lambda(approaches -o&T) which includes intuitionistic functions (approach) Tau linear functions (-o)Tau additive pairing (&Tau) and additive unit (T). S(approaches -o&T) enhances the representation of Church's simply typed lamda-calculus as abstract Bolum trees by enforcing extensionality and by incorporating linear constructs. This approach permits procedures such as unification to retain the efficient head access that characterizes first-order term languages without the overhead of performing n-conversions at run time. Potential applications lie in proof search(Tau) logic programming(Tau) and logical frameworks based on linear type theories. We define the spine calculus(Tau) give translations of lambda(approaches -o&T) into S(approaches -o&T) and vice-versa(Tau) prove their soundness and completeness with respect to typing and reduction(Tau) and shows that the spine calculus is strongly normalizing and admits unique canonical forms.
Communication systems and social systems. A statistical exploration in history and policy

Heretofore communication systems have evolved and adapted themselves to the development and growth of the social system. In this article the relationships between four factors important in such development and growth are discussed. It is pointed out that some societies, over-zealous to attain modernization, may attempt radical departure from these historical relationships with resultant imbalances and possible breakdowns in the social system.
Improving preservice teacher assessment through on‐campus laboratory experiences

A UNDENIABLE assumption underlying the educational reform movement of the past 10 years is that the school achievement of American children can be enhanced through better teaching. A related assumption, not so undeniable, is that improved teaching will follow from increased and more rigorous testing of practicing teachers and teachers in preparation. Most states have accepted the second assumption and have initiated teacher testing. So have colleges of education (“Survey Shows Rise,” 1990). While giving preservice or inservice teachers more or tougher tests may seem to be a logical idea, a more promising one may be to devise and use different kinds of tests. Our thesis here is that while formal testing of preservice teachers has such a high profile, we would be well advised to provide them with multiple forms of on-campus laboratory experiences whereby they would be engaged in job-related tasks. Performance on these tasks could be assessed at multiple points and for various uses, including admission, retention, and graduation.
Using NLP for Machine Learning of User Profiles

As more information becomes available electronically, tools for finding information of interest to users becomes increasingly important. The goal of the research described here is to build a system for generating comprehensible user profiles that accurately capture user interest with minimum user interaction, The research focuses on the importance of a suitable generalization hierarchy and representation for learning profiles which are predictively accurate and comprehensible. In our experiments we evaluated both traditional features based on weighted term vectors as well as subject features corresponding to categories which could be drawn from a thesaurus. Our experiments, conducted in the context of a content-based profiling system for on-line newspapers on the World Wide Web the IDD News Browser, demonstrate the importance of a generalization hierarchy and the promise of combining natural language processing techniques with machine learning ML to address an information retrieval IR problem.
Designing van der Waals Forces between Nanocolloids

van der Waals (VDW) dispersion forces are often calculated between colloidal particles by combining the Dzyaloshinskii-Lifshitz-Pitaevskii (DLP) theory with the Derjaguin approximation; however, several limitations prevent using this method for nanocolloids. Here we use the Axilrod-Teller-Muto 3-body formulation to predict VDW forces between spherical, cubic, and core−shell nanoparticles in a vacuum. Results suggest heuristics for “designing” nanocolloids to have improved stability.
Conformationally sensitive residues in extracellular loop 5 of the Na+/dicarboxylate Co-transporter

The Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter, NaDC-1, from the kidney and small intestine, transports three sodium ions together with one divalent anion substrate, such as succinate2-. A previous study (Pajor, A. M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 29961-29968), identified four amino acids, Ser-478, Ala-480, Ala-481, and Thr-482, near the extracellular end of transmembrane helix (TM) 9 that are likely to form part of the permeation pathway of the transporter. All four cysteine-substituted mutants were sensitive to inhibition by the membrane-impermeant reagent [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl]-methanethiosulfonate (MTSET) and protected by substrate. In the present study, we continued the cysteine scan through extracellular loop 5 and TM10, from Thr-483 to Val-528. Most cysteine substitutions were well tolerated, although cysteine mutations of some residues, particularly within the TM, produced proteins that were not expressed on the plasma membrane. Six residues in the extracellular loop (Thr-483, Thr-484, Leu-485, Leu-487, Ile-489, and Met-493) were sensitive to chemical labeling by MTSET, depending on the conformational state of the protein. Transport inhibition by MTSET could be prevented by substrate regardless of temperature, suggesting that the likely mechanism of substrate protection is steric hindrance rather than large-scale conformational changes associated with translocation. We conclude that extracellular loop 5 in NaDC-1 appears to have a functional role, and it is likely to be located in or near the substrate translocation pore in the protein. Conformational changes in the protein affect the accessibility of the residues in extracellular loop 5 and provide further evidence of large-scale changes in the structure of NaDC-1 during the transport cycle.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS. V. GROWTH AND ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION BY CALLUS CULTURES OF DIMORPHOTHECA

Effects of five homologous series of amphoteric, anionic, and nonionic surfactants on growth and anthocyanin production by callus cultures of Dimorphotheca sinuata were examined. The phytotoxicity of amphoteric sulfobetaines increased with alkyl chain length and reached a plateau at 14 to 16 carbon atoms. In the case of the anionic sodium alkyl sulfates, the dodecyl derivative caused the greatest inhibition. Higher molecular weight ionic detergents were less toxic, probably due to their high Krafft temperatures and concomitant reduced solubility. The nonionic higher alcohol ethoxylates were generally less inhibitory than the ionic detergents and had little or no effect below their critical micelle concentrations. Fresh weights of tissues and anthocyanin production by Dimorphotheca callus cultures declined with increasing surfactant concentrations. IONIC AND NONIONIC surface active agents (surfactants) are used widely as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, spreaders, as solubilizers and in chromatography. Yet, only limited information is available relating their chemical structures and solution properties with phytotoxic effects. Therefore a series of homologous surfactants representing amphoterics, anionics, and nonionics, varying in molecular weights, the length of lipophilic and hydrophilic radicals as well as the balance between them, were prepared and screened. In previous work we established toxicity trends of this series on Hydra attenuata (Bode, Ernst and Arditti, 1978), and HeLa cells (Ernst and Arditti, 1980), as well as the effects of these surfactants on purified /3-fructofuranosidase
Eradicating group A streptococcus bacteria and biofilms using functionalised multi-wall carbon nanotubes

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate that multi-wall carbon nanotubes can be functionalised with antibodies to group A streptoccocus (GAS) for targeted photothermal ablation of planktonic and biofilm residing bacteria.Materials and methods: Antibodies for GAS were covalently attached to carboxylated multi-wall carbon nanotubes and incubated with either planktonic or biofilm GAS. Bacterium was then exposed to 1.3 W/cm2 of 800 nm light for 10–120 s, and then serially diluted onto agar plates from which the number of colony forming units was determined. Photothermal ablation of GAS on the surface of full thickness ex vivo porcine skin and histological sectioning were done to examine damage in adjacent tissue.Results: Approximately 14% of the GAS antibody-functionalised nanotubes attached to the bacterium, and this amount was found to be capable of inducing photothermal ablation of GAS upon exposure to 1.3 W/cm2 of 800 nm light. Cell viability was not decreased upon exposure to nanotubes ...
Precision-Machined Optics For Reducing System Complexity

An important feature of the diamond-machining process is the ability to accomplish both high-precision machining and optical finishing on the same fixture and to like tolerances. Thus highly accurate mechanical relationships can be built into an optical component which, while increasing part and fixturing complexity, provide a much simpler overall system design It is this reduction in system complexity as it relates to system assembly and alignment, that provides the subject for this paper. Types of features that can be introduced, their typical accuracies and examples of their use will be presented.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Total ammonia nitrogen removal from aqueous solutions by the natural zeolite, mordenite: A laboratory test and experimental study

Abstract The effectiveness of two processed samples of New Zealand mordenite for possible use in removing total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in aquaculture application was studied. The percentage reduction in TAN concentration in 100-mL solutions held on a rotating shaker increased linearly with greater mordenite application rate, while the amount of TAN removed per gram of mordenite (adsorptive efficiency) declined. At a TAN concentration of 200 mg L − 1 , both mordenite samples had an adsorption efficiency of about 8.7 mg TAN g − 1 . Ammonia removal and adsorptive efficiency decreased with increasing salinity up to 30 g L − 1 . In aquarium tests with less vigorous mixing, mordenite at concentrations equivalent to 10 to 500 kg ha − 1 in ponds removed only 1 to 8% of TAN from water. Mordenite and other zeolites are not useful for removing TAN from ponds. The New Zealand mordenite was of good quality and like other zeolites could be used for other applications in aquaculture such as small, intensively-stocked transport and holding units for aquatic animals, water recirculating culture systems, and possibly as a feed additive.
Transoral 2.0-mm locking miniplate fixation of mandibular fractures plus 1 week of maxillomandibular fixation: a prospective study.

Purpose In this study, a 2.0-mm locking miniplate (LMP)/screw system was assessed in the treatment of mandibular fractures with a 1-week period of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). Patients and Methods Fifty mandibular fractures in 34 patients with a mean of 6.97 days of MMF were included in the study. The 2.0-mm LMPs were adapted along Champy’s line of ideal osteosynthesis and secured with four 8.0-mm locking monocortical screws. All patients were followed for a minimum of 6 weeks. The incidence of soft tissue infections, nonunion, malunion, malocclusion, osteomyelitis, nerve injury, and tooth damage was prospectively assessed. Results Primary bone healing was achieved in 98% of cases. Three complications (6%) were observed. Two minor complications of intraoral wound dehiscence and malocclusion were noted. A fibrous nonunion requiring 3 additional weeks of MMF was noted. No evidence of malunion, osteomyelitis, plate fracture, iatrogenic nerve injuries, or dental injuries was noted. Conclusions A single 2.0-mm LMP placed along Champy’s line of ideal osteosynthesis with four 8-mm monocortical locking screws plus 1 week of MMF fixation is a reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular fractures.
Investigation of electron transfer between hexaarylbiimidazole and visible sensitizer

Hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) is a widely used photopolymer photoinitiator (Structure I). 1,2 Triarylimidazolyl (lophyl = L) radicals recombine in the dark and form HABI reversibly. The L radical generated in the photodecomposition can interact with chain-transfer agents either by direct hydrogen abstraction or by electron transfer to produce an initiating species capable of being added to the monomer molecule 2,3 Because of the development of inexpensive visible and IR light sources, it is advantageous to develop materials sensitive in these spectral regions. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in producing L radicals with visible light excitation. It was observed that the polymerization processes may be initiated by a visible light excitation (λ > 480 nm) if certain visible absorption dyes such as JAW (Structure II) are added to the solution. 4–7
Effects of sizings on microscopic flow in resin transfer molding

Sizings significantly affect the processing and final performance characteristics of resin transfer molded (RTM) parts. Manufacturers often use sizings to enhance compatability between the resin and reinforcement and to assist processing. In particular, such coatings can affect the microscopic flow characteristics of resins during the infusion stages of the RTM process. To understand the mechanisms by which sizings affect preform wet-out and the extent of such effects, the influence of fiber sizings and fiber loadings on the flow of a vinyl-ester resin system, through axially aligned carbon fibers, have been measured. The results and analysis of the experiments reported herein form the basis for a phenomenological model that describes the effect of sizings on micro-flow in RTM. Furthermore, the work provides insight into the relationships among micro-flow, macro-flow, and preform infiltration. It is seen that sizings dramatically influence micro-impregnation and, for the flow configuration studied, radial micro-flow into fiber bundles was the rate limiting process for complete fiber bundle infusion.
Electrical conductance changes associated with interaction of viral antigen and its specific antiserum.

SummaryMeasurements of electrical conductance have been performed on varied mixtures of Echo 19 virus and its specific rabbit antiserum. A 6.9% decrease in conductance (increase in resistance) was observed in the vicinity of the antibody neutralization point as measured by viral growth inhibition, No such decrease in conductance was observed with mixtures of antiserum and ultraviolet irradiated inactive antigen.
Anomalous attenuation of transverse sound in 3He.

We present the first measurements of the attenuation of transverse sound in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}B$. We use fixed path length interferometry combined with the magnetoacoustic Faraday effect to vary the effective path length by a factor of 2, resulting in absolute values of the attenuation. We find that attenuation is significantly larger than expected from the theoretical dispersion relation, in contrast with the phase velocity of transverse sound. We suggest that the anomalous attenuation can be explained by surface Andreev bound states.
The Marketplace for New Caries Management Products: Dental Caries Detection and Caries Management by Risk Assessment

The number of new technologies emerging each year in the realm of dental caries management is growing at an exponential rate. Examining the patent literature, one can see that this growth rate will likely continue, with the outcome that dentistry will see an expanded growth in managing dental caries by risk assessment with medicinal therapeutic interventions. Restorative dentistry solutions, treating the results of dental caries, will continue to grow, while technologies to identify the caries process at its earliest stages will soon invade practices everywhere. The most interesting aspect of these changes will be how industry responds to the inexorable, yet slow change in dental professional demand for these new technologies, while trying to be the "first to market" within the various categories of this business opportunity. This paper will take a close look at how businesses with the core competence to be key players in this emerging growth category will assess the marketplace, and match up their business interests with the changing needs of the dental profession. The paper will also address the strategic planning and business processes that the dental industry will undertake to bring new technologies to market, and how these technologies will be positioned to health care professionals and consumers. The results of the key interactions between industry and the dental profession will determine the extent to which dental caries is managed as a disease, in addition to being managed by surgical restorative interventions.
6-Azauracil-Resistant Variants of Cultured Plant Cells Lack Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase Activity

6-Azauracil-resistant variants of Haplopappus gracilis (Nutt.) Gray and Datura innoxia Mill. lack activity of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, a pyrimidine salvage enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of uracil and 6-azauracil to uridine-5′-monophosphate and 6-azauridine-5′-monophosphate, respectively. Resistant cells are competent to take up uracil from their growth medium but do not convert it into a form that can be used for macromolecular synthesis. In extracts from resistant cells, orotate monophosphate decarboxylase, a target enzyme of 6-azauridine monophosphate, is fully sensitive to the phosphorylated analog. These results strongly suggest that uracil phosphoribosyltransferase is the major pathway of pyrimidine salvage in cells of these species and that loss of this enzyme activity confers on the variants resistance to 6-azauracil.
A Preliminary Neuroendocrine Study with Buspirone in Major Depression

We administered the serotonin-1a agonist buspirone (0.4 mg/kg orally) as a neuroendocrine challenge agent to a group of male patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 13) and a group of male healthy controls (n = 10). The primary hypothesis of the study was that the prolactin response to buspirone would be blunted in the depressed patients. The prolactin response was significantly lower in depressed patients than in controls. There was no significant relationship between placebo corrected-peak prolactin level and severity of depression or suicidality. There was a nonsignificant trend for the melancholic (n = 5) depressed patients to have a lower placebo corrected-peak prolactin level than nonmelancholic depressed patients (n = 8). Our findings support a role for the serotonin-la receptor in the etiology of MDD, specifically at the postsynaptic site.