cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a scale to measure denial levels of clients with actual or potential myocardial infarctions.

OBJECTIVE: To refine and test the Robinson Self-Appraisal Inventory-Form D (RSAI-Form D), a self-administered scale designed to measure denial in coronary clients. DESIGN: Exploratory research. SETTING: Two midwestern medical centers. SAMPLE: The sample was composed of 130 patients 75 years of age and younger with actual or potential myocardial infarction. MEASURES: Two instruments, the Demographic Data Form and the RSAI-Form D, were completed by the participants. RESULTS: Cronbach's coefficient alpha, factor analysis, t test, and stepwise multiple regression were used in the data analysis. A coefficient alpha for the 20-item scale was 0.80 for both Day 2 and Day 4. Day 2 and Day 4 oblique rotations revealed that items loaded on four factors but did not load on the same factors for both days: therefore, factors were identified for each day. There was a significant decrease in RSAI-Form D scores from the second to fourth hospitalized day (t = 5.83, p = 0.001). Two predictors, number of prior hospitalizations of chest pain, and whether or not the individual had sustained a myocardial infarction this admission (identified by stepwise multiple regression) explained 9.4% of the variance in the change in RSAI-Form D scores from Day 2 to Day 4 (F[2, 127] = 6.55, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the study did provide preliminary evidence that the RSAI-Form D is a reliable and valid inventory. Four aspects of denial were extracted, thus providing supportive evidence to the nurse that the use of single specific or global criteria does not provide sufficient data for assessing denial.
Collagenase production by primary cultures of rat uterine cells: Partial purification and characterization of the enzyme

Abstract A reproducible method has been developed to establish primary monolayer cultures of rat uterine cells which secrete the enzyme collagenase. The cells were derived from the uteri of rats on the fourth day of postpartum involution. Cells prepared from rat uteri in a variety of other physiologic states grew well but failed to secrete collagenase. The collagenase present in crude culture medium was in an inactive form which could be activated with trypsin. Partial purification of the latent enzyme was achieved by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose (pH 7.4) and on carboxymethyl-Sepharose (pH 6.0). These procedures resulted in a 900-fold purification with approximately 90% recovery of activity. After carboxymethyl-Sepharose chromatography a significant fraction of the collagenase appeared in an active form suggesting either an autoactivation or a dissociation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Attempts to demonstrate autoactivation, however, by incubating inactive enzyme at a variety of pH values or temperatures, by freeze-thawing, or incubation with mercurials failed to activate collagenase. Addition of samples of unbound protein from carboxymethyl chromatography to partially active collagenase preparations resulted in inhibition of the activity. This suggests that the appearance of active collagenase after carboxymethyl chromatography is the result of a separation of a nonmercurial dissociable inhibitor from active collagenase. Studies on the reaction products of the uterine cell collagenase revealed that crude preparations of the enzyme produced multiple cleavages in collagen which were similar to those observed with collagenase from cultured uterine explants. After DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, however, the collagenase fails to catalyze these extra cleavages. Thus, uterine collagenase itself appears able to attack the collagen molecule only at the TC 75 A locus, and further cleavages may be the result of another proteolytic activity present in impure enzyme preparations.
Genome Editing in Somatic Cells Using Zinc Finger Nucleases and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases

The sequencing of entire genomes along with advances in genomic engineering has ushered in exciting new opportunities for scientists to not only better understand biology but also enrich biology. Animal models are essential to the development of novel and effective methods for treating and diagnosing human disease. However, the inability to culture embryonic stem cells of many species and the low rate of spontaneous recombination hampers the ability to create these indispensable, genetically modified models. Over the last two decades, advances in genome editing have allowed manipulations that with few exceptions were previously only possible at the plasmid level. Several technologies have been used to make genomic modifications, but this chapter will focus primarily on the use of engineered endonucleases (EENs) and specifically on using zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) for genome editing in mammalian somatic cells. Nuclease-mediated genomic modification of somatic cells coupled with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provide a new approach for creating genetically modified animal models and allow for the direct comparison of mutations in an otherwise isogenic setting.
A Specific DSS for City Planners on a PC

Most primitive way of application development is to develop programs in accordance with each requirement. In the area of DSS (Decision Support System), there is a movement to build systems that will support different application within a single domain such as financial system. Some example of such product are EIS (of Boeing Computer Services Ltd.), EXPRESS (of Management Decision System Inc.), IFPS (of Execucom Inc.) and System_W (of Comshare).
Lessons Learned from Evaluating the Responses of Instrumented Buildings in the United States: The Effects of Supporting Building Characteristics on Floor Response Spectra

Floor spectra of many instrumented buildings are evaluated to identify and quantify influential parameters on the horizontal seismic responses of acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components (NS...
Effects of Touch, Voice, and Multimodal Input, and Task Load on Multiple-UAV Monitoring Performance During Simulated Manned-Unmanned Teaming in a Military Helicopter.

Objective:We evaluated three interface input methods for a simulated manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) supervisory control system designed for Air Mission Commanders (AMCs) in Black Hawk helicopters....
Serial Assessment of Coronary Flow Reserve by Rubidium-82 Positron Emission Tomography Predicts Mortality in Heart Transplant Recipients.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of serial assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) by rubidium Rb 82 (82Rb) positron emission tomography (PET) in heart transplantation (HT) patients. Background Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is a major determinant of late mortality in HT recipients. The long-term prognostic value of serial CFR quantification by PET imaging in HT patients is unknown. Methods A total of 89 patients with history of HT (71% men, 7.0 ± 5.7 years post-HT, age 57 ± 11 years) scheduled for dynamic rest and stress (dipyridamole) 82Rb PET between March 1, 2008 and July 31, 2009 (PET-1) were prospectively enrolled in a single-center study. PET myocardial perfusion studies were reprocessed using U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved software (Corridor 4DM, version 2017) for calculation of CFR. Follow-up PET (PET-2) imaging was performed in 69 patients at 1.9 ± 0.3 years following PET-1. Patients were categorized based on CFR values considering CFR ≤1.5 as low and CFR >1.5 as high CFR. Results Forty deaths occurred during the median follow-up time of 8.6 years. Low CFR at PET-1 was associated with a 2.77-fold increase in all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34 to 5.74; p = 0.004). CFR decreased over time in patients with follow-up imaging (PET-1: 2.11 ± 0.74 vs. PET-2: 1.81 ± 0.61; p = 0.003). Twenty-five patients were reclassified based on PET-1 and PET-2 (high to low CFR: n = 18, low to high CFR: n = 7). Overall survival was similar in patients reclassified from high to low as patients with low to low CFR, whereas patients reclassified from low to high had similar survival as patients with high to high CFR. In multivariate Cox regression of patients with PET-2, higher baseline CFR (hazard ratio [HR] for a 0.73 unit (one SD) increase: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.82) and reduction in CFR from PET-1 to PET-2 (HR for a 0.79 unit (one SD) decrease: 1.50 to 7.84) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Conclusions Serial assessment of CFR by 82Rb PET independently predicts long-term mortality in HT patients.
The influence of reconstruction choice and inclusion of radiation therapy on functional shoulder biomechanics in women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer

The functional implications of reconstructing the breast mound with a latissimus dorsi (LD) flap or placing an implant under the pectoralis major (PM) muscle is complicated by potential comorbidities from disinserting these muscles and adjuvant radiotherapy. We utilized novel robot-assisted measures of shoulder stiffness and strength to dissociate how breast reconstruction choice and inclusion of radiation therapy impact shoulder morbidity in post-mastectomy reconstruction patients. Shoulder strength and stiffness were collected from 10 irradiated LD flap breast reconstruction patients, 14 two-stage subpectoral implant reconstruction patients (subpectoral), and 10 irradiated deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap patients an average of 659 days post-reconstruction. Univariate ANOVAs examined surgical group differences in strength and stiffness. There were main effects of surgical group on vertical adduction, vertical abduction, and internal rotation strength. The LD flap group was significantly weaker than the subpectoral group in all measures and significantly weaker than the DIEP group during vertical adduction. There was also a main effect of surgical group on vertical adduction stiffness, where the LD group exhibited significantly reduced stiffness while producing vertical adduction torque. No significant differences between the subpectoral and DIEP groups existed for any measure of shoulder strength or stiffness. Disinsertion of the LD, not the disinsertion of the PM or radiotherapy, contributes to strength deficits following LD flap breast reconstructions. The combined disinsertion of the PM and LD compromises shoulder stability in the vertical plane. Shoulder function should be a focal point of the surgical decision-making process and postsurgical care.
UNIT 3.15 RNA Ligases

T4 RNA ligase 1 catalyzes the ATP-dependent covalent joining of single-stranded 5′-phosphoryl termini of DNA or RNA to single-stranded 3′-hydroxyl termini of DNA or RNA. T4 RNA ligase 2 also catalyzes the joining of a 3′-hydroxyl terminus of RNA to a 5′-phosphorylated RNA or DNA; unlike T4 RNA ligase 1, this enzyme prefers double-stranded substrates. A truncated form of T4 RNA ligase 2 requires a pre-adenylated substrate for ligation. This unit describes specific reaction conditions, as well as applications such as radioactive labeling of the 3′ termini of RNA, circularizing oligodeoxyribonucleotides and oligoribonucleotides, ligating oligomers and nicks, creating hybrid and chimeric DNA/RNA molecules, and miRNA cloning. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 84:3.15.1-3.15.4. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: RNA ligation; T4 RNA ligase; miRNA cloning
What's brought along and brought about: Negotiating writing practices in two high school classrooms

Abstract This article presents two studies of students and teachers negotiating writing practices in two high school English classrooms in the United States. Both studies draw on a sociocultural framework of understanding writing as a social practice involving distributed, mediated, and dialogic processes of invention. Each study presents a different approach to investigating how writing practices are negotiated and how writing is produced related to that negotiation. Across the two studies, findings illustrate how the written texts students produce are a result of negotiations among historical writing practices students bring along, the sanctioned writing practices the teacher is attempting to bring about, and a myriad of other possible related issues. Considered together, the findings of the two studies have implications for understanding student writing as a negotiated relationship among multiple writing practices, social interactions with peers and teachers, and objects and artifacts at work within the writing events.
Unique Presentation of an Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm With Rhabdomyolysis.

Objective This study reports the case of a 72 year old male who presented with rhabdomyolysis and a symptomatic juxtarenal inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA). He underwent open repair of his IAAA with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft using the transperitoneal approach. Results The patient's aneurysm had significant inflammation with a thick rind of friable tissue overlying the native aorta. He had no history of autoimmune disease to serve as a potential trigger of his symptomatic IAAA. Prior to his presentation, however, he did experience three months of myalgia, with a concomitant creatine kinase elevation to 20,000 U/L and gross haematuria. Conclusion It is proposed that rhabdomyolysis and its accompanying inflammatory state may serve as a trigger for IAAA.
Protein shapes at the core of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

A recent cryo-EM study has generated breakthrough insights into the molecular and structural bases of tau tangles from individuals who died of CTE.
Which Brief Is Best? Clarifying the Use of Three Brief Versions of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale

Emotion regulation is a fundamental affective process implicated in a range of clinically relevant phenomena such as mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, as well as self-harm and suicidality. Many self-report scales have been developed to measure this important construct, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS) is one of the most widely used. The DERS has extensive empirical support for its use, however, its long length impacts its utility and a briefer version is needed. Recently three brief versions of the DERS (DERS-16, DERS-SF, and DERS-18) were developed independently. Initial analyses of each of these measures found them to retain the excellent psychometric properties of the original DERS measure. However, it remains unclear which version is most ideally suited to briefly measure emotion regulation in clinical and research contexts. To clarify this point, the current study examined the existing brief DERS measures on internal reliability and concurrent validity indices in a large sample of undergraduate students (n = 1181). The reliability and validity of all three brief forms were found to be comparable. Additionally, if replicated, our results suggest that it may be useful for future research and clinical work to use brief versions that retain subscale scores (DERS-SF and DERS-18). Based on the results and the existing literature, we recommend that the emotion regulation field come to a consensus about which brief version to use for consistency and the ability to compare findings across studies.
Modular, tissue-specific, and biodegradable hydrogel cross-linkers for tissue engineering.

Synthetic hydrogels are investigated extensively in tissue engineering for their tunable physicochemical properties but are bioinert and lack the tissue-specific cues to produce appropriate biological responses. To introduce tissue-specific biochemical cues to these hydrogels, we have developed a modular hydrogel cross-linker, poly(glycolic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(glycolic acid)-di(but-2-yne-1,4-dithiol) (PdBT), that can be functionalized with small peptide-based cues and large macromolecular cues simply by mixing PdBT in water with the appropriate biomolecules at room temperature. Cartilage- and bone-specific PdBT macromers were generated by functionalization with a cartilage-associated hydrophobic N-cadherin peptide, a hydrophilic bone morphogenetic protein peptide, and a cartilage-derived glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate. These biofunctionalized PdBT macromers can spontaneously cross-link polymers such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) to produce rapidly cross-linking, highly swollen, cytocompatible, and hydrolytically degradable hydrogels suitable for mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation. These favorable properties, combined with PdBT’s modular design and ease of functionalization, establish strong potential for its usage in tissue engineering applications.
"Alcohol During Pregnancy? Nobody Does That Anymore": State Legislators' Use of Evidence in Making Policy on Alcohol Use in Pregnancy.

Objective:In recent years, U.S. states have passed many laws addressing alcohol use in pregnancy, despite limited evidence on the impact of such policies. This study explores how state legislators ...
Predictors of Systolic Heart Failure and Mortality Following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: a Single-Center Cohort.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors that may predict heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and associated mortality. Background HFrEF following OLT is a poorly understood phenomenon, reported in 3% to 7% of transplanted patients. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 176 consecutive patients who underwent OLT from 2010 to 2017. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associations between cardiovascular risk factors and perioperative variables with post-OLT HFrEF, defined as reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 10% and left ventricular ejection fraction less than or equal to 40% with acute heart failure symptoms. Multivariate cox proportional hazards regression (with inverse probability weighting by propensity scores) was used to evaluate effects of HFrEF on 1-year mortality. Results Of the176 patients, 14% developed HFrEF with a median of 5 days. History of heart failure (OR 10.99, 2.15–56.09; P = .04) and intraoperative transfusion of greater than 11 units of packed red blood cells (OR 3.377, 1.025–11.13; P = .045) were associated with increased incidence of HFrEF. Pre-transplant hemoglobin greater than 8.5 g/dL (OR 0.252, CI 0.0954- 0.665; P = .05) was protective against HFrEF. Thirty-three percent of HFrEF group died within 1 year (HR 7.36, 2.57–21.12; P Conclusions The incidence of acute HFrEF post-OLT is 14% and is associated with a 7-fold increase in 1-year mortality. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and stress-induced cardiomyopathy maybe the underlying mechanisms. Our study identified risk factors associated with post-OLT HFrEF and should provide additional guidance for risk stratification of patients undergoing OLT.
Analysis of endemic status of schistosomiasis in Gaoyou City from 1970 to 2009

OBJECTIVE To explore the changing rule of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Gaoyou City, so as to provide the evidences for schistosomiasis control in lake and marshland regions. METHODS The endemic data of schistosomiasis of Gaoyou City from 1970 to 2009 were collected to analyze the endemic patterns of schistosomiasis in different control stages comprehensively. RESULTS In the first years of infection control stage (1970-1975), transmission control stage (1976-1994) and transmission interruption stage (1995-2009), the prevalence rates of schistosomiasis were 4.20%, 0.80% and 0 in human and 3.00%, 0.51% and 0 in cattle respectively. In 1984, the positive rate of crowd stool tests fell to 0.04%, which was reduced by 99.05% compared with that in 1970. From 1970 to 1980, the positive rates of stool tests of people and livestock were positively correlated significantly (r = 0.67, P < 0.05). After 1985, no local infection patients or cattle were found. No schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails were found from 1970 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive control measures have been insisted in Gaoyou City in different prevention and control stages. Although the snail situation is undulate, the prevalence of schistosomiasis steadily declines and the interruption of transmission has achieved.
Drugs Affecting Blood Formation and Coagulability

Abstract This book is intended as a guide to help the clinician determine where a visual problem is a drug-induced ocular side effect. We continually review spontaneous case reports from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, the World Health Organization, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the world literature. We have attempted to classify a suspected adverse event with our impression to causality (i.e. certain, probable, unlikely, conditional/unclassified). This chapter discusses drugs affecting blood formation and coagulability including drugs used to treat deficiency anemias, anticoagulants, and blood substitutes.
Necrotising Fasciitis of Head and Neck in Infants

Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing soft tissue infection having high risk of morbidity and mortality. Though it is a common condition encounter in surgical practice for adults, it’s incidence in children are very low. In children also abdomen is the most common site for NF. It’s involvement in head and neck is extremely rare. Here we discuss the clinical features and management of three cases of NFs in head and neck region of infants and also look for the etiology, clinical presentation and management for same.
Towards high-temperature applications of aluminium alloys enabled by additive manufacturing

Research on powder-based additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys is rapidly increasing, and recent breakthroughs in printing of defect-free parts promise substantial movement beyond traditional ...
Complications following hysterectomy in women with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Abstract Background Limited data exist on complications following hysterectomy among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Objective The objective was to assess the frequencies of postoperative complications in women with IDD following hysterectomy. Methods The National Inpatient Sample from 2014 to 2017 was queried using codes from the International Classification of Disease 9th and 10th revisions to identify women over 15 years of age with a diagnosis of an IDD undergoing hysterectomy. Comparisons were made to women without IDD undergoing the same procedure. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine between group differences in the frequency of clinical post-surgical complications while adjusting for potential confounding variables. Results Of eligible women undergoing hysterectomy, 1,370 were identified as having IDD and 624,700 did not. Compared to controls, women with IDD were significantly younger (45 vs. 50 years, p Conclusions Women with IDD have increased odds having urinary and decubitus ulcer complications following hysterectomy, compared to women without IDD. These results inform surgical decision-making and anticipatory guidance for these women and their caregivers.
The Rise in Cortisol in Family Day Care: Associations With Aspects of Care Quality, Child Behavior, and Child Sex

This study examined the increase in salivary cortisol from midmorning to midafternoon in 151 children (3.0–4.5 years) in full-time home-based day care. Compared to cortisol levels at home, increases were noted in the majority of children (63%) at day care, with 40% classified as a stress response. Observations at day care revealed that intrusive, overcontrolling care was associated with the cortisol rise. For girls, the cortisol rise was associated with anxious, vigilant behavior, while for boys the rise was associated with angry, aggressive behavior. Child behavior did not mediate or moderate relations between care quality and the cortisol rise, except for evidence that boys scoring low on angry, aggressive behavior were more sensitive to variations in warm, supportive care than boys scoring high on this behavior.
Minuet: rethinking concurrency control in storage area networks

Clustered applications in storage area networks (SANs), widely adopted in enterprise datacenters, have traditionally relied on distributed locking protocols to coordinate concurrent access to shared storage devices. We examine the semantics of traditional lock services for SAN environments and ask whether they are sufficient to guarantee data safety at the application level. We argue that a traditional lock service design that enforces strict mutual exclusion via a globally-consistent view of locking state is neither sufficient nor strictly necessary to ensure application-level correctness in the presence of asynchrony and failures. We also argue that in many cases, strongly-consistent locking imposes an additional and unnecessary constraint on application availability. Armed with these observations, we develop a set of novel concurrency control and recovery protocols for clustered SAN applications that achieve safety and liveness in the face of arbitrary asynchrony, crash failures, and network partitions. Finally, we present and evaluate Minuet- a new synchronization primitive based on these protocols that can serve as a foundational building block for safe and highly-available SAN applications.
Representing Transition Systems by Logic Programs

This paper continues the line of research on representing actions, on the automation of commonsense reasoning and on planning that deals with causal theories and with action language C. We show here that many of the ideas developed in that work can be formulated in terms of logic programs under the answer set semantics, without mentioning causal theories. The translations from C into logic programming that we investigate serve as a basis for the use of systems for computing answer sets to reason about action domains described in C and to generate plans in such domains.
Pathway of L-mannose degradation in Aerobacter aerogenes.

Abstract A mutant strain of Aerobacter aerogenes PRL-R3 has been isolated which, unlike the parent strain, can grow readily on the unnatural hexoses l-mannose or l-fructose as a sole carbon source. The pathway by which l-mannose is degraded in this organism has been elucidated. An isomerase catalyzes the conversion of l-mannose to l-fructose, which is phosphorylated with adenosine 5'-triphosphate by a kinase to yield l-fructose 1-phosphate. l-Fructose 1-phosphate is cleaved by an aldolase to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate and l-glyceraldehyde. The two intermediates in the pathway, l-fructose and l-fructose 1-phosphate, have been isolated and characterized.
Examining Health Care Providers' Participation in Telemedicine System Design and Implementation

The study objective was to determine whether the extent of health care providers' participation in the design, development and implementation of a telemedicine system impacts their overall satisfaction with this system, their perception of patients' satisfaction and the frequency of system usage. Questionnaires were mailed to 156 telemedicine providers and 68 questionnaires were returned. User participation in system implementation was strongly correlated to health care providers' satisfaction with the telemedicine system (r=0.68, p<0.001) and the perceived patients' satisfaction with the system (r=0.72, p<0.001). The findings suggest that even if end-users cannot be included in the definition and physical design of the system, their active inclusion in the implementation stage can still lead to high levels of satisfaction and system usage.
A systematic review of supported standing programs

Objective: The routine clinical use of supported standing in hospital s, schools and homes currently exists. Questions arise as to the nature of the evidence used to justify this pra ctice. This systematic review investigated the available evidence underlying supported standing use based on the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) Levels of Evidence framework. Design: The database search included MEDLINE, CINAHL, GoogleScholar, HighWire Press, PEDro, Cochrane Library databas- es, and APTAs Hooked on Evidence from January 1980 to October 2009 for studies that included supported standing devices for individuals of all ages, with a neuromuscular diagnosis. We identified 112 unique studies from which 39 met the inclus ion criteria, 29 with adult and 10 with pediatric participants. In each group of studies were user and therapist survey responses in addition to results of clinical interventions. Results: The results are organized and reported by The International Classification of Function (ICF) framework in the followin g categories: b4: Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological, and respiratory systems; b5: Functions of the digestive, metabolic, and endocrine systems; b7: Neuromusculoskeletal and movement related functions; Combination of d4: Mobility, d8: Major life areas and Other activity and participation. The peer review journal studies mainly explored using supported standers for improving bone mineral density (BMD), cardiopulmonary function, muscle strength/function, and range of motion (ROM). The data were moderately strong for the use of supported standing for BMD increase, showed some support for decreasing hypertonicity (including spasticity) and impr oving ROM, and were inconclusive for other benefits of using s upported standers for children and adults with neuromuscular disorders. The addition of whole body vibration (WBV) to supported standing activities appeared a promising trend but empirical data were inconclusive. The survey data from physical therapists (PTs) and participant users attributed numerous improved outcomes to supported standing: ROM, bowel/bladder, psychological, hypertonicity and pressure relief/bedsores. BMD was not a reported benefit according to the user group. Conclusion: There exists a need for empirical mechanistic evidence to guide clinical supported standing programs across practice settings and with various-aged participants, particularl y when considering a life-span approach to practice.
A Taxing Woman: the Relationship of Feminist Scholarship to Tax

Part I of this Article explores possible definitions of feminist scholarship and the role of feminist theory in scholarship, using tax as an example. Part II examines the current usage of feminist tax articles and the effect of the feminist tax scholarship label. Part III discusses the value of feminist tax scholarship to tax and non-tax legal scholarship. The Article concludes that, despite confusion as to the exact definition, some tax articles are labeled “feminist tax scholarship.” This label can have both positive and negative effects on whether these articles are read and how they are perceived. Independent of the label, the true value of this scholarship lies in its ability to enrich both tax and non-tax scholarship. The feminist aspect deepens our understanding of tax by analyzing it from a nontraditional perspective; its tax aspect has the potential, little used as yet, to broaden other disciplines’ understanding of how tax issues affect their areas.
Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased sensitivity of serotonergic neurons to the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT

In order to explore the neurophysiology of nicotine withdrawal, we examined the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats undergoing withdrawal from chronic exposure to nicotine. Animals were exposed to nicotine (6 mg/kg per day base) via SC implanted osmotic minipumps. After 12 days the pumps were removed and the animals allowed to go through spontaneous withdrawal. Rats were anesthetized on various days of the procedure and the effect of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT on the single-unit activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus was examined. The sensitivity of serotonergic neurons to 8-OH-DPAT was not changed by the chronic administration of nicotine or saline; slightly increased on day 2 of withdrawal; significantly increased on days 3 and 4 of withdrawal; and no longer significantly increased by day 7 of withdrawal. These results indicate that serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus have an increased sensitivity to systemically administered 8-OH-DPAT in rats undergoing nicotine withdrawal and that the serotonergic system may play a role in the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
Film Structure and Conductometric Hydrogen-Gas-Sensing Characteristics of Ultrathin Platinum Films

The structure and hydrogen-induced conductometric response of thin nanoparticulate platinum films has been investigated. Platinum films with a nominal thickness of 35 A were deposited on silicon oxide and stabilized by thermal treatment in air at 673 K, resulting in an average platinum particle diameter of approximately 30 nm. These platinum films exhibited a positive temperature coefficient of resistance and resistance values intermediate between ultrathin and thick films. Exposure to ppm levels of hydrogen in the presence of 5% oxygen with nitrogen as the carrier gas caused decreases in electrical resistance. In the temperature range between 300 and 570 K, the relative response became more pronounced with increasing temperature, indicating that the response mechanism for hydrogen sensing is an activated process. In the temperature range of 370−470 K, the hydrogen concentration dependence of resistance changes can be divided into two nearly linear regimes. From 10 to 200 ppm of hydrogen, the response (ΔR...
MIT-MANUS: a workstation for manual therapy and training II

This paper presents some recent work on the development of a workstation for teaching and therapy in manual and manipulative skills. The experimental workstation, MANUS, as well as the overall concept are described. State-of-the-art aspects of the workstation under development are introduced.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS (PTS) WITH X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA (XLH). † 554

CARDIOVASCULAR (CV) ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS (PTS) WITH X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA (XLH). † 554
Evidence for the presence of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in cultured oligodendrocytes and LPS activated microglia.

Abstract The levels of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) were determined by HPLC in untreated or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated pure astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and microglial cultures derived from developing rat brain. Oligodendrocyte cultures expressed 1.52±0.12 nmol/μg protein of NAAG, whereas astrocyte cultures (0.04±0.08 nmol/μg protein) and untreated microglial cultures (0.05±0.09 nmol/μg protein) contained only trace amounts of the dipeptide. After stimulation of microglial cultures for 24 h with LPS, NAAG levels increased significantly to 0.37±0.12 SD nmol/μg protein. NAAG levels in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cultures remained unchanged after LPS treatment. The findings indicate that NAAG is localized to specific glial cell types. Further our results suggest that NAAG biosynthesis is induced in microglia, activated by specific stimuli.
Near-field characteristics of a turbulent coflowing jet

Author(s): Gladnick, PG; Enotiadis, AC; Larue, JC; Samuelsen, GS | Abstract: The near-field evolution of the velocity and concentration fields for an axisymmetric jet flow of CFC-12 issuing into a coannular jet flow of air is presented. Results based on measurements of the time resolved velocity (two components) and (separately) the concentration, obtained using laser anemometry and Rayleigh scattering systems, show that the transport of momentum and mass in the near field depends on the large scale structure which forms in the shear layer at the edge of the jet. The type of instability and hence the flow development is shown to depend primarily on the ratio of the coflow to jet velocity (m), density ratio, and the jet exit velocity profile. Specifically, for velocity ratios less than and greater than unity, the statistical properties of the velocity and concentration fields are compatible with the existence of an annular vortex ring with positive vorticity for m l 1 and negative vorticity for m g 1. For a velocity ratio equal to unity, the results are consistent with the presence of pairs of counter-rotating vortices that are typical of a wake flow. © 1990 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., All rights reserved.
Using New Brain Science to Address the Quarterdeck Dilemma

Marketing the Quarterdeck may be a matter of touching on the emotions of current and potential customers.
The effect of photogenerated carriers on the mean time delay for avalanche breakdown in p-n junctions

Abstract Avalanche breakdown in p-n junctions is preceded by a delay time between application of an overvoltage and the actual initiation of an avalanche discharge. The mean of this delay time has been studied as a function of photogeneration in p-n junction devices. Results agree well with McIntyre's theory of breakdown probability. The data further indicate that the probability of any given carrier initiating breakdown is independent of carrier concentration over the three orders of magnitude investigated.
Pharmacology in the new era of higher education: View from the USA

We are witnessing great changes in higher education in the USA, with profound implications for all of the biomedical sciences, including pharmacology. Higher education from 1950 to approximately 1980 witnessed expansion of scientific knowledge and expertise, increased numbers of health professional schools, more revenues for support of education and research, creation of new research institutes and growth of academic departments. We have now entered into a new era characterized by continuing expansion of knowledge, but with static or diminishing sizes and possibly numbers of schools and institutes, shrinkage of revenues, substitution of expertise and consolidation of departments. There have been many worthwhile scientific advances that should lead to new directions in education and research, but there are few resources available for supporting these new educational and research ventures. This article by Thomas Burks is adapted from the annual Croker Lecture, which was delivered at the 1994 meeting of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
Toxicity of and metals in coal combustion ash leachate

Abstract Land disposal of coal combustion ash can have a potential impact on the ecosystem due to the leaching of metals with increasing acidity of precipitation. The objective of this research was to study the effect of pH on the concentration of metals leached from coal combustion ash and to measure the toxicity of the leachates. Bottom coal combustion ash was leached with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or acetic acid (CH3COOH) at pH4, 5, 6 or 7. The toxicity of the aqueous leachates and concentrations of the metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, silver and zinc) therein were measured using Microtox® (Vibrio fischeri—EC50%) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Toxicity and metal concentrations of the leachates were highest when ash was leached with HCl at pH 4. Toxicity and metal concentrations of ash leached with CH3COOH were significantly lower compared with ash leached with HCl. High correlation (r) was observed between the toxicity and the metal concentrations in both the acid leachates.
Uniformity and Induction

used in most other discussions of induction; and (3) that while Mill's own formulation is vague, it is not hopelessly so, and at least in special cases it can be made quite precise by using some of Carnap's ideas. In particular, I want to defend Mill from the criticisms made by Nagel, Strawson, and Reichenbach. Mill begins by asserting that the principle is implied in the very statement of what induction is: it is an assumption about the course of nature and the order of the universe, i.e. an ontological assumption, and in content it asserts that there are parallel cases in nature, or that what happens will be repeated whenever there are sufficiently similar circumstances.' He then goes on to say that this principle, which may be put simply as 'Nature is uniform', is both borne out by experience and warrants all inferences from experience.2 It is Mill's use of the term 'warrant' that
The plight of pollinating bees

Pollinating animals (mostly bats, bees, beetles, birds, butterflies, flies, moths and wasps) provide almost incalculable economic and ecological benefits to humans, flowering plants and wildlife. Bees are the world's dominant pollinators, as the approximately 17 000 known bee species 7 collectively interact with most of the planet's quarter million angiosperm species. Animal pollination by bees and other insects is the first step in the flowering/fruiting process resulting in the production of vegetables and fruits containing viable seeds, essential nutrition comprising roughly 35% of the human diet. 2 Recent statements suggest we may be losing pollinators and their ecological services on a global scale, due to habitat destruction and other causes, and could face a crisis in agricultural pollination.
Prevention practices and family history of cancer of medical students in the United States

Purpose Few studies have examined whether physicians' own family history of cancer influences what they do for their patients or for themselves. To clarify the role of family history in medical students' cancer prevention habits and in patient counseling and screening for cancer, we examined data from the Healthy Doc = Healthy Patient study. Methods To determine basic health practices and status, we surveyed medical students (n = 2,316 individuals responding to ≥ 1 survey) in the Class of 2003 at freshman orientation, entrance to wards, and senior year in a nationally representative sample of 16 medical schools (response rate = 80.3%). Using a checklist in the self-administered questionnaire, the medical students were asked to indicate whether they had a number of health conditions (including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, prostate cancer, or other cancers) now or in the past, or whether a parent, sibling or grandparent had any of the health conditions. They were also asked how relevant they think several prevention activities related to counseling or early detection of cancer will be in their intended practice. The main outcome measures were relevance of prevention counseling to medical students' intended clinical practice (available at all three survey points), and seniors' frequency of counseling typical general medicine patients about cancer prevention. Family history of cancer was measured in relation to each outcome of interest. SUDAAN and logistic regression were used in the analysis, treating each school as a cluster. Results Family history of cancer was generally not significantly related to current counseling or perceived future counseling relevance, though reported family history of skin cancer did increase the odds that a student thought that recommending a clinical skin exam was highly relevant to their intended practice (adjusted OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.43). Discussion These results suggest that physician family history may influence their patient skin cancer early detection practices but not other preventive practices.
Modeling Dye-Surfactant Interactions

Abstract The dependence of a dye's spectral behavior on a surfactant's concentration has been exploited for almost fifty years to estimate the critical micelle concentration (CMC). In the present study, four models of dye-surfactant interaction have been employed to determine the extent of involvement of several factors in the technique. The results indicate that a spectral change CMC (T-CMC) can be less than, equal to, or greater than a CMC obtained for the same system by a physical measurement (P-CMC). A decrease in T-CMC can result from one or more of the following changes: an increase or decrease in dye concentration; an increase in the solubility of dye surfactant salt; an increase in micelle tendency to solubilize dye; an increase in the number of dye ions which a micelle can accommodate; an increase in the inclination of surfactant and dye ions to form induced mixed micelles. Although dye concentration has some effect on the P-CMC, it is relatively small.
Electron spin labeling reveals the highly dynamic N-terminal arms of the SOS mutagenesis protein UmuD

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to probe the conformational dynamics of the N-terminal arms of the umuDgene products. We determined that the arms of UmuD2 display a large degree of motion, are largely unbound from the globular C-terminal domain, and that the free energy of dissociation is +2.1 kJ mol−1.
Fibre bragg gratings optical sensing technology

Abstract Fibre optic technology is a well established field in the world of smart structures. While optical communications systems date back as far as the late 1700s when the French engineer Claude Chappe invented the ‘optical telegraph’, advances in optical fibres did not really take off until Corning Glass Works (now Corning, Inc.) developed single-mode fibres with attenuation below 20 dB/km in 1970 1 . Now fibre optics are widely used in the telecommunications industry. This breakthrough also led the way for the development of fibre optic sensors. While there are many types of optical sensors, the focus of this article is on the fibre Bragg grating sensor. In-line fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) were developed as narrow band optical filters for the telecommunications industry 2 . Television commercials by the major telephone companies describe the capability of transmitting as many as 16 telephone calls on the same optical fibre link, a capability made possible with wavelength division multiplexing using Bragg grating or equivalent spectral filtering technology. This intrinsic multiplexing capability and their sensitivity to thermo-mechanical loads also render in-fibre Bragg gratings one of the most promising distributed sensor technologies for structural systems. There are many other applications of FBGs including shape, moisture and corrosion sensing.
The effect of mechanical anisotropy on the transmission of low-amplitude stress waves in brittle rock

Abstract Results are presented of a study of the transmission of low-amplitude stress waves in dry brittle rock materials which are characterized by a mechanical anisotropy resulting from a nonrandom distribution of open cracks within the rock structure. This form of anisotropy can result from an intrinsic mechanical anisotropy arising from a nonrandom open crack distribution and/or a stress-induced anisotropy which may result from a selective crack closure in response to a nonhydrostatic state of stress. It is assumed that the dynamic response of brittle rock is dependent only on the intrinsic (crack-free) rock properties and the density and distribution of open cracks within the rock structure. It is shown that, irrespective of the direction of wave transmission, the dynamic stress-strain relationships display a symmetry characteristic of materials exhibiting orthotropic anisotropy. This behavior is a result of a distinctive coordinate transformation property of the dynamic stress-strain relationships of isotropic materials containing a large number of open cracks distributed throughout the structure. Equations relating bar and free medium velocities to the orthotropic ‘elastic’ constants are discussed and it is shown that a combination of the two methods can be used to completely specify the dynamic elastic constants for a single oriented specimen of rock.