cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking, Returning, Repossessing

Exhuming the legacy of a state that exists only in apparition and in the flesh, I study the footprints of diasporic youth migrating back to Vietnam, intergenerational hostility among kin, soldiers ...
Does TV Advertising Really Affect Sales? The Role of Measures, Models, and Data Aggregation

Abstract Traditional econometric models suggest that advertising has a clear and significant positive effect on sales in the current period. However, recent studies using scanner data indicate that the estimated effects of TV advertising on households' brand choices are weak and rarely significant. Do those findings mean that TV advertising does not really have an impact on current brand choices and sales? Or are the discrepant findings due to differences among the measures, models, and aggregation levels used by different researchers? The authors address these issues. Their analysis indicates that aggregating data over time and households may create a false impression of advertising having a statistically significant effect on sales.
Multimodal deep learning models for early detection of Alzheimer's disease stage.

Most current Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive disorders (MCI) studies use single data modality to make predictions such as AD stages. The fusion of multiple data modalities can provide a holistic view of AD staging analysis. Thus, we use deep learning (DL) to integrally analyze imaging (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), genetic (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)), and clinical test data to classify patients into AD, MCI, and controls (CN). We use stacked denoising auto-encoders to extract features from clinical and genetic data, and use 3D-convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for imaging data. We also develop a novel data interpretation method to identify top-performing features learned by the deep-models with clustering and perturbation analysis. Using Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) dataset, we demonstrate that deep models outperform shallow models, including support vector machines, decision trees, random forests, and k-nearest neighbors. In addition, we demonstrate that integrating multi-modality data outperforms single modality models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and meanF1 scores. Our models have identified hippocampus, amygdala brain areas, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) as top distinguished features, which are consistent with the known AD literature.
The role of personality, social economic and prevention strategy effects on health-related quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND HIV/AIDS has transformed into a chronic controllable but not yet curable infectious disease as other chronic diseases to some extent. The additional of so called fourth 90% that included the improved health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for people living with HIV (PLWHIV) required solutions beyond antiretroviral therapy and viral load suppression. This study will explore the role of personality, social economic and prevention strategy effection on HRQoL among people living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWHIV aged more than 16 years old in the 10 municipalities in Yunnan Province, China from October 2019 to May 2020, enrolling total 1997 participants. Individual-level HRQoL data were measured by 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). We assembled municipal-level data about social economic from Yunnan Statistical Yearbook in 2020 and strategy practice information from the self-evaluation system. We used the principal component analysis to build the social economic and strategy effect on each area respectively and one-way ANOVA was used to perform univariate analysis to identify the predictors with significant differences. Finally we used multi-level model (MLM) to explore the personality, social economic and strategy effects in health-related quality of life among PLWHIV. RESULTS The global score for quality of life measured using EQ-5D-5L had an estimated mean score (standard deviation, SD) of 0.901 ± 0.146. The HRQoL score measured using PCS-12 had an estimated mean score (SD) of 46.62 ± 8.55. The mean MCS-12 score (SD) was estimated to be 47.80 ± 9.71. The area-level predictors explained a proportion of 13.6-17.2% for the between-area variation of the HRQoL scores, regardless of the total HRQoL, physical component and mental component. The impacts of stigma (P < 0.01), social support (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.05) and social economic status (P < 0.05) on HRQoL at the individual-level were significantly different. The plots visualized the impact of individual-level factors on a respondent's HRQoL was modified by the area-level characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The study identified the possible strategy determinant of individual HRQoL of PLWHIV and also the area effect on HRQoL. Stigma, social support, anxiety, depression and social economic status were the individual-level determinants on HRQoL. These could be a valuable resource for evaluating the overall health of the areas and help improve local decision making.
Oncomodulin Delays Age-Related Hearing Loss in C57 and CBA Mice

ABSTRACT Ca2+ signaling is a major contributor to sensory hair cell function in the cochlea. Oncomodulin (OCM) is a Ca2+ binding protein preferentially expressed in outer hair cells of the cochlea and few other specialized cell types. Here, we expand on our previous reports and show that OCM prevents early progressive hearing loss in mice of two different genetic backgrounds: CBA/CaJ and C57BI/6J. In both backgrounds, genetic disruption of Ocm leads to early progressive hearing loss as measured by auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE). In both strains, loss of Ocm reduced hearing across lifetime (hearing span) by more than 50% relative to wild type (WT). Even though the two WT strains have very different hearing spans, OCM plays a considerable and similar role within their genetic environment to regulate hearing function. The accelerated ARHL of the Ocm KO illustrates the importance of Ca2+ signaling in maintaining hearing health.
Black Morality Politics: Progressive Moral Frames at the Dawn of the Trump Era

Using “morality” in contemporary public policy discourse has most often been reserved for the religious right. However, this paper looks at recent examples of African Americans using moral frames to mobilize on behalf of “progressive” policies. We examine in particular, the Repairers of the Breach (an off shoot of North Carolina’s Moral Mondays), as well as organizing for police reform in Baltimore, Maryland. Our analysis (based on interviews of activists and key leaders, observation of protests, rallies and meetings, the review of written materials and media accounts) reveals a number of key insights. First, morality is understood broadly. Leaders and activists in each of these cases emphasize societal and government behavior moral frames, rather than the personal behavior moral frames commonly used on the political right. We also see the centrality of coalitions. Although Black led, each of these efforts entail multi-racial (and multi-faith) coalitions. In each of these examples, intersectionality is a key organizing principle. Importantly, this has brought a key challenge as respectability issues serve as an impediment to organizing and mobilizing would be allies. Despite these challenges, our analysis suggests the use of these moral frames resonate broadly and seem to be a powerful means to mobilize communities around issues not typically referred to as moral concerns.
A developmental analysis of the learning and short-term-memory processes mediating performance in conditional-spatial discrimination problems

The development of the rat’s ability to use its memory for recent events to control its choice behavior was examined in a conditional-spatial discrimination task. Rats 21, 28, or 38 days old were trained to escape to a platform located at the end of one arm of a water-filled T-maze. Location of the platform on a choice run was conditionally related to the outcome of the previous forced run. In Experiment 1 the pups were required to solve a win/shift version of the problem: the escape platform on the choice run was located in the arm that was blocked on the forced run. Pups at all ages solved the problem; however, performance during acquisition was age-related. The youngest pups required almost twice as many trials to reach criterion as did the oldest pups. The pups’ short-term memory was further challenged by tests with 30-, 60-, or 180-sec intervals separating the forced and choice runs. The oldest pups were able to perform well above chance at all delay intervals, but the choice performance of pups 25 and 31 days old on the test day fell to chance when they were tested at the 60- and 180-sec intervals, respectively. The results of two other experiments suggest that the impaired acquisition performance displayed by the younger animals was not the result of age-related differences in response predisposition the animals bring to the task or to their being unable to remember the outcome of the forced run. Some implications of these findings for brain maturation are discussed.
Tubal sterilization. Study at Evanston Hospital.

Abstract The details of 902 tubal sterilizations performed without mortality in an 18½ year period on a predominantly private teaching service are presented. The Pomeroy operation was used in 97.2 per cent of the instances. The procedures were primarily puerperal. The failure rate was 0.55 per cent. Particular consideration is given to the indications for tubal sterilization.
Estimation of the Glucuronic Acid Pathway Contribution to Glucose Metabolism in Adipose Tissue and the Effect of Growth Hormone

A definite contribution of the glucuronic acid pathway to total glucose metabolism by rat adipose tissue in vitro in the presence of growth hormone preparations has not been found. Randomization of 14C of glucose-5-14C into glycerol and glucose-1-14C and -2-14C into glycogen on incubation of rat epididymal tissue indicates that the pathway contributes at most only a few per cent to the over-all metabolism of glucose. Results of incubations with glucose-1-14C and -6-14 are in accord with metabolism solely via the pentose cycle, Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and Krebs cycle. Thus, essentially all of the 14C utilized on incubation of glucose-1-14C and -6-14C is isolated in products formed via these pathways. Nonequilibration of dihydroxyacetone phosphate with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs, and this results in a preferential oxidation to CO2 of carbon 6 as compared to carbon 1 via the Krebs cycle. This coupled with an increase in the fraction of carbon 3 of pyruvate converted to CO2 and a decreased pentose cycle contribution in the presence compared to the absence of the preparations can account for the enhanced yields of 14CO2 from glucose-6-14C as compared to -1-14C that have been reported on growth hormone addition.
A high-level control mechanism for human locomotion based on parametric frame space interpolation

This paper describes a locomotion control technique for articulated figures in which new movements are interactively generated from a set of reference movements. Reference movements based on walking and running gait patterns are used to form a locomotion framework. An animator interactively specifies an envisioned movement as an interpolation between these reference movements by drawing a path within the locomotion framework and by traversing the path to produce a temporal mapping (or by applying a predefined temporal mapping). The result is a high-level locomotion control mechanism that supports real-time creation of new movements from an existing movement base.
Transcriptional regulation of the LH beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the protein kinase C system.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transcriptional regulation of the luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the protein kinase C system. The gonadotropins, LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), are critical modulators of sexual development and reproductive function, acting on the gonads to stimulate both steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. The gonadotropins are synthesized and secreted by the gonadotrope subpopulation of the anterior pituitary gland. The chapter presents the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and protein kinase C (PKC) action at the level of the LHβ gene promoter. The GnRH signaling is reviewed, with a focus on the PKC system and the regulation of LHβ-subunit biosynthesis. The selected cell lines used as in vitro models, particularly in regard to their expression of relevant transcription factors, are also described. The chapter also focuses on the five transcription factors—Egr-1, SF-1, Sp1, Ptx1, and DAX-1—which are implicated in transcriptional regulation of the LHβ gene by GnRH and the PKC system.
Diagnosis and Management of Pneumonia

The management of patients with pneumonia, the fifth leading cause of death in the United States, remains frequently problematical. Because a precise etiologic diagnosis is often not possible when the patient is first examined, initial antibiotic therapy is often empiric. Problems in early diagnosis include the frequent lack of access to true respiratory secretions, necessary delays in identification of organisms in culture, and contamination of expectorated sputum with oropharyngeal bacteria. Early management must therefore depend on epidemiologic and clinical clues as well as examination of available respiratory secretions. It is generally helpful in the selection of initial antibiotic therapy to consider the disease in two broad epidemiologic categories, community- and nosocomially acquired. As new laboratory and clinical information become available, the appropriateness of the antibiotic therapy must be continually reevaluated.
Neutron induced fission cross section of Np 237 from 100 keV to 200 MeV

An experimental program at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) has been developed to precisely measure fission cross sections over ten decades in incident neutron energy for a range of actinides relevant to advanced nuclear reactor designs and transmutation concepts. The first completed measurement is of $^{237}\mathrm{Np}$($n,f$), and the above-reaction-threshold part of the measurement is reported here. The result is in close agreement with ENDF/B-VI in the energy region of first- and second-chance fission. The cross section ratio to $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ is shown to be constant from 30 MeV to the highest measured energy of 200 MeV.
Coordinating Intermediary Peace Efforts

Multiple peace-making efforts by intermediaries can be a blessing or a curse, particularly in ethnic, religious, or other types of communal conflicts. The author outlines four general ways in which multiple interventions can hamper peacemaking, as well as the different types of intermediaries and de-escalating activities that can help efforts to achieve conflict resolution. Multiple intermediaries can work effectively either in sequence or contemporaneously; coordination of such activities is vital. Based on the analysis presented here, the author offers four different strategies to maximize the benefits of multiple intermediaries in peacemaking.
The Relationship of Ambulatory Blood Pressure to Physical Activity in a Tri-Ethnic Population of Obese and Nonobese Adolescents

Background The association between physical activity (PA) and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) is documented in adults. This association and factors that may modify it, such as obesity, have not been reported in adolescents. The aims of this study were to determine the association of PA with ABP in 11- to 16-year-old adolescents, and to examine the modifying effects of obesity and other factors. Methods Data on 24-h ABP and PA were obtained from 374 adolescents using the wrist actigraph. Correlations between average PA for every 5-min interval preceding each BP measurement and ABP were calculated during the awake period. Mixed-effects models were used with ABP variables as separate, dependent variables. In addition to PA scores for 5 min preceding each BP, body mass index (BMI) z-score and other variables were added to the models as covariates and as interaction terms with activity. Results Correlations of PA for 5 min preceding BP measurements were 0.22 and 0.25 for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) respectively. In mixed-effects analysis, each 1-unit increase in PA was associated with an increase in SBP of 0.02 mm Hg, in DBP of 0.01 mm Hg, and in HR of 0.02 beat/min (P Conclusions This study found that PA is associated with ABP measurements. These associations are modified by obesity status and other variables. Recognizing these associations may improve the interpretation of ABP measurements.
Angular momentum mixing in crystalline color superconductivity

In crystalline color superconductivity, quark pairs form at nonzero total momentum. This crystalline order potentially enlarges the domain of color superconductivity in cold dense quark matter. We present a perturbative calculation of the parameters governing the crystalline phase and show that this is indeed the case. Nevertheless, the enhancement is modest, and to lowest order is independent of the strength of the color interaction.
MYOCARDIAL GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS IN FETAL SHEEP ARE REGULATED BY TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN GLUCOSE AND INSULIN CONCENTRATIONS. † 141

MYOCARDIAL GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS IN FETAL SHEEP ARE REGULATED BY TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN GLUCOSE AND INSULIN CONCENTRATIONS. † 141
“When I came home…Everything was gone.” The Impact of Residential Fires on Children

Children’s reactions to residential fires were explored using a qualitative methodology. Forty-four children (n = 44) between the ages of 6 and 18 (23 female and 21 male) participated. The youth were interviewed using two instruments that assessed levels of psychological distress and explored their perceptions regarding their experiences of the fire. The following five themes were identified through qualitative analysis of the interview transcriptions: vivid description, fear/trauma, physical injury, losses, and gains. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
Regulation of human and murine complement: comparison of 5' structural and functional elements regulating human and murine complement factor B gene expression.

The serine protease complement factor B (Bf), an acute phase plasma protein, is a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Previous studies revealed that several cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-1 are involved in mediating acute phase Bf expression. To determine the molecular details of Bf expression we isolated, sequenced and characterized the 5′ flanking regions of the human and murine Bf genes. In both species the Bf transcriptional start site in liver was located 65% nucleotide homology between species. Within this region, an IRS and three heat shock consensus elements were found in the murine sequence in an identical position to that of the human. To examine the functional details of Bf expression, a series of mouse and human Bf promoter - chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) chimeric gene constructs were transfected into mouse L or human HepG2 cells. Analysis of expression of these fusion gene constructs revealed that 1) cis-acting DNA sequences identified, at least in part, in the 3′ untranslated region of the C2 gene (within the 400 by upstream of the Bf cap site) mediate responsiveness to IL-1 and IFN-γ, 2) the responsiveness to each mediator appears to be conferred by separate upstream regions similar in position and homologous in man and mouse, and 3) the IL-1 responsive region in both species appears to have the characteristics of an enhancer element. The results of this analysis suggest a selective pressure to conserve the intergenic sequence between C2 and Bf genes and that further studies of these sequences will be useful in elucidating mechanisms controlling the acute phase response.
Corrosion Protection Assessment of Barrier Properties of Several Zinc-Containing Coating Systems on Steel in Artificial Seawater

Abstract The present investigation assessed the corrosion protection performance of different Zn sacrificial coating system configurations during constant immersion in artificial seawater. Visual o...
Presentation and Outcome Following Radical Cystectomy in Hispanics with Bladder Cancer

OBJECTIVE: Significant racial and ethnic differences in the epidemiology of bladder cancer (BC) exist. Studies have shown African Americans to have lower incidence of bladder cancer than Caucasians, but higher incidence of invasive BC. Hispanics are the largest minority group in the United States. However, no reported studies on bladder cancer among Hispanics are available to date. As our center is in a unique position to study BC in Hispanic patients we were prompted to assess presentation and outcome of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1992 and May 2006, 448 RC were performed. All relevant data were collected and entered into a database. Patients were categorized by ethnicity as Hispanic and non-Hispanic White. African-American and other minority groups were excluded because of the small number. Comparative analysis of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White patients was performed. RESULTS: 67 (17%) patients were Hispanic. Mean follow-up period was 41 (SD ± 40) months. Clinical and pathological data between these two groups were compared. Pre-cystectomy T stage was not significantly different between both groups. However, after RC incidence of ≤ T1 disease in Hispanics was lower (22%) than Caucasians (37%). This difference, statistically significant (P = 0.024) indicates that Hispanics who undergo RC present with higher stage disease. Kaplan-Meier log rank test indicated a difference in disease free survival and disease specific survival between the two groups but however it did not reach statistical significance (Log Rank P = 0.082, P = 0.063). No significant difference in overall survival was observed (P = 0.465). CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic patients managed with RC for bladder carcinoma present with higher stage disease.
Biological potential of basophilic hepatocellular foci and hepatic adenoma induced by the peroxisome proliferator, Wy-14,643

The biological potential of hepatic foci and tumors induced by peroxisome proliferators such as Wy-14,643 has been poorly characterized. In this study, male F-344 rats (n = 20/group/time point) were fed Wy-14,643 (0.1%) for 22, 37 or 52 weeks ('W-22', 'W-37' or 'W-52' respectively). At each time point some rats were killed and additional Wy-14,643-fed rats were switched to basal diet (Wy-14,643/'stopped') for up to 104 weeks (referred to as 'W-22/S', 'W-37/S' and 'W-52/S'). Homogeneous basophilic foci, but not clear cell foci, increased in number and size in W-37 and W-52 rats. In W-37/S rats, clear cell foci replaced basophilic foci as the most frequent phenotype. In serial section overlays, adenosine triphosphatase deficient foci accounted for only 16% of basophilic foci in W-52 rats and 16% of clear cell foci in W-37/S rats at 52 weeks. The replication of basophilic foci of W-37 rats was markedly increased (focal labeling index, FLI = 61.8% versus non-focal labeling index, LI = 11.4%; control LI = 0.8%). Clear cell foci from W-37/S rats at 52 weeks had a FLI of 1.6% (non-focal LI = 0.6%). Hepatocellular adenomas were increased in W-37 (11/20 rats and 0.8 tumors/rat) and W-52 groups (19/20 rats and 2.8 tumors/rat). Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinomas was elevated in W-52 rats (6/20 rats) but not in W-22 or W-37 rats. Following removal of Wy-14,643, prevalence of animals with malignant, metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas in W-52/S rats was similar to the prevalence in W-52 rats. However, Wy-14,643-induced adenomas completely regressed in W-37/S and W-52/S groups. In summary, significant morphological continuity between highly proliferative basophilic foci and hepatocellular tumors was identified, emphasizing the superiority of basophilia as a marker for lesions leading to development of hepatocellular neoplasia in rats fed Wy-14,643. An important biological distinction was noted between regressive hepatic adenomas and progressive hepatocellular carcinomas induced by a peroxisome proliferator.
Prediction of Corridor Smoke Filling by Zone Models

Abstract Prediction of Corridor Smoke Filling by Zone Models Abstract-Several zone models which are being used to predict the growth ano spread of fires in compartments have been examined. We have benchmarked these models against a set of experiments which were designed to isolate the phenomenon of smoke filling in a room adjacent to a fire source, and connected by a variable opening. Good agreement is achieved between multi-compartment models and experiment. As an adjunct, we have implemented correlation based on a simple theory which collapses all of the data into a single graph by using dimensionless groups. These groups then contain most of the significant variables important in describing the flow of a gas from one compartment to another.
Echographic-quantified severity of mitral anulus calcification: prognostic correlation to related hemodynamic, valvular, rhythm, and conduction abnormalities.

Abstract Clinical and echocardiographic findings in 123 patients with mitral anulus calcification (MAC) were analyzed. In all patients M-mode echocardiography demonstrated a dense band of echoes posterior to the mitral valve, moving parallel and anterior to the left ventricular endocardium. Thirty-three per cent of patients were classified as having minimal to mild MAC (
Central bank rules in historical perspective

Abstract This article explains that, while Walter Bagehot׳s Lombard Street had a rule about the central bank׳s role as a lender of last resort, it was not a precursor of the rules-based approach to monetary policy. Monetary policy rules came into fashion in the 1980s and 1990s when it became clear from the 1970s just how dangerous discretion could be. Under different historical circumstances before that and in more recent times, it was rules that seemed much inferior to discretion.
Silica: déjà vu all over again?

Commentary on the paper by Brown and Rushton (see page 446) Brown and Rushton1 have conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of 2700 workers in the industrial sand industry. Work in the industrial sand industry results in exposure to crystalline silica, and the focus of the study was whether exposure to silica causes lung cancer. Retrospective exposure assessment, based on air measurements since 1978, and some assumptions about exposure before then, was used to estimate exposure levels for different jobs in the industry over time. The resulting job-exposure matrix was used to assign estimated exposure levels to each worker and to estimate cumulative silica exposure, which is commonly the exposure measure of interest for chronic diseases such as lung cancer. Brown and Rushton did not find an excess of lung cancer in this cohort compared to the general population (lung cancer SMR 0.99, 77 deaths), nor did they find any excess silicosis (only two silicosis deaths were observed). Furthermore, they did not find a positive exposure-response trend for lung cancer by cumulative exposure category (rate ratios of 1.0, 1.24, 1.42, and 0.88 by increasing exposure). Should this negative result be considered surprising? After all, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) declared in 1997 that crystalline silica was a group I (definite) human carcinogen, based on lung cancer findings across a large number of existing occupational studies and positive animal studies.2 The National Toxicology Program (NTP) (www.ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/toc11.html) in the USA followed this by declaring silica a known human carcinogen in 2000. Our own subsequent pooled analysis of 10 …
Coccidioidomycosis of the brain, mimicking en plaque meningioma

A 38 year old woman, originally from the Pacific Islands with a history of residence in south western United States, presented with new onset severe headaches. Past medical history included disseminated coccidioidomycosis involving cervical lymph nodes two years earlier, which was incompletely treated with oral fluconazole because of non-compliance. Serum complement fixation coccidioides titres had risen from 1:8 to 1:32. MRI demonstrated multiple isointense, dural based lesions that uniformly enhanced upon contrast administration. These were located over the …
Maximum forces exerted on the dentition by the perioral and lingual musculature

There is an increasing awareness among dentists of the influence of the forces of the tongue and lips on the teeth and their supporting structures.1-4 This includes the functions of the tongue that have to do with chewing, deglutition and acquired habit patterns. Wallace,5 Rogers,6 Brodie,7 Breitner,8 and others have pointed out that the force of the tongue against the teeth from within the dental arches is normally compensated for by the action of the musculature of the cheeks and lips. The tongue’s exerting an abnormal force in relation to the compensating action of the lips may cause migration of the teeth or may contribute to an open bite. If forces generated by the tongue are com­ pensated for by opposing structures with­ in the oral cavity, the masticatory mecha­ nism will be in physiologic balance, but, if the forces exerted by any one structure, for example, the tongue, are in excess of the compensating forces exerted by the other structures of the oral cavity, a change of tooth position might result. The purpose of this study was to de­ termine the maximum forces that can be exerted by the tongue and the perioral structures on the alveolar process of both the maxilla and mandible and on their respective dentitions and the degree of lateral forcc exerted in swallowing. The study was made on mouths with no ap­ parent abnormalities due to the forces of the tongue or the perioral structures.
Systematic search for spontaneous neutral to ionic and ionic to neutral transitions in organometallic materials based on minimally alkylated ferrocenes and classical polycyanide electron acceptors

Methyl-, ethyl- and n-butyl ferrocene (I–III) form dark colored charge transfer complexes with TCNE both in solution and by trituration of the solid donor and acceptor. Their Mossbauer spectra suggest only minor reduction of the TCNE acceptor. On the other hand, 1,1′-dimethylferrocene (IV) forms a ferricenium complex with TCNE of 1∶2 stoichiometry whose structure is likely similar to that determined for [IV][TCNQ]2. The new 1∶2 ferricenium-TCNE phase undergoes a novel, spontaneous, irreversible solid-state transformation back to a mixture of a low spin FeII ferrocene species and a high spin FeII complex over a period of weeks at ambient temperature. In preliminary studies, irradiation of samples of these materials with white light (including near infrared wavelengths) suggests significant photochemical activity of the type\(D^0 A^0 \xrightarrow{{hv}}D^ + A^ - \) and vice versa in the solid state. This is observable in Mossbauer spectra at 77 K. In the absence of irradiation with tungsten-halogen white light sources, however, the photo product is not permanently trapped at this temperature.
Acidic stress promotes a glioma stem cell phenotype

Malignant gliomas are lethal cancers that display cellular hierarchies with cancer stem cells at the apex. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are not uniformly distributed, but rather located in specialized niches, suggesting that the cancer stem cell phenotype is regulated by the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, recent studies show that hypoxia and its molecular responses regulate cancer stem cell maintenance. We now demonstrate that acidic conditions, independent of restricted oxygen, promote the expression of GSC markers, self-renewal and tumor growth. GSCs exert paracrine effects on tumor growth through elaboration of angiogenic factors, and low pH conditions augment this expression associated with induction of hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF2α), a GSC-specific regulator. Induction of HIF2α and other GSC markers by acidic stress can be reverted by elevating pH in vitro, suggesting that raising intratumoral pH may be beneficial for targeting the GSC phenotype. Together, our results suggest that exposure to low pH promotes malignancy through the induction of a cancer stem cell phenotype, and that culturing cancer cells at lower pH reflective of endogenous tumor conditions may better retain the cellular heterogeneity found in tumors.
Improved cyclodextrin chiral phases: a comparison and review

Abstract Cyclodextrin chiral phases have been shown to be widely applicable for the separation of enantiomers, diastereomers, structural isomers and routine compounds. Two innovations have recently occured in this field. First, the efficiency and selectivity of the β-cyclodextrin column has been improved. Second, compatable TLC plates which produce separations analogous to the columns have been developed. These results are discussed subsequent to a brief review of published work. In addition, the mechanism of separation on cyclodextrin bonded media, solvent effects, temperature effects and structural effects on chiral separations are considered.
Application of a Methodology for Surveying and Comparing the Prevalence of Drainage Ditches to Baitfish Farms

Abstract A new method for surveying and comparing the prevalence of drainage ditches on aquaculture farms was tested with blocks of ponds on six baitfish farms in Arkansas. The method used a global positioning system, farm maps, and descriptive statistics to illustrate the relation of pond acreage to drainage ditch length. The distributions of ditch lengths and proportions of pond acreage draining through each ditch length were presented as ditch length–pond area histograms. Observations of pond elevation and standpipe positioning also enabled us to determine the pond acreage that could gravity-drain into other ponds, which was expressed as a proportion of total pond area. A large-scale survey of these two descriptors would be an inexpensive, rapid, and effective means of assessing potential water and effluent management on fish farms. It would provide a practical comparison of water management potential from different farms and different sectors of the aquaculture industry and could be used by decision m...
DMP1 Depletion Decreases Bone Mineralization In Vivo: An FTIR Imaging Analysis†

The role of DMP1 in mineralization was analyzed by comparing bone mineral and matrix properties in dmp1-null female mice to heterozygous and wildtype controls by FTIR imaging spectroscopy. The observed decreased mineral content in dmp1 null mice indicates a key role for dmp1 in bone mineral- ization. Indirect effects of DMP1 on other systems also determine the KO phenotype. Introduction: Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), an acidic phosphorylated extracellular matrix protein, is highly expressed in mineralized tissues. In vitro, DMP1 peptides can promote or inhibit mineralization depending on the extent of phosphorylation, the peptide size, and concentration. To clarify the biological function of DMP1 protein on in vivo mineralization, this study analyzed bone properties of dmp1 knockout (KO) mice compared with heterozygous (HET) and wildtype (WT) controls. Materials and Methods: Tibias from dmp1 KO and age-, sex-, and background-matched HET and WT mice at 4 and 16 weeks (Ntotal 60) were examined by Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI), histology (n 6 per genotype and age; N 36), and geometry by CT (n 4 per genotype and age; N 24). Serum ionic calcium and phosphate concentrations were also determined. Results: The mineral-to-matrix ratios (spectroscopic parameter of relative mineral content) were significantly lower in dmp1 KO mice tibias compared with WT and HET at 4 and 16 weeks. The mineral crystallinity (crystal size/perfection) was significantly increased in dmp1 KO and HET mice relative to WT. Collagen cross-link ratios (a spectroscopic parameter related to the relative amounts of nonreducible/reducible collagen cross-links) in dmp1 KO were not significantly different from WT and HET. Based on CT, cortical bone cross-sectional areas at 16 but not 4 weeks were significantly reduced in the KO compared with controls. Maximum, minimum, and polar cross-sectional moments of inertia were significantly lower in dmp1 KO than in HET at 16 weeks but not at 4 weeks. Histological analysis and CT 3-D images suggested that dmp1 KO mice had osteomalacia. Dmp1 KO mice had significantly lower ionic calcium and phosphate concentrations relative to WT, whereas in the HET, values for phosphate were equivalent, and calcium values were decreased relative to WT values. Conclusions: The findings of decreased mineral-to-matrix ratio and increased crystal size in bones of dmp1 KO mice suggest that DMP1 has multiple roles (both direct and indirect) in the regulation of postnatal mineral- ization. We suggest that direct effects on mineral formation, crystal growth, and indirect effects on regulation of Ca × P concentrations and matrix turnover all contribute to the dominant phenotype in the dmp1 KO mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:2169-2177. Published online on August 22, 2005; doi: 10.1359/JBMR.050815
Reproduction in Bosk's Fringe-fingered Lizard, Acanthodactylus boskianus from Israel (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Acanthodactylus boskianus are reproductively active in Israel from March to June. Mean clutch size was 3.2 ± 0.20, range 3–4. Males reach maturity at 50 mm snoutvent length, and females at 48 mm SVL respectively. The mean SVL of males was significantly larger than that of females. There was no evidence that females produce multiple clutches.
Thermal Properties of Contemporary Bipolar Systems Using Infrared Imaging

Background Bipolar coagulation has enhanced the capabilities and safety profile of contemporary neurosurgery and has become indispensable in the neurosurgical armamentarium. Nevertheless, significant heat transfer issues remain to be resolved before it can achieve the status of minimal risk. Methods The Codman irrigating forceps, Codman ISOCOOL forceps, and Ellman bipolar forceps, powered by either Synergy or Ellman generators set at various power levels, were compared to investigate the combinations that would allow for the lowest rate of heat transfer. Using an infrared camera and ThermaGRAM imaging software, the temperature was calculated and used to estimate the degree of heat transfer. Results Codman ISOCOOL forceps powered the Ellman Surgitron generator showed the greatest dissipation (at mid-power, the luminance decreased from 250 units to 80 units within 60 seconds) and the least production of heat after activation. Codman ISOCOOL forceps powered by the Codman SYNERGY MALIS generator showed less heat dissipation (at mid-power, the luminance decreased from 250 units to 195 units within 60 seconds) than the Ellman forceps and Ellman Surgitron generator combination (at mid-power, the luminance decreased from 250 units to 125 units within 60 seconds). Conclusions These data suggest that the incorporation of the Ellman Surgitron Generator can result in the reduction of thermal transfer with conventional bipolar forceps compared with other generators. The combination with Codman ISOCOOL forceps can maximize the potential safety associated with bipolar coagulation. With regard to the use of comarketed pairs of forceps and generators, the combination of Ellman Surgitron Generator and Ellman bipolar forceps provided the best thermal profile.
Type-2 Intervals of Constant Height

The algebra of truth values for fuzzy sets of type-2, with operations due to Zadeh, contains as subalgebras those of type-1 and of interval-valued fuzzy sets. It also contains many other interesting sub algebras, some of which could possibly serve as a basis of a useful fuzzy set theory. This paper is about such a sub algebra, one which generalizes the truth value algebra of interval-valued fuzzy sets. We investigate it as an algebra, and determine its automorphism group. In particular, we show that it is a characteristic subalgebra of the containing truth value algebra of fuzzy sets of type-2, and that its automorphisms are exactly those induced by automorphisms of that algebra.
An infant stabilimeter

Abstract A description of an inexpensive, accurate stabilimeter is presented as well as a brief discussion of various measurement problems.
Calculation of convective-diffusion current at multiple strip electrodes in a rectangular flow channel implications for electrochemical detection

Abstract If a single strip channel electrode (of mm dimension, for example) is subdivided into a number of smaller strip electrodes (perhaps microelectrodes of μm or smaller dimension) separated from one another by insulating regions of the channel boundary, the convective-diffusion current density at the array of smaller electrodes is enhanced relative to that at the larger single electrode. A spectral method is used to examine theoretically the origins of this current enhancement at microelectrode arrays. Assuming viscous flow but ignoring edge diffusion, we first assess the contribution to the enhancement from depletion layer recharge which takes place as analyte flows over the insulating regions between electrodes of the array. Then, extending results of calculations previously reported for inviscid flow, we examine the importance of longitudinal edge diffusion at small electrodes and its contribution to the current under convective conditions. The implications of these results are then discussed from the point of view of designing electrochemical detectors having higher signal-to-noise ratios for improved detection in flowing streams.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES : XI. THE INTRACELLULAR REACTION OF THE KIDNEY EPITHELIUM AND ITS RELATION TO THE REACTION OF THE URINE.

The tubules of the mammalian kidney, vitally stained with erythrolitmin, show a significant color pattern, the cells of certain regions appearing bright blue and others brilliant red. The dye is segregated within the cytoplasm, staining fine granules diffusely. Under normal circumstances of renal function erythrolitmin is stored in the lining cells of the glomerulus and the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules in the blue, alkaline form. In the cells of the final portion of the distal convoluted tubules the dye is red. Between these regions a narrow transitional zone can be found, at times above, at times below the loop of Henle, in which the erythrolitmin-stained granules in the tubule cells are violet, or red and blue within the same cell. Alterations in the relative reaction of certain regions of the tubules, as disclosed by the color of the dye within the cells, can be induced by means that alter the reaction of the urine. When acid urine is being secreted there is a change from relative alkalinity to acidity high up in the tubular canal, in the proximal convoluted tubules. During the secretion of markedly alkaline urine the intracellular granules appear blue most of the way down the tubular canal, even to the first portion of the distal convoluted tubules. When the urine is neutral the cells above the descending limb of the loop of Henle are alkaline to erythrolitmin, and those below this point appear acid. The granules within the endothelial cells of the glomerulus and the epithelial cells of the first portion of the proximal convoluted tubules are always alkaline to erythrolitmin; while those within the cells of the final portion of the distal convoluted tubules are always acid regardless of the reaction of the urine. Only after complete suppression of urine as result of massive doses of acid do granules of the sort first mentioned manifest the color indicative of acidity. The interpretation of the findings waits upon further work.
The yeast SIN3 gene product negatively regulates the activity of the human progesterone receptor and positively regulates the activities of GAL4 and the HAP1 activator

The activation of gene transcription in eukaryotic organisms is regulated by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins as well as by non-DNA-binding proteins. In this report we describe the modulatory functions of a non-DNA-binding protein, SIN3 (also known as SDI1, UME4, RPD1, and GAM2) on the transactivation properties of the human progesterone receptor (hPR), GAL4, and the HAP1 activator in yeast. Our data suggest that SIN3 is a dual function protein. It negatively regulates the transcriptional activities of hPR-A and hPR-B by affecting the N-terminal activation domain (AF1). SIN3 positively regulates the transcriptional activities of GAL4 and the HAP1 activator. However, it has no effect on the transcriptional activities of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) and GCN4. The SIN3 protein contains four copies of a paired amphipathic helix (PAH) motif. Deletion analysis of the SIN3 PAH motifs shows that the PAH3 motif is essential for SIN3-mediated regulation of hPR, GAL4, and the HAP1 activator. In contrast, the PAH1, PAH2, and PAH4 motifs are not required for SIN3-mediated regulation of these activators. Additionally, we examined the mechanism(s) by which the SIN3 protein modulate the activities of various activators. We are unable to demonstrate the direct interaction of SIN3 protein with these activators using the yeast two-hybrid system or co-immunoprecipitation. These data suggest that SIN3 regulates the transactivation functions of hPR, GAL4, and the HAP1 activator by an indirect mechanism.
Manganese(III) Complexes of Bis(hydroxyphenyl)dipyrromethenes Are Potent Orally Active Peroxynitrite Scavengers

We report a new series of biscyclohexano-fused Mn(III) complexes of bis(hydroxyphenyl)dipyrromethenes, 4a-c, as potent and orally active peroxynitrite scavengers. Complexes 4a-c are shown to reduce peroxynitrite through a two-electron mechanism, thereby forming the corresponding Mn(V)O species, which were characterized by UV, NMR, and LC-MS methods. Mn(III) complex 4b and its strained BODIPY analogue 9b were analyzed by X-ray crystallography. Finally, complex 4a is shown to be an orally active and potent analgesic in a model carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia known to be driven by the overproduction of peroxynitrite.
Coenzyme A-dependent, ATP-independent acylation of 2-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol in rat liver microsomes.

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is synthesized from cytidine-diphosphodiacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and inositol by the enzyme PI synthase. CDP-DAG is itself synthesized from phosphatidic acid and CTP. The observation that PI differs in fatty acid composition from its precursors CDP-DAG and phosphatidic acid led to the proposal that following its synthesis the fatty acids of PI are removed and replaced by others in a process called fatty acid remodelling. Previously, we used rat liver microsomes to study the molecular mechanisms of PI remodelling. Following its synthesis, PI is rapidly deacylated to form lysoPI which is reacylated to form new PI species. PI remodelling occurs predominantly at the 1-position. We demonstrate here that lysoPI can be acylated in the 1-position in an ATP-independent manner. The acylation of 2-acyl lysoPI by the coenzyme A-dependent, ATP-independent mechanism was examined. The acylation exhibits a pH optimum of 7.5, does not require a divalent cation, and is not inhibited by Ca2+ or Mg2+, although Zn2+ is a potent inhibitor. The apparent Km values for coenzyme A and 2-acyl lysoPI are 14 μM and 30 μM, respectively. The acylation of 2-acyl lysoPI incorporates primarily stearic acid into the 1-position of PI, as would be expected based on the fatty acid composition of steady-state PI in rat hepatocytes.
A mixed fan hypothesis and its implications for behavior toward risk

In order to accommodate recent experimental evidence which questions the validity of the fanning out hypothesis, a mixed fan hypothesis is proposed. The hypothesis combines fanning out for the less-preferred region of probability triangles with fanning in for the more preferred region, and is defined over general probability spaces. The relevance of fanning hypotheses for economic analysis is illustrated with an asset demand example, and a new method for testing for fanning behavior is proposed.