cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contemplation and Conceptual Change: Integrating Perspectives from Social and Cognitive Psychology.

Abstract Developmental and educational psychologists involved in the rapidly growing study of conceptual change have largely ignored an extensive literature in social psychology addressed to belief change. We explore the possibility that these two disparate, previously unconnected bodies of work can be usefully connected to one another. In particular, we focus on several lines of work in the social psychology attitude change literature that appear to contradict a core assumption held by conceptual change researchers—that contemplation, and the mental reorganization that may result from it, have only a positive outcome (increased explanatory coherence). Our substantive conclusion is that there is no reason to renounce the widely held view that cognitive engagement (contemplation) has largely positive consequences—that thinking about a topic in general leads a person to think better about it (although some boundary conditions on this generalization are indicated). Methodologically, our conclusions are twofold. First, researchers seeking to understand conceptual change have unnecessarily restricted their domain of inquiry and stand to gain from examining a broader range of instances of commonplace belief change as a path to understanding more noteworthy occasions of it. Second, if we are to achieve a deeper understanding of the nature of beliefs and belief change, traditional social psychology methods confined to brief interventions, quantitative scales, and group-level data analysis need to be augmented by qualitative methods that examine the thinking underlying beliefs.
Inflation risk and the speed of adjustment in short-run money demand functions

Abstract After 1973, money demand functions show a slow speed of adjustment. Including inflation risk does not help this; the SER shows multiple minima as a function of the estimated rho in the error, with higher speeds and rhos associated.
Vibration Suppression in Bladed-Disk Assemblies With Deliberate Mistuning via Magnetic Bearings

This work is a study of bladed-disk vibration control using magnetic bearings. A simulation model consisting of a shaft/bladed-disk assembly supported by two radial magnetic bearings and a thrust bearing is considered. A simplified model is developed and used to identify controllable vibration modes. This information is then used to discuss the potential effectiveness and limitations of bladed-disk vibration control using shaft-based actuators (the magnetic bearings) on symmetric rotors. A control strategy based on using deliberate bladed mistuning is presented for such systems in light of this discussion.
Automated calculation of carbon-14 and sulfur-35 radioactivity in biological samples by external standardization and a computer program

Abstract Recent technical advances in liquid scintillation spectrometers have resulted in the development of an automatic external standardization procedure to estimate quench and to simplify the process of converting observed radioactivity into corrected true radioactivity. In practice a radioactive sample is counted in the normal fashion and then briefly recounted in the presence of a fixed source of gamma radiation such as barium-133 or radium-226. The resultant Compton electrons are counted in two separate channels and the ratio of these counts plotted against quench (or efficiency) results in a general calibration curve suitable for converting observed counts for the nuclide under study into corrected true radioactivity. An example with carbon-14 is described in detail. This simplified counting method is ideally suited for direct automatic data processing with subsequent computer treatment of the data and a system is described by which this objective is achieved.
Evolving Environmentalism: The Role of Ecotheology in Creation/Evolution Controversies

The impact on ecological theology of green and postmodern critiques of science has led to disturbing parallels between the work of some Christian environmentalists and process theologians on the one hand, and the arguments of Intelligent Design (ID) proponents on the other. At the heart of these critiques is a rejection of mechanistic science and "neo-Darwinism". Both ID proponents and ecotheologians critique the disenchanted and reductionist worldview assumed to be central to neo-Darwinism. Both groups also redefine the traditional boundaries of scientific naturalism, presenting a form of biology that shows matter to be active and valuable, rather than dead and inert. This paper examines these parallels and argues for the possibility of enchanted and theistic interpretations of modern Darwinism without redefining naturalism.
Mixed lymphocyte culture responses of mice. Genetic analysis of the responses to H-2Dd specificities.

Cellular responses in vitro to H-2D region histocompatibility antigens were demonstrated to be under the genetic control of two or three ( P = 0.013) independently segregating loci. The H-2 region itself accounts for one of these loci, however, its activity appears to be dependent upon an association with other non- H-2 -associated genetic information. The ability to stimulate a response and to respond to that stimulus are two separate genetic functions in certain MLR combinations. The stimuli in our studies were products of the H-2D region and cell donors must differ at that region in order for a response to occur. The control of the level of responses was determined by other genetic material. Differences at these "response loci" were not necessary for the induction of a proliferative response in the mixed lymphocyte cultures.
SDSS J1254+0846: A BINARY QUASAR CAUGHT IN THE ACT OF MERGING

We present the first luminous, spatially resolved binary quasar that clearly inhabits an ongoing galaxy merger. SDSS J125455.09+084653.9 and SDSS J125454.87+084652.1 (SDSS J1254+0846 hereafter) are two luminous z = 0.44 radio-quiet quasars, with a radial velocity difference of just 215 km s{sup -1}, separated on the sky by 21 kpc in a disturbed host galaxy merger showing obvious tidal tails. The pair was targeted as part of a complete sample of binary quasar candidates with small transverse separations drawn from SDSS DR6 photometry. We present follow-up optical imaging which shows broad, symmetrical tidal arm features spanning some 75 kpc at the quasars' redshift. Previously, the triggering of two quasars during a merger had only been hypothesized but our observations provide strong evidence of such an event. SDSS J1254+0846, as a face-on, pre-coalescence merger hosting two luminous quasars separated by a few dozen kpc, provides a unique opportunity to probe quasar activity in an ongoing gas-rich merger. Numerical modeling suggests that the system consists of two massive disk galaxies prograde to their mutual orbit, caught during the first passage of an active merger. This demonstrates rapid black hole growth during the early stages of a merger between galaxies with pre-existing bulges.more » Neither of the two luminous nuclei show significant intrinsic absorption by gas or dust in our optical or X-ray observations, illustrating that not all merging quasars will be in an obscured, ultraluminous phase. We find that the Eddington ratio for the fainter component B is rather normal, while for the A component L/L{sub Edd} is quite (>3sigma) high compared to quasars of similar luminosity and redshift, possibly evidence for strong merger-triggered accretion. More such mergers should be identifiable at higher redshifts using binary quasars as tracers.« less
Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Modeling of Dopamine D1 Antagonists Using Comparative Molecular Field Analysis, Genetic Algorithms−Partial Least-Squares, and K Nearest Neighbor Methods

Several quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods were applied to 29 chemically diverse D(1) dopamine antagonists. In addition to conventional 3D comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), cross-validated R(2) guided region selection (q(2)-GRS) CoMFA (see ref 1) was employed, as were two novel variable selection QSAR methods recently developed in one of our laboratories. These latter methods included genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS) and K nearest neighbor (KNN) procedures (see refs 2-4), which utilize 2D topological descriptors of chemical structures. Each QSAR approach resulted in a highly predictive model, with cross-validated R(2) (q(2)) values of 0.57 for CoMFA, 0.54 for q(2)-GRS, 0.73 for GA-PLS, and 0.79 for KNN. The success of all of the QSAR methods indicates the presence of an intrinsic structure-activity relationship in this group of compounds and affords more robust design and prediction of biological activities of novel D(1) ligands.
Evaluating dynamic correctness properties of domain reference architectures

The goals of evaluating correctness properties of software architectures include: (1) to provide an early opportunity to correct defects in requirements embodied in the software architecture, and (2) to ensure that the software architecture is an accurate blueprint for system implementers. While evaluation of both static and dynamic correctness properties is essential to achieve these goals, this paper focuses on dynamic correctness properties, including safety, liveness, and completeness. A new software architecture evaluation tool called Arcade, developed to support the Systems Engineering Process Activities (SEPA), provides dynamic correctness property evaluations using the complementary techniques of simulation and model checking. SEPA suggests a comprehensive approach to capture and represent yet separate different types of requirements as a multi-level software architecture. One SEPA architecture level, the Domain Reference Architecture (DRA), is employed early in the analysis process to represent requirements inherent to the domain, thereby specifying a reusable blueprint in terms of what processes, data, and timing are required, rather than how a system should be implemented. Arcade provides the architect with early feedback from correctness evaluations by leveraging the formal DRA meta-model to enable model checking and generating a Execution Space visualization to aid completeness validation.
The role of mast cells in parathyroid bone disease

Chronic hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a common cause of metabolic bone disease. These studies investigated the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the detrimental actions of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the skeleton. Bone biopsies from hyperparathyroid patients revealed an association between parathyroid bone disease and increased numbers of bone marrow mast cells. We therefore evaluated the role of mast cells in the etiology of parathyroid bone disease in a rat model for chronic HPT. In rats, mature mast cells were preferentially located at sites undergoing bone turnover, and the number of mast cells at the bone-bone marrow interface was greatly increased following treatment with PTH. Time-course studies and studies employing parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), as well as inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A, trapidil), kit (gleevec), and PI3K (wortmannin) signaling revealed that mature mast cell redistribution from bone marrow to bone surfaces precedes and is associated with osteitis fibrosa, a hallmark of parathyroid bone disease. Importantly, mature mast cells were not observed in the bone marrow of mice. Mice, in turn, were resistant to the development of PTH-induced bone marrow fibrosis. These findings suggest that the mast cell may be a novel target for treatment of metabolic bone disease.
Oxidation and annealing of GaAs (100) studied by photoreflectance

Photoreflectance (PR) has until now been a technique used primarily for characterization of bulk electronic band structure in semiconductors. However, since reflectance is an interfacial phenomenon, PR should in principle be sensitive to surface treatment as well. The present work appears to be the first quantitative use of PR to measure the effects of surface treatment. In particular, PR spectra of air‐oxidized and of annealed GaAs(100) are shown to be substantially different from those of the clean surface. Spectra at the E0 (1.4 eV) and E1 (3.0 eV) transitions respond quite differently to these treatments, and the differences are explained in terms of an optical interference phenomenon due to excitons that occurs only at E0. Effects of slow surface states have been observed with PR for the first time. The effective barrier between these states and the bulk decreases from 21±2 to 16± 2 meV upon air oxidation of the clean surface.
Plasmablastic lymphoma in a previously undiagnosed aids patient: A case report

Background Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an unusual non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) most commonly found in the head and neck region. The majority of cases are seen in adult HIV-positive patients, although PBL has been reported in HIV-negative patients. The diagnosis of PBL serves as an AIDS-defining illness. Methods We report a case of PBL localized to the oral cavity in a previously undiagnosed AIDS patient. The lesion manifested as solitary, ulcerated, and markedly tender. PBL was confirmed by immunohistochemical profile and subsequent tests confirmed AIDS diagnosis. The patient was prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and concomitant local low dose radiation therapy prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Results Complete local clinical response was observed after 4 weeks of treatment with HAART and radiation therapy. The response sustained in this patient in the subsequent 11 months following diagnosis. Conclusions The diagnosis of PBL has a unique immunophenotypic profile and should raise suspicion for AIDS in these patients. HAART added to treatment has shown improved survival.
Surface modification of silica nanoparticles to reduce aggregation and nonspecific binding.

In this article, a systematic study of the design and development of surface-modification schemes for silica nanoparticles is presented. The nanoparticle surface design involves an optimum balance of the use of inert and active surface functional groups to achieve minimal nanoparticle aggregation and reduce nanoparticle nonspecific binding. Silica nanoparticles were prepared in a water-in-oil microemulsion and subsequently surface modified via cohydrolysis with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and various organosilane reagents. Nanoparticles with different functional groups, including carboxylate, amine, amine/phosphonate, poly(ethylene glycol), octadecyl, and carboxylate/octadecyl groups, were produced. Aggregation studies using SEM, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis indicate that severe aggregation among amine-modified silica nanoparticles can be reduced by adding inert functional groups, such as methyl phosphonate, to the surface. To determine the effect of various surface-modificati...
Mimicking photosynthesis in a computationally designed synthetic metalloprotein.

While advances in protein design have made possible the construction of protein architectures with nativelike properties and predictable structures and function, there are as of yet no examples of functional, protein-based, solar energy conversion systems. This communication describes the design and characterization of an artificial reaction center (RC) protein that closely resembles the function of the natural photosynthetic RC. The synthetic protein, designed by the protein design program CORE, participates in multiple reduction/oxidation cycles with exogenous acceptors/donors following photoexcitation. The designed metalloprotein, aRC, consists of a tetrahelical bundle functionalized with two bis-histidine bound metal cofactors: a Ru(bpy)2 moiety and a heme group. Two distinct bis-histidine binding sites were engineered for each of these metal centers. Photoexcitation of aRC results in rapid ET from the RuII complex to the heme group (kET ≥ 5 × 1010 s-1) yielding a long-lived (70 ns) charge-separated ...
Advances in Nano Biotic/Abiotic Hybrid Systems: Protein-Based Engineered Devices

Integrative nanobiotechnology utilizes natural ideas and materials for manufacturing nanoscale devices. As living organisms traditionally represent a good model for engineers to learn from, biological components of interest, with optimal functionality, have been used in the creation of biotic/abiotic hybrid devices. As an example, bacteriorhodopsin/F0F1-ATP-synthase-incorporated polymer vesicles provide a model of hybrid protein/artificial synthetic membrane system to perform biological functions. Some potential applications are the construction of intervesicular/intravesicular communications, such as excitable vesicles (EVs), for biocomputer and biomolecular motor-powered nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) for nanomedicine. Finally, advanced biotic/abiotic hybrid technology is expected to provide an alternative method to conventional fabrication technology to meet the increasing demands by saving enormous engineering efforts.
Awareness during anesthesia

The number of patients who have preoperative anxiety over possibly "waking up" in the middle of surgery has increased dramatically over the last decade. McCleane and Cooper found that more than 50% of 247 patients were concerned that they would not be asleep during their surgery. Even after having an adequate anesthetic, 25% were still worried about being asleep with future anesthetics. With increased media coverage, these anxieties are not likely to go away anytime soon. For the patient, awareness or recall while under general anesthesia is a frightening experience that can lead to debilitating emotional injury and even post-traumatic stress disorder. For anesthesiologists, awareness under anesthesia ranks second only to death as a "dreaded" complication. This chapter reviews the incidence, etiology, psychological sequelae, medicolegal consequences, and prevention of awareness during anesthesia.
The Electro-Optical Kerr Effect in the Atmosphere

Abstract The magnitude of the electro-optical Kerr effect in the atmosphere is assessed with an eye toward employing it in the measurement of humidity and electric fields. For various conditions, the birefringence of air is computed along with the attendant phase shift for light waves with polarizations parallel and perpendicular to a static electric field. For most cases this phase shift and its variation are so small as to render the proposed measurements unfeasible. This is based on an assumed resolution of 2 × 10−8 for measured values of phase shift.
Radiation-Hardened Silicon-Gate CMOS/SOS

High performance, radiation hardened silicon gate CMOS/SOS circuits have been fabricated. Radiation hardness was achieved by using a low temperature (875°C), wetprocess gate oxide, and by minimizing the temperature of subsequent process steps. The need for additional temperature steps was eliminated by in-situ doping of the polysilicon gate material with boron and by using ion-implantation instead of diffusions to form source and drain regions. Radiation effects in simple inverter circuits have been measured. Threshold shifts after 106 rads (Si) of ionizing radiation are ?0.5 V for n-channel transistors and ?1. 6 V for p-channel transistors. Irradiation of p-channel transistors in circuit configurations where effective positive gate voltages occur, results in a 4 V shift at 106 rads (Si). Ring oscillator circuits have been fabricated to measure intrinsic circuit performance. With a 15 V power supply, stage delays of 0.5 ns are achieved. These short stage delays verify the suitability of the fabrication process for high speed circuit applications.
On a number theoretic series

Abstract The series for x ≥ 1, where n 1 , n 2 ,…, n k are ordinary integers, is estimated by means of Vinogradov's trigonometric sum method and contour integration.
On Limited Dependent Variable Models: Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Test of One-sided Hypothesis

The limited dependent variable models with errors having log-concave density functions are studied here. For such models with normal errors, the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator was established by Amemiya [1]. We show, when the density of the error distribution is log-concave, that the maximum likelihood estimator exists with arbitrarily large probability for large sample sizes, and is asymptotically normal. The general theory presented here includes the important special cases of normal, logistic, and extreme value error distributions. The main results are established under rather weak conditions. It is also shown that, under the null hypothesis, the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing a one-sided alternative hypothesis is a weighted sum of chi-squares.
The role of olfaction in alcohol ingestion by the blowfly

Abstract Olfactory stimuli play a role in regulating ingestion of ethanol by the blowfly but are largely restricted to attracting the fly to the vicinity of acceptable concentrations and repelling the fly from solutions of high concentration. Although odour may cause proboscis extension, the present studies produced no evidence that odour initiates or drives feeding. There is no evidence that acceptable ethanol solutions stimulate contact chemoreceptors although concentrated solutions are rejected (even by anosmic flies) through the mediation of the contact chemoreceptors. The augmented ingestion of acceptable ethanol solutions (as compared to solutions without ethanol) appears to be the result of post-ingestion effects that cause a fly to imbibe more often than usual. Superimposed on this effect is a gradual diminution of total fluid intake with increased ethanol concentration. This is believed to result from some depressant or intoxicating effect of ethanol.
The extent of reversibility of polychlorinated biphenyl adsorption

Abstract The extent of reversibility of PCB bonding to sediments has been characterized in studies on the partitioning behavior of a hexachlorobiphenyl isomer. Linear non-singular isotherms have been observed for the adsorption and desorption of 2.4.5.2′,4′,5′ hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) to 1100 ppm sediment suspensions. Partition coefficients, π (1 kg−1), for desorption from lake sediments (Saginaw Bay. Lake Huron. Michigan) are substantially greater ( π d ∼ 20.000–35.000) than those obtained for adsorption ( π 4 ∼ 9000–14,000). HCBP was found to be more weakly adsorbed to montmorillonite ( π a − 3000, π d ∼ 9000) and kaolinite ( π a ∼ 1000, π d ∼ 3000) clay samples than to the natural sediment samples. Desorption results ( π d ) for Saginaw Bay sediments were quite similar to π values (15,000–35.000) calculated from field measurements of aqueous and particulate PCB concentrations. For Saginaw Bay sediments and clay minerals partitioning appeared to be correlated both to sediment surface area and to sediment organic content. A regression analysis using both of these variables explained ∼ 90% of the observed variations. HCBP adsorption at 40 C ( π a ∼ 14,000) was significantly greater than at 1° C ( π a ∼ 6500) resulting in a calculated enthalpy of adsorption of +3.3 kcal mol −1 . Non-singular isotherm behavior was not found to be readily attributable to microbiological, kinetic or experimental effects. Evidence from consecutive desorption studies suggests that while HCBP adsorption may ultimately be reversible. release from sediments appeared to involve desorption along two distinct isotherms. These results have been interpreted in terms of possible similarities between the sorption properties observed in the distilled water systems of the present study and PCB bonding processes in natural water systems.
Vitamin A intake and elevated serum retinol levels in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis

Background Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) are at risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, including vitamin A. Recent evidence suggests current practices of vitamin A intake results in elevated serum retinol.
Manipulating IL-2 availability amid presentation of donor MHC antigens suppresses murine alloimmune responses by inducing regulatory T cells.

Background Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are important for alloimmune responses as well as immune tolerance. Previous studies have shown that presentation of donor MHC antigens by donor-specific transfusion prior to or upon transplantation promotes transplant tolerance induced by other agents. However, it is unclear whether presentation of donor MHC antigens by DNA vaccination induces long-term allograft survival.
The Effect of Auxiliary Gas Solubilities in Scales upon Parabolic Oxidation Kinetics

In studies concerned with the oxida-tion of metals various gas mixtures are used to establish the chemical potential of non-metallic components in crystals. CO/CO2 mixtures e. g. are used to estab-lish oxygen potentials at 1000°C; in the case of manganese it is found that the presence of such gas mixtures does not produce a change of the reaction rate which might be attributed to the dissolution of carbon in MnO. On the other hand sulfidation experiments with iron in H2SH2 at 800°C show that the aux-iliary gas produces a pronounced in-crease in the number of point defects -a fact in agreement with theoretically derived relations. It is therefore important prior to the interpretation of experimental high temperature corrosion results to establish the extent to which the particular auxiliary gas is soluble in the corrosion products being formed. Einflus der Hilfsgasloslichkeit im Zunder auf das parabolische Zeitgesetz der Oxydation Bei der Untersuchung der Metalloxydation werden verschiedene Gasgemische verwendet, um das chemische Potential nichtmetallischer Bestandteile in den Kristallen zu ermitteln. So arbeitet man mit CO/CO2 bei 1000°C, urn Sauerstoffpotentiale zu ermitteln. Man findet im Falle von Mangan, das in Anwesenheit dieser Gase keine Anderung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit auftritt, welche der Auflosung von Kohlenstoff im MnO zuzuschreiben ware. Ebenso zeigen Sulfidierungsversuche mit Eisen in H2S/H2 bei 800°C, das entsprechend den theoretisch abgeleiteten Auffassungen das Hilfsgas die Defektstellenzahl des Eisensulfids stark erhoht. Es ist daher wichtig, vor einer Interpretation von experimentell erhaltenen Ergebnissen der Hochtemperaturkorrosion zu ermitteln, in welchem Umfang die verwendeten Hilfsgase in den entstehenden Korrosionsprodukten loslich sind.
Analysis of cytidine deaminase and tetrahydrouridine interaction by use of ligand techniques.

Ligand techniques, as employed in radio-immunossay and radioreceptor assay, offer a sensitive and precise method for characterizing the interaction of enzymes and tight-binding inhibitors. Tetrahydrouridine (H4U) inhibition of human liver cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) has been examined by direct measurement of enzyme-inhibitor (EI) binding and release. With partially purified enzyme from human liver, the EI complex was found to have a dissociation constant (KD) of 4.5 × 10−8M at 37°, in close agreement with estimates based on inhibition of enzyme activity by H4U. The presence of steady state conditions during competitive binding analysis was confirmed by direct measurement of the rate constants for EI binding at 25° and 37° (Kon 1.7 × 104 and 5.6 x ×04M−1sec−1 respectively). The rate constant for EI release at 37° was also determined experimentally (Koff = 4.0 × 10−3sec−1), and was in close agreement with the Koff value calculated from the experimentally determined KD and Kon values (KD = Koff/Kon). Scatchard analysis of H4U-enzyme binding, both in the presence and in the absence of 10−3M cytidine, showed no variation in total enzyme concentration (ET) but a decrease in apparent inhibitor affinity for enzyme, suggesting that cytidine and H4U compete for the same binding sites on cytidine deaminase, and confirming the competitive inhibition suggested by Lineweaver-Burk analysis. The turnover number for cytidine deaminase based on per H4U binding sites was 3.9 × 103 min−1. Thermodynamic constants for cytidine deaminase-tetrahydrouridine binding were derived from data on the temperature dependence of binding and included an enthalpy change (ΔH) = −12.7 kcal/mole, entropy change (ΔS) = −8.68 cal/deg/mole and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) = −9.96 kcal/mole at 37.1°. This study indicates that ligand techniques can be applied to the difficult problem of characterizing the interaction of enzymes and tight-binding inhibitors.
A far wing line shape theory and its application to the water continuum absorption in the infrared region. I

A theory is presented for the calculation of the continuous absorption due to the far wing contributions of allowed lines. The theory is based on the quasistatic approximation for the far wing limit and the binary collision approximation of one absorber molecule and one bath molecule. In line space, the motion of the dipole moment of the absorber molecule, determined by the time displacement Liouville operator related to the total Hamiltonian of the absorber molecule and the bath molecule, is approximately expressed as the ordered product of two time displacement Liouville operators, one related to the intermolecular potential and the other to the unperturbed Hamiltonian. Using a Laplace transformation, the spectral density is expressed in terms of a Cauchy integral whose integrand is a product of two resolvent operators corresponding to the interaction and to the unperturbed Hamiltonian, respectively. After isolating the effects of the bath variables, the spectral density and subsequently the absorption coefficient are expressed in terms of the individual line coupling functions, or the individual line shape functions. By using two average line shape functions instead of the individual ones, the expression of the absorption coefficient closely matches empirical models. The validity of the present theory is discussed, and some numerical results of the water continuum absorption in the infrared region are presented for comparison with experimental data. A good agreement in both the magnitude and the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficients is obtained. Some further extensions and applications of the present theory are also discussed briefly.
Effects of Swirler Configurations on Flow Structures and Combustion Characteristics

Modern gas turbine combustion technologies are driven by stringent regulations on pollutant emissions such as CO and NOx . A combustion system of multiple swirlers coupled with distributed fuel injection was studied as a new concept for reducing NOx emissions by application of Lean Direct Injection (LDI) combustion. The present paper investigates the effects of swirler configurations on the flow structures in isothermal flow and combustion cases using a multiple-swirlers fuel injector at atmospheric conditions. The swirling flow field within the combustor was characterized by a central recirculation zone formed after vortex breakdown. The differences between the tangential and axial velocity profiles, the shape of the recirculation zones and the turbulence intensity distribution for the different fuel injector configurations impacted the flame structure, the temperature distribution and the emission characteristics both for gaseous and liquid fuels. Co-swirling configuration was shown to have the lowest NOx emission level compared with the counter-swirling ones for both types of fuels with lower inlet temperature. In contrast to this, the swirl configuration had less effect on the combustion characteristics in the case of gaseous fuel with high air inlet temperature. The differences in NOx emissions were shown to be closely related to the Damkohler number or the degree to which the flame resembled well-mixed combustion, which is the foundation for LDI combustion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Perceived Position Power and Task and Career Sources of Dependency in Organizations

The basic concepts of Emerson's theory of power-dependency relations were tested as they apply to managerial behavior in organizations. 53 managers were asked to complete a 7-point Likert-type ques...
MULTISCALE MODELING OF HVOF THERMAL SPRAY PROCESS

Abstract The major physicochemical processes involved in an industrial HVOF thermal spray process (Diamond Jet hybrid gun, Sulzer Metco, Westbury NY) are studied by a comprehensive multiscale model. The model includes continuum type differential equations that describe the dynamics of gas phase and particles of different sizes, and a rule-based stochastic simulator that predicts the evolution of coating microstructure. On the macroscopic gas/particle dynamics side, the Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and energy balance equations are solved with the renormalization group (RNG) k -ɛ turbulence model, and the particle trajectories, temperature histories and melting degrees are determined using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. On the microscopic particle deposition side, the formation of coating microstructure is captured by certain rules that encapsulate the main physical features of particle deposition, deformation, solidification and coating growth. Parametric analysis based on the developed multiscale model is carried out to study the relationship between the macroscopic operating conditions and the particle in-flight behavior as well as the resulting coating microstructure.
Lymphocyte stimulation by allogeneic and autochthonous cultured lymphoid cells.

Abstract The ability of allogeneic and autochthonous lymphoid cells maintained in long-term culture and three-day cultured PHA-stimulated autochthonous lymphocytes to stimulate fresh peripheral lymphocytes was investigated via the one-way mixed lymphocyte test. Long-term lymphoid cell lines stimulated fresh allogeneic peripheral lymphocytes as measured by DNA incorporation. Although autochthonous lines were usually not stimulatory, several experiments indicate that fresh peripheral lymphocytes may be stimulated by autochthonous long-term lines and phytohemagglutinin-transformed autochthonous lymphocytes. The major histocompatibility antigens were identical in fresh donor cells and autochthonous long-term lymphoid cell lines as demonstrated by standard cytotoxicity methods. Although the reason for this stimulation is not certain, the most likely possibility is the production of a blastogenic factor by these cell systems.
Screening: Biology dictates the fate of young women with breast cancer

Controversy surrounds the use of mammography for breast cancer screening. This commentary explains why retrospective analyses of women who die from breast cancer do not add to the body of knowledge about the value of screening in young women. Mammographic screening alone cannot be expected to overcome aggressive biology.
Management and outcome in hepatorenal syndrome: Need for renal replacement therapy in non-transplanted patients

Purpose Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type I is a devastating complication of decompensated cirrhosis. Liver transplantation (LT) offers an excellent survival, and renal replacement therapy (RRT) may be useful until transplantation is available. The survival benefit of RRT in the absence of LT is thought to be short and its benefit in these patients is unknown. To investigate this, we studied the outcome of different therapies (pharmacological, RRT, and LT) in patients with type 1 HRS.
Torsion of spermatic cord and testicular appendages

Abstract Forty-seven cases of torsion of the spermatic cord and testicular appendages have been reviewed. Twenty-eight patients with acute spermatic cord torsions underwent surgical correction. Only 10 were treated in time to preserve viability. The other cases were either gangrenous and required orchidectomy or were questionably viable. Acute, painful scrotal swelling with negative findings on urinalysis is a surgical emergency. Ten patients had warning attacks, but because of delay in diagnosis and treatment, 4 required orchidectomy. Those patients with spermatic cord torsion who were detorsed before twelve hours had elapsed had viable testes. Patients with complaints of intermittent scrotal swelling and pain, with negative urinalysis, may be suffering from intermittent spermatic cord torsion and should be evaluated for prophylactic orchidopexy; 7 patients were treated in this manner. Six of these had a transverse lie of both testes, which suggested the underlying anatomic defect leading to torsion of the spermatic cord. The diagnosis of epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis is untenable with a negative finding on urinalysis and results in delay in correct diagnosis and treatment.
On the dislocation structure of low angle (110) twist boundaries and its relationship to the O-lattice

Several (110) twist boundaries in gold were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Thin film bicrystal specimens were used which were prepared by welding together single crystal epitaxial (110) gold films. Twist angles, theta, of 1/sup 0/ to 5/sup 0/ were used. The dislocation arrays were examined at 125 kV and imaged using (anti 1 11), (1 anti 1 1), (002) and (2 anti 2 0) reflections. The results emphasize the fact that the O-Lattice approach to the structure of grain boundaries may not be straightforward. In general, both simple homogeneous transformations and inhomogeneous transformations must be considered and there is no simple way to predict which may actually apply. Such procedures are equivalent, of course, to searching for the dislocation network of minimum energy.
Surgeon volume plays a significant role in outcomes and cost following open incisional hernia repair.

Surgeon Volume Plays a Significant Role in Outcomes and Cost Following Open Incisional Hernia Repair Incisional hernia is a common complication following gastrointestinal surgery. Many surgeons elect to perform incisional hernia repairs despite performing only limited numbers of hernia repairs annually. This study examines the relationship between surgeon/facility volume and operative time, reoperation rates, and cost following initial open hernia repair. The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System was queried for elective open initial incisional hernias repairs from 2001 to 2006. Surgeon/facility volumes were calculated as mean number of open incisional hernia repairs per year from 2001 to 2006. Reoperations for recurrent hernia over a 5-year period were identified using ICD-9/CPT codes. Multivariable regression was used to compare patient, surgeon, and facility characteristics with operative time, hernia reoperation, and hospital charges. Eighteen thousand forty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria. The hernia reoperation rate was 9 %, and median time to reoperation was 1.4 years (mean = 1.8). After adjusting for clinical factors, surgeons performing an average of ≥36 repairs/year had significantly lower reoperation rates (HR = 0.59, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.48,0.72), operative time (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.67, 95 % CI = 0.64,0.71), and downstream charges (IRR = 0.63, 95 % CI = 0.57,0.69). Facility characteristics (volume, academic affiliation, location) were not associated with reoperation. This study found a strong association between individual surgeon incisional hernia repair volume and hernia reoperation rates, operative efficiency, and charges. Preferential referral to high-volume surgeons may lead to improved outcomes and lower costs.
Cleavage by granzyme B is strongly predictive of autoantigen status: implications for initiation of autoimmunity

Systemic autoimmune diseases are a genetically complex, heterogeneous group of disorders in which the immune system targets a diverse but highly specific group of intracellular autoantigens. The molecules targeted are not unified by common structure, function, or distribution in control cells but become clustered and concentrated in surface blebs when cells undergo apoptosis. We show here that the majority of autoantigens targeted across the spectrum of human systemic autoimmune diseases are efficiently cleaved by granzyme B in vitro and during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule–induced death, generating unique fragments not observed during any other form of apoptosis. These molecules are not cleaved by caspase-8, although this protease has a very similar specificity to granzyme B. The granzyme B cleavage sites in autoantigens contain amino acids in the P2 and P3 positions that are preferred by granzyme B but are not tolerated by caspase-8. In contrast to autoantigens, nonautoantigens are either not cleaved by granzyme B or are cleaved to generate fragments identical to those formed in other forms of apoptosis. The striking ability of granzyme B to generate unique fragments is therefore an exclusive property of autoantigens and unifies the majority of molecules targeted in this spectrum of diseases. These results focus attention on the role of the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule–induced death pathway in the initiation and propagation of systemic autoimmunity.
Predicting conditions for scaled-up manufacturing of materials prepared by ball milling

Abstract Discrete element model (DEM) is used to describe energy transfer from milling tools to the milled powder for shaker, planetary, and attritor mills. The rolling and static friction coefficients are determined experimentally. Computations predict the quasi-steady rate of energy dissipation, E d , for each experimental configuration. It is proposed that the milling dose defined as a product of E d and milling time, t , divided by the mass of milled powder, m p characterizes the milling progress independently of the milling device or milling conditions used. Once milling dose is determined for one experimental configuration, it can be used to predict the milling time required to prepare the same material in any milling configuration, for which E d is calculated. To validate this concept, metal-oxide composites were prepared using all three types of mills. The yield strength of the milled material was used as an experimental indicator of the milling progress. The concept was validated for DEM describing both planetary and shaker mills. For attritor, the predicted energy dissipation includes substantial contribution from the milling tool interaction events accompanied by abnormally high forces (> 10 3 N). Because of high forces, the energy in such events is likely dissipated to heat or plastically deform milling tools rather than refine material. Indeed, DEM predictions for attritor correlate with experiments when such events are ignored in the energy dissipation analysis.
Phenomenological Study of Strong Decays of Heavy Hadrons in Heavy Quark Effective Theory

The application of the tensor formalism of the heavy quark effective theory (HQET) at leading order to strong decays of heavy hadrons is presented. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical predictions of ratios of decay rated for B mesons, D mesons and kaons are given. The application of HQET to strange mesons presents some encouraging results. The spin-flavor symmetry is used to predict some decay rates that have not yet been measured.
Invariant Amplitudes for Studying the Parity Content of Duality

Kinematic-singularity-free parity-conserving helicity amplitudes are used to obtain a new set of amplitudes. These new amplitudes can be approximated in any dynamical theory; they have the advantage that resonances with definite parity frequently decouple from certain amplitudes. This simplifies study of the parity content of duality. We give the new amplitudes for the reactions $N\overline{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\overline{N}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rho}$. Using these amplitudes, we formulate a Veneziano-like model for these reactions with the additional requirement that each trajectory have unique quantum numbers -i.e., no conspiracies are allowed. In $N\overline{N}$, we find that no $\ensuremath{\pi}$-like trajectories can participate in such a bootstrap. Results for $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering are less striking, but the reduction of number of terms due to parity requirements is easily demonstrated.
Design and Analysis of Heuristic Algorithms for Power-Aware Scheduling of Precedence Constrained Tasks

Energy-efficient scheduling of sequential tasks with precedence constraints on multiprocessor computers with dynamically variable voltage and speed is investigated as combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the problem of minimizing schedule length with energy consumption constraint and the problem of minimizing energy consumption with schedule length constraint are considered. Our scheduling problems contain three nontrivial sub problems, namely, precedence constraining, task scheduling, and power supplying. Each sub problem should be solved efficiently so that heuristic algorithms with overall good performance can be developed. Such decomposition of our optimization problems into three sub problems makes design and analysis of heuristic algorithms tractable. Three types of heuristic power allocation and scheduling algorithms are proposed for precedence constrained sequential tasks with energy and time constraints, namely, pre-power-determination algorithms, post-power-determination algorithms, and hybrid algorithms. The performance of our algorithms are analyzed and compared with optimal schedules analytically. Such analysis has not been conducted in the literature for any algorithm. Therefore, our investigation in this paper makes initial contribution to analytical performance study of heuristic power allocation and scheduling algorithms for precedence constrained sequential tasks. Our extensive simulation data demonstrate that for wide task graphs, the performance ratios of all our heuristic algorithms approach one as the number of tasks increases.
Nutrition for Ill Neonates

1. Danna M. Premer, MD* 2. Michael K. Georgieff, MD* 1. 2. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. List the factors on which the nutritional needs of the neonate depend. 2. Describe the factors that illnesses alter, thereby changing nutrient requirements. 3. Describe the levels of amino acids that can be initiated without causing intolerance or toxicity in most ill infants. 4. Delineate the adverse effects of protein malnutrition following an acute or prolonged illness or insult. From early in this century, investigators have attempted to determine the optimal nutrient delivery for term infants to promote normal growth and development. In the past 25 years, nutritional investigators have concentrated on the needs of the ideal, healthy preterm infant to try to mimic intrauterine growth and body composition. Although great progress has been made in characterizing the needs of healthy preterm and term infants, the needs of ill, physiologically unstable infants largely have been neglected. The primary reasons for this lack of investigation are the assumption that the needs of ill infants are similar to those of healthy infants and the difficulty of studying metabolic needs in ill infants. The persistent efforts of several groups of investigators and the development of new techniques to study metabolism now have begun to delineate the specific nutritional needs of this particular patient population. Drawing on models generated in the adult surgical intensive care literature of the 1980s makes it possible to try to elucidate the effect of common illnesses and conditions (eg, acute pulmonary disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia[BPD], congenital heart disease[CHD], sepsis, and surgery) on neonatal metabolism and, therefore, nutritional requirements. The assumption is that changes from the norm in metabolism require alterations in substrate delivery (ie, nutrition). As with adults, it is likely that each illness induces characteristic changes in metabolism. The task for the practitioner is to customize nutritional delivery to fit the specific infant’s …