cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA19: Cooperation between androgen receptor and Polycomb in prostate cancer

Androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone-activated transcription factor that plays important roles in prostate development, function, as well as malignant transformation. The downstream pathways of AR, however, are incompletely understood. AR has been primarily known as a transcriptional activator inducing prostate-specific gene expression. Although androgen stimulation has been shown to also suppress genes, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms and functions of AR-mediated gene repression. Through integrative analysis of genome-wide AR occupancy and androgen-regulated gene expression, here we report AR as a globally acting transcriptional repressor. This repression is dictated, at least in part, by the Polycomb group protein EZH2 and repressive chromatin remodeling. In embryonic stem cells (ESC), AR-repressed genes harbor bivalent H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications that are characteristic of developmental regulators, the silencing of which maintains the undifferentiated ESC state. Similarly, these genes are down-regulated in poorlydifferentiated, castration-resistant prostate tumors rendering a stem cell-like cellular state. To characterize the function of AR-repressed genes, we nominated NOV as a top AR-repressed gene. We show that NOV is robustly suppressed by androgen through the AR. Using NOV as a model gene we present evidence that AR directly inhibits gene expression through physically binding to the enhancer, establishing promoter-enhancer DNA looping, and inducing repressive chromatin remodeling. We further demonstrate that NOV is down-regulated in aggressive prostate cancer. Concordantly, NOV expression inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in mice. Collectively, our data reveal an unexpected role of AR in inhibiting non-prostatic differentiation and, upon aberrant signaling, promoting cancerous de-differentiation. Our findings support AR-mediated inhibition of tumor suppressors as a novel mechanism to prostate cancer progression. Citation Format: Jonathan C. Zhao, Christine Runkle, Jianjun Yu, Longtao Wu, Hongjian Jin, Timothy Kuzel, Chung Lee, Jindan Yu. Cooperation between androgen receptor and Polycomb in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.
Monte Carlo study of CO oxidation on an anisotropic surface.

It is well established that anisotropy does not affect the critical behavior of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium that undergoes a second-order phase transition. We study here an anisotropic kinetic model for heterogeneous catalysis that mimics the oxidation of CO on the (110) surface of a transition metal like Pd. We have mapped out the phase diagram of possible steady states for various anisotropic reaction and absorption processes as a function of the ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$/CO adsorption rate and the CO diffusion rate. The phase diagram depends upon the amount of anisotropy and exhibits both a first-order and a second-order phase transition for a reactive to an unreactive steady state. We have examined the critical behavior at the second-order phase transition with finite-size scaling and have found that this model belongs to the directed percolation universality class irrespective of the anisotropy.
Decision Rules for Buffer Inventories

This paper presents the derivation of decision rules for determining the amount of each item to produce and hold in inventory in a multi-product factory. Under certain conditions the rules are good approximations to optimal minimum cost solutions. The model assumes that production is determined for all the items at the beginning of the production period. It uses as a framework a decision rule for the determination of aggregate inventory; this aggregate rule is based upon the approximation of factory cost by a quadratic cost function. A total inventory cost function, based upon the aggregation of the individual item rules, is derived.
A New Allotropic Form of Carbon from the Ries Crater

A new allotropic form of carbon occurs in shock-fused graphite gneisses in the Ries Crater, Bavaria. The assemblage in which it occurs consists of hexagonal graphite, rutile, pseudobrookite, magnetite, nickeliferous pyrrhotite, and baddeleyite. Electron-probe analyses indicate that the new phase is pure carbon. It is opaque and much more strongly reflecting than hexagonal graphite. Measurement of x-ray diffraction powder patterns leads to cell dimensions a = 8.948 ± 0.009, c = 14.078 ± 0.017 angstroms, with a primitive hexagonal lattice.
RNA binding proteins and selenocysteine

Selenocysteine is incorporated into protein by a complex co-translational mechanism that involves both cis and trans acting factors. Among the trans-acting factors are RNA binding proteins that interact with the selenoprotein 3' UTRs at a sequence known as the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS). These factors are generally referred to as SBPs, and in this review we will discuss the history of the SBPs, and give a detailed description of the recently identified SBP2 which is the only SBP known to be required for Sec insertion. The mechanism by which SBP2 may be involved in this process will be discussed.
Fundamental and Secondary R&D Races

RD with costly entry, firms engage in R&D only if they’re sufficiently optimistic that the innovation exists. Previous models of R&D races, which assume timing uncertainty (“secondary R&D"), are special cases of this model, which allows for a comparative analysis of fundamental and secondary R&D race environments.
Effects of indomethacin on cerebral vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid and hypercapnia in newborn pigs.

Responses of pial arterioles to topically applied arachidonic acid, conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and pial arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia were examined before and at progressive times after treatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) in chloralose-anesthetized newborn pigs with closed cranial windows. Before treatment with indomethacin, arachidonic acid and hypercapnia dilated pial arterioles and increased cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha and PGE2. One h after indomethacin treatment, the dilations and prostanoid synthesis were blocked. By 2 h after indomethacin treatment, hypercapnia produced significant dilation of pial arterioles, and dilation to both stimuli had returned to preindomethacin levels by 3 h. Inhibition of conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to prostanoids as monitored by increases in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 in cerebrospinal fluid under the window also was reversed by 3 h after treatment with indomethacin. Repeated indomethacin treatment again blocked dilations and conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids on the brain surface. The possibility of short duration of vascular effectiveness of indomethacin when it is administered systemically needs to be considered, both when it is used as a probe for understanding contributions of PGH synthase products to control of cerebral circulation and when it is used therapeutically in attempts to alter the newborn cerebral circulation.
Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flows by Combining TCD Velocities and MRA Diameters: In Vitro and In Vivo Validations

Non-invasive transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely used for blood velocity (BV, cm/sec) measurements in the human middle cerebral artery (MCA). MCABV measurements are accepted as linear with MCA blood flow (MCABF). Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) provides measurements of MCA lumen diameters that can be combined with TCD MCABV to calculate MCABF (mL/min). We tested the precision and accuracy of this method against a flow phantom and in vivo proximal internal carotid artery blood flow (ICABF). In vitro precision (repeated measures) and accuracy (vs. time collection) gave correlations coefficients of 0.97 and 0.98, respectively (both p 0.05). Results suggest that blood velocity by TCD and lumen diameter by MRA can be combined to estimate absolute values of MCABF.
Multicontrast microscopy technique to dynamically fingerprint live-cell focal contacts during exposure and replacement of a cytotoxic medium

Multicontrast microscopy techniques were used to comprehensively and dynamically map the cellular contact area adhering to a substrate. The natural fringe patterns observed with interference reflection contrast microscopy were used to map the dynamic fingerprint of a porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell's ventral surface and to examine the focal and/or close contacts to the substrate when exposed to a toxic agent Cytochalasin D. In addition, differential interference contrast microscopy sequentially imaged the overall cellular morphological responses to the agent. It was observed that focal contacts, which are tightly attached to the substrate, are strongly resistant to even high doses of the cytotoxic agent and that they also form the basis of cellular recovery after replacement of the cytotoxic medium with fresh medium.
Predicting Performance for Constructed Storm-Water Wetlands

AbstractWater quality treatment via constructed storm-water wetlands (CSWs) is intimately linked to system hydraulics. Previous works have attempted to define the relationship between performance and wetland design variables (e.g., length, width, area). However, these works suffer from two major flaws: small sample size and/or nonrandom samples. The authors provide a framework herein to overcome these flaws. The goals of this research were to develop a methodology for creating randomly generated wetland designs and to use these designs to develop a set of equations for predicting peak flow reduction. Two thousand randomly generated wetland designs were generated using a five-tiered approach. Channel length and roughness were highly correlated with peak flow reduction and explained 83% of the total variability within the data set. Because of the large number of randomly generated designs, the regression equations presented herein prevent bias toward nonrandom designs. These equations represent the most gen...
Renewable Resource Harvesting Under Correlated Biological and Economic Uncertainties: Implications for Optimal and Second-Best Management

Biologists have long recognized environmental disturbances impact both the growth of renewable resources and the efficiency of harvest effort. However, models of renewable resource management under uncertainty have commonly assumed economic and biological uncertainties to be uncorrelated. We present examples of valuable fish species that experience correlated variation in biological growth and catchability, in response to a common environmental disturbance. Building correlation into a model of renewable resource management under uncertainty, we find correlation to alter the optimal response by managers to cost disturbances, and impact the value of retaining intra-period flexibility over harvest targets. Examining the performance of three harvest control mechanisms—harvest quotas, effort quotas, and taxes—reveals that positive correlation between costs and growth favors harvest quotas over effort quotas, and effort quotas over taxes (and vice versa). The model is then applied numerically to the Pacific bigeye tuna fishery, which experiences positively correlated shocks driven by the El Nino Southern Oscillation. Correlation qualitatively changes the optimal response to a cost shock, and harvest quotas are found to be strongly favored over both effort quotas and taxes.
Proposed Method for Modeling the Gravitational Interaction Between Finite Bodies

A new computational approach to the problem of the mutual gravitational attraction between finite-size bodies is presented. In this case, the gravitational force acting on each body consists of contributions from the mutual interactions between all particles comprising all bodies. The current approach is mostly suitable for high-precision modeling of the gravitational perturbations acting on a satellite in the vicinity of large and irregular objects. This approach is preferable in problems such as a satellite in the vicinity of an asteroid or near a planetary ring. If the shape of the asteroid is irregular, the traditional Legendre polynomials method does not give a good approximation. The series expansion of the potential in the planetary ring problem has a convergence problem because the distance between the satellite and the ring center of mass can be small compared with the size of the ring. These difficulties are overcome by defining new integrals over the attracting body. The operations on these integrals for the purpose of methodical computation are also presented. The potential via radial basis functions is modeled, and the gradients based on these smooth functions are derived.
Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease—diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic

Thirty primarily unselected but a mixed population of ‘virgin’ and treated patients with a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease were subjected to diagnostic laparotomy, splenectomy, liver biopsy, and para-aortic lymph node biopsy as part of their evaluation for the purpose of staging the disease. The post-operative pathologic findings were correlated with the preoperative clinical evaluation. Preoperative evaluation of abdominal lymph nodes, spleen, and liver was inaccurate in 3/25 (12%), 9/30 (30%), and 5/30 (17%) patients, respectively, with the result that there was a change in the post-operative staging in eleven (37%) patients. No instance of liver involvement by Hodgkin's Disease was noted without concomitant splenic involvement. Also, there was no instance of splenic involvement without a concomitant para-aortic lymph node involvement. These findings suggest a possible spread of the disease to the spleen via the abdominal lymph nodes and to the liver via the spleen. It is concluded that laparotomy with splenectomy is a valuable procedure for diagnostic delineation of intra-abdominal disease but in addition has therapeutic and preventive implications.
CORRECTION OF MOMENT METHOD FOR FINITE RANGE OF INTEGRATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO LIFETIME ANALYSIS.

Abstract A correction of the moment method for finite range of integration has been introduced and has been applied in detail to the particular case of lifetime data analysis. In the case in which one or two mean lives occur, the method has been shown to work for a wide range of mean lives and fractions of the long component. In addition, techniques are proposed which minimize the troublesome problem of centroid shift by an indirect determination of the best centroid.
Spatial and temporal patterns of soil biological activity in a forest and an old field

Abstract The spatial distribution of C mineralization, nematode density, organic matter content and soil moisture were determined for a forest and an old field soil in the northeastern U.S.A. over the course of a year. The data were analyzed using univariate, multivariate and geostatistical methods. The forest soil had a higher C mineralization rate, soil moisture content and nematode density than the old field soil throughout the year. High C mineralization rates and nematode density coincided with a brief January thaw in the forest, but not in the old field soil. Multiple regression analysis identified different components as significant for C mineralization depending on sampling date. In the old field, soil moisture and organic matter content were significant regression components for C mineralization at different times of the year. In the forest, organic matter, root mass (>2 mm) and bulk density were significant regression components on different dates. For nematodes, the multiple regression analysis identified soil moisture and bulk density as significant in both soils at different times of the year. Maps for each property were estimated with block kriging for each sampling date. In the forest, areas of maximal C mineralization and nematode density coincided with areas of high organic matter and moisture content only on some sampling dates. In the old field, maximal C mineralization generally coincided with areas of high moisture and organic matter content. Spatial structure in both forest and old field changed through the year. Our results suggest that dynamics and spatial patterns of C mineralization in the old field may be more susceptible to changes in soil moisture than in the forest soil. By contrast, temporal and spatial patterns of nematode density in both ecosystems appear to be susceptible to soil moisture dynamics. Organic matter appears to be important in controlling the spatial distribution of C mineralization, but not that of nematodes.
WOLF–MOOSE INTERACTION ON ISLE ROYALE: THE END OF NATURAL REGULATION?

Long-term population fluctuations of wolves and moose in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, are used to evaluate a central tenet of the “natural regulation” concept commonly applied by the National Park Service (NPS) in the United States, namely, that wild cervid populations exhibit density dependence which, even in the absence of large predators, will stabilize population growth. This tenet, restated as a hypothesis, is rejected based on moose population response to a chronic wolf decline. In 1980–1996 with wolf numbers down, partly due to introduced disease, moose numbers increased to a historic high level. There was insufficient density dependence in moose reproduction and mortality to stabilize moose numbers. In 1996 moose suffered a crash; 80% died, primarily from starvation. These fluctuations, along with the possibility that the highly inbred wolf population may become extinct, will challenge NPS policy. The long-standing NPS management tradition of nonintervention may not be compatible with the current policy that stresses maintenance of natural ecological processes, such as a predator–prey system.
The ambient spaces of computer graphics and geometric modeling

Four types of ambient mathematical spaces underlie the algebra and geometry of computer graphics and geometric modeling: vector spaces, affine spaces, projective spaces, and Grassmann spaces (H.G. Grassmann, 1894-1911). The author considers at length the theoretical advantages of the coordinate-free approach to understanding geometry. He focuses attention on the operations of addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication because these are the operations best suited for the construction of freeform curves and surfaces. But there are also spaces with multiplicative structures: structures already coming into vogue in physics (D. Hestenes, 1992) and perhaps of use as well in the fields of computer graphics and computer aided design.
DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE SHEAR RATES IN ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRIES

The effective shear rates of a flag and a star shaped impeller were determined in a jacketed vessel by matching the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid and the apparent viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid, and from the slope of a plot of (1–n) versus log (P/K Nn+1d3). The results from the two methods were in good agreement. For geometries with large surface areas, the method of matching viscosities is less likely to contribute to errors.
Sequence redundancy under conditions of randomization and spontaneous activity

The purpose of the study was to compare the sequence redundancy under conditions of randomization with the sequence redundancy under conditions of spontaneous activity. One group was instructed to randomize three alternative push-button responses, and the other group was asked to produce a spontaneous sequence of such responses. Both tasks were self-paced and performed twice. Redundancy up to the fourth order was computed. Completion times and information production rates were determined. Redundancy was significantly higher in the spontaneous activity condition. Information production rate analysis confirmed that there was a greater degree of nonrandomness in the spontaneous activity condition. The effect of test order on redundancy was explained in terms of the difference in completion times between randomization and spontaneous activity conditions. Redundancy was characterized as a possible measure of behavioral stereotypy.
Ghost fingers: a hybrid approach to the interaction with remote displays

In this paper, we describe a novel interaction method called Ghost Fingers, which enables efficient and intuitive switching between keyboard and multi-touch input on systems where the display is out of arm's reach. In addition, Ghost Fingers provides a translucent real-time visualization of the fingers and hands on the remote display, creating a closed interaction loop that enables direct manipulation even on remote displays. Our solution includes a wireless keyboard with attached imaging sensor that is used to both determine the position of the user's hand and fingers, and to provide a real-time translucent overlay of hand and fingers over the remote UI.
Determination of zinc in plant materials using ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to develop a rapid and accurate method for the determination of zinc in plant materials. An ion-exchange separation technique to eliminate interferences in the Zincon procedure for zinc is described. Comparison with the A.O.A.C. method and evaluation of zinc recovery studies show the proposed method to be satisfactory for the analysis of microgram amounts of zinc in plant materials.
Purification of citrus limonoids and their differential inhibitory effects on human cytochrome P450 enzymes

Recent studies demonstrated that citrus limonoids and flavonoids possess numerous health promoting properties. In the present study, glucosides of limonoids and flavonoids were purified from citrus molasses and limonoid aglycones from citrus seeds. Glucosides were separated on styrene (divinylbenzene), Q-sepharose resins with increasing concentration of sodium chloride. A pH-dependent cold precipitation was carried out for the isolation of naringin in large quantity. Major aglycones such as limonin and nomilin were isolated from seeds by direct crystallization and minor limonoids were purified by vacuum liquid chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by NMR spectra. Individual limonoids were tested for O-dealkylase and hydroxylase activities of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes such as CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP3A4 and CYP19, using ethoxyresorufin, methoxyresorufin and dibenzylfluorescein as substrates. Partial to high inhibition of CYPs was observed in dose-dependent assays. Significant (P < 0.001) reductions in enzyme activities were observed with purified compounds above 2 µmol. Kinetic analyses indicated that limonin glucoside inhibited CYP19 competitively (IC50, 7.1 µ mol L−1), whereas Nomilinic acid glucoside inhibited it noncompetitively (IC50, 9.4 µ mol−1). Nomilinic acid glucoside was the most potent limonoid, with an overall IC50 of < 10 µ mol, for all the enzymes tested. The differential inhibition of CYPs can be ascribed to structural variations of the limonoid nucleus. Limonoid inhibition of key CYPs involved in carcinogenesis supports growing evidence that citrus limonoids act as anticancer agents. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Do pulsed lasers produce an effective photodynamic therapy response

Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in dermatology is traditionally performed with topical aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and continuous-wave (CW) illumination with blue or red light. Recently, several authors have reported success with laser and other pulsed-light sources for PDT. While the clinical benefits on sun-exposed skin are apparent, no study has demonstrated that the pulsed light sources are responsible for the observed response. Study Design A placebo-controlled study of two pulsed light sources previously reported for PDT: the pulsed dye laser (PDL) or broadband flashlamp filtered intense pulsed light (IPL). Sun-hidden skin was prepared with microdermabrasion and acetone scrub followed by ALA under occlusion. Laser or IPL was delivered under conditions previously reported to produce a clinical response. Control areas were exposed to standardized CW blue light or to no light. A second control area was prepared and received light and the ALA vehicle. Results IPL and PDL demonstrated a faint dose-response effect on PDT activation, but were less potent than a smaller fluence of CW blue light. Ambient light activated ALA-treated skin. Conclusion Both IPL and PDL are capable of activation of PDT but produce dramatically less PDT reaction than the standard CW blue-light broadband source. Physicians desiring a robust PDT response might select CW sources over pulsed sources. Ambient light may activate a PDT reaction. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transient thermal behavior of preloaded three-pad foil bearings: Modeling and experiments

Oil-free turbomachinery have emerged as one of the core technologies for the future green power generation systems as stand-alone systems or hybridized with high temperature fuel cells or solar systems. Oil-free technology allows compact, clean, and maintenance-free operation, and foil bearings are at the center of the technology. Since their first commercial applications in the air cycle machines and auxiliary power units in 1970s, significant improvement has been made to the computational models for rotordynamic behavior. However, many technical issues still remain unsolved or poorly understood, and one of them is thermal management. This paper presents transient three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic (3D THD) model of radial foil bearings to predict transient thermal behavior of the bearing-rotor system. The transient model involves transient energy equations applied to all the mechanical structures and gas film. The model was verified through extensive experimental measurements of transient thermal behavior of three-pad foil bearing for various cooling air pressures, external loads, and speeds. The predictions showed very good agreements with the experiments, and also the 3D THD model could predict potential thermal instability observed in the experimental measurements.
Spores of the Dung Fungus Sporormiella: Increased Abundance in Historic Sediments and Before Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction

Spores of the dung fungus Sporormiella become abundant following the historic introduction of grazing herbivores at seven sites in the western United States. During the Holocene they are generally rare, but at six sites Sporormiella spores are abundant before the extinction of Pleistocene megaherbivores ca. 11,000 yr B.P. Sporormiella spores are directly linked to extinct megaherbivores by their presence in mammoth dung preserved in Bechan Cave, Southern Utah. Their abundance in late-glacial sediments may reflect the abundance of megaherbivores during Quaternary, thereby indicating the age of Pleistocene extinctions where other indicators are absent.
Developmental regulation of class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by equine trophoblastic cells.

Abstract Between days 36–38 of pregnancy equine trophoblastic cells of the chorionic girdle migrate and form endometrial cups. Just prior to invasion, the chorionic girdle cells express high levels of polymorphic, paternally inherited, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens. Their descendents, the mature, invasive trophoblast cells of the endometrial cups, however, express low or undetectable levels of MHC class I antigens by day 44 of pregnancy. Experiments with MHC compatible pregnancies, the study of residual chorionic girdle cells that had failed to invade the endometrium and remained on the surface of a conceptus, and the study of chorionic girdle cells recovered on days 34–36 of pregnancy and then maintained in vitro for up to 24 days strongly suggest that the reduction of MHC class I antigen expression by mature invasive trophoblast cells of the endometrial cups is developmentally regulated. This phenomenon does not appear to be induced by a maternal antibody response or by other uterine factors acting after the chorionic girdle trophoblast cells invade the endometrium.
The role of routine spinal imaging and immobilisation in asymptomatic patients after gunshot wounds.

Background: The role of routine dedicated spinal imaging and immobilisation following gunshot wounds (GSW) to the head, neck or torso has been debated. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of spinal column injury requiring stabilisation in evaluable patients following gunshot injury. Methods: A retrospective study from of a Level I trauma centre from January 1995 to December 2004. All patients with GSW to the head, neck or torso and bony spinal column injury underwent medical record review to determine injury type, presentation, presence of concomitant spinal cord injury, treatment and outcome. Results: A total of 4204 patients sustaining GSW to the head, neck or torso were identified. Complete medical records were available for the 327 (7.8%) patients with bony spinal column injury. Among these patients, 173 (52.9%) sustained spinal cord injury. Two patients (0.6%) with GSW to the torso and bony spinal column injury required operative spinal intervention. The indication for operative intervention in both cases was removal of a foreign body or bony fragment for decompression of the spinal canal. None of the 4204 patients sustaining GSW to the head, neck or torso demonstrated spinal instability requiring operative intervention, and only 2/327 (0.6%) required any form of operative intervention for decompression. Conclusion: Spinal instability following GSW with spine injury is very rare. Routine spinal imaging and immobilisation is unwarranted in examinable patients without symptoms consistent with spinal injury following GSW to the head, neck or torso.
Positive sexual communication and socialization in the parent-adolescent context

This chapter provides an expanded view of parent- adolescent sexual communication and socialization in an effort to move beyond risk perspectives toward a consideration of other important aspects of sexual socialization.
Technology Learning Principles for Preservice and In-service Teacher Education

This essay presents a vision for technology integration in teacher education that develops teachers into “technology integrationists,” or teachers who thoughtfully choose to integrate technology when it supports students’ subject matter learning. Four principles guide the design of technology learning experiences for preservice and in-service teachers to increase the likelihood that they will become technology integrationists. The principles are (a) connecting technology learning to professional knowledge; (b) privileging subject matter and pedagogical content connections; (c) using technology learning to challenge professional knowledge; and (d) teaching many technologies. The advantages and limitations of using these principles with preservice and in-service teachers are discussed. Future innovations in technology learning approaches in teacher education are outlined.
Reflections on Significant Developments in Designing SimCalc Software

We designed and developed the SimCalc software using technological affordances as a way to introduce new mathematical affordances into the classroom. This view was especially advantageous as available technology changed significantly during SimCalc’s development cycle. Driven by observations and opportunities, we frequently modified our software according to our changing understanding. In this chapter, we describe the rationale for changes to the software by looking at decisions that resulted in significant modifications; we examine how our work on this software altered our view of the learning affordances SimCalc provides. Our examples are within three main areas of research: Representational Infrastructures to support mathematically meaningful representations, Activity Structures (some that guided design and some that emerged from new affordances), and Classroom Connectivity which offered new forms of student participation. These and other decisions extend SimCalc beyond the development cycle, allowing it to continue to be useful to its existing base of users and extending its reach to a wider variety of students around the world.
HOTSPOT-RIDGE INTERACTION ALONG THE SOUTHEAST INDIAN RIDGE NEAR AMSTERDAM AND ST. PAUL ISLANDS : HELIUM ISOTOPE EVIDENCE

We report new helium isotope analyses for basaltic glasses recovered along the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between longitudes 77oE and 88oE. In this region, the SEIR shoals to a depth less than 1800 m as it crosses the Amsterdam‐St. Paul (ASP) plateau. Atop the plateau, where the average sample spacing is10 km, 3 He= 4 He ratios range between 9.3 and 13.4 RA (RAD atmospheric ratio) with significant variability over short distances. Away from the plateau, ridge segments show a more restricted 3 He= 4 He range, between 7 and 9 RA. Elevated 3 He= 4 He ratios on the plateau are evidence for a deep mantle plume component that has been injected into the sub-ridge mantle beneath the region. Ridge segments southeast of the plateau show lower 3 He= 4 He (7.6‐8.3 RA) than segments to the northwest (8.3‐9.0 RA), suggesting either a systematically varying ‘background contamination’ of the MORB asthenosphere in the region, or localized input of a ‘low 3 He= 4 He’ component along the southeastern ridge segments, possibly derived from the distant Kerguelen hotspot. A double peak structure exists in the regional 3 He= 4 He spatial distribution, because there is also a strong plume-derived He isotope signal which is offset from the shallowest, thickest section of the ridge. High 3 He= 4 He ratios (up to 14.1 RA) are present all along the ridge segment immediately to the northwest of the ASP plateau (segment H), where anomalies in K=Ti ratio are also observed. The high 3 He= 4 He ratios persist to the northern end of segment H, beyond which they abruptly drop to MORB background levels, which apparently persist all the way to the Rodrigues Triple Junction. This pattern suggests that the high- 3 He= 4 He ASP plume supplies a shallow north-northeastward mantle flow toward adjacent portions of the SEIR. There is a systematic difference in 3 He= 4 He‐K=Ti behavior between axial lavas from the ASP plateau and those from segment H, suggesting a higher He=Ti elemental abundance ratio in the plume source material beneath segment H compared to that beneath the ridge axis on the ASP plateau. These observations are consistent with a model in which plume material supplied to segment H is derived from the outer portions of the ASP plume, where removal of He (relative to Ti) has been less efficient than within the core of the plume located beneath the Amsterdam and St. Paul islands. These outer portions of the plume have lower temperatures and have undergone less partial melting, leading to a higher relative He=Ti ratio compared to the inner portions of the plume that feed portions of the sub-ridge mantle beneath the ASP plateau. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Analysis and mitigation of lateral thermal blockage effect of through-silicon-via in 3D IC designs

The three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) offer performance advantages thanks to the increased bandwidth and reduced wire-length enabled by through-silicon-via structures (TSVs). Traditionally TSVs have been considered to improve the thermal conductivity in the vertical direction. However, the lateral thermal blockage effect becomes increasingly important for TSV via farms (a cluster of TSV vias used for signal bus connections between layers). TSV farms can cause different thermal effects on different layers due to the unequal x, y, z thermal conductivities. This can exhibit itself as thermal improvement in the vertical heat flow, at the same time lateral heat blockage effects in thinned pass-through layers. In this paper, we propose a thermal-aware via farm placement technique for 3D ICs to minimize lateral heat blockages caused by dense signal bus TSV structures. By incorporating thermal conductivity profile of via farm blocks in the design flow and enabling placement/aspect ratio optimization, the corresponding hotspots can be minimized within the wire-length and area constraints.
Effects of Multimedia Vocabulary Instruction on Adolescents With Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the effects of using content acquisition podcasts (CAPs), an example of instructional technology, to provide vocabulary instruction to adolescents with and without learning disabilities (LD). A total of 279 urban high school students, including 30 with LD in an area related to reading, were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions with instruction occurring at individual computer terminals over a 3-week period. Each of the four conditions contained different configurations of multimedia-based instruction and evidence-based vocabulary instruction. Dependent measures of vocabulary knowledge indicated that students with LD who received vocabulary instruction using CAPs through an explicit instructional methodology and the keyword mnemonic strategy significantly outperformed other students with LD who were taught using the same content, but with multimedia instruction that did not adhere to a specific theoretical design framework. Result...
Conclusions and Extensions: Toward Mid-Range Theorizing and Beyond Europe

This article reflects on three sets of issues raised by the research in this special issue. First it summarizes and critiques the core analytical claims and main scope conditions for socialization as developed by the authors. Then it examines how a critical socialization micro-process—persuasion—fits with a thin rationalist argument. I suggest that agents who are more deeply socialized may be more strategic in their behavior precisely because they are true believers. Thus the presence of strategic behavior does not undermine the possibility of persuasion. It may be an especially obvious consequence of persuasion. Finally, I examine how the authors understand socialization and identity change. Here I argue that the content of identity needs to be unpacked further into four dimensions—constitutive norms, social purpose, relational beliefs, and cognitive worldviews—in order to more fully test how much, and what type of, identity change occurs as a result of socialization. Finally, the article looks at how the findings in the European case might be extended to, and compared with, empirical evidence from other parts of the world, in particular Asia.Thanks to Jeff Checkel, Michael Glosny, and two anonymous referees for comments and criticisms.
Higgs boson production at a photon linear collider.

The collision of high-energy, high-intensity photon beams would provide novel opportunities for particle physics. These beams could be obtained at a linear ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider via Compton backscattering using high-powered lasers. The resulting photon linear collider offers highly polarized beams, large luminosities, and a variable luminosity spectrum. We examine the potential of such a machine to explore the Higgs sector of the standard model. We find a photon linear collider with $\sqrt{s}\ensuremath{\approx}250$ GeV to be an excellent tool to search for an intermediate-mass Higgs boson, with the polarized photon beams being a particular asset, as they can be used to suppress backgrounds while enhancing the signal. In searching for intermediate-mass standard model Higgs bosons, a signal in excess of $10\ensuremath{\sigma}$ over the entire intermediate mass region is possible with even moderate luminosity. Even more important is the application of a photon linear collider to measurement of the two-photon width of the Higgs boson, a measurement which gives crucial information about the nature of spontaneous symmetry breaking. We calculate that a photon linear collider with energy tuned to the Higgs boson mass allows a measurement of the two-photon width of the Higgs boson with a statistical precision of better than 10% over most of the intermediateand heavy-mass range.
As the Wheel Turns: A Centennial Reflection On Freud's tHree Essays On the Theory of Sexuality

Freud's theories of psychosexual development, while highly original, were anchored in the explosion of scientific studies of sex in the nineteenth century. Most of these studies were based on masturbation, homosexuality, and deviance, with little attention given to normal sexuality. Around the turn of the century, the narrow interest in pathological sexuality and sexual physiology gradually gave way to a broader interest in normal sexuality. It was in the context of these expanding studies of sexuality that Freud proposed the first psychological view of sexuality, a theory that defined sex as being at the interface between soma and psyche. Libido theory, which Freud developed, is a theory of drives and conflicts. For Freud, libido was the major force in personality development, and he posited sexual conflicts as the heart of neuroses, sexual fixations as the essence of perversions. This article traces the way Freud's libido theory has served as one of the mainsprings in the development of psychoanalytic theory. It also addresses the major revisions that have taken place in libido theory, with a focus primarily on object relations theory, and the impact of culture on the way sex and sexual mores are parsed.
Recent technological trends and their impact on system design

Over the past two decades, significant advancements in VLSI technologies (e.g. Moore's Law), Network Bandwidth, and Disk storage capacity have fueled an unprecedented integration of information technologies into the global economy. These advances have enabled the I/T (information technology) community to develop and deploy containerized and composable software stacks, while providing adequate performance to the end users. This model of driving high programmer-productivity with responsiveness in the I/T enterprises is based partly on software containerization, This model also depends significantly on obtaining high performance and robustness from the hardware and the operating systems autonomically. Because programmer-productivity and system responsiveness are key factors for the global economic growth, significant research and development efforts have been invested in continuing the innovations in hardware and operating systems. This talk will discuss the recent technological breakthroughs in VLSI technologies (i.e. high k dielectric) and in disk recording technologies (e.g. perpendicular recording). I will also discuss the impacts of the design decisions in processor designs advancements targeted for the four canonical usage segments, namely, HPC, Commercial computation, Games, and Embedded Systems. I will also speculate on future technological advances that may potentially impact system design.
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in the Mouse Ovary

The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the Drosophila ovary, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, but a role in the mammalian ovary has not been defined. Expression of components of the HH pathway in the mouse ovary and effects of altering HH signaling in vitro were determined. RT-PCR analyses show developmentally regulated expression of sonic (Shh), indian (Ihh) and desert (Dhh) HH in the ovary. Expression is detected in whole ovary, granulosa cells, and corpora lutea. The mRNAs for the two receptors, patched homolog 1 and 2 (Ptch1, Ptch2), and the signal transducer, smoothened (Smo), are also expressed. Immunohistochemistry using an antibody that detects all three HH ligands demonstrated HH protein primarily in granulosa cells of follicles from primary to antral stages of development. Follicles also stained for PTCH1 and SMO in both granulosa and theca cells. Treatment of cultured preantral follicles and granulosa cells with recombinant SHH increased growth and proliferation while treatment with the HH pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine, had no effect. Therefore, activation of HH signaling can increase cell proliferation and follicle growth but is not essential for these processes in vitro. Treatment of granulosa cells with SHH increased levels of mRNA for Gli1, a transcriptional target of HH signaling, while cyclopamine decreased expression. SHH had no effect on production of progesterone by cultured granulosa cells, while cyclopamine increased progesterone production. The results demonstrate a functional HH pathway in the follicle and identify granulosa cells as at least one of the potential targets of HH signaling.
Terminal Sedation and the Artefactual Fallacy

I want to make a two-fold argument in this chapter. First, I will try to show that an elimination of the killing/allowing-to-die distinction is a serious philosophical error. Second, I will attempt to argue that terminal sedation followed by a withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration is morally legitimate — but does not require the elimination of the distinction to make that case. There is another, more plausible, way to do so. Along the way I will introduce the idea of the “artefactual fallacy,” deducing an “is” from an “ought.”
A Religiological Analysis of Nursi's View of Sufism Expressed in the ‘Nine Allusions’ (Telvihât-ı Tis'a) of the Risale-i Nur

Abstract While Nursi stated explicitly that he was not a Sufi, he nevertheless expressed many Sufi perspectives in his work. In particular, his focus in the section of the Risale-i Nur called ‘Nine Allusions’ (Telvihât-i Tis'a) was Sufism. This article uses a method of analysing religious perspectives called ‘religiology’, in order to coherently and systematically unpack Nursi's attitudes to Sufism. Organizing his Sufi perspectives in the categories of epistemology, ontology (including theology, cosmology, and eschatology), anthropology, psychology, teleology, and methodology, the article demonstrates that he agrees with certain aspects of Sufism and disagrees with others.
A-ring oxidation products from γ-irradiation of cholesterol in liposomes

γ-Irradiation of cholesterol in multilamellar vesicles (MLV) at 0–4°C causes oxidation of the A-ring. Two A-ring oxides formed in considerable amounts are cholest-4-en-3-one (10) and cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione (12) in addition to the usual B-ring oxides. Lesser amounts of cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one (11) are also generated. Compounds 10 and 12 were detected and measured in cholesterol irradiated at less than 0.5 kGy in liposomes containing saturated or unsaturated phospholipids. Lesser amounts of 10 and 12, as well as lesser amounts of other cholesterol oxides, were formed when a major constituent of the MLV was dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine. Autoxidation of cholesterol in MLV also gave rise to small amounts of 10, 11 and 12.
Generalized quad, hex, and octagon LDPC codes

We use the theory of finite classical generalized polygons to derive and study low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The Tanner graph of a generalized polygon LDPC code is highly symmetric, inherits the diameter size of the parent generalized polygon, and has minimum (one half) diameter-to-girth ratio. We show formally that when the diameter is four or six or eight all codewords have even Hamming weight. When the generalized polygon has in addition equal number of points and lines, we see that the non-regular polygon based code construction has minimum distance that is higher at least by two in comparison with the dual regular polygon code of the same rate and length. A new minimum distance bound is presented for codes from non-regular polygons of even diameter and equal number of points and lines. Finally, we prove that all codes derived from finite classical generalized quadrangles are quasi-cyclic and we give the explicit size of the circulant blocks in the parity check matrix. Our simulation studies of several generalized polygon LDPC codes demonstrate powerful bit-error-rate performance when decoding is carried out via low complexity variants of belief propagation.