cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechner's Reply to the Commentaries on His Article, "A Behavioral and Biological Analysis of Aesthetics"

The commentaries prompted my realization that it is more useful to view the core of the aesthetic reaction as composed of a set of Pavlovian respondents than as a quasi-emotional reaction. They also increased my confidence in the generality of my conclusion, based in part on my analysis of hundreds of instances, that aesthetic reactions (as well as many other types of affective reactions) are elicited by the conjunction of (a) synergetic (unusual and transformative) interactions among stimuli, (b) the behavioral history and current state of the reacting individual, and (c) circumstantial features of the prevailing situation, including social and cultural factors. Aesthetic reactions can never be predicted or explained based on stimulus properties only. An important mechanism by which originally neutral stimuli acquire the power to elicit aesthetic reactions is Pavlovian pairing, often early in life, with stimuli that already possessed eliciting functions. The commentaries support my contention that a full understanding of the behavioral and biological aspects of aesthetic reactions requires a phylogenetic analysis of their evolutionary origins. Such an analysis suggests that the development of aesthetic sensibility is an important milestone in human evolution. The reinforcing properties of aesthetic reactions are key to the maintenance of such cognitive competencies as language and the manipulation of concepts, learning and inquiry skills, mentalization skills like visualizing and other types of thinking, various social skills, and cultural cohesion. The domain of aesthetic reinforcers extends beyond the arts to the quality of artifacts like tools, implements, or vehicles, certain types of interpersonal activity, and displays of competency. All of these reinforcer categories have biological utilities that account for the selection, throughout evolution, of individuals who were susceptible to those reinforcers’ effects. Also discussed are implications for therapy and education.
Role of short range order on crystallization of tectosilicate glasses: A diffraction study

Abstract The relationship between glass structure and crystallization behavior has remained elusive, though a general solution would have broad applications. In this work, three-component glasses were studied in the system MTSixO2x+2, where M = Na, Li, or Ca, T = Al, B, or Fe, and x = 1, 2, and 3. These glasses, selected to systematically explore network and modifier substitutions, included mineralogically important silicate chemistries (i.e., albite, jadeite, carnegieite, nepheline, anorthite, eucryptite, spodumene, aegirine, reedmergnerite, malinkoite). Glasses were interrogated using neutrons and synchrotron X-rays, and empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modeling was performed to compare the average glass structures to the analogous crystalline references. Through EPSR modeling, it was shown that similarity in the coordination number of the non-network cations in glass systems (i.e., alkali and alkaline earth) predicts which glasses easily crystallize an isochemical phase during cooling from melt. Average coordination number of the M and T type cations of glass versus isochemical crystal is proposed as a metric to predict crystallization. This metric is compared to other proposed metrics such as normalized temperatures, change in density, fragility, and thermodynamic parameters. This the first study to employ EPSR modeling to relate crystallization propensity of isochemical crystals to network modifier short-range order.
Analysis of risk attitudes and social capital in pineapple marketing: The case of small-scale farmers in Luwero district, Uganda

Development partners are promoting and encouraging small-scale farmers to venture into horticultural farming as a development tool to enhance their livelihoods. While previous empirical studies provide an indication of how small-scale farmers’ choose to participate in markets, the role of farmer risk attitudes and social capital in the choice of low or high value market outlets has hardly been analyzed. This study therefore examined the producers’ risk attitudes and social capital dimensions that may explain the differences in the choice of market outlets. Data were collected from 272 households in four sub-counties in Luwero district in central Ugnada using multi-stage sampling during the period of March through May 2016. The empirical analysis in this study was based on primary data collected in face to face interviews using semi structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Multinomial Logit regression model. Results indicate that gender, marketing under contract, risk attitudes and trust significantly influenced choice of export market at the one per cent level while education level, farm size, market distance and density of membership influenced it at the five per cent level. Trust, frequency of attending group meetings and density of membership influenced market decision outlet choices and production information flow in market transaction associations which ensure that benefits of social capital are reaped by farmers. Findings showed that choosing high value markets was associated with farmers being risk seekers and having higher trust level for transaction partners. The implication of these findings is that development strategies that target commercialization of small-scale agriculture through high value market access should pay attention to farmers’ risk perceptions and trust. The study therefore recommends that to support farmers become more risk takers and increase trust for transaction partners, there is need to create awareness among farmers about how to guard against market risks and benefits of high value market access. This can be achieved by encouraging farmers reduce agricultural risks by building up self-insurance strategies through participation in off-farm activities. Furthermore, social capital stakeholders should encourage development of trust between farmers and transaction partners. This can be through establishing product price floor and ceiling which would reduce price information asymmetry between farmers and traders.
Social enactivism about perception—reply to McGann:

In his comment, McGann argues that in my “From Sensorimotor Dependencies to Perceptual Practices: Making Enactivism Social,” I have overlooked a group of enactivist theories that can be grouped und...
The Protease Activity in the Digestion Tract of Schistocerca americana (Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The insect digestive tract has been identified to contain three major part identified as foregut, midgut and hindgut. These three region partake in the digestion of food but not at equal levels. A grasshopper identified as Schistocerca americana was used to determine the highest levels of digestion via protease activity in the alimentary tract. The grasshopper was given wheat and left to digest it. Afterwards the digestive tract were removed and then divided by each distinct section and place in a spectrophotometer. Protease activity showed higher abundance in the fore gut than mid or hindgut concluding to higher digestion levels in the foregut.
A community participation analysis of emotional disturbance.

The disturbed child can be viewed as a collective object of a microcommunity who becomes both a generator and receptacle of reverberating emotions and behavior. He becomes the locus of collective d...
Non-target effect of bispyribac sodium on soil microbial community in paddy soil.

Abstract Bispyribac sodium is frequently used herbicide in the rice field. Though, it has been targeted to kill rice weeds, but its non-target effect on soil microbes in paddy soil was largely unknown. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to assess the non-target effect of bispyribac sodium on alteration of functional variation of soil microbial community and their correlation with microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil enzymes. A microcosm experiment set up was made comprising three treatments viz., control (CON) (without application of bispyribac sodium), recommended dose of bispyribac sodium (35 g ha−1) (BS), and double the dose of BS (70 g ha−1) (DBS). Results indicated that the MBC and soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and urease) in BS and DBS-treated soil were significantly (p
On Generating a Bivariate Distribution Having Any Desired Correlation.

THE article by Schuyler Huck ("A Pro cedure for Generating Data for Which the Correlation Is Exactly .50," Mathematics Teacher, March 1975, pp. 200-202) pro vides the impetus for developing a pro cedure for generating a set of data in two variables that have any specified Pearson product-moment correlation /*, (-1.00 < r < +1.00), within some sampling error that is also specified. The procedure is a straightforward one and can be easily im plemented on most computers having a random-number generator. The technique is useful in teaching statistics when displays of data having various correlations are de sired or when sampling distributions of the Pearson correlation are discussed, as in tests of statistical significance. Researchers may also find the method useful when sim ulated data are needed, as in testing experi mental designs. Certain elements of statistics are first dis cussed. Then the steps for generating the data are outlined. Finally, a flowchart, a BASIC computer program, and sample re sults are provided.
Are We at the Bottom? BPCI Programs Now Disincentivize Providers Who Maintain Quality Despite Caring for Increasingly Complex Patients.

BACKGROUND The Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative has been successful at reducing Medicare costs after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Target pricing is based on each institution's historical performance and is periodically reset. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of our BPCI program accounting for patient complexity, quality, and resource utilization. METHODS We reviewed a consecutive series of 9195 Medicare patients undergoing primary TJA from 2015 to 2018. Demographics, comorbidities, and readmissions by year were compared. We then examined 90-day episode-of-care costs, changes in target price, and financial margins during the duration of the BPCI program using Medicare claims data. RESULTS Patients undergoing TJA in 2018 had a higher prevalence of diabetes and cardiac disease (all P < .001) as compared with those in 2015. From 2015 to 2018, there was a decrease in the rate of discharge to rehabilitation facilities (23% vs 14%, P < .001) and length of stay (2.1 vs 1.7 days, P < .001) with no difference in readmissions (6% vs 6%, P = .945). There was a reduction in postacute care costs ($6076 vs $4,890, P < .001) and 90-day episode-of-care costs ($19,954 vs $18,449, P < .001). However, the target price also decreased ($22,280 vs $18,971, P < .001), and the per-patient margin diminished ($2683 vs $522, P < .001). CONCLUSION Surgeons have maintained quality of care at a reduced cost despite increasing patient complexity. The target price adjustments resulted in declining margins during the course of our BPCI experience. Policy makers should consider changes to target price methodology to encourage participation in these successful cost-saving programs.
Viewing the Core of the Sun

The Sun is a central feature to the human experience. It is found in many familiar idioms like “nothing new under the Sun.” It defines our days, makes our planet habitable, and is the ultimate origin of your last meal. Yet how do we understand how it works?
Persistence of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms among COVID-19 patients seeking care at an ambulatory COVID-19 center

Background: While hospitalized COVID-19 patients are well described in the literature, studies of the natural history and ambulatory cases are limited We aim to describe the symptoms and clinical course of COVID-19 among ambulatory patients seen at the Emory University multidisciplinary Acute Respiratory Clinic (ARC) developed to care for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 Methods: PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases seen at ARC from 4/3-5/16/2020 were included in a retrospective chart review Encounters were classified as acute, subacute, or convalescent depending on the duration since illness onset (4 weeks, respectively) Demographic, clinical, physical exam, diagnostic test, and disposition data were abstracted and analyzed with standard descriptive statistics Results: Among 404 visits at ARC, 127 (31 4%) were for confirmed COVID-19 illness (107 unique patients with 1-4 visits) The majority (75 7%) of patients were female, and the median age was 55 years (range 24-89) Patients presented during acute, subacute, and convalescent phases of illness (15 7%, 58 3%, and 26 0%, respectively;Table) Prevalent co-morbidities included hypertension (39 3%), obesity (27 1%), diabetes (20 6%), and asthma (21 5%) While measured or subjective fever was reported in the majority of acute visits (60 0%), it was less common in subacute and convalescent encounters (27 0% and 30 3%) Cough was commonly reported in acute, subacute, and convalescent visits (70 0%, 79 7%, 66 7%), as were dyspnea on exertion (45 0%, 70 3%, 66 7%) and chest tightness (40 0%, 40 5%, 60 6%) Although smell or taste alteration was present in almost half of acute and subacute patients, it was only reported in a quarter of convalescent patients Among the three stages of illness, transfers from ARC to the ED or direct hospitalizations occurred in 15 0%, 23 0%, and 12 1% of acute, subacute and convalescent visits, respectively Conclusion: Following acute illness, COVID-19 patients can experience persistent symptoms, primarily respiratory symptoms, which can be severe enough to warrant hospitalization Clinics evaluating recovering patients should prepare to manage these symptoms Further study of the pathophysiology and treatment of persistent pulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 is needed (Table Presented)
Asset Prices and the Financial Crisis of 2007–09: An Overview of Theories and Policies

The financial crisis of 2007–09 has led to a rethinking of the role of monetary and financial regulatory policy. It has also called into question the benefits of financial innovation and monetary policy that focuses solely on inflation and the output gap. This paper discusses financial instabilities in general, the recent financial crisis as well as the appropriate role of monetary and financial regulatory policy in dealing with asset bubbles. The paper concludes by evaluating appropriate policies to reduce the economic impact of future financial crises.
Rehabilitation of the Fingertip

The interplay between touch and understanding is a deeply rooted human instinct. It is through touch that we gain knowledge and clarity of our environment, how we relate our surroundings to ourselves, and how we effect change. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the therapist with an understanding of how to manage common fingertip injuries including tendon rupture, fractures, and soft tissue injury in order to maximize aesthetics, range of motion, sensation, and, ultimately, function.
Biosynthesis of the Purines: XXX. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FORMYLGLYCINAMIDE RIBONUCLEOTIDE AMIDOTRANSFERASE-GLUTAMYL COMPLEX

An enzyme-substrate (glutamine) complex was isolated from an incubation of highly purified formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase with glutamine followed by filtration on Sephadex gel. The reaction leading to the formation of this complex was reversible and did not depend on the presence of the rest of the substrates and the metal ion cofactor (formylglycinamide ribonucleotide, ATP, and magnesium ion). Azaserine inhibits completely complex formation. The binding ratio of glutamine to the enzyme in molar units was approximately 1:1. At 2° the half-life of the complex when isolated on Sephadex G-50 was about 125 min. Analysis of the radioactive material produced from the complex after denaturation of the enzyme with acid showed that during complex formation the glutamyl moiety of glutamine was bound to the enzyme, presumably as γ-glutamyl-enzyme complex, with release of the amide nitrogen of glutamine. Ammonia could replace the amide nitrogen of glutamine as the nitrogen donor but its reactivity compared to that of glutamine was relatively low. Hydroxylamine competed with ammonia in a strictly competitive manner to inhibit the formation of the product, formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide.
Subsystems within the visual association cortex as delineated by their thalamic and transcortical affiliations.

Publisher Summary Studies of the neurobiological basis of vision are being focused increasingly on the visual association cortex. This intensification of interest in the extrastriate visual areas has prompted a reexamination of fiber pathways distributing visual information to these areas and permitting interactions among them. For nearly a century, it has been recognized that the association areas receive visual signals, either directly or indirectly, from corticocortical fibers originating in the primary visual cortex. This cascade of transcortical fiber projections leading out from the striate cortex has been repeatedly confirmed with modern neuroanatomical methods and figures prominently in much of the current thinking about the processing of visual information by the forebrain. Many questions raised by the discovery of alternate ascending conduction routes have yet to be resolved. Prominent among these is how the transcortical association and ascending extrageniculate pathways are combined and integrated at the level of the visual cortex. This chapter reports here preliminary results indicating that, at least in the cat, these two sets of connections are systematically related.
FLIGHT TO QUALITY: Investor Risk Tolerance and the Spread of Emerging Market Crises

The financial crises of the 1990s have raised new concerns about the operation of international financial markets. Prominent among these are worries about sharp changes in investor sentiment and their cross-border repercussions. The Mexican crisis dramatically altered investor sentiment toward emerging markets and echoed through Latin America, showing up in Argentina as the Tequila Effect. The spillover from the Thai crisis was limited initially to the Asian Tigers, but by the end of 1997 a wide variety of other developing countries were affected to some degree. In addition, Russia’s default in the summer of 1998, in conjunction with the all-but-failure of Long-Term Capital Management, precipitated a flight to quality with a strong negative impact on market sentiment regarding the entire population of emerging-market borrowers.
The System Design and Evaluation of a 7-DOF Image-Guided Venipuncture Robot

Accessing the venous bloodstream to deliver fluids or obtain a blood sample is the most common clinical routine practiced in the U.S. Practitioners continue to rely on manual venipuncture techniques, but success rates are heavily dependent on clinician skill and patient physiology. In the U.S., failure rates can be as high as 50% in difficult patients, making venipuncture the leading cause of medical injury. To improve the rate of first-stick success, we have developed a portable autonomous venipuncture device that robotically servos a needle into a suitable vein under image guidance. The device operates in real time, combining near-infrared and ultrasound imaging, image analysis, and a 7-degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic system to perform the venipuncture. The robot consists of a 3-DOF gantry to image the patient's peripheral forearm veins and a miniaturized 4-DOF serial arm to guide the cannula into the selected vein under closed-loop control. In this paper, we present the system architecture of the robot and evaluate the accuracy and precision through tracking, free-space positioning, and in vitro phantom cannulation experiments. The results demonstrate submillimeter accuracy throughout the operating workspace of the manipulator and a high rate of success when cannulating phantom veins in a skin-mimicking tissue model.
Substitution of Five Essential Amino Acids by their Alpha-keto Analogues in the Diet of Rats

Weanling male rats were fed diets containing essential amino acids as the sole source of nitrogen. Individual amino acids were replaced by equimolar quantities of their alpha-keto analogues ( as sodium or calcium salts ), with and without sufficient glutamate to make the diets isonitrogenous. Growth and feed efficiency in rats receiving the keto analogue of methionine were the same as in controls receiving L-methiOnine or DL-methionine with or without neomycin. Urea excretion increased compared with con trols fed L-methionine. Substitution of L-phenylalanine, L-leucine or L-valine by its keto analogue reduced feed efficiency by approximately 24%, 33%, and 50%, respectively; urea excretion rose correspondingly. In the case of the keto derivative of leucine, urea clearance doubled. When L-methionine, L-@phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-iSoleucine, and L-valine were simultaneously replaced by their keto analogues ( as calcium salts) iso nitrogenously, growth and feed efficiency were reduced 48% and 41%, respectively. Addition of neomycin to the diet did not alter these results significantly, suggesting that intestinal bacteria may not be important in ketoacid utilization. Although nitrogen excretion as a fraction of dietary nitrogen was increased, blood urea fell sharply; urea clearance again doubled. Plasma amino acid concentrations showed depression of valine and leucine, maintenance of phenylalanine, methionine, and isoleucine, and the ap pearance of alloisoleucine. The activities of urea cycle enzymes measured in liver homogenates were unchanged except for increased carbamyl phosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase in those rats given neomycin plus the keto analogues. The results show that these analogues can, with varying degrees of efficiency, replace the corresponding amino acids in the diet, even in the presence of intestinal bacteriostasis. The keto analogue of leucine appears to increase the renal clearance of urea. J. Nutr. 104: 1208â€"1214, 1974.
Effects of Biennial Fire and Clipping on Woody and Herbaceous Ground Layer Vegetation: Implications for Restoration and Management of Oak Barren Ecosystems

Savannas and oak barrens are threatened in North America, due, in part, to removal of natural disturbance regimes. However, the periodic prescribed fires used in savanna and oak barren management sometimes accelerate the formation of a shrub layer, which can displace herbaceous species. This may be because periodic low severity fires act much like clipping, topkilling shrubs, yet allowing them to accumulate reserves in intervals without fire for more vigorous sprouting. To test this, we compared biennial dormant season burn prescriptions to a fire surrogate (clipping) using three oak barrens sites in the Bluegrass Region of southern Ohio. Fire and clipping treatments did little to suppress the resprouting ability of shrubs (woody stems <2 cm dbh), which regrew rapidly and in equivalent densities following treatment. However, both treatments reduced shrub cover, resulting in a 35% decrease in shrub cover over the course of the study. In contrast, non-manipulated plots experienced a 44% increase in shrub cover over the same time period. Despite this reduction in shrub cover, treatments had no effect on herbaceous plant cover, richness, diversity, or evenness. These results suggest that the use of biennial prescribed dormant season fire, as employed in this study, is equivalent to clipping, and although effective at temporarily reducing shrub cover, is not effective in reducing shrub densities or resprouting potential. Thus, burning during marginal conditions should be avoided for achieving a short-term restoration goal of shrub removal, but can be effective for maintaining the current shrub layer.
Geochronological and tectonostratigraphic framework of Sierran-Klamath ophiolitic assemblages

Through the work of a number of investigators, a tremendous amount of geochronological data with excellent geological control exists on the numerous ophiolitic assemblages of the Sierran-Klamath orogen. Distinct ophiolitic assemblages of latest Precambrian, Ordovician-Silurian, Carboniferous-Permian, Late Triassic–Early Jurassic and late Middle–Late Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) ages are recognized. The geochronological data, in conjunction with structural and petrologic data, facilitate a relatively detailed analysis of the petrotectonic and structural-stratigraphic development of the orogen from the perspective of ophiolite basement geology. Insights into the plate tectonic settings of ophiolite genesis and emplacement are offered by an abundance of information that now exists on active oceanic island arcs and related environments. Remnants of abyssal lithosphere, boundary transform melange, extensional fore-arc igneous sequences, and interarc basin lithosphere are all preserved within the Sierran-Klamath assemblages. In general, the older assemblages or the older elements of polygenetic assemblages have greater affinities to abyssal lithosphere, whereas the younger assemblages or elements reflect suprasubduction zone environments of genesis. The upper Paleozoic through Jurassic assemblages occur in regional belts, and their tectonic, as well as petrogenetic, histories may be related in detail with some confidence to the tectonic development of the Cordilleran margin.
Bias of importance measures for multi-valued attributes and solutions

Attribute importance measures for supervised learning are important for improving both learning accuracy and interpretability. However, it is well-known there could be bias when the predictor attributes have different numbers of values. We propose two methods to solve the bias problem. One uses an out-of-bag sampling method called OOBForest and one, based on the new concept of a partial permutation test, is called pForest. The existing research has considered the bias problem only among irrelevant attributes and equally informative attributes, while we compare to existing methods in a situation where unequally informative attributes (with or without interactions) and irrelevant attributes co-exist. We observe that the existing methods are not always reliable for multi-valued predictors, while the proposed methods compare favorably in our experiments.
Critical‐to‐Quality Matrices

In many applications, improvement teams need to take fuzzy, intangible customer needs, and translate them into measurable metrics. For example, the customer of an energy company producing electric generators may state that they want to deal with knowledgeable sales representatives from the company. This is a reasonable request, but how is the energy company to know if its sales representatives are “knowledgeable”? What does knowledgeable really mean, and how could the company measure it? Critical-to-quality (CTQ) matrices are one method used to take such fuzzy, intangible customer needs, and translate them into hard metrics that can be quantified. These metrics are often referred to as critical-to-quality measures. In addition to producing tangible metrics, these matrices also provide a prioritization of the metrics that enables focus on those metrics most critical to satisfying customers' needs. Such matrices can also be used in subsequent analysis, beyond identifying and prioritizing CTQs. For example, subsequent matrices can begin with CTQs and prioritize the most critical steps in the process that need improvement in order to impact the CTQs. Keywords: CTQ ; metrics; customer needs; cause and effect matrix; house of quality; quality function deployment; Six Sigma
cDNA sequence and differential expression of the mouse Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV gene.

Abstract We have isolated and sequenced a mouse brain cDNA encoding Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV. The sequence predicts an acidic protein (pI = 4.56) of 469 amino acids ( M r = 52 627) that contains kinase catalytic and calmodulin-binding domains. The carboxy region has several primary structural features that suggest it may be a readily cleaved attachment domain. This region is highly charged and hydrophilic and contains several PEST sequences, motifs associated with high turnover proteins. Of the tissues examined, expression of the CaM kinase IV gene is restricted to brain and testis, where transcripts are differentially expressed to produce a kinase in both tissues and a calmodulin-binding protein, calspermin, in testis that lacks a kinase catalytic domain. Ca 2+ ; Calmodulin; Protein kinase; cDNA; Brain; Testis
A New Model for Ribbons in ℝ3

Let's start with a hands-on demonstration. We take a long, rectangular strip of ad hesive tape (or postage stamps) and wind it diagonally around a cylinder in such a way that the sticky surface of the tape is entirely in contact with the cylinder. It fol lows that the two long edges of the tape must lie along parallel helices. This is true by definition? if we start with a line in a plane and then wrap the plane around a cylinder we get a helix. What about the short edges of the tape? Well, by the same definition, they must lie along parallel helices that are orthogonal to the first two! We call the resulting, familiar object a helical band (FIGURE 1). It plays a central role in this discussion.
Computation-oriented reductions of predicate to propositional logic

Abstract We give a sequential reduction technique for transforming a formula of the pure predicate calculus to a sequence of ‘increasingly accurate’ propositional logic ‘approximations’ to the predicate formula. At each stage of approximation, one of the following three cases occurs: (1) the approximation shows the predicate formula to be satisfiable; or (2) the approximation shows the predicate formula to be unsatisfiable; or (3) neither (1) nor (2) occurs, and a ‘more accurate’ refinement of the current propositional ‘approximation’ is obtained. The overall reduction technique is finite for the ∀- , ∃- , and ∃ ∀ satisfiability fragments of pure logic. In fact, it achieves the proven complexity bounds of Lewis [38] for these fragments, where nondeterminism is replaced by exponentiation. Since discrete programming and mixed integer programming can be used to treat propositional logic, this sequential reduction technique opens further possibilities for applications of mathematical programming to logic-based methods of decision support. In this respect, there is particular interest in the combination of logic with the nonlogical side constraints typical in mathematical programming, which are not efficiently handled by logic alone (e.g., material balances, capacity restrictions, demand requirements, etc.).
Aurora kinase A is required for hematopoiesis but is dispensable for murine megakaryocyte endomitosis and differentiation

Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a therapeutic target in acute megakaryocytic leukemia. However, its requirement in normal hematopoiesis and megakaryocyte development has not been extensively characterized. Based on its role as a cell cycle regulator, we predicted that an Aurka deficiency would lead to severe abnormalities in all hematopoietic lineages. Here we reveal that loss of Aurka in hematopoietic cells causes profound cell autonomous defects in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Surprisingly, in contrast to the survival defects of nearly all hematopoietic lineages, deletion of Aurka was associated with increased differentiation and polyploidization of megakaryocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in contrast to other cell types examined, megakaryocytes continued DNA synthesis after loss of Aurka. Thus, like other cell cycle regulators such as Aurkb and survivin, Aurka is required for hematopoiesis, but is dispensable for megakaryocyte endomitosis. Our work supports a growing body of evidence that the megakaryocyte endomitotic cell cycle differs significantly from the proliferative cell cycle.
Does cardiac resynchronization therapy reduce the long-term mortality risk in patients with heart failure?

Does cardiac resynchronization therapy reduce the long-term mortality risk in patients with heart failure?
Secondary management of the nose in the cleft patient

The management of the cleft lip and palate patient usually requires multiple primary and secondary surgical procedures to correct the deformity. This paper presents surgical methods in the secondary management of the cleft nose and presents three case reports to help illustrate these methods.
NOTE The Johnson Graphs Satisfy a Distance Extension Property

has property \(\) if whenever F and H are connected graphs with \(\) and |H|=|F|+1, and \(\) and \(\) are isometric embeddings, then there is an isometric embedding \(\) such that \(\). It is easy to construct an infinite graph with \(\) for all k, and \(\) holds in almost all finite graphs. Prior to this work, it was not known whether there exist any finite graphs with \(\). We show that the Johnson graphs J(n,3) satisfy \(\) whenever \(\), and that J(6,3) is the smallest graph satisfying \(\). We also construct finite graphs satisfying \(\) and local versions of the extension axioms studied in connection with the Rado universal graph.
Extreme Skepticism and Commitment in the Treatise

The extreme skepticism that Hume’s dangerous dilemma introduces at the end of the first Book of the Treatise is deeply unsettling, in part because it seems to undermine Hume’s commitments to common life and philosophy, but also because Hume seems not to take its sweeping doubts seriously. He refuses to abandon his daily activities and philosophical pursuits, and he offers no clear account of what entitles him to sustain them. This paper explores a variety of tactics for addressing these opposing elements of his thought. The most radical approach has Hume endorse nothing whatsoever in the Treatise , a maneuver that prevents any conflict between his doubts and his commitments from arising, though at a tremendous cost. A more charitable strategy allows Hume to speak with one consistent voice throughout the text by rejecting, repurposing, or restricting either his doubts or his commitments in a way that resolves the tension between them. Yet a third approach takes Hume to advance incompatible and irreconcilable positions but holds that the inconsistency in his thinking is not as destructive as it initially appears. None of the most promising ways of developing these proposals eliminates or satisfactorily eases the conflict in Hume’s work, and the enormous obstacles that they face give us little reason to hope for something better.
An overview of the Bangladeshi photovoltaic market, government policies and deployment challenges

Bangladesh is studied as an example of a developing nation which has overcome deployment challenges to achieve substantial growth in the utilization of photovoltaic technology. Policies of the government related to photovoltaics are outlined, the overcoming of deployment challenges is described and avenues for photovoltaic system cost reductions are given. It is posited that lessons learned from Bangladesh may be applied in similar markets in order to sustain or accelerate high growth rates and rapid cost reductions of photovoltaic technology.
Helical disorder and the filament structure of F-actin are elucidated by the angle-layered aggregate

Angle-layered aggregates of F-actin are net-like structures induced by Mg2+ concentrations below that used to form paracrystals. These aggregates incorporate the angular disorder of subunits, which has been described elsewhere for isolated actin filaments. Because this disorder is incorporated into the aggregates in solution at the time they are formed, the possibility of negative stain preparation being responsible for the disorder is excluded. The simple two-layered geometry of the angle-layered aggregate provides information about the shape of the component actin filaments free from the superposition of large numbers of layers. A model for the filament shape, derived from single filaments and confirmed by the angle-layered aggregate, is different from those that have previously emerged from paracrystal studies. An understanding of the interfilament bond in both the angle-layered aggregate and the paracrystal allows one to reconcile these different models. We have found a bipolar bonding rule, with staggered crossover points in the angle-layered aggregate, which we suggest is also responsible for Mg2+ paracrystals. This bonding rule can explain the apparent alignment of crossover points in adjacent filaments in paracrystals as a consequence of the superposition of staggered filaments.
Treatment Efficacy: Hearing Aids in the Management of Hearing Loss in Adults

Hearing impairment in adults is a prevalent chronic condition, associated with psychosocial and quality-of-life handicaps. Recent investigations have demonstrated that individuals with handicapping hearing impairments do indeed benefit from the rehabilitative services offered by audiologists, with the primary intervention being hearing aid provision. My objective here is to review the experimental research, program evaluation data, and case studies documenting the efficacy of hearing aids, with an emphasis on the functional and communicative benefits accruing from hearing aid use. It is hoped that the information contained herein will provide clinicians with outcome data to share with the hearing impaired, toward the goal of encouraging such individuals to take advantage, at least for a trial period, of one of the many technologies available to assist them to function better in their daily lives.
Exposure of mice to arsenic and/or benzo[a]pyrene does not increase the frequency of Aprt‐deficient cells recovered from explanted skin of Aprt heterozygous mice

Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water is linked to cancer in humans, but the mechanism of arsenic-induced cancer is not clear. Arsenic is not a powerful point mutagen, but can cause chromosome malsegregation and mitotic recombination, two events that can cause loss of tumor suppressor alleles and thereby contribute to the evolution of cancerous cells. To determine whether arsenic increases the frequency of allele loss due to either malsegregation or mitotic recombination in vivo, Aprt+/− hybrid mice were exposed to sodium arsenite (10 mg/L) in their drinking water for 10 weeks. To determine whether arsenic enhances the action of a known mutagen, half of the arsenic-treated mice were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) for 8 weeks by skin painting (500 nmoles/week). Cells were taken from painted dorsal skin and cultured in the presence of 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), to select colonies lacking adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase (Aprt) activity. The frequency of DAP-resistant (DAPr) colonies varied substantially within the treatment groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Analysis of DNA from DAPr colonies suggested that mitotic recombination contributed to the loss of wild-type Aprt allele. Whether arsenic or BaP enhanced or diminished the frequency of this process could not be deduced from these data. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Westergaard stress functions for displacement-prescribed crack problems. I

The single stress function approach of Westergaard has been effective for a certain class of stress-prescribed crack problems. In the present study, the Westergaard approach was successfully extended to displacement-prescribed crack problems. The method presented, which requires no more than the evaluation of integrals, significantly simplifies the analysis. The method is easily extended to crack problems involving displacement-prescribed and stress-prescribed conditions. This initial study laid the ground work for the subsequent extension to the mixed problem.
β-Orcinol derivatives in lichens: Biogenetic evidence from Oropogon Ioxensis

Oropogon loxensis produces atranorin, protocetraric acid, salazinic acid, and three new depsides—2′-O-methylatranorin, methyl 3-α-hydroxy-4-O-demethylbarbatate, and methyl 4-O-demethyl-barbatate. The joint occurrence of these compounds and an analysis of structural patterns among the 41 known β-orcinol derivatives support a biogenetic hypothesis involving C-methylation and/or C-formylation at the polyketide stage and a metabolic grid of redox reactions of aromatic precursors leading to the para-depsides, depsidones, benzyl esters, and meta-depsides typical of lichens.
Designing for cavitation-free operation on hydrofoils with NACA 16-series sections.

The necessity for designing for eavi La Lion-free opera Lion on a proposed subcavi tali tig hydrofoil craft has ted to considerable research effort into the study of hydrofoil cavitation. Six NACA 16-series foil sections were investigated theoretically by a method developed at the Bureau of Ships to obtain cavitation boundaries for a three-dimensional foil-pod system. In order to carry out a more complete parametric study quickly, two-dimensional cavitation buckets for these six NACA 16-series sections developed by the Abbott method for obtaining pressure distributions have been factored to collapse onto the buckets obtained by detailed calculations. With the factors obtained, a large number of sections were evaluated for a cruising depth of 2.5 ft, and a foil selection chart has been developed. Hydrofoil section NACA 16-407 was selected for both main and stern foils on the proposed craft after considering the relationships between foil loading and hydrodynamic drag, and also Cz, range, uncavitated, within the bucket, and rough-water performance and turning characteristics. To make this chart usable for the preliminary design of other hydrofoil craft, the effects of foil depth of immersion, sweep, and taper ratio on the cavitation buckets have been briefly investigated.
Identifying Distinguishing Characteristics of Gifted and Talented/Learning Disabled Students.

The purpose of this study was to try to identify a distinguishing pattern of characteristics which more precisely defines the gifted learning‐disabled population and differentiates it from other groups. Patterns of WISC‐R subtest scores and standardized achievement test scores of gifted and gifted learning‐disabled samples were compared to identify possible “markers” for early identification. A distinctive cognitive pattern of WISC‐R subtest scores which reflects commonalities with the general gifted population was found. Patterns in achievement scores which may serve as markers to target those identified for in depth evaluation for early identification/prevention were found also. However, the GT/LD population, like the general LD population was found to be heterogeneous, suggesting that a single distinctive GT/LD pattern is unlikely to be found. What seems distinctive about the GT/LD subgroups. Implications for identification, programming and future research are discussed.
The recent depositional trend of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon to the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada

Polar ice caps can provide long-term records of atmospheric deposition. Owing to the prevalent conditions, the layers of accumulated snow are subject to little chemical or physical change and are temporally well defined. Sampling of the Agassiz Ice Cap on Ellesmere Island was undertaken in early 1993 to investigate the potential of polar ice caps for use in determining recent historical trends in the deposition of anthropogenic contaminants to the Arctic. Discrete annual snow and ice layers representing the last 30 years of accumulation were sampled from a deep pit to obtain large volume samples for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental carbon (EC). The flux of PAHs to the ice cap has remained relatively constant for the past 20 years, with a mean value of 11 (± 6) μg/m2/year. This equates to a total annual loading of PAH to the Arctic of 37 t/year for the same period. Prior to this period, a greater flux of 74 (± 20) μg/m2/year is observed. Mean values for EC concentration and flux were found to be 2.6 (± 2.8) μg/l and 310 (± 370) μg/m2/year, respectively. However, analytical complications were encountered with the analysis of EC, and these data should be considered as preliminary baseline values only.
A minor salivary gland in human gingiva.

Abstract A hitherto unreported observation is presented of a minor salivary gland in the gingiva of an erupted human third mandibular molar. This gland was of a mixed, predominantly mucous nature. The possible mechanisms of its development in this unusual location were discussed.
Power linear keller maps of rank two are linearly triangularizable

Abstract Let R be a field with characteristic zero. In this paper it is proved that power linear Keller maps Rn→Rn with rank at most two are linearly triangularizable.
The 520-nm absorption change in barley and a chlorophyll b-deficient mutant

Abstract Normal barley leaf and a chlorophyll b -deficient mutant show similar flash-induced changes at 520 nm, most probably due to carotenoids rather than chlorophyll b . The rapid and intermediate recovery phases, following a Q-switched laser flash, are similar in the normal and mutant barley leaf. The final recovery phase is 50% slower in the mutant barley. The cytochrome ƒ oxidation rate is two times faster in the mutant than in the normal barley leaf. The sensitivity of the 520-nm recovery phases to temperature decrease indicates a relationship of the 520-nm absorption change with the state of the clhoroplast membrane. Further data are presented on extinction coefficients and quantum yield.
AN ANTIFUNGAL NORDITERPENE DILACTONE FROM PODOCARPUS NAGI

Abstract A new norditerpene dilactone, 2α-hydroxynagilactone F was isolated as one of the antifungal principles from the root bark of Podocarpus nagi . Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.
Why William Paley was 'the first of the Cambridge economists'

Keynes suggested that William Paley was 'the first of the Cambridge economists' because of chapter XI in Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (1785), which contains an analysis of the general interdependence of 'provisions' and 'luxury' goods. After describing the ineffectual content of Paley's political economy, the article presents a two-sector, macroeconomic model which captures the analytical content of chapter XI. The model is then used to explain why Paley's work was so important for Malthus and so interesting to Keynes; and why it should have been ignored by all writers in the 'classical' tradition ever since. (c) 1996 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Protein‐enriched bread

This review concerns the effects of protein‐rich supplements on production of bread, quantitative and qualitative improvement of wheat proteins by plant breeding and genetic modification, use of protein concentrates from by‐products of the wheat milling industry, bread enriched with wheat germ and phospholipids, enrichment with non‐wheat protein concentrates and glycolipids, supplementation of non‐wheat bread by protein concentrates, and amino acid supplementation.
On test collections for adaptive information retrieval

Traditional Cranfield test collections represent an abstraction of a retrieval task that Sparck Jones calls the ''core competency'' of retrieval: a task that is necessary, but not sufficient, for user retrieval tasks. The abstraction facilitates research by controlling for (some) sources of variability, thus increasing the power of experiments that compare system effectiveness while reducing their cost. However, even within the highly-abstracted case of the Cranfield paradigm, meta-analysis demonstrates that the user/topic effect is greater than the system effect, so experiments must include a relatively large number of topics to distinguish systems' effectiveness. The evidence further suggests that changing the abstraction slightly to include just a bit more characterization of the user will result in a dramatic loss of power or increase in cost of retrieval experiments. Defining a new, feasible abstraction for supporting adaptive IR research will require winnowing the list of all possible factors that can affect retrieval behavior to a minimum number of essential factors.