cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating student motivation in the context of a learning analytics intervention during a summer bridge program

Some features of the bridge program moderately affected students' goal orientations.Students' perceptions of their goals and performance were strongly related to changes in their motivation.There is a complex relationship between advisors' use of an early warning system and struggling students' academic success. Summer bridge programs are designed to improve retention and academic success among at-risk populations in postsecondary education by focusing on successful skills, behaviors, and high impact practices that promote academic performance. Recent research on these programs has focused primarily on how students' incoming demographics and prior academic performance predict academic performance at the university level. This study investigated changes in students' academic motivation orientations over the course of one bridge program, and how a learning analytics-based intervention was employed by academic advisors to inform their face-to-face meetings with students. The results of our study show that students' mastery orientation decreased over the course of the bridge program, and indicate that students' exposure to displays of their academic performance negatively predicts this change. The findings suggest that student perceptions of their goals and formative performance need to be carefully considered in the design of learning analytics interventions since the resulting tools can affect students' interpretations of their own data as well as their subsequent academic success.
Caregiving Involvement, Job Condition, and Job Satisfaction of Infant-Toddler Child-Care Teachers in the United States

This study explored the degree to which infant-toddler child-care teachers were involved in their caregiving tasks, the nature of their job condition, and the relationships among caregiving involvement, SES variables (e.g., age, income, education, and work hours), and job condition including job satisfaction, burnout, and quitting behavior. Forty-one teachers from 10 daycare centers in small towns of the Southwest participated in the study. Results indicate that there was a high level of caregiving involvement and job satisfaction among the teachers. However, most teachers were dissatisfied with their current income levels, showed a moderate level of burnout, and yet did not express their intention to quit their present job. Correlation analyses reveal that teachers’ job satisfaction was positively related to their interaction with children and colleagues, resources, and training but negatively correlated to burnout and quitting behavior. Teachers’ burnout and quitting behavior were negatively correlated to their interaction with children and colleagues, resources, training, and income. While the desire to work with children had a significant impact on teachers’ job satisfaction and burnout, income and level of collegiality significantly predicted their quitting behavior.
Analytical evaluation of complex anterior approaches to the cranial base: an anatomic study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anatomic areas of the cranial base exposed by different complex anterior approaches. METHODS: Using 20 embalmed cadaveric heads, we executed five different anterior approaches, i.e., Le Fort 1 approach with splitting or down-fracturing of the hard palate, extended maxillectomy, median mandibulotomy with glossotomy, and mandibular swing transcervical approach. Each approach was performed a minimum of three times. The areas of the intra- and extracranial cranial base exposed by each approach were analytically examined by using a numerical grading system to assess the exposure of major anatomic and neurovascular structures. RESULTS: Good exposure of the midline compartment of the cranial base was provided by the median mandibulotomy with glossotomy and by the Le Fort 1 approach with splitting of the hard palate, whereas the mandibular swing transcervical and extended maxillectomy approaches provided good exposure of the lateral compartment of the cranial base. CONCLUSION: Use of the numerical grading system allowed quantification of the exposure afforded by each approach, with respect to the different compartments (midline and lateral) of the intra- and extracranial cranial base, highlighting the differences among the approaches examined.
Complexiton solutions to the Korteweg–de Vries equation

Abstract A novel class of explicit exact solutions to the Korteweg–de Vries equation is presented through its bilinear form. Such solutions possess singularities of combinations of trigonometric function waves and exponential function waves which have different travelling speeds of new type. The functions used in the Wronskian determinants are derived from eigenfunctions of the Schrodinger spectral problem associated with complex eigenvalues, and thus the resulting solutions are called complexiton solutions. Illustrative examples of complexiton solutions are exhibited.
Effects of endotoxin on turkey poults.

SummaryAttempts to produce the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon in the turkey poult were unsuccessful. Large (1,000-15,000 μg) single doses of endotoxin, administered intravenously, failed to produce vascular collapse or other clinical signs in the poult. Attempts to reproduce a syndrome with lesions similar to aortic dissecting aneurysm as it occurs under field conditions, by use of endotoxin alone, or in combination with adrenalin, were unsuccessful. These experiments cast some doubt on the likelihood of Gram-negative organisms or sensitization by them being responsible for the naturally-occurring syndrome of dissecting aneurysm.
Comprehensive search for dark matter annihilation in dwarf galaxies

We present a new formalism designed to discover dark matter annihilation occurring in the Milky Way's dwarf galaxies. The statistical framework extracts all available information in the data by simultaneously combining observations of all the dwarf galaxies and incorporating the impact of particle physics properties, the distribution of dark matter in the dwarfs, and the detector response. The method performs maximally powerful frequentist searches and produces confidence limits on particle physics parameters. Probability distributions of test statistics under various hypotheses are constructed exactly, without relying on large sample approximations. The derived limits have proper coverage by construction and claims of detection are not biased by imperfect background modeling. We implement this formalism using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to search for an annihilation signal in the complete sample of Milky Way dwarfs whose dark matter distributions can be reliably determined. We find that the observed data are consistent with background for each of the dwarf galaxies individually as well as in a joint analysis. The strongest constraints are at small dark matter particle masses. Taking the median of the systematic uncertainty in dwarf density profiles, the cross section upper limits are below the pure $s$-wave weak scale relic abundance value ($2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}26}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) for dark matter masses below 26 GeV (for annihilation into $b\overline{b}$), 29 GeV (${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), 35 GeV ($u\overline{u},d\overline{d},s\overline{s},c\overline{c}$, and $gg$), 6 GeV (${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), and 114 GeV ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$). For dark matter particle masses less than 1 TeV, these represent the strongest limits obtained to date using dwarf galaxies.
Closure of external tunnel Fontan fenestration: a novel use of the Amplatzer vascular plug.

Background Newer modifications of the Fontan operation include the external tunnel conduit with placement of an elongated type of fenestration. Atrial septal defect closure devices used traditionally to close fenestrations have short connecting waists with retention discs on each side. These may not be suitable for this type of Fontan fenestration. The length of the fenestration may not allow proper expansion of the retention discs on these devices. The Amplatzer vascular plug, a new occlusion device without a centering waist or retention discs designed to close vascular malformation, can be placed entirely within an elongated tube or vessel. Methods A retrospective review was used to study patients who underwent catheter closure of Fontan fenestration in our institution. Only patients whose procedure was performed after the commercial release of the Amplatzer vascular plug were included in the study. Results The vascular plug was implanted in 4 of 10 patients who underwent fenestration closure. The plug was successfully placed in all four patients without protrusion into either the systemic or pulmonary venous side of the baffle. There were no incidences of embolization, hemolysis, or infective endocarditis. All the patients experienced significant improvement in oxygen saturation. The technical aspects of this device are discussed as well as its safe and effective use. The satisfactory follow-up evaluation also is reported. Conclusions This study outlines a novel use of the Amplatzer vascular plug for successful closure of selected Fontan fenestrations.
Myiasis Due to Dermatobia hominis (Human Botfly)

This man presented with skin lesions on his chest and arm six weeks after a vacation in Belize at the beach and in the rain forest. Physical examination revealed five nodules with surrounding erythema and a central pore.
Inactivation of the brachium conjunctivum prevents extinction of classically conditioned eyeblinks

It is well established that the intermediate cerebellum is involved in the acquisition of classically conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). Recent studies that inactivated the interposed nuclei (IN) demonstrated that blocking the intermediate cerebellum also interrupts CR extinction. Is this extinction deficit related to interrupting the information flow to efferent targets of the IN? To address this question, we inactivated axons of IN neurons in the brachium conjunctivum (BC). This treatment blocked the output of the intermediate cerebellum without directly affecting neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Rabbits were trained in a delay classical conditioning paradigm, using a tone as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and a corneal air puff as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Then, the BC was microinjected with a sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin, during 4 extinction sessions in which rabbits were presented only with the CS. Tests performed after the 4-day injection period revealed that CRs did not extinguish in BC inactivation sessions but extinguished at a normal rate in the absence of the drug. CRs were then re-acquired. These data show that the normal flow of information along axons of cerebellar nuclear cells is required for CR extinction.
Imaging of genetically engineered T cells by PET using gold nanoparticles complexed to Copper-64

Adoptive transfer of primary T cells genetically modified to have desired specificity can exert an anti-tumor response in some patients. To improve our understanding of their therapeutic potential we have developed a clinically-appealing approach to reveal their in vivo biodistribution using nanoparticles that serve as a radiotracer for imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). T cells electroporated with DNA plasmids from the Sleeping Beauty transposon–transposase system to co-express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for CD19 and Firefly luciferase (ffLuc) were propagated on CD19+ K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells. The approach to generating our clinical-grade CAR+ T cells was adapted for electro-transfer of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) functionalized with 64Cu2+ using the macrocyclic chelator (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, DOTA) and polyethyleneglycol (GNP–64Cu/PEG2000). MicroPET/CT was used to visualize CAR+EGFPffLucHyTK+GNP–64Cu/PEG2000+ T cells and correlated with bioluminescence imaging. These data demonstrate that GNPs conjugated with 64Cu2+ can be prepared as a radiotracer for PET and used to image T cells using an approach that has translational implications.
Laterally attached kinetochores recruit the checkpoint protein Bub1, but satisfy the spindle checkpoint

Kinetochore attachment to the ends of dynamic microtubules is a conserved feature of mitotic spindle organization that is thought to be critical for proper chromosome segregation. Although kinetochores have been described to transition from lateral to end-on attachments, the phase of lateral attachment has been difficult to study in yeast due to its transient nature. We have previously described a kinetochore mutant, DAM1-765, which exhibits lateral attachments and misregulation of microtubule length. Here we show that the misregulation of microtubule length in DAM1-765 cells occurs despite localization of microtubule associated proteins Bik1, Stu2, Cin8, and Kip3 to microtubules. DAM1-765 kinetochores recruit the spindle checkpoint protein Bub1, however Bub1 localization to DAM1-765 kinetochores is not sufficient to cause a cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, the DAM1-765 mutation rescues the temperature sensitivity of a biorientation-deficient ipl1-321 mutant, and DAM1-765 chromosome loss rates are similar to wild-type cells. The spindle checkpoint in DAM1-765 cells responds properly to unattached kinetochores created by nocodazole treatment and loss of tension caused by a cohesin mutant. Progression of DAM1-765 cells through mitosis therefore suggests that satisfaction of the checkpoint depends more highly on biorientation of sister kinetochores than on achievement of a specific interaction between kinetochores and microtubule plus ends.
Effects of Unilateral Nephrectomy on Renal Function in Male Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats: A Novel Obese Type 2 Diabetic Model

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat is a new model for obese type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 1/2 nephrectomy (Nx) on renal function and morphology and on blood pressure in SDT fatty rats. Male SDT fatty rats underwent 1/2 Nx or a sham operation (Sham). Subsequently, animals were studied with respect to renal function and histological alterations. Induction of 1/2 Nx in SDT fatty rats led to functional and morphological damage to the remnant kidney and to hypertension, which are considered main characteristics of chronic kidney disease, at a younger age compared with the sham group. In conclusion, the SDT fatty rat is useful in investigations to elucidate the pathogenesis of human diabetic nephropathy and in new drug discovery.
Hemodynamic Homeostasis during Acute Hypoxia in Septic and Nonseptic Piglets: Differential Role of Prostaglandins and Nitric Oxide

We studied the hemodynamic responses of 29 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated piglets to acute hypoxia [reduction of Pao2 from 130 to 38 mm Hg induced by inhalation of 7% fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2) for 7.5 min] before and during group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) sepsis. During hypoxia, nonseptic piglets maintained stable systemic blood pressure [105+/-9 (SD) to 97+/-14 mm Hg] and cardiac output (CO) (667+/-72 to 685+/-113 mL/min). However, during GBS/hypoxia, systemic blood pressure fell from 94+/-17 to 49+/-25 mm Hg, CO fell from 397+/-146 to 223+/-142 mL/min (both p < 0.001 versus pre-GBS), and cardiac arrest often ensued. We tested three hypotheses that might underlie GBS-induced intolerance to systemic hypoxia: 1) GBS-induced reduction of systemic CO/systemic oxygen delivery (QO2) below a critical QO2 beyond which the superimposition of hypoxia becomes intolerable; this mechanism is unlikely as nonseptic piglets with comparable reductions in CO/QO2 (induced by inflation of a left atrial balloon) tolerated hypoxia well; 2) GBS-induced inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis that is vital to tolerance of hypoxia; this mechanism is unlikely as infusion of the NO substrate L-arginine did not restore tolerance to hypoxia during GBS infusion (as it did after inhibition of NO synthesis during infusion of N-nitro-L-arginine in nonseptic piglets); and 3) GBS-induced production of pathologic prostaglandins that impaired the piglet's capacity to tolerate hypoxia; this mechanism finds support in the observation that inhibition of prostaglandins with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin completely restored the ability of septic piglets to tolerate hypoxia. Further evaluation of GBS-induced intolerance to systemic hypoxia may provide insight into the incompletely understood mechanisms by which sepsis induces circulatory collapse in experimental animals and in humans.
YAC contigs mapping the human COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes and DXS118 within Xq21.3-q22.

Abstract Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) were developed for three loci of uncertain X chromosomal localization (DXS122, DXS137, and DXS174) and were used to seed YAC contigs. Two contigs now total about 3.3 Mb formatted with 34 STSs. One contains DXS122 and DXS174 within 250 kb on single YACs; it is placed in Xq21.3–q22.1 by FISH analysis, which is consistent with somatic cell hybrid panel analyses and with the inclusion of a probe that detects polymorphism at the DXS118 locus already assigned to that general region. The other contig, which contains DXS137, is in Xq22.2 by FISH, consistent with cell hybrid analyses and with the finding that it covers the human COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes known to be in that vicinity. In addition to extending the cloned coverage of this portion of the X chromosome, these materials should aid, for example, in the further analysis of Alport syndrome.
Head capsule transmission of long-wavelength light in the curculionidae.

The head capsule of many weevils contains a region that transmits only far-red and near-infrared light. In the alfalfa weevil , Hypera postica, this extraocular cutoff filter evidently works in conjunction with the compound eyes, enabling the insect to use visual cues in locating or recognizing its host plant.
The subgoal learning model: Creating better examples so that students can solve novel problems.

Learners have great difficulty solving problems requiring changes to solutions demonstrated in examples. However, if the solution procedures learners form are organized by subgoals, then they are more successful. Subgoal learning is hypothesized to be aided by cues in example solutions that indicate that certain steps go together. These cues may induce a learner to attempt to self-explain the purpose of the steps, resulting in the formation of a subgoal. Across 4 experiments it was found that a label for a group of steps in examples helped participants form subgoals as assessed by measures such as problem-solving performance and talk aloud protocols. Abstract labels were more likely than superficial labels to lead participants to form subgoals with fewer ties to surface features. Subgoals guide problem solving by helping learners focus on the steps to modify in novel problems that involve the same subgoals but require new steps to achieve them.
Enhancement of the Absorptions of Surface Species Present on Graphitized Carbon Fibers: A Theoretical Approach

An oxidized carbon fiber has been modeled as a thin polymeric film, representing the surface species, coated with a graphite overlayer. Optical theory has been utilized to calculate the variations in the electric field intensities that occur when the graphite layer is overlayed on a film of PVAc (polyvinylacetate). The increase of the (Ez2) component has been observed. Spectral simulations based on Hansen's formulas clearly show the enhancement of the infrared absorbances. The enhancement proves to be dependent on the air gap thickness existing between the germanium element and the polymeric film and on the nature of the substrates.
Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after partial nephrectomy: three case reports and a literature review

Abstract Objectives To report 3 cases of renal artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) after partial nephrectomy and review the literature to discuss their unique presentation, clinical course, and management. RAPs are a rare clinical entity. They are a well-documented source of hemorrhage in association with renal biopsy, renal trauma, renal transplant, and percutaneous procedures; however, little is known about their presentation, pathophysiology, and management after nephron-sparing surgery. Methods Between 2000 and 2002, 698 partial nephrectomies were performed at our institution for treatment of suspected localized renal malignancy. A retrospective review of these cases revealed that 3 patients developed a postoperative RAP. These cases were reviewed along with the current medical literature available from the MEDLINE database to characterize this clinical entity further. Results Three patients developed RAP after 698 uncomplicated partial nephrectomies were performed (0.43% incidence). Illustrating a classic presentation, the patient in case 1 was successfully treated with selective embolization after presenting with symptoms 3 weeks postoperatively. The patient in case 2 was treated with elective partial selective embolization for an asymptomatic lesion that later resolved spontaneously. In case 3, the patient presented early during the hospital course and required urgent selective embolization. Conclusions RAP after nephron-sparing surgery is a rare, but potentially life-threatening, condition that is often difficult to diagnose and requires a high index of suspicion. Treatment should be tailored to each patient’s clinical presentation to minimize morbidity and maximize renal conservation. All urologists should be aware of this potential postoperative complication and prepare accordingly.
Modal Logics of Succession for 2-Dimensional Integral Spacetime

We consider the problem of axiomatizing various natural “successor” logics for 2-dimensional integral spacetime. We provide axiomatizations in monomodal and multimodal languages, and prove completeness theorems. We also establish that the irreflexive successor logic in the “standard” modal language (i.e. the language containing □ and ⋄) is not finitely axiomatizable.
Spin dependence in the reactions 16(p,t)14O and 16O(p, 3He)14N

Abstract The reactions 16 O(p, t) 14 O and 16 O(p, 3 He) 14 N have been studied at 43.7 MeV and 54.1 MeV bombarding energies. Several recent J π , T assignments have been confirmed, and a pair of states at 9.72 MeV in 14 O and 12.50 MeV in 14 N have been established as (2 + ), T = 1 analogues. The relative spectroscopic strengths for the transfer reactions were compared with predictions from (1p) shell wave functions, and the necessity for a 70 % reduction of the S = 1 transition intensity relative to that for S = 0 was indicated. This effect was related to the spin-and isospin-dependence of the interaction potential.
A data acquisition system for unobtrusive measurement of on-road driving behavior

Unobtrusive measurement of on-road driving utilizing permanently installed pavement sensors and movable photographic devices requires expensive installation and/or time consuming data reduction. This paper describes a mobile system for remotely measuring driving performance on public highways and recording the data in computer compatible format. Speed and lateral movements of cars are sensed via a radar antenna and video camera, electronically processed, and stored on magnetic tape. The taped records can be automatically read and compiled by computer.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Children

Cutaneous disorders are among the most common manifestations of HIV infection in both children and adults. Because of the obvious visibility of the integument, these lesions are often the presenting manifestation of HIV-related disease. The cutaneous afflictions are frequently related to the sequelae of impaired immunity and include opportunistic infections and neoplasms as well as dramatic exacerbations and/or the development of rapidly progressive and severe manifestations in pre-existing, normally benign dermatoses. In many cases of AIDS, iatrogenic cutaneous disorders associated with toxic or allergic drug reactions are seen. With the increasing incidence of pediatric HIV infection and with therapeutic prolongation of survival, certain cutaneous manifestations (especially drug reactions) are likely to become more common. Kaposi sarcoma and other neoplasms may be recognized with increased frequency in HIV-infected children. New or previously unrecognized cutaneous manifestations of pediatric AIDS are likely to emerge. Familiarity with the various dermatologic presentations of pediatric AIDS can result in the earlier diagnosis and treatment of the disease and, hopefully, the prolongation of the patient's life.
A systematic study of the low energy effects of heavy particles in the standard model

In this approach, at any loop order, the low energy effects of a heavy Hlggs boson and a heavy fcrmlon can be summarized by an effective lagranglan To the one-loop order, an effectwe lagranglan for the bosomc sector of the theory as constructed One fermlon mass as light (m) and the other is heavy (M) At the one-loop level heavy fermaon mass effects proportional to M 2 and ln(M/m) have been found It as shown here that an the presence of gauge fields the mfinmes 1/~ of the nonlinear o-model do not fully reproduce the ln(M H) of the hnear o-model
Dynamic behaviour of methane heat exchange reformer for residential fuel cell power generation system

Due to its heat integration utility, heat exchange reformer (HER) is suitable to use for PEMFC-based residential power generation system. Since dynamics response of reformer affects overall dynamics of fuel processing system, response of HER with step change in various input parameters also needs to be studied. In this study, we present an improved distributed dynamic model for HER which is capable of computing load following characteristics. The dynamic model consists of 20 partial differential equations which are discritized using spline collocation on finite elements. Resulting differential equations along with boundary conditions are solved by stiff solver which utilizes variable order method based on numerical differentiation formulae. Step variations in various input parameters are considered and dynamic response of HER is simulated at those variations. The results provide valuable information about dynamic nature of HER which can be used to frame suitable control strategy.
Charge Transport and Scaling in Molecular Wires

The scaling of conductance across metal−molecule−metal junctions consisting of self-assembled monolayers of dithiol molecular wire candidates is demonstrated through current−voltage measurements ca...
Geriatrics Training in General Internal Medicine Fellowship Programs: Current Practice, Barriers, and Strategies for Improvement

To ensure its growth and prosperity, general internal medicine will need to embrace care of the elderly, research on aging, and geriatrics education as components of its core mission. Experts agree that general internal medicine fellows could benefit from increased opportunities in research on aging and geriatrics education; however, important barriers will hamper efforts to integrate geriatrics training into general internal medicine fellowship programs. This article reviews the barriers to integration and proposes solutions for overcoming those barriers. As a result of interviews and meetings with a broad representation of general internists, geriatricians, funding agencies, and policymakers, we propose 2 interventions: 1) the development of institutional program grants to foster collaboration between general internal medicine and geriatrics faculty in the training of general internal medicine fellows and 2) the creation of a 3-year fellowship program combining general internal medicine and geriatrics. This article discusses the importance of evaluating these and other programs intended to increase the geriatrics experience of general internal medicine fellows, and it describes the potential implications of these changes for a broad array of stakeholder institutions.
Implementation of sub-optimal control for a third-order system☆

Abstract A simple and effective method of implementing almost time-optimal control for a third-order system is described. The method is based on a piecewise-planar approximation to the switch surface of the optimal controller. Results of the application of this method to a laboratory position control system are given and demonstrate the effectiveness of this form of control.
The Effect of a Juvenile Diversion Program On Rearrests

Four hundred thirty-six participants, ages 12 to 16, in a pretrial intervention project were compared to an equivalent group of 132 cases who were treated by whatever other means were available to ...
Effects of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics and Receptor Selective Compounds on Acetylcholine Efflux in the Hippocampus of the Rat

Some atypical antipsychotic drugs appear to improve cognitive function in schizophrenia and since acetylcholine (ACh) is of importance in cognition, we used in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of antipsychotics administered acutely (SC or IP) at pharmacologically comparable doses on ACh outflow in the hippocampus of the rat. The atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and clozapine produced robust increases in ACh up to 1500% and 500%, respectively. The neuroleptics haloperidol, thioridazine, and chlorpromazine, as well as the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and ziprasidone produced modest increases in ACh by about 50–100%. Since most atypical antipsychotics affect a variety of monoaminergic receptors, we examined whether selective ligands for some of these receptors affect hippocampal ACh. Antagonists for the 5-HT2A (MDL 100,907), the 5-HT2C (SB 242,084), the 5-HT6 (Ro 04-6790), the D2 (raclopride) receptors, and the α1-adrenoceptors (prazosin) modestly increased ACh by about 50%. The 5-HT1A agonist R-(+)-8-OH-DPAT and the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine significantly increased ACh by about 100% and 50%, respectively. Thus, olanzapine and clozapine increased ACh to a greater extent than other tested antipsychotics, explaining perhaps their purported beneficial effect in cognitive function in schizophrenia. It appears that selective activity at each of the monoaminergic receptors studied is not the sole mechanism underlying the olanzapine and clozapine induced increases in hippocampal ACh.
Preoperative cortical localization with functional MRI for use in stereotactic radiosurgery

Accurate localization of the lesion with respect to functionally significant brain is essential to safe stereotactic radiosurgical dose planning. We report the use of functional MR imaging in 3 patien
Electrophysiological intermediate biomarkers for oxidative stress in schizophrenia.

Objective Diverse electrophysiological abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia, but the underlying causes remain elusive. We tested whether the altered oxidative stress in schizophrenia contributes to the electrophysiological abnormalities.
Controlled delivery of DNA origami on patterned surfaces.

Due to its capacity for programmable self-assembly, wellestablished modes of chemical synthesis, and exceptional stability, DNA serves as a powerful nanoscale structural material. In particular, the recent invention of DNA origami technology has established a paradigm in which DNA’s capacity for deterministic self-assembly into essentially any discrete two-dimensional (2D) shape can be exploited for the construction of molecular ‘‘bread boards’’. For example, previous groups have demonstrated the delivery of nanoparticles to specific positions within an origami scaffold with nanometer-scale precision and the weaving of DNA aptamers into origami for the assembly of protein arrays. However, in order to fully harness the potential of DNA as a universal nanoscale template, it is important not only to control the position of cargo material within the origami scaffold but also to accurately control the position and orientation of the
Iris: a Computer-Interactive Apl Program for Recovering Simple Orders

IRIS, a computer-interactive APL program for developing a simple order for a set of stimuli, is described. IRIS executes interactively by presenting pairs to be judged at a remote terminal. The subject responds by indicating his preference, or, by indicating that he has no preference. From a subject's judgments, IRIS determines which judgments are implied via transitivity and presents only pairs for which no implications are known. A substantial reduction in number of paired-comparisons required to recover a simple order results.
Massive cerebral infarction caused by paradoxical embolism: Detection by transesophageal echocardiography

Two days after coronary artery bypass, a 75-year-old woman had sudden denseleft-sided hemiplegia. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed a suspicious mass in the right atrium and right ventricle, which was confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography further demonstrated an elongated mass across a patent foramen ovale. Deep femoral venous thrombosis and massive cerebral infarction were also noted by Doppler ultrasonography and head computed tomographic scanning, respectively. Paradoxical embolization was thought to be the cause of the stroke.
Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence

This Letter reports numerical simulations of three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence at wind-tunnel Reynolds numbers. The results of the simulations are compared with the predictions of the direct-interaction turbulence theory.
On the nature of mental disorder: towards an objectivist account

According to the predominant view within contemporary philosophy of psychiatry, mental disorders involve essentially personal and societal values, and thus, the concept of mental disorder cannot, even in principle, be elucidated in a thoroughly objective manner. Several arguments have been adduced in support of this impossibility thesis. My critical examination of two master arguments advanced to this effect by Derek Bolton and Jerome Wakefield, respectively, raises serious doubts about their soundness. Furthermore, I articulate an alternative, thoroughly objective, though in part normative, framework for the elucidation of the concept of mental disorder. The concepts of mental dysfunction and impairment of basic psychological capacities to satisfy one's basic needs are the building blocks of this framework. I provide an argument for the objective harmfulness of genuine mental disorders as patterns of mental dysfunctions with objectively negative biotic values, as well as a formally correct definition of the concept of mental disorder. Contrary to the received view, this objective framework allows for the possibility of genuine mental disorders due to adverse social conditions, as well as for quasi-universal mental disorders. I conclude that overall, the project of providing an objective account of the concept of mental disorder is far from impossible, and moreover, that it is, at least in principle, feasible.
Responsive and proactive market orientation and new-product success.

What is the relationship between market orientation and new-product success? This important question has not been examined adequately to date because the concept of market orientation has been measured too narrowly. The concept of market orientation implies both responsive market orientation, which addresses the expressed needs of customers, and proactive market orientation, which addresses the latent needs of customers—that is, opportunities for customer value of which the customer is unaware. In the numerous market orientation–performance studies to date, the measure of market orientation has consisted virtually entirely of behaviors related to satisfying customers' expressed needs rather than satisfying their latent needs as well. The present study extends the measurement of market orientation to match the full scope of the concept—to measure both responsive market orientation and proactive market orientation. Using data from a sample of technologically diverse businesses, the present study develops a measure of proactive market orientation, refines the extant measure of responsive market orientation, and analyzes the relationship of a business's responsive and proactive market orientation to its new-product success. The study findings imply that for any business to create and to sustain new-product success, a responsive market orientation is not sufficient and, thus, that a proactive market orientation plays a very important positive role in a business's new-product success. These findings make intuitive sense. For if in developing its new products a business relies solely on what customers state as their new product needs, the business is very vulnerable economically. Such a business is vulnerable not only for relying on customers' best guesses for new products, many or most of which may have little long-term economic value for either party, but also to competitors' parallel new product responses and the inevitable resulting price competition. A business that relies solely on customers' expressed needs to develop its new products creates no new insights into value-adding opportunities for the customer and thereby creates little or no customer dependence and foundation for customer loyalty. The important role for proactive market orientation in new-product success is intuitively obvious—and is supported empirically in this study.
The conduction barrier at the interface between low temperature grown GaAs and undoped GaAs

Abstract We have examined current transport across the interface between low temperature grown (LTG) GaAs and GaAs grown at normal temperatures, both n+-doped and undoped. The two types of interface, LTG GaAs n + GaAs and LTG GaAs/undoped GaAs, exhibit ohmic and rectifying behavior, respectively. In the ohmic case, electrons can easily tunnel from the defect hopping band of the LTG GaAs, in which the Fermi level is pinned, into the conduction band of the n+ GaAs-layer. In the second case, the interface acts like a Schottky barrier since electrons must be thermally emitted from the defect hopping band of the LTG GaAs up into the conduction band of the undoped GaAs. By fitting the temperature dependence of the current-voltage relationship using thermionic emission theory, we obtain a simple, direct measure of the Fermi level depth in the LTG GaAs.
Topological transition in the fermi surface of cuprate superconductors in the pseudogap regime

The angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies on cuprates in the pseudogap region reveal an extraordinary topological transition in which the ground state changes from one with a normal Fermi surface to one with four Fermi points. Such a state is not possible without some symmetry breaking, which allows interference between one-particle basis states that is normally forbidden. We also show that the experimental results are quantitatively given without any free parameters by a theory and discuss the implications of the results.
Best Practices: Community-Based Postpartum Depression Screening: Results From the CARE Study

This column describes findings and best-practice recommendations from CARE (Communicating and Relating Effectively), a prospective randomized study in which 5,169 mothers were screened for postpartum depression. The prevalence rate was 13%. Results support use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Screening Scale and a diagnostic assessment for those who screen positive. Of the 674 mothers with positive screens, 26% were not asked about their emotional state by clinicians. Screening must be linked to treatment options via referral and follow-up. Best-practice strategies for implementing screening include educating clinicians and postpartum women.
Basic principles of flow cytometry

Although the basic principles of flow cytometry have changed little in the past quarter century, the applications of this technology have evolved substantially. As in the past, cytometers interrogate individual cells or particles in a stream with a laser as the cells move past a set of stationary detectors. Increasingly, more colors of fluorescence are being detected by cytometers, faster analysis and sorting rates are becoming possible, cytometers capable of multidirectional sorting are being marketed, and more reagents are becoming available for a wide variety of applications. Furthermore, flow cytometry has not stopped evolving. The development of narrow spectrum flourescent probes, the integration of molecular biologic techniques with flow cytometry, and the evaluation of cell-free markers such as cytokines will be key components in the continuing evolution of flow cytometry.
Plasmonics and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Nanoprobes for Biomedical Diagnostics

Raman spectroscopy has recently enjoyed a resurgence of interest among researchers because of the practical development of nanostructured materials that can produce enormous Raman enhancement for molecules adsorbed on metal surfaces. This increase in Raman signal is the result of a surface enhancement process often referred to as the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. The observed Raman scattering signals for the adsorbed molecules are found to be more than a million times larger than those expected from gas-phase molecules or from non-adsorbed compounds, thus providing unprecedented sensitivity for a Raman technique. The development of biochemical probes based on SERS for diagnosis is described. The detection method uses nanostructured metallic substrates as SERS active platforms. The surface enhanced Raman gene (SERGen) probes and “Molecular Sentinels” (MS) probes can be used to detect DNA targets via hybridization to DNA sequences complementary to these probes. Results on the detection of DNA sequences for breast cancer gene and other diseases, and various pathogens are presented and discussed. The usefulness of the SERGen and MS approach and their applications in biomedical diagnostics is discussed.
Carbon Catabolite Control in Candida albicans: New Wrinkles in Metabolism

Most microorganisms maintain strict control of nutrient assimilation pathways to ensure that they preferentially use compounds that generate the most energy or are most efficiently catabolized. In doing so, they avoid potentially inefficient conflicts between parallel catabolic and metabolic pathways. The regulation of carbon source utilization in a wide array of bacterial and fungal species involves both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, and while the details can vary significantly, carbon catabolite control is widely conserved. In many fungi, the posttranslational aspect (carbon catabolite inactivation [CCI]) involves the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of catabolic enzymes for poor carbon sources when a preferred one (glucose) becomes available. A recent article presents evidence for a surprising exception to CCI in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, an organism that makes use of gluconeogenic carbon sources during infection (D. Sandai, Z. Yin, L. Selway, D. Stead, J. Walker, M. D. Leach, I. Bohovych, I. V. Ene, S. Kastora, S. Budge, C. A. Munro, F. C. Odds, N. A. Gow, and A. J. Brown, mBio 3[6]:e00495-12). In vitro, addition of glucose to cells grown in a poor carbon source rapidly represses transcripts encoding gluconeogenic and glyoxylate cycle enzymes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1p) and isocitrate lyase (Icl1p), in both C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yet, uniquely, the C. albicans proteins persist, permitting parallel assimilation of multiple carbon sources, likely because they lack consensus ubiquitination sites found in the yeast homologs. Indeed, the yeast proteins are rapidly degraded when expressed in C. albicans, indicating a conservation of the machinery needed for CCI. How this surprising metabolic twist contributes to fungal commensalism or pathogenesis remains an open question.
Modified algorithm to trace critical eigenvalues of power system with sensitivities via continuation of invariant subspaces

The critical eigenvalue tracing in reference [1] is further modified to extract further useful information. This includes the direction and the speed of movement of eigenvalues. The algorithm is both robust and efficient. The calculation of invariant subspaces is basically solving Riccati equation, which is equivalent to solving bordered matrix equations of Sylvester type. The bordered Bartels-Stewart algorithm is used to solve it effectively. The subspace continuation technique allows us to uniquely identify the image of the movement of the set of the critical eigenvalues w.r.t. the change of the continuation parameter (such as system load level etc.). Furthermore, the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities can also be obtained as by-products. An eigenvalue index is proposed to determine the critical eigenvalue that might affect the stability change of the system. It can be used to estimate the oscillatory stability margin boundary of the system during the continuation by linear estimation. Finally, the numerical techniques are applied to study the New England 39 - bus system.
Development of a Scaled Vehicle With Longitudinal Dynamics of an HMMWV for an ITS Testbed

This paper applies Buckingham's pi theorem to the problem of building a scaled car whose longitudinal and power-train dynamics are similar to those of a full-size high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV). The scaled vehicle uses hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation to capture some of the scaled HMMWV dynamics physically, and simulates the remaining dynamics onboard in real time. This is performed with the ultimate goal of testing cooperative collision avoidance algorithms on a testbed comprising a number of these scaled vehicles. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of this HIL-based scaling approach.
Optomechanics of Soft Materials

Some molecules change shape upon receiving photons of certain frequencies, but here we study light-induced deformation in ordinary dielectrics with no special optical effects. All dielectrics deform in response to light of all frequencies. We derive a dimensionless number to estimate when light can induce large deformation. For a structure made of soft dielectrics, with feature size comparable to the wavelength of light, the structure shapes the light, and the light deforms the structure. We study this two-way interaction between light and structure by combining the electrodynamics of light and the nonlinear mechanics of elasticity. We show that optical forces vary nonlinearly with deformation and readily cause optomechanical snap-through instability. These theoretical ideas may help to create optomechanical devices of soft materials, complex shapes, and small features.