cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking the Pulse of Historically Black Colleges

The federal Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines a “historically” black institution of higher education as “any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principle mission was, and is, the education of black Americans.” They are usually referred to as HBCUs. Most private black colleges originated in the nineteen southern and border states after the Civil War during and after Reconstruction (1867–1890). They were started by white northern missionaries and white and black church groups, aided in the early years by the Freedmen’s Bureau, and in the later years by white philanthropic foundations funded by Nelson Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Julius Rosenwald, and others. Most public black colleges, with the exception of federally funded Howard University, were started after passage of the Second Morrill Act in 1890 that provided federal funds for land grant colleges. Over time many black colleges closed or changed their mission and curricula, and others were established. In 1900 only about 4,000 black college students were enrolled in HBCUs, the great majority in the South. Because of the prohibition against educating slaves before 1865 and the meager resources provided for black education during Reconstruction, by 1900 only fifty-eight of the ninety-nine HBCUs had college-level curricula, Acad. Quest. (2009) 22:327–339 DOI 10.1007/s12129-009-9116-8
A fresh look at the temporal dynamics of binocular rivalry

Human observers viewed dichoptic orthogonal sine-wave gratings and indicated when exclusive visibility occurred in either eye. Contrast was held constant in one eye and was increased or decreased in the other eye for a number of alternation cycles (continuous presentation) or for only the duration of a single period of exclusive visibility (synchronous presentation). The synchronous presentation condition allowed us to identify the differing effects of contrast during the suppressed and during the dominant periods. Mixed phases were recorded as distinct from suppressed and dominant phases, and new classifications of compound-dominant and compound-suppressed phases are defined. The results indicate that binocular rivalry responds to stimulus contrast in two ways.1) The duty-cycle of dominance and suppression is determined by the relative image contrast between the two eyes, with dominance of the higher contrast image being favored, and2) the overall rate of alternation is driven by monocular image contrast during the suppressed phase (increased monocular contrast increases the alternation rate) and to a lesser extent by monocular contrast during the dominant phase (increased monocular contrast decreases the rate). A model is developed to reflect these ideas. These results support a reciprocal inhibition oscillator as the underlying mechanism of binocular rivalry.
Subclinical Indication of Linkage Between Markers of Skeletal and Cardiovascular Properties.

Little is known about early coincidental changes in bone and vascular properties, particularly in the context of skeletal anabolism (puberty) versus relative equilibrium (young adulthood). We aimed to determine if subclinical markers of vascular function were associated with bone mineral content (BMC) and to evaluate the contribution of systemic factors in healthy females ages 14–42 years. Endothelial function was assessed by flow mediated dilatation (FMD), arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx), blood pressure (BP) by sphygmomanometer, BMC by DXA, and systemic factors by fasting blood draw. General linear models controlled for age, race and height indicated a positive association between systolic BP (SBP) and BMC independent of systemic factors. When stratified by age using 19 years as a cut-point, there was an inverse relationship between AIx75 in adolescents with insulin (P<0.10) or inflammatory markers (P<0.10) in statistical models. Conversely, there was a positive relationship between BMC and both PWV and AIx75 in young adults (P<0.05). The link between bone and the vasculature may be life stage-dependent. In the context of a less dynamic microenvironment in young adult females, metabolic factors appear to moderate less of an effect of hemodynamic properties on the skeleton relative to adolescents.
Behavioral Impacts of Sequentially versus Simultaneously Delivered Dietary Plus Physical Activity Interventions: the CALM Trial

Background Few studies have evaluated how to combine dietary and physical activity (PA) interventions to enhance adherence.
Covariate Imbalance and Precision in Measuring Treatment Effects

Covariate adjustment can increase the precision of estimates by removing unexplained variance from the error in randomized experiments, although chance covariate imbalance tends to counteract the improvement in precision. The author develops an easy measure to examine chance covariate imbalance in randomization by standardizing the average covariate difference between the treatment and control condition. The standardized covariate difference must not exceed an upper bound in order to gain precision in covariate adjusted analysis. The author then shows how to select an adequate sample size to mitigate chance covariate imbalance and improve precision in small pilot studies.
The onset of social smiling in preterm and full-term infants from two ethnic backgrounds*

Two groups of infants in Israel, one preterm and one full-term, were followed from birth until 3 months post due-date in an attempt to determine at what age social smiling first appeared. When the age of onset of smiling was calculated in number of weeks from conception, the preterm and full-term infants both began to smile at approximately 44–45 weeks. However, in terms of chronological age, the preterms began to respond socially in this way much later than the full-terms. It seems, therefore, that full allowance should be made for the number of weeks preterm a baby is born, when calculating the expected age for the appearance of social smiling. Unanticipated differences were found between two ethnic groups in the age of onset of smiling, which cut across the preterm—full-term dichotomy. Infants from Sephardi backgrounds began to smile significantly earlier than infants from Ashkenazi backgrounds regardless of whether they were preterm or full-term.
Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Some Rare-Earth Salts at Helium Temperatures; Observation of the Phonon Bottleneck

By observing the transient recovery of microwave paramagnetic resonance signals at $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}9.3$ kMc/sec and $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}34$ kMc/sec, we measure the spin-lattice relaxation rate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the rare earth ions Nd, Pr, and Sm in the double nitrate [${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{12}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}24${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O] and for Ce and Nd in the ethyl sulfate [La${({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}9${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O] in the temperature range $1.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}lTl5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. We observe the direct process, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}T$; the Orbach process, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{kT}})$; and the Raman process, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{7}$ and ${T}^{9}$. The measured relaxation rates are in good agreement with simple theoretical estimates based on Orbach's phenomenological approach. For example, for 1% Nd in the ethyl sulfate with $z\ensuremath{\perp}H$ at $\ensuremath{\nu}=9.3$ kMc/sec we measure ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=1.7T+3.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{T}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, as compared to the theoretical estimate, ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=1.4T+1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{T}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The data, together with similar measurements by others, lead to the over-all conclusion that spin-lattice relaxation at low temperatures in rare earth salts is reasonably well understood.At the lowest temperatures, where the direct process dominates, we observe in the double nitrate several instances of a spin-bath relaxation rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ which is not the direct spin-lattice (i.e., spin-phonon) process, but rather a slower phonon-limited "bottle-neck" process, with a temperature dependence ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$. This dependence along with that on crystal size and paramagnetic ion concentration is in good agreement with simple theoretical expectations. The data indicate that the hot phonon-bath relaxation time is the time taken by sound waves to traverse the crystal half-thickness. For 1% Pr in the double nitrate at 1.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the bottleneck is severe, the observed rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ being \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{3}$ times smaller than the true direct rate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Developmental Neurotoxicity Targeting Hepatic and Cardiac Sympathetic Innervation: Effects of Organophosphates are Distinct from those of Glucocorticoids

Early-life exposure to organophosphate pesticides leads to subsequent hyperresponsiveness of β-adrenergic receptor-mediated cell signaling that regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, culminating in metabolic abnormalities resembling prediabetes. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of chlorpyrifos or parathion on presynaptic sympathetic innervation to determine whether the postsynaptic signaling effects are accompanied by defects in neuronal input. We administered either chlorpyrifos or parathion to newborn rats using exposure paradigms known to elicit the later metabolic changes but found no alterations in either hepatic or cardiac norepinephrine levels in adolescence or adulthood. However, shifting chlorpyrifos exposure to the prenatal period did evoke changes: exposure early in gestation produced subsequent elevations in norepinephrine, whereas later gestational exposure produced significant deficits. We also distinguished the organophosphate effects from those of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, a known endocrine disruptor that leads to later-life metabolic and cardiovascular disruption. Postnatal exposure to dexamethasone elicited deficits in peripheral norepinephrine levels but prenatal exposure did not. Our results indicate that early-life exposure to organophosphates leads to subsequent abnormalities of peripheral sympathetic innervation through mechanisms entirely distinct from those of glucocorticoids, ruling out the possibility that the organophosphate effects are secondary to stress or disruption of the HPA axis. Further, the effects on innervation were separable from those on postsynaptic signaling, differing in critical period as well as tissue- and sex-selectivity. Organophosphate targeting of both presynaptic and postsynaptic β-adrenergic sites, each with different critical periods of vulnerability, thus sets the stage for compounding of hepatic and cardiac functional abnormalities.
Main-chain imidazolium polymer membranes for CO2 separations: An initial study of a new ionic liquid-inspired platform

Abstract Three dense polymer membranes composed of main-chain, poly(imidazolium)s (imidazolium ionenes) with decyl (“C10”) spacer groups were fabricated and shown to be selective for CO2-based separations. An imidazolium ionene with the bromide counterion (Polymer 1) exhibited good H2/CO2 ideal (pure component) selectivity (6.0), while H2 permeability was slightly lower than 1 × 10−10 cm3(STP) cm cm(−2) s(−1) cm Hg(−1) (1 barrer). A “Robeson Plot” was used to compare the separation performance of Polymer 1 to other dense polymer membranes. Polymer 2 was structurally similar to Polymer 1 with the exception of the bulky Tf2N anion in place of the bromide. This polymer was found to have good CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 ideal selectivities (20 and 24, respectively), but no H2/CO2 separation performance with a selectivity of 1.0. A stable composite film made from an imidazolium ionene (Polymer 2) and a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) was also fabricated and showed large CO2 permeability enhancements compared to the analogous neat polymer membrane, with little or no sacrifice in CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 ideal selectivity. The separation performance of Polymer 2 and the Polymer 2–RTIL composite films were compared to previously studied “side-chain” poly(imidazolium)s (poly(RTIL)s) and other dense polymer membranes on “Robeson Plots.” Polymer 2 and the Polymer 2–RTIL composite films exhibited CO2 permeabilities comparable to poly(RTIL)s. This is the first known study and application of imidazolium ionenes for CO2 light gas separation membranes.
All-or-none secretion of adrenal medullary storage vesicle contents in the rat.

Abstract Rats were given insulin (5 i.u./kg) to produce hypoglycemia and a resultant sympathetic discharge and were sacrificed 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr after drug administration. Intact adrenal storage vesicles were separated from empty vesicles by differential and density gradient centrifugation, and all fractions were analyzed for catecholamines (CA), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBO; a marker for vesicle membranes) and ATP. One hr after insulin, CA, DBO and ATP in the intact vesicles had fallen to 60 per cent of control, and after 2 hr, to 50 per cent of control. DBO, but not CA or ATP, increased in the empty vesicle fraction. After 3 hr, vesicular CA and ATP had fallen to 35 per cent of controls, while DBO fell only to 50 per cent; DBO remained elevated in the empty vesicle fraction. The parallel loss of CA, DBO and ATP from the intact vesicles during the early time periods, and the increase in particulate DBO in the empty vesicle fraction suggest that secretion from the rat adrenal medulla occurs by an exocytotic release of the total vesicle content with retention of the vesicle membrane, and that release of vesicle contents is all-or-none. The disparity between the loss of DBO and CA after prolonged stimulation has several possible explanations, among which may be the existence of a population of vesicles having DBO, but little or no CA or ATP, or the beginning of vesicle resynthesis. After insulin administration to another group of rats, the incorporation of epinephrine and metaraminol (MA) by isolated adrenal storage vesicles declined. After 1 hr, total adrenal CA had dropped to 68 per cent of control; epinephrine uptake per gland was 72 per cent, and MA uptake was 75 per cent. CA decreased progressively to 22 per cent of control after 4 hr; epinephrine uptake decreased similarly. MA uptake remained at about 70 per cent of control even after 4 hr. The parallel nature of CA depletion and decrease in epinephrine uptake also suggests that secretion from rat adrenal medullary vesicles is exocytotic and all-or-none. The absence of a parallel decrease in MA uptake may mean that MA is taken up into vesicles which do not have a normal CA content (“immature” vesicles). The existence of immature vesicles 3 hr after insulin administration suggests that the rate of vesicle turnover in the rat adrenal medulla is rapid.
Solubilities in binary solvent systems II. The importance of non-specific interactions

Abstract Solubilities have been determined at 25°C for p -benzoquinone in binary mixtures of cyclohexane with n -heptane, cyclooctane and isooctane, in mixtures of n -heptane with n -dodecane, and in binary mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with n -heptane and n -octane. The Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS) model predicts these solubilities with a maximum deviation of 5% and an overall standard deviation of 1.6%. The NIBS model correctly predicts maxima for the mole fraction solubility of p -benzoquinone in both cyclohexane + n -heptane and cyclohexane + isooctane mixtures. The success of this simple model, based entirely on non-specific interactions, is significant considering the solubility of p -benzoquinone changes by a factor of 6 in the two binary solvent mixtures containing carbon tetrachloride. Solution models that attribute all solubility enhancement to the formation of stoichiometric complexes require several equilibrium constants to mathematically describe the 6-fold range of p -benzoquinone solubilities in these two solvent mixtures.
Borrelia burgdorferi DNA and Borrelia hermsii DNA are not associated with morphea or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in the southwestern United States.

Borrelia burgdorferi , the causal agent of Lyme disease, has been implicated as the causative agent for some types of morphea by serologic (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Western blot analyses. Furthermore, spirochetal organisms have been found in lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) by histological methods. 1 Borrelia burgdorferi also has been reported 2 as the causative agent of morphea and LSA using the polymerase chain reaction technique of DNA amplification. Methods. In this study, we analyzed 27 paraffinembedded skin biopsy specimens of patients from south-eastern Texas with morphea (n=13), LSA (n=13), and morphea-LSA overlap (n=1) for B burgdorferi DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Eleven paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of inflammatory dermatoses and 2 snap-frozen fresh samples of normal skin served as negative controls. DNA samples obtained from B burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md) at a density of 10 000 spirochetes per milliliter (determined
Compact homotopy functors and the equivariant Sullivan profinite completion

A study is made of compact homotopy functors, i.e. set-valued homotopy functors in the sense of E.H. Brown, defined on an abstract homotopy category C in the sense of Brown, and admitting factorizations through the category of compact Hausdorff spaces. A Sullivan type completion is defined in this abstract context, and it is shown that this gives rise to a completion for ‘topologized objects’ in C. Finally, the equivariant Sullivan profinite completion is obtained by taking C to be the homotopy category of based G-CW complexes, where G is a compact Lie group.
Magneto-optical absorption in n-type zinc-blende semiconductors

We present a study of the intensity of the electric-dipole-induced spin resonance in n-type zinc-blende semiconductors in the parellel Voigt geometry. We show for electrons in the conduction band of InSb that the interference between electric-dipole and magnetic-dipole matrix elements in the parellel Voigt geometry arises entirely from the inversion asymmetry parameter characterizing the spin-orbit coupling. The corrections due to non-parabolicity and warping of the bands are calculated and shown to be negligible.
Physiologic, bronchoscopic, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings in young children with recurrent wheeze and cough.

Assessing airway disease in young children with wheeze and/or cough is challenging. We conducted a prospective, descriptive study of lung function in children 2) had no evidence of chest radiograph hyperinflation. We conclude that in this population, plethysmography and RVRTC techniques are useful in identifying severity of hyperinflation and airflow obstruction, and we hypothesize that younger children may have relatively small airways caliber, significantly limiting airflow, and thus impairing secretion clearance and predisposing to lower airway infection.
Use of biolumescent bacteria, Xenorhabdus luminescens, to measure predation on bacteria by freshwater microflagellates*

Ligh emitted by the bioluminescent bacterium, Xenorhabdus luminescens (isolated from a nematode host), can be measured to monitor reductions of these bacteria in the presence of phagotrophs. X. luminescens is relatively large (0.6 ¢ 3 μm), but comparable in size to many cyanobacteria. We used the light emission method to examine phagotroph feeding on X. luminescens using uni-specific cultures of two chrysomonads, Ochromonas sp. and Spulemma sp. From light decay rates in control and experimental vials, we computed an apparent filtration rate (FR); then, for a concentration (C) of 1 · 106 bacteria ml−1, we estimated capture rate (CR) as FR · C. The Ochromonas sp. did not ingest the bacterium. The maximum estimated FR for Spumella, observed at 6.0 · 103 flagellates ml−1 (medium density), was 0.37 ml h−1, for a volume-specific clearance rate (FR/cell volume) of 7.9 · 105 h−1 and a CR of 62 bacteria · flagellate−1 h−1. Video microscopy indicated these were accurate estimates of capture rates. Microscopic counts were used to monitor growth of a flagellate, Spumella sp., on X. luminescens as the sole food supply. The flagellate doulbed in number every 3.2, while consuming bacteria at a rate of 23 bacteria flagellate−1 h−1. The Spumella grazed the bacteria to a minimum of 5 · 105 cells ml−1, a concentration comparable to observed field densities of other bacteria.
FTIR studies reveal that silicon-containing laser-induced desorption products are surface reaction intermediates

Abstract Silicon-containing laser-induced desorption (LID) products such as SiOH and SiNH 2 have been observed from Si(111) 7 × 7 surfaces exposed to H 2 O and NH 3 . Assuming that the LID species were derived from surface reaction intermediates, these LID products were employed to examine the thermal stability of the SiOH and SiNH 2 surface species. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy was recently utilized to monitor the decomposition of SiOH and SiNH 2 surface species following the dissociative adsorption of H 2 O and NH 3 on porous silicon surfaces. The FTIR results on porous silicon surfaces were in excellent agreement with the previous LID studies on Si(111) 7 × 7. The correspondence between the FTIR and LID investigations indicates that silicon-containing LID products are derived from silicon surface reaction intermediates.
A unique limiting Green's function for a class of singular boundary value problems

Abstract The behaviors of the Green's functions for a family of two point boundary value problems are analyzed as the right hand boundary point diverges to ∞. In particular, a unique limiting Green's function is obtained. The sign properties of the unique limiting function are analyzed and it is shown that well-defined boundary conditions are satisfied at ∞.
Thermally optimal insulation distribution for underground structures

This paper provides an analytical solution of the optimal distribution of thermal insulation along the surfaces of underground structures to minimize the annual heat transfer through the ground-coupled surfaces. The analytical solution is obtained using the Interzone Temperature Profile Estimation (ITPE) technique. Two underground structures are considered in this paper: a fully earth-sheltered structure and a partially bermed structure with a shaft that opens to an above-grade interior space. The results of a parametric analysis are summarized to determine the effects of the amount of heat flux imposed on each surface on the optimum insulation distribution along the underground surfaces.
Reducing HIV and AIDS in Adolescents: Opportunities and Challenges

Adolescents are critical to efforts to end the AIDS epidemic. Few national AIDS strategies explicitly program for children in their second decade of life. Adolescents (aged 10-19 years) are therefore largely invisible in global, regional, and country HIV and AIDS reports making it difficult to assess progress in this population. We have unprecedented knowledge to guide investment towards greater impact on HIV prevention, treatment, and care in adolescents, but it has not been applied to reach those most vulnerable and optimize efficiency and scale. The cost of this is increasing AIDS-related deaths and largely unchanged levels of new HIV infections in adolescents. An AIDS-free generation will remain out of reach if the global community does not prioritize adolescents. National AIDS responses must be accountable to adolescents, invest in strengthening and monitoring protective and supportive laws and policies and access for adolescents to high impact HIV interventions.
Chemical makeup and physical characterization of a synthetic fuel and methods of heat content evaluation for studies on MSW incineration

Abstract A well-characterized synthetic fuel is often needed for research related to the efficiency or completeness of combustion and emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators. Knowledge of the chemical makeup, physical characteristics and heat content of such a synthetic fuel is important to establish accurate baseline operating conditions for experiments and to provide a mechanism for verification of data. A synthetic fuel was formulated to be representative of municipal solid waste (MSW) found in the US waste-stream, after some recycling. A majority of the fuel consists of cellulose in the form of paper and wood. Low-density polyethylene is chosen to represent the plastic polymer content, and iron represents the metal content. The waste food organic content is simulated by animal feed. Water and the inert component silica make up the rest of the fuel. The fuel is fabricated in three stages: (i) mixing the components, (ii) size reduction by shredding and (iii) compaction into cylindrical pellets of 2.5 cm diameter and approximate length 5 cm. Chemical analysis of the fuel includes testing its chlorine, nitrogen and sulfur content. The physical characterization includes tests for fixed carbon, ash, volatile matter and moisture content of the fuel. The heat content of the synthetic fuel is determined by three different methods. The first method to determine the heat content is the standard bomb calorimeter method, in which a powdered sample of fuel is burned with excess oxygen in an adiabatic calorimeter. The second method, also experimental in nature, is to apply calorimetry on the individual components of the synthetic fuel. The third method is to investigate literature values for the heat content of the individual fuel components and then multiply them by their mass fractions and sum to find the total heat content. These three values for the heat content are compared, and close agreement is found. The value determined by all three methods is the ‘higher heating value’ (HHV), that is, it includes the latent heat of condensation of water vapor, which is formed during combustion. Thus, in all three methods, among the final combustion products the water content is taken to be condensed (liquid). The data show that any one of the three methods can accurately determine the heat content of a synthetic fuel.
Learning in Games by Random Sampling

Abstract We study repeated interactions among a fixed set of “low rationality” players who have status quo actions, randomly sample other actions, and change their status quo if the sampled action yields a higher payoff. This behavior generates a random process, the better-reply dynamics. Long run behavior leads to Nash equilibrium in games with the weak finite improvement property, including finite, supermodular games and generic, continuous, two-player, quasi-concave games. If players make mistakes and if several players can sample at the same time, the resulting better-reply dynamics with simultaneous sampling converges to the Pareto optimal Nash equilibrium in common interest games. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C70, C72, C73.
The course of human events: predicting the timing of primate neural development

A recent model of the timing in which neural developmental events occur in a variety of mammals has shown high predictability of the order and duration of these events across species when appropriately computed. The model, originally derived to study the developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change in the nervous system, is adapted in this paper to predict the course of those events in the developing human, a sequence that has been difficult to determine using non-invasive neuroanatomical techniques. Using a modified version of our original regression model, we generate predicted times of occurrence for a large number of developmental events in the human embryo and fetus, and include a chart of comparable events for macaque monkeys. We discuss a bidirectional variability in the original model which allowed us to identify limbic and cortical primate neural events that are significantly deviant from the general mammalian norm, but which also proved predictable following modification. We test the modified model against empirically derived values for neural events not included in the original model, as well as through comparisons with human developmental sequences inferred by other methods. In view of the remarkable stability in the course of development across species, knowledge of the timing of human neural events need not be entirely restricted to the limited existent embryonic and infant data. Although the primate neural development sequence is somewhat more complex than that for other mammals, primate data continue to support a theory of developmental conservation across evolution.
Clostridium difficile colitis

: Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive sporeforming anaerobic bacillus, which is found in the stool flora of 25-80% of healthy infants but rarely in the stool of healthy adults and children over the age of 12 months. Ingested spores of C. difficile survive the gastric acid barrier and germinate in the colon. Colonization of the adult intestinal tract occurs when antibiotics alter normal intestinal flora, which otherwise facilitates resistance to colonization. Between one third and two thirds of patients colonized develop clinical symptoms. Some strains of C. difficile are non-toxinogenic, but the majority make two protein exotoxins, toxin A, a 308 kDa protein and toxin B, a 275 kDa protein. Toxin A binds to a specific receptor on the brush border of the intestinal epithelium, a glycoprotein with an α-linked galactose; the intestinal receptor in humans for toxin B is less well-characterized. Both toxins modify Rho proteins at a specific threonine residue by addition of a glucose molecule, leading to inactivation of the protein. This is followed by disaggregation of polymerized actin, opening of tight junctions between cells, cell rounding and subsequent cell death. The toxins also induce the release by various cells of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (such as IL-8), as well as activation of the enteric nervous system, leading to neutrophil chemotaxis and fluid secretion. Toxin B is not enterotoxic in animals (as is toxin A), but it is a much more potent cytotoxin in tissue culture than toxin A. Occasional toxinogenic strains of C. difficile associated with clinical illness make toxin B but contain an internal deletion in the gene for toxin A and do not make an active form of this toxin. Strains of C. difficile that produce neither toxin A nor B do not cause clinical illness.
Sex-Specific Food Preferences in the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

INTRODUCTIONFor most insects, adult nutrition affects not only survival of individuals butalso their reproductive output. In particular, fecundity of females commonlydepends on ingestion of protein necessary for egg development, whereasmale fertility is not highly protein dependent (Chapman, 1982; House, 1974;Engelmann, 1999). Furthermore, because insects generally are unable toconvert lipids to monosaccharides (Bignell, 1981), carbohydrates and pro-teins serve as primary energy sources in both sexes (House, 1974).Recentstudiesrevealthatanumberofinsectsexhibitsex-speciﬁcdiffer-ences in feeding behavior that are correlated with adult nutritional require-ments. For example, young female tephritid fruit ﬂies (Diptera: Tephritidae)that are protein-hungry are more attracted to odors of protein food baitsthan to odors of host fruit, whereas males and protein-fed females areattracted more toward fruit odors (Cornelius
Suitable Steady-State Methods for Measurement of Effective Thermal Conductivity in Rigid Insulations

The ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Materials by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate (C177-63) is a recognized technique for measurement of thermal conductance of insulations. This method may not be the optimum choice due to temperature range, material availability, and other factors. This paper describes three other steady-state techniques that may be used. Two are modifications of the basic comparative rod apparatus, and the third is a modification of the radial inflow apparatus. The two modifications of the comparative rod apparatus are designed to minimize or monitor or both the axial heat bypass and radial heat interchange effects. The modification to the radial inflow apparatus converts a cylindrical specimen to obtain heat flows through a plane surface. These modifications represent an improvement in the state of the art. The advantages of these procedures over the ASTM C 177-63 apparatus are smaller specimen size and wider temperature range. The disadvantages are that the precision and accuracy are not as good as that for the ASTM C177-63 apparatus; however, an acceptable level for most engineering data may be obtained (< ′12 percent). Data on various candidates for the reusable surface insulation of the shuttle were measured by these methods and are reported.
Diagnosis: a liminal state for women living with lupus.

Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) often experience a protracted diagnostic period in which their symptoms are treated as medically unexplained. Although they know they are ill, their symptoms have not been validated as indicative of disease by a health care professional. Consequently, the diagnostic period can be viewed as liminal, the middle stage in the rites of passage and what Turner (1969/1997) has labeled “betwixt and between.” Drawing on the analysis of narratives solicited from 23 women recruited from online lupus support groups, I explore the gendered nature of diagnosis for women with lupus using van Gennep's (1960) rites of passage as a conceptual framework.
Estimation of building damage due to excavation-induced ground movements

Building damage due to excavation-induced ground movement is evaluated using a damage criterion based on the average state of strain in the distorting portion of the structure, and by considering the effect of building shear stiffness on the distortions imposed by the ground settlement profile. Physical model tests and numerical simulations, correlated with case studies of building distortion and damage, have been used to evaluate these relationships for masonry bearing wall structures. The distinct element method was used to numerically model each masonry unit as a block, with the contacts between blocks having the stiffness and strength characteristics of mortar. In-plane displacements at the corners of the wall sections permitted determination of the average state of strain, and the components of rigid body tilt, angular distortion, lateral strain at the base, and the contribution of bending strain to the lateral strain in the upper portion of the wall. The increase in angular distortion with increase in the ratio of ground/structure shear stiffness (decrease in building shear stiffness) was examined for both elastic and cracked building walls. Cracking significantly reduced effective wall stiffness making the wall more conformable to the ground settlement profile, which increased angular distortion, causing it to approach the distortion (change in ground slope) that would occur in the absence of the structure.
Acoustic Properties of Breast Fat

Objectives The American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) atlas for ultrasound (US) qualitatively describes the echogenicity and attenuation of a mass, where fat lobules serve as a standard for comparison. This study aimed to estimate acoustic properties of breast fat under clinical imaging conditions to determine the degree to which properties vary among patients. Methods Twenty-four women with solid breast masses scheduled for biopsy were scanned with a Siemens S2000 scanner and 18L6 linear array transducer (Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA). Offline analysis estimated the attenuation coefficient and backscatter coefficients (BSCs) from breast fat using the reference phantom method. The average BSC was calculated over 6 to 12 MHz to objectively quantify the BI-RADS US echo pattern descriptor, and effective scatterer diameters were also estimated. Results A power law fit to the attenuation coefficient versus frequency yielded an attenuation coefficient of 1.28 dB·cm(-1) MHz(-0.73). The mean attenuation coefficient versus frequency slope ± SD at 7 MHz was 0.73 ± 0.23 dB·cm(-1) MHz(-1), in agreement with previously reported values. The BSC versus frequency showed close agreement among all patients, both in magnitude and frequency dependence, with a power law fit of (0.6 ± 0.25) ×10(-4) sr(-1) cm(-1) MHz(-2.49). The average backscatter in the 6-12-MHz range was 0.004 ± 0.002 sr(-1) cm(-1). The mean effective scatterer diameter for fat was 60.2 ± 9.5 μm. Conclusions The agreement in parameter estimates for breast fat among these patients supports the use of fat as a standard for comparison with tumors. Results also suggest that objective quantification of these BI-RADS US descriptors may reduce subjectivity when interpreting B-mode image data.
A meta-analytic investigation of virtuality and information sharing in teams

We uncover new insights on the role of virtuality on team information sharing. A new two-dimensional conceptualization of information sharing (Mesmer-Magnus & DeChurch, 2009) enabled us to reconcile past inconsistencies in the virtual team literature. Recasting the findings of 94 studies (total number of groups = 5596; total N approximately = 19,702) into this framework reveals three key insights. First, virtuality improves the sharing of unique information, but hinders the openness of information sharing. Second, unique information sharing is more important to the performance of face-to-face teams than is open information sharing, whereas open information sharing is more important to the performance of virtual teams than is unique information sharing. Third, the effects of virtuality on information sharing are more curvilinear than linear – such that low levels of virtuality improve information sharing, but high levels hider it. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Signal generation, control and frequency conversion AlGaN/GaN HEMT MMICs

We review the design and experimental results of three new AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistor monolithic microwave integrated circuits: a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a single-pole-double-throw switch (SPDT), and a resistive field-effect transistor mixer. The VCO exhibits frequency range between 8.5-9.5 GHz with maximum output power of 35 dBm (at V/sub ds/=30 V) across a 50-/spl Omega/ load. The L/S band SPDT switch at 0.9, 1.8, and 2.1 GHz was measured to have 0.87-, 0.96-, 1-dB insertion loss and 46-, 42-, and 41-dB isolation, respectively. The switch also shows linear performance for the power levels up to 1 W in the insertion mode. A singly ended X-band resistive mixer has exhibited very low intermodulation, less than -60 dBc for the second and third harmonics of the IF at the RF power level of 10 dBm, and high power handling, P/sub 1 dB/ is estimated to be at least 1 W, with the conversion loss of 17 dB.
The Marginalization of the Black Campus Movement

Most of the small amount of literature on the Black Power Movement consists of autobiographies or are examinations of the Black Panther Party. That's why Peniel Joseph's Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour , Clayborne Carson's In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s , Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar's Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity , and Van Deburg's New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975 —all scholarly non-autobiographical, non-Black Panther literature—are so important as they inquire about the breadth of the movement. However, as they seek to demarginalize the Black Power Movement, this review essays shows that they in turn marginalize (in varying degrees) the struggle waged by Black college students to reform higher education and the vanguard organization of that struggle, the San Francisco State Black Student Union. They marginalize the Black Campus Movement and its leading organization despite many of the icons of the Black Power Movement coming into their own in college, and most of noteworthy Black Power protest and reforms occurring on these campuses.
Discriminant ability of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 to detect aspiration in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background Oropharyngeal dysphagia is prevalent in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) leading to malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and death. These factors necessitate early detection of at-risk patients to prolong maintenance of safe oral intake and pulmonary function. This study aimed to evaluate the discriminant ability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) to identify ALS patients with unsafe airway protection during swallowing. Methods Seventy ALS patients completed the EAT-10 survey and underwent a standardized videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing. Two blinded raters determined airway safety using the Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS). A between groups anova (safe vs penetrators vs aspirators) was conducted and sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and likelihood ratios calculated. Key Results Mean EAT-10 scores for safe swallowers, penetrators, and aspirators (SEM) were: 4.28 (0.79) vs 7.10 (1.79) vs 20.50 (3.19), respectively, with significant differences noted for aspirators vs safe swallowers and aspirators vs penetrators (p < 0.001). The EAT-10 demonstrated good discriminant ability to accurately identify ALS penetrator/aspirators (PAS ≥3) with a cut off score of 3 (AUC: 0.77, sensitivity: 88%, specificity: 57%). The EAT-10 demonstrated excellent accuracy at identifying aspirators (PAS ≥6) utilizing a cut off score of 8 (AUC: 0.88, sensitivity: 86%, specificity: 72%, likelihood ratio: 3.1, negative predictive value: 95.5%). Conclusions & Inferences The EAT-10 differentiated safe vs unsafe swallowing in ALS patients. This patient self-report scale could represent a quick and meaningful aide to dysphagia screening in busy ALS clinics for the identification and referral of dysphagic patients for further instrumental evaluation.
Precise phase calibration of a controlled reception pattern GPS antenna for JPALS

The Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS) is being developed to provide navigation to support aircraft landings for the U.S. military. One variant of JPALS is the Shipboard Relative GPS (SRGPS), which will be implemented on an aircraft carrier. In order to meet strict accuracy, integrity, continuity, and availability goals in the presence of hostile jamming and in a harsh multipath environment, advanced technologies are required. One of those being studied is a controlled reception pattern antenna (CRPA) array with beam steering/adaptive null forming capabilities. The Stanford University GPS Laboratory has developed a software tool to study CRPA algorithms and their effects on GPS signal and tracking characteristics. A testbed has been constructed to investigate hardware issues including the phase center offset of the antenna elements and mutual coupling effects. This testbed consists of a 3 element antenna array with a baseline of 1m, using high-quality survey-grade or lower-quality patch antennas. Data has been taken using this array in conjunction with sufficient satellite constellation and antenna array motion to ensure complete azimuth and elevation signal coverage. A carrier phase-based attitude determination algorithm was used to generate inter-antenna bias residuals, allowing characterization of the virtual phase center of the array. Repeating the testing procedure both with survey-grade antennas, for which the phase center characteristics are well known, and with a patch antenna possessing unknown phase center behavior, allows characterization of the azimuth- and elevation-dependent properties of the patch antenna phase center. In addition, mutual coupling effects have been investigated by adding inactive patch elements around the active patch antenna. All results are compared to predictions from detailed simulation of the patch antenna used using an EM modeling software package.
Influence of Oxygen Concentration on Hatchability and on Selecting for Hatchability

Abstract OBTAINING a respectable hatching percentage from the eggs of domestic poultry is one of the important problems of the poultry industry in areas of high elevation. This problem exists at Laramie, Wyoming, where the elevation is approximately 7,200 feet above sea level. The Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, highest in the United States, is an ideal location to study the problems of high-altitude incubation. One objective of the investigation reported in this paper was to reexamine the reported improvement in hatchability resulting from the use of supplemental oxygen in incubation. Another objective was to study the effect of oxygen concentration as it is related to selecting for genetic improvement in hatchability. North (1941) stated that the lower barometric pressure of Laramie lowers the volumetric concentration of oxygen by 25 percent and that more ventilation is required to supply the same amount of oxygen in the incubator. Thompson (1952) reported that at …
Mitochondrial biogenesis during fungal spore germination. Development of cytochrome c oxidase activity.

Abstract Mitochondria from dormant spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae did not contain extractable cyctochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activity; however, this enzyme activity was elaborated rapidly after 150 min of the 240-min germination sequence. The absence of cytochrome c oxidase activity in the dormant spores apparently is not an artifact caused by spore disruption and fractionation procedures, transient enzyme instability, or insensitivity of the enzyme assay. Mitochondria from dormant spores of three other phylogenetically diverse genera of fungi were observed to contain readily detectable quantities of cytochrome c oxidase, suggesting that the absence of the enzyme in B. theobromae may be relatively novel. The elaboration of cytochrome c oxidase activity in germinating spores was abolished by cycloheximide if the drug was added at or before 95 min of germination, but development of enzyme activity was initially insensitive to inhibitors of the mitochondrial genetic system, chloramphenicol or ethidium bromide. Incubation of spores in both ethionine and S-2-aminoethyl- l -cysteine reduced the amount of extracted cytochrome c oxidase activity. Elaboration of enzyme activity was severely retarded by cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis and of spore germination. This enzyme activity developed in water-incubated or 1% Tween 80-incubated spores in which only the cytoplasmic ribosomes are functional in translation of a stored nuclear messenger RNA. The results of this study show that cytoplasmic (but not mitochondrial) ribosome function is required for development of this enzyme activity during spore germination, and they suggest that a portion of the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme or some other protein required for its activity is synthesized de novo upon germination.