cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of human carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 6 and alveolar progenitor cells in normal and injured lungs of transgenic mice

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is expressed in the epithelium of various primate tissues, including lung airway and alveoli. In human lung, CEACAM6 is developmentally and hormonally regulated, protects surfactant function, has anti-apoptotic activity and is dysregulated in cancers. We hypothesized that alveolar CEACAM6 expression increases in lung injury and promotes cell proliferation during repair. Studies were performed in CEABAC transgenic mice-containing human CEACAM genes. The level of CEACAM6 in adult CEABAC lung was comparable to that in human infants; expression occurred in epithelium of airways and of some alveoli but rarely co-localized with markers of type I or type II cells. Ten days after bleomycin instillation, both the number of CEACAM6(+) cells and immunostaining intensity were elevated in injured lung areas, and there was increased co-localization with type I and II cell markers. To specifically address type II cells, we crossed CEABAC mice with animals expressing EGFP driven by the SP-C promoter. After bleomycin injury, partially flattened, elongated epithelial cells were observed that expressed type I cell markers and were primarily either EGFP(+) or CEACAM6(+). In cell cycle studies, mitosis was greater in CEACAM6(+) non-type II cells versus CEACAM6(+)/EGFP(+) cells. CEACAM6 epithelial expression was also increased after hyperoxic exposure and LPS instillation, suggesting a generalized response to acute lung injuries. We conclude that CEACAM6 expression is comparable in human lung and the CEABAC mouse. CEACAM6 in this model appears to be a marker of a progenitor cell population that contributes to alveolar epithelial cell replenishment after lung injury.
Kinetic Control of Dome Cluster Composition by Varying Ge Deposition Rate

The mean size of dome clusters grown by molecular beam epitaxy of pure Ge onto Si(100) at substrate temperatures, T, of 550°C and 650°C is deposition rate dependent. For samples with nominal Ge coverages near 8 ML (1 ML = 6.78 × 1014 atoms/cm2) and deposition rates between 1.4 and 17.5 ML/min, higher deposition rates decreased the mean dome diameter and increased the dome areal density. Additionally, the critical volume for the pyramid-to-dome transition decreases with increasing deposition rate for islands grown between T = 550°C and 650°C. By this measure, the Ge content of the dome clusters rises with increasing deposition rate. Quantitative, nm-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements taken in a scanning transmission electron microscope confirm these results. For domes grown at T = 650°C with rates of 1.4 ML/min and 17.5 ML/min, EELS indicates 59% and 70% Ge compositions, respectively. These results show that dome cluster composition may be kinetically controlled by varying the Ge deposition rate.
Gas-phase deprotonation of the peptide backbone for tripeptides and their methyl esters with hydrogen and methyl side chains.

The gas-phase acidities (GAs) of six tripeptides (GlyGlyGly, GlyAlaGly, AlaGlyAla, AlaAlaAla, AibAibAib, and SarSarSar) and their methyl esters were obtained by proton transfer reactions in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer and G3(MP2) molecular orbital theory calculations. All six peptides have GAs in the range 321.0–323.7 kcal/mol. Their deprotonation to produce [M – H]− occurs at the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. The tripeptides are about 10 kcal/mol more acidic than the amino acids glycine (Gly) and alanine (Ala). This is consistent with the extensive hydrogen bonding that was found in the tripeptide structures. For the methyl esters, deprotonation occurs at the peptide backbone. G3(MP2) calculations show that the most energetically favored site of deprotonation is an amide nitrogen, with the central amide being generally preferred. Nitrogen deprotonation requires 10–20 kcal/mol less energy than deprotonation at a methylene carbon. Only three of the methyl esters (GlyGl...
Nitric Oxide Reactivity of [2Fe-2S] Clusters Leading to H2S Generation

The crosstalk between two biologically important signaling molecules, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), proceeds via elusive mechanism(s). Herein we report the formation of H2S by the action of NO on synthetic [2Fe-2S] clusters when the reaction environment is capable of providing a formal H• (e–/H+). Nitrosylation of (NEt4)2[Fe2S2(SPh)4] (1) in the presence of PhSH or tBu3PhOH results in the formation of (NEt4)[Fe(NO)2(SPh)2] (2) and H2S with the concomitant generation of PhSSPh or tBu3PhO•. The amount of H2S generated is dependent on the electronic environment of the [2Fe-2S] cluster as well as the type of H• donor. Employment of clusters with electron-donating groups or H• donors from thiols leads to a larger amount of H2S evolution. The 1/NO reaction in the presence of PhSH exhibits biphasic decay kinetics with no deuterium kinetic isotope effect upon PhSD substitution. However, the rates of decay increase significantly with the use of 4-MeO-PhSH or 4-Me-PhSH in place of PhSH. These result...
Theorems on Total Representations as Sums of Square or Triangular Numbers

(1929). Theorems on Total Representations as Sums of Square or Triangular Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 424-426.
Architectural History or Landscape History

As an accident of its historical development, architectural history suffers from captivity to analytical assumptions that were invented in the nineteenth century to justify the claims of the architectural profession. This paper questions the utility of several of the elementary categories of architectural history, including the assumption of aesthetic universals, of the individual work as the unit of analysis, and the distinction between creator and audience, and proposes a “landscape” approach to architectural history that acknowledges the multiplicity and fragmentation of environmental meaning.
Is Age a Key Human Factor to be Considered as we Enter the New Millennium? Symposium Summary

In most industrially developed nations, the workforce is aging. This is expected to continue well into the next millennium. At the same time, we are in the midst of a period of rapid technological development wherein what we do, how we do it, and the conditions under which it is done are also changing. How these changes will interact with an aging workforce is not clear. It is possible that these interactions will lead to both decrements and increments in worker ability, health, performance, safety, and quality of life. This symposium explores the potential, for these decrements or increments in the next millennium, through a comparison of the diversity now present in the contemporary global workplace. Investigators from Brazil, Croatia, Poland, Ukraine, and the USA offered the same survey to samples of their health care workers. This symposium is the first presentation and comparison of data from all five nations. Overall, these presentations suggest that aging variable differences are a significant fact...
Respiration of Malaria Plasmodia

In attempting to select potential antimalarial drugs on the basis of their in vitro effect on the respiration of the parasite, it was found that certain modifications in the technic of Christophers and Fulton gave additional essential information. It is the purpose of this paper to describe a more satisfactory technic for the measurement of the oxygen uptake of 5 species of malaria parasites and to present further observations on the basic requirements of plasmodia.
Structure-activity relationship for substituted anilines to interact with cytochrome P450

More than 40 substituted anilines including 12 homologues were tested for their activities to form cytochrome P450 metabolic intermediate (P450-MI) complex from different sources of microsomes. The results showing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in this respect can be presented as follows: (1) A lone-paired electron donating group must exist in the para- or meta- substituent, and a shift of such a group to the ortho-position would abolish its ability to form MI complex. (2) In addition to the lone-paired electron donating group a lipophilic moiety in the p-substituent would facilitate the MI complex formation. (3) meta- or para- chlorinated toluidines seem to selectively form complexes with phenobarbital and Aroclor co-induced P450. (4) If the lone-paired electron donating group is absent, any hydrophobic, hydrophilic or electron donating substituent would not facilitate the substituted anilines to form MI complex. (5) The ability of a group of substituted anilines which can form MI complex (substituted p-amino-diphenyl-ethers) to prolongate the pentobarbital sleeping time in mice is observed to be possibly correlated with electronic properties.
Developmental Neuroscience of Social Perception

This chapter focuses on the development of social perception, a critical aspect of social cognition. This chapter presents a review of the neuroanatomical substrates and development of several aspects of social perception including (1) recognition of other people, (2) perception and experience of emotion, (3) perception of biological motion, (4) representation of the self and the other, and (5) thinking about the thoughts of others. This chapter concludes with a presentation of a developmental model of social perception.
Novel Treatment of Apparent Posterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome Related to a Stieda Process Utilizing the Mulligan Concept: An Exploration Case Study

A 21-year-old female NCAA Division III soccer player presented with an insidious onset of posterior ankle pain. Lateral radiographs revealed a Stieda process, leading to a physician diagnosis of posterior ankle impingement (PAI). Mulligan Concept mobilizations with movement (MWM) were used to ameliorate patient complaints. The MWM glide was maintained during activity using a tape application. Return to play and patient improvement occurred dramatically faster while utilizing the MWM technique than other traditional methods used to treat this condition. This case report demonstrates a novel approach to treating Stieda process-related PAI that warrants further clinical inquiry.
Use of Multiple Adjunctive Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Modalities to Manage Diabetic Lower-Extremity Wounds.

Objective: Various treatment options exist for wound healing; however, clinical assessment of the patient and the wound environment must be considered before determining an optimal wound treatment plan. Negative pressure wound therapy alone and/or with an instilled topical solution can be effective in adjunctive management of acute and chronic wounds. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has also been shown to contribute to the wound-healing process. A pilot evaluation using a multistep approach of adjunctive negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and a dwell time, standard negative pressure wound therapy, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy was explored to manage postsurgical, diabetic lower-extremity wounds with a significant bioburden. Methods: Three diabetic patients with lower-extremity ulcers were treated after surgical intervention. Multistep wound therapy consisted of (1) negative pressure wound therapy with instillation of normal saline with a 20-minute dwell time, followed by 2 hours of negative pressure at -150 mm Hg for 3 to 4 days; (2) 1 to 3 weeks of continuous negative pressure at -150 mm Hg; and (3) multiple treatments of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Results: After surgery, wound closure was achieved within 4 weeks postinitiation of multistep wound therapy. All patients regained limb function and recovered with no long-term sequelae. Conclusions: In these 3 cases, a multistep wound therapy approach after surgery resulted in successful outcomes; however, larger prospective studies are needed to demonstrate the potential efficacy of this approach in the postsurgical management of complex, diabetic lower-extremity wounds.
Polymorphism of the α2A-Adrenergic Receptor Gene and Epinephrine-Induced Platelet Aggregation.

The α 2A -adrenergic receptor mediates important physiologic responses, such as regulation of blood pressure, control of sympathetic autonomic responses, as well as the platelet response to epinephrine. The gene encoding the α 2A -adrenergic receptor is polymorphic. One of the polymorphisms, known as the Dra I polymorphism, is located in the 3′ untranslated region of this gene. The Dra I polymorphism of the α 2A -adrenergic receptor is associated with a higher incidence of systemic arterial hypertension among African-Americans. Although the presence of this polymorphism was known by Southern-blot analysis of the human genomic DNA for more than a decade, the exact location and nature of this polymorphism was unknown. We have located the Dra I polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of the α 2A -adrenergic receptor gene (G 1838 A) and developed a PCR-based detection method. The allele and haplotype frequencies for polymorphisms of the α 2A -adrenergic receptor gene in different ethnic groups were identified. After studying the correlation between epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and the genotypes for the G 1838 A polymorphism among 235 human subjects, it was found that the 1838G allele is associated with an increase in the level of platelet aggregation in response to epinephrine among African-Americans, but not among Caucasians or Hispanics. This polymorphism may be responsible for the variability in the epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation among individuals and acts as a risk factor for thrombotic vascular event.
Genomic profiling of breast secretory carcinomas reveals distinct genetics from other breast cancers and similarity to mammary analog secretory carcinomas

Secretory carcinomas of the breast are rare tumors with distinct histologic features, recurrent t(12;15)(p13;q25) translocation resulting in ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion and indolent clinical behavior. Mammary analog secretory carcinomas arising in other sites are histopathologically similar to the breast tumors and also harbor ETV6-NTRK3 fusions. Breast secretory carcinomas are often triple (estrogen and progesterone receptor, HER2) negative with a basal-like immunophenotype. However, genomic studies are lacking, and whether these tumors share genetic features with other basal and/or triple negative breast cancers is unknown. Aside from shared ETV6-NTRK3 fusions, the genetic relatedness of secretory carcinomas arising in different sites is also uncertain. We immunoprofiled and sequenced 510 cancer-related genes in nine breast secretory carcinomas and six salivary gland mammary analog secretory carcinomas. Immunoprofiles of breast and salivary gland secretory carcinomas were similar. All the tumors showed strong diffuse MUC4 expression (n=15), and SOX10 was positive in all nine breast and in five out of six salivary gland tumors. All breast secretory carcinomas were triple negative or weakly ER-positive, and all tumors at both the sites expressed CK5/6 and/or EGFR, consistent with a basal-like phenotype. Sequencing revealed classic ETV6-NTRK3 fusion genes in all cases, including in carcinoma in situ of one breast tumor. Translocations were reciprocal and balanced in six out of nine breast and three out of six salivary gland tumors and were complex in three others. In contrast to most breast basal carcinomas, the mutational burden of secretory carcinomas was very low, and no additional pathogenic aberrations were identified in genes typically mutated in breast cancer. Five (56%) breast and two (33%) salivary gland tumors had simple genomes without copy number changes; the remainder had very few changes, averaging 1.3 per tumor. The ETV6-NTRK3 derivative chromosome was duplicated in one breast and one salivary gland tumor, and was the only copy number change in the latter. The findings highlight breast secretory carcinoma as a subtype more closely related to mammary analog secretory carcinoma than to basal/triple negative breast cancers of no special type. Lack of pathogenic mutations in common cancer-related genes suggests that ETV6-NTRK3 alone may suffice to drive these tumors and likely helps explain their indolent behavior.
Does Provider Self-Reporting of Etiquette Behaviors Improve Patient Experience? A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background There is a glaring lack of published evidence-based strategies to improve the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) patient experience scores on the physician domain. Strategies that have been used are resource intensive and difficult to sustain. Objective We hypothesized that prompting providers to assess their own etiquette-based practices every 2 weeks over the course of 1 year would improve patient experience on the physician domain. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting 4 acute care hospitals. Participants Hospitalists. Intervention Hospitalists were randomized to the study or the control arm. The study arm was prompted every 2 weeks for 12 months to report how frequently they engaged in 7 best-practice bedside etiquette behaviors. Control arm participants received similarly worded questions on quality improvement behaviors. Measurement Provider experience scores were calculated from the physician HCAHPS and Press Ganey survey provider items. Results Physicians reported high rates of etiquette-based behavior at baseline, and this changed modestly over the study period. Self-reported etiquette behaviors were not associated with experience scores. The difference in difference analysis of the baseline and postintervention physician experience scores between the intervention arm and the control arm was not statistically significant (P = 0.71). Conclusion In this 12-month study, biweekly reflection and reporting of best-practice bedside etiquette behaviors did not result in significant improvement on physician domain experience scores. It is likely that hospitalists' self-assessment of their bedside etiquette may not reflect patient perception of these behaviors. Furthermore, hospitalists may be resistant to improvement in this area since they rate themselves highly at baseline. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:402-406.
EVALUATION OF AN AEROSOL FORMULATION CONTAINING CYFLUTHRIN AGAINST THREE SPECIES OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS

An experimental formulation containing cyfluthrin (Laser®) was evaluated against two commercial products for control of adult almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), adult confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (DuVal) and black carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) (= A. megatoma F.) larvae. When Laser was released for 2.5 and 5.0 sec into test chambers and almond moths were exposed for 3 h, mortality was 97 and 99%, respectively. These percentages were significantly greater than the mortality provided by one of the commercial formulations (79 and 89% for 2.5 and 5.0 sec, respectively). There were no differences between the three formulations at release times of 10 and 20 sec and exposure times of 6 and 18 h. None of the formulations killed either of the two beetle species, but the percentage knockdown for Laser was significantly greater than knockdown provided by either commercial product.
Moving Toward Agile Machine Learning for Data Analytics in Power Systems

Chapter Overview This chapter starts with a brief discussion on classical supervised and unsupervised learning paradigms. The focus is not to give an extensive review of the field, which is impossible due to its many ramifications, but rather to equip the readers with fundamental ideas and popular approaches for regression, classification, dimension reduction, etc. The chapter moves on with a discussion on the important issue of model selection (hyperparameter tuning), which is pivotal to the performance of those off-the-shelf machine learning (ML) tools. Because all ML tools are “garbage in garbage out,” the next section of this chapter is devoted to the problem of feature selection (FS), in which existing FS methods and their recent variants are presented in some depth. The rest of this chapter is devoted to the introduction of recent schemes of ML that seem promising for power system data analysis applications. The topics include but are not limited to semisupervised learning, multitask learning, transfer learning, multiview learning, etc. Overall this chapter aims at providing power system practitioners with basic knowledge of ML tools and their proper usage, as well as motivating researchers to develop new models and methods by combining their expertise from both ML and power system fields.
On the realization of a second buckling mode in a periodically-constrained heavy elastica

Abstract Structural instabilities are often considered a failure state and therefore engineers are trained to avoid them. Recently, flexible buckled structures have gone from merely describing a phenomenon (e.g., twisting of vines, DNA mechanics), to being exploited for novel functionalities (e.g., stretchable electronics, energy harvesting). Herein we present results from a study of the static deformation of a periodically-constrained plate proposed by Muriel et al. (2016) as a hydrokinetic energy harvester. Experimentally, a polycarbonate sheet is placed under longitudinal compression with external forcing provided by equally spaced tension lines anchored in a frame, inducing a second mode wave-like deformation. No additional constraints are placed on the material. To predict this deformation, we proposed a model based on the two-dimensional heavy elastica, where the dependence of the distributed weight to the curvature prevents a closed form solution. Therefore, we solve numerically the nonlinear system of equations of an elemental strip, with the assumptions of uniform cross-section, elasticity, and density, and consider only cylindrical bending and the plate to be thin enough such that the Euler assumption holds. Tension lines are treated with a constitutive equation consistent with Hook’s law, and contact points between lines and the plate are considered as passive (i.e., no friction, no moment, and no elastic singularity). The system is discretized using a second-order centered difference scheme, and solved using trust-region and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithms. The numerical solutions predict the deformation well and confirm the experimental finding of elastic bifurcation (solutions of second mode deformations), buckling instability, and points towards the possibility of deformations resembling higher order modes not seen in the experiments. The sensitivity of the constitutive relation to small strain variations poses questions about convergence of such higher order modes. This structural model is the first step towards a fully coupled fluid–structure model of a deformation that shows promise on reducing the external forcing needed to start structural oscillations.
Conversion and Revisional Surgery: Duodenal Switch

Duodenal switch (DS) and its modifications, including modified duodenal switch (MDS), stomach intestinal pylorus-sparing surgery (SIPS), and single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S), offer greater weight loss and resolution of metabolic syndrome than more commonly performed bariatric procedures [1]. Therefore, when patients have inadequate weight loss or weight regain following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), conversion to DS is a veritable and enticing option that offers the greatest likelihood of sustained weight loss. Though DS may optimize weight loss in these patients, these procedures confer a higher risk of frequent bowel movements, diarrhea, and deficiencies of protein and micronutrients. When symptomatic and extreme, these adverse effects require surgical revision. This chapter reviews the evidence and techniques for revision of other bariatric operations to DS as well as techniques to modify the DS when complications such as malnutrition arise.
Induction of Interferon by Endotoxin

The ability of bacterial endotoxin to modify virus infections was well documented before it was found it could induce interferon. Endotoxin decreased both the toxicity and the replication of some viruses. Hook and Wagner (1959) found that as little as 0.008 μg of purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculated intracerebrally in mice 75 min to 31/2 hr before an intracerebral challenge of 3–8 LD50 of WS influenza virus decreased the direct neurotoxic effects of this virus. Typhoid vaccine was similarly effective. This protective effect lasted for about 7 days. No effect on viral multiplication in the brain was found.
Contributions of Martha Rogers to the development of nursing knowledge

Martha Rogers' greatest contribution may be her introduction into nursing of a questioning stance about the prevailing models of science, leading to increased acceptance of alternative paradigms, a variety of research methods, and explorations of topics such as existentialism and Eastern philosophy. Nursing is a richer, more diverse profession because of Martha Rogers.
Downstream revenue attributable to lung cancer screening program serving a minority predominant population.

e18909Background: The goal of incorporating lung cancer screening programs into health systems is to identify cases of early stage lung cancer and thereby reduce mortality. However, there is limite...
Population differences in susceptibility to Plasmodium relictum in zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata

Domesticated Australian and Timor zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis and Taeniopygia guttata guttata, respectively) were inoculated with canary (Serinus canaria) blood containing a Hawaiian isolate of Plasmodium relictum (lineage GRW04), a hemoparasite that causes avian malaria. In two experimental trials, TZFs but not AZFs developed parasitemia that was detected by microscopic examination of blood smears. In the second trial, in which molecular detection methods were used, a single AZF and five of six challenged TZFs were positive for the parasite. Additionally, P. relictum DNA was detected in multiple blood samples obtained from TZFs over the 28 days following challenge. TZFs may provide a useful, easily maintained, laboratory model for the study of Plasmodium interactions in passerines but are still inferior to canaries, the traditionally used model of avian malaria infection, in terms of supporting high-parasitemia infections.
Rapid Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazole Frameworks in Laser‐Induced Graphene Microreactors

Various approaches to synthesize zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) have been developed, such as solvothermal, sonochemical, microfluidic, and mechanochemical reactions. However, most of them are time consuming and involve complex processing steps, thus they cannot rapidly screen potential candidates to obtain ZIFs on demand. Such a challenge calls for efficient synthetic approaches. Herein, this challenge is overcome by employing two nonconventional heating strategies, that is, microwave and Joule heating, which are induced by laser-induced graphene (LIG) microreactors, to rapidly synthesize ZIFs. In the first reaction, the LIG acts as a susceptor that absorbs electromagnetic energy, which is converted into heat. In the latter one, LIG acts an electrical conductor that converts electrical energy to heat. Both of them can rapidly heat up the reactor, accelerating the crystal growth for synthesizing ZIFs with well-controlled morphology and crystallinity. To demonstrate a conceptual application, a ZIF-67/LIG composite was converted into Co/CoNC/LIG by a CO2 laser-induced process. It showed excellent performance in the oxygen reduction reaction with a half-wave potential (E1/2 ) of 0.798 V, and superior methanol tolerance and long-term stability. These rapid and facile synthesis methodologies will enable quick optimization of reaction conditions and fast screening of compound libraries for searching new materials, paving the way to high-throughput and autonomous nanomanufacturing.
A Distributed Network QoE Measurement Framework for Smart Networks in Smart Cities

Smart City requires an intelligent and efficient network to provide services with good quality-of-experience (QoE). In this paper, we propose to develop a secure and distributed network QoE measurement for smart networks in Smart Cities. Network measurement capability has been updated gradually as the network technology progresses. For example, software-defined network will enable efficient monitoring and control of the core network. However, end-to-end network QoE measurement requires distributed approaches from the user side. In our proposed measurement framework, a traffic measurement agent is deployed in the last-hop gateway. The gateway is equipped with new features, i.e., encrypted packet classifier, traffic prediction, and user quality-of-service (QoS) to QoE mappings. Since all measurement process is done at the gateway, end user devices are separated from the entire process. Thus security can be provided by the proposed measurement framework. In addition to the framework, we demonstrated a efficient learning approach to develop the traffic prediction scheme and the QoS to QoE mapping scheme. Experiments results demonstrated that the developed schemes are applicable to a distributed network QoS measurement framework for Smart City network services.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate: Lipid signaling in pathology and therapy

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a metabolic product of cell membrane sphingolipids, is bound to extracellular chaperones, is enriched in circulatory fluids, and binds to G protein-coupled S1P receptors (S1PRs) to regulate embryonic development, postnatal organ function, and disease. S1PRs regulate essential processes such as adaptive immune cell trafficking, vascular development, and homeostasis. Moreover, S1PR signaling is a driver of multiple diseases. The past decade has witnessed an exponential growth in this field, in part because of multidisciplinary research focused on this lipid mediator and the application of S1PR-targeted drugs in clinical medicine. This has revealed fundamental principles of lysophospholipid mediator signaling that not only clarify the complex and wide ranging actions of S1P but also guide the development of therapeutics and translational directions in immunological, cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory, and fibrotic diseases.
Rib fractures and mortality: breaking the causal relationship

Rib fractures have long been considered as a major contributor to mortality in the blunt trauma patient. We hypothesized that rib fractures can be an excellent predictor of mortality, but rarely contribute to cause death. We performed a retrospective study (2008-2015) of blunt trauma patients admitted to our urban, Level I trauma center with one or more rib fractures. Medical records were reviewed in detail. Rib fracture deaths were those from any respiratory sequelae or hemorrhage from rib fractures. There were 4413 blunt trauma patients who sustained one or more rib fractures and 295 (6.8%) died. Rib fracture patients who died had a mean Injury Severity Score = 38 and chest Abbreviated Injury Score = 3.4. Rib fractures were the cause of death in only 21 patients (0.5%). After excluding patients who were dead on arrival, patients dying as a result of their rib fractures were found to be older (P < 0.0001) and had a higher admission respiratory rate (P = 0.02). Multivariable logistic regression found that age ≥65 was the only variable independently associated with mortality directly related to rib fractures (odds ratio 4.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-13.3, P value < .0001). Mortality in patients with rib fractures is uncommon (7%), and mortality directly related to rib fractures is rare (0.5%). Older patients are four times more likely to die as a direct result of rib fractures and may require additional resources to avoid mortality.
Anomalous RR Lyrae (V–I)0 Colors in Baade’s Window

We compare (V-I)0-(V-K)0 color-color and (V-I)0-log P period-color diagrams for Baade's window and local RRab Lyrae stars. We find that for a fixed log P, the Baade's window RR Lyrae stars are ~0.17 mag redder in (V-I)0 than the local RR Lyrae stars. We also show that there is no such effect observed in (V-K)0. We argue that an extinction misestimate toward Baade's window is not a plausible explanation of the discrepancy. Unlike Baade's window RR Lyrae stars, the local ones follow a blackbody color-color relation and are well approximated by theoretical models. We test two parameters, iron metallicity and surface gravity, and find that their effects are too small to explain the (V-I)0 discrepancy between the two groups of stars. We suggest that the anomalous (V-I)0 behavior of the Baade's window RR Lyrae stars may be caused by an enhancement in α-element abundance. We note that a similar color discrepancy for clump giant stars has been recently reported by Paczyn´ski, and we caution that RR Lyrae stars and clump giants, often used as standard candles, can be subject to the same type of systematics.
The rat medial frontal cortex projects directly to autonomic regions of the brainstem

Abstract Pressure injections of the anterograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) regions of the medial frontal cortex of the rat produced anterograde, terminal-like labeling in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) of the dorsal pons and the ventral, ventrolateral, intermediate, medial and commissural subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary nucleus (NTS) in the dorsomedial medulla. Injections involving IL resulted in heavier labeling than the labeling seen after PL injections only. The LDTg has been described as the pontine micturition center, involved in the micturition reflex. The possible role that the projections to the LDTg may play in fluid homeostasis is discussed. The labeled NTS subnuclei receive visceral afferent inputs from the heart, baroreceptors, lungs and gut. The direct cortical projections to these areas may be involved in mediating the bradycardia, depressor responses, and changes in respiratory and gastric activity which are seen after electrical stimulation of the rat medial frontal cortex. The present data support the concept that the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices function as a “visceral motor” cortex, involved in control of a variety of autonomic functions.
Defining the Layers of a Sensory Cilium with STORM and Cryo-Electron Nanoscopy

Primary cilia carry out numerous signaling and sensory functions, and defects in them, “ciliopathies,” cause a range of symptoms including blindness. The detailed structures of these organelles and the functions of proteins encoded by ciliopathy genes are poorly understood because of the small size of cilia and the limitations of conventional microscopic techniques. We have combined cryo-electron tomography, enhanced by sub-tomogram averaging, with super-resolution stochastic reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to define substructures and subdomains within the light-sensing rod sensory cilium of mouse retinas. Longitudinal and radial domains are demarcated by structural features such as the axoneme and its connections to the ciliary membrane, and are correlated with molecular markers of subcompartments, including the lumen and walls of the axoneme, the membrane glycocalyx, and the intervening space. Within this framework we report the spatial distributions of intraflagellar transport proteins and proteins of the BBSome complex in WT and Bardet-Biedl syndrome model mice.
Reconstruction of full width, full thickness cicatricial eyelid defect after eyelid blastomycosis using a modified tarsoconjunctival flap advancement

Following effective treatment with systemic antifungal therapy, eyelid lesions from blastomycosis infection may be replaced by disfiguring fibrosis and scarring, which may be surgically challenging...
A Comparison of Patients with Central Precocious Puberty Who Have a Pubertal versus Prepubertal Ultrasensitive LH at Presentation.

BACKGROUND A random ultrasensitive luteinizing hormone (LH) (LH-ICMA) ≥0.3 mIU/L is highly accurate in confirming a diagnosis of central precocious puberty (CPP). However, a prepubertal value does not exclude the diagnosis. The clinical differences between patients with CPP who have a pubertal versus prepubertal LH-ICMA have not been clearly defined. Furthermore, there is minimal information regarding the utility of this test in boys with CPP. The objective of this study was to analyze differences between patients diagnosed with CPP who had a pubertal versus prepubertal LH-ICMA, including a cohort of boys. METHODS A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with CPP within the last 10 years who had a baseline LH-ICMA obtained was performed. Variables analyzed included sex, age, ethnicity, bone age, BMI, etiology, Tanner stage (TS), testicular volume, and menarchal status. RESULTS Of 27 boys and 126 girls who qualified for the study, the LH-ICMA was pubertal in 87% and prepubertal in 13%. Girls with a pubertal LH-ICMA had higher baseline estradiol concentrations (p < 0.001) and more advanced breast development (p = 0.015) compared to girls with a prepubertal LH-ICMA. Of girls with a prepubertal LH-ICMA, 74% had at least TS 3 breast development and 1 was post-menarchal. The LH-ICMA was pubertal in 96% of the boys with CPP in this study. CONCLUSIONS The LH-ICMA can be prepubertal even in girls with advanced development. To our knowledge, ours is the largest cohort of boys in whom the accuracy of a random LH-ICMA has been reported.
Youth Power--Youth Movements: Myth, Activism, and Democracy.

This article explores relationships of youth power in a set of threads leading to the potential of today’s youth activism to combat the climate crisis. Following an introduction featuring Sweden’s ...
Chondrosarcoma of the Axial Skeleton

Chondrosarcomas are rare primary bone malignancies that produce cartilage matrix, most commonly found in the appendicular skeleton. Less than 10% of cases occur in the axial skeleton with the majority found in the spinal column. Conventional chondrosarcoma comprises the overwhelming majority of axial chondrosarcoma. Plain radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are the mainstays of imaging, and biopsy is necessary to obtain tissue diagnosis. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are largely ineffective for the majority of chondrosarcomas. Surgical resection is the preferred therapeutic modality for axial chondrosarcoma with en bloc resection being more effective at achieving tumor-free margins than marginal excision or intralesional curettage with decreased rates of local recurrence and improved survival. However, morbidity is significant given the close proximity to critical neurovascular structures and should be performed at a high-volume center with an experienced multidisciplinary team.
Architectures and Processing for Improving the Sensitivity of Laser-Based Ultrasonic Phased Arrays

The advantages of contact phased array detection of ultrasound have been successfully demonstrated and used in commercial applications for many years. If one phases the individual detector elements the receiver has the potential for electronic beam steering and can produce higher spatial resolution. Furthermore, pixelized imaging can be used to ]produce C-scans, and substantially reduce the time required for inspection. While the use of phased-array detection has been proposed [1], until recently it has not been cost effective to apply the power of discrete element array processing to laser-based ultrasound receivers [2]. As an alternative, several groups have investigated the notion of synthetic array processing [3,4] by raster scanning a single detector element. In this paper we present an architecture for laser-based ultrasound receiver arrays that can be realized cost effectively using photo induced-emf detectors [5–7]. Our simulations of the array performance indicate that there are conditions that provide both high temporal resolution (when operating with a short-pulse laser pinger source) and simultaneous high spatial resolution.
EUS-assisted Biliary Decompression for Malignant Jaundice

The author thanks Dr. Girish Mishra for his expertise in EUS and for sharing his images of the combined EUS-ERCP procedure.
Magnetoelastic coupling in multiferroic Ni 3 V 2 O 8

We measured the infrared-active vibrational modes of the Kagom\'e staircase compound ${\text{Ni}}_{3}{\text{V}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{8}$ as a function of temperature to elucidate magnetoelastic interactions and local structure changes through the series of magnetic-ordering transitions. A detailed analysis of frequency-shift trends demonstrates that the phonons are sensitive to different magnetic states, indicating that the lattice is flexible and coupled to the spin system. Combining this data with an analysis of displacement patterns, we discuss the local distortions in the ferroelectric phase.
Region one Birkeland currents connecting to sunward convecting flux tubes

On the basis of Birkeland current observations, analytic stability arguments demonstrate that there may be a sector within the plasma sheet in the night side magnetosphere where plasma pressures are reduced relative to the surrounding regions. Physical arguments, in addition to this analysis, imply that a depleted region near the center of the magnetotail would be stable against the interchange instability, thereby generating currents of the same sense as the region-1 currents. The depleted region is presently simulated by means of computer experiments based on the Rice Convection Model. Results indicate that flux tube content gradients across the tailward boundary can cause region-1 currents to flow along sunward-convecting flux tubes, in general agreement with satellite data.
Tracking an object through feature space

Visual attention allows an observer to select certain visual information for specialized processing. Selection is readily apparent in ‘tracking’ tasks where even with the eyes fixed, observers can track a target as it moves among identical distractor items1. In such a case, a target is distinguished by its spatial trajectory. Here we show that one can keep track of a stationary item solely on the basis of its changing appearance—specified by its trajectory along colour, orientation, and spatial frequency dimensions—even when a distractor shares the same spatial location. This ability to track through feature space bears directly on competing theories of attention, that is, on whether attention can select locations in space2,3,4, features such as colour or shape5,6,7, or particular visual objects composed of constellations of visual features. Our results affirm, consistent with a growing body of psychophysical8,9,10,11,12,13 and neurophysiological14,15,16 evidence, that attention can indeed select specific visual objects. Furthermore, feature-space tracking extends the definition of visual object17 to include not only items with well defined spatio-temporal trajectories18, but also those with well defined featuro-temporal trajectories.
The ultra-wideband indoor channel

This paper provides an analysis of indoor ultra-wideband channel measurements collected by Virginia Tech as part of DARPA's "Networking in Extreme Environments (NETEX)" program. Comments and analysis are provided on the frequency dependency of path loss, log-normal shadowing, and on the small scale effects of the channel including average statistics and CDF of those statistics. A performance evaluation of a NLOS channel model is also provided.
General Morphology of Neurons and Neuroglia

The sections in this article are: 1 Neuronal Shape as A Sign of Function 2 Sizes of Neurons 3 Cytology of Neurons 3.1 Soma or Cell Body 3.2 Dendrites 3.3 Axon 3.4 Synapse 3.5 Neuron Doctrine 4 Neuroglia 4.1 Astrocytes 4.2 Oligodendrocytes 4.3 Microglia 4.4 Schwann Cell
Analgesics: From Chemistry and Pharmacology to Clinical Applications. H. Buschmann, T. Christoph, E. Friderichs, C. Maul, and B. Sundermann, eds. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, 604 pp., $185.00, hardcover. ISBN 3-527304-03-7.

Pain management is an important area of medicine. This book covers a wide range of topics in the treatment of pain with analgesics, starting from traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen, which inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), to newer selective COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and parecoxib. The book also covers the use of natural and synthetic opioids, with a detailed discussion on the molecular pharmacology of opioid receptors as well as a very practical section on the drug delivery system for opioids. Useful, well-written chapters cover …
Preparations for CELSS flight experiments with wheat

Abstract We are planning a short-term experiment with Superdwarf wheat on the U.S. Space Shuttle and a seed-to-seed experiment on the Russian Space Station Mir. The goals of both experiments are to observe effects of microgravity on developmental steps in the life cycle and to measure photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration by monitoring gas exchange. This requires somewhat different hardware development for the two experiments. Ground-based research aims to understand plant responses to the environments in the space growth chambers that we will use (after some modification): the Plant Growth Unit (PGU) on the shuttle and units called Svet, Svetoblock 2, or Oasis on Mir. Low irradiance levels (100 to 250 μmol m−2 s−1 at best) pose a particular problem. Water and nutrient supply are also potentially limiting factors, especially in the long-term experiment. Our ground-based studies emphasize responses to low light levels (50 to 400 μmol m−2 s−1); results show that all developmental steps are delayed by low light compared with plants at 400 μmol m−2 s−1. We are also testing various rooting substrates for the shuttle experiment. A 1:1:1 mixture of peat:perlite:vermiculite appears to be the best choice.
Multi-unit spike-triggered averaging: a method for probing the physiology of central synapses

We describe the ongoing development of a method that combines multi-unit extracellular recording with intracellular recording to probe unitary synaptic connections in the central nervous system. In multi-unit spike-triggered averaging (multi-unit STA), intracellular recordings are averaged based on extracellularly recorded action potentials from multiple units to rapidly screen large numbers of neuronal pairs for rare synaptic connections. High throughput is achieved by using many extracellular electrodes and online, automated analysis. Using this approach, we were able to screen dozens of candidate pairs per hour. About 1-2% of these were synaptically connected, and for some of these presynaptic unit isolation was sufficient to accurately quantify synaptic properties such as latency, conductance, kinetics and transmission failure rate. Since it requires only a single intracellular recording, multi-unit STA might be a suitable method for probing unitary synaptic connections in the intact brain, where obtaining multiple intracellular recordings is not feasible.