cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reform Ideology in the Dialogi of Anselm of Havelberg

In his recent scholarly study Professor Gerhart Ladner has delineated the Christian idea of reform is it was expressed and acted upon in the Patristic Age. As a study of the mediaeval period readily indicates, the idea of reform, written of in diverse ways and manifested in a multitude of movements, was also of major significance for the earlier and high middle ages. The efforts of these pages will be directed toward an analysis and exposition of reform ideology in the thought of one very interesting and versatile man of the twelfth century—Anselm of Havelberg.
Effects of Magnesium on Intact Chloroplasts I. EVIDENCE FOR ACTIVATION OF (SODIUM) POTASSIUM/PROTON EXCHANGE ACROSS THE CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE

Exogenous Mg 2+ (2 millimolar) altered the stromal pH of intact spinach chloroplasts. Without added KCl in the medium, Mg 2+ decreased the stromal pH in the light by approximately 0.3 pH unit. External KCl (25 millimolar) largely prevented the acidification caused by Mg 2+ . Effects on the stromal pH were not caused by changes in H + pumping across the thylakoid membrane because Mg 2+ had no effect on the light-induced quenching of atebrin fluorescence by intact chloroplasts. However, Mg 2+ affected H + fluxes across the envelope. Addition of Mg 2+ to intact chloroplasts in the dark caused a significant acidification of the medium that was dependent on the presence of K + . External K + or Na + also prevented the inhibition of CO 2 -dependent O 2 evolution by Mg 2+ , whereas choline chloride was less effective. The combination of Mg 2+ and K + stimulated O 2 evolution at suboptimal pH, inhibited O 2 evolution at optimal and superoptimal pH, and prevented the inhibition of photosynthesis caused by acetate. In the absence of added K + , Mg 2+ was most inhibitory to O 2 evolution at suboptimal pH. The results suggested that Mg 2+ activated a reversible (Na + )K + /H + exchange across the chloroplast envelope. It is postulated that changes in the stromal pH may explain the inhibition of photosynthesis caused by the presence of exogenous Mg 2+ .
The influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of selected clones of beach strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne) to adult black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.)

Abstract Adult black vine weevils fed significantly more on some beach strawberry clones than on others when a 25-clone sample was studied using no-choice tests. Weevil fecundity was correlated with feeding. The density of simple hairs on the abaxial leaf surface varied significantly between clones, and hair density was negatively correlated with weevil feeding. These results suggest that leaf pubescence plays a role in the resistance of certain beach strawberry clones to feeding by adult black vine weevil.
Structure and stability of C13 carbon clusters

Abstract The electronic energies and geometries of the 1 A g ring and the 1 Σ + g linear isomers of C 13 have been computed and compared at the HF, MP2 and DFT levels. Previous DFT calculations predicted the ring to be more stable than the linear form by about 20–30 kcal mol , which is in apparent conflict with a recent experiment by Saykally and co-workers in which only the stable 1 Σ + g linear C 13 is detected. We found that the inclusion of the correlation energy at the MP2 level reduces the energy difference to just 6.8 kcal mol . Thermodynamic analysis gives an estimated ratio of ring to chain tobe 64 to 1 at 298.15 K, but 1.4 to 1 at 4000 K in favor of the chain.
Job-search basics: a scientific approach to interviewing

Successful interviewing can be best attributed to a combination of careful research and preparation, along with the ability to connect with employers on a personal level and demonstrate value.
Far-infrared transmission spectra of GaAs-AlAs superlattices at oblique incidence

Transmission spectra of GaAs-AlAs superlattices (SL's) at oblique incidence are calculated from the SL effective medium theory (EMT) to study the phonon anisotropy. Additional phonon spectral features due to SL anisotropy are seen only in the p-polarized (E field in the plane of incidence) spectrum, but not in the s-polarized (E field perpendicular to the plane of incidence) spectrum. The effect of interface roughness and the layer thickness ration on the dielectric response, interference effects in SL structure, and the validity of EMT are discussed. The results have very important implications for infrared experiments and SL structural characterizations.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement of Spectra Using Recursive Integration

A recursive algorithm independent of any functional peak shape is presented for determining optimal integration limits of spectral data from multiwavelength spectrometers. The resulting areas have significantly higher signal-to-noise ratios than the peak maxima. Signal-to-noise ratios are computed for synthetic data with both shot and white noise limitations. The algorithm is also applied to data from a Fourier transform spectrometer. For these data, integration of 25 adjacent spectral elements improves the signal-to-noise ratio as well as the signal averaging peak maxima from 25 successive spectra.
SOME EFFECTS OF DERIVATIVES OF VITAMIN K ON THE METABOLISM OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE.

Vitamin K1, 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, is a substance found in all plant chloroplasts. It is, therefore, interesting to know whether it has any influence upon the metabolism of plants. Experiments made with the phytol-free derivatives like 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone or the corresponding 3-oxy compound, phthiocol, gave the following results. These substances accelerate the respiration of Chlorella or Scenedesmus in a way similar to the action of the dinitrophenols. They inhibit photosynthesis and the compensation of respiration in the light strongly like hydroxylamine. In Scenedesmus they hinder the adaptation to the anaerobic utilization of hydrogen. If given after adaptation in amounts sufficient to stop photosynthesis they do not prevent photoreduction but rather stabilize this reaction against reversion. Their presence destroys the coupling between the reduction of carbon dioxide in the dark and the oxyhydrogen reaction in adapted algae. One can expect, therefore, that the natural vitamin K present in plants in concentrations of about 10–3 M takes part in some metabolic reaction as a catalyst or regulator.
Readers' sensitivity to linguistic cues in narratives: how salience influences anaphor resolution.

Despite the general assumption that anaphoric inferences are necessary inferences, Levine, Guzman, and Klin (2000) concluded that the probability of resolving noun phrase anaphors depends both on the degree of accessibility in memory of the antecedent concepts and the extent to which resolution is necessary to create a coherent discourse representation. Four experiments are presented in which the factors that influence readers’ standard of coherence are investigated. We examine the hypothesis that readers are more likely to resolve anaphors that are perceived as salient; salience was manipulated both with a syntactic focusing structure (wh- clefts) and with the addition of prenominal adjectival modifiers. The results of a probe recognition time task provide support for the hypothesis that a variety of linguistic cues serve asmental processing instructions (Givon, 1992), which instruct readers as to how much attention to devote to processing.
Effect of intrastriatal mesenchymal stromal cell injection on progression of a murine model of Krabbe disease.

One of a family of devastating lysosomal storage disorders, Krabbe disease is characterized by demyelination, psychosine accumulation, and inflammation. Affected infants rarely survive longer than two years. Using the twitcher mouse model of the disease, this study evaluated the potential of intrastriatal injection of adipose or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a treatment option. Neonatal pups were injected with MSCs at 3–4 days of age and subjected to a battery of behavioral tests beginning at 15 days. While MSC injection failed to increase lifespan of twitchers, improvements in rotarod performance and twitching severity were observed at 27–38 days of age using MSCs derived from bone marrow. This study tested several different tasks developed in adult mice for evaluation of disease progression in immature twitchers. Rotarod was both reliable and extremely sensitive. Automated gait analysis using the Treadscan program was also useful for early evaluation of differences prior to overt gait dysfunction. Finally, this study represents the first use of the Stone T-maze in immature mice. Validation of rotarod and automated gait analysis for detection of subtle differences in disease progression is important for early stage efforts to develop treatments for juvenile disorders.
Continuous Wave ND:YAG Laser Welding of Sand-Cast ZE41A-T5 Magnesium Alloys

ABSTRACT A continuous wave 4 kW Nd:YAG laser system was used to weld 2-mm butt joints of sand-cast ZE41A-T5 magnesium alloys at a power of 2.5 kW, welding speed of 6.0 m/min, and defocusing distance from − 2 to + 3 mm for the material in the machined surface conditions. It was found that the adjustment of defocusing distance greatly influences the establishment of conduction or keyhole mode welding. Conduction welding is obtained at a power density of 4.0 × 10 5 W/cm 2 . Keyhole welding is reached at a threshold irradiance of 1.5 × 10 6 W/cm 2 . The fusion zone consists of refined equiaxed grains formed through cellular growth in the Zr-containing magnesium alloys. The partially melted zone is rather narrow, only a few grains wide. No grain growth or coarsening but softening is observed in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The weld defects observed include three main types: imperfect shape, cavities, and weld cracks. The mechanisms of their formations are discussed. In addition, the original cast quali...
Indicators of basic research in the physical sciences

Information on basic research in the physical sciences is not readily available inScience Indicators — 1976, but it can be synthesized from many chapters of the report. The indicators show that there has been a greater decline in real support by the federal government for the physical sciences than for engineering, the social sciences, or the life sciences. Additional information is needed on the response to this reduction in funding. The author concludes by calling for an accounting of the costs and benefits to basic research of reduced funding and suggests items which should be included in such an accounting.
Wesley's Sanctification Narrative: A Tool for Understanding the Holy Spirit's Work in a More Physical Soul

Rapid advances in neuroscience during the past fifteen years require Christians to rethink traditional understandings of the human soul, sin, salvation, and sanctification. John Wesley's understanding of means of grace and his theology of the Holy Spirit provide tools to integrate our understanding of the soul and sanctification with current neuroscience. First, a new, more physical, Christian understanding of the soul is suggested. Then Wesley's theology of sanctification through acts of mercy is explained and related to current concepts of empathy. The relationship between empathy and sanctification, as understood by Wesley, is then compared with new neurological findings about human mirror neuron systems that are prerequisite for empathizing with others. The final section suggests a new sanctification narrative based on the interactions of the Holy Spirit, mirror neuron systems , and empathy , and then makes recommendations for Christian actions based on the correlation of brain function and operations of the Holy Spirit.
Plasma and uterine progesterone and embryo survival in rabbits following asynchronous transfer to unilaterally ovariectomized recipients

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with a total of 176 rabbits to test the null hypotheses that 1) proximity of the corpora lutea to each uterine horn would not affect embryo survival and that 2) circulating and uterine progesterone content would not be affected by hemiovariectomy. Donor rabbits were inseminated and injected with luteinizing hormone, and 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 d later embryos were transferred to Day 4 hemiovariectomized recipients. The synchronous Day 4 transfers were controls. There was no difference in survival of embryos transferred to the ipsilateral (intact) or contralateral (ovariectomized) side (P > 0.05). Also, there was a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) advantage in survival to Day 29 of embryos 4.5 d old when transferred (0.9 fetuses per side) in competition with 3.5-d-old embryos (0.6 fetuses per side). Progesterone content of the ipsilateral uterus was 59.7 ± 5.9 ng/g of wet tissue versus 62.2 ± 8.0 ng/g for the opposite side (P > 0.05). Likewise, the circulating concentrations of progesterone were similar in both pregnant and nonpregnant intact and hemiovariectomized rabbits, peaking around Day 12 (Day 0 = day of insemination). We concluded that, in contrast to cattle, there is no systemic gradient in progesterone and no local effect of the corpus luteum on embryo survival in rabbits.
The tadpole in the chiral lagrangian of K decays

Abstract We prove that when the chiral lagrangian is expanded to first order in G F and to any finite order in meson masses and momenta the tadpole can be completely rotated away, namely: the tadpole is not physically observable.
The Relationship of Hypochondriasis Measures to Correlates of Personality in the Elderly

Abstract The present study examined the relationship of hypochondriasis to degree of endorsement of each of the sixteen scales constituting the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionaire (16 PF) by 102 elderly individuals from retirement communities and private residences. Scale one of the MMPI and the Hypochondriasis Scale for Institutional Geriatric Patients (HSIG) served as measures of hypochondriasis in the prediction of 16 PF scores. Six of the multiple regression analyses performed and one set of zero order correlations relating 16 PF factors to measures of hypochondriasis were found to be significant. Of the seven factors involved in these analyses, five (Factor C, Ego Strength; Factor H, Boldness; Factor O, Guilt Proneness; Factor Q3, Ability to Bind Anxiety; and Factor Q4, Free-Floating Anxiety) are among the six “loadings” for Cattell et al.'s (1982) second order construct of Anxiety. It is suggested that anxiety and neuroticism may be significant predisposing factors in the development of hypochon...
Room-temperature diffusion in Cu/Ag thin-film couples caused by anodic dissolution

Thin, 100-nm films of first silver and then copper were deposited consecutively onto inert substrates by magnetron sputter deposition. Constant anodic current densities were applied at room temperature to dissolve the outer copper film to varying depths. The 50Cu/50Ag interface, derived from the auger electron spectroscopic concentration-depth profile, initially moved into the copper toward the outer dissolving surface, indicating enhanced diffusion of copper into silver. After longer times at all anodic current densities, the interface reversed and moved back toward the underlying silver-rich layer, indicating that eventually diffusion of silver into copper predominated. The reversal time was inversely proportional to the anodic current density. These effects are explained by anodic formation of subsurface vacancies which migrate as divacancies to the copper/silver interface where they affect interface movements by the well-known Kirkendall mechanism. Calculated diffusivities up to 10−12 cm2/s at maximum anodic current densities of 900 µA/cm2 are dramatically above any that are normally observed at room temperature.
Assembly language as object code

The set of meanings that may be encoded in most object languages is a subset of the meanings that may be encoded in most assembly languages. Careful exploitation of this fact in the design of the SMAL assembly and object language allows the SMAL assembler itself to be used as a linkage editor, thus eliminating the need for an expensive and often misunderstood system program. The SMAL assembler is no more complex than many assemblers in common use today, nor are the relevant aspects of the SMAL language particularly unique.
Organo-functionalized mesoporous silicas for efficient uranium extraction

Abstract A series of new mesoporous silica (MS) sorbents were developed by functionalizing a large-pore 2-D hexagonal MS material, MSU-H, with amidoxime, imide dioxime, phosphonate, and carboxylate functional groups, and characterized by nitrogen adsorption, ζ-potential, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. These MS materials have a grafting density of 0.75 to 1.38 mmol/g, and exhibit BET surface areas of 186–526 m 2 /g and average pore sizes of 3.8–7.8 nm. The uranyl sorption by the functionalized MS sorbents was investigated in basic water and artificial seawater at pH = 8.3 ± 0.1. The MS materials exhibited a high U sorption capacity in water (>40 μg U/mg sorbent) with Langmuir isotherms suggesting a saturation U sorption capacity of 185.2 μg U/mg sorbent for the phosphonic acid-modified MS material (MSPh-III). The U sorption capacity in artificial seawater was reduced to 12.1 μg U/mg sorbent for MSPh-III. Langmuir isotherms indicated a saturation sorption capacity of 66.7 μg U/mg sorbent for MSPh-III, which also had the greatest binding affinity for U of all sorbents tested, followed by the imide dioxime-functionalized material MSCA-I. Kinetics studies show rapid uranyl sorption and equilibration in less than 40 min. The U was quantitatively eluted from the MS sorbents by washing with strong acid (>0.1 M HCl). This work represents the first comprehensive study of organo-functionalized MS materials for U extraction, and shows that phosphonic acid- and imide dioxime-functionalized MS materials provide excellent platforms for developing novel sorbents for efficient U extraction from seawater.
A cross-category examination of consumer price awareness in financial and non-financial services

Consumer awareness of prices is a fundamental requirement for sound purchase decisions. However, while in recent years the volume of research on consumer price awareness for manufactured goods has grown significantly, studies of price awareness in services, and in particular in financial services are almost nonexistent. As a result, the overall understanding of the level price awareness for financial services and its potential determinants has been limited. This paper profiles the level price awareness for a series of financial services as well as non-financial services. Systematic differences between financial and non-financial services are empirically examined, and the related drivers are contrasted between the two types of service. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings on the pricing and marketing of financial services.
“How did that happen?” Public responses to women with mobility disability during pregnancy

Background Little is known about current societal attitudes toward women with significant mobility disability who are visibly pregnant.
Magnetic susceptibility of CoCl2−cBrc

Abstract A bond-random spin system CoCl2−cBrc(0 ≤ c ≤2) undergoes an antiferromagnetic phase transition at a Neel temperature TN, below which the 2D ferromagnetic Co2+ layers are antiferromagnetically stacked along the c-axis. The d.c. magnetic susceptibility shows a sharp peak just above TN. The value of TN linearly decreases with increasing Br concentration c from 24.5 K (c = 0) to 18.9 K (c = 2). The susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss law in the temperature range between 150 and 300 K. The Curie-Weiss temperature θ linearly decreases as c increases from 40.63 K (c = 0) to 8.37 K (c = 2). The ratio T N θ monotonically increases with increasing c, and becomes larger than 1 for c > 1, contrary to the prediction from the molecular field theory. The cause for T N θ > 1 for c > 1 is partly due to antiferromagnetic interplanar exchange interaction whose magnitude increases with increasing c as a result of a possible change in structure from CdCl2 type to CdI2 type.
Space Quantization in a Gyrating Magnetic Field

The nonadiabatic transitions which a system with angular momentum $J$ makes in a magnetic field which is rotating about an axis inclined with respect to the field are calculated. It is shown that the effects depend on the sign of the magnetic moment of the system. We therefore have an absolute method for measuring the sign and magnitude of the moment of any system. Applications to the magnetic moment of the neutron, the rotational moment of molecules, and the nuclear moment of atoms with no extra-nuclear angular momentum are discussed.
The wounded leader and emotional learning in the schoolhouse

This paper considers the emotional dimensions of leadership by exploring what a self‐described leadership crisis or ‘wounding’ experience means to educational leaders and how it influences their professional and personal growth. It focuses on how leaders cope with the endemic and chronic conditions of leadership life: vulnerability, isolation, fear and power. Methodologically, the paper draws on a phenomenological study that conducted in‐depth interviews with 65 school leaders working across the United States. The study concludes that the wound provides an opportunity to question one's leadership and to change, and is an important source of emotional and social learning. The study affirms that emotion matters in the exercise of leadership, especially during times of crisis.
The Adherence of platelets to adsorbed albumin by receptor-mediated recognition of binding sites exposed by adsorption-induced unfolding

Although albumin (Alb) is the most abundant plasma protein, it is considered to be non-adhesive to platelets, as it lacks any known amino acid sequences for binding platelet receptors. Recent studies have suggested that platelets adhere to adsorbed Alb by mechanisms linked to its conformational state. To definitively address this issue we used circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry to characterize the conformation of Alb adsorbed on a broad range of surface chemistries from a wide range of Alb solution concentrations, with platelet adhesion examined using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results prove that platelets bind to adsorbed Alb through receptor-mediated processes, with binding sites in Alb exposed and/or formed by adsorption-induced protein unfolding. Most importantly, beyond a critical degree of unfolding, the platelet adhesion levels correlated strongly with the adsorption-induced unfolding in Alb. The blockage of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) specific platelet receptors using an Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) peptide led to significant inhibition of platelet adhesion to adsorbed Alb, with the extent of inhibition and morphology of adherent platelets being similar for both Alb and Fg. Chemical neutralization of arginine (Arg) residues in the adsorbed Alb layer inhibited platelet–Alb interactions significantly, indicating that Arg residues play a prominent role in mediating platelet adhesion to Alb. These results provide deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms that mediate the interactions of platelets with adsorbed proteins, and how to control these interactions to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterials for cardiovascular applications.
Calculation of free energies and chemical potentials for gas hydrates using Monte Carlo simulations

We describe a method for calculating free energies and chemical potentials for molecular models of gas hydrate systems using Monte Carlo simulations. The method has two components: (i) thermodynamic integration to obtain the water and guest molecule chemical potentials as functions of the hydrate occupancy; (ii) calculation of the free energy of the zero-occupancy hydrate system using thermodynamic integration from an Einstein crystal reference state. The approach is applicable to any classical molecular model of a hydrate. We illustrate the methodology with an application to the structure-I methane hydrate using two molecular models. Results from the method are also used to assess approximations in the van der Waals-Platteeuw theory and some of its extensions. It is shown that the success of the van der Waals-Platteeuw theory is in part due to a cancellation of the error arising from the assumption of a fixed configuration of water molecules in the hydrate framework with that arising from the neglect of methane-methane interactions.
The Evolution of Stature in Humans

There is significant evidence that a positive secular trend, apparently due to improved socioeconomic conditions, has led to taller stature today compared with 150-200 years ago. However, study of fossil remains of our hominid ancestors demonstrates the stature of individuals living during the last million years reached the range of heights seen today. Furthermore, data from recent prehistory and the last 2,000 years also reveal adult height in many groups to be equal to modern humans of the same region. Optimal conditions for growth appear to predate the advent of modern civilization and public health measures.
Femtosecond laser ablation multicollector ICPMS analysis of uranium isotopes in NIST glass

We utilized femtosecond laser ablation together with multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure the uranium isotopic content of NIST 61x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6) glasses. The uranium content of these glasses is a linear two-component mixing between isotopically natural uranium and the isotopically depleted spike used in preparing the glasses. Laser ablation results match extremely well, generally within a few ppm, with solution analysis following sample dissolution and chemical separation. In addition to isotopic data, sample utilization efficiency measurements indicate that over 1% of ablated uranium atoms reach a mass spectrometer detector, making this technique extremely efficient. Laser sampling also allows for spatial analysis and our data indicate that rare uranium concentration inhomogeneities exist in NIST 616 glass.
Surface composition of alloys

Abstract In equilibrium, the composition of the surface of an alloy will, in general, differ from that of the bulk. The broken-bond model is applicable to alloys with atoms of virtually equal size. If the heat of alloy formation is zero, the component of lower heat of atomization is found enriched in the surface. If both partners have equal heats of sublimination, the surface of a diluted alloy is enriched with the minority component. Size effects can enhance or weaken the electronic effects. In general, lattice strain can be relaxed by precipitating atoms of deviating size on the surface. Two-phase alloys are described by the “cherry model”, i.e. one alloy phase, the “kernel” is surrounded by another alloy, the “flesh”, and the surface of the outer phase, the “skin” displays a deviating surface composition as in monophasic alloys. In the presence of molecules capable of forming chemical bonds with individual metal atoms, “chemisorption induced surface segregation” can be observed at low temperatures, i.e. the surface becomes enriched with the metal forming the stronger chemisorption bonds.
Cool Pose: Black Male Homicide and the Social Implications of Manhood

Black male homicide has reached crisis proportions. This study investigated homicidal incidents to assess associations of Cool Pose with Black male homicides. Cool Pose is a tradition of manhood originating in Africa. The relationship of Cool Pose and homicide was examined by analyzing with multivariate statistical techniques 721 homicide incidents that occurred in the city of Newark, New Jersey. Findings suggest that Cool Pose is linked to homicides involving Black males. Society is not irrelevant to Cool Pose homicides and therefore relevant to their resolution. Social services may contribute to said resolution by informing the social work profession.
Attogram detection limit for aqueous dye samples by laser-induced fluorescence

A modified flow cytometer has been used to detect attogram quantities of aqueous rhodamine 6G by laser-induced fluorescence analysis. A detection limit of 28 attograms (35,000 molecules) was obtained, nearly two orders of magnitude better than earlier measurements. The detection limit in concentration units was 1.4 x 10(-13) mole per liter. During the 1-second measurement period, the total volume sampled was 0.42 microliter. On average, only half a rhodamine 6G molecule was present in the 6-picoliter probed volume.
Movements and Home Ranges of Largemouth Bass and Alabama Spotted Bass in Lake Martin, Alabama

ABSTRACT Radio telemetry was used to observe the movement of 10 largemouth bass (Micropterus safmoides) and nine Alabama spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus henshalli) in Lake Martin, Alabama. Fish were located about every 10 d and were tracked over a 24-h period about once a month between mid-April 2005 and March 2006. Seasonal variations in movement and behavior were observed for largemouth bass and spotted bass. Daily movement rates were greatest for largemouth bass during summer months when water temperature exceeded 25°C. Spotted bass daily movement rates were greatest when water temperature was between 15 and 25°C. and both species moved little during the winter months. Largemouth bass moved more and had larger annual, spring, and fall home ranges (50 and 95% kernel) than spotted bass over the 11-month period. Spotted bass inhabited deeper water than largemouth bass.
Conceptual and Linguistic Representations of Kinds and Classes

We investigate the hypothesis that our conceptual systems provide two formally distinct ways of representing categories by investigating the manner in which lexical nominals (e.g., tree, picnic table) and phrasal nominals (e.g., black bird, birds that like rice) are interpreted. Four experiments found that lexical nominals may be mapped onto kind representations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations but not kind representations. Experiment 1 found that phrasal nominals, unlike lexical nominals, are mapped onto categories whose members need not be of a single kind. Experiments 2 and 3 found that categories named by lexical nominals enter into both class inclusion and kind hierarchies and thus support both class inclusion (is a) and kind specification (kind of) relations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations which support only class inclusion relations. Experiment 4 showed that the two types of nominals represent hierarchical relations in different ways. Phrasal nominals (e.g., white bear) are mapped onto classes that have criteria of membership in addition to those specified by the class picked out by the head noun of the phrase (e.g., bear). In contrast, lexical nominals (e.g., polar bear) specify one way to meet the criteria specified by the more general kind concept (e.g., bear). Implications for the language‐conceptual system interface, representation of hierarchical relations, lexicalization, and theories of conceptual combination are discussed.
The development of ring-shaped contrast enhancement in a case of cerebellar dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: case report.

OBJECTIVE: Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) occurs rarely in the cerebellum. We describe a rare case of cerebellar DNT that developed contrast enhancement after long-term observation and discuss the underlying mechanism and clinical relevance of this unusual phenomenon. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old woman with known cystic cerebellar lesions presented with increased frequency of vertigo and new onset of truncal ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed new contrast enhancement in the dominant cystic lesion of the cerebellar vermis without any change in size and shape or evidence of edema. INTERVENTION: The lesions were resected under magnetic resonance imaging guidance. Histological assessment revealed populations of small, round cells in a microcystic background containing "floating" neurons, diagnostic of DNT. Microvascular proliferation and pigmented neurons were also present. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the development of contrast enhancement in a previously nonenhancing case of cerebellar DNT. The acquisition of ring-shaped contrast enhancement may be associated with microvascular proliferation, but otherwise no evidence of malignant progression. In addition, this case presents the novel pathological finding of pigmented neurons in DNT.
Cleavage of the βO4 linkage of lignin using group 8 pincer complexes: A DFT study

Abstract The catalysis of C O bond activation of the lignin β O 4 model compound, 2-phenoloxy-1-phenolethanol, was investigated using group 8 (Fe, Ru and Os) pincer complexes. Reaction mechanisms and thermodynamics for the catalysis were studied using B3LYP/CEP-31G. Solvent effects were considered using a SMD solvation model for 1,4-dioxane. The considered pincer complexes include combinations of the three metals with five different pincer ligands (PNP, NNN, PCP, PCN and NCN). All possible multiplicities and conformations were taken into account. The reaction energetics of all metal-ligand combinations were compared and the thermodynamic nature of transition metal activation of the β O 4 bond was discovered. The studies suggest that C O bond activation by transition metal catalysts is essentially controlled by the ability of the metal center to donate electrons to the C O bond; ligands that donate electrons to the metal center tend to facilitate the cleavage of the C O bond.
On decomposing even regular multigraphs into small isomorphic trees

Abstract It is known that P 4 , the path with 3 edges, decomposes every 6-regular simple graph. It is also known that P 4 decomposes the multigraph obtained by doubling each edge of a cubic graph. We show that P 4 decomposes every 6-regular multigraph with edge multiplicity at most 2. This in turn implies that P 4 decomposes every 6 k -regular multigraph with edge multiplicity at most 2 k . We also investigate decompositions of certain 2 n -regular multigraphs with edge multiplicity at most 2 into double-stars with n edges.
Cavernous weathering in the Capitol Reef Desert, Utah

Tafoni and honeycomb weathering are abundant in sandstones at Capitol Reef National Park. Cavities are particularly common in talus blocks resting on alkali-rich soil, in vertical walls of desert washes, and in sandstones containing calcareous cement. Chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction data, and field observations suggest that salt weathering is the most important cause of disintegration, but dissolution of calcite cement also occurs in calcareous sandstones. Cavernous weathering at Capitol Reef produces cavities similar in appearance to features found in arkose outcrops along the coast of northwest Washington, even though the environmental conditions at these two locations are very different.
A Concentric Morphology Model for the Detection of Masses in Mammography

We propose a technique for the automated detection of malignant masses in screening mammography. The technique is based on the presence of concentric layers surrounding a focal area with suspicious morphological characteristics and low relative incidence in the breast region. Mammographic locations with high concentration of concentric layers with progressively lower average intensity are considered suspicious deviations from normal parenchyma. The multiple concentric layers (MCLs) technique was trained and tested using the craniocaudal views of 270 mammographic cases with biopsy proven malignant masses from the digital database of screening mammography. One-half of the available cases were used for optimizing the parameters of the detection algorithm. The remaining cases were used for testing. During testing, malignant masses were detected with 92%, 88%, and 81% sensitivity at 5.4, 2.4, and 0.6 false positive marks per image. Testing on 82 normal screening mammograms showed a false positive rate of 5.0, 1.7, and 0.2 marks per image at the previously reported operating points. Furthermore, additional evaluation on 135 benign cases produced a significantly lower detection rate for benign masses (61.6%, 58.3%, and 43.7% at 5.1, 2.8, and 1.2 false positives per image, respectively). Overall, MCL is a promising computer-assisted detection strategy for screening mammograms to identify malignant masses while maintaining the detection rate of benign masses considerably lower.
Unequal partnership: Sociolinguistics and the African American speech community

American quantitative sociolinguistics has drawn substantially on data from the African American speech community for its descriptive, theoretical, and methodological development, but has given relatively little in return. Contributions from the speech community to sociolinguistics include the development of variable rules and frameworks for the analysis of tense-aspect markers, social class, style, narratives, and speech events, plus research topics and employment for students and faculty. The contributions which sociolinguistics could make in return to the African American speech community - but has not done sufficiently include the induction of African Americans into linguistics, the representation of African Americans in our writings, and involvement in courts, workplaces, and schools, especially with respect to the teaching of reading and the language arts. This last issue has surged to public attention following the Oakland School Board's "Ebonics" resolutions on Dec. 18, 1996. The present unequal partnership between researcher and researched is widespread within linguistics. Suggestions are made for establishing service in return as a general principle and practice of teaching and research in our field. (African American Vernacular English, Ebonics, applications of sociolinguistics, community service, dialect readers, variation theory)* This article provides me with the opportunity to talk about a subject that has been of growing concern to me for some years. Its starting point is that American quantitative sociolinguistics has, over the past quarter century, drawn substantially on data from African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and the African American speech community for its descriptive, theoretical, and methodological development, but it has given relatively little back to that community in terms of representation or practical application. While this article focuses on American quantitative sociolinguistics, in relation to AAVE, the criticism can be extended fairly easily to sociolinguis
Behavioural thermoregulation at mate encounter sites by male butterflies (Asterocampa leilia, Nymphalidae)

Abstract Abstract. The thermal environment may constrain the evolution of mating behaviour of ectothermal organisms. This study evaluates the impact of the thermal environment on the behaviour of male insects waiting for females at encounter sites. In the morning, males of the desert hackberry butterfly, Asterocampa leilia , perch and wait for females on or adjacent to the larval foodplant. Over the course of a morning as temperature increases, male body posture (wing position and orientation to sun) and perch preferences (perch height and perch insolation) change. The results show that the body temperature of males at perch sites is largely independent of air temperature (i.e. they thermoregulate) and the body posture and perch preferences change with air temperature. Observations on thermocouple-implanted models indicate that the observed changes in behaviour lead to decreases in operative thoracic temperature. The results indicate that changes in wing position, perch height preferences, and insolation preferences have adaptive thermal consequences that may constrain mate detection.
Conjugated Polymer Energy Level Shifts in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes

The ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of widely used conjugated polymers are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in conventional electrochemical and lithium-ion battery media, and also by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) in vacuo. By comparing the data obtained in the different systems, it is found that the IPs of the conjugated polymer films determined by conventional CV (IPC) can be correlated with UPS-measured HOMO energy levels (EH,UPS) by the relationship EH,UPS = (1.14 ± 0.23) × qIPC + (4.62 ± 0.10) eV, where q is the electron charge. It is also found that the EAs of the conjugated polymer films measured via CV in conventional (EAC) and Li+ battery (EAB) media can be linearly correlated by the relationship EAB = (1.07 ± 0.13) × EAC + (2.84 ± 0.22) V. The slopes and intercepts of these equations can be correlated with the dielectric constants of the polymer film environments and the redox potentials of the reference electrodes, as modified by the surrounding elect...
Transit Peptide Mutations That Impair in Vitro and in Vivo Chloroplast Protein Import Do Not Affect Accumulation of the γ-Subunit of Chloroplast ATPase

We have begun to take a genetic approach to study chloroplast protein import in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by creating deletions in the transit peptide of the gamma-subunit of chloroplast ATPase-coupling factor 1 (CF1-gamma, encoded by AtpC) and testing their effects in vivo by transforming the altered genes into an atpC mutant, and in vitro by importing mutant precursors into isolated C. reinhardtii chloroplasts. Deletions that removed 20 or 23 amino acid residues from the center of the transit peptide reduced in vitro import to an undetectable level but did not affect CF1-gamma accumulation in vivo. The CF1-gamma transit peptide does have an in vivo stroma-targeting function, since chimeric genes in which the stroma-targeting domain of the plastocyanin transit peptide was replaced by the AtpC transit peptide-coding region allowed plastocyanin to accumulate in vivo. To determine whether the transit peptide deletions were impaired in in vivo stroma targeting, mutant and wild-type AtpC transit peptide-coding regions were fused to the bacterial ble gene, which confers bleomycin resistance. Although 25% of the wild-type fusion protein was associated with chloroplasts, proteins with transit peptide deletions remained almost entirely cytosolic. These results suggest that even severely impaired in vivo chloroplast protein import probably does not limit the accumulation of CF1-gamma.
Moving north: different factors influencing male and female Mexican migration to United States.

Este articulo emplea analisis de sobrevivencia para estudiar los patrones mexicanos de migracion a los Estados Unidos por motivos laborales. El modelo se enfoca en ciertos factores que se han distinguido previamente como caracteristicos de la migracion laboral: edad, responsabilidad familiar, redes familiares, educacion, estatus laboral y el ano calendario. Se ha puesto especial enfasis en distinguir entre las caracteristicas masculinas y femeninas. Los datos utilizados provienen de la EDER, una encuesta retrospectiva elaborada en Mexico. Las estimaciones muestran una reduccion en el riesgo de migrar para hombres y mujeres debido al empleo en Mexico y la formacion de una union, respectivamente. La contribucion mas relevante de este proyecto es el enfasis en el cambio en el tiempo de la influencia de los distintos factores en el riesgo de migrar a Estados Unidos
Effects of temperature on the sorption of lanthanides by montmorillonite

The diffusion of exchanged Yb, Ho, and Eu from interlayer positions in montmorillonite was studied using infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction, and cation-exchange measurements. Dehydration of exchanged montmorillonite between 100° and 280°C caused the ions to diffuse into the hexagonal rings of surface oxygens. Subsequent migration into vacant octahedral sites was small regardless of the radius of the cation. Considerable ion fixation in excess of the cation-exchange capacity of the clay was observed at 20°C in both water and a 1:1 water:95% ethanol mixture. Evidence for hydrolysis as a possible mechanism for cation fixation was obtained by observing frequency shifts for deuterated hydroxyl groups using IR spectroscopy. A major IR band centered at 2680 cm−1 was observed for all three lanthanide-exchanged montmorillonites studied and assigned to the OH-stretching frequency of a lanthanide hydroxide. This band intensified on heating at 300°C for 1 hr. An IR band between 690 and 710 cm−1 also was observed for all three lanthanide-exchanged montmorillonites and was assigned to a lanthanide-hydroxyl deformation mode. No hydrolysis was observed for Na-montmorillonite, as expected from the very low hydration energy of Na+.
The Complementary Effect of Manufacturing Process Modularity and IS Flexibility on Agility in Manufacturing

In the situation of shortened product life cycles, modular product design enables organizations to adapt to unanticipated changes in their environments. This study extends modular systems theory to manufacturing process design and posits that: (i) firms can design their manufacturing processes for the same product into either an integrated or modularized structure, thereby being agile in dynamic environments, and (ii) the effect of manufacturing process modularity on agility is complemented by information systems (IS) flexibility. Conceptually, this study explains how important the congruence between the IS and manufacturing processes is to achieving agility in manufacturing and seeks to demonstrate how an IS adapts to shape agility. For practice, this study suggests that firms should focus their efforts on both IS flexibility and manufacturing process modularity, as well as their harmonization, in addition to modular product design.
Some Factors Affecting Degradation of Organochlorine Pesticides by Bacteria

Abstract Whole cells of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes in trypticase soy broth degraded DDT into two to eight metabolites. Seven metabolites were from aerobic growth of the Bacillus . Similar metabolites were from anaerobic growth of E. coli and E. aerogenes but less than four metabolites were from aerobic growth of these organisms. Metabolic pathway for the degradation of DDT was similar for the aforementioned species: DDT → DDD → DDMU → DDMS → DDNU → (DDOH) → DDA → DBP or DDT → DDE. Whole cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus were unable to degrade DDT under aerobic conditions. None of the species was capable of degrading DDT in skimmilk or in trypticase soy broth containing 3% whole casein. Degradation was greatly reduced in trypticase soy broth containing 4.5% lactose or individual fractions of α-, β- and γ-casein. None of the species degraded dieldrin and heptachlor.
Multiple roles for the C-terminal domain of eIF5 in translation initiation complex assembly and GTPase activation.

eIF5 stimulates the GTPase activity of eIF2 bound to Met-tRNAiMet, and its C-terminal domain (eIF5-CTD) bridges interaction between eIF2 and eIF3/eIF1 in a multifactor complex containing Met-tRNAiMet. The tif5-7A mutation in eIF5-CTD, which destabilizes the multifactor complex in vivo, reduced the binding of Met-tRNAiMet and mRNA to 40S subunits in vitro. Interestingly, eIF5-CTD bound simultaneously to the eIF4G subunit of the cap-binding complex and the NIP1 subunit of eIF3. These interactions may enhance association of eIF4G with eIF3 to promote mRNA binding to the ribosome. In vivo, tif5-7A eliminated eIF5 as a stable component of the pre-initiation complex and led to accumulation of 48S complexes containing eIF2; thus, conversion of 48S to 80S complexes is the rate-limiting defect in this mutant. We propose that eIF5-CTD stimulates binding of Met-tRNAiMet and mRNA to 40S subunits through interactions with eIF2, eIF3 and eIF4G; however, its most important function is to anchor eIF5 to other components of the 48S complex in a manner required to couple GTP hydrolysis to AUG recognition during the scanning phase of initiation.