cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow about yawed, stranded cables

The development of a steady lift force on a stranded cable, which is yawed with respect to a flow, is a unique characteristic of a cable when compared to a circular cylinder. Comparisons of lift and normal drag coefficients and wake characteristics were made between stranded cable models and the cylinder. These were based upon surface pressure and hot-wire measurements and flow visualization studies conducted in a low speed wind tunnel on rigid cables and cylinders. The models were yawed to four different yaw angles and tested within the Reynolds number range of 5,000 and 50,000. Pressure profiles for the yawed cables indicated that the lift force is directed towards the side where the primary strands are more nearly aligned with the flow. The pressure profiles also indicated that the lift force is generated by asymmetric separation. The small scale irregularities associated with wires within individual strands also appeared to have an effect on the cable's lift and drag characteristics. Results show that cables have significantly different shedding characteristics and near-wake shear layer structure when compared to the circular cylinder. For the flow regime tested, the Strouhal number showed no dependence on Reynolds number nor spanwise position along the cable.
Treating paruresis using respondent conditioning

This study examined the effectiveness of respondent conditioning in the treatment of a 24-year-old female exhibiting paruresis. Paruresis was defined as the inability to urinate in public restrooms with others present. The number of seconds required to initiate urination was the dependent variable. Treatment consisted of the participant first pairing a word with urination in her home bathroom, then pairing the word with urination in restrooms outside her home, and finally using the word to initiate urination in restrooms that she classified as easy, medium, and difficult places. The results of the study demonstrated that implementation of the respondent conditioning procedure was associated with a decrease in the number of seconds required to initiate urination and for enabling the participant to urinate with others present.
Bacterial Endophthalmitis Following Suture Removal after Penetrating Keratoplasty

Of three cases of bacterial endophthalmitis occurring after removal of corneal sutures following penetrating keratoplasty, two were associated with wound dehiscence and one was not. Factors that may predispose to wound dehiscence and subsequent infection are: use of fine suture material, corticosteroids, and chronic topical antibiotics; early removal of corneal sutures; lack of adherence to strict asepsis prior to and after suture removal; and open suture tracts that may be kept open by incarceration of vitreous strands. Late corneal wound dehiscence may occur with subsequent development of endophthalmitis as long as three days after suture removal. The use of topical antibiotics before and after suture removal may decrease the potential for infection. In addition, early recognition of intraocular infection by the patient and the surgeon for immediate institution of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy may preserve useful vision.
On a Combinatorial Theorem of Curtis Greene

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for the characteristic functions of a finite number of given sets to be linearly independent.
What kind of ecologist was Braudel? A comment on Hudson

James R. Hudson's "Braudel's Ecological Perspective" (1987) makes an important contribution in calling the attention of sociologists to the work of the French Annales historian Fernand Braudel, as well as in suggesting some important parallels between that work and the theory of human ecology associated with Amos Hawley and his followers. I agree with Hudson that Braudel is important and that sociologists can benefit from close study of his work. I also agree that there are important similarities between Hawley's ecological perspective and many of Braudel's analyses. As Hudson points out, Brandel's treatment of the role of early capitalist towns, cities, and markets in his final work, the magisterial Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-I8 th Century (1981, 1982, 1984), closely resembles hmnan ecological theory. Yet some serious problems with Hudson's argument cannot be overlooked. In the first instance, there are certain ways in which the kind of ecological perspective that Braudel employs in much of his work actually conflicts sharply with some of Hawley's pronouncements. In his major work, Human Ecology (1950), Hawley is at pains to warn the reader against any sort of geographical determinism (cf. Hawley, 1950:70-72, 84 -86) , and he stresses the importance human ecology gives to the way in which culture itself exerts a strong effect upon the natural environment. He does not deny entirely a determining role to the environment, but his overall view is clearly otherwise, as shown by his statement that "the weight of evidence forces the conclusion that the physical environment exerts but a permissive and limiting effect" (Hawley, 1950:90; cited in Steward, 1955:34; emphasis added). This viewpoint is certainly not one that Braudel would accept. Although he himself stresses the reciprocal influence of the physical environment and human culture, a good deal of his work is concerned with demonstrating the direct
Structure and Properties of N,N-Alkylene Bis(N′-Alkylimidazolium) Salts

A series of N,N-alkylene bis(N'-alkylimidazolium) salts with various anions was prepared and characterized. The hydrogen-bonding abilities and ion-pairing strengths of the salts in solution were varied by changing the solvent and anion. Qualitatively, the extent of ion pairing of the 1,2-bis[N-(N'-butylimidazolium)]ethane salts with different anions was determined in acetone-d(6) by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the imidazolium salts were related not only to the nature of anions but also to the spacer length between imidazolium cations. Exceptionally high melting points of 1,2-bis[N-(N'-alkylimidazolium)]ethane bis(hexafluorophosphate)s can be explained by multiple hydrogen bonds observed in the X-ray crystal structures. Moreover, a trans conformation of the ethylene spacer of 1,2-bis[N-(N'-alkylimidazolium)]ethane bis(hexafluorophosphate)s allows good stacking structure in the crystals.
Error-Free And Irreversible Radiographic Image Compression

Some error-free and irreversible data compression techniques applied to radiographic images are discussed in this paper. In the case of error-free compression, clipping and bit trunction, run-length coding, run-zero coding and Huffman coding are reviewed. In each case, an example is given to explain the steps involved. In the case of irreversible compression, the full-frame bit allocation in cosine transform domain method is described. Utilizing these compression techniques, we have compressed more than one hundred of radiographic images of different types. Our experience reveals that (a) it is possible to obtain a 3:1 compression ratio for error-free methods, and (b) for irreversible compression, the compression ratio achieved depends on the image type, the image size and the number of bits per pixel. In general, for a 512x512x8 image a 10:1, and for a 1024x1024x8 a 16:1 compression ratio can be achieved. Reconstructed images from these high compression ratio data do not appear to have visual degredation from the original image.
On solution-containing ellipsoids in linear programming

Ellipsoids that contain all optimal dual slack solutions and those that contain all optimal primal solutions and that are independent of the algorithm used are derived. Based upon these ellipsoids, two criteria each for detecting optimal basic and nonbasic variables prior to optimality in interior-point methods are obtained. Using these results, we then derive a sufficient condition for a linear program to be feasible.
SYNTHESIS OF ALTERNATING VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMERS

This paper describes a novel method of preparing two alternating vinyl alcohol copolymers, poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) and poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene). The chemistry involves the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of organoborane monomers, such as 5-cyclooctenyldiethylborane. The borane polymer thus obtained gave upon oxidation a novel polymer structure of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene-co-1,4-butadiene) with an alternating molecular structure. The borane polymer could also be further hydroborated prior to the oxidation reaction. This fully hydroborated polymer resulted in an alternating copolymer of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene), which was found to be very thermally stable and began to lose weight only at temperatures above 400°C.
Sodium regulation in a freshwater prawn—I. Tissue electrolyte composition

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were measured in hemolymph and whole body of the American prawn Palaemonetes kadiakensis held in various salinities. Prawns maintain internal electrolyte levels against a concentration gradient of at least 200:1 in their pondwater habitat and even in deionized water. 2. 2. In all media, including deionized water, urine is nearly isoosmotic with hemolymph. 3. 3. Fed prawns held in deionized water continued to lose chloride during 20 days. Total osmolarity and sodium and potassium levels of both hemolymph and whole body reached a minimum between days 5 and 10, and then increased up to day 20. 4. 4. It is suggested that diet is an important source of sodium in these studies and that, in a highly hypotonie environment, dietary sodium is conserved by internal redistribution of electrolytes and water.
A Comparison of Chiral Nematic and Cholesteric Thermochromic Liquid Crystals for Use in a Light Transmission Based Temperature Sensing System

This paper presents the results of a study performed to examine the effectiveness of several different formulations of thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) material for use in a light transmission based temperature measurement system. We report on experiments performed on six different types of TLC material. We used a spectrophotometer to measure the percent of light transmitted through a layer of each TLC material for wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm as a function of temperature. We also applied TLC material directly onto electroluminescent lights and used a CCD camera to look at the intensity of red, green, and blue light transmitted through each layer as a function of temperature. We found that pure unsealed materials, both cholesteric and chiral nematic (non-sterol), are not suited for use in a temperature measurement system. They show little response to temperature and are difficult to work with due to their low melting point. On the other hand, the micro-encapsulated TLC slurry materials showed a large responsive range and were easier to work with than the pure materials. The chiral nematic material showed the largest sensitivity to temperature and was found to be more responsive than the cholesteric material.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An examination of fieldtrip strategies and their implementation within a natural history museum

Although there have been numerous studies examining the impacts of science fieldtrips and the effects of particular instructional practices (such as previsit orientation or postvisit follow-up), few studies have carefully examined the teacher's perspective toward these experiences (Anderson & Zhang, 2003, Visitor Studies Today, 6(3), 6–11; Griffin & Symington, 1997, Science Education, 81, 763–779; Lucas, 2000, Science Education, 84, 524–544; Storksdieck, 2001, Visitor Studies Today, 4(1), 8–12). This investigation, part of a larger study aimed at describing teacher agendas for fieldtrips, looks closely at the instructional strategies used by teachers during the fieldtrip itself. Both survey methods and in-depth qualitative methods (interviews, observations) were used to create a categorization of strategies employed by upper elementary teachers from the greater Los Angeles area. Five overarching strategies were identified, including plan of action, structured engagement (such as tours or worksheets), unstructured engagement (such as teacher facilitation), event documentation, and supervision strategies. Suggestions for using this information to support teacher utilization of informal settings such as science centers, as well as ideas for further study, are also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed90:434–452, 2006
Cardiomyocyte-specific Bcl-2 overexpression attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury, immune response during acute rejection, and graft coronary artery disease

After cardiac transplantation, graft damage occurs secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute rejection. This damage ultimately leads to the development of graft coronary artery disease (GCAD), which limits long-term graft survival. Apoptosis is directly involved in graft injury, contributing to the development of GCAD. To assess the role of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 in the process of GCAD, we transplanted hearts from FVB transgenic mice overexpressing human Bcl-2 under the control of alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter into allogenic C57BL/6 mice. Bcl-2 overexpression led to reduced cytochrome c-mediated caspase-9-dependent cardiomyocyte apoptosis and local inflammation (neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine production) in cardiac allografts during ischemia-reperfusion injury and also led to reduced immune responses (inflammatory cell infiltration, production of T(H)1 cytokines and chemokines, and expression of adhesion molecules) during acute and chronic rejection without affecting host CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell responses in the spleen. Thus, local Bcl-2 expression directly contributes to the modulation of local immune responses in allograft rejection, resulting in attenuated GCAD. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the modulation of Bcl-2 expression by pharmacologic up-regulation or gene transfer may be of clinical benefit in the short- and long-term function of cardiac allografts.
Kinetics of Halide-Induced Decomposition and Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles

We present a kinetic study of the effects of NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI on aqueous solutions of 5 nm silver nanoparticles. There are distinct differences between these halides, which we attribute to two competing, halide-induced processes: oxidative decomposition of the nanoparticle surfaces and aggregation of the nanoparticles. NaF essentially does not react with the nanoparticle surface, but at concentrations above about 75 mM induces aggregation, albeit erratically. NaCl reacts oxidatively at concentrations below 27 mM, but the reaction is very slow because of surface passivation. The distinct, and lower, onset of aggregation at 27 mM is explained by chloride ion forming a uniform layer, which lowers the charge on the nanoparticle surface to about 2/3 of its original value. Addition of NaI or NaBr is very different; the rate of oxidative decomposition is orders of magnitude faster than that of NaCl such that the onset of aggregation is less apparent.
Psychometric Analysis and Tentative Shortening of Survey of Personal Beliefs

The Survey of Personal Beliefs (SPB) is a frequently used measure of irrational beliefs, but can display less than ideal psychometric properties. In the first study of the present project, the five subscales of the SPB correlated as expected with higher levels of perfectionism, shame, and guilt. A confirmatory factor analysis, nevertheless, revealed that these subscales did not adequately describe responding on the SPB, and internal reliability for some subscales was poor. An abbreviated 12-item version of the SPB was more reliable than the subscales and generally as valid as the full 50-item instrument. With a second data set, the shortened version of the SPB was more consistent than the full 50-item scale in correlating positively with at least some measures of maladjustment that included depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and alexithymia. Future researchers may want to utilize the shorter 12-item version of the SPB as a more convenient and psychometrically acceptable measure of irrational beliefs.
Epidermal growth factor prevents acetaldehyde-induced paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayer.

: Background: Intestinal permeability and endotoxemia play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Previous studies showed that acetaldehyde disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier function and increases paracellular permeability by a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. In the present study, the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in protection of epithelial barrier function from acetaldehyde was evaluated in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell monolayer. Methods: Caco-2 cells on Transwell inserts were exposed to acetaldehyde in the absence or presence of EGF, and the paracellular permeability was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and unidirectional flux of inulin. Integrity of epithelial tight junctions and adherens junctions was analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis of occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin in the actin cytoskeleton. Reorganization of actin cytoskeletal architecture was examined by confocal microscopy. Results: Acetaldehyde increased paracellular permeability to inulin and lipopolysaccharide, and EGF significantly reduced these effects of acetaldehyde in a time- and dose-dependent manner. EGF prevented acetaldehyde-induced reorganization of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin from the cellular junctions to the intracellular compartments. Acetaldehyde treatment induced a reorganization of actin cytoskeletal network and reduced the levels of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin associated with the actin cytoskeleton. EGF effectively prevented acetaldehyde-induced reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and the interaction of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin with the actin cytoskeleton. Conclusion: These results indicate that EGF attenuates acetaldehyde-induced disruption of tight junctions and adherens junctions and prevents acetaldehyde-induced reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and its interaction with occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin.
Active remote sensing and grain yield in irrigated maize

Advances in agricultural technology have led to the development of active remote sensing equipment that can potentially optimize N fertilizer inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate a hand-held active remote sensing instrument to estimate yield potential in irrigated maize. This study was done over two consecutive years on two irrigated maize fields in eastern Colorado. At the six- to eight-leaf crop growth stage, the GreenSeeker™ active remote sensing unit was used to measure red and NIR reflectance of the crop canopy. Soil samples were taken before side-dressing from the plots at the time of sensing to determine nitrate concentration. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from the reflectance data and then divided by the number of days from planting to sensing, where growing degrees were greater than zero. An NDVI-ratio was calculated as the ratio of the reflectance of an area of interest to that of an N-rich portion of the field. Regression analysis was used to model grain yield. Grain yields ranged from 5 to 24 Mg ha−1. The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.10 to 0.76. The data for both fields in year 1 were modeled and cross-validated using data from both fields for year 2. The coefficient of determination of the best fitting model for year 1 was 0.54. The NDVI-ratio had a significant relationship with observed grain yield (r 2 = 0.65). This study shows that the GreenSeeker™ active sensor has the potential to estimate grain yield in irrigated maize; however, improvements need to be made.
Behavioral, biochemical and neurotoxicological actions of the α-ethyl homologue of p-chloroamphetamine

Abstract The present set of experiments was designed to examine the effects of extension of the α-methyl of p-chloro-amphetamine (PCA) to an α-ethyl. Therefore, the α-ethyl homologue of PCA. l-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-aminobutane (CAB), was compared to PCA in a number of pharmacological assays. CAB was 2-fold less potent than PCA at inhibiting synaptosomal uptake of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT), and 5-fold less potent at inhibiting uptake of [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA). In drug discrimination assays, CAB was approximately 3-fold less potent than PCA in animals trained to discriminate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or its α-ethyl homologue, S-(+)-N-methyl-1-(l,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (S-(+)-MBDB), from saline. Monitoring with in vivo microdialysis, 10 mg/kg of PCA caused a large increase in extracellular DA and a significant decrease in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum. In contrast, 11 mg/kg CAB caused no increase and 22 mg/kg CAB caused only a slight increase in extracellular DA. Both doses of CAB caused a decrease in extracellular DOPAC. The potential 5-HT neurotoxicity of CAB was examined by measuring monoamine and metabolite levels and [3H]paroxetine binding at one week following acute doses. A 10 mg/kg dose of PCA caused an 80% decrease in cortical and hippocampal serotonergic markers, while an equimolar dose of CAB decreased only hippocampal 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. However, 22 mg/kg of CAB produced a 20–40% decrease in all serotonergic markers. Thus, extension of the α-alkyl significantly decreases the dopaminergic effects of PCA. The similar decrease in relative 5-HT neurotoxicity and the decreased ability to alter dopaminergic systems in vivo and in vitro supports the involvement of DA in the neurotoxicity of PCA.
Effects of nicotinic and muscarinic compounds on biting attack in the cat.

Abstract Predatory-like biting attack on a rat, as well as hissing, growling, and other threat behaviors, could be induced in normally non-aggressive cats by systemic administration of the muscarinic agonist, arecoline (7–12 mg/kg). In contrast to arecoline, nicotine was found to suppress aggressive behaviors. Systemic administration of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) prior to arecoline injection resulted in a significant reduction in elicited attack and threat behaviors. Furthermore, nicotine (0.075–0.500 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent suppression of natural predatory behavior as well. This nicotine-produced suppression of attack did not appear to be due to the induction of general malaise, since attack suppression could be seen in the absence of general behavioral inhibition, and doses of nicotine resulting in complete suppression of attack had little effect on food intake. Results indicate that muscarinic and nicotinic compounds can exert antagonistic control over some types of aggressive behaviors.
Ultrastructural changes in the intestine of rats fed high-zinc diets

The feeding of high-zinc diets to humans is often used as therapy for patients with Wilson’s disease, an autosomal recessive disorder of copper accumulation. There seem to be no outward adverse effects of this treatment; however, preliminary studies in our laboratory have shown apparent weaknesses in the intestinal wall of rats fed high-zinc diets. As a consequence, this study was carried out to determine if feeding high-zinc diets to rats would affect the ultrastructural morphology of the small intestine. The effects of treatment on copper status of the rats also were determined. Weanling male rats were fed diets containing either 35 or 350 mg of zinc/kg. After 7 weeks, blood and various tissues were collected to measure copper status indicators, and portions of the upper duodenum were excised and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Results showed that rats fed high-zinc diets had significantly lower copper status as indicated by low serum copper, serum ceruloplasmin activity, and liver copper, than rats fed normal-zinc diets. Liver superoxide dismutase or cytochrome c oxidase activities were not affected by high zinc. Observations of sections of the duodenum by electron microscopy showed that non-assembled collagen molecules of the lamina propria were more often disorganized and formed tangled masses in rats fed the high-zinc diet than in those fed normal-zinc diets. This suggests that low copper status caused by high-zinc feeding might be affecting the activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent enzyme, and thus crosslinking of the collagen molecules. However, these observations did not always correlate with low copper status. Other possible explanations include a direct competition between zinc and copper for sites on lysyl oxidase, zinc blocking of aldehyde residues on the collagen molecule, or some unrecognized process involving other enzymes or other aspects of collagen assembly. Whether such processes or affinities actually exist is still under investigation. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 10: 37–46, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
“Lucky” numbers, unlucky consumers ☆

Abstract Superstitious beliefs affect economic activity and may have noticeable economic impacts. In China, numbers often convey certain superstitious meanings. Retailers in China manipulate digital patterns on price tags to fit consumers’ superstitious preferences. In this paper, I analyze such superstitious manipulations using a large sample of price tags from Beijing, China. I also estimate the aggregate economic impacts of superstitious manipulations of retail price tags. The analytical results and the estimations presented in this paper suggest that Chinese consumers pay extra for their superstitious beliefs when they purchase goods. Retailers are the clear winners in superstitious manipulations of digital patterns in price tags.
MnBi Films as Potential Storage Media in Holographic Optical Memories.

Because of its alterability and stability, an MnBi thin film is a potential candidate for the storage medium in a read–write–erase in situ holographic optical memory. The conditions and the physical mechanism of holographic storage will be discussed, together with experimental results. A simple holographic memory system will be proposed which uses the same write-in reference beam for readout beam.
THE ETHIC OF CARE AND WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES OF PUBLIC SPACE

Abstract Women's use of public space has been the subject of much recent research. Existing theory in environment–behavior studies is inadequate to explain these findings. This paper proposes the adoption of the feminist theory of the ‘ethic of care’ to synthesize and explain much existing research on women's experience of public space. The ethic of care is a model of moral development in which the highest moral imperative requires taking care of needs and sustaining relationships. This paper examines how the ethic of care creates constraints for women's use of public space, by encouraging women to put others first and by reinforcing women's primary responsibility for care-giving. The ethic of care constrains women's use of public space through the association of women with low status ‘caring’ occupations, and through actions that extend restrictive caring to women. At the same time, through women's use of public space, the ethic of care generates possibilities for women to give and receive care from others and themselves, and creates possibilities for extending care to encompass public spaces. The ethic of care is explored in detail in light of two areas of environment–behavior research on women and public spaces: preference and fear of crime. In conclusion, the paper advocates the ethic of care as a framework for future activism, design, and scholarship concerning public spaces.
Induced clastogenicity in white rats by the herbicide 2,4-D.

Three to five week old Charles River white rats of the same litters were intraperitoneally injected with a commercial sample of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) dissolved in dimethyl-sulfoxide, in concentration ranging from 25 to 350μg/kg. Eight treated animals and one control were used for 4-hr exposure periods to determine the direct effect of 2, 4-D on chromosomes. Nine treated and one control animals were used for the 24-hr exposure periods to determine direct and indirect effects of 2, 4-D. Data were taken from 50 cells with adequate chromosome spreads for each experimental animal in each of the three replicates. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Dunnett's Multiple Comparisons Test) revealed a significant increase in the rate of chromosome aberrations at 100μg/kg, both for 4-hr and 24-hr tests. Generally, at other treatment levels the rate of chromosome aberrations was higher though statistically not significant. It appears that 2, 4-D induced clastogenicity peaks at 100μg/kg.
Neurohospitalists and Patient Safety: Lessons Learned in 2013

Hospitalization remains unacceptably risky, as recent studies indicate the incidence of adverse events has improved only marginally over the past several years.1 This disappointing reality has prompted safety experts to call for shifting focus from interventions to prevent individual adverse events to redesigning systems of care to improve safety across multiple dimensions. Neurohospitalists care for patients who are particularly vulnerable to errors and therefore play a key role in improving patient safety. In this article, we review 2013’s most important patient safety developments relevant for neurohospitalists (and frontline clinicians in general).
Maternal and Paternal Depressive Symptoms as Predictors of Toddler Adjustment

In this study we explored the relation between maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and toddler adjustment in a community sample, testing direct, additive, and interactive models of parental depressive symptoms and child adjustment. Participants were 49 families with 30-month-old children. Data were collected on maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and marital quality, as well as on toddler internalizing and externalizing behavior. The data supported an additive, but not interactive, model of prediction to externalizing behavior, such that maternal and paternal symptoms each accounted for unique variance in the prediction of toddler externalizing. Models predicting toddler internalizing were not significant. Maternal reports of marital quality, but not paternal reports of marital quality, reduced the magnitude of the relation between symptoms and child externalizing when entered as a covariate. Implications for depression screening of parents are discussed.
Long-term persistence of quality improvements for an intensive care unit communication initiative using the VALUE strategy

Abstract Purpose Communication in the intensive care unit (ICU) is an important component of quality ICU care. In this report, we evaluate the long-term effects of a quality improvement (QI) initiative, based on the VALUE communication strategy, designed to improve communication with family members of critically ill patients. Materials and Methods We implemented a multifaceted intervention to improve communication in the ICU and measured processes of care. Quality improvement components included posted VALUE placards, templated progress note inclusive of communication documentation, and a daily rounding checklist prompt. We evaluated care for all patients cared for by the intensivists during three separate 3 week periods, pre, post, and 3 years following the initial intervention. Results Care delivery was assessed in 38 patients and their families in the pre-intervention sample, 27 in the post-intervention period, and 41 in follow-up. Process measures of communication showed improvement across the evaluation periods, for example, daily updates increased from pre 62% to post 76% to current 84% of opportunities. Conclusions Our evaluation of this quality improvement project suggests persistence and continued improvements in the delivery of measured aspects of ICU family communication. Maintenance with point-of-care-tools may account for some of the persistence and continued improvements.
Women and Mexican Americans Receive Fewer Cardiovascular Drugs Following Myocardial Infarction Than Men and Non-Hispanic Whites: The Corpus Christi Heart Project, 1988-1990

Mortality following myocardial infarction (MI) is greater among women than men and among Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites. Because therapy can affect mortality following MI, we examined differences in discharge therapy among these groups. Data regarding discharge therapy of 982 patients in the Corpus Christi Heart Project showed that women received fewer cardiovascular drugs than men, and Mexican Americans received fewer cardiovascular drugs than non-Hispanic whites. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, cigarettes smoking, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and serum cholesterol, the odds ratio for receipt of cardiovascular medications was 0.51 (95% CI: 0.28–0.93) for women versus men and 0.62 (0.3–1.15) for Mexican Americans versus non-Hispanic whites. Beta-blockers were prescribed rarely. Thus, treatment differences between ethnic and gender groups were observed following MI. Further research is needed to determine both the reasons for these differences and the extent to which these differences contribute to the observed survival patterns following MI.
Peace in the Clinic: Rethinking “Global Health Diplomacy” in the Somali Region of Ethiopia

Drawing on ethnographic research with Somalis, within aid organizations, and within health care facilities in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, this article argues that what is called “global health diplomacy,” despite its origins and articulations in interstate politics, is fundamentally local and interpersonal. As evidence, I outline two very different health programs in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, and how, in each, existing animosities and political grievances were either reinforced or undermined. I argue that the provision of health care in politically insecure and post-conflict settings like the Somali Region of Ethiopia is precarious but pivotal: medical encounters have the potential to either worsen the conditions in which conflicts and crises recur, or build new interpersonal and governmental relations of trust. Effective global health diplomacy, therefore, cannot be limited to building clinics and donating medicine, but must also explicitly include building positive relationships of trust between oppositional groups within clinical spaces.
Neuro-physiologically-driven adaptive automation to improve decision making under stress

The advent of netted communications and a wide array of battlefield sensors is enabling real-time information streaming and asset management. However, the burden of information management is placed solely on the receiver of the information. Honeywell Laboratories developed a Communications Scheduler (CoS), an adaptive information management system for the dismounted Soldier, driven by an assessment of the individual's current cognitive capacity to process incoming information, in order to improve decision making under high task load conditions. An evaluation was conducted to demonstrate whether cognitive capacity to perform under differing task loads could be detected using neuro-physiological sensors and then if the adaptive automation would appropriately regulate information flow. Results revealed an improvement in primary task performance, no degradation in concurrent secondary tasks, and lower subjective workload ratings while performing cognitively challenging working memory tasks with the CoS, altho...
The Effect of Leadershilp Style on Performance Improvement on a Manufacturing Task

A three-factor, repeated-measures experiment tested the effect of leadership style (charismatic, structuring, and considerate) on performance improvement on a manufacturing task over four trials. Findings from a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated that individuals exposed to considerate leadership had superior initial performance but that this difference faded over time. Further analysis indicated that self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between leadership style and performance.
Isolation and characterization of cycloheximide-resistant mosquito cell clones

Following treatment of cultured mosquito cells (Aedes albopictus line of Singh) with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, we were able to isolate three cycloheximide-resistant clones. On the basis of growth kinetics, plating efficiency, and protein synthesis, these clones are 10- to 30-fold more resistant to cycloheximide than the parent cells. Cell-free lysates made from these cells retained 30-65% of their endogenous protein synthesizing ability in the presence of cycloheximide concentrations as high as 300 micrograms/ml. Protein synthesis in lysates from the parental cells, however, is reduced to about 10% of the control value (i.e., in the absence of drug) at 14 micrograms of cycloheximide/ml and was completely abolished at 75 micrograms/ml. These results indicate that cycloheximide resistance in these cells is likely due to an alteration in the protein synthetic machinery. This is the first description of cycloheximide-resistant insect cells, and the best example of cycloheximide resistance in cells originating from a higher eukaryotic organism.
Detection of adulteration in acetonitrile

To address the increasing concern that acetonitrile may be intentionally adulterated to meet the shortfall in global supplies resulting from a downturn in its manufacturing, three analytical techniques were examined in this study. Gas Chromatography with Thermal Conductivity Detection (GC-TCD), Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were assessed for their ability to detect and quantify potential adulterants including water, alternative organic solvents, and by-products associated with the production of acetonitrile. The results of the assessment of the three techniques for acetonitrile adulteration testing are discussed.
An analytical solution for the transient response in a diffusion cell of the Wicke-Kallenbach type

Abstract An analytical solution is developed for the problem of transient diffusion and first order reaction in a solid flanked by two well mixed fluid compartments. This solution is necessary and useful in describing unsteady-state measurements in a Wicke-Kallenbach diffusion cell or reaction studies in a single pellet reactor. It is shown that a proper choice of an inner product vector space, following the methodology developed by Ramkrishna and Amundson [14, 15], leads readily to the desired solution and guarantees its completeness. This solution is valid for the equivalent heat transfer problem also.
Quantum monte carlo studies of electron-electron interaction effects in conducting polymers

We discuss recent studies, using the quantum ensemble projector Monte Carlo (EPMC) method, of theoretical models of conducting polymers. Our focus is on the consequences of incorporating direct electron-electron interactions into the “standard” electron-phonon interaction models. Among the observables we examine one energetics of purely dimerized ground states, single solitons, soliton pairs, averaged spin and charge distributions, and local correlation functions.
Vegetation and Soil Development on a Recently Glaciated Area Near Mount Robson, British Columbia

Rapid retreat of the Robson Glacier since 1783 has produced a series of moraines well suited for study of vegetation and soil development. The terminal and five recessional moraines ranging in age from 180 to 50 years were suited in August 1963 in continuation of earlier work by W. S. Cooper. Vegetation development shows early dominance of Hedysarum and Dryas, followed by Salix, Arctostaphylos rubra, and other shrubs. Tress enter the stand early, but are largely confined to one species, Picea engelmanni. The vegetation of the two oldest moraines bears a superficial resemblance to the mature forest of the region, but differs greatly in floristic composition and structure. Soil Formation ranges from virtually none on the youngest moriane to a rudimentary podsolic B horizon on the oldest recessional moriane Accumulation of soil nitrogen appears to be slow, despite the existence of root nodules on Dryas octopetala, D. drummondii, and Hedysarum mackenzii. See full-text article at JSTOR
Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll

The effects of habitat on the ecology, movements, and foraging strategies of marine apex predators are largely unknown. We used acoustic telemetry to quantify the movement patterns of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, in the Pacific Ocean. Sharks had relatively small home ranges over a timescale of days to weeks (0.55 6 0.24 km 2 ) and showed strong site fidelity to sand-flat ledges within the west lagoon over a three-year period. Sharks showed evidence of diel and tidal movements, and they utilized certain regions of the west lagoon disproportionately. There were ontogenetic shifts in habitat selection, with smaller sharks showing greater selection for sand-flat habitats, and pups (total length 35-61 cm) utilizing very shallow waters on sand-flats, potentially as nursery areas. Adult sharks selected ledge habitats and had lower rates of movement when over sand-flats and ledges than they did over lagoon waters. Fractal analysis of movements showed that over periods of days, sharks used patches that were 3-17% of the scale of their home range. Repeat horizontal movements along ledge habitats consisted of relatively straight movements, which theoretical models consider the most efficient search strategy when forage patches may be spatially and temporally unpredictable. Although sharks moved using a direct walk while in patches, they appeared to move randomly between patches. Microhabitat quantity and quality had large effects on blacktip reef shark movements, which have consequences for the life-history characteristics of the species and potentially the spatial distribution of behaviorally mediated effects on lower trophic levels throughout the Palmyra ecosystem.
Collaborative Accessibility: How Blind and Sighted Companions Co-Create Accessible Home Spaces

In recent decades, great technological strides have been made toward enabling people who are blind to live independent, successful lives. However, there has been relatively little progress towards understanding the social, collaborative needs of this population, particularly in the domestic setting. We conducted semi-structured interviews in the homes of 10 pairs of close companions in which one partner was blind and one was not. We found that partners engaged in collaborative accessibility by taking active roles in co-creating an accessible environment. Due to their different visual abilities, however, partners sometimes encountered difficulties managing divergent needs and engaging in shared experiences. We describe outstanding challenges to creating accessible shared home spaces and outline new research and technology opportunities for supporting collaborative accessibility in the home.
Effect of d-fenfluramine on neuropeptide Y concentration and release in the paraventricular nucleus of food-deprived rats.

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important signal in the hypothalamic neural circuitry that stimulates feeding in the rat. Administration of d-fenfluramine (FEN) has been shown to rapidly inhibit feeding in the rat. Because food deprivation increases the levels and release of NPY in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the rapid anorectic effects of FEN in food-deprived (FD) rats are associated with alterations in the hypothalamic NPYergic system. In the first experiment, the effect of FEN (10 mg/kg) on NPY concentrations in nine microdissected hypothalamic sites was assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in rats either food deprived for 3 days or fed ad lib during the experimental period. In response to food deprivation, NPY concentrations increased significantly in the PVN and arcuate nucleus, but NPY levels remained unchanged in the remaining seven hypothalamic sites. In control rats maintained on ad lib food supply, FEN injection produced little effect on NPY concentration in hypothalamic sites. However, FEN suppressed NPY levels selectively in the PVN of FD rats, so that NPY concentrations measured in the nucleus were within the range found in satiated control rats. In the second experiment, the effect of FEN on NPY release in the PVN was examined in FD rats by the push-pull cannula (PPC) technique. NPY levels in the PPC perfusate were unchanged in FD rats during the period 30–120 min after saline or FEN injection. Also, the mean rate of NPY release was similar in vehicle- and FEN-treated FD rats. These results raise the possibility that the immediate anorectic effects of FEN may not be due to decreased NPY release in the PVN, but may be due to either suppression of postsynaptic NPY action and/or activation of neural systems that inhibit feeding behavior. However, the decrease in NPY concentration seen selectively in the PVN implies that FEN may eventually affect NPY secretion in FD rats.
Solubilization and separation of Ca2+-ATPase from the Ca2+-ryanodine receptor complex.

Heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preparations of rabbit skeletal muscle, which are enriched in Ca 2+ -release vesicles from the terminal cisternae (TC) and [ 3 H]ryanodine receptor density, exhibit 60% of the Ca 2+ -ATPase activity, 58% of the E P level, and 30% of the steady state Ca 2+ -loading compared to membrane vesicles from the longitudinal SR. The Ca 2+ -ATPase of TC SR is solubilized and separated from the Ca 2+ -ryanodine receptor complex in the insoluble fraction on treatment with the detergent C 12 E 9 . However, a 50% decrease in receptor density is observed upon removal of the Ca 2+ -ATPase, suggesting a significant contribution of this protein to maintaining optimal receptor complex density.
The relation of post-illumination ATP formation capacity (Xe) to H+ accumulation in chloroplasts

When methylviologen, pyocyanine or low concentrations of phenazine methosulfate serve as electron carriers, the ratio of post-illumination ATP formation (Xe) to H+ uptake at pH 5–6 is 15−14. However, under the conditions of the experiments only 50–60% of the Xe is trapped as ATP. Therefore the true value of the XeΔH+ ratio probably approaches 12. With these electron carriers there is no Xe formation at pH 8. In the presence of high concentrations of phenazine methosulfate (≧0.1 mM) chloroplasts can develop extremely high levels of Xe even at pH 8 although there is little or no H+ uptake. The highest level of Xe obtained at pH 8 is equivalent to 1 mole ATP trapped per 4 moles of chlorophyll. The value reaches 1 ATP per 3 chlorophyll at pH 6.5 (phenazine methosulfate, 0.3 mM). These phenomena associated with high phenazine methosulfate concentration depend on the presence of 0.05 M NaCl or certain other salts. In the absence of NaCl there is no Xe formation at pH 8 and the familiar pH rise is converted into a light-dependent, reversible pH drop.