cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of cells in dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous phase systems. A study of settling time, vessel geometry and sedimentation effects on the efficiency of separation.

Abstract The effect of prolonged settling times (up to 2 h), in high- and low-phase columns, on the cell partition ratios measured and on the separability of cell populations was examined. With closely related cell populations, modelled by rat erythrocytes in which subpopulations of red blood cells of distinct age were labeled isotopically, it was found that partitioning proceeds over the entire time period examined as evidenced by the continuous change in relative specific activity of cells in the top phase as the partition ratio falls. In control cell sedimentation experiments in top phase there was almost no change in the quantity of cells present when vertical settling ( i.e ., high-phase columns) was used and no separation of specific subpopulations was found. In the horizontal settling mode the initially higher cell partition ratio, as compared to vertical settling, decreased to a greater extent with longer time intervals; a given purity of cells only being obtained at a lower partition ratio than in the vertical settling mode. Cell sedimentation in top phase was appreciable with time in the horizontal settling mode but did not result in a separation of cell subpopulations. The effect of relative cell partition ratios and sizes in high- and low-phase columns on the efficiency of separation was examined by use of rat or sheep 51 Cr-labeled red cells mixed with an excess of human unlabeled erythrocytes. Rat and sheep red cells are appreciably smaller than human erythrocytes. Rat red cells have higher, and sheep red cells lower partition ratios than human erythrocytes. With vertical settling, over a 2-h period, there is no appreciable contribution to the change in relative specific activities by cell sedimentation. However, the more rapid sedimentation of the larger human red cells has, with time, a measurable effect on the relative specific activities obtained during cell partitioning when run in the horizontal mode: enhancing the rat—human and diminishing the sheep—human cell separations. Partitioning cells in high-phase columns is of advantage with respect to increasing separation efficiency and virtually eliminating the influence of other physical parameters ( e.g. , cell size). Since the cell partitioning process continues for long periods of time, yielding ever-lower partition ratios with increasing proportions of cells with higher P values, a time may be selected which balances desired relative cell purity and yield.
Encoding multiple outputs for improved column compaction

The authors introduce EP1, a new encoding problem where the objective is to find an encoding so that the binary logic function has a minimal number of outputs after column compaction. Whereas state assignment is restricted to functions which have only one multiple-valued output variable (the next state variable), EP1 is important for functions which have many multiple-valued output variables, for example, control stores and other components of finite state machines which often occupy large fractions of the total chip area. This is particularly useful in high-level synthesis, where datapath components can often be reallocated or resynthesized to accept arbitrary or near-arbitrary control codes. A heuristic solution to EP1 is given, and experimental results are provided. >
Delayed reinforcement and fixed‐ratio performance

Effects of delayed reinforcement on fixed-ratio (FR) maintained responding of pigeons were investigated. In Experiments 1-3, the delay of reinforcement was increased across successive sessions until pigeons paused for 300 s. Both signaled and unsignaled delays were studied across different conditions. Overall response rates and run rates (timed from the first to last response of a ratio) decreased and postreinforcement pauses increased as delays increased in each experiment. As delays increased, the likelihood of pausing during a ratio run also increased. When these measures were plotted as a function of obtained delays, signaled delays had less of an effect on the above measures than did unsignaled ones. In Experiment 2, delays had a greater effect on the above measures than did a control condition arranging equivalent interreinforcer intervals to those accompanying the delays. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the generality of the effects obtained in the first two experiments. In Experiment 3, delays imposed on FR or yoked-interval schedules had similar behavioral effects. In Experiment 4, effects similar to those found in Experiments 1-3 for 1, 10, and 20-s delays imposed on FR 50 schedules were found when the FR requirement increased across sessions. Despite the different contingencies relating response rate and reinforcement rates on interval and ratio schedules, delays of reinforcement generally affect performance on these schedules similarly.
Rate and extent of cobalt sorption to representative aquifer minerals in the presence of a moderately strong organic ligand.

Abstract There is an increasing awareness that rate-limited sorption reactions can play an important role in the transport of solutes in groundwater. The rate and extent of reactions between aqueous metals and mineral surfaces are affected by many factors, including the temperature, the presence of organic chelating agents, and adsorbent mineralogy. Cobalt sorption was investigated in terms of temperature, citrate concentration, and silica sand surface coating. The kinetic sorption data were described well by two simultaneous second-order reactions. The results suggested that decreasing temperature or the presence of citrate resulted in a slower approach to equilibrium for Co sorption to the uncoated silica sand that contained small amounts of secondary minerals. Using the same sand coated with an amorphous Fe(III) oxide, increasing temperature or the presence of citrate resulted in a faster approach to equilibrium for Co sorption. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were described well by a generalized two-layer surface complexation model. Citrate decreased the extent of Co sorption to the uncoated silica; the effect was most pronounced at low temperature. Conversely, citrate increased the extent of Co sorption to the Fe-coated silica. These results suggest that citrate decreased the rate and extent of adsorption to the uncoated silica through the formation of a stable anionic aqueous complex that has a lower affinity for the surface than Co 2+ . Conversely, the higher anion sorption capacity of the Fe-coated silica increased the rate and extent of Co sorption with citrate present, presumably through the formation of an organo-metallic ternary surface complex.
Simulation and analysis of a delta planform with multiple jets in ground effect

The three-dimensional, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations on a body-conforming, overset, multiple-grid topology are solved in the present numerical simulations of the flow around a 60-deg delta-planform wing equipped with two thrust-reverser jets in ground-effect conditions. Such experimentally flow-visualized features as jet-deformation and ground vertex-formation are captured by these simulations; the loss of wing-borne lift due to the 'suck-down' phenomenon, which arises as the delta planform flies at low speeds in close proximity to the ground, is also well simulated.
Characterization of Phytophthora cinnamomi populations from ornamental plants in South Carolina, USA

Abstract Fifty-one isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi isolated from ornamental plants in South Carolina, USA, between 1995 and 2000 were characterized by sporangium morphology, mating type, sensitivity to the fungicide mefenoxam, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile analysis, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Sporangium shapes were predominantly ovoid to ellipsoid, and size averaged 65.5×40.3 μm (length×breadth) with average length/breadth ratio of 1.6. Forty-nine isolates were the A2 mating type with only two A1 isolates found. This is the first report of the A1 mating type of P. cinnamomi in South Carolina. All isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam and EC50 values for all isolates were less than 0.2 μg ml−1. FAMEs of each isolate were analysed by gas chromatography and revealed five major fatty acids: myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), linoleic (18:2ω6c), oleic (18:1ω9c), and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3c) acids. These five fatty acids accounted for more than 80% of FAME profiles. ...
KINSYN Phase II: A human engineered computer system for Kinematic design and a new least-squares synthesis operator☆

Abstract Unique features being incorporated into a new computer-aided kinematic design system are discussed. A new least-square stretch-rotation synthesis operator technique is introduced, along with some numerical test results. Based on KINSYn, unusual features of the new system include its heuristic organization and its emphasis on machine-generated synthesis procedures supplemented by simultaneous interwoven analysis. Mechanism topology and dimensions can be dynamically modified by the designer working at an interactive graphical display. Prescribed performance characteristics may be altered both as to type, number, and numerical value during the solution procedure, as the designer's concepts grow firmer.
Bupropion SR worsens mood during marijuana withdrawal in humans.

Rationale: Symptoms of withdrawal after daily marijuana smoking include increased ratings of irritability and depression. Similar mood symptoms are reported by cigarette smokers during nicotine abstinence. Objective: Given the successful use of sustained-release bupropion in treating nicotine dependence, this study investigated how maintenance on bupropion influenced symptoms of marijuana withdrawal compared to maintenance on placebo. Methods: Marijuana smokers (n=10) were maintained outpatient on active (300 mg/day) or placebo (0 mg/day) bupropion for 11 days, and were then maintained inpatient on the same bupropion dose for 17 days. For the first 4 inpatient days, participants smoked active marijuana [2.8% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)] 5 times/day. For the remaining inpatient days, participants smoked placebo marijuana (0.0% THC) 5 times/day. Participants were then maintained outpatient on the alternate dose of bupropion for 11 days, followed by a second inpatient residential stay, paralleling the first. Medication administration was double-blind. Mood, psychomotor task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured daily during each inpatient phase. The order of active and placebo bupropion maintenance was counterbalanced between groups. Results: Bupropion had few behavioral effects when participants smoked active marijuana. During placebo marijuana smoking, i.e., active marijuana withdrawal, ratings of irritability, restlessness, depression, and trouble sleeping were increased by bupropion compared to placebo maintenance. Conclusions: These data suggest that bupropion does not show promise as a potential treatment medication for marijuana dependence.
Dictation anxiety: The stenographer's stake in Dracula

(2000). Dictation anxiety: The stenographer's stake in Dracula. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 417-455.
The Influence of Amazon Rainfall on the Atlantic ITCZ through Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves

Abstract Using outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) daily rain-rate data, systematic changes in intensity and location of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) were detected along the equator during boreal spring. It is found that the changes in convection over the tropical Atlantic may be induced by deep convection in equatorial South America. Lagged regression analyses demonstrate that the anomalies of convection developed over the land propagate eastward across the Atlantic and then into Africa. The eastward-propagating disturbances appear to be convectively coupled Kelvin waves with a period of 6–7.5 days and a phase speed of around 15 m s−1. These waves modulate the intensity and location of the convection in the tropical Atlantic and result in a zonal variation of the Atlantic ITCZ on synoptic time scales. The convectively coupled Kelvin wave has substantial signals in both the lower and upper troposphere. Both a reanalysis dataset and the Qui...
Improving anticancer activities of Oplopanax horridus root bark extract by removing water‐soluble components

O. horridus is used as a folk medicine by natives in the Northern Pacific coast of North America. This experiment studied the antiproliferative effects of the extract of O. horridus root bark and its fractions chromatographed from Dianion HP20 resin column with water, 30, 50, 70 and 100% ethanol on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The role of O. horridus in the cell cycle and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was also investigated. The results showed that the 70% and 100% ethanol fractions demonstrated more potent antiproliferative effects than the total extract on both cell lines. The antiproliferative effects may result from the enrichment of active constituents detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The IC(50) of the total extract, 50, 70, and 100% ethanol fractions for antiproliferation on MCF-7 cells were 248.4, 123.1, 44.0, and 31.5 microg/mL, respectively, and on NSCLC cells were 125.3, 271.1, 17.6, and 23.2 microg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the water and 30% ethanol fractions significantly promoted cell proliferation on MCF-7 cells at concentrations > 100 microg/mL, suggesting that the hydrophilic fractions should be removed from the extract when used for cancer chemoprevention in order to achieve desirable activities. The effects of the total extract on cell cycle and apoptosis were similar to that of the 100% ethanol fraction because of the similarity of their chemical composition. At higher concentrations, the apoptotic effects of the 70% ethanol fraction are more significant. Data from this study suggested that the 70% and 100% ethanol fractions are active antiproliferative fractions and that induction of apoptosis is the mechanism involved in the antiproliferative effect observed.
Young children and television: the retention of emotional reactions.

In 6 experiments, we examined preschoolers' ability to interpret or remember the affective reactions of television characters. In 2 studies, children viewed a "Sesame Street" or "Cosby Show" segment, and then retold the story. In both, mention of the protagonists' affective states was low, with less than 1% of the reactions recalled. In 3 experiments (using muppet, cartoon, or human portrayals), we examined whether this low retention was due to an inability to interpret reactions, identify their emotional labels, or remember them across a short period. For muppet and cartoon shows, children accurately recognized labels for reactions immediately after portrayal, but showed significant reductions in recognition memory by the end of the show. For human portrayals, subjects showed accurate recognition immediately after presentation, as well as after the show. In a final experiment, free descriptions of the reactions were assessed. Correct description was significantly higher for basic emotions than complex emotions. Language: en
Problems of differentiation of flares with respect to geophysical effects

1. INTRODUCTlON In spite of much effort in recent years, the problems relating to the differentiation of flares with respect to terrestrial effects remain numerous. They stem not only from difficulties in securing and understanding flare observations but also from similar uncertainties with respect to the increasingly complex geophysical data. Many of the problems fall into four general categories :
Study of the effect of crack closure in Sonic Infrared Imaging

Sonic infrared (SIR) imaging is a novel hybrid technology that employs ultrasonic excitation and infrared imaging to detect defects in materials. There are several parameters can affect the detectability of a defect in Sonic IR. One is the closure status of a defect, say a crack in a material. We have studied the relationship between the heating in a crack and crack closure. The crack closure was realized by applying a variety of clamping forces on the crack. In this paper, we provide quantitative results of the study on infrared signal levels at different status of crack closure. The temperature profile of a fixed point at the crack during the excitation period was presented. The thermal energy transformed from the kinetic movement was analysed over a fixed region for all clamping cases. Meanwhile, the crack energy at two fixed points crossing the crack was also studied.
Regulation of sigL Expression by the Catabolite Control Protein CcpA Involves a Roadblock Mechanism in Bacillus subtilis: Potential Connection between Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism

A catabolite-responsive element (CRE), a binding site for the CcpA transcription factor, was identified within the sigL structural gene encoding σL in Bacillus subtilis. We show that CcpA binds to this CRE to regulate sigL expression by a “roadblock” mechanism and that this mechanism in part accounts for catabolite repression of σL-directed levD operon expression.
Cocaine craving and use during daily life.

Rationale Craving is often assumed to cause ongoing drug use and relapse and is a major focus of addiction research. However, its relationship to drug use has not been adequately documented.
Molecular Identification of the Sterol-Regulated Luminal Protease that Cleaves SREBPs and Controls Lipid Composition of Animal Cells

The lipid composition of animal cells is controlled by SREBPs, transcription factors released from membranes by sterol-regulated proteolysis. Release is initiated by Site-1 protease (S1P), which cleaves SREBPs in the ER luminal loop between two membrane-spanning regions. To clone S1P, we prepared pCMV-PLAP-BP2, which encodes a fusion protein that contains placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the ER lumen flanked by cleavage sites for signal peptidase and S1P. In sterol-deprived cells, cleavage by both proteases leads to PLAP secretion. PLAP is not secreted by SRD-12B cells, cholesterol auxotrophs that lack S1P. We transfected SRD-12B cells with pCMV-PLAP-BP2 plus pools of CHO cDNAs and identified a cDNA that restores Site-1 cleavage and PLAP secretion. The cDNA encodes S1P, an intraluminal 1052-amino-acid membrane-bound subtilisin-like protease. We propose that S1P is the sterol-regulated protease that controls lipid metabolism in animal cells.
Minimal requirements for a biobehavioral paradigm

Following Landau's suggestion as to due process of inquiry, this paper attempts to integrate several domains of inquiry generally considered separate on the basis of Ross Ashby's model of the ultrastable system. Following the elucidation of the model, various researches in evolutionary biology, neurophysiology, psychological learning theory, and dyadic and small group transactions in psychotherapy are examined. It is suggested that they may all be considered in terms of Ashby's model, and that the model, being hierarchical in structure, may be extended in both directions to problems both macroscopic and microscopic to those discussed, so as to constitute the beginnings of a general systemic paradigm.
Redox Intitiated Cationic Polymerization

Two novel redox initiator systems have been developed for carrying out the cationic polymerizations of vinyl and heterocyclic monomers. The initiators are based on various onium salts as the oxidant together with an alkylborane or an organosilane as the reducing agent. Using both redox cationic initiator systems, the polymerizations of a wide variety of monomers can be carried out at or below room temperature in the presence or absence of unreactive solvents. Also described in this communication is the novel use of a two-component redox system in which the reducing agent, a silane, is delivered to the monomer sample in the vapor state. Optical pyrometry (infrared thermography) was employed as a convenient method with which to monitor the polymerizations in real-time. A study of the effects of variations in the structures of the onium salt, the silane and the type of noble metal catalyst were carried out. The use of these initiator systems for carrying out commercially attractive crosslinking polymerizations for coatings, composites and electronic encapsulations is discussed.
The Jahn–Teller effect as a general tool for solving molecular and solid state problems: Novel findings

Abstract In this (partly review) paper several important situations are analyzed in which molecular systems are distorted, but there are no apparent degeneracies or close in energy states to justify their origin as due to the Jahn–Teller effect (JTE) or pseudo JTE (PJTE). It is shown that in all these cases above the JTE are “hidden” in the excited states of the undistorted configuration even when the energy gap to these states is very large, and the involvement of these states in the vibronic coupling explains the JT origin of the distortions. This confirms the general validity of the JTE as the only source of instabilities and distortions of high-symmetry configurations of polyatomic systems. For the example of the ozone molecule , which has no degenerate ground state, neither in the distorted (obtuse-triangular), nor in the undistorted (regular triangular) configurations, and there are no low-lying excited states, the distortion is shown to emerge from the JTE in the excited E state situated at ∼8.3 eV above the ground state. The JT stabilization energy is more than ∼9 eV which makes the distorted configuration the lowest in energy. For molecular systems with half-closed-shell electronic configurations e 2 and t 3 (with degenerate orbitals), which produce totally symmetric charge distribution and are not subject to the JTE (neither in the ground high-spin (HS) state, nor in the excited low-spin (LS) states formed from these configurations by interelectron interaction), distortions were shown to occur due to a strong PJT mixing of two excited states . Again, the PJT stabilization energy in these cases is larger than the energy gap to the ground state, so the low-spin excited state of the undistorted geometry becomes the lowest in energy in the distorted configuration, and it is shown that this distortion is accompanied by orbital disproportionation that makes the charge distribution lower in symmetry. Since the two spin-states are stable in two different nuclear configurations, distorted (LS) and undistorted (HS), a novel phenomenon emerges in these systems: JT-induced spin-crossover . Distinguished from the known spin-crossover in transition metal compounds, the JT-induced spin-crossover takes place in a large variety of molecular systems from different classes including organic compounds, and it has a much lower rate of relaxation between the two states; this makes them candidates for single-molecule materials for electronic devices .
Group intervention for children bereaved by the suicide of a relative

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated efficacy of a manual-based bereavement group intervention for children who suffered suicide of a parent or sibling. Method Seventy-five families (102 children) were screened from medical examiners’ lists of suicide victims. Fifty-two families (75 children) were eligible and assigned in alternating order to receive (27 families, 39 children) or not to receive (25 families, 36 children) the intervention. Intervention efficacy was evaluated as change in children's symptoms of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, social adjustment, and parents’ depressive symptoms from initial to outcome assessments. Results Changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms were significantly greater among children who received the intervention than in those who did not. A greater dropout of children assigned not to receive (75%) than to receive (18%) intervention led to an imbalance in retention of intervention and nonintervention participants. Conclusions A bereavement group intervention focusing on reactions to death and suicide and strengthening coping skills can lessen distress of children bereaved after parental or sibling suicide. Such intervention may prevent future morbidities.
Reflection off a mirror

Electromagnetic radiation incident upon a perfect conductor induces a current density at the surface of the material. This surface current density is the solution of an integral equation, and it is shown that for a flat surface this equation has a very simple solution. The current density at a point of the surface is determined by the incident magnetic field at the same point. The surface current density generates an electromagnetic field, and the total radiation field is the sum of this field and the incident field. It is shown explicitly that inside the material the field of the current density cancels exactly the incident field. The reflected field can be expressed as an integral over the known surface current density, and is therefore determined by the incident magnetic field at the surface only. When the source of the incident field is known, the reflected field can be expressed in terms of a source function, which is determined by the current density of the source. It is shown that this approach lea...
Two-stage drawing of high-molecular-weight polyethylene reactor powder

Abstract Polyethylene reactor powders with molecular weight ranging from 0.16 × 106 to 14.9 × 106 synthesized under various conditions have been subjected to drawing. The powders were compacted at controlled pressures and temperatures below their melting points. Compaction into plates was followed by two-stage solid-state drawing. The first stage was solid-state extrusion, the second was tensile drawing, both at controlled rates and temperatures below the melting point. It is found that the drawability of reactor powders depends sensitively on the polymerization temperature and conditions. Samples synthesized at 85°C in a slurry are highly drawable. In contrast, powders obtained at 30°C in the gas phase are not readily drawn. Molecular weight is found not to be the dominant factor in determining the drawing of reactor powder. Rather, it is the synthesis conditions, as they influence the interphase regions between crystals, that appear to control the limits of drawing. For the most favourable case among these samples, namely higher molecular weights and higher polymerization temperature, total draw ratios of nearly 100 and tensile moduli of 75 GPa were attained.
The Minimum Kinetic Mechanism of Photosynthesis

KINETICS of photosynthesis recently proposed in these columns1,2,3 fail to account for all temperature coefficients observed, for demonstrable reversibility of the carbon dioxide–chlorophyll complex, and for known or deducible characteristics of the Blackman reaction. The following kinetic mechanism of photosynthesis, supported in every detail elsewhere4, is proposed as representing the minimum number of photochemical and thermal reactions needed to cover the several major facts now established for many chlorophyllous plants in connexion with the following variables: temperature T, light intensity L, concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), amount of chlorophyll per unit volume (Ch1), concentration of internal Blackman reaction component (E), and specific and indifferent narcotics, intermittent illumination, fluorescence5 and induction6:
Transport systems for the critically ill: focuses for development

There is a worldwide increase in the transportation of critically ill patient which reflects the increasing technological specialisation and centralisation of services. In the United Kingdom (UK) a minimum of 10,000 patients with life-threatening illnesses are transported between hospitals each year (Wright, McDonald & Rogers 1988). Transport programmes are generally being more carefully assessed, and application of past experience can make them safer for patients and personnel and most cost-effective (Purdie, Ridley & Wallace 1990). This applies to both primary (movement of a patient from the community to hospital) and secondary transport (movement of a patient between hospitals). These processes are as active in the UK as in other countries with developed systems of medical care. This paper will focus on two important areas, which are relevant to how transport facilities may be expanded for the best overall advantage. These areas are the means of transport and the transporting team. The discussion is supported by a literature review. It became apparent on preparing this paper that much of the transport literature from other countries, whilst helpful, is not directly applicable to the UK.
Asthma Hospitalizations and Mortality in Chicago: An Epidemiologic Overview

Design Cross-sectional analysis of discharge data for 1996 and mortality timetrend data for the period from 1990 to 1997. Setting The city of Chicago, IL, with Cook County, IL, and US data employed forcomparisons. Population studied People who werehospitalized with a primary diagnosis of asthma and people whoseunderlying cause of death was asthma. Interventions None. Measurements and results The 1996 asthmahospitalization rate for Chicago was 42.8 per 10,000, more than twiceas high as suburban Chicago or US rates. Medicaid patients wereoverrepresented. Length of stay was longer for older patients and Medicaid patients. Age-adjusted asthma mortality in Chicago was 4.7times higher in non-Hispanic blacks than in non-Hispanic whites. Theblack/white asthma mortality ratio is 2.5:1 for the nation overall. Asthma mortality rates for Hispanics in Chicago were between those of non-Hispanic whites and blacks but have almost doubled during thisdecade. Conclusions The rising asthma mortality andhigh asthma hospitalization rates in Chicago constitute a significantpublic health problem. Comorbidities more common in urban environments, such as substance abuse, may play a unique role in determining thedistribution of adverse outcomes within Chicago's population. Asthmahospitalizations and deaths may vary in their risk profiles, and thisshould be taken into account when developing research and interventionstrategies.
Risk Factors for Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Background & Aims: Intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are rare and highly malignant cancers of the bile duct. Although the incidence of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) has remained constant, the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has increased in the United States. Because the etiology of both tumors is poorly understood, a population-based case-control study was conducted to examine the association of ECC and ICC with preexisting medical conditions. Methods: Medical conditions among 535 ICC patients, 549 ECC patients (diagnosed 1993–1999), and 102,782 cancer-free controls were identified by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results–Medicare databases. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Results: In addition to established risk factors (choledochal cysts, cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease), several other conditions were significantly associated with ECC and ICC: biliary cirrhosis (ECC, ICC: P P P P = .01), nonspecific cirrhosis (ECC, ICC: P P P = .006; ICC, P = .04), and chronic pancreatitis (ECC, ICC: P P = .71; ICC, P = .01), chronic nonalcoholic liver disease (ECC, P = .08; ICC, P = .02), HCV infection (ECC, P = .67; ICC, P = .01), and smoking (ECC, P = .07; ICC, P = .04). Conclusions: Several novel associations with ECC and ICC were identified. HCV infection, chronic nonalcoholic liver disease, and obesity, all of which are increasing in incidence, and smoking were associated only with ICC, suggesting that these conditions might explain the divergent incidence trends of the tumors.
Police misconduct and malpractice: a critical analysis of citizens’ complaints

In this research several hypotheses suggested by conflict theory were tested in the analysis of official complaints lodged against a large police department in the southeastern United States. It was hypothesized that citizens with less power and fewer resources would be more likely than more powerful, more affluent citizens to file complaints of misconduct and to allege more serious forms of misconduct, and would be less likely to have their complaints sustained by police investigators. The first two hypotheses were supported; results for the third were mixed.
The candidacy of shuffle and shear during compound twinning in hexagonal close-packed structures

Abstract This paper proposes a systematic generalized formulation for calculating both atomic shuffling and shear candidates for a given compound twinning mode in hexagonal closed-packed metals. Although shuffles play an important role in the mobility of twinning dislocations in non-symmorphic crystals, their analytical expressions have not been previously derived. The method is illustrated for both flat planes and corrugated planes which are exemplified by { 1 1 2 ¯ 2 } and { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } twinning modes, respectively. The method distinguishes between shuffle displacements and net shuffles. While shuffle displacements correspond to movements between ideal atom positions in the parent and twin lattices, net shuffles comprise contributions from shear on overlying planes which can operate along opposite directions to those of shuffle displacements. Thus, net shuffles in the twinning direction can vanish in a limiting case, as is interestingly the case for those needed in the second plane by the b4 dislocation candidate in { 1 1 2 ¯ 2 } twinning. It is found that while shuffle displacement vectors can be irrational when K1 is corrugated, net shuffle vectors are always rational.
The C. elegans gene odr-7 encodes an olfactory-specific member of the nuclear receptor superfamily

Olfactory discrimination is achieved through the action of olfactory neurons with diverse chemical specificities. In C. elegans, at least ten different types of chemosensory neurons respond to different chemicals. The odr-7 gene is required for the function of one pair of chemosensory neurons called AWA neurons. odr-7 null mutants fail to respond to all odorants detected by the AWA neurons, while a missense mutation in odr-7 causes a specific defect in one odorant response. odr-7 encodes a protein with similarity to the DNA-binding domain of the nuclear receptor genes; it is expressed predominantly in the AWA neurons. odr-7 may regulate the expression of olfactory signaling molecules that define a single type of olfactory neuron.
The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an overview.

Abstract The literature relating lipid and lipoprotein oxidation to atherosclerosis has expanded enormously in recent years. Papers on the “oxidative modification hypothesis” of atherogenesis have ranged from the most basic studies of the chemistry and enzymology of LDL oxidation, through studies of the biological effects of oxidized LDL on cultured cells, and on to in vivo studies of the effects of antioxidants on atherosclerosis in animals and humans. The data in support of this theory are mounting but many key questions remain unanswered. For example, while it is generally agreed that LDL undergoes oxidation and that oxidized LDL is present in arterial lesions, it is still not known how and where LDL gets oxidized in vivo nor which of its many biological effects demonstrable in vitro are relevant to atherogenesis in vivo. This brief review is not intended to be comprehensive but rather to offer a perspective and a context for this Forum. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each line of evidence, try to identify areas in which further research is needed, assess the relevance of the hypothesis to the human disease, and point to some of the potential targets for therapy.
Modulation of neurotransmitter release in orexin/hypocretin‐2 receptor knockout mice: A microdialysis study

Orexinergic neurons are discretely localized within the lateral hypothalamus and have widespread projections to the whole brain. Here, the role of orexin/hypocretin-2 receptors (OX2) in modulating extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters was evaluated in the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of OX2 knockout (KO) mice by using a microdialysis technique. In the hypothalamus, basal concentrations of norephinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh), and histamine (Hist) were significantly higher in KO mice, whereas KCl perfusion (147 mM) resulted in significantly lesser increases in NE, ACh, and Hist release in KO compared with wild-type (WT) mice. No differences in basal concentrations or evoked release of serotonin (5-HT) or dopamine (DA) were found in the hypothalamus between genotypes. In the PFC, no differences in the basal concentrations of the studied neurotransmitters were found between genotypes. After KCl perfusion, significantly higher increases in NE, 5-HT, and DA release were found in KO compared with WT mice. No differences in the evoked release of ACh and Hist in the PFC were found between genotypes. The present results demonstrate that genetic deletion of OX2 receptors differentially modulates extracellular concentrations of distinct neurotransmitters in the somatodendritic region vs. a nerve terminal region of the orexinergic neurons. In the hypothalamus, an inhibitory role of the OX2 receptors in modulating basal concentrations of NE, ACh, and Hist was revealed, which probably accounts for the reduced responsiveness to KCl as well. In the PFC, the evoked release of the monoamines NE, 5-HT, and DA seems to be controlled negatively by OX2 receptors.
Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization Space---Time Block-Spread CDMA with Multiuser Interference-Free Detection

In this paper, we study a single carrier space---time block-spread (STBS) with frequency domain equalization combined with direct-spread code division multiple access (CDMA) which we term, SCFDE-STBS-CDMA. We propose a novel SCFDE space---time scheme for CDMA that achieves multiuser-interference free reception and performs well in both slow and fast fading frequency selective channel. The orthogonality among the users is preserved at the receiver allowing a multiuser-free MUI-free detection in slow fading channel. In fast fading channel, we proposed a MMSE detector that exploits the time diversity of the fast fading channels. In the conventional counterpart scheme proposed in the literature, the length of the spreading factor affect negatively the performance of the system when the channel is fast fading while in the proposed scheme, the spreading factor is an additional degree of freedom that do not degrade the system performance. Since the maximum number of users supported depends on the spreading factor, the proposed scheme can then maintain more users than the conventional one in fast fading channels. The bit-error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and compared with the conventional approach in the literature.
Comparison of hyperion spectral unmixing endmembers to material spectral profiles from Oaxaca, Mexico

As part of a study of the ecology of the ancient Mesoamerican Zapotex state, endmember abundance maps of a large portion of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, were generated using Hyperion imagery and a spatially adaptive spectral unmixing approach. However, the ecological diversity of Oaxaca makes it difficult to identify the materials the endmembers correspond to without ground-truth data. Therefore, during December 2011 ground-truth data and samples were collected from three different valleys in Oaxaca (Tlacolula, Yanhuitlan, and Yucuita). A total of 24 different soil and plant samples and one terra cotta tile sample were collected from these valleys. These samples include white caliche rocks and soil, grey basalt volcanic rocks, red iron-stained soils, yellow iron-stained soils, and several different senescent plant samples. The reflectance spectra of these samples were acquired through laboratory measurements using an Analytical Spectral Device FieldSpec Pro covering 400–2500nm. Concurrently to the laboratory measurements, endmember abundance maps were generated using a spatially-adaptive spectral unmixing algorithm and Hyperion hyperspectral imagery of the Tlacolula Valey. A comparison of the Hyperion endmembers to the laboratory sample reflectance measurements is performed to determine which of the Hyperion endmemberss result from a single type and which from a linear mixture of multiple materials. It is shown that of the eight derived endmembers, seven appear to be mixtures of multiple materials.
Effects of sublethal concentrations of cadmium on adult Palaemonetes pugio under static and flow-through conditions

To establish a uniform bioassay procedure for sublethal concentrations of cadmium in a typical estuarine species, a series of studies was carried out with the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, a common euryhaline estuarine species with a wide distributional range from massachusetts to the Gulf Coast. Survival, molting time and metabolism were the measurement parameters for adult male grass shrimp maintained under different thermal-salinity regimes in either a static or a flow-through system, using CdCl/sub 2/ at different concentration levels as the toxicant. It was concluded that ability to survive environmental stress is lessened by high levels of cadmium that could be present in natural populations, and that respiratory rates are not a reliable indicator of cadmium pollution in P. pugio due to observed variability. Data from a flow-through system is more likely to be applicable to field situations than data based on a static system, and it was felt that P. Pugio is too resistant and tolerant a species to be of value for short term bioassay studies on cadmium. (CAJ)
High Efficiency Hybrid Silicon Nanopillar–Polymer Solar Cells

Recently, inorganic/organic hybrid solar cells have been considered as a viable alternative for low-cost photovoltaic devices because the Schottky junction between inorganic and organic materials can be formed employing low temperature processing methods. We present an efficient hybrid solar cell based on highly ordered silicon nanopillars (SiNPs) and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The proposed device is formed by spin coating the organic polymer PEDOT:PSS on a SiNP array fabricated using metal assisted electroless chemical etching process. The characteristics of the hybrid solar cells are investigated as a function of SiNP height. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.65% has been achieved for an optimized SiNP array hybrid solar cell with nanopillar height of 400 nm, despite the absence of a back surface field enhancement. The effect of an ultrathin atomic layer deposition (ALD), grown aluminum oxide (Al2O3), as a passivation layer (recombination barrier) ...
A Revised Cylinder‐Plate Assay for Penicillin

Abstract A revision is proposed of the cylinder‐plate assay for penicillin in which two concentrations of an unknown preparation are compared with two equivalent concentrations of the working standard. A complete assay consists of three four‐plate groups, each testing a separately weighed sample of the dry drug. Potency can be estimated from a few simple differences and sums with the aid of two charts, while two other charts provide an estimate of the percentage standard error. The procedure is illustrated with a numerical example. Five requirements for an acceptable assay are proposed.
Newman and the ‘Ethics of Belief’

The last thirty years have seen a number of major contributions to the philosophical discussion of the possibility and character of an ‘ethics of belief’. In so far as the concern was focused on the problem of what constitutes ‘sufficient’ or ‘insufficient evidence’, the question of the ‘ethics of belief’ has turned into the current philosophical preoccupation with the question of the character of ‘rationality’ and the possibility of criteria of rationality which are either universal or at least cross-contextual. On the other hand, in so far as the concern was focused on the debated thesis that ‘believing is subject to moral appraisal (including the determination of “duties” to believe)’ the question of the ‘ethics of belief’ is with us today as the double inquiry into the question of the ‘will to believe’ and the relation of belief to action. Though the two concerns are not entirely separable, I will pay more explicit attention in this paper to the latter one in assessing some recent claims concerning the position held by John Henry Newman on these matters. After addressing some of the main points in the modern philosophical discussion of the ‘ethics of belief’, I will attempt to clarify Newman's place in the ‘ethics of belief’ discussion and argue that recent evaluations of Newman misrepresent his position in crucial ways and obscure his contributions to that discussion.
X-ray diffraction line-broadening studies on shock-modified rutile and alumina

Abstract Rutile and alumina (Al2O3) powder samples have been cold pressed into compacts with a density which is about 50% of the crystal density, subjected to controlled shock loading with well-characterized peak pressures in the powders between 4 and 27 GPa and preserved for post-shock study. The broadened X-ray diffraction peak profiles have been analyzed to determine the residual lattice strain and the coherent crystallite sizes. Rutile shows residual strain values near 2 × 10−3 while Al2O3 shows values near 4.5 × 10−3 at peak shock-loading pressures of 20–27 GPa. Crystallite size reduction is observed in both materials; for Al2O3 the size appears to decrease linearly with increasing shock pressure. Annealing studies on shock-loaded rutile show a gradual decrease in strain and an increase in crystallite size with increasing temperature. The effects of crystalline anisotropy are noted.
The diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in high purity aluminum

Abstract The diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in high purity (99.999 wt%), polycrystalline aluminum was investigated using both isothermal and constant heating rate desorption techniques. Constant heating rate desorption was used to elucidate the effects of microstructural trap states on the apparent diffusivity of hydrogen in aluminum. Isothermal desorption of hydrogen from annealed, uniformly charged, cylindrical specimens was bulk diffusion controlled. Diffusion data exhibited simple Arrhenius behavior between 30 and 600°C and is described with 95% confidence by D=1.75±0.15×10 −8 ( m 2 /s ) exp {−16.2±1.5( kJ/mol )/RT}. Constant heating rate desorption spectra revealed three distinct trapping states with desorption energies 15.3±4.8, 43.5±17.5, and 84.8±32.2 kJ/mol. These trapping states are associated with interstitial lattice sites, dislocations, and vacancies, respectively. Identification, quantification, and understanding the role of these trap states in permeation and desorption experiments helps explain the large scatter in reported values of the diffusivity of hydrogen in aluminum.
Fast-atom molecular secondary-ion mass spectrometry

Abstract A commercial ion gun has been modified to generate a diffuse fast-atom beam for molecular secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Ion-to-neutral conversion mechanisms have been investigated to determine the nature of the ion neutralization process. When the ion beam passes through a narrow selected-metal aperture, so that ion/surface interactions are increased, the fast-atom component of the beam is enhanced. The potential and kinetic emission of electrons from the metal surface can account for an ion and electron recombination mechanism. Residual charge-exchange reactions between the primary ions and neutral species in the ion gun assembly are a contributing ion neutralization process. The diffuse fast-atom component of the ion/atom beam is obtained by electrostatic deflection of the ions out of the beam following ion neutralization. The fast-atom beam provides several analytical advantages over an ion beam. These advantages and applications of the fast-atom molecular SIMS approach to the analysis of polymers and insulators are discussed.