cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum

Neurogenesis in the rat neostriatum was examined with [(3)H]thymidine autoradiography. For the animals in the prenatal groups, the initial [(3)H]thymidine exposures were separated by 24 h; they were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections on consecutive embryonic (E) days (E13-E14, E14-E15, … E21-E22). For the animals in the postnatal (P) groups, the initial [(3)H]thymidine exposures were separated by 48 h, each group receiving four consecutive injections (P0-P3, P2-P5, P4-P7). On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 h periods were quantified at several anatomical levels for both the large and medium-sized neurons. Neurogenesis of the large neurons occurs mainly between E13 and E16 in a strong caudal-to-rostral gradient. The medium-sized neurons throughout the neostriatum are generated in a prominent ventrolateral-to-dorsomedial gradient so that ventrolateral cells originate mainly between E14 and E18, dorsomedial cells between E18 and E21-22 (fewer than 10% originate between P0 and P4). Medium-sized neurons also show two other gradients. First, there is a superficial-to-deep gradient in the anterior part of the caudoputamen, while more posterior levels have a deep-to-superficial gradient. Second, anterior parts have a caudal-to-rostral gradient while posterior parts have a gradient in the opposite direction. This shift in neurogenetic gradients along both superficial-deep and rostrocaudal directions is developmental evidence that an anterior 'caudate' can be separated from a posterior 'putamen' in the rat. Finally, neurogenetic gradients in the medium-sized caudoputamen neurons can be linked to the patterns of their anatomical interconnections with the substantia nigra.
Effect of F and Mg on the Dispersion of Mo/Al2O3 and W/Al2O3

Abstract Samples containing 8% Mo and l5% W supported on magnesium- and fluoride-modified aluminas were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and examined in the dried and calcined states using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA). The presence of fluoride as an additive decreased the dispersion of the Mo and W phases for dried samples. The opposite effect was observed for dried Mg-modified samples. The effects of F and Mg addition largely disappeared when the samples were calcined. The results are interpreted in terms of the interactions between Mo and W species and the basic hydroxyl groups of the alumina.
Identification of alternative splicing of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 gene.

Abstract Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA-2) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of an unstable CAG/polyglutamine repeat located at the NH2-terminus of ataxin-2 protein. Ataxin-2 is composed by 1312 aminoacids and it is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues. To date, the function of ataxin-2 is not known. In this study, we report the characterization of an alternative splice variant of human ataxin-2. The splice transcript lacks the exon 21 and connects exon 20 to exon 22 with the same reading frame of the full length mRNA. This novel isoform of ataxin-2 is conserved in the mouse. It is named type IV to differentiate it from type II splice variant lacking exon 10 (present in human and mouse cDNAs) and from type III, lacking exon 10 and exon 11 seen in mouse. Type IV of human ataxin-2 cDNA is predicted to encode a protein of 1294 residues. Both the full length and the type IV transcript of ataxin-2 are present in several human tissues, including brain, spinal cord, cerebellum, heart and placenta. These findings allow the hypothesis that type I, II and IV of human ataxin-2 might perform different functions.
Effect of urease immunity upon rats with controlled vitamin A intakes.

SummaryTwo successive experiments, each lasting 8 weeks, were conducted with a total of 100 weanling male rats. Animals actively immunized with crystalline jackbean urease and given either 2.2 or 22.0 I.U of Vit. A daily following a 4-week depletion period grew faster and were more efficient in feed utilization. Both immunizing with urease and increasing the dietary Vit. A level reduced ammonia production and ureolytic activity in the gastrointestinal tract. The evidence indicates that depression of ammonia production and urease activity in the gastrointestinal tract is beneficial to animals fed limited levels of Vit. A.
Moral Philosophy Meets Social Work: Commentary on Alan Gewirth’s “Confidentiality in Child‐Welfare Practice”

In recent years, social workers have become increasingly aware of ethical dilemmas in practice. Beginning especially in the mid-to-late 1970s, social work’s literature has included a steady stream of reflections on difficult moral choices involving conflicts among professional duties and obligations (Loewnberg and Dolgoff 1996; Congress 1998; Reamer 1998, 1999). To what extent do clients have the right to engage in self-harming behavior without interference? How should social workers allocate scarce or limited resources such as emergency services, shelter beds, funds, and even their own time? Is it ethically permissible for social workers to violate laws and regulations they believe to be unjust? Ethical choices involving confidentiality—in particular, conflicts between clients’ prima facie right to confidentiality and social workers’ duty to protect others, and sometimes clients themselves, from harm—exemplify the hard moral decisions that social workers now recognize as an inevitable component of practice. Social workers in a wide variety of practice settings are all too familiar with these exceedingly challenging judgments (Dickson 1998). Under what circumstances are social workers obligated to override a client’s wishes and share confidential information with an individual the client has threatened to harm? How should a social worker respond to a court order to disclose privileged information that the client does not want shared in open court? Does a minor have a right to expect a social worker to withhold
Dendritic spine hypoplasticity and downregulation of reelin and GABAergic tone in schizophrenia vulnerability.

In this review, we will first present a brief overview of the current understanding of: (a) the biology of reelin; (b) the putative reelin signaling pathways via integrin receptor stimulation; (c) the cytosolic adapter protein DAB1, which appears to be operative in the transduction of reelin's pleiotropic actions in embryonic, adolescent, and adult brain; (d) the regulation of GABAergic function, including some aspects of GABAergic system development; and (e) dendritic spine function and its role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. We argue that a downregulation of reelin expression occurring in prefrontal cortex and in every brain structure of schizophrenia patients so far studied may be associated with a decrease in dendritic spine expression that in turn may provide an important reduction of cortical function as documented by the downregulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression, which might be secondary to a reduction of GABAergic axon terminals. This hypothesis is supported by a genetic mouse model of reelin haploinsufficiency that replicates the above-described dendritic and presynaptic GABAergic defects documented in schizophrenia brains.
Influence of writing style and categorical information on identification of tactile numerals and letters

Recognition of print capital letters, script letters, and numerals was studied in three experiments. In Experiment 1, letters printed on the skin with component lines in an irregular sequence were much harder to name than normally printed stimuli. In Experiment 2, categorical information was an important aid to letter or number identification. This obtained when subjects were required to draw the tactile stimuli. The results suggested that observers may not always construct a veridical “image” when stimuli are drawn on the skin in the absence of categorical information. Performance was much lower for script than for print letters or numerals. In Experiment 3, passive script recognition was superior to active script recognition. This suggested that passivity per se cannot always explain difficulty in tactile symbol recognition.
A Denaturation Map of Sea Urchin Ribosomal DNA

The ribosomal RNA genes from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus have been studied with the electron microscope using the technique of denaturation mapping. A repeating pattern of denatured regions was found with an average repeat length of 3.87±0.24μm. This corresponds to a DNA sequence of approximately 12,000 base pairs with a molecular weight of 8×106 daltons.
Is the loss of endothelial thrombomodulin involved in the mechanism of chronicity in late radiation enteropathy

Background and purpose: Radiation enteropathy is characterized by locally elevated levels of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines. Microvascular injury may sustain these alterations through persistent local hypercoagulopathy, platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion and release of biologically active mediators. This study assessed the relationship of endothelial thrombomodulin (TM), a key regulator of the protein C anticoagulant pathway and marker of endothelial function, with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) immunoreactivity and morphologic alterations in radiation enteropathy. Materials and methods: Small bowel resection specimens from 9 patients with radiation enteropathy were analyzed by computerized quantitative immunohistochemistry using antibodies against TM, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and TGF-β. Identical measurements were performed on intestinal resection specimens from otherwise healthy penetrating trauma victims and on archived small intestines. A previously validated image analysis technique was used to assess submucosal vessels for TM and vWF immunoreactivity, and the intestinal wall for total extracellular matrix-associated TGF-β immunoreactivity. Results: Specimens from irradiated patients showed prominent submucosal and subserosal thickening and fibrosis, and obliterative vasculopathy. Control specimens were histopathologically normal. Vascular density and vWF immunoreactivity were similar in radiation enteropathy patients and controls. The image-analysis techniques were highly reproducible, with correlation coefficients for repeated measurements ranging from 0.86 to 0.93. Radiation enteropathy specimens exhibited a highly significant reduction in the number and proportion of TM-positive submucosal vessels per unit area (P < 0.0001) and increased intestinal wall TGF-β immunoreactivity (P = 0.002). Conclusions: These data support the theory that sustained endothelial dysfunction is involved in the molecular pathogenesis of radiation enteropathy, and point to TM as important in the chronic nature of radiation enteropathy and a potential target for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
Nodulation and nitrogen accretion response of Cercocarpus betuloides seedlings to phosphorus supplementation and water availability

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation and water availability on incidence of nodulation and nitrogen (N) fixation by Cercocarpus betuloides seedlings. Phosphorus supplementation resulted in a two-fold increase in shoot and total dry matter of seedlings grown in a P-deficient soil. Seedlings grown in P-supplemented soil supported a larger number (4.8 vs. 0.3) and fresh mass (0.179 vs. 0.009 g) of nodules than did controls. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction), N concentration and N accretion were greater for seedlings grown in P-amended soil than for controls. Seedlings were grown at four soil water potentials −0.1, −0.2, −0.4, and −0.7 MPa for 214 days. Biomass production, nodulation, acetylene reduction activity and N accretion were greatest at −0.2 MPa and declined at higher and lower soil water potentials. Independently-measured dependent variables were highly correlated, suggesting that water availability was influencing a primary plant process, most likely photosynthesis, on which other plant processes are dependent.
Simulation of an xy perpendicularly coupled cubic spin system

Abstract A spin system, with spins which tend to align perpendicularly in the x or y direction, is studied via Monte Carlo simulation using the Metropolis algorithm. Spins are allowed to have six projections - up (+ z ), down (− z ), right (+ x ), left (− x ), front (+ y ), and back (− y ) - just as in the ‘cubic model’. Specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and magnetization are sampled in the presence of a magnetic field with equal x and y components. Spins on both simple cubic and face-centered cubic lattices are studied. Results are compared to the results for the cubic model.
Parametric study of the interaction of bridges and moving vehicles

In this paper we develop a mathematical model for the analysis of the dynamic response of a bridge structure as it interacts with moving vehicles. The vehicles are modeled both for fixed axle distances (e.g. Cooper Loadings) and for variable axle distances (e.g. multi-vehicles). We then generate an algorithm to solve the resulting equations of motion. Results obtained using our theoretical model are shown to compare very well with measured field data.
Supported bimetallic cluster catalysts

We review synthesis, structural characterization, and catalysis by supported bimetallic clusters. Initial steps in the preparations include (a) adsorption of molecular metal clusters with preformed metal−metal bonds; (b) synthesis in zeolite cages; and (c) adsorption of a metal complex on a supported complex or cluster of another metal. Chemisorption capacities of supported oxophilic metal−noble metal clusters for hydrogen and CO are typically less than those of supported clusters of just the noble metal. Catalytic properties distinguishing supported bimetallic clusters from monometallics include high selectivities for oxygenates in CO hydrogenation and different selectivities for CO vs CC bond hydrogenation. Advantages of precise synthesis with organometallic precursors (smallness and uniformity of the supported clusters with bonds between the two metals) are offset by the expensive preparations and difficulty of catalyst regeneration. Applications of supported bimetallic clusters are most likely in spec...
Nationalism and Geography: An Interview with Rogers Brubaker

Nationalism, when compared to liberalism and socialism, has been given the status of “the most territorial of political ideologies”. 1 We define “nation” here as a group of people who feel they hav...
A Discussion of Philosophy and Psychotherapy Part 4—Aesthetics: The Question of the Beautiful

A psychiatrist choosing to remain anonymous in this interview is asked about the role of beauty in the making of psychoanalytic interpretations. Are interpretations—of dreams, of symptoms, of patterns of conduct—that we find beautiful for that reason more likely to be true than those that are not perceived in this way? The psychiatrist offered the idea that a “true” interpretation is not in itself beautiful; rather, such an understanding renders beautiful that which has been interpreted. This occurs because formerly opaque, often confusing, images and actions suddenly become transparent, allowing the inner truth of a life to shine through with great clarity. Two examples of interpretations involving such emergent experiences of the beautiful are given: one focusing on a dream that metaphorically—and beautifully—depicted a child's struggle to survive a confusing situation of profound early sexual abuse and the other pertaining to a bleak deterministic philosophy leading a young man toward despair and suici...
The effect of coordinate system choice and segment reference on RSA-based knee translation measures

Abstract Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) can be utilized to accurately describe joint kinematics, but even when measuring small displacements within radiographically discernible structures, standardized reference frames are imperative for useful comparison across patients and across studies. In the current paper, accurately controlled laboratory models demonstrated the considerable influence that a mere 1.9-cm offset of the origin of the coordinate system from the rotation axes could exert on translation measures when rotations were occurring. In addition, the use of two different coordinate systems to gauge translation on a radiographic anterior–posterior (A–P) knee laxity exam resulted in a significant correlation ( R 2 = 0.562 ) between the two systems; however, differences of up 9.28 mm were found between corresponding measurements. This implies that clinical conclusions can potentially be upheld or refuted, based on the same data set, subject to coordinate system definition. Although the data analyzed presently involved the knee joint, similar issues surround the RSA motion analysis of other joints as well.
A definition for chronic sequelae applied to campylobacter and guillian-barre syndrome (Gbs).

PURPOSE: Chronic sequelae (CS) are increasingly important to drinking water risk assessment and management processes, but there has been relatively little scientific rigor in defining CS or reviewing the literature on water-related CS. Our purposes were to develop a scientific definition for CS and to evaluate the definition's practical merit.METHODS: We examined scientific publications for definitions of "chronic sequela." We developed a definition that is based on scientific concepts and that can be systematically applied to literature to assess whether pathogen-related health outcomes qualify as CS. As a case study, we conducted an extensive Medline search and tested our definition on the epidemiological and clinical literature linking Campylobacter and GBS.RESULTS: We defined "chronic sequela" as the secondary adverse health outcome that 1) occurs as a result of a previous infection by a microbial pathogen, and 2) is clearly distinguishable from the health events that initially result from the causative infection, and 3) lasts 3 months or more after recognition. The 12 Campylobacter and GBS studies (five epidemiological and seven clinical) revealed that current data reporting practices limit the evaluation of all three elements in our definition. Laboratory methods and criteria to characterize infection were not always adequately reported. Primary and secondary health events were always reported, but eight of the studies required obtaining additional articles to determine the GBS criteria used. Ten of the 12 articles contained duration data for the GBS symptoms.CONCLUSIONS: Much of the evidence needed to apply our definition was found in the studies reviewed, but changes in reporting practices would facilitate the scientific evaluation of pathogen-CS relationships and estimation of their public health magnitude.
Age of the Alleghenian folding in the Central Appalachians

Paleomagnetic studies of folded Ordovician and Silurian red beds from the Valley and Ridge province of Virginia to Pennsylvania reveal secondary magnetizations that postdate the folding. The pole position for these secondary magnetizations is statistically different from all North American poles younger than Early Permian. Further comparison with the apparent polar wander path of cratonic North America implies that the Alleghenian folding in the Central Appalachians is at least as old as Early Permian and is probably of Late Carboniferous age.
Structural and biological studies on bacterial nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by bacterial NOS functions as a cytoprotective agent against oxidative stress in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus subtilis. The screening of several NOS-selective inhibitors uncovered two inhibitors with potential antimicrobial properties. These two compounds impede the growth of B. subtilis under oxidative stress, and crystal structures show that each compound exhibits a unique binding mode. Both compounds serve as excellent leads for the future development of antimicrobials against bacterial NOS-containing bacteria.
Evolution of the Oligopeptide Transporter Family

The oligopeptide transporter (OPT) family of peptide and iron-siderophore transporters includes members from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but with restricted distribution in the latter domain. Eukaryotic members were found only in fungi and plants with a single slime mold homologue clustering with the fungal proteins. All functionally characterized eukaryotic peptide transporters segregate from the known iron-siderophore transporters on a phylogenetic tree. Prokaryotic members are widespread, deriving from many different phyla. Although they belong only to the iron-siderophore subdivision, genome context analyses suggest that many of them are peptide transporters. OPT family proteins have 16 or occasionally 17 transmembrane-spanning α-helical segments (TMSs). We provide statistical evidence that the 16-TMS topology arose via three sequential duplication events followed by a gene-fusion event for proteins with a seventeenth TMS. The proposed pathway is as follows: 2 TMSs → 4 TMSs → 8 TMSs → 16 TMSs → 17 TMSs. The seventeenth C-terminal TMS, which probably arose just once, is found in just one phylogenetic group of these homologues. Analyses for orthology revealed that a few phylogenetic clusters consist exclusively of orthologues but most have undergone intermixing, suggestive of horizontal transfer. It appears that in this family horizontal gene transfer was frequent among prokaryotes, rare among eukaryotes and largely absent between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as well as between plants and fungi. These observations provide guides for future structural and functional analyses of OPT family members.
N-demethylation of p-chloro-N-methylaniline catalyzed by subcellular fractions from the avocado pear (Persea americana)

Abstract Subcellular fractions from the avocado pear (Persea americana) catalyzed formation of p-chloroaniline from p-chloro-N-methylaniline. Fractions prepared by centrifugation of avocado homogenates at 20,000g for 20 min formed p-chloroaniline (2900 ± 500 pmol min−1 mg protein−1) with an NADPH-generating system. p-Chloroaniline formation required reduced pyridine nucleotide (NADPH was 6–7 times more effective than NADH) and O2. N-Demethylation was inhibited by CO (55% inhibition at CO:O2 = 1) and was not inhibited by CN. Cytochrome P-450 was detected in the 20,000g pellet at levels of 300–380 pmol/mg protein. This particulate preparation was also active in catalyzing the NADPH-dependent epoxidation of the chlorinated cyclodiene aldrin. Improvements to a colorimetric procedure for measuring p-chloroaniline increased the sensitivity of the procedure fourfold, and allowed use of samples containing high amounts of lipid. Avocado pear is suitable tissue for further studies on the oxidation of foreign compounds by higher plants.
Polya tree distributions for statistical modeling of censored data

Polya tree distributions extend the idea of the Dirichlet process as a prior for Bayesian nonparametric problems. Finite dimensional distributions are defined through conditional probabilities in P. This allows for a specification of prior information which carries greater weight where it is deemed appropriate according to the choice of a partition of the sample space. Muliere and Walker[7] construct a partition so that the posterior from right censored data is also a Polya tree. A point of contention is that the specification of the prior is partially dependent on the data. In general, the posterior from censored data will be a mixture of Polya trees. This paper will present a straightforward method for determining the mixing distribution.
Keeping it real: anticounterfeiting strategies in the pharmaceutical industry

Although pharmaceutical counterfeiting incidents can be traced back thousands of years, it has been downplayed and even dismissed by pharmaceutical manufacturers in the past. That has changed. Pharmaceutical firms are newly dedicated to eradicate counterfeits globally and spending more money on anticounterfeiting efforts than ever before. The confluence of three factors seems to have drastically changed the existing paradigm for the pharmaceutical industry: increasing globalization, advancing technology, and the controversies surrounding the WTO Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement and access to medicines. Given that counterfeit pharmaceuticals slip into the supply chain at every link, multinational pharmaceutical firms are searching for global solutions through increased interfirm cooperation along the supply chain. This research presents a theoretical model for characterizing the implications of these interventions on the motivations driving counterfeiters. The interventions are shown to increase the share of real pharmaceuticals and decrease the welfare losses attributable to counterfeiting. In practice, it is too early to evaluate the success of these new measures, but this research reflects on the extent of cooperation both across the supply chain and national boundaries and examines the likely long-run implications of these measures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Back from the brink: catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome.

PRESENTATION Cardiogenic shock was the first sign of a devastating disorder in a 27-year-old woman with multiple medical problems. She presented to an outside hospital after 2 days of nausea, epigastric pain, and worsening dyspnea on exertion. Her medical history included systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hepatitis, immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and migraines. On physical examination, the patient appeared to be in severe respiratory distress. She was afebrile with blood pressure of 100/67 mm Hg, a heart rate of 116 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute with an oxygen saturation of 100% on supplemental oxygen delivered by a non-rebreather mask. She had no jugular venous distention. On cardiac auscultation, her heart rate was fast and regular with a holosystolic murmur, most prominent at the apex, and an S3 gallop was present. Rales were evident on auscultation of bilateral lung bases. Her extremities were cold with no edema. An electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia at 115 beats per minute, low voltage in the anterior leads, and nonspecific ST-T wave changes (Figure 1). Chest radiography revealed bilateral perihilar infiltrates compatible with pulmonary edema. A complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel disclosed leukocytosis (total white blood cell count, 42.1 10 cells/mm), anemia (hemoglobin, 10.6 g/dL), thrombocytopenia (platelet count, 135,000/mm), elevated aspartate
Collapsin-1 Covalently Dimerizes, and Dimerization Is Necessary for Collapsing Activity

Chick collapsin-1, the first identified vertebrate member of the semaphorin family of axon guidance proteins, repels specific growth cones. Like all family members, collapsin-1 contains within its sequence a semaphorin domain that is necessary for specifying activity. Two additional structural domains of collapsin-1, the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and the basic tail, each potentiate collapsin-1 activity. We identify in this study another structural feature of collapsin-1 that is necessary for its function. Collapsin-1 covalently dimerizes, and dimerization is necessary for collapse activity. This dimerization is mediated through a cysteine at residue 723, between the Ig domain and basic tail. The semaphorin domain alone is not active since it cannot dimerize. The collapsing activity of the semaphorin domain can be reconstituted when made as a chimeric construct with an immunoglobin Fc domain, which promotes dimerization.
Modeling the Effect of Chlorine Emissions on Ozone Levels over the Eastern United States

Abstract This paper presents model estimates of the effect of chlorine emissions on atmospheric ozone concentrations in the eastern United States. The model included anthropogenic molecular chlorine emissions, anthropogenic hypochlorous acid emissions from cooling towers and swimming pools, and chlorine released from sea-salt aerosols. The release of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosols was modeled using heterogeneous reactions involving chloride ions in aerosols and three gas-phase species. The gas-phase chlorine chemistry was combined with the Carbon Bond Mechanism and incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. Air quality model simulations were performed for July 2001 and the results obtained with and without chlorine emissions were analyzed. When chlorine emissions were included in the model, ozone concentrations increased in the Houston, Texas, and New York–New Jersey areas. The daily maximum 1-h ozone concentrations increased by up to 12 parts per billion by volume ...
Woman Writing about Women: Li Shuyi's (1817-?) Project on One Hundred Beauties in Chinese History

This article examines the woman poet Li Shuyi's (1817-?) poetry collection Shuyinglou mingshu baiyong (One hundred poems on famous women from Shying Tower). Through a reconstruction of Li Shuyi's life, a reading of her self-preface, and an analysis of her poems, this study aims to demonstrate how a woman author's perception of her own ill fate leads to her becoming a conscious writing subject, and how this self-realization motivates her to produce a gendered writing project. It argues that Li Shuyi articulates in her project her intervention into representations of women's images from her individual perspective on women's history, and her aims for immortality through writing.
FSM: Monte Carlo simulation model of landform evolution as the result of fault activity

Abstract A Monte Carlo model for simulating landform evolution as a result of fault activity on the scale of tens of thousands of years is described. This Fault Simulation Model (FSM) utilizes a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Digitized fault traces define the location and number of cells in the DEM affected by fault events. Elevation changes are solved with a two-dimensional equation of mass continuity for vertical, lateral, and oblique fault displacement. Parameters used in the model include length of fault trace, recurrence intervals of fault events, rate of displacement, and direction of movement.
The browning of Black politics: Foundational Blackness and new Latino subjectivities

This article examines the historic and contemporary circumstances that have produced recent fusions between US-American Black and Latino subjectivities in Houston, Texas. It analyzes expressive culture, ethnographic data, popular media and theories about racial power to argue that memories of anti-Black racism and Black anti-racism strongly influence Latino modes of counter-hegemony and complicate the ways in which Black and Latino histories and subjectivities are analyzed. Houston's unique location and history have created a condition through which Blacks and Latinos have shared a uniquely common experience as targets for state-sanctioned racial violence. That shared struggle has produced a wariness of race that bonds the two groups together. Blackness has served as the primary adhesive in that bond because of what I argue to be its function as a universal signifier of opposition to white supremacy from which Latinos draw strength.
Laser Processing of Integrated Optical Components

The current optoelectronics industry is hleaded toward increasing integration of a large number of passive and active components onto a single substrate. We discuss in this paper our technique for the maskless, laser-based fabrication of integrated optical components.“2 The process uses a focused laser beam to photoelectrochemically etch micrometer-scale grooves in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures, thereby patterning rib-like optical waveguide structures. The technique can be used as a prototyping tool for developing and testing new integrated optic circuits, and unique characteristics of the process offer the potential for fabricating novel integrated optic device structures.
Rapid interface flaw extension with friction—I. Basic analysis

Abstract If the bonding failure is in shear and large compressive stresses are present initially, the extension of an interface flaw in a laminate may be characterized by relative slip between the flaw surfaces resisted by sliding friction. As an introduction to a study of this problem, the basic mathematical analysis for the case of a non-symmetric, uniformly extending flaw at the interface of perfectly bonded half-planes under an initially uniform in-plane shear and compression stress field is considered. Several results which place restrictions on this initial field and raise questions for future work are noted. In particular, the dynamic stresses at the flaw edges generally do not have the standard square-root singularity. However, a critical flaw edge speed may exist at which the singular behavior partially vanishes and square-root singularities are present.
The colloidal stability of fluorescent calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles: The effects of evaporation and redispersion on particle size distribution

Understanding the colloidal stability of nanoparticles is important for biological applications, such as bio-imaging and drug delivery. This work combines theoretical calculations with experimental data to elucidate the mechanism of stabilization for calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles containing Cy3 with both citrate and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) surface conjugation. The citrate surface is shown to provide electrosteric dispersion in water–ethanol mixtures as well as the ability to redisperse after evaporating the solvent. Improved colloidal stability is afforded with the addition of PEG with respect to redispersion after drying. Changes in average agglomeration number (AAN) are tracked and explained by DLVO and the Napper electrosteric and steric theories for dispersion, respectively.
Solid-phase Microextraction (SPME) with Stable Isotope Calibration for Measuring Bioavailability of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a biomimetic tool ideally suited for measuring bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment and soil matrices. However, conventional SPME sampling requires the attainment of equilibrium between the fiber and sample matrix, which may take weeks or months, greatly limiting its applicability. In this study, we explored the preloading of polydimethylsiloxane fiber with stable isotope labeled analogs (SI-SPME) to circumvent the need for long sampling time, and evaluated the performance of SI-SPME against the conventional equilibrium SPME (Eq-SPME) using a range of sediments and conditions. Desorption of stable isotope-labeled analogs and absorption of PCB-52, PCB-153, bifenthrin and cis-permethrin were isotropic, validating the assumption for SI-SPME. Highly reproducible preloading was achieved using acetone–water (1:4, v/v) as the carrier. Compared to Eq-SPME that required weeks or even months, the fiber concentrations (Cf) under equilibrium could b...
A new algorithm for detecting central apnea in neonates

Apnea of prematurity is an important and common clinical problem, and is often the rate-limiting process in NICU discharge. Accurate detection of episodes of clinically important neonatal apnea using existing chest impedance (CI) monitoring is a clinical imperative. The technique relies on changes in impedance as the lungs fill with air, a high impedance substance. A potential confounder, however, is blood coursing through the heart. Thus, the cardiac signal during apnea might be mistaken for breathing. We report here a new filter to remove the cardiac signal from the CI that employs a novel resampling technique optimally suited to remove the heart rate signal, allowing improved apnea detection. We also develop an apnea detection method that employs the CI after cardiac filtering. The method has been applied to a large database of physiological signals, and we prove that, compared to the presently used monitors, the new method gives substantial improvement in apnea detection.
Mixed-state flux dynamics in bulk MgB2

Electric field vs. current density (E–J) isotherms in the mixed-state of a bulk sample of the high-temperature superconductor MgB2 (Tc=38.5 K), synthesized under 200 MPa pressure by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing), have been measured and analyzed in terms of the critical scaling model. Magnetization data reveal distinctly different critical current density (Jc) behaviors in high and low magnetic field critical scaling regions. E–J isotherm sets at fields ranging from 2 to 90 kOe conform to the vortex-glass (VG) scaling anzatz. Scaling analysis, resistivity data and Jc data suggest that a Bragg-glass state may exist for H<8 kOe. The critical scaling exponents depend on field and range from ν∼0.6, z∼3.1 in low fields (H<8 kOe) to ν∼0.9, z∼3.4 in high fields. A more complete magnetic field–temperature (H–T) phase diagram, containing the upper critical field Hc2(T), the VG transition line Hg(T), and the magnetic irreversibility line Hirr(T) has been established for bulk MgB2.
Review of Foreign Body Ingestion and Esophageal Food Impaction Management in Adolescents

Foreign body ingestion is a common clinical scenario among patients of all ages. The immediate risk to the patient ranges from negligible to life threatening. Initial and follow-up management strategies depend on multiple patient and ingested object-related factors. Available literature on this topic tends to focus on the small child or adult, leaving the clinician caring for adolescents to extrapolate this information to guide decision making for individual patients. This article reviews foreign body ingestion literature with important implications to the adolescent patient and raises awareness of some highly dangerous objects such as large button batteries, high-powered magnets, long sharps, narcotic packages, and super absorbent objects. An additional focus includes the management of esophageal food impaction. We highlight the unique aspects to the care of the adolescent with intentional ingestion and co-morbid psychiatric illness. The article concludes by discussing the challenges to prevention of ingestion in the at-risk patient.
Sorafenib is an Inhibitor of UGT1A1 but is Metabolized by UGT1A9: Implications of Genetic Variants on Pharmacokinetics and Hyperbilirubinemia

Purpose: Several case reports suggest sorafenib exposure and sorafenib-induced hyperbilirubinemia may be related to a (TA) 5/6/7 repeat polymorphism in UGT1A1*28 (UGT, uridine glucuronosyl transferase). We hypothesized that sorafenib inhibits UGT1A1 and individuals carrying UGT1A1*28 and/or UGT1A9 variants experience greater sorafenib exposure and greater increase in sorafenib-induced plasma bilirubin concentration. Experimental Design: Inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated bilirubin glucuronidation by sorafenib was assessed in vitro. UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A9*3 genotypes were ascertained with fragment analysis or direct sequencing in 120 cancer patients receiving sorafenib on five different clinical trials. Total bilirubin measurements were collected in prostate cancer patients before receiving sorafenib ( n = 41) and 19 to 30 days following treatment and were compared with UGT1A1*28 genotype. Results: Sorafenib exhibited mixed-mode inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated bilirubin glucuronidation (IC 50 = 18 μmol/L; K i = 11.7 μmol/L) in vitro . Five patients carrying UGT1A1*28/*28 ( n = 4) or UGT1A9*3 / *3 ( n = 1) genotypes had first dose, dose-normalized areas under the sorafenib plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) that were in the 93rd percentile, whereas three patients carrying UGT1A1*28 / *28 had AUCs in the bottom quartile of all genotyped patients. The Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters genotyping platform was applied to DNA obtained from six patients, which revealed the ABCC2-24C > T genotype cosegregated with sorafenib AUC phenotype. Sorafenib exposure was related to plasma bilirubin increases in patients carrying 1 or 2 copies of UGT1A1*28 alleles ( n = 12 and n = 5; R 2 = 0.38 and R 2 = 0.77; P = 0.032 and P = 0.051, respectively). UGT1A1*28 carriers showed two distinct phenotypes that could be explained by ABCC2-24C > T genotype and are more likely to experience plasma bilirubin increases following sorafenib if they had high sorafenib exposure. Conclusions: This pilot study indicates that genotype status of UGT1A1 , UGT1A9 , and ABCC2 and serum bilirubin concentration increases reflect abnormally high AUC in patients treated with sorafenib. Clin Cancer Res; 18(7); 2099–107. ©2012 AACR .
Global epidemiology and public health in the 21st century applications of new technology

Abstract Epidemiology and public health need to change for the upcoming problems of the 21st century and beyond. We outline a four-point approach to produce this change. The first one is to take a systems approach to disease. The second approach discussed is the use of new techniques to “count” disease using capture-recapture. The third represents the application of telecommunications, especially the Internet, to public health. The fourth and final component represents the application, at the local health department level, of a total quality approach, as espoused by Deming, for the prevention of disease.
Throughput Optimization in Cognitive Random Wireless Ad hoc Networks

We consider coexistence of overlapping but distinct primary and secondary random ad hoc networks. A secondary node has node-level and network-level obligations to avoid interference on primary receiving nodes. At the node level, it is allowed to transmit only if it does not detect data reception from its primary neighbors. At the network level, it needs to make sure that the aggregate secondary interference on an arbitrary primary receiving node satisfies an interference constraint. In this paper, we show that both of these obligations are non-trivially related to transmission attempt probabilities in primary and secondary networks and our aim is the optimization of throughput in these networks. We show that the interference constraint limits the feasible space for transmission probabilities of both systems. Looking at the secondary network, as a network plugged into the primary, we propose a progressive transmission probability optimization algorithm and show through simulation that it converges to the optimum throughput in a few time slots. Results show that at the optimum transmission probabilities, while the primary network deviates slightly from its optimal throughput (obtained when secondary network is not present), a considerable throughput can be gained by the secondary network. Results also show that the sum throughput also increases as a result of this optimization.
Is it safe

How much chance is there that nuclear waste will leak out of its proposed resting place at Yucca Mountain in Nevada over the next 100 centuries? According to the Department of Energy, about as much chance as a volcano erupting through the site. Continued concerns about the geologic suitability of the site are behind DOE's decision to concentrate on looking for features that would disqualify it; the search will prevent the facility from receiving waste until at least 2010.
Black Children's Race Awareness, Racial Attitudes and Self-Concept: A Reinterpretation.

Results of a study of 130 black preschool children support the previous research finding that black preschoolers show majority group racial attitudes. Eighty percent of the sample obtained positive self-concept scores, while demonstrating pro-white biased cultural values on a racial attitude and preference measure. This significant finding is contrary to previous theorizing and consistent with recent data for a Southern sample (Spencer, 1982a). Few studies have empirically questioned this relationship, assuming less positive self-concepts of black children who have consistently shown pro-white cultural values. Race awareness affected majority group-preferenced racial attitudes. Results suggest that black preschool children effectively compartmentalize personal identity (i.e. self-concept) from knowledge of racial evaluations.
Responsible Eigenvalue concept for consensus control of three robotic vehicles: Heterogeneous coupling case

Three robotic vehicles are controlled on an x-y plane by sending them commands from a host computer via a Bluetooth connection, while capturing their positions with a camera/software system. The control loop delays are substantial, and are artificially added to mimic a long-distance control scenario. Our Responsible Eigenvalue concept and analytical rightmost root analysis approach are used to design heterogeneous couplings for the robots, to both achieve consensus and to reduce consensus reach time. Implementation of the couplings in experiments demonstrate that there is a good match with simulations.
The Politics of the Anthropogenic

The term anthropogenic takes its meaning from an implied contrast to an idealist notion of nature as separate from humans and endowed with a timeless or cyclical equilibrium. In recent decades, however, scientists have concluded that human influences now dominate nature at global and geological scales, reflected in the contention that Earth has entered a new epoch called the Anthropocene. Anthropogenic global warming is central to these developments, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change obligates the international community of nations to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Scientific debates surrounding anthropogenic impacts on the environment have a much longer history, however, revealing chronic empirical difficulties with the human-nature dualism combined with an inability to overcome it conceptually. Anthropologists have a key role to play in emerging transdisciplinary efforts to understand the anthropogenic across scales from the molecular ...
An experimental study of reputation with heterogeneous goods

Reputation systems provide decision support for e-commerce. A shortcoming of existing systems is that all transactions are rated equally, and the impact of reputation systems for differently valued goods is not well understood. In an experiment, we study a heterogeneous good market. We find that the reputation system increases surplus by increasing transactions in the high value good. Allowing for heterogeneous goods reduces information, as buyers cannot determine whether the seller previously transacted in low/high value goods. We test a new system, which displays reputation separately for each good. We provide evidence that this additional information is utilized in decisions. Highlights? Reputation systems affect transactions of high value goods differently from low. ? Reputation increases successful transactions in high value goods rather than low. ? Suggestive evidence that a new reputation system is utilized.
Hepatic triglyceride contents are genetically determined in mice: results of a strain survey.

To assess whether genetic factor(s) determine liver triglyceride (TG) levels, a 10-mouse strain survey of liver TG contents was performed. Hepatic TG contents were highest in BALB/cByJ, medium in C...