cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy preserving crowd monitoring: Counting people without people models or tracking

We present a privacy-preserving system for estimating the size of inhomogeneous crowds, composed of pedestrians that travel in different directions, without using explicit object segmentation or tracking. First, the crowd is segmented into components of homogeneous motion, using the mixture of dynamic textures motion model. Second, a set of simple holistic features is extracted from each segmented region, and the correspondence between features and the number of people per segment is learned with Gaussian process regression. We validate both the crowd segmentation algorithm, and the crowd counting system, on a large pedestrian dataset (2000 frames of video, containing 49,885 total pedestrian instances). Finally, we present results of the system running on a full hour of video.
The timing of rotator cuff repair for the restoration of function.

Introduction: This study was developed to test the hypothesis that there is a period in which a painful, traumatic rotator cuff tear, with associated weakness and the inability to abduct above shoulder level, should be repaired to allow for improvement in function. Methods: Forty-two consecutive, prospectively followed patients met the criteria for entrance into this study. Of those, 36 patients were available for a minimum 9 months follow-up (average, 31 months; range, 9e71) by office visit. Patient outcomes were measured using the UCLA End-Result and ASES scoring systems. Patient variables, including time from injury to repair, tear size, degree of preoperative fat infiltration, patient satisfaction, and improvement in pain, were evaluated for their association with surgical outcome using independent t testing. Time to repair was evaluated at 0e2 months, 2e4 months, and greater than 4 months. Results: Pain scores improved from 7 to 1.4 (P < .01) and active elevation improved from 55 � to 133 � (P < .01). UCLA/ASES scores improved from 8/30 to 26/79, respectively (P < .01, P < .01). All but 2 of the 36 patients were satisfied with their result. Preoperative fatty atrophy did not correlate with postoperative function. Rotator cuff tear size had no influence on patient outcome if repaired before 4 months. Massive tears repaired after 4 months had the worst outcome. Conclusion: Our results emphasize that the treatment outcome for traumatic rotator cuff tears of all sizes, with associated weakness, is not compromised up to 4 months after their injury. Level of evidence: Level III, Retrospective Case Control Study, Treatment Study. 2010 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Elimination of Hypoglycemia From the Lives of People Affected by Diabetes

Iatrogenic hypoglycemia is a problem for people affected by diabetes (1). It causes recurrent morbidity in most people with type 1 diabetes and many with advanced type 2 diabetes, and it is sometimes fatal. It generally precludes maintenance of euglycemia over a lifetime of diabetes and thus full realization of the vascular benefits of glycemic control. And, it compromises defenses against subsequent falling plasma glucose concentrations and therefore causes a vicious cycle of recurrent hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia in diabetes is fundamentally iatrogenic, the result of therapeutic hyperinsulinemia caused by treatment with a sulfonylurea, a glinide, or insulin. But because of the effectiveness of the normal glucose counterregulatory mechanisms, hypoglycemia is typically the result of the interplay of therapeutic hyperinsulinemia and compromised physiological and behavioral defenses against falling plasma glucose concentrations in people with diabetes (1). The compromised physiological defenses include loss of the normal decrements in insulin, increments in glucagon, and increments in epinephrine as glucose levels fall in absolute endogenous insulin deficient diabetes (1). Loss of decrements in insulin and of increments in glucagon develop early in people with type 1 diabetes but only later in people with type 2 diabetes. In view of increasing evidence that β-cell insulin secretion normally restrains α-cell glucagon secretion (2) and that a decrease in insulin normally signals an increase in glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia (3), loss of both the insulin and the glucagon responses is plausibly attributable to β-cell failure (1). That construct fits nicely with the fact that iatrogenic hypoglycemia becomes a major problem early in people with type 1 diabetes but only later in people with type 2 diabetes (1). Given the evidence that insulin also acts on the hypothalamus to restrain glucagon secretion, there may also be a central nervous system component to the loss of the glucagon response …
Longitudinal Strain in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Is There a Role for Prognostication

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents ≈50% of the overall heart failure (HF) population,1 yet relatively few prognostic markers are used in routine clinical practice. Clinicians commonly assess symptom severity, previous HF hospitalizations, natriuretic peptide levels, and comorbidity burden to characterize disease trajectory. Furthermore, without disease-modifying agents, the management of HFpEF is largely limited to the optimization of volume status and comorbid conditions.2 In contrast, for patients with HF with reduced EF, clinicians incorporate an array of data from clinical evaluation and diagnostic testing to risk-stratify patients, individualize guideline-based medication regimens, and determine optimal timing for implantable devices and advanced therapies. For instance, thresholds for echocardiographic and exercise testing parameters (eg, EF and maximal oxygen consumption) are central components of the decision-making process for defibrillator implantation and advanced therapies such as ventricular assist devices.2 An equivalent prognostic marker to EF has not been identified for HFpEF patients despite the similarly high event rate in comparison with HF with reduced EF cohorts.3,4 Article see p 402 Given that HFpEF patients have normal systolic function as quantified by EF, measures of diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography (eg, myocardial tissue relaxation and ventricular inflow patterns) have been used to characterize disease severity.5 However, these parameters have modest sensitivity and specificity.6,7 An alternative diagnostic measure that captures the underlying myocardial abnormality in HFpEF with superior fidelity would help with both diagnostic and prognostic dilemmas. For instance, such a test could help determine whether progressive dyspnea was due to worsening HF or whether another disease process (eg, lung disease) should be investigated. Moreover, if the parameter was shown to be modifiable with therapy and modulation translated into improved clinical outcomes, this would change the landscape of HFpEF care and clinical research. Such a biomarker …
Iterative zonal wave-front estimation algorithm for optical testing with general-shaped pupils

An iterative zonal wave-front estimation algorithm for slope or gradient-type data in optical testing acquired with regular or irregular pupil shapes is presented. In the mathematical model proposed, the optical surface, or wave-front shape estimation, which may have any pupil shape or size, shares a predefined wave-front estimation matrix that we establish. Owing to the finite pupil of the instrument, the challenge of wave front shape estimation in optical testing lies in large part in how to properly handle boundary conditions. The solution we propose is an efficient iterative process based on Gerchberg-type iterations. The proposed method is validated with data collected from a 15×15-grid Shack–Hartmann sensor built at the Nanjing Astronomical Instruments Research Center in China. Results show that the rms deviation error of the estimated wave front from the original wave front is less than λ∕130–λ∕150 after ∼12 iterations and less than λ∕100 (both for λ=632.8 nm) after as few as four iterations. Also, a theoretical analysis of algorithm complexity and error propagation is presented.
Expression of truncated latent TGF-β-binding protein modulates TGF-β signaling

Transforming growth factor-β is released from most cells as an inactive complex consisting of transforming growth factor-β, the transforming growth factor-β propeptide and the latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein. We studied the role of latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein in modulating transforming growth factor-β availability by generating transgenic mice that express a truncated form of latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein-1 that binds to transforming growth factor-β but is missing the known N- and C-terminal matrix-binding sequences. As transforming growth factor-β is an inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation and is involved in the control of hair cycling, we over-expressed the mutated form of latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein under the control of the keratin 14-promoter. Transgenic animals displayed a hair phenotype due to a reduction in keratinocyte proliferation, an abbreviated growth phase and an early initiation of the involution (catagen) phase of the hair cycle. This phenotype appears to result from excess active transforming growth factor-β, as enhanced numbers of pSmad2/3-positive nuclei are observed in transgenic animal skin. These data suggest that the truncated form of latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein-1 competes with wild-type latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein for binding to latent transforming growth factor-β, resulting in latent transforming growth factor-β complexes that fail to be targeted correctly in the extracellular matrix. The mis-localization of the transforming growth factor-β results in inappropriate activation and premature initiation of catagen, thereby illustrating the significance of latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein interaction with transforming growth factor-β in the targeting and activation of latent transforming growth factor-β in addition to previously reported effects on small latent complex secretion.
RACISM, MORALISM, AND SOCIAL CRITICISM 1

Through a critical engagement with Lawrence Blum’s theory of racism, I defend a “social criticism” model for the philosophical study of racism. This model relies on empirical analyses of social and psychological phenomena but goes beyond this to include the assessment of the warrant of widely held beliefs and the normative evaluation of attitudes, actions, institutions, and social arrangements. I argue that we should give political philosophy theoretical primacy over moral philosophy in normative analyses of racism. I also show how conceptualizing racism as an ideology gives us a unified account of racism and helps us to see what is truly troubling about racism, both in the past and today.
A survey of stability analysis of feature subset selection techniques

With the proliferation of high-dimensional datasets across many application domains in recent years, feature selection has become an important data mining task due to its capability to improve both performance and computational efficiencies. The chosen feature subset is important not only due to its ability to improve classification performance, but also because in some domains, knowing the most important features is an end unto itself. In this latter case, one important property of a feature selection method is stability, which refers to insensitivity (robustness) of the selected features to small changes in the training dataset. In this survey paper, we discuss the problem of stability, its importance, and various stability measures used to evaluate feature subsets. We place special focus on the problem of stability as it applies to subset evaluation approaches (whether they are selected through filter-based subset techniques or wrapper-based subset selection techniques) as opposed to feature ranker stability, as subset evaluation stability leads to challenges which have been the subject of less research. We also discuss one domain of particular importance where subset evaluation (and the stability thereof) shows particular importance, but which has previously had relatively little attention for subset-based feature selection: Big Data which originates from bioinformatics.
"Whose Game Is This Anyway?": Negotiating Corporate Ownership in a Virtual World

This paper explores the ways the commercialization of multiuser environments is posing particular challenges to user autonomy and authorship. With ever broadening defi nitions of intellectual property rights the status of cultural and symbolic artifacts as products of collaborative efforts becomes increasingly problematized. In the case of virtual environments ‐ such as massive multiplayer online role-play games ‐ where users develop identities, bodies (avatars) and communities the stakes are quite high. This analysis draws on several case studies to raise questions about the status of culture and authorship in these games.
Predictive hierarchical model of quark and lepton masses.

Details of a recently proposed model of quark and lepton masses are presented, including a thorough discussion of technical issues relating to the naturalness, self-consistency, and realism of the model. Also discussed are the essential underlying ideas, which are compared to other ideas in the literature, and possible variants of the model.
What does the "multi" in multi-mission mean? evolution of the T-AGS 60 class oceanographic survey ships

In 1989 the Oceanographer of the Navy approved the Top Level Requirements for a new class of multimission oceanographic survey ships (T-AGS (O)), T-AGS (O) ultimately became the T-AGS 60 Class Oceanographic Survey Ships. The first of six ships, USNS PATHFINDER (T-AGS 60) was delivered in 1994 and became operational in 1996. Three additional T-AGS 60 class ships USNS SUMNER (T-AGS 61), USNS BOWDITCH (T-AGS 62), and USNS HENSON (T-AGS 63) are currently in operation. USNS BRUCE C. HEEZEN (T-AGS 64) was delivered in January 2000, and the USNS MARY SEARS (T-AGS 65) is under construction for delivery in December 2001. This paper discusses the Naval Oceanographic Office's efforts to incorporate new technology to maintain mission capability and to meet evolving mission requirements for the T-AGS 60 Class ships in operation, under test, and under construction.
A macromodeling algorithm for analog circuits

A macromodel is an electrical network containing fewer devices and/or fewer nodes than the circuit it represents. A general-purpose algorithm for the generation of macromodels suitable for circuit simulation is presented. The algorithm is based exclusively on a comparison of the input-output behavior of the macromodel with that to the circuit to be modeled. Because no reliance on any particular properties of the circuit is made, the algorithm can be used to model a very wide class of circuits. Three examples are presented to demonstrate the algorithm's performance, two of which were chosen specifically to test the algorithm's ability to approximate nonlinearities in the circuits to be modeled. In all cases, the accuracy of the macromodels was shown to improve substantially using reasonable amounts of CPU time. >
Lateral flow microarrays: a novel platform for rapid nucleic acid detection based on miniaturized lateral flow chromatography

Widely used nucleic acid assays are poorly suited for field deployment where access to laboratory instrumentation is limited or unavailable. The need for field deployable nucleic acid detection demands inexpensive, facile systems without sacrificing information capacity or sensitivity. Here we describe a novel microarray platform capable of rapid, sensitive nucleic acid detection without specialized instrumentation. The approach is based on a miniaturized lateral flow device that makes use of hybridization-mediated target capture. The miniaturization of lateral flow nucleic acid detection provides multiple advantages over traditional lateral flow devices. Ten-microliter sample volumes reduce reagent consumption and yield analyte detection times, excluding sample preparation and amplification, of <120 s while providing sub-femtomole sensitivity. Moreover, the use of microarray technology increases the potential information capacity of lateral flow. Coupled with a hybridization-based detection scheme, the lateral flow microarray (LFM) enables sequence-specific detection, opening the door to highly multiplexed implementations for broad-range assays well suited for point-of-care and other field applications. The LFM system is demonstrated using an isothermal amplification strategy for detection of Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax. RNA from as few as two B. anthracis cells was detected without thermocycling hardware or fluorescence detection systems.
Early Postnatal Iron Repletion Overcomes Lasting Effects of Gestational Iron Deficiency in Rats

Iron deficiency anemia in early childhood causes developmental delays and, very likely, irreversible alterations in neurological functioning. One primary goal for the present study was to determine whether the effects of late gestational iron deficiency on brain monoamine metabolism, iron content, and behavioral phenotypes could be repaired with iron intervention in early lactation. Young pregnant rats were provided iron-deficient or control diets from mid-gestation (G15). At postnatal d 4 (P4), pups from iron-deficient dams were out-fostered either to other ID dams or control dams while pups of control dams were similarly fostered to other control dams. Dietary treatments continued to adulthood (P65) when brain iron and regional monoamines were evaluated. P4 iron repletion normalized body iron status, brain iron concentrations, monoamine concentrations, and monoamine transporter and receptor densities in most brain regions. Dopamine transporter densities in caudate and substantia nigra were lower in ID rats but were normalized with iron repletion. Serotonin transporter levels in most brain regions and open-field exploration were also normalized with iron repletion. The success of this approach of early postnatal iron intervention following iron deficiency in utero contrasts to a relative lack of success when the intervention is performed at weaning. These data suggest that a window of opportunity exists for reversing the detrimental effects of iron deficiency in utero in rats and provides strong support of intervention approaches in humans with iron deficiency during pregnancy.
AMP-activated protein kinase activity and glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been hypothesized to mediate contraction and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribonucleoside (AICAR)-induced increases in glucose uptake in skeletal ...
Retrovirus-mediated HO gene transfer into endothelial cells protects against oxidant-induced injury.

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a stress protein that has been implicated in defense mechanisms against agents that may induce oxidative injury, such as endotoxins, heme, and cytokines. Overexpression of ...
Involvement of Sensory Regions in Affective Experience: A Meta-Analysis.

A growing body of work suggests that sensory processes may also contribute to affective experience. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of affective experiences driven through visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory stimulus modalities including study contrasts that compared affective stimuli to matched neutral control stimuli. We found, first, that limbic and paralimbic regions, including the amygdala, anterior insula, pre-supplementary motor area and portions of orbitofrontal cortex were consistently engaged across two or more modalities. Second, early sensory input regions in occipital, temporal, piriform, mid-insular, and primary sensory cortex were frequently engaged during affective experiences driven by visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and somatosensory inputs. A classification analysis demonstrated that the pattern of neural activity across a contrast map diagnosed the stimulus modality driving the affective experience. These findings suggest that affective experiences are constructed from activity that is distributed across limbic and paralimbic brain regions and also activity in sensory cortical regions.
Near-Optimal Algorithms for Capacity Constrained Assortment Optimization

Assortment optimization is an important problem that arises in many practical applications such as retailing and online advertising. In an assortment optimization problem, the goal is to select a subset of items that maximizes the expected revenue in the presence of the substitution behavior of consumers specified by a choice model. In this paper, we consider the capacity constrained version of the assortment optimization problem under several choice models including Multinomial logit (MNL), Nested Logit (NL) and the mixture of Multinomial logit (MMNL) models. The goal is to select a revenue maximizing subset of items with total weight or capacity at most a given bound. We present a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for these models when the number of mixtures or nests is constant. Our FPTAS uses ideas similar to the FPTAS for the knapsack problem.The running time of our algorithm depends exponentially on the number of mixtures in the MMNL model. We show that surprisingly the exponential dependence on the number of mixtures is necessary for any near-optimal algorithm for the MMNL choice model. In particular, we show that there is no algorithm with running time polynomial in the number of items, n and mixtures, K that obtains an approximation better than O(1/K1−δ) for any δ > 0 for even the unconstrained assortment optimization over a general MMNL model. Our reduction provides a procedure to construct a natural family of hard benchmark instances for the assortment optimization problem over MMNL that may be of independent interest. These instances are quite analogous to the consideration set based models (Jagabathula and Rusmevichientong (2014)) where the consideration set arises from a graphical model. We also present some special cases of MMNL and NL models where we can obtain an FPTAS with a polynomial dependence on the number of mixtures.
Exposure, recall, judged favorability, and sales: 'Mere exposure' and consumer behavior

Although attitudinal effects of exposure have been demonstrated, previous reports of weak relationships between attitudes and behavior raise questions regarding the behavioral effects of exposure. Substantial positive correlations were found between an index of exposure to each U.S. President, probability of recalling the President in a free recall task, rated favorableness of attitude toward each, and number of Presidential decanters purchased in several grocery stores. Using multiple regression, however, only recall significantly predicted decanter sales ( r = 0.81), while only the exposure index significantly predicted, favorableness ratings ( r = 0.75). Theoretical implications are discussed.
Estimation of Lateral Variations of the Mohorovičić Discontinuity Using 2D Modeling of Receiver Functions

We used 2D finite‐difference modeling and azimuthally binned receiver functions (RFs) to explore whether abrupt offsets in Moho depth can be detected by one or a few closely spaced P ‐wave RFs. Our results show that 2D synthetic RFs generated in the immediate vicinity above a Moho depth change can provide important clues to the abruptness of the offset. In particular, diffraction of the waves impinging onto the Moho offset may generate a split P S arrival, causing systematic variation of peak‐to‐peak P ‐ P S delay times with increasing ray parameter, depending on the location relative to the Moho offset and the incidence direction of the RFs. We outline an approach using a slant‐stack method to constrain the location of a relatively abrupt depth change of Moho (![Graphic][1] ) using separate RF stacks incident from opposite directions. For a station located on the western border of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan (LKR), our 2D models with an ∼8 km transition from a shallower Moho to the east and deeper Moho to the west generate synthetic RFs with features in general agreement with observations. These models, which include step‐ and ramp‐like offsets of Moho, are in general agreement with estimates of crustal thickness from seismic data. Thus, our results suggest that characteristics in one or a few azimuthally binned radial P ‐wave RFs can be used in concert with a slant‐stack analysis to pinpoint a relatively abrupt change in underlying Moho depth. Online Material: Discussion and figures of a verification study of receiver functions (RFs) computed by different methods, crustal phases generated in our 2D model using animations of the simulated wave propagations, as well as estimated crustal structures, and RFs for Moho offset models, including realistic levels of noise. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Abstract WP267: Adipose Stem Cells Restore Alveolar Macrophage and Monocyte Dynamics after Ischemic Stroke

Background: Pneumonia is a complication in stroke patients. Resident alveolar macrophages (AMΦs) are the predominant cell type in the alveolar space with a slow turn-over rate maintained by monocyt...
Repair of simple rectovaginal fistulas. Influence of previous repairs.

The results of 81 endorectal flap advancements for simple rectovaginal fistulas are reported. Simple fistulas are defined as <2.5 cm in diameter, low or mid vaginal septum in location, and infectious or traumatic in origin. Essentially, the technique is advancement of a flap of mucosa, submucosa, and circular muscle over midline approximation of internal sphincter muscle. The mean patient age was 34 years old (range, 18 to 76 years). The causes were obstetrical injury (74 percent), perineal infection (10 percent), operative trauma (7 percent), and unknown (8 percent). Overall, the repair was successful in 83 percent of patients. Success correlated with the number of previous repairs,i.e., none: 88 percent success; one: 85 percent success; two: 55 percent success. There were 25 concomitant overlapping sphincteroplasty procedures. Only minor complications ensued, with no mortality. This repair is recommended for patients with no or one previous repair because of its lack of mortality, minimal morbidity, ease of concomitant sphincteroplasty, and avoidance of a colostomy. For patients with two or more earlier repairs, a muscle interposition should be considered.
Eszopiclone and Dexmedetomidine depress ventilation in obese rats with features of metabolic syndrome

Study objectives Obesity alters the therapeutic window of sedative/hypnotic drugs and increases the probability of respiratory complications. The current experiments used an established rodent model of obesity to test the hypothesis that the sedative/hypnotic drugs eszopiclone and dexmedetomidine alter ventilation differentially in obese rats compared with lean/fit rats. Design This study used a within-groups/between-groups experimental design. Setting University of Michigan. Participants Experiments were conducted using lean/fit rats (n = 21) and obese rats (n = 21) that have features of metabolic syndrome. Interventions Breathing was measured with whole-body plethysmography after systemic administration of vehicle (control), the nonbenzodiazepine, benzodiazepine site agonist eszopiclone, or the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine. Measurements and results Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc comparisons. At baseline, the obese/metabolic syndrome rats had increased respiratory rates (21.6%), lower tidal volumes/body weight (-24.1%), and no differences in minute ventilation compared to lean/fit rats. In the obese rats, respiratory rate was decreased by dexmedetomidine (-29%), but not eszopiclone. In the lean and the obese rats, eszopiclone decreased tidal volume (-12%). Both sedative/hypnotic drugs caused a greater decrease in minute ventilation in the obese (-26.3%) than lean (-18%) rats. Inspiratory flow rate (VT / TI) of the obese rats was decreased by dexmedetomidine (-10.6%) and eszopiclone (-18%). Duty cycle (TI / TTOT) in both rat lines was decreased by dexmedetomidine (-16.5%) but not by eszopiclone. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine, in contrast to eszopiclone, decreased minute ventilation in the obese/metabolic syndrome rats by depressing both duty cycle and inspiratory flow rate. The results show for the first time that the obese phenotype differentially modulates the respiratory effects of eszopiclone and dexmedetomidine. These differences in breathing are consistent with previously documented differences in sleep between lean/fit and obese rats. These findings also encourage future studies of obese/metabolic syndrome rats that quantify the effect of sedative/hypnotic drugs on respiratory mechanics as well as hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses. Continued findings of favorable homology between obese humans and rodents will support the interpretation that these obese rats offer a unique animal model for mechanistic studies.
Repositories for the Storage of Experimental Neuroscience Data

Publisher Summary One of the major problems encountered by many neuroscientists is the coherent storage, organization, and retrieval of extremely diverse and large datasets. This chapter discusses the novel database schema to help neuroscientists in managing complex datasets and implementation that allow datasets from diverse labs to be stored coherently in a single framework. It also discusses the key ideas behind the development of NeuroCore and illustrates its application in the design of two databases—one for “cerebellum and classical conditioning” and the other for “long-term potentiation in the hippocampal slice.” Neuroscientists collect data composed of many types, from the storage of simple tabular data in both numeric and textual form to more complex data types such as images, videos, and time series data. The electrophysical and behavioral data collected are digitized data that include single unit data, multiple unit data, and the movement of the nictating membrane. The most important histological data for an electro-physiological experiment is an accurate record of recording sites, as determined from the examination of electrode marking lesions. This chapter also illustrates the building of a time series database for in vitro neurophysiology called long-term potentiation in the hippocampal slice.
The value of trust in knowledge sharing

Knowledge sharing is currently at the forefront of research in the areas of organizational management and electronic business. Research has focused on aspects of knowledge sharing such as trust, quality of knowledge shared, and task complexity. This chapter builds on past inquiries of trust in knowledge sharing by examining how the benefits obtained from knowledge sharing change as trust levels change. A Repeated Measures ANOVA design is used to test the impact of trust on knowledge sharing. Task completion time, the dependent variable, measures the effect of knowledge sharing. Statistical analysis suggests that the benefit obtained from knowledge sharing increases as trust level increases.
Natural History of Pediatric Indeterminate Colitis

Indeterminate colitis (IC), as a classification of inflammatory bowel disease, was introduced by Kent in 1970 [1] and was intended to classify colectomy specimens that had histology findings suggestive of Crohn’s disease (CD), despite a patient’s clinical history of ulcerative colitis (UC). The 2014 Porto Criteria established new terminology, inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBD-U), to reduce confusion among providers, researchers, and patients [2]. Contemporarily, IBD-U is used broadly for patients whose clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histological findings provide a muddled picture. In this chapter, we review the clinical and histological criteria needed to establish the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBD-U), describe the factors that lead to the diagnosis of IBD-U, investigate occurrence of reclassification, and review the available literature about the natural history of this classification.
Liver abnormalities and post‐transplant survival in pediatric Fontan patients

The impact of liver parenchymal abnormalities on survival post-heart transplant remains unknown in pediatric Fontan patients. We assessed pediatric Fontan patients who underwent heart transplant and had documented pretransplant hepatic ultrasound (U/S) studies. Liver U/S findings were classified as normal (Group 1), mildly abnormal (Group 2, hepatomegaly/vascular congestion), or severely abnormal (Group 3, heterogeneous echotexture/nodularity). Among 30 study patients, 8 were classified as Group 1, 14 as Group 2, while 8 met Group 3 criteria. Pretransplant liver biochemistry and synthetic function were similar in all groups. Six Group 3 patients underwent liver biopsy; 4 demonstrated perisinusoidal or centrilobular fibrosis, and 2 had cirrhosis. Overall mortality was 30% (n = 9). Median follow-up was 5 years (range, 0.25-13 years). One-year survival was similar among all 3 groups (P = .37), with a trend toward higher cumulative 5-year survival in Group 1 (100%). The majority of pediatric Fontan patients who underwent heart transplant demonstrated abnormal preoperative liver ultrasound findings. Heterogeneous echotexture or nodularity detected on U/S frequently indicates underlying liver parenchymal abnormalities. The presence of severe liver abnormalities was not associated with higher early mortality post-heart transplant in pediatric Fontan patients; however, late outcomes must be further elucidated.
The complexity of propositional default logics

We characterize the complexity of several typical problems in propositional default logics. In particular, we examine the complexity of extension membership, extension existence, and extension entailment problems. We show that the extension existence problem is Σ2p complete, even for semi-normal theories, and that the extension membership and entailment problems are Σ2p complete and Π2p complete respectively, even when restricted to normal default theories. These results contribute to our understanding of the computational relationship between propositional default logics and other formalisms for nonmonotonic reasoning, e.g., autoepistemic logic and McDermott and Doyle's NML, as well as their relationship to problems outside the realm of nonmonotonic reasoning.
Vibration suppression by modulation of elastic modulus using shape memory alloy

The first portion of this paper proposes a method of fabricating a material whose modulus can be changed substantially through the application of a specified stimulus. The particular implementation presented here indirectly exploits the large deformation associated with shape memory alloys to achieve the desired modulation of stiffness. The next portion of this paper discusses a class of vibration problems for which such materials have a serious potential for vibration suppression. These are problems, such as the spinning up of rotating machinery, in which the excitation at any time lies within a narrow frequency band, and that band moves through the frequency spectrum in a predictable manner. Finally, an example problem is examined and the utility of this approach is discussed.
Immune tolerance induction in hemophilia patients with inhibitors: costly can be cheaper.

The development of inhibitory antibodies to factor VIII (FVIII) occurs in approximately 30% to 40% of patients with severe hemophilia A. Management options for patients with inhibitor include eradicating it via immune tolerance induction (ITI) or treating bleeding episodes with large quantities of hemostatic agents. ITI is costly, approaching $1 million for the average 5-year-old, but if successful results in improved clinical outcomes. We constructed a decision analysis using the Markov process to model expected clinical outcomes and costs over a lifetime for a typical 5-year-old hemophiliac with high inhibitor levels. Estimates of relevant variables were based on a thorough review of the medical literature. Outcomes modeled included total lifetime costs as well as life expectancy. The decision analytic model revealed that the ITI strategy was associated with an increase in projected life expectancy of 4.6 years. Total estimated lifetime costs for the ITI strategy were approximately $1.7 million less per patient. Sensitivity analyses over clinically and economically reasonable ranges did not change these findings. The insight that ITI can achieve an improved clinical outcome while being cost-saving is not reflected in many current treatment regimens. This example also illustrates that expensive therapy for patients with a chronic disease may be cost effective when analyzed from a societal perspective over the patient's lifetime. This finding has important policy implications for medical decision makers at many levels and reinforces the need to undertake pharmacoeconomic analyses and choose therapies from a long-term, societal perspective.
Outcomes of Self-Expanding vs. Balloon-Expandable Transcatheter Heart Valves for the Treatment of Degenerated Aortic Surgical Bioprostheses ― A Propensity Score-Matched Comparison ―

BACKGROUND Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve (VIV) replacement within failed bioprosthetic surgical aortic valves is a feasible therapeutic option. However, data comparing the hemodynamic and clinical outcomes of VIV replacement with supra-annular self-expanding and balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valves (THV) are limited. Methods and Results: Outcomes of 40 and 95 patients treated with supra-annular self-expanding and balloon-expandable THV, respectively, were compared after propensity score matching, which yielded 37 pairs of patients with similar baseline characteristics. Hemodynamic and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Postprocedural mean gradient was significantly lower in the self-expanding THV group than in the balloon-expandable THV group (12.1±6.1 mmHg vs. 19.0±7.3 mmHg, P<0.001). The incidence of at least mild postprocedural aortic regurgitation (AR) was comparable between the self-expanding and balloon-expandable THV groups (21.6% vs. 10.8%, P=0.39). In the self-expanding THV group, the new-generation THV showed a trend towards a lower incidence of at least mild AR compared with the early-generation THV (12.5% vs. 38.5%, P=0.07). A similar trend was observed in the balloon-expandable THV group (4.2% vs. 23.1%, P=0.08). There was no significant difference between the self-expanding and balloon-expandable THV groups in the cumulative 2-year all-cause mortality rates (22.4% vs. 43.4%, log-rank P=0.26). CONCLUSIONS The supra-annular self-expanding THV was associated with a lower postprocedural mean gradient compared with balloon-expandable THV in patients undergoing aortic VIV replacement.
Sexual Variation in Jet Emissions from Scent Glands in a Neotropical Harvestmen (Opiliones: Cranaidae) from Trinidad, W.I.

Most harvestmen emit secretions from scent glands as a secondary defence mechanism. Prior studies of Phareicranaus calcariferus described the general morphology of the ozopore, noted jet emission as the mechanism for the release of secretions, but did not investigate intraspecific variation in emissions or the morphology of the ozopore. In this study, we compared the modes of emission by adult females and alpha males and found that when seized by forceps, approximately 50% of adults emitted enteric fluids (colourless, odourless), globules of secretions near the ozopores, or jets of fluid that were directed upwards and backwards or laterally. Individuals that used jet emissions usually released secretions from one scent gland and in a single burst. We observed considerable intersexual variation with respect to the type of emissions. Females emitted jets 32% of the time (n = 28), whereas males produced jets in only 4% of our observations (1 out of 26). Males more frequently produced enteric fluid (31%) in comparison to females (14%). Our SEM-based investigation of ozopore morphology did not reveal intersexual differences in microanatomy. However, we observed intraspecific variation in the morphology of the dorsal openings and dorsal channels of the ozopores.
Attitudes Toward Math Are Differentially Related to the Neural Basis of Multiplication Depending on Math Skill

Attitudes toward math (ATM) predict math achievement. Negative ATM are associated with avoidance of math content, while positive ATM are associated with exerting more effort on math tasks. Recent l...
Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays

Multiplexed imaging platforms to simultaneously detect multiple epitopes in the same tissue section emerged in the last years as very powerful tools to study tumor immune contexture. These revolutionary technologies are providing a deep methodology for tumor evaluation in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) to improve the understanding of tumor microenvironment, new targets for treatment, prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and translational studies. Multiplexed imaging platforms allow for the identification of several antigens simultaneously from a single tissue section, core needle biopsies, and tissue microarrays. In recent years, multiplexed imaging has improved the abilities to characterize the different types of cell populations in malignant and non-malignant tissues, and their spatial distribution in relationship to clinical outcomes. Multiplexed technologies associated with digital image analysis software offer a high-quality throughput assay to study cancer specimens at multiple time points before, during and after treatment. The aim of this chapter is to provide a review of multiplexed imaging covering its fundamentals, advantages, disadvantages, and material and methods for staining applied to FFPE tumor tissues and focusing on the use of multiplex immunofluorescence with tyramine signal amplification staining for immune profiling and translational research.
The Basics: Skin Types, Definitions, and Differentials

This chapter serves as a reference tool for identifying and describing skin lesions in regards to color, distribution, configuration, borders, and shape. In addition, dermatological disorders are categorized based on primary lesion(s) to help in the differential diagnosis.
Polydopamine/hydroxyapatite nanowire-based bilayered membrane for photothermal-driven membrane distillation

In developing countries and resource-limited regions, where no power infrastructure or waste heat from industrial plants is available, photothermal-driven membrane distillation (PMD) has been recognized as an attractive and sustainable technology for freshwater generation. PMD enables easy water collection, inherent fouling resistance, low-pressure operation, and high-salinity water treatment. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanowires with excellent mechanical flexibility owing to their high aspect ratio, low thermal conductivity, easy surface modification and scalable production offer great potential for highly efficient membrane distillation. Herein, we demonstrate that the environmentally benign HA nanowire-based bilayered film offers the highest photothermal efficiency (62%) and water flux (0.89 kg m−2 h−1) with 1 sun irradiation (1 kW m−2), among the existing PMD systems without auxiliary heating or multilayer heat recovery reported so far. The hierarchical porous structure formed by the remarkably flexible and intertwined HA nanowires allows low resistance to vapor transport, which is critical for high water flux. Simultaneously, the low thermal conductivity of the thermal insulator layer comprised of HA nanowires prevents conductive heat transfer across the membrane, which significantly enhances the thermal efficiency of the membrane. The completely biocompatible, scalable, and thermally engineered bilayered film demonstrated here achieves highly efficient PMD.
The PP1 regulator PPP1R2 coordinately regulates AURKA and PP1 to control centrosome phosphorylation and maintain central spindle architecture

Maintenance of centrosome number in cells is essential for accurate distribution of chromosomes at mitosis and is dependent on both proper centrosome duplication during interphase and their accurate distribution to daughter cells at cytokinesis. Two essential regulators of cell cycle progression are protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and Aurora A kinase (AURKA), and their activities are each regulated by the PP1 regulatory subunit, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 2 (PPP1R2). We observed an increase in centrosome number after overexpression of these proteins in cells. Each of these proteins is found on the midbody in telophase and overexpression of PPP1R2 and its mutants increased cell ploidy and disrupted cytokinesis. This suggests that the increase in centrosome number we observed in PPP1R2 overexpressing cells was a consequence of errors in cell division. Furthermore, overexpression of PPP1R2 and its mutants increased midbody length and disrupted midbody architecture. Additionally, we show that overexpression of PPP1R2 alters activity of AURKA and PP1 and their phosphorylation state at the centrosome. Overexpression of PPP1R2 caused an increase in the frequency of supernumerary centrosomes in cells corresponding to aberrant cytokinesis reflected by increased nuclear content and cellular ploidy. Furthermore, AURKA, PP1, phospho PPP1R2, and PPP1R2 were all localized to the midbody at telophase, and PP1 localization there was dependent on binding of PPP1R2 with PP1 and AURKA as well as its phosphorylation state. Additionally, overexpression of both PPP1R2 and its C-terminal AURKA binding site altered enzymatic activity of AURKA and PP1 at the centrosome and disrupted central spindle structure. Results from our study reveal the involvement of PPP1R2 in coordinating PP1 and AURKA activity during cytokinesis. Overexpression of PPP1R2 or its mutants disrupted the midbody at cytokinesis causing accumulation of centrosomes in cells. PPP1R2 recruited PP1 to the midbody and interference with its targeting resulted in elongated and severely disrupted central spindles supporting an important role for PPP1R2 in cytokinesis.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated flagellate erythema.

We recently described mucocutaneous findings in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae,1 of whom 3 (6.8%) were diagnosed with M pneumoniae–induced rash and mucositis (MIRM).2 ,3 We wish to describe another MIRM patient, who recently presented with a unique clinical picture following the resolution of MIRM, which is, to our knowledge, the first case of M pneumoniae–associated flagellate erythema.
304. Predictors of mortality in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales bacteremia

Background Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriales (CRE) bacteremia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. CRE were assigned a threat level of “urgent” in the 2019 CDC report on antibiotic resistance in the United States. We attempted to identify predictors of 30-day mortality in patients with CRE bacteremia.
Decision making in arranged marriages with a stochastic reservation quality level

Recently, Batabyal [1] has shown that when the decision to get married in an arranged marriage is analyzed in an intertemporal and stochastic setting, it is possible that a marrying agent will never get married. This result arises because the marrying agent in [1] maximizes the probability of accepting the best possible marriage proposal. What happens when a marrying agent uses the following decision rule: Get married as long as the quality of a marriage proposal exceeds a stochastic reservation quality level? In this note, we provide an interesting answer to this question. First, we show that the probability of getting married with this decision rule is always positive. Even so, we point out that on average, an agent who uses this decision rule will end up single.