cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Analysis of the Big Five and Dark Triad as Predictors of Workplace Deviance

Despite the large and growing number of studies on workplace deviance, the field currently lacks a complete understanding of who perpetrates deviant behavior due to the presence of divergent perspe...
Optimization of a mobile phone camera for as-built performance

The work presented here shows a compact lens system that demonstrates improved imaging quality performance while focusing on as-built performance and design for manufacturing. Using Zemax, we consider an approach for optimizing for as-built performance and incorporate the approach into the design process for a mobile phone camera. The optimized design consists of 6 plastic aspheric lenses, an infrared glass filter, and a 12 MP CMOS image sensor. The optical system demonstrates high-resolution imaging and has a field-of-view of 87.6°, an F-number of 2.0, a maximum distortion of less than 2.5%, and a total track length of 6.630 mm.
Approach to Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Non-Radiologists

The goal of this review is to provide a guide to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reading for non-radiologists. A thorough literature search was conducted using the keywords “MRI”, “CT”, “Non-radiologist” and “MRI interpretation” to develop an approach to MRI reading for non-radiologists. Common indications for a brain MRI include workup of an intracranial tumor, chronic headache, seizure disorder, and confirmation of a stroke. When assessing for an intracranial tumor, MRI is the preferred diagnostic modality. Computed tomography (CT) has much lower resolution and is typically reserved for the emergency setting. T1 weighted images provide anatomically relevant images of the brain parenchyma that will be familiar to non-radiologists. In contrast to T1 weighted images, fluid is bright in T2 and white matter will appear darker than gray matter. Fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) is most sensitive for edema and parenchymal abnormalities like a low-grade glioma. The main purpose of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) sequences are to visualize acute ischemic stroke. Although non-radiologists generally have a greater exposure to head CT images, the same foundational principles of CT head interpretation can apply to brain MRI reading. Benefits of brain imaging by MRI includes obtaining a multi-planar assessment of the brain, highly detailed images of the brain, and using different MRI sequences to assess for different pathology. J Neurol Res. 2020;10(5):173-176 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr628
Musculoskeletal Injuries in Pregnancy.

Abstract Trauma is the most common cause of non-obstetric death among pregnant patients. Common causes of trauma in pregnant patients include falls, motor vehicle accidents, and domestic violence. In addition, pregnant patients present to the Emergency Department with a wide range of musculoskeletal injuries, due in part to physiologic and hormonal changes of pregnancy and altered biomechanics, which predispose patients to pubic symphysis diastasis, diastasis recti, tendinopathy, sciatica, carpal tunnel syndrome, insufficiency or stress fractures, and femoral head osteonecrosis. Several imaging modalities may be employed for evaluation during pregnancy. Ultrasound is valuable because of its lack of ionizing radiation and its utility in assessing fetal status, and it can also be used to evaluate the soft tissues of the extremities. Computed tomography (CT) is the most accurate and cost-effective tool in assessment of maternal trauma. Radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT expose the mother and fetus to ionizing radiation, and consideration of radiation dose and imaging risks/benefits is vital. Magnetic resonance imaging can be employed to evaluate spinal, occult osseous, and soft tissue injuries.
fastISM: Performant in-silico saturation mutagenesis for convolutional neural networks

Abstract Deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks are able to accurately map biological sequences to associated functional readouts and properties by learning predictive de novo representations. In-silico saturation mutagenesis (ISM) is a popular feature attribution technique for inferring contributions of all characters in an input sequence to the model’s predicted output. The main drawback of ISM is its runtime, as it involves multiple forward propagations of all possible mutations of each character in the input sequence through the trained model to predict the effects on the output. We present fastISM, an algorithm that speeds up ISM by a factor of over 10x for commonly used convolutional neural network architectures. fastISM is based on the observations that the majority of computation in ISM is spent in convolutional layers, and a single mutation only disrupts a limited region of intermediate layers, rendering most computation redundant. fastISM reduces the gap between backpropagation-based feature attribution methods and ISM. It far surpasses the runtime of backpropagation-based methods on multi-output architectures, making it feasible to run ISM on a large number of sequences. An easy-to-use Keras/TensorFlow 2 implementation of fastISM is available at https://github.com/kundajelab/fastISM, and a hands-on tutorial at https://colab.research.google.com/github/kundajelab/fastISM/blob/master/notebooks/colab/DeepSEA.ipynb.
Employing chemical synthesis to study the structure and function of colibactin, a "dark matter" metabolite

Covering: 2015 to 2020 The field of natural products is dominated by a discovery paradigm that follows the sequence: isolation, structure elucidation, chemical synthesis, and then elucidation of mechanism of action and structure–activity relationships. Although this discovery paradigm has proven successful in the past, researchers have amassed enough evidence to conclude that the vast majority of nature's secondary metabolites – biosynthetic “dark matter” – cannot be identified and studied by this approach. Many biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are expressed at low levels, or not at all, and in some instances a molecule's instability to fermentation or isolation prevents detection entirely. Here, we discuss an alternative approach to natural product identification that addresses these challenges by enlisting synthetic chemistry to prepare putative natural product fragments and structures as guided by biosynthetic insight. We demonstrate the utility of this approach through our structure elucidation of colibactin, an unisolable genotoxin produced by pathogenic bacteria in the human gut.
Patterns of Current Cigarette Smoking, Quit Attempts and Cessation Counseling among Survivors of Smoking-Related and Nonsmoking-Related Urological Malignancies: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Purpose:Cigarette smoking is the leading modifiable risk factor for several genitourinary malignancies. Although smoking cessation after genitourinary cancer diagnosis is a critical component of su...
It Is Not Always Sunny in San Diego for Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Holders: The Reproduction of Racial and Socioeconomic Segregation under the Choice Communities Initiative

This article examines residential mobility patterns of housing choice voucher (HCV) holders in San Diego, CA. It focuses on whether HCV holders moved to higher opportunity ZIP codes following the adoption of the Choice Communities Initiative by the San Diego Housing Commission (SDHC) in 2018. This initiative was designed to incentivize moves to high opportunity ZIP codes using tiered rent subsidies. The analysis is based on a dataset that combines two sources. One includes data obtained from the SDHC measuring: race, ethnicity, gender, household characteristics, rent subsidy levels, and residential mobility for 11,126 HCV recipients. The other includes small area fair market rents (SAFMRs) for ZIP codes in San Diego. Data were analyzed using GIS maps and logistic regression. The results indicate that patterns of racial and socioeconomic segregation have been reinforced in San Diego. Most HCV moves happened within the lowest opportunity ZIP codes, regardless of races. Moves to higher opportunity ZIP codes were impeded due to the inversion of rent subsidies. Rent subsidies were set relatively higher in low opportunity ZIP codes when compared with high opportunity ZIP codes. The findings identify areas where specific policies related to the setting of rent subsidies can be strengthened in order to promote opportunity moves. In a broader context, they highlight the importance of fidelity to programmatic goals in the policy implementation process.
Sonority and syllable structure: The case of Burmese tone

The relationship between tone and sonority has been a recurrent theme in the literature over recent years, raising questions of how supraseg- mental features like tone interact with segmental or prosodic qualities, such as vowel quality, sonority, and duration (de Lacy 2006; Gordon 2001). In this paper, we present an original phonetic study that investigates the relationship between tone, vowel quality, and sonority in Burmese. These are not simple to disentangle in Burmese, since the language has a unique vowel alternation system where certain vowels can only combine with certain tones or codas. While some researchers have analyzed these alternations as directly stemming from tone itself (Kelly 2012), we argue that the vowel alternations are tone-independent. We propose that the Burmese vowel alternations follow from general preferences on sonority sequencing (cf. Clements 1990), and so there is no need for tone and segmental quality to interact directly. Not only does this explain the complex vowel system of Burmese, but this proposal casts a new view on recurrent issues in Burmese phonology, such as the representation of underlying tonal contrasts and minor syllables.
Inter-electrode correlations measured with EEG predict individual differences in cognitive ability

Summary Human brains share a broadly similar functional organization with consequential individual variation. This duality in brain function has primarily been observed when using techniques that consider the spatial organization of the brain, such as MRI. Here, we ask whether these common and unique signals of cognition are also present in temporally sensitive but spatially insensitive neural signals. To address this question, we compiled electroencephalogram (EEG) data from individuals of both sexes while they performed multiple working memory tasks at two different data-collection sites (n = 171 and 165). Results revealed that trial-averaged EEG activity exhibited inter-electrode correlations that were stable within individuals and unique across individuals. Furthermore, models based on these inter-electrode correlations generalized across datasets to predict participants’ working memory capacity and general fluid intelligence. Thus, inter-electrode correlation patterns measured with EEG provide a signature of working memory and fluid intelligence in humans and a new framework for characterizing individual differences in cognitive abilities.
Raising awareness of diversity and social (in)justice issues in undergraduate research writing: understanding students and their lives via connecting teaching and research

Inspired by my own experiences as an undergraduate writing student who did not see a connection between my life and the topics of the courses, this article details my first ventures into designing and teaching sections of a research writing class, entitled Researching Writing: Raising Awareness of Diversity and Social Justice Issues within and Beyond our Lives . The purpose of this course was to promote issues of diversity and social (in)justice in a required liberal studies course. Interview data from undergraduate women students who participated in this research writing course from 2009-2011 were explored in order to uncover their experiences in the class and understand what they found effective or ineffective. The findings indicated that most of the students appreciated being able to choose their own research topic, and also found chunking parts of the research project more effective for understanding the research process. Although engaging students in research and course activities related to controversial issues is difficult, there is a need for more liberal studies courses to incorporate topics related to diversity and social (in)justice.
Sperm chromatin structure assay: DNA denaturability

Publisher Summary Studies over the past decade have proven the usefulness of measurements of the integrity of sperm chromatin structure. The flow cytometry (FCM) measurement of chromatin structure is based on the principle that abnormal sperm chromatin has a greater susceptibility to physical induction of partial DNA denaturation in situ . The extent of DNA denaturation following heat or acid treatment is determined by measuring the metachromatic shift from green fluorescence [Acridine orange (AO) intercalated into double-stranded nucleic acid] to red fluorescence. Apparently acid conditions that cause partial denaturation of protamine-complexed DNA in sperm with abnormal chromatin structure do not cause denaturation of histone-complexed somatic cell DNA. The FCM measurement of sperm chromatin structure has been termed the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) to distinguish it from other AO staining protocols. This protocol was formerly divided into SCSA acid and SCSA heat to distinguish the physical means of inducing DNA denaturation. The two methods give essentially the same results but the SCSA acid method is much easier to use and is the method of choice.
Primary histiocytic sarcoma arising in the head and neck with predominant spindle cell component

This is the first case report of Histiocytic Sarcoma (HS) with predominant spindle cell component occurring in the head and neck region of a 41-year-old man. The tumor was composed of sheets of large round to oval cells with pleomorphic vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Multinucleated forms, numerous mitoses, and tumor necrosis were also noted. Sheets, fascicles, and whorls of spindle cells with spindled to ovoid vesicular nuclei, small to medium-sized distinct nucleoli, and eosinophilic cytoplasm were frequently observed. Immunohistochemical staining in the tumor cells was positive for CD163, CD68, lysozyme, CD45, and NSE. Focal expression of CD4 and S-100 was also noted. Electron microscopy demonstrated an abundance of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Chromosome study revealed a 57–80 hyperdiploid [7]/46, XY [13] karyotype, including 3 to 4 copies of various chromosomes. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings confirmed the diagnosis of HS.
Service definition semantics for optical services on a choice-based network

Optical networks continue to provide the highperformance, high-bandwidth substrate of the planetary communication networks. The rapidly increasing and changing variety of demands placed on such networks requires that optical networks be increasingly agile and responsive to end-consumer traffic needs. Because of multiple levels of aggregation, the optical core is generally less responsive to changing needs at access levels. We have previously proposed that providing architectural mechanisms that allow the provider to inform the customer of available alternatives enables a co-optimization of network resources jointly by customers and providers, leading to better performance for the customer while utilizing resources more efficiently for the provider. In this paper, we show how optical switching capabilities may be abstracted as services to enable the automatic composability that is required for such a system. We have successfully demonstrated a proof-of-concept prototype of this architecture in the GENI environment, which we briefly describe.
Using Invariance and Quasi-Invariance for the Segmentation and Recovery of Curved Objects

There has been much interest recently in using invariant theory in computer vision. Most work has concentrated on recognition of 3-D objects from 2-D images using algebraic or differential invariants. In this work, we address the usage of a class of projective invariants and quasi-invariants for the segmentation and 3-D recovery of generalized cylinders from a monocular image. We derive important projective invariants of straight homogeneous generalized cylinders and describe an implemented system for their segmentation and recovery from a monocular intensity image. We then derive quasi-invariant properties of circular planar right generalized cylinders and describe another implemented system for recovering their 3-D shape from 2-D contours. This work shows that the problem of shape description and scene segmentation from a monocular image can be solved for a large class of objects in our environment. Examples of results of both systems are also given.
Sodium excretion patterns during and following intravenous sodium chloride loads in normal and hypertensive pregnancies.

Abstract Exaggerated natriuresis is consistently found in hypertension following parenteral sodium chloride loads. To the contrary, during pregnancy patients with essential hypertension and pre-eclampsia have been reported to retain sodium abnormally. This discrepancy could be explained by negative sodium balance preceding the study of pregnant patients with hypertension in previous investigations. Twenty-six pregnant patients were studied during the last trimester of pregnancy: 5 normal controls, 9 with pre-eclampsia, 8 with essential hypertension, and 4 patients with mild chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis. All subjects received a diet containing 120 mEq. of sodium daily. On day 11, base-line sodium excretion was established. One liter of 2 ½ per cent sodium chloride was infused at a rate of 12 c.c. per minute. Urine collections were obtained during and for 24 hours following the infusion. The patients with essential hypertension exhibited striking natriuresis during and immediately following the infusion. The pre-eclamptic, glomerulonephritic, and normal subjects had similar sodium excretion patterns during and following the sodium chloride infusion and were clearly separated from the patients with essential hypertension.
Reflective Reform in Mathematics: The Recursive Nature of Teacher Change.

Historically, teachers have been criticized for verbalizing innovations while not acting on them. This study suggests that something more involved and complex may be happening as teachers move toward change. The study examined teachers' inner reflections and exterior manifestations as they participated in a mathematics reform effort. The article describes the analysis of three elementary mathematics teachers as they struggled with issues of reform and traditional teaching in relation to personal values and beliefs. Methods included observation, reflective dialogue, and group processes that took place over the course of a whole school year. Through careful analysis of the data, models evolved that describe how the participants mentally and experientially moved toward belief change. Intermediary steps included the teachers' use of visual images, verbalization, and experimentation. Findings revealed that the teachers devised personal, complex, internal and external feedback networks that integrated changes over time. Implications for future research are discussed.
DNA primase-DNA polymerase alpha from simian cells: sequence specificity of initiation sites on simian virus 40 DNA.

Abstract Unique single-stranded regions of simian virus 40 DNA, phage M13 virion DNA, and several homopolymers were used as templates for the synthesis of (p)ppRNA-DNA chains by CV-1 cell DNA primase-DNA polymerase alpha. Intact RNA primers, specifically labeled with an RNA capping enzyme, were typically 6 to 8 ribonucleotides long, although their lengths ranged from 1 to 9 bases. The fraction of intact RNA primers 1 to 4 ribonucleotides long was 14 to 73%, depending on the template used. RNA primer length varied among primers initiated at the same nucleotide, as well as with primers initiated at different sites. Thus, the size of an RNA primer depended on template sequence. Initiation sites were identified by mapping 5' ends of nascent RNA-DNA chains on the template sequence, identifying the 5'-terminal ribonucleotide, and partially sequencing one RNA primer. A total of 56 initiation events were identified on simian virus 40 DNA, an average of 1 every 16 bases. Some sites were preferred over others. A consensus sequence for initiation sites consisted of either 3'-dCTTT or 3'-dCCC centered within 7 to 25 pyrimidine-rich residues; the 5' ends of RNA primers were complementary to the dT or dC. High ATP/GTP ratios promoted initiation of RNA primer synthesis at 3'-dCTTT sites, whereas low ATP/GTP ratios promoted initiation at 3'-dCCC sites. Similarly, polydeoxythymidylic acid and polydeoxycytidylic acid were the only effective homopolymer templates. Thus, both template sequence and ribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations determine which initiation sites are used by DNA primase-DNA polymerase alpha. Remarkably, initiation sites selected in vitro were strikingly different from initiation sites selected during simian virus 40 DNA replication in vivo.
PARTICLE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN LASER IRRADIATED FOILS USING ORVIS

Aluminum foils from 2- to 200-..mu..m thick have been subjected to a Nd:YAG laser pulse of low irradiance (10/sup 9/ W/cm/sup 2/, approx. 10 ns pulse) to produce laser-driven shocks in the foils. The particle velocity history of the foil side opposite the laser deposition was monitored with nanosecond resolution by a velocity interferometer system called ORVIS. These histories indicate a shock reverberation process accelerates the foil. Peak foil velocities can be adequately calculated using a ricket propulsion model developed from experiments at much higher irradiances. A velocity of 1 km/s was developed in a 2-..mu..m-thick free foil in a time of 50 ns. Water-confined foils attained peak particle velocities about three times higher than those of free foils.
Inhibition of α4 Integrin Protects Against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

Background and Purpose—The present study was performed to determine the role of α4 (CD49d), a member of the integrin family of adhesion molecules, in ischemic brain pathology. Methods—Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 23-hour reperfusion. Animals were injected intravenously with 2.5 mg/kg anti-rat α4 antibody (TA-2) or isotype control antibody (anti-human LFA-3 IgG1, 1E6) 24 hours before MCAO. Infarct volume was quantified by staining of fresh tissue with tetrazolium chloride and myeloperoxidase activity measured in SHR tissue homogenates 24 hours after MCAO. In SHR, mean arterial blood pressure was recorded before and after MCAO in animals treated with TA-2 and 1E6. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed on peripheral blood leukocytes before and after MCAO. Results—TA-2 treatment significantly reduced total infarct volume by 57.7% in normotensive rats (1E6, 84.2±11.5 mm3, n=17; TA-2...
Abstract 215: A Systemic Inflammation-Induced Mouse Model of Cerebral Microbleeds

Introduction: Cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) are tiny deposits of blood degradation products in the brain and are the pathological substrate of cerebral microbleeds (MB). The existing animal models of MB are either β-amyloid-, anti-amyloid antibody-, or hypertension-induced; however, MB may develop independent of hypertension or amyloid deposition. In fact, MB are associated with normal aging, sepsis and neurodegenerative conditions. One common factor among the above pathologies is inflammation, and recent studies show a link between systemic inflammation and MB. Hence, we hypothesize that systemic inflammation (induced by lipopolysaccharide; LPS) will result in MB development, and an inflammation-induced animal model will be appropriate to study MB. In the current study we used two different dosing regimens for LPS and observed rapid and robust development of CMH and MB. Methods: Adult C57BL/6 mice were injected with LPS (1mg/kg or 3mg/kg, i.p.) or saline at 0, 6, and 24h. At 2 or 7 days after first LPS...
Elimination of solvent signals in carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The problem of a strong or obscuring solvent signal in proton resonance spectroscopy was alleviated by the use of perdeuterated solvents. The practice of stabilizing the magnetic field-frequency ratio for the spectrometer via the deuterium resonance of the solvent followed from the almost routine use of deuterated solvents and was continued for carbon magnetic resonance. Perdeuterated solvents depleted in 13C were developed to remove interfering solvent signals in those cases where the reactivity of the reagents restricted the choice of solvent. However, these are expensive and only available for a few solvents. It has recently become possible to distinguish the number of hydrogen atoms directly bonded to a carbon atom by the modulation of the signal of that carbon atom in response solely to an appropriately gated proton decoupling sequence (I4). The inclusion of 180 and 90” proton pulses in the overall pulse sequence, although more complicated and demanding upon instrumentation, has been familiar longer as INEPT type experiments (5,6). With both types of pulsing sequences the spectrum can be displayed with lines arising from carbon atoms with an even number of attached hydrogens pointing down and those with an odd number pointing up. If such a spectrum is added with one obtained in the normal manner there should be complete cancellation of signals from quaternary and secondary carbons and reinforcement of signals for tertiary and primary carbon atoms. For most organic molecules the cancellation of signals from secondary and quaternary carbons is not quite complete because of long-range carbon-hydrogen coupling and because of the range of values found for one-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants. Therefore very weak signals are often found for them. In perdeuterated molecules the cancellation of the carbon resonance signals should be complete since there is no carbon-hydrogen spin coupling. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 for spectra acquired by the common one-pulse sequence and by the solvent signal removing sequence of Fig. 2. It can be seen that the signal of the quatemary carbon in 2-methylbutene-2 (indicated by an arrow) is not completely canceled. The deuterated tetrahydrofuran (Merck) was claimed to contain 99% deuterium. Therefore 8% of the molecules will contain one hydrogen. These are responsible for the residual solvent signals. NMR studies of model anion-pairs valuable in the investigation of
Pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature in single-crystal NbBx (x near 2) with Tc-9.4 K

We have measured the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature (9.4 K) of ${\mathrm{NbB}}_{\mathit{x}}$ with x near 2 by direct comparison with elemental Nb. We find ${\mathit{dT}}_{\mathit{c}}$/dP=0.04 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015) K/kbar.
A prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of EUS-guided FNA with and without a stylet

Background Most endosonographers use an EUS needle with an internal stylet during EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA). Reinserting the stylet into the needle after every pass is tedious and time-consuming, and there are no data to suggest that it improves the quality of the cytology specimen. Objective To compare the samples obtained by EUS-FNA with and without a stylet for (1) the degree of cellularity, adequacy, contamination, and amount of blood and (2) the diagnostic yield of malignancy. Design Prospective,single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Setting Two tertiary care referral centers. Patients Patients referred for EUS-FNA of solid lesions. Intervention Patients underwent EUS-FNA of the solid lesions, and 2 passes each were made with a stylet and without a stylet in the needle. The order of the passes was randomized, and the cytopathologists reviewing the slides were blinded to the stylet status of passes. Main Outcome Measurements Degree of cellularity, adequacy, contamination, amount of blood, and the diagnostic yield of malignancy in the specimens. Results A total of 101 patients with 118 lesions were included in final analysis; 236 FNA passes were made, each with and without a stylet. No significant differences were seen in the cellularity ( P = .98), adequacy of the specimen ( P = .26), contamination ( P = .92), or significant amount of blood ( P = .61) between specimens obtained with and without a stylet. The diagnostic yield of malignancy was 55 of 236 specimens (23%) in the with-stylet group compared with 66 of 236 specimens (28%) in the without-stylet group ( P = .29). Limitations Endosonographers were not blinded to the stylet status of the passes. Conclusions Using a stylet during EUS-FNA does not confer any significant advantage with regard to the quality of the specimen obtained or the diagnostic yield of malignancy. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT 01213290).
Phase relations and ordering in the system HfO2CaO

Abstract The chemical equilibrium for the system HfO 2 CaHfO 3 was determined for temperatures above ∼1200°C by heating reactive powders for extended periods of time. The eutectoid decomposition of the cubic solid solution was found to occur at 19.0 ± 0.5 m/o CaO and 1415 ± 7°C. The solid solubility of CaO in tetragonal hafnia is very low. The tetragonal solid solution was shown to form from monoclinic hafnia solid solution at a eutectoid temperature of ∼1775 ± 50°C. Three ordered compounds exist in this system. The ordered compound CaHf 4 O 9 (ф 1 ) was found to be unstable at all temperatures investigated. It does, however, form metastably. The compound Ca 2 Hf 7 O 16 (ф) is stable with an upper limit of 1473 ± 5°C. No lower limit of stability for this compound could be determined. The compound Ca 6 Hf 19 O 44 (ф 2 ) is stable from ∼1350 ± 50°C to its upper limit of 1463 ± 5°C.
Photoproduction of ammonium ion from N2 in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

NH 4 + excretion was undetectable in N2-fixing cultures ofRhodospirillum rubrum (S-1) and nitrogenase activity in these cultures was repressed by the addition of 10 mM NH 4 + to the medium. The glutamate analog,l-methionine-dl-sulfoximine (MSX), derepressed N2 fixation even in the presence of 10 mM extracellular NH 4 + . When 10 mg MSX/ml was added to cultures just prior to nitrogenase induction they developed nitrogenase activity (20% of the control activities) and excreted most of their fixed N2 as NH 4 + . Nitrogenase activities and NH 4 + production from fixed N2 were increased considerably when a combined nitrogen source, NH 4 + (>40 μmoles NH 4 + /mg cell protein in 6 days) orl-glutamate (>60 μmoles NH 4 + /mg cell protein in 6 days) was added to the cultures together with MSX. Biochemical analysis revealed thatR. rubrum produced glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (NADP-dependent) but no detectable NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase was observed to be maximal when nitrogenase activity was also maximal. Nitrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities were repressed by NH 4 + as well as by glutamate. The results demonstrate that utilization of solar energy to photoproduce large quantities of NH 4 + from N2 is possible with photosynthetic bacteria by interfering with their regulatory control of N2 fixation.
Length of Stay, Discharge Disposition, and Hospital Charge Predictors

THIS STUDY EXPLORED the effect of patient, clinical, and treatment factors on length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition, and total acute care hospital charges for older adults undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty. A CAUSATIVE RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN was used, and data analysis included descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and logistic regression. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES in predictor variables (ie, age, gender, living arrangement, comorbidities, postoperative complications) were found between patients who were discharged to home and those who were discharged to another facility. Only postoperative complications contributed significantly to LOS. Total surgical time and postoperative complications contributed significantly to hospital charges.
Effects of protein on the calcium economy

Abstract. Studies of the association of dietary protein intake and various components of the calcium economy lead to conflicting conclusions, some suggesting that protein would negatively affect calcium retention and others that it would have a positive effect. Most of the apparent conflict can be explained by two factors: (1) the interdependence of the two nutrients for bone health and (2) probable delayed adaptation to altered intake, such that short-term studies may fail to capture the steady-state relationship between protein intake and calcium balance. At the whole body level, most studies show that high protein intake is osteoprotective, but only if calcium intake is adequate; similarly, metabolic evidence indicates that the protective effect of calcium for the skeleton is evident only when protein intake is relatively high.
Calculation of Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams by Matrix Diagonalization

The chemistry and spectroscopy of transition elements depend on complex interactions found for partially filled d subshells. There are complex electron-electron repulsion effects within a partially filled subshell and additional complications due to participation of some of the d orbitals in chemical bonding. The number of states involved can be quite large, and the mathematical treatment involves matrices as large as 28 by 28. The direct solution for eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices this large was not even attempted in the 1930s, but is well within the capabilities of current undergraduates and computers. Full matrices in the form of spreadsheets are provided in this paper for octahedral and tetrahedral symmetry for all cases from d2 through d8. Diagonalization of such matrices with MACSYMA is illustrated. Construction of full Tanabe-Sugano diagrams is possible for students for any choice of input parameters.
A Correlation for Critical Heat Flux in Submerged Jet Impingement

Data from an extensive experimental study of submerged jet impingement boiling performed with water at sub-atmospheric pressures and with FC-72 at atmospheric pressure are used to develop a predictive critical heat flux (CHF) correlation for use in thermal management of electronic components. The configuration was that of a circular submerged jet impinging on a high-thermal-capacity copper surface with a standoff distance of 6 nozzle diameters. Varied parameters included the Reynolds numbers (Re) from 0 (pool boiling) to 14000, surface-to-nozzle diameter ratios (by varying the nozzle diameter) from 25 to 6, system pressures (0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1 bar), surface roughness (123 nm, 33 nm), and system subcooling. CHF is found to increase with Re, system pressure, subcooling, and roughness and decreases with increase in nozzle diameter for a fixed Re.Comparison with correlations in literature indicated that data of sub-atmospheric jet impingement of water were poorly predicted by existing correlations while the Monde and Katto correlation [1] was found to predict the atmospheric jet impingement data with FC-72 within 10 percent at Re >4000. Data from the experiments were fitted to a submerged forced convective CHF model proposed by Haramura and Katto [2] to develop a correlation for submerged jet impingement boiling over a wide range of density ratios. Using this model, the entire CHF dataset from experiments can be predicted with a maximum error of less than 11 percent and an average error of less than 2.6 percent.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Acoustical analogs of condensed-matter problems

As a result of advances in experimental and theoretical physics, many interesting problems have arisen in condensed-matter physics, typically as a result of the quantum-mechanical nature of a system. Areas of interest include Anderson localization, universal conductance fluctuations, normal electron persistent currents, and the properties of quasicrystals. Understanding such systems is challenging because of complications arising from the large number of particles involved, intractable symmetries, the presence of time-dependent or nonlinear terms in the Schr\"odinger equation, etc. Some progress has been made by studying large scale classical analog experiments which may accurately model the salient quantum-mechanical features of a condensed-matter system. This paper describes research with a number of acoustical systems which have addressed contemporary problems in condensed-matter physics.
Morphine's effects on differential serial compound conditioning and reflex modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response

This study sought to determine the effects of morphine (0, 2, and 5 mg/kg) on (a) differential classical conditioning of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response (NMR) to the serial compounds A-X-unconditioned stimulus (US) and B-X-US (Experiment 1) and (b) the reflex modification effects of the compounds and their components (Experiment 2). These experiments determined specifically morphine's effects on the distinctiveness and time course of stimulus representations by examining morphine's dose-response effect on (a) differential responding to A and B and their conditional control over responding to X within the compounds and (b) the unconditioned excitatory effects of the compounds and their components as assessed by their ability to modify the amplitude of the unconditioned NMR. The results of these experiments indicate that morphine, in a dose-dependent manner, can operate to profoundly attenuate the distinctiveness and persistence (short-term memory) of stimulus representations.
IMPLEMENTING A NATIONAL MENTORSHIP PROGRAM IN GERONTOLOGY

Traditionally, mentor relationships have been primarily fostered in business and industrial arenas. Recent studies, however, highlight the need for professional guidance in an academic setting as well. Gerontology academians, in particular, may play a crucial role in the educational process by reinforcing student commitment to the relatively new and not yet fully established field of aging. The Behavioral and Social Sciences section (BSS) of the Gerontological Society of America (GSA) has implemented a nationwide gerontology program that matches professional members with students who desire a mentor relationship. Results from surveys of the mentors and students involved in the program indicate perceived benefits for all. A majority of the respondents found the program to be a useful experience and planned continued participation. Although such a nationwide program may not replace the unique mentor‐protege bond between two individuals within the same institution, it may, however, contribute to the broader ...
PCBMEMS building blocks for sensors/embedded systems industrial electronics education

Printed Circuit Board Microelectromechanical Systems (PCBMEMS) laminates, also known as organic MEMS, are based on liquid crystal polymers (LCP), polyimide (PI) and FR-4 materials with the various sensing elements made within or on top of the printed circuit substrates. PCBMEMS technology enables new product research, development and new systems commercialization. Additionally PCBMEMS can be utilized as an instructional tool for teaching sensor and embedded systems concepts and production methods. We are developing teaching kits to enable instruction of integrated systems and sensors using PCBMEMS. The sensing systems that utilize this technology can be directed toward chemical, biological and physical sensing devices and embedded systems. Examples are provided of a multisensor system that measures conductivity, temperature and pressure, and a compact, configurable 3D system-in-package wireless module based on the 802.11b protocol. The systems made in this economical PCBMEMS format can be utilized in instructional courses on systems, technology education, and industrial electronics training.
Review of advances in cubic boron nitride film synthesis

Abstract Cubic boron nitride (cBN) has a number of highly desirable mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Because of this, there has been an extensive worldwide effort to synthesize thin films of cBN. Film synthesis is difficult in that without significant levels of ion bombardment during growth, only sp2-bonded BN forms, not sp3-bonded cBN. Recently there has been considerable progress in improving the deposition techniques and cBN film quality. In addition, progress has been made in understanding how energetic deposition conditions can lead to cBN formation. However, unanswered questions remain and process improvements are still needed. In this paper we critically and comprehensively review recent developments in cBN film synthesis and characterization. First, the structures and stability of the BN phases and characterization techniques are described. Next, the key experimental parameters controlling cBN film formation and synthesis techniques are discussed. Following a review of microstructure, the proposed mechanisms of cBN formation and the observed mechanical and electrical properties of cBN films are analyzed. We conclude by highlighting the current impediments to the practical realization of cBN-film technology.
Foreign Policy Decision Making, Garbage Cans, and Policy Shifts The Eisenhower Administration and the "Chances for Peace" Speech

The organizational process, bureaucratic politics, and presidential management models of U.S. foreign policy decision making have dominated scholarly analysis. However, these models have difficulty...
Detecting multiple origins of domesticated crops

Crop domestication has long been studied both as a model for understanding the process of evolution (1) and for gaining insights into the history of human civilization (2). In recent decades, a wealth of neutral molecular markers (e.g., SNPs, microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphisms) has become available for many crop species, permitting genomewide examinations of genetic diversity in crops and their wild relatives. Quite commonly, these surveys reveal that the present-day representatives of a crop all show close genetic similarity to a specific geographical subset of a wild species (e.g., ref. 3; Fig. 1A); this pattern is typically interpreted as evidence that the crop was domesticated a single time and in a single geographical region. Interestingly, this picture of a single, geographically localized crop origin does not always match the picture inferred from archaeological data. In particular, for Old World cereal crops, archaeobotanical data have indicated that domestication was likely a geographically diffuse and protracted process, involving long-term predomestication plant use across wide areas of the Near East (4). As such, the present-day diversity of a crop might well be expected to reflect multiple, geographically disparate origins of domestication (Fig. 1B). Why then, do multilocus genetic studies reveal monophyletic origins of Old World cereal crops? A study by Allaby et al. (5) in this issue of PNAS suggests that, given certain population parameters, the genetic signature of a single origin can arise even if multiple domestication events have occurred.
Comparison of routing metrics in 802.11n wireless mesh networks

We conduct the first experimental study of the performance of link quality-based routing metrics in an 802.11n wireless mesh network (WMN). Link quality-based metrics have been shown to significantly outperform the traditional hopcount metric but they have only been evaluated over legacy 802.11a/b/g radios. The new 802.11n standard introduces a number of enhancements at the MAC and PHY layers (MIMO technology, channel bonding, frame aggregation, short guard interval, and more aggressive modulation and coding schemes) marking the beginning of a new generation of 802.11 radios. Our study in a 21-node indoor 802.11n WMN testbed reveals that the gains of link quality-based metrics over the hopcount metric in legacy 802.11 WMNs do not carry over in 802.11n MIMO WMNs. We analyze the causes of this behavior and make recommendations for the design of new routing metrics in 802.11n WMNs.
Indium metal nanoclusters studied by PAC

The technique of perturbed angular correlations of gamma rays (PAC) is applied for the first time to study the structure of small metal clusters. Metal clusters containing111In probe atoms with 50 nm radii were synthesized by dissolving InCl3 containing111In in hexane using a surfactant, thereby creating an inverse micellar solution. The salt was then reduced to metal form by addition of NaBH4. 100% conversion efficiency of In salt to metal clusters was achieved. PAC measurements at 293 K on the111Cd daughter nuclide exhibited a nuclear quadrupole interaction with coupling frequency ω0=16.0(5) Mrad/s and a small asymmetry parameter, η=0.20(4). The frequency is as observed for bulk In crystals, but a non-zero value of η has not been previously reported. Lack of inhomogeneous signal broadening and the faceted shape of some nanoclusters suggest high crystal perfection.
Juvenile Drug Court Program Admission, Demeanor and Cherry-Picking: A Research Note

The influence of demeanor in criminal justice research has predominantly centered on arrest and sanctioning outcomes. This study examines demeanor at the juncture of juvenile drug court admission by attributing behavior perceived to be favorable or unfavorable to program compliance and success to either juveniles or their parents/guardians. Analysis of 76 juvenile drug court case files enabled examination of how parent and child demeanor impacts specialty court admission. Findings suggest that program admittance (i.e., system leniency through diversion) is largely a function of projected attitude and behavior during screening interviews, but selection decisions are made irrespective of demeanor source. Implications of the findings for drug court processes and continued system involvement are discussed.
Lift-enhancing surfaces on several advanced V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft concepts

An analysis of the relative influences of for-ward lift-enhancing surfaces on the overall lift and drag characteristics of three wind-tunnel models representative of V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft is presented. Two of the models are canard-wing configurations and one has a wing leading-edge extension (LEX) as the forward lifting surface. Data are taken from wind-tunnel tests of each model covering Mach numbers from 0.4 to 1.4. Overall lift and drag characteristics of these models and the generally favorable interactions of the forward surfaces with the wings are highlighted. Results indicate surface that larger LFX's and canards generally give greater lift and drag improvements than ones that are smaller relative to the wings.