cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global solution of the cauchy problem for a class of 2 × 2 nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation laws

We prove the existence of a global weak solution to the Cauchy problem for a class of 2 x 2 equations which model one-dimensional multiphase flow, and which represent a natural generalization of the scalar Buckley-Leverett equation. Loss of strict hyperbolicity (coinciding wave speeds with a (1101) normal form) occurs on a curve in state space, and waves in a neighborhood of this curve contribute unbounded variation to the approximate Glimm scheme solutions. The unbounded variation is handled by means of a singular transformation; in the transformed variables, the variation is bounded. Glimm's argument must be modified to handle the unbounded variation that appears in the statement of the weak conditions, and this requires that the random choice variable be random in space as well as time.
Experimentally Killing Salmonella typhimurium on Egg Shells by Washing

Abstract BIERER et al. (1961) found that commercial egg washing compounds possessed varying degrees of efficiency in removing or killing bacteria from egg shells artificially contaminated with a broth culture of Salmonella typhimurium. Consequently, the search for a chemical of chemicals superior in germicidal effect was instituted. The scheme of investigation was in the following directions: 1. To observe the germicidal effect of commercial egg washing compounds when used at higher levels. 2. To test each of the individual ingredients of commercial egg washing compounds for germicidal effect. 3. To test representative commercial disinfectants and germicides and individual chemicals of known germicidal value. 4. To review individual chemicals in general and select for trial those likely to possess germicidal value as an egg wash. The culture of Salmonella typhimurium used was a strain adapted to turkeys and had been propagated on tryptose agar slants and preserved by refrigeration for several years”
Bond Graph Models for Fluid Networks Using Modal Approximation

Modeles utilisant les graphes de fluence avec approximation modale pour representer des reseaux de tuyauteries
The Greenland Norse: A biological‐ anthropological study. Meddelelser on Grønland, man and society 24

By Niels Lynnerup. Copenhagen: Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland. 1998. 149 pp. ISBN 87-90369-24-6. $35.00 (paper).
Electronic structure of interstitial carbon in silicon

Presentation des resultats des calculs de la structure electronique dans les etats de charge positif, neutre, et negatif. On utilise deux approches de l'amas autocoherentes complementaires. La negligence modifiee de la methode du recouvrement atomique differentiel produit des energies totales fiables en fonction de la configuration atomique. Dans l'energie totale, on inclut l'energie de compression et de traction des ressorts parametres, attaches aux atomes de silicium externes du cluster. La geometrie du minimum d'energie est utilisee pour trouver la structure electronique monoparticulaire en utilisant la methode Xα de l'onde diffusee
Leadership Attempting: Why and When?:

Leadership-attempting research has revealed that the likelihood of a given individual speaking in a group is quite complex and is dependent on a large number of situational and perceptual variables...
Effects of the anaphylatoxin, C5a, on renal and glomerular hemodynamics in the rat

Effects of the anaphylatoxin, C5a, on renal and glomerular hemodynamics in the rat. The effects of intrarenal infusion of the complement–derived anaphylatoxin, C5a, upon glomerular hemodynamics were examined in the Munich–Wistar rat, a strain with glomeruli on the kidney surface. Human C5a (1.5 µg/min) or vehicle was infused into the left renal artery for 12 min, and glomerular capillary (P G ) and Bowman's space pressures, nephron plasma flow (SNPF) afferent and efferent arteriolar protein concentrations, nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA) determined. Human C5a infusion resulted in a reduction in SNPF due to increased efferent arteriolar resistance, and P G increased which maintained SNGFR constant. LpA was numerically lower but not significantly decreased. Infusion of porcine C5a des Arg decreased glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. No polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed within glomerular capillaries of C5a infused rats, and rat leukocytes did not exhibit receptors for human C5a infused. Renal artery infusion of either human C5a or porcine C5a resulted in renal hemodynamic alterations and, as documented for human C5a, effects of C5a upon renal vascular resistance can be added to the known effect of C5a on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
Vascular Lesions of the Gastrointestinal System in Whipple’s Disease

In five cases of Whipple's disease the vessels in several organs of the gastrointestinal system were carefully examined for PAS-positive bacilli. Bacilli were particularly abundant in the arteries of the small intestinal serosa and the liver, but they were also present in stomach, colon, gallbladder and mesenteric lymph nodes. The predominant site of involvement was the arterial tunica media. In addition to focal degeneration and fibrosis in the tunica media, other local reactions included arteritis and intimal proliferation. Within the tunica media and less often the endothelium the bacilli were found alone or in small clumps, but in the tunica adventitia they were usually present within macrophages. The possible significance of this Whipple's arteriopathy is considered relative to unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, focal ischemia due to arterial narrowing, and some role in the further dissemination of bacilli being shed from the endothelium.
Multiple adenosine deaminases in the amphibia and their possible phylogenetic significance.

Abstract 1. 1. Hepatic adenosine deaminases from eleven species of amphibians have been compared. Enzymes from six species were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by Sephadex chromatography. 2. 2. Results of these studies show that all the amphibians studied, except the sirenids, represent a very closely related group insofar as hepatic adenosie deaminases are concerned. 3. 3. The strikingly different pattern found in sirenids supports the view of Goin & Goin (1962) that the sirenids should be placed in a separate order.
An information theoretic trackability measure

There exists no measure to quantify the difficulty of a video tracking problem. Such difficulty depends upon the quality of the video and upon the ability to distinguish the target from the background and from other potential targets. We define a trackability measure in an information theoretic framework. The tools of information theory allow a measure of trackability that seamlessly combines the video-dependent aspects with the target-dependent aspects of tracking difficulty using measure of rate and information content. Specifically, video quality is encapsulated into a term that measures spatial resolution, temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio by way of a Shannon-Hartley analysis. Then, the ability to correctly match a template to a target is evaluated through an analysis of the mutual information between the template, the detected signal and the interfering clutter. The trackability measure is compared to the performance of a recent tracker based on scale space features computed via connected filters. The results show high Spearman correlation magnitude between the trackability measure and actual performance.
Melanin can deplete immunosuppressive substances from the aqueous humor.

Heavily pigmented eyes tend to experience greater inflammation than lightly pigmented eyes following trauma and surgery. The purpose of these studies was to test the possibilities that: (i) melanin augments T cell-responses by depleting or neutralizing anti-inflammatory substances that are normally present in the aqueous humor, and (ii) melanin augments extraocular T cell-mediated inflammatory responses.Two types of experiments were performed. First, the capacity of melanin-adsorbed and non-adsorbed rabbit aqueous humor to inhibit the proliferative response of the T cell line D10.G4.1 to IL-1 was tested. Non-adsorbed aqueous humor inhibited T cell proliferation to the background level in unstimulated cultures, whereas melanin-adsorbed aqueous humor enhanced the proliferation of stimulated, but not resting T cells. Next, mice were sensitized to the antigen conalbumin, and challenged in the ear pinna with conalbumin alone, conalbumin + melanin, or melanin alone and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was me...
LWIR and MWIR fusion algorithm comparison using image metrics

This study determines the effectiveness of a number of image fusion algorithms through the use of the following image metrics: mutual information, fusion quality index, weighted fusion quality index, edge-dependent fusion quality index and Mannos-Sakrison’s filter. The results obtained from this study provide objective comparisons between the algorithms. It is postulated that multi-spectral sensors enhance the probability of target discrimination through the additional information available from the multiple bands. The results indicate that more information is present in the fused image than either single band image. The image quality metrics quantify the benefits of fusion of MWIR and LWIR imagery.
Mining competitor relationships from online news: A network-based approach

Identifying competitors is important for businesses. We present an approach that uses graph-theoretic measures and machine learning techniques to infer competitor relationships on the basis of structure of an intercompany network derived from company citations (cooccurrence) in online news articles. We also estimate to what extent our approach complements the commercial company profile data sources, such as Hoover's and Mergent.
Revisiting Asset Pricing Puzzles in an Exchange Economy

W e show that several well-known asset pricing puzzles are largely mitigated if we endow the representative agent with an arbitrarily small minimum consumption level. This allows us to solve the model for parameter values where the standard “Lucas tree” model is not defined. For these parameters, disasters become more important, and the market risk premium therefore higher, even though consumption is less risky. Our model yields reasonable risk premia, Sharpe ratios, and discount rates; excess price volatility; and a high market pricedividend ratio. We derive closed-form solutions for all variables of interest. ( JEL G12)
Fabrication and STEM/EELS measurements of nanometer-scale silicon tips and filaments

We present a series of scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements of nanometer-scale single-crystal silicon tips and filaments. The tips and filaments are of a type that we are currently integrating into microelectromechanical systems. The EELS measurements reveal a number of nanometer-scale effects, some of which have already been reported in the literature for other systems. These effects include apparent upward shifts in the energies, widths, and interaction cross sections of the plasmons. In addition, we report a sharp peak at 5 eV, which we are identifying as an interband transition in the silicon. We provide theoretical explanations of the characteristics of this new peak, including an explanation of its failure to appear at any but the smallest sample diameters. Finally, we extend the theory already present in the literature with a finite-element model of EELS for nonpenetrating electrons in an arbitrary geometry.
Defining clinically relevant molecular subsets of lung cancer

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, induce dramatic responses in certain patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As such, the drugs provide an unexpected tool to dissect clinically relevant molecular subsets of NSCLC. For example, using mutational profiling of tumor DNA from patients with sensitivity, primary resistance, and secondary resistance to these agents, we and others have demonstrated that somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR are associated with sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib, while mutations in KRAS, which encodes a GTPase downstream of EGFR, are associated with primary resistance. Furthermore, second site mutations in the EGFR kinase domain are commonly found in patients with acquired resistance. We are now using a variety of molecular and biological approaches to help further define molecular subsets of lung cancer that have relevance in the clinic.
Counseling sexually abused girls: the impact of sex of counselor.

Abstract Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the impact of sex of counselor on the therapeutic process for sexually abused girls in individual counseling. Method: Raters evaluated videotapes of counseling sessions recorded for 35 sexually abused girls who had been systematically assigned to brief-term psychoeducationally oriented treatment with either a male or female counselor. Clients’ in-session behavior was rated using accepted therapeutic process measures, while statistically controlling for the effect of girls’ pretreatment comfort level with male and female counselors. Results: Overall, MANCOVA results revealed that girls’ participation in counseling was not significantly related to session number, the child’s age (i.e., preadolescent vs. adolescent), or the sex of counselor who provided treatment services. However, univariate results and graphic representations of girls’ behavior suggest that adolescent clients, when compared with their preadolescent counterparts, seemed to be more reluctant to discuss certain child sexual abuse topics. Conclusions: The findings suggest that caution is warranted regarding categorical recommendations on the assignment of young female survivors to male counselors. Delimitations and limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
High-pressure injection injuries.

EFINITION igh-pressure injection injuries occur when equipment apable of achieving pressures sufficient to breach the uman skin injects its contents into the human body, ost commonly into the hand. The pressure required to penetrate intact human skin is commonly cited at 7 bar (7 10 N/m) or 100 psi. A careful review of that eference provides no source or justification for the umber. Nevertheless, oddly, it is cited by multiple uthors.
Categorization response time with multidimensional stimuli

Categorization response time (RT) was examined in three separate experiments, in each of which exemplars varied on two physical dimensions. Three different types of stimuli were used: (1) horizontal and vertical line segments of varying length that were joined at an upper left corner, (2) rectangles of varying width and height, and (3) circles or semicircles of varying size with a radial arm of varying orientation. No evidence was found that stimulus familiarity or the category prototypes played any special role in determining categorization RT. Instead, RT decreased with distance from the stimulus to the categorization decision bound.
The Scaffolding Subunit of PP2A is a Coherent Linear Elastic Object That Can Transmit Mechanical Information Along Its Length

HEAT repeat protein PR65 is the scaffolding component of protein phosphatase PP2A, which has been implicated in tension sensing during chromosome segregation and in diverse other chromosomal processes. PR65 is composed exclusively of 15 HEAT repeats, i.e. pairs of anti-parallel alpha helices connected by short 1-3 residue turns, that stack in parallel to form a solenoid structure in which the packed helices form one continuous hydrophobic core. Molecular dynamics analysis reveals that tensile or compressive forces applied at the protein termini produce evenly-distributed shape changes (straightening/bending) via longitudinal redistribution of stress, with elastic coherence resulting from the continuous meshwork of van der Waals interactions created by the aligned helix/helix interfaces. At higher forces, fracturing occurs via loss of a specific helix/helix contact between adjacent repeats, accompanied by relaxation that spreads outward from the fracture site through the adjacent regions. Fracturing is nucleated by “flaws” resulting from atypical residues in inter-helix turns along the edges of the structure. Such flaw sites exhibit competition, such that only one of them fractures, as well as cooperation to create bounded regions of increased strain. Thus, PR65 is a coherent linear elastic object, capable of transducing mechanical information from one position along its length to another. We propose that HEAT repeat scaffolds, including PR65, exist to place bound components in mechanical linkage so that their promoted molecular reactions are sensitive to externally-imposed mechanical forces. More generally, since analogous elastic coherence should be present in many types of helical repeat proteins, cells may be filled with mechanically-tunable molecules, and mechanical stress may be a common currency for subcellular information transfer.
Perceived social support for diet and exercise among persons with serious mental illness enrolled in a healthy lifestyle intervention.

OBJECTIVE There is a lack of research on social support for health behavior change among persons with serious mental illness who face disproportionate morbidity and premature death due to cardiovascular disease. This study examined social contact and the demographic, health and clinical characteristics associated with perceived social support for diet and exercise among persons living with serious mental illness enrolled in a healthy lifestyle intervention. METHOD Baseline data from two ongoing studies of the In SHAPE healthy lifestyle intervention for persons with serious mental illness were included in this analysis (N = 158). Cross-sectional analyses examined social contact and correlates of both negative and positive experiences of social support for diet and exercise. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between demographic characteristics, symptoms, health, and social support. RESULTS The majority (80.3%) of participants reported face-to-face contact at least twice monthly with a family member or friend. Readiness to change physical activity was associated with greater criticism from family for exercise behaviors, r(64) = .29, p < .05. Depressive symptoms (β = .30, p < .01) were significantly associated with more unhealthy family eating environments while controlling for the amount of family contact (β = .27, p < .01), while readiness to change dietary portion size (β = .34, p < .01) was associated with encouragement for healthy eating from friends. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Participants had regular contact with significant others who were a source of both positive and negative support for healthy eating and exercise. Engaging natural supports in supporting healthy behaviors may help persons with serious mental illness initiate and maintain lifestyle change.
Heart-Rate Changes in Response to Shifts in Interpersonal Gaze from Liked and Disliked others:

32 male subjects were asked a series of intimate questions by a liked or disliked male confederate who either avoided eye-contact or shifted to continuous directed gaze in the middle of an interview session. Analyses of subjects' cardiovascular responses showed a relative increase in heart-rate following eye-contact in the negative affect condition compared to a decrease in heart-rate following eye-contact in the positive affect condition. No differences in heart-rate changes were observed between positive and negative affect conditions in the no eye-contact group. Results are discussed in relation to M. Patterson and his colleagues' arousal and multistage models of exchange of nonverbal intimacy.
High resolution atomic coherent control via spectral phase manipulation of an optical frequency comb

We demonstrate high resolution coherent-control of cold atomic Rubidium utilizing spectral phase manipulation of a femtosecond frequency comb. Transient coherent accumulation versus pulse number is manifested in the enhancement of the signal amplitude and resolution.
The RSL99 language for role-based separation of duty constraints

Separation of duty (SOD) is a fundamental technique for prevention of fraud and errors, known and practiced long before the existence of computers. It is discussed at several places in the literature, but there has been Iittle work on specifying SOD policies in a systematic way. This paper describes a framework for specifying separation of duty and conflict of interest policies in role-based systems. To specify these policies, we need an appropriate language. We propose an intuitive formal language which uses system functions and sets as its basic elements. The semantics for this language is defined by its translation to a restricted form of first order predicate logic. We show how previously identified SOD properties can be expressed in our language. Moreover, we show there are other significant SOD properties which have not been previously identified in the literature. Unlike much of the previous work, this paper deals with SOD in the presence of role hierarchies. Our work shows that there are many alternate formulations of even the simplest SOD properties, with varying degree of flexibility and assurance. Our language provides us a rigorous foundation for systematic study of SOD properties. *This work is partially supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Security Agency at the Laboratory for Information Security Technology at George Mason University. All correspondence should be addressed to Ravi Sandhu, ISE Department, Mail Stop 4A4, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, saudhuQisse.gmu.edu, wwv.list.gmu.edu. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise. to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. RBAC ‘99 10199 Fairfax, VA, USA
Social Structure and Bureaucracy: A Comparison of Organizations in the United States and Prerevolutionary Iran

This article evaluates a causal model of organizational structure using heterogeneous samples of organizations from the US and Iran. The results indicate that theoretical models of organizational structure are clearly relevant to the Third World, and the remarkable similarity of the causal estimates obtained suggests that organizational structure may well be 'culture free'. The most important differences in these data concern the effects of technology and the results suggest that technology may prove to be an essential determinant of organizational structure in many non-Western countries.
Measurement of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in CLA-rich soy oil by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in oils are currently measured as fatty acid methyl esters by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) technique, which requires approximately 2 h to complete the analysis. Hence, we aim to develop a method to rapidly determine CLA isomers in CLA-rich soy oil. Soy oil with 0.38-25.11% total CLA was obtained by photo-isomerization of 96 soy oil samples for 24 h. A sample was withdrawn at 30 min intervals with repeated processing using a second batch of oil. Six replicates of GC-FID fatty acid analysis were conducted for each oil sample. The oil samples were scanned using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the spectrum was collected. Calibration models were developed using partial least-squares (PLS-1) regression using Unscrambler software. Models were validated using a full cross-validation technique and tested using samples that were not included in the calibration sample set. Measured and predicted total CLA, trans,trans CLA isomers, total mono trans CLA isomers, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, trans-9,cis-11 CLA and cis-10,trans-12 CLA, and cis-9,trans-11 CLA had cross-validated coefficients of determinations (R2v) of 0.97, 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, 0.97, and 0.99 and corresponding root-mean-square error of validation (RMSEV) of 1.14, 0.69, 0.27, 0.07, 0.14, and 0.07% CLA, respectively. The ATR-FTIR technique is a rapid and less expensive method for determining CLA isomers in linoleic acid photo-isomerized soy oil than GC-FID.
Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in a white boy with S-D hemoglobinopathy.

A case of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is reported in a 10 and 1/2 year old white male with hemoglobin S-D disease. The patient also had functional asplenia and a history of hand-foot syndrome in infancy. The radiographic, clinical, and hematologic similarities, as well as the differences between S-D and S-S hemoglobinopathy are discussed.
On the vertical distribution of passive species in the atmospheric boundary layer

A similarity theory presented by Sorbjan (1986) is extended by taking into consideration diffusion of passive species (e.g., specific humidity) in the atmospheric boundary layer. Theoretical similarity functions are obtained for the convective and stable-continuous regimes.
Fast-rise brake lamp as a collision prevention device

Conventional tungsten–filament brake lamps have a relatively slow rise time. It takes approximately 250 ms for them to reach 90% of their asymptotic luminous intensity. This slowness of response can cause important delays of warning information to following drivers. We have designed a simple and relatively inexpensive circuit that produces a faster warning signal using a conventional lamp. As we have reported previously, this device reduces reaction times to the onset of brake lamps by about 115 ms. The present study evaluated the benefits of a 115 ms reduction in driver brake reaction time. Two approaches were used. In the first approach we calculated the reductions in effective stopping distance assuming a range of initial speeds. The results indicate, for example, that if the initial speed is 100 km/h. the reduction in the effective stopping distance is 3–2 m. In the second approach we calculated the reductions in the proportions of very long reaction times, assuming a normal distribution of reaction t...
Characterization of [Ga]MFI via thermal analysis

Gallosilicates isostructural with MFI ([Ga]MFI) with different SiO2Ga2O3 molar ratios were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent calcination and conversion to the proton form. Microbalance weight loss determinations both upon H2 reduction of the calcined [Ga]MFIs and upon reduction of the same materials mechanically mixed with β-Ga2O3 can be used as a simple method for the estimation of both extraframework and framework gallium. This thermogravimetric method is based on the reductive solid-state ion exchange between any extraframework Ga2O3, whether present initially or added, and the protons associated with framework Ga. Thermal analysis of 1-propanamine was also found to be a sensitive test of the state of gallium in gallosillicates and also indicates that extraframework Ga in [Ga]MFI transfers into cationic positions upon H2 reduction. Transfer of Ga into cationic positions results in an increase in the amount of 1-propanamine adsorbed near 600 K during thermal analysis, compared with the proton form of the gallosilicate. Gallium cations also promote the formation of a residue at the end of the thermal analysis experiment. There are indications that the extraframework Ga in [Ga]MFI ion exchanges to a limited degree with protons during the calcination procedure.
AirMISR spectral and radiometric performance studies

An Airborne Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (AirMISR) instrument has been developed to assist in validation of the Earth Observing System (EOS) MISR experiment. The airborne instrument is built to the same performance specifications as MISR. Both instruments view the earth at nine discrete view angles, provide data products which are radiance scaled to Systeme International (SI) units, registered among the view angles, and geolocated. Whereas on-orbit MISR will acquire a global data set every nine days, the aircraft version is restricted to a target size of 9 x 1 1 km per aircraft run. AirMISR does, however, have the advantages of offering a means to testbed new mission procedures or camera designs, provide data sets which predate the MISR launch, and a means of returning to the laboratory to update the camera calibrations. This paper provides the AirMISR laboratory calibration results, as well as an example of a vicarious calibration exercise.
Mass Transfer during Drop Formation

Abstract A theoretical analysis is presented of the problem of mass transfer during drop formation for cases where there is a significant change of the solute concentration in the drop. An analytical perturbation solution and finite-difference solutions are derived for this problem, and efficiencies are determined for this phase of the liquid extraction process. The solutions are compared with previously derived approximate solutions which are based on the use of a mass transfer coefficient which is strictly applicable only when the drop solute concentration is effectively constant. The effect of mass transfer on the growth of the drop, and hence on the extraction efficiency, is also investigated.
Sorcery and history in the Black Atlantic

Apter, A.H. and Denby, L.H., eds. 2011. Activating the Past: History and Memory in the Black Atlantic World. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Pares, L.N. and Sansi, R., eds. 2011...
Design, Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Extended and Fused Pyrrolo-dC and Pyrrolo-C Analogs

The syntheses of four fluorescent nucleoside analogs, related to pyrrolo-C (PyC) and pyrrolo-dC (PydC) through the conjugation or fusion of a thiophene moiety, are described. A thorough photophysical analysis of the nucleosides, in comparison to PyC, is reported.
Operation of a 100-bit, 2.6 &#181;m bubble shift register

Complete circuit operation for a small 100-bit serial shift register memory with a 10.6 μm period fabricated on a garnet wafer using electron beam lithography and single level all-permalloy technology is reported. Overall circuit operation including generation, propagation, and detection was achieved with a 6 Oe bias margin using a 1 kHz rotating field. Although the circuit design and fabrication techniques were not optimized, we believe that this is the first published report of complete circuit operation for a single level device with bubbles as small as 2.6 μm. The performance of two different types of chevron expander detectors and two different generators was evaluated and circuits combining disk generators with herringbone detectors were found to provide the best overall operating margin. At low speeds (∼5 Hz) high-bias failures were caused by failure of the domains to strip out fully in the detector while the low bias limit was determined by the introduction of spurious bubbles into the track near the generator.
A computer-controlled nanosecond laser system

Abstract A fully-automated, computer-controlled laser flash photolysis system is described. It uses a fast digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) with a sufficient number of time points that multiple time scales can be generated by the computer from a single kinetic trace originating from the DSO. The experimental controls are designed so the computer is available to do fast processing and overall control but is largely free from having to handle experimental interrupts and from having to do most timing functions. Some new designs for shielding against noise interference allow good signal-to-noise for both UV-Vis and the near infrared detection of nanosecond transients. A chemical example is given to illustrate the advantages of the new system.
Physical aging in the glassy state of a thermosetting system vs. extent of cure

The physical aging behavior of a high-Tg amine/epoxy thermosetting system has been investigated vs. change of chemical structure induced by cure and vs. aging temperature (Ta) using the Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA) technique. The chemical structure was changed systematically from monomer to highly crosslinked polymer by curing in the equilibrilium state (T > Tg). The aging temperatures ranged from just below the glass transition temperature to deep in the glassy state (Ta > Tg). In the absence of chemical reaction, the physical aging rate at a given temperature, Ta, passes through a minimum with increasing chemical conversion (i.e., change of chemical structure). Analysis of this behavior is simplified by using Tg as an index of measurement of extent of cure. There is a superposition principle for normalizing the physical aging behavior of the thermosetting glasses, which involves a shift of Tg–Ta and a shift of C(Ta) (a function of aging temperature), regardless of chemical structure. Analysis reveals that: (1) this behavior is the consequence of the Tg and Tβ transitions, (2) the segmental mobility (1/τ) is a function of the deviation from equilibrium (as measured by Tg–Tg and the aging time), (3) the segmental mobility, which is involved in the physical aging process in the glassy state, is insensitive to the extreme changes of chemical structure (from monomer, to sol/gel polymer, and to highly crosslinked polymer), and (4) physical aging deep in the glassy state affects both segmental mobility and cohesive energy density. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ions at the ice/vapor interface

Abstract We present Molecular Dynamics simulations of ice growth from a supercooled ionic water solution with explicit ice/vapor and water/vapor interfaces. Starting from a highly asymmetric initial state, the system evolves by freezing water on one side and melting ice on the other side to reach a final symmetric configuration after 30 ns. A strong tendency to the formation of cubic ice is observed. The ions are excluded from the ice and confined to the quasi-liquid layers on both interfaces. The mobility of the ions strongly depends on the thickness of the liquid layer. In a thick liquid layer the ions display free diffusion while in a thin quasi-liquid layer the ions move by an ice surface hopping mechanism.
Pan-Hellenism and Particularism: Herodotus on Sport, Greekness, Piety and War

This essay discusses the intersections of sport (athletes, agonistic festivals) and Greek ethnicity, religion, politics and warfare in Herodotus' Histories. Herodotus makes occasional but significant use of sport to characterize peoples and individuals. Passages concerning Egypt (the Elean embassy), Lydia (Croesus) and Persia (Xerxes being told that Greeks compete at Olympia ‘for arete, not material gain’), help define ‘Greekness’ or Hellenic culture. Herodotus also mentions several athletes but primarily because of their military or political activities. The study uses Herodotus on sport to contrast particularism and pan-Hellenism in the Persian War, especially concerning presentations of agonistic festivals (Olympics, Karneia, Hyakinthia) as excuses for delayed or inadequate involvement in defensive efforts in 490 and 480–79. Herodotus (8. 144) has Athens invoke cultural pan-Hellenism, but reactions to the Persian threat suggest more particularism than pan-Hellenism.
Anonymous Certification Services

This paper describes Anonymous Communication Service (ACS), an PKI certificate service based system that permits the end user to access services offered by the service provider (SP) on the world-wide-web anonymously. ACS achieves end user anonymity by using pseudonym certificates issued to the user for the real certificates. The user can obtain multiple pseudonym certificates and use them for different transactions. Web servers or SP's are unable to determine the user's real identity or profile the user based upon the transactions. However, a user performing an illegal transaction can be revoked.
Glaciation about 3,000,000 Years Ago in the Sierra Nevada.

Abstract. Major glaciation in the Sierra Nevada of California resulted in the deposition of till which underlies latite 2.7 x 106 years old and overlies andesite 3.1 x 106 years old. This till, herein called the Deadman Pass till, is the oldest Pleistocene glacial deposit that has been found in temperate latitudes.
Relationship between the transport from isolated nuclei of two abundant cytoplasmic messengers and the source of a messenger RNA transport factor

Messenger RNA transport from isolated nuclei requires a 35×103 dalton cytoplasmic protein(s) which is present in both the cytosol and polyribosome fractions. Recombinant DNA probes containing cDNA inserts were used to quantitate the transport of rat liver-specific albumin and male rat liver-specific α2U-globulin messenger RNA (mRNA) from male rat liver nuclei in response to the mRNA transport factors from homologous and heterologous tissues. No mRNA transport occurs in the absence of the transport factor(s). Both messengers are transported proportionately in response to the factor(s) from male or female rat liver cytosol, or from the polyribosomes (messenger ribonucleoprotein) of male or female rat liver, or brain. The transport factor(s) do not, therefore, appear to differentiate between the coding sequences of two unrelated hepatic messenger RNA's.
Ecological Controls over Monoterpene Emissions from Douglas‐Fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii)

The roles of nitrogen availability and seasonality in controlling monoterpene concentration in and emission from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were examined in a greenhouse study. Plants were maintained at three nitrogen levels, and foliar nitrogen concentration, photosynthetic rate, monoterpene concentration, and monoterpene emission rate were measured over an entire phenological cycle, from before bud break in the spring through winter dormancy. Both nitrogen fertilization level and phenological stage affected the concentration of monoterpenes in the foliage. There was also a consistent linear relationship between monoterpene concentration and monoterpene emission. Out of the nitrogen-phenology-concentration and the concentration-emission relationships comes a predictable relationship between nitrogen, phenology and monoterpene emission. This relationship allows linkage between atmospheric chemical processes, such as ozone production, and ecological ones, such as leaf expansion. The results also demonstrate that theories on allocation to defense need to consider the phenological stage of the plant as well as the availability of resources.
The course of vesicoureteral reflux associated with urinary tract infection in children

Abstract Twice as many medical patients showed overall improvement when compared with surgical patients. These results justify a trial of conservative management in new cases of urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux.
Local Thermal Fixing of a Photorefractive LiNbO(3) Hologram by use of a CO(2) Laser.

A real-time, in situ fixing method by use of heating with a CO2 laser beam is suggested for thermal fixing of a small local hologram in the bulk of a Fe:LiNbO3 photorefractive crystal. For heating up to 100 degrees C-200 degrees C a volume with a shape similar to that of the laser beam a heat-guiding technique is developed. On the basis of the heat-transfer equations, different heating modes with or without metal absorbers for heat guiding-obtained by use of a continuous or pulsed laser beam are analyzed. The optimal mode may be pulsed heating with absorbers. On this basis experiments have been designed and demonstrated. It is seen that the fixing process with CO2 laser beam is short compared with the process by use of an oven, and the fixing efficiency is quite high. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.
Prostaglandin E1 and prostacyclin infusion decrease thromboxane production in endotoxin-induced lung injury☆

Abstract We studied the effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostacyclin (PGI2) infusion on thromboxane A2 (TxA2) production in endotoxin-induced lung injury by using a chronic lung lymph fistula model in sheep. Seven sheep received alternately Escherichia coli endotoxin and endotoxin plus PGE1 (1 μg/kg/min). Six sheep received PGI2 (0.2 μg/kg/min) instead of PGE1. The infusion of both PGE1 and PGI2: (1) decreased TxA2 production (as measured by RIA of its metabolite TxB2); (2) decreased pulmonary hypertension; and (3) decreased interstitial edema. The effect of PGE1 and PGI2 infusion on TxA2 production may be independent of effects on the reaction of platelets and leukocytes.
Phosphorus absorption in lettuce, smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) mixtures

Abstract Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of phosphorus (P) concentrations on the growth of lettuce, smooth pigweed, and common purslane in monocultures and in mixtures and to determine the P-absorption rate of each species over time. For the P-competition studies, lettuce–smooth pigweed and lettuce–common purslane mixtures were established in P-less hydroponic solutions. Each lettuce–weed mixture was established separately. Concentrations of P were 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg L−1. Lettuce to weed planting proportions were 2:0, 0:2, and 1:1. In the mixtures, biomass of common purslane increased sharply between 10 and 20 mg P L−1, depressing lettuce growth. No biomass changes were observed in smooth pigweed as P concentration increased. However, both weeds increased their P content within this range, depriving lettuce of this nutrient. Common purslane competed for P for its own growth, whereas smooth pigweed absorbed P luxuriously. For the P-absorption studies, roots of lettuce, ...
Influenza prevention and treatment in transplant recipients and immunocompromised hosts

The host immune response is critical for the control and clearance of influenza virus after initial infection. Unfortunately, key components of the innate and adaptive responses to influenza are compromised in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. As a result, influenza in these key patient populations is associated with prolonged viral shedding, more frequent complications, including bacterial and fungal superinfections and rejection, and increased mortality. While vaccine is the critical prophylaxis strategy in other populations, response rates are diminished, particularly early post-transplant, among immunocompromised patients. Prospective data suggest that antiviral prophylaxis represents an effective and safe alternative to vaccine in patients who would be predicted to have poor responses to influenza vaccine. While there have not been randomized, controlled studies of antiviral therapy completed in solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell patient populations, observational data suggest that early therapy is associated with reduced rates of progression to lower airway involvement, morbidity, and mortality. Further studies are needed to define the optimal regimen, dose, duration, and endpoint to define successful treatment.
Design of anisotropic phantoms for use in electrical conductivity imaging and modeling

With the advent of methods for imaging electrical anisotropy there is also a need to construct phantoms with controllable and well-defined anisotropy in order to test them. We show that for two-dimensional testing, a good approximation of homogeneous anisotropic tissue can be formed using a structure involving alternate layering of two different conductivity isotropic materials. The degree of anisotropy can be varied by changing the relative conductivity of the two materials.
Differential response effects of data collection mode in a cancer screening study of unmarried women ages 40–75 years: A randomized trial

Little is known about the impact of data collection method on self-reported cancer screening behaviours, particularly among hard-to-reach populations. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of data collection mode on response to indicators of cancer screenings by unmarried middle-aged and older women. Three survey methods were evaluated for collecting data about mammography and Papanicolaou (hereafter, Pap) testing among heterosexual and sexual minority (e.g., lesbian and bisexual) women. Women ages 40–75 were recruited from June 2003 – June 2005 in Rhode Island. They were randomly assigned to receive: Self-Administered Mailed Questionnaire [SAMQ; N = 202], Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview [CATI; N = 200], or Computer-Assisted Self-Interview [CASI; N = 197]. Logistic regression models were computed to assess survey mode differences for 13 self-reported items related to cancer screenings, adjusting for age, education, income, race, marital status, partner gender, and recruitment source. Compared to women assigned to CATI, women assigned to SAMQ were less likely to report two or more years between most recent mammograms (CATI = 23.2% vs. SAMQ = 17.7%; AOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3 – 0.8) and women assigned to CASI were slightly less likely to report being overdue for mammography (CATI = 16.5% vs. CASI = 11.8%; AOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3 – 1.0) and Pap testing (CATI = 14.9% vs. CASI = 10.0%; AOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.2 – 1.0). There were no other consistent mode effects. Among participants in this sample, mode of data collection had little effect on the reporting of mammography and Pap testing behaviours. Other measures such as efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the mode should also be considered when determining the most appropriate form of data collection for use in monitoring indicators of cancer detection and control.
Review of photovoltaic module energy yield (kWh/kW): comparison of crystalline Si and thin film technologies

The energy yield (kWh/kWSTC) reported from photovoltaic (PV) installations were reviewed to look for consistent trends in performance between module technologies. The effect of higher operating temperature and lower light intensity are discussed in terms of different locations and module technologies. Both of these losses can favor thin film PV under controlled laboratory conditions but may not be significant under real field conditions. As received, PV modules suffer from a minimum ±5% uncertainty because of binning (±3%) and calibration (±2%). Differences between initial nameplate kWSTC and the actual field-tested values cause larger uncertainty. Thin film modules suffer additional uncertainty because of calibration and stabilization issues. A recent study comparing 12 different module technologies in Nicosia and Stuttgart concluded that when properly measured and stabilized, thin film technologies could have a 1–4% advantage because of smaller temperature losses and 3% advantage due to improved low light efficiency but the tolerances and uncertainty in kW rating were greater at ±5–10%. Energy yield data from utility scale installations in sunny hot locations finds that CdTe outperforms c-Si by ∼5–6%. Data for a-Si is complicated by initial versus stabilized module ratings and summer annealing. Gains with Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS) are expected to be even less than CdTe or a-Si. Analysis of data-driven simulation finds at best a few percent advantage in kWh/kW for thin films. We conclude that any differences between thin film and c-Si module technologies are much smaller than reported previously, and are often smaller than the measurement uncertainty especially between different locations.