cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro hemocompatibility studies of drug-loaded poly-(L-lactic acid) fibers

Our objective was to evaluate the hemocompatibility of biodegradable stent fibers, employing a closed-loop circulation system filled with human blood. We also investigated the effects of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative drugs curcumin and paclitaxel, incorporated into stent fibers. Fresh whole blood was circulated in four parallel closed-loop systems: the empty tube circuit (control) and tubes containing either a PLLA fiber coil (PLLA), a curcumin-loaded PLLA coil (C-PLLA) or a paclitaxel-loaded PLLA coil (P-PLLA). The influence of PLLA fiber, alone or loaded with drug incorporated during melt-extrusion, on leukocyte and platelet adhesion and activation was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of blood flow and fiber properties on cell deposition were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flow cytometry results clearly demonstrated that PLLA triggers blood cell activation at the site of deployment, as shown by increases in CD11b, CD62P and leukocyte-platelet aggregates, compared to controls. Curcumin and paclitaxel treatments both significantly reduced leukocyte and platelet activation and adhesion to PLLA fibers, as shown by flow cytometry and SEM. Activated leukocytes and platelets revealed significantly lower CD11b and CD62P receptor binding for C-PLLA compared with PLLA alone, and slightly lower for P-PLLA. Reductions in platelet-leukocyte aggregates were observed as well. In addition, there was less leukocyte and platelet adhesion to C-PLLA, compared with PLLA fiber controls, as shown by SEM. A continuous linear thrombus, composed of platelets, leukocytes, red blood cells and fibrin was occasionally detected along the line of tangency between the coil and the tube wall. Flow separation and eddying, proximal and distal to the line of tangency of coil and tube, is thought to contribute to this deposit. Curcumin was more effective than paclitaxel in reducing leukocyte and platelet activation and adhesion to PLLA stent fibers in this setting. However there was evidence of paclitaxel degeneration during melt extrusion that may have inhibited its effectiveness. Incorporation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative drug curcumin into bioresorbable stent fibers is proposed to prevent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis.
Electronic excitations of polyalanine; test of the independent chromophore approximation

Optical spectra of polyalanine in the W(nπ*) and NV1(ππ*) bands are calculated using the time-dependent Hartree–Fock technique and the INDO/S Hamiltonian. Examination of the transition density matrices shows that excitations in the NV1 band involve significant charge transfer between nearest and third-nearest neighbor amide groups. Our analysis suggests that the Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian cannot adequately describe the electronic excitations in the NV1 band.
Anomalies or illusions? Evidence from stock markets in eighteen countries

Abstract This paper examines five seasonal patterns in stock markets of eighteen countries: the weekend, turn-of-the-month, end-of-December, monthly and Friday-the-thirteenth effects. We find a daily seasonal in nearly all the countries, but a weekend effect in only nine countries. Interestingly, the daily seasonal largely disappears in the 1980s. The last trading day of the month has large returns and low variance in most countries. Many countries have large December pre-holiday and inter-holiday returns. The January returns are large in most countries and a significant monthly seasonal exists in ten countries.
Liver function studies in the assessment of head and neck cancer patients

Background. Serum liver function tests (LFTs) are used in the initial evaluation of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to evaluate hepatic function and to screen for liver metastases. Methods. One hundred forty patients initially seen with SCC between 1988 and 1991 were followed for a minimum of 2 years to determine the significance of abnormal LFTs at presentation. Results. Abnormal values were found in 69 patients (49%), including elevated alkaline phosphatase in 37 (26%) and lactic dehydrogenase in 25 (18%). Abnormal values were most commonly attributed to alcohol-related liver disease. No liver metastases were identified at initial screening. LFTs were normal at presentation in all three patients subsequently identified with liver metastases during follow-up. Conclusions. Abnormal LFTs are commonly encountered but are of little value in identifying patients with liver metastases during initial assessment. Modest elevation of LFTs should not necessitate costly and time-consuming investigation to exclude hepatic metastasis. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics: Another Process Modulated by Ca2+ Signals?

This Perspective describes signaling mechanisms that may be involved in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and discusses the possible role of changes in mitochondrial morphology and location in mitochondrial function.
Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of shape memory alloy circular bars in pure torsion

Abstract Pure torsion of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars with circular cross section is studied by considering the effect of temperature gradient in the cross sections as a result of latent heat generation and absorption during forward and reverse phase transformations. The local form of energy balance for SMAs by taking into account the heat flux effect is coupled to a closed-form solution of SMA bars subjected to pure torsion. The resulting coupled thermo-mechanical equations are solved for SMA bars with circular cross sections. Several numerical case studies are presented and the necessity of considering the coupled thermo-mechanical formulation is demonstrated by comparing the results of the proposed model with those obtained by assuming an isothermal process during loading–unloading. Pure torsion of SMA bars in various ambient conditions (free and forced convection of air, and forced convection of water flow) subjected to different loading–unloading rates are studied and it is shown that the isothermal solution is valid only for specific combinations of ambient conditions and loading rates.
Organization, Processing, and Use of Performance Information: A Cognitive Role for Appraisal Instruments1

There is a history of interest in appraisal instruments as a means of improving the accuracy of ratings. But cognitive models have suggested an alternative role for instrumentation. The present study involved 125 subjects in an attempt to examine whether the format of the instrument, and the timing of its introduction, might influence cognitive processing of performance information and, in turn, recall and rating accuracy. Subjects received either a task- or trait-based instrument, either before observing performance, before a recall task, or before ratings. Both the type of scale and the timing of its introduction affected the organization of information in memory which, in turn, was related to recall accuracy. Rater judgment processes were affected as well. Implications for future research, and especially practice, are discussed.
Weathering of a subarctic oil spill over 25 years: the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed experiment

A small experimental oil spill conducted in an open black spruce forest within the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed (CPCRW), 48 km north of Fairbanks, AK, in the winter of 1976 was designed to examine the effects of crude oil spills in permafrost terrain. No clean-up was attempted, and the site now provides an opportunity to follow the natural weathering of spilled oil under these conditions. In summer 2001, more than 25 years after the spill, we sampled soils from the spill plot and a nearby reference plot to determine how the oil had weathered, and to assess microbial populations and activity. All samples collected from the oiled plot contained substantial amounts of methylene chloride extractable oil, between 4% and 66% by weight. Using 17α(H)21β(H)hopane as a conserved internal marker within the oil, we determined that while some heavily oiled samples were almost unchanged since the spill, others had lost more than 80% of their initial hydrocarbon. Evaporation, biodegradation and photooxidation all seem to have played important roles in this process, but to varying degrees in different samples. Assays of culturable populations of total heterotrophs and crude oil emulsifiers, and mineralization potentials for hexadecane and phenanthrene, indicate that the microbial population in the oiled soils has remained acclimated to degrade hydrocarbons. We conclude that natural weathering processes will eventually lead to the removal of much of the hydrocarbon from these heavily oiled subarctic soils; however, the combination of low rates of nutrient turnover, a short thaw season, and high hydrocarbon concentrations will result in the persistence of oil residue for many more decades. Finding an environmentally appropriate cleanup technology for sites like this remains an important challenge for future research.
Susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium gallinaceum: A Trait of the Mosquito, the Parasite, and the Environment

Background Vector susceptibility to Plasmodium infection is treated primarily as a vector trait, although it is a composite trait expressing the joint occurrence of the parasite and the vector with genetic contributions of both. A comprehensive approach to assess the specific contribution of genetic and environmental variation on “vector susceptibility” is lacking. Here we developed and implemented a simple scheme to assess the specific contributions of the vector, the parasite, and the environment to “vector susceptibility.” To the best of our knowledge this is the first study that employs such an approach. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted selection experiments on the vector (while holding the parasite “constant”) and on the parasite (while holding the vector “constant”) to estimate the genetic contributions of the mosquito and the parasite to the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium gallinaceum. We separately estimated the realized heritability of (i) susceptibility to parasite infection by the mosquito vector and (ii) parasite compatibility (transmissibility) with the vector while controlling the other. The heritabilities of vector and the parasite were higher for the prevalence, i.e., fraction of infected mosquitoes, than the corresponding heritabilities of parasite load, i.e., the number of oocysts per mosquito. Conclusions The vector's genetics (heritability) comprised 67% of “vector susceptibility” measured by the prevalence of mosquitoes infected with P. gallinaceum oocysts, whereas the specific contribution of parasite genetics (heritability) to this trait was only 5%. Our parasite source might possess minimal genetic diversity, which could explain its low heritability (and the high value of the vector). Notably, the environment contributed 28%. These estimates are relevant only to the particular system under study, but this experimental design could be useful for other parasite-host systems. The prospects and limitations of the genetic manipulation of vector populations to render the vector resistant to the parasite are better considered on the basis of this framework.
The incorporation of Mexican women in seasonal migration: a study of gender differences.

This article compares sex differences in migratory behaviors work patterns and conjugal relations in a cohort of male and female immigrants who move seasonally between Mexico and the United States. Gender comparisons are made using survey data and information from in-depth group interviews. The findings indicate that among Mexicans immigration to the United States reinstates mens traditional roles as providers while making women assume non-traditional roles. Female role expansion through employment in the U.S. strongly influences conjugal relations in the direction of more equality. In contrast failure to enter the American labor force implies a role restriction resulting in a loss of autonomy for many immigrant women. (SUMMARY IN SPA) (EXCERPT)
Origins Go Plastic

Replication origins should no longer be thought of as housekeeping elements that function similarly in all cell types. Norio et al. (2005) provide the most authoritative evidence to date that mammalian replication origins can be dynamically regulated during differentiation.
Pelvic discontinuity: Where are we today?

Abstract Pelvic discontinuities in revision total hip arthroplasty remain a challenging problem with an evolving set of treatment options. Discontinuities occur when bone loss of the acetabulum and subsequent unstable movement of the acetabular component result in a fracture between the anterior and posterior columns. These resemble chronic nonunions by the time of revision arthroplasty and are managed differently from the acute fracture type occurring during primary or revision acetabular reconstruction in a previously stable pelvis. We review the treatment options and describe our preferred method of treatment using surgical distraction.
The Potential Of Acousto-Optical Devices

There is a method and hence a set of criteria that chairmen use to select speakers for opening or keynote addresses. The process operates in the following way: 1. Look for the clearly acknowledged leader in the field and get that person. If successful, allow 30-40 minutes for the talk. If that person is not available or there is no clearly identifiable person, proceed to step 2. Do not be tempted to choose someone else in the field. 2. Select an eminent person who is somewhat familiar with the field but is well known in some other area. This person will clearly not be controversial and will have no personal axe to grind. If successful, allow 20 minutes for the talk. If this is not possible, proceed to step 3. 3. Select the President of the sponsoring organization for the meeting and indicate to him that it is his unavoidable responsibility to present this particular address. Allow the minimum time possible for the talk. Do not be tempted to use any other argument other than 'unavoidable responsibility'. Method 3 cannot fail, since the only other recourse is for the Program Chairman to do it himself.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Morphometric analyses of alterations in the spinal cord

Morphometric analyses were carried out on rat spinal cords which were injured by a weight drop technique. A 10-g weight was dropped 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 17.5 cm onto the dura which was exposed at the T8 vertebral level. Four weeks after injury, lesion volume, lesion length, and the dimensions of the tissue at the epicenter (lesion area, area of gray matter, and area of white matter) were measured and correlated with the height from which the weight was dropped and the results from tests of motor and sensory functional deficit. The results, based on linear regression analyses, indicated significant correlations between certain morphologic parameters (lesion volume, lesion length, and the area of gray and white matter at the epicenter) and both the height from which the weight was dropped and behavioral scores. Because the area of white matter at the epicenter is a very simple measurement which correlates well (r = 0.91) with behavioral outcome, this morphologic feature is a useful quantitative measure of the histopathologic consequences of spinal cord injury.
The Electrical Design of the NRL Gamble II, 100 Kilojoule, 50 Nanosecond, Water Dielectric Pulse Generator Used in Electron Beam Experiments

The rationale for the choice of dielectric, size, and basic components of the system is summarized. The technology available and the state of the art in designing large wxater dielectric energy storage systems will be discussed and the application of this technology to the design of the Gamble II pulse generator is described.
Abstract 5326: Quantitative molecular profiling of biomarkers for pancreatic cancer with quantum dots

The detection of cancer biomarkers is important for diagnosis, disease stage forecasting, and clinical management. Since tumor populations are inherently heterogeneous, a key challenge is the quantitative profiling of membrane biomarkers, rather than secreted biomarkers, at the single cell level. The detection of cancer biomarkers is also important for imaging and therapeutics since membrane proteins are commonly selected as targets. Many methods for detection of membrane proteins yield ensemble averages and hence have limited application for analysis of heterogeneous populations or single cells. Fluorescence-based methods allow detection at the single cell level, however, photobleaching presents a major limitation in obtaining quantitative information. Quantum dots overcome the limitations associated with photobleaching, however, the development of quantum dot – antibody (QD-Ab) conjugates that allow quantitative profiling of biomarkers has remained challenging. Here we demonstrate quantitative in vitro profiling and multiplexing of molecular biomarkers associated with precursor lesions of pancreatic adenocarcinoma using QD-Ab conjugates. We demonstrate quantitative spatial profiling of several biomarkers for pancreatic cancer, including mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen, and claudin-4 in several pancreatic cancer cell lines and a normal pancreas cell line. We also show tumor targeting in a mouse model. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5326. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5326
Antiviral resistance in influenza viruses--implications for management and pandemic response.

Resistance to amantadine has been detected at an extraordinarily high frequency in isolates of influenza A virus. Dr. Frederick Hayden discusses the implications of resistance to antiviral agents for the current clinical management of influenza and for planning for a possible pandemic.
Design of an electrically small, circularly polarized planar cross dipole

A circularly polarized, planar cross dipole antenna is presented with an electrical size, kr, of 0.65. Miniaturization of the antenna is achieved by employing top-loading on both ends of the crossed dipoles. Short stubs are implemented to boost the reduced radiation resistance. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/Duroid 5880, having a dielectric constant, e r , of 2.2, and a thickness of 3.2 mm. The antenna operates at 912 MHz, where the maximum realized gain of the antenna is 1.37 dBic and the axial ratio is below 3 dB.
Evaluation of the dynamic electrochemical stability of ionic liquid–metal interfaces against reactive oxygen species using an in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

The dynamic interactions between the electrochemically generated superoxide radical (O2˙−) and three structurally different ionic liquids (ILs) were characterized using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). We established the long-term stability of the interface (on the scale of hours and weeks) against the most ubiquitous interferent in electrochemical energy devices and sensors: oxygen. Oxygen potentially limits the application of IL electrolytes in these devices. In particular, the electrochemical behavior of the O2/O2˙− couple and the ion pair formed between the cation of an IL and O2˙− were evaluated. O2˙− tends to form ion pair complexes with the cation of an IL, subsequently abstracting a proton to form different products depending on the cationic structure of the IL used. The reversibility of the O2/O2˙− electrode reaction depends on the subsequent chemical reactions between O2˙− and the IL, which are more pronounced at slow scan rates. It was found that O2˙− was significantly more stable in the IL with the [BMPY] cation than in ILs with imidazolium salts. The stability of the ILs towards O2˙− attack follows the order [BMPY][NTf2] > [BdMIM][NTf2] > [BMIM][NTf2] as evaluated on a time-scale of a few seconds to minutes and up to 3 weeks. It was found that the formation of the [Cation]⋯O2˙− ion pair complex lowers the local viscosity of the IL near the electrode, reflected in the change in the oscillating frequency of the quartz crystal electrode. As much as is the feasibility for the formation of this ion pair, that much is the tendency of the IL to lose its electrochemical stability. A combined analysis can provide a quick indication of the dynamic stability of the electrode–electrolyte interface for any IL in the presence of certain electrochemical reactions using the EQCM technique.
Comparative rheological studies of polyamide-6 and its low loaded nanocomposite based on layered silicates

We study some rheological properties for polyamide-6 (PA-6) and a low concentrated clay nanocomposite melt based on polyamide-6 and montmorillonite. Simple shear experiments, carried out for both the neat system and nanocomposite at two different temperatures, include start up shear flows, stress relaxation after cessation of steady flow and oscillatory shear. The dynamic data for the neat PA-6 matrix differ markedly from that of the nanocomposite system, even if it has very low nanofiller concentration. Thermal stability of the PA-6 matrix imposed many restrictions on rheological studies of our systems. Therefore an experimental window was established via rheological and thermal characterization of the materials, wherein the polymer matrix was confirmed to be thermally stable. The relaxation spectra for both polymer systems were determined from linear dynamic experiments using the Pade’-Laplace procedure. A rough estimation of nanocomposite volume fraction at percolation allowed us to attribute the occurrence of extra (relative to the neat polymer) Maxwell modes observed for the nanocomposite to the formation of a particulate network above the percolation threshold.
Add-On Program for National Household Travel Survey: Experience of Stakeholders and Best Practices to Maximize Program Benefits

The National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) is conducted by FHWA every 5 to 7 years to determine the travel characteristics of the American public. In 1990, FHWA began offering the add-on program, which allowed state departments of transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to purchase additional sample data for their local areas. In the 2009 NHTS, the Tennessee DOT purchased add-on sample data for use by the state DOT and MPOs. To derive the most benefit from the data, the Tennessee DOT sponsored a study to determine how previous add-on program participants had used the samples and what lessons the participants had learned in those applications, as well as to identify the best practices to maximize program benefits. A literature review and Internet and phone surveys were used to ascertain this information. The major findings of the study included (a) the add-on participants' opinion that the program was a cost-effective way of obtaining data that are consistent at the local, sta...
The impact of the written request process on drug development in childhood cancer

Purpose The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act, enacted in 1997, created a pediatric exclusivity incentive allowing sponsors to qualify for an additional 6 months of marketing exclusivity after satisfying the requirements outlined in the Written Request (WR). This review evaluates the impact of the WR mechanism on the development of oncology drugs in children. Methods A search of the FDA document archiving, reporting, and regulatory tracking system was performed for January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010. Drugs were identified and pediatric-specific labeling information was obtained from Drugs@fda.gov and FDA Pediatric Labeling Changes Table. Results Fifty WRs have been issued for oncology drugs. Pediatric studies have been submitted for 14 drugs. Thirteen received pediatric exclusivity. As of December 31, 2010, labeling changes have been made for 11 drugs. Three drugs were approved for pediatric use. Conclusion WRs have provided a mechanism to promote the study of drugs in pediatric malignancies. Information from studies resulting from the WRs regarding safety, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of oncology drugs has been incorporated into pediatric labeling for 11/14 of the drugs. Earlier communication and collaboration between the FDA, National Cancer Institute, clinical investigators, and commercial sponsors are envisioned to facilitate the identification and prioritization of emerging new drugs of interest for WR consideration. Since this is the only regulatory mechanism, resulting from specific legislative initiatives relevant to cancer drug development for children, efforts to enhance its impact on increasing drug approval for pediatric cancer indications are warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 531–537. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying optical microangiography images obtained from a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system

The blood vessel morphology is known to correlate with several diseases, such as cancer, and is important for describing several tissue physiological processes, like angiogenesis. Therefore, a quantitative method for characterizing the angiography obtained from medical images would have several clinical applications. Optical microangiography (OMAG) is a method for obtaining three-dimensional images of blood vessels within a volume of tissue. In this study we propose to quantify OMAG images obtained with a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system. A technique for determining three measureable parameters (the fractal dimension, the vessel length fraction, and the vessel area density) is proposed and validated. Finally, the repeatability for acquiring OMAG images is determined, and a new method for analyzing small areas from these images is proposed.
Sexuality after spinal cord injury: A critical review

Abstract The literature on sexuality after spinal cord injury was reviewed. Four major areas were examined: the sexual response cycle, reproductive functioning, sexual behavior and adjustment, and sexual counseling and rehabilitation. Early research focused almost exclusively on the physiology of sexual functioning after spinal injury. There is now an increasing body of information about the psychosocial aspects of sexual adjustment. Methodological problems and areas for future research were critically discussed. Where information was available, emphasis was given to the differences between men and women after spinal cord injury.
Application of a Colorimetric Assay to Identify Putative Ribofuranosylaminobenzene 5'-Phosphate Synthase Genes Expressed with Activity in Escherichia coli.

Tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) is a tetrahydrofolate analog originally discovered in methanogenic archaea, but later found in other archaea and bacteria. The extent to which H4MPT occurs among living organisms is unknown. The key enzyme which distinguishes the biosynthetic pathways of H4MPT and tetrahydrofolate is ribofuranosylaminobenzene 5′-phosphate synthase (RFAP synthase). Given the importance of RFAP synthase in H4MPT biosynthesis, the identification of putative RFAP synthase genes and measurement of RFAP synthase activity would provide an indication of the presence of H4MPT in untested microorganisms. Investigation of putative archaeal RFAP synthase genes has been hampered by the tendency of the resulting proteins to form inactive inclusion bodies inEscherichia coli. The current work describes a colorimetric assay for measuring RFAP synthase activity, and two modified procedures for expressing recombinant RFAP synthase genes to produce soluble, active enzyme. By lowering the incubation temperature during expression, RFAP synthase fromArchaeoglobus fulgidus was produced inE. coli and purified to homogeneity. The production of active RFAP synthase fromMethanothermobacter thermautotrophicus was achieved by coexpression of the geneMTH0830 with a molecular chaperone. This is the first direct biochemical identification of a methanogen gene that codes for an active RFAP synthase.
The World Health Organization's definition of health: Social versus spiritual health

The World Health Organization formulated its definition of health following World War II, during a period when the social health of societies was in question. Since that definition in 1946, social scientists have dutifully followed its precepts and attempted to operationalize its concepts, including social well-being. But, American social scientists have found that psychosocial well-being may be a more accurate formulation of mental and social well-being, and they have questioned the reasonableness of a definition that requires complete health. It is proposed that scholars refine the WHO definition over the next several years, while at the same time creating bridges between a new conceptual definition and more detailed operational definitions. An expansion of the WHO definition may be necessary to include a spiritual dimension of health if social scientists can agree that spirituality is part of health and not merely an influence.
SURGICAL OPTIONS IN ACUTE DIVERTICULITIS: VALUE OF SlGMOlD RESECTION IN DEALING WITH THE SEPTIC FOCUS

The outcome of 78 patients hospitalized with acute diverticulitis was analysed to determine the indications for emergency operation and to examine the safety of sigmoid resection. Forty patients improved on medical therapy, but four relapsed soon after discharge. Forty-two (55%) patients had emergency operations for non-resolution of clinical sepsis (25), persistent symptoms or mass (14) and fistula (three). Operations performed were: sigmoid resection and primary anastomosis (23) with covering colostomy (six). Hartmann's operation (10), drainage with/without colostomy (seven) and right hemicolectomy (two). Findings at operation were: abscess (19), phlegmon (14), generalized peritonitis (six), colovesical fistula (three) and chronic diverticulitis (three). Complications included wound infections (six), respiratory complications (five) and one death. Six patients having drainage of the sigmoid inflammation alone as the first operation required subsequent resection, with prolonged and often complicated hospitalization. Minimal morbidity and shorter hospitalization were achieved when sigmoid resection was performed at the initial procedure.
Ectopic atrial rhythm is a preablation predictor of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in children

Background Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common tachyarrhythmia among pediatric patients. Usually, non-preexcited SVT is attributable to either atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) or unidirectional retrograde accessory pathway (URAP), but these cannot be differentiated on a baseline electrocardiogram (ECG). The ability to identify the SVT mechanism in children may guide decision-making about treatment and counseling regarding electrophysiology study (EPS). Clinical experience suggested that ectopic atrial rhythm (EAR) is more frequently observed on preablation ECGs of pediatric patients with AVNRT. This study aimed to determine whether EAR is predictive of AVNRT. Methods A 10-year single-center retrospective review was conducted with patients who underwent ablation for SVT from 1997 through 2006. All pediatric patients with documented AVNRT or URAP during EPS were included. The exclusion criteria specified prior ablation, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, or complex congenital heart disease. A patient was considered to have EAR if a preablation ECG had a p-wave axis less than 0° or greater than 90° or a wandering atrial pacemaker with at least three different p-wave morphologies. Results The review found 457 eligible patients ages 0.5 to 21 years: 285 with AVNRT and 172 with URAP. Patients with congenital heart defects represented 5.6% of the AVNRT group and 2.9% of the URAP group. Ectopic atrial rhythm was seen in 45 (16%) of 285 patients with AVNRT compared with 10 (6%) of 172 URAP patients (p = 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of EAR for AVNRT was 16% and 94%, respectively, and the positive predictive value was 82%. There was no difference in heart rate or QRS duration between the two groups. Conclusion On preablation ECG for pediatric SVT patients, EAR is a reasonably specific marker for AVNRT.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation Reduces Visceral Sensitivity to Gastric Distention in Healthy Canines

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) on proximal stomach distention-induced visceral sensitivity. Isobaric gastric distention was performed using a barostat system in 8 normal and 6 vagotomized dogs and animal behaviors were noted and graded. The normal dogs were studied in 4 sessions: control (no GES), short pulse GES, long pulse GES, and dual-pulse GES, and the vagotomized dogs were studied in three sessions: control (no GES), long pulse GES and guanethidine. It was found that: 1) proximal stomach distention-induced behavioral changes were mediated by vagal and sympathetic pathways. The total behavior score (TBS) was 40.6 ± 7.4 in the controls, 15.3 ± 8.9 in vagotomized dogs (P=0.006 vs. control) and 8.8 ± 0.9 in the vagotomized dogs with guanethidine (P=0.04 vs. vagotomy). The behavioral changes were mediated via the vagal pathway at distention pressures below 20 mmHg, but mediated via both the vagal and sympathetic pathways at distention pressures equal to and above 20 mmHg. 2) GES with long pulses or dual pulses but not short pulses reduced the distention-induced behavioral score (P=0.003, P=0.006 and P=0.7, respectively) and the effects of GES of long pulses might be mediated via the vagal and sympathetic pathways. In conclusion, gastric distention-induced visceral sensitivity is mediated via the vagal pathway at low distention pressures but via both vagal and sympathetic pathways at high distention pressures. GES with long but not short pulses reduces distention-induced visceral sensitivity.
Unusual regioselectivity in Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling of allylic monoacetates and nitroalkanes: one-pot isomerization–alkylation

A hitherto unknown palladium-catalyzed reaction of nitroalkanes with hydroxy allylic acetates is reported. The reaction led to the formation of γ-nitrocarbonyl compounds instead of the usual unsaturated nitroalcohol expected upon displacement of the allylic acetate group.
A Self-Tuning Fuzzy Controller With Switching Control Modes

A fuzzy controller that adjusts its structure in relation to changes in system or disturbance dynamics is proposed. The controller output membership functions are tuned for optimum performance. The tuning is implemented by a control supervisor that makes its decisions depending on the reliability of the current process model. If the model is reliable, the prediction error is used to tune the controller, otherwise, the tuning is realized by a measure of past performance. To prove the feasibility of the controller, the proposed technique is applied to the speed control of a DC motor.
Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional Planning for Orbital Decompression:

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is the most common cause of unilateral or bilateral proptosis in adults. A mainstay of surgical treatment is orbital decompression utilizing osteotomies to increase the size of the affected bony orbit to accommodate the larger soft tissue volume. Over the past several decades, numerous approaches have been described for orbital decompression. However, given the intricate osseous and soft tissue anatomy within the orbit, orbital decompression is a potentially hazardous intervention. With advances in three-dimensional imaging and virtual planning, extensive orbital decompressions can be performed safely and efficiently. In this report, we describe two cases of three-wall orbital decompressions using three-dimensional planning.
Cation–π Interactions Stabilize the Structure of the Antimicrobial Peptide Indolicidin near Membranes: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We implemented molecular dynamics simulations of the 13-residue antimicrobial peptide indolicidin (ILPWKWPWWPWRR-NH2) in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. In DPC, a persistent cation−π interaction between TRP11 and ARG13 defined the structure of the peptide near the interface. A transient cation−π interaction was also observed between TRP4 and the choline group on DPC lipids. We also implemented simulation of a mutant of indolicidin in the DPC micelle where TRP11 was replaced by ALA11. As a result of the mutation, the boat-shaped conformation is lost and the structure becomes significantly less defined. On the basis of this evidence, we argue that cation−π interactions determine the experimentally measured, well-defined boat-shaped structure of indolicidin. In SDS, the lack of such interactions and the electrostatic binding of the terminal arginine residues to the sulfate groups leads to an extended peptide structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first tim...
Phenylketonuria: some observations on reflex activity.

Summary Low threshold H reflexes were recorded from the anterolateral muscles in 5 of 12 patients with phenylketonuria. A similar incidence was noted in patients with a congenital or infantile hemiparesis. It is felt that the enhancement of this reflex activity is related to damage of developing pathways within the central nervous system.
Wear characteristics of electrolytic hard chrome and thermal sprayed WC–10 Co–4 Cr coatings sliding against Al–Ni–bronze in air at 21 °C and at −40 °C

Abstract Hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic and the disposing of solutions for electroplating chromium can create serious health and environmental hazards. Alternative methods of depositing other hard facing materials to replace the chrome hard coating used in aircraft landing gear are being sought and evaluated. One of these is the high-velocity-oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal sprayed coating of tungsten carbide (WC). Sliding wear tests of HVOF WC–10 Co–4 Cr and electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) coatings sliding against Al–Ni–bronze were performed in a purpose-built multi-site reciprocating test rig in air at room temperature and in an environmental chamber at −40 °C. The effects of several parameters, which included coating thickness, surface finish, sliding velocity and accumulated sliding distance, on the performance of these coatings were studied. The results found that the Al–Ni–bronze sustained higher wear from chrome plated rods than from HVOF coated rods. The Al–Ni–bronze also sustained much higher mass losses at low sliding speed than at high sliding speed. SEM and EDX revealed the existence of a uniformly distributed oxide layer on the Al–Ni–bronze specimens from high-speed tests. The metallographic examination also revealed substantial mass transfer of Al–Ni–bronze to the EHC coating and of tungsten carbide from the HVOF coating to the softer Al–Ni–bronze resulting in the observed weight gain on the EHC specimens and weight loss from the HVOF specimens. Overall, the mass losses of the Al–Ni–bronze were lower at −40 °C than at room temperature and the thickness and surface finish of the coatings as tested appeared to have very little effect on the mass loss of Al–Ni–bronze.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDIES COMPARING BEHAVIORALLY ANCHORED RATING SCALES (BARS) AND OTHER RATING FORMATS

All published studies comparing behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) with other rating formats were reviewed. Results indicate that BARS and other formats appear to differ relatively little (if at all) with regard to psychometric characteristics (leniency, halo, interrater agreement, ratee discriminability, validity and “accuracy”). Other variables, such as degree of rater participation in scale construction and rater preferences for different rating scale formats, also exhibited relatively little differences between BARS and other formats. A close examination of the studies, however, reveals numerous methodological problems confounding interpretations of results, making conclusions about the superiority or inferiority of BARS quite tenuous. Suggestions are made for more appropriate research directions and questions which seem more appropriate for rating scale investigations.
COX-2 inhibition in upper aerodigestive tract tumors.

Evidence continues to accumulate that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible COX isoform, represents a potential pharmacological target for the prevention and treatment of cancer, including tumors affecting the upper aerodigestive tract. Studies in experimental models of these malignancies show that selective COX-2 inhibitors reduce tumor formation and growth. Clinical studies have been initiated to determine the chemopreventive effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors in patients with oral leukoplakia and Barrett’s esophagus, and other studies are assessing the feasibility of incorporating these agents into existing treatment modalities for patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer.
Instability of orthotropic cylindrical shells under combined torsionand hydrostatic pressure.

The problem of general instability of an orthotropic circular cylindrical shell of elastic material under combined torsion and hydrostatic pressure is investigated for two sets of boundary conditions: simply supported and clamped ends. The analysis is based on the assumptions of linear elasticity, small deflection theory, thin shell theory, and uniform geometry (the stiffnesses are independent of the space coordinates). Furthermore, the Poisson effect, the effect of transverse shear forces on deformations, and the effect of eccentricitie s have been assumed negligible. The governing differential equations and proper boundary conditions are derived by variational methods, and they are expressed in terms of the displacement components. By elimination the in-plane displacement components, a Donnell-type equation in the normal displacement component is obtained. A Galerkin procedure is employed and the characteristic equation relating the applied loads to the shell geometry, stiffnesses, and the number of sine waves in the circumferential direction is derived. From this, the critical conditions are obtained with the aid of a computer program. The results are presented in graphical form for a range of values of the different stiffnesses. When isotropic stiffnesses are used the results reduce to the well-known curves for isotropic cylinders.
Comparison of Fecal Indicator Bacterial Populations in Surface Waters of the Kalamazoo River, USA

Surface waters along the Kalamazoo River, USA, were examined for occurrence and population trends of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) with culture-based and culture-independent methods. The two methods recorded discrepancies in FIB counts, with the culture-independent method revealing more consistent numbers between the river sites. FIB cells that hybridized with the ECO1482 probe were highest in the downstream site, while the upstream site recorded higher ENF343 hybridized cells. Spatial and temporal differences in FIB populations were probably attributable to contrasting fecal pollution influences, vegetation type, varying environmental conditions as well as several in-stream factors between the two river sites.
Relationship between hot spot residues and ligand binding hot spots in protein-protein interfaces.

In the context of protein–protein interactions, the term “hot spot” refers to a residue or cluster of residues that makes a major contribution to the binding free energy, as determined by alanine scanning mutagenesis. In contrast, in pharmaceutical research, a hot spot is a site on a target protein that has high propensity for ligand binding and hence is potentially important for drug discovery. Here we examine the relationship between these two hot spot concepts by comparing alanine scanning data for a set of 15 proteins with results from mapping the protein surfaces for sites that can bind fragment-sized small molecules. We find the two types of hot spots are largely complementary; the residues protruding into hot spot regions identified by computational mapping or experimental fragment screening are almost always themselves hot spot residues as defined by alanine scanning experiments. Conversely, a residue that is found by alanine scanning to contribute little to binding rarely interacts with hot spot ...
Evaluation of thiazide diuretic use as preferred therapy in uncomplicated essential hypertension patients

Thiazide diuretics are effective antihypertensive medications shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and stroke. Despite being the preferred choice for uncomplicated essential hypertension, thiazide diuretics continue to be underutilized.Methods: Uncomplicated essential hypertension patients taking a single antihypertensive medication were evaluated upon enrollment, diagnosis after enrollment or initiation of therapy in treatment naive patients. Clinician prescribing habits were determined for both pre-existing and newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. For the cost savings analysis, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 25mg daily was selected as the preferred conversion medication.Results: Four hundred seventy-eight patients were included. ACE inhibitors were the most prescribed at 35.4% (n=169), followed by dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (DHP CCB) and thiazide diuretics, both at 20.3% (n=97). Only 12.9% (n=33) of patients with hypertension that were taking an antihypertensive medication upon enrollment were either continued or started on thiazide diuretic therapy. Newly diagnosed or treatment naive patients were prescribed a thiazide diuretic 28.8% (n=64) of the time. DHP CCB accounted for 58.8% of the total medication cost per month with thiazide diuretics responsible for 0.8% of the cost. If all patients had been prescribed HCTZ 25mg daily, 95.8% of the total medication cost per month could have been saved.Conclusions: Thiazide diuretics were underutilized as preferred therapy in patients with pre-existing or newly diagnosed uncomplicated essential hypertension. While cost of therapy should not be the sole reason for medication selection, thiazide diuretics are an attractive option and should be considered as a preferred therapy in this patient population.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). As the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as an inflammatory process, similarities between atherosclerosis and systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, lupus, psoriasis, spondyloarthritis and others have become a topic of interest. Endothelial dysfunction represents a key step in the initiation and maintenance of atherosclerosis and may serve as a marker for future risk of cardiovascular events. Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases manifest endothelial dysfunction, often early in the course of the disease. Therefore, mechanisms linking systemic inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis may be best understood at the level of the endothelium. Multiple factors, including circulating inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), reactive oxygen species, oxidized LDL (low density lipoprotein), autoantibodies and traditional risk factors directly and indirectly activate endothelial cells, leading to impaired vascular relaxation, increased leukocyte adhesion, increased endothelial permeability and generation of a pro-thrombotic state. Pharmacologic agents directed against TNF-α-mediated inflammation may decrease the risk of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in these patients. Understanding the precise mechanisms driving endothelial dysfunction in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases may help elucidate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the general population.
Toluene dioxygenase: A multicomponent enzyme system

Abstract Pseudomonas putida oxidizes toluene through (+)-cis-1(S),2(R)-dihydroxy-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene (cis-toluene dihydrodiol). The enzyme catalyzing this reaction was resolved into three protein components. Maximal enzymatic activity was dependent on the presence of ferrous iron and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide.