cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

BACKGROUND The ICH Score has become the standard for risk-stratification of 30-d mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but treatment has evolved over the last 17 yr since its inception. We sought to determine if the ICH Score remains an accurate predictor of 30-d mortality in these high acuity patients. OBJECTIVE To determine the role the ICH Score has on mortality in current treatment of patients. METHODS A retrospective review of 554 patients treated for acute, spontaneous ICH at 2 large academic institutions between 2010 and 2014 was carried out. Surgical intervention in the form of external ventricular drain or craniotomy was performed when indicated. All patients were managed medically until discharge or death. RESULTS Over half (53.6%) of the patients presented with ICH of the basal ganglia/thalamus and the majority (71%) presented with ICH Scores of 0 to 2. Overall mortality was 25.1%. Observed mortality in moderate grade ICH Score patients (3 and 4) was lower than expected (49% vs 72%, P < .001) and (71% vs 97%, P < .001) when compared to the original ICH Score results. Despite differences in ICH and intraventricular hemorrhage volume, and Glasgow Coma Scale there was no difference in surgical intervention (12.2% vs 11.8%, P = .94) between the two groups. Withdrawal of care was instituted in 56.6% of all patients who died and increased with ICH Score. CONCLUSION In our cohort, the original ICH score did not accurately predict the mortality rate. Patient survival exceeded ICH Score-predicted mortality regardless of surgical intervention. Reevaluation of predictive scores could be useful to aid in more accurate prognoses.
Computer-Aided Design of 3-D Objects Using Polar Spline Representations

In recent years there has been considerable interest in systems for the computer-aided design of three dimensional objects. An essential ingredient of such a system is a method for constructing mathematical representations of 3-D surfaces. The method should have the following properties: (1.1) the mathematical representation of any object should depend only on a finite number of parameters which can be stored in a digital computer; (1.2) the representation should be such that perspective views (or 3-D views) of the object can be rapidly generated; (1.3) the representation of any object should depend on a finite number (1.3) of control parameters in such a way that the user can interactively modify these parameters to alter the shape of the object in a controlled fashion.
Bäcklund transformations for nonlinear field equations

B~cklund transformations, first discovered a century ago by A. V. B~cklund EIJ, have been found to be of renewed interest in recent years due to the discovery of solitons (E23~; see also EI9J for example). However, finding such transformations is difficult. 0nly one even partly systematic method for finding B~cklund transformations is known, that due to Wahlquist and Estabrook ~20, 211. This method will be discussed here, along with various generalizations. A B~cklund transformation (BT), or strictly speaking an autoB~cklund transformation, will be taken here simply to mean a set of auxiliary equations, associated with a field equation (or set of field equations), such that one solution of the field equation may be used to generate a second solution, usually by means of integration or solving a simple differential equation. (See ~3~ for example.) A well-known example is the BT for the sine-Gordon (s-G) equation ~15~, ~uv = sin~ (I) which is @u' = ~u + 2k-I sin_2 !(~' + ~) ~v' -$v + 2k sin ~(~' ~) (2) where ~ and ~' are solutions of Eq. (I), k is a constant, and subscripts mean partial derivatives. It is clear that, if ~ is known, then it is in principle possible to solve these equations for ~'. While BT's are known for only a small number of field equations, and probably do not exist for most partial differential equations, they still have attracted much interest. Field equations admitting BT's are often nonlinear, with no other systematic means of solution; they may occur in a rather wide variety of contexts; and they may serve as simple approximations for other equations. Thus BT's are important for their study.
Expression of cloned growth hormone and metallothionein genes in heterologous cells.

Publisher Summary Human growth hormone (hGH) is normally produced by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary. It is synthesized as a prehormone containing a hydrophobic, amino-terminal signal sequence that is removed during secretion. The mature hormone exhibits multiple biological effects in vivo including diabetogenic, insulin-like, lactogenic, and growth-promoting activities. Most hGH preparations can be separated into multiple bands by high-resolution isoelectric focusing or gel electrophoresis. This chapter presents three different methods to introduce cloned genes into cultured mammalian cells—infection with simian virus 40 virions, acute transfection with simian virus 40 plasmid recombinants, and transformation with bovine papilloma virus (BPV) recombinants. The mouse MT-I gene inserted into BPV has been used as a dominant selective marker for hGH gene transfer. This system allows transformed cells to be selected by cadmium resistance, rather than by altered morphology, and is useful for introducing hormone-coding and hormone-responsive genes into a variety of cell types.
Abstract LB-386: MicroRNA-164a activates the Wnt pathway to promote breast cancer metastasis

Breast cancer is the most common type of malignant tumor among women, and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains is one of the major contributors of breast cancer mortality. TNBCs are a type of aggressive breast cancer that exhibits a high rate of distant metastasis and poor survival compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Although immunotherapy with PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade have achieved durable responses in a number of tumors, including TNBC. However, the overall response rates were low. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for tumor metastasis and the interaction of tumor cells with their microenvironments is critical for developing effective therapeutic approaches to treat metastatic breast cancer. Our results suggest that miR-146 can induce oncogenic transformation and tumor metastasis in the context of breast cancer. We found that miR-146a is highly expressed in TNBC cells, and is critical for the expansion of tumor-initiating cells in breast cancer growth and metastasis. Our preliminary data further indicate that miR-146a promotes breast tumorigenesis by targeting negative regulators of Wnt pathway, which is frequently altered in various tumors. The goal of this study to develop novel therapeutic approaches that could ultimately lead to effective treatment for breast cancer, particularly TNBC. Citation Format: Melvin Kantono, Wei Sun, Beichu Guo. MicroRNA-164a activates the Wnt pathway to promote breast cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-386.
A Human Ribonuclease Variant and ERK-Pathway Inhibitors Exhibit Highly Synergistic Toxicity for Cancer Cells

Pancreatic-type ribonucleases (ptRNases) are prevalent secretory enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA. Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a cytosolic protein that has femtomolar affinity for ptRNases, affording protection from the toxic catalytic activity of ptRNases, which can invade human cells. A human ptRNase variant that is resistant to inhibition by RI is a cytotoxin that is undergoing a clinical trial as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. We find that the ptRNase and protein kinases in the ERK pathway exhibit strongly synergistic toxicity toward lung cancer cells (including a KRASG12C variant) and melanoma cells (including BRAFV600E variants). The synergism arises from inhibiting the phosphorylation of RI and thereby diminishing its affinity for the ptRNase. These findings link seemingly unrelated cellular processes, and suggest that the use of a kinase inhibitor to unleash a cytotoxic enzyme could lead to beneficial manifestations in the clinic.
Direct observation of the intermediate in an ultrafast isomerization

Using a combination of two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) and variable temperature Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies the rapid structural isomerization of a five-coordinate ruthenium complex is investigated. In methylene chloride, three exchanging isomers were observed: (1) square pyramidal equatorial, (1); (2) trigonal bipyramidal, (0); and (3) square pyramidal apical, (2). Exchange between 1 and 0 was found to be an endergonic process (ΔH = 0.84 (0.08) kcal mol-1, ΔS = 0.6 (0.4) eu) with an isomerization time constant of 4.3 (1.5) picoseconds (ps, 10-12 s). Exchange between 0 and 2 however was found to be exergonic (ΔH = -2.18 (0.06) kcal mol-1, ΔS = -5.3 (0.3) eu) and rate limiting with an isomerization time constant of 6.3 (1.6) ps. The trigonal bipyramidal complex was found to be an intermediate, with an activation barrier of 2.2 (0.2) kcal mol-1 and 2.4 (0.2) kcal mol-1 relative to the equatorial and apical square pyramidal isomers respectively. This study provides direct validation of the mechanism of Berry pseudorotation - the pairwise exchange of ligands in a five-coordinate complex - a process that was first described over fifty years ago. This study also clearly demonstrates that the rate of pseudorotation approaches the frequency of molecular vibrations.
Breast MRI ordering practices in a large health care network

The purpose of this study was to evaluate providers' ordering practices and perceptions of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an academic network in order to better understand and educate a referral base. An online survey was distributed to primary care providers (PCPs) and specialists in our hospital and community practices. Questions included provider demographics, current ordering practices, challenges to ordering, and perceptions about breast MRI. Of 525 ordering providers, 134 responded (26% response rate). Of 134 providers, 57 (42%) order breast MRI in practice. Of those who do not, the most consistent reason was a lack of familiarity with the use of breast MRI (32/77 [42%] of cases). Of 57 cases, 45 (79%) order less than 10 exams annually. The most frequent indication is for high-risk screening (40/47 [84%]). PCPs order fewer breast MRI compared with specialists (P = 0.01). Both PCPs and specialists have mixed perceptions of the clinical utility of breast MRI. However, 30% of all providers are ordering more breast MRI since the enactment of breast density legislation in Massachusetts. Furthermore, 29% report they would order breast MRI more often to screen women with dense breasts if there was a low cost option. Referring provider surveys are useful tools for assessing a radiology practice. Our study suggests a growing clinical interest in breast MRI for screening; however, there is a need for provider education on the clinical utility of breast MRI. Increasing the radiologist's role in targeted educational interventions may help improve awareness and lead to more appropriate utilization of resources.
Circulating tumor DNA may correlate with tumor size changes following therapy.

233Background: Pancreatic cancer has significant mortality at five years, even in resectable disease. Recent effort has been dedicated to identify a more specific tumor marker for screening and ass...
Deep Learning at Your Fingertips

From SurveyMonkey to Google Forms, online surveys have become a cornerstone of modern research. However, these survey platforms lack the ability to provide advanced analysis to researchers, often requiring expensive third-party analytics software to rectify their shortcomings. We propose to solve this problem by adding data analysis capabilities onto TigerAware, an existing data collection platform. TigerAware offers a generic and customizable tool which allows researchers without technical expertise to create, manage, and deploy custom mobile surveys to participants in real-time. We seek to add data analysis functionalities to the TigerAware platform ranging from basic statistics functions to emotion recognition via deep learning. Our analysis platform uses data collected by TigerAware to give researchers real-time analytics throughout the duration of their study. Through our additions to the TigerAware platform, we present a novel all-in-one tool for researchers to facilitate effective survey creation, survey administration, data collection, and data analysis.
Technological change in ICT in light of ideas first learned about the machine tool industry

Rosenberg (1963, J. Econ. Hist., 23(4), 414–443) analyzed innovation in the 19th and early 20th century machine tool (MT) industry and its industrializing customers. This paper re‐applies his analysis to the invention and application of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in the 20th and 21st centuries. Rosenberg’s ideas of technological convergence and of collective learning that leads to a pool of knowledge in a competitive upstream industry are emphasized. In some ICT market segments, the primary customer is a technologist; for these segments, Rosenberg’s analysis works quite well. The core reason appears to be that there, as Rosenberg said of MTs, the analysis can go forward on a “purely technological level.” In the commercially oriented ICT market segments where most value has been created, this assumption fails. Difficulties at the boundary between purely technological innovation and commercial innovations change the analysis considerably. The locus of accumulating knowledge, the path of technological change through the economy, the structure of the industry supplying the general components and the degree of sharing of technical advances across firms and industries, all change in an easily explained way. The idea of the boundary between two complementary bodies of knowledge may be important. The idea that commercial innovation can be unlike technical invention may be important.
Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on resolvin (RvE1)-mediated suppression of inflammation in a mouse model of asthma.

Objective: ResolvinE1 (RvE1), an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega 3 fatty acids contributes to resolution of allergic inflammatory responses. We investigated effects of RvE1 (R) and omega 3 fatty acids (O) on airway reactivity and inflammation using allergic mice. Methods: Mice were divided into control (nonasthmatic; CON) and allergen sensitized-challenged (asthmatic; SEN) groups, and were sensitized i.p. on days 1, 6 with 0.2 μg ovalbumin (OVA) followed by 5% OVA aerosol challenges on days 11-13. RvE1 was administered i.p. postallergen challenge, while omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) were administered via oral gavage once daily (days 1-13). Whole body plethysmography and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) studies were performed on day 14. Results: RvE1 attenuated airway responsiveness to methacholine (48 mg/ml) in treated asthmatic mice vs. nontreated (150 ± 27.88% in SEN vs. 54 ± 7.52% in SEN + R, p < .05). No difference was observed with omega-3 supplementation (115 ± 19.28% in SEN + O) or treatment with both RvE1 and omega 3 fatty acids (39 ± 12.37% in SEN + R + O vs. 54 ± 7.52% in SEN + R). Differential BAL cell analysis showed that RvE1 decreased eosinophils and neutrophils in SEN mice (p < .005) while no difference was observed with omega-3 fatty acids. SEN + R + O group had similar results as RvE1 treated mice, suggesting that only RvE1 attenuated inflammation. Conclusions: RvE1 attenuated airway responsiveness and inflammation in asthmatic mice. Omega-3 fatty acids, although a precursor for RvE1 formation, had no additive effects on RvE1 decreases in airway inflammation and airway reactivity. Our data suggests that omega-3 supplementation has little effect on airway inflammation and reactivity in our model of asthma.
A shear thickening fluid based impact resistant electrolyte for safe Li-ion batteries

Abstract The impact induced penetration of liquid electrolyte and porous polymer separator can lead to the internal short-circuit of Li-ion batteries (LIBs), resulting in the fire and explosion. Here in this work, an electrochemically stable shear thickening electrolyte was developed to improve the safety of LIBs. The electrolyte was formulated by integration of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) modified glass fibers fillers and regular liquid electrolyte. The formulated electrolyte exhibited shear thickening behavior with the filler volume fraction greater than ∼28%. The transient behaviors of the shear thickening electrolyte under external impact with speed of 1.1–79 m/s (2.5–177 mph) were recorded with a high-speed camera and an instant increase of electrolyte viscosity upon large shear force was evidenced. The impact resistant electrolyte was further evaluated in the half-cell and full-cell LIBs. The cells exhibited excellent cyclability with a capacity retention of 95.2% after 500 cycles for Li-LFP (lithium metal anode and lithium iron phosphate cathode) half cells and 94.4% after 100 cycles for LTO-LFP (lithium titanate anode and lithium iron phosphate cathode) full cells. The results indicated that this impact resistant electrolyte has excellent electrochemical stability and is compatibility with commercial LTO and LFP electrode materials.
Vancomycin- and Poly(simvastatin)-Loaded Scaffolds with Time-Dependent Development of Porosity.

Biodegradable scaffolds are widely use in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds can be modified to provide the necessary mechanical support for tissue formation and to de...
Evaluation of an OSA risk stratifying and treatment protocol during inpatient rehabilitation of post-stroke patients.

To evaluate outcomes, outside of a clinical trial setting, of a protocol utilizing overnight oximetry (NOx) to risk stratify post-stroke patients for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) followed by autoadjusting continuous positive airway pressure (APAP) treatment in patients considered high risk for OSA. Retrospective observational study of post-stroke patients at an academic inpatient stroke rehabilitation facility. Patients underwent NOx, and those at high risk for OSA (oxygen desaturation index 3% > 10 per hour) were attempted on a trial of APAP, and further stratified into high risk adherent with treatment (HRAT) or high-risk failed treatment (HRFT). Change in functional independence measure (FIM) was used to assess recovery. Two hundred twenty-four post-stroke patients underwent NOx, with 120 (53%) considered high risk for OSA. Twelve (10%) were compliant with APAP treatment (> 4 h/night on > 70% of nights). No difference in change in FIM scores was observed for HRAT versus HRFT [total FIM change − 5.8, 95% CI (− 13.9, 2.2); motor FIM change − 4.5, 95% CI (− 11.5, 2.4); cognitive FIM change − 1.3, 95% CI (−3.8, 1.2)]. A subgroup analysis matched 14 HRAT patients (using adherence criterion of APAP usage > 50% of nights) to 35 HRFT patients. A statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant, difference in total FIM change was observed (HRAT vs HRFT, difference between means − 5.2, p = 0.03). The use of APAP in high-risk patients was poorly tolerated and did not improve post-stroke recovery. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the effect of APAP treatment on short-term recovery.
Looking back at being the editor of CCR (2013--2016)

Our community is celebrating 50 years and I was asked to provide my perspective on one of its longest standing communication vehicles, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, as one of its editors.
Interrogating Ethnic Stacking: The Uses and Abuses of Security Force Ethnicity in Sudan

African elites commonly recruit co-ethnic soldiers into state security institutions, a practice known as ethnic stacking. Ethnic stacking has recently received considerable attention from scholars ...
A study on impact of SAHAJA a CSR initiative of Jindal stainless limited, Jajpur Orissa

Half of the population constitutes women and girls still, there are various issues that women and girls are facing regarding education, health, and participation of workforce. Around 355 million women and girls menstruating inspite of growing nation there are areas where women faces significant barriers to a comfortable and dignified experience with menstrual hygiene awareness and management. Menstrual hygiene education for women is necessary before their first period and 71% of girls in India report no knowledge about menstruation and even people still thinks that menstruation is a sensitive topic, not to talk about especially in public. There are families who cannot afford to buy sanitary napkins. The present Research paper aimed to study the awareness of Menstrual hygiene in the local areas of Jajpur, Orissa. Women and girls lack access to sanitary materials and pads which are necessary to maintain the menstrual hygiene management. Every Women has a right to have sanitary protection but women out there uses unsanitized cloth during and it is due to following reasons:- • Unaffordability • Misinformation and myths The results of the study indicates the positive and significant improvement over menstrual hygiene with time and efforts of SHGs like SAHAJA. Now what actually needed is to accelerate the efforts in order to make affordable and accessible to all the women of all the rural as well as urban areas with cost effective strategy through education, information, and Health awareness.
Boundary Crossing in a Professional Association: The Dynamics of Research Use among State Leaders and Researchers in a Research-Practice Partnership.

As spaces for researchers and practitioners to engage in long-term, mutual collaborations aimed at addressing problems of practice in education, research-practice partnerships (RPPs) offer rich con...
Interlude: Variations and Solutions

We have already noted that the choice of admissible controls or variations plays a critical role in control and optimization problems and is closely related to the notion of solution.
Long-Duration Bonds and Sovereign Defaults (Revised July 2009)

This paper extends the baseline framework used in recent quantitative studies of sovereign default by assuming that the government can borrow using long-duration bonds. This contrasts with previous studies, which assume the government can borrow using bonds that mature after one quarter. We show that, when we assume that the government issues bonds with a duration similar to the average duration of sovereign bonds in emerging economies, the model generates an interest rate that is substantially higher and more volatile than the one obtained assuming one-quarter bonds. This narrows the gap between the predictions of the model and the data, which indicates that the introduction of long-duration bonds may be a useful tool for future research about emerging economies. Our analysis is also relevant for the study of other credit markets.
Converter-based Intelligent Transformer for Enhanced Grid Monitoring and Control

The electric grid is rapidly evolving by incorporating advanced equipment that bears a variety of smart features in addition to their traditional functionalities. The power transformers are the most significant equipment in the substation and have been traditionally performing voltage conversion and isolation. However, the modern grid dynamics demand a variety of smart control features at strategic locations of the grid for which the most appropriate candidate are the transformers. Accordingly, the idea of solid-state transformers (SST) was conceived but they are still far from integration into grid due to their poor lifetime and reliability concerns. Also, the investment on existing infrastructure demands introduction of smart features into already installed traditional transformers. This paper proposes a converter-based intelligent transformer configuration that utilizes conventional transformers and introduces smart features into them through a power electronics-based module integrated between neutral and substation ground. The device introduces a variety of advanced features in traditional transformers that include voltage regulation, voltage balancing, harmonics isolation, supporting voltage ride through (VRT) capabilities of distributed energy resources (DERs) and avoiding grid collapse due to certain natural or man-made disturbances, such as, solar storms and high-altitude nuclear explosions. The proposed scheme is evaluated utilizing Typhoon hardware-in-the-loop (HIL-604) real-time simulator for a modified IEEE-9 bus benchmark system. The results verify the promising performance of the proposed scheme to enhance grid reliability, resiliency and power quality.
Path dependence, the COVID-19 crisis, and inequality in the United States

This paper considers both secular and medium-run trends to argue that the US economy was already vulnerable to shocks before the COVID-19 crisis. Long-run trends have shown a pattern of secular stagnation and increasing inequality since the 1980s, while the economy has displayed hysteresis during the sluggish recovery from the Great Recession. The immediate policy response through the Coronavirus, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act highlighted the coordinating role of fiscal policy on the economy, but also showcased limits, especially with regard to the paycheck protection program. The historical trajectory of the US economy before the COVID-19 crisis cast serious doubts on recent cries of 'overheating' and inflationary pressures that should supposedly arise from the $1.9 trillion relief package just signed into law by President Biden. Projecting forward to the long run, redistribution policies may provide useful first steps in reversing the trends of rising inequality and declining productivity growth that the US economy has seen over the last few decades.
Circadian timing of eating and BMI among adults in the American Time Use Survey.

Background/objectives Experimental studies of time-restricted eating suggest that limiting the daily eating window, shifting intake to the biological morning, and avoiding eating close to the biological night may promote metabolic health and prevent weight gain. Subjects/methods We used the Eating & Health Module of the 2006-2008 and 2014-2016 American Time Use Survey to examine cross-sectional associations of timing of eating in relation to sleep/wake times as a proxy for circadian timing with body mass index (BMI). The analytical sample included 38 302 respondents (18-64 years; BMI 18.5-50.0 kg/m2). A single 24-hour time use diary was used to calculate circadian timing of eating variables: eating window (time between first and last eating activity); morning fast (time between end of sleep and start of eating window); and evening fast (time between end of eating window and start of sleep). Multinomial logistic regression and predictive margins were used to estimate adjusted population prevalences (AP) by BMI categories and changes in prevalences associated with a one-hour change in circadian timing of eating, controlling for sociodemographic and temporal characteristics. Results A one-hour increase in eating window was associated with lower adjusted prevalence of obesity (AP = 27.1%, SE = 0.1%). Conversely, a one-hour increase in morning fast (AP = 28.7%, SE = 0.1%) and evening fast (AP = 28.5%, SE = 0.1%) were each associated with higher prevalence of obesity; interactions revealed differing patterns of association by combination of eating window with morning/evening fast (p Conclusions Contrary to hypotheses, longer eating windows were associated with a lower adjusted prevalence of obesity and longer evening fasts were associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. However, as expected, longer morning fast was associated with a higher adjusted prevalence of obesity. Studies are needed to disentangle the contributions of diet quality/quantity and social desirability bias in the relationship between circadian timing of eating and BMI.
Critical Issues in Alcoholism Therapy

The Ancients recognized that life is often a matter of choosing a safe course between two equally hazardous alternatives. Navigators oper­ating off the coast of Italy were cautioned to find the narrow passage between Scylla, the rock, and Charybdis, the whirlpool, since sailing too close to either meant certain disaster.
Regularity results for semilinear and geometric wave equations

by Jorgens [11] and Segal [19]. Their work laid the foundation for developing energy methods and L estimates to prove existence of solutions to the above equation. The work of Strichartz [26] on estimates for the linear wave equation on R plays a central role in our exposition. These estimates were used effectively to prove existence and scattering of solutions to subcritical problems, as can be seen in the work of Brenner and von Wahl [2], Ginibre and Velo [6], Pecher [16], and Strauss [25] to mention a few. Moreover all of our regularity proofs for critical problems are based on energy estimates coupled with Strichartz estimate. In addition to these estimates the Morawetz identity also plays an important part in the regularity proof of critical problems, as was demonstrated by the work of Struwe [27], Grillakis [7], Kapitanski [12], and Shatah and Struwe [20, 21]. The proofs sketched in this exposition for global solvability of critical semilinear equations are essentially those presented in [20, 21]. Another problem that we study in the manuscript is the Cauchy problem for wave maps. These are maps from Minkowski space into a complete Riemanian manifold u : R −→ (N, g) that are solutions to the Cauchy problem Dα∂αu a = ∂∂αu a + Γbc(u) ∂αu b ∂u = 0, u(0, x) = U0(x), ∂tu(0, x) = U1(x).
Building Block Experiments in Discrete Hole Film Cooling

This paper reports a series of building block experiments for discrete hole film cooling. Seven different configurations, including variations in injection wall curvature, mainstream pressure gradient, and boundary layer thickness are measured for a round film cooling hole, inclined 30 degrees at injection, and operated at a blowing ratio of unity. Full three dimensional, three component velocity fields and scalar coolant concentration fields are acquired using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The results show the effect of varying the mainstream condition on the mean coolant concentration distribution and mean velocity field, including the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP), a dominant feature of jet in crossflow type flows. The present study focuses on an analysis of the building block configurations only possible with full three dimensional velocity and concentration fields. Several scalar parameters including normalized perimeter, jet trajectory, maximum coolant concentration, and coolant concentration spread are extracted from the collected data and compared across the different configurations. The results indicate that the pressure gradient variations have the strongest effect on the calculated quantities, the boundary layer slightly less, and the curvature very little.© 2015 ASME
Planejamento e gestão espacial da pobreza

Texto escrito para palestra proferida no Encontro Nacional da ANPUR (ENAnpur) 2009, realizado em Florianopolis/SC. Traducao de Alicia Duarte Penna.
Nonscalable Key Distribution Schemes

While schemes like MLS and IT may be sufficient for most practical networks, the need for storage proportional to the current network size can cramp their utility in some application scenarios. In several emerging application scenarios, billions, or possibly even trillions of resource limited devices may be deployed, where any device may be required to compute a pairwise secret with any other device. Thus, key distribution schemes with no limitation on scalability are called for.
The Regulation of Growth by Insulinlike Growth Factor II

The sections in this article are: 1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II 1.1 Structure of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II 1.2 Serum Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II 1.3 Autocrine/Paracrine Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II 1.4 Receptors for Insulin-Like Growth Factor II 1.5 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors and Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Action 1.6 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins and Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Action 1.7 Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in the Fetus 2 Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in Fetal Growth 2.1 Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II on Specific Fetal Tissues and the Placenta 2.2 Hormonal Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in the Fetus 2.3 Fasting, Placental Insufficiency, and Hypoxia in Fetal Growth Retardation 3 Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Secretion by Growth Hormone During Postnatal Life 3.1 Neonatal Life 3.2 Childhood 4 Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Gene Expression 4.1 Humans 4.2 Rodents 4.3 Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome 4.4 Tumors 5 Conclusions
The Delis-Kaplan Executive Functions System – Tower Test Resilience to Response Bias

Neuropsychological tools are used to gain more accurate insight about an individual’s level of functioning (cognitive, behavioral, executive, etc.), and to make more exact diagnoses; therefore, valid neuropsychological tools are necessary for precise evaluation. Valid neuropsychological assessment relies upon the individual putting forth maximum effort during testing. While the literature is rich when describing methods of detecting incomplete effort, it is sparse when identifying instruments resistant to such response bias. The goal of this study was to determine whether or not effort affects performance on the D-KEFS Tower Test by comparing the results with the Test of Memory Malingering (a neuropsychological assessment designed to measure effort). Thirty-nine neurologically intact college students from a medium sized Rocky Mountain university introductory subject pool were asked to participate. The participants in the experimental group were given a vignette explaining that they had been in a car accident. The participants were then asked to pretend that they had suffered a brain injury and were having memory problems. The participants in the control group were asked to do their best. A blind examiner administered the D-KEFS Tower Test and The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) to both groups. Data analysis shows that there was a significant difference between the two groups’ performance on the TOMM, but no significant difference between the scores on the Tower Test. These results suggest that the D-KEFS Tower Test is relatively resilient to incomplete effort.
Operant behavior as a technique for toxicity testing

Behavioral toxicology is a discipline which has evolved out of the need for data on the effects of toxic agents on the function of the central nervous system. To date the field is divided over the question of which behavioral models to use to detect behavioral toxicities. Operant conditioning and schedule-controlled responding have been used as baselines for testing pharmacological agents for nearly 40 years, and there is no reason that the developing field of behavioral toxicology cannot take advantage of the lessons learned during this 40-year period. Behaviors maintained by operant conditioning procedures have proven to be sensitive to a wide range of chemicals. Using these procedures, behavior has been shown to; be sensitive to toxic agents, provide data relevant to the question of behavioral specificity, provide a stable baseline for extended periods of time, and allow for the assessment of specific functions such as temporal discrimination, learning and memory, and sensory system function.
Antibiotic Effects on Microbial Community Characteristics in Soils under Conservation Management Practices

Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) administered to livestock are introduced to agroecosystems via land application of manure, posing a potential human and environmental health risk. Recent evidence suggests that agroforestry and grass vegetative filter strips (VFS) may act to mitigate VA transport or enhance VA degradation; however, VAs may adversely affect soil microbial communities within VFS and thus alter the primary functioning of the VFS. The objectives of this research were to investigate potential changes in microbial community structure and function and to quantify the development of antibiotic resistance in VFS and no-till soils exposed to various VA classes and concentrations. Laboratory mesocosms were established using soils collected from no-till cropland and two VFS (grass and agroforestry). Soils were treated with oxytetracycline or lincomycin (5–200 mg kg⁻¹ soil). Individual mesocosms underwent destructive sampling at nine time points during 63 d, and the soils were tested for soil microbial function (C-utilization, dehydrogenase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assays), community structure (phospholipid fatty acid analysis), and antibiotic resistance. Functional assays associated with all VA treatments showed an initial inhibitory effect, but this trend was generally reversed by the seventh day. Shifts in microbial community structure and increased antibiotic resistance were not observed, suggesting that the soil microbial communities were robust to the effects of oxytetracycline and lincomycin at test concentrations. This work indicates that using VFS to mitigate VA loss from agroecosystems will not diminish important primary functions associated with VFS use in agriculture.
Molecular characterization of non-porphyrin trace-metal compounds of geochemical and process significance using high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with element-selective detection

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to element-selective detectors, such as graphite furnace atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometers, is a powerful analytical instrument that facilitates the molecular characterization of trace-metal compounds found in complex matrices. This combination can also be used effectively in conjunction with off-line spectroscopic and derivatization techniques to elucidate molecular structures. The separation and element-selective detection couple can also be extremely helpful in monitoring the fate of trace-metal compounds that significantly affect petroleum processes.
The tax-induced holding periods of real estate Investors: Theory and empirical evidence

This article reexamines holding period decisions in real estate investment. It develops and empirically tests a holding period model recognizing not only taxes but also refinancing and investor-specific determinants. Based on a sample of over 1,000 real estate transactions with observed holding periods, the results of our tests support the conclusion that investors' consumption and investment preferences and prevailing market interest rates are more important than tax issues in determining the holding periods of real estate investors.
Total prostate and transition zone volumes, and transition zone index are poorly correlated with objective measures of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.

AbstractPurpose: We determined if total prostate volume, transition zone volume or transition zone index is correlated with the severity of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Materials and Methods: A total of 93 men 52 to 85 years old, who were referred to a urology outpatient facility for treatment of clinical BPH, elevated serum prostate specific antigen or abnormal digital rectal examination, underwent measurement of total prostate and transition zone volume at transrectal ultrasonography. All men were requested to undergo uroflowmetry and complete the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score.Results: The pairwise correlations between AUA symptom score, versus total prostate and transition zone volumes and transition zone index were not statistically or clinically significant. A weak pairwise relationship was observed between peak flow rate versus total prostate volume (r2 = 0.160), transition zone volume (r2 = 0.156) and transition zone index (r (2) = 0.147). The pairwise relations...
Older age does not affect healing time and functional outcomes after fracture nonunion surgery.

Introduction:Elderly patients are at risk of fracture nonunion, given the potential setting of osteopenia, poorer fracture biology, and comorbid medical conditions. Risk factors predicting fracture...
High performance Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering optical monitoring in hemodialysis system for quantative analysis

This paper demonstrated the application of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technology on quantitative analysis in hemodialysis system for real time inspection. SERS has already been proved in high accuracy due to the Raman optical fingerprint signal is unique for every different compound. We investigate the use of silver film on nanosphere (AgFON) SERS technology can distinguish the small concentration change in Creatinine and Urea, which are toxicity molecular, and needed to be removed and real time monitored during dialysis process.
Self‐disclosure and identity management by bereaved parents

This paper studies constraints on self‐disclosure in interactions between bereaved parents and “civilians,”; or those who are not bereaved parents. The problem of self‐disclosure is examined through the lens of relevant face concerns. Bereaved‐civilian interactions are treated as a form of intercultural communication due to differing cultural identities and rules for communication. In analyzing communicative constraints, five motivations for self‐disclosure are explored for the potential interactional difficulties they create between bereaved parents and civilians. Motivations examined are Relationship Development and Enhancement, Reciprocity, Social Control (also called “Impression Formation"), Self Clarification, and Expression (also called “Catharsis"). Self‐disclosure is a salient form of communication for the bereaved parent because it is through this process that a fractured identity is healed.
Synthesis of 1,N6-Ethano-2‘-deoxyadenosine, a Metabolic Product of 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea, and Its Incorporation into Oligomeric DNA

1,N6-Ethano-2‘-deoxyadenosine (1) is one of the adducts formed during DNA reaction with the antitumor agent, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea (BCNU), and was synthesized and incorporated into a site-specific deoxyoligonucleotide for the first time. The product 6-chloropurine-2‘-deoxyriboside (11) was prepared in high yield by the reaction of 2‘-deoxyinosine (6) with SOCl2, which then was derivatized to give compound 12 using tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, which was then reacted with 2-hydroxyethylamine to produce compound 13 in 86% yield. Reaction of 13 with (PhO)3P+MeI- in DMF gave the cyclized 1,N6-ethano derivative 10 in 67% yield. Desilylation of 10 with triethylamine trihydrofluoride in THF gave 1,N6-ethano-dA (1) in 91% yield. Tritylation of compound 1 with DMT+BF4- gave the 5‘-O-DMT product 14 in 62% yield, which then was phosphitylated with 2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite, which yielded a 1:1 mixture of the diastereoisomers 15 in 71% yield. This fully protected compound 15 wa...
Induction of oculomotor responses from thalamic internal medullary lamina in the cat

In encephale isole cats, the thalamic region from which ocular deviations could be produced at lowest threshold by electrical stimulation was found to correspond to the internal medullary lamina. These movements were saccadic, conjugate, and contraversive. They could still be elicited after acute and even chronic (2–3 weeks) destruction of cerebral cortex and corpus striatum, but they were abolished by a small caudal thalamic lesion. It is concluded that the ocular movements were mediated by a thalamomesencephalic path activated orthodromically or antidromically. These two possible mechanisms are discussed in terms of thalamic motor function and, alternately, of corollary discharge.
Control of Linear Switched Systems With Receding Horizon Modal Information

We provide an exact solution to two performance problems-one of disturbance attenuation and one of windowed variance minimization-subject to exponential stability. Considered are switched systems, whose parameters come from a finite set and switch according to a language such as that specified by an automaton. The controllers are path-dependent, having finite memory of past plant parameters and finite foreknowledge of future parameters. Exact, convex synthesis conditions for each performance problem are expressed in terms of nested linear matrix inequalities. The resulting semidefinite programming problem may be solved offline to arrive at a suitable controller. A notion of path-by-path performance is introduced for each performance problem, leading to improved system performance. Non-regular switching languages are considered and the results are extended to these languages. Two simple, physically motivated examples are given to demonstrate the application of these results.
The prediction of orientation and crystallinity in drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate)

This paper describes the prediction of molecular orientation and fractional crystallinity in polymer products formed by deformation processes. The calculations are carried out for poly(ethylene terephthalate) articles such as film and stretch-blow moulded bottles formed just above the glass transition temperature. They are based on the interpretation of realtime X-ray diffraction patterns obtained during and after drawing at speeds comparable with industrial processing1, where crystallization occurs only after drawing has ceased. A parametric study reproduces trends observed in many experimental uniaxial draw studies, such as the increase in orientation and crystallinity with draw ratio, draw rate and decreasing temperature. The study also demonstrates the increase of crystallinity from annealing or less rapid cooling from the draw temperature. The prediction method has also been applied to the first draw stage of a biaxial film line, where temperature variations through the thickness and in the machine direction lead to orientation and crystallinity non-uniformity through the thickness. The predicted average crystallinity is in good agreement with experimental measurements for a range of process conditions.
Reply by Author to K N C Bray

be very sensitive to e when this quantity is small, and his results will therefore be strongly dependent on ei A more complicated energy balance equation is required for a realistic estimate of Te2 This must include conduction and convection terms (see, e g , Grewal and Talbot), but may neglect Qj because of the assumed small extent of region 1-2 Another difficulty arises in Truitt's analysis of region 2-3 His ionization rate equation, Eq (6) of his note, assumes that reaction (2) is the only ionization mechanism However, this mechanism requires free electrons to be present in significant numbers, and experimental evidence suggests that, if ei is small, the initial part of region 2-3 will be dominated by other mechanisms Also, Eq (1) and, hence, Truitt's Eq (8) cannot be expected to apply in this region, because Qj is proportional to the rate of reaction (2), which is seen to be small A more appropriate electron energy equation would express a balance between Qe l and the convective rate of change of electron temperature It is only in the final part of zone 2-3, where e has become large enough for reaction (2) to dominate, that Eq (1) and, hence, Truitt's analysis become accurate His main conclusion, that T is nearly constant throughout the region 2-3, is likely to be strongly influenced by the effects discussed in this note