cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic studies of reactions of iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations with organic reductants.

Abstract Iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations are observed intermediates in peroxidase and catalase enzymes, where they are known as Compound I species, and the putative oxidizing species in cytochrome P450 enzymes. In this work, we report kinetic studies of reactions of iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations that can be compared to reactions of other metal-oxo species. The iron(IV)-oxo radical cations studied were those produced from 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphryinato-iron(III) perchlorate ( 1 ), 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphryinato-iron(III) chloride ( 2 ), both in CH 3 CN solvent, and that from 5,10,15,20- tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato-iron(III) perchlorate ( 3 ) in CH 2 Cl 2 solvent. The substrates studied were alkenes and activated hydrocarbons diphenylmethane and ethylbenzene. For a given organic reductant, various iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations react in a relatively narrow kinetic range; typically the second-order rate constants vary by less than 1 order of magnitude for the oxidants studied here and the related oxidant 5,10,15,20- tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato-iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cation in CH 3 CN solvent. Charge transfer in the transition states for epoxidation reactions of substituted styrenes by oxidants 1 and 2 , ρ + values of −1.9 and −0.9, respectively, mirrors results found previously for related species. Competition kinetic reactions with a catalytic amount of porphyrin iron(III) species and a terminal oxidant give relative rate constants for oxidations of competing substrates that are somewhat smaller than the ratios of absolute rate constants. Water in CH 3 CN solutions has an apparent modest stabilizing effect on oxidant 1 as indicated in slightly reduced rate constants for oxidation reactions. The iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations are orders of magnitude less reactive than porphyrin-manganese(V)-oxo cations and a corrole-iron(V)-oxo species. The small environment effects found here suggest that high energy demanding hydrocarbon oxidation reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes might require highly reactive iron(V)-oxo transients as oxidants instead of the more stable, isomeric iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations.
An investigation of differential encoding and retrieval by older adult college students.

Three experiments were conducted to clarify the encoding/retrieval dilemma by testing older adult students; recognition and recall were compared. Implications of results for older adult learners ate explored.
Relationships between daily sexual interactions and domain-specific and general models of personality traits

Although sexuality is an important component of personal relationships, there has been relatively little research on relationships between personality and everyday sexual behavior. Moreover, existing research on sexual behavior and personality (defined in terms of the Five-Factor Model, FFM) has found weak and inconsistent relationships. We hypothesized that sexual behavior can be better understood in terms of a model of personality that focuses on sexuality rather than in terms of a general model of personality. The present study examined relationships between two models of personality and daily sexual behavior. For 3 weeks, two different samples described their sexual interactions and they completed a measure of the FFM (N = 104) and the Sexy Seven (N = 48). A series of multilevel modeling analyses found that personality as measured by both models was related to both positive (e.g., feeling desired) and negative (e.g., feeling guilty) reactions to sexual experiences. As predicted, comparisons of the str...
300°C Silicon Carbide Integrated Circuits

MOSFET-based integrated circuits were fabricated on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. SiC devices can operate at much higher temperatures than current semiconductor devices. Simple circuit components including operational amplifiers and common source amplifiers were fabricated and tested at room temperature and at 300°C. The common source amplifier displayed gain of 7.6 at room temperature and 6.8 at 300°C. The operational amplifier was tested for small signal open loop gain at 1kHz, measuring 60 dB at room temperature and 57 dB at 300°C. Stability testing was also performed at 300°C, showing very little drift at over 100 hours for the individual MOSFETs and the common source amplifier.
Introduction: Multilevel Selection Theory Comes of Age

The concept of adaptation is a powerful tool for understanding the properties of organisms. If organisms have become adapted to their environment by natural selection, then principles of functional design can be used to predict how they are structured and how they behave, often in minute detail. Organisms are not invariably well adapted to their environment, and the analysis of adaptations is often complicated by historical factors and other constraints, but we have undoubtedly learned a tremendous amount about nature by reasoning on the basis of adaptation and natural selection. Using the concept of adaptation requires a clear definition of the terms organism and environment. Superficially, it seems that we can easily define an organism as a single creature, bounded by its skin, and the environment as everything outside the organism. However, organisms are composed of subunits, such as genes, and are themselves subunits of larger entities such as social groups, species, and multispecies communities. Do these other units qualify as organisms, and if not, why do single creatures enjoy such a unique status in the hierarchy of life? These questions, which are surely among the most fundamental that can be asked in evolutionary biology, have a long and turbulent history. Before Darwin, all of nature was often portrayed as being like an organism in the harmony and coordination of its parts. The explanation, of course, was that nature was the creation of God. Darwin’s theory explained functional organization as the product of natural selection, which he envisioned as a process that operates among individuals. Individuals vary in their properties, some of the differences have consequences for survival and reproduction, and offspring resemble parents, resulting in adaptation to the environment over a number of generations. Unfortunately, adaptation at the individual level has a number of disturbing consequences. Individuals who exploit their neighbors would seem to be adaptive according to Darwin’s criteria, whereas individuals who help their neighbors should quickly go extinct. Adaptation at the individual level can create highly dysfunctional groups. The seemingly immoral outcome of the struggle for exis-
Gas-solid structure differences in the donor-acceptor complex (CH3)2HN−SO2

The crystal structure of the donor — acceptor adduct (CH3)2HN−SO2 is reported. Crystals of the compound are clear prisms, space group Pna21; at −96°C,a=9.894(1),b=6.051(2),c=16.478(3) A,D=1.469 g/cm3,V=786.6(5) A,Z=8. The unit cell contains two crystallographically independent adducts, with N−S bond lengths of 2.015(3) A and 1.991(3) A. The average value, 2.00(1) A is 0.33(4) A shorter than the 2.34(3) A value previously determined from microwave spectroscopy of the gas phase species, revealing a large medium effect on the length of the donor — acceptor bond. The structural results are compared with published data for the trimethylamine — SO2 adduct, and discussed in terms of existing experimental and theoretical results for other donor — acceptor systems.
The Second Time Around: Parity and Birth Experience

Both patients and professionals generally believe that the easier obstetrical experience of the multipara also characterizes her subjective experiences. Among 249 women, we found that the multiparas had more physical discomfort, but fewer worries, during pregnancy, and that they worried about labor more, but prepared for birth less, than did the primiparas. Although the multiparas had obstetrically easier labors, they received less support from their husbands during labor and there was no significant parity difference in the subjective pain or enjoyment. After birth, the multiparas generally sought less contact with their babies during the hospital stay than did the primibaras. The sample was representative of urban, middle class women. Implications regarding prepared versus nonprepared childbirth were also noted. The findings challenge the conventional emphasis on supportive care mainly for primiparas.
Chitobiose utilization in Borrelia burgdorferi is dually regulated by RpoD and RpoS.

Borrelia burgdorferi has limited biosynthetic capabilities and must scavenge N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an essential component of the microbial cell wall, from the surrounding environment. Spirochetes cultured in the absence of free GlcNAc exhibit biphasic growth; however, addition of chitobiose (a dimer of GlcNAc) substitutes for free GlcNAc resulting in a single exponential phase. We evaluated the effect of RpoS and RpoN, the only alternative sigma factors in B. burgdorferi, on biphasic growth and chitobiose utilization in the absence of free GlcNAc. In addition, we investigated the source of GlcNAc in the second exponential phase. By comparing the growth of wild-type cells to insertional mutants for rpoS and rpoN we determined that RpoS, but not RpoN, partially regulates both biphasic growth and chitobiose utilization. The rpoS mutant, cultured in the absence of free GlcNAc, exhibited a significant delay in the ability to initiate a second exponential phase compared to the wild type and rpoS complemented mutant. Expression analysis of chbC, which encodes the membrane-spanning protein of the chitobiose phosphotransferase system, suggests the delay is due to the inability of the rpoS mutant to up regulate chbC. Furthermore, supplementing GlcNAc starved cultures with high concentrations (75 or 150 μM) of chitobiose resulted in biphasic growth of the rpoS mutant compared to a single exponential phase for the wild type and rpoS complemented mutant. In contrast, growth of the rpoN mutant under all conditions was similar to the wild type. 5' Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5' RACE) revealed the transcriptional start site for chbC to be 42 bp upstream of the translational start site. Analysis of the chbC promoter region revealed homology to previously described RpoD and RpoS B. burgdorferi promoters. We also determined that yeastolate, a component of the growth medium (BSK-II), is not essential for second exponential phase growth. Together these results suggest that RpoD and RpoS, but not RpoN, regulate biphasic growth and chitobiose utilization in B. burgdorferi by regulating the expression of the chitobiose transporter (chbC). The data also demonstrate that the second exponential phase observed in wild-type cells in the absence of free GlcNAc is not due to free chitobiose or GlcNAc oligomers present in the medium.
“Shostakovich” Fights the Cold War: Reflections from Great to Small

The image of “Shostakovich” and the relationships surrounding it in the West during the Cold War can be viewed from several angles. Selected Cold War encounters between the United States and the Soviet Union involving Shostakovich’s music—especially the 1959 New York Philharmonic tour to the USSR—offer insight into three perspectives on Shostakovich symphonies in the Cold War: (1) the direct, (2) the implicit, and (3) the micro/intimate. This heuristic hones our understanding of the various types of relationships cultivated with music during the Cold War, while also widening the discussion of Shostakovich’s symbolic presentation during the conflict.
Dual-energy cone-beam CT with a flat-panel detector: Effect of reconstruction algorithm on material classification

Purpose: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) with a flat-panel detector (FPD) is finding application in areas such as breast and musculoskeletal imaging, where dual-energy (DE) capabilities offer potential benefit. The authors investigate the accuracy of material classification in DE CBCT using filtered backprojection (FBP) and penalized likelihood (PL) reconstruction and optimize contrast-enhanced DE CBCT of the joints as a function of dose, material concentration, and detail size. Methods: Phantoms consisting of a 15 cm diameter water cylinder with solid calcium inserts (50–200 mg/ml, 3–28.4 mm diameter) and solid iodine inserts (2–10 mg/ml, 3–28.4 mm diameter), as well as a cadaveric knee with intra-articular injection of iodine were imaged on a CBCT bench with a Varian 4343 FPD. The low energy (LE) beam was 70 kVp (+0.2 mm Cu), and the high energy (HE) beam was 120 kVp (+0.2 mm Cu, +0.5 mm Ag). Total dose (LE+HE) was varied from 3.1 to 15.6 mGy with equal dose allocation. Image-based DE classification involved a nearest distance classifier in the space of LE versus HE attenuation values. Recognizing the differences in noise between LE and HE beams, the LE and HE data were differentially filtered (in FBP) or regularized (in PL). Both a quadratic (PLQ)more » and a total-variation penalty (PLTV) were investigated for PL. The performance of DE CBCT material discrimination was quantified in terms of voxelwise specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Results: Noise in the HE image was primarily responsible for classification errors within the contrast inserts, whereas noise in the LE image mainly influenced classification in the surrounding water. For inserts of diameter 28.4 mm, DE CBCT reconstructions were optimized to maximize the total combined accuracy across the range of calcium and iodine concentrations, yielding values of ∼88% for FBP and PLQ, and ∼95% for PLTV at 3.1 mGy total dose, increasing to ∼95% for FBP and PLQ, and ∼98% for PLTV at 15.6 mGy total dose. For a fixed iodine concentration of 5 mg/ml and reconstructions maximizing overall accuracy across the range of insert diameters, the minimum diameter classified with accuracy >80% was ∼15 mm for FBP and PLQ and ∼10 mm for PLTV, improving to ∼7 mm for FBP and PLQ and ∼3 mm for PLTV at 15.6 mGy. The results indicate similar performance for FBP and PLQ and showed improved classification accuracy with edge-preserving PLTV. A slight preference for increased smoothing of the HE data was found. DE CBCT discrimination of iodine and bone in the knee was demonstrated with FBP and PLTV at 6.2 mGy total dose. Conclusions: For iodine concentrations >5 mg/ml and detail size ∼20 mm, material classification accuracy of >90% was achieved in DE CBCT with both FBP and PL at total doses <10 mGy. Optimal performance was attained by selection of reconstruction parameters based on the differences in noise between HE and LE data, typically favoring stronger smoothing of the HE data, and by using penalties matched to the imaging task (e.g., edge-preserving PLTV in areas of uniform enhancement)« less
Chromosomal protein synthesis during erythropoiesis in the mouse spleen

Abstract Induced erythropoiesis in the mouse spleen was employed to study chromosomal protein synthesis during erythroid cell development. Splenic erythropoiesis occurring after phenylhydrazine induced hemolysis can be divided into an early phase during which nuclear RNA polymerase activity and RNA production are maximal and a late phase in which hemoglobin synthesis and DNA accumulation are maximal. Chromatin was isolated from splenic tissue during both the early and late phases of erythropoiesis as well as from non-anemic animals. The total protein content of chromatin from the early erythroid phase was greater than that of chromatin from the late erythroid phase or from non-anemic controls. The increase was due to a coordinate increase in the concentration of both histone and nonhistone proteins. During late erythropoiesis, the concentration of each returned to pre-anemic levels. Total histone synthesis increased 2.6-fold during early erythropoiesis as compared with the pre-anemic state and remained elevated in late erythropoiesis. The increase in histone synthesis was due to an increase in the synthesis of all five major histone proteins. Nonhistone protein synthesis was more active than that of histones in the pre-anemic spleen and rose only slightly during early erythropoiesis, returning to preanemic levels during late erythropoiesis. Fractionation of nonhistone proteins on SDS-urea polyacrylamide gels revealed complex patterns with significant differences between the pattern of erythroid spleen non-histone proteins and that of the pre-anemic spleen. Analysis of the incorporation of 3 H-valine into the non-histone proteins indicated that during early erythropoiesis there was a generalized increase in nonhistone protein synthesis. During the late erythroid phase, the decline in non-histone protein synthesis was most marked for the higher molecular weight proteins.
Clinical applications of Doppler coronary flow reserve measurements

The development of a subselective coronary Doppler catheter coupled with pharmacologic coronary resistance vessel vasodilation has enabled clinicians to assess coronary vasodilator reserve in humans. This technique has proven useful in the clinical management of patients with a variety of cardiologic problems. This review describes usefulness of Doppler measurements of coronary flow reserve for (1) functional assessment of coronary stenoses of intermediate severity; (2) determination of the need for lesion-specific interventional therapy; (3) assessment of the severity of saphenous vein bypass graft and graft-native vessel anastomotic lesions; (4) assessment of the coronary microcirculation.
Innervation of intrapulmonary airway smooth muscle of the dog, monkey and baboon

Intrapulmonary airways of the dog, monkey and baboon were examined with the electron microscope. Differentiation of adrenergic and nonadrenergic nerves was facilitated by the use of 5-hydroxydopamine which was infused into the pulmonary arteries (500 microgram/min for 30-45 min). In all species, nerves composed mainly of unmyelinated axons lay external to the muscularis and in the muscularis between bundles of smooth muscle cells. Nerves composed of varicose unmyelinated axons that ran parallel with the smooth muscle bundles contributed fibers that surrounded and entered these bundles. Most of the varicosities associated with airway smooth muscle were cholinergic, and longitudinal sections of the muscle bundles revealed elongate profiles of these varicosities. Most cholinergic varicosities in dog, monkey and baboon airway smooth muscle had no special morphologic relationships to the surrounding smooth muscle cells. Other cholinergic varicosities in the primates lay in depressions of the sarcolemmae. Some of these varicosities were apposed to the sarcolemmae and formed neuromuscular clefts devoid of electron-dense material. There were some adrenergic varicosities near bronchial smooth muscle cells of all species studied. Another type of nerve varicosity, which was present in all species contained many large dense-core vesicles 90-120 nm in diameter and some small, agranular vesicles 40-60 nm in diameter.
VA/Q abnormalities during gram negative sepsis.

Abstract Hypoxemia in bacterial sepsis develops by mechanisms which are incompletely understood. In this study, we measured pulmonary gas exchange in eight baboons to determine the causes of hypoxemia after infusion of live Escherichia coli (1 × 10 10 CFU/kg) followed by resuscitation with intravenous fluid. V a /Q distributions were measured periodically using the multiple inert gas elimination technique until death or for a maximum of 42 h. After E. coli infusion, dispersion of perfusion (logSDq) increased rapidly and a transient rise in dead space was observed at 6 h coinciding with systemic hypotension and acidosis. The intrapulmonary shunt developed later and reached 27 ± 6% at 24 h. Pa o 2 began to decrease at 12 h and correlated with increases in intrapulmonary shunt and logSDq. There was no evidence of diffusion limitation. Lung edema was mild despite aggressive fluid resuscitation. Morphometric analysis of postmortem lungs revealed dramatic intravascular accumulation of granulocytes. There were increases in arithmetic mean thicknesses of epithelium and interstitium. These data indicate that gram negative sepsis with fluid resuscitation causes progressive hypoxemia, primarily due to the development of intrapulmonary shunt and very low V a /Q regions in the lung. The V a /Q abnormalities occur early and likely reflect ongoing cellular responses in pulmonary vasculature and smaller airways in sepsis.
A Pilot Study of Neuropsychological Function in Girls With ADHD

ABSTRACT Objective Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to have neuropsychological consequences that are evident from psychological tests and from measures of school failure. However, most available data are based on studies of boys. Our goal was to assess, in this pilot study, whether ADHD in girls expressed neuropsychological features similar to those found in boys. Method Subjects were 43 girls, aged 6 to 17 years, with DSM-III-R ADHD and 36 comparison girls without ADHD. Information on neuropsychological performance was obtained in a standardized manner blind to clinical status. Results Girls with ADHD were significantly more impaired on estimated IQ than comparison girls despite being matched on other demographic variables. Relative to comparison girls, the girls with ADHD were also significantly more impaired on the Freedom From Distractibility subtests of the WISC-R and on arithmetic and reading achievement scores. Although their mean performance on executive function tests was generally poorer than that of control girls, there were no statistically significant differences on these measures. Conclusions Girls with ADHD have impairments in some tests of attention and achievement. However, neuropsychological performance on tests of executive function was less impaired than that previously documented in boys with ADHD. If confirmed in a larger sample, these findings suggest that girls with ADHD may be less vulnerable to executive function deficits than boys.
The active site structure of Thalassiosira weissflogii carbonic anhydrase 1.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Zn K-edge indicates that the active site of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii carbonic anhydrase is strikingly similar to that of mammalian α-carbonic...
Enzymatic Enhancement of Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger From Corn Cobs

Abstract Rapidase Pomaliq (Gist-Brocades), a commercial apple juice processing enzyme preparation, was used to enhance the production of citric acid from corn cobs by Aspergillus niger (NRRL, 2001). Combined treatments of corn cobs with dilute NaOH and the commercial enzyme significantly increased the yield of citric acid. Under favorable conditions (pretreated with 0.1 N NaOH, followed by 72 h of fermentation at 30°C), Rapidase Pomaliq was capable of increasing the yield of citric acid from a control value of 326.5±7.4 g to 603.5±30.9 g/kg dry material of corn cobs.
Precarious Plasticity: Neuropolitics, Cochlear Implants, and the Redefinition of Deafness

This article provides an ethnographic account of pediatric cochlear implantation, revealing an important shift in the definition of deafness from a sensory loss to a neurological processing problem...
Religion and Science

The word religion, as commonly used, refers to complex institutions which are made up of many different elements. I am not so much interested in the complex institutions which we call religions as I am in isolating from them the element which causes us to call them religions. I am interested in the religious attitude of mind rather than in religion as an institution. Similarly, in regard to science, I am interested in the scientific attitude of mind rather than in applied science. To most people the word science means applied science rather than the scientific attitude of mind.
Laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision: lessons learned in our experience.

Abstract Background: Choledochal cyst (CDC) is a rare biliary disorder. Surgical treatment consists of CDC excision and biliary-enteric reconstruction. Recently, some institutions have reported successful CDC excision by using minimally invasive techniques. In this study, we report our experience with the laparoscopic management of CDC, with a focus on key operative maneuvers that enhance the likelihood of successful excision. Methods: Following institutional review board approval, we performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent the laparoscopic excision of CDC and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Between October 2003 and November 2007, we performed laparoscopic CDC excision in 9 patients (8 female and 1 male). Median age was 4 years (range, 8 months to 16 years). There were 7 type I and 2 type IV cysts, according to Todani's classification. Average cyst size was 4.4 cm (range, 1.3–8.5). The procedures were performed by utilizing four or five trochars. Results: Six of 9 children presented with...
Finite Volume Method for Structural Analysis of RF MEMS Devices Using Theory of Plates

Radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) have wide applicability in contact actuators and capacitive switches. In these devices, the membrane deforms under nonlinearly varying elect...
A Technique To Estimate Release Characteristics And Runoff Phosphorus For Agricultural Land

Using soil tests to estimate phosphorus (P) released from agricultural soil by runoff had limited success because P loss is a function of source and transport parameters. There are good procedures applying these parameters, but they are lengthy, expensive and demand numerous laboratory and field data. The objective is to develop reliable exploratory technique to estimate runoff P for agricultural land. Various forms of P like moisture are held by soil particles at different energy levels. Kinetic energy exerted by raindrops on surface soil plays a major role in releasing P. The Soil Survey Laboratory suggests an anion exchange resin (AER) method to determine P release characteristics (PRC) for soils. In this method, different levels of energy are applied by water on soil particles when soil suspension is shaken for various periods. Understanding the relationship between shaking and rainfall energy enabled us to use the AER method to predict P released by rainfall. USDA/NRCS (SCS) runoff equation is applie...
Comparative study of uptake and distribution of Hg203 given as labelled chlormerodrin (neohydrin).

SummaryThe uptake and distribution of Hg203 given as labelled chlormerodrin (Neohydrin) has been studied in the mudpuppy, carp, bullfrog, turtle, chicken and dog. Preferential binding of radiomercury by renal tissue was found in all animals with most tissue/plasma ratios of Hg203 well above one. For a given dose poikilothermic animals showed a slower accumulation and loss of radiomercury than did homoiothermic specimens. With the exception of the dog, in all animals there was only a slow fall in renal content of radiomercury over a time period of 46 to 70 hrs. In Necturus maximum mercury uptake was found in a part of the kidney made up predominantly of proximal tubules.
Behavioural treatment of the overweight patient

Abstract The goal of obesity treatment has changed significantly in the past decade. Where once the goal was a reduction to ideal weight, the current objective is the achievement of a healthier weight. For many obese individuals, this means losing as little as 5–15% of their initial weight. This article briefly describes behavioural methods to help obese individuals modify their eating and activity habits in order to achieve these new goals. A review of recent studies shows that patients treated by a comprehensive group behavioural programme lose approximately 9% of their initial weight in 20 weeks and, without further treatment, maintain a loss of 5% 1 year later. Methods of improving the maintenance of weight loss include increasing physical activity, extending the length of behavioural treatment and, with appropriately selected individuals, combining behavioural and pharmacological interventions. The importance of helping obese individuals adopt realistic treatment expectations is also discussed.
Notes on Relation R

Psychological approaches to personal identity emphasize relations of 'psychological connectedness' and 'continuity' between mental events as the essence of a person. The key relation has often been abbreviated as 'Relation R'. Russell (1918) first used it, and David Lewis (1976) revived its use. Many recent discussions of the plausibility of this type of theory, and its impact on views about rationality and morality, have centred on Derek Parfit's work. In this paper I will show that Parfit in his 1976 and 1984 uses the abbreviating phrase 'Relation R' in three distinct ways:
Coyote movements and social structure along a cryptic population genetic subdivision

A recent region-wide study determined that the central California coyote ( Canis latrans ) population was genetically subdivided according to habitat bioregions, supporting the hypothesis that coyotes exhibit a dispersal bias toward their natal habitat type. Here, we further investigated this hypothesis using radio-collared coyotes captured on a 150-km 2 study site on the border of (i.e. overlapping) two bioregions (Great Valley and Cascade Mountains). As predicted, most coyotes were assigned (based on a priori genetic criteria) to genetic clusters corresponding to one of these two bioregions. All of those assigned to the Great Valley genetic cluster were caught in (and for the most part, remained in) the Great Valley bioregion. However, contrary to expectations, the coyotes assigned to the Cascades genetic cluster occurred commonly in both bioregions. Nearly all resident individuals on the study site, regardless of the particular bioregion, were assigned to the Cascades genetic cluster, whereas a sizable fraction of nonresident (transient or dispersing) coyotes caught in the Great Valley bioregion were assigned to the Great Valley cluster. Even among resident coyotes, interrelatedness of packs was greater within than between bioregions, and packs with territories overlapping both bioregions were more closely related to those with territories completely within the Cascades bioregion than territories completely within the Great Valley bioregion. Finally, direct estimates indicated that gene flow was twice as high from the Cascades bioregion to the Great Valley bioregion than in the reverse direction. Collectively, these findings reveal the anatomy of the genetic subdivision as beginning abruptly at the bioregion boundary and ending diffusely within the Great Valley bioregion.
Emotion Dysregulation Is Associated With Social Impairment Among Young Adolescents With ADHD

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate aspects of emotion dysregulation (ED) that characterize young adolescents with ADHD, examine the effects of subtype and comorbidity, and determi...
A workload-driven unit of cache replacement for mid-tier database caching

Making multi-terabyte scientific databases publicly accessible over the Internet is increasingly important in disciplines such as Biology and Astronomy. However, contention at a centralized, backend database is a major performance bottleneck, limiting the scalability of Internet-based, database applications. Midtier caching reduces contention at the backend database by distributing database operations to the cache. To improve the performance of mid-tier caches, we propose the caching of query prototypes, a workload-driven unit of cache replacement in which the cache object is chosen from various classes of queries in the workload. In existingmid-tier caching systems, the storage organization in the cache is statically defined. Our approach adapts cache storage to workload changes, requires no prior knowledge about the workload, and is transparent to the application. Experiments over a one-month, 1.4 million query Astronomy workload demonstrate up to 70% reduction in network traffic and reduce query response time by up to a factor of three when compared with alternative units of cache replacement.
WHEN SHOULD AUDITORY GUIDANCE SYSTEMS TELL DRIVERS TO TURN

This two-part experiment examined how far from an intersection an auditory route-guidance system should present the final turn instructions (e.g., “Turn right.”). In part 1, 48 drivers followed instructions from a simulated in-vehicle navigation system (“In approximately 2 miles, turn right at the traffic signal”), responding “Is this it?” when they thought they had reached the desired intersection. In response, the computer gave the appropriate guidance (“No, continue…” or “Turn…”). In part 2, they repeatedly approached 2 different intersections. Feedback from previous trials (“too far,” “too close,” “OK”) was used to adjust when messages (e.g., “Turn left.”) were presented.Regression analysis revealed that last turn messages should be provided approximately 450 feet before an intersection (approached at 40 mi/h), with that value being adjusted 15 feet for each mile per hour change. Adjustments are also made for gender (plus or minus 56 feet), age (plus or minus 60 feet), and turn direction (plus or minu...
Determination of the site-specific oligosaccharide distribution of the O-glycans attached to the porcine submaxillary mucin tandem repeat: Further evidence for the modulation of O-glycan side chain structures by peptide sequence.

Little is known of the degree that polypeptide sequence and the local environment modulate the structures of O-linked glycans. Toward this understanding, the site-specific mono- (GalNAc-O-), di- (beta-Gal-1,3-alpha-GalNAc-O-), and trisaccharide (alpha-Fuc-1,2-beta-Gal-1,3-alpha-GalNAc-O-) distributions have been determined for 29 of the 31 O-glycosylated Ser/Thr residues in the tandem repeat domains of blood group A-negative porcine submaxillary gland mucin. The glycosylation patterns obtained from three individual animals are in agreement with earlier incomplete determinations on a pooled mucin (Gerken, T. A., Owens, C. L., and Pasumarthy, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9709-9719; Gerken, T. A., Owens, C. L., and Pasumarthy, M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 26580-26588), confirming that the addition of the peptide-linked GalNAc and its substitution by beta-1,3-Gal are sensitive to local peptide sequence in a highly reproducible manner in vivo. The present data further support earlier suggestions of an inverse correlation of the density of hydroxyamino acid residues (and by inference the density of peptide GalNAc) with the extent of substitution of the peptide-linked GalNAc by beta-1,3-Gal. This effect is highly correlated for Ser-linked glycans but not for Thr-linked glycans. A similar correlation is observed with respect to the in vivo peptide GalNAc glycosylation pattern. In contrast, the addition of alpha-1,2-Fuc to beta-Gal shows no apparent correlation with hydroxyamino acid density, although a marked elevation in the fucosylation of Ser-linked glycans compared with Thr-linked glycans is observed. The above effects may represent both steric and conformational factors acting to alter the relative accessibility and activity of the glycosyltransferases toward substrate. These results demonstrate that the porcine submaxillary gland core 1 beta 3-galactosyltransferase and alpha2-fucosyltransferase exhibit unique peptide/glycopeptide sensitivities that may provide mechanisms for the modulation of O-linked side chain structures.
Resources for Change in Local Jails

The problem of contemporary jails appear to be particularly resistent to change efforts. Many reformers have attributed this to local control of jails and have proposed greater state and national influence in local corrections. This paper outlines an alternative approach to jail reform. The project which is discussed employed participatory methods in which front line staff plan the operation of new detention facilities. The model appears to be valuable for local jails through its development of staff members, organizational development and community involvement.
Book review: design patterns in fluid construction grammarluc steels editoruniversitat pompeu fabra and sony computer science laboratory, paris amsterdam: John benjamins publishing company constructional approaches to language series, edited by mirjam fried and jan-ola Östman, volume 11, 2012, xi+332 pp; hardbound, isbn 978-90-272-0433-2, €99.00, $149.00

Design Patterns in Fluid Construction Grammar : Luc Steels (editor), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company (Constructional Approaches to Language series, edited by Mirjam Fried and Jan-Ola Ostman, volume 11), 2012, xi+332 pp; ISBN 978-90-272-0433-2
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity

The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. By David Romano. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 290p. 29.99 paper.When the Ukrainians became independent at the end of 1991, the Kurds succeeded to the title of largest nation on earth without its own independent state. This dubious distinction is not due to any dearth of academic attention since in recent years, there has been an explosion of scholarly books and articles regarding the Kurds. David Romano's new publication is clearly one of the best. The author takes the theoretical analysis of Kurdish ethnic resurgence to a new, higher level, while also placing it in the larger context of ethnic nationalist resurgences throughout the world. No other recent analysis of the Kurds has done this.
REPORT ON THE PRISON LITIGATION REFORM ACT: WHAT HAVE THE COURTS DECIDED SO FAR?

The Prison Litigation Reform Act was passed by Congress in 1996. It had a two-fold purpose: reduce the amount of prisoner litigation and curtail the involvement of the federal courts in the operations of state prison systems. Since its passage, the U.S. Supreme Court and numerous lower federal courts have had the opportunity to interpret several of its complicated and controversial provisions. This article looks at what the courts have decided thus far and predicts future court opinions.
Alternative Splicing of a Cancer-Associated Intronic Variant of TG-FBR1 in Cancer Cell Lines

2479 Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional protein controlling a broad spectrum of cellular activities ranging from proliferation and differentiation to apoptosis. Tumor suppressor and apoptotic activities of TGF-β are mediated through activation of Smad 2/3 and Smad 4 pathways. Negative regulation of this pathway occurs through the inhibitory feedback loop imposed by Smad 7. Disturbances in Smad signaling are frequently observed in many cancer types including pancreatic cancer and are associated with the loss of sensitivity of tumor cells to growth inhibition by TGF-β. Recent studies have identified number of TGF-β-inducible proteins that play an important role in Smad-mediated signaling. Here we focused on one of them, TIEG2 (KLF11), a TGF-β effector protein that has been shown to potentiate TGF-β signaling by terminating the inhibitory function of Smad 7. TIEG2 in association with mSin3a represses the expression of Smad7 resulting in the activation of TGF-β signaling pathway. We show that the treatment of the Capan-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells with proteosomal inhibitor (velcade) and prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (desferroxamine) down-regulate Smad7 expression, suggesting that TGF-β signaling pathway could be regulated in oxygen-dependent manner. It is well known that pancreatic tumors are hypoxic, and one of the primary effects of radiotherapy is reoxygenation. Interestingly, we found a common consensus PHD hydroxylation and pVHL binding domain in the primary structure of TIEG2. TGF-β treatment caused an increase in the protein levels of TIEG2 in the presence of either velcade or desferroxamineRadiation induced the protein levels of the TIEG2 and Smad 7, however, in combination with velcade or desferroxamine treatment the levels of Smad7 expression remained unchanged. Here we demonstrate that the mutations in the TIEG2 hydroxylation domain down-regulate Smad7-driven luciferase reporter activity and the mutation in the second leucine of the PHD domain (TIEG2L369I) was most effective in inhibiting Smad 7 activity. Mutations in 4 consensus Erk phosphorylation sites in combination with mutations in TIEG2 PHD domain resulted in enhanced repression of the Smad7-luc reporter activity. We hypothesize that irradiation in addition to the induction of the TGF-β also induces Erk MAP kinase which could phosphorylate TIEG2 leading to its dissociation from its corepressor mSin3a and loss of repression of Smad7 gene expression. In summary, we conclude that the interplay between the oxygen-dependent TIEG2 stability and Smad7 function could modulate TGF-β signaling in response to irradiation.
Ultra-sensitive NEMS-based cantilevers for sensing, scanned probe and very high-frequency applications.

Ultra-sensitive NEMS-based cantilevers for sensing, scanned probe and very high-frequency applications
The Minimum Covering Sphere Problem

The minimum covering sphere problem, with applications in location theory, is that of finding the sphere of smallest radius which encloses a set of points in En. For a finite set of points, it is shown that the Wolfe dual is equivalent to a particular quadratic programming problem and that converse duality holds. A finite decomposition algorithm, based on the Simplex method of quadratic programming, is developed for which computer storage requirements are independent of the number of points and computing time is approximately linear in the number of points.
Polymers for Biomedical Electronic Devices

Definitive criteria for the selection of polymers to be used with implanted biomedical electronic devices are not generally available. Critical aspects, such as corrosion, fatigue, instability, irritability to tissues, and thrombogenicity of component materials, force the designer to draw primarily upon empirical in vivo experience. Nevertheless, the judicious selection of polymers, with regard to properties and optimum methods of handling, is crucial to satisfactory performance at or within the boundaries of the living organism.
Focal Plane Detector Array Developments

This PDF file contains the editorial “Focal Plane Detector Array Developments” for OE Vol. 41 Issue 06
Spray Cooling of an Inverted Heated Surface

Experiments were performed to determine heat transfer characteristics of water sprays impacting a flat, inverted surface. Using a compressed gas tank to provide motive force in an open loop spray cooling system, droplet sprays were produced without the assistance of an atomizing gas stream. A range of droplet volumetric fluxes was produced for cooling the inverted heated surface using a full-cone spray nozzle. Heat transfer curves were plotted in the form of heat flux as a function of wall temperature difference, for volumetric flow rates up to 627 mL/min, dissipating up to 451 W/cm2 . Heat transfer coefficients were also determined as functions of heat flux. The results were compared to prior data for standard, downward spraying onto heated surfaces.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Characterization of the deformation behavior of the Cr2Nb ordered intermetallic system

Abstract The mechanical deformation behavior of two Cr2Nb ordered intermetallics was studied up to 1400°C. Cr2Nb and Cr2(Nb,V) have been shown to be potential candidates as high-temperature structural materials. Microindentation has been utilized to investigate the static and time-dependent deformation of these compounds. The microindentation hardness values over the temperature range of 25–1400°C indicate that these compounds possess greater strength than nickel-based superalloys and other ordered intermetallic compounds that have been more widely studied. Both compounds were shown to possess excellent intrinsic resistance to creep deformation. Furthermore, small additions of vanadium to the Cr2Nb compound has been shown to result in solid-solution softening and an increase in the effective fracture toughness of the Cr2(Nb,V) compound.
Species Relationships and Farina Evolution in the Cheilanthoid Fern Genus Argyrochosma (Pteridaceae)

Convergent evolution driven by adaptation to arid habitats has made it difficult to identify monophyletic taxa in the cheilanthoid ferns. Dependence on distinctive, but potentially homoplastic characters, to define major clades has resulted in a taxonomic conundrum: all of the largest cheilanthoid genera have been shown to be polyphyletic. Here we reconstruct the first comprehensive phylogeny of the strictly New World cheilanthoid genus Argyrochosma . We use our reconstruction to examine the evolution of farina (powdery leaf deposits), which has played a prominent role in the circumscription of cheilanthoid genera. Our data indicate that Argyrochosma comprises two major monophyletic groups: one exclusively non-farinose and the other primarily farinose. Within the latter group, there has been at least one evolutionary reversal (loss) of farina and the development of major chemical variants that characterize specific clades. Our phylogenetic hypothesis, in combination with spore data and chromosome counts, also provides a critical context for addressing the prevalence of polyploidy and apomixis within the genus. Evidence from these datasets provides testable hypotheses regarding reticulate evolution and suggests the presence of several previ- ously undetected taxa of Argyrochosma.
Interfacial velocities in the vicinity of a sieve plate sparger

We focuse on local interfacial velocities associated with the bubble phenomena occuring immediately after detachment above sieve plate spargers
A hybrid system theoretic approach for admission controller design in multimedia networks

A novel real-time discrete-event admission control (AC) scheme for high-speed networks is proposed with the aim of attaining a desired quality of service (QoS) and high network utilization. The AC uses the available capacity from a novel adaptive bandwidth estimation scheme, a congestion indicator derived from a congestion controller, peak bit/cell rate (PBR/PCR) estimate from new sources, along with the desired QoS metrics, and makes decisions whether to 'admit' or 'reject' new sources. The novel aspect of the proposed approach is the application of hybrid system theory to prove the performance of the admission controller, stability and the development of rigorous and repeatable design procedure. The proposed AC is evaluated using the QoS metrics, which are given in terms of service delay, packet/cell losses, and network utilization. Simulation results are presented by streaming ON/OFF and MPEG video data into the network.
The influence of iliotibial band syndrome history on running biomechanics examined via principal components analysis.

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is a common knee overuse injury among female runners. Atypical discrete trunk and lower extremity biomechanics during running may be associated with the etiology of ITBS. Examining discrete data points limits the interpretation of a waveform to a single value. Characterizing entire kinematic and kinetic waveforms may provide additional insight into biomechanical factors associated with ITBS. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to determine whether female runners with previous ITBS exhibited differences in kinematics and kinetics compared to controls using a principal components analysis (PCA) approach. Forty participants comprised two groups: previous ITBS and controls. Principal component scores were retained for the first three principal components and were analyzed using independent t-tests. The retained principal components accounted for 93–99% of the total variance within each waveform. Runners with previous ITBS exhibited low principal component one scores for frontal plane hip angle. Principal component one accounted for the overall magnitude in hip adduction which indicated that runners with previous ITBS assumed less hip adduction throughout stance. No differences in the remaining retained principal component scores for the waveforms were detected among groups. A smaller hip adduction angle throughout the stance phase of running may be a compensatory strategy to limit iliotibial band strain. This running strategy may have persisted after ITBS symptoms subsided.