cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-amalgamation of ordered groups

An ordered group ( o-group for short) is a group endowed with a linear (i.e. total) order such that for all x, y, z, xz ≤ yz and zx ≤ zy whenever x ≤ y . A group for which such an order exists is called an orderable group. A group G is said to be divisible if for each positive integer m and each g e G , there is x e G such that x m = g.
Redirection of genetically engineered CAR-T cells using bifunctional small molecules.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells (CAR-Ts) provide a potent antitumor response and have become a promising treatment option for cancer. However, despite their efficacy, CAR-T cells are associated with significant safety challenges related to the inability to control their activation and expansion and terminate their response. Herein, we demonstrate that a bifunctional small molecule “switch” consisting of folate conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (folate-FITC) can redirect and regulate FITC-specific CAR-T cell activity toward folate receptor (FR)-overexpressing tumor cells. This system was shown to be highly cytotoxic to FR-positive cells with no activity against FR-negative cells, demonstrating the specificity of redirection by folate-FITC. Anti-FITC-CAR-T cell activation and proliferation was strictly dependent on the presence of both folate-FITC and FR-positive cells and was dose titratable with folate-FITC switch. This novel treatment paradigm may ultimately lead to increased sa...
Decision processes in selective attention: response priming in the Stroop color-word task.

In a random discrete-trials version of the Stroop color-word task, two subsets of trials were compared: (1) trials in which the current distractor word named the color response just made in the preceding trial, and (2) trials in which the current stimulus was unrelated to the previous stimulus. Shorter response latencies and fewer errors in the first condition suggest either that (a) increasing the availability of a response can facilitate its rejection (incompatible with passive strength-of-activation theories), or that (b) the redundancy of the current distractor response and still-potent preceding response reduces the total number of highly activated competing responses present on the current trial. The latter hypothesis is favored by a second experiment in which Stroop stimuli were preceded by a warning signal which “primed” the distractor response, the appropriate color response, an unrelated response, or no response. That the efficiency of selective attention is affected by the number of simultaneous competing responses even when number of input channels remains constant supports theories of attention which place capacity limitations subsequent to stimulus identification.
Circular permutation: a different way to engineer enzyme structure and function

Protein engineers traditionally rely on amino acid substitutions to alter the functional properties of biomacromolecules, yet have largely overlooked the potential benefits of reorganizing the polypeptide chain of a protein by circular permutation (CP). By connecting the native protein termini via a covalent linker and introducing new ends through the cleavage of an existing peptide bond, CP can perturb local tertiary structure and protein dynamics, as well as introduce possible quaternary structure changes. In several recent studies, these effects have successfully been exploited to manipulate protein scaffolds, resulting in improved catalytic activity and altered substrate or ligand binding affinity, as well as enabling the design of novel biocatalysts and biosensors.
Delay-margin design approach on a DC motor speed-control system with a single plant delay

For a known delay value τ present in the loop of a DC motor speed-control system, an approach is presented here for this system in order to compute the system's controller gains that create marginal stability in the system precisely for τ. These gains which guarantee system stability for all delays less than τ are then verified experimentally. Numerical analysis is then performed to select the optimal gains rendering shorter settling time in the experiments, which also closely match with the simulations.
Molecular simulation study of solvation structure in supercritical aqueous solutions

We report new molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous solutions that consist of various solutes (xenon, NaCl, benzene, toluene, and benzonitrile) at infinite dilution in supercritical water at two thermodynamic states: one at the critical density and at 5% above the critical temperature, the other at 50% above the critical density and along the critical isotherm. These new simulations complement our previous simulations of infinitely dilute supercritical aqueous solutions of argon, Na+, Cl−, and methanol at the same state points. The aim of this work is to determine the solvation structure around various solutes in supercritical water with the goal of developing a molecular understanding of the solubility of nonpolar noble gases, ionic fluids and organics in supercritical water. Such an understanding can provide important insight into fundamental aspects of supercritical water oxidation of organic wastes. In addition, we report thermodynamic properties and solute—solvent structural quantities for the various solutes.
Intact AQP0 performs cell-to-cell adhesion

Aquaporins (AQPs) constitute a major conduit for movement of water across plasma membranes. AQP0 is expressed in the fiber cells and is critical for lens transparency and homeostasis as mutations and knockout have resulted in dominant lens cataract. Several functions have been attributed for AQP0. In vitro and ex vivo experiments from several laboratories have confirmed the water permeability function of AQP0. However, this function seems paradoxical when the lens switches protein expression from AQP1 in the equatorial epithelial cells to 40 times less efficient AQP0 in the differentiating fiber cells. A possible explanation is AQP0 may perform unique function/s besides being a water pore. Indirect evidences including those from structural studies indicate a cell-to-cell adhesion role for AQP0. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence directly demonstrating the cell-to-cell adhesion capability of AQP0. We studied the adhesion property of human intact AQP0 by expressing it in adhesion-deficient mouse fibroblast L-cells using a newly devised method as well as a traditional assay. Our results reveal that AQP0 indeed can perform cell-to-cell adhesion. AQP1, two alternate splice variants of AQP4 (AQP4-M1and AQP4-M23) and E-cadherin were also tested to validate the results. Cell-to-cell adhesion and cell aggregation properties of AQP0 expressing L-cells were less than those of the positive control L-cells expressing mouse E-cadherin and greater than those of AQP4-M23. AQP1 or AQP4-M1 expressing cells did not show cell-to-cell adhesion or cell aggregation. To our knowledge, this is the first report validating the possible structural role of intact AQP0 as a cell-to-cell adhesion protein, using an in vitro expression system.
Stability of the Gumowski-Mira equation with period-two coefficient

Abstract We investigate the stability of solutions of the Gumowski–Mira equation with a period-two coefficient: y n + 1 = y n b n + y n 2 − y n − 1 , n = 0 , 1 , … , with b n = { α ⩾ 0 for n = 2 k , β ⩾ 0 for n = 2 k + 1 , k = 0 , 1 , … , and the initial values y −1 , y 0 are real numbers.
The influence of leptin on the dopamine system and implications for ingestive behavior

Food intake is regulated by many factors, including sensory information, metabolic hormones and the state of hunger. In modern humans, the drive to eat has proven to be incompatible with the excess food supply present in industrialized societies. A result of this imbalance is the dramatically increased rates of obesity during the last 20 years. The rise in obesity rates poses one of the most significant public health issues facing the United States and yet we do not understand the neural basis of ingestive behavior, and specifically, our motivation to eat. Understanding how the brain controls eating will lay the foundation for systematic dissection, understanding and treatment of obesity and related disorders. The lack of control over food intake bears resemblance to drug addiction, where loss of control over behavior leads to compulsive drug use. Work in laboratory animals has long suggested that there exist common neural substrates underlying both food and drug intake behaviors. Recent studies have shown direct leptin effects on dopamine neuron function and behavior. This provides a new mechanism by which peripheral hormones influence behavior and contribute to a more comprehensive model of neural control over food intake.
The Frozen Earth: Binary Scattering Events and the Fate of the Solar System

Abstract Planetary systems that encounter passing stars can experience severe orbital disruption, and the efficiency of this process is enhanced when the impinging systems are binary pairs rather than single stars. Using a Monte Carlo approach to perform more than 200,000 Nbody integrations, we examine the ramifications of this scattering process for the long-term prospects of our own Solar System. After statistical processing of the results, we estimate an overall probability of order 2×10−5 that Earth will find its orbit seriously disrupted prior to the emergence of a runaway greenhouse effect driven by the Sun's increasing luminosity. This estimate includes both direct disruption events and scattering processes that seriously alter the orbits of the jovian planets, which force severe changes upon the Earth's orbit. Our set of scattering experiments gives a number of other results. For example, there is about 1 chance in 2 million that Earth will be captured into orbit around another star before the onset of a runaway greenhouse effect. In addition, the odds of Neptune doubling its eccentricity are only one part in several hundred. We then examine the consequences of Earth being thrown into deep space. The surface biosphere would rapidly shut down under conditions of zero insolation, but the Earth's radioactive heat is capable of maintaining life deep underground, and perhaps in hydrothermal vent communities, for some time to come. Although unlikely for Earth, this scenario may be common throughout the universe, since many environments where liquid water could exist (e.g., Europa and Callisto) must derive their energy from internal (rather than external) heating.
The role of theatre in our society: Implications for school curricula

(1966). The role of theatre in our society: Implications for school curricula. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 126-131.
New Evidence for the Age of the Gubik Formation Alaskan North Slope

At several Alaskan North Slope localities south of the shore of the Arctic Ocean the Gubik Formation, herein regarded as latest Pliocene and Pleistocene in age, contains a marine unit at its base. Near Ocean Point and near Teshekpuk Lake this basal unit, or the lowest exposed marine unit, of the Gubik contains unusual, relatively warm-water marine mammals. Although these mammals have poorly known fossil histories, consideration of what is known suggests that the basal marine unit near Ocean Point is of latest Pliocene age, between 2.2 and 1.7 my old, and that the marine unit near Teshekpuk Lake is probably late Pleistocene, most likely correlating with the Sangamon Interglaciation and about 120,000 yr old.
Interferometric Study of Dissociative Recombination Radiation in Neon and Argon Afterglows

Spectral line profiles on neon and argon determined by high resolution, photoelectric recording, pressure tuned Fabry-Perot interferometer
Sequence and organization of 5S RNA genes from the eukaryotic protist Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Abstract A 5S RNA genomic clone has been isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii and the sequence of the coding region plus flanking DNA was determined. This clone encodes an RNA whose sequence matches that of 5 S RNA from this organism. There is sequence similarity in the 5′-flanking region to other eukaryotic 5 S RNA genes which require or are greatly affected by upstream regions for transcriptional activity. The immediate 3′-flanking region has a termination sequence similar to that found in all genes that are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The 5S RNA genes of A. castellanii are dispersed, which is highly unusual, since the majority of eukaryotic organisms contain 5S genes clustered in tandem repeats. There may be up to 480 genes encoding 5 S RNA in each A. castellanii cell.
Successful Professional Learning for Informal Educators: What Is It and How Do We Get There?

This investigation seeks to understand what constitutes successful professional learning for informal educators, and thus contributes to the research base needed for developing a professional infrastructure for the informal education field. This study draws on summative evaluation research for the national field trial of a professional learning (PL) program intentionally designed for informal educators. Seventeen informal educators from ten informal science education institutions share their experiences implementing the program with their colleagues, and reflect upon the extent to which they believe the program was successful. Interview data reveal there are four changes in educators' practice that can be used to indicate success of the PL program, and several key supports that help ensure success. Findings from this investigation offer insights for developing the practice and profession of informal educators, specifically, and for advancing the field, in general.
Phylogeny estimation: traditional and Bayesian approaches

The construction of evolutionary trees is now a standard part of exploratory sequence analysis. Bayesian methods for estimating trees have recently been proposed as a faster method of incorporating the power of complex statistical models into the process. Researchers who rely on comparative analyses need to understand the theoretical and practical motivations that underlie these new techniques, and how they differ from previous methods. The ability of the new approaches to address previously intractable questions is making phylogenetic analysis an essential tool in an increasing number of areas of genetic research.
Words Fail Us: How Academics View Language and Ideas in Higher Education Research.

Language can provide an entree into an academic discipline, but can also serve as a barrier to exclude newcomers. How does this apply to academic developers trying to promote teaching and learning on their campuses? Using an online survey, academics at two institutions in the UK and USA were asked to describe their typical and ideal reading in their disciplines and in teaching and learning, focusing on combinations of ideas presented and language used. Results show their expectations and experiences of literature in their own fields differ from those in teaching and learning; further differences are noticeable between disciplinary clusters and between institutions. Implications for academic developers are explored in terms of academic credibility, accessibility, and the possibility of collaboration across the disciplines to overcome academics' potential resistance to literature on teaching and learning. Die Fachsprache kann zwar den Einstieg in einen akademischen Fachbereich erleichtern, kann aber fur Anf...
A cross decomposition algorithm for a multiproduct-multitype facility location problem

Abstract A generalization of capacitated facility location problem is considered. This problem involves a system with a choice of various facility types where several different products are required by customers. Each facility type offers a different capacity on a particular product with different fixed set-up costs. This is called a multiproduct-multitype facility location problem with a choice of facility types. The solution algorithm developed in this paper unifies Benders decomposition and Lagrangean relaxation into a single framework that involves successive solutions to a Benders (primal) subproblem and a Lagrangean (dual) subproblem. Computational results of this algorithm are quite satisfactory and encouraging.
Non-fertilizing spermatozoa: initiators of gestational physiology.

Abstract It is suggested that spermatozoa may have reproductive functions in the human female beyond participation in the process of fertilization, that there may be sperm-related infertilities associated with these “other” functions of spermatozoa and that if they exist the “other”-function centered infertilities ought to be susceptible to treatment. Treatment regimes are proposed.
Weinhold’length in an isochoric thermodynamic system with constant heat capacity

The purpose of this paper is to study thermodynamic length of an isochoric two-dimensional thermodynamic system with constant heat capacity. We find that length is related to the heat flow into the substance. We give examples of Ideal Gas and Van der Waals Gas.
International trials in paediatric rheumatology: current status.

Current treatment of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) has been changed significantly by the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, due to low market appeal of JCA, few RCTs are being funded by drug companies and none in the more rare childhood rheumatic diseases, in addition, RCTs have several limitations when used for a chronic illness such as JCA. To deal with this situation, the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO) is being organized to perform effectiveness trials in addition to efficacy trials in a variety of paediatric rheumatic illnesses.
Comparison of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II version 6.2 water vapor with balloon‐borne and space‐based instruments

[1] A new version of the SAGE II data products was released in October 2003. The primary change to the algorithm dealt with improvements in the water vapor product such as eliminating the dry bias in the lower stratosphere and reducing the sensitivity to aerosol contamination. Results of an extensive comparison of SAGE II version 6.2 water vapor and various correlative measurement from balloon-borne and space-based instruments illustrate significant improvement over the previous version (version 6.1). In general, the agreement was within 10% or less over an altitude range of 15–40 km when compared with frost point hygrometer, HALOE, POAM III, and ILAS and 15–20% when compared to MkIV. Above 40 km, SAGE II water vapor profiles are often noisy and show an increasingly positive bias. On the basis of comparison with HALOE a basic screening criteria would consist of electing measurements where the aerosol extinction coefficient at 1020 nm exceeds 2 × 10−4 km−1 and water vapor uncertainty exceeds 50%.
Calcium mobilization, prostaglandin E2 and α2-adrenoceptor modulation of glucose utilization and insulin secretion in pancreatic islets

Abstract α2-Adrenoceptor agonists inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release and glucose utilization in pancreatic islets. In isolated pancreatic islets of the rat, the Ca2+ channel agonists CGP-28392 and BAY-K-8644 increased insulin release in the presence of clonidine. Neither CGP-28392 nor BAY-K-8644 antagonized the effect of clonidine on glucose utilization. The Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, also did not affect glucose utilization in the presence or absence of clonidine. Glucagon partly reversed the effects of clonidine on insulin release, and it potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin release in the absence of clonidine. Glucagon reversed the effects of clonidine on glucose utilization. Amiloride antagonized the effects of clonidine on insulin secretion but did not enhance markedly glucose utilization in the presence or absence of clonidine. Carbamylcholine and arecoline reversed the effects of clonidine on glucose utilization and partly reversed the effects on insulin release in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Prostaglandin (PG) E2, but not PGF2α, inhibited glucose utilization in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PGE2 also inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release. Pertussis toxin blocked both actions of PGE2. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not affect insulin release or glucose utilization in the presence of clonidine. Thus, elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels antagonize the effects of clonidine on insulin release, whereas other mediators appear to be required to alter glucose utilization.
Ionic interactions in aqueous electrolyte-polyelectrolyte mixtures: Comparisons with mixtures of sodium chloride and the model electrolyte benzyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride at 25°C

Osmotic coefficients for aqueous mixtures of sodium chloride with benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, BzMe3NCl, obtained by the gravimetric isopiestic vapor pressure comparison method are interpreted with the McKay-Perring transform, with the Scatchard neutral electrolyte treatment, and with the Pitzer ion-component equations. Molal ionic and mean ionic activity coefficients for Na+ and Cl− ions and for NaCl, respectively, in these mixtures at unit total ionic strength also were determined with an electrochemical cell. The excess free energy chenges ΔGex on mixing NaCl with BzMe3NCl were estimated and employed to gain an insight into the relative importance of like and unlike cation-cation interactions.
Consumer-Driven Health Care Done Right: Prevention, Evidence-Based Care, and Supportive Patient-Physician Relationships

A physicians urges the support of consumer-driven health care plans that are designed to contribute to better patient outcomes at a lower cost. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Clinical Profile and Natural History of 453 Nonsurgically Managed Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis

Background Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is a surgically correctable condition. However, aortic valve replacement (AVR) is not offered to many patients with severe AS for various reasons. We investigated the profile and survival patterns of patients with severe AS who did not have AVR. Methods Our echocardiographic database was screened for patients with severe AS, defined as a Doppler estimated aortic valve area of 0.8 cm 2 or less between 1993 and 2003. Seven hundred and forty patients with severe AS were identified, of whom 453 patients had no AVR through the follow-up period, forming the study cohort. These patients were comprehensively characterized by obtaining clinical, pharmacologic, and surgical data through a comprehensive chart review and extracting survival data from the National Death Index. Results Patient characteristics were as follows: age 75 ± 13 years, 48% male, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 52 ± 21%, coronary artery disease in 34%, hypertension in 35%, serum creatinine level greater than 2 mg/dL in 11%, and diabetes mellitus in 14%. The survival at 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years was 62%, 32%, and 18%, respectively. The univariate predictors of reduced survival were advanced age, low LV ejection fraction, heart failure, elevated serum creatinine level, severe mitral regurgitation, and pulmonary hypertension; and the independent predictors were advanced age, low LV ejection fraction, heart failure, elevated serum creatinine level, and systemic hypertension. Concomitant pharmacotherapy had no impact on survival. Conclusions Conservatively treated patients with severe AS have a grave prognosis, and it is worse in the presence of advanced age, LV dysfunction, heart failure, and renal failure.
Re: Interhemispheric Asymmetries of Motor Cortex Excitability in the Postacute Stroke Stage

To the Editor: Cicinelli and others1 report that intracortical inhibition was reduced in affected hemispheres and normal in the unaffected hemispheres of stroke patients. Neurobiological features are suggested by 2.5- to …
Gastric evacuation rates for two foods in the black rockfish, Sebastes melanops Girard

The rates of gastric evacuation of two food types, squid and fish, were measured in the laboratory for adult black rockfish, Sebastes melanops, held nominally at 11°C. Linear, logarithmic and square root regression models were applied to analyse the data expressed as both wet and dry weight proportions of the original meal. The linear model provided the best fit for the wet weight relationship of squid. The dry weight of squid and both the wet and dry weight of fish were best described by a logarithmic model, or by a square root model when the regressions were’ forced’ through the original meal size. The instantaneous evacuation rates (≃ 6% h−1) and times to complete evacuation (≃ 76 h) were similar for all relations except those involving the wet weight of squid. The addition of the meal size as an independent variable improved the models in most cases whereas the addition of the weight of fish used in the experiments did not improve the model in any instance.
Pharmacological intervention to prevent or ameliorate chronic radiation injuries.

Until the 1990s, chronic radiation-induced normal-tissue injury was viewed as being due solely to the delayed mitotic death of parenchymal or vascular cells; these injuries were held to be inevitable, progressive, and untreatable. It is now clear that parenchymal and vascular cells are active participants in the response to radiation injury rather than passive observers dying as they attempt to divide. This offers fundamentally new approaches to radiation injury because it allows for the possibility of pharmacological interventions directed at modulating steps in the cascade of events leading to expression of injury. Such interventions would be relevant to both cancer patients and victims of radiation accidents. Prophylaxis and treatment of chronic radiation injuries have been experimentally shown in multiple organ systems (eg, lung, kidney, soft tissue) and with fundamentally different pharmacological agents (eg, corticosteroids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, pentoxifylline, superoxide dismutase). For the most part, this has been achieved using clinically relevant radiation and drug schedules and with agents that have already been approved for human use. Unfortunately, assessment of the utility of these agents for clinical use has been minimal, and there are no established mechanisms for any of the experimental or clinical successes. Clinical development of pharmacological approaches to modification of chronic radiation injuries could lead to significant improvement in survival and quality of life for radiotherapy patients and for victims of radiation accidents or nuclear terrorism.
Enhancement of Coronary Vasodilating Action of ATP and Adenosine by Lidoflazine

Lidoflazine, a newly developed coronary vasodilator, greatly enhances the coronary vasodilating action of adenosine and ATP. Experiments were designed to study the combined coronary vasodilating effects of adenosine and lidoflazine and to quantify the enhancement of coronary vasodilation of adenosine and ATP by prior administration of lidoflazine. Results of the experiments showed that the combined coronary vasodilating effects of adenosine and lidoflazine can be classified as supra-additive. For 3 hours after the administration of lidoflazine there was a great intensification (20 to 150 times) of the vasodilating action of adenosine or ATP. An adenosine-sparing effect of lidoflazine in whole blood was also demonstrated, and the enhancement of adenosine action is in part related to this effect. It is suggested that lidoflazine may also produce a change in the sensitivity of the smooth muscle of the coronary vessels to the direct or indirect action of adenosine.
Measuring the Distribution of Economic Development Tax Incentive Intensity

The targeting of economic development incentives at distressed locations or particular industries is typically justified based on equity and efficiency grounds. However, existing empirical studies fail to fully explain the distribution of incentives in a region or state because they do not account for variations in the distribution of population or industries. This article contributes to the literature on the targeting of incentives in several important ways, using the example of Ohio. The distribution of economic incentives is examined using the intensity of incentives, which allows for examination of whether incentives are targeted to distressed locations or industries. Intensity of incentives is measured as the value or number of incentives weighted by the number of employees and firms in each location or industry. We find that policies are missing the mark if they are indeed intended to target areas of distress or particular industries.
Neural network-based identification and adaptive control of nonlinear systems: a novel dynamical network architecture and training policy

The authors present a novel dynamical neural network structure and a training algorithm for the identification and adaptive control of nonlinear systems. The multilayer network, which consists of a hidden layer of dynamical nodes with recurrent connections and the supervised training scheme that employs an LMS updating rule for the interconnection weights, provides significantly improved performance compared to the standard propagation networks used in these applications. A specific application of the controller design approach is outlined for the online identification and decentralized adaptive control of multijointed robotic manipulators. >
SPANISH ON THE AIR IN WISCONSIN

Author's summary.— The University of Wisconsin has for two years sponsored semi-weekly broadcasts of Spanish lessons, and in 1932 adopted a series of weekly lectures on subjects of general interest relating to Spanish. Mr. Guillermo Guevara and Mr. V. R. B. Oelschlager have directed the broadcasts.
Lipid rafts mediate internalization of β1-integrin in migrating intestinal epithelial cells

Intestinal mucosal inflammation is associated with epithelial wounds that rapidly reseal by migration of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Cell migration involves cycles of cell-matrix adhesion/deadhesion that is mediated by dynamic turnover (assembly and disassembly) of integrin-based focal adhesions. Integrin endocytosis appears to be critical for deadhesion of motile cells. However, mechanisms of integrin internalization during remodeling of focal adhesions of migrating IECs are not understood. This study was designed to define the endocytic pathway that mediates internalization of β1-integrin in migrating model IECs. We observed that, in SK-CO15 and T84 colonic epithelial cells, β1-integrin is internalized in a dynamin-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis and small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knock down of clathrin did not prevent β1-integrin internalization. However, β1-integrin internalization was inhibited following cholesterol extraction and after overexpression of lipid raft protein, caveolin-1. Furthermore, internalized β1-integrin colocalized with the lipid rafts marker cholera toxin, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of caveolin-1 and flotillin-1/2 increased β1-integrin endocytosis. Our data suggest that, in migrating IEC, β1-integrin is internalized via a dynamin-dependent lipid raft-mediated pathway. Such endocytosis is likely to be important for disassembly of integrin-based cell-matrix adhesions and therefore in regulating IEC migration and wound closure.
Climatology of PM2.5 organic carbon concentrations from a review of ground-based atmospheric measurements by evolved gas analysis

Abstract In this work we have compared ground-based measurements of organic carbon (OC) in the fine aerosol (PM2.5) fraction that are reported in peer-reviewed publications as part of both short campaigns and continuous monitoring networks. The comparison provides a quantitative review of global OC measurements for the purpose of establishing the extent to which organic aerosol concentrations are known with sufficient geographic and historical resolution to constrain global climate models. Only North America has sufficient measurements to provide meaningful spatial and temporal trends, although available measurements from China and Japan indicate that the Asian region is the most polluted with OC concentrations of approximately 10 μg m−3. These measurements have a low spatial resolution, with most sites located in highly urban areas within a small geographic region. OC concentrations in North America are approximately 1 μg m−3 and are better characterized spatially, temporally, and historically by continuous monitoring networks established decades ago. OC concentration shows a weakly increasing trend in some regions from 1997 to 2006, although in most regions it has remained effectively constant over the last ten years. Eastern U.S. sites show maximum OC in the winter and western U.S. sites show maximum OC in the summer. There is no correlation at U.S. sites between OC concentration and sulfate, nitrate, or ammonium ions, with R2
Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Ground Effect

Sixty degree delta wing, F-106B, and XB-70 models with and without flap deflections were tested in static and dynamic ground effect in the 36 by 51 inch subsonic wind tunnel at the University of Kansas. Dynamic ground effect was measured with movable sting support. For flow visualization, a tufted wire grid was mounted on the movable sting behind the model. Tests results showed that the lift and drag increments in dynamic ground effect were always lower than the static values. Effect of the trailing-edge flap deflections on lift increments was slight. The fuselage reduced the lift increments at a given ground height. From flow visualization under static conditions, the vortex core was seen to enlarge as the ground approached.
Contrapuntal Networks of Gene Expression during Arabidopsis Seed Filling

We have used cDNA microarrays to examine changes in gene expression during Arabidopsis seed development and to compare wild-type and mutant wrinkled1 ( wri1 ) seeds that have an 80% reduction in oil. Between 5 and 13 days after flowering, a period preceding and including the major accumulation of storage oils and proteins, ∼35% of the genes represented on the array changed at least twofold, but a larger fraction (65%) showed little or no change in expression. Genes whose expression changed most tended to be expressed more in seeds than in other tissues. Genes related to the biosynthesis of storage components showed several distinct temporal expression patterns. For example, a number of genes encoding core fatty acid synthesis enzymes displayed a bell-shaped pattern of expression between 5 and 13 days after flowering. By contrast, the expression of storage proteins, oleosins, and other known abscisic acid–regulated genes increased later and remained high. Genes for photosynthetic proteins followed a pattern very similar to that of fatty acid synthesis proteins, implicating a role in CO 2 refixation and the supply of cofactors for oil synthesis. Expression profiles of key carbon transporters and glycolytic enzymes reflected shifts in flux from cytosolic to plastid metabolism. Despite major changes in metabolism between wri1 and wild-type seeds,
On the n-job, one-machine, sequence-independent scheduling problem with tardiness penalties: a branch-bound solution

An efficient branch-bound algorithm is presented for solving the n-job, sequence-independent, single machine scheduling problem where the goal is to minimize the total penalty costs resulting from tardiness of jobs. The algorithm and computational results are given for the case of linear penalty functions. The modifications needed to handle the case of nonlinear penalty functions are also presented.
Is Maturation Required for Langerhans Cell Migration

Key papers in scientific literature sometimes bring a definitive resolution to a long-awaited issue. Others may be far less decisive but importantly implore us to question the fitness of prevailing models. So it is that a paper in this issue by F. Geissmann and colleagues (1), albeit subject to some variety of interpretation, nevertheless compels us to reexamine the widely accepted idea that migration of Langerhans cells in response to inflammatory stimuli is necessarily coupled to and follows from their maturation. It is well established that in the steady-state Langerhans cells turn over very slowly, but they can be mobilized en masse by inflammatory or antigenic stimuli. In vitro and in vivo, these inflammatory mediators have also been observed to promote maturation, and Langerhans cells that migrate from skin explants in culture usually display a mature phenotype. In further agreement with the idea that migration is linked with maturation is evidence that molecules associated with migration, particularly CCR7 (2), are induced during Langerhans cell maturation (3). Dendritic cell (DC) “maturation” is defined functionally as the acquisition of potent immunogenic capacity. Among DC biologists, this term signifies a particular program of gene expression that typically includes the upregulation of CD40, CD83, CD86, MHC products, and other molecules associated with antigen presentation, along with simultaneous induction of CCR7 (4). At the same time, the ability to acquire and process antigen, a feature that characterizes immature DCs, is downregulated. Understanding the extent to which maturation and migration are coupled lies at the heart of understanding how DCs regulate T cell differentiation. If immature DCs promote naive T cells to develop a tolerogenic phenotype (5), then one is left wondering whether immature DCs traffic efficiently to lymph nodes from the periphery. If they do, then what of the belief that CCR7 is needed for DC migration to lymph nodes and that CCR7 is expressed only by mature DCs? Clearly, the fit of some pieces of the puzzle have to be reevaluated.
Block-level 3-D Global Routing With an Application to 3-D Packaging

Three-dimensional (3-D) packaging via system-on-a-package (SOP) has been recently proposed as an alternative solution to overcome the limitation of system-on-a-chip (SOC) and meet the rigorous requirements of today's mixed signal system integration. The true potential of SOP technology lies in its capability to integrate both active and passive components into a single high speed/density 3-D packaging substrate. The routing environment for 3-D SOP is more advanced than that of the conventional printed circuit board (PCB) or multichip module (MCM) technology - pins are located at all layers of the SOP packaging substrate rather than the topmost layer only, and various types of vias are available for layer-to-layer connections. The contribution of this work is to provide: 1) the formulation of the new block-level 3-D global routing problem under wire length, layer, crosstalk, and congestion minimization and 2) the first global router for 3-D SOP named 3PGR. This paper reviews various approaches for MCM routing algorithms and investigates their applicability to the SOP model. The related experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms
Organization and evolutionary trajectory of the mating type (MAT) locus in dermatophyte and dimorphic fungal pathogens.

Sexual reproduction in fungi is governed by a specialized genomic region, the mating type (MAT) locus, whose gene identity, organization, and complexity are diverse. We identified the MAT locus of five dermatophyte fungal pathogens (Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton equinum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton tonsurans) and a dimorphic fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and performed phylogenetic analyses. The identified MAT locus idiomorphs of M. gypseum control cell type identity in mating assays, and recombinant progeny were produced. Virulence tests in Galleria mellonella larvae suggest the two mating types of M. gypseum may have equivalent virulence. Synteny analysis revealed common features of the MAT locus shared among these five dermatophytes: namely, a small size (∼3 kb) and a novel gene arrangement. The SLA2, COX13, and APN2 genes, which flank the MAT locus in other Ascomycota are instead linked on one side of the dermatophyte MAT locus. In addition, the transcriptional orientations of the APN2 and COX13 genes are reversed compared to the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Coccidioides posadasii. A putative transposable element, pogo, was found to have inserted in the MAT1-2 idiomorph of one P. brasiliensis strain but not others. In conclusion, the evolution of the MAT locus of the dermatophytes and dimorphic fungi from the last common ancestor has been punctuated by both gene acquisition and expansion, and asymmetric gene loss. These studies further support a foundation to develop molecular and genetic tools for dermatophyte and dimorphic human fungal pathogens.
Effect of Dietary Chromium on Glucose Tolerance and Serum Cholesterol in Guinea Pigs

The effects of feeding three levels of dietary chromium (Cr) to non-pregnant guinea pigs, guinea pigs during pregnancy and lactation and F-l offspring guinea pigs on weight gain, glucose tolerance, glucose peak time value and serum cholesterol concentration has been investigated. Dietary levels of Cr were: Basal Diet (B) = 0.125 ppm; B supplemented with 0.5 ppm Cr (Si Diet) and B supplemented with 50 ppm Cr (S^ Diet). All groups had similar weight gain patterns and daily feed intake levels. Parent generation guinea pigs fed the B diet consumed less than 10 Âiig Cr/kg body weight/day while F-l guinea pigs consumed more than this amount. Mortality rates during pregnancy were greater in guinea pigs fed the B diet than in the Cr supplemented groups suggesting a possible protective effect by Cr. Glucose tolerance, glucose peak time values and serum cholesterol appeared to be more affected by pregnancy and generation of guinea pigs than by the level of dietary Cr. Results sug gest that species differences may exist between Cr requirements of guinea pigs and rodents for avoiding glucose intolerance. J. Nutr. 106: 1391-
Somewhere over the network: providing services for remote users at NPAC

Is your institution going to establish a regional or statewide high performance computing center? Are you supporting users in remote locations who, therefore, cannot simply walk into your center for help? Such a situation presents unique challenges demanding innovative solutions. The Northeast Parallel Architectures Center (NPAC) at Syracuse University has been handling these challenges since it opened in the spring of 1987. This paper will describe some of the successful tools and strategies developed at the center to address the unique needs of remote users, particularly for consulting and training. Statistics and patterns observed at the center will be included.At NPAC, electronic mail is considered the best method for remote user consulting. It has, however, required that consultants develop new skills and adjust their priorities. Staff experience, as well as new ideas and suggestions for successful e-mail consulting, will be related.Providing training workshops for remote users is a very active program at the center. Not a moment of users' time can be wasted, since most travel from other cities, states and countries to attend NPAC's training. Thus, accurately assessing user needs and precisely communicating the goals and objectives of the training are paramount.Hosting multinational participant groups for two to three weeks' duration has required staff attention to matters, such as providing access to campus libraries and recreational facilities, and arranging weekend activities, not necessary when participants are local. The complete package of workshop planning strategies, along with the center's methods of monitoring for success (i.e. workshop evaluations and reports of direct feedback from users, will be presented.
Out-of-Plane Motion Effects in Microscopic Particle Image Velocimetry

In microscopic particle image velocimetry (microPIV) experiments, the entire volume of a flowfield is illuminated, resulting in all of the particles in the field of view contributing to the image. Unlike in light-sheet PIV, where the depth of the measurement volume is simply the thickness of the laser sheet, in microPIV, the measurement volume depth is a function of the image forming optics of the microscope. In a flowfield with out-of-plane motion, the measurement volume (called the depth of correlation) is also a function of the magnitude of the out of plane motion within the measurement volume. Equations are presented describing the depth of correlation and its dependence on out-of-plane motion. The consequence of this dependence and suggestions for limiting its significance are also presented. Another result of the out-of-plane motion is that the height of the PIV signal peak in the correlation plane will decrease. Because the height of the noise peaks will not be affected by the out-of-plane motion, this could lead to erroneous velocity measurements. An equation is introduced that describes the effect of the out-of-plane motion on the signal peak height, and its implications are discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A morphological and histochemical study of osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts of normal and ia rats were subjected to morphological and histochemical studies. The three-dimensional aspects of the morphology of these cells were studied by means of camera-lucida tracings of serial sections of osteoclasts from the region of the sockets of developing teeth. The nucleic acids in the osteoclasts were studied in sections cut through the alveolar region of five-day-old normal and five-day-old ia rats. The sections were stained by the Feulgen technique and with thionin. 1. No differences were observed in size and shape between the osteoclasts of normal and of ia animals. 2. The osteoclasts were found to be much larger and their cytoplasmic extensions much wider than has been previously suspected. In some areas, the osteoclasts formed a syncytium and large areas of their cytoplasm were found to be nucleus-free. Osteoclasts possess long processes which may or may not contain nuclei. Thus, in non-serial histological sections passing through the processes of these cells, the osteoclastic cells may be overlooked or mistaken for osteocytes or osteoblasts lying in areas of resorption. 3. The cytoplasm of the normal osteoclasts stained more intensely with thionin than did the cytoplasm of the ia cells. The possibility of decreased protein synthesis by ia osteoclasts is considered. 4. Nucleoli were present in the nuclei of both normal and ia osteoclasts with no apparent difference between the two.
On designing NUMA-aware concurrency control for scalable transactional memory

NUMA architectures posed the challenge of rethinking parallel applications due to the non-homogeneity introduced by their design, and their real benefits are limited to the characteristics of the particular workload. We name as partitionable transactional workloads such workloads that may be able to exploit the distributed nature of NUMA, such as transactional workloads where data and accesses can be easily partitioned among the so called NUMA zones. However, in case those workloads require the synchronization on shared data, we have to face the issue of exploiting the NUMA architecture also in the concurrency control for their transactions. Therefore in this paper we present a NUMA-aware concurrency control for transactional memory that we designed for promoting scalability in scenarios where both the transactional workload is prone to scale, and the characteristics of the underlying memory model are inherently non-uniform, such as NUMA architectures.