cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tractography-based targeting of ventral intermediate nucleus: A comparison between conventional stereotactic targeting and diffusion tensor imaging-based targeting

Background: The ventral intermediate (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus is the main target for lesioning using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) or deep brain stimulation (DBS). Targeting of the VIM still depends on standard stereotactic coordinates, which do not account for inter-individual variability. Several approaches have been proposed including visualization of dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT) using diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Objective: To compare probabilistic tracking of DRTT with deterministic tracking of DRTT and stereotactic coordinates to identify the most appropriate approach to target VIM. Methods: In this retrospective study, we assessed the VIM targeted using stereotactic coordinates, deterministic and probabilistic tracking of DRTT in 19 patients with essential tremor who underwent DBS with VIM targeted using microelectrode recordings. We subsequently determined the positions of VIM derived from these three approaches and compared with that of DBS lead position using paired sample t tests. Results: The probabilistic tracking of DRTT was significantly anterior to the lead, but not in the medial/lateral position. Deterministic tracking of DRTT and stereotactic coordinates were significantly lateral and anterior to the lead. Conclusion: Probabilistic tracking of DRTT was found to be superior in targeting VIM compared to deterministic tracking and stereotactic coordinates.
Effect of Low Lactose Formula on the Short-Term Outcomes of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review

The use of low lactose formula (LLF) in term and near-term infants in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has been increasing recently. However, the clinical evidence of such use is limited. Our aim in this paper was to systematically review the current literature about the use of LLF in infants with NAS. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles published between 2015 and 2020. Only randomized controlled trials, prospective, and retrospective studies. The risk of bias was assessed by using published tools appropriate for the study type. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Forty-one titles and/or abstracts were screened independently by 2 reviewers (MA and GA). After an indepth review, 4 studies answered the study question (1 randomized controlled trial (RCT), 2 retrospective studies, and 1 quality improvement study). A meta-analysis could not be completed due to the study type difference and how the outcomes were reported. The studies found no benefit to feeding LLF to infants with NAS regarding short-term outcomes (length of stay, duration, and need for pharmacological therapy and growth). Certainty in the evidence is low. In conclusion we found no beneficial effects regarding the need for pharmacological therapy, duration of pharmacological treatment, length of hospital stay, and growth of using LLF compared to the standard formula in infants with NAS.
Epidemiology and long-term outcomes of cytomegalovirus DNAemia and disease in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients

Despite prevention strategies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a common infection in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR). We sought to determine the frequency, associations with, and long-term outcomes of CMV DNAemia in pediatric SOTR. We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study, including 687 first time SOTR ≤21 years receiving universal prophylaxis from 2011 to 2018. Overall, 159 (23%) developed CMV DNAemia, the majority occurring after completing primary prophylaxis. CMV disease occurred in 33 (5%) SOTR, 25 (4%) with CMV syndrome and 10 (1%) with proven/probable tissue-invasive disease. CMV contributed to the death of three (0.4%) patients (all lung). High-risk (OR 6.86 [95% CI, 3.6-12.9]) and intermediate-risk (4.36 [2.3-8.2]) CMV status and lung transplantation (4.63 [2.33-9.2]) were associated with DNAemia on multivariable analysis. DNAemia was associated with rejection in liver transplant recipients (p < .01). DNAemia was not associated with an increase in graft failure, all-cause mortality, or other organ-specific poor outcomes. We report one of the lowest rates of CMV disease after SOTR, showing that universal prophylaxis is effective and should be continued. However, we observed CMV morbidity and mortality in a subset of patients, highlighting the need for research on optimal prevention strategies. This study was IRB approved.
Register Variation in Indian English

Register Variation in Indian English constitutes the first large-scale empirical investigation of an international variety of English. Using a combination of the corpus compiled for this project and relevant sections of ICE-India as its database, this work tests existing descriptions and characterizations of English in India, and provides the first empirical account of register variation in Indian English (or indeed, any international variety of English). Included in this survey are linguistic features that have been examined before and others that have not. From an empirical standpoint, it comments on the process of Indianization of the English used in India. The book will be of interest to readers beyond specialists of Indian English as it is one of very few studies to undertake a large-scale corpus analysis for the purpose of dialect research. The book provides a model on which future studies of international Englishes can be based.
Cancer Care Needs of Transgender, Transsexual, and Other Gender Nonconforming Populations

Experiences of cancer among trans people is a neglected area of study and requires greater time and resources in order to provide them better care. Trans people’s experience with cancer is greatly influenced by their own experiences of discrimination in society and health care. In addition, the use of exogenous hormones could influence the production of various cancers. This chapter will outline the many factors that can impact the production of cancer and how social factors can affect trans people’s ability to seek treatment and recover. The chapter will also identify important recommendations that would benefit trans people in identifying and treating cancer. Overall, greater attention is needed on chronic health issues like cancer. Clearly, more research is needed in understanding the findings within many case studies of trans people and cancer. Health professionals will also need greater education in order to build up their cultural competency in treating trans people.
Public Policy and Public Administration

Health practitioners can play an essential role in shaping public policy with their knowledge of how healthcare is delivered. Engaging in public policy allows physicians to address systemic barriers to health improvement and to impact populations of patients rather than one patient at a time. Further training in public policy may prove useful in pursuing this field. For a career in policy-related research, a PhD might be helpful, but for people interested in being practitioners, a Masters degree should suffice.
Genetic tools for Dictyostelium discoideum.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses genetic tools and presents the detail of the steps in the generation, isolation, genetic analysis, and interpretation of mutations affecting development of D.discoideum . Dictyostelium discoideum contains a single gene coding for myosin heavy chain. While it might be expected to be an essential gene for growth, mutations affecting certain specific portions of myosin might not disrupt its functions so drastically as to preclude growth. The availability of monoclonal antibodies to seven different portions of the myosin heavy chain prompted to screen for mutations affecting one or another of these portions. Two mutations are recovered that result in loss of the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody My4 without affecting reactivity to the other four myosin-specific monoclonal antibodies. The mutations are recessive, noncomplementing, and map to linkage group II (LGII). Molecular analyses show that the mutations cause alterations in the carboxy-terminal region of the heavy chain of myosin. Strains carrying either of these mutations aggregate, however fail to complete development.
Die territoriale Selbstverwaltung (Local Government)

Eine sich auch nur auf die Umrisse beschrankende Darstellung der Sachaufgaben der staatlichen Verwaltung — etwa Schule und Erziehung, Strasen und Verkehr, Wohnungsbau und Siedlung, Gesundheitspflege — kann hier nicht geboten werden1. Zum Verstandnis aber der britischen Staatsordnung von heute ist eine Behandlung der Organisationen unentbehrlich, welche zum Vollzug der Aufgaben der ortlichen Selbstverwaltung und derjenigen der in Staatsregie ubernommenen, also der „nationalisierten“ Wirtschaftszweige und Sozialdienste geschaffen wurden.
Individual Characteristics and Peer Relations of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Aggressive Youths: Implications for Treatment

Objective: This study identified individual and peer-relations problems of inpatient youths who are aggressive, and whether youths who are aggressive in two settings have greater treatment needs than youths who are aggressive in one setting only. Method: 85 youths aged 10 to 16 years who were consecutively admitted to a psychiatric facility served as participants. Based on ratings by parents and hospital staff, youths were identified as aggressive in the community only, aggressive in the hospital only, aggressive in both settings, or nonaggressive. Dependent measures consisted of youth self-reports and ratings by parents and hospital staff. Results: Youths who demonstrate aggressive behavior in two settings have more nonaggressive behavior problems, more disturbed peer relations, and more hostile thinking than do nonaggressive youths, and some youths, although they may behave aggressively during hospitalization, have similar treatment needs as nonaggressive youths. Conclusions: Mental health professionals who work with youths in psychiatric settings need to develop treatment plans that directly address the more severe externalizing problems, hostile thinking, and peer problems of aggressive youths over and above that of nonaggressive youths, and should be aware that youths who behave aggressively during hospitalization may not have problems more severe than those of nonaggressive youths.
Studies on lactams—XI

Abstract A general method has been described for the synthesis of bicyclic (α-amido-β-lactams which correspond to the cepham nucleus or its modified forms. The reaction of 2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4 H -1,3-thiazine with azidoacetyl chloride and triethylamine in methylene chloride solution leads to an α-azido-β-lactam which can be hydrogenated in presence of Adam's catalyst to an α-amino-β-lactam and then acylated to give 7-phenoxy-acetamido-6-phenylcepham. A structural variation is obtained by carrying out a similar sequence of reactions starting with 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-thiazine prepared from aziridine and 2-methyl-2-mercaptopropiophenone. Yet another variant of the cepham nucleus represented by an α-azido-β-lactam, can be synthesized from 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H -1,3-thiazine.
The Cost of Latency in High-Frequency Trading

Modern electronic markets have been characterized by a relentless drive towards faster decision making. Signiﬁcant technological investments have led to dramatic improvements in latency, the delay between a trading decision and the resulting trade execution. We describe a theoretical model for the quantitative valuation of latency. Our model measures the trading frictions created by the presence of latency, by considering the optimal execution problem of a representative investor. Via a dynamic programming analysis, our model provides a closed-form expression for the cost of latency in terms of well-known parameters of the underlying asset. We implement our model by estimating the latency cost incurred by trading on a human time scale. Examining NYSE common stocks from 1995 to 2005 shows that median latency cost across our sample roughly tripled during this time period. Furthermore, using the same data set, we compute a measure of implied latency, and conclude that the median implied latency decreased by approximately two orders of magnitude. Empirically calibrated, our model suggests that the reduction in cost achieved by going from trading on a human time scale to a low latency time scale is comparable with other execution costs faced by the most cost eﬃcient institutional investors, and is consistent with the rents that are extracted by ultra low latency agents, such as providers of automated execution services or high frequency traders.
The Abuse of Digitalis

Excerpt There is no member of the pharmacopeia more fascinating and intriguing than digitalis. The history of this drug is almost a medical epic. Its botanical name, Digitalis purpurea, was given t...
A new network approach to symbolic simulation of large-scale networks

A new approach to the problem of symbolic circuit analysis of large-scale circuits is presented. The methodology has been implemented in a computer program called SCAPP (symbolic circuit analysis program with partitioning). The method solves the problem by utilizing a hierarchical network approach and the sequence of expressions concept rather than a topological approach and the single expression idea which have dominated symbolic analysis in the past. The result is a linear growth in the number of terms in the symbolic solutions for the network approach versus the exponential growth exhibited by traditional methods. The analysis methodology introduces the concept of the RMNA (reduced modified nodal analysis) matrix. This allows the characterization of symbolic networks in terms of only a small subset of the network variables (external variables) rather than the complete set of variables. The analysis algorithm is most efficient when network partitioning is used. Partitioning results in a reduction in the number of terms in the symbolic solutions. >
Human skeletal muscle feed arteries: evidence of regulatory potential

AbstractAim: Recently, it has been recognized that human skeletal muscle feedarteries can be harvested during exploratory surgery for melanoma. Thisapproach provides vessels for in vitro study from a wide spectrum of rela-tively healthy humans. Although, the regulatory role of skeletal musclefeed arteries in rodent models has been documented, whether such vesselsin humans possess this functionality is unknown.Methods: Therefore, skeletal muscle feed arteries (~950 lm OD) from 10humans (48 ± 4, 27–64 years) were studied using pressure myography.Vessel function was assessed using potassium chloride (KCl), phenyleph-rine (PE), acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)concentration–response curves (CRCs) to characterize non-receptor andreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction as well as endothelium-dependent andindependent vasodilation respectively. To understand the physiological rel-evance of the diameter changes as a result of pharmacological stimulation,the estimated conductance ratio (CR) was calculated.Results: Vessel function protocols revealed signiﬁcant vasoconstriction inresponse to PE and KCl (35 ± 6; 43 ± 9%vasoconstriction, respectively)and signiﬁcant vasodilation with ACh and SNP (85 ± 7; 121 ± 17% vaso-dilation, respectively). Both PE and KCl signiﬁcantly reduced the CR(0.26 ± 0.05 and 0.23 ± 0.07, respectively), whereas ACh and SNPincreased the CR (2.56 ± 0.10 and 5.32 ± 1.3, respectively).Conclusion: These novel ﬁndings provide evidence that human skeletalmuscle feed arteries are capable of generating signiﬁcant diameterchanges that would translate into signiﬁcant changes in vascular conduc-tance. Thus, human skeletal muscle feed arteries likely play a signiﬁcantrole in regulating vascular conductance and subsequently blood ﬂowin vivo.Keywords conductance, feed artery, muscle blood ﬂow, resistor.
Teaching the combined effects of current and prior period unadjusted differences in auditing

Abstract Paragraph 30 of SAS No. 47 requires an auditor to consider whether amounts reported in an entity's current period income statement are materially misstated by the combined effects of (1) originations of current period unadjusted differences, and (2) reversals of prior period unadjusted differences. Most undergraduate auditing students experience considerable difficulty in interpreting and applying the provisions of paragraph 30 without supplemental guidance from their instructor. This note describes a supplemental instructional approach, including two related case examples, which can be used to help students understand some of the important accounting and auditing issues related to paragraph 30 of SAS No. 47. Both examples are suitable for use in a typical first or second semester undergraduate auditing course.
Ethical and educational considerations in minimally invasive surgery training for practicing surgeons.

There is an opportunity to improve the training of practicing surgeons in minimal access techniques. Such improvement is desirable because it would allow for the introduction of innovation in a way that maximizes the benefit for patients while minimizing the harm that can result from the introduction of new techniques after inadequate training. This goal is consistent with basic biomedical principles that govern the behavior of surgeons. Individuals who place themselves in the role of a teacher of surgeons accept another level of responsibility and are governed not only by biomedical ethics but also by the ethics of teaching. Adherence to these two different governing ethical principles compels these teachers to apply the best educational principles in the development of educational courses. Review of motor skill learning theory would suggest that effective feedback and adequate practice opportunities are essential for the acquisition of motor skill and should be integrated into all skills-type continuing medical educational courses. The present trend is toward more objectivity in skill evaluation although evidence that this actually improves evaluation is lacking. Curriculum development and evaluation of this specific type of training course should follow those general principles proposed for the development of effective continuing medical education.
Ignition and transient dynamics of sub-limit premixed flames in microchannels

We examine, via two-dimensional numerical simulation of a model system, some unsteady transient ignition scenarios and sustained oscillatory combustion modes that can occur in a single-pass, conductive channel, premixed microburner. These issues are relevant to the problem of ignition, evolution to stable combustion and the operational modes of microcombustors. First, we describe an unsteady ignition sequence that may occur when a single-pass microburner with initially cold walls has its exit walls heated and maintained at a fixed temperature. In particular, we demonstrate that as the heat from the exit walls propagates down the microburner walls, a reaction wave is driven rapidly down the channel towards the inlet via a sequence of oscillatory ignition and quenching transients. This scenario has been observed experimentally during the ignition of a single-pass microburner. Secondly, we show how an initial axial wall temperature gradient can lead to a variety of sustained combustion modes within the chann...
The Absorption Spectrum of the Iodine Atom

The absorption spectrum of atomic iodine has been investigated in the spectral range $\ensuremath{\lambda}2100$ to 1400\AA{}. The iodine was dissociated by heating to 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. A hydrogen discharge tube or an iodine discharge tube was used as the source of illumination. The former source revealed clearly that $\ensuremath{\lambda}1830$ and 1783\AA{} are absorption lines. When light from a discharge in iodine was passed through the heated iodine the following lines were found to be weakened by absorption, $\ensuremath{\lambda}1830$, 1783, 1642, 1618, 1583, 1515, 1507 and 1422\AA{}.
Command, control and Cuban missiles: A crisis revisited

(1997). Command, control and Cuban missiles: A crisis revisited. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 11-49.
In situ nanocarbon assisted microwave therapy (NAMT) for application of targeting human prostate tumor cells in nude mice causing cytotoxic thermal ablation using extremely short cycle microwave energy as primary therapy

Purpose Evaluate use of spherical nanocarbon (Grafex) injected into known Human Prostatic carcinoma to increase absorption of microwave energy, specifically into tumor cells. This study was selected to evaluate if nanocarbon and microwave can be used as primary treatment and selected to study heat sink associated with microwave treatment. This specific nanocarbon has demonstrated a range of energy absorption capabilities superior to other non-metallic materials. Materials and Methods 10 Nude nu/nu mice were injected with DU145 (ATC#HTB-81) 1x 10^7 Human Prostate carcinoma cells introducted into the dermis and allowed to grow to >1cm. One control mouse received no treatment. One control mouse received only an injection of nanocarbon. Remaining 8 mice received treatment with the microwave and the nanocarbon. Medwave and BSD magnetron generators with temperature probes were used. Nanocarbon and a viscous carrier were injected into the tumors. Short cycle power using 10 watts at 15 seconds used as baseline settings. Target temperature within the tumor was 60 degrees C. Results The control non treated mouse was euthanized due to metastatic prostate cancer 3 weeks after initial injection. Seven of the original treated mice have resolved their prostate tumors with no apparent ill effects from the nanocarbon. One mouse had a non treated skin ulcer from the non cooled microwave probe during the treatment process and was also euthanized ,however, was responding to treatment. The one mouse that received just the nanocarbon treatment, is alive, however the tumor growth has not receded or advanced. All mice were kept in isolation and were observed to have no side effects from the nanocarbon. Conclusion Nanocarbon assisted microwave therapy maximizes energy transfer. Conversion of microwave energy causes thermal ablation to the cancer cells. This reduces heat sink effect and surrounding tissue damage by using much shorter treatment times and lower power output wattage. This suggests Grafex nanocarbon causes enhancement of the dielectric properties of the tumor causing cytotoxic heating. To date, there is no observed toxic side effects in mice from this small study.
Heritability and Correlation Estimates for Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Growth in the Chick

Abstract Phosphatase is a catalyzing enzyme which acts by liberating inorganic phosphate from phosphate esters (Sanger et al., 1966). Common (1936) and Pflanz (1967) indicated that the serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) level in chick blood exhibited a rapid increase to a maximum at 10 to 12 days after hatching. Published reports on the heritability and correlation of SAP activity with growth are contradictory, indicating that more research is warranted. MATERIALS AND METHOD The chicks used in this study were of a line derived from the Athens-Canadian randombred population. Data were obtained from 288 chicks produced by pedigree matings of 16 sires and 55 dams. Growth data were expressed as 12-day gain in weight, percentage gain to 12 days and 50-day gain in weight. The data collected on serum alkaline phosphatase at 12 days of age were expressed in Sigma units as outlined by Sigma Chemical Co. (1961). Preliminary analyses of the…
Numerical Analysis of Incipient Separation on 53 Deg Swept Diamond Wing

A systematic analysis of incipient separation and subsequent vortex formation from moderately swept blunt leading edges is presented for a 53 deg swept diamond wing. This work contributes to a collective body of knowledge generated within the NATO/STO AVT-183 Task Group titled 'Reliable Prediction of Separated Flow Onset and Progression for Air and Sea Vehicles'. The objective is to extract insights from the experimentally measured and numerically computed flow fields that might enable turbulence experts to further improve their models for predicting swept blunt leading-edge flow separation. Details of vortex formation are inferred from numerical solutions after establishing a good correlation of the global flow field and surface pressure distributions between wind tunnel measurements and computed flow solutions. From this, significant and sometimes surprising insights into the nature of incipient separation and part-span vortex formation are derived from the wealth of information available in the computational solutions.
A Linkage Design for Direct-Drive Robot Arms

A new approach to manipulator link mechanism design is presented. Given torque-speed characteristics of actuators and an arm link mechanism, the resultant force-speed characteristics at the tip of the arm arc analyzed. The link mechanism is optimized so that the end point speed and force are within appropriate ranges. This method is applied to a two-degree-of-freedom direct-drive arm. Direct-drive arms, in general, tend to have excessively fast operating ranges, whereas output forces are extremely small. A closed-loop five-bar-link mechanism is applied to the direct-drive arm, and the link dimensions arc optimized in order to acheive appropriate force and speed ranges at the arm tip without using reducers.
Is there a single cell code for background light levels

Nachweis, dass bestimmte Zellen im visuellen System, obwohl sie auf kurze transitorische Reize nicht reagieren, gleichmassig und langfristig auf Anderungen des Beleuchtungshintergrundes der Umgebung ansprechen.
Light fermions in composite models.

In preon models based on chiral gauge theories, we show that light composite fermions can ensue as a result of gauging a subset of preons in a vectorlike manner. After demonstrating how this mechanism works in a toy example, we construct a one-generation model of quarks which admits a hierarchy between the up and down quark masses as well as between these masses and the compositeness scale. In simple extensions of this model to more generations we discuss the challenges of obtaining any quark mixing. Some possible phenomenological implications of scenarios where quarks and leptons which are heavier are also less pointlike are also considered.
Three dimensional finite element model of laterally loaded piles

Abstract The behavior of a pile subjected to lateral loading has been analyzed using a three dimensional finite element model. The study represents an attempt to develop a reasonably realistic model of the problem, including gap formation and plastic deformations in the soil around the pile, so as to provide 3 basis for parametric studies of the effects of pile spacing, pile head fixity, and soil stiffness on pile response. Constitutive models for soil include a simple elastic-plastic model with a Mises yield surface and associated flow and an extended Drucker-Prager model with nonassociated flow. Frictional interface elements were used to provide for slippage at the pile/soil interface and to allow gapping in the space behind the pile. The results of the analyses provide insight into the deformation patterns and development of areas of plastic deformation around the pile. Such data also provide a basis for evaluation of more simple two dimensional approximations of the problem, such as described by Kooijman (1). In addition, be bending moment data from the pile were reduced to obtain p−y curves in a manner similar to that used to produce p−y curves from physical experiments. These data provide another level of comparison of the finite element results with the empirical design procedures currently in use.
Transient Poverty in Postreform Rural China

In a new, relatively high-quality, panel-data set on household consumptions for postreform rural China we find that consumption variability accounts for a large share of observed poverty and is likely to be a severe constraint on efforts to reach the long-term poor. Half of the mean squared poverty gap and over a third of the mean poverty gap is transient, in that it is directly attributable to year-to-year fluctuations in consumption. There is enough transient poverty to treble the cost of eliminating chronic poverty when targeting transfers according to current consumptions and to tilt the balance in favor of untargeted transfers. Anti-poverty policies in China may have to give greater emphasis to the problem of transient poverty.J. Comp. Econom., June 1998,26(2), pp. 338–357. World Bank Washington, DC.
Solid Phase Extraction in Conjunction with Solution or Solid State Voltammetry as a Strategy for the Determination of Neutral Organic Compounds

Solid phase extraction by a perfluorosulfonate, Nafion, of various aromatic amines and dipeptides, phenylalanine, and selected N-nitrosamines was found to occur by both ion-exchange and nonspecific interactions. The latter was not observed at an ionomer based on sulfonated styrene, A polymeric ruthenium oxide film retained its electrocatalytic activity in the presence of a Nafion overlayer. The combination of solid phase extraction and electrophoresis provided a new stripping voltametric method by which such compounds as 4-nitroso-N,N-diethylaniline, 1-amino-2-phenylethane, cysteine-glycine, and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NNDPhA) were determined at the submicromolar level by linear calibration curves. Both the extraction and catalysis chemistry operated for gas phase analytes, thereby allowing the design of an amperometric sensor for gases without a solution phase. Linear calibration curves at the micromole level for methanol and the nanomole level for NNDPhA in a 15-mL chamber were obtained
Bacteriorhodopsin O‐state Photocycle Kinetics: A Surfactant Study

The spectroscopy and dynamics of interaction between the O intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and several surfactants (cetrimonium bromide [CTAB], sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] and diethylene glycol mono-n-hexyl ether [C6E2]) were investigated using steady-state UV-VIS spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and time-resolved absorption techniques. The steady-state spectral results show that bR can retain its trimeric state without severe damage in the molar concentration ratio of C6E2/bR ranging up to 4000. Time-resolved observations indicate that the rise and decay rates and transient populations of the O state can be increased in the presence of nonionic surfactant C6E2; however, these studies indicate the opposite phenomenon in the presence of the ionic surfactants CTAB and SDS. The observed 40% enhancement in the transient population of the O intermediate state that results from treatment of C6E2 is proposed to result from an expanding bR structure, which leads to more effective proton pumping efficiency in the photosynthetic system of bR.
Where Are Patients Positioned in Your Seamless Care Strategies

In our earliest thoughts of how to engage patients in self-care management, we found online banking and finance to be the best model for health care to follow. This model is still right for today. Although no digital approach will apply to 100% of any population, there is evidence that older patient populations see the benefit of being able to access their health care providers online and on mobile devices. It’s all about the data, the systems, and the people.
Trapping succinimides in aged polypeptides by chemical reduction.

Cyclization of aspartic acid and asparagine to succinimides is thought to be a common spontaneous aging reaction in proteins, but the instability of the succinimide ring has made it difficult to directly measure this structure. Chemical reduction has now been tested as a means of trapping succinimides as stable derivatives, homoserine and isohomoserine. Two succinimide-containing compounds were tested in this manner. First, polysuccinimide was reduced by sodium borohydride to a derivative that contained homoserine and isohomoserine in amounts that were consistent with the content of succinimide determined independently by quantitative hydrolysis. The identity of isohomoserine was confirmed by its resistance to degradation by L-amino acid oxidase, and through its synthesis by an alternate route involving borane reduction of asparagine. Second, in a test of this approach on a peptide mixture with only a trace-content of succinimide, isohomoserine and homoserine were formed as reduction products in amounts equivalent to the trace content of succinimide in the mixture. Detection of the products of the chemical reduction of polypeptides is therefore diagnostic of succinimides, and can be successfully applied at the trace sensitivity necessary for studies of naturally aging proteins. A related study of the reduction of aspartyl andΒ-aspartyl residues to, respectively, homoserine and isohomoserine, is described in the accompanying manuscript (Carter and McFadden, 1994).
Pelvic Exenterations: Supralevator, Infralevator, and with Vulvectomy

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the different types (I, II, and III) of pelvic exenterations have prognostic implications in regard to operative features, postoperative complications, and survival. The records of the 133 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration at the Mayo Clinic from 1977 to 1986 were reviewed. The records were abstracted for duration of hospitalization, febrile morbidity, duration of operation, operative blood loss, number of blood transfusions, performance of a perineal phase, development of an omental carpet, vaginal reconstruction, reoperation, additional tissue resection, complications, and survival. Statistically significant differences were noted univariately between types I, II, and III in regard to the development of an omental carpet, whether or not vaginal reconstruction was done, the performance of a perineal phase, the resection of additional tissues, and the duration of hospitalization. The operative and postoperative morbidity and survival were not influenced significantly by the type of exenteration. The subclassification of the exenteration groups into type I (supralevator), type II (infralevator), and type III (with vulvectomy) is helpful to facilitate understanding of the extent of resection of the pelvic structures and the anatomical changes associated with each operation. Subgrouping facilitates communication, not only between pelvic surgeons but also with third-party payers.
A graphical approach to discounted payback

Corrstructiorr planners and building owners use payback frequently as an index of economic pe$ormance. Discounted payback, which considers the time value of money in measuring the time to project payoff, is a more accurate index ofproject cost effectiveness than simple payback. But being more dijficult to calculate, it is used less often than simple payback. This paper provides a unique set of graphs that helps decision makers, find discounted payback quickly and easily without complex calculations. Appropriate applications of simple and discounted payback are described. Examples of economic efficiency losses from using payback instead of more appropriate evaluation measures and from using simple instead of discounted payback are presented.
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA AND SITUS INVERSUS VISCERUM

Situs inversus viscerum occurs in approximately l/8,000 ported.2.3 We now add the third case of such an occurrence. adults.' Only 2 cases of renal cell carcinoma have been re- In contrast to these previous cases, our patient had situs ported in association with this condition.2.3 We present a case inversus viscerum of the abdominal organs only, and not the of situs inversus viscerum associated with end stage renal thoracic contents. Careful and appropriate preoperative disease. preparation is necessary to decrease the possibility of operaCASE REPORT
Formation of Perfluoropolyether Coatings by the Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) Process. Part 2: Numerical Modeling

The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process is a promising method for the production of ultrafine powders and aerosols of narrow size distribution for coatings and other applications. In this article, part 2 of a two-part study, the nucleation and subsequent growth of 2500 Mw perfluoropolyether diamide (PFD) from supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) by expansion through a small-diameter nozzle is modeled in a three-stage, multidimensional fashion. The stages include a hydrodynamic solution, solvent−solute phase equilibria analyses, and an aerosol transport model. The hydrodynamics model successfully captures the vapor−liquid transition that occurs as carbon dioxide is expanded to ambient conditions. Cloud-point pressures and equilibrium compositions of the separated solvent−solute system are determined and are used in a multidimensional aerosol transport model. This model incorporates various mechanisms influencing droplet growth. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influen...
The Efficacy of Postoperative Autotransfusion in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Operations

Abstract The efficacy of postoperative autotransfusion in lowering the requirement for banked-blood transfusion was studied in two groups, each having 168 patients, who underwent cardiac operations between April, 1979, and May, 1980. A Sorenson autotransfusion system was available for use in the autotransfusion group, whereas the control group received routine closed mediastinal drainage. Of the autotransfusion group, 81% met the criterion for autotransfusion (mediastinal losses of 450 ml or more during 4 hours), but only 61% of the autotransfusion group actually received autologous blood (mean autotransfusion volume, 399 ± 25 ml). The patients receiving autologous blood required significantly less banked blood than their matched controls (447 ± 60 ml and 744 ± 83 ml, respectively; p p ;
Aging of ErT2 thin films: ERD analysis and mechanical property changes

Abstract Rare earth tritide films evolve as tritium decays into 3He, which forms bubbles that influence long-term film stability in applications such as neutron generators. We followed the properties of model ErT2 films as they aged using ERD analysis to monitor T and 3He profiles, nanoindentation testing for mechanical properties and transmission electron microscopy to characterize bubble growth. The profiles of T and 3He are separately measured in ERD using a ΔE − E detector, taking advantage of the differences in energy loss within the ΔE detector. The composition measured by ERD followed the expected build-up of 3He up to near critical release, where 3He begins to escape from the film as bubbles overlap. These measurements complement observations of the changing mechanical properties of these films, where the observed behavior divided into two regimes: a substantial increase in layer hardness but elasticity little changed over ∼18 months, followed by a decrease in elastic stiffness and a modest decrease in hardness over the final 24 months. The evolution of properties has been explained by a combination of dislocation pinning by the bubbles, elastic softening as the bubbles occupy an increasing fraction of the material, and details of bubble growth modes. The ERD measurements confirm that the changes in properties are due to changes in bubble morphology and not to changes in 3He or T content.
Early Phase I Data on an Irreversible Pan-Er Inhibitor: CI-1033. What Did We Learn?

CI-1033 (Canertinib dihydrochloride) is an orally available pan-erbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that, unlike the majority of receptor inhibitors, effectively blocks signal transduction through all four members of the erbB family. In addition, it blocks the highly tumorigenic, constitutively activated variant of erbB-1, EGFRvIII, and inhibits downstream signaling through both the Ras/ MAP kinase, and PI-3 kinase/AKT pathways (Figure 1). CI-1033 is also unique in that it is an irreversible inhibitor; thereby providing prolonged suppression of erbB receptor-mediated signaling. Preclinical data show CI-1033 to be efficacious against a variety of human tumors in mouse xenograft models, including breast carcinomas.
Local convergence analysis of several inexact Newton-type algorithms for general nonlinear eigenvalue problems

We study the local convergence of several inexact numerical algorithms closely related to Newton's method for the solution of a simple eigenpair of the general nonlinear eigenvalue problem $$T(\lambda )v=0$$ . We investigate inverse iteration, Rayleigh quotient iteration, residual inverse iteration, and the single-vector Jacobi---Davidson method, analyzing the impact of the tolerances chosen for the approximate solution of the linear systems arising in these algorithms on the order of the local convergence rates. We show that the inexact algorithms can achieve the same order of convergence as the exact methods if appropriate sequences of tolerances are applied to the inner solves. We discuss the connections and emphasize the differences between the standard inexact Newton's method and these inexact algorithms. When the local symmetry of $$T(\lambda )$$ is present, the use of a nonlinear Rayleigh functional is shown to be fundamental in achieving higher order of convergence rates. The convergence results are illustrated by numerical experiments.
Functional consequences of developmentally regulated alternative splicing

Genome-wide analyses of metazoan transcriptomes have revealed an unexpected level of mRNA diversity that is generated by alternative splicing. Recently, regulatory networks have been identified through which splicing promotes dynamic remodelling of the transcriptome to promote physiological changes, which involve robust and coordinated alternative splicing transitions. The regulation of splicing in yeast, worms, flies and vertebrates affects a variety of biological processes. The functional classes of genes that are regulated by alternative splicing include both those with widespread homeostatic activities and those with cell-type-specific functions. Alternative splicing can drive determinative physiological change or can have a permissive role by providing mRNA variability that is used by other regulatory mechanisms.
Chromium Redox Chemistry in Drinking Water Systems

In order to understand the redox chemistry of chromium at low concentrations (100 μg∕L) under conditions typically found in drinking water systems, three reductants and four oxidants were tested in three different waters at pH 5, 7, and 9. In the absence of any oxidant or reductant, Cr(VI) was stable at all three pHs, while Cr(III) precipitated out of solution at pH 9 and greatly impacted the reduction reactions. Stannous chloride was more effective than sodium sulfite or sodium sulfide for reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Sulfide is not likely to be used as a reductant due to the long reaction time (120 h) to achieve the same reduction as Sn Cl2 , while sulfite may be effective at higher doses. The oxidation of Cr(III) by dissolved oxygen and chloramine was very slow, while Cl2 and KMn O4 were effective oxidants under many conditions. A Cl2 residual in a drinking water distribution system may oxidize any soluble Cr(III) to Cr(VI) because of the long contact time, so Cr treatment strategies will need to remove...
Stability of Radicals in Aryl-Substituted Polysilanes with Linear and Planar Silicon Skeleton Structures†

This paper discusses the stability of radicals produced under γ-irradiation for phenyl-substituted polysilanes with different backbone structures. Poly(methylphenylsilane) and structural defect-containing phenyl-substituted polysilanes were irradiated by 60Co γ-rays in the solid state. Temperature dependence of the EPR signal intensity from the radicals induced by radiolysis was measured. The radicals appeared to be more stable as the induced defect density in the backbone structure was increased, indicating that the structure defects on the polymer backbone may play a role in stabilizing silyl radicals. The migration of unpaired electrons was also observed from chain ends to chain center leading to stable radical species. The estimated-branched structures were less than 3.5% in the linear polysilane obtained by conventional Wurtz coupling condensation.
Micropolar fluids as models for suspensions of rigid spheres

Abstract The question of the approppropriate boundary conditions for a micropolar fluid is considered with respect to the representation of a suspension of solid particles in a Newtonian fluid. The case of a dilute suspension of rigid force-free spheres in slow viscous Couette flow parallel to a rigid plane wall is treated in an exact manner by classical continuum mechanics. The analogous micropolar fluid can be adjusted to reproduce particle rotations with good approximation, but the perturbation of the mean velocity of the micropolar fluid does not coincide with the perturbation of the mean velocity of the suspension.
Use of microscope-integrated near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography in the surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae.

Objective Identification and complete interruption of fistulae are essential but not always obvious during the surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVFs). We examined cases in which we identified and confirmed surgical obliteration of a spinal dAVF with the aid of microscope-integrated near-infrared indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography. Methods ICG videoangiography was performed during 6 surgical interventions in which 6 intradural dorsal AVFs (type I) were interrupted. An operating microscope-integrated light source containing infrared excitation light illuminated the operating field and was used to visualize an intravenous bolus of ICG. The locations of fistulae, feeding arteries, and draining veins and documentation of occlusion of the fistulae were compared with findings on preoperative and postoperative digital subtraction angiography. Results ICG videoangiography identified the fistulous point(s), feeding arteries, and draining veins in all 6 cases, as confirmed by immediate postoperative selective spinal angiography. In 1 case, intraoperative ICG ruled out an additional questionable fistula at a contiguous level suspected on the preoperative angiography. Conclusion Microscope-based ICG videoangiography is simple and provides real-time information about the precise location of spinal dAVFs. During spinal dAVF surgery, this technique can be useful as an independent form of angiography or as an adjunct to intra or postoperative digital subtraction angiography. Larger series are needed to determine whether use of this modality could reduce the need for immediate postoperative spinal angiography after obliteration of intradural dorsal AVFs.
Crop Registration: The Pathway to Public Access of Plant Genetic Materials to Build Crops for the Future

Starting in 1926 and continuing for 80+ yr, 11,241 crop genetic materials have been registered as of 31 Dec. 2008. The crop registration process is an important pathway to publically describe and document new and useful genetic materials and to incorporate these into the public domain via the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Crop Registration materials are now searchable via the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) and demand for registered materials remains strong with more than 9150 registered accessions distributed in the past 26 yr by the NPGS. Guidelines continue to evolve to accommodate global factors effecting germplasm exchange such as Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and international treaties (i.e., The International Treaty on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture). Together with (i) the advent of the new Journal of Plant Registrations; (ii) the facilitated search capabilities of GRIN; (iii) the development and definition of genetic materials needing registration (cultivars, germplasm, genetic stocks, parental lines, and mapping populations); and (iv) the recognition and allowance of IPR rights: the registration of crops is a healthy viable dynamic registration system to meet the needs of breeders over the next 80 yr.