cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Men who aggress against women: Effects of feminine gender role violation on physical aggression in hypermasculine men

Research on gender roles has indicated that men who strongly adhere to traditional masculine norms are more aggressive than their less adherent counterparts. Moreover, these men are particularly aggressive toward individuals who demonstrate gender role violations. However, these role violations have commonly been studied in reference to the masculine gender role and have studied extreme violations (i.e., depictions of homosexual intimate behavior). Less studied are violations of the female gender role and how these violations affect men's aggression toward women. In this study, 64 collegiate men participated in a sham aggression paradigm against a female confederate who portrayed either a hyperfeminine (role-conforming) or a hypofeminine (role-violating) woman. Results indicated that hypermasculine men were more aggressive in general, and in particular toward a female confederate who violated feminine gender role norms. Findings are discussed in the context of risk factors for domestic violence perpetrated by men against women.
Optical biomarkers for breast cancer derived from dynamic diffuse optical tomography

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a noninvasive, nonionizing imaging modality that uses near-infrared light to visualize optically relevant chromophores. A recently developed dynamic DOT imaging system enables the study of hemodynamic effects in the breast during a breath-hold. Dynamic DOT imaging was performed in a total of 21 subjects (age 54 � 10 years) including 3 healthy subjects and 18 subjects with benign (n ¼ 8) and malignant (n ¼ 14) masses. Three-dimensional time-series images of the percentage change in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentrations ((HbO2) and (Hb)) from baseline are obtained over the course of a breath-hold. At a time point of 15 s following the end of the breath-hold, (Hb) in healthy breasts has returned to near-baseline values (1.6% � 0.5%), while tumor-bearing breasts have increased levels of (Hb) (6.8% � 3.6%, p < 0.01). Further, healthy subjects have a higher correlation between the breasts over the course of the breath-hold as compared with the subjects with breast cancer (healthy: 0.96 � 0.02; benign: 0.89 � 0.02; malignant: 0.78 � 0.23, p < 0.05). Therefore this study shows that dynamic features extracted from DOT measurements can differentiate healthy and diseased breast tissues. These features provide a physiologic method for identifying breast cancer with- out the need for ionizing radiation. © 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.9.096012)
The metatheory of resilience and resiliency.

Resiliency and resilience theory is presented as three waves of resiliency inquiry. The identification of resilient qualities was the first wave characterized through phenomenological identification of developmental assets and protective factors. The second wave described resilience as a disruptive and reintegrative process for accessing resilient qualities. The third wave exemplified the postmodern and multidisciplinary view of resilience, which is the force that drives a person to grow through adversity and disruptions. Application of resilience using an educational and practical framework provides a means for connecting with and nurturing a client's resilience. Practical paradigms of resiliency that empower client control and choice are suggested.
Privatization and Democratization in Lithuania: A Case Study of Who Benefits in Siauliai

While Lithuania had undertaken substantial political and economic reform prior to independence, the greatly accelerated pace of privatization following the restoration of same resulted in the emergence of a business class at the local level controlling most of the economic wealth. Concurrent with the process, the state became increasingly less able to either subsidize local governments or assist those hurt most by the reforms. A case study ofSiauliai, Lithuania demonstrates that while the new local business class is overrepresented in the city's government other social elements are not without political voice. Indeed, there appears to be substantial evidence of an “urban regime” linking political office seekers and business interests in an interdependent relationship permitting the former a significant degree of latitude in responding to the demands of pensioners and other citizen groups who make up the majority of their political base.
Low-temperature heat capacity and entropy of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2): estimates of the standard molar enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of chalcopyrite and bornite (Cu5FeS4)☆

Abstract The heat capacity of CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite) was measured between 6.3 and 303.5 K. At 298.15 K, Cp,mo and Smo(T) are (95.67±0.14) J·K−1·mol−1 and (124.9±0.2) J·K−1·mol−1, respectively. From a consideration of the results of two sets of equilibrium measurements we conclude that ΔfHmo(CuFeS2, cr, 298.15 K) = −(193.6±1.6) kJ·mol−1 and that the recent bomb-calorimetric determination by Johnson and Steele (J. Chem. Thermodynamics 1981, 13, 991) is in error. The standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation of bornite (Cu5FeS4) is −(444.9±2.1) kJ·mol−1 at 748 K.
Culturing and investigation of stress-induced lipid accumulation in microalgae using a microfluidic device

There is increasing interest in using microalgae as a lipid feedstock for the production of biofuels. Lipids used for these purposes are triacylglycerols that can be converted to fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) or decarboxylated to “green diesel.” Lipid accumulation in most microalgal species is dependent on environmental stress and culturing conditions, and these conditions are currently optimized using slow, labor-intensive screening processes. Increasing the screening throughput would help reduce the development cost and time to commercial production. Here, we demonstrated an initial step towards this goal in the development of a glass/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device capable of screening microalgal culturing and stress conditions. The device contained power-free valves to isolate microalgae in a microfluidic growth chamber for culturing and stress experiments. Initial experiments involved determining the biocompatibility and culturing capability of the device using the microalga Tetraselmis chuii. With this device, T. chuii could be successfully cultured for up to 3 weeks on-chip. Following these experiments, the device was used to investigate lipid accumulation in the microalga Neochloris oleabundans. It was shown that this microalga could be stressed to accumulate cytosolic lipids in a microfluidic environment, as evidenced with fluorescence lipid staining. This work represents the first example of microalgal culturing in a microfluidic device and signifies an important expansion of microfluidics into the biofuels research arena.
Crack-tip dislocation emission arrangements for equilibrium—III. Application to large applied stress intensities

Abstract Bulk {100} oriented Fe 3 wt% Si single crystals have been evaluated with two types of experiments—a detailed TEM analysis of the dislocation structure found at a crack tip loaded to 17 MPa√m, and fracture toughness in the cleavage temperature transition range. Based on observations of crack-tip emitted dislocations along ( 1 ¯ 1 2 ¯ ) and ( 1 ¯ 1 2 ¯ ) planes, a quasi-equilibrium model based on Atkinson and Clement's discretized dislocation analysis modified to contain a tip emission condition is compared to both of these data sets. The first comparison verifies that less than 10% of the observed dislocation density is required for equilibrium, consistent with Weertman's hypothesis of redundant and necessary dislocation densities. The second comparison demonstrates that the crack-tip distance to the last dislocation emitted, while not really a dislocation free zone, is nevertheless critical to the understanding of the tip-emission condition. This is first modeled computationally and then shown that an analogous Mode I analytical formulation to the Mode II, III model of Weertman et al. [Acta metall.31, 473 (1983)] describes how the local stress intensity, ktip, varies with yield stress and applied stress intensity. It is further shown that when ktip ⪖ kIG, the Griffith value, cleavage occurs and such a criterion holds over a wide temperature range where fracture toughness varies from 3 to 60 MPa√m. This forms the basis for plastically-induced cleavage.
Do producers respond to every input price change? A note on nonlinearities in factor demand systems

Factor demand relationships, as they are represented by parameters of the cost function, are generally assumed to be linear (in the parameters) in the existing empirical literature. In this note, we argue that this might not always be true, because firms may incur adjustment costs that are inherent in the act of adjusting the mix of inputs applied in the underlying production technologies. We estimate a two-regime threshold system of factor demand equations for several manufacturing industries in the United States. Our results suggest significant nonlinear effects in the factor demand relationships in most nondurable goods sectors. Failure to account for this threshold sensitivity to input price change may cause the estimates of price elasticities to be biased.
Floc Architecture in Wastewater and Natural Riverine Systems

The study of flocs has largely been devoted to the gross (>1 μm) scale so that the behavior of flocs (i.e., transport and settling) can be observed and modeled. With the assistance of a newly developed field kit and correlative microscopy [which includes transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM), and conventional optical microscopy (COM)], this paper begins to bridge the resolution gap between the gross and fine (submicron) scales in order to better understand the role of floc ultrastructure in outward floc behavior for both natural and engineered systems. Results from both systems have demonstrated that pores which appeared to be devoid of physical structures under the optical microscopic techniques (SCLM and COM) were observed to be composed of complex matrices of polymeric fibrils (4−6 nm diameter) when viewed by high-resolution TEM. These fibrils were found to represent the dominant physical bridging mechanism between organic and inorganic components of the floc...
Answering complex SQL queries using automatic summary tables

We investigate the problem of using materialized views to answer SQL queries. We focus on modern decision-support queries, which involve joins, arithmetic operations and other (possibly user-defined) functions, aggregation (often along multiple dimensions), and nested subqueries. Given the complexity of such queries, the vast amounts of data upon which they operate, and the requirement for interactive response times, the use of materialized views (MVs) of similar complexity is often mandatory for acceptable performance. We present a novel algorithm that is able to rewrite a user query so that it will access one or more of the available MVs instead of the base tables. The algorithm extends prior work by addressing the new sources of complexity mentioned above, that is, complex expressions, multidimensional aggregation, and nested subqueries. It does so by relying on a graphical representation of queries and a bottom-up, pair-wise matching of nodes from the query and MV graphs. This approach offers great modularity and extensibility, allowing for the rewriting of a large class of queries.
Floppy Dor fundoplication after esophagocardiomyotomy for achalasia.

Abstract Background. When esophagocardiomyotomy (ECM) is performed for achalasia, a complementary antireflux procedure of the surgeon's choice is usually performed to minimize postoperative gastroesophageal reflux. This retrospective analysis describes patients after laparoscopic ECM, most of whom had a modified Dor fundoplication. Methods. Between 1994 and 2001, 81 patients with achalasia of the esophagus had laparoscopic ECM. We have previously described the use of intraoperative endoscopy to verify completion of ECM in a cohort of 48 patients who had either Toupet fundoplication (n = 25) or floppy Dor fundoplication (n = 23). Since then floppy Dor fundoplication has been the preferred antireflux procedure for ease of performance and safety reasons. This article describes the floppy Dor fundoplication as we have performed it since 1997, anchoring the wrap to both crura of the hiatus. In addition, the anterior gastric wall is sutured to the anterior rim of the esophageal hiatus, avoiding creation of the paraesophageal hernia that occurs if the gastric wall abuts the entire the length of a long ECM. Results. During the 1- to 70-month follow up period (mean 45 months), patients who were symptomatic were evaluated by radiographic, manometric, or endoscopic methods; pH studies were not done systematically. The 70% of patients who could be evaluated had postoperative quality of life and symptom assessment interviews that revealed willingness to repeat the operation. Overall satisfaction was high (8.4/10 where 10 is perfect); moderate dysphagia was seen in 11 (16%) 3 to 16 months postoperatively, but patients reverted to a satisfaction score of 8.2 after endoscopic dilation. Occasional heartburn was present in 15 (26%) patients with regular, 5-use proton pump inhibitors (PPI), including 1 with Barrett's esophagus. Others use these medications for gastric disorders. No patient has had cancer of the esophagus develop, but endoscopic surveillance has been inconstant. Conclusions. Swallowing was improved in patients without sigmoid esophagus and overall satisfaction was high. New-onset heartburn is an unpredictable problem that can be treated in most patients. Endoscopic dilatation may be required at intervals after ECM-fundoplication for bridging fibrosis at the cardia, but has not required reoperation, as a rule. Laparoscopic ECM is an attractive operation for achalasia. Surgery 2002;132:716-23.
Jonasson, Braunwald, and Morani: Three Firsts in American Surgery

The lives of three extraordinary surgeons who were among the earliest women in American surgery are chronicled herein. No written account can ever accurately reflect the hardships they suffered, or provide a true measure of their courage. Despite the support of colleagues, friends, and family, each crossed the new frontiers alone, in the face of great adversity. They survived, they endured, and ultimately they triumphed. What each has given back to her chosen profession has repaid, many times over, the training often reluctantly given. What each has conferred to those who come after is the conviction that it can be done and the strength to follow. (Arch Surg. 1993;128:643-646)
Induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Two controversies regarding the role of induction therapy before surgery in non-small-cell lung cancer are considered through a review of the literature and ongoing trials worldwide. The first debate asks whether surgery is indicated after induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for patients with advanced stage III disease. The second debate addresses disease presentations with early stage disease or radiographically negative but microscopically positive N2 involvement. The question raised for this group of patients is whether induction chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy should be routinely prescribed before the standard therapy of definitive surgery. For both controversies, data are provocative and in some subsets argue in favor of the more aggressive approach. However, changes in standardof-care recommendations are premature. Thus, ongoing worldwide trials maintain control arms of chemoradiotherapy alone and of surgery alone in the advanced and early disease subsets, respectively.
Effect of atmospheric CO 2 on surface segregation and phase formation in La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3-δ thin films

Abstract The effects of atmospheric CO2 on surface segregation and phase formation in La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF-6428) were investigated. (0 0 1)-oriented LSCF-6428 thin films were deposited on lattice matched (1 1 0)-oriented NdGaO3 (NGO) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Using the synchrotron technique of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), it was found that the kinetics of Sr surface segregation was enhanced when annealing at 800 °C in a high-CO2 partial pressure, as compared to a similar anneal in a CO2-free atmosphere, with the oxygen partial pressure being constant in both cases. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements showed that the contribution of the surface carbonate to surface oxide phases increased significantly for the sample annealed in the high-CO2 atmosphere. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies showed enhanced surface phase formation during the high-CO2 partial pressure anneal. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide a thermodynamic basis for the enhanced kinetics of surface segregation in the presence of atmospheric CO2.
Recent trade reforms in Latin America

Starting in the 1930s the Latin American economies adopted highly protective trade policies aimed at encouraging the industrial sector. Contrary to what was expected by the intellectual fathers of the Import Substitution Industrialization strategy, these policies resulted in largely inefficient firms that were unable to compete with the rest of the world, and required increasing government help to survive. Although from time to time a particular government tried to move away from protectionism and engage in trade liberalization policies, the dominant development paradigm throughout the region, until recently, emphasized inward growth, government intervention, and high import barriers.1 In the mid-1980s, Latin America had one of the most distorted external sectors in the developing world (see Table l).* Starting in the mid-1980s, however, there was a remarkable transformation in economic thinking in Latin America. The once dominant views are slowly giving way to a new approach based on market orientation, macroeconomic equilibrium, and trade openness. This new market-oriented perspective on economic development has been pioneered by Chile, which in the mid-1970s embarked in a unilateral process of structural reform. The Chilean process was consolidated in early 1990 when the newly elected democratic government of President Patricia Aylwin decided to support and further the market-oriented reforms initiated during the Pinochet regime. In the late 1980s and early 1990s more and more countries in the region have followed Chile and implemented sweeping trade reforms. Perhaps the most ambitious liberalization project has been undertaken by Mexico through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In the 1980s largely as a result of the debt crisis unleashed in 1982, economists dealing with Latin America, as well as with other developing areas, began to recommend with increasing insistence development strategies based on market-oriented reforms that include as a fundamental component the reduction of trade barriers and the opening of international trade to foreign competition. Even the staff of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), at one time the most ardent supporter of protectionist policies, began to favor outward orientation. Moreover, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other multilateral institutions routinely required the developing countries to embark on trade liberalization and to open up their external sector as a condition for receiving financial assistance. The collapse of the Communist system in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s added impetus to the analysis of policy reform and structural adjustment. The opening of the external sector and the convertibility of the currency are, in fact, at the center of almost every reform package proposed to former Communist nations.
Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in medullary A1 and A2 neurons and locus coeruleus following castration and estrogen replacement in rats.

Abstract Temporal changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels in medullary A1 and A2 neurons and locus coeruleus (LC) cells were studied 6, 12 and 24 h following orchidectomy in rats. Brains from intact controls and sham castrated rats also were evaluated at these same time periods. In situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative image analysis techniques were used to quantitate levels of cytoplasmic TH mRNA. Neither the time of day nor the stress of sham castration affected TH mRNA levels in A1, A2 and LC neurons. In contrast, 6 h following castration, TH mRNA levels in A1 neurons had declined significantly. Thereafter, there was a linear increase in A1 message levels such that, by 24 h, TH mRNA values were significantly higher than those obtained in intact controls. Placement of Silastic estrogen capsules immediately after castration prevented the 6 h decline in A1 message levels. At 12 h, TH mRNA levels in A1 neurons were significantly higher in estrogen-treated rats compared to those of the castrate or intact control groups. By 24 h, message levels in A1 neurons of steroid-treated rats were comparable to the intact control. Neither castration nor estrogen treatment altered TH mRNA levels in A2 neurons. TH mRNA levels in LC neurons increased significantly 6 h after castration and estrogen produced a further significant increase in message levels. Six hours later (12 h), TH mRNA values were still higher than controls but, in the estrogen-treated group, these levels had declined to those observed in the 12 h castrate group. By 24 h after castration, there were no differences in TH mRNA levels in any of the groups studied. Plasma LH concentrations increased significantly between 8 and 24 h and estrogen treatment completely blocked this post-castration rise. Moreover, we observed that drugs which disrupt the synthesis of NE (MPT, DDC) or which selectively block α 1 -adrenoreceptors (prazosin) also prevented the post-castration rise in plasma LH. Earlier observations have shown that following castration, hypothalamic norepinephrine concentrations and turnover rates increase. The present studies suggest that, concomitant with changes in hypothalamic norepinephrine secretion, there is an increase in TH mRNA in A1 and LC neurons which may be a required preamble for the synthesis of the rate-limiting enzyme which is required to replenish the secreted norepinephrine.
Complete Partial‐Wave Treatment of Compound‐State (Rotational Excitation) Resonances in Subthreshold Scattering of an Atom by a Diatomic Molecule

Compound state resonance energies and widths in elastic scattering of diatomic molecule at energies below rotational excitation threshold
Can Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy Be Safely Implemented

Introduction The implementation of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) has been appropriately met with apprehension, and concerns exist regarding outcomes early in a program’s experience. We reviewed our early experience and outcomes of LPD.
Symptom burden in cancer survivorship.

Introduction The subjective experience of cancer survivorship can be assessed by various patient-reported outcome (PRO) methods, including measures of symptom burden and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Symptom burden includes the presence and severity of multiple symptoms and the level of distress caused by symptoms that go untreated or unrelieved. The concept of symptom burden is more limited in scope than HRQOL but may provide information that better describes the status of various stages of survivorship. This paper contrasts symptom burden with general HRQOL and addresses the importance of including symptom burden as research tool throughout the trajectory of cancer survivorship.
Serial massive hepatic resections in cirrhotic rats. Changes in in vitro growth of liver cells.

Abstract Liver from rats made cirrhotic by CCl4 or by CCl4 and choline deficiency yields cells with greater in vitro cultivatability than normal liver cells from rats of the same age. When rats with such experimental cirrhosis are subjected to serial subtotal hepatic resections, a still further increase in cell proliferation is apparent when the liver resections are begun during the actual hepatotoxic process. This response is less marked than the accelerated in vitro proliferation found in cells from normal (noncirrhotic) rats following serial subtotal resections. Tissue from cirrhotic rats, subjected to resections after the conclusion of the hepatotoxic process, shows little augmentation in cultivatability.
Comparison of metal-backed and all-polyethylene tibial components in cruciate condylar total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract An evaluation of 78 knees in 63 patients using the cruciate-sparing total condylar prosthesis was performed. At a mean of 10 years following the arthroplasty there were 86% good or excellent results in knees with an all-polyethylene tibial component compared to 95% with a metal-backed tibial component (NS). Survivorship at 10 years using an endpoint of revision was 96% (NS) in both groups; using an endpoint of revision or poor knee score was 85% (NS) in the metal-backed compared to 92% (NS) in the all-polyethylene groups; using an endpoint of revision, poor knee score, or complete radiolucent line was 85% in the metal-backed compared to 90% (NS) in the all-polyethylene groups. There were no significant differences in the frequency of radiolucent lines at the last evaluation. Two percent of the tibial components in the metal-backed group had complete radiolucent lines compared to none in the allpolyethylene group. The cruciate-sparing total condylar prosthesis provides satisfactory results with no significant differences between the metal-backed or all-polyethylene tibial components at 10 years.
In-situ TEM study of dislocation-twin boundaries interaction in nanotwinned Cu films

Epitaxial thin films of nanotwinned face-centered cubic metals such as Cu possess an unprecedented combination of high hardness and high electrical conductivity due to the unique structure of nanometer-spaced coherent twin boundaries. Recent studies of in-situ nanoindentation in a transmission electron microscope have provided new insights on the deformation behavior of nanotwins that are reviewed here. In particular, two unit processes are highlighted: first, stress-induced migration of Σ3 {112} incoherent twin boundary that leads to de-twinning of nanotwins; second, twinning dislocation can be multiplied at Σ3 {111} coherent twin boundary.
Pediatric sedation: short-term effects

A prospective investigation on the short-term effects of various sedation regimens on 549 nonhospitalized magnetic resonance (MR) patients was performed. The drugs evaluated were chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, midazolam, and diazepam (fentanyl was used for enhancement after any of these drugs). The overall safety and efficacy were quite good with all the regimens. Overall, 84% of children slept less than 8 h after the examination, 90% were drowsy and/or unsteady for less than 8 h after they awoke, and 97% resumed their usual activities by 24 h. Significant hyperactivity was seen only with pentobarbital and occurred in 8.4% of children over 8 years of age. The multiple-dose regimen of pentobarbital and fentanyl had a significant short-term effect on the children less than 8 years of age, with 35% sleeping longer than 8 h after the MR. Ten children who had needed the multipledose pentobarbital regimen or who had failed prior pentobarbital sedation presented for repeat sedation. Midazolam was effective in 9 of these 10 children.
Outcomes of laparoscopic vs open repair of primary ventral hernias.

Importance More primary ventral hernias (PVHs) are being repaired using the technique of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR). Few studies exist comparing the outcomes of LVHR with the outcomes of open ventral hernia repair (OVHR) for PVHs. We hypothesize that LVHR of PVHs is associated with fewer surgical site infections (SSIs) but more hernia recurrences and more clinical cases of bulging (bulging not associated with recurrence or seroma). Objective To compare the outcomes of patients who underwent LVHR with the outcomes of patients who underwent OVHR. Design Retrospective study of 532 consecutive patients who underwent an elective PVH repair at a single institution from 2000 to 2010. The outcomes of the 2 procedures were compared using 2 statistical methods. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between outcomes and several independent factors, adjusting for treatment propensity, and the outcomes in the 2 groups of patients were compared using paired univariate analysis. Setting Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Texas. Participants Seventy-nine patients who underwent LVHR and 79 patients who underwent OVHR. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes of interest were SSI, hernia recurrence, and bulging. The 2 groups of patients were matched by hernia size, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, age, and body mass index. Results There were 91 patients who underwent an LVHR and 167 patients who underwent an OVHR with mesh, with a median follow-up period of 56 months (range, 1-156 months). Seventy-nine patients with an LVHR were matched to 79 patients with an OVHR. No significant differences in demographic data or confounding factors were detected between the 2 groups. Compared with OVHR, LVHR was significantly associated with fewer SSIs (7.6% vs 34.1%; P P P = .99). Propensity score–matched multivariate analysis corroborated that LVHR is associated with more clinical cases of bulging but fewer SSIs. Conclusions and Relevance Compared with OVHR of PVHs, LVHR of PVHs is associated with fewer SSIs but more clinical cases of bulging and with the risk of developing a port-site hernia. Further study is needed to clarify the role of LVHR of PVHs and to mitigate the risk of port-site hernia and bulging.
An optimal order multigrid method for biharmonic, C finite element equations

In this paper, we study a special multigrid method for solving large linear systems which arise from discretizing biharmonic problems by the Hsieh-Clough-Tocher,C1 macro finite elements or several otherC1 finite elements. Since the multipleC1 finite element spaces considered are not nested, the nodal interpolation operator is used to transfer functions between consecutive levels in the multigrid method. This method converges with the optimal computational order.
Test selection and suppressor variables.

A theoretical discussion of the factor pattern of predictor tests and criterion shows that ordinary test selection methods break down under certain circumstances. It is shown that maximal resultsmay not occur if suppressor variables are present among the predictors. Suggested solutions to the problem include: (1) prior item analysis of tests against the criterion, (2) selection of several trial batteries including some with suppressor variables on the basis of a factor analysis of tests and criterion, (3) modification of the usual test selection procedures to include separate solutions based upon each of several starting variables, or (4) the cumbersome and tedious solution of all possible combinations of predictors. The solutions are recommended in the order named above. Although all of the suggested solutions involve added labor and may not be necessary, the test or battery constructor should at least be aware of the problem.
Pain, Pulmonary Function, and Early Recovery After Minimally Invasive Surgery

Most surgeons have been slow to adopt laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer. This is mostly related to long-term oncologic concerns, to the advanced laparoscopic skill set required to perform these complex operations, and for the modest short-term benefits afforded by the minimally invasive technique. Several small and large randomized trials, however, have demonstrated through various measures that there are significant short-term benefits of laparoscopic colectomy over open colectomy for cancer. In addition to reviewing these measures, we will also investigate the effect of adding laparoscopic surgery to "fast track" surgery programs aimed at optimizing postoperative recovery following colectomy.
Is splanchnic perfusion pressure more predictive of outcome than intragastric pressure in neonates with gastroschisis

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to determine whether calculated splanchnic perfusion pressure (SPP) is more predictive of outcome than measured intragastric pressure (IGP) in patients with gastroschisis. Methods Retrospective chart review from 1997 through 2003 of 12 patients with gastroschisis. Results Eight total patients with gastroschisis underwent reduction and had adequate data for analysis. One patient underwent reduction on day of life (DOL) 6; the remainder underwent reduction on DOL 1. All patients had postreduction IGP Conclusion SPP may be more predictive of outcome than IGP after gastroschisis repair.
Syntactically based sentence processing classes: Evidence from event-related brain potentials

Theoretical considerations and diverse empirical data from clinical, psycholinguistic, and developmental studies suggest that language comprehension processes are decomposable into separate subsystems, including distinct systems for semantic and grammatical processing. Here we report that event-related potentials (ERPs) to syntactically well-formed but semantically anomalous sentences produced a pattern of brain activity that is distinct in timing and distribution from the patterns elicited by syntactically deviant sentences, and further, that different types of syntactic deviance produced distinct ERP patterns. Forty right-handed young adults read sentences presented at 2 words/sec while ERPs were recorded from over several positions between and within the hemispheres. Half of the sentences were semantically and grammatically acceptable and were controls for the remainder, which contained sentence medial words that violated (1) semantic expectations, (2) phrase structure rules, or (3) WH-movement constraints on Specificity and (4) Subjacency. As in prior research, the semantic anomalies produced a negative potential, N400, that was bilaterally distributed and was largest over posterior regions. The phrase structure violations enhanced the N125 response over anterior regions of the left hemisphere, and elicited a negative response (300-500 msec) over temporal and parietal regions of the left hemisphere. Violations of Specificity constraints produced a slow negative potential, evident by 125 msec, that was also largest over anterior regions of the left hemisphere. Violations of Subjacency constraints elicited a broadly and symmetrically distributed positivity that onset around 200 msec. The distinct timing and distribution of these effects provide biological support for theories that distinguish between these types of grammatical rules and constraints and more generally for the proposal that semantic and grammatical processes are distinct subsystems within the language faculty.
Evaluating the Net Benefits of Macroprudential Policy: A Cookbook

The paper proposes a simple, new, analytical framework for assessing the cost and benefits of macroprudential policies. It proposes a measure of net benefits in terms of parameters that can be estimated: the probability of crisis, the loss in output given crisis, policy effectiveness in bringing down both the probability and damage during crisis, and the output-cost of a policy decision. It discusses three types of policy leakages and identifies instruments that could best minimize the leakages. Some rules of thumb for policymakers are provided.
Overheard in the Halls: What Adolescents Are Saying, and What Teachers Are Hearing, about Health Issues.

Background: Schools have long been recognized as an excellent place to offer health education and supportive services. Teachers are among the most important influences in the lives of school-aged children and can provide valuable insight into the health issues important to adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential role general academic teachers may play in facilitating adolescent health promotion efforts. Methods: To determine what teachers think about the role of health promotion in schools and what tools and topics they would find most helpful as critical advisers to students, we administered a 28-question survey at staff development meetings in 4 New York City schools. Results: Teachers agreed that schools were an important venue for discussing and providing health messages. More than half of those surveyed reported having overheard student discussions about health once a week or more, and 70% stated that they had been actively approached by students 1-3 or more times per semester with reports of personal problems or health issues. Teachers expressed concern about their ability to handle student mental, behavioral, and reproductive health problems and desired additional staff development workshops to address these needs. Conclusions: Teachers felt that schools were important places to promote dialogue about health and accept the importance of playing a broader role in the lives of youth beyond education. To enhance the prospect of health-promoting interactions between teachers and students, attention must be paid to developing the overall skill and comfort level of teachers with respect to adolescent health concerns.
Effects of Tempo and Stress on German Syllable Structure.

A comprehensive view of German syllable structure is developed based on phonetic and psycholinguistic experimental results supplemented by phonological arguments. The account is based on the interaction between universal factors (sonority/strength constraints, effects of tempo) and language-specific factors (phonotactic constraints, effects of stress). Initial, phonological syllabification reveals the distributional constraints operating in the language. This syllabification is modified by stress and rate of speech in well defined ways. The effect of a faster tempo is to maximize and thus strengthen syllable onsets within the limits predicted by sonority/strength and to minimize and thus weaken codas. This is achieved through resyllabification of stronger consonants onto following weaker ones. The effect of stress is twofold. Stress blocks faster speech resyllabification. It also modifies initial syllabification by making stressed syllables heavier through the acquisition of a branching nucleus, and in faster tempos, a branching rhyme. The effects of syllabification adjustments due to tempo and stress are interpreted as an optimization of syllable structure. The study supports a theory of syllable structure based on the arrangement of segments according to the so-called Sonority Sequencing Principle augmented by language-specific constraints which, in the absence of counteracting factors such as stress, are relaxed in faster tempos.
The quality of evidence in reading fluency intervention for Korean readers with reading difficulties and disabilities

This study aimed to provide information about the quality of the evidence on reading fluency instruction for at-risk students and students with reading/learning disabilities as a way to evaluate whether an instructional strategy is evidence-based and has potential for classroom use. An extensive search process with inclusion and exclusion criteria yielded a total of 18 studies to be included in the present study: 12 group design studies and six single-subject design studies. The quality indicators proposed by Gersten et al. (Except Child 71:149–164, 2005) and Horner et al. (Except Child 71:165–179, 2005) were applied to evaluate the quality of selected fluency intervention studies. Results revealed that (a) most group design studies provided little information about the intervention and agent for the comparison group, (b) internal and social validity were not clearly stated in single-subject design studies, and (c) procedural fidelity in assessment and intervention implementation was inadequately addressed in both group design and single-subject design studies. Lack of methodological rigor, which hampers determinations of the effectiveness of fluency instruction, the current status of intervention studies, and future directions are discussed.
Avian retrovirus integrase-enhanced transgene integration into mammalian cell DNA in vivo.

Systems for introducing DNA genes-of-interest into mammalian cellular genomes have ranged from the use of different physical techniques to viruses including retroviruses. We have developed a microinjection method for an efficient and permanent integration of a DNA transgene into the cell genome by use of the retrovirus integrase. A 3.0-kb linear DNA fragment containing an internal herpes simplex virus thymdine kinase gene (tk) with flanking avian retrovirus U5 and U3 terminal attachment sites (U5-pgk/tk-U3) recognized by the integrase was constructed. The other donor, a 3.3-kb linear DNA fragment containing the same gene (pgk/tk) flanked by ApaL1 restriction sites not recognized by integrase, was also produced. After assembly of integrase-transgene complexes on ice, the complexes were microinjected into the nucleus of human fibroblast cells (143Btk - ) containing a defective thymidine kinase. The number of hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT)-resistant colonies produced upon microinjection of either naked DNA or the independently assembled integrase-transgene complexes were determined. Our data suggests that enhanced integration of U5-pgk/tk-U3 required the DNA attachment sites and co-delivery of integrase. The data was consistent with a direct role for both of these elements in producing an approximate 4-fold increase in the number of HAT-resistant colonies observed over microinjection of just naked U5-pgk/tk-U3 (P < 0.0001).
Magnetic resonance evaluation of fetal ventriculomegaly-associated congenital malformations and lesions

Summary Fetal MRI provides diagnostic quality images of the brain which permit differentiation between the various etiologies of ventriculomegaly: hydrocephalus, congenital malformation, and destructive processes.
Effects of thyroid function on blood pressure. Recognition of hypothyroid hypertension.

Hypothyroidism has been known to be associated, at times, with diastolic hypertension. We have found in 40 thyrotoxic patients that the induction of hypothyroidism by radioiodine therapy significantly increased diastolic blood pressure, raising it above 90 mm Hg in 16 (40%) of the patients. Restoration of euthyroidism with thyroxine administration significantly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in these patients, with a fall in diastolic pressure below 90 mm Hg in nine of 16 patients. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was determined by measurements of serum thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations in 688 consecutive hypertensive patients, referred for evaluation and therapy of their hypertension. Hypothyroidism was found in 25 (3.6%) of the patients. Restoration of normal serum thyroxine and thyrotropin levels with thyroid hormone replacement therapy lowered diastolic blood pressure to levels below 90 mm Hg in 32% of these patients who could be followed up after withdrawal of all antihypertensive drug therapy when euthyroidism had been restored (i.e., 1.2% of the 688 patients). It is concluded that diastolic hypertension resulting from hypothyroidism is a relatively common disorder, present in 1.2% of our referred hypertensive patients, that should be sought and treated.
Soft Drug Sequencing among a Sample of Alabama Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis

In testing a modified version of Kandel’s (1975) drug sequencing hypothesis, the study addressed two current weaknesses in the drug sequencing literature, namely, the empirical ambiguity of the role of cigarette initiation in drug sequencing and the lack of temporal ordering in the initiation of multiple drugs. It was expected that of the American youth who initiated soft drug use, alcohol was the first drug initiated. Among the subsample of juveniles who went onto use other soft drugs, it was expected that cigarette onset occurred next. Finally, it was expected that a small proportion of alcohol and cigarette initiates would go on to initiate marijuana use. This hypothesis was tested using secondary, longitudinal data derived from 283 youth who completed Waves 1-9 of the Mobile Youth Survey. Guttman scalogram analysis was utilized to arrive at the results. Articulated are the findings, which yielded no statistical support for the hypothesized sequence. Also discussed are the implications that the results have for school drug prevention programs.
SMIS - a real-time stereoscopic medical imaging system

In this paper, we present an X-ray radiography system which can provide intra-operative stereo imaging of the patient's operational area during a spinal surgery. We use two horizontally separated X-ray tubes and a flat-panel X-ray detector mounted on two ends of a C-arm microcontroller synchronizes the image acquisition, and the left and right images are grabbed into the system alternately. Surgeons can have a 3D perception of the spine's X-ray image in real-time. We further developed a whole image processing language called PPL. PPL takes images as operands instead of dealing with complex pixel operation. To speed up the rendering speed in a network environment, we proposed a level of detail (LOD) with reverse prediction method that can fast transmit images over Internet in real-time.
Connection theorems in non-convex programming†

By supplying regularity conditions, two new connection theorems relating con-strained maximization problems are proven.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of three cases of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid mass: cytological findings and differential diagnosis

M. Rosa and K. Toronczyk Fine needle aspiration biopsy of three cases of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid mass: cytological findings and differential diagnosis Objective: Primary squamous cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland are extremely rare, comprising about 1% of thyroid malignancies. Although squamous cell carcinomas are readily identified as such on aspiration cytology in the majority of cases, the differentiation of primary versus metastatic tumour might not always be easy. Herein, we report three cases of squamous cell carcinomas involving the thyroid gland. Methods: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed in three patients with a thyroid mass using standard guidelines. Smears were stained with Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou stains. Results: Two patients were male and one was female, aged 59, 45 and 35 years, respectively. In all three patients a thyroid mass was present. FNAC smears in all cases showed cytological features of squamous cell carcinoma including keratinization and necrosis. After clinical and cytological correlation, one case appeared to be primary, one case metastatic, and in the third case no additional clinical information or biopsy follow-up was available for further characterization. Conclusions: Because primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare finding, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma should always be excluded first. Metastatic disease usually presents in the setting of widespread malignancy, therefore a dedicated clinical and radiological investigation is necessary in these cases. In both clinical scenarios the patient’s prognosis is poor.