cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual-mobility components obviate the need for constrained liners in revision total hip arthroplasty—Opposes

Abstract Presently, there are multiple options for prevention and treatment of hip dislocation in the revision setting. These include large head prostheses, tripolar constructs, dual mobility liners, and constrained liners. In spite of having better options than 10–15 years ago, revision for total hip arthroplasty constructs that have recurrently dislocated remain in the 15–20% failure range. Especially with cases of deficient abductor hip muscles and marked joint laxity, it is imperative that constrained liners remain in the surgeon׳s armamentaria at the time of revision surgery.
Unfinished Business: Volunteer Tool Makers

THE software distribution that accompanies this monograph includes Perl scripts for the SYN tools, tutorial examples described in previous chapters, and data for replicating some of the research case studies to follow in Chapters 17 and 18. Using the tools on this ‘canned’ data is not likely to expose any serious failures. Variations on the data provided should also work dependably. Varying the given subdomains, or making small component code changes, or trying modified system structures, are easy and safe. For example, the Bell stateless component used in the Introduction Chapter 1 and the tutorial Chapter 9 could have its ‘bump’ modified; a more complicated system structure could be tried in Chapter 9; the subdomain refinement in the accuracy study of Chapter 17 could be done differently, etc. Making minor changes is a good way to learn how the tools work.
Collective learning of lithium-ion aging model parameters for battery health-conscious demand response in datacenters

Abstract This paper examines the degree to which a large-scale datacenter employing lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries for demand response can learn the physics-based aging and degradation dynamics of the underlying batteries by measuring their input/output current/voltage data. Battery degradation dynamics are chemistry dependent and change significantly for newer chemistries. Moreover, characterizing these degradation dynamics requires time-consuming and expensive laboratory testing. Together, these facts motivate the following question: is it possible to use battery current and voltage measurements to learn battery degradation behavior in a datacenter where numerous distributed batteries are being used for demand response? If so, what are the benefits and challenges associated with such learning? The goal of this paper is to provide preliminary answers to these questions building on earlier work by authors on health-conscious stochastic battery control. Specifically, we show that when datacenters exploit its demand management flexibility at the rack-level to control different batteries in accordance with different management policies, the resulting data is sufficiently rich to the point where (1) the learning of degradation behavior is possible within the span of approximately 1 year, (2) with a reasonable number of cells, (3) even when the batteries are used simultaneously for degradation learning and demand response.
Measurement of the F 20 half-life

The half-life of the $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ ground state was measured using a radioactive beam implanted in a plastic scintillator and recording $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidences together with four CsI(Na) detectors. The result, ${T}_{1/2}=11.0011{(69)}_{\mathrm{stat}}{(30)}_{\mathrm{sys}}$ s, is at variance by 17 combined standard deviations with the two most precise results. The present value revives the poor consistency of results for this half-life and calls for a new measurement, with a technique having different sources of systematic effects, to clarify the discrepancy.
Peter O’Connell, The Rhetoric of Seeing in Attic Forensic Oratory. Austin, TX: Texas University Press, 2017. xviii + 253 pp. $55.00 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-1477311684.

O’Connell’s Rhetoric of Seeing joins a growing list of titles interested in restoring performance and visuality to our understanding of ancient Greek culture and, especially, political and legal cu...
Obtaining the phase diagram and thermodynamic quantities of bulk systems from the densities of trapped gases

A long-standing goal of experiments using cold atoms in optical lattices is to simulate the behaviour of strongly correlated electrons in solid-state systems. However, in these experiments, the atoms are confined to spatially inhomogeneous traps, whereas the desired information concerns homogeneous bulk systems. Theoretical work now proposes a way to connect the two types of system. Experiments that use cold atoms in optical lattices to simulate the behaviour of strongly correlated solid-state systems promise to provide insight into a range of long-standing problems in many-body physics1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. The goal of such ‘quantum simulations’ is to obtain information about homogeneous systems. Cold-gas experiments, however, are carried out in spatially inhomogeneous confining traps, which leads inevitably to different phases in the sample. This makes it difficult to deduce the properties of homogeneous phases with standard density imaging, which averages over different phases. Moreover, important properties such as superfluid density are inaccessible by standard imaging techniques, and will remain inaccessible even when systems of interest are successfully simulated. Here, we present algorithms for mapping out several properties of homogeneous systems, including superfluid density. Our scheme makes explicit use of the inhomogeneity of the trap, an approach that might turn the source of difficulty into a means of constructing solutions.
Characteristics of LAK Cells and their use in Adoptive Therapy of Cancer in Experimental Animals

Interleukin 2 (IL2) has been the main factor that has been focused on for in vitro expansion and strong activation of NK cells. As with T cells, this proliferative effect of IL2 on NK cells has been shown to be dependent on an interaction of the lymphokine with receptors for IL2, as detected by anti-Tac monoclonal antibodies [1]. Proliferating LGL have been shown to express Tac and anti-Tac completely interfered with the growth of the cells and their maintenance of cytotoxic activity. However, as a major divergence from the data obtained with T cells, in which IL2 receptors had to be induced by mitogens or antigens in order for the cells to become responsive to IL2 [2], IL2 alone has been shown to promote the growth of human or murine NK cells [1,3]. Quite unexpectedly, fresh IL2-responsive human LGL were found to have no detectable IL2 receptors, as measured either by flow cytometry with anti-Tac or by binding studies with radiolabelled anti-Tac [1]. In addition, messenger RNA for IL2 receptors was not detectable in fresh human LGL [1]. However, upon exposure of such LGL to IL2 alone, message for the Tac receptor became detectable within 2 days of culture and this was accompanied by detectable expression of Tac receptors on the cells and the onset of proliferation. Thus, it appears that IL2 alone can induce the upregulation of Tac receptors at the transcriptional level [1] and this appears to account for the ability of this lymphokine by itself to promote the growth of NK cells.
Melanization in Cryptococcus neoformans Requires Complex Regulation

The fungal human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans undergoes melanization in response to nutrient starvation and exposure to exogenous melanin precursors. Melanization protects the fungus against host defense mechanisms such as oxidative damage and other environmental stressors (e.g., heat/cold stress, antimicrobial compounds, ionizing radiation). Conversely, the melanization process generates cytotoxic intermediates, and melanized cells are potentially susceptible to overheating and to certain melanin-binding drugs. Despite the importance of melanin in C. neoformans biology, the signaling mechanisms regulating its synthesis are poorly understood. The recent report by D. Lee, E.-H. Jang, M. Lee, S.-W. Kim, et al. [mBio 10(5):e02267-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02267-19] provides new insights into how C. neoformans regulates melanization. The authors identified a core melanin regulatory network consisting of transcription factors and kinases required for melanization under low-nutrient conditions. The redundant and epistatic connections of this melanin-regulating network demonstrate that C. neoformans melanization is complex and carefully regulated at multiple levels. Such complex regulation reflects the multiple functions of melanin in C. neoformans biology.
Gastrointestinal Injury Related to Antiangiogenesis Cancer Therapy.

Abstract Background Data on gastrointestinal toxicities related antiangiogenesis cancer therapy is very limited. We aim to describe the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features and outcomes of antiangiogenesis-associated colitis and diarrhea (ACD) at a tertiary-care cancer center. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective study of cancer patients who received antiangiogenesis therapy (AAT) and underwent endoscopy for ACD symptoms during 2000-2018. Results A total of 12,045 patients received AAT during the study period. Of these, 552 patients underwent lower gastrointestinal tract endoscopic evaluation after AAT. Among them, we identified 41 patients who developed ACD. The median time from AAT initiation to ACD onset was 20 weeks. Most patients received bevacizumab (83%). The median duration of ACD symptoms was 6 days. On endoscopy, 7 patients (17%) had mucosal ulceration, and 16 (39%) had nonulcerative inflammation. Active histologic inflammation was evident in 8 patients (20%). Thirteen patients (32%) received treatment for ACD: antibiotics in 5 (12%) and antimotility agents in 11 (27%). Sixteen patients (39%) were hospitalized for ACD, and 2 were admitted to the intensive care unit. One colonic perforation (2%) related to underlying malignancy was reported after colonoscopy. Patients with enterocolitis symptoms had more frequent abnormal endoscopic findings (P = .024) and less frequently received antimotility agents (P = .011) compared to those with diarrhea only. Abnormal endoscopic findings were associated with more hospitalizations (P = .063) compared to normal group. Conclusion ACD is a rare adverse event of AAT and is usually mild. Despite its rarity, complications of ACD can be serious, requiring intensive care unit and surgery. Colonic perforation occurred after routine endoscopy after AAT in 2% of our cohort.
The Review of Content Marketing as a New Trend in Marketing Practices

Content marketing evolves to be a powerful marketing tactic in the digital, fast moving, information driven world. It is not a new strategy but more and more enterprises begin to engage in content marketing gradually. So what are the reasons of the rise of content marketing in today’s society? This paper discusses about the use of content marketing in businesses and how it brings benefits to the companies. The conclusion summarizes six strategies companies use during the implementation of content marketing in their businesses.
PV Fleet Performance Data Initiative Program and Methodology

The US Department of Energy's PV Fleet Performance Data Initiative has been launched in order to collect and evaluate production data across multiple PV fleet partners. Performance statistics are anonymized, aggregated and shared to represent a snapshot of the US commercial and utility-scale fleet. Production data have been collected from over 1500 systems representing more than 1.3 GWdc capacity. Because this project is still adding system data and updating methodology, degradation trends and statistics will be detailed in future publications. Preliminary analysis to date indicates median performance loss rates are in line with previous publications of system degradation, on the order of −0.6%/yr to −0.9%/yr. These values are higher than module-only degradation rates which are often used in proforma estimates of project performance and economics, potentially exposing owner/operators to increased risk if systems under-perform over time.
The Brady-Ryan Plan: Potential and Pitfalls

The June 2016 Brady-Ryan plan would move the tax system to a hybrid of an income tax and a Bradford X tax, a type of progressive consumption tax. The partial shift to consumption taxation would significantly reduce the tax penalty on saving and investment, paving the way for increased economic growth. Nevertheless, the Brady-Ryan plan has limitations. The tax rates on business cash flow are unnecessarily low, which reduces revenue and progressivity and creates an incentive to convert wages into business cash flow. The plan also denies expensing to inventories, thereby overtaxing them relative to other types of capital. ' Issues concerning the design of the plan’s border adjustment must also be addressed. Whether to keep the border adjustment in the plan is a thorny question; removing the border adjustment would negate some of the plan’s economic advantages, but it would preserve many of its advantages and avert some difficulties.If the border adjustment is retained, it may be desirable to relabel the business cash flow tax as a VAT.
The Inherent Irrationality of Judgment Proofing

In recent articles in the Yale Law Journal and the Stanford Law Review, Professor Lynn M LoPucki has sparked much academic discussion arguing that recent developments in corporate law have led to an erosion in the system of corporate liability, such that it might one day prove impotent. LoPucki has argued that transactions such as asset securitizations, sale-leasebacks, and corporate structures in which liabilities are placed in asset-poor subsidiaries are driving this change. One early critic to the LoPucki thesis, Professor James J. White, has argued that empirical data show no evidence of increasing use of judgment proofing techniques. In this article, Professor Steven L. Schwarcz joins this debate, arguing that an economic analysis of these transactions suggests that Widespread use of these judgment proofing techniques is unlikely. A key distinction in the analysis, Schwarcz argues, is between arm's length and non-arm's length transactions. Arm's length transactions are unlikely to lead to judgment proofing because corporations will receive value-often cash-for the assets they sell. It is only by paying out this value in dividends that a corporation begins to judgment-proof itself. The theoretical possibility to take value away from future involuntary creditors through such transactions will rarely be realized because of the costs-taxes, negative publicity, personal and criminal liability-of entering into such agreements. By contrast, in non-arm's length transactions, corporate owners do have the incentive to create judgment-proof structures. However, these structures are not innovative, and they will continue to be well-regulated ex post by existing legal doctrines in bankruptcy, corporate law, tort law, and criminal law. Following this article are a response from Professor Lynn LoPucki, a comment by Professor Charles Mooney and a brief rejoinder from Professor Schwarcz.
Barriers and Facilitators Associated with Physical Activity in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Systematic Overview

Increasing physical inactivity levels in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is a public health concern. We aimed to synthesize barriers and facilitators to physical activity and make appropriate recommendations to address physical inactivity. We conducted an overview of systematic reviews on physical activity barriers and facilitators in 20 MENA countries by systematically searching MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar for systematic reviews published between 2008 and 2020. Our overview included four systematic reviews and 119 primary studies with data from 17 MENA countries. Lack of suitable sports facilities, time, social support and motivation, gender and cultural norms, harsh weather, and hot climate were the most commonly reported barriers to physical activity. Socio-demographic factors negatively associated with physical activity participation include advanced age, being female, less educated, and being married. Motivation to gain health benefits, losing/maintaining weight, being male, dietary habits, recreation, and increased Body Mass Index are positively associated with increased levels of physical activity. Interventions promoting physical activity in MENA should target schoolchildren, women and girls, working parents, and the elderly. Country-specific sociocultural and environmental factors influencing physical activity should be considered in the design of interventions. Current and future policies and national interventions must be consistently evaluated for effectiveness and desired outcomes.
Tamara's New House (A)

This case series simulates the quintessential American dream: buying and financing your first house. For most people, buying a house is the largest purchase they will experience in their lifetime. The process has both legal and economic components, and often requires that the buyer rely heavily upon a realtor to navigate all the technicalities. Along the way, the buyer may experience an emotional roller coaster with both the excitement of becoming a homeowner and the worry that comes with making a large financial commitment. Much of the worry comes from a lack of understanding, particularly when we buy that first house without any experience with such a transaction. The primary objective of these cases is to provide the key information needed to understand what is involved with the purchase and financing of a house, and to simulate the process as the students experience the cases in sequence over several class periods. Excerpt UVA-F-1886 Rev. Jan. 27, 2021 Tamara's New House (A) Introduction Tamara shuffled around the kitchen going through her usual morning tasks. Since her husband Daryll had died, it was hard for her to get out of bed and face each day. Daryll had passed away 10 months ago, and Tamara was still in a haze of grief. Sometimes she imagined he was still there, whistling his way through the house and making breakfast for everyone: frying bacon, scrambling eggs, pouring milk in the kids' cereal, and making coffee. He had been a great cook, and he had kept them all happy and well-fed. Tamara's friends had always been amazed to hear that Daryll did all the cooking in the house; they would always tell her she had found a good man. When Tamara got the call about the car accident, her heart had stopped. Time had stopped. She couldn't imagine how she was going to manage without him. Tamara had gone on bereavement leave after Daryll's funeral, but each day she stayed at home, the harder it became to actually return to her job. Most days it was hard for her to do anything at all. The house was filled with memories of Daryll. Sometimes Tamara thought she heard the sound of his laughter ringing through the house, or caught a glimpse of him coming down the stairs. She still did his laundry and ironed his shirts, leaving everything in the house exactly as he had left it. Tamara felt only half alive herself as she remained at home with her memories. . . .
Hacks Dangerous to Human Life: Using JASTA to Overcome Foreign Sovereign Immunity in State-Sponsored Cyberattack Cases

State-sponsored cyber-attacks are on the rise. With the continually growing presence of automated and autonomous technologies in our lives, the ability to harm individuals behind a keyboard is becoming an increasingly plausible and desirable option for foreign states seeking to target persons abroad. Those particularly vulnerable to such attacks include political dissidents, activists, and any individuals deemed to be an enemy of the regime employing such cyber-attacks. In recent years, U.S. nationals victimized by foreign state-sponsored cyber-attacks have attempted to sue their foreign-state cyber-attackers in U.S. courts under the traditional exceptions to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), but to no avail. Commentators have offered a few suggestions to help these victims overcome the barrier of sovereign immunity, including an alternative interpretation of the FSIA’s noncommercial tort exception, or a cyber-attack exception amendment to the FSIA. This Note, however, offers a more concrete and accessible solution: the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA). The recently passed JASTA creates the latest exception to the FSIA, which differs from the other exceptions in two important ways: (1) it does not require an alleged tort to have taken placed in the United States, and (2) it does not require the foreign state being sued to have been officially designated a state sponsor of terrorism by the U.S. government. Thus, under JASTA, many U.S. victims of state-sponsored cyber-attacks should be able to overcome sovereign immunity and finally attain justice against their foreign-state cyber-attackers in U.S. courts.
Assessment of CT to CBCT contour mapping for radiomic feature analysis in prostate cancer.

This study provides a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of a commercially available deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm to automatically generate prostate contours and additionally investigates the robustness of radiomic features to differing contours. Twenty-eight prostate cancer patients enrolled on an institutional review board (IRB) approved protocol were selected. Planning CTs (pCTs) were deformably registered to daily cone-beam CTs (CBCTs) to generate prostate contours (auto contours). The prostate contours were also manually drawn by a physician. Quantitative assessment of deformed versus manually drawn prostate contours on daily CBCT images was performed using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean distance-to-agreement (MDA), difference in center-of-mass position (ΔCM) and difference in volume (ΔVol). Radiomic features from 6 classes were extracted from each contour. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and mean absolute percent difference in radiomic feature-derived data (mean |%Δ|RF) between auto and manual contours were calculated. The mean (± SD) DSC, MDA, ΔCM and ΔVol between the auto and manual prostate contours were 0.90 ± 0.04, 1.81 ± 0.47 mm, 2.17 ± 1.26 mm and 5.1 ± 4.1% respectively. Of the 1,010 fractions under consideration, 94.8% of DIRs were within TG-132 recommended tolerance. 30 radiomic features had a CCC > 0.90 and 21 had a mean |%∆|RF < 5%. Auto-propagation of prostate contours resulted in nearly 95% of DIRs within tolerance recommendations of TG-132, leading to the majority of features being regarded as acceptably robust. The use of auto contours for radiomic feature analysis is promising but must be done with caution.
Aggressive concurrent chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection for proximal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background. Proximal esophageal cancer has been a disease associated with relatively poor treatment success, partly due to advanced disease at presentation and the morbidity of the surgery required. Therefore, most patients receive palliative radiation therapy, and disease control is poor. Methods. Between July 1990 and December 1992, nine consecutive patients with proximal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were treated with aggressive concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection. Treatment consisted of cisplatin (20 mg/m2/day) and 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2/day), both given as continuous intravenous infusions over 4 days concurrent with accelerated fractionation external beam radiation therapy (150 cGy twice a day to a dose of 2400 cGy). Three weeks after beginning treatment, a second course of chemotherapy and accelerated fractionation radiation therapy was administered to a total preoperative radiation therapy dose of 4500 cGy. After restaging of their disease, patients next underwent surgical resection. A single postoperative course of chemotherapy and 2400 cGy of concurrent accelerated fractionation radiation therapy was administered to those patients with residual tumor in the resection specimen. Two of these nine patients also were given 4-day etoposide infusions (75 mg/m2/day) as part of their chemotherapy and received lower induction radiation therapy doses. Results. Although significant toxicity was experienced, there were no deaths attributable to the chemoradiotherapy and only one perioperative death. All nine patients underwent surgery; five required pharyngolaryn-goesophagectomy. No residual tumor was found in the resection specimen in three of the nine patients. Continuous locoregional tumor control was achieved in all patients. Only two developed distant metastases. Conclusions. These results, using aggressive multimodality treatment, suggest that excellent locoregional control and long term, disease free survival can be achieved in selected patients with proximal esophageal cancer.
Details of Meiosis

Most of the cell divisions that occur in the germline are mitotic: a series of over 30 in females and over 200 in males (Chapter 9). It is only the final two divisions that are meiotic. What mediates the switch from mitosis to meiosis, and by what mechanisms do all oogonia switch almost simultaneously during fetal life while only one of the two daughter cells from each type B spermatogonial mitosis switches to meiosis throughout the adult life of men? The switch from mitosis to meiosis is the first process of cell differentiation to appear during the evolution of eukaryotes. Consequently, this switch is likely to have an extremely conserved molecular basis, like the other steps in meiosis.
Changes in the capillary filtration coefficient of cutaneous vessels in women with premenstrual tension.

Abstract In an attempt to explain excessive fluid retention, the most common feature in the syndrome of subjective and objective changes called premenstrual tension, we investigated changes in the peripheral circulations of women with this complaint. To obtain evidence on the vascular system's ability to maintain a constant circulating fluid volume, we measured capillary filtration coefficient in the forearm. Women who complained of premenstrual distress showed a significant change in capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) during the month; the lowest CFC values were found immediately after the onset of the menses; the highest values occurred just before the beginning of menstruation. In a group of women who claim to be completely free of the complaint, the CFC was uniform throughout the cycle.
Ecological Effects of Acidic Deposition

Acidic deposition is comprised of sulfuric and nitric acids, and ammonium derived from atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia, respectively. These compounds are released to the atmosphere largely by the burning of fossil fuels and agricultural activities. Atmospheric deposition delivers acids and acidifying compounds to the Earth’s surface. The adverse ecological effects of acidic deposition on forests, streams, and lakes largely occur in eastern North America, northern and central Europe, and southwestern China. Acidic deposition has altered, and continues to alter, forest soil by accelerating the leaching of calcium and magnesium and increasing concentrations of dissolved inorganic aluminum in soil waters. At high concentrations, dissolved inorganic aluminum can hinder the uptake of water and essential nutrients by tree roots. The alteration of soils by acid deposition has serious consequences for acid-sensitive forest ecosystems. Soils that are compromised by acidic deposition are less able to neutralize additional inputs of strong acids, and provide poorer growing conditions for plants and delay the recovery of surface waters. Acidic deposition has impaired, and continues to impair, the water quality of lakes and streams in eastern North America and Europe in three important ways: lowering pH levels (i.e., increasing the acidity); decreasing acid-neutralizing capacity; and increasing aluminum concentrations. Many surface waters in acid-sensitive regions impacted by acidic deposition exhibit chronic and/or episodic (i.e., short-term) acidification. Moreover, elevated concentrations of dissolved inorganic aluminum have been measured in acid-impacted surface waters. High concentrations of aluminum and increased acidity have reduced the species diversity and abundance of aquatic life in many lakes and streams draining acid-sensitive regions. Fish have received the most attention to date, but entire food webs are often negatively affected. For example, in a survey of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York, 346 lakes (24% of the total) did not contain fish. These fishless lakes had significantly lower pH and higher concentrations of dissolved inorganic aluminum when compared to those lakes with fish.
Taking Care of Treaties

There is little consensus about the scope of the President's powers to cure breaches of U.S. treaty obligations, let alone the influence of decisions by international tribunals finding the United States in breach. Such decisions do not appear to be directly effective under U.S. law. Treaties and statutes address questions of domestic authority sporadically and incompletely, and are suited to the task only if construed heroically; the President's general constitutional authority relating to foreign affairs is sometimes invoked, but its extent is uncertain and turns all too little on the underlying law at issue. Relying on either theory to cope with breaches, accordingly, risks distorting the positive law or vesting the President with a potentially boundless authority - or, in the alternative, risks a recurring gap between our international obligations and our domestic law. The Take Care Clause affords a surprisingly well-tailored solution. Take care authority has been neglected in recent discourse, and not without reason. On the one hand, it is not obvious that it encompasses treaties, or licenses presidential authority beyond the capacity to ensure compliance within the executive branch; on the other hand, it smacks of unbridled executive power. These objections can be met. As the Article explains, the Take Care Clause includes treaties, including - critically - some treaties conventionally labeled as non-self-executing, and permits presidential authority beyond self-regulation. The text, case law, and practice further support the idea that this authority may be divested by the Constitution, by treaty, or by statute, and must satisfy additional criteria that guard against vesting the president with plenary lawmaking authority. The Article explains how this theory applies to potential controversies involving compliance with the decisions of international tribunals (like those of the International Court of Justice, or arising under the WTO or the Law of the Sea Convention), legislative decisions by institutions like the Security Council (such as a resolution enabling war crime proceedings against former U.S. officials), and finally treaties that afford no recourse to international mechanisms. The result is a theory that reinforces congressional supremacy without requiring that treaty obligations founder upon it.
Simplified navigation and traverse planning for a long-range planetary rover

This paper presents the sensor and control system for SR2, a planetary rover prototype capable of km+/day traverses through Mars-like terrain. The control system described allowed the rover to successfully navigate Mars-like terrain given a set of way-points spaced approximately 100 m apart. The control system uses input from a variety of sensors including heading, roll, pitch, an array of proximity sensors, voltage and current sensors, and a depth from stereo camera system. The control system is adequate, when combined with the rover's mobility system to make its way over or around almost all hazards a rover is likely to encounter, and to know when it is getting diverted so far off course that it needs to ask for help. In a recent field test, the robot autonomously navigated through 1.3 km of Mars like terrain to reach its goal. The SR2 is a solar powered, four-wheeled rover that masses 21 kg and fits inside a 90/spl times/65/spl times/40 cm envelope.
Sleep apnea: Relationship to age, sex, and Alzheimer's dementia.

The relationship of sleep apnea to age, sex, and Alzheimer's dementia was investigated in 45 elderly subjects and 10 young males, all nonobese, normotensive, nonsmoking, with no sleep complaints and no medical problems other than Alzheimer's disease. Mean apnea/hypopnea index [(AH)I] was significantly greater in elderly males than in young males or elderly females. Mean (AH)I and percentage of subjects with an (AH)I greater than 5 in the Alzheimer groups were not significantly different from age and sex-matched controls. Results were similar when the apnea index was substituted for (AH)I. The data from this preliminary study indicate that healthy, elderly males with no sleep complaints and elderly males with Alzheimer's disease experience a significant, subclinical ventilatory impairment during sleep. Data from the 10 elderly females and 10 young males indicated no such impairment. The physiological significance of this degree of sleep apnea in otherwise healthy elderly males is unclear at present.
Applications of Cognitive Design Systems to Test Development

Until recent times, cognitive testing had been a stagnant field. Carroll and Maxwell (1979), in their Annual Review of Psychology paper on testing, pointed out that little had changed since the first author had reviewed the field 25 years earlier. Carroll and Maxwell (1979) pointed out, however, that cognitive psychology was a new force that could substantially change testing. Since their chapter appeared, an extensive foundation of research has been assembled which covers many types of items that appear on cognitive tests (e.g., Bejar, Chaffin & Embretson, 1990; Carpenter, Just, & Shell, 1990; Embretson, 1985; Pellegrino, 1985; Sternberg, 1985).
Improved Extraction Assessment through Better Language Models

A variety of information extraction techniques rely on the fact that instances of the same relation are "distributionally similar," in that they tend to appear in similar textual contexts. We demonstrate that extraction accuracy depends heavily on the accuracy of the language model utilized to estimate distributional similarity. An unsupervised model selection technique based on this observation is shown to reduce extraction and type-checking error by 26% over previous results, in experiments with Hidden Markov Models. The results suggest that optimizing statistical language models over unlabeled data is a promising direction for improving weakly supervised and unsupervised information extraction.
Histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux in man.

Esophageal suction biopsy specimens were obtained from 33 subjects with, and 21 without, subjective and objective evidence of gastroesophageal reflux. From these specimens the appearance of the normal esophageal mucosa was established and histological features of the mucosa in presence of gastroesophageal reflux were determined. These features are: (a) basal cell hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium, and (b) location of the papillae close to the epithelial surface. A good correlation is shown between these features and symptoms, acid reflux studies, and esophagoscopy. It is concluded that these features are the histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux.
Piggyback orthotopic intestinal transplantation

Portal, as opposed to systemic, venous drainage from small intestinal allografts is thought to be preferable because it provides unquestionable physiologic (1–3) and hypothetic, but unverified (4, 5) immunologic advantages. However, in clinical instances, it may be difficult to find a place on the recipient portal or superior mesenteric vein (SMV) where the donor portal vein can be anastomosed. We encountered this problem in two most recent solitary intestinal transplants. One patient was an adult with 15 previous abdominal operations and the other was a child with only one earlier laparotomy. The abdomen was entered through an upper transverse incision. Because of multiple adhesions, the recipient SMV could not be adequately exposed below the pancreas. The duodenum and head of the pancreas were mobilized, exposing the infrarenal aorta for arterialization of the graft. The maneuver helped expose the extrahepatic portal vein as for portacaval shunts (Fig. 1). The common bile duct and, in the pediatric patient, an ectopic right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were identified and carefully preserved. Fig.1 The recipient duodenum has been kocherized. The portal vein and infrarenal aorta are exposed. Common bile duct and hepatic artery are identified. Inset, technique of end to side anastomosis. The arterial anastomosis of the donor SMA to the infrarenal aorta was performed first. A side biting vascular clamp was subsequently placed on the recipient portal vein and an end to side anastomosis of the donor to the recipient portal vein was performed (Fig. 1, inset). Arterial and venous reconstructions were satisfactory (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 The vascular anastomoses are completed and the duodenum is allowed back to its anatomic position. A recipient duodenum to donor jejunum anastomosis, a terminal ileostomy and feeding jejunostomy were performed in both patients. In the pediatric patient, a donor ileum to recipient transverse colonic anastomosis was also performed. Immunosuppression was with FK 506 and steroids. There were no technical complications. Finding a residual portal or SMV stump for end to end anastomosis of the intestinal graft vein is a daunting prospect in patients who have lost their intestine. Although candidates for intestinal transplantation can be expected to have had multiple abdominal operations, the hepatic hilum usually is spared, providing a site onto which the donor SMV or portal vein can be anastomosed piggyback. The aforementioned technique should provide dependable portal drainage in most instances. The splenic vein could be alternatively used, using the same principle.
PERANCANGAN BERBASIS KOMPUTER UNTUK REKAYASA PRODUK DAN PROSES KOMPLEKS

We enhanced DFSS Characterize and Optimize Phases to deal with multiple and functional response optimization. The enhancement basically starts with a development of functional meta-models of CAE outputs that are fast-to-compute and accurate enough within a certain design space. Having developed the multiple and functional meta-models, the influence of design variables to the functional responses are then obtained via visualization and sensitivity analysis based on Sobol's index. Multi-objective optimization is finally applied to search for design variable settings that give optimal functional responses. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Di artikel ini kita memperkaya fase-fase Characterize and Optimize dari design for six sigma (DFSS) methodology untuk bisa menyelesaikan rekayasa produk dan proses kompleks yang mengandung banyak respons fungsional. Pemerkayaan dimulai dengan pembangunan meta-model fungsional dari keluaran computer aided engineering (CAE) yang diperoleh lewat rancangan eksperimental. Kemudian, dilanjutkan dengan pembangunan sebuah algoritma untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat pengaruh dari variabel-variable rancangan ke respons fungsional secara visual maupun analitis. Akhirnya, optimasi multi obyektif diterapkan untuk mencari nilai-nilai variabel design yang mampu memberikan respons fungsional secara optimal dan tangguh. Kata-kunci: perancangan berbasis komputer, response fungsional.
Maimonides' sense of history

Although it is often said that Maimonides lacked a sense of history, the truth is that he lacked our sense of history, which means a sense of history according to which historical change produces conceptual change. This article explores his use of historical materials to explain the reasons for many of the commandments as well as his commitment to the stability of human nature and scientific knowledge. Though much of his view is no longer credible, his belief in the contingency of historical change has much to recommend it.
Temperature of the Under-Water Spark as Computed from Distribution of Intensity in OH Absorption Bands

Detailed measurements of the OH-bands found absorbed in the under-water spark reveal that the system is developed in absorption almost as completely as in emission. Calculations based on intensity distribution lead to a value of approximately 5000°C for the effective temperature of the source.
COMPOSITION OF VOLATILES IN RELATION TO TAXONOMY OF AMERICAN ALLIUMS

The North American species of Allium exclusive of A. schoenoprasum and A. tricoccum of Old World affinity are grouped on the basis of morphological similarity into eight discontinuous species alliances typified by A. acuminatum, A. campanulatum, A. canadense, A. cernuum, A. falcifolium, A. kunthii, A. sanbornii, and A. validum, respectively. Representatives of each of these alliances were compared with respect to volatile constituents responsible for characteristic odors by means of gas chromatography. Results indicate that these volatiles provide evidence of relationship useful in the classification of alliums. Uniformity was found in composition of volatiles in the representatives of the A. canadense, A. cernuum, A. kunthii, and A. sanbornii alliances. Variation was observed in the A. acuminatum, A. campanulatum, and A. falcifolium alliances. A. validum was the only species of its alliance studied. Vapors of A. validum contain mostly n-propyl sulfides (onion-like odor) as does the cultivated A. cepa. Methyl sulfides (cabbage-like odor) predominate in the A. sanbornii alliance. A few species of the A. aMuminatum and A. falcifolium alliances contain mainly allyl sulfides (garlic-like odor).
Nonlocal Effects Induced by Homogenization

It is indeed surprising that a weak limit of inverses of second order elliptic operators is also the inverse of a second order elliptic operator. Of course in order to obtain this result one has to consider a class larger than the class of operators of the form $$ - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\partial \over {\partial {x_i}}}\left[ {a(x){\partial \over {\partial {x_i}}}} \right]}$$ (1) with a positive function a, and include the operators of the form $$ - \sum\limits_{i,j = 1}^N {{\partial \over {\partial {x_i}}}\left[ {{a_{ij}}(x){\partial \over {\partial {x_j}}}} \right]}$$ (2) where the functions a ij are the entries of a symmetric positive matrix A(x).
Abstract 4626: Chamomile confers protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity through activation of Nrf2-mediated defense response

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Cellular damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes aging and remains major factor in the development of various human diseases including diabetes, liver diseases, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, including cancer. Dietary antioxidants have been considered as an attractive strategy to prevent or attenuate the progression of diseases caused by oxidative stress. Induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes in response to naturally occurring agents provides an effective means of protection against oxidative stress. Aqueous extract of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) in the form of tea has been used for centuries to treat various inflammatory conditions supporting its traditional use for treating various human ailments. We used aqueous chamomile extract obtained from dried flowers to investigate its effect on Nrf2 activation and induction of phase 2 enzymes in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and H2O2 as an agent for oxidative stress. Treatment with 50 µM H2O2 for 6 h caused significant increase in cellular stress accompanied by cell death in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages as evident from light microscopy and annexin-V FITC assay. Pre-treatment with chamomile at 10, 20 and 40 µg for 16 h followed by H2O2 treatment protected cell death caused by excessive ROS generation and prevented H2O2-mediated inhibition of cell growth. Chamomile exposure significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes viz. peroxiredoxin (Prx), thioredoxin (Trx) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) in a dose-dependent manner, compared with their respective controls. Furthermore, chamomile exposure to RAW 264.7 murine macrophages increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 with increased phosphorylated Nrf2 levels, and it's binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the nucleus. These data provide evidence that chamomile induces the expression of cytoprotective antioxidant enzyme (HO-1) and other redox regulatory enzymes (Prx and Trx) in response to the nuclear translocation of a key redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 from the cytoplasm and provide protection from cytotoxicity caused by inflammatory oxidants. Understanding chamomile-mediated molecular events could play a potentially important role in setting up strategies for prevention and treatment of various human diseases including cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4626. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4626
Towards a more analytic understanding of the pinning of domain walls in high-temperature permanent magnets

We discuss analytic results for the depinning of domain walls based on different models for wall pinning in permanent magnets. We propose an explanation for the different temperature dependences of the coercive field for repulsive and attractive pinning potential when the pinning boundary forms an array of pyramids and suggest that the switching dynamics are different in the two regimes. This may be tested experimentally by magnetic viscosity measurements on samples with different Cu contents. We also found analytically that when the pinning boundary forms an array of cubes, the coercive field always decreases no matter whether the pinning potential is repulsive or attractive. This is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.
Modulation of glial glutamate transport through cell interactions with the extracellular matrix

Glial glutamate transport plays a pivotal role in maintaining glutamate homeostasis in the central nervous system. Expression of glutamate transporters is highly regulated during brain development, and a number of pathological conditions are associated with deficits in expression and/or function of glutamate transports. While several soluble factors have been shown to regulate the expression of glutamate transporter, the contribution of cell-cell interaction and cell-environmental interaction in the regulation of glutamate transport is unknown. Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are essential components in cell-cell and cell-environmental interactions, and the ECM has been shown to play critical role in normal development and during brain pathogenesis. We, therefore, investigated the possibility that ECM molecules may regulate astrocytic glutamate transport. Therefore, we cultured rat cortical astrocytes with different ECMs and determined expression levels of the two astrocytic glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST by Western Blot and determined transporter activity through measurements of 3H-D-aspartate uptake. Astrocytes grown on poly-ornithine or poly-D/L-lysine showed approximately two-fold higher GLT-1 expression than sister cells grown on plastic dishes without ECM. Naturally occurring ECM's, including laminin and collagen, showed a dose-dependent regulation of GLT-1 protein expression. These effects were specific for GLT-1 as GLAST expression was unaffected by different ECMs. Surprisingly, however, none of the examined ECMs altered the apparent glutamate uptake activity. In probing blots side-by-side for expression of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, we found that ECMs affected expression of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and GLT-1 in a reciprocal fashion. Poly-ornithine, for example, enhanced GLT-1 expression, but reduced expression of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Na(+) transport may, thus, be a limiting factor for glutamate uptake.