cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving credibility of instructions in the balanced placebo design: a misattribution manipulation.

Abstract Research using the balanced placebo design seeks to differentiate the physiological and psychological effects of drinking alcohol. Questions regarding the validity of the design center about experimenter instructions, particularly in the antiplacebo cell at higher blood alcohol content (BAC) levels. This study tested the plausibility of two misattribution strategies designed to reduce the conflict between experimenter instructions and internal cues of drunkenness. Forty-two participants (BAC = .055) were told that they received no alcohol, with internal cues of drunkenness said to be produced by a (sham) second drug, a (placebo) tachistoscopic display, or no misattribution given. The placebo drug group reported less alcohol intoxication without reporting less physical impairment than the control or tachistoscopic groups. Doubt of instructions was expressed more frequently in the control group than in the placebo drug group. Mean time to first reported doubt of experimenter instructions was longer for the placebo drug group. A manipulation check designed to account for demand effects indicated that instituting the pharmacologic misattribution increased the success of the manipulation over the control group. Providing a credible attribution for internal symptoms of drunkenness makes experimenter’s instructions more credible, improving the validity of the antiplacebo cell of the balanced placebo design.
Performance Characteristics of the Annular Core Research Reactor Fuel Motion Detection System

Recent proof tests have shown that the annular core research reactor (ACRR) fuel motion detection system has reached its design goals of providing high temporal and spatial resolution pictures of fuel distributions in the ACRR. The coded aperture imaging system (CAIS) images the fuel by monitoring the fission gamma rays from the fuel that pass through collimators in the reactor core. The gamma-ray beam is modulated by coded apertures before producing a visible light coded image in thin scintillators. Each coded image is then amplified and recorded by an opticalimage-intensifier/fast-framing-camera combination. The proximity to the core and the coded aperture technique provide a high data collection rate and high resolution. Experiments of CAIS at the ACRR conducted under steady-state operation have documented the beneficial effects of changes in the radiation shielding and imaging technique. The spatial resolutions are 1.7 mm perpendicular to the axis of a single liquid-metal fast breeder reactor fuel pin and 9 mm in the axial dimension. Changes in mass of 100 mg in each resolution element can be detected each frame period, which may be from 5 to 100 ms. This diagnostic instrument may help resolve important questions in fuel motion phenomenology.
Mitochondrial Stress-Initiated Aberrant Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulates the Functional Deterioration of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging

Aging-associated defects in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can manifest in their progeny, leading to aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and affecting distant tissues and organismal health span. Whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is aberrantly activated in HSCs during physiological aging is unknown. We show here that SIRT2, a cytosolic NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is required for HSC maintenance and regenerative capacity at an old age by repressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HSCs cell autonomously. With age, reduced SIRT2 expression and increased mitochondrial stress lead to aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HSCs. SIRT2 overexpression, NLRP3 inactivation, or caspase 1 inactivation improves the maintenance and regenerative capacity of aged HSCs. These results suggest that mitochondrial stress-initiated aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a reversible driver of the functional decline of HSC aging and highlight the importance of inflammatory signaling in regulating HSC aging.
Summary of Working Group 1: Laser-Plasma Wakefield Acceleration

Advances in and the physics of the acceleration of electrons and positrons using underdense plasma structures driven by lasers were the topics of presentations and discussions in Working Group 1. Such accelerators have demonstrated gradients several orders beyond conventional machines, with quasi-monoenergetic beams at MeV-GeV energies, making them attractive candidates for next generation accelerators and photon sources. The status, future direction, and research outlook are summarized and references given to group presentations.
Comparisons of inverse and forward problem approaches to elastography

We present a full-wave inversion approach with total variation regularization for elastography. The proposed method is based on the minimization of an error in constitutive equations functional augmented with a least squares data misfit term referred to as MECE for “modified error in constitutive equations.” The main theme of this paper is to demonstrate several key strengths of the proposed method on experimental data. In addition, some illustrative examples are provided where the proposed method is compared with a common shear wave elastography (SWE) approach. To this end, ultrasonically tracked displacement data from an acoustic radiation force (ARF) pulse are used in different phantoms including phantom with layered inclusion and triangle inclusion. The results indicate that the MECE approach can produce accurate shear modulus reconstructions in comparison with SWE, especially around the sharp edges in the layered and triangle inclusions. We compare shear modulus reconstruction using MECE and SWE with original inclusion shapes using two-dimensional normalized zero mean cross correlation, edge preservation index and dice coefficient similarity index. [Work supported by NIH Grant R01 CA174723.]
Blus Residuals in Multivariate Linear Models

The examination of residuals is always an important aspect of fitting data to statistical models in terms of identifying influential observations and detecting violations of assumptions. The latter use is difficult to perform for the ordinary residuals in the univariate linear model because these residuals are not independent. This led researchers to consider alternative sets of residuals, such as the best linear, unbiased, scalar-type variance (BLUS) residuals. In this article the definition of BLUS residuals is extended to multivariate models. The extension is relatively straightforward for the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) model, but not for the generalized multivariate analysis of variance (GMANOVA) model and the mixed MANOVA-GMANOVA model. For each of the GMANOVA and mixed MANOVA-GMANOVA models two sets of BLUS residuals arise naturally, namely, a “between” set and a “within” set.
Hypothyroidism Manifesting as a Combination of Ascites and Malnutrition Requiring Total Parenteral Nutrition: A Unique Presentation.

Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. Despite appropriate workup, including diagnostic paracentesis with fluid analysis and abdominal imaging, the cause of ascites is sometimes unknown. In this case, testing for less common causes should be performed, including checking thyroid function test (TFT) because hypothyroidism has also been reported to be a rare cause of ascites. Patients may also have concomitant malnutrition as an effect of severe hypothyroidism, rather than as its cause. We report the case of a 62-year-old female with a history of hypothyroidism and non-compliance who presented with unexplained ascites and then also developed severe malnutrition, requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Extensive testing, including laparotomy, was unable to reveal the cause of ascites and malnutrition until the patient mentioned, during her hospital stay, non-compliance with her home dose of levothyroxine (175 μg) because of the cost. TFT results indicated that the patient had severe hypothyroidism, with a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 21.9 IU/mL and a free thyroxine level (T4) level of 0.2 IU/mL. The patient's home levothyroxine dose was resumed. The patient clinically improved and was discharged on an oral diet. The patient's ascites resolved completely, the TSH level was 2.39 IU/mL, and the T4 level was 1.7 IU/mL at the eight-week follow-up.
The Hero’s Journey to Resilience and Thriving in the Context of Disaster

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce ways that the idea of a hero’s journey may foster resilience and thriving in the context of natural and technological disasters. First, resilience is defined as bouncing back from stress and thriving is defined as learning, growing, and benefiting from stress. Second, the focus on how positive emotions may build strengths and resources and the emphasis on optimal functioning are presented as contributions of positive psychology to resilience and thriving. Third, the modifiable variables and intervention techniques that may contribute to successful adaptation in the aftermath of disasters are discussed. Fourth, based on evidence for the value of written emotional disclosure and developing a coherent narrative, a case is made for focusing more on the role that stories may play in increasing resilience and thriving. Fifth, the idea of a “hero’s journey” is presented as a way to make the best use of stories to enable people to recover and move forward in the context of disasters. Finally, practical suggestions are provided for using the idea of a hero’s journey and relevant hero’s journey stories for fostering resilience and thriving in both individuals and communities.
Combining tensor decomposition and time warping models for multi-neuronal spike train analysis

Recordings from large neural populations are becoming an increasingly popular and accessible method in experimental neuroscience. While the activity of individual neurons is often too stochastic to interrogate circuit function on a moment-by-moment basis, multi-neuronal recordings enable us to do so by pooling statistical power across many cells. For example, groups of neurons often exhibit correlated gain or amplitude modulation across trials, which can be statistically formalized in a tensor decomposition framework (Williams et al. 2018). Additionally, the time course of neural population dynamics can be shifted or stretched/compressed, which can be modeled by time warping methods (Williams et al. 2019). Here, we compare and contrast these two modeling frameworks and demonstrate how they can be combined. We demonstrate that combining these methods may be highly advantageous---for example, the presence of random time shifts hampers the performance and interpretability of tensor decomposition, while a time-shifted variant of this model corrects for these disruptions and uncovers ground truth structure in simulated data.
The ring in the neck-managing paraparesis in cervical intramedullary tuberculoma: Inputs from a neurorehabilitation desk

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is a less common entity even in endemic countries like India. Involvement of spine is much less frequent than brain, but concurrent involvement of brain and spine by tuberculoma is rare. A 23-year-old female with paraparesis was diagnosed as having cervical ring enhancing lesion in MRI suggesting intramedullary tuberculoma along with long segment cervicodorsal edema. On brain screening she had multiple intracerebral tuberculomas without any evidence of tuberculosis elsewhere in the body. She was treated with a multidisciplinary approach including neurological management and neurorehabilitation, with remarkable clinical recovery. In presence of acute neurological deficit, early start of rehabilitation along with medical management can give outstanding results in terms of neuro-recovery and improvement of residual neurodeficits. Surgical intervention can be avoided in many cases.
Enaction of Chapter VII of the Insurance Distribution Directive: What Can Member States Learn from the Enforcement Failures of the United States?

Chapter VII of the Insurance Distribution Directive delineates the sanctions and other pecuniary measures which the Commission of the European Union now requires as a portion of the minimum harmonization of the Directive. As Member States adopt and apply the articles of Chapter VII, which are unprecedented in their scope and specificity, they may find guidance through a comparison of the enforcement mechanisms already in place in other jurisdictions.
Prospects of Hysteresis-Free Abrupt Switching (0 mV/decade) in Landau Switches

The sub-threshold swing (S) defines the sharpness of ON-OFF switching of a field effect transistor (FET), with S=0 corresponding to abrupt switching characteristics. While thermodynamics dictate S ≥ 60 mV/decade for classical FETs, a new class of switches which we call “Landau switches” e.g., suspended gate FET (SG-FET) and ferroelectric FET (FE-FET) use inherently unstable (negative capacitance) gate insulators to achieve abrupt switching. Unfortunately, S=0 switching in Landau switches is always achieved at the expense of an intrinsic hysteresis, making them unsuitable for low-power applications. The fundamental question therefore is: under what conditions, hysteresis-free abrupt switching can be achieved in a Landau switch? In this paper, we first provide an intuitive classification of all semiconductor FETs in terms of their energy landscapes and identify a two-well energy landscape as the characteristic feature of all Landau switches. We then use the SG-FET as an illustrative example to conclude that a flat energy landscape is essential for hysteresis-free abrupt switching. In contrast, a hysteresis-free smooth switching (S ≤ 60 mV/decade) is less restrictive, and is obtained by stabilizing the unstable gate insulator in its negative capacitance regime. Our conclusions have broad implications for the analysis and design of ultralow power sub-60 mV/decade switches.
A Rare Case of Osteoinvasive Amelanotic Melanoma of the Nail Unit.

Introduction Amelanotic melanoma is a rare subtype, which may be clinically difficult to diagnose due to lack of pigmentation and variable histopathological features. Osteoinvasion is another rare characteristic of melanoma. There are few reports in the literature of amelanotic melanoma of the nail unit (nail bed, matrix, and nail folds) with invasion of bone. Case presentation We present a case of a 73-year-old Caucasian male with a 13-month history of an ungual lesion on his right hallux. The lesion was initially treated as a chronic diabetic ulceration with failure to resolve with standard of care. Discussion/conclusion A heightened index of suspicion for a malignant process is necessary when standard of care fails to lead to improvement or resolution. In these instances, biopsy should be seriously considered.
An Inventory of Community College Business and Administrative Organizational Operations

Community colleges reflect the unique needs of their communities, and as societal expectations of education and training change, so does the functioning of the college. A little studied yet critica...
Shared DNA-based copy number with divided methylation changes differentiate and clinically associate early stage pancreatic cancer tumors.

434Background: There is no known molecular taxonomy of pancreatic cancer that can guide therapeutic strategies. Understanding the fundamental molecular mechanism underlying pancreatic cancer biolog...
Can Technology-Based Physical Activity Programs for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Be Cost-Effective?

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a technology-based physical activity (PA) intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: A secondary data analysis was perfo...
Conducting Quantitative Research with Hard-To-Reach-Online Populations: Using Prime Panels to Rapidly Survey Older Adults During a Pandemic

Vulnerable populations (e.g., older adults) can be hard to reach online. During a pandemic like COVID-19 when much research data collection must be conducted online only, these populations risk being further underrepresented. This paper explores methodological strategies for rigorous, efficient survey research with a large number of older adults online, focusing on (1) the design of a survey instrument both comprehensible and usable by older adults, (2) rapid collection (within hours) of data from a large number of older adults, and (3) validation of data using attention checks, independent validation of age, and detection of careless responses to ensure data quality. These methodological strategies have important implications for the inclusion of older adults in online research.
Cohesive and adhesive degradation in PET-based photovoltaic backsheets subjected to ultraviolet accelerated weathering

Abstract Delamination between layers in photovoltaic (PV) backsheets is often reported in the literature, causing voids that can collect moisture, diminish module backside heat dissipation, and reduce the backsheet’s effectiveness as a physical barrier. While backsheets with weathering-resistant fluoropolymer outer layers have traditionally been used in modules, more recent backsheets using non-fluoropolymer outer layers, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have been developed. These backsheets have shown signs of premature degradation, and their adhesion degradation, in particular, has not been widely studied. In the present work, the single cantilever beam (SCB) adhesion test was used to quantify the adhesion energy in two commercially available PET-based backsheets. To study the effect of minor changes in formulation, the backsheets were obtained from same manufacturer and product line but during different years. To study the effect of environmental variables on adhesion degradation, the backsheets were subjected to artificial weathering at controlled temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in an indoor weathering chamber, and the adhesion energy was quantified at several intervals of exposure time. Layering structure, composition, and adhesion failure mode were compared between the backsheets, using Raman and infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show a large difference in initial (unexposed) adhesion energy between the backsheets, despite very similar structures and compositions. Following exposure, adhesion energy dropped significantly, primarily due to thermo-hydrolytic degradation of the polyurethane (PU)-based adhesive layers. Significant UV-induced adhesion degradation of the PET outer layer surface was also observed. The study represents an important step in understanding adhesion degradation in PET-based backsheets, suggesting ways in which adhesion integrity – and, correspondingly, module service life – can be improved.
Synergy Between Electric Pulsing and Shock Waves for Cell Poration

The application of pulsed electric fields and discharges can lead to the generation of shockwaves in aqueous media. The interaction of shockwaves with biological cells and membranes is a relative recent area of research, with applications ranging from water purification and desalination, bacterial decontamination, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Here, the possible role and impact of shockwaves on membrane pore creation is discussed. Model results based on Molecular Dynamic simulations are presented. The results also touch upon synergistic benefits of a scenario that combines the application of shockwave with an electric field.
Symposium: Preventative Detention: Sex Offender Exceptionalism and Preventive Detention

The emerging war on sex offenders, as typical of wartime mentality, has been marked by substantial deviations from established legal doctrine, constitutional protections, and the rule of law. Because of a high level of panic among the general population about sex offenders the use of preventative detention for sex offenders has received little attention or scrutiny. While the population of the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay has slowly decreased, the number of persons in state and federal detention centers dedicated to sex offenders has continued to climb. With the courts largely rubber stamping the federal civil commitment of sex offenders allowed under the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act (AWA) in 2006, the path has been cleared for an enormous expansion of sex offender detention.Because of the limited attention given to these detentions, they represent a particularly dire threat to American liberties. The normal societal and institutional checks against government abuse embodied in the media, public, Constitution, and courts have essentially been removed. We authorize government to detain indefinitely those who are deemed “sexually dangerous” at our peril. Instead of waiting for someone to commit a wrong, the government acts to restrict liberty of persons who have yet to commit a wrong (but the government believes will likely do so in the future). The criminal justice system offers plenty of opportunities for the government to prosecute someone before harm is done using inchoate and conspiracy crimes. To go beyond those already broad tools, the circumstances should be highly exceptional, the danger should be real and imminent, and the net should be cast narrowly. In the case of sex offender civil commitment, the circumstances are no more dangerous than for other serious crimes, the risk is speculative based upon pseudo-science, and the net is far too broad. Because of these aspects of sex offender civil commitment laws, America should fundamentally reconsider its approach to fighting sexual violence. Laws like AWA, premised on myths that allocate substantial resources in a never ending war, do not create a just or better society.
Reflection and action under scarce resources: theoretical principles and empirical study

We define and exercise the expected value of computation as a fundamental component of reflection about alternative inference strategies. We present a portion of Protos research focused on the interlacing of reflection and action under scarce resources, and discuss how the techniques have been applied in a high-stakes medical domain. The work centers on endowing a computational agent with the ability to harness incomplete characterizations of problem-solving performance to control the amount of effort applied to a problem or subproblem, before taking action in the world or turning to another problem. We explore the use of the techniques in controlling decision-theoretic inference itself, and pose the approach as a model of rationality under scarce resources.
Aberration correction on a two-dimensional anisotropic phased array (medical US imaging)

Aberration correction methods for 1-D arrays have been extended for 2-D arrays. Particular emphasis has been placed on aberration correction for 2-D anisotropic arrays, where local phase errors are estimated using correlation processing of signals from unequally sized elements. Unwrapping of these local estimates over the 2-D array also has been investigated. A very practical method for 2-D aberration correction appropriate for pipelined beam forming has been developed. Simulation results demonstrate that the method yields accurate 2-D phase corrections over an anisotropic array. Moreover, these results show that the accuracy of the phase estimates is relatively immune both to the specific two-dimensional unwrap path and the presence of inoperable elements. >
Portfolio optimization with jump-diffusions: estimation of time-dependent parameters and application

Treats jump-diffusion processes in continuous time, with emphasis on the jump-amplitude distributions, developing more appropriate models using parameter estimation for the market in one phase and then applying the resulting model to a stochastic optimal portfolio application in a second phase. The new developments are the use of uniform jump-amplitude distributions and time-varying market parameters, introducing more realism into the application model, a log-normal-diffusion, log-uniform-jump model.
Basic Properties of Solutions and Algorithms

In this chapter we consider optimization problems of the form $$\displaystyle\begin{array}{rcl} & & \mathrm{minimize}\quad f(\mathbf{x}) \\ & & \mathrm{subject\ to}\quad \mathbf{x} \in \mathrm{\varOmega },{}\end{array}$$ (7.1) where f is a real-valued function and Ω, the feasible set, is a subset of E n . Throughout most of the chapter attention is restricted to the case where Ω = E n , corresponding to the completely unconstrained case, but sometimes we consider cases where Ω is some particularly simple subset of E n .
Beetles, Frogs, and Lawyers: The Scientific Demarcation Problem in the Gilson Theory of Value Creation

Recently, Ronald Gilson described a transactional lawyer turned law professor as someone who was a beetle, but became an entomologist. This is not the first non-mammalian metaphor used by an economically inclined legal academic to demarcate those who study and those who are studied. As Richard Posner so colorfully explained rational actors as they appear to economists studying them objectively: "it would not be a solecism to speak of a rational frog." In this short essay, I suggest that both say something about the prevailing view of theorizing that is entitled to privileged epistemic status in the legal academy. Some economic explanations of the activities of beetles, frogs, and lawyers are entitled to this status, and some are not. I assess Professor Gilson's classic 1984 article on value creation by lawyers in terms of its implicit claims to (social) scientific knowledge, and conclude that it is not.
Kauri (Agathis Australis) Ethnobotany: Identity, Conservation and Connection in New Zealand

Forests play a central role in safeguarding the natural, climatic, and cultural processes on which life depends. Natural ecosystems are also home to people, thus it is imperative that the ecological and cultural significance of forests are recognized as working together. People‟s connection to the forest expressed through their practices and beliefs contribute to conservation (Hermann 2006; Kato 2008), and in some cases actually enhance the local biodiversity (e.g. Gagdil et al. 1993; Posey 1985). Attachment to place and specific aspects of nature, encourages actions that in turn care for the area in question (Cosgrove 2000). Some advocate that a spiritual connection to place results in a better environmental ethic, reinforcing the idea that people belong to the land as much as the land belongs to people (Plumwood 2002). The connection to the forest can be utilitarian, however, it is often more powerful when the connection is grounded in ethical, spiritual and cultural values (Hermann 2006; McCreanor et al. 2006).
Regulation of fibroblast cyclooxygenase synthesis by interleukin-1.

We have prepared polyclonal antiserum against sheep seminal vesicle prostaglandin H synthase (also termed cyclooxygenase) which cross-reacted with human cyclooxygenase, thereby enabling us to directly determine the synthetic rate of cyclooxygenase protein and its modulation by the monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). Cultured human dermal fibroblast cells were labeled with [35S]methionine, and the membrane-bound cyclooxygenase was solubilized and immunoprecipitated 35S-labeled fibroblast cyclooxygenase migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular size of approximately 73,000 daltons, similar to that of native sheep cyclooxygenase and of cyclooxygenase covalently labeled by [3H]aspirin, i.e. [3H]acetylcyclooxygenase. Additional validation of the immunoprecipitated 35S-labeled cyclooxygenase band indicated that it was specifically displaced by unlabeled sheep cyclooxygenase. N-terminal amino acid radiosequence analysis of [3H]proline-labeled cyclooxygenase revealed [3H]proline residues in positions 3, 6, and 8, consistent with the previously reported N-terminal sequence of sheep cyclooxygenase. Endoglycosidase H treatment of 35S-labeled fibroblast cyclooxygenase caused a decline in apparent molecular size (due to removal of mannose residues) which was similar to that seen with the native sheep cyclooxygenase. [35S]Methionine pulse-chase experiments indicated a half-life of 1 h for fibroblast cyclooxygenase. The monokine interleukin-1 stimulated fibroblast cyclooxygenase synthesis in a time- and dose-dependent fashion; as little as 0.03 unit/ml of IL-1 produced significant stimulation of 35S-labeled cyclooxygenase synthesis. Maximum stimulation was 3-10-fold after preincubation of the cells with 0.3 unit/ml of IL-1 for 12-16 h. IL-1 treatment of cells yielded parallel dose-response curves for stimulation of prostaglandin E2 formation, increased cellular cyclooxygenase activity, and increased synthetic rate of newly formed cyclooxygenase, suggesting that the IL-1 effect is mediated mainly, if not solely, via induction of cyclooxygenase synthesis.
Generic systems of co-rank one vector distributions

This paper studies a generic class of sub-bundles of the complexified tangent bundle. Involutive, generic structures always exist and have Levi forms with only simple zeroes. For a compact, orientable three-manifold the Chern class of the sub-bundle is mod 2 equivalent to the Poincare dual of the characteristic set of the associated system of linear partial differential equations.
Lobbying Efforts for the Repatriation Tax Holiday and the Future of U.S. International Tax Policy

Firms that lobbied for the tax holiday for repatriations provided under the American Jobs Creations Act of 2004 were the largest beneficiaries of the provision. They repatriated an average of over $4 billion under the Jobs Act. Although firms that lobbied for the tax holiday repatriated large amounts of cash, they did not use it to achieve Congress’s intended objective of increasing domestic investment. When firms lobbied for a second tax holiday for repatriations, the focus of the ensuing Congressional debates quickly turned to reforming the U.S. international tax system. This paper evaluates the firms that lobbied for the tax holiday for repatriations and the potential implications for the future of the U.S. international tax policy.
Lack of nicotinic acid effect on cholesterol metabolism of the rat.

The effect of the addition of 1 per cent nicotinic acid to the diet of the rat on serum, liver, and carcass cholesterol, and on the incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into cholesterol by the intact animal were studied. The effect of nicotinic acid on absorption of cholesterol-4-C14 and on the elimination of labeled cholesterol from serum and liver were also studied. No significant effect of nicotinic acid, fed for either 8 or 42 days, on the incorporation of acetate-l-C14 into serum and liver cholesterol was observed. When weight gain of the control animals was limited to that of the nicotinic-acid-fed rats by pair-feeding, nicotinic acid had no significant effect on serum or liver cholesterol concentrations, nor on total carcass cholesterol. Absorption of cholesterol-4-C14 and the disappearance of labeled cholesterol from serum and liver were not influenced by nicotinic acid administration by stomach tube.
GAMES OF LENGTH ω1

We prove determinacy for open length ω1 games. Going further we introduce, and prove determinacy for, a stronger class of games of length ω1, with payoff conditions involving the entire run, the club filter on ω1, and a sequence of ω1 disjoint stationary subsets of ω1. The determinacy proofs use an iterable model with a class of indiscernible Woodin cardinals, and we show that the games precisely capture the theory of the minimal model for this assumption.
Effects of Wife's Income on Family Income Inequality

In this article, a method is developed to evaluate the effects of wife's income on family income inequality, and those effects are examined between 1967 and 1976 employing data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The coefficient of variation is employed as a measure of family income inequality. Results indicate that income inequality increased substantially between 1967 and 1976 for U.S. families, but this increase was not due to the effects of wife's income. There have been substantial differences in the effects of wife's income for black and white families. In general, a movement toward greater equality of earnings between husbands and wives would tend to promote less family income inequality.
Can Environmental Volatility Be Measured Objectively

The article presents findings of a study which measured market, technological and earnings volatility using data from Standard and Poor's Compustat Tapes. In 1973, Tosi, Aldag, and Storey raised qu...
Constrictive renal hypertension in rats having adrenal autotransplants with hepatic portal drainage.

IT IS generally conceded that the adrenal glands are necessary for the development and maintenance of renal hypertension although Rogoff Nixon and Stewart (1939) claimed that this was a non-specific effect due to the poor condition of the experimental animals after adrenalectomy and, more recently, Knowlton, Loeb, Seegal, Stoerck and Berg (1950) have reported that elevation of blood pressure in rats with nephrotoxic nephritis is not prevented by prior adrenalectomy. Even though additional salt is given, they believe that poor condition of rats following adrenalectomy is common and may account for reported failures of the blood pressure to rise following subsequent procedures on the kidneys. The elevation in blood pressure induced in rats by the feeding of large amounts of salt is not prevented by adrenalectomy (Sapirstein, Brandt and Drury, 1950). The fact that renal hypertension does not seem to be of the same nature as salt hypertension and DCA hypertension (Corcoran, Page, Masson, Taylor and Dunstan, 1951;
A note on the vibration of thin inhomogeneous plates

The basic equations of motion and/or of static deflection of inhomogeneous plates are reduced to the generalized form of Hamilton's equations. An existence of corresponding variational principles is demonstrated directly from these equations. Die Grundgleichungen fur die Bewegung und/oder die statische Auslenkung von inhomogenen Platten werden auf die verallgemeinerte Form der Hamiltonschen Gleichungen gebracht. Aus diesen Gleichungen wird die Existenz zugehoriger Variationsprinzipien hergeleitet.
2 GHz 2 Mb 2T Gain Cell Memory Macro With 128 GBytes/sec Bandwidth in a 65 nm Logic Process Technology

We present 2 Mb 2T PMOS gain cell macro on 65 nm logic process that has high bandwidth of 128 GBytes/sec, fast cycle time of 2 ns and 6-clock cycles access time at 2 GHz. Macro features a full-rate pipelined architecture, ground precharge bitline, non-destructive read-out, partial write support and 128-row refresh to tolerate short refresh time. Cell is 2X denser than SRAM and is voltage compatible with logic.
The prevalence of adverse cardiometabolic responses to exercise training with evidence-based practice is low.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of individuals who experienced exercise-induced adverse cardiometabolic response (ACR), following an evidence-based, individualized, community exercise program. METHODS Prevalence of ACR was retrospectively analyzed in 332 adults (190 women, 142 men) before and after a 14-week supervised community exercise program. ACR included an exercise training-induced increase in systolic blood pressure of ≥10 mmHg, increase in plasma triglycerides (TG) of >37.0 mg/dL (≥0.42 mmol/L), or decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of >4.0 mg/dL (0.12 mmol/L). A second category of ACR was also defined - this was ACR that resulted in a metabolic syndrome component (ACR-risk) as a consequence of the adverse response. RESULTS According to the above criteria, prevalence of ACR between baseline and post-program was systolic blood pressure (6.0%), TG (3.6%), and HDL-C (5.1%). The prevalence of ACR-risk was elevated TG (3.2%), impaired fasting blood glucose (2.7%), low HDL-C (2.2%), elevated waist circumference (1.3%), and elevated blood pressure (0.6%). CONCLUSION Evidence-based practice exercise programming may attenuate the prevalence of exercise training-induced ACR. Our findings provide important preliminary evidence needed for the vision of exercise prescription as a personalized form of preventative medicine to become a reality.
Luteinizing hormone pulsatility in subjects with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency and decreased dihydrotestosterone production

The pattern of LH pulsatility in male pseudohermaphrodites with inherited 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency (5 alpha RD) and decreased levels of plasma dihydrotestosterone was compared to that in normal males. Analysis of 10-min plasma LH sampling during either a 10- or 24-h period demonstrated that the subjects with 5 alpha RD had 1) a mean plasma LH level, mean LH pulse amplitude, and mean plasma LH nadir that were approximately twice normal; and 2) a mean LH pulse frequency similar to that in normal males, whether described as pulses per h or pulses per study period. An increased plasma LH response to GnRH administration was also noted. The findings suggest that a deficiency of DHT results in decreased negative feedback at the level of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary, resulting in an increase in mean plasma LH, LH pulse amplitude, and LH responsiveness to GnRH. In response to increased LH, mean plasma testosterone (T), free T, and plasma estradiol (E2) are increased. The pulse amplitude is increased despite elevated plasma T and E2 levels; this underscores the importance of DHT in pulse amplitude regulation. LH pulse frequency is not decreased despite elevated plasma T and E2, raising the possibility that DHT deficiency increased pulse frequency that was normalized by increased T and/or E2. In conclusion, studies of LH pulsatility in subjects with 5 alpha RD suggest a role for DHT in the modulation of LH.
Recent Developments in the Labor Theory of Value

This paper reviews the historical roots of Marx's labor theory of value and some contemporary contributions to the critique of this theory. Modern commentary on Marx's labor theory of value based on dual system of parallel prices and embodied labor coefficients loses sight of the theory's roots in the philosophy of historical materialism and its function as a theory of money. Recently developed empirical single system approaches, including the New Interpretation that identifies the monetary expression of labor time with the ratio of money value added to living productive labor expended in its production, address these problems, and open the possibility of a progressive research program based on Marx's theory.
Simulation of above treeline snowdrift formation using a numerical snow-transport model

Abstract A physically based, numerical snow-transport model (SnowTran-3D) is used to successfully simulate the above treeline snowdrift evolution around Montgomery Pass in the Northern Colorado Rocky Mountains. The model accounts for key snow-transport components including: saltation, suspension, deposition, erosion, and sublimation. The snow-transport model requires static inputs of vegetation type and topography, and temporally evolving spatial distributions of air temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and wind direction. A simple wind-flow model, driven by data from a ridge-top meteorological station, is used to simulate the flow field over the topographic drift catchment. The snow-transport model outputs include the spatial and temporal evolution of snow depth resulting from variations in precipitation, saltation and suspension transport, and sublimation. The model is forced using SNOTEL and meteorological data from the 1997–1998 winter, and the resulting model outputs are compared with observed snowdrift distributions.
Demonstration of Peripheral Conduction System in Human Hearts

The peripheral conduction system was demonstrated grossly by iodine staining in a normal newborn heart and in one with a muscular ventricular septal defect. Staining of the conduction system was unsuccessful in a third heart when attempted over 2 hours after death. The left ventricular conduction system was easily visualized; however, the arborizations of conduction tissue over the right ventricular free wall endocardium were demonstrated poorly.
Synthesis and thermal stability of carborane-containing phosphazenes

Carborane-substituted polyphosphazenes were prepared by the thermal polymerization of phenyl-carboranyl pentachlorocylotriphosphazene. Successive isothermal vacuum pyrolyses were conducted on the polymer and examined for structural changes by infrared spectroscopy. The degradation products were ascertained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. It was found that the presence of the carborane group improves the thermal stability of the polymer by retarding the ring-chain equilibrium processes of decomposition. Previously announced in STAR as A83-21034
Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: the role of individual and neighborhood characteristics.

PURPOSE: This paper examines individual, family, and neighborhood level predictors of resilience in adolescence and young adulthood and describes changes in resilience over time from adolescence to young adulthood in abused and neglected children grown up. METHOD: We use documented cases of childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect (n=676) from a Midwestern county area during the years 1967-1971 and information from official records, census data, psychiatric assessments, and self-reports obtained through 1995. Analyses involve logistic regressions, replicated with Mplus to test for possible contextual effects. RESULTS: Almost half (48%) of the abused and neglected children in adolescence and nearly one-third in young adulthood were resilient. Over half of those who were resilient in adolescence remained resilient in young adulthood, whereas 11% of the non-resilient adolescents were resilient in young adulthood. Females were more likely to be resilient during both time periods. Being white, non-Hispanic decreased and growing up in a stable living situation increased the likelihood of resilience in adolescence, but not in young adulthood. Stressful life events and a supportive partner promoted resilience in young adulthood. Neighborhood advantage did not exert a direct effect on resilience, but moderated the relationship between household stability and resilience in adolescence and between cognitive ability and resilience in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Ecological factors appear to promote or interfere with the emergence and stability of resilience following childhood maltreatment. Language: en
Homocysteine enhances TIMP-1 expression and cell proliferation associated with NADH oxidase in rat mesangial cells.

Homocysteine enhances TIMP-1 expression and cell proliferation associated with NADH oxidase in rat mesangial cells. Background Recent studies in our laboratory demonstrated that chronic hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) induced glomerular sclerosis. The mechanism mediating hHcys-induced glomerular damage remains unknown. The present study was designed to test a hypothesis that homocysteine (Hcys) increases the O 2 · − production by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase and thereby stimulates the formation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) in rat mesangial cells, consequently leads to glomerulosclerosis. Methods Rat mesangial cells were incubated with L-homocysteine (L-Hcys) to determine the effects of Hcys on cell proliferation and metabolism of extracellular matrix (ECM). Northern blot, Western blot, oligonucleotide transfection, measurements of NADH oxidase activity and O 2 · − levels, and cell proliferation assay were performed. Results In cultured rat mesangial cells, treatment with L-Hcys (40 to 160 μmol/L) markedly increased the mRNA levels of TIMP-1 and Gp91 and led to accumulation of collagen I, which were accompanied by enhanced cell proliferation and NADH oxidase activity in mesangial cells. These Hcys-induced biochemical and functional changes were substantially blocked by a NADH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI) or a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, hydroxyl-tetramethylpiperidin-oxyl (TEMPOL). Moreover, blockade of NADH oxidase subunit, phox22, by its antisense oligodeoxynucleotide also eliminated the increase in NADH oxidase activity induced by L-Hcys. Conclusion These results indicate that Hcys-induced alterations of ECM metabolism in mesangial cells are associated with enhanced NADH oxidase activity and that oxidative stress-stimulated up-regulation of TIMP-1 may play an important role in the deposition of collagen or ECM elements in the glomeruli during hHcys.
The kinetics of the translation of messenger RNA into protein.

Abstract Descriptions of incorporation of radioactively labeled amino acid into polyribosomes and polypeptide have been developed. Each treatment considers a population of cells active in protein synthesis which is suddenly exposed to a labeled amino acid and assumes that the cells possess concentrations of stable mRNA, of ribosomes, and of tRNA, that remain constant with time. By assuming further that each ribosome spends a fixed interval at each codon and that the amount of label available as amino acyl-tRNA is a step function, simple equations are obtained. These equations will probably prove to be mostly of heuristic value in evaluating experimental data. An alternative treatment which has more promise as a means of fitting experimental data is developed by assuming that there is an exponential decline in the number of ribosomes initially occupying a given codon and that the amount of label in amino acyl tRNA approaches a constant value exponentially. The theories indicate how kinetic data for labeling of polyribosomes and polypeptides can be used to locate slowdowns in mRNA translation.
Control of off-flavor compounds in aluminum can production

Abstract Aluminum cans have intermittently been associated with the development of off-flavors in beverages. Certain organic compounds, e.g., aldehydes and ketones, are known to contribute to flavor defects; trans -2-nonenal can be detected at 0.1 μg l −1 levels by trained tasters. In a recent study, the production process used to form two-piece aluminum cans was examined. Samples of aluminum coil stock, partly formed cans and finished cans were obtained from typical production lins and examined by a flavor panel and by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods in an effort to develop routine techniques for monitoring can production. Capillary-column gas chromatography and, after derivatization with dinitrophenylhydrazone, high-performance liquid chromatography are useful for quantifying off-flavor compounds and precursors in lubricants and other materials used in rolling mills and can-making operations, but are not adaptable to on-line monitoring. Correlations between gas-chromatographic data and flavor panel assessments were good.
STRUCTURE OF PROBLEM BEHAVIORS IN YOUNG ADOLESCENTS

The syndrome of problem behaviors (problem drinking, illicit drug use, delinquent-type behavior and precocious sexual intercourse) has been demonstrated among older adolescents and college students. To determine if this complex of behaviors is present in early adolescence, 709 junior high students were surveyed. 50 % were male; the mean age was 13.5 yrs. 77 % were white. All Hollingshead socioeconomic groups (SES) were represented. The prevalence of health damaging behaviors increased with age (p<.001), e.g. 23 % of 12 yr olds and 71 % of 15 yr olds reported intercourse. Principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation confirmed the presence of 2 behavioral clusters: (1) problem behaviors (PROB) and (2) psychological symptoms (PSYCH). Both factors were independent of race and SES. PSYCH were more common among girls (p<.001) and PROB were more common among boys (p<.001). Self-esteem and PSYCH (r=-.412;p<.001) but not PROB were significantly correlated. This data confirm that the syndrome of problem behaviors is a stable construct among young adolescents and suggest that lowered self-esteem is not etiologically involved in the origin of health damaging behaviors.