cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining Functional Finger Capabilities of Healthy Adults: Comparing Experimental Data to a Biomechanical Model

The human hand has a wide range of possible functional abilities that can change with age, disease, and injury, and can vary from individual to individual and subsequently can affect a person's quality of life. The objective of this work was to develop a theoretical model of the space that is reachable by the hand, weighted to represent three types of functionality, and to compare this model to an experimental data set obtained from a healthy hand population. A theoretical model, termed the Weighted Fingertip Space, was developed using 50th percentile published hand data and ranges of finger motion. The functional abilities calculated in the model were the abilities to position the fingertip pad, orient the fingertip pad, and apply directional forces through the fingertip pad at all the reachable points in space with respect to the palm. Following the development of this theoretical model, experimental data sets from nine individuals with healthy hands were obtained through motion capture techniques. The experimental data were then compared to the theoretical model. Comparisons between a 50th percentile theoretical model and a subject with a similar sized hand showed good agreement in weighting parameters and overall size and shape of the model spaces. The experimental data set from the entire sample, which ranged from the 2nd to 95th percentile hand sizes, showed resultant models that, on average, reached smaller volumes of space, but yielded higher values of the functional measures within those volumes. Additionally, in comparison to the theoretical model, the variability of the experimental models showed that small changes in hand dimensions and ranges of motion of the finger joints had a large influence in the functional measures of the model. Combined, these results suggest that the modeling technique can calculate functional ability of the hand, but should be used on an individualized basis for evaluating changes in function (e.g., rehabilitation). Further, scaling to hand size has the potential to yield "average" models for larger population samples.
Weborexics: The Ethical Issues Surrounding Pro-Ana Websites

Pro-Ana's are young women who proclaim themselves to be proudlyanorexic, and they have created a vibrant community online. Thisarticle will examine the nature of the Pro-Ana sites, analyzingtheir discursive community, and discuss the ethical issuessurrounding the sites, wherein many have been censured or shut downby commercial website hosting sites, which has raised issues ofcensorship versus freedom of speech.
Not hating what you see: Self-compassion may protect against negative mental health variables connected to self-objectification in college women

Self-objectification is related to maladaptive mental health variables, but little is known about what could ameliorate these associations. Self-compassion, a construct associated with mindfulness, involves taking a non-judgmental attitude toward the self. In this study, 306 college-aged women were recruited; those who were highest (n=106) and lowest (n=104) in self-compassion were retained for analyses. Levels of body surveillance, body shame, depression, and negative eating attitudes were lower in the high self-compassion group. Furthermore, the fit of a path model wherein body surveillance related to body shame, which, in turn, related to negative eating attitudes and depressive symptomatology was compared for each group, controlling for body mass index. The model fit significantly differently such that the connections between self-objectification and negative body and eating attitudes were weaker in the high self-compassion group. Treatment implications of self-compassion as a potential means to interrupt the self-objectification process are discussed.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates phosphate efflux through an apparently adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-independent process in rat parotid cell aggregates.

The effects of PTH on phosphate fluxes and cAMP and protein secretion in rat parotid cell aggregates were studied. PTH-(1–34) as well as PTH-(1–84) stimulated phosphate efflux in a dose-dependent [5 × 10−7 to 7 × 10−6 m for human (h) PTH-(1–34), 2 × 10−7 to 5 × 10−6 m for bovine (b) PTH-(1–34), and 3.8–114 U/ml for bPTH-(1–84)J and timedependent [detectable by 15–30 min after incubation with N-terminal PTH and 30–45 min after incubation with bPTH-(1–84)] manner. The effect of PTH on phosphate efflux was saturable, with maximal stimulation at 10−6 m above for N-terminal PTH and at 57.8 U/ml and above for bPTH-(1–84). Halfmaximal stimulation of phosphate efflux by hPTH-(1–34), bPTH-(1–34), and bPTH-(1–84) was achieved at 5.7 × 10−7 m, 10−7 m, and 40 U/ml, respectively. Neither bPTH-(1–34) nor bPTH-(1–84) had any effect on phosphate uptake by parotid cell aggregates at the concentrations examined. bPTH-(1–34) and bPTH-(1–84) also stimulated amylase secretion, with a significant increase in cAMP production (7...
Analysis of the errors associated with typical pulverized coal char combustion modeling assumptions for oxy-fuel combustion

Abstract In CFD models of pulverized coal combustion, which often have complex, turbulent flows with millions of coal particles reacting, the char combustion sub-model needs to be computationally efficient. There are several common assumptions that are made in char combustion models that allow for a compact, computationally efficient model. In this work, oft used single- and double-film simplified models are described, and the temperature and carbon combustion rates predicted from these models are compared against a more accurate continuous-film model. Both the single- and double-film models include a description of the heterogeneous reactions of carbon with O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O, along with a Thiele based description of reactant penetration. As compared to the continuous-film model, the double-film model predicts higher temperatures and carbon consumption rates, while the single-film model gives more accurate results. A single-film model is therefore preferred to a double-film model for a simplified, yet fairly accurate description of char combustion. For particles from 65 to 135 μm, in O 2 concentrations ranging from 12 to 60 vol.%, with either CO 2 or N 2 as a diluent, particle temperatures from the single-film model are expected to be accurate within 270 K, and carbon consumption rate predictions should be within 16%, with greater accuracies for a CO 2 diluent and at lower bulk oxygen concentrations. A single-film model that accounts for reactant penetration and both oxidation and gasification reactions is suggested as a computationally efficient sub-model for coal char combustion that is reasonably accurate over a wide range of gas environments.
Isomorphism, Institutional Parochialism, and the Study of Social Movements

This study investigates whether the field of social movements is occupied by parochial concerns. Using a content analysis of two prominent journals that study social movements – Mobilization: An International Journal and Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social and Political Protest – it was found that the field is dominated by the study of Western movements, but is also relatively ‘worldly’ when compared to other academic sub-disciplines. Much work on the ‘global south’ is conducted by scholars who maintain personal associations and connections to regions of the world outside of the West. In addition, it was found that social movement scholars focus predominantly on the study of liberal movements as compared to conservative movements. The types of movements most commonly studied are also examined.
Introduction to ALOHA‐90: The airborne lidar and observations of the Hawaiian Airglow Campaign

The middle atmosphere is a region of complex photochemical and dynamic interactions. Stretching from roughly 30 to 100 km altitude, this is the transition region between the stratosphere and thermosphere and is perhaps the least understood region of the earth's atmosphere. A variety of interesting and important structures are found in this region including the ozone layer, noctilucent clouds, the airglow layers, the meteoric metal layers and the recently discovered sporadic Na and Fe layer phenomena.
Effects of chronic administration of doxorubicin on myocardial alpha-adrenergic receptors, histamine, cyclic nucleotides, calcium, norepinephrine, calmodulin, and guanylate cyclase activity, and plasma catecholamines in rats.

The present study examined changes in the levels of plasma catecholamines and myocardial histamine, guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic nucleotides, calcium, calmodulin, and norepinephrine following chronic adminstration of doxorubicin (DXR). In addition, changes in myocardial alpha1-adrenergic receptor density and dissociation constant were measured. Rats received DXR (2 mg/kg) or vehicle weekly by the SC route for 2, 4, 8 and 13 weeks. Rats were sacrificed one week after their last dose. One group of rats treated for 13 weeks was sacrificed at 19 weeks, six weeks after the last dose. Heart histamine was unchanged at 3, 5, 9, and 19 weeks, yet at 14 weeks it was significantly elevated in DXR-treated rats over controls. Cardiac calcium, norepinephrine, and cyclic GMP levels were unchanged throughout the course of the study. Cardiac cAMP and calmodulin levels were unchanged at 3, 5, 9, and 14 weeks. At 19 weeks in DXR-treated rats, cAMP was depressed while calmodulin was elevated. Plasma catecholamines and myocardial guanylate cyclase activity examined at 14 weeks were unchanged. In contrast, alpha1 receptor density examined at 14 weeks in DXR-treated rats was significantly depressed while the dissociation constant was unchanged. Changes in cAMP and calmodulin are suggestive of a redistribution of calcium, although total levels of calcium were unchanged. The depression of cAMP indicates damage to the membrane bound enzyme, adenylate cyclase, and that the membrane interaction of doxorubicin appears to be an integral part of the biochemical mechanism of its toxicity.
Applications of Satellite Ocean Color Sensors for Monitoring and Predicting Harmful Algal Blooms

The new satellite ocean color sensors offer a means of detecting and monitoring algal blooms in the ocean and coastal zone. Beginning with SeaWiFS (Sea Wide Field-of-view Sensor) in September 1997, these sensors provide coverage every 1 to 2 days with 1-km pixel view at nadir. Atmospheric correction algorithms designed for the coastal zone combined with regional chlorophyll algorithms can provide good and reproducible estimates of chlorophyll, providing the means of monitoring various algal blooms. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by Karenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexico are particularly amenable to remote observation. The Gulf of Mexico has relatively clear water and K. brevis, in bloom conditions, tends to produce a major portion of the phytoplankton biomass. A monitoring program has begun in the Gulf of Mexico that integrates field data from state monitoring programs with satellite imagery, providing an improved capability for the monitoring of K. brevis blooms.
Family influences on the language development of young children

Synopsis Recent research has demonstrated that mothers simplify their language in several ways when speaking to young children. As the childrens' language increases in complexity, so does the mothers'. Although fathers also make similar Motherese-type modifications in their language, these simplifications do not change as the child gets older. These results are discussed in terms of the communicative, pedagogical and socialization functions of Motherese. A further study concerning the language parents use during play is presented. Fathers employ a style that is directive and conducive to the presentation of new information. Mothers have a playing style suited to the integration of new ideas.
Methoxychlor affects the decidual cell response of the uterus but not other progestational parameters in female rats

Abstract The pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) is a proestrogen which is metabolized to a compound that has been shown to exhibit estrogenic activity in vivo and in vitro. Following long-term exposure of female rats to MXC, fertility is reduced and fetotoxicity is evident. However, the effects of MXC on several aspects of maternal reproductive physiology, including the decidual cell response (DCR), ovarian weight, serum progesterone levels, and corpora lutea maintenance, have not been previously described. In the present study, the ability of MXC to interfere with progestational events essential for implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy in the rat was investigated. MXC was administered to pseudopregnant rats, decidualization was induced on Day 4, and the DCR and related parameters were evaluated following euthanasia on Day 9. DCR induction during estrone administration served as a positive control. MXC inhibited decidualization in a dose-dependent manner: while 100 mg/kg/day had no effect, doses of 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg/day produced incremental inhibition of the response. No effects of MXC on ovarian weight, serum progesterone levels, or number of corpora lutea were observed. Estrone also inhibited the DCR in a dose-dependent manner. The data suggest that the anti-fertility effect of MXC is mediated by a suppression of decidualization and that such suppression, which is characteristic of estrogenic compounds, is a direct uterine effect. In the DCR model system, the estrogenic activity of MXC is 1 20,000 times the activity of estrone.
Quality assurance tracking or "finding the needle in a haystack".

This paper will present a picture of the steps required from conception, through development, and leading to implementation of an automated Quality Assurance Incident Tracking System within in a multihospital system utilizing general purpose software (WordPerfect and Lotus Agenda). This automated tracking system provides the manager with an effective and efficient method to control multiple staff assignments, tasks, and manage multiple objectives over the resolution cycle associated with hospital incident reporting in the Quality Assurance arena. It also provides the QA managers and hospital executives with an individualized record of the Incident's progress and helps identify useful and dysfunctional patterns in the resolution of the Incident. The identification of these patterns can assist hospital management in revising and developing protocols and procedures that minimize hospital exposure to state sanctions and provide a mechanism to improve the quality of care in the institution: QA Tracking, Quality Assurance, Incident, Automated Tracking. ty of care in the institution: QA Tracking, Quality Assurance, Incident, Automated Tracking.
Structural information in recursive VAR orderings

Abstract This paper investigates structural models that will permit a Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix of VAR residuals to identify some structural impulse response functions. Cholesky decompositions are found to be useful identification tools for the set of partially recursive structural models. A partially recursive structure is defined as any block recursive system where the equations in one block can be recursively ordered and where the structural shocks are uncorrelated. Using this class of models, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the moving average representation from a Cholesky decomposition to identify structure. The paper concludes by discussing implications of these results for empirical research.
PROTEIN INTERACTIONS WITH POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS ON GLASS SUBSTRATES : DIFFUSION AND ADSORPTION

Hydrophilic polymer chains, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), are attached to glass surfaces by silylation of the silanol groups on glass surfaces with (ω-methoxy-terminated PEG)trimethoxysilanes. We consider these tethered polymer chains to resemble self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of PEG since the grafting process is entirely spontaneous. They are shown to exhibit excellent biocompatibility and represent a model system for studying the interactions of proteins with polymer surfaces. The PEG SAMs are prepared with two different molecular weight polymers (MW = 750 and 5000) and characterized with the techniques of angular-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. For the low molecular weight sample, the polymer chains tend to extend, forming a brush-like monolayer, whereas for the large molecular weight sample, the longer polymer chains tend to interpenetrate each other, forming a mushroom-like PEG monolayer on the surface. Interactions between a plasma protein, bovine serum album...
Aging characteristics of oriented ply(ethylene terephthalate)

The physical aging characteristics of oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate (PET), have been studied as functions of storage time and temperature below the glass transition temperature (T g ) of PET. The free volume relaxation, associated with aging, has been characterized by the enthalpy of relaxation at T g , as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of the free volume relaxation on mechanical properties and the mode of failure have been investigated. It has been determined that a correlation exists between the enthalpy of relaxation and the ductile-to-brittle failure transition. Molecular orientation reduces significantly the enthalpy of relaxation, resulting in the disappearance of the ductile-to-brittle transition when highly oriented samples are aged over time. It has been established that a minimum amount of orientation is required to reduce or eliminate the effects of PET aging. Molecular orientation has also been found to reduce craze formation when oriented PET is exposed to a stress-cracking medium at a constant stress.
Nutritional Support During Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis

Early intravenous (IV) hyperalimentation was used in seven patients who had peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Results were compared with those in a control group of seven nonperitonitis CAPD patients. Nitrogen balance was measured to determine whether this therapy was effective in nutritional maintenance during an episode of peritonitis. IV nutrition accounted for 70% to 80% of nitrogen intake. Caloric intake was similar in both groups (34 and 32 caloriesldlkg). The control group received 22 gld of nitrogen and the peritonitis group 17 g/d ( P
Iron isotopes in chondrules: Implications for the role of evaporation during chondrule formation

— We have measured the δ57Fe of olivines in nine Chainpur chondrules. All are within error of normal (typically 2σ ≤ 1–2%0). Most of the chondules could not have lost more than ∼20% of their FeO by Rayleigh evaporation and none can have lost more than ∼61%. Yet, the range of Fo contents in these chondrules is Fo78–99.9. The isotopic compositions of the chondrules clearly demonstrate that, for instance, type I chondrules cannot form from type II chondrules by evaporation of FeO under Rayleigh conditions. The isotopic compositions also place constraints on the minimum cooling rates these chondrules could have experienced. These cooling rates must also be equal to or slower than those required to produce the chondrule textures. Assuming flash heating and evaporation rates like those measured in vacuum, the minimum cooling rates necessary to prevent detectable Fe isotopic fractionation via Rayleigh evaporation approach those needed to produce barred and porphyritic textures. The presence of hydrogen in the nebula, non-linear cooling and other effects will all tend to increase the cooling rates required to prevent δ57Fe > 1–2%0, perhaps by as much as 1–2 orders of magnitude. The two most likely ways that the cooling rates required to prevent δ57Fe >1–2%0 can be kept below those needed to produce barred and porphyritic textures are (1) the pH2 in the nebula was low enough to keep evaporation rates close to those in vacuum, or (2) back reaction of chondrules with Fe in the gas suppressed isotopic fractionation.
Halobis(dicyclohexyldithiophosphinato)iron(III) complexes

Abstract Chloro, bromo and iodobis(dicyclohexyldithiophosphinato)iron(III) complexes have been synthesized. These compounds have magnetic moments of 5.5–5.9 B.M. at 298° K in methylene chloride solution and have Mossbauer isomer shifts of +0.63 ±0.02 mm/sec and quadrupole splittings of ∼0.48 mm/sec.
Diffusion and Monod kinetics to determine in vivo human corneal oxygen-consumption rate during soft contact-lens wear.

The rate of oxygen consumption is an important parameter to assess the physiology of the human cornea. Metabolism of oxygen in the cornea is influenced by contact-lens-induced hypoxia, diseases such as diabetes, surgery, and drug treatment. Therefore, estimation of in vivo corneal oxygen-consumption rate is essential for gauging adequate oxygen supply to the cornea. Phosphorescence quenching of a dye coated on the posterior of a soft contact lens provides a powerful technique to measure tear-film oxygen tension (Harvitt and Bonanno, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:1026–1036; Bonanno et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:371–376). Unfortunately, previous work in establishing oxygen-consumption kinetics from transient postlens tear-film oxygen tensions relies on the simplistic assumption of a constant corneal-consumption rate. A more realistic model of corneal metabolism is needed to obtain reliable oxygen-consumption kinetics. Here, physiologically relevant nonlinear Monod kinetics is adopted for describing the local oxygen-consumption rate, thus avoiding aphysical negative oxygen tensions in the cornea. We incorporate Monod kinetics in an unsteady-state reactive-diffusion model for the cornea contact-lens system to determine tear-film oxygen tension as a function of time when changing from closed-eye to open-eye condition. The model was fit to available experimental data of in vivo human postlens tear-film oxygen tension to determine the corneal oxygen-consumption rate. Reliance on corneal oxygen diffusivity and solubility data obtained from rabbits is no longer requisite. Excellent agreement is obtained between the proposed model and experiment. We calculate the spatial-averaged in vivo human maximum corneal oxygen-consumption rate as Q = 1.05 × 10−4 mL/(cm3 s). The calculated Monod constant is Km = 2.2 mmHg. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Effects of cyclophosphamide on the chemical composition of the glomerular basement membrane and non-collagenous urinary glycoprotein of the rat.

La cyclophosphamide est un agent efficace dans le traitement de la nephrose lipoidique et de plusieurs maladies rhumatoides qui attaquent la membrane basale glomerulaire (MBG). Des analyses chimiques ont ete effectuees sur la MBG et sur la glycoproteine urinaire chez des rats traites et non traites. Entre les deux groupes on n'a pas constate de difference dans la composition des amino-acids, mais de grands changements dans le glucose et le galactose de la MBG et la glycoproteine urinaire ont ete observes chez les rats traites a la cyclophosphamide; cette drogue semble donc capable d'alterer l'integrite de la MBG.
A Multi-Dimensional Hough Transform-Based Track-Before-Detect Technique for Detecting Weak Targets in Strong Clutter Backgrounds

The Hough transform (HT) algorithm detects straight-line features in two-dimensional data. This correspondence extends the HT to N-dimensional data to efficiently combine multiple first-threshold crossings from moving targets. The data dimensions can be the target position, its range and range-rate, and/or the first-threshold crossing times. This multi-dimensional HT (MHT) technique can be applied to enhance the detection of targets in random clutter backgrounds through the application of track-before-detect (TBD) processing.
Abstract A226: ImmunoPET with 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab: Monitoring the pharmacodynamic effects on HER2/neu expression by Hsp90 inhibition in vivo

Objectives: The positron‐emitting radionuclide 89Zr (t1/2 = 3.17 days) has been isolated in high specific‐activity and was used to prepare 89Zr‐radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for use as immunoPET imaging agents. The work presented describes the preparation of 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab for use as a radiotracer for delineating HER2/neu positive tumors for the non‐invasive imaging of breast cancer in vivo. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies on HER2/neu expression levels in response to administration of therapeutic doses of PU‐H71 (a specific inhibitor of heat‐shock protein 90 [Hsp90]) were conducted. Methods:89Zr was prepared via the 89Y(p, n)89Zr transmutation with high radiochemical yields (1.52±0.11 mCi/ Ah) and purity (>99.99%). Trastuzumab was functionalized with the tris‐hydroxamate chelate, desferrioxamine B (DFO) and radiolabeled with [89Zr]Zr‐oxalate at room temperature. ImmunoPET imaging experiments in female, athymic nu/nu mice bearing sub‐cutaneous BT‐474 (HER2/neu positive) and/or MDA‐MB‐468 (HER2/neu negative) were conducted. The change in 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab tissue uptake in response to high‐ and low‐specific‐activity formulations and co‐administration of PU‐H71 (a Hsp90 chaperone inhibitor) was measured by using both acute biodistribution studies and Western blot analysis. Results:89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab radiolabeling proceeded in high radiochemical yield and specific‐activity of 2.82±0.05 mCi/mg. In vitro assays demonstrated >99% radiochemical purity with an immunoreactive fraction of 0.87±7. In vivo biodistribution experiments revealed high and specific tumor uptake after 24, 48 and 72 h (64.68 ± 13.06 %ID/g; 71.71 ± 10.35 %ID/g and 85.18±11.10 %ID/g, respectively) with retention of activity for over 120 h. Pre‐treatment with PU‐H71 was followed by quantitative biodistribution and 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab immunoPET imaging. Expression levels of HER2/neu were modulated during the first 24 and 48 h post‐administration (29.75 ± 4.43 %ID/g and 41.42 ± 3.64 %ID/g, respectively). By 72 h radiotracer uptake studies (73.64 ± 12.17 %ID/g) and Western blot analysis demonstrated that HER2/neu expression recovered to baseline levels. Conclusions: The results indicate that 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab provides quantitative and highly‐specific delineation of HER2/neu positive tumors and may be used to monitor treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors. Efforts towards the “current Good Manufacturing Process” (cGMP) production and clinical translation of 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab are underway. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A226.
A Novel Approach to the Study of Solution Structures and Dynamic Behavior of Paclitaxel and Docetaxel Using Fluorine-Containing Analogs as Probes

Three fluorine-containing paclitaxel and docetaxel analogs, 3‘-dephenyl-3‘-(4-fluorophenyl)-3‘N-debenzoyl-3‘N-(4-fluorobenzoyl)paclitaxel (3), 3‘-dephenyl-3‘-(4-fluorophenyl)docetaxel (4), and 2‘,10-diacetyl-3‘-dephenyl-3‘-(4-fluorophenyl)docetaxel (5), are prepared and used as probes for the conformational analysis of paclitaxel and docetaxel in aqueous and nonaqueous solvent systems. The dependence of the 19F chemical shifts and the JH2‘-H3‘ values of these fluorinated analogs is examined through 19F and 1H variable temperature (VT) NMR measurements. The experiments clearly indicate highly dynamic behavior of these molecules and the existence of equilibrium between conformers, especially in protic solvents, i.e., DMSO-d6/D2O, CH3OD/D2O, and CH3OD, which have not clearly been recognized by the previous studies. The analysis of the VT NMR data in combination with molecular modeling including restrained molecular dynamics (RMD) has identified three key conformers, A, B, and C, in which conformer C possesse...
Relationship among nursing frequency, lactation pituitary prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone content in rats.

SummaryIncreasing the nursing frequency in rats from non-nursed levels (controls) to Ix, 2x, 4x and ad libitum frequencies progressively increased mammary DNA, RNA and pituitary prolactin content 4.3-, 21.1-and 2.1-fold, respectively. Pituitary ACTH content, although always detectable, was unaffected by nursing frequency.
Subjective well-being among Russian students

The subjective well-being of 116 Soviet students at two locations in the Soviet Union was assessed with traditional self-report measures and with an event memory task. Both measures showed the Soviet students to be low in well-being compared to students in most of 38 other countries. Soviet well-being was especially low when considered in relation to per capita GNP. The single domain which best predicted global well-being in the Soviet Union was leisure satisfaction. Soviet students were most satisfied with their religion, living partner, friendship, and family relations, and least satisfied with transportation, education, and finances. The structure of well-being was very similar in the C.I.S. (U.S.S.R.) as in the U.S. For example, the Satisfaction with Life Scale formed a unitary factor, as it does in the U.S., and the PANAS formed two clear affect factors, as has been uncovered by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen (1984) in the U.S. and Japan. Overall, the measures divided into life satisfaction, peasant affect, and negative affect components, replicating data in the U.S. (Andrews and Withey, 1976). These results suggest the structural invariance of well-being across cultures. The paper discusses several potential reasons that Russian students report low levels of well being.
A study of the localization of phenothiazines in dog brain.

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that chlorpromazine and related phenothiazine derivatives concentrate in areas thought to be their loci of action. Chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine exhibit similar spectra of localization in the fourteen areas of dog brain surveyed. Thiethylperazine, which is a weak tranquilizer, but potent antinauseant, antiemetic, antivertigo agent concentrates differently from chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine, exhibiting highest concentrations in the cerebellar areas. The implications of these tissue distribution studies for the mode of action of therapeutic phenothiazines are presented and discussed.
A review of the evidence for strong, small-scale vortical flows during downslope windstorms

Abstract During downslope windstroms, damage can occur on quite small scales. In the foothills near Boulder, Colorado, individual trees or lines of trees may be uprooted or snapped off with little or no damage to surrounding vegetation. Also, considerable damage can occur to individual structures with no primary damage occurring nearby. Often debris will be scattered in directions different from that of the mean flow. This paper reviews evidence for the existence of vortical motions and other small-scale features associated with downslope windstorms. Possible mechanisms for producing such organized regions of small-scale vorticity are suggested.
The American image of beauty: media representations of hair color for four decades

The present archival study examined the depiction of women's beauty in our society with respect to hair color, especially blondeness. Raters reliably categorized the hair color of cover models for two women's magazines (Ladies Home Journal and Vogue) and for Playboy magazine centerfolds from the 1950s through the 1980s. These media images from 750 observations were compared among magazines, among decades, and in relation to the proportion of blondes in a normative sample of adult White women. Results revealed that the percentage of blondes in each magazine exceeded the base rate of blondes in the norm group. Blondes were more prevalent in Playboy centerfolds than in the women's magazines. Although temporal patterns varied from magazine to magazine, the average proportion of blondes was lowest in the 1960s and highest in the 1970s. The study's findings have numerous implications for social issues and research regarding the psychology of physical appearance.
Effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide on two epiphytic orchids

Abstract Plants of Encyclia tampensis (Epidendrum tampense) and Epidendrum rigidum (Orchidazeae) exposed to 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 ppm SO2 or 0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 ppm O3 for 6 hr as well as sequentially to 0.3 ppm O3 (2 hr), 0.3 ppm O3 plus 0.06 ppm SO2 (2 hr) did not exhibit visible injuries. Exposures to pollutants were also without effect on stomatal conductance and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM, i.e. carbon fixation at night). The leaf resistance of the two orchids to these gases may be due to structural factors as well as to the generally lower sensitivity of CAM plants to pollutants.
Chemical determination of synthetic estrogens. II. Application to pharmaceutical preparations of diethylstilbestrol

Methods are presented for the analysis of tablets, oil solutions, and cosmetic creams containing diethylstilbestrol by use of the nitrosophenol quinoid analysis previously reported.
Wavelets and red signals

When data records contain energy at periods longer then the record standard Fourier techniques do not yield accurate spectra because of bias errors. The wavelet transform can, with proper choice of analyzing wavelet, accurately examine some of these biased signals. Each wavelet generates its own cone of influence from the endpoints that contain inaccurate wavelet coefficients. Additionally, wavelet analysis performs a scale projection from Fourier wavelength to wavelet scale that depends upon the analyzing wavelet. Taking these two effects into account, a single parameter is found that describes how well a particular wavelet can reveal a stationary red signal.
Designing research: Ex post facto designs

The research design is the overall plan or structure of the study. The goalof a good research design is to insure internal validity and answer the question being asked. The only clear rule in selecting a design is that the question dictates the design. Over the next few issues this column will cover types of research designs and their inherent strengths and weaknesses. This article discusses ex post facto research.
Self-Regulation in a Web-Based Course: A Case Study

Little is known about how successful students in Web-based courses self-regulate their learning. This descriptive case study used a social cognitive model of self-regulated learning (SRL) to investigate how six graduate students used and adapted traditional SRL strategies to complete tasks and cope with challenges in a Web-based technology course; it also explored motivational and environmental influences on strategy use. Primary data sources were three transcribed interviews with each of the students over the course of the semester, a transcribed interview with the course instructor, and the students' reflective journals. Archived course documents, including transcripts of threaded discussions and student Web pages, were secondary data sources. Content analysis of the data indicated that these students used many traditional SRL strategies, but they also adapted planning, organization, environmental structuring, help seeking, monitoring, record keeping, and self-reflection strategies in ways that were unique to the Web-based learning environment. The data also suggested that important motivational influences on SRL strategy use—self-efficacy, goal orientation, interest, and attributions—were shaped largely by student successes in managing the technical and social environment of the course. Important environmental influences on SRL strategy use included instructor support, peer support, and course design. Implications for online course instructors and designers, and suggestions for future research are offered.
Long‐term effect of splenectomy on transfusion requirements in thalassemia major

Splenectomy reduces transfusion requirements in the first year after surgery in patients with thalassemia major and hypersplenism. To determine whether this response is maintained, we have studied transfusion requirements in 16 patients with thalassemia major for 2-17 years after splenectomy. Transfusion requirements remained stable (mean yearly change -0.1%) after the predictable fall in the first year after surgery. The mean change between the first postoperative year and the most recent year was -7 ml/kg. Transfusion requirements and the magnitude of change from year to year were unrelated to the time since splenectomy. These studies indicate that the effect of splenectomy on transfusion requirements is long-lasting and that large variations in annual transfusion requirements after splenectomy should prompt a search for accessory spleens or other causes of red cell destruction.
Morphogen-induced Decline in G Triggers F9 Teratocarcinoma Stem Cell Progression via Phospholipase C and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

Abstract The linkage between G and morphogen-induced promotion of F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma stem (F9 stem) cells to primitive endoderm was explored using probes of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase network. The morphogen-induced decline in G is shown to trigger activation of phospholipase C, thereby activating protein kinase C, MAP kinase, and cell progression to primitive endoderm. In the absence of retinoic acid, reduction-of-function mutants (G-deficient) display the effects of morphogen, i.e. activation of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, MAP kinase, and progression to primitive endoderm. Gain-of-function mutants (expressing the Q205L activating-mutation of G) displayed no activation of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, MAP kinase and no progression to primitive endoderm, even in the presence of retinoic acid. Selective inhibitors of protein kinase C, like the gain-of-function mutations, effectively block morphogen-induced progression to primitive endoderm. Morphogen triggers F9 stem cell progression by triggering G loss and thereby activation of downstream elements, including protein kinase C and MAP kinase.
Incremental Validity of Mindfulness‐Based Attention in Relation to the Concurrent Prediction of Anxiety and Depressive Symptomatology and Perceptions of Health

This investigation evaluated the role of mindfulness-based attention in concurrently predicting anxiety and depressive symptomatology and perceived health functioning in a community sample of 170 young adults (95 females; mean age (Mage) = 22.2 years, SD = 7.6). Partially consistent with prediction, results indicated that, relative to negative and positive affectivity and emotional expression and processing associated with approach-oriented coping, mindfulness-based attention incrementally predicted anhedonic depressive, but not anxious arousal, symptoms. Additionally, consistent with prediction, mindfulness-based attention demonstrated incremental validity in relation to perceived health, and the degree of impairment of health in terms of physical and mental functioning. Results are discussed in relation to the construct development of mindfulness-based attention, and specifically, the role(s) of this factor in emotional and physical health processes.
The Politics of Sustainable Development: Native Forest Policy in Chile, Venezuela, Costa Rica and Mexico

This paper argues that the construction of two opposing ideal types of sustainable development – market-friendly and grassroots development – serves as a useful analytical tool for understanding political conflict over environmentally sensitive policy for the native, or autochthonous, forest sector. Explaining the degree to which a country has mostly market-oriented forest policy or whether it also includes significant elements of the grassroots approach requires an examination of when and how four broad factors affect outcomes: ideas, state institutions, social groups and international conditions. Paired comparisons show that cohesive teams of experts in lead ministries may define legislation and decrees proposed by the executive branch, but whether they become law depends on other factors. These are, in the first instance, the capacity of social groups to forge larger socio-political alliances, and secondly, the presence or absence of direct external intervention in the policy process. Such political dynamics also affect the degrees to which future policy begins to resolve the tension between the two approaches to the sustainable development of forests in Latin America.
A Sensitivity Model for Predicting Photonic Crystal Biosensor Performance

We present a model for predicting photonic crystal label-free biosensor performance based primarily on the spatial distribution of electromagnetic near fields at device resonance. To achieve maximum device sensitivity, the resonant fields can be shaped by careful choice of material and geometrical parameters. The effect of each property on the resonant mode profile, and consequently on sensor performance, is illustrated. A comparison of device sensitivity calculated by both the proposed model and direct rigorous coupled wave analysis simulation supports the validity of our model.
Soil‐diffusive gradient in thin films partition coefficients estimate metal bioavailability to crops at fertilized field sites

Field trials in four distinct agricultural soils were conducted to examine changes to total recoverable and labile soil Cd and Ni concentrations with applications of commercial phosphate fertilizers. The edible portion of wheat and potato crops grown at the field plots were analyzed for recoverable Cd and Ni. Total recoverable Ni and Cd concentrations in agricultural soils increased by 10 and 22%, respectively, each year of the study at recommended application rates. Labile Cd and Ni were measured using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), a passive sampling device reported to estimate the plant bioavailable metal fraction. Nickel concentrations measured with DGT did not significantly change with treatment nor did they change over time. Cadmium concentrations measured with DGT increased with application rate and over time from 2003 to 2005, then decreased in 2006. Wheat grain Cd concentrations and Cd and Ni levels in tubers increased significantly with fertilizer treatment level. Grain and tuber Cd values exceeded the minimal risk levels for chronic oral exposure. At agronomical P-fertilizer application rates, 25% of plant samples deviated from the Cd minimal risk levels. The present study reports the use of Kd-BIO, defined as the ratio of total recoverable metal to DGT measured metal, as a significant indicator of crop metal accumulation in the edible portion. The Kd-BIO values were well correlated with both grain and tuber concentrations over multiple growing seasons. Results from long-term field trials emphasize Kd-BIO as a dynamic term that provides risk characterization information about the fate of Cd and Ni in aged, fertilized agricultural soils and crops.
Impact of Regular Inhaled Corticosteroid Use on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Outcomes

Inhaled corticosteroids are often used to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, although the evidence regarding their long-term efficacy in preventing or reducing adverse health outcomes is not definitive. This retrospective cohort study analyzed whether regular inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with reduced health care utilization and all-cause mortality related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Subjects were 2,902 health maintenance organization members aged 50 and over who met criteria for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The study used a composite endpoint of time to (1) death or (2) hospitalization or emergency room care related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whichever occurred first, during a 4-year follow-up. Among the 42% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with an indication of co-morbid asthma, inhaled corticosteroid use was associated with significantly reduced risk for both all-cause mortality and the composite outcome. The reduction in risk was greatest in never- and ex-smokers. Among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with no indication of asthma, inhaled corticosteroid use was associated with reduced risk only in never smokers. These findings generally persisted in separate analyses stratified by asthma status and in sensitivity analyses using four alternative definitions of regular medication use, with comparable results when regular medication use was treated as a fixed covariate defined at the start of follow-up. We conclude that use of inhaled corticosteroids was associated with reduced risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and all-cause mortality. This benefit was most pronounced among never-smokers and in those with evidence of co-morbid asthma.
Submucous cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency: comparison of speech outcomes using three operative techniques by one surgeon.

Objective: Our purpose was to compare speech outcomes among three primary procedures for symptomatic submucous cleft palate (SMCP): two-flap palatoplasty with muscular retropositioning, double-opposing Z-palatoplasty, or pharyngeal flap. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Tertiary hospital. Patients, Participants: All children with SMCP treated by the senior author between 1984 and 2008. Interventions: One of three primary procedures: two-flap palatoplasty with muscular retropositioning, double-opposing Z-palatoplasty, or pharyngeal flap. Main Outcome Measures: Speech outcome and need for a secondary operation were analyzed among procedures. Success was defined as normal or borderline competent velopharyngeal function. Failure was defined as persistent borderline insufficiency or velopharyngeal insufficiency with recommendation for a secondary operation. Results: We identified 58 patients with SMCP who were treated for velopharyngeal insufficiency. We found significant differences in median age at ope...
Non-enzymatic glycation of lens proteins and haemoglobin-inhibition by pyruvate: an in-vivo study.

Summary Aim: Previous studies have demonstrated that pyruvate can prevent protein glycation and oxidative stress under in-vitro conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the in-vivo effectiveness of this metabolite against glycation of lens crystallins and haemoglobin in galactosemic rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a 30% or 50% galactose-containing diet in the absence or presence of 2% or 5% pyruvate in food and water, respectively. The animals were killed subsequently and the extent of glycation of lens crystallins and haemoglobin was determined using an affinity column chromatograpic technique. Results: Maintenance of rats on the high galactose diet resulted in a significant increase in glycation of both the proteins. The increase was faster and more substantial in the animals maintained on the 50% galactose diet than that in the animals fed a 30% galactose diet. The increase in the latter was also very significant. Supplementation with pyruvate inhibited the process. Conclusion: The inhibition is attributable to a competitive binding of pyruvate to the protein NH2 groups as well as to the antioxidant effect of the compound. The studies therefore suggest that this and other α-keto-acids may be physiologically useful in minimizing glycation and oxidative stress induced tissue pathology by the hyperglycaemic conditions, such as diabetes and galactosemia. The results are also considered pharmacologically significant.
SOI charging prevention: chip-level net tracing and diode protection

In this paper we show that the SOI FET is conductive during processing, and also that a FET shunted across the gate and source/drain of another transistor does in fact protect that device against charging damage.