cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of hemorrhagic reduction in blood pressure on recovery from acute renal failure

The effect of hemorrhagic reduction in systemic blood pressure (SBP) to 90 mm Hg for four hours on autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF), renal function, and renal histology was examined in control rats, one week norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure (NE-ARF) rats with intact renal nerves, and one week NE-ARF rats with prior renal denervation. The results showed that in control rats, hemorrhagic SBP reduction to 90 mm Hg had no effect on autoregulation of RBF (autoregulatory index = 0.09 +/- 0.02), creatinine clearance, or renal histology. However, in one week NE-ARF rats with intact renal nerves, hemorrhagic reduction in SBP to 90 mm Hg was associated with marked impairment of autoregulation of RBF (autoregulatory index = 3.49 +/- 0.25), further reduction in creatinine clearance from 0.59 +/- 0.08 ml/min to 0.36 +/- 0.14 ml/min, and histologic evidence of recurrent ischemic injury. Renal denervation prior to SBP reduction improved autoregulation of RBF (autoregulatory index = 0.30 +/- 0.09), prevented the further reduction in creatinine clearance, and significantly ameliorated the deleterious effect on renal histology seen in innervated NE-ARF rats. These results suggest the potential importance of the loss of autoregulation of RBF on the course of NE-ARF, and further support the pathogenetic role of renal nerves in the loss of autoregulation.
On‐off iterative adaptive controller for low‐power micro‐robotic step regulation

A novel model-free iterative adaptive controller is presented for lowpower control of piezoelectric actuators. The controller uses simple adaptation rules based on known general behavior of piezoelectric actuators to adjust onoff switching times to drive piezoelectric actuators through a desired transient step motion. Adaptation rules are based on small numbers of measurements taken during each iteration of the actuator movement. Combined with the use of only on-off control inputs, controller implementation can be possible at much lower overall power levels than would be needed to implement a conventional control strategy such as through pulse-width-modulation (PWM) with real-time feedback. Such power savings are particularly important for the intended controller application to piezoelectric microactuators driving autonomous terrestrial micro-robots. A method for predicting convergence of systems with nominally linear dynamics and unknown, bounded nonlinearities is described, and applied to a sample target piezoelectric actuator. The controller is tested in simulation and experimentally on a piezoelectric cantilever actuator, and shows predicted convergence to the desired response.
Acousto-optic comparison switch for optical switching networks with analog addressing techniques

Sorting networks based on perfect-shuffle or Banyan interconnection techniques are useful in parallel processing and telecommunications applications. An acousto-optic comparison switch that is useful in such networks is implemented, which ensures high-bandwidth optical data transmission by multiplexing the data and the address on orthogonal polarizations of light. Addresses are encoded either as the frequencies of amplitude modulation of the optical carrier or as discrete optical power levels, and are compared by using simple analog techniques. An analysis of both address techniques with respect to speed and noise is crucial to estimating the switch performance.
Angiogenesis is stimulated by a tumor-derived endothelial cell growth factor.

A growth factor mitogenic for BALB/C 3T3 cells and capillary endothelial cells was isolated from a rat chondrosarcoma and purified to homogeneity. Purification was accomplished by a combination of BioRex 70 cation exchange chromatography and heparin affinity chromatography. The pure chondrosarcoma-derived growth factor (ChDGF) had a molecular weight of about 18.000. The angiogenesis activity of pure ChDGF was tested by measuring its ability to vascularize the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and yolk sac membrane of the developing chick. The ability of ChDGF to induce the growth of limbal vessels in the rat cornea was also measured. To quantitate the angiogenesis response, a unit system based on the growth factor activity of ChDGF for 3T3 cells was adopted. ChDGF was found to have a specific activity of about 5 units/ng when applied to 3T3 cells. About 300–600 units of ChDGF in the two types of developing chick membrane and 30–50 units of ChDGF in the rat cornea were found to stimulate noninflammatory angiogenesis.
Climate change and spaceflight: an historiographical review

This article discusses the broad use of space-based resources to study climate change and the historical efforts to understand this effort. The historiography of this subject is still in its infancy, but there are several benchmark studies that focus on NASA's efforts along these lines. The key work of Erik Conway, Mark Bowen, and other recent researchers inform this study. This article concludes with a discussion of possibilities for future historical studies in climate change and spaceflight. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 412–427 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.114 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
The natural representation of real numbers

Abstract This paper reports the modular design of software library components which read, write, add, subtract, multiply, and divide real valued numbers with attention to significant digits and digit grouping. Additionally, an example is presented about how to use this module to make other library components to read, write, and manipulate data matrix files with attention to embedded prose documentation. These components can be used to apply literate programming to data files.
Microvascular changes in experimental branch retinal vein occlusion.

Abstract Collateral vessel maturation and regional capillary nonperfusion were examined clinically and histopathologically up to 48 months after branch retinal vein occlusion (BVO) in a monkey model. Significant increases in endothelial density, but not pericyte density, were noted in both dilated and normal capillary caliber vessels in regions of collateral flow, independent of duration of BVO from 4 to 15 1/2 months. Patent capillaries in regions of hypoperfusidn showed increased endothelial densities but decreased pericyte densities. Pericyte loss was independent of duration of BVO; however, endothelial density may normalize years after BVO in these vessels.
An optically-pumped multigas far-IR laser

We report here the operation of an optically-pumped multigas Far-IR laser. In our experiment, three different gases (CH3OH, CH3Br, CH3I) were simultaneously introduced into the Far-IR cavity. By adjusting the partial pressures of the gases and by tuning the appropriate CO2 laser pump line, we were able to obtain the laser action for each one of them as efficiently as is observed when the gases are present by themselves.
Margins and Centers: A Decade of Publishing on China's Ethnic Minorities

I am grateful to Thomas Wilson for first approaching me with a book to review (from which the project snowballed) and to Ann Waltner for picking up the editorial work after that. Ann's careful reading was especially helpful in reining in my tendency to overgeneralize. Several anonymous readers forJAS raised very helpful questions and provided me with additional, helpful reading on this subject. Ellen King did a meticulous job in copyediting. I wish to thank my colleagues in Asian Studies and in Anthropology at the University of Notre Dame, who listened to a preliminary version of this strange genre of review article, and Lionel Jensen, who read a draft of the essay and has engaged in many conversations on this topic for years. My profoundest thanks, however, go to Norma Diamond, whose devotion to China study has been a great inspiration to me and to many of my fellow anthropologists.
Solution and stability of a set of PTH order linear differential equations with periodic coefficients via Chebyshev polynomials

Chebyshev polynomials are utilized to obtain solutions of a set of pth order linear differential equations with periodic coefficients. For this purpose, the operational matrix of differentiation associated with the shifted Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind is derived. Utilizing the properties of this matrix, the solution of a system of differential equations can be found by solving a set of linear algebraic equations without constructing the equivalent integral equations. The Floquet Transition Matrix (FTM) can then be computed and its eigenvalues (Floquet multipliers) subsequently analyzed for stability. Two straightforward methods, the &#8216;differential state space formulation&#8217; and the &#8216;differential direct formulation&#8217;, are presented and the results are compared with those obtained from other available techniques. The well-known Mathieu equation and a higher order system are used as illustrative examples.
Use of a magnetic field to increase the spatial resolution of positron emission tomography.

Detector geometry, spatial sampling, and more fundamentally, positron range and noncollinearity of annihilation photon emission define Positron Emission Tomography(PET)spatial resolution. In this paper, a strong magnetic field is used to constrain positron travel transverse to the field. Measurement of the spread function from a 500 μm diameter 68Ga impregnated resin bead shows a squeezing of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) by a factor of 1.0, 1.22, 1.42, and 2.05, at 0, 4.0, 5.0, and 9.4 Tesla, respectively. The full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) decreases by a factor of 1.0, 1.73, 2.09, and 3.20, at 0, 4.0, 5.0, and 9.0 Tesla, respectively. Acquiring a PET image in a magnetic field should significantly reduce resolution loss due to positron range.
The hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from Tritrichomonas foetus has unique properties.

Abstract Tritrichomonas foetus , an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite, is incapable of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis, and depends primarily on the salvage of purine bases from the host. The hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGXPRTase) from this organism has been purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephacryl-HR100 gel filtration, followed by anion exchange FPLC. Hypoxanthine, guanine and xanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase activities co-eluted in all the purification steps, suggesting that they are associated with the same enzyme protein. The molecular mass of the native protein, as estimated by gel filtration, is 24 kDa. The molecular mass estimated from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is also 24 kDa. Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified protein, followed by activity staining with either [ 14 C]hypoxanthine, [ 14 C]guanine or [ 14 C]xanthine, also demonstrates that the enzyme is a monomer of 24 kDa. This monomeric structure is distinctive from all the other reported PRTases which are either dimers or tetramers. Furthermore, unlike the mammalian HGPRTase, which is heat stable, the T. foetus enzyme is heat labile. Kinetic studies with the purified T. foetus HGXPRTase showed that the apparent Kms for hypoxanthine, guanine and xanthine were 4.1 μM, 3.8 μM and 52.4 μM respectively. This recognition of xanthine as a substrate by the parasite enzyme with only about a 10-fold higher Km value than those for hypoxanthine and guanine distinguishes it from the mammalian HGPRTase, which cannot use xanthine as a substrate, as well as the HGXPRTases of Eimeria tenella and Plasmodiumfalciparum , which are dimers, with xanthine about 100-times less proficient as a substrate. T. foetus HGXPRTase is thus a unique enzyme with opportunity for specific inhibitor design.
Thermolysis of Neopentylcobalamin Analogs Complexed to Haptocorrin: Side Chain Entropy and Activation of Organocobalamins for Carbon-Cobalt Bond Homolysis.

The kinetics of the thermal Co−C bond homolysis of the complexes of a vitamin B12 binding protein (haptocorrin) with a series of analogs of neopentylcobalamin modified in side chain structure have been studied. The analogs include the C13 epimer in which the e propionamide side chain adopts an “upwardly” axial conformation and a series of c side chain-modified analogs, including the c-monocarboxylate, the c-N-methylamide, the c-N,N-dimethylamide, and the c-N-isopropylamide. Activation parameters for the thermal homolysis of these complexes show that the previously observed stabilization of alkylcobalamins by haptocorrin is due to both enthalpic and entropic factors. With the exception of that for the analog having the bulkiest c side chain substituent, neopentylcobalamin-c-N-isopropylamide, the enthalpies of activation are independent of analog structure, but the entropies of activation increase with the steric bulk of the c side chain and with the number of “upwardly” projecting side chains, as previousl...
Region-Specific Leptin Resistance within the Hypothalamus of Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Leptin resistance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice is characterized by elevated serum leptin and a decreased response to exogenous leptin and is caused by unknown defects in the central nervous system. Leptin normally acts on several brain nuclei, but a detailed description of leptin resistance within individual brain regions has not been reported. We first mapped leptin-responsive cells in brains from DIO mice using phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription (P-STAT3) immunohistochemistry. After 16 wk of high-fat-diet feeding, leptin-activated P-STAT3 staining within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was dramatically decreased. In contrast, other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei remained leptin sensitive. Reduced leptin-induced P-STAT3 in the ARC could also be detected after 4 wk and as early as 6 d of a high-fat diet. To examine potential mechanisms for leptin-resistant STAT3 activation in the ARC of DIO mice, we measured mRNA levels of candidate signaling molecules in the leptin receptor-STAT3 pathway. We found that the level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), an inhibitor of leptin signaling, is specifically increased in the ARC of DIO mice. The study suggests that the ARC is selectively leptin resistant in DIO mice and that this may be caused by elevated suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in this hypothalamic nucleus. Defects in leptin action in the ARC may play a role in the pathogenesis of leptin-resistant obesity.
Temperament Styles of Zimbabwe and U.S. Children

Temperament styles of 600 Zimbabwe children are described and compared to those of 3,200 U.S. children. Gender and age differences are described for children in Zimbabwe and compared to U.S. children. Results indicate that Zimbabwe children generally prefer extroverted to introverted styles, practical to imaginative styles, feeling to thinking styles, and organized to flexible styles. Gender differences were found on one style: in contrast to males, females are more likely to prefer extroverted styles. Age differences are seen on extroversion-introversion, thinking-feeling, and organized-flexible styles. In contrast to U.S. children, those in Zimbabwe tend to express higher preferences for practical, feeling, and organized styles. Implications for practice are discussed.
An enzymatic component of the insect blood-brain barrier: Implications of DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) oxidation

Abstract The oxidation of DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) was examined in intact brains of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis . The deposition of oxidized DAB was examined by electron microscopy and found to be localized in glial cells. A semi-quantitative comparison of this reaction was made in vitro between horseradish peroxides, catalase, and insect brain. Inhibition characteristics indicate that the brain reaction is not the result of an endogenous peroxidase or catalase. The use of specific inhibitors (i.e. sesamex, tranylcypromine) indicate that this reaction could be attributed to an amine oxidase (monoamine: O 2 oxido-reductase (deaminating), E.C. 1.4.3.4) of microsomal origin.
The force on a slender fish-like body

The force acting on a fish-like body with combined thickness and lifting effects is analysed on the assumption of inviscid flow. A general expression is developed for the pressure force on the body, which is analogous to the momentum-flux analysis for non-lifting bodies in classical hydrodynamics. For bodies with constant volume, the mean drag (or propulsive) force is expressed in terms of a contour integral around the vortex sheet behind the body. Attention is focused on the case of steady-state motion with constant angle of attack, and the induced drag is analysed for finned axisymmetric bodies using the slender-body approximation developed by Newman & Wu (1973). Unlike earlier results of Lighthill (1970), the lift–drag ratio in this case depends on the body thickness.
Use of a fractal-like gold nanostructure in surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy for detection of selected food contaminants.

The safety of imported seafood products because of the contamination of prohibited substances, including crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG), raised a great deal of concern in the United States. In this study, a fractal-like gold nanostructure was developed through a self-assembly process and the feasibility of using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with this nanostructure for detection of CV, MG, and their mixture (1:1) was explored. SERS was capable of characterizing and differentiating CV, MG, and their mixture on fractal-like gold nanostructures quickly and accurately. The enhancement factor of the gold nanostructures could reach an impressive level of ∼4 × 107, and the lowest detectable concentration for the dye molecules was at ∼0.2 ppb level. These results indicate that SERS coupled with fractal-like gold nanostructures holds a great potential as a rapid and ultra-sensitive method for detecting trace amounts of prohibited substances in contaminated food samples.
Using a calendar in event dating

Three experiments examined Thompson's reconstructive account for estimating the temporal location of an event. Thompson's day-of-week (DOW) model suggests that people know the DOW because diary studies have consistently produced dating errors at 7-day intervals (e.g. 0, 7, 14, 21, etc.). This study determined whether this DOW effect was produced by a calendar. It also examined whether time estimations were primarily reconstructed. A calendar improved both date and DOW estimates, but neither estimate depended on the use of a calendar. In addition, both date and DOW estimates were primarily reconstructed, but a large portion of DOW estimates were reproduced. Therefore, the argument was made that theories explaining memory for temporal location should account for both reproductive and reconstructive processes.
Differentiation of sensorimotor neuronal structures responsible for induction of motor evoked potentials, attenuation in detection of somatosensory stimuli, and induction of sensation of movement by mapping of optimal current directions

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the sensorimotor cortex can evoke motor evoked potentials (MEPs), attenuation in detection of somatosensory stimuli (ADSS), and sensation of movement (SOM) referred to the same body part. In this study we tried to differentiate the substrates responsible for these effects. In 6 normal volunteers, TMS was applied with a nearly monopolar Dantec stimulator and a butterfly coil. Optimal scalp location and current direction were determined for induction of MEPs in abductor pollicis brevis (APB), first dorsal interosseous (FDI), and adductor digiti minimi (ADM); SOM in digits 2 and 5 in an ischemically paralyzed hand; and ADSS applied to digits 2 and 5. All 3 muscles' MEPs and SOM and ADSS in both digits were optimally activated from a single scalp position. In all subjects, optimal current directions for MEPs pointed anteriorly; those for ADSS and SOM pointed posteriorly. Optimal current directions showed the same progression in all subjects for MEPs (ADM, FDI, and APB from antero-lateral to antero-medial), ADSS (digit 5 postero-medial, 2 postero-lateral), and SOM (digit 1 through 5 postero-lateral to postero-medial). We conclude that neuronal networks targeting corticospinal neurons responsible for MEPs are different from those leading to SOM and ADSS (which could not be differentiated).
A review of Vip3A mode of action and effects on Bt Cry protein-resistant colonies of Lepidopteran larvae.

The ability to protect crops from agriculturally important larval pests was transformed with the introduction of transgenically enhanced cultivars of maize, Zea mays L., designed to express -endotoxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). Bt crystalline -endotoxins (Bt Cry proteins) protect crops by disrupting the insect midgut after ingestion, typically leading to feeding reduction or cessation and eventual death of susceptible insects. The mode of action of Bt Cry proteins involves activation by gut proteases after ingestion, binding to midgut receptors on the brush border membrane, and pore formation leading to cell lysis. The most common mechanism of resistance to Bt Cry proteins is reduced or altered binding to midgut receptors. The most direct method to delay or overcome resistance to a single Bt Cry protein is to pyramid in the same plant two or more genes expressing proteins that bind to independent receptors. While Bt Cry proteins and their effects on insects are the most widely studied, Bt also produces additional vegetative insecticidal proteins commonly known as Vips. Isolation of Vip3A from Bt was first reported by Ciba Agricultural Biotechnology (now Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc.) by Estruch et al. (1996). The discovery of Vip3A revealed a novel class of insecticidal proteins with activity against a range of agriculturally important lepidopteran larvae including black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel); fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius); and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Initially, the reported novelty of Vip3A was based on two key findings. First, Vip3A is an exotoxin produced and secreted without N-terminal processing during the vegetative growth stage of Bt. This differs from Bt Cry proteins produced during sporulation. Secondly, Vip3A shares no sequence homology with any known Bt Cry proteins. The amount of shared sequence homology between Bt Cry proteins is an important indicator of the risk that the two Bt Cry proteins will share binding sites on the midgut of the insect, predisposing the proteins to cross-resistance (Tabashnik 1994). The differences in production stage and lack of sequence homology with Bt Cry proteins were the first indicators that Vip3A would be an important new tool for transgenic control of lepidopteran pests and complement Bt Cry proteins in pyramided products for enhanced strategies to slow the development of resistance. To build on the initial indications, Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc. and others have further studied the mode of action and effects of Vip3A on insect strains resistant to Bt Cry proteins. Yu et al. (1997) described the first reported study of the mode of action of Vip3As. Their observations focused on the effect of Vip3A on the target cells of
A more applicable notion of effective stability for Hamiltonian systems

Abstract The purpose of this Note is to give a result of effective stability for perturbations of integrable Hamiltonian systems, which we believe is more suitable for applications to concrete Hamiltonian systems.
Intermittent Fasting and Human Metabolic Health

Periods of voluntary abstinence from food and drink (i.e., intermittent fasting) has been practiced since earliest antiquity by peoples around the globe. Books on ethnology and religion describe a remarkable variety of fasting forms and practices.1 Renewed interest in fasting regimens is evidenced by a plethora of popular press publications and diet recommendations. For example, in 2013, Mosley and Spencer published a best-selling book titled “The Fast Diet,” which touts the benefits of restricting energy intake severely for two days a week while eating normally the rest of the week.2 Dozens of books promote various fasting dietary patterns and the web offers hundreds of fasting-related sites. However, scientific evidence for the health benefits of intermittent fasting in humans is often extrapolated from animal studies, based on observational data on religious fasting (particularly Ramadan), or derived from experimental studies with modest sample sizes. The overall objective of this paper is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens (Table 1) and summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting with a focus on human intervention studies. Because much of the data on intermittent fasting is from research in animal models, we briefly summarize key rodent studies and reviews. Health outcomes of interest are changes in weight and metabolic parameters associated with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. We also present an overview of the major mechanisms hypothesized to link fasting regimens with human health: (1) circadian biology, (2) the gastrointestinal microbiota, and (3) modifiable lifestyle behaviors such as diet, activity, and sleep. Finally, we present conclusions regarding the evidence-base for intermittent fasting as an intervention for improving human health and propose a research agenda. Table 1 Types of intermittent fasting regimens that are hypothesized to impact health outcomes This paper provides a uniquely broad synthesis of the scientific evidence linking intermittent fasting with human health and a framework for future research on this topic.
PHYLOGENY OF THE EUGLENOPHYTES: ANALYSIS USING SSU RDNA AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERS

The use of both molecular and morphological data to determine relationships among the euglenoids is vital for a complete understanding of their phylogeny, and the development of an accurate taxonomy. Analyses of the SSU (18S) rDNA from 12 euglenoid genera have resulted in tree topologies that are in agreement with many defining morphological characters. The euglenoid lineage is formed by phagotrophic euglenoids at its base, followed by the divergence of phototrophs that in-turn gave rise to osmotrophs. The photosynthetic lineage is anchored by euglenoids with two emergent flagella, Eutreptia and Eutreptiella, while the remainder of the lineage is composed of euglenoids with a single emergent flagellum. Among the photosynthetic euglenoids with a single emergent flagellum those that secrete mucilaginous stalks, Colacium, or form a lorica, Trachelomonas and Strombomonas, are closely associated. The remaining photosynthetic genera Euglena, Phacus, and Lepocinclis are intermixed with each other and the osmotrophic genera Astasia, and Khawkinea. Hence, they are not monophyletic, sensu Hennig. To reinforce molecular phylogenies, a robust morphological character database is necessary. For taxa with complex internal structures complete serial reconstruction is required. Serial reconstruction of the flagellar and feeding apparatuses in Ploeotia costata illustrate this necessity. Originally described as having both an MTR (Type I) and a Type II feeding apparatus, reconstruction has shown P. costata to have a single, Type II, feeding apparatus. Moreover, the Type II now appears to be an autapomorphy for Ploeotia species, while euglenoid feeding apparatuses, in toto, appear to form a continuum of structural types.
Proton SBRT for Medically Inoperable Stage I NSCLC

Introduction The physical properties of proton beam radiation may offer advantages for treating patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its utility for the treatment of medically inoperable stage I NSCLC patients with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is unknown. Methods Outcomes for patients with medically inoperable stage I NSCLC treated with proton SBRT were retrospectively analyzed. Proton SBRT was selected as the treatment modality based on pulmonary comorbidities (n = 5), prior chest radiation or/and multiple primary tumors (n = 7), or other reasons (n = 3). Treatments were administered using 2 to 3 proton beams. Treatment toxicity was scored according to common toxicity criteria for adverse events version 4 criteria. Results Fifteen consecutive patients and 20 tumors were treated with proton SBRT to 42 to 50 Gy(relative biological effectiveness) in 3 to 5 fractions between July 2008 and September 2010. Treatments were well tolerated with only one case of grade 2 fatigue, one case of grade 2 dermatitis, three cases of rib fracture (maximum grade 2), and one case of grade 3 pneumonitis in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With a median follow-up of 24.1 months, 2-year overall survival and local control rates were 64% (95% confidence limits, 34%–83%) and 100% (83%–100%), respectively. Conclusions We conclude that proton SBRT is effective and well tolerated in this unfavorable group of patients. Prospective clinical trials testing the utility of proton SBRT in stage I NSCLC are warranted.
Survival benefits of X-ray screening for lung cancer after bias adjustments

Abstract In this paper we use a data set for which a relevant control group is unavaaible to evaluate benefits of X-ray screening for lung cancer. Bias-free analyses are difficult with such data. We compare survivals of screen-detected and clinically diagnosed cases, adjusting for screening biases as part of the survival analysis. Our results, without a control group, are that significant bias-free survival benefits exist for screen-detected cases as compared with those clinically diagnosed. The significant mortality reduction indicated here, even without a control group, suggests that the debate on X-ray screening for early detection of lung cancer of high risk, apparently healthy, individuals is not over yet.
Constrictive Pericarditis Due to Graft-vs-Host Disease

A 29-year-old man experienced a diffuse lichenoid rash that extended to his palms (panel A) and soles, peripheral blood eosinophilia, blurry vision, and recalcitrant generalized edema 2 weeks after donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) for relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Skin biopsy revealed vacuolar interface inflammation consistent with graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). The rash improved with topical corticosteroids; however, the edema gradually worsened during the ensuing weeks, and the patient gained 23 kg. A thorough endocrine/metabolic evaluation for causes of anasarca was unremarkable. Transthoracic echocardiography, which had been completely normal 2 weeks before DLI, revealed a thickened pericardium, paroxysmal ventricular septal motion (supplemental video online linked to this article), high medial mitral annular velocity (panel B), and phasic respiratory changes of mitral valve inflow (E wave velocity; panel C). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated abnormal concentric delayed pericardial enhancement (arrow, panel D). The patient's condition was unresponsive to oral colchicine of 1 month's duration. Because his symptoms attributable to constrictive pericarditis occurred in the setting of GVHD development in other organs after DLI, the patient was treated with a moderate dose of corticosteroids (prednisone, 0.5 mg/kg/d). The anasarca rapidly improved. Six weeks after initiation of prednisone and 6 months after DLI, the patient remained in remission from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. His symptoms due to chronic GVHD were manageable; however, he died of infectious complications of profound immunosuppression. Pericarditis is an uncommon manifestation of chronic GVHD,1 and, to our knowledge, has been reported after DLI only once previously.2
Oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases frequently affect the mucous membranes producing characteristic and potentially diagnostic lesions on the oral mucosa. This article reviews the classic route of transmission and the corresponding clinical presentation of several of the sexually transmitted viruses, including herpes virus types I and II, Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human papilloma virus, molluscum contagiosum, as well as the human immunodeficiency virus. Bacterial infections such as syphilis, gonorrhea, as well as the fungus candida are reviewed under the umbrella of STDs with potential oral involvement encountered in the sexually active patient.
Role of central opioid receptor subtypes in morphine-induced alterations in peripheral lymphocyte activity.

Abstract Morphine has been shown to decrease proliferative responses of rat T-lymphocytes via central opioid receptors, however, the specific receptor subtype(s) mediating this effect have not been established. To determine the potential role of central μ opioid receptors in morphine-mediated suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation, 20 nmol/2 μl of either morphine sulfate or DAMGO (μ-selective agonist) were administered into the lateral ventricle of freely moving Sprague–Dawley rats. Lymphocyte proliferative response to the polyclonal T cell mitogen concanavalin A (ConA), changes in splenic natural killer cell (NK) cytolytic activity, activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and antinociception (tail-flick latency) were examined. Results indicated that like morphine, DAMGO decreased blood lymphocyte proliferative responses by 80% and elevated both tail-flick latency and plasma corticosterone when compared to saline-treated animals. The proliferation response of lymphocytes from the spleen or thymus and splenic NK cell activity were not significantly altered by either morphine or DAMGO treatment. The effects of DAMGO were determined to be dose-dependent and completely antagonized by naltrexone pretreatment. Central administration of DPDPE (δ-selective agonist) and U-50488 (κ-selective agonist) produced between 40–50% suppression of blood lymphocyte proliferation responses only at a dose five times greater (100 nmol) than DAMGO treatment, without altering antinociception or activation of the HPA axis. To determine the central opioid receptor subtype(s) involved in the effects of morphine, selective opioid antagonists were microinjected into the lateral ventricle prior to morphine treatment (6 mg/kg, s.c.). CTOP (μ-selective antagonist, 5 μg/2 μl) completely blocked the effects of morphine on all parameters measured, however, naltrindole (δ-selective antagonist, 2 μg/2 μl) or nor-binaltorphimine (κ-selective antagonist, 73.5 μg/2 μl) failed to block the effects of morphine. Collectively, these results provide evidence that morphine acts primarily through central μ receptors to modulate peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation responses. Further, the antinociception and blood lymphocyte effects show greater sensitivity to opioids than either natural killer cell cytolytic activity or activation of the HPA axis.
NEUTRINO PROCESSES IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS AND SUPERNOVA PHYSICS

Strong magnetic fields are suspected to exist in some core-collapse supernovae, which would affect the neutrino processes such as νe+n ⇌ e-+p and $\bar\nu_e+p\rightleftharpoons e^++n$. We briefly review the motion of charged particles in the presence of magnetic fields and the changes of the above processes induced by magnetic fields. We also discuss the implications of these changes for supernova physics in the context of neutrino-driven explosion.
THE RECONFIGURABLE RING OF PROCESSORS: EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS VIA HYPERCUBE SIMULATION

We propose a design for, and investigate the computational power of a dynamically reconfigurable parallel computer that we call the Reconfigurable Ring of Processors ($\mathcal{RRP}$, for short). The $\mathcal{RRP}$ is a ring of identical processing elements (PEs) that are interconnected via a flexible multi-line reconfigurable bus, each of whose lines has one-packet width and can be configured, independently of the other lines, to establish an arbitrary PE-to-PE connection. A novel aspect of our design is a communication protocol we call COMET — for Cooperative MEssage Transmission — which allows PEs of an $\mathcal{RRP}$ to exchange one-packet messages with latency that is logarithmic in the number of PEs the message passes over in transit. The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm that allows an N-PE, N-line $\mathcal{RRP}$ to simulate an N-PE hypercube executing a normal algorithm, with slowdown less than 4 loglog N, provided that the local state of a hypercube PE can be encoded and transmit...
Zinc inhibits the nuclear translocation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and protects cultured human neurons from copper-induced neurotoxicity.

High concentrations of the trace metal zinc (Zn) have previously been shown to provide transient protection of cells from apoptotic death. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this protection are not known. Thus, this work explored the ability of Zn to protect human neurons in culture (NT2-N) from Cu-mediated death and tested the hypotheses that the tumor-suppressor protein p53 plays a role in Cu-induced neuronal death and is part of the mechanism of Zn protection. Copper toxicity (100 µM) resulted in significant apoptotic neuronal death by 12 h. Addition of 100 µM Zn to Cu-treated cells increased neuronal death. However, the addition of 700 µM Zn to Cu-treated cells resulted in neuronal viability that was not different from untreated controls through 24 h. p53 mRNA abundance, while increased by the addition of Cu and 100 µM Zn, was decreased to 50% of control with the addition of 500 µM Zn in Cu-treated cells, and to 10% of control with 700 µM Zn. Consistent with its role as a transcription factor, both Western analysis and immunocytochemistry showed significant increases in nuclear p53 protein levels in Cu toxicity. The role of p53 in Cu-mediated apoptosis was further confirmed by elimination of apoptosis in Cu-treated cells that had been transfected with a dominant-negative p53 construct to prevent p53 expression. Furthermore, the addition of 500–700 µM Zn prevented the movement of p53 into the nucleus suggesting that Zn not only protects neurons from Cu toxicity by regulating p53 mRNA abundance but also by preventing the translocation of p53 to the nucleus.
Quantification of crosstalk for broadside and edgeside stripline

Parallel stripline traces often have unintentional energy imposed upon them through the mechanisms of crosstalk. This work examines the prevalence of crosstalk between parallel traces on different layers through simulation and provides reference plots to allow engineers to determine required filtering to meet emissions requirements.
High-affinity nitrosamine dealkylase system in rat liver microsomes and its induction by fasting.

In order to elucidate the enzymic basis of nitrosamine metabolism, the in vitro metabolism of nitrosamines by rat liver microsomes and the effects of fasting on the microsomal enzymes have been studied. Fasting for 1 to 3 days causes a 2- to 3-fold enhancement of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (NDMAD) activity. The cytochrome P-450 content and the activities of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase and benzphetamine demethylase, however, are only modestly increased. Gel electrophoretic analysis reveals the induction of a 50,000-dalton protein band during fasting. The induction of this protein band as well as the enhancement of NDMAD activity are inhibited by CoCI2 and inhibitors of protein and RNA biosynthesis. The involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the NDMAD is supported by the fact that microsomal reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase is required for the demethylase activity. Kinetic analysis indicates that a low-Km form of NDMAD (apparent Km, 0.07 mm) is markedly induced by fasting. With microsomes of control rats, there are at least three apparent Km values (0.07, 0.38, and 38.6 mm) for NDMAD; but with microsomes of fasting rats, the low-Km (0.07 mm) form is predominant. These results suggest that rat liver microsomes contain a cytochrome P-450 isozyme which has high affinity for nitrosodimethylamine, and this isozyme is induced by fasting. In addition to nitrosodimethylamine, the oxidative demethylation of N -nitroso- N -methylethylamine, N -nitroso- N -methylbutylamine, N -nitroso- N -methylaniline, and N -nitroso- N -methylbenzylamine is also enhanced by fasting. The extent of enhancement and substrate dependency of these reactions, however, is different from that of NDMAD.
Design approaches for stealthy probing mechanisms in battlefield networks

Various approaches have been proposed in the past for monitoring a network to diagnose failures and performance bottlenecks. One such approach for efficient and effective monitoring is probing. Probes such as ICMP pings are an effective tool for detecting network nodes which have been compromised by an attacker who tries to delay or drop traffic passing through the captured node. However an intelligent attacker may evade detection by giving preferential treatment to probe traffic. This is usually possible because probe packets have a different format from regular application packets and are easily distinguishable. Hence, it is important to probe in a stealthy manner so as to avoid identification of probes by an attacker and to ensure the collection of accurate system health statistics. In this paper, we review design approaches for generating stealthy probes and describe various possible mechanisms that can be used for such a design. These approaches are evaluated according to the design criteria and we identify what may be feasible solutions for stealthy probing in battlefield ad-hoc wireless networks.
Region and recalcitrance: Rethinking democracy through Southeast Asia

Abstract The spread of liberal democracy around the world has raised the risk of wishful thinking by students of democratization who hope that what they study will happen. One way of reducing this risk is to focus on regions that challenge the expectations and explanations of democratization. Four criteria can roughly measure a region's ‘recalcitrance’ in this regard: the extent to which it: (1) lacks liberal democracy, thus disappointing democ‐ratizers; (2) is diverse, thus making it hard to explain the lack of liberal democracy with across‐the‐board generalizations; (3) seems not to fit a particularly common expectation, e.g., that more well‐to‐do countries should be more liberal‐democratic; and (4) has leaders who have articulated a serious critique of liberal democracy. By meeting all of these criteria more fully than other parts of the world, Southeast Asia qualifies as the most recalcitrant region. The anomalousness of Southeast Asia is no reason for pessimism. But it does suggest that observers wou...
Model-based engineering design for space missions

The basic elements of model-based design for space missions have existed for almost a decade, awaiting an opportunity to implement them in the same place at the same time. In early design phases, combinations of models, concurrent engineering methods, and scenario-driven design have been used for several years with results that have exceeded even optimistic expectations; but the goal of extending these methods to later phases of design has been more elusive. JPL's model-based engineering design (MBED) initiative provides opportunity to reach that goal. It enables advanced systems engineering practice through a series of integrated, increasingly detailed models that provide continuity from architectural concept through detailed design. It extends current capability for rapid conceptual design, allowing thorough exploration of design tradespaces and selection of an optimal design point with associated cost and rationale; and it provides seamless connection to subsystem models and detailed design tool suites. We review the goals and status of MBED and show the expected interconnectivity between conceptual and detailed design.
Influence of Age and Magnesium on Calcium Metabolism in Rats

This study evaluates the effect of dietary magnesium concentration on calcium metabolism in rats of differing ages. Young (3 wk) and old (18 mo) Fischer 344 rats were fed the AIN-76A diet modified to contain either low (218 mg/kg) or adequate (419 mg/kg) Mg for 4 wk. Some rats subsequently underwent a metabolic balance study (12 d duration). Other rats were gavaged with approximately 220 KBq (6 microCi) of 47Ca; daily fecal and urine collections were made and periodic whole body radioactivity determined. Femurs were removed and analyzed. Calcium retention and balance were not affected by Mg in young rats. In old rats low Mg intake increased apparent Ca balance. Young rats retained about 3.25 times more of the original dose of 47Ca than did old rats. Young rats retained more 47Ca in the femur than did old rats; Mg intake had little effect. Aging accelerated Ca turnover rate, and whole body retention data suggest that adequate Mg does not significantly reduce Ca turnover.
Cardiopulmonary Aspects of Obesity in Women

This review discusses the cardiopulmonary aspects of obesity in nonpregnant women. The effects of obesity on pulmonary diffusing capacity and pulmonary gas exchange are related to the waist-to-hip ratio. Obese women have an increased risk for heart failure compared with normal-weight women, a risk that progressively worsens with increasing body mass index. They also have poor cardiac accommodation and possess a lower oxygen pulse at peak exercise. Cardiac output, heart rate, and total blood volume are higher in obese women whereas ejection fraction is lower compared with normal-weight women; substantial weight loss normalizes these parameters.
Elastic hadron-hadron scattering at ultrahigh energies and existence of many dips

Recent experiments on high-energy, large-$t$ elastic $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering are discussed in the context of the geometrical picture. Detailed computations for elastic $\mathrm{pp}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}p$, and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scatterings based on this picture are presented. It is emphasized that at very high energies there will be many dips in elastic scattering.
Xom as a novel partner of Lef/Tcfs during dorsal-ventral patterning of the Xenopus embryo.

Xom as a novel partner of Lef/Tcfs during dorsal-ventral patterning of the Xenopus embryo
Contribution of Atmospheric Circulation to Inception of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at 116 kyr BP

The role of atmospheric circulations, yielding extremely cold summer and wet winter seasons, in the development of perennial snow cover over the inception region of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is investigated using the Community Land Model, version 3 (CLM3) with bias-corrected 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) idealized atmospheric forcing. Potential contribution of changes in frequency of these extremes under contemporary and Eemian (116 kyr BP) conditions is also examined by adjusting the atmospheric forcing. The results confirm that colder atmospheric temperatures during the melt season are more important than extreme amounts of winter snowfall. Increases in frequency of extremely cold and persistent summer air temperatures in the contemporary climate do not produce perennial snow. An additional cooling of 4°C together with adjustments for Eemian incident radiation is required for perennial snow to start growing around Hudson Bay. Deeper snow is found over the Labrador–Ungava area, close to the North Atlantic Ocean moisture sources, compared to the Keewatin area. These areas are in agreement with the locations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet domes found from free gravity analysis. Starting from the warm present-day atmosphere a 25% decrease in summer insolation is required for CLM3 to develop perennial snow. This suggests that cooling resulting from modest decreases in local insolation in response to Milankovitch radiation forcing was insufficient for inception at 116 kyr BP. Remote cooling or local feedbacks that amplify the impact of the modest insolation reductions are required. A large-scale atmospheric cooling appears to have played a decisive role in inception.