cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A critical study of higher-order numerical methods for solving the boundary-layer equations

A fourth order box method is presented for calculating numerical solutions to parabolic, partial differential equations in two variables or ordinary differential equations. The method, which is the natural extension of the second order box scheme to fourth order, was demonstrated with application to the incompressible, laminar and turbulent, boundary layer equations. The efficiency of the present method is compared with two point and three point higher order methods, namely, the Keller box scheme with Richardson extrapolation, the method of deferred corrections, a three point spline method, and a modified finite element method. For equivalent accuracy, numerical results show the present method to be more efficient than higher order methods for both laminar and turbulent flows.
Charge transfer reactions involving doubly-charged molecular ions

Abstract Electron transfer reactions between doubly-charged molecular ions and neutral molecules have been studied. Electron impact ionization of AB molecules (AB = N 2 , O 2 , NO, CO 2 , and I 2 ) has resulted in formation of stable, doubly-charged AB 2 + molecular ions which have been accelerated to keV kinetic energies and reacted with neutral target molecules to produce fast AB + molecular ions. Variations of AB + product ion intensities with ionizing electron energy are similar to previously measured ionization efficiency curves of AB 2+ reactant ions. Total cross sections measured for single electron transfer in N 2 2+ -AB reactions are relatively large. Large cross sections result from small energy defects and favorable vibrational overlaps for the charge transfer process N 2 2+ + AB → N 2 + + AB + .
SEMIEMPIRICAL MODEL FOR DIRECT NUCLEAR BREAKUP REACTIONS

A semiempirical model describing the direct breakup of light nuclei by low-energy nucleons is proposed. The model is based upon the assumption that a statistical equilibrium is established with respect to the incident particle and ($\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}1$) tightly bound subgroup components of the target nucleus inside of an energy-dependent interaction volume. The interaction volume is taken to be an oblate spheroid which is oriented along the direction of the incident particle path, and which has a minor axis equal to the de Broglie wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, and a major axis equal to ($R+a\ensuremath{\lambda}$), where $R$ and $a$ are parameters characteristic to the particular reaction involved. The direct breakup cross section is calculated for the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(n, 2n){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}})3{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ reactions.
Seasonal acclimation of prairie deer mice

Prairie deer mice responded to long nights by reducing their metabolic rates, core temperatures, thermal conductances and incremental metabolic responses to cold stimulus, while increasing their capacities for nonshivering thermogenesis. Some winter animals spontaneously entered daily torpor in the mornings and thereby further reduced their metabolic rates and core temperatures. Provision of exogenous melatonin (by subdermal implants) mimiced short photoperiod effects on metabolic rates and core temperatures of wild-caught, laboratory maintained animals. Provision of supplemental dietary tryptophan to laboratory animals conditioned to natural light cycles mimiced metabolic effects of long nights in summer animals, and further reduced metabolic rates of winter mice, but did not affect their core temperature levels. Newly caught, laboratory maintained deer mice responded to natural seasonal clues of shortphotoperiod and increased dietary tryptophan by reducing their resting energy requirements through both lower metabolic and lower core temperature levels. Short photoperiod and seasonal change also promoted gonadal involution, and resulted in more socially tolerant huddling by mice with reduced core temperature. Reduced 24-hour LH excretion rates were also observed in winter animals which were exposed to seasonal light cycles at warm (25°C) room temperatures. We propose that seasonal acclimatization involves pineal effects on sex hormone-influenced social behaviors and on resting metabolism. These effects serve to conserve resting energy expenditure and promote hypothermic insulation by wild prairie deer mice.
Superstring field theory

We construct a class of cubic gauge-invariant actions for superstring field theory, gauge fix one of them and show that it reproduces the known superstring S-matrix. In our construction boson string fields are taken in the 0 picture and fermion string fields in the −12 picture. For 0 picture the bosonic kinetic term requires an insertion carrying −2 units of picture number. We construct all possible picture-changing operators with the required properties. We use the simplest of these to construct the superstring action we choose to analyze here. In the gauge b1 + b−1 = 0, the conformal mappings needed to evaluate the tree diagrams are algebraic, and this enables a completely explicit derivation of the Koba-Nielsen amplitudes. In this gauge the action formally linearizes, a phenomenon familiar from other Chern-Simons type theories. Nontrivial scattering amplitudes are obtained by approaching this gauge as a limit.
The state of preparations for a UN code of conduct

In the United Nations an Intergovernmental Working Group tries to cope with the phenomenon of transnational corporations by working on a code of conduct. Hartmut Scheele, who participated in this work, reviews the results the Group has achieved up to now.
Changes in Maternal liver Cyp2c and Cyp2d Expression and Activity During Rat Pregnancy

Abstract During human pregnancy, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 activities are altered. The aim of the current study was to determine if this phenomenon can be replicated in the rat, and to evaluate the mechanisms that contribute to the changes in Cyp2c and Cyp2d activity during pregnancy. The intrinsic clearance of dextromethorphan O -demethylation, a measure of Cyp2d2 activity, was decreased 80% at both days 9 and 19 of gestation when compared to non-pregnant controls. The decreased intrinsic clearance was a result of both decreased V max and increased K m -values at both days of gestation. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that transcripts of Cyp2d2 and Cyp2d4 were significantly decreased at day 19 of pregnancy ( p K m -value for 4′-hydroxydiclofenac formation. These data show that pregnancy significantly alters the expression and activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in an enzyme and gestational stage specific manner. These changes are likely to have toxicological and therapeutic implications.
Independent domination in hereditary classes

We investigate Independent Domination Problem within hereditary classes of graphs. Boliac and Lozin [Independent domination in finitely defined classes of graphs, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 301 (1-3) (2003) 271-284] proved some sufficient conditions for Independent Domination Problem to be NP-complete within finitely defined hereditary classes of graphs. They posed a question whether the conditions are also necessary. We show that the conditions are not necessary, since Independent Domination Problem is NP-hard within 2P3-free graphs.Moreover, we show that the problem remains NP-hard for a new hereditary class of graphs, called hereditary 3-satgraphs. We characterize hereditary 3-satgraphs in terms of forbidden induced subgraph. As corollaries, we prove that Independent Domination Problem is NP-hard within the class of all 2P3-free perfect graphs and for K1,5-free weakly chordal graphs.Finally, we compare complexity of Independent Domination Problem with that of Independent Set Problem for a hierarchy of hereditary classes recently proposed by Hammer and Zverovich [Construction of maximal stable sets with k-extensions, Combin. Probab. Comput. 13 (2004) 1-8]. For each class in the hierarchy, a maximum independent set can be found in polynomial time, and the hierarchy covers all graphs. However, our characterization of hereditary 3-satgraphs implies that Independent Domination Problem is NP-hard for almost all classes in the hierarchy. This fact supports a conjecture that Independent Domination is harder than Independent Set Problem within hereditary classes.
Classification of focal liver lesions in ultrasonic images based on echo texture analysis

We have developed a method for distinguishing benign from malignant focal liver lesions based on multiscale texture analysis. In this method, ROIs extracted from within the lesions were decomposed into subimages by wavelet packets. Multiscale texture features were calculated from these subimages based upon a single-scale feature defined on the original ROIs. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used for combining these multiscale features for classification of lesions, and its performance was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (A z ). A subset of the multiscale features that yields the highest performance is selected in a step-wise manner as the wavelet packet decomposition is performed. Three single-scale features, i.e., entropy, root mean square, and first moment of the power spectrum, are used to generate the multiscale texture features. In an analysis of 193 ROIs consisting of 50 hemangiomas (benign lesions), 69 hepatocellular carcinomas, and 74 metastases (both malignant lesions), the multiscale features yielded a high A z value of 0.92 in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions, whereas the single-scale features yielded only 0.70. Our multiscale texture analysis method can effectively differentiate malignant from benign lesions, and thus can increase the accuracy of diagnosis of focal liver lesions in sonography.
Pair disruption in female zebra finches: consequences for offspring phenotype and sensitivity to a social stressor

Maternal effects can result in transgenerational phenotypic plasticity, in which environmental variation experienced by mothers is translated into phenotypic variation in offspring. Although maternal effects have been a focus of much recent research, little is known about the long-term consequences of disturbance of the maternal social environment on offspring phenotype in socially monogamous and biparental species. We hypothesized that pair separation followed by re-pairing may generate maternal effects on offspring development. Here, we gave previously paired female zebra finches access to new males 6 days following removal of their original partner to assess experimentally the effects of re-pairing (an ecologically relevant form of social disturbance) on female reproductive investment, yolk corticosterone concentrations and subsequent offspring phenotype. Pair disruption boosted growth in female offspring and delayed the development of plumage colour sex dimorphism in males. Although yolk corticosterone concentrations were not affected by the treatment, offspring from treated mothers were less responsive to social isolation in a novel environment compared to control offspring. This is, to our knowledge, the first study demonstrating that maternal re-pairing prior to hatching has long-lasting effects on offspring phenotype in a socially monogamous and biparental species. Our results also suggest that prehatching maternal effects of this social disturbance are not mediated by maternal yolk corticosterone. Additional studies are required to determine the potential pathways of these maternal effects (e.g. other hormones, epigenetic programming, protein/nutrient content of eggs, etc.) and their adaptive value.
The vibrational spectra of platinum-2-butene complexes: K[PtCl3(trans-C4H8] and K[PtCl3(cis-C4H8]

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained for K[PtCl3(trans-2-butene)] and K[PtCl3(cis-2-butene)]. Infrared spectra are for powders over the range 35–4000 cm−1, while Raman data are for both powders and aqueous solutions and include polarizations. The purpose of the study was to see whether these data support a recent re-interpretation of the spectra of Zeise's salt, the corresponding ethylene complex (Ref. [1]). The conclusion is that they do. The central CC stretch can be assigned to bands near 1250 cm−1, and the two PtC2 stretches to bands near 400 and 490 cm−1. We conclude that the olefin ligands are bound tightly to the platinum atom. Also, they are probably distorted from the planar configurations of the free molecules.
Comparative analysis of anti-viral transcriptomics reveals novel effects of influenza immune antagonism

Comparative analysis of genome-wide expression profiles are increasingly being used to study virus-specific host interactions. In order to gain mechanistic insights, gene expression profiles can be combined with information on DNA-binding sites of transcription factors to detect transcription factor activity (by analysis of target gene sets) during viral infections. Here, we apply this approach to study mechanisms of immune antagonism elicited by Influenza A virus (New Caledonia/20/1999) by comparing the transcriptional response with the non-pathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which lacks human immune antagonism. Existing gene set approaches do not quantify activity in a way that can be statistically compared between responses. We thus developed a new method for Bayesian Estimation of Transcription factor Activity (BETA) that allows for such quantification and comparative analysis across multiple responses. BETA predicted decreased ISGF3 activity during influenza A infection of human dendritic cells (reflected in lower expression of Interferon Stimulated Genes, ISGs). This prediction was confirmed through a combination of mathematical modeling and experiments at different multiplicities of infection to show that ISGs were specifically blocked in infected cells. Suppression of the transcription factor SATB1 was also predicted as a novel effect of influenza-mediated immune antagonism, and validated experimentally. Comparative analysis of genome-wide transcriptional profiles can reveal new effects of viral immune antagonism. We have developed a computational framework (BETA) that enables quantitative comparative analysis of transcription factor activities. This method will aid future studies to identify mechanistic differences in the host-pathogen interactions. Application of BETA to genome-wide transcriptional profiling data from human DCs identified SATB1 as a novel effect of influenza antagonism.
Active Water Management for PEM Fuel Cells

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells require humidified gases to maintain proper membrane humidification, but this often results in a problematic accumulation of liquid water. Typically, excessive air flow rates and serpentine channel designs are used to mitigate flooding at the cost of system efficiency. In this paper, we present an active water management system that decouples water removal from oxidant delivery. The system uses a porous carbon flow field plate as an integrated wick that can passively redistribute water within the fuel cell. The system also employs an external electro-osmotic (EO) pump that actively removes excess water from the channels and gas diffusion layer. For a 25 cm 2 fuel cell with 23 parallel air channels, we demonstrate a 60% increase in maximum power density over a standard graphite plate with a low air stoichiometry of 1.3. EO pumping represents a negligible parasitic load, consuming typically less than 0.5% of the fuel cell power. Experimental and modeling results show that simple passive water transport through the porous carbon alone can prevent flooding at certain operating conditions and flow field dimensions. However, active water management with EO pumping facilitates robust operation with a high volumetric power density across all operating conditions.
Surgical repositioning of an impacted dilacerated incisor in mixed dentition

ABSTRACT Background Treatment options for a dilacerated incisor are either extraction or surgery and orthodontic traction. Because patients with such incisors usually are young, and because of the root angulation of the impacted incisor, treatment usually is lengthy and complicated. Surgical repositioning provides another option for treatment of this unique problem. Case Description The author presents the case of a 9-year-old girl with an impacted dilacerated maxillary central incisor to demonstrate the timing, technique and results of the surgical repositioning treatment approach. The advantages of this approach include immediate esthetic improvement, use of a single and simplified surgical procedure, simple and short orthodontic therapy, a normal gingival margin and the possibility of the developing root's adapting to the new position. Clinical Implications Surgical repositioning is a simplified treatment for dilacerated incisors. It is especially valuable in cases of difficult-to-treat impaction. Timing of surgical repositioning depends on the incisor's root development and the space available for the transplant.
DEEP, WIDE-FIELD CCD PHOTOMETRY FOR THE OPEN CLUSTER NGC 3532

We present the results of a deep, wide-field CCD survey for the open cluster NGC 3532. Our new BV(RI) c photometry effectively covers a one square degree area and reaches an unprecedented depth of V ~ 21 to reveal that NGC 3532 is a rich open cluster that harbors a large number of faint, low-mass stars. We employ a number of methods to reduce the impact of field star contamination in the cluster color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), including supplementing our photometry with JHK_s data from the 2MASS catalog. These efforts allow us to define a robust sample of candidate main-sequence stars suitable for a purely empirical determination of the cluster's parameters by comparing them to the well-established Hyades main sequence. Our results confirm previous findings that NGC 3532 lies fairly near to the Sun [(m – M)_0 = 8.46 ± 0.05; 492^(+12)_(–11) pc] and has an extremely low reddening for its location near the Galactic plane [E(B – V) = 0.028 ± 0.006]. Moreover, an age of ~300 Myr has been derived for the cluster by fitting a set of overshooting isochrones to the well-populated upper main sequence. This new photometry also extends faint enough to reach the cluster white dwarf sequence, as confirmed by our photometric recovery of eight spectroscopically identified members of the cluster. Using the location of these eight members, along with the latest theoretical cooling tracks, we have identified ~30 additional white dwarf stars in the [V, (B – V)] CMD that have a high probability of belonging to NGC 3532. Reassuringly, the age we derive from fitting white dwarf isochrones to the locus of these stars, 300 ± 100 Myr, is consistent with the age derived from the turnoff. Our analysis of the photometry also includes an estimation of the binary star fraction as well as a determination of the cluster's luminosity and mass functions.
An experimental study of the secondary deformation produced by oblique-slip normal faulting

We have used scaled clay models to define the secondary deformation produced by oblique-slip normal faulting. In the models, the master fault beneath the clay layer dips 45 degrees and strikes at a 45 degrees angle relative to the heave direction (i.e., the horizontal component of the displacement direction). Thus, the master fault has both normal dip-slip and strike-slip components of displacement. The modeling results show the following. (1) The fault patterns produced by oblique-slip normal faulting vary significantly with depth. Secondary faults that strike obliquely to the master-fault trend are more abundant near the top of the clay layer, whereas secondary faults that are subparallel to the master-fault trend are more abundant at depth. (2) A single episode of oblique-slip normal faulting produces two populations of secondary faults that have different trends and ages. Secondary faults that strike obliquely to the master-fault trend are more abundant during the early stages of the experiments, whereas secondary faults that strike subparallel to the master-fault trend are more abundant during the later stages of the experiments. (3) Relay ramps between overlapping secondary synthetic normal faults are wide and temporally persistent in oblique-slip models. The ramps are cut by numerous small-scale normal faults that are subparallel to the ramp-bounding faults. Cross faults are uncommon and begin to develop only during the final stages of the experiments. (4) Both map and cross section data are necessary to distinguish among the deformation patterns produced by strike-slip, oblique-slip, and dip-slip faulting. The map views of oblique-slip models closely resemble those of strike-slip models; in both models, many of the secondary faults strike obliquely to the master-fault trend. These map views, however, differ considerably from those of dip-slip models, in which most of the secondary faults strike subparallel to the master-fault trend. Alternatively, the cross sectional views of oblique-slip models are similar to those of dip-slip models; in both models, a highly faulted extensional forced fold develops. These cross sectional views are dissimilar to those of strike-slip models, which show no appreciable folding and no change of regional level.
4×2Gbps Source-Synchronous Transmitter in 45nm CMOS

A 4-lane, 2Gbps-per-lane, source synchronous, voltage-mode differential transmitter is presented here. Staggered switching of driver termination is used to obtain controlled, nearlinear rise/fall transitions on the pads. The timing for the staggering is generated by a calibrated digitally controlled delay line. An on-chip high bandwidth regulator serves as a low impedance 400mV source required for voltage mode transmission. The transmitter, designed and fabricated in 45nm CMOS technology, occupies a core area of 0.013mm2 per lane and consumes 4.3mW/Gbps.
Immunochemical heterogeneity of commercial hog pepsinogen

Abstract Commercial preparation of hog pepsinogen have been found to contain two immunologically distinct pepsinogen fractions. The fraction with the fastest anodal mobility in agar gel is the major constituent and has been shown to consist of four electrophoretically distinct pepsinogens which are indistinguishable by immunoprecipitation techniques. The fraction with the slowest anodal mobility has been shown to consist of two electrophoretically distinct pepsinogens which are similarly indistinguishable. The two fractions have been termed the fast moving group (FMG) and the slow moving group (SMG), respectively. Both groups are present in extracts of porcine gastric mucosa indicating that they do not represent artefacts of the purification procedure. Both groups elute from Biogel P-150 in the same elution volume indicating that their molecular weights are similar. Conversion of the pepsinogens by acidifications results in the formation of two immunochemically distinct groups of pepsins. The results suggest that many previous studies of the biomedical and immunochemical characteristics of hog pepsinogen have been performed with heterogenous material.
From Tarantulas to Toilet Brushes Understanding the Special Interest Areas of Children and Youth With Asperger Syndrome

The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate the impact of special interest areas on children and youth with Asperger syndrome (AS) and their families. The research team conducted interviews about special interests with 2 girls and 21 boys with AS, ages 7 to 21, who were eligible for services under autism and enrolled in an extended school year program. The team also received written surveys from 18 parents. Strong positive relationships were found between special interests and improvements in students' social, communication, emotional, sensory, and fine motor skills. Based on these findings, the researcher created a strength-based model of AS and special interests that emphasizes the critical need for teachers to understand and value the special interests of these students and the impact on their families.
Evaluating similarity-based trace reduction techniques for scalable performance analysis

Event traces are required to correctly diagnose a number of performance problems that arise on today's highly parallel systems. Unfortunately, the collection of event traces can produce a large volume of data that is difficult, or even impossible, to store and analyze. One approach for compressing a trace is to identify repeating trace patterns and retain only one representative of each pattern. However, determining the similarity of sections of traces, i.e., identifying patterns, is not straightforward. In this paper, we investigate pattern-based methods for reducing traces that will be used for performance analysis. We evaluate the different methods against several criteria, including size reduction, introduced error, and retention of performance trends, using both benchmarks with carefully chosen performance behaviors, and a real application.
Improved atomization, collision and sub-grid scale momentum coupling models for transient vaporizing engine sprays

Abstract A computationally efficient spray model is presented for the simulation of transient vaporizing engine sprays. It is applied to simulate high-pressure fuel injections in a constant volume chamber and in mixture preparation experiments in a light-duty internal combustion engine. The model is based on the Lagrangian-Particle/Eulerian-Fluid approach, and an improved blob injection model is used that removes numerical dependency on the injected number of computational parcels. Atomization is modeled with the hybrid Kelvin–Helmholtz/Rayleigh–Taylor scheme, in combination with a drop drag model that includes Mach number and Knudsen number effects. A computationally efficient drop collision scheme is presented, tailored for large numbers of parcels, using a deterministic collision impact definition and kd-tree data search structure to perform radius-of-influence based, grid-independent collision probability estimations. A near-nozzle sub-grid scale flow-field representation is introduced to reduce numerical grid dependency, which uses a turbulent transient gas-jet model with a Stokes–Strouhal analogy assumption. An implicit coupling method was developed for the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) turbulent flow solver. A multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to study the interactions of the various model constants, and to provide an optimal calibration. The optimal set showed similar values of the primary breakup constants as values used in the literature. However, different values were seen for the gas-jet model constants for accurate simulations of the initial spray transient. The results show that there is a direct correlation between the predicted initial liquid-phase transient and the global gas-phase jet penetration. Model validation was also performed in engine simulations with the same set of constants. The model captured mixture preparation well in all cases, proving its suitability for simulations of transient spray injection in engines.
Who Has a Depletable Interest in Oil

ions, but still leaves doubt as to the welcome of the "strangers." Working Interests and Participating Interests Working interests and participating interests will be considered together since participating interests may be said to be "carved out" of the working interest. The owner of the working interest has the obligation to develop and operate the oil properties. Ordinarily, his capital investment is represented by the "bonus" he pays the landowner and such part of the cost of development as must be capitalized. He is entitled to a share of production (usually 7/8 of oil produced and saved) and can recover his investment solely from the production of oil. Working interests meet the test of an economic interest and the owner is entitled to depletion.1 Participating interests arise from the inability or unwillingness of the owner of the working interest to assume the entire financial hazard of developing the property. In order to spread the risk, he may contract with geologists, engineers, drillers and equipment suppliers to furnish the skill and material necessary for exploitation of the oil in return for a right to share in production, carved out of the working interest. Or the lessee, under a similar arrangement, may induce investors to supply funds which he pledges to use for development of the properties. These participating interests are economic interests and are distinguishable from the "carved out" interests previously discussed. The present interests are carved out of the working interest for the sole purpose of developing the oil property, The owner of the working interest does not recover any of his capital investment by the transactions, nor does he realize income, if the proceeds are used to develop the property. 4 His right to share in oil production is reduced, but the reservoir of capital investment necessary to recover the oil is increased. The economic interests represented by the participating interests are created by this addition to the capital investment and not by the sale of an economic interest by the owner of the working interest. Since the owner of the working interest does not receive taxable income and the participating interests are acquired by services or investment directly related to production of the oil, the transaction seems not to warrant the ciriticisms and restrictions that may attach to "carved out interests" that have neither this tax consequence nor an association with the exploitation of the oil. Participating interests, whether acquired by services or investment, represent consideration for contributions to the discovery and development of oil property. The depletion deduction in its 82. Greensboro Gas Co. v. Commissioner, 79 F. 2d 701 (3rd Cir. 1935). 83. Blue Ridge Oil Co., Ltd. v. Rogan, 83 F. 2d 420 (9th Cir. 1936). 84. GCM 22730, 1941-1 CuM. BUL. 214.
Adaptive Logic Network, Arima, and Linear Regression Forecasts of International Equity Markets During the Crash of October 1987

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Artificial Neural Network forecasts, specifically Adaptive Logic Network (ALN) forecasts, compare to those of linear regression (LR) and ARIMA models when analyzing international stock market movements during the crash of October 1987. The results of this methodological study show: 1) ALN forecasts give, on average, 16.5% mean square error (MSE) improvement over the LR forecasts; 2) the MSE of the ALN models compared to the MSE of the ARIMA models is comparable or smaller, depending on the country; and 3) in four of five cases, ALN forecasts have a lower bias component than do ARIMA forecasts. A Theil decomposition reveals a sizeable systematic error component of MSE in all forecast profiles, suggesting the potential for improving forecast performance with an expanded ALN model, which is not possible with univariate ARIMA models.
A Review of Three-Dimensional Printing in Tissue Engineering

Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have led to a rapid expansion of applications from the creation of anatomical training models for complex surgical procedures to the printing of tissue engineering constructs. In addition to achieving the macroscale geometry of organs and tissues, a print layer thickness as small as 20 μm allows for reproduction of the microarchitectures of bone and other tissues. Techniques with even higher precision are currently being investigated to enable reproduction of smaller tissue features such as hepatic lobules. Current research in tissue engineering focuses on the development of compatible methods (printers) and materials (bioinks) that are capable of producing biomimetic scaffolds. In this review, an overview of current 3D printing techniques used in tissue engineering is provided with an emphasis on the printing mechanism and the resultant scaffold characteristics. Current practical challenges and technical limitations are emphasized and future...
Lifelike Preservation of Some Higher Fungi

Kreger-van Rij, N. J. W. 1970. Debaryomyces Lodder et Kreger-van Rij nom. conserv. Pp. 129-156. In: The yeasts-a taxonomic study. Ed., J. Lodder. North Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam. Kurtzman, C. P., and M. J. Smiley. 1974. A taxonomic re-evaluation of the round-spored species of Pichia. Pp. 231-232. In: Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on yeasts, Vienna, Austria. Part I. Eds., H. Klaushofer and U. B. Sleytr. Hochschiilerschaft an der Hochschule fiir Bodenkultur, Vienna. -, and F. L. Baker. 1975. Scanning electron microscopy of ascospores of Debaryomyces and Saccharomyces. Mycopathologia 55: 29-34. Price, C. W., G. B. Fuson, and H. J. Phaff. 1978. Genome comparison in yeast systematics: Delimitation of species within the genera Schwanniomyces, Saccharomyces, Debaryomyces, and Pichia. Microbiol. Rev. 42: 161-193.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Au Colloid-Doped Glasses

Degenerate four-wave mixing experiments have been performed for Au colloid-doped glasses prepared by melting and sputtering methods. The nonlinear optical properties of the glasses are discussed from viewpoint of the concentration of the Au colloid particles and the thickness of the glasses. We also discuss the dependence of the nonlinear properties on the pulse duration of laser for the measurements, and a very slow relaxation.
Jailed Parents: An Assessment

It is axiomatic in the literature that parenthood exacerbates the pains of imprisonment for women. A corollary is that it has a lesser impact on incarcerated men. We have attempted here to establish an empirical foundation for concluding that incarceration affects fathers and mothers differently. Using a national survey of jailed parents to compare mothers and fathers on a number of variables, we found clear differences which persisted through two survey years. Jailed mothers were more likely than jailed fathers to have minor children and to have been living with their minor children at arrest. Their children were more likely to have experienced a change in caretaking because of their arrest than were the children of jailed fathers. Incarceration does, in fact, pose greater problems for mothers than for fathers.
Ektachem Bilirubin Fractions in an Adult Outpatient Population

Ektachem bilirubin fractions of TBILI, DBILI, Bu, Be, and DELTA were evaluated in an adult outpatient population and compared with other bilirubin measurements obtained on ACA and Cobas analyzers. TBILI measured on the Ektachem compared well with the other total bilirubin measurements, while Ektachem DBILI showed varying degrees of proportional bias, depending on the methodology and instrument it was compared with. The relative proportion of DELTA and Be levels to rising levels of DBILI showed that both bilirubin factors increase as DBILI increases until each make up about 50% of DBILI. Using levels of DBILI and liver enzymes, we separated the samples into the following broad patient groups and diagnoses: transplant patients with liver impairment or damage, transplant and psychiatric patients with drug cytotoxicity, and patients with hepatitis. There was some indication that Be and DELTA levels, rather than DBILI, may be more sensitive in the clinical monitoring of patients with liver disease.
Study of grain size variation and saw-tooth spacing during machining of additively manufactured titanium alloy

Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional printing, has provided a promising solution to produce near-net shape components directly from metallic powder. However, their surface roughness still prevents them from immediate use; finish machining is usually required. This study has investigated the grain size variation and saw-tooth/shear-band spacing during the machining of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) printed using direct metal deposition. Grain refinement was observed within both the printed and substrate regions, and their grain structures retained the basket-weave Widmanstatten and bimodal structures, respectively. The saw-tooth spacing decreased as the build height increased.
Cortical odor processing in health and disease.

The olfactory system has a rich cortical representation, including a large archicortical component present in most vertebrates, and in mammals neocortical components including the entorhinal and orbitofrontal cortices. Together, these cortical components contribute to normal odor perception and memory. They help transform the physicochemical features of volatile molecules inhaled or exhaled through the nose into the perception of odor objects with rich associative and hedonic aspects. This chapter focuses on how olfactory cortical areas contribute to odor perception and begins to explore why odor perception is so sensitive to disease and pathology. Odor perception is disrupted by a wide range of disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, depression, autism, and early life exposure to toxins. This olfactory deficit often occurs despite maintained functioning in other sensory systems. Does the unusual network of olfactory cortical structures contribute to this sensitivity?
Circadian Post-transcriptional Control of Metabolism

Circadian clocks control thousands of genes, which ultimately generate rhythms in signaling pathways, metabolism, tissue physiology and behavior. Although rhythmic transcription plays a critical role in generating these rhythmic gene expression patterns, recent evidence has shown that post-transcriptional mechanisms are also important. Here we describe studies showing that regulation of mRNA poly(A) tail length is under circadian control and that these changes contribute to rhythmic protein expression independently of transcription. Nocturnin, a circadian deadenylase that shortens poly(A) tails, contributes to this type of circadian post-transcriptional regulation. The importance of tail-shortening by Nocturnin is evident from the phenotype of mice lacking Nocturnin, which exhibit resistance to diet-induced obesity and other metabolic changes.
Transformation of 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol to cholesterol and cholestanol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis

The metabolism of Delta(7)-cholestenol, cholesterol, and cholestanol was examined in a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis after intravenous pulse-labeling with a mixture of dl-[2-(14)C]mevalonate and stereospecific 3S,4S,3R,4R-[4-(3)H]mevalonate. Silver nitrate and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography were used to purify the sterols isolated from the feces, and their identities were confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The specific activities were determined and plotted as a function of time. Isotope ratio measurements and specific activity decay curves showed that sterol synthesis proceeded in the following sequence: mevalonate, squalene, lanosterol, Delta(7)-cholestenol, cholesterol, cholestanol. Labeled cholesterol precursors might be advantageously used to measure changes in cholesterol synthesis because they appear to equilibrate rapidly and have very short turnover times.
Science Signaling podcast for 24 May 2016: Designer estrogens

This Podcast features an interview with Zeynep Madak-Erdogan, Benita Katzenellenbogen, and John Katzenellenbogen, authors of a Research Article that appears in the 24 May 2016 issue of Science Signaling, about designer estrogens that have the therapeutic benefits of natural estrogens, but less cancer risk. In addition to controlling female reproduction and secondary sex characteristics, estrogen is also an important regulator of metabolism, the vasculature, and bone. Estrogen production decreases as women enter menopause, leading to changes in metabolism, a reduced ability to repair blood vessels, and decreased bone density. Although hormone replacement therapy can alleviate these symptoms, it can also promote the growth of uterine and breast cancers. Madak-Erdogan et al engineered synthetic forms of estrogen that activate the cytosolic signaling pathways that are associated with the beneficial effects of this hormone without also activating the nuclear signaling events associated with cancer growth.Listen to Podcast.
Current therapy in essential hypertension.

Careful clinical evaluation, together with a few simple laboratory tests, is essential before undertaking the treatment of essential hypertension. The follow-up of the patient, including selective laboratory studies, is equally important to note any progression of the disease. These points are stressed in the light of therapy with hypotensive agents ivhich are in current use.
Careerists Versus Coal-Miners: How British MPs' Social Backgrounds Affect Their Support for Welfare Reform

Parliamentary parties in systems with strong party discipline, such as the UK, are often viewed as unitary actors. But this paper shows that there are major differences between legislators from the British Labour party over the issue of welfare reform. Working-class MPs such as former coal-miners are more ideologically favorable to traditional welfare policies, and their policy positions reflect these beliefs. Careerist MPs, with no meaningful experience outside politics itself, prioritize securing re-election and advancing their own careers, favoring the party leadership's policy of radical welfare reform. This is demonstrated using an original collection of every speech made about welfare in the House of Commons from 1987-2007, and a scaling method that uses these speeches to estimate MPs' policy positions. The results are robust to several alternative explanations, including other characteristics of MPs and their constituencies. Because working-class legislators are under-represented, and careerists are over-represented, the implication is that who serves in parliament matters for the politics of welfare reform. Changing patterns of political recruitment, including the professionalization of elected politics, help explain why Social Democratic parties adopt policies that hurt their traditional voters.
The Stupendous Whole: Newton and Carlylean Belief

The stupendous whole, indeed, fascinated Carlyle all his life; his interest in (and even obsession with) it owes much to his earlier ‘inherited religious faith’ and his studies in Newton and other figures of the Enlightenment. As he read in Hume and Newton of the cosmic order, he connected these with those sermons he had heard and the many family worships in which he had participated. Indeed, he sounds usually nostalgic in the essay on Edward Irving when he writes of the family worship, ‘what they call “Taking the Book” (or Books, i.e. taking your Bibles, Psalm and Chapter always part of the service)’. He also sounds usually nostalgic in speaking of old Adam Hope, a rigid Seceder, who, with a ‘select group’, was in ‘the habit of pilgrimage for Sermon’. Carlyle emphasises the importance of attendance: Less zealous brethren would perhaps pretermit in bad weather; but I suppose it had to be very bad when Adam and most of his group failed to appear. The distance, a six miles twice, was nothing singular in their case; one family, whose streaming plaids, hung up to drip, I remember to have noticed one wet Sunday, pious Scotch weavers, settled near Carlisle, I was told,—were in the habit of walking fifteen miles twice for their Sermon, since it was not to be heard nearer.
The Content of the Dialogues

This is a chapter about the influential developmentalism of one man, Gregory Vlastos, and his many offspring. Although others have contributed alternative versions of developmentalism2, his has been the one most cited (and even most assumed without citation) in this generation; in the last, it was Guthrie’s. Vlastos had the fortune of being the well-placed Platonic analyst at a time when the philosophical world wanted analysts in all fields. He, and many others, fed the contemporary craving for propositions that could be put to the knife; and the result, apart from the develop-mentalism I will criticize below, has been numerous insights into Plato for the whole community of Platonists.
Thinking About Failures in Leadership

There are things that are worse than small mistakes. Sometimes leaders fail. In the cases that I have studied this is sometimes due to a single mission critical decision—sometimes rather spectacular—but usually it is much more complicated. Often this is like the crash of a commercial airliner. An event like that rarely occurs because of one faulty decision or difficult situation. Usually it takes a combination or series of events to occur to bring down an airplane. For leaders, particularly the good ones, there is something equivalent to a capital account. A bad decision is weighed against the successes. In the case of failed leadership, there is often not enough on the positive side of the ledger and/or the failed decisions compounded on each other. Occasionally, at least to outward appearances, there are exceptions where one risky decision does go terribly wrong or a bad behavior comes to light and someone is fired. More often though it is a pattern and a process of relentless bad decisions that leads to the genuine failure of a leader.
FREE AND BIOAVAILABLE 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.

Objective: To evaluate free and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. Methods: Fifty PHPT patients and 50 healthy age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched control subjects were enrolled. Levels of 25(OH)D were determined by a radioimmunoassay and vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D were calculated utilizing equations that use average binding coefficients for DBP and albumin. Results: There was no significant difference in age and BMI between PHPT patients and controls (P>.05). Levels of 25(OH)D, DBP, and DBP-bound 25(OH)D were lower in PHPT patients compared to controls (P .05). Levels of intact parathyroid hormone were inversely correlated with free (r = −0.217; P<.05) and bioavailable 25(OH)D levels (r = −0.296; P<.01). Conclusion: Serum...
Abstract 19657: Histone Variant H2a.z And Cdk9 Differentially Regulate Transcriptional Rates During Cardiac Hypertrophy

Genome-wide modifications in basic transcriptional activity underlie cardiac development and disease. We have previously reported that transcriptional regulation by RNA polymerase II (pol II) distinguishes different functional gene categories. In particular, transcription of constitutive, housekeeping, genes is regulated by a pause/release mechanism vs. de novo recruitment of pol II to cardiac-specific and inducible genes during cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Our objective is to identify the epigenetics and nuclear proteins that distinguish these transcriptional patterns. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation-deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq) we identified relatively high levels of H2A.z at the transcriptional start site of all housekeeping and inducible genes that exhibited only minimal or no changes in the heart before or after induction of pressure overload. In contrast, however, all cardiac-specific genes were consistently devoid of H2A.z. We also identified the specific interaction between H2A.z and acidic nuclear protein 32e (ANP32e), which inhibits the dephosphorylation and deactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9) by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and enhances its recruitment to chromatin. Accordingly, cardiac-specific and inducible genes diverge with regards to their regulation by Cdk9, where pressure overload induces a strict decrease vs. increase of Cdk9, respectively, at the promoter and gene body regions of these gene categories. Paradoxically, the reduction in Cdk9 in the former genes is accompanied by an increase in pol II levels, with a net result of little or no change in transcriptional rates. On the other hand, inducible genes are characterized by high levels of de novo recruitment of both pol II and Cdk9, with a sharp increase in transcriptional rates, which was specifically and completely inhibited by knockdown of Cdk9, or its inhibitors 5, 6- dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole or inhibitor II. Thus, the differential recruitment of H2A.z and Cdk9 determines the elongational rate of pol II that discriminates between the transcriptional rates of pressure overload-induced v. constitutively-expressed cardiac-specific genes.