cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational climate, staffing, and safety equipment as predictors of needlestick injuries and near-misses in hospital nurses

Abstract Background: Recently passed federal legislation requires institutions to adopt safety equipment to prevent needlesticks, but there is little empirical evidence of the effectiveness of specific types of safety devices or the contribution of safety devices to reducing needlesticks relative to the contributions of staffing, organizational climate, and clinicians' experience. Method: In 1998, 2287 medical-surgical unit nurses in 22 US hospitals were surveyed in regard to staffing and organizational climate in their hospitals and about patient and nurse outcomes, including needlestick injuries. Hospitals provided information about available protective devices at the time of the survey. Relationships between nurse and hospital characteristics and protective equipment and the likelihood of needlestick injuries and near-miss incidents were examined. Results: Poor organizational climate and high workloads were associated with 50% to 2-fold increases in the likelihood of needlestick injuries and near-misses to hospital nurses. Capless-valve secondary intravenous set systems and use of any type of protective equipment for IV starts or blood draws were associated with 20% to 30% lowered risks of both event types. Conclusions: Nurse staffing and organizational climate are key determinants of needlestick risk and must be considered with the adoption of safety equipment to effectively reduce sharps injuries. (Am J Infect Control 2002;30:207-16.)
Measurement of the surface density of states by field ionization

Abstract It is shown that recent measurements of field ion energy distributions from clean tungsten surfaces probe the density of metal states in the vicinity of the surface. We find j(ω) = (2π/kh)Σm| ∫ d3rψm(r)γz|2δ(ω−ϵm), where j(ω) is the ion current a ω, ψmand ϵm are electronic metal eigenfunctions and eigenvalues in the presence of the external electric field used in field ionization and γ(z) is a function which is large near the noble gas atom. An explicit expression for γ(z) is given in the text. It is estimated that tungsten metal states with values of k‖ at least as large as 0.5 A−1 make an appreciable contribution to j(ω) where k‖ is the electron momentum parallel to the surface.
Preliminary study on fiber splitting of bicomponent meltblown fibers

Side-by-side bicomponent meltblown fiber webs were developed on REICOFIL® bicomponent (bico) meltblown line at The University of Tennessee's Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC), using polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyamide (PA), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), and so forth. The posttreatment was performed by hydroentanglement to investigate the fiber-splitting behavior in this research. Microscopy analysis and SEM were applied to examine the web structure. The change in web property after posttreatment and the adhesion mechanism of the polymer interface were also addressed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2090–2094, 2004
A Review of “Doing Dialectical Behavior Therapy: A Practical Guide”

Kelly Koerner, PhD, the founder and creative director of the Evidence-Based Practice Institute and one of the originators of Marcia Linehan's Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), has written this ...
Study of Ether-, Alcohol-, or Cyano-Functionalized Ionic Liquids Using Inverse Gas Chromatography

Activity coefficients of 52 organic compounds in four ionic liquids (ILs), 1,3-dimethoxyimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide, 1-(methylethylether)-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide, 1-ethanol-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl)imide, and 1-(3-cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, were measured using inverse gas chromatography from (312 to 353) K. The retention data were also converted in gas-to-IL partition coefficients and water-to-IL partition coefficients using the corresponding gas-to-water partition coefficients. Both sets of partition coefficients were analyzed using the modified Abraham solvation parameter model. The derived equations correlated the experimental gas-to-IL and water-to-IL partition coefficient data to within (0.09 and 0.14) log units, respectively.
Motivation and Outcomes for University Students in a Restorative Justice Program.

AbstractA restorative justice program (RJP) was developed at a large university in the housing student conduct office. Students accused of misconduct who participated in a restorative justice (RJ) conference completed surveys regarding their motivations and perceived outcomes. Results showed that students who were motivated to make reparations to others had the best outcomes, yet these students were often additionally focused on personal motivators. Students who felt pressured to participate had fewer benefits. Implications and limitations are discussed
Presence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) proviral DNA in genital tract tissues of superovulated dairy goat does.

Abstract Transmission of caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus (CAEV) is not completely understood and the vertical route of infection from the goat to the embryo or to the fetus needs to be investigated. This route of infection involves the presence of CAEV in the genital tract tissues. Prior studies have detected CAEV-infected cells in genital secretions and in flushing media recovered during embryo collection from infected goats. To specify the origin of these cells, we conducted a double-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on embryo flushing media and on mammary gland, mammary lymph node, synovial membrane, pelvic lymph node, uterus and oviduct tissues from 25 CAEV-infected (blood PCR positive) embryo donor goats for the presence of CAEV proviral DNA. The presence of proviral DNA was found in 22 of 25 mammary gland samples, 14 of 25 uterus samples, and in 16 of 25 oviduct samples. Nineteen of 25 goats had at least one positive genital tract sample. Flushing media from 11 goats were PCR positive. All goats with positive-flushing media were oviduct positive. Of this group of does, except for 1 of the 11, infection of flushing media correlated with infection of almost all the other tissues examined. The frequency of positive tissues for flushing media-positive goats (61/66; 92%) was significantly higher than that for flushing media-negative goats (50/84; 60%) ( P This study demonstrated the presence of CAEV-infected cells in the goat genital tract. The presence of CAEV-infected cells in the uterus and oviducts suggests potential for vertical transmission of CAEV from doe to embryo or fetus.
A decoupled dynamical model for differentially driven mobile robots

This paper examines the dynamical model of a differentially driven mobile robot. Derivations of the model from the Lagrangian mechanics formulation and the Newton-Euler formulation are presented. The dynamics of this particular model are decoupled from the kinematic differential equations which provides the freedom to choose a preferred kinematic representation of the position and orientation of the robot. The standard Cartesian position and Euler-angle pose are chosen in this work in order to compare the resulting model to two other models which exists in the literature. The model presented does not have the differential algebraic nature that is common to other models and is numerically well-behaved.
Possible explanation for the shape of I-V curves of superconductors and a more meaningful definition of I/sub c/

A flux creep model is used to calculate the shape of the I-V characteristic of a superconductor. The functional form mimics an empirical equation, V approximately I/sup n/, frequently used to fit data, and thus offers a physical justification for its application. The magnetic field dependence of the exponent n is also predicted and compared with experiments. The fits so obtained are encouraging, but call for some experiments specifically designed to test all of the ramifications of the proposed model. >
A historical and current analysis for the DPM acquiring an MD or DO degree and an unrestricted medical license.

The podiatric medical profession has evolved substantially in the past 80 years. This evolution includes major changes in scope, in the requirements necessary to enter a podiatric medical school, and in the curriculum that must be completed to earn the degree of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine. Entrance requirements to the schools are now identical to the prerequisites for admission to MD and DO institutions, and licensure requires the completion of graduate medical education. Much of the curriculum also is the same as it is in MD and DO schools. In the past decade, discussion focusing on the ability of the DPM to acquire the MD or DO degree has intensified. An analysis is provided using a historical context regarding this potential initiative. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(2): 172–176, 2012)
Sedimentology, U-Pb detrital geochronology, and Hf isotopic analyses from Mississippian–Permian stratigraphy of the Mystic subterrane, Farewell terrane, Alaska

The Farewell terrane of western Alaska is one of the more remote and understudied crustal fragments in the North American Cordillera. Although it is generally accepted that the oldest, Precambrian parts of the Farewell terrane originated along the Arctic margin (i.e., Siberia), the paleogeographic history of the Farewell terrane during much of the middle and late Paleozoic remains unknown. Here, we present new sedimentologic and provenance data from upper Paleozoic clastic strata of the Mystic subterrane, which represents the youngest part of the Farewell terrane. Sedimentary facies consist of high- and low-density sediment-gravity-flow deposits and are interpreted to represent a submarine fan depositional system. Sandstone modal composition trends show a relative abundance of lithic volcanic fragments (∼65%) and subordinate occurrences of lithic sedimentary fragments (∼15%) and chert (∼13%). Laser-ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analyses of detrital zircons reveal a bulk U-Pb age distribution of Precambrian–Paleozoic grains. U-Pb detrital zircon age spectra from Mississippian strata have a primary peak age between 400 and 325 Ma and secondary peak ages between 480 and 415 Ma and 2000 and 1800 Ma. Devonian–Mississippian zircons exhibit enriched e Hf, isotopic values (–3 to –35), whereas Ordovician–Silurian zircons have both enriched (–5 to –25) and depleted (+5 to +14) e Hf, values. Age spectra from Permian strata show primary peaks between 320 and 275 Ma and 460 and 415 Ma, with isolated occurrences of Precambrian-age zircons. Pennsylvanian–Permian zircons exhibit depleted e Hf, values (+2 to +14). Youngest peak ages support a Mississippian–Early Permian maximum depositional age for this part of the Mystic subterrane. Overall, provenance trends reflect primary detrital contributions from arc and recycled orogen source areas, which included both enriched and primitive magmatic sources. New U-Pb and Hf isotope analyses from the Mystic assemblage match most closely with magmatic source areas of the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes. Findings are consistent with a model where the Farewell terrane was proximal to both the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes by Mississippian–Permian time.
Medical Legal Issues in the Prevention of Prematurity

Preterm birth remains the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the world today. This article discusses ways the treatment team can inform parents of probable outcomes and help them reach decisions about treatment for the newborn under emotionally fraught conditions. In addition to supporting the patient, these approaches may help the clinician avoid malpractice litigation.
BIOELECTRIC POTENTIALS IN VALONIA : THE EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTING KCl FOR NaCl IN ARTIFICIAL SEA WATER.

The P.D. across the protoplasm of Valonia macrophysa has been studied while the cells were exposed to artificial solutions resembling sea water in which the concentration of KCl was varied from 0 to 0.500 mol per liter. The P.D. across the protoplasm is decreased by lowering and increased by raising the concentration of KCl in the external solution. Changes in P.D. with time when the cell is treated with KCl-rich sea water resemble those observed with cells exposed to Valonia sap. Varying the reaction of natural sea water from pH 5 to pH 10 has no appreciable effect on the P.D. across Valonia protoplasm. Similarly, varying the pH of KCl-rich sea water within these limits does not alter the height of the first maximum in the P.D.-time curve. The subsequent behavior of the P.D., however, is considerably affected by the pH of the KCl-rich sea water. These changes in the shape of the P.D.-time curve have been interpreted as indicating that potassium enters Valonia protoplasm more rapidly from alkaline than from acidified KCl-rich sea water. This conclusion is discussed in relation to certain theories which have been proposed to explain the accumulation of KCl in Valonia sap. The initial rise in P.D. when a Valonia cell is transferred from natural sea water to KCl-rich sea water has been correlated with the concentrations of KCl in the sea waters. It is assumed that the observed P.D. change represents a diffusion potential in the external surface layer of the protoplasm, where the relative mobilities of ions may be supposed to differ greatly from their values in water. Starting with either Planck's or Henderson's formula, an equation has been derived which expresses satisfactorily the observed relationship between P.D. change and concentration of KCl. The constants of this equation are interpreted as the relative mobilities of K(+), Na(+), and Cl(-) in the outer surface layer of the protoplasm. The apparent relative mobility of K(+) has been calculated by inserting in this equation the values for the relative mobilities of Na(+) (0.20) and Cl(-) (1.00) determined from earlier measurements of concentration effect with natural sea water. The average value for the relative mobility of K(+) is found to be about 20. The relative mobility may vary considerably among different individual cells, and sometimes also in the same individual under different conditions. Calculation of the observed P.D. changes as phase-boundary potentials proved unsatisfactory.
Understanding associations between nitrogen and carbon isotopes and mercury in three Ammodramus sparrows.

Abstract We analyzed nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios and mercury (Hg) in breast feathers from three species of closely related sparrows, Saltmarsh, Seaside, and Nelson's Sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus, A. maritimus, and A. nelsoni, respectively), to assess if trophic position and food web structure influence Hg exposure in these species. Sparrows were captured during the non-breeding season from 2006 to 2008 in North Carolina salt marshes near Wrightsville Beach, New Hanover County. Generalized linear models were used to test for the influence of species, δ15N, and δ13C on breast feather Hg. The most parsimonious model included species, δ15N, and their interaction term and explained 36% of the variation in breast feather Hg. Each species exhibited a different association between breast feather δ15N and Hg with Seaside Sparrows showing a positive correlation (r = 0.27, P = 0.03), Nelson's Sparrows a negative correlation (r = − 0.28, P = 0.01), and Saltmarsh Sparrows with no significant association. For Saltmarsh Sparrows, δ15N and Hg revealed decoupling between breast feather Hg and trophic position. Our results demonstrate that the influence of δ15N on breast feather Hg is likely indicative of geographic variation in δ15N baselines rather than trophic position.
Analog studies of the human systemic arterial tree.

Abstract The design, construction and evaluation of a linear passive model of the human systemic arterial tree are presented. The performance of this electrical model is compared extensively to its real counterpart in the following areas: magnitude and phase of input impedances, wave travel (amplitude and phase of pressure harmonics) along the aorta, and wave shapes of pressures and flows at different locations. These comparisons demonstrate that the model behaves very much like the real system. A series of refinements in the modeling of a short segment of artery is discussed; although these refinements help to obtain better agreement with reality, none has a major effect on the behavior of the model as measured close to the heart. Reflections play a major role in determining the behavior of the system and occur at all branch points. The largest reflection coefficients are found at the periphery. These reflection coefficients result mainly from the architecture of the arterial tree. It is shown how the nature of the input impedance and wave travel pattern can be explained in terms of these reflections. The input impedance and wave travel in large vessels, for frequencies larger than 2 cps, are largely determined by the characteristics of these vessels themselves and not by the load. This is mainly due to the architecture of the system. Alterations in peripheral resistance affect the input impedance of the system only for very low frequencies; the same holds for wave travel in the aorta: the high frequencies are virtually independent of the peripheral resistance. Some clinical states are simulated and discussed.
The Consequences of Qualitative Analysis for Sociological Theory: Beyond the Microlevel

This article demonstrates how mesodomain analysis and multilevel longitudinal qualitative research contribute to theorizing about major issues, (e.g., macro/micro dichotomy). Mesodomain analysis examines the consequential, dialectical, and contingent intersections of history, structure, and social action. Results from a processual study of state educational policy show its transformations in movement from the national level through state levels down to local district and teacher practices. The results are analyzed in terms of the emergence of social organization from interaction, the extension of networks across space and time, and the linkage of levels into a larger framework.
Shaman: A Self-Healing Database System

A self-healing database system is a grand-challenge vision where the system will detect, diagnose, and repair software/hardware failures automatically. We identify performance-availability problems (PAPs) as an important target for self-healing, and develop techniques that enable database systems to recover automatically from common PAPs. PAPs can be caused by many factors in database systems, e.g., contention for hardware (e.g., CPU, memory) and software resources (e.g., locks), inappropriate setting of configuration parameters (e.g., undersized buffer pool), and poor physical design (e.g., missing indexes). Many "tuning knobs" (mechanisms) are available to recover from these failures online. We propose to demonstrate the Shaman database system that implements policies to invoke these mechanisms automatically, efficiently, and correctly by addressing two challenges: (i) which knob to turn? and (ii) by how much? Shaman uses a mix of analytical modeling (queuing networks) and statistical learning (planned experiments and regression) techniques to estimate the benefit and cost associated with the tuning of each knob.
Comparison of Everyday and Every-Fourth-Day Probe Sessions with the Simultaneous Prompting Procedure.

Simultaneous prompting is a response-prompting procedure requiring two daily sessions: an instructional session in which a controlling prompt is provided on all trials, and a probe session in which...
Transit through the proximal colon influences stool weight in the irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract The inherent variability of symptoms and motor abnormalities in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome has hampered the demonstration of motor abnormalities that could underlie symptoms. The aim in the current study was to evaluate whether altered regional capacitance or transit of solid residue through the unprepared human gut were factors in the diarrhea of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. In 10 such patients and in 5 healthy controls, gastric and small bowel transits were evaluated scintigraphically by means of a mixed meal containing 99m Tc-labeled resin pellets. Regional colonic transit was quantitated by 111 Inlabeled pellets delivered to the ileocecal region by a pH-sensitive, methacrylate-coated capsule. Symptomatic patients did not have significantly altered gastric or small bowel transits, but colonic transit was accelerated in 7 of 10 persons with the irritable bowel syndrome ( P r = 0.78; P r = −0.58; P
Fast Consensus Hypothesis Regeneration for Machine Translation

This paper presents a fast consensus hypothesis regeneration approach for machine translation. It combines the advantages of feature-based fast consensus decoding and hypothesis regeneration. Our approach is more efficient than previous work on hypothesis regeneration, and it explores a wider search space than consensus decoding, resulting in improved performance. Experimental results show consistent improvements across language pairs, and an improvement of up to 0.72 BLEU is obtained over a competitive single-pass baseline on the Chinese-to-English NIST task.
Segmental Modeling of Changing Viral Load to Assess Drug Resistance in HIV Infection

Studies of viral dynamics are important to our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and in assessment of the potency of antiretroviral therapies. Although many different viral dynamic models and methods for estimating viral dynamic parameters have been proposed and used in various studies, none has been entirely satisfactory. We propose here a segmental model to describe the viral load, and estimate the dynamic parameters by using a mixed-effects model. We address the relation between the baseline viral load and the decay rate of the first phase of viral load decay, and divide patients into three categories on the basis of their changing viral load patterns.
A Chemical Exchange System for Isotopic Feed to a Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotope Separation Plant

Abstract A process has been developed to provide isotopic feed to a nitric oxide isotope distillation plant. Central to the process is the isotopic chemical exchange of NO and nitric acid in countercurrent flows in a 3-in. diameter packed column. An isotopically depleted stream of NO is reenriched to natural isotopic abundances by the exchange and is recycled as feed back to the distillation columns. Makeup NO is generated in another column from sulfur dioxide and nitric acid. Multistage gas purifiers reduce condensible impurities in the nitric oxide below 10 ppm. The process operates unattended at flow rates of 0.5 to 2 mol/min. The new NO recycle-enrichment and generation processes have successfully provided the feedstock for the NO isotope separation columns for over 6 years.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatment burden among low-income primary care patients

ObjectiveThis study explored the self-management strategies and treatment burden experienced by low-income US primary care patients with chronic kidney disease.MethodsSemi-structured interviews wer...
Continued Circulation in China of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Encoding the Hemagglutinin Gene Associated with the 1997 H5N1 Outbreak in Poultry and Humans

Since the outbreak in humans of an H5N1 avian influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997, poultry entering the live-bird markets of Hong Kong have been closely monitored for infection with avian influenza. In March 1999, this monitoring system detected geese that were serologically positive for H5N1 avian influenza virus, but the birds were marketed before they could be sampled for virus. However, viral isolates were obtained by swabbing the cages that housed the geese. These samples, known collectively as A/Environment/Hong Kong/437/99 (A/Env/HK/437/99), contained four viral isolates, which were compared to the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates. Analysis of A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses revealed that the four isolates are nearly identical genetically and are most closely related to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. These isolates and the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses encode common hemagglutinin (H5) genes that have identical hemagglutinin cleavage sites. Thus, the pathogenicity of the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses was compared in chickens and in mice to evaluate the potential for disease outbreaks in poultry and humans. The A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates were highly pathogenic in chickens but caused a longer mean death time and had altered cell tropism compared to A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97). Like A/HK/156/97, the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses replicated in mice and remained localized to the respiratory tract. However, the A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates caused only mild pathological lesions in these tissues and no clinical signs of disease or death. As a measure of the immune response to these viruses, transforming growth factor β levels were determined in the serum of infected mice and showed elevated levels for the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses compared to the A/HK/156/97 viruses. This study is the first to characterize the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses in both avian and mammalian species, evaluating the H5 gene from the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 isolates in a different genetic background. Our findings reveal that at least one of the avian influenza virus genes encoded by the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses continues to circulate in mainland China and that this gene is important for pathogenesis in chickens but is not the sole determinant of pathogenicity in mice. There is evidence that H9N2 viruses, which have internal genes in common with the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates, are still circulating in Hong Kong and China as well, providing a heterogeneous gene pool for viral reassortment. The implications of these findings for the potential for human disease are discussed.
Landscape Use and Movements of Wolves in Relation to Livestock in a Wildland–Agriculture Matrix

Wolves (Canis lupus) have expanded their distribution into areas of the midwest United States that have not had wolves for several decades. With recolonization of wolves into agricultural areas, there is increasing concern of wolf–livestock conflicts. To assess the risk wolves may pose to livestock, we initiated a 3-year study investigating the activity patterns, movements, habitat use, visitation to livestock pastures by wolves, and the occurrence of depredation events in an agricultural–wildland matrix in northwestern Minnesota, USA. From June 1997 to November 1999, we captured 23 wolves, including pups, from 3 packs; we radiocollared 16 of these wolves. We tracked radioed wolves intensively on a 24-hour basis during the spring, summer, and autumn of 1998 and 1999. We found wolves passed directly through a pasture containing cattle on 28% of the nights of tracking; 58% and 95% of the wolf locations were ≤1 km and ≤5 km from a pasture, respectively. Space use of wolves showed that while they visited livestock pastures during the 24-hour tracking sessions, they apparently were passing through these pastures with cattle and not preying on livestock. When compared to random simulations of movements, wolves appeared to encounter livestock pastures randomly. Thirty percent of random movements passed directly through a pasture; 65% and 95% of random movements were within ≤1 km and ≤5 km of a pasture, respectively. Wolves were more active at night than during the day. Wolves avoided pastures during the day and visited pastures at night when depredations were most likely (i.e., human presence was low). Visitation of livestock pastures was not related to any discernible characteristics of the pastures (i.e., pasture size, cattle density, distance to human habitation, percent forest cover, index of deer abundance). However, pastures in which livestock were killed by wolves contained more cattle than pastures without depredations, but in 1998 only. While the risk of wolf predation on livestock was potentially high (wolves were within ≤1 km of a pasture on 58% of nights), few livestock were actually killed. During the 3-year study, only 8 animals (all young or vulnerable livestock) were depredated by wolves. Maintaining healthy wild prey populations, removing offending wolves that kill livestock, and encouraging effective and proper husbandry practices (e.g., disposal of carcasses) among livestock producers, should allow for the persistence of wolves in northwestern Minnesota, USA, while minimizing their impact to farmers in this agriculture–wildland matrix.
Nervous System Glycoproteins

One of the goals of the cellular neurobiologist is to acquire information on the structure and function of membrane components at a molecular level. Within this area of study, one of the major interests has focused on membrane glycoproteins. Plasma membranes that have most attracted the interests of neuroscientists are membranes that are structurally or functionally distinct to the nervous system, e.g., membranes that make up axons, dendrites, growing neurites, synaptic vesicles, myelin, and synaptic junctions. The brain contains a vast diversity of cell types, both neuronal and nonneuronal; cellular entities that differ on the basis of anatomical location and neurophysiological properties. Thus, studies during the past two decades have concentrated on the identification and characterization of membrane glycoproteins that may be useful in distinguishing, or are unique to, specific classes of neurons, and more recently, different types of synapses. Advances in the areas of biochemistry, cellular and subcellular fractionation, cytochemistry, and immunology have made possible new approaches that have lead to a better understanding of the molecular and functional properties of membrane glycoproteins in the nervous system. One of the ultimate goals of the neurobiologist is to dissect the synapse into its constituent molecules and to elucidate the structural and functional contribution of each, and then in a synthetic approach, to determine intermolecular relationships that will provide a comprehensive understanding of how the synapse works. The development of procedures to isolate subcellular fractions highly enriched in subsynaptic structures such as synaptic junctions and postsynaptic densities has made possible the beginning of this difficult and complex task. The ability to adapt and grow cellular elements of nervous tissues under defined culture conditions has made possible the study of specific physiological and cell-cell interaction properties of individual neurons. The ability to culture embryonic neurons now allows one to study the behavior and molecular properties of neurons as they differentiate and form synaptic connections.
The concept of macro-basic research in human factors

The purpose of this paper is to describe certain Human Factors (HF) research topics that are fundamental to our understanding of human performance in systems. Other key subjects addressed are: the system concept; the relationship between HF and Psychology; the role of academically-oriented research in HF; and government funding of HF research. Language: en
Bladder Involvement in Stage I Endometriosis.

Abstract Background Endometriosis—the ectopic implantation of endometrial-like tissue—affects 10% of adolescent females and adults. Bladder involvement, causing dysuria and hematuria, occurs in a very small number of endometriosis patients. Case The patient presented at age 12 years with dysuria and pelvic pain. Laparoscopy revealed stage I endometriosis. Postoperatively, she reported persistent dysuria and passage of tissue in her urine. Cystoscopy showed diffuse erythema; urine cytology revealed glandular and spindle cells suggestive of endometriosis. She was transitioned from oral contraceptives to an intranasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, with symptom resolution. Summary and Conclusion Intravesicular endometriosis coinciding with stage I disease supports a mechanism of endometriosis dissemination other than direct bladder infiltration. Patients with endometriosis who complain of urinary symptoms warrant assessment, because intravesicular bladder involvement cannot be excluded using pelviscopy.
Relation Between Transmission Line Parameters and Electromagnetic Impact on Petroleum/Gas Pipelines due to Single-Phase Earth Fault in AC Transmission Line

It is very significant for both secure operation of petroleum/gas pipelines and power network construction to research electromagnetic impact of earth fault of AC transmission lines on petroleum/gas pipelines.Under the condition of single-phase earth fault of AC transmission line,the curves of total voltage adjacent to petroleum/gas pipeline varying with parameters such as grounding resistance of AC transmission tower,number and type of overhead ground wire,phase spacing,conductor height are calculated;the reasons causing various variations are analyzed,and some issues to be paid attention to are put forward.
Failure Analysis and Treatment of a Converter Transformer

Analysis is made on converter transformer valve side casing failure in a ±500 kV converter,and after the fault,filed winding deformation test is carried out.And after the manufacturer changes casing,the valve side winding applied pressure and partial discharge test are carried out,the test results are in consistent with theoretical analysis.So preventive measures are put forward to keep converter transformer from failures.
Mechanisms of bradyarrhythmias and blocks.

Bradyarrhythmias originating in the SA node or in the AV conduction system share many etiologies. As a result, patients with overt clinical SA nodal dysfunction frequently have AV conduction disturbances as well. However, clinical correlation of the conduction disturbance (AV node or His bundle) with histopathology has been poor.
Diagnostics: The Future

Imaging of Crohn’s disease is continuously evolving with new imaging techniques moving beyond anatomical information to provide functional information that can aid in therapeutic decisions and monitoring therapy. Multiple emerging MRI techniques for small bowel imaging aim at differentiating active inflammation from fibrostenotic disease and provide the potential for quantitative imaging of disease assessment and treatment monitoring. Some of these techniques (such as diffusion weighted imaging, motility imaging, and high resolution imaging) are clinically available but need to be further validated in larger studies. Some techniques are less accessible clinically such as dynamic contrast enhancement of the bowel. Other techniques such as magnetization transfer are in the early research phase. New CT techniques are mainly focused on radiation dose reduction and are becoming more available in clinical practice. Dual energy CT may have additional theoretical potentials in assessing bowel perfusion, but remains largely uninvestigated in Crohn’s disease. PET-CT has the potential for assessing degree of inflammation. Future developments may focus on new PET radiopharmaceuticals that can be more specific for inflammation. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can provide the potential for quantitative assessment of disease activity in selected bowel segments. US elastography of the bowel is in the very early stages of research.
A Rightful and Lawful King and Queen

Throughout the 1690s and into the reign of Anne the debate continued between those who argued for a rule of monarchical succession based upon hereditary right and those who, reinforced in their beliefs by the results of the Revolution, contended that the issue had now been settled in favour of the right of election. It was a debate that would never have been possible had it not been for the deliberate ambiguity of the Revolution settlement, particularly as it related to the succession of the crown. Despite the extremism of radical Whigs who were committed to deposing allegedly tyrannical princes and setting up more promising monarchs in their place, and the intractability of those Tories at the other end of the political spectrum who could countenance no deviation from the indefeasible right to succeed of the next in blood, the settlement had been crafted by men who occupied the broader and ultimately determinative middle ground of political belief. In elevating William and Mary to the throne it had been these centrists who had bypassed the Prince of Wales to get to Mary, bypassed Anne to get to William, and who had insisted all the while that they had done nothing to compromise the principle of an hereditary crown. In language prefiguring Macaulay’s assessment two centuries later, what the Convention had done to settle the succession appeared to the majority of the political nation to have been eminently sensible. William having delivered England’s:
Synthetic Nucleic Acids and Treatment of Neurological Diseases

Importance The ability to control gene expression with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) could provide a new treatment strategy for disease. Objective To review the use of ASOs for the treatment of neurological disorders. Evidence Review Articles were identified through a search of PubMed references from 2000 to 2016 for articles describing the use of ASOs to treat disease, with specific attention to neurological disease. We concentrated our review on articles pertaining to activation of frataxin expression (Friedreich’s ataxia) and production of active survival motor neuron 2 ( SMN2 , spinal muscular atrophy). Findings Many neurological diseases are caused by inappropriate expression of a protein. Mutations may reduce expression of a wild-type protein, and strategies to activate expression may provide therapeutic benefit. For other diseases, a mutant protein may be expressed too highly and methods that reduce mutant protein expression might form the basis for drug development. Synthetic ASOs can recognize cellular RNA and control gene expression. Antisense oligonucleotides are not a new concept, but successful clinical development has proceeded at a slow pace. Advances in ASO chemistry, biological understanding, and clinical design are making successful applications more likely. Conclusions and Relevance Both laboratory and clinical studies are demonstrating the potential of ASOs as a source of drugs to treat neurological disease.
Transmittance measurement of human breast tissues in millimeter waves

Broad-band millimeter wave transmittance measurements of normal and tumorous (cancerous) human breast tissue samples have been acquired in-vitro by employing a free-space, quasi-optical spectrometer. Freshly excised breast tissues were prepared and preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin solution before testing. Significant differences in the transmittance profiles have been found between the normal and tumorous tissues. It has been found that despite the inhomogeneity and variable structure and composition of each single tissue, the tumorous specimens consistently manifest much higher absorption level of millimeter wave radiation than the normal ones. It has been shown that free-space, quasi-optical spectrometer is capable of contributing valuable insights into the dielectric properties of normal and tumorous human breast tissues and aiding in further developments of millimeter wave spectroscopy and mammography for breast cancer diagnostics and detection.
Imaging Adult Lumbar Scoliosis

Radiographic assessment is an integral component of the evaluation and management of lumbar scoliosis. Although lumbar deformity is relatively common, the complexity and uniqueness of a patient’s specific deformity and symptoms necessitates a thorough assessment of each individual case. Fortunately for patients and clinicians, modern imaging modalities permit the evaluation of the bony, neuromuscular, and soft tissue components of the spine with exquisite detail. The spine surgeon is equipped with many tools used to evaluate a patient radiographically with guidance based on history, physical exam, and specific clinical questions. Some of these tools include conventional radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each of which may be adapted or occasionally substituted as necessary to glean specific information. The primary goal of this chapter is to introduce the imaging modalities used to assess patients during each phase of evaluation and their applications to particular clinical scenarios.
Improved Accuracy and Efficiency in Quantum Embedding through Absolute Localization.

Projection-based quantum embedding methodologies provide a framework for performing wave function-in-density functional theory (WF-in-DFT) calculations. The total WF-in-DFT energy is dependent on the partitioning of the total system and requires similar partitioning in each system for accurate energy differences. To achieve this, we enforce an absolute localization of the WF orbitals to basis functions only associated with the WF subsystem. This absolute localization, followed by iterative optimization of the subsystems’ orbitals, provides improved energy differences for WF-in-DFT while simultaneously improving the computational efficiency.
Oral rehydration therapy training and clinical simulation experience to improve students' confidence in preparation for international medical mission trip to Nicaragua.

ABSTRACTIn order to better prepare the medical, graduate and undergraduate students participating in our international medical mission trip to Nicaragua, we prepared and presented a discussion on Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) prior to the international experience. Additionally, a clinical simulation experience was incorporated into our pre-departure training to instruct the students on basic clinical skills, medical interviewing and teamwork. As a tool to measure the students’ prior knowledge on the topic of ORT, we designed a questionnaire, which was distributed and collected prior to the training and simulation experience. Finally, one day after the ORT training and simulation experience, we distributed the same questionnaire and collected the results in order to measure the efficacy of the training and simulation on the students’ perspective of confidence, as well as the students’ retention of the information and skills taught. Our study population consisted of 9 first-year medical students, 1 graduat...
Emerging Data and Current Challenges for Young, Old, Obese, or Male Patients with Breast Cancer.

There are distinct subgroups of patients who have historically been underrepresented in most prospective clinical trials in breast cancer, including the youngest and oldest patients, male patients, and those struggling with obesity. Herein, we review current and future directions in research for each of these special populations with breast cancer, highlighting significant knowledge gaps and priorities in tumor biology and heterogeneity, therapeutic decision making promotion of adherence, supportive care, and psychosocial and functional well-being. In younger women, future study should focus on the biological underpinnings of aggressive disease and optimizing adherence and treatment decision making while addressing their unique survivorship needs. The latter includes generating a scientific basis for interruption of therapy for pregnancy. Among older patients, interventions should focus on increasing clinical trial accrual, predicting and mitigating toxicity so that functional status can be optimized, tailoring needs for dose modification, and anticipating life expectancy in the context of competing causes of death. For men with breast cancer, we need worldwide collaboration to answer even basic questions on optimal treatment, supportive care, and survivorship strategies. Finally, for those struggling with obesity, we need to better understand the biological associations with cancer incidence, prognosis and outcome, and how we can best intervene to assure weight loss at the "right time." It is only through highly collaborative, far-reaching, prospective, multidisciplinary, patient-centered, and patient-engaged efforts that we can optimize the physical and psychologic outcomes for all patients with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2647-54. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Breast Cancer Research: From Base Pairs to Populations."
Predicted long-term effects of group selection on species composition and stand structure in northern hardwood forests

Abstract The group selection method can potentially increase the proportion of shade-intolerant and midtolerant tree species in forests dominated by shade-tolerant species, but previous results have been variable, and concerns have been raised about possible effects on forest fragmentation and forest structure. Limited evidence is available on these issues for forests managed beyond the first cutting cycle. We used CANOPY, an individual-tree forest dynamics model, to assess long-term effects of group selection methods on tree species composition, fragmentation of the mature forest matrix, and sustainability of size distributions in northern hardwoods. Results were also compared to reference treatments that included a no-cut control, single-tree selection, and clearcutting. Model simulations predicted that group selection would increase midtolerant tree abundance compared to single-tree selection and controls, but magnitude of response was highly variable depending on habitat type and harvest design. All conventional single-tree and group selection designs greatly increased small-scale fragmentation of the mature forest matrix. Group or small patch cutting with area control (constant percent of stand area cut in openings in each cutting cycle with no cutting between groups) produced residual stands with ‘rings’ of mature and large tree crowns in a ‘chain-link fence’ pattern. All treatments, however, resulted in sustainable populations; size distributions did not deviate substantially from a descending monotonic distribution over the 300-yr period. Results suggest possible tradeoffs between maximizing midtolerant species composition and minimizing fragmentation of the mature forest matrix, and that the potential for increasing the abundance of midtolerant species can be strongly constrained by habitat type.
The PII Solution to Mental Healthcare Delivery: Prevention, Intervention, and Integration.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this essay, the author proposes a new, integrated model for mental healthcare delivery called the PII solution, which builds on the successes of federal government programs and state initiatives. The PII solution includes prevention, intervention, and integration. As a community-centered approach, PII leverages existing programs in concert with new approaches to meet the diverse needs of patients with the spectrum of mental health disorders, from low risk to high risk. The PII solution can be applied to any subgroup in society to create a comprehensive plan to combat mental illness. In this essay, the author uses the PII solution to (a) build upon public-private partnership initiatives that have reduced emergency department utilization and costs for behavioral health patients, (b) improve law enforcement's proficiency in identifying and deescalating situations involving potentially violent individuals with a serious mental illness, and
Did You Reject Me for Someone Else? Rejections That Are Comparative Feel Worse.

Rejections differ. For those who are rejected, one important difference is whether they are rejected for someone else (comparative rejection) or no one at all (noncomparative rejection). We examined the effect of this distinction on emotional reactions to a rejection in four studies (N = 608), one of which was fully preregistered. Our results show that comparative rejections feel worse than noncomparative rejections and that this may be because such rejections lead to an increased sense of exclusion and decreased belonging. Furthermore, we found evidence that, by default, people react to a rejection as though it were comparative—that is, in the absence of any information about whether they have been rejected for someone or no one, they react as negatively as if they were rejected for someone. Our discussion focuses on the implications of these findings, including why people often seek out information in the wake of a rejection.