cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Econometric Theory

When learning econometrics, what better way than to be taught by one of its masters. In this significant new volume, John Chipman, the eminence grise of econometrics, presents his classic lectures in econometric theory. Starting with the linear regression model, least squares, Gauss-Markov theory and the first principals of econometrics, this book guides the introductory student to an advanced stage of ability. The text covers multicollinearity and reduced-rank estimation, the treatment of linear restrictions and minimax estimation. Also included are chapters on the autocorrelation of residuals and simultaneous-equation estimation. By the end of the text, students will have a solid grounding in econometrics. Despite the frequent complexity of the subject matter, Chipman's clear explanations, concise prose and sharp analysis make this book stand out from others in the field. With mathematical rigor sharpened by a lifetime of econometric analysis, this significant volume is sure to become a seminal and indispensable text in this area.
Defining the Components of Academic Self-Efficacy in Navajo American Indian High School Students

The academic difficulties experienced by a majority of Navajo American Indian students are well documented. Past research has focused on a variety of internal and external factors which possibly explain some of these difficulties. Low levels of academic self-efficacy (ASE) has been identified as one of the factors possibly contributing to lower than expected rates of academic achievernent and low post-secondary education retention rates in this population. This investigation sought to further define the component structures of ASE using theoretical structures postulated by Bandura (1977a, 1997), namely: past success, modeling, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal. Information about grade point averages (GPA) and standardized achievement tests ( IOWA Tests of Educational Development ) were obtained for a sample of American Indian Students (N = 118) as a measure of past success. Three self-report measures were administered to the participants in the sample: The Career-Related Parental Support Scale-Verbal Encouragement scale ( CRPSS-VE ); and two measures created specifically for this study, The People I Know (to assess levels of exposure to appropriate academic models) and My feelings about School (to assess levels of emotional arousal centered on school). An additional pair of self-report measures was administered to this sample, the Self-in-School (SIS) and Academic Hardiness Scale (AHS), which sought to assess overall levels of ASE in each of the participants. Reliability and factor analyses were conducted to psychometrically examine the measures created for this study. Both were found to be high y reliable measures which load primarily onto one factor. Regression analyses were created to determine if the measures of the four components would predict totals on the two measures of overall ASE (the SIS and AHS ). Results indicated that GPA, IOWA percentile rank scores, the CRPSS-VE and My Feelings about School were significant predictors of SIS totals in the regression models. Only The People I Know and My Feelings about School were significant predictors of AHS totals in the regression analyses. There was some evidence suggesting that the four components of ASE predicted overall reported levels of ASE. Implications of this study as well as possible future studies are outlined.
Exploiting Evidence Analysis in Plan Recognition

Information graphics, such as bar charts and line graphs, that appear in popular media generally have a message that they are intended to convey. We have developed a novel plan inference system that uses evidence in the form of communicative signals from the graphic to recognize the graphic designer's intended message. We contend that plan inference research would benefit from examining how each of its evidence sources impacts the system's success. This paper presents such an evidence analysis for the communicative signals that are captured in our plan inference system, and the paper shows how the results of this evidence analysis are informing our research on plan recognition and application systems.
Health Care Reform as “Socialized Medicine”: The Formative Years of a Political Myth

This essay traces the rhetorical history of “socialized medicine,” offering an explanation for, and critique of, its pervasiveness in contemporary health care debates. My analysis focuses on the well-organized and well-financed lobbying effort by the American Medical Association aimed at defeating reforms during the New Deal era. I focus on how the persistence of “socialized medicine” as a naturalized term in contemporary discourse functions to reinforce a mythic perspective of U.S. democracy as primarily individualistic and resistant to programs aimed at benefiting the larger community. Ultimately, the essay seeks to facilitate critical reflection on this problematic term for the sake of enriching democratic practice in the present.
Footprinting Methods to Examine the Structure and Dynamics of Proteins

“Footprinting” refers to assays that examine ligand binding and conformational changes by determining the solvent accessibility of the backbone, bases, or side-chain structures of macromolecules through their sensitivity to chemical or enzymatic cleavage or modification reactions. Protein footprinting methods have been developed to examine protein structure and conformational changes by monitoring solvent accessibility using either modification or cleavage reactions. Examples of such methods include acetylation, nonspecific limited proteolysis, or probing accessibility of a range of sites that can be specifically or nonspecifically cleaved or modified. The basis of these diverse chemical approaches is to monitor the change in accessibility of susceptible residues as a function of relevant conformational fluctuations. In addition, the amounts of material required for exploring the structure and function of proteins using footprinting is in the femtomole to picomole level for detailed analysis. Protein footprinting methods based on protease cleavage have been used to map protein structure, nucleic acid–protein interactions and protein folding intermediates. However, cleavage techniques using proteases suffer from limited structural resolution due to the large size of the probe. Hydroxyl radical methods of cleavage and modification have been pursued to overcome this drawback. In this article, we document the history of protein footprinting and the development of new technologies based on mass spectrometry to accurately locate and quantify protein structure and conformational changes upon ligand binding. Keywords: One-hit Kinetics; Footprinting; Hydroxyl Radical; Fenton Chemistry; Radiolysis; RNA Polymerase; Mass Spectrometry; Western Blot
Distributed Dynamic Capacity Contracting: A Congestion Pricing Framework for Diff-Serv

In order to provide better Quality-of-Service (QoS) in large networks, several congestion pricing proposals have been made in the last decade. Usually, however, those proposals studied optimal strategies and did not focus on implementation issues. Our main contribution in this paper is to address implementation issues for congestion-sensitive pricing over a single domain of the differentiated-services (diff-serv) architecture of the Internet. We propose a new congestion-sensitive pricing framework Distributed Dynamic Capacity Contracting (Distributed-DCC), which is able to provide a range of fairness (e.g. max-min, proportional) in rate allocation by using pricing as a tool. Within the Distributed-DCC framework, we develop an Edge-to-Edge Pricing Scheme (EEP) and present simulation experiments of it.
Pathways defective in the human premature aging disease Werner syndrome

Werner syndrome is the hallmark premature aging disease, where the patients appear much older than their chronological age. The Werner protein, defective in this disorder, is a DNA helicase and an exonuclease, and it participates in pathways of DNA repair, recombination, transcription and replication. The function and role of this protein is discussed in the light of how it functions in the aging process.
Structure-Function Correlations in High-Potential IRON Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses structure-function correlations in high-potential iron proteins (HiPIPs). HiPIPs comprise a subset of the 4Fe–4S cluster family of metalloproteins, which are characterized by a positive reduction potential, Em, in the range of +50 to +450 mV. This class is differentiated from the 4Fe–4S centers in low-potential ferredoxins, which show a negative Em, typically varying between –100 and –650 mV. The 4Fe–4S cluster proteins have now been identified in a large number of functional contexts, varying from a structural or sensory role in RNA- and DNA-binding and repair proteins or enzymes, and metabolic enzymes including catalysis of hydrolyase isomerization reactions. In general, the differences in the oxidation levels used by the HiPIPs, in contrast to the low-potential ferredoxins, are thought to be principally because of differences in local amide dipoles, the more hydrophobic environment of the 4Fe–4S cluster, and fewer hydrogen bonds.
CO 3-2 Observations of NGC 253

We have observed the J=3-2 spectral line in 12CO and the J=2-1 line in 12CO and 13CO at a few positions in NGC 253 using the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory and James Clerk Maxwell Telescopes. As a result we have observed three transitions with virtually identical beam sizes and can estimate the gas density and kinetic temperature, assuming a single component gas. In addition, 13CO data suggest a 12CO/13CO abundance ratio that is 2 to 5 times lower than the solar value.
Teaching over the Internet: Results of One Doctoral Course:

ObjectiveAlthough the Internet is new, many educators see it as a future instructional medium that will rival the face-to-face classroom. Currently, we have very little experience teaching a course using only the Internet. The objective of the course evaluated in this article was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of teaching a semester-long social work Ph.D. course on Technology Supported Practice entirely over the Internet. The course was open to master's of social work and Ph.D. students, and continuing education students.MethodInternet tools used included a Web site, listserv, discussion forum, and chat room.ResultsFindings suggest that the Internet provides ample tools to deliver a course, especially when chat is used. Students report satisfaction and learning similar to a face-to-face classroom.ConclusionThe Internet provides an environment rich enough to teach at a level of quality consistent with a face-to-face classroom.
Evolution of brain edema concepts.

The evolution of brain edema research is outlined from early experimental studies to the development of present concepts and interpretations, as well as the establishment of criteria for the two main types of edema, cytotoxic and vasogenic.
Inducer-and cell type-specific regulation of antiapoptotic MCL1 in myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma cells exposed to differentiation-inducing or microtubule-disrupting agents

The antiapoptotic BCL2 family member MCL1 is rapidly upregulated upon exposure of ML-1 myeloid leukemia cells to either differentiation-inducing phorbol 12'-myristate 13'-acetate (PMA) or chemotherapeutic microtubule disrupting agents (MTDAs). This report examined how signaling for MCL1 upregulation is coupled to these two different phenotypic changes, and tested for upregulation in other hematopoietic cancers. With PMA, ERK stimulated MCL1 mRNA expression and ML-1 cell differentiation, and ERK additionally stabilized expression of the MCL1 protein. However, with MTDAs, transient ERK and ensuing JNK activation contributed to initial MCL1 upregulation and viability-retention, but sustained JNK activation eventually resulted in cell death. MCL1 was upregulated by PMA in THP-1 and U937 myeloid leukemia cells, but by MTDAs only in THP-1 cells. MCL1 expression was constitutively elevated in multiple myeloma cell lines, and was not affected by PMA/ERK or MTDAs. Thus, MCL1 expression level and sensitivity to regulation are important considerations in selecting approaches for targeting this antiapoptotic gene product to kill cancer cells.
Building applied health research capacity in less-developed countries : problems encountered by the ADDR project

As governments and other donors renew their support for research scientists in less developed countries, it becomes important to consider new questions about the process of funding scientific research and scientific researchers. This paper argues that research capacity building is a development goal subject to structural constraints and cultural impediments among both donors and recipients. Using data from one specific research capacity building program, the Applied Diarrheal Disease Research Project (ADDR), we describe a set of constraints among donors, recipient institutions, and individual recipients of research grants. We then describe how ADDR supports its investigators, how it has responded to the identified constraints, and what obstacles it still faces. Research capacity building programs in health would be well-served by focusing more attention on research problem identification, and dissemination and application of research findings.
Properties of the capacitance transient induced in GaAs MOS structures

Abstract MOS structures have been fabricated on GaAs with plasma oxidation. The capacitance transient that occurs when the MOS is switched to deep depletion has been studied as a function of step amplitude or temperature. Result show that thermal generation of minority carriers is the dominating process, thus making those structures suitable for measurement of generation lifetime in GaAs.
Estimates of Gluconeogenesis in the Preterm Infant. • 1386

Since glucose is the major nutrient for energy metabolism, the newborn infant, particularly the preterm infant, requires a continuous supply of glucose via gluconeogenesis (GNG). Quantitative estimates of GNG in neonates have been difficult due to the small size of the infant and the problem related to carbon labeled tracers. We have now applied the recently developed[2H2]O method to quantify GNG in preterm appropriate for gestational age infants between 48-72 hours after birth. Infants weighing<1750 gm were randomized to receive either glucose (GLUC), glucose + amino acid, or glucose + amino acid + intralipid (G+IL). They were given[2H2]O orally to achieve the 2H enrichment in body water of ≈0.5% (0.45±0.04%, mean±SD). The 2H enrichment of C-6 of glucose was measured as hexamethylene tetramine to quantify GNG. The rate of glucose turnover was measured using [U13C]glucose tracer. Preliminary data on completed studies are reported. Since data on only 2 infants in the glucose + amino acid group have been analyzed their data are included in the glucose group. Table
Single-unit and multiunit analyses of renorenal reflexes elicited by stimulation of renal chemoreceptors in the rat

Abstract Stimulation of renal chemoreceptors, induced by backflow of concentrated urine into the renal pelvis, elicited a reflex increase in the rate of multiunit efferent renal nerve activity in rats. Ipsilateral stimulation increased the rate by 17.1 ± 4.5%; contralateral stimulation increased the rate by 20.8 ± 4.5%. Efferent activity returned toward control levels within the first minute following removal of the stimulus. The reflex responses were quantitatively similar in rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital or α-chloralase, but increased following complete transection of the spinal cord at C3. Studies of single efferent units indicated that responses to the stimuli were nonuniform. The majority of single units exhibited an increase in firing frequency during the stimulus; other units showed no change or, less frequently, a reduction in activity during the stimulus. Some postganglionic neurons projecting to the kidney were activated by stimuli applied to either kidney. It was concluded that stimulation of intrarenal chemoreceptors provokes bilateral excitatory renorenal reflexes in the rat. The observation of nonuniform responses among single units suggests that renal nerves contain a mixture of efferent fibers which may contact different targets in the kidney.
XANES spectroelectrochemistry : a new method for determining formal potentials.

Proof-of-concept experiments are presented outlining the use of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) in the determination of formal potentials. Two redox couples of Np in 1 M perchloric acid are used for the demonstration. XANES data obtained as a function of applied potential are used to quantitatively determine the relative concentrations of Np(VI)/Np(V) and Np(IV)/Np(III). Bulk electrolysis is done in the X-ray beam with the solution maintained under electrochemical control. Relative concentrations are extracted from the data using a principal component (factor) analysis. The formal potentials of the two redox couples determined using this method agree with those previously published. The results establish in situ XANES spectroelectrochemistry as a viable method for determining formal potentials. Examples, taken from environmental or heteropolyanion chemistry, are discussed for which this methodology will provide information currently unavailable from other established techniques.
Forcing Nonamyloidogenic β-Synuclein To Fibrillate†

The fibrillation and aggregation of α-synuclein is a key process in the formation of intracellular inclusions, Lewy bodies, in substantia nigral neurons and, potentially, in the pathology of Parkinson's disease and several other neurodegenerative disorders. α-Synuclein and its homologue β-synuclein are both natively unfolded proteins that colocalize in presynaptic terminals of neurons in many regions of the brain, including those of dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra. Unlike its homologue, β-synuclein does not form fibrils and has been shown to inhibit the fibrillation of α-synuclein. In this study, we demonstrate that fast and efficient aggregation and fibrillation of β-synuclein can be induced in the presence of a variety of factors. Certain metals (Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+) induce a partially folded conformation of β-synuclein that triggers rapid fibrillation. In the presence of these metals, mixtures of α- and β-synucleins exhibited rapid fibrillation. The metal-induced fibrillation of β-syn...
Observations on Economic Policy in Post-Revolution Nicaragua

The Sandinista revolution of 1979 transformed the polity and economy of Nicaragua. Dictatorship was replaced by a more democratic and participatory political system and the ‘repressive agro-export model’ of development of the previous three decades (Barraclough, 1982) was replaced by a model based on socialist principles. No one concerned with justice, equality or the alleviation of poverty should weep over the passing of the Somoza regime. The Nicaraguan version of an agro-export model of development resulted in peasants being forced off the land and an increasing proportion of the cultivated area being held by large estates. The process of polarization went so far that by 1970 it is estimated that the poorest 50 per cent of the population consumed less than 1800 calories per capita per day. Growth did indeed occur, at least between 1950 and the early 1970s, and rates of investment were in general quite high, but the growth that occurred was accompanied by impoverishment and increased inequality.
Cyclic AMP, a nonessential regulator of the cell cycle.

Abstract Flow-microfluorimetric analysis has been carried out on populations of exponentially growing S49 mouse lymphoma cells treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The drug produces a specific concentration-dependent block in the G-1 phase of the cell cycle while other phases of the cycle are not perceptibly altered. The cell cycle of a line of mutant cells lacking the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase is not affected by the drug. Since these mutant cells have been shown to maintain a normal cell cycle, even in the presence of high levels of cyclic AMP, periodic fluctuations in the levels of the cyclic nucleotide cannot be required for or determine progression through the cell cycle.
E-business system investment for fresh agricultural food industry in China

A fresh agricultural food online exchange system is gradually becoming an emerging e-business model in China. However, how and when to make an investment in this new business model is risky due to the unique characteristics of fresh agricultural food. In this paper, from a third party decision maker’s perspective, we propose an evolutionary discounted cash flow model to investigate the optimum time point for investment. Based on the assumptions of base demand, the derived e-demand occurring on the pendent e-business system can be characterized by non-stationary stochastic processes. Then our new model can further be innovatively analyzed by considering the dynamic scheme of the cash flow and its evolution. The analytical results suggest the optimal investment time point depends upon the consumers’ switch rate from the physical store to e-store and on the urbanization rate. A Monte Carlo simulation is further presented to compare the effects of multiple uncertainties embedded into the system. Our uncertainty analysis reveals that when government financial support fluctuates greatly, the optimal investment time could be either in the very beginning or in the end. This optimal time strategy also holds for the random demand factor after the coefficient variation of the demand reaches a certain threshold.
Chronic daily headache

A 36-year-old woman with a long history of catamenial migraines had had a headache almost every day for a year. The background headache was mild, but it became severe and incapacitating at least twice a week, interfering with work and sleep. She took six to eight tablets containing a combination of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine per day, with minimal relief. She did not have fever, weight loss, diplopia, or tinnitus. Her headaches were not exacerbated by a Valsalva maneuver or positional change. Her physical examination was normal. How should she be evaluated and treated?
Two Unpublished Whitman Family Letters

Transcribes two previously unpublished Whitman-family letters, one by George Whitman to his sister Mary in 1862 recounting his battle experiences, and one by Jeff Whitman to his sister Hannah in 1864 about family matters.
Conducting clinical trials with practicing community oncologists

Abstract The practicing community oncologist has limited time and opportunity to participate in clinical trials of new cancer therapy. However, the majority of patients treated are seen in the community setting and there is increasing interest in getting community oncologists involved in these trials. This paper outlines a currently active program that has succeeded in engaging the participation of 70% of the available oncologists in the Colorado region.
Piezo-phototronic effect and its applications in flexible optoelectronic and energy technologies

Piezoelectricity, a phenomenon known for centuries, is an effect that is about the production of electrical potential in a substance as the pressure on it changes. The most well known material that has piezoelectric effect is the provskite structured Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 (PZT), which has found huge applications in electromechanical sensors, actuators and energy generators. But PZT is an electric insulator and it is less useful for building electronic devices. Wurtzite structures, such as ZnO, GaN, InN and ZnS, also have piezoelectric properties but they are not extensively used as much as PZT in piezoelectric sensors and actuators due to their small piezoelectric coefficients. In fact, due to the polarization of ions in a crystal that has non-central symmetry, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal by applying a stress. For materials such as ZnO, GaN, InN in the wurtzite structure family, the effect of piezopotential to the transport behavior of charge carriers is significant due to their multiple functionalities of piezoelectricity, semiconductor and photon excitation. By utilizing the advantages offered by these properties, a few new fields have been created. Electronics fabricated by using inner-crystal piezopotential as a “gate” voltage to tune/control the charge transport behavior is named piezotronics, with applications in strain/force/pressure triggered/controlled electronic devices, sensors and logic units. Piezo-phototronic effect is a result of three-way coupling among piezoelectricity, photonic excitation and semiconductor transport, which allows tuning and controlling of electro-optical processes by strain induced piezopotential. The objective of this talk is to introduce the fundamentals of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics and to give an updated progress about their applications in energy science and sensors.
Take-a-village (TAV): a metaphorical model for health promotion.

Because of the emerging minority concept in American society, nursing in the new millennium is committed to designing culturally appropriate community health nursing models. The purpose of this article is to build one metaphorical model for health promotion inductively from substantive data obtained in a qualitative research. In one study, the take-a-village (TAV) construct was conceptualized as a kin and a social network system. TAV was born out of a popular African adage that “it takes a village to raise one single child.” The TAV model emerged during the analysis phase of the study. This model-building exercise explored the tenets of the TAV construct for use in building a community health practice model for health promotion.
COVERINGS AND COVERINGS

Coverings of certain simplicial complexes constructed from subgroups of a group G are related to covering groups of G.
Publishing Outside the Box: Unforeseen Dividends of Talking to Strangers.

This article describes publishing outside behavior analysis, letters to editors, and columns, as well as communicating outside the box with editors, authors, and journalists. Publishing can occur in a wide range of journals (e.g., Consciousness and Cognition), in-house publications of professional associations (e.g., Association for Psychological Science’s Observer), general science publications (e.g., American Scientist, The Scientist), publications in service to professions (e.g., The Chronicle of Higher Education), general interest and specialized magazines (e.g., Atlantic Monthly, Skeptical Inquirer), and newspapers (e.g., Los Angeles Times). Communicating with editors, authors, and journalists includes, for instance, formal correspondence with editors and personal correspondence with authors and journalists outside the box about misunderstandings, commonalities, and complementarities of their work with respect to ours. The consequences of publishing and communicating are often unforeseen and fortuitous, many of which can never occur by remaining in the box.
Natural mass-dependent variations in the isotopic composition of molybdenum

We present the first observations of natural mass-dependent fractionation of the isotopic composition of molybdenum (Mo), using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Variations in the isotopic composition of Mo are reported as δ97/95Mo (=((97Mo/95Mo)sample/(97Mo/95Mo)standard−1)×1000‰). External analytical precision of δ97/95Mo is 1‰ between sediments deposited under anoxic conditions (δ97/95Mo=+1.02 to +1.52‰ relative to our in-house standard) and ferromanganese nodules (δ97/95Mo=−0.63 to −0.42‰). δ97/95Mo of Pacific Ocean seawater (δ97/95Mo=+1.48‰) lies within the range of values for anoxic sediments, closest to modern Black Sea anoxic sediments. Molybdenites from continental ore deposits have intermediate δ97/95Mo ranging from −0.26 to +0.09‰. Variations in the abundances of 92Mo, 95Mo, 96Mo, 97Mo and 98Mo are consistent with mass-dependent fractionation. A sporadic unidentified interference occurs at mass 94 and 100Mo is not measured. We hypothesize that the δ97/95Mo offset between anoxic sediments and ferromanganese nodules results from Mo isotope fractionation during inefficient scavenging of Mo from seawater by Mn oxides under oxic conditions. The similarity in δ97/95Mo of anoxic sediments and seawater is consistent with the very efficient removal of Mo from seawater under anoxic conditions in the presence of H2S. The data can be interpreted in terms of a steady-state mass balance between the Mo flux into the oceans from the continents and the Mo flux out of the oceans into oxic and anoxic sediments. Such an interpretation is quantitatively consistent with existing estimates of the removal fluxes of Mo to anoxic and oxic sediments. These findings suggest that δ97/95Mo in seawater may co-vary with changes in the relative proportions of anoxic and oxic sedimentation in the oceans, and that this variation may be recorded in δ97/95Mo of anoxic sediments. Hence, the Mo isotope system may be useful in paleoredox investigations.
Measurement of the thermal-expansion coefficient of nickel from 300 to 1000 K and determination of the power-law constants near the Curie temperature

A fused-quartz dilatometer was used to measure the thermal-expansion coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of nickel between 300 and 1000 K. Measurements on National Bureau of Standards certified copper and tungsten standards with the dilatometer established the uncertainty in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ measurements on nickel as \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8% (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), except within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2 K of the Curie temperature ${T}_{C}$ where the uncertainty was about \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.6%. Results of 38 investigations of the expansion of nickel reported in the literature were analyzed critically, resulting in a compilation of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of nickel from 0 to 1500 K. Theories of thermal expansion were employed to separate $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ into its paramagnetic ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{p}$ and magnetic ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{m}$ components. The calculated values of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{m}$ near ${T}_{C}$ were fitted to the power-law equation, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{m}=A({t}^{\ensuremath{-}a}\ensuremath{-}1){a}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+B$, that describes critical phenomena near the critical temperature [$t=(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{C}){T}_{C}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$]. It was demonstrated that the critical exponents above and below ${T}_{C}$, $a$ and ${a}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, respectively, are the same as those derived from specific-heat measurements and that $a={a}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.093(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010)$ in agreement with scaling laws of critical phenomena.
HIGH-RESOLUTION POLARIMETRY OF SUPERNOVA REMNANT KESTEVEN 69

Reported here are high-resolution 6 cm measurements of the adolescent supernova remnant (SNR) Kesteven 69 made with the hybrid BnC configuration of the Very Large Array. Several three-field mosaics of the polarized and total intensity have been used to study this SNR. These investigations lead to a coherent picture of this region. The expanding shock defines an outer rim of high total intensity, suggesting the front is running into large dense clouds with random magnetic field directions. The SNR consists of predominantly of two types of regions, those with high total and relatively weak polarized emission and those with relatively weak total and strong polarized emission. This morphology can be generally explained by the number of clouds with organized magnetic field along the line of sight. Within this SNR there are regions where the field is varying from radial to tangential. As the SN shock encounters clouds, magnetic fields within clouds will strongly affect cloud dynamics.
Kinetics and binding capacity of six soils for structurally defined hydrolyzable and condensed tannins and related phenols

We investigated tannin–soil interactions by assessing the kinetics of sorption and sorption capacities, and their relationship to the chemical properties of six polyphenolic compounds and the textures of six soils. We developed a new extraction procedure for recovering tannins from soil samples by successive extraction with solvents of decreasing polarity. Sorption of polyphenolic compounds methyl gallate, catechin, oenothein B, pentagalloyl glucose, epigallocatechin gallate, and procyanidin dimer was determined using six soils with textures ranging from 7% silt–89% sand to 52% silt–22% sand. Sorption kinetics and capacity of the soils were determined using room temperature mixing with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine polyphenol concentration. Tannins were extracted from soils loaded with known amounts of the model compounds using solvents with a range of polarities, and establishing recovery by HPLC. Multivariable regression was used to establish relationships between polyphenol properties and sorption, and between soil texture and sorption. Sorption of the polyphenols followed the Langmuir isotherm with unique binding capacity and kinetics of sorption for each compound. Tannin sorption was correlated to molecular weight and polarity. For an Ultisol pasture soil, up to 18.7 mg g−1 soil of the large, hydrophobic compound epigallocatechin gallate was bound compared to only 5.11 mg g−1 soil of the smaller, more polar compound methyl gallate. Kinetics of sorption also varied with sorption reaching equilibrium between 75 and 350 min. Silt and sand composition affected polyphenol sorption in a unique fashion for each polyphenol. Using sequential extraction with solvents ranging from polar (water) to non-polar (hexane), we extracted up to 42% of the material that had been loaded on the soil as a mixture of five polyphenols. This work demonstrates that the likely fate of tannins and related polyphenols from plant sources is rapid sorption, with little likelihood of release of unmodified tannins from the soil by leaching. Tight sorption impedes recovery and analysis of soil tannins, but better methods for extraction may improve our knowledge of tannins in the soil.
Perioperative pain, psychological distress, and immune function in men undergoing prostatectomy for cancer of the prostate.

Prostate cancer is a leading malignancy in men, and prostatectomy is widely used for its treatment. Psychological distress and pain are commonly experienced in the perioperative period, and both ca...
Erythrosine: an adventitious source of iodide.

Erythrosine (tetra-iodofluorescein), an approved food dye, is used in pharmaceutical products and in some foods as a coloring agent. In three separate experiments an erythrosinecontaining cereal was fed to rats for 3–5 weeks. At the end of each study the distribution of 131I and 127I in thyroid, serum and urine was studied. The effect of erythrosine was to decrease 24 hr 131I uptakes by the thyroid gland and increase total thyroidal 127I. In serum the protein-bound 131I was decreased and there was an increase in the non-protein-bound 131I in erythrosine-fed animals. Urinary 131I was increased in erythrosinefed animals and total 127I and urinary iodide were sharply increased. Erythrosine was labelled with 131I and in all three experiments it was shown that one-fourth to one-third of the label was metabolized to iodide in the rat. In view of its widespread use, it is concluded that ingestion of erythrosine-containing foods or drugs can contribute substantially to dietary iodine intake.
Microstructure and chemistry of Cu-Ge ohmic contact layers to GaAs

We report systematic studies of microstructure and chemistry of Cu-Ge alloyed ohmic contacts to n-GaAs with very low specific contact resistivity ((4-6) x 10-7 Ωcm2 for n∼l x 1017cm-3). Using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray microanalysis, and secondary ions mass spectroscopy, we investigated chemistry of phase formation, crystal structure, and mechanism of ohmic contact formation in Cu-Ge alloyed layers with Ge concentration in the range of 0–40 at.%. Layers with Ge deficiency to form ζ-phase (average composition Cu5Ge) reveal the formation of a nonuniform intermediate layer of hexagonal -Cu3As phase which grows epitaxially on Ga111 planes of GaAs. In this case, released Ga diffuses out and dissolves in the alloyed layer stabilizing ζ-phase, which is formed in the structures with average Ge concentration as low as 5 at.%. Unique properties of the contact layers, namely low specific contact resistivity, high thermal stability, interface sharpness, and high contact layer uniformity are related to the formation of an ordered orthorhombic e1 Cu3Ge phase. In the alloyed layer with Ge concentration >25 at.%, no phases due to the chemical reactions with GaAs in the interface region were found demonstrating the chemical inertness of the e1Cu3Ge ordered phase with respect to GaAs. This results in sharp interfaces and uniform chemical composition, the characteristics needed for superior contacts.
Protective Effect of Liver Residue on Immature Male Rats Fed Toxic Doses of Acetylsalicylic Acid

Administration of water-insoluble liver residue largely counteracted the growth retardation and reduction in thymus, prostate, and seminal vesicle weight of immature male rats fed toxic doses of acetylsalicylic acid. The protective factor (s) was distinct from any of the known B vitamins and was not present in significant amounts in purified casein.
Conditional discrimination with ambiguous stimuli

Five pigeons learned a two-key conditional discrimination. When background color on both keys was red, pecks on the key with a horizontal line produced food. When the color was green, pecks on the key with a vertical line produced food. During part of the experiment, color was presented on only one of the keys. It was found that accuracy was higher when color was combined with the line stimulus correlated with nonreinforcement. In another part of the experiment, color was presented on both keys but a line was present only on one. Accuracy was higher when the line accompanied the nonreinforced option than when the line accompanied the reinforced option. Superior performance when the combined stimuli were displayed on the nonfood key may be explained by the association of different components of the compound stimuli with reinforcement or as the result of rules pigeons follow in solving conditional discriminations.
The effects of sodium sulfate in the water of nursery pigs and the efficacy of nonnutritive feed additives to mitigate those effects

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sodium sulfate water and the efficacy of nonnutritive feed additives in nursery pig diets. In Exp. 1, 320 barrows (5.4 ± 0.1 kg BW and 21 d of age) were allotted to 1 of 8 treatments for 24 d in a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 levels of sodium sulfate water (control or 3,000 mg sodium sulfate/L added), and 4 dietary zeolite (clinoptilolite) levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, or 1%). Fecal samples were collected on d 5, 9, 16, and 23; visually scored for consistency (1 = firm and 5 = watery); and analyzed for DM. No interactions of sodium sulfate × zeolite were observed for any response criteria. Overall (d 0 to 24), pigs drinking sodium sulfate water had decreased (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with pigs drinking control water. Pigs drinking sodium sulfate water also had increased (P < 0.01) fecal scores and lower (P < 0.04) fecal DM on d 5, 9, and 16 compared with pigs drinking control water. Increasing dietary zeolite increased (linear; P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI but had no effect on G:F. In Exp. 2, 350 barrows (5.7 ± 0.1 kg BW and 21 d of age) were allotted to 1 of 10 treatments in a 2 × 5 factorial for 21 d with 2 levels of sodium sulfate water (control or 2,000 mg sodium sulfate/L added) and 5 dietary treatments (control, 1 or 2% zeolite, 1% humic acid substance [HA], and 1% humic and fulvic acid substance [HFB]). Fecal samples were collected on d 5, 8, 15, and 21; visually scored for consistency (1 = firm and 5 = watery); and analyzed for DM. Overall (d 0 to 21), a water source × diet interaction was observed for ADG and G:F because pigs fed the 1% HA had decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F when drinking sodium sulfate water compared with other treatments but increased ADG and G:F when drinking control water. Pigs drinking sodium sulfate water had decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F and tended (P < 0.08) to have decreased ADFI compared with pigs drinking control water. Pigs drinking sodium sulfate water had increased (P < 0.01) fecal scores and decreased (P < 0.01) fecal DM on d 5 and 8. In conclusion, water high in sodium sulfate concentrations decreased growth performance and increased fecal moisture in newly weaned pigs. Although zeolite improved growth performance in the first experiment, it did not influence growth in the second study. The nonnutritive feed additives used in both experiments were unsuccessful in ameliorating the increased osmotic diarrhea observed from high sodium sulfate water.
Adenovirus fiber protein (FP) functions as a mitogen and an adjuvant.

Abstract Fiber protein (FP) from adenovirus serotype 12 and 2 was shown to be mitogenic for lymphocytes of normal BALB/c mice. Maximum increase in [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation was observed with 50–75 μg/ml of adenovirus 12 FP after 48 hr of culture. Also, FP induced blast cell transformation of mouse lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity was abolished with corresponding antiserum. Enriched T cells were not activated by FP, while B cells from athymic nude mice were stimulated to levels of approximately those of whole spleen cells. The stimulatory activity of FP was amplified by the presence of an adherent cell population (probably macrophages). Furthermore, FP served as an adjuvant in vivo , increasing IgM synethesis to SRBCs in mice immunized with FP along with SRBC. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The history of medicine and the scientific revolution.

ABSTRACT The “new philosophy” of the seventeenth century has continued to be explained mainly on its own terms: as a major philosophical turn. Twentieth-century modernism gave pride of place to big ideas and reinforced the tendency to explain the rise of science in light of new ideas. Such orientations subordinated medicine (and technology) to sciences that appeared to be more theoretical. In attempts to persuade historians of science of the importance of medicine, then, many authors took an approach arguing that the major changes in the history of medicine during the so-called scientific revolution arose from philosophical commitments. Yet because medicine is also intimately connected to other aspects of life, its histories proved to be recalcitrant to such reductions and so continue to offer many possibilities for those who seek fresh means to address histories of body and mind united rather than divided.
Kinetics of phase transitions in block copolymers

A rich variety of equilibrium phases have been identified in block copolymer melts. In this paper we study the kinetics of phase transitions from one equilibrium state to another, from both experimental and theoretical points of view. The formation of ordered phases is often mediated by non-equilibrium intermediate states. In addition the phase transitions can proceed by either conventional nucleation, or by spinodal decomposition.
Racism and urban structure

Abstract This paper begins the task of integrating models of racist behavior into general theories of urban land use. The paper derives equilibrium prices for a racist city and demonstrates that the city is less dense at the core, more dense in the suburbs, and covers a larger area than an unprejudiced city. A more complex theory of housing supply is then developed, and it is shown that racism's impact on the ghetto depends upon the ease with which maintenance can be reduced, the cost of replacing abandoned housing, and the nature of legal controls on housing quality.
Polymeric microelectromechanical systems

When it comes to microfluidic devices, plastic substrates are more versatile and easier to machine than glass.
Diffusion approximations for GI/M/s queues with service interruptions

Two heavy traffic limit theorems are presented for a GI/M/s queue with server vacations. Server vacations are governed by an exogenous process which at any time specifies the number of servers who are on vacation. The number of vacationing servers can effect in the service rate of the remaining servers still functioning. In one case the number of servers going on vacation remains fixed as the queue approaches heavy traffic; in the other case the number grows at the rate of convergence to heavy traffic. The first limit is a diffusion process that is a mixture of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and a Brownian motion with negative drift. The infinitesimal parameters of this limiting diffusion are governed by the exogenous vacation process. The second limit is a jump-diffusion process whose diffusion is a mixture of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and a Brownian motion, while the jumps are from the vacation process. The parameters of this process also are controlled by the vacation process. We propose diffusion approximations for such queueing models in heavy traffic and describe an application in Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) communications links.
High-density oligonucleotide probe arrays

High-density DNA probe arrays offer a massively parallel approach to nucleic acid sequence analysis that will have a major impact on gene-based biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Light-directed synthesis has enabled the large- scale manufacture of arrays containing hundreds of thousands of oligonucleotide probe sequences on a glass `chip' about 1.6 cm2 in size. This method is used to produce high- density GeneChipTM probe arrays, which are now finding widespread use in the detection and analysis of mutations and polymorphisms (`genotyping'), and in a wide range of gene expression studies. This paper will discuss methods for high-resolution photolithographic array fabrication which integrate solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis, photochemically removable protecting groups, and lithographic techniques adapted from the microelectronics industry.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metabolomic Profiling Unravels DNA Adducts in Human Breast That Are Formed from Peroxidase Mediated Activation of Estrogens to Quinone Methides

Currently there are three major hypotheses that have been proposed for estrogen induced carcinogenicity, however exact etiology remains unknown. Based on the chemical logic, studies were undertaken to investigate if estrogens could generate quinone methides in an oxidative environment which then could cause DNA damage in humans. In presence of MnO2 estrogens were oxidized to quinone methides. Surprisingly quinone methides were found to be stable with t1/2 of 20.8 and 4.5 min respectively. Incubation of estrogens with lactoperoxidase (LPO) and H2O2 resulted in formation of respective quinone methides (E1(E2)-QM). Subsequent addition of adenine to the assay mixture lead to trapping of E1(E2)-QM, resulting in formation of adenine adducts of estrogens, E1(E2)-9-N-Ade. Targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) based metabolomic analysis of the breast tissue extracts showed the presence of adenine adducts of estrogens, E1(E2)-9-N-Ade, along with other estrogen related metabolites. Identity of E1(E2)-N-Ade in LPO assay extracts and breast tissue extracts were confirmed by comparing them to pure synthesized E1(E2)-9-N-Ade standards. From these results, it is evident that peroxidase enzymes or peroxidase-like activity in human breast tissue could oxidize estrogens to electrophilic and stable quinone methides in a single step that covalently bind to DNA to form adducts. The error prone repair of the damaged DNA can result in mutation of critical genes and subsequently cancer. This article reports evidence for hitherto unknown estrogen metabolic pathway in human breast, catalyzed by peroxidase, which could initiate cancer.