cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of the Actuated Spoke Wheel Robot

A current problem for mobile robots in unstructured environments is their lack of general mobility. Wheeled, treaded, and legged robots each have their advantages and disadvantages, but they all lack the flexibility to be able to cope with a wide range of terrain. The actuated spoke wheel system was presented in an earlier work as an alternative locomotive method that allows unique mobility capabilities to cope with various situations. This paper presents the three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the actuated spoke wheel system with no slip and no bounce constraints at the ground contacts for a robot using a two actuated spoke wheel configuration. The first analysis will cover the case when the axle is coplanar with the line connecting the contact points, called the pivot line, and show results from two examples, corresponding to steady state turning and, in the special case, straight-line walking. The second case will describe the configuration when the pivot line is skew with the axle, comparing the robot in this configuration to an SPPS spatial mechanism. This comparison will lead to the recommendation of a more general model, based on the SPPS mechanism, that will be used to analyze the motion in both configurations.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Candidate reputations and the 'incumbency effect'

Abstract A major shortcoming of the classical median voter model is that its central prediction — convergence of platforms to the median voter's ideal — is seldom observed. One reason is that the classical model neglects the importance of voter expectations as a determinant of votes. Here we associate voters' expectations about candidates with past as well as current candidate pronouncements, and assume that incumbents whose actions are consistent with their ‘reputations’ are perceived as less risky than challengers. In equilibrium candidates choose distinct platforms. Typically neither adopts the median voter's ideal point. Either candidate may win depending on how well the incumbent's reputation reflects current voter tastes and how relatively ‘risky’ the electorate perceives the challenger to be.
Metabolic memory and chronic diabetes complications: potential role for epigenetic mechanisms.

Recent estimates indicate that diabetes mellitus currently affects more than 10 % of the world’s population. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that prolonged hyperglycemia induces chronic complications which persist and progress unimpeded even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved via the phenomenon of metabolic memory. The epigenome is comprised of all chromatin modifications including post translational histone modification, expression control via miRNAs and the methylation of cytosine within DNA. Modifications of these epigenetic marks not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to “memorize” these encounters. As such, these processes have gained much attention as potential molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic memory and chronic diabetic complications. Here we present a review of the very recent literature published pertaining to this subject.
Heat transfer in laminar flows of extended modified power law fluids in rectangular ducts

This paper reports the results of a numerical study of the Nusselt number for the H1 and T boundary conditions in laminar, fully-developed flows of pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids in rectangular ducts. Equations for the apparent viscosity that span the entire shear rate range were utilized and the Nusselt numbers were calculated as a function of a shear rate parameter that determines the flow regime where the duct is operating. Numerical results for the Nusselt number in all flow regimes are included along with correlation equations. Finally, errors associated with applying power law solutions are discussed.
Plato's Republic as an Early Study of Media Bias and a Charter for Prosaic Education

Plato's Republic is a document of considerable interest for the student of enculturation processes. From Plato's proposals for educational change and for a new curriculum, and from his reactions against the arts and poetry of traditional Greek culture, we gain perspectives on the nature, strains, and implications of a transition from dominantly oral poetic to literate prose forms of symbolic transmission and education.
Intercalation of XR5944 with the estrogen response element is modulated by the tri-nucleotide spacer sequence between half-sites.

Abstract DNA-intercalating molecules can impair DNA replication, DNA repair, and gene transcription. We previously demonstrated that XR5944, a DNA bis-intercalator, specifically blocks binding of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) to the consensus estrogen response element (ERE). The consensus ERE sequence is AGGTCAnnnTGACCT, where nnn is known as the tri-nucleotide spacer. Recent work has shown that the tri-nucleotide spacer can modulate ERα–ERE binding affinity and ligand-mediated transcriptional responses. To further understand the mechanism by which XR5944 inhibits ERα–ERE binding, we tested its ability to interact with consensus EREs with variable tri-nucleotide spacer sequences and with natural but non-consensus ERE sequences using one dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1 H NMR) titration studies. We found that the tri-nucleotide spacer sequence significantly modulates the binding of XR5944 to EREs. Of the sequences that were tested, EREs with CGG and AGG spacers showed the best binding specificity with XR5944, while those spaced with TTT demonstrated the least specific binding. The binding stoichiometry of XR5944 with EREs was 2:1, which can explain why the spacer influences the drug–DNA interaction; each XR5944 spans four nucleotides (including portions of the spacer) when intercalating with DNA. To validate our NMR results, we conducted functional studies using reporter constructs containing consensus EREs with tri-nucleotide spacers CGG, CTG, and TTT. Results of reporter assays in MCF-7 cells indicated that XR5944 was significantly more potent in inhibiting the activity of CGG- than TTT-spaced EREs, consistent with our NMR results. Taken together, these findings predict that the anti-estrogenic effects of XR5944 will depend not only on ERE half-site composition but also on the tri-nucleotide spacer sequence of EREs located in the promoters of estrogen-responsive genes.
Calcium Mineral-Peptide Interactions

Peptides have been synthesized by solid phase methods with structures which are in part based on experimentally-determined features of a major class of organic matrix phosphoproteins isolated from the calcium carbonate shell of the oyster. The matrix structures mimicked in the synthetic peptides included runs of aspartic acid (Asp), which were contrasted with peptides having other deployments of Asp with serine (Ser) and glycine (Gly). In addition, peptide-Ser was phosphorylated (PSer) and the hydrophobic carboxyterminus of natural matrix was mimicked using polyalanine tails. The interaction of the various peptides with CaCO3 as well as calcium phosphates was determined using a variety of crystallization assays and studies of adsorption of radio-labelled peptides to crystal surfaces. In general, peptides that include runs of Asp regulate crystal nucleation and growth more effectively than those which contain (Asp-X)n or (Asp-X-Y)n sequences with X and Y being either Gly or Ser. Further, CaCO3 crystals have a much higher binding capacity for polyAsp than for peptides with other deployments of Asp. Phosphorylation increases the regulatory activity and the crystal capacities of Asp/Ser - containing peptides. PolyAsp peptides having terminal PSer’s are especially effective as regulators of CaCO3 nucleation and the conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate to apatite. The activity of Asp15 molecules in CaCO3 nucleation assays is markedly increased by the addition of polyalanine tails.
Fluorescence Line Narrowing Spectroscopy of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Solid–Liquid Extraction Membranes

The potential of solid–liquid extraction fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy is evaluated for screening polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. Octadecyl silica membranes are used with the dual purpose of sample preconcentration and solid substrate for spectroscopic measurements. 4.2 K fluorescence line narrowed spectra are directly recorded from the membrane with the aid of a fiber-optic probe. The experimental procedure is free from organic solvents and takes less than 5 min per sample. With 10 mL of water sample, the limits of detection are at the parts-per-billion level. Qualitative analysis is based on wavelength time matrices, which provide a unique format for compound identification based on spectral and lifetime data. The selectivity of this approach is demonstrated with the unambiguous determination of naphthalene in a heavily contaminated water sample.
Oxygen isotope fractionation between apatite and aqueous-phase phosphate: 20–45 °C

Abstract Replacement of biogenic CaCO3 by apatite is an important mode of authigenic apatite formation in marine sediments, active along the Peru Margin today. Synthesis experiments mimicking this process were undertaken in abiotic inorganic systems in order to determine the oxygen (O) isotope fractionation between apatite and aqueous-phase inorganic phosphate [(PO4)aq]. CaCO3 solids were added to PO43− solutions made with 18O-labeled waters and O isotope fractionations between solid- and aqueous-phase PO43− were determined in a series of experiments at 20–45 °C. Results of δ18O analyses of apatite synthesis systems indicate that O isotope fractionation between solid- and aqueous-phase PO43− is: (1) not affected by variations in water δ18O values; (2) initially non-equilibrium; and (3) relatively small (∼ + 1‰). Fractionations determined from long-term (up to 6 years) room-temperature experiments were ∼ + 1‰. Due to initial rapid precipitation, short experimental run periods (1 week to 4 months), resulted in fractionations between apatite and (PO4)aq that were initially reversed from those of long-term experiments. Over time and with progressive recrystallization, these fractionations evolved to reach values consistent with long-term experiments.
A case for teleological Urban form history and ideas: Lewis Mumford, F.L. Wright, Jane Jacobs and Victor Gruen

Teleological urban form theory is structured to advocate various types of planning action, the two major ingredients being visions of a good and beautiful future city and sketches of history to inform and support this particular image. The art of writing this type of literature seems on the wane, and this article argues for carefully composing more of it. The paper begins by defining what normative teleological theory is. It then explains how its arguments work — using the thought of four American teleological planning theorists as representatives, and an analytical diagram for their comparison. Then there is a commentary section in which it is noted how these sketch theories can be used to evaluate American urban form history, and a review of some of their more challenging ideas. The paper ends with some ideas for composing more action‐oriented planning literature.
Support vector machines applied to the classification of semantic relations in nominalized noun phrases

The discovery of semantic relations in text plays an important role in many NLP applications. This paper presents a method for the automatic classification of semantic relations in nominalized noun phrases. Nominalizations represent a subclass of NP constructions in which either the head or the modifier noun is derived from a verb while the other noun is an argument of this verb. Especially designed features are extracted automatically and used in a Support Vector Machine learning model. The paper presents preliminary results for the semantic classification of the most representative NP patterns using four distinct learning models.
VPE growth of high purity and high uniformity InGaAs/InP epilayers on InP

Abstract PIN and avalanche photodiodes are vital component parts of today's optical communication systems. For these, InP/InGaAs/InP heteroepitaxial structures are required. To improved the quality and yield of these devices, the epitaxial wafers must be of very high purity and uniformity. At Sumitomo Electric we have grown the above mentioned epitaxial layers by the chloride VPE method, which is safe and has a usefully high growth rate. This article describes the growth technique and the characterization of high uniformity and high purity InGaAs/InP epilayers.
Regularity in algebraic frames

This article considers algebraic frames in which the meet of two compact elements is compact, and, in that context, when the subframe of all regular elements is itself regular. Motivated by the study of a frame of convex l-subgroups of a lattice-ordered group, a number of relevant sufficient conditions are given for this subframe to be regular. An example is given of a frame of convex l-subgroups for which the subframe of regular elements is not regular.
Hydrogen-related defects in bulk ZnO

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has attracted resurgent interest as an active material for energy-efficient lighting applications. An optically transparent crystal, ZnO emits light in the blue-to-UV region of the spectrum. The efficiency of the emission is higher than more “conventional” materials such as GaN, making ZnO a strong candidate for solid-state white lighting. Despite its advantages, however, ZnO suffers from a major drawback: as grown, it contains a relatively high level of donors. These unwanted defects compensate acceptors or donate free electrons to the conduction band, thereby keeping the Fermi level in the upper half of the band gap. This paper reviews recent work on hydrogen donors and nitrogen-hydrogen complexes in ZnO.
Putting the puzzle together: a network picture suitable for framing

During the past several years, rapid growth has occurred in both the number and types of computing resources available at Arizona State University. In the infancy of this growth, a limited strategy was developed to interconnect some of these resources. For the most part, though, each computing resource was viewed as an independent entity with access limited to those who directly utilized that resource. It was not entirely understood at that time how these resources would emerge to be pieces of a much larger puzzle. This is certainly understandable considering that computer network technologies were still developing, especially in the interconnectivity arena.As more pieces emerged on campus - standalone PCs and Macintoshes, local area networks, minicomputers, and mainframes, it became apparent that a puzzle did exist which, if solved, could allow these resources to be utilized more effectively and economically. Though some of the pieces existed, the enigma was to find the missing pieces and fit together a networking picture which could be framed and hung in any office.This paper details the efforts of Information Resources Management at ASU in discovering the missing pieces and both developing and implementing a network strategy which solved the puzzle on the ASU campus.
Approximations of classes B_{p,{{\theta }}}^\Omega of functions of many variables by entire functions in the space Lq(Rd)

Exact-order estimates are obtained for the best approximations of the classes $ B_{p,{{\theta }}}^\Omega $ of functions of many variables by entire functions of the exponential type in the space $ {L_q}\left( {{\mathbb{R}^d}} \right) $ .
Microscopic basis of Miedema's theory of alloy formation

Miedema's model for predicting heats of formation is compared to recent ab initio calculations for the heats of formation of intermetallic alloys. Heats of formation for all $3d\ensuremath{-}3d$, $3d\ensuremath{-}4d$, and $4d\ensuremath{-}4d$ transition-metal combinations are examined within Miedema's scheme. In general, the $4d\ensuremath{-}4d$ alloys do not form a "representative" group of transition-metal alloys. Hence, we question generalizations on alloy formation which are based upon a study of $4d\ensuremath{-}4d$ alloys alone.
Head impact biomechanics in youth hockey: comparisons across playing position, event types, and impact locations.

The age at which young hockey players should safely body check is unknown. We sought to determine if playing position (defensemen vs. forwards), event type (practice vs. game), or head impact location (top vs. back vs. front vs. sides) had an effect on head impact biomechanics in youth hockey. A total of 52 Bantam (13–14 years old) and Midget (15–16 years old) ice hockey players wore accelerometer-instrumented helmets for two seasons. Biomechanical data were captured for 12,253 head impacts during 151 games and 137 practices. Random intercepts general mixed linear models were employed to analyze differences in linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and HITsp by player position, event type, and head impact location. Head impacts sustained during games resulted in greater rotational acceleration and HITsp than those sustained during practices. No event type or playing position differences in linear acceleration were observed. Impacts to the top of the head resulted in greater linear acceleration, but lower rotational acceleration and HITsp, than impacts to back, front, or side of the head. Side head impacts yielded greater rotational acceleration and HITsp compared to the other head impact locations. Since linear and rotational accelerations were observed in all impacts, future hockey helmet design standards should include rotational acceleration limits in addition to the current linear acceleration standards.
An overview of small felid hand-rearing techniques and a case study for Mexican margay Leopardus wiedii glaucula at the Zoological Society of San Diego

Although parental rearing of young is preferred, occasionally it is necessary to hand-rear animals to ensure their immediate health and long-term well-being. The hand-rearing techniques used at San Diego Zoo have been developed over 25 years. In May and October 1995 0.2 Mexican margays Leopardus wiedii glaucula were hand-reared at the Zoo. This paper documents the formula and feeding technique used. Details on the growth rate of the Mexican margays are compared to those of other felids.
Eight-and-a-Half Syndrome Due to Pontine Ischaemic Infarct: Anatomic Correlation on MRI

A 79-year-old woman with a pontine tegmentum stroke presented with an eight-and-a-half syndrome. Anatomic correlation is reviewed.
Catalytic hydrogen production from fossil fuels via the water gas shift reaction

The production of hydrogen is a highly researched topic for many reasons. First of all, it is a clean fuel that can be used instead of hydrocarbons, which produce CO2, a greenhouse gas emission that is thought to be the reason for climate change in the world. The largest source of hydrogen is the water gas shift (WGS) reaction, where CO and water are mixed over a catalyst to produce the desired hydrogen. Many researchers have focused on development of WGS catalysts with different metals. The most notable of these metals are precious and rare earth metals which, when combined, have unique properties for the WGS reaction. Research in this area is very important to the energy industry and the future of energy around the world. However, the progress made recently has not been reviewed, and this review was designed to fill the gap.
Iliofemoral versus femorofemoral bypass: The case for an individualized approach

Abstract The treatment of unilateral iliac occlusion remains controversial. We report our experience with femorofemoral bypass (FF) and iliofemoral bypass (IF). One hundred sixty-two FFs and 82 IFs were performed during a 25-year period. Demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar. Operative indications included claudication in 32.1% of FFs and 19.5% of IFs, rest pain in 26.5% of FFs and 36.6% of IFs, ulcer in 8.0% of FFs and 3.7% of IFs, gangrene 13.6% of FFs and 23.2% of IFs, and acute thrombosis in 13.0% of FFs and 3.7% of IFs. Five-year primary and secondary patency rates for all FFs were 56.9% and 65.4% respectively. Those for all IFs were 74.9% and 79.2%. The primary patency rate of FF performed for chronic arterial occlusive disease was 73.3% at 3 years and 60.4% at 5 years and for IF it was 73.4% at 3 years. In the absence of prior arterial surgery in the groin, the primary patency rates of bypasses for chronic arterial occlusive disease were 78.3% for FF and 86.8% for IF at 4 years. Distal endarterectomy and acute ischemia adversely affected patency. The operative mortality rate was 6.2% for FF and 3.7% for IF. Eleven wound complications occurred in the FF group. Seven patients underwent graft removal without limb loss. One minor wound problem occurred in the IF group. Iliofemoral bypass avoids operation on an asymptomatic limb; FF avoids entry in the abdomen or retroperitoneum and can be performed under local anesthesia. In patients in whom either IF or FF is applicable, the choice between these two procedures should be individualized with these factors in mind. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:841–54.)
The effects of target composition on the Microstructure characteristic of epitaxial YBCO thin films by in-situ rf magnetron sputtering with single compound targets

Abstract The polycrystalline structure of epitaxial superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (YBCO) thin films was studied using STEM/EDS and HREM. Two kinds of YBCO films with significant difference in microstructure characteristic were found, which were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering with targets of different composition, although both of samples showed with zero resistivity about 83 K. These films were epitaxially grown on (001) MgO substrate and had the c-axis oriented. Impurity phases including CuO, Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 BaCuO 5 (211) and very tiny precipitates were observed. The formation of impurity phase were dependent on the initial target composition. The precipitate of Y 2 O 3 or 211 phase in films was found to have a special crystallographic relationship with YBCO matrix. The very tiny precipitates within YBCO matrix were believed to be responsible for the pinning centers.
Site-selective 8-chloroadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate inhibits transformation and transforming growth factor α production in Ki-ras-transformed rat fibroblasts

A site-selective cAMP analog, 8-chloroadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP), was demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of both the monolayer and soft agar growth of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts that had been transformed with the v-Ki-ras oncogene or treated with transforming growth factor α (TGFα). The growth inhibition was dose dependent and reversible and was accompanied by reversion of the transformed phenotype, suppression of TGFα production, and a decrease in p21ras protein levels. These effects of 8-Cl-cAMP were linked to the cAMP analog's selective modulation of the type I and type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunits, RI and RII, present in Ki-ras-transformed and TGFα-treated NRK cells.
Evolving plastic neural networks with novelty search

Biological brains can adapt and learn from past experience. Yet neuroevolution, that is, automatically creating artificial neural networks (ANNs) through evolutionary algorithms, has sometimes focused on static ANNs that cannot change their weights during their lifetime. A profound problem with evolving adaptive systems is that learning to learn is highly deceptive. Because it is easier at first to improve fitness without evolving the ability to learn, evolution is likely to exploit domain-dependent static (i.e., nonadaptive) heuristics. This article analyzes this inherent deceptiveness in a variety of different dynamic, reward-based learning tasks, and proposes a way to escape the deceptive trap of static policies based on the novelty search algorithm. The main idea in novelty search is to abandon objective-based fitness and instead simply search only for novel behavior, which avoids deception entirely. A series of experiments and an in-depth analysis show how behaviors that could potentially serve as a stepping stone to finding adaptive solutions are discovered by novelty search yet are missed by fitness-based search. The conclusion is that novelty search has the potential to foster the emergence of adaptive behavior in reward-based learning tasks, thereby opening a new direction for research in evolving plastic ANNs.
Brownian Dynamics Simulations of DNA Interaction with a Nanoporous Solid State Membrane

We have developed computational model that allows us to study the influence of a nanoporous solid state membrane on the dynamics of a biomolecule. We apply various electrolyte and membrane biases and monitor the effects on DNA translocation and extension. The translocation of DNA through a nanopore in a single layered doped semiconductor membrane is studied. With our single layered, electrically tunable membranes, the DNA translocation time can be varied by more than one order of magnitude. Nanopore functionalization is also studied by fixing one strand of DNA to the inner surface of the pore. Two different models of DNA molecule are developed. The first model represents each DNA nucleotide as a single bead, while in the second one we consider two beads per nucleotide: one bead representing the phosphate and sugar backbone, and the other being the base. This model is more realistic and allows us to better understand the principles of interaction between the semiconductor membrane and DNA nucleotides.
Unresolved Target Detection Blind Test Project Overview

The development and testing of algorithms for unresolved target detection in hyperspectral imagery requires the availability of empirical imagery with adequate ground truth. However, target deployment and collection of imagery can be expensive, and the resulting data often have limited distribution due to concerns of a security or propriety nature. When data are made available, it is usually with full ground truth leading to the possibility of analysts "tuning" their algorithm and reporting optimistic results. There exists an ongoing need for widely available, well ground truthed, and independent data for the community. This paper provides an overview and introduction to such a standard blind test data set. Airborne hyperspectral imagery is provided together with spectral reflectance signatures of several fabric panels and vehicles in the scene. A self-test image is accompanied by pixel locations in the image for the targets of interest for algorithm development. A blind test image has additional targets in different locations and is provided without pixel truth for independent performance assessment. Since publicizing the data set in 2008, over 150 researchers from around the world have downloaded the data for testing. Further details on the data, the project, and the results of participants are presented.
Fetal bovine serum xenoproteins modulate human monocyte adhesion and protein release on biomaterials in vitro.

Abstract Monocyte-derived macrophages are critical in the host–foreign body response to biomaterials and have been studied extensively in various culture conditions in vitro, such as medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or autologous human serum (AHS). Since monocyte maturation into macrophages is highly plastic and may vary considerably depending on the surface, isolation procedures and in vitro culture conditions, we hypothesize that variations in protein adsorption and serum type will greatly impact monocyte behavior in a surface-dependent manner. The impact of xenoproteins on monocyte-surface interactions has not been well studied methodically and the use of AHS rather than FBS for macrophage-biomaterials studies in vitro is far from universal. The commonly used reference materials – tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) – were employed in this study and we found a 3-fold higher adherent monocyte density on TCPS when AHS was used vs. FBS-supplemented medium. On PEG hydrogels, an 8- to 10-fold higher adhesion density was observed when AHS was employed vs. FBS, while on PDMS no difference in adhesion density was observed between the two sera conditions. Additionally, the presence of lipopolysaccharide abrogated the serum-dependent effect on cell adhesion on TCPS. Significantly different variations in protein release were observed between the serum conditions on these surfaces; in particular, there was a 100-fold higher concentration of growth-related oncogene for the AHS condition on PDMS even though the adhesion levels were comparable between the two serum conditions. These results emphasize the combined impact of the surface type and FBS xenoproteins in mediating the observed monocyte response to biomaterials in vitro.
Influence of sodium chloride on appearance, functionality, and protein arrangements in nonfat Mozzarella cheese

Abstract Nonfat Mozzarella cheese curd was manufactured in 227-kg batches on 3 separate d using direct acidification. Cheeses with differing NaCl concentrations were obtained by dividing curd into separate lots that received various applications of dry NaCl (0, 0.5, and 1.0% NaCl, wt/wt) and hot brine (0, 5, and 10% NaCl, wt/vol) stretching treatments. The NaCl, Ca, ash, fat, moisture, and protein contents as well as cheese meltability and expressible serum of each cheese were determined. In addition, observations were made on cheese color and functionality over 24 d of storage at 4C. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of unsalted and salted cheeses were evaluated to determine the differences in the protein matrix. The type of NaCl application and the NaCl content of the cheeses influenced the cheese moisture, meltability, expressible serum, microstructure, and ultrastructure. The moisture content was highest in cheeses in which the curd was salted before stretching. The melt was the lowest in cheeses that were unsalted. Cheeses that were stretched in either 5 or 10% brine had
Generalized set propagation operations for concurrent engineering

This paper defines a number of general operations that accept arbitrary sets of values for two variables and general relations among three variables and generate a variety of third sets that are useful in design. Although the operations are defined without respect to mathematical or engineering domain, computing these operations depends on the specific mathematical domain, and algorithms are available for only a few domains. Appropriate software could make this complexity transparent to the designer, allowing the same conceptual operations to be used in many contexts. The paper proves a number of useful characteristics of the operations and offers examples of their potential use in design.
Effects of phospholipids on the specific binding of [3H]spiroperidol to the cholate extract of rat brain synaptic membranes

Effects of phospholipids including PC, PE, PI, and PS on the specific [3H]SPD binding to the solubilized dopamine receptors were examined in the cholate extracts of the cortical and striatal synaptic membranes (P2M) of the rat brain. PC and PS, but not PE or PI, at 0.4 mM greatly enhanced the specific [3H]SPD binding to the cholate extracts of both cortical and striatal P2M fractions. PC and PS did not enhance the specific [3H]DA binding to the same cholate extracts. The enhancing effects of PC and PS were temperature-dependent and in a dose-response manner peaking at 0.4 mM and 0.2 mM respectively. Such temperature dependence indicated that the PC effects were not due to trapping of [3H]SPD by PC but represented a possible DAR-PC complex formation that allowed higher binding for the ligand. Failure of natural cerebellar P2M in enhancing the [3H]SPD binding to the cholate extract supports the notion that fluidity of the phospholipids is required for the binding or the formation of the DAR-PC (or PS) complex. Scatchard analysis of the [3H]SPD binding to the cholate extract in the absence or presence of PC or PS indicated that the PC or PS enhancement of the ligand binding may be mainly due to an increase in the number of binding sites since both PC and PS significantly increased the Bmax but not the Kd of the binding.
State of the art of thermal wave imaging for NDE of aging aircraft

The state-of-the-art of Thermal Wave Imaging as an NDE technique for Aging Aircraft is summarized. The technique is described, and examples are given of application to the thermal wave inspection of aircraft for such subsurface defects as corrosion, disbonded doublers, fluid intrusion, and delaminations of composite structures.
Exploring RFID Prototyping in the Virtual Laboratory

This paper describes several RFID technology related course topics dealing with antenna design, protocol design, and implementation strategies accessed from a centralized system for students to access. By utilizing the central system, students from multiple universities can share a single piece of equipment and still learn about the underlying RFID technology. Additionally, by creating this interface system, the necessary features for RFID development can be made available to students and instructors need not learn every single detail of complicated equipment to effectively teach students to work with RFID technology
Verifying the Reliability of Interchanging Casts Between Hanau Modular Articulators

Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the Hanau Modular Articulator system with programmed fossae to determine its interchangeability. Materials and Methods Eight Hanau Modular Articulators were tested using the same measuring system as previously developed in a similar investigation on a different instrument. Results It was determined that the Hanau Modular System with programmed fossae did possess accuracy when a measuring device was transferred between the eight articulators tested. Conclusions Laboratory procedures for multiple restorations can be accomplished with accuracy when master casts and mountings are transferred between Hanau Modular Articulators.
CALCULATING PROBABILITIES THAT CLADOGRAMS MATCH: A METHOD OF BIOGEOGRAPHICAL INFERENCE

The attempt to calculate a null probability for a given degree of matching among a set of phylogenetic area cladograms (or between a cladogram representing a geographic hy- pothesis and a set of phylogenetic area cladograms) is a key advance in historical biogeography. It leads to strong inferences about the means by which different groups achieved their current ranges. However, the appropriate procedure for calculating the probability has yet to be deter- mined. For sets of small cladograms the underlying considerations of probability seem straight- forward if two cladograms are scored as either matching completely or failing to match. If two large cladograms are not identical but seem similar, it would seem perverse to score them as "not matching." A possible null hypothesis would be that the degree of matching is no greater than would be expected for independently derived cladograms. For large cladograms, it is not at all obvious from visual inspection whether two cladograms share an improbably high number of features. Large systematic cladograms are likely to have errors and/or to be incomplete. Even though it is currently impossible to assign probabilities to particular construction errors, prob- abilities of cladogram matching can still be calculated if one posits some conventions.
Time-gated imaging with femtosecond transillumination optical coherence tomography

We describe a new technique called femtosecond transillumination optical coherence tomography which combines femtosecond pulses, coherent heterodyne detection, and fiber- optic confocal imaging to achieve time-gated and spatially resolved imaging through diffusive biological tissue. Images of absorbing objects embedded in scattering biological media are demonstrated by selecting either the earliest arriving unscattered ballistic component or the least scattered portion of the diffuse transmitted light. Time and spatially resolved analysis of photon migration through model scattering systems is used to establish fundamental limits for this class of time-gated and spatially resolved optical imaging techniques, and to evaluate their potential biomedical applications in early tumor diagnosis.
An OT2 Algorithm for the NI/G/NI/ND Capacitated Lot Size Problem

In this paper, we study a class of the capacitated dynamic lot size problem, where, over time, the setup costs are nonincreasing, the unit holding costs have arbitrary pattern, the unit production costs are nonincreasing and the capacities are nondecreasing. We investigate the properties of the optimal solution for the problem and develop the concept of candidate subplan. It is proven that only the candidate subplans need to be examined in searching for an optimal solution. A dynamic programming algorithm, incorporating the concept of candidate subplan, is then devised which has run time complexity of OT2.
Operator-theoretic and computational approaches to Ill-posed problems with applications to antenna theory

A general framework for regularization and approximation methods for ill-posed problems is developed. Three levels in the resolution processes are distinguished and emphasized: philosophy of resolution, regularization-approximation schema, and regularization algorithms. Dilemmas and methodologies of resolution of ill-posed problems and their numerical implementations are examined in this framework with particular reference to the problem of finding numerically minimum weighted-norm least-squares solutions of first kind integral equations (and more generally of linear operator equations with nonclosed range). A common problem in all these methods is delineated: each method reduces the problem of resolution to a "nonstandard" minimization problem involving an unknown critical "parameter" whose "optimal" value is crucial to the numerical realization and amenability of the method. The "nonstandardness" results from the fact that one does not have explicitly, or a priori, the function to be minimized; it has to built up using additional information, convergence rate estimates, and robustness conditions, etc. Several results are developed that complement recent advances in numerical analysis and regularization of inverse and ill-posed (identification and pattern synthesis) problems. An emphasis is placed on the role of constraints, function space methods, the role of generalized inverses, and reproducing kernels in the regularization and stable computational resolution of these problems. The results will be applied specifically to problems of antenna synthesis and identification. However the thrust of the paper is devoted to the interdisciplinary character of operator-theoretic and numerical methods for ill-posed problems.
Interhemispheric connections of visual cortex in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, and the bushbaby, Galago senegalensis.

Anatomical techniques have been used to map within visual cortex the pattern of degenerating axonal terminals produced by surgical section of the splenium of the corpus callosum in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, and the bushbaby, Galago senegalensis. Previous studies in other species have shown that callosal inputs terminate preferentially in regions where the vertical meridian of the visual field is represented. Such a correspondence can serve as a useful aid for locating the boundaries of visual areas. The goals of this study have been (1) to assess the degree of correspondence between callosal inputs and previously identified vertical meridian representations in the owl monkey and bushbaby, and (2) to gain information from the pattern of callosal inputs concerning the existence and organization of as yet unidentified extrastriate visual areas. In both the owl monkey and the bushbaby, a discrete band of degenerating axonal terminals corresponds precisely to the vertical meridian representation at the V1-V2 border, and a less precise increase in the density of degenerating axonal terminals corresponds to the vertical meridian representation of extrastriate area MT. A well-defined band of degeneration on the ventral surface of the owl monkey's cerebral hemisphere corresponds to a previously unknown vertical meridian representation which is shared by two newly identified extrastriate visual areas. Elsewhere in visual cortex the pattern of callosal connections is more complex. Although this pattern may still reflect visual topography, it is not immediately useful for distinguishing areal boundaries.
Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and mammary tumor development in Ad libitum-fed, chronic calorie-restricted, and intermittent calorie-restricted MMTV-TGF-α mice

The effect of chronic (CCR) and intermittent (ICR) caloric restriction on serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I levels and mammary tumor (MT) development was investigated. Ten-week-old MMTV-TGF-α female mice were assigned to ad libitum–fed (AL; AIN-93M diet), ICR [3-week 50% caloric restriction using AIN-93M-mod diet, 2× protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals followed by 3 weeks of daily 100% AL consumption of AIN-93M (∼75% of AL for each 6-week cycle)], and CCR (calorie and nutrient intake matched for each 6-week ICR cycle) groups. Half of the mice from each group were sacrificed at 79 (end of restriction) or 82 (end of refeeding) weeks of age. Serum was obtained at euthanasia and in cycles 1, 3, 5, 8, and 11. MT incidence was 71.0%, 35.4%, and 9.1% for AL, CCR, and ICR mice. ICR-Restricted mice had significantly lower terminal serum IGF-I and IGF-I/IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) ratio than CCR, ICR-Refed, and AL mice. There were no differences in terminal IGFBP-3. Final body, internal, and mammary fat pad weights correlated positively with IGF-I and negatively with IGFBP-3. Few changes were found for protein expression of IGF-IRα and IGFBP-3 in mammary tissue and MTs. During the study, IGF-I levels of ICR-Restricted mice were reduced, whereas refeeding allowed partial recovery. For all groups, elevated IGF-I levels preceded MT detection, although not all values were significant versus mice without MTs. However, the specific role of IGF-I in the protective effect of calorie restriction remains to be determined. These results confirm that ICR prevents MT development to a greater extent than CCR.
Characterization of Wolbachia Transfection Efficiency by Using Microinjection of Embryonic Cytoplasm and Embryo Homogenate

Wolbachia spp. are intracellular alpha proteobacteria closely related to Rickettsia. The maternally inherited infections occur in a wide range of invertebrates, causing several reproductive abnormalities, including cytoplasmic incompatibility. The artificial transfer of Wolbachia between hosts (transfection) is used both for basic research examining the Wolbachia-host interaction and for applied strategies that use Wolbachia infections to affect harmful insect populations. Commonly employed transfection techniques use embryonic microinjection to transfer Wolbachia-infected embryo cytoplasm or embryo homogenate. Although microinjections of both embryonic cytoplasm and homogenate have been used successfully, their respective transfection efficiencies (rates of establishing stable germ line infections) have not been directly compared. Transfection efficiency may be affected by variation in Wolbachia quantity or quality within the donor embryos and/or the buffer types used in embryo homogenization. Here we have compared Wolbachia bacteria that originate from different embryonic regions for their competencies in establishing stable germ line infections. The following three buffers were compared for their abilities to maintain an appropriate in vitro environment for Wolbachia during homogenization and injection: phosphate-buffered saline, Drosophila Ringer's buffer, and a sucrose-phosphate-glutamate solution (SPG buffer). The results demonstrate that Wolbachia bacteria from both anterior and posterior embryo cytoplasms are competent for establishing infection, although differing survivorships of injected hosts were observed. Buffer comparison shows that embryos homogenized in SPG buffer yielded the highest transfection success. No difference was observed in transfection efficiencies when the posterior cytoplasm transfer and SPG-homogenized embryo techniques were compared. We discuss the results in relation to intra- and interspecific Wolbachia transfection and the future adaptation of the microinjection technique for additional insects.
Passive earth pressure of overconsolidated cohesionless backfill

An experimental investigation on the passive earth pressure of overconsolidated cohesionless soil on retaining walls was conducted. A prototype model of a vertical rough wall, retaining horizontal backfill, was developed in the laboratory. The model was instrumented to measure the total passive earth pressure acting on the wall, the passive earth pressure acting on selected locations on the wall, and the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) of the sand in the testing tank. In order to develop the state of passive pressure, the wall was pushed horizontally toward the backfill without any rotation. Overconsolidated sand was produced in the testing tank by placing the sand in thin layers; each was compacted mechanically for a period of time. Tests were performed on walls retaining homogeneous overconsolidated sand, and overconsolidated sand backfill overlying the deep sand layer. The method of slices developed for predicting the coefficient of passive earth pressure for normally consolidated soil was adopted for the conditions stated above. The theoretical values compared well with the experimental results of the present investigation. It is of interest to note that the OCR and the soil condition below the founding level significantly affect the value of the coefficient of passive earth pressure on these walls. Design charts and formulae are presented for practical use.
”Bombingham”: Black Protest in Postwar Birmingham, Alabama

(1996). ”Bombingham”: Black Protest in Postwar Birmingham, Alabama. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 371-390.
How Much Do You Weigh?: Determinants of Validity of Self-Reported Body Weight:

Although researchers often employ self-report measures of current body weight, the validity of such self-reports remains questionable. The present experiment with 133 college women examined such self-reports under two conditions—reporting prior to unanticipated objective weighing (Order 1) versus reporting subsequent to weighing without weight disclosure (Order 2). Analysis indicated significantly less accurate, particularly underestimated, self-reports for Order 1 than for Order 2. Moreover, for Order 1 but not Order 2, under-reporting was disproportionately related to objectively heavier weight and was also predictable from lower personal weight ideals independent of actual weight. Findings and their implications for investigation were viewed from a social self-presentational framework.
A tribute to Dr. David Lanier.

Most individual primary care Practice-based Research Networks (PBRNs) share a common life course. They usually begin as a twinkle in someone's eye, are born, develop through an infancy to take first steps in conducting research, grow, and hopefully survive a tumultuous adolescence when first papers
Cooperative symmetry-breaking by actin polymerization in a model for cell motility

Polymerizing networks of actin filaments are capable of exerting significant mechanical forces, used by eukaryotic cells and their prokaryotic pathogens to change shape or to move. Here we show that small beads coated uniformly with a protein that catalyses actin polymerization are initially surrounded by symmetrical clouds of actin filaments. This symmetry is broken spontaneously, after which the beads undergo directional motion. We have developed a stochastic theory, in which each actin filament is modelled as an elastic brownian ratchet, that quantitatively accounts for the observed emergent symmetry-breaking behaviour. Symmetry-breaking can only occur for polymers that have a significant subunit off-rate, such as the biopolymers actin and tubulin.