cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H-mode development in TEXT-U limiter plasmas

H-mode transitions in TEXT-U limiter plasmas have been observed at and kA ( kW) with at least 300 kW of central electron-cyclotron heating (ECH). These are dithering transitions which are induced by sawtooth crashes and display the typical signatures of H-modes ( drop, spontaneous density increase, evidence of a transport barrier). However, they show only a slight improvement over L-mode energy confinement. The vessel walls are boronized and conditioned prior to experiments to achieve low-impurity influx and particle recycling. Discharges which undergo transitions are fuelled almost entirely on residual recycling. Transitions are observed when limited on a toroidally localized top or bottom limiter and, more often, when the limiter surface is `fresh', which is achieved by alternating between top and bottom limiters on successive shots. No strong dependence upon the distance from the low-field-side limiter has been found. Transitions are not yet observed when limited on the high-field-side wall tiles or in the case of TEXT-U diverted configurations. Preliminary measurements with the 2 MeV heavy-ion beam probe (HIBP) (in the core) and Langmuir probes (in the edge) indicate that the plasma potential drops outside the q = 1 radius while only small changes are observed in the density fluctuation level.
Organization of Relational Models for Scene Analysis

Relational models are commonly used in scene analysis systems. Most such systems are experimental and deal with only a small number of models. Unknown objects to be analyzed are usually sequentially compared to each model. In this paper, we present some ideas for organizing a large database of relational models. We define a simple relational distance measure, prove it is a metric, and using this measure, describe two organizational/access methods: clustering and binary search trees. We illustrate these methods with a set of randomly generated graphs.
Evolutionary Analysis of RNA Editing Enzymes

This article focuses on the evolution of apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA editing. We review the tools commonly used in homology search and phylogenetic analysis and demonstrate their use in the analysis of RNA-editing enzymes. The ultimate goal is to apply these tools to answer two questions: How did apoB mRNA editing come about? How might it be related to other base substitution editing in the course of evolution.
The future of microstructure technology — The industry view☆

Abstract Downscaling of minimum device and circuit geometries has been the primary engine driving exponential improvements in integrated circuit density, performance and cost for 20 years or more. These improvements have permitted concomitant progress in electronic systems, and and are largely responsible for the growth of the market. Semiconductor device and circuit modeling predicts practical limits on these geometries, and analysis of current trends indicates that these limits will be reached for circuits comprising large portions of the IC market by the mid-90's. The limitations on downscaling are both device- and interconnection-related and encompass noise and reliability issues. The practical limits are in the range 0.3 – 0.5 micrometers, but limits of a somewhat more fundamental nature exist around 0.1 – 0.3 micrometers. Since the practical limits are expected to be reached in the early- to mid-'90's, keeping functional density on its current exponential trend for more than a few years after that will require revolutionary approaches to devices, interconnections, noise immunity, and fault-tolerace. The discontinuity which maturation of the evolutionary transistor-based technology will create will present a rare opportunity to “go back to the well” of science to create a new technology of potentially large and immediate impact. In our view, which we believe to be shared by the industry, this must be a technology which leverages the accumulated experience and investment in semiconductor manufacturing in order to maintain the downward cost trend. Much of the required basic research in semiconductor microstructures in the regimes of quantum size effects and tunneling is yet to be done. Filling in this research gap should be a major priority for the immediate future, and the ability to do this will depend on continued progress in microstructure fabrication.
KPPCDL: an Internet based shared environment for introductory programming education

The Karel++ Collaborative Laboratory is an Internet based educational tool, which facilitates the learning of Object-Oriented programming techniques, by providing a shared development environment for the building of student programs written in the Karel++ language. KPPCDL offers remote sharing of Karel++ program elements, collaborative source code editing, textual and graphical notification of both coarse and finely grained remote updates, remote and local views of developing program elements, updated views for late comers, background source parsing, and real-time memo sending. The system combines features of both centralized and replicated architectures, and provides for both synchronous and asynchronous collaboration.
Design of a reconfigurable optical microprocessor for smart pixel applications

The ever increasing demand for communication bandwidth and system interconnectivity has been a motivating factor behind the integration of optoelectronics device and conventional data processing circuitry. Over the last two decades, fiber optic components have become the dominant technology in the telecommunications industry. In last 5 years, optical interconnection techniques have been suggested as a solution to the interconnect density and bandwidth problems faced by electrical systems at the cabinet, PC-board and even chip level. Based on the smart pixel architectures in the last decade, the proposed chip monolithically integrates optical sensors with silicon CMOS based circuitry. This project incorporates an instruction fetch unit (IFU), that fetches the instructions from an external host computer, and a 2D-array of one-bit smart pixels called the processing element (PE). Each PE consists of an ALU, control logic, dual port register memory bank, photo-receiver circuit and associated driver circuits. By tiling these smart pixels in 2D, it is possible to form a programmable smart pixel array that is well suited to read optical page-oriented data types. The CASPR chip contains a 4x4 array of PEs connected to a single IFU. Inter PE communication has been established through nearest neighbor communication. Simultaneous communication to all the PEs is possible through global communication. The instruction set for this architecture is 17-bit long. The chip has been successfully fabricated in 0.5μ technology. We present in this paper the design and initial test results from the recent fabrication.
Age- and concentration-dependent neuroprotection and toxicity by TNF in cortical neurons from β-amyloid

The induction of an inflammatory response and release of cytokines such as TNF may be involved in the age-related etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). In the brain, microglia have been shown to produce a wide variety of immune mediators, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We hypothesize that with age there is increased ability of microglia to produce TNF or that age decreases the neuroprotective effect of TNF against beta-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity in neurons. We investigated the effects of Aβ(1–40) on TNF secretion from forebrain cultures of microglia from embryonic, middle-age (9-month) and old (36-month) rats. Over the first 12 hr of exposure to 10 μM Aβ (1–40), microglia from embryonic and old rats increase TNF secretion, although microglia from middle-age rats did not produce detectable levels of TNF. When low concentrations of TNF are added to neurons together with Aβ (1–40) in the absence of exogenous antioxidants, neuroprotection for old neurons is significantly less than neuroprotection for middle-age neurons. In neurons from old rats, high levels of TNF together with Aβ are more toxic than in neurons from middle-age or embryonic rats. These results are discussed in relation to neuroprotection and toxicity of the age-related pathology of AD. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:454–465, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perspectives From Social and Feminist Psychology

dents. Rather, they learned to become sensitive to the problem solving of the individual child and to respect the individual strategies used. One explanation of the findings is, in the absence of fixed teaching methods and with a focus on the individual, teachers' gender stereotypes were activated. Social psychologists' research shows that perceivers often swiftly and unconsciously categorize an individual, frequently on the basis of gender (Fiske & Neuberg, 1990). Once the individual is categorized, the beliefs and expectations about the category are activated (Hamilton & Sherman, 1994; Hamilton & Trolier, 1986). The teacher's interactions with the individual student may therefore be influenced by stereotypes, and teachers-perhaps quite unconsciously-may encourage boys to be inventive and girls to use standard algorithms. This might follow from stereotypes that girls are compliant and therefore can be counted on to follow standard algorithms to get to the answer. Our argument, then, is that two processes are involved: (a) teachers hold gender stereotypes (e.g., girls are compliant, boys are resistant to rules), and (b) these stereotypes are activated (albeit not consciously) when teachers interact with students. Regarding the first process, a study of Israeli elementary school teachers found that boys were more likely to be regarded as the best students in mathematics and as possessing high academic potential (BenTsvi-Mayer, Hertz-Lazarowitz, & Safir, 1989). At the same time, boys were also regarded as causing an overwhelming number of discipline problems. In a U.S. study, Grieb and Easley (1984) found that teachers allowed boys (especially White middleclass boys) to exert independence by not using algorithms. Their rebellious, invented strategies were seen as a sign of a promising future in mathematics. Teachers controlled girls more than boys and for girls, imposed mathematics as a set of rules or computational methods. In brief, then, our argument is that this program, precisely because of its less rigid nature, may have allowed teachers' gender stereotypes to be activated more than traditional instructional methods do. Unintentionally, the instructional method, then, essentially created the gender differences. Before we conclude that girls think differently about math, it is crucial that such classrooms be observed with attention to gender dynamics.
Carbon sequestration in freshwater wetlands in Costa Rica and Botswana

Tropical wetlands are typically productive ecosystems that can introduce large amounts of carbon into the soil. However, high temperatures and seasonal water availability can hinder the ability of wetland soils to sequester carbon efficiently. We determined the carbon sequestration rate of 12 wetland communities in four different tropical wetlands—an isolated depressional wetland in a rainforest, and a slow flowing rainforest swamp, a riverine flow-through wetland with a marked wet and dry season, a seasonal floodplain of an inland delta—with the intention of finding conditions that favor soil carbon accumulation in tropical wetlands. Triplicate soil cores were extracted in these communities and analyzed for total carbon content to determine the wetland soil carbon pool. We found that the humid tropic wetlands had greater carbon content (P ≤ 0.05) than the tropical dry ones (96.5 and 34.8 g C kg−1, respectively). While the dry tropic wetlands had similar sequestration rates (63 ± 10 g Cm−2 y−1 on average), the humid tropic ones differed significantly (P < 0.001), with high rates in a slow-flowing slough (306 ± 77 g Cm−2 y−1) and low rates in a tropical rain forest depressional wetland (84 ± 23 g Cm−2 y−1). The carbon accumulating in all of these wetlands was mostly organic (92–100%). These results suggest the importance of differentiating between types of wetland communities and their hydrology when estimating overall rates at which tropical wetlands sequester carbon, and the need to include tropical wetland carbon sequestration in global carbon budgets.
Time and the Academic Librarian

In order for academic librarians to balance time requirements for research, service and job duties they need a keen sense of where their time is allocated. Although the literature gives some idea of average time allocated, a more detailed view is obtained through examination of one librarian's seven-year accumulation of daily time logs. The log as a method for achieving balance and the goal of balance itself are explored.
A study of I/sub DDQ/ subset selection algorithms for bridging faults

Selecting a small subset of the set of functional vectors for performing I/sub DDQ/ measurement has previously been studied for leakage but not for bridging faults. Algorithms for this problem for all two line bridging faults, in combinational and sequential circuits, along with experimental results are presented.
Relations of religiosity and spirituality with depressive symptoms in primary care adults: Evidence for hope agency and pathway as mediators

This study examined hope agency and pathway as potential mediators of the associations of religiosity and spirituality with depressive symptoms in an adult sample of 101 primary care adults. Results of conducting multiple mediation tests indicated that hope agency and pathway fully and significantly accounted for the associations of religiosity and spirituality with depressive symptoms. In contrast, an alternative mediation model involving religiosity and spirituality as potential mediators of the associations of hope agency and pathway with depressive symptoms failed to be supported. Overall, our findings offer support for the contention that hope agency and pathway play important roles in accounting for the associations of religiosity and spirituality with psychological adjustment in adults. Some implications of the present findings are discussed.
An Estimation-Based Precipitation Retrieval Algorithm for Attenuating Radars

Abstract A new method for retrieving rainfall profiles from a spaceborne radar is introduced. As a result of the frequencies necessary in spaceborne radar applications, attenuation by both rainfall and liquid cloud particles is nonnegligible and must be accurately accounted for before quantitative rainfall estimates can be made. The proposed method is based on the minimization of a cost function that allows one to account for attenuation at each level directly in the iteration process. In addition, the algorithm does not invoke the Rayleigh approximation and is, therefore, applicable at wavelengths characteristic of spaceborne radars. The method is flexible with regard to the parameters to be retrieved and is well-suited for the addition of measurements from other sensors, such as a passive microwave radiometer, to constrain the retrieval. Preliminary results, using simplified assumptions of drop size distribution and particle shape, illustrate the utility of the algorithm provided the attenuation is not ...
Update of Spinal Epidural Abscess: 35 Cases and Review of the Literature

Thirty-five cases of spinal epidural abscess were evaluated retrospectively and compared with 153 cases reported in the literature. As in other series, Staphylococcus aureus was the major pathogen. Patients with acute abscesses had fever, leukocytosis, and purulence at surgery. Patients with chronic abscesses had less fever and leukocytosis, more granulation tissue at surgery, and a greater delay in diagnosis but retained the potential for rapid neurologic deterioration. In contrast to other studies, abscesses in both the lumbar and anterior spinal compartments and patients with specific sources of infection occurred with greater frequency. Myelography was the diagnostic method of choice. Only four of nine patients had diagnostic computed tomography. Earlier diagnosis and treatment led to a significant improvement in outcome. Both steroid administration and greater neurologic impairment adversely affected outcome. Neurologic improvement following surgery was dependent on the duration of the deficit. A combination of antibiotics and surgical drainage remains the treatment of choice.
IDEA: An Iterative-Deepening Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Querying in Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

The data-centric ad hoc sensor networks make efficient searching a crucial and challenging operation. Dynamic topology make flooding the most widely adopted solution at a cost of high bandwidth congestion leading to inefficient use of resources and low network lifetime. This paper presents IDEA, an efficient querying and searching technique for ad hoc sensor networks that reduces average energy consumption while maintaining the capacity and performance of the network. IDEA is based on iterative-deepening search which check-points the flooding of requests based on the results. This is further extended to a token-based approach called T-IDEA, which involves local decisions made by nodes to determine their participation in a virtual searching network. Results show that IDEA and T-IDEA significantly reduces the energy consumption compared to classical flooding approaches. Apart from that T-IDEA presents a highly distributed self-supervising topology formation which performs very well to increase the lifetime of the ad hoc sensor network.
The Expression and Localization of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 in Human Trophoblasts

The protein N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and cellular stress response. NDRG1 is expressed in primary human trophoblasts, where it promotes cell viability and resistance to hypoxic injury. The mechanism of action of NDRG1 remains unknown. To gain further insight into the intracellular action of NDRG1, we analyzed the expression pattern and cellular localization of endogenous NDRG1 and transfected Myc-tagged NDRG1 in human trophoblasts exposed to diverse injuries. In standard conditions, NDRG1 was diffusely expressed in the cytoplasm at a low level. Hypoxia or the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride, but not serum deprivation, ultraviolet (UV) light, or ionizing radiation, induced the expression of NDRG1 in human trophoblasts and the redistribution of NDRG1 into the nucleus and cytoplasmic membranes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and microtubules. Mutation of the phosphopantetheine attachment site (PPAS) within NDRG1 abrogated this pattern of redistribution. Our results shed new light on the impact of cell injury on NDRG1 expression patterns, and suggest that the PPAS domain plays a key role in NDRG1’s subcellular distribution.
EVIDENCE FOR INTRINSIC DNA BENDS WITHIN THE HUMAN CDC2 PROMOTER

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) are key regulatory proteins of the eukaryotic cell cycle. The product of the cdc2 gene, p34cdc2 (cdk1), is the catalytic subunit of a serine/threonine protein kinase that is expressed in S phase and functions in the G2 to M phase transition. Previous studies indicate that the human cdc2 gene expression is dependent on cell growth, and is transcriptionally regulated in a complex manner involving multiple transcription factors binding to specific sites in the promoter. One possible mechanism by which these transcription factors regulate transcription is that by binding to their cognate sites they induce bends in the DNA helix, thereby allowing their interaction with the basal transcription machinery through protein-protein contacts. Such protein-induced DNA bending is also influenced by intrinsic bends in the regulatory region. Using both theoretical and experimental approaches, the study reports that the human cdc2 promoter has an intrinsic DNA bend with a broad locus of curvature.
Braided Convolutional Codes: A New Class of Turbo-Like Codes

We present a new class of iteratively decodable turbo-like codes, called braided convolutional codes. Constructions and encoding procedures for tightly and sparsely braided convolutional codes are introduced. Sparsely braided codes exhibit good convergence behavior with iterative decoding, and a statistical analysis using Markov permutors shows that the free distance of these codes grows linearly with constraint length, i.e., they are asymptotically good.
Analysis of the Thermoacoustic Flame Instability With Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Lean premixed combustion technology is a method that can inhibit the NOx emission by decreasing the flame temperature. Nevertheless, lean combustion systems are more sensitive to acoustic oscillations than rich systems. As a result, thermoacoustic instability, which is caused by the coupling between pressure and heat release rate oscillations, could causes serious device failure in the lean operating systems. A common mechanism that can trigger thermoacoustic instability is the flame-vortex interaction. The vortices forming in the shear layer can directly affect the energy exchange between combustion and the pressure field. Flame structure can experience significantly spatial change with the effect of the vortex. Therefore, this is essential to obtain the local heat release rate information to understand the global flame behavior. To capture the local information of the flame, planar laser induced fluorescence of OH radicals (OH-PLIF) was used to obtain the flame surface density (FSD), which is directly related to the local mean heat release rate. However, interruptions from the turbulent flow makes the raw local FSD data are difficult to be analyzed, especially when the acoustic perturbation level is low. To overcome this problem, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method was used in the current research to analyze the FSD data to capture the dominant trend of the flame oscillation. The POD method was applied to a 5 m/s premixed low swirl flame forced by different levels of acoustic perturbation. After the dominant POD modes that contain most of the oscillation energy were obtained, they were used to reconstruct FSD results. By comparing the FSD results gained with and without POD method, it can be concluded that the dominant modes of POD can reasonably capture the key features of the heat release rate oscillation. Analysis results demonstrate that the POD method is a good candidate that can be applied to unstable combustion study to capture the dominant global and local heat release rate oscillation information, which is essential in understanding the thermoacoustic instability.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Magnetic Properties of Sputtered Ni/Al Multilayers

Magnetic properties of sputtered Ni/Al multilayers have been investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance. In these compositionally modulated films (CMFs) the Al ‘spacer’ layer thickness was fixed at 3.5 nm while the total Ni content of each film was held constant at 308 nm. The thickness of the individual Ni layers was varied from 4.8 to 154 nm. The CMFs showed a variety of magnetic characteristics which were dependent on the thickness of the Ni layers. CMFs with Ni layer thickness 30 nm and above showed clear evidence of perpendicular anisotropy. This anisotropy is characterized by low-remanence perpendicular hysteresis loops of the type commonly found in CoCr alloy films. As the Ni layer thickness diminishes the perpendicular anisotropy decreases and is eventually lost. Simultaneously, the CMFs show increasing in-plane remanence, rising to a peak squareness of greater than 0.5 at a Ni layer thickness of 11 nm. As the Ni thickness continues to decrease, the remanence again declines. At Ni thicknesses of a few nm the CMFs become quasi-superparamagnetic. These CMFs do not show a monotonic reduction in saturation magnetization, Ms, with decreasing Ni layer thickness. Instead, both Ms and the coercivity, Hc, pass through a maximum in the region of 40–80 nm Ni layer thickness. FMR measurements were also made on these films. A plot of the effective anisotropy field produces data of a similar form to the Ms versus Ni layer thickness plot, again with a clear maximum. The FMR data also reveals interesting resonances in the films exhibiting perpendicular anisotropy. The presence of satellite resonances adjacent to the principal resonance peaks seems to suggest, in structural terms, a two-phase system as the basis of the observed anisotropy.
Development and Validation of a Forced Choice Scale to Measure Job-Related Discomfort Among Customer Service Representatives

The article discusses methods of measuring job-related discomfort. The author notes a number of obstacles to obtaining an accurate measure of negative emotions related to job performance, including...
A simulation of operational damage for wind turbine blades

A numerical study of how to simulate airborne particle collisions with a 38-m, 1.5-MW horizontal axis wind turbine blade is presented. Two types of particles were analyzed, namely insects and sand grains. Computations were performed using a two-dimensional inviscid flowfield solver coupled with a particle position predictor code. Three locations along the blade were considered: 35% span and characterized by a DU 97-W-300 airfoil, 65% span with a DU 96-W-212 airfoil, and 75% span using a DU 96-W-180 airfoil. Insect simulations were performed to estimate the residual debris thickness on the blade, while sand simulations were performed to compute the surface erosion rate. Results show that the particle impact locations along the blade sections are a function of local angle of attack, local freestream velocity, airfoil shape, particle mass and aerodynamics. Insects and sand grains were found to collide primarily in the vicinity of the blade leading edge. The volume of insect debris per unit span of the blade was maximum at r/R = 0.75. The erosion rate due to sand grains was maximum on the low pressure side of the wind turbine blade. An erosion rate approximately ten times higher was observed at r/R = 0.75 as compared with the inboard section at r/R = 0.35. In the proximity of the leading edge, steep angles of impact occurred, and erosion rate had a minimum, while it reached maximum values moving slightly downstream along the blade section.
Modeling and Perfecting of Hydrodynamic Hypothesis for Tooth Thermal Pain

Based on the hydrodynamic hypothesis for tooth thermal pain,a thermo-mechanical model is proposed to simulate dentinal fluid flow under thermal stimulation.It is found that,upon applying the thermal stimulation,other than thermally-induced fluid expansion/contraction,the deformation of dentine micro tubules is responsible for the rapid response of fluid flow in dentinal tubules.The mechanism underlying the difference in neural discharge patterns caused by cooling and those by heating is provided.It is the first time that the hydrodynamic hypothesis proposed by Brnnstrm in 1962 is theoretically demonstrated and perfected.
The Reconsctruction of the Functions of County Governments and the Construction of the Public-Service Oriented Governments

Public-service oriented governments is the goal of institutional reformation of county governments. And the reconstruction of county governments' functions is the important foundation of building public-service oriented governments. Enhancing the infrastructure construction, protecting the economic order, developing regional economic cooperation, defending social justice, perfecting social security system and strengthening the society conflict administration are the key job of county government functions in the new time. Making clear the important functions of county governments in the lengthways orientation and the functional relations in the horizontal orientation, regulating the relations between government and enterprises, strengthening social construction and governmental crisis management are the realistic approach from which the public-service oriented governments are to be built.
Myths of monoculturalism: narratively claiming the other

AbstractThis paper reports on monocultural education narratives associated with marginalizing newcomer English-as-a-New-Language learners and their families. These narratives emerged through a three-year long critical ethnography in the schools of a Midwest town (Unityville). The collective, social stories emerged as ‘story seeds’ through interviews and positioned the storytellers as knowledgeable in relation to the newcomer others. The stories reproduced monocultural myths about the school itself and privileged the storytellers and those with whom they identified. The primary analytic tool was reconstructive horizon analysis through which four main stories were articulated. All of them involved a myth of monoculturalism: ‘When my grandfather came here …,’ ‘Latinos are the new blacks,’ ‘Sink or swim,’ and ‘Go home.’ The Self/Other relations of the monocultural myths will be articulated and the way the collective stories structure those relations will be examined.
A Brief History of the Field

The book starts with an historical look at how the interconnected fields of children’s librarianship and publishing arose, providing a comparative base for the chapters that follow. In the USA, the field of literary cultural production for young people began with the library and the publishing house working in tandem. Views from the Progressive Era influenced first librarianship, which in turn influenced publishing for young people, as publishers recognized a burgeoning market in books for young people, and established children’s imprints within their houses, starting with Louise Seaman Bechtel at Macmillan in 1919. This chapter visits shifts in the field, from the earliest days of Anne Carroll Moore at the New York Public library and Louise Seaman Bechtel, the first children’s editor, at Macmillan, during which time publishers and librarians served as child protectors in their selections, to a shift at the mid-century, when Margaret Edwards at the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore shifted from child protector to child educator—wanting young adults especially to be informed about the Cold War and peace, to a shift in the 1970s when librarians officially became child advocates instead of child protectors. In the library, this was reflected by content in Carol Starr’s Young Adult Alternative Newsletter, which was circulated to 1000 librarians, and in the publishing house, with the 1967 publication of The Outsiders, which marked the beginning of realist fiction for young adults. Another shift began with the mergers and acquisitions of the 1980s, and a new commercialism emerged, as publishing for young people was finally considered a profitable business.
Imaging a thin strip of fat in a thick breast tissue using snake light

Imaging one type of tissue in another by using light has potential applications in imaging tumors and other diseased tissues that differ .from their surrounding medium in terms of their optical properties. A successful optical imaging method may provide an alternative to conventional mammography, which uses harmful x-rays. Strong random multiple-scattering in tissues renders conventional trans illumination techniques using cw light ineffective. However, the limitations of steady-state transillumination can be overcome by using ultrashort laser pulses and time-resolved detection methods. When ultrashort laser pulses are incident on a slab of scattering medium, the transmitted pulses consist of a ballistic component,1 a diffuse component, and a snake component.2 The ballistic component retaining the coherence of the incident photons is the most suitable for imaging. This component is too weak to be detected in most cases as it decreases exponentially with the thickness of the sample. The diffuse photons do not provide enough information about any particular path since they traverse various different paths in the medium. On the other hand, since the snake photons travel along zig-zag paths slightly off the straight line path, they can provide enough information about the optical properties of the scattering medium along this path and about any foreign object lying on it.
Audience Activity and Passivity: An Historical Taxonomy

The primary theoretical research perspectives that have informed the field of mass communication over the past 70 years are examined with regard to what each perspective has explicitly stated or implied about whether audiences and audience members are active or passive. We see these audience conceptualizations as central to longstanding debates on the power of the media. The article describes each perspective, offers an historical, intellectual genealogy, and attempts to categorize each, in terms of its views on audience activity and passivity. The authors suggest that the interaction of opposing philosophical and methodological traditions can give rise to integration and synthesis that will be productive in future theorizing and research on audiences and the many issues raised by the debate over activity and passivity.
The driving force on the boundary of a self-similarly expanding Eshelby spherical inclusion

The “driving force” per unit area on the boundary of a spherical self-similarly expanding Eshelby inclusion with general eigenstrain $$\epsilon ^*_{ij}$$ is obtained. It is independent of r and t, and depends only on the wave speeds a and b, and the expansion velocity $$\upsilon $$ . It is, thus, the same at the initial time $$t =0$$ when the expansion starts from the zero dimension.
On the tunneling splitting in a cyclic water trimer

Abstract We propose an alternative explanation of the “bifurcation” splittings observed for the water trimer in the VRT experiments of Saykally’s group [Chem. Rev. 103 (2003) 2533]. In our interpretation, the splittings originate from the quantum delocalization of hydrogen bonded protons in the mean field potential between two oxygen neighbors. The pattern and the order of our calculated splittings is in the range of experimentally observed values. Consequently, quantum delocalization of protons should be considered seriously as the origin of experimentally observed fine splittings. The presented model can be extended to a water pentamer and, hopefully, advance our understanding of liquid water.
Greater Coronary Heart Disease Risk With Lower Intensity and Longer Duration Smoking Compared With Higher Intensity and Shorter Duration Smoking: Congruent Results Across Diverse Cohorts.

Introduction Relative risks (RRs) for coronary heart disease (CHD) by cigarettes/day exhibit a concave pattern, implying the RR increase with each additional cigarette/day consumed decreases with greater intensity. Interpreting this pattern faces limitations, since cigarettes/day alone does not fully characterize smoking-related exposure. A more complete understanding of smoking and CHD risk requires a more comprehensive representation of smoking. Methods Using Poisson regression, we applied a RR model in pack-years and cigarettes/day to analyze two diverse cohorts, the US Agricultural Health Study, with 4396 CHD events and 1 425 976 person-years of follow-up, and the Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, with 5979 CHD events and 486 643 person-years. Results In both cohorts, the concave RR pattern with cigarettes/day was consistent with cigarettes/day modifying a linear RR association for CHD by pack-years within categories of cigarettes/day, indicating that strength of the pack-years association depended on cigarettes/day (p < .01). For example, at 50 pack-years (365 000 total cigarettes), estimated RRs of CHD were 2.1 for accrual at 20 cigarettes/day and 1.5 for accrual at 50 cigarettes/day. Conclusions RRs for CHD increased with pack-years with smoking intensities affecting the strength of association. For equal pack-years, smoking fewer cigarettes/day for longer duration was more deleterious than smoking more cigarettes/day for shorter duration. We have now observed inverse smoking intensity effects in multiple cohorts with differing smoking patterns and other characteristics, suggesting a common underlying phenomenon. Implications Risk of CHD increases with pack-years of smoking, but accrual intensity strongly influences the strength of the association, such that smoking fewer cigarettes/day for longer duration is more deleterious than smoking more cigarettes/day for shorter duration. This observation offers clues to better understanding biological mechanisms, and reinforces the importance of cessation rather than smoking less to reduce CHD risk.
Commentary: Targeting NMDA Receptor and Serotonin Transporter for the Treatment of Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Depression.

This commentary addresses some of the important outcomes of the published study by Ho and colleagues, titled “Combined effects of acamprosate and escitalopram on ethanol consumption in mice”, published in Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016 Jul;40(7):1531–1539. Ho and colleagues reported that the combination of acamprosate and escitalopram was able to reduce ethanol intake in both stressed and non-stressed mice during treatment. However, escitalopram alone reduced ethanol intake only in non-stressed mice. Acamprosate treatment did not induce any changes in ethanol intake. This commentary addresses the important roles of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems in ethanol intake and dependence. The differential effects of combined drugs or a drug administered alone on ethanol intake have been addressed with a focus on stressed versus non-stressed mice exposed to two-bottle choice limited-access drinking of 15% ethanol and tap water. The interactive role of glutamate and serotonin in ethanol intake is also discussed in this commentary.
Pioglitazone as a candidate chemoprevention agent for lung cancer: A pilot window trial in early stage NSCLC.

1581 Background: Multiple lines of evidence support the use of PPARγ ligands in the treatment and prevention of lung cancer. Pioglitazone is a PPARγ ligand that is FDA-approved for type-II diabetes...
Environmental Impact of the Coal Industry and Resource Equivalency Method for Environmental Damage with Ecological Indicators

Historical coal mining in northwestern Czech Republic has caused substantial environmental damage. The ecological effects of coal mining include adverse impacts at the species, habitat, and landscape levels. Ecological functions of landscapes also have been disrupted. We used information regarding the ecological consequences of coal mining to describe an illustrative case study of how resource equivalency analysis methods could be used to calculate environmental liabilities.
Economic Development in Union County, Oregon: A Case for Developing the Creative Economy

A critical part of any economy, whether it be national, state, or local is its creative economy and its ability to generate and retain an innovative workforce. A shift-share analysis for the years 2008 and 2013 was used to identify industries in Union County, Oregon that have a regional advantage. The arts, entertainment, and recreation industry was identified as an industry with a regional advantage, which has potential for further development that will not only increase the workforce in that industry but also the quality of life in the region and the development of the creative economy
Antibody Pull-Down Experiments in Fission Yeast

Proteins act as executors for almost all kinds of cellular processes. The majority of proteins achieve their proper functions through interacting with other proteins. Knowing the binding partners of a protein is instrumental for understanding its function. The antibody pull-down method is a powerful and common approach to detect protein-protein interactions. Here, an antibody pull-down protocol is described for detecting protein-protein interactions in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Structure of Magnetic Fields in High Temperature Superconductors with Columnar Defects

Superconductivity is expected to invade our daily life shortly. Technology involving the application of superconductivity will soon be found in different instruments, devices and machinery using a new family of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) where the critical temperature below which the material becomes superconductor has been raised to around half of room temperature. An essential issue that needs to accompany the spread of use of superconductivity is the development of NDE tools that can be used for such new technology.
WASH activities at two Ebola treatment units in Sierra Leone

Purpose The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was the largest in history. Starting in September 2014, International Medical Corps (IMC) operated five Ebola treatment units (ETUs) in Sierra Leone and Liberia. This paper explores how future infectious disease outbreak facilities in resource-limited settings can be planned, organized, and managed by analyzing data collected on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and infection prevention control (IPC) protocols. Design/Methodology/Approach We conducted a retrospective cohort study by analyzing WASH/IPC activity data routinely recorded on paper forms or white boards at ETUs during the outbreak and later merged into a database from two IMC-run ETUs in Sierra Leone between December 2014 and December 2015. Findings The IMC WASH/IPC database contains data from over 369 days. Our results highlight parameters key to designing and maintaining an ETU. High concentration chlorine solution usage was highly correlated with both daily patient occupancy and high-risk zone staff entries; low concentration chlorine usage was less well explained by these measures. There is high demand for laundering and disinfecting of personal protective equipment (PPE) on a daily basis and approximately 1 (0–4) piece of PPE is damaged each day. Research limitations/Implications Lack of standardization in the type and format of data collected at ETUs made constructing the WASH/IPC database difficult. However, the data presented here may help inform humanitarian response operations in future epidemics.
Computing the Diameter of the Space of Maximum Parsimony Reconciliations in the Duplication-Transfer-Loss Model

Phylogenetic tree reconciliation is widely used in the fields of molecular evolution, cophylogenetics, parasitology, and biogeography to study the evolutionary histories of pairs of entities. In these contexts, reconciliation is often performed using maximum parsimony under the Duplication-Transfer-Loss (DTL) event model. In general, the number of maximum parsimony reconciliations (MPRs) can grow exponentially with the size of the trees. While a number of previous efforts have been made to count the number of MPRs, find representative MPRs, and compute the frequencies of events across the space of MPRs, little is known about the structure of MPR space. In particular, how different are MPRs in terms of the events that they comprise? One way to address this question is to compute the diameter of MPR space, defined to be the maximum number of DTL events that distinguish any two MPRs in the solution space. We show how to compute the diameter of MPR space in polynomial time and then apply this algorithm to a large biological dataset to study the variability of events.
Current Trends and Future Issues in Solderability

This paper discusses solderability of solder joints. It introduces the issue in terms of the metallurgical and chemical requirements to form a good joint and focuses upon recent changes in Europe and the USA. Changes discussed include application of a variety of no-clean solder fluxes, environmental protection limitations on cleaning solvents, use of very-fine-pitch packages, extended shelf times of purchased components before use, and the recent advent of steam-aging and automated testing of solderability.
Afterword Moving The Methodology of Self-Study Research and Practice Forward: Challenges and Opportunities

This chapter serves as an afterword for this section of the handbook devoted to the articulation and examination of the methods and methodology of self-study research and practice. I compare and contrast the section’s eight chapters and conclude that there is significant and corroborative consistency in the conceptual framework for and methodology of self-study. The di3er-ences that are revealed are mainly in the details and suggest promising avenues for future deliberation and development. I propose and encourage four possible foci for our efforts to move the methodology of self-study research and practice forward: the role of the subject matter of teacher education in our self-study methodology; the di3erences and relationship between the methods and methodology of self-study; the further articulation and application of a validation process defined as trustworthiness; and, our grounding in and goals for the ethic of care and social justice in our self-study practice and research.
Collaborative Autonomous Surveys in Marine Environments Affected by Oil Spills

This chapter presents results on collaborative autonomous surveys using a fleet of heterogeneous autonomous robotic vehicles in marine environments affected by oil spills. The methods used for the surveys are based on a class of path following controllers with mathematically proven convergence and robustness. Use of such controllers enables easy mission planning for autonomous marine surveys where the paths consist of lines and curves. The control algorithm uses simple dynamic models and simple control laws and thus enables quick deployment of a fleet of autonomous vehicles to collaboratively survey large areas. This enables using a mobile network to survey an area where the different member nodes may have slightly different capabilities. A mapping algorithm used to reconcile data from heterogeneous marine vehicles on multiple different paths is also presented. Vehicles with heterogeneous dynamics are thus used to aid in the reconstruction of a time varying field. The algorithms used were tested, mainly on student-built marine robots that collaboratively surveyed a coastal lagoon in Grand Isle, Louisiana that was polluted by crude oil during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The results obtained from these experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed methods for oil spill surveys and also provide guidance for mission designs for future collaborative autonomous environmental surveys.