cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strange as it may seem: the many links between Wnt signaling, planar cell polarity, and cilia

Cilia are important cellular structures that have been implicated in a variety of signaling cascades. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for and against a link between cilia and both the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Furthermore, we address the evidence implicating a role for PCP components in ciliogenesis. Given the lack of consensus in the field, we use new data on the control of ciliary protein localization as a basis for proposing new models by which cell type-specific regulation of ciliary components via differential transport, regulated entry and exit, or diffusion barriers might generate context-dependent functions for cilia.
Probabilistic roadmap methods are embarrassingly parallel

In this paper we report on our experience in parallelizing probabilistic roadmap motion planning methods (PRMs). We show that significant, scalable speed-ups can be obtained with relatively little effort on the part of the developer. Our experience is not limited to PRMs. In particular, we outline general techniques for parallelizing types of computations commonly performed in motion planning algorithms, and identify potential difficulties that might be faced in other efforts to parallelize sequential motion planning methods.
Student Evaluation Practices in Pediatric Clerkships: A Survey of the Medical Schools in the United States and Canada

Despite the curriculum changes during the past decade, there is paucity of information regarding the structure and evaluation processes in pediatric clerkships. Information regarding the educational components of the pediatric clerkship and student evaluation practices was obtained from the pediatric clerkship directors via a paper/electronic survey. Completed surveys were received from 97 US and Canadian medical schools and were analyzed. The average length of a clerkship was 7 weeks. Most clerkships required a 4-week ward, a 1-week newborn rotation, and a 2-week ambulatory rotation. Students were evaluated on each component of the clerkship in 93.5% of the programs. All programs evaluated student's clinical performance and fund of knowledge; 85.6% evaluated student's written record. Student's clinical performance was evaluated by direct observation in 57% of the programs. Penalties for failing in clinical performance were harsher. In 56% of programs, a student failing in clinical performance failed the entire clerkship in contrast to 21.8% or 7% of the programs where a student failed the entire clerkship if they failed in the examination for the fund of knowledge or written record evaluation, respectively. The survey demonstrated a fair amount of consistency in clerkships across programs when compared with data obtained in 1981 and 1986. There was a noticeable increase in the well-baby nursery rotation; however, there was a decline in direct observation to assess physical examination or clinical performance.
Evaluation and management of the Chiari malformation type 1 for the primary care pediatrician

Diagnosis and treatment of CMI is undergoing reexamination that includes redefinition of the anatomic Chiari malformation and refinement and redefinition of the clinical syndrome. Children with SMI present with head pain of some kind, a neurologic deficit, or with signs of spinal cord dysfunction from syrinx. Some will present with no clinical syndrome at all. Presence of anatomic Chiari malformation or compelling clinical Chiari syndrome should lead to evaluation by a neurologist or neurosurgeon experienced with the syndromes and their treatment. Treatment options are varied but usually result in resolution of symptoms. When symptoms persist after surgery, management is complex and not uniformly successful, even in the most experienced hands.
Possible therapeutic effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation via concentric ring electrodes

Even with the latest advancements in antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) there are still many persons whose seizures are not controlled. There are also side effects reported associated with the AEDs. Electrical stimulation of the brain has shown promise toward controlling seizures. However, most brain stimulation techniques involve invasive procedures to implant electrodes and electronic stimulators. There are no conclusive descriptions of where to place the implanted electrodes to control seizures. Noninvasive electrical stimulation does not require the risks of implantation, and the electrodes can be moved easily as needed to determine where they may be the most effective in reducing seizure activity. Herein we review the progress of our group in the development of noninvasive electrical stimulation via concentric ring electrodes to control seizures in rats induced by penicillin G, pilocarpine, and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ).
Proposal for a bipolar-stimulant spectrum: temperament, diagnostic validation and therapeutic outcomes with mood stabilizers.

Background: Stimulant abuse and dependence in confusing admixtures with features of bipolar disorder has been variously conceptualized. DSM-IV-TR rules tend to be liberal in permitting the diagnosis of substance-induced disorder, and rather strict for a bipolar diagnosis in such cases. Accordingly, if bipolarity is ever considered in this interface, it usually pertains to syndromal bipolar I disorder. Method: We therefore focused on the more prevalent but relatively neglected admixture of stimulant abuse with bipolar II and lesser degrees of bipolarity. We examined in our dual diagnosis program the longitudinal progression of the dual pathology in 10 patients who had proven refractory to past efforts to treat the stimulant component. In doing so, we wished to better delineate the nature of the clinical interface of the stimulant bipolar spectrum and its response to anticonvulsant mood stabilizers. Results: In nearly all cases cyclothymic and hyperthymic traits preceded the use of stimulants by years, which seemed to serve the purpose of controlling or maintaining the subthreshold rewarding mood condition. Eventually clinically more ominous and socially destructive pathology evolved, with contributions from both the bipolar diathesis and the addictive process. Seven of 10 cases had bipolar familial indicators. Nearly all evidenced hypomanic and/or irritable depressive states with mixed features during protracted sobriety from the stimulant. Except for two of the 10 patients, substantial (30–45 point) gains were made on DSM-IV-TR axis V general assessment of functioning (GAF) scores with the use of largely “mood-stabilizing” anticonvulsants. This was paralleled with the reduction of craving. These data highlight the human dimensions of the bipolar-stimulant abuse interface, and document functional outcomes (rather than mere changes in rating scales which may not necessarily reflect clinically relevant improvement). Limitation: Open case series of 10 patients. Conclusion: We propose a bipolar-stimulant spectrum—what the senior author has elsewhere labeled bipolar III-1/2—where subthreshold bipolar traits are complicated by stimulant abuse, eventually leading to pathology characteristic of both disorders. The contribution of bipolarity to this spectrum is supported by: (1) premorbid cyclothymic and hyperthymic traits; (2) familial bipolarity; (3) presence of subthreshold bipolar signs and symptoms during protracted sobriety. We further submit that anticonvulsants in this spectrum not only treat the acute escalation of activated and mixed depressive states, withdrawal phenomena, and craving for the stimulant, but also the craving for activation and mood enhancement of the underlying temperament. We submit that the latter might be crucial for the successful attenuation of the underlying diathesis for stimulant seeking behavior, abuse and dependence.
Analysis of Genes That Encode DtxR-Like Transcriptional Regulators in Pathogenic and Saprophytic Corynebacterial Species

Metal-dependent transcriptional regulators of the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) family have been identified in a wide variety of bacterial genera, where they control gene expression in response to one of two metal ions, Fe2+ or Mn2+. DtxR of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the best characterized of these important metal-dependent regulators. The genus Corynebacterium includes many phenotypically diverse species, and the prevalence of DtxR-like regulators within the genus is unknown. We assayed chromosomal DNA from 42 different corynebacterial isolates, representing 33 different species, for the presence of a highly conserved region of the dtxR gene that encodes the DNA-binding helix-turn-helix motif and metal-binding site 1 within domains 1 and 2 of DtxR. The chromosome of all of the isolates contained this conserved region of dtxR, and DNA sequencing revealed a high level of nucleotide sequence conservation within this region in all of the corynebacterial species (ranging from 62 to 100% identity and averaging 70% identity with the dtxR prototype). The level of identity was even greater for the predicted protein sequences encoded by the dtxR-like genes, ranging from 81 to 100% identity and averaging 91% identity with DtxR. Using a DtxR-specific antiserum we confirmed the presence of a DtxR-like protein in extracts of most of the corynebacterial isolates and determined the precise amount of DtxR per cell in C. diphtheriae. The high level of identity at both DNA and protein levels suggests that all of the isolates tested encode a functional DtxR-like Fe2+-activated regulatory protein that can bind homologs of the DtxR operator and regulate gene expression in response to iron.
How many pixels make a memory? Picture memory for small pictures.

Torralba (Visual Neuroscience, 26, 123–131, 2009) showed that, if the resolution of images of scenes were reduced to the information present in very small “thumbnail images,” those scenes could still be recognized. The objects in those degraded scenes could be identified, even though it would be impossible to identify them if they were removed from the scene context. Can tiny and/or degraded scenes be remembered, or are they like brief presentations, identified but not remembered. We report that memory for tiny and degraded scenes parallels the recognizability of those scenes. You can remember a scene to approximately the degree to which you can classify it. Interestingly, there is a striking asymmetry in memory when scenes are not the same size on their initial appearance and subsequent test. Memory for a large, full-resolution stimulus can be tested with a small, degraded stimulus. However, memory for a small stimulus is not retrieved when it is tested with a large stimulus.
Characterization of a carbohydrate epitope defined by the monoclonal antibody H185: Sialic acid O-acetylation on epithelial cell surface mucins

Sialic acids comprise a large family of derivatives of neuraminic acid containing methyl, acetyl, sulfate, and phosphate among other groups, which confer specific physicochemical properties (e.g., hydrophobicity and resistance to hydrolases) to the molecules carrying them. Several years ago, a monoclonal antibody, designated H185, was developed, which binds to cell membranes of human corneal, conjunctival, laryngeal, and vaginal epithelia and whose distribution is altered on the ocular surface of patients with keratinizing disease. Recent findings using immunoprecipitation and immunodepletion techniques have demonstrated that, in human corneal epithelial cells, the H185 antigen is carried by the membrane-associated mucin MUC16. In this study, we show that the H185 epitope on human corneal cells and in tear fluid is an O-acetylated sialic acid epitope that can be selectively hydrolyzed in an enzyme-concentration-dependent manner by sialidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens and to a lesser extent by sialidases from Newcastle disease virus, Clostridium perfringens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Binding of the H185 antibody was impaired by treatment of tear fluid with a recombinant 9-O-acetylesterase from influenza C virus. Two O-acetyl derivatives, Neu5,7Ac 2 and Neu5,9Ac 2 , were identified in human tear fluid by fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray mass spectrometry (MS). Immunoprecipitation of the H185 epitope from human corneal epithelial cells revealed that Neu5,9Ac 2 was the major derivative on the mucin isolate. These results indicate that exposed wet-surfaced epithelia are decorated with O-acetyl sialic acid derivatives on membrane-associated mucins and suggest that O-acetylation on cell surfaces may protect against pathogen infection by preventing degradation of membrane-associated mucins.
On kernel rules and prime implicants

We draw a simple correspondence between kernel rules and prime implicants. Kernel (minimal) rules play an important role in many induction techniques. Prime implicants were previously used to formally model many other problem domains, including Boolean circuit minimization and such classical AI problems as diagnosis, truth maintenance and circumscription. This correspondence allows computing kernel rules using any of a number of prime implicant generation algorithms. It also leads us to an algorithm in which learning is boosted by an auxiliary domain theory, e.g., a set of rules provided by an expert, or a functional description of a device or system; we discuss this algorithm in the context of SE-tree-based generation of prime implicants.
Skeletal Asymmetries of the Nasomaxillary Complex in Noncleft and Postsurgical Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Individuals

Asymmetries in the nasomaxillary skeleton are very common in individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate postsurgical asymmetries of the nasomaxillary skeleton in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Included in this study were 36 complete cleft lip and palate subjects, along with 36 noncleft (control) subjects. Skeletal asymmetry, deviations of the anterior nasal spine, and the premaxillary area were compared by chronologic age and skeletal maturation in cleft subjects and controls. Comparison between cleft and control cases was assessed. Results indicated that skeletal asymmetry in unilateral clefts and controls peaks during the pubertal growth spurt. The anterior nasal spine and nasal septum always tend to deviate toward the noncleft side of the nasal cavity, although individual variation exists. Cleft subjects were found to be more asymmetric than noncleft subjects to a statistically significant degree.
Temperature-Dependent Development, Survival, and Potential Distribution of Ischnodemus variegatus (Hemiptera: Blissidae), a Herbivore of West Indian Marsh Grass

Abstract The bug Ischnodemus variegatus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Blissidae) is an adventive herbivore, native to South America that feeds in the invasive grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees (Poaceae). This grass is a problematic weed in Florida and Australia, but it is a highly valued forage in Mexico, Cuba, and Venezuela. We studied the influence of nine constant temperatures (8–38°C) on the developmental time and survival of I. variegatus. Complete egg and nymphal mortality occurred at temperatures ≤20.5°C and at 38°C. Developmental time decreased linearly with temperature until 28–30°C and then increased at 33°C. Mortality of first, second, and third instars was high across all temperatures. Developmental time across all temperatures was greatest for eggs, first and fifth instars compared with other stages. Linear and Briere-1 nonlinear models were used to determine the lower temperature threshold at which the developmental rate (1/D) approached zero. The lower thresholds to complete development ...
Longitudinal examination of predictors of smoking cessation in a national sample of U.S. adolescent and young adult smokers.

INTRODUCTION To better inform the development of smoking cessation programs for adolescents and young adults, a prospective study was employed to systematically examine behavioral, demographic, health, and psychosocial determinants of smoking cessation. METHODS Data from the 2003-2005 National Youth Smoking Cessation Survey were used. Of 2,582 smokers aged 16-24 years sampled, 1,354 provided complete baseline telephone interview data on the study variables, and their self-reported smoking status at 2-year follow-up was known (currently smoking vs. not smoking). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to examine independent predictors of smoking status (outcome variable) at the 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS Four of 5 participants remained smokers after 2 years. Of the high nicotine dependence smokers, 90% remained smokers at follow-up; of the low nicotine dependence smokers, 77% remained smokers at follow-up. Higher nicotine dependence smokers started smoking earlier in life (13.2 vs. 14.3 years; p < .05). Similarly, those not smoking at the 2-year follow-up period started smoking later in life than those still smoking (14.5 vs. 13.7 years). Along with nicotine dependence, various psychosocial and demographic variables at baseline predicted smoking status at the 2-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Identifiable demographic and psychosocial factors influence smoking behavior among U.S. adolescents and young adults. Even low nicotine dependence is a strong predictor of follow-up smoking behavior. This, coupled with the early smoking age of high nicotine dependence smokers, underscores the importance of early nicotine avoidance among youth.
Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia in a child with large homozygous deletion encompassing GPIHBP1.

Type I hyperlipoproteinemia (T1HLP) usually presents with extreme hypertriglyceridemia, recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis, and cutaneous eruptive xanthomas. We report a unique 10-year-old male of Indian origin who presented in neonatal period with transient obstructive jaundice and xanthomas in the pancreas and kidneys. Serum triglycerides stabilized with extremely low-fat diet although he subsequently developed pancreatic atrophy. Extreme hypertriglyceridemia failed to respond to treatment with fenofibrate, fish oil, and orlistat. Whole-exome sequencing of the parents and patient was performed. Copy number variation analysis revealed a large deletion in chromosome 8 containing the entire GPIHBP1, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing to be 54,623 bp deletion. Review of the literature revealed a slightly higher maximum triglyceride levels in those with homozygous null vs missense mutations suggesting severe disease in those with nonfunctional vs dysfunctional GPIHBP1 protein. Visceral xanthomas and pancreatic atrophy can be part of the spectrum of clinical features in patients with T1HLP. We highlight the need to perform copy number variations analysis of whole-exome sequencing data for finding disease-causing variants. There is also an urgent need to develop novel targeted therapies for patients with T1HLP.
\(\)-Body Quantum Scattering Theory in Two Hilbert Spaces: \(\)-Body Integral Equations

Scattering for a nonrelativistic system of \(\) distinguishable and spinless particles interacting via short-range pair potentials is considered. Half-on-shell integral equations (the CG equations) are proposed, the solutions of which determine approximate scattering amplitudes that converge to the exact scattering amplitude. It is proved, under mild Holder integrability assumptions, that these apparently singular equations actually have a compact kernel for real energies and, consequently, a unique solution. The CG equations have a structure that is much simpler than the Yakubovskii equations and similar to that of coupled-reaction-channel equations. The driving terms look like distorted-wave Born integrals and nonorthogonality integrals. However, there is no restriction to channels with only two asymptotic bound clusters and for all channels, no matter how many bound clusters, appropriate boundary conditions are exactly satisfied. This work completes the establishment of a rigorous mathematical link between the solutions of the half-on-shell CG equations and the on-shell transition operators defined in time-dependent multichannel scattering theory, and it provides for the first time a rigorous theoretical basis for practical calculations of scattering amplitudes for certain problems with \(\).
The Ansco Color Negative-Positive Process

The basic principles of the Ansco Color Negative-Positive Process are outlined. The paper deals with the essential characteristics of the color film materials used for the process and outlines the printing and processing steps required. Methods used to comply with the requirements of the motion picture industry in regard to color dupes for optical effects, protection masters, color negative master dupes, and color release printing are described. Requirements of sound and procedures to produce silver sound tracks are discussed.
The origin of the avian germ line and transgenesis in birds

Abstract The origin of the germ cell lineage in vertebrates is a fundamental question that has preoccupied developmental biologists. Recent work on the origin of the avian germ line has extended and clarified our understanding of the temporal and spatial segregation of primordial germ cells (PGC) during prestreak stages of development. The germ cells first appear at Stage X (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976) in the ventral surface of the area pellucida in a scattered pattern among polyingressing cells. Subsequently, the PGC gradually translocate from the epiblast to the hypoblast. The entire process appears to be dependent upon the maintenance of an organized area pellucida. Little is known about the regulatory events governing germ cell emergence during this period; however, the culture of dispersed blastodermal cells on a mouse fibroblast feeder layer can compensate for a disorganized area pellucida and offers an in vitro system to examine the molecular basis of germ cell development. Such basic information is valuable for current approaches towards the production of transgenic poultry with targeted changes to the genome through the use of avian embryonic stem cells or primordial germ cells. Refinement of the culture of primordial germ cells or their precursors should allow academic and industrial research laboratories to answer significant biological questions and to improve the genetic potential of commercial poultry stocks. A better understanding of the biology of avian primordial germ cells during early embryo development can only enhance this process.
Transforming American Education: Learning Powered by Technology

When Chris Dede from Harvard University visited the University of Illinois to deliver an address at the inauguration of the Ubiquitous Learning Institute [1] on 7 April 2010 [2], given that Dr Dede was a member of the National Education Technology Plan technical working group [3], we took the opportunity to plan a special issue of E-Learning and Digital Media devoted to a discussion of the national plan. To this end we invited contributions from a number of prominent scholars and invited Chris to organize a response from members of the working group to their comments and criticisms. As the Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan notes in his letter to members of Congress that prefaces the report that America used to be the global leader in education completion rates for young people and now ranks ninth out of 36 developed nations. He argues it is essential therefore that it regains its leadership, enabling it to compete in the global economy. If anything, this message has become even more important in the intervening months as the effects of the recession have become widespread, with unemployment peaking at over 10% and a strong demand to control the burgeoning deficit through budget cuts to government services and welfare across the board. The Obama administration’s National Education Technology Plan, Transforming American Education: Learning Powered by Technology, is presented as a means to ‘leverage the innovation and ingenuity’ required to improve student learning and to accelerate the adoption and use of effective technology practices in America’s schools. Duncan goes on to summarize the model of learning at the heart of the plan as follows:
Bioenergy production and forest landscape change in the southeastern United States

Production of woody biomass for bioenergy, whether wood pellets or liquid biofuels, has the potential to cause substantial landscape change and concomitant effects on forest ecosystems, but the landscape effects of alternative production scenarios have not been fully assessed. We simulated landscape change from 2010 to 2050 under five scenarios of woody biomass production for wood pellets and liquid biofuels in North Carolina, in the southeastern United States, a region that is a substantial producer of wood biomass for bioenergy and contains high biodiversity. Modeled scenarios varied biomass feedstocks, incorporating harvest of ‘conventional’ forests, which include naturally regenerating as well as planted forests that exist on the landscape even without bioenergy production, as well as purpose-grown woody crops grown on marginal lands. Results reveal trade-offs among scenarios in terms of overall forest area and the characteristics of the remaining forest in 2050. Meeting demand for biomass from conventional forests resulted in more total forest land compared with a baseline, business-as-usual scenario. However, the remaining forest was composed of more intensively managed forest and less of the bottomland hardwood and longleaf pine habitats that support biodiversity. Converting marginal forest to purpose-grown crops reduced forest area, but the remaining forest contained more of the critical habitats for biodiversity. Conversion of marginal agricultural lands to purpose-grown crops resulted in smaller differences from the baseline scenario in terms of forest area and the characteristics of remaining forest habitats. Each scenario affected the dominant type of land-use change in some regions, especially in the coastal plain that harbors high levels of biodiversity. Our results demonstrate the complex landscape effects of alternative bioenergy scenarios, highlight that the regions most likely to be affected by bioenergy production are also critical for biodiversity, and point to the challenges associated with evaluating bioenergy sustainability.
Hierarchic Kernel Recursive Least-Squares.

We present a new kernel-based algorithm for modeling evenly distributed multidimensional datasets that does not rely on input space sparsification. The presented method reorganizes the typical single-layer kernel-based model into a deep hierarchical structure, such that the weights of a kernel model over each dimension are modeled over its adjacent dimension. We show that modeling weights in the suggested structure leads to significant computational speedup and improved modeling accuracy.
Sports Journalism, Jason Collins and Michael Sam

This chapter provides an overview of this book which examines how Sports Journalists covered the coming out stories of National Basketball Association (NBA) veteran Jason Collins and football All-American Michael Sam, who was drafted by the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League (NFL). This chapter also introduces the reader to sports journalism’s status as “the toy department,” an area perceived as having lower and less rigorous standards than other forms of journalism. However, the bulk of this chapter offers a detailed account of the events surrounding Collins’ and Sam’s respective coming out announcements.
The Quantum Mechanics of Particles in Time-Dependent Quadrupole Fields

We solve the quantum mechanical problem of the motion of charged particle in a quadrupole field that varies arbitrarily with time. The time-dependent wave functions are shown to be in a simple one-to-one correspondence with the wave functions of an ordinary static-field harmonic oscillator. We define and generate a set of coherent states for the charged particle that provide Gaussian localization about the classical particle trajectories. When the field variation is periodic in time, these minimum uncertainty states are shown to pulsate periodically in size and in phase. Under the action of external fields, coherent states retain their coherence. We discuss the way in which the Kapitza pseudopotential approach approximates the present exact results.
Quenching of nuclear matrix elements for $0νββ$ decay by chiral two-body currents

We examine the leading effects of two-body weak currents from chiral effective field theory on the matrix elements governing neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. In the closure approximation these effects are generated by the product of a one-body current with a two-body current, yielding both two- and three-body operators. When the three-body operators are considered without approximation, they quench matrix elements by about 10%, less than suggested by prior work, which neglected portions of the operators. The two-body operators, when treated in the standard way, can produce somewhat larger quenching. In a consistent effective field theory, however, these two-body effects become divergent and must be renormalized by a contact operator, the coefficient of which we cannot determine at present.
Recreational use in dispersed public lands measured using social media data and on-site counts.

Abstract Outdoor recreation is one of many important benefits provided by public lands. Data on recreational use are critical for informing management of recreation resources, however, managers often lack actionable information on visitor use for large protected areas that lack controlled access points. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential for social media data (e.g., geotagged images shared on Flickr and trip reports shared on a hiking forum) to provide land managers with useful measures of recreational use to dispersed areas, and to provide lessons learned from comparing several more traditional counting methods. First, we measure daily and monthly visitation rates to individual trails within the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (MBSNF) in western Washington. At 15 trailheads, we compare counts of hikers from infrared sensors, timelapse cameras, and manual on-site counts, to counts based on the number of shared geotagged images and trip reports from those locations. Second, we measure visitation rates to each National Forest System (NFS) unit across the US and compare annual measurements derived from the number of geotagged images to estimates from the US Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring Program. At both the NFS unit and the individual-trail scales, we found strong correlations between traditional measures of recreational use and measures based on user-generated content shared on the internet. For national forests in every region of the country, correlations between official Forest Service statistics and geotagged images ranged between 55% and 95%. For individual trails within the MBSNF, monthly visitor counts from on-site measurements were strongly correlated with counts from geotagged images (79%) and trip reports (91%). The convenient, cost-efficient and timely nature of collecting and analyzing user-generated data could allow land managers to monitor use over different seasons of the year and at sites and scales never previously monitored, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of recreational use patterns and values.
An Archaeology of the English Atlantic World, 1600 – 1700

An Archaeology of the British Atlantic World, 1600–1700 is the first book to apply the methods of modern-world archaeology to the study of the seventeenth-century English colonial world. Charles E. Orser, Jr explores a range of material evidence of daily life collected from archaeological excavations throughout the Atlantic region, including England, Ireland, western Africa, Native North America, and the eastern United States. He considers the archaeological record together with primary texts by contemporary writers. Giving particular attention to housing, fortifications, delftware, and stoneware, Orser offers new interpretations for each type of artefact. His study demonstrates how the archaeological record expands our understanding of the Atlantic world at a critical moment of its expansion, as well as to the development of the modern, Western world.
Consensus of hyperthermia for the 1990s.

Even though it is difficult to determine the first time heat or a hot instrument was used for treatment of malignant tumors, by the year 2000 B.C., the use of cauterization for treatment of tumors was one of the methods of therapy. Hippocrates also was aware of the effect of fever in treatment of infectious disease, as well as malignant tumors, but it was not until the second half of the 1800s that we have documented evidence of resolution of sarcomas by hyperthermia. In 1866, Bush reported several papers in medical literature claiming the relationship on disappearance of malignant tumors. This, followed by Coley’s innovative work in 1893, published in The American Journal of Medical Science, showed impressive results of fever on malignant tumors.
Things and Words

My title is a deliberate, and appropriate, reversal of the title of Roger Brown’s well-known early book (1958) on psycholinguistics. I say “appropriate” because the most gross working principle underlying the general theory of cognizing and sentencing I am presently writing on (Toward an Abstract Performance Grammar, Osgood, in preparation) is this: Both in the evolution of the species and in the development of individual humans, the cognitive structures which interpret sentences received and initiate sentences produced are established in prelinguistic experience, via the acquisition of adaptive behaviors to entities perceived in diverse action and stative relations. In what follows I will also be making the following assumptions: (1) that the “deep” cognitive system is essentially semantic in nature, with syntax involved solely in transformations between the structured semantic system and the surface forms of sentences produced and received; (2) that this “deep” cognitive system is shared by both nonlinguistic (perceptual) and linguistic information-processing channels; and (3) that sentencing (comprehending and producing) in ordinary communication is always context-dependent, influenced probablistically by contemporary linguistic (conversational, discoursive) and nonlinguistic (situational, social) factors.
Cyclical changes in the sexual skin of female rhesus: relationships to mating behavior and successful artificial insemination

Estimating the time of ovulation or conception is an important aspect in much of the work on primate reproduction. Although there are increasingly successful and sophisticated techniques used in the laboratory to help predict ovulation, most are either expensive with respect to instrumentation or require expertise in physical examination of the animal. There are many situations, such as in the field, in group living cages, or in large scale breeding programs, where these techniques are less practical.
High-temperature corrosion testing of alumina and zirconia in uranium hexafluoride environment

Uranium fluoride gases are proposed as primary candidate fuels for ultrahigh-temperature gas core or vapor core reactor systems for a variety of space power applications. In these systems, the peak...
Openness in International Adoptions

ABSTRACT Along with the increasing numbers of international adoptions, there is a developing trend toward openness. In this study, the authors examined the experiences of U.S. adoptive parents who adopted children from the Republic of Marshall Islands. The surveys addressed their initial motivations, the facilitation process for openness, the terms and conditions and the level of understanding of them by birth and adoptive parents, and insights gained from their experiences. The results suggest that in general, this group of parents embraced openness from the onset, they have had difficulty maintaining contact with birth parents, and still would recommend open international adoptions to prospective adoptive parents. Policy and research implications are discussed.
Toward a General Model of Family Therapy Supervision: Comment on Roberts, Winek, and Mulgrew

Roberts, Winek, and Mulgrew are to be commended for attempting to develop a model of family therapy supervision that is general (as opposed to therapy model specific), that focuses on processes rather than content, and that integrates a number of concepts critical to the supervisory enterprise. In this commentary, I will begin by pointing to a number of strengths in their model. Then, I will turn to ways in which the model could be strengthened.
Some Results on Convolutions and a Statistical Application

Classes of distributions, of both discrete and continuous type, are introduced for which the right tail of the distribution is nonincreasing. It is shown that these classes are closed under convolution, thus providing sufficient conditions for nonincreasing right tails to be preserved under convolution. A start is made on verifying a conjecture concerning the extension to the left of nondecreasing right tails under successive convolution. The results give properties of the distributions of random walks on the integers. A statistical application is the verification of a conjecture of Sobel and Huyett (1957) concerning the minimal probability of correct selection for the usual indifference zone procedure for selecting the Bernoulli population with the largest success probability.
Anti-JNK2 peptide–siRNA nanostructures improve plaque endothelium and reduce thrombotic risk in atherosclerotic mice

Background A direct and independent role of inflammation in atherothrombosis was recently highlighted by the Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial, showing the benefit of inhibiting signaling molecules, eg, interleukins. Accordingly, we sought to devise a flexible platform for preventing the inflammatory drivers at their source to preserve plaque endothelium and mitigate procoagulant risk. Methods p5RHH-siRNA nanoparticles were formulated through self-assembly processes. The therapeutic efficacy of p5RHH-JNK2 siRNA nanoparticles was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results Because JNK2 is critical to macrophage uptake of oxidized lipids through scavenger receptors that engender expression of myriad inflammatory molecules, we designed an RNA-silencing approach based on peptide-siRNA nanoparticles (p5RHH-siRNA) that localize to atherosclerotic plaques exhibiting disrupted endothelial barriers to achieve control of JNK2 expression by macrophages. After seven doses of p5RHH-JNK2 siRNA nanoparticles over 3.5 weeks in ApoE-/- mice on a Western diet, both JNK2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased by 26% (P=0.044) and 42% (P=0.042), respectively. Plaque-macrophage populations were markedly depleted and NFκB and STAT3-signaling pathways inhibited by 47% (P<0.001) and 46% (P=0.004), respectively. Endothelial barrier integrity was restored (2.6-fold reduced permeability to circulating 200 nm nanoparticles in vivo, P=0.003) and thrombotic risk attenuated (200% increased clotting times to carotid artery injury, P=0.02), despite blood-cholesterol levels persistently exceeding 1,000 mg/dL. No adaptive or innate immunoresponses toward the nanoparticles were observed, and blood tests after the completion of treatment confirmed the largely nontoxic nature of this approach. Conclusion The ability to formulate these nanostructures rapidly and easily interchange or multiplex their oligonucleotide content represents a promising approach for controlling deleterious signaling events locally in advanced atherosclerosis.
In situ dynamic compression wave behavior in additively manufactured lattice materials

The dynamic response of structured materials, such as regular lattices, is nontrivial partly due to the interaction of mechanical waves throughout the structure and free surfaces as the material is dynamically compressed. The existence of an elastic precursor wave in additively manufactured lattices was recently shown to match theoretical predictions and simulation results. Following up on this work, we have investigated the behavior of the elastic precursor with propagation distance, impact speed, and impact material. Through a series of gas gun experiments coupled to X-ray phase contrast imaging measurements and complementary simulations, the elastic precursor wavespeed appears to be nearly independent of impact speed and impact material. We observed evidence for the sustained elastic wave propagation through many unit cells at four significantly different impact conditions. We compared these results with direct numerical simulations of the experiments and found good agreement.
Design and Evaluations of 3D-Printed Microthrusters with Nanothermite Propellants

We design, analyze, evaluate, characterize and test microthrusters and thruster arrays which are fabricated using an additive three-dimensional printing. Open questions in structural design, propellants synthesis, system-level integration, sensing and controlling electronics are addressed. For aerial, aerospace, surface and underwater platforms, additively-printed solid-propellant rockets and engines may ensure desired capabilities and meet mission-specific requirements. Adequate thrust to weight ratio, specific impulse, total impulse and thrust are ensured by nanothermite. The synthesized optimally-structured nanoenergetic solid propellants are encapsulated in a combustion chamber. Controlled ignition, combustion reaction rate, chamber pressure, exhaust velocity and thrust are accomplished for studied microthrusters with synthesized propellants. The proposed nanothermite is a composition of the copper iodate and aluminum nanoparticles which are the oxidizer and fuel, respectively. The interconnect, sensing, electronics and power management components are studied to ensure sequential ignition. Experiments are performed to research sensing, data acquisition, diagnostics and control schemes. We measured spatiotemporal temperature, burning rate, pressure, thrust and specific impulse.
Development of Intelligent and Predictive Self-Healing Composite Structures Using Dynamic Data-Driven Applications Systems

The chapter presents an intelligent self-healing composite structures design in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for predictive self-healing using the Dynamic Data-Driven Applications Systems (DDDAS) paradigm through damage prognosis and a non-autonomous self-healing protocol. The proposed intelligent self-healing structural concept is composed of three inter-connected modules: (1) a damage sensing module, (2) a damage-prognosis module, and (3) a self-healing module. This chapter focuses on the development of the self-healing module of the proposed intelligent self-healing structural system: repeatable self-healing of FRP using thermoplastic healing agents and shape memory polymers (SMP) in FRP composites structures. This self-healing mechanism is motivated by the bio-mimetic process of ‘close then heal’ mechanism where the SMP complements the closing of the cracks, and the thermoplastic healing agent performs the healing process. For this purpose, double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests were carried out to quantify the healing efficiency in terms of Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIc) following the ASTM D5528-13 testing protocol and the healing efficiencies were calculated for seven different healing cycles to assess the repeatability of the healing mechanism. The tests showed promising healing efficiencies ranging from 58% to 73% regaining of virgin fracture toughness during the DCB tests. Fractography analysis, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope, of the fractured FRP composite specimens qualitatively visualizes the results to understand the mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of healing efficiency.
Neurokinin A augments SynCAM expression and IL-10 release from mast cells

Cutaneous mast cells (MCs) initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In the skin, MCs reside proximal to peripheral nerve fibers, forming a functional synapse mediated, in part, by Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule (SynCAM). Within the synapse, MC function is likely affected by the release of soluble neuropeptides. We and others have demonstrated that the immune functions of MCs are affected by the neuropeptides from the tachykinin family. Substance P promotes MC-inflammatory functions, whereas the role of neurokinin A (NKA) in MC biology is hereto unknown. In this study, the capacity for NKA to regulate MC stasis and IgE-initiated MC activation was evaluated. In bone marrow derived (BM) MCs, NKA increased expression of SynCAM, but not expression of other cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM or NCAM. In IgE-activated MCs, NKA did not affect SynCAM expression. However, NKA promoted IL-10 secretion resulting in the inhibition of IgE-initiated STAT5 phosphorylation and nuclear localization, leading to the inhibition of type 2 cytokine release. STAT5 phosphorylation was restored in NKA treated BMMCs by neutralizing IL-10. In vivo, intradermal administration of NKA increased the density of MCs in the skin. In spite of this increase in MCs, NKA reduced IgE-initiated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Our data indicates that NKA strengthens the formation of the MC-neuron synapse and down-regulates MC pro-inflammatory functions.
Impact of weather and herd size management on beef cow profitability.

Producers often contemplate expanding or contracting production to take advantage of cyclical cattle price trends. This study quantifies profitability and risk implications of (1) constant herd size, (2) dollar cost averaging, and (3) price signal-based, anticipatory countercyclical expansion/contraction strategies. Weather simulation on forages with different calving season and land use intensity showed fall calving herds with added hay sales from greater fertilizer use and the countercyclical herd size management strategy to be most profitable regardless of weather or time period analyzed. Income risk was comparable to least fertilizer use. Overall, holding herd size constant led to little regret.
Impact of acellular pertussis booster vaccination on epidemiology of pertussis

Pertussis remains an important public problem in some countries.Although vaccinaton against pertussis has resulted in an enomous decrease of the disease incidence in children,the pertussis is not fully brought under control in some countries.In order to decrease incidence of pertussis,aeellular pertussis preschool booster vaccination has been conducted in many countries.The effectiveness and impact of acellular pertussis preschool booster vaccination on epidemiology of pertussis are summarized in this review,and impact of booster vaccination for adolescents and adults on epidemiology of pertussis is also discussed. Key words: Pertussis; Acellular pertussis vaccine; Immunization,booster; Epidemiology
School Administrator Influences on Classroom Ocean-Based Curricula: Lessons from a Professional Development Program in Hawaii

This article discusses a dissertation study of teachers’ inclusion of ocean literacy content in their classrooms following a grant-funded experience in Hawaii called Project ISLE: Integrated Science Learning Experiences. Upon analyzing 17 different qualitative data sources, the main factor influencing teachers’ classroom inclusion of ocean literacy materials was the availability of administrative support for the program before, during, and after Project ISLE. Implications and recommendations are examined.