cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Easier Said than Done: Displacing Public Nuisance when States Sue for Climate Change Damages

The White House, through the Solicitor General, has requested that the Supreme Court remand American Electric Power (AEP), the leading case on public nuisance applied to climate change, to the Second Circuit to conduct, inter alia, a displacement analysis (Part I). With momentum in favor of displacing the Federal common law of nuisance with respect to States’ suits for climate change damages, it would behoove us to take a good look at what the law of displacement requires of the courts. The central question here is whether the common law of public nuisance should be displaced. My short answer is, contrary to prevailing opinion, no. Displacing the cause of action which would allow remedies for climate change damages to be available from the courts is a top priority of climate change deniers as well as those who believe the Congress or the EPA should be in charge of all things related to US climate policy. Yet the evidence for climate change is mounting, and neither Congress nor the EPA has grasped the nettle. This paper argues that the law of public nuisance should remain a viable avenue for States’ Attorneys General to limit major emissions contributing toward climate change damages. Displacement is not as simple an inquiry as the literature and the Solicitor General’s brief would suggest. The displacement test itself is unduly complicated and should be reformulated into a stricter test (Part II). The extant reasoning from the Supreme Court in Milwaukee II fails to fully capture the complexity of the displacement context when the Plaintiff is a quasi-sovereign (Part III). The displacement test is exceptionally tricky to apply when the common law at stake is that of public nuisance (Part IV). AEP provides the Court a chance to assess the Judiciary’s role in the separation of powers in the context of Federal responses to climate change. Even if adequate legislative or regulatory responses to climate change were implemented, there may still be important roles for the judiciary to play in the United States response to climate change aside from barring the States from protecting their own property and public health (Part V).* As predicted, the Supreme Court's decision on June 20, 2011 turned on the issue of displacement. I would not concur until after the U.S. EPA issued notice of carbon dioxide performance standards for new stationary sources on March 27, 2012.
The Sixty-Second Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians

AT THE meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Philadelphia, April 17, 18, and 19, 1969, thirty-six sessions explored a variety of subjects under a common title, "The State of American History: A General Inquiry."' Thirty centered upon single papers, one was divided among four brief papers, and five were panel discussions. Each of these sessions without restrictions assessed a broad area of concern to the American historian. In sum they verify the reasonable hypothesis that such a bold title would merely disguise a tangle of problems in the garb of a declaration. This report discusses the sessions in categories that derive from the way participants posed these problems. The meeting included strikingly few sessions that accepted their subjects as given, as recognized areas of research primarily awaiting extensions or
Thermal Network Model for HTS Cable Systems and Components Cooled by Helium Gas

A versatile method to model combined electrical and thermal behavior of superconducting power devices is introduced. The methodology and computational tools of thermal network models (TNM) that use MATLAB with a Simulink toolbox primarily intended for power electronics simulations (“PLECS”) are presented. The utility of the modeling technique is demonstrated with a case study of superconducting cable termination that is cooled with gaseous helium circulation. The temperature profile in the termination due to the heat leak from the ambient and the Joule heating in the bushing and at the interfaces between copper leads and superconducting cable has been modeled. The temperature profile resulted from the TNM compared well with values obtained from experimental investigations. Suggestions for expanding the capabilities of the model are described.
Effect of Light Regimens and Intensities on Morphogenesis of the Discomycete Pyronema domesticum

Pyronema domesticum was cultured with daily cycles ranging from constant light to constant dark in combination with light intensities ranging from 150 to 0.15 fc. Light is required to initiate gametangial formation. A cyclical exposure to 150 fc for 6 h to 75 fc in constant light will allow the full expansion of most ascogonia. Production of poorly expanded or morphologically abnormal ascogonia increases with decreasing exposure to light. Under unfavorable conditions, juvenile gametangia or malformed small ascogonia predominate. Development of the ascogenous hyphae, asci, ascospores, and maturation of ascospores were generally favored by exposure to the higher light intensities for longer cyclical periods. Maximum production of apothecia with ascospores was found in those cultures exposed to constant light at 150 fc. The highest proportion of apothecia with matured ascospores occurred after exposure to 6-h light cycles at 150 fc with only 12.5% of the agar surface exposed to the light. Development of the sterile components (excipular hairs, paraphyses, and globular cells in the medullary excipulum) was favored by the shorter light cycles (4-6 h daily) and moderate light intensities. Inhibition of the sterile components was especially evident in cultures fully exposed to constant light at 150 fc. Maximum apothecial expansion was obtained with 6 h light daily with exposure to 75 or 150 fc. Sclerotia or sclerotial initials were formed when the cultures were grown in the dark or with low light intensities.
A simplified method of test construction from traditional methods of item analysis

Traditional methods of test construction have worked rather well for the development and validation of tests. But, in recent years, tests and test-construction procedures have been examined more carefully than at any other time. The author has noted that when one has available knowledge of item-difficulty levels and of correlations of items with the total test score and with the criterion, it is possible to refine tests even better and simpler than we have in the past. A classic textbook example set of data in Gulliksen (borrowed from Mollenkopf) is analyzed to demonstrate the usefulness of the simplified method. The simplified method can greatly shorten a test while maintaining the full range of item difficulties, maintaining test validity, and even possibly raising test reliability.
On the Halo Effect In Resistivity Images

Galvanic resistivity imaging is widely used in the oil-field industry to obtain stratigraphic information and to evaluate pay zones. There have been many publications and patents on this topic in the last few decades. Interpretation of the images is complicated by an artifact called ‘the halo effect’: conductive features in a resistive surrounding are often fringed with ‘halos’ – stripes of very high apparent resistivity which are not real.
Effects of Mechanism and Route of Specialized Market Brands on Embedded Brands: Analysis Based on Questionnaire about Yiwu “China Commodity City”

Consumers are deeply influenced by the brand images of the specialized markets they are staying when selecting the embedded brand of one certain enterprise.By applying the category reasoning theory(CT) and the Accessibility-Diagnosticity Framework(ADF),this paper studies the influence of inherent mechanism and route of specialized market brand on the embedded brands.And by constructing the corresponding structure equation model,it conducts an empirical test with the market research data about the "China commodity city" in Yiwu.The results show that the specialized market brands are influencing the embedded brands through the two routes,i.e.consumers’ "faith to brand essence attribute" and "brand trust".During the course of this kind of influence,the " typicality of the embedded brands" and the " familiarity of customers to the embedded brands" are playing a significant regulatory role.
Assessment of vendors and drug-product selection

Methods of assessing services and drug products provided by pharmaceutical vendors are discussed. Pharmacists must develop and justify criteria other than cost for selecting drug products to avoid pressures for basing product selection on price alone. Criteria used by many hospitals for evaluating pharmaceutical vendors are inspection of vendor facilities, availability of returned-goods policies, and availability of institution-specific services. Factors influencing a hospital's selection of a particular brand of drugs include product bioavailability, packaging, and labeling. A variety of hospital personnel should be allowed to participate in the evaluation of vendors and drug products to ensure accuracy and broad institutional support of the system. Guidelines for vendor representative activities in hospitals should be developed to promote the most effective use of vendor services and to prevent undesirable use of hospital personnel time. Effective criteria for evaluating pharmaceutical vendors and drug products saves time for the institution and ensures that drugs purchased are not associated with hidden expenses related to drug use.
Donor-specific HLA antibodies after transplantation are associated with deterioration in cardiac function

Although there is increasing evidence that mismatched donor HLA antigens are associated with a lowering of survival of human cardiac allografts, the effect of antibodies that bind those antigens is less clear. The existence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies prior to cardiac transplantation has been associated with a poor outcome in the majority of reports of relevant studies, as has their appearance post-transplantation. But how such antibodies, especially those with HLA specificity, cause poor outcomes has been poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-HLA antibodies appearing in the circulation after human orthotopic heart transplantation. Such antibodies were identified by a standard microlymphocytotoxicity technique using panels of frozen lymphocytes from normal donors who had been tissue typed. Of 74 patients transplanted over a 12-month period, 4 (5.4%) developed alloantibodies specific for mismatched donor HLA antigens. The first patient developed antibodies to HLA-A23 and B44 together with poor ventricular function and vascular rejection requiring retransplantation within 4 months. The other patients (3) developed antibodies specific for HLA-DQ antigens and experienced variable numbers of episodes of cellular rejection with no evidence of vascular rejection on endomyocardial biopsy. Two of these three patients died (8 and 11 months post-transplant) after three and six rejection episodes, respectively. The one surviving patient had seven rejection episodes and continues to have poor ventricular function 18 months post-transplant. We conclude that alloantibodies specific for mismatched donor HLA antigens may have a deleterious effect on the outcome of the human cardiac allograft and should be monitored closely post-transplant. Furthermore, such antibodies may mediate effects on the transplanted heart which are not detectable in specimens obtained by endomyocardial biopsy.
Testing for clinical inertia in medication treatment of bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Clinical inertia has been defined as lack of change in medication treatment at visits where a medication adjustment appears to be indicated. This paper seeks to identify the extent of clinical inertia in medication treatment of bipolar disorder. A second goal is to identify patient characteristics that predict this treatment pattern. Method Data describe 23,406 visits made by 1815 patients treated for bipolar disorder during the STEP-BD practical clinical trial. Visits were classified in terms of whether a medication adjustment appears to be indicated, and also whether or not one occurred. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to find which patient characteristics were predictive of whether adjustment occurred. Results 36% of visits showed at least 1 indication for adjustment. The most common indications were non-response to medication, side effects, and start of a new illness episode. Among visits with an indication for adjustment, no adjustment occurred 19% of the time, which may be suggestive of clinical inertia. In multivariable models, presence of any indication for medication adjustment was a predictor of receiving one (OR=1.125, 95% CI =1.015, 1.246), although not as strong as clinical status measures. Limitations The associations observed are not necessarily causal, given the study design. The data also lack information about physician-patient communication. Conclusions Many patients remained on the same medication regimen despite indications of side effects or non-response to treatment. Although lack of adjustment does not necessarily reflect clinical inertia in all cases, the reasons for this treatment pattern merit further examination.
Surveys of Salmonella enteritidis in Unpasteurized Liquid Egg and Spent Hens at Slaughter.

In a 1995 national survey of 937 unpasteurized liquid egg samples collected in breaker plants, 179 of 937 samples (19%) were Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) positive. The proportion of unpasteurized liquid egg samples positive for S. Enteritidis was highest in the Northern Region where 106 of 267 samples collected (40%) were S. Enteritidis-positive. These Northern Region results were over three times the S. Enteritidis prevalence detected from the other three regions, whose results ranged between 10% and 12% S. Enteritidis-positive samples. In a 1995 national survey of spent hens at slaughter, 136 of 305 flocks (45%) had at least one S. Enteritidis-positive pooled sample detected. Flock prevalence was highest in the Northern and Central Regions (64% and 40%, respectively); Southeastern and Western Regional flock prevalence levels were much lower (17% and 23%, respectively). A comparison of the 1991 and 1995 unpasteurized liquid egg and spent hen results suggest there has been no ...
Abstract B10: Variability in HPV knowledge among Hispanic women of diverse ancestry and country of origin

In the United States, women who are categorized as Hispanic for public health research purposes, experience an increased risk of developing and dying from cervical cancer. This disparity primarily reflects underutilization of Pap smear screening, the best method available for prevention and early detection of disease. Previous research has not examined, in great detail, the factors that predict screening underutilization among Hispanic women or evaluated how known determinants of screening, such as cancer literacy, function across this population sub-group. Historically, all Hispanic persons, regardless of ancestry or country of origin, have been categorized as one group for cancer research and control efforts. This practice likely masks variability in exposure to determinants of disease, as well as, risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Our research examines potential differences in HPV knowledge between Hispanic women of diverse ancestral backgrounds. HPV is the primary risk factor for cervical carcinogenesis. Insufficient knowledge about this sexually transmitted infection (STI) and its association with cervical cancer may impact willingness to be vaccinated against HPV, screening utilization, and accordingly, women9s risk of disease onset and progression. Identifying variation in HPV knowledge between women of seemingly the same ethnicity, but different ancestral backgrounds, is essential for understanding, and ultimately attenuating, cervical cancer disparities. Study data were collected as part of a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cancer Information Service (CIS), Spanish Call Center. Between July 2007 and March 2008, all callers to this service were asked whether they were willing to answer a short survey related to their knowledge of cervical cancer and associated risk factors. Where possible, survey items were derived from previously validated instruments and questionnaires. The HPV knowledge questions, in particular, were taken from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) on a biennial basis, with the intent of better understanding cancer information needs and experiences in the United States. Study data suggest that knowledge of HPV was high among our respondents (n=873; 69%), relative to a representative sample of US women of diverse/racial ethnic backgrounds. However, this knowledge varied by country of origin, even after controlling for acculturation, language preference, and number of years in the United States. Women from Mexico were far more likely than their South American and Caribbean counterparts to have heard of the virus. Such findings suggest that continuing to classify persons of similar ethnicity, but different cultural backgrounds and lifetime exposures as one group for research purposes, may preclude opportunity to understand, as well as attenuate, health disparity.
Optimal inspection of a finite population

This article presents a method for determining an optimal quality control (QC) inspection frequency for a manufacturing process where a specified number of items will be produced and where, if the process goes out of control and generates a defective it..
Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics in Shape- and Composition-Controlled Gold–Silver Bimetallic Nanostructures

In this work, we have examined the ultrafast dynamics of shape- and composition-controlled bimetallic Au/Ag core/shell nanostructures with transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) as a function of Ag layer thickness (0–15 nm) and pump excitation fluence (50–500 nJ/pulse). Our synthesis approach generated both bimetallic nanocubes and nanopyramids with distinct dipolar plasmon resonances and plasmon dephasing behavior at the resonance. Lifetimes obtained from TAS at low powers (50 nJ/pulse) demonstrated minimal dependence on the Ag layer thickness, whereas at high power (500 nJ/pulse) a rise in electron–phonon coupling lifetime (τ1) was observed with increasing Ag shell thickness for both nanocubes and nanopyramids. This is attributable to the stronger absorption of the 400 nm pump pulse with higher Ag content, which induced higher electron temperatures. The phonon–phonon scattering lifetime (τ2) also rises with increasing Ag layer, contributed both by the increasing size of the Au/Ag nanostructures as well...
New results on the secure capacity of symmetric two-user interference channels

We consider secure communication over two-user symmetric interference channel, where each transmitter sends a confidential message to its legitimate receiver. For the deterministic case of this channel, we provide a new upper bound and complete the secure sum capacity characterization for any channel parameters. For the Gaussian case, we derive a secure sum capacity within a constant gap in a weak interference regime.
Multiple central chemoreceptor sites: cell types and function in vivo.

Central chemoreception is a distributed property involving many sites and neuronal types. Focal acidosis in conscious or anesthetized animals at many hindbrain sites stimulates breathing. The steady-state CO 2 response in conscious animals is reduced by cell specific lesions of catecholamine, 5HT or neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) expressing neurons and by focal inhibition at the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and medullary raphe (MR). Is the steady-state CO 2 response a physiologically relevant way to study central chemoreception? Central chemoreceptors also: (1) provide a 'tonic drive' to breathe, (2) are modified by and/or modulate other control systems, e.g., temperature and hypoxia, (3) affect breath-to-breath variability, (4) can respond dynamically to few breath changes in CO 2 , and (5) interact in complex ways. We contend that central chemoreceptors detect interstitial pH and thus monitor the balance of arterial PCO 2 , cerebral blood flow and neuronal/glial metabolism. They affect physiological control systems in many ways, perhaps not all measurable, via the study of the steady-state CO 2 response.
Riding the 'One Belt One Road' Wave: China's Internet Companies 'Go Global'

In recent years, China has adopted the “One Belt, One Road” strategy to extend its global reach, of which a critical aspect is to connect China to major Eurasian nations through infrastructure building, especially Internet infrastructure (e.g., fiber optic cable networks, cloud computing, etc.). Riding the wave of this massive international initiative, China’s now-potent Internet companies, encompassing equipment vendors, network operators and web application providers, have aggressively set their sights on the global market. This paper examines the complex interactions between the Chinese state and China’s Internet companies in carrying forward the “Belt and Road” initiative, which have posed thorny questions both for hosting countries receiving Chinese cyber-infrastructure investment and for the current global trade and investment system. It asks: What are the roles played by Chinese Internet companies in the plan? How are we to understand their relationship with the Chinese party-state? And what are the implications both for receiving countries and for existing international trade regimes? This paper offers some insights into these questions through detailed case studies on the roles of three Chinese Internet companies in the implementation of the “Belt and Road” project: Huawei, China Mobile and Alibaba. The three companies, each occupying a leading position in different cyber domains – i.e., Huawei in equipment manufacturing, China Mobile in network operating, and Alibaba in web services and applications – have anchored themselves securely in this new policy and have mobilized significant financial and diplomatic support from the state. At the same time, however, they have also encountered serious tensions and contradictions in combining the state agenda with their own internationalization strategies. Drawing on extensive document analysis (e.g., government reports, state documents, trade journals and national statistical compendia) and interviews with policymakers in China, this paper argues that as commercial-oriented firms with deep and varying connections to the party-state, the global activities of these Internet firms cannot be fully understood according to the conventional state-market dichotomy. Instead, their global journeys present different patterns of state-market interactions, which need to be analyzed based on the different industrial subsectors they are operating. This paper therefore helps policymakers gain a deeper understanding of the intricate links between the state and Internet companies as China moves forward with its ambitious “One Belt One Road” strategy.
Sequence-Based Mapping and Genome Editing Reveal Mutations in Stickleback Hps5 Cause Oculocutaneous Albinism and the casper Phenotype

Here, we present and characterize the spontaneous X-linked recessive mutation casper, which causes oculocutaneous albinism in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In humans, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome results in pigmentation defects due to disrupted formation of the melanin-containing lysosomal-related organelle (LRO), the melanosome. casper mutants display not only reduced pigmentation of melanosomes in melanophores, but also reductions in the iridescent silver color from iridophores, while the yellow pigmentation from xanthophores appears unaffected. We mapped casper using high-throughput sequencing of genomic DNA from bulked casper mutants to a region of the stickleback X chromosome (chromosome 19) near the stickleback ortholog of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 5 (Hps5). casper mutants have an insertion of a single nucleotide in the sixth exon of Hps5, predicted to generate an early frameshift. Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 induced lesions in Hps5 and phenocopied the casper mutation. Injecting single or paired Hps5 guide RNAs revealed higher incidences of genomic deletions from paired guide RNAs compared to single gRNAs. Stickleback Hps5 provides a genetic system where a hemizygous locus in XY males and a diploid locus in XX females can be used to generate an easily scored visible phenotype, facilitating quantitative studies of different genome editing approaches. Lastly, we show the ability to better visualize patterns of fluorescent transgenic reporters in Hps5 mutant fish. Thus, Hps5 mutations present an opportunity to study pigmented LROs in the emerging stickleback model system, as well as a tool to aid in assaying genome editing and visualizing enhancer activity in transgenic fish.
The Application of RFRA to Override Employment Nondiscrimination Clauses Embedded in Federal Social Services Programs

General federal employment nondiscrimination legislation permits religious organizations to take religion into account when making employment decisions. However, some federal social service programs have embedded in their authorizing legislation a nondiscrimination clause binding on recipients of program grants. And a few of these embedded clauses require that grantees (including religious grantees) not discriminate in employment on the basis of religion. This extended essay demonstrates how the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 overrides these employment nondiscrimination clauses when applied to faith-based social service grantees. Not only is this the conclusion of the U.S. Department of Justice in its policy announced in October 2007, but it is the necessary implication of both the plain text of RFRA and the Supreme Court's application of RFRA in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418 (2006).
The Psychotherapist and the Adolescent Athlete

This article describes some factors to be considered in the psychotherapy of adolescent athletes. It points out that an adolescent's experience in sports will be influenced by developmental issues and family dynamics. Sports may become a source of problems for the adolescent, as well as an arena for the expression of problems that originate elsewhere. The therapy will be influenced by the relative weight assigned to personal, family, and performance issues in the overall clinical picture.
Modeling the optimized link-state routing protocol for verification

The exhaustive property verification of mobile ad hoc routing protocols has proven difficult, especially for proactive protocols. Several attempts to produce tractable models have failed. This article presents the application of formal methods to verify properties of the Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR) protocol. An associated framework for topology enumeration automates the verification process over all network configurations, for an N-node network. The model utilizes linear temporal logic to analyze the correct function of OLSR. Verification is applied to both a benign network and one suffering a Byzantine node failure. With the Byzantine failure, verification automatically discovers a routing failure and provides the steps leading to the failure. Verifications are limited to four-node networks, but can be scaled up if non-exhaustive verification is acceptable. The framework and model may be extended to the verification of security properties for the class of secure, proactive routing protocols.
Counseling Patients About Prostate Cancer Screening.

The AAFP finds that the net benefit of population screening for prostate cancer is small at best, and it does not recommend routinely discussing PSA-based screening if the patient does not request it.
Longitudinal Biochemical Assay Analysis of Mutant Huntingtin Exon 1 Protein in R6/2 Mice.

Background Biochemical analysis of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregation species in HD mice is a common measure to track disease. A longitudinal and systematic study of how tissue processing affects detection of conformers has not yet been reported. Understanding the homeostatic flux of mHTT over time and under different processing conditions would aid in interpretation of pre-clinical assessments of disease interventions. Objective Provide a systematic evaluation of tissue lysis methods and molecular and biochemical assays in parallel with behavioral readouts in R6/2 mice to establish a baseline for HTT exon1 protein accumulation. Methods Established biochemical methods were used to process tissue from R6/2 mice of specific ages following behavior tasks. Aggregation states and accumulation of mHTT exon 1 protein were evaluated using multiple break and assay methods to determine potential conformational flux assay specificity in detection of mHTT species, and tissue specificity of conformers. Results Detection of mHTT exon 1 protein species varied based on biochemical processing and analysis providing a baseline for subsequent studies in R6/2 mice. Insoluble, high molecular weight species of mHTT exon 1 protein increased and tracked with onset of behavioral impairments in R6/2 mice using multiple assay methods. Conclusions Conformational flux from soluble monomer to high molecular weight, insoluble species of mHTT exon 1 protein was generally consistent for multiple assay methods throughout R6/2 disease progression; however, the results support the use of multiple biochemical techniques to detect mHTT exon 1 protein species for preclinical assessments in HD mouse models expressing mHTT exon 1 protein.
Assessment of lead and beryllium sorption to exposed stream channel sediment under varying freshwater channel conditions

Beryllium (Be) and lead (Pb) sorption is important to the utility of the radioisotopes of these elements for sediment fingerprinting. This paper examines the sorption of Be and Pb exposed to fluvial sediment under varying chemical conditions representative of freshwater streams draining two distinct Critical Zone environments in the eastern United States: the mid-Atlantic piedmont and heavily glaciated Great Lakes region. Batch experiments were completed using well-characterized in-stream deposit sediments collected from these two systems and varying solutions to reflect background and elevated levels of iron oxide in the form of goethite across times ranging from 0.25 to 360 h. The mid-Atlantic piedmont sediment had further treatments testing dissolved organic carbon and increased sediment to solution ratio effects on Pb and Be sorption. Beryllium partition coefficients (Kd) ranged from a log Kd of 1.46 to 3.48 L kg−1 and Pb ranged from 0 to 5.03 L kg−1 across all treatments displaying several noticeable patterns. Two-stage sorption was observed such that sorption increased over time across all treatments and substrates. Goethite additions either enhanced or reduced sorption relative to the unaltered treatment depending on the original sediment and mixing time. Lead sorption with the addition of 100 mg of goethite increased during shorter mixing times before being surpassed by the unaltered, or base, treatment at longer mixing times for both the mid-Atlantic piedmont and glaciated Great Lakes sediment. Beryllium sorption was increased with the mid-Atlantic piedmont sediment whereas it was primarily decreased with the glaciated Great Lakes sediment. The 1 mg of goethite generally showed equal to or slightly enhanced sorption relative to the base setup of both Pb and Be with the exception of Pb sorption to the Great Lakes sediment. The highest DOC concentration tested of 11.86 mg L−1 retained a greater amount of Be and Pb in solution compared to other treatments after 360 h. Increasing the sediment to solution ratio showed decreased partition coefficients across all analogous times for Be compared to the base treatment whereas Pb sorption surpassed the unaltered treatment after 24 h. These results suggest that fluvial sediment mineralogy, organic matter concentration, and biogeochemical cycling of common stream chemical constituents may play a role in the mobilization or retention of these two trace metals and alter their utility for sediment fingerprinting.
Elevation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Function in the Lateral Habenula Mediates Aversive Behaviors in Alcohol-withdrawn Rats.

Editor’s PerspectiveWhat We Already Know about This TopicChronic alcohol use and withdrawal leads to increased pain perception, anxiety, and depression. These aberrant behaviors are accompanied by increased excitatory glutamatergic transmission to, and activity of, the lateral habenula neurons.Vanil
INFLUENCE OF RACTOPAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON SALMONELLA IN FEEDER PIGS

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of ractopamine supple- mentation on gut populations and fecal shedding of Salmonella in growing pigs. Sixteen cross- bred pigs (avg. BW = 33 kg) were fed a grower ration with and without ractopamine (18 g/ton feed) for 38 days. Four days prior to termination of the study, all pigs were experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Fecal samples were collected daily for quantification of the chal- lenge strain and four days following inoculation, all pigs were euthanized and necropsied. Fecal shedding of Salmonella was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ractopamine. The number of Salmonella-positive tissue samples from the liver was decreased (P = 0.05) and the number of positive ileo-cecal lymph nodes tended (P = 0.13) to decrease in the ractopamine treatment. Results of this preliminary study indicate ractopamine may have the added benefit of reducing Salmonella populations in growing pigs. Introduction Foodborne Salmonella infections in the United States are estimated to cost approxi- mately $2.3 billion annually with 6-9% of the human cases of salmonellosis linked to the con- sumption of pork or pork products (Frenzen et al, 1999). Salmonella has been isolated throughout all stages of the pork production cycle and has received considerable attention, not only from a food safety standpoint, but additionally, because Salmonella can cause clinical infection in swine. Two general factors are attributed to Salmonella infection in pigs: inputs (pigs, feed, rodents, etc.) and activities within the swine production process (animal mixing, transport, misc. management factors). While modern pork production systems effectively keep stress to a minimum, it is still an inherent part of the process and may include: transport, handling, co-mingling, breakdown of
Nanoscale nonreciprocity via photon-spin-polarized stimulated Raman scattering

Time reversal symmetry stands as a fundamental restriction on the vast majority of optical systems and devices. The reciprocal nature of Maxwell’s equations in linear, time-invariant media adds complexity and scale to photonic diodes, isolators, circulators and also sets fundamental efficiency limits on optical energy conversion. Though many theoretical proposals and low frequency demonstrations of nonreciprocity exist, Faraday rotation remains the only known nonreciprocal mechanism that persists down to the atomic scale. Here, we present photon-spin-polarized stimulated Raman scattering as a new nonreciprocal optical phenomenon which has, in principle, no lower size limit. Exploiting this process, we numerically demonstrate nanoscale nonreciprocal transmission of free-space beams at near-infrared frequencies with a 250 nm thick silicon metasurface as well as a fully-subwavelength plasmonic gap nanoantenna. In revealing all-optical spin-splitting, our results provide a foundation for compact nonreciprocal communication and computing technologies, from nanoscale optical isolators and full-duplex nanoantennas to topologically-protected networks. Here, the authors introduce and study theoretically and numerically a scheme for breaking time-reversal symmetry and achieving nonreciprocity on the nanoscale, using spin-selective stimulated Raman scattering. These results could pave the way for compact nonreciprocal communication and computing technologies.
Property rights and the protection of global marine resources

Managing global marine resources by assigning property rights could align economic and conservation incentives, but only if unauthorized resource use is deterred. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) are country-level property rights to marine resources, covering approximately 39% of the ocean’s surface and accounting for more than 95% of global marine fish catch. However, EEZs might not be respected by unauthorized resource users because the cost of monitoring and enforcing such large areas may be prohibitive. Here we provide the first evidence that EEZs are in fact respected by unauthorized resource users. Using global, high-resolution fishing effort datasets and the ecologically arbitrary boundaries between EEZs and the high seas, we find that unauthorized foreign fishing is 81% lower just inside EEZs compared to just outside. Consistent with the high cost of enforcing EEZ boundaries, this deterrence effect is concentrated in EEZs that are most valuable near their boundaries. Our results suggest that property rights institutions can enable effective governance of global marine resource use. A global study of fishing near Exclusive Economic Zone boundaries shows that these property rights indeed deter unauthorized fishing.
Predicting Ionized Hypocalcemia in Critical Care: An Improved Method Based on the Anion Gap

Background: Low ionized calcium (ICa) is prevalent in critical care patients. It is poorly detected by the popular indirect method, which corrects serum total calcium (TCa) for change in albumin. That correction (cTCa) ignores any concomitant change in the anion-complexed fraction of TCa. We tested whether the diagnosis of low ICa can be improved by further correcting for calcium complexation, represented by the anion gap (AG) or its components—sodium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide (tCO2). Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients in our intensive care units between 2009 and 2011 with ICa measured on arterial (n = 310) or venous (n = 462) gas panels within 19 min of a comprehensive chemistry panel. Logistic models to predict low ICa and linear models to estimate ICa were derived in the arterial group and validated in the venous group, using either AG (AG model) or its components (Ion model) as predictors, adjusted for TCa and albumin. Results: AG and its set of components were each highly significant independent predictors of low ICa. On validation, the logistic Ion model was better than the logistic AG model (ROC curve area ± SE: 0.92 ± 0.02 vs 0.89 ± 0.02; P = 0.008), which, in turn, was far better than cTCa (0.81 ± 0.03; P = 0.0006); the hypocalcemia rates predicted by the models showed good fit with the observed rates. Linear estimates of ICa were too imprecise for clinical use. Conclusions: The adjustment of TCa for AG or for sodium, chloride, and tCO2 markedly improves the diagnosis of low ICa. This finding may be useful in guiding ICa testing.
Towards high-level, verifiable autonomous behaviors with temporal specifications

We present a hybrid agent framework to produce high-level autonomous behavior for unmanned vehicles based on formal specification. High level autonomous behavior is attractive due to minimum level of central control and support for verifiable behavior results such as safety assurance. The proposed framework use linear temporal logic (LTL) to express high level agent behavior to control search, tracking, and survival activities, which are executed at a rule-based reasoning engine. The low level search and team tracking behaviors are implemented by a policy network trained with Reinforcement Learning (RL). The behavior controller is evaluated in a simulated envrionment with single-agent and multi-agent search and tracking scenarios.
Molecular characterization of porcine respiratory coronavirus isolates with varying pathogenicity

31 Note 31 Acknowledgments 39 References 39 SEQUENCE COMPARISON OF THE SPIKE, 3, AND 3-1 GENES OF PORCINE RESPIRATORY CORONAVIRUS ISOLATES WITH VARYING PATHOGENICITY 53 Abstract 53 Introduction 55 Materials and Methods 57 Results 63 Discussion 67 Acknowledgments 73
Conversion to belatacept maintenance immunosuppression in HIV-positive kidney transplant recipients.

There are only scattered case reports documenting belatacept use in HIV + kidney transplant recipients. We performed a retrospective review to describe short-term outcomes following conversion to belatacept in a cohort of HIV + patients. Patients were included if they were converted to belatacept between May 2015 and May 2019, had an HIV- donor, and received ≥4 doses of belatacept. All patients were treated with non-depleting induction and triple maintenance immunosuppression. Allograft and HIV-related outcomes were collected from the date of belatacept infusion until May 2020. Ten HIV + kidney transplant recipients were identified, who were converted to belatacept a median of 364 days post-transplant. At last follow-up (median 3.3 years), 8 patients remained on belatacept therapy, and all patients were alive with functioning allografts. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) improved from 31.6 mL/min at baseline to 42.8 mL/min at 1 year (P = .03). Two patients developed acute rejection, with one necessitating conversion back to tacrolimus. All patients maintained undetectable HIV-1 viral loads at last follow-up. One patient each developed pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma following conversion, which were responsive to standard medical therapy. In our cohort of stable HIV + kidney transplant recipients, conversion to belatacept was associated with excellent early patient and allograft survival and improved eGFR at 1 year.
“I can multitask”: The mediating role of media consumption on executive function's relationship to technoference attitudes

Abstract Smartphones are ubiquitous in American lives and can interfere with parent-child relationships. This technoference, or the interruption of interpersonal time by technology, has been associated with negative parent-child interactions and can indirectly threaten child safety. Nonetheless, little is known concerning possible precursors or factors that may exacerbate parental technoference. The current study explored new parents' media usage and technoference beliefs as they relate to executive function, or ones’ ability to engage in higher cognitive processes such as attention, impulse control, and task coordination. Responses indicated that both fathers and mothers were more supportive of technoference attitudes in association with digital media use (i.e., text messaging and social media). Regarding executive function, parental difficulties in executive functions were associated with an increased amount of digital media use, though media use was not a mediating factor between executive functions and technoference attitudes and beliefs. These findings emphasize the importance of boosting executive function skills and assessing parental media consumption.
Useful island block geometries of a passive intensity modulator used for intensity-modulated bolus electron conformal therapy

Purpose This project determined the range of island block geometric configurations useful for the clinical utilization of intensity-modulated bolus electron conformal therapy (IM-BECT). Methods Multiple half-beam island block geometries were studied for seven electron energies 7-20 MeV at 100 and 103 cm source-to-surface distance (SSD). We studied relative fluence distributions at 0.5 cm and 2.0 cm depths in water, resulting in 28 unique beam conditions. For each beam condition, we studied intensity reduction factor (IRF) values of 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, and 0.95, and hexagonal packing separations for the island blocks of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 cm, that is, 30 unique IM configurations and 840 unique beam-IM combinations. A combination was deemed acceptable if the average intensity downstream of the intensity modulator agreed within 2% of that intended and the variation in fluence was less than ±2%. Results For 100 cm SSD, and for 0.5 cm depth, results showed that beam energies above 13 MeV did not exhibit sufficient scatter to produce clinically acceptable fluence (intensity) distributions for all IRF values (0.70-0.95). In particular, 20 MeV fluence distributions were unacceptable for any values, and acceptable 16 MeV fluence distributions were limited to a minimum IRF of 0.85. For the 2.0 cm depth, beam energies up to and including 20 MeV had acceptable fluence distributions. For 103 cm SSD and for 0.5 cm and 2.0 cm depths, results showed that all beam energies (7-20 MeV) had clinically acceptable fluence distributions for all IRF values (0.70-0.95). In general, the more clinically likely 103 cm SSD had acceptable fluence distributions with larger separations (r), which allow larger block diameters. Conclusion The geometric operating range of island block separations and IRF values (block diameters) producing clinically appropriate IM electron beams has been determined.
Data Mining Approaches for Assessing Chemical Coexposures Using Consumer Product Purchase Data

The use of consumer products presents a potential for chemical exposures to humans. Toxicity testing and exposure models are routinely employed to estimate risks from their use; however, a key challenge is the sparseness of information concerning who uses products and which products are used contemporaneously. Our goal was to demonstrate a method to infer use patterns by way of purchase data. We examined purchase patterns for three types of personal care products (cosmetics, hair care, and skin care) and two household care products (household cleaners and laundry supplies) using data from 60,000 households collected over a one-year period in 2012. The market basket analysis methodology frequent itemset mining (FIM) was used to identify co-occurring sets of product purchases for all households and demographic groups based on income, education, race/ethnicity, and family composition. Our methodology captured robust co-occurrence patterns for personal and household products, globally and for different demographic groups. FIM identified cosmetic co-occurrence patterns captured in prior surveys of cosmetic use, as well as a trend of increased diversity of cosmetic purchases as children mature to teenage years. We propose that consumer product purchase data can be mined to inform person-oriented use patterns for high-throughput chemical screening applications, for aggregate and combined chemical risk evaluations.
Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications

Conceptual confusion has long been a source of difficulty in the study of politics. W. B. Gallie's analysis of "essentially contested concepts", published in 1956, stands as a notable effort to address this problem. He explores the normative component of these concepts and offers seven criteria for evaluating their contestedness. In the present article, we examine Gallie's framework and develop two extended applications focused on "democracy" and "rule of law". We underscore major contributions of Gallie's approach, as well as controversies it has generated. Some important critiques argue that three of his criteria are two narrow. We suggest that these critics fail to recognize that Gallie offers both a restrictive and broader definition of these criteria, and we seek to reconcile their views with his alternative definitions. Further, some accuse Gallie of naively promoting conceptual relativism by undermining standards for evaluating concepts, and others argue more sympathetically that he is too optimistic about prospects for resolving conceptual disputes. It is of course difficult to achieve Gallie's goal of promoting the reasoned discussion of these concepts, given the sharply contrasting normative and analytic perspectives that scholars bring to them. Yet his framework, augmented by the refinements explored in this article, opens promising avenues for addressing this challenge.