cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The early days of Simulation & Games : a personal reflection

This account describes the origination of Simulation & Games as an outgrowth of the Academic Games Project at Johns Hopkins University in the late 1960s. It identifies the key role of Michael Inbar in conceiving and implementing the journal as well as its early commitment to an interdisciplincary focus.
Role of surface reflectivity in coherent backscattering measurements

Surface reflectivity effects on coherent backscattering have been studied by using variable-reflectivity mirrors at the sample surface. Photon-transport parameters obtained from coherent backscattering were found to be significantly improved by using current theoretical models for samples with high surface reflectivity.
Differential luminosity under multiphoton beamstrahlung.

For the next generation of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ linear colliders in the TeV range, the energy loss due to beamstrahlung during the collision of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beams is expected to be substantial. One consequence is that the center-of-mass energy between the colliding particles can be largely degraded from the designed value. The knowledge on the differential luminosity as a function of the center-of-mass energy is essential for particle physics analysis on the interesting events. On the other hand, the beamstrahlung photon spectrum provides useful information on the low-energy backgrounds and high-energy $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ luminosity. In this paper, we derive analytic formulas for the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ energy spectra under multiple beamstrahlung process, and the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ differential luminosities. Major characteristics of these formulas are discussed.
Temporal trend analysis in personal health records

The creation of a universal standard for electronic medical records (EMR) remains a work in progress. The existence of a standard EMR that can be accessed by medical professionals anywhere in the world as well as by the patient will have a significant impact on the way that medicine is practiced. In addition to having information readily available, it would present the possibility to do individual trend analysis on each patient based on information accumulated over a lifetime. This information would permit diagnosis based on the individual rather than solely on population statistics. A comprehensive system for performing trend analysis on the multitude of data types relevant to medical decision making requires the creation and integration of a number of methods. A general approach based on a hybrid combination of automated decision support methods is described and illustrated for using trend data applied to cardiac diagnosis. The methods are general and can be applied to any application area.
Local heat transfer coefficients for a horizontal tube in a large‐particle fluidized bed at elevated temperature

Etude experimentale des coefficients locaux de transfert de chaleur entre un lit fluidise de particules spheriques de diametres moyens de 2,14 ou 3,23 mm a des temperatures de 810 ou 1053°K et un tube horizontal immerge de 50,8 mm de diametre. Comparaison des donnees obtenues avec diverses correlations publiees
Evolution of Moral Systems

Biologically, morality is a form of behavior. How did it evolve? A complete explanation involves genetic, organismal, and social levels. Some cooperative systems can originate through kin selection or mutualism. However, once primates formed societies, reciprocal cooperation can persist through selective relationships, punishment, rewards, coordination, or reputation. Such social environments can then select for cooperative dispositions or moral sentiments.
Residues of diflubenzuron applied topically to adult stable flies.

Twenty-four h after diflubenzuron was applied topically to adult Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), 11–25% of the dose was extracted from the chromatography paper that lined the insect holding cages. The amount of diflubenzuron recovered from adults decreased gradually. Although the amount of diflubenzuron in the eggs of treated females was insufficient for quantitation by high pressure liquid chromatography analysis, there was enough to reduce egg hatchability 97% for 1st 15 days posttreatment.
Two new species of Aphelochaeta (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from deep water off northern California

Two new species belonging to the genus Aphelochaeta (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) are described from continental slope sediments off northern California. Specimens were collected during extensive monitoring of the San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site off the Farallon Islands from 1996 to 2004. The genus Aphelochaeta is one of the more speciose genera collected from depths of 2400–3200 m. A. bullata sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of four peristomial annulations, a pronounced dorsal crest, and elongated, natatory-like simple capillaries in the noto- and neuropodia of the thoracic region. A. guttata sp. nov. has a unique methyl green staining pattern consisting of speckles all over the body, thoracic segments that are swollen ventrally, and weakly inflated posterior segments. Comparison is made with the type species A. monilaris (Hartman, 1960) and other continental shelf and slope species from California. Morphological characters important for differentiation of these species are discussed; these include characters related to the peristomium, shape of abdominal segments and methyl green staining patterns. The generic definition is emended to include numbers of asetigerous peristomial annulations.
The perimenopause: a critical time in a woman's life.

The interval from the initiation of declining estrogen levels to final ovarian failure usually encompasses many years. The age of onset and duration of this perimenopausal time can vary greatly. While many patients may have minimal to no symptoms as estrogen levels first begin to decrease, most patients will eventually develop symptoms and sequelae as they approach ovarian failure. The consequences of this decline in ovarian function are numerous, and include vasomotor symptoms, declining bone mass, urogenital changes, infertility, irregular uterine bleeding, and psychosexual dysfunction. The women of today entering the perimenopausal period are unique because of their vast numbers, a consequence of the aging of the baby boomers. Their reproductive history is also different from that of their ancestors in that many have chosen to delay childbearing into their thirties and even forties, and many have elected not to have children. Because of the unique characteristics of this extremely large population of women that are approaching or currently in the perimenopausal period, it is,vital that healthcare providers fully understand the variability, consequences, and treatment modalities of this time of declining ovarian function. Risk factors for such common health problems as osteoporosis, heart disease, and cancers must be assessed and managed appropriately. Screening tests including mammography and cholesterol profiles should be offered along with dietary and exercise recommendations. Low-dose oral contraceptive pills and hormone replacement therapy are often effective in preventing and treating many of the common problems encountered during the perimenopausal period.
Muscle pathology: Teaching opportunities and stategies in a pathology department in Singapore

S S159 recurrences were detected among the remaining patients during the follow up period. Conclusions: Our series suggest that recurrence can occur in extrapleural SFTs even with low risk features. The treatment of choice is complete resection followed by extended follow-up surveillance. 125. MUSCLE PATHOLOGY: TEACHING OPPORTUNITIES AND STATEGIES IN A PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT IN SINGAPORE Kong-Bing Tan, Yoke-Sun Lee Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore Background: Muscle pathology is a highly sub-specialized discipline in histopathology. While it does not generally feature prominently in routine histopathology practice or in fellowship or board examinations, some training exposure to the discipline for histopathology trainees is often deemed desirable. In Singapore, histopathology trainees are given exposure to the discipline through sessions in the national training programme, intradepartmental neuropathology teaching as well as opportunistically during work at pathology departments. Implementation: During recent national training programme teaching sessions, muscle pathology was introduced via a lecture on the general approach to muscle biopsy interpretation and a separate presentation of short clinico-pathological cases with quizzes. Conditions covered include muscular dystrophy, mitochondrial myopathy, central core myopathy, glycogen storage disease, polymyositis, disuse atrophy and neurogenic atrophy. In our department, trainees undertake structured training in the major subspecialties of histopathology, including neuropathology. They receive weekly illustrative slides for preview, culminating in a multi-header teaching session with the teaching pathologist. For neuropathology, a session on muscle pathology is included. During routine pathology work, muscle biopsies are channeled to the subspecialty pathologists for reporting. When interesting or diagnostically-typical cases are encountered, they are shared with trainees and interested colleagues. Conclusions: Through the above teaching opportunities, trainees acquire a working knowledge of muscle pathology. From informal feedback, they appear to particularly like the casebased quiz teaching format. Many feel the discipline is relevant to their overall training in histopathology while some, if given the opportunity, may consider developing subspecialty interest in muscle pathology, auguring well for the future of the discipline. 126. PATHOLOGY OF SURGICALLY EXCISED PRIMARY CARDIAC TUMORS: A REVIEW OF 39 YEAR SINGLE INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE
Role of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the effects of posture on renal function

This study was designed to quantitate the influence of the neurohumoral activation associated with orthostatic stress on renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion and, furthermore, to determine the importance of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating these changes in renal function. Seven conscious dogs were studied while lying in the recumbent position and, subsequently, after standing in a supporting sling. Experiments were conducted under control conditions and after plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) concentration was fixed at control levels by chronic infusion of captopril (14 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) and ANG II (0.5 +/- 0.02 ng.kg-1.min-1). During control experiments, 45 min of standing increased plasma renin activity twofold, whereas mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine concentration remained unchanged. During standing, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) fell to 88 +/- 2 and 77 +/- 3% of recumbent values, respectively, whereas filtration fraction (FF) increased 16 +/- 1%. Additionally, urinary (UNaV) and fractional sodium excretion (FENa) decreased to 27 +/- 6 and 30 +/- 7% of recumbent values, respectively. When plasma ANG II concentration was fixed at control levels during standing, there were no significant changes in GFR, whereas increments in FF and reductions in RPF, UNaV, and FENa were attenuated by 63, 40, 30, and 33%, respectively. These data suggest that, in conscious dogs, standing in a supporting sling causes reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin systems, eliciting reductions in GFR, RPF, and UNaV. Furthermore, ANG II contributes significantly to the effects of passive standing on renal hemodynamics and UNaV.
Sampling Strategies for Reduced-Order Modeling of Nonlinear and Unsteady Aerodynamics

Abstract : The sampling strategies for creation of reduced order aerodynamic models is the focus of this paper. The methods of factorial design, Latin hypercube sampling, and designs based on optimality criteria are used to dene samples in the angle of attack and free-stream Mach number space. The reduced-order models are based on Duhamel's superposition integral using response (indicial) functions. The indicial functions are calculated using a prescribed grid motion and unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations starting from an initial steady-state condition that corresponds to each sample. A time-dependent surrogate model is then developed to t the relationship between flight conditions (Mach number and angle of attack) and simulated step functions. To illustrate the method, the pitch moment of X-31 aircraft undergoing pitching motions is considered. The flight speeds in this paper are in the range of subsonic and transonic. The shock waves and vortical flows over theX-31 aircraft makes modeling pitch moment a very challenging task. The results show that a sample design with more data points at transonic speeds predicted better accuracy. Also, designs based on optimality criteria showed better accuracy than traditional factorial designs.
Attenuation of refracted seismic waves in young oceanic crust

Abstract It is commonly observed in seismic refraction experiments over young oceanic crust that refracted energy is concentrated in the 10 to 15 Hz band, even though the source may have far greater bandwidth. We apply spectral ratio methods to data from a midwater hydrophone array towed 10 km from the Juan de Fuca ridge and confirm that the impulse response of the crust to refracted energy has a peak near 10 Hz. This peak appears to result from a combination of two factors that produce attenuation. One is related to the large velocity gradient in the upper crust caused by crack closure with increasing depth. The other is related to anelastic attenuation, which is probably also related to cracks and voids in the upper crust. At low frequencies (wavelengths greater than or equal to the thickness of the high gradient zone), it is shown that attenuation is dominated by the reflectivity of the upper crust. At high frequencies attenuation is dominated by anelastic effects associated with upper crust Q 9s of between 10 and 50. The wave propagation is dispersive, causing observable phase shifts in the response function, and Q may be frequency dependent. This model of the propagation explains why refraction data over young oceanic crust have energy concentrated near 10 Hz.
Do Healthcare Professionals Comprehend Standardized Symbols Present on Medical Device Packaging?: An Important Factor in the Fight Over Label Space

Objective: Evaluate the ability of healthcare providers from the US to comprehend internationally standardized symbols placed on medical device packaging. Participants: Eighty-six healthcare providers attending the Association of Surgical Technologists (AST) Instructors' Forum (Savannah, GA February 2014), the 46th Annual AST National Conference (Denver, CO May 2014), or members of the same organization that responded to a targeted email blast. Measures: We adapted the comprehension portion of ISO 9186-1: 2007 to test 38 standardized symbols developed for the medical device industry. Participants were asked to provide an open-ended response regarding the meaning of each symbol. Survey responses were categorized into five levels of comprehension: correct, wrong, opposite, don't know or no response. Symbols receiving response rates of ≥85% in the correct category were considered successful. Conversely, if responses categorized as opposite were ≥5%, symbols were considered ‘critically confusing.’ Main Results: Six of 38 symbols were classified as ‘successful’; five of the six had text (in English) imbedded within. Three out of the 38 were categorized as ‘critically confusing’; they were not only misunderstood, but, in fact, interpreted to mean the opposite of what was intended by ≥5% of participants surveyed. Conclusions: Given that the medical device industry in the US has requested permission from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use stand-alone symbols to better harmonize with EU Directives, the exploration of healthcare providers' comprehension of the same is an important and timely topic. Our work suggests that symbols commonly incorporated into the labeling of medical devices may not be readily understood at present. As such, policy decisions should be carefully considered. Limitations: Although we provided participants with a general context of use (i.e. these symbols are used on medical devices), the specific part of the hospital, or type of procedure where the symbol would be found was not noted. Further research to evaluate symbol comprehension with specific context (e.g. IVD, general procedure, etc.) is recommended. Run order was presented consistently throughout the experiment in the same booklet. We tested whether or not this impacted results in two ways: (a) by correlating run order with mean performance to see if there was a trend through the data (toward improvement or decline) and (b) by assuming repeated measures from subjects to test if the subject response changes with time. Neither of these analyses suggested significant effects because of run order. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needle biopsies in pediatric tumors

Objective To assess the efficacy of needle biopsy in the pathological diagnoses of the pediatric tumors.Methods Two hundred and one needle biopsy specimens of pediatric tumors were studied retrospectively with light microscopy and?immunohistochemistry.Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies were performed in some of the specimens.The diagnostic value was ana- lyzed.Results Morphologically,178 out of 201 needle biopsy specimens (88.6%) were proven to have diagnostic value.Only 60 out of 123 malignant tumors (48.8%) could be classified with hematox- ylin and eosin (HE) staining.With additional immunohistochemical staining,diagnosis could be reached in 99 cases (80.5%).TEM were helpful in 5 out of the 13 specimen of which the diagnoses were not conclusive.Open biopsy and tumor resection following needle biopsy were performed in 92 cases.The accuracy rate of the pre-op diagnoses was 89% (82/92).Conclusions The needle biopsy in pediatric tumors has a high diagnostic accuracy rate.The accuracy rate could be further improved by TEM.
Technology of Plugging Fracture and Fracturing Technology in Fractured Low Permeability Oil Reservoir

Combined with monitoring results of Taizhao low-permeability fractured reservoir in Daqing Oilfield,the opening pressure of natural fractures is different,the literature put forward the reformation technology which plug formation fracture firstly,and then implement turnaround fracture.By optimizing plugging agent,confirming plugging technology and monitoring the direction of fracture,the technology which plug formation fracture and implement turnaround fracture obtain a favourable effect in low-permeability reservoir.All these researches provide a new way for fracturing reformation.
Advanced cleaner production technique of corrosion protection zinc flake coating

A paint of ZINTEK~/TECHSEAL~ which forms an adhesive bonding to iron and steel base material was developed. After baking a conductive, non-toxic Zn–Al coating having anodic sacrificial protection effect is formed. The dry film is lead-, mercury-, chrome- and cadmium-free. Moreover, there is no need to treat waste water during production. Therefore, this is an environmentally friendly technology. In combination with Atotech planetary dip/spin system or static electric spray technique, the coating produced is more uniform and paint saving. As it is applied in a non- electrolytic dip-spin and/or spray technique, hydrogen embitter- ment is irrelevant. The coating on steel is able to resist more than 1000 h NSST without any red rust, provides chemical and mechanical resistance and fulfills the requirements for torque and tension. It was especially developed for fasteners, springs and clamps in automotive industry. Furthermore this technology is worldwide leading and superior to other similar products in thermal aging resistance.
Trenbolone, estradiol-17 beta and estrone levels in plasma and tissues and live weight gains of heifers implanted with trenbolone acetate.

Twenty-four heifers were allotted into three groups of eight heifers each and designated control, long-term (LT) or short-term (ST). Animals in the latter two groups were implanted in the ear with 300 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) for 99 or 62 d, respectively. Four heifers in each group were subjected to liver and fat biopsy 60 d after initiation of the experiment. At slaughter, which occurred 15 d after retrieval of the implant, liver and fat were also collected. The implant was analyzed for residual trenbolone (TBOH), and tissues were analyzed for TBOH and estradiol-17 beta (E2 beta). Blood samples were taken weekly after implantation and daily for 14 d before and after implantation. All heifers were weighed weekly. The ST heifers gained faster (P less than .05) than the control or the LT heifers, whereas the LT heifers gained similarly to the controls. Plasma levels of TBOH rose to over 900 pg/ml in response to the implantation in both treated groups, but stabilized at a lower level in the ST group than in the LT group. In both groups plasma E2 beta rose to over 7.5 pg/ml in response to TBA implantation; in fact, a regression analysis of E2 beta on TBOH in individual cows showed that the two hormones varied directly. Fat and liver accumulated substantial TBOH during implantation, but it cleared rapidly during the 15 d withdrawal period. Indications from this experiment are that TBA has promise for promoting rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization in feedlot heifers. No undesirable effects on carcass quality were detected. The drug cleared blood and tissues rapidly after the implant was withdrawn. Further research is needed to determine the most effective implantation schedule. It would be desirable to determine whether a positive response to TBA will occur in animals being finished predominantly on forages.
Food security: A collaboration worth its weight in grain

Interventions to improve crop yields in rural China through collaboration between researchers and farmers illustrate how the goal of increasing global food production can be approached locally. See Letter p.671 Closing the gap between realized and potential crop yields is key to sustainably feeding the world's growing population. Fusuo Zhang and colleagues report on attempts to increase wheat and maize yields of smallholder farms in four villages in Quzhou County in the North China Plain, using ten practices recommended by the Science and Technology Backyard, a co-operative research project involving agricultural scientists, local extension officers and smallholder farmers. Adoption of these practices—including alternative seed varieties, sowing times and other crop management practices—raised five-year-average yields from 68% to 97% of the attainable level on target farms, and 63% to 80% countywide. The authors suggest that this approach could be adopted in other parts of the world to help smallholder farmers achieve greater yields.
Filling the Tank: Keeping Antitumor T Cells Metabolically Fit for the Long Haul.

Discoveries in tumor immunology and subsequent clinical advances in cancer immunotherapy have revealed that the immune system is not oblivious to tumor progression but heavily interacts with developing neoplasia and malignancy. A major factor preventing immune destruction is the establishment of a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which provides architecture to the tumor, supports indirect means of immunosuppression such as the recruitment of tolerogenic cells like regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and represents a zone of metabolically dearth conditions. T-cell activation and consequent effector function are cellular states characterized by extreme metabolic demands, and activation in the context of insufficient metabolic substrates results in anergy or regulatory differentiation. Thus, T cells must endure both immunosuppression (co-inhibitory molecule ligation, regulatory T cells, and suppressive cytokines) but also a sort of metabolic suppression in the TME. Here I will review the general features of the TME, identify the metabolic demands of activated effector T cells, discuss the known metabolic checkpoints associated with intratumoral T cells, and propose strategies for generating superior antitumor T cells, whether in vitro for adoptive cell therapy or through in vivo reinvigoration of the existing immune response. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(12); 1001–6. ©2016 AACR .
Country Marketing and Planning Implications of the European Soccer Championship EURO 2004

ABSTRACTSports championships are major events capable of changing the image of cities and countries. Countries use these mega-events mostly to enhance economic development opportunities, to attract foreign investment, to generate tourism revenues, to regenerate parts of cities, and to increase the population’s self-esteem. However, the major boost seems to come from the marketing strategies. Host countries promote their images as modern, cosmopolitan, and attractive places, ideal to attract footloose capital. The EURO 2004 European Soccer Championship in Portugal was one such mega-event. Portugal constructed new and renovated old stadiums to host the championship. I argue that EURO 2004 was above all a country marketing strategy conducted by the political elite, supposedly with benefits for the country as a whole; nonetheless, the benefits had distinct geographical and societal impacts within a limited timeframe. The key finding is that the EURO 2004 belonged to the same category of events as the EXPO’98 ...
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in prostate cancer

Despite great progress in the detection and treatment of prostate cancer, this disease remains an incredible health and economic burden. Although androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role in the development and progression of prostate cancer, aberrations in other molecular pathways also contribute to the disease, making it essential to identify and develop drugs against novel targets, both for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. One promising target is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein. PPARγ was originally thought to act as a tumor suppressor in prostate cells because agonist ligands inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells; however, additional studies found that PPARγ agonists inhibit cell growth independent of PPARγ. Furthermore, PPARγ expression increases with cancer grade/stage, which would suggest that it is not a tumor suppressor but instead that PPARγ activity may play a role in prostate cancer development and/or progression. Indeed, two new studies, taking vastly different, unbiased approaches, have identified PPARγ as a target in prostate cancer and suggest that PPARγ inhibition might be useful in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. These findings could lead to a new therapeutic weapon in the fight against prostate cancer.
Phase-space dependent critical gradient behavior of fast-ion transport due to Alfvén eigenmodes

Author(s): Collins, CS; Heidbrink, WW; Podesta, M; White, RB; Kramer, GJ; Pace, DC; Petty, CC; Stagner, L; Van Zeeland, MA; Zhu, YB | Abstract: Experiments in the DIII-D tokamak show that many overlapping small-amplitude Alfven eigenmodes (AEs) cause fast-ion transport to sharply increase above a critical threshold in beam power, leading to fast-ion density profile resilience and reduced fusion performance. The threshold is above the AE linear stability limit and varies between diagnostics that are sensitive to different parts of fast-ion phase-space. Comparison with theoretical analysis using the nova and orbit codes shows that, for the neutral particle diagnostic, the threshold corresponds to the onset of stochastic particle orbits due to wave-particle resonances with AEs in the measured region of phase space. The bulk fast-ion distribution and instability behavior was manipulated through variations in beam deposition geometry, and no significant differences in the onset threshold outside of measurement uncertainties were found, in agreement with the theoretical stochastic threshold analysis. Simulations using the 'kick model' produce beam ion density gradients consistent with the empirically measured radial critical gradient and highlight the importance of including the energy and pitch dependence of the fast-ion distribution function in critical gradient models. The addition of electron cyclotron heating changes the types of AEs present in the experiment, comparatively increasing the measured fast-ion density and radial gradient. These studies provide the basis for understanding how to avoid AE transport that can undesirably redistribute current and cause fast-ion losses, and the measurements are being used to validate AE-induced transport models that use the critical gradient paradigm, giving greater confidence when applied to ITER.
Expanded Normal Weight Obesity and Insulin Resistance in US Adults of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study aims to expand the evaluation of normal weight obesity (NWO) and its association with insulin resistance using an NHANES (1999–2006) sample of US adults. A cross-sectional study including 5983 men and women (50.8%) was conducted. Body fat percentage (BF%) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Expanded normal weight obesity (eNWO) categories, pairings of BMI and body fat percentage classifications, were created using standard cut-points for BMI and sex-specific median for BF%. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were used to index insulin resistance. Mean ± SE values were BMI: 27.9 ± 0.2 (women) and 27.8 ± 0.1 (men); body fat percentage: 40.5 ± 0.2 (women) and 27.8 ± 0.2 (men); and HOMA-IR: 2.04 ± 0.05 (women) and 2.47 ± 0.09 (men). HOMA-IR differed systematically and in a dose-response fashion across all levels of the eNWO categories ( , ). As BMI levels increased, HOMA-IR increased significantly, and within each BMI category, higher levels of body fat were associated with higher levels of HOMA-IR. Both high BMI and high BF% were strongly related to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance appears to increase incrementally according to BMI levels primarily and body fat levels secondarily. Including a precise measure of body fat with BMI adds little to the utility of BMI in the prediction of insulin resistance.
Remembering Poland: The Ethics of Cultural Histories

Art Spiegelman9s Maus , Cynthia Ozick9s The Shawl , and Eva Hoffman9s Lost in Translation and Exit into History are recent American texts that draw upon cultural histories of Poland to launch their narratives. Each text confronts and reconstructs fragments of twentieth-century Poland at the interactive sites of collective culture and personal memory. By focusing on the contested relationship between Poles and Jews before, during, and after World War II, these texts dredge up the ghosts of centuries-long ethnic animosities. In the post-Cold War era, wherein Eastern Europe struggles to redefine itself, such texts have a formative influence in re-mapping the future of national identities.
Circulating current reduction strategy for three-phase parallel inverters in a microgrid

This paper deals with the control of a multi-inverter microgrid operating in standalone. In a microgrid with multiple inverters in parallel, difference in voltage set point, impedance can lead to large circulating currents exceeding the ratings of inverters. This paper proposes the use of proportional resonant (PR) controller in three phase parallel inverters that can help in reducing the circulating currents. The scope of this paper include comparison of circulating current in three phase parallel inverters while using PR controller and Proportional Integral (PI) controller with linear (balanced and unbalanced) and nonlinear loads. The effects of the controllers are analyzed through simulation studies in MATLAB/Simulink.
Design Considerations for Miniaturized Steady-State Thermal Characterization Instruments

We use numerical simulations to design and optimize a set of miniaturized heat meter bars for high-resolution measurements of interfacial thermal transport across solid, contacting junctions ( $R_{T}$ ) and thermal conductivity within low-resistivity materials ( $\kappa$ ). We find that extreme care must be taken to design both the geometry of the heat meter bars and the cooling technique used to drive thermal transport across the junction. To reduce measurements of $R_{T}$ down to 0.1 mm2 $\cdot$ K/W, a channel heat sink is optimized to remove heat from the lower bar. Results suggest that in order to maintain a sufficient number of temperature measurements, the bar length can be no less than 3 mm in order to maintain a linear thermal gradient a sufficient distance away from the interface. Further reductions in heat meter bar length are insufficient to achieve corresponding reductions in $R_{T}$ . To address this limitation, a jet impingement cooling technique is assessed. We find that a $2\times 3$ array of jets ( $D = 1$ mm) is sufficient to maintain a linear thermal gradient around the interface as the heat meter bar length is reduced below 5 mm. Using the jet impingement cooling technique described in this paper, measurements of $R_{T} = 0.01$ mm2 $\cdot$ K/W are found to be theoretically possible. This would represent a two-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the resolution of interfacial thermal resistance measurements made with steady-state thermal characterization techniques. The thermal challenges explored in this paper are critical to the design of instruments that can directly characterize the magnitude of heat flow permitted across high-performance thermal interface materials in electronics packaging systems.
Catalytic Azoarene Synthesis from Aryl Azides Enabled by a Dinuclear Ni Complex

Azoarenes are valuable chromophores that have been extensively incorporated as photoswitchable elements in molecular machines and biologically active compounds. Here, we report a catalytic nitrene dimerization reaction that provides access to structurally and electronically diverse azoarenes. The reaction utilizes aryl azides as nitrene precursors and generates only gaseous N2 as a byproduct. By circumventing the use of a stoichiometric redox reagent, a broad range of organic functional groups are tolerated, and common byproducts of current methods are avoided. A catalyst featuring a Ni—Ni bond is found to be uniquely effective relative to those containing only a single Ni center. The mechanistic origins of this nuclearity effect are described.
The Consequences of Becoming Anne and Brad: An Individual Perspective

Racial minority job applicants are inclined to develop various strategies to encounter the prevailing racial discrimination in the U.S labor market. Often these strategies pay off. However importan...
Worse Outcomes for Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma Secondary to Reduced-Dose Cyclophosphamide.

Purpose Recent trends, including the use of proton therapy and administration of reduced doses of cyclophosphamide, have been adapted in head and neck (HN) rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) to reduce late morbidity. Our primary goal was to analyze local control and survival outcomes after photon versus proton irradiation in pediatric patients with HN-RMS, with the secondary goal of analyzing the effect of cyclophosphamide dose on disease outcomes. Methods and Materials This single-institution cohort study comprised 76 pediatric HN-RMS patients treated with definitive chemoradiation from 2000 to 2018. Fifty-one patients (67%) received intensity modulated photon radiation therapy, and 25 (33%) received proton therapy. Results Local failure (LF) at 2 years was 12.5% for parameningeal RMS and 0% for orbital RMS and other head and neck sites (P = .24). Patients treated with protons were more likely to have received reduced-dose cyclophosphamide (P 20 g/m2 versus 15.3% for ≤20 g/m2 (P = .04). In parameningeal RMS patients (n = 59), both cumulative cyclophosphamide dose and dose intensity were associated with LF (P = .01). There was a trend toward worse event-free survival for parameningeal RMS patients who received reduced-dose-intensity cyclophosphamide (59.2% vs 70.6%, P = .11). Conclusions Both dose-intensity and cumulative cyclophosphamide dose seem to play an important role in achieving local control for HN-RMS patients treated with either protons or photons. Longer follow-up is needed to further assess disease outcomes with proton therapy.
Functional Cortical Axon Tracts Generated from Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons

Axon tracts support connectivity among different brain regions, which is crucial for the proper functioning of the brain. It is well known that axon regeneration in the central nervous system is po...
Crowders Steal Dihydrofolate Reductase Ligands through Quinary Interactions

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) reduces dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate using NADPH as a cofactor. Due to its role in one carbon metabolism, chromosomal DHFR is the target of the antibacterial drug, trimethoprim. Resistance to trimethoprim has resulted in a type II DHFR that is not structurally related to the chromosomal enzyme target. Because of its metabolic significance, understanding DHFR kinetics and ligand binding behavior in more cell-like conditions, where the total macromolecule concentration can be as great as 300 mg/mL, is important. The progress-curve kinetics and ligand binding properties of the drug target (chromosomal E. coli DHFR) and the drug resistant (R67 DHFR) enzymes were studied in the presence of macromolecular cosolutes. There were varied effects on NADPH oxidation and binding to the two DHFRs, with some cosolutes increasing affinity and others weakening binding. However, DHF binding and reduction in both DHFRs decreased in the presence of all cosolutes. The decreased binding of ligands is mostly attributed to weak associations with the macromolecules, as opposed to crowder effects on the DHFRs. Computer simulations found weak, transient interactions for both ligands with several proteins. The net charge of protein cosolutes correlated with effects on NADP+ binding, with near neutral and positively charged proteins having more detrimental effects on binding. For DHF binding, effects correlated more with the size of binding pockets on the protein crowders. These nonspecific interactions between DHFR ligands and proteins predict that the in vivo efficiency of DHFRs may be much lower than expected from their in vitro rates.
Making the Invisible Visible: Exploring Implicit Bias, Judicial Diversity, and the Bench Trial

All people harbor implicit biases—which by definition, are not always consciously recognized. Although trial judges are specifically trained to compartmentalize and shield their decisions from their own biases, implicit biases nonetheless seep into judicial decision making. This article explores various strategies to decrease implicit bias in bench trials. Questions are then raised about whether a judge who has faced bias personally would be more amenable and more open to curbing implicit bias professionally. Ultimately, does diversifying the trial court judiciary minimize implicit bias, while also creating a varied, multidimensional judicial voice comprised of multiple perspectives? This article will explore this potential interplay between diversifying the trial court judiciary and reducing implicit bias, while urging future quantitative research.
An automated fractionation mapping algorithm for mapping of scar-based ventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUND Mapping and ablation of fractionated electrograms is a common treatment for scar-based ventricular tachycardia (VT). An automated algorithm has been developed for rapid "fractionation mapping." METHODS Electroanatomic maps from 21 ablation procedures (14 scar-based VT and seven control idiopathic VT/premature ventricular contractions with normal voltage) were retrospectively analyzed using the Ensite Precision fractionation map (fMap; Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL, USA) algorithm. For each study, voltage maps and 30 fMaps were generated using combinations of parameters: width (5, 10, 20 ms), refractory time (15, 30 ms), sensitivity (0.1, 0.2 mV), and fractionation threshold (2, 3, 5). Parameter sensitivity was assessed by overlap of fractionated areas (fArea) with successful VT ablation sites (defined by entrainment and/or pace mapping). Specificity was assessed by presence of fractionated areas in control patients. RESULTS Of the 30 fMap parameter sets tested, seven identified >50% of scar-based VT ablation sites, and 26 contained <5 cm2 fractionation on control fMaps. Three combinations of fMap width/refractory/sensitivity/threshold parameters met both of the above criteria, and 20/30/0.1/2 identified the most VT ablation sites (79%) and generated 42.3 ± 28.2 cm2 of fArea on scar-based VT maps compared with 4.9 ± 3.2 cm2 on control maps (P = .001). None of the control patients and 23% of the scar-based VT patients had VT recurrence at mean 15 month follow-up. CONCLUSION Careful selection of signal processing parameters optimizes sensitivity and specificity of automated fractionation mapping for scar-based VT. Real-time use of fMap algorithms may reduce VT ablation procedure time and improve substrate modification, which may improve outcomes.
“It’s like Being an Electrician, You’re Gonna Get Shocked”: Differences in the Perceived Risks of Indoor and Outdoor Sex Work and Its Impact on Exiting

This study sought to understand differences in risks of indoor versus outdoor sex work and how perceptions of risk influenced sex workers’ motivation to exit. Among the 19 indoor and outdoor sex wo...
Model-Free Optimal Voltage Phasor Regulation in Unbalanced Distribution Systems

The proliferation of voltage Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) into electric power distribution grids presents new opportunities for utility operators to manage their systems more effectively. In particular, distribution-level PMUs can serve as proxy measurements for active and reactive power flows, thus alleviating the need for current transformer-based measurements for certain applications. In this work, we explore the use of distribution PMU measurements to optimally control line power flows without explicit measurements of these quantities and without a priori knowledge of the underlying distribution system topology. To do so, we extend a 2 dimensional Extremum Seeking (2D-ES) control paradigm to simultaneously manage Distributed Energy Resource (DER) active and reactive power contributions in unbalanced distribution systems. Simulation results show the ability of the proposed approach to virtually island different portions of a 3-phase unbalanced the network using DER injections while maintaining proper voltage magnitudes in the rest of the network.
VpALI—Vaping-related Acute Lung Injury: A New Killer Around the Block

The use of electronic cigarettes, known as vaping, has become increasingly popular over the past decade, particularly in the adolescent and young adult population, often exposing users to harmful chemicals. Vaping has been associated with a heterogeneous group of pulmonary disease. Recently, a multistate epidemic has emerged surrounding vaping-related acute lung injury, prompting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to list an official health advisory. In this review, we describe the current literature on the epidemiology, clinical significance, as well as recommended evaluation and treatment of vaping-related lung injury.
Technique for inferring angle change as a function of time for high-current electron beams using a dose-rate monitor array.

Intense electron beams striking a high-atomic number target produce high-output pulsed photon fluxes for flash x-ray experiments. Without an external guide field, such beams are subject to the dynamics of high-current electron beam propagation, including changes to electron trajectories either from self-fields or from development of beam instabilities. The bremsstrahlung output (dose-rate) scales approximately as IVx, where I is the beam current, V the electron energy, and x is in the range 2.0–2.65 and depends upon the electron angle on the converter. Using experimental beam data (dose-rate, I and V), this equation can be solved for x, a process known as “inverting the radiographer’s equation.” Inversion methods that rely on thermoluminescent dosimeters, which are time-integrated, yield no information about evolution of the electron beam angle in time. We propose here an inversion method that uses several dose-rate monitors at different angles with respect to the beam axis. By measuring dose-rates at different angles, one can infer the time-dependent beam voltage and angle. This method compares well with estimates of corrected voltage and results in a self-consistent picture of beam dynamics. Techniques are demonstrated using data from self-magnetic pinch experiments at the RITS-6 facility at Sandia National Laboratories.Intense electron beams striking a high-atomic number target produce high-output pulsed photon fluxes for flash x-ray experiments. Without an external guide field, such beams are subject to the dynamics of high-current electron beam propagation, including changes to electron trajectories either from self-fields or from development of beam instabilities. The bremsstrahlung output (dose-rate) scales approximately as IVx, where I is the beam current, V the electron energy, and x is in the range 2.0–2.65 and depends upon the electron angle on the converter. Using experimental beam data (dose-rate, I and V), this equation can be solved for x, a process known as “inverting the radiographer’s equation.” Inversion methods that rely on thermoluminescent dosimeters, which are time-integrated, yield no information about evolution of the electron beam angle in time. We propose here an inversion method that uses several dose-rate monitors at different angles with respect to the beam axis. By measuring dose-rates at dif...
Analysis on incidence of varicella and vaccination of students in primary school and child care institutions in Taizhou

Objective To analyze the incidence of varicella and vaccination of students in primary school and child care institutions in Taizhou. Methods By stratified cluster sampling method, according to the per capita economic income of Taizhou city in 2016, three counties (cities or districts) were selected. Six primary schools and six child care institutions were selected in each region to investigate the incidence of varicella and vaccination. Results The incidence of varicella among students in Taizhou was 6.27%, and the incidence of preschool was lower than that of primary school students (1.40% vs 7.62%, χ2=267.39, P<0.05) . The total vaccination rate of varicella in Taizhou was 78.81%, and the vaccination rate of one dose and two doses was 50.86% and 27.95%. The vaccination rate of preschool was 88.84%, and higher than that of primary school students (χ2=400.15, P<0.05) . There were differences between the incidence of varicella and the vaccination in different areas of Taizhou (χ2=355.90, P<0.05) , and the incidence of varicella was lower in areas with the high vaccination rates. Conclusions The incidence of varicella is high among students in primary school and child care institutions in Taizhou, but the vaccination rate of varicella is not very high and vaccination of two doses of varicella is relatively lower. The vaccination of varicella, especially two doses, should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of varicella. Key words: Students; Varicella; Vaccine; Incidence