cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient low voltage direct AC/DC converters for self-powered wireless sensor nodes and mobile electronics

The conventional power electronics converters used in the microgenerator based energy harvesting applications have two stages: a diode bridge rectifier and a DC-DC converter. However, in the case of electromagnetic microgenerators, the diode bridge rectification is not normally feasible due to the extreme low output voltage of the microgenerators. Even if possible, the losses in the diode bridge rectifier make the conventional power electronic interfaces very inefficient. In this paper two direct ac-to-dc power electronics converter topologies are proposed for efficient and maximum energy harvesting from low voltage microgenerators. The proposed single stage converters directly boost the microgenerator low ac voltage to usable higher dc voltage, and hence, achieve higher efficiency. The single stage ac-to-dc power conversion is achieved by utilizing the bidirectional conduction capability of MOSFETs. Furthermore, with the proposed converters, the maximum energy harvesting can be successfully realized by controlling the effective load resistance offered to the microgenerators. The conventional power converters are not conducive for implementation of such control. Simulation and experimental results are presented for verification of the proposed converters.
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure and Toxicosis in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in the Denver Metropolitan Area

Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used in urban areas to control rodent pests and are responsible for secondary poi- soning in many nontarget wildlife species. We tested the livers of five coyotes (Canis latrans) in the Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado, US, for anticoagulant rodenticides. All five livers were positive for brodifacoum, with values ranging from 95 ppb to 320 ppb, and one liver was positive for bromadiolone, with a value of 885 ppb. Both of these rodenticides are second-generation anticoagulants, which are more potent and more likely to cause secondary poisoning than first-generation anticoagulants due to their accumulation and persistence in the liver. We concluded that exposure to these rodenticides may have caused the death of at least two of the five coyotes, and urban coyotes in our study area are commonly exposed to rodenticides.
High Rates of Self-Fertilization in a Marine Ribbon Worm (Nemertea)

Organisms capable of self-fertilization ("selfing") typically exhibit two evolutionary syndromes: uniting high inbreeding depression with low levels of selfing, or low inbreeding depression with high levels of selfing. We examined the effect of inbreeding on fecundity and time to first reproduction in an apparently self-compatible, simultaneously hermaphroditic marine nemertean worm Prosorhochmus americanus. Adult and juvenile worms were raised in isolation or in pairs. Isolated worms produced significantly more offspring than paired worms (in the adult experiment), and did not exhibit inbreeding avoidance (in the juvenile experiment). The selfing rate of six natural populations was evaluated using 17 species-specific, microsatellite markers, and was consistent with preferential selfing (mean: 0.843, SD: 0.027). Our results showed that P. americanus exhibited an interesting suite of life-history traits, uniting high colonization potential through self-fertilization and high fecundity, with no dispersive larval stage, and with moderate levels of gene flow. We believe that P. americanus is an ideal model system for studies of mating system evolution, inbreeding, and sex allocation.
Strategy first, execution second: teaching design strategy in technical communication

In technical communication education, design is often narrowly and essentially framed as execution of features. This approach fails to account for the innovative phase of user research, the iterative design process, and contextual factors such as workflow and governance. Inspired by Alan Cooper's Goal-Directed Design (2014), this paper advocates for a "design strategy" approach to the practice and pedagogy of design in technical communication. In particular, it calls for treating design as a process of research, discovery, prototyping, execution, and evaluation. This design process must strategically serve organizational objectives and user goals.
Concordance between timeline follow-back and single-question assessment of self-reported smoking in a clinical trial.

ABSTRACTBackground: Smoking cessation clinical trials assess tobacco abstinence using self-report and biomarkers. Optimum methods for each are unclear; a common question assesses smoking in the prior 7 days. In contrast, timeline follow-back (TLFB) is another technique often used to assess use of alcohol in treatment trials; it is used less frequently in studies of smoking cessation. The goal of this study was to assess concordance between the 7-day smoking question and a 7-day TLFB. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation was conducted at a busy, urban hospital emergency department (ED) from October 2010 to December 2012. At 1, 3, and 12 months, subjects were contacted by phone to assess smoking status. Those reporting abstinence at 3 months were asked to return for an in-person measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide. For this analysis, smoking status at 1 month was compared for subjects in response to 2 questions asked concurrently, addressing 7-day poin...
Detection Results of Urinary Iodine among Children and Reproductive Women in Feng County

[Objective]To learn the control effect of excessive iodine in Feng Country,provide scientific basis for control and prevention of excessive iodine.[Methods]The level of urinary iodine was tested in 200 children aged 8~10 years and 200 reproductive women aged 18~40 years of Feng Country in March 2010.[Results]The median urinary iodine of children aged 8~10 years was 567.1 μg/L,and that of reproductive women aged 18~40 years was 631.4 μg/L.The level of urinary iodine was still high.[Conclusion]The levels of urinary iodine of school children and reproductive women still exceed the normal standard,and the control and prevention of excessive iodine is severe.
MicroRNA dysregulation in melanoma

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Current challenges facing the management of melanoma include accurate prediction of individuals who will respond to adjuvant therapies as well as early detection of recurrences. These and other challenges have prompted investigation into biomarkers that could be used as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic aids. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small 19-22 nucleotide RNA inhibitors of protein translation. Over 800 different miRs are present within cells and importantly miR expression profiles may vary across different cells types and stages of malignancy. Unique expression profiles have been described for malignant melanoma; however, this work has yet to be translated into routine clinical practice. We highlight pertinent studies involving common miRs implicated in the oncogenesis of melanoma including miR-21, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-155, miR-205, and miR-211. In particular, emphasis is placed upon differential expression across different stages of melanoma progression, prognostic implications and potential mechanistic involvement. Focused efforts on inhibition of these miRs could be the most efficient method of translating preclinical endeavors into clinically meaningful applications.
A universal EDF for repeating fast radio bursts

Assuming: fast radio bursts (FRBs) are produced by neutron stars at cosmological distances; FRB rate tracks core-collapse supernova rate; and all FRBs repeat with a universal energy distribution function (EDF) dN/dE ~ E^(-beta) with a high-end cutoff at burst energy E_max. We find that observations so far are consistent with a universal EDF with a power-law index 1.5 30 and normalization N_0 < 2 per day; where N_0 is the integrated rate above the reference burst energy E_0 = 1.2e39 f_r^(-1) erg (f_r is the radio emission efficiency). Implications of such an EDF are discussed.
Giant obscurins regulate the PI3K cascade in breast epithelial cells via direct binding to the PI3K/p85 regulatory subunit.

// Marey Shriver 1, # , Saravanakumar Marimuthu 1, # , Colin Paul 2, 3, 4, * , Janelle Geist 1, * , Tessa Seale 1 , Konstantinos Konstantopoulos 2, 3, 4 , Aikaterini Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos 1, 5 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA 3 Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA 4 Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. 5 University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum National Cancer Institute Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA # These authors contributed equally to this work * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Aikaterini Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos, email: akontrogianni@som.umaryland.edu Keywords: obscurin, PI3K, PI3K inhibitors, Akt, breast cancer Received: March 02, 2016 Accepted: May 29, 2016 Published: June 13, 2016 ABSTRACT Obscurins are a family of giant cytoskeletal proteins, originally identified in striated muscles where they have structural and regulatory roles. We recently showed that obscurins are abundantly expressed in normal breast epithelial cells where they play tumor and metastasis suppressing roles, but are nearly lost from advanced stage breast cancer biopsies. Consistent with this, loss of giant obscurins from breast epithelial cells results in enhanced survival and growth, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo . In the current study, we demonstrate that loss of giant obscurins from breast epithelial cells is associated with significantly increased phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the PI3K signaling cascade, including activation of AKT, a key regulator of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Pharmacological and molecular inhibition of the PI3K pathway in obscurin-depleted breast epithelial cells results in reversal of EMT, (re)formation of cell-cell junctions, diminished mammosphere formation, and decreased cell migration and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down, and surface plasmon resonance assays revealed that obscurins are in a complex with the PI3K/p85 regulatory subunit, and that their association is direct and mediated by the obscurin-PH domain and the PI3K/p85-SH3 domain with a KD of ~50 nM. We therefore postulate that giant obscurins act upstream of the PI3K cascade in normal breast epithelial cells, regulating its activation through binding to the PI3K/p85 regulatory subunit.
Effects of Concentration and Source of Trace Minerals on Performance, Immunity, Mineral and Lipid Metabolism, and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers

Abstract Two hundred seventy-nine steers were blocked by initial BW, stratified by estimated breed, and randomly assigned to pens and treatments within weight replication. Mineral treatments administered during the receiving phase consisted of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co administered at the following levels: 1) two times the NRC (1996) recommendation from amino acid complex Availa-4® (Zinpro, Eden Prairie, MN); 2) at the NRC recommendation from Availa-4®, 3) three times the NRC recommendation from inorganic minerals, or 4) six times the NRC recommendation from inorganic minerals. Steers were gradually switched from a moderate to high concentrate corn-alfalfa diet. Finishing phase mineral treatments consisted of 1) mineral treatment from Availa-4® fed at NRC recommendations, 2) mineral treatment from Availa-4® fed at one and one-half times the NRC recommendation, 3) minerals from inorganic sulfate sources fed at one and one-half times the NRC recommendation, or 4) minerals from inorganic sulfate sources fed at three times the NRC recommendation. Eight pens from each treatment were harvested after being fed for a period of 198 or 230 d. Average daily feed intake was reduced (P IBR ) was not different (P>0.05) between treatments. Steers on the organic mineral treatment at one and one-half times the NRC recommendation had greater (P
Postural, Bone, and Joint Disorders in Parkinson's Disease.

Background Stooped posture was mentioned in the original description of the characteristic features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since then, a variety of postural, bone, and joint problems have become recognized as common aspects of the illness and deserve attention. Methods A Medline literature search for the period from 1970 to 2016 was performed to identify articles relevant to this topic. Keywords for the search included posture, spine, bone disorders, fractures, joint disorders, kyphosis, scoliosis, stooping, camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, frozen shoulder, anterocollis, dropped head syndrome, and pain in combination with PD. The articles were then reviewed to summarize clinical features, frequency, impact, pathophysiology, and treatment options for these conditions. Results Postural disorders (kyphoscoliosis, camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, dropped head syndrome), bone mineralization disorders (osteoporosis, bone fractures), and joint disorders (frozen shoulder, dystonia involving joints, joint pain) are often seen in association with PD. Treatment options for these conditions are varied and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgical interventions. Conclusions Posture, bone, and joint disorders are common in patients with PD; they often produce added disability, and they may be treatable.
The software infrastructure for computer-supported collaboration

It is pointed out that, as personal computers move from their current role of personal productivity aids to enhancing the work of cooperating teams of individuals, technologies are developing that allow a richer style of communication and interaction. The integration of computer-generated graphics, compressed motion video and high-fidelity audio into network-distributed software systems promises to bring new challenges to the software architecture of these systems. The author discusses some of these challenges. >
Robust adaptive MVDR beamforming for processing radar depth sounder data

In this paper, we investigate the performance of two robust beamformers, Chen's Quadratically Constrained Beamformer and Shahbazpanahi's General Rank Beamformer, on their performance on clutter rejection in Radar Depth Sounding of ice sheets. The investigation is carried out using both simulation and measured data with our Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder/Imager (MCoRDS/I). The results show that the two robust beamformers outperform conventional sample matrix inversion (SMI) and Loaded SMI beamformers in resolving the issue of signal self-nulling. However, the effectiveness of both robust beamformers on clutter cancellation was greatly reduced in situations of small antenna array and small number of data samples. By using MUSIC cum geometry to estimate the directions of arrivals (DOAs) of the dominant clutter signals, we have shown via simulations that we can enhance the two robust beamformers by incorporating linear constraints at the clutter signal DOAs to improve SINR by more than 10 dB.
Translational Correlation: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis

Epileptic seizures are caused by abnormal brain electrical activities that originate primarily in the cortex. Even though the architecture of the neocortex seems to facilitate the initiation and propagation of these paroxysmal discharges, the phylogenetically older archicortex and paleocortex (hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus) are a more common source or epileptic seizures in humans. The clinical manifestations of the seizure often reflect the area of the cortex in which the seizures originated. These seizures are commonly referred to as partial (focal) seizures. The first symptom of many partial seizures are the “aura” (simple partial seizure) that can then progress to alterations of awareness (complex partial seizures) and ultimately to a secondarily generalized tonic clonic seizure.
Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (Glas): Final Test Report of DM Lhp TV Testing

The Demonstration Model (DM) Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) was tested at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) during September and October, 1999. The LHP system was placed in the Dynavac 36 in. chamber in Building 4. The test lasted for about 6 weeks. The LHP was built, designed, and manufactured at Dynatherm Corporation, Inc. In Hunt Valley, MD according to GSFC specifications. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the performance of a propylene LHP for the Geoscience Laser Altimetry System (GLAS) instrument application.
Preclinical Screening for Treatments for Infantile Spasms in the Multiple Hit Rat Model of Infantile Spasms: An Update.

Infantile spasms are the typical seizures of West syndrome, an infantile epileptic encephalopathy with poor outcomes. There is an increasing need to identify more effective and better tolerated treatments for infantile spasms. We have optimized the rat model of infantile spasms due to structural etiology, the multiple-hit rat model, for therapy discovery. Here, we test three compounds administered after spasms induction in the multiple hit model for efficacy and tolerability. Specifically, postnatal day 3 (PN3) male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by right intracerebral injections of doxorubicin and lipopolysaccharide. On PN5 p-chlorophenylalanine was given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Daily monitoring of weights and developmental milestones was done and rats were intermittently video monitored. A blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled study design was followed. The caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 (50–200 mg/kg i.p.) and the GABAB receptor inhibitor CGP35348 (12.5–100 mg/kg i.p.) each was administered in different cohorts as single intraperitoneal injections on PN4, using a dose- and time-response design with intermittent monitoring till PN5. 17β-estradiol (40 ng/g/day subcutaneously) was given daily between PN3-10 and intermittent monitoring was done till PN12. None of the treatments demonstrated acute or delayed effects on spasms, yet all were well tolerated. We discuss the implications for therapy discovery and challenges of replication trials.
What is changing when: Decoding visual information in movies from human intracranial recordings

The majority of visual recognition studies have focused on the neural responses to repeated presentations of static stimuli with abrupt and well-defined onset and offset times. In contrast, natural vision involves unique renderings of visual inputs that are continuously changing without explicitly defined temporal transitions. Here we considered commercial movies as a coarse proxy to natural vision. We recorded intracranial field potential signals from 1,284 electrodes implanted in 15 patients with epilepsy while the subjects passively viewed commercial movies. We could rapidly detect large changes in the visual inputs within approximately 100 ms of their occurrence, using exclusively field potential signals from ventral visual cortical areas including the inferior temporal gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus. Furthermore, we could decode the content of those visual changes even in a single movie presentation, generalizing across the wide range of transformations present in a movie. These results present a methodological framework for studying cognition during dynamic and natural vision.
Angiostrongylus spp. of Public Health Importance

Cerebral angiostrongyliasis is caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, while abdominal, or intestinal, angiostrongyliasis is caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis. This chapter focuses on aspects such as life cycle, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, food safety, and control of illness caused by these nematodes.
Outlining the Crisis in Cancer Care

The task of providing accessible, high-quality care to cancer patients is facing an increasing number of stresses and threatens to reach a crisis in the future. This literature review looks at these stresses. The US population increased 0.07% (2.2 million) in 2016. Aging is a major risk factor for cancer and the number of persons over 65 is projected to double by 2050. The needed increased workforce is not projected to be adequate. The increased complexity of cancer care creates the need for improved communication among providers and patients. The rising cost of health care has been unsustainable and solutions are controversial, changing, and unresolved. Quality is an essential component of cancer care but measures are in development and challenging to implement. Knowledge of these stresses can help cancer programs in their strategic planning as they prepare to face these challenges and work to provide quality cancer care.
Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis: Histopathologic Inflammation and Corneal Allograft Rejection

Objective To identify whether histopathologic and immunoassay biomarkers of inflammation are predictive for allograft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) for herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. Design Retrospective, interventional case series with prospective component of pathologic evaluation of frozen tissue. Participants Sixty-two consecutive patients with HSV keratitis who underwent PKP. Methods A chart review and histopathologic examination of the excised host corneal button was performed to identify associations between clinical data and histopathologic presence of inflammation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) chemokines and immunohistochemical staining for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigens was also performed in inflamed and noninflamed specimens. Main Outcome Measures To determine whether the presence of subclinical inflammation at the time of PKP predicts allograft rejection. Results Although 81% of patients had clinically quiescent disease, histopathology revealed that 74% had active corneal inflammation, a finding that was associated with the presence of clinical neovascularization ( P = 0.01). Allograft rejections were experienced by 34% of the patients in this cohort. The histopathologic presence of inflammation was a risk factor for allograft rejection ( P = 0.02). Corneal specimens demonstrating inflammation had significantly increased IL-8 ( P = 0.0005) and MCP-1 ( P = 0.003) levels, and greater immunoreactivity for HLA-DR and ICAM-1 when compared with specimens without inflammation. Treatment with IL-10 ex vivo significantly inhibited IL-8 ( P = 0.006), and MCP-1 ( P = 0.01) chemokines, and qualitatively substantially reduced HLA-DR, but not ICAM-1, expression. Conclusions Histopathologic inflammation is a risk factor for corneal allograft rejection. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Pisum sativum (Peas)

The garden pea became Mendel’s model for genetic studies because it possesses numerous clearly observable mutations that display simple inheritance. The large number of mutations and the high level of genetic diversity have proven useful in numerous other applications, including breeding, evolutionary studies, physiology, and plant/microbe symbiosis. The large genome of the pea has yet to be sequenced, but the gene order and nucleotide sequence of coding regions are very closely approximated by the recently determined sequence of barrel medic ( Medicago truncatula ). Thus, the many mutations are now being matched with coding sequences, and pea is now becoming an important model for understanding plant development.
Species Tree Estimation Using ddRADseq Data from Historical Specimens Confirms the Monophyly of Highly Disjunct Species of Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae)

Sequence data exist for only about 1/5 of plant species; therefore we are at risk of losing many branches of the tree of life even before they are placed into a molecular evolutionary context. This necessitates methods for phylogeny estimation of understudied, rare, and threatened taxa, which often forces researchers to utilize historical collections. The restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) family of reduced representation sequence generation has provided a flexible and efficient method for the rapid generation of hundreds to tens of thousands of loci, and has recently seen adoption for phylogeny estimation. However, these methods have been primarily utilized with freshly collected or well preserved tissue. Here we sample all taxa of a genus of rare flowering plants, Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae), from herbarium sheets dating up to 25 yr and use double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve intraspecific relationships. We find all species in Chloropyron to be monophyletic, with the inland taxon C. maritimum ssp. canescens sister to the rest of the coastal C. maritimum (ssp. maritimum + ssp. palustre), and the two distinct subspecies of C. molle to be each other's closest relative with strong support. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of reduced representation libraries to address phylogenomic problems in a group of rare species and address pitfalls of accurately inferring relationships when the amount of missing data is large, as is often the case when using historical specimens and rare taxa.
Common Data Elements in the Assessment of Military-Related PTSD Research Applied in the Consortium to Alleviate PTSD

INTRODUCTION Driven by the need to share data, sufficiently power studies, and allow for cross-study comparisons of medical and psychiatric diseases, the President's National Research Action Plan issued in 2013 called for the use of state-of-the-art common data elements (CDEs) for research studies. CDEs are variables measured across independent studies that facilitate methodologically sound data aggregation and study replication. Researchers in the field of military-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have suggested applicable CDEs; however, to date, these recommendations have been conceptual and not field-tested. The Consortium to Alleviate PTSD (CAP) - an interdisciplinary and multi-institutional, military-related PTSD research consortium funded by the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs - generated and applied CDEs that can be used to combine data from disparate studies to improve the methodological and statistical capabilities of study findings. We provide a description and rationale for the CAP CDEs and details about administration with two main goals: (1) to encourage military-related PTSD researchers to use these measures in future studies and (2) to facilitate comparison, replication, and data aggregation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CAP compiled mandated (core) and optional CDEs based on the following criteria: (1) construct applicability to military-related PTSD; (2) precedence (use) in prior, related research; (3) published and strong psychometric evidence; (4) no cost (public domain); and (5) brevity, to limit participant burden. We provided descriptive statistics and internal consistency reliabilities for mandated measures from an initial cohort of around 400 participants enrolled in CAP studies. RESULTS Mandated CDEs in the CAP were found to have very good internal consistency reliability. CONCLUSION Although further research is needed to determine the incremental validity of these CDEs, preliminary analyses indicated that each mandated measure has very good internal consistency reliability. Investigators designing military-related PTSD research should consider using these field-tested CDEs to facilitate future data aggregation. Feedback based on empirical evidence or practical concerns to improve these CDEs is welcome.
The use of chemical shift temperature gradients to establish the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor orientation: implication for structure determination/refinement in paramagnetic metalloproteins.

The use of dipolar shifts as important constraints in refining molecular structure of paramagnetic metalloproteins by solution NMR is now well established. A crucial initial step in this procedure is the determination of the orientation of the anisotropic paramagnetic susceptibility tensor in the molecular frame which is generated interactively with the structure refinement. The use of dipolar shifts as constraints demands knowledge of the diamagnetic shift, which, however, is very often not directly and easily accessible. We demonstrate that temperature gradients of dipolar shifts can serve as alternative constraints for determining the orientation of the magnetic axes, thereby eliminating the need to estimate the diamagnetic shifts. This approach is tested on low-spin, ferric sperm whale cyanometmyoglobin by determining the orientation, anisotropies and anisotropy temperature gradients by the alternate routes of using dipolar shifts and dipolar shift gradients as constraints. The alternate routes ultimately lead to very similar orientation of the magnetic axes, magnetic anisotropies and magnetic anisotropy temperature gradients which, by inference, would lead to an equally valid description of the molecular structure. It is expected that the use of the dipolar shift temperature gradients, rather than the dipolar shifts directly, as constraints will provide an accurate shortcut in a solution structure determination of a paramagnetic metalloprotein.
Energy transfer from chlorophyll f to the trapping center in naturally occurring and engineered Photosystem I complexes

Certain cyanobacteria can thrive in environments enriched in far-red light (700–800 nm) due to an acclimation process known as far-red light photoacclimation (FaRLiP). During FaRLiP, about 8% of the Chl a molecules in the photosystems are replaced by Chl f and a very small amount of Chl d. We investigated the spectroscopic properties of Photosystem I (PSI) complexes isolated from wild-type (WT) Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335 and a chlF mutant strain (lacking Chl f synthase) grown in white and far-red light (WL–PSI and FRL–PSI, respectively). WT–FRL–PSI complexes contain Chl f and Chl a but not Chl d. The light-minus dark difference spectrum of the trapping center at high spectral resolution indicates that the special pair in WT–FRL–PSI consists of Chl a molecules with maximum bleaching at 703–704 nm. The action spectrum for photobleaching of the special pair showed that Chl f molecules absorbing at wavelengths up to 800 nm efficiently transfer energy to the trapping center in FRL–PSI complexes to produce a charge-separated state. This is ~ 50 nm further into the near IR than WL–PSI; Chl f has a quantum yield equivalent to that of Chl a in the antenna, i.e., ~ 1.0. PSI complexes from Synechococcus 7002 carrying 3.8 Chl f molecules could promote photobleaching of the special pair by energy transfer at wavelengths longer than WT PSI complexes. Results from these latter studies are directly relevant to the issue of whether introduction of Chl f synthase into plants could expand the wavelength range available for oxygenic photosynthesis in crop plants.
A dual-tuned 17 O/1 H head array for direct brain oximetry at 3 Tesla.

PURPOSE To design and build a dual-tuned 17 O/1 H coil for direct brain oximetry at 3T. METHODS A dual-tuned 17 O/1 H coil comprising 2 degenerate mode birdcage coils was constructed to facilitate high-sensitivity 17 O and 1 H imaging. In vivo 17 O brain images were acquired in a healthy volunteer using a fermat looped orthogonally encoded trajectories sequence, together with high-resolution structural brain 1 H images. RESULTS Natural abundance 17 O images with a nominal resolution of 8 mm3 were acquired in under 20 minutes exhibiting clear delineation of the physiological 17 O distribution. One-millimeter isotropic 1 H structural brain images demonstrated excellent quality and anatomical detail using routine clinical imaging sequence parameters and parallel acceleration. CONCLUSION A dual-tuned 17 O/1 H array was constructed to enable high-sensitivity 17 O and 1 H imaging under standard clinical 3 T scanning conditions.
Twenty-Five Years of Research and Advocacy on Violence Against Women: What Have We Accomplished, and Where Do We Go From Here? A Conversation.

This article is a conversation between two academic experts, Callie Rennison and Nikki Jones, who endeavor to sum up what has been accomplished in eliminating violence against women in the United S...
Coarticulation and theories of extrinsic timing

Abstract Current accounts of coarticulation belong to a single class of theory, here called extrinsic timing theories of speech production. The accounts all assume that the dimension of time is excluded from the specification of a phonological segment in the articulatory plan for an utterance, and all of them fail to explain or predict the coarticulatory patterns of speech. Here I suggest that some of the failings are endemic to the class of extrinsic timing theories, and that a more adequate account must derive from an intrinsic timing theory. The essential characteristics of an intrinsic timing theory are described.
Viral Meningitis Mimicking Benign Intracranial Hypertension: A Report of Two Cases

Abstract This paper juxtaposes the clinical management of two patients with intracranial hypertension secondary to viral infection: one due to Human Herpesvirus-6 and the second due to Varicella Zoster Virus. Our cases highlight the clinical and scientific importance of cerebrospinal fluid viral polymerase chain reaction testing in the evaluation of the high-pressure headache syndrome.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase. Evidence of Receptors for Induction Process in Cell Culture

ABSTRACT The Ah locus controls the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and more than 20 other monooxygenase “activities” and other enzymes by polycyclic aromatic compounds. Certain information about the mechanism of transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational control of this induction process can be gained by tissue culture studies; these data would be difficult, or impossible, to obtain from studies in the intact animal. During these studies, however, it became clear that the P-450-mediated enzyme systems in liver- and hepatoma-derived cultures are not identical to that in the intact animal liver. This finding should be of concern to those using such types of cell cultures to evaluate drug toxicity or carcinogenesis: if the test compound induces (or interacts in any other way) with certain forms of P-450, the data from tissue culture might not reflect the true situation in the intact animal. Studies with polycyclic aromatic “responsive” and “nonresponsive” continuous cell lines provide evidence for some alteration in the major regulatory Ah locus product, the cytosolic receptor. Hence, the presence of high affinity binding sites per se is not associated with the induction process. However, an increase in the number of these binding sites appears to be directly correlated with the pleiotypic response governed by the Ah locus, one of the responses being induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity.
Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience.

Objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disruptive pandemic that has continued to test the limits of health care system capacities. It is important to highlight the specific challenges facing US neurosurgery during these difficult circumstances. In the present study, we have described our neurosurgery department’s unique experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We analyzed the following data points both before and during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic: the number of patients infected with COVID-19 at our institution, changes in neurosurgical operative workflow, changes in neurosurgical outpatient and inpatient clinic workflows, resident redeployment statistics and changes in call schedules, and changes in neurosurgical education. Results At our institution, the adult surgery numbers decreased from 120 during the week of March 4–11, 2020 (before the World Health Organization had classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic) to 17 during the week of April 13–17, 2020. The number of pediatric surgeries decreased from 15 to 3 during the same period. Significantly more surgeries were cancelled than were delayed (P Conclusion By detailing our experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, we hope to have provided a detailed picture of the challenges facing neurosurgery within an academic medical center.
Beyond Hedonic Consumption: The Role of Eudaimonic Value in Consumer–Brand Relationships: An Abstract

Marketing academics and practitioners have traditionally associated a product’s hedonic value with experiential consumption. However, there is a growing stream of research in the area of positive psychology that suggests that the scope of experiential consumption goes beyond merely hedonic value. The objective of this study is to expand the conceptualization of brand value to not only include hedonic (enjoyment) benefits but also to incorporate the crucial dimension of eudaimonic (meaningfulness) brand value. Furthermore, this study also aims to examine the dual role of both hedonic and eudemonic brand benefits in developing key consumer–brand relationship constructs. We hypothesize that both hedonic and eudaimonic brand value are positively related to brand experience. We also hypothesize that brand experience is positively related to the outcome variables of brand love and brand trust. We thus argue that brand experience mediates the relationship between brand value (hedonic and eudaimonic) on the one hand and brand trust and brand love on the other.
Graphical Metrics for Analyzing District Maps

For the past several decades, political scientists have sought to understand the impact of legislative redistricting and gerrymandering on a variety of outcomes. However, traditional metrics such as compactness scores and newer metrics such as aggregated simulations impose very strong assumptions that make their use difficult. In this study, we propose a new graphical framework for analyzing districts that relaxes current assumptions while allowing analysts to focus on the choices that redistricting parties may potentially make. We then leverage the newest advances in district simulation algorithms to extend this framework to propose four new metrics. These new metrics are Edge Cut Growth (ECG), Excess Edge (EE), and Edge per District Gain (EDG), and Internal Boundary Growth (IBG). These new metrics are then compared to several existing metrics, allowing us to test the attributes that our approach is similar to. In doing so, we demonstrate that the four new metrics are best seen as theoretical and technical advances on current metrics that focus on district geometry.
Leg Fidgeting During Prolonged Sitting Improves Postprandial Glycemic Control in People with Obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that fidgeting augments metabolic demand and increases blood flow to the moving limbs, whereas prolonged sitting suppresses these factors and exacerbates postprandial glucose excursions. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that leg fidgeting during prolonged sitting would improve postprandial glycemic control. METHODS: Adults with obesity (n = 20) participated in a randomized crossover trial in which blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured during a 3-hour sitting period following the ingestion of a glucose load (75 g). During sitting, participants either remained stationary or intermittently fidgeted both legs (2.5 minutes off and 2.5 minutes on). Accelerometer counts, oxygen consumption, and popliteal-artery blood flow were also measured during the sitting period. RESULTS: As expected, fidgeting increased accelerometer counts (P < 0.01), oxygen consumption (P < 0.01), and blood flow through the popliteal artery (P < 0.05). Notably, fidgeting lowered both glucose (P < 0.01) and insulin (P < 0.05) total area under the curve (AUC) and glucose incremental AUC (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a strong negative correlation between fidgeting-induced increases in blood flow and reduced postprandial glucose AUC within the first hour (r = -0.569, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Leg fidgeting is a simple, light-intensity physical activity that enhances limb blood flow and can be incorporated during prolonged sitting to improve postprandial glycemic control in people with obesity.
A Time-Domain Linear Method for Jet Noise Prediction and Control Trend Analysis

Large-scale turbulent structures in the form of coherent wavepackets play a significant role in the generation of prominent shallow angle noise radiation of jets. Economical prediction tools often model these wavepackets in the frequency-domain using stability modes of the mean flow. The use of simplifying choices, such as parabolized equations and azimuthal decomposition, provide efficient methods but can impose constraints on rate of streamwise variation of the mean state or geometric complexity. The current investigation develops a time-domain linearized Navier-Stokes-based approach predicated on the mean basic state for two goals: i) to obtain the radiated shallow-angle noise field, including that from imperfectly expanded jets containing shock trains, and ii) to estimate noise control trends with actuator frequency. A previously developed implicit linearization technique repurposing native non-linear Navier-Stokes code capabilities avoids any additional constraints on nozzle geometry, while its time-domain nature facilitates control analysis through transient pulse response. Two other integral components of the method are the sifting of linearized perturbations to isolate the acoustic component with Doak's Momentum Potential Theory, and subsequently Dynamic Mode Decomposition to analyze the response in different spectral ranges. Comparisons with well-validated LES databases show accurate model predictions for super-radiative shallow angle noise, including for hot jets from military-style nozzles. For a specific jet with extensive published experimental data using plasma actuators, it is shown that the method correctly predicts noise amplification at lower frequencies and reduction at higher values, at the observed crossover location. Considerations on the costs associated with the approach, which exploits linearity to extract multiple frequencies with each simulation, are outlined.
Exploring the relations between child and word characteristics and preschoolers' word-learning

Abstract Preschool vocabulary interventions have reported modest increases in learning of target words, with wide variability among participants. To design interventions that are effective for all learners, more fine-grained information is needed. In the present study, English-only and dual language learner preschoolers (n = 128) were taught new words during shared book-reading. Using cross-classified random effects models, we investigated how both child and word characteristics related to vocabulary learning. Preschoolers were assessed on general receptive vocabulary (PPVT), executive function skills, and expressive knowledge of target words at pretest and posttest. Target words were rated on their perceptual accessibility, as captured by imageability, concreteness, and consistency of shape. Controlling for other predictors, target word pretest scores, PPVT, executive function skills, and words' imageability were all positive significant predictors of posttest vocabulary. Tailoring instructional strategies to better account for these factors may help to support the learning of a range of children and word types.
Adipocyte-derived exosomes may promote breast cancer progression in type 2 diabetes.

Obesity and metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are associated with metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Here, we investigated the critical cellul...
Effect of Rivet Rows on Propagation of Lamb Waves in Mechanically Fastened Two-Layer Aluminum Plates

Feasibility of using Lamb waves for disbonds and corrosion detections in aircraft fuselage structures was investigated in recent years. Measurement performed on various laboratory-fabricated specimens as well as on panels removed from aircrafts has shown consistent results and demonstrated its potential applications for large area structural integrity evaluation [1–3]. It has been observed that structural flaws existing on the path of Lamb waves not only changed amplitude of waves but also affected their velocities as well. Amplitude change caused by a disbond of size less than 0.5 in. × 0.5 in. was significant and has been measured. Variation in phase velocity was used to quantify the corrosion-induced thickness reduction in aluminum sheets. An area of size 1 in. × 1 in. with 8% thickness loss in subsurface of an 1 mm thick aluminum plate was detected by monitoring the phase velocity increase of SO mode. While these tests made major progresses toward developing a practical and low cost flaw assessment system, effects due to the presence of certain structural elements, such as coatings and fasteners, on the propagation of Lamb waves are becoming important issues, and need to be analyzed. These effects are themselves interesting physical phenomenon and worth investigation, however, it is hoped that propagation variations of waves induced by structural defects can be separated from these effects and be quantitatively correlated to the physical properties of defects.
An Optimistic View of the Aging Brain

How much influence do brains have in controlling their own destiny during aging? On the one hand, brains can predict the negative sides of the fate of aging with more dementia, more illness, and more social problems over the years and decades ahead. Or, on the other hand, brains can develop a more positive point of view after learning the facts about their potential and applying these in creating a more optimistic path toward the process of attaining old age.
Gait Perception as an Example of How We May Perceive Events

In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke (Locke, 1690/1959, 11:8:9) listed five primary qualities of objects in the world around us: solidity, extension, figure, number, and motion. These attributes have served us well in the study of perception. Solidity, for example, has been studied in terms of transparency and depth in vision, texture in touch, and stereophony in audition—stereophonic literally means ‘solid sound.’ Extension, or size, has been very important, particularly in vision, where psychologists have studied effects of relative and absolute size, and proximal and distal size. Figure, interpreted as shape or form, has undoubtedly been the most important quality of objects for all perception, providing impetus for Gestalt and other psychologists. Number, especially when logically extended to include composition and the relation of parts to wholes, has also played an important role. Motion has also played some part; however, unlike the others, motion has most often been excised from the aggregate by the perceptual psychologist. It appears that we have spent most of our efforts in the study of static figures of a certain size, composition, and apparent solidity. It is clear that motion is a quality unlike the others; it invokes time. Our general purpose is to help integrate motion and time back into the study of perception.