cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATIONSHIP OF EYE COLOR TO PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL PLAYERS' BATTING STATISTICS GIVEN ON BUBBLEGUM CARDS

Summary.-139 professional baseball players who appeared on Topps bubble gum cards (copyright 1987) were subjects. The players, whose printed eye colors could be identified from their photographs, were sorted into three categories of 45 dark-eyed white players, 27 light-eyed white players, and 67 black players. The statistics on the backs of the cards were dependent measures and included: Games, At Bat, Runs, Hits, Second Base, Thud Base, Home Runs, Runs Batted In, Stolen Bases, SLG, Bunts, Strike Outs, and Batting Average. Analyses of variance on the data with light-eyed whice and dark-eyed white players as independent variables yielded no significant effects for any of the statistics. Further analysis with light- and dark-eyed white players combined and black players as independent variables showed that black ball players scored more third-base hits, srole more bases, and had better batting averages rhan white players. Dark- and light-eyed people are reported to score differently on performance tasks. Light-eyed individuals may be more responsive to internal cues while dark-eyed individuals are more responsive to external cues (6, 8, 13). Dark-eyed individuals tend to have faster reaction times than light-eyed individuals (7, 10). Expected self-paced activities such as 50-, 75-, and 100-yd. dashes, standing long jumps, and softball throws (1) and typing speed per 1- and 5-min. intervals and 9-wk. grades (5) showed no differences associated with eye color. There were also no association of eye-color differences for scores on jumping rope for 15 sec., but girls did jump more often than did boys (4). The measures used were not measures of pure reaction time. Dark-eyed individuals performed better than light-eyed individuals in set shots in games of PIG basketball (2) as well as in tossing a frisbee through a hoop (3). These two activities were expected to be self-paced activities in which light-eyed individuals would perform better than darkeyed ones. Worthy (11) reported professional white light-eyed basketball players had hgher percentages of free throws, while dark-eyed white players had higher percentages of field goals. He also found that professional light-eyed bowlers won more money than dark-eyed bowlers, while Markle (9) indicated light-eyed bowlers had higher averages than dark-eyed bowlers.
Handbook of perturbative QCD

The elements, theoretical basis, and experimental status of perturbative quantum chromodynamics are presented. Relevant field-theoretic methods are introduced at a nonspecialist level, along with a review of the basic ideas and methods of the parton model. This is followed by an account of the fundamental theorems of quantum chromodynamics, which generalize the parton model. Summaries of the theoretical and experimental status of the most important hard-scattering processes are then given, including electron-positron annihilation, deeply inelastic scattering, and hard hadron-hadron scattering, as induced both by electoweak interactions and by quantum chromodynamics directly. In addition, a discussion is presented of the global fitting approach to the determination of parton distributions in nucleons.
Evaluation of Land Condition Trend Analysis for Birds on a Kansas Military Training Site.

Land condition trend analysis (LCTA) is a long- term monitoring program used on military training lands to identify ecological changes that result from training and management activities. We initiated LCTA at the Kansas Army National Guard Training Facility (KANGTF) in Saline County, Kansas, in March 1998. This paper evaluates the LCTA methodology for birds by comparing LCTA results with a modified methodology designed to place sampling tran- sects in field-identified rather than satellite-identified land- cover types. In the satellite-identified land-cover types de- veloped at the site, grassland habitats included a large component of woody vegetation, which resulted in poor resolution of bird assemblages associated with the different land-cover types. Using these cover classes, mixed grass prairie included five grass/forb (g/f) and 10 woody-depen- dent species; old-field included four g/f and four woody-de- pendent species; and riparian included one g/f and six woody-dependent species. LCTA sampling was too limited in the ecologically important riparian woodland habitat with the result that bird species were not adequately sampled there. In the alternate sampling strategy, we identified three land-cover classes (grassland, hedgerow, and riparian woodland) by field reconnaissance and increased sampling in the riparian woodland. Grassland included six g/f and three woody-dependent species; hedgerow included six g/f and 20 woody-dependent species, and riparian included two g/f and 19 woody-dependent species. The modifications greatly improved the resolution of bird assemblages associ- ated with land-cover classes at the KANGTF. Use of the alter- native sampling method should improve the ability to detect long-term trends in the bird communities.
Comparisons between Mesoscale Model Terrain Sensitivity Studies and Doppler Lidar Measurements of the Sea Breeze at Monterey Bay

Abstract A NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory Doppler lidar measured the life cycle of the land- and sea-breeze system at Monterey Bay, California, in 1987, during the Land–Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX). On days with offshore synoptic flow, the transition to onshore flow (the sea breeze) was a distinct process easily detected by lidar. Finescale lidar measurements showed the reversal from offshore to onshore flow near the coast, its gradual vertical and horizontal expansion, and a dual structure to the sea-breeze flow in its early formative stages. Initially, a shallow (<500 m) sea breeze formed that later became embedded in a weaker onshore flow that was ∼1 km deep. Eventually these two flows blended together to form a mature sea breeze about 1 km deep. Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) two-dimensional simulations successfully simulated this dual structure of the sea-breeze flow when both the coastal mountain range just east of Monterey Bay and the Sierra Nevada range, peaking 300 km eas...
Estimating Nonseparable Models with Mismeasured Endogenous Variables

We study the identification and estimation of covariate‐conditioned average marginal effects of endogenous regressors in nonseparable structural systems when the regressors are mismeasured. We control for the endogeneity by making use of covariates as control variables; this ensures conditional independence between the endogenous causes of interest and other unobservable drivers of the dependent variable. Moreover, we recover distributions of the underlying true causes from their error‐laden measurements to deliver consistent estimators. We obtain uniform convergence rates and asymptotic normality for estimators of covariate‐conditioned average marginal effects, faster convergence rates for estimators of their weighted averages over instruments, and root‐n consistency and asymptotic normality for estimators of their weighted averages over control variables and regressors. We investigate their finite‐sample behavior using Monte Carlo simulation and apply new methods to study the impact of family income on child achievement measured by math and reading scores, using a matched mother–child subsample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our findings suggest that these effects are considerably larger than previously recognized, and depend on parental abilities and family income. This underscores the importance of measurement errors, endogeneity of family income, nonlinearity of income effects, and interactions between causes of child achievement. Causal effects child development endogeneity measurement error nonparametric estimation nonseparable C13 C14 C31
Polyunsaturated fatty acid interactions and breast cancer incidence: a population-based case-control study on Long Island, New York.

Abstract Purpose Experimental studies demonstrate that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit inflammatory eicosanoids generated by ω-6 PUFAs. Epidemiologic studies on dietary ω-3 PUFA intake show consistent inverse associations with breast cancer incidence among Asian populations, where ω-3, relative to ω-6, intake is high. In contrast, associations are inconsistent among Western populations, where intake of ω-3, relative to ω-6, is low. We hypothesized that examining interactions between ω-3 and ω-6 would help elucidate the PUFA-breast cancer association in the United States. Methods In a Long Island, New York, population-based study of 1463 breast cancer cases and 1500 controls, we estimated multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression to examine interactions between ω-3 and ω-6 intake. Results We observed a super-additive interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.41; 95% confidence interval = 0.06–0.76) between ω-3 and ω-6 intake in association with breast cancer incidence, although the CIs for the joint exposure of low ω-3/high ω-6 compared to high ω-3/low ω-6 intake were wide (odds ratio = 1.20; 95% confidence interval = 0.85–1.69). Conclusions Breast cancer risk reduction may be possible for U.S. women with dietary consumption of higher ω-3, which has anti-inflammatory properties, in concert with lower ω-6, which induces inflammation. Replication from future U.S.-based investigations is needed.
Abstract 18920: In vivo Pathophysiology of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Highly Prevalent 25 bp Deletion Mutation in MYBPC3

Introduction: A polymorphic deletion of 25 base pair (bp) in the cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) gene, resulted in a modified C10 domain (cMyBP-C C10MUT ) that associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The 25 bp deletion leads to the replacement of 65 amino acids with a novel sequence of 58 amino acids in the C10 domain at C’-region. Prevalence of this mutation was found to be very high, with >55 million carriers worldwide. However, the mechanism by which this mutation leads to HCM is unknown. Hypothesis: cMyBP-C C10MUT expression causes contractile dysfunction and leads to the development of HCM. Methods and Results: Expression of cMyBP-C C10MUT in cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes led to improper localization and contractile dysfunction including reduced fractional shortening and velocities of shortening and relaxation without affecting Ca 2+ , suggesting that cMyBP-C C10MUT impairs contractile function. To further demonstrate that cMyBP-C C10MUT is sufficient to cause HCM and contractile dysfunction in vivo, transgenic mice were generated in which the C10 domain of cMyBP-C was modified to cMyBP-C C10MUT . Transgenic lines (C57BL/6) with 50% mutant expression compared to endogenous cMyBP-C show significant increase in heart weight/body weight ratio in females only by 12 weeks of age, compared to non-transgenic (NTG) litter mates (4.41±0.09 mg/g NTG, 4.94±0.17 mg/g cMyBP-C C10MUT ). M-mode echo analysis showed hypercontractile hearts (EF: 53.8%±4.3% NTG, 66.4%±4.7% cMyBP-C C10MUT ), but early diastolic dysfunction (E/E’: 32.3±5.7 NTG, 46.3±8.4 cMyBP-C C10MUT ) indicating the presence of HCM phenotype. Histopathological analyses demonstrated that cMyBP-C C10MUT hearts showed evidence of myofibrillar necrosis or ventricular fibrosis. Electron microscopic analysis revealed normal sarcomere structure in cMyBP-C C10MUT hearts with weaker cMyBP-C stripes. Furthermore, in skinned cardiomyocytes from cMyBP-C C10MUT mice preserved maximum force generation was observed and an increased Ca 2+ -sensitivity of force generation, compared to controls (EC50: 3.37±0.01μM NTG, 2.90±0.01μM cMyBP-C C10MUT . Conclusion: Expression of cMyBP-C C10MUT protein is sufficient to cause contractile dysfunction and HCM.
Surface Electrochemistry of Amino Acids: Voltammetry Assisted by Eels, Auger Spectroscopy and Leed

Recent studies by means of thin-layer electrochemistry of the chemisorption at polycrystalline Pt of hydroquinone, catechol and more than 50 related compounds have revealed that a layer of oriented molecules is formed in virtually all instances1–4. Variables affecting adsorbate orientation include: adsorbate molecular structure, adsorbate concentration, electrode potential, nature of the electrolyte anion, temperature, solvent and structure of the Pt surface. Adsorbate orientation strongly influences the course of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction3. References 1 and 2 are recent reviews; Reference 4 includes subsequent work.
Is Zoning Obsolete

In the view of most concerned professionals, zoning legislation is a necessary bulwark against chaos in urban land use. Without zoning, it is contended, external diseconomies will abound: pickle works will come to rest cheek-by-jowl with single family homes; glue factories beside country clubs; and oil refineries in close proximity to restaurants. Moreover, it is feared that rapacious land developers will erect, profit from, and then abandon buildings, placing undue strain on the capacities of municipal services. Further, the unzoned city will be one of haphazard construction, falling property values, instability, disregard for neighborhood "character," irrational allocation of property - and a haven for unscrupulous speculators.
Characterization of a SILAC Method for Proteomic Analysis of Primary Rat Microglia

Microglia play important and dynamic roles in mediating a variety of physiological and pathological processes during the development, normal function and degeneration of the central nervous system. Application of SILAC-based proteomic analysis would greatly facilitate the identification of cellular pathways regulating the multifaceted phenotypes of microglia. We and others have successfully SILAC-labeled immortalized murine microglial cell lines in previous studies. In this study, we report the development and evaluation of a SILAC-labeled primary rat microglia model. Although the isotope labeling scheme for primary microglia is drastically different from that of immortalized cell lines, our de novo and uninterrupted primary culture labeling protocol (DUP-SILAC) resulted in sufficient incorporation of SILAC labels for mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling. In addition, label incorporation did not alter their morphology and response to endotoxin stimulation. Proteomic analysis of the endotoxin-stimulated SILAC-labeled primary microglia identified expected as well as potentially novel activation markers and pro-inflammatory pathways that could be quantified in a more physiologically relevant cellular model system compared to immortalized cell lines. The establishment of primary microglia SILAC model will further expand our capacity for global scale proteomic profiling of pathways under various physiological and pathological conditions. Proteomic MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002759.
A comparative analysis of innovative microchannel heat sinks for electronic cooling

Abstract In this work, a comparative analysis of innovative microchannel heat sinks such as two-layered and multi-layered microchannel heat sinks (MCHS), or thin films within flexible complex seals and cooling augmentation using microchannels with rotatable separating plates, is presented. A compilation of the numbers of layers, main characteristics, setups, advantages and disadvantages, thermal resistance, pumping power in double-layer (DL-MCHS) and multi-layer MCHS (ML-MCHS) is presented. In addition, the thermal resistance is analyzed in order to present a comparison between the single-layer MCHS (SL-MCHS) and multi-layer microchannels. The results of comparison indicates that double-layer and multi-layer MCHS have lower thermal resistance and require smaller pumping power and they resolve the high streamwise temperature rise problem of SL-MCHS.
The Empathizing-Systemizing Theory, Social Abilities, and Mathematical Achievement in Children

The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) theory describes a profile of traits that have been linked to autism spectrum disorders, and are thought to encompass a continuum that includes typically developing (TD) individuals. Although systemizing is hypothesized to be related to mathematical abilities, empirical support for this relationship is lacking. We examine the link between empathizing and systemizing tendencies and mathematical achievement in 112 TD children (57 girls) to elucidate how socio-cognitive constructs influence early development of mathematical skills. Assessment of mathematical achievement included standardized tests designed to examine calculation skills and conceptual mathematical reasoning. Empathizing and systemizing were assessed using the Combined Empathy Quotient-Child (EQ-C) and Systemizing Quotient-Child (SQ-C). Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that mathematical achievement was not related to systemizing or the discrepancy between systemizing and empathizing. Surprisingly, children with higher empathy demonstrated lower calculation skills. Further analysis using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) revealed that the relationship between EQ-C and mathematical achievement was mediated by social ability rather than autistic behaviors. Finally, social awareness was found to play a differential role in mediating the relationship between EQ-C and mathematical achievement in girls. These results identify empathy, and social skills more generally, as previously unknown predictors of mathematical achievement.
Surface Chemistry Effects on the Reactivity and Properties of Nanoconfined Bisphenol M Dicyanate Ester in Controlled Pore Glass

Nanoconfinement has been found to have significant effect on the glass transition behavior of low molecular weight and polymeric glass formers. Here, we investigate the influence of nanoconfinement on the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature of a bisphenol M dicyanate ester/polycyanurate material as a function of surface chemistry and nanoconfinement size in native and silanized controlled pore glasses (CPGs). The glass transition temperature and conversion as a function of cure time are examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The native CPG surface accelerates the cure of bisphenol M dicyanate to a larger extent compared to the silanized hydrophobic CPG presumably because of the catalytic nature of hydroxyl groups on the CPG wall. Two Tgs are observed for both monomer and polycyanurates confined in the native CPGs. The primary Tg of the “fully cured” polycyanurate is depressed by 60 K at 11.5 nm, and the secondary Tg is 10−33 K above the primary Tg; the values are similar to tho...
Simultaneous Infrared And Pressure Measurements Of Crossflow Instability Modes For HIFiRE 5 (POSTPRINT)

A 2:1 elliptic cone model was tested in a Mach-6 quiet wind tunnel with both low and elevated freestream noise levels. Simultaneous measurements were made using an infrared camera and 22 pressure sensors mounted flush with the model surface. Infrared measurements confirmed the presence of stationary crossflow vortices in quiet flow. This is the first time infrared imaging has identified stationary crossflow vortices in a quiet wind tunnel. Power spectral densities of the signals from the pressure transducers also revealed the presence of traveling crossflow waves much farther upstream than had previously been measured. Stationary crossflow wavelengths and traveling crossflow wave properties matched those measured on a previous model of the same geometry. Neither stationary nor traveling crossflow vortices were observed in noisy flow, even though the boundary layer was seen to transition from laminar to turbulent as the freestream Reynolds number was increased. The primary transition mechanism in noisy flow is unknown.
The liminality of open space and rhythms of the everyday in Jallah Town, Monrovia, Liberia:

Recent work in African urbanism conceptualises the African city as a metropolis in flux characterised by interconnected mobilities and heterogeneity, in contrast with the dichotomous construction o...
Teh Logic of Infons.

Infons are pieces of information. In our work on the Distributed Knowledge Authorization Language (DKAL), we discovered that the logic of infons is a conservative extension of intuitionistic logic by means of connectives p said and p put where p ranges over principals. We investigate infon logic and a primal fragment of it. In both cases, we develop model theory, prove soundness and completeness, and analyze the computational complexity of the ground multiple derivability (GMD) problem (which of the given ground queries follow form the given ground hypotheses). Our most involved technical result is a linear time algorithm for the GMD problem for the primal infon logic given a constant bound on the quotation depth of the hypotheses. In applications quotation-depth is small. Our result gives rise to a linear time algorithm for the GMD problem for SecPAL, a precursor of DKAL that expresses many important access control scenarios.
Adaptation to fat markedly increases pancreatic secretory response to intraduodenal fat in rats

Exposure to higher levels of fat in the diet increases the secretion of fat-digesting enzymes in pancreatic juice. This study examines the functional consequences of this phenomenon and demonstrates that adapting rats to high fat (triglyceride) loads increases the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and the pancreatic secretory response to intraduodenal fat. Lipolytic activity in the small intestine was also higher in adapted rats. Exchanging pancreatic juice from unadapted rats with pancreatic juice from adapted rats decreased the response to fat in adapted rats and increased the response to fat in unadapted rats. Infusing oleic acid into unadapted rats stimulated CCK secretion and pancreatic exocrine secretion to levels observed with triglycerides in adapted rats. Pancreatic exocrine secretion in response to intraduodenal fat in rats adapted to a high-fat (20%) diet were significantly higher than the responses seen in rats fed a low-fat (5%) diet. Adaptation to fat increases the pancreatic secretory and plasma CCK responses to fat, apparently by increasing the efficiency of triglyceride digestion and thereby increasing CCK release.
Fewer Bacteria Adhere to Softer Hydrogels

Clinically, biofilm-associated infections commonly form on intravascular catheters and other hydrogel surfaces. The overuse of antibiotics to treat these infections has led to the spread of antibiotic resistance and underscores the importance of developing alternative strategies that delay the onset of biofilm formation. Previously, it has been reported that during surface contact, bacteria can detect surfaces through subtle changes in the function of their motors. However, how the stiffness of a polymer hydrogel influences the initial attachment of bacteria is unknown. Systematically, we investigated poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and agar hydrogels that were 20 times thicker than the cumulative size of bacterial cell appendages, as a function of Young's moduli. Soft (44.05-308.5 kPa), intermediate (1495-2877 kPa), and stiff (5152-6489 kPa) hydrogels were synthesized. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus attachment onto the hydrogels was analyzed using confocal microscopy after 2 and 24 h incubation periods. Independent of hydrogel chemistry and incubation time, E. coli and S. aureus attachment correlated positively to increasing hydrogel stiffness. For example, after a 24 h incubation period, there were 52 and 82% fewer E. coli adhered to soft PEGDMA hydrogels than to the intermediate and stiff PEGDMA hydrogels, respectively. A 62 and 79% reduction in the area coverage by the Gram-positive microbe S. aureus occurred after 24 h incubation on the soft versus intermediate and stiff PEGDMA hydrogels. We suggest that hydrogel stiffness is an easily tunable variable that could potentially be used synergistically with traditional antimicrobial strategies to reduce early bacterial adhesion and therefore the occurrence of biofilm-associated infections.
Some Recent Work in Epidemic Models

The modern theory of epidemics could be said to have started with Hamer (1906), who noted that new infectives at the discrete time t + 1 depended on βy t x t, t = 0,1,2,…,
[emm types of mutation in scarlet-fever-related group A streptococcal, among children in Beijing, 2011-2014].

Objective To understand the distribution of emm gene types related to group A streptococcus-caused scarlet fever among children in Beijing and to analyze the relationship between the mutation of the emm types and scarlet fever. Methods Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from the scarlet fever cases diagnosed in 36 hospitals in Beijing to isolate the GAS strains from May to July, betgween 2011 and 2014. Genotyping of emm gene was performed with PCR and N-terminal gene fragments of M protein were sequenced. Data of all the scarlet fever cases in Beijing that reported through the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System (NNIDSS) , were gathered and analyzed. Results Among the collected 2 161 nasopharyngeal swabs, 762 GAS strains were identified (35.3%). In addition, 7 emm types were detected, in which emm12 accounted for 69.4% (529/762) , emm1 accounted for 29.8% (227/762) , and other five types (emm 11, 22, 75, 89, and 128) accounted for 0.8% (6/762) , respctively. Compared with the emm types detected between 2011 and 2014, emm12, emm1 and other types accounted for 82.2% (295/359) , 16.7% (60/359) and 1.1% (4/359, including emm11, 22 and 89) in 2011 respectively.emm12, emm1 and emm75 accounted for 77.3% (123/163) , 23.9% (39/163) and 0.6% (1/163) respectively in 2012. emm12 and emm1 accounted for 50.7% (38/75) and 49.3% (37/75) in 2013 while emm12, emm1 and emm128 accounted for 44.2% (73/165) , 55.2% (91/165) and 0.6% (1/165) respectively in 2014. The differences of the constitution of emm types from 2011 to 2014 appeared statistically significant (P 5 years (P<0.05). There were area specific differences in distribution of emm types of GAS strains seen in 2011 and 2013. In 2011, the number of emm1 strains detected in urban area was higher than in suburb area (P<0.05). However, in 2013, the number of emm1 strains detected in suburb area was seen higher than in urban area (P< 0.05). Conclusion GAS with emm12 and GAS emm1 appeared interchangeably predominant in Beijing from 2011 to 2014. Changes in predominant emm types seemed also related to the trends of incidence rates on scarlet fever. Key words: Scarlet fever; Group A streptococcus; emm gene; Child
Syphilis An Old Disease With Present-Day Implications

Syphilis continues to be a burden on the public health system. While men who have sex with men and HIV-infected individuals are the most affected populations, syphilis rates have also increased in reproductive-aged women, resulting in concurrent increases in congenital syphilis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are requisite components of syphilis control.
Differential expression of SOCS1/SOCS3 ratios in virus-infected macrophage cell lines

H simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection was examined on murine J774A.1 and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines unpolarized (M0) or polarized by IFN-γ and or cytokines to either an M1 (pro inflammatory) or M2 (immunomodulatory and tissue remodeling) phenotype. Dengue virus2 (DENV2) infection of RAW264.7 cells was also investigated. Morphology, cell viability, expression of cell surface markers, expression ratios of suppressor of cytokine signaling molecules SOCS1/ SOCS3, and capacity to replicate HSV-1 were determined. Morphological differences were abrogated by virus infection. Infection with either virus diminished expression of CD14 and CD86 in M1 populations, cells which exhibited significant decreases (p<0.001) in cell viability at 24 hours post infection. Western blotting suggested that SOCS1/SOCS3 expression ratios differed between uninfected and HSV-1-infected RAW264. 7 M1 cells, while ratios in the uninfected cells and the DENV2-infected M1 cells remained similar. Flow cytometry demonstrated that this ratio between uninfected M1 cells and HSV-1-infected M1 phenotypes fell from 6:1 to 1:1 in M1 phenotypes of J774A.1 cells. SOCS3 expression increased 7-fold in the M1 infected J774A.1 cells compared to uninfected M1 cells. Threeto four-fold decreases in HSV-1 yield occurred by 24 hours after infection in the M1 subpopulations. This decrease may reflect the anti-inflammatory effect of the relative increases in S0CS3 expression in these cells and/or the decreased survival of M1 cells after virus infection. Increases in SOCS3 expression by theHSV-1-infected M1 populations suggest a shift in the cell’s ability to respond to virus, a change not seen in DENV2 infection.
Spirometric variability in smokers: transitions in COPD diagnosis in a five-year longitudinal study.

Spirometrically-defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered progressive but its natural history is inadequately studied. We hypothesized that spirometrically-defined COPD states could undergo beneficial transitions. Participants in the Lovelace Smokers’ Cohort (n = 1553), primarily women, were longitudinally studied over 5 years. Spirometric states included normal postbronchodilator spirometry, COPD Stage I, Unclassified state, and COPD Stage II+, as defined by GOLD guidelines. Beneficial transitions included either a decrease in disease severity, including resolution of spirometric abnormality, or maintenance of non-diseased state. ‘All smokers’ (n = 1553) and subgroups with normal and abnormal spirometry at baseline (n = 956 and 597 respectively) were separately analyzed. Markov-like model of transition probabilities over an average follow-up period of 5 years were calculated. Among ‘all smokers’, COPD Stage I, Unclassified, and COPD Stage II+ states were associated with probabilities of 16, 39, and 22 % respectively for beneficial transitions, and of 16, 35, and 4 % respectively for resolution. Beneficial transitions were more common for new-onset disease than for pre-existing disease (p < 0.001). Beneficial transitions were less common among older smokers, men, or those with bronchial hyperresponsiveness but more common among Hispanics and smokers with excess weight. This observational study of ever smokers, shows that spirometrically-defined COPD states, may not be uniformly progressive and can improve or resolve over time. The implication of these findings is that the spirometric diagnosis of COPD can be unstable. Furthermore, COPD may have a pre-disease state when interventions might help reverse or change its natural history. NA.
The Role of IL-17/Th17 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases

This chapter discusses the role of the interleukin 17 (IL-17)/Th17 pathway in the pathogenesis of the following autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Interrogating the Language Gap of Young Bilingual and Bidialectal Students

ABSTRACTThis article describes how the belief in the existence of a language gap has negative educational consequences for bilingual and bidialectal children from minoritized communities. This article first positions the idea of the language gap within the “achievement gap” discourse that has long been prevalent in educational circles. We then identify conceptual problems related to the ways that the language gap has been constructed, problems that we see as undermining its validity. We locate the gap not in the ways families and young children use language but in the ways racism has regimented language so as to exclude language-minoritized children. Insisting on the nature of language as a form of semiosis, we consider how a diverse society can educate its children in ways that extend their meaning-making potential, rather than in ways that restrict it to one autonomous enumerated language in whose reified name only some of the children’s structural and lexical features are legitimated. And we end by des...
A novel flux-switching permanent magnet motor-compressor with integrated airfoil-shaped rotor design

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel flux-switching permanent magnet motor with an integrated airfoil-shaped rotor. Some of the conventional axial-flow compressor systems need an electric motor to provide mechanical energy input to the compressor. The proposed novel flux-switching motor-compressor can integrate both an electric motor and an axial-flow compressor into a single entity and perform axial-flow compression using the airfoil-shaped rotor. This integrated motor-compressor design eliminates the connection between the electric motor and compressor and makes the entire system more compact. Due to the high-speed nature of the integrated motor, no gearbox is needed in the proposed design so that reliability is improved. The principle of design for the proposed integrated motor-compressor is discussed. Analytical studies for the thermodynamics and electromagnetics are elaborated in this paper. A case study design is done to investigate the effect of rotor airfoil curvature to the torque production capability, and the results are demonstrated by finite element analysis.
Preoperative 18F-FDG-PET/CT vs Contrast-Enhanced CT to Identify Regional Nodal Metastasis among Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

Objective Our objective was to compare the accuracy of preoperative positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) in detecting cervical nodal metastases in patients treated with neck dissection and to scrutinize the ability of each modality to determine nodal stage. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York. Subjects and Methods Patients who underwent neck dissection at our institution for primary treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and had received preoperative PET/CT and CECT were included in this study. Imaging studies were reinterpreted by 3 specialists within the field and compared for interreader agreement. Concordance between radiology and histopathology was measured using neck levels and sides, along with patient nodal stage. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and agreement coefficients were calculated. Results Seventy-three patients were included in the study. Sensitivity was 0.69 and 0.94 (level and side) for PET/CT vs 0.53 and 0.66 for CECT ( P = .056, P = .001). Specificity was 0.86 and 0.56 for PET/CT vs 0.91 and 0.76 for CECT ( P = .014, P = .024). No significant difference was found in overall accuracy ( P = .33, P = .88). The overall agreement percentages between N stage called by imaging modality and pathology were 52% and 55% for PET/CT and CECT, respectively. Conclusion No significant difference in sensitivity was found between PET/CT and CECT. CECT was found to have superior specificity compared with PET/CT. The information gleaned from each modality in the pretreatment evaluation of HNSCC appears to be complementary.
Tunneled Femoral Hemodialysis Catheter Placement

This chapter discusses the case of a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who presented with a femoral tunneled hemodialysis catheter that “fell out.” The patient has had multiple previous access surgeries and multiple central catheters with known left and right subclavian vein occlusion. She had been dialyzing via right femoral tunneled catheter for the past 3 months with no infectious complications noted. The patient is known to have a contrast allergy.
Statistical Characterization of Fracture in CFRP-Concrete Interfaces Due to Wet-Dry Cycling

The experimental fracture mechanics Single Contoured-Cantilever Beam (SCCB) specimen was implemented to evaluate environmentally conditioned concrete-CFRP interfaces. Fracture studies were conducted on specimens having undergone 10, 20 and 30 cycles of alternate wetting and drying. Half of the 24 conditioned specimens studied were placed in a 10% sodium sulfate solution (pH = 6.2–6.5) and half were soaked in sodium hydroxide (pH = 12) to simulate naturally occurring acidic and alkaline field exposure-conditions, respectively. At the end of each target age, SCCB fracture testing was conducted. Two approaches were used in determining the fracture toughness of the CFRP-concrete interface bond that depend on the proper identification of loads reaching a critical state, P c . In the first, the topmost, or “head”, −initiation and -arrestment loads were averaged, and in the second, the mean of the entire “set” of -initiation and -arrestment loads was taken. This raw-data was then reduced by a statistical-based method from which a range of permissible critical loads was designated. The final G Ic values cited are based on an averaging of this refined data. Considerable degradation of the CFRP-concrete interface bond resulted especially for cases of latter-stage cycling in the aggressive sodium-sulfate and -hydroxide solutions.
The Value of Regional Collaboratives

This review examines the framework and current evidence regarding regional collaboratives in the delivery of trauma care. The evolution of the learning health system challenges traditional quality improvement teachings. This vision calls for agile, evidence-based, best practice sharing across all stakeholders. A regional collaborative model answers the call for collaboration, assessment, and accountability. This framework enables participants to easily identify variability in care delivery and collaborate with multidisciplinary positive deviants. The fundamental hallmarks of a regional collaborative are data submission and aggregation, benchmark reporting, and peer-to-peer discussion. Advanced collaboratives may also offer unblinded benchmarking, risk- and reliability-adjusted analyses, provider-level feedback, and external data validation. Participation in a regional collaborative is associated with improved data quality, outcomes, and mortality. Processes of care and cost savings in trauma care delivery are optimized. Collaborative data sharing can also be applied to gain insights on the impact of legislative changes and public health challenges of a region. Future research should examine the implications of collaboratives across all phases of the patient care experience to broadly leverage the power of collaborative momentum.
Occult fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine

Occult injuries of the cervical spine in certain patients may lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis and treatment. The authors present a patient with an occult cervical spinal fracture-dislocation and review the literature. A 37 year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. At his admission, the patient was alert and denied any pain in the cervical region, as well as neurologic symptoms. Physical examination revealed painless range of motion of his neck and no sensory or motor deficits. Plain radiographs of the cervical spine showed unilateral dislocation of C4 on C5 vertebra with fracture of the left facet of C5 vertebra. Computed tomography scanning showed no neural compression. Operative reduction, stabilization and arthrodesis of the spine were advised, but the patient refused operative treatment. One year after his initial injury, the patient presented with torticollis and no neurologic symptoms.
Chemical Characterization of Ocean-Dumped Waste Materials

This paper describes methods for chemical characterization and organic “finger printing” techniques for complex ocean-dumped wastes. The methods employ wet chemical separations and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and selective GC detectors. Application of these methods is demonstrated for the characterization of a pharmaceutical waste and for tracking two types of chemical wastes in actual ocean dumping stations.
Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting

Oncology practitioners currently have very effective antiemetic agents in the form of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, dexamethasone, and olanzapine for use in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy. The choice of individual agents and the combination of agents should be dictated by the emetogenicity of the chemotherapy and patient risk factors. The available agents for the prevention of CINV appear to be safe and effective with few reported adverse events when used in the recommended doses.
Adventures in Evolution: The Narrative of Tardigrada, Trundlers in Time.

A lesson plan on the phylum Tardigrada is presented in a storytelling workbook that introduces the evolutionary concepts of adaptive radiation, speciation, divergence, and “tree-thinking” through narrative, transitional art, contemplative coloring, and data searches, which can be enhanced with microscopy wet labs. Students gain insight into the invertebrate world of the highly adaptable, ubiquitous microorganisms known colloquially as “water bears,” generating a microevolutionary and macroevolutionary perspective through a narrative that includes an introduction to the TimeTree database.
Revealing the complexity of the gut's brain.

A new study proposes an exciting new model of neuronal diversification in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS) and establishes a detailed molecular taxonomy for enteric neurons. Their findings open new horizons for ENS research and for developing cell-based therapies for ENS disorders.
GNSS Receiver Signal Tracking

This chapter provides an integrated overview of the fundamentals of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal tracking and the latest developments in advanced signal tracking techniques to improve sensitivity, robustness, and accuracy of performance. It begins with the objectives of signal tracking, followed by a conceptual description of a closed‐loop tracking system. A brief conventional treatment of code delay lock loop (DLL) is then presented. Carrier tracking is the more challenging and more intensely researched subject. The chapter summarizes the conventional phase lock loop (PLL) design. Tracking of simulated GPS L1 signals will be used to illustrate the concepts presented in the traditional implementations of DLL and PLL techniques. Following the conventional PLL description, the chapter presents a state space‐based feedback control theory to demonstrate that some of the popular carrier tracking loop implementations are fundamentally equivalent. Finally, it summarizes the latest developments in inter‐frequency aiding.
Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter

Electronically tunable lithium niobate optical filter utilizing collinear acousto-optic diffraction in anisotropic medium
Preschoolers represent others’ false beliefs about emotions

Abstract The ability to track and explicitly report another person’s beliefs about the world, even when those beliefs conflict with reality, is a milestone that children typically attain between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The majority of work investigating the development of false belief representation has probed children’s ability to track beliefs about tangible entities, such as an object’s location. However, false beliefs are not content specific. They can be about anything that can be represented, including entities that are not directly observable — like others’ emotions. Across two experiments (N = 160), we tested 3- to 5-year-old children’s ability to track a person’s false beliefs about an object’s location, versus about an agent’s emotional state. Our findings reveal parallel developmental progression across the two content types. Our findings suggest that over the preschool years, young children likely come to represent false beliefs about any content that they themselves can represent.
A Natural Language Processing-Assisted Extraction System for Gleason Scores: Development and Usability Study.

Background: Natural language processing (NLP) offers significantly faster variable extraction compared to traditional human extraction but cannot interpret complicated notes as well as humans can. Thus, we hypothesized that an “NLP-assisted” extraction system, which uses humans for complicated notes and NLP for uncomplicated notes, could produce faster extraction without compromising accuracy. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and pilot an NLP-assisted extraction system to leverage the strengths of both human and NLP extraction of prostate cancer Gleason scores. Methods: We collected all available clinical and pathology notes for prostate cancer patients in an unselected academic biobank cohort. We developed an NLP system to extract prostate cancer Gleason scores from both clinical and pathology notes. Next, we designed and implemented the NLP-assisted extraction system algorithm to categorize notes into “uncomplicated” and “complicated” notes. Uncomplicated notes were assigned to NLP extraction and complicated notes were assigned to human extraction. We randomly reviewed 200 patients to assess the accuracy and speed of our NLP-assisted extraction system and compared it to NLP extraction alone and human extraction alone. Results: Of the 2051 patients in our cohort, the NLP system extracted a prostate surgery Gleason score from 1147 (55.92%) patients and a prostate biopsy Gleason score from 1624 (79.18%) patients. Our NLP-assisted extraction system had an overall accuracy rate of 98.7%, which was similar to the accuracy of human extraction alone (97.5%; P=.17) and significantly higher than the accuracy of NLP extraction alone (95.3%; P<.001). Moreover, our NLP-assisted extraction system reduced the workload of human extractors by approximately 95%, resulting in an average extraction time of 12.7 seconds per patient (vs 256.1 seconds per patient for human extraction alone). Conclusions: We demonstrated that an NLP-assisted extraction system was able to achieve much faster Gleason score extraction compared to traditional human extraction without sacrificing accuracy.
An Introduction to Space Weather

Space weather is an emerging field of space science focused on understanding societal and technological impacts of the solar-terrestrial relationship. The Sun, which has tremendous influence on Earth's space environment, releases vast amounts of energy in the form of electromagnetic and particle radiation that can damage or destroy satellite, navigation, communication and power distribution systems. This textbook introduces the relationship between the Sun and Earth, and shows how it impacts our technological society. One of the first undergraduate textbooks on space weather aimed at non-science majors, it uses the practical aspects of space weather to introduce space physics and give students an understanding of the Sun-Earth relationship. Definitions of important terms are given throughout the text. Key concepts, supplements, and review questions are given at the end of each chapter to help students understand the materials covered. This textbook is ideal for introductory space physics courses.
Reiner Salzer and Heinz W. Siesler (Eds.): Infrared and Raman spectroscopic imaging, 2nd ed.

This second edition of "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging" propels practitioners in that wide-ranging field, as well as other readers, to the current state of the art in a well-produced and full-color, completely revised and updated, volume. This new edition chronicles the expanded application of vibrational spectroscopic imaging from yesterday's time-consuming point-by-point buildup of a hyperspectral image cube, through the improvements afforded by the addition of focal plane arrays and line scan imaging, to methods applicable beyond the diffraction limit, instructs the reader on the improved instrumentation and image and data analysis methods, and expounds on their application to fundamental biomedical knowledge, food and agricultural surveys, materials science, process and quality control, and many others.
Complying with HIPAA and HITECH

The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was a bipartisan bill introduced by Senators Edward Kennedy and Nancy Kassebaum, and implemented as part of United States law. Its Title II regulated the protection of personal health information, in addition to initiating standardization to achieve medical transaction uniformity. Later in 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act fixed implementation problems with HIPAA.