cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditionality, compliance, and domestic interests: State capture and EU accession policy

States and international organizations often attempt to influence the behavior of a target government by employing conditionality—i.e., they condition the provision of some set of benefits on changes in the target’s policies. Conditionality may give rise to a commitment problem: once the proffered benefits are granted, the target’s incentive for continued compliance declines. In this paper, I document a mechanism by which conditionality may induce compliance even after these benefits are distributed. If conditionality alters the composition of domestic interest groups in the target state, it may induce permanent changes in the target government’s behavior. I construct a dynamic model of lobbying that demonstrates that conditionality can reduce long-term levels of state capture. And I test the model’s predictions using data from the accession of Eastern European countries to the EU.
Diplococcus Pneumoniae Osteomyelitis in an Infant with Sickle Cell Anemia

Osteomyelitis caused by type 14 Diplococcuspneumoniae developed in a 14-month-old boy with sickle cell anemia. An occasional polymor phonuclear leukocyte containing diplococci was found in the peripheral blood smear. The pres ence of Howell-Jolly bodies in the patient's erythrocytes suggested splenic hypofunction. It thus appears that some patients with sickle cell anemia and hyposplenism are capable of phago cytosis of pneumococci.
Practical Measurements of Stiffness, Displacement, and Comb Drive Force of MEMS

We present the first practical measurements of stiffness and comb drive force of a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS). Compared to previous efforts, our method is easier to implement, faster to perform, and lower in cost. Our method provides direct quantification of the uncertainty of a single measurement. Our method is amenable to automated industrial-level batch probing or on-chip post-packaged measurements. In this paper, we test our method with using several MEMS on difference dies that were fabricated in the standard SOIMUMPs foundry process. Our planar geometry measurements compare favorably to optical and electron microscopy, with an uncertainty on the order of nanometers. Our measurements of comb drive force are a function of voltage and capacitance only and are thusly traceable. With our current test bed, our uncertainty in force is on the order of nanonewtons with lots of room for improvement. Our measurement of stiffness is obtained from our measurements of force and deflection. We also discuss the theory of our methodology.
Index Herbariorum Kentuckiensis IV

ABSTRACT A survey conducted in August and September 2006 provides information on present herbarium collections at 12 Kentucky institutions. A total of 338,000 vascular and nonvascular specimens are reported. Of these, 324,700 are vascular specimens, and 13,400 are nonvascular. This number represents a 37% increase in specimens since the last survey in 1995. Updates are provided on current curators, databasing efforts, and other changes during the last decade.
Lipid Polymers and Associated Phenols, Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Role in Pathogenesis

The presence of aliphatic chains in wood was indicated in 1797 when La Grange obtained suberic acid by treating cork with nitric acid. However, until late in the 19th century occurrence of polymeric materials derived from fatty acids in plants was not recognized. The chemical investigations into such recognized polymeric materials began when Fremy and Urbain 33, 34 isolated two new fatty acids from the alkaline hydrolysate of an insoluble material obtained from plant cuticle. This acid-resistant insoluble material obtained from plant cuticle was called “cutose” which later became known as cutin. The term suberin originally used by Chevreul in 181517 to describe the insoluble material in bottle cork has come to mean the substance(s) which make cork tissue or periderm rather impermeable to water. The chemical similarity between cutin and suberin was recognized when von Hohnel showed that suberin, like cutin, gave rise to fatty acids upon alkaline hydrolysis.116 As the experimental techniques available to these early investigators were indeed limited, neither the ultrastructure nor the chemistry of these complex polymeric materials could be investigated. With the advent of modern instrumentation much progress has been made in this field during the last quarter of a century. In this chapter the present state of our knowledge concerning both cutin and suberin will be summarized with special emphasis on structure, biosynthesis and their possible role in pathogenesis. A more detailed account of the historical development of this field has been published.86
NO Reduction by CH4in the Presence of O2over Pd-H-ZSM-5☆

An investigation of the interaction of NO and NO{sub 2} with Pd-H-ZSM-5, as well as the reduction of NO by CH{sub 4}, has been conducted using mass spectrometry and in situ infrared spectroscopy. Prior to reaction most of the Pd in Pd-H-ZSM-5 (Pd/Al = 0.048) is present as Pd{sup 2+} cations. NO reduction by CH{sub 4} in the absence of O{sub 2} results in the progressive reduction of Pd{sup 2+} cations above 610 K and the formation of small Pd particles. Reduction of Pd{sup 2+} cations is significantly suppressed when O{sub 2} is added to the feed of NO and NO as the principal adsorbed species. NO{sup +} is present as a charge-compensating cation (e.g., Z{sup {minus}}NO{sup +}) and is believed to be formed via the reaction 2 Z{sup {minus}}H{sup +} + 1 NO + 1/2 O{sub 2} = 2 Z{sup {minus}}NO{sup +} + H{sub 2}O. NO{sup +} does not react with CH{sub 4} at temperatures up to 773 K. Adsorbed NO reacts with CH{sub 4} above 650 K and CN species are observed as intermediates. The latter species react with both NO, O{sub 2}, and presumably NO{sub 2}. Based on the accumulated data, a mechanism is proposed to explainmore » the reduction of NO by CH{sub 4} both in the presence and absence of O{sub 2}.« less
Recent advances in transition metal-catalysed hydroacylation of alkenes and alkynes

This highlight discusses developments in transition metal-catalysed alkene and alkyne hydroacylation reactions over the past three years. The discussion summarizes the development of new catalyst systems for alkene and alkyne hydroacylation and applications to the synthesis of important ketone building blocks. The highlight captures transition metal-catalysed alkene and alkyne hydroacylation at a time of impressive growth when cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, and iridium catalysts are emerging as complements or replacements for traditional rhodium catalysts.
Joint symptoms after a large waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak—a controlled, population-based questionnaire study

Objectives. Waterborne outbreaks offer an opportunity to study joint symptoms after a simultaneous exposure. In November 2007, a gastroenteritis outbreak due to faecal contamination of tap water took place in a Finnish town. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of joint symptoms after the outbreak. Methods. The authors conducted a controlled, population-based questionnaire survey to study the occurrence of joint symptoms within 8 weeks after the exposure. The survey covered three areas: contaminated and uncontaminated parts of the town and a control town. A total of 1000 residents were randomly selected from each area, and the joint symptoms were first analysed separately and thereafter categorized as arthritis-like if joint swelling, redness, warmth or pain in movement was reported. Results. A total of 2123 responses could be evaluated. The overall prevalence of joint symptoms was 13.9% in the contaminated group, 4.3% in the uncontaminated group and 1.5% among the control group, and the frequency of arthritis-like symptoms in the groups was 6.7, 2.1 and 0.5%, respectively. Gastrointestinal symptoms predicted joint complaints, diarrhoea and blood in faeces being the most significant. Residing in the contaminated area was associated with any joint symptom [odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% CI 1.8, 9.0] and joint pain (OR = 7.3, 95% CI 2.1, 24.8) without preceding gastroenteritis. Conclusion. The frequency of joint symptoms was high in the contaminated group and also increased in the uncontaminated group. Furthermore, the risk of joint symptoms was increased in the contaminated group even without gastroenteritis.
A level-set method for steady-state and transient natural convection problems

This paper introduces a topology optimization method for 2D and 3D, steady-state and transient heat transfer problems that are dominated by natural convection in the fluid phase and diffusion in the solid phase. The geometry of the fluid-solid interface is described by an explicit level set method which allows for both shape and topological changes in the optimization process. The heat transfer in the fluid is modeled by an advection-diffusion equation. The fluid velocity is described by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations augmented by a Boussinesq approximation of the buoyancy forces. The temperature field in the solid is predicted by a linear diffusion model. The governing equations in both the fluid and solid phases are discretized in space by a generalized formulation of the extended finite element method which preserves the crisp geometry definition of the level set method. The interface conditions at the fluid-solid boundary are enforced by Nitsche's method. The proposed method is studied for problems optimizing the geometry of cooling devices. The numerical results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method for a wide spectrum of problems. As the flow may exhibit dynamic instabilities, transient phenomena need to be considered when optimizing the geometry. However, the computational burden increases significantly when the time evolution of the flow fields needs to be resolved.
Improving Cross-Document Knowledge Discovery Through Content and Link Analysis of Wikipedia Knowledge

The Vector Space Model (VSM) has been widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for representing text documents as a Bag of Words (BOW). However, only document-level statistical information is recorded (e.g., document frequency, inverse document frequency) and word semantics cannot be captured. Improvement towards understanding the meaning of words in texts is a challenging task and sufficient background knowledge may need to be incorporated to provide a better semantic representation of texts. In this paper, we present a text mining model that can automatically discover semantic relationships between concepts across multiple documents (where the traditional search paradigm such as search engines cannot help much) and effectively integrate various evidences mined from Wikipedia knowledge. We propose this integration may effectively complement existing information contained in text corpus and facilitate the construction of a more comprehensive representation and retrieval framework. The experimental results demonstrate the search performance has been significantly enhanced against two competitive baselines.
The Education of Beta: Can Alternative Indexes Make Your Portfolio Smarter?

Alternatives to traditional cap-weighted indexes have been growing in popularity as investors strive to add diversification using a transparent, mechanical, and low-cost approach. Alternative index strategies, sometimes called smart beta, promise enhanced return, often with lower risk and greater diversification power. We examine a number of such strategies and find that many feature persistent tilts (especially to value and small-cap stocks), which account for the majority of their risk and return characteristics. Because alternative index strategies reweight stocks from the same universe, diversification with standard benchmarks has been very weak. Investors can use alternative index strategies to capture factor tilts instead of relying on active management, or they can reallocate assets out of cap-weighted index strategies to a middle ground between traditional passive and active. Although past performance results have been strong, there is no reason to expect future outperformance from these strategies unless the embedded tilts continue to be rewarded. For those who really believe in factor tilts (such as value and small cap), risk-premia strategies—which can invest across multiple asset classes and permit short selling— are far more compelling than single-asset-class, long-only alternative index strategies.
Humanistic and scientific approaches to speech communication inquiry: Rivalry, redundancy, or rapprochement

(1975). Humanistic and scientific approaches to speech communication inquiry: Rivalry, redundancy, or rapprochement. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 230-239.
Common painful sports injuries: assessment and treatment

The increasing participation in organized sports has been paralleled by an increasing number of sports injuries. An exact diagnosis of the injury and an understanding of the mechanisms of injury are essential for proper management, relief of pain, and restoration of function. The two mechanisms of injury are single-impact macrotrauma and repetitive microtrauma. Overuse injuries, which result from repetitive microtrauma, are caused by the interaction of a number of risk factors. Determining the etiological factors present in a given injury is essential for proper management and prevention of overuse injuries. The roles of non-narcotic analgesics, muscle relaxants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in aiding recovery and restoration of function in sports injuries have been extensively studied. NSAIDs, in particular, have been demonstrated in clinical and laboratory studies to speed recovery from overuse sports injury. Their place in acute sports injuries due to single-impact macrotrauma, however, is more controversial.
Schottky Barrier Heights of PT Silicides on SiGe

Silicide/SiGe Schottky barriers are of importance for applications in infrared detectors and SiGe contacts, as well as for fundamental studies of metal-semiconductor interfaces. We have fabricated silicide/SiGe Schottky diodes by the reaction of evaporated Pt and Ir films on p-SiGe alloys with a thin Si capping layer. The onset of metal-SiGe reactions was controlled by the deposited metal thickness. The Schottky barrier heights were determined from internal photoemission. Pt-SiGe and Ir-SiGe reacted diodes have barrier heights that are higher than the corresponding silicide/p-Si diodes. PtSi/Si/SiGe diodes, on the other hand, have lower “barrier heights” that decrease with increasing Ge concentration. The smaller barrier heights in such silicide/Si/SiGe diodes are due to tunneling through the unconsumed Si layer. Equations are derived accounting for this tunneling contribution, and lead to an extracted “barrier height” that is the Si barrier height reduced by the Si/SiGe band offset. Highly bias-tunable barrier heights are obtained (e.g. 0.30 eV to 0.12 eV) by allowing the SiGe/Si band offset to extend higher in energy than the Schottky barrier, leading to a cut-off-wavelength-tunable silicide/SiGe/Si Schottky diode infrared detector.
Alpha-fetoprotein: diagnostic and prognostic use in patients with hepatomas.

The use of alpha-fetoprotein for the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas in two adult patients and a newborn infant is presented. The use of alpha-fetoprotein for monitoring the responses of the hepatomas to surgical resection, irradiation, and chemotherapy is described. Alpha-fetoprotein is illustrated in a hepatocellular carcinoma by indirect immunofluorescence.
VARIATION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA OF AEDES SPECIES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

Relationships among seven species of the Aedes scutellaris subgroup and four of the Aedes albopictus subgroup were determined using restriction fragment analysis of mtDNA. Considerable polymorphism was found among species, with an average proportion of 0.338 restriction fragments being shared among them. Fitch-Margoliash, Wagner parsimony and UPGMA analyses revealed that the phylogeny based on mtDNA was only partially congruent with that based on allozymes and morphology. All three analyses, however, suggested that three species pairs, A. flavopictus-A. pseudalbopictus, A. pseudoscutellaris-A. riversi, and A. albopictus-A. polynesiensis were monophyletic with regard to their mtDNA. The results indicated that although the species in the A. scutellaris and the A. albopictus subgroups do not exhibit significant morphological divergence, their mtDNA has diverged extensively.
Comparison of the Plating and Microscopic Methods in the Bacteriological Examination of Milk

Bacterial counts, as a means of milk supply control, have been made but a few years, but in this short time their use has been almost universally adopted. The plating method, the original method, is today the standard. This wide use has shown it to be open to one very serious objection, in that the incubation period required for the growth of colonies is from 24 to 48 hrs. Within this period, under ordinary conditions, the milk should be marketed and consumed. Hence there has
Induction of HMG CoA reductase by the administration of 20,25-diazacholesterol.

This paper describes the direct examination of HMG CoA reductase activity in rats treated with 20,25-diazacholesterol. Conversion of acetyl CoA and HMG CoA to mevalonate increased to over 200% of control values in the microsomes and in the 12,000 g supernatant of liver homogenates after 5 days of treatment. The time course of induction coincided with the development of hypocholesterolemia. Animal weights, liver weights, and microsomal protein content did not vary significantly between animal groups. Incubations to which the compound was introduced in vitro in concentrations as great as 0.5 m M produced no significant difference from control incubations. Similar treatment of the animals with 7-ketocholesterol, a cholesterol derivative reported to repress HMG CoA reductase activity in tissue cultures, produced no appreciable difference in reductase activity or serum steroid levels in vivo.
Advances in low phosphorus stress on rice

The lack of phosphorus in rice is one of the major constraints to rice yield in agricultural production.The progresses on the existed forms of phosphorus in soil,and the effects of low phosphorus stress on rice root, photosynthesis and affinity of phosphorus were summarized,as well as the screening of rice genotype tolerance to low phosphorus and its gene molecular mapping.Moreover,the future research trend on low phosphorous stress on rice were predicted and it would offer a new idea and reference for studying rice tolerance to low phosphorous and improving rice varieties with high efficiency of phosphorus.
Immunohistochemical detection of type I, III, and IV collagen in endometriosis implants * †

Objective To determine if types I, III, or IV collagen are present in ectopic endometrium and to determine which type(s) of collagen are present in the connective tissue surrounding ectopic endometrial implants. Design Paired intrauterine and ectopic endometrial samples were obtained for study at the time of laparoscopy from women in the proliferative and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Connective tissue surrounding each ectopic implant was also obtained for study. Setting Academic research environment with institutional review board approval. Patients Six patients without endometriosis were used as controls. Ten additional patients with stage II or III endometriosis were studied. Only women on no medications participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures Immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the presence of collagen in biopsied specimens. Results Each collagen type studied was identified in the intrauterine endometrium of patients with and without endometriosis. All collagen types were also identified in each of the ectopic endometrial implants studied. The distribution of collagen in ectopic endometrial implants was similar to the distribution of collagen seen in intrauterine endometrium obtained from patients with or without endometriosis. Collagenous tissue that contained type I collagen was identified at the periphery of deep ectopic implants. Conclusions This study demonstrates the presence of type I, III, and IV collagen in the intrauterine and ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis. Type I collagen was the predominant collagen present in the surrounding collagenous tissue associated with deep, ectopic endometrial implants.
Maria Gordon Buse, MD: A Family Affair Through Six Decades of Diabetes Discovery.

Maria Gordon Buse, MD, is a product of wartime Europe. She completed her professional education in four languages on three continents and continues a nearly 60-year career as an investigator, educator, and practicing endocrinologist. This brief reprisal is written collaboratively by her biological offspring and intellectual progeny, an appropriate reflection of a career where family and work were joyfully intertwined in an irresolvable way. Maria Gordon Buse was born Maria Felice Gordon in Budapest, Hungary. Her mother, Elizabeth Szana, was the “great beauty” of her social circle, and her father, Geza, was an earnest accountant who tried his hand at several failed entrepreneurial activities before buying a cafe on the Danube near the symphony hall. In that venture, Elizabeth’s charms and Geza’s practical business acumen resulted in a successful enterprise that was a gathering place for students, artists, and the middle class in Budapest. Maria was raised speaking German in the home and only learned Hungarian when she went to school. She mastered French as a third language in middle school. Maria loved poetry, literature, theater, art, music, walking in the woods during trips to the nearby mountains, and ice skating. She aspired to become a poet and a journalist. She was 16 in 1943 when German troops occupied Budapest. Through the intercession of friends, Maria and her mother took refuge in a cloister, and her father, in a monastery. Her mother was fearless about going out into the city through bombings and gunfire, leveraging her many social connections to find food and supplies. Maria never takes for granted how lucky she and her family were to survive. As the Allies approached to “liberate” Hungary, she recalls laughing at the sky, seeing the showering bombs as symbolic of their impending freedom and the justice that the Axis powers would face. …
Entrepreneurial Team Creativity: Driving Innovation from Ideation to Implementation

Innovation in entrepreneurial firms is influenced by team creative processes. This study investigates how perceptions of team creativity lead to the generation, promotion and implementation of new ideas and opportunities for the enterprise, increasing the firm’s innovation performance. The results of the study of respondents across industries disclose how teams develop ideas and solutions, and turn them into new opportunities for the organization. Creativity and innovation have been widely studied, yet few studies have focused on entrepreneurial team creative practices in pursuit of new ideas for business development. This study contributes to our understanding of the team behaviors that lead to the formation of new and useful ideas that are promoted and implemented to bring benefits to the team, organization, and marketplace.
A quantitative and qualitative review of what meta-analyses have contributed to our understanding of human resource management

Abstract In this paper we review the contribution that researchers have made to the field of human resource management (HRM) using the method of meta-analysis. First, we summarized results of a content analysis of the most frequently studied HRM topics and topic combinations found in 407 papers published in the major HRM peer-reviewed outlets. Specifically, we found that the most frequently studied topics were performance, attitudes, diversity/demographics, personality, withdrawal, and job characteristics. Second, we used the ISI Thomson Web of Science database to conduct a citation analysis of the 100 most impactful meta-analytic HRM papers. Among the top 10, two focused on justice and two on turnover. Third, we provided a narrative review that noted some important meta-analytic contributions to HRM knowledge. This discussion was organized according to a 2 × 2 framework depicting whether a paper's purpose was to test a theory or was more descriptive/exploratory, and whether a paper's purpose was mainly to cumulate effect sizes or test moderators. This narrative review provided examples that illustrates the breadth of the many contributions made with meta-analysis.
Evaluation of the "medication fall risk score".

Purpose Results of a study evaluating the predictive validity of a fall screening tool in hospitalized patients are reported. Methods Administrative claims data from two hospitals were analyzed to determine the discriminatory ability of the “medication fall risk score” (RxFS), a medication review fall-risk screening tool that is designed for use in conjunction with nurse-administered tools such as the Morse Fall Scale (MFS). Through analysis of data on administered medications and documented falls in a population of adults who underwent fall-risk screening at hospital admission over a 15-month period ( n = 33,058), the predictive value of admission MFS scores, alone or in combination with retrospectively calculated RxFS-based risk scores, was assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and net reclassification improvement (NRI) analysis were used to evaluate improvements in risk prediction with the addition of RxFS data to the prediction model. Results The area under the ROC curve for the predictive model for falls compromising both MFS and RxFS scores was computed as 0.8014, which was greater than the area under the ROC curve associated with use of the MFS alone (0.7823, p = 0.0030). Screening based on MFS scores alone had 81.25% sensitivity and 61.37% specificity. Combined use of RxFS and MFS scores resulted in 82.42% sensitivity and 66.65% specificity (NRI = 0.0587, p = 0.0003). Conclusion Reclassification of fall risk based on coadministration of the MFS and the RxFS tools resulted in a modest improvement in specificity without compromising sensitivity.
Organization‐specific prosocial helping identity: Doing and belonging as the basis of “being fully there”

Summary Identity theory and social identity theory focus on doing and belonging, respectively, but neither provides a complete picture of being “fully there” at work (Kahn, 1992). This three-wave lagged field study links these two perspectives by proposing that beneficiary-specific prosocial helping identity, met expectations for prosocial helping, and their interaction predict the strength of a contextualized, organization-specific prosocial helping identity (OSPHI) targeted at those same beneficiaries and that OSPHI leads to positive employee work outcomes. Results provide strong support for the model and demonstrate that beneficiary-specific prosocial helping identity had indirect relationships with intent to stay with the organization, experienced work meaning, and emotional exhaustion (negative), via OSPHI, only when met expectations for prosocial helping were weak. We discuss the value of OSPHI as an important construct that reflects the psychological state of “being fully there” at work and predicts subsequent employee work outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear Controllers for Induction Motors

Abstract Tremendous breakthroughs in the techniques of nonlinear control have been achieved in the last twenty years or so. These methods include the differential-geometric techniques, differential-algebraic methods, variable structure control, back-stepping, etc. This paper specifically considers some of the differential-geometric techniques in terms of their suitability for high-performance induction motor control. It is shown that both dynamic feedback linearization and input-output linearization are applicable to induction motor control and a comparison of the two is made. The particular effectiveness of the input-output linearization controller is demonstrated with experimental results.
Sumudu Transform for Automatic Mathematical Proof and Identity Generation

Laplace Transform is among a few of these transforms playing important roles in pure and applied mathematics. Sumudu Transform is relatively new but has many good properties for solving problems in computational science. In this work, the authors introduce Sumudu Transform in computational approach which leads to various interesting and useful applications. Traditionally, the invention of mathematical formulae and proof of mathematical identities belong to the intelligent human beings. But in this work, we shall show that Sumudu Transform can be used to prove existing formulae and generate new mathematical identities automatically without embellishment. To show how it works, a good number of sample formulae and identities are provided for demonstration, including some famous ones such as Euler’s Formula, de Moivre’s Identity and Pythagorean Identity. Not only the work presented here is straightforward to introduce to students but also can be useful to assist new research works related to computational applications!
Are Politics Local?: The Two Dimensions of Party Nationalization around the World

Are politics local? Why? Where? When? How do we measure local versus national politics? And what are the effects? This book provides answers to these questions, within an explicitly comparative framework, including both advanced and developing democracies. It does so by using a statistically-based and graphical account of party nationalization, providing methodology and data for legislative elections covering scores of parties across dozens of countries. The book divides party nationalization into two dimensions - static and dynamic - to capture different aspects of localism, both with important implications for representation. Static nationalization measures the consistency in a party's support across the country and thus shows whether parties are able to encompass local concerns into their platforms. Dynamic nationalization, in turn, measures the consistency among the districts in over-time change in electoral results, under the presumption that where districts differ in their electoral responses, local factors must drive politics. Each of the two dimensions, in sum, considers representation from the perspective of the mix of national versus local politics.
Programmed Readthrough of Translational Termination Codons

If alternative decoding events occur only during a translational pause, then any translational pause of sufficient duration could cause an aberrant event to occur. Of course, all translational pauses do not since much more is required than simply a translational pause. We have seen in the preceding chapters that a translational pause at an appropriate site in an mRNA can cause a high proportion of ribosomes to change their reading frame, either by translational frameshifting or more uncommonly by translational hopping. The sequence requirements for these events are elaborate, both the cis sequences in the mRNA and the sequences of interacting tRNAs and proteins. These sequences are necessary to boost the efficiency of normally extremely unfavorable events to the high level that occurs at a programmed frameshifting or hopping site. So, whether or not such an event occurs as a ribosome pauses depends on the complex interplay among several factors that must interact to allow the alternative event to occur efficiently.
3D Measurements of coupled freestream turbulence and secondary flow effects on film cooling

The effect of freestream turbulence on a single round film cooling hole is examined at two turbulence levels of 5 and 8% and compared to a baseline low freestream turbulence case. The hole is inclined at 30 $$^{\circ }$$ and has length to diameter ratio $$L/D=4$$ and unity blowing ratio. Turbulence is generated with grid upstream of the hole in the main channel. The three-dimensional, three-component mean velocity field is acquired with magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) and the three-dimensional temperature field is acquired with magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT). The 8% turbulence grid produces weak mean secondary flows in the mainstream (peak crossflow velocities are 7% of $$U_\mathrm{bulk}$$ ) which push the jet close to the wall and significantly change the adiabatic effectiveness distribution. By contrast, the 5% grid has a simpler structure and does not produce a measurable secondary flow structure. The grid turbulence causes little change to the temperature field, indicating that the turbulence generated in the shear layers around the jet dominates the freestream turbulence. The results suggest that secondary flows induced by complex turbulence generators may have caused some of the contradictory results in previous works.
Low-cost wave characterization modules for oil spill response

Abstract Marine oil spills can be remediated by mechanical skimmers in calm waters, but performance degrades with increased wave height. We have developed and demonstrated a system that quantifies local wave characteristics with an uncertainty of four inches of heave. Our system is intended for the measurement of wave characteristics during oil spill recovery. It conveys this information to coordinators and responders in real time via WiFi and remote reporting through a satellite network. This information will allow for enhanced situational awareness during an oil spill response, assisting stakeholders and optimizing mechanical skimming operations. Our wave characterization module (WCM) uses accelerometer outputs from a very small inertial measurement unit (IMU) to generate wave statistics and calculate wave characteristics. It is configured such that a WCM can either be attached to a skimmer float or incorporated into a microbuoy. Wave height and period are transmitted via WiFi and/or a satellite-enabled mesh-grid network to a cloud-hosted geographic information system (GIS). Here, we discuss the bare-bones sensors-plus-algorithm approach we developed by using spring-mass systems to approximate the wave height and period regime of interest. We then describe open water tests carried out using that development system both mounted to a weir skimmer mockup and packaged in a microbuoy. Finally, we present controlled tests in the wave tank at Ohmsett, the National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in New Jersey, with the WCMs communicating the wave characteristics via WiFi to tankside laptops and via satellite to the cloud-based GIS. Snapshot determinations of wave height calculated using the scalar magnitude of the three-axis accelerometer in the IMU were within four inches of the benchmark wave measurement system at Ohmsett.
Do Teachers’ Instructional Practices Moderate Equity in Mathematical and Scientific Literacy?: an Investigation of the PISA 2012 and 2015

Many efforts have been made to reach educational equity, especially to reduce mathematics and science achievement gaps by students’ socioeconomic status. Across countries, educators strive to reform traditional teacher-centered instructional approaches to more student-centered/inquiry-based instruction to improve equity in education. In this context, this study examines whether relationships between socioeconomic status and scientific or mathematical literacy are moderated by student-centered instruction. Ten countries covering a wide range of achievement levels as well as equity in education are selected for an international comparison. A linear regression analysis is applied to student achievement, equity, and frequency of student-centered instruction data from the PISA 2012 and PISA 2015. We find mixed results: As student-centered instruction is offered more frequently, the gap in mathematical and scientific literacy between low and high socioeconomic status is generally narrowed or maintained. In most countries, students’ mathematical and scientific literacy scores are expected to decrease across all socioeconomic status as student-centered instruction is given more frequently. The findings necessitate further scrutiny of how teachers implement student-centered instruction in various educational systems. This further research need to consider the complexity of implementation related to sociological and pedagogical aspects.
The Ca2+/phospholipid-binding proteins of the submembraneous skeleton

Among the best characterized substrates for the protein-tyrosine kinases are two proteins with molecular weights between 34 and 39 kDa and pI’s about 7. These proteins have been given a variety of names (Table 1), but I will refer to them here as p36 and p35. It has recently emerged that p36 and p35 are structurally and functionally related to each other and to at least two additional proteins, p67 and p33. All four proteins contain multiple copies of a related 75 amino acid repeat, and all of them bind to phospholipid bilayers in the presence of µM concentrations of Ca2+ and are localized to the inner face of cytoplasmic membranes. The true functions of these proteins are not known, but there are two major schools of thought. The first proposes that these proteins have structural roles in the cortical submembrane skeleton of the cell. The second holds that these proteins act as inhibitors of phospholipase A2, and have called them lipocortins. Here I will review the properties of these proteins, and discuss the evidence for their possible functions.
DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL VALIDATION OF THE CHILDREN'S SADNESS MANAGEMENT SCALE

Although sadness in children is a normal and transient experience, research has not investigated how children manage sadness. Understanding normative sadness management has important implications for helping children who exhibit maladaptive forms of emotional expression. The Children's Sadness Management Scale (CSMS) was developed to assess children's inhibition, dysregulated-expression, and coping with sadness experience and expression. Using multiple informants, reliability and validity were established based on a community sample of 227 fourth- and fifth-grade children's self-report, maternal report (N = 171), and peer ratings of behavior (N = 227). A three-factor solution was supported with strong internal consistency for the Inhibition scale and moderately strong internal consistency for the Emotion Regulation Coping and Dysregulated-Expression scales. Findings indicate that the CSMS provides a reliable and valid measure of normative sadness management.
Do Stability of Care and Teacher–Child Interaction Quality Predict Child Outcomes in Early Head Start?

Research Findings: This study examined whether children’s outcomes at age 3 were predicted by their experiences in Early Head Start (EHS), focusing on 2 key features of infant and toddler care: (a)...
Addition of proximal intervention to carotid endarterectomy increases risk of stroke and death.

Abstract Objective Adding ipsilateral, proximal endovascular (IPE) intervention to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the treatment of tandem bifurcation and supra-aortic trunk disease is controversial. Some suggest that this combined strategy (CEA + IPE) confers no risk over isolated CEA (ICEA). Others disagree, reserving CEA + IPE for symptomatic patients. Using the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI), this study assessed the effect of adding IPE to CEA on stroke and death risk. We further weighed CEA + IPE outcomes in the context of symptomatic status and Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines. Methods All CEAs in the VQI database from 2003 to 2017 were reviewed. Urgent and redo CEAs were excluded. CEA + IPE procedures were identified. To isolate the effect of IPE, patients undergoing other concurrent procedures were removed, providing an ICEA cohort. Primary end points were perioperative (30-day) stroke and death. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results After exclusion and identification of CEA + IPE, 66,519 procedures were available for analysis. Of these, 66,115 represented ICEA and 404 represented CEA + IPE. Most patients (60%) were male, 93% were white, and 41% were symptomatic. Average age was 70 ± 9 years. Those undergoing CEA + IPE were more likely to be female (50% vs 40%; P Conclusions The addition of IPE to CEA confers increased stroke and death risk over ICEA. Risk is largely in symptomatic patients. Although CEA + IPE increases risk compared with ICEA, overall risk remains low. Based on this VQI analysis, CEA + IPE outcomes for asymptomatic patients fall within Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for ICEA. Those for symptomatic patients do not, and consideration should be given to other surgical bypass, cerebral protection, and staged strategies.
Rescue of DNA damage in cells after constricted migration reveals bimodal mechano-regulation of cell cycle

Abstract Migration through constrictions can clearly rupture nuclei and mis-localize nuclear proteins but damage to DNA remains uncertain as does any effect on cell cycle. Here, myosin-II inhibition rescues rupture and partially rescues the DNA damage marker γH2AX, but an apparent delay in cell cycle is unaffected. Co-overexpression of multiple DNA repair factors and antioxidant inhibition of break formation also have partial effects, independent of rupture. However, there seems to be a bimodal dependence of cell cycle on DNA damage. Migration through custom-etched pores yields the same bimodal, with ~4-μm pores causing intermediate levels of damage and cell cycle delay. Micronuclei (generated in faulty division) of the smallest diameter appear similar to ruptured nuclei, with high DNA damage and entry of chromatin-binding cGAS (cyclic-GMP-AMP-synthase) from cytoplasm but low repair factor levels. Increased genomic variation after constricted migration is quantified in expanding clones and is consistent with (mis)repair of excess DNA damage and subsequent proliferation.
Utilization of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in American hospitalized pregnant women undergoing cesarean section.

Background Pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading preventable cause of maternal mortality in the United States; however, American guidelines for pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis remain less aggressive than other developed countries. The Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) combines aspects of American and international guidelines to increase utilization of prophylaxis and thereby decrease incidence of pregnancy-related VTE. Objectives To evaluate the prescribing and administration rates of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis for women undergoing cesarean section (c-section) when retrospectively applying the SMI recommendations. Setting Large academic medical center in Sacramento, California, USA. Method This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of pregnant women undergoing c-section who would have met criteria for pharmacologic prophylaxis according to the SMI. Main outcome measures Prescribing and administration rates of mechanical and pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. Secondary outcomes included incidence of thromboembolism within 6 weeks after c-section and thromboembolic associated mortality. Results A total of 616 charts were analyzed. When applying the SMI guidelines for VTE prophylaxis, the prescribing rates for mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis were 94.3% and 4.71% of patients, respectively, and 94.9% of ordered pharmacologic prophylaxis doses were administered. The incidence of 6-week post-partum VTE was 0.49%. There were no cases of VTE-associated mortality. Conclusion This study demonstrated that a large population of c-section patients fit the SMI criteria for pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis but did not receive it. We observed a 0.49% rate of VTE, which was slightly higher than the nationally reported average rate of 0.3%. With growing rates of pregnancy-associated VTE in the United States, perhaps a more aggressive guideline is warranted.
Variations in the utilization of immediate post-mastectomy breast reconstruction.

Abstract Background For female breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing mastectomy, post-mastectomy breast reconstruction (PMBR) confers significant psychosocial benefits and improved cosmetic outcomes. The objective of this study is to explore whether the utilization of PMBR varies by race, marital status, and geographical location of the patient. Methods Women ≥18 years old who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 were eligible. Women with inflammatory BC, Stage IV BC diagnoses, and bilateral BC were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for patient and cancer characteristics, were used to assess the association between of race, marital status, and region on immediate PMBR utilization. Results 321,206 women were included and 24% underwent immediate PMBR ( Discussion Significant variations exist in the utilization of post-mastectomy breast reconstruction across race, marital status or geographical location of the patient. Further research is needed to elucidate these differences and identify areas for intervention to increase awareness, and access to reconstruction for all breast cancer patients.
Relevance of the "Immigrant Health Paradox" for the Health of Arab Americans in California.

Objectives. To assess the validity of the immigrant health paradox among Arab Americans in California.Methods. We used data from the 2003 to 2017 California Health Interview Survey (n = 1425). We u...
Novel Electromagnetic Scattering Model for Carbon Nanotube Composites using the Multilayer Green’s Function Approach

Recently, there has been a strong demand for developing effective computational techniques to calculate the electromagnetic response of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) composites based on the underlying CNT distribution and hence predict the overall electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the composite. The aim of this paper is to develop a novel efficient full-wave electromagnetic model for CNT composites. The Method of Moment (MOM) formulation of Arbitrary Thin Wires (ATW) is evoked to model the CNTs since they typically exhibit high aspect ratios and complex shapes. The solution is based on electric field integral equation (EFIE) that uses a multilayer Green’s function to account for the dielectric slab in which the CNTs are embedded. The Sommerfeld integrals are evaluated using a semi-analytic approach, which uses the elliptic contour deformation technique along with closed form evaluation for the asymptotic tails. The accuracy and performance of this new technique are validated using extensive computational experiments and various applications of the model are outlined.
Modelling muscle recovery from a fatigued state in isometric contractions for the ankle joint.

Abstract Current models of localized muscular fatigue are capable of predicting performance in isometric tasks with reasonable accuracy. However, they do not account for the effect of continuously-varying task intensities on muscular recovery from a fatigued state. In this work, we propose and evaluate three continuous functions for modelling recovery to replace a dichotomous step-function in the three-compartment controller (3CC-r) model of muscle fatigue (Looft et al., 2018) and validate their predictions with previously collected data in the literature for intermittent and sustained isometric tasks of the ankle joint performed at different intensities. When compared to experimental data the accuracy of one of the three proposed models of recovery is found to be nearly the same as that yielded by the original step-function, but this seemingly-identical accuracy may be a limitation of the dataset used. A superelliptical curve relating recovery factor to task intensity is proposed to be the closest replacement for the step function as it depicts both the elevated value of recovery factor for near-rest activities as well as a nearly-constant value for low-to-high-intensity tasks.