cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoresponse uniformity in planar InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes

Numerical simulation of the electric field distribution and photocurrent response of a planar InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiode is presented as a function of varying multiplication width. The Zn dopant diffusion front is obtained by numerically simulating the diffusion process. The simulation results indicate that while a local peak value of the electric field is observed near the device edge, it is not associated with a significant increase in the photocurrent response.
Latinx Communities and Academic Trajectories

This chapter will focus on why the Latina experience is critical to understanding current efforts to diversify the academy in the United States. We discuss the demographic realities of Latinx representation in higher education, the various ways in which Latinx scholars are marginalized, and what’s currently known about “best practices” when seeking excellence and inclusion through institutional diversity. We stress the importance of intersectionality in understanding and addressing the underrepresentation of Latina scholars in STEM.
The Effect of Pigment Volume Concentration on the Magnetic and Mechanical Performance of Particulate Disk Coatings

The magnetic and mechanical property changes of a particulate magnetic disk coating were evaluated as a function of the pigment volume concentration (PVC). It was shown that increased PVC improved the magnetic performance of the magnetic coating. The mechanical properties such as impact strength, gloss, adhesion, and scratch hardness also were measured as a function of increasing PVC. It was found that these coating properties all improved up to a critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) above which they dramatically decreased. The importance of this CPVC is discussed both from the point of view of its determination, as well as its impact as a limiting factor on the ultimate performance of particulate magnetic disks.
The increment of SII-facilitated transcript cleavage varies dramatically between elongation competent and incompetent RNA polymerase II ternary complexes.

Abstract Elongation factor SII is required to increase the efficiency of transcription by RNA polymerase II through intrinsic arrest sites. RNA polymerase II ternary complexes exhibit a ribonuclease activity in the presence of SII, truncating nascent transcripts in a 3'-->5' direction. We show here that transcript cleavage is an obligatory step in re-establishing the elongation competency of complexes that have become blocked in elongation at an intrinsic arrest site. SII-facilitated transcript cleavage by these arrested complexes released 7-14 nucleotide RNA fragments. In contrast, SII-facilitated transcript cleavage by elongation competent complexes, which are stalled because of the absence of a nucleoside triphosphate from the reaction mixture, occurred primarily in dinucleotide increments. We can partially recreate the arrested phenotype and the preference for the large cleavage increment by stalling ternary complexes such that the 3'-end of the transcript contains consecutive U residues, which mimics the sequence of the 3'-ends of transcripts in arrested complexes.
CHAPTER 215 – Heterotrimeric G Protein Signaling at Atomic Resolution

Heterotrimeric G proteins (subunits G αβγ ) mediate a variety of physiological responses, including sensory perception, hormone action, polarization, chemotaxis, and growth control. Crystallographic studies of two different G-protein signaling pathways, involving the visual G protein transducin (G t ) as well as the hormone activated G proteins that stimulate (G s ) and inhibit (G i ) adenylyl cyclase (AC), reveal a highly conserved structural basis for heterotrimer assembly, activation by nucleotide exchange, and deactivation by GTP hydrolysis. The various structures explain a wealth of biochemical and cell biological data accumulated over the years and provide a springboard for mutational analyses aimed at dissecting structure-function relationships for the myriad diverse biological responses mediated by G proteins.
Environmental stress during early development of kelp sporophytes (Laminaria saccharina): how long do effects persist?

Results of previous studies suggested that deleterious effects of environmental stress on young kelp sporophytes might persist for weeks or even months after optimal conditions are resumed. Such long-lasting effects could influence subsequent growth and survival of wild populations or aquacultural crops subjected to stressful conditions soon after germination. To determine how long stress effects persist, microscopic sporophytes of Laminaria saccharina were subjected to control or stress treatments (low light, low nutrients, or high temperature) for 7 d, then returned to optimal conditions. During the treatment period, stressed plants showed significantly reduced growth rates compared to control plants. However, all treatment groups showed similar high growth rates during the recovery period immediately following resumption of optimal conditions. Plants from the four treatment groups were grown to macroscopic size under optimal conditions, then subjected to control or stress treatments for several weeks. Under both optimal and suboptimal conditions, plants from the three original stress groups had growth rates similar to those of plants from the original control group. Overall, the results indicate that young macroalgae recover rapidly from environmental stress and that no effects persist into later stages.
From the present to the future: Scaling of planar VLSI-CMOS devices towards 3D-FinFETs and beyond 10nm CMOS technologies; manufacturing challenges and future technology concepts

Continues innovation and over-scaling will keep the current SoC's scaling near the historic Moore's Law trend. 3D-TSVs and inductive coupling as well as proper partitioning will allow the opportunity to beat Moore's Law in the next technology nodes.
Toddler Emotion Regulation with Mothers and Fathers: Temporal Associations between Negative Affect and Behavioral Strategies.

The present study investigated temporal associations between putative emotion regulation strategies and negative affect in 20-month-old toddlers. Toddlers' parent-focused, self-distraction, and toy-focused strategies, as well as negative affect, were rated on a second-by-second basis during laboratory parent-toddler interactions. Longitudinal mixed-effects models were conducted to determine the degree to which behavioral strategy use predicts subsequent negative affect and negative affect predicts subsequent strategy use. Results with mother-toddler and father-toddler dyads indicated that parent-focused strategies with an unresponsive parent were followed by increases in negative affect, whereas toy-focused strategies were followed by decreases in negative affect. Results also indicated that toddler negative affect serves to regulate behavioral strategy use within both parent contexts.
Headache in Multiple Sclerosis: Features and Implications for Disease Management (P6.163)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the variables affecting headache occurrence in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). BACKGROUND: People with MS have an increased incidence of headaches, although the comorbidity of headaches and MS is poorly understood. Owing to the highly variable presentation of headaches in patients with MS, much remains to be elucidated about the variables affecting headache development. DESIGN/METHODS: In a prospective study at the Drexel University College of Medicine Multiple Sclerosis Program, 72 patients with both MS and headaches anonymously completed a 28-item questionnaire. This evaluation assessed each patient’s demographics, headache description and modifying factors, relation to MS progression, social history, and impact on quality of life. RESULTS: Our patients reported a wide spectrum of headache presentations and resulting disability. Fifty-two percent of our patients experienced headaches at least once a week (P < .001). Migraines with aura strongly correlated with MS exacerbations (P < .003), and were newly diagnosed in 64% of patients following MS onset. Patients who experienced sharp and stabbing headaches were more likely to report an increase in headache severity during MS flare-ups (P < .04), and this pain description was significantly associated with stress and fatigue triggers (P < .001 and P < .01, respectively). Quality of life was impaired in our sample population, with 43% reporting that their headaches were severe very often or always (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the severity of headache in MS patients and resulting impact on quality of life, a thorough analysis of headache presentation is warranted in such patients. MS patients experiencing migraines with aura and sharp pain should be evaluated for MS relapse. Migraine with aura may also be a presenting sign of disease onset. Preventable headache triggers should be evaluated to reduce headache attacks and improve patient functioning. Disclosure: Dr. Wilcox has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tabby has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as a speaker. Dr. Tabby has received research support from Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corp. Dr. Majeed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Youngman has nothing to disclose.
Sex and the City: Female Leaders and Spending on Social Welfare Programs in U.S. Municipalities

Scholars of urban politics often argue that cities will shy away from extensive funding of social welfare programs, as fiscal realities make developmental policies far more attractive. Despite thes...
Periodontal disease is associated with coronary heart disease, preterm birth and low birth weight

Data sources MEDLINE and Embase were sources; reference lists from relevant articles, plus selected journals dated up to October 2001, were also searched by hand. Study selection Studies were considered for inclusion if they addressed different aspects of periodontal disease (clinical, microbial or immunological) and clinical outcomes of coronary heart disease (CHD) or preterm and/or low birth weight (PLBW.) Because of the nature of the question, cross-sectional, case–control, cohort and clinical trial study-designs were considered. Data extraction and synthesis Information regarding the quality and characteristics of studies was extracted independently by two reviewers using criteria relevant to each study design. Qualitative synthesis of the included studies was carried out due to extensive heterogeneity of the studies. Results Half of the cohort studies (four out of eight), 75% of the case–control studies (three out of four) and half of the cross-sectional studies (two out of the four) reported a significant association between clinical measures of periodontitis and CHD (the increased risk ranged from 0 to 3.3-fold). The periodontitis–PLBW association was evaluated in one cohort and two case–control studies. The cohort study as well as one of the two case–control studies reported a significant association between periodontitis and PLBW (odds ratios, 4.4–7.9). Conclusions There is limited evidence that periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for CHD and PLBW. These associations should be explored further in well-designed observational and intervention studies to establish whether they are causal or incidental, to determine any possible benefits of intervention, and the potential to generalise.
Sonographic Evaluation of an Ovarian Borderline Epithelial Tumor

Borderline tumors are a special category of epithelial ovarian tumors that share both benign and malignant features. Women who have borderline tumors, if found at an early stage, have an excellent ...
Biochemical adaptations of the bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis toL-canavanine, a higher plant allelochemical.

This communication reviews recent biochemical studies ofl-canavanine that have provided significant understanding of the interaction between the seed ofDioclea megacarpa (Leguminosae) and the bruchid beetleCaryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae). The principal biochemical bases are proposed for: canavanine toxicity, the ability of the beetle larvae to adapt to its presence, the metabolic sequestration and detoxification of ammonia, and the potential amplification by microbial symbionts of the beetle's abilities to adapt to toxic components of the host.
Chemical bond approach to the electric susceptibility of semiconductors. II

The method previously developed to relate chemical bonds to the dielectric constant of elemental semiconductors is extended to the ionic tetrahedral III-V compounds. Expressions for the static dielectric constant and the average optical gap in terms of the generalized Wannier functions for the valence bands are obtained. Only two parameters are needed. The first is a measure of the antibonding character of the valence bands and the second is related to the ionic nature of these compounds. We have allowed the former to vary from compound to compound, while we have set the latter at a predetermined constant value, as prescribed by Coulson. We separate the energy gap into two analytical parts, "homopolar" and "heteropolar," thus directly confirming the ionicity scale established by Phillips. Finally, Coulson's definition of ionicity is reconciled with that of Phillips.
Evidence for selective post-lesion axonal growth in the dentate gyrus of the rat

Abstract Deafferentation of the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus by lesions of commissural and/or associational systems causes no changes in the distribution of entorhinal or acetylcholinesterase containing projections to the dentate gyrus. Stated simply, these remaining afferents fail to invade the denervated dendritic zones. These results stand in marked contrast to the previously reported massive axonal growth and invasion of the outer molecular layer which takes place when that zone is deafferented by entorhinal lesions. It appears that unknown factors exert a restrictive and selective influence on post-lesion axonal growth in the hippocampus.
Boom and Receptacle Autonomous Air Refueling Using Visual Snake Optical Sensor

Autonomous air refueling is an important capability for the future deployment of unmanned air vehicles, because it permits unmanned air vehicles to be ferried in flight to overseas theaters of operation instead of being shipped unassembled in containers. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of precise and reliable boom and receptacle autonomous air refueling, without a human operator or supervisor, for nonmicrosized unmanned air vehicles. The system is composed of a vision sensor based on active deformable contour algorithms (visual snakes) and its relative navigation system integrated with a boom controller. The sensor camera is mounted on the tanker aircraft near the boom and images a single passive target image painted near the refueling receptacle on a receiver unmanned air vehicle. Controllers are developed in the paper for the refueling boom, and the stationkeeping controllers of the receiver unmanned air vehicle and tanker aircraft Performance and feasibility of the total system is demonstrated by simulated docking maneuvers in the presence of various levels of turbulence. Results presented in the paper show that the integrated sensor and controller enables precise boom and receptacle air refueling, including consideration.
Prochiral Sulfoxidation as a Probe for Multiple Forms of the Microsomal Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase: Studies with Rabbit FMO1, FMO2, FMO3, and FMO5 Expressed in Escherichia coli

Multiple forms of the microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) exist in rabbit tissues. In order to better understand the catalytic properties of these isoforms, we have expressed rabbit FMO1, FMO2, FMO3, and FMO5 in Escherichia coli and examined their kinetic parameters and prochiral selectivities for the sulfoxidation of methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, and n-butyl-substituted p-tolyl sulfides. FMO1 and FMO2 exhibited high affinities for these substrates (Km < 10 microM), in contrast to the low-affinity FMO3 form for which Km values ranged between 100 and 280 microM. FMO5 did not form quantifiable levels of sulfoxide metabolites at the concentrations used. The individual stereochemical metabolite profiles generated by FMO1, FMO2, and FMO3 were unique and served to distinguish among these three cDNA-expressed isoforms. To investigate the relationship between the kinetic parameters for the cDNA-expressed enzymes and the native microsomal enzymes, we examined the kinetics and stereoselectivity of metabolism of methyl p-tolyl sulfide by detergent-solubilized rabbit liver microsomes. We analyzed these data with respect to FMO1 and FMO3, the two predominant hepatic isoforms. Sulfoxidation of methyl p-tolyl sulfide by FMO1 and FMO3 solubilized from E. coli microsomes proceeded with apparent Kms of 18 and 270 microM, respectively. FMO1 was essentially stereospecific for formation of (R)-methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, whereas FMO3 generated this metabolite with little prochiral selectivity. Sulfoxidation of methyl p-tolyl sulfide by detergent-solubilized rabbit liver microsomes was best described by a two-enzyme model, with apparent Km values of 11 and 340 microM. The enantiomeric purity of the (R)-methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide metabolite, generated by detergent-solubilized rabbit liver microsomes, decreased progressively with increasing substrate concentration, from a high of 96% enantiomeric excess at a substrate concentration of 5 microM to a low of 63% enantiomeric excess at a substrate concentration of 2 mM. The kinetic and stereochemical properties of the high-affinity and low-affinity components of detergent-solubilized rabbit liver microsomes were similar to those exhibited by cDNA-expressed FMO1 and FMO3, respectively. Therefore, methyl p-tolyl sulfide, used at the appropriate substrate concentrations, is useful for discriminating between FMO1- and FMO3-mediated catalysis in rabbit liver microsomal preparations.
The Role of Affect in Cross-Cultural Negotiations

This paper presents a model of cross-cultural negotiations which describes how the affect negotiators experience during negotiations influences the character of the negotiation process and its outcomes. Three categories of determinants of negotiator affect are proposed: Individual differences, cross-cultural differences, and contextual factors. The ways in which negotiator affect influences information processing during negotiations are then described. It is suggested that the influence of affect, through substantive information processing, may lead to either positive or negative spirals in negotiations, influencing the ability of negotiators to reach an integrative solution. Finally, the ways in which negotiators can break out of destructive negative spirals by engaging in motivated rather than substantive information processing are discussed.
Three-Dimensional Beam Theory for Flexible Multibody Dynamics

In structural analysis, many components are approximated as plates. More often that not, classical plate theories, such as Kirchhoff or Reissner-Mindlin plate theories, form the basis of the analytical developments. The advantage of these approaches is that they leads to simple kinematic descriptions of the problem: the plate’s normal material line is assumed to remain straight and its displacement field is fully defined by three displacement and two rotation components. While such approach is capable of capturing the kinetic energy of the system accurately, it cannot represent the strain energy adequately. For instance, it is well known from three-dimensional elasticity theory that the normal material line will warp under load for laminated composite plates, leading to three-dimensional deformations that generate complex stress states. To overcome this problem, several high-order, refined plate theories have been proposed. While these approaches work well for some cases, they often lead to inefficient formulations because they introduce numerous additional variables. This paper presents a different approach to the problem: based on a finite element semi-discretization of the normal material line, plate equations are derived from three-dimensional elasticity using a rigorous dimensional reduction procedure.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Optimal Environmental Management in the Presence of Irreversibilities

Abstract We consider an environment of a fixed size that can be converted to another use. This conversion can be made in steps, but it is irreversible. The future benefits (per unit) from the original use, and from the alternative use, follow a diffusion process. For a fairly general case, we show that the value function must be the unique (viscosity) solution to the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. We also exhibit several properties of the solution for the case of constant relative risk aversion between 0 and 1, and a log-linear diffusion for the benefits. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C61, D90, Q30.
Relations of Academic Procrastination, Rationalizations, and Performance in a Web Course with Deadlines

This study compared students' academic procrastination tendency with the (1) frequency and nature of rationalizations used to justify procrastination, (2) self-regulation, and (3) performance in a web-based study strategies course with frequent performance deadlines. 106 college students completed the 16-item Tuckman Procrastination Scale, a measure of tendency to procrastinate, the Frequency of Use Self-survey of Rationalizations for Procrastination, and a 9-item self-regulation scale. Students' subsequent course performance was measured by total points earned. A linear regression with Academic Procrastination as the criterion variable and Rationalization score and Course Points as the predictor variables suggested academic procrastinators support procrastinating by rationalizing, not self-regulating, and thus put themselves at a disadvantage, with respect to evaluation in highly structured courses with frequent enforced deadlines.
Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind

Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind Gary Marcus Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2008 224 pages, ISBN: 0618879641 (hbk); $24.00 Gary Marcus provides an engaging argument for the two-pa...
Metabolic activation of dimethylnitrosamine and diethyl-nitrosamine to mutagens.

Abstract Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) are not mutagenic by themselves, but they can be converted by mammalian enzymes to highly mutagenic products. As indicators for mutagenic activity, Neurospora crassa and Salmonella typhimurium were used. The ad -3 forward-mutation system was used to detect specific locus mutations; mutants in this system can range from multi-locus deletions to leaky mutations. The induction of mutations in S. typhimurium is detected as induction of histidine revertants of the histidine-requiring strain G 4 6. The activation of DMN is microsomal, inhibited by SKF 525-A, and requires co-factors. The activating enzyme is induced in mice by pretreatment with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and butylated hydroxytoluene. The mutagenic activity of the reaction products is directly correlated with the metabolic formation of formaldehyde with and without induction by 3-methylcholanthrene and across strains of mine. Formaldehyde does not contribute to the mutagenic activity of the reaction products. It is clear from the data that the reversion sites in G 4 6 are more sensitive than the ad -3 loci of Neurospora crassa to the mutagenic action of DMN metabolites formed by mammalian liver. The microsomal assay is a few orders of magnitude more sensitive than the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay, and the intrahepatic host-mediated assay is a few orders of magnitude more sensitive than the in vitro microsomal system.
A novel, variable angle guide grid for neuronal activity studies.

Introduction: Surgically implanted chambers with removable grids are routinely used for studying patterns of neuronal activity in primate brains; however, accessing target tissues is significantly constrained by standard grid designs. Typically, grids are configured with a series of guide holes drilled vertically, parallel to the walls of the chamber, thus targeted sites are limited to those in line vertically with one of the guide holes. Methods: By using the three-dimensional modeling software, a novel grid was designed to reach the targeted sites far beyond the standard reach of the chamber. The grid was fabricated using conventional machining techniques and three-dimensional printing. Results: A pilot study involving microinjection of the Magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent gadolinium into the discrete regions of interest (ROIs) in the temporal cortex of an awake, behaving monkey demonstrated the effectiveness of this new design of the guide grid. Using multiple different angles of approach, we were readily able to access 10 injection sites, which were up to 5 mm outside the traditional, orthogonal reach of the chamber.
Public Support for the “Regional Perspective”: A Consideration of Religion

Factors beside material self-interest may explain public attitudes toward cross-community sharing of resources in metropolitan areas. This article considers whether religion is a factor that influences public support for this regional perspective. Employing original survey data from metropolitan areas in Georgia, it examines the effects of religious tradition and religious salience on the breadth and strength of public support for the regional perspective, holding other factors constant (e.g., suburban residence and homeownership). The findings provide evidence that the choices people may make in metropolitan areas regarding whether to commune with others are open to multiple sources of influence, inclusive of religion.
Impact of different definitions of learning disabilities on the number of students identified

Despite many proposed definitions of learning disabilities and efforts to operationalize these definitions, there continues to be little agreement on either the definition of learning disabilities or the criteria that should be used to identify learning-disabled (LD) students. The number of students identified by each of 14 operational definitions that were based on either ability-achievement discrepancies, low achievement, or scatter were examined. The relationship between each definition and actual school classification was also examined. Subjects were 48 school-identified LD children and 96 non-LD children; all had previously been administered a battery of psychoeducational tests. Classification of each child as LD or non-LD according to each of 14 operational definitions indicated that different definitions identify significantly different numbers of students. The three categories of definitions did not discriminate LD and non-LD children consistently. Within the limitations of the present study, the ...
Occupational Status and the Experience of Anger

Current theories in the sociology of emotions posit contradictory expectations regarding the relationship between status and the relative experience of anger, with some predicting a negative relationship and others proposing a positive one. We test the compatibility of these opposing hypotheses by examining the relationship between anger and a key dimension of socioeconomic status—the occupational status score of an individual's occupation—for a representative sample of Americans. We connect different strands of theory and research in the social psychology of emotions to posit a non-linear relationship between occupational status and the experience of anger. Analyses of data from the 1996 General Social Survey's emotions module (N = 1460) are consistent with this integrative account. Individuals located at the two opposite ends of the status and prestige hierarchy are more likely to experience anger than those of middle status. We use insight from Blau's macro-structural theory to help elucidate this complex relationship.
An Approximation Theorem for the Polynomial Inverse Lag

Abstract The polynomial inverse lag (PIL) of Mitchell and Speaker (1986) is a flexible distributed lag technique which is easy to estimate, because it requires only a brief nested search for the polynomial degree and estimation is otherwise linear. This paper presents an approximation theorem for the PIL, showing that a PIL of sufficient degree can arbitrarily closely approximate any absolutely summable sequence of true lag weights, with distance measured by the L1 metric.
A Study of the Structure of Vanadium Oxide Dispersed on Zirconia

Raman and UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of vanadia dispersed on high surface area zirconium oxide. Two-dimensional vanadia species with tetrahedral coordination appear on the surface of the ZrO2 and expand in size with increasing V loading. Crystalline V2O5 appears when the vanadia loading exceeds an apparent surface density of 7.0 V atoms/nm2, and ZrV2O7 is formed as a consequence of zirconia migration into the V2O5 crystallites. A model for the structure of two-dimensional vanadia overlayer is proposed based on the experimental data and information taken from the literature. Vanadia is found to absorb the light scattered by the support, and this gives rise to a reduction in the intensity of the Raman bands for zirconia as the surface loading of vanadia increases. Partial reduction of the dispersed vanadia increases the absorbance of the vanadia and alters the profile of absorbance versus frequency in such a manner as to increase the intensity of the Rama...
The Transient Response of Imperfect Thin-Walled Stiffened Cylindrical Shell Exposed to Side-On Underwater Explosion

The thin-walled stiffened cylindrical shells are usually applied in a submarine which takes the external pressure load, or in a boiler, pressure vessel or pipeline system which takes the internal pressure load. The thin-walled stiffened cylindrical shells under hydrodynamic loading are very sensitive to geometrical imperfections. This study is investigating an imperfect thin-walled stiffened cylindrical shell (out-of-round ratio is ψ = 2%) at a depth of 50m below the water level to see how it withstands sideward TNT 782 kg underwater explosion loading so as to understand its structural transient response. ABAQUS finite element software is used as an analysis tool in the current study, meanwhile, during the analysis process, the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) condition is employed. The structural transient response results of stress and displacement time history of the imperfect thin-walled stiffened cylindrical shell can be used as a reference for the anti-underwater explosion analysis and design of future submersible vehicles, pressure hulls or related structural designs.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Chemistry and thermodynamics of solid and vapor phases in the barium-sulfide, gallium-sulfide system

Abstract The technologically important BaSGa 2 S 3 solid system was studied and interpreted with a generalized acid-base theory counting BaS(s) as a strong base and Ga 2 S 3 (s) as an acid. The strongest bonding in any MSGa 2 S 3 system was found. Vaporization of solid samples whose initial composition was BaGa 2 S 4 (s) were studied in the temperature range 1234–1361 K by the simultaneous Knudsen-effusion and Volmer-effusion methods. The sample vaporized incongruently and composition of the solid changed successively to yield the phases represented in the reactions below. The vaporization reactions and the average third-law Δ v H°(298 K) in kJ were: Enthalpies of ternary phases with respect to those of the binary constituents BaS(s) and Ga 2 S 3 (s) in kJ per mole of Ga 2 S 3 were: BaGa 2 S 4 (s), −76 ± 1; Ba 2 Ga 2 S 5 (s), −91 ± 2; Ba 3 Ga 2 S 6 (s), −103 ± 2; Ba 4 Ga 2 S 7 (s), −117 ± 2; Ba 5 Ga 2 S 8 (s), −120 ± 2.
A low power 8 th sub-harmonic injection locked receiver for mm-Wave beamforming applications

This paper presents a single element V-band low power 8 th sub-harmonic injection locked beamforming receiver. A significant savings in local oscillator (LO) routing power is achieved by using an 8 th sub-harmonic injection locked oscillator (SILO) for frequency multiplication and phase-shifting. Power consumption of the LNA and mixer is lowered by means of transformer feedback techniques. The proposed receiver is implemented in a standard 0.13 μm BiCMOS process and occupies an active area of only 630 μm × 400 μm. The receiver consumes a minimum power of 11.4 mW and achieves a peak gain of 8.3 dB, IP 1dB of -33.5 dBm, minimum NF of 7.7 dB and an IF bandwidth of larger than 11 GHz. A total phase-shift of 144° is measured. The proposed LO routing and phase-shifting scheme shows minimum power consumption among state-of-the-art receivers and is easily scalable to multiple elements.
Reflection groups in analysis and applications

This is an overview of the use of reflection groups in analysis, applications in algebra, mathematical physics, and probability.
FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE REVISED ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITIES (ITPA)

In a review of the factor analytic work on the ITPA, Sedlach and Weener (1973) suggested that future studies use subpopulations of different abilities. The results presented here are offered as additional evidence that the Revised ITPA does not contain 10 independent subtests as originally hypothesized. The special subpopulation consisted of 102 children in a private school for children with learning disabilities but average intelligence and ranging in age from 5 to 10:3 for whom scores were available. Intercorrelarions among raw scores of the 10 ITPA subtests were factor analyzed. The two supplementary subtests were not included. Factors selected for varimax rotation were based on standard criteria presented by Guertin and Bailey (1970). Table 1 presents the factors after rotation, the row sum of the squared loadings and the multiple squared correlations (R') used as comrnunaliry estimates. Seven factors resulted from the principal axis solution. Four of the seven principal axes with lacenr roots of .33 were rotated to approximate simple structure using Kaiser's varirnax criterion.
INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND TIME BETWEEN REINFORCEMENTS : INTIMATE RELATION TO LEARNING OR MEMORY RETRIEVAL ?

According to scalar expectancy theory (SET), instrumental performance is determined by the ratio of the time between reinforcements in the trial (T T) to the overall time between reinforcements (T O). Groups for which theT O|T T ratio is the same should perform similarly. According to the sequential-memory view, the memory of nonreward becomes a signal for reward, and thereby promotes strong responding, when that memory is retrieved on a reward trial. In each of three runway investigations employing rats in a runway, two groups were compared that had the sameT O |T T ratio but that differed in the tendency to retrieve the memory of nonreward on a rewarded trial. In each investigation faster running on critical nonrewarded trials was associated with the group having the stronger tendency to retrieve the memory of nonreward on a rewarded trial. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the sequential-memory view, as well as with certain earlier findings, but are inconsistent with SET. It was indicated that the groups compared here were matched along a considerable number of dimensions—an unprecedented number for a varied reward investigation.
Neutron Irradiation Effects on Microwave Transistor Amplifiers

Studies are presented of neutron irradiation effects on microwave bipolar transistors in two applications--small signal, low noise amplifiers and large signal, power amplifiers. In both applications microwave transistors are found to be neutron tolerant. In the low noise case, the amplifier noise figure increases by less than 1 dB after a neutron fluence of 2 × 1015 n/cm2 (E > 10 keV). The observed degradation in noise figure is related both theoretically and experimentally to neutron-induced decreases in DC and low frequency current gain, and good agreement is found. In the power amplifier case, saturated output power and power gain decrease by 1.8 and 3 dB, respectively, after 2 × 1015 n/cm2. The change in saturated output power is related to increased high frequency Vce(sat), while the decreased gain is due to decreased high frequency current gain. Neutron effects on these transistor parameters are calculated from the power output and gain data, and compared with radiation effects on these parameters at low frequencies.
Comparison of computed tomography and ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysms: A preliminary study

Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound were equally effective in measuring the external diameter of atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms in 20 patients. Ultrasound was superior for determining the true lumen caliber and detecting mural thrombi. CT was superior for demonstrating aortic wall calcifications, but no more so than a plain film abdominal radiograph. Ultrasound should be the method of choice in the diagnosis, serial evaluation and management of a patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
A new look at old tricks: the fertile roots of current research

As we face an explosion of potential new applications for the fundamental concepts and technologies of information retrieval, ranging from ad ranking to social media, from collaborative recommending to question answering systems, many researchers are spending unnecessary time reinventing ideas and relationships that are buried in the prehistory of information retrieval (which, for many researchers, means anything published before they entered graduate school). A lot of the ideas that surface as "new" in today's super-heated research environment have very firm roots in earlier developments in fields as diverse as citation analysis and pattern recognition. The purpose of this tutorial is to survey those roots, and their relation to the contemporary fruits on the tree of information retrieval, and to separate, as much as is possible in an era of increasing secrecy about methods, the problems to be solved, the algorithms for solving them, and the heuristics that are the bread and butter of a working operation. Participants will become familiar with roots in Pattern Analysis, Statistics, Information Science and other sources of key ideas that reappear in the current development of Information Retrieval as it applies to Search Engines, Social Media, and Collaborative Systems. They will be able to separate problems from algorithms, and algorithms from heuristics, in the application of these ideas to their own research and/or development activities. Course materials will be made available on a Web site two weeks prior to the tutorial. They will include links to relevant software; links to publications that will be discussed; and mechanisms for chat among the tutorial participants, before, during and after the tutorial.
Biphasic cholinergic synaptic transmission controls action potential activity in thalamic reticular nucleus neurons

Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the brainstem form extensive projections to a number of thalamic nuclei. Activation of cholinergic afferents during distinct behavioral states can regulate neuronal firing, transmitter release at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, and synchrony in thalamic networks, thereby controlling the flow of sensory information. These effects are thought to be mediated by slow and persistent increases in extracellular ACh levels, resulting in the modulation of populations of thalamic neurons over large temporal and spatial scales. However, the synaptic mechanisms underlying cholinergic signaling in the thalamus are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate highly reliable cholinergic transmission in the mouse thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), a brain structure essential for sensory processing, arousal, and attention. We find that ACh release evoked by low-frequency stimulation leads to biphasic excitatory–inhibitory (E–I) postsynaptic responses, mediated by the activation of postsynaptic α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) and M2 muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs), respectively. In addition, ACh can bind to mAChRs expressed near cholinergic release sites, resulting in autoinhibition of release. We show that the activation of postsynaptic nAChRs by transmitter release from only a small number of individual axons is sufficient to trigger action potentials in TRN neurons. Furthermore, short trains of cholinergic synaptic inputs can powerfully entrain ongoing TRN neuronal activity. Our study demonstrates fast and precise synaptic E–I signaling mediated by ACh, suggesting novel computational mechanisms for the cholinergic control of neuronal activity in thalamic circuits.
Experience with a Make‐It‐Your self Scalp Extender with Hooks

BACKGROUND Silicone scalp extenders have been shown to facilitate the process of scalp reduction surgery. OBJECTIVE This report demonstrates how scalp extender devices can easily be made in the physician's office out of materials that are commercially available. METHODS A scalp extender is made by bonding a narrow strip of Dacron-reinforced Duralastic silicone sheeting to each end of a long strip of plain Duralastic silicone sheeting. A stainless steel plate of hooks is then secured to each end of the extender. At the time of the first standard scalp reduction surgery, one extender device about 3.0 × 5.0 cm is placed in the subgaleal plane, in the transauricular direction, with hooks piercing the galea 1 cm caudad to the dense-in-quantity hair fringe margin. The circumferential approach will accommodate the placement of a second extender device in the anterior-posterior direction to elevate the posterior hair fringe. To prevent adhesion of the galea to the periosteum around the devices, a sheet of plain silicone 15 × 20 cm is placed over the periosteum before the extenders are inserted. The extenders are replaced with shorter devices 3–4 weeks later. RESULTS Usually the average width of bald scalp can be closed fringe to fringe in three operations as compared with five or six operations when using standard scalp reduction procedures. CONCLUSIONS The scalp extender device described can be custom made in many different sizes. Its use has significantly changed the author's surgical treatment of pattern alopecia.
Scenario planning: a tool for academic health sciences libraries.

Objective: Review the International Campaign to Revitalise Academic Medicine (ICRAM) Future Scenarios as a potential starting point for developing scenarios to envisage plausible futures for health sciences libraries. Method: At an educational workshop, 15 groups, each composed of four to seven Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL) directors and AAHSL/NLM Fellows, created plausible stories using the five ICRAM scenarios. Results: Participants created 15 plausible stories regarding roles played by health sciences librarians, how libraries are used and their physical properties in response to technology, scholarly communication, learning environments and health care economic changes. Conclusions: Libraries are affected by many forces, including economic pressures, curriculum and changes in technology, health care delivery and scholarly communications business models. The future is likely to contain ICRAM scenario elements, although not all, and each, if they come to pass, will impact health sciences libraries. The AAHSL groups identified common features in their scenarios to learn lessons for now. The hope is that other groups find the scenarios useful in thinking about academic health science library futures.
Transceiver design for dispersive MIMO channels with decision feedback

A finite impulse response (FIR) precoder for the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel is proposed to eliminate the intersymbol interference (ISI) effect in this research. Two precoders are designed to maximize the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), respectively. At the receiver end, a finite-length MIMO decision feedback equalizer is adopted to minimize the mean squared error (MSE) of the overall system. It is observed that the SINR-maximizing precoder performs the best among all precoders under our examination. For the 2x2 MIMO channel, the simple one-tap SNR-maximizing precoder can perform almost as well. For a heavily dispersive channel, the SINR-maximizing precoder still performs well even its length is much smaller than the channel length.
IBM’s POWER6 High Performance Water Cooled Cluster at NCAR: Infrastructure Design

The increased focus on green technologies and energy efficiency coupled with the insatiable desire of IT equipment customers for more performance has driven manufacturers to deploy liquid cooling technologies for cooling IT equipment. In April, 2008 IBM announced the world’s fastest UNIX server using unique water cooling technologies. The first system (eleven racks) was shipped and installed at The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado in May, 2008 to be used for research on climate change and severe weather. The POWER6 575 system utilizes water cooling to cool the processors as well as a water cooled rear door to remove 80% of the 60 kW heat load generated by each rack. This cluster of eleven racks with this highly efficient cooling system achieves a performance of 76 teraflops within a small footprint. This paper will describe the infrastructure required to support this cluster of racks including the chilled water cooling loop, water thermal storage tanks, and the 480 VAC power distribution system. The time response of the various potential failure modes in the water cooling system will also be described.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
An Elastic-Plastic Formulation for a Cylindrical Shell Finite Element

Theme A N elastic-plastic formulation is presented for a curved ./^rectangular thin shell finite element. Elastic-perfectly plastic material behavior is assumed. The von Mises yield criterion is used to define the limit of plasticity. Plastic strain distributions and a distribution for an elastic-plastic boundary in the element are defined. Incremental stress-strain relations are developed for use in the plastic range. With this formulation and an incremental approach, yielding can be traced in a deforming shell and displacements, and stresses can be found at each increment of load.
Optimizing Rainfall Estimates with the Aid of Radar

Abstract Estimates of precipitation are improved when raingage observations are used to calibrate quantitative radar data as well as to estimate precipitation in areas without radar data. Estimated areal precipitation depth errors for nine rainfalls over a 3000 km2 watershed averaged 13 and 14% (1.5 and 1.8 mm) when the radar was calibrated by networks of raingages having densities of one gage per 900 and 1600 km2. Areal precipitation estimates derived from rainfalls observed at the gages alone produced errors of 21 and 24% (2.5 and 3.0 mm). Adjusting the radar data by a single calibration factor (the simple average ratio of gage-observed and radar-inferred rainfall at all input gages without regard to the spatial variation among ratios) resulted in error reduction to 18% (2.1 mm). Radar data added to gage observations also increased the explained variance in point rainfall estimates above that from gages alone, from 53 to 77% and 46 to 72% for the above gage densities.
A Germanium Field-Effect Transistors Made from a High-Purity Substrate

Field effect transistors have been fabricated on high-purity germanium substrates using low temperature technology. The aim of this work is to preserve the low density of trapping centers in high-quality starting material by low temperature (<350°C) processing. The use of germanium promises to eliminate some of the traps which cause generation-recombination noise in silicon field effect transistors (FET's) at low temperatures. Typically, the transconductance (gm) in the germanium FET's is 10 mA/V and the gate leakage can be less than 10-12 A. Our present devices exhibit a large 1/f noise component and most of this noise must be eliminated if they are to be competitive with silicon FET's commonly used in high-resolution nuclear spectrometers.