cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cu2+ Ions on the Structure and Reactivity of Todorokite- and Cryptomelane-Type Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieves

The concentration effects on Cu uptake into the structures and reactivity of manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS) were investigated. Two sets of 3 × 3-tunnel structure OMS designated as OMS-1 were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment at 160 °C for 48 h. The Cu−OMS-1 series of materials (tunnel substituted) were prepared by incorporating Cu2+ ions into OL-1, which has a layered structure, at 60 °C for 24 h. [Cu]−OMS-1 materials (framework substituted) were prepared by ion exchanging Cu2+ ions into the tunnels of OMS-1 under similar conditions. Cu−OMS-2 materials characterized by 2 × 2 tunnels were prepared by the reflux method. ICP analysis shows a Cu/Mn molar ratio of 0.278 for Cu−OMS-1 labeled C as the substitution limit for a pure sample based on its XRD pattern. The Cu(II) ions easily substitute for the divalent cations (Mg2+, Mn 2+) either in tunnel or framework sites when exchange was done before hydrothermal treatment. The presence of Cu2+ ions decreases the Mn2+/Mn4+ ratio in Cu−OMS-1...
Possible effects of thermal effluents on fish: A review

Abstract Thermal stress is known to have general and specific effects on the physiology of fish. In general, over a species-specific temperature range, increasing temperatures increase metabolic rates and other activity. Deviations from optimum temperature could cause a cessation of spawning behaviour or an increase of abnormal fry. The final level of temperature acclimation is a function of species, size, condition, and past environment. Most fish can acclimate faster to higher temperatures than to lower temperatures. Fluctuating temperatures increase thermal resistance in some species. Temperature preferences in fish are a function of acclimation temperature and of the species-specific optimum temperature. Slight increases in temperature can be lethal because of synergism.
Ocular motor abnormalities in achiasmatic mutant Belgian sheepdogs: unyoked eye movements in a mammal.

We studied the eye movements of several members of a family of Belgian sheepdogs that includes achiasmatic mutants. Our aim was to identify the types of nystagmus and other ocular motor abnormalities exhibited by the mutants. We also recorded from several unaffected heterozygous carriers of the genetic mutation and from a normal Irish Setter. Mutant dogs exhibited nystagmus waveforms that were occasionally similar to those of humans with congenital nystagmus (CN). Foveating and braking saccades and foveation periods were seen in some waveforms. More common were pendular oscillations of both eyes that were essentially independent in amplitude and phase. At some times there was a pendular nystagmus with a 180 deg phase shift between the movements of the eyes. Similar to the nystagmus, saccades were often unyoked or uniocular. The eye movements of unaffected relatives did not reveal any saccadic instabilities. However, small saccadic intrusions could have been masked by quantization artifacts. Individual dogs from this family provide an animal model of the ocular motor consequences of the disturbed visual input caused by the absence of an optic chiasm and a novel model of CN. Despite any other ocular motor abnormalities present, the CN may be studied in isolation just as in humans it is studied when strabismus and other types of nystagmus are present. Further studies of ocular motor development and function in achiasmatic dogs have the potential to reveal both the organization of the control systems for each extraocular muscle and the role of yoking of the agonist muscles of the two eyes.
Taking on the Role of Questioner: Revisiting Reciprocal Teaching.

English learners (ELs) often struggle with asking questions in the classroom. They frequently need support to become confident questioners when confusion arises during reading. This skill becomes even more significant when such learners transition into mainstream classrooms. One possible framework for helping ELs make this transition includes the reciprocal teaching strategies of predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing. Two of the strategies, questioning and clarifying, provide support for all students, but are of particular note for facilitating the skill of confident questioning by ELs. The kind of foundation that provides effective support of comprehension strategies like reciprocal teaching requires explicit instruction. This article provides a detailed description of the use of reciprocal teaching as a support for guiding ELs into the self-assured role of questioner during the reading of expository text. Examples from transcripts demonstrate the ability of these students to effectively use questioning to facilitate the comprehension of what they read.
The Party, the Military, and Decision Authority in the Soviet Union

Soviet military decision making is characterized by a division of labor between the party, which issues broad policy guidance, and the professional military, which oversees the development of the armed forces based on that guidance. There is to date no civilian institution whose functions parallel those of the General Staff. The party is now, and has historically been, dependent on the professional military for the formation of options on strategy, organization, and force composition. The Soviets have never equated civilian control and authority with civilian management. Absolute party authority over defense policy has been maintained through control of personnel and resource allocation.
The Alternative Splicing Mutation Database: a hub for investigations of alternative splicing using mutational evidence

Some mutations in the internal regions of exons occur within splicing enhancers and silencers, influencing the pattern of alternative splicing in the corresponding genes. To understand how these sequence changes affect splicing, we created a database of these mutations. The Alternative Splicing Mutation Database (ASMD) serves as a repository for all exonic mutations not associated with splicing junctions that measurably change the pattern of alternative splicing. In this initial published release (version 1.2), only human sequences are present, but the ASMD will grow to include other organisms, (see Availability and requirements section for the ASMD web address). This relational database allows users to investigate connections between mutations and features of the surrounding sequences, including flanking sequences, RNA secondary structures and strengths of splice junctions. Splicing effects of the mutations are quantified by the relative presence of alternative mRNA isoforms with and without a given mutation. This measure is further categorized by the accuracy of the experimental methods employed. The database currently contains 170 mutations in 66 exons, yet these numbers increase regularly. We developed an algorithm to derive a table of oligonucleotide Splicing Potential (SP) values from the ASMD dataset. We present the SP concept and tools in detail in our corresponding article. The current data set demonstrates that mutations affecting splicing are located throughout exons and might be enriched within local RNA secondary structures. Exons from the ASMD have below average splicing junction strength scores, but the difference is small and is judged not to be significant.
Solvated CrBr2(thf)2, a linear chain in the solid state

In the title compound, di­bromo­bis­(tetra­hydro­furan-O)chromium(II), [CrBr2(C4H8O)2], CrBr2 is solvated by two tetra­hydro­furan (thf) mol­ecules, with a Cr—O distance of 2.072 (3) A and a Cr—Br distance of 2.5825 (5) A. The Cr atom lies on the center of inversion. The Cr atom is octahedrally coordinated, with the thf Cr—O bond orthogonal to the Cr—Br bond, and the vacant sites are occupied with a Cr⋯Br intermolecular interaction of 2.9874 (5) A. The latter interaction is almost orthogonal to the Cr—O vector. This extends the system into a linear chain along the [100] direction.
Pattern Avoidance in Multiset Permutations: Bijective Proof

It is well-known that the number of permutations of n letters that avoid a pattern τ of 3 letters is independent of τ. In this note we provide bijective proof that the same result holds for permutations of a multiset.
Atomic-scale theory and simulation of electronic and fluidic transport in carbon nanotubes

We present theoretical study of carbon nanotubes as novel transport channels for electrons and molecules using atomistic simulation. For electronic transport, we present self-consistent tight-binding study of the electronic and transport properties of semiconducting carbon nanotubes in contact with metal electrodes at different contact geometries. We analyze the Schottky barrier effect at the metal-nanotube interface by examining the electrostatics, the band line up and the conductance of the metal-nanotube wire-metal junction as a function of the nanotube channel length. For molecular transport, we analyze the dynamics of rigid and semi-flexible molecules spontaneously inserted into the nanotubes as engineered flow channels in aqueous environment. We show that in the absence of water solvation, the van der Waals interaction between the molecule and the nanotube wall can induce a rapid spontaneous encapsulation of the molecule inside the nanotube channel. The encapsulation process is strongly impeded for nanotube dissolved in water due to the competition between the van der Waals, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions in the nanotube/water/molecule complex.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Therapy for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonitis in Children

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is effective in both the treatment and the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. After initial evaluation in an animal model, TMP-SMZ was shown to be as clinically effective as pentamidine isethionate for the treatment of pneumonitis in children with cancer and to have minimal adverse effects. Treatment with TMP-SMZ (20 mg of TMP and 100 mg of SMZ per kg of body weight per day) was successful in three-fourths of patients tested. Administered prophylactically, TMP-SMZ (5.0 mg of TMP and 25 mg of SMZ per kg of body weight per day) prevented P. carinii infection in high-risk immunocompromised patients. Studies of the unstructured delivery of prophylactic TMP-SMZ have demonstrated the regimen to be feasible and effective, with a favorable benefit-risk ratio for a large number of children with cancer. Several years ago our attention was directed to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) as a drug combination with theoretical promise for activity against Pneumocystis carinii. This assumption was based on observations that a similar folate antagonist, pyrimethamine, in combination with a sulfonamide, had some therapeutic effect against P. carinii infections in both rats and humans. Frenkel et al. [1] reported that sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine effectively prevented experimental murine P. carinii disease. In a few single
Three-dimensional near-IR photonic crystals for optical interconnects using conventional silicon microfabrication techniques

We propose the design and fabrication of nanophotonic optical routing channels using three-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs) operating at telecommunication wavelengths. The fabrication method involves patterning a single planar etch mask and custom-tuned isotropic reactive-ion etching with passivation to create an array of spherical voids with three-dimensional symmetry. Introducing planar defects in the buried PhC lattice can create the optical routing channels. The dispersion properties of the embedded silicon three-dimensional (3D) PhC are utilized for the optical interconnect design. The proposed design has sub-micron routing capability and flexibility with overlay and arbitrary routing. The optoelectronic circuits can be fabricated using CMOS technology on the surface and the source and emitters can be flip chip bonded to emit down, through the silicon layer. The beam coupling can be done using angled mirror facets. The guiding mechanism is based on the three-dimensional self-collimation effect.
The proteins of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract The proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle by the method of Martonosi [ J. Biol. Chem. (1968) 243 , 71] have been shown by electrophoresis and other physical methods to be still aggregated when solubilized in either Triton X-100 or in water by the method of prior solubilization in 80% phenol. Total solubilization was achieved in sodium dodecyl sulfate and electrophoretic analysis in the presence of detergent showed the presence of a major protein A with a molecular weight close to 100,000. The incorporation of 32 P into this protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes indicated that it contained the Ca 2+ -dependent ATPase. The amino acid composition of protein A isolated by electrophoresis was identical to that of the whole sarcoplasmic reticulum protein. Analysis of solubilized sarcoplasmic reticulum or of protein A by electrophoresis in phenol:urea:acetic acid acrylamide gels or of reduced and carboxymethylated protein A in SDS-containing gels showed that it comprised two proteins, A1 and A2, both with molecular weights close to 100,000. Reduction of the two or three disulfide bonds in A1 and A2 did not affect their molecular weight. Cross-linking of protein A within the membrane was achieved with dimethylsuberimidate suggesting that a sizeable fraction of these protein molecules lie in very close proximity to each other in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The carbohydrate content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is also reported.
Administration of computer system resources

Mr. Harris emphasized that management is the first responsibility of the EDP manager, not technical detail work.
Noise thresholds for higher-dimensional systems using the discrete Wigner function

For a quantum computer acting on $d$-dimensional systems, we analyze the computational power of circuits wherein stabilizer operations are perfect, and we allow access to imperfect nonstabilizer states or operations. If the noise rate affecting the nonstabilizer resource is sufficiently high, then these states and operations can become simulable in the sense of the Gottesman-Knill theorem, reducing the overall power of the circuit to no better than classical. In this paper we find the depolarizing noise rate at which this happens and consequently the most robust nonstabilizer states and non-Clifford gates. In doing so, we make use of the discrete Wigner function and derive facets of the so-called qudit Clifford polytope, i.e., the inequalities defining the convex hull of all qudit Clifford gates. Our results for robust states are provably optimal. For robust gates we find a critical noise rate that, as dimension increases, rapidly approaches the the theoretical optimum of 100%. Some connections with the question of qudit magic state distillation are discussed.
Narrowband UVB phototherapy for psoriasis: results with fixed increments by skin type (as opposed to percentage increments)

Many authors currently advocate 10-20% dosage increments between phototherapy sessions when treating psoriasis with narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB). However, such regimens are associated with a risk of significant erythema. In order to reduce this risk, a fixed increment regimen was developed using increments ranging from 30 mJ/cm2 for skin type II to 150 mJ/cm2 for type VI. Starting doses, also based on skin type, range from 180 to 400 mJ/cm2. Data from 20 patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis [13 male, 7 female, age range 17-74, skin types II (3), III (10), IV (3), V (1), VI (3)] completing 27 courses of phototherapy of more than 3 weeks' duration between 8/96 and 12/97 were compared. Complete, or near-complete clearing occurred in 8/13 courses (62%) with a frequency of attendance (during the initial 24 sessions) of >2.5 sessions per week, 4/8 (50%) with a frequency of 2.0-2.5, and 1/6 (17%) with a frequency of <2.0. In the subset of patients taking low-dose oral retinoids, rates of clearing were higher. Overall, 10 of 20 patients (50%) cleared, usually within 24-30 sessions. The average maximum dosage in such cases was 1400 mJ/cm2. There were only 13 instances of minor erythema, and 1 instance of severe erythema resulting in desquamation and requiring interruption of treatment. This was due to the inadvertent administration of an excessive 300 mJ/cm2 increment to a type VI patient. In summary, using a conservative fixed increment regimen, clearing of psoriasis is possible while minimizing the risk of serious erythema. Results are enhanced when patients attend 3 phototherapy sessions per week.
A semester-long project in CS 2

Two years ago, like many others, our Computer Science program made the switch from Pascal to C++. As we had in the past, we continued the practice of teaching some principles of software engineering in the second course. Because students were working primarily on small projects, they were not seeing the need for the design techniques I was presenting. I decided to devise a semester-long project through which I could illustrate not only the use of standard data structures but also the need for employing principles of software engineering.
Full diffusion characterization implicates regionally disparate neuropathology in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is used to detect tissue pathology. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, DTI has been used to elucidate differences in disease stages and to track progression over time and clinical severity. Many of these studies have identified the fornix as particularly vulnerable in the early stages of pathology associated with memory decline in prodromal AD. Emerging research suggests principal tensor components, axial (DA) and radial (DR) diffusivity, are more sensitive to underlying tissue pathology than are mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA). Given the established regionally specific tissue decline in MCI, we examined components of the full diffusion tensor (MD, FA, DR, and DA) for sensitivity to regional pathology associated with specific memory deficits in 18 individuals with MCI. We investigated multiple regions of interest, including fornix, temporal stem, and control regions for association with severity of impairment on multiple memory measures, including a type of neuropsychological task shown to be particularly sensitive to early memory decline in MCI. Better paired associate learning was selectively associated with lower DA (β = -0.663, p = 0.003), but not with DR, MD, or FA of the temporal stems. Conversely, better paired associate learning was associated with lower DR (β = -0.523, p = 0.026), higher FA (β = 0.498, p = 0.036), and lower MD (β = -0.513, p = 0.030), but not DA in the fornix. No association was found for control regions, or for control cognitive measures. These findings suggest disparate pathology of temporal stems and fornix white matter in association with early memory impairment in MCI. Further, they highlight the methodological importance of evaluating the full tensor, rather than only summative metrics in research using DTI.
A novel multistep method for generating precise unidirectional deletions using BspMI, a class-IIS restriction enzyme

Abstract A novel approach is described that permits the introduction of unidirectional deletions into a cloned DNA fragment, in a precisely controlled manner. The method is based on the use of a special vector and a class-IIS restriction endonuclease, BspMI, which produces staggered cuts 4 and 8 nucleotides (nt) to the 3′ from its recognition site 5′-ACCTGC-3′. The DNA fragment is inserted into the pUC19-based plasmid, which contains a unique BspMI recognition site, and the appropriate number of cleavage-and-deletion cycles is performed, each cycle removing 4 bp. Since the recognition site is not affected by the BspMI cleavage, no recloning of the DNA fragment is necessary. Each cycle consists of (i) BspMI cleavage, (ii) removal of the 4-nt single-stranded cohesive ends with mung bean nuclease (MB), and (iii) blunt-end ligation to recircularize the plasmid. The shortened plasmid is reintroduced into the host, after one or after several such 4-bp deletion cycles. When DNA is inserted into the multiple cloning site in the lacZα. gene, the progress of 4-bp removal can be followed by determining the Lac phenotype, since removal of multiples of 3 bp retains the reading frame while other kinds of deletions distort (or restore) the reading frame. Loss of pre-existing restriction sites or creation of new ones also permits monitoring the progress of the deletion process. The partial fill-in of the cohesive ends with less than four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, as mediated by Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I (PolIk), would result in 1, 2 or 3-bp deletions or additions in a given cleavage cycle, which permits one to create precise deletions. An analogous series of cycles of BspMI cleavage employing a PolIk-mediated fill-in reaction instead of the MB digestion step, and followed by ligation, would permit one to synthesize various 4-bp direct-repeat sequences and desired variants of them.
Relationships of influenza a viruses with avian subtype 1 hemagglutinin including the fowl plague viruses

Abstract Seven influenza A viruses with avian subtype 1 hemagglutinin (Hav1) were compared on the basis of neutralization in embryonated chicken eggs, hemagglutination-inhibition, neuraminidase-inhibition, and plaque size determination in a MVPK-1 cell line. One virus, influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 was avirulent, whereas the other six isolates were virulent for avian species. The seven viruses were placed into four groups based on the above criteria: Group 1. Influenza A/FPV/Dutch/27, A/FPV/Brescia/02, and A/FPV/Steele/59; Group 2. A/FPV/Rostock/34, and A/FPV/Alexandria/45; Group 3. A/turkey/England/63; and Group 4. A/turkey/Oregon/71. The similarities and dissimilarities provide information as to the antigenic spectrum of the viruses that will be of importance in future vaccination studies.
Methamphetamine increases expression of the apoptotic c-myc and l-myc genes in the mouse brain

To clarify the possible mechanisms by which the recreational drug, methamphetamine (METH), induces apoptosis, we investigated its effects on the expression of Myc apoptotic genes. This paper presents the characterization of c-myc and L-myc gene transcription in the striatum and the cortex. In addition, the expression of the corresponding proteins was also evaluated. Our observations reveal that c-myc and L-myc were up-regulated by METH at both the mRNA and protein levels. Thus, myc transcription factors might be responsible for some aspects of METH-induced apoptotic processes.
A comparison of O2 and CO2 oxidation of glassy carbon surfaces

We have separated and studied with surface spectroscopies the dissociative adsorption step from the CO formation step in the O2 and CO2 gasification of glassy carbon. The reactive adsorption probabilities decreased with increased coverage. Differences between O2 and CO2 were apparent at high oxygen coverages where the dissociative adsorption probability at 300°C for CO2 drops below 10−14, which is orders of magnitude less than that of O2. Estimates for the activation energy for dissociative adsorption at high coverage are 32 kcal/mol for O2 and 50–60 kcal/mol for CO2. We have examined the thermal stabilities of the resultant oxidized surfaces that yield desorption energies and provide quantitative information about the product formation step in gasification reactions. A substantial fraction of the oxygen on the carbon surface is very stable with CO formation energies of >80 kcal/mol. The energies decrease as a function of increasing oxygen coverage and at high coverages decrease below 70 kcal/mol. The energetics of CO formation from lattice carbon limit the rate of gasification by CO2. The increased gasification activity for O2 is associated with a more facile gaseous dissociation step causing higher oxygen coverages, which in turn generates lower energy CO formation sites.
Dynamic-Load-Enabled Ultra-low Power Multiple-State RRAM Devices

Bipolar resistance-switching materials allowing intermediate states of wide-varying resistance values hold the potential of drastically reduced power for non-volatile memory. To exploit this potential, we have introduced into a nanometallic resistance-random-access-memory (RRAM) device an asymmetric dynamic load, which can reliably lower switching power by orders of magnitude. The dynamic load is highly resistive during on-switching allowing access to the highly resistive intermediate states; during off-switching the load vanishes to enable switching at low voltage. This approach is entirely scalable and applicable to other bipolar RRAM with intermediate states. The projected power is 12 nW for a 100 × 100 nm2 device and 500 pW for a 10 × 10 nm2 device. The dynamic range of the load can be increased to allow power to be further decreased by taking advantage of the exponential decay of wave-function in a newly discovered nanometallic random material, reaching possibly 1 pW for a 10×10 nm2 nanometallic RRAM device.
Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.
Evidence for singlet oxygen quenching by biliverdin IX-α dimethyl ester and its relevance to bilirubin photo-oxidation

Summary Biliverdin IX-α dimethyl ester inhibits the sensitized and unsensitized photo-oxidation of bilirubin IX-α. Biliverdin IX-α is probably not an intermediate in the main pathway of bilirubin photo-oxidation in vitro .
Receptivity of a supersonic boundary layer over a flat plate. Part 3. Effects of different types of free-stream disturbances

Supersonic boundary-layer receptivity to different types of free-stream disturbance is studied for a Mach 4.5 boundary-layer flow over a flat plate by using the approaches of both direct numerical simulation and linear stability theory. This paper is Part 3 of a three-part study of the receptivity of supersonic boundary layers to free-stream disturbances. The present paper investigates receptivity to four types of different free-stream disturbances, i.e. slow and fast acoustic waves, entropy waves, and vorticity waves. A high-order shock-fitting scheme is used in the numerical simulation in order to accurately account for the effects of interactions between free-stream disturbance waves and the oblique shock wave. Numerical results on the generation of fast acoustic waves by free-stream entropy waves or vorticity waves are compared with those of a linear theory. Good agreement is obtained in both wave angles and amplitudes immediately behind the bow shock. It is found that the second-mode receptivity to free-stream slow acoustic waves is several times stronger than that to free-stream fast acoustic waves. This is because free-stream slow acoustic waves can directly induce and interact with the first and second Mack modes, while free-stream fast acoustic waves cannot. Instead, the free-stream fast acoustic waves can only induce and interact with stable mode I waves, which in turn induce unstable Mack modes. In the cases of receptivity to free-stream entropy waves and vorticity waves, it is found that the oblique shock wave created by the displacement of the boundary layer plays an important role because boundary-layer disturbances are mainly induced by fast acoustic waves generated behind the shock by free-stream forcing waves. As a result, mechanisms of the receptivity to free-stream entropy and vorticity waves are very similar to those of the receptivity to free-stream fast acoustic waves.
Properties of Ti–6Al–4V non-stochastic lattice structures fabricated via electron beam melting

Abstract This paper addresses foams which are known as non-stochastic foams, lattice structures, or repeating open cell structure foams. The paper reports on preliminary research involving the design and fabrication of non-stochastic Ti–6Al–4V alloy structures using the electron beam melting (EBM) process. Non-stochastic structures of different cell sizes and densities were investigated. The structures were tested in compression and bending, and the results were compared to results from finite element analysis simulations. It was shown that the build angle and the build orientation affect the properties of the lattice structures. The average compressive strength of the lattice structures with a 10% relative density was 10 MPa, the flexural modulus was 200 MPa and the strength to density ration was 17. All the specimens were fabricated on the EBM A2 machine using a melt speed of 180 mm/s and a beam current of 2 mA. Future applications and FEA modeling were discussed in the paper.
Sun Protection is Fun! A skin cancer prevention program for preschools.

: Children and their caregivers are prime candidates for intervention to curb the rising incidence of skin cancer in the United States. Preschools provide a unique opportunity to influence the sun protection practices of parents and teachers on behalf of young children. Sun Protection is Fun!, a comprehensive skin cancer prevention program developed by The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in collaboration with The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center School of Public Health, was introduced to preschools in the greater Houston area. The program's intervention methods are grounded in Social Cognitive Theory and emphasize symbolic modeling, vicarious learning, enactive mastery experiences, and persuasion. Program components include a curriculum and teacher's guide, videos, newsletters, handbooks, staff development, group meetings designed to encourage schoolwide changes to support the program, and sunscreen. The intervention map, including objectives for program development, implementation, and evaluation, is discussed.
Improved adhesion of ultra-hard carbon films on cobalt-chromium orthopaedic implant alloy.

While interfacial graphite formation and subsequent poor film adhesion is commonly reported for chemical vapor deposited hard carbon films on cobalt-based materials, we find the presence of O2 in the feedgas mixture to be useful in achieving adhesion on a CoCrMo alloy. Nucleation studies of surface structure before formation of fully coalesced hard carbon films reveal that O2 feedgas helps mask the catalytic effect of cobalt with carbon through early formation of chromium oxides and carbides. The chromium oxides, in particular, act as a diffusion barrier to cobalt, minimizing its migration to the surface where it would otherwise interact deleteriously with carbon to form graphite. When O2 is not used, graphitic soot forms and films delaminate readily upon cooling to room temperature. Continuous 1 μm-thick nanostructured carbon films grown with O2 remain adhered with measured hardness of 60 GPa and show stable, non-catastrophic circumferential micro-cracks near the edges of indent craters made using Rockwell indentation.
Ultra-violet laser doping of silicon

Abstract In situ generation of boron from triethyl boron has been used in the ultra-violet laser doping of silicon, over a range of dopant concentrations. The quality of the doped material has been investigated using Auger electron analysis and electrical probes, and indicates that high activated dopant concentrations are readily achieved, although the purity of the material is degraded by unwanted alkyl derivatives.
The whole chloroplast genome of shrub willows (Salix suchowensis)

The whole chloroplast genome of Salix suchowensis was determined in this study using next generation sequencing data. The total genome size was 155,214 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 27,459 bp, which were separated by large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) of 84,077 bp and 16,219 bp, respectively. The overall GC contents of the chloroplast genome were 36.73%. One hundred and ten unique genes were annotated, including 76 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Among these, 18 are duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, 14 genes contained 1 intron, and 3 genes (rps12, clpP and ycf3) comprised of 2 introns.
Hydration dependent dynamics in RNA

The essential role played by local and collective motions in RNA function has led to a growing interest in the characterization of RNA dynamics. Recent investigations have revealed that even relatively simple RNAs experience complex motions over multiple time scales covering the entire ms–ps motional range. In this work, we use deuterium solid-state NMR to systematically investigate motions in HIV-1 TAR RNA as a function of hydration. We probe dynamics at three uridine residues in different structural environments ranging from helical to completely unrestrained. We observe distinct and substantial changes in 2H solid-state relaxation times and lineshapes at each site as hydration levels increase. By comparing solid-state and solution state 13C relaxation measurements, we establish that ns–μs motions that may be indicative of collective dynamics suddenly arise in the RNA as hydration reaches a critical point coincident with the onset of bulk hydration. Beyond that point, we observe smaller changes in relaxation rates and lineshapes in these highly hydrated solid samples, compared to the dramatic activation of motion occurring at moderate hydration.
My people, right or wrong? Minimal group membership disrupts preschoolers’ selective trust.

Abstract When preschoolers decide to trust one speaker over another, how does group membership influence their tracking of speaker reliability? In Experiment 1, 4-year-olds were assigned to arbitrary groups of no social significance ( Dunham et al., 2011 , Tajfel et al., 1971 ) and asked to endorse novel object labels provided by two ingroup members, one of whom was reliable and the second of whom was unreliable. Children selectively trusted the more reliable informant. In Experiment 2, we asked whether ingroup status or reliability would determine children's choices and found that 4-year-olds failed to trust reliable outgroup members over unreliable ingroup members (or vice versa). Experiment 3 showed that the failure of trust in Experiment 2 was not due to the mere inclusion of both ingroup and outgroup members: children presented with a control paradigm in which the ingroup members were reliable trusted reliable ingroup members over unreliable outgroup members. Children's use of reliability as an indicator of future credibility therefore appears disrupted when outgroup status and reliability are in conflict, even when group membership is arbitrary.
Interaction of boron cluster ions with water: Single collision dynamics and sequential etching

Reactions of mass‐selected, cooled, boron cluster ions (B+n, n=1–14) with water have been studied for collision energies from 0.1 to 6.0 eV. Most work was done with D2O, however isotope effects were examined for selected reactant cluster ions. For all size clusters there are exoergic product channels, which in most cases have no activation barriers. Cross sections are generally large, however there are fluctuations with cluster size in total reactivity, collision energy dependences, and in product distributions. For small cluster ions, there is a multitude of product channels. For clusters larger than B+6, the product distributions are dominated by a single channel: Bn−1D++DBO. Under multiple collision conditions, the primary products undergo a remarkable sequence of secondary ‘‘etching’’ reactions. As these occur, boron atoms are continuously replaced by hydrogen, and the intermediate products retain the composition: Bn−mH+m. This highly efficient chemistry appears to continue unchanged as the compositio...
The preparation of some group VI fluorometal carbonyl derivatives

Abstract It has been found that fluoride ion can behave as a ligand towards the Group VI metal carbonyls. Thus the anions Cr(CO) 5 F − and W(CO) 5 F − were isolated and characterized. These products could be prepared by reaction of [(C 6 H 5 ) 3 P] 2 NF with the hexacarbonyls or by reaction of AgF with the dianions M 2 (CO) 10 2− (M = Cr or W). Their infrared spectra are discussed.
‘In my Senegalese quality and as a compatriot’: Senegalese students in the metropolis and the language of affinity, 1880–1890

Abstract This article argues that experience in the metropolis has long played a significant role in the attitudes and worldviews of Senegalese elites. As such, travel to France has had profound implications for local understandings of nationality, culture, and race, well before the interwar period during which Negritude and other cultural movements flourished. The article analyzes a controversy surrounding a small group of students, which included Blaise Diagne, at a school in Aix-en-Provence, France during the 1880s, paying special attention to letters the students addressed to the Ministry of the Colonies. In their letters, students described themselves as ‘compatriots’ and made claims to certain rights. The article concludes that categories like ‘compatriot’ and even nation took on new significance in France. Given former students’ prominent positions after returning to Senegal, travel to the metropolis had great potential to shape cultural and political understandings at home.
Conventionland USA: The Geography of a Latterday Phenomenon

The recent productions of social history include, among others, the staging of those ephemeral gatherings known as conventions. As one of the pioneers in this important mode of circulation and comm...
Multi-channel acoustic recording and automated analysis of Drosophila courtship songs

Background Drosophila melanogaster has served as a powerful model system for genetic studies of courtship songs. To accelerate research on the genetic and neural mechanisms underlying courtship song, we have developed a sensitive recording system to simultaneously capture the acoustic signals from 32 separate pairs of courting flies as well as software for automated segmentation of songs.
From the Interpersonal to the International: Understanding Commitment to the “War on Terror”

Applying constructs from the investment model used traditionally to understand interpersonal commitment, the present investigation seeks to elucidate social cognitive antecedents of commitment to the war on terror waged by the United States. In Study 1, satisfaction with, investments in, and alternatives to the war on terror predict levels of commitment to the war beyond several important control variables. In Study 2, levels of satisfaction with, investments in, and alternatives to the war are experimentally manipulated. The highest levels of commitment to the war are observed among participants exposed to a high satisfaction, high investment, and low alternatives scenario, and the lowest levels are among those exposed to a low satisfaction, low investment, and high alternatives scenario. These results support broadening the targets of commitment normally considered within the context of the investment model and suggest applying relational models to understanding broader societal concerns.
Effects of Heat and Mass Transfer on Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

The effect on the interfacial gravity wave between two fluids is studied when there is a temperature gradient in the fluids. It is found that the thermal effect is closely related to the phase transformation across the interface. The interfacial conditions with mass flow are first derived. Then the dispersion relation for the interfacial wave is obtained. It is found that the effect of evaporation is to damp the interfacial wave and to enhance the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. It is also found that the system will be stabilized or destabilized depending on whether the vapor is hotter or colder than the liquid.
New method for the determination of protein N-linked homocysteine.

Abstract Homocysteine (Hcy) is incorporated into protein via a reaction of the thioester Hcy–thiolactone with e-amino group of a protein lysine residue. This reaction leads to impairment and alteration of protein’s function and has been implicated in atherothrombotic disease. However, the data regarding N-linked Hcy content in proteins are limited, mostly due to a lack of facile assays. Here I describe a new sensitive assay for the determination of protein N-linked Hcy and demonstrate its utility for individual proteins and biological fluids. N-linked Hcy is liberated from proteins by acid hydrolysis and converted to Hcy–thiolactone, which is then purified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography on a cation exchange column. The quantification is by fluorescence after postcolumn derivatization with o -phthaldialdehyde. Using this assay, the levels of N-linked Hcy in individual pure proteins were found to vary from as high as 0.470–0.515 mol/mol protein for human and equine ferritins to as low as 0.00006 mol/mol protein for chicken lysozyme. Hemoglobins from a variety of species contained more N-linked Hcy than did corresponding albumins (0.0127–0.0828 vs. 0.0027–0.0086 mol/mol). Normal human plasma and milk were found to contain submicromolar concentrations of protein N-linked Hcy, whereas cow milk and whey contained micromolar concentrations of protein N-linked Hcy.
Threescore and ten: Fire, place, and loss in the West

He died protecting his pines. It was spring, 1948, and Aldo Leopold was spending time with his family at their beloved cabin they called "the Shack." Over the years, he had planted close to 30,000 trees and shrubs on the property, trying to resuscitate a tired Wisconsin sand farm into some semblance of ecological health.2 Leopold was keenly aware of fire's natural role in ecosystems, but sometimes there's more to fire and living with fire than energy flow, nutrient flush, and plant physiology.3 During the Leopolds' stay at the Shack, a neighbor's trash fire, fanned by a west wind, escaped its bounds and threatened to overtake the pines. Alone, along one flank of the fire, Aldo suffered a heart attack and was later found dead, lying on his back in the smoldering grass.4 For the love of pines. In A Sand County Almanac (accepted for publication just one week before his death), Leopold explores several possible reasons for his bias
Abstract 4797: Global phosphotyrosine survey reveals the evidence of activation of multiple tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in basal-like breast cancer cells

About 10-15% of all breast cancers are basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) that are highly aggressive and lack effective targeted therapeutic options as they lack ER, PR and Her-2. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is one the most important post-translational modifications and is involved in almost all kinds of cellular processes. Tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) accounts for a minority of total phosphorylation, less than 0.1% by overall abundance. However, pY plays a disproportionately large role in diseases especially in cancer. More than half of the 90 tyrosine kinases identified in the human proteome have been implicated in cancer through gain-of-function mutations, gene amplification, overexpression, or as tumor suppressors and become attractive therapeutic targets. To assess activated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in TNBCs, we collected a panel of 28 publicly available triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and systematically analyzed the invasiveness and anchorage independent growth of this panel of cell lines. We carried out global quantitative phosphotyrosine profiling using high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. In all, we identified 2,133 tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from more than 800 proteins. A number of tyrosine kinases were found to be differentially phosphorylated in different sets of breast cancer cells. Pathway analysis revealed that phosphorylation level of certain oncogenic kinases including EGFR, MET, FAK1 and SRC was elevated in a majority of basal-like breast cancer cells. Notably, multiple members of EPH receptor family, EPHA1, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHB3 and EPHB4, were hyper-phosphorylated in multiple basal-like breast cancer cells. Supervised clustering analysis of phosphorylated proteins identified specific phospho-signatures that correlated with invasiveness and anti-anoikis colony formation ability. One of these hyper-phosphorylated proteins was DYRK2, a dual specificity tyrosine kinase. We observed that DYRK2 had an effect on colony formation and invasive ability on a subset of TNBC cell lines. Overall, our global phosphoproteomic study confirms high heterogeneity in the activation status of tyrosine kinases across triple negative breast cancer cells and suggests that some of them are attractive candidates as therapeutic targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4797. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4797
MODIS Observations of Enhanced Clear Sky Reflectance Near Clouds

Several recent studies have found that the brightness of clear sky systematically increases near clouds. Understanding this increase is important both for a correct interpretation of observations and for improving our knowledge of aerosol-cloud interactions. However, while the studies suggested several processes to explain the increase, the significance of each process is yet to be determined. This study examines one of the suggested processes three-dimensional (3-D) radiative interactions between clouds and their surroundings by analyzing a large dataset of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. The results indicate that 3-D effects are responsible for a large portion of the observed increase, which extends to about 15 km away from clouds and is stronger (i) at shorter wavelengths (ii) near optically thicker clouds and (iii) near illuminated cloud sides. This implies that it is important to account for 3-D radiative effects in the interpretation of solar reflectance measurements over clear regions in the vicinity of clouds.