cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gendered Behavior in Subsistence Riots: The French Flour War of 1775

The special significance of women's participation in pre-industrial subsistence riots has generated increased attention in recent years. But we still have little precise information on what forms women's participation took; moreover, we still know next to nothing about either the relation of women's roles and motives to those of men, or the implications of gender-specific forms of protest for the riots themselves. Knowing these points would contribute to our understanding of the dynamic of early-modem society in general and of popular protest specifically, for although historians have sometimes ignored or minimized the significance of gender roles in pre-industrial popular movements, the rioters and authorities themselves emphatically did not. This paper, therefore, constructs a collective profile of female and male rioters and analyzes gender-specific forms of participation and theaters of action for a series of riots known as the guerre des farines or Flour War that erupted in the Parisian basin in the Spring of 1775. It compares female and male behavior to assess the logic that underpinned their roles. This analysis of gender-specific behavior generates evidence, otherwise obscured, to support the hypothesis that the Flour War, while taking the traditional form of the subsistence riot and focusing on traditional issues, also manifested behavior and encompassed grievances that were propelled by profound changes underway in French society, changes accelerating uneven economic and social development, renegotiating local political relations, and reshaping constructions of gender.' The Flour War incorporated an unprecedented degree of violence in the countryside, in addition to the predictable upheaval in market towns and cities. Within this expanded crucible, reactions intensified as men appeared in significant numbers, sometimes constituting a large majority. This unexpected development excited an intense reaction among victims and authorities alike,2 for prior to the Flour War, subsistence riots were predominantly female terrain.3 That so many men swelled the protesting ranks in 1775 and played prominent roles suggests a changing outlook, and indeed the explanation for this male behavior lies in a deteriorating male status4 among the menu peuple that subjected them to concerns similar to those of their wives, sisters, mothers and daughters. Men were prepared to face massive repression from authorities who saw them as politically more dangerous than women even as their precarious material and social conditions drove them to embrace traditional female responses to a subsistence crisis. When they acted in great numbers and in specific spheres, however, men further charged the movement with political significance in the eyes of the Ancien Regime state.
Postpartum hemorrhage: state and national response.

Purpose of reviewThe rise in maternal mortality has raised a significant concern for epidemiologists and providers. One of the most preventable and frequent causes of maternal death is hemorrhage-related events. Most providers of obstetrical care see such complications on a frequent basis, and the c
An Allosteric Network in LRH-1 Mediates Phospholipid-Driven Gene Regulation

The orphan nuclear receptor (NR) liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) has been adopted after the discovery that phospholipids (PLs) could bind to its ligand binding pocket (LBP) and drive the regulatio...
Dissecting the two models of TCR structure–function relationships

There are only two comprehensive models attempting to account for the TCR structure–function relationships, referred to as the Standard or Centric model (Model I) and the Tritope model (Model II). This essay is written to analyze comparatively the two formulations of restrictive reactivity, stressing in particular the logic of each. Model I is essentially built on an analogy between the TCR and the BCR. Given a TCR with only one combining site (paratope), restrictive recognition requires that its ligand be viewed as a composite structure between the peptide and restricting element. It is this relationship that entrains a set of correlates that makes Model I untenable. Model II is predicated on the postulate that the recognition of the allele-specific determinants expressed by MHC-encoded restricting elements (R) is germline encoded and selected, whereas the recognition of peptide (P) is somatically encoded and selected. These selective pressures must operate on definable structures and this, in turn, necessitates a multiply recognitive T cell antigen receptor (TCR) with independent anti-R and anti-P paratopes that function coherently to signal restrictive reactivity. The consequences of this “two repertoire” postulate give us a concept of TCR structure quite distinct from that at present generally accepted, as well as a surprising relationship between numbers of functional TCR V gene segments and allele-specific determinants in the species. In the end, both models must deal with the relationship between the epitope–paratope interaction(s) and the signals to the T cell necessary for its differentiation and function.
Strategy Optimization and Commission on Primary Air Pressure Control in Supercritical Thermal Power Unit

This paper introduces control strategy of primary air pressure for 600 MW supercritical thermal power unit in Zhejiang Yueqing plant,analyzes the control process in various conditions,and optimizes the control strategy for the actual problems in special working conditions,such as starting or stopping mill normally,all kinds of RB.The strategy has been in practice and the effect is good.The reference may be provided for other units to do the similar optimization.
STATIC EXTERNAL FIXATION IN THE HAND AND CARPUS

Static external fixation in the hand and carpus remains a valuable part of the hand surgeon's armamentarium for the treatment of complex injuries. This article describes a brief history, indications, case examples, and complications using these constructs. Pertinent pitfalls are emphasized to avoid suboptimal outcomes.
Mining free text for structure

Knowledge of the structural organization of information in documents can be of significant assistance to information systems that use documents as their knowledge bases. In particular, such knowledge is of use to information retrieval systems that retrieve documents in response to user queries. This chapter presents an approach to mining free-text documents for structure that is qualitative in nature. It complements the statistical and machine-learning approaches, insomuch as the structural organization of information in documents is discovered through mining free text for content markers left behind by document writers. The ultimate objective is to find scalable data mining (DM) solutions for free-text documents in exchange for modest knowledge-engineering requirements. The problem of mining free text for structure is addressed in the context of finding structural components of files of frequently asked questions (FAQs) associated with many USENET newsgroups. The chapter describes a system that mines FAQs for structural components. The chapter concludes with an outline of possible future trends in the structural mining of free text.
Highlights of the Year in JACC2005

### Anthony N. DeMaria, MD #### General echocardiography Although attention has recently focused upon the left atrium as a marker of the chronic state of left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, the relationship between left atrial volume and diastolic dysfunction has not been clearly defined.
CCDC26 Polymorphisms Are Differentially Expressed in Myeloid Malignancies with Mutant IDH1 Compared to Their IDH2R140-Mutated or IDH-Unmutated Counterparts

Abstract 2807 CCDC26 is a retinoic acid-dependent modulator of myeloid cell differentiation and death ( Yin W et al. Oncogene 2006 :25 :3735 ). CCDC26 maps to chromosome 8q24.21 and germline polymorphisms in the gene have been associated with low-grade gliomas ( Jenkins RB et al. Cancer Genetics 2011;204 :13 ), which in turn have recently been shown to frequently express IDH1 mutations ( Parsons D et al, Science 2008;321 :1807 ). More recently, we have discovered that CCDC26 SNP associations in gliomas are primarily restricted to patients with IDH1 mutations ( Jenkins et al. unpublished observations ). We therefore hypothesized that germline CCDC26 SNPS might be associated with patients with myeloid malignancies that harbor IDH1 mutations ( Mardis et al. NEJM 2009;361 :1058 ). Seventy-two IDH -mutated patients with chronic or blast phase myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia (most constituting post-MPN events) were identified: 18 IDH1 R132, one IDH2 R172 and 53 IDH2 R140. These 72 patients and a control group of 153 IDH unmutated cases with myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic neoplasms (total n =225) were genotyped for CCDC26 risk alleles associated with IDH -mutated gliomas: rs10464870, [rs891835][1] and rs4295627. The respective minor allele frequencies (MAF) were significantly different between IDH1 (11%, 8% and 6%) and IDH2 (30%, 27% and 24%) mutated cases (p=0.037, 0.040 and 0.021; OR 3.4, 3.7 and 6.1 with 95% CI of 1.1–10.5, 1.1–13.0 and 1.3–28.9) as well as between IDH - wild type (24%, 24% and 21%) and IDH1 -mutated (11%, 8% and 6%) cases (p=0.10, 0.043 and 0.035; OR 0.42, 0.29 and 0.21 with 95% CI of 0.15–1.19, 0.09–0.96 and 0.05–0.90). The MAF values in our IDH -unmutated cases were similar to that of population-based controls. However, the direction of SNP associations in IDH1 -mutated myeloid malignancies were opposite of those seen in IDH1 -mutated gliomas. Our observations suggest a differential effect of CCDC26 genetic polymorphisms in IDH1 -mutated myeloid malignancies compared to either their IDH2 R140-mutated or IDH1 -mutated gliomas. Such differences in genomic context might contribute to hitherto seen differences in prognostic impact between IDH2 R140 vs. IDH1 R132 vs. IDH2 R172, in AML ( Green CL et al. Blood Published online before print May 19, 2011, doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-322479 ). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=rs891835&atom=%2Fbloodjournal%2F118%2F21%2F2807.atom
A component-by-component characterisation of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques by multiphoton microscopic imaging.

Summary Aims: Atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture are almost always inflamed, and carry a large lipid core covered by a thin fibrous cap. The other components may include neovascularisation, intraplaque haemorrhage and spotty calcification. In contrast, stable plaques are characterised by a predominance of smooth muscle cells and collagen, and lipid core is usually deep seated or absent. This study is a proof of principle experiment to evaluate the feasibility of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to identify aforementioned plaque components. Methods and Results: MPM is a nonlinear optical technique that allows imaging based on intrinsic tissue signals including autofluorescence and higher-order scattering. In our study, MPM imaging was performed on morphologically diverse aortic and coronary artery plaques obtained during autopsy. Various histologically verified plaque components including macrophages, cholesterol crystals, haemorrhage, collagen and calcification were recognised by MPM. Conclusions: Recognition of the distinct signatures of various plaque components suggests that MPM has the potential to offer next-generation characterisation of atherosclerotic plaques. The higher lateral resolution (comparable to histology) images generated by MPM for identifying plaque components might complement larger field of view and greater imaging depth currently available with optical coherence tomography imaging. As the next step MPM would need to be evaluated for intact vessel imaging ex vivo and in vivo.
Preparing for the Surge: A Half-Day Emergency Preparedness Training Course for the "Second Front".

Purpose Clinical disaster medicine requires providers working collaboratively to care for multiple patients, yet many clinicians lack competency-based training. A 5-hour emergency preparedness training (EPT) curriculum was created using didactics, small group discussion, and scenario-based learning. The goal was to evaluate the effect of a short course on improving clinical-provider knowledge, confidence and skill. Methods Participants were enrolled in a medical university between 2011 and 2014. The course consisted of didactic lectures, small group exercises, and live mass-casualty training scenarios. Core competencies and performance objectives were developed by a task force and assessed via facilitator observation, pre- and posttesting, and a course evaluation. Results A total of 708 participants were trained, including 49.9% physicians, 31.9% medical students, 7.2% nurses, and 11% allied health personnel. The average percentage of correct answers increased from 39% to 60% (P<0.01). Following didactics, trainees met 73% and 96% of small group performance objectives. Trainees also met 68.5% and 61.1% of the mass-casualty performance objectives. Average trainee self-assessment of disaster-preparedness skill improved from 36 to 73 points out of 100. Conclusion A brief, intensive EPT course can improve the disaster knowledge and comfort level of a diverse group of clinical providers as well as foster disaster-performance skills. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:121–126)
Toward the End: Corruption, the Family, and Struggles for Succession

Toward the End: Corruption: The Family, and Struggles for Succession. Chapter 5 discusses: the rise of corruption under Kenyatta; use of public office for personal gain; the matter of conspicuous consumption. Western corporations and corruptions; and the ruling elite as the new collaborators. Mechanics of corruption; a system rigged to favor the ruling elite. Kenyatta and corruption; the extent of his family’s involvement in scandalous corruption. Lack of Western rebuke to Kenyatta, his family or the ruling elite. Why? Disillusionment and evident discontent toward Kenyatta, his brutal response; further assassinations; hints of arrest and resort to further repression and the rise of undiluted ethnic nationalism. A house divided and almost on fire. Toward the end and struggles for succession. A detailed outline of all major politicians and their political inclinations was prepared by the intelligence services and presented to the British government only a few months before Kenyatta’s death. Would Western imperial interests be threatened or jeopardized after Kenyatta? Would radical nationalists reemerge after Kenyatta? In the end, the British were assured that “their man” would take over after Kenyatta. And he did.
Transient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation in Single Nanoparticle Collision

We report the observation of electrocatalytic water oxidation during transient collision and oxidation of single-Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on a gold ultra-microelectrode (UME). Collision and oxidation of single-Ag NPs are studied under higher positive potentials (≥1 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode) on a gold UME than previously used. The use of higher potentials allows us to observe several unique features not seen at lower potentials (0.6–0.8 V), including a greatly increased collision frequency and the appearance of subcollision peaks with a long current tail. Moreover, the average charge transferred in a collision event is 3–5 times more than that estimated from a complete NP oxidation. Our results suggest that the enhanced charge transfer is due to coupled water oxidation catalyzed by Ag oxide transiently formed upon NP collision. A pH-dependence study was further performed to reveal a characteristic feature of water oxidation, and the formation of silver oxide was directly confirmed by single-NP fluorescence...
Anesthesia Considerations for Facial Deformity Repair in Lesser Developed Countries

Anesthesiologists perform a key function in the repair of facial deformities by evaluating patients for their anesthetic risk, identifying those that may be problematic in the lesser developed country (LDC) setting, managing the homeostasis of appropriate patients both intraoperatively and postoperatively, as well as providing postoperative analgesia. Fasting guidelines from both the ASA and ESA provide guidance on the management of infants and children for anesthesia. A review of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with congenital heart disease is an important consideration before surgical intervention. The use of evidence-based guidance on transfusion practice as well as various anesthetic induction approaches to these children is provided. Anesthetic considerations of patients with cystic hygromas and hemangiomas are reviewed.
Factors contributing to cancer‐related suicide: A study of root‐cause analysis reports

Objective Vast efforts are directed toward curing or prolonging the life of patients with cancer. However, less attention is given to mental health aspects of cancer care, and there is elevated incidence of death by suicide in this population. Evaluating Root Cause Analyses (RCAs) of cancer-related suicides may further our understanding of system-level factors that may contribute to suicide in patients with cancer and highlight strategies to mitigate this risk. Methods We searched the Veterans Health Administration National Center for Patient Safety RCA database for cancer-related suicides between 2002 and 2017 to evaluate the context of the suicides and identify root causes and suggested actions. These variables were coded by consensus and evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results We identified 64 RCA reports involving cancer-related suicide; 100% were males of older age. Many suicides occurred during treatment with palliative intent (44%, N = 28). Depression (59%, N = 38), medical comorbidities (59%, N = 38), and pain (47%, N = 30) were common suicide risk factors identified. Most suicides occurred within 7 days of a medical visit (67%, N = 43), especially within the first 24 hours (41%, N = 26). Root causes included a need to improve recognition of triggers for assessment and interdisciplinary communication. Conclusion This analysis uncovers opportunities to mitigate risk of death by suicide among patients with cancer. Suggested actions include use of comprehensive cancer centers and development of a distress checklist using information from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. Further studies should assess additional factors that may increase the risk of other adverse mental health outcomes in this population.
Process recovery

In many disciplines, the scientist uses the shape of an entity to infer processes that have acted upon the entity. We develop inference rules by which the curvature extrema of a shape can be used to infer the precise trajectories of processes that have created the shape. A formal grammar is also elaborated by which, given two views of the same entity at two developmental stages, the scientist can infer the processes that acted in between the two stages.
An Acinetobacter baumannii, Zinc-Regulated Peptidase Maintains Cell Wall Integrity during Immune-Mediated Nutrient Sequestration.

Summary Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen capable of causing wound infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia. During infection, A. baumannii must acquire Zn to survive and colonize the host. Vertebrates have evolved mechanisms to sequester Zn from invading pathogens by a process termed nutritional immunity. One of the most upregulated genes during Zn starvation encodes a putative cell wall-modifying enzyme which we named ZrlA. We found that inactivation of zrlA diminished growth of A. baumannii during Zn starvation. Additionally, this mutant strain displays increased cell envelope permeability, decreased membrane barrier function, and aberrant peptidoglycan muropeptide abundances. This altered envelope increases antibiotic efficacy both in vitro and in an animal model of A. baumannii pneumonia. These results establish ZrlA as a crucial link between nutrient metal uptake and cell envelope homeostasis during A. baumannii pathogenesis, which could be targeted for therapeutic development.
Cellular Slime Molds

The cellular slime molds are designated as the order Acrasiales within the phylum Myxomycophyta. Although several genera and many species have been described, the bulk of current investigations have been carried out with Dictyostelium discoideum. This species has a particularly interesting and well-defined morphogenetic sequence and constructs fruiting bodies under a wide variety of environmental conditions. Two related species, Dictyostelium mucoroides and Dictyostelium purpureum, have also benn utilized. A member of another genus, Polysphondylium pallidum, has gained prominence as the first cellular slime mold to be cultivated axenically on defined media (M. Sussman, 1963; Hohl and Raper, 1963). However, as P. pallidum constructs fruiting bodies more slowly than D. discoideum and more fastidiously, the latter has been the species of choice for growth either in association with bacteria and more recently, axenically, (Sussman, 1966; Sussman and Sussman, 1967). A partial listing and classification of the more common slime molds appears below in Table 1.
Copper-Catalyzed Electrophilic Chlorocyclization Reaction Using Sodium Chloride as the Source of Electrophilic Chlorine.

The synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzo[b]thiophenes with selective placement of a chlorine moiety at the 3 position while maintaining diversity at the 2 position has only been accomplished by a h...
Clinical Approach to Pediatric Transverse Myelitis, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Pediatric transverse myelitis (TM) is an acquired, immune-mediated disorder that leads to injury of the spinal cord and often manifests as weakness, numbness, bowel dysfunction, and/or bladder dysfunction. Multiple etiologies for myelitis can result in a similar clinical presentation, including idiopathic transverse myelitis (TM), multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyeltis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) associated with anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies, MOG antibody-associated disease, and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Diagnosis relies on clinical recognition of the syndrome and confirming inflammation through imaging and/or laboratory studies. Acute treatment is targeted at decreasing immune-mediated injury, and chronic preventative therapy may be indicated if TM is determined to be a manifestation of a relapsing disorder (i.e., NMOSD). Timely recognition and treatment of acute transverse myelitis is essential, as it can be associated with significant morbidity and long-term disability.
Amylin and pramlintide modulate γ-secretase level and APP processing in lipid rafts.

A major characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of misfolded amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Several studies linked AD with type 2 diabetes due to similarities between Aβ and human amylin. This study investigates the effect of amylin and pramlintide on Aβ pathogenesis and the predisposing molecular mechanism(s) behind the observed effects in TgSwDI mouse, a cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and AD model. Our findings showed that thirty days of intraperitoneal injection with amylin or pramlintide increased Aβ burden in mice brains. Mechanistic studies revealed both peptides altered the amyloidogenic pathway and increased Aβ production by modulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) and γ-secretase levels in lipid rafts. In addition, both peptides increased levels of B4GALNT1 enzyme and GM1 ganglioside, and only pramlintide increased the level of GM2 ganglioside. Increased levels of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides play an important role in regulating amyloidogenic pathway proteins in lipid rafts. Increased brain Aβ burden by amylin and pramlintide was associated with synaptic loss, apoptosis, and microglia activation. In conclusion, our findings showed amylin or pramlintide increase Aβ levels and related pathology in TgSwDI mice brains, and suggest that increased amylin levels or the therapeutic use of pramlintide could increase the risk of AD.
Distributed Barrier Certificates for Safe Operation of Inverter-Based Microgrids

Inverter-interfaced microgrids differ from the traditional power systems due to their lack of inertia. Vanishing timescale separation between voltage and frequency dynamics makes it critical that faster-timescale stabilizing control laws also guarantee by-construction the satisfaction of voltage limits during transients. In this article, we apply a barrier functions method to compute distributed active and reactive power setpoint control laws that certify satisfaction of voltage limits during transients. Using sum-of-squares optimization tools, we propose an algorithmic construction of these control laws. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the proposed method.
Communicating via Augmented Reality for Human-Robot Teaming in Field Environments

This work focuses on the critical problem of treating humans and autonomous robots as peer teammates for tasks performed in unstructured, uninstrumented environments. To accomplish this peer relationship, we propose to use the communication of information to the human and the autonomous robot teammate as a method of influencing their behavior. We use augmented reality technology to achieve a bidirectional communication of information between teammates. We outline multiple strategies for information communication from the autonomous robot to the human teammate. We examine these alternatives in the context of human-robot cooperative exploration of an unknown and uninstrumented environment. We present results from three experiments which show potential influence on human task performance in cooperative exploration.
Family-HealthVault: A Group Caring and PHI Sharing Framework among Family Members

Globalizations of family members make it challenging for the care of other members when far away separated from each other. Existing systems for personal electrical health information is available. However, sharing health information is still facing massive barriers due to various factors, such as security, privacy concerns, efficiency, and regulations on health information sharing. To address these challenges and provide better care to family members, we have developed the Family HealthVault, which is a database application system for sharing and managing personal health information (PHI) among family groups. The HealthVault allows users to save, store, check, update, and share their PHI with trusted group members. The system emphasizes the convenience group care with a friendly user interface. It provides a convenient tool to monitor their family members’ PHI, check on their potential risk factors, and receive alerts for the upcoming health-related events through automated health alerts of their family members. The Family HealthVault system is built with RShiny framework and MySQL Database Server. It has also integrated several preventative care repositories to provide alerts on health conditions. By developing Family HealthVault, we present a PHI management system with role-based access control and security controls. Our system can serve as a prototype for PHI sharing platform and care coordination.
A vulnerability analysis and prediction framework

Abstract As the world approaches a state of greater dependence on technology, many products face increasing threats from malicious attackers who are attempting to take advantage of vulnerabilities in software design. Most of the known vulnerability information is already aggregated, stored in text format, and readily accessible to the public, making such an aggregated database a prime corpus for analysis using data mining methods. Multiple research efforts have been launched in which individual aspects of such cyber-security corpora were analyzed to create taxonomies, assess vulnerability impact, and improve vulnerability detection. However, minimal effort has been committed to analyze cyber-security corpora to explore correlations between vulnerabilities, to study the evolution of a vulnerability from its genesis, and to predict vulnerabilities using multi-faceted algorithms. In this paper, we propose an integrated data mining framework to automatically describe how vulnerabilities develop over time and detect the evolution of a specific vulnerability. Additionally, our framework has a predictive functionality that can be used to predict specific vulnerabilities or to estimate future appearance probabilities of vulnerability groups. In our framework, we use (1) a Topically Supervised Evolution Model (TSEM) that can discover temporal themes from a text corpus, (2) a diffusion-based storytelling technique that sifts through past vulnerability reports to describe how a current vulnerability threat evolved, and (3) several prediction models that use features from a cyber-security corpus to predict vulnerabilities. A series of experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework can not only discover evolutionary patterns in today's most pressing vulnerabilities with a high degree of precision, but it can also predict vulnerabilities with impressive accuracy. As case studies, we also explore the development of vulnerabilities in certain products, providing a unique insight into the correspondence between seemingly unrelated vulnerabilities and the impact of that correspondence on overall software security.
Cooking as a chemical reaction: culinary science with experiments: by Sibel Özilgen, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2019, 392 pp., $79.95, ISBN 9781138597129

As a teaching scientist who leads Yeditepe University’s Gastronomy and Culinary Arts department, Associate Professor Sibel Ozilgen’s curricula focus on integrating science into culinary education. ...
Preliminary data on an affordable UAV system to survey for freshwater turtles: advantages and disadvantages of low-cost drones

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are established, valuable tools for wildlife surveys in marine and terrestrial environments; however, they are seldom utilized in freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, b...
PrioritEvac: an Agent-Based Model (ABM) for Examining Social Factors of Building Fire Evacuation

Fire evacuation modeling benefits from the application of social science both in terms of accuracy and external validation. This paper describes PrioritEvac, a novel agent-based model which incorporates the social dimension of group loyalty into fire evacuation and responses to fire and smoke. It uses individual priorities, making for a dynamic approach that allows greater agency and nuance. PrioritEvac is programmed in NetLogo and validated using extensive data collected from the Station nightclub fire. The statistical analysis of the results of the model indicate that, compared to historical patterns, it reproduces along multiple metrics including a mean of 114 deaths (std. dev. = 38) over 50 runs, which puts the actual result of the fire within one standard deviation of the mean results of the simulation. Overall, the mean differential along all the metrics is 79, significantly outperforming all published ABM models of the Station nightclub fire that did not incorporate social relationships.
Data-guided Multi-Map variables for ensemble refinement of molecular movies

Driving molecular dynamics simulations with data-guided collective variables offer a promising strategy to recover thermodynamic information from structure-centric experiments. Here, the three-dimensional electron density of a protein, as it would be determined by cryo-EM or x-ray crystallography, is used to achieve simultaneously free-energy costs of conformational transitions and refined atomic structures. Unlike previous density-driven molecular dynamics methodologies that determine only the best map-model fits, our work employs the recently developed Multi-Map methodology to monitor concerted movements within equilibrium, non-equilibrium, and enhanced sampling simulations. Construction of all-atom ensembles along the chosen values of the Multi-Map variable enables simultaneous estimation of average properties, as well as real-space refinement of the structures contributing to such averages. Using three proteins of increasing size, we demonstrate that biased simulation along the reaction coordinates derived from electron densities can capture conformational transitions between known intermediates. The simulated pathways appear reversible with minimal hysteresis and require only low-resolution density information to guide the transition. The induced transitions also produce estimates for free energy differences that can be directly compared to experimental observables and population distributions. The refined model quality is superior compared to those found in the Protein Data Bank. We find that the best quantitative agreement with experimental free-energy differences is obtained using medium resolution density information coupled to comparatively large structural transitions. Practical considerations for probing the transitions between multiple intermediate density states are also discussed.
Revealing the Molecular Identity of Defect Sites on PbS Quantum Dot Surfaces with Redox-Active Chemical Probes

Defects arising on the surfaces of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) limit the applications of these otherwise promising materials. Efforts to rationally passivate these sites using chemical methods...
Digital PCR Detection of mtDNA/gDNA Ratio in Embryo Culture Medium for Prediction of Embryo Development Potential.

Purpose The ratio of mitochondrial DNA to genomic DNA (mtDNA/gDNA) in embryo culture medium as a predictor of embryonic development is a new method of noninvasive embryo screening. However, current tests based on this concept have proven inconsistent. The aim of this study was to define the predictive value of the ratio of mtDNA/gDNA for embryonic developmental potential. Materials and methods We used digital PCR to measure mtDNA/gDNA ratios in day 3 culture media of 223 embryos from 56 patients. We compared the relationship between the predictive value of mtDNA/gDNA ratio and each of embryo fragmentation, embryo morphological grade, and blastocyst formation. Results mtDNA/gDNA ratio decreased significantly with a decrease in embryo rating: 22.54 (44.66); 31.25 (36.97) and 46.33 (57.11); Grades A vs C, P = 0.006; B vs C, P = 0.015. mtDNA/gDNA ratio increased overall with an increase in embryo fragment content but did not differ significantly between high-, -medium, and poor-quality embryos. Interestingly, this trend differed from that of the unformed blastocysts. mtDNA/gDNA ratio of cleavage stage embryos forming blastocysts was lower (P=0.005). Trends of mtDNA/gDNA ratio differed according to inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) levels, but not significantly. mtDNA/gDNA ratio in day 3 culture medium was not significantly improved over morphological scores. Conclusion We hereby show the correlation of mtDNA/gDNA ratio in the culture medium of developing embryos. The correlation between the mtDNA/gDNA ratio and early embryonic development was controversial. Furthermore, an increase in mtDNA/gDNA ratio might indicate reduced development potential, but the difference remains insufficient for application as a clinical predictor.
Truncation bias corrections in patent data: Implications for recent research on innovation

Abstract We review the effectiveness of various adjustment methods in correcting the truncation-bias in patents data and the implications for existing studies. The NBER patents-database was recently updated, extending the sample from 2006 to 2010. The updated sample is largely free of truncation-bias over the period covered by the NBER-2006 sample, allowing us to evaluate the bias-adjustment methods. We find that existing adjustments perform poorly towards the end of NBER-2006 sample. We re-examine multiple studies from the recent literature on innovation and show that findings based on the last few years of NBER-2006 data are not supported in the updated patents-database.
Faster and Cheaper Serverless Computing on Harvested Resources

Serverless computing is becoming increasingly popular due to its ease of programming, fast elasticity, and fine-grained billing. However, the serverless provider still needs to provision, manage, and pay the IaaS provider for the virtual machines (VMs) hosting its platform. This ties the cost of the serverless platform to the cost of the underlying VMs. One way to significantly reduce cost is to use spare resources, which cloud providers rent at a massive discount. Harvest VMs offer such cheap resources: they grow and shrink to harvest all the unallocated CPU cores in their host servers, but may be evicted to make room for more expensive VMs. Thus, using Harvest VMs to run the serverless platform comes with two main challenges that must be carefully managed: VM evictions and dynamically varying resources in each VM. In this work, we explore the challenges and benefits of hosting serverless (Function as a Service or simply FaaS) platforms on Harvest VMs. We characterize the serverless workloads and Harvest VMs of Microsoft Azure, and design a serverless load balancer that is aware of evictions and resource variations in Harvest VMs. We modify OpenWhisk, a widely-used open-source serverless platform, to monitor harvested resources and balance the load accordingly, and evaluate it experimentally. Our results show that adopting harvested resources improves efficiency and reduces cost. Under the same cost budget, running serverless platforms on harvested resources achieves 2.2x to 9.0x higher throughput compared to using dedicated resources. When using the same amount of resources, running serverless platforms on harvested resources achieves 48% to 89% cost savings with lower latency due to better load balancing.
Spectral Kinetics: Study of Complex Reactions by External Perturbations

The study of the response of nonlinear systems to external periodic perturbations leads to interesting information1-7. Cool-flame8,9 oscillations occur in a number of combustion reactions, and we discuss an experimental study of the effect of external periodic perturbations on such systems. The application of perturbations to a chemical reaction can reveal important information about the stability, kinetics, and dynamics of the reaction. This technique is well known in the field of relaxation kinetics, in which perturbations are applied to a chemical system at equilibrium. In our work, periodic perturbations are first applied to the input rates of acetaldehyde and oxygen, one at a time, in the combustion of acetaldehyde in a CSTR. We measure periodic responses in five entrainment bands as we vary the frequency and amplitude of the external periodic perturbation. Outside of entrainment bands we find quasi-periodic responses. Nextphase maps10,11 of the experimental results are constructed in real time and used in the observation and interpretation of entrainment and quasi-periodic behavior. Within the fundamental entrainment band, we measure critical slowing down and enhancement of the response amplitude.
Asset Pricing with Production and Labor

This paper proposes a novel asset pricing model featuring dynamic interactions between production firms' aggregate financial performance and their aggregate labor expense. The model represents a significant extension of the standard asset pricing framework with production but without labor. Asset pricing implications are derived at a level of generality comparable to Merton, Breeden, and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross. At the aggregate level, the model leads to a two-factor ICAPM with financial- and labor-based betas that can not, in general, be reduced to Breeden's CCAPM.
Knowing "Consent" Means "Knowing Consent": The Underappreciated Wisdom of Justice Marshall's Schneckloth v. Bustamonte Dissent

This Article argues that the majority opinion in the Supreme Court’s decision in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973), has led to a burgeoning jurisprudence of placing a premium on citizens’ ignorance of their Fourth Amendment rights. Police who have stopped a vehicle for a minor infraction, or for no infraction whatsoever, may simply ask the driver if they can search the car. Police do not have to inform the driver that he or she has a right to decline the search. While the majority would argue that such a warning would break the informality of the interaction between police and driver, the dissent states that the police could casually state that the driver can refuse. The police could use the following illustration: “Joe, I’d like you to let me search your car. You don’t have to if you don’t want to, but I’d sure appreciate it if you did.” No one need fear that informality will be broken. The Article puts forward Justice Thurgood Marshall’s Schneckloth dissent as a wise corrective measure to police valuing citizen ignorance. Justice Marshall clearly saw what the decision would do to the innocent, as well as the guilty, and perhaps most importantly to the Constitution that we are all supposed to live under.
Motivating and demotivating technical visionaries in large corporations: a comparison of perspectives

A substantial body of literature addresses the motivation of technical professionals in large corporations. Included are considerations of the motivation of subgroups, such as contrasting the motivation of scientists and engineers. Notably absent, however, is an in-depth, multiple-perspective consideration of both the motivation and demotivation of the small number of individuals in nearly every corporation who contribute significantly and disproportionately to the growth and profitability of the corporation. These exceptional, high-performing technologists, whom we refer to as technical visionaries (TVs), are the drivers of breakthrough, radical innovation. Through 64 in-depth interviews with TVs, their direct technical managers (TMs) and their human resource managers (HRMs), this research explores the similarities and differences in perception between these three groups concerning TV motivation and demotivation. TMs predominantly apply informal, personalized, and relational management motivating techniques. HRMs predominantly perceive value in the formalized, standard corporate structures and reward systems that serve the ‘typical employee’ for motivating TVs. By comparing the perspectives of TVs, TMs, and HRMs, we observe that the TMs are in strong alignment with TV perspectives on motivation and demotivation, while the HRMs are not in alignment with TV perspectives. Interestingly, both TMs and HRMs emphasize techniques most readily available to them. Most notable relative to demotivating TVs, the HRMs are least able to articulate an understanding consistent with that of the TVs. Based on these and other observations, we offer recommendations for those who manage these critical and unique technical visionaries.
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

The history, importance, and definition of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are described. Findings regarding the nature of the familial association between spectrum disorders and schizophrenia are reviewed and evaluated. Evidence does suggest that spectrum disorders may be genetically correlated with schizophrenia and thus potentially useful in efforts at identifying genes for schizophrenia liability. Keywords: schizophrenia; schizotypy; spectrum; twin studies; adoption studies
Lexicon for laboratories--scaling the Tower of Babel.

Awide variety of competing factors (ie, turnaround time, cost, and ease of use) affect the use and value of a clinical laboratory test; however, a primary determinant in proper test selection is expected test performance. The key elements of interest in defining performance vary, depending on the nature and type of the test (quantitative, qualitative, or semiquantitative testing). Virtually all diagnostic tests have common features of interest. Performance has traditionally been grounded in studies to establish the accuracy, trueness, or bias of the test; the precision, repeatability, or reproducibility of the test; and the test’s analytic and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Given the laboratory testing scientific community’s heterogeneous nature, inconsistencies have developed in the basic definition of terms for test performance. These differences have become increasingly obvious and problematic over the past few years. With heightened concerns over the quality and cost of health care and with the need to minimize health care errors, the value of simplified and standardized approaches for defining and communicating test performance has never been more self-evident. At least 3 publications in the US medical literature in the past 5 years have specifically addressed selected problems in the area of nomenclature. Saah and Hoover 1 in the ‘‘Lingua Medica’’ section of the Annals of Internal Medicine highlight the tension between the terms ‘‘analytical’’ and ‘‘diagnostic sensitivity’’ and ‘‘specificity.’’ They point out that analytic sensitivity represents the smallest amount of substance that can be measured in a sample. They note that this parameter does not always correlate in a direct manner with diagnostic sensitivity, the percentage of persons with a given disorder who test positive with a given test. Conversely, they show that analytic specificity refers to the ability of an assay to measure a particular substance rather than similar but different substances. This parameter can profoundly affect diagnostic sensitivity but is again quite different from diagnostic specificity, the ability of an assay to detect true negative results. Ekins and Edwards 2 and Pardue 3 in a special ‘‘Point/ Counterpoint’’ publication in Clinical Chemistry indicate that analytic sensitivity itself is a term with variable and
Combinatorial Gli Gene Function in Floor Plate and Neuronal Inductions by Sonic Hedgehog

Within the developing vertebrate nervous system, it is not known how progenitor cells interpret the positional information provided by inducing signals or how the domains in which distinct groups of neural cells differentiate are defined. Gli proteins may be involved in these processes. In the frog neural plate, we have previously shown that the zinc finger transcription factor Gli1 is expressed in midline cells and mediates the effects of Shh inducing floor plate differentiation. In contrast, Gli2 and Gli3 are expressed throughout the neural plate except for the midline. Here, it is shown that Gli3 and Shh repress each other whereas Gli2, like Gli1, is a target of Shh signaling. However, only Gli1 can induce the differentiation of floor plate cells. In addition, Gli2 and Gli3 repress the ectopic induction of floor plate cells by Gli1 in co-injection assays and inhibit endogenous floor plate differentiation. The definition of the floor plate domain, therefore, appears to be defined by the antagonizing activities of Gli2 and Gli3 on Gli1 function. Because both Gli1 and Gli2 are induced by Shh, these results establish a regulatory feedback loop triggered by Shh that restricts floor plate cells to the midline. We have also previously shown that the Gli genes induce neuronal differentiation and here it is shown that there is specificity to the types of neurons the Gli proteins induce. Only Gli1 induces Nkx2.1/TTF-1(+) ventral forebrain neurons. Moreover, Gli2 and Gli3 inhibit their differentiation. In contrast, the differentiation of spinal motor neurons can be induced by the two ventrally expressed Gli genes, Gli1 and Gli2, suggesting that Gli2 directly mediates induction of motor neurons by Shh. In addition, Gli3 inhibits motor neuron differentiation by Gli2. Thus, combinatorial Gli function may pattern the neural tube, integrating positional information and cell type differentiation.
Stereocontrolled Conversion of Allylic Alcohols Into Vicinal Cis-Diols: New Syntheses of Methyl α-L-Digitoxoslde and Methyl 2-Deoxy-α-L-Fucoside

Abstract A synthetic process is outlined in which an allylic alcohol is converted into its primary urethane derivative, which is then subjected to iodonium ion induced cyclization to give a single iodo-carbonate. The carbonate is then deiodinated reductively and hydrolyzed to afford the vicinal diol. By use of this process the two title sugars have been prepared from methyl 2.3.6-trideoxv-α-L-ervthro-hex-2-enopvranoside and its α-L-threo counterpart.