cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Presidential Management Fellows Program: Lessons learned during 27 years of program success ☆

Abstract The Presidential Management Fellows (PMF) Program represents one of many examples of the Federal Government's ability to develop and implement long-term, wide-ranging human resources initiatives. Originally called the Presidential Management Intern Program, this program has been in existence for approximately 25 years with over 3500 alumni. Annually, PMF represents a major undertaking for the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which closely coordinates with many other Federal agencies who assist in the assessment center portion of the selection process. PMF is intended to attract and select graduate-level students to the Federal Government. It uses a multiple-hurdle selection strategy that includes a nomination process, an accomplishment record, and an assessment center. The program is wide-reaching in that it addresses many aspects of the human resources management process including recruitment, selection, career development and training, and succession planning. This article presents a brief overview of the evolution of the PMF Program and its legislative history, a description of Program recruitment and branding efforts, the selection process, and career development initiatives associated with the PMF Program. The logistical and operational realities of such a wide-scale decentralized selection process are addressed with an emphasis on program successes, lessons learned, and improvement opportunities. Several recent efforts to assess program effectiveness are described.
Chronic and recurrent headache

Abstract This chapter considers a practical overview to the diagnosis and management of migraine and chronic headaches in childhood. They are very common, up to 10% in some series. History is very important, the nature of the pain,its radiation and initiating and exacerbating factors need to be assessed. There is probably a spectrum from classic migraine to tension headaches. Some migraine variants such as migraine accompagne, hemiparetic migraine and cluster headaches are discussed as well as overlaps with epilepsy. Some migraine-like symptoms may be symptomatic of metabolic disease. Most do not need further investigation, but in some it may be worthwhile imaging, performing an EEG or doing metabolic investigations. Morbidity in terms of time off school needs to be assessed with respect to management. Sympathetic reassurance, simple analgesia, attention to trigger factors and prophylaxis should be the sequence plan in most cases.
A case of accidental parenteral injection of Povan

Abstract This is a clinical report on the accidental parenteral use of pyrvinium pamoate (Povan ® ). Pyrvinium pamoate is an oral antihelmintic that is used by many physicians for the treatment of pinworms. The drug manufacturer recommends only the oral route because the parenteral route has proved to be quite toxic in animals. We feel that the reaction described is probably an allergic effect from the medication.
Transverse magneto-optic Kerr effect in ultrathin films

Abstract The behavior of the magneto-optic Kerr effect is simulated for ultrathin Fe/Au overlayers and superlattices with magnetization direction varying from polar to transverse configurations. The simulations are based on a general macroscopic formalism, introduced previously, that can treat arbitrary directions of the magnetization, and that utilizes tabulated bulk optical and magneto-optical parameters. Simulations for Co overlayers on Cu are also presented and compared to published transverse Kerr effect data for monolayer-range Co/Cu(100). Transverse Kerr effect measurements at the He-Ne wavelength are presented for a series of ∼ 500 A thick, sputtered Fe/Mo superlattices, whose component layer thicknesses are fixed at 25 A of Fe, and range from 4 to 36 A for the Mo layers. The Co/Cu and Fe/Mo data are compared to simulation to evaluate the applicability of the macroscopic approach to describe the ultrathin regime.
On a reaction rate model of mean fatigue

Abstract A reaction rate model of mean fatigue is presented. The model explicitly contains the temperature T, the load wave form, and two material constants at constant environment. It is shown that the fraction of remaining life decreases precipitously as damage accumulates, and damage accumulation per cycle is not constant as assumed in Miner's (PLM) Rule.
Cell cycle-regulated expression, phosphorylation, and degradation of p55Cdc. A mammalian homolog of CDC20/Fizzy/slp1.

p55Cdc is a mammalian protein that shows high homology to the cell cycle proteins Cdc20p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the product of the Drosophila fizzy(fzy) gene, both of which contain WD repeats and are thought to be required for the metaphase-anaphase transition. Thefzy mutants exhibit a metaphase arrest phenotype, which is accompanied by stabilization of cyclins A and B, leading to the hypothesis that fzy function is required for cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. p55Cdc expression was initiated at the G1/S transition and steady state levels of p55Cdc were highest at M and lowest in G1. Inhibition of the 26 S proteasome prevented both mitotic exit and loss of p55Cdc at the M/G1 transition, suggesting that p55Cdc degradation was mediated by the cell cycle-regulated proteolytic pathway. Immune complexes of p55Cdc obtained at different cell cycle stages showed a variety of proteins with dramatic differences observed in the pattern of associated proteins during the transition from G2 to M. Immunolocalization of p55Cdc demonstrated dynamic changes in p55Cdc localization as the cells transit mitosis. p55Cdc appears to act as a regulatory protein interacting with several other proteins, perhaps via its seven WD repeats, at multiple points in the cell cycle.
An application of minimax robust optimal control theory for selective vibrational excitation in molecules

In recent investigations control theory was applied to design electromagnetic fields capable of producing vibrational excitation in molecular systems. This approach has been applied to linear or non-linear classical approximations of molecular systems or to quantal systems using distributed cost functionals. Practical computations of molecular optimal control theory for large molecules especially with anharmonic potentials become difficult due to the increased dimensionality and the mixed nature of the boundary conditions. This paper proposes to approach the control design for such systems by treating a portion of the molecule containing the target and dipole bonds in full detail while the effect of the remainder of the system is modelled as a disturbance of limited energy. The optimal fieldminimizes the cost functional which is simultaneouslymaximized with respect to the disturbance. Such assumptions give rise to a robust controller akin to theH∞ theory of robust estimation. We investigate the various field designs for truncated harmonic systems associated with different disturbance energies and demonstrate that the existence of the solution to the associated Ricatti equation ensures the existence of the equilibrium game point. In addition, in the range of physically reasonable disturbance energy the optimal field could be accurately predicted from an asymptotic expansion involving only the undisturbed reference case. As an application we show the optimal field design for a 20 atom truncated molecular chain containing both the target bond (the 5th bond) and the dipole bonds (1st and 9th) where the disturbance only affects the end bond of the system attached to the remainder of the chain. In an effort to improve on the efficiency of the bond energy deposition we investigate shortened target times and also a 40 atom truncated chain. This approach presents very conservative estimates of possible disturbances but provides insight into the sensitivity of different configurations with respect to external disturbances. The minimax approach can be generalized to non-linear molecular systems by modelling the original system as a linear system plus an energy constrained disturbance.
Meaningfulness, serial position and retention interval in recognition short-term memory.

Abstract Stimulus and response meaningfulness, serial position and retention interval were investigated in a paired-associates recognition task with retardates. Line drawings were scaled for meaningfulness and, then, presented as paired-associates in Exps. 1 and 2. On each trial, 4 pairs were presented successively and then one pair was tested. Results from Exp. 1 showed that both stimulus and response meaningfulness directly affected accuracy, but not latency. Serial position affected accuracy and latency. In Exp. 2 retention interval was either 1 or 12 sec. Results showed an interaction between retention interval and serial position, indicating an extension of the primacy effect with the 12-sec interval. The data were discussed in terms of Ellis' (1970) theory of memory.
Trindenyl[tris(rheniumtricarbonyl)]

Abstract Trindene is combined with KH and [Re(CO)3(THF)Br]2 (THF = tetrahydrofuran) in THF to yield the first trinuclear half-sandwich complex of the trindene trianion, (trindenyl)[Re(CO)3]3, in 50% yield. Two of the rhenium carbonyl units are rigidly held in close proximity and the carbonyl ligands on adjacent metals are vibrationally coupled. Both cis and trans isomers of the dirhenium complex, (trindenyl)[Re(CO)3]2, are also isolated from the above reaction in low yield.
Frequency of elevations in markers of cardiomyocyte damage in otherwise healthy newborns.

Myocardial damage in infancy is a risk factor for eventual cardiac disease. Given that myocardial stress is greatest during the perinatal period and that the neonatal period is when most pediatric heart failure occurs, the aim of this study was to determine whether even otherwise healthy neonates might have subclinical myocardial damage and, if so, what characteristics might identify them. Umbilical cord and neonatal serum samples from 32 normal neonates were assayed for biomarkers of myocardial injury. No neonate had clinical evidence of cardiac or other abnormalities. Serum cardiac troponin T was elevated in 19 of 25 cords (76%) and in 16 of 17 neonates (94%); levels indicating myocardial infarction (≥0.2 ng/ml) were found in 2 patients (1 umbilical cord and 1 neonatal sample). Creatine kinase-MB was elevated in 6 of 16 cords (38%) and in 8 of 15 neonates (53%). Cardiac troponin I was elevated in 11% and 17% of samples, myoglobin in 4% and 17%, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in 9% and 40%. Measures of myocardial injury were associated with longer hospitalization (r = 0.50, p = 0.04), non-Caucasian race (p = 0.012), lower birth weights (p = 0.014), positive maternal cervical cultures (r = 0.41, p = 0.046), and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (r = 0.66, p = 0.005). In conclusion, clinically occult myocardial injury appears to occur in some healthy newborns, although whether it is pathologic or not remains to be determined.
ESR dating of ancient flints

Natural radioactivity can produce measurable amounts of radiation damage in rocks and glasses, and the gradual accumulation of this damage with time provides a built in ‘clock’ that can be used as a dating tool for geology and archaeology. Although a studied technique for estimating this damage involves measurements of stored thermoluminescent (TL) activity1–4, several authors have reported the direct observation of natural radiation damage by ESR5–7. We describe here ESR measurements on a damage signal which we have found to be present without exception in a wide variety of natural flints. The point defect responsible for the signal is identified and the samples are calibrated with an artificial damage simulation. Preliminary age determinations are presented for several natural flints. Flint artefacts heated in antiquity will have their clock ‘reset’ to zero, and measurements on one sample suggest that the ESR technique may have applications in the study of early cultures.
Random-effects, fixed-effects and the within-between specification for clustered data in observational health studies: a simulation study.

Background When unaccounted-for group-level characteristics affect an outcome variable, traditional linear regression is inefficient and can be biased. The random- and fixed-effects estimators (RE and FE, respectively) are two competing methods that address these problems. While each estimator controls for otherwise unaccounted-for effects, the two estimators require different assumptions. Health researchers tend to favor RE estimation, while researchers from some other disciplines tend to favor FE estimation. In addition to RE and FE, an alternative method called within-between (WB) was suggested by Mundlak in 1978, although is utilized infrequently. Methods We conduct a simulation study to compare RE, FE, and WB estimation across 16,200 scenarios. The scenarios vary in the number of groups, the size of the groups, within-group variation, goodness-of-fit of the model, and the degree to which the model is correctly specified. Estimator preference is determined by lowest mean squared error of the estimated marginal effect and root mean squared error of fitted values. Results Although there are scenarios when each estimator is most appropriate, the cases in which traditional RE estimation is preferred are less common. In finite samples, the WB approach outperforms both traditional estimators. The Hausman test guides the practitioner to the estimator with the smallest absolute error only 61% of the time, and in many sample sizes simply applying the WB approach produces smaller absolute errors than following the suggestion of the test. Conclusions Specification and estimation should be carefully considered and ultimately guided by the objective of the analysis and characteristics of the data. The WB approach has been underutilized, particularly for inference on marginal effects in small samples. Blindly applying any estimator can lead to bias, inefficiency, and flawed inference.
Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice and Organizational Performance

Administrators of mental health services may expect evidence-based practice (EBP) to offer strategic benefits. Existing theory suggests that the benefits of implementing EBP vary by organizational characteristics. This paper presents a conceptual framework for considering how implementation impacts organizational performance. The framework is developed as a system dynamics simulation model based on existing literature, organizational theory, and key informant interviews with mental health services administrators and clinical directors. Results from the simulations show how gains in performance depended on organizations’ initial inertia and initial efficiency and that only the most efficient organizations may see benefits in organizational performance from implementing EBP. Implications for administrators, policy makers, and services researchers are discussed.
Salinity effects on Ruppia maritima L. seed germination and seedling survival at the Everglades-Florida Bay ecotone

Abstract Ruppia maritima L. is a cosmopolitan species that dominates in highly variable environments with respect to hydrology, salinity and water quality. This species is critical in the development of aquatic habitats which support secondary production in the Everglades-Florida Bay ecotone coastal estuaries. While R. maritima has been identified as an indicator species for successful Everglades restoration, the factors controlling its current distribution are poorly understood making it difficult to predict its future presence, abundance and ability to support secondary production. In our ongoing research, we are experimentally examining the factors controlling R. maritima early life history including seed germination and seedling survival with a focus on salinity dynamics. In the experiments presented herein, we hypothesized that the highly variable salinity at the Everglades-Florida Bay ecotone promotes R. maritima seed germination, but that seedlings are sensitive to high salinities. We conducted a series of experiments examining seed germination across a range of salinities known to occur at the ecotone (0–45 psu) with and without low-temperature stratification (6–10 °C). Across this range of salinity, germination rates were low and primarily restricted to salinities 2 ≥ 0.97). These results lead us to suggest that osmotic shifts from hyper- to hyposalinity promote R. maritima seed germination. This result explains a mechanism driving seed germination when annual temperatures remain higher than those previously recognized to cause seed stratification (≤ 6 °C). Further, we found seeds germinated in relatively high temperatures (> 30 °C) characteristic of the subtropics and were inhibited in low temperatures (10 °C), even with osmotic stratification. During seedling development, we observed that a slow rate of salinity increase allowed osmotic adjustment of seedlings and a high salinity tolerance up to 50 psu. As would be expected in seed-germinated aquatic species, nutrients and moderate salinity conditions were required to promote development of tissues beyond embryonic stages. In summary, we determined that R. maritima seed germination is promoted by variable salinity, but fresh water is necessary for germination and low salinities (≤ 10 psu) enhance seedling development.
Prostaglandin E1 as a Pharmacoangiographic Agent for Arterial Portography

The effects of increasing single selective doses of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on superior mesenteric arterial flow and portal and systemic blood pressures were studied in dogs to assess its value as a vasodilatory agent for pharmacoangiography. PGE1 consistently increased blood flow, with an average increase of 187%, but had minimal effect on portal and systemic blood pressure. 25 µg of PGE1 gave an ideal flow curve for pharmacoangiography, with a maximum effect 30 seconds after injection.
Birds of a Feather: A Covey of Field Guides

Birding, the active seeking out and identification of birds, is a wide‐spread and fast growing avocation on this continent, and indeed throughout the world. Jon Rickert's A Guide to North American Bird Clubs lists 17 national/continental organizations for both professional ornithologists and amateur birders and 844 state, provincial, and local associations. In addition, there are those legions of “unorganized” bird watchers and occasional, inquisitive discoverers of backyard birds. Members of this diverse congregation of birders have at least one thing in common — the need for a reliable identification tool enabling them to correctly label the just‐seen, unfamiliar bird. A field guide is just such a tool.
A bridge principle for minimal and constant mean curvature submanifolds of RN.

On demontre un principe de pont qui generalise l'etablissement du theoreme de Meeks-Yau. La dimension, ainsi que la codimension de N 1 et N 2 peuvent etre arbitraires et on ne suppose pas la stabilite. On demontre un principe de pont pour des hypersurfaces de courbure moyenne constante
Conundrum of jumbled mosquito genomes

Malaria is caused by injection of Plasmodium parasites into the human bloodstream via the bites of infected mosquitoes. This simple description overlooks a fantastic biological complexity: Some 60 anopheline mosquito species can serve as vectors for five distinct species of Plasmodium that produce varying levels of illness in many animal species. Comparative genomic studies may shed light on the mechanisms whereby Anopheles gambiae specifically target humans, why the mosquitoes can tolerate P. falciparum infection, and how the parasite has adapted to this lifestyle. In this issue, Neafsey et al. [( 1 ), page [43][1]] and Fontaine et al. [( 2 ), page [42][2]] analyze the genome sequences of 16 species of anopheline mosquitoes and reveal a complex pattern of evolution that defies the classic concept of a phylogenetic tree. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6217/1258522.full [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6217/1258524.full
Prisoners of Globalization: Marginality, Community and the New Informal Economy in Morocco

The so-called informal economy dominates everyday life in contemporary Morocco. An overwhelming majority of the urban population operates outside the ‘formalized national economy’ in which it is either unable to participate or can participate only under unequal and demeaning terms. The aim of the present article is two-fold. First, it seeks to interrogate the very notion of ’informality’. As a social phenomenon, the ’informal economy’ is real enough, but what does it refer to exactly? And what is the nature of the relationship between formal and informal economic activities? Second, the article seeks to discuss the implications of the globalization of capitalism for the complex ‘informal’ economic sectors in Morocco. More specifically, how has the launching of so-called structural adjustment policies in the early 1980s further marginalized those in the already marginal areas of the economy? At another level, how has globalization contributed to the growth and invigoration of marginal economic activities a...
Prognostic factors in stages II/III/IV and stages III/IV endometrioid and serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium

Aims To explore and to compare the outcome of patients diagnosed with stage II/III/IV and stage III/IV endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) with their serous carcinoma (USC) counterparts.
The treatment of substance misuse in psychopathic individuals: why heterogeneity matters.

Psychopathy is a personality syndrome characterized by egocentricity, grandiosity, remorselessness, callousness, impulsivity, and manipulativeness. It is also a disorder highly comorbid with substance use disorders (; ; ). However, unlike their other criminal counterparts, psychopaths' substance use related problems appear remarkably resilient despite treatment () leading many to conclude the dually diagnosed psychopathic substance misuser is “untreatable.” However, this pessimistic stance is predicated upon the notion that psychopathy is a homogeneous, categorical construct. Such a conclusion leaves little hope for treating substance use problems in this population, and has certainly attenuated efforts at developing effective clinical interventions (). In this review, we argue that conceptualizing psychopathy as a heterogeneous and dimensional construct reveals a common thread of negative emotionality (NEM) that may clarify the relations between psychopathy and substance use disorders as well as pave the...
c-SRC Mediates Neurite Outgrowth through Recruitment of Crk to the Scaffolding Protein Sin/Efs without Altering the Kinetics of ERK Activation *

SRC family kinases have been consistently and recurrently implicated in neurite extension events, yet the mechanism underlying their neuritogenic role has remained elusive. We report that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can be converted from a non-neuritogenic into a neuritogenic factor through moderate activation of endogenous SRC by receptor-protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (a physiological SRC activator). We show that such a qualitative change in the response to EGF is not accompanied by changes in the extent or kinetics of ERK induction in response to this factor. Instead, the pathway involved relies on increased tyrosine phosphorylation of, and recruitment of Crk to, the SRC substrate Sin/Efs. The latter is a scaffolding protein structurally similar to the SRC substrate Cas, tyrosine phosphorylation of which is critical for migration in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Expression of a dominant negative version of Sin interfered with receptor-protein-tyrosine phosphatase α/EGF- as well as fibroblast growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth. These observations uncouple neuritogenic signaling in PC12 cells from sustained activation of ERK kinases and for the first time identify an effector of SRC function in neurite extension.
"She's Teaching Me": Teaching with Care in a Large Lecture Course

Whereas often emphasized in teaching children, the role of caring has been largely ignored in postsecondary education. This study shares college students' perspectives of instructor caring within a large biology lecture course. Within this context caring was perceived as both learning centered, which emphasizes content mastery and higher-order thinking, and learner centered, which emphasizes mutually trusting and respectful relationships and learners as individuals. Many factors were found to indicate caring (e.g., getting to know students, welcoming student questions, offering multiple learning opportunities and resources) and their combined use led to increased student motivation and learning.
On the flight of a golf ball in the vertical plane

The equations of motion for a ball moving in a vertical plane are used to calculate flight paths for a typical golf ball subjected to a variety of launch conditions, spin rates, atmospheric parameters, and wind fields. Time histories of the ball's velocity, flight-path angle, height, range, and spin rate between tee and first impact illustrate that lift induced by the ball's spin has a significant effect on driving range, actually causing the flight-path angle to increase during the first few seconds of flight. While light winds have the expected effects, heavy tailwind is shown to spoil the carry of the ball. Linearized sensitivity analysis indicates that wind uncertainty is an important contributor to impact range and time uncertainty.
Landscape analysis: Theoretical considerations and practical needs

Numerous systems of land classification have been proposed. Most have led directly to or have been driven by an author's philosophy of earth-forming processes. However, the practical need of classifying land for planning and management purposes requires that a system lead to predictions of the results of management activities.
Evaluation of a drop-on-demand micro-dispensing system for development of artificial fingerprints

Precision micro-dispensing is an evolving technique that has many applications in the scientific and additive manufacturing communities. Here we describe a method for dispensing viscous materials, including the oily substance found in human fingerprints, known as sebum. In this work, a dispense jet system was used to deposit known amounts of sebum onto surfaces to represent an artificial human fingerprint. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and microgravimetry were used to verify the sebum mass loadings of the samples. The dispense jet was capable of printing a viscous sebum mixture as well as a less viscous solution of sebum dissolved in heptane. This method was shown to be repeatable, and UV-Vis was found to be a simple and useful technique for verifying the mass of sebum deposited. This method could be used to prepare artificial fingerprint samples for a variety of applications including the preparation of test materials for emerging trace detection technologies.
Convention and Conversion: Patterns in Late Medieval Piety

Ernst Troeltsch is known to church historians largely for his classic threefold distinction of church, sect, and mysticism. In The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches , Troeltsch describes the church as an institution enmeshed with society and making accommodations to the world's imperfections; the sects, driven by a quest for purity, refuse to make accommodations or compromises, while the mystics stand aside from this conflict and concern themselves with “a purely personal and inward experience” in which “the isolated individual, and psychological abstraction and analysis become everything.” Troeltsch sees mysticism not as a phenomenon naturally at home within the church but rather as one that leads away from the establishment, and it is perhaps this perception in particular that gives his work lasting relevance. The assumption that mysticism veers naturally in an antiecclesial direction, and that its more orthodox manifestations are anomalies requiring explanation, remains very much alive in the literature. Indeed, from the perspective of cultural materialism, it is the political, antiecclesial, subversive bite of mysticism that is its most interesting feature. On this point liberal Protestantism and postmodernism have come together, theology and cultural studies have embraced. Troeltsch's schema thus retains relevance well beyond the sphere of historiography.
High-energy [C,H3,N,O] cation radicals and molecules

Abstract [C,H 3 ,N,O] cation radicals and molecules corresponding to the less stable isomers were investigated by a combination of ab initio and density functional calculations, and collision-induced dissociation and neutralization-reionization mass spectrometric measurements. The ions formed by loss of oxygen from a nitromethane cation radical and loss of hydroxyl radical from protonated nitromethane were identified as having the nitrosomethane structure ( 2 +· ). A novel rearrangement in the ethyl nitrite cation radical was found to result in an elimination of formaldehyde to produce 2 +· but not isonitrosomethane, CH 3 ON +· ( 3 +· ). Dissociations of 2 +· and 2 were investigated by variable-time neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. Cleavage of the C–N bond was found to occur in both the neutral and ion with comparable rate constants. Ab initio calculations provided C–N bond dissociation energies that were very similar in 2 and 2 +· , 161 and 164 kJ mol −1 , respectively. The calculated heats of formation, adiabatic and vertical ionization energies, and recombination energies are reported for six [C,H 3 ,N,O] ion and neutral isomers, formamide, nitrosomethane, isonitrosomethane, formaldoxime, formaldonitrone, and oxaziridine.
Influence of duration of infestation by cowpea aphid (Aphididae) on growth and yield of resistant and susceptible cowpeas

Abstract The influence of duration of infestation by cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch on aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cultivars of cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, were compared to uninfested controls. Five apterous adult aphids of similar age were infested on seedling plants for five durations of infestation: 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively. Treatments were removed after stipulated durations and extended leaf heights of plants (cm), counts of aphids per plant and samples for final estimates of crop growth rate (g/dm 2 land surface area/day) and relative leaf area growth rate (dm 2 /dm 2 / day), were recorded. After harvest, the pods per plant and seeds per pod were recorded as plant yields. ANOVA indicated significant ( P ⩽ 0.05) interactions between cultivar and duration of infestation, and between treatment and durations, for plant yields. Extended leaf heights of ICV-1 plants were significantly reduced after 7 days duration. Aphid counts were significantly higher on ICV-1 than on ICV-12 for all durations of infestation. Compared to ICV-12 plants, pods produced by ICV-1 plants were significantly reduced at all durations, while seeds per pod were significantly reduced by infestations of 7 days or longer. Time-based action thresholds within which Aphis craccivora infestations significantly reduced the growth and yield of the susceptible ICV-1 cultivar were 7–14 days for crop growth in biomass accumulation and leaf expansion, and 3–7 days for economic yields and extended leaf heights.
Adrenomedullin Mediates Coronary Vasodilation through Adenosine Receptors and KATPChannels

The following experiments were conducted to determine whether, and the mechanisms through which, endogenous peptides alter coronary artery blood flow. Ultrasonic transit time probes were placed around the ascending aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery in groups of anesthetized, open-chest dogs. A Millar pressure catheter monitored left ventricular developed pressure. Intracoronary artery bolus injections of adenosine (a purinergic receptor activator), pinacidil (a KATPchannel activator), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; which causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation by intracellular increases in cyclic-AMP), and adrenomedullin (mechanism unknown) each significantly (P< 0.05, Student'sttest) increased coronary blood flow in a dose-dependent fashion, without altering systemic hemodynamic measurements. Intracoronary artery injection of U37883A (a KATPchannel antagonist) significantly (P< 0.05) blocked the coronary vasodilator responses to adenosine, adrenomedullin, and pinacidil. Intracoronary xanthine amine congener (an adenosine receptor antagonist) blocked only the responses to adenosine and adrenomedullin, not pinacidil. Intracoronary CGRP8-37(CGRP receptor antagonist) blocked only the vasodilator response to CGRP. These data suggest that the coronary vasodilator effect of adrenomedullin is initiated first by activation of adenosine receptors, and subsequently through KATPchannels—not by activation of CGRP receptors. That there were no changes in left ventricular developed pressure or in systemic hemodynamics after intracoronary artery infusions of adrenomedullin indicates that this endogenous peptide may have clinical utility in facilitating myocardial protection or preconditioning.
Structure and superconductivity in Cr-substituted HgBa2CuO4+δ

Chromium-substituted Hg{sub 1-x}Ba{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}} compounds have been synthesized. Cr can be incorporated into the structure with a solubility limit around x {approx} 0.27. Cr substitutes at the Hg site and is tetrahedrally coordinated to four oxygen atoms. Two of these are apical oxygen atoms that have moved to new positions (O2') and two are in the Hg/Cr plane (O3) at a (x x 0) site. Additional oxygen atoms (O4) in the Hg/Cr plane at (1/2 1/2 0) affect the carrier concentration, as for HgBa{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}}. In the as-synthesized samples, {Tc} decreases with increasing Cr content. Attempts to adjust the carrier concentration by post annealing in oxygen at low temperature destroy superconductivity because the samples are metastable under ambient conditions.
Generalized multicomponent equation for activity coefficient calculation

A new model for the prediction of liquid phase activity coefficients used for predicting multicomponent phase equilibria is presented and compared with presently available methods for making these calculations. In its binary form, the new model includes Margules, van Laar, NRTL, Scatchard-Hamer, and Fariss models as special cases. In its multicomponent form the van Laar, Margules, and Scatchard-Hamer forms are different from and superior to the Wohl expansion. It is also possible with the new model to use different special case models for each of the binary pairs.
THE ORIGINS OF PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1972–1977

The two following reports offer complementary perspectives on the spatial distribution of geographers in the United States. The first of these looks at the changing sources of doctoral degrees and the second addresses the question of where degree holders are currently most successful in practicing their profession.
Using calculations to estimate blood alcohol concentrations for naturally occurring drinking episodes: a validity study.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of retrospective estimated blood alcohol concentrations (eBACs) for re-creating intoxication resulting from a naturally occur- ring drinking event. This study identified five eBAC equations, applied them to self-report data and compared the results to actual blood alco- hol concentration obtained by a breath test. Method: A convenience sample of 109 drinkers was recruited near drinking establishments and asked to provide breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) samples. Partici- pants were contacted by telephone on the next waking day to gather data required for five algorithms that determine eBAC. BrAC and eBAC ob- tained from each equation were compared to determine the level of agreement between the two approaches. Results: eBACs correlated highly with each other (r ≥ 0.99); R 2 for all algorithms ranged from 0.54 to 0.55 with BrAC as the criterion. On average, eBAC equations over- estimated BrAC. Regression analysis identified the amount of time spent drinking, number of standard drinks, weight and year in school as fac- tors related to discrepancy. Conclusions: These data indicate that, al- though all equations produce eBACs that are highly related, their relationship to BrAC does vary across equations. Using the best fitting equation, eBAC is more strongly correlated with BrAC when intoxica- tion is less than 0.08 g/210 L of breath, and the magnitude of the rela- tionship decreases as intoxication rises. (J. Stud. Alcohol 66: 130-138, 2005)
Molecular Clouds and Infrared Stellar Clusters in the Far Outer Galaxy

We present a study of the molecular cloud content and star formation activity in the far outer Galaxy at Galactocentric radii greater than 13.5 kpc. The properties of star-forming regions associated with far outer Galaxy clouds are examined within a 60 deg2 area toward the second Galactic quadrant based on the FCRAO CO Survey of the Outer Galaxy, the IRAS Point Source Catalog, and follow-up 13CO(J = 1-0) and K'-band near-infrared imaging. This region contains 63 far outer Galaxy molecular clouds; the most massive clouds have molecular masses of ~104 M?. The K'-band imaging of 10 IRAS point sources associated with the far outer Galaxy clouds resulted in the detection of 11 stellar clusters with Galactocentric distances between 13.5 and 17.3 kpc. Several of these clusters are comparable to the well-studied clusters found within 1 kpc of the Sun in terms of the number of stars. We have also examined a much larger sample of far outer Galaxy molecular clouds using the entire FCRAO CO survey. The mass spectrum of 246 far outer Galaxy clouds found within a 300 deg2 area has a power-law slope of -1.88, similar to, although slightly steeper than that found for molecular clouds inside the solar circle. Global measures of the star formation activity, as traced by the ratio of far-infrared luminosity to molecular cloud mass, indicate that these far outer Galaxy clouds are equally active sites of massive star formation as molecular clouds associated with the W3/W4/W5 region and clouds found in the inner Galaxy. Therefore, despite the different environment expected in the far outer Galaxy, the cloud mass spectrum and star formation activity per unit mass are similar to that found throughout the Galaxy. Finally, based on Two Micron All Sky Survey data, we identify 31 additional candidate far outer Galaxy star-forming regions within the larger survey area.
Local-Regional Control According to Surrogate Markers of Breast Cancer Subtypes and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Breast Conserving Therapy.

Introduction: Breast cancers of different molecular subtypes have different survival rates. The goal of this study was to identify patients at high risk for local-regional recurrence according to response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surrogate markers of molecular subtypes in patients undergoing breast conserving therapy (BCT). Methods: Clinicopathologic data from 595 breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and BCT from 1997 to 2005 were identified. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression determined by immunohistochemistry were used to construct the following subtypes: ER+ or PR+ and HER2- (hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2-; 52%), ER+ or PR+ and HER2+ (HR +/HER2+; 9%), ER- and PR- and HER2+ (HR-/HER2+; 7%) and ER- and PR- and HER2- (HR-/HER2-; 32%). Actuarial rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariate analysis (MVA). Results: After a median follow-up of 64 months, the five-year local-regional recurrence (LRR)-free survival rate for all patients was 93.8%. The five-year LRR-free survival rates varied by subtype: HR+/HER2- 97.0%, HR+/HER2+ 95.9%, HR-/HER2+ 86.5% and HR-/HER2- 89.5% (P = 0.001). In addition to subtype, clinical stage III disease (90% vs. 95% for I/II, P = 0.05), high nuclear grade (92% vs. 97% with low/intermediate grade, P = 0.03), presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (89% vs. 95% in those without LVI, P = 0.02) and four or more positive lymph nodes on pathologic examination (87% vs. 95% with zero to three positive lymph nodes, P = 0.03) were associated with lower five-year LRR-free survival on univariate analysis. On MVA, HR-/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- subtypes and disease in four or more lymph nodes were associated with decreased LRR-free survival. A pathologic complete response (pCR) was associated with improved LRR-free survival. Conclusions: Patients with HR+/HER2- and HR+/HER2+ subtypes had excellent LRR-free survival regardless of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with HR-/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- subtypes with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy had worse LRR-free survival after BCT. Additional study is needed to determine the impact of trastuzumab on local-regional control in HER2+ tumors. Our data suggest that patients with HR-/HER2- subtype tumors not achieving pCR may benefit from novel strategies to improve local-regional control.
Obesity in Children: A Challenge that Pediatric Dentistry Should not Ignore – Review of the Literature

The link between childhood oral diseases and obesity is demonstrated by their increasing prevalence, potential cause and effect relationship, the significant deleterious effect on the child's present and future oral and systemic health, and the influence of obesity on conscious sedation. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature on the relationships between childhood oral diseases and obesity, and between obesity, breathing and conscious sedation. While some reports suggest a connection between caries and obesity others do not, and it is unclear if they correlate or they just coexist since they have common etiologic and/or facilitating factors. Deleterious effects of dental caries and obesity on the systemic condition are clear, may potentiate each other, and facilitate the development and progress of chronic or acute systemic conditions. Obesity may interfere with the possibility to sedate patients because of potential breathing problems, or modify the effect of the sedative agents. Health providers should be aware of the increasing challenge posed by the correlations between dental caries, obesity, oral and systemic diseases. Furthermore, pediatric dentistry should team with other health professions in order to cooperate in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Comparison of Linear and Quadratic Classification of Event‐Related Potentials on the Basis of Their Exogenous or Endogenous Components

The linear and quadratic techniques for classifying exogenous and endogenous components of event-related potentials are compared. The test and train on the same data, test and train on different data, and the leave-one-out techniques of evaluating classifier performance are employed. Time samples from waveforms measured from four electrodes simultaneously were used to design the classifiers. Classification results utilizing both techniques gave comparable accuracies suggesting that differences in the data covariances were not significant for the test conditions occurring in each paradigm.
The causation and sensitivity of the northern winter planetary waves

High-resolution calculations of the wintertime stationary atmospheric response to planetary scale topographic and thermal forcings have been made using a numerical model that solves the spherical primitive equations linearized about observed zonal wind and temperature fields. The model equations are presented and their numerical implementation is discussed. The model inputs and parameters are presented and the model's response to relativistic forcing is analyzed. In middle latitudes the response to topographic forcing strongly dominates the response to thermal forcing. In the midlatitude troposphere, the topographic response is insensitive to changes in the zonal wind. In the stratosphere, both the variance and mean are dominated by the topographic response. In general, the sensitivity of the planetary waves to changes in the zonal wind is found to be much smaller than other recent calculations have indicated.
The honeybee queen influences the regulation of colony drone production

Social insect colonies invest in reproduction and growth, but how colonies achieve an adaptive allocation to these life-history characters remains an open question in social insect biology. Attempts to understand how a colony's investment in reproduction is shaped by the queen and the workers have proved complicated because of the potential for queen-worker conflict over the colony's investment in males versus females. Honeybees, in which this conflict is expected to be minimal or absent, provide an opportunity to more clearly study how the actions and interactions of individuals influence the colony's production and regulation of males (drones). We examined whether honeybee queens can influence drone regulation by either allowing or preventing them from laying drone eggs for a period of time and then examining their subsequent tendency to lay drone and worker eggs. Queens who initially laid drone eggs subsequently laid fewer drone eggs than the queens who were initially prevented from producing drone eggs. This indicates that a colony's regulation of drones may be achieved not only by the workers, who build wax cells for drones and feed the larvae, but also by the queen, who can modify her production of drone eggs. In order to better understand how the queen and workers contribute to social insect colony decisions, future work should attempt to distinguish between actions that reflect conflict over sex allocation and those that reflect cooperation and shared control over the colony's investment in reproduction.
A convex optimization approach to reducing peak-to-average-power ratio in OFDM

Practical transmission of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals suffers from high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) at the transmit antenna(s). Among various solutions, tone injection is an effective approach to mitigate this problem without incurring bandwidth loss. However, due to its computational complexity, finding the optimal tone injection becomes intractable for OFDM systems with a large number of subcarriers. In this work we present a novel convex optimization approach to numerically determine the near-optimal tone injection solution based on a semi-definite relaxation. This approach leads to significant PAPR reduction with polynomial complexity. An STBC-OFDM extension is also proposed.
Screening of mental disorders in asylum-seekers from Kosovo.

Objective: To determine how the use of trained and ad hoc interpreters during a medical screening interview affects referral to medical and psychiatric care.Methods: We reviewed 319 structured interviews conducted by nurses with asylum-seekers from Kosovo during a systematic medical screening at time of entry, consisting of questions about health conditions, past exposure to traumatic events, and posttraumatic symptoms.Results: The majority (72%) of asylum-seekers were male and the median age was 24 years. Forty-eight per cent were single and 55% declared having relatives already living in Switzerland. Screening interviews resulted in 36% of asylum-seekers being referred to a general practitioner and 6% to a psychiatrist. Relatives served as ad hoc interpreters in 18% of interviews and trained interpreters in 16%. The detection of traumatic events and psychological symptoms significantly improved when trained interpreters were present (traumatic events: no interpreters 55%, ad hoc interpreters 46%, traine...