cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The functional morphology of the cercopithecoid wrist and inferior radioulnar joints, and their bearing on some problems in the evolution of the Hominoidea.

The cercopithecoid wrist joint differs from the wrist joints of hominoids in several ways. The distal ulna, the distal radius, the pisiform, the triquetrum, the hamate, and the base of the fifth metacarpal are on the one hand remarkably alike among cercopithecoid genera, and on the other remarkably distinct from homologous bones in the Hominoidea. Functionally, the triquetrum and the pisiform, in conjunction with the ulnar styloid process, check the proximal carpal row during ulnar deviation, and are possibly important in stabilizing the wrist during dorsiflexion as well. The head of the ulna almost certainly betokens a range of radioulnar supination in cercopithecoids that is substantially less than is to be found in any of the hominoid genera. The articulation between the hamate bone and the base of the fifth metacarpal allows for considerable dorsiflexion in the Cercopithecoidea; this potential was not evident in any of the hominoids examined. Behaviorally, the cercopithecoid wrist can most profitably be viewed as an adaptation for a quadrupedal life style involving dorsiflexion of the wrist and palmigrade/digitigrade substrate contact. The hominoid wrist joint is not adapted for such a behavioral potential.
Propensity: Popper or Peirce?

Recent work by Ian Hacking ([I97ia] and [I97Ib]) has indicated that there can be value in theories of probability which are no longer in vogue. The justification for such work may lie in the service these theories do in explicating current ones, in the intrinsic merit of the theories themselves, or in both. One such theory, which has seen little detailed analysis, is that of Charles Peirce. For the most part, Peirce's theory of probability has been ignored even by commentators upon his philosophy.' Study of Peirce's theory of probability, since it is (as Hacking indicates) dispositional, can shed light upon and perhaps provide a workable alternative to the work of Popper et al. on propensity theories of probability. Evidence of what Hacking calls a 'Peirceian dispositional property' can be found quite explicitly in Peirce's writings. Perhaps the most succinct instance is '. . . the will be's, the actually is's, and the have been's are not the sum of the reals. They only cover actuality. There are besides would be's and can be's that are real' (8.216).2 Such a statement bears little similarity to Popper's description of his own propensity theory:
Cultivating creative problem solvers: the PBL style

After decades of research, we now know that creativity is a multidimensional construct that involves variables from the domains of personality, environment, and cognition. A construct with such level of complexity, as we know from past research, cannot be effectively learned through traditional lecture-based instruction. Rather, the formation of this type of ability is a cultivation process. Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional method that holds promise for cultivating students’ creativity. The characteristics of PBL provide well-aligned instructional affordance for not only fostering students’ development of necessary ability, knowledge, and skills for creativity to occur, but also providing a learning environment that supports the cultivation process. In this paper, an analysis of the characteristics of creativity as well as a description of the main features of PBL will be discussed. Furthermore, the details of the alignment between PBL’s affordance and the characteristics of creativity will also be provided.
Cometabolism of chlorinated solvents and binary chlorinated solvent mixtures using M. trichosporium OB3b PP358.

The mutant methanotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b PP358, which constitutively expresses soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), was used to study the degradation kinetics of individual chlorinated solvents and binary solvent mixtures. Although sMMO's broad specificity permits a wide range of chlorinated solvents to be degraded, it creates the potential for competitive inhibition of degradation rates in mixtures because multiple chemicals are simultaneously available to the enzyme. To effectively design both ex-situ and in-situ groundwater bioremediation systems using strain PP358, kinetic parameters for chlorinated solvent degradation and accurate kinetic expressions to account for inhibition in mixtures are required. Toward this end, the degradation parameters for six prevalent chlorinated solvents and the verification of enzyme competition model for binary mixtures were the focus of this investigation. M. trichosporium OB3b PP358 degraded trichloroethylene (TCE), chloroform, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), and 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) rapidly, with maximum substrate transformation rates of >20.8, 3.1, 9.5 24.8, and >7.5 mg/mg-day, respectively. 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) was not significantly degraded. Half-saturation coefficients ranged from 1 to greater than 10 mg/L. Competition experiments were carried out to observe the effect of a second solvent on degradation rates and to verify the applicability of the Monod model adjusted for competitive inhibition. Binary mixtures of 0.3–>0.5 mg/L TCE with up to 5 mg/L c-DCE and up to 7 mg/L 1,1,1-TCA were studied with 20 mM of formate and no growth substrate. No competition was observed at any of these concentrations. Additional competition experiments, using binary mixtures of t-DCE with TCE and t-DCE with c-DCE, were conducted at higher concentrations (i.e., 7–18 mg/L) and enzyme competition was observed. Predictions from a competitive inhibition model compared well with experimental data for these mixtures. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 65: 100–107, 1999.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 52

Abstract Experimental data available through April 1978 have been reviewed in detail. A summary of information obtained in various reaction and decay experiments is presented, together with adopted level schemes with represent, in the compiler's judgment, the best available nuclear structure information on A = 52 nuclei.
DENDRITES AND COGNITION: A NEGATIVE PILOT STUDY IN THE RAT

Abstract The dendritic structure of layer II–III pyramidal neurons of the parietal cortex in 41 Long-Evans rats was compared to behavioral assessments of attention to novelty, response flexibility, and reasoning. It was demonstrated that dendritic arborization is an individually consistent and interindividually variable feature of an individual rat's neurons. However, a significant correlation between dendritic arborization and behavioral performance was not demonstrated. Despite the failure to show a behavior-structure correlation in this particular study, the use of animal research has potential for evaluating the biology of neural structure from an orientation useful to individual difference research as shown by the demonstration that dendritic arborization is an individually consistent feature.
Palynology of the Bryn Mawr Formation (Miocene): insights on the age and genesis of middle atlantic margin fluvial deposits

Abstract The ages of fluvial deposits at the head of Chesapeake Bay, thought to be the updip, chronostratigraphic equivalents of a well-dated late Oligocene to Quaternary marine sequence in the Salisbury Embayment, are poorly known. We present data regarding a new occurrence of a palynoflora recovered from the Bryn Mawr Formation in Cecil County, Maryland. The floral assemblage for the Bryn Mawr Formation includes at least 40 taxa at the generic level where Quercus, Cupuliferae, Ilex, Carya, Taxodium, and Pinus are important elements. Most of the taxa identified from the Bryn Mawr Formation palynoflora are extant and occur within the modern middle Atlantic Coastal Plain; however, several important taxa such as Alangium, Engelhardia, Sciadopitys, Tricolporopollenites sp., and Cupuliferoidaepollenites sp. are at present either extinct or exotic to the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. Comparison of the Bryn Mawr Formation palynoflora to well-dated marine deposits of the Salisbury Embayment suggests a late middle to early late Miocene age (late Serravallian-early Tortonian) for Bryn Mawr Formation phase-2 deposition, supporting previously proposed genetic links to the marine deposits of the Choptank Formation in the subsurface of the Delmarva Peninsula. Relative abundances of common, extant taxa such as Quercus, Carya, Pinus, and NAP (the total non-arboreal pollen) vary considerably throughout late Cenozoic deposits of the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. We present data for common, extant taxa in a ternary diagram to define discrete palynofacies that discriminate among middle Miocene, late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene palynofloras. These results show that relative abunances of common, easily identifiable extant pollen may be as diagnostic as exotic taxa in assigning ages to middle Atlantic Coastal Plain deposits. The Bryn Mawr Formation palynoflora, like other middle to late Miocene palynofloras of the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, suggests terrestrial climatic cooling. In the larger temporal scale of climate change throughout the Cenozoic, this change in Miocene climate is one of three major events that may have had a significant impact on the rate of sediment yield from the Appalachians as recorded in the volume of offshore basin sediments.
Cryptanalysis of a provably secure CRT-RSA algorithm

We study a countermeasure proposed to protect Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) computations for RSA against fault attacks. The scheme was claimed to be provably secure. However, we demonstrate that the proposal is in fact insecure: it can be broken with a simple and practical fault attack. We conclude that the proposed countermeasure is not safe for use in its present form.
New sex partner acquisition and sexually transmitted disease risk among adolescent females.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the association between new sex partner acquisition and incident STDs, to describe predictors of acquiring a new sex partner, and to compare new and established sex partnerships among adolescent females. Methods Interview data and biological specimens for STD testing were collected from a sample of 411 adolescent females (average age 17.3 years, 44% black and 42% Hispanic) enrolled in a longitudinal study. The relationship between having a new sex partner and incident STD infection was estimated with logistic regression. Results Acquisition of a new sex partner during the 12-month follow-up period was common (24%) and significantly associated with an incident STD infection (OR = 3.0, 95% CI=1.6–5.7). Predictors of new partner acquisition were younger age, younger age at first intercourse, and alcohol or drug use before sex in past 30 days. Being in a new partnership was significantly associated with greater uncertainty about the partners' STD history and recent sex with others. Conclusions Being in a new sex partnership is an important predictor of incident STD infection. Awareness of this risk can help clinicians identify individuals who are more likely to get STDs and therefore target STD testing and appropriate prevention messages.
Executive Dysfunction Predicts Delinquency But Not Characteristics of Sexual Aggression Among Adolescent Sexual Offenders

Our aim in this study was to evaluate executive function and its relationship to delinquency and sexual crime in adolescents incarcerated for sexual crimes. Based on self-report data, 196 male adolescent sexual offenders from a Midwest state reported high rates of executive dysfunction. Although such deficits did not relate to the number of victims of sexual abuse, severity, or degree of force used in commission of the sexual crimes, poor executive function was significantly predictive of both general delinquency and felony theft. In both measures of delinquent conduct, behavioral regulation dysfunction was predictive of the frequency of commission of the crimes, whereas metacognition was not. Research and treatment implications are offered.
Dynamics of Thymocyte-Stromal Cell Interactions Visualized by Two-Photon Microscopy

Thymocytes are selected to mature according to their ability to interact with self major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes displayed on the thymic stroma. Using two-photon microscopy, we performed real-time analysis of the cellular contacts made by developing thymocytes undergoing positive selection in a three-dimensional thymic organ culture. A large fraction of thymocytes within these cultures were highly motile. MHC recognition was found to increase the duration of thymocyte-stromal cell interactions and occurred as both long-lived cellular associations displaying stable cell-cell contacts and as shorter, highly dynamic contacts. Our results identify the diversity and dynamics of thymocyte interactions during positive selection.
Mapping of H–2 genes associated with T cell-mediated cytotoxic responses to SV40–tumour-associated specific antigens

T CELL-MEDIATED cytotoxic responses to cells carrying viral antigens1, haptens2 and male H–Y antigen3, as well as minor histocompatibility antigens4 are known to be associated with either the K or D region of the murine major histocompatibility complex (H–2). Similarly, T cell-mediated cytolysis of SV40-transformed cells expressing tumour-associated specific antigens (TASA) is restricted to syngeneic target cells5–8. Although good cytotoxic responses to SV40-transformed cells can be found in mice of H–2b haplotype after primary in vivo immunisation5, the response of mice of other H–2 haplotypes is quite poor (unpublished observations), but can be readily demonstrated after in vitro6–8 mixed cell cultures. We demonstrate here primary cytotoxic responses to SV40–TASA in various inbred mouse strains using an immunisation protocol previously applied to the primary in vivo induction of hapten-specific9 and virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)10. Moreover, the availability of appropriate congeneic recombinant mice as responders and SV40-transformed cells from these mouse strains as target cells, has enabled us to map the anti-SV40–TASA response within the H–2 complex. The data establish that the response is restricted to H–2K or H–2D, and indicate the existence of a possible Ir gene influence on the T-cell response to SV40–TASA associated with H–2Dd.
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast: Eighty cases of an underrecognized entity

Eighty cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast with a pure or partial micropapillary component are reported. The cases were analyzed using various parameters, including age at presentation, tumor size, tumor grade, presence of lymphatic invasion, and axillary lymph node status. The patients' age at presentation ranged from 36 to 92 years (mean, 58.8 years). Tumor size ranged from 0.1 to 10 cm (mean, 2.0 cm); 67.5% (54 of 80) were poorly differentiated, and 32.5% (26 of 80) were moderately differentiated; 62.5% (50 of 80) of the cases had lymphatic invasion; 72.3% (47 of 65) of cases with axillary dissections had positive lymph nodes; and 25% (20 of 80) of the tumors were < or = 1.0 cm and 7.5% (6 of 80) were < or = 0.5 cm. The characteristics of these small tumors with an invasive micropapillary component have not previously been reported. Despite their minute size, these small micropapillary carcinomas seem to show the same proclivity for lymphatic spread and nodal dissemination as larger tumors with this unique histologic pattern.
Roe versus reality - : Abortion and women's health

Drs. Alexi Wright and Ingrid Katz write that abortion supporters fear that Roe may soon be overturned. If that happens, states will have to choose whether to ban or protect abortion.
Teaching Graduate Psychology Seminars Using Electronic Mail: Creative Distance Education

This article describes the use of on-line seminars as part of the curriculum of a freestanding distance education graduate program in psychology for middle-aged adults. Structural, pedagogical, technical, and contextual issues are addressed, along with an evaluation of these courses. We discuss applications of this technology for residential institutions and conclude that exciting, interactive, graduate-level educational experiences can be created using simple e-mail systems.
The impact of rapid urbanization on pan evaporation in phoenix. Arizona

Rapid urbanization in Phoenix, Arizona over the past few decades has been associated with large increases in local temperature and wind speed values, and decreases in local dew point and relative humidity levels. In this study, the impact of these urban-induced climatic changes on long-term pan evaporation rates is identified. The results indicate an increase from 1917 to 1985 in the local pan evaporation in all months of the year. Following a long period of generally increasing pan evaporation levels, a sharp jump in the pan measurements occurred in the late 1960s. This pronounced discontinuity in the long-term record appears to be associated with the construction of a nearby regional shopping centre in 1968. Given widespread similar land-use changes throughout this rapidly growing desert city, and given the well-documented changes in local climatic conditions, potential evapotranspiration increases are probably occurring throughout much of the metropolitan area.
State laws regarding prenatal syphilis screening in the United States.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and pattern of state laws or regulations regarding prenatal syphilis serologic screening in the United States in 2001. Study design We surveyed the United States for existing laws and regulations regarding serologic screening for syphilis during pregnancy. Testing was compared with 2000 state rates of syphilis in women and newborn infants, with states that had syphilis high morbidity areas, and with national 2000 and 2010 objectives for rates of syphilis. Results Forty-six of the 50 states (90%) and the District of Columbia have laws regarding antenatal syphilis screening. Thirty-four of the 46 statutes (76%) mandate one prenatal test, usually at the first prenatal visit or early in pregnancy. Twelve laws (26%) include third-trimester testing for all or high-risk women. The presence of high morbidity areas, incidence of early syphilis in women, and rates of congenital syphilis are associated with increasing frequency of legislated antepartum screening. Conclusion Only 90% of states have statutes that require antepartum syphilis screening, and there is variation in the content of the statutes about the number and timing of tests. States with a heavy burden of infectious syphilis in women tend to require more prenatal testing.
Health effects of exposure to ambient carbon monoxide

Abstract Atmospheric trace gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) are essential for the healthful function of the Earth’s plants, animals, and natural environment. Biological organisms not only adapt to background levels of CO, but also produce and utilize CO for normal life processes. Increasing concentrations of CO from man-made sources became a public health problem, however, when levels disturbed the established natural balances. Unfortunately, the common atmospheric gases are not always taken seriously as environmental “pollutants”. Concerns about the potential health effects of exposure to CO have been addressed in extensive studies with various animal species as subjects. Under varied experimental conditions, considerable information has been obtained on the toxicity of CO, its direct effects on blood and other tissues, and the indications of these effects in the form of changes in organ function. The lethality of CO that results from extremely high concentrations is well known, but other effects of CO often are overlooked, especially in susceptible individuals. The health effects of low concentrations, such as levels found in ambient air, are far more subtle and considerably less threatening to the general public.
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis for monitoring Nocardia levels in activated sludge

The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) technology to quantify Nocardia levels in activated sludge samples. In order to distinguish Nocardia cells in activated sludge, fatty acids associated with N. amarae pure culture were determined and compared to fatty acid profiles of non-foaming activated sludge. Seven fatty acid peaks were observed for N. amarae cells grown in pure culture. Two of these seven peaks appeared to be unique to Nocardia when compared to the FAME profiles for the activated sludge sample and, therefore, can potentially serve as signature fatty acids for detecting and quantifying Nocardia in similar systems. In addition, we performed FAME analysis on mixed liquor samples containing various levels of N. amarae cells. Greater amounts of the signature fatty acids were extracted from the mixed liquors containing higher levels of Nocardia, and these amounts additionally correlated well with the conventional filamentous counting technique.
The Impact of Two Types of Peer Assessment on Students' Performance and Satisfaction within a Wiki Environment.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two peer assessment methods on university students' academic writing performance and their satisfaction with peer assessment. This study also examined the validity and reliability of student generated assessment scores. Two hundred and thirty-two predominantly undergraduate students were selected by convenience sampling during the fall semester of 2007. The results indicate that students in the experimental group demonstrated greater improvement in their writing than those in the comparison group, and the findings reveal that students in the experimental group exhibited higher levels of satisfaction with the peer assessment method both in peer assessment structure and peer feedback than those in the comparison group. Additionally, the findings indicate that the validity and reliability of student generated rating scores were extremely high. Using Wiki interactive software and providing an online collaborative learning environment to facilitate peer assessment added value to peer assessment.
Extreme ultraviolet spectrograph sounding rocket payload: recent modifications for planetary observations in the EUV/FUV

We report on the status of modifications to an existing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) telescope/spectrograph sounding rocket payload for planetary observations in the 800 - 1200 A wavelength band. The instrument is composed of an existing Wolter Type 2 grazing incidence telescope, a newly built 0.4-m normal incidence Rowland Circle spectrograph, and an open-structure resistive-anode microchannel plate detector. The modified payload has successfully completed three NASA sounding rocket flights within 1994-1995. Future flights are anticipated for additional studies of planetary and cometary atmospheres and interstellar absorption. A detailed description of the payload, along with the performance characteristics of the integrated instrument are presented. In addition, some preliminary flight results from the above three missions are also presented.
Characterization of the Xenopus homolog of an immediate early gene associated with cell activation: sequence analysis and regulation of its expression by thyroid hormone during amphibian metamorphosis

The complex transformation of a tadpole to a frog during amphibian development is under the control of thyroid hormone (T3). T3 is known to regulate gene transcription through its nuclear receptors. We have previously isolated many genes which are up-regulated by T3 in the intestine of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. We have now cloned a full-length cDNA for one such gene (IU12). Sequence analysis shows that the IU12 cDNA encodes a plasma membrane protein with 12 transmembrane domains and homologous to a mammalian gene associated with cell activation and organ development. Similarly, we have found that IU12 is activated during intestinal remodeling when both cell death and proliferation take place. Furthermore, IU12 is an early T3-response gene and its expression in the intestine during T3-induced metamorphosis mimics that during normal development. These results argue for a role of IU12 in the signal transduction pathways leading to intestinal metamorphosis.
Registration, Residency Restrictions, and Community Notification: A Social Capital Perspective on the Isolation of Registered Sex Offenders in Our Communities

This article highlights the importance of social capital for registered sex offenders who are reintegrating back into their communities. Although not always identified among community corrections, the sex offender registry creates a punitive atmosphere that diminishes the amount of available social capital for all involved—community members, sex offenders, and the government. Lost social capital contributes to recidivism, reentry problems, and mental health issues among registered sex offenders. We argue that deterrent and protective features of the sex offender registry are overemphasized and the goal of reintegration has been undermined. The loss of social capital exacerbates (1) the minimization of trust, (2) low expectations of rehabilitation and reentry, (3) limited contact and information from role models, (4) increased access to criminal capital, (5) formal sanctioning power of the registry, and (6) loss of sanctioning power from family and communities. Through this in-depth analysis, we argue that...
The Gross Maintenance Requirement of White Leghorns

Abstract This paper is a preliminary report on some results obtained in attempting to estimate the gross maintenance requirement of White Leghorn chickens from data obtained from feeding experiments specially planned for that purpose. The expression, “gross maintenance requirement,” as employed here, is used to designate that weight of feed (in grams) which a chicken requires each day for all purposes, except for increasing its live weight and for producing eggs. The feeding experiments were so planned that a number of pens of chickens were fed at levels of feed intake which differed from one another by a fixed amount, all the levels of feed intake being less than that required for maintaining live weight. The daily allowance of feed for each pen was weighed and placed in small paper bags before the experiment was started, and each morning during the experiment proper one of these bags was emptied into the . . .
Solution structure of human Mts1 (S100A4) as determined by NMR spectroscopy.

Mts1 is a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins and is implicated in promoting tumor progression and metastasis. To better understand the structure-function relationships of this protein and to begin characterizing its Ca2+-dependent interaction with protein binding targets, the three-dimensional structure of mts1 was determined in the apo state by NMR spectroscopy. As with other S100 protein family members, mts1 is a symmetric homodimer held together by noncovalent interactions between two helices from each subunit (helices 1, 4, 1', and 4') to form an X-type four-helix bundle. Each subunit of mts1 has two EF-hand Ca2+-binding domains: a pseudo-EF-hand (or S100-hand) and a typical EF-hand that are brought into proximity by a small two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet. The S100-hand is formed by helices 1 and 2, and is similar in conformation to other members of the S100 family. In the typical EF-hand, the position of helix 3 is similar to that of another member of the S100 protein family, calcyclin (S100A6), and less like that of other S100 family members for which three-dimensional structures are available in the calcium-free state (e.g., S100B and S100A1). The differences in the position of helix 3 in the apo state of these four S100 proteins are likely due to variations in the amino acid sequence in the C-terminus of helix 4 and in loop 2 (the hinge region) and could potentially be used to subclassify the S100 protein family.
Succession Planning in Government Case Study of a Medium-Sized City

Succession planning is the plan an organization develops to meet its most critical employment needs. Although frequently used in the private arena, succession planning is rarely employed in the pub...
Changes in a Population of Exotic Rainbow Smelt in Lake Superior: Boom to Bust, 1974–2005

Abstract Changes in a population of rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior were chronicled over a 32-yr time series, 1974-2005. At the beginning of the time series, rainbow smelt was the predominant prey species, abundance of lake herring ( Coregonis artedi ) was very low, and the dominant predator was stocked lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ). Following a period of successful lake trout stocking in the 1970s, the rainbow smelt population declined sharply in 1980, largely through mortality of adult fish and subsequent poor recruitment. In the succeeding 4 years, rainbow smelt populations reached historic low levels, resulting in reduced food resources for both wild and stocked lake trout. During 1985–1990 lake herring stocks began a spectacular recovery following the appearance of a very strong 1984 year class and subsequent 1988, 1989, and 1990 year classes. Rainbow smelt benefited from the high abundance of young lake herring as an alternate prey source for lake trout and showed a partial recovery in the late 1980s. However, a growing lake trout population coupled with an 8-yr period of low herring reproduction after 1990 resulted in a diminished rainbow smelt population dominated by age-1 and 2 fish and showing a pattern of alternating recruitment attributed to cannibalism. Low productivity of rainbow smelt and intermittent production of herring over the past decade has left lake trout populations with a diminished prey base. Although lake trout recovery benefited from the presence of rainbow smelt as a prey resource, the Lake Superior fish community was fundamentally altered by the introduction of rainbow smelt.
Dexamethasone suppression test in children with major depressive disorder

The authors report a study of 24-hour serial cortisol determinations, measured during baseline and after the administration of 0.25 and 0.5 mg of dexamethasone in a sample of predominantly outpatient children with major depressive disorder, nonaffective psychiatric controls, and normal controls. In this sample, 24-hour baseline cortisol and the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) do not discriminate between the three groups. In addition, the authors measured 24-hour serum dexamethasone levels. There were no significant between group differences in serum dexamethasone. These results raise questions as to the utility of this test in the diagnosis of affective disorders in children. Possible reasons for the discrepancies in the dexamethasone suppression test results between in- and outpatient studies are discussed.
Locus of Control among Computer-Using School Children: A Report of a Pilot Study:

Forty-six high SES school-aged children (aged nine to fifteen) participated in a prototypical after-school and summer computer camp provided by an independent non-profit research laboratory. Following an initial sixteen-hour exposure to Logo and Bank Street Writer, children twelve years of age or less were found to minimally shift towards an internal locus of control (paired 1-tailed t-test significant at .03), as measured pre and posttest with the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control (LOC) Scale for Children. The LOC scale was chosen as an operationalization of Papert's concept of “empowering children” via microcomputer interaction. Because prior research on LOC has associated an internal LOC with positive learner attributes (such as the ability to delay gratification, persist on task, greater tendencies toward beneficial social interaction, less dogmatism, academic competence, social maturity, and possibly a correlate of independent, striving, and self-motivated behavior), it was felt that such an invest...
“Telanthropus” and the Single Species Hypothesis: A Reexamination1

Wolpoff has rejected “Telanthropus” as a refutation of the single species hypothesis on the basis of the stratigraphy at Swartkrans, the morphological characters of the “Telanthropus” specimens, and a statistical test. The stratigraphic and morphological evidence has been reexamined, and M. length and breadth dimensions of “Telanthropus” and Paranthropus have been compared statistically. These results are inconsistent with Wolpoff's conclusions and the single species hypothesis of human evolution.
Sequence Variability in Clinical and Laboratory Isolates of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Reveals New Mutations

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a well-adapted human pathogen that can invade the peripheral nervous system and persist there as a lifelong latent infection. Despite their ubiquity, only one natural isolate of HSV-1 (strain 17) has been sequenced. Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing of viral DNA, we obtained the genome sequences of both a laboratory strain (F) and a low-passage clinical isolate (H129). These data demonstrated the extent of interstrain variation across the entire genome of HSV-1 in both coding and noncoding regions. We found many amino acid differences distributed across the proteome of the new strain F sequence and the previously known strain 17, demonstrating the spectrum of variability among wild-type HSV-1 proteins. The clinical isolate, strain H129, displays a unique anterograde spread phenotype for which the causal mutations were completely unknown. We have defined the sequence differences in H129 and propose a number of potentially causal genes, including the neurovirulence protein ICP34.5 (RL1). Further studies will be required to demonstrate which change(s) is sufficient to recapitulate the spread defect of strain H129. Unexpectedly, these data also revealed a frameshift mutation in the UL13 kinase in our strain F isolate, demonstrating how deep genome sequencing can reveal the full complement of background mutations in any given strain, particularly those passaged or plaque purified in a laboratory setting. These data increase our knowledge of sequence variation in large DNA viruses and demonstrate the potential of deep sequencing to yield insight into DNA genome evolution and the variation among different pathogen isolates.
The Efficacy of p-Ureidobenzenearsonic Acid as a Preventative of Histomoniasis in Turkey Poults

Abstract THE studies presented here were made to determine the efficacy of p-Ureidobenzenearsonic acid* (P-UBA) administered at a 0.0375% level in mash, in the prevention of histomoniasis in laboratory-infected turkey poults. The safety of this treatment was also determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty Beltsville White turkey poults were allotted into 6 groups of 25 each. Two groups, designed as A and B, were housed in separate rooms with concrete floors covered with wood shavings; and the remaining groups, designated as C, D, E, and F, were housed in batteries. Group A received neither P-UBA nor an inoculum of Heterakis gallinae eggs. Group B was not infected, but received P-UBA starting when the poults were 4 weeks old and continued until the experiment ended. Turkeys in groups C and D were inoculated with Heterakis eggs when the turkeys were 5 weeks old; in addition, group D received P-UBA. Histomoniasis …
A Population-Based Study of the Prevalence and Distinctiveness of Battering, Physical Assault, and Sexual Assault in Intimate Relationships

The types of violence subsumed under the term intimate partner violence include physical assault, sexual assault, psychological abuse, and battering. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence by type (battering, physical assaults, and sexual assaults) in a population-based sample of women aged 18 to 45. The authors describe the prevalence of partner violence by type as well as the demographic, health behavior, and health status correlates of intimate partner violence by type. Findings support the empirical distinction of battering and assault. Battering as measured by the Women's Experiences With Battering (WEB) Scale provided the most comprehensive measure of intimate partner violence.
A Comparative Analysis of Online and Traditional Undergraduate Business Law Classes

The trend in academia to online learning has gained momentum in the past decade, due in part to the cost of higher education, a changing student profile, lack of traditional classroom space and the recognition that distance learning has created a new paradigm of instruction. Universities wishing to maintain or expand enrollments need to be able to respond effectively to the educational needs of working adults, students in the military and residents of rural communities as well as of other countries. Online (Internet-based) course offerings constitute a creative and increasingly popular response to these challenges. As more and more institutions of higher learning offer online courses, the question arises whether they are, or can be, as effective as courses offered in the traditional classroom format. Answering the question has been the focus of several studies. Our study compared students enrolled in both online and traditional classroom versions of one business law course where all elements were the same except for the instruction format. The study found no significant difference between the two formats with regard to student satisfaction and student learning. The findings support earlier comparisons of online and traditional instruction modes
Relations Between Fathers’ and Mothers’ Infant Engagement Patterns in Dual-Earner Families and Toddler Competence

This study examined the trajectories of time new fathers and mothers in dual-earner families (N = 178) reported spending in developmentally appropriate positive engagement activities over the first 9 months of their child's life on both work and non-workdays. We also explored how paternal and maternal engagement patterns in infancy were associated with children's later social-emotional competence during toddlerhood (M = 25 months). Utilizing latent growth models, we found that, compared with mothers, fathers spent significantly less time engaging with their infants; however, both parents increased their engagement over time at relatively the same rate. Fathers' rate of increase over time and mothers' initial starting point of engagement on non-workdays were associated with toddlers' attention and mastery motivation. Findings are discussed with regards to what they mean for dual-earner couples and fathers' investment in their offspring, highlighting what they may imply about the second demographic transition and family functioning.
On the processing of simple visual and auditory stimuli at distinct levels

Two RT studies explored the possibility that identification of a single stimulus can take place through more than one perceptual route. In the first experiment, mean RT to color was systematically changed by varying type of catch stimulus. In the second experiment, the form of the RT distribution to a tone was changed by varying type of catch stimulus. Considerations of distribution means and shapes led to the conclusion that detection and discrimination are two of the alternative levels of perceptual processing which can be evoked in rapid identification of these stimuli. Recent investigations have been directed toward identifying the kinds of operations which may be performed on the information arriving from receptor surfaces. Treisman (1969) has drawn on a wide range of studies to propose a general system of sensory analyzers which test a stimulus input for such features as spatial location, color, size, and speech. Sternberg has proposed perceptual models consisting of chains of stages, and has studied properties of these stages using reaction-time measures within subtractive designs (Sternberg, 1966) and more recently with additive designs (Sternberg, 1969). Posner and Mitchell (1967)
Electrophoresis as a Criterion of Purity in Proteins

WE HAVE been informed that reference 14 in the article by Eugene L. Hess ( Science , 113, 709 [1951]) is to the new journal Arkiv for Kemi and not to Arkiv Kemi, Mineral., Geol. —EDITORS.
Assessment of distress in conventional hot-mix asphalt and asphalt-rubber overlays on Portland cement concrete pavements: Using the new guide to mechanistic-empirical design of pavement structures

The purpose of this study is to assess the way distresses are predicted by using the new Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures (design guide), developed under NCHRP Project 1-37A. Two pavement sections were used: a conventional hot-mix asphalt reconstruction and an asphalt-rubber overlay on a portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement. The design guide does not include rehabilitation design for asphalt-rubber overlays. However, many large-scale asphalt-rubber overlays on interstate highways in Arizona have been built and monitored for performance, providing an opportunity to determine to what degree the design guide can predict their performance. The input data for both types of pavements were derived from two different projects on the same highway, Interstate 40. The actual data measurements that summarize the pavement performance were compared with calculated values obtained by using the design guide. Three pavement performance parameters were evaluated on the basis of t...
Intermediate Conductances during Deactivation of Heteromultimeric Shaker Potassium Channels

A previous study of the T442S mutant Shaker channel revealed activation-coupled subconductance levels that apparently represent kinetic intermediates in channel activation (Zheng, J., and F.J. Sigworth. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:101–117). We have now extended the study to heteromultimeric channels consisting of various numbers of mutant subunits as well as channels without mutant subunits, all in the background of a chimeric Shaker channel having increased conductance. It has been found that activation-coupled sublevels exist in all these channel types, and are traversed in at least 80% of all deactivation time courses. In symmetric K+ solutions, the currents in the two sublevels have a linear voltage dependence, being 23–44% and 54–70% of the fully open conductance. Sublevels in different channel types share similar voltage dependence of the mean lifetime and similar ion selectivity properties. However, the mean lifetime of each current level depends approximately geometrically on the number of mutant subunits in the channel, becoming shorter in channels having fewer mutant subunits. Each mutant subunit appears to stabilize all of the conducting states by ∼0.5 kcal/mol. Consistent with previous results in the mutant channel, sublevels in channels with two or no mutant subunits also showed ion selectivities that differ from that of the fully open level, having relatively higher K+ than Rb+ conductances. A model is presented in which Shaker channels have two coupled activation gates, one associated with the selectivity filter and a second associated with the S6 helix bundle.
LATENT TRAIT MODELS AND THEIR USE IN THE ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL TEST DATA1,2,3

A theory of latent traits supposes that in testing situations, examinee performance on a test can be predicted (or explained) by defining characteristics of examinees, referred to as traits, estimating scores for examinees on these traits, and using the scores to predict or explain test performance (Lord and Novick, 1968). Since the traits are not directly measurable and therefore "unobservable," they are often referred to as latent traits or abilities. A latent trait model specifies a relationship between observable examinee test performance and the unobservable traits or abilities assumed to underlie performance on the test. The relationship between the "observable" and the "unobservable" quantities is described by a mathematical function. For this reason, latent trait models are mathematical models. Also, latent trait models are based on assumptions about the test data. When selecting a particular latent trait model to apply to one's test data, it is necessary to consider whether the test data satisfy the assumptions of the model. If they do not, different test models should be considered. Alternately, some psychometricians (for example, Wright, 1968) have recommended that test developers design their tests so as to satisfy the assumptions of the particular latent trait model they are interested in using. Recent work by Lord (1968, 1974a), Lord and Novick (1968), Wright (1968), Wright and Panchapakesan (1969), Samejima (1969, 1972), Bock and Wood (1971), and Whitely and Dawis (1974) has been helpful in introducing educational measurement specialists to the topic of latent trait models. Also, the work of these and other individuals has contributed substantially to the current interest among test practitioners in applying the models to a wide variety of educational and psychological testing problems. Latent trait models are now being used to "explain" examinee test performance as well as to provide a framework for solving test design problems and other important testing questions that have, to date, gone unresolved (Lord, 1977; Wright, 1977a, 1977b). Why has the use of latent trait models in practical testing situations been low? There are at least five reasons. For one, the topic of latent trait theory represents a complex branch of the field of test theory. The advanced mathematical skills required to study many of the papers published on the topic have probably discouraged many potential
Effects of Carbon Source on Expression of Fo Genes and on the Stoichiometry of the c Subunit in the F1Fo ATPase of Escherichia coli

Expression of the genes for the membrane-bound Fo sector of the Escherichia coli F1Fo proton-translocating ATPase can respond to changes in metabolic conditions, and these changes are reflected in alterations in the subunit stoichiometry of the oligomeric Fo proton channel. Transcriptional and translational lacZ fusions to the promoter and to two Fo genes show that, during growth on the nonfermentable carbon source succinate, transcription of the operon and translation of uncB, encoding the a subunit of Fo, are higher than during growth on glucose. In contrast, translation of the uncE gene, encoding the c subunit of Fo, is higher during growth on glucose than during growth on succinate. Translation rates of both uncB and uncE change as culture density increases, but transcription rates do not. Quantitation of the c stoichiometry shows that more c subunits are assembled into the F1Fo ATPase in cells grown on glucose than in cells grown on succinate. E. coli therefore appears to have a mechanism for regulating the composition and, presumably, the function of the ATPase in response to metabolic circumstances.
DOS DOCUMENTOS INÉDITOS SOBRE PREVENCIONES ESTATALES FRENTE AL ASENTAMIENTO FRECUENTE DE TRIPULANTES DE BALLENERAS NORTEAMERICANAS Y FRANCESAS EN LA ZONA DE CHILOE, 1843 Y 1846

Esta fuera de toda duda que bajo la administracion del Presidente Bulnes se asiste a una activa preocupacion por la soberania efectiva de los territorios patagonicos. En verdad, este asunto, senaladamente trascendental, hizo posible la adopcion de medidas practicas que pretendian La posesion real del territorio contiguo al estrecho de Magallanes, el establecimiento de una colonia y la proteccion de la empresa proyectada para traer de Europa al mismo estrecho vapores a proposito para remolcar embarcaciones a vela1. Claro esta que si bien Chile comenzo a ejercer soberania de hecho en la Patagonia con el emplazamiento de Fuerte Bulnes, en la practica en algunos puntos, esta fue meramente nominal.