cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Liver and Biliary Tree Trauma

Most liver injuries are managed nonoperatively. However, patients who require surgical management of liver and biliary tree injuries may be severely physiologically compromised and may suffer severe morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of hepatic and biliary anatomy is critical to plan appropriate operative management. Once in the operating room, the surgeon must have an organized approach to hemorrhage control. Damage control should always be considered as a bailout strategy, but in some cases unrelenting hemorrhage may require more aggressive techniques. Drainage of the biliary system can always be used at the initial operation, but the ability to reconstruct the biliary tree must be in the skillset of the trauma surgeon. There are a number of common complications of liver and biliary surgery that must be managed.
Extending Gödel's Modal Interpretation to Type Theory and Set Theory

Publisher Summary Heyting's propositional calculus can be embedded in Lewis's modal propositional calculus S4, as exhibited by Godel. Thus, S4 conservatively contains both classical and intuitionistic propositional calculi. It is also observed that using topological Boolean algebras, a similar interpretation can be extended to the predicate calculus without equality. When attempting to build type theory or set theory based on S4, one has to be careful with comprehension. The chapter describes an extensional type theory based on S4. This theory exhibits existence and disjunction properties and the intiutionistic type theory can be interpreted in it. The chapter considers the topological interpretation of S4 logic without restricting to the first-order case. The intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF) can be interpreted in set theory based on S4. The chapter also formulates a higher-order S4 calculus containing all classical, intuitionistic, and modal higher-order predicates.
Polyploidy in Bryophytes with Special Emphasis on Mosses

Bryophytes are a group of about 14,000 species of non-vascular, green, land plants. Included in the group are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. The group has long been treated as monophyletic, but recent evidence from a variety of sources, including cytology, indicates that this may not be so. For purposes of this discussion three classes of bryophytes are recognized: Musci—mosses, with six subclasses and some 800 genera and 9,000 species (1); Anthocerotae—hornworts, with about five genera and 300 species (2); and Hepaticae—liverworts, with about 400 genera and 5,500 species (2,3). Polyploidy is rare in Anthocerotae and Hepaticae, is apparently of little significance in those groups, and will be discussed here only briefly, to contrast them with mosses.
Intrauterine Devices in Women with Proved Fertility

A study of 188 patients all of whom were married living with their husbands and had 2 or more children who had received the Lippes loop or Gynecoil IUDs during a 27 month period is reported. 4 unplanned pregnancies occured: 1) 2 because the smallest size IUD which is no longer available was used; 2) 1 in which the IUD had partially extended into the cervix and went undetected due to patient negligence; and 3) 1 unexplained normal pregnancy. 21 devices were removed because of bleeding and after 15 reinsertions 5 had to be removed. There were 17 initial expulsions and after reinsertion of another type or size IUD in 12 patients 1 expulsion occurred. Some miscellaneous complications were observed but were not considered serious and reinsertion usually rectified the side-effects. 9 nonrelevant removals mostly due to non-contraceptive desires or surgery were reported. It is recommended that instruction be given the IUD acceptor on the nature and theory of IUDs prior to insertion and that the importance of monthly self-examination be emphasized.
Cardiovascular Disorders and Exercise

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the possibilities of physical exercise in patients having cardiovascular disorders. Physical activity requires increased mechanical activity of skeletal muscle. For proper functioning, skeletal muscles require increased oxygen and fuel to produce increased activity. The cardiovascular system normally demonstrates an immediate response to exercise. This response includes local alterations in the blood flow and vascular resistance that evoke reflexes that stimulate the heart to provide an increased cardiac output. Because of this inevitable challenge to the cardiovascular system by exercise, patients with cardiac disorders often first manifest symptoms with exercise. There is ample physiological evidence suggesting that an exercise program improves the cardiovascular response to work; however, this response is largely because of an improved efficiency of skeletal muscle. Currently, it is not clear whether the moderate exercise programs provided to the cardiac patient are sufficient to provide this type of improved skeletal muscle performance.
D. Z. Phillips and ‘The Inadequacy of Language’

that our language as such is inadequate to tell us anything about the world beyond the grave, the notion of inadequacy is being misused. Our language is not a poor alternative to other means of communication; it is what constitutes communication. To say 'We only have our language' in this context, is not like saying 'I only have English.' In the latter case one might say, 'If you could speak Welsh you'd see why hwylis untranslatable.' But one cannot say, 'Because we only have our language we cannot say what the world beyond the grave is like.' There can be an inadequate use of language, but it makes no sense to say that language itself is inadequate.2
Benefits of Low Sodium in the Diets of Laying Hens During the Period Prior to Forced Rest

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the performance of laying hens when sodium chloride and dicalcium phosphate were removed from the diet for 4 days before beginning the forced rest treatment. Calcium level of the diet was increased 2.4%. When the sodium was removed from the diet, hens laid 3.3 and 1.9 more eggs before going out of production in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively, than hens from which the feed was removed on Day 1. The performance of the hens following the resting period was not influenced by removing the salt from the diet in the prerest period (Days 0 to 4). Egg weight and specific gravity were not affected.
Natural History of Collops georgianus (Coleoptera: Melyridae)

Collops georgianus Fall lives on rock outcrops in Georgia. It produces one generation per year. Adults die in the late fall and larvae overwinter, pupate in the spring, and emerge as adults by late June. Egg-laying occurs throughout the summer, with most occurring in September. In most months, females significantly outnumber males. Adults scavenge dead insects, prey upon oribatid mites, and eat seeds. They are diurnal and their activity peaks in the late afternoon. They use the various areas of the outcrop randomly in the morning and evening but specialize at midday during the warmer months. They appear to use certain areas for feeding and mating and to use others for escape from the heat of midday.
pH Control of Ionic Liquids with Carbon Dioxide and Water: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate

To use ionic liquids in pH-dependent reaction and separation processes, pH control is necessary. The use of traditional mineral acids poses a challenge due to the nonvolatile nature of both the ionic liquid and the mineral acid/salts, requiring additional separation steps. The use of a volatile acidification agent, such as CO2, can be beneficial and is the subject of this work. The pH of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][Ac]), a basic ionic liquid, and water mixtures is measured under low CO2 pressure. Water content is varied from 0 to 25% (w/w), and CO2 pressure is varied from 0 to 1.5 bar. The effect of temperature is also examined for the 25% water and [emim][Ac] mixture. Results are compared to those obtained using an alternative volatile acid, acetic acid. The pH of [emim][Ac] and water mixtures is found to decrease with increasing water content and increasing CO2 pressure, while temperature has a minimal effect. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the pH behavior of both pure [emim][Ac]...
Prevention of Chronic Lung Disease

Primary prevention of chronic lung disease stresses avoidance of potential irritants, the most important of which are found in cigarettes. Persons who may be unusually susceptible need special protection. For example, certain occupations pose inordinate risks for cigarette smokers.Secondary and tertiary preventive measures aim at preventing disability and at rehabilitating persons whose pulmonary function is already impaired.
The Return of the King of the Kelp Forest: Distribution, Abundance, and Biomass of Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas) off Santa Catalina Island, California, 2014-2015

Abstract It is rare to find evidence of top predators recovering after being negatively affected by overfishing. However, recent findings suggest a nascent return of the critically endangered giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) to southern California. To provide the first population assessment of giant sea bass, surveys were conducted during the 2014/2015 summers off Santa Catalina Island, CA. Eight sites were surveyed on both the windward and leeward side of Santa Catalina Island every two weeks from June through August. Of the eight sites, three aggregations were identified at Goat Harbor, The V’s, and Little Harbor, CA. These three aggregation sites, the largest containing 24 individuals, contained a mean stock biomass of 19.6 kg/1000 m2 over both summers. Over the course of both summers the giant sea bass population was primarily made up of 1.2 - 1.3 m TL individuals with several small and newly mature fish observed in aggregations. Comparison to historical data for the island suggests giant sea bass a...
Medusa: Sexuality, Power, Mastery, and Some Psychoanalytic Observations

ABSTRACTThe imaginative narratives that myths provide have a significant place in mental life. Myths continue to be handed down from one generation to the next because they resonate with our unconscious hopes, desires, fantasies, and fears. This paper discusses the Medusa myth. The discourse deals with the cultural context of its time, which implicates the political, social, and especially the gender differences that existed in classical Greece. This myth had an emotional impact on men and women but undoubtedly each group responded in their own particular way. The emphasis in this paper is on the possible effect of this myth on the sexes in ancient times and especially the meanings it may have had for women then and now. Although destructive rage and vengefulness is part of the story, in addition, I focus on the importance of sexuality, power, mastery, and freedom that the myth may offer to oppressed women.
Hyperbole or Reality? Investor Response to Extreme Language in Earnings Conference Calls

We develop a dictionary of linguistic extremity using the words and phrases spoken in earnings conference calls and analyze how investors react to this extreme language. We document that investors respond more strongly to extreme, rather than moderate, language in earnings conference calls as evidenced by significantly higher abnormal trading volume and stock returns around the calls. Further, these results are more pronounced for firms with weaker information environments. We also find that linguistic extremity contains information about a firm's future operating performance and there is a strong association between extreme tone and analyst forecast revisions following the calls. Our results suggest that investors are influenced not just by what managers say when communicating performance, but also how they say it, with extreme language largely reflecting reality, rather than hyperbole.
P156 An unexpected discovery complicates an otherwise uneventful HLA identical hemapoetic stem cell transplant

Aim Oncology patients frequently require platelet transfusions during chemotherapy regimens. This case involves a 46 year old woman diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome, who developed HLA antibodies following platelet transfusions. The patient was then evaluated for a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) with her sister. Methods HLA typing was performed using rSSO, (One Lambda, Inc., Canoga Park, CA) and SBT with BigDye V1.1 Terminator reagents on a 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). HLA-specific antibody was assessed using phenotypes, LMID, (Lifecodes®, Immucor, Norcross, GA) and single antigen panels (One Lambda Inc., Canoga Park, CA). Flow cytometric crossmatch tests were performed on a BD FACSCanto II. Results Intermediate typing failed to identify the patient’s A-Locus antigen using peripheral blood and buccal samples. SBT typing revealed a novel HLA-A ∗ 02 allele that differed from the HLA-A ∗ 02:01 present in her otherwise HLA identical sibling. Sequence alignments showed an apparent HLA-A ∗ 02:01/A ∗ 03:XX gene conversion event involving exon 3. HLA antibody assessments of the patient’s serum showed low level sensitization toward HLA-A2, A9, A28, A25, A26 and A66. A negative flow cytometric crossmatch confirmed the low strength of the HLA-A2 antibody. The urgency for transplant and low likelihood of finding a donor for which the patient was not sensitized (CPRA = 77) precipitated her placement into our desensitization HSCT protocol. A non-myeloablative, HLA-A mismatched HSCT with her sibling occurred following desensitization using plasmapheresis and low dose IvIg. Conclusion Identification of HLA antibodies is crucial for HSCT programs that support HLA mismatched transplantation. New or rare alleles can pose additional challenges in HSCT with regards to matching with potential donors and avoiding sensitization to common HLA antigens found in blood products.
A 25–30 GHz 8-antenna 2-stream hybrid beamforming receiver for MIMO communication

This paper presents a 65 nm CMOS 25–30 GHz hybrid beamforming receiver with eight antenna inputs and two baseband output streams. The receiver uses the Cartesian-Combining architecture, which is introduced for two baseband streams. Each antenna signal is complex-weighted independently and combined with weighted signals from other antennas prior to downconversion. Each RF-domain complex weight is realized using a pair of 5-bit digitally controlled VGA's. The receiver achieves 34 dB conversion gain, 7.3 dB minimum noise figure, and 5 GHz of RF bandwidth while consuming only 27.5 mW power per antenna element (340 mW for the entire receiver). Two-element Cartesian-combining achieves a peak-to-null ratio of 20 dB. Use of mostly active phase shifting and combining approach made the design ultra-compact with 3.86 mm2 core area for entire 8-element 2-stream receiver.
Atomistic and Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Cross-Linked Sulfonated Poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene)-Based Proton Exchange Membrane

Atomistic and coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted for a cross-linked and sulfonated poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (xsPCHD) hydrated membrane with λ(H2O/HSO3) = 10 and ...
Removal of Impurities from Gases to be Processed at Low Temperatures

All gases of industrial importance are mixtures (solutions) of two or more components and the processes with which this paper is concerned have as their objective the separation of one or more of the components in a purified form either as a liquid or a gas. The undesirable components are classed as impurities and their concentration may vary over very wide limits from fractions of a part per million to over 50 % (by volume) and even approaching 100 % in the case of helium production.
Investigating the Influence of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Delay: The Role of Parent-Child Relational Factors

Parents of children affected by developmental delays (DD) have been shown to experience elevated levels of parenting stress compared to parents of typically developing children. Recent studies suggest that higher levels of parenting stress can adversely impact child behavior, such that higher levels of parenting stress are often associated with higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, the specific mechanisms through which parenting stress influences child behavioral outcomes remain unclear. The parent-child relationship may be one potential medium through which parenting stress impacts child behavioral outcomes. The current study involved data from the Mindful Awareness for Parenting Stress Project, a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in reducing parental stress and subsequent child behavior problems. Participants included 102 parents of children, ages 2.5 to 5 years old, with DD. Results of a multiple mediation analysis indicted that one component of the parent-child relationship, parent-child relational frustration, significantly mediated the relationship between parenting stress and child outcomes, such that higher levels of parental stress at baseline were associated with increased relational frustration, which in turn was associated with more total child behavior problems. Recognizing that dyadic parent-child factors such as relational frustration impact the association between heightened parenting stress and adverse behavioral outcomes among children with DD may allow interventions to be developed that not only reduce parenting stress, but also specifically target improving the parent-child relationship, with the ultimate goal of decreasing child behavior problems among children with DD.
Early versus delayed initiation of salvage androgen deprivation therapy and the risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality.

189Background: We sought to ascertain whether there is an association between prostate cancer (PC)-specific mortality (PCSM) and salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) timing amongst men with short versus long prostate-specific antigen doubling times (PSA-DT)s. Methods: The study cohort was selected from 206 men with localized unfavorable-risk PC who were randomized to radiation therapy (RT) or RT plus 6 months of ADT between 1995 and 2001. Fifty-four men who received salvage ADT for PSA failure after a median follow up of 18.72 years following randomization defined the study cohort. Fine-Gray competing risks regression analyzed whether the timing of salvage ADT was associated with an increased risk of PCSM after adjusting for age, comorbidity, known PC prognostic factors, and previously identified interactions. Results: After a median follow-up of 5.68 years (IQR 3.05 - 9.56) following salvage ADT 49 of the 54 men (91%) died, 27 from PC (54% of deaths). Increasing PSA-DT as a continuous covariate was...
Disproportionality in Special Education: A Synthesis of International Research and Trends:

Access to schooling and special education services remains a challenge for many children with disabilities around the world. In the United States, much attention has focused on disproportionality—t...
The Fluid Dynamics of LPT Blade Separation Control Using Pulsed Jets

The effects of pulsed vortex generator jets on a naturally separating low-pressure turbine boundary layer have been investigated experimentally. Blade Reynolds numbers in the linear turbine cascade match those for high-altitude aircraft engines and industrial turbine engines with elevated turbine inlet temperatures. The vortex generator jets (30 deg pitch and 90 deg skew angle) are pulsed over a wide range of frequency at constant amplitude and selected duty cycles. The resulting wake loss coefficient versus pulsing frequency data add to previously presented work by the authors documenting the loss dependency on amplitude and duty cycle. As in the previous studies, vortex generator jets are shown to be highly effective in controlling laminar boundary layer separation. This is found to be true at dimensionless forcing frequencies (F + ) well below unity and with low (10 percent) duty cycles. This unexpected low-frequency effectiveness is due to the relatively long relaxation time of the boundary layer as it resumes its separated state. Extensive phase-locked velocity measurements taken in the blade wake at an F of 0.01 with 50 percent duty cycle (a condition at which the flow is essentially quasi-steady) document the ejection of bound vorticity associated with a low-momentum fluid packet at the beginning of each jet pulse. Once this initial fluid event has swept down the suction surface of the blade, a reduced wake signature indicates the presence of an attached boundary layer until just after the jet termination. The boundary layer subsequently relaxes back to its naturally separated state. This relaxation occurs on a timescale which is five to six times longer than the original attachment due to the starting vortex. Phase-locked boundary layer measurements taken at various stations along the blade chord illustrate this slow relaxation phenomenon. This behavior suggests that some economy of jet flow may be possible by optimizing the pulse duty cycle and frequency for a particular application. At higher pulsing frequencies, for which the flow is fully dynamic, the boundary layer is dominated by periodic shedding and separation bubble migration, never recovering its fully separated (uncontrolled) state.
Human Papillomavirus: A Brief Overview

This chapter presents a brief historical background of the human papillomavirus (HPV), including a discussion of the discovery of the virus, various papillomavirus classification groups currently used to describe HPV, and the structure of the virus. Genotypic differences are found among the different HPV classes (alpha, beta, gamma, mu, nu); the role that these genotypic differences play in contributing to cancers and other diseases is also explored herein.
Malignant glomus tumor of the gastric antrum with hepatic metastases: a case report and literature review

Abstract Glomus tumor (glomangioma) is an uncommon pericytic neoplasm derived from glomus cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body. Malignant glomus tumors (glomangiosarcomas) are extremely rare mesenchymal neoplasms. There are limited reports of metastatic malignant glomus tumors within the gastrointestinal tract in the literature. We report a case of an 80-year-old woman who presented with vague epigastric discomfort. On computed tomography (CT) imaging, a 7.1 cm solid enhancing mass was seen originating from the gastric antrum and was clinically suspected to be a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Needle core biopsies were obtained from the antral mass and demonstrated an epithelioid neoplasm with a brisk mitotic activity. The morphology and imunohistochemical profile (CKIT/DOG1 negative and strong immunoreactivity with smooth muscle actin), was consistent with a malignant glomus tumor, at least FNCLCC grade 2. At the time of the planned gastric resection, multiple hepatic metastases were identified and confirmed on frozen section to be consistent with metastatic malignant glomus tumor.
DNA Data Storage and Hybrid Molecular–Electronic Computing

Moore’s law may be slowing, but our ability to manipulate molecules is improving faster than ever. DNA could provide alternative substrates for computing and storage as existing ones approach physical limits. In this paper, we explore the implications of this trend in computer architecture. We present a computer systems perspective on molecular processing and storage, positing a hybrid molecular–electronic architecture that plays to the strengths of both domains. We cover the design and implementation of all stages of the pipeline: encoding, DNA synthesis, system integration with digital microfluidics, DNA sequencing (including emerging technologies such as nanopores), and decoding. We first draw on our experience designing a DNA-based archival storage system, which includes the largest demonstration to date of DNA digital data storage of over three billion nucleotides encoding over 400 MB of data. We then propose a more ambitious hybrid–electronic design that uses a molecular form of near-data processing for massive parallelism. We present a model that demonstrates the feasibility of these systems in the near future. We think the time is ripe to consider molecular storage seriously and explore system designs and architectural implications.
Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Electrocatalysis: Insight and Future Perspectives

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous molecular compositions quickly emerging as a novel electro-optical platform, especially for various energy transduction processes. Such functionalities ar...
Measure of Forecast Challenge and Predictability Horizon Diagram Index for Ensemble Models

AbstractResponding to the call for new verification methods in a recent editorial in Weather and Forecasting, this study proposed two new verification metrics to quantify the forecast challenges th...
The Next Ten Years: Looking Back, Looking Forward

As we near our tenth year as a publication, the journal’s global community continues to grow in ways we could not have imagined when we first started. We now receive over 300 submissions per year. We are proud to be among the top-20 journals in higher education according to GoogleScholar with almost 10,000 active subscribers around the world. As we prepare for the next ten years, we want to share a few updates on where we have been and where we are going. We have five major focus areas as we move forward as a publication: expand our global network of authors, scholars, and leaders; design top-tier journal design and seamless editorial workflow; build international partnerships and diversity editorial team; create mentor pathways for emerging scholars; and develop sustainable funding and support.
A Single-Blinded, Direct Observational Study of PGY-1 Interns and PGY-2 Residents in Evaluating their History-Taking and Physical-Examination Skills.

Background: Internal Medicine residents and interns are often the first contact for newly admitted patients in a teaching hospital. The proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment may depend on this initial encounter. Objectives: To evaluate the history-taking and physical-examination skills of interns/residents on new admissions to the medical floors; to compare data from the patient encounter to the chart for evidence of accuracy; to measure the time spent on the initial encounter. Methods: An independent medical observer used a yes/no checklist with 60 variables in a single-blinded observational study. Frequency tables were generated and results were based on descriptive statistics. Results: In 7 categories specifically aimed at chart review for accuracy, discrepancies were found between what medical post-graduate year (PGY)-1 interns and PGY-2 residents (interns/residents) recorded in the patient's chart and the observed actions during the patient encounter. There were 25 encounters observed. In 64%, the time spent on history taking was <7 minutes. In 68%, the time spent for the physical examination was <5 minutes. In 72%, patients were notasked about family medical history. None ofthe observed interns/residents took their own measurements of the patient's blood pressure. No intern/resident asked about recent weight loss, weight gain, level of salt intake, despite patients with history of hypertension; nor did they perform any examinations of the eye fundi and accommodation, thyroid, carotids, or hearing. The majority of patients were asked about chest pain, cough, nausea, vomiting, chief complaint, and the onset of symptoms. Conclusions: This study documents the poor overall performance in the quality of history-taking and physical-examination skills on newly admitted patients.
Socio-Physical Human Orchestration in Smart Cities

The efficient management of a smart city and the improvement of the quality of humans' every-day life are becoming challenging problems due to smart cities' increased heterogeneity and complexity. In this paper, we present a novel socio-physical human orchestration framework to deal with the aforementioned issues, by capitalizing on recent advances in game theory and reinforcement learning. Initially, each human selects, in a distributed manner, a Point of Interest (PoI) that it wants to visit, by acting as stochastic learning automaton, exploiting the socio-physical conditions of the environment while learning from its previous experiences. As a result, those humans that have selected a specific PoI to visit, "compete" with each other in order to finally perform their visit. The humans' behavior is studied as a non-cooperative game among them, via adopting the theory of minority games, while the concluding Nash equilibrium point identifies the humans that will finally visit each PoI. A low complexity algorithm is introduced to realize the overall framework, while the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated through modeling and simulation under several scenarios, and its superiority is demonstrated.
Rapid elimination of foodborne and environmental fungal contaminants by benzo analogs.

Background Contamination of food or the environment by fungi, especially those resistant to conventional fungicides or drugs, represents a hazard to human health. The objective of this study is to identify safe, natural antifungal agents that can remove fungal pathogens or contaminants rapidly from food and / or environmental sources. Results Fifteen antifungal compounds (nine benzo derivatives as candidates; six conventional fungicides as references) were investigated. Three benzo analogs, namely octyl gallate (OG), trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA), and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H5M), at 1 g L-1 (3.54 mmol), 1 mL L-1 (7.21 mmol), 1 mL L-1 (5.39 mmol), respectively, achieved ≥99.9% fungal death after 0.5, 2.5 or 24 h of treatments, respectively, in in vitro phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) bioassay. However, when OG, CA, and 2H5M were examined in commercial food matrices, organic apple, or grape juices, only CA maintained a similar level of antifungal activity, compared with a PBS bioassay. trans-Cinnamaldehyde showed higher antifungal activity at pH 3.5, equivalent to that of commercial fruit juices, than at pH 5.6. In soil sample tests, the application of 1 mL L-1 (7.21 mmol) CA to conventional maize / tomato soil samples (pH 6.8) for 2.5 h resulted in ≥99.9% fungal death, indicating CA could also eliminate fungal contaminants in soil. While the conventional fungicide thiabendazole exerted antifungal activity comparable to CA, thiabendazole enhanced the production of carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus, an undesirable side effect. Conclusion trans-Cinnamaldehyde could be developed as a potent antifungal agent in food processing or soil sanitation by reducing the time / cost necessary for fungal removal. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Entrepreneurship, corruption, and the size of US underground economies

Purpose – Using state-level data on productive and unproductive entrepreneurship, shadow economy size, and public official corruption, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether formal sector productive (unproductive) entrepreneurial activity is associated with lower (higher) levels of informal economic activity. Design/methodology/approach – Additionally, the author aims to connect US state-level entrepreneurship, shadow economy size, and corruption by asking whether corruption affects entrepreneurial outcomes primarily through its effects on the shadow economy. The author contends that if this is the case, then estimates of corruption should serve as a good instrument for shadow economy size in regressions on formal sector entrepreneurial outcomes. Findings – Results from OLS regressions suggest that shadow economy size shares a strong, negative (positive), and statistically significant relationship with productive (unproductive) entrepreneurship. These results are fairly robust to GMM estimation. ...
Anesthesia and the Developing Brain: A Review of Sevoflurane-induced Neurotoxicity in Pediatric Populations.

Abstract Purpose For over 150 years of anesthetic practice, it was believed that the effects of general anesthetics were temporary and not adverse. A growing number of studies over the past 2 decades, however, have identified structural and cognitive abnormalities, especially in the developing brain. Despite the growing evidence of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in animal studies, the evidence to date in humans has been inconsistent and unclear. Sevoflurane, a commonly used inhalational agent in pediatric anesthesia, is an agent of choice for inhalational induction due to its rapid activity and low blood-gas solubility. With evaluation of the current literature, improved considerations can be made regarding the widespread use of sevoflurane as an anesthetic. Methods PubMed database was searched for article published between 1969 through 2020. The reference lists of identified articles were searched manually for additional papers eligible for inclusion. This review addressed the tolerability of sevoflurane in specific populations, particularly pediatrics, and is divided into 3 parts: (1) the history of sevoflurane use in anesthetic practice and the pharmacokinetic properties that make it advantageous in pediatric populations; (2) proposed mechanisms of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity; and (3) considerations due to potential adverse effects of sevoflurane in both short and long procedures. Findings There is reason for concern regarding the neurotoxic effects of sevoflurane in both the pediatric and elderly populations, as spatial memory loss, developmental deficits, and an enhanced risk for Alzheimer disease have been linked with the use of this popular inhalational agent. Implications The duration and dose of sevoflurane may need to be altered, especially in longer procedures in pediatric populations. This may change how sevoflurane is administered, thus indicating a greater demand for an understanding of its limitations as an anesthetic agent.
Super-Resolution Capacitive Touchscreens

Capacitive touchscreens are near-ubiquitous in today’s touch-driven devices, such as smartphones and tablets. By using rows and columns of electrodes, specialized touch controllers are able to capture a 2D image of capacitance at the surface of a screen. For over a decade, capacitive “pixels” have been around 4 millimeters in size – a surprisingly low resolution that precludes a wide range of interesting applications. In this paper, we show how super-resolution techniques, long used in fields such as biology and astronomy, can be applied to capacitive touchscreen data. By integrating data from many frames, our software-only process is able to resolve geometric details finer than the original sensor resolution. This opens the door to passive tangibles with higher-density fiducials and also recognition of every-day metal objects, such as keys and coins. We built several applications to illustrate the potential of our approach and report the findings of a multipart evaluation.
Exposure to community violence and depressive symptoms: Examining community, family, and peer effects among public housing youth.

Abstract Exposure to community violence is an epidemic problem that causes debilitating effects on youth mental health. However, the relationships between violence exposure and youth mental health remain unclear when examining co-occurring socioecological risk and protective factors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the observed gaps in knowledge by utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the mediating role of community violence exposure on the relationship between perceived neighborhood risk factors, parental behaviors, and peers on depressive symptoms in a sample of urban youth in low-income public housing communities (n = 320). Results indicate that community violence exposure and exposure to delinquent peers mediates the effects of perceived neighborhood risk and parenting behaviors on depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that while interventions that limit exposure to community violence and delinquent peers could reduce depressive symptoms, interventions that reduce community violence are essential to improve youth mental health.
All-Electric X-Plane, X-57 Mod II Ground Vibration Test

As part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration New Aviation Horizons initiative to demonstrate and validate future high-impact concepts and technologies, the X-57 Maxwell airplane – the first all-electric X-plane – was conceived to advance research in the area of electric propulsion to show the feasibility of minimizing fuel use, reducing emissions, and lowering noise during flight. Through several configuration modifications to the X-57 airplane, validation of electrical-powered flight with increasing efficiency between each modification when compared to the baseline original airplane is anticipated. In the case of the X-57 Modification II airplane, a ground vibration test was needed to identify the airplane structural modes and use them to update and validate the finite element model. To determine the airworthiness of the airplane, the updated finite element model will be utilized to investigate both classical and whirl flutters. The X-57 Modification II ground vibration test was performed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Armstrong Flight Research Center Flight Loads Laboratory. This paper will highlight the testing performed to acquire the modal data as well asthe results.
The Originalist Road Not Taken in Kansas v. Glover

In Kansas v. Glover, the Supreme Court held that it is reasonable for an officer to suspect that the registered owner of a vehicle is the one driving the car, absent any information to the contrary. This essay argues that what makes Glover a hard case and an easy case is that the Court’s reasonable-suspicion jurisprudence under the Fourth Amendment, which originated with Terry v. Ohio, makes it nearly impossible to address the social-justice implications of technology-aided policing. It suggests that Justice Kagan’s concurrence and Justice Sotomayor’s dissent, both of which are rooted in doctrine, will prove ineffective in ameliorating the social issues. The essay concludes with the proposal that the Court overrule Terry based on originalist grounds, which would provide a more effective limit on the police’s use of technology.
The Meaning of Theoretical Terms: A Critique of the Standard Empiricist Construal

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a general characterization of scientific theories that has been developed, with certain individual differences, by various thinkers sharing a broadly empiricist outlook and a precise logicoanalytical approach to problems in the philosophy of science. This characterization is often referred to as the standard construal, or the standard analysis, of scientific theories. A scientific theory usually accounts for a class of empirical phenomena by positing particular kinds of entities and processes, which are taken to be governed by specified laws of their own, and which are, intuitively speaking, farther removed from the realm of our everyday experience than are the phenomena the theory is to explain. In characterizing those entities and processes, a theory typically employs a set of new terms, which are said to form its theoretical vocabulary. They are new in the sense that they are not among those already in use in the given discipline; in particular, they do not occur in the vocabulary used to describe the phenomena to be explained.
Application of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) for the analysis of deuterium enrichment of water.

Incorporation of deuterium from deuterium oxide (2H2O) into biological components is a commonly used approach in metabolic studies. Determining the dilution of deuterium in the body water pool (BW) can be used to estimate body composition. We describe three sensitive GC-MS/MS methods to measure water enrichment in BW . Samples were reacted with NaOH and U-13C3-acetone in an autosampler vial to promote deuterium exchange with U-13C3-acetone hydrogens. Headspace injections were made of U-13C3-acetone-saturated air onto a 30m DB-1MS column in EI-mode. Subjects ingested 30ml 2H2O and plasma samples were collected. BW was determined by standard equation. DXA scans were performed to calculate body mass, body volume and bone mineral content. A 4 compartmental model was used to estimate body composition (fat and fat free mass). Full scan experiments generated a m/z 45 peak and to a lesser extent a m/z 61 peak. Product fragment ions further monitored included 45 and 46 using selected ion monitoring (SIM;Method1), the 61>45 and 62>46 transition using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM;Method2) and the Neutral Loss, 62>45, transition (Method3). MRM methods were optimized for collision energy (CE) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) argon gas pressure with 6eV CE and 1.5 mTorr CID gas being optimal. Method2 was used for finally determination of 2H2O enrichment of subjects due to lower natural background. We have developed a sensitive method to determine 2H2O enrichment in body water to enable measurement of FM and FFM.
The cyclic nucleotide specificity of three cAMP receptors in Dictyostelium.

Abstract cAMP receptors mediate signal transduction pathways during development in Dictyostelium. A cAMP receptor (cAR1) has been cloned and sequenced (Klein, P., Sun, T. J., Saxe, C. L., Kimmel, A. R., Johnson, R. L., and Devreotes, P. N. (1988) Science 241, 1467-1472) and recently several other cAR genes have been identified (Saxe, C. L., Johnson, R., Devreotes, P. N., and Kimmel, A. R. (1991a) Dev. Genet. 12, 6-13; Saxe, C. L., Johnson, R. L., Devreotes, P. N., and Kimmel, A. R. (1991b) Genes Dev. 5, 1-8). We have expressed three receptor subtypes, cAR1, cAR2, and cAR3, in growing cells and have investigated their affinity and pharmacological specificity in a series of [3H]cAMP binding studies. In phosphate buffer, there were two affinity states of about 30 and 300 nM for cAR1 and 20 and 500 nM for cAR3 but no detectable affinity for cAR2. In the presence of 3 M ammonium sulfate, there was one affinity state of 4 nM for cAR1 and 11 nM for cAR2 and two affinity states of approximately 4 and 200 nM for cAR3. The relative affinities of 14 cyclic nucleotide derivatives were tested for each cAR in ammonium sulfate. These studies suggest a model (Van Haastert, P. J. M., and Kien, E. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9636-9642) in which cAMP binds to all three receptor subtypes by maintaining hydrogen bond interactions at the N6 and O3' positions. Interactions at the exocyclic oxygens of cAMP varied between the receptors; cAR2 and cAR3 lacked a stereoselective interaction at the axial oxygen which was present in cAR1. The cleft, which binds the adenine ring of cAMP, was hydrophobic in cAR1 and cAR3 but relatively polar in cAR2. The analog specificity of cAR1 and cAR3 in phosphate buffer was similar to that measured in ammonium sulfate though the derivatives' relative affinity to cAMP was reduced. We conclude that these cAMP receptor subtypes can be distinguished by distinct pharmacological properties which will allow selective activation of each cAR during development.
A Modest Proposal to Enable RIF Dialects with Limited Forward Compatibility

We introduce the notion of limited forward compatibility, and we argue for its usefulness. We describe, and argue for, a low cost, non-disruptive, extensible implementation, using XSLT to specify individual transforms, a new XML format to associate them with individual RIF constructs, and the RIF import mechanism to convey the fallback information from RIF producer to RIF consumer. We argue, also, for consumer-side fallbacks, as opposed to producers-side approaches such as mandatory least dialect serialization.
Enzyme levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in eclampsia

Abstract A comparison was made of enzyme levels for creatine phosphokinase (CPK), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and alpha hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (HBD) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, seizure disorders, and chronic hypertensive vascular disease. The eclamptic and, to a lesser extent, the pre-eclamptic patients had elevated serum GPT, GOT, HBD, and LDH that was attributed to segmental vasospasm, which is characteristic of both types of toxemias. Examination of the CSF revealed that eclamptic patients had elevated protein and enzyme levels which could be correlated to prognosis and diagnosis in the more severe cases. None of the other diseases studied caused an increase in these parameters of the CSF.
Internship Search, Selection, and Solidification Strategies.

(2004). Internship Search, Selection, and Solidification Strategies. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 25-27.
Grain size-induced thermo-mechanical coupling in zirconium thin films

At the bulk scale, thermal conductivity of metals is not coupled with mechanical strain. However, this may not be the same for grain sizes below the electron mean free path, for which mechanical deformation mechanism and volume fraction of grain boundaries are drastically different from the bulk. To investigate this hypothesis of grain size-induced thermo-mechanical coupling, we developed an experimental setup to measure the thermal conductivity of 100-nm-thick freestanding nanocrystalline zirconium (Zr) films as a function of externally applied mechanical strain. Experimental results show strong mechanical strain–thermal conductivity coupling, thermal conductivity of Zr film dropped from 20 to 13 W m−1 K−1 with an increasing strain from 0 to 1.24 %. Thermal conductivity of Zr film was also measured as a function of average grain size ranging from as-deposited 10 nm to as-grown 250 nm. The results clearly show that for grain sizes above 10 nm, mechanical strain has no influence over thermal conductivity, which supports the proposed hypothesis.
Developmental endophenotypes: Indexing genetic risk for substance abuse with the P300 brain event-related potential

Although substance use disorders are heritable, their complexity has made identifying genes underlying their development challenging. Endophenotypes, biologically informed quantitative measures that index genetic risk for a disorder, are being recognized for their potential to assist the search for disorder relevant genes. After outlining criteria for an endophenotype that includes developmental considerations, we review how the brain P300 response serves as an index of genetic risk for substance abuse and related externalizing disorders. The P300 response is highly heritable and associated broadly with characteristics of externalizing disorder, including childhood disruptive disorders, antisociality, and precocious expression of deviant behavior. This association appears to be mediated by shared genetic influences. Prospective studies confirm that reduced P300 amplitude present in youth prior to significant exposure to addictive substances is associated with the subsequent development of substance use disorders. Despite pronounced change in mean level over the course of development, P300 amplitude shows strong rank order stability with repeated assessment through young adulthood. In addition, P300 developmental trajectories based on multiple assessments show very high heritability and may be especially informative as measures of genetic risk. Collectively, these findings provide strong support that P300 amplitude and its change through development reflect genetic vulnerability to substance abuse and related externalizing psychopathology.