cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Tricaine Methanesulfonate, Clove Oil, Metomidate, and 2-Phenoxyethanol for Anesthesia Induction in Alewives

AbstractThe efficacy of four anesthetic agents—tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil, metomidate, and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE)—was studied in adult, juvenile (133.3 ± 1.5 mm, 27.5 ± 8.9 g; mean ± SE), and larval Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus. In an initial trial, wild-caught adults were anesthetized to a state where they failed to respond to strong tactile stimuli when dosed with 87.5–112.5 mg/L MS-222, 25–40 mg/L clove oil, 0.5–5.0 mg/L metomidate, and 125–550 mg/L 2-PE. Optimal doses for anesthesia, defined as those providing the combined shortest induction and recovery times, were similar for larvae and juveniles: 75–100 mg/L MS-222, 40 mg/L clove oil, 5–7 mg/L metomidate, and 500 mg/L 2-PE. All juvenile fish survived 48 h postexposure to each optimal dose. In a longer (24 h) sedation experiment, juvenile Alewives were netted and exposed to low clove oil (2.5 and 5.0 mg/L) and metomidate (0.25 and 0.50 mg/L) doses, after which plasma cortisol was measured. Fish exposed to the clove oil treatment...
An Overview of the Effects of Dietary Fiber on Gastrointestinal Transit

This article is a review of the effects that ingested dietary fiber has on gastrointestinal transit time. The various phases of gastrointestinal motility are considered, and the effect of fiber on these various components is explored. Fiber affects each phase of gastrointestinal motility differently; however, the most dramatic effect on decreased transit time and frequency of bowel movements result from the variations it causes in colonic transit time. The mechanisms of defecation in children and the ways in which fiber affects the frequency of bowel movements are emphasized. All types of fiber do not affect gastrointestinal transit in a similar manner, and different preparations of the same fiber either may delay or may increase the time of intestinal transit. In general, fiber is found to increase the frequency of bowel movements and may prove to be of considerable benefit in treating constipation, a common childhood disorder.
Is this Your Bedroom?: Reconsidering Third-Party Consent Searches Under Modern Living Arrangements

The guarantee of security in a person's "house, papers, and effects" no longer guarantees the security that our Framers intended of the home for anyone who shares his residence. The Supreme Court's vague statement in United States v. Matlock led to the divergence of various circuit courts in determining when sufficient authority exists to consent to the search of a joint residence. The actual and apparent authority doctrines that comprise third-party consent search law must be reexamined to meet with the increasingly diverse and increasingly ambiguous living arrangements of modern society. The Supreme Court's brief and somewhat vague discussion of third party consent searches, including its recent foray into conflicting consent in Georgia v. Randolph, does not meet this need. In order to restore Fourth Amendment protection to those who do not live alone, actual authority should be assessed more narrowly than United States v. Matlock explicitly required, considering separately each additional layer of intrusiveness of a search. Further, modern living arrangements have become inherently ambiguous, so apparent authority to consent should not properly exist unless law enforcement officers ask clarifying questions regarding the scope of the purported consentor's authority.
Stages of Brain Functional Failure in Alzheimer’s Disease

In vivo imaging of brain glucose metabolism and blood flow by means of positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggests that brain functional failure in the course of Alzheimer’s disease occurs in two general stages. In the first stage, evident in patients who are mildly demented as well as in presymptomatic genetically atrisk but affected subjects, the brain can be almost normally activated despite reduced resting state reductions in metabolism or flow. The second stage, found in moderately-toseverely demented patients, is largely irreversible, as the brain’s ability to respond to activation is severely reduced. Biopsies and postmortem studies of the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease suggest that the staged reductions of brain metabolism and flow in life, accompanying dementia progression, correspond to staged changes in synaptic structure and in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that is coupled to synaptic activity. In the first stage, where downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation is potentially reversible, pharmacotherapy should be directed to maintain or ameliorate synaptic functional integrity.
Detection of aneuploidy involving chromosomes 13, 18, or 21, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to interphase and metaphase amniocytes.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific probes has been applied to detection of numerical aberrations involving chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 in metaphase and interphase amniocytes. High-complexity, composite probes for chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 were used as hybridization probes for this study. These probes were constructed as chromosome-specific libraries in Bluescribe plasmids and are designated pBS-13, pBS-18, and pBS-21. Elements of these probes bind at numerous sites along the target chromosome and, when detected fluorescently, stain essentially the entire long arm of the target chromosome. The target chromosome number (i.e., the number of chromosomes of the type for which the probe was specific) was correctly determined in 20 of 20 samples in which metaphase spreads were analyzed and in 43 of 43 samples in which interphase nuclei were analyzed; all of these studies were conducted in blind fashion. These results suggest the utility of FISH with composite probes for rapid detection of numerical aberrations in metaphase and interphase amniotic cells.
Enhancing hygiene/antimicrobial properties of polyolefins

Abstract The unique characteristics of polyolefins make them the best candidates in single use healthcare products, medical textiles, and water filters. Most medical textiles and polymeric materials used in hospitals and hotels are good media for cross-transmission of diseases since most microorganisms can survive on fibrous materials for several hours to several months. Use of medical devices with antimicrobial functions has been considered as a major avenue to fight against microbial infections. In addition, suitable packaging can slow the deterioration rate, and hence, extend the shelf-life of food. Physical and chemical incorporation of antimicrobial agents into polyolefins can be implemented in common polyolefin processing. In this chapter, antimicrobial polyolefins are summarized based on processes that were studied to incorporate biocides into the polymers. These processes include blending, coating, and chemical modifications.
Fieldwork in Social MediaWhat Would Malinowski Do

Although fieldwork is the foundation of robust ethnographic inquiry in physical settings, the practical methods have never fit comfortably in digital contexts. For many researchers, the activities of fieldwork must be so radically adjusted, they hardly resemble fieldwork anymore. How does one conduct “participant observation” of Twitter? When identities and cultural formations are located in or made of information flows through global networks, where are the boundaries of “the field”? In such global networks, what strategies do we use to get close to people? What might count as an interview? This essay discusses the persistent challenges of transferring fieldwork methods intended for physically situated contexts to digitally-mediated social contexts. I offer provocations for considering the premises rather than the procedures of fieldwork. These may not be seen on the surface level of method but operate at a level below method, or in everyday inquiry practices. I suggest that a practice of reflexive methodological analysis allows for more resonant and adaptive fieldwork suitable for studying 21st century networked communication practices and cultural formations.
An Instrument for Determining the Relaxation and Recovery of Elastomers

Abstract Primarily the purpose of this report is to present information obtained with a newly designed instrument to be used for the determination of low-temperature characteristics of elastomers. The versatility of the instrument affords many variations from the testing procedure employed in obtaining the data reported herein.
A NUMERICAL WAVE PREDICTION MODEL FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A two-dimensional wave prediction model suitable for use on personal computers is described. The model requires the twodimensional time-dependent wind field as input. Output consists of wave height, wave period, and wave direction estimates at all grid points on a computational grid representing an enclosed or semi-closed basin. Model predictions compare favorably with observations from a wave research tower in Lake Erie. A formula is provided to estimate how long a model simulation would take on a personal computer given the surface area of the computational domain, the grid size, and the computer clock speed.
Clay microstructure and fluid sensitivity of fine gas sands in the north of Ordos basin

When the external working fluids came into the fine gas sands, the clay microstructures were often destructed and the permeability decreased as a result of pore and throat plugging induced by swelling, dispersion and migration of clay particles. The typical low pressure fine gas sands reservoir located in the Neopaleozoic Tabamiao area in the north of Ordos basin had an average porosity of about 7.6%, an average perm of about 0.38×10~ -3 μm~2 and a pressure coefficient range of 0.85～0.98 and contained rich clay minerals. The clay minerals contents, types, attitude and microstructures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and SEM and the potential sensitivity damage of the gas reservoir was also analyzed by fluid sensitivity evaluation. Results showed that the fluid sensitivity was close to the clay contents, the microstructure type and its stability and the acid, alkali and salt sensitivity were prone to occur when the external working fluid came into the reservoir. The mechanism of fluid sensitivity damage was studied by the evaluation of the clay mineral microstructures coupled with laboratory fluid sensitivity and the corresponding shielding temporary plugging drilling fluid technology was proposed to reduce the sensitivity damage. Laboratory experiments and in-situ practices indicated that this drilling fluid had positive effects on formation protection and production increase.
The Universal Embedding for theU4(3) Involution Geometry

Abstract We prove that the universal embedding of the U 4 (3) involution geometry is a known 70-dimensional module.
The Many Faces of Cerebral Developmental Venous Anomaly and Its Mimicks: Spectrum of Imaging Findings

Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are the most common cerebral vascular malformations and are usually found incidentally on neuroimaging studies. Despite the benign nature of DVAs, occasionally, they can be symptomatic. The objective of this article is to review the spectrum of imaging findings of DVAs on conventional and advanced imaging studies. In addition, neuroimaging findings of symptomatic DVAs as well as imaging mimicks will also be described to assist in the approach to differential diagnosis.
Abstract C17: Unequal Financial Burdens Highlight Racial Disparities of Colon Cancer Patients in New York

Background: We have previously investigated racial disparities in colorectal cancer outcomes and discovered outcomes differences according to racial group. In our ongoing studies we sought to determine whether these disparities in survival resulted in unequal financial burdens between black and white patients. The purpose of this study was to identify whether financial disparities exist between the black and Caucasian colorectal cancer patients within New York State, with the ultimate goal of eliminating any differences. Research Design: The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database of New York State (NYS) was used to compare costs of colon cancer surgery hospitalizations of the black and Caucasian patient populations between 2009-2013. Student t-tests were performed for comparison of inpatient hospital discharge, ambulatory surgery, and emergency department admission within the SPARCS database. Facility costs were calculated using hospital discharge data and Institutional Cost Reports. Logistic regression analysis examined race as the dependent variable to identify the etiology of cost disparity. Results: Overall, 26,477 patients (white, n= 21,606; and black, n=4,871) underwent colon cancer treatment. Treatment costs in the black population were higher compared to the white population (mean, $64,747 vs $58,127; median, $44,951 vs $41, 285) (p Conclusion: This study revealed that the black colon cancer population had higher costs than the Caucasian colon cancer population. We identified emergent operations and longer hospitalization as the primary etiologies for this disparity. Sufficient colon cancer screening for the black population might reduce the number of emergent operations and reduce length of hospitalization if the cancer is detected at an earlier stage. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Brian C. Oveson, Purvi Parikh, Dana Telem, Jennifer Williams, Roberto Bergamaschi, Aaron Sasson, Mark Talamini, Joseph Kim. Unequal Financial Burdens Highlight Racial Disparities of Colon Cancer Patients in New York. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr C17.
The socialization process of master's-level nurse practitioner students.

A national survey of final semester, graduate-level adult nurse practitioner students (n = 94) was undertaken to determine if they were being socialized into the role of a master's-prepared nurse practitioner and to identify factors which seemed to influence this socialization process. The results revealed that no factors relating to the students' backgrounds and almost none of those relating to their present educational experience were significantly influential on the students' expectations of nurse practitioner role behaviors. The educational factor, "opportunity to practice role behaviors," statistically increased (p less than .01) the expectations for selected master's role behaviors, suggesting that students need the opportunity to practice role behaviors to enhance the socialization process. The students also placed significantly greater importance (p less than .01) on technical instead of master's role behaviors. This study demonstrates that graduate students may not be adequately socialized into the role of a master's-prepared nurse practitioner.
Microscopic Hydrodynamic Modes in a Binary Hard Sphere Mixture

We derive analytic microscopic expressions for the shear viscosity, the speed of sound, and the decay rates of the hydrodynamic modes in a hard sphere binary gas mixture directly from the spectral properties of coupled Boltzmann equations. We show that the analytic expressions give good agreement with experimental viscosity data and to the results of light scattering experiments on noble gas binary mixtures.
Relationships Between New Product Development Best Practices and Appropriability Strategies

Using the Resource-Based View as the theoretical lens and data from the Product Development and Management Association Foundation's 2012 Comparative Performance Assessment Study, this study attempt...
The Intention of Attribution

The logical intention proper to each of the acts of reason is the outgrowth or product of that act. Because its nature depends upon the nature of the act that produces it, only by first studying the act will it be possible to gain an understanding of the nature of the intention.
Prostate cancer management choices in patients undergoing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion biopsy compared to systematic biopsy.

Abstract Objectives To assess management choices in patients who undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion-guided prostate biopsy compared to patients who undergo systematic biopsy. Methods We compared men who underwent MRI/US fusion-guided prostate biopsy to those who underwent systematic 12-core biopsy from 2014 to 2016. Patient demographics and pathologic findings were reviewed. The highest grade group per case was considered for analysis. Results Follow-up was available on 133 patients who underwent MRI/US targeted biopsy and 215 patients who underwent systematic biopsy. There was no difference in prebiopsy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (10.1 ± 10.0 vs. 12.9 ± 20.5, P = 0.11) between the 2 cohorts. Patients in the MRI cohort were more likely to have had a previous prostate biopsy (P Conclusions Patients who undergo MRI/US targeted biopsy are more likely to choose active surveillance over early definitive treatment compared to men diagnosed on systematic biopsy when adjusting for tumor grade, PSA density, prior biopsy history, race, and provider.
Epitaxial Perovskite LaVO3/(Ba,Sr)TiO3/(Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3/(La,Sr)CoO3 Heterostructures for Ferroelectric Field Effect Memory Devices

The ferroelectric field effect was demonstrated in epitaxial perovskite LaVO3/(Ba,Sr)TiO3/(Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3/(La,Sr)CoO3 heterostructures grown on (001) SrTiO3 single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. A high degree of c-axis orientation and strong in-plane texture revealed by x-ray diffraction indicated the epitaxial crystallographic relationships between the layers. The heterostructure showed optimal ferroelectric hysteresis with remanent polarizations over 30 µC/cm2. The capacitance measurement as a function of voltage coupled with the measurement of channel resistance revealed the formation of a depletion layer in the semiconducting LaVO3. A ratio of ON- to OFF-state channel resistance of up to 2.5 was observed.
Fast TDDB monitoring for BEOL interconnect dielectrics

In this paper, we present a simple experimental setup to expand our fast TDDB methodology [1] into a broad voltage range covering FEOL and BEOL TDDB testing. The new setup uses a combination of standard (SMU) and fast measurement unit (FMU) in differential mode to expand the stress voltage range while collecting failure times in tens of microseconds. The new apparatus was used to perform TDDB on a BEOL structure collecting failures spanning over ten orders of magnitude in time. Using this new setup, differences between TDDB fitting models could be distinguished within 2 weeks of testing time.
Biguanides enhance antifungal activity against Candida glabrata

Candida spp. are the fourth leading cause of nosocomial blood stream infections in North America. Candida glabrata is the second most frequently isolated species, and rapid development of antifungal resistance has made treatment a challenge. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic potential of metformin, a biguanide with well-established action for diabetes, as an antifungal agent against C. glabrata. Both wild type and antifungal-resistant isolates of C. glabrata were subjected to biguanide and biguanide-antifungal combination treatment. Metformin, as well as other members of the biguanide family, were found to have antifungal activity against C. glabrata, with MIC50 of 9.34 ± 0.16 mg/mL, 2.09 ± 0.04 mg/mL and 1.87 ± 0.05 mg/mL for metformin, phenformin and buformin, respectively. We demonstrate that biguanides enhance the activity of several antifungal drugs, including voriconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin, but not micafungin. The biguanide-antifungal combinations allowed for additional antifungal effects, with fraction inhibition concentration indexes ranging from 0.5 to 1. Furthermore, metformin was able to lower antifungal MIC50 in voriconazole and fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of C. glabrata. We also observed growth reduction of C. glabrata with rapamycin and an FIC of 0.84 ± 0.09 when combined with metformin, suggesting biguanide action in C. glabrata may be related to inhibition of the mTOR complex. We conclude that the biguanide class has direct antifungal therapeutic potential and enhances the activity of select antifungals in the treatment of resistant C. glabrata isolates. These data support the further investigation of biguanides in the combination treatment of serious fungal infections.
Current Concepts in the Management of Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation

Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome (IOIS) is a nonspecific inflammation of orbital tissue with no identifiable local or systemic cause. Inflammation is often categorized based on its anatomic location. Because there is no imaging study or laboratory test that can rule in or rule out IOIS, the syndrome remains one of exclusion. Classically, the signs and symptoms of IOIS are extremely responsive to corticosteroid therapy. Typical treatment doses are 1 mg/kg/day Patients whose disease is “steroid resistant” are considered atypical. An orbital biopsy should be attempted in patients who present in an atypical fashion, in patients who do not respond to corticosteroid treatment, and in patients with recurrent episodes of inflammation. Patients with steroid-resistant IOIS may be responsive to low-dose orbital radiation or immu-nomodulating agents.
Location Management for Networks with Mobile Users

Location management is one of the the most fundamental problems facing mobile networking today. How does the network know where the intended recipient of a message is currently located? Where should the information about the current location of a user be stored? Who should be responsible for determining user’s location? These are examples of questions which location management attempts to address. Different location management schemes for networks such as Internet and analog voice networks such as cellular have been proposed. Unfortunately, the picture that has emerged so far is very confusing with several overlapping terms introduced that contribute to a ballooning terminology. It does not help of course that the problem is being actively addressed by two large and distinct communities: the Internet community and the cellular/PCN community with each group favoring its own terminology. The objective of this paper is to offer a general and hopefully a simplifying view of location management. We will try to explain a number of different approaches to location management using a small set of simple terms. We will show differences and similarities between different methods and generally discuss the most important performance parameters. We will also discuss future research directions.
Exploring the challenges and opportunities for master operators and water kiosks under Delegated Management Model (DMM): A study in Lake Victoria region, Kenya

Abstract The urban poor in developing nations lack access to basic services, including access to clean water. Utility–community partnerships, for instance, the Delegated Management Model (DMM) in which a utility delegates management of infrastructure and service delivery to slum communities, are often promoted as a viable solution to accelerate slum community access to water services. However, little empirical research has been done to evaluate the benefits and challenges of such models. This study compared water services using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework in three slums in Kisumu city, Kenya: two where DMM has been implemented, and one where it has not. Results showed that DMM had slightly lowered water costs for slum dwellers, and improved revenue collection from the operators. However, despite these benefits, access to water had not significantly improved; unreliability of services was a problem. Implementing DMM in crowded settlements inadvertently resulted in service network that was prone to unintentional damage. Unreliability of services was caused by frequent pipe bursts often due to unintentional sources, for instance, pipe breakage by vehicles, poor maintenance, and vandalism. Weak and uncoordinated institutional arrangements affected the effectiveness of operators’ efforts to curb these system disruptions, thus exacerbating sub-optimal service delivery. Moreover, the unreliability of services in DMM serviced settlements can exacerbate the health problems that the urban poor face due to the very poor water quality of sources that residents use during periods of system outages. External support is needed to hasten the development of practical solutions that fit the social and geophysical character of individual slum communities in order to improve service reliability.
Biological fate of ingested lipid-based nanoparticles: current understanding and future directions

In recent decades, lipid-based nanoparticles (LN) have received considerable attention as nanoscale delivery systems to improve oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed bioactive compounds for health promotion and disease prevention. However, scientific studies on the biological fate of orally administered LN are very limited and the molecular mechanisms by which they are absorbed through the intestinal lumen into the circulation remain unclear. This paper aims to provide an overview of the biological fate of orally administered LN by reviewing recent studies on both cell and animal models. In general, the biological fate of ingested LN in the gastrointestinal tract is primarily determined by their initial physicochemical characteristics (such as the particle size, surface properties, composition and structure), and their absorption mainly occurs within the small intestine. In particular, depending upon the composition, LN can be either digestible or indigestible, with two distinct biological fates for each type of LN. The detailed absorption mechanisms and uptake pathways at molecular, cellular and whole body levels for each type of LN are discussed in detail. Limitations of current research and our vision for future directions to study the biological fate of ingested LN are also provided in this critical review.
Improving canine welfare in commercial breeding (CB) operations: Evaluating rehoming candidates

Abstract Disposal of dogs retired from commercial breeding facilities presents a scientific and ethical problem. This pilot study aimed to develop criteria for identifying commercial breeding (CB) dogs likely to be at risk for problems during transitioning to rehoming, and to identify breeder practices associated with higher and lower risk. Dogs (n = 283) over 18 months of age from 17 CB kennels located in Indiana and Illinois, USA were assessed. The Field Instantaneous Dog Observation (FIDO) tool was used to assess behavior during a 4-step stranger approach test. At each step, the dog was given a RYG score; R, red (fearful), Y, yellow (ambivalent), or G, green (affiliative or neutral). After behavior assessment, 50 mg of hair was shaved from each dog’s lower back for analysis of hair cortisol concentration (HCC). A FitBark monitor collected 24 -hs of activity data. Additionally, a questionnaire was developed to interview each facility owner about their management practices. Overall mean HCC (n = 266) was 8.92 pg/mg (2.01–108.99 +/−14.24 pg/mg) while mean HCC at each facility ranged from 5.65 to 38.48 pg/mg. Mean activity score (n = 250) was 9.04 ± 4.3 and ranged from 2.8 to 32.8. Eight components from a principal component analysis (PCA) were retained as predictors in two mixed effects linear regression models. In Model 1, the component Socialization was significantly associated with HCC (p = 0.01). In Model 2 the components Late RYG (p
Internal Pathology Review of Invasive Melanoma: An Academic Institution Experience

Abstract Background Prior studies of internal pathology review (IPR) for melanoma have shown that changes in the pathology analysis are common. How these changes impact clinical management of melanoma or how the margin status reports may modify has not been evaluated. Our goal was to determine what changes to staging and surgical management occurred after IPR of newly diagnosed melanomas and to determine how the final surgical pathology report may correlate with the IPR. Methods A retrospective study was conducted from 2014 to 2016 of newly diagnosed invasive melanomas referred to a single National Comprehensive Cancer Network tertiary care center. Results A total of 370 cases met inclusion criteria. The most common feature changed after internal review was mitotic rate, in 155 (41.7%) patients, followed by Breslow depth in 99 (26.9%) patients. Tumor staging was changed in 45 (12.2%) patients. The most common change was a T1a lesion being upgraded to a T1b lesion. These tumor staging changes lead to 38 (10.3%) overall staging differences. A biopsy's deep margin status was changed in 27 (7.3%) patients. Outside hospital reports lacked information about deep margin status in 71 (19.2%) of specimens. Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, 22 (5.9%) patients had changes in their sentinel lymph node biopsy recommendations and one of these patients had a positive node found on pathology. Of those patients who had changes in the T-stage, 16 (4.3%) of them also had changes in the recommended wide local excision radial margin. Conclusions IPR of invasive melanoma leads to both changes in staging and the surgical management of melanoma and should remain an important component of care of melanoma patients at a tertiary referral center.
High-Sensitivity Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Detector Driven by a Femtosecond Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser

We introduce a high-sensitivity photoconductive terahertz detector that operates at ~1 µm optical pump wavelengths at which high-power Ytterbium-doped fiber lasers are available. Unlike conventional photoconductive detectors that utilize short-carrier-lifetime photoconductive substrates, the introduced detector uses an array of plasmonic nanoantennas to provide a sub-picosecond transport time for the majority of photocarriers generated by the optical pump beam. By preventing the recombination of the photocarriers and utilizing a higher mobility photoconductive substrate, the introduced detector offers significantly higher terahertz detection sensitivities compared to previously demonstrated photoconductive detectors based on short-carrier-lifetime photoconductive substrates. We demonstrate high-sensitivity terahertz detection at ~1 µm optical pump wavelengths with a record-high signal-to-noise-ratio of 95 dB over a 4 THz bandwidth.
México, the Americas, and Spain Perspectives and IB Education Innovations: ¿Hacia Dónde Vamos?

The Latin American and Spanish landscapes are increasingly important for international business education. As globalization settles into its 21st century equilibrium, international business transac...
Dipolar order in an amphidynamic crystalline metal–organic framework through reorienting linkers

Amphidynamic crystals, which possess crystallinity and support dynamic behaviours, are very well suited to the exploration of emergent phenomena that result from the coupling on the dynamic moieties. Here, dipolar rotors have been embedded in a crystalline metal–organic framework. The material consists of Zn(ii) nodes and two types of ditopic bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based linkers—one that coordinates to the Zn clusters through two 1,4-aza moieties, and a difluoro-functionalized derivative (the dipolar rotor) that coordinates through linked 1,4-dicarboxylate groups instead. Upon cooling, these linkers collectively order as a result of correlated dipole–dipole interactions. Variable-temperature, frequency-dependent dielectric measurements revealed a transition temperature Tc = 100 K, when a rapidly rotating, dipole-disordered, paraelectric phase transformed into an ordered, antiferroelectric one in which the dipole moments of the rotating linkers largely cancelled each other. Monte Carlo simulations on a two-dimensional rotary lattice showed a ground state with an Ising symmetry and the effects of dipole–lattice and dipole–dipole interactions. A metal–organic framework (MOF) has been prepared that features dynamic rotors embedded within its crystalline lattice. The dipolar F2-functionalized carboxylate linkers—rapidly rotating at room temperature—show correlated behaviour upon cooling, converting the paraelectric MOF into an ordered antiferroelectric one below 100 K.
OTS167 blocks FLT3 translation and synergizes with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3 mutant acute myeloid leukemia

Internal tandem duplication (-ITD) mutations of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) provide growth and pro-survival signals in the context of established driver mutations in FLT3 mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is an aberrantly expressed gene identified as a target in AML. The MELK inhibitor OTS167 induces cell death in AML including cells with FLT3 mutations, yet the role of MELK and mechanisms of OTS167 function are not understood. OTS167 alone or in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were used to investigate the effect of OTS167 on FLT3 signaling and expression in human FLT3 mutant AML cell lines and primary cells. We describe a mechanism whereby OTS167 blocks FLT3 expression by blocking FLT3 translation and inhibiting phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B). OTS167 in combination with TKIs results in synergistic induction of FLT3 mutant cell death in FLT3 mutant cell lines and prolonged survival in a FLT3 mutant AML xenograft mouse model. Our findings suggest signaling through MELK is necessary for the translation and expression of FLT3-ITD, and blocking MELK with OTS167 represents a viable therapeutic strategy for patients with FLT3 mutant AML.
Early behavioral and physiological markers of social anxiety in infants with fragile X syndrome

Social anxiety is highly prevalent in neurotypical children and children with fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS is a genetic syndrome that is characterized by intellectual disability and an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder. If social anxiety is left untreated, negative outcomes are highly prevalent later in life. However, early detection of social anxiety is challenging as symptoms are often subtle or absent very early in life. Given the prevalence and impairment associated with childhood social anxiety, efforts have accelerated to identify risk markers of anxiety. A cluster of early features of anxiety have been identified including elevated behavioral inhibition, attentional biases, and physiological dysregulation that index early emerging markers of social anxiety. Infants with FXS provide a unique opportunity to study the earlier predictors of social anxiety. The current study utilized a multi-method approach to investigate early markers of social anxiety in 12-month-old infants with FXS. Participants included 32 infants with FXS and 41 low-risk controls, all approximately 12 months old. Parent-reported social behavioral inhibition was recorded from the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ-R). Direct observations of behavioral inhibition and attention were measured during a stranger approach task with respiratory sinus arrhythmia collected simultaneously. Parent-reported social behavioral inhibition was not significantly different between groups. In contrast, direct observations suggested that infants with FXS displayed elevated behavioral inhibition, increased attention towards the stranger, and a blunted respiratory sinus arrhythmia response. Findings suggest that infants with FXS show both behavioral and physiological markers of social anxiety at 12 months old using a biobehavioral approach with multiple sources of input. Results highlight the importance of a multi-method approach to understanding the complex early emergent characteristics of anxiety in infants with FXS.
Epsins Negatively Regulate Aortic Endothelial Cell Function by Augmenting Inflammatory Signaling

Background: The endothelial epsin 1 and 2 endocytic adaptor proteins play an important role in atherosclerosis by regulating the degradation of the calcium release channel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1). In this study, we sought to identify additional targets responsible for epsin-mediated atherosclerotic endothelial cell activation and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice and ApoE-/- mice with an endothelial cell-specific deletion of epsin 1 on a global epsin 2 knock-out background (EC-iDKO/ApoE-/-), and aortic endothelial cells isolated from these mice, were used to examine inflammatory signaling in the endothelium. Results: Inflammatory signaling was significantly abrogated by both acute (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and chronic (oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)) stimuli in EC-iDKO/ApoE-/- mice and murine aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) isolated from epsin-deficient animals when compared to ApoE-/- controls. Mechanistically, the epsin ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM) bound to Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 to potentiate inflammatory signaling and deletion of the epsin UIM mitigated this interaction. Conclusions: The epsin endocytic adaptor proteins potentiate endothelial cell activation in acute and chronic models of atherogenesis. These studies further implicate epsins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammation of the endothelium associated with atherosclerosis.
Ultrasensitive and Multiplexed Protein Imaging with Cleavable Fluorescent Tyramide and Antibody Stripping.

Multiplexed single-cell analysis of proteins in their native cellular contexts holds great promise to reveal the composition, interaction and function of the distinct cell types in complex biological systems. However, the existing multiplexed protein imaging technologies are limited by their detection sensitivity or technical demands. To address these issues, here, we develop an ultrasensitive and multiplexed in situ protein profiling approach by reiterative staining with off-the-shelf antibodies and cleavable fluorescent tyramide (CFT). In each cycle of this approach, the protein targets are recognized by antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase, which catalyze the covalent deposition of CFT on or close to the protein targets. After imaging, the fluorophores are chemically cleaved, and the antibodies are stripped. Through continuous cycles of staining, imaging, fluorophore cleavage and antibody stripping, a large number of proteins can be quantified in individual cells in situ. Applying this method, we analyzed 20 different proteins in each of ~67,000 cells in a human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tonsil tissue. Based on their unique protein expression profiles and microenvironment, these individual cells are partitioned into different cell clusters. We also explored the cell–cell interactions in the tissue by examining which specific cell clusters are selectively associating or avoiding each other.
Protecting Homeschoolers - A Proposal to Protect Homeschooled Children in North Carolina from Educational Neglect

This report proposes a change to the law in North Carolina to add the concept of "educational neglect" to the definition of child neglect. Such a law would provide an avenue to allow the state to receive a complaint that a home-schooled child was not receiving an adequate education from his or her parents. It would also create a mechanism for investigation of such a complaint and a resolution that would require that an educationally neglected child either attend school or be more appropriately educated at home. The report describes the history of the regulation of homeschooling in North Carolina, describes the current law in detail, identifies the risks to home-schooled children in the current law, compares the North Carolina law to the laws in other states, and makes a recommendation to the General Assembly for change.
Legal Process as Racialized Punishment: The Material Consequences of Discretionary Arrests in New York City

Order maintenance policing—a systematic focus on the aggressive enforcement of low-level offenses, influenced by the “broken windows” perspective—often exposes structurally disadvantaged communities to disparate police contact, ranging from surveillance and stops to low-level arrest and various forms of misconduct. In keeping with recent criminological research that considers the collateral consequences of low-level arrests, our descriptive and exploratory study examines qualitative and quantitative arrest data for discretionary non-criminal and misdemeanor offenses in New York City. Mixed-method surveys conducted outside criminal courthouses, together with in-depth interviews and focus groups, highlight the immediate, subsequent, and cumulative costs stemming from discretionary arrests, including the routine loss of time and money, myriad forms of abuse, and loss of educational, employment and housing opportunities—systemic, collateral violence that, given the social groups disproportionately targeted, constitutes racialized punishment. The findings also present research participants’ suggestions for and situated visions of police reform and accountability, offering expertise shaped by lived experiences of discretionary policing.
Pictures of the Past: Artifact Density and Computer Graphics

The excavation of the site of a colonial fort produced a large quantity of artifacts but little else. The only data acquired were about artifact type and location of find. A computer was used to draw maps of various combinations of artifact distributions. Methods were borrowed from the engineering discipline of Image Processing in order to facilitate site interpretation. The implications of this are discussed in detail and its use demonstrated by the display of computer-produced isometric plots of artifact density over the excavation area.
Limiting Early-Age Cracking in Concrete Bridge Decks

Early-age bridge-deck cracking is a major problem affecting the durability of U.S. bridges. Many factors can cause early-age bridge-deck cracking including change in temperature, hydration, plastic shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and drying shrinkage. The presence of cracking may increase the effect of freeze and thaw cycles and may lead to corrosion of reinforcement, which may result in deterioration of the entire bridge. It is crucial to investigate the issue of early-age cracking in bridge decks to provide solutions to improve the safety of U.S. bridges. This research examines the use of different sealing materials to seal the developed cracks while the performance criteria can be achieved. An analytical study was performed to study the importance of major parameters that may affect the transverse deck cracking, such as concrete strength, shrinkage, thermal effect, load patterns, load magnitude, span length, number of spans, and continuity. A finite-element model was developed to investigate the factors affecting tensile stresses and crack tendency. Also, a tool was developed to predict the likelihood and initiation of early-age cracking in bridge decks. The outcomes of this study identify suitable sealant materials and identify a set of recommendations to limit the cracking problem and, hence, resulting in a longer service life to bridges.
The dental office visit as a potential opportunity for diabetes screening: an analysis using NHANES 2003-2004 data.

Objectives: The bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and diabetes suggests that the dental visit may offer a largely untapped opportunity to screen for undiagnosed diabetes. To better examine this potential opportunity, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 were used to determine if a larger proportion of patients with periodontal disease as compared with those without periodontitis would be recommended for screening according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. The data were also used to determine whether at-risk individuals with periodontitis visited a dental professional recently, so that they could avail themselves of this opportunity for screening, if offered. Methods: Data to perform these analyses were collected from 2,923 subjects aged 20 and older who reported that they were never told that they had diabetes, had a periodontal examination, and had sufficient data to compute body mass index. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and chi-square analyses that compared those with and without periodontitis were extrapolated to the US population. Results: A total of 62.9 percent of those without periodontitis and 93.4 percent of those with periodontal disease met ADA guidelines for diabetes screening. Of those at-risk with periodontal disease, 33.9 percent had seen a dentist in the past 6 months, 50 percent in the past year, and 60.4 percent in the past 2 years. Conclusions: As almost all individuals with periodontitis would have been recommended for diabetes screening, and many at-risk persons with periodontal disease recently visited a dentist, our data suggest that the dental visit provides an important potential venue for this screening.
EFFECT OF PROFLAVINE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF ADENOVIRUS, TYPE 5, AND ASSOCIATED SOLUBLE ANTIGENS

Wilcox, Wesley C. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) and Harold S. Ginsberg. Effect of proflavine on the synthesis of adenovirus, type 5, and associated soluble antigens. J. Bacteriol. 84:526–533. 1962.—The synthesis of type 5 adenovirus in HeLa cells was suppressed to a considerable extent by low concentrations of proflavine, an acridine dye. In comparison, the processes leading to the production of soluble complement-fixing antigens and toxin were less sensitive to the action of this chemical. Addition of proflavine to infected cells at different times during the virus growth cycle revealed that the processes leading to the synthesis of soluble antigens began prior to the first appearance of newly synthesized virus. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that the soluble antigens may represent virus subunits or precursor materials. In addition, these data indicate that it is possible to interrupt the latter stages of the virus synthetic process by addition of proflavine late in the eclipse period.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid of Anaplasma marginale

Deoxyribonucleic acid from isolated marginal bodies and calf erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale is found to be double stranded and to contain 51 moles per cent guanine plus cytosine. Images
Self-modeling as an intervention for stuttering.

This investigation employed a multiple baseline design across individuals with a follow-up to study the effects of self-modeling as an intervention for stuttering in 4 school-aged students with dia...
Finite element electromagnetic strategies for sector panel array simulation

Sector panel antenna array designed for high gain, polarization diversity with high power handling have typically been consider too large and complex for rigorous electromagnetic simulation. Thus most are designed through build and test techniques. However recent advancements in finite element method (FEM) techniques such as the domain decomposition method (DDM) and improvements to high performance computing (HPC) hardware have enabled designer to consider and simulate in a rigorous fashion entire panels including all antenna elements, backplane, radome and feed network to provide a comprehensive up front understanding of the design prior to manufacturing. This paper will outline a step by step FEM approach to the design and simulation of a sector panel array starting with single element extraction all the way through to the simulation and modeling of an entire panel including all coupling effects in a rigorous fashion.