cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutionally Based ImPACT Test® Normative Values May Differ from Manufacturer-Provided Normative Values

OBJECTIVE The necessity for pre-injury baseline computerized neurocognitive assessments versus comparing post-concussion outcomes to manufacturer-provided normative data is unclear. Manufacturer-provided norms may not be equivalent to institution-specific norms, which poses risks for misclassifying the presence of impairment when comparing individual post-concussion performance to manufacturer-provided norms. The objective of this cohort study was to compare institutionally derived normative data to manufacturer-provided normative values provided by ImPACT® Applications, Incorporated. METHOD National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 university student athletes (n = 952; aged 19.2 ± 1.4 years, 42.5% female) from one university participated in this study by completing pre-injury baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) assessments. Participants were separated into 4 groups based on ImPACT's age and gender norms: males 19 years old (n = 361) or females >19 years old (n = 240). Comparisons were made between manufacturer-provided norms and institutionally derived normative data for each of ImPACT's clinical composite scores: Verbal (VEM) and Visual (VIM) Memory, Visual Motor Speed (VMS), and Reaction Time (RT). Outcome scores were compared for all groups using a Chi-squared goodness of fit analysis. RESULTS Institutionally derived normative data indicated above average performance for VEM, VIM, and VMS, and slightly below average performance for RT compared to the manufacturer-provided data (χ2 ≥ 20.867; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Differences between manufacturer- and institution-based normative value distributions were observed. This has implications for an increased risk of misclassifying impairment following a concussion in lieu of comparison to baseline assessment and therefore supports the need to utilize baseline testing when feasible, or otherwise compare to institutionally derived norms rather than manufacturer-provided norms.
The Use of a Smart Bolus Calculator Informed by Real-time Insulin Sensitivity Assessments Reduces Postprandial Hypoglycemia Following an Aerobic Exercise Session in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Insulin dosing in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is oftentimes complicated by fluctuating insulin requirements driven by metabolic and psychobehavioral factors impacting individuals’ insulin sensitivity (IS). In this context, smart bolus calculators that automatically tailor prandial insulin dosing to the metabolic state of a person can improve glucose management in T1D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifteen adults with T1D using continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps completed two 24-h admissions in a hotel setting. During the admissions, participants engaged in an early afternoon 45-min aerobic exercise session, after which they received a standardized dinner meal. The dinner bolus was computed using a standard bolus calculator or smart bolus calculator informed by real-time IS estimates. Glucose control was assessed in the 4 h following dinner using CGMs and was compared between the two admissions. RESULTS The IS-informed bolus calculator allowed for a reduction in postprandial hypoglycemia as quantified by the low blood glucose index (2.02 vs. 3.31, P = 0.006) and percent time 180 mg/dL: 13.24% vs. 10.42%, P = 0.5; percent time >250 mg/dL: 2.08% vs. 1.19%, P = 0.317). In addition, the number of hypoglycemia rescue treatments was reduced from 12 to 7 with the use of the system. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the proposed IS-informed bolus calculator is safe and feasible in adults with T1D, appropriately reducing postprandial hypoglycemia following an exercise-induced IS increase.
Childhood family violence and officer responses to officer-involved domestic violence: Effects of cumulative and resolved trauma:

Law enforcement officers who witness or experience abuse in their family of origin are at higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse. These trauma effects may, in turn, ...
Batch and Flow Nanomanufacturing of Large Quantities of Colloidal Silver and Gold Nanocrystals Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Significant process intensification of nanoparticle synthesis is required to meet the demands of industrial applications. Unfortunately, conventional nanoparticle synthetic methods (i.e., those usi...
The endocannabinoid system in the adipose organ

The endocannabinoid system is found in most, if not all, mammalian organs and is involved in a variety of physiological functions, ranging from the control of synaptic plasticity in the brain to the modulation of smooth muscle motility in the gastrointestinal tract. This signaling complex consists of G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands for those receptors (endocannabinoids) and enzymes/transporters responsible for the formation and deactivation of these ligands. There are two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and two major endocannabinoids, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which are produced upon demand through cleavage of distinct phospholipid precursors. All molecular components of the endocannabinoid system are represented in the adipose organ, where endocannabinoid signals are thought to regulate critical homeostatic processes, including adipogenesis, lipogenesis and thermogenesis. Importantly, obesity was found to be associated with excess endocannabinoid activity in visceral fat depots, and the therapeutic potential of normalizing such activity by blocking CB1 receptors has been the focus of substantial preclinical and clinical research. Results have been mixed thus far, mostly owing to the emergence of psychiatric side effects rooted in the protective functions served by brain endocannabinoids in mood and affect regulation. Further studies about the roles played by the endocannabinoid system in the adipose organ will offer new insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and might help identify new ways to leverage this signaling complex for therapeutic benefit.
Evaluation of Desmopressin in Critically Ill Patients with Hyponatremia Requiring 3% Hypertonic Saline.

Abstract Background Desmopressin (DDAVP) is often used for hyponatremia management but has been associated with increases in hospital length of stay and duration of hypertonic saline use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hyponatremia management strategies and their effect on sodium correction in critically ill patients requiring 3% hypertonic saline (3HS). Methods This retrospective, single-center study included critically ill patients with hyponatremia (serum sodium ≤ 125 mEq/L) receiving 3HS from May 31 2015, to May 31 2019. Patients were divided into those who received 3HS for hyponatremia management (HTS) and those who received proactive or reactive DDAVP in addition to 3HS (D-HTS). Patients in either group could receive rescue DDAVP. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients achieving goal sodium correction of 5–10 mEq/L 24 h after 3HS initiation. Results Goal sodium correction was achieved in 52.5% of patients in HTS compared to 65.6% of patients in D-HTS (p = 0.21). Patients in HTS had a shorter duration of 3HS infusion (p = 0.0022) with no difference in ICU length of stay, free water intake, urine output, or serum sodium increases 12 and 24 h after receiving 3HS. Overcorrection during any 24- or 48 h period was not statistically different between groups. Conclusion Patients in HTS and D -HTS had similar rates of achieving goal sodium correction at 24 h. A proactive or reactive DDAVP strategy led to an increase in 3HS duration and total amount with no significant difference in rates of overcorrection. Prospective, randomized studies assessing standardized strategies for hyponatremia management and DDAVP administration are warranted.
Novel Glutamatergic Modulators for the Treatment of Mood Disorders: Current Status

The efficacy of standard antidepressants is limited for many patients with mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar depression, underscoring the urgent need to develop novel therapeutics. Both clinical and preclinical studies have implicated glutamatergic system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. In particular, rapid reductions in depressive symptoms have been observed in response to subanesthetic doses of the glutamatergic modulator racemic (R,S)-ketamine in individuals with mood disorders. These results have prompted investigation into other glutamatergic modulators for depression, both as monotherapy and adjunctively. Several glutamate receptor-modulating agents have been tested in proof-of-concept studies for mood disorders. This manuscript gives a brief overview of the glutamate system and its relevance to rapid antidepressant response and discusses the existing clinical evidence for glutamate receptor-modulating agents, including (1) broad glutamatergic modulators ((R,S)-ketamine, esketamine, (R)-ketamine, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine [HNK], dextromethorphan, Nuedexta [a combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine], deudextromethorphan [AVP-786], axsome [AXS-05], dextromethadone [REL-1017], nitrous oxide, AZD6765, CLE100, AGN-241751); (2) glycine site modulators (d-cycloserine [DCS], NRX-101, rapastinel [GLYX-13], apimostinel [NRX-1074], sarcosine, 4-chlorokynurenine [4-Cl-KYN/AV-101]); (3) subunit (NR2B)-specific N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (eliprodil [EVT-101], traxoprodil [CP-101,606], rislenemdaz [MK-0657/CERC-301]); (4) metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulators (basimglurant, AZD2066, RG1578, TS-161); and (5) mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activators (NV-5138). Many of these agents are still in the preliminary stages of development. Furthermore, to date, most have demonstrated relatively modest effects compared with (R,S)-ketamine and esketamine, though some have shown more favorable characteristics. Of these novel agents, the most promising, and the ones for which the most evidence exists, appear to be those targeting ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Intercambios en litigio: peonaje por deuda y políticas de movilidad social entre los Urarina

Este articulo explora las relaciones de intercambio entre las comunidades indigenas de la Amazonia peruana y los patrones locales, centrandose en el caso de cuatro comunidades Urarina, relacionadas entre si y ubicadas en la cuenca del rio Chambira, en el departamento de Loreto (en el nororicnte peruano). De manera particular, el articulo presenta el caso de la disputa entre 5 jovenes Urarina y su patron. Si bien es cierto que la mayoria de las comunidades indigenas solucionan sus conflictos sin recurrir al sistema legal del Estado, muchos individuos, particularmente jovenes que aspiran a convertirse en autoridades comienzan a utilizar sus conocimientos juridico-legales como prueba de su autoridad y su habilidad para asumir posiciones de liderazgo al interior de sus comunidades. Sin embargo, la ausencia del Estado en zonas remotas de la Amazonia termina socavando los esfuerzos de estos litigantes Urarina en el uso del sistema legal para solucionar las asimetrias estructurales que determinan sus relaciones de intercambio con los no indigenas. Este articulo explora las razones que motivan a los jovenes Urarina a consultar a las autoridades civiles en lugar de terminar simplemente sus desiguales relaciones de trabajo.
Reversible electrochemical conversion from selenium to cuprous selenide

Using elemental selenium as an electrode, the redox-active Cu2+/Cu+ ion is reversibly hosted via the sequential conversion reactions of Se → CuSe → Cu3Se2 → Cu2Se. The four-electron redox process from Se to Cu2Se produces a high initial specific capacity of 1233 mA h g−1 based on the mass of selenium alone or 472 mA h g−1 based on the mass of Cu2Se, the fully discharged product.
A Joint Acquisition-Estimation Framework for MR Phase Imaging

Measuring the phase of the MR signal is faced with fundamental challenges such as phase aliasing, noise and unknown offsets of the coil array. There is a paucity of acquisition, reconstruction and estimation methods that rigorously address these challenges. This reduces the reliability of information processing in phase domain. We propose a joint acquisition-processing framework that addresses the challenges of MR phase imaging using a rigorous theoretical treatment. Our proposed solution acquires the multi-coil complex data without any increase in acquisition time. Our corresponding estimation algorithm is applied optimally voxel-per-voxel. Results show that our framework achieves performance gains up to an order of magnitude compared to existing methods.
Escherichia coli transcription termination factor rho. II. Binding of oligonucleotide cofactors.

The relative binding affinities for rho of the oligonucleotide rho ATPase cofactors studied in the accompanying paper (Wang, Y., and von Hippel, P. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13940-13946) have been determined by gel mobility shift and ultrafiltration binding analyses. We find that each rho hexamer carries three strong and three weak RNA-binding sites that differ approximately 10-fold in their affinities for oligonucleotide cofactors. Furthermore, in contrast to the sequence dependence of ATPase activation, we find that the binding affinities of these oligonucleotide cofactors for rho depend only on their cytosine content. In addition, we show that changes in the positions of rU residues in the oligo(rU,rC) cofactors (which significantly modulate the ATPase activity of rho) have no effect on binding affinities and that the addition of ATP, ADP, or the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog adenosine 5‘-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate also does not change the binding affinities of the oligonucleotide cofactors for rho. Considered in the context of the coupling of the rho ATPase and RNA binding and release cycles, these results suggest that rC residues are required for the formation of stable rho-RNA complexes, whereas rU residues at the 5‘ termini of cofactors bound to rho initiate or facilitate the release of the RNA from the individual cofactor site as a consequence of ATP hydrolysis. Thus, both the tightness of the binding of RNA segments to the individual RNA-binding sites of rho and the rate of release of these segments from these sites are critical in controlling the ATPase rate of rho and probably also in modulating the function of this protein in transcript termination.
Reported referral for genetic counseling or BRCA 1/2 testing among United States physicians

BACKGROUND: Genetic counseling and testing is recommended for women at high but not average risk of ovarian cancer. National estimates of physician adherence to genetic counseling and testing recommendations are lacking. METHODS: Using a vignette-based study, we surveyed 3200 United States family physicians, general internists, and obstetrician/gynecologists and received 1878 (62%) responses. The questionnaire included an annual examination vignette asking about genetic counseling and testing. The vignette varied patient age, race, insurance status, and ovarian cancer risk. Estimates of physician adherence to genetic counseling and testing recommendations were weighted to the United States primary care physician population. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent patient and physician predictors of adherence. RESULTS: For average-risk women, 71% of physicians self-reported adhering to recommendations against genetic counseling or testing. In multivariable modeling, predictors of adherence against referral/testing included black versus white race (relative risk [RR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.31), Medicaid versus private insurance (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.29), and rural versus urban location. Among high-risk women, 41% of physicians self-reported adhering to recommendations to refer for genetic counseling or testing. Predictors of adherence for referral/testing were younger patient age [35 vs 51 years [RR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.41-2.24]), physician sex (female vs male [RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.07-1.64]), and obstetrician/gynecologist versus family medicine specialty (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.31-2.05). For both average-risk and high-risk women, physician-estimated ovarian cancer risk was the most powerful predictor of recommendation adherence. CONCLUSION: Physicians reported that they would refer many average-risk women and would not refer many high-risk women for genetic counseling/testing. Intervention efforts, including promotion of accurate risk assessment, are needed. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Stochastic Mixed‐Integer Programming Algorithms: Beyond Benders' Decomposition

This article is dedicated to a new generation of decomposition algorithms that are designed to solve two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming problems. This class of methods, which constitute extensions of Benders' decomposition, is designed to allow integer variables within subproblems, and such situations occur naturally within stochastic mixed-integer programming problems. In addition to providing a unified treatment of the algorithms, we also summarize some computational results. Keywords: stochastic mixed-integer programming; Benders' decomposition; disjunctive decomposition; value function convexification; mixed-integer linear programming
Left ventricular twist and shear-angle in patients with mitral regurgitation

Background Mitral regurgitation(MR) is a common valvular disorder that foments left ventricular(LV) dysfunction. The study of LV twist during the progression of MR is limited to studies performed with ultrasound/echo(1-3) in human subjects or animal studies(4), which suggest that LV twist decreases when MR is present. LV circumferential-longitudinal shear angle (CL-shear angle) has been proposed as a more reproducible measure of LV rotational mechanics, but has not been evaluated in patients with MR. We hypothesized that both LV twist and CL-shear angle would decrease with severity of MR. Methods Normal subjects(n=54), moderate MR patients(n=29), and severe MR patients(n=54) were studied after obtaining informed consent. MRI was performed on a 1.5T scanner (Signa, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) and grid tagged LV images were collect from the base to the apex(7). LV twist and CL-shear angle measurements were derived from Fourier Analysis of STimulated echoes(FAST)(8). LV twist is defined as the difference in rotation at the apex relative to the base of the heart. Shear-angle is defined as the difference in rotation at the apex times the radius of the apex relative to the base times the radius of the base, divided by the distance between the apex and base(5, 6). Peak LV twist and peak CL-shear angle from the three groups were compared using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s least significant difference(LSD) procedure for multiple comparisons. Results Mean peak LV twist for normal subjects, moderate MR patients, and severe MR patients were: 11.5±3.2, 9.0±3.0, 8.8±2.6, respectively. Mean peak CL-shear angle for normal subjects, moderate MR patients, and severe MR patients were: 5.0±1.4, 4.7±1.6, 5.0±1.3 respectively. The one-way ANOVA of peak twist between the groups, showed differences among the groups(p<0.0001). Further investigation with LSD, showed a significant difference between the normal subjects and the moderate MR patients and between the normal subject group and the severe MR patients. However, the one-way ANOVA of peak shear-angle did not reveal any differences between the three groups(p=0.4).
Culture methods for the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum and its virus, with an electron microscope study of virus-infected cells.

Abstract The blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum was cultured on a synthetic liquid medium at 22–25° under fluorescent light. Cultures after 6 days of growth in 125-ml flasks were inoculated by the addition of 10 ml of partially purified virus (BGAV). Virus in quantities for purification was obtained from 12–20-l batches 4 days after inoculation. After infection by BGAV, photosynthetic lamellae invaginated. Virus particles were seen in contact with the cell wall and, inside the cell, attached to photosynthetic lamellae. Here they remained attached after the cells were completely lysed. Fluorescent and Feulgen staining indicated more DNA in infected than in healthy cells. Previous findings that the virus is an icosahedron with a short tail were confirmed.
Coniothyrium minitans on Apothecia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum.

During a study of apothecial dynamics of Sclerotinia trifoliorum at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm at Lexington, an apothecium with small black patches on the surface of the hymenium wa...
Welfare Evaluations in Contingent Valuation Experiments with Discrete Responses: Comment

In a previous issue of this Journal, Michael Hanemann developed three interpretations for compensating and equivalent variations in discrete choice models and the corresponding computational approaches. Hanemann then showed that one of the three interpretations is inconsistent with ordinal utility and that one of the remaining interpretations is preferable because of the statistical properties of the corresponding computational approach. This note clarifies the interpretation of Hanemann's preferred computational approach and offers an alternative interpretation. It should strengthen the case for the preferred approach that researchers can agree on computation without necessarily agreeing on its interpretation.
Effects of electrode surface modification with chlorotoxin on patterning single glioma cells

A microchip patterned with arrays of single cancer cells can be an effective platform for the study of tumor biology, medical diagnostics, and drug screening. However, patterning and retaining viable single cancer cells on defined sites of the microarray can be challenging. In this study we used a tumor cell-specific peptide, chlorotoxin (CTX), to mediate glioma cell adhesion on arrays of gold microelectrodes and investigated the effects of three surface modification schemes for conjugation of CTX to the microelectrodes on single cell patterning, which include physical adsorption, covalent bonding mediated by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and covalent bonding via crosslinking succinimidyl iodoacetate and Traut's (SIA-Traut) reagents. The CTX immobilization to microelectrodes was confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Physically adsorbed CTX showed better support for cell adhesion and is more effective in confining adhered cells on the electrodes than covalently-bound CTX. Furthermore, cell adhesion and spreading on microelectrodes were quantified in real-time by impedance measurements, which revealed an impedance signal from physically adsorbed CTX electrodes four times greater than the signal from covalently-bound CTX electrodes.
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF NEW OR PRESUMED NEW LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK ON IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY COMPARED TO KNOWN LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH SUSPECTED ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME?

In suspected ACS, new or presumed new LBBB (n/pnLBBB) is considered as acute STEMI equivalent. At our large academic medical center, we sought to compare the in-hospital mortality of patients presenting with suspected ACS and having n/pn LBBB verses known LBBB (kLBBB). We reviewed records of all
Carbon emissions and management scenarios for consumer-owned utilities

Abstract An important subset of the utility sector has been scarcely explored for its ability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: consumer-owned electric utilities significantly contribute to U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, but are often excluded from energy efficiency and renewable energy policies. They sell a quarter of the nation's electricity, yet the carbon impact of these sales is not well understood, due to their small size, unique ownership models, and high percentage of purchased power for distribution. This paper situates consumer-owned utilities in the context of emerging U.S. climate policy, quantifying for the first time the state-by-state carbon impact of electricity sales by consumer-owned utilities. We estimate that total retail sales by consumer-owned utilities account for roughly 568 million metric tons of CO 2 annually, making this sector the 7th largest CO 2 emitter globally, and examine state-level carbon intensities of the sector in light of the current policy environment and the share of COU distribution in the states. Based on efficiency and fuel mix pathways under conceivable regulations, carbon scenarios for 2030 are developed.
Do patients with sleep apnea die in their sleep

Patients with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) show cardiac dysrhythmias in association with cyclical nocturnal hypoxemia; are they at risk of dying during sleep? To assess this claim, we reviewed the clinical course of 91 patients with polysomnographically documented SAS between July 1978 and June 1986. A control group was comprised of 35 patients who were referred with symptoms suggestive of SAS but had negative sleep studies. Follow-up was obtained by survey questionnaire. Nine of 91 SAS and four of 35 control patients had died by completion of the study. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between the two groups. None of the SAS patients died in their sleep, but they reported a higher incidence of disability and vehicular mishaps than did control subjects. The findings in this study do not support the hypothesis that SAS patients are at increased risk of dying in their sleep.
Exploitation and Mortality of Paddlefish in the Lower Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers

Abstract We estimated commercial and sport fishing exploitation of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula population in the lower Cumberland and Tennessee rivers from 1991 to 1994 using tag and reward methods. Exploitation for fish tagged over 3 years was 20.0% in Lake Barkley, 25.4% in the Kentucky Dam tailwater, and 14.4% in Kentucky Lake, most of which was commercial in Kentucky Lake (88%) and sport in Lake Barkley (65%). Although commercial harvest is prohibited in the Kentucky Dam tailwaters, some paddlefish moved to areas where commercial fishing is allowed. Most paddlefish were harvested in the lake where they were tagged, but nine individuals moved among the major tributaries of the Mississippi River. We compared the Kentucky Lake commercial paddlefish harvest during the winter spawning run of 1991–1992 with that of 1985–1986. The 1985–1986 harvest followed high roe prices and earlier intense fishing pressure, resulting in high annual mortality (69%) and a relatively lower mean length (691 mm) and weigh...
An analysis of hemoglobin synthesis in erythropoietic cells.

Newts (Triturus cristatus) rendered anemic by phenylhydrazine exhibit a delayed erythropoietic response in the circulating blood, consisting of successive waves which develop as homogeneous erythroid populations corresponding to the different developmental stages. The initial wave was the object of quantitative study of hemoglobin synthesis and accumulation in vivo, using [3H]leucine incorporation into hemoglobin as a method. Correlative studies showed that: (1) Incorporation of [3H]leucine into hemoglobin increased by an identical proportion over time in all developmental stages and, when corrected for declining specific activity of intracellular leucine, was linear throughout the 5-hr labeling period in vivo; (2) the specific radioactivities of intracellular soluble leucine (and of tRNALeu) were virtually identical in early and late stages; and (3) there was no turnover of hemoglobin during erythropoiesis. The rate of hemoglobin synthesis per cell was maximal in early erythroid cells and decreased significantly in subsequent stages. An increasing proportion of protein synthesis in erythroid cells was committed to hemoglobin production during development, an increase which resulted mainly from a proportionately greater decline in production and net accumulation of nonglobin proteins rather than enhanced synthesis of hemoglobin. Despite decreasing cellular levels of hemoglobin synthesis, total hemoglobin-synthesizing capacity, and total hemoglobin content in the erythron (total erythroid cell population) increased during development as a result of mitotic expansion of the erythroid cell population. Pulse-chase experiments conducted either in vivo or in vitro suggested the presence of a pool of globin monomers or dimers whose relative size was insignificant in early erythroid cells but gradually enlarged in subsequent developmental stages. The declining rates of hemoglobin synthesis per cell may reflect decreasing cellular levels of globin mRNA but do not appear to result from decreasing ribosomal availability or altered polyribosomal function.
Immunization Status of Adult Chiropractic Patients in Analyses of National Health Interview Survey

Objective Two recent studies that examined National Health Interview Survey data reported divergent findings regarding the propensity of adult chiropractic users to receive seasonal influenza immunization. Although one study found a statistically significant negative association between chiropractic use and influenza vaccination, another found that chiropractic users were significantly more likely to be vaccinated. The purpose of this study is to extend previous works by delving more deeply into recent data to identify adult chiropractic users at high risk and high priority for vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal disease.
The influence of age on clinical and patient-reported outcomes after cholecystectomy.

Objective: To examine the relationship between the age of cholecystectomy patients and surgical complications, length of stay, symptom relief, and postdischarge functional status.
THE HERITABILITY OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE: A META-ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR GENETIC RESEARCH

A meta-analysis was performed on 50 family, twin, and adoption studies in which problem drinking and alcohol dependence served as the primary criterion measure. The results showed that far from bei...
Biological complexity and strategies for finding DNA variations responsible for inter-individual variation in risk of a common chronic disease, coronary artery disease.

Most common chronic diseases of humans aggregate, but do not segregate, in families. The segregation-linkage research paradigm has not provided great insights into their genetic etiology. In this paper, using coronary artery disease as an example, we discuss hierarchical organization, coherence, emergent properties and dynamism as features that characterize the complexity of genotype-phenotype relationships. We summarize a research strategy for evaluating the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the prediction of inter-individual variation in risk of disease. We then review a statistical strategy that employs cladistic theory to identify individuals carrying mutant DNA sequences responsible for an observed association between marker variation in a gene and inter-individual variation in biological traits that determine risk of a common multifactorial disease. Finding these DNA sequences is a necessary step in our search for an understanding of the nature of the mapping of genetic variation ...
Psychosocial Analysis of Cancer Deaths

In addition to biological activity and cancer treatment, psychosocial considerations may influence both the quality of survival and its length. The investigators used information from psychological autopsies of cancer deaths, and correlated observed survival (measured in months beyond expected survival) with psychosocial findings. Patients who lived significantly longer tended to maintain cooperative and mutually responsive relationships, especially towards the end of their lives. Patients with death wishes, depression, apathy, and long-standing mutually destructive relationships survived for shorter periods than expectable. Why longevity occurs in some patients, but not in others, may be related to different traits which create alienation in personal life and in caretaking staff as life draws to a close. More assertive patients ask for and get better attention and services, and as a result, may live longer and die better deaths.
The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Economics

Keynesian economics came under much criticism in the 1970s This paper argues that the decline in Keynesian economics and the rise in, notably, new classical economics in this period related to their respective theoretical appeal rather than their ability to explain developments in the macroeconomy. As this has become increasingly recognized, and with the development of sound microeconomic foundations, Keynesian economics has again been on the rise.
Restructuring the corporation

On November 7, 1986, the metropolitan New York chapter of The Planning Forum presented a one‐day workshop on “Restructuring the Corporation—Why, What, and How.” Constance Bauman and Patricia Comer of the NY/NJ Port Authority organized the program.
RNF8 Transduces the DNA-Damage Signal via Histone Ubiquitylation and Checkpoint Protein Assembly.

DNA-damage signaling utilizes a multitude of posttranslational modifiers as molecular switches to regulate cell-cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. Here we show that RNF8, a FHA/RING domain-containing protein, plays a critical role in the early DNA-damage response. We have solved the X-ray crystal structure of the FHA domain structure at 1.35 A. We have shown that RNF8 facilitates the accumulation of checkpoint mediator proteins BRCA1 and 53BP1 to the damaged chromatin, on one hand through the phospho-dependent FHA domain-mediated binding of RNF8 to MDC1, on the other hand via its role in ubiquitylating H2AX and possibly other substrates at damage sites. Moreover, RNF8-depleted cells displayed a defective G2/M checkpoint and increased IR sensitivity. Together, our study implicates RNF8 as a novel DNA-damage-responsive protein that integrates protein phosphorylation and ubiquitylation signaling and plays a critical role in the cellular response to genotoxic stress.
Further studies on the nature of sodium nitroprusside-induced hypothermia in mice. II. Effect of pretreatment with sodium nitrite

The effect of cyanide, thiocyanate, ferricyanide, and nitrite in equimolar amounts to nitroprusside (5 mg/kg) was noted. Cyanide alone produced hypothermia comparable in magnitude to that produced by nitroprusside at the 30-min interval following injection by the ip route. The time course of the effect of cyanide (1.03, 2.05, and 4.1 mg/kg ip) upon rectal temperature was found to be dose dependent. Sodium nitrite pretreatment (25 and 50 mg/kg) prevented the hypothermia caused by cyanide and nitroprusside. Nitroprusside-induced hypothermia appears to be mediated indirectly through the in vivo release of cyanide.
Echocardiography in patients with suspected endocarditis: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Abstract PURPOSE: We sought to determine the appropriate use of echocardiography for patients with suspected endocarditis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We constructed a decision tree and Markov model using published data to simulate the outcomes and costs of care for patients with suspected endocarditis. RESULTS: Transesophageal imaging was optimal for patients who had a prior probability of endocarditis that is observed commonly in clinical practice (4% to 60%). In our base-case analysis (a 45-year-old man with a prior probability of endocarditis of 20%), use of transesophageal imaging improved quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALYs) by 9 days and reduced costs by $18 per person compared with the use of transthoracic echocardiography. Sequential test strategies that reserved the use of transesophageal echocardiography for patients who had an inadequate transthoracic study provided similar QALYs compared with the use of transesophageal echocardiography alone, but cost $230 to $250 more. For patients with prior probabilities of endocarditis greater than 60%, the optimal strategy is to treat for endocarditis without reliance on echocardiography for diagnosis. Patients with a prior probability of less than 2% should receive treatment for bacteremia without imaging. Transthoracic imaging was optimal for only a narrow range of prior probabilities (2% or 3%) of endocarditis. CONCLUSION: The appropriate use of echocardiography depends on the prior probability of endocarditis. For patients whose prior probability of endocarditis is 4% to 60%, initial use of transesophageal echocardiography provides the greatest quality-adjusted survival at a cost that is within the range for commonly accepted health interventions.
VERBAL RESPONSES AND CONCEPT FORMATION

In a series of studies Heidbreder ( 2 ) has tried to determine the relative difficulty and speed of attainment of concepts. The increasing order of difficulty is from concrete objects, to form, to numbers. Dattman and Israel (1) modified the Heidbreder pictures and found no differences in difficulty, contrary to Heidbreder's explanation. Inspection of their modified stimuli, however, suggests that their changes merely altered the original response probability. In the present study 200 col1e;;e Ss were shown large copies of the Heidbreder pictures with instruction to write :he first response suggested by each picture. There were 15 stimuli assigned to each of the three concept classes. Each response was classified as to response concept class. For example, for a picture of 6 V-shaped lines, "Birds" was classified as an object response, "V's" as a form response, and "six" as a number response. If the most probab!e response to a stimulus corresponds to the assigned concept class to be learned in a paired-associate presentatian, faci!itation should occur. If the most probable response competes with the concept class to be learned, there should be interference. In all stimulus categories the most probable response was object name rather than form or number. Mean number of responses falling into each response concept class was: object, 38.50; form, 4.05; number, .40; unclassified, 2.32. Of the 15 pictures to which a nonsense syllable was learned on the basis of the object name by Heidbreder's Ss, 14 m7ere responded to wirh cbject names. 15 form stimuli elicited 1.75 form responses. IS numbz szimuli elicited .34 number responses. 15 less the number of responses indicates the number of competing responses presumed to interfere with acquisition of correcl: responses. The decrease in frequency of agreemzne of stimulus and res2onse concept classes from object, to form, to number is consistent with the decreasing ease of role concept learning ( 2 ) . The digerences are due to previously learned verbal habits in terms of the most probabie response and strengths of competing responses to each stimulus.
PRAYERFUL TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A SURVEY OF THEMES

Prayer is a primary spiritual discipline for Christians. Nonetheless, few contemporary scholarly discussions have ventured into exploring the role of prayer in college teaching. This paper extends the conversation by reviving three themes in writings about prayer and academics and making application of those themes to teaching and learning today.
Biodegradable HA-PLA 3-D porous scaffolds: effect of nano-sized filler content on scaffold properties.

Abstract Scaffolds comprising poly(lactic acid) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared using the solvent-casting/salt-leaching technique. NaCl was used as the leaching agent. Nano-sized HA was synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 170 °C and autogenous pressure. High-resolution TEM imaging revealed that the HA particles were ellipsoidal-shaped with needle-like morphologies. The particles had an average size of approximately 25 nm in width and 150 nm in length with aspect ratios ranging from 6 to 8. As the HA content increased in the scaffold from 0 to 50 wt%, the compression modulus of the scaffolds increased from 4.72 ± 1.2 to 9.87 ± 1.8 MPa, while the yield strength from 0.29 ± 0.03 to 0.44 ± 0.01 MPa. Such polymeric scaffolds should be suitable materials for non-load sharing tissue-engineering applications.
Laser sheet technique for visualizing a periodic rotor wake

Introduction L sheets have been used to illuminate cross sections of steady flowfields for several years. Intense sheets of light only a few millimeters in thickness can be produced by either expanding a single laser beam with a cylindrical lens or by rapidly sweeping the beam by means of a vibrating mirror or other optical device.' Generally, smoke or other seed particles which scatter light as they pass through the laser sheet are introduced upstream of the region of interest. Streamlines and vortical structures are identified respectively as streaks and swirl patterns in the illuminated region.' Recent experiments conducted in the John J. Harper 2.31 m x 2.74 m (7 x 9 ft) low-speed wind tunnel at the Georgia Institute of Technology employed a strobed laser sheet to visualize the periodic flowfield between a model rotor and an airframe in forward flight. A nonintrusive method was developed to determine accurately tip vortex trajectories in a uniformly seeded flow. Unlike Schlieren, shadowgraphic, or interferometric methods, the laser sheet technique is well-suited for visualizing the incompressible (low Mach number) flows common to rotorcraft. Quantitative data valuable for use in the interpretation of vortex/airframe interaction measurements were gathered using this technique, as reported in Ref. 5. Used in conjunction with laser velocimeter measurements, the laser sheet flow visualization approach provides a powerful means for documenting vortex jitter or other flow instabilities that can affect measurements. The methods described are adaptable to many situations requiring visualization of a periodic flow structure.
Pressure dependence of electrical conductivity of metals at low temperatures

Abstract Using a large high pressure helium gas facility, the electrical resistance of high purity wires of Au, Ag, In and Sn has been measured as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 6 kb at selected temperatures between 4.2°K and 297°K. The lattice vibration and impurity contributions to the total resistivity pressure coefficient ( 1 ρ )( dρ dP ) are separated and the lattice contribution is analyzed in terms of Bloch-Gruneisen theory and recent more general considerations. In a companion experiment the electrical resistance of Au, Ag, Mo, Ta and W was measured at 4.2°K as a function of pressure up to 8 kb using piston-cylinder apparatus with solid helium as pressure transmitter. For the Au sample a direct comparison is obtained between the piston-cylinder technique and precise hydrostatic measurements with the gas system. Data on pressure coefficients from all the experiments are presented in tabular form for comparison.
Correctness of parallel programs: The Church-Rosser approach☆

Abstract For many purposes, asynchronous parallel programs may be viewed as sequential but nondeterministic programs. The direct translation to nondeterministic sequential form leads to a combinatorial explosion of program size before correctness proofs can even begin. The Church-Rosser approach to correctness of asynchronous parallel programs is a flexible way to divide a correctness proof into several lemmas, no one of which requires both deep reasoning and explicit enumeration of all the control states required in the nondeterministic sequential form of the program. The approach is stated and justified abstractly, demonstrated in detail for a simple example program, and compared with other approaches to the correctness of parallel programs. The abstract formulation is independent of the model of parallelism in the example and can also be applied to nondeterminism not derived from asynchronous parallelism. We conclude with a survey of prospects for computer assisted proofs structured by the Church-Rosser approach.
On representing propositions

All of the above seem content to leave general propositions alone, and Donnellan admits that "no obvious way of representing propositions expressed by existence sentences suggests itself."4 I will show that Frege's explanation of what is expressed by statements of number suggests an obvious way of representing propositions expressed by existence sentences. I will also suggest a natural extension of this method to general propositions. We will represent the proposition expressed by a subject-predicate sentence (Fa) by an ordered pair consisting of an object and a concept (in Frege's sense). An n-place relation sentence will be represented by an ordered pair consisting of an ordered n-tuplet of objects, and an n-place relation-concept.
Nitroreduction of nitrated and C-9 oxidized fluorenes in vitro.

Widespread environmental pollution with mutagenic and carcinogenic nitrofluorenes contributes to human health risks. Since nitroreduction leads to activation of many nitro compounds, nitroreduction of the nitrofluorene (NF) derivatives by one- and two-electron reductants was examined. Rates of nitroreduction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine and measured via stimulation of acetylated cytochrome c reduction increased with the number of nitro groups and oxidation at C-9: 9-oxo-2,4,7-triNF > 9-oxo-2,7-diNF > 2,7-diNF > 9-oxo-2-NF = 2,5-diNF > 9-hydroxy-2-NF > 2-NF. Ascorbate catalyzed one-electron reduction to nitro anion radicals which reacted with molecular O2 to yield superoxide. Rates of O2 uptake with 9-oxo-2,4,7-triNF and 9-oxo-2,7-diNF were 63 and 0.17 times those, respectively, with equivalent concentrations of nitrofurazone, a classical substrate. Superoxide formation was indicated by the ∼75% regeneration of O2 upon addition of superoxide dismutase and catalase. 9-Oxo-2,4,7-triNF sti...
Analysis of a second-order-accurate finite-volume method for temporally-growing compressible shear layers

A finite-volume method for solving the compressible laminar Navier-Stokes equation in two dimensions is assessed for use in the simulation of transitional flows. The method is second-order-accurate, uses alternating-direction-implicit time integration, and a total-variation-diminishing smoothing operator in the inviscid flux terms. The test problem was a free shear layer with a forced periodicity in x at a specified wavelength and with the parallel mean flow specified as a hyperbolic-tangent profile. A grid refinement investigation verified this method to be second-order-accurate with less than 4 percent error in the growth rate of isolated modes on a 32 by 64 grid. The interaction between modes of similar amplitude was small, less than 1 percent. However, in cases where there was a dominant mode, numerical phase error pumped energy into all other modes. This error results in nonphysical growth rate for modes whose energy content is several orders of magnitude below the dominant mode. In the case when the dominant mode saturates, the pumping action stops and the growth rate of the next largest growing mode regains physical significance.
Parametric interpolation of the moment matrix in surface integral equation formulation

In the analysis of electromagnetic scattering and radiation from objects of arbitrary shape using the method of moments (MoM), it is desirable to fill the impedance (or moment) matrix efficiently so that larger size problems can be solved. This article describes a general MoM technique in which the matrix is filled by spatial interpolation with respect to a parametrized electrical separation between source and test elements. The parametrization is accomplished such that the same algorithm also provides frequency interpolation, thus facilitating efficient computations over a wide frequency band. The spatial interpolation method is illustrated by application to the analysis of radiation from tunable microstrip patch antennas over multiple frequency bands. By specializing the interpolation scheme to a surface integral equation formulation that employs rooftop basis functions on a grid of rectangular cells, it is shown that the interpolation method results in considerable reduction of the storage and CPU time requirements. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 9: 474–489, 1999.