cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations

The linear Fredholm integral equations and the linear Fredholm integrodifferential equations were presented in Chapters 4 and 6 respectively. In Chapter 15, the nonlinear Fredholm integral equations were examined. It is our goal in this chapter to study the nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equations [1–7] and the systems of nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equations.
Updating Perceptions of (In)Justice

Objectives:This study evaluates the malleability of judgments of procedural justice. Drawing upon various literatures, five factors are hypothesized to be related to changes in procedural justice: (1) prior judgments of procedural justice, (2) direct experiences of arrest, (3) vicarious experiences of arrest, (4) individual arrest history, and (5) age.Methods:Using 11 waves of data from the Pathways to Desistance Study (N = 1,354), multilevel models relate within-person covariates including individual, family, and peer arrests, and age to changes in procedural justice, controlling for stable, individual characteristics.Results:Judgments of procedural justice are anchored in prior perceptions. They are also a function of direct and vicarious experiences of arrests with the effect of individual arrests varying across individual arrest history. Evidence also suggests a developmental component. Age has a direct effect on judgments of procedural justice and conditions the effect of individual arrests on change...
Radiographical findings in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy.

Background and aims: Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication encountered in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatic encephalopathy is not reflected in the current liver transplant allocation system. Correlation was sought between hepatic encephalopathy with findings detected on radiographic imaging studies and the patient’s clinical profile. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with cirrhosis, who presented for liver transplant evaluation in 2009 and 2010. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, ejection fraction less than 60% and who had a TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting) procedure or who did not complete the evaluation were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed and variables found to be significant on univariate analysis (P < 0.05) were analysed by a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: A total of 117 patients met the inclusion criteria and were divided into a hepatic encephalopathy group (n = 58) and a control group (n = 59). Univariate analysis found that a smaller portal vein diameter, smaller liver antero-posterior diameter, liver nodularity and use of diuretics or centrally acting medications showed significant correlation with hepatic encephalopathy. This association was confirmed for smaller portal vein, use of diuretics and centrally acting medications in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: A decrease in portal vein diameter was associated with increased risk of encephalopathy. Identifying patients with smaller portal vein diameter may warrant screening for encephalopathy by more advanced psychometric testing, and more aggressive control of constipation and other factors that may precipitate encephalopathy.
Proposals for Improvement of the Agricultural Outlook Program of the United States

First, however, a general observation appears in order. The agricultural outlook program in the United States, as a cooperative undertaking between the United States Department of Agriculture and the land-grant universities, is the most comprehensive and the most accurate, has the best timing, and is the most widely used of any agricultural outlook program of any country. Therefore, a word of caution may be in order to agricultural economists and others who critically examine the outlook program. Make sure that the whole of the program is not seriously impaired while orally chastising specific parts of the program at professional meetings such as this one. Assuming that the total agricultural outlook program represents the best efforts so far in this field, corrective measures call only for evolutionary rather than revolutionary changes of its policies, procedures, and analyses. In other words, only periodic evaluation and subsequent adjustment, rather than complete reorientation of content and methodology, are required. Now to the proposals for improvement of the agricultural outlook program. Nine are made. The first proposal for improvement is that outlook information and analyses prepared in the United States Department of Agriculture must be supported by more and better studies in the states. Outlook patterns vary widely by states and by important areas within states. Furthermore, state outlook economists often are in a better position to give interpretive explanations than are federal analysts. Some states are making meaningful evaluations; others are largely letting the federal analysts do it. A number of states do not compile ade-
Evolving molecularly targeted therapies for advanced-stage thyroid cancers

Increased understanding of disease-specific molecular targets of therapy has led to the regulatory approval of two drugs (vandetanib and cabozantinib) for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and two agents (sorafenib and lenvatinib) for the treatment of radioactive- iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in both the USA and in the EU. The effects of these and other therapies on overall survival and quality of life among patients with thyroid cancer, however, remain to be more-clearly defined. When applied early in the disease course, intensive multimodality therapy seems to improve the survival outcomes of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but salvage therapies for ATC are of uncertain benefit. Additional innovative, rationally designed therapeutic strategies are under active development both for patients with DTC and for patients with ATC, with multiple phase II and phase III randomized clinical trials currently ongoing. Continued effort is being made to identify further signalling pathways with potential therapeutic relevance in thyroid cancers, as well as to elaborate on the complex interactions between signalling pathways, with the intention of translating these discoveries into effective and personalized therapies. Herein, we summarize the progress made in molecular medicine for advanced-stage thyroid cancers of different histotypes, analyse how these developments have altered - and might further refine - patient care, and identify open questions for future research.
λ-Augmented Tree for Robust Data Collection in Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Tree multicast configuration of smart meters SMs can maintain the connectivity and meet the latency requirements for the Advanced Metering Infrastructure AMI. However, such topology is extremely weak as any single failure suffices to break its connectivity. On the other hand, the impact of a SM node failure can be more or less significant: a noncut SM node will have a limited local impact compared to a cut SM node that will break the network connectivity. In this work, we design a highly connected tree with a set of backup links to minimize the weakness of tree topology of SMs. A topology repair scheme is proposed to address the impact of a SM node failure on the connectivity of the augmented tree network. It relies on a loop detection scheme to define the criticality of a SM node and specifically targets cut SM node by selecting backup parent SM to cover its children. Detailed algorithms to create such AMI tree and related theoretical and complexity analysis are provided with insightful simulation results: sufficient redundancy is provided to alleviate data loss at the cost of signaling overhead. It is however observed that biconnected tree provides the best compromise between the two entities.
Study of the Reaction Cl + Ethyl Formate at 700–950 Torr and 297 to 435 K: Product Distribution and the Kinetics of the Reaction C2H5OC(═O) → CO2 + C2H5

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of atomic chlorine with ethyl formate [Cl + CH3CH2O(C═O)H, reaction 1] have been examined. These experiments were performed at pressures of 760–950 Torr and temperatures from 297 to 435 K. Reactants and products were quantified by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC/FID) analysis. The initial mixture contained ethyl formate, Cl2, and N2. Cl atoms were generated by UV photolysis of this initial mixture at 360 nm, which dissociates Cl2. The rate constant of reaction 1 was measured at 297 K relative to that of the reaction Cl + C2H5Cl (reaction 2), yielding the rate constant ratio k1/k2 = 1.09 ± 0.05. The final products formed from reaction 1 are ethyl chloroformate, 1-chloroethyl formate, and 2-chloroethyl formate. These products result from the reactions with Cl2 of the three free radicals formed by H atom abstraction from ethylformate in reaction 1. Based on the molar yields of these three chlorinated products, the yields of the three radicals formed...
The Implementation of a Key Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Project

This research examines the restoration of Southern Golden Gate Estates, a failed subdivision located within the western Everglades ecosystem. The subdivision was one of the first projects to be implemented within the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). CERP was approved in the Water Resources Development Act of 2000 and includes 60 elements (different projects) designed to restore, protect and preserve the greater Everglades ecosystem. Southern Golden Gates Estates Restoration was renamed the Picayune Strand Restoration, one of the first and most significant projects to be included within CERP. The Picayune Strand is a strategically located tract of land that is surrounded by several important refuges, preserves and parks. Its central location among several nature preserves and wildlife areas reflects its importance to the ecosystem connectivity of the entire region. The original developer installed a network of roads and constructed four large canals designed to rapidly remove surface water. The restoration will remove the roads, plug the canals, and construct pump stations to provide flood protection for residents living north of the restoration site. Some of the most important benefits of the restoration include improved aquifer recharge, reduced over-drainage, and a major reduction in point discharge of freshwater into the coastal estuaries to the south.
van der Waerden and the Primes

AbstractIn this note we prove the infinitude of the primes via an application of van der Waerden's theorem.
MANAGEMENT OF A SALMONELLA OUTBREAK ON A DAIRY FARM

A 200 cow dairy in Northeast Ohio experienced an outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium during the spring of1994. In addition to human health implications, Salmonella outbreaks negatively impact herd health and productivity. As the United States Department of Agriculture institutes changes in the current inspection system to focus on microbial contamination of food, a greater emphasis will be placed on controlling the disease agent on the farm. This challenges both veterinarians and farmers to work as a team to institute management changes that will result in lowering the number of pathogenic organisms associated with foods of animal origin prior to their entry into the food chain. This paper reviews this Salmonella outbreak, offers management suggestions to control the disease agent, and describes how the problem was resolved on this farm.
Model predictive power control approach for three-phase single-stage grid-tied PV module-integrated converter

This paper presents the concept of the three-phase module-integrated converters (MICs) incorporated in grid-tied large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems. The current-source converter (CSC) with dc voltage boost capability, namely single-stage power conversion system, is proposed for three-phase PV MIC system. A model predictive scheme with low switching frequency is designed to control the proposed topology in such a way that provides a certain amount of active and reactive power in steady-state operation and also provides a proper ratio of reactive power under transient conditions to meet the low voltage ride through (LVRT) regulations. To predict the future behavior of current control values and switching states, a discrete-time model of the MIC is developed in synchronous reference frame. It is demonstrated that the injected active and reactive power can be controlled using minimizing the cost function introduced in the predictive switching algorithm. The proposed structure is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The results verify the desired performance of the proposed control scheme for exchanging of both active and reactive powers between the PV MIC and the grid within different operating conditions.
Things to Think About When Estimating the Cost of Magnets Made With Conductors Other Than Nb-Ti

There have been a number of papers written about estimating the budgetary cost of superconducting magnets based on the magnet stored energy, magnetic induction times field volume, or the magnet coil and cryostat mass. The cost equations were based on using Nb-Ti as the superconductor. In all cases, a portion of the cold mass was devoted to carrying the magnetic forces. The cost equations could be applied to Nb-Ti cable in conduit magnets, because conduit is a part to the force carrying structure. This paper explains the factors that are involved that influence a cost estimate for magnets fabricated with other conductors such as Nb 3 Sn, MgB 2 , BSCCO, and second-generation ReBCO tapes. All of these conductors will add to the cost of the magnet because the conductor cost per ampere-meter is higher. In a number of cases there is a reaction and special insulation step added to the process of magnet fabrication. All of these conductors are much more strain sensitive than Nb-Ti, which can also add to the magnet cost. The effects of field orientation on conductor critical current and quenching will likely increase the magnet cost as well. The unknown factor is the cost of uncertainty and project delay.
Cannabis Use and Risk for Substance Use Disorders and Mood or Anxiety Disorders

Cannabis use remains a critical issue in the United States. In 2014, an estimated 22 million US residents used cannabis,1 double the number from 10 years ago.2 As of December 2016, 28 states and the District of Columbia have implemented or have voted to authorize medical cannabis programs, and 8 states and the District of Columbia have legalized recreational cannabis.3 Health care professionals often are concerned about whether cannabis use will lead to psychiatric illnesses such as substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, or mood disorders among their patients. Many stakeholders are concerned that an association between cannabis use and psychiatric illnesses will lead to a steady increase in these illnesses as more states implement medical or recreational cannabis legalization policies. Given these trends and concerns, it has become increasingly important to obtain longitudinal data to clarify the relationship between cannabis use and subsequent psychiatric disorders.
A low-cost method for separation and accurate estimation of ADC noise, aperture jitter, and clock jitter

A method for separating and accurately estimating ADC noise, aperture jitter, and clock jitter is presented for ADC testing and characterization. This significantly relaxes clock jitter requirements and removes the need for high precision test instruments, but still allows ADC specifications like SNR, SNDR and ENOB to be accurately estimated.
Power to Terminate U.S. Trade Agreements: The Presidential Dormant Commerce Clause versus an Historical Gloss Half Empty

The U.S. Constitution does not explicitly allocate authority to terminate treaties made pursuant to the Treaty Clause or as congressional-executive agreements. All modern trade treaties of the U.S. are made as congressional-executive agreements. The conventional wisdom among a number of U.S. foreign relations law scholars, as evidenced by the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law, is that, while congressional or Senate participation is required to make these treaties, the President has the independent power to terminate them. This position, while it may be correct as it pertains to treaties in other fields, takes insufficient account of the fact that, under the Commerce Clause, commerce is an area of exclusive congressional power. This paper argues that the exclusive congressional power over commerce is inconsistent with independent Presidential authority to terminate trade agreements. It also examines existing statutory authority for entry into and operation of trade agreements, and finds no statutory authority for the President to terminate trade agreements. Therefore, the President lacks authority, without new authorization from Congress, to terminate existing trade agreements.
Microbial Exposures in Schools and Daycare Centers

The quality of indoor air – and that including the microbial quality – in schools and daycare centers is of crucial importance to pupils’ and teachers’ health. This is because of the extended periods of exposure daily and during life-time, and the vulnerability of in particular pupils to air contaminants due to their maturing physiology and high intake rates. On a public health level, exposures in schools and daycares affect many individuals at once, increasing the impact of both health beneficial and adverse situations in these environments on a population level. We summarize here the scientific literature that has dealt with microbial exposure in schools and daycare centers, highlighting the key determinants that affect microbial levels in such buildings and both negative and positive health impacts of the related exposure to microbes.
Use of Digital Rectal Examination as an Adjunct to Prostate Specific Antigen in the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: Guidelines from the NCCN® (National Comprehensive Cancer Network®) advocate digital rectal examination screening only in men with elevated prostate specific antigen. We investigated the effect of prostate specific antigen on the association of digital rectal examination and clinically significant prostate cancer in a large American cohort.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the records of the 35,350 men who underwent digital rectal examination in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening trial for the development of clinically significant prostate cancer (Gleason 7 or greater). Followup was 343,273 person-years. The primary outcome was the rate of clinically significant prostate cancer among men with vs without suspicious digital rectal examination. We performed competing risks regression to evaluate the interaction between time varying suspicious digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen.Results: A total of 1,713 clinically significant prosta...
Statin use and risk of renal cell carcinoma in three prospective cohort studies.

679Background: Evidence on statin use and incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is mixed. Previous results from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) foun...
Development of Notch Pathway Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-signaling pathway involved in cell fate during development, stem cell renewal and differentiation in postnatal tissues. Roles for Notch in carcinogenesis, in the biology of cancer stem cells and tumor angiogenesis have been reported. These features identify Notch as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. A series of pre-clinical studies using primarily small molecule inhibitors of γ-secretase have demonstrated anti-tumor effects. Phase I trials have identified a reasonable safety profile for these agents, especially with intermittent administration. Mechanism-based combinations specific for individual indications are being investigated. Several other classes of Notch inhibitors are being developed. In this review, we describe the basics of Notch signaling, the role of Notch in normal and cancer stem cells; finally we describe opportunity and challenges in the development of Notch inhibitors as novel targeted agents for cancer patients.
Review: In community-dwelling older adults, calcium and vitamin D, alone or combined, do not reduce fractures

Source Citation Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L. Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-ana...
A method for preconditioning matrices arising from linear integral equations for elliptic boundary value problems

The discretization of linear integral equations for elliptic boundary value problems by the boundary element method yields linear systems of simultaneous equations with filled matrices. The structure of these matrices allows Fourier methods to be used to determine preconditioning matrices such that fast iterative solution of the linear system of algebraic equations is possible. The preconditioning method is applicable to Fredholm integral equations of the first kind with non-smooth convolutional principal part as well as to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical examples are presented.
Linguistic entrapment: Interlanguage, bivernacularity, and life across tongues

What does it feel like to be multilingual author who is never ‘at home’ in any one language? To address this question, this essay puts theoretical writings by contemporary trans activist Alexandre Baril and queer cultural critic Jose Esteban Munoz in conversation with literary compositions by bilingual (English/French) medieval poets John Gower and Charles d’Orleans. Albeit disparate in time and space, these writers explore tenuous attachments between language and the body, and recurring tropes of being ‘wrong-bodied’ (trapped in the ‘wrong’ body) demonstrate how profoundly social minorities evade identification with any one dominant linguistic identity (medieval or modern). Contemporary trans and queer theory and the poetry of multilingual medieval authors powerfully challenge rigid conceptions of embodied difference such as binary distinctions of male and female or the idea of discrete ‘Anglophone’ and ‘Francophone’ identities. Comparative close reading of medieval literature and contemporary theory suggests wide potential for nonbinary social positioning.
Schedule Adaptation for Ensuring Reliability in RT-WiFi-Based Networked Embedded Systems

With the ever-growing interests in applying wireless technologies for networked embedded systems to serve as the communication fabric, many real-time wireless technologies have been recently developed to support time-critical sensing and control applications. We proposed in previous work the RT-WiFi protocol that provides real-time high-speed predictable data delivery and enables designs to meet time-critical industrial needs. However, without explicit reliability enforcement mechanisms, our previous RT-WiFi design is either subject to uncontrolled packet loss due to noise and other interferences or may suffer from inefficient communication channel usage. In this article, we explicitly consider interference from both Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi based interference sources and propose two sets of effective solutions for reliable data transmissions in RT-WiFi-based networked embedded systems. To improve reliability against general non-Wi-Fi based interference, based on rate adaptation and retransmission techniques, we present an optimal real-time rate adaption algorithm together with a communication link scheduler that has low network management overhead. A novel technique called overbooking is introduced to further improve the schedulability of the communication link scheduler while maintaining the required communication reliability. For Wi-Fi-based interference, we present mechanisms that utilize virtual carrier sensing to provide reliable data transmission while co-existing with regular Wi-Fi networks. We have implemented the proposed algorithms in the RT-WiFi network management framework and demonstrated the system performance with a series of experiments.
Surgical Outcomes: The Importance of Surgeon-Kept Data in Hernia Care

Wide variation in inguinal hernia management remains the rule. Recent decades have seen increased diversity of techniques and materials for hernia repair. The need for data-driven evaluation of various strategies for hernia management has never been greater. Historically, landmark studies of hernia care have relied on surgeon-researchers to collect their own prospective data using federally supported research infrastructure. Modern databases such as the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Database (ACS NSQIP) and Veteran Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Database (VASQIP) do not capture hernia-specific outcomes such as recurrence or chronic pain and report postoperative complications only within a 30-day interval. National and international databases in Europe have demonstrated success in collecting hernia-specific data to drive quality improvement. The Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative (AHSQC) promises to help shift long-term data collection away from overburdened individual providers and to promote standardized, detailed metrics relevant to hernia patients to expand our knowledge regarding best practices in hernia management.
Classroom assessment as the co-regulation of learning

Until recently, the classroom assessment literature has emphasized the role of teachers and tests, for example investigating teachers’ assessment practices or the quality of classroom tests and oth...
Between the White House and the Kremlin: A Comparative Analysis of Afghan and Tajik Media

In their postwar, postindependence, and post-Soviet moments, why did two neighbors, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, who share cultural, linguistic, and historical similarities, take radically divergent paths in the development of their mass media, public sphere, and democracy? In this article, I argue against the popular sentiment that the reason for their striking post-9/11 disparities—namely Afghanistan’s relatively open and diverse media environment and Tajikistan’s repressive media regime—is that Afghanistan remains under the purview of influence and development aid of the United States and, conversely, Tajikistan is still under Russian control. Using case examples from my fieldwork in both countries, I demonstrate that the fact that Afghanistan is not unilaterally under the influence of U.S. aid is precisely why Afghanistan has not yet fallen down the slippery slope of commercialization, and its media world remains vibrant and viable, albeit fragile.
Resilience Factors and Suicide Risk for a Sample of Transgender Clients

This study explored how individual- and community-based resilience factors operated together in order to reduce risk of suicide for a sample of transgender therapy clients. We collected cross-sectional survey data from 106 transgender therapy clients at a local community center, including demographic information, experiences of relational support, participants' emotional stability, and risk for suicide. Results from our mediation analysis indicated that high levels of perceived relational support are related to reduced risk for suicide and that this happens by way of a person's emotional stability. Clinical implications for family therapists are discussed based on the significant indirect effect found in this study.
Case Study as a Constructivist Pedagogy for Teaching Educational Psychology

Recent interest and inquiry into constructivism, pedagogical content knowledge, and case study methodology are influencing the content and goals of educational psychology in teacher preparation. The reasons seem clear: The content of educational psychology lends itself to authentic, active, and pragmatic applications of theory to school practices, as well as to investigations of a variety of educational issues, perspectives, and contexts which can be viewed through case study, a constructivist problem-based approach to learning. Widely-used educational psychology texts are including constructivism as a cognitive alternative to behaviorist and information processing views of teaching and learning. Concurrently, case studies are being integrated in educational psychology texts, and a myriad of case texts have appeared with application to educational psychology courses. This article considers the decisions, benefits, and difficulties in teaching educational psychology through a constructivist case study approach.
Writing: A Holistic or Atomistic Entity?.

The marked shift in writing instruction from a focus on writing as a set of separate, sequential tasks to a focus on writing as a holistic gestalt prompted the empirical study reported in this paper. We sought to determine whether any prerequisite relationships existed between five analytical components of ESL composition, namely content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Our rationale was that if we could discover evidence of prerequisite relationships between the analytical components, then the results could be used to support the view that writing is a set of separate tasks to be acquired. If, on the other hand, we could detect no evidence of prerequisite relationships, then those results could support the notion that writing is a holistic entity which can't be meaningfully partitioned into components. Our analyses indicated that (1) only one prerequisite relationship (which could have occurred by chance) existed in the data set and that (2) only one latent structure (construct) underlay the data. We conclude by offering citations from other researchers who argue against teaching writing skills in isolation and by offering three approaches to the teaching of writing which acknowledge the interrelation of composition skills. As we indicated in the previous paragraph, there has been a
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: A Resource for Recreational Therapists

To our knowledge, information on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) has not appeared in the literature of recreational therapy. This article provides an introduction to PROs and PROMs so recreational therapists may understand them and see their possible applications within recreational therapy. In this article, PROs and PROMs are described. Specific examples of PROMs, and resources for accessing them are provided. Discussion on the value of PROs in the enhancement of client care, challenges to the use of PROMs, and the relevance of PROMS to recreational therapy practice and research follows. It is concluded that the use of PROMs is an emerging approach that recreational therapists need to explore. Subscribe to TRJ
The impact of body weight and body mass index on outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel.

e19554Background: Obesity is associated with a pro-inflammatory state and immune dysregulation. Retrospective studies indicate that obesity could affect toxicities and outcomes after immunotherapie...
The Phylogenetic Distribution and Frequency of Self-Incompatibility in Fabaceae

Premise of research. Surprisingly little is known regarding the phylogenetic distribution and frequency of self-incompatibility (SI) in some of the largest angiosperm families, including the legume...
The Social and Psychological Effects of Puberty on White Females

There is general consensus that adolescence is an important stage in the life cycle. It is certainly a period of dramatic physical, emotional, and social changes. However, whether it is also a time of stress and disturbance is an issue of controversy (Douvan and Adelson, 1966; Douvan and Gold, 1966; Bealer, Willits, and Maida, 1969; Offer, 1969; Bandura, 1972). Furthermore, it is unclear what the contribution of the phyical changes of puberty is in exacerbating or alleviating whatever stress occurs at this age (see Eichorn, 1963; Clausen, 1975). The present study focuses on the latter problem, in particular on the impact of pubertal development on a wide variety of social-emotional reactions of the adolescent girl. To be investigated are the effects of pubertal change on the girl’s self-concept and on many of her behaviors, values, and attitudes.
Weak familiarity and anaphoric accessibility in dynamic semantics

The accessibility constraints imposed on anaphora by dynamic theories of discourse are too strong because they rule out many perfectly felicitous cases. Several attempts have been made by previous authors to rectify this situation using various tactics. This paper proposes a more viable approach that involves replacing Heim's notion of familiarity with a generalized variant due to Roberts. This approach is formalized in hyperintensional dynamic semantics, and a fragment is laid out that successfully deals with some problematic examples.
Leukemias and Lymphomas: Genetics

Leukemias and lymphomas are some of the best-understood cancers at the molecular level. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases exemplify some of the primary mechanisms that contribute to human cancer. Keywords: cancer; leukemia; lymphoma
Deletions in hydrophilic domains of subunit a from the Escherichia coli F1F0-ATP synthase interfere with membrane insertion or F0 assembly.

The a subunit is a membrane component of the F1F0-ATP synthase from Escherichia coli. Regions of a which appear important for membrane insertion or F0 assembly have been identified by analysis of both deletion mutants and fusion proteins which link the mutant a subunits to alkaline phosphatase. This analysis suggests the hydrophilic, amino-terminal domain of a is required for proper membrane targeting and/or insertion of the nascent polypeptide. In addition, the subcellular fractionation of four different a subunit-beta-galactosidase fusion proteins suggests this domain is localized to the periplasm, in agreement with a proposed topological model of the protein (Lewis, M.J., Chang, J.A., and Simoni, R.D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10541-10550). Deletions within the next three putative loops of a appear to have no significant effect on membrane targeting or insertion. Rather, they seem to interfere with the subsequent assembly of a functional enzyme.
Long-Lasting Depolarizations in Mitral Cells of the Rat Olfactory Bulb

We investigated the mechanisms of long-lasting depolarizing potentials (LLDs) generated in mitral cells with whole-cell patch recordings in the rat olfactory bulb slice. LLDs occur spontaneously and are evoked by either orthodromic stimulation of the olfactory nerve or antidromic stimulation of mitral and tufted (M/T) cells. LLDs are followed by a long refractory period, limiting LLD generation to approximately 1 Hz. LLD production does not appear to involve either intrinsic voltage-activated or metabotropic mechanisms. The initiation of LLDs requires activation of non-NMDA but not NMDA receptors. Dual recordings from the apical dendrites and somata of mitral cells show that LLDs are generated in the distal portion of the apical dendrite, most likely in the glomerulus. The rising phase of LLDs shows characteristics of polyneuronal input, including a high variability and sensitivity to charge screening. Paired recordings from adjacent mitral cells suggest that LLDs occur synchronously only in cells whose apical dendrites ramify in the same glomerulus. These findings suggest that LLDs involve recurrent, intraglomerular dendrodendritic interactions among M/T cells.
Automatic Text Categorization Using Neural Networks

This paper presents the results obtained from a series of experiments in automatic text categorization of MEDLINE articles. The main goal ofthis research is to build a counter propagation network and to train it in assigning MeSH phrases based on term frequency of single words from title and abstract. The experiments compare the performance of the counterpropagation network against a backpropagation neural network trained for the same purpose. Results obtained by using a set of 2,344 MEDLINE documents are presented and discussed.
Managing contaminated marine sediments: economic considerations

uncertain, but potentially important, threats to public health and the environment. However, cleanup is very expensive and costs increase raidly with the level of cleanup efforts. Thus, important tradeoffs are faced in the social decision concerning the appropriate level of cleanup. This article discusses the application of economic analysis as input to the social decision process for managing contaminated marine sediments. The two general approaches outlined benefit-cost analysis and costeffectiveness analysis can provide valuable input into remedial action decisions at a site and in allocating efforts among multiple sites. However, significant difficulties and uncertainties characterize all approaches for managing contaminated marine sediments and economics is no exception. The difficulties and potential for application of the two economic approaches are discussed. Also discussed is the potential role of strict liability for damages in providing incentives for source control to avoid creation of new sites.
Generalization of habituation and intrinsic sensitization in the leech.

Using the shortening reflex of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis we examined stimulus generalization of habituation learning. Preparations received mechanosensory stimulus at two positions on the leech body wall, one site used to carry out habituation training and a second novel site to test for generalization of habituation. After training, the specific mechanosensory neurons activated by each stimulus were assessed using intracellular recordings. As expected, the closer the two sites were to each other, the greater the degree of generalization of habituation at the novel site and the more sensory cells were shared. However, a form of behavioral facilitation was observed at the trained site that resembled behavioral sensitization, but differed from the standard sensitization process in several respects. (1) Facilitation was induced by stimulation of the novel site before habituation training at the trained site, although the stimulus intensity at the novel site was equivalent to the training stimuli and was not the strong, noxious stimuli that normally induce sensitization. (2) The magnitude of the facilitating effect was proportional to the proximity of the novel and trained stimulation sites. (3) Although behavior at the trained site was facilitated, behavior at the novel site was habituated, indicating that the induced behavioral facilitation did not generalize throughout the animal, as normally occurs during sensitization, but was limited to a single stimulus–response pathway.
Microstructures and property tradeoffs in wrought TiAl-base alloys

The intermetallic compound TiA1 has attracted a great deal of research interest because of its potential for hightemperature structural applications. Ill Earlier studies focused on the deformation behavior of single-phase Timl, [2,3,41 which is the 3' phase in the TiA1 system. Recently, however, the ductility and deformation mechanisms were found to be quite different in ),-base binary alloys containing a small fraction of ct2-Ti3Al. [5"61 More recently, a systematic study was carried out to characterize the effects of microstructural variations due to the presence of the second phase. [7] Three distinct microstructures were studied in that article, including a singlephase y equiaxed structure, a fully transformed lamellar 3' + a2 structure, and a duplex structure consisting of both of these constituents. In addition to the phase volume fraction and distribution differences, these structures also differed in grain size, which was typically 5 0 / x m in the single phase structure, > 5 0 0 / x m in the fully transformed structure, and 1 5 /zm in the duplex structure. The results indicated that the fine-grained duplex structure was not only stronger, but more ductile at room temperature. Similar microstructural effects on the room-temperature deformation behavior have been found in ternary 18'9] and more complex alloys, tl~ Most of the above studies used materials processed via rapid solidification or powder metallurgy routes. This article further examines the mechanical properties of the three microstructures. In addition to the room-
Bone-Patella Tendon-Bone Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) serves an important stabilizing and biomechanical function for the knee. Reconstruction of the ACL remains one of the most commonly performed procedures in the field of sports medicine. Reconstruction of the ACL with bone-patella tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft secured with interference screw fixation has been the historical reference standard and remains the benchmark against which other methods are gauged. This article reviews the reconstruction of the ACL with BPTB autograft including the surgical technique, rationale for BTPB use, and outcomes.
A mixed method for transient analysis of soil–structure interaction under SH‐motion

A Fourier transform approach is applied to the transient analysis of dynamic soil–structure interaction under SH-motion. The governing equations are formulated in the frequency domain using a Finite Element–Boundary Element (FE–BE) coupling method. After solving the transformed problem, the transient solution is obtained using the discrete inverse Fourier transform with a fast Fourier transform algorithm. Two examples are presented in order to show the numerical performance of the proposed technique.
Orientational ordering of frustrated molecular quadrupoles: NMR studies of N2-Ar solid mixtures.

We report NMR studies of the effect of lattice geometry on the orientational ordering of $^{15}\mathrm{N}_{2}$ molecules in solid ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-Ar mixtures. The ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ molecules interact through highly frustrated electrostatic quadrupole-quadrupole interactions and samples with 50% ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ that form fcc lattices show evidence for long range order with a very small distribution of order parameters in contrast to the quadrupolar glass phase observed for the hcp lattice at higher concentrations (57%-77%).
Fringe field effects in small rings of large acceptance

Recently there has been renewed interest in the influence of fringe fields on particle dynamics, due to studies that revealed their importance in some cases, as, for example, the proposed Neutrino Factory and muon colliders. In this paper, we present a systematic study of generic fringe field effects. Using as an example a lattice of the proposed Neutrino Factory, we show that fringe fields influence the dynamics of particles at all orders, starting with the linear motion. It is found that the widely used sharp cutoff approximation leads to divergences regardless of the specific fall-off shape of the fields. The results suggest that a careful consideration of fringe field effects in the design stage of small machines for large emittances is always recommended.
The effect of successful trade show attendance on future show interest: exploring Japanese attendee perspectives of domestic and offshore international events

Examines the attendance objectives of Japanese visitors for both a domestic (Japanese) and offshore (US) trade show, and explores the relationship between a successful trade show visit and future attendance intentions. Results suggest that attendees maintain very similar goals for international show attendance regardless of the show’s geographical location, but conceptualize successful trade show participation differently. Also demonstrates that successfully achieving different types of attendee objectives significantly increases attendees’ interest levels in future attendance at each of the two shows examined. Success in seeing products and trends at the domestic show was found to affect future show interest significantly. Whereas at the offshore US show, successful supplier interaction only affects interest when combined with seeing products and trends and gathering buying process information. These findings have strong implications for researchers investigating the relatively under‐studied issues of international buyer behavior at trade shows and practitioners involved in the organization of and exhibition at international events.
Intracranial Stereotaxic Cannulation for Development of Orthotopic Glioblastoma Allograft in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Histoimmunopathological Characterization of the Brain Tumor

Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumor that causes significant mortality annually. Limitations of the current therapeutic regimens warrant development of new techniques and treatment strategies in orthotopic animal model for better management of this devastating brain cancer. There are only a few experimental orthotopic models of glioblastoma for pre-clinical testing. In the present investigation, we successfully implanted rat C6 cells via intracranial stereotaxic cannulation in adult Sprague-Dawley rats for development and histoimmunopathological characterization of an advanced orthotopic glioblastoma allograft model, which could be useful for investigating the course of glioblastoma development as well as for testing efficacy of new therapeutic agents. The orthotopic glioblastoma allograft was generated by intracerebral injection of rat C6 cells through a guide-cannula system and after 21 post-inoculation days the brain tumor was characterized by histoimmunopathological experiments. Histological staining and immunofluorescent labelings for TERT, VEGF, Bcl-2, survivin, XIAP, and GFAP revealed the distinct characteristics of glioblastoma in C6 allograft, which could be useful as a target for treatment with emerging new therapeutic agents. Our investigation indicated the successful development of intracranial cannulated orthotopic glioblastoma allograft in adult Sprague-Dawley rats, making it as a useful animal model of glioblastoma for pre-clinical evaluation of various therapeutic strategies for the management of glioblastoma.
Psychologism, Folk Psychology and One's Own Case

L'A. defend la legitimite de la psychologie ordinaire comme theorie normative de la rationalite des agents| contrairement a des cognitivistes comme Fodor, il ne fonde pas cette normativite sur des canons deductifs, mais sur des regles inductives : nous jugeons du comportement d'autrui et l'expliquons a partir du notre, par des generalisations inductives
Drugs of abuse modulate the phosphorylation of ARPP-21, a cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in the basal ganglia.

Abstract ARPP-21 is a cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 21 kDa that is enriched in the cell bodies and terminals of medium-sized spiny neurons in the basal ganglia. Using a new phosphorylation state-specific antibody selective for the detection of ARPP-21 phosphorylated on Ser55, we have demonstrated that activation of dopamine D1 receptors increased the level of ARPP-21 phosphorylation in mouse striatal slices. Conversely, activation of D2 receptors caused a large decrease in ARPP-21 phosphorylation. Treatment of mice with either methamphetamine or cocaine resulted in increased ARPP-21 phosphorylation in vivo. Studies using specific inhibitors of protein phosphatases and experiments in mice bearing a targeted deletion of the gene for DARPP-32, a dopamine-activated inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1, indicated that protein phosphatase-2A is primarily responsible for dephosphorylation of ARPP-21 in mouse striatum. These results demonstrate that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ARPP-21 are tightly regulated in the striatum. We speculate that ARPP-21 might mediate some of the physiologic effects of dopamine and certain drugs of abuse in the basal ganglia.