cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agent Surgery: The Case for Mutable Agents

We argue that mutable programs are an important class of future applications. The field of softw are agen ts is an important beneficiary of mutability. We evaluate existing mutable applications and discuss basic requirements to legitimize mutabilit ytechniques. Agent surgery supports runtime mutability in the agent framework of the Bond distributed object system.
In Situ Detection of Ionospheric Cavitons: Experimental Considerations

Space plasma wave experiments have been designed to detect ionospheric cavitons driven by large amplitude high frequency (HF) radiowaves. In this report, we discuss the small electric field HF double probes and the downconverter designed for in situ measurements. Small double probes (5.5 and 11 cm in length) are used because of the scale size expected for cavitons in the ionosphere. A downconverting receiver is needed to allow baseband sampling of the detected HF waveform. Both the in-phase and quadrature outputs of the downconverter are acquired to allow separation of the upper and lower sidebands. The wave spectra observed in the ionosphere suggest that in situ measurements can be a significant diagnostic of the effects of large amplitude wave interactions.
Hotelling, Harold (1895–1973)

Harold Hotelling (1895–1973) was an internationally renowned American leader in developing the intellectual foundations of statistics, and in furthering areas of mathematical economics. His best known statistical research concerns multivariate analysis, where he introduced Hotelling's T2, principal components analysis and canonical correlations analysis. Hotelling's T2 is a multivariate generalization of Student's t-test, principal components are uncorrelated linear combinations of the underlying data capturing the data's variability, and canonical variables and correlations help to simplify the dependence relationships between two sets of multivariate measurements. Hotelling's major contributions to mathematical economics concern natural resource economics, spatial economic competition, and welfare economics. Hotelling additionally played a prominent role in the administration of statistics in universities and national societies.
Reduced ethanol consumption by alcohol-preferring (P) rats following pharmacological silencing and deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens shell: Laboratory investigation

Object There is increasing interest in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of addiction. Initial testing must be conducted in animals, and the alcohol-preferring (P) rat meets the criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. This study is composed of 2 experiments designed to examine the effects of 1) pharmacological inactivation and 2) DBS of the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) on the consumption of alcohol by P rats. Methods In the first experiment, the effects of reversible inactivation of the AcbSh were investigated by administering intracranial injections of γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists. Bilateral microinjections of drug were administered to the AcbSh in P rats (8–10 rats/group), after which the animals were placed in operant chambers containing 2 levers—one used to administer water and the other to administer 15% EtOH—to examine the acquisition and maintenance of oral EtOH self-administration. In the second experiment, a DBS electrode was placed in each P rat's left AcbSh. The anima...
Intercalating Arabidopsis Leaf Cells: A Jigsaw Puzzle of Lobes, Necks, ROPs, and RICs

Intercalation of cells is an evolutionarily conserved strategy used for a variety of developmental processes in animals. In this issue of Cell, Fu et al. have uncovered an elaborate Rho GTPase-mediated mechanism by which cytoskeletal-dependent intercalation of Arabidopsis leaf cells is achieved, suggesting that conserved Rho GTPase signaling pathways may similarly regulate tissue morphogenesis in animals and plants.
Electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering applications

The objective of this study was to fabricate 3-dimensional (3D) chitosan nanofiber scaffolds using an electrospinning technique and explore its potential for cardiac tissue engineering. Three culture conditions were tested: cardiomyocytes only, cardiomyocytes-fibroblasts cocultures, and cardiomyocyte-endothelial cells cocultures. The cells were seeded on 2-dimensional (2D) chitosan films and 3D chitosan nanofibers. Cellular morphology and functionality were assessed using immunofluorescent staining for alpha-sarcomeric actin (SA) and gap junction protein, connexin-43 (Cx43). In both the 2D and 3D scaffolds, only the cardiomyocyte-fibroblasts cocultures resulted in polarized cardiomyocyte morphology, fibril SA expression and Cx43 expression was higher compared to the other two conditions. In addition, the fibroblasts cocultures demonstrated synchronized contractions involving large tissue-like cellular networks. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to utilize 3D chitosan nanofibers as cardiomyocyte scaffolds. Our results demonstrate that chitosan nanofibers can serve as a potential scaffold that can retain cardiomyocyte morphology and function.
Preparation and characterization of some binary and ternary metal complexes of thenoyltrifluoroacetone and phosphorus esters

Abstract Two new ternary cadmium (II) complexes containing thenoyltrifluoroacetone anion (TTA) and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) or triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO) have been prepared in the crystalline state and characterized by molecular weight, proton magnetic resonance and infra-red spectral studies. The phosphorus magnetic resonance method has been used to determine the equilibrium constant of the reaction Cd(TTA)2 + TOPO = Cd(TTA)2·TOPO: K = 10·1 1/mole in anhydrous carbon tetrachloride medium. Cd(II), Pb(II), Al(III) and Co(III) complexes of TTA have also been prepared in the crystalline state and investigated. It was not possible to prepare solid ternary metal complexes containing TTA and a phosphorus compound when the metal is Al(III) or Co(III). The visible spectra of Ni(TTA)2 in acetone show that the complex is octahedral.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Integral Equation Theory of Alkane Chains: Comparison of Explicit and United Atom Models

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and self-consistent polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) calculations were performed on C20H42 and C48H98 liquids using an explicit atom (EA) model. Good agreement between theory and simulation was found for the intermolecular pair correlation functions gHH(r)and gCH(r), but the PRISM theory tended to underestimate gCC(r). Good agreement was likewise found between theory and simulation with neutron diffraction measurements of gHH(r). MD and PRISM theory calculations were also performed on a united atom (UA) potential obtained from the EA potential by the UA/EA mapping procedure of McCoy and Curro [Macromolecules 1998, 31, 9362]. Excellent agreement between the liquid structure and chain dimensions from the UA and EA models was found. However, the full UA potential obtained from the UA/EA mapping exhibited attractions that were somewhat too strong as evidenced by a negative pressure and high compressibility. An empirical modification of the attractive tail of...
An Investigation of Preservice Music Teacher Development and Concerns

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status and development of junior-level preservice music teachers’ concerns using Fuller and Bown’s teacher concerns model. Participants were 11 juni...
Framework for measuring social affinity for CSCW software

Using surveys as a means for assessing group common ground has the possibility of social desirability bias where the results may suggest a higher team affinity rating than may actually exist. To evaluate efforts to improve affinity within interdisciplinary design teams, we developed an empirical measurement of affinity based on behavior and conversation in order to compare affinity differences between workgroups more precisely. This methodology can be used for remote or co-located teams and offers HCI researchers a more powerful method of evaluating group affinity.
Preparation of PEM fuel cell electrodes using pulse electrodeposition

Abstract A new approach based on pulse electrodeposition is demonstrated to be an attractive technique to replace conventional powder type membrane electrode assembly (MEA) preparation methods. The performance of the catalyst layer is optimized by controlling the pulse deposition parameters such as the peak current density, duty cycle and the total charge density. The peak current density and the pulse duty cycle are found to control the nucleation rate and decrease the catalyst dendric growth. The amount of platinum loading is controlled by the total charge density. Preparing the electrode using a peak current density of 400 mA/cm2, a duty cycle of 2.9% and a total charge density of 8 C/cm2 results in a high catalyst performance of 380 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V.
Nonlinear Behavior of Laminated Composites

This paper extends the nonlinear behavior of unidirectional laminae of Reference [1] to that of laminated composites. A comparison between the theory and experimental results is shown through the analysis of uniaxial tension behavior of various laminates. The effect on buckling stress owing to nonlinearity is illustrated for a ±45° angle-ply laminate with simply- supported edges.
Predicting alignment after closed reduction and casting of distal radius fractures.

Purpose We sought to independently validate the McQueen equation and LaFontaine's criteria as predictors of instability in a large series of distal radius fractures treated nonsurgically. In addition, we hypothesized that restoring the volar cortical integrity (ie, volar hook) would be another factor that would independently predict the maintenance of a closed reduction in a cast. Methods We screened 546 consecutive distal radius fractures with 168 meeting all inclusion criteria. Dorsal tilt, radial height, radial inclination, ulnar variance, and carpal malalignment were measured on initial postreduction and final radiographs. A univariate analysis evaluated the predictability of the McQueen equation, Lafontaine's criteria, and volar hook on each radiographic parameter. A multivariate analysis was performed using the significant results from the univariate analysis. Results In the univariate analysis, the McQueen formula, the number of Lafontaine criteria, and age all correlated with radial height, radial inclination, and ulnar variance. In the multivariate analysis, age correlated with the most radiographic factors including radial height, radial inclination, ulnar variance, and carpal alignment at healing. Volar hook correlated with dorsal tilt and carpal alignment at healing, and dorsal comminution correlated with dorsal tilt. Conclusions In the nonsurgical treatment of distal radius fractures, we were able to validate the McQueen equation and Lafontaine's criteria in predicting the final radial height and inclination and final ulnar variance. Neither method was predictive of final dorsal tilt or carpal malalignment. However, restoring volar cortical continuity by hooking the volar cortex in the initial reduction proved to be the strongest predictor of final volar tilt, the change in volar tilt, and carpal malalignment at union. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
A note on frequency dependence and the levels/units of selection

On the basis of distinctions between those properties of entities that can be defined without reference to other entities and those that (in different ways) cannot, this note argues that non-trivial forms of frequency-dependent selection of entities should be interpreted as selection occurring at a level higher than that of those entities. It points out that, except in degenerately simple cases, evolutionary game-theoretic models of selection are not models of individual selection. Similarly, models of genotypic selection such as heterosis cannot be legitimately interpreted as models of genic selection. The analysis presented here supports the views that: (i) selection should be viewed as a multi-level process; (ii) upper-level selection is ubiquitous; (iii) kin selection should be viewed as a type of group selection rather than individual selection; and (iv) inclusive fitness is not an individual property.
Does simplifying transport and exposure yield reliable results? An analysis of four risk assessment methods.

Four approaches for predicting the risk of chemicals to humans and fish under different scenarios were compared to investigate whether it is appropriate to simplify risk evaluations in situations where an individual is making environmentally conscious manufacturing decisions or interpreting toxics release inventory (TRI) data: (1) the relative risk method, that compares only a chemical's relative toxicity; (2) the toxicity persistence method, that considers a chemical's relative toxicity and persistence; (3) the partitioning, persistence toxicity method, that considers a chemical's equilibrium partitioning to air, land, water, and sediment, persistence in each medium, and its relative toxicity; and (4) the detailed chemical fate and toxicity method, that considers the chemical's relative toxicity, and realistic attenuation mechanisms such as advection, mass transfer and reaction in air, land, water, and sediment. In all four methods, the magnitude of the risk was estimated by comparing the risk of the ch...
Organism-level models: When mechanisms and statistics fail us

Purpose: To describe the unique characteristics of models that represent the entire course of radiation therapy at the organism level and to highlight the uses to which such models can be put. Methods: At the level of an organism, traditional model-building runs into severe difficulties. We do not have sufficient knowledge to devise a complete biochemistry-based model. Statistical model-building fails due to the vast number of variables and the inability to control many of them in any meaningful way. Finally, building surrogate models, such as animal-based models, can result in excluding some of the most critical variables. Bayesian probabilistic models (Bayesian networks) provide a useful alternative that have the advantages of being mathematically rigorous, incorporating the knowledge that we do have, and being practical. Results: Bayesian networks representing radiation therapy pathways for prostate cancer and head & neck cancer were used to highlight the important aspects of such models and some techniques of model-building. A more specific model representing the treatment of occult lymph nodes in head & neck cancer were provided as an example of how such a model can inform clinical decisions. A model of the possible role of PET imaging in brain cancer was used to illustrate the means by which clinical trials can be modelled in order to come up with a trial design that will have meaningful outcomes. Conclusions: Probabilistic models are currently the most useful approach to representing the entire therapy outcome process.
Photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays

Coherent coupling of 2×1 photonic crystal (PhC) vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays is studied. It is found that the relative phase between lasing defects, also known as the phase angle of the complex degree of coherence, varies with injection current. The amplitude of the complex degree of coherence also depends on current. Additionally, it is shown that the magnitude of the complex degree of coherence between defects is maximized near in-phase and out-of-phase conditions.
An extended Ideal Resonance Problem

An Extended Resonance Problem is defined by the Hamiltonian, $$F = B(y) + 2\mu ^2 A(y)[\sin x + \lambda (y)]^2 \mu<< 1,\lambda = O(\mu ).$$ It is noted here that the phase-plane trajectories exhibit adouble libration, enclosing two centers, for the initial conditions of motion satisfying the inequality $$1 - |\lambda |< |\alpha |< 1 + |\lambda |,$$ where α is the usualresonance parameter.
On the Analysis and Design of the End Notched Flexure (ENF) Specimen for Mode II Testing

The end notched flexure (ENF) specimen is examined as a candidate for measuring interlaminar fracture toughness in skew symmetric loading. A simple design study for sizing the ENF specimen to minimize geometric nonlinear response and to avoid nonlinear material behavior or flexural failure is presented. Results indicate that interlaminar shear effects may be significant for tough resin systems requiring large thickness-to-length geometries. The influences of interlaminar shear deformation and friction between the crack surfaces on the strain energy release rate are examined.
In vitro studies on cell-mediated immunity following surgery in mice sensitized to syngeneic mammary tumors.

The effect of surgical removal of a tumor on cellular immunity, and on serumblocking activity of cellular immunity, was studied in mice sensitized by transplantation to syngeneic mammary tumors. Immunity was assayed in vitro by colony inhibition tests. Cell-mediated immunity, tested 10-15 days after surgery, was enhanced in mice from which tumors had either been completely excised, or left intact after sham surgery, as compared to mice which had experienced no surgical treatment. Blocking activity was depressed by complete removal of the tumor, but not by sham surgery alone. In mice which had complete removal, blocking activity decreased with time following surgery, being lower 10-15 days than 1-5 days after treatment.
Model-based regulation of glucose in critical care

Glucose control in critical care has been shown to improve patient outcome, yet tight glucose control has led to increased hypoglycemia in the clinic. We employed a systems engineering approach to assist clinicians in maintaining blood glucose within a desired target range while avoiding hypoglycemia in the critically ill. The long-term vision is a decision support system that provides recommended insulin and glucose administrations leading to patient-specific achievement of tight glucose control without hypoglycemia.
Ministructured catalyst bed for gas‐liquid‐solid multiphase catalytic reaction

A ministructured reactor concept improves the performance of multiphase gas-liquid-solid reactions over conventional packed-bed and trickle-bed reactors. In the mini-structured reactor, the catalyst bed is structured at the particle level by dividing the bed into a number of identical, parallel flow channels with the channel walls being catalyzed. The hydraulic diameter of each channel opening is from 0.2 to 2 mm, comparable to the conventional particle size. The mini-structured reactor can be assembled using monolith catalyst modules that have been a proven material technology for gas-phase reactions. Two types of gas-liquid-solid reactions, olefin hydrogenation and toluene saturation, are used to test the fundamental feasibility of the mini-structured reactor under steady-state reaction conditions in a cocurrent down flow mode. The new reactor shows an order of magnitude increase in the activity compared to a trickle-bed operation for reaction conditions of practical interest. This degree of activity improvement is larger than estimates based on conventional analyses of catalyst geometric surface area and/or characteristic pore diffusion lengths. Individual catalyst particles are significantly underutilized in a trickle-bed reactor. More ideal contacting of gas, liquid and catalyst, as well as the enhancement of overall mass-transfer processes in the mini-structured reactor, makes it possible to dramatically improve the gas/liquid multiphase reaction performance over solid catalysts.
Biologically targeted treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: focus on epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged in recent years as a key target of molecular therapy for solid tumors. The postembryonic role of EGFR is normally limited. In cancer, however, abnormal EGFR-tyrosine kinase (TK) activity plays a central role in many of the processes involved in tumor progression, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, decreased apoptosis, and loss of differentiation. Several different approaches have been taken to inhibit EGFR-mediated activity in tumor cells, including monoclonal antibodies directed at the ligand-binding portion of the EGFR and small-molecule agents that directly inhibit the intracellular TK domain of EGFR. Two of these TK inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib (OSI-774, Tarceva ), have shown antitumor activity and good tolerability across several tumor types in early dose-finding clinical trials, particularly for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In heavily pretreated patients with advanced NSCLC, gefitinib showed clinically significant tumor responses and symptom relief with good tolerability. Based on these results, gefitinib has now been approved for the third-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. The use of gefitinib in standard treatment programs or combined with other molecular targeted agents may substantially improve the outlook for patients with NSCLC or other types of solid tumors
Behavioral inhibition in preschool children at risk is a specific predictor of middle childhood social anxiety: A five-year follow-up.

Objective: Behavioral inhibition (BI) to the unfamiliar represents the temperamental tendency to exhibit fearfulness, reticence, or restraint when faced with unfamiliar people or situations. It has been hypoth- esized to be a risk factor for anxiety disorders. In this prospective longitudinal study, we compared the psychiatric outcomes in middle childhood of children evaluated at preschool age for BI. Method: The baseline sample consisted of 284 children ages 21 months to 6 years, including offspring at risk for anxiety (children of parents with panic disorder and/or major depression) and comparison offspring of parents without mood or major anxiety disorders. They had been assessed for BI using age-specific laboratory protocols. We reassessed 215 of the children (76.5%) at 5-year follow-up at a mean age of 9.6 years using structured diagnostic inter- views. Results: BI specifically predicted onset of social anxiety. The rate of lifetime social anxiety (DSM-IV social phobia or DSM-III-R avoidant disorder) was 28% versus 14% (odds ratio (OR) 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-5.10) in inhibited versus noninhibited children. BI significantly predicted new onset of social phobia among children unaffected at baseline (22.2% vs 8.0% in inhibited versus noninhibited children (OR 3.15, 95% CI: 1.16-8.57). No other anxiety disorders were associated with BI. Conclusion: BI appears to be a temperamental antecedent to subsequent social anxiety in middle childhood. Children presenting with BI should be monitored for symptoms of social anxiety and may be good candidates for preventive cognitive behavioral strategies. (J Dev Behav Pediatr 28:225-233, 2007) Index terms: behavioral inhibition, social anxiety, high risk, childhood anxiety.
Synthesis and Structural Comparison for a Series of Cr(II) (iodo) NacNac Complexes

A series of complexes of the form [bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pentane-2,4-ketiminato](iodo)(solvent) chromium were synthesized and structurally characterized (solvent = tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, α-picoline). The tetrahydrofuran adduct crystallized in the P21/n space group with the crystal cell parameters a = 17.628(6) A, b = 10.218(3) A, c = 20.646(7) A, β = 109.209(4)°, V = 3512(2) A3 and Z = 4. The acetonitrile adduct crystallized in the P21/c space group with the crystal cell parameters a = 16.104(7) A, b = 11.965(5) A, c = 18.201(8) A, β = 116.091(6)°, V = 3150(2) A3 and Z = 4. The α-picoline adduct crystallized in the C2/c space group with the crystal cell parameters a = 39.982(9) A, b = 11.637(2) A, c = 16.560(4) A, β = 108.085(4)°, V = 7325(3) A3 and Z = 8. For each compound, the coordination around each chromium center is square planar with varying degrees of distortion. A series of Cr(II) complexes of the form LCrI(S) (where L = nacnac = β-diketiminate; S = solvent) were synthesized and structurally characterized.
Peridynamic Plates and Flat Shells: A non-ordinary, state-based model

Abstract This paper builds on the peridynamic state-based beam model to represent the bending of a Kirchhoff–Love plate. This model is non-ordinary and derived from the concept of a rotational spring between bonds. A simple extension of the beam model reproduces plate bending with a Poisson ratio of ν = 1 3 , which can be combined with a 2D linear peridynamic solid model to simulate mixed in-plane and transverse loading. The addition of an isotropic bending state term extends the model to arbitrary Poisson ratios. Simple test cases demonstrate the model’s performance.
The Aesthetics of Harold N. Lee: A Reconsideration

As a student entering the field of philosophy, Harold N. Lee showed a major interest in aesthetics. Perception and Aesthetic Value, published originally in 1938 and reissued in 1967, is based upon his doctoral dissertation. If one considers his subsequent bibliography, however, it becomes apparent that this interest soon broadened and became increasingly diversified. But, a closer consideration of his work will reveal that, as his colleagues have suspected, his interest in aesthetics has never been lost and the problems of aesthetics have been a recurrent concern. Some of Lee’s most recent writing has been in this area of philosophy.
Performance Enhancement by Dynamic Valve Timing of a Multistage Vacuum Micropump

This paper presents the results of a theoretical analysis of dynamic valve timing on the performance of a multistage peristaltic vacuum micropump. Prior work has shown that for optimum steady state performance a fixed valve timing which depends on the operating pressure can be found. However, the use of a fixed valve timing could hinder performance for transient operation when the pump is evacuating a fixed volume. At the beginning of the transient the pump operates at low pressure difference and a large flow rate would be desirable. As the pump reaches high vacuum the pressure difference is large and the flow rate is necessarily small. Astle and coworkers1–3 have shown using a reduced order model that for steady state operation short valve open time results in lower inlet pressure and flow-rate and conversely. Here we extend the model of Astle and coworkers to include transient operation, multiple coupled stages and non-ideal leaky valves, and show that dynamic valve timing (DVT) reduces the transient duration by 30% compared to high vacuum pressure valve timing. The results also show a significant reduction in resonant frequency of the pump at low pressures, and quantify the effect of valve leakage.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Resource constraints and regional development policy

Regional development policies in the United States-as well as those in Great Britain, several Western European countries, and some countries in South America-were formulated at a time when economists and policy makers focused almost exclusively on demand considerations. The task, as it was then envisaged, was one of stimulating the regional demand for resourcesespecially human resources-in excess supply. Out of this approach came a variety of programs to encourage investment in depressed areas. In most countries regional development policy presupposed continued growth of the national economy. Specific policies were designed in some countries to direct part of the new investment insured by growth to areas of above-average employment and below-average income. In the U.S., the initial approach (under the Area Redevelopment Administration) was one of direct public investment in productive facilties in depressed areas, with the caveat that these facilities were not to draw down existing capacity in other regions. In Great Britain, however, the policy was one of directing new investment away from crowded areas to those with excess labor. Similarly, Brazil developed a unique fiscal incentive program to shift investment from the expanding South to the lagging North [Hirschman, 1968]. Later, in the U.S., under the Economic Development Administration, policy shifted from direct investment to investment in public facilities in development areasJ In all cases, however, the emphasis was on stimulating aggregate effective demand-in the Keynesian sense-in development areas. This paper will evaluate these policies within the framework of emerging supply constraints. Georgescu-Roegen's entropic bio-economic analysis of the economic process is used as a background for the discussion of regional policy. The paper concludes with an extensive discussion and critique of U.S. regional policy, and with the direction-as I see i t tha t future regional policy should take.
Evolving non-trivial behaviors on real robots: A garbage collecting robot

Abstract Recently, a new approach involving a form of simulated evolution has been proposed to build autonomous robots. However, it is still not clear if this approach is adequate for real life problems. In this paper we show how control systems that perform a non-trivial sequence of behaviors can be obtained with this methodology by “canalizing” the evolutionary process in the right direction. In the experiment described in the paper, a mobile robot was successfully trained to keep clear an arena surrounded by walls by locating, recognizing, and grasping “garbage” objects and by taking collected objects outside the arena. The controller of the robot was evolved in simulation and then downloaded and tested on the real robot. We also show that while a given amount of supervision may canalize the evolutionary process in the right direction the addition of unnecessary constraints can delay the evolution of the desired behavior.
Time-gated imaging with an ultrashort-pulse, laser-produced-plasma x-ray source.

We demonstrate a contrast improvement of nearly a factor of 5 in a phantom medical x-ray image, using time-gated detection. This improvement is accomplished by temporal discrimination against scattered x-ray flux and may permit a significant reduction in patient x-ray exposure. A multiterawatt ultrashort-pulse laser-produced-plasma x-ray source (<1 ps) and a time-gated microchannel plate detector (~100 ps) are used.
Linear Jahn-Teller effect: A connected-moments approach

The ground-state energy of the linear E{circle_times}{epsilon} Jahn-Teller effect is obtained using a connected-moments expansion. The calculation is straightforward and leads to a set of simple algebraic expressions for the connected moments of the Hamiltonian. This is then compared to a recent calculation wherein a coupled-cluster scheme has been applied resulting in a set of thirteen nonlinear coupled algebraic equations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Determining 252Cf source strength by absolute passive neutron correlation counting

Abstract Physically small, lightly encapsulated, radionuclide sources containing 252 Cf are widely used for a vast variety of industrial, medical, educational and research applications requiring a convenient source of neutrons. For many quantitative applications, such as detector efficiency calibrations, the absolute strength of the neutron emission is needed. In this work we show how, by using a neutron multiplicity counter the neutron emission rate can be obtained with high accuracy. This provides an independent and alternative way to create reference sources in-house for laboratories such as ours engaged in international safeguards metrology. The method makes use of the unique and well known properties of the 252 Cf spontaneous fission system and applies advanced neutron correlation counting methods. We lay out the foundation of the method and demonstrate it experimentally. We show that accuracy comparable to the best methods currently used by national bodies to certify neutron source strengths is possible.
Erratum to: Eighteen year weight trajectories and metabolic markers of diabetes in modernising China

Erratum to: Diabetologia DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3284-y Unfortunately the age ranges given in this article and its accompanying electronic supplementary material were incorrectly given as 18–29, 30–39 and 40–66. They should have read 18 to <30, ≥30 to <40 and ≥40 to <66, respectively.
Stereospecificity and Self-Selectivity in the Generation of a Chiral Molecular Tetrahedron by Metal-Assisted Self-Assembly.

The chiral bidentate ligand (S,S)-1 reacts stereospecifically with Ga3+ to generate a [Ga4 (L)6 ]12- molecular tetrahedron although similar ligands generate [Ga2 (L)3 ]6- complexes. The assembly of this complex is self-selective as a racemic mixture of the ligand sorts by chirality to generate an enantiomeric pair of homochiral complexes.
A passive monitoring model for P2P network based on 2D Bloom Filter data verification algorithm

P2P network monitoring acquires network information, analyzes the network topology characteristics and variation regularity to control the network mainly by actively or passively monitoring method. The passive monitoring model for P2P specific information was proposed in this paper, which applied the data verification technology to acquire the audience information in real time, improved the data verification algorithm, and discussed the improved algorithm performance. As the test result indicates, this improved algorithm has the advantages of high efficiency performance, less memory requirement, and low misjudgment rate, which meet the requirement of passive monitoring model to data verification algorithm.
THE COMPOUND ORIGIN OF POTENTIAL IN A STIMULATED DORSAL ROOT

The electrotonic potential appearing in a stimulated dorsal root is found to be the resultant of two independent systems of current of different origin. One component, labelled DRα, is non-occluding. The other component, labelled DRβ, occludes strongly and has the characteristics of the potential which appears in a neighboring unstimulated rootlet (DRIV-V). Because DRα does not occlude, its origin is assigned to the primary afferent neuron. The result of a general examination of its origin leads to the additional conclusion that it must arise from a physiological spatial gradient in the post-spike recovery cycle of membrane potential along the afferent neuron. The specific locus of this gradient within the primary neuron is the subject of the succeeding paper (16).
Origin and Uses of Ipecac

Ipecac is one of the oldest medicinals known to man. The plant from which it is obtained, Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich., is native to Brazil and was used by South American Indians long before the beginning of recorded history. Dr. Adrien Helvetius of Paris is credited with the introduction of ipecac to Europe. He used it so successfully in his treatment of dysentery that Louis XIV, in 1682, offered him public honors and a large gift of money in exchange for his secret. The early Brazilians appear to have applied the term "ipecacuanha" to a number of roots having common emetic properties. The real botanical source of the drug was discovered when the Portuguese scientist Bernardino Gomez collected some authentic ipecac plants. These plants were described in 1803 by another Portuguese, Felix de Avellar Brotero, who named them Callicocca ipecacuanha.
State, Business, and Economic Growth in India

For the past 25 years, India’s economy has grown at an average rate of nearly 6% annually. The widely embraced argument that this growth acceleration results from the Indian state’s adoption of a pro-market strategy is inadequate for two reasons: the higher growth rate began a full decade before the liberalizing 2reforms in 1991; and post-1991 industrial growth has not accelerated. Instead, India’s economy has grown briskly because the Indian state has prioritized growth since about 1980, and slowly embraced Indian capital as its main ruling ally. This pro-business growth strategy is likely to have adverse distributional and political consequences.
Introduction to Chemistry, Seventh Edition (Dickson, T.R.)

T. R. Dickson. Wiley: New York, NY, 1995. xvi + 663 pp. Figs. and tables. 19.2 X 23.2 cm. $20.95 PB.Seventh edition! If you liked the previous editions of this one-term chemistry textbook, as I did, you will like this edition. And it has been improved, though one might think wisdom would have been to leave well enough alone. This edition hones the outstanding clarity of presentation and emphasis on how to solve problems. A special feature of the latter is the use of interesting graphics to clarify the pertinent steps and concepts involved, say, in stoichiometry. Others may be intrigued with the unique flowchart for nomenclature (p 280) that would appeal to students exposed to programming or who are comfortable with computers, surely a sizeable majority of students. Another special feature: focus boxes in the text that provide an effective emphasis of concepts and their applications/significance ("Calcium in the Body" comes after a section called "Predicting Chemical Reactions"). The margins also are used ...
Innovating against European rigidities

Abstract European firms are confronted to the paradox of a strong R&D in many areas but a low level of innovation. Building on the dynamic capability approach, I propose an institutional approach where innovation is linked to cultural, organizational, and regulatory factors. These include managers' attitude toward risk and uncertainty, the ability to develop capabilities and access complementary assets, and a favorable regulatory environment. Using European microdata on how 6860 managers perceive factors hampering innovation, this paper shows that the risk-averse attitude of European firms and their difficulty to develop dynamic capabilities may explain the weakness of European innovation. Institutional factors such as pervasive rigidities and distortions that hamper the functioning of markets, may also prevent innovative responses. The use of manager's perceptions seems particularly well suited in the context of innovation where choices are taken with limited information. Conclusions drawn from this perspective call for policies that will take into account the system in which innovation can take place.
A space-to-space microwave wireless power transmission experiential mission using small satellites

Abstract A space solar microwave power transfer system (SSMPTS) may represent a paradigm shift to how space missions in Earth orbit are designed. A SSMPTS may allow a smaller receiving surface to be utilized on the receiving craft due to the higher-density power transfer (compared to direct solar flux) from a SSMPTS supplier craft; the receiving system is also more efficient and requires less mass and volume. The SSMPTS approach also increases mission lifetime, as antenna systems do not degrade nearly as quickly as solar panels. The SSMPTS supplier craft (instead) can be replaced as its solar panels degrade, a mechanism for replacing panels can be utilized or the SSMPTS can be maneuvered closer to a subset of consumer spacecraft. SSMPTS can also be utilized to supply power to spacecraft in eclipse and to supply variable amounts of power, based on current mission needs, to power the craft or augment other power systems. A minimal level of orbital demonstrations of SSP technologies have occurred. A mission is planned to demonstrate and characterize the efficacy of space-to-space microwave wireless power transfer. This paper presents an overview of this prospective mission. It then discusses the spacecraft system (comprised of an ESPA/SmallSat-class spacecraft and a 1-U CubeSat), launch options, mission operations and the process of evaluating mission outcomes.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for 113 large earthquakes in 1977–1980

Abstract The Centroid-Moment Tensor technique is applied to 113 large earthquakes of the period 1977–1980, including all the shallow events with magnitude mb, Ms or ML ⩾ 6.5. We use digital data recorded by the Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN) and International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA) networks. Solutions are determined for three sequences of events close in time by inverting mantle wave data simultaneously for multiple sources.
Sensing of sulfur dioxide by base metal thiolates: structures and properties of molecular NiN2S2/SO2 adducts.

The cis-dithiolate N2S2Ni complex bismercaptoethanediazacycloheptanenickel(II), (bme-dach)Ni or Ni-1‘, takes up two equivalents of sulfur dioxide in which thiolate-sulfur to SO2-sulfur interactions are well-defined by X-ray crystallography. Ni-1‘·2SO2, C9H18N2NiO4S4, yields monoclinic crystals belonging to the P2(1)/c space group: a = 10.308(4) A, b = 13.334(5) A, c = 10.842(4) A, α = 90°, β = 91.963(6)°, γ = 90°, and Z = 4. Further characterization by ν(SO) IR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, electronic spectroscopy, and visual color changes upon reversible SO2 adduct formation establish Ni-1‘ and the analogous bismercaptoethanediazacyclooctane derivative, (bme-daco)Ni, Ni-1, to be viable candidates for technical development as chemical sensors of this noxious gas. Visual SO2 detection limits of Ni-1 and Ni-1‘ are established at 25 and 100 ppm, respectively. Both the Ni-1‘·2SO2 adduct and the Ni-1‘ reactant are air stable. In addition, the stability of Ni-1‘·SO2 to vacuum and removal of SO2 b...
Inhibition of metabolic cooperation in Chinese hamster V79 cells by various organic solvents and simple compounds.

Gap-junctional intercellular communication is a biological process implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Metabolic cooperation between 6-thioguanine-sensitive and resistant Chinese hamster cells, in vitro, has been used as a means to detect chemicals which can inhibit this form of intercellular communication. To further characterize this in vitro system as a potential screening assay for potential teratogens, tumor promoters and reproductive toxicants, a series of common solvents as well as other chemicals representing eight different functional groups, i.e., alcohols with straight or side chains, glycols, ketones, esters, ethers, phenols, aldehydes, amines and amino compounds and oxygen-heterocyclic compounds, were tested for their ability to inhibit colony-formation and to inhibit metabolic cooperation. A wide range of effects were observed which suggested a structure/activity relationship between a chemical's ability to inhibit gap junction-mediated intercellular communication and the cytotoxicity of a chemical. Possible mechanisms affecting the modulation of gap junctional communication by these chemicals are discussed.
Two-Magnon Scattering Amplitudes for a Pit of Arbitrary Shape in a Ferromagnet

The calculation by Sparks, Loudon, and Kittel of the amplitudes $F(\mathrm{k})$ in the two-magnon scattering $\mathcal{H}=\ensuremath{\Sigma}[F(\mathrm{k}){b}_{\mathrm{k}}{{b}_{0}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.]$ induced by a spherical pit in an infinite ferromagnetic crystal is extended to pits of arbitrary shape. By expressing the energy in terms of the interaction of magnetostatic charges, two terms of different types are identified. One, which is linear in pit distribution, is solved exactly and explicitly for any collection of pits of arbitrary shape and size. The second, which is nonlinear in pit distribution, is solved explicitly only for a general ellipsoidal pit. The approach presented here can also be used to solve the problem of scattering from modes other than the uniform precession.
Solvent Quality Effects in Sol-Gel Processing

To understand how solvent quality can be used to tailor structure in sol-gel processing of silicon alkoxides, polymerized tetramethoxysilane polymers were synthesized and fractionated to give relatively stable, narrow molecular weight dispersion samples. These polymers had molecular weights ranging from 8000 to 45,000. The solubility parameter range for these polymers is 8.9–14.5 (cal/cm3)1/2. Light scattering confirmed that this range could be used to predict solvent quality. Bulk gels prepared using good versus poor solvents demonstrated that solvent quality can be used to tailor properties of the gels, presumably by modifying the extent of interpenetration of the growing polymers.
Associations between Discussions of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Internationally Adoptive Families and Delinquent Behavior among Korean Adopted Adolescents.

Internationally adopted adolescents may have more delinquent behavior than non-adopted adolescents. One explanation is that these adolescents experience discrimination and loss of culture, and adoptive parents are not adequately addressing these experiences. However, studies have not examined the effects of family discussions of racial and ethnic differences within adoptive families on adopted adolescents' delinquent behavior. To test this relationship, this study utilized data from 111 U.S. internationally adoptive families with 185 South Korean adopted adolescents (55% female, M age = 17.75). During an observational assessment, families discussed the importance of their racial and ethnic differences, and adolescents completed a delinquent behavior questionnaire. Analysis of covariance showed differences in adolescent delinquent behavior across three ways adoptive families discussed racial and ethnic differences; adolescents whose families acknowledged differences had the fewest mean delinquent behaviors. There were no significant differences in delinquent behavior between adolescents whose families acknowledged or rejected the importance of racial and ethnic differences. However, adopted adolescents whose families held discrepant views of differences had significantly more problem behavior than adolescents whose families either acknowledged or rejected the importance of racial and ethnic differences. Clinicians, adoption professionals, and other parenting specialists should focus on building cohesive family identities about racial and ethnic differences, as discrepant views of differences are associated with the most adoptee delinquent behavior.
Gas turbine based high-efficiency ‘Vision 21’ natural gas and coal central plants

Under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory, a multidisciplinary team led by the Advanced Power and Energy Programme of the University of California at Irvine is defining the system engineering issues associated with the integration of key components and subsystems into power plant systems that meet performance and emission goals of the 'Vision 21' programme. Earlier tasks of the programme have narrowed down the myriad of fuel processing, power generation, and emission control technologies to selected scenarios that identify those combinations having the potential to achieve the Vision 21 programme goals of high efficiency and minimized environmental impact while using fossil fuels. These analyses have been extended to include coal-based 'zero-emission' power plants and H 2 coproduction facilities. The technology levels considered are based on projected technical and manufacturing advances being made in industry and on advances identified in current and future government-supported research. Included in these advanced systems are solid oxide fuel cells and advanced-cycle gas turbines. The results of this investigation will serve as a guide for the US Department of Energy in identifying the research areas and technologies that warrant further support.