cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 28 Selection of Lims for a Pharmaceutical Research and Development Laboratory—A Case Study

Abstract The Analytical Chemistry laboratories of Pfizer Central Research on both sides of the Atlantic are jointly evaluating, selecting and implementing LIMS in both departments. A two-phased strategy was devised by an international project team to meet the particular challenges of selecting a single LIMS for our research and development based laboratories that would satisfy both groups. Throughout the evaluation, the commitment of the future users of the system has been actively encouraged by involving them directly in the requirements analysis and evaluation, primarily through the use of workgroups. The two-phased strategy has been highly successful, resulting in the selection of a single vendor LIMS and we now proceed into implementation with the support and commitment of the project team and future users.
Appropriators not Position Takers: The Distorting Effects of Electoral Incentives on Congressional Representation

Congressional districts create two levels of representation. Studies of representation focus on a disaggregated level: the electoral connection between representatives and constituents. But there is a collective level of representation—the result of aggregating across representatives. This article uses new measures of home styles to demonstrate that responsiveness to constituents can have negative consequences for collective representation. The electoral connection causes marginal representatives—legislators with districts composed of the other party's partisans—to emphasize appropriations in their home styles. But it causes aligned representatives—those with districts filled with copartisans—to build their home styles around position taking. Aggregated across representatives, this results in an artificial polarization in stated party positions: aligned representatives, who tend to be ideologically extreme, dominate policy debates. The logic and evidence in this article provide an explanation for the apparent rise in vitriolic debate, and the new measures facilitate a literature on home styles.
Community-oriented projects in calculus-based statistics courses

The purpose of the paper is to share the ten years of experience of implementing small group community-oriented projects as a learning tool in three different calculus-based statistics courses at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota. The content of the courses, specifics of group organization, authentic data issues, and the products of project work are discussed. Four examples of student projects are considered. Two of these projects were carried out for external community partners and two for community partners found inside the university. These examples serve to illustrate community involvement and community-oriented learning experienced in the statistics classroom. The discussion in this article is based on more than ten years (1999-2009) of experience implementing small-group course projects in calculus-based statistics curriculum at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota. We would like to discuss how our use of applied course projects in statistics has evolved during these ten years. The experience of other schools enabled us to develop our format of community-oriented projects in a calculus-based second or third statistics course. The courses discussed allow for embedded projects in which student groups use authentic data to deliver a viable product of statistical analysis for the community partner. The literature review found colleges with similar course projects but none exactly the same. Our key areas of discussion address both the recommendations of
Effects of low cetane fuels on diesel engine operation - Part 3 - Performance of the '1990' fuel in a Cummins NTC 400

A Cummins NTC 400, 400 hp 2100 revs/min diesel, was run with a Canadian Tar Sands derived fuel. This experimental fuel has a higher total aromatic content (40%) and lower Cetane number (35 Cn) than contemporary North American fuels, which call for a minimum 40 Cn. Steady-state testing was used for comparing the engine performance, including emissions levels, when using the Test Fuel and a reference fuel.
Some low-modulus birefringent resins.

Environment, mixing, casting, cure and calibration effects on clear bubble-free low modulus polyurethane birefringent resins
National study of utilization of male incontinence procedures

Aims We explored re-interventions and short and long term adverse events associated with procedures for male incontinence among Medicare beneficiaries. Methods All inpatient and outpatient claims for a simple random sample of Medicare beneficiaries for 2000–2011 were queried to identify patients of interest. All male patients with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition (ICD-9) diagnosis code for stress incontinence or mixed incontinence were included. Artificial urinary sphincter recipients, patients who underwent a sling operation and those receiving an injection of a bulking agent were identified with Current Procedure Terminology (CPT-4) and ICD-9 Procedure Codes. Results The entire cohort of 1,246 patients were operated on between 2001 and 2011. 34.9% of them received an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), 28.7% with a bulking agent, and 36.4% with a sling. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics or comorbidities between the treatment groups, except that more sling patients were obese (P = 0.006) and fewer bulk patients had diabetes (P = 0.007). There are, however, significant changes in procedures selected over time (P < 0.001). In the first year and over the entire follow-up after surgery, patients treated with bulking agents had the most subsequent interventions (40.1% and 52.9%), followed by sling (10.4% and 15.5%), and AUS (2.3% and 20%) (P < 0.001). Post-operative and 90 day complications were low. Conclusions All three treatments seem to be safe among Medicare beneficiaries with multiple comorbidities. The urological, infectious, and neurological complication occurrences were low. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:74–80, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of Combinatorics and Graph Theory to the Biological and Social Sciences: Seven Fundamental Ideas

To set the stage for the other papers in this volume, seven fundamental concepts which arise in the applications of combinatorics and graph theory in the biological and social sciences are described. These ideas are: RNA chains as “words” in a 4 letter alphabet; interval graphs; competition graphs or niche overlap graphs; qualitative stability; balanced signed graphs; social welfare functions; and semiorders. For each idea, some basic results are presented, some recent results are given, and some open problems are mentioned.
Effects of various doses of testosterone propionate on intratesticular and plasma testosterone levels and maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult hypophysectomized rats

Abstract Adult hypophysectomized rats were maintained on different regimens of testosterone propionate (TP) treatment for 27 days (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1 mg/day) and autopsied 16 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were taken, sex organs were weighed and one testis from each animal was fixed in Bouins fluid for histologic analysis. The other testis and blood were used for testosterone (T) determinations. Both testicular and plasma T were below detectable levels in hypophysectomized control rats. The plasma T level showed a dose response relationship with increasing dose of TP but such was not the case for intratesticular T concentrations. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of testis sections showed that spermatogenesis was incomplete in rats receiving 0.2 mg TP/day characterized by the absence of step 15 to 19 spermatids, degeneration of some pachytene spermatocytes and a significantly lower yield of B type spermatogonia. Analysis of testis sections from animals treated with 0.4 to l mg TP/day showed complete maintenance and maturation of pachytene spermatocytes, meiosis and spermiogenesis. However, even with the highest dose of TP (1 mg/day) the total yield of B type spermatogonia was only about 58% of the intact controls. It is concluded that at least 0.4 mg/day of exogenous TP is essential for qualitative maintenance of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats with an intratesticular T concentration of 17 to 18 ng/gm testis.
Working poverty in Michigan, 1998/1999 and 2007/2008: Changes in the magnitudes and policy and socio-demographic determinants

Abstract Michigan has undergone enormous labor market changes since the 1990s affecting employment, income, and poverty. This paper examines changes in poverty among working families and their policy-related and socio-demographic determinants between 1998/1999 and 2007/2008 in Michigan. Findings suggest the rates of ‘poverty’ and ‘near poverty’ to be between 5 and 19% among working families, with slightly higher rates for the latter period. Public transfers combining taxes and means-tested supports, albeit making some impact among poor families with children, were unable to lower these rates. While the major socio-demographic characteristics of poverty and near poverty including large families with children and young, never married, single mother, and immigrant householders apply to working families, the roles of gender, race, marital status, and education manifest through many policy-related variables such as work hours, wages, and transfer incomes. These findings have important implications for understanding working poverty in Michigan and beyond.
The Dynamic Assessment of Reading Abilities

Dynamic assessment uses a response‐to‐instruction paradigm to complement traditional diagnostic assessment of word recognition and comprehension. The process helps the examiner to predict appropriate remedial intervention by exploring a student's responses to a series of instructional episodes in an interactive teaching‐learning relationship. Dynamic and traditional (or static) assessment differ in orientation (process vs product), procedure (response to instruction vs enumeration of existing abilities), and interpretation (patterns of response to instruction vs indices, for example percentiles or stanines). A dynamic approach to assessment provides the opportunity to evaluate systematically the instructional factors that influence reading performance.
Numerical investigation on enhancement of oxygen transfer by forced convection in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic system

Abstract Lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) technology is being developed as a primary candidate for a nuclear coolant in accelerator-driven systems and advanced reactors. However, the corrosion of containment and structural materials remains a major issue. Properly controlling the low oxygen level in LBE to mitigate corrosion proves effective under certain conditions. To mix the oxygen uniformly and quickly, the forced convection is proposed to enhance the oxygen transport with using cover gas scheme. A lattice Boltzmman simulation of LBE flow and oxygen transport in a simplified container was carried out to explore characteristics of the oxygen transport. The oxygen control technique with cover gas scheme is formulated. To find more efficiency way to mix the oxygen, three different forced convection flow patterns on the oxygen transport are investigated. The simulation results show that the force convections induced by all the boundary conditions greatly enhance the oxygen transport in the liquid metal of our system. Both of transient oxygen distribution, oxygen diffusion time, and average Sherwood number at the interface are investigated and some useful information are also provided to calibrate low concentration level oxygen sensors.
Intra-abdominal pseudocysts as a complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunts: a case report and review of the literature☆

Intra-abdominal Pseudocysts as a Complication of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Chris M. Anderson, MD,* Maj Donald L. Sorrells, USAF, MC, and Lt Col Jeffrey D. Kerby, USAF, MC *Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas and Surgical Research Services, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas
Untersuchungen zur gastrointestinalen Milch-Allergie

Bei 31 von 39 in den letzten 2 Jahren wegen rezidivierender Nabelkoliken oder unklarer Leibschmerzen stationar untersuchten Kindern wurden rotgenologische Studien uber Motilitat und Reliefdarstellung des Magen-Darmtraktes bei Zusatz von Vollmilch, Magermilch, Casein und Soja zum Bariumsulfat gemacht. Bei einer viel groseren Anzahl von Kindern wurden Veranderungen mit den Milch-Bariummischungen am Magen-Darmkanal gefunden, als den subjektiven Angaben und den sonstigen Allergie-Untersuchungen nach eine Uberempfindlichkeit gegen Milch nachgewiesen werden konnte. Bei 1 Kinde war eine Milchallergie sicher anzunehmen, bei einem anderen Kinde ist sie wahrscheinlich. Wurde die Milch vor der Wasser-Bariumpassage gegeben, so war nur in 1 von 6 Fallen der Dunndarm uncharakteristisch verandert. Bei 6 darmgesunden Kontrollkindern war bei 3 von 4 Magermilch-Bariumpassagen ebenfalls ein pathologisches Dunndarmbild nachzuweisen. In vitro-Versuche mit Barium und Magermilch, Frauenmilch, Soja und Magensekret zeigten Verschiedenheiten in Sedimentierung und Verklumpung, die eine gute Schleimhautdarstellung schon beeinflussen konnen. Insbesondere ein hyperacider Magensaft fordert eine Klumpenbildung des Kontrastmittels. So konnen die auf der Tabelle 1 geschilderten und auf den Rontgenbildern dargestellten Befunde nicht als fur eine gastrointestinale Allergie pathognomonisch gelten. Ein Rontgenexpositionstest mit einem Allergen-Bariumbrei kann nur, wie die ubrigen Allergienachweise, in einzelnen Fallen eine vermutete Diagnose unterstutzen. Bei der Auswertung der Rontgenbefunde ist kritische Beurteilung angebracht.
Troponin-I interacts with the Met47 region of skeletal muscle actin. Implications for the mechanism of thin filament regulation by calcium.

Abstract Striated muscles are regulated by Ca 2+ via the thin filament proteins troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tm). In the absence of Ca 2+ , contraction is inhibited, whereas myosin-actin interaction and contraction can take place in its presence. Although it is well established that the interaction of troponin-I (TnI), the inhibitory subunit of Tn, with actin is required for the inhibition process and that there are two separate actin-binding regions in TnI that interact with actin, the molecular mechanism of this inhibition process is still not clear. Using TnI mutants with photocrosslinking probes attached to genetically engineered cysteine residues in each of the two actin-binding regions, we show that both regions are close to Met47 of actin in its outer domain. It has been proposed that the Ca 2+ -induced activation of contraction involves the movement of Tm from the outer to the inner domain of the actin filament. On the basis of our results presented here, we propose that the position of Tm at the outer domain of actin in the Ca 2+ -free state is stabilized by the presence of TnI over actin’s outer domain via mutual interactions of all three components. In the presence of Ca 2+ , TnI’s actin-binding regions dissociate from actin allowing Tm to move toward actin’s inner domain.
Cross-frontal transport and distribution of ichthyoplankton associated with Chesapeake Bay plume dynamics

Cross-frontal transport associated with upwelling conditions was responsible for modifying ichthyoplankton distributions across the inner continental shelf waters o⁄ the Chesapeake Bay during late August 1988. Two ichthyoplankton assemblages characteristic of the Chesapeake Bay plume and inner-continental shelf waters were defined using multivariate analysis. Members of the plume assemblage (Anchoa spp., Menticirrhus spp., and Micropogonias undulatus) were not retained within the Chesapeake Bay plume, but were instead advected 60 km onto the shelf within a low-salinity water mass. A second assemblage, dominated by several shelfspawned taxa including Etropus microstomus, Prionotus spp. and Centropristis striata was distributed across the shelf. Atlantic croaker, M. undulatus, previously thought to be shelfspawned exhibited a length-frequency distribution that increased from inshore to o⁄shore, and paralleled that of Anchoa spp. This cross-shelf distribution, and the abundance of small ((3.5 mm), pre-flexion larvae inshore suggests that M. undulatus spawned near the plume front and were subsequently transported o⁄shore with the plume assemblage. A mechanism for rapid cross-frontal transport is described. These findings suggest that the transport and recruitment patterns previously described for this taxon in Chesapeake Bay need to be re-examined. Larval survival and recruitment success of shelf-spawned estuarine species, like M. undulatus, are likely tied to oceanographic conditions on the inner shelf related to upwelling and downwelling conditions and plume dynamics, rather than to simple, wind-driven recruitment mechanisms. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Catalytic hydrolysis of phosphate esters in microemulsions. V: The effect of cosurfactants

Abstract We have determined the second order rate constants for the iodosobenzoate catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate in microemulsions of n-hexadecane, toluene or n-hexylbenzene and water stabilized by cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or bromide and different cosurfactants including n-butanol, N,N-dibutylformamide, Adogen 464 and several pyrrolidinones. Our results suggest that the predominant effect of these media on the hydrolysis reaction is electrostatic. Hence, we have extracted estimates of the surface potentials of the microemulsion droplets from rate constants.
Calculated structural and electronic properties of CdSe under pressure.

Pseudopotential total-energy calculations are presented for four phases of CdSe in the zinc-blende, wurtzite, rocksalt, and CsCl structures, and the pressure-induced structural transitions are studied. The band structure of the high-pressure rocksalt phase of CdSe, calculated using the ab initio pseudopotential method within the local-density approximation is given along with a calculation of the quasiparticle excitations energies at symmetry points. The effect of the Cd 4d electrons are discussed and are shown to have a major influence on the pressure dependence of the band gap in the rocksalt phase. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data and a high-pressure CsCl phase of CdSe is predicted.
Blueprint for a Green Recovery

As British Prime Minister Gordon Brown notes in this section, we are witnessing the birth pangs of a new global order in this deepest financial and economic crash since the Great Depression. There will be plenty of pain all around for a while. And when the quarter-century leveraged-debt bubble of the United States—the explosion of which detonated the crash—is finally unwound, the new global balance will favor an Asia flush with cash. The G-20 will replace the G-7 as the executive committee of globalization. And, if wise leadership stays the course, there will be a “green lining” to the recovery as the fiscal stimulus is imbued with an environmental sensibility.
Dorsal curvature of penis

Abstract Six patients with dorsal curvature of the penis are presented. It is concluded that dorsal curvature of the penis is more common than the literature suggests.
Discrimination learning without short-term memory: dissociation of memory processes in pigeons

Pigeons were trained to perform delayed matching to samples of food and no food when each sample concurrently served as the outcome of a discrimination learning trial which immediately preceded each matching trial. Ambient light presented during the delays after the samples of food or no food severely disrupted matching but had no effect on the rate of discrimination learning.
Sympathetic denervation limited to a region of acutely ischemic canine myocardium increases excitability threshold and duration of bipolar electrograms

This study determines the direct effects of sympathetic denervation on excitability threshold and bipolar electrograms in acutely ischemic myocardium. Regional denervation was performed by application of phenol to the epicardium surrounding the ischemic zone in order to eliminate the possible hemodynamic effects that global cardiac denervation may exert on the ischemic zone. Data were obtained during serial occlusions (less than or equal to 6 minutes in duration) of left anterior coronary artery in open-chest dogs with sympathetic denervation performed before the last occlusion. Late diastolic threshold was measured every 5 seconds by a constant voltage pacemaker which automatically registered threshold in stimulus duration. During ischemia, regional denervation (n = 9) increased peak excitability threshold from 240 +/- 51 (standard error of the mean) to 552 +/- 182 mus (p less than 0.05) and prolonged electrographic duration in epicardium from 19 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 4 ms (p less than 0.025) and in endocardium from 20 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 4 ms (p less than 0.01). Phenol application did not alter aortic pressure, ischemic wall motion (sonomicrometer technique), or ischemic zone blood flow (microsphere technique). Thus, acute sympathetic denervation when limited to ischemic myocardium increases the peak excitability threshold and concomitantly prolongs duration of bipolar electrograms.
Nonlinear Model Tracking in Application to Failed Nondestructive Evaluations

The nondestructive health monitoring method of Nonlinear Model Tracking (NMT) is introduced and tested under various conditions. The study involves the fatigue and failure of a slender cantilevered beam subject to harmonic nonstationary base excitation around the beam’s second natural frequency. A nonlinear differential equation model for the system is assumed and parameters for the model are estimated using Continuous Time System Identification populated with healthy system stimulus and response data. Updated with real time data sets from the system in operation, the method tracks changes in parameter estimates. The NMT method indicates with repeatability the onset of plasticity, crack initiation and growth well in advance of system failure. Additionally, the NMT method is shown to not give false alarms when system behavior varies in a way that is associated with nonlinear phenomena. Linear methods based on tracking the system’s natural frequency are shown to misidentify the onset of failure for fully healthy systems.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Integrated controls-structures optimization of a large space structure

Abstract The next generation of large space structure (LSS) will undoubtedly be characterized by high flexibility and low inherent damping and will benefit from integrated controls-structures (C–S) optimization. New methods are required to optimize these LSS for low weight and low power consumption while meeting operational and safety requirements. There is great interest in C–S optimization, but most research has focused on problems with simple models and simplified constraints implemented using special purpose software. The present research is significant because it uses general purpose control and structural analysis codes, is applied to a large, detailed structural model and includes objective and constraint functions derived from actual design specifications. Structural design variables are truss member sizes, material properties and spacecraft dimensions. Control design variables are gains. The approach is to divide the problem into a structural optimization step, a controls optimization step and a system level coordination step. The objective is to minimize mass and power consumption with constraints on strength, vibration characteristics and damping. This decomposition and optimization approach significantly improves the design of a structure based on the COFS-I Mast Flight System, which is chosen as a demonstration problem.
Plutonium Pyrochemical Salts Oxidation Using Vanadium Oxide

This paper presents results from the oxidation of PuCl 3 with two-thirds, one, and two equivalents of V 2 O 5 and the oxidation of Pu° with two and three equivalents of V 2 O 5 . All of the PuCl 3 reactions were successful in that little or no starting materials remained and the major plutonium reaction product was PuO 2 . There is no evidence that V is reduced to V(II) or V°. According to powder XRD analysis, the bottom layers of all three reactions are identical, the middle layers contain different phases, and phases in the top layer of the oxidation with one equivalent of V 2 O 5 is contained in the top layer from the oxidation with two-thirds equivalent of V 2 O 5 . The Pu° oxidations are more complex than the PuCl 3 oxidations. More unreacted Pu° remains in the reaction using three equivalents of V 2 O 5 than the reaction using two equivalents of V 2 O 5 . The lack of predictability of these reactions may be a result of the source of Pu° used in our experiments. The presence of soluble Pu(III) and the relative absence of PuO 2 in all the Pu° reactions suggests V 2 O 5 does not oxidize Pu° to Pu(IV) under these conditions. Chlorine is detected in the off-gas of the Pu° oxidations, indicating the salt matrix participates in the reaction.
Top-Down Solutions: Looking Up from East Africa's Rangelands

(2009). Top-Down Solutions: Looking Up from East Africa's Rangelands. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 34-45.
Buying, Searching, or Browsing: Differentiating Between Online Shoppers Using In-Store Navigational Clickstream

In the bricks-and-mortar environment, stores employ sales people that have learned to distinguish between shoppers based on their in-store behavior. Some shoppers appear to be very focused in looking for a specific product. In those cases, sales people may step in and help the shopper find what they are looking for. In other cases, the shopper is merely “window shopping.” The experienced sales person can identify these shoppers and either ignore them and let them continue window shopping, or intercede and try and stimulate a purchase in the appropriate manner. However, in the virtual shopping environment, there is no sales person to perform that role. Therefore, this article theoretically develops and empirically tests a typology of store visits in which visits vary according to the shoppers’ underlying objectives. By using page-to-page clickstream data from a given online store, visits are categorized as a buying, browsing, searching, or knowledge-building visit based on observed in-store navigational patterns, including the general content of the pages viewed. Each type of visit varies in terms of purchasing likelihood. The shoppers, in each case, are also driven by different motivations and therefore would respond differentially to various marketing messages. The ability to categorize visits in such a manner allows the e-commerce marketer to identify likely buyers and design more effective, customized promotional message.
The Industrial Engineer's Role in New Product Development

Two examples are presented of the kind of contribution industrial or production or methods engineers can make to new product development. The first is a 1.2 volt mercuric oxide battery. The second is a tantalum capacitor. Contributions to analyses of costs and tolerances are cited.
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: Clinicopathologic study of 21 cases

A detailed clinicopathologic study of 21 patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma was undertaken. The diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was made for those uterine smooth muscle tumors showing cellular atypia and 5-9 mitoses per 10 high-powered fields (M/10 HPF) and those with 10 or more M/10 HPF. Using these strict pathologic criteria to define leiomyosarcoma, menopausal status, margin type (pushing vs infiltrating), tumor size, grade, location, and the presence of vascular invasion and/or hemorrhage were not associated with prognosis. The 5-year survival rate was 25%. Survival rates were not improved by the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in those patients rendered free of gross disease by initial surgery.
The weak solution of a functional differential equation in a general Banach space

Abstract The existence of a unique, weak, Lipschitz continuous solution of the abstract functional differential equation u ′( t ) + A ( t ) u ( t ) = G ( t , u t ), t ϵ [0, T ] (FDE) u ( t ) = φ ( t ), t ϵ [− r ,0] is obtained by a fixed point argument. Here X is a general Banach space, A ( t ): D ( A ( t )) ⊂ X → X is m -accretive, t ϵ [0, T ], and G is Lipschitz continuous in both variables. Stability properties of this weak solution are given, and a first order hyperbolic PDE to which the theory can be applied is considered.
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis within a Frontoethmoidal Encephalocele in a Newborn with Holoprosencephaly

We present the first report of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) in an encephalocele. The patient was a newborn with semilobar holoprosencephaly, a frontoethmoidal encephalocele, and a large subdural hematoma. The encephalocele appeared as a hemorrhagic mass, protruding from the forehead to cover the right eye, without involvement of the sinuses or nasopharynx. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies ruled out other forms of holoprosencephaly and confirmed the continuity of the brain with the extruded mass. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of an atrophic epithelium covering the mass. Histologic examination of the encephalocele revealed EMH both within and adjacent to malformed cerebral cortex, with a tendency for the hematopoietic cells to line up in columns within malformed cerebral cortex. We propose that a single event during the fourth week of gestation could both interrupt closure of the neural tube, giving rise to the encephalocele, and impair migration of the neural crest, leading to holoprosencephaly secondary to failure of neural crest derivatives to induce basomedial telencephalic differentiation. EMH may have been induced from hematopoietic stem cells in the richly vascular meningeal component of the encephalocele, in response to anemia and hypoxia.
Drug and alcohol dependence and psychiatric populations: The need for diagnosis, intervention, and training

The comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and alcohol and drug dependence is high. The prevalence rate for each disorder is high as determined by studies in general and patient populations. Moreover, the severity of the course is likely to be greater when the two disorders are combined, prompting the attention of clinicians and researchers. Of importance, the intoxication and withdrawal from alcohol and drugs produce psychiatric symptoms and syndromes that can mimic psychiatric disorders. The prevalence rates for comorbidity of both categories of disorders vary according to the populations studied, methodological approaches used, and duration of longitudinal follow-up postdiagnosis of the disorders. It is evident from a review of the literature that there is a growing urgency for proper diagnosis, improved training programs, and treatment intervention strategies for alcohol and drug dependence in psychiatric populations. Suggestions for broad assessment and specific interventions for alcohol/drug dependence in psychiatric settings are offered, and increased time in psychiatric residency training is recommended.
Femoral Head Fractures Resulting in Epiphyseal Fragmentation Results of Repair in Five Dogs

Five mature dogs with fragmented femoral head fractures were treated. Fracture reduction was accomplished with lagged cortex screws and Kirschner wires or Smilley nails. Results were good or excellent in four dogs. Rigid internal stabilization, early surgical treatment, and reduced activity postsurgically are essential for proper healing of these fractures.
Sero-epidemiology of hepatitis B among new refugees to Minnesota.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in many parts of the world, and prevailing conditions in refugee situations result in greater risk of infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the period prevalence of HBV infection among primary refugees in Minnesota during 1998–2001; describe trends in prevalence over time and identify patterns of infection and immunity in various refugee populations. A retrospective analysis of health examination data from the Minnesota Department of Health was conducted to examine serologic markers for hepatitis B: HBcAb, HbsAg, and HBsAb among 12,505 refugees who participated in the voluntary domestic health examination from 1998 to 2001. One hundred and eleven refugees had at least one immunization before arrival and were excluded. There was documented HBV test results in 8,754 (70.6%) of refugees; period prevalence of hepatitis B infection was 7.1%. Africans were three times more likely and Asians 2.4 times more likely to be infected than Europeans (P < 0.001). Older African refugees and African males were more likely to be infected than younger African refugees and women African refugees (P < 0.001). Younger persons below 30 years of age accounted for over 70% of all infected refugees in this study. Reducing the burden of infection among refugees requires enhanced provider awareness as well as intensified efforts aimed at identifying new at-risk populations, modifying risk factors, and implementing preventive and treatment strategies at various levels in the refugee resettlement process.
Implementation of fee-based printing in student computing sites

After years of providing no-cost printing in its computing sites, the University of Delaware (UD) decided to move to a fee-based printing scheme for its student computing sites. This paper discusses the development, testing and implementation of this system, as well as campus reaction to the prospect of paying for something for which they had not previously been charged.In 2001, printing costs rose more than 25%. Professors post class notes, syllabi, homework and exam solutions, and e and ven entire textbooks on their course websites. Despite the high level of computer and printer ownership among UD students, approximately two-thirds reported using sites primarily to print. Moreover, a lot of paper was being wasted. More than six million pages were printed during academic year 2002. These factors lead to the decision to implement fee-based printing.Since all students have a flexible spending (Flex) account associated with their student ID which can be used for campus services, it was decided to charge these accounts for printing. After extensive research, we chose VendPrint printing software. The vendor was willing to customize the software to meet our needs, including developing an interface to the Blackboard Transaction System.Initial testing began during the summer of 2002. By the beginning of fall 2002, the application was implemented in all Information Technologies (IT) student computing sites. At each of eleven sites, students claim their jobs from a central release station before it is sent to the printers. Over winter break, the Blackboard interface was implemented, requiring students to swipe their ID to release print jobs, although their "Flex" accounts were not charged. This system is currently in place and data is being gathered and analyzed on a monthly basis. So far, the process has gone smoothly with little resistance. Beginning in the fall 2003 semester, students will be charged for printing.
The Effective Fragment Model for Solvation: Internal Rotation in Formamide

The internal rotation of formamide with 0–5 water molecules oriented along the N–C bond has been studied by the full ab initio self‐consistent field theory and using the effective fragment (EFP) method. For each case, the EFP geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, rotational barriers, and intrinsic reaction coordinates for the internal rotation are found to be in excellent agreement with their ab initio counterparts. The global energy minimum structures for four and five water complexes are predicted to be formamide bonded to two adjacent waters, with all water molecules in a ring. Probably due to the structural constraints, the complexes containing less than four waters have cyclic structures with the two ends of formamide connected by a sequence of water molecules. The internal rotation barrier of formamide–water complexes increases from 15.3 kcal/mol with no water to 19.0 kcal/mol with four waters and seems to saturate at four to five waters. When electron correlation corrections are added, the estimated internal rotation barrier is ∼20 kcal/mol, in very good agreement with experimental measurements.
Technology-circuit co-design of asymmetric SRAM cells for read stability improvement

We present asymmetric SRAM cell design approaches to improve Read stability over conventional symmetric SRAM Cell. We show that selective threshold voltage control is more effective than adjusting transistor size for read stability improvement in an asymmetric SRAM cell. We implement statistical DC noise margin monitors and present the hardware measurement data as well as the DC/AC simulation data to support the claims.
Lipoxin A4 Regulates Bronchial Epithelial Cell Responses to Acid Injury

Aspiration of gastric acid commonly injures airway epithelium and, if severe, can lead to respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recently, we identified cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) as pivotal mediators in vivo for resolution of acid-initiated acute lung injury. To examine protective mechanisms for these mediators in the airway, we developed an in vitro model of acid injury by transiently exposing well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells to hydrochloric acid. Transmission electron microscopy revealed selective injury to superficial epithelial cells with disruption of cell attachments and cell shedding. The morphological features of injury were substantially resolved within 6 hours. Acid triggered and early marked increases in COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, and acid-induced PGE2 significantly increased epithelial LXA4 receptor (ALX) expression. LXA4 is generated in vivo during acute lung injury, and we observed that nanomolar quantities increased basal epithelial cell proliferation and potently blocked acid-triggered interleukin-6 release and neutrophil transmigration across well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Expression of recombinant human ALX in A549 airway epithelial cells uncovered ALX-dependent inhibition of cytokine release by LXA4. Together, these findings indicate that injured bronchial epithelial cells up-regulate ALX in a COX-2-dependent manner to promote LXA4-mediated resolution of airway inflammation.
Effects of desglycinamide-lysine vasopressin on a conditioned taste aversion in rats.

Abstract Vasopressin and other pituitary peptides have been shown to increase resistance to extinction of active and passive shock-avoidance responses. Both paradigms use external cues as warning and punishing stimuli. The present work asked if a variant of vasopressin would have a similar effect on conditioned taste aversions (CTA), which use internal cues as warning and punishing stimuli. Eight groups of rats were defined by factorial combination of Pretreatment during Neophobia and Conditioning (vasopressin vs saline), UCS during Conditioning (pairing saccharin-flavored water with injections of lithium chloride or saline), and Pretreatment during Extinction (vasopressin vs saline). Rats given three saccharin-lithium pairings developed strong aversions. Of the rats with CTAs, those given vasopressin during conditioning, extinction, or both showed increased resistance to extinction on the last four of eight extinction days. Vasopressin had no other effect on drinking of saccharin. Vasopressin thus appears to enhance resistance to extinction of avoidance responses in both external and internal milieus .
Resource-aware scientific computation on a heterogeneous cluster

Although researchers can develop software on small, local clusters and move it later to larger clusters and supercomputers, the software must run efficiently in both environments. Two efforts aim to improve the efficiency of scientific computation on clusters through resource-aware dynamic load balancing. The popularity of cost-effective clusters built from commodity hardware has opened up a new platform for the execution of software originally designed for tightly coupled supercomputers. Because these clusters can be built to include any number of processors ranging from fewer than 10 to thousands, researchers in high-performance scientific computation at smaller institutions or in smaller departments can maintain local parallel computing resources to support software development and testing, then move the software to larger clusters and supercomputers. As promising as this ability is, it has also led to the need for local expertise and resources to set up and maintain these clusters. The software must execute efficiently both on smaller local clusters and on larger ones. These computing environments vary in the number of processors, speed of processing and communication resources, and size and speed of memory throughout the memory hierarchy as well as in the availability of support tools and preferred programming paradigms. Software developed and optimized using a particular computing environment might not be as efficient when it's moved to another one. In this article, we describe a small cluster along with two efforts to improve the efficiency of parallel scientific computation on that cluster. Both approaches modify the dynamic load-balancing step of an adaptive solution procedure to tailor the distribution of data across the cooperating processes. This modification helps account for the heterogeneity and hierarchy in various computing environments.
Content reading strategies: What teachers know, use, and want to learn

Abstract This descriptive study explores K‐12 classroom teachers existing knowledge of, use of, and desire to learn content reading strategies. Elementary and secondary schools were randomly selected in three states in rural, urban, and suburban areas, and surveys were administered during faculty meetings to 435 teachers. Results indicate that teachers identify content textbooks as teaching materials most often used, and they are receptive to learning content reading strategies. Fewer than one‐half of the teachers surveyed are familiar with popularly identified strategies, and many who are familiar with these strategies do not use them. An efficient and effective delivery and support system for preservice and practicing K‐12 classroom teachers needs to be designed and implemented so that content reading strategies are learned and used to promote learning.
A new electronic viscometer based on Rayleigh wave mechanics

The operation of a new viscometer is described, based on Rayleigh wave mechanics, where a thin walled tube of 5 mm diameter is immersed to a fixed depth of 60 mm in a fluid and is made to undergo axial vibrations generated by a vibrating piezoelectric plate which supports the tube. The motion of the tube is damped by the fluid, and the piezoelectric crystal feedback circuit gives a voltage inversely proportional to the square root of the viscosity × density product. The design and performance characteristics of the patented viscometer are described. The instrument is portable and gives a measurement of viscosity × density for a test time of 1 min, over a wide range of values, and can be modified to permit continuous measurements as a function of time. The results are accurate for a Newtonian fluid, while giving an apparent viscosity × density at low shear rate for non-Newtonian fluids. A probe measures the fluid temperature during the test. Only a small amount of fluid is necessary for measurement. Rayleigh wave mechanics theory is shown to be obeyed by the instrument. The electronic circuit uses a phase-locked loop to drive the thin walled tube at a resonance of about 1.5 kHz. The processor feedback signal is large, varying from 2 V down to ∼0.5 V DC when measuring SAE 10 to 60 engine oils. There is an onboard computer to process the data. The computer gives a prediction of viscosity at 40 °C, or can be modified to predict viscosity at any reference temperature, for a paraffinic or a naphthenic mineral oil, as well as for various synthetic oils. For a particular fluid, it is possible to build data reduction into the computer, for example, equations for density as a function of temperature can be stored in the computer to reduce the viscosity × density result to viscosity and to density.
Solution of the Schrödinger equation for the Morse potential with an infinite barrier at long range

The Schrodinger equation is considered for a one-dimensional potential function composed of the Morse oscillator and an infinite barrier at long range. The boundary condition introduced by the barrier implies discretization of the unbound states. The eigenstates and eigenvalues are determined along with the discretization condition and the proper normalization for positive and negative energies. An analysis is presented for a particle in this potential driven by an external field coupled in through a dipole. Analytical formulae are derived for the matrix elements of an exponential and linear dipole function with respect to the eigenstates. Numerical time-dependent solutions to the Schrodinger equation are obtained for a periodic external field.
Random-coil model for glomerular sieving of dextran.

Dextran has been the most commonly employed test molecule for probing the selectivity of glomerular filtration to macromolecules of varying size. The usual theories for hindered transport of solid spheres through pores have limited utility in interpreting clearance data for dextran or other linear polymers because such polymers in solution more closely resemble random, solvent-filled coils than solid spheres. To provide a model for glomerular filtration of random-coil macromolecules, the equilibrium partitioning of random coils between cylindrical pores and bulk solution was simulated using Monte Carlo calculations, and those results were combined with a hydrodynamic theory for restricted motion of solvent-filled polymer coils in pores. The rates of transport predicted for either neutral random coils or for solid spheres of the same Stokes-Einstein radius were significantly lower than observed transport rates of dextran through the glomerular capillary wall or across synthetic porous membranes. This facilitation of dextran transport was modeled by postulating weak, attractive interactions between dextran monomers and the pore wall. The random-coil model with attractive interactions, modeled using a short-range, square-well potential, was found to adequately represent dextran sieving data in normal rats. Various limitations of this approach are discussed.
Ultrasonic backscatter coefficients for weakly scattering, agar spheres in agar phantoms

Applicability of ultrasound phantoms to biological tissue has been limited because most phantoms have generally used strong scatterers. The objective was to develop very weakly scattering phantoms, whose acoustic scattering properties are likely closer to those of tissues and then compare theoretical simulations and experimental backscatter coefficient (BSC) results. The phantoms consisted of agar spheres of various diameters (nominally between 90 and 212 μm), containing ultrafiltered milk, suspended in an agar background. BSC estimates were performed at two institutions over the frequency range 1–13 MHz, and compared to three models. Excellent agreement was shown between the two laboratory results as well as with the three models.