cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's economic place in America

Abstract The enactment of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and the Taxpayers Relief Act of 1997 signals the U.S. commitment to developing human capital among children. However, any such initiative must be pursued within the context of the rapidly changing demographics and the current economic standing of each racial/ethnic group of children, as well as the entire population of children. This paper presents the projections of future changes in the racial/ ethnic composition of children and the results of a study on the quintile distribution of children in the U.S. population, ranked by income statuses. The findings indicate that over three-quarters of Hispanic children and nearly three-quarters of black children are in the bottom two quintiles. Given the rapidly changing demographics and the lower economic standing of minority children, the public policy intervention of investing in children needs to be targeted to minority children.
Functional Properties of Co-precipitated Protein Isolates from Cottonseed, Soybean and Peanut Flours

Abstract Co-isolates, isolates and flours of soybean, peanut and liquid cyclone processed (LCP) cottonseed differed in gel electrophoretic properties and in some functional properties. Certain polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic disc-gels disappeared in the composite patterns when two sources of protein were mixed equally, suggesting that different amounts of polypeptides from each protein in the blend reassociated after acid dissociation into their original and new forms. Proteins in co-isolates of LCP-cottonseed-soybean and LCP-cottonseed-peanut seed blends were more soluble in water at pHs 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 than those of isolates from flours of these three seed sources. The high solubilities, especially at pH 2.5, of the co-isolates were reflected in the electrophoretic patterns as an additional group of proteins with higher mobilities. LCP-cotton-seed-soybean and LCP-cottonseed-peanut co-isolates were lighter in color than that of the cottonseed isolate. Co-precipitating LCP-cottonseed proteins with soybean and peanut proteins increased their water and oil absorbing ability over most of those of the LCP-cottonseed isolate and flour. Co-isolates containing LCP-cottonseed proteins showed greater increases in whippability than the soybean-peanut co-isolate at all pH values tested. Oil emulsion capacity and viscosity at pH 9.0 of co-isolates containing LCP-cottonseed were between 142.8 and 150.0 mL oil/g co-isolate and 37,760 and 252,000 cps, respectively, which is one example of values typically greater than those (75.3 mL oil/ g and 151,200 cps, respectively) of the LCP-cottonseed isolate.
Intraoperative awakening for vision examination during ophthalmic artery aneurysm clipping: technical case report.

Objective and importance We present a case of a patient with an ophthalmic artery aneurysm in which the ophthalmic artery originated from the body of the aneurysm, requiring sacrifice of the ophthalmic artery to achieve complete aneurysm obliteration. We awakened the patient intraoperatively to assess optic nerve function after clipping and were able to confirm optic nerve function. Controlled intraoperative awakening proved a valuable adjunct to intraoperative angiography in determining the immediate consequences of sacrifice of the ophthalmic artery. Clinical presentation The patient was a 55-year-old right-handed woman with a 3-month history of episodic blurriness in her left eye; imaging demonstrated an unruptured 5-mm left ophthalmic artery aneurysm in which the ophthalmic artery originated from the body of the aneurysm. Intervention Complete obliteration of the aneurysm required clip placement across the neck of the aneurysm, incorporating not only the aneurysm but also the ophthalmic artery. Aware that sacrifice of the ophthalmic artery was likely, we awakened the patient after clipping and before dural closure to evaluate her optic nerve function. Once fully awake, the patient was able to execute simple commands and conclusively confirm light perception in both of her eyes. She was then reanesthetized, and intraoperative angiography showed successful aneurysm obliteration and parent artery patency. Conclusion The ophthalmic artery can be sacrificed during aneurysm clipping without loss of vision in many cases, most likely because of adequate collateral filling from the external carotid artery. Certainty about the visual consequences of sacrifice of the ophthalmic artery, however, is difficult to obtain preoperatively or intraoperatively. Intraoperative awakening for evaluation of optic nerve function served as a useful technique to assess the acute results of interruption of ophthalmic artery flow in this case.
Why Do They Have to Flaunt it? Perceptions of Communicative Intent Predict Antigay Prejudice Based Upon Brief Exposure to Nonverbal Cues

Perceivers use gender-atypical nonverbal cues to categorize others as lesbian/gay, and the same cues help to explain the occurrence of antigay prejudice. Although these patterns replicate across recent studies, their proximal causes have received little attention. It remains unclear, for example, why the gender-atypical appearances common among sexual minority individuals arouse negative evaluations. Here, we tested whether perceptions of communicative intent—believing that targets’ visible features are deliberately enacted in order to convey aspects of their identities—may help to explain observed links between sexual orientation categorization, gender typicality, and prejudice. In Study 1, gender-atypical body motions were associated with the perception that targets were intentionally trying to communicate their identity, and perceptions of communicative intent predicted expressions of antigay prejudice. Study 2 replicated these effects with static facial images. Collectively, these findings highlight c...
DEGENERACY ALGORITHM FOR RANDOM MAGNETS

It has been known for a long time that the ground-state problem of random magnets, e.g., the random field Ising model, can be mapped onto the maximum flow, minimum cut problem of transportation networks. We build on this approach, relying on the concept of residual graph, and design an algorithm that we prove to be exact for finding all the minimum cuts, i.e., the ground-state degeneracy of these systems. We demonstrate that this algorithm is also relevant for the study of the ground-state properties of the dilute Ising antiferromagnet in a constant field and interfaces in random bond magnets.
Experimental Study Swirl Injector Dynamic Response Using a Hydromechanical Pulsator

The dynamic response of a classical (simplex style) swirl injector has been studied experimentally using a superscale transparent model with water as the working fluid. A unique mechanism was developed for imparting controlled perturbations to the injector inlet mass flow by successively blocking and opening tangential inlet flow passages using a rotating cap over the inlet ports. Two vortex chamber designs (long and short) were evaluated to assess the effect of this important design variable. High-speed imaging of the spray cone and air core/liquid interface inside the vortex chamber was used to assess dynamic behavior at frequencies up to 500 Hz. Resonant conditions were detected in both designs, and bothmeasurements gave similar frequencies for the resonant peak. The resonant peak was compared against recent theory due to Ismailov and Heister (“Dynamic Response of Rocket Swirl Injectors, Part I: Wave Reflection and Resonance,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2011, pp. 402– 411), and results compare well only when the theory is adjusted to account for potential water hammer effects induced by the rotating cap.
A METHOD TO INCREASE THE DUTY FACTOR OF AN ISOCHRONOUS CYCLOTRON

A method to increase the duty factor of an isochronous cyclotron is suggested. This method, which increases the duty factor to approximately 50%, requires a modulation of the frequency of the dee-voltage. The required amplitude and rate of modulation are determined.
Speciation within Columnea section Angustiflora (Gesneriaceae): Islands, Pollinators and Climate

Despite many advances in evolutionary biology, understanding the proximate mechanisms that lead to speciation for many taxonomic groups remains elusive. Phylogenetic analyses provide a means to generate well-supported estimates of species relationships. Understanding how genetic isolation (restricted gene flow) occurred in the past requires not only a well-supported molecular phylogenetic analysis, but also an understanding of when character states that define species may have changed. In this study, phylogenetic trees resolve species level relationships for fourteen of the fifteen species within Columnea section Angustiflorae (Gesneriaceae). The distributions of sister species pairs are compared and ancestral character states are reconstructed using Bayesian stochastic mapping. Climate variables were also assessed and shifts in ancestral climate conditions were mapped using SEEVA. The relationships between morphological character states and climate variables were assessed with correlation analyses. These results indicate that species in section Angustiflorae have likely diverged as a result of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation, with both biotic and abiotic forces driving morphological and phenological divergence.
Vitrectomy for the anterior segment surgeon.

Summary The advent of vitrectomy instruments has improved the management of many complications of anterior segment surgery or trauma. 4,5 The anterior segment surgeon should become familiar with both anterior and pars plicata approaches in using a vitrectomy instrument. Although the topics discussed here are within the framework of anterior segment surgery and can be managed by an anterior segment surgeon, initial cases should be performed under the supervision of a more experienced vitreous surgeon.
Tentative: Diagonalize a 2x2 and wait 50 yrs

A thesis student at Stanford in the late 1950s reminisces about working under the guidance of Professor Edwin T. Jaynes. Some of the theoretical puzzles at that time are remembered. These involved topics such as comparison of the semi-classical theory with the problem-plagued perturbation ‘QED’.
A New Tool to Measure the Burden of Crohn's Disease and Its Treatment: Do Patient and Physician Perceptions Match?

Background Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is difficult to efficiently measure in the clinic setting. Our aim was to develop and test a simple tool to measure the burden of Crohn's disease (CD) and its treatment and to compare how patients and their physicians perceive the impact of CD on HRQOL.
Spinodal decomposition between closely spaced plates.

We have studied the dynamics of phase separation in a binary liquid mixture contained between a pair of closely spaced quartz plates. The system behaves very differently from a bulk mixture undergoing spinodal decomposition. For example, the domains do not increase in size as a power of time, and in fact coarsening happens much faster than within a bulk mixture. This is because the process is dominated by the wetting of the plates by one of the two phases. One of the emerging phases, the one that wets the plates, forms an initially thick wetting layer on each quartz plate. Both layers are connected with a few isolated channels. As the time progresses, these layers thin, causing the channel radii to increase. We studied the growth of the channels in detail and found that there was a smallest radius ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathrm{min}}$, such that channels with radius r${\mathit{r}}_{\mathrm{min}}$ dissolved, while those with rg${\mathit{r}}_{\mathrm{min}}$ grew.
Effects of LH kainic acid infusions on ingestion and autonomic activity

Abstract The effects of lateral hypothalamic (LH) infusions of kainic acid (KA) were determined on ingestive behavior, body weight, and motor and autonomic activity. In Experiment 1 male hooded rats received bilateral LH infusions of isotonic saline in volumes of 0.5 or 1.0 μl, 3.0 μg KA in volumes of 0.5 or 1.0 μl, or 6.0 μg of KA in a volume of 1.0 μl. All animals receiving 6.0 μg/1.0 μl of KA died. The 3.0 μg/0.5 μl dose resulted in transient decreases in food and water consumption and body weight. Animals receiving this dose no longer drank in response to 2 cc/kg 15% NaCl injections, exhibited attenuated drinking in response to 24 hr water and food deprivation, exhibited a transient decrease in eating following food deprivation and decreased eating following 750 mg/kg injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Minimal effects on these measures were observed following the 3.0 μg/1.0 μl dose. In Experiment 2 rats received unilateral infusions of KA and the effects on motor and autonomic activity and ingestive behavior and body weight were compared to unilateral saline infused animals and animals with radiofrequency lesions. Only transient decreases in food consumption lasting 1–2 days were observed for both unilateral KA LH infused and lesioned animals. In KA infused rats contralateral exophthalamus, rapid shallow breathing, bilateral mydriasis, no contralateral pupillary constriction response, excessive salivation, body tremors, seizures, convulsions, teeth chattering, contralateral tail suspension induced spinning and turning, and elevated body temperature were observed for up to 6 hr following the infusion. Results are discussed in terms of lateral ventral diencephalic neurons involved in the more permanent deficits associated with bilateral LH damage.
A note on a conjecture of M. Marcus and H. Minc

In this note, we prove that a conjecture of M. Marcus and H. Minc is true, i.e., , is in the complement of a neighborhood of Jn .
Pain coping strategies and coping efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis: a daily process analysis

Data from daily diaries were used to analyze pain coping processes in rheumatoid arthritis patients. For 30 consecutive days, 53 individuals described the pain coping strategies they used that day and rated the efficacy of their coping, joint pain, and positive and negative mood. Relations among variables were examined across-persons and within-persons over time. At the across-persons level of analysis, (i) daily coping efficacy was unrelated to pain coping or pain intensity, and (ii) the more frequent daily use of a wide variety of pain coping strategies was correlated with greater pain. Within-person analyses provided unique information about the relations among coping, pain, and mood not apparent in the across-persons results. Specifically, these analyses showed that increases in daily coping efficacy were not only related to decreases in pain, but also to decreases in negative mood and increases in positive mood. Time-lagged effects of coping and coping efficacy were also found. Individuals who reported high levels of coping efficacy on one day had lower levels of pain on the subsequent day. The daily use of pain reduction efforts and relaxation strategies also contributed to an improvement in next-day pain and an enhancement of positive mood. The implications of these findings for the assessment of pain and coping in rheumatoid arthritis patients are discussed.
Illness behavior and depression compared in pain center and private practice patients

Recent descriptions of illness behavior and personality factors in chronic pain patients reflect patient populations at clinics dealing with refractory, multiple referral pain problems. Pain patients from the University of Washington Pain Center were compared with patients from a private practice clinic with regard to illness behavior and depression. Private practice patients were significantly less depressed, showed less conviction of disease, general hypochondriasis, affect disturbance and were less somatically focussed than the Pain Center patients. Physicians in general practice treating pain patients should avoid forming stereotypes of chronic pain patients based on the experiences of referral clinics, for such characterizations may lead them to weigh psychologic factors too heavily in diagnosis.
Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) population dynamics

The western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte is a major insect pest of field maize, Zea mays L. Larvae can cause substantial injury by feeding on maize roots. Larval feeding may destroy individual roots or root nodes, and reduce plant growth, stability, and yield. Costs associated with man- aging corn rootworms in continuous maize are annually one of the largest expen- ditures for insect management in the United States Corn Belt. 2 Even though D. virgifera virgifera has been studied intensively for over 50 years, there is renewed interest in the biology, ecology, and genetics of this species because of its ability to rapidly adapt to management tactics, and its aggressive invasive nature. 3 This article provides a comprehensive review of D. virgifera virgifera population dynamics, specifically: diapause, larval and adult development, seasonality, spa- tial and temporal dynamics at local and landscape scales, invasiveness in North America and Europe, and non-trophic interactions with other arthropods. 4 Gaps in current knowledge are identified and discussed especially within the context of challenges that scientists in North America and Europe are currently facing regarding pest dynamics and the need to develop appropriate management strategies for each geographic area.
Power loss of an energetic charged particle moving parallel to a graphene sheet

In this work we analyze the energy loss of a fast charged particle moving parallel to a two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheet. The response dynamics of the 2D graphene sheet are modeled using the random phase approximation in the degenerate limit (zero temperature). We determine the energy loss and stopping power for motion parallel to the graphene sheet as a function of the distance of the charged particle from the 2D sheet and of its velocity.
Spectral reflectance and photometric properties of selected rocks

Abstract Studies of the spectral reflectance and photometric properties of selected rocks at the USGS Mill Creek, Oklahoma, remote sensing test site demonstrate that discrimination of rock types is possible through reflection measurements, but that the discrimination is complicated by surface conditions, such as weathering and lichen growth. Comparisons between fresh-broken, weathered, and lichen-covered granite show that whereas both degree of weathering and amount of lichen cover change the reflectance quality of the granite, lichen cover also considerably changes the photometric properties of the granite. Measurements of the spectral reflectance normal to the surface of both limestone and dolomite show limestone to be more reflective than dolomite in the wavelength range from 380 to 1550 nanometers. The reflectance difference decreases at view angles greater than 40° owing to the difference in the photometric properties of dolomite and limestone.
Distribution of calcium activated neutral proteinase (mM CANP) in myelin and cytosolic fractions in bovine brain white matter.

Abstract The activity of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (mM CANP) was determined in homogenate, myelin and supernatant of bovine brain corpus callosum. The enzyme activity in homogenate and myelin was increased eleven and thirteen-fold respectively by Triton X-100. Myelin prepared by the method of Norton and Poduslo (16) as well as by a modified method, was shown to contain most (more than 50%) of homogenate mM CANP activity. The specific activity was highest in myelin, and increased almost three times more than the homogenate. Supernatant only contained 17% of enzyme activity. It is concluded from these studies that mM CANP is tightly bound to the membrane and predominantly associated with the myelin sheath.
The need of young adults to text now: Using delay discounting to assess informational choice

This study examined the value of responding immediately to a text or call and the ability to wait. The willingness to delay texting or calling for a larger monetary reward was compared with delay tolerance for monetary rewards alone. The results of two experiments showed no differences in the qualitative shape of the delay discounting functions, indicating a similar decision-making process for informational (texting or calling) and monetary decisions. Data in the second experiment showed that the degree of delay tolerance varied as a function of the social distance of the texting partner, indicating a strategic decision-making process in informational decisions. However, the time course of loss of value for informational versus monetary rewards revealed substantial quantitative differences. While money loses value on the time span of weeks, information loses value within minutes, which may explain why behaviors like texting often occur in inappropriate situations and may seem like addictions.
Association of Drosophila cysteine string proteins with membranes.

Cysteine string proteins are putative synaptic vesicle proteins that lack a transmembrane domain. Our analysis shows that Drosophila cysteine string proteins are extensively modified by hydroxylamine-sensitive fatty acylation. This modification could be responsible for association of csp's with membranes. Extensive deacylation of Dcsp's by a 20 h incubation in 1 M hydroxylamine, pH 7.0, or methanolic KOH produces a protein of 6–7 kDa lower mass than untreated Dcsp's. Surprisingly, the hydroxylamine treatment does not cause release of Dcsp's from membranes. On the other hand, alkaline stripping of membranes isolated from Drosophila brain by 0.1 M sodium carbonate, pH 11.5, causes a significant release of Dcsp's from membranes into the cytosol. These results indicate that fatty acylation may not form the main anchor of Dcsp's in membranes. Taking advantage of the endocytotic block in the Drosophila mutant shibirets1, we analyzed the acylation states of Dcsp's in two stages during synaptic vesicle recycling and found no evidence for an acylation/ deacylation cycle of Dcsp's in the brain nerve terminals.
Anisotropic plastic deformation of polycrystalline Fe3Al during high-temperature oxidation

Abstract Anisotropic plastic deformation of polycrystalline Fe 3 Al was observed during high-temperature oxidation. The direction of main plastic deformation observed in Fe 3 Al, after oxidation, differs with grain orientation. This may be due to anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient of each grain in Fe 3 Al substrate. Based on the experimental results, anisotropic plastic deformation of the substrate is discussed and interpreted in terms of elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient.
Compact Nano-Electro-Mechanical Non-Volatile Memory (NEMory) for 3D Integration

A new electro-mechanical non-volatile memory (NVM) cell design is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. The fabricated cells operate with relatively low program/erase voltages and large sensing margin. Because only dielectric and metal layers are required, this cell design is suitable for post-CMOS fabrication. As the cell area is reduced, low operating voltages can be maintained by scaling the vertical dimensions of the cell. Nanometer-scale electro-mechanical memory technology is therefore attractive for high-density embedded memory applications.
Sweeping Jet Actuator in a Quiescent Environment

This study presents a detailed analysis of a sweeping jet (fluidic oscillator) actuator. The sweeping jet actuator promises to be a viable flow control actuator candidate due to its simple, no moving part structure and its high momentum, spatially oscillating flow output. Hot-wire anemometer and particle image velocimetry measurements were carried out with an emphasis on understanding the actuator flow field in a quiescent environment. The time averaged, fluctuating, and instantaneous velocity measurements are provided. A modified actuator concept that incorporates high-speed solenoid valves to control the frequency of oscillation enabled phase averaged measurements of the oscillating jet. These measurements reveal that in a given oscillation cycle, the oscillating jet spends more time on each of the Coanda surfaces. In addition, the modified actuator generates four different types of flow fields, namely: a non oscillating downward jet, a non oscillating upward jet, a non oscillating straight jet, and an oscillating jet. The switching from an upward jet to a downward jet is accomplished by providing a single pulse from the solenoid valve. Once the flow is switched, the flow stays there until another pulse is received. The oscillating jet is compared with a non oscillating straight jet, which is a typical planar turbulent jet. The results indicate that the oscillating jet has a higher (5 times) spreading rate, more flow entrainment, and higher velocity fluctuations (equal to the mean velocity).
Current saturation and oscillation in CdSe

Abstract Current saturation and oscillations are observed in low resistivity CdSe single crystals without any external illumination over the temperature range from room temperature to 77°K. These observations are explained qualitatively by a phenomenological theory which is developed on the basis of the acoustoelectric effect in piezoelectric materials. A sound velocity of 1.8–2.0×10 5 cm/sec is deduced from the current oscillations. A shallow donor level located at 0.012 eV below the conduction band is found from the low field Hall measurements of carrier concentration as a function of temperature.
Alpha Hemispheric Asymmetry of Males and Females on Verbal and Non-Verbal Tasks: Some Preliminary Results

The present study gathered preliminary data from males and females for verbal and non-verbal tasks to explore differences in alpha hemispheric asymmetry. Results indicated a significant task by hemispheric interaction effect which revealed significantly less alpha for the left hemisphere, as compared to the right hemisphere, for the verbal task. Significantly less alpha was found for the right hemisphere during the non-verbal task as compared to the right hemisphere on the verbal task. While significant differences between males and females were not revealed, task, subject, and stimuli differences are discussed as variables which may contribute to results obtained from hemispheric processing research.
Feminism and Social Theory in Geography: An Introduction*

This essay introduces a collection of articles based on papers developed for a Fall 2004 speaker series at the University of Minnesota. The articles address the continued relevance of feminist geography and the unique contributions of feminist perspectives in various areas of geographic research. They also point out directions for needed future research. This introduction briefly reviews the successes of and remaining challenges to feminist geography, including material inequities yet unresolved in two other (nonresearch) “places” of academic life: teaching and the workplace. We discuss the ongoing underrepresentation of women and people of color on our faculties and in the front of classrooms.
Marketplace Metacognition and Social Intelligence

Consumers develop over their life span a pragmatic expertise in marketplace metacognition and marketplace interactions. Marketplace metacognition and social intelligence refer to people's beliefs about their own mental states and the mental states, strategies, and intentions of others as these pertain directly to the social domain of marketplace interactions. Drawing from the recent study of evolutionary psychology, theory of mind, multiple life-span intelligences, and everyday persuasion knowledge, I discuss the importance to our field of studying marketplace metacognition and social intelligence and of research-based consumer education programs on those topics.
The precision of reliability and validity estimates re-visited: distinguishing between clinical and statistical significance of sample size requirements.

(2001). Methodological Commentary The Precision of Reliability and Validity Estimates Re-Visited: Distinguishing Between Clinical and Statistical Significance of Sample Size Requirements. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology: Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 695-700.
A Global Instrumentation Approach To Resolution Of Ground-State And Excited-State Processes In Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The application of global analysis to time-dependent fluorescence data provides a power-ful technique for investigating complex, heterogeneous systems by defining common parameters to elements of a data set where the data has been obtained as a function of an independent variable. Another, related approach is to incorporate information obtained from other physical techniques into the analysis of time-dependent fluorescence data. The information from the independent method is used to define a linkage among the parameters within one element of the time-dependent fluorescence data set; the linkage establishes certain parameters as dependent variables. We call this a linked-function analysis, which can be used in the analysis of a single data set element or globally in the analysis of multiple data set elemets. This approach has been applied to time-domain fluorescence spectroscopy combi n ned with 1H-NMR spectroscopy to resolve ground-state and excited-state processes in the fluorescence decay of aromatic amino residues in peptides.
Heteroepitaxial Barium Hexaferrite Films on (111) Magnesium Oxide Substrates

High quality films of barium hexaferrite (BaFe 12 O 19 ) were deposited by pulsed laser ablation onto MgO (111) substrates. In contrast to previous films deposited onto c-plane sapphire (Al 2 0 3 ), these films were expected to have compressive biaxial stress, and indeed showed no indications for either cracking or delamination to a film thickness of 32 νm. All films were found to be highly c-axis textured by both x-ray diffraction measurements and magnetization results. The saturation magnetization (4πM s = 4.2 kG) and uniaxial anisotropy field (H A = 16 kOe) values for these films approach bulk values. Ferrimagnetic resonance measurements on a calcined 3 μm thick film show a narrow linewidth (ΔH ∼ 100 Oe) for the uniform resonance mode. The properties of these films approach those required for self-biased millimeter wavelength devices.
Comparison of Turbo Decoder and Packet Acquisition Error Rates in Frequency Hop-Spread Systems

For a frequency-hop (FH) spread-spectrum communication system, the packet error rate is dependent on both the performance of the error-correcting code and the ability of the receiver to detect and acquire timing of incoming packets. It is important that the error rate for one does not limit the overall error rate of the system. Turbo coding has been shown to be robust in the presence of partial-band interference, but if the acquisition scheme is not able to determine the presence of a packet, the coding will not help system performance. Rather than focusing on optimal signal acquisition methods, this paper focuses on computationally simpler packet acquisition relying on hard decision combining of individual pulse detections. The performance of this acquisition strategy in the presence of partial band interference (PBI) is compared to that of several turbo coded systems in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels.
Origins and clinical relevance of sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with normal aging. Because sarcopenia is not the result of a disease, it is seen in all aged adults. Sarcopenia markedly increases the...
Generation of genetic diversity in herpes simplex virus: An antimutator phenotype maps to the DNA polymerase locus

Abstract We have measured the spontaneous production of mutants in derivatives of herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant to phosphonoacetic acid. Six such derivatives produced 9- to 123-fold fewer iododeoxycytidine (ICdR)-resistant progeny (i.e., thymidine kinase deficient) than their wild-type parents. To locate the mutation which controls mutant production in one of the strains (PAA r -5), we constructed phosphonoacetic acid-resistant, recombinant viruses by marker transfer, using wild-type viral DNA and DNA restriction fragments conferring the resistance phenotype. The resultant recombinants also produced very low levels of ICdR-resistant progeny during growth, indicating a close linkage (within 1.1 kilobase pairs) between the drug resistance locus and the sequences controlling production of mutant progeny. Evidence is presented that the low mutant yield in PAA r -5 is not due to abnormal expression of mutants, hypersensitivity to WdR, altered thymidine kinase activity, or slow replication rates. Since the locus conferring resistance to phosphonoacetic acid in PAA r -5 has been shown previously to be the DNA polymerase gene, we hypothesize that the reduced yield of mutants results from enhanced replication fidelity by the altered DNA polymerase. The existence of antimutator derivatives of herpes simplex indicates that the observed high mutation rate for wild-type strains is an intrinsic property of the virus and may provide a selective advantage during growth in animal hosts.
The origin of pressure oscillations in divided chamber engines

Abstract The origin of pressure oscillations unique to divided chamber engines, and present even in the absence of knocking, is investigated theoretically with two-dimensional and zero-dimensional combustion models. It is found that, with ignition in the prechamber, if the prechamber pressure increases significantly over a time short in comparison to the acoustic time of the main chamber, a pressure imbalance between the two chambers results and finite-amplitude compression and expansion waves are generated from the throat region. The amplitude of the resulting oscillations, and the rate at which they decay, depend on the maximum value of the pressure difference (or of the throat Mach number) and on the strength and extent of the first, main-chamber compression wave. Such quantities in turn depend on the engine design and operating conditions in a complex manner due to the multidimensionality, unsteadiness, and nonlinearity of the flowfield. Accordingly, simple universal trends are not obtained. However, it is concluded that higher-amplitude oscillations are obtained with higher engine speeds (but not necessarily monotonically) and faster prechamber combustion rates that in turn are related to the geometry of the prechamber, the spark location, and the flame speed. The amplitude also increases with decreasing throat area and increasing prechamber volume, but maxima are reached. At each point of the operating range, there are also optimal spark timings for minimum oscillations.
Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) of the Alpaca Lama pacos*

SYNOPSIS. Three new species of coccidia are described from the alpaca Lama pacos from Peru. These are the first species of coccidia to be named from this host. The oocysts of Eimeria lamae n. sp. are ellipsoidal, occasionally ovoid, 30–40 by 21–30 μ (mean 35.6 by 24.5 μ) with elongate ovoid sporocysts 13–16 by 8–10 μ (mean 15.3 by 8.5 μ). The oocysts of Eimeria alpacae n. sp. are ellipsoidal, rarely ovoid, 22–26 by 18–21 μ (mean 24.1 by 19.6 μ), with ovoid sporocysts 10–13 by 7–8 μ (mean 11.0 by 6.8 μ). The oocysts of Eimeria punoensis n. sp. are ellipsoidal, occasionally ovoid, 17–22 by 14–18 μ (mean 19.9 by 16.4 μ), with ovoid sporocysts 8–11 by 5–7 μ (mean 9.2 by 6.1 μ).
Digital biology and chemistry

This account examines developments in “digital” biology and chemistry within the context of microfluidics, from a personal perspective. Using microfluidics as a frame of reference, we identify two areas of research within digital biology and chemistry that are of special interest: (i) the study of systems that switch between discrete states in response to changes in chemical concentration of signals, and (ii) the study of single biological entities such as molecules or cells. In particular, microfluidics accelerates analysis of switching systems (i.e., those that exhibit a sharp change in output over a narrow range of input) by enabling monitoring of multiple reactions in parallel over a range of concentrations of signals. Conversely, such switching systems can be used to create new kinds of microfluidic detection systems that provide “analog-to-digital” signal conversion and logic. Microfluidic compartmentalization technologies for studying and isolating single entities can be used to reconstruct and understand cellular processes, study interactions between single biological entities, and examine the intrinsic heterogeneity of populations of molecules, cells, or organisms. Furthermore, compartmentalization of single cells or molecules in “digital” microfluidic experiments can induce switching in a range of reaction systems to enable sensitive detection of cells or biomolecules, such as with digital ELISA or digital PCR. This “digitizing” offers advantages in terms of robustness, assay design, and simplicity because quantitative information can be obtained with qualitative measurements. While digital formats have been shown to improve the robustness of existing chemistries, we anticipate that in the future they will enable new chemistries to be used for quantitative measurements, and that digital biology and chemistry will continue to provide further opportunities for measuring biomolecules, understanding natural systems more deeply, and advancing molecular and cellular analysis. Microfluidics will impact digital biology and chemistry and will also benefit from them if it becomes massively distributed.
Glycoconjugates and keratin 18 define subsets of taste cells

Sections of neonatal, normal adult and denervated adult rat tongue were examined with lectin histochemistry. Attention was focused upon intragemmal cells (cells within the taste bud) and the surrounding perigemmal cells. Informative staining patterns were observed with four of 12 lectins: Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), Bauhinia purpurea (BPA), Helix pomatia (HPA) and Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA) agglutinins. In normal adult tongues, BPA bound to those lingual epithelial cells lacking contact with the basal lamina. After they formed, vallate taste buds were laterally surrounded by distinctive BPA-positive cells. HPA reacted selectively with 28% and LTA with 23% of the intragemmal cells in vallate/foliate taste buds. In double-stained taste buds there was a statistically significant overlap of LTA-positive cells and keratin 18-positive cells. The overlap between HPA binding and keratin 18 was more marked: double-stained cells comprized 67% of all stained cells. During taste bud development in neonates keratin 18 synthesis preceded HPA binding. In contrast, during the replacement of adult taste cells, keratin 18 synthesis and HPA binding were generally concurrent. Keratin 18 and HPA probably identify the same subset of older taste receptor cells. HPA may bind to glycoconjugates on the surface of keratin 18-positive cells. In denervated adult tongue the loss of all UEA-I-positive or BPA-positive perigemmal cells suggests that perigemmal as well as intragemmal cells are nerve-dependent.
Estimating Reusability of Organic Air-Purifying Respirator Cartridges

Reuse of organic vapor air-purifying respirator cartridges after a job or shift can provide economy and energy savings. However, standards and manufacturers' guidance discourage reuse, presumably due to a lack of quantitative objective exposure and use information. Storage and simulated reuse laboratory studies and modeling have been done to provide such information. Two important parameters of breakthrough curves, midpoint time (related to adsorption capacity) and midpoint slope (related to adsorption rate), have been shown to be unchanged during storage for reuse. Extrapolations to smaller breakthrough concentrations and times can be made from this reference breakthrough and time. Significant step increases in breakthrough concentration upon cartridge reuse have been observed in some cases. Values of immediate breakthrough concentrations upon reuse (IBURs) have been measured and correlated. The Dubinin/Radushkevich adsorption isotherm equation has been used to estimate maximum IBURs, which depend on many factors, including conditions and duration of first use. An empirical equation describing rate of approach to maximum IBUR as a function of storage time has been developed to provide intermediate IBUR estimates, which are also very dependent on the vapor identity and extent of first-use loading. Using these equations, IBUR estimates with appropriate safety factors can be compared with the allowable breakthrough concentration to help the Industrial Hygienist make reusability decisions.
CHALLENGING SPECULATION ABOUT “DEWEY'S RACIALIZED VISIONS”

In this essay Michael Eldridge maintains that Frank Margonis has in a recent article ill-advisedly speculated about John Dewey's pedagogy, suggesting that his “racialized visions” of students and classroom communities involve a “false universalism” that is problematic for our multicultural society. Based on this understanding, Margonis concludes that we need to seek an alternative to Dewey's educational philosophy. Eldridge strongly disagrees with this conclusion, arguing that assessing Dewey's philosophy and pedagogy is not a matter for speculation but should instead be based on the extensive documentation and research that is readily available. Eldridge focuses in this essay on documenting Margonis's speculations regarding Dewey's theory and pedagogy, and then offering an alternative reading of Dewey's writings as well as scholarship about Dewey's life and work. Ultimately, Eldridge argues that a wholesale abandonment of Dewey's educational approach is unnecessary and would be misguided.
Perceived life quality of older and younger tibetans.

Tibetans have enjoyed a reputation for contentment and a jovial disposition. This study examines the extent to which this positive outlook on life persists despite their 25-year stay as refugees in India, and the transferability of this positive outlook to first-generation, Indian-born Tibetans. With this in mind, older Tibetan refugees (N = 45) and younger Tibetan refugees (N = 45) residing in Himachal Pradesh in India were administered the Life Quality Scale (Q.O.L.). As expected, younger Tibetan refugees shared significant characteristics on the Q.O.L. scale with older Tibetans. Similarities and differences in the outlook of the two age groups are examined.
Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Therapy for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: A Clinical Perspective and Emerging Treatment Options

The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has led to extended lifespans for many patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, 20% to 30% of patients fail to respond, respond suboptimally, or experience disease relapse after treatment with imatinib. A key factor is drug resistance. The molecular mechanisms implicated in this resistance include those that involve upregulation or mutation of BCR-ABL kinase and those that are BCR-ABL independent. The clinical consequences of these molecular mechanisms of resistance for disease pathogenesis remain open for debate. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences of TKI resistance and addresses the current and future treatment approaches for patients with TKI-resistant CML.
Membrane-Induced Folding of Cecropin A

Lipid membranes manifest a diverse array of surface forces that can fold and orient an approaching protein. To better understand these forces and their ability to influence protein function, we have used infrared spectroscopy with isotopic editing to characterize the 37-residue membrane-active antimicrobial polypeptide cecropin A as it approached, adsorbed onto, and finally penetrated various lipid membranes. Intermediate stages in this process were isolated for study by the use of internal reflection and Langmuir trough techniques. Results indicate that this peptide adopts well-ordered secondary structure while superficially adsorbed to a membrane surface. Its conformation is predominantly alpha-helical, although some beta structure is likely to be present. The longitudinal axis of the helical structure, and the transverse axes of any beta structure, are preferentially oriented parallel to the membrane surface. The peptide expands the membrane against pressure when it penetrates the membrane surface, but its structure and orientation do not change. These observations indicate that interactions between the peptide and deeper hydrophobic regions of the membrane provide energy to perform thermodynamic work, but separate and distinct interactions between the peptide and superficial components of the membrane are responsible for peptide folding. These results have broad implications for our understanding of the mechanism of action and the specificity of these antimicrobial peptides.
Diagrammatic perturbation theory applied to the ground state of the water molecule

The diagrammatic many‐body perturbation theory is applied to the ground state of the water molecule within the algebraic approximation. Using four different basis sets, the total energy, the equilibrium OH bond length, and the equilibrium HOH bond angle are examined. The latter is found to be a particularly sensitive test of the convergence of perturbation expansions. Certain third‐order results, which incorporate all two‐, three‐, and four‐body effects, show evidence of good convergence properties.
Portable tissue factor to the rescue

Comment on Huang et al, page [980][1] When the knife slips, sometimes the bleeding does not stop. A novel type of tissue factor has been engineered to home to the injury and stop the bleeding. Some patients have life-threatening bleeding caused by blood coagulation abnormalities that cannot be
FRAGMENTATION IN RANDOM PORE STRUCTURES

The problem of fragmentation of solid phase in reacting porous structures that consist of d (d = 1,2,3) mutually perpendicular bundles of parallel, randomly overlapping cylindrical capillaries is considered. The evolution of fragmentation with the porosity is studied using a Monte Carlo stimulation procedure which rests in using the trajectories of test particles randomly travelling in the solid phase to identify fragments and determine fragment size and fragment surface area distributions. Our results show that fragmentation occurs at about the same value of pore number density per bundle for all d values. This observation is used to develop a correlation that satisfactorily predicts the extent of fragmentation in 2- and 3-bundle capillary structures using the simulation results for pore structures consisting of a single bundle of overlapping capillaries.
Optical Image Processing Using Four-Wave Mixing In Photorefractive Materials

Optical image processing using four-wave mixing is described. The relevant properties of photorefractive materials for these applications are discussed.
Modelling weave and stacking configuration effects on interlaminar shear stresses in fabric laminates

In an effort to improve out-of-plane properties, such as shear delamination strength, laminated composites have often incorporated laminae in which the fibres have been woven into a cloth. There are, however, many possible weave geometries for the cloth reinforcement, and many possible ply stacking configurations with these laminae. It is not well understood which combinations of weave and stacking can significantly improve, or inadvertently degrade, properties. This paper models the laminate geometry for woven-reinforced composites. Commonly available weave types, such as twills and five-harness satins, are considered. Stacking configurations include effects of weave pattern offset, folded vs. unfolded, and alternate stacking of different weaves. A rudimentary model is used to estimate the shear stress distribution within these various laminates. These distributions suggest the effectiveness of the various geometries. It is found that there may be significant effects due to weave offsets, that a folded configuration is undesirable, and that mixed weave types are unlikely to provide much improvement. A new quantity is defined—the lacing number—that has potential for quantifying the waviness of weave types.