cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the trypsinolysis products of nine 11S globulin species

Abstract The trypsinolysis of nine different US globulin species in high ionic strength conditions has been studied in relation to changes observed in subunit composition and quaternary/tertiary structure. HPLC gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analyses provided some information that was used to postulate the method of enzyme attack and categorize these proteins into two groups. One group of IIS globulins possessed a greatly disrupted subunit structure, the acidic polypeptides being highly degraded and the hydrolysis of the basic polypeptides being initiated. The other class of globulins, however, possessed intact basic polypeptides and only slightly cleaved acidic polypeptides (M r = 33 000) after trypsinolysis. Gel filtration analysis demonstrated that both groups of globulins still possessed much of their original structure, forming a common intermediate at M r ~ 200 000.
Computing the USO frequency instability of GRACE satellites

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission was launched in March 2002 to determine the Earth's gravity model by using accurate measurements of the inter-satellite distance between two identical satellites. 12A strategy to combine two one-way ranging measurements, called dual one-way ranging (DOWR), is used to cancel out the common frequency noises of the oscillators embedded in the two satellites. The ultra-stable oscillator (USO) is the source for the reference frequency for each satellite. The time, generated by the USO, drifts due to the frequency instability of the USO. The time drift can be computed with accurate GPS phase measurement during the precision orbit determination process (POD) and leads to a time-tag correction. This study analyzes three methods to compute the upper boundary of the frequency instability level of the USOs. The first method is to use the DOWR measurement. The second method is to use the time-tag correction for each satellite. The third method is to use the difference of the time-tag corrections of the two satellites. This paper will show which method is most reliable for monitoring the level of frequency instability of the USOs.
Sensitization of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in mice is context dependent.

Rationale: The role of the environment in the sensitization of the stereotyped behavioral effects of apomorphine is unclear, since sensitization of this drug effect has either been difficult to demonstrate or has been shown to occur with a low but not a higher dose of apomorphine. Objectives: The present study was designed to determine whether sensitization of the stereotyped behavioral effects induced by a single dose of apomorphine is dependent on environmental context. Methods: CF-1 mice were pretreated with apomorphine or vehicle under different environmental conditions and tested for stereotyped behavior after apomorphine challenge. Animals were scored positively for stereotyped behavior if they remained stationary and exhibited repetitive head and/or fore-limb movements, and data are reported as the percentage of mice rated as positive for stereotyped behavior. Results: When mice were pretreated with 40 mg/kg apomorphine and later tested in the same environment, the dose–response curve for stereotyped behavior elicited by apomorphine was shifted threefold to the left 48 h after pretreatment, and this sensitization persisted for at least 28 days after pretreatment. Mice pretreated with apomorphine did not have higher brain levels of apomorphine after administration of the test dose of apomorphine. When the pretreatment environment was different from the test environment, mice did not exhibit sensitization to apomorphine. Conclusions: These results show that pre-exposure to a single high dose of apomorphine induces a long-lasting sensitization of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior that is context dependent. Since apomorphine directly activates dopamine receptors, these observations suggest that a mechanism located postsynaptic to dopamine neurons may be responsible for sensitization of stereotyped behavior.
Effectiveness of the nicotine inhaler for smoking cessation in an OTC setting.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Nicotrol nicotine inhaler as an aid to smoking cessation in over-the-counter (OTC) versus health-care-provider (HCP) conditions. METHODS: Five hundred twenty healthy smokers were randomized to the treatment conditions and followed for a year. RESULTS: At most follow-up visits, abstinence rates for the HCP group were 2 to 3 times those observed in the OTC group. Abstinence at 1 year was.77% in the OTC condition versus 3.08% in the HCP condition [P<.01]. Inhaler use was low. CONCLUSIONS: OTC nicotine inhaler appears to be ineffective, though quit rates are improved with HCP assistance.
Metallothionein blocks oxidative DNA damage induced by acute inorganic arsenic exposure

We studied how protein metallothionein (MT) impacts arsenic-induced oxidative DNA damage (ODD) using cells that poorly express MT (MT-I/II double knockout embryonic cells; called MT-null cells) and wild-type (WT) MT competent cells. Arsenic (as NaAsO2) was less cytolethal over 24h in WT cells (LC50=11.0±1.3μM; mean±SEM) than in MT-null cells (LC50=5.6±1.2μM). ODD was measured by the immuno-spin trapping method. Arsenic (1 or 5μM; 24h) induced much less ODD in WT cells (121% and 141% of control, respectively) than in MT-null cells (202% and 260%). In WT cells arsenic caused concentration-dependent increases in MT expression (transcript and protein), and in the metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), which is required to induce the MT gene. In contrast, basal MT levels were not detectable in MT-null cells and unaltered by arsenic exposure. Transfection of MT-I gene into the MT-null cells markedly reduced arsenic-induced ODD levels. The transport genes, Abcc1 and Abcc2 were increased by arsenic in WT cells but either showed no or very limited increases in MT-null cells. Arsenic caused increases in oxidant stress defense genes HO-1 and GSTα2 in both WT and MT-null cells, but to much higher levels in WT cells. WT cells appear more adept at activating metal transport systems and oxidant response genes, although the role of MT in these responses is unclear. Overall, MT protects against arsenic-induced ODD in MT competent cells by potential sequestration of scavenging oxidant radicals and/or arsenic.
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: A clinicopathologic review

Background Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is an aggressive, poorly understood salivary gland malignancy. Misdiagnosis is common, because the residual mixed tumor component may be small, and various carcinoma subtypes are possible. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 73 patients with major salivary gland CXPA treated at our institution from 1960 to 1994. Of the 73 patients, 66 had primary tumors and 7 had recurrent tumors; 47 were men, and 26 were women; the mean age was 61 years. Results Adenocarcinoma (31 cases) and salivary duct carcinoma (24 cases) were the most common malignant subtypes. All patients were treated surgically, and 32 also had radiation therapy. Of 66 patients with primary tumors, 23% had local recurrence. Metastasis (either initial or delayed) occurred regionally in 56% and distantly in 44%. Thirty-six patients (55%) died of the disease. At 3 years, overall survival was 39% and at 5 years, 30%. Conclusions Important prognostic factors include tumor size, grade, and clinical and pathologic stage. Patients with minimally invasive tumors (<5 mm) should do well with appropriate surgical treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 705–712, 2001.
A counting algorithm for a cyclic binary query

Abstract In this paper we consider selection queries on a generalization of the Datalog program known as the “same generation.” This program has received a great deal of attention in the literature because selection queries on this simple, binary program have no monadic equivalent. As such, the program encapsulates many of the difficulties that arise in more general recursive query processing. In general, counting methods perform well on such queries. However, counting methods fail in the presence of cycles in the database. We present an algorithm in the spirit of counting methods that correctly deals with cyclic data and has the same asymptotic running time as counting methods. The algorithm, which is based on reducing a query on a database to a question about intersections of semilinear sets, works by using efficient methods to construct the appropriate semilinear sets from the database and query constant.
Isoenzyme comparisons of wild iranian sheep (Ovis linnaeus)

Abstract 1. 1. Six liver enzymes were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis from 41 wild sheep collected at seven localities across northern Iran, and two domestic fat-tailed sheep from Tehran. 2. 2. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibited polymorphism involving two alleles in all three populations from northwestern Iran but was monomorphic in four populations from central and northeastern Iran and in the two fat-tailed sheep. 3. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were monomorphic in all wild and domestic sheep. 4. 4. The systematic implications of these data from 2 n = 54 wild sheep from northwestern and central Iran ( Ovis orientalis ), 2 n = 58 sheep from northeastern Iran ( Ovis vignei ), and their hybrids is discussed.
Polyarthritis and subcutaneous nodules associated with carcinoma of the pancreas.

A 52-year-old male developed subcutaneous nodules and polyarthritis in association with an acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas. The arthritis did not respond to aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin or corticosteroid therapy. Typical changes of pancreatic enzyme-induced injuries in the subcutaneous nodules and around the joints were found at autopsy.
Converting near-bottom OBS measurements into suspended sediment concentrations

A method of estimating the mass proportion of nonhomogeneous sediment constituents in suspension is presented. This method provides a more accurate conversion of OBS measurements (volts) to suspended sediment concentrations (grams per liter). Given a set of calibration coefficients of end-members, the method allows one to obtain the spatially and temporally varying in situ coefficients that are used in the conversion. Field and/or laboratory experiments are needed to verify the method.
An application of design of experiments for optimization of plastic injection molding processes

Making improvements in products or in processes can be one of the most challenging tasks confronting an organization. This paper uses design of experiment (DOE) to identify causes of defects associated with plastic injection molding processes at the early phases of designing processes and operations. A detailed eight‐phase methodology is offered through which an identification of defects and effective solutions for their removal could be done. The paper also shows how the parameters of the problem could be established and how DOE could be applied to achieve the stated objectives by using the results of only 18 and ten DOE test runs. The results of the initial experiments are subjected to a verification procedure to determine their viability and accuracy. As a result of this experiment, the company was able to make the changes needed to reduce the cycle time required to produce products and thus, increase productivity while maintaining high quality standards. In conclusion, an assessment of the results is provided and the necessary conditions and prerequisites for the effective utilization of the methodology are presented.
Modeling of non-isothermal polymer jets in melt electrospinning

Abstract We have developed a model for non-isothermal, free surface flows of electrically charged viscoelastic fluids in the stable jet region of the melt electrospinning process. The model is based on thin filament approximation applied to fully coupled momentum, continuity, and energy equations, Gauss’ law, and the non-isothermal Giesekus constitutive model. The asymptotic jet thinning relationship widely used in previous electrospinning models was found not applicable for the case of polymer melts. The underlying assumption of the balance of inertial and electrical forces in the asymptotic region does not hold for typical melts which exhibit high tensile forces throughout the spinning region, particularly under non-isothermal conditions. We have developed a new initial thinning condition for fluids with low electrical conductivity and high viscosity based on a force balance near the nozzle. The resulting system of equations is solved numerically and the simulated initial jet profiles are compared to digitized experimental images of the stable melt jet near the spinneret. In addition, the predicted effects of melt temperature, flowrate, and electric field strength on the final jet diameter are compared to the final average fiber thickness from non-isothermal experiments where the whipping motion has been suppressed by rapid cooling. The simulation results are in good quantitative agreement with the flow visualization experiments on electrospinning of polylactic acid (PLA) melt under various spinning conditions.
Predictive factors for functional Recovery after free tissue transfer oromandibular reconstruction

Abstract BACKGROUND: Recovery of upper aerodigestive tract function after reconstruction of segmental oromandiblectomy defects is frequently incomplete. The purpose of this study was to quantitate postreconstruction function and define variables that predict functional outcome in this population. METHODS: A prospective study of 21 patients who underwent microvascular free tissue transfer reconstruction of segmental oromandibular defects was performed. Measures of swallowing, speech, bite, and oral intake were performed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively or until plateau. Preoperative versus maximal postoperative measures were compared and correlated with nine potentially predictive variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the most significant predictive factors. RESULTS: Baseline function in the study population was abnormal. Postoperative bite force improved, but swallowing, speech, and oral intake were worse than preoperative. Significant (univariate) predictors of outcome included diagnosis of cancer, tongue resection, pharynx resection, and flap skin paddle area. Only tongue resection remained significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing need for oropharyngeal lining replacement, especially after tongue resection, is the most important predictor of functional outcome in reconstruction of segmental mandible defects.
High Sugar Intake Does Not Exacerbate Metabolic Abnormalities or Cardiac Dysfunction in Genetic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Objective A high-sugar intake increases heart disease risk in humans. In animals, sugar intake accelerates heart failure development by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) can fuel ROS production by providing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for superoxide generation by NADPH oxidase. Conversely, G6PD also facilitates ROS scavenging using the glutathione pathway. We hypothesized that a high-sugar intake would increase flux through G6PD to increase myocardial NADPH and ROS and accelerate cardiac dysfunction and death. Methods Six-week-old TO-2 hamsters, a non-hypertensive model of genetic cardiomyopathy caused by a δ-sarcoglycan mutation, were fed a long-term diet of high starch or high sugar (57% of energy from sucrose plus fructose). Results After 24 wk, the δ-sarcoglycan–deficient animals displayed expected decreases in survival and cardiac function associated with cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction: control 68.7 ± 4.5%, TO-2 starch 46.1 ± 3.7%, P P = 0.133). Although the high-sugar intake was expected to exacerbate cardiomyopathy, surprisingly, there was no further decrease in ejection fraction or survival with high sugar compared with starch in cardiomyopathic animals. Cardiomyopathic animals had systemic and cardiac metabolic abnormalities (increased serum lipids and glucose and decreased myocardial oxidative enzymes) that were unaffected by diet. The high-sugar intake increased myocardial superoxide, but NADPH and lipid peroxidation were unaffected. Conclusion A sugar-enriched diet did not exacerbate ventricular function, metabolic abnormalities, or survival in heart failure despite an increase in superoxide production.
Lens Designs of High NA Objectives for Page-based Holographic Data Storage Systems

High NA (0.7 ~ 0.8) objective lens in which both object and pupil aberrations are compensated for are designed in two-element configurations, and are usable for a combination of holographic and surface recordings.
Traumatic suicide attempts at a level I trauma center.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study is to characterize traumatic suicide attempts (TSA) by age, gender, race, and mechanism of injury. Methods: This is a retrospective review of TSA patients (identified by E-codes) admitted to our urban, level I trauma center from 1992 through 2005. Mechanisms of TSA included jump from height, firearm (gunshot wound [GSW]), cutting or piercing instrument (stab wound [SW]), and motor vehicle (MV)-related. Patients were categorized in groups by age in years ( p p = 0.005), and the AOR for mortality from GSW vs. SW was 9.8 (95% CI 2.6–44, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The most common mechanism for TSA was SW, although GSW was the most effective. The mechanism of choice for TSA depends on age, with the extremes of age more commonly choosing a firearm. Age and method of TSA are significant contributing factors to success of suicide attempts.
Influence of Chemicals on Wear of Dental Composites

The wear resistance of a commercial dental restorative composite exposed to different chemicals was measured with a pin-disc apparatus. The initial wear rate increased dramatically once the composite had been immersed in chemicals known to soften the cross-linked matrix material, which is a copolymer derived from BIS-GMA and diluent monomer. The increase of wear rate in a chemically softened composite was found to persist over a depth beyond 160 μm for specimens immersed over two wk prior to wear testing.
PD34-06 DEFINING THE FREQUENCY OF FOLLOW-UP OF INTERMEDIATE AND HIGH RISK PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS TREATED WITH RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Evidence of lymph node invasion (pN+) in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with a shorter recurrence free survival. However, not all pN+ patients will develop distant metastases (M+) during remaining life-time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sequel from pN+ to M+ and to identify predictors for development of M+ in pN+ patients. METHODS: Data from 411 pN+ patients surgically treated at our institution between 1992 and 2012 were available. Visceral or bone metastases were considered as M+. The median follow-up of our patient collective was 48.2 (2.1-240.4) months. Long-term M+ free survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan Meier method. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to predict M+. Covariates consisted of preoperative PSA, pathological Gleason score, pT-stage, margin status, number of positive lymph nodes, and time from RP to BCR. RESULTS: Overall, 62 patients (15.0%) developed M+. The median time from RP to M+ was 32.0 (1.6-164.4) months. The 5and 10-year-metastases-free and cancer specific survival rates were 82.5% and 69.6%, and 85.9% and 70.0%, respectively. In multivariate analysis pathologic Gleason score, PSA, number of positive lymph nodes and time from RP to BCR were independent predictors (p-values <0.05 each) for M+. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate a marked heterogeneity in the sequel and timing of pN+ to M+. Whereas 5and 10-year-metastases-free survival rates were 82.5% and 69.6%, distant metastases still occured 13.6 years after RP. The probability and onset of M+ is highly associated with tumor burden at time of RP.
Followling the Developmental Process of Reflection in Novice Teachers: Three Years of Investigation:

Pour etudier le processus de developpement de la reflexion, necessaire a tout enseignant novice dans la pratique pedagogique quotidienne, l'A. utilise deux sortes de donnees: les productions ecrites des enseignants sur des sujets de reflexion donnees et des entretiens portant sur leurs idees et conceptions de la pratique pedagogique. Cette etude a abouti a trois conclusions: a) la reflexion est un processus qui se developpe avec l'experience; b) le caractere de la reflexion varie selon l'activite proposee; c) le developpement de la reflexion apparait mieux a l'aide des entretiens que des productions ecrites
Searching for Effective Teachers with Imperfect Information

Teaching may be the most-scrutinized occupation in the economy. Over the eaching may be the most-scrutinized occupation in the economy. Over the past four decades, empirical researchers—many of them economists—have past four decades, empirical researchers—many of them economists—have accumulated an impressive amount of evidence on teachers: the heteroaccumulated an impressive amount of evidence on teachers: the heterogeneity in teacher productivity, the rise in productivity associated with teaching geneity in teacher productivity, the rise in productivity associated with teaching credentials and on-the-job experience, rates of turnover, the costs of recruitment, credentials and on-the-job experience, rates of turnover, the costs of recruitment, the relationship between supply and quality, the effect of class size and the monetary the relationship between supply and quality, the effect of class size and the monetary value of academic achievement gains over a student’s lifetime. Since the passage value of academic achievement gains over a student’s lifetime. Since the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act, along with a number of state-level educational of the No Child Left Behind Act, along with a number of state-level educational initiatives, the data needed to estimate individual teacher performance based on initiatives, the data needed to estimate individual teacher performance based on student achievement gains have become more widely available. However, there have student achievement gains have become more widely available. However, there have been relatively few efforts to examine the implications of this voluminous literature been relatively few efforts to examine the implications of this voluminous literature on teacher performance. In this paper, we ask what the existing evidence implies on teacher performance. In this paper, we ask what the existing evidence implies for how school leaders might recruit, evaluate, and retain teachers. for how school leaders might recruit, evaluate, and retain teachers. We begin by summarizing the evidence on fi ve key points, referring to existing We begin by summarizing the evidence on fi ve key points, referring to existing work and to evidence we have accumulated from our research with the nation’s work and to evidence we have accumulated from our research with the nation’s two largest school districts: Los Angeles and New York City. First, teachers display two largest school districts: Los Angeles and New York City. First, teachers display considerable heterogeneity in their effects on student achievement gains. The stanconsiderable heterogeneity in their effects on student achievement gains. The standard deviation across teachers in their impact on student achievement gains is on dard deviation across teachers in their impact on student achievement gains is on the order of 0.1 to 0.2 student-level standard deviations, which would improve the the order of 0.1 to 0.2 student-level standard deviations, which would improve the
Weierstrass points on rational nodal curves

C. Widland [14] has defined Weierstrass points on integral, projective Gorenstein curves. We show here that the Weierstrass points on a generic integral rational nodal curve have the minimal possible weights or, equivalently, that such a curve has the maximum possible number of distinct nonsingular Weierstrass points. Rational curves with g nodes arise in degeneration arguments involving smooth curves of genus g and they have also recently arisen in connection with g -soliton solutions to certain nonlinear partial differential equations [11], [13].
The Forgotten Attempts to End the Forgotten War: Congress, Korea, and McCarthyism

Nearing the eighth anniversary of America's war in Afghanistan, one U.S. senator declared, “I and the American people cannot tolerate more troops without some commitment about when this perceived o...
The Creative Response in Economic History

Economic historians and economic theorists can make an interesting and socially valuable journey together, if they will. It would be an investigation into the sadly neglected area of economic change.As anyone familiar with the history of economic thought will immediately recognize, practically all the economists of the nineteenth century and many of the twentieth have believed uncritically that all that is needed to explain a given historical development is to indicate conditioning or causal factors, such as an increase in population or the supply of capital. But this is sufficient only in the rarest of cases.
Hash-based proximity clustering for efficient load balancing in heterogeneous DHT networks

Distributed hash table (DHT) networks based on consistent hashing functions have an inherent load uneven distribution problem. The objective of DHT load balancing is to balance the workload of the network nodes in proportion to their capacity so as to eliminate traffic bottleneck. It is challenging because of the dynamism, proximity and heterogeneity natures of DHT networks and time-varying load characteristics. In this paper, we present a hash-based proximity clustering approach for load balancing in heterogeneous DHTs. In the approach, DHT nodes are classified as regular nodes and supernodes according to their computing and networking capacities. Regular nodes are grouped and associated with supernodes via consistent hashing of their physical proximity information on the Internet. The supernodes form a self-organized and churn-resilient auxiliary network for load balancing. The hierarchical structure facilitates the design and implementation of a locality-aware randomized (LAR) load balancing algorithm. The algorithm introduces a factor of randomness in the load balancing processes in a range of neighborhood so as to deal with both the proximity and dynamism. Simulation results show the superiority of the clustering approach with LAR, in comparison with a number of other DHT load balancing algorithms. The approach performs no worse than existing proximity-aware algorithms and exhibits strong resilience to the effect of churn. It also greatly reduces the overhead of resilient randomized load balancing due to the use of proximity information.
The Political Economy of Free Trade Agreements: an Empirical Investigation

This paper studies how income inequality affects the probability of signing free trade agreements (FTAs) in a political economy framework. The median voter approach to FTA formation within a Heckscher-Ohlin framework predicts that an increase in inequality lowers the desirability of an FTA if the partner country is relatively labor abundant, ceteris paribus, and raises the desirability of such an agreement if the partner country is relatively capital abundant. The lobbying model based on the argument of the free rider problem, however, offers the opposite predictions. This paper proposes a duration analysis for bilateral FTA panel data and finds strong support for the predictions from the median voter model.
Modulation of AQP4 expression by the protein kinase C activator, phorbol myristate acetate, decreases ischemia-induced brain edema.

The protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), is known to interact with aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a waterselective transporting protein abundant in astrocytes and ependymal cells, that has been found to decrease osmotically-induced swelling. The purpose of this study was to examine whether PMA given at different time points following focal ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduces brain edema by AQP4 modulation.
The Relation of Air Mass Structure to the Field of Motion over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in Summer

The normal structure of the inversion over the eastern North Pacific Ocean in summer is presented, and its relationship to the normal fields of horizontal and vertical motion is discussed. An example in which the field of motion deviated markedly from the normal is presented. The relatively large change in the motion had comparatively small influence on the temperature structure. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01281.x
Torsional traction on an open finite cylindrical cavity

This paper deals with the stress analysis of an elastic half-space with an open cylindrical cavity of finite dimension subjected to torsional shear tractions. Within the classical theory of elasticity, the boundary value problem is formulated as a generalized Cauchy singular integral equation from which fractional-order singularities in the stress distribution near the bottom of the hole can be deduced. As an illustration, the fundamental solution corresponding to a torsional ring load acting on the sidewall of the cavity is presented. The resulting load-induced as well as shape-induced singularities in the response are examined.
Route Previews: Enhancing the Route Selection

In large-scale virtual environments (VEs), there are often several different routes to a target destination. In this paper, we introduce a route preview tool to help users of VEs with the route selection process. Our experiments showed that the proposed route preview tool provides the necessary support to help users select a desirable route.
Cancellous bone remodeling in type i (postmenopausal) osteoporosis: Quantitative assessment of rates of formation, resorption, and bone loss at tissue and cellular levels

The cellular mechanisms for bone loss in type I (postmenopausal) osteoporosis are highly controversial. We attempted to resolve this by assessing rates of formation and resorption of iliac cancellous bone by a new histomorphometric method in 89 women with osteoporosis (mean age +/- SD, 66 +/- 6 years) and in 32 carefully selected normal postmenopausal women (64 +/- 6 years). In the osteoporotic women, bone resorption rate was increased by 39% (P less than 0.05) at the cellular level and by 67% (P less than 0.05) at the tissue level, whereas bone formation was unchanged at the tissue level but decreased by 14% (P less than 0.01) at the cellular (osteoblast) level. This pronounced remodeling imbalance (P less than 0.001) was probably exacerbated by a 45% increase (P less than 0.1) in activation frequency of new remodeling foci. These abnormalities were associated with a high rate of cancellous bone loss (median, 5.8%/year versus 0.1% year in controls). Thus, accelerated loss of cancellous bone in type I osteoporosis results from the combination of increased bone resorption and inadequate compensation by bone formation.
Bowel and bladder continence, wound healing, and functional outcomes in patients who underwent sacrectomy.

Object Total or partial sacrectomy is a rare procedure in patients with locally invasive tumors involving the sacrum; it may be associated with functional loss, such as bowel and bladder dysfunction and gait abnormality. In this study the authors examined functional outcome following sacrectomy. Methods The authors reviewed the charts of 50 consecutive patients who had undergone sacrectomy between July 1993 and August 2002. There were 23 male and 27 female patients whose mean age was 46 years (range 13–86 years). Twelve patients with rectal cancer underwent a separate analysis. The patients without rectal cancer were divided into two groups: those who had undergone colostomy for bowel diversion (Group 1, six cases), and those who had not (Group 2, 32 cases). In Group 1 patients the median hospital length of stay (LOS) was 48.5 days (the 25th% and 75th percentiles are 26 and 58, respectively), and in Group 2 patients the median LOS was 18.5 days (the 25th and 75th percentiles are 8 and 41, respectively; p ...
A NEW EARLY CAMBRIAN BRADORIID (ARTHROPODA) FROM EAST ANTARCTICA

Abstract Although bradoriids locally are common components of the Cambrian biota, they have been reported previously from Antarctica only from Tertiary glacial deposits. Here, we describe the bradoriid, Bicarinella evansi new genus and species, collected in situ from the upper Lower Cambrian (Botomian) of the Pensacola Mountains in East Antarctica. Bicarinella evansi n. gen and sp. is characterized by a subtriangular carapace with a well-defined marginal rim, subequal anterior and posterior lobes that are elongated into sharp ridges extending one-third the length of the carapace, and a broad dorsal node placed between the anterior and posterior lobes. The surface of the carapace exhibits three kinds of ornamentation: fine pitting, pustules, and reticulae. Several smaller carapaces with reduced ornamentation collected from the same bed are interpreted as instars of this species. Bicarinella n. gen. is assigned to the family Hipponicharionidae and appears to be closely related to Albrunnicola Martinsson, 19...
Determination of bovine lymphocyte responses to extracted proteins of Brucella abortus by using protein immunoblotting.

Abstract Isolation and identification of Brucella antigenic determinants important to cellular responses have been difficult. In this study, bovine peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells from cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus 19 proliferated to extracted bacterial proteins blotted onto nitrocellulose. Proteins were extracted from gamma-irradiated B. abortus 19 with a sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction buffer. The extracted proteins were separated electrophoretically by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis prior to electroblotting onto nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose sections corresponding to individual lanes of the gel (containing all separated proteins) were then cultured with the PBM cells. Primary and secondary stimulation responses of the PBM cells with the whole protein blots were similar kinetically to the responses of the PBM cells stimulated with whole irradiated B. abortus 19 or with whole irradiated B. abortus 19 blotted onto nitrocellulose. Although lipopolysaccharide was determined to be associated with the extracted proteins and transferred onto the blots, the lipopolysaccharide did not stimulate cellular proliferation, as indicated by the antigen-specific secondary responses. Stimulating PBM cells with portions of the blot containing high (greater than 45,000)-, medium (25,000 to 45,000)- or low (25,000)-molecular-weight proteins demonstrated that the responding cells were specific only to the proteins of corresponding molecular weights. These results indicate that cellular responses to individual proteins can be studied without cloning the bacterial genes or purifying the individual proteins.
The Soviet economic decline : historical and republican data

Soviet growth for 1960-89 was the worst in the world, after controlling for investment and human capital. And relative performance worsens over time. The authors explain the declining Soviet growth rate from 1950 to 1987 by the declining marginal product of capital. The rate of total factor productivity growth is roughly constant over that period. Although the Soviet slowdown has conventionally been attributed to extensive growth (rising capital-to-output ratios), extensive growth is also a feature of market-oriented economies like Japan and Korea. One message from the authors' results could be that Soviet-style stagnation awaits other countries that have relied on extensive growth. The Soviet experience can be read as a particularly extreme dramatization of the long-run consequences of extensive growth. What led to the relative Soviet decline was a low elasticity of substitution between capital and labor, which caused diminishing returns to capital to be especially acute. (The natural question to ask is why Soviet capital-labor substitution was more difficult than in Western market economies, and whether this difficulty was related to the Soviets' planned economic systems.) Tentative evidence indicates that the burden of defense spending also contributed to the Soviet debacle. Differences in growth performance between the Soviet republics are explained by the same factors that figure in the empirical cross-section growth literature: initial income, human capital population growth, and the degree of sectoral distortions. The results the authors got with the Soviet Union in the international cross-section itself was disastrous for long-run economic growth in the Soviet Union. This point may now seem obvious but was not so apparent in the halcyon days of the 1950s, when the Soviet case was often cited as support for the neoclassical model's prediction that distortions do not have steady state growth effects. Since a heavy degree of planning and government intervention exists in many countries, especially developing countries, the ill-fated Soviet experience continues to be of interest.
The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Lung Immunology.

Despite the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) continues to cause a major impact worldwide. HIV-induced lung disease continues to represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality, although the spectrum of pulmonary diseases has changed. HIV significantly affects the lung, causing acute and chronic cellular changes in the alveolar space. The impact of ART on lung immunology still needs to be fully elucidated. Similar to the periphery, ART affects HIV viral load and reconstitutes CD4 + T cells in the lung. ART has been associated with significant decreases in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes and increases in B-cell numbers and functionality, resulting in improved immune responses to vaccinations. There are substantial clinical implications of these ART-induced alterations, including the emergence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and the increased incidences of noninfectious lung diseases, such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease. There continues to be many unanswered questions regarding the effects of ART on lung health and, in particular, the immune system. Growing knowledge in this area will hopefully diminish the incidence of these noninfectious lung diseases and further improve the health of individuals living with HIV.
Electron attachment and detachment: C 6 F 5 Cl , C 6 F 5 Br , and C 6 F 5 I and the electron affinity of C 6 F 5 Cl

Measurements are reported of rate constants for electron attachment to ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}X$ $(X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{I})$ and thermal electron detachment from ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}{\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ over the temperature range $300--550\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in $133\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Pa}$ of He gas in a flowing-afterglow Langmuir-probe apparatus. This is the first case we know of where the parent anion has sufficiently low electron detachment energy that detachment (from ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}{\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in this case) has been observed in competition with a channel for dissociative electron attachment yielding a thermally stable anion (here, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). Because of this competition, it is shown that a simple mass spectrometric determination of the product branching fractions at long times will lead to erroneous results at elevated temperatures. The electron density profiles provide evidence for a new plasma decay process involving the detaching and nondetaching anions trapped in the space charge field of the positive ions. Electron attachment rate constants were found to be $1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$, $1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$, and $2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, for ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Cl}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Br}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{I}$, respectively, estimated accurate to $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25%$ except for ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{I}$, where there is $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30%$ uncertainty. Rate constants for ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Cl}$ changed little over our temperature range, while those for ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Br}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{I}$ increased with temperature. Electron detachment occurred only for ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}{\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in our temperature range. Detachment rate constants were immeasurable at room temperature but approached $4000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $550\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. From these data the electron affinity (EA) for ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Cl}$ was determined, EA $({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Cl})=0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. G3(MP2) calculations (based on M\o{}ller-Plesset perturbation theory) were carried out for the neutral and anion and yielded $\mathrm{EA}({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{F}}_{5}\mathrm{Cl})=0.728\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Growth-promotion by lyxoflavin. II. Relationship to riboflavin in bacteria and chicks.

Summary1. L-lyxoflavin, D-galactoflavin and isoriboflavin markedly increase the growth response of Lactobacillus casei to suboptimal amounts of riboflavin, but do not promote growth in the absence of this vitamin. Appropriate differential assays indicated that lyxoflavin was not deposited in cells of L. casei under conditions where it stimulated growth, and actually decreased the concentration of riboflavin deposited in such cells. Thus it does not serve as a partial substitute for riboflavin in L. casei, but appears to enhance the efficiency with which limited supplies of riboflavin are utilized. When riboflavin is present in excess, lyxoflavin does not increase the cell yield or the growth-rate. At higher concentrations, lyxoflavin and galactoflavin inhibit growth by acting as competitive antagonists of riboflavin. Dichlororiboflavin and isoriboflavin are ineffective as inhibitors of this organism. 2. L-lyxoflavin promotes maximum growth of Lactobacillus lactis in the absence of riboflavin, and such gro...
The Egg and Avian Leucosis

Abstract AS YET there is no critical evidence to show definitely that the agent of avian leucosis is or is not transmitted through the egg. There has, however, been accumulated considerable circumstantial evidence to support both possibilities, especially the former concept. This is not unexpected, because positive data are more likely to be published than are negative data. It is obvious that for a complete understanding of the avian leucosis complex more information as to the possibility of egg-borne transmission of the etiological agent must be provided. In order for the disease to develop, two conditions must be satisfied. The infective agent must be present and the host must be genetically susceptible. Natural (genetic) resistance is a relative factor and its normal expression can be overridden by an excess of the agent or exposure. Such happenings occur regularly and are responsible for variations in incidence of the disease within a flock . . .
The Clinical Resource Management Model

The clinical resource management model is a highly successful method of redesigning operations to focus on reducing costs while improving quality. In these dynamic days in our medical centers it is important to maintain quality standards while implementing cost reductions. Through careful analysis of our practice we can learn from our best practicing providers and build systems to replicate their example. By improving our processes of care we meet the expectation of the public and our regulators through process improvement in a collaborative, multidisciplinary manner.
Impact of androgen therapy in Sjögren's syndrome: hormonal influence on lymphocyte populations and Ia expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice.

Recent research has demonstrated that androgen treatment dramatically curtails lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal glands of a mouse model of Sjogren's syndrome. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether this androgen action involves the selective suppression of specific lymphocyte populations or Ia expression in lacrimal tissue. Autoimmune female MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice were administered placebo- or testosterone-containing compounds for 0, 17, or 34 d. Then lacrimal glands were obtained and processed for immunohistochemical evaluation. Results demonstrated that in pretreatment mice, lacrimal lymphoid foci were composed predominantly of Thy 1.2+ cells, bearing L3T4 (helper T cell) or B220 surface antigens. In contrast, suppressor T cells (Lyt 2+) and surface IgM-bearing B cells represented minority populations in the immune infiltrates. Class II antigen (Ia) expression was observed on over 40% of the infiltrate lymphocytes and occasionally on epithelial cells close to the lymphoid focus. During the experimental time course, the extent of lymphocyte infiltration increased in glands of placebo-treated mice. This cellular accumulation was associated with an elevation in the frequency of B220+ cells, but not that of other lymphocyte subclasses. Testosterone administration induced a striking diminution in the area encompassed by all immune cell populations. Moreover, hormone therapy significantly reduced the frequency of B220+ cells in focal infiltrates. Overall, these findings demonstrate that androgen exposure stimulates a decrease in the quantity, but not necessarily the entire lymphocyte composition, of lymphoid aggregates in lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr mice.