cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia: Jakarta's security and autonomy polices in Aceh

Armed separatist movements in Papua, East Timor and Aceh have been a serious problem for Indonesia's central government. This book examines the policies of successive Indonesian governments to contain secessionist forces, focusing in particular on Jakarta's response towards the armed separatist movement in Aceh. Unlike other studies of separatism in Indonesia, this book concentrates on the responses of the central government rather than looking only at the separatist forces. It shows how successive governments have tried a wide range of approaches, including military repression, offers of autonomy, peace talks and a combination of these. It discusses the lessons that have been learned from these different approaches and analyzes the impact of the tsunami, including the successful accommodation of former rebels within an Indonesian devolved state structure and the expanding implementation of Islamic law.
Delphi Corp. and the Credit Derivatives Market (A)

In 2005 Jane Bauer-Martin, a hedge fund manager, is considering what she should do with the fund's large investment in the publicly traded bonds of Delphi Corp., a financially troubled auto parts supplier. Delphi is General Motor's key auto parts supplier, and, like GM, it is burdened with large pension and other retiree liabilities that threaten to push it into bankruptcy. Bauer-Martin is considering using various credit derivatives (credit default swaps, credit-linked notes, credit default swap indices, total return swaps, etc.) to hedge her position in Delphi debt, or to speculate on future Delphi bond prices.
Metabolism of Nitrogenous Wastes in the Eggs and Alevins of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Ammonia is a toxic by-product of the normal catabolism of proteins by animals. Although some animals may convert ammonia to a less toxic substance, aquatic vertebrates usually excrete ammonia directly into the environment. Teleosts, both marine and freshwater, excrete ammonia primarily from their gills (Forster and Goldstein, 1970; Smith, 1929; Fromm, 1963; Wood, 1958). Some information on nitrogen excretion and metabolism is available on adults of some teleosts, but practically none is available on embryos except in work by Smith (1947), which however did not deal with the accumulation of waste nitrogen and associated metabolic pathways.
Does surgical treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia require referral to a gynecologic oncologist

Patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia in the United States are commonly referred to a gynecologic oncologist, given a moderate risk of concurrent carcinoma. However, selective referral of patients to nononcologic gynecologic surgeons for surgical treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia may offer increased access to care without compromising clinical outcomes. Nononcologic surgeons who consider providing surgical treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia must be able to offer minimally invasive surgery when appropriate and have sufficient surgical volume to deliver optimal clinical outcomes. Patients considering referral to a nononcologic surgeon must be thoroughly counseled regarding the risk of occult malignancy, the possibility of a second surgery for lymph node evaluation and/or oophorectomy, and the risk of morbidity that may accompany a second surgery. Available data suggest that approximately 2-6% of patients will have postoperative risk factors meriting consideration of a second surgery. Patients who are high-risk surgical candidates or who may desire nonsurgical or fertility-sparing treatment should universally be referred for consultation with a gynecologic oncologist.
The Mediating Effect of Pain Catastrophizing on PTSD Symptoms and Pain Outcome.

Objective:Coprevalence of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) negatively impacts the course of both disorders. Patients diagnosed with both conditions report greater pain, affective distress, and disability when compared with those with either chronic pain or PTSD alone. While the
Control Limit Values in Different Industrialized Countries: USA

In December 1970, Congress enacted the Occupational Safety and Health Act (Public Law 91–596) “to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational health”. The Act created two separate federal agencies and provided a legislative mandate to each with specific responsibilities:
Convergence of weighted min-sum decoding via dynamic programming on coupled trees

Applying the max-product (and belief-propagation) algorithms to loopy graphs is now quite popular for constraint satisfaction problems. This is largely due to their low computational complexity and impressive performance in practice. Still, there is no general understanding of the conditions required for convergence and/or the optimality of converged solutions. This paper presents an analysis of weighted min-sum (a.k.a. attenuated max-product) decoding for LDPC codes that guarantees convergence to a fixed point when the weight β is sufficiently small. It also shows that, if the fixed point satisfies all the constraints, then it must be both the linear-programming (LP) and maximum-likelihood (ML) solution. For (d v , d c )-regular LDPC codes, the weight must satisfy 1/β > d v − 1 whereas the result of Koetter and Frey requires instead that 1/β >(d v − 1)(d c − 1). A counterexample is also given that shows a fixed point might not be the ML solution if 1/β v − 1. Finally, connections are explored with recent work by Arora et al. on the threshold of LP decoding.
The Future of Care - Preserving the Patient-Physician Relationship.

The Future of Care To ensure that the patient–physician relationship remains central to medical practice, it is critical both to enable physicians to spend adequate time with patients who need extr...
Expanding Access to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies: Challenges and Opportunities

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a major advancement in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, especially diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of two CAR T-cell therapies, axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel, experience has highlighted various barriers to their broader access and use, including challenges related to manufacturing a patient-specific product, high costs and inadequate reimbursement, incomplete or nonsustained disease responses, and potential for causing life-threatening toxicities. Research on disparities, application, and practice of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can inform opportunities to address similar barriers to use of CAR T-cell therapies that are currently available as well as other cellular therapies that are expected to become available in the near future. To ensure optimal patient outcomes, these therapies should preferably be administered at centers that have experience and established quality processes and practices. We review opportunities for centers, manufacturers, payers, and policy makers to address barriers to care. We also provide a summary of available and alternative payments models for commercial CAR T-cell and other cellular therapies.
Changing Demography of Genital Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital Herpes, Condyloma, and Syphilis Infections in Japan.

There was epidemiological correlation in time and in space between gonorrhea and genital chlamydia and between condyloma and genital herpes. There was, however, no correlation in other combinations, such as, gonorrhea and condyloma, genital herpes and chlamydia, etc. The annual incidence of gonorrhea and that of genital chlamydia were mono-phasic with a peak in 2005-2006. The annual incidence of condyloma and that of genital herpes were biphasic with the first distinct peak in 2004-2006 borne by younger generation and the second broad peak borne by the older generation that experienced the first wave.The epidemiology of syphilis was entirely different from gonorrhea, genital chlamydia, condyloma and genital herpes: the incidence of early, late and asymptomatic syphilis all started increasing around 2010 attaining total 1,576 notifications in 2017. The increase was associated with shift of patients' peak age to younger generation. Preceding this increase, however, between 2005 and 2006, the annual number of congenital syphilis that had been ≥200 dropped to 12, and asymptomatic syphilis that had been annually <10 jumped up to 195 and increased continuously thereafter.
GMM Marginal Regression Models for Correlated Data with Grouped Moments

This chapter assumes that the observations are correlated and some of the covariates are time-independent while others are time-dependent covariate. A review of models to fit marginal models to correlated data with time-dependent covariates is conducted. Their development of a marginal regression model for longitudinal data with time-dependent covariates and with group identification of valid moments are explored.
Choroidal melanocytic tumors in dogs: A retrospective study.

Objective To describe clinical features of dogs diagnosed with choroidal melanocytic tumors at a veterinary teaching hospital. Animals studied Retrospective case series of 13 dogs (14 melanocytic tumors) with choroidal melanocytic tumors. Procedures Medical records of dogs evaluated by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of a choroidal melanocytic tumor between 2008 and 2020 were reviewed. A choroidal melanocytic tumor was clinically defined as any well-demarcated, raised pigmented choroidal lesion underlying the retina. Histopathology results were consulted when available. Signalment and clinical features were recorded, including fundoscopic location, histopathologic findings, treatment, and outcome. Results Choroidal melanocytic tumors were identified in 14 eyes of 13 dogs. The mean (±standard deviation) of dogs was 8.6 (±3.5) years. Seven different breeds were represented, with Labrador/Labrador mix being the most common. Ten of the 14 melanocytic tumors were diagnosed incidentally. Four dogs presented for vision loss and ocular discomfort, and diagnosis was made on histopathology examination following enucleation. Pulmonary metastasis was suspected in one dog with an incidentally found choroidal melanocytic tumor OD. Fundoscopic location was available for 8 melanocytic tumors, with 6 (75%) located in the tapetal fundus. Histopathologic diagnosis was melanocytoma for 3 and malignant melanoma in 1 globe, with optic nerve head invasion in 50%. Local recurrence was not seen in any orbit following enucleation. Conclusion Choroidal melanocytic tumors are uncommon in dogs. Metastasis appears to be rare and was only suspected in one dog, but intraocular tumor growth can lead to retinal detachment, glaucoma, and necessitate enucleation.
SubCutaneous OnLay endoscopic Approach (SCOLA) mesh repair for small midline ventral hernias with diastasis recti: An initial US experience

Patients presenting for evaluation of umbilical and epigastric hernias are often found to have diastasis recti (DR). As isolated hernia repair in these patients may be associated with higher rates of recurrence, prior international publications have described a prefascial mesh repair in combination with anterior plication of DR. We present our initial United States (US) experience with a SubCutaneous OnLay endoscopic Approach (SCOLA) to address these concurrent pathologies in a single hybrid procedure. Between July 2018 and December 2019, a prospective cohort of 16 patients underwent the SCOLA procedure. Subcutaneous dissection was carried out from the suprapubic region superiorly to the xiphoid process and laterally to the linea semilunaris. Hernia contents were reduced and defects were incorporated into anterior DR plication, which was performed with running barbed suture. Onlay mesh was placed to cover the entire dissected space, and subcutaneous drains were placed. Three separate attendings performed cases with one supervising attending for standard technique. Of 16 patients, 14 (87.5%) were female. The mean age was 45.7 (11.9) years; mean BMI was 29.0 (3.6) kg/m2. The mean hernia defect size was 1.9 (0.7) cm. Mean operative time was 146 (46.3) minutes; two (15%) cases were performed robotically. The mean follow-up time was approximately two months (63 days). Three (18.8%) patients developed seroma, one (6.3%) patient developed an infected seroma, and two (12.5%) patients developed hernia recurrence. SCOLA technique is shown to be a safe and effective approach for patients presenting with small midline ventral hernias and concomitant DR. Our preliminary US data demonstrates higher rates of post-operative complication in patients with higher BMI, which suggests that patient selection and pre-operative counseling is essential to achieve better technical outcomes in our patient population.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle observed utility factor: Why the observed electrification performance differ from expectations

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an effective vehicle technology to reduce light duty vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and gasoline consumption. They combine all-electric driving capabi...
Cap-independent translation: A shared mechanism for lifespan extension by rapamycin, acarbose, and 17α-estradiol.

We hypothesized that rapamycin (Rapa), acarbose (ACA), which both increase mouse lifespan, and 17α-estradiol, which increases lifespan in males (17aE2) all share common intracellular signaling pathways with long-lived Snell dwarf, PAPPA-KO, and Ghr-/- mice. The long-lived mutant mice exhibit reduction in mTORC1 activity, declines in cap-dependent mRNA translation, and increases in cap-independent translation (CIT). Here, we report that Rapa and ACA prevent age-related declines in CIT target proteins in both sexes, while 17aE2 has the same effect only in males, suggesting increases in CIT. mTORC1 activity showed the reciprocal pattern, with age-related increases blocked by Rapa, ACA, and 17aE2 (in males only). METTL3, required for addition of 6-methyl-adenosine to mRNA and thus a trigger for CIT, also showed an age-dependent increase blunted by Rapa, ACA, and 17aE2 (in males). Diminution of mTORC1 activity and increases in CIT-dependent proteins may represent a shared pathway for both long-lived-mutant mice and drug-induced lifespan extension in mice.
HIV-1 Natural Antisense Transcription and Its Role in Viral Persistence.

Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) represent a class of RNA molecules that are transcribed from the opposite strand of a protein-coding gene, and that have the ability to regulate the expression of their cognate protein-coding gene via multiple mechanisms. NATs have been described in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, as well as in the viruses that infect them. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is no exception, and produces one or more NAT from a promoter within the 3’ long terminal repeat. HIV-1 antisense transcripts have been the focus of several studies spanning over 30 years. However, a complete appreciation of the role that these transcripts play in the virus lifecycle is still lacking. In this review, we cover the current knowledge about HIV-1 NATs, discuss some of the questions that are still open and identify possible areas of future research.
Chemotherapeutic agents as radiation sensitizers.

It is not an exaggeration to state that most of the advances in curing cancer in the last decade have come from successful combinations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents with radiation therapy. Further improvements in therapy will depend on understanding the mechanisms by which chemotherapy improves the effectiveness of radiation in model systems and in patients. In this talk, I will discuss the mechanisms of radiosensitization of the fluoropyrimidines, gemcitabine, and the platinums. The fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine) and gemcitabine increase the effectiveness of radiation chiefly when given before and during radiation. Increased radiation sensitivity occurs in cells that progress inappropriately into early phase S in the presence of drug. In the case of gemcitabine, investigations have focused on the roles of specific DNA repair pathways, such as homologous recombination and mismatch repair, as well as the affect of drug on the apoptotic threshold. The dysregulation of cell cycle check points in cancer cells may provide the molecular basis for selective sensitization of tumors compared to normal tissues. Cisplatin has multiple effects on cells, such as adduct formation and DNA damage repair inhibition, but the mechanism for selectivity against cancer cells compared to normal cells is not yet determined. The identification of the enzymatic targets for these drugs offers the potential to develop predictive assays for response and to develop methods of imaging the progress of therapy. Supported by RO1 CA78554
Symmetrie und Symmetriebrechung

In spite of their growing specialization, modern natural sciences intend to reduce their theories to some fundamental structures: Physics tries to unify the different physical forces in one fundamental force. Chemistry tries to explain the structure of chemical substances by the quantum mechanics of molecules. Biology tries to reduce the processes of life to biochemical and biophysical laws. Mathematically, the unification of natural science can be described by structures of symmetry, the specialization of science, the variety, and emergence of new phenomena by symmetry breaking. In the following, the successes and lacks of the reductionistic program are shown in recent developments of physics, chemistry, and biology. Philosophical discussions on holism, reductionism, and unification of science can be clarified by structures of symmetry and symmetry breaking. Alternative non-reductionistic view-points are not only possible, but desirable for the lacks in the reductionistic program. Nevertheless, the categorical framework of symmetry and symmetry breaking supports interdisciplinary work and gives new insight in a common structure and theory of natural science.
ピレスロイド系殺虫剤, 3-phenoxybenzyl およびα-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dihaloviny1)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate に対する酵素的酸化の種特異性について

trans-および cis-permethrin の酵素的酸化を, マウス, ラット, コイ, ニジマスの肝臓, イエバエ胸腹部のマイクロソームならびに cabbage looper 中腸のマイクロソーム+上清を用いて, NADPH存在下で調べたところ, trans-methyl, cis-methyl ならびに phenoxybenzyl 基の2′,4′,6の位置が水酸化され, 種間に酸化位置の選択性があることが確認された. イエバエのマイクロソームは trans-permethrin の trans-methyl を水酸化し, ゴイと looper の酵素も cis-permethrin の trans-methyl を選択的に水酸化する. permethrin はほぼすべての酵素標品で, アルゴール部分に関しては主として4′の位置で水酸化され, マウスとイエバエでは6の位置も水酸化される. マウスは cis-permethrin の2′の位置も水酸化する. cyano-pyrethroid である trans-ならびに cis-cypermethrin と decamethrin はマウス・マイクロソームにより trans-methyl, cis-methyl およびアルゴー・ル部分の4′と5の位置が水酸化され, permethrin で水酸化される6の位置の代りに5の位置が水酸化されることが特徴である. trans-permethrin の trans-methyl と cis-methyl はさらにアルデヒド, カルボン酸に酸化され, それ等のエステルならびに加水分解物が代謝産物として得られた.
Fare for Empire: Commensal Events in Colonial Bermuda

As host to numerous eighteenth- and nineteenth-century public events, the State House in St. George’s, Bermuda, is an optimal location for the investigation of commensal hospitality in the dynamic socio-political environment of the Atlantic commons. The site served as a stage for the negotiation of social capital; events held at the site were attempts to consolidate and reinforce a loyalist community on Bermuda. Archaeological evidence—in the form of ceramics, drinking vessels, and faunal remains—materialize the elite commensal practices that took place in the civic space. Architectural and archival lines of evidence illustrate the social and political contexts that made these events a necessity for the maintenance of Empire in the early modern Atlantic world.
Stress Responses in Cyanobacteria

Our laboratory is trying to chart some new areas that offer attractive vistas for research in the response to stress in photosynthetic microorganisms. We use oxygenic photosynthetic cyanobacteria as a model system to examine stress responses. A useful approach has been to take a freshwater cyanobacterium suddenly exposed to seawater concentrations of sodium, and ask the question, “What are the steps involved in the adaptation of the organism to grow in high salt?” In a similar way, we have investigated other kinds of stresses, like temperature stress, toxic metal stress (change of the selenium to sulphur ratio), pH stress and photo-oxidative stress (Belkin et al., 1987). The questions that we seek answers to are: if universal mechanisms of response to stress exist, and what are the specific responses that the organisms show when they are exposed to one or another kind of stress? This is obviously a complex problem that involves changes in gene expression, bioenergetic changes and in the case of salt tolerance, of course, osmoregulatory changes (Blumwald et al., 1983a; Blumwald et al., 1983b).
The Deductive-Nomological Model Briefly Revisited

The Deductive-Nomological (DN) model of explanation may be characterized as having three (interrelated) central features. When we explain, we provide material in the light of which what was to be explained turns out to be expected.1 This is achieved by way of a deductive inferential connection between explanans and explanandum. And this connection is provided by subsuming the explanandum under true nonaccidental generalizations. Finally, the structures of explanatory and predictive arguments are taken to be identical. Paraphrasing the classical formulation of Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim, we may define the model by means of the five propositions enumerated below.2
Relative Effects of CMI and Non-CMI Practice Quizzes Upon Subsequent Test Performance

AbstractThe instructional effect of computer-administered practice quizzes was assessed when revisions in a computer-managed instruction program (CMI) began causing operating errors and could no longer be used. Under the CMI conditions, students took practice quizzes on computer terminals and received diagnostic and prescriptive feedback for each response to each item on the quiz. Under subsequent non-CMI conditions, students were given one practice quiz per module in print form along with a scoring key. Results were analyzed by considering both group means and also the number of students who did not pass comprehensive unit exams on their first attempt. All comparisons were significant at or beyond the .05 level. Data related to alternative explanations did not produce statistically significant results.
INDUCIBLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR CITRULLINE IN STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS.

Abstract Bibb, William R. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and W. R. Straughan. Inducible transport system for citrulline in Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 87:815–822. 1964.—With Streptococcus faecalis F24, it was demonstrated: that the citrulline transport mechanism, induced by growth in arginine, follows enzyme kinetics; that cell membranes from induced and noninduced cells differ considerably in their ability to adsorb citrulline; that protoplasts demonstrate a similar selectivity; and that, throughout various alterations of the growth medium and growth conditions, a consistent difference in citrulline uptake between induced and noninduced cells was present. A proposed explanation based on experimental findings is offered.
notes toward a metaphysics of wonder: appreciative reflections on leoni henning’s o pragmatismo em lipman e sua influência na américa latina

"Notes toward a metaphysic of wonder" is the outcome of a "Reciprocal Inquiry" in which Leoni Henning and I participated. In our correspondence, we moved very fast: I thought each of us surprised the other. As a result, I found myself writing about astonishment more elaborately than I'd intended to. Before long I was involved not only with wondering but with awe and bewilderment and amazement, and eager to connect it all with philosophy in Latin America. So these "Notes..." are just a foretaste of what I hope will someday be a more extensive article, but which is only hinted at in the present version. Leoni Maria Padillha Henning’s thoughtful and informative paper, “Pragmatism in Matthew Lipman and its influence in Latin America” is singularly helpful in showing the relevance of Philosophy for Children to Latin-American education. Indeed, the intellectual momentum it generates is a powerful invitation to other educators and scholars to take up the issues where she leaves off. I’d like to take up just one of these issues, one that, on the surface at least, seems to be particularly unpromising. I’m referring to the near-unanimity that exists among scholars with regard to the tradition, descended from Aristotle, that philosophy begins in wonder. My intention is not to attempt to refute this claim, but to show its complicity in defending the traditional non-reflective paradigm of education, which has sturdily resisted the introduction of philosophy into the schools, just as it resists the conversion of the classroom into a community of inquiry. With the proper pedagogy, philosophy can readily be taught to children, and the teaching of philosophy for children can readily be taught to teachers. It is not essential that wonder precede philosophy: it can just as well follow it.
Tibetan pastoralism in neoliberalising China: continuity and change in Gouli

The effects of neoliberal contexts on livestock production have been relatively ignored in geography. This paper contributes to this literature through a case study of continuity and change in pastoralism on the Tibetan Plateau in China. Since use rights to winter pasture were allocated to individual households, herders in Gouli, Qinghai, have developed an extensive, new practice of renting livestock and pasture from each other. Written contracts entail a calculation of potential price of livestock and pasture, as well as a mechanism for the wealthy to offload risk of livestock loss onto the poor. Social relations between family members have become monetised as herders become market actors. At the same time, however, these transactions allow herders to partially maintain flexibility over the opportunistic use of pasture resources that has long been at the basis of pastoralist livelihood strategies. They engage in these practices in order to maintain, rather than give up, their identities as Tibetan pastoralists, which also manifest in the limited spheres in which profit-making and entrepreneurialism are condoned. Thus, pastoralists are adapting to their new circumstances, though in potentially compromising ways. As a form of governance, neoliberal rationality intersects in contingent ways not only with other logics of gover­ nance but also with historically rooted identities and cultural idioms.
Bacillus anthracis tagO Is Required for Vegetative Growth and Secondary Cell Wall Polysaccharide Synthesis.

ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis elaborates a linear secondary cell wall polysaccharide (SCWP) that retains surface (S)-layer and associated proteins via their S-layer homology (SLH) domains. The SCWP is comprised of trisaccharide repeats [→4)-β-ManNAc-(1→4)-β-GlcNAc-(1→6)-α-GlcNAc-(1→] and tethered via acid-labile phosphodiester bonds to peptidoglycan. Earlier work identified UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerases GneY (BAS5048) and GneZ (BAS5117), which act as catalysts of ManNAc synthesis, as well as a polysaccharide deacetylase (BAS5051), as factors contributing to SCWP synthesis. Here, we show that tagO (BAS5050), which encodes a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:undecaprenyl-P N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-P transferase, the enzyme that initiates the synthesis of murein linkage units, is required for B. anthracis SCWP synthesis and S-layer assembly. Similar to gneY-gneZ mutants, B. anthracis strains lacking tagO cannot maintain cell shape or support vegetative growth. In contrast, mutations in BAS5051 do not affect B. anthracis cell shape, vegetative growth, SCWP synthesis, or S-layer assembly. These data suggest that TagO-mediated murein linkage unit assembly supports SCWP synthesis and attachment to the peptidoglycan via acid-labile phosphodiester bonds. Further, B. anthracis variants unable to synthesize SCWP trisaccharide repeats cannot sustain cell shape and vegetative growth. IMPORTANCEBacillus anthracis elaborates an SCWP to support vegetative growth and envelope assembly. Here, we show that some, but not all, SCWP synthesis is dependent on tagO-derived murein linkage units and subsequent attachment of SCWP to peptidoglycan. The data implicate secondary polymer modifications of peptidoglycan and subcellular distributions as a key feature of the cell cycle in Gram-positive bacteria and establish foundations for work on the molecular functions of the SCWP and on inhibitors with antibiotic attributes.
The Future of American History

No one can predict what kinds of history Americans will be writing in the twentyfirst century. It is reasonable to ask, however, what sorts of history Americans are likely to need and what goals might enable the next generation of scholars to address those needs. Should the history of the United States continue to enjoy a high priority? If so, in what form? Must it obstruct the fullest possible development of supranational or world history? How should the national and the supranational levels of history be related? What can be done to connect them? Any response to these questions depends, of course, on value judgments, together with a sense of what is malleable and what may be fixed in the present situation. I take my starting point from a conviction that the nation-state will remain for a long time the strongest political structure in the world. It will also remain the seat of one or more nations, which in much of the world are preeminently encompassing and coercive communities. Nevertheless, in the late twentieth century the state is under siege. In western Europe and North America, the abounding trust it once enjoyed is eroding. Everywhere nations and states are becoming, on the one hand, less capable of dominating the subgroups within their boundaries and, on the other hand, more vulnerable to markets, technologies, and ecological forces that spread wildly across national borders. At the same time new nations are clamoring for self-determination, and old elites are uncertain about how to limit it., To date historians of the United States have done very little to understand these invasive challenges to national identity or to gain some intellectual control over them. The present training of those of us who study American history fails to encourage outreach from local or national experience to transnational patterns. Professors and students alike know that early specialization within American history will bring the best jobs, the easiest teaching, and the quickest advancement. Whatever language or course requirements graduate students must fulfill outside of this central preoccupation are more or less casually chosen and infrequently used in later life.
Confidence in the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements among United States active duty army personnel

United States Army Soldiers regularly use dietary supplements (DS) to promote general health, enhance muscle strength, and increase energy, but limited scientific evidence supports the use of many DS for these benefits. This study investigated factors associated with Soldiers’ confidence in the efficacy and safety of DS, and assessed Soldiers’ knowledge of federal DS regulatory requirements. Between 2006 and 2007, 990 Soldiers were surveyed at 11 Army bases world-wide to assess their confidence in the effectiveness and safety of DS, knowledge of federal DS regulations, demographic characteristics, lifestyle-behaviors and DS use. A majority of Soldiers were at least somewhat confident that DS work as advertised (67%) and thought they are safe to consume (71%). Confidence in both attributes was higher among regular DS users than non-users. Among users, confidence in both attributes was positively associated with rank, self-rated diet quality and fitness level, education, and having never experienced an apparent DS-related adverse event. Fewer than half of Soldiers knew the government does not require manufacturers to demonstrate efficacy, and almost a third incorrectly believed there are effective pre-market federal safety requirements for DS. Despite limited scientific evidence supporting the purported benefits and safety of many popular DS, most Soldiers were confident that DS are effective and safe. The positive associations between confidence and DS use should be considered when developing DS-related interventions or policies. Additionally, education to clarify Soldiers’ misperceptions about federal DS safety and efficacy regulations is warranted.
Prediction of Gurney-Flap Lift Enhancement for Airfoils and Wings

T HE simplicity and utility of Gurney flaps have resulted in a sustained research effort to characterize their behavior. Studies have elucidated effects of their length [1–5], location [6], orientation [6], and shape [7,8]. The impact of a Gurney flap is analogous to a conventional trailing-edge lift-augmentation device, primarily, a shift in the zero-lift angle of attack. This is accomplished through the flap functionally increasing aft camber, and thus, turning of the wake flow. The flap causes a finite pressure difference at the trailing edge (maintained through base suction imposed by a vortex street shed from the flap extents [9]) with final pressure recovery occurring in the wake. Consequently, a Gurney flap does not increase the adversity of the upper-surface pressure-recovery demands placed on the boundary layer. Thus, unlike a conventional trailing-edge flap, the stall angle is generally not reduced. An analytic study by Liu and Montefort [10], using thin-airfoil theory, showed that the lift increment and shift of the zero-lift angle of attack of a Gurney flap are dependent on h∕c . The experimental correlation of this result is well documented [1,2]. In addition to the shift of the zero-lift angle of attack, the Gurney-flap data have also indicated an increase in the lift-curve slope of the lifting element [2–4,11,12]. It has been suggested that the slope increase is due to windward-side boundary-layer thinning with incidence causing an effective increase in flap length [11]. The flap can also attenuate the adversity of the suction-surface pressure recovery, yielding a reduction in displacement thickness and, consequently, viscous decambering of the section with incidence. Because of the continuing interest in Gurney flaps, it would be useful to the community to have a simple relation that can estimate the lift augmentation resulting from theGurney-flap addition suitable for conceptual analysis. In this Note, a semi-empirical equation is presented that allows lift estimates accounting for both the zero-lift angle-of-attack shift and the increase in the lift-curve slope. After presentation of the expression, experimental data are analyzed to establish the required empirical constants. Subsequently, numerous comparisons with sectional and wing data are presented to validate the equation’s utility.
Nucleosome displacement in transcription

Recent reports reinforce the notion that nucleosomes are highly dynamic in response to the process of transcription. Nucleosomes are displaced at promoters during gene activation in a process that involves histone modification, ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes, histone chaperones and perhaps histone variants. During transcription elongation nucleosomes are acetylated and transferred behind RNA polymerase II where they are required to suppress spurious transcription initiation within the body of the gene. It is becoming increasingly clear that the eukaryotic transcriptional machinery is adapted to exploit the presence of nucleosomes in very sophisticated ways.
Differential Approximation to Radiative Transfer in Semitransparent Media

Calcul du transfert radiatif de chaleur dans un milieu semitransparent en utilisant l'approximation differentielle. Comparaison avec les resultats de la solution numerique de l'equation integrale exacte
Cleaning behaviour of the goldsinny (Pisces, Labridae) in Swedish waters

Abstract The goldsinny, Ctenolabrus rupestris , on the Swedish west-coast has been shown to be a facultative cleaner with the ballan wrasse, Labrus berggylta , as the cleanee. Twenty-four cleanings were observed during 1975 to 1981. The cleaning pattern of the symbiosis is described and the low rate of cleaners within the species is discussed.
Picture-naming in aphasia.

Abstract The distribution of picture-naming errors for Broca's aphasics (n = 9), Wernicke's aphasics (n = 9), conduction aphasics (n = 9), frontal anomics (n = 7), and posterior anomics (n = 9) was examined to determine the diagnostic power of error types in picture-naming. Negated responses were associated with Broca's aphasia, whole-part errors (“hose” for nozzle) were associated with frontal anomia, and poor phonemic cuing was associated with Wernicke's aphasia. In addition, the relative distribution of the three most prominent naming errors-phonemic errors, semantic errors, and multiword circumlocutions-tended to distinguish the two anomic subgroups from the other aphasia subgroups. Anomic aphasics produced the fewest phonemic errors and the most multiword circumlocutions; this pattern suggests minimal word-production difficulty in anomic aphasia relative to the other aphasia syndromes. Despite such group differences, the overall picture indicates that there is considerable similarity among aphasia syndromes in terms of picture-naming behavior.
Carbon−Oxygen Bond Formation between a Terminal Alkoxo Ligand and a Coordinated Olefin. Evidence for Olefin Insertion into a Rhodium Alkoxide

Preparation and reactivity of a series of bis(phosphine) rhodium(I) alkoxides stabilized by intramolecular olefin coordination are reported. {Rh(PEt3)2[κ1:η2-OCRR‘(CH2)nCHCH2]} (n = 1, 2) were prep...
Brick and Click Libraries Symposium

Purpose – To share latest presentations and highlight discussion generated at this Annual Brick and Click Symposium.Design methodology/approach – The need for new information technology applications to support new library functions is the focus of this annual symposium, now known as a mature conference.Findings – Current technologies and products remain under utilized. Several presentations demonstrated many creative applications using packages such as ColdFusion and RefPole to name a few to provide newer and more efficient ways to handle statistical compilations, manage information services, contribute to in‐house library needs that measure transactions and more expedient and easy ways to do things.Originality/value – Some very creative thinking and new ideas that have not made the traditional literature are introduced in this forum. Included this year are examples of software to track reference and other staff‐intensive interactions; appropriate technologies to create knowledgebases and institutional re...
Synapse Remodeling, Compliments of the Complement System

A growing body of evidence indicates that some proteins known for their immune functions also have distinct nonimmune functions in the normal uninjured central nervous system. In this issue, Stevens et al. (2007) demonstrate an unexpected requirement for molecules of the complement cascade in the remodeling of synaptic connections in the developing visual system.
Speech and language outcomes of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstract A prospective follow-up of very low birth weight infants (VLBW) with (n=89) and without (n=71) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and Term control children (n=93) was conducted at 8 years of age. Groups were compared on measures of articulation, receptive and expressive language, verbal and performance IQ, oral motor skills and gross and fine motor skills. The BPD group demonstrated reduced articulation, receptive language skills, performance IQ, and overall gross and fine motor skills when compared to VLBW and Term groups. The BPD and VLBW groups did not differ on expressive language, oral motor skills, or verbal IQ. The groups also differed in enrolment in special classes and speech–language therapy, with almost half (48%) of the BPD group enrolled in speech–language therapy compared to 21% of the VLBW group, and 9% of the Term group. These results suggest that BPD may have adverse effects on speech development as well as on performance IQ, motor skills, and receptive language over and above the effects of VLBW. Learning outcomes (1) As a result of this activity the reader will be able to describe what BPD is and how it impacts speech and language. (2) As a result of this activity the reader will be able to discuss how children with VLBW with BPD differ from children with VLBW without BPD in their developmental outcomes.
Molecular Motions in Organic Crystals

Abstract The piezomodulation spectroscopy of molecular crystals is discussed with particular reference to its application to lattice dynamics and its extension to the understanding of the motions of the molecules in crystls through their displacement by the strain. Results arising from the investigation of the proposed triclinic intergrowth phase in anthracene and the triboluminescence of acenaphthene are presented.
Multiple Pathways Linking Racism to Health Outcomes

This commentary discusses advances in the conceptual understanding of racism and selected research findings in the social neurosciences. The traditional stress and coping model holds that racism constitutes a source of aversive experiences that, when perceived by the individual, eventually lead to poor health outcomes. Current evidence points to additional psychophysiological pathways linking facets of racist environments with physiological reactions that contribute to disease. The alternative pathways emphasize prenatal experiences, subcortical emotional neural circuits, conscious and preconscious emotion regulation, perseverative cognitions, and negative affective states stemming from racist cognitive schemata. Recognition of these pathways challenges change agents to use an array of cognitive and self-controlling interventions in mitigating racism's impact. Additionally, it charges policy makers to develop strategies that eliminate deep-seated structural aspects of racism in society.
The Residential Segregation of Mixed-Nativity Married Couples

This article examines the ways in which mixed-nativity marriage is related to spatial assimilation in metropolitan areas of the United States. Specifically, we examine the residential patterns of households with a mixed-nativity—and, in some cases, interracial—marriage to determine whether they are less segregated from the native-born than entirely foreign-born households. Using restricted-use data from the 2000 census, we find that compared with couples in which both spouses are foreign-born, mixed-nativity couples tend to be less segregated from various native-born racial and ethnic groups. Further, among both foreign-born Asians and Hispanics, those with a native-born non-Hispanic white spouse are considerably less segregated from native-born white households than from other foreign-born Asian and Hispanic households. We also find that even though nativity status matters for black couples in a manner consistent with assimilation theory, foreign-born and mixed-nativity black households still each display very high levels of segregation from all other native-born racial/ethnic groups, reaffirming the power of race in determining residential patterns. Overall, our findings provide moderate support for spatial assimilation theory and suggest that cross-nativity marriages often facilitate the residential integration of the foreign-born.
OUTSIDE VOICES: THE DAILY EXPERIENCES OF JAPANESE WITH DISABILITIES IN LATER LIFE

In‐depth, focused interviews were conducted to explore the daily experiences of a sample of older Japanese with disabilities. The respondents indicated that they were living adequately with the support of government, family, friends, and their own ingenuity. Boredom, loneliness, ostracism, and concern for the future were reported, however. The major themes that emerged from the interviews were consistency in daily life, dependency, belongingness, and marginality. The implications for education are discussed.
Developing Multicultural Awareness through Designs Based on Family Cultural Heritage: Application, Impact and Implications

The United States has grown increasingly diverse in its social and cultural composition. Higher education institutions in the USA have actively encouraged multicultural infusion both in curriculum development and campus activities. This article discusses a higher education multicultural design project that was based on students' research and documentation of four generations of personal family history. By understanding aspects of personal heritage, self-awareness of bias and prejudice can be more easily understood thereby offering opportunity for maturity through appreciation and acceptance of others. The impact of the personal history design project on students will be described as well as application of the project in the K—12 environment. Implications for K—12 teachers will also be discussed.
Comparing Location Estimators for Exponential Mixtures Under Pitman's Measure of Closeness

Abstract Carpenter and Hebert [Carpenter, M., Hebert, J. L. (1997). Estimating guaranteed lifetimes of systems in a random environment. Comm. Statistics Theory Methods 26:309–316] consider competing estimators for the minimum and maximum location parameters from joint samples of an exponential mixture. They develop bias-corrected estimators for these extrema and show that the new estimators dominate the maximum likelihood estimators in terms of absolute bias and mean squared error. In this article, we compare these estimators in terms of Pitman's measure of closeness. We present a general result that facilitates the calculation of the Pitman probabilities when the moment-generating function for the mixing distribution is known. We also provide sufficient conditions under which the estimators proposed by Carpenter and Hebert dominate the maximum likelihood estimators in terms of Pitman's measure of closeness, and we provide sufficient conditions under which the bias-corrected estimators are inadmissible in...
How well is productivity being priced

By understanding how productivity shocks affect firm value, an entrepreneur can better compute the risk premium associated with uncertainty in production. This study explores the link between plant-level productivity and firm value for the baking and confectionary sector. From the impulse response analysis, the study finds that there is a lag in the firm’s response to productivity shocks at the plant level. Further, the paper employs Tobin’s Q as a valuation metric that acts as a link between a firm’s manufacturing plant productivity and firm value. Empirical estimations indicate that there is comovement between firm valuation and plant level productivity.
Transformation-optics antenna lens design using complex coordinate transformation

In this paper, we present an effective approach to design antenna lenses for controlling the far-field patterns, which only uses a single electromagnetic source or antenna feed located outside the lens. By employing a complex coordinate transformation, a spatial distribution of gain and/or loss can be introduced into the lens. Consequently, the proposed approach offers an extra degree of freedom that allows for controlling not only the phase distribution of the electromagnetic field inside the lens but also its amplitude distribution. Several full-wave simulated lens examples and corresponding linear antenna array calculations are presented, showing the capability of complex transformation optics for far-field pattern manipulation and near-field amplitude tapering across the lens aperture.