cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the analysis of cooperation and antagonism in networks of communicating processes

We propose a new method for the analysis of cooperative and antagonistic properties of communicating finite state processes (FSPs). This algebraic technique is based on a composition operator and on the notion of possibility equivalence among FSPs. We demonstrate its utility by showing that potential blocking, termination, and lockout can be decided in polynomial time for loosely connected networks of tree FSPs. Potential blocking and termination are examples of cooperative properties, while lockout is an antagonistic one. For loosely connected networks of (the more general) acyclic FSPs, the cooperative properties become NP-complete and the antagonistic ones PSPACE-complete. For tightly coupled networks of tree FSPs, we also have NP-completeness for the cooperative properties. For the harder case of FSPs with cycles, we provide a natural extension of the method.
A Monk's Tale

In his paper, "A Monk's Tale," Sam Hamill recounts his ongoing commitment to using poetry as a form of protest and explains how poetry bridges the personal and the public, weaving together the life of one poet and that of an entire globe. In late January 2003, in response to an invitation to a symposium by Laura Bush to celebrate "Poetry and the American Voice," Hamill declined to participate; a longtime pacifist, he could not in good faith visit the White House following the recent news of George W. Bush's plan for a unilateral "Shock and Awe" attack on Iraq. Instead, he asked about fifty fellow poets to "reconstitute a Poets Against the War movement like the one organized to speak out against the war in Vietnam ... to speak up for the conscience of our country and lend your names to our petition against this war" by submitting poems of protest he would send to the White House. When 1,500 poets responded within four days, he created the website Poets Against War as a means of handling the enormous, unexpected response. Sam Hamill, "A Monk's Tale" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.1 (2007): Thematic Issue, Representing Humanity in an Age of Terror. Ed. Sophia A. McClennen and Henry James Morello
Tests of the money-output relation using disaggregated data

Abstract Either anticipated or unanticipated money affects output in fourteen of twenty U.S. manufacturing industries. In most of these instances, however, Akaike's final prediction error criterion indicates that money enters an industry's output equation with lags of three months or less. For just two industries, tobacco manufacturing and textile mill products, are there clear indications that money is not neutral at extended lags. Each of these industries is concentrated in one or two states suggesting that monetary policy may affect output through a regional credit channel.
Equilibria with Local Governments and Commuting: Income Sorting vs. Income Mixing

Abstract Tiebout's model [Journal of Political Economy 94 (1956) 416–424] of fiscal competition suggests income sorting between jurisdictions while the Alonso [Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964], Mills [Papers and Proceedings of the American Economic Association 57 (1967) 197–210], and Muth [Cities and Housing, 1969] model of the monocentric city suggests income sorting over space. However, strict income sorting is not empirically observed. We add fiscal competition to the spatial model by considering a circular inner city surrounded by a suburb. The fiscal difference between the jurisdictions and the commuting advantage of locations closer to the city center are capitalized into house prices. In addition to the traditional equilibrium with income sorting, there are equilibria with income mixing—both across jurisdictions and across space.
Measurement of resiniferatoxin in cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the quantification of resiniferatoxin (RTX) in canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A reversed-phase C 18 column and acetonitrile in 0.02 M NaH 2 PO 4 as mobile phase provided satisfactory resolution for RTX analysis. Direct HPLC analysis of the CSF samples without sample extraction or preparation improves the accuracy and detection limits of this assay. This assay was applied to measure CSF RTX content to test this method for research and clinical applications related to studies examining its analgesia effects.
Examining the Validity of Cyclothymic Disorder in a Youth Sample: Replication and Extension

DSM-IV-TR defines four subtypes of bipolar disorder (BP): bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder and bipolar not otherwise specified (NOS). However, cyclothymic disorder in children is rarely researched, or often subsumed in an "NOS" category. The present study tests the replicability of findings from an earlier study, and expands on the criterion validity of cyclothymic disorder in youth. Using the Robins and Guze (1970) framework we examined the validity of cyclothymic disorder as a subtype of BP. Using a youth (ages 5-17) outpatient clinical sample (N = 894), participants with cyclothymic disorder (n = 53) were compared to participants with other BP spectrum disorders (n = 399) and to participants with non-bipolar disorders (n = 442). Analyses tested differences in youth with cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified who do, and those who do not, have a parent with BP. Compared to youth with non-bipolar disorders, youth with cyclothymic disorder had higher irritability (p < 0.001), more comorbidity (p < 0.001), greater sleep disturbance (p < 0.005), and were more likely to have a family history of BP (p < 0.001). Cyclothymic disorder was associated with a younger age of onset compared to depression (p < 0.001) and bipolar II (p = 0.05). Parental BP status was not significantly associated with any variables. Results support that cyclothymic disorder belongs on the bipolar spectrum. Epidemiological studies indicate that cyclothymic disorder is not uncommon and involves significant impairment. Failing to differentiate between cyclothymic disorder and bipolar NOS limits our knowledge about a significant proportion of cases of bipolarity.
Sydnones as Masked Hydrazines for Heterocycle Formation: Reactions of 3‐(2‐substituted phenyl)sydnones with HCl

In general, reaction of 3-(2-substituted phenyl)sydnones with HCl gives products derived from cleavage of the sydnone ring to the corresponding hydrazine and subsequent cyclization to the side chain. In one case, 3-(2-aminophenyl)sydnone (43), the product obtained, l-amino-lH-benzimidazole (47), apparently results from nucleophilic interception by the side chain prior to complete cleavage of the sydnone ring.
Quantum Entanglement and Electron Correlation in Molecular Systems

We study the relation between quantum entanglement and electron correlation in quantum chemistry calculations. We prove that the Hartree–Fock (HF) wave function does not violate Bell's inequality, and thus is not entangled, whereas the configuration interaction (CI) wave function is entangled since it violates Bell's inequality. Entanglement is related to electron correlation and might be used as an alternative measure of the electron correlation in quantum chemistry calculations. As an example we show the calculations of entanglement for the H2 molecule and how it correlates with the traditional electron correlation, which is the difference between the exact and the HF energies.
A linear-time scheme for version reconstruction

An efficient scheme to store and reconstruct versions of sequential files is presented. The reconstruction scheme involves building a data structure representing a complete version, and then successively modifying this data structure by applying a sequence of specially formatted differential files to it. Each application of a differential file produces a representation of an intermediate version, with the final data structure representing the requested version.The scheme uses a linked list to represent an intermediate version, instead of a sequential array, as is used traditionally. A new format for differential files specifying changes to this linked list data structure is presented. The specification of each change points directly to where the change is to take place, thereby obviating a search. Algorithms are presented for using such a new format differential file to transform the representation of a version, and for reconstructing a requested version. Algorithms are also presented for generating the new format differential files, both for the case of a forward differential specifying how to transform the representation of an old version to the representation of a new version, and for the case of a reverse differential specifying how to transform the representation of a new version to the representation of an old version.The new version reconstruction scheme takes time linear in the sum of the size of the initial complete version and the sizes of the file differences involved in reconstructing the requested version. In contrast, the classical scheme for reconstructing versions takes time proportional to the sum of the sizes of the sequence of versions involved in the reconstruction, and therefore has a worst-case time that is quadratic in the sum of the size of the initial complete version and the sizes of the file differences. The time cost of the new differential file generation scheme is comparable to the time cost of the classical differential file generation scheme.
Hiding in plain sight – using signals to detect terrorists

This paper studies the interaction between a governmental security agency, as the Transportation Security Agency, or the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and a terrorist organization, like Al Qaeda. The governmental agency wants to stop the terrorists, but first must infer whether a visa applicant or an airline passenger is a terrorist on the basis of some observable signal. The terrorist organization's objective is to get past security to commit murder and mayhem. We derive the equilibrium strategy for this signaling model, and evaluate specific anti-terrorist policies, as the creation of the new Homeland Security Agency and increased airport security screening.
Surface Brightness Profiles of Galactic Globular Clusters from Hubble Space Telescope Images

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) allows us to study the central surface brightness profiles of globular clusters at unprecedented detail. We have mined the HST archives to obtain 38 WFPC2 images of Galactic globular clusters with adequate exposure times and filters, which we use to measure their central structure. We outline a reliable method to obtain surface brightness profiles from integrated light that we test on an extensive set of simulated images. Most clusters have central surface brightness about 0.5 mag brighter than previous measurements made from ground-based data, with the largest differences around 2 mag. Including the uncertainties in the slope estimates, the surface brightness slope distribution is consistent with half of the sample having flat cores and the remaining half showing a gradual decline from 0 to -0.8 [d log Σ/d log r)]. We deproject the surface brightness profiles in a nonparametric way to obtain luminosity density profiles. The distribution of luminosity density logarithmic slopes shows similar features, with half of the sample between -0.4 and -1.8. These results are in contrast to our theoretical bias that the central regions of globular clusters are either isothermal (i.e., flat central profiles) or very steep (i.e., luminosity density slope approximately -1.6) for core-collapse clusters. With only 50% of our sample having central profiles consistent with isothermal cores, King models appear to represent most globular clusters in their cores poorly.
Changes in uroflowmetry maximum flow rates after urethral reconstructive surgery as a means to predict for stricture recurrence

Purpose: A reliable, noninvasive screening method for urethral stricture recurrence after urethroplasty is needed. We hypothesized that changes in flow rates on uroflowmetry relative to preoperative values might help predict stricture recurrence.Materials and Methods: All men who underwent urethral reconstructive surgery from 2000 to 2009 with adequate preoperative and postoperative uroflowmetry studies were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative maximum flow rates were compared. The absolute change in maximum flow rate was compared between patients with and those without recurrence as determined by retrograde urethrogram.Results: A total of 125 patients treated with urethroplasty were included in the study. Mean ± SD preoperative maximum flow rate was 11.8 ± 9.1 ml per second, which did not vary by stricture length (p = 0.11), patient age (p = 0.46) or stricture location (p = 0.58). The change in maximum flow rate in men without recurrence was 19.2 ± 11.7 vs 0.2 ± 6.4 ml per second (p <0.0...
Plane wave limit of local conserved charges

We study the plane wave limit of the Backlund transformations for the classical string in AdS space times a sphere and obtain an explicit expression for the local conserved charges. We show that the Pohlmeyer charges become in the plane wave limit the local integrals of motion of the free massive field. This fixes the coefficients in the expansion of the anomalous dimension as the sum of the Pohlmeyer charges.
Adoption options for laboratory animals.

Adoption programs can be enormously satisfying for all involved-not least the animals themselves- and constitute an important refinement in humane animal care and use. Most of the potential problems associated with adoption can be minimized with careful thought and planning. The authors describe adoption programs at two large academic campuses, noting differences between direct and indirect programs.
THE BINDING OF BILIRUBIN TO AGAR

In animal experiments, variation was found between agar lots in their effect on fecal excretion of bile pigments and on lowering of serum bilirubin levels in the Gunn strain of rat. The binding of bilirubin to agar was studied in vitro to account for the variation. Suspensions of agar powder in bilirubin solutions (isotonic, 37°, pH 7.9) were employed to derive adsorption isotherms. From these, the association constants (Ka) for the binding reaction was about 2×105 for all products. The capacity for binding (n) varied between 25 and 56 moles of bilirubin/50,000 g. of agar. The variation in (n) was related to the calcium and sulfate content of the agar products. The calcium and sulfate content of the agar lots each varied from less than 1 to 11 moles/50,000 g. of agar. Calcium-depleted agar lost its bilirubin binding capacity and regained it upon readdition of calcium. Salicylate, sulfonamide, BSP and HABA dyes, and conjugated bilirubin were not bound by agar. Cellulose, phosphocellulose and DEAE-cellulose did not bind bilirubin as well as agar. Binding of bilirubin to agar decreased as pH, ionic strength, or urea concentration were independently increased. There was an increase in apparent Ka with a rise in temperature. Free energy change was about 2 kcal/mole. A model is proposed in which strands of carbohydrate are cross-linked with ionic calcium disulfate bridges to form relatively apolar interstices between chains and between bridges in which bilirubin is bound possibly by hydrophobic interaction or by hydrogen bonds or both.
Excellence in research: threats from all directions.

E ditor’s Note: On May 4, 2009, Mark Schuster, MD, PhD, received the Academic Pediatric Association 2009 Research Award for career achievement. The chair of the APA’s Research Committee, Benard Dreyer, MD, introduced Dr Schuster. Following are Dr Schuster’s remarks. A slide appeared behind him with the names of his mentors and mentees. This commentary is being published simultaneously in the Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 46, Number 2 (the February 2010 issue).
Some effects of gas stratification on choked nozzle flows.

Difference in properties of constituents of stratified multicomponent ideal gas and effect on nozzle flow
Therapist and patient reactions to life-threatening crises in the therapist's life.

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the transference and the counter-transference factors in both the patient and the therapist arising from the Occurrence of a life-threatening crisis in the life of the therapist. Evaluation of these factors includes a description of the role of hypnosis in the elicitation of repressed feelings of denial and hostility in both members of the therapeutic dyad.
Tandem Dipolar Cycloaddition-Mannich Cyclization as an Approach to Tricyclic Nitrogen Heterocycles.

A series of 2-diazo-N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-hept-6-enoylmalonamides were prepared and treated with a catalytic amount of rhodium(II) perfluorobutyrate. The resultant carbenoids undergo facile cyclization onto the neighboring amide carbonyl oxygen atom to generate isomunchnone-type intermediates. Subsequent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition across the pendant olefin affords intramolecular cycloadducts in high yield. Exposure of these cycloadducts to boron trifluoride etherate results in a Lewis acid-induced ring opening to generate N-acyliminium ions which then undergo Mannich cyclization onto the neighboring π-framework attached to the amide nitrogen atom. The cis stereochemistry of the resulting A/B ring fusion is analogous to similar erythrinane products obtained via a Mondon-enamide-type cyclization. The stereochemical assignment of the final cyclized products was determined by X-ray crystallography. Molecular mechanics calculations show that the ground state energy of the cis-fused diastereomer is ...
Comparison of quantum-mechanical and classical trajectory calculations of cross sections for ion-atom impact ionization of negative and positive ions for heavy-ion fusion applications

Stripping cross sections in nitrogen have been calculated using the classical trajectory approximation and the Born approximation of quantum mechanics for the outer shell electrons of 3.2 GeV I - and Cs + ions. A large difference in cross section, up to a factor of 6, calculated in quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, has been obtained. Because at such high velocities the Born approximation is well validated, the classical trajectory approach fails to correctly predict the stripping cross sections at high energies for electron orbitals with low ionization potential.
Accounting for Racial Differences in Marriage and Employment

What can account for the differences in marriage and employment decisions across blacks and whites? To answer this question, I develop a dynamic, equilibrium model of marriage. Two explanations for the racial differences in behavior are considered: differences in population supplies and wages. Black‐white differences in population supplies explain one‐fifth of the difference in marriage rates and between one‐fifth and one‐third of the differences in employment rates across race. Removing the racial gap in wages eliminates the differences in employment but increases the differences in marriage rates.
Solid state chemistry

Even though non-molecular solids comprise only a small fraction of all known compounds, they have been technologically very important. These materials are the focus of Solid State Science. Once a new compound is synthesized, we have powerful tools of analysis to determine its structure and a host of physical properties and to connect these through increasingly sophisticated theoretical models. With perhaps the exception of high temperature superconductivity, the understanding of physical phenomena in solids is impressive. A similar understanding of the chemistry of solids is still, however, rather elusive in that we are quite unable to predict new crystal structures or the composition of compounds that are more than derivatives of known materials. In spite of this shortcoming, new discoveries through empirical searches and focused inquiries are accelerating. This article gives a short, admittedly biased and certainly incomplete, view of current progress and challenges in Solid State Chemistry and points out promising new developments in experimental and theoretical research.
Quark gluon plasma - Recent advances

While heavy ion collisions at the SPS have produced excited strongly interacting matter near the conditions for quark deconfinement, the RHIC may be the first machine capable of creating quark-antiquark plasmas sufficiently long-lived to allow deep penetration into the new phase. A comprehensive experimental program addressing this exciting physics has been put into place. Presented here are preliminary results from Au+Au at √S = 130 GeV obtained during the first RHIC run and some CERN SPS results from Pb+Pb at √S = 17 GeV (particularly relevant to QGP search).
Refraction of a Gaussian seaway

[1] Refraction of a Longuet-Higgins Gaussian sea by random ocean currents creates persistent local variations (in the form of lumps or streaks) in average energy and wave action distributions. These variations explicitly survive averaging over wavelength and wave propagation direction. The lumps and streaks in average local action mean that the uniform sampling assumed in the venerable Longuet-Higgins theory does not apply. Proper handling of the nonuniform sampling results in greatly increased probability of freak wave formation. The present theory represents a synthesis of Longuet-Higgins Gaussian seas and the refraction model of White and Fornberg, which used a non-Gaussian nonstatistical plane wave incident seaway. Using the linearized equations for deep ocean waves, we obtain quantitative predictions for the increased probability of freak wave formation when the refractive effects are taken into account. The wave height distribution depends primarily on the “freak index,” γ, which measures the strength of refraction relative to the angular spread of the incoming sea. Dramatic effects are obtained in the tail of this distribution even for the modest values of the freak index that are expected to occur commonly in nature. Extensive comparisons are made between the analytical description and numerical simulations.
Understanding the welfare effects of unemployment insurance policy in general equilibrium

Abstract This paper analyzes the welfare effects of unemployment insurance reforms in a general equilibrium incomplete market model. In particular, it decomposes the total welfare effect for each individual into different factors. I consider a model where the consumers face an uninsurable unemployment risk, can save in an interest-bearing asset, and are subject to a borrowing constraint. The labor market is modeled using a Diamond–Mortensen–Pissarides style search and matching model. The decomposition exercises reveal how each factor contributes to the heterogeneity of welfare effects among different consumers.
Development of a Robust Nonlinear Observer for a Single-Link Flexible Manipulator

Accurate measurements of all the state variables of a given system are often not available due to the high cost of sensors, the lack of space to mount the transducers or the hostile environment in which the sensors must be located. The purpose of this study was to design a robust sliding mode observer that is capable of accurately estimating the state variables of the system in the presence of disturbances and model uncertainties. It should be emphasized that the proposed observer design can handle state equations expressed in the general form. The performance of the nonlinear observer is assessed herein by examining its capability of predicting the rigid and flexible motions of a compliant beam that is connected to a revolute joint. The simulation results demonstrate the ability of the observer in accurately estimating the state variables of the system in the presence of structured uncertainties and under different initial conditions between the observer and the plant. Moreover, they illustrate the deterioration in the performance of the observer when subjected to unstructured uncertainties of the system. Furthermore, the nonlinear observer was successfully implemented to provide on-line estimates of the state variables for two model-based controllers. The simulation results show minimal deterioration in the closed-loop response of the system stemming from the usage of estimated rather than exact state variables in the computation of the control signals.
Galactic Populations of Ultracompact Binaries

Recent RXTE and Chandra discoveries of low-mass X-ray binaries with ultrashort orbital periods have initiated theoretical work on the origins of these peculiar systems. Using the StarTrack population synthesis code, we analyze the formation and evolution of X-ray ultracompact binaries (UCBs) in the Galactic field. The relative number of UCBs with a neutron star or a black hole accretor populating our Galaxy is predicted. Our results demonstrate that standard evolutionary scenarios involving primordial binaries can be sufficient to produce the UCBs in the Galactic field without requiring additional processes associated with the dense stellar environments in the cores of globular clusters. In contrast to previous studies, we find that the majority of the immediate progenitors of these systems consist of a hydrogen-exhausted donor with an ONeMg white dwarf. The evolution of these systems leads to the accretion-induced collapse of the white dwarf to a neutron star, which can play an important role in the formation of a majority of Galactic UCBs. We predict that with an increase in the number of X-ray-active UCBs hosting neutron stars by an order of magnitude, a system with a black hole accretor may be found.
The inaccuracy of axillary temperatures measured with an electronic thermometer.

Temperatures were measured using an electronic thermometer in an emergency department to determine the relationship between oral or rectal and axillary measurements. A total of 164 data pairs were obtained--95 in afebrile children, and 69 in febrile children. The correlation coefficient was .74 for oral-axillary pairs, and .70 for rectal-axillary pairs. The mean difference between oral and axillary temperatures was 1.17 degrees C +/- 0.72 degrees C, and between rectal and axillary temperatures was 1.81 degrees C +/- 0.97 degrees C. Using 37.4 degrees C (greater than or equal to 2 SDs) axillary as the upper limit of normal, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for detecting a fever. The sensitivity was 46%; specificity, 99%; positive predictive value, 97%; and negative predictive value, 72% for combined oral-axillary and rectal-axillary data. It was concluded that axillary temperatures are not sensitive enough to determine a fever when measured with an electronic thermometer. Electronic thermometers should be used to determine oral or rectal temperatures; axillary temperatures may be misleading and should be abandoned in the outpatient setting.
Trends in regionalization of adrenalectomy to higher volume surgical centers.

Purpose: Although centralization of surgical procedures to high volume centers has been described previously, patterns of care for adrenal surgery are largely unknown. We determined the extent of regionalization of care for adrenal surgery and the extent to which this centralization has evolved with time.Materials and Methods: Using 1996 to 2009 hospital discharge data from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania we identified all patients 18 years old or older treated with adrenalectomy. Hospital volume quintiles were created using 1996 hospital volumes. These cutoffs were then applied to subsequent years. Outcome variables were examined by hospital volume status with time using logistic regression models.Results: A total of 8,381 patients underwent adrenalectomy from 1996 to 2009 with a significant 17% to 42% shift toward regionalization to very high volume hospitals, defined as 15 or greater procedures per year (p <0.001). For each successive year the odds of having surgery performed at a very low volume...
Blood pressure responses to catecholamines during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol in hypertensive subjects.

In 14 patients with essential hypertension, the responses of the heart rate and blood pressure to infusion of norepinephrine and epinephrine separately while off (control period) or on therapy with β-adrenergic receptor blockade was examined. By titrating dosage against the response of blood pressure and pulse rate, propranolol hydrochloride was administered orally at 160 mg/day in four divided doses. There was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and in pulse rate during propranolol therapy, whereas diastolic blood pressure decreased but not significantly so. Normal blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or less) was attained only in five patients. The infusion of epinephrine and then norepinephrine produced a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic Mood pressure during propranolol therapy, but the magnitude of the rise was significantly greater than that attained in the control period only during epinephrine infusion. We conclude that the transient hypertensive episodes which have been observed during office visits in some hypertensive patients treated with propranolol are due mainly to release of epinephrine.
Welcoming Our Robot Overlords: Initial Expectations About Interaction With a Robot

Because robots and other electronic agents perform increasingly social functions, people will soon face the possibility of more frequent human–robot interactions. But what kinds of expectations do people bring with them into these potential interactions? Based on the possibility of a human-to-human interaction script, the current research hypothesized that people will be more uncertain about, anticipate less social attraction to, and expect less social presence when they expect to interact with a robot as opposed to another human. An experiment was designed in which people were told they would interact with either a robot or another person, and each of these three expectations was measured. The data were consistent with each of three hypotheses. These findings are discussed, as are avenues for future research.
Formation of 3-Methylfuran from the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with isoprene and the rate constant for its reaction with the OH radical

3-Methylfuran has been identified as a product of the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with isoprene, and under simulated atmospheric conditions a formation yield of 0.044 ± 0.006 was determined. In an analogous manner, the OH radical reaction with 1,3-butadiene formed furan with a yield of 0.039 ± 0.011. Using a relative rate method, a rate constant for the reaction of the OH radical with 3-methylfuran of 9.35 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (with an estimated overall uncertainty of ±20%) at 296 ± 2 K was also determined. These data show that 3-methylfuran is a reactive compound which will be present in the troposphere at concentrations ⩽5% of those of its isoprene precursor.
A short proof of nonhomogeneity of the pseudo-circle

The pseudo-circle is known to be nonhomogeneous. The original proofs of this fact were discovered independently by L. Fearnley and J. T. Rogers, Jr. The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative, very short proof based on a result of D. Bellamy and W. Lewis.
HOLOMORPHIC MORSE INEQUALITIES AND SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION

Abstract We introduce Morse-type inequalities for a holomorphic circle action on a holomorphic vector bundle over a compact Kahler manifold. Our inequalities produce bounds on the multiplicities of weights occurring in the twisted Dolbeault cohomology in terms of the data of the fixed points and of the symplectic reduction. This result generalizes both the Wu–Zhang extension of Witten’s holomorphic Morse inequalities and the Tian–Zhang Morse-type inequalities for symplectic reduction. As an application we get a new proof of the Tian–Zhang relative index theorem for symplectic quotients.
Combustion of micron-sized particles of titanium and zirconium

Abstract Particles of titanium and zirconium in the size range of 2–25 μm are ignited while passing through a CO2 laser beam and their combustion is monitored optically. Prior to ignition, particles pass through a low-power auxiliary laser beam so that the diameter of each ignited particle is measured in situ based on the amplitude of the scattered light pulse. The particles of both Ti and Zr are observed to exhibit micro explosions, similar to those observed for larger size particles of these metals. Particle emission traces are recorded, and a data processing routine is established for discounting emission signals produced by unignited particles and particles partially combusted within the CO2 laser beam. Burn times and combustion temperatures are measured and compared to earlier measurements for coarser particles of the same metals. For both metals, average combustion temperatures implied by the emission spectra are very close to their respective adiabatic flame temperatures. For both metals, for the particle size range considered, particle combustion temperatures do not depend on the particle size. The particle burn times were found to be only weak functions of the particle size; burn times for Zr are shorter and temperatures are higher compared to the similarly sized Ti particles.
From Mott insulator to overdoped superconductor: evolution of the electronic structure of cuprates studied by ARPES

Abstract We review our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) results on different layered oxide superconductors, and on their insulating parent compounds. The low energy excitations are discussed with emphasis on some of the most recent issues, such as the Fermi surface and remnant Fermi surface, the pseudogap and d-wave-like dispersion, and lastly the signatures in the ARPES spectra of multiple electronic components, many body effects, and the superfluid density. We will focus on systematic changes in the electronic structure which may be relevant to the development of a comprehensive picture for the evolution from Mott insulators to overdoped superconductors.
Enhanced surface-plasmon resonance absorption in metal-dielectric-metal layered microspheres

We present a theoretical study of the dispersion relation of surface-plasmon resonances of mesoscopic metal-dielectric-metal microspheres. By analyzing the solutions to Maxwell's equations, we obtain a simple geometric condition for which the system exhibits a band of surface-plasmon modes whose resonant frequencies are weakly dependent on the multipole number. Using a modified Mie calculation, we find that a large number of modes belonging to this flat-dispersion band can be excited simultaneously by a plane wave, thus enhancing the absorption cross section. We demonstrate that the enhanced absorption peak of the sphere is geometrically tunable over the entire visible range.
Duality of (0,2) string vacua

Abstract We discuss a duality of (0,2) heterotic string vacua which implies that certain pairs of (0,2) Calabi-Yau compactifications on topologically distinct target manifolds yield identical string theories. Some complex structure moduli in one model are interpreted in the dual model as deforming the holomorphic structure of the vacuum gauge bundle (and vice versa). A better understanding of singularity resolution for (0,2) models may reveal that this duality of compactifications on singular spaces is part of a larger story, involving smooth topology-changing processes which interpolate between the (0,2) models on the resolved spaces.
The pulsar wind nebula of the geminga pulsar

The superb spatial resolution of Chandra has allowed us to detect a 20'' long tail behind the Geminga pulsar, with a hard spectrum (photon index Γ = 1.0 ± 0.2) and a luminosity of (1.3 ± 0.2) × 1029 ergs s-1 in the 0.5-8 keV band, for an assumed distance of 200 pc. The tail could be either a pulsar jet, confined by a toroidal magnetic field of ~100 μG, or it could be associated with the shocked relativistic wind behind the supersonically moving pulsar confined by the ram pressure of the oncoming interstellar medium. We also detected an arclike structure 5''-7'' ahead of the pulsar, extended perpendicular to the tail, with a factor of 3 lower luminosity. We see a 3 σ enhancement in the Chandra image apparently connecting the arc with the southern outer tail that has been possibly detected with XMM-Newton. The observed structures imply that the Geminga's pulsar wind is intrinsically anisotropic.
Learning across the life cycle: Experimentation and performance among the hollywood studio heads

Guided by notions from the literature on organizational learning, this paper investigates how product line experimentation and organizational performance change across the careers of top managers. Its subjects are the studio heads who ran all the major Hollywood film studios from 1936 to 1965. The study found first, that product line experimentation declines over the course of executive tenures; second, that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between top executive tenure and an organization's financial performance; and third, that product line experimentation is more likely to benefit financial performance late in top executives' tenures. These findings are consistent with a three-stage ‘executive life cycle’. During the early years of their tenures, top managers experiment intensively with their product lines to learn about their business; later on their accumulated knowledge allows them to reduce experimentation and increase performance; finally, in their last years, executives reduce experimentation still further, and performance declines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation Risk-Adjusted Sharpe Ratio and Fund Performance Ranking under a General Return Distribution

We study the sample estimation risk of the traditional Sharpe ratio without the restrictive assumption of normality for return series. We derive analytical results for the approximate bias and variance of the sample Sharpe ratio in terms of the underlying distribution parameters. The results clarify several misinterpretations existing in the literature. A Monte Carlo study shows that our bias and variance formulae approximate the true moments of the sample Sharpe ratio remarkably well. We propose using the analytical results to design an estimation risk-adjusted Sharpe ratio. An empirical study of mutual fund performance shows that using the adjusted Sharpe ratio gives a quite different performance ranking of those traditionally top-ranked funds. Copyright The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org., Oxford University Press.
Parturients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and regional anesthesia. Clinical and immunologic response.

Background It is estimated that 1.5 million Americans are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and the consequences of HIV infection are a leading cause of death in women aged 15–44 yr. Thus, HIV-1 disease, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, occurs with increasing frequency in the parturient, and there is little information concerning the risks of regional anesthesia. Fear of spreading infection to the central nervous system or adverse neurologic sequelae have led some clinicians to advise against regional anesthesia. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate the possible problems or risks associated with regional anesthesia in parturients infected with HIV-1 and to determine whether anesthesia affected the clinical course of the disease. Methods The clinical course and immunologic function of 30 parturients infected with HIV-1 were evaluated prospectively. Extensive medical and laboratory evaluation before delivery and 4–6 months postpartum was undertaken. Medical problems related to HIV-1 disease and use of antiviral drugs also were monitored. The anesthetic management was dictated by the clinical situation and the patient's wishes with careful postpartum follow-up to evaluate possible neurologic changes or infection. Results Regional anesthesia was administered in 18 parturients, and 12 received small doses of opioids or no analgesia. There were no changes in the immunologic parameters studied (CD4 sup + p24, beta sub 2 microglobulins), and HIV-1 disease remained stable in the peripartum period. There were no infections, complications, or neurologic changes in the peripartum period. Sixty-eight percent of the infants were HIV-l-negative and, in 21% of infants, the HIV-1 status was indeterminate (probably negative). Conclusions This prospective study of parturients infected with HIV-1 demonstrated that regional anesthesia can be performed without adverse sequelae. There were no neurologic or infectious complications related to the obstetric or anesthetic course. The immune function of the parturient was stable in the peripartum period. Although the number of patients studied was small, with careful medical evaluation, regional anesthesia is an acceptable choice in the parturient infected with HIV-1.
Nickel-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions of unactivated tertiary alkyl halides: Suzuki arylations.

The first Suzuki cross-couplings of unactivated tertiary alkyl electrophiles are described. The method employs a readily accessible catalyst (NiBr2·diglyme/4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine, both commercially available) and represents the initial example of the use of a group 10 catalyst to cross-couple unactivated tertiary electrophiles to form C–C bonds. This approach to the synthesis of all-carbon quaternary carbon centers does not suffer from isomerization of the alkyl group, in contrast with the umpolung strategy for this bond construction (cross-coupling of a tertiary alkylmetal with an aryl electrophile). Preliminary mechanistic studies are consistent with the generation of a radical intermediate along the reaction pathway.
The dynamics of satellite disruption in cold dark matter haloes

We investigate the physical mechanisms of tidal heating and satellite disruption in cold dark matter host haloes using N-body simulations based on cosmological initial conditions. We show the importance of resonant shocks and resonant torques with the host halo to satellite heating. A resonant shock (torque) couples the radial (tangential) motion of a satellite in its orbit to its phase space. For a satellite on a circular orbit, an inner Lindblad resonance (ILR)-like resonance dominates the heating and this heating results in continuous satellite mass loss. We estimate the requirements for simulations to achieve these dynamics using perturbation theory. Both resonant shocks and resonant torques affect satellites on eccentric orbits. We demonstrate that satellite mass loss is an outside-in process in energy space; a satellite's stars and gas are thus protected by their own halo against tidal stripping. We simulate the evolution of a halo similar to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) in our Galactic dark matter halo and conclude that the LMC stars have not yet been stripped. Finally, we present a simple algorithm for estimating the evolution of satellite mass that includes both shock heating and resonant torques.
Comparison of snow mass estimates from a prototype passive microwave snow algorithm, a revised algorithm and a snow depth climatology

Abstract While it is recognized that no single snow algorithm is capable of producing accurate global estimates of snow depth, for research purposes it is useful to test an algorithrn's performance in different climatic areas in order to see how it responds to a variety of snow conditions. This study is one of the first to develop separate passive microwave snow algorithms for North America and Eurasia by including parameters that consider the effects of variations in forest cover and crystal size on microwave brightness temperature. A new algorithm (GSFC 1996) is compared to a prototype algorithm (Chang et al., 1987) and to a snow depth climatology (SDC), which for this study is considered to be a standard reference or baseline. It is shown that the GSFC 1996 algorithm compares much more favorably to the SDC than does the Chang et al. (1987) algorithm. For example, in North America in February there is a 15% difference between the GSFC 1996 algorithm and the SDC, but with the Chang et al. (1987) algorithm the difference is greater than 50%. In Eurasia, also in February, there is only a 1.3% difference between the GSFC 1996 algorith-rn and the SDC, whereas with the Chang et al. (1987) algorithm the difference is about 20%. As expected, differences tend to be less when the snow cover extent is greater, particularly for Eurasia. The GSFC 1996 algorithln performs better in North America in each month than does the Chang et al. (1987) algorithm. This is also the case in Eurasia, except in April and May when the Chang et al. (1987)algorithm is in closer accord to the SDC than is the GSFC 1996 algorithm.
A meta-analysis of Supplemental Educational Services (SES) provider effects on student achievement

The 2001 renewal of the United States' Title I program instituted the Supplemental Educational Services (SES) program, through which students attending schools that fail to make adequate yearly progress (AYP) for 3 consecutive years are offered tutoring in core subjects. Although some SES evaluations have measured provider effects on student achievement, there has been no comprehensive synthesis of SES effects and there is no systematic information relating provider characteristics to variations in student achievement effects. This study synthesized provider effects reported in the extant body of SES provider evaluations to generate an estimate of the overall effectiveness of the SES policy and to identify provider characteristics that are associated with variation in student achievement effects.
The Lincoln Reckoner: an operation-oriented, on-line facility with distributed control

The Lincoln Reckoner is a time-shared system for on-line use in scientific and engineering research. It looks forward to the day when a computational service can be put into the office of every serious research worker, and it was designed as an experiment to find out what features of such a service will have an important effect on the amount of work the user gets done.
3D-3D tubular organs registration based on bifurcations for the CT images

The registration of tubular organs (pulmonary tracheobronchial tree or vasculature) of 3D medical images is critical in various clinical applications such as surgical planning and radiotherapy. In this paper, we present a novel method for tubular organs registration based on the automatically detected bifurcation points of the tubular organs. We first perform a 3D tubular organ segmentation method to extract the centerlines of tubular organs and radius estimation in both planning and respiration-correlated CT (RCCT) images. This segmentation method automatically detects the bifurcation points by applying Adaboost algorithm with specially designed filters. We then apply a rigid registration method which minimizes the least square error of the corresponding bifurcation points between the planning CT images and the respiration-correlated CT images. Our method has over 96% success rate for detecting bifurcation points.We present very promising results of our method applied to the registration of the planning and respiration-correlated CT images. On average, the mean distance and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the corresponding bifurcation points between the respiration-correlated images and the registered planning images are less than 2.7 mm.
The geographical imperatives of the balance of power in 3-country systems

This paper extends a cooperative game-theoretic model of the balance of power in anarchic international systems to include consideration of the asymmetry which geography occasions in the offensive and defensive capabilities of countries. The two substantive ideas which concern us are a formalization of the notion of a ''balancer'' and that of a ''central power''. What we show is that in stable systems, only specific countries (such as Britain in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries) can play the role of balancer, and that the strategic imperatives of a central country (e.g. Germany in the period 1871-1945) differ in important ways from those of ''peripheral'' countries.