cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crossing the Pond: The Native American Effort in World War II

A non-fiction book about Native Americans serving in the military during World War II, as well as Native American efforts on the home-front. The book also chronicles attempts by Nazi propagandists to exploit Native Americans for the Third Reich, and the postwar experiences of Native Americans. Includes photographs of Native American civilians and military personnel. Index starts on page 219.
Detecting change in advance tree regeneration using forest inventory data: the implications of type II error

Achieving adequate and desirable forest regeneration is necessary for maintaining native tree species and forest composition. Advance tree seedling and sapling regeneration is the basis of the next stand and serves as an indicator of future composition. The Pennsylvania Regeneration Study was implemented statewide to monitor regeneration on a subset of Forest Inventory and Analysis plots measured by the U.S. Forest Service. As management techniques are implemented to improve advance regeneration, assessments of the change in the forest resource are needed. When the primary focus is on detecting change, hypothesis tests should have small type II (β) error rates. However, most analyses are based on minimizing type I (α) error rates and type II error rates can be quite large. When type II error rates are high, actual improvements in regeneration can remain undetected and the methods that brought these improvements may be deemed ineffective. The difficulty in detecting significant change in advance regeneration when small type I error rates are given priority is illustrated. For statewide assessments, power (1-β) to detect changes in proportion of area having adequate advance regeneration is relatively weak (≤0.5) when the change is smaller than 0.05. For evaluations conducted at smaller spatial scales, such as wildlife management units, the reduced sample size results in only marginal power even when relatively large changes (≥0.20) in area proportion occur. For fixed sample sizes, analysts can consider accepting larger type I error rates to increase the probability of detecting change (smaller type II error rates) when it occurs, such that management methods that positively affect regeneration can be identified.
Polyurethane vascular prostheses decreases neointimal formation compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene

Abstract Purpose: Synthetic grafts have been increasingly used for complex vascular reconstructions in patients with limited autologous vein availability. Materials currently in use induce increased stenosis and graft thrombosis compared with autologous vein, especially in smaller vessels. We examined whether grafts constructed of a porous biodegradation-resistant polycarbonate polyurethane (PU) exert better biocompatibility in terms of faster endothelialization and decreased chronic proliferation of intimal cells compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). Methods: PU or ePTFE interposition grafts were implanted into the abdominal aortas of male Sprague-Dawley rats (PU, n=37; ePTFE, n=32). Grafts were removed at days 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 and 6 months and were evaluated by immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and morphometric techniques. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected at 1 and 24 hours before death to determine cellular proliferation. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were identified with antibodies to von Willebrand factor and α-actin, respectively. Results: The luminal surface of PU grafts took 4 weeks to completely endothelialize, whereas ePTFE grafts took 24 weeks ( P P p P Conclusion: Polycarbonate polyurethane small vascular prostheses promoted faster luminal endothelialization, induced less chronic intimal proliferation, and produced a significantly thinner neointima than ePTFE grafts. These findings suggest that aliphatic-polycarbonate urethanes may offer advantages over standard materials such as ePTFE for vascular graft construction. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:168-76)
Spontaneous Pneumothorax - Management By Tube Thoracostomy and Suction

Management of 65 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax by tube thoracostomy with low suction is reported. Open thoracotomy was necessary in only six. Conservative management is urged as it has yielded good results with minimal loss of time and disability.
A Self-Balancing Microwave Power Measuring Bridge

The basic techniques of microwave power measurement are discussed, together with principles of self-balancing bridges for that application. A method of measuring the power change by means of a nonlinear "slave" bridge is presented. Temperature compensation problems are discussed as applied to the meter under consideration. The complete power meter is considered along with operating procedure.
The Radicals in Cigarette Tar: Their Nature and Suggested Physiological Implications

The paramagnetism of cigarette tar is found to be associated with at least four different types of species. One of the types is responsible for over 80 percent of the total paramagnetism and has a signal intensity that is independent of temperature from 60 to 250 K. This non-Curie-Weiss temperature dependence indicates that the principal paramagnetic species in tar is not an organic monoradical (doublet) species but instead is a donor-acceptor excimer with a paramagnetic excited state and a diamagnetic ground state. Modeling experiments suggest that the excimer consists of quinone (Q) and hydroquinone (QH2) molecules held in a tar matrix. Since such Q-QH2 species are catalysts for the oxidation of hydrocarbons and are very active redox systems, this paramagnetic species may be implicated in the cocarcinogenic properties of tar. Alternatively, since semiquinone radicals are known to bind to DNA, the tar paramagnetic species may be directly involved in the carcinogenic properties of tar.
External cavity mid-infrared semiconductor lasers

GaSb-based and InAs-based semiconductor gain media with band-edge wavelengths between 3.3 to 4 micrometers were used in grating-tuned external cavity configuration. Output wavelength was tuned up to approximately 9.5% of the center wavelength; and power from few tens of mW to 0.2-W peak, 20- mW average was achieved at 80 K operation. The tuning range is approximately 2 - 3 times wider than those of near-IR semiconductor lasers, as expected for mid-IR semiconductors which have smaller electron masses. The external cavity laser had a multimode linewidth of 1 - 2 nm, which was approximately 10 to 20 times narrower than that of a free running laser. Analysis of the gain/loss spectral properties indicates that the tuning range is still severely limited by facet anti-reflection coating and non-optimal wafer structure. Model calculation indicates a tuning range a few times larger is possible with more optimal wafer design.
Diastolic Heart Failure in Women: Expanding Knowledge About Self-Care Practices

Heart disease is the leading killer of U.S. women, and one type of heart disease that affects a large majority of women is diastolic heart failure (DHF), a chronic, progressive condition that contributes to morbidity and mortality and affects women's quality of life as they age. Women's health nurses are at the forefront of assessment, detection, treatment, education and advocacy for women with DHF. This column takes a second look at two studies in which researchers evaluated the effects of exercise on total sleep time, depression and quality of life of women with DHF, as well as the gender and multicultural differences of individuals diagnosed with heart failure.
Telling about the analyst's pregnancy

Pregnancy is one of several events in the life of an analyst which may affect an analysis, calling for special technical considerations. For the analyst, this exception to the tenet of anonymity, along with countertransference guilt, narcissistic preoccupation, heightened infantile conflicts, and intense patient responses, may stimulate anxiety that becomes focused on the timing and manner of informing the patient. For the patient, preoccupation with the timing of the telling may serve as a displacement from other meanings of the pregnancy. Candidate analysts may face particular difficulties managing the impact of their pregnancies on control cases. We address practical and technical considerations in telling, the transference and counter-transference surrounding it, ethical concerns, and the challenges of supervising a pregnant candidate.
Neonatal resuscitation guidelines for ILCOR and NRP: evaluating the evidence and developing a consensus.

Neonatal resuscitation guidelines for ILCOR and NRP: evaluating the evidence and developing a consensus
Diphthamide biosynthesis requires an organic radical generated by an iron–sulphur enzyme

Archaeal and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 contain a unique post-translationally modified histidine residue called diphthamide, which is the target of diphtheria toxin. The biosynthesis of diphthamide was proposed to involve three steps, with the first being the formation of a C–C bond between the histidine residue and the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). However, further details of the biosynthesis remain unknown. Here we present structural and biochemical evidence showing that the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis in the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii uses a novel iron–sulphur-cluster enzyme, Dph2. Dph2 is a homodimer and each of its monomers can bind a [4Fe–4S] cluster. Biochemical data suggest that unlike the enzymes in the radical SAM superfamily, Dph2 does not form the canonical 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. Instead, it breaks the Cγ,Met–S bond of SAM and generates a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl radical. Our results suggest that P. horikoshii Dph2 represents a previously unknown, SAM-dependent, [4Fe–4S]-containing enzyme that catalyses unprecedented chemistry. Diphthamide, the target of diphtheria toxin, is a post-translationally modified histidine residue in archaeal and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (EF2). It has been studied for more than three decades, but some aspects of its mechanism of biosynthesis remain elusive. The process is thought to involve three steps, the first being the formation of a C–C bond between the histidine residue and the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). A study of the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii now shows that in this organism at least, the first step in diphthamide biosynthesis requires an unusual iron–sulphur cluster enzyme, Dph2. Biochemical data suggest that — in contrast to the mechanism in other radical SAM enzymes — Dph2 breaks the CγMet–S bond of the SAM cofactor. The enzyme then transfers the 3-amino-3-carboxylpropyl group to EF2, possibly via a radical mechanism. Translation elongation factor 2 (EF2) from archaea and eukaryotes contains a unique, post-translationally modified histidine residue called diphthamide, which is the target of diphtheria toxin. The biosynthesis of diphthamide involves three steps; here it is shown that the first step in the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii requires an unusual iron–sulphur-cluster enzyme, Dph2. It catalyses unprecedented chemistry.
Modulation of aggressive behavior in fish by alcohol and congeners.

Studies of alcohol and congener effects on the aggressive behavior of fish have been reviewed. It is clear that alcohol has both depressing effects at very low and very high doses and a facilitating effect at moderate doses. Congener effects as they are present in bourbon and in rum appear to have aggression-inhibiting effects. A study of the most prevalent congener in rum and some bourbons, acetaldehyde, demonstrated that it is psycho-active and has a depressing effect on aggressive behavior at doses that do not cause locomotor decrements.
Multiple doublesex-related genes specify critical cell fates in a C. elegans male neural circuit.

Background In most animal species, males and females exhibit differences in behavior and morphology that relate to their respective roles in reproduction. DM (Doublesex/MAB-3) domain transcription factors are phylogenetically conserved regulators of sexual development. They are thought to establish sexual traits by sex-specifically modifying the activity of general developmental programs. However, there are few examples where the details of these interactions are known, particularly in the nervous system. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we show that two C. elegans DM domain genes, dmd-3 and mab-23, regulate sensory and muscle cell development in a male neural circuit required for mating. Using genetic approaches, we show that in the circuit sensory neurons, dmd-3 and mab-23 establish the correct pattern of dopaminergic (DA) and cholinergic (ACh) fate. We find that the ETS-domain transcription factor gene ast-1, a non-sex-specific, phylogenetically conserved activator of dopamine biosynthesis gene transcription, is broadly expressed in the circuit sensory neuron population. However, dmd-3 and mab-23 repress its activity in most cells, promoting ACh fate instead. A subset of neurons, preferentially exposed to a TGF-beta ligand, escape this repression because signal transduction pathway activity in these cells blocks dmd-3/mab-23 function, allowing DA fate to be established. Through optogenetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that the sensory and muscle cell characteristics controlled by dmd-3 and mab-23 are crucial for circuit function. Conclusions/Significance In the C. elegans male, DM domain genes dmd-3 and mab-23 regulate expression of cell sub-type characteristics that are critical for mating success. In particular, these factors limit the number of DA neurons in the male nervous system by sex-specifically regulating a phylogenetically conserved dopamine biosynthesis gene transcription factor. Homologous interactions between vertebrate counterparts could regulate sex differences in neuron sub-type populations in the brain.
From Sunspot Area to Solar Variability: A Linear Transformation

The relationship between sunspot area and other observable solar parameters, such as spectral solar irradiance or total magnetic flux, is frequently sought by examining scatterplots of daily data, which generally show a non-linear distribution of points. We show that the scatterplots are consistent with our published result that these observable solar parameters are related to sunspot area by a transformation that is both linear and time invariant, namely by convolution with a finite impulse response function. Most solar parameters are affected by extended active regions, not just by sunspots. The fact that a complex active region evolves much more slowly than its associated sunspots provides a simple physical explanation of the observed non-linearities in scatterplots.
Achieving incremental semantic interpretation through contextual representation

Abstract While much work has been done investigating the role of context in the incremental processing of syntactic indeterminacies, relatively little is known about online semantic interpretation. The experiments in this article made use of the eye-tracking paradigm with spoken language and visual contexts in order to examine how, and when listeners make use of contextually-defined contrast in interpreting simple prenominal adjectives. Experiment 1 focused on intersective adjectives. Experiment 1A provided further evidence that intersective adjectives are processed incrementally. Experiment 1B compared response times to follow instructions such as `Pick up the blue comb' under conditions where there were two blue objects (e.g. a blue pen and a blue comb), but only one of these objects had a contrasting member in the display. Responses were faster to objects with a contrasting member, establishing that the listeners initially assume a contrastive interpretation for intersective adjectives. Experiments 2 and 3 focused on vague scalar adjectives examining the time course with which listeners establish contrast for scalar adjectives such as tall using information provided by the head noun (e.g. glass) and information provided by the visual context. Use of head-based information was examined by manipulating the typicality of the target object (e.g. whether it was a good or poor example of a tall glass. Use of context-dependent contrast was examined by either having only a single glass in the display (the no contrast condition) or a contrasting object (e.g. a smaller glass). The pattern of results indicated that listeners interpreted the scalar adjective incrementally taking into account context-specific contrast prior to encountering the head. Moreover, the presence of a contrasting object, sharply reduced, and in some conditions completely eliminated, typicality effects. The results suggest a language processing system in which semantic interpretation, as well as syntactic processing, is conducted incrementally, with early integration of contextual information.
Star-Operations that Distribute Over Finite Intersections

ABSTRACT Let D be an integral domain with quotient field K and ⋆ a star-operation on D. Then ⋆ distributes over (finite) intersections if ∩ = (∩A α)⋆ for any (finite) collection {A α} of nonzero fractional ideals of D with ∩A α ≠ 0. This paper investigates star-operations that distribute over (finite) intersections. We also study the function defined on the set of nonzero fractional ideals of D given by A → A &#x1d4ae; = {x ∈ K | xI ⊆ A for some I ∈ &#x1d4ae;} where &#x1d4ae; is a multiplicatively closed set of ideals of D.
Cholangiocyte cilia are abnormal in syndromic and non-syndromic biliary atresia.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal disorder characterized by aggressive fibroinflammatory obliteration of the biliary tract. Approximately 20 percent of BA patients demonstrate left–right laterality defects (syndromic BA). Cilia participate in important physiological functions in cholangiocytes, and as some ciliopathies have been associated with both laterality defects and hepatic fibrosis, we hypothesized that patients with syndromic BA exhibit abnormalities of cholangiocyte cilia that disrupt cholangiocyte homeostasis. Nine BA specimens were studied, including pre-Kasai diagnostic biopsies (n=7) and liver explants (n=2). Five specimens were from patients with laterality defects. These were compared with normal pediatric livers, as well as livers affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis, Wilson's disease, and cardiac cirrhosis. Biopsy sections were stained with antibodies against keratin 19 (a cholangiocyte marker) and acetylated α-tubulin (a cilia marker) and were visualized by confocal microscopy. Computer-assisted relative quantification was used to compare staining of cilia within bile ducts among samples. Surprisingly, cilia in BA specimens were significantly shorter, abnormal in their orientation, and less abundant compared with normal liver and disease controls regardless of the presence of a laterality defect. There are significant abnormalities of cholangiocyte cilia in both syndromic and non-syndromic BA livers compared with normal livers and livers affected by other cholestatic diseases. Although this may result from severe cholestasis or inflammation, it may also reflect common mechanistic pathways in different forms of BA and may have important implications for understanding the progression of the disease.
The Interaction of Affective Dispositions, Moral Judgments, and Intentionality in Assessing Narrative Characters: Rationalist and Intuitionist Sequences

Several theories, including disposition-based theories, depend on moral judgments about narrative characters' actions to describe how audiences understand characters in media narratives. However, more needs to be known about how moral judgments about characters' actions are made and affective dispositions toward characters are formed and change as a story unfolds. There is evidence that the intentionality underlying a character's actions is an important judgment that audiences use to understand a character's actions. We propose two sequences: a rationalist sequence in which perceived intentionality of a character's actions informs moral judgments and affective dispositions, and an intuitionist sequence in which affective dispositions are determined first and moral and intentionality judgments are made congruent with that judgment. Implications for narrative theories are discussed.
Glass Ceilings and Glass Escalators Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions

Many have researched the effect of occupational segregation on race and gender gaps in pay, but few have examined segregation's impact on promotions. This article uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the effect of race and gender composition in the origin occupation on movement to a managerial position. Findings show that for men, percentage of women in the origin occupation positively affected the chances of men moving to a supervisory position and that Blacks were less likely than Whites to be promoted. For women, percentage of women and percentage of Blacks in the origin occupation significantly decreased chances of women attaining a management position. Subsequent analyses showed that Black men, Black women, and White women waited longer than did White men for the managerial promotions they received. The findings suggest the impact of a “glass escalator” for White men, a “glass ceiling” for others, and contradict the notion of a “declining significance of race.”
The late positive potential: a neurophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children

Background: The ability to modulate emotional responses, or emotion regulation, is a key mechanism in the development of mood disruptions. Detection of a neural marker for emotion regulation thus has the potential to inform early detection and intervention for mood problems. One such neural marker may be the late positive potential (LPP), which is a scalp-recorded event-related potential reflecting facilitated attention to emotional stimuli. In adults, the LPP is reduced following use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal. No studies to date have examined the LPP in relation to cognitive emotion regulationinchildren,andwhethertheLPPisrelatedtoparent-reportmeasuresofemotionregulationand mood disruptions. Methods: To examine this question, high-density electroencephalograph (EEG) was recorded from 20 children (M age = 87.8 months, SD = 18.02; 10 girls) while they viewed unpleasant emotional pictures following either a directed negative or neutral interpretation of the picture. Results: As predicted, the LPP was smaller following neutral versus negative interpretations at posterior recording sites, except for younger girls (aged 5‐6). The timing of this effect was later than that reported in studies with adults. For all children, greater modulation of the LPP by neutral interpretations was associated with reduced anxious-depressed symptoms, whereas larger LPPs for both interpretation types were associated with greater mood symptoms and worse parent-reported emotion regulation. Conclusions: Results suggest that the LPP may represent a clinically relevant neural marker for emotion regulation and mood disruptions. Keywords: Emotion regulation, EEG, biomarker, ERP, late positive potential. Abbreviations: LPP: late positive potential; ERP: event-related potential.
Evidence for Positive Selection on Drosophila melanogaster Seminal Fluid Protease Homologs

Proteins present in the seminal fluid of Drosophila melanogaster (accessory gland proteins Acps) contribute to female postmating behavioral changes, sperm storage, sperm competition, and immunity. Consequently, male-female coevolution and host-pathogen interactions are thought to underlie the rapid, adaptive evolution that characterizes several Acp-encoding genes. We propose that seminal fluid proteases are likely targets of selection due to their demonstrated or potential roles in between-sex interactions and immune processes. We use within- and between-species sequence data for 5 predicted protease-encoding Acp loci to test this hypothesis. Our polymorphism-based analyses find evidence for positive selection at 2 genes, both of which encode predicted serine protease homologs. One of these genes, CG6069, also shows evidence for consistent selection on a subset of codons over a deeper evolutionary time scale. The second gene, CG9997, was previously shown to be essential for normal sperm usage, suggesting that sexual selection may underlie its history of adaptation.
The distinction between witchcraft and madness in colonial Connecticut

This essay argues two points in regard to early New England: first, that witchcraft is not a significant aspect of the history of mental illness; and second, that seventeenth-century society had a cultural protocol for distinguishing one from the other. The examples discussed in detail are from Connecticut, but they are representative of colonial New England as a whole.
Modeling the diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence with genetic animal models.

A diagnosis of alcohol dependence (AD) using the DSM-IV-R is categorical, based on an individual’s manifestation of three or more symptoms from a list of seven. AD risk can be traced to both genetic and environmental sources. Most genetic studies of AD risk implicitly assume that an AD diagnosis represents a single underlying genetic factor. We recently found that the criteria for an AD diagnosis represent three somewhat distinct genetic paths to individual risk. Specifically, heavy use and tolerance versus withdrawal and continued use despite problems reflected separate genetic factors. However, some data suggest that genetic risk for AD is adequately described with a single underlying genetic risk factor. Rodent animal models for alcohol-related phenotypes typically target discrete aspects of the complex human AD diagnosis. Here, we review the literature derived from genetic animal models in an attempt to determine whether they support a single-factor or multiple-factor genetic structure. We conclude that there is modest support in the animal literature that alcohol tolerance and withdrawal reflect distinct genetic risk factors, in agreement with our human data. We suggest areas where more research could clarify this attempt to align the rodent and human data.
Evolution by Jumps: Francis Galton and William Bateson and the Mechanism of Evolutionary Change

FRANCIS Galton (1822–1911) genuinely disagreed with his cousin Charles Darwin concerning the mechanism of evolutionary change (see [Crow 1993][1]; [Maynard-Smith 1993][2]; [Gillham 2001][3]). He felt that the small, incremental steps by which natural selection supposedly proceeded would be
Extracellular dopamine in the medial preoptic area: implications for sexual motivation and hormonal control of copulation

Dopamine (DA) activity in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) contributes to the control of male rat sexual behavior. We tested (1) whether extracellular DA increases during precopulatory exposure to an estrous female and during copulation, (2) whether exposure to another male increases extracellular DA, (3) whether motor activity during copulation accounts for increased DA levels, and (4) whether concurrent or recent testosterone influences DA levels or copulation in castrates. Extracellular DA and its metabolites in male rats9 MPOA were measured using microdialysis. DA level increased during precopulatory exposure to the female in all animals that subsequently copulated; this included all intact animals, all testosterone-treated castrates, and 9 of 14 1- week castrates treated with oil vehicle. DA levels did not increase in any animal that subsequently failed to copulate, including the remaining 1-week, and all 2-week, vehicle-treated castrates. When the barrier was removed and the animals were allowed to copulate, levels of DA and its metabolites continued to rise in intact males and in castrates that copulated. The DA response to the estrous female could not be attributed to nonsexual social stimuli, since exposure to another male was ineffective. The DA response to copulation could not be attributed primarily to motor activity, since animals running voluntarily in a running wheel did not show significantly increased DA. These and previous data suggest that DA released in the MPOA in response to an estrous female may contribute to sexual motivation and copulatory proficiency. Testosterone may promote copulation in part through permissive actions on dopamine release.
A finite deformation theory for cartilage and other soft hydrated connective tissues—I. Equilibrium results

The determination of valid stress-strain relations for articular cartilage under finite deformation conditions is a prerequisite for constructing models for synovial joint lubrication. Under physiological conditions of high strain rates and/or high stresses in the joint, large strains occur in cartilage. A finite deformation theory valid for describing cartilage, as well as other soft hydrated connective tissues under large loads, has been developed. This theory is based on the choice of a specific Helmholtz energy function which satisfies the generalized Coleman-Noll (GCN0) condition and the Baker-Ericksen (B-E) inequalities established in finite elasticity theory. In addition, the finite deformation biphasic theory includes the effects of strain-dependent porosity and permeability. These nonlinear effects are essential for properly describing the biomechanical behavior of articular cartilage, even when strain rates are low and strains are infinitesimal. The finite deformation theory describes the large strain behavior of cartilage observed in one-dimensional confined compression experiments at equilibrium, and it reduces to the linear biphasic theory under infinitesimal strain and slow strain rate conditions. Using this theory, we have determined the material coefficients of both human and bovine articular cartilages under large strain conditions at equilibrium. The theory compares very well with experimental results.
Differentiation of an embryonic stem cell to hemogenic endothelium by defined factors: essential role of bone morphogenetic protein 4

Current approaches to differentiate embryonic stem (ES) cells to hematopoietic precursors in vitro use either feeder cell, serum, conditioned culture medium or embryoid body, methods that cannot avoid undefined culture conditions, precluding analysis of the fate of individual cells. Here, we have developed a defined, serum-free and low cell-density differentiation program to generate endothelial and hematopoietic cells within 6 days from murine ES cells. Our novel approach identifies a set of factors that are necessary and sufficient to differentiate ES cells into definitive hematopoietic precursors, as documented by the time-lapse video microscopy of the stepwise differentiation processes from single progenitors. Moreover, this defined milieu revealed the essential role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in determining the hematopoietic/endothelial fate and demonstrated that the hemogenic fate in mesoderm is determined as early as day 4 of our differentiation protocol. Our ability to directly convert ES cells to endothelial and hematopoietic precursors should have important utilities for studies of hematopoietic development and personalized medicine in the future.
Bioaccumulation of PCBs by algae: Kinetics versus equilibrium

The objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) by phytoplankton is correlated to the compound's octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) in a predictive relationship in laboratory experiments, and to confirm these findings with field observations. In laboratory experiments we measured the uptake of 40 representative polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners over time under conditions that inhibited and allowed phytoplankton growth. Results indicated that the bioaccumulation process is consistent with partitioning from water into cell lipids but is slower than previously thought. The uptake of PCBs was slow relative to growth of phytoplankton, preventing the chemical from reaching thermodynamic equilibrium in algal cells under conditions promoting growth (nonwinter). Thus under non-winter field conditions, many PCB congeners never reach equilibrium concentrations. Food-chain models that assume equilibrium between HOCs and the primary trophic level could be inaccurate and may need to use a kinetic framework.
Complement Component C1q Regulates Macrophage Expression of Mer Tyrosine Kinase To Promote Clearance of Apoptotic Cells

Failure to efficiently clear apoptotic cells is linked to defects in development and the onset of autoimmunity. Complement component C1q is required for efficient engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice and humans; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to C1q-dependent engulfment are not fully understood. In this study, we used primary mouse macrophages to identify and characterize a novel molecular mechanism for macrophage-mediated C1q-dependent engulfment of apoptotic cells. We found that macrophage activation with C1q resulted in cycloheximide-sensitive enhanced engulfment, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. To investigate the cycloheximide-sensitive pathway, C1q-elicited macrophage transcripts were identified by microarray. C1q triggered the expression of Mer tyrosine kinase (Mer) and the Mer ligand growth arrest-specific 6: a receptor-ligand pair that mediates clearance of apoptotic cells. Full-length native C1q, and not the collagen-like tail or heat-denatured protein, stimulated Mer expression. This novel pathway is specific to C1q because mannose-binding lectin, a related collectin, failed to upregulate Mer expression and function. Soluble Mer-Fc fusion protein inhibited C1q-dependent engulfment of apoptotic cells, indicating a requirement for Mer. Moreover, Mer-deficient macrophages failed to respond to C1q with enhanced engulfment. Our results suggest that C1q elicits a macrophage phenotype specifically tailored for apoptotic cell clearance, and these data are consistent with the established requirement for C1q in prevention of autoimmunity.
High order regularity for solutions of the inviscid burgers equation

We discuss a recent Besov space regularity theory for discontinuous, entropy solutions of quasilinear, scalar hyperbolic conservation laws in one space dimension. This theory is very closely related to rates of approximation in L1 by moving grid, finite element methods. In addition, we establish the Besov space regularity of solutions of the inviscid Burgers equation; the new aspect of this study is that no assumption is made about the local variation of the initial data.
Development for ultraviolet vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

We report our current development progress of ultraviolet vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, which included the development of an electrically conducting n-DBR consisting of 40-pairs of Si-doped quarter-wavelength layers of Al0.12Ga0.88N and GaN. A peak reflectivity of 91.6% at 368 nm was measured and a series resistance of 17.7Ω was extracted near the maximum measured current of 100 mA. Furthermore, a micro-cavity light emitting diode was demonstrated by utilizing the established n-DBR. A 2λ cavity was subsequently grown on the 40-pair Al0.12Ga0.88N/GaN n-DBR and a peak wavelength of 371.4 nm was observed with spectral linewidth of 5.8 nm.
Attributions and Outcomes of the Service Recovery Process

Drawing on attribution theory and the services marketing literature, the authors examine how the allocation of causality and length of the service recovery process impact post-recovery consumer perceptions of service quality, customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions for word-of-mouth and repurchase. Results of a scenario-based repeated measures design suggest that 1) customer behavioral intentions are more favorable in stable service recoveries, 2) an employee based service recovery results in more favorable evaluations and word-of-mouth intentions, and 3) customer evaluations and behavioral intentions will be more positive for service failures remedied by expeditious and less complicated recovery processes. Managerial implications and future research directions are presented.
Technology and Client Care: Therapy Considerations in a Digital Society

This article discusses technology and social networking issues for couple and family therapists in their professional relationships with couples and families. Despite the prevalence of technology in many spheres of contemporary clients’ lives, the potential for intrusion, unrealistic expectations of accessibility, and boundary violations can adversely affect therapy relationships. The article specifically addresses: (a) technology and the ecology of therapy, (b) the therapy relationship and boundary management, (c) social media within and outside the therapy relationship, and (d) ancillary uses of technology in therapy. It concludes with recommendations for addressing and managing technology in the therapy relationship.
Recent Improvements to the Wind(-US) Code at AEDC

Development of the Wind code did not stop with the release of version 5.0 in mid 2002. Several important new capabilities have been added recently. Among these additions are a second-order, implicit-time marching algorithm, new hybrid turbulence models, and improvements to the SST turbulence models. Many of the recent changes have been focused on improving Wind’s ability to run time-accurate cases. Other work has focused on the addition of multi-phase particle tracking to the code. Other changes have not so much added new capabilities as made existing ones more reliable. This paper reports on the progress of this activity and presents sample applications that make use of some of the improved capabilities.
Notes on the Subgenus Eltonella, with a Redescription of Microtrombicula (Eltonella) Frittsi (Acari: Trombiculidae)

The subgenus Eltonella Audy , 1956, of Microtrombicula Ewing, 1950, is redefined. Microtrombicula (Eltonella) frillsi (Wharton, 1945) is redescribed and the previously unreported charactcer of subapical acccssory claws on the pretarsal claws of the legs is described and illustrated.
The Mounties and the Origins of Peace in the Canadian Prairies

In a study of the settlement of the Canadian Prairies, I examine if differences in violence across regions reflect the historical ability of the state to centralize authority and monopolize violence. I compare settlements that in the late 1880s were located near Mountie-created forts with those that were not. Data from the 1911 Census reveal that settlements far from the Mounties’ reach had unusually high adult male death rates. Even a century later the violence in these communities continues. In 2014, communities located at least 100 kilometers from former Mountie forts during their settlement had 45% more homicides and 55% more violent crimes per capita than communities located closer to former forts. I argue that these differences may be explained by a violent culture of honor that emerged as an adaptation to the lack of a central authority during the settlement but persisted over time. In line with this interpretation, I find that those who live in once-lawless areas are more likely to hold conservative political views. In addition, I use data for hockey players to uncover the influence of culture on individual behavior. Though players interact in a common environment, those who were born in areas historically outside the reach of the Mounties are penalized for their violent behavior more often than those who were not.
Relaxation abnormalities. Part I: Mechanisms.

The knowledge that either systolic (inotropic) or diastolic (lusitropic) properties of the left ventricle may be altered in the ischemic or failing heart is of practical clinical significance. Guided by this awareness, we can usually pinpoint the pathophysiology by noninvasive means, and the approach to therapy can then be directed to the predominant abnormality found.
Towards an advanced reactor network modeling framework for fluidized bed biomass gasification: Incorporating information from detailed CFD simulations

Abstract Fluidized bed biomass gasification (FBBG) is a promising technology to enable the thermochemical conversion of biomass to drop-in fuels. Fluidized bed reactors are utilized for solid to gas conversion processes due to their ability to provide a high degree of gas–solid contact, fast solid–solid mixing and fast gas mixing within the bed-zone due to solids-induced flow. In many reactor models of fluidized bed gasifiers this has lead researchers to assume that the bed zone can be modeled as a continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). In this work the limitations of this model are analyzed with reactive CFD simulations and an improved reactor network model (RNM) framework based on two-phase theory (TPT) is proposed which is capable of capturing the influence of mixing in the bed-zone on the thermochemical conversion. This new RNM framework employs reactive CFD modelling to supply hydrodynamic information to the RNM. It is shown that this improved RNM framework is able to better capture the formation of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds implying that their formation is strongly dependent on the availability of rich zones in the emulsion phase.
Ground Motion Intensity Measures to Evaluate II: The Performance of Shallow-Founded Structures on Liquefiable Ground:

A reliable mitigation of the liquefaction hazard requires an accurate estimation of the consequences of liquefaction in the context of building performance. Knowledge and use of an optimal intensit...
Deaths Attributable to Diabetes in the United States: Comparison of Data Sources and Estimation Approaches.

Objective The goal of this research was to identify the fraction of deaths attributable to diabetes in the United States. Research Design and Methods We estimated population attributable fractions (PAF) for cohorts aged 30–84 who were surveyed in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) between 1997 and 2009 (N = 282,322) and in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2010 (N = 21,814). Cohort members were followed prospectively for mortality through 2011. We identified diabetes status using self-reported diagnoses in both NHIS and NHANES and using HbA1c in NHANES. Hazard ratios associated with diabetes were estimated using Cox model adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and smoking status. Results We found a high degree of consistency between data sets and definitions of diabetes in the hazard ratios, estimates of diabetes prevalence, and estimates of the proportion of deaths attributable to diabetes. The proportion of deaths attributable to diabetes was estimated to be 11.5% using self-reports in NHIS, 11.7% using self-reports in NHANES, and 11.8% using HbA1c in NHANES. Among the sub-groups that we examined, the PAF was highest among obese persons at 19.4%. The proportion of deaths in which diabetes was assigned as the underlying cause of death (3.3–3.7%) severely understated the contribution of diabetes to mortality in the United States. Conclusion Diabetes may represent a more prominent factor in American mortality than is commonly appreciated, reinforcing the need for robust population-level interventions aimed at diabetes prevention and care.
The Differential Impact of Video-Stimulated Recall and Concurrent Questioning Methods on Beginning Readers' Verbalization about Self-Monitoring during Oral Reading.

This pilot study explored two methods of eliciting beginning readers' verbalizations of their thinking when self-monitoring oral reading: video-stimulated recall and concurrent questioning. First and second graders (N = 11) were asked to explain their thinking about repetitions, attempts to self-correct, and successful self-corrects, in order to determine affordances and constraints of these two methods. Data analysis revealed the concurrent questioning method enabled students to recall their thinking and did not hinder comprehension. Video-stimulated recall method elicited fewer explanations due to a higher cognitive load from successive questioning and from an extended time interval between the oral reading and discussion.
[20] (with S. Bergman) A representation of Green’s and Neumann’s functions in the theory of partial differential equations of second order

This carefully written paper continues the advances (Bergman, Amer. J. Math., 68, 20–28, 1946; Schiffer, Duke Math. J., 13, 529–540, 1946) made by the authors separately in a broad program of expressing various important functions associated with a plane domain (e.g., Green’s function, Neumann’s function, harmonic measure) in terms of an orthonormal system of functions. The authors consider the elliptic equation $$\displaystyle{\Delta \varphi - P\varphi := \frac{{\partial }^{2}\varphi } {\partial {x}^{2}} + \frac{{\partial }^{2}\varphi } {\partial {y}^{2}} - P\varphi = 0}$$ in a plane domain B, where P(x, y) > 0 is a given function continuous in B (the positivity of P is needed to allow use of the maximum principle), and study the Hilbert space of solutions with respect to the scalar product $$\displaystyle{\mathcal{D}[u,v] :=\int _{B}(\nabla u \cdot \nabla v + Puv)\,dxdy.}$$ This space is shown to have the reproducing kernel K that solves the extremal problem of minimizing the \(\mathcal{D}\)-norm among all solutions with a prescribed value at a given point. (This fact has now become a standard point of departure in studying reproducing kernels in spaces of solutions of linear elliptic PDEs.)
Abstract 15247: Pathophysiologic Correlates of Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction Predict the Presence of Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients Undergoing Transesophageal-Guided Electrical Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: It remains unclear to what extent reduction in blood flow in the left atrial appendage (LAA) contributes to the risk of ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to ident...
Physical Oceanography of Arctic and Subarctic Seas

The Arctic Ocean (Fig. 1) surrounds the North Pole and is bordered by Europe, Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. It is a large basin (9.5 × 106 km2), in area about four times larger than the Mediterranean Sea, connected primarily with the Atlantic Ocean via the major water bodies of the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and Baffin Bay, which also lie in the Arctic. Technically, the Arctic Ocean is probably not an ocean but rather a mediterranean sea of the Atlantic, as recognized by the oceanographic pioneers from Norway (in Norwegian: Nordpolarhavet = North Polar Sea). The various Arctic basins do, however, attain depths similar to those of the oceans (~4000 m), and time and convention have dictated our present nomenclature.
Cost-effective drug testing.

Drug testing of employees has become very popular. It has been stated that such testing is necessary because of the widespread use of drugs that affect the health, safety, and performance of workers. The sudden increase in demand for such testing has led to inadequate testing and questionable interpretation of results. High quality testing is relatively expensive. A method for evaluating the effect of drug testing programs is sorely needed. Even more important is a program for evaluating the quality of testing and the competency of those who interpret the tests. There is practically no documentation of the past and present extent of the drug problem in the workplace.
Existential monadic second order logic on random rooted trees

Abstract We address questions of logic and expressibility in the context of random rooted trees. Infiniteness of a rooted tree is not expressible as a first order sentence, but is expressible as an existential monadic second order sentence (EMSO). On the other hand, finiteness is not expressible as an EMSO. For a broad class of random tree models, including Galton–Watson trees with offspring distributions that have full support, we prove the stronger statement that finiteness does not agree up to a null set with any EMSO. We construct a finite tree and a non-null set of infinite trees that cannot be distinguished from each other by any EMSO of given parameters. This is proved via set-pebble Ehrenfeucht games (where an initial colouring round is followed by a given number of pebble rounds).