cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gordon Wilson Lecture: work hours, sleep and patient safety in residency training.

In February, 2005, I was asked by the Department of Anesthesia at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston to attend their Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report rounds to discuss a fallasleep motor vehicle crash that had occurred on February 20, 2005 in one of their trainees. The trainee was a 39-year-old white male who was in his fifth postgraduate year of training as an anesthesia fellow (Case A.F.). At about 3 pm on February 20, 2005, A.F. fell asleep at the wheel and collided with a stopped vehicle while he was en route home from a 7-hour work shift at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital. There was no injury to the fellow, to the other driver or to her 5-year-old child—and hence there is no litigation involved—which is why I am able to present Case A.F. to you today. A.F. reported a similar incident four years earlier in which he had fallen asleep at the wheel while driving his car at high speed on an expressway during a commute home from a 30-hour extended duration work shift in his first postgraduate year of training. In that incident, A.F. was awoken by a rumble strip on the expressway and thereby avoided a potentially catastrophic motor vehicle crash. He said that he understood that the 30-hour shift had made him vulnerable to the fall-asleep incident while driving on the highway during his PGY1 year. However, he wondered why he experienced a fall-asleep crash during his PGY5 year, after working a much shorter, seven-
A systematic evaluation of dual functionality of sodium lauryl sulfate as a tablet lubricant and wetting enhancer

Appropriate lubrication is important in tablet manufacturing as it lowers punch sticking propensity and protects tooling by reducing friction between die wall and tablet during tablet manufacturing. Most commercial lubricants negatively impact tabletability and dissolution. A delicate balance is usually attained by trial and error to identify the optimal level of lubricant in a tablet formulation. In this work, we have evaluated the effectiveness of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a surfactant, as a tableting lubricant. If adequate lubrication efficiency is achieved, the use of SLS may be suitable to mitigate problems associated with hydrophobic lubricants. Results show that SLS, when applied in the proper amount to typical pharmaceutical powder mixtures, achieved lubrication efficiency comparable to a grade of magnesium stearate (MgSt) without deteriorating tabletability. Moreover, SLS-containing tablets of celecoxib also exhibited improved in vitro dissolution compared to MgSt-containing tablets. The enhancement in dissolution properties was attributed to the improved wetting by the dissolution medium due to the presence of SLS.
Considering the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis to Explain CIMT-But Not CAC-Proven Estrogen Atheroprevention in the Elite Trial

The ELITE study has confirmed low carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) in estrogen-treated vs. non-treated postmenopausal women and that this is related to starting the treatment within the first 6 years of the menopause. The question has arisen, why was the CIMT effect not associated with a protective effect on the rate of accumulation of coronary artery calcium (CAC)? We review the process of development of atherosclerosis (ASVD) and show that development of ASVD involves the sequential accumulation of vascular plaque and then deposition of calcium in the decaying plaque cells. Since a protective effect of estrogen on CIMT, but not CAC was seen by 5 years, and a longer running study showed excess of both CIMT and CAC in hormonally treated postmenopausal women, we conclude that the disparity of CIMT and CAC effects in the ELITE study was due to the cessation of treatment and observation at 5 years, rather than a longer period of observation. Longer treatment and follow-up should test this explanation. In any case, the ELITE study confirms the salutary effect of timely and long-term postmenopausal estrogen treatment. Arteriosclerotic heart disease remains the chief killer of women, and it is incumbent on all concerned to further study the effects of timely, long-term estrogen treatment on menopausal women.
Left Ventricular Assist Device–Associated Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Recognition of an Iatrogenic Etiology on 99mTc-Tagged Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy

99mTc-tagged red blood cell scintigraphy is the imaging modality of choice in the diagnosis of active gastrointestinal bleeding. Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices are the state-of-the-art treatment for advanced heart failure, with gastrointestinal bleeding as the most common complication. Recognition of the distinctive imaging feature of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices on scintigraphic images can aid diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Culture, Collaboration and Speed: A View of Google’s Bottoms-up Driven Innovation

Google ist der Meinung, dass im existierenden Web und zum heutigen Zeitpunkt der traditionelle Ansatz fur die Entwicklung, den ich hier Mothership-Model nenne, nicht mehr funktioniert. Was heist Mothership-Model? Das bedeutet, das die gesamte Entwicklung und insbesondere die gesamte Innovation in einem Headquarters, in einem zentralen Labor, entwickelt werden und die Produkte dann von dort in die ganze Welt weitergeleitet werden. Naturlich hat sich dieses Modell mit der Zeit ein wenig verandert, besonders durch den Kostendruck, und viele Firmen haben Out Sourcing Strategien betrieben. Wenn man sich das aber einmal naher betrachtet, so hat sich die Hauptart der Entwicklung wirklich nicht verandert, dadurch dass Innovationen und die Hauptideen der Entwicklungen immer noch im Headquarter stattfinden. Alles in diesen Outsourcing Labors ist eigentlich ‚the dirty job‘.
Should business groups be in finance? Evidence from Indian mutual funds

Abstract A primary risk associated with business groups entering the financial sector is that groups will misallocate capital to own group firms, hurting investors and economic development. We study this issue in the context of business group owned mutual funds in India, where business groups have been present for over twenty years, and we can observe capital allocation decisions monthly. Business-group owned funds do not over-weight member firms, nor do they prop up member firm stocks or earn excess returns on their member firm investments. Business-group funds have an advantage when they focus on industries where the group operates, although we cannot distinguish whether this is due to insider trading versus (legal) specialization. Current regulations appear sufficient to prevent capital misallocation in member firms, but monitoring of investments in related sectors seems warranted.
Territorial dreaming: youth mapping the Mapuche cross-border nation

In the early 2000s, Mapuche youth in Argentina and Chile met in a series of cross-border encounters. Partially as a result of these meetings, youth in both places created maps of Wallmapu, the Mapu...
Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations

Data have become the new global currency, and a powerful force in making decisions and wielding power. As the world engages with open data, big data reuse, and data linkage, what do data-driven futures look like for communities plagued by data inequities? Indigenous data stakeholders and non-Indigenous allies have explored this question over the last three years in a series of meetings through the Research Data Alliance (RDA). Drawing on RDA and other gatherings, and a systematic scan of literature and practice, we consider possible answers to this question in the context of Indigenous peoples vis-a-vis two emerging concepts: Indigenous data sovereignty and Indigenous data governance. Specifically, we focus on the data challenges facing Native nations and the intersection of data, tribal sovereignty, and power. Indigenous data sovereignty is the right of each Native nation to govern the collection, ownership, and application of the tribe’s data. Native nations exercise Indigenous data sovereignty through the interrelated processes of Indigenous data governance and decolonizing data. This paper explores the implications of Indigenous data sovereignty and Indigenous data governance for Native nations and others. We argue for the repositioning of authority over Indigenous data back to Indigenous peoples. At the same time, we recognize that there are significant obstacles to rebuilding effective Indigenous data systems and the process will require resources, time, and partnerships among Native nations, other governments, and data agents.
Additive Interactions Between School Bullying Victimization and Gender on Weapon Carrying Among U.S. High School Students: Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2009 to 2015:

The recent increase in the number of school shootings in the United States is a great concern. Consistent with General Strain Theory, previous research suggests that high school students who perpetrate gun violence have often experienced bullying victimization. This research investigated the interaction between gender and school bullying victimization on gun carrying, weapon carrying, and weapon carrying at school. Estimates of additive interaction were reported as recommended by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and compared with the estimates of multiplicative interaction. Data were used from a nationally representative survey of 61,042 U.S. high school students. Secondary analysis of pooled cross-sectional data from the 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey was done, using R to estimate interactive effects on an additive scale between male gender and school bullying victimization on weapon carrying. A significant association was found between school bullying victimization, and gun and weapon carrying. Estimates of additive interaction show that the relationship between school bullying victimization and gun or weapon carrying is significantly greater among males than females as predicted by General Strain Theory. School bullying victimization increases the rate of gun and weapon carrying among all students, and especially among male students. Most mass school shooters are male and most of them experience some form of bullying victimization. Consequently, bullying prevention is likely to be important in a national effort to reduce gun and weapon violence in U.S. schools. This research also illustrates why estimates of adjusted risk differences and additive interactions should be reported for interpersonal violence research.
Economic impacts of rural tourism in Madhya Pradesh

The purpose of this study is to determine how rural tourism impacts the economy of Madhya Pradesh. The economic impacts can be measured through GDP growth, employment growth, infrastructure growth, etc. GDP was considered in this study to measure the economic impacts. The data for GDP and foreign tourism was taken to check if tourism has positive or negative economic impacts. It is hypothesized that tourism has a positive impact on the economy. According to many researchers, tourism, especially foreign tourism, significantly impacts the economy of the destination. Researchers argue that employment opportunities and trading are directly linked to tourism. Employment and trading opportunities increase with tourism. Regression analysis was conducted in this study to test the economic impacts of tourism in Madhya Pradesh. The results showed that tourism has significant economic impacts on Madhya Pradesh. This paper concludes that rural tourism has positive economic impacts on Madhya Pradesh.
Concordance between clinician-rated and patient reported outcome measures of depressive symptoms in treatment resistant depression.

Abstract Background Calls to implement measurement-based care (MBC) in psychiatry are increasing. A recent Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that there is insufficient evidence that routine application of patient reported outcomes (PROs) improves treatment outcomes for common psychiatric disorders. There is a particular paucity of this information in patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD). Methods A TRD sample (n = 302) and a treatment-naive sample with major depression (n = 344) were assessed for the level of agreement in depression severity between two PROs (the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI, and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-report, QIDS-SR) and two Clinician Rated (CRs) measures (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS, and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS). Results Correlations between CR and PRO total scores in the TRD sample ranged from 0.57 (HDRS-QIDS-SR) to 0.68 (MADRS-BDI), reflecting a moderate-to-strong relationship between assessment tools. Correlations in the treatment naive sample were non-significantly lower for most comparisons, ranging from 0.51 (HDRS-QIDS-SR) to 0.64 (MADRS-BDI). Few predictors of discordance between CRs and PROs were identified, though chronicity of the current episode in treatment-naive patients was associated with greater agreement. Limitations Inter-rater reliability of the clinician interviews was conducted separately within the two studies so we could not determine the reliability between the two groups of raters used in the studies. Conclusion Findings generally supported acceptably high levels of agreement between patient and clinician ratings of baseline depression severity. More work is needed to determine the extent to which PROs can improve outcomes in MBC for depression and, more specifically, TRD.
A Rare Case of Brodie's Abscess in HIV Patient Caused by Mycobacterium kansasii.

We report a rare case of Brodie's abscess caused by Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii). Our patient is a 39-year-old male who presented with right foot pain a month after a new diagnosis of HIV infection. X-ray and MRI were done, and the diagnosis of Brodie's abscess was confirmed. Surgical debridement was done, and bone cultures grew M. kansasii after five weeks. Brodie's abscess is a subacute form of osteomyelitis usually caused by Staphylococcus. Some other bacteria have been implicated in several case reports. To best of our knowledge, this is the first case of Brodie's abscess caused by M. kansasii. M. kansasii is the atypical mycobacteria causing infections in immunocompromised hosts as in HIV patients with low CD4 count. M. kansasii is usually associated with lung infections with rare extrapulmonary manifestations as in our case.
Analytical Equations for Thermoacoustic Instability Sources and Acoustic Radiation from Reacting Turbulence

We seek to ascertain and understand source terms that drive thermoacoustic instability and acoustic radiation. We present a new theory based on the decomposition of the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the mass fraction equations. A series of solutions are presented via the method of the vector Green’s function. We identify both combustion-combustion and combustion-aerodynamic interaction source terms. Both classical combustion noise theory and classical Rayleigh criterion are recovered from the presently developed more general theory. An analytical spectral prediction method is presented, and the two-point source terms are consistent with Lord Rayleigh’s instability model. Particular correlations correspond to the source terms of Lighthill, which represent the noise from turbulence and additional terms for the noise from reacting flow.
COVID‐19 and the US Safety Net

We examine trends in employment, earnings and incomes over the last two decades in the United States, and how the safety net has responded to changing fortunes, including the shutdown of the economy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The US safety net is a patchwork of different programmes providing in-kind as well as cash benefits, and it had many holes prior to the pandemic. In addition, few of the programmes are designed explicitly as automatic stabilisers. We show that the safety net response to employment losses in the COVID-19 pandemic largely consists only of increased support from unemployment insurance and food assistance programmes, an inadequate response compared with the magnitude of the downturn. We discuss options to reform social assistance in the United States to provide more robust income floors in times of economic downturns.
Transcriptome-Wide Detection of Internal N 7 -Methylguanosine

m7G-seq detects internal 7-methylguanosine (m7G) sites within mRNAs and noncoding RNAs by misincorporation signatures. A chemical-assisted sequencing approach selectively converts internal m7G sites into abasic sites, triggering misincorporation at these sites in the presence of a specific reverse transcriptase. The further enrichment of m7G-induced abasic sites by biotin pull-down reveals hundreds of internal m7G sites in human mRNA. The misincorporation ratio before pull-down enrichment can be used for estimating the methylation fraction of some highly methylated m7G sites.
A signal detection model for quantifying overregularization in nonlinear image reconstruction

Many useful image quality metrics for evaluating linear image reconstruction techniques do not apply to or are difficult to interpret for nonlinear image reconstruction. The vast majority of metrics employed for evaluating nonlinear image reconstruction are based on some form of global image fidelity, such as image root mean square error (RMSE). Use of such metrics can lead to overregularization in the sense that they can favor removal of subtle details in the image. To address this shortcoming, we develop an image quality metric based on signal detection that serves as a surrogate to the qualitative loss of fine image details. The metric is demonstrated in the context of a breast CT simulation, where different equal-dose configurations are considered. The configurations differ in the number of projections acquired. Image reconstruction is performed with a nonlinear algorithm based on total variation constrained least-squares (TV-LSQ). The resulting images are studied as a function of three parameters: number of views acquired, total variation constraint value, and number of iterations. The images are evaluated visually, with image RMSE, and with the proposed signal-detection-based metric. The latter uses a small signal, and computes detectability in the sinogram and in the reconstructed image. Loss of signal detectability through the image reconstruction process is taken as a quantitative measure of loss of fine details in the image. Loss of signal detectability is seen to correlate well with the blocky or patchy appearance due to overregularization with TV-LSQ, and this trend runs counter to the image RMSE metric, which tends to favor the over-regularized images. The proposed signal detection-based metric provides an image quality assessment that is complimentary to that of image RMSE. Using the two metrics in concert may yield a useful prescription for determining CT algorithm and configuration parameters when nonlinear image reconstruction is used.
The impact of forward contracting on tacit collusion: Experimental evidence

Abstract This article reports the results of a laboratory experiment designed to examine the strategic impact of forward contracting on market power in infinitely repeated duopolies. Theory predicts that forward contracting can not only increase the likelihood of collusion but can also serve as a credible commitment device that minimizes firms’ incentives to deviate from collusion. Focusing on strategic choices, the experimental design investigates the impact of forward contracting on collusion and contrasts it to the effect of adding one additional competitor. While the findings do not provide evidence that a forward market results in more collusion, the findings suggest that forward contracting can reinforce collusion when firms tacitly collude.
Excited-state absorption in Pr3+:Y3Al5O12.

The optical-absorption transitions originating from the lowest 4f5d excited state of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ have been studied. The experimental arrangement uses a 7-ns 266-nm light pulse to populate the lowest 4f5d state, and a spatially overlapped, time-sequenced pulse from a frequency-tunable dye laser to induce transitions from that excited state. The excited-state-absorption (ESA) spectrum covering the 900--300-nm probe wavelength range is characterized by two broad peaks centered at 700 and 350 nm on a slowly rising background. The peak ESA cross section at 355 nm is (1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The position, shape, and strength of the spectrum suggest that the terminal states of the ESA transitions are the second 4f5d state of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ and the conduction band of the host lattice. The ESA measurements have been extended to transitions from the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{0}$ and $^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ excited states of the 4${\mathit{f}}^{2}$ configuration of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ as well. The ESA cross sections at a probe wavelength of 532 nm are (8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and (5.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for transitions from the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{0}$ and $^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ excited states, respectively. The terminal state of ESA transitions from these two levels is the lowest 4f5d state. The strong ESA completely inhibits the potential laser action based on emission from these states in this crystal.
The role of point of care testing for patients with acute pharyngitis.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus favoring a particular strategy for evaluating patients with pharyngitis.
Model Building and Practical Aspects of Nonlinear Programming

This survey paper has two main purposes: to summarize (briefly) certain aspects of modelling that influence the performance of optimization algorithms, and to describe recent advances in methods for nonlinear programming that influence the solution of practical problems. These two themes are not unconnected. A well constructed mathematical model should be such that the bad effects of ill-conditioning, degeneracy and inconsistent constraints are minimized. Ironically, the purpose of good software is to deal effectively with precisely these problems. Therefore it is not surprising that much of the insight necessary to construct a well- posed mathematical model is pertinent to the formulation of robust algorithms.
W-meson production in proton-antiproton annihilations

The cross-sections for W-meson production with a single pion or kaon in proton-antiproton annihilations have been calculated using a model in which single-meson intermediate states dominate. Considerations of unitary symmetry and ω-π mixing, previously discussed in connection with annihilation into strongly interacting mesons only as well as W-meson decays, have been combined in the calculations. We find that the predicted cross-sections are large enough to suggest that W mesons may be observable in annihilation reactions at high energies.
RACOON: rapidly generating user command data for anomaly detection from customizable template

One of the biggest obstacles faced by user command based anomaly detection techniques is the paucity of data. Gathering command data is a slow process often spanning months or years. In this paper, we propose an approach for data generation based on customizable templates, where each template represents a particular user profile. These templates can either be user-defined or created from known data sets. We have developed an automated tool called RACOON, which rapidly generates large amounts of user command data from a given template. We demonstrate that our technique can produce realistic data by showing that it passes several statistical similarity tests with real data. Our approach offers significant advantages over passive data collection in terms of being nonintrusive and enabling rapid generation of site-specific data. Finally, we report the benchmark results of some well-known algorithms against an original data set and a generated data set.
Bactericidal IL-12+ Mϕ generation in sub-acutely burned mice infected with MRSA after treatment with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) (INC7P.415)

Sub-acutely burned mice are shown to be carriers of M2bMϕ, these cells are characterized as inhibitor cells for Mϕ conversion from resident Mϕ to M1Mϕ. CCL1 released from M2bMϕ has been identified as an essential chemokine for the maintenance of M2bMϕ properties, and M2bMϕ derived from sub-acutely burned mice have reverted to resident Mϕ after cultivation with CCL1 antisense ODN. In this study, we tried to determine the effect of CCL1 antisense ODN on M1Mϕ generation in sub-acutely burned mice infected with MRSA. Two weeks after burn injury, the mice were infected i.v. with 10 5 CFU/mouse of MRSA, and then, treated with the ODN (s.c., twice a day, 10 μg/mouse). Two days after the infection, F4/80 + cells were isolated from the peritoneal cavities of the mice and assayed for IL-12 + cells. Also, the killing activity of these cells against MRSA was tested in vitro . In the results, a majority of Mϕ from normal mice infected with MRSA were shown to be IL-12 + cells (>82%), while 10% or less of Mϕ from burn mice infected with the pathogen were IL-12 + cells. However, a majority of Mϕ isolated from burn mice infected with MRSA and treated with the ODN were shown to be IL-12 + cells. A majority of Mϕ from burn mice infected with MRSA were not bactericidal, while Mϕ preparations from the same mice additionally treated with the ODN were bactericidal. These results indicate that M1Mϕ are induced after treatment with CCL1 antisense ODN in sub-acutely burned mice infected with MRSA.
Algebraic projection: the basic algorithm

An algorithm is presented for algebraically projecting certain plans that partially specify a set of events, using real parameters for the times of events, rates, quantities, etc. Algebraic projection is designed for both deliberate and reactive planning. It describes the effects of a plan in terms of its parameters, without requiring an objective function, and allows flexible translation of planning questions into precise minimization problems. An implementated system is briefly described. It could contribute to intelligent control by assisting with the middle layer of a hierarchical control system in which an upper level reactively suggests general solutions to be used for some time interval. These techniques help optimize those solutions, and a lower level provides real-time control. >
Mitochondrial bioenergetics, mass, and morphology are altered in cells of the degenerating human annulus.

Back pain and intervertebral disc degeneration have a growing socioeconomic healthcare impact. Information on mitochondrial function in human intervertebral disc cells, however, is surprisingly sparse. We assessed mitochondrial bioenergetics, mass, and ultrastructure in annulus cells cultured from human discs of varying degenerative stages. Citrate synthase activity (reflecting mitochondrial mass) declined significantly with increasing Thompson grade (p < 0.0001). Both mitochondrial (p = 0.009) and non-mitochondrial (p = 0.0029) respiration showed significant changes with increasing stages of disc degeneration. No significant relationships were found for the association of respiration data with herniated or non-herniated status, or with subject age. Examination of mitochondrial ultrastructure in cultured annulus cells revealed unusual features which included mitochondrial inclusion bodies, poorly defined cristae and dark staining. Findings reported here are novel and document biochemical, metabolic, and morphologic abnormalities in mitochondria in cells from more degenerated annulus cells. Data suggest that the disc degenerative, not age, is a major factor associated with mitochondrial impairment, and also implicate oxidative stress, driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, as a major component within the degenerating disc. Findings have relevance to advancements in cell-based therapies to treat disc degeneration. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1270–1275, 2013
Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization Slack

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question: Is the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and corporate social responsibility (CSR) contingent on satisfaction with firm performance? Research Findings/Insights: Our results suggest that while effective corporate governance discourages both positive (proactive stakeholder relationship management) and negative (violation of regulations and standards) CSR, higher slack and positive attainment discrepancy lead to higher positive and lower negative CSR, respectively. More significantly, we find that the association between effective corporate governance and both positive and negative CSR depends on satisfaction with firm performance as indicated by the levels of slack and attainment discrepancy. Put simply, the impact of corporate governance on positive CSR is more pronounced under low slack/negative attainment discrepancy conditions, and that on negative CSR is more pronounced under high slack/positive attainment discrepancy conditions. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our study provides robust support for the behavioral theory of the firm. Previous research has not adequately considered the role of satisfaction with firm performance in studying the impact of corporate governance on managerial decision-making. We show that the association between corporate governance and CSR dimensions depends on differences in decision-making latitude originating from relative firm performance compared to those of peer firms. Practitioner/Policy Implications: First, to understand how effective corporate governance can constrain positive CSR and more importantly reduce negative CSR. Second, to appreciate that the effectiveness of an organization's governance mechanisms is contingent on slack and performance and the marginal returns from improving governance mechanisms when things are going well may be low.
Weights of Boolean cubic monomial rotation symmetric functions

This paper studies degree 3 Boolean functions in n variables x 1, ..., x n which are rotation symmetric, that is, invariant under any cyclic shift of the indices of the variables. These rotation symmetric functions have been extensively studied in the last dozen years or so because of their importance in cryptography. Some of the cryptographic applications are described in a 2002 paper of Cusick and St?nic?, which gave a recursion for the truth table and a nonhomogeneous recursion for the (Hamming) weight of the homogeneous cubic rotation symmetric function generated by the monomial x 1 x 2 x 3. Until now, this was the only investigation of the recursive structure of such functions. Here we provide an algorithm for finding a recursion for the truth table of any cubic rotation symmetric Boolean function generated by a monomial, as well as a homogeneous recursion for its weight as n increases; in doing so we greatly reduce the computational complexity of a problem that appeared to be exponential in the number of variables, as well as provide a new way of studying the structure of the functions. The method makes some computations practically accessible that were previously entirely unfeasible. Once the weights have been computed for the initial small values of n, the further weights can be computed from the recursion, without looking at the truth table at all.
Use of DSM-III axis IV in clinical practice: Rating the severity of psychosocial stressors

This study investigates the usefulness of DSM-III Axis IV ratings of Severity of Psychosocial Stressors. Multiaxial evaluations were made on a diagnostically heterogeneous group of 362 psychiatric patients. Severity ratings on Axis IV were compared to a more extensive system for measuring life event stress, embedded in the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI). The results indicate that Axis IV ratings are consistent with meaningful diagnostic and demographic group differences, and correlate significantly with PERI ratings of normative change or disruption associated with rated events. The Axis IV guideline that the stressor reflect the summed effect of all psychosocial stressors listed, however, appeared to be too complex to be incorporated into routine clinical practice, even by relatively well-trained evaluators with expert supervision.
Chronic inflammation in tumor stroma is an independent predictor of prolonged survival in epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma patients

This study aims to determine whether a semi-quantitative assessment of inflammatory response in tumor and stroma on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) slides can predict survival in patients with epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). H&E sections of 175 epithelioid MPM specimens from a single institution (1989-2009) were reviewed. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded from analysis. Each tumor was histologically assessed for acute and chronic inflammatory response both within the tumor and the stromal component. Inflammatory response was graded: low (none to mild infiltrate) or high (moderate to severe infiltrate). Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to investigate the association between the degree of inflammation (acute/tumor, acute/stroma, chronic/tumor, and chronic/stroma) and overall survival (OS). Patients with high chronic inflammatory response in stroma (n = 59) had improved survival compared to low (n = 116) (median OS = 19.4 vs. 15.0 months, P = 0.01). This prognostic stratification remained significant in stage III patients (median OS = 16.0 vs. 9.3 months, P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, chronic inflammation in stroma was an independent predictor of survival (HR = 0.659, 95% CI 0.464-0.937, P = 0.02). While high degree of chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in the stromal component was associated with improved overall survival, degree of other inflammatory responses did not show significant correlation with OS. Our study for the first time investigates inflammatory response in tumor and stroma and not only suggests the prognostic value of inflammatory response in epithelioid MPM but also provides rationale for investigation of immunotherapy to benefit epithelioid MPM patients.
Concurrent responses elicited by isolated activation of platelet G q -coupled receptors, in vitro : a novel approach for their separation and analysis

This study tested the hypothesis that aggregation mediated by activation of a single G q -coupled receptor can be studied quantitatively if four concurrent but distinct components of the observed platelet response, autocrine stimulation, shape change (SC), aggregation and deaggregation, are separately measured. Responses mediated by two G q -coupled receptors, the TXA 2 and the P2Y 1 , were assayed by a novel, kinetics-based turbidimetric approach. Blocking the autocrine stimulation with a cocktail of receptor antagonists revealed rapid and sustained SC that largely masked the aggregation. Mathematical removal of the SC contribution from the changes in optical density indicated that selective activation of either the TXA 2 or the P2Y 1 receptor was sufficient to induce a small aggregation ( j OD = 0.1-0.2) that was reversed rapidly by a concurrent deaggregation. Model-derived rate constants of SC, aggregation and deaggregation described the observed complex time course of their concurrency well. Laser lig...
Climate Response at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum to Greenhouse Gas Forcing—A Model Study with CCSM3

Abstract The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 55 Ma) is of particular interest since it is regarded as a suitable analog to future climate change. In this study, the PETM climate is investigated using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) with atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 4×, 8×, and 16× the preindustrial value. Simulated climate change from 4× to 8× atmospheric CO2 concentration, possibly corresponding to an environmental precursor of the PETM event, leads to a warming of the North Atlantic Ocean Intermediate-Water masses, thus lowering the critical depth for methane hydrate destabilization by ∼500 m. A further increase from 8× to 16×CO2, analogous to a possible massive methane hydrate release, results in global oceanic warming and stratification. The increase in the radiative surface warming, especially at high latitudes, is partially offset by a decrease in the ocean heat transport due to a reduced overturning circulation. Surface temperature values simulated in the 16×CO2 PETM run rep...
Assessing the involvement of free radicals in fungicide toxicity using α-tocopherol analogs

Abstract Lipid peroxidation has been implicated as the mode of action of aromatic hydrocarbon and dicarboximide fungicides. Evidence to support this hypothesis includes the antagonism of fungicide toxicity by the free radical scavenger α-tocopherol. The I 50 for the aromatic hydrocarbon fungicide tolclophos-methyl is 0.3 μ/ml for Ustilago maydis grown in liquid shaking cultures. Growth of cultures was inhibited by at least 80% when treated with 0.6 μg/ml of the fungicide. In the presence of 232 μ M α-tocopherol and 0.6 μg/ml tolclophos-methyl, only 45% inhibition of growth was observed, indicating antagonism of fungicide toxicity by this compound. However, methyl ether tocopherol, which has no antioxidant activity, was just as effective in antagonizing toxicity. This can be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of α-tocopherol rather than its antioxidant activity. Using HPLC to quantify tolclophos-methyl, we determined that it is more soluble in α-tocopherol. Therefore, protection from these fungicides by α-toxopherol is most likely due to preferential partitioning of these compounds into the α-tocopherol. This was further confirmed by the finding that a compound unrelated to α-tocopherol but sharing its hydrophobic properties, phosphatidylcholine (dipalmitoyl), was even more effective in antagonizing toxicity. In addition, the protective role observed with α-tocopherol was not observed with the water soluble analog Trolox C. These data do not support the hypothesis that α-tocopherol protects U. maydis from the fungicides due to its antioxidant properties, leaving open to question the role of lipid peroxidation as the mode of action of these fungicides.
Changes in oxytocin content in the magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamus following water deprivation or estrogen treatment. Quantitative immunohistological studies.

The effect of water deprivation or estrogen treatment on the oxytocin content of rat hypothalamic cells was examined using a quantitative immunohistological technique. Oxytocin-containing cells were visualized using the immunoperoxidase technique of Sternberger and a primary antiserum directed against oxytocin. The optical density of the darkest 3.2 μm diameter spot in the cytoplasm of a cell was used as a measure of the oxytocin content of that cell. Water deprivation produced a significant decrease in anti-oxytocin staining in the anterior commissural nucleus of males and females. There was a similar decrease in the paraventricular nucleus of males, but not in the paraventricular nucleus of females or the supraoptic nucleus of either males or females. Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female rats produced a fall in anti-oxytocin staining in the anterior commissural, but not paraventricular or supraoptic nuclei.
Observation of ultrathin metastable fcc Ti films on Al(110) surfaces.

High-energy ion-scattering spectroscopy, x-ray-photoemission spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) were used to study the growth of very thin Ti films on Al(110) surfaces at room temperature. The Al surface peak areas in the backscattering spectra of 0.96-MeV ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions, incident along the [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} 1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] direction of Al(110), decreased sharply during the deposition of the first five monolayers of Ti. This suggests a growth model in which a pseudomorphic Ti film with a fcc structure forms, shadowing the Al surface atoms. This model is supported by LEED measurements where sharp diffraction spots persisted with the rectangular symmetry of the substrate lattice structure. Throughout this coverage regime, the attenuation of the Al photopeak intensities as a function of Ti coverage agrees with the attenuation rate calculated using a laminar growth mode. With additional Ti deposition the Al surface peak intensities increase while the Al photopeak intensities remain unchanged. A discussion of possible growth models for the high-coverage regime is presented.
RECONSTITUTION OF THE SECOND STEP IN NO SYNTHESIS USING THE ISOLATED OXYGENASE AND REDUCTASE DOMAINS OF MACROPHAGE NO SYNTHASE

Inducible macrophage NO synthase (iNOS) is a homodimer of 130 kDa subunits. Trypsinolysis of iNOS inactivates its NO synthesis activity and cleaves the enzyme into a dimeric oxygenase fragment that contains heme, tetrahydrobiopterin, and the substrate binding site and a monomeric reductase fragment that contains FAD, FMN, calmodulin, and the binding site for NADPH [Ghosh, D. I., & Stuehr, D. H. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 801-807]. In this paper, we describe the reconstitution of NO synthesis activity utilizing the isolated oxygenase and reductase domains of iNOS. Mixing the domains at various ratios showed that NO was not produced from L-arginine but could be formed from the reaction intermediate N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine (L-NOHA). The apparent Km with L-NOHA in the reconstituted system was 100 microM versus 19 microM for native iNOS. D-NOHA was not a substrate. Maximum specific activity (per heme) occurred at an oxygenase to reductase molar ratio of 4:1, with higher ratios causing some inhibition. Reconstitution of activity was associated with electron transfer between the domain fragments and led to an incomplete reduction of the oxygenase domain heme iron. L-NOHA, but not L-arginine, increased NADPH consumption in the reconstituted system. Between 2.5 and 3.0 NADPH were consumed per NO formed from L-NOHA, considerably higher than the stoichiometry obtained with native iNOS (0.5 NADPH oxidized per NO formed), indicating an uncoupled electron transfer between the domain fragments. Thus, the isolated iNOS reductase and oxygenase domains each retain their separate catalytic functions but interact to catalyze only the second step of NO synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Redshifts of Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazars

We identify 16 optical counterparts of blazars that have been suggested as sources of high-energy gamma-ray emission detected by the EGRET instrument on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. Nine new redshifts are obtained, as well one contradiction and two confirmations of published redshifts ranging from z = 0.566 to z = 3.00. The optical spectra of four objects are featureless, including high signal-to-noise spectra of the likely counterparts of 3EG J0433+2908 and GeV J0508+0540, which, if at low redshift, would be attractive targets to search for TeV emission using atmospheric Cerenkov telescopes, because they emit above 10 GeV. However, the combination of spectroscopy and CCD imaging of those objects shows no evidence for their underlying host galaxies, which probably means that z > 0.3, diminishing their prospects as TeV sources.
Mechanism of Cytotoxicity of 2-Chloro and 2-Bromodeoxyadenosine for a Human Lymphoblastic Cell Line, CCRF-CEM

The considerable cytotoxicity of 2-chloro-2⌂-deoxyadenosine (2-CldAdo) and 2-bromo-2′-deoxyadenosine (2-BrdAdo) is accounted for by their relatively high resistance to adenosine deaminase (1) and consequently more prolonged effect on cell metabolism compared with that of 2′-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) unless the latter is protected by an inhibitor of the deaminase like EHNA [erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine]. Significant therapeutic activity for mice with L1210 leukemia has been reported for both 2-CldAdo (2) and 2-BrdAdo (3), and in a phase I clinical trial in patients with intractable malignancies 2-CldAdo had significant antileukemic activity (4).
Crack/fiber interaction and crack growth resistance behavior in microfiber reinforced mortar specimens

Performance enhancement due to microfibers is well known. However, fracture processes that lead to strain hardening behavior in microfiber reinforced composites are not well understood. Crack growth resistance behavior of mortar reinforced with steel microfibers and polypropylene microfibers was investigated in-situ during load application. The polypropylene fibers were inter-ground in the cement mill to enhance the fiber/matrix interfacial frictional stress. A more homogeneous fiber distribution was observed in the inter-ground polypropylene composites compared to the steel microfiber reinforced composites. In steel microfiber reinforced composites the dominant toughening mechanisms were multiple microcracking and successive debonding along the fiber/matrix interface. Fiber pullout, the dominant mechanism in conventional macrofiber reinforced composites was rarely observed. In-situ observation of crack/fiber interaction in the inter-ground polymer fibers also revealed multiple microcracking along the length of the fibers followed by fiber pullout.
Instruction using the Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) appears to enhance generalization of communication skills among children with autism in comparison to Responsive Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching (RPMT).

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Yoder, P. J., & Lieberman, R. G. (2010). Brief report: Randomized test of the efficacy of Picture Exchange Communication System on highly generalized picture exchange in children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 629–632. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was funded by the National Institute for Deafness and Other Communication Disorders grant R01CD03581 and the core grant support to the Vanderbilt University Kennedy Center NICHD grant HD15052. The second author was supported by grant #T32HD07226 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to Vanderbilt University. No interests disclosed. The original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Development of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (amphibia: Gymnophiona), with comments on skull kinesis and amphibian relationships.

The development of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Caeciliidae) is described and compared to that of other caecilians. The chondrocranium is well developed in embryos of 25 mm total length (TL); ossification begins in the quadrate and the articular element of the lower jaw at about 30 mm TL. The occipital arch then ossifies, followed by the dorsal and lateral dermal bones, then the ventral endochondral and dermal elements. The stapes ossifies at 55 mm TL. The amount of skull roofing increases during ontogeny, although the anterior rims of the nasal capsules, the anterior part of the mesethmoid, and the hyoid apparatus remain cartilaginous throughout life. Dermophis mexicanus lacks many primary embryonic ossification centers reported by Marcus et al. ('35) for Hypogeophis; presence of these ossification centers has been presumed to be indicative of a primitive skull morphology derived with little modification from archaic amphibians (“stegocephalians”). The fetal skull is highly kinetic, and some kinesis is retained in adults. We suggest that fetal skull kinesis and early ossification of jaw suspension elements are functionally related to the intraoviducal feeding mode of this viviparous species. Based on this evidence, together with the observed ossification pattern and bone homologies, we conclude that stegokrotaphy (complete skull roofing) in caecilians is a derived condition, correlated with fossoriality, and does not indicate a direct relationship of caecilians to any known early amphibian taxon.