cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Bills of Qucks and Duails

The remarkable evolutionary success of vertebrates has been attributed to their craniofacial diversity, which is exemplified by the wide variety of beak morphologies among bird species. In his Perspective, [Trainor][1] discusses new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of beak diversity revealed by elegant experiments involving neural crest cell transplants between quail and duck embryos ([Schneider and Helms][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5606/523 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/299/5606/565
Eliminating Barriers to Dual Enrollment in Oklahoma

Policy, financial, and transportation barriers have limited participation in dual enrollment for marginalized (low-socioeconomic, first-generation, and ethnic minority) students in Oklahoma. This chapter presents a collaborative effort by education and community leaders that has successfully eliminated these barriers and increased the number of marginalized students participating in dual enrollment.
Intravenous administration of tranexamic acid effectively reduces blood loss in primary total knee arthroplasty in a 610‐patient consecutive case series

BACKGROUND Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been reported to demonstrate efficacy in reducing blood loss during arthroplasty procedures. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This study examines the effectiveness of TXA as a central element of a patient blood management program (PBMP) by evaluating blood loss and transfusion of red blood cells in three consecutive groups of patients undergoing routine total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Approximately 200 patients were in each group as follows: Group 1 was a control without TXA, Group 2 was intraarticular administration, and Group 3 was intravenous (IV) administration. RESULTS The IV group demonstrated a small but significant lower blood loss compared to the two other groups measured by hemoglobin (Hb) drift and nadir Hb levels. The routine use of TXA along with the other aspects of our PBMP provided significant cost savings due to the reduction in transfusions as well as a decrease in length of stay and has been an important element of our successful implementation of a PBMP. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a significant benefit from the routine use of TXA for total knee arthroplasty and is one of the first studies to demonstrate a small but significant benefit for IV administration in comparison to intraarticular administration. The routine use of TXA as a central element of a PBMP provides a cost savings and can help reduce the rate of transfusions for total knee arthroplasty.
Dynamic Stochastic Blockmodels for Time-Evolving Social Networks

Significant efforts have gone into the development of statistical models for analyzing data in the form of networks, such as social networks. Most existing work has focused on modeling static networks, which represent either a single time snapshot or an aggregate view over time. There has been recent interest in statistical modeling of dynamic networks, which are observed at multiple points in time and offer a richer representation of many complex phenomena. In this paper, we present a state-space model for dynamic networks that extends the well-known stochastic blockmodel for static networks to the dynamic setting. We fit the model in a near-optimal manner using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) augmented with a local search. We demonstrate that the EKF-based algorithm performs competitively with a state-of-the-art algorithm based on Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling but is significantly less computationally demanding.
Order-of-scattering point spread and modulation transfer functions for natural waters

The point spread and modulation transfer functions for natural waters are derived using the small-angle approximation to radiative transfer theory. The functional forms are expanded into a summation of terms that represent each order-of-scattering contribution to the total. The beam spread function is shown to be a product of an angle function that depends only on the phase function of the medium and a weighting factor that depends only on the optical properties and depth. The modulation transfer function is similarly shown as a product of a function depending only on the spatial frequency and a weighting function. These results are compared with Monte Carlo calculations using two different phase functions, with excellent agreement. The results suggest the small-angle approximation to be valid over a much larger angular range than previously thought.
A near-optimal guidance for cooperative docking maneuvers

In this work we study the problem of minimum energy docking maneuvers between two Floating Spacecraft Simulators. The maneuvers are planar and conducted autonomously in a cooperative mode. The proposed guidance strategy is based on the direct method known as Inverse Dynamics in the Virtual Domain, and the nonlinear programming solver known as Sequential Gradient-Restoration Algorithm. The combination of these methods allows for the quick prototyping of near-optimal trajectories, and results in an implementable tool for real-time closed-loop maneuvering. The experimental results included in this paper were obtained by exploiting the recently upgraded Floating Spacecraft-Simulator Testbed of the Spacecraft Robotics Laboratory at the Naval Postgraduate School. A direct performances comparison, in terms of maneuver energy and propellant mass, between the proposed guidance strategy and a LQR controller, demonstrates the effectiveness of the method.
The synthesis of acetylcholine by human erythrocytes.

Abstract Human erythrocytes synthesize acetylcholine. Implications of these findings are discussed.
An External Source 7 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer with Electrostatic Ion Guide

An external source 7 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer offers three main novel features. First, a 9-way ion-source cross allows for mounting of up to three ionization sources simultaneously, thereby minimizing 'downtime' for changing ion sources. Second, an electrostatic (wire-in-cylinder) ion guide transports the ions approximately 1.5 m from the ion source to the ion trap for mass analysis, through a large magnetic field gradient. Third, the system operates from a modular data system described elsewhere in this issue. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) FTICR positive-ion mass spectra exhibit signal-to-noise ratio greater than 1000:1 and mass resolving power, m/delta m 50% > 100,000. Laser-induced fragmentation of bradykinin demonstrates the ability of the ion guide to transmit both molecular and fragment ions simultaneously. Ultra-high resolution (average resolving power approximately 400,000) was achieved for poly(ethylene glycol) of specified number-average molecular weight, Mn approximately 3400. Future installation of an electrospray source to the ion-source cross should allow for better characterization of the performance of the ion guide.
Will the methamphetamine problem go away

Methamphetamine use has clearly reached epidemic proportions in large parts of the western and midwestern US. Because of the regional specificity of methamphetamine use, there is speculation that it may be a temporary problem and not a long-term public health problem. Unfortunately there are a number of factors that suggest that significant methamphetamine problems may persist or even expand. For this reason, it is important that federal law enforcement, prevention, research and treatment agencies prepare strategies to address the likelihood of this persisting problem. This article reviews the issues concerning the future of the methamphetamine problem in the US and provides some recommendations for setting priorities to address the problem.
Anxiety and orienting tasks in picture recognition

The effect of the worry and emotionality components of test anxiety was examined in a picture recognition task. Subjects performed orienting tasks that required a forced-choice decision concerning some physical attribute (e.g., colorfulness) or some abstract attribute (e.g., geographic locale). The abstract-feature decisions led to better recognition on an unannounced test, compared to the physical-feature task. Test anxiety had no effect on recognition performance.
Application of a new novel data mining technique to cytometry data

Most cytometry data analysis routines focus on individual data sets and require immediate human decision-making in determining what is important to compare between two or more data sets. As cytometry data becomesmore complex, the experimenter could benefit from data mining techniques which can help guide the experimenterto the major similarities and differences between data sets. These similarities and differences are not alwaysobvious, particularly in complex, multiparameter data and those involving rare-events."Subtractive clustering", a novel form ofexploratory data analysis/data mining we have recently developedcompares the similarities and differences between two or more listmode data files. It represents a powerful new toolfor cytometry. The program uses variable sized multidimensional data bins from test and control files while makingno assumptions about the data. This presentation deals with subtractive clustering data mining of flow cytometrydata, but the technique is entirely general and could be easily adapted to image cytometry and to any other situationinvolving comparison of large multidimensional data sets.This software allows for "subtractive clustering' of data between files of varying sizes and permits the analysis ofvery large files. Various controllable parameters in the program allow for definition of "similarity" of data clustersin multidimensional space. Subtraction is not a simple subtraction of multidimensional data points, but rather asubtraction of "similar" data objects which may or may not have the same data values. In addition, since themultidimensional coordinates of each cell are not stored in a multidimensional array, the program is not limited bydata dimensionality or resolution. Data are processed and binned from listmode data into sub-lists that permit rapidcomparison between test and control files. By utilizing a Windows interface, the input of the experienced researcher(having pertinent information concerning the number of biologically relevant cell subpopulations within the mixedsample(s)) is taken into account.Keywords: data mining; flow cytometry; subtractive clustering; exploratory data analysis; cluster analysis
Balthasar bekker and the crisis of cartesianism

(1993). Balthasar bekker and the crisis of cartesianism. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 575-588.
An analytic framework to develop policies for testing, prevention, and treatment of two-stage contagious diseases

In this paper we consider healthcare policy issues for trading off resources in testing, prevention, and cure of two-stage contagious diseases. An individual that has contracted the two-stage contagious disease will initially show no symptoms of the disease but is capable of spreading it. If the initial stages are not detected which could lead to complications eventually, then symptoms start appearing in the latter stage when it would be necessary to perform expensive treatment. Under a constrained budget situation, policymakers are faced with the decision of how to allocate budget for prevention (via vaccinations), subsidizing treatment, and examination to detect the presence of initial stages of the contagious disease. These decisions need to be performed in each period of a given time horizon. To aid this decision-making exercise, we formulate a stochastic dynamic optimal control problem with feedback which can be modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP). However, solving the MDP is computationally intractable due to the large state space as the embedded stochastic network cannot be decomposed. Hence we propose an asymptotically optimal solution based on a fluid model of the dynamics in the stochastic network. We heuristically fine-tune the asymptotically optimal solution for the non-asymptotic case, and test it extensively for several numerical cases. In particular we investigate the effect of budget, length of planning horizon, type of disease, population size, and ratio of costs on the policy for budget allocation.
Akt/Protein Kinase B Is Regulated by Autophosphorylation at the Hypothetical PDK-2 Site

The function of Akt (protein kinase B) is regulated by phosphorylation on two sites conserved within the AGC kinase family: the activation loop (Thr-308) in the kinase core and a hydrophobic phosphorylation site on the carboxyl terminus (Ser-473). Thr-308 is phosphorylated by the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, (PDK-1), whereas the mechanism of phosphorylation of the hydrophobic site, tentatively referred to as the PDK-2 site, is unknown. Here we report that phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif requires catalytically competent Akt. First we show that a kinase-inactive construct of Akt fails to incorporate phosphate at Ser-473 following IGF-1 stimulation in vivo but does incorporate phosphate at Thr-308 and a second carboxyl-terminal site, Thr-450; this ligand triggers the phosphorylation of both sites in wild-type enzyme. Neither does a catalytically inactive construct in which phosphorylation at the activation loop is blocked, T308A, become phosphorylated on the hydrophobic site in response to stimulation. Second, we show that Akt autophosphorylates on the hydrophobic site in vitro: phosphorylation of the activation loop by PDK-1 triggers the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic site in kinase-active, but not thermally inactivated, Akt alpha. Thus, Akt is regulated by autophosphorylation at the Ser-473 hydrophobic site.
Explorations of otic transplantation

Embryonic rat inner ears were transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eyes of adult rats. While considerable development was evident, the structures present were limited to the vestibular division. We hypothesized that this selective survival could be due to the rate of vascularization. To test the effects of graft vascularization we made transplants in which the internal structures were exposed by removing the apex and base of the developing cochlea. The transplants were rapidly vascularized by the iris. Many of the soft labyrinthine structures of the cochlea from 1-day-old donors showed considerable development, including the spiral limbus, basilar membrane, and organ of Corti. To test the possibility that the cochlea requires inductive or trophic support beyond Embryonic Day 15 (E15), we cotransplanted the embryonic inner ear with developing brain stem. In these transplants, we observed improved development of the cochlea, with spiral ganglion cells and an organ of Corti possessing hair cells, Deiter's cells, and pillar cells. To further address the effect of developing CNS tissue on the development of grafted inner ear, we transplanted E15 inner ears to either the cortex or the brain stem of neonatal rats. In these experiments we have seen evidence of both vestibular and cochlear sensory surfaces. In the cochlea, an organ of Corti-like structure can be seen. The possibility of neural connections with the host brain has yet to be investigated.
Salmonella anatum infection.

Summary 1. Although infection with S. anatum is relatively uncommon, eight cases were observed during a period of thirteen months. 2. The clinical picture presented by five cases was that of enteritis characterizedby elevation of temperature, mild diarrhea, and the appearance of mucus and blood in the stools soon after the onset of symptoms. 3. The disease was of short duration.
Functionalizable self-assembling polydiacetylenes and their optical properties

The most versatile polydiacetylene system reported to date from the perspectives of systematic chemical modification and processability was obtained from γ-radiation polymerization of the alkoxycarbonylmethylurethanes of 9-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)-5,7-nonadiyn-1-ol. These polymers self-assemble into an acentric array, and they are readily modified by functionalization of their dialkylaniline group. The modified polymers provide examples of materials with interesting second-order nonlinear optical properties and the first case of a rigid-rod polymer that exhibits photofabricated surface relief gratings.
External Control of the Neuromuscular System

The basic physiological processes active in voluntary and reflexive movement are reviewed and analyzed in light of recent data. The individual and interactive actions of such processes (i.e., rate, recruitment, synergy, feedbacks) are integrated and presented as a limb joint control system including upper, lower, perceptive, and reflexive hierarchical closed-loop regulators emphasizing the role of various feedback modalities.
Linking tree-ring and sediment-charcoal records to reconstruct fire occurrence and area burned in subalpine forests of Yellowstone National Park, USA

Reconstructing specific fire-history metrics with charcoal records has been difficult, in part because calibration data sets are rare. We calibrated charcoal accumulation in sediments from three medium (14—19 ha) and one large (4250 ha) lake with a 300 yr tree-ring-based fire-history reconstruction from central Yellowstone National Park (YNP) to reconstruct local fire occurrence and area burned within a 128 840 ha study area. Charcoal peaks most accurately reflected fires within 1.2—3.0 km of coring sites, whereas total charcoal accumulation correlated best with area burned within 6.0—51 km (r2=0.22—0.62, p<0.05). To reconstruct area burned for the entire study area, we developed a statistical model based on a composite charcoal record. The model explained 64—79% of the variability in area burned from AD 1675 to 1960 and was robust to cross-validation. Reconstructed area burned from AD 1240—1975 was significantly higher during periods including extreme annual drought ( p=0.05), and area burned varied sign...
Computers and Information Technologies in Psychiatric Nursing

TOPIC. There is an assumption that psychiatric nurses are late adopters of technology because psychiatric nursing has been traditionally viewed as a nontechnological nursing specialty. PURPOSE. This article will review current nursing literature to outline the value and significance of computers and information technologies to psychiatric nursing. SOURCES OF INFORMATION. Existing bodies of research literature related to computers and information technology for psychiatric nurses. CONCLUSION. Three areas of psychiatric nursing are identified and the specific advantages and benefits of computers and information technologies in each of these areas are discussed. In addition, the importance of informatics competencies for psychiatric nursing practice is reiterated in order to accelerate its acquisition.
Analysis Of Justice Systems

This article was prepared in an effort to delineate concepts that may serve to improve research investigations in the study of the justice system. The author demonstrates that there are specific data and research needs that require the attention of justice system students, scholars and practioners. A main theme of this article is the fact that the "system" of justice is not necessarily functioning as a system. The following concepts are discussed: variance in justice systems; external validity; formal vs. informal justice; the need for justice research; the need for a system of studies; and a system approach to justice information. There is a need for improvement in the areas of data collection and research. This author suggests that statewide and nationwide information systems be implemented in an effort to meet the data needs of practioners and researchers. The design of such a system would incorporate a standardized data set on the individual and on the system. This data set would be defined by a team ...
Human pheochromocytoma phenol sulfotransferase: biochemical properties and activities of thermolabile and thermostable forms.

Abstract To determine whether pheochromocytoma phenol sulfotransferase (PST) activities were similar to blood platelet PST activities, we established assay conditions and biochemical properties for the human pheochromocytoma enzymes. At least two forms of PST were present in high speed supernatant (HSS) preparations of the tumors. A thermolabile form (TL) and a thermostable form (TS) were similar to those of human platelet PST with regard to pH optima, apparent K m values, responses to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol and thermal stability. PST activities were measured in 74 tumors of neuroectodermal origin that had been stored at −80° C for a mean of 37.9 months. Levels of TL and TS PST activities decreased in a nonlinear fashion with time of sample storage. TL and TS PST activities of 4 samples assayed after 1.08 ± 1.95 (mean ± SD) month of storage were 167 ± 73 and 3110 ± 1817 U/mg protein, respectively (mean ± Sem). Our results indicated that the TL and TS forms of PST in pheochromocytoma HSS preparations were biochemically similar to platelet PST activities.
Project outsource: providing students with project management experience using contractors

This article describes a service-learning assignment that incorporates independent contractors into the classroom. The assignment is designed to facilitate students learning technical and interpersonal aspects of project management through practice managing a project, and it involves students managing a distributed team member. Service-learning projects address the motivational shortcomings of traditional instructional approaches by having students develop solutions for outside stakeholders. However, traditional service-learning projects are limited by the skills of the students in the course. The project outsource assignment is novel in at least three ways. First, unlike many service-learning assignments, it is effective in online and traditional settings. Second, it provides students with practice managing a distributed team member. Third, incorporating skilled contract workers enables students to undertake a wider range of service-learning projects. The article describes the assignment, objectives, process, results, and transferability aspects of the assignment.
A mathematical model to estimate average response time of parallel programs

In this paper, we present a model to estimate the average response time of parallel programs. It is assumed that the underlying system has a number of processors and all the processors have the same speed. The system is represented as a state transition diagram in which each state represents the number of processes in the system. A state transition can occur in every @Dt time units. If the system has U processors and i processes, each process will receive @Dt x min(1, Ui) processor time before the number of processes in the system changes. A process is terminated when it receives the required processor time. A program leaves the system when all the corresponding processes are terminated. Methods based on the model are developed to estimate the average response time. Several examples are given to demonstrate these methods.
Doxycycline Attenuates Protein Aggregation in Cardiomyocytes and Improves Survival of a Mouse Model of Cardiac Proteinopathy

Objectives The goal of this pre-clinical study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline (Doxy) for desmin-related cardiomyopathy (DRC) and to elucidate the potential mechanisms involved. Background DRC, exemplifying cardiac proteinopathy, is characterized by intrasarcoplasmic protein aggregation and cardiac insufficiency. No effective treatment for DRC is available presently. Doxy was shown to attenuate aberrant intranuclear aggregation and toxicity of misfolded proteins in noncardiac cells and animal models of other proteinopathies. Methods Mice and cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with transgenic (TG) expression of a human DRC-linked missense mutation R120G of αB-crystallin (CryABR120G) were used for testing the effect of Doxy. Doxy was administered via drinking water (6 mg/ml) initiated at 8 or 16 weeks of age. Results Doxy treatment initiated at 16 weeks of age significantly delayed the premature death of CryABR120GTG mice, with a median lifespan of 30.4 weeks (placebo group, 25 weeks; p Conclusions Doxy suppresses CryABR120G-induced aberrant protein aggregation in cardiomyocytes and prolongs CryABR120G-based DRC mouse survival.
Data evaluation technique for electron-tunneling spectroscopy.

A systematic study of local-density-of-states (LDOS) deconvolution from tip-surface tunneling spectra is reported. The one-dimensional WKB approximation is used to simulate the process. A technique for DOS deconvolution from the electron-tunneling spectroscopy data is proposed. The differential conductivity normalized to its fit to the tunneling probability function is used as a method of recovering sample DOS. This explicit procedure does not use unconstrained parameters and reveals a better DOS deconvolution in comparison with other techniques. The advantage of this method is its feasibility for extracting two important physical parameters from experimental tunneling spectra: (i) local surface potential, and (ii) tip-sample distance. These values are the parameters used in the proposed fitting procedure. The local surface potential and the tip-sample distance retrieval are demonstrated by means of numerical simulations. Comparative scanning tunneling spectroscopy is proposed as an approach to eliminate the influence of the tip condition on the surface LDOS recovery. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Percutaneous coronary intervention and drug-eluting stents.

Interventional cardiology made its debut 27 years ago, when Andreas Gruntzig performed the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in a human. Since then, rapid expansion of our knowledge of vascular pathology and its response to therapy, combined with tremendous advances in medical
Correction of sunspot intensities for scattered light

Correction of sunspot intensities for scattered light usually involves fitting theoretical curves to observed aureoles (Zwaan, 1965; Staveland, 1970, 1972). In this paper we examine the inaccuracies in the determination of scattered light by this method. Earlier analyses are extended to examine uncertainties due to the choice of the expression for limb darkening. For the spread function, we consider Lorentzians and Gaussians for which analytic expressions for the aureole can be written down. Lorentzians lead to divergence and normalization difficulties, and should not be used in scattered light determinations. Gaussian functions are more suitable.
Dynamic instability of suddenly heated angle-ply laminated composite cylindrical shells

Abstract The instability of the motion of thin elastic circular cylindrical shells made of angle-ply laminated fiber-reinforced composite materials and subjected to a suddenly developed temperature is investigated. The excitation of unstable modes are identified by the short-term analysis, whereas the long-term analysis shows that the initially unstable circumferential flexural modes exchange energy with the circular mode in a cyclic manner. This generally produces stresses that are much larger than those associated with the basic linear motion of the shell. The influence of fiber orientation and stacking sequence are shown.
Wake vortex control using static segmented Gurney flaps

A study to assess the potential for using static segmented Gurney flaps, also known as miniature trailing edge effectors, for active wake vortex alleviation is conducted using a half-span model wing with NACA 0012 shape and an aspect ratio of 4.1. All tests are performed with the wing at an 8.9 deg angle of attack and chord-based Reynolds number around 350,000. The wing is equipped with an array of 13 miniature trailing edge effector pairs. Each miniature trailing edge effector has a flap that in the neutral position rests behind the blunt trailing edge of the wing, and in the down position extends 0.015 chord lengths perpendicular to the freestream on the pressure side of the wing. Measurements of section lift coefficient are made using pressure taps to assess the effect of various miniature trailing edge effector configurations on the spanwise lift distribution. Particle image velocimetry and five-hole probe measurements are made on the trailing vortex to assess the steady-state effects of different flap configurations
Spin-fluctuation resistivity in alloys☆

Abstract The decrease of the resistivity in some alloys with increasing temperature can be interpreted as a result of the resonance scattering being pushed off resonance by spin-fluctuations. A proper use of the theoretical results gives reasonable values for the spin-fluctuation temperature.
An analysis of chemical reactor stability and control—XIII Segregated two phase systems

Abstract This work investigates the behaviour of a completely segregated two phase continuous stirred tank reactor, and the effect of stirring on the various possible steady states. It is found that under certain conditions the heat transfer coefficient between the two phases may be the controlling factor in the design of such reactors. Steady states may be obtained in which the temperature of some of the drops greatly exceeds that of the other drops. It is demonstrated that the differences between the completely segregated and ideally mixed model is small for high values of stirrer Reynolds number, but can be important for low values of Reynolds number. To obtain a realistic description of the system in this case one must use a model which includes the effect of interaction between the various drops. A method of determining asymptotic stability based on steady state data alone is outlined. Some transient computations have been performed by use of a Monte-Carlo method to simulate the age distribution of the drops.
Exome sequencing establishes diagnosis of Alström syndrome in an infant presenting with non-syndromic dilated cardiomyopathy

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is a heritable, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by progressive heart failure. Dilated cardiomyopathy typically exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance, yet frequently remains clinically silent until adulthood. We sought to discover the molecular basis of idiopathic, non-syndromic dilated cardiomyopathy in a one-month-old male presenting with severe heart failure. Previous comprehensive testing of blood, urine, and skin biopsy specimen was negative for metabolic, mitochondrial, storage, and infectious etiologies. Ophthalmologic examination was normal. Chromosomal microarray and commercial dilated cardiomyopathy gene panel testing failed to identify a causative mutation. Parental screening echocardiograms revealed no evidence of clinically silent dilated cardiomyopathy. Whole exome sequencing was carried out on the family trio on a research basis, filtering for rare, deleterious, recessive and de novo genetic variants. Pathogenic compound heterozygous truncating mutations were identified in ALMS1, diagnostic of Alstrom syndrome and prompting disclosure of genetic findings. Alstrom syndrome is a known cause for dilated cardiomyopathy in children yet delayed and mis-diagnosis are common owing to its rarity and age-dependent emergence of multisystem clinical manifestations. At six months of age the patient ultimately developed bilateral nystagmus and hyperopia, features characteristic of the syndrome. Early diagnosis is guiding clinical monitoring of other organ systems and allowing for presymptomatic intervention. Furthermore, recognition of recessive inheritance as the mechanism for sporadic disease has informed family planning. This case highlights a limitation of standard gene testing panels for pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy and exemplifies the potential for whole exome sequencing to solve a diagnostic dilemma and enable personalized care.
Familial DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome with deletions of chromosome area 22q11.2: Report of five families with a review of the literature

The DiGeorge (DG), velocardiofacial (VCF), and conotruncal anomaly-face (CTAF) syndromes were originally described as distinct disorders, although overlapping phenotypes have been recognized. It is now clear that all three syndromes result from apparently similar or identical 22q11.2 deletions, suggesting that they represent phenotypic variability of a single genetic syndrome. We report on 12 individuals in five families with del(22)(q11.2) by fluorescent in situ hybridization, and define the frequency of phenotypic abnormalities in those cases and in 70 individuals from 27 del(22)(q11.2) families from the literature. Common manifestations include mental impairment (97%), abnormal face (93%), cardiac malformations (68%), thymic (64%) and parathyroid (63%) abnormalities, and cleft palate or velopharyngeal insufficiency (48%). Familial DG, VCF, and CTAF syndromes due to del(22) (q11.2) show significant inter- and intrafamilial clinical variability consistent with the hypothesis that a single gene or group of tightly linked genes is the common cause of these syndromes. Up to 25% of 22q deletions are inherited, indicating that parents of affected children warrant molecular cytogenetic evaluation. We propose use of the compound term "DiGeorge/velocardiofacial (DG/VCF) syndrome" in referring to this condition, as it calls attention to the phenotypic spectrum using historically familiar names.
19F NMR studies of the pentafluoro- and hexafluoro-tellurate(IV) ions in methylene chloride solutions☆

Abstract NMR studies of 19 F show that both TeF 5 − and TeF 6 2− ions are formed in methylene chloride solutions containing TeF 4 and various amounts of dibutylammonium fluoride [(Bu 2 NH 2 F]. Effects of temperature and free F − ion concentration on line widths are discussed and results are compared with similar studies of IF 5 .
Roughness discrimination in cats with dorsal column lesions

Summary (1) Seven normal cats and 17 cats with dorsal column total (DC) lesions of 2–100% of the DC cross-sectional area were given neurological tests. Cats with lesions as large as 86% showed no deficits on neurological examination. All cats with lesions greater than 90% showed signs of neurological impairment. (2) Six cats with high cervical DC lesions were compared with 4 intact controls in a roughness-discrimination task of 4 graded levels. Two cats with 97% and 100% destruction of their total DC cross-sectional area failed to reach criterion on the second discrimination level; cats with 38–86% DC lesions learned the highest discmination grade as quickly as intact controls. (3) DC lesions of 69–86% in pretained cats failed to produce evidence of lasting postoperative deficits when compared with pretrained, sham-operated controls; however, a cat with a 100% lesion failed to reach criterion on the second discrimination level. (4) The results show that the effects of DC lesions in cats can be demonstr by neurological examination and roughness-discrimination tests. However, to show significant effects, at least 90% of the dorsal columns must be destroyed; in this study, such lesions were estimated to involve over 90% of the DC fibers transmitting information from the paws. Although these findings suggest a high level of functional redundancy within the DC system, alternative views of DC function and its analysis are suggested.
Where, when and how much: regulation of myelin proteolipid protein gene expression.

The myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene (Plp) encodes the most abundant protein found in myelin from the central nervous system (CNS). Expression of the gene is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner with maximal levels of expression occurring in oligodendrocytes during the active myelination period of CNS development, although other cell types in the CNS as well as in the periphery can express the gene to a much lower degree. In oligodendrocytes, Plp gene expression is tightly regulated. Underexpression or overexpression of the gene has been shown to have adverse effects in humans and other vertebrates. In light of this strict control, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge of Plp gene regulation.
Generalized degrees of freedom of the symmetric K-user interference channel with feedback

The symmetric K user interference channel with fully connected topology is considered, in which (a) each receiver suffers interference from all other K − 1 transmitters, and (b) each transmitter has causal and noiseless feedback from its respective receiver. The number of generalized degrees of freedom (GDoF) is characterized in terms of α, where the interference-to-noise ratio (INR) is given by INR = SNRα. It is shown that the number of per-user GDoF of this network is the same as that of the 2-user interference channel with feedback, except for α = 1, for which existence of feedback does not help in terms of GDoF. The coding scheme proposed for this network, termed cooperative interference alignment, is based on two key ingredients, namely, interference alignment and interference decoding.
Migration of 90-nm mask and wafer lithography learning into 130-nm mask production to improve performance and yield

Improvements in mask making techniques and metrology strategies have been required to satisfy the requirements of the 90nm technology node. With decreasing k1 and increasing MEF, critical dimension uniformity and defect specifications have faced severely tightened requirements. Many of the mask making process enhancements inspired by the 90nm node can be retrofitted into the 130nm node which improves mask quality as well as wafer-level performance. Mask critical dimension uniformity improvements directly impact wafer across chip linewidth variation which results in significantly improved chip performance. Specific examples of 130nm chip performance improvement will be discussed. Mask critical dimension and defect density improvements also result in improved mask yield and reduced mask costs. Driving 90nm mask process learning back into 130nm mask production significantly improves 130nm performance. Close interaction with the wafer lithography team allows focus on critical process window improvements for both the mask maker and wafer lithographer and allows rapid implementation of high-end process learning into older technologies.
Zooplankton ecology in the eastern tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone above a seamount: 1. General trends

The distribution of zooplankton in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the eastern tropical Pacific and near a seamount was investigated. The oxygen minimum layer appeared to be an important factor influencing the vertical distribution of zooplankton taxa below the thermocline. The maximum zooplankton in terms of biomass and numbers was in the thermocline zone, with a secondary maximum in the depth zone that included the lower OMZ interface (600-1000 m). Most taxonomic groups showed this secondary peak in abundance in the lower OMZ interface depth zone and minimum abundances above it. The secondary maximum in zooplankton at the lower OMZ interface seems to be unique to OMZ regions. Only larvaceans and mollusks did not appear to be strongly influenced by the minimum concentrations of oxygen. Four vertical distribution patterns characteristic of different taxonomic groups may be indicative of their different tolerances to minimum oxygen concentrations. The physical intrusion of the seamount (summit at 730 m depth) did not cause major changes in the distribution of pelagic zooplankton. Significant biological and physical differences between locations above and away from the seamount were found only within the upper OMZ (100-300 m).
Socioeconomic disparities in health: the impact of pharmacotherapy.

Along with age and gender, socioeconomic status is a fundamental driver of health. This review discusses the meaning of socioeconomic status and how it influences health across a person’s life. Particular attention is paid to the role of psychosocial stress and self-determination. Through various pathways, socioeconomic status may affect biologic aging. This review also discusses the implications of the socioeconomic status–health relationship for understanding international differences in population health such as differences in life expectancy. The review concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for national policies and the potential impact of pharmacotherapy.
Use of a nuclear microprobe in the study of fuel cell electrodes

Abstract The electrocatalyst in the phosphoric acid fuel cell is confined in an active layer of 120 μm, at a platinum loading of 0.25 mg cm−2 for the anode and 0.5 mg cm−2 for the cathode. To date, it has proven difficult to obtain direct evidence about the stability of the electrocatalyst during long-term operation of the fuel cell. Investigations are also under way to evaluate platinum alloys and intermetallics in efforts to reduce the overpotential for oxygen reduction. In this paper, a nuclear microprobe is used to demonstrate the value of spatially resolved Rutherford backscattering as a new and sensitive technique for the analysis of electrocatalysts in fuel-cell electrodes. Measurements are reported for a number of different electrodes, both new and used.
Orthopedic perspectives on femoroacetabular impingement.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a cause of hip pain in which there is abnormal and repetitive contact between the proximal femur and the acetabulum. FAI can occur as a primary condition in children with distinct anatomical abnormalities or can occur as a secondary process in cases of developmental hip conditions or trauma. There are two main categories of FAI, cam and pincer, which are distinguished based on whether the anatomical abnormality is on the femoral side or the acetabular side of the hip joint, respectively. Good outcomes have been achieved with early surgical intervention, but once advanced degenerative changes have occurred the chances for a successful surgical outcome are severely diminished. The orthopedic surgeon’s ability to appropriately treat FAI depends on an accurate understanding of the etiology and features of each child. The ability to make an early, accurate diagnosis is enhanced with the use of imaging modalities such as radiographs, MRI and CT. This review will focus on orthopedic perspectives in the use of these imaging modalities in defining the anatomical features of and guiding treatment for FAI.
Assessing Volume Status

Shock is a physiologic state associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The clinician has several tools available to evaluate volume status. Each modality has its benefits and limitations but, to date, no one test can indicate with 100% accuracy which patients will be truly volume responsive. Although the search for the Holy Grail of a perfect intravascular monitor continues, we must remember the importance of early, aggressive, and goal-directed interventions for patients in shock. Finally, there is no substitute for the most important intervention-the frequent presence of the physician at the patient's bedside.
Long-term survival and reproduction in preterm infants

The rate of preterm birth is increasing in developed countries. Improvements in neonatal intensive care have decreased the rate of infant mortality after preterm birth, particularly for those born at the earliest gestational ages. However, the result is an increasing absolute number of preterm birth survivors who suffer from disabilities such as neurosensory, respiratory and cognitive impairments. Evidence is also accumulating demonstrating that these survivors may be at increased risk for mortality, even into later childhood, and that they may face challenges transitioning into adulthood, such as a decreased likelihood of reproduction.
Properties of clear polyurethane films modified with a fluoropolymer emulsion

Abstract An emulsion of a fluoroethylene vinyl ether polyol, Lumiflon FE-4400, was incorporated into clearcoats of two-part water-based military polyurethane topcoats. This additive was mixed with the aqueous dispersion polyol component. The polyol component was then mixed with the isocyanate component with a high speed disperser to properly mix the reactants. Films were prepared by drawing down the dispersion onto glass substrates using a 4-mil stainless steel Bird applicator. After drying at ambient conditions the films were removed from the glass for analysis. As measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Lumiflon FE-4400 segregated to the surface providing significant fluorine enrichment at the air interface, as high as 90 times the bulk concentration. Although increasing the concentration of Lumiflon FE-4400 increased the surface concentration, the ratio of surface concentration to the bulk concentration decreased. As expected, water contact angle increased approximately in a linear fashion with the surface fluorine concentration. At 1–5 wt% added Lumiflon FE-4400, the physical and mechanical properties were not significantly affected. However, addition of Lumiflon FE-4400 at or above 10% of polyol fraction significantly reduced the glass transition temperature, modulus, crosslink density, strength, toughness and weathering resistance. Phase contrast microscopy showed that the morphology of these films went from being uniform to having distinct aggregates that increased in size and number as fluorinated polyol fraction increased, likely explaining the reduction in film properties. Accelerated weathering of pigmented coatings was also performed. Although fluorinated resins typically improve weathering resistance of coatings, in this study, increasing the Lumiflon FE-4400 content decreased the weathering resistance as a result of the ethoxylation of the fluorinated additive necessary to produce an aqueous fluoropolymer emulsion.
Rate of language acquisition and noun emphasis

Fifteen pairs of children were matched on MLU. Members of each pair differed by 6 months or more in age. The younger (precocious) children's language was compared to the older (slower) children's on a number of complexity measures. Precocious children emphasized nouns more and tended to make more errors; slower children scored higher on a comprehension task. This suggests that there may be qualitatively different approaches to language development that relate to speed of language acquisition.
Effect of `Metrazol' on the Isolated, Perfused Mammalian Heart

CONTEMPORARY pharmacological tests state that ‘Metrazol’ (pentamethylene-tetrazole) has no direct effect on the myocardium. Conflicting opinions are recorded in the literature1. Goodman and Gilman2 claim that the electrocardiographic changes are due to central nervous system influences, an opinion shared by Bircher et al.3. Since the direct role of ‘Metrazol’ on the heart did not seem to be settled, we undertook the following experiments.
The professional ontogeny of the psychiatric physician

In this day of conflicting forces in the medical world the identity of the psychiatrist and his role in professional life is being challenged from several directions. The author takes the position that a medical background is essential to prepare a psychiatrist, and that his identity is as a clinician. His training is then reviewed in psychological-developmental terms to illustrate how the curriculum and graduated clinical responsibility over the three-year residency are related to the maturation of the clinical psychiatrist. Of special interest are the author's concluding remarks on the need for greater attention to the professional maturing process following the conclusion of formal residency training.
Synthesis of isotopically labelled DNA degradation products for use in mass spectrometric studies of cellular DNA damage

SUMMARY Thirteen substituted purines and pyrimidines bearing from three to five carbon, nitrogen and/or deuterium isotopic labels have been synthesized in yields ranging from .l to 70%. Most of the products originate from the same small number of commercially available labelled starting materials, and in several cases one intermediate leads to two products, thus minimizing the expense and time required. The parent compounds are found in tissue as the result of DNA damage often linked with carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. The synthesized compounds serve as internal standards for the study of DNA damage using mass spectrom