cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers for mitochondrial energy metabolism diseases

Biomarkers are an indicator of biologic or pathogenic processes, whose function is indicating the presence/absence of disease or monitoring disease course and its response to treatment. Since mitochondrial disorders (MDs) can represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, due to their clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the identification of easily measurable biomarkers becomes a high priority. Given the complexity of MD, in particular the primary mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) diseases due to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction, a reliable single biomarker, relevant for the whole disease group, could be extremely difficult to find, most of times leading the physicians to better consider a 'biosignature' for the diagnosis, rather than a single biochemical marker. Serum biomarkers like lactate and pyruvate are largely determined in the diagnostic algorithm of MD, but they are not specific to this group of disorders. The concomitant determination of creatine (Cr), plasma amino acids, and urine organic acids might be helpful to reinforce the biosignature in some cases. In recent studies, serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (sFGF21) and serum growth differentiation factor 15 (sGDF15) appear to be promising molecules in identifying MD. Moreover, new different approaches have been developed to discover new MD biomarkers. This work discusses the most important biomarkers currently used in the diagnosis of MRC diseases, and some approaches under evaluation, discussing both their utility and weaknesses.
Attribution and Health-Related Functioning

In recent years, probably one of the most burgeoning interfaces within psychology has involved the application of social-psychological theories within the arena of health psychology (Harvey, Bratt, & Lennox, 1987; Spring, Chiodo, & Bowen, 1987). Work in this area has addressed the roles that social-psychological variables and processes play in the prevention, treatment, and maintenance of health-related behavior as well as the functions they serve in psychological adjustment to disease, disability, and other forms of victimization. Research in the social/health domain has focused on numerous topics such as the relationship between psychosocial variables and cancer (Eysenck, 1987; Grossarth-Maticek, Bastiaans, & Kanazir, 1985; Meyerowitz, 1980; Wortman & Dunkel-Schetter, 1979), the effects of stress and stress inoculation on immune functioning (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1984; Kiecolt-Glaser, Glaser, et al., 1985), and the influence of psychosocial factors on the adjustment of burn patients (Andreasen, Noyes, & Hartford, 1972).
Optimal Trading Strategies for Energy Hubs Equipped with Power-to-Gas Technology

An energy hub, which is considered as a unit where multiple energy carriers can be converted, conditioned, and stored, becomes a key element in future energy networks due to the emergence of the integrated energy system. Much is unknown about the management of energy hubs, for instance, how much energy to convert, how much energy to store, and how relevant it is to different factors such as prices. We answer these questions by formulating the trading decision making problem for energy hubs as a dynamic program. For an extreme setting that incorporates uncertainty, we prove the optimality of a two-threshold policy of the energy conversion. Under the assumption with parameters that leads to the normal case, we also establish two-threshold structures of the optimal operation of the energy conversion and the energy storage.
Machine auscultation: enabling machine diagnostics using convolutional neural networks and large-scale machine audio data

Acoustic signals play an essential role in machine state monitoring. Efficient processing of real-time machine acoustic signals improves production quality. However, generating semantically useful information from sound signals is an ill-defined problem that exhibits a highly non-linear relationship between sound and subjective perceptions. This paper outlines two neural network models to analyze and classify acoustic signals emanating from machines: (i) a backpropagation neural network (BP-NN); and (ii) a convolutional neural network (CNN). Microphones are used to collect acoustic data for training models from a computer numeric control (CNC) lathe. Numerical experiments demonstrate that CNN performs better than the BP-NN.
Development and validation of a method to quantify benefits of clean-air taxi legislation.

Air pollution from motor vehicle traffic remains a significant threat to public health. Using taxi inspection and trip data, we assessed changes in New York City’s taxi fleet following Clean Air Taxi legislation enacted in 2005–2006. Inspection and trip data between 2004 and 2015 were used to assess changes in New York’s taxi fleet and to estimate and spatially apportion annual taxi-related exhaust emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and total particulate matter (PMT). These emissions changes were used to predict reductions in NO and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations estimates using data from the New York City Community Air Survey (NYCCAS) in 2009–2015. Efficiency trends among other for-hire vehicles and spatial variation in traffic intensity were also considered. The city fuel efficiency of the medallion taxi fleet increased from 15.7 MPG to 33.1 MPG, and corresponding NO and PMT exhaust emissions estimates declined by 82 and 49%, respectively. These emissions reductions were associated with changes in NYCCAS-modeled NO and PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.001). New York’s clean air taxi legislation was effective at increasing fuel efficiency of the medallion taxi fleet, and reductions in estimated taxi emissions were associated with decreases in NO and PM2.5 concentrations.
Rādhātantram: Rādhā as Guru in the Service of the Great Goddess

The Rādhātantram can serve as a tool with which to examine textual and doctrinal appropriations that took place between Vaiṣṇavas and Śāktas in precolonial Bengal in their ongoing competition for membership and patronage. The unknown author of the Rādhātantram borrowed some basic Kṛṣṇa mythology and superimposed it on a Tantra framework. In so doing he changed Kṛṣṇa’s theological identity and his relationship to Rādhā, the devotee’s relationship to the couple, and, more significantly, the couple’s relationship to the cosmos. Rādhā’s identity and role were reinterpreted to serve clearly non-Vaiṣṇava purposes. The change in her status to that of an independent goddess brings with it an implicit rereading of her whole mythology. She still has an erotic role to play in her relationship with Kṛṣṇa, but here she is also the agent of Kālī, charged with Kṛṣṇa’s spiritual education. She has emanated from the great goddess, Mahādevī, herself to serve as Kṛṣṇa’s guru, and Kṛṣṇa too is Kālī. Even the god Kṛṣṇa wants to reintegrate himself into his mother Kālī, and his sādhanā with Rādhā will enable him to do so. This article also compares the Rādhā of the Rādhātantram with that of the Śrīkṛṣṇakīrtana and the Gītagovindam and speculates on the author’s decision to write in Sanskrit. Examining some key narrative sections of the Rādhātantram in light of transaction theory allows the analysis to elucidate the ways the author of the Rādhātantram appropriated Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava tropes for Śākta purposes.
Multidimensional Nanoparticle Characterization through Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Multidimensional techniques that combine fully or partially orthogonal characterization methods in a single setup often provide a more comprehensive description of analytes. When applied to nanopar...
Communicatively Managing Multiple, Intersecting Identities Among Immigrant Women Entrepreneurs:

Immigrant women comprise one of the fastest growing groups of business owners in the United States and other urban economies; however, a greater proportion of immigrant women business owners shut d...
Substance use among Latino international and domestic college students.

While the United States hosts the greatest number of international students in the world, Latino international students remain understudied, especially in regards to substance use. The present stud...
1987-P: Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue

Background: Adipose tissue inflammation is linked to adipose tissue insulin resistance. However, whether this is a causal relationship remains controversial. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between measures of adipose tissue inflammation and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity over a wide range of body fat distribution and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Methods: We recruited a total of 87 volunteers (30 men and 57 women). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was quantified as the insulin concentration required for a 50% suppression of lipolysis (IC50). Lipolysis was measured as steady-state palmitate flux before and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) was quantified by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against CD68 (total ATM), CD14 (pro-inflammatory ATM) and CD206 (anti-inflammatory ATM) and senescent preadipocyte content was quantified by β-galactosidase positivity using fluorescent microscopy in abdominal and femoral fat biopsies. Results: Total ATM content was only weakly associated with IC50 in abdominal fat (r=0.26, p=0.01) and no association was observed for femoral fat. No association was observed between IC50 and pro-inflammatory ATM content. Anti-inflammatory ATM content was associated with IC50 in abdominal (r=0.46, p Conclusions: ATM content is only weakly associated to adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Only the content of anti-inflammatory, not pro-inflammatory macrophages, was associated with adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. This argues against pro-inflammatory macrophages as mediators of insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Disclosure E. Sondergaard: None. A.E. Espinosa De Ycaza: None. M. Morgan-Bathke: None. K. Lytle: None. D.A. Delivanis: None. B.G. Carranza Leon: None. M.D. Jensen: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (DK40404, DK45343)
Is the Choice of Cost-Effectiveness Threshold in Cost-Utility Analysis Endogenous to the Resulting Value of Technology? A Systematic Review

Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is widely used for health technology assessment; however, concerns exist that cost-utility analysts may suggest higher cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) to compensate for technologies of relatively lower value. We explored whether selection of a CUA study’s CET was endogenous to estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). We systematically reviewed the US cost-effectiveness literature between 2000 and 2017 where studies with explicit CET and ICERs were included. We classified the ratio of studies hypothesized to analyze cost-effective technologies at low CETs (i.e., less than $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]) vs higher CETs (i.e., $100,000–$150,000/QALY) relative to their ICER, using a Chi square test to examine whether technologies that were cost effective at high CETs would still be cost effective at lower thresholds. We also performed fixed-effects linear regression exploring the associations between ICERs and reported CETs over time. Among 317 ICERs reviewed: (A) 185 had an ICER < $50,000/QALY; (B) 53 had $50,000 ≤ ICER, < $100,000; (C) 20 had $100,000 ≤ ICER < $150,000; and (D) 59 had an ICER ≥ $150,000. Chi square testing showed a strong association (p < 0.001) between estimated ICER values and chosen CET, illustrating a lack of independence between the two. The regression analysis indicated that CETs have a baseline value of $52,000 and grow by $0.37 for each dollar increase in the estimated ICER. Cost-effectiveness thresholds represent the hypothesis tests of typical CUAs. Our analysis highlights that most CUAs that cite high CETs also result in greater ICERs for the novel interventions that they investigate; thus, these interventions would otherwise not have been cost effective at lower CETs. Selection of a CET may come after the ICER is calculated to infer value that suits a hypothesis.
Cost-Aware Type Theory.

Although computational complexity is a fundamental aspect of program behavior, it is often at odds with common type theoretic principles such as function extensionality, which identifies all functions with the same $\textit{input-output}$ behavior. We present a computational type theory called $\mathbf{CATT}$ that has a primitive notion of cost (the number of evaluation steps). We introduce a new dependent function type "funtime" whose semantics can be viewed as a cost-aware version of function extensionality. We prove a collection of lemmas for $\mathbf{CATT}$, including a novel introduction rule for the new funtime type. $\mathbf{CATT}$ can be simultaneously viewed as a framework for analyzing computational complexity of programs and as the beginnings of a semantic foundation for characterizing feasible mathematical proofs.
Interaction between Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Physical Activity, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Overall Mortality in U.S. Women.

Background: Increased respiration during physical activity may increase air pollution dose, which may attenuate the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and overall mo...
Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Exposed to Donor Milk

Objective This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of donor milk (DM) received in the first 28 days of life (DOL) on neurodevelopmental (ND) outcome at 20-months corrected age (CA) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Study Design A total of 84 infants born in 2011 to 2012 who received only mother's own milk (MOM) and/or preterm formula (PF) was compared with 69 infants born in 2013 to 2014 who received MOM and/or DM. Daily enteral intake of MOM, DM, and PF was collected through 28 DOL. ND outcomes were assessed with the Bayley-III. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for the effect of social and neonatal risk factors alongside era of birth on ND outcome. Results Infants exposed to DM were born to older mothers (p Conclusion There were no differences in ND outcome between infants born before and after the introduction of DM. This may have been due to the similar percent of MOM at DOL 14 and 28 in the two eras. Key Points
Virtual Reality as a Tool to Study the Influence of the Eating Environment on Eating Behavior: A Feasibility Study

In this manuscript, we describe a new approach to study the effect of the eating environment on food intake and eating behavior using virtual reality technology. Fifteen adults consumed pizza rolls in two virtual reality (VR) environments: a restaurant and a table in an empty room. The participants’ food intake, eating parameters (e.g., masticatory parameters and eating rate), and their sensory evaluation of the test food was measured. The participants’ sense of presence (the feeling of being in the virtual environment) and markers of arousal were also measured. There was no statistical significant difference in food intake or the sensory evaluation of the test food. In the restaurant condition, participants used fewer masticatory cycles before swallowing but there was no effect on eating rate or maximum bite force. Participants experienced a greater sense of presence when they were in the pizza restaurant scene. Moreover, their heart rate and skin temperature were higher in the restaurant condition. This study suggests that VR could be developed as a new tool to study the effect of the eating environment on food intake and eating behavior.
Pediatric Scaphoid Fracture Associated with Osteopetrosis: A Case Report.

Case A 12-year-old boy with osteopetrosis sustained a scaphoid waist fracture, which has not previously been reported with this condition. Healing was successfully achieved with percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation, albeit with prolonged healing as is typical for this condition. Conclusion A lack of osteoclastic remodeling predisposes patients with osteopetrosis to fractures, commonly in long bones. Increased risks of infection, anesthesia, and broken hardware along with limited ability to compress bone may discourage operative management. Internal fixation should still be considered in select cases to limit displacement while allowing early range of motion.
Ethics and Facial Recognition Technology: An Integrative Review

This integrative review will synthesize current studies and research on the ethics of facial recognition technology to raise awareness and reflection among engineering practitioners, teachers, and students. Engineers as developers of this software—and the professional communicators who help test and translate them for the public—could use ethical insights to discuss and implement user-centered design leading up to and after deployment more meaningfully. The integrative review will focus on academic research and studies conducted in the past ten years about ethical issues in facial recognition to synthesize findings and insights toward a framework for guidelines and best practices.
Biomarkers of kidney function and cognitive ability: A Mendelian randomization study

Abstract Background Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria and serum uric acid (SUA) are markers of kidney function that have been associated with cognitive ability. However, whether these associations are causal is unclear. Methods We performed one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the effects of kidney function markers on cognitive performance using data from the UK Biobank. Polygenic scores for SUA, urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine (eGFRcre) and serum cystatin C (eGFRcys) were used as instrumental variables, and cognitive function outcomes included tests of verbal-numeric reasoning, reaction time, visual memory, and numeric memory. Results We found no evidence of a causal effect of genetically determined SUA, eGFRcre or eGFRcys on cognitive function outcomes. There was no association between a polygenic score for ACR and verbal-numeric reasoning or numeric memory. However, there was suggestive evidence of a relationship between genetically increased ACR and slower reaction time and worse visual memory. ACR was no longer significantly associated with visual memory in analyses using an unweighted polygenic score and in analyses stratified by sex and age category. Pleiotropy adjusted estimates were directionally consistent with those of the principal analysis but overlapped with the null. Conclusions This MR study does not support causal effects of SUA, eGFRcre or eGFRcys on cognitive performance. Genetically increased ACR was associated with slower processing speed and visual memory, but results need confirmation in independent samples.
The Testing Ground of Weighted Shift Operators for Hypercyclicity

We explore the hypercyclicity of unilateral weighted backward shifts and bilateral weighted shifts on \(\ell ^p\), where \(1\le p \le \infty \), with the weak or weak-star topologies. Then, we turn our attention to see how a nonzero limit point of an orbit of such an operator determines the hypercyclicity of the operator. Lastly, we explore a recent result that a unilateral weighted backward shift can be factored as the product of two hypercyclic shifts.
New approaches to polarization optics and structured light with metasurfaces

Metasurfaces are a powerful tool to design arbitrary vector beams. I will discuss recent work on spin to total orbital angular momentum converters, high purity OAM lasing and transverse/longitudinal structured light generation
Low gradient echo parenchymal signal in late infantile GM1 gangliosidosis

GM1 gangliosidosis is a rare storage disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal beta-galactosidase. Symptoms are nonspecific and include profound central nervous system involvement, and visceral and musculoskeletal manifestations. We report a case of late infantile GM1 gangliosidosis with magnetic resonance imaging manifestations that have not been previously described. These include regions of patchy parenchymal gradient echo signal loss, progressive atrophic changes, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrating decreased N-acetyl aspartate, and increased choline and myoinositol peaks.
Political Activities and Concern with Public Affairs

Both Tytler and Ramsay leave us with the impression that Kames was reluctant to engage in political activities or even to discuss political questions openly with his friends and associates. In fact, Tytler tells us that he “was never disposed willingly to engage [in the discussion of] topics of a political nature,” and that in fact “that sort of discourse... was peculiarly distasteful to him.” 1 If by “politics” was meant partisan politics and the survivals of the old dynastic rivalries, or meddling in political affairs of no great issue or for personal gain or power, he was no doubt right — these having “generally the effect of kindling the passions.”
The Mold That Shapes Hearsay Law

In response to an article previously published in the Florida Law Review by Professor Ben Trachtenberg, I argue that the historical thesis of Crawford v. Washington is basically correct: The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment reflects a principle about how witnesses should give testimony, and it does not create any broader constraint on the use of hearsay. I argue that this is an appropriate limit on the Clause, and that in fact for the most part there is no good reason to exclude nontestimonial hearsay if live testimony by the declarant to the same proposition would be admissible. I further suggest that the prevailing law of evidence is consistent with this approach to a significant degree, because the doctrine is much more receptive to nontestimonial hearsay than to testimonial hearsay. In contrast to Professor Trachtenberg, I am not troubled by the fact that this approach would probably not block admissibility of one of the notable statements in the trial of Walter Raleigh, or by the fact that the approach supports the willingness of some courts to admit evidence of statements made in support of lawful joint ventures. I conclude by offering some suggestions as to how hearsay doctrine might be transformed to reflect the principles advocated in this Essay. INTRODUCTION 434 I. HISTORY 435 II. TEXT AND STRUCTURE 440 III. THE ADMISSIBILITY OF NONTESTIMONIAL STATEMENTS 444 A. Reliability 445 B. The Probative–Prejudicial Balance 445 C. Best-Evidence Considerations 446 1. The Unavailable Declarant 447 2. The Available Declarant 447 IV. THE CONFORMITY OF HEARSAY LAW TO THE CONFRONTATION PRINCIPLE 449 V. TWO APPLICATIONS 458 ∗ Alene and Allan F. Smith Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. 1 Friedman: The Mold That Shapes Hearsay Law Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 434 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 66 A. The Raleigh Case 458 B. Lawful Joint Ventures 462 VI. A GLANCE AHEAD 464
Venous thromboembolism in the setting of pediatric traumatic brain injury

Object The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been well characterized given its rarity in the pediatric population. Investigation of risk factors for VTE in this group requires the use of a large sample size. Using nationally representative hospital discharge data for 2009, the authors of this study characterize the incidence and risk factors for VTE in children hospitalized for TBI. Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database to examine VTE in TBI-associated hospitalizations for patients 20 years of age or younger during the year 2009. Results There were 58,529 children with TBI-related admissions, including 267 with VTE diagnoses. Venous thromboembolisms occurred in 4.6 per 1000 TBI-associated hospitalizations compared with 1.2 per 1000 pediatric hospitalizations overall. By adjusted logistic regression, patients significantly more likely to be diagnosed ...
The Martini Synch: joint fuzzy hashing via error correction

Device pairing is a significant problem for a large class of increasingly popular resource-constrained wireless protocols such as Bluetooth. The objective of pairing is to establish a secure wireless communication channel between two specific devices without a public-key infrastructure, a secure near-field communication channel, or electrical contact. We use a surprising user-device interaction as a solution to this problem. By adding an accelerometer, a device can sense its motion in a Cartesian space relative to the inertial space. The idea is to have two devices in a fixed, relative position to each other. Then, the joint object is moved randomly in 3D for several seconds. The unique motion generates approximately the same distinct signal at the accelerometers. The difference between the signals in the two inertially conjoined sensors should be relatively small under normal motion induced manually. The objective is to derive a deterministic key at both sides with maximized entropy that will be used as a private key for symmetric encryption. Currently, our prototype produces between 10-15 bits of entropy per second of usual manual motion using off-the-shelf components.
Readings in African Popular Culture; Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation

Readings in African Popular Culture. Karin Barber. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.184 pp. Perspectives on Africa:. Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. Roy R. Grinker and Christopher B. Steiner. eds. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1997.736 pp.
Mechanism of Na2SO4-induced corrosion of molybdenum containing nickel-base superalloys at high temperatures. I - Corrosion in atmospheres containing O2 only. II - Corrosion in O2 + SO2 atmospheres

Kinetics of the Na2SO4-induced corrosion of the molybdenum-containing nickel-base superalloys, B-1900 and Udimet 700, coated with Na2MoO4, has been studied in oxygen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 750 to 950 C. Because the gas turbine atmosphere always contains some SO2 and SO3, the effect of atmospheric SO2 content on corrosion of Udimet-700 has also been studied. It was found that in the O2 atmosphere the melt in the catastrophic corrosion phase consists of Na2MoO4 plus MoO3, with the onset of the catastrophic corrosion coinciding with the appearance of MoO3. In the presence of low levels of atmospheric SO2 (below 0.24 percent), the melt during catastrophic corrosion contains, in addition to Na2MoO4 and MoO3, some quantities of Na2SO4. At the levels of SO2 above 1 percent, no catastrophic corrosion was observed. At these SO2 levels, internal sulfidation appears to be the primary mode of degradation.
Molecular phenotyping of clinical AKI with novel urinary biomarkers

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common hospital complication. There are no effective treatments to minimize kidney injury or limit associated morbidity and mortality. Currently, serum creatinine and urine output remain the gold standard used clinically in the diagnosis of AKI. Several novel biomarkers can diagnose AKI earlier than elevations of serum creatinine and changes in urine output. Recent long-term observational studies have elucidated a subgroup of patients who have positive biomarkers of AKI but do not meet criteria for AKI by serum creatinine or urine output, termed subclinical AKI. These patients with subclinical AKI have increased risk of both short- and long-term mortality. In this review, we will highlight the implications of what these patients may represent and the need for better phenotyping of AKI by etiology, severity of injury, and ability to recover. We will discuss two AKI biomarkers, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39)/YKL-40, that exemplify the need to characterize the complexity of the biological meaning behind the biomarker, beyond elevated levels reporting on tissue injury. Ultimately, careful phenotyping of AKI will lead to identification of therapeutic targets and appropriate patient populations for clinical trials.
Alterations in some haematological parameters of the African snakehead: Parachanna africans exposed to cadmium.

The haematological alterations produced on exposure of the African snakehead, Parachanna africans to the sublethal concentration (0.0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/L) of cadmium (Cd2+) for 21 days have been studied. Red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Hct), the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels were decreased with an increase in exposure concentration, but the level of the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was increased. These alterations could be attributed to haemolysis and impairment of haemoglobin synthesis, resulting in a hypochromic microcytic anaemia, induced by exposure to cadmium. Cadmium exposure also caused significant decreases in white blood cell (WBC) count. The primary consequence of the observed changes in total and differential leucocyte counts in stressed fish was attributed to suppression of the immune system and increased susceptibility to disease. Plasma glucose and total plasma protein concentrations were significantly decreased; showing that cadmium affects the fish energy metabolism. The present study thus confirmed that haematological parameters are very sensitive indicators of fish organism response to chemicals in this case cadmium.
A brief history of workers' compensation.

The modern system of workers' compensation is so complex and arcane it produces considerable grief to those who must deal with it on a daily basis. Yet these often cumbersome regulations are so ultimately vital to society they appear, in one form or another, in all industrialized nations. A look at workers' law over the years demonstrates the failure of the historical alternatives to formal workers' compensation systems to meet either the goals of social justice or economic efficiency. While the orthopaedic surgeon may often lament the difficult compensation case appearing in clinic, it may add some perspective to review how and why this system became entrenched in the workplace.
On the nature of spin currents in Rashba and Luttinger-type systems

Full expressions for finite frequency spin, charge conductivity, and spin susceptibility in Rashba- and Luttinger-type systems are given. Whereas in the Rashba Hamiltonian the spin conductivity has the same frequency dependence as the dielectric polarizability [E. I. Rashba, cond-mat/0404723] and magnetic susceptibility [S. Erlingsson et al., O. Dimitrovacond-mat/0406531; , cond-mat/0407612], the Luttinger case is different. Moreover, for a generalized Rashba-type coupling the three quantities also exhibit different frequency dependencies.
The Uses of Electron and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence In Studies of Glass

A legitimate question which one might ask about the title of this exposition is: what does “resonance” mean? In searching for an answer it is reasonable to consider the precedents for its usage. In Schiff’s book on Quantum Mechanics, the term is used in two ways: (1) The scattering of a particle by a potential is said to be “resonance scattering” when certain relations between the scattered particle and the potential from which it is scattered obtain.1 (2) A property of two classical oscillators which are in resonance (same unperturbed frequency) gives rise to two normal modes whose frequencies are lower and higher than the unperturbed frequency.1 This characteristic of interacting harmonic oscillations in quantum mechanics provides a basis for the theory of homopolar binding in molecules. Pauling and Wilson note that it arises whenever a system contains two or more identical particles. Another use of the term is found in the description of events which occur when an atom decays from an excited state and the emitted photon passes through a gas of the same kind of atoms being absorbed in the process and raising another atom to the same excited state as the one from which it was emitted.
Infrasound from thunder: A natural seismic source

[1] A small array consisting of five three-component short-period surface seismometers, a three-component borehole seismometer, and five infrasound microphones was built to investigate thunder-induced ground motions. Data from two thunder events with similar N-wave waveforms but different horizontal slownesses are chosen as examples of data collected by the array. These impulsive acoustic waves excited P and S reverberations in the near surface that depend on both the incident wave horizontal slowness and the velocity structure in the upper 30 meters at the site. Although the depth of the borehole is relatively shallow compared to a seismic wave wavelength, velocity amplitude in the radial component decays as much as 63 percent with depth but vertical component amplitudes are unaffected consistent with air-coupled Rayleigh wave excitation. Naturally occurring thunder appears to be a useful seismic source to empirically determine site resonance characteristics for hazards assessments.
Conical Tomography of Ribbon Synapses of Light and Dark-Adapted Rod and Cones Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors undergo tonic transmitter release following changes in illumination. In both rods and cones, the fusion competent (i.e., docked and primed) synaptic vesicles are thought to be associated preferentially to a distinctive electron-dense structure referred as the “ribbon.” The aim of this study was to evaluate the location and number of docked (i.e., “hemi-fused”) and fully fused (i.e., “omega” figures) vesicles in the axon terminal of rods and cones in light and dark-adapted mice. Using conical electron tomography, we reconstructed ribbon synapses of mice exposed to steady bright light or dark-adapted for 3 to 180 minutes. The conical tomograms were analyzed using density segmentation methods based on the watershed algorithm. We found that in the light, in both rods and cones the docked vesicular pool extended alongside the entire area of contact between the axon terminals and the horizontal cell endings. In rod axon terminals, the docked pool was comprised of 460-480 hemi-fused vesicles and remained essentially unchanged during dark-adaptation. In the dark, the terminals underwent rapid but reversible changes, including an increase in plasma membrane area and the number of “omega” figures (from ∼190 to ∼1300 in rods terminals). After ∼30 minutes in the dark, the axon terminals returned to the conditions observed in mice exposed to steady light conditions. We thus conclude that in mouse rod and cone photoreceptors both ribbon-associated and non-ribbon regions of the plasma membrane of the axon terminals contribute to the shaping of signaling to post-synaptic neurons.
Bioenergetics, Exercise, and Fatty Acids of Fish

The bioenergetic aspects of pentachlorophenol poisoning and exercise in fish are discussed. When cichlids are exposed to 0.2 ppm of pentachlorophenol, the intake of food was increased and energy losses were also increased. Growth was decreased. The cost of specific dynamic action was higher and the cost of exercise was increased above the cost of similar exercise in nonpoisoned controls. In salmon swimming to exhaustion at 52 cm/sec fatty acids 18:1, 16:0, and 16:1, and at 59 cm/sec fatty acids 22:6, 18:2, and 20:4 suffered the greatest depletion. At 52 and 59 cm/sec, respectively, average exhaustion times were 1141 and 398 minutes; the equivalents of distance traveled were 26.0 and 12.7 miles; the loss in lipids, 54 and 10 mg; and the average weight losses, 830 and 480 mg per salmon. Total caloric losses calculated from the data on lipid and weight losses were approximately 1118 and 566 calories. Calculated from the data of Brett (1964) on O2 consumption, caloric losses were estimated at only 344 and 188 calories. The difference between observed values and values calculated from the data of Brett may lie in the duration and severity of the exercise. Brett collected his data on O2 consumption on the basis of at most two hours at high velocity. Possibly when maximum effort is involved each succeeding mile and each succeeding hour is more difficult and more costly to the salmon.
Application of multi-grid methods for solving the Navier-Stokes equations

This paper presents the application of a class of multi-grid methods to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional laminar flow problems. The methods consists of combining the full approximation scheme-full multi-grid technique (FAS-FMG) with point-, line- or plane-relaxation routines for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables. The performance of the multi-grid methods is compared to those of several single-grid methods. The results show that much faster convergence can be procured through the use of the multi-grid approach than through the various suggestions for improving single-grid methods. The importance of the choice of relaxation scheme for the multi-grid method is illustrated.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and 1β proteins share common signaling pathways in human prostate cancer cells

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting alpha and beta subunits. It is critically involved in cancer cell hypoxia adaptation, glycolysis, and angiogenesis. HIF-1beta is associated with HIF-1 functions as a dimerization partner of HIF-1alpha, and is on the other hand associated with carcinogenesis via dioxin signaling. Regulation of HIF-1beta protein expression was investigated in human prostate cancer (PCA) cells. HIF-1beta protein was expressed constitutively under nonhypoxic conditions in all human PCA cells tested, and was up-regulated by hypoxia, CoCl2, EGF, serum, or PMA in moderate levels. Compared to that of HIF-1alpha, the constitutive, serum-, EGF-, and PMA-increased HIF-1beta protein expression were also inhibited by selective PI3K or FRAP/TOR inhibitors but in higher doses. Hypoxia partially reversed the dose dependent inhibition of HIF-1beta. These results suggest that HIF-1alpha and beta share common signaling pathways for nuclear protein accumulation.
Self-diffusion in dispersions of charged colloidal spheres by generalized hydrodynamics

Abstract The generalized hydrodynamics formalism for the collective and single particle suspension dynamics is solved for dispersions of strongly interacting particles as a function of surface charge. Both collective and single particle properties are compared to results from large-scale Brownian dynamics simulations, enabling the evaluation of the viscoelastic and short-time approximations for the memory functions. Unlike the short-time approximation, the viscoelastic approximation yields good predictions for time-integrated properties, such as shear viscosity and self-diffusion. However, the simplified dynamics inherent in the viscoelastic ansatz are found to be too crude to fully capture the time-evolution of the dynamic structure. At high surface charge the viscoelastic ansatz results in a critical slowing of the self and collective dynamics similar to observations near the ideal glass transition. This behavior is attributed to the self and collective dynamics similar to observations near the ideal glass transition. This behavior is attributed to the self-consistent nature of the solution for the dynamics.
Kinetics of removal of iron colloids from estuaries

Abstract Laboratory experiments indicate that colloidal Fe is aggregated in estuarine waters by a second-order kinetic mechanism. The corresponding rate coefficient is proportional to the square of the salinity. A simple theoretical formulation is presented to describe the distribution of Fe in an estuary, based on observed second-order kinetics. The distribution depends on a single parameter whose value may be determined from measurements of the physical characteristics of the estuary. The theoretical expression accurately predicts observed distributions of Fe in a variety of estuaries, suggesting general applicability.
NASA unveils first shuttle science payload

The first scientific and applications payload for NASA's new Space Transportation System was unveiled Tuesday, July 22, at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. Details of the seven principal experiments were provided and briefings were held in GudUaid's Clean Ruum. where instruments were installed in the payload that is currently set to fly on Orbital Test Flight 4, scheduled for April 1982.
Promoting awareness in distributed mobile organizations: a cultural and technological challenge

Increasing mutual awareness among distributed collaborators has been a focus of the CSCW community for over a decade. The majority of these studies, however, have been on availability and contextual awareness among coworkers in distributed but fixed contexts. This paper intends to contribute to our understanding of the awareness needs of distributed, mobile organizations by describing the inadvertent erosion of awareness in a 25-member division of one high-tech firm and the members' responses to proposed solutions. The findings suggest that managerial shifts may need to precede technology developments.
The role of adenosine in the central actions of the benzodiazepines.

1. 1. Evidence is presented which indicates that the central actions of the benzodiazepines cannot be fully accounted for by assuming an action only at the GABAA− Cl− channel supramolecular complex. 2. 2. The hypothesis is presented, together with supporting evidence, that inhibition of adenosine uptake can account for many of the actions of the benzodiazepines. 3. 3. New findings showing that Ro 15-1788 and Ro 5-4864 have both potentiative and antagonistic interactions with adenosine are discussed. 4. 4. The proconvulsant β-carbolines are shown to be adenosine antagonists. 5. 5. The concept that benzodiazepine action may involve several mechanisms is presented.
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) induces retinal pigment epithelial cell MCP-1 and IL-8

Abstract The neuroectodermally-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms part of the blood–retina barrier where it is strategically-positioned to regulate leukocyte infiltration in retinal diseases. Activated human RPE cells possess several functions enabling them to perform this role including expression of HLA-DR antigens, production of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8. In this study, we examined the ability of interleukin-7 to induce RPE-derived monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 and assessed the potentiating effects of interleukin-7 on interleukin-1β- and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced RPE monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 production. Human RPE cells incubated with interleukin-7 (1–100 ng ml−1) for 24 hr secreted significant levels of antigenic RPE monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 in a dose-dependent fashion interleukin-7 (P
Assessing group change under conditions of anonymity: a problem in personnel research

Applied researchers are sometimes confronted with the problem of analysing pretest–post-test data when pairwise information for individual subjects is not available. A dependent t test should be computed; however, when the data cannot be paired, the investigator is faced with performing an independent t test. In order to solve the problem, three methods are offered. When there are missing post-test data, other analytical alternatives are given.
Managing student aggression in high schools: Implications for practice

The provision of school psychological services in high school settings where aggressive student behavior is a concern presents challenges and opportunities for leadership to practitioners. This article places focus on the role of the school psychologist as (a) a consultant in the evaluation and restructuring of effective student discipline procedures and (b) a provider of direct intervention services to high-risk youth. School psychologists are urged to bring a prevention focus and their insight into the principles of learning and adolescent development to the design of effective school and classroom behavior management structures. Promising primary and secondary prevention programs are reviewed and implications for practice discussed. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Art of Online Teaching: Online Instruction versus In-Class Instruction

ABSTRACT This article examines objective data regarding learning outcomes of students who participated in asynchronous online (web-based) instruction versus in-class (traditional) instruction. Data presented suggests a significant difference in the student's comfort using a computer alone, comfort using the internet and learning outcomes between online and in-class courses. However, no differences were found related to comfort with word processing or Power Point. There were no significant differences found between online and in-class students' internal locus of control beliefs. The authors suggest how these findings can be used to improve students' success; however, these findings should be considered tentative based on the small sample size in the online group (n = 5).
Effective conductivity of hard-sphere dispersions

A simulation technique is used to compute zeta(2), the key three-point microstructural parameter which arises in three-point conductivity bounds on the effective conductivity sigma(e) of isotropic two-phase composites. Using the new algorithm, the zeta(2) parameter is computed for dispersions of hard spheres by Monte Carlo simulation, and the results are compared with those of several analytical calculations of zeta(2). The simulation data on zeta(2) are then used to compute three-point bounds on the conductivity sigma(e) and Torquato's (1985) approximation for sigma(e).
Bioassay-Guided Evolution of Glycosylated Macrolide Antibiotics in Escherichia coli

Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin are clinically important polyketide natural products. We have engineered a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli that produces small but measurable quantities of the bioactive macrolide 6-deoxyerythromycin D. Bioassay-guided evolution of this strain led to the identification of an antibiotic-overproducing mutation in the mycarose biosynthesis and transfer pathway that was detectable via a colony-based screening assay. This high-throughput assay was then used to evolve second-generation mutants capable of enhanced precursor-directed biosynthesis of macrolide antibiotics. The availability of a screen for macrolide biosynthesis in E. coli offers a fundamentally new approach in dissecting modular megasynthase mechanisms as well as engineering antibiotics with novel pharmacological properties.
Using Theoretical Protein Isotopic Distributions to Parse Small-Mass-Difference Post-Translational Modifications via Mass Spectrometry

Small-mass-difference modifications to proteins are obscured in mass spectrometry by the natural abundance of stable isotopes such as (13)C that broaden the isotopic distribution of an intact protein. Using a ZipTip (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) to remove salt from proteins in preparation for high-resolution mass spectrometry, the theoretical isotopic distribution intensities calculated from the protein's empirical formula could be fit to experimentally acquired data and used to differentiate between multiple low-mass modifications to proteins. We could readily distinguish copper from zinc bound to a single-metal superoxide dismutase (SOD1) species; copper and zinc only differ by an average mass of 1.8 Da and have overlapping stable isotope patterns. In addition, proteins could be directly modified while bound to the ZipTip. For example, washing 11 mM S-methyl methanethiosulfonate over the ZipTip allowed the number of free cysteines on proteins to be detected as S-methyl adducts. Alternatively, washing with the sulfhydryl oxidant diamide could quickly reestablish disulfide bridges. Using these methods, we could resolve the relative contributions of copper and zinc binding, as well as disulfide reduction to intact SOD1 protein present from <100 μg of the lumbar spinal cord of a transgenic, SOD1 overexpressing mouse. Although techniques like ICP-MS can measure total metal in solution, this is the first method able to assess the metal-binding and sulfhydryl reduction of SOD1 at the individual subunit level and is applicable to many other proteins.