cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imagining the past : East Hampton histories

How we make history--and what we then make of it--is engagingly dramatized in T. H. Breen's portrait of a 350-year-old American community faced with the costs of its progress. In the particulars of one town's struggle to check development and save its natural environment, Breen shows how our sense of history reflects our ever-changing self-perceptions and hopes for the future.Breen first went to East Hampton, the celebrated Long Island resort town, to write about the Mulford Farmstead, a picturesque saltbox dating from the 1680s. Through his research, he came across a fascinating cast of local characters, past and present, who contributed to, invented, and reinvented the town's history. Breen's work also drew him into contemporary local affairs: factionalism among residents, zoning disputes, and debates over resource management. Driving these heated issues, Breen found, were some dearly held notions about a harmonious, agrarian past that conflicted with what he had come to know about the divisiveness and opportunism of East Hampton's early days."Imagining the Past" is about the interplay between some of the East Hampton histories Breen encountered: the official histories of many generations, the myths and oral traditions, and the curious stories that Breen, as an outsider, discerned in the town's rich holdings of artifacts and documents. With a warm yet wry regard for human nature, Breen obliges us to confront our pasts in all the"
Interfaith Development Efforts as Means to Peace and Witness

Christian development agencies have been the primary vehicle of choice for holistic involvement and witness. This has played straight into an Enlightenment manner of thinking that compartmentalizes values, limiting the opportunities for explaining the theological and conceptual foundations for development practice and for public witness concerning religious faith. New institutional models appropriate to witness and holistic Christian service need to be considered. An `S4' type organization, explored in practice in Indonesia in an interfaith setting, allows for a more effective sharing of the gospel and robust development work.
Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, 5th ed.

Book Review: Terence A. Brown. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 2006. 386 pp. $69.95. The textbook that became almost a classic in the field of molecular genetics and gene cloning deserved to be revised and published in this fifth edition. It is always curious to understand how such a book can survive in the ocean of special literature that has flooded the shelves of bookstores and libraries over the last 2 decades and, of course, observe which ones are written by the successful authors. The book's first edition emerged as an introductory text in 1986—at the time when recombinant DNA technology had matured and dominated, whereas new breakthrough techniques, like PCR and large-scale programs like the Human Genome Project were only at a conceptual stage. And only 5 years passed since Terry Brown had joined the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology as a postdoctoral researcher. As stated at The University of Manchester Web site, he has remained in Manchester ever since, becoming the UK's first Professor of Biomolecular Archaeology in 2000 and one of the group leaders at Faculty of Life Sciences and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre. At present, Terry Brown is the author of a number of papers and books (including also Genomes and Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach) and a prominent figure in archaeogenetics...
Dependence of electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction by adsorbed dicobalt cofacial porphyrins upon catalyst structure

The aim of this work is to explore the relationships, if any, between the kinetics and the structure and redox properties of the porphyrins. Some of the major results are summarized in this preliminary report.
Using Research as a Tool for Reinforcing Basic Sciences in the Clinical Years: Description of a Fourth Year Teaching/Research Requirement at the University of Vermont College of Medicine

This communication describes a fourth-year research requirement at the University of Vermont College of Medicine. The purpose of the requirement is to improve communication, reasoning and analytical skills and reinforce basic science after students have had clinical exposure. Results indicate research is an effective tool for achieving these curricular goals.
The Effect of Grain Refinement on the Room-Temperature Ductility of As-Cast Fe3Al-Based Alloys

Fe{sub 3}Al-based alloys exhibit poor room-temperature ductility in the as-cast condition. In this study, the effect of grain refinement of the as-cast alloy on room-temperature ductility was investigated. Small melts of Fe-28 at. % Al-5 at. % Cr were inoculated with various alloying additions and cast into a 50- x 30- x 30-mm graphite mold. The resulting ingots were examined metallographically for evidence of grain refinement, and three-point bend tests were conducted on samples to assess the effect on room-temperature ductility. Ductility was assumed to correlate with the strain corresponding to the maximum stress obtained in the bend test. The results showed that titanium was extremely effective in grain refinement, although it severely embrittled the alloy in contents exceeding 1%. Boron additions strengthened the alloy significantly, while carbon additions reduced both the strength and ductility. The best ductility was found in an alloy containing titanium, boron, and carbon. In order to verify the results of the grain refinement study, vacuum-induction melts of selected compositions were prepared and cast into a larger 25- x 150- x 100-mm graphite mold. Tensile specimens were machined from the ingots, and specimens were tested at room temperature. The results of the tensile tests agreed withmore » the results of the grain refinement study; in addition, the addition of molybdenum was found to significantly increase room-temperature tensile ductility over that of the base alloy.« less
Packaging printed circuit boards with interactive graphics

Abstract An interactive graphics terminal is used by a circuit board design engineer to package and document printed circuit boards. The designer enters a physical and electrical description of the circuit board and components into the central computer, a CDC 6400. The computer program displays images of the board and components on the screen of the terminal, a CDC 777. The designer, seated at the terminal, uses a light pen to move components and route conductor paths. Functions for automatic placement and routing are available to the designer. The central computer also maintains a data file holding the current status of the design. When the design is complete the computer can produce documentation and production data in the form of pen and ink plots, and data to drive automatic drilling machines and precision photoplotters. Other versions of this program are being modified and developed for use in packaging integrated circuits and microwave stripline circuits.
Solvent extraction of athabasca oil-sand in a rotating mill Part 1. Dissolution of bitumen☆

Abstract Solvent extraction of bitumen from oilsands in a rotating contactor is described. A mass transfer model, derived by Phillips et al., has been used to calculate relative mass transfer coefficients under different operating conditions. Bitumen derived hydrocarbon fractions, such as naphtha and kerosene, have been found to be adequate solvents only when partially preloaded with bitumen. This improved solvency may be ascribed to an enhanced aromatic content as a result of the bitumen addition. Under appropriate conditions complete solution of bitumen, even in weak solvents, can be made to occur in less than two minutes.
(VO)2+ Ions Immobilized on Functionalized Surface of Mesoporous Silica and Their Activity toward the Hydroxylation of Benzene

Mesoporous silica MCM-41 was organofunctionalized by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS) on the surface of its nanochannels. The amino groups of the mesoporous MCM-41 solids were then used to immobilize (VO)2+ ions which were employed to study the catalytic oxidation of benzene. We found the vanadium peroxo complex of V5+−O−O• radicals play an important role in the hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as from benzene to phenol. In a series of spectroscopic studies, we found the binding of ligands in these complexes depends on the surface density of APTS, which affects crucially its catalytic activity. The anchored vanadium complexes have better catalytic activities with higher stability than the framework-substituted V−MCM-41 materials. We further demonstrate that immobilization of catalytic metal ion on functionalized surface has the advantages of better control of available reactive sites and site isolation.
IGFBP-3, Hypoxia and TNF-α Inhibit Adiponectin Transcription

The thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone, an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, improves insulin sensitivity in part by stimulating transcription of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine adiponectin. It activates PPAR-γ-RXR-α heterodimers bound to PPAR-γ response elements in the adiponectin promoter. Rosiglitazone-stimulated adiponectin protein synthesis in 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes has been shown to be inhibited by IGFBP-3, which can be induced by hypoxia and the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, two inhibitors of adiponectin transcription. The present study demonstrates that IGFBP-3, the hypoxia mimetic agent cobalt chloride, and TNF-α inhibit rosiglitazone-induced adiponectin transcription in mouse embryo fibroblasts that stably express PPAR-γ2. Native IGFBP-3 can bind RXR-α and inhibited rosiglitazone-stimulated promoter activity, whereas an IGFBP-3 mutant that does not bind RXR-α did not. These results suggest that IGFBP-3 may mediate the inhibition of adiponectin transcription by hypoxia and TNF-α, and that IGFBP-3 binding to RXR-α may be required for the observed inhibition.
Observations on the pineal gland of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus: Possible correlation of melanin intensification with constant darkness

Background: Our initial observation of the macroscopically pigmented pineal gland of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, led to this study. Information has been lacking on pigmentation in the pineal and its significance in mammals in general and bats in particular. This report begins to address this situation. Methods: Bats were examined both in the wild and after exposure to various experimental conditions. The pineals were examined macroscopically as well as with light and electron microscopy. The pigment was identified as melanin by its color, the ultrastructure of its granules, and their reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Results: Gross observations showed the pineals to be variably pigmented, which were subjectively scored from unpigmented to heavily pigmented. Pineals from bats exposed to a continuous 24 h light regimen or those from a summer population contained very little, if any, externally visible melanin. Such pineals are considered unpigmented in this study. In contrast, pineals from 74% of 156 animals taken together, either subjected to constant darkness or hibernation (simulated or natural), exhibited very heavily pigmented pineals. The pigment in these cases even extended to the juxtapineal meningeal covering. The pineal was pigmented even in a newborn Eptesicus. Conclusions: The pineal pigmentation in the big brown bat appears to intensify with constant darkness and may vary seasonally. The observation of macroscopically pigmented pineals in some other bats (Myotis lucifugus, Pipistrellus subfiavus, and Lasiurus borealis) suggests that this phenomenon may be of taxonomic value for the family Vespertilionidae (Order Chiroptera). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dual miRNA targeting restricts host range and attenuates neurovirulence of flaviviruses.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are among the most significant arboviral pathogens worldwide. Vaccinations and mosquito population control programs remain the most reliable means for flavivirus disease prevention, and live attenuated viruses remain one of the most attractive flavivirus vaccine platforms. Some live attenuated viruses are capable of infecting principle mosquito vectors, as demonstrated in the laboratory, which in combination with their intrinsic genetic instability could potentially lead to a vaccine virus reversion back to wild-type in nature, followed by introduction and dissemination of potentially dangerous viral strains into new geographic locations. To mitigate this risk we developed a microRNA-targeting approach that selectively restricts replication of flavivirus in the mosquito host. Introduction of sequences complementary to a mosquito-specific mir-184 and mir-275 miRNAs individually or in combination into the 3’NCR and/or ORF region resulted in selective restriction of dengue type 4 virus (DEN4) replication in mosquito cell lines and adult Aedes mosquitos. Moreover a combined targeting of DEN4 genome with mosquito-specific and vertebrate CNS-specific mir-124 miRNA can silence viral replication in two evolutionally distant biological systems: mosquitoes and mouse brains. Thus, this approach can reinforce the safety of newly developed or existing vaccines for use in humans and could provide an additional level of biosafety for laboratories using viruses with altered pathogenic or transmissibility characteristics.
Neurosteroid Modulators of GABAA Receptors Differentially Modulate Ethanol Intake Patterns in Male C57BL/6J Mice

Background—Allopregnanolone (ALLO) and structurally related endogenous neurosteroids are potent modulators of GABAA receptor function at physiologically relevant concentrations. Accumulating evidence implicates a modulatory role for ALLO in behavioral processes underlying ethanol self-administration, discrimination and reinstatement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of exogenous neurosteroid challenges with the agonist ALLO and the partial agonist/antagonist epipregnanolone (EPI) on the microarchitecture of ethanol drinking patterns. Methods—Male C57BL/6J mice were initiated to consume an unsweetened 10% v/v ethanol solution (10E) by a saccharin fading procedure during daily 2-hour limited access sessions beginning 1 hour after dark phase onset. Cumulative lick responses were recorded for 10E and water using lickometer circuits. After establishing 10E intake baselines, mice were habituated to vehicle injection (VEH; 20% w/v β-cyclodextrin; i.p.), and then were treated with either VEH or neurosteroid immediately prior to the drinking session. Each mouse received a series of ALLO doses (3.2, 10, 17 and 24 mg/kg) alone and EPI doses (0.15, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) alone in a counterbalanced withingroup design. Results—The GABAA receptor positive modulator, ALLO, dose-dependently modulated overall ethanol intake throughout the 2-hr session with the 3.2 mg/kg dose eliciting a significant increase whereas the 24 mg/kg dose produced a significant suppression of ethanol intake versus vehicle pretreatment. ALLO-evoked alterations in intake corresponded with a significant, dose-dependent alterations in bout frequency and inter-bout interval. ALLO also elicited robust, dose-dependent elevations in 10E licks during the initial 5-minutes of access, but subsequently resulted in a dosedependent suppression of 10E licks during session minutes 20–80. In contrast, the partial agonist/ antagonist neurosteroid, EPI, exhibited no influence on any consumption parameter evaluated. Conclusions—The present findings suggest that GABAA receptor-active neurosteroids may modulate the regulatory processes that govern the onset, maintenance, and termination of drinking episodes. The differential influence of ALLO and EPI on ethanol intake patterns may reflect an alteration in GABAergic inhibitory tone that is likely due to each neurosteroid’s pharmacological profile at GABAA receptors. Manipulation of endogenous ALLO may prove a useful strategy for diminishing excessive intake and protecting against the loss of regulatory control over drinking.
Weighted variance FBAT: a powerful method for including covariates in FBAT analyses

The family-based association test (FBAT), an extension of transmission/disequilibrium test, capitalizes on linkage disequilibrium to assess the association of genetic markers and traits in nuclear families. It does not permit a formal inclusion of covariates, although an offset under the FBAT -o option allows for an overall trait-intercept adjustment. The PBAT software provides additional features and permits the inclusion of covariates in the FBAT test statistic, but does not account for the parental genotype information when the traits are adjusted for the covariates. We propose the weighted variance FBAT (WVF) method to generate trait values adjusted for both parental genotypes and covariate values. WVF is expected to be more powerful, because the variance is minimized considering both of these factors simultaneously using a weighted Gauss-Newton algorithm. Two simulated parent/child trio data sets, both with a covariate and the second with a gene by covariate interaction, were simulated to compare WVF power with FBAT and PBAT for a quantitative trait. WVF is most powerful when levels of significance are greater and covariates have a larger influence, indicating WVF may be especially effective when multiple comparisons are an important consideration, such as with whole genome association studies. WVF will also improve the cost of an association study when environmental covariates are considered. A SAS program (www.SAS.com) for generating WVF residuals that can be input to the current versions of the FBAT (www.biostat.harvard.edu/fbat/fbat.html) and PBAT (www.biostat.harvard.edu/clange/default.htm) software is provided.
Expression of α-ENaC2 is dependent on an upstream Sp1 binding motif and is modulated by protein phosphatase 1 in lung epithelial cells

The amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channel ENaC is expressed in lung epithelium and plays a pivotal role in lung fluid clearance in the newborn. Multiple splice variants of the ENaC alpha-subunit have been reported. Among them, alpha-ENaC2 accounts for a considerable portion of alpha-ENaC transcripts in human lung and kidney, possesses channel functions similar to alpha-ENaC1, and is driven by a downstream promoter. In the current study, we examine the regulation of alpha-ENaC2 transcription in lung epithelial cells. We found that transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 activate alpha-ENaC2 transcription through a GC-rich element (Sp1-binding site) in the promoter. Because alpha-ENaC expression and Sp1 phosphorylation are both significantly up-regulated in the perinatal lung, we then examined the possible connection between Sp1/Sp3 phosphorylation and alpha-ENaC2 expression. We found that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) dephosphorylates Sp1 and Sp3 in lung epithelial cells, reduces their binding to the alpha-ENaC2 promoter, and decreases Sp1/Sp3-mediated promoter activity. Our results suggest that Sp1 and Sp3 are essential for alpha-ENaC2 transcription in lung epithelial cells and that dephosphorylation of the Sp transcription factors by PP1 suppresses alpha-ENaC2 expression. The significance of these findings in the regulation of gene expression in perinatal lung is discussed.
Fast algorithms for lowest common ancestors on a processor array with reconfigurable buses

Abstract The paper presents two parallel algorithms FL and FL1, which solve the problem of finding all pairs of lowest common ancestors for a tree of n nodes on an n∗n processes array with reconfigurable buses. FL is for general unordered trees and FL1 for ordered trees. FL runs in O(Log n) time, FL1 runs in O(1) time.
Metastable states in spin glasses and disordered ferromagnets.

We study analytically M-spin-flip stable states in disordered short-ranged Ising models (spin glasses and ferromagnets) in all dimensions and for all M. Our approach is primarily dynamical, and is based on the convergence of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{t},$ a zero-temperature dynamical process with flips of lattice animals up to size M and starting from a deep quench, to a metastable limit ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}.$ The results (rigorous and nonrigorous, in infinite and finite volumes) concern many aspects of metastable states: their numbers, basins of attraction, energy densities, overlaps, remanent magnetizations, and relations to thermodynamic states. For example, we show that their overlap distribution is a $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function at zero. We also define a dynamics for $M=\ensuremath{\infty},$ which provides a potential tool for investigating ground state structure.
Gambling Among Prison Inmates: Patterns and Implications

There is an absence of research on gambling among prison inmates during their incarceration. Little is known about how prisoners organize gambling activities or the potential risks they face from gambling. Similarly, no empirical attention has been given to how correctional institutions respond to inmate gambling. This study employed interviews with 55 male prisoners and self-administered surveys with 159 correctional officers and staff, at two medium security prisons in Ohio. Data were gathered on prevalence and patterns of inmate gambling, perceived hazards of gambling, and perceived institutional responses to prisoner gambling. Findings suggest that inmate gambling is common and constitutes an important feature of the underground economy of prisons, yet little is done to deter or prevent this activity. Suggestions are made for more effective institutional responses.
CHRONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC STRESSORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: A RISK FACTOR IN HUMAN CANCER

CHRONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC STRESSORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT:A RISK FACTOR IN HUMAN CANCERAndrew A. Marino and *Don H. MorrisDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery*Veterans Administration Medical CenterandDepartment of Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryLouisiana State UniversitySchool of Medicine in ShreveportP.O. Box 33932Shreveport, LA 71130—3932Contents: I. Introduction, II. Epidemiology, III. Role of ElectromagneticFields in Clinical Cancer, IV. Mechanism of Action, V. SummaryI. INTRODUCTIONElectromagnetic fields are real, physical, incorporeal entities thatarise from the existence and motions of atomic charges. Electromagneticwaves are electromagnetic fields that propagate through space and, aftergeneration by the source, are physically unconnected to it. Typicalexamples are radar, microwave ovens, and radio and television signals.The second class of electromagnetic fields consists of electric andmagnetic fields. They are distinct but frequently superimposed fieldsthat arise in the vicinity of wires carrying electric currents. Althoughthese fields are stationary in the sense that they do not propagatethrough space, their magnitude or direction may be time-dependent. The
Naturales y extranjeros: sobre la construcción de categorías en el mundo hispánico

This essay examines the meaning, uses and extension of the concepts ‘native’ and ‘foreigner’ in both Spain and Spanish America during the Early Modern period. It argues: i. that the distinction between natives and foreigners was not always important, not even relevant; ii. that discussions regarding these categories only happened when actors identified particular interests that they were willing to defend; iii. that nativeness and foreignness were not concrete situations but instead reflected the existence of a continuum that connected those totally native and those totally foreign, through a wide range of intermediary situations; iv. that the discourse regarding foreignness was also applied to those we currently identify as minorities in order to discriminate against them.
BRIDGING NATIONAL AND GLOBAL MARKETING STRATEGIES THROUGH REGIONAL OPERATIONS

Cross‐national strategy as opposed to country‐by‐country strategy may take place on a regional or on a global basis. This paper examines the European regional office experience of 16 large U.S. firms in terms of (1) the types of responsibilities they handle and why, (2) the problems of removing control and/or duties from country subsidiaries, and (3) the relationship between a regional and global strategy and implementation. The companies' experiences have been quite diverse, thus highlighting multiple opportunities but the need to approach the development of regional operations cautiously. In spite of some problems, the future for European regional management seems bright.
Photosensitization of DNA damage by glycated proteins

Photosensitized DNA damage in skin is thought to be an important mechanism of UV phototoxicity. Here we demonstrate that proteins modified by advanced glycation endproducts (AGE-proteins) are photosensitizers of DNA damage and show that multiple mechanisms are involved in AGE-sensitization. AGE-chromophores accumulate on long-lived skin proteins such as collagen and elastin as a consequence of glycation, the spontaneous amino-carbonyl reaction of protein-bound lysine and arginine residues with reactive carbonyl species. AGE-proteins accumulate in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. To test the hypothesis that protein-bound AGEs in close proximity to DNA are potent UV-photosensitizers, a simple plasmid DNA cleavage assay was established. Irradiation of supercoiled ΦX 174 DNA with solar simulated light in the presence of AGE-modified bovine serum albumin or AGE-modified RNAse A induced DNA single strand breaks. The sensitization potency of the glycated protein correlated with increased AGE-modification and the unmodified protein displayed no photosensitizing activity. AGE-sensitized formation of reactive oxygen species was not fully responsible for the observed DNA damage and other mechanisms such as direct electron transfer interaction between photoexcited AGE and DNA are likely to be involved. Glycated proteins in skin may equally function as potent photosensitizers of DNA damage with implications for photoaging and photocarcinogenesis.
Optimization and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human oral fluid.

An analytical procedure was developed and validated for the simultaneous identification and quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, and norcotinine in 0.5 mL of human oral fluid collected with the Quantisal™ oral fluid collection device. Solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring were utilized. Endogenous and exogenous interferences were extensively evaluated. Limits of quantification were empirically identified by decreasing analyte concentrations. Linearity was from 1 to 2,000 ng/mL for nicotine and norcotinine, 0.5 to 2,000 ng/mL for trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, and 0.2 to 2,000 ng/mL for cotinine. Correlation coefficients for calibration curves were >0.99 and analytes quantified within ±13% of target at all calibrator concentrations. Suitable analytical recovery (>91%) was achieved with extraction efficiencies >56% and matrix effects <29%. This assay will be applied to the quantification of nicotine and metabolites in oral fluid in a clinical study determining the most appropriate nicotine biomarker concentrations differentiating active, passive, and environmental nicotine exposure.
Raji cell injury and subsequent lysis by the purified cytolytic alternative pathway of human complement.

Abstract Lysis of Raji cells could be effected by the 11 proteins of the purified cytolytic alternative pathway of complement (PCAP) not including immunoglobulins. Lysis was dose dependent and slow, reaching completion only after 10–20 hr. Cellular uptake of complement proteins occurred early during incubation as evidenced by the binding of radiolabeled properdin and C9. 86 Rb release paralleled C9 uptake and was complete in 2 hr. After inhibition of cell metabolism by puromycin the kinetics of cell lysis paralleled C9 uptake and 86 Rb release. Raji cells appear to be weak activators of the alternative pathway since properdin and C9 deposition was approximately 10 times slower than their deposition on strong pathway activators. Control of cell-bound C3b by β1H was reduced and intermediate to strong activators and nonactivators. The results indicate that activation of the alternative pathway by Raji cells leads to formation and binding of the membrane attack complex which in turn produces functional membrane lesions. The initial membrane injury does not result in immediate cell death. The time course of cell lysis was 7 times slower than that of formation of the initial lesion.
Two Measures of Free Association Response and Their Relations to Scores on Selected Personality and Verbal Ability Tests

The first 50 stimuli from the K-R list, two personality tests (the MCI and the GZTS), and 26 verbal ability paper-and-pencil tests were given to a large number of senior high school students. Two response categories for the K-R, opposites and non-opposite primaries, and the personality tests had low correlations, most of which did not differ significantly from zero. This finding is consistent with that of previous investigators. The correlations between the K-R response classes and the 26 verbal tests, however, yielded different results. The non-opposite primaries tended to exhibit low positive (significant) correlations with the verbal tests, whereas the opposite scores showed essentially zero correlations with these same tests. These findings were interpreted as further supporting the contention that commonality scores do not represent a unitary verbal habit.
Reducing scattering to nonscattering problems in radiation heat transfer

Abstract Radiant heal flux calculations in planar, absorbing, emitting, and isotropic scattering layers are accurately reduced to calculations in nonscattering layers by scaling laws. The two scaling laws, square root and linear, are accurate for different combinations of optical depth and single scattering albedo. The linear scaling applies for the optically thin and the highly scattering problems. The square root scaling is accurate for all others. The heat flux distributions in inhomogeneous, nonisothermal layers which scatter isotropically are obtained by solving multi-layered problems with each layer reduced to a nonscattering problem. Anisotropic scattering effects are easily included.
Diphasic xerogels: I. Ceramic-metal composites

The sol-gel process has been extended to the preparation of new diphasic xerogels leading to new hybrid ceramic-metal materials. The final component compositions were Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2 as oxides and Cu, Pt, Sn, and Ni as metals. The xerogels as examined by XRD, SEM, TEM, consisted or a noncrystalline (in a few cases, microcrystalline) ceramic matrix with small metallic islands (5–50 nm) and micro and macro pores. The fine structure of these materials can be controlled by both preparation steps: the gelation parameters and subsequent thermal treatment.
Interaction of RBa2Cu3Ox (RY or Nd) coatings with alumina and zirconia substrates

Abstract As-deposited YBa2Cu3Ox coatings by plasma spraying are not superconducting because of their inadequate crystalline structure and low oxygen content. A postdeposition heat treatment in oxygen is required to restore the appropriate superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox structure. During heat treatment, deterimental reactions between coatings and substrates may occur and lead to the degradation or destruction of the coating superconducting properties. In the present paper, interactions of RBa2Cu3Ox (RY, Nd) coatings with alumina and zirconia substrates are examined. The modifications of the coating electrical properties and microstructure are studied using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and resistivity measurements. Coating degradation is shown to occur by diffusion of the barium atoms out of the coating leading to the formation of Y2BaCuO5 and CuO in yttrium-based coatings, and to the formation of nonstoichiometric Nd1+yBa2−yCu3Ox and CuO in neodymium-based coatings. The coating degradation is more important on alumina substrates than on zirconia substrates for both yttrium- and neodymium-based coatings.
An experimental design for assessing the spatial competence of mildly retarded populations

Abstract The aims of this project are to discover what aspects of a complex large scale external environment (such as a city) retarded individuals are aware of and to determine how those aspects are used (or can be used) in day by day interactions in the city. Specific problems to be investigated include determining: (a) the level of awareness that mildly and moderately mentally retarded populations have of spatial features of the environments in which they live; (b) the type and range of environmental cues used in their commerce with these environments; (c) the completeness and/or complexity of the cognitive representations (mental maps) or such environments; (d) the nature of distortions and disturbances that exist in these cognitive representations and the way that such representations differ from “normal” subject representations; (e) the rates at which the retarded learn to travel in and use their spatial environments; (f) the concepts that could be built into a spatial-environmental competence scale; and (g) the concepts that could be built into a spatial locomotor-ability scale.
CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE AND PIGMENT COMPOSITION IN THE RED ALGA GRIFFITHSIA PACIFICA: REGULATION BY LIGHT INTENSITY1

SUMMARY The ratio of accessory phycobiliproteins to chlorophyll a is controlled by light intensity in the marine red alga Griffithsia pacifica. The greatest changes in pigment ratios are observed below 300 ft-c; above 300 ft-c the response approaches saturation. Ultrastructural examination of chloroplasts of plants grown at different intensities reveals that the number of phycobilisomes per unit of photosynthetic thylakoid changes in direct proportion to the pigment ratios and in inverse proportion to the light intensity.
Bilateral effects of unilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation on Parkinson's disease at 1 year.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the benefit of unilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on contralateral, ipsilateral, and axial symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients received unilateral STN DBS and were rated on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and timed tests of motor function in the "practically defined off" state at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: UPDRS motor scores improved significantly at 3, 6, and 12 months relative to the preoperative baseline (P < 0.001, 37.1 % at 1 year). There was improvement in the contralateral UPDRS subscores (P < 0.001, 54.6% at 1 year), and although contralateral benefit was larger on all outcome measures, ipsilateral benefit was present at 3 and 6 months on the UPDRS subscore (P = 0.013 and 23.5%, P = 0.005 and 27.7%, respectively). A trend toward ipsilateral benefit was present on the UPDRS subscore at 12 months; however, the effect was not statistically significant. Two timed tests of motor function in the upper extremities showed significant ipsilateral benefit in bradykinesia at 12 months (P < 0.001 and P = 0.014, respectively). Significant benefit was also observed in the UPDRS part 2 "off" medications and the UPDRS part 4 after unilateral STN DBS at 12 months (both P < 0.001 ). CONCLUSION: Considering the bilateral effects and tolerability of unilateral STN DBS, unilateral stimulation followed by a contralateral procedure later, if necessary, is a reasonable option for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, especially with prominent asymmetry.
Effects of contact between mutant (wingless) limb buds and those of genetically normal chick embryos: Confirmation of a hypothesis

Homozygous wingless mesoblasts were combined with genetically normal ectoderm and the composite grafted to the dorsal surface of genetically normal host limb buds. While control wingless limbs in this experiment did not develop beyond the equivalent of a 3-day wing bud and lost their ectodermal ridges, the grafts grown on the wing dorsum retained an ectodermal ridge for a longer period and developed outgrowths which, in some cases, included long bones and metacarpals. When intact early “wingless” wing buds were grown on the same site, the ridge persisted longer and there was more outgrowth than in controls. This evidence indicates the transmission, from the host limb through the mutant mesoderm, of a ridge maintenance factor that keeps the ridge healthy and active in promoting more outgrowth than in controls. Since these results were predicted on the basis of the hypothesis of reciprocal dependence between the mesodermal and ectodermal components of the limb bud, they are taken to be additional support for this interpretation of limb development.
An Examination of Online Health Information Seeking by Deaf People

Research indicates that information seekers often turn to the Internet for health information; however, little is known about how Deaf people perceive, access, and utilize the Internet as a health information source. In this study, eight focus groups with Deaf participants (n = 39) were conducted to explore how Deaf people make use of (or avoid) the Internet as a health information source. Focus-group transcripts were analyzed using latent content and constant comparative techniques. Findings are presented using the model of online health information seeking and illustrate the reasons reported for both avoiding and utilizing the Internet as a health information source. In addition, findings illustrate the processes Deaf people navigate when accessing online health information, as well as the strategies they employ when doing so. This research underscores the need for continued investigation of access to and use of e-health resources by Deaf people.
Adult human mesenchymal stem cells enhance breast tumorigenesis and promote hormone independence

Adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been shown to home to sites of breast cancer and integrate into the tumor stroma. We demonstrate here the effect of hMSCs on primary breast tumor growth and the progression of these tumors to hormone independence. Co-injection of bone marrow-derived hMSCs enhances primary tumor growth of the estrogen receptor-positive, hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 in the presence or absence of estrogen in SCID/beige mice. We also show hormone-independent growth of MCF-7 cells when co-injected with hMSCs. These effects were found in conjunction with increased immunohistochemical staining of the progesterone receptor in the MCF-7/hMSC tumors as compared to MCF-7 control tumors. This increase in PgR expression indicates a link between MCF-7 cells and MSCs through ER-mediated signaling. Taken together, our data reveal the relationship between tumor microenvironment and tumor growth and the progression to hormone independence. This tumor stroma-cell interaction may provide a novel target for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, hormone-independent, and endocrine-resistant breast carcinoma.
Mohs surgery for periocular basal cell carcinomas

Cure rates for 631 periocular basal cell carcinomas treated by Mohs surgery proved to be 98.1% for primary lesions and 93.6% for previously treated lesions. All recurrences of primary lesions post-Mohs surgery were located in the medial canthus. Among lesions previously treated, recurrence rates after Mohs surgery were twice as high for medial canthal lesions as for other periocular basal cell carcinomas, 9.5 and 4.5%, respectively. A threefold increased risk of recurrence was observed for medial canthal lesions (post-Mohs surgery) previously treated by radiation as compared to all other treatment modalities. This high recurrence rate may reflect past practices of treating large medial canthal basal cell carcinomas with radiation rather than by other means. Results of our study indicate that primary basal cell carcinomas in the medial canthus can be treated by microscopically controlled excision with excellent results.
Legal Developments in Marketing

The topical outline of the developments in the legal environment in which marketing functions is presented below. Since only the most important cases as evaluated by the editorial staff are present...
Patterns of labeling of intraspinal reactive cells in rats injected with [3H]thymidine prior to or following sciatic axotomy

Abstract Labeling patterns of reactive cells which occur in the spinal cord following sciatic axotomy 15,16 were investigated by autoradiography following administration of [ 3 H]thymidine (2 μCi/g body weight/injection). In this investigation the labeling patterns in reactive cells were compared when [ 3 H]thymidine was injected: (1) prior to or (2) following surgery. These injection protocols were selected because each is commonly used in experiments in this area and because some investigators have based the identity and origin (neuroglial vs hematogenous) of these cells on evidence obtained when using one or the other of these protocols. No experiment has used both protocols so that the results could be compared within that individual experiment; this is the purpose of the present study. Immature rats underwent sciatic axotomy and were killed 3 days later (20 days of age). Some of their littermates served as sham-operated controls, and others were killed on the day of surgery to evaluate intraspinal labeling at that time. In one series of animals, a single injection of [ 3 H]thymidine was administered 2 h prior to autopsy. This procedure resulted in heavy labeling of 6.2% of the cells classified as reactive cells. In the second series, 3 injections of [ 3 H]-thymidine were given on the day prior to surgery. On the third post-operative day, 19.4 % of the reactive cells were labeled, and the majority of these were lightly labeled, suggesting that they had undergone several cell divisions. The data from both injection protocols indicate that the magnitude of the cellular response to axotomy would be markedly underestimated, if one were to consider only labeled cells. The present investigators concluded that these particular applications of [ 3 H]thymidine autoradiography provide valuable information on reactions of the central nervous system to injury but are of little value in determining origins of the reactive cells.
Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry by microcalorimetry for the SEM

Analytical X-ray spectrometry for electron beam instruments has advanced significantly with the development of the microcalorimeter energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (µcal EDS). The µcal EDS operates by measuring the temperature rise when a single photon is absorbed in a metal target. A cryoelectronic circuit with electrothermal feedback and a superconducting transition edge sensor serves as the thermometer. Spectral resolution approaching 4.5 eV for high energy photons (6000 eV) and 2 eV for low energy photons below 2000 eV has been demonstrated in energy dispersive operation across a photon energy range from 250 eV to 8 keV. Spectra of a variety of materials demonstrate the power of the µcal EDS to solve practical problems while operating on a scanning electron microscope platform.
Molecular and Biological Interactions of Fibronectin

Fibronectin is a high molecular weight glycoprotein present at cell surfaces and in various body fluids. It is involved in cellular adhesion. The frequent absence of fibronectin from the surface of malignant cells may contribute to the invasive growth of tumors. To develop a better understanding of the functions of fibronectin, we have studied its structure by making use of proteolytic fragmentation and monoclonal antibodies. Fragments of plasma fibronectin which retain one or several of the affinities of intact fibronectin have been purified using affinity chromatography on collagen and heparin, and on monoclonal antibodies. These studies reveal a structure in which the different functions are located in separate protease-resistant molecular domains. The NH2-terminal domain contains the binding sites for fibrin, actin, and Staphylococci; this is followed by a collagen-binding domain, the cell attachment domain, and at the COOH-terminal end, the heparin-binding domain. These binding sites allow fibronectin to participate in multiple interactions with collagens and proteoglycans. The insoluble complexes formed by these 3 components that can be generated in vitro may represent a model for the basic structure of extracellular matrices. The role of fibronectin in such a matrix may be to contribute to the stability of the complex and to provide adhesion sites for cells. Disturbances in the interactions involving fibronectin could be potentially important to understanding diseases of connective tissues and in malignancy.
Sensitivity-Enhanced Quadrupolar-Echo NMR of Half-Integer Quadrupolar Nuclei. Magnitudes and Relative Orientation of Chemical Shielding and Quadrupolar Coupling Tensors

A novel approach to quadrupolar-echo (QE) NMR of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in static powders is analyzed. By acquisition of the QE spectrum during a Carr−Purcell−Meiboom−Gill (CPMG) train of selective π pulses, the second-order quadrupolar line shape for the central transition is split into a comb of sidebands leading to a considerable increase in the sensitivity compared to a conventional QE spectrum. The applicability of the method for determination of magnitudes and relative orientation of chemical shielding and quadrupolar coupling tensors is examined. Through numerical simulation and iterative fitting of experimental 87Rb (RbClO4 and RbVO3) and 59Co spectra (Co(NH3)5 Cl3), it is demonstrated that the quadrupolar CPMG experiment represents a useful method for studying half-integer quadrupolar nuclei exhibiting large quadrupolar coupling combined with anisotropic chemical shielding interactions. Sensitivity enhancements by a factor of up to about 30 are observed for the samples studied.
Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Mouse Neurovasculature with Magnetic Resonance Microscopy

Knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of blood vessels in the brain is crucial because the progression of various neuropathologies ranging from Alzheimer's disease to brain tumors involves anomalous blood vessels. The challenges in obtaining such data from patients, in conjunction with development of mouse models of neuropathology, have made the murine brain indispensable for investigating disease induced neurovascular changes. Here we describe a novel method for “whole brain” 3D mapping of murine neurovasculature using magnetic resonance microscopy (μMRI). This approach preserves the vascular and white matter tract architecture, and can be combined with complementary MRI contrast mechanisms such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine the interplay between the vasculature and white matter reorganization that often characterizes neuropathologies. Following validation with micro computed tomography (μCT) and optical microscopy, we demonstrate the utility of this method by: (i) combined 3D imaging of angiogenesis and white matter reorganization in both, invasive and non-invasive brain tumor models; (ii) characterizing the morphological heterogeneity of the vascular phenotype in the murine brain; and (iii) conducting “multi-scale” imaging of brain tumor angiogenesis, wherein we directly compared in vivo MRI blood volume measurements with ex vivo vasculature data.
Neutron and Proton Dosages in the Upper Atmosphere from Solar Flare Radiation

The radiation dosage from secondary neutrons as well as from primary and secondary protons in the earth's atmosphere during solar particle events is calculated as a function of the solar proton flux, atmospheric depth, and geomagnetic-cutoff rigidity. The dosage in rems from secondary neutrons exceeds the dosage from protons below 30 g/cm(2) of residual atmosphere. Neutron dosages in rads are less than the dosage from primary protons at all depths above 100 g/cm(2). The maximum neutron dose to travelers in supersonic aircraft during solar particle events of the magnitude observed during the last solar cycle would be of the order of I rem.