cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conventional Hypernetted Chain Force Calculations for Charged Plates with Adsorbing Counterions

By including counterion adsorption in the form of a sticky potential, the distribution of ions about a charged plate can be solved using the hypernetted chain/mean spherical approximation from the integral equation theories of liquids. The computational effort for such a procedure is simplified by the use of a variational technique. These results for a single plate can then be used to calculate the potential of mean force and net pressure between two charged plates. We present results using the conventional hypernetted chain theory for two charged plates. This theory requires only the ion distributions about a single plate. Differences in the double layer structure about a single plate due to counterion adsorption result in a range of double layer forces between two plates. For a given set of conditions, the case of little or no adsorption creates the largest pressure, and an increase in the adsorption tendency of the counterions results in lower pressures. This method of pressure calculation is more approximate than other integral equation methods which use the ion distribution about two plates to calculate the pressure, but agreement between the theories improves as the thickness of the double layer decreases. The presence of counterion adsorption produces a thinner double layer, so we are confident in the accuracy of our calculations. We present results for monovalent electrolyte and a range of counterion adsorption parameters. While the surface charge on the plates is fixed throughout, the net charge acting on the diffuse layer varies according to the bulk ion concentration and adsorption strength. We also compare these results with the point-ion limit so that ion size effects can be seen. We find that ion adsorption has a significant effect on the net pressure between two plates, and ion size effects depend more on the bulk ion concentration than on the adsorption strength.
Nutritive value of corn silage in mixture with climbing beans

Corn (Zea mays L.) for silage is a major forage source for dairy cows in the northern USA. It has high-energy density, but crude protein concentration is low. This study was conducted to determine the silage fiber characteristics and fermentation profile of monoculture corn or in mixture with one of three climbing beans. The experiment was conducted in two locations in 2004 and 2005. Three climbing beans, velvet bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) D.C.], ‘Rongai’ lablab bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], and ‘Scarlet Emperor’ scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) were intercropped with corn at two corn densities (82.5 and 55 thousand plants/ha). All three beans were sown at the same density (82.5 thousand plants/ha). Corn in monoculture or in mixture with bean was harvested between 1/2 and 3/4 milk line. Two 1-L glass jar mini-silos per treatment per replicate plot were filled at a density of 500 g/L, eight jars per treatment, and stored for a minimum of 45 days at room temperature (∼22 ◦ C). At the time of ensiling a 500-g fresh sub-sample was also taken for dry matter and initial characterization of the corn and corn–bean mixtures. Each silo was analyzed for fiber characteristics, pH, and fermentation products. Silage crude protein (CP) concentration on average increased 12.6% in the mixture with the addition of any of the beans, but neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) concentration also increased 8.8%. The pH was 0.06 units greater in corn–bean mixtures than monoculture corn, and lactic acid concentration was on average 6.2% greater in the corn–bean mixtures than monoculture corn. The addition of climbing bean to corn increased CP but also had an effect on fiber
Occurrence of elevated protoporphyrin levels in relation to lead burden in infants

Simultaneous blood lead (PbB), erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), and hematocrit measurements were made semiannually in 232 normal infants from 6 to 24 months of age. The PbB averaged 7 (SD = 5) and ranged from 0 to 64 μg/dl. The incidence of elevated EP, a marker for deranged heme synthesis, was unrelated to PbB at levels below 15 μg/dl but was fourfold greater among the infants with PbB above 15 μg/dl. This relationship persisted even after eliminating the 31 (4%) anemic (hematocrit
Soft pion emission in semileptonic B-meson decays

An analysis of semileptonic decays of B mesons with the emission of a single soft pion is presented in the framework of the heavy-quark limit using an effective Lagrangian which implements chiral and heavy-quark symmetries. The analysis is performed at leading order of the chiral and inverse heavy mass expansions. In addition to the ground state heavy mesons some of their resonances are included. The estimates of the various coupling constants and form factors needed in the analysis are obtained using a chiral quark model. As the main result, a clear indication is found that the 0{sup +} and 1{sup +} resonances substantially affect the decay mode with a D{sup *} in the final state, and a less dramatic effect is also noticed in the D mode. An analysis of the decay spectrum in the D{sup *}-{pi}{sup 2} invariant mass is carried out, showing the main effects of including the resonances. The obtained rates show promising prospects for studies of soft pion emission in semileptonic B-meson decays in a B-meson factory where, module experimental cuts, about 10{sup 5} such decays in the D meson mode and 10{sup 4} in the D{sup *} mode could be observed per year.
THE NOD MOUSE: A Model of Immune Dysregulation

▪ Abstract Autoimmunity is a complex process that likely results from the summation of multiple defective tolerance mechanisms. The NOD mouse strain is an excellent model of autoimmune disease and an important tool for dissecting tolerance mechanisms. The strength of this mouse strain is that it develops spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, which shares many similarities to autoimmune or type 1a diabetes (T1D) in human subjects, including the presence of pancreas-specific autoantibodies, autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and genetic linkage to disease syntenic to that found in humans. During the past ten years, investigators have used a wide variety of tools to study these mice, including immunological reagents and transgenic and knockout strains; these tools have tremendously enhanced the study of the fundamental disease mechanisms. In addition, investigators have recently developed a number of therapeutic interventions in this animal model that have now been translated into human therapies. In this review...
The source of consciousness

Why does a relentless stream of experiences normally fill your mind? No answer is entirely satisfactory. We are not sure how the normal operation of the human brain might exude subjective experiences. Consciousness can thus seem miraculous, and research on consciousness a waste of time and money, ultimately doomed to fail. Yet, there are good reasons for optimism that should be shared with the public to justify research in this area.
The Southern Management Association looks at gender and diversity

Purpose – The purpose of this report is to review research on gender and diversity issues that was presented at the recent meeting of the Southern Management Association in Orlando, Florida, USA.Design/methodology/approach – The Southern Management Association, a regional affiliate of the Academy of Management, draws participants primarily, although not exclusively, from the southern states in the USA. The papers covering topics relevant to gender and diversity are summarized.Findings – The diversity related papers presented at this conference were included in a number of tracks other than the diversity track, suggesting an increasing acceptance of diversity research in “mainstream” management research. The forms of diversity investigated included age, ethnicity, and gender, leaving out “invisible” forms of diversity as religion, sexual orientation, or some types of disability.Originality/value – The research presented at this conference gives some insight into the issues of gender and diversity as they a...
MAST conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

A 48-year-old man with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presented with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Prior episodes had required inpatient drug therapy or cardioversion. Attempts at conversion to normal sinus rhythm with vagal maneuvers were unsuccessful. Inflation of military antishock trousers resulted in rapid termination of the arrhythmia and avoidance of hospitalization.
A universal Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy substrate for “all” excitation wavelengths

We developed an ultra-broadband super-absorbing metasurface substrate for SERS sensing. In contrast to conventional substrates working for limited excitation wavelengths, this structure can work for almost “all” available laser lines from 450-nm to 1000-nm.
Invitro formation of assimilatory nitrate reductase: Presence of the constitutive component in bacteria

Abstract Cell-free extracts of a selected group of bacteria which are capable of metabolyzing dinitrogen and/or nitrate contain a soluble form of the constitutive component which is active in the in vitro formation of NADPH-nitrate reductase when mixed with extracts of N. crassa , nit - 1 . The constitutive component in these extracts is dialyzable and is insensitive to trypsin and protease. The constitutive component which substitutes for the absence of the nit - 1 gene product in the in vitro formation of NADPH-nitrate reductase is postulated to be a low molecular weight cofactor or polypeptide and is shown to be present in a number of unrelated bacteria.
Deuterium quadrupole echo NMR spectroscopy. I. Effects of chemical exchange during single and composite pulses

Abstract The effects of chemical exchange during rf pulses on deuterium quadrupole echo spectra have been evaluated numerically for single pulses as well as for Levitt-Suter-Emst composite pulses. In principle, the inclusion of exchange effects during pulses of finite length requires lengthy calculations of the evolution of the full density matrix. Fortunately, exchanging lineshapes can be simulated accurately using only the smaller single-quantum transition subset of spin-density-matrix elements provided that the lengths of the pulse-echo intervals are properly adjusted.
Cytoplasmic Viral Replication Complexes

Many viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm compartmentalize their genome replication and transcription in organelle-like structures that enhance replication efficiency and protection from host defenses. In particular, recent studies with diverse positive-strand RNA viruses have further elucidated the ultrastructure of membrane-bound RNA replication complexes and how these complexes function in close coordination with virion assembly and budding. The structure, function, and assembly of some positive-strand RNA virus replication complexes have parallels and potential evolutionary links with the replicative cores of double-strand RNA virus and retrovirus virions and more general similarities with the replication factories of cytoplasmic DNA viruses.
Experimental Studies of ZnS Alpha Particle Counters and Methods for Minimizing Detector Background

The zinc sulfide scintillation counter employed at IBM for low-level alpha flux monitoring of device and packaging materials is described. This counter provides almost 100% counting efficiency for alpha particles of 1.5MeV or greater energy emitted from the surface of planar samples up to 130 cm2 in area, and exhibits a sea level background count rate on the order of 0.005 counts/cm2-hr. The contributions of electrical noise, cosmic radiation, and radioactive contamination to this background count rate have been studied experimentally. For near sea level operation, only the cosmic ray and radioactivity contributions are found to be significant. At 50°N geomagnetic latitude, the sea level contribution from cosmic ray interactions appears to be about 0.003 counts/cm2-hr. This component is strongly dependent upon altitude, increasing to about 0.1 counts/cm2-hr. at an altitude of 4.36 km. In the presence of very heavy external shielding, total backgrounds on the order of 0.002 counts/cm2-hr. may be realized, and this residual is attributed primarily to naturally-occurring radioactive contaminants which are present in the construction materials of the detector.
Abstraction morphisms for task planning and execution

Deals with further efforts to develop abstraction mechanisms for systematic derivation of related models through the use of system morphisms. The authors describe an abstraction mechanism for mapping a task plan hierarchy into an isomorphic tree of model abstractions that supports hierarchical task execution. The task plan hierarchy is formulated in a model-based planning approach. They also show how the hierarchical execution structure can be constructed. Then the endomorphism concept employed in the modelling of autonomous systems is illustrated. The DEVS-Scheme knowledge-based, discrete event simulation environment is used to test the models and tools in an autonomous laboratory application. >
Contrasting effects of elevated CO2 and warming on nitrogen cycling in a semiarid grassland

Summary • Simulation models indicate that the nitrogen (N) cycle plays a key role in how other ecosystem processes such as plant productivity and carbon (C) sequestration respond to elevated CO2 and warming. However, combined effects of elevated CO2 and warming on N cycling have rarely been tested in the field. • Here, we studied N cycling under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (600 lmol mol )1 ), and ambient and elevated temperature (1.5 : 3.0� C warmer day:night) in a full factorial semiarid grassland field experiment in Wyoming, USA. We measured soil inorganic N, plant and microbial N pool sizes and NO3 ) uptake (using a 15 N tracer). • Soil inorganic N significantly decreased under elevated CO2, probably because of increased microbial N immobilization, while soil inorganic N and plant N pool sizes significantly increased with warming, probably because of increased N supply. We observed no CO2 · warming interaction effects on soil inorganic N, N pool sizes or NO3 ) uptake in plants and microbes. • Our results indicate a more closed N cycle under elevated CO2 and a more open N cycle with warming, which could affect long-term N retention, plant productivity, and C sequestration in this semiarid grassland.
Doloto: code splitting for network-bound web 2.0 applications

Modern Web 2.0 applications, such as GMail, Live Maps, Face-book and many others, use a combination of Dynamic HTML, JavaScript and other Web browser technologies commonly referred to as AJAX to push application execution to the client web browser. This improves the responsiveness of these network-bound applications, but the shift of application execution from a back-end server to the client also often dramatically increases the amount of code that must first be downloaded to the browser. This creates an unfortunate Catch-22: to create responsive distributed Web 2.0 applications developers move code to the client, but for an application to be responsive, the code must first be transferred there, which takes time.In this paper, we present Doloto, an optimization tool for Web 2.0 applications. Doloto analyzes application workloads and automatically rewrites the existing application code to introduce dynamic code loading. After being processed by Doloto, an application will initially transfer only the portion of code necessary for application initialization. The rest of the application's code is replaced by short stubs---their actual implementations are transfered lazily in the background or, at the latest, on-demand on first execution of a particular application feature. Moreover, code that is rarely executed is rarely downloaded to the user browser. Because Doloto significantly speeds up the application startup and since subsequent code download is interleaved with application execution, applications rewritten with Doloto appear much more responsive to the end-user.To demonstrate the effectiveness of Doloto in practice, we have performed experiments on five large widely-used Web 2.0 applications. Doloto reduces the size of application code download by hundreds of kilobytes or as much as 50% of the original download size. The time to download and begin interacting with large applications is reduced by 20--40% depending on the application and wide-area network conditions. Doloto especially shines on wireless and mobile connections, which are becoming increasingly important in today's computing environments.
MMP regulation of corneal keratocyte motility and mechanics in 3-D collagen matrices

Previous studies have shown that platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) can stimulate corneal keratocyte spreading and migration within 3-D collagen matrices, without inducing transformation to a contractile, fibroblastic phenotype. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in regulating PDGF-induced changes in keratocyte motility and mechanical differentiation. Rabbit corneal keratocytes were isolated and cultured in serum-free media (S-) to maintain their quiescent phenotype. A nested collagen matrix construct was used to assess 3-D cell migration, and a standard collagen matrix model was used to assess cell morphology and cell-mediated matrix contraction. In both cases constructs were cultured in S- supplemented with PDGF, with or without the broad spectrum MMP inhibitors GM6001 or BB-94. After 4 days, f-actin, nuclei and collagen fibrils were imaged using confocal microscopy. To assess sub-cellular mechanical activity (extension and retraction of cell processes), time-lapse DIC imaging was also performed. MT1-MMP expression and MMP-mediated collagen degradation were also examined. Results demonstrated that neither GM6001 nor BB-94 affected corneal keratocyte viability or proliferation in 3-D culture. PDGF stimulated elongation and migration of corneal keratocytes within type I collagen matrices, without causing a loss of their dendritic morphology or inducing formation of intracellular stress fibers. Treatment with GM6001 and BB-94 inhibited PDGF-induced keratocyte spreading and migration. Relatively low levels of keratocyte-induced matrix contraction were also maintained in PDGF, and the amount of PDGF-induced collagen degradation was similar to that observed in S- controls. The collagen degradation pattern was consistent with membrane-associated MMP activity, and keratocytes showed positive staining for MT1-MMP, albeit weak. Both matrix contraction and collagen degradation were reduced by MMP inhibition. For most outcome measures, the inhibitory effect of BB-94 was significantly greater than that of GM6001. Overall, the data demonstrate for the first time that even under conditions in which low levels of contractility and extracellular matrix proteolysis are maintained, MMPs still play an important role in mediating cell spreading and migration within 3-D collagen matrices. This appears to be mediated at least in part by membrane-tethered MMPs, such as MT1-MMP.
Chemical bleaching indicates episodes of fluid flow in deformation bands in sandstone

Jurassic sandstones on the Colorado Plateau have been variably bleached through interaction with hydrocarbon-bearing solutions or other reducing agents. Deformation bands in the Navajo Sandstone have a variety of colors in comparison with the host rock color that indicate the timing of bleaching relative to deformation-band formation. White deformation bands in red sandstone indicate that deformation bands were likely permeable at an early dilatant stage in their development history. Field characteristics, petrography, bulk rock chemistry, clay mineralogy, and geochemical modeling show that bleached deformation bands experienced an episode of chemical reduction where fluids removed some iron and left the remaining iron as pyrite and magnetite. Mass-balance calculations show that as much as 10 kg of chemically reducing fluid per 100 g of rock (1500 pore volumes of fluid) are necessary to remove 0.1 wt.% iron from a deformation band. These large pore volumes suggest that moving, reducing solutions regionally bleached the sandstone white, and bleached deformation bands resulted where deformation bands provided localized fluid access to unbleached, red sandstone during an initial dilatant stage. Alternatively, access of reducing soil solutions may be provided by gravity-driven, unsaturated flow in arid to semiarid vadose zones. Color and chemical composition is a valuable index to the pathway and timing of hydrocarbon movement through both host rocks and deformation bands.
Region-of-Interest Estimation for Adaptive Resource Allocation in Multi-Aperture Imaging Systems

Successful design of a flat-profile multiplexed optical imaging system requires the use of adaptive techniques to make intelligent resource allocation based on the information content in the imaging system's field-of-view. This paper explores techniques for finding regions of interest in aerial images using local entropy as a descriptor. A novel method for identifying regions-of-interest in images is developed using the 2D normalized power spectral density within Gilles' saliency map estimator. Application of the method to candidate aerial images shows its ability to identify consistent regions of interest for such data for varying block sizes and under additive noise.
101 laparoscopic splenectomies for the treatment of benign and malignant hematologic disorders.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) is the surgical approach of choice for patients with hematologic disorders requiring splenectomy. Patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have normal to slightly enlarged spleens and benefit the most from LS. Methods We reviewed the perioperative outcomes in 101 patients who underwent LS between May 1996 and December 2002. Patients were divided into three groups—ITP, other benign, and malignant hematologic disorders—and compared. Results The ITP patients (n = 48) had significantly smaller spleens and operative times compared with the other groups. Splenomegaly in the other benign (n = 23) and malignant hematologic disorders (n = 30) groups was responsible for higher open conversion rates and greater need for hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy (HALS). Conclusions Laparoscopic splenectomy and HALS can be performed with good results for benign and malignant hematologic disorders. The benefits of HALS are similar to LS, so there should be a low threshold for HALS in patients with large spleens.
SANA Race and Justice Plenary I: No Justice, No Peace?

Abstract: The inequality that fueled the 1960s uprisings has grown worse, but where has the anger gone? This paper builds on the work of historian Michael Katz to suggest blending the political economy and ethnographic of a debt-based society, and to explore the ways in which over-investing in selling debt ravages poor communities, the coping strategies based in the informal economy, and the harsh incarceration of young men of color to explain why in the United States we have no justice but a semblance of peace.
Relationships among models for acute toxic effects: Applications to fluctuating concentrations

A damage-repair model for estimating mortality due to fluctuating exposures reduces to the probit plane model for short exposure times or negligible repair rates. Interpreting the probit plane as a cumulative damage model, data from constant exposures may be useful for predicting mortality due to fluctuating exposures of short duration.
The HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 is captured and displayed for B cell recognition by SIGN-R1+ lymph node macrophages

The human immune system contains many different cell types, which play specific roles in defending the body from invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. For example, macrophages engulf and digest foreign material, whereas specialized B cells termed plasma cells produce molecules called antibodies that help to destroy specific pathogens. However, specific antibodies are only produced if naive B cells have already encountered the pathogen or its surface proteins. Attempts to improve how the immune system responds to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) have failed to control and prevent infection. One of the main components of many prospective HIV-1 vaccines is a protein called gp120, which is located on the surface of the virus. Specific B cells recognize this protein and can develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies against HIV-1. However, little is known about how these specific B cells initially get exposed to gp120. Park et al. injected gp120 into mice, and used sophisticated microscopy to track its movement through the animal. This revealed that gp120 is rapidly transported to nearby lymph nodes—organs that are spread throughout the body, and play an important role in maintaining the immune response. Specialized macrophages can then capture and deliver gp120 to other macrophages in the lymph node. These specialized macrophages serve as a gp120 reservoir and are located in part of the lymph node that is a bit like a traffic hub, in that other immune cells constantly pass through it. As such, B cells that specifically recognize gp120 have a high likelihood of encountering these gp120-bearing macrophages, thereby allowing the specific B cells to extract gp120, develop into plasma cells, and produce HIV-1 specific antibodies. Manipulating this macrophage network may help to optimize the antibody responses to gp120 and so, in the future, could provide a way of treating or preventing HIV-1 infections.
Visual perceptual learning by operant conditioning training follows rules of contingency

Visual perceptual learning (VPL) can occur as a result of a repetitive stimulus-reward pairing in the absence of any task. This suggests that rules that guide Conditioning, such as stimulus-reward contingency (e.g., that stimulus predicts the likelihood of reward), may also guide the formation of VPL. To address this question, we trained subjects with an operant conditioning task in which there were contingencies between the response to one of three orientations and the presence of reward. Results showed that VPL only occurred for positive contingencies, but not for neutral or negative contingencies. These results suggest that the formation of VPL is influenced by similar rules that guide the process of Conditioning.
Pain and use of alcohol to manage pain: prevalence and 3‐year outcomes among older problem and non‐problem drinkers

Aims Most older adults report having recently experienced pain, and many older adults have late-life drinking problems. However, to our knowledge, the intersection of pain and alcohol misuse by older adults has not been studied. This research focuses on the implications of pain for older individuals who have problems with alcohol. Design Longitudinal survey. Setting, participants and measurement Older community-residing adults (n = 401) were classified as problem and non-problem drinkers. At baseline and 3 years later they were asked to provide information about their pain, use of alcohol to manage pain, drinking behavior, chronic health problems and recent serious injury. Findings At baseline, older problem drinkers reported more severe pain, more disruption of daily activities due to pain and more frequent use of alcohol to manage pain than did older non-problem drinkers. More pain was associated with more use of alcohol to manage pain; this relationship was stronger among older adults with drinking problems than among those without drinking problems. Among older men, more baseline drinking problems interacted with use of alcohol to manage pain to predict more health problems and serious injury 3 years later. Among older women, more baseline drinking problems interacted with use of alcohol to manage pain to predict more drinking problems 3 years later. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of monitoring the drinking behavior of older patients who present with pain complaints, especially patients who have pre-existing problems with alcohol.
Urban landscape matrix affects avian diversity in remnant vegetation fragments: Evidence from the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA

Biodiversity conservation in urban areas has become increasingly important as cities have expanded to cover larger proportions of landscapes across the world. The careful planning of habitat reserves within urbanized areas has the potential to make significant contributions to regional biodiversity. We surveyed the passerine community in 15 habitat reserves within the Phoenix metropolitan region and explored the relationships between community composition and urban land uses surrounding the reserves. Diversity of different guilds was affected in substantially different ways by reserve characteristics and surrounding urban land use. Guilds responded to land use at all three scales included in the study – 200 m, 1000 m and 2500 m. The responses of four guilds, synanthropic, non-synanthropic, insectivore and feeding generalist, were well predicted by the factors considered here. Reserve characteristics (area, shape, isolation), particularly area, had effects on all four of these guilds with non-synanthropic and insectivore species responding positively to area, while synanthropic and feeding generalist species responded negatively. Land use type surrounding the reserves had significant effects on all of these guilds, except for feeding generalists. High density, high diurnal activity land uses decreased diversity, while medium density, low diurnal activity uses increased the diversity of some guilds, particularly insectivores, probably by providing supplemental habitat. This study provides new evidence from an arid urban landscape that not only reserve characteristics, but also surrounding urban land use should be considered during conservation planning, especially if non-synanthropic or insectivore species are among the targeted species.
Novel Resistance in Heirloom Tomatoes and Effectiveness of Resistance in Hybrids to Phytophthora infestans US-22, US-23, and US-24 Clonal Lineages

Abstract Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, causes serious losses in tomato production worldwide. Application of fungicides is the primary means of management but cultivar resistance, primarily through Ph resistance genes from Solanum pimpinellifolium, can provide a cost-effective and environmentally sound approach to an overall disease management program. Due to highly adaptable pathogen populations, cultivar resistance against late blight is often short lived and continual assessment of disease response to new pathogen types is necessary. We evaluated the disease response of 11 tomato cultivars to one isolate from each of three clonal lineages (US-22, US-23, and US-24) of P. infestans novel to the United States to determine the efficacy of currently deployed Ph genes in hybrid cultivars and the validity of claims of resistance in heirloom cultivars. Lesion length and pathogen growth were reduced on tomato genotypes ‘Plum Regal’ (Ph-3) and ‘Legend’ (Ph-2) compared with the suscep...
It Makes Sense to Us Cultural Identity in Local Legends of Place

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the role of narrative in constructing culture, deriving from scholarship in anthropology, geography, folklore, and communication studies. In this article, the author uses popular folk legends, collected in one state, to bring together some of this interdisciplinary scholarship on the central role of narrative in everyday life. In particular, the author focuses on how these shared narratives serve culturally to construct a sense of place and, with that, a sense of cultural identity that includes some people while excluding others.
Automated demand response for energy efficiency and emissions reduction

Automated demand response is gaining increasing popularity nationally and internationally. Initial programs have been launched primarily for economic considerations: the high marginal cost of peak generation for utilities, overall energy costs for customers. But demand response also has an important role to play in mitigating climate change and otherwise addressing the adverse environmental impacts of energy production and consumption. Dynamic demand adjustment can help minimize electricity generation from fossil fuels and take better advantage of renewable generation when and where available. Automation of demand response is essential for realizing these objectives, especially given the variability and uncertainty associated with wind and solar power. Features that are critical to incorporate include rapid response to dispatches, integration of distributed storage and generation, and optimization over dynamic and uncertain forecasts. The OpenADR protocol, developed with the support of the California Electricity Commission, is emerging as a standard to facilitate the deployment of automated demand response, especially in commercial and industrial sectors. OpenADR projects are under way in the U.S., Europe, and Asia that are motivated in part by environmental concerns.
General Phosphate Chemistry (As Applied to Fibers)

General inorganic phosphate chemistry is reviewed in this chapter. Both theory and practice are covered in some detail as a background for controlling both properties and formation of condensed phosphates. Particular attention will be directed toward the necessary constraints required to grow very long polyphosphate anions resulting in long strong phosphate fibers. Much of the work to follow will refer to this chapter. The old established chemistry and some very recent chemistry that is yet too new to judge its long term value is presented.
CHONDROSARCOMA OF THE FOOT SKELETON.

Chondrosarcomata seldom occur in the foot, the total reported experience comprising only twelve cases. The average age of the patients is thirty-eight years, with eight males and four females being affected. The symptoms are usually pain and swelling, with an average duration of fifteen months. Roentgenograms demonstrate. a poorly defined lytic lesion with destruction of the cortex and extension into the soft tissues. Spotty calcification is often present in the lesion. On gross examination the tumor is generally lobulated, and microscopically the cells show variation in size and shape, bizarre nuclei, and multinucleated malignant chondrocytes. The treatment is ray resection or en bloc excision, depending on location. The prognosis of this malignant tumor is good, three of ten patients having survived five years or longer.
Reliability of Emerging Bonded Interface Materials for Large-Area Attachments

Conventional thermal interface materials (TIMs), such as greases, gels, and phase change materials, pose bottlenecks to heat removal and have long caused reliability issues in automotive power electronics packages. Bonded interface materials (BIMs) with superior thermal performance have the potential to be a replacement to the conventional TIMs. However, due to coefficient of thermal expansion mismatches between different components in a package and resultant thermomechanical stresses, fractures or delamination could occur, causing serious reliability concerns. These defects manifest themselves in increased thermal resistance in the package. In this paper, the results of reliability evaluation of emerging BIMs for large-area attachments in power electronics packaging are reported. Thermoplastic (polyamide) adhesive with embedded near-vertical-aligned carbon fibers, sintered silver, and conventional lead solder (Sn63Pb37) materials were bonded between 50.8 mm $\times 50.8$ mm cross-sectional footprint silicon nitride substrates and copper base plate samples, and were subjected to accelerated thermal cycling until failure or 2500 cycles. Damage in the BIMs was monitored every 100 cycles by scanning acoustic microscopy. Thermoplastic with embedded carbon fibers performed the best with no defects, whereas sintered silver and lead solder failed at 2300 and 1400 thermal cycles, respectively. Besides thermal cycling, additional lead solder samples were subjected to thermal shock and thermal cycling with extended dwell periods. A finite element method (FEM)-based model was developed to simulate the behavior of lead solder under thermomechanical loading. Strain energy density per cycle results were calculated from the FEM simulations. A predictive lifetime model was formulated for lead solder by correlating strain energy density results extracted from modeling with cycles-to-failure obtained from experimental accelerated tests. A power-law-based approach was used to formulate the predictive lifetime model.
Normalized burn ratios link fire severity with patterns of avian occurrence

Remotely sensed differenced normalized burn ratios (DNBR) provide an index of fire severity across the footprint of a fire. We asked whether this index was useful for explaining patterns of bird occurrence within fire adapted xeric pine-oak forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. We evaluated the use of DNBR indices for linking ecosystem process with patterns of bird occurrence. We compared field-based and remotely sensed fire severity indices and used each to develop occupancy models for six bird species to identify patterns of bird occurrence following fire. We identified and sampled 228 points within fires that recently burned within Great Smoky Mountains National Park. We performed avian point counts and field-assessed fire severity at each bird census point. We also used Landsat™ imagery acquired before and after each fire to quantify fire severity using DNBR. We used non-parametric methods to quantify agreement between fire severity indices, and evaluated single season occupancy models incorporating fire severity summarized at different spatial scales. Agreement between field-derived and remotely sensed measures of fire severity was influenced by vegetation type. Although occurrence models using field-derived indices of fire severity outperformed those using DNBR, summarizing DNBR at multiple spatial scales provided additional insights into patterns of occurrence associated with different sized patches of high severity fire. DNBR is useful for linking the effects of fire severity to patterns of bird occurrence, and informing how high severity fire shapes patterns of bird species occurrence on the landscape.
Fuel processing in a ceramic microchannel reactor: Expanding operating windows

Abstract Ceramic microchannel reactors offer significant advantages to current microchannel reactor technology. Ceramic micro-reactors are able to operate at high temperatures and harsh chemical environments through the use of relatively inexpensive materials and manufacturing processes. Coupled with self-sustained operation through autothermal reforming (ATR) or catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of methane, ceramic microchannel reactors can increase reforming efficiency and expand the capabilities of hydrogen and syngas production. This work aims to assess the performance of a novel ceramic microchannel reactor for a wide variety of methane reforming conditions and reactive flow rates. Additionally, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model implemented in ANSYS Fluent simulates fluid flow, heat transfer, and catalyzed heterogeneous chemistry in a three-dimensional model. Experimental testing demonstrates stable operation for both ATR and CPOX; no evidence of structural or catalyst degradation is observed in the presence of exothermic chemistry. Autothermal reforming in the novel ceramic microchannel reactor shows promising results, achieving ∼90% methane conversion at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 75,000 h −1 . CFD model results accurately predict reactor outputs from experimental data and provide further insight into the internal reactor chemistry and reaction kinetics.
Stable interstitial dopant–vacancy complexes in ZnO

Using ab initio calculations, we have identified stable group-V dopant-vacancy complexes complexes in ZnO consisting of interstitial dopants surrounded by three V${}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ (${D}_{I}$-3V${}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ with $D=\mathrm{P}$, As, or Sb). In contradiction with previous reports, our calculations show that the acceptor level of group-V dopant--vacancy complexes is too deep to be the shallow acceptor level identified experimentally as contributing to $p$-type conductivity in ZnO. The interstitial-vacancy complexes we have identified can be generalized to other compositions, dopants, and structures.
Dielectric and Pyroelectric Characteristics of PLZT (9.5/65/35) Relaxor Thin Films

Ferroelectric relaxor thin films of lead lanthanide zirconate titanate (PLZT) (9.5/ 65/35) have been deposited by the laser ablation technique onto metallized silicon and lanthanum aluminate substrates. The dielectric and pyroelectric properties of PLZT films and their temperature dependencies have been investigated in some detail in an evaluation of their potential as prospective pyroelectric infrared (IR) detector materials. The temperature at which the dielectric constant of a PLZT film reaches its peak is different from that for the peak pyroelectric coefficient. A lower dielectric constant at which the pyroelectric peak appears contributes to a high figure of merit for PLZT films, so that it is competitive with its ceramic counterpart, as well as with Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) relaxor ferroelectric ceramic.
Dating the Emergence of A Savannah River Island An Hypothesis In Forensic Historical Geography

During its 1977 October term, the Supreme-Court of the United States agreed to consider the long-standing dispute between the states of Georgia and South Carolina concerning their common boundary in the lower Savannah River. In the terms of Georgia's official Brief In Support of Motion For Leave To File Complaint, "this action seeks to establish and determine the location of the boundary line between the State of Georgia and the State of South Carolina in the lower reaches and mouth of the Savannah River and out to the three-mile limit."' Both Georgia and South Carolina agree that the current uncertainty concerning the location of their boundary has created serious problems in a region on the verge of dynamic economic growth and development. Several attempts at settling the controversy out of court, including meetings between the two governors, have failed and it is clear that the present litigation before the nation's highest court is necessary.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-1 expression in the noble rat model of sex hormone-induced prostatic dysplasia and carcinoma

Our recent studies have implicated the TGF-alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in the genesis of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17 beta (E2)-induced dysplasia in the dorsolateral prostate (DLP) of Noble rats. This pathway was also found to be markedly up-regulated in the androgen-independent transplantable carcinoma that arose from the DLP of a Noble rat. In the current study, we investigated the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-kinase) and mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), key downstream regulators of growth factor-activated signal transduction in the DLP of castrated, castrated T-supplemented, and T+E2-treated rats and in the androgen-independent transplantable carcinoma. Both MAP-kinase and MKP-1 expression in the DLP were found to be dependent on androgen stimulation. Immunoblots of DLP from T+E2 treated rats demonstrated a selective decline in MKP-1 levels with no alteration in MAP-kinase expression. These findings suggest that the dual hormone treatment induces changes in the signal transduction pathway, which favors the protracted mitogenic action of MAP-kinase. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry findings corroborated the immunoblot data but also revealed that both MAP-kinase and MKP-1 were strongly expressed in severely dysplastic lesions, which may indicate the presence of transformed cells in these foci. In this regard, both proteins were strongly expressed in samples of the androgen-independent transplantable carcinoma. Taken together, results from this and our recent study suggest that alterations in a growth factor-MAP-kinase pathway may be important events in the initiation and progression of prostatic carcinoma.
Understanding Human Language: Can NLP and Deep Learning Help?

There is a lot of overlap between the core problems of information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP). An IR system gains from understanding a user need and from understanding documents, and hence being able to determine whether a document has information that satisfies the user need. Much of NLP is about the same thing: Natural language understanding aims to understand the meaning of questions and documents and meaning relationships. The exciting recent application of deep learning approaches in NLP has brought new tools for effectively understanding language semantics. In principle, there should be a lot of synergy, though in practice the concerns of IR on large systems and macro-scale understanding have tended to contrast with the emphasis in NLP on language structure and micro-scale understanding. My talk will emphasize the two topics of how NLP can contribute to understanding textual relationships and how deep learning approaches substantially aid in this goal. One basic -- and very successful tool -- has been the new generation of distributed word representations: neural word embeddings. However, beyond just word meanings, we need to understand how to compose the meanings of larger pieces of text. Two requirements for that are good ways to understand the structure of human language utterances and ways to compose their meanings. Deep learning methods can help for both tasks. Finally, we need to understand relationships between pieces of text, to be able to do tasks such as Natural Language Inference (or Recognizing Textual Entailment) and Question Answering, and I will look at some of our recent work in these areas, both with and without the help of neural networks
Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major clinical and economic issue, as well as a leading cause of death in developed nations. Coronary stenosis can be treated by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), commonly known as angioplasty, which is used today with endovascular stents. While PCI has become a common alternative, CABG is still considered the “gold-standard” of treatment, is the preferred treatment option for patients with left main or triple-vessel coronary artery disease with reduced left ventricular function and requires significantly fewer repeated procedures.
Design and implementation of embedded 8‐channel receive‐only arrays for whole‐brain MRI and fMRI of conscious awake marmosets

Purpose The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate of increasing interest to neuroscience and in translational brain research. The present work describes the design and implementation of individualized 8-channel receive-only radiofrequency (RF) coil arrays that provide whole-brain coverage and allow anatomical and functional MRI experiments in conscious, awake marmosets. Methods The coil arrays were designed with their elements embedded inside individualized restraint helmets. The size, geometry, and arrangement of the coil elements were optimized to allow whole-brain coverage. Coil-to-coil decoupling was achieved by a combination of geometric decoupling and low input impedance preamplifiers. The performance of the embedded arrays was compared against that of one 8-channel receive-only array built to fit the external surface of the helmets. Results Three individualized helmets with embedded coil arrays were built for three marmosets. Whole-brain coverage was achieved with high sensitivity extending over the entire cortex. Visual stimulation of conscious awake marmosets elicited robust BOLD fMRI responses in both primary and higher order visual areas of the occipitotemporal cortex. Conclusion The high sensitivity provided by embedded receive-only coil arrays allows both anatomical and functional MRI data to be obtained with high spatial resolution in conscious, awake marmosets. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.