cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenging Chinese Economic Cyber Espionage with WTO Litigation

Chinese economic cyber espionage, government hacking into computer networks of companies to gain commercial advantages for Chinese firms, is one of the most complex issues confronting U.S. national security and foreign policy today. A creative legal response is available. The best approach is for the United States to file an action in the WTO under the provisions of the TRIPS agreement. The Article XXI 'Security Exception' of the GATT will not preclude the finding of a violation. To me, the most difficult part of bringing a WTO case is determining the source of the computer intrusions, the information taken, and what information is being given to commercial operations in China, along with building the causal relationship between the fruits of Chinese attacks and products to be sanctioned. If this diplomatic-legal process of the WTO can somewhat successfully address the issue of China's economic cyber espionage, it could lead to resolving other instances of similar activity between other countries. In fact, it could help establish a mind-set and a willingness in government officials to help create diplomatic solutions to other instances of cyber espionage by both state and non-state actors. The havoc produced by the recent North Korean cyber attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment over the movie "The Interview" glaringly evidences the need to take first steps in creating global rules for the cyber domain.
Economic interactions between feeding rates and stocking densities in intensive catfish Ictalurus punctatus production.

Feed represents the largest cost input in intensive catfish Ictalurus punctatus production. Daily feed rations are generally related to stocking densities, up to a point at which high feeding rates begin to affect water quality. There has been no prior research to analyze the economic interactions between feeding and stocking rates. Econometric techniques were used to estimate a Just-Pope catfish production function, which was used to compute marginal products of inputs, and to identify stocking and feeding rates associated with the boundaries between Stages I, 11, and I11 of the production function. Survey data collected by USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System were used for this analysis. Maximum yield, when accounting for both stocking and feeding rates, occurred at about 30,000 fingerlingdha. However, profit-maximizing stocking densities ranged between 16,942 and 21,312 fingerlingdha, depending upon expected catfish and feed prices. Farmers stocking at higher rates could be attempting to maximize yield instead of profit. Feed, fingerlings, and labor are the three largest cost inputs (45%, 8%, and 9% of total costs, respectively) in intensive catfish Zctulurus punctutus production (Engle and Kouka 1996). Daily feed rations are generally related to the stocking density and size of catfish in a pond. Feed rations typically increase with increased stocking density until high feed rates begin to result in deterioration of water quality. High stocking densities with limited feed may result in reduced growth of individual fish and reduced average yield. Economic theory indicates that output of a product (in this case catfish) increases as input levels increase until a point of maximum yield is reached. If inputs are increased beyond this point, yield will de
Investigation of phase-locked neuronal oscillation with optical stimulation based on a time-frequency approach

Over the past few years, optical neural stimulation using optogenetics has drawn much attention in neuroscience and biomedical engineering communities because of its many advantages over electrical stimulation. Despite significant amount of studies regarding the effects of optical stimulation on neural activities, the influence of optical stimulation on a large neural population is overlooked. Neuronal oscillation is a fundamental component of brain function and is believed to play an important role in large-scale neuronal computations. This paper investigates the effects of the optical stimulation on neuronal oscillations in rat's primary visual cortex, by comparing ECoG signals evoked via visual stimulation and cortically optical stimulation. A newly developed Opto-μECoG array, a hybrid neural interface with transparent μECoG electrodes and integrated LEDs, was used to deliver a cortically optical stimulation and record ECoG signals simultaneously. The recorded ECoG signals were analyzed using a conventional instantaneous phase estimation based on the Hilbert Transform and a new time-varying phase synchrony measure based on reduced interference distribution time-frequency phase synchrony (RID-TFPS).
Democracy and Collectivism in the Kibbutz

In discussions of Marxist ideology, the dream of communist democracy has aroused vigorous controversy. Lenin's classic statement (7) asserts that the rights supposedly enjoyed under bourgeois democracy can only be extended to the entire population when there is common ownership of the means of production. On the other hand, proponents of free enterprise typically contend that true democracy cannot exist without private property. Between these two extremes stands a third view, to the effect that democracy can but need not flourish without private property. By examining the political system of a collective society, we may be in a better position ,to choose among these opposing positions.
Prospective randomized trial of routine versus selective shunting in carotid endarterectomy based on stump pressure

Background The use of shunting in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is controversial. This randomized trial compared the results of routine (RS) vs selective shunting (SS) based on stump pressure (SP). Methods Two-hundred CEA patients under general anesthesia were randomized into RS (98 patients) or SS (102 patients), where shunting was used only if systolic SP (SSP) was Results Of 102 SS patients, 29 (28%) received shunting. Indications for CEA were similar (42% symptomatic for RS; 47% for SS, P = .458). The mean internal carotid artery diameter was comparable (5.5 vs 5.5 mm, P = .685). Mean preoperative ipsilateral and contralateral stenosis was 76% and 38% for RS ( P = .268) vs 78% and 40% for SS ( P = .528). Mean preoperative ipsilateral and contralateral stenosis was 79% and 56% in the shunted ( P = .634) vs 78% and 34% in the nonshunted subgroup of SS patients ( P = .002). The mean SSP was 55.9 mm Hg in RS vs 56.2 for SS ( P = .915). The mean SSP was 33 mm Hg in the shunted vs 65 in the nonshunted subgroup ( P P = .354). Mean operative time was 113 minutes for RS and 109 for SS ( P = .252), and 111 minutes in shunted and 108 in the nonshunted subgroup ( P = .586). Mean arteriotomy length was 4.4 cm for RS and 4.2 for SS ( P = .213). Perioperative stroke rate was 0% for RS vs 2% for SS (one major and one minor stroke, both related to carotid thrombosis; P = .498). No patients died perioperatively. Combined perioperative transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke rates were 2% in RS vs 2.9% in SS ( P > .99). The overall perioperative complication rates were 8.3% in RS (2 TIA, 3 hemorrhage, 1 myocardial infarction [MI], and 1 asymptomatic carotid thrombosis) vs 7.8% in SS (2 strokes, 1 TIA, 3 hemorrhage, 1 MI, and 1 congestive heart failure; P = .917). Conclusions RS and SS were associated with a low stroke rate. Both methods are acceptable, and surgeons should select the method with which they are more comfortable.
Commentary to "Precocious puberty in a 7-year-old boy: a novel case".

The authors present an unusual case of precocious puberty secondary to an unclassified type of mixed germ cell tumor. The tumor differs from a ‘classic’ MGST in that only the germ cells have a high proliferative index. More importantly, the tumor differs from classic forms in that it is the apparent cause of virilization. To date, there are no reported cases of MGST and virilization in the absence of Leydig cell hyperplasia. The authors clearly state that Leydig cell hyperplasia was absent; however they give no explanation for the elevation in testosterone. Possible clues to this problem can be found in women with gonadoblastoma/dysgerminomas,
Kinetic studies of dimeric Ncd: evidence that Ncd is not processive.

Ncd is a kinesin-related motor protein which drives movement to the minus-end of microtubules. The kinetics of Ncd were investigated using the dimeric construct MC1 (Leu(209)-Lys(700)) expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE) as a nonfusion protein [Chandra, R., Salmon, E. D., Erickson, H. P., Lockhart, A., and Endow, S. A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9005-9013]. Acid chemical quench flow methods were used to measure directly the rate of ATP hydrolysis, and stopped-flow kinetic methods were used to determine the kinetics of mantATP binding, mantADP release, dissociation of MC1 from the microtubule, and binding of MC1 to the microtubule. The results define a minimal kinetic mechanism, M.N + ATP M.N.ATP M.N.ADP.P N. ADP.P N.ADP + P M.N.ADP M.N + ADP, where N, M, and P represent Ncd, microtubules, and inorganic phosphate respectively, with k(+1) = 2.3 microM(-1) s(-1), k(+2) =23 s(-1), k(+3) =13 s(-1), k(+5)= 0.7 microM(-)(1) s(-)(1), and k(+6) = 3.7 s(-)(1). Phosphate release (k(+4)) was not measured directly although it is assumed to be fast relative to ADP release because Ncd is purified with ADP tightly bound at the active site. ATP hydrolysis occurs at 23 s(-)(1) prior to Ncd dissociation at 13 s(-)(1). The pathway for ATP-promoted detachment (steps 1-3) of Ncd from the microtubule is comparable to kinesin's. However, there are two major differences between the mechanisms of Ncd and kinesin. In contrast to kinesin, mantADP release for Ncd at 3.7 s(-)(1) is the slowest step in the pathway and is believed to limit steady-state turnover. Additionally, the burst amplitude observed in the pre-steady-state acid quench experiments is stoichiometric, indicating that Ncd, in contrast to kinesin, is not processive for ATP hydrolysis.
Intramolecular cyclization of dimethyl(1-pent-4-enyl)-silyllithium

Abstract The metal exchange of bis[dimethyl(1-pent-4-enyl)silyl]mercury with lithium is followed by subsequent intramolecular cyclization of the silyllithium reagent formed. The product, 2,2-dimethyl-2-silacyclopentylmethyllithium, forms 1,1,2-trimethyl-1-silacyclopentane upon hydrolysis. A possible mechanism for these reactions is proposed.
Surface topography of the cochlear nuclei in humans: two- and three-dimensional analysis

Abstract We used three-dimensional reconstruction to study the cochlear nuclear complex (CN) in postmortem adult brains. Resulting data show that the largest part of the CN surface, particularly the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). is fully within the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. The surface of another subdivision, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), is also almost entirely within the recess, except for a narrow zone adjacent to the caudoventral border of the nucleus. The caudal portion of the exposed zone of the VCN is in the vicinity of the rootlets of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, and the ventral portion is close to the terminal part of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve. The border between the intraventricular part of the CN and the extraventricular portion and also the terminal part of the VIII nerve approximately coincides with the line of attachment of the inferior medullary velum of the fourth ventricle (tenia of the choroid plexus). In the narrow strip of this ventralmost part of the tenia we did not observe big blood vessels or neurons. Accordingly this could be a reasonably safe surgical route to the intraventricular surface of the CN.
Modifying the Surface Properties of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through A Sol−Gel Approach

This paper describes a sol−gel approach for the coating of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with uniform shells of amorphous silica. The coating process has been successfully applied to particles contained in a commercial ferrofluid (e.g., the EMG 304 of Ferrofluidics) and those synthesized through a wet chemical process. The thickness of silica coating could be conveniently controlled in the range of 2−100 nm by changing the concentration of the sol−gel solution. Fluorescent dyes, for example, 7-(dimethylamino)-4-methylcoumarin-3-isothiocyanate (DACITC) and tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate (5-TRITC), have also been incorporated into the silica shells by covalently coupling these organic compounds with the sol−gel precursor. These multifunctional nanoparticles are potentially useful in a number of areas because they can be simultaneously manipulated with an externally applied magnetic field and characterized in situ using conventional fluorescence microscopy.
On microchannel shapes in liquid-cooled electronics applications

Abstract We consider the effect of modulating the microchannel shapes within a liquid-cooled device to determine how geometry affects heat transfer effects. By using the asymptotic approach of homogenization, we find a single advection–diffusion equation, which has an anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor that depends on the local channel width and laminate thickness. A novel modification of the homogenization approach is used to allow the spacing of the microchannels and laminates to vary over the macroscale, relaxing the spatial periodicity requirement of the technique. We find that the anisotropic thermal conductivity corresponds to two different classes of steady thermal solutions: a hot spot symmetric along the centerline, or two maxima which are symmetric about the centerline. The location of the hot spot depends on the energy balance between convective transport in the streamwise direction and effective conduction in the spanwise direction. Optimiziation formulations for families of channel/laminate geometries are performed to find minimum average temperatures within each of these families.
The annular twist mapping of the restricted three-body problem

This paper presents a new derivation of the twist mapping in the planar restricted problem. It differs from other treatments in the use of a novel canonical transformation which allows for the utilization of symplectic reduction techniques.
Conditioned excessive grooming in the rat after footshock: effect of naloxone and situational cues

In the first experiment, rats were placed in observation chambers in an isolated room for 60 min over 7 consecutive days. On the following day, the animals were injected with saline before testing and given a 1-min period of footshock halfway through the session. On the next day, testing was done after pretreatment with either saline or naloxone (1 mg/kg). The animals tested after saline exhibited excessive grooming in the first half of the observation period. Those tested with naloxone did not. In a second experiment, rats treated in a similar fashion to those of Experiment 1, but shocked outside the testing chambers, failed to demonstrate excessive grooming. These data suggest that a stress-related response, possibly involving ACTH release, can be associated with stimuli of the observation chambers in the first experiment and lead to excessive grooming on subsequent tests. As with other means of induction of excessive grooming, naloxone attenuates the response.
Stress-Regulated Translational Attenuation Adapts Mitochondrial Protein Import through Tim17A Degradation

Stress-regulated signaling pathways protect mitochondrial proteostasis and function from pathologic insults. Despite the importance of stress-regulated signaling pathways in mitochondrial proteome maintenance, the molecular mechanisms by which these pathways maintain mitochondrial proteostasis remain largely unknown. We identify Tim17A as a stress-regulated subunit of the translocase of the inner membrane 23 (TIM23) mitochondrial protein import complex. We show that Tim17A protein levels are decreased downstream of stress-regulated translational attenuation induced by eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation through a mechanism dependent on the mitochondrial protease YME1L. Furthermore, we demonstrate that decreasing Tim17A attenuates TIM23-dependent protein import, promotes the induction of mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated proteostasis genes, and confers stress resistance in C. elegans and mammalian cells. Thus, our results indicate that Tim17A degradation is a stress-responsive mechanism by which cells adapt mitochondrial protein import efficiency and promote mitochondrial proteostasis in response to the numerous pathologic insults that induce stress-regulated translation attenuation.
Nuclepore filters as diffusion screens: Effect of barrel-shaped pore distortions

Abstract The microphysical characteristics of Nuclepore filters are ideal for the diffusive size separation of submicron-sized particles. However, significant (i.e. factor of 2–3) discrepancies have been noted between computed and measured filter flow resistances and these bring into question the validity of theoretical calculations involving the use of the filters as diffusion screens. The discrepancy in flow resistance has been investigated and is hypothesized to be the result of barrel-shaped distortions of the micropores. The “mid-barrel” diameter appears to be 20–60% larger than the barrel “cap” diameters. Such distortion severely affects the pressure-flow characteristics but is predicted to have negligible effects on the filter's diffusive characteristics.
A Qualitative Study of Faculty Members' Views of Women Chairs

Abstract Background: Concurrent with the evolving role of the department chair in academic medicine is the entry of women physicians into chair positions. Because implicit biases that stereotypically masculine behaviors are required for effective leadership remain strong, examining faculty members' perceptions of their chair's leadership in medical school departments with women chairs can provide insight into the views of women leaders in academic medicine and the complex ways in which gender may impact these chairs' leadership style and actions. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 13 male and 15 female faculty members representing all faculty tracks in three clinical departments chaired by women. Inductive, qualitative analysis of the subsequent text allowed themes to emerge across interviews. Results: Four themes emerged regarding departmental leadership. One dealt with the leadership of the previous chair. The other three described the current chair's characteristics (tough, direct, an...
The dyeing and colour characteristics of alkali–treated polyester fibres dyed with disperse dyes

Alkali–treated and untreated polyester fabrics were dyed for up to 6 h at 100°C with a series of six disperse dyes of different chemical structures. The alkali–treated polyester samples adsorbed more dye and were dyed to deeper depths of shade and slightly different shades than was the untreated polyester. The greatest differences were observed for the alkali–treated polyester with the most outer surface or skin removed. Dye structure and molecular size also affected the amount of dye adsorbed on the fibres, but did not delineate the nature of differences between skin and core morphology. This study shows that significant differences exist between the molecular structure of the skin and core of melt–spun polyester fibres.
Second-Harmonic Generation of Light at the Boundary of an Isotropic Medium

Measurements of second-harmonic generation of light from liquid-air interfaces are reported. A physical model is proposed in which the observed harmonics arise from the electric double layer at the surface. The experimental results from the surfaces of various liquids and solids are discussed in the light of this model.
Secure state estimation and control using multiple (insecure) observers

Motivated by the need to protect Cyber-Physical Systems against attacks, we consider in this paper the problem of estimating the state in a private and secure manner despite active adversary attacks; adversaries that can attack the software/ hardware where state estimation is performed. To combat such threats, we propose an architecture where state estimation is performed across multiple computing nodes (observers). We then show that even when ρ out of a total 3ρ +1 observers are actively attacked: 1) using a combination of outputs from the observers, the state is still correctly estimated; 2) the physical plant is still correctly controlled; 3) the adversary can only obtain limited knowledge about the state. Our approach is inspired by techniques in cryptography for secure message transmission and information-theoretic secrecy. In addition, our guarantees on the secrecy of the plant's state against corrupting observers are based on the Cramer-Rao lower bound from estimation theory.
Thermally programmable gas storage and release in single crystals of an organic van der Waals host.

A single crystal of a low density form of guest-free p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene can take up and release small guest molecules by controlling the temperature and pressure without changing the structure. Using NMR spectroscopy with flowing hyperpolarized xenon, we have shown that at room temperature access of xenon to the pore system is difficult, whereas it is relatively easy at 100 °C. There are good prospects for simple van der Waals materials such as the title material to be used as programmable zeolite mimics.
Intra-abdominal desmoid tumor

Although intra-abdominal desmoid tumors are rare, they make up a distinct anatomical and clinical entity. It has been learned that unless an intra-abdominal desmoid is resected in its entirety, recurrence of the lesion is inevitable. Nine cases of intra-abdominal desmoid tumors were reviewed from Memorial Hospital. A radical surgical approach, including two hemipelvectomies, was performed in the hope of curing the patient. Four of the 9 patients in this series remain free of disease 5 or more years following surgery.
Plasma membrane and soluble lysophospholipases of Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Abstract The soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii contains two lysophospholipases, one soluble and one associated with the plasma membrane. The soluble lysophospholipase shows classical reaction kinetics at substrate concentrations below the apparent critical micelle concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine (about 39 μ m ). The reaction rate is constant at higher concentrations of substrate as expected for an enzyme that cannot hydrolyze micellar lysophosphatidylcholine. The reaction kinetics are more complex for the plasma membrane-bound enzyme showing two transitions at about 100 and 560 μ m . Several possible interpretations of these data are discussed.
Digital video til indlæring af kirurgiske procedurer for tandlægestuderende og tandlæger - Pædagogiske og tekniske erfaringer

Forste gang publiceret i UNEV nr. 3: Internet Video: Teknik og paedagogik modes pa nettet, april - juni 2004, red. Jens Dorup. ISSN 1603-5518. Artiklen omhandler erfaringer med brug af digital video til at laere kirurgiske procedurer for tandlaegestuderende og tandlaeger under efteruddannelse. Der beskrives 4 ars tekniske og paedagogiske erfaringer med in-house produktion af digitale videooptagelser af operationer, som tilgas on-demand. Endvidere beskrives streaming af video til efteruddannelse i forbindelse med et arrangement, hvor video fra kaebeoperationer blev transmitteret live fra Tandlaegeskolen i Kobenhavn til Bella Centret, hvor 250 tandlaeger overvaerede seancen pa storskaerm. Det blev valgt at bruge eksisterende udstyr, herunder eksisterende Internet forbindelser uden forsog pa at reservere bandbredde. Afslutningsvis tegnes nogle perspektiver for fremtidige anvendelsesmuligheder bade teknisk og paedagogisk.
Evaluating treatment efficacy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Caveat practitioner

There are potent treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder, but consumers, scientists, and practitioners face challenges in evaluating claims about their efficacy. The present analysis highlights some difficulties with claims about cognitive therapy, exposure-based behavior therapy, pharmacotherapy, the consensus treatment guidelines, and the OCD spectrum hypothesis, which may obscure understanding of treatment efficacy. The goal is to obviate ambiguities that could weaken the conceptual foundations for clinical judgment.
Continuous Active Phase Shifter Design and Analysis for Millimeter-Wave Circuits

This brief presents a continuous active phase shifter for millimeter-wave phased-array transceivers. Having an all-pass network frequency response, the proposed phase shifter provides continuous insertion phase control and nearly constant insertion loss regardless of the insertion phase variation. A complete analysis for the phase shifter is provided along with circuit measurement results. The phase shifter is fabricated in a 0.13-μm commercial CMOS technology. A phase tuning range larger than 90 ° and -7 dB of insertion loss are achieved for the phase shifter.
Adrenocortical Function in Hyperprolactinemic Women

To study the effects of prolactin (PRL) on adrenocortical function in humans, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), androstenedione (Δ) and testosterone (T) were measured in serum obtained from 35 hyperprolactinemic women with galactorrhea and amenorrhea before and after treatment with bromocriptine (39 courses). Associated with the bromocriptine-induced fall in mean PRL levels from 82 ± 8 (se) to 14 ± 2 ng/ml (n = 39, P < 0.0005), DHAS fell from 322 ± 21 to 237 ± 21 μg/dl (n = 39); P < 0.0005), DHA fell from 492 ± 47 to 378 ± 30 ng/dl (n = 39; P < 0.01) while T (n = 16) and Δ(n = 13) levels were unchanged (44 ± 4 vs. 49 ± 4 ng/dl and 280 ± 55 vs. 236 ± 40 ng/dl, respectively). In addition, 4 women were infused iv with 25 μg synthetic ACTH over 4 h and serial blood samples drawn while hyperprolactinemic, and again 2–4 months later following normalization of PRL levels by bromocriptine. Although pre-infusion levels of DHAS were lower when PRL levels were normalized, no signif...
Optimal timing schedules in earliness-tardiness single machine sequencing

The article deals with a single machine earliness-tardiness scheduling model where idle times are permitted in job processing. Based on a cluster concept we develop properties of the model that lead to a very fast algorithm to find an optimal timing schedule for a given sequence of jobs. The performance of this algorithm is tested on 480 randomly generated problems involving 100, 200, 400 and 500 jobs. It takes less than two seconds to solve a 500 job problem on a PC.
THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE ESTATE OWNERSHIP ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN A SCOTTISH RURAL COMMUNITY

This paper discusses the effect that large scale private landowncrship has had on social development in a Scottish rural parish. Much of Scotland's land area is concentrated in the hands of a few owners, and it is argued that their decisions on land use continue to have a significant impact on potential for growth or decline in Scottish rural settlements, in spite of powers accorded to local and nationally appointed bodies. Resume Cet article analyse l'effet dc la grande propriete foncierc privee sur le developpement d'une commune rurale ecossaise. En Ecosse l'essentiel des terres sont concentrees dans les mains d'un nombre assez restreint de proprietaires, et, scion cettc analyse, leurs decisions quant a l'usage du sol continuent d'influencer, de maniere significative, le declin ou la croissance des zones rurales ecossaises, en depit des pouvoirs accordes aux autorites publiques locales ou nationales. Kurzfassung In diesem Beitrag wird dcr Einfus dcs privaten Grosgrundbesitzes auf die soziale Entwickiung in ciner landlichen Gemeinde Schottlands diskutiert. Ein groser Teil des Landes in Schottland ist in der Hand relativ wcnigcr Eigentumer und es wird nachgewiesen, das ihre Entschcidungen uber die Landnutzung weiterhin von bedeutendem Einflus auf die Moglichkeic des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums oder wirtschaftlichen Abstiegs in landlichen Gemeinden sind, trotz der Machtbefugnisse, die ortlichc und staatlich eingcriehtete Organe haben.
Ionization potential of the lithiumlike 1s22s states from lithium to neon.

The ionization potentials of the 1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2s states are calculated for Z=3 to 10 with a method of full core plus correlation using multiconfiguration interaction wave functions. Relativistic and mass polarization effects are included using first-order perturbation theory. The QED contributions to the ionization potential are calculated using effective nucleus charges. The results of this work generally agree with those of experiments. For example, our predicted ionization potentials for Li i and Be ii are 43 487.15(9) and 146 883.03(18) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in comparison with the experimental results of 43 487.15 and 146 882.86 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, respectively. The predicted nonrelativistic energies in this work agree with those of King [Phys. Rev. A 40, 1735 (1989); 38, 6017 (1988)]. Our results show that the higher-order relativistic perturbation tends to reduce the ionization potential. It becomes appreciable for Z\ensuremath{\ge}7, increases from less than 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for carbon to about 14 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for Ne. Although the agreement between our predictions and experiments is good for most systems, there is a clear discrepancy of more than 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in the case of boron. The reason for this discrepancy is not understood at this time.
Indomethacin and the Corneal Immune Response

To study the effect of treating rabbits with a locally administered noncorticosteroid anti-inflammatory drug, we gave 26 rabbits unilateral subconjunctival injections of 15 mg of indomethacin suspension daily for 16 days, starting one day before the intracorneal injection of the same eye with bovine gamma globulin. We graded the eyes clinically and killed groups of rabbits on postimmunization days 6, 9, 12, and 15. We determined the number of antibody-forming cells in the homolateral cervical lymph nodes, corneas, and uveal tracts and tested the sera, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor for antibodies. Indomethacin-treated eyes showed significantly less inflammatory response, and an insignificantly greater number of antibody-forming cells, than the controls.
Development of socially sustainable traffic-control principles for self-driving vehicles: the ethics of anthropocentric design

Converging effect of communication, sensing, and in-vehicle computing technology has ensured potential to develop large-scale deployment of self-driving vehicles. Considering the potential impact of this technology, the approach for development cannot overlook needs regarding sustainability and social considerations. This paper argues that control technology for self-driving vehicles has both direct and indirect effect on fundamental human rights, and that the anthropocentric design perspective is a necessary ethical approach. Furthermore, we present current perspectives on operational principles, and relevant theoretical and empirical social implications. We conclude that there is potential for development of traffic-control principles for self-driving vehicles on the basis of mutually-advantageous cooperative production. Finally, we present several important areas for further investigation.
Comparison of Cold and Warm Vacuum Systems for Intersecting Storage Rings

In storage rings employing superconducting magnets, the use of a cold bore as a cryopump appears, at first glance, as simple and economical. Since the selection of a cold or warm vacuum system has far-reaching implications on the basic design, we consider each system in some detail. The theoretical and practical limitations imposed on the maximum beam current by the gas desorption from the chamber walls are discussed. A realistic design of a cold vacuum chamber is developed and then compared with the proposed warm ISABELLE vacuum system. The comparison shows that the warm approach is preferable.
Short-term outcome and predictors of adverse events following pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

p < 0.05). Mild mixed acidosis present at ICU admission resolved prior to discharge ( p = 0.002). The length of mechanical ventilation time was positively correlated with the absolute post-CPB PVR and negatively correlated with the relative change in central venous pressure (CVP) from pre-CPB to post-CPB values ( r = 0.75, p = 0.037). Of the pre-CPB anthropometric variables, only body mass index was significantly higher in nonsurvivors ( p = 0.037). Pulmonary artery pressures and vascular resistance fall significantly after PTE. A lower post-CPB PVR and a relatively decreased (i.e., from pre-CPB values) CVP predict reduced length of postoperative ventilation but not of the hospital stay. Mortality appears increased in patients with a large body habitus.
Model for population distributions of lymphocyte-target cell conjugates*

A quantitative model for the population distributions of the different types of conjugates formed between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and target cells has been developed. The comparison of the theoretical predictions with data of the literature reveals that the transit populations among the different types of conjugates depends on the lymphocyte-to-target ratio, R, and two constants, k and k1. These constants (where k>k1) govern, respectively, the transit populations among conjugates of the type LTi (LTn → LTn−1 → … → LT), and among LjT conjugates (LT → L2T → … → LmT). We have found that high ratios are necessary to obtain conjugates where multiple T lymphocytes are bound to one target cell, and that under these conditions the predominant conjugate, LjT, varies according to j = 1 + k1R. Conversely, for low values of R the predominant population is of the type LTi, where i also shows a linear dependence on R. Our model explains also why the conjugate LT is normally the predominant population under the experimental conditions reported in the literature. A discussion of the influence exerted by the population distributions of lymphocyte-target cell conjugates on the kinetic of the lytic process for these kinds of effector-target systems has also been made.
Effects of shallow basaltic intrusion into pyroclastic deposits, Grants Ridge, New Mexico, USA

Abstract A localized aureole up to 10 m wide developed around a 150-m-wide, 2.6 Ma basaltic plug at Grants Ridge, New Mexico. The plug intruded into nonwelded, pumice-rich compositionally homogenous tuff and volcaniclastic sediments of similar age (3.3 Ma). Color variation (pinkish to orange), strong local contact welding, brecciation, partial melting, and stoping characterize the host rock within the contact zone. Despite the high-temperature basaltic intrusion, there is no indication of extensive fluid-driven convective heat transfer and pervasive hydrothermal circulation and alteration of the country rock. The proportion of volcanic glass, loss on ignition (LOI), fluorine, iron, and some trace and rare earth element contents in the host rocks are somewhat depleted at the contact of the intrusion. Conversely, the degree of devitrification and the potassium content are higher along the contact. Vapor-phase expulsion of elemental species as complexes of fluoride, chloride, hydroxide, sulfide, and carbon dioxide may have been responsible for the minor depletion of the elements during the devitrification of silicic glass at near-solidus temperature related to the basaltic intrusion. The results of finite-difference numerical modeling of the intrusion as a dry, conduction-dominated system agree well with geochemical and mineralogical data. Contact welding of the host rocks apparently occurred at temperatures >700°C under a density-driven lateral load of approximately 1 MPa, corresponding to the observed depth below the former ground surface of ∼100 m. Other physical changes in the first 10 m of host rock, represented by partial devitrification and color changes, apparently occurred at temperatures of 500–600°C, which probably persisted for up to 55 years after the emplacement of the basaltic plug. Devitrification is generally enhanced by the presence of aqueous fluids; however, the abundance of volcanic glass within a short distance (∼10 m) from the plug is consistent with our inference that the plug intruded into a dry (unsaturated) environment.
Single-photon detection and imaging with a 10-Hz repetitively pulsed ultrasensitive coherent amplifier

We report an experimental investigation of an ultrasensitive coherent amplifier (USCA) operated at a 10-Hz repetition rate. We measure its quantum-noise-limited sensitivity, amplification, and image resolution. The USCA consisted of two Nd:YAG amplifiers in series with a high-gain four-wave Brillouin mirror with SnCl4 as the Brillouin medium. We measure a noise-equivalent-energy sensitivity of 1.96 × 10−19 J/mode or 1 photon/mode at a quantum efficiency of 96%. The system has an overall optical gain of 2.5 × 1013. With a version of the USCA equipped with an imaging lens system, we demonstrate the amplification and phase conjugation of entire images with a resolution of 164 μrad across a field of view of 4 mrad or 21 × 21 resolution elements. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a repetitively pulsed USCA.
Revamping NIH Study Sections

Antonio Scarpa, Director of NIH's Center for Scientific Review, has stated his intention to enhance efficiency and recruit excellent reviewers for NIH peer review. As an NIH grant holder for 30-odd years and former study section member, I propose the following. Every NIH grant holder above the rank
Analyzing unidentified locked-joint failures in kinematically redundant manipulators

Robots are frequently used for operations in hostile environments. The very nature of these environments, however, increases the likelihood of robot failures. Common failure-tolerance techniques rely on effective failure detection and identification. Since a failure may not always be successfully identified, or, even if identified, may not be identified soon enough, it becomes important to consider the behavior of manipulators with unidentified failures. This work investigates the behavior of robots experiencing unidentified locked-joint failures in a general class of tasks characterized by point-to-point motion. Based on the analysis, a procedure for workspace evaluation is developed that allows for the identification of regions in the manipulator's workspace in which tasks may be completed even with such failures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radionuclide evaluation of patients with lymphoma.

Advances in molecular biology and immunology are converging with the development of better diagnostic techniques and chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in improved management and outcomes for lymphoma patients. In this dynamic setting, nuclear medicine techniques have an important role. They can contribute to patient management by offering accurate staging, detecting residual disease or relapse after treatment, monitoring response during therapy, and providing prognostic information. Gallium-67 (Ga-67) citrate, a γ-emitting radiopharmaceutical widely used to evaluate patients with lymphoma, provides important information regarding detection of residual disease or relapse, response to therapy, and prognosis. More recently, the positron emitter F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), imaged with either a dedicated ring detector system or a dual-head γ camera hybrid system, has taken a place alongside Ga-67 for evaluation of patients with lymphoma. Focusing primarily on Ga-67 and FDG, this review summarizes and highlights their use, and provides caveats for imaging and image interpretation. Other radiopharmaceuticals applicable to lymphoma are mentioned briefly for completeness.
Decreasing rates of bone resorption in growing rats in vivo: comparison of different types of bones.

Abstract This study quantifies rates of bone resorption by measuring the kinetic loss of 3 H-tetracycline in vivo from the five different types of whole bones in four ages of normal male rats: appendicular bone (femur), cephalic bone (calvarium), axial bones (sixth lumbar vertebrae and sternum), and pelvis. The skeletons of newborn (0–2 weeks), weanling (4–7 weeks), adolescence (10–14 weeks), and mature (15–23 weeks) of Sprague Dawley rats were multiply labeled with 3 H-tetracycline. The radioactivity in whole calvaria, the 6th lumbar vertebra, sternum, pelvis and femur was quantified to calculate the time course of tetracycline loss. The isotopic half lives ( t 1 2 ) were different for each age group and each bone, but the rates of resorption were usually the highest in the newborn rats. In the youngest animals, the t 1 2 for the femur, vertebrae, and sternum was 1.5 week, for the pelvis it was 2.0 week, and for the calvarium it was 2.5 week. In the oldest age group, t 1 2 for the femur was 28 week, for the calvarium was 19 week, for the sternum and pelvis was 16.5 week, and for the vertebrae was 13 week. For cephalic bones and femur, the greatest decrement in the rate of resorption occurred in the first 7 weeks of life (−52% and −72%, respectively). The axial bones and pelvis maintained a uniformly high resorptive rate until 7 weeks of age, which waned sharply at adolescence (−70% to −78%). At maturity the resorptive rate of these bones was less than 16% of the rate in the newborn. In general, there appears to be an increase in the metabolic heterogeneity of the skeleton in terms of bone resorption after the neonatal period.
The identification of phthalic acid esters in the tissues of cyprinodont fish and their activity as heartrate depressors

Abstract Two substances isolated from carp liver have been identified as dioctyl phthalate and butylbenzyl phthalate. When partially purified from fish liver by two-step column chromatography, these esters exhibited heartrate depressor activity. A pure sample of dioctyl phthalate was not active in the assay, however, while a sample of butylbenzyl phthalate containing 1.5% dibutyl phthalate was slightly active, probably due to the dibutyl phthalate it contained. A third phthalate ester, dibutyl phthalate, has also been found in carp liver, in lower concentrations than the other esters, and is a heartrate depressor. Pure samples of dibutyl phthalate remained active at levels of 5 ppm and higher. We are forced to conclude either that traces of a compound which complexes or enhances the activity of dioctyl and butylbenzyl phthalate is responsible for their activity, or that traces of a more active compound are present with them. Dioctyl phthalate was also shown to form complexes in ethanol with fish lipids, presumably with fish di- and triglycerides.
Wastewater collection system infrastructure research needs in the USA

Many of the wastewater collection systems in the USA were developed in the early part of the last century. Maintenance, retrofits, and rehabilitations since then have resulted in patchwork systems consisting of technologies from different eras. More advanced and cost-effective methods to properly rehabilitate these systems must be considered to guarantee sustainability into the future. Achieving sustainable development presents a challenge to deliver new and innovative infrastructure and facilities needed to serve society while protecting the environment. In the context of this paper, sustainable development would provide new and improved solutions to existing and emerging problems associated with wastewater collection system infrastructure. Such solutions would, for example, include consideration of innovative approaches and practices for identifying and rehabilitating problems in existing systems and ways of preventing these problems in new construction. The paper focuses on technical issues and research needs in three major areas: (1) assessment of system integrity; (2) operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation; and (3) new construction. Many of the issues and needs discussed were identified at a USEPA sponsored experts workshop on infrastructure problems associated with wastewater collection systems.
SHS-Related Pediatric Sick Visits are Linked to Maternal Depressive Symptoms among Low-Income African American Smokers: An Opportunity for Intervention in Pediatrics.

Maternal smoking and depressive symptoms are independently linked to poor child health outcomes. However, little is known about factors that may predict maternal depressive symptoms among low-income, African American maternal smokers—an understudied population with children known to have increased morbidity and mortality risks. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe)-related pediatric sick visits are associated with significant maternal depressive symptoms among low-income, African American maternal smokers in the context of other depression-related factors. Prior to randomization in a behavioral counseling trial to reduce child SHSe, 307 maternal smokers in Philadelphia completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) and questionnaires measuring stressful events, nicotine dependence, social support, child health and demographics. CES-D was dichotomized at the clinical cutoff to differentiate mothers with significant versus low depressive symptoms. Results from direct entry logistic regression demonstrated that maternal smokers reporting more than one SHSe-related sick visit (OR 1.38, p < .001), greater perceived life stress (OR 1.05, p < .001) and less social support (OR 0.82, p < .001) within the last 3 months were more likely to report significant depressive symptoms than mothers with fewer clinic visits, less stress, and greater social support. These results suggest opportunities for future hypothesis-driven evaluation, and exploration of intervention strategies in pediatric primary care. Maternal depression, smoking and child illness may present as a reciprocally-determined phenomenon that points to the potential utility of treating one chronic maternal condition to facilitate change in the other chronic condition, regardless of which primary presenting problem is addressed. Future longitudinal research could attempt to confirm this hypothesis.
Effects of jejunoileal bypass on food intake, amino acid levels, and indoleamine metabolism in rats.

Summary Adult rats were subjected to either a 90 to 95 percent jejunoileal bypass or a sham operation and were sacrificed 35 days after surgery. Rats with jejunoileal bypass lost 33 percent of their original weight, whereas the sham operated rats gained 14 percent. Food intake per 100 g body weight was significantly increased between postoperative days 14 and 35 in the jejunoileal bypass rats. Levels of tryptophan were significantly reduced in the cortex, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus, mesencephalon, diencephalon, pons-oblongata, and cerebellum, whereas serotonin concentrations were lowered in the diencephalon, pons-medulla, and cerebellum in jejunoileal rats compared with control rats. Levels of 5-HIAA were reduced in the hypothalamus, cortex, mesencephalon, and diencephalon. In the plasma of bypassed rats, concentrations of valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, and tyrosine were significantly lower than in the control rats. In the cerebral cortex, levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, and glutamine were increased. The results suggest involvement of indoleamine metabolism in disrupted eating after jejunoileal bypass. The elevated brain levels of glutamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine resemble similar changes seen after portosystemic shunting in rats.