cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Standard For Night Vision Devices For Law Enforcement

The purpose of this paper is to describe the Standard for Passive, Hand-Held Night Vision Devices that has been developed at the National Bureau of Standards under a project sponsored by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of NBS, which is financed by the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration of the Department of Justice. The Standard is intended for use by law enforcement agencies in procurement of night vision equipment. The Standard is now undergoing review prior to promulgation. Because of the size of the complete standard, it will not be possible to describe it in detail. What is intended is to mention the philosophy behind the standard, describe briefly the test procedures, and mention the performance requirements.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ethnocentrism and Its Effect on the Chinese Consumer: A Threat to Foreign Goods?

This study examines ethnocentric tendencies including consumer ethnocentrism, country of origin, product judgments, willingness to buy, and animosity toward foreign products among a sample of economically progressive Chinese college students in a coastal port city in northern China. Survey results suggest that these Chinese consumers held a rather positive view of, and little animosity toward, the United States. They also did not show high levels of ethnocentrism or country-of-origin effects. These results would suggest openness toward foreign products. While Chinese consumers report little animosity or ethnocentric tendencies toward U.S. products, animosity, country of origin, and ethnocentrism are significantly correlated with willingness to buy. This suggests managers need to carefully position foreign products with respect to Chinese consumer expectations. Impacts of traditional collectivist views of the Chinese culture are suggested as an avenue for future research with respect to ethnocentrism and w...
THE TRANSPORT OF DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS THROUGHOUT THE HELIOSPHERE

The solar wind is recognized as a turbulent magnetofluid, for which the properties of the turbulent velocity and magnetic field fluctuations are often described by the equations of incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). However, low-frequency density turbulence is also ubiquitous. On the basis of a nearly incompressible formulation of MHD in the expanding inhomogeneous solar wind, we derive the transport equation for the variance of the density fluctuations (Rho(exp 2)). The transport equation shows that density fluctuations behave as a passive scalar in the supersonic solar wind. In the absence of sources of density turbulence, such as within 1AU, the variance (Rho(exp 2)) approximates r(exp -4). In the outer heliosphere beyond 1 AU, the shear between fast and slow streams, the propagation of shocks, and the creation of interstellar pickup ions all act as sources of density turbulence. The model density fluctuation variance evolves with heliocentric distance within approximately 300 AU as (Rho(exp 2)) approximates r(exp -3.3) after which it flattens and then slowly increases. This is precisely the radial profile for the density fluctuation variance observed by Voyager 2. Using a different analysis technique, we confirm the radial profile for Rho(exp 2) of Bellamy, Cairns, & Smith using Voyager 2 data. We conclude that a passive scalar description for density fluctuations in the supersonic solar wind can explain the density fluctuation variance observed in both the inner and the outer heliosphere.
Observation of cerium phosphate in aged automotive catalysts using Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Phosphorus is well-known to deactivate automotive catalysts and degrade emissions performance over time. Most phosphorus deposits have been previously identified as compounds of Zn, Ca, Mg, and Al. In this work, cerium phosphate is clearly identified using visible and UV Raman spectroscopy in various phosphorus-contaminated automotive catalysts having ceria as a washcoat component. Catalysts examined were either customer- or engine-dynamometer aged, with phosphorus introduced using zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) or an organic phosphorus compound either through normal oil consumption or doped fuel. The monazite form (CePO 4 ) of cerium phosphate is observed in all cases and is unaffected by different aging conditions and precious metal loading. However, in Pd-containing catalysts, the P–O stretch frequencies were sometimes red-shifted ∼5 cm −1 and had linewidths ∼30% broader than usual. The relative intensities of the Raman spectra showed different amounts of CePO 4 formed along the length of the catalyst and throughout the washcoat layer. The formation of aluminum phosphate and zinc phosphate species was also observed. Lastly, UV Raman is particularly useful for detecting CePO 4 in customer-aged samples showing large fluorescent backgrounds under visible excitation.
A Peculiar Intuition: Kant's Conceptualist Account of Perception

Abstract Both parties in the active philosophical debate concerning the conceptual character of perception trace their roots back to Kant's account of sensible intuition in the Critique of Pure Reason. This striking fact can be attributed to Kant's tendency both to assert and to deny the involvement of our conceptual capacities in sensible intuition. He appears to waver between these two positions in different passages, and can thus seem thoroughly confused on this issue. But this is not, in fact, the case, for, as I will argue, the appearance of contradiction in his account stems from the failure of some commentators to pay sufficient attention to Kant's developmental approach to philosophy. Although he begins by asserting the independence of intuition, Kant proceeds from this nonconceptualist starting point to reveal a deeper connection between intuitions and concepts. On this reading, Kant's seemingly conflicting claims are actually the result of a careful and deliberate strategy for gradually convinci...
Male Breast Carcinoma: Correlation of ER, PR, Ki-67, Her2-Neu, and p53 with Treatment and Survival, a Study of 65 Cases

Male breast cancer is rare, and experience of it in any single institution is limited. Our current understanding regarding its biology, natural history, and treatment strategies has been extrapolated from its female counterpart. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression patterns of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), MiB1 (Ki67), Her-2/neu (c-erbB2), and p53 and to correlate them with the prognosis, presentation, staging, management, and survival/outcome in male breast carcinoma identified through the Veterans Administration nationwide cancer registry. Sixty-five cases of male breast cancer were reviewed for classification. Tumor blocks were requested from each institution for immunohistochemical staining and evaluation of ER, PR, p53, Her2-neu, and MiB1. Seventeen age- and disease-matched male veteran patients with breast gynecomastia were used as controls. Traditional prognostic data were collected for comparison with female breast cancers (i.e., age, lymph node status, clinical staging, tumor size, histological grade, and disease-free and overall survival). Male breast carcinoma had worse disease-free survival than controls (P =.03). The clinical stage regardless of tumor size or lymph node metastasis was the single most significant prognostic factor (P <.0001). ER-positive patients appeared to have a better survival than did ER-negative patients (P =.03, univariate; P not significant in multivariate) and did not benefit from treatment with tamoxifen (P =.0027, univariate; P =.42, multivariate). MiB1 and PR expressions did not correlate with treatment or survival, and p53 was associated with shorter disease free survival (P =.07, univariate; P =.047, multivariate). Stage for stage, Her2-neu was associated with shorter disease-free survival (P <.0001) and correlated with positive lymph nodes (P =.08). Surgery alone versus surgery with adjuvant treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, tamoxifen, or combination) did not show any survival difference. Adjuvant therapy seemed to be associated with worse outcome. In the Veterans Administration hospital setting, the clinical stage and the expressions of p53 and Her2-neu in male breast carcinoma may be prognostically useful markers in guiding future treatment in prospective studies, whereas ER, PR, and MiB1 expressions are of limited value.
Generation and characterization of bat-induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first generated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts in the year 2006. These cells resemble the typical morphology of embryonic stem cells, express pluripotency markers, and are able to transmit through germlines. To date, iPSCs of many species have been generated, whereas generation of bat iPSCs (biPSCs) has not been reported. To facilitate in-depth study of bats at the molecular and cellular levels, we describe the successful derivation of biPSCs with a piggyBac (PB) vector that contains eight reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Nanog, cMyc, Lin28, Nr5a2, and miR302/367. These biPSCs were cultured in media containing leukemia inhibitory factor and three small molecule inhibitors (CHIR99021, PD0325901, and A8301). They retained normal karyotype, displayed alkaline phosphatase activity, and expressed pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, TBX3, and TRA-1-60. They could differentiate in vitro to form embryoid bodies and in vivo to form teratomas that contained tissue cells of all three germ layers. Generation of biPSCs will facilitate future studies on the mechanisms of antiviral immunity and longevity of bats at the cellular level.
Assessment of some linear food web methods

Abstract We review some recent methods for the calculation of energy fluxes through marine ecosystems in terms of linear steady-state webs. We consider some problems in using such methods as input to non-linear dynamic simulations. The problems arise from the great range in space and time scales and from the heterogeneity in data used to determine energy fluxes. These problems compromise the apparent generality of the methods and their ability to assess uncertainties in flux estimates. We consider alternative approaches and illustrate these problems and methods with a budget for the Georges Bank (north-west Atlantic) ecosystem.
‘The Thorny and Arduous Path of Moral Progress’: Moral Psychology and Moral Enhancement

The moral enhancement of humans by biological or genetic means has recently been urged as a response to the pressing concerns facing human civilization. In this paper, I argue that proponents of biological moral enhancement have misrepresented the facts of human moral psychology. As a result, the likely effectiveness of traditional methods of moral enhancement has been underestimated, relative to biological or genetic means. I review arguments in favor of biological moral enhancement and argue that the complexity of moral psychology raises serious problems for such interventions. I offer a programmatic sketch of the ways in which our improved understanding of moral psychology can help facilitate more traditional methods of moral enhancement. I conclude that the best response to the dangers faced by human civilization is the continued use of traditional methods of moral enhancement and the use of our improved understanding of moral psychology to further refine and develop these methods.
Re: Koshy et al.— propofol with fentanyl

TO THE EDITOR: Koshy et al. (1) using propofol with fentanyl in 150 patients, found it superior to midazolam plus meperidine. Arlington's Memorial Hospital now exceeds 16,000 CRNA-assisted endoscopies using propofol ("milk of amnesia"). With such a major experience, dosing evolved—for induction usually midazolam 2–4 mg, fentanyl 0.05 mg, and propofol 60 mg, then a propofol drip, altogether 200 mg to 300 mg for most colonoscopies. The only complication, a young man without a prior history, seizured in the postprocedure recovery area. He responded to IV benzodiazepam—observation 24 h. Soy allergy and seizure history are propofol contraindications. All patients are continuously monitored with oximetry, EKGs, and blood pressures. Propofol's action is so short, if dealing with respiratory depression only a brief manual-by-mask ventilation is needed before a rapid reversal. The CRNA team can't remember a single instance requiring an endotracheal tube for that reason. Such sedation facilitates endotracheal intubation if needed for usual endoscopic indications, very rarely, inadequate sedation.
Role and development of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the management of diabetes

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L cells of the intestine in response to food. Exogenous GLP-1 administration at pharmacological doses results in many effects that are beneficial for treating type 2 diabetes, these include: (1) an increase in insulin secretion from β cells; (2) a suppression of glucagon secretion from α cells in the presence of hyperglycemia but not hypoglycemia; (3) a delay in gastric emptying and gut motility which in turns delays absorption of ingested nutrients and dampens post-prandial glucose excursion; and (4) an increase in the duration of postprandial satiety therefore suppressing appetite and decreasing food intake which eventually leads to weight loss. However, GLP-1 is subject to rapid enzymatic degradation, and therefore, not suitable for long-term treatment. A synthetic enzyme-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonist that reproduces the biological effects of GLP-1 is in use and more are under development. This review aims at providing a summary of the properties of GLP-1 and the development of GLP-1-based therapies for treatment of diabetes.
Mechanical and electronic properties of ferromagnetic Ga 1 − x Mn x As using ultrafast coherent acoustic phonons

Ultrafast two-color pump-probe measurements, involving coherent acoustic phonon waves, have provided information simultaneously on the mechanical properties and on the electronic structure of ferromagnetic ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$. The elastic constants ${C}_{11}$ of ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$ $(0.03\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.07)$ are observed to be systematically smaller than those of GaAs. Both ${C}_{11}$ and ${V}_{\text{s}}$ measured in ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$ are found to increase with temperature $(78\text{ }\text{K}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}295\text{ }\text{K})$, again in contrast to the opposite behavior in GaAs. In addition, our experimental results indicate a small blueshifting of the fundamental band gap of ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$ as Mn concentration increases.
Distinguishing transitory nonlinear shocks from permanent structural change

Abstract Nonparametric tests for structural change based on the axioms of revealed preference have assumed that utility is nonstochastic or that transitory stochastic shocks do not affect the marginal rates of substitution among goods. Under this assumption, a violation of the Axioms implies that a permanent structural change has occurred. This implication is no longer valid if the stochastic nature of utility is generalized to include transitory nonlinear shocks. A new test for structural change is developed and applied to South Korean demand for rice, wheat, and barley.
Tuberal supraoptic neurons--II. Electrotonic properties.

Abstract The electrotonic properties of tuberal supraoptic neurons were studied from conventional intracellular recordings made in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explant in vitro . The cable parameters electrotonic dendritic length, and the dendritic to somatic conductance ratio, were estimated using the slopes and intercepts of the first two peeled exponentials of the voltage transients generated by current steps. The estimations were made assuming an equivalent cylinder model consisting of a soma and an attached, lumped dendrite of finite length. An equalizing time constant was resolved in 12 of 17 neurons, allowing calculation of both cable parameters. In only one of these 12 was it necessary to assume a somatic shunt to account for the data. The average value of the dendritic electrotonic length was 1.02, and that of the dendritic to somatic conductance ratio, 4.11. In the remaining five neurons, an equalizing time constant could not be peeled and consequently the dendritic cable parameters could not be estimated. The average input resistance of these 12 neurons was 162 MΩ and the average membrane time constant was 11.86 ms. Principal Components Analysis revealed that the variance of input resistance and time constant was largely explained by one factor, while that of dendritic electrotonic length and the dendritic to somatic conductance ratio was explained by a separate, independent factor, suggesting a separation of electrical and morphological parameters, respectively. In addition, the variability of the data indicates that considerable differences in the morphology and specific membrane resistivity exist across supraoptic neurons. An analysis of spontaneously occurring postsynaptic potentials revealed that the shapes of these potentials could not be explained simply by assuming that they were determined by their passive decay from some point along the equivalent cable to the soma. In conclusion, dendrites make a significant and previously unappreciated contribution to the electrotonic behavior of supraoptic neurons. These electrotonic properties are similar to those of many other, morphologically diverse, central nervous system neurons.
Characterization of the surface oxide formed by excimer laser surface processing of aisi 304 stainless steel

Abstract We have used excimer laser processing in air to grow thick oxide layers on AISI 304 stainless steel and have characterized the resulting oxide layer using a variety of techniques including Mossbauer, Auger, and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and nuclear reaction analysis. The resulting oxide, which is grown under rapid quenching conditions, has a spinel structure and a complex composition. In particular, a Cr to Fe ratio of approximately one was observed to persist throughout the oxide. Carbon incorporation at approximately 13 at%, presumably from surface contamination, and N at approximately 5 at% were also found.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN COMMUNITIES OF FOREST BIRDS

Summary Riclefs, R.E. 1989. Spatial and temporal patterns and processes in communities of forest birds. Ostrich Suppl. 14: 85–95. This paper reviews factors responsible for variation in species diversity among regions and habitats. Although many lines of evidence suggest that avian populations are limited by resources for which individuals of different species compete, evidence that interspecific interactions determine the distribution and abundance of populations or influence local diversity of species is sparse. Diversity in physically matched habitats in different regions of the earth shows little convergence in most groups of plants and animals. This suggests that regional processes of speciation and dispersal have a major impact on local species diversity. In general, however, historical and regional processes are difficult to evaluate because experiments on appropriate scales are not feasible and comparative studies have not adequately controlled for ecological variables.
The enthalpy of liquid sodium to 1505 K by drop calorimetry

Abstract The enthalpy (relative to 298.15 K) of liquid sodium was measured to 1505 K, using a high-precision drop-calorimetric system. The following equation represents the enthalpy of liquid sodium in the temperature range from 554 to 1505 K: H o (T)−H o (298.15 K ={4.62436( T K )+8.4442 × 10 −4 ( T K ) 2 −5.92445×10 5 ( T K )×10 5 ( T K ) −1 +731.931} cal th mol − All temperatures are based on IPTS-68. Values of {Ho(T) − Ho(298.15 K)}, Cpo(T), and {So(T) − So(298.15 K} are tabulated.
Designing-in performance: A framework for evolutionary energy performance feedback in early stage design

Abstract Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) has been identified as a potential means for integrating design and energy performance domains but has not been fully explored for the specific demands of early stage architectural design. In response a design framework, titled Evolutionary Energy Performance Feedback for Design (EEPFD), is developed to support early stage design decision-making by providing rapid iteration with performance feedback through parameterization, automation, and multi-objective optimization. This paper details the development and initial validation of EEPFD through two identified needs of early stage design: 1) the ability to accommodate formal variety and varying degrees of geometric complexity; and 2) the ability to provide improved performance feedback for multiple objective functions. Through experimental cases the research presents effective application of EEPFD for architectural design.
Activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) is stimulated by microbial superantigens in human monocytic cells

Microbial superantigens bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and activate gene transcription in monocytes. In search of transcription factors that potentially mediate the effects of superantigens at the nuclear level, we examined the capacity of staphylococcal superantigens to stimulate the activity of the transcriptional promoter factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed an increase in nuclear proteins that bound to the consensus AP-1 motif within 5 min following the stimulation of the monocytic cell line THP-1 with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) or staphylococcal entotoxin A. We show that mRNA levels for the subunits that compose AP-1, the protooncogenes c-fos and c-jun, are up-regulated by stimulation of THP-1 cells with TSST-1. The activated AP-1 complexes were functional, as evidenced by the capacity of TSST-1 to stimulate the expression of an AP-1-driven reporter gene construct transfected into THP-1 cells. These results establish that the engagement of MHC class II molecules by superantigens increases the activity of functional AP-1 complexes and that this may proceed in part by transcriptional activation of c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes.
Safety, Trust, and Treatment: Mental Health Service Delivery for Women Who Are Homeless

Women with serious mental illnesses who are homeless and have histories of substance abuse, poverty, social dislocation, ruptured relationships, and/or experiences of abuse and trauma can encounter barriers to fully engaging in formal treatment and related services. Many local public mental health systems are often ill-equipped to accommodate these women's unique behavioral and physical service needs. This article proposes an innovative approach to providing mental health services that are sensitive to the intersecting identities and associated difficulties these women experience. Based on our evaluation of a federally funded program for homeless women with behavioral and mental health concerns, we highlight four key principles that can optimize and promote the recovery outcomes of these women: (1) peer support, (2) flexible services and resources, (3) supportive program leadership, and (4) gender-sensitive services provided by women. We provide case vignettes highlighting how each of these treatment prin...
Magnetic moment of the 3+, one millisecond isomer in self-conjugate46V

Theg-factor of the one millisecond isomer (first excited state at 801 keV) in self-conjugate46V was measured by the perturbed angular distribution method. The isomeric state was populated by the heavy ion reaction32S(16O,pn)46V and recoil implanted into a liquid metal. The result,g=+0.546(10) extends the known isoscalar moments to heavier nuclei and is in close agreement with all previously measured isoscalar moments in thef7/2 shell. Theγ-ray angular distribution confirms the spin 3 assignment of the isomeric state.
New microbial phenazines

Eleven phenazines were identified as fermentation products of a bacterium. They included the previously unknown 2,9-dihydroxyphenazine-1-carboxyIic acid (4), 1,8-phenazinediol-1()-oxide (5) and 8-amino-1-phenazinol (6) as well as phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid (1),9-hydroxyphena-zine-1-carboxylic acid (2) and 1,8-phenazinediol (3) not isolated before from natural sources.
Ansa Cervicalis Nerve: Review of the Topographic Anatomy and Morphology†

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of techniques utilizing the ansa cervicalis nerve to reinnervate the paralyzed larynx. The anatomic course and morphology of the ansa cervicalis are complicated by the variable course and location along the great vessels of the neck, as well as the significant differences observed in the arrangement of its contributing roots and regional branching patterns. Herein, we review the surgical anatomic course of ansa cervicalis and its innervation of the muscles of the neck, and develop specific recommendations with respect to the use of this nerve in laryngeal reinnervation.
PRIORITY EFFECTS IN CORAL REEF FISH COMMUNITIES OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

Priority effects occur when established residents influence the colonization of individuals entering the community and thus provide insight into mechanisms underlying spatial differences and temporal changes in community composition. Using 20 spatially isolated patch reefs, I factorially manipulated the presence and absence of resident predators (groupers and dottybacks) and potential competitors (damselfishes) to determine whether and how they affect subsequent recruitment and mortality of newly settled fishes. During the 50-day experiment at Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, western Pacific), prior residency by predators dramatically reduced recruitment of damselfish, surgeonfish, butterflyfish, and rabbitfish and increased damselfish recruit mortality. In contrast, prior residency by potential competitors only reduced recruitment of damselfish and rabbitfish and did not affect recruit mortality. Effects of competitors were likely due to aggressive interactions between competitors and recruits that increased susceptibility of recruits to predators. Effects of residents were strongest within 48 hours of settlement, resulting in rapid establishment of patterns that persisted to the conclusion of the experiment. These results are similar to those from a comparable experiment in the Bahamas (western Atlantic), suggesting that priority effects may be a generally important cause of temporal and spatial variability in the composition of reef fish communities.
Temperature Histories at Critical Points and Recommended Cooking Time for Whole Turkeys Baked in a Conventional Oven

Time-temperature histories and cooking times were determined for turkeys baked at 162.8°C from 4.44°C to an endpoint of 82.2°C in the thigh joint or breast. Turkeys (128) in five weight classes from 5.9 to 10.8 kg (0.9 kg increments) were equally divided into fresh, frozen, stuffed, unstuffed, and cooked shielded or unsheilded groups. The slowest heating point was either the wing joint or stuffing geometric center. Cooking time for unsheilded turkeys was 155 min plus 11 min/kg, unstuffed, and 200 min plus 8.8 min/kg, stuffed. Median cooking loss was 23%. Shielding of breasts prolonged cooking time. The cooking endpoint of 82.2°C in the thigh joint provided adequate lethality against Salmonella in the slowest heating points of both stuffed and unstuffed birds.
Infrared spectroscopy of CO on NaCl(100) IV. Bandshape analysis

Abstract The infrared bandshape of monolayer CO on NaCl(100) at 4 K is slightly asymmetric and its bandwidth of 0.09 cm−1 is the narrowest observed for any surface molecule. From a variety of experiments we know that this band profile is determined by heterogeneous rather than homogeneous broadening. We offer an explanation for the experimentally observed bandshape by proposing that irregularities in the surface of the cleaved NaCl crystals give rise to many distinct two-dimensional domains of physisorbed CO. A first-order perturbation calculation, which generates the infrared cross-section as a function of domain size, has been used to estimate that on the order of 105 molecules reside in an average size domain. The accuracy of the calculation, whose Hamiltonian represents the intermolecular potential among CO molecules by electric multipole coupling, will be discussed. We use the same coupling Hamiltonian to explore the effect of submonolayer coverages, isotopic dilution, and surface heterogeneities on the infrared spectroscopy of CO on NaCl(100). Our calculations can account for some, but not all, of the observed spectroscopic data.
Enhanced operator interface for hand-held landmine detector

As landmines get harder to detect, the complexity of landmine detectors has also been increasing. To increase the probability of detection and decrease the false alarm rate of low metallic landmines, many detectors employ multiple sensing modalities, which include radar and metal detector. Unfortunately, the operator interface for these new detectors stays pretty much the same as for the older detectors. Although the amount of information that the new detectors acquire has increased significantly, the interface has been limited to a simple audio interface. We are currently developing a hybrid audiovisual interface for enhancing the overall performance of the detector. The hybrid audiovisual interface combines the simplicity of the audio output with the rich spatial content of the video display. It is designed to optimally present the output of the detector and also to give the proper feedback to the operator. Instead of presenting all the data to the operator simultaneously, the interface allows the operator to access the information as needed. This capability is critical to avoid information overload, which can significantly reduce the performance of the operator. The audio is used as the primary notification signal, while the video is used for further feedback, discrimination, localization and sensor fusion. The idea is to let the operator gets the feedback that he needs and enable him to look at the data in the most efficient way. We are also looking at a hybrid man-machine detection system which utilizes precise sweeping by the machine and powerful human cognitive ability. In such a hybrid system, the operator is free to concentrate on discriminant task, such as manually fusing the output of the different sensing modalities, instead of worrying about the proper sweep technique. In developing this concept, we have been using the virtual mien lane to validate some of these concepts. We obtained some very encouraging results form our preliminary test. It clearly shows that with the proper feedback, the performance of the operator can be improved significantly in a very short time.
Total Synthesis of the Vancomycin Aglycon

Full details of a diastereoselective total synthesis of the vancomycin aglycon are described. Two key aromatic nucleophilic substitution macrocyclizations with formation of the 16-membered diaryl ethers were enlisted for sequential CD and DE ring formations, an effective macrolactamization was developed for closure of the 12-membered biaryl AB ring system, and the defined order of CD, AB, and DE ring closures permitted selective thermal atropisomerism of the newly formed ring systems or their immediate precursors. This indirect control of the atropisomer stereochemistry allowed all synthetic material to be funneled into the one of eight atropdiastereomers characterizing the natural product.
Bidirectional Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond ring laser

We report the first bidirectional operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. Kerr-lensing was used both to mode-lock the laser and to limit the pulse energy through passive negative feedback. Q-switched mode-locked operation was also observed in the same cavity at a period of 4 to 7 μs. The unidirectionality/bidirectionality of that operation could be controlled with an intracavity semiconductor configured as an energy limiter. A simple ABCD matrix method correctly predicts the locations of the apertures to achieve the positive feedback required for continous wave mode-locking and the negative feedback for continuous wave bidirectional operation. The numerical model also estimates the observed beat frequency of 80–150 kHz.
Measuring returns to scale in nineteenth-century French industry

Were nineteenth-century French firms too small? Previous research has found either constant returns to scale throughout (Nye, 1987) or increasing returns to scale for most industries (Sicsic, 1994). This research sheds some light on these contradictory results by proposing and estimating a series of models that consider previously ignored econometric issues. My analysis of the 1839–1847 census suggests that there were increasing returns to scale for some industries and constant returns for others, while the analysis of the 1861–1865 census suggests constant returns to scale throughout. Assessing the economic implications of the estimated returns to scale, I argue that there were significant unexploited scale economies in the first half of the nineteenth century. In the second half of the nineteenth century, though, France had little to gain from scale economies.
Structure in the total 27Al(n, α)24Na cross section around 14 MeV☆

Abstract An excitation function for the 27 Al(n, α) reaction has been measured in steps of about 15 keV throughout most of the energy range between 13.45 and 14.91 MeV in an effort to observe structure in the cross section. The insulated core transformer (ICT) neutron facility was used as the neutron source; a rotating, tritiated titanium target, capable of handling ion beams with currents up to 10 mA and with energies up to 450 keV, was employed. Using the activation method, a total of about 500 relative cross-section measurements were made at 87 different neutron energies. Fluctuations with magnitudes of about 1.5 % were observed in the cross section after all of the data had been correlated and corrected for the anisotropy and scattering effects that had been determined experimentally. A statistical treatment of the data yielded a compound nucleus level width of about 30 keV, which is reasonable for a 28 Al nucleus excited to 20–22 MeV. The observed structure can be explained in terms of Ericson fluctuation theory.
Effect of pH and Surface Chemistry on the Mechanism of H2S Removal by Activated Carbons

Abstract The performances of three wood-based activated carbons as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide were evaluated by dynamic breakthrough testing. The subsequent products of H 2 S oxidation on the carbon surfaces were analyzed. The adsorbents were studied using sorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, Boehm titration, FTIR, ion chromatography, and temperature programmed desorption. Based on the results, the effects of surface chemistry and structural features on the yield of water soluble products and on the regenerability of the exhausted carbons were evaluated. The results showed that the breakthrough capacity and the yield on regeneration depend on the average pH of the carbon surface related to the pH in local pore environment. When the surface is very acidic, the dissociation of H 2 S is suppressed resulting in a very small concentration of hydrogen sulfide ions and thus in the formation of highly dispersed sulfur. Such conditions are favorable for oxidation of sulfur to S 4+ and S 6+ . When the surface is less acidic the degree of dissociation is higher and the creation of polymeric elemental sulfur species resistant to further oxidation is more favorable. A small increase in pH (half a unit) in the acidic range results in a 15-fold increase in hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacity accompanied by only a one third decrease in the yield of sulfur oxides.
Cyclohexylamine Adsorption and Hydrogenolysis on the Ni(100) Surface

Adsorption and hydrogenolysis of cyclohexylamine (CHA) on the Ni(100) surface have been characterized using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cyclohexylamine interacts with the surface primarily through both the amino group and one carbon in the cyclohexyl group below 240 K. Substantial hydrogenolysis of adsorbed CHA is observed even in the absence of external hydrogen as the result of disproportionation to form ammonia (365 K) and benzene (465−480 K) during a TPD cycle. In the absence of external hydrogen, dehydrogenated residues are also observed above 500 K. External hydrogen pressures rapidly enhance the hydrogenolysis of CHA resulting in complete hydrogenolysis of a monolayer of adsorbed CHA for hydrogen pressures as low as 10-5 Torr with no residual carbon or nitrogen remaining on the surface.
End-to-end delay analysis of wireless ECG over cellular networks

In this paper, we present a medical-grade network architecture based on the wireless cellular technology of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized). It can provide highly reliable communication with a bounded delay by exploiting its inherent channel access structure and cooperative packet scheduler at the access network. Additionally, we propose a way of analyzing the worst-case end-to-end delay over the candidate cellular architecture, and apply it to wireless ECG (Electrocardiogram) to examine its applicability. Our simulation study shows how the proposed architecture can provide acceptable quality of service for wireless medical applications.
Numerical studies of ablation and ionization of railgun materials

The intense radiation from the arc in a railgun may cause vaporization and partial ionization of rail and insulator material. The mass of material added to the arc can have a significant adverse effect on projectile velocity. A numerical model has been developed to predict the change in mass of the arc as a function of several parameters. That model has been incorporated in the Los Alamos Railgun Estimator (LARGE) code and simulations have been run to assess the accuracy of the model. Analytical predictions were found to be in good agreement with experimental data for railgun tests run at Los Alamos. Ablation appears to have a significant effect on railgun performance.
“Molecules-in-Medicine”: Peer-Evaluated Presentations in a Fast-Paced Organic Chemistry Course for Medical Students

To accentuate the importance of organic chemistry in development of contemporary pharmaceuticals, a three-week unit entitled “Molecules-in-Medicine” was included in the curriculum of a comprehensive one-semester four-credit organic chemistry course. After a lecture on medicinal chemistry concepts and pharmaceutical practices, students worked in small groups (rarely, individually) to research and prepare a PowerPoint presentation on a small-molecule drug, highlighting the drug’s structure, function, biological target, and organic reactions involved in its synthesis. Presentations were uploaded on the Blackboard course management system and then peer-reviewed and graded by fellow students using Blackboard’s peer-review feature and instructor-provided criteria. Both the preparation of the presentation and the evaluation of other student’s presentations were required to receive credit for this unit. In addition to helping students acquire critical skills in effective communication and experiencing peer review...
Kinematics and kinetics during gait in symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs of children with myelomeningocele.

BACKGROUND: Knee pain and early arthrosis have emerged as significant problems in young adults with myelomeningocele (MMC). The purpose of our study was to examine kinematics and kinetics during gait in symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs of children with an MMC to better understand the factors that may predispose individuals with an MMC to potentially debilitating knee problems. METHODS: Seven children with L3-L4 level MMC and 8 age-matched typically-developing control children participated in this study. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were obtained bilaterally during gait. A custom-designed femoral tracking device, with established reliability and validity was used to track the thigh. The limbs in an MMC group were subdivided into 2 subgroups (n=6 and 8, symptomatic and asymptomatic, respectively) based on history of pain at the knee joint after walking/weight bearing activity in the last 6 months. An 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni adjustments was used to compare lower extremity kinematic and kinetic variables between symptomatic, asymptomatic, and control limbs. The Pearson product moment correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between variables of interest. RESULTS: Symptomatic limbs showed increased knee flexion in stance (P=0.01) compared with asymptomatic limbs. Symptomatic limbs showed trends toward increased knee extension, adduction, and internal rotation moments (P=0.031, P=0.025, and P=0.024, respectively) compared with asymptomatic limbs. Hip internal rotation was positively associated with knee internal rotation moment (r=0.93, P=0.008 and r=0.76, P=0.08 in symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs, respectively) and increased knee adduction moment (r=0.84, P=0.03 and r=0.91, P=0.01 in symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic limbs in children with an MMC showed increased knee flexion and trends toward higher extension, adduction, and internal rotation moments. Increased knee flexion accompanied by inadequate control of hip transverse kinematics may have significant implications for knee joint loading in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4 (Case series with controls, motion laboratory gait analysis).
Nucleolar RNA Synthesis during Meiosis of Lily Microsporocytes

SEVERAL authors have reported a decrease in nucleolar incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA in male gametocytes of maize, locusts and mammals during meiotic prophase1–4, but the inactive nucleolus often persists. In the microsporocytes of Liliutn henryi the cytoplasmic ribosomes reportedly decrease in number during the extended meiotic prophase as the cellular RNA concentration also decreases5. Stern (personal communication) has also observed a decrease in RNA content in meiotic cells of Lilium longiflorum. We have examined the RNA synthetic activities of lily microsporocytes to see if the large nucleolus present is engaged in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
Generation of mono- and bis-dioxiranes from 2,3-butanedione.

Biacetyl reacts with oxone to give bis-dioxirane [3,3‘-dimethyl-3,3‘-bidioxirane, 3B] and mono-dioxirane [1-(3-methyl-dioxiran-3-yl)ethanone, 3A)]. Bis-dioxirane 3B is formed when two oxygens are incorporated into biacetyl, while mono-dioxirane 3A incorporated only one. A greater stability is observed in 3B compared to 3A, which is attributed to an α-dioxiranyl (anomeric) effect in the former. In contrast, 3A suffers from a destabilizing π-electron withdrawing effect from the adjacent carbonyl group.
BOUNDED COCYCLES AND COMBINGS OF GROUPS

We adopt the notion of combability of groups defined in [12]. An example is given of a (bi-)combable group which is not residually finite. Two of the eight 3-dimensional geometries, and ℍ2×ℝ, are quasiisometric. Seifert fibred manifolds over hyperbolic orbifolds have bicombable fundamental groups. Every combable group satisfies an exponential isoperimetric inequality.
The nutritional inadequacy of chlorella and chlamydomonas as food for daphnia pulex

Daphnia pulex failed to reproduce normally when fed either Chlorella pyrenoidosa or Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultured and suspended in defined inorganic media. Lifespan was shorter, ovulation was reduced, and a large percentage of ovulated eggs failed to complete embryonic development. The same algal culture suspended in “biologically conditioned water” supported a normal lifespan and ample but not maximal reproduction. The active factors are heat-stable. Several organic compounds were tested to find a substitute for aquarium water. Calcium pantothenate (300 mg/liter) improved survival and reproduction significantly, but for only one generation; alanine, glucosamine, and carnatine were not significantly beneficial. CaC12 improved survival and reproduction of two succeeding generations. Despite increases in the amount of calcium added, Daphnia cultures could not be maintained indefinitely on Chlamydomonas suspended in a defined salt solution. The algae appear to be deficient in meeting the nutritional requirements of Daphnia pulex, especially with respect to reproduction. Their proper utilization seems to depend on factors supplied by other organisms, probably bacteria, and probably provided in the water from natural sources used in most experiments.
Plasma Clot Dissolution by Urea Derivatives

A METHOD for forming standard human plasma clots has been described in a previous communication1. This method allows an accurate measurement of the clot-dissolving activities of various compounds applied in solution to a standardized invariable surface. In this previous work it was found that when a plasminogen activator, such as urokinase, was applied to the preformed clot, it produced a progressive fibrinolysis. Afterwards it was observed that the presence of ‘Tween 20’ in the activator solution enhanced the activator-induced fibrinolysis. The question then arose as to whether or not denaturation of fibrin by any compound would enhance the fibrinolytic process. The first group of compounds studied, and that reported in this communication, was urea and urea derivatives. Urea, itself, is a well-known denaturing agent. It enhances proteolysis in lesser concentrations2 and dissolves fibrin in greater concentrations3.
Porcelain-to-composite bond strengths using four organosilane materials.

Abstract The flexural strengths of porcelain bonded to composite resin specimens using four organosilane materials were compared. Eighty hand-condensed Vita porcelain specimens were stored in distilled water or ambient humidity before sectioning. Three groups (n = 30) of hydrated specimens were repaired to their original dimensions by using Silux composite resin with Kerr Ultrafine Porcelain Repair Bonding system, 3M Porcelain Kit with ScotchPrimer, or Fusion materials. A fourth group (n = 30) of hydrated specimens was repaired with the DenMat Ultrabond Restorative kit. Four groups (n = 10) of unhydrated specimens were repaired the same as the hydrated specimens. Fracture occurred at the porcelain-to-composite resin interface with three-point loading on the repair interface at 3 × 10 2 mm/min. No difference between Kerr, 3M, and Fusion products, when used with Silux composite resin, was found. The DenMat product had lower strengths. The unhydrated specimens had significantly higher bond strengths than the hydrated specimens with all products.