cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An International Perspective on Parenting and Children’s Adjustment

This chapter provides an international perspective on parenting and children’s adjustment, which can inform understanding of the development of minority children. It begins with an historical overview of this area of inquiry, which has been conducted primarily with North American and Western European samples, and presents two of the main theories that have guided research attempting to understand children’s development in cultural contexts. The chapter then describes current key research questions as well as measurement and methodological issues in adopting an international perspective. The bulk of the chapter reviews empirical research on links between parenting and children’s adjustment in a variety of domains (socioemotional adjustment, behavioral adjustment, academic achievement, moral development, social relationships) around the world. The chapter then highlights universal versus culture-specific mechanisms through which parenting has been found to relate to children’s adjustment. Finally, the chapter suggests policy implications and directions for future research. Throughout, the review of theories and empirical research is not comprehensive but rather illustrative, attempting to provide an international framework in which to conceptualize parenting and children’s adjustment.
The Relationship of Obesity to Hospice Use and Expenditures: A Cohort Study.

Background Obesity complicates medical, nursing, and informal care in severe illness, but its effect on hospice use and Medicare expenditures is unknown. Objective To describe the associations between body mass index (BMI) and hospice use and Medicare expenditures in the last 6 months of life. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting The HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Participants 5677 community-dwelling Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who died between 1998 and 2012. Measurements Hospice enrollment, days enrolled in hospice, in-home death, and total Medicare expenditures in the 6 months before death. Body mass index was modeled as a continuous variable with a quadratic functional form. Results For decedents with BMI of 20 kg/m2, the predicted probability of hospice enrollment was 38.3% (95% CI, 36.5% to 40.2%), hospice duration was 42.8 days (CI, 42.3 to 43.2 days), probability of in-home death was 61.3% (CI, 59.4% to 63.2%), and total Medicare expenditures were $42 803 (CI, $41 085 to $44 521). When BMI increased to 30 kg/m2, the predicted probability of hospice enrollment decreased by 6.7 percentage points (CI, -9.3 to -4.0 percentage points), hospice duration decreased by 3.8 days (CI, -4.4 to -3.1 days), probability of in-home death decreased by 3.2 percentage points (CI, -6.0 to -0.4 percentage points), and total Medicare expenditures increased by $3471 (CI, $955 to $5988). For morbidly obese decedents (BMI ≥40 kg/m2), the predicted probability of hospice enrollment decreased by 15.2 percentage points (CI, -19.6 to -10.9 percentage points), hospice duration decreased by 4.3 days (CI, -5.7 to -2.9 days), and in-home death decreased by 6.3 percentage points (CI, -11.2 to -1.5 percentage points) versus decedents with BMI of 20 kg/m2. Limitation Baseline data were self-reported, and the interval between reported BMI and time of death varied. Conclusion Among community-dwelling decedents in the HRS, increasing obesity was associated with reduced hospice use and in-home death and higher Medicare expenditures in the last 6 months of life. Primary funding source Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program.
The Role of Philosophy for Sustainability Research

In this chapter, I discuss the role of philosophy for the analysis of sustainability issues. I argue that philosophy should play a crucial role in sustainability research. Philosophy can provide the abilities of critical reflection necessary to design and conduct this type of research and can play an important role in the training and education of sustainability researchers. Philosophy can contribute to interdisciplinary integration of sciences and ethics by analyses of the self-identity, concepts, methods, basic assumption, evaluations, and implicit normative aspects of particular sciences, the discussion of their relationships, and their integration. Philosophy can assist transdisciplinary integration by developing an understanding of the specifics of scientific perspectives, approaches, and knowledge on the one hand, and other forms of experience, recognition, and knowledge on the other. However, this also means a challenge for philosophy itself. Philosophers need to carefully reflect on the specifics of current issues and potentially modify traditional philosophical concepts and approaches, or even develop new concepts and approaches. Philosophy should actively involve itself in the task of developing a self-reflective inter- and transdisciplinary sustainability research and develop the appropriate philosophical tools for this project.
A Light-Regulated Type I Pilus Contributes to Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm, Motility, and Virulence Functions.

ABSTRACT Transcriptional analyses of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 showed that the expression of A1S_2091 was enhanced in cells cultured in darkness at 24°C through a process that depended on the BlsA photoreceptor. Disruption of A1S_2091, a component of the A1S_2088-A1S_2091 polycistronic operon predicted to code for a type I chaperone/usher pilus assembly system, abolished surface motility and pellicle formation but significantly enhanced biofilm formation on plastic by bacteria cultured in darkness. Based on these observations, the A1S_2088-A1S_2091 operon was named the photoregulated pilus ABCD (prpABCD) operon, with A1S_2091 coding for the PrpA pilin subunit. Unexpectedly, comparative analyses of ATCC 17978 and prpA isogenic mutant cells cultured at 37°C showed the expression of light-regulated biofilm biogenesis and motility functions under a temperature condition that drastically affects BlsA production and its light-sensing activity. These assays also suggest that ATCC 17978 cells produce alternative light-regulated adhesins and/or pilus systems that enhance bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation at both 24°C and 37°C on plastic as well as on the surface of polarized A549 alveolar epithelial cells, where the formation of bacterial filaments and cell chains was significantly enhanced. The inactivation of prpA also resulted in a significant reduction in virulence when tested by using the Galleria mellonella virulence model. All these observations provide strong evidence showing the capacity of A. baumannii to sense light and interact with biotic and abiotic surfaces using undetermined alternative sensing and regulatory systems as well as alternative adherence and motility cellular functions that allow this pathogen to persist in different ecological niches.
The blood-nerve barrier: structure and functional significance.

The blood-nerve barrier (BNB) defines the physiological space within which the axons, Schwann cells, and other associated cells of a peripheral nerve function. The BNB consists of the endoneurial microvessels within the nerve fascicle and the investing perineurium. The restricted permeability of these two barriers protects the endoneurial microenvironment from drastic concentration changes in the vascular and other extracellular spaces. It is postulated that endoneurial homeostatic mechanisms regulate the milieu interieur of peripheral axons and associated Schwann cells. These mechanisms are discussed in relation to nerve development, Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration, and lead neuropathy. Finally, the putative factors responsible for the cellular and molecular control of BNB permeability are discussed. Given the dynamic nature of the regulation of the permeability of the perineurium and endoneurial capillaries, it is suggested that the term blood-nerve interface (BNI) better reflects the functional significance of these structures in the maintenance of homeostasis within the endoneurial microenvironment.
Research on Semantic Based Distributed Service Discovery in P2P Environments/Networks

In order to reduce the network communication cost of the discovery of distributed services and improve the search efficiency and recall performance, researchers put forward a distributed service discovery strategy based on semantic in P2P environment. Firstly, they constructed an ontology model to describe the types of services, and then located the starting point of the search process on the associated Peer node based on semantic service classification. Secondly, a double layer parallel service discovery method was put forward. In UDDI layer, they used the classic keyword matching to search services in UDDI center. In the semantic layer, researchers used the semantic query and reasoning on the service ontology model. Finally, the performance of the proposed method was verified by experiment.
Effects of child care subsidy on school readiness of young children with or at-risk for special needs

Abstract Children with special needs are now a population of special interest under federal child care policy. Findings on the effects of child care subsidy for the general population are mixed, but no studies have considered the effects for children with or at-risk for special needs. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the average effects of child care subsidies on school readiness of children with or at-risk for special needs. Using data for 1250 participants in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort, we applied propensity score matching and regression analyses to estimate subsidy’s effects on kindergarten academic and behavioral competencies of children with or at-risk for special needs who came from low-income families. Results indicated that for the average recipient, subsidized child care had significant negative effects on early literacy (d = 0.21) and numeracy (d = 0.18), and no significant effects on communication, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and prosocial behavior. These findings add to a growing number of largescale analyses showing negative or null effects of subsidized care on early childhood outcomes and highlight the need for continued attention to the appropriateness and effectiveness of subsidized child care, particularly for children with or at-risk for special needs.
Epicardial ventricular tachycardia in ischemic cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, electrophysiological characteristics, and long‐term ablation outcomes

INTRODUCTION The characteristics of the epicardial (EPI) substrate responsible for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) are undefined, and data on the long-term outcomes of EPI catheter ablation limited. We evaluated the prevalence, electrophysiologic features, and outcomes of catheter ablation of EPI VT in ICM. METHODS AND RESULTS From December 2010 to June 2013, a total of 13 of 93 (14%) patients with ICM underwent catheter ablation at our institution and had conclusive evidence of critical EPI substrate demonstrated to participate in VT with activation, entrainment and/or pace mapping during sinus rhythm (two other patients underwent EPI mapping but had no optimal ablation targets). The electrophysiologic substrate characteristics and activation/entrainment mapping data were compared with a reference group of ICM patients without evidence of critical EPI substrate (N = 44), defined as a complete procedural success (noninducibility of any VT at programmed stimulation) after endocardial (ENDO)-only ablation. Patients with failed EPI access (N = 2) or history of cardiac surgery (N = 92) were excluded from the study. All 13 patients had evidence of abnormal EPI substrate with fractionated/late/split electrograms and low-bipolar voltage areas. The critical VT ablation sites were all located within the EPI bipolar "dense" scar (<1.0 mV) opposite the ENDO bipolar scar in 77% of cases and extending beyond the ENDO bipolar scar (within the ENDO unipolar low-voltage area) in the remaining patients. Compared with the reference ENDO-only group, patients with EPI VT had a smaller ENDO bipolar scar area, 54.0 (37.1-84) vs 86.7 (55.6-112) cm2 ; P = 0.0159, with a similar extent of ENDO unipolar low voltage. No other substrate characteristics or location differed between the two groups. After 35.2 ± 24.2 months of follow-up, VT-free survival was 73% in patients with EPI VT compared with 66% in the ENDO-only group (log-rank P = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS The presence of the critical EPI substrate responsible for VT can be demonstrated in at least 14% of patients with ICM. The majority of EPI critical ablation sites are distributed opposite the ENDO bipolar scar area and catheter ablation is effective in achieving long-term arrhythmia control.
Evolutionary pathway for the 2017 emergence of a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus among domestic poultry in Tennessee, United States

Abstract In March 2017, a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was detected at two commercial broiler breeder facilities in Tennessee, United States. In this study, a wild bird low pathogenic avian influenza A virus, A/blue-winged teal/Wyoming/AH0099021/2016(H7N9), was shown to be the probable precursor of the novel H7N9 virus; this low pathogenic virus has eight possible progenitor genes sharing > 99% sequence identity with the novel H7N9 virus. Phylogeographic analyses showed that viral gene constellations that formed and circulated among dabbling ducks contributed to the emergence of the novel H7N9 virus. This is in contrast to the virus that caused the 2016 H7N8 outbreak, which had more genetic contributions from viruses circulating among diving ducks. Study findings support the need for ongoing wild bird surveillance to monitor circulating viruses and to understand possible evolutionary pathways of virus emergence in poultry.
Evaluating the Quality of Health Information in a Changing Digital Ecosystem.

Background: Critical evaluation of online health information has always been central to consumer health informatics. However, with the emergence of new Web media platforms and the ubiquity of social media, the issue has taken on a new dimension and urgency. At the same time, many established existing information quality evaluation guidelines address information characteristics other than the content (eg, authority and currency), target information creators rather than users as their main audience, or do not address information presented via novel Web technologies. Objective: The aim of this formative study was to (1) develop a methodological approach for analyzing health-related Web pages and (2) apply it to a set of relevant Web pages. Methods: This qualitative study analyzed 25 type 2 diabetes pages, which were derived from the results of a Google search with the keywords “diabetes,” “reversal,” and “natural.” The coding scheme, developed via a combination of theory- and data-driven approaches, includes 5 categories from existing guidelines (resource type, information authority, validity of background information sources, objectivity, and currency) and 7 novel categories (treatment or reversal method, promises and certainty, criticisms of establishment, emotional appeal, vocabulary, rhetoric and presentation, and use of science in argumentation). The coding involves both categorical judgment and in-depth narrative characterization. On establishing satisfactory level of agreement on the narrative coding, the team coded the complete dataset of 25 pages. Results: The results set included “traditional” static pages, videos, and digitized versions of printed newspapers or magazine articles. Treatments proposed by the pages included a mixture of conventional evidence-based treatments (eg, healthy balanced diet exercise) and unconventional treatments (eg, dietary supplements, optimizing gut flora). Most pages either promised or strongly implied high likelihood of complete recovery. Pages varied greatly with respect to the authors’ stated background and credentials as well as the information sources they referenced or mentioned. The majority included criticisms of the traditional health care establishment. Many sold commercial products ranging from dietary supplements to books. The pages frequently used colloquial language. A significant number included emotional personal anecdotes, made positive mentions of the word cure, and included references to nature as a positive healing force. Most pages presented some biological explanations of their proposed treatments. Some of the explanations involved the level of complexity well beyond the level of an educated layperson. Conclusions: Both traditional and data-driven categories of codes used in this work yielded insights about the resources and highlighted challenges faced by their users. This exploratory study underscores the challenges of consumer health information seeking and the importance of developing support tools that would help users seek, evaluate, and analyze information in the changing digital ecosystem.
Noh in Zeami’s Lifetime

Historiographical issues about the narrative of noh’s development in this period are questioned. Moving away from a traditional perspective that focuses solely on the actor/playwright Kanze Zeami, whose writings provide much of what is known about the period, a broader picture of noh in this period is drawn. A number of types of performance occasion are described and related patronage, including that of the court, religious institutions, and warrior leaders, described. Finally, using recent research, Zeami’s role within these contexts is discussed.
BINDING OF ANGIOTENSINS BY PLASMA FACTORS FROM MENTALLY RETARDED PATIENTS, BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS FOUND IN NERVOUS TISSUE, AND BY CELLS OF THE RETINA

Publisher Summary This chapter presents three observations that pertain to angiotensins in the central nervous system: (1) patients in hospitals for the mentally retarded have a high incidence of the occurrence of a plasma macromolecule that binds angiotensin I and II, (2) some phospholipids solubilize angiotensins in chloroform, and (3) labeled angiotensins II and III are bound by the retina in vivo and in vitro . One or more of the binding reactions relate to one or more of angiotensin's actions on the brain. The plasma binder in a central site of origin, phospholipids in cells, or the cerebral equivalent of the retina is the macromolecule with which angiotensin begins its well-known pressor or dipsogenic effect. One consistent aspect of the binding reactions described in this chapter is the selectivity in favor of angiotensins. The aspartic acid of angiotensin II is removed before the peptide arrives at its intracellular or intracerebral site of action.
Exploring the Role of Social Support in Promoting Community Integration: An Integrated Literature Review.

Community integration has emerged as a priority area among mental health advocates, policy makers, and researchers (Townley, Miller, & Kloos, 2013; Ware, Hopper, Tugenberg, Dickey, & Fisher, 2007). Past research suggests that social support influences community integration for individuals with serious mental illnesses (Davidson, Haglund, Stayner, Rakfeldt, Chinman, & Tebes, 2001; Davidson, Stayner, Nickou, Styron, Rowe, & Chinman, 2001; Wong & Solomon, 2002), but there has not yet been a systematic review on this topic. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to explore the influence of social support on community integration through a review of the existing literature. An extensive literature search was conducted, resulting in 32 articles that met the search criteria. These articles were organized into three categories: defining community integration, supportive relationships, and mental health services. The search results are analyzed according to the types of support being provided. Article strengths, limitations, implications, and future directions are also addressed. Overall, the findings of this review suggest that social support, which may be provided by a variety of individuals and services, plays an important role in promoting community integration for individuals with serious mental illnesses. Therefore, as community mental health research and practice continues to promote community integration for individuals with serious mental illnesses, the mental health field should emphasize the importance of social support as a key factor influencing community integration.
Immune checkpoint blockade in glioma

Abstract Immunotherapeutic strategies have had a profound impact on cancer patient outcome. As such, targeting the immune checkpoints in particular has gained widespread acceptance as a viable immune therapy for several malignancies. Despite the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in extending the survival of patients with melanoma or lung cancer, the use of checkpoint blockade in the treatment of glioma is far from established. The goal of this review is to outline the current data on the use of checkpoint inhibition for the treatment of glioma, with additional emphasis on oligodendroglioma.
Microparameters and language variation

Due to issues with macroparameters, much work has turned to identifying microparameters (generally feature specifications in the Lexicon). This line of research often focuses on the comparison of dialects or comparison among the varieties of closely related language families. Baker (2008) questions the sufficiency of focusing on such microparametric syntax. This paper shows that even within the varieties of a single language family (Chinese), the reliance on lexical feature specifications (microparameter) could miss opportunities for discovering more fundamental and principled factors underlying cross-linguistic differences. Indeed, some of such differences analyzed in terms of microparameters should be re-considered from the prosodic perspective. Our focus will be on a number of microparameters proposed by Huang (2014) as converging to an analyticity vs. syntheticity macroparameter, building on differences among diachronic and synchronic varieties in the Chinese language family. This paper shows that the relevant empirical claims are not confirmed when a broader range of data is investigated. Importantly, the analyses proposed in terms of microparameters mask more adequate accounts for the differences, with prosodic variation playing a role.
An Accessible, Distributed, Technology-Based Approach for Student and Mentor Engagement

Communication is a key capability of successful organizations, ranging from small, individual teams to large corporations. STEM outreach efforts similarly rely on an effective interchange of ideas and messages across many different stakeholders, ranging from the students that are being served, staff, and volunteers. Fortunately, solutions exist in the corporate space, especially in the science, technology, and education fields. However, translating those ideas and tools to the outreach and non-profit spaces is often challenging. Many of the tools that are available require trained technologists to design, customize, implement, and execute an effective solution. Furthermore, the needs, use cases, and requirements of these organizations are frequently different than those of the corporate world, making direct translation a challenge. Identifying and leveraging relevant tools can be daunting when considering the plethora of available options.We have developed an extensible ecosystem to facilitate effective outreach activities, and applied this in our college prep outreach program to create a low-cost, accessible way to impact underserved students. This manuscript shares both our design paradigm and our experiences working through these challenges to develop a solution that integrates existing technology and extends it to our specific use case. We have been using and improving these tools over our past ten program cycles to effectively reach students and support our mentors and leadership team. We believe that our approach, as well as our specific technology solution, provide a good starting point for similar organizations. We document our results in the context of our outreach efforts, and contextualize these metrics in terms of student satisfaction and our ability to achieve program goals.
Medical Student Knowledge and Interest in Interventional Radiology following a Rotation Integrated into the Surgery Clerkship

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate how early exposure to interventional radiology (IR) affects medical students’ knowledge and interest in IR. Methods: Surveys assessing students’ awareness of IR training pathways, IR services, and interest in IR were distributed in 2018. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Likert scale data were evaluated using Mann–Whitney U-test. We hypothesized that students’ interest in IR and knowledge of the specialty would increase following their rotations. Results: 16/20 (80%) pre-rotation and 13/20 post-rotation (65%) students responded to the surveys. About 73% of pre and 85% of post students knew that IR had its own new residency program. About 50% of pre and 100% of post students knew that integrated IR residency was a new training pathway. About 38% of pre and 46% of post students knew that independent IR residency was a new training pathway. About 38% of pre and 62% of post students knew that early specialization was a new training pathway. The number of students who knew IR had admitting privileges doubled (62% post vs. 31% pre). More students knew that IR had a clinic at our hospital (85% vs. 63%). The level of interest in becoming an IR increased from 3.00 to 3.23 (P = 0.36), and the level of interest in becoming a diagnostic radiologist increased from 2.56 to 2.69 (P = 0.91). Conclusion: Awareness of IR as a clinical specialty and familiarity with the new training pathways increased after an IR elective integrated into a surgery rotation. Students’ interest in pursuing IR also non-significantly increased.
Clinical assessment and validation of a rapid and sensitive SARS-CoV-2 test using reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Amid the enduring COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need for expanded access to rapid and sensitive SARS-CoV-2 testing worldwide. Here we present a simple clinical workflow that uses a sensitive and highly specific colorimetric reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to detect SARS-CoV-2 and takes forty minutes from sample collection to result. This test requires no specialized equipment and costs a few dollars per sample. Nasopharyngeal samples collected in saline were added either directly (unprocessed) to RT-LAMP reactions or first inactivated by a combined chemical and heat treatment step to inhibit RNases and lyse virions and human cells. The specimens were then amplified with two SARS-CoV-2-specific primer sets and an internal specimen control; the resulting color change was visually interpreted. While direct addition of unprocessed specimens to RT-LAMP reactions could reliably detect samples with abundant SARS-CoV-2, the assay sensitivity markedly increased after the addition of an inactivation step. In 62 clinical samples with a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid concentrations, the assay had 87.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity with a limit of detection at least 25 copies/μL, making it an ideal test to rule in infection. To increase sensitivity, samples that tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 by direct sample addition could be reflexed to a purification step, to increase the effective per-reaction sample input volume. In 40 purified samples, the assay yielded a 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity, with a limit of detection comparable to commercially available real-time PCR-based diagnostics that have received Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the FDA. This test for SARS-CoV-2 can be performed in a range of settings for a fraction of the price of other available tests, with limited equipment, and without relying on over-burdened supply chains to increase overall testing capacity.
Strategies and Demonstration to Support Multiple Wireless Protocols with a Single RF Front-End

In an increasingly interconnected world, the demand for smartphones, tablets, and other wireless devices in the IoT has surged over the last few years. This high demand has increased mobile data usage and wireless communication, resulting in an explosion of traffic demand in the limited 2.4 GHz frequency band. This traffic demand and the limitations of existing wireless devices operating in the same frequency range have resulted in a spectrum congestion problem. To utilize the available spectrum more efficiently, it becomes important to detect the desired signals and support flexible communications. After reviewing relevant characteristics of the protocols of interest, this article introduces a new approach for spectrum sharing with a hardware implementation to support the coexistence of WiFi, LTE, and ZigBee in the congested 2.4 GHz band using a single RF front-end. A detection method was developed to resample the preambles of both WiFi and ZigBee to the LTE sampling rate to avoid continuous resampling of the received signal. Further processing steps such as synchronization and demodulation for each protocol are described. Measurement results are provided to demonstrate the techniques showing a low symbol error rate tested over the air in a laboratory environment with interference.
Adding A Climate Lens To Health Policy In The United States

Climate change increasingly threatens the ability of the US health care system to deliver safe, effective, and efficient care to the American people. The existing health care system has key vulnerabilities that will grow more problematic as the effects of climate change on Americans' lives become stronger. Thus, health care policy makers must integrate a climate lens as they develop health system interventions. Applying a climate lens means assessing climate change-driven health risks and integrating them into policies and other actions to improve the nation's health. This lens can be applied to rethinking how to take a more population-based approach to health care delivery, prioritize health care system decarbonization and resilience, adapt data infrastructure, develop a climate-ready workforce, and pay for care. Our recommendations outline how to include climate-informed assessments into health care decision making and health policy, ultimately leading to a more resilient and equitable health care system that is better able to meet the needs of patients today and in the future.
Locke’s Knowledge of Ideas: Propositional or By Acquaintance?

Locke seems to have conflicting commitments: we know individual ideas and all knowledge is propositional. This paper shows the conflict to be only apparent. Looking at Locke’s philosophy of language in relation to the Port Royal logic, I argue, first, that Locke allows that we have non-ideational mental content that is signified only at the linguistic level. Second, I argue that this non-ideational content plays a role in what we know when we know an idea. As a result, we can see our knowledge of an idea as a form of knowledge by acquaintance: there is a direct epistemic relation between a mental object (an individual idea) and a knowing subject. But owing to Locke’s logic, that knowledge has a tacit propositional structure expressing the truth of the idea, which gains full signification only linguistically.
An Isolated Voltage Injection Based Hybrid Circuit Breaker for MVDC Applications

A MVDC hybrid circuit breaker (HCB) is proposed in this paper that consists of an electro-mechanical switch (EMS) in series with a voltage injector building block (VIBB). The VIBB-HCB does not employ any semiconductor devices in the line current path and utilizes a magnetic structure for injecting purpose that is unbiased in the normal operation, not interfering in line power path and without loss except the negligible winding copper losses. The EMS is being opened under zero voltage and zero current which makes the structure more reliable and the design of energy absorber easier. The injection circuit is isolated from the line. Hence, any surge or fault current does not impact the injection circuit. Also, by employing full bridge in the auxiliary converter, bidirectional fault clearing option is achieved for the proposed structure. Further, the design does not require large pre-charged capacitors for interrupting the fault. The proposed concept is validated through Finite Element Analysis, followed by experimental verification on a scaled down hardware prototype.
Watershed geomorphology and snowmelt control stream thermal sensitivity to air temperature

How local geomorphic and hydrologic features mediate the sensitivity of stream thermal regimes to variation in climatic conditions remains a critical uncertainty in understanding aquatic ecosystem responses to climate change. We used stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen to estimate contributions of snow and rainfall to 80 boreal streams and show that differences in snow contribution are controlled by watershed topography. Time series analysis of stream thermal regimes revealed that streams in rain-dominated, low-elevation watersheds were 5–8 times more sensitive to variation in summer air temperature compared to streams draining steeper topography whose flows were dominated by snowmelt. This effect was more pronounced across the landscape in early summer and less distinct in late summer. Thus, the impact of climate warming on freshwater thermal regimes will be spatially heterogeneous across river basins as controlled by geomorphic features. However, thermal heterogeneity may be lost with reduced snowpack and increased ratios of rain to snow in stream discharge.
Morphogenesis of the anterior segment in the zebrafish eye

Background The ocular anterior segment is critical for focusing incoming light onto the neural retina and for regulating intraocular pressure. It is comprised of the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, and highly specialized tissue at the iridocorneal angle. During development, cells from diverse embryonic lineages interact to form the anterior segment. Abnormal migration, proliferation, differentiation, or survival of these cells contribute to diseases of the anterior segment such as corneal dystrophy, lens cataract, and glaucoma. Zebrafish represent a powerful model organism for investigating the genetics and cell biology of development and disease. To lay the foundation for genetic studies of anterior segment development, we have described the morphogenesis of this structure in zebrafish.
Timing Is Everything: Markets, Loss, and Proof of Causation in Fraud on the Market Actions

Plaintiffs in securities fraud class actions must prove that defendants’ misconduct caused the investors’ losses. The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2011 decision in Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co. reaffirmed that loss causation is a quintessential merits issue that must be decided at trial. In three recent trials, juries have held defendants liable with findings of fact that are inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s doctrinal framework for securities fraud causation. This Note examines these verdicts and encourages the courts to depart from the common law of fraud and tighten the meaning of causation. To do this, courts must adhere to the economic theory that sustains modern class actions. Because losing parties will invariably move for post-trial relief, courts should develop rules that incorporate conceptual clarity and well-defined mechanisms of proof.
Competing paradigms of Amazonian diversification and the Pleistocene refugium hypothesis

Evidence from butterflies and birds suggests that most extant Amazonian species arose during the Pleistocene (< 2.6 Ma). If these speciation events share common, extrinsic causes, their explanation probably involves climate-driven biogeographical shifts, because the major orogenic events shaping the biogeography of the Neotropics were over by then. In the light of these observations, criticisms of the Pleistocene refugium hypothesis are examined.
Effect of pH on Growth and Survival of Three Avian and One Saprophytic Mycoplasma Species

The ability of Mycoplasma meleagridis, M. laidlawii, an unnamed, nonpathogenic avian species, and three isolates of M. gallisepticum to grow and survive in liquid media of various pH values was investigated. All species grew over a pH range that was generally about two units. The most significant finding was that cultures initiated in media within a pH range of approximately 8.5 to 8.9 remained viable for 45 to 60 days at 37 C, whereas cultures initiated at lower values survived for shorter periods.
On-Campus versus Off-Campus: A Comparative Analysis of MBA Learning Outcomes for a Classroom-Based Program.

Both direct and indirect measures of learning outcomes provide data that can be used to improve learning. The research reports a study of an indirect measure of learning outcomes in an MBA program. The measure was a Post-Then format using a five point Likert scale. Thirteen courses were analyzed generating 107,440 responses over a 5-year period. Two research questions were addressed: Are MBA students learning as demonstrated by an improvement in learning outcomes? and, Is there a difference in learning outcomes for on-campus versus off-campus students? Results are presented and future research directions are offered.
Micrometer-sized supported lipid bilayer arrays for bacterial toxin binding studies through total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

In this article, we present the use of micron-sized lipid domains, patterned onto planar substrates and within microfluidic channels, to assay the binding of bacterial toxins via total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The lipid domains were patterned using a polymer lift-off technique and consisted of ganglioside-populated distearoylphosphatidylcholine:cholesterol supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). Lipid patterns were formed on the substrates by vesicle fusion followed by polymer lift-off, which revealed micron-sized SLBs containing either ganglioside GT1b or GM1. The ganglioside-populated SLB arrays were then exposed to either cholera toxin B subunit or tetanus toxin C fragment. Binding was assayed on planar substrates by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy down to 100 pM concentration for cholera toxin subunit B and 10 nM for tetanus toxin fragment C. Apparent binding constants extracted from three different models applied to the binding curves suggest that binding of a protein to a lipid-based receptor is influenced by the microenvironment of the SLB and the substrate on which the bilayer is formed. Patterning of SLBs inside microfluidic channels also allowed the preparation of lipid domains with different compositions on a single device. Arrays within microfluidic channels were used to achieve segregation and selective binding from a binary mixture of the toxin fragments in one device. The binding and segregation within the microfluidic channels was assayed with epifluorescence as proof of concept. We propose that the method used for patterning the lipid microarrays on planar substrates and within microfluidic channels can be easily adapted to proteins or nucleic acids and can be used for biosensor applications and cell stimulation assays under different flow conditions.
Single Transition State Serves Two Mechanisms. Ab Initio Classical Trajectory Calculations of the Substitution-Electron Transfer Branching Ratio in CH2O ¥- + CH3Cl

The reaction of a formaldehyde radical anion with methyl chloride is an example of a reaction in which a single transition state serves two mechanisms: substitution at carbon (Sub(C)) and electron transfer (ET). This reaction has been studied by ab initio molecular dynamics at the HF/6-31G(d) level of theory. Initial conditions were sampled from thermal distributions at the transition state, and ca. 200 trajectories were calculated at each of four different temperatures. Some trajectories go directly to ET products, but most go to the Sub(C) valley. Analysis of the initial conditions did not reveal any definitive factors that consistently favored one channel over the others. About half of the molecules in the Sub(C) valley subsequently dissociate to ET products within the 800−1200-fs simulation time of the present calculations. These molecules showed unimolecular kinetics for dissociation consistent with a chemically activated species. The ratio of ET to Sub(C) products varied from 1.02 to 1.43 over the ...
Effects of a fruit and a host-derived compound on orientation and oviposition in Utetes anastrephae, a little studied opiine braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoid of Anastrepha spp. fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Augmentative biological control of tephritid fruit flies would benefit from: (1) synthetic attractants to monitor the survival and dispersal of released parasitoids and (2) synthetic oviposition stimulants to reduce production costs of parasitoid species that are now prohibitively costly to mass-rear. Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) is a widespread and sometimes common opiine braconid parasitoid of several pest Anastrepha spp. Despite its host range, distribution and abundance, it has attracted relatively little research and little is known of its chemical ecology. Its orientation was determined towards two chemical cues hypothesised to be useful at two spatial scales: (1) limonene derived from fruit is presumably abundant and widely dispersed and might identify from a distance patches of potentially host-containing fruit; and (2) para-ethylacetophenone (PEA), a volatile emitted by a number of tephritid larvae, presumably in relatively small amounts, and which could serve as short-range cue or oviposition st...
Phase behavior of block copolymers in a neutral solvent

The phase behavior of eight poly(styrene-b-isoprene) diblock copolymers in the neutral solvent dioctyl phthalate (DOP) has been examined over the full concentration (φ) range and from room temperature up to 250 °C. The copolymer compositions (f) ranged from 0.15 to 0.76, and molecular weights were chosen to make the melt order−disorder transition (ODT) accessible, or nearly so. Definitive phase assignments were made on the basis of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Individual order−order transitions (OOTs) and ODTs were located by a combination of rheology, static birefringence, and SAXS; all three techniques gave equivalent results. The transition temperatures were converted to values of the effective interaction parameter, χ, using an established relation for this system. For all compositions, χODT scales as φ-α, with α varying from 1.3 to 1.6. These results are in conflict with the mean-field dilution approximation (α = 1.0), as was previously demonstrated for lamellae-forming samples. This result i...
The Effect of Proton Temperature Anisotropy on the Electron Heat Flux Dissipation in Solar Coronal Holes

A possible source of the ion cyclotron waves that energize the protons in the fast solar wind is the electron heat flux launched by reconnection events at the base of coronal holes. A strong enough heat flux becomes unstable and generates cyclotron waves that interact with the protons. When the protons are energized via the cyclotron resonance, they can develop considerable temperature anisotropy in the region of the corona where the solar wind becomes collisionless. The heat flux instability is known to be stabilized by the proton anisotropy, at least in the electrostatic limit. This limits the effect of the proton energization. However, in the collisionless region, the ion cyclotron heat flux instability is dominated by the electromagnetic mode, which is much less studied. We investigate how the electromagnetic mode is affected by the anisotropy and how it interacts with anisotropy-driven instabilities. The latter instabilities will also constrain the anisotropy produced by the cyclotron energization of the protons. We show that, with the temperature anisotropy resulting from the interplay of these processes, the heat-flux instability is strong enough to dissipate most of the heat flux launched at the coronal base and channel it into the kinetic energy flux of the protons within the acceleration region of the solar wind. Since at 1 AU the energy of the solar wind consists primarily of proton kinetic energy, this confirms that the electron heat flux is a viable source of solar wind generation.
Total Synthesis of Epothilone B, Epothilone D, and cis- and trans-9,10-Dehydroepothilone D

The phosphonium salt 35, representing one of the two principal subunits of the epothilones, was prepared from propargyl alcohol via heptenone 22. A Wittig reaction of the phosphorane from 35 with aldehyde 33, obtained from aldol condensation of ketone 27 with aldehyde 28, afforded 37. Seco acid 42 derived from 37 underwent lactonization to give cis-9,10-dehydroepothilone D (43) which was selectively reduced with diimide to yield epothilone D (4) and, after epoxidation, epothilone B (2). An alternative route to epothilone D employed alkyne 39, obtained from 33, in a Castro−Stephens reaction with allylic bromide 34 to furnish enyne 40. The latter was semi-hydrogenated to provide 37. Alkyne 46, prepared from alcohol 45, was converted to trans-vinylstannane 47 which, in a Stille coupling with allylic chloride 50, gave 51. Seco acid 52 derived from 51 underwent lactonization to give trans-9,10-dehydroepothilone D (54). Bioassay data comparing the antiproliferative activity and tubulin polymerization of 43 and ...
Social role playing and moral judgment development

This study examined the relationship between social role playing and moral judgment development. Subjects were 197 students enrolled in introductory social science courses at a public junior/community college in a metropolitan area in southeast Florida. The 78 males and 119 females ranged in age from 17 to 66 years, with a mean age of 22. Rest's (1979a, 1979b) Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used to measure level of moral judgment. Social role playing was measured by the number of separate roles held by subjects in the past or present. Academic aptitude, socioeconomic status, age, and sex were included as control variables. Academic aptitude, age, and social role playing each had significant zero-order correlations with moral judgment, and social role playing added significantly to the explanation of moral judgment, controlling for academic aptitude and age. Implications of these results for the understanding of the development of moral judgment and for intervention programs are discussed.
Off the Radar: Truth Telling in Psychiatry

Questions about the moral rightness or wrongness of deceiving or lying to patients have a long history in biomedical ethics. Generally, the issue is whether deception is ever justified and, if so, ...
Electron transfer. Part 169 [1]. Delayed reduction of mononuclear manganeses(IV) using vanadium(III)

Abstract The tris-chelate formed by biguanide, H 2 NC( NH)NHC( NH)NH 2 , and Mn(IV) is one of the rarely encountered examples of water-stable mononuclear complexes of this oxidation state. This cation is reduced in aqueous acid by both V(II) and V(III). In contrast to the kinetically straightforward bimolecular reduction by V(II) in 0.5 M HClO 4 ( k = 7.4 × 10 3 M −1 s −1 at 22 °C), reductions by excess V(III) yield profiles which are linear (zero-order in Mn IV ) until the last few percent reaction. Analyses of these composite curves are consistent with the sequences 2 V III ⇆ k - 1 k 1 ( V III ) 2 ∗ ( V III ) 2 ∗ + Mn IV → k 2 2 V IV + Mn II in which reaction is initiated by slow and reversible conversion of V III to an activated dimeric species ( V III ) 2 ∗ Treatment of data in terms of this sequence yields a value of k 1 1.9 × 10 −3 M −1 s −1 and a ratio k 2 / k −1 2 × 10 6 . This activated route for ( V III ) 2 ∗ appears to be preferred over a remarkably slow electron transfer from monomeric V(III) to the Mn(IV) center, reflecting an unusually high barriet to V(III/IV) self-exchange.