cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curvature correction in electronic distance measurement

The usual methods for curvature correction, which consist of a geometric and a velocity component, are based on standard atmospheric conditions and thus take no account of variable refraction. A formula has been developed expressing the correction as a function of atmospheric refraction: K=(1-k_2 S2/(24 R2) whereS is the measured distance, R is the radius of the earth, and k is the coefficient of refraction. This formula leads to a practical procedure employing trigonometric levelling in the determination of curvature correction for long-range geodimeter measurements.
A Comparison of the SeaWiFS Chlorophyll and CZCS Pigment Algorithms Using Optical Data From the 1992 JGOFS Equatorial Pacific Time Series

Abstract Optical data were collected during two U.S. JGOFS EgPac Time Series cruises aboard the U.S. Research Vessel Thomas G. Thompson, at a station at 140°W on the equator, during the time of both the first equinox and the second equinox of 1992. This data set represents the range of conditions expected in this region, and was used to compare the SeaWiFS chlorophyll a algorithm with the CZCS pigment algorithm, as well as test the validity of using ocean color remote sensing to track the biological response to physical phenomena such as Kelvin Waves and Tropical Instability Waves (TIW). Time Series 1(23 March to 9 April) took place during the maximum expression of the 1991–1992 El Nin˜o event, and coincided with the peak of a passing Kelvin wave. Time Series II (2–21 October) occurred during La Nina conditions and encompassed the passage of a TIW. The SeaWiFS pigment compared favorably with the earlier CZCS pigment algorithm and indicate that the SeaWiFS algorithm is capable of determining both quantitative and qualitative changes in surface chlorophyll a from remotely sensed optical data in high nutrient, low chlorophyll regions such as the Equatorial Pacific. Our results show that, although Kelvin waves can not be currently tracked using ocean color sensors alone, when a Kelvin wave is detected by other methods, satellite ocean color data can be used to characterize the biological response to the Kelvin wave. However, since TIWs have a much shorter period and can enhance near-surface phytoplankton growth rates quickly, they can be tracked using remotely sensed ocean color data using either the CZCS pigment or the SeaWiFS chlorophyll algorithm.
Recovered Voices: The Sources of The Siege of Valencia

This essay analyzes John Home's Siege of Aquileia and Edward Jerningham's Siege of Berwick as crucial source plays for Felicia Hemans's Siege of Valencia. Comparisons show how Hemans's play acts as a corrective to earlier conservative dramas and put Hemans's own controversial politics into more accurate perspective. My argument thus joins recent scholarship by Susan Wolfson, Anne Mellor, and others who counter a perception of Hemans's writings as doctrinaire, conservative, and jingoistic with a more complex vision of her work.
Pair-wise additivity for potentials of mean force in dilute polymer solutions

Abstract Standard Monte Carlo techniques were used to compute the potential of mean force between pairs and between triplets of freely jointed hard-sphere polymers in dilute solutions. Segment–segment interactions at poor solvent conditions were represented by square-well potentials. Well width equaled half a segment diameter and well depth was either zero or −0.30 kBT. Polymer chains contained 25 segments. For polymer triplets at a set of selected two-body distances, the pair-wise additivity of the potential of mean force provides a reasonable approximation for the three-body potential of mean force. At athermal conditions, the error introduced by assuming additivity is generally less than 10–15% of the total three-body interaction, while for well depth −0.30 kBT, the error rises, but is still generally less than 20–30%. Deviations from the calculated three-body potential of mean force are a function of solvent conditions and of relative positions of the interacting polymers. For polymer chains containing 15, 25 or 30 segments, simulation results do not depend significantly on polymer length.
A spontaneously occurring mammary gland ductal carcinoma in situ in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and a review of spontaneous mammary gland tumors in rhesus monkeys

A spontaneous mammary gland ductal carcinoma in situ was diagnosed in a 6-8-year-old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). To our knowledge, this is only the tenth case of spontaneous mammary gland tumors to be reported in rhesus monkeys. Despite the paucity of case reports, several theories exist to explain the occurrence of mammary tumors. The Mason Pfizer monkey virus, a type D retrovirus similar to the virus that causes simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, has been implicated as a possible etiologic agent. Because this virus has been isolated from normal primate mammary tissue, it is unlikely to be the sole etiologic agent. Other theories include the tumorogenic effects that androgens, growth hormones, irradiation, and aging have on the mammary gland.
Eine neue, hochselektive Methode zur photometrischen Bestimmung des Zirkoniums

In Gegenwart von Komplexon bildet Zirkonium mit Brenzcatechinviolett einen intensiv gefarbten Komplex, dessen Absorptionsmaximum bei 620 mμ liegt, wenn man in acetatgepufferter Losung vonph 5,2 arbeitet. Das Photometrieren solcher Losungen gestattet eine genaue und hoch selektive Bestimmung von Zirkonium. Der absolute Fehler bei Zirkoniummengen von 3–60 μg uberschreitet nur in sehr seltenen Fallen den Wert von 1 μg bei Verwendung von Halbzollkuvetten im Colemanspektralphotometer. Im genannten Bereich ist die Eichkurve eine Gerade. Es wird mit Blindlosungen gearbeitet, die man erhalt, wenn in einem Teil der Probelosung der gebildete Farbkomplex durch Zugabe von Ammoniumfluorid entfarbt wird. Hierdurch ergibt sich die Moglichkeit, auch mit Losungen, die gefarbte Fremd-Ionen enthalten, zu arbeiten. Storungen werden nur durch Sb, Sn und HgI verursacht. Fur U, Y, Ti, Cr und Th ist die erlaubte Menge auf eine Grenzkonzentration von 1∶ 100 bis 1∶300 beschrankt, auser man trifft besondere Vorkehrungen zur Ausschaltung der durch sie bedingten Fehler. Die anderen Metalle sind bis zu Grenzkonzentrationen 1∶3000 und daruber als unwirksam erprobt worden. Starke Oxydationsmittel sowie komplexbildende Anionen mussen entfernt werden.
The Relative Profitability of Jersey Versus Holstein Farms Under Alternative Milk Pricing Systems

Abstract The impacts on dairy farm economic performance and profitability of shifting from the current volume and milk fat differential pricing to component milk pricing was compared between Pennsylvania Jersey and Holstein farms using farm simulation analysis of the entire farm. Results show that Jersey farms would benefit substantially from component milk pricing, but Holstein farms would experience little impact.
Decision making with stochastic dominance: An expository review

Abstract This paper surveys the use of stochastic dominance to decision making under uncertainty. The first part presents the relevant definitions and some properties of distributions satisfying one of the stochastic dominance conditions. These properties include restrictions on moments, an invariance property, and properties of random variables related by an exact formula. The second part contains some applications of the stochastic dominance method and especially the problem of selecting optimal portfolios. Most of the results in this section deal with conditions that make diversification an optimal strategy.
Bovine mycoplasma mastitis from intramammary inoculation of small numbers of Mycoplasma bovis. I. Microbiology and pathology

Abstract Intrammary inoculation of 70 colony forming units (cfu) of Mycoplasma bovis into one quarter of four previously non-infected cows resulted in severe mastitis in inoculated and uninoculated quarters. Hematogenous spread of the infection was most likely, as mycoplasma was isolated from the peripheral blood of three of four cows and the milking machine was designed to prevent quarter to quarter communication of milk and air. The presence of large numbers of mycoplasma exceeding 10 6 cfu/ml of milk preceded the onset of overt sero-purulent mastitis by 1–3 days. In general, the severity, duration of the infection and within cow spread of mastitis to adjacent quarters after the inoculation of 70 cfu was indistinguishable from naturally occurring mycoplasma mastitis. The pathology of the chronically infected quarters consisted of alveolar involution and moderate to severe mononuclear infiltration and an increase in interalveolar and loose connective tissue. The quarters of one cow resolving the infections at the time of slaughter were not as severely affected and contained numerous milk-producing alveoli and many alveoli with hyperplasia of the alveolar cells.
Angiographic follow-up after internal mammary artery graft angioplasty

Abstract Internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts are increasingly being used in the treatment of coronary artery disease. These conduits have been shown to have a low frequency of atherosclerotic narrowing, a high long-term patency rate, and a substantial beneficial effect on the survival of patients undergoing surgical myocardial revascularization. 1–4 Because the patency of the IMA graft is critical to long-term patient survival, stenosis of this graft postoperatively is a major clinical problem. The low graft attrition rate has limited our knowledge of the role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the treatment of IMA graft stenoses. Documentation of the safety and efficacy of IMA graft angioplasty has been limited to isolated case reports and series involving small numbers of patients with low angiographic follow-up rates. 5–11 This study describes our experience regarding the clinical and angiographic outcome after angioplasty of IMA graft stenoses in a consecutive series of patients with a high rate of angiographic follow-up.
Activity of TAR in inducible inhibition of HIV replication by foamy virus vector expressing siRNAs under the control of HIV LTR

In this report we describe foamy virus vectors with conditional expression of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in HIV infected cells. Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) based on two targets in the 5' end of the untranslated region and one in the rev gene flanked with 5' and 3' microRNA 30 (miR30) sequences were synthesized and placed under the control of an HIV promoter for Tat-mediated expression. HIV permissive cells were transduced with foamy virus vectors containing each hybrid shRNA expression cassette and tested for their efficacy on the inhibition of HIV replication. Effective Tat dependent expression of the shRNAs, as well as GFP placed downstream each shRNA was evident. In addition the results show inhibition of HIV replication by greater than 98%. Interestingly, transduction of cells with a vector lacking an shRNA also revealed GFP expression in the presence of Tat with similar levels of inhibition of virus replication. When the TAR region was removed from this vector there was neither reduction in virus replication nor Tat-induced GFP expression. These results suggest that TAR in the vector, which Tat interacts to promote expression of the shRNA, is a potent inhibitor of virus replication. Previous studies with TAR regulated expression of antiviral genes ignore the contribution of TAR in the repression of virus replication. Interpretation of effective inhibition of HIV replication by antiviral genes located downstream of TAR while neglecting the efficacy of a potent repression by TAR is misleading.
Implications of molecular diagnostic testing in families with hereditary pancreatitis.

ABSTRACT Hereditary Pancreatitis (HP), is an autosomal dominant trait, which presents with recurrent attacks of abdominal pain, and is the most common cause of chronic relapsing pancreatitis in children. In addition to recurring episodes of intense epigastric pain, patients have nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, and typically show elevated serum amylase levels during the acute episode that can rapidly decline in convalescence. Complications of long-standing disease include features of chronic pancreatitis, such as pancreatic pseudo-cyst, exocrine and endocrine failure, parenchymal calcification, and pancreatic cancer. A large family from Virginia, which was originally studied by Katwinkle and Lapey in 1973, was re-ascertained through a new proband. Linkage studies in this family mapped the gene to the 7q35 region, with similar results being reported simultaneously by two other groups. A pathogenic G to A transition mutation in exon 3 of the cationic trypsinogen (CT) gene, which had previously been mapped to...
Serum-induced translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinase to the cell surface ruffling membrane and the nucleus

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway represents an important mechanism by which growth factors regulate cell function. Targets of the MAP kinase pathway are located within several cellular compartments. Signal transduction therefore requires the localization of MAP kinase in each sub-cellular compartment that contains physiologically relevant substrates. Here, we show that serum treatment causes the translocation of two human MAP kinase isoforms, p40mapk and p41mapk, from the cytosol into the nucleus. In addition, we report that p41mapk (but not p40mapk) is localized at the cell surface ruffling membrane in serum-treated cells. To investigate whether the protein kinase activity of MAP kinase is required for serum-induced redistribution within the cell, we constructed mutated kinase-negative forms of p40mapk and p41mapk. The kinase-negative MAP kinases were not observed to localize to the cell surface ruffling membrane. In contrast, the kinase-negative MAP kinases were observed to be translocated to the nucleus. Intrinsic MAP kinase activity is therefore required only for localization at the cell surface and is not required for transport into the nucleus. Together, these data demonstrate that the pattern of serum-induced redistribution of p40mapk is different from p41mapk. Thus, in addition to common targets of signal transduction, it is possible that these MAP kinase isoforms may differentially regulate targets located in distinct sub-cellular compartments.
Hardware, software, and scanning issues encountered during small animal imaging of photodynamic therapy in the athymic nude rat

Small animal imaging devices are now commonly used to study gene activation and model the effects of potential therapies. We are attempting to develop a protocol that non-invasively tracks the affect of Pc 4-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a human glioma model using structural image data from micro-CT and/or micro-MR scanning and functional data from 18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose (18F-FDG) micro-PET imaging. Methods: Athymic nude rat U87-derived glioma was imaged by micro-PET and either micro-CT or micro-MR prior to Pc 4-PDT. Difficulty insuring animal anesthesia and anatomic position during the micro-PET, micro-CT, and micro-MR scans required adaptation of the scanning bed hardware. Following Pc 4-PDT the animals were again 18F-FDG micro-PET scanned, euthanized one day later, and their brains were explanted and prepared for H&E histology. Histology provided the gold standard for tumor location and necrosis. The tumor and surrounding brain functional and structural image data were then isolated and coregistered. Results: Surprisingly, both the non-PDT and PDT groups showed an increase in tumor functional activity when we expected this signal to disappear in the group receiving PDT. Co-registration of the functional and structural image data was done manually. Discussion: As expected, micro-MR imaging provided better structural discrimination of the brain tumor than micro-CT. Contrary to expectations, in our preliminary analysis 18F-FDG micro-PET imaging does not readily discriminate the U87 tumors that received Pc 4-PDT. We continue to investigate the utility of micro-PET and other methods of functional imaging to remotely detect the specificity and sensitivity of Pc 4-PDT in deeply placed tumors.
High performance satellite networks

Abstract The high performance satellite communications networks of the future will have to be interoperable with terrestrial fiber cables. These satellite networks will evolve from narrowband analogue formats to broadband digital transmission schemes, with protocols, algorithms and transmission architectures that will segment the data into uniform cells and frames, and then transmit these data via larger and more efficient synchronous optional (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks that are being developed for the information “superhighway”. These high performance satellite communications and information networks are required for modern applications, such as electronic commerce, digital libraries, medical imaging, distance learning, and the distribution of science data. In order for satellites to participate in these information superhighway networks, it is essential that they demonstrate their ability to: (1) operate seamlessly with heterogeneous architectures and applications, (2) carry data at SONET rates with the same quality of service as optical fibers, (3) qualify transmission delay as a parameter not a problem, and (4) show that satellites have several performance and economic advantages over fiber cable networks.
Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer and Simulated Raindrop Spectra

Abstract There have been debates and differences of opinion over the validity of using drop size distribution (DSD) models to characterize precipitation microphysics and to retrieve DSD parameters from multiparameter radar measurements. In this paper, simulated and observed rain DSDs are used to evaluate moment estimators. Seven estimators for gamma DSD parameters are evaluated in terms of the biases and fractional errors of five integral parameters: radar reflectivity (ZH), differential reflectivity (ZDR), rainfall rate (R), mean volume diameter (Dm), and total number concentration (NT). It is shown that middle-moment estimators such as M234 (using the second-third-fourth moments) produce smaller errors than lower- and higher-moment estimators if the DSD follows the gamma distribution. However, if there are model errors, the performance of M234 degrades. Even though the DSD parameters can be biased in moment estimators, integral parameters are usually not. Maximum likelihood (ML) and L-moment (LM) estima...
Characterization of diastolic dysfunction in twin-twin transfusion syndrome: association between Doppler findings and ventricular hypertrophy.

Background Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) complicates 10% to 15% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. Cardiovascular changes of variable severity, such as ventricular hypertrophy, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and systolic dysfunction, occur predominantly in recipient twins (RTs). It was the purpose of this study to perform a detailed assessment of ventricular geometry and diastolic function between controls, donor twins (DTs), and RTs. Methods In this prospective, case-control study, two-dimensional, pulsed-wave, and Doppler tissue imaging were used to evaluate biventricular geometry and diastolic function in controls, DTs, and RTs. RTs were divided into two groups, severe and mild, on the basis of evidence of high central venous pressure. Specific variables evaluated included relative wall thickness, mitral valve and tricuspid valve E/A velocities, diastolic filling time corrected for heart rate, isovolumic relaxation time, and early (E′) and late (A′) diastolic myocardial velocities. Results A total of 120 fetuses (39 TTTS twin pairs and 42 controls) were compared. Increases in relative wall thickness and isovolumic relaxation time were seen in the mild group. In the severe group, further increases in relative wall thickness and isovolumic relaxation time as well as decreased diastolic filling time corrected for heart rate were accompanied by the appearance of a monophasic Doppler inflow profile and elevations in the E/E′ ratio, consistent with elevated ventricular filling pressures. Conclusions Concentric hypertrophy is observed in RTs affected by TTTS and is associated with impaired ventricular relaxation and shortened filling time. In severe cases, further decreases in diastolic filling time and Doppler signs of elevated ventricular filling pressures are present.
Electrochemically modulated separations for rapid and sensitive isotopic analysis

The desire for more rapid and sensitive analytical determinations of actinides in the environment is being addressed in our laboratory through the development of electrochemically modulated separations (EMS) coupled to multiple ion counting inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MIC-ICP-MS). This work is focused on the characterization of EMS separations of U and Pu in swipe materials. EMS provides electrochemically controlled surface complexation of either U(IV) or Pu(IV), depending on the potential applied to an anodized glassy carbon electrode. The accumulation and rinse yields ~90 % recovery efficiency, matrix elimination, and analyte concentration of the selected actinide. All this is performed solely under the control of the applied potential. Once isolated, the concentrated actinide is released into a ~1 μL volume of dilute (0.5 M) HNO3, resulting in a volumetrically concentrated transient signal that is ideal for multiple ion counting detection. Coupled with a Thermo Fisher Scientific Neptune Plus MIC-ICP-MS, atom utilization efficiencies are normally 1 %, comparable to the gold standard thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), but only requiring 20 min for separation and analysis; whereas TIMS requires >50 h for off-line separation, filament preparation, and isotopic analysis. Method and analytical figures of merit will be highlighted.
Minimization of self-field effects in a YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting annular conductor

Abstract Measurements have been made on the transport critical-current density, J c , of a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ superconducting annulus as a function of internal magnetic field. A coaxial, current-return line was used to minimize the internal magnetic self-field generated by the transport current for an annular sample with an outer diameter of 0.98 cm and an inner diameter of 0.44 cm. Calculations of the area-averaged internal field as a function of fraction return current were performed and compared to measurements of sample voltage drop in the transition regime as a function of return current. Excellent agreement was obtained between experiment and calculation showing a minimum magnetic field effect for 40% coaxial return current. External magnetic fields were also used to investigate possible dependence of magnetic field orientation on transport current. Measurements of the sample magnetization were correlated with the magnetic field dependence of the transport measurements.
On the effects of a spacecraft subcarrier unbalanced modulator

This paper presents mathematical models with associated analysis of the deleterious effects which a spacecraft's subcarrier unbalanced modulator has on the performance of a phase-modulated residual carrier communications link. The undesired spectral components produced by the phase and amplitude imbalances in the subcarrier modulator can cause (1) potential interference to the carrier tracking and (2) degradation in the telemetry bit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A suitable model for the unbalanced modulator is developed and the threshold levels of undesired components that fall into the carrier tracking loop are determined. The distribution of the carrier phase error caused by the additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN) and undesired component at the residual RF carrier is derived for the limiting cases. Further, this paper analyses the telemetry bit signal-to-noise ratio degradations due to undesirable spectral components as well as the carrier tracking phase error induced by phase and amplitude imbalances. Numerical results which indicate the sensitivity of the carrier tracking loop and the telemetry symbol-error rate (SER) to various parameters of the models are also provided as a tool in the design of the subcarrier balanced modulator.
Splitting of the free-oscillation multiplets by steady flow

SUMMARY Only toroidal flow of odd harmonic degree causes first-order splitting, which is symmetrical about the degenerate frequency of a multiplet. The classical theory of small oscillations about a state of steady motion leads to a splitting matrix that is hermitean, a result that does not require the anelastic approximation. An explicit expression is given for the element of the hermitean splitting matrix.
Linear prediction of temporal aggregates under model misspecification

Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate a possible aggregation gain in predicting future aggregates under a practical assumption of model misspecification. Empirical analysis of a number of economic time series suggests that the use of the disaggregate model is not always preferred over the aggregate model in predicting future aggregates, in terms of an out-of-sample prediction root-mean-square error criterion. One possible justification of this interesting phenomena is model misspecification. In particular, if the model fitted to the disaggregate series is misspecified (i.e., not the true data generating mechanism), then the forecast made by a misspecified model is not always the most efficient. This opens up an opportunity for the aggregate model to perform better. It will be of interest to find out when the aggregate model helps. In this paper, we study a framework where the underlying disaggregate series has a periodic structure. We derive and compare the efficiency loss in linear prediction of future aggregates using the adapted disaggregate model and aggregate model. Some scenarios for aggregation gain to occur are identified. Numerical results show that the aggregate model helps over a fairly large region in the parameter space of the periodic model that we studied.
Thermodynamic stability assessment of a colloidal iron drug product: Sodium ferric gluconate

A high performance gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) method was developed, validated and used to determine the molecular weight (MW) of sodium ferric gluconate following various stress conditions. The intra-day accuracy (90-103%), intra-day precision (1.5-2.7%), inter-day accuracy (91-105%), inter-day precision (1.3-3.2%) were within acceptable range stated in FDA guidance. The MW of sodium ferric gluconate remained unchanged after: (1) autoclaving (121 degrees C), (2) moderate thermal stress (30 days at 50 degrees C or 7 days at 70 and 90 degrees C), (3) excipient dilution, (4) basic buffer dilution (pH of 8 and 9), (5) ultracentrifugation, (6) dialysis, and (7) electrolyte dilution. However sodium ferric gluconate showed signs of instability at higher temperatures (>90 degrees C) after 30 days and at pH of 10-11. Sodium ferric gluconate was found to be a lypophilic colloidal solution with an average particle size of 10 nm and a zeta potential of -13 mV. The colloid osmotic pressure was 3.5 mmHg and remained unchanged after moderate thermal stress. Additionally, in-house drug products with similar MW to sodium ferric gluconate were produced by three different synthetic procedures, suggesting that this colloidal iron drug product might be thermodynamically stable.
Orthogonal convolutional coding for the PPM optical channel

Several coding alternatives have been analyzed to improve the performance of the ideal optical pulse position modulation (PPM) optical channel, although it has been shown that performance improvements are difficult to obtain for transmission efficiencies over 1 nat/photon. In the present work, an orthogonal convolutional coding scheme is proposed, achieving better performances than previous coding alternative, over a wide range of efficiencies. Furthermore, a concatenated coding scheme using an orthogonal convolution code as an inner code and a Reed-Solomon code as an outer code is proved to be effective, achieving operation points over 3 nat/photon, with performances that cannot be obtained with other coding schemes. >
Interaction of Oblique Instability Waves with a Nonlinear Plane Wave

This paper is concerned with the downstream evolution of a resonant triad of initially non-interacting linear Instability waves in a boundary layer with a weak adverse pressure gradient. The triad consists of a two-dimensional fundamental mode and a pair of equal-amplitude oblique modes that form a subharmonic standing wave in the spanwise direction. The growth rates are small and there is a well-defined common critical layer for these waves. As in Goldstein & Lee (1992), the wave interaction takes place entirely within this critical layer and is initially of the parametric-resonance type. This enhances the spatial growth rate of the subharmonic but does not affect that of the fundamental. However, in contrast to Goldstein & Lee (1992), the initial subharmonic amplitude is assumed to be small enough so that the fundamental can become nonlinear within its own critical layer before it is affected by the subharmonic. The subharmonic evolution is then dominated by the parametric-resonance effects and occurs on a much shorter streamwise scale than that of the fundamental. The subharmonic amplitude continues to increase during this parametric-resonance stage - even as the growth rate of the fundamental approaches zero - and the subharmonic eventually becomes large enough to influence the fundamental which causes both waves to evolve on the same shorter streamwise scale.
Three-dimensional computed tomography of congenital nasal anomalies.

Objective: To determine the utility of performing three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) of congenital naso-frontal anomalies for preoperative planning and counseling and compare it with standard two-dimensional (2D) imaging and intraoperative findings. Study Design: Prospective case evaluation of imaging studies and medical records in cohort of patients with congenital nasal anomalies. Methods: We performed 3D CT imaging of three different types of congenital nasal lesions. Additional preoperative imaging consisted of standard 2D CT scans and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Information obtained from the 3D CTs was compared with other standard imaging and intraoperative findings. Results: 3D CT was most useful in the case of a large encephalocele with a significant bony defect of the anterior cranial fossa. It provided moderate utility when used to evaluate a nasal dermoid with nasal bone and septal abnormalities and was of limited benefit in the case of a bifid nose with significant external soft tissue deformity and relatively normal bony anatomy. Conclusion: Congenital midline nasal anomalies are rare lesions with the potential for intracranial extension and anterior skull base abnormalities. The safe surgical treatment of these lesions depends upon accurate preoperative imaging to assist in establishing the diagnosis, to help guide surgical planning, and to assist in communicating the diagnosis and surgical approach for optimal counseling of families. 3D CT was instrumental in providing additional useful information in cases with significant bony abnormalities at little additional cost or time. It is also beneficial for preoperative counseling of patients and families with limited medical knowledge.
Stability of lyophobic colloids in the presence of metal chelates and chelating agents

Coagulation, electrophoresis and adsorption data of various metal chelates and chelating agents on silver halide sols, PVC latex, and montmorillonite clay have been shown. The effects are most pronounced with the silver halide sols which are believed to be due to the coordination of the chelates and chelating agents with the crystal lattice ions of the colloidal particles. The PVC latex stability in the presence of the same solute species depends strongly on the concentration of the stabilizing surface active agent (dodecyl sulfate ions).
DISTILLATION UNDER ELECTRIC FIELDS

ABSTRACT Distillation is the most common separation process used in the chemical and petroleum industry. Major limitations in the applicability and efficiency of distillation come from thermodynamic equilibria, that is, vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE), and heat and mass transfer rates. In this work, electric fields are used to manipulate the VLE of mixtures. VLE experiments are performed for various binary mixtures in the presence of electric fields on the order of a few kilovolts per centimeter. The results show that the VLE of some binary mixtures is changed by electric fields, with changes in the separation factor as high as 10% being observed. Batch distillation experiments are also carried out for binary mixtures of 2-propanol and water with and without an applied electric field. Results show enhanced distillation rates and separation efficiency in the presence of an electric field but decreased separation enhancement when the electric current is increased. The latter phenomenon is caused by the format...
East Nashville skyline

This article examines a familiar urban dynamic — gentrification — in the less familiar setting of Nashville, Tennessee. In recent years, gentrification processes are accompanied by legitimating appeals to civic design trends and new cultural dynamics, particularly those associated with the New Urbanism and the promotion of ‘‘creative’’ city environments nurturing educated and culturally savvy residents. These discourses have increasingly come to define contemporary ‘‘progressive’’ urban policy, promoting values of diversity and cosmopolitanism while eliding standard concerns over displacement and the retrenchment of state services. Beginning with a dramatic street-level encounter between old and new styles of urban development, this account addresses the juxtaposition of a low density district targeted for redevelopment on Nashville’s East Side with the obdurate presence of neighboring public housing projects, inscribing competing political and cultural imaginaries in the built environment. It contributes...
Development of an artificial placenta V: 70 h veno-venous extracorporeal life support after ventilatory failure in premature lambs.

Abstract Purpose An artificial placenta would change the paradigm of treating extremely premature infants. We hypothesized that using a veno-venous extracorporeal life support (VV-ECLS) artificial placenta after ventilatory failure would stabilize premature lambs and maintain normal fetal physiologic parameters for 70h. Methods A near-term neonatal lamb model (130days; term=145) was used. The right jugular vein (drainage) and umbilical vein (reinfusion) were cannulated with 10–12 Fr cannulas. Lambs were then transitioned to an infant ventilator. After respiratory failure, the endotracheal tube was filled with amniotic fluid, and VV-ECLS total artificial placenta support (TAPS) was initiated. Lambs were maintained on TAPS for 70h. Results Six of seven lambs survived for 70h. Mean ventilation time was 57±22min. During ventilation, mean MAP was 51±14mmHg, compared to 44±14mmHg during TAPS (p=0.001). Mean pH and lactate during ventilation were 7.06±0.15 and 5.7±2.3mmol/L, compared to 7.33±0.07 and 2.0±1.8mmol/L during TAPS (p 2 and pCO 2 remained within normal fetal parameters during TAPS, and mean carotid blood flow was 25±7.5mL/kg/min. Necropsy showed a patent ductus arteriosus and no intracranial hemorrhage in all animals. Conclusions The artificial placenta stabilized premature lambs after ventilatory failure and maintained fetal circulation, hemodynamic stability, gas exchange, and cerebral perfusion for 70h.
Open partial nephrectomy: an essential operation with an expanding role.

Purpose of review To describe the rationale for expanding the role of partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal cortical tumors. Recent findings Renal tumors are a family of neoplasms ranging from the benign oncocytoma, to the indolent papillary and chromophobe carcinomas, to the more potentially malignant clear cell carcinomas that account for 54% of the lesions resected, but 90% of those that metastasize. Due to a contemporary stage migration, 70% of the tumors are detected incidentally with a median tumor size of below 4.0 cm. Partial nephrectomy for tumors of 7 cm or less provides equivalent oncological tumor control to radical nephrectomy with maximum preservation of long-term renal function. Twenty-six percent of patients prior to operation already have stage 3 chronic kidney disease with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m. Chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, hospitalization and death. The likelihood of freedom from a glomerular filtration rate of less than 45 was 95% after partial nephrectomy, but only 64% following radical nephrectomy. Summary Partial nephrectomy is an essential surgical approach to the small kidney tumor and provides equivalent local tumor control while preventing the new onset or worsening of chronic kidney disease.
A determination of the steady state lysosomal pH of bloodstream stage African trypanosomes.

The lysosomal/endosomal system of African trypanosomes is developmentally regulated and is important in the pathogenesis associated with infection of the mammalian bloodstream. Long considered to be a target for drug development, the internal pH of the lysosome has been variously reported to range from 6.0. We have refined a flow cytometric technique using a pH-sensitive probe that specifically targets the lysosome, tomato lectin:Oregon Green 488 conjugate. The probe is delivered to the lysosome with fidelity, where it is shielded against external pH. Measurement of fluorescent output in the presence and absence of lysomotropic agent (NH(4)Cl) then allows precise titration of steady state lysosomal pH (4.84+/-0.23). Using bafilomycin A1 to inhibit acidification we demonstrate that this method is responsive to pharmacological perturbation of lysosomal physiology. This work should facilitate future studies of the lysosomal function in African trypanosomiasis, as well as other parasitic protozoa.
Polarized Nuclei in a Simple Mirror Fusion Reactor

The possibility of enhancing the ratio of output to input power Q in a simple mirror machine by polarizing Deuterium-Tritium (D- T) nuclei is evaluated. Taking the Livermore mirror reference design mirror ratio of 6.54, the expected sin(sup 2) upsilon angular distribution of fusion decay products reduces immediate losses of alpha particles to the loss cone by 7.6% and alpha-ion scattering losses by approx. 50%. Based on these findings, alpha- particle confinement times for a polarized plasma should therefore be 1.11 times greater than for isotropic nuclei. Coupling this enhanced alpha-particle heating with the expected greater than 50% D- T reaction cross section, a corresponding power ratio for polarized nuclei, Q(sub polarized), is found to be 1.63 times greater than the classical unpolarized value Q(sub classical). The effects of this increase in Q are assessed for the simple mirror.
Development of a K(+)-channel probe and its use for identification of an intracellular plant membrane K+ channel.

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies were generated against a 9-amino acid, synthetic peptide corresponding to the selectivity filter in the pore region of K(+)-channel proteins. The sequence of amino acids in the ion-conducting pore region of K+ channels is the only highly conserved region of members of this protein family. The objectives of the present work were (i) to determine whether the anti-channel pore peptide antibody was immunoreactive with known K(+)-channel proteins and (ii) to demonstrate the usefulness of the antibody by employing it to identify a newly discovered K(+)-channel protein. Anti-channel pore peptide was immunoreactive with various K(+)-channel subtypes native to a number of different species. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated affinity of the antibody for the drk1, maxi-K, and KAT1 K(+)-channel proteins. Studies also suggested that the anti-channel pore peptide antibody did not immunoreact with membrane proteins other than K+ channels. The anti-channel pore peptide antibody was used to establish the identity of a 62-kDa chloroplast inner envelope polypeptide as a putative component of a K(+)-channel protein. It was concluded that an antibody generated against the conserved pore region/selectivity filter of K+ channels has broad but selective affinity for this class of proteins. This K(+)-channel probe may be a useful tool for identification of K(+)-channel proteins in native membranes.
Elephant Pipes and Israelite Tablets: the controversy between the United States Bureau of Ethnography and the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences

The Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, founded in 1867, is a classic example of the small urban-based associations that characterized the democratic spread of knowledge throughout the United States in the post-Civil War era. Among their missions was to promote the gospel of scientific truth among the citizens of America. Members facilitated research, sponsored lectures and introduced responsible data collection. They sought to turn relic hunters and ‘arrow head’ collectors into serious archaeologists (C. E. Putnam 1885: 35–36) who would ‘share their wealth’. In the words of W. H. Pratt, one of the four founders: ‘Personal proprietorship is rather antagonistic to a liberal public spirit and true interest in the increase and diffusion of knowledge’ (McDonald 1992: 4). Therefore, the establishment of a museum became one of their missions.
Neurofibromin modulation of ras activity is required for normal endocardial-mesenchymal transformation in the developing heart

Endocardial cushions are the precursors of the cardiac valves and form by a process of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Secreted growth factors from myocardium induce endocardial cells to transform into mesenchyme and invade the overlying extracellular matrix. Here, we show that the product of the Nf1 neurofibromatosis gene is required to regulate this event. In the absence of neurofibromin, mouse embryo hearts develop overabundant endocardial cushions due to hyperproliferation and lack of normal apoptosis. Neurofibromin deficiency in explant cultures is reproduced by activation of ras signaling pathways, and the Nf1(−/−) mutant phenotype is prevented by inhibiting ras in vitro. These results indicate that neurofibromin normally acts to modulate epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and proliferation in the developing heart by down regulating ras activity.
Data base recovery in shared disks and client-server architectures

Solutions to the problem of performing recovery correctly in shared-disks (SD) and client-server (CS) architectures are presented. In SD, all the disks containing the data bases are shared among multiple instances of the database management system (DBMS). In CS, the server manages the disk version of the data base. The clients, after obtaining database pages from the server, cache them in their buffer pools. Clients perform their updates on the cached pages and produce log records. In write-ahead logging (WAL) systems, a monotonically increasing value called the log sequence number (LSN) is associated with each log record. Every database page contains the LSN of the log record describing the most recent update to that page. This is required for proper recovery after a system failure. A technique for generating monotonically increasing LSNs in SD and CS architectures without using synchronized clocks is presented. >
The comparison of four dynamic systems-based software packages: Translation and sensitivity analysis

Abstract Dynamic model development for describing complex ecological systems continues to grow in popularity. For both academic research and project management, understanding the benefits and limitations of systems-based software could improve the accuracy of results and enlarge the user audience. A Surface Wetness Energy Balance (SWEB) model for canopy surface wetness has been translated into four software packages and their strengths and weaknesses were compared based on ‘novice’ user interpretations. We found expression-based models such as Simulink and GoldSim with Expressions were able to model the SWEB more accurately; however, stock and flow-based models such as STELLA, Madonna, and GoldSim with Flows provided the user a better conceptual understanding of the ecologic system. Although the original objective of this study was to identify an ‘appropriate’ software package for predicting canopy surface wetness using SWEB, our outcomes suggest that many factors must be considered by the stakeholders when selecting a model because the modeling software becomes part of the model and of the calibration process. These constraints may include user demographics, budget limitations, built-in sensitivity and optimization tools, and the preference of user friendliness vs. computational power. Furthermore, the multitude of closed proprietary software may present a disservice to the modeling community, creating model artifacts that originate somewhere deep inside the undocumented features of the software, and masking the underlying properties of the model.
Polyphenol inhibition of calcite precipitation in Lake Powell 1

Laboratory studies of calcite precipitation kinetics in waters of simulated Lake Powell composition have verified that precipitation occurs by a spiral dislocation growth mechanism. But waters from the lake and laboratory solutions containing tannic acid and plant polyphenols at low and very low levels showed calcite growth rates proportional to the fourth power of the carbonate ion concentration. The results indicate the operation of a surface polynuclear growth process that becomes effective when polyphenol adsorption blocks spiral dislocation growth sites and causes precipitation rates to diminish with increasing polyphenol concentration and to fall drastically as pH is lowered. The effects of these factors are dominant controls on the calcium carbonate geochemistry of Lake Powell. Significant amounts of calcite precipitation occur only in the surface waters of the downstream portion of the reservoir and, even there, only during the warm (6 months) portion of the year.
Phylogeographic diversification of antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus) across North American deserts

We investigated the biogeographic history of antelope squirrels, genus Ammospermophilus, which are widely distributed across the deserts and other arid lands of western North America. We combined range-wide sampling of all currently recognized species of Ammospermophilus with a multilocus data set to infer phylogenetic relationships. We then estimated divergence times within identified clades of Ammospermophilus using fossil-calibrated and rate-calibrated molecular clocks. Lastly, we explored generalized distributional changes of Ammospermophilus since the last glacial maximum using species distribution models, and assessed responses to Quaternary climate change by generating demographic parameter estimates for the three wide-ranging clades of A. leucurus. From our phylogenetic estimates we inferred strong phylogeographic structure within Ammospermophilus and the presence of three well-supported major clades. Initial patterns of historical divergence were coincident with dynamic alterations in the landscape of western North America, and the formation of regional deserts during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. Species distribution models and demographic parameter estimates revealed patterns of recent population expansion in response to glacial retreat. When combined with evidence from co-distributed taxa, the historical biogeography of Ammospermophilus provides additional insight into the mechanisms that impacted diversification of arid-adapted taxa across the arid lands of western North America. We propose species recognition of populations of the southern Baja California peninsula to best represent our current understanding of evolutionary relationships among genetic units of Ammospermophilus. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 949–967.