cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA : SKELETAL MASS IN ADULTS ASSESSED BY HISTOMORPHOMETRY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND ABSORPTIOMETRY

Abstract purpose and patients and methods: X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common inherited form of rickets, yet its influence on skeletal mass in adulthood is controversial and incompletely characterized. Accordingly, we measured bone mass at several skeletal sites using histomorphometric and radiographic techniques in 19 adults (four men) with XLH (age range 20 to 66 years). Most subjects had not received medical therapy for XLH since puberty. results: Eight of 14 subjects who underwent transiliac bone biopsy had an elevated cancellous bone volume (osteoid and calcified bone), and the group's mean value was supranormal (p conclusion: We conclude that axial bone mass tends to be increased in adults with XLH, sometimes dramatically so, and this is only partially attributable to hyperosteoidosis. Peripheral bone mass, however, tends to be diminished. Despite these group trends, most adults with untreated XLH have normal indices of bone mass as assessed by a variety of techniques at the commonly used measurement sites. These findings suggest that "osteoporotic" fractures are unlikely to develop as a late complication of XLH in adults.
OF ORTHO-CONJUGATIVELY LINKED REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES : THE CASES OF ORTHO-PHENYLENE-(BIS)NITRENE, -CARBENONITRENE, AND -(BIS)CARBENE

ortho-Phenylene-bisnitrene (2) and -carbenonitrene (3) were generated in an inert matrix at low temperature, characterized by IR spectroscopy, and identified with the help of DFT calculations. Their thermal and photochemical reactivity was examined in the matrix, and it was found that both 2 and 3 ring-open to 1,4-substituted butadienes. Calculations (DFT and MCSCF) on the lowest singlet, triplet, and quintet states of 2, 3, and the all-carbon analogue ortho-phenylene-biscarbene (4) are also reported. All three species are found to have singlet ground states. The S−T splitting is small (2−3 kcal mol-1), but the quintet states lie siginificantly higher in energy (20−25 kcal mol-1). The ring-opening reactions of 2−4 (to give 1,4-substituted butadienes) as well as the ring-closure reactions (to give benzocyclobutadiene derivatives) were also investigated computationally. The calculated barriers for the ring-opening reactions are in reasonable agreement with the experimentally obtained activation energies for...
Understanding the Correlation Between Intermetallic Growth, Stress Evolution, and Sn Whisker Nucleation

Stress due to intermetallic (IMC) growth is generally accepted as the driving force for Sn whisker formation, but there are still many unanswered questions regarding the development of stress and how it relates to the growth of whiskers. We have made simultaneous measurements of the evolution of stress, IMC volume, and whisker density on samples of different thicknesses to address the underlying mechanisms of whisker formation. Finite-element simulations are used to study the stress evolution due to IMC growth with various stress relaxation mechanisms: plastic deformation coupled with grain boundary diffusion is found to explain observed stress levels, even in the absence of whisker growth. A model of whisker growth suggests that the average steady-state stress is determined primarily by relaxation processes (dislocation- and diffusion-mediated) and that whisker growth is not the primary stress relaxation mechanism. Implications of our results for whisker mitigation strategies are discussed.
Brute Rationality: What would an adequate theory of rationality be like?

THE FUNDAMENTAL NORMATIVE NOTION When we argue with other people about what to do, very often we appeal to principles. Certainly when philosophers offer moral theories, and argue that we should be moral, they appeal to principles. And even when we, or they, offer reasons in place of principles, it is reasonable to think of such arguments as shorthand for appeals to principles. For no one would advocate an action simply because there was some reason in its favor, if it were clear that there were compelling reasons against performing it. Thus when reasons are cited in arguments, there is some idea that all the relevant reasons, taken together, support the action. This implies that there is some principle in the background that produces overall verdicts based on all those reasons: perhaps it is the simple principle ‘perform the action supported by the most reasons’, or perhaps it is some more complicated principle. One cites particular reasons in order to suggest that those reasons are sufficient to determine the outcome of the application of such a principle. The very plausible idea that two actions to which the same reasons are relevant must have the same rational status also suggests that reason-based arguments are backed by a unique principle: a principle that takes those reasons as input and yields the status of the action as output.
New multiprotocol WDM/CDMA-based optical switch architecture

Different switching techniques have been proposed to design optical switch architectures. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques were extensively investigated to implement switching. Code division multiple access (CDMA) permits multiple users to access bandwidth simultaneously and asynchronously via spread spectrum. This paper presents a non-blocking multiprotocol switch architecture bused on WDM and CDMA techniques. A WDM demultiplexer is used to distribute each wavelength to a specific CDMA switch fabric. The CDMA switch fabric is used to switch the information from an input port to an output port. Each packet is segmented into proprietary cells that are switched from the input to the output. This allows synchronous operation of the switch. Orthogonal subcodes are used for the same output port to avoid cell loss. The optimum number of subcodes used is determined using analytical modeling and simulations.
Cellular Immune Response to Yersinia pestis Modulated by Product (s) from Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes

Resistance to infection with Yersinia pestis was found to depend on whether the macrophage can inactivate and withstand the cytotoxic effects of phagocytized Y. pestis. Serum from mice immunized with antigens of Y. pestis enhanced the resistance of monolayers of normal cultures to the cytotoxic effects of Y. pestis and increased the capacity of peritoneal exudate cells from immune mice to inactivate these bacteria. The enhancing component of the serum was not removed by absorption with heat-killed Y. pestis. Similar enhancement was provided by supernatant fluids of spleen cultures from immunized mice but not by those from unimmunized mice. Pretreatment of spleen cells with rabbit hyperimmune antiserum to mouse brain theta-antigen plus complement caused a reduction in the enhancing capacity of the spleen cell culture fluids. Removal of the glass-adherent cell population from suspensions of primed spleen cells prior to in vitro antigenic stimulation resulted in a loss of activity from the subsequently harvested culture fluids. Thus, the enhancing component of the serum appears to be a product of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Furthermore, splenic macrophages seem to be required for the interaction of primed T-cells with heat-killed Y. pestis.
Working with Families

In our work with the families of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we often incorporate a behavior contracting strategy that we refer to as the Homework Management Plan (HMP). We focus on homework compliance because this issue is a very common complaint that, when explored, exposes issues of strained communication and ineffective limit setting. The goal of the intervention is to construct a behavior contract that clearly spells out the parents’ expectations and the contingences—both rewards and punishments—used when addressing the adolescent’s homework performance. In cases where homework is not a concern (e.g., the school has removed the expectation that the adolescents will complete homework), we often shift to another concern that can benefit from behavioral contracting and apply the same principles. Regardless of the target behavior, the process of behavioral contracting helps parents improve their response to their child’s problem behaviors, particularly if there has been a history of noncompliance. In this chapter, we review the HMP and describe ways in which we have successfully incorporated these techniques into the Challenging Horizons Program.
Turning Out the Base or Appealing to the Periphery? An Analysis of County-Level Candidate Appearances in the 2008 Presidential Campaign

We examine county-level campaign appearances by the Republican and Democratic tickets during the 2008 general election. Our analysis reveals that the McCain-Palin ticket campaigned in a way that was quite different from the Obama-Biden ticket. McCain-Palin pursued a “base” strategy that was focused on counties where Bush-Cheney performed well in 2004. They also stayed away from counties that showed vote swings from 2000 to 2004 or population growth. On the other hand, the performance of the Kerry-Edwards ticket in 2004 was a very weak predictor of where Obama-Biden campaigned in 2008. They pursued a “peripheral” strategy that targeted counties that had experienced significant population growth. Their efforts to target peripheral, rather than base constituencies, have significant implications for our understanding of presidential campaign strategy.
Endoscopic OCT Approaches Toward Cancer Diagnosis

A majority of human cancers originate in the epithelial tissues of the body. These include cancers in the oral cavity and pharynx, the digestive system, the respiratory system, the genital system, and the urinary system. It has been shown that early detection of these cancers can significantly improve the prognosis of affected patients. These cancers are currently diagnosed using endoscopic methods during which video imaging systems are inserted to visualize the tissue surface and guide tissue biopsies. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) has the potential to improve the early detection of epithelial cancers by providing high resolution, subsurface images of epithelial tissues. These subsurface images can assist the surgeon in selecting biopsy locations, and may also provide diagnostic information including the presence of cancerous and precancerous conditions in these tissues. This paper reviews current EOCT approaches toward imaging and evaluating internal epithelial tissues for various pathologies.
Modeling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from an L-shaped Beam-mass Structure with an Application to UAVs:

Cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters have been extensively investigated in the literature of energy harvesting. As an alternative to conventional cantilevered beams, this article presents the L-shaped beam-mass structure as a new piezoelectric energy harvester configuration. This structure can be tuned to have the first two natural frequencies relatively close to each other, resulting in the possibility of a broader band energy harvesting system. This article describes the important features of the L-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester configuration and develops a linear distributed parameter model for predicting the electromechanically coupled voltage response and displacement response of the harvester structure. After deriving the coupled distributed parameter model, a case study is presented to investigate the electrical power generation performance of the L-shaped energy harvester. A direct application of the L-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester configuration is proposed for use as landing gears in unmanned air vehicle applications and a case study is presented where the results of the L-shaped — energy harvester — landing gear are favorably compared against the published experimental results of a curved beam configuration used for the same purpose.
ARPP-21, a cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine- innervated brain regions. II. Immunocytochemical localization in rat brain

ARPP-21, a cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, has been studied by immunocytochemistry to determine its cellular and regional distribution in rat brain. This study demonstrates that ARPP-21 immunoreactivity is present throughout the cytoplasm of immunoreactive neurons and that most of the immunoreactivity is associated with the basal ganglia. Within the caudatoputamen (CP), nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and portions of the amygdaloid complex, ARPP-21 is present in neuronal somata and dendrites. In brain regions known to receive projections from these nuclei, immunoreactivity is present in puncta (presumed axons and axon terminals). These regions include the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, lateral preoptic area, and substantia nigra. Within the basal ganglia, ARPP-21 immunoreactivity is most intense in the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, medial portion of the CP, and the ventral retrochiasmatic pocket of the CP. These same areas comprise the limbic striatum, and ARPP-21 is the first substance found to be specifically enriched therein. The possibility is discussed that ARPP-21 mediates effects of multiple first messengers, including dopamine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, that act through cAMP.
Correlation Between Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels and the Volume of the Individual Glandular Zones of the Human Prostate

ABSTRACTTo analyze the correlation between serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and the volume of the individual glandular zones of the human prostate, we examined 31 cystoprostatectomy specimens as well as 13 radical prostatectomy specimens with a prostate cancer volume of 0.3 cc or less, no bladder cancer infiltrating the prostate, no granulomas or severe inflammation, as well as no patient history of radiation, transurethral resection of the prostate or hormonal treatment. The volumes of the peripheral zone, transition zone and central zone were separately determined by outlining the zonal boundaries during microscopic examination of all slides at each level of section. PSA was measured by the Yang polyclonal assay.In the univariant regression analysis the correlation coefficients among serum PSA and transition zone, peripheral zone and central zone volumes were 0.934, 0.546 and 0.368, respectively, strongly suggesting that most PSA leakage from the prostate into the serum comes from the transi...
FAS/FAS ligand expression and induction of apoptosis in chondrocytes

Objective. To examine the expression of Fas/Fas ligand and the role of this ligand/receptor interaction in the regulation of apoptosis in normal human articular chondrocytes and in osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage. Methods. Normal and OA human knee cartilage and cells isolated from these tissues were tested for Fas expression by flow cytometry. Induction of apoptosis by antibody to Fas was analyzed by DAPI staining and electron microscopy. Results. Treatment of freshly isolated normal human articular chondrocytes with an agonistic Fas antibody induced apoptosis in a subpopulation (-20%) of the cells. Apoptosis induced by anti-Fas was not dependent on nitric oxide (NO), and anti-Fas also did not induce NO production. Analysis of isolated cells demonstrated similar levels of Fas expression on normal and OA chondrocytes (28% and 32%, respectively). In normal articular cartilage, Fas-positive cells were located mainly in the superficial and midzones. In contrast, in fibrillated OA cartilage, surface layers were partially absent and Fas-expressing cells were also detected in the deeper layers. Fas ligand messenger RNA was not detectable in resting or activated normal or OA chondrocytes. Analysis by electron microscopy showed the nuclear and cytoplasmic changes typical of apoptosis in cultures treated with antibody to Fas. Conclusion. A subpopulation of chondrocytes expresses Fas and is susceptible to Fas-induced apoptosis. Fas-mediated chondrocyte apoptosis may contribute to cartilage degradation in arthritis.
Highly sensitive and selective NO 2 sensing using epitaxial graphene on 6H-SiC

Epitaxial graphene grown on SiC substrate is one of the most promising methods for achieving large area uniform graphene films. Our experimental results demonstrate graphene layers grown on both Si and C-faces of semi-insulating 6H-SiC can offer very high detection sensitivity, selectivity, and fast response time. Exposure to only 500 ppb NO 2 reduced the conductivity by 2.25%, while 18 ppm caused a reduction of ∼10%. In contrast, high concentration of commonly interfering gases, namely, CO 2 (20%), H 2 O (saturated vapor), NH 3 (550 ppm), and pure O 2 increased the conductivity by a maximum of only ∼2%. Graphene on C-face of SiC resulted in somewhat lower sensitivity for the test gases, with the conductivity changing in opposite direction compared to Si-face for any particular gas. The conductance change due to molecular adsorption was compared to changes in surface work function (SWF) as well as the charge transfer between the adsorbed molecules and the graphene surface. Measurements conducted at higher temperature showed significantly larger change in conductivity and faster response time.
Comparison of spatial scan statistic and spatial filtering in estimating low birth weight clusters

Background The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial and population (e.g., socio-economic) characteristics of low birthweight using two different cluster estimation techniques. We compared the results of Kulldorff's Spatial Scan Statistic with the results of Rushton's Spatial filtering technique across increasing sizes of spatial filters (circle). We were able to demonstrate that varying approaches exist to explore spatial variation in patterns of low birth weight.
The Energy Requirement of Selected Tap Dance Routines

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to measure the oxygen requirement of two tap dance routines. A secondary purpose was to determine if differences existed between beginning and intermediate tap dance students in the energy requirements for these dance routines. Fifteen female subjects, ranging in age from 17 to 26 years, participated in the study. Eight of the subjects were classified as beginners and seven as intermediates in their ability to tap dance. Each subject performed two tap dance routines, soft shoe and slow buck, to a medley of recorded music of 112 beats per minute (bpm). Expired gas samples were obtained from 2.5 to 3.5 and 3.5 to 4.5 minutes into each routine. There was a short rest period between routines. The mean and standard deviation of oxygen uptake was 16.6 ± 3.1 ml/kg · min for the soft shoe routine and 16.8 ± 3.4 ml/kg · min for the buck routine. There was no significant difference between these two routines or between the beginners and intermediates for the energy req...
COMPARISON OF IN VIVOAND IN VITRO EFFECTS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE

Thyroidectomized rats were given intravenous injections of 15 mg. of labeled 3,5,3′-L-triiodothyronine after removal of one kidney. The second kidney was removed 10 minutes later, and Qo2 values of slices from the injected kidney were compared to those of the control kidney slices to which hormone was added in vitro. The maximum Qo2 obtainable with added hormone 72 hours after removal of the tissue, with interim refrigeration, was 1.59±.17. The Qo2 of slices from the injected kidney at this time was 2.75±.11. Neither tissue hormone concentration nor chromatographic demonstration of different compounds explain the greater Qo2 from in vivo administration, which can be diminished or entirely eliminated by removing the second kidney 30 seconds after injection or by ligating hepatic blood vessels prior to the start of the experiment.
Major Food-Borne Parasitic Infections

Numerous parasites can enter the body within food or as a contamination of foodstuff. The most important of these include Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Truchuris (whipworm), Taenia sp. (tapeworms), Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid cyst), protozoa (Entameba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) and liver flukes (see Chapter 26).
DETECTION OF DELETERIOUS GENOTYPES IN MULTIGENERATIONAL STUDIES. I. DISRUPTIONS IN INDIVIDUAL ARABIDOPSIS ACTIN GENES

Plant actins are involved in numerous cytoskeletal processes effecting plant development, including cell division plane determination, cell elongation, and cell wall deposition. Arabidopsis thaliana has five ancient subclasses of actin with distinct patterns of spatial and temporal expression. To test their functional roles, we identified insertion mutants in three Arabidopsis actin genes, ACT2, ACT4, and ACT7, representing three subclasses. Adult plants homozygous for the act2-1, act4-1, and act7-1 mutant alleles appear to be robust, morphologically normal, and fully fertile. However, when grown as populations descended from a single heterozygous parent, all three mutant alleles were found at extremely low frequencies relative to the wild-type in the F2 generation. Thus, all three mutant alleles appear to be deleterious. The act2-1 mutant allele was found at normal frequencies in the F1, but at significantly lower frequencies than expected in the F2 and F3 generations. These data suggest that the homozygous act2-1/act2-1 mutant adult plants have a reduced fitness in the 2N sporophytic portion of the life cycle, consistent with the vegetative expression of ACT2. These data are interpreted in light of the extreme conservation of plant actin subclasses and genetic redundancy.
Will Work': The Role of Intellectual Property in Transitional Economies -- From Coal to Content

The development and exploitation of intellectual property, and participation in the global information economy, are not dependent upon geography. It can take place from anywhere, from the inside of an empty factory in Detroit, to a small country road, nestled between the rhododendron and the river. From the R&D lab at a university, to a barren plain in New Mexico. To move from coal to content, we must foster a dynamic and profitable environment for entrepreneurship, through a supportive and robust university community, through state legislation and institutional support and through effective utilization of intellectual property laws. Intellectual property and technology can be used in transitional economies to create meaningful opportunities for young people to live and to work in their communities, to make efficient use of their own resources. This issue spans art and science, business and industry, culture and environment. Twin-pops and telephones. Intellectual property can help people use traditional resources in the new economy -- the art, the music, the know-how -- and to cultivate human knowledge and creation in a manner that benefits these communities across the country. This is the American story, too - to create wealth from within. To 'Will Work'.
Health-Related Decision-Making in HIV Disease

Individuals living with HIV show moderate decision-making deficits, though no prior studies have evaluated the ability to make optimal health-related decisions across the HIV healthcare continuum. Forty-three HIV+ individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND+), 50 HIV+ individuals without HAND (HAND-), and 42 HIV- participants were administered two measures of health-related decision-making as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery: (1) The Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), and (2) The Modified UCSD Brief Assessment for Capacity to Consent (UBACC-T). Multiple regression analyses revealed that HAND was an independent predictor of both the DCS and the UBACC-T, such that the HAND+ sample evidenced significantly poorer scores relative to comparison groups. Within the HIV+ sample, poorer health-related decision-making was associated with worse performance on tests of episodic memory, risky decision-making, and health literacy. Findings indicate that individuals with HAND evidence moderate deficits in effectively comprehending and evaluating various health-related choices.
Reward Processing in the Adolescent Brain: Individual Differences and Relation to Risk Taking

Conventional wisdom holds that adolescence is a time of “storm and stress,” characterized by increased risk taking and sensitivity to rewards ([Hall, 1904][1]; [Casey et al., 2010][2]). Psychobiological models provide important caveats but generally support this conventional wisdom. For example
A Cenozoic seawater redox record derived from 238U/235U in ferromanganese crusts

Oceanic oxygen levels are projected to drop in certain areas due to warming climate, but the net effect to the overall ocean redox state is difficult to predict. Here we measured the “stable” uranium isotope composition (238U/235U) in globally representative hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts in order to reconstruct the redox evolution of the global ocean throughout the Cenozoic. Samples averaging ∼3 Myr intervals have analytically indistinguishable 238U/235U throughout the Cenozoic. Combined with a U isotope mass balance model, we suggest that the overall ocean redox state has remained remarkably stable on million year time scales throughout the Cenozoic, despite large surface temperature fluctuations during this time. This suggests that stabilizing feedbacks (for example, nutrient limitation in low oxygen zones) may have prevented dramatic large-scale shifts in oxygen levels in the ocean. However, the Fe-Mn crust record will be unlikely to reflect rapid perturbations in ocean redox state. To investigate these events, sediment archives with faster accumulation rates and redox proxies with faster response time must be explored.
Divalent cations and the action potential of leech Retzius cells.

The effects of Sr, Ba, Mn, La and Co on the action potential of the leech Retzius cell were examined using intracellular recording techniques. A previous paper showed that these cells could fire Ca-dependent action potentials in Na-free solution provided TEA was present (Kleinhaus and Prichard, 1975). Under the same conditions Sr 1.5-20 mM was capable of substituting as a current carrier. Ba 2–25 mM added to normal Ringer prolonged the duration and increased the amplitude of the action potential of the Retzius cell, and supported action potentials without requiring TEA in Na-free solutions. The overshoots of the Sr- and Ba-dependent action potentials varied with a slope of 40 mM and 75 mV, respectively per 10-fold change in divalent cation concentration. Mn and La selectively blocked that portion of the action potential resulting from an inward movement of Ca, Sr or Ba without affecting the Na-dependent depolarization. The actions of Ca 1 mM on Sr-dependent action potentials were compatible with reversible competitive antagonism. In conclusion the findings: 1. support the proposition that outward K current must be blocked in order for divalent cations to dominate the Retzius cell's behavior during excitation. 2. characterize the divalent cation conductance channel as pharmacologically distinct from the Na conductance channel in the Retzius cell and similar to those described in several other excitable membranes. 3. suggest that the current carrying divalent cations probably flow through the same channel.
Nutritional status of primary and middle school students in rural areas of Jiangxi province in 2012

Objective To understand the nutritional status of rural primary and middle school students in Jiangxi province, and to provide scientific basis for appropriate nutritional intervention. Methods A stratified cluster random sampling was conducted to select 14 975 students from rural primary and middle schools in Jiangxi during 2012. Height and weight was measured. Nutritional status was assessed by using height-for-age,weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. Results In 2012,the rate of malnutrition,overweight and obesity in primary and middle school in rural areas of Jiangxi province was 33. 4%,4. 0% and 1. 4%,respectively. The rate of malnutrition in boys( 35. 2%) and middle school students( 36. 2%) was higher than girls( 31. 4%) and primary students( 32. 9%). Conclusion The nutritional status of school age children in rural areas of Jiangxi are comparatively worrisome. Nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education should be implemented on time.
Structure-based approaches to ligands for G-protein-coupled adenosine and P2Y receptors, from small molecules to nanoconjugates.

Adenosine receptor (ARs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that respond to extracellular nucleosides/nucleotides are associated with new directions for therapeutics. The X-ray structures of the A2AAR complexes with agonists and antagonists are examined in relationship to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and applied to drug discovery. Much of the data on AR ligand structure from early SAR studies now are explainable from the A2AAR X-ray crystallography. The ligand–receptor interactions in related GPCR complexes can be identified by means of modeling approaches, e.g., molecular docking. Thus, molecular recognition in binding and activation processes has been studied effectively using homology modeling and applied to ligand design. Virtual screening has yielded new nonnucleoside AR antagonists, and existing ligands have been improved with knowledge of the receptor interactions. New agonists are being explored for central nervous system and peripheral therapeutics based on in vivo activity, such as c...
Xeroderma pigmentosum: spinal cord astrocytoma with 9-year survival after radiation and isotretinoin therapy.

Antecedents : Les patients atteints de xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) presentent souvent des cancers cutanes attribuable a l'action des rayons solaires. Des neoplasmes internes sont aussi observes, bien que rarement. Un patient de 21 ans, atteint de XP et de nombreux cancers de la peau, presente en outre une rare tumeur interne (astrocytome fibrillaire diffus de la moelle epiniere de grade Il) a l'interruption d'un essai therapeutique avec isotretinoine cense prevenir l'apparition des cancers de la peau. Or, le traitement des neoplasmes chez les personnes atteintes du XP presente des difficultes particulieres, compte tenu de leur deficience du mecanisme de reprartion de l'ADN. Objectif: Sensibiliser davantage a l'importance de surveiller l'apparition de cancers chez les patients atteints de XP et aux precautions a prendre dans le choix d'un traitement. Methodes : La tumeur de la moelle epiniere etant inoperable, le patient a ete traite par radiotherapie. Le traitement avec isotretinoine a ete poursuivi et l'etat subsequent de la tumeur a ete etroitement surveille. Resultats : Malgre sa sensibilite aux rayons solaires, le patient a presente d'emblee une reponse normale a la radiotherapie, sans reaction cutanee excessive. Des examens successifs au moyen de l'imagerie par resonance magnetique (IRM) entrepris huit mois apres le traitement par radiotherapie ont revele un rehaussement marque au gadolinium, suivi d'une regression de la tumeur. Cet effacement a ete constate une premiere fois au bout de deux ans, apres biopsie, et a persiste pendant au moins neuf ans apres traitement. Conclusion : Alors qu'ils sont exagerement sensibles aux rayons UV, les patients atteints de XP peuvent tolerer des doses therapeutiques de rayons X. Le traitement avec isotretoine peut avoir contribue a la reaction satisfaisante de l'astrocytome de la moelle epiniere.
Autonomic Blockade Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity-Associated Hypertension

Impaired nitric oxide (NO) vasodilation (endothelial dysfunction) is associated with obesity and thought to be a factor in the development of hypertension. We previously found that NO synthesis inhibition had similar pressor effects in obese hypertensives compared with healthy control during autonomic blockade, suggesting that impaired NO vasodilation is secondary to sympathetic activation. We tested this hypothesis by determining the effect of autonomic blockade (trimethaphan 4 mg/min IV) on NO-mediated vasodilation (increase in forearm blood flow to intrabrachial acetylcholine) compared with endothelial-independent vasodilation (intrabrachial sodium nitroprusside) in obese hypertensive subjects (30 2 ). Acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were given at equipotent doses (10, 30, and 50 μg/min and 1, 2, and 3 μg/min, respectively) to 14 obese subjects (49±3.6 years, 34±1 kg/m 2 , 165/94±7/6 mm Hg), on separate occasions 1 month apart, randomly assigned. Autonomic blockade increased basal forearm blood flow (from 3.9±0.7 to 5.2±1.2 mL/100 mL per minute, P =0.078). As expected, NO-mediated vasodilation was blunted on the intact day compared with NO-independent vasodilation; forearm blood flow increased from 3.6±0.6 to 10.1±1.1 with the highest dose of nitroprusside, but only from 3.7±0.4 to 7.2±0.8 mL/100 mL per minute with the highest dose of acetylcholine, P P =0.58). Our results support the concept that sympathetic activation contributes to the impairment in NO-mediated vasodilation seen in obesity-associated hypertension and provides further rationale to explore it as a therapeutic target.
The Development of Other-Gender Interactions: Behavioral, Biological, Cognitive, and Contextual Influences

In the following chapter, we examine several factors related to same- and other-gender interactions from childhood through adolescence. In general, childhood is marked by a period of segregation into same-gender groups followed by a gradual period of integration into mixed-gender groups which begins in adolescence. However, as we highlight, there are many factors (e.g., pubertal development, social cognitions, social contexts) that contribute to individual variations in the transition from same-gender to mixed-gender groups. Drawing from the work of several prominent feminist scholars, we take a perspective that focuses on individual differences beyond a limited gender difference paradigm.
Hepcidin-Independent Regulation of Dietary Iron Absorption

Iron homeostasis in mammals is maintained at the level of iron absorption by the gut. Hepcidin plays a central role in homeostasis by binding to ferroportin and regulating cellular iron export. We found that mice weaned onto diets ranging from 35–350 mg Fe/kg for a period of 4 wk did not change body iron levels as measured by organ iron content and hematological parameters. Direct measure of absorption of 59Fe administered by gavage revealed an inverse correlation between dietary iron content and absorption. Gavage experiments were done following a 4h fast when the stomach and proximal small bowel were free of dietary content. Although iron absorption changed, liver expression of hepcidin mRNA did not. We measured the absorptive response in mice weaned onto diets containing 35 mg Fe/kg for 4 wk and abruptly changed to 350 mg Fe/kg. There was no change in iron absorption at day 1 but by day 3 absorption was reduced nearly 3-fold compared to controls and remained at this level for at least 7d. During this time neither liver nor spleen iron content changed but transferrin saturation increased approximately 1.5-fold. Most importantly, serum hepcidin levels, measured by a competitive binding assay (De Domenico et al. Cell Metab.2008, 8:146–156), were unchanged. Mice were then changed from diets containing 350 mg Fe/kg to diets containing 35 mg Fe/kg. Within 24h mice increased absorption of 59Fe 3-fold. Elevated absorption continued for at least 3d, declined by 7d and at 14d was at a level found in mice maintained on a diet containing 35 mg Fe/kg. During this period there was no change in organ iron content or in transferrin saturation. Serum hepcidin did not change on day 1, but was reduced by approximately 40% on days 3 through 7. Increased iron absorption could be attributed in part to increased expression of Dmt1 but no change in ferroportin message was detected. Enterocyte ferritin levels doubled on day 1 but returned to control levels on days 3 through 7. Finally, mice with a targeted disruption of the hepcidin gene were challenged with an abrupt reduction in dietary iron content and absorption increased approximately 3-fold. These data suggest that iron absorption can respond to changes in dietary iron content independent of hepcidin and that response to changes in luminal iron content are at the level of uptake and storage in a manner intrinsic to the enterocyte.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Retention in First-Generation College Students:

The current project uses our university’s new student survey to compare previously reported trends in first-generation college student (FGCS) retention with those found on our campus and discusses ...
Cultivating a Community of Change Through the Implementation of Shared Leadership Theory

In an effort to move toward a Shared Leadership Model, the researcher’s university administration directed all faculty and support staff to foster initiatives which promoted cross departmental research and collaboration. This study defines how pilot programs, in particular the New Faculty Induction program, were aligned with the framework of Shared Leadership and fostered the domains of Social Cohesion among participants.
Functional communication between PKC-targeted cardiac troponin I phosphorylation sites

Increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity is associated with heart failure, and can target multiple cardiac troponin I (cTnI) residues in myocytes, including S23/24, S43/45 and T144. In earlier studies, cTnI-S43D and/or -S45D augmented S23/24 and T144 phosphorylation, which suggested there is communication between clusters. This communication is now explored by evaluating the impact of phospho-mimetic cTnI S43/45D combined with S23/24D (cTnIS4D) or T144D (cTnISDTD). Gene transfer of epitope-tagged cTnIS4D and cTnISDTD into adult cardiac myocytes progressively replaced endogenous cTnI. Partial replacement with cTnISDTD or cTnIS4D accelerated the time to peak (TTP) shortening and time to 50% re-lengthening (TTR50%) on day 2, but peak shortening was only diminished by cTnIS4D. Extensive cTnIS4D replacement continued to accelerate TTP, and decrease shortening amplitude, while TTR50% returned to baseline levels on day 4. In contrast, cTnISDTD modestly reduced shortening amplitude and continued to accelerate myocyte TTP and TTR50%. These results indicate cTnIS43/45 communicates with S23/24 and T144, with S23/24 exacerbating and T144 attenuating the S43/45D-dependent functional deficit. In addition, more severe functional alterations in cTnIS4D myocytes were accompanied by higher levels of secondary phosphorylation compared to cTnISDTD. These results suggest that secondary phosphorylation helps to maintain steady-state contractile function during chronic cTnI phosphorylation at PKC sites.
The microbiome and big data

Abstract Microbiome datasets have expanded rapidly in recent years. Advances in DNA sequencing, as well as the rise of shotgun metagenomics and metabolomics, are producing datasets that exceed the ability of researchers to analyze them on their personal computers. Here we describe what Big Data is in the context of microbiome research, how this data can be transformed into knowledge about microbes and their functions in their environments, and how the knowledge can be applied to move microbiome research forward. In particular, the development of new high-resolution tools to assess strain-level variability (moving away from OTUs), the advent of cloud computing and centralized analysis resources such as Qiita (for sequences) and GNPS (for mass spectrometry), and better methods for curating and describing “metadata” (contextual information about the sequence or chemical information) are rapidly assisting the use of microbiome data in fields ranging from human health to environmental studies.
Iron‐Doped BaMnO3 for Hybrid Water Splitting and Syngas Generation

A rationalized strategy to optimize transition-metal-oxide-based redox catalysts for water splitting and syngas generation through a hybrid solar-redox process is proposed and validated. Monometallic transition metal oxides do not possess desirable properties for water splitting; however, density functional theory calculations indicate that the redox properties of perovskite-structured BaMnxFe1−xO3−δ can be varied by changing the B-site cation compositions. Specifically, BaMn0.5Fe0.5O3−δ is projected to be suitable for the hybrid solar-redox process. Experimental studies confirm such predictions, demonstrating 90 % steam-to-hydrogen conversion in water splitting and over 90 % syngas yield in the methane partial-oxidation step after repeated redox cycles. Compared to state-of-the-art solar-thermal water-splitting catalysts, the rationally designed redox catalyst reported is capable of splitting water at a significantly lower temperature and with ten-fold increase in steam-to-hydrogen conversion. Process simulations indicate the potential to operate the hybrid solar-redox process at a higher efficiency than state-of-the-art hydrogen and liquid-fuel production processes with 70 % lower CO2 emissions for hydrogen production
Engineered Probiotic for the Inhibition of Salmonella via Tetrathionate-Induced Production of Microcin H47

Complications arising from antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the key issues in modern medicine. Members of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae spp. include opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Salmonella spp.) that are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Overgrowth of these bacteria is considered a hallmark of intestinal dysbiosis. Microcins (small antimicrobial peptides) produced by some gut commensals can potentially cure these conditions by inhibiting these pathogens and have been proposed as a viable alternative to antibiotic treatment. In this proof-of-concept work, we leverage this idea to develop a genetically engineered prototype probiotic to inhibit Salmonella spp. upon exposure to tetrathionate, a molecule produced in the inflamed gut during the course of Salmonella infection. We developed a plasmid-based system capable of conferring the ability to detect and utilize tetrathionate, while at the same time producing microcin H47. We transferred this plasmid-based...
Meat-milieu: medicalization, aestheticization and productivity in Buenos Aires and its Pampas, 1868–1950

Between 1868 and 1950, when meat production facilities were expelled from the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina became one of the largest producers of meat in the world. Beginning in 1945, bringing the city into the countryside and the countryside into the city, agriculture was instrumentalized as an urban function. Revealing the convergence of two usually separated movements – hygenics and eugenics – the meat industry in the province of Buenos Aires created a scientifically supported arena for the biopolitical appropriation of human and non-human resources, bearing out a unified ideology of medicalization, aestheticization, urbanization and productivity.
Boundary Layer Effect on Opposed-Flow Flame Spread and Flame Length over Thin Polymethyl-Methacrylate in Microgravity

Flame spread and flame length are two of the most important characteristics to determine flame growth and heat transfer to a solid fuel. Depending on the intensity of the opposed flow, and therefor...
Prescription and Petrifaction: Proprietary Medicine, Health Marketing, and Misalliance

The author charts Shaw’s relationship to the proprietary medicine industry and its marketing practices, suggesting that the playwright was profoundly indebted for his professional success to the techniques through which these ersatz remedies were promoted (techniques he frequently criticized), arguing that his relationship with the industry was symbiotic rather than simply antagonistic. The author anchors his discussion with an interpretive analysis of Shaw’s comedy Misalliance (1909) that prominently features on its set a portable Turkish bath unit, one of the most heavily marketed home health-care products, evoking the ubiquitous image of the disembodied head atop the contraption from decades of periodical advertisements.
A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF REACTION RATES ON EQUATION OF STATE

We present experimental evidence on high explosives pushing metal plates that shows the tendency of the equation of state behaving more energetically in the low-pressure region. We believe the deficiency in predicting low- and also high-pressure performance has a theoretical origin, and it is related to reaction rate. The reaction process with a slow stage generates a higher effective Chapman-Jouguet pressure. The development of an equation of state based on this information, using the classical detonation theory but without the consideration of the slow component in reaction, would produce a more energetic condition in the low-pressure region and a less powerful one in high pressure. We demonstrate how a polytropic gas equation of state is constructed and the properties it possesses as mentioned. Finally, we show how the effective Chapman-Jouguet condition comes about and define the property of a pseudo Hugoniot associated with it.
To catch a predator: a natural language approach for eliciting malicious payloads

We present an automated, scalable, method for crafting dynamic responses to real-time network requests. Specifically, we provide a flexible technique based on natural language processing and string alignment techniques for intelligently interacting with protocols trained directly from raw network traffic. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by creating a low-interaction web-based honeypot capable of luring attacks from search worms targeting hundreds of different web applications. In just over two months, we witnessed over 368, 000 attacks from more than 5, 600 botnets targeting several hundred distinct webapps. The observed attacks included several exploits detected the same day the vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed. Our analysis of the payloads of these attacks reveals the state of the art in search-worm based botnets, packed with surprisingly modular and diverse functionality.
Firm Risk Taking versus CEO Diversification: Evidence from Outsourcing Firms

I examine CEO compensation in outsourcing firms, using a new database of purchase obligations from firm 10-Ks. I find that the intensity of outsourcing can significantly explain the variations in CEO compensation; the more the firms do outsourcing, the more they pay to their CEOs. Outsourcing firms promote managerial risk-taking by using proportionally more equity-based compensation. However, they also need to compensate additionally their CEOs for the higher risk exposure to the firms' increased total risks. I show that outsourcing firms determine their compensation level and structure based on this optimal trade-off.
Computation of the Model Parameters

We consider now the problem of computing an isolated solution for the model parameters {aij}, i ≠ j, from the nonlinear algebraic system of equations (17.4) and (17.5). This structural identification of A ≡ [aij] is difficult to treat from a systematic theoretical viewpoint since it requires the inversion of a system of nonlinear algebraic equations [177] (also see Section 22). If an explicit solution of a system of nonlinear equations cannot be displayed, then such problems are usually solved by iteration. Probably the best known method for attacking this problem is the Contractor Mapping Principle, which allows us to show existence and uniqueness of isolated solutions. In particular, Newton’s method--under certain restrictions-acts locally about a solution as a contractor, and via the Kantorovich conditions there can be established the existence of a solution unique to within a certain neighborhood.
Development of Control Theory in Macroeconomics

In this paper I will survey the development of stochastic control theory in macroeconomic policy analysis. The development can conveniently be separated into three periods. The first is pre-1970 when the major ideas of policy analysis and of optimization were formed. The second is the early and middle 1970s when formal stochastic control theory was rapidly developed for and applied to the study of macroeconomic policy. The third period, beginning in the late 1970s, was stimulated by the introduction of the idea of rational expectations in economic analysis. This introduction has a significant impact on the way stochastic control theory is applied to studying the effects of given macroeconomic policy rules. The main ideas in the three periods will be set forth in turn.