cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of Pelvic Surgery

Pelvic resections and hemipelvectomies are infrequently performed procedures mainly indicated for removal of primary malignancies of bone and soft tissue in the pelvis. Hindquarter amputations are also known as external hemipelvectomies, internal hemipelvectomies involve resection of the innominate bone with preservation of the leg, while modified internal hemipelvectomies involve resection of a portion of the innominate bone with preservation of the leg. The most common system used for classifying modified internal hemipelvectomies is a modification of that described by Enneking and Dunham in 1978, where the pelvis is broadly divided into the iliac wing, the periacetabular region, and the pubis. The complex anatomy of the pelvis and the frequent need for concurrent sacral or proximal femoral resection make surgery complex. Adherence to oncologic principles in deciding the appropriateness of limb salvage in planning pelvic resection is paramount. Safe oncologic margins should not be compromised in a bid to save a limb at the expense of poor surgical margins. Resections involving resection of sciatic nerve, femoral nerve, and/or the periacetabular region may result in insensate, weak, and unstable limbs that may leave limb salvage patients with poorer function, and amputations should be considered where two or more of those structures require resection. Complication rates range from 15% to 68% in the literature. Many complications can be anticipated, and they should be promptly managed when encountered. Owing to the complexity of these procedures, appropriate patient selection, careful preoperative planning, use of appropriate adjuvants, anticipation of and prompt management of potential complications, and involvement of other subspecialty colleagues, are all important aspects that should be considered. With these in mind, limb salvage surgery for pelvic sarcoma can be performed safely.
Cardiopulmonary Considerations for Cardiac Surgery in Low and Middle Income Countries

To accomplish a successful cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is often utilized to give the surgeon a bloodless field while keeping the patient hemodynamically stable. The perfusionist is responsible for running the heart-lung machine and other devices such as: cell savers, anticoagulation and blood gas management or mechanical circulatory support. Critical times during CPB include going on, cross clamp on and off, cardioplegia delivery, and termination. Troubleshooting is a component that is often overlooked but can be detrimental to delivering the best patient care. To help eliminate these errors, checklists and protocols are put into place to make sure standardized measures are taken pre/intra/post CPB. Safety techniques like deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is performed for certain cardiac surgeries to prevent end organ damage. Perfusion technology is constantly evolving; however, this chapter looks to help build a solid foundation for understanding CPB and supporting devices.
The Future of the Pension System: Parametric Reformsor the Change of a Paradigm?

The main aim of the paper is to reveal philosophical drawbacks of the current paradigm of the pension system. The main conclusion is that pension system as unified mandatory salary insurance is transforming into hybrids of free-will private savings and investments in human capital and government poverty insurance. Socially and politically acceptable measures of the pension system transformation are described in the paper
Meriones unguiculatus (Clawed jird, Mongolian gerbil)

Cultures from several embryos of each sex were studied by the late Dr. M. Galton, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, N. H., USA. Although Dr. M. Cohen had made his studies available also, in tribute to Dr. Galton his unfinished karyotypes are presented here. The sex chromosomes were identified by radioautography, the Y and one X in the female being late replicating. Cohen finds occasional satellites on acrocentrics and some satellite association. He also describes a secondary constriction in the midportion of the long arms of some cells. He considers the karyotype to contain one other pair of acrocentrics which, however, possesses definite short arms. It is here grouped with the submetacentrics as was done by previous authors. Pakes describes constrictions in the long arms of a medium-sized submetacentric autosome.
New Mechanisms for the Activation and Desorption of Molecules at Surfaces

Many chemical reactions occurring on the surfaces of solid materials appear to proceed only under high pressures of the gaseous reactants but not at low pressures (< 10−4 Torr), despite favorable thermodynamics. This lack of reactivity at the low pressures where ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science techniques are operable is known loosely as the pressure gap in the reactivity in heterogeneous catalysis [2.1,2]. Our group proposed that an origin of the pressure gap is the presence of a barrier to dissociative chemisorption of at least one of the reactants upon collision with the surface [2.3–6]. Since it is the translational or internal energy of the incident molecule that is important in surmounting this barrier and not the surface temperature, the rate of the reaction is limited by the flux of incident molecules with energies above the energy of the barrier. High pressures simply increase the absolute number of high energy molecules, thereby increasing the reaction rate sufficiently for the products to be detected.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: an unconventional pathogen?

The Mycobacterium avium complex includes the closely related Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and Mycobacterium intracellulare, as well as the wood pigeon bacillus. In recent years, M. avium complex strains have assumed greater importance in human medicine, largely because of intractable Mycobacterium avium complex infections in AIDS patients and also because of the possible association of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with Crohn’s disease. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (or paratuberculosis), a debilitating chronic enteritis in ruminants. Current research based on understanding of the genomic diversity among M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains is now enabling elucidation of mechanisms of survival in the environment, host specificity, and the association of specific genotypes with overt disease versus subclinical states. The infected macrophages play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease and dictate the disease outcome. In this chapter the authors have investigated the nature of macrophage M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactions. Contaminated domestic water, pasteurized milk, contaminated meat or other food, environmental sources, and direct animal exposures have all been suggested as possible mechanisms of human exposure to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Comprehensive analysis of these survival mechanisms at the transcriptome and proteome levels is expected to improve one's understanding of host-pathogen and pathogen-environment interactions of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
PCR-based generation of shRNA libraries from cDNAs

The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to silence target gene expression has greatly facilitated mammalian genetic analysis by generating loss-of-function mutants. In recent years, high-throughput, genome-wide screening of siRNA libraries has emerged as a viable approach. Two different methods have been used to generate short hairpin RNA (shRNA) libraries; one is to use chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, and the other is to convert complementary DNAs (cDNAs) into shRNA cassettes enzymatically. The high cost of chemical synthesis and the low efficiency of the enzymatic approach have hampered the widespread use of screening with shRNA libraries. We report here an improved method for constructing genome-wide shRNA libraries enzymatically. The method includes steps of cDNA fragmentation and endonuclease MmeI digestion to generate 19-bp fragments, capping the 19-bp cDNA fragments with a hairpin oligonucleotide, and amplification of the hairpin structures by PCR. The PCR step converts hairpins into double-stranded DNAs that contain head-to-head cDNA fragments that can be cloned into a vector downstream of a Pol III promoter. This method can readily be used to generate shRNA libraries from a small amount of mRNA and thus can be used to create cell- or tissue-specific libraries.
A model for lupus brain disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies that bind target autoantigens in multiple organs in the body. In peripheral organs, immune complexes engage the complement cascade, recruiting blood-borne inflammatory cells and initiating tissue inflammation. Immune complex-mediated activation of Fc receptors on infiltrating blood-borne cells and tissue resident cells amplifies an inflammatory cascade with resulting damage to tissue function, ultimately leading to tissue destruction. This pathophysiology appears to explain tissue injury throughout the body, except in the central nervous system. This review addresses a paradigm we have developed for autoantibody-mediated brain damage. This paradigm suggests that antibody-mediated brain disease does not depend on immune complex formation but rather on antibody-mediated alterations in neuronal activation and survival. Moreover, antibodies only access brain tissue when blood-brain barrier integrity is impaired, leading to a lack of concurrence of brain disease and tissue injury in other organs. We discuss the implications of this model for lupus and for identifying other antibodies that may contribute to brain disease.
Spectral-temporal decomposition of multicomponent signals

The method is based on autoregressive modeling of the composite signal with an adaptive filter bank. An illustrative example is given for a speech signal. >
Scattering and Absorption of a Wave by a Single Particle

This chapter contains sections titled: Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude General Properties of Cross Sections Forward Scattering Theorem Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Section Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) WKB Interior Wave Number Approximation Mie Theory Elliptic Polarization and the Stokes Parameters Partial Polarization and Natural Light Addition of Independent Waves Scattering Amplitude Functions f 11 , f 12 , f 21 , and f 22 and the Stokes Matrix Transformation of the Stokes Parameters for Rotation about the Axis Particle Size Distribution Acoustic Waves Acoustic Scattering
Redistribution of cytoskeletal proteins in mammalian axons disconnected from their cell bodies

Mice of the strain C57/BL/Ola exhibit a delay of Wallerian degeneration, such that axons survive for several weeks after a nerve transection that separates the axons from the cell bodies. In this Ola strain we have examined the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins in a 5 mm segment of the sciatic nerve for as long as 2 weeks after proximal and distal transections that prevent entry or exit of proteins via axonal transport. By 7 d after transections, there was a marked accumulation of alpha- and beta-tubulin, actin, and nonphosphorylated neurofilament epitopes at the proximal and at the distal ends of the transected axons, and loss of these proteins from the center of the isolated nerve segment. Highly phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes did not redistribute along the nerve, but there was a gradual loss of phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity. These observations indicate the potential for bidirectional transport of a substantial portion of certain cytoskeletal proteins within axons of the PNS.
Lack of association of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in the elderly

Summary. Elevated circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The 4G allele of the 4G/5G PAI-1 promoter polymorphism is associated with higher levels of PAI-1. We examined the association of PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and CVD events in the elderly participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). We measured 4G/5G genotype in a nested case-control study within the CHS. Cases included incident angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. 4G/5G genotype was not found to be associated with markers of fibrinolysis or CVD risk in the selected elderly cohort. There were no differences in genotype frequencies by case-control status (5G/5G frequency 16–22%; χ2P= 0.07). The 5G allele was not associated with incident CVD events when individuals with at least one 5G allele were compared to 4G/4G homozygotes. The presence of at least one 4G allele was likewise not associated with incident CVD when those with 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes were compared to 5G/5G homozygotes. Our results suggest that the PAI-1 4G/5G promoter polymorphism is not associated CVD risk factors or incident CVD events in the elderly.
Unified lattice theory of homopolymers of general architecture: Dendrimers, stars, and branched polymers.

We present a lattice theory of homopolymers of a variety of architectures. The effective $\ensuremath{\chi}$ has a strong concentration dependence, and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ at the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ point is $(q/2)\mathrm{ln}(q\ensuremath{-}1)/(q\ensuremath{-}2)$ for all architectures, where $q$ is the coordination of the lattice. We give the closed-form expressions for the entropy, the free energy, and the complete phase diagram. The latter is restricted to systems having no first-order transitions in athermal solutions.
Therapist Adherence and Organizational Effects on Change in Youth Behavior Problems One Year After Multisystemic Therapy

The current study investigated the relations among therapist adherence to an evidence-based treatment for youth with serious antisocial behavior (i.e., Multisystemic Therapy), organizational climate and structure, and improvement in youth behavior problems one-year post treatment. Participants were 1979 youth and families treated by 429 therapists across 45 provider organizations in North America. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) results showed therapist adherence predicted improvement in youth behavior. Two structure variables and one climate variable predicted changes in youth behavior, and the climate variable also predicted therapist adherence. No statistical support for formal mediation of organizational effects through adherence was found, though examination of changes in parameter estimates suggest a possible interplay of organizational climate with adherence and youth behavior change.
THE REST-FRAME EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS

We use a sample of 332 Hubble Space Telescope spectra of 184 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) with z > 0.33 to study the typical ultraviolet spectral properties of QSOs, with emphasis on the ionizing continuum. Our sample is nearly twice as large as that from previous work by W. Zheng and colleagues and provides much better spectral coverage in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV). The overall composite continuum can be described by a power law with index αEUV = -1.76 ± 0.12 (fν ∝ να) between 500 and 1200 A. The corresponding results for subsamples of radio-quiet and radio-loud QSOs are αEUV = -1.57 ± 0.17 and αEUV = -1.96 ± 0.12, respectively. We also derive αEUV for as many individual objects in our sample as possible, totaling 39 radio-quiet and 40 radio-loud QSOs. The typical individually measured values of αEUV are in good agreement with the composites. We find no evidence for evolution of αEUV with redshift for either radio-loud or radio-quiet QSOs. However, we do find marginal evidence for a trend toward harder EUV spectra with increasing luminosity for radio-loud objects. An extrapolation of our radio-quiet QSO spectrum is consistent with existing X-ray data, suggesting that the ionizing continuum may be represented by a single power law. The resulting spectrum is roughly in agreement with models of the intergalactic medium photoionized by the integrated radiation from QSOs.
Measuring cerebral hemodynamics with a modified magnetoencephalography system

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems are designed to noninvasively measure magnetic fields produced by neural electrical currents. This project examines the possibility of measuring hemodynamics with an MEG system that has been modified with dc electromagnets to measure magnetic susceptibility while maintaining the capability of measuring neural dynamics. A forward model is presented that simulates the interaction of an applied magnetic field with changes in magnetic susceptibility in the brain associated with hemodynamics. Model predictions are compared with an experiment where deionized water was pumped into an inverted flask under the MEG sensor array of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometers (R2 = 0.98, p < 0.001). The forward model was used to simulate the SQUID readouts from hemodynamics in the scalp and brain induced by performing the Valsalva maneuver. Experimental human subject recordings (N = 10) were made from the prefrontal region during Valsalva using concurrent measurement with the modified MEG system and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The NIRS deoxyhemoglobin signal was found to correlate significantly with the SQUID readouts (R2 = 0.84, p < 0.01). SQUID noise was found to increase with the applied field, which will need to be mitigated in future work. These results demonstrate the potential and technical challenges of measuring cerebral hemodynamics with a modified MEG system.
Long-range Shielding Effects in the 1H NMR Spectra of Mosher-like Ester Derivatives

The relative magnitudes of the chemical shift differences (Deltadeltas) in the two diastereomers of menthyl esters of known chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs) were compared to those of the alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethyl-1-naphthylacetyl (MTN((1))A) analogues I. Discrimination of the terminal diastereotopic methyl resonances in esters of the homologous, symmetrical carbinols II was evaluated. Remarkably, the methyls differed in the MTN((1))A esters III even when n = 15; an unexpected crossover in the sign of the Deltadelta values was also observed.
Comparative Cost-effectiveness of Strategies to Prevent Postoperative Clinical Recurrence of Crohn's Disease

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can often require surgical intervention due to complications such as strictures, fistulae, or perforation.1 Historically, 70% of patients require surgical resection within 10 years of initial CD diagnosis.2 Although surgery ostensibly leaves only healthy intestinal tissue behind, the majority of patients develop de novo mucosal inflammation at the anastomosis site. Endoscopic recurrence of CD is observed in >70% of patients within the first year, typically at the neoterminal ileum.3 The severity of endoscopic recurrence is predictive of subsequent clinical recurrence; 20% of patients show symptomatic recurrence within a year of endoscopic recurrence, and at least 50% experience clinical recurrence within 5 years.3,4 Given the morbidity associated with clinical CD recurrence after resection, a number of postsurgery treatments have been examined in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Mesalamine, azathioprine, metronidazole, and infliximab have all demonstrated efficacy in preventing clinical or endoscopic recurrence of CD after resection. Recent meta-analyses confirmed the superiority of azathioprine to placebo, and to mesalamine.5,6 However, azathioprine is associated with frequent discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and its long-term use is associated with a risk of lymphoma.5,7 While mesalamine has a safer side-effect profile than azathioprine, it has only modest efficacy in postoperative prevention. In addition, adherence to mesalamine maintenance therapy is reported to be as low as 40%.8 Infliximab was highly effective in preventing endoscopic recurrence of CD in a small prospective RCT, but its long-term prophylactic use is also limited by safety and cost concerns.9,10 Unfortunately, no head-to-head comparative studies between the prophylactic strategies to prevent clinical recurrence (mesalamine, azathioprine, metronidazole, and infliximab) have been published. Therefore, the optimal strategy, in terms of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness, remains unclear. In addition, the relative impact of ADRs and costs of each treatment strategy is unknown. Based on this lack of data, expert groups have been unable to make definitive recommendations.11 The Institute of Medicine identified Comparative Effectiveness Research as a “national priority” for the United States recently in an era of increasing concerns of the costs of healthcare.12 In light of this uncertainty, and implications, we undertook a comprehensive economic evaluation, from a societal perspective, to define the comparative cost-effectiveness of each treatment strategy in order to identify the optimal prophylactic therapy (compared to “no prophlyaxis”) to prevent CD recurrence in patients in the U.S. during the first year after intestinal resection.
Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances the effects of melodic intonation therapy

Research has suggested that a fronto-temporal network in the right hemisphere may be responsible for mediating Melodic Intonation Therapy’s positive effects on speech recovery. We investigated the potential for a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), to augment the benefits of MIT in patients with non-fluent aphasia by modulating neural activity in the brain during treatment with MIT. The polarity of the current applied to the scalp determines the effects of tDCS on the underlying tissue: anodal tDCS increases excitability, whereas cathodal tDCS decreases excitability. We applied anodal tDCS to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of the right hemisphere, an area that has been shown to both contribute to singing through the mapping of sounds to ariculatory actions and serve as a key region in the process of recovery from aphasia, particularly in patients with large left hemispheric lesions. The stimulation was applied while patients were treated with MIT by a trained therapist. Six patients with moderate to severe non-fluent aphasia underwent three consecutive days of anodal-tDCS+MIT, and an equivalent series of sham-tDCS+MIT. The two treatment series were separated by one week, and the order in which the treatments were administered was randomized. Compared to the effects of sham-tDCS+MIT, anodal-tDCS+MIT led to significant improvements in fluency of speech. These results support the hypothesis that, as the brain seeks to reorganize and compensate for damage to left-hemisphere language centers, combining anodal-tDCS with MIT may further recovery from post-stroke aphasia by enhancing activity in a right-hemisphere sensorimotor network for articulation.
Yield Components as Affected by Planting Dryland Maize in a Double-Skip Row Pattern

Yield components of dryland maize (Zea mays L.) planted in a double skip-row versus solid pattern were compared at three plant densities in four trials. Ear and kernel characteristics were determined. No row-pattern by-population interaction occurred. Increased yield was because of increased kernel weight, size, and number, whereas decreased yield from skipping rows was due to shorter ears. Increasing plant density reduced ear length and kernel number. Double skip-row planting increased yield by promoting kernel size and weight in semi-arid environments. Skipping two rows and increasing plant density affected yield components that should be considered in making planting decisions.
Community Capacity for Environmental Health Promotion: Determinants and Implications for Practice

The human response to an environmental hazard can either reduce or exacerbate its impact on health. This article reviews determinants of community-level responses to environmental health hazards. The aim is to identify factors that can enhance a community's capacity to protect itself and to suggest public health strategies that can increase such capacity. Four case histories of community environmental health action are presented to test a theoretical model for understanding the determinants of community capacity to promote environmental health. Specific actions public health professionals can take to strengthen community capacity include increasing access to accurate science, building strong relationships between communities and local health departments, and supporting political reforms that level the playing field for communities that seek to challenge corporate or government practices.
Infant care in the spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) Sulawesi, Indonesia

I present quantitative and qualitative data on infant caretaking behaviors collected during a preliminary field study of spectral tarsiers (Tarsius spectrum),in a northern Sulawesi rain forest. The primary goal of the study is to identify the basic pattern of infant care in this species. I studied tarsiers at Tangkoko-Dua Saudara Nature Reserve in Sulawesi, Indonesia, from May to July 1992. I observed two infants, from two groups for a total of 96 hr using focal follows. During individual focal follows, ranging from 20 min to 6 hr, I recorded behaviors at 5-min intervals. I also recorded distances of group members relative to the infant at 5-min intervals. I subsampled the data at 35-min intervals to control for statistical autocorrelation between data points. Infants were alone between 40 and 50% of the time. The two subadults were more frequently in proximity to the infant than the adult males, the nonmatemal adult female, or the mothers were. This pattern of the subadults maintaining proximity to the infant continued when the mothers were absent. These results suggest that subadults may be guarding or babysitting infants. It is also possible that subadults are not traveling as far from the sleeping site as adults do and are therefore more likely to be found in association with the infant.
Acculturation, ethnic identity, and dating violence among Latino ninth-grade students

BACKGROUND: Studies of dating violence among Latino men and women have found that victims who are less acculturated have lower rates of dating violence. None of these studies have focused on adolescents. We assessed acculturation, ethnic identity, and dating violence victimization among Latino ninth-grade students. METHODS: Students from 13 high schools representing 24% of ninth-grade students in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley during 2000-2001 completed questionnaires. This analysis is restricted to students age 14 years or older who self-identified as Hispanic or Latino (n = 4,525). Logistic regression was performed to estimate the risk of dating violence associated with measures of acculturation and ethnic identity. RESULTS: Latino female adolescents were more likely to report dating violence victimization in the past 12 months (8.7%) than were males (6.4%). Parental birthplace outside of the United States was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of dating violence victimization among females. Reporting a great deal of ethnic discrimination was strongly associated with increased dating violence victimization among females. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that greater acculturation may be associated with greater prevalence of dating violence victimization among females. Understanding those aspects of Latino culture that may impact risk of dating violence could have important public health implications. Language: en
A single server queue with platooned arrivals and phase type services

Abstract A semi-Markovian point process which qualitatively models platooned arrivals is introduced. This process is used as the input to a single server queue in which the service times are independent and have a common distribution of phase type. It is shown that this queue has an embedded Markov chain of a particular block-partitioned type, whose invariant probability vector in the stable case is of matrix-geometric form. Detailed algorithms for the computation of the steady-state features of the queue are obtained and a representative numerical example is discussed.
The injured runner

Running is often recommended by physicians to maintain a healthy lifestyle. As more individuals participate in running-related activities, clinicians must be increasingly aware of common injuries. Training errors leading to overuse are the most common underlying factors in most running-related injuries. Clinicians need to keep in mind that the presenting injury is frequently the result of an inability to compensate for a primary dysfunction at another site. Although imaging may be helpful in differentiating among diagnoses with similar clinical presentations, a detailed history and physical examination are essential in making a correct diagnosis.
Acanthocephalan (Oligacanthorhynchidae) parasitism of the Caribbean termite Nasutitermes acajutlae: implications for reproductive success

Few studies have examined the impact of parasitism on free-living social insects. We documented the association between an acanthocephalan parasite and survival, reproduction and growth of a Caribbean termite (Nasutitermes acajutlae). We measured these parameters yearly in ≥100 termite colonies for 4 years. In 2001 and 2002 we also compared the rate at which parasitized and unparasitized colonies rebuilt damaged foraging trails because trails protect foragers from predation as well as fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Although there were no significant differences in growth or survival between parasitized and unparasitized colonies, parasitized colonies reproduced significantly less often and rebuilt foraging trails significantly more slowly than unparasitized colonies. The average parasitized colony may sustain a loss of alate production =30% in the year in which it is parasitized, and a loss of up to 19% if it is parasitized once in a 5-year period. We conclude that the acanthocephalan parasite is associated with significant alteration of fitness parameters of individual N. acajutlae colonies. However, prevalence of parasitism is low (6.8%) and alate production by non-parasitized colonies is likely to compensate for losses due to parasitism. Therefore, it seems unlikely that this parasite affects N. acajutlae at the population level.
Reperfusion Adequacy and Functional Recovery

Ischemic myocardium undergoes many physiologic changes, including alterations in contractile function, histologic condition, and oxygen utilization. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium may reverse some of these changes; however, the level of reperfusion needed for adequate functional recovery, as opposed to myocyte salvage, remains controversial. This study examines the effects of varying levels of reperfusion following ischemia on functional parameters of recovery. Isolated rabbit hearts were subjected to global ischemia at 37°C for 10, 20, or 45 min. The hearts were reperfused at either mean normal baseline pressure (80 mm Hg), one half baseline (40 mm Hg), or one fourth baseline (20 mm Hg). With reperfusion, although all hearts retained the compensatory metabolic ability to upregulate oxygen extraction, reduction of reperfusion pressure resulted in depression of contractility and myocardial oxygen consumption, especially with low-pressure reperfusion. These findings suggest that all levels of reperfusion are not equal for optimal myocardial functional recovery. As minimal reperfusion may result in persistent stunning of myocardium, other means of enhancing reperfusion, such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting, should be considered.
Methane plasma source ion implantation (PSII) for improvement of tribological and corrosion properties

Abstract Although ion implantation of tools is now available on a regular basis, there are still many applications where the method is successful but is not being applied commercially, this generally being due to the cost of the process being significantly higher than the value of the tools to be treated. A new approach currently being tested is Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII), this process operating by filling the entire treatment chamber with implantation gas, creating a plasma and injecting the ions from the plasma directly into the workpiece. It eliminates line-of-sight restrictions and the need for sample manipulation, and the entire part to be treated is implanted simultaneously, making the process simpler and more efficient. An approach of this sort might well take ion implantation to the factory floor. In this study, methane Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) was used to implant carbon into type 304 stainless-steel and Ti6A14V. Implantation was carried out at a target bias of − 30 keV. The effects of high voltage repetition rates on implantation structure, wear and corrosion properties were investigated. It was found that the carbon depth profile, the structure and the resultant properties of 304 stainless-steel after implantation are sensitive to the implantation repetition rate. No dependence of either the structure or the extent of improvement of the properties of the Ti6A14V alloy on the implantation repetition rate was observed.
Barotropic Instability of Rossby Wave Motion

Abstract Zonal flow resembling zonally averaged tropospheric motion in middle latitudes is usually barotropically stable, but zonal flow together with superposed neutral Rossby waves may be unstable with respect to further perturbations. Rossby's original solution of the barotropic vorticity equation is tested for stability, using beta-plane geometry. When the waves are sufficiently strong or the wavenumber is sufficiently high, the flow is found to be unstable, but if the flow is weak or the wavenumber is low, the beta effect may render the flow stable. The amplification rate of growing perturbations is comparable to the growth rate of errors deduced from large numerical models of the atmosphere. The Rossby wave motion together with amplifying perturbations possesses jet-like features not found in Rossby wave motion alone. It is suggested that barotropic instability is largely responsible for the unpredictability of the real atmosphere.
Anti‐interleukin‐1 reactive cells in Hodgkin's disease

Constitutional symptoms (or B-symptoms) of Hodgkin's disease may be mediated by interleukin 1 (IL-1), a product of macrophage-histiocytes. To further study this relation, the authors examined the cells that reacted with anti-human IL-1 antibody in biopsy specimens from 140 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease (72 asymptomatic patients and 68 with B-symptoms). Fever was the most common symptom, present in 57 of the 68 patients. Anti-IL-1 reactive cells were observed in 62 cases. A positive staining reaction was observed in three types of cells: Reed-Sternberg and related (R-S) cells (33 cases); small to medium cells of undetermined origin (18); and granulocytes (11). The staining was negative in 78 cases, including 42 with B-symptoms. The majority of tumors (27/33) with positively stained R-S cells were from asymptomatic patients. Most tumors (14/18) with positively stained small to medium sized cells were from patients with B-symptoms. Large numbers of granulocytes were positively stained in five asymptomatic patients and six with B-symptoms. The immunohistochemical demonstration of IL-1-bearing cells in tumors does not correlate with the manifestation of constitutional symptoms in Hodgkin's disease.
Comprehension of symbolic gestures in aphasia.

Abstract One-hundred-and-twenty-eight patients with unilateral hemispheric damage (53 aphasics, 26 nonaphasic left, and 49 right brain-damaged patients) and 25 normal controls were given a test of symbolic gesture comprehension and other tests of verbal comprehension and of reproduction of symbolic gestures. On the test of symbolic gesture interpretation aphasic patients performed significantly worse than any other group of brain-damaged patients. Within the aphasic patients the inability to understand the meaning of symbolic gestures was highly related to the number of semantic errors obtained at a verbal comprehension test. On the contrary, only a mild relationship was found between comprehension and reproduction of symbolic gestures. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Mass generation by merons in quantum spin chains and the O(3) sigma model.

We argue that the mass gap in the O(3) \ensuremath{\sigma} model is produced by condensation of vortices of topological charge (1/2) (merons). This mechanism is not effective at topological angle theta=\ensuremath{\pi}, supporting arguments that this model is massless. These two models are the large-spin limit of integer (half-integer) quantum spin chains.
Maturation of calcium transport in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

ABSTRACT: Developmental changes in myocardial function have been described by a number of investigators. To further define the cellular basis for these changes, the present study was designed to characterize age-related changes in Ca2+ transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles isolated from six groups of sheep: group (Sp) I (100–105 days gestation), Gp II (128–132 days gestation), Gp III (postnatal, 0–3 days), Gp IV (4 wk), Gp V (8 wk), and Gp VI (maternal sheep). The maximal Ca2+ uptake for vesicles isolated from Gp I-V was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased as compared to that measured for Gp VI (maternal) vesicles. However, Ca2+-dependent ATP hydrolysis was decreased only in the fetal SR vesicles (Gp III). Thus, decreased ATP hydrolysis only partially explained the decreased Ca2+ uptake. In contrast, calculation of apparent Ca2+ pump coupling ratios (mol of Ca2+ transported/mol of ATP hydrolyzed) showed that there was a marked increase in the coupling of Ca2+ transport to ATP hydrolysis during maturation of the heart. Inasmuch as the contractile state of the heart depends on precise regulation of Ca2+ concentration by the SR, these age-related changes in SR function may contribute to developmental changes in myocardial function.
Standard potentials of the silver + silver chloride electrode from 5 to 45 °C and the thermodynamic properties of hydrochloric acid in 95 mass per cent isopropanol

Electromotive-force measurements of the cells of the type: Pt | H 2 | HCI ( m ) in isopropanol + water | AgCI | Ag at nine different temperatures in the range 5 to 45°C have been used to evaluate (i) the standard e.m.f. of the cell with 95 mass per cent isopropanol by a theoretically justified polynomial curve fitting technique, (ii) the mean activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid, (iii) the primary medium effect, (iv) the relative partial molar enthalpy and heat capacity of HCl, (v) the thermodynamic quantities ΔG°t, ΔS°t, and ΔH°t accompanying the transfer of hydrochloric acid from water to 95 mass per cent isopropanol. The non-electrostatic (chemical) effect of the solvents on the transfer process has been obtained by subtracting the electrostatic Gibbs free energy calculated by the Born equation from the total transfer quantities. The positive value of ΔG° supports the view that the transfer of HCl from water to the mixed solvent is not favored. The molality of HCl ranged from 0.0048 to 0.1978 mol kg−1.
THE REVOLUTION IN CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT: A DECADE OF INNOVATIONS IN PROCESS AND PRODUCTS

The explosion of corporate risk management programs in the early 1990s was a hasty and ill-conceived reaction by U.S. corporations to the great “derivatives disasters” of that period. Anxious to avoid the fate of Barings and Procter & Gamble, most top executives were more concerned about crisis management than risk management. Many companies quickly installed (often outrageously priced) value-at-risk (VaR) systems without paying much attention to how such systems fit their specific business requirements. Focused myopically on loss avoidance and technical risk measurement issues, the corporate risk management revolution of the '90s thus got underway in a disorganized, ad hoc fashion, producing a curious amalgam of policies and procedures with no clear link to the corporate mission of maximizing value. But as the risk management revolution unfolded over the last decade, the result has been the “convergence” of different risk management perspectives, processes, and products. The most visible sign of such convergence is a fairly recent development called “alternative risk transfer,” or ART. ART forms consist of the large and growing collection of new risk transfer and financing products now being offered by insurance and reinsurance companies. As just one example, a new class of security known as “contingent capital” gives a company the option over a specified period—say, the next five years—to issue new equity or debt at a pre-negotiated price. And to hold down their cost, such “pre-loss” financing options are typically designed to be “triggered” only when the firm is most likely to need an infusion of new capital to avoid underinvestment or financial distress. But underlying—and to a large extent driving—this convergence of insurance and capital markets is a more fundamental kind of convergence: the integration of risk management with corporate financing decisions. As first corporate finance theorists and now practitioners have come to realize, decisions about a company's optimal capital structure and the design of its securities cannot be made without first taking account of the firm's risks and its opportunities for managing them. Indeed, this article argues that a comprehensive, value-maximizing approach to corporate finance must begin with a risk management strategy that incorporates the full range of available risk management products, including the new risk finance products as well as established risk transfer instruments like interest rate and currency derivatives. The challenge confronting today's CFO is to maximize firm value by choosing the mixture of securities and risk management products and solutions that gives the company access to capital at the lowest possible cost.
Efficient complex matrix multiplication

A well-known algorithm for complex multiplication which requires three real multiplications and five real additions is observed not to require commutativity. The resulting extension of its applicability to complex matrices is examined. The computational savings are shown to approach 1/4. even if a real multiplication is not more computationally costly than a real addition. The computational cost function used is based on the number of equivalent real additions, with every real multiplication counted as equivalent to r real additions. >
Internal-Wave Energy Fluxes on the New Jersey Shelf

Abstract Internal-wave energetics derived from moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations on the New Jersey shelf are described. Horizontal and vertical velocity components from three 40-day ADCP records acquired near the shelf edge south of the Hudson Canyon were bandpass filtered to isolate high-frequency internal waves. In this band (0.5–7.5 h−1) the vertical component of velocity is significant and is integrated to yield elevation anomaly. Using the ADCP data with buoyancy frequency profiles from nearby CTD station data, kinetic energy (KE), baroclinic potential energy (PE), and energy flux were calculated. Results show depth-averaged KE and PE are nearly equal and of order 10−3 J kg−1, and there are significant northwestward fluxes, generally parallel to the bathymetry gradient, during most of the record, with depth-integrated magnitudes sometimes exceeding 100 W m−1. Vertical energy fluxes are small relative to horizontal fluxes. Vertical profiles of time-averaged flux suggest a do...
Up and out: scaling formal analysis using model-based development and architecture modeling

Systems are naturally constructed in hierarchies in which design choices made at higher levels of abstraction ``flow down'' to requirements on system components at lower levels of abstraction. Thus, whether an aspect of the system is a design choice or a requirement depends largely on one's vantage point within the hierarchy of system components. Furthermore, systems are often constructed middle-out rather than top-down; compatibility with existing systems and architectures, or availability of specific components influences high-level requirements. We believe that requirements and architectural design should be more closely aligned: that requirements models must account for hierarchical system construction, and that architectural design notations must better support specification of requirements for system components.In this presentation, I describe tools supporting iterative development of architecture and verification based on software models. We represent the hierarchical composition of the system in the Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL), and use an extension to the AADL language to describe requirements at different levels of abstraction for compositional verification. To describe and verify component-level behavior, we use Simulink and Stateflow and multiple analysis tools.
Revisiting CGNet Swara and its impact in rural India

CGNet Swara is a voice-based platform for citizen journalism, launched in rural India in 2010. Since then, CGNet Swara has logged over 575,000 phone calls, over 6,900 published stories, and 287 reports of specific problems that were solved via the system. In this paper, we characterize the ongoing impact of CGNet Swara using a mixed-methods approach that includes 70 interviews with contributors, listeners, moderators, journalists, officials, and other actors. Our analysis also draws on the content of published posts, two focus groups, and a 9-day field immersion. Our results highlight personal narratives of the transformative benefits CGNet Swara has brought to rural communities. While the resolution of grievances is the most visible impact, we also uncover a diverse portfolio of other impacts connected to contributing and listening to the platform, as well as opportunities to further enhance impact. Our work contributes to the dialogue surrounding the impact of ICTD projects, especially those that span multiple years.
Conformational Sensitivity of Polyether Macrocycles to Electrostatic Potential: Partial Atomic Charges, Molecular Mechanics, and Conformational Prediction

Molecular recognition (whether by enzymes, the immune system, or chelating ligands) depends critically on molecular conformation. Molecular mechanics predicts energetically favorable molecular conformations by locating low energy conformations using an empirical fit of molecular potential energy as a function of internal coordinates. Molecular mechanics analysis of 18-crown-6 demonstrates that the nonbonded term (primarily the electrostatic part) is the largest contributor to the conformational energy. Nevertheless, common methods of treating the electrostatic interaction for 18-crown-6 yield inconsistent values for conformational energies partly because partial charges assigned to each atom can change with conformation due to through-space inductive effects which are not considered in most molecular mechanics programs. Similar findings from several other groups are reviewed to support our conclusions. We argue for care and caution in predicting conformational preferences of molecules with two or more highly polar atoms. We also discuss the desirability of using an empirical method of partial charge determination such as the charge equilibration algorithm of Rappe and Goddard (or a suitable generalization which includes polarization) as a method of including these effects in molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations.