cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Depression and Warmth During Childhood Predict Age 20 Neural Response to Reward

Objective Early parenting experiences likely shape children's brain development, with consequences potentially extending into adulthood. Parents' affective disorders and expressions of positive affect could exert an influence on affect-related circuitry. The current study evaluated how maternal depression and maternal warmth assessed in early childhood and early adolescence were related to boys' reward function during early adulthood. Method Participants were 120 boys at socioeconomic risk for emotional problems. Mothers' history of depression during the child's lifetime was measured when boys were 42 months old and 10 and 11 years old. Maternal warmth was observed during mother–child interactions at 18 and 24 months and at 10 and 11 years. Results Maternal warmth during early childhood was associated with less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) when anticipating and experiencing reward loss. Maternal warmth during early adolescence was associated with less activation in the mPFC when winning rewards and greater activation in the caudate when experiencing loss. The association between maternal warmth during early childhood and early adolescence and reward function in the striatum and mPFC was stronger for boys exposed to maternal depression relative to boys who were not. Conclusions The experience of warmth and affection from mothers may be a protective factor for reward function in boys exposed to maternal depression, possibly by engaging vulnerable neural reward systems through affiliation.
Compressive Strengths of In-Situ Cured Graphite/Epoxy and Glass/Epoxy Composite Cylinders

In this paper, the compressive strengths of in-situ cured composite rings using a simple mechanical text fixture are presented. Reported results include T300/epoxy as well as E-glass/epoxy hoop-wound composite rings. A J 2 deformation theory of plasticity is employed in the stress analysis of the compliant ring while linear elastic response is assumed for both the composite ring and stainless steel. Two objectives are included in the current study: first is the study of the compressive strengths of hoop wound fiber-reinforced thermoset composite rings made by in-situ curing method and correlate the compressive strength to the processing parameters; second is the quantitative assessment of the effect of residual stresses on the compressive strengths of composite rings. Experimental results indicated that composite ring failed initially by shear mode at the outer surface and propagated through-thickness. The kink band formation, followed by the shear failure, aggregated the failure zone. Finally layer delamination developed and led to a catastrophic failure of specimen. Most of the reported compressive strengths of unidirectional composites are based on unidirectional laminate composites. The current study represents one of the few works involving the composite ring specimens. Experimental results indicated that the compressive strengths of in-situ cured composite rings are very close to the compressive strengths of unidirectional laminates. This indication suggests that in-situ curing method can be used to produce high quality composite structures. Also the compaction pressure is found to have great influence on the measured compressive strength.
Mechanical Damage to the Intervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosus Subjected to Cyclic Tensile Loading

Damage progression in the circumferential direction of the disc annulus is likely to occur in vivo in response to cyclic loading with associated degradation in tensile material properties, yet this information is not available in the literature. We hypothesize that damage of the annulus will be increased by the number of cycles and magnitude of strain applied to the tissue. Therefore, the objective of this study is to obtain a quantitative relationship between number of cycles and magnitude of tensile strain and damage on the annulus fibrosus. Damage to the annulus is assessed through measurement of permanent deformation (% elongation) and peak stress in the tissue under cyclic loading conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
PMR of the self-complementary oligoribonucleotide CpCpGpG

Summary Hydrogen bond resonances in H2O and carbon-bound base proton peaks in D2O are used to monitori the melting of the CpCpGpG helical duplex in 1.0 M NaCl. At O° C in H2O the low field spectrum consists of resonances at 13.18 and 12.45 ppm from DSS due to the hydrogen bonded N-1 protons of the guanosines of the exterior and interior base pairs, respectively. These values are consistent with predictions based on ring current effects expected for an RNA-11 helix. The chemical shifts of the H-8 and H-6 protons of both the interior and exterior bases show highly co-operative melting transitions and exhibit the same midpoint of 51 ± 2° C.
Self-reported health problems and physical symptomatology in adolescent alcohol abusers

Purpose: Few studies have examined the impact of alcohol abuse on the health status of adolescents. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether adolescents with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse differed from controls on the frequency of self-reported health problems, clinical signs and symptoms detected upon clinical examination, and liver injury test results. Methods: Cases were ascertained from in-patient drug and alcohol treatment centers. Age- and sex-matched controls were recruited from community sources. The Health Problems Checklist (HPC) was used to measure self-reported problems; the clinical examination was performed by a physician or a physician's assistant. Results: Alcohol-abusing adolescents reported significantly more physical symptoms than did controls as measured by the HPC. The results of the clinical examination revealed a low prevalence of overt abnormalities in both groups, however, alcohol-abusing adolescents reported a higher frequency of appetite changes, weight loss, eczema, headaches and episodes of loss of consciousness than did controls. As expected, alcohol-abusing adolescents had significantly higher levels of ALT, AST and GGTP as compared to controls. Conclusions: The findings of this study are generalizable only to in-patient adolescent alcohol abusers. In this study, alcohol abuse was also associated frequently with psychiatric disorders, drug abuse, cigarette smoking, and low parental education. Future studies using larger sample sizes should address the importance of social environmental and behavioral variables in moderating the relationship between alcohol abuse and decreased health status in adolescents.
Are mAbs different?: a comment on Cohen and Wilson.

Apart from the nifty science behind their development, are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) different than other new technologies? As highlighted by Cohen and Wilson in their interesting new paper, mAbs are distinctive from most traditional pharmaceuticals in some ways: their relatively high prices; their high costs of development; their mode of administration; the fact that, unlike many other drugs, they offer disease modification not simply symptomatic relief; the frequency of supplemental indications and off-label use – much of it recognized in drug compendia and reimbursable; and the lack of a clear pathway for their generic substitution.
Correlations between Homeostasis and Genetic Robustness in Enzymatic Networks

The evolutionary fitness of an organism, a unitary concept, is defined as the likelihood that the lineage of that organism survives. A priori, this fitness requires that the organism can adapt to external/non-genetic perturbations (homeostasis) and that the transmitted genotype is robust to internal/genetic changes (genetic robustness) so as to preserve the success of the progenitor phenotype. Biologically and mathematically, a priori, these two concepts are unrelated: Homeostasis is a dynamic property and is a direct product of natural selection. Genetic robustness is a static property that is unnecessary for homeostasis. It is, however, essential for evolution to occur and seems to coexist with homeostasis in many biological processes. Despite its central role in the evolutionary process, the rationale for selection for genetic robustness is still controversial. It has been suggested that genetic robustness is a by-product of homeostasis but the origins of this putative relationship have never been investigated in a general theoretical context.Here, we find a strong statistical correlation between adaptive homeostasis and genetic robustness in N-node enzymatic networks, providing a foundation for the unitary character of evolutionary fitness. We investigate the scaling properties of these networks and extract topological motifs that are necessary and/or sufficient to achieve adaptive homeostasis and/or genetic robustness. Furthermore, we map out the robustness/homeostasis space of these topologies. This correlation and the identification of design principles renders the deciphering and reconstruction of complex biological networks more feasible as we narrow down the search space for possible design principles in biology.
Duration of α1‐antichymotrypsin gene activation by interleukin‐1 is determined by efficiency of inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα resynthesis in primary human astrocytes

Expression of alpha1antichymotrypsin (ACT) is significantly activated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) in human astrocytes; however, it is barely affected by IL-1 in hepatocytes. This tissue-specific regulation depends upon an enhancer that contains both nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activating protein 1 (AP-1) elements, and is also observed for an NF-kappaB reporter but not for an AP-1 reporter. We found efficient activation of NF-kappaB binding in both cell types; however, this binding was persistent in glial cells and only transient in hepatocytes. IL-1-activated NF-kappaB complexes consisted of p65 and p50, with p65 transiently phosphorylated on serine 536 in glial cells whereas more persistently in hepatic cells. Overexpression of p65 or constitutively active IKKbeta (inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase beta) resulted in an efficient activation of the ACT reporter in hepatic cells, indicating that a specific mechanism exists in these cells terminating IL-1 signaling. IL-1 effectively induced the degradation of inhibitor of NF-kappaBalpha (IkBalpha) and IkBepsilon in both cell types but IkBbeta was not affected. However, IkBalpha was resynthesized much more rapidly in hepatic cells in comparison to glial cells. In addition, the initial levels of IkBalpha were much lower in glial cells. We propose that the tissue-specific regulation of the ACT gene expression by IL-1 is determined by different efficiencies of IkBalpha resynthesis in glial and hepatic cells.
Effects of prolonged illumination on the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract In the last few years, light-induced changes have been observed in many of the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). This article reviews the light-induced effects in properties such as conductivity, photoconductivity, photoluminescence, electron spin density, density of gap states, diffusion length, optical absorption and photovoltaic performance. Some of the experimental results indicate that more than one type of metastable center is operative in a-Si:H. We discuss several proposed models for these centers and also suggest some new models.
Postmenarchal development of chylous ascites in acrocephalosyndactyly with congenital lymphatic dysplasia

Abstract Background: Acrocephalosyndactyly is a syndrome characterized by congenital malformation of the skull with craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, and symmetrical webbed fusion of the fingers and toes. We describe a possible pathophysiologic mechanism for chylous ascites that developed several months after menarche in a woman with acrocephalosyndactyly and congenital lymphatic dysplasia. Case: A 25-year-old nulligravid woman with acrocephalosyndactyly, at 18 months after menarche, developed persistent abdominal distension at age 18 years. Laparoscopy at age 25 years revealed chylous ascites with marked chronic peritoneal inflammation, and lymphatic dysplasia with lymphocysts. With hormone manipulation, the chylous ascites fluctuated. Conclusion: After menarche in a woman with acrocephalosyndactyly, ovarian steroid hormones might have increased lymph production and hydrostatic pressure, causing rupture of congenitally dysplastic lymph vessels resulting in chylous ascites.
Mating without insemination in virgin Aedes aegypti.

Abstract Although the Aedes aegypti female will mate repeatedly soon after emergence, no sperm are transferred during copulation unless the female is 1 to 2 days old. The duration of this refractoriness to insemination varies with the strain of the female, is temperature dependent, and is influenced by a hormone from the corpora allata.
On the Physics of Flow Separation Along a Low Pressure Turbine Blade Under Unsteady Flow Conditions

The present study, which is the first of a series of investigations dealing with specific issues of low pressure turbine (LPT) boundary layer aerodynamics, is aimed at providing detailed unsteady boundary flow information to understand the underlying physics of the inception, onset, and extent of the separation zone. A detailed experimental study on the behavior of the separation zone on the suction surface of a highly loaded LPT-blade under periodic unsteady wake flow is presented. Experimental investigations were performed at Texas A&M Turbomachinery Performance and Flow Research Laboratory using a large-scale unsteady turbine cascade research facility with an integrated wake generator and test section unit. To account for a high flow deflection of LPT-cascades at design and off-design operating points, the entire wake generator and test section unit including the traversing system is designed to allow a precise angle adjustment of the cascade relative to the incoming flow. This is done by a hydraulic platform, which simultaneously lifts and rotates the wake generator and test section unit. The unit is then attached to the tunnel exit nozzle with an angular accuracy of better than 0.05 , which is measured electronically. Utilizing a Reynolds number of 110,000 based on the blade suction surface length and the exit velocity, one steady and two different unsteady inlet flow conditions with the corresponding passing frequencies, wake velocities and turbulence intensities are investigated using hot-wire anemometry. In addition to the unsteady boundary layer measurements, blade surface pressure measurements were performed at Re=50,000, 75,000, 100,000, and 125,000 at one steady and two periodic unsteady inlet flow conditions. Detailed unsteady boundary layer measurement identifies the onset and extent of the separation zone as well as its behavior under unsteady wake flow. The results presented in ensemble-averaged and contour plot forms contribute to understanding the physics of the separation phenomenon under periodic unsteady wake flow. Several physical mechanisms are discussed.
Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis presenting with Sturge-Weber syndrome and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome

Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a rare cutaneous disorder characterized by combination of capillary malformation and other pigmented naevi. Four types and two subtypes have been described where subtype 'a' present only with cutaneous form and subtype 'b' also with systemic association like in Sturge-Weber syndrome or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Hereby, we report a case where our patient presented with port-wine stain, Nevus of Ota, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome; which has made it a rare combination.
Administration of heparin causes in vitro release of non-esterified fatty acids in human plasma

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which in vitro hydrolysis of endogenous triglycerides contributes to the elevated concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) which have been reported after heparin administration. Heparin is known to induce the release of lipases which hydrolyze endogenous substrate both in vivo and in vitro . Four patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization, who routinely receive heparin, were studied. Blood samples were obtained before and at 5 and 30 minutes after an intravenous bolus of heparin (46 U/kg) was administered. Determinations of NEFAs in plasma were carried out immediately and again various times after the samples had incubated at 24°C and at 0°C. In addition, an aliquot of each sample was frozen quickly, stored for 5–7 days, thawed, and incubated at 24°C for 180 minutes. As expected, there were no significant increases after incubation in the concentrations of NEFAs in the samples obtained before heparin administration. In contrast, in the samples obtained after heparin administration, incubation at 24°C produced significant increases in the concentrations of NEFAs. For example, in the plasma samples obtained 5 minutes after administration of heparin, concentrations of NEFAs increased 50, 160 and 300% after 5, 60, and 180 minutes of incubation compared to pre-heparin concentrations. When assayed immediately, the concentrations of NEFAs increased only 15% over pre-heparin concentrations. Incubating the samples at 0°C slowed lipase activity. Freezing the samples stopped the lipase activity; however, when the thawed samples were incubated at 24°C, concentrations of NEFAs continued to rise. This study suggests that much of the reported increases in the in vivo concentrations of NEFAs after administration of heparin may be due to in vitro formation from continued lipase activity on endogenous substrate. Moreover, studies relating increases in the concentrations of NEFAs after administration of heparin to changes in drug binding to plasma proteins should be re-examined for possible in vitro artifacts.
Endoscopic resection of retromaxillary schwannomas

The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed explanation of the anatomical and technical considerations of the endoscopic endonasal approach for the resection of schwannomas located in the retromaxillary space. This approach often requires the establishment of a transmaxillary, transpterygoid corridor to reach the full extent of the retromaxillary space. As schwannomas are often encapsulated, well circumscribed, and peripherally attached to the parent nerve, complete resection is an achievable surgical goal. Although technically challenging, this minimally invasive approach to retromaxillary lesions minimizes facial incisions, displacement of normal tissue, and operative morbidity. Potential complications of the endoscopic approach include synechiae formation, trismus, vascular or nerve injury, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. With a thorough knowledge of the operative technique and anatomical boundaries, the endoscopic endonasal approach is a highly valuable surgical modality for the resection of retromaxillary schwannomas.
Predicting the R/S absolute configuration in asymmetric bifunctional catalysis (ABC)

Abstract A predictive model for assigning the R / S absolute configuration in chiral Lewis base-dependent asymmetric bifunctional catalysis (ABC) has been developed. Chiral Lewis base (LB ∗ )-dependent ABC abolishes the chiral Lewis acid (LA ∗ ) component as the stereochemical determining factor in asymmetric catalysis. By correlating the constant LB ∗ chirality to the facial preference for the LA ∗ -bound carbonyl group for nucleophile delivery, the R / S absolute configuration of the products can be predicted a priori.
Control of abundance of immediate-early mRNA in herpesvirus (pseudorabies)-infected cells.

In cycloheximide-treated cells, transcription of the pseudorabies virus genome is limited to one small region; a similarly restricted transcript can also be detected at very early stages of the normal infective process (Feldman et al., Virology 97, 316–327, 1979). In the present report, we show that immediate-early transcripts synthesized in cycloheximide-treated cells and those synthesized in untreated cells during the earliest stages of infection have similar sedimentation characteristics. Thus, the immediate-early transcripts accumulating in cycloheximide-treated cells are probably very similar to those synthesized during the normal course of infection. Pulse-labeling experiments with nuclear monolayers indicate that between 50 and 90 min postinfection the immediate-early region of the genome is not transcribed. However, by 3 hr postinfection, sequences similar to the immediate-early sequences are again transcribed. The transcripts originating from the region specifying for IE RNA that are synthesized at later times after infection are not transported to the cytoplasm; these transcripts also have higher sedimentation characteristics than do the immediate-early transcripts. Immediate-early RNA accumulating in the cells up to 35 min postinfection is stable during a 1-hr chase in actinomycin D. However, by 60 min postinfection, this RNA has become destabilized and turns over, indicating that an early virus function may be responsible for the destabilization of the immediate-early mRNA. As a whole, these results show that the control of abundance of immediate-early RNA occurs at several levels: (1) transcription, (2) processing (movement to the cytoplasm of the transcripts), and (3) stability.
The Current Status of Rice Paddy Field Excavations in Archaeology

Two formation patterns are recognized archaeologically for surviving rice paddy fields which were covered with soil. The first is the case of flooding: thick alluvial soil covered the fields. The other is volcanic activities, in which volcanic ash exploded over the fields; this pattern is characteristic of Gunma Prefecture. This study is focused on both horizontal analysis, by reconstruction of its distribution pattern by means of micro-geographical method, and vertical analysis by the observation of the cross-cut sections in order to determine their superimposition at each site. To know its distribution over a broad area which was prospected by observing the ground surface, aerial photographs and large-scale maps are helpful. Also, an interdisciplinary approach is especially important for this kind of research.
Point/counter point: the accuracy and feasibility of digital image techniques in the analysis of ceramic thin sections

Digital Imaging Analysis has been proposed as an efficient alternative to traditional petrography for some applications. This paper tests that proposition in the measurement of temper size and abundance in four pottery thin sections from the Pevey Site, Mississippi. The findings of both studies are presented here and the relative merits of the two techniques are evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision, cost, and time.
Comparison of combination and first overtone spectral regions for near-infrared calibration models for glucose and other biomolecules in aqueous solutions.

Partial least squares calibration models are compared for the measurement of glucose, lactate, urea, ascorbate, triacetin, and alanine in aqueous solutions from single-beam spectra collected over the first overtone (6500−5500 cm-1) and the combination (5000−4000 cm-1) regions of the near-infrared spectrum. Spectra are collected under two sets of conditions with one designed for combination spectra and the other designed for first overtone spectra. As part of the optimization of conditions, an exponential function is presented that accurately characterizes the strong dependency between spectral quality and sample thickness. Sample thickness set for the first overtone and combination spectra are 7.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Independent calibration models are established for each solute from both combination and first overtone spectra. Direct comparison reveals superior performance by models generated from combination spectra, particularly for glucose and urea. Standard error of prediction (SEP) values are ...
Development of an XUV-IR free-electron laser user facility for scientific research and industrial applications

Los Alamos has designed and proposes to establish an XUV-IR free-electron laser (FEL) user facility for scientific research and industrial applications based on coherent radiation ranging from soft x rays as short as 1 nm to far-infrared wavelengths as long as 100 micrometers . As the next-generation light source beyond low-emittance storage rings with undulator insertion devices, this proposed national FEL user facility should make available to researchers broadly tunable, picosecond-pulse, coherent radiation with 104 to 107 greater spectral flux and brightness. The facility design is based on two series of FEL oscillators including one regenerative amplifier. The primary series of seven FEL oscillators, driven by a single, 1-GeV rf linac, spans the short-wavelength range from 1 to 600 nm. A second 60-MeV rf linac, synchronized with the first, drives a series of three Vis/IR FEL oscillators to cover the 0.5 to 100-micrometers range. This paper presents the motivation for such a facility arising from its inherently high power per unit bandwidth and its potential use for an array of scientific and industrial applications, describes the facility design, output parameters, and user laboratories, makes comparisons with synchrotron radiation sources, and summarizes recent technical progress that supports the technical feasibility.
A review of primary hyperparathyroidism.

ABSTRACT Primary hyperparathyroidism is the inappropriate secretion of parathyroid hormone and is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. Most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are asymptomatic, and the disease is more common in postmenopausal women than in older men. Primary hyperparathyroidism can be treated with medication and long-term monitoring; however, surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland is the definitive treatment. Rarely occurring, parathyroid crisis must be treated promptly to prevent deleterious effects to the patient. The patient experiencing parathyroid crisis benefits from the infusion nurse's knowledge of drug and fluid therapies and expertise in peripheral access.
The in vitro inhibitory effect of psilocybin and related compounds on human cholinesterases

The comparison of the anticholinesterase activity of psilocybin, bufotenin and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human plasma, red cells and gray matter homogenate indicates that like with LSD and its derivatives, there is no correlation between the in vitro anticholinesterase activity and the hallucinogenic effect of these compounds.
A Relational Perspective on Turnover: Examining Structural, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Predictors

This study examined whether structural, attitudinal, and behavioral variables of a relational nature were predictive of employee turnover. Participants were a sample of 176 health care employees fr...
Both Toffoli and controlled-NOT need little help to do universal quantum computing

What additional gates are needed for a set of classical universal gates to do universal quantum computation? We prove that any single-qubit real gate suffices, except those that preserve the computational basis. The Gottesman-Knill Theorem implies that any quantum circuit involving only the Controlled-NOT and Hadamard gates can be efficiently simulated by a classical circuit. In contrast, we prove that Controlled-NOT plus any single-qubit real gate that does not preserve the computational basis and is not Hadamard (or its like) are universal for quantum computing. Previously only a generic gate, namely a rotation by an angle incommensurate with π, is known to be sufficient in both problems, if only one single-qubit gate is added.
Optimization of the leak conductance in the squid giant axon

We report on a theoretical study showing that the leak conductance density, ${G}_{L}$, in the squid giant axon appears to be optimal for the action potential firing frequency. More precisely, the standard assumption that the leak current is composed of chloride ions leads to the result that the experimental value for ${G}_{L}$ is very close to the optimal value in the Hodgkin-Huxley model, which minimizes the absolute refractory period of the action potential, thereby maximizing the maximum firing frequency under stimulation by sharp, brief input current spikes to one end of the axon. The measured value of ${G}_{L}$ also appears to be close to optimal for the frequency of repetitive firing caused by a constant current input to one end of the axon, especially when temperature variations are taken into account. If, by contrast, the leak current is assumed to be composed of separate voltage-independent sodium and potassium currents, then these optimizations are not observed.
Discrimination of outcomes in a prisoner’s dilemma game

An experiment was conducted to demonstrate that previous research using the PDG has neglected to separate the effects of strategy from the types of outcomes associated with two-person two-choice games, i.e.; whether it be a two-outcome, three-outcome, or standard four-outcome game. The types of outcomes and the contingent strategies of a “dummy” were manipulated. Two strategies were used in the standard PDG four-outcome game, four strategies were varied in the three-outcome game, and one strategy was used in a two-outcome game. Seventy Ss, 10 under each strategy level, were run. A significant difference between the two-outcome game and the three- and four-outcome games on cooperation proportion over 100 iterations of the game was found. No differences were found between strategies within types. It was concluded that experimentation utilizing “dummy” strategy manipulations must not be of such a nature as to confound types of outcomes with the strategy levels. Also, a S’s game behavior does not seem to be sensitive to strategy differences of the “other” player when cooperations over all trials is the dependent variable.
Hemi-bucket-handle tears of the meniscus: appearance on MRI and potential surgical implications

To describe a type of meniscus flap tear resembling a bucket-handle tear, named a “hemi-bucket-handle” tear; to compare its imaging features with those of a typical bucket-handle tear; and to discuss the potential therapeutic implications of distinguishing these two types of tears. Five knee MR examinations were encountered with a type of meniscus tear consisting of a flap of tissue from the undersurface of the meniscus displaced toward the intercondylar notch. A retrospective analysis of 100 MR examinations prospectively interpreted as having bucket-handle type tears yielded 10 additional cases with this type of tear. Cases of hemi-bucket-handle tears were reviewed for tear location and orientation, appearance of the superior articular surface of the meniscus, presence and location of displaced meniscal tissue, and presence of several classic signs of bucket-handle tears. A total of 15/15 tears involved the medial meniscus, had tissue displaced toward the notch, and were mainly horizontal in orientation. The superior surface was intact in 11/15 (73.3%). In 1/15 (6.7%) there was an absent-bow-tie sign; 6/15 (40%) had a double-PCL sign; 14/15 (93.3%) had a double-anterior horn sign. We describe a type of undersurface flap tear, named a hemi-bucket-handle tear, which resembles a bucket-handle tear. Surgeons at our institution feel this tear would likely not heal if repaired given its predominantly horizontal orientation, and additionally speculate the tear could be overlooked at arthroscopy. Thus, we feel it is important to distinguish this type of tear from the typical bucket-handle tear.
Optimal testing for thyroid hormone concentration after treatment with methimazole in healthy and hyperthyroid cats.

Background Methimazole suppresses thyroid hormone synthesis and is commonly used to treat feline hyperthyroidism. The degree of variation in thyroid hormone concentrations 24 hours after administration of methimazole and optimal time for blood sampling to monitor therapeutic efficacy have not been determined. Objective To assess thyroid hormone concentration variation in serum of normal and hyperthyroid cats after administration of methimazole. Animals Four healthy cats and 889 retrospectively acquired feline thyroid hormone profiles. Methods Crossover and retrospective studies. In the crossover study, healthy cats were treated with increasing doses of oral methimazole until steady state of thyroid suppression was achieved. Thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were serially and randomly monitored after methimazole. Paired t-tests and a 3-factor analysis of variance were used to determine differences between thyroid hormone concentrations in treated and untreated cats in the crossover study. Thyroid profiles from methimazole-treated hyperthyroid cats were retrieved from the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health database and reviewed. Linear regression analysis evaluated relationships of dosage (mg/kg), dosing interval (q24h versus q12h), and time after methimazole to all thyroid hormone concentrations. Results All serum concentrations of thyroid hormones were significantly suppressed and TSH was significantly increased for 24 hours after administration of oral methimazole in healthy cats (P Conclusions Timing of blood sampling after oral methimazole administration does not appear to be a significant factor when assessing response to methimazole treatment.
Low-speckle holographic beam shaping of high-coherence EUV sources

This paper describes a method to arbitrarily shape and homogenize high-coherence extreme ultraviolet sources using time-varying holographic optical elements and a scanning subsystem to mitigate speckle. In systems with integration times longer than 100 ms, a speckle contrast below 1% can be achieved.
Laser engineered net shaping for the acquisition of porous and dense structures using nanoparticles

This paper presents a research study on the influence of process parameters to obtain porous and/or dense structures using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS). Laser power, scan speed, hatch/raster spacing and powder feed rate are considered to be the most influential parameters on the structure and mechanical characteristics of materials processed using LENS. Therefore, these parameters have been varied to obtain vital information about the possibilities that the LENS system offers. Influence of process parameters on the structure of the porous structure, density, as well as columnar grain growth has been analysed. It has been verified that laser power and powder feed rate have the largest influence on the hardness of porous samples, while raster spacing in combination with powder feed rate dictate the level of pore connectivity.
R70-34 Unateness Test of a Boolean Function and Two General Synthesis Methods Using Threshold Logic

The problem treated in this paper is that of realizing a Boolean function which is not linearly separable with a network of threshold gates. This problem has been treated by the tree method of Coates and Lewis [1], the geometric methods of Winder [5], and the algebraic methods of Hopcroft and Mattson [3] and Stabler [4] among others. In the above methods, the techniques become computationally impractical for a large number of variables and functions requiring several threshold gates. The method presented in this paper suffers from the same limitations, as well as from the fact that it is based entirely on necessary but not sufficient conditions for linear separability.
Experimental approach to measure the compression of soil around emerging wheat coleoptiles

Abstract Soil compression around coleoptiles and other plant organs, such as roots, has been identified as an important phenomenon in many types of soil-plant studies. Nevertheless, soil compression around coleoptiles, roots and tubers has rarely been quantified due to technical difficulties. Radial compression models predict that soil density or porosity vary exponentially from the surface of expanding cylinders such as coleoptiles growing through soil. In this study, these models were evaluated using image analysis of soil compression around an emerging wheat coleoptile in a heavy clay soil. The results are consistent with exponential models of soil compression around subterranean plant organs such as grass coleoptiles and roots. However, soil compression occurred over a much narrower distance around the coleoptile than has been observed in other studies using sandy or loamy soils. Furthermore, the inner zone of soil next to the coleoptile was not compressed to the same extent as would be predicted by existing models. The soil within 0.3–0.5 mm of the coleoptile (2–3 mm dia) was compressed to a lesser extent than soil 0.3–0.5 to 0.7–0.9 mm from the coleoptile. The expected exponential increase in porosity occurred between 0 and 0.2–0.3 mm and again between ca 0.8 and 1.5mm. This is inconsistent with models which predict that soil compression around roots and other organs reaches a maximum some distance from the root surface and remains at maximum compression from that point to the root surface. These results may have significant implications for studies on rhizosphere organisms and the role of rhizosphere microorganisms in the maintenance of soil structure at the root-soil interface.
Chairman's Summary

The 20th annual Transatlantic Airway Conference (TAC) was aimed at the topic of “Airway Responses to Respiratory Viruses” and was developed with several goals in mind. First, we recognized that, despite the fact that respiratory viral infection is perhaps the most common malady of humankind, there is a great deal more to learn about the pathogenesis of acute and chronic airway disease induced by viral infection. In that regard, discovery on this topic is often left to microbiologists, who focus on the pathogenic determinants of respiratory viruses; infectious disease specialists, who focus on similar issues, often in conjunction with epidemiology; or pathologists, who focus on diagnostic and laboratory medicine issues. We therefore aimed to bring this expertise together with experts in lung disease. Second, there is renewed interest in the subject of emergent diseases with the discovery, just in the past two years, of new and devastating respiratory viral infections. Recent examples include the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and a new strain of avian influenza virus, as well as the newly discovered human metapneumovirus, which can also cause serious disease in the immunocompromised host. Third, there is a new appreciation of the possibility that even transient respiratory viral infections can have long-lasting, if not permanent, effects on the host, resulting in chronic airway disease. In that regard, experimental evidence has been provided to demonstrate a permanent switch to an asthmatic bronchitis phenotype in a susceptible genetic background. Thus, infection with common respiratory viruses may trigger disease itself, not just disease exacerbations. Finally, the world has become more receptive to the possibility of vaccine strategies to combat viral infection. Devastating side effects that developed during the initial application of a killed-virus vaccine to combat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the 1960s are slowly being placed in the context of advances in modern molecular biology. It is now possible to more rapidly and perhaps more intelligently engineer recombinant viruses and corresponding antibodies to those viruses and so facilitate studies aimed at therapeutic development. These approaches are now applicable to acute infections, especially in high-risk populations, and to the occurrence of virus-induced chronic airway disease as well. In view of this background, the TAC was organized to reflect the multidisciplinary approach needed to combat the most common human pathogens. Invited speakers and discussants from North America and Europe (and Australia) had backgrounds in virology, infectious diseases, immunology, genetics, and pathology, as well as in adult and pediatric pulmonary medicine. The articles that accompany this summary were provided by the TAC 2005 speakers and provide detailed examples of these
A Comment on "Elections as Filters"

(A) Term limit advocates are more interested in changing the qualities and attitudinal characteristics of current legislators than they are in ridding legislatures of allegedly incompetent members. (B) Conversely, the most coherent case against term limits rests in a defense of legislative careerism against the possibility of a legislature filled with amateurs (see Mann 1992; Polsby 1993). Quality, as defined by Mondak, and experience, as defined by term limit critics, are not necessarily the same thing. Experience may come with repeated reelection, however, the kind of experience celebrated by term limit critics isn't necessarily reflected in electoral considerations of "quality" as competence and honesty.' (C) The survival theory model is not particularly applicable to legislative elections. Indeed, Mondak's results are entirely predictable and unsurprising given the assumptions utilized therein.
Aromatase Activity in Cultured Human Genital Skin Fibroblasts

Abstract Aromatase activity of human genital skin fibroblasts grown in cell culture was studied using both [1,2,6,7-3H] androstenedione (A) and [1-3H]A as substrates. With the former substrate the generation of [3H]estrogens was determined, whereas with the latter substrate, the formation of [3H]H2O was measured. Our results showed that the release of [3H]H2O from [1-3H]A provides an accurate and sensitive method for determining aromatase activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Because genital skin fibroblasts also possess marked 5αreductase activity, we found that addition of an alternate substrate for 5α-reductase was necessary to prevent shunting of A from the aromatase pathway. Hence, all aromatase assays were carried out in the presence of 5 μM progesterone. Under these experimental conditions, no correlation was found between levels of 5α-reductase and aromatase activities. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of the aromatase in cultured genital skin fibroblasts measured in the presence of A and...
A simple pulsed amplifier controller

As one manufacturer suggests, the results of exceeding either the maximum pulse length or the duty cycle of a given amplifier may be “smokey and costly.” One approach to avoiding this problem is outlined below. We feel this approach is particularly suitable for solid-state spectrometers where very high power radiofrequency is needed (I, 2). Most commercial NMRs include some form of protection, generally both in the software and a fuse in the rf. Modified and homemade spectrometers, however, often require additional protection since provisions for operating continuous wave (cw), which are generally useful for tuning, may have disastrous results if turned on at the wrong times. It seemed wise, therefore, to construct a hardware control circuit for our
Bivariate analysis of indoor radio measurements

We present an analysis, derived from a set of indoor radio measurements, of a bivariate fading process observed by receivers with a given spatial separation. We quantify the structure in the measured complex field distribution in terms of the Ricean K-factor, the joint density functions of the field coefficients, and the spatial correlation function. Our results motivate further measurement-driven studies of bivariate fading processes to enhance wireless propagation models.
Public Housing That Worked: New York in the Twentieth Century by Nicholas Dagen Bloom

Nicholas Dagen Bloom, Public Housing That Worked: New York in the Twentieth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).As Nicholas Dagen Bloom succinctly argues in Public Housin...
Antigenicity of Conjugates of Arsanilic Acid in Inbred Guinea-pigs

RECENT investigations have shown that the genetic constitution of the host is of critical importance as regards the immune response to hapten poly-L-lysine conjugates1,2, random linear copolymers3 and reactivity in certain hyper-sensitivity phenomena such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis4 and thyroiditis5. This information was obtained with guinea-pigs of inbred strains 2 and 13 which had been demonstrated by Bauer in 1958 (ref. 6) to be histocompatible. Investigations on arsanilic acid conjugates of amino-acid polymers7,8 have shown that these conjugates are antigenic in random-bred guinea-pigs. Accordingly, experiments were designed to assess the immune response of the inbred strains 2 and 13 to arsanilic acid conjugates of poly-L-lysine (ars-L) and poly-L-glutamic L-lysine L-tyrosine (ars-GLT).
Design of a multi-kW, 600 GHz, second-harmonic gyrotron

We present a design study of a pulsed 600 GHz gyrotron operating at the second harmonic for a planned experiment based on a 12 T cryogen-free superconducting magnet and a Varian VUW-8010 electron gun. Threshold current studies and multimode simulations indicate that stable single operation at output powers over 10 kW is achievable.
Assessing the prestige of journals in criminal justice: A research note

Abstract This study extends earlier periodical prestige research by determining journal prestige for three criminal justice membership categories and reexamines the emergent rankings, controlling for a potentially salient variable—previous journal publication. Data for the project were derived from questionnaire responses of 1,028 criminal justice educators who were members of either the American Society of Criminology, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, or both associations, via a three-wave mail survey. Generally, the findings demonstrated conflicting or competing professional ideologies operating in assessments of the relative importance of criminal justice publications. Particularly, respondents' subjective evaluations established two relatively divergent stratification systems of journal prestige.
A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: VI. Convergence analysis of the generalized SUPG formulation for linear time-dependent multi-dimensional advective-diffusive systems

Abstract An SUPG-type finite element method for linear symmetric multidimensional advective-diffusive systems is described and analyzed. Optimal and near optimal error estimates are obtained for the complete range of advective-diffusive behavior.
Estimating breast tomosynthesis performance in detection tasks with variable-background phantoms

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) shows potential for improving breast cancer detection. However, this technique has not yet been fully characterized with consideration of the various uncertainties in the imaging chain and optimized with respect to system acquisition parameters. To obtain maximum diagnostic information in DBT, system optimization needs to be performed across a range of patients and acquisition parameters to quantify their impact on tumor detection performance. In addition, a balance must be achieved between x-ray dose and image quality to minimize risk to the patient while maximizing the system's detection performance. To date, researchers have applied a task-based approach to the optimization of DBT with use of mathematical observers for tasks in the signal-known-exactly background-known-exactly (SKE/BKE) and signal-known-exactly background-known statistically (SKE/BKS) paradigms1-3. However, previous observer models provided insufficient treatment of the spatial correlations between multi-angle DBT projections, so we incorporated this correlation information into the modeling methodology. We developed a computational approach that includes three-dimensional variable background phantoms for incorporating background variability, accurate ray-tracing and Poisson distributions for generating noise-free and noisy projections of the phantoms, and a channelized-Hotelling observer4 (CHO) for estimating performance in DBT. We demonstrated our method for a DBT acquisition geometry and calculated the performance of the CHO with Laguerre-Gauss channels as a function of the angular span of the system. Preliminary results indicate that the implementation of a CHO model that incorporates correlations between multi-angle projections gives different performance predictions than a CHO model that ignores multi-angle correlations. With improvement of the observer design, we anticipate more accurate investigations into the impact of multi-angle correlations and background variability on the performance of DBT.