cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to the Treatment of Early Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma with a Mitoxantrone-Based Regimen Followed by Involved Field Radiotherapy: A 12 Year Follow up

Abstract Abstract 4901 Early stage Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) has been conventionally treated with radiotherapy alone or abbreviated chemotherapy along with involved field radiation therapy. The role of combined modality therapy was investigated to study the favorable effects of lower doses of radiation on acute and long term toxicities without compromising response and cure rates. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of combined chemotherapy, which incorporated mitoxantrone in place of doxorubicin and dexamethasone in place of dacarbazine, and involved field radiation therapy in patients with early stage, non-bulky (I and II) HL. The patients enrolled in this trial were originally enrolled in 1997–2002 and treated with 4 cycles of chemotherapy with mitoxantrone 6 mg/m2 IV, vinblastine 5 mg/m2 IV, bleomycin 5 units/m2 on day 1 and day 15, and dexamethasone 6 mg/m2 PO on days 1–5 and days 15–19 on a 28 day cycle (MBVD). Restaging was done following 4 cycles of chemotherapy. Subsequently patients received involved field radiation with total dose of 30 Gy at 150 cGy per fraction. Patients were followed for response, duration, toxicity and survival. Results: 15 patients were enrolled, 10 were evaluable. All completed treatment. 7 patients were stage II and 3 were stage I at diagnosis. 4 were males and 6 were females between the ages of 20 to 52 years with a median age 33.5 years. Following completion of treatment with chemotherapy and radiation, 8 patients achieved a complete response and 2 patients remained in partial remission. Duration of response in patients in follow up ranged between 9 and 149 months with a median of 75 months. 2 relapses occurred at 8 and 23 months with increase in size of the mediastinal lymph nodes. 7/10 patients experienced grade 1 toxicities which included anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, GI upset or cardiomyopathy. 4/10 patients experienced grade 2 toxicities. 2/10 patients had grade 3 toxicities with severe neutropenia. All patients experienced grade 1 skin changes following radiation. One patient's left ventricle ejection fraction decreased from 65% to 52% following therapy. At last follow up, 9/10 patients were alive with 9/10 patients still in remission. 1 patient underwent bone marrow transplant after relapse at 8 months and was lost to follow up. 1 patient experienced recurrence of disease at 23 months and underwent bone marrow transplant at 29 months and was in remission at 73 month follow up. Although the number of patients in this study is small, treatment appears to be well tolerated and acute toxicities less compared to standard therapy with ABVD chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. At last follow up 9/10 are in remission, with 2 patients in remission for 12 years. No patients have experienced MDS or other long term sequelae. Confirmatory studies should be done to determine the safety of the MBVD regimen compared to standard ABVD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Education of Current and Future Providers

What’s so different about older people that they warrant having their own medical specialty? Some healthcare providers argue that older people suffer the same diseases as middle-aged people; they simply have more of them. This approach can lead to over- and underdiagnosis and over- and undertreatment for older adults, since the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases may be different, causing excess burden, morbidity, and mortality.
Shape memory behavior of NiTiHf alloys fabricated by selective laser melting

Abstract This study investigates the high-temperature shape memory behavior of NiTiHf alloys fabricated via selective laser melting process. Specifically, the effects of laser power (100 W and 250 W) on their transformation temperatures, strain, and microstructure were investigated and compared to the ingot. The transformation temperatures of SLM fabricated alloys increased from 150 °C to 350 °C with elevated laser power due to Ni evaporation. The sample fabricated with 100 W showed sharp transformation peaks, good shape memory behavior with recoverable strain of 1.67% and superelasticity. The sample fabricated with 250 W had broad transformation peaks with low recoverable strain of 0.7% during thermal cycling.
Wind Design Procedures for Wood Roof Trusses of Low-Rise Structures

Abstract Wind design procedures for wood roof trusses of low-rise structures are evaluated in this paper using wind tunnel test data and two-dimensional finite-element frame models. The adequacy of...
On the Moral Hazard of Autonomy

This paper describes the concept of moral hazard as applied to technologies that incorporate automation and autonomy. Moral hazard is said to exist when a party to a transaction feels more comfortable taking undue risks because another party will bear the costs if things go badly. As opposed to regular physical hazards, a moral hazard comes from within a person. In this paper, we reveal two categories of moral hazards related to autonomy. The first category of moral hazard occurs when the owner of the autonomy introduces an autonomous system without accepting the full responsibility for improper operation thereby shifting the risks from one party to another party. This category of moral hazard is similar to moral hazards experienced in other industries and can often be addressed through appropriate policy and establishing liability for irresponsible behavior. The issue becomes more complicated in cases where the operator of the autonomy may not have a full understanding of the system behavior. In the second category of moral hazard, risks are shifted from people to autonomy. In this category, the humans in proximity to the autonomous system begin to trust its behavior. Their behavior may change in that they may believe they are more insulated from harm and subsequently exhibit more risky behavior towards increasingly autonomous technologies. Mitigating this type of moral hazard may require the autonomy to possess certain design features to discourage this type of harmful human behavior so that humans do not suffer needlessly in their interactions with autonomous systems by placing inappropriate trust where that trust is neither warranted nor deserved.
First-Principles Insights into Plasmon-Induced Catalysis.

The size- and shape-controlled enhanced optical response of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is referred to as a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). LSPRs result in amplified surface and interpart...
C11Tester: A Race Detector for C/C++ Atomics Technical Report.

Writing correct concurrent code that uses atomics under the C/C++ memory model is extremely difficult. We present C11Tester, a race detector for the C/C++ memory model that can explore executions in a larger fragment of the C/C++ memory model than previous race detector tools. Relative to previous work, C11Tester's larger fragment includes behaviors that are exhibited by ARM processors. C11Tester uses a new constraint-based algorithm to implement modification order that is optimized to allow C11Tester to make decisions in terms of application-visible behaviors. We evaluate C11Tester on several benchmark applications, and compare C11Tester's performance to both tsan11rec, the state of the art tool that controls scheduling for C/C++; and tsan11, the state of the art tool that does not control scheduling.
Victorian Pawnbrokers: Cancerous Worms of Ruin or the Poor Man’s Banker?

Victorian pawnbrokers and policymakers found themselves balancing competing priorities concerning small-time capitalism and financial regulation. Pawnbrokers had long sought societal acceptance as respectable businesspeople, detractors suggested they preyed on the irrational and immoral passions of the ‘degenerate’ poor. Others considered that pawn credit provided security from insufficient and irregular wages and encouraged parliament to free them from heavy-handed regulation. With loan volumes approaching 230 million annually, much was at stake. Whether they liked the industry or not, Parliamentarians of all stripes recognized that the poor had few other borrowing options. Since lawmakers were uninterested in dealing with the root causes of poverty, or offer an alternative lending source, they eased certain regulatory burdens to help ensure a viable and profitable pawnbroking market.
Optimising inventory placement in a two-echelon distribution system with fulfillment-time-dependent demand

We study a two-echelon, single-product fulfillment system where a regional fulfillment center (FC) replenishes multiple independent local distribution center (LDC) orders within an internal committ...
Examining Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Epistemological Beliefs, View about Mathematics, and the Effect of their Prior Mathematics Experience

This study examined preservice elementary teachers' (PETs') epistemological beliefs (EB) and their views about mathematics (VM) and the impact on these parameters by their prior experience in learning mathematics. A total of 541 PETs from an American university completed EB and VM questionnaires. It was found that participants’ EB and the relationship to their VM are different compared to those of other college students or middle/high school students. Participants hold strong beliefs about “how to study” but not “what knowledge is.” Furthermore, the more participants believe that knowledge is constructed by authority and a collection of facts, the more they make efforts to improve their knowledge of mathematics. Concerning their prior mathematics experience, the more mathematics courses they have taken during secondary education, the more developed EB and VM they have, but their prior experience in college mathematics education did not have any significant correlation with their EB and VM.
Structural Imaging in Autism

Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled an explosive phase of macroscopic structural brain research in autism. This chapter reviews structural MRI findings from investigations of brain volume and cortical thickness from early childhood into adulthood. Global and regional brain differences are described, as well as reported gender effects. In many individuals with autism, early total and regional brain overgrowth is found, followed by “normalization” during childhood and adolescence. Regional cortical decline extends through adolescence and into adulthood in some individuals. At all stages of development, total brain changes and functional differences between individuals are important for the interpretation of structural findings. The improvement of structural MRI techniques and combination of multimodal imaging analysis will elucidate the neurobiological correlates of macroscopic findings in the disorder.
Reinventing Regulation of Agriculture: Alternative Performance Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are point sources of pollution and require Clean Water Act permits. The 2003 regulations allow Large CAFOs to propose alternative performance standards (APS) that offer equivalent or better environmental performance than the baseline technology. Principal obstacles to APS success include the complexities of demonstrating superior performance, cost uncertainties for obtaining approval, CAFO risks of participation, inter- and intra-organizational barriers of permitting agencies, and potential lawsuits brought by environmental groups. Despite obstacles, APS offers potential for technology innovations and reduced environmental compliance costs.
Enhanced Gauge Symmetry in M-Theory

In this article we examine some points in the moduli space of M-Theory at which there arise enhanced gauge symmetries. In particular, we examine the ``trivial" points of enhanced gauge symmetry in the moduli space of M-Theory on $S^{ 1 } \times S^{ 1 } / { \bf Z }_{ 2 }$ as well as the points of enhanced gauge symmetry in the moduli space of M-Theory on $ K3 $ and those in the moduli space of M-Theory on $T^{5}/{\bf Z}_{2} \times S^{1}$. Also, we employ the above enhanced gauge symmetries to derive the existence of some points of enhanced gauge symmetry in the moduli space of the Type IIA string theory.
Bacterial Degradation of Biotin ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF d-ALLOBISNORBIOTIN

Abstract A new catabolite with a two-carbon shorter side chain and a trans-ureido ring, d-allobisnorbiotin, has been isolated from the culture filtrates of a pseudomonad grown on double-labeled d-biotin. Most of the original ureido carbonyl 14C of biotin has been lost but 3H in the thiolane ring and the side chain portion is retained in the catabolite. Maximal amounts of d-allobisnorbiotin are formed under conditions for bacterial growth where aeration is limited. Formation of this catabolite must occur from the level of bisnorbiotin by way of cleavage of the cis-ureido ring at the bridgehead carbon opposite the side chain, followed by decarbamylation and recarbamylation to form the trans isomer.
Convergence analysis of the thermal discrete dipole approximation.

The thermal discrete dipole approximation (T-DDA) is a numerical approach for modeling near-field radiative heat transfer in complex three-dimensional geometries. In this work, the convergence of the T-DDA is investigated by comparison against the exact results for two spheres separated by a vacuum gap. The error associated with the T-DDA is reported for various sphere sizes, refractive indices, and vacuum gap thicknesses. The results reveal that for a fixed number of subvolumes, the accuracy of the T-DDA degrades as the refractive index and the sphere diameter to gap ratio increase. A converging trend is observed as the number of subvolumes increases. The large computational requirements associated with increasing the number of subvolumes, and the shape error induced by large sphere diameter to gap ratios, are mitigated by using a nonuniform discretization scheme. Nonuniform discretization is shown to significantly accelerate the convergence of the T-DDA, and is thus recommended for near-field thermal radiation simulations. Errors less than 5% are obtained in 74% of the cases studied by using up to 82 712 subvolumes. Additionally, the convergence analysis demonstrates that the T-DDA is very accurate when dealing with surface polariton resonant modes dominating radiative heat transfer in the near field.
Using Empirical Research to Design Government Citizen Participation Processes: A Case Study of Citizens' Roles in Environmental Compliance and Enforcement

This paper explores citizen perspectives about different types of participation mechanisms. An enormous number and variety of citizen participation mechanisms exist, in domestic and global governance. In recent years, support for citizen engagement has made creation of new hybrid approaches a regular feature of the governance landscape. Our hope is that enhanced understanding of citizen preferences for different types of participation processes will lead to improved design of such mechanisms. The paper uses an empirical approach to focus on currently available citizen participation mechanisms in the field of environmental regulation. Through a questionnaire, we asked environmental activists about their preferences among different participation mechanisms, and about their preferences among different features of those mechanisms. We used insights from the procedural and distributive justice literatures in developing our menu of possible process features. The most important finding from the questionnaire responses is that context seems to be a key determinant of participant preferences. Offered a menu of eleven process choices for participating in situations involving non-compliance with the environmental laws, respondents preferred different processes depending on the situation involved. Similarly, respondents, when asked specific questions about two procedures, citizen suits under the federal environmental laws and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation's (CEC's) citizen submissions process, preferred the different procedures for different reasons. These responses highlight the need for more detailed exploration of the importance of context in process design; prospective process participants appear to prefer different types of processes, and different features, in different contexts. Consistent with earlier work in different arenas, our respondents also valued procedural justice features of processes (fairness, neutrality, etc.) in addition to considering distributive justice (e.g., the likelihood of a successful outcome) in assigning preferences among process options. Our fundamental argument is that this empirical governance approach (notably, using empirical research as a guide to designing legal procedures) is applicable throughout the realm of environmental use conflicts; more broadly, beyond this area of practice, it is a model, in our view, that will yield helpful insights for increasing citizen participation in procedures intended to promote such participation.
Mechanism of cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis in a cell-free system prepared from rat liver.

Sites of cycloheximide action on protein synthesis were examined using a cell-free system prepared from rat liver. If all amino acids or aminoacyl transfer RNA were present at the start of incubation, the system appeared to incorporate 14C-leucine mainly by elongation of peptide chains. Under these conditions, high dose levels of cycloheximide were necessary in order to inhibit incorporation extensively. The inhibition could be prevented by raising the glutathione content of the reaction mixture, and particularly by preliminary incubation of a mixture of transferase I and II with high concentrations of glutathione before adding these enzymes to the system. Other sulfhydryl compounds were also effective in protecting against cycloheximide. It has been concluded that the inhibitory action of cycloheximide on peptide chain elongation involves inactivation of transferase II, an enzyme known to have a sulfhydryl requirement. High concentrations of glutathione were also found to prevent the inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis caused by streptovitacin A, a derivative of cycloheximide, but not inhibition caused by emetine or sparsomycin. If the protein-synthesizing system was first incubated without amino acids or aminoacyl-tRNA, polysomes present at the start of incubation underwent disaggregation. On addition of amino acids at this point, the polysomes became reaggregated and incorporation of 14C-leucine was stimulated, probably by a process involving chain initiation. The response of polysome aggregation and coincident 14C-leucine uptake could be inhibited by low doses of cycloheximide. Furthermore, this inhibitory action of cycloheximide could not be prevented by raising the glutathione content of the medium. This suggests that the action of cycloheximide on polysome aggregation differs from its effect on peptide chain elongation.
Convexity and optimization of condense discrete functions

A function with one integer variable is defined to be integer convex by Fox [3] and Denardo [1] if its second forward differences are positive. In this paper, condense discrete convexity of nonlinear discrete multivariable functions with their corresponding Hessian matrices is introduced which is a generalization of the integer convexity definition of Fox [3] and Denardo [1] to higher dimensional space Zn. In addition, optimization results are proven for C1 condense discrete convex functions assuming that the given condense discrete convex function is C1. Yuceer [17] proves convexity results for a certain class of discrete convex functions and shows that the restriction of the adaptation of Rosenbrook's function from real variables to discrete variables does not yield a discretely convex function. Here it is shown that the adaptation of Rosenbrook's function considered in [17] is a condense discrete convex function where the set of local minimums is also the the set of global minimums.
Electron transport dependence on target surface conditions and laser spot shape

The interaction of intense short pulse radiation with thick Al foils is studied as a function of the absorption region density profile and the laser spot shape. Absorption of the light generates relativistic hot electrons near the critical surface. When the density profile is steep with micron scale lengths, and a small spot (8 μm FWHM) the hot electrons are retained near the surface while undergoing strong lateral surface transport through intense thermoelectric magnetic fields. Alternatively, with mild, ∼30 μm, scale length initial profiles the light beam bores a hole in the corona, wraps it with B-field, extinguishes the lateral hot electron flow, and sends a reduced fraction of hot electrons forward in filaments. Finally, broadening the spot to 40 μm and totally flattening it gives strong forward-directed hot electron penetration, which, if achievable, could serve effectively for Fast Ignition and radiography.
Long-term testing in a short-term world

Accelerated stress testing reduces the time required to test a system but can be hard to apply to functions running on a fixed schedule. This article describes how to accelerate the testing of scheduled functions by triggering them through automated tests, either by periodically advancing the system clock or through a programmatic event interface. With this method, the accelerated stress tests don't distort the system's operational profile.
MRI of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in Cerebral Ischemia

Quantitative measurement of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability using MRI and its application to cerebral ischemia are reviewed. Measurement of BBB permeability using MRI has been employed to evaluate ischemic damage during acute and subacute phases of stroke and to predict hemorrhagic transformation. There is also an emerging interest on the development and use of MRI to monitor vascular structural changes and angiogenesis during stroke recovery. In this review, we describe MRI BBB permeability and susceptibility-weighted MRI measurements and its applications to evaluate ischemic damage during the acute and subacute phases of stroke and vascular remodeling during stroke recovery.
Bacteria-immune system interactions. II: Adherence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains to human lymphocytes

Out of twenty-nine strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (A. calcoaceticus) only eight adhered to lymphocytes. The percentage of lymphocytes labeled with bacteria varied from 5 to 70%. Most of the labeled lymphocytes had large numbers of bacteria attached to them. The variation in the percentages of lymphocytes labeled in various individuals was minimal.
Patient Understanding and Impression of Hematology/Oncology Fellows

Abstract Background Hematologists/Oncologists spend years of training in a fellowship program. At academic centers, patients receiving treatment are often seen by fellows. it has not been established what patients understand about fellowship training, therefore the purpose of this study was to explore their understanding and whether they are content with fellows taking part in their care. Methods At West Virginia University/Mary Babb Randolph cancer center, the authors drafted a survey. This anonymous and voluntary survey abstracted basic patient demographic data and experience being cared for by fellows and basic knowledge of a Hematology/Oncology fellowship. Multiple-choice questions were drafted with 4 to 6 answer choices with no option for unknown. Surveys were collected over a 3-week period in July 2012. Patients were surveyed at outpatient appointments, infusion center visits, and laboratory draws. Results Two hundred twenty- six surveys were collected. Statistical analysis was performed and a binomial regression was fit to the data. There is evidence that higher levels of education are more likely to give correct answers ( P = 0.035). Patients who stated that they had not seen a fellow or were unsure whether they had seen a fellow were more likely to select incorrect answers ( P = 0.001). There is no statistical significance differentiating between cancer types in likelihood of getting answers correct. Of those surveyed, 1.77% felt that they completely understand the role of a fellow in their care, whereas 80.45% desired further information about fellows. Only 2.2% disliked having a fellow involved in their care. Conclusions Patients at academic centers being seen by Hematology/Oncology fellows appear to have a lack of knowledge of a fellow's role and background but have a desire to be educated. Educational initiatives can be introduced to teaching institutions to help patients better understand the role of a fellow.
Nonpolar lipid methylation-identification of nonpolar methylated products synthesized by rat basophilic leukemia cells, retina and parotid.

Abstract Incorporation of radioactivity from [ 3 H- or 14 C-methyl]methionine into nonpolar lipids has been investigated in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, retina, and rat parotid gland. These nonpolar methylated lipids were extracted into heptane and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The major methylated nonpolar lipid product in the RBL cells themselves was ubiquinone-9, which accounted for about 90% of the nonpolar lipid and 20–30% of the total radioactive lipid formed. There was a modest increase in the methylation of nonpolar lipids upon stimulation of the RBL cells with IgE and anti-IgE, but the significance of this change is uncertain. In contrast to whole cells, RBL membrane fractions (incubated with [ 3 H-methyl]- S -adenosylmethionine) incorporated radioactivity primarily into fatty acid methyl esters and not ubiquinone. A third product, 2-(methylthio)-benzothiazole, was formed by RBL cells, retina and minced parotid upon incubation in enriched media. This product was formed enzymatically, apparently by the known enzyme S -thiolmethyltransferase, using the thiol substrate which contaminates these media. Evidence suggests that the enzyme may reside, at least in part, on the surface of the cells.
Process Mechanics in Deep Rolling of Magnesium-Calcium (MgCa) Biomaterial

Magnesium-Calcium (MgCa) alloys have received considerable attention recently in medical device manufacturing industry specially in making biodegradable bone implants. Deep rolling (DR) is as a promising manufacturing technique to adjust surface characteristics of implants with the ultimate goal of being able to adjust corrosion rates of MgCa implants. Contact mechanics between rolling ball and the workpiece is essential to understand the DR process. Contact mechanics is further complicated by the normal force reduction due to hydraulic pressure loss at the tip of DR tool, and the penetration depth reduction due to elastic recovery. The measured normal force, in this study, shows maximum 23% reduction compared to theoretical value. The normal force drop is not uniform and increases with increasing applied pressure. A 2D axisymmetric, semi-infinite FEM model is developed and validated to predict the amount of elastic recovery after deep rolling. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the material is simulated using the internal state variable (ISV) plasticity model and implemented in FEM code using a user material subroutine. The simulated dent geometry agrees with the measured ones in terms of profile and depth. Simulation results suggest 8% elastic recovery on average.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Underwater Measurement Techniques Using Low-Power Lasers

Low-power LASERs have been adapted for underwater use in order to solve a variety of measurement problems. Several systems, using HeNe plasma tubes, have been designed to determine range, measure size, and provide visual orientation information for photographic recording systems. Semi-conductor LASERs have been used for precise measurements of optical transmissivity and scatterance of seawater, in-situ. A number of applications will be described and future developments of these techniques will be discussed.
Rapid preparation of short-lived alpha particle emitting radioimmunopharmaceuticals

Alpha emitting radionuclides are of considerable interest for targeted radioimmunotherapy. Generator supplied 213Bi emitting 8.5 MeV alpha particles with a 45.6 min half-life has been conjugated to a monoclonal antibody (HuM195-CHX-A-DTPA) for targeted therapy of leukemia in a clinical trial. The clinical dose preparation of pharmaceutical formulation by a pair of skilled radiochemists took 25 min, which corresponds, to an overall decay loss of 30% of the initial 213Bi activity eluted from the generator. In order to allow more widespread and practical clinical use of targeted 213Bi alpha particle therapy, we developed a new procedure that is simpler, more rapid and adaptable to a hospital pharmacy. The new 10 min process includes a tandem elution and labeling, and an anion exchange column purification method that can be reproducibly used.
Pashtunistan's Future: The Global Executive or a Regional Solution

This note explores the transnational security issues associated with the Pashtunistan region following the withdrawal of NATO from Afghanistan in 2014. More specifically, at a time when this region is at a religious, governance, and globalization crossroads, this note posits that only two alternatives exist for addressing the security situation in this region. First, a global executive, or executives, could use their power to exert transnational security pressure through drone strikes or other pseudo-military alternatives. A second alternative, and one which this note considers much more promising, is the development of a “NATO-like” organization of Muslim nations to assist one another in addressing internal security issues. The note emphasizes that current global trends, particularly in the Muslim world, may create the impetus for such an organization and that the alternative would give rise to a continued unwanted expansion of executive power.
Tidal Transport in the Florida Current and Its Relationship to Tidal Heights and Cable Voltages

Abstract A linear relationship between tidal height (sea level of tidal frequencies) and tidal transport near 27°N in the Straits of Florida is confirmed. Transport estimates from this relationship for the O1 and M2 constituents are compared with those computed from cable voltages across the Florida Current. These estimates are independent in that the weighted tidal height model (tidal-height transport relationship) was developed using collective sets of current meter and velocity profiler data obtained at different times of the year and in different locations. The cable voltages, however, were calibrated using a quasi-synoptic sectional integration of depth-averaged profiler data. Further, a means is suggested by which changes in the cable calibration can be detected.
Improved flow modeling in transient reactor safety analysis computer codes

A method of accounting for fluid-to-fluid shear in between calculational cells over a wide range of flow conditions envisioned in reactor safety studies has been developed such that it may be easily implemented into a computer code such as COBRA-TF for more detailed subchannel analysis. At a given nodal height in the calculational model, equivalent hydraulic diameters are determined for each specific calculational cell using either laminar or turbulent velocity profiles. The velocity profile may be determined from a separate CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, experimental data, or existing semi-empirical relationships. The equivalent hydraulic diameter is then applied to the wall drag force calculation so as to determine the appropriate equivalent fluid-to-fluid shear caused by the wall for each cell based on the input velocity profile. This means of assigning the shear to a specific cell is independent of the actual wetted perimeter and flow area for the calculational cell. The use of this equivalent hydraulic diameter for each cell within a calculational subchannel results in a representative velocity profile which can further increase the accuracy and detail of heat transfer and fluid flow modeling within the subchannel when utilizing a thermal hydraulics systems analysis computer code such as COBRA-TF. Utilizing COBRA-TF with the flow modeling enhancement results in increased accuracy for a coarse-mesh model without the significantly greater computational and time requirements of a full-scale 3D (three-dimensional) transient CFD calculation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Quantification of Entry Phenotypes of Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1 across a Wide Range of CD4 Densities

ABSTRACT Defining a macrophage-tropic phenotype for HIV-1 to assess a role in pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that HIV-1 isolates vary continuously in their ability to enter monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in vitro , and MDMs vary in their ability to support HIV-1 entry. To overcome these limitations, we identified consistent differences in entry phenotypes between five paired blood-derived, T cell-tropic HIV-1 env genes, four of which are CCR5-using (R5) and one of which is CXCR4-using (X4), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived, R5 macrophage-tropic env genes. We performed entry assays using the CD4- and CCR5-inducible Affinofile cell line, expressing a range of CD4 levels that approximates the range from MDMs to CD4 + T cells. The macrophage-tropic viruses were significantly better at infecting cells expressing low levels of CD4 than the T cell-tropic viruses from the same subjects, with the titration of CD4 providing a distinctive and quantitative phenotype. This difference in CD4 utilization was not due to macrophage-tropic viruses being CD4 independent. Furthermore, macrophage-tropic viruses did not differ from paired T cell-tropic viruses in their ability to use low levels of CCR5 ( t paired = −1.39; P = 0.24) or their use of an alternative conformation of CCR5. We also infected MDMs with a panel of viruses and observed that infectivity of each virus differed across four donors and between three preparations from a single donor. We concluded that the evolutionary transition from replication in T cells to that in macrophages involves a phenotypic transition to acquire the ability to infect cells expressing low levels of CD4 and that this phenotype is more reliably measured in Affinofile cells than in macrophages. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 typically infects memory T cells by using CD4 and CCR5 to enter cells. The virus evolves to infect new cell types by changing the coreceptor from CCR5 to CXCR4 to infect naive T cells or adapting to the use of low levels of CD4 to infect macrophages. However, defining the phenotype of macrophage tropism has been difficult due to inherent variability in the use of macrophages generated in culture to support entry of HIV-1. We describe the use of Affinofile cells with inducible and variable levels of CD4 to identify a signature phenotype for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. The ability to define HIV-1 variants that have evolved an entry phenotype that allows more efficient entry into cells with low levels of CD4 sets the stage for a clearer placement of these variants in HIV-associated pathogenesis.
A patient-centered pharmacy services model of HIV patient care in community pharmacy settings: a theoretical and empirical framework.

Abstract Reflecting trends in health care delivery, pharmacy practice has shifted from a drug-specific to a patient-centered model of care, aimed at improving the quality of patient care and reducing health care costs. In this article, we outline a theoretical model of patient-centered pharmacy services (PCPS), based on in-depth, qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of 28 pharmacists providing care to HIV-infected patients in specialty, semispecialty, and nonspecialty pharmacy settings. Data analysis was an interactive process informed by pharmacists' interviews and a review of the general literature on patient centered care, including Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services. Our main finding was that the current models of pharmacy services, including MTM, do not capture the range of pharmacy services in excess of mandated drug dispensing services. In this article, we propose a theoretical PCPS model that reflects the actual services pharmacists provide. The model includes five elements: (1...
Natural Enemies and Their Mortality Rates on Smicronyx fulvus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae

Natural enemies attacking larvae of the red sunflower seed weevil (RSSW), Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, were identified and assessed for host mortality. Nealiolus curculionis (Fitch), Furcifera rufiventris Loew, Thereva candidata Loew, Formica cinera montana Emery, and a fungus, Metarrhizium spp. reduced populations of S. fulvus larvae and pupae in the soil. N. curculionis in the field parasitized 5.4 and 3.1% RSSW larvae in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Ants had predation rates of 4.4 and 4.2%, and therevids had predation rates of 5.1 and 3.1% in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Metarrhizium spp. infected 0.9% RSSW larvae in 1982 and 9.3% in 1983.
Mobility and transverse electric field effects in channel conduction of wrap-around-gate nanowire MOSFETs

The current conduction process through a nanowire wrap-around-gate, /spl sim/50 nm channel diameter, silicon MOSFET has been investigated and compared with a /spl sim/2 /spl mu/m wide slab, /spl sim/200 nm thick silicon (SOI) top-only-gate planar MOSFET with otherwise similar doping profiles, gate length and gate oxide thickness. The experimental characteristics of the nanowire and planar MOSFETs were compared with theoretical simulation results based on semi-empirical carrier mobility models. The SOI nanowire MOS devices were fabricated through interferometric lithography in combination with conventional I-line lithography. A significant increase (/spl sim/3/spl times/) in current density was observed in the nanowire devices compared to the planar devices. A number of parameters such as carrier confinement, effects of parallel and transverse field-dependent mobilities, and carrier scattering due to Coulomb effects, acoustic phonons, impurity doping profile and surface roughness influences the transport process in the channel regions. The electron mobility in the nanochannel increases to /spl sim/1200 cm/sup 2//V s compared to /spl sim/400 cm/sup 2//V s for a wide slab planar device of similar channel length. Experiments also show that the application of the channel potential from three sides in the nanowire structure dramatically improves the subthreshold slope characteristics.
An experimental and kinetic modeling study of propyne oxidation

The oxidation of propyne was studied experimentally in an atmospheric-pressure flow reactor and in laminar premixed flames. Species profiles were obtained for propyne oxidation experiments conducted in the Princeton turbulent flow reactor (PTFR) in the intermediate- to high-temperature range (∼1170 K) for lean, stoichiometric, and rich conditions. Laminar flame speeds of propyne/(18% O 2 in N 2 ) mixtures were determined, over an extensive range of equivalence ratios, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, using the counterflow twin flame configuration. A detailed chemical kinetic model of high-temperature propyne oxidation, consisting of 437 reactions and 69 species, was developed. It is shown that this kinetic model predicts reasonably well the flow-reactor and flame-speed data determined in this study and the shock tube ignition data available in the literature. The remaining uncertainties in the reaction kinetics of propyne oxidation are discussed.
Women and the orthopaedic surgeon. Changing the relationship.

Women are disproportionately disabled by musculoskeletal conditions. For biologic and lifestyle reasons, musculoskeletal health is one of the areas of medicine in which the differences between men and women are most marked. Thus, an approach tailored to women, not just an approach based on what has worked for men, often is needed. How orthopaedists treat women will become an even more pressing issue in the years ahead. Demographic trends predict that the majority of senior citizens will be women in whom chronic conditions frequently involve a musculoskeletal problem. Even at earlier ages, women will present more frequently with musculoskeletal conditions because they participate in a broader range of sports and careers. The current study presents a lengthy list of action items that the orthopaedic surgeon should consider as he or she approaches the treatment of women. Many of these items involve anticipating musculoskeletal problems, and convincing patients to take appropriate preventive steps. Because so many patients are treated by physicians who are not orthopaedists for their musculoskeletal problems, a successful preventative approach presents orthopaedists with the opportunity to win the confidence and respect of a new generation of patients.
Reaction of Woodward's reagent K with pancreatic porcine phospholipase A2: Modification of an essential carboxylate residue

Summary Reaction between N-ethyl-5-isoxazolium-3-sulfonate, a reagent specific for carboxylate residues, and pancreatic porcine phospholipase A 2 results in complete elimination of enzymatic activity. The modification reaction is prevented in presence of hexadecylphosphorylcholine and N-palmitoylaminoethylphosphorylcholine acting as reversible phospholipase A 2 inhibitors. The decrease of enzymatic activity correlates with the modification of a single carboxylate residue. The possible catalytic role of the carboxylate is discussed and a model for the active-site is proposed.
Mechanisms of deformation in high-ductility Ce-containing Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys

Rare-earth-containing Pb-free solders have gained widespread attention due to their superior ductility relative to conventional Pb-free alloys. Our previous work has shown that new Ce-based alloys are also extremely oxidation resistant compared to La or Y-containing alloys. In this paper, we report on a mechanism-based model for the large increases in ductility with small addition of rare-earth element to Sn–3.9Ag–0.7Cu. The mechanisms of ductility enhancement by Ce were observed in a scanning electron microscope, in interrupted shear-tests, where CeSn3 particles served as microscopic fracture and void nucleation sites. Micro-mechanical modeling using the finite-element method was used to examine the plastic strain field in solder affected by the particles. The concentrated deformation band was seen to be disturbed by the particles, resulting in a more uniform deformation pattern with reduced strains and thus enhanced ductility of the lap-sheared joint.
Multiple isoelectric and recognition forms of human β-glucuronidase activity

Abstract Human β-glucuronidase activity can be separated into multiple forms by isoelectric focusing in urea. Liver, placenta, fibroblasts, and blood platelets show different distributions of activity in the pI 5.0–7.5 range. Enzyme from platelets, placenta, or liver, which is recognized and taken up by deficient fibroblasts in culture, falls mainly in the pI 6.0–6.5 range. Even these fractions, which exhibit high uptake, are heterogeneous. When high-uptake material (pI 6.0–6.5) is added to deficient cells in culture, it is taken up and converted to low-uptake material intracellularly.
Shock Therapy and the Market for Foreign Exchange in Russia: Whither Currency Convertibility?

How did Russia's “shock therapy” in 1992 affect the relationship between the official and black market exchange rates? We utilize weekly exchange rate data to gauge the impact on the parallel market premium of the schizophrenic reform efforts adopted in the first year of the transition process. Our analysis indicates that in 1992, attempts to liberalize the foreign currency market did not result in a significant narrowing of the parallel market premium nor in less exchange rate volatility. Moreover, despite declining variability in buy-sell spreads in the official and black markets, mean buy-sell spreads remained much higher in 1992 than in developed countries. We conclude that an important precondition for currency convertibility, an appropriate exchange rate, was not in place at the end of 1992, nor was it in place three years later.
Pressure-induced phase transition in the electronic structure of palladium nitride

We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of the electronic structure and equation of state (EOS) of crystalline ${\text{PdN}}_{2}$. The compound forms above 58 GPa in the pyrite structure and is metastable down to 11 GPa. We show that the EOS cannot be accurately described within either the local density or generalized gradient approximations. The Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional (HSE06), however, provides very good agreement with experimental data. We explain the strong pressure dependence of the Raman intensities in terms of a similar dependence of the calculated band gap, which closes just below 11 GPa. At this pressure, the HSE06 functional predicts a first-order isostructural transition accompanied by a pronounced elastic instability of the longitudinal-acoustic branches that provides the mechanism for the experimentally observed decomposition. Using an extensive Wannier function analysis, we show that the structural transformation is driven by a phase transition of the electronic structure, which is manifested by a discontinuous change in the hybridization between $\text{Pd}\text{ }d$ and $\text{N}\text{ }p$ electrons as well as a conversion from single to triple bonded nitrogen dimers. We argue for the possible existence of a critical point for the isostructural transition, at which massive fluctuations in both the electronic as well as the structural degrees of freedom are expected.
Level-shifted 0.5- mu m BiCMOS circuits

A circuit concept, level shifting, is presented for scaled BiCMOS circuits. A full-swing, ground-level-shifted (FS-GLS) BiCMOS circuit has shown approximately 1.6* speed improvement over a conventional partial-swing BiCMOS circuit, and a 4* better driving capability over a CMOS circuit at 3.3 V. With a high-performance p-n-p device, simulations show that the level-shifted complementary BiCMOS can provide further speed leverage over the BiCMOS circuit with n-p-n only. >
Monte carlo calculations of the conformal charge

The conformal charge is an important quantity which characterizes the nature of the two-dimensional phase transition. We report a first attempt to use a new numerical method to calculate the conformal charge. In this paper, we apply our method to the 2-dimensional,φ 4, continuous-spin Ising model. By varying the parameters in the Hamiltonian, one can change continuously from the known Gaussian limit to the Ising limit. It is well known that the critical points for these two systems are not in the same universality class. We study this behavior for the Gaussian model, the single-well φ4 model, the border model, and the double-wellφ 4 model for a large lattice. Our results, while giving a good general picture, are not so far sufficient to differentiate whether the non-Gaussian cases studied belong to the Ising model universality class or not. Further studies of other lattice sizes should serve to improve greatly our conclusions.