cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Sum Rule for Meson-Baryon Total Cross Sections at High Energy

Assuming that the dominant underlying mechanism of high-energy meson-nucleon elastic scattering is the exchange of $S{U}_{3}$ octet meson states, a new sum rule relating meson-nucleon total cross sections is derived: ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}({K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p)\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}({K}^{+}p)={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}({K}^{\ensuremath{-}}n)\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}({K}^{+}n)+{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p)\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p).$
Pulmonary and Respiratory Function Changes in Survivors of Hyaline-Membrane Disease

With the possibility existing that survivors of the respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn may have lung changes secondary to therapy, chest roentgenograms, PaO 2 and A-a oxygen gradients in 12 selected patients who survived hyaline-membrane disease were observed and measured. Three of four infant survivors had abnormal chest roentgenograms for as long as two years. Abnormally large A-a gradients present at birth became normal by nine months. Five of eight long-term survivors had abnormal chest roentgenograms. This group as a whole had an abnormally low PaO 2 and an increased A-a oxygen gradient. Eight of 14 children born prematurely and who developed retrolental fibroplasia secondary to prolonged oxygen therapy but who had no history of respiratory distress had abnormal chest roentgenograms similar to survivors of hyaline-membrane disease. These similarities suggest that abnormally high inspired oxygen tensions (> 280 mm Hg) cause the long-term changes seen by us in survivors of hyaline-membrane disease.
Women law Professors

Until recently, women were rarely found on the faculties of the nation's law schools. The few who were tended to teach at their alma maters and specialized in only a few subject areas. This article reports the extent to which women have become part of the tenure track faculties of the nation's law schools. The author finds that women have made considerable progress toward becoming tenure track law teachers. She finds, however, that women law professors continue to be academically inbred in disproportionate numbers and overrepresented in some subject areas.
Centrifugal pumping during Czochralski silicon growth with a strong transverse magnetic field

Abstract During Czochralski silicon growth with a strong, uniform, steady, horizontal magnetic field, the melt motion driven by the rotations of the crystal and crucible about their common vertical axix is decoupled from the buoyant and thermocapillary convections. This paper presents numerical predictions of the rotationally driven radial and axial velocities near the crystal-melt interface and near the free surface. The centrifugal force associated with the azimuthal velocity derives the radial motion, while the electromagnetic body force opposes melt motions across magnetic field lines. The extremely non-axisymmetric radial motion involves large velocities parallel to the magnetic field and small velocities perpendicular to it. While the electrical conductivity of the solid crystal is small compared to that of the melt, the radial and axial velocities influenced by the conductive crystal are found to be very different from those for an electrically insulating crystal.
Glucosamine-resistant mutations in yeast affecting the glucose repression sensitivity of electron transport enzymes.

We have isolated two mutant strains, GSAr-4 and GSAr-5, which are able to grow on lactate in the presence of D-glucosamine. The glucosamine-resistant phenotype results from the cooperative effects of mutations in three loci, GAR1, GAR2 and GAR3. Both glucosamine resistant mutant strains were doubly mutant at gar1 gar2 (GSAr-4) or gar1 gar3 (GSAr-5). The mutants were also shown to exhibit glucose repression insensitive synthesis of NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase. Glucose-repressible synthesis of the following enzymes was seen: succinic dehydrogenase, succinic: cytochrome c reductase, maltase (PNPGase), galactokinase, α-galactokinase. The glucose-repression insensitivity segregates in association with the glucosamine resistance.
The evolution of avian parental care.

A stage model traces key behavioural tactics and life–history traits that are involved in the transition from promiscuity with no parental care, the mating system that typifies reptiles, to that typical of most birds, social monogamy with biparental care. In stage I, females assumed increasing parental investment in precocial young, female choice of mates increased, female–biased mating dispersal evolved and population sex ratios became male biased. In stage II, consortships between mating partners allowed males to attract rare social mates, provided a mechanism for paternity assessment and increased female ability to assess mate quality. In stage III, relative female scarcity enabled females to demand parental investment contributions from males having some paternity certainty. This innovation was facilitated by the nature of avian parental care; i.e. most care–giving activities can be adopted in small units. Moreover, the initial cost of care giving to males was small compared with its benefit to females. Males, however, tended to decline to assume non–partitionable, risky, or relatively costly parental activities. In stage IV, altriciality coevolved with increasing biparental care, resulting in social monogamy. Approaches for testing behavioural hypotheses are suggested.
Role of Leukotriene B4 Receptors in the Development of Atherosclerosis: Potential Mechanisms

Objective— Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), a potent leukocyte chemoattractant, is known to promote several inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. We sought to determine mechanisms through which LTB 4 modulates atherosclerosis in cell lines expressing LTB 4 receptors, BLT-1, and in mice deficient in BLT-1 as well as macrophage cell lines derived from BLT-1 +/+ and BLT-1 −/− mice. Methods and Results— Analysis of global changes in gene expression induced by LTB 4 in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) expressing the human BLT-1 showed highest-fold increase in expression of fatty acid translocase/CD36 and the chemokine MCP1/JE/CCL2 , which are critical in atherogenesis. To determine the importance of BLT-1 in atherogenesis, we crossed BLT-1-null mice with apolipoprotein (apo)-E-deficient mice, which develop severe atherosclerosis. Deletion of BLT-1 significantly reduced the lesion formation in apo-E −/− mice only during initiating stages (4 and 8 weeks) but had no effect on the lesion size in mice fed atherogenic diet for 19 weeks. Macrophage cell lines from BLT-1-deficient mice expressed the low-affinity LTB 4 receptor, BLT-2, and exhibited chemotaxis to LTB 4 . Conclusions— The effects of LTB 4 in atherosclerosis are likely mediated through the high-affinity BLT-1 and the low-affinity BLT-2 receptors. LTB 4 promotes atherosclerosis by chemo-attracting monocytes, by providing an amplification loop of monocyte chemotaxis via CCL2 production, and by converting monocytes to foam cells by enhanced expression of CD36 and fatty acid accumulation.
Tensile Stress-Strain Results for 304L and 316L Stainless-Steel Plate at Temperature

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is conducting moderate strain rate (10 to 200 per second) research on stainless steel materials in support of the Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Spent Nuclear Fuel Program (NSNFP). For this research, strain rate effects are characterized by comparison to quasi-static tensile test results. Considerable tensile testing has been conducted resulting in the generation of a large amount of basic material data expressed as engineering and true stress-strain curves. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of quasi-static tensile testing of 304/304L and 316/316L stainless steels in order to add to the existing data pool for these materials and make the data more readily available to other researchers, engineers, and interested parties. Standard tensile testing of round specimens in accordance with ASTM procedure A 370-03a were conducted on 304L and 316L stainless-steel plate materials at temperatures ranging from -20 °F to 600 °F. Two plate thicknesses, eight material heats, and both base and weld metal were tested. Material yield strength, Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, ultimate strain, failure strength and failure strain were determined, engineering and true stress-strain curves to failure were developed, and comparisons to ASME Code minimums were made. The procedures used during testing and the typical results obtained are described in this paper.
Constructing clinical scoring systems to determine the need for an oral glucose tolerance test

We developed a methodology for constructing scoring systems to support bivalent decision making in clinical medicine. Such systems could be of great benefit in forced-choice decision-making situations as well as in triaging, screening, and diagnostic applications. Our methodology combines medical judgment with explicit computer-derived information to identify an optimum parsimonious set of variables for predicting bivalent (2-class) outcomes. It includes a process for using these variables to produce scores for each negative (d=0) and positive (d=1) class entity and for using these scores in decision making. We produced this methodology while attempting to devise a system that determines which African Americans are most likely to be glucose intolerant (i.e. pre-diabetic) and hence would benefit by taking an oral glucose tolerance test. We achieved excellent results as evidenced by ROC plot areas of .85 for men alone and .94 for women alone. We anticipate actual clinical use of the scoring systems that we constructed. We also anticipate constructing and deploying other similar useful clinical decision support systems with our methodology.
Routing with Minimized Slot Misordering for Delay Mitigation in TDMA based Sensor Networks

This paper presents a minimized slot misordered routing (MSMR) technique for end-to-end delay mitigation in sensor networks with TDMA medium access control. MSMR targets delay sensitive and event based sensor network applications such as tactical surveillance, intrusion detection, and industrial process monitoring. Delay reduction in MSMR is accomplished by computing least cost routes with a link cost formulation based on the degree of misordering of the TDMA slots of nodes across a link. It is shown that in large sensor networks with low to moderate event generation rates, the proposed MSMR technique can significantly reduce the end-to-end event reporting delay compared to naive minimum-hop routing. The paper also analyzes the energy-delay tradeoff for MSMR It is demonstrated that due to its larger hop counts, at higher event rates, MSMR may give rise to undesirable queuing effects. To mitigate this, a balanced MSMR protocol that can balance queuing delay and slot misordering delay is also proposed. Results demonstrate that for applications with higher event rates, the Balanced MSMR can achieve better delay performance than MSMR.
Chylomicron-Bound LPS Selectively Inhibits the Hepatocellular Response to Proinflammatory Cytokines

Background/Aims Pretreatment of rodent hepatocytes with chylomicron-bound lipopolysaccharide (CM-LPS) renders these cells unresponsive to subsequent stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines. We sought to test the selectivity of this response. Methods Cellular responses to hypoxia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and heat-shock response, and thermotolerance induced in CM-LPS pretreated hepatocytes were compared with responses in non-pretreated cells. Results CM-LPS inhibited the hepatocellular response to proinflammatory cytokines without affecting the response to the other cellular stressors. It did not affect the response to oxidative stress, as measured by mitochondrial activity after hydrogen peroxide was added, or protein induction before or after stimulation with cobalt chloride. Also, induction of heat shock proteins did not differ between the CM-LPS pretreated cells and non-pretreated cells. CM-LPS did not interfere with the adoption of the thermotolerant phenotype, as shown by similar mitochondrial activity between pretreated and non-pretreated cells. Although stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and actinomycin D increased activity of the apoptotic enzymes, there were no differences between cells pretreated with CM-LPS and non-pretreated hepatocytes. Conclusion When the response to proinflammatory cytokines is inhibited, hepatocellular responses to hypoxia, oxidative stress, heat shock, and apoptosis remain intact after pretreatment with CM-LPS. CM-LPS may have a specific anti-inflammatory effect on hepatocytes.
Nativity is associated with sugar-sweetened beverage and fast-food meal consumption among mexican-origin women in Texas border colonias

Trends of increasing obesity are especially pronounced among Mexican-origin women. There is little understanding of dietary patterns among U.S.- and Mexico-born Mexican-origin individuals residing in new-destination immigrant communities in the United States, especially behaviors related to obesity, such as consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and fast-food meals (FFM). The study used survey data of 599 adult Mexican-origin women from the 610 women who completed the 2009 Colonia Household and Community Food Resource Assessment (C-HCFRA), which was completed in person by trained promotora-researchers in 44 colonias near the Texas border towns of Progreso and La Feria. Data included demographic characteristics (age, education, nativity or country of birth, household income, household composition, and employment status), access to transportation, self-reported height and weight, food and nutrition assistance program participation, and consumption of SSB and FFM. Descriptive statistics were calculated by nativity (U.S.-born vs. Mexico-born); multivariable linear regression models were estimated for correlates of consumption of SSB and FFM. There are three major findings related to nativity. First, U.S.-born women consumed more SSB and FFM than Mexican-born counterparts in the same areas of colonias. Second, in the combined sample and controlling for other population characteristics, being born in Mexico was independently associated with FFM (fewer FFM), but not with SSB. Third, in analyses stratified by nativity, FFM and SSB were associated with each other among both nativity groups. Among Mexico-born women only, age, presence of a child, or being a lone parent was significantly associated with SSB; full-time employment, being a lone parent, and SSB consumption were each independently associated with increased frequency of FFM. Our analyses revealed differences in prevalence and correlates of SSB and FFM based on country of birth. Nativity, as a proxy for acculturation, may indicate the extent that immigrants have adopted behaviors from their new environment. However, nativity could also indicate limited accessibility to resources such as food/nutrition assistance programs, transportation, and proper documentation. Additionally, future research should focus on expanding our understanding of the meaning of nativity among individuals who share common contextual factors, but may have different life course experiences and resources needed to transition into a new place. Additional measures should be considered such as educational and occupational background, migration history, documentation status, and dietary acculturation, which may better explain heterogeneity within Hispanic subgroups.
Influence of impactor operating flow rate on particle size distribution of four jet nebulizers.

When a nebulizer is evaluated by the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI), the flow rate is generally maintained at 28.3 L/min, as recommended by the manufacturer. However, the nebulizer flow rate that a patient inhales is only around 18 L/min. Because the drive flow of a nebulizer is approximately 6–8 L/min, the nebulized drug is mixed with outside air when delivered. Evaluating impactor performance at the 28.3 L/min flow rate is less than ideal because an additional 10 L/min of outside air is mixed with the drug, thereby affecting the drug size distribution and dose before inhalation and deposition in the human lung. In this study we operated the ACI at an 18.0 L/min flow rate to test whether the effect of the changing ambient humidity was being exaggerated by the 28.3 L/min flow rate. The study was carried out at three different relative humidity levels and two different impactor flow rates with four commercially available nebulizers. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and the geometric standard de...
TYPES OF UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS.

Recently certain writers have expressed the belief that chemical reactions are to be explained on the basis of the quantum mechanical resonance phenomenon [2]. There are a large variety of different types of chemical reactions, of different degrees of complication, some of which may be too complicated to treat directly by quantum mechanical methods, but some of which are so simple that they have already been treated in more or less detail on the basis of the new mechanics. In this situation it seems desirable to point out the relations between certain reactions, one of which has been considered on the basis of the quantum mechanics, and the others of which have been treated only by classical or old quantum theory methods. We hope later to consider some of these relations in more detail with a view to seeing whether we can make new inferences (even though they must necessarily be of a preliminary nature) about the more complicated reactions.
Reference Based Fuel Cell Stack Simulator

This paper presents a test system which uses the current and voltage relationship of a single fuel cell or small scale stack as a reference for reproducing the electrical terminals of a full stack. The voltage of the reference cell is measured and amplified by the simulator to the voltage level that would be generated by a large scale fuel cell stack. This scaled voltage can be applied to a realistic load for studying stack / load interactions, stack electro-chemical performance characteristics and cell durability. This reference simulator system provides an alternative in stack / load studies to costly and cumbersome power level fuel cell stacks while providing more realistic results than model-based stack simulators. The simulator system was tested using a single InDEC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) scaled to simulate a 21 cell stack. Data from these tests are included and show good steady-state and dynamic accuracy.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Missing the Point: A Response to Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson

* Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson express a number of criticisms of our article. We deal here with their major critiques rather than with every detail they raise. We begin, though, by noting the several areas of agreement with our position that they express. They agree that younger learners are, generally, slower than older learners in the early stages of L2 learning; that rate differences are not central to arguments for the critical period hypothesis (CPH), although they ignore the fact that they are often cited in support of the critical period (CP); and that the fascinating work of neuroscientists has not yet been brought into direct connection with work assessing language proficiency. Most importantly, they agree with our conclusion that quality of L2 exposure is more important than age of initial exposure in determining outcomes and thus that a focus on age as a key factor in introducing foreign languages is a red herring. We deal, then, with the critiques not in the order of their presentation but in the order of their importance.
Demultiplexers for Nanoelectronics Constructed From Nonlinear Tunneling Resistors

When using linear resistors to implement nanoelectronic resistor-logic demultiplexers, codes can be used to improve the voltage margins of these circuits. However, the resistors which have been fabricated in nanoscale crossbars are observed to be nonlinear in their current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics, showing an exponential dependence of current on voltage; we call these devices tunneling resistors. The introduction of nonlinearity can either improve or degrade the voltage margin of a demultiplexer circuit, depending on the particular code used. Therefore, the criterion for choosing codes must be redefined for demultiplexer circuits built from this type of nonlinear resistor. We show that for well-chosen codes, the nonlinearity of the resistors can be advantageous, producing a better voltage margin than can be achieved with linear resistors
Anti-angiogenesis therapy with bevacizumab for patients with ovarian granulosa cell tumors

Abstract Objective Ovarian granulosa cell tumors tend to respond poorly to chemotherapy. We examined the clinical efficacy of bevacizumab with or without concurrent chemotherapy and evaluated the angiogenic characteristics of these patients' tumors. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients seen at our institution from February 2004 to October 2008 who received bevacizumab for ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. We performed immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 when tissue was available; microvessel density was measured based on CD31 staining. Clinical data were abstracted from a chart review. Results We identified 8 patients who were treated with bevacizumab; 7 had adult granulosa cell tumors and one had a juvenile granulosa cell tumor. All patients had recurrent disease and had been previously treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy (median 3.5 regimens; range, 1–6). One patient had a complete clinical response to bevacizumab therapy, 2 patients had a partial response, 2 patients had stable disease, and 3 patients' disease progressed, yielding a response rate of 38% and a clinical benefit rate of 63%. The median progression-free survival was 7.2 months and overall survival was not reached at a median follow-up of 23.6 months after initiating bevacizumab. VEGF overexpression and microvessel density were associated with poor outcome but sample size was too small to calculate statistical significance. Conclusions Anti-VEGF therapy is highly effective in patients with granulosa cell tumors. Based on our observations, a prospective trial has been initiated using single-agent bevacizumab in patients with recurrent ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors.
Protein-Leaking Membranes for Hemodialysis: A New Class of Membranes in Search of an Application?

A new class of membranes that leak protein has been developed for hemodialysis. These membranes provide greater clearances of low molecular weight proteins and small protein-bound solutes than do conventional high-flux dialysis membranes but at the cost of some albumin loss into the dialysate. Protein-leaking membranes have been used in a small number of clinical trials. The results of these trials suggest that protein-leaking membranes improve anemia correction, decrease plasma total homocysteine concentrations, and reduce plasma concentrations of glycosylated and oxidized proteins. However, it is not clear yet that routine use of protein-leaking membranes is warranted. Specific uremic toxins that are removed by protein-leaking membranes but not conventional high-flux membranes have not been identified. It is also unclear whether protein-leaking membranes offer benefits beyond those obtained with conventional high-flux membranes used in convective therapies, such as hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration. Finally, the amount of albumin loss that can be tolerated by hemodialysis patients in a long-term therapy has yet to be determined. Protein-leaking membranes offer a new approach to improving outcomes in hemodialysis, but whether their benefits will outweigh their disadvantages will require more basic and clinical research.
Genetic markers for ovarian cancer risk: are we close to seeing a clinical impact?

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal of gynecologic malignancies. It is the ninth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the USA, with an estimated 22,000 new cases in 2012; however, it ranks fifth in mortality with approximately 15,500 deaths [1]. The high mortality is attributable to the fact that more than 60% of cases are diagnosed with distant disease, for which the 5-year relative survival rate is only 27% [101]. The late stage at diagnosis and poor survival among the majority of women with ovarian cancer has led to considerable efforts to determine whether earlier detection is a viable strategy for reducing mortality from the disease. Numerous studies have evaluated various modalities, especially CA125 and transvaginal ultrasound, as screening tests for ovarian cancer, but results have not been encouraging. The largest study conducted within the USA, the PLCO Cancer Screening trial, found no evidence that screening women with CA125 and transvaginal ultrasound reduced ovarian cancer mortality [2]. Furthermore, screening was associated with significant harms, with approximately 20 women undergoing surgery for every screen-detected
Fault Tolerant Signal Processing for Masking Transient Errors in VLSI Signal Processors

This paper proposes fault tolerant signal processing strategies for achieving reliable performance in VLSI signal processors that are prone to transient errors due to increasingly smaller feature dimensions and supply voltages. The proposed methods are based on residue number system (RNS) coding, involving either hardware redundancy or multiple execution redundancy (MER) strategies designed to identify and overcome transient errors. RNS techniques provide powerful low-redundancy fault tolerance properties that must be introduced at VLSI design levels, whereas MER strategies generally require higher degrees of redundancy that can be introduced at software programming levels.
Achieving usability through software architectural styles

Design decisions at the architecture level can have far-reaching effects on the qualities of a computer system. Recent developments in software engineering link architectural styles to quality attribute analysis techniques to predict the effects of architectural design decisions on the eventual manifestation of quality. An Attribute-Based Architecture Style (ABAS) is a structured description of a particular software quality attribute, a particular architectural style, and the relevant qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. Thus, it is a description that is meaningful to software engineers as they design or analyze proposed software architectures. We are producing a collection of ABASs that speak to the usability quality attribute. These ABASs will enable software engineers make early architectural design decisions that achieve specific usability functions.
J-Sim: An Integrated Environment for Simulation and Model Checking of Network Protocols

In this paper, we report our work on extending the J-Sim network simulator to be an integrated environment for both simulation and model checking of network protocols. We also present a case study in which we model-checked AODV in J-Sim.
A classification framework for web robots

The behavior of modern web robots varies widely when they crawl for different purposes. In this article, we present a framework to classify these web robots from two orthogonal perspectives, namely, their functionality and the types of resources they consume. Applying the classification framework to a year-long access log from the UConn SoE web server, we present trends that point to significant differences in their crawling behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Relative Roles of Passive Surface Forces and Active Ion Transport in the Modulation of Airway Surface Liquid Volume and Composition

Two hypotheses have been proposed recently that offer different views on the role of airway surface liquid (ASL) in lung defense. The "compositional" hypothesis predicts that ASL [NaCl] is kept low (<50 mM) by passive forces to permit antimicrobial factors to act as a chemical defense. The "volume" hypothesis predicts that ASL volume (height) is regulated isotonically by active ion transport to maintain efficient mechanical mucus clearance as the primary form of lung defense. To compare these hypotheses, we searched for roles for: (1) passive forces (surface tension, ciliary tip capillarity, Donnan, and nonionic osmolytes) in the regulation of ASL composition; and (2) active ion transport in ASL volume regulation. In primary human tracheobronchial cultures, we found no evidence that a low [NaCl] ASL could be produced by passive forces, or that nonionic osmolytes contributed substantially to ASL osmolality. Instead, we found that active ion transport regulated ASL volume (height), and that feedback existed between the ASL and airway epithelia to govern the rate of ion transport and volume absorption. The mucus layer acted as a "reservoir" to buffer periciliary liquid layer height (7 microm) at a level optimal for mucus transport by donating or accepting liquid to or from the periciliary liquid layer, respectively. These data favor the active ion transport/volume model hypothesis to describe ASL physiology.
Design, implementation and analysis of a multimedia conference system using TCP/UDP

It is generally accepted that most of the currently existing transport protocols such as TCP/UDP and OSI transport protocols are not suitable for multimedia conference applications, in which different media services require different service requirements. However, the wide use of these protocols make them attractive to people who are interested in finding the performance of these protocols and quickly bring multimedia to the desktop. The authors present the design, realization and analysis of a multimedia conference system on FDDI using TCP/IP protocols. End-to-end delays and jitters are measured to compare the performances of two architectures: one architecture is based on TCP in which all applications services, interactive video, interactive voice and data, are multiplexed at the application level and transmitted through TCP; the other architecture has interactive video and voice transmitted through UDP and data transmitted through TCP. The authors also present a new way to measure the delay which avoids the frequency synchronization problem. Important aspects of the experience gained from building the software for the multimedia conference are also presented, especially with respect to parallelism within different parts of the software. >
Scalable packet classification using distributed crossproducing of field labels

A wide variety of packet classification algorithms and devices exist in the research literature and commercial market. The existing solutions exploit various design tradeoffs to provide high search rates, power and space efficiency, fast incremental updates, and the ability to scale to large numbers of filters. There remains a need for techniques that achieve a favorable balance among these tradeoffs and scale to support classification on additional fields beyond the standard 5-tuple. We introduce distributed crossproducing of field labels (DCFL), a novel combination of new and existing packet classification techniques that leverages key observations of the structure of real filter sets and takes advantage of the capabilities of modern hardware technology. Using a collection of real and synthetic filter sets, we provide analyses of DCFL performance and resource requirements on filter sets of various sizes and compositions. An optimized implementation of DCFL can provide over 100 million searches per second and storage for over 200 thousand filters in a current generation FPGA or ASIC without the need for external memory devices.
Radiation Climate of Barrow Alaska, 1962–66

Abstract Observations of the radiation climate near Point Barrow, Alaska, were conducted during a five-year period between 1962 and 1966. Data on incoming shortwave radiation, albedo, incoming longwave radiation, and net total radiation are summarized in the form of monthly and annual averages. Due to the prevalence of summer clouds, incident shortwave radiation (Q) reaches a peak in early June with maximum flux values in excess of 50 mW cm−3. Increasing cloud cover throughout the snow-free period results in a distribution for Q which is asymmetric about the summer solstice. Atmospheric transmissivity averages vary between 34% in late summer and 69% in late winter, the annual average being 51%. The albedo regime exhibits four distinctly different parts: 1) a winter stationary period, 2) a spring transitional period, 3) a summer stationary period, and 4) an autumn transitional period. Incoming longwave radiation (E) averages 24 mW cm−2 for the year with a seasonal variation of around 7 mW cm−2 year−1. On a...
Beyond market baskets: generalizing association rules to correlations

One of the most well-studied problems in data mining is mining for association rules in market basket data. Association rules, whose significance is measured via support and confidence, are intended to identify rules of the type, “A customer purchasing item A often also purchases item B.” Motivated by the goal of generalizing beyond market baskets and the association rules used with them, we develop the notion of mining rules that identify correlations (generalizing associations), and we consider both the absence and presence of items as a basis for generating rules. We propose measuring significance of associations via the chi-squared test for correlation from classical statistics. This leads to a measure that is upward closed in the itemset lattice, enabling us to reduce the mining problem to the search for a border between correlated and uncorrelated itemsets in the lattice. We develop pruning strategies and devise an efficient algorithm for the resulting problem. We demonstrate its effectiveness by testing it on census data and finding term dependence in a corpus of text documents, as well as on synthetic data.
Ferro-Electrically Enhanced Proximity Communication.

Capacitively-coupled communication between chips, commonly known as PxC, represents a new class of I-O signaling that offers substantially improved off-chip bandwidth density. However, this form of communication presents a challenge from a packaging perspective, since tight chip alignment tolerances are required to maintain high signal fidelity and avoid cross coupling between neighboring channels. To mitigate the packaging constraints, capacitive coupling between the communication pads can be enhanced with materials that have high dielectric coefficients. Here, ferroelectrics hold promise over contemporary low- and high-k dielectrics, however their processing conditions need to be better understood and the compatibility with CMOS circuitry has to be established during integration with a back end of the line process module. In this paper we present experimental results on microfabrication modules for various families of ferroelectrics when monolithically deposited on Silicon. Additionally, we report their...
Isolated Epileptiform EEG Discharges and Autism

The relationship between EEG abnormalities and neuropsychiatric disorders, and their possible clinical significance are reviewed by an investigator at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, with special attention to the EEG and autism.
An Investigation into Life Support Systems for a Lunar Habitat

Long term human habitation in the lunar environment is extremely difficult because of the many challenges present within the severe local conditions including the deep vacuum, radiation exposure, reduced gravity (1/6 earth), and extreme temperatures. To be habitable, future lunar colonies need to address the basic human survival systems and elements like breathable air, habitat pressure, food, water, waste disposal, energy, transportation, communications, temperature, and radiation protection. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and analysis of the various life support systems needed for lunar habitation and how they can be incorporated into a lunar outpost. The most vital life support issues in the lunar environment consist of isolation and insulation from the exterior atmosphere, temperature regulation, and adequate radiation shielding, most of which are addressed and investigated. These results are presented as the findings from various trade studies that looked at several layers of life support loop closure using the NASA Advanced Life Support Sizing Analysis Tool ( ALSSAT) program. This program provided information on Equivalent System Mass (ESM), actual mass, power, and thermal control requirements for a variety of scenarios. These trade studies examined crew size, habitable volume, and alternative life support technologies in order to determine an optimal (i.e. minimal) ESM for a 180 day stay on the lunar surface.
Intersections of hate: Exploring the transecting dimensions of race, religion, gender, and family in Ku Klux Klan Web sites

ABSTRACTThe United States has a historical legacy of oppression and subjugation spanning an array of social locations, including class, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation and others. Contemporary research has documented a growth in themes of prejudice and racism present in popular media, such as the Internet. This study fills a gap in the literature by exploring Internet manifestations of a social group that has been historically organized around an ideology of intolerance, prejudice, and hatred: The Ku Klux Klan. Findings from an intersectional content analysis of KKK Web sites reveal that prejudice exists on multiple axes of hate. Major themes include emphases on white solidarity, the cult of Aryan Christianity, Aryan Klan masculinity and heteronormative nuclear family values. These dimensions intersect to create a complex picture of the Klan’s self-proclaimed social supremacy. Implications regarding the use of the Internet as a vehicle of hate are considered.
Nominalism, realism and objectivity

I argue that constructive nominalism is preferable to scientific realism. Rather than reflecting without distortion the way the mind-independent world is, theories refract. They provide an understanding of the world as modulated by a particular theory. Truth is defined within a theoretical framework rather than outside of it. This does not undermine objectivity, for an assertion contains a (perhaps tacit) reference to the framework in terms of which its truth is claimed.
The Value of Biosafety Professionals

The life science industry continues to grow in leaps and bounds. Novel biological discoveries occur every day. Although in recent years the dollars spent for federally-funded biological research ha...
Policy and Personalized Oral Health Care

Policy—whether promulgated by government, professions, business, providers, or others—determines priorities and establishes how things are done. When applied to personalized oral healthcare, polices established by these interests may advance or impede application of science to practice with both intended and unintended consequences. Federal science and technology policy will substantially impact how personalized medicine and dentistry are advanced through scientific discovery, how the public gains an understanding of these novel approaches, and how advances in care will be integrated into health insurance coverage. Federal health policy can be expected to accelerate an existing shift from healthcare systems to health-promoting systems with attendant cost and outcome accountability. Financial incentives inherent in such health-promoting systems are intended to engage healthcare providers in mitigating risks and addressing health determinants which can be identified through genetic and epigenetic studies.
Engineered emissivity of textile fabrics by the inclusion of ceramic particles.

Composite textile materials, created from a blend of different fibers, have long been used to engineer the properties and performance of fabrics to combine comfort with functionality, such as to create materials with differing optical properties. Some changes to the optical properties of materials in the infrared are subtle and difficult to measure. We present a measurement technique, experimental apparatus, and associated data analysis procedure for detecting small changes in the emissivity of fabrics in the mid-infrared wavelength range (7.5–14 µm). Using this technique, we demonstrate that the emissivity of polyester fabric can be engineered controllably via the inclusion of ceramic microparticles within the fabric fibers.
Occurrence of isoprenoid alkanes in a Precambrian sediment

Isolation of isoprenoid hydrocarbons from alkane fractions in Precambrian sediment and associated oil seepage
Criticism on the Verge

The tension between thematic, historical, and rhetorical constructions of the politics of romantic writing is nowhere more legible than in Hazlitt’s criticism. Indeed, as we have already glimpsed, even the criticism of apostasy written by such a principled defender of consistency as Hazlitt is not immune to charges of critical apostasy, or what emerges more generically as the apostasy of criticism (arguably the most ineluctable ‘spirit’ of the age). If, as Hazlitt repeatedly claims, ‘literary’ language is susceptible to falling in with power, and if we acknowledge the ‘literariness’ of Hazlitt’s language, then how vulnerable, finally, is Hazlitt’s own discourse to the declensions of apostasy? Subject as it is to a perverse rhetorical determinism – setting itself up, as it were, for a fall – Hazlitt’s later writing betrays a latent rhetoric of falling apropos of the ‘force of language,’ a force which can neither be construed simply as constituting any sort of political dereliction, nor even be defended against by as seemingly vigilant and as avowedly anti-rhetorical a critic as Hazlitt.
Chapter 3 – Interpreting the Physisorption Isotherm

The chapter explains the general form of an isotherm and uses the chi curve, both theoretically and practically, as an analytical standard curve that does not require calibration with the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) theory. Analysis methods that cover most of the practical applications for physisorption and for the analysis of the isotherm of adsorption of one adsorbate help in the extraction of some meaningful quantities from the isotherm are presented in the chapter. The chapter presents a detailed and advanced method for interpreting an isotherm with respect to porosity. Standard isotherms do not yield surface area value by themselves. However, they are probably the most useful method of analysis. The chapter describes the steps followed in the standard curve method and provides tables of a variety of standard isotherms.
Outcomes Among Older Patients Receiving Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators for Secondary Prevention: From the NCDR ICD Registry.

Abstract Background Clinical trials of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death were conducted nearly 2 decades ago and enrolled few older patients. Objectives This study assessed morbidity and mortality of older patients receiving ICDs for secondary prevention in contemporary clinical practice. Methods We identified 12,420 Medicare beneficiaries from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry undergoing first-time secondary prevention ICD implantation between 2006 and 2009 in 956 U.S. hospitals. Risks of death, hospitalization, and admission to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) were assessed over 2 years in age strata (65 to 69, 70 to 74, 75 to 79, and ≥80 years of age) using Medicare claims. The adjusted association between age and outcomes was evaluated using multivariable models. Results The mean age was 75 years at the time of implantation; 25.3% were Conclusions Almost 4 in 5 older patients receiving a secondary prevention ICD survives at least 2 years. High hospitalization and SNF admission rates, particularly among the oldest patients, identify substantial care needs after device implantation.
Detailed modeling of electron emission for transpiration cooling of hypersonic vehicles

Electron transpiration cooling (ETC) is a recently proposed approach to manage the high heating loads experienced at the sharp leading edges of hypersonic vehicles. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to investigate the feasibility of ETC in a hypersonic environment. A modeling approach is presented for ETC, which includes developing the boundary conditions for electron emission from the surface, accounting for the space-charge limit effects of the near-wall plasma sheath. The space-charge limit models are assessed using 1D direct-kinetic plasma sheath simulations, taking into account the thermionically emitted electrons from the surface. The simulations agree well with the space-charge limit theory proposed by Takamura et al. for emitted electrons with a finite temperature, especially at low values of wall bias, which validates the use of the theoretical model for the hypersonic CFD code. The CFD code with the analytical sheath models is then used for a test case typical of a leading edge radius in a hypersonic flight environment. The CFD results show that ETC can lower the surface temperature of sharp leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, especially at higher velocities, due to the increase in ionized species enabling higher electron heat extraction from the surface. The CFD results also show that space-charge limit effects can limit the ETC reduction of surface temperatures, in comparison to thermionic emission assuming no effects of the electric field within the sheath.
Critical Error 12 Not Paying Attention

Since we couldn’t understand what [Oppenheimer] was saying, we watched the cigarette. We were always expecting him to write on the board with it and smoke the chalk, but I don’t think he ever did.
Development and Validation of a Scale Assessing Mental Health Clinicians’ Experiences of Associative Stigma

Objective:Mental health professionals who work with people with serious mental illnesses are believed to experience associative stigma. Evidence suggests that associative stigma could play an important role in the erosion of empathy among professionals; however, no validated measure of the construct currently exists. This study examined the convergent and discriminant validity and factor structure of a new scale assessing the associative stigma experiences of clinicians working with people with serious mental illnesses.Methods:A total of 473 clinicians were recruited from professional associations in the United States and participated in an online study. Participants completed the Clinician Associative Stigma Scale (CASS) and measures of burnout, quality of care, expectations about recovery, and self-efficacy.Results:Associative stigma experiences were commonly endorsed; eight items on the 18-item scale were endorsed as being experienced “sometimes” or “often” by over 50% of the sample. The new measure de...
Distinguishing response to names in Rett and MECP2 Duplication syndrome: An ERP study of auditory social information processing.

Abstract Despite significant advances at the level of basic research, the characterization of higher-level processes in Rett and MECP2 Duplication syndrome remains understudied. In this pilot study, we assessed social-emotional information processing by testing whether children (ages 4–12 years) with Rett (n = 9) and MECP2 Duplication syndrome (n = 7) distinguished their own spoken name from other names. We hypothesized that own and familiar names would elicit more positive parietal P300 responses than unknown names, and that the groups would have different neural responses to these stimuli. The MECP2 Duplication group partially mirrored the parietal responses to own name observed in typically developing participants, and better name discrimination correlated with more adaptive behaviors. Conversely, participants with RTT did not resemble the typical group, and showed greater responses to close other names at frontal/central regions. These results may reflect the different consequences of too much ( MECP2 Duplication) vs. too little (RTT) MeCP2 protein.