cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Li-Ion and Li-O2 Battery Enabled by Oxyhalogen-Sulfur Electrochemistry

Summary The large voltage hysteresis between charge and discharge results in significant energy loss, which hinders practical application of the high-energy Li-O2 battery. Oxyhalogen-sulfur electrochemistry offers a new hybrid Li-ion/Li-O2 battery, where both Li ions and O anions are reversibly stored in the MoS2 structure. A Li2MoO2S2 compound is formed as the main discharge product that has never been previously observed in the literature. The reaction mechanism and the structure of the Li2MoO2S2 are probed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results show that the MoS2 is oxidized during discharge and is recovered during charge. The iodine intermediates play an important role in triggering the sequence of electrochemical and chemical reactions in the cell. The Li2MoO2S2 is isostructural to the Li2MoO4 rather than adopting structures of other known molybdenum oxysulfides.
Natural Diversity: How Taking the Bio- out of Biodiversity Aligns with Conservation Priorities

The concept of biodiversity, I argue, is poorly suited as an indicator of conservation value. An earlier concept, natural diversity, fits the role better. Natural diversity is broader than biodiversity not only in moving beyond taxonomic categories to encompass other patterns in the tapestry of life, but also in including abiotic, but valuable, aspects of nature. It encompasses, for instance, geological curiosities, natural entities of historical and cultural significance, and parts of nature with unique recreational and aesthetic value. It allows us to capture the idea of a diversity of ecosystem services, many of which are abiotic or have significant abiotic components. I make the case that refocusing conservation science around natural diversity retains many of benefits of using biodiversity as an indicator of value, while avoiding many of biodiversity’s shortcomings. In particular, it provides a framework that highlights the conservation value of many biodiversity “coldspots,” avoids the injustice of making conservation primarily the responsibility of the global south/developing world, and fits more neatly with the legal and ethical frameworks used to make conservation decisions in the public sphere.
Tissue is the Issue: Endomyocardial Biopsy Characterization of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Incident Cardiac Amyloidosis

Introduction Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous disease with no proven pharmacologic therapies. Cardiac amyloidosis shares common features of HFpEF, however endomyocardial biopsy data are only available on limited subsets of HFpEF patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively characterize biopsy data for patients referred for HFpEF evaluation. Methods We included patients referred to the Johns Hopkins HFpEF Clinic who underwent right heart catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy. HFpEF diagnosis was based on signs and symptoms of HF, LVEF ≥50%, and at least 2 of the following: 1) structural heart disease by echocardiogram, 2) invasive hemodynamics with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or 3) NT-proBNP >100 pg/mL. We excluded patients with severe valvular heart disease, known infiltrative or restrictive cardiomyopathy, or constrictive pericarditis. We evaluated clinical characteristics, hemodynamics, echocardiography, and histology. Cardiac amyloidosis was diagnosed on Congo red stain if greater than mild deposition was present. Data were analyzed using median tests or Fisher's exact tests. Results Of 108 HFpEF patients, cardiac amyloidosis was diagnosed in 15 patients (14%). Non-amyloid HFpEF patients had high incidence of myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis on endomyocardial biopsy (Figure). HFpEF-Amyloid were older (74y v. 65y, p Conclusions Endomyocardial biopsy diagnosed cardiac amyloidosis in 14% of HFpEF patients not suspected to have amyloidosis, with markedly different characteristics between the subgroups. These findings have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications given recent advances in therapies for cardiac amyloidosis.
Roles of surfactant and polymer in drug release from spray-dried hybrid nanocrystal-amorphous solid dispersions (HyNASDs)

Abstract We prepared hybrid nanocrystal–amorphous solid dispersions (HyNASDs) to enhance the dissolution of a poorly soluble drug, griseofulvin (GF), and elucidated the roles of a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and two polymers, HPC and Soluplus. Wet-milled suspensions containing 1:1 to 1:5 GF:polymer mass ratios, with and without SDS, were spray-dried. HyNASD formation was confirmed via DSC, XRPD, and Raman spectroscopy. In dissolution tests, due to its sub-ambient glass transition temperature, poor miscibility with GF, its inability to inhibit GF recrystallization, HPC provided HyNASDs with low supersaturation capability (≤50%) even at the highest loading (1:5) with/without SDS. Contrarily, owing to its stronger intermolecular interactions–miscibility with GF, and its kinetic solubilization–inhibition of GF recrystallization observed in desupersaturation tests, Soluplus, with SDS, in HyNASDs achieved remarkably high supersaturation (>250%). SDS provided enhanced wettability, allowing for fast supersaturation from Soluplus-based HyNASDs (~300% within 20 min), while higher Soluplus loading led to higher supersaturation.
A time-split finite-volume algorithm for three-dimensional flow-field simulation

A general finite-volume algorithm is developed for solving three-dimensional, time-dependent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations for high Reynolds number flows over an arbitrary geometry. This algorithm adapts MacCormack's (1982) explicit-implicit scheme to a time-split, three-dimensional finite-volume concept in a general coordinate system. It is shown that the thin-layer approximation in all three spatial directions significantly reduces the evaluation of viscous terms and allows the algorithm to solve more complicated geometries with all boundaries in two or all three directions. The calculated results using this method are found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements of a blunt-fin induced shock wave and boundary-layer interaction problems. Observations of the existence of peak pressure, primary horseshoe and secondary vortices, and reversed supersonic zones show that computational fluid dynamics can effectively supplement the wind tunnel tests for aerodynamic design as well as for understanding basic fluid dynamics.
Multi-modal single cell analysis reveals brain immune landscape plasticity during aging and gut microbiota dysbiosis

The brain contains a diverse array of immune cell types. The phenotypic and functional plasticity of brain immune cells collectively contribute to brain tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Immune cell plasticity is profoundly influenced by local tissue microenvironment cues and systemic factors. Yet, the transcriptional mechanism by which systemic stimuli, such as aging and gut microbiota dysbiosis, reshape brain immune cell plasticity and homeostasis has not been fully delineated. Using Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq), we analyzed compositional and transcriptional changes of the brain immune landscape in response to aging and gut dysbiosis. We first examined the discordance between canonical surface marker-defined immune cell types (Cell-ID) and their transcriptome signatures, which suggested transcriptional plasticity among immune cells despite sharing the same cell surface markers. Specifically, inflammatory and patrolling Ly6C+ monocytes were shifted predominantly to a pro-inflammatory transcriptional program in the aged brain, while brain ILCs shifted toward an ILC2 transcriptional profile. Finally, aging led to an increase of ILC-like cells expressing a T memory stemness (Tscm) signature in the brain. Antibiotics (ABX)-induced gut dysbiosis reduced the frequency of ILCs exhibiting Tscm-like properties in the aged mice, but not in the young mice. Enabled by high-resolution single-cell molecular phenotyping, our study revealed that systemic changes due to aging and gut dysbiosis prime the brain environment for an increased propensity for neuroinflammation, which provided insights into gut dysbiosis in age-related neurological diseases. Manuscript SummaryGolomb et al. performed Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) on immune cells from the brains of young and aged mice with and without antibiotics-induced gut dysbiosis. High resolution, single cell immunophenotyping enabled the dissection of extensive transcriptional plasticity of canonically identified monocytes and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the aged brain. Through differential gene expression and trajectory inference analyses, the authors revealed tissue microenvironment-dependent cellular responses influenced by aging and gut dysbiosis that may potentiate neuroinflammatory diseases. Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
Exploring the origin and regulatory role of mast cells in asthma.

Purpose of review Mast cells have previously been thought to function solely as effector cells in asthma but more recent studies have indicated that mast cells may play a more central role in propagating and regulating lower airway inflammation in asthma. Recent findings Initial studies have found increased numbers of mast cell progenitors (MCPs) in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma and these cells could contribute to the increased number of progenitors identified in the airways of patients with asthma. There are unique subpopulations of mast cells within the asthmatic airway, which are characterized by their physical location and distinguished by their expression profile of mast cell proteases. Intraepithelial mast cells are tightly associated with type-2 (T2) inflammation but additional studies have suggested a role for anti-mast cell therapies as a treatment for T2-low asthma. Mast cells have recently been shown to closely communicate with the airway epithelium and airway smooth muscle to regulate lower airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Summary Recent studies have better illuminated the central role of mast cells in regulating lower airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
Risk and ARL Academic Library Policies in Response to COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to examine changes in services offered by academic libraries belonging to the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the 2020–2021 academic year. The study reports on aggregate safety precautions libraries took, based on a corpus of public-facing policies from 112 institutions, but also provides insight into whether political affiliation, library expenditures, and public or private institution status had any bearing on library safety precautions. Findings of interest include (1) library expenditures and public or private institutional status were unrelated to the extent of precautions libraries took to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and (2) academic libraries in states with Republican governors were significantly more likely to employ fewer COVID-19 safety precautions than academic libraries in states with Democratic governors. The article concludes with a discussion of the partisan response to the COVID-19 crisis and provides recommendations for libraries based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Library Administration is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Optimal models for a single-producer multi-buyer integrated system of deteriorating items with raw materials storage costs

Companies link one with another through product flow in a supply chain, so pursuing an optimal integrated production and delivery policy can help them to win from the starting line. In this research, a single-producer multi-buyer integrated model is proposed, in which the producer and all buyers work collaboratively at minimizing their total operation cost. The model is based on the equal replenishments and production cycle assumption; several aspects, as ordering cost reduction, deteriorating, backorder (buyers side), remanufacturing, and raw materials cost (producer side), are considered. The solving algorithm is established and three numerical examples are presented. An analysis is also performed to discuss the sensitivity of some important system parameters.
Structural and Genetic Analysis of Electrostatic and Other Interactions in Bacteriophage T4 Lysozyme

The lysozyme from bacteriophage T4 is being used as a model system to determine the roles of individual amino acids in the folding and stability of a typical globular protein. Such studies can provide quantitative information on the contributions made by different types of interactions including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges and disulphide bridges. To determine the contribution of long-range electrostatic interactions a combination of charge-change mutations was used to reduce the overall formal charge on T4 lysozyme at neutral pH from +9 to +1 units. Such changes in charge were found to have little effect on the stability of the molecule. Salt bridges engineered on the surface of the protein also were found to contribute little to stability. In contrast, the introduction of acidic groups designed to interact with the partial positive charges at the N-termini of alpha-helices consistently increased the stability of the protein. It is argued that this difference between electrostatic salt-bridge interactions and electrostatic 'helix-dipole' interactions lies in the entropic cost of bringing together the interacting partners. In an attempt to simplify the folding problem, and also to further investigate the helix propensity of different amino acids, a series of alanines was introduced within an alpha-helix of T4 lysozyme. The resultant protein not only folds normally but is also more stable than the wild-type enzyme, adding further support to recent evidence that alanine is a helix-favouring amino acid.
Immunopathology of Experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae Disease

Experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the Syrian hamster resembles natural disease of man and is characterized by peribronchial round cells as well as exudates in the air passages. The nature of these intralumenal exudates was analyzed to assess host-parasite interaction at the respiratory epithelial surface, where infection with the mycoplasma is concentrated. Cells recovered by tracheobronchial lavage revealed changing patterns during the course of experimental disease; free macrophages decreased, polymorphonuclear leukocytes increased, and rosettes of epithelial cells surrounded by leukocytes appeared. Studies on formation of the rosettes in vitro with M. pneumoniae, sera, and cells suggested that complement-dependent immune phenomena were involved. The cellular events were maximal by 2 weeks after inoculation of normal hamsters. When previously infected animals were challenged, the course of infection was shortened, peribronchial infiltrates appeared rapidly, and development of exudates was both exaggerated and accelerated. These findings suggest that leukocytes entering the pulmonary parenchyma and lumen participate in the immune response to M. pneumoniae and contribute to host protection.
Lucigenin chemilumiscence and biomolecules

Heparin, a polymer of glucosamien and uronic acids, is subjected to acid hydrolysis to be degraded to disaccharides which are in turn quantified by using a chemilumiscent reaction with lucigenin. The hydrolysis time used was 4 h in 0.25–0.5 M sulfuric acid at 90°C, and the optimum reagent concentrations for the chemiluminescent reaction were 1 mM lucigenin and 0.5 M KOH. The detection limit is 90 μg of heparin and the response is linear up to 10 mg of heparin. The relative standard deviation for the method is 10% with a 4-h hydrolysis and 4% with an 8-h hydrolysis; the relative standard deviation for the measurement step is 2%.
Wage and Salary Surveys

This article describes the procedure known as a “wage and salary survey.” It defines the concept and provides information on a) how such a survey is conducted, b) what data are collected, and c) how these data are combined and interpreted. Keywords: wage and salary survey; benchmark jobs; external pay equity
A Case-Based Reasoning Approach for Associative Query Answering

Traditional DBMS only retrieves data that perfectly match the user query and also requires the user to know the detailed database schema. Often, it is desirable to obtain additional relevant information to a query. In this paper, we present a method to provide useful information to the user that he does not explicitly asked for. Such domain specific knowledge associated to a given query depends on each user's goal and knowledge. Thus, we propose using the Case Based Reasoning paradigm to integrate past user experience and the current goal in order to guide the association. Useful associations are incrementally acquired from observations of past experiences and adapted to answer the current user query. A prototype of the associative query answering system using the proposed method has been implemented on top of the cooperative data-base system, CoBase, at UCLA. Our preliminary experimental results reveal that it is a feasible and scalable method for association control.
Transition metal eight-coordination—V: The liquid ammonia photolysis of ammonium octacyanomolybdate(IV)

Abstract Two observable photolytic intermediates are formed in the liquid ammonia photolysis of (NH 4 ) 4 [Mo(CN) 8 ], in contrast to the photoaquation reaction where only one intermediate can be observed, even though four cyano ligands are displaced in the photolysis. A partially deammonated product (Mo(CN) 4 (NH 3 ) 2 has been isolated from the reaction on a synthetic scale and characterized spectrally and magnetically. Preliminary results with octacyanotungstate(IV) are also noted.
A professional practice component in writing: a simple way to enhance an existing course

The annual survey conducted in 2001 by the National Association of Colleges and Employers showed that employers rank good communication skills (both written and oral) as the most desirable quality in applicants seeking employment [7]. The recently published 2001 ACM/IEEE Computing Curriculum guidelines respond to industry demands by stressing the importance of incorporating "professional practice" components, including coursework focusing on written communication skills, in the undergraduate curriculum [1]. Despite evidence that communication skills are highly valued and professional recommendations to include writing in the computer science curriculum, many computer science faculty members are reluctant to add written components to their courses. This paper describes simple, practical ways of incorporating writing into existing computer science courses. Examples of writing assignments used in a sophomore-level data structures course are provided.
Mobile flight test support

The NASA Dryden Flight Test Center (DFRC) evaluated an optical device used as a visual aid in landing hypervelocity aircraft. Pilot performance in landing an F-104 instrumented with the Research External Vision Device (REVD) at Edwards Air Force Base was characterized by means of precision laser tracking and telemetry of the aircraft state. A self-contained mobile laser tracking system and telemetry acquisition system was designed and configured to provide the required position tracking and telemetry acquisition. Wireless air links providing internet connectivity to the DRFC computer network and automation of initial target acquisition for laser track operation were key factors in the development of a low cost, mobile position tracking and telemetry capability operable by a single person. Mission data support capabilities include real-time laser tracking and correlation with telemetry data; real-time displays; and internet access to all acquired flight test data. >
A Simple Correlation for Incipient-Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation due to a Skewed Shock Wave

References 1 Fingerson, L. M., "A Heat Flux Probe for Transient Measurements in High Temperature Gases," Ph.D. thesis, 1961, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.; also ARS Journal, Vol. 13, No. 11, Nov. 1962, p. 1709. 2 McCroskey, W. J., "Density and Velocity Measurements in HighSpeed Flows," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 9, Sept. 1968, pp. 1805-1808. 3 Horstman, C. C. and Kussoy, M. I, "Hypersonic Viscous Interaction on Slender Cones," AIAA Paper 68-2, New York, 1968. 4 Vas, I. E., "An Experimental Investigation of the Flow About a Slender Cone at Hypersonic Speeds," Ph.D. thesis, 1970, New York Univ., New York. 5 Becker, M., Papanikas, D. G., and Schweiger, G., "Experimental Study of the Flow Field in Front of Hemispheres in the Transition and Shock Formation Regime," presented at the 7th RGDS, July 1970, Deutsche Forschungsurid Versuchsanstalt fur Luftund Raumfahrt, (DFVLR) Porz-Wahn, W. Germany. 6 Harbour, P. J. and Lewis, J. H., "Preliminary Measurements of the Hypersonic Rarefield Flow Field on a Sharp Flat Plate Using an Electron Beam Probe," Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Supp. 4, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 7 Petraites, R. J., "An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Three-Dimensionality on the Flow Over a Flat Plate at M ~ 25," MSE thesis, Aug. 1972, Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J. 8 Dewey, C. F., Jr., "A Correlation of Convective Heat Transfer and Recovery Temperature Data for Cylinders in Compressible Flow," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 8, 1965, pp. 245-252. 9 Rubin, S. G., Rudman, S., Lin, T. C, and Pierucci, M., "Hypersonic Viscous-Inviscid Interaction by a New Type of Analysis," AGARD CP 30, Hypersonic Boundary Layers and Flow Fields, May 1968. 10 Mayne, A. W., Jr., Gilley, G. E., and Lewis, C. H., "Binary Boundary Layers on Sharp Cones in Low-Density Supersonic and Hypersonic Flow," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 699-706.
Supervisor Multicultural Competence

Abstract This article provides information about the intersection of religion, spirituality, and counseling, along with ways in which faculty supervisors can promote multicultural competence in relation to spiritual and religious issues among their student trainees. Furthermore, recommendations for achieving this competence based on existing multicultural counseling competence literature are delineated.
A Multi-Objective, Multi-Criteria Approach to Improve Situational Awareness in Emergency Evacuation Routing Using Mobile Phone Data

Emergency services personnel face risks and uncertainty as they respond to natural and anthropogenic events. Their primary goal is to minimize the loss of life and property, especially in neighborhoods with high population densities, where response time is of great importance. In recent years, mobile phones have become a primary communication device during emergencies. The portability of cell phones and ease of information storage and dissemination has enabled effective implementation of cell phones by first responders and one of the most viable means of communication with the population. Using cellular location data during evacuation planning and response also provides increased awareness to emergency personnel. This article introduces a multi-objective, multi-criteria approach to determining optimum evacuation routes in an urban setting. The first objective is to calculate evacuation routes for individual cell phone locations, minimizing the time it would take for a sample population to evacuate to designated safe zones based on both distance and congestion criteria. The second objective is to maximize coverage of individual cell phone locations, using the criteria of underlying geographic features, distance and congestion. In summary, this article presents a network-based methodology for providing additional analytic support to emergency services personnel for evacuation planning.
Regulating actin-filament dynamics in vivo

The assembly and disassembly (i.e. turnover) of actin filaments in response to extracellular signals underlie a wide variety of basic cellular processes such as cell division, endocytosis and motility. The bulk turnover of subunits is 100-200 times faster in cells than with pure actin, suggesting a complex regulation in vivo. Significant progress has been made recently in identifying and clarifying the roles of several cellular proteins that coordinately regulate actin-filament turnover.
Transient Analysis of the Novel Voltage Divider

A novel switched-capacitor voltage divider was proposed in the previous work. It can achieve 1kW/in3 power density, 98% efficiency and has been demonstrated in system two-stage power architecture for laptop. However, the transient performance of the voltage divider remains unclear. In this paper, the small-signal average model of the voltage divider is presented firstly. It analytically demonstrates that the proposed voltage divider has very small output impedance to achieve excellent load transient performance. Then, the startup and protection problems, which are most frustrating of this circuit, are solved by the proposed methods and verified by experiments.
Beta-adrenergic influence on cardiac dynamics during shock-avoidance in dogs

Abstract The role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the mediation of the cardiodynamic effects of a shock-avoidance task was evaluated in conscious dogs with the cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist practolol. The animals were chronically instrumented for the measurement of peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dt), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and total peripheral resistance (TPR), and were each subjected to brief bouts of shock-avoidance with and without practolol pretreatment (2–4 mg/kg). Shock-avoidance evoked reliable increases of LV dP/dt, HR, CO, SBP and DBP, and decreases of TPR. Beta-adrenergic blockade virtually eliminated LV dP/dt increases, attenuated HR and CO increases as well as the vasodilatation, diminished SBP increases in certain animals but did not affect DBP increases. Stable interindividual differences in the magnitude of LV dP/dt and HR increases during shock-avoidance were demonstrated; these differences were abolished by beta blockade. These findings indicate that a beta-adrenergic mechanism accounted for most of the rise of LV dP/dt during avoidance but contributed proportionally less to the elevations of HR and CO. Inter-individual differences in myocardial reactivity were however completely ascribable to beta-adrenergic factors.
Evidence-Informed Practice: Antidote to Propaganda in the Helping Professions?.

The most concerning issue affecting the quality of practices and policies in the helping professions is the play of propaganda, which misleads us regarding what is a problem, how (or if) it can be detected, its causes, and how (or if) it can be remedied. Propaganda is defined as encouraging beliefs and actions with the least thought possible. Censorship is integral to propaganda including hiding well-argued alternatives and lack of evidence for claims. Evidence-based practice was developed in part because of misleading claims in the professional literature. If propaganda is an integral part of our society, we cannot escape its influence. But we can become aware of it, encouraged by ethical obligations to avoid harming in the name of helping.
Structural Control of Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation EFFECT OF CHEMICAL CHAPERONES ON 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-CoA REDUCTASE

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control pathway destroys misfolded and unassembled proteins in the ER. Most substrates of this ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway are constitutively targeted for destruction through recognition of poorly understood structural hallmarks of misfolding. However, the normal yeast ER membrane protein 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmg2p) undergoes ERAD that is physiologically regulated by sterol pathway signals. We have proposed that Hmg2p ERAD occurs by a regulated transition to an ERAD quality control substrate. Consistent with this, we had previously shown that Hmg2p is strongly stabilized by chemical chaperones such as glycerol, which stabilize misfolded proteins. To understand the features of Hmg2p that permit regulated ERAD, we have thoroughly characterized the effects of chemical chaperones on Hmg2p. These agents caused a reversible, immediate, direct change in Hmg2p degradation consistent with an effect on Hmg2p structure. We devised an in vitro limited proteolysis assay of Hmg2p in its native membranes. In vitro, chemical chaperones caused a dramatic, rapid change in Hmg2p structure to a less accessible form. As in the living cell, the in vitro action of chemical chaperones was highly specific for Hmg2p and completely reversible. To evaluate the physiological relevance of this model behavior, we used the limited proteolysis assay to examine the effects of changing in vivo degradation signals on Hmg2p structure. We found that changes similar to those observed with chemical chaperones were brought about by alteration of natural degradation signal. Thus, Hmg2p can undergo significant, reversible structural changes that are relevant to the physiological control of Hmg2p ERAD. These findings support the idea that Hmg2p regulation is brought about by regulated alteration of folding state. Considering the ubiquitous nature of quality control pathways in biology, it may be that this strategy of regulation is widespread.
Progression of Ocular Melanoma Metastasis to the Liver: The 2012 Zimmerman Lecture

Importance To the best of my knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time small, apparently dormant micrometastasis in the liver of patients with uveal melanoma. Objective To evaluate the histological and immunohistochemical findings in metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver. Design Samples of liver were obtained at autopsy from patients who died of metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver. Setting L. F. Montgomery Laboratory, Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Participants A total of 10 patients who died of metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver. Intervention Sections of the liver were examined with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid–Schiff, Masson trichrome, or reticulin stains. Main Outcome Measures The tumors' morphology, growth pattern, mean vascular density, and mitotic index were determined with the aid of immunohistochemical stains for S100, HMB45, CD31, and Ki67. Results Stage 1 metastases (defined as tumor clusters ≤50 μm in diameter) were identified in the sinusoidal spaces of 9 of 10 patients (90%). Stage 1 metastases were avascular and lacked mitotic activity. Stage 2 metastases (defined as tumors measuring 51-500 μm in diameter) and stage 3 metastases (defined as tumors measuring >500 μm in diameter) were found in all patients. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for S100 or HMB45 in all tumors. Overall, stage 1 metastases outnumbered stage 2 metastases (which outnumbered stage 3 metastases). The mean vascular density and mitotic index increased from stage 2 to stage 3 metastases (P Conclusions Uveal melanoma that spreads to the liver can be categorized as stage 1 (≤50 μm in diameter), stage 2 (51-500 μm in diameter), or stage 3 (>500 μm in diameter) metastases. The later stage exhibits a lobular or portal pattern of growth. During this progression, tumors become vascularized and mitotically active.
The significance of growth in Chironomus tentans sediment toxicity tests: Relationship to reproduction and demographic endpoints

In the Chironomus tentans 10-d growth test, changes in larval growth relative to sediment contamination are often ascribed ecological relevance by assuming that such changes become manifest at the population level through effects on reproductive output even though the relationship between growth and reproduction is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between growth and reproduction in C. tentans and to use these data in a demographic model to predict the growth and size of a theoretical population. Growth was manipulated by varying food supply (0.29, 0.33, 0.38, 0.42, 0.46, and 0.5 mg/individual per d). The test was initiated with 12 newly hatched larvae per replicate and carried through one complete generation. Larval growth and survival were determined at 20 d, and reproduction was monitored daily during emergence. Food supply did not significantly affect survivorship at any life stage; survival of larvae at 20 d, pupae, and adults exceeded 83%, while survival of larvae in the reproduction replicates exceeded 65%. Both larval and adult dry weight declined significantly with a reduction in food supply. Total emergence was reduced at the lowest feeding level only, whereas the rate of emergence declined at food supplies below 0.42 mg/individual per d. Based on the relationship between larval and adult dry weight, a minimum larval tissue mass of between 0.5 and 0.6 mg dry weight/individual appears to be necessary before emergence can take place. The number of eggs/female declined significantly with a decrease in food supply below 0.42 mg/individual per d. Above this level (corresponding to larval dry weight of ∼ 1.5 mg/individual), the addition of more food had no effect on reproductive output. Fecundity (number of daughters/female) and expected number of progeny declined linearly with reduced food supply. Application of the data in a demographic model showed that the growth and predicted size of a population would decline significantly with a decline in larval growth and reproductive output. These results demonstrate that changes in growth, positive or negative, can be used to make meaningful predictions regarding reproduction and population dynamics in the midge C. tentans.
The Asset–Burden Paradox of Giftedness: A 15-Year Phenomenological, Longitudinal Case Study

A 15-year phenomenological case study of an exceptional female from age 15 through 30 was focused on exploring the subjective experience of development during adolescence and young adulthood, with attention to how giftedness and context interacted. The main focus became her response to trauma, which was revealed early in the study. Data, including recollected childhood experiences, were gathered through letters, e-mail, face-to-face interaction, and journals and essays from her troubled adolescence. The central phenomenon that emerged is given particular attention: that giftedness was both an asset and a vulnerability throughout these years, certainly as she struggled in the aftermath of trauma and developed strategies for surviving and healing. The struggles of the subject included dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The concepts of overexcitability and positive disintegration are used to frame some findings.
Steroid thiazolidines, their possible biochemical significance.

Les sterones donnent par condensation avec des cysteines des spiro-steroides-thiazolidines. On a mentionne l'importance possible de telles structures dans des processus biochimiques.
Destination marketing, accommodation taxes, and mandated tourism promotional expenditures: may be time to reconsider

Convention and Visitors Bureaus (CVBs) play an important role in the destination marketing matrix. As a rule, most of the funds that support the marketing efforts of these organisations come from a pool of state legislated accommodation tax funds that have been collected from visitors to the destination. This paper questions the mandated use of these tax revenues for destination marketing, noting that for many communities such expenditures may fail to represent their best usage.
Folate–Vinca Alkaloid Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: A Structure–Activity Relationship

Vintafolide is a potent folate-targeted vinca alkaloid small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) that has shown promising results in multiple clinical oncology studies. Structurally, vintafolide consists of 4 essential modules: (1) folic acid, (2) a hydrophilic peptide spacer, (3) a disulfide-containing, self-immolative linker, and (4) the cytotoxic drug, desacetylvinblastine hydrazide (DAVLBH). Here, we report a structure-activity study evaluating the biological impact of (i) substituting DAVLBH within the vintafolide molecule with other vinca alkaloid analogues such as vincristine, vindesine, vinflunine, or vinorelbine; (ii) substituting the naturally (S)-configured Asp-Arg-Asp-Asp-Cys peptide with alternative hydrophilic spacers of varied composition; and (iii) varying the composition of the linker module. A series of vinca alkaloid-containing SMDCs were synthesized and purified by HPLC and LCMS. The SMDCs were screened in vitro against folate receptor (FR)-positive cells, and anti-tumor activity was tested against well-established subcutaneous FR-positive tumor xenografts. The cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity was directly compared to that produced by vintafolide. Among all the folate vinca alkaloid SMDCs tested, DAVLBH-containing SMDCs were active, while those constructed with vincristine, vindesine, or vinorelbine analogues failed to produce meaningful biological activity. Within the DAVLBH series, having a bioreleasable, self-immolative linker system was found to be critical for activity since multiple analogues constructed with thioether-based linkers all failed to produce meaningful activity both in vitro and in vivo. Substitutions of some or all of the natural amino acids within vintafolide's hydrophilic spacer module did not significantly change the in vitro or in vivo potency of the SMDCs. Vintafolide remains one of the most potent folate-vinca alkaloid SMDCs produced to date, and continued clinical development is warranted.
Artificial intelligence, language, and the study of knowledge

This paper studies the relationship of Artificial Intelligence to the study of language and the representation of the underlying knowledge which supports the comprehension process. It develops the view that intelligence is based on the ability to use large amounts of diverse kinds of knowledge in procedural ways, rather than on the possession of a few general and uniform principles. The paper also provides a unifying thread to a variety of recent approaches to natural language comprehension. We conclude with a brief discussion of how Artificial Intelligence may have a radical impact on education if the principles which it utilizes to explore the representation and use of knowledge are made available to the student to use in his own learning experiences.
A multi-level intervention approach for care of HIV-positive haemophiliac and thalassaemic patients and their families

Abstract The experience gained from the application of an on-going multilevel intervention programme through an interdisciplinary team approach to the management of 30 HIV-positive children, adolescents and young people aged from 7 to 21 years (20 haemophiliac and 10 thalassaemic patients) and their families is described. The objective of the intervention was to assess the family's needs, to help parents and other family members to contain the anxiety of seropositive children and to improve their interraction with the family as well as with others in their social environment. The intervention was also designed to help family members to cope with their grief. Work with the medical and nursing staff, on the other hand, was intended to increase their understanding of the emotions caused in them by occupational stress, such as fear, anxiety, prejudice and feelings of guilt related to the iatrogenous nature of the infection. The need for follow-up studies is stressed to allow assessment of the effectiveness of...
TOXICITY OF THE PESTICIDE ZECTRAN ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, AND GROWTH IN FOUR ALGAE1,2

SUMMARY The insecticide Zectran decreased both respiration and photosynthesis in Oscillatoria terebriformis and Synechococcus lividus at concentrations between 0.5 and 12.5 ppm, whereas Navicula pelliculosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda were, relatively unaffected by these, same concentrations in the short-term, manometric experiments. In long-term growth experiments all 4 species exhibited a toxicity threshold between 1 and 10 ppm Zectran.
Photoconductor Performance, Space-Charge Currents, and the Steady-State Fermi Level

The performance of photoconductor is analyzed, via the concept of the steady-state Fermi level, and shown to be limited by the injection of space charge. Using the gain-bandwidth product $\frac{G}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}$ as a measure of performance, it is found that $\frac{G}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}=\frac{M}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{r}}$ where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{r}$ is the dielectric relaxation time under operating conditions, and $M=\frac{{\mathfrak{N}}_{A}}{{\mathfrak{N}}_{T}}$, with $e{\mathfrak{N}}_{A}$ the total charge on the anode and $e{\mathfrak{N}}_{T}$ the total volume charge, free plus trapped, effectively in thermal contact with the free charge. Generally $Mg1$ is achieved only concomitantly with space-charge-limited currents varying steeply with voltage. An important exception is the case where recombination centers control the onset of injected space charge.
Remote Sensing and Modeling Applications for Coastal Resource Management

Abstract The development and expansion of population centers in coastal regions is leading to detrimental consequences including critical losses in habitat and productivity, increases in fish diseases, water and sediment contamination, and exposure of human populations to natural catastrophes. Due to the socio‐economic importance of the coastal zone, there is a need to manage coastal regions and associated resources for sustainable use. First we review the status of current and future remote sensing systems which can provide the resource and environmental information required by coastal managers to accomplish this task. Next, we describe applications of remote sensing to a diversity of coastal management problems, including invasive wetland species, littoral processes, fisheries management and coastal hazard mitigation. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of remote sensing with numerical models, including watershed models, groundwater models, surface water models, circulation and wave predict...
Effect of Music on Perceptions of Task Characteristics

The present study examined music as a means to enhance task perceptions. The study was a 2 (complex task vs simple task) × 2 (music vs no music) experimental design in which 110 undergraduates part...
Proposal of a Method for Automatic Optimization of Left Heart Atrioventricular Interval Applicable to DDD Pacemakers

Electrical pacing of the right heart is known to cause delays in the depolarization of left heart chambers, leading to abnormal left heart AV sequence. Interatrial conduction time, defined as the time from the right atrial pacing pulse or intrinsic P to the onset of left atrial P wave, and P wave sensing delay cause a shorter left heart AV interval during atrial pacing-ventricular sensing and atrial sense-ventricular pace. Interventricular conduction time (the time from the right ventricular pacing pulse to the onset of left ventricular depolarization), lengthens left heart AV interval during atrial sensing-ventricular pacing. These delays may add up or partly cancel out, depending on pacing mode. Thus, an algorithm for DDD pacemakers to optimize left heart AV interval by compensating for the above delays is proposed. This algorithm takes into account pacing and sensing delays to deliver a certain AV sequence to the right heart, aimed at producing a physiological left heart AV interval. The optimization of left heart AV interval is achieved by automatically changing right heart AV interval and pacing mode in accordance with known interatrial and interventricular conduction delays, and P wave sense offset.
Quantitative analysis of toxic halogenated contaminants in Oluyoro stream of Nigeria

Analysis of organic contaminants is reported for the Oluyoro stream located in the South-Western Nigeria. Using gas chromatography methods with flame ionization, electron capture and mass spectrometer detectors, alarming levels of organic pollutants including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and alkyl halides were detected. Remarkably, toxic halogenated organic substances such as 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4′-DDT), 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (4,4′-DDD), beta-benzenehexachloride (beta-BHC), heptachlor epoxide, endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone are found to be at 15,820, 6,176, 1,155, 336, 24 and 13 times, respectively, more than the permitted levels of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). Furthermore, 4,4′-DDD, a probable human carcinogen, and methoxychlor are detected for the first time when compared to the last report published in 1992. Activities such as high influx of domestic and industrial wastes to the stream have drastically increased the concentrations of these halogenated contaminants. Results presented in this article provide important information for potential future effects of these contaminants on human health and the integrated environment in the region.
Face recognition memory: The effects of exposure duration and encoding instruction

Two experiments test the effects of exposure duration and encoding instruction on the relative memory for five facial features. Participants viewed slides of Identi-kit faces and were later given a recognition test with same or changed versions of each face. Each changed test face involved a change in one facial feature: hair, eyes, chin, nose or mouth. In both experiments the upper-face features of hair and eyes were better recognized than the lower-face features of nose, mouth, and chin, as measured by false alarm rates. In Experiment 1, participants in the 20-second exposure duration condition remembered faces significantly better than participants in the 3-second exposure duration condition; however, memory for all five facial features improved at a similar rate with the increased duration. In Experiment 2, participants directed to use feature scanning encoding instructions remembered faces significantly better than participants following age judgement instructions; however, the size of the memory advantage for upper facial features was less with feature scanning instructions than with age judgement instructions. The results are discussed in terms of a quantitative difference in processing faces with longer exposure duration, versus a qualitative difference in processing faces with various encoding instructions. These results are related to conditions that affect the accuracy of eyewitness identification.
Basic science review on adipose tissue for clinicians

The recognition that fat contains stem cells has driven further examination into the potential uses of fat and adipose-derived stem cells in a wide number of clinical situations. New information about the harvesting, isolation, and subsequent differentiation properties of isolated adipose-derived stem cells has led to new research into novel tissue-engineered constructs and the transformation of adipose-derived stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Clinically, use of fat grafts and adipose-derived stem cells worldwide and in the United States has dramatically increased in parallel to questions concerning the safety and efficacy of adipose-derived stem cell-based treatments. Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved the use of isolated adipose-derived stem cells for medical indications.