cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA variation and ribosomal-DNA constancy in two Crepis species and the interspecific hybrid exhibiting nucleolar-organiser suppression 1

DNA variation and ribosomal-DNA constancy in two Crepis species and the interspecific hybrid exhibiting nucleolar-organiser suppression 1
Maternal and neonatal characteristics of extremely low birth weight infants who die in the first day of life.

Maternal and neonatal characteristics of extremely low birth weight infants who die in the first day of life
Control of transcription and translation by low molecular weight peptides (deprimerones) from chromatin and poly(A)-messenger RNA. Implication in the mechanism of carcinogenesis.

Poly(A)-mRNA isolated by phenolchloroform extraction of rat liver polysomes, subtilisin digestion, and poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography, contains a low molecular weight (approx. 1000) peptidic fraction. The peptides were extracted from a poly(A)-mRNA fraction by treatment with 80% ethanol; after ethanol evaporation they were purified on a Sephadex G-25 column and high-performance liquid chromatography on μBondapak C18. The isolated peptides were analyzed by cellulose gel thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography and their amino acid composition was determined. They were compared with a chromatin peptidic fraction isolated from calf thymus nuclei by affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose or on Sephadex G-25 column. Both groups of peptides from chromatin and from poly(A)-mRNA bind to the purified DNA thereby increasing its melting point; they significantly inhibit DNA transcription and RNA translation in reconstituted cell-free, peptide-free systems. It is suggested that these peptides are endogenous natural regulatory substances controlling gene expression in eucaryotic cells. We propose to name these regulatory peptides ‘deprimerones’ (from Latin ‘deprimere’) and describe various fractions of them as chromatin deprimerones, messenger deprimerones, gene deprimerones (for specific genes). Loss or decreased level of these deprimerones during the promotion of carcinogenesis is responsible for uncontrolled gene expression observed in cancer.
Distributed Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor with Chemically Modified Plastic Cladding

A novel method for modification of the polymer cladding of an optical fiber has been developed for use in distributed chemical sensing. The usefulness of the new technique is illustrated by means of a distributed sensor for ammonium ions based on a 9 m long plastic-clad silica fiber modified with phenol red. The stability of the immobilized indicator made it possible, for the first time, to use a chemically modified fiber for the reversible detection of ammonium ions in highly alkaline solution (pH 11-14). The new sensor offers a broader dynamic range (four orders of magnitude) and shorter response time (30 s) than point sensors for ammonium ions reported in the past.
Fostering Recovery from Life-Transforming Mental Health Disorders: A Synthesis and Model

In the past, ‘recovery’ from serious mental health problems has been variously defined and generally considered rare. Current evidence suggests that some form of recovery is both possible and common, yet we know little about the processes that differentiate those who recover from those who do not. This paper discusses approaches to defining recovery, proposes a model for fostering, understanding, and studying recovery, and suggests questions for clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. The proposed model is a synthesis of work from the field of mental health as well as from other disciplines. Environment, resources, and strains, provide the backdrop for recovery; core recovery processes include development, learning, healing, and their primary behavioral manifestation, adaptation. Components facilitating recovery include sources of motivation (hope, optimism, and meaning), prerequisites for action (agency, control, and autonomy), and capacity (competence and dysfunction). Attending to these aspects of the recovery process could help shape clinical practice, and systems that provide and finance mental health care, in ways that promote recovery.
Directions for Mind, Brain, and Education: Methods, Models, and Morality

In this article we frame a set of important issues in the emerging field of Mind, Brain, and Education in terms of three broad headings: methods, models, and morality. Under the heading of methods we suggest that the need for synthesis across scientific and practical disciplines entails the pursuit of usable knowledge via a catalytic symbiosis between theory, research, and practice. Under the heading of models the goal of producing usable knowledge should shape the construction of theories that provide comprehensive accounts of human learning and development spanning multiple levels of analysis. Under the heading of morality usable knowledge must be put to good use: Its application and dissemination ought to be infused with moral considerations gleaned from dialogue among all those potentially affected. Generally, the field should be shaped not only by its constituent scientific disciplines but also by its applications to education and learning. Thus we argue for the adoption of a kind of pragmatism that ...
Embodied Meanings, Isotypes, and Aesthetical Ideas

So the images must themselves belong to the sign language of globalism, necessarily universal in that they have to be legible to consumers who cannot be counted on to have a common language. The signs show what the consumers need to know about the products they have purchased-which side of a pair of underpants is front and which side is back, for example. In many, though not, all cases, they are pictograms or even isotypes-an acronym for "International System of Typographic Picture Education"-signs of a kind initially invented in 1936 by the Logical Positivist, Otto Neurath, who may have been influenced by Wittgenstein's socalled picture theory of language. Neurath anticipated globalism in saying: "The visual method becomes the basis for a common cultural life and a common cultural relationship."2 Just consider their international use in giving traffic directions to drivers who may or may not be able to read the language of the country in which they are traveling, or in guiding us through foreign airports. Isotypes are among the rare practical and positive contributions made by modern philosophy to the common life of humankind. When these pictograms are recycled-or transfigured-into works of art, their implied universality is elevated to a portrait of the society in which the products are to be used. I would not altogether follow Babarszy in calling Eperjesi's works beautiful and, in truth, I am somewhat at a loss to describe them aesthetically. But I can appreciate that in transfiguring the isotype into an artwork, an interesting reversal of Walter Benjamin's famous distinction has taken place: the art of mechanical reproduction has acquired, through transfiguration, an aura, and in virtue of that the images may acquire an aesthetic interest they heretofore lacked. At least, as art, we look at them as critics, and notice their aesthetic qualities, such as they are. Just knowing that an object is intended as a piece of fine art may trigger the sense that it must be beautiful. Or better, we use this standard term of aesthetic commenda-
An Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) Response Element on Pro α1(l) Collagen Gene is Necessary for Thyroid Hormone-Induced Inhibition of Promoter Activity in Cardiac Fibroblasts

Abstract Thyroid hormone-induced ventricular hypertrophy is characterized by the absence of fibrosis. Previously, we demonstrated that thyroid hormone inhibits collagen type I gene expression in the myocardium and in cardiac fibroblasts. We also demonstrated that thyroid hormones act as inhibitor of pro α 1 (l) collagen promoter activity. In this study we determined the sequences on pro α 1 (l) collagen gene and transcription factors in cardiac fibroblasts involved in the inhibitory effect of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T 3 ). Transient transfection of cells with chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)-linked deletion mutants of pro α 1 (l) collagen promoter demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of T 3 is transmitted via proximal sequences (−225/+115). Gel shift analysis using [ 32 P]-labeled −225/+115 gene fragment and nuclear proteins of cardiac fibroblasts showed T 3 -induced DNA binding by two proteins. Analysis of non-overlapping restriction sub-fragments by gel shift along with supershift analysis with antibodies to types α and β thyroid hormone receptors identified the lower molecular weight DNA-binding protein as β receptor and confirmed that the T 3 -induced protein-DNA binding sites are located at −15/+115. Selective base mutation (C in place of G at +93 and G in place of C at +97) in the activator protein-1 (AP-1) core binding motif (+92/+97) abolished the higher molecular weight T 3 -induced DNA-protein complex obtained with [ 32 P]-labeled wild type sequences (−225/+115). Additional gel shift analyses using an oligonucleotide containing the AP-1 core binding motif, as an unlabeled competitor and as [ 32 P]-labeled probe, confirmed the T 3 -induced protein binding to an AP-1 site. Transient transfection with CAT-linked −225/+115 sequences in which the AP-1 site was mutated abolished the T 3 -induced inhibition of CAT activity. Together, these findings identify sequences necessary for T 3 -induced inhibition of collagen type I promoter to which thyroid hormone receptor type β and protein(s) with affinity for AP-1 element bind. They also demonstrate that the AP-1 response element located on these sequences is necessary for T 3 -induced inhibition of pro α 1 (l) collagen promoter activity. These data identify molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid hormon-induced inhibition of collagen expression in the heart.
Time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for urinary luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Abstract The goal of this effort was to develop and validate non-radioisotopic immunoassays for measuring luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in unextracted urine. Towards this goal, commercial time-resolved immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) were modified. Validation demonstrated that the resultant assays were specific, sensitive, accurate, and precise. Urine matrix was shown not to interfere with the assay. Gonadotropin profiles generated using these assays conformed to those measured in urine and serum by other established immunoassays. These IFMAs afford the collective advantages of non-radioisotopic procedures and urine sample collection (convenience, noninvasiveness, integration of pulsatile secretion), plus the superior sensitivity and specificity of IFMAs. Applications include epidemiology and medicine.
Osmoregulation in the pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum burkenroad

Abstract 1. 1. Sodium, potassium, chloride and protein concentrations were determined on the hemolymph of Penaeus duorarum exposed to concentrations of sea water ranging from 20 to 180 per cent. 2. 2. The isoionic point is approximately 85% sea water. Homeostatic regulation occurs over the range of 60–120% sea water, while reduced regulation occurs at other concentrations. 3. 3. Shrimp transferred acutely from 100% sea water experience changes in hemolymph concentration toward that of the new medium. A period of about 24 hr was required to establish a new steady state. 4. 4. It is suggested that sodium and potassium are regulated in diluted sea water by separate active means: sodium by uptake and potassium by the use of internal salt pools.
A GENERALIZED SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM MODEL

The classical spatial price equilibrium model assumes that transport costs are known as a function of the flow on an arc of the network. In reality, transport costs are derived from the action of profit-maximizing transport firms called carriers. This paper extends the spatial price equilibrium concept to include carriers and illustrates how this model can be used in the study of the U.S. coal market.
Reactive resonances in the N + N2 exchange reaction

Abstract Rich reactive resonances are found in a 3D quantum dynamics study of the N + N 2 exchange reaction using our recently developed ab initio potential energy surface that has a shallow well between two transition states. An L 2 analysis confirms that the quasibound states of ‘Lake Eyring’ are responsible for the reactive resonances with some quasibound states, mostly the bending motions, giving rise to strong reasonance peaks, whereas others contributing to the shoulders in the resonance structure. This is the first observation of reactive resonances from a ‘Lake Eyring’ feature in a potential energy surface.
Retro analogs related to oxytocin.

[D-alle3]-retro-D-deaminotocinamide (I), retro-L-deaminotocinamide (III) and their respective N-formyl derivatives (II and IV) were synthesized by the stepwise active ester method: deaminotocinamide was prepared by the solid-phase method. The retroanalogs of deaminotocinamide, tested at concentrations up to 10-5 M, were found to be without activity as agonists or antagonists in the oxytocic assay. At 10-4 M, [D-alle3]-retro-D-deaminotocinamide is a weak competitive inhibitor of oxytocin. [D-alle3, Gly7]-retro-D-deaminooxytocin (V) was synthesized either by the active ester method or by a fragment condensation method employing the retro-D-ring, [D-alle3]-retro-D-deaminotocinamide, and “D-tail”, Boc-Gly-D-Leu-Gly, as the fragments. The N-formyl derivative (VI) of V was prepared by selective N-formylation with p-nitrophenyl formate. Additionally, [D-alle3, Gly7, Malonamide9]-retro-D-deaminooxytocin (VII) and the model compound [Gly7]-retro-L-deaminooxytocin (VIII) were synthesized by the fragment condensation method. In the oxytocic assay, the retro-analogs were found to be neither agonists nor antagonists at concentrations up to 10-5 M, except for [D-alle3, Gly7]-retro-D-deaminooxytocin which showed weak oxytocic activity in the range of 10-5 to 10-4 M and may be a partial agonist. It is concluded that the addition of the tripeptide “tail” to the retro-D-ring did not significantly alter the biological activity of the latter, which remains about 105 times lower than that of the active hormone analog [Gly7]-oxytocin and about 107 times lower than the hormone itself. The marginal activity of all these retro-D-analogs appears to be directly related to the peptide bond reversal and suggests that the peptide backbone may play an essential role in peptide hormone action.
Photosynthetic efficiency optimization studies with the macroalga Gracilaria tikvihae: Implications for CO2 emission control from power plants

Abstract The photosynthetic efficiency (PE) with which the macroalga Gracilaria tikvihae converts visible light energy into chemical energy was studied as a function of irradiance, temperature, and salinity in tumble culture systems at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii. The photosynthesis/irradiance curve exhibited a typical hyperbolic shape, the associated PEs being a maximum at a visible irradiance of about 500 kcal m −2 day −1 . The highest PEs were obtained in seawater diluted by 10% with freshwater; the maximum PEs under these conditions exceeded 7% in full sunlight and 12% in the region of optimal irradiance. PEs were almost identical at 21°C and 25°C, but declined sharply as the temperature was reduced below 21°C. Conversion of the algal biomass to methane by anaerobic fermentation resulted in conversion efficiencies as high as 22% at a detention time of 15 days. This efficiency is substantially higher than results reported in an earlier study, the difference apparently reflecting the use of freshwater rather than seawater as the fermentation medium. To the extent that CO 2 emissions from eletric power plants are reduced by scrubbing the stack gases, growth of algae such as G. tikvihae may be the most logical way to utilize the CO 2 . If 20% of the CO 2 presently emitted by coal-fueled power plants in the US were used to grow algae, an area of land equal to roughly 1% of the area of the United States would be required for the growth of the algae.
Analyses of Dynein Heavy Chain Mutations Reveal Complex Interactions Between Dynein Motor Domains and Cellular Dynein Functions

Cytoplasmic dynein transports cargoes for a variety of crucial cellular functions. However, since dynein is essential in most eukaryotic organisms, the in-depth study of the cellular function of dynein via genetic analysis of dynein mutations has not been practical. Here, we identify and characterize 34 different dynein heavy chain mutations using a genetic screen of the ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, in which dynein is nonessential. Interestingly, our studies show that these mutations segregate into five different classes based on the in vivo localization of the mutated dynein motors. Furthermore, we have determined that the different classes of dynein mutations alter vesicle trafficking, microtubule organization, and nuclear distribution in distinct ways and require dynactin to different extents. In addition, biochemical analyses of dynein from one mutant strain show a strong correlation between its in vitro biochemical properties and the aberrant intracellular function of that altered dynein. When the mutations were mapped to the published dynein crystal structure, we found that the three-dimensional structural locations of the heavy chain mutations were linked to particular classes of altered dynein functions observed in cells. Together, our data indicate that the five classes of dynein mutations represent the entrapment of dynein at five separate points in the dynein mechanochemical and transport cycles. We have developed N. crassa as a model system where we can dissect the complexities of dynein structure, function, and interaction with other proteins with genetic, biochemical, and cell biological studies.
Mouse-passaged severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus leads to lethal pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage in adult but not young mice.

Advanced age is a risk factor of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. To understand its pathogenesis, we developed an animal model using BALB/c mice and the mouse-passaged Frankfurt 1 isolate of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We examined the immune responses to SARS-CoV in both young and adult mice. SARS-CoV induced severe respiratory illness in all adult, but not young, mice on day 2 after inoculation with a mortality rate of 30 to 50%. Moribund adult mice showed severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage accompanied by virus replication. Adult murine lungs, which had significantly higher interleukin (IL)-4 and lower IL-10 and IL-13 levels before infection than young murine lungs, rapidly produced high levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines known to induce macrophage and neutrophil infiltration and activation (eg, tumor necrosis factor-α). On day 2 after inoculation, young murine lungs produced not only proinflammatory cytokines but also IL-2, interferon-γ, IL-10, and IL-13. Adult mice showed early and acute excessive proinflammatory responses (ie, cytokine storm) in the lungs after SARS-CoV infection, which led to severe pulmonary edema and diffuse alveolar damage. Intravenous injection with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody 3 hours after infection had no effect on SARS-CoV infection. However, intraperitoneal interferon-γ injection protected adult mice from the lethal respiratory illness. The experimental model described here may be useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of SARS and for evaluating therapies to treat SARS-CoV infection.
Mass Transfer of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Complex DNAPL Mixtures

Parameters governing the rates of mass transfer of the individual components of four synthetic dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) mixtures into the aqueous phase were evaluated. The DNAPL mixtures, composed of toluene and eight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were designed to serve as models for coal tars and creosotes. The reactor employed provided a relatively stable interface between internally mixed but segregated aqueous and DNAPL phases. Two parameters, the aqueous phase concentration at equilibrium and the overall film mass transfer coefficient, were quantified by simulating aqueous concentration profiles with a mass-transfer-limited rate model using a statistical parameter search and data fitting routine. DNAPL phase activity coefficient values for the various compounds derived from equilibrium aqueous phase concentrations were typically within a factor of 2 of Raoult's law prediction of unity; refinement of fugacity ratio estimates for the solid PAHs brought the values even closer t...
Spontaneous splenic rupture precipitated by cough: A case report and a review of the literature

Spontaneous rupture of a normal spleen without a history of trauma is a rare clinical entity. We report on a case of atraumatic splenic rupture in a 61-year-old man who presented to the emergency department for abdominal pain and hypotension. There was no evidence of hematologic or infectious disease involving the spleen. The chronic cough described by the patient was the main trigger for the rupture. Although, spontaneous splenic rupture is rare, it is vital that physicians consider this diagnosis when evaluating patients with abdominal pain and hypotension. Failure to consider splenic rupture could be catastrophic and early diagnosis is essential for a better outcome.
A photovoltaic flux detector for the solar tower test facility

Two photovoltaic flux detectors for the solar tower test facility have been designed and fabricated to operate at concentrations up to 4000 suns. One of the detectors (type 1) has a high spectral response between 400 and 950 nm, while the other (type 2) has a spectral response which peaks at 475 nm and is low at longer wavelengths. The type 1 detector was fabricated on .2-.4 -cm n-type F2 silicon using conventional solar cell processing developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The type 2 detector is produced by exposing the type 1 detector to 1014neutrons/ cm2. The detector's spectral response, behavior with concentrated sunlight, and temperature dependance of the short current have been measured.
Quality assurance concerns in joint ventures.

The demand for assurance of quality in the delivery of medical care increases every day. The forces influ encing these demands are diverse and numerous. Many operate from disparate points of view with decidedly different goals and methodology. The in formation presented here attempts to provide an ob jective, straightforward, easy to use, valid, and reli able approach to quantify two key elements that need to be evaluated when studying the adequacy of quality as it pertains to medical care. The first of these is the administrative structure and the second is the pa tient's medical care as reflected in the medical record. The procedures presented are adaptable to almost any setting and structure.
Automatic memory processes in patients with multiple sclerosis.

• To better understand the nature of the memory deficit in patients with multiple sclerosis, we designed a study to compare automatic vs effortful memory processes. Fortyone patients with definite multiple sclerosis and 45 demographically matched normal control subjects were administered two tasks designed to assess both automatic (monitoring frequency and modality) and effortful (free and cued-recall) processing. Results indicated that patients with multiple sclerosis, as expected, were significantly impaired on memory measures requiring effort, but performed normally on automatic measures. Performance on the memory indexes did not correlate with self-reported depression. The implications of these findings for delineating the locus of the memory impairment in multiple sclerosis is discussed.
Phenothiazine-Sensitized Organic Solar Cells: Effect of Dye Anchor Group Positioning on the Cell Performance

Effect of positioning of the cyanoacrylic acid anchoring group on ring periphery of phenothiazine dye on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported. Two types of dyes, one having substitution on the C-3 aromatic ring (Type 1) and another through the N-terminal (Type 2), have been synthesized for this purpose. Absorption and fluorescence studies have been performed to visualize the effect of substitution pattern on the spectral coverage and electrochemical studies to monitor the tuning of redox levels. B3LYP/6-31G* studies are performed to visualize the frontier orbital location and their significance in charge injection when surface modified on semiconducting TiO2. New DSSCs have been built on nanocrystalline TiO2 according to traditional two-electrode Gratzel solar cell setup with a reference cell based on N719 dye for comparison. The lifetime of the adsorbed phenothiazine dye is found to be quenched significantly upon immobilizing on TiO2 suggesting charge injection from excited d...
Stability Assessment Extensions for Single-Phase Distribution Solid-State Transformers

In this letter, a stability assessment for single-phase solid-state transformers (SSTs) is extended to include the impact of distribution system voltages and a system-wide impedance analysis. It is shown that if the SST filters throughout the system are designed with regards to the proposed stability criterion, then system stability is guaranteed regardless of configuration. This leads to two resulting applications: 1) the order in which the SSTs are connected to the system will not generate instability if the criterion is satisfied and 2) a system configuration change due to a fault will not produce instability.
Nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation for growth of an estuarine population of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)

The relative importance of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation for growth and biomass accumulation in an estuarine population of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) was examined by in situ additions of nitrogen (+N), phosphorus (+P) and nitrogen plus phosphorus (+N+P) to sediments at low and high loading rates. Nitrogen treatments resulted in no significant increases in leaf tissue N levels and only a small increase in the N content of root plus rhizome tissues. Phosphorus concentrations were, however, significantly (P<0.05) higher in both leaf and root plus rhizome tissues with +P and +N+P enrichment. Eelgrass growth and biomass exhibited statistically significant (P<0.05 increases in response to high +P. Similar increases in mean plant growth and biomass were observed with +N and +N+P enrichment, but large variabilities rendered these responses non-significant. Our results are in contrast with those reported for a previous sediment fertilization (+N+P) study at the same site and we attribute this difference to a change in the nutrient status of the study area. Comparison with other sediment fertilization experiments for both freshwater and marine plants species revealed a clear relationship between relative plant growth rates and tissue nutrient concentrations for both N and P enrichment. This relationship suggests a uniformity of submersed mersed plant nutrition, wherein responses to changes in nutrient availability are regulated by alterations in both growth rates and tissue nutrient content.
Degenerate Raman coupled model interacting with two quantized cavity fields

Abstract A Raman coupled model, with degenerate ground states, interacting with two quantized cavity fields is discussed. Conditions for periodic and complete revivals of the atomic inversions are discussed for various initial states of the field.
Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony

The effect of scripts on memory for information presented as eyewitness testimony in a mock criminal trial was tested. In Experiment 1 the nature of people's scripts for three types of robberies was examined. There was a high rate of agreement in a heterogeneous sample of 247 people regarding the actions that comprise a typical robbery of each type. In Experiment 2 the effects of people's robbery scripts and the effects of leading questions by the attorney on memory were probed. An audio-recording of a mock trial was presented in which some of the script-relevant actions from Experiment 1 were stated by the eyewitness and some were unstated. One week later a significant number of unstated items were recalled and recognized as having been stated. Further, unstated actions mentioned in ‘misleading’ questions by the attorney were recalled as having been stated by the eyewitness, and cautionary instructions warning of the possible misleading effect of the attorney's questions did not significantly reduce this misleading effect. Thus, people have scripts in memory for typical robberies, and when such scripts are activated people incorporate into their memory script-relevant information not presented, along with information presented. Moreover, most people do not differentiate between information presented by the eyewitness versus the attorney. These results have practical implications for the way jurors process and remember trial testimony.
Small-scale morphology across the surf zone

Small-scale (<5 m horizontal length) nearshore morphologic height variations were measured by combining CRAB surveys with bed elevations acquired with a 1 MHz sonic altimeter mounted on the CRAB during the October Phase of the DUCK94 experiment. Bedform plan views were recorded simultaneously using a 500 kHz side-scan sonar mounted on the CRAB. Waves and currents were measured at the same time. Significant temporal and spatial variations in the small-scale morphology were measured in response to changing waves and currents during the 2 weeks examined. Three cases are examined in detail: (1) mild waves and weak longshore currents resulting in wave ripples throughout the study area; (2) storm waves with strong longshore currents resulting in lunate and straight-crested mega-ripples in the trough of the barred beach; and (3) narrow-band, normally incident waves with a strong rip current resulting in a planar bed except in the throat of the rip where mega-ripples were measured. Wavenumber spectra of the bed were generally broad, indicating newly formed ripples coexisted with residual ripples from the past to form complex, multi-scaled ripple patterns.
Transient and steady-state electrostrictive laser beam trapping

Electrostriction is a cause of laser beam self-trapping and damage in transparent glass. It predominates over other self-focusing mechanisms, such as Kerr effect or thermal self-focusing, under certain conditions. This paper shows that self-focusing can occur even if the laser pulse is so short that no steady state is achieved, provided the pulse power is large enough. In the steady state, the threshold power for self-focusing is independent of beam size. In the transient region, the threshold power increases and becomes proportional to the square of the initial beam radius, in the limit of large radius beams or short pulses. The theoretical trapping threshold derived here is less than typical experimental thresholds for track formation in glass.
Noncontrast Perfusion Single-Photon Emission CT/CT Scanning: A New Test for the Expedited, High-Accuracy Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background Standard ventilation and perfusion ( V ˙ / Q ˙ ) scintigraphy uses planar images for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). To evaluate whether tomographic imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure, we compared noncontrast perfusion single-photon emission CT ( Q ˙ -SPECT)/CT scans with planar V ˙ / Q ˙ scans in patients at high risk for PE. Methods Between 2006 and 2010, most patients referred for diagnosis of PE underwent both Q ˙ -SPECT/CT scan and planar V ˙ / Q ˙ scintigraphy. All scans were reviewed retrospectively by four observers; planar scans were read with modified Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) II and Prospective Investigative Study of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PISA-PED) criteria. On Q ˙ -SPECT/CT scan, any wedge-shaped peripheral perfusion defect occupying > 50% of a segment without corresponding pulmonary parenchymal or pleural disease was considered to show PE. The final diagnosis was established with a composite reference standard that included ECG, ultrasound of lower-extremity veins, D-dimer levels, CT pulmonary angiography (when available), and clinical follow-up for at least 3 months. Results One hundred six patients with cancer and mean Wells score of 4.4 had sufficient follow-up; 22 patients were given a final diagnosis of PE, and 84 patients were given a final diagnosis of no PE. According to PIOPED II, 13 studies were graded as intermediate probability. Sensitivity and specificity for PE were 50% and 98%, respectively, based on PIOPED II criteria; 86% and 93%, respectively, based on PISA-PED criteria; and 91% and 94%, respectively, based on Q ˙ -SPECT/CT scan. Seventy-six patients had additional relevant findings on the CT image of the Q ˙ -SPECT/CT scan. Conclusions Noncontrast Q ˙ -SPECT/CT imaging has a higher accuracy than planar V ˙ / Q ˙ imaging based on PIOPED II criteria in patients with cancer and a high risk for PE.
Vortex lattice transitions in artificially engineered NbSe2 single crystals observed by STM

The direct imaging of vortices in heterostructures superconductor/normal metal on a sub-micron scale highlights a new breakthrough in exploring confinement effects in vortex dynamics. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we mapped the distribution of local density of states in a single crystal patterned with an array of sub-micron normal metal centers. The magnetic flux structure undergoes a series of phase transitions between different configurations. The patterning of the sample shows to have an important role on the system dynamics, producing vortex-chain states. Understanding and control of vortex dynamics in these systems could serve as a model to get better insight in the pinning mechanisms.
Copper(II) Complexes of Novel 1,5-Diaza-cis-decalin Diamine Ligands: An Investigation of Structure and Reactivity

Copper complexes of 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin diamines are highly effective in the oxidative asymmetric biaryl couplings of 3-substituted 2-naphthols. On the basis of the demonstrated success of these complexes as catalysts, an effort has been made to identify the copper species present in the reaction and to construct plausible models for the presumed catalyst−substrate complexes. Crystal structures of a series of 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin and N,N‘-dialkyl-1,5-diaza-cis-decalin Cu(II) complexes have been obtained. The amine substitution determines the type of copper coordination complex formed. For the secondary amine compound, 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin, 2:1 diamine:copper complexes appear to be the thermodynamically favored forms, but they are not catalytically active. Crystals of a catalytically competent trimeric 1:1 diamine:copper complex containing bridging hydroxo groups were also generated from 1,5-diaza-cis-decalin. For N,N‘-dimethyl-1,5-diaza-cis-decalin, a 1:1 diamine:copper bis-μ-hydroxo dimeric complex f...
Regulation of Interleukin-1β-induced Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor-α Expression in Rat Pulmonary Myofibroblasts by p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

The potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGF-Rα) gene expression was investigated using cultured rat pulmonary myofibroblasts. p38 MAP kinase was constitutively expressed in myofibroblasts and activated by interleukin (IL)-1β. A pyridinylimidazole compound, SB203580, completely inhibited the ability of p38 MAP kinase activity to phosphorylate PHAS-1 substrate. SB203580 inhibited IL-1β-induced up-regulation of PDGF-Rα mRNA and protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Other kinase inhibitors, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor PD98059, did not block up-regulation of PDGF-Rα. The IL-1β-induced increase in the number of 125I-PDGF-AA-binding sites at the cell surface was reduced >70% by pretreatment with SB203580. Accordingly, an enhancement of PDGF-AA-stimulated DNA synthesis following IL-1β pretreatment was blocked >70% by SB203580. SB203580 did not affect IL-1β-induced ERK activation, yet enhanced IL-1β-induced JNK activation approximately 2-fold. Treatment of cells with SB203580 after inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D decreased the half-life of IL-1β-induced PDGF-Rα mRNA from >4 to ∼1.5 h. Moreover, pretreatment of cells with cycloheximide blocked induction of PDGF-Rα mRNA by IL-1β, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was required for PDGF-Rα mRNA stabilization. These data indicate that p38 MAP kinase regulates PDGF-Rα expression at the translational level by signaling the synthesis of an mRNA-stabilizing protein.
Equicharacter of uniform and topological spaces

Abstract Equicontinuous families of mappings on a space are used to define the cardinal invariant of equicharacter for uniform or topological spaces. For uniform spaces equicharacter is preserved by products, sums, and quotients, and the coreflective properties are used to show that equicharacter does not exceed the uniform covering character. The invariant for topological products of separable spaces is also discussed.
Three-Dimensional Localization of the Smallest Capsid Protein in the Human Cytomegalovirus Capsid

The smallest capsid proteins (SCPs) of the human herpesviruses differ substantially in size and sequence and are thought to impart some unique aspects of infection to their respective viruses. We used electron cryomicroscopy and antibody labeling to show that the 8-kDa SCP of human cytomegalovirus is attached only to major capsid protein subunits of the hexons, not the pentons. Thus, the SCPs of different herpesviruses illustrate that a protein can evolve significantly in sequence, structure, and function, while preserving its role in the architecture of the virus by binding to a specific partner in a specific oligomeric state.
ON and OFF layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the mink.

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a major target of the optic nerve in mammals, is a laminated structure, although the pattern of lamination varies widely among different species. It has long been known that one function of the lamination is to segregate input from the two eyes. Many animals, however, have more than one layer innervated by each eye; the functional significance of these duplications has been only partially elucidated. In the mink, the principal layers innervated by the contralateral eye (layer A) and the ipsilateral eye (layer A1) are each split into two adjacent leaflets1. We report here that the anterior leaflet of each pair contains ON-centre neurones and the posterior leaflets OFF-centre neurones.
Computing estimates of incidence, including lifetime risk: Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study. The Practical Incidence Estimators (PIE) macro.

The incidence of disease is estimated in medical and public health applications using various different techniques presented in the statistical and epidemiologic literature. Many of these methods have not yet made their way to popular statistical software packages and their application requires custom programming. We present a macro written in the SAS macro language that produces several estimates of disease incidence for use in the analysis of prospective cohort data. The development of the Practical Incidence Estimators (PIE) Macro was motivated by research in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in the Framingham Study in which the development of AD has been prospectively assessed over an observation period of 24 years. The PIE Macro produces crude and age-specific incidence rates, overall and stratified by the levels of a grouping variable. In addition, it produces age-adjusted rates using direct standardization to the combined group. The user specifies the width of the age groups and the number of levels of the grouping variable. The PIE macro produces estimates of future risk for user-defined time periods and the remaining lifetime risk conditional on survival event-free to user-specified ages. This allows the user to investigate the impact of increasing age on the estimate of remaining lifetime risk of disease. In each case, the macro provides estimates based on traditional unadjusted cumulative incidence, and on cumulative incidence adjusted for the competing risk of death. These estimates and their respective standard errors, are provided in table form and in an output data set for graphing. The macro is designed for use with survival age as the time variable, and with age at entry into the study as the left-truncation variable; however, calendar time can be substituted for the survival time variable and the left-truncation variable can simply be set to zero. We illustrate the use of the PIE macro using Alzheimer's Disease incidence data collected in the Framingham Study.
Copper(II)-dithizone equilibria in water-carbon tetrachloride

Abstract Values are reported for the partition coefficients of primary and secondary cupric dithizonates, the equilibrium constants for the extraction of the dithizonates, and the primary-secondary copper dithizonate equilibrium constant, all for water-carbon tetrachloride. The primary ionization constant of dithizone in ethyl alcohol-water mixtures has been determined. Carbon tetrachloride solutions of primary copper dithizonate are shown to be dissociated to some extent into the secondary dithizonate and free dithizone. The analytical significance of the results is discussed.
Design of Active Composites

This paper is aimed at to discuss two cases of active composites, (i) ferromagnetic shape memory alloy composites, and (ii) piezoelectric ceramic-shape memory alloy composites. Here we discuss the merits of designing such active composites, for use as possible actuator materials. To optimize the nano-/micro-structures of such composites, we developed analytical models based on Eshelby type modeling. Based on the modeling study; a few cases of optimized active composites are suggested.
The Inclusion of Fathers in Behavioral Parent Training: A Critical Evaluation

ABSTRACT Behavioral parent training (BPT) is one of the most commonly utilized research treatments for young children with externalizing behaviors. Most BPT research, however, has been conducted with mothers. Thus, insufficient data exist as to the benefits of father participation in BPT. This paper provides rationales for why fathers should be included in BPT and an extension of previous critiques on father participation in BPT to critically evaluate recent research (1989–2003) in the same area. Several limitations of this body of research make it difficult to draw conclusions about the benefit of including fathers in BPT. Future research should be conducted with methodologically-sound designs to examine treatment outcome with fathers.
Finite shear strain behavior of a crosslinking polydimethylsiloxane near its gel point

A power law distribution of relaxation times, large normal stress differences, and physical rupture of molecular network strands dominate the shear behavior of polymers at the gel point (critical gels). This is shown in a series of well-defined experiments with increasing magnitude of shear on a model-network polymer system consisting of a linear, telechelic, vinyl-terminated poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a four-functional siloxane crosslinker. Stable samples were prepared by stopping the crosslinking reaction at different extents of reaction in the vicinity of the gel point (GP). The Gel Equation has been shown to be valid up to strains of about 2 when using a finite strain tensor. Larger strains have been found to disrupt the network structure of the crosslinking polymer, and introduce a mechanical delay to the gel point. A sample that was crosslinked beyond the gel point (p>p c ) can be reduced from the solid state to a critical gel, or even to a viscoelastic liquid, depending on the magnitude of shear strain. As a consequence, the relaxation exponent of a critical gel created under the influence of shear is less than that of a quiescently crosslinked critical gel.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration as the first evidence of cancer: A case report

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is the most frequently seen paraneoplastic syndrome affecting the brain. PCD is most commonly associated with cancers of the ovary, breast, and lung. The anti-Purkinje cell antibodies (anti-Yo) that specifically damage the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are found in the patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The typical presentation of PCD includes limb and truncal ataxia, often along with dysarthria. This report describes the case of a 47-year-old woman without significant medical history who developed new onset of unsteady gait, headache, and vertigo. The imaging studies suggested rhombencephalitis. The patient initially responded to corticosteroid treatment. Unfortunately, her gait ataxia worsened and she developed dysarthria, neither of which responded to increasing dosages of corticosteroids. Extensive imaging studies showed no evidence of tumor, but the patient was found to have positive anti-Yo antibodies and elevated cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). Pathology results from exploratory laparotomy revealed stage III C adenocarcinoma of the ovary. This case demonstrates that PCD may be the presenting symptom of an occult malignancy. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of PCD, and its rehabilitation implications, are reviewed.
Patient Empowerment with Shared Decision Spaces

Abstract Patients face significant challenges when trying to understand the relative advantages and disadvantages of the variety of treatment options for serious diseases. This paper presents a description and evaluation of a novel visual decision aid designed to support shared decision making between patients and physicians. The objective of this research is empower patients to understand the differences among treatments that people like them chose, in terms of their resulting health outcomes. The visual depiction of the available options and the distributions of their relative desirability is called a decision space visualization (DSV). Prior research on DSVs shows that they have the potential to help shared patient-physician decision-making processes in situations where choices are not obvious and individual differences play a significant role in the decision. The DSV described here was achieved through three phases: developing requirements for the healthcare data that is filtered and displayed by the DSV, designing and developing the DSV application, and assessing the usability of the application in the context of a cancer diagnosis. The DSV detailed in this paper was found to be easy to understand, helpful, and promoted confidence in making treatment decisions.