cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presentation of Soluble Antigens to CD8+ T Cells by CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide-Primed Human Naive B Cells

Naive B lymphocytes are generally thought to be poor APCs, and there is limited knowledge of their role in activation of CD8+ T cells. In this article, we demonstrate that class I MHC Ag presentation by human naive B cells is enhanced by TLR9 agonists. Purified naive B cells were cultured with or without a TLR9 agonist (CpG oligodeoxynucleotide [ODN] 2006) for 2 d and then assessed for phenotype, endocytic activity, and their ability to induce CD8+ T cell responses to soluble Ags. CpG ODN enhanced expression of class I MHC and the costimulatory molecule CD86 and increased endocytic activity as determined by uptake of dextran beads. Pretreatment of naive B cells with CpG ODN also enabled presentation of tetanus toxoid to CD8+ T cells, resulting in CD8+ T cell cytokine production and granzyme B secretion and proliferation. Likewise, CpG-activated naive B cells showed enhanced ability to cross-present CMV Ag to autologous CD8+ T cells, resulting in proliferation of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells. Although resting naive B cells are poor APCs, they can be activated by TLR9 agonists to serve as potent APCs for class I MHC-restricted T cell responses. This novel activity of naive B cells could be exploited for vaccine design.
Disclosure of disease status among employed multiple sclerosis patients: Association with negative work events and accommodations

Background:Unemployment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and detrimental to quality of life. Studies suggest disclosure of diagnosis is an adaptive strategy for patients. However, the role of c...
Citizen Savers: Family Economy, Financial Institutions, and Public Policy in the Nineteenth-Century Northeast

borrow, and account and security holding in these intermediaries was skewed toward the wealthy.1 By the early twentieth century, a host of financial institutions served small savers and borrowers, and house holds in all segments of the social structure depended on them in managing the family economy. This dissertation examines the nineteenth-century origins, devel opment, and regulation of financial institutions that served the needs of ordinary Americans and explores how the emergence of new opportunities to save and borrow reshaped the family economy. It focuses in particular on a group of savings institutions that were
Pneumoscrotum after jejunal perforation: a case report.

Abstract Background: Pneumoscrotum is a rare disease entity in which gas is present in the scrotum. It has been described after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, as well as with disease states. The entity itself is a benign condition, but is associated with both incidental and life-threatening conditions. Objectives: We discuss the pathophysiology and associated conditions of pneumoscrotum. Case Report: We report a case of pneumoscrotum after jejunum perforation. Conclusion: Even though pneumoscrotum is a benign, rare condition, its mere presence should signal the possibility of a severe, life-threatening disease process within the peritoneum or retroperitoneum.
Civilized Cavemen? Only in Hollywood!

If you were stranded on a deserted island with a woman, would you rape her? (Unknown author, as cited in McCaughey, 2008) Martha McCaughey opens The Caveman Mystique with this provocative question....
Ultrarapid, highly efficient viral gene transfer to the heart

Gene therapy for common myocardial diseases will require effective and homogeneous gene delivery throughout the intact heart. We created two experimental models to identify and optimize parameters important for adenovirus-mediated cardiac gene transfer. In cultured rabbit ventricular myocytes, the percentage of infected cells increased with higher absolute numbers of virus particles, longer durations of virus exposure, physiological temperatures, and specific culture media compositions. Simulating the in vitro conditions, we delivered adenovirus to intact rabbit hearts by intracoronary perfusion. The percentage of infected cells increased with higher coronary flow rates, longer virus exposure times, and higher virus concentrations. Under optimal conditions, nearly 100% of myocytes expressed the reporter gene β-galactosidase after ex vivo infection. This novel delivery method, the first to demonstrate virtually complete transduction of any intact organ, could be adapted to achieve widespread gene transfer in vivo.
Absorption and emission characteristics of diffuse spherical enclosures

The thermal radiation characteristics of spherical cavities are of practical interest in connection with the absorption of radiant energy for both space-vehicle and terrestrial applications. Also, spherical cavities are of potential use as sources of black-body energy. The purpose of this brief paper is to determine both the absorption and emission characteristics of spherical cavities which are diffuse reflectors and emitters.
Glycosaminoglycan glycomics using mass spectrometry

The fact that sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are necessary for the functioning of all animal physiological systems drives the need to understand their biology. This understanding is limited, however, by the heterogeneous nature of GAG chains and their dynamic spatial and temporal expression patterns. GAGs have a regulated structure overlaid by heterogeneity but lack the detail necessary to build structure/function relationships. In order to provide this information, we need glycomics platforms that are sensitive, robust, high throughput, and information rich. This review summarizes progress on mass-spectrometry-based GAG glycomics methods. The areas covered include disaccharide analysis, oligosaccharide profiling, and tandem mass spectrometric sequencing.
Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension

615 A 65-year-old man reports a 6-month history of dizziness, light-headedness, weakness, and fatigue while upright. He takes no medication and has no personal or family history of neurologic disease. On physical examination, his supine blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg, with a heart rate of 72 beats per minute; on standing, his blood pressure falls to 70/40 mm Hg, with no change in heart rate. The results of the remainder of the examination, including neurologic examination, are normal. How should he be evaluated and treated?
Relational Dynamics Associated with Adolescent Dating Violence: The Roles of Rejection Sensitivity and Relational Insecurity

The significant rates of dating violence among adolescents have prompted investigations into underlying relational processes that might increase the risk for perpetration and victimization. Two relational constructs that have potential significance for predicting adolescent dating violence are rejection sensitivity and relational insecurity. This study investigated the relationships among relational insecurity, rejection sensitivity, and dating violence perpetration and victimization in a sample of 176 adolescents. Results indicated that relational insecurity fully mediated the relationship between rejection sensitivity and dating violence perpetration, and that relational insecurity was directly related to dating violence victimization. Results suggest that adolescent dating violence prevention programs might need to address victimization and perpetration in different ways.
flowPhyto: enabling automated analysis of microscopic algae from continuous flow cytometric data

Motivation: Flow cytometry is a widely used technique among biologists to study the abundances of populations of microscopic algae living in aquatic environments. A new generation of highfrequency flow cytometers collects up to several hundred samples per day and can run continuously for several weeks. Automated computational methods are needed to analyze the different phytoplankton populations present in each sample. Software packages in the programming environment R provide powerful tools for conducting such analyses. Results: We introduce flowPhyto, an R package that performs aggregate statistics on virtually unlimited collections of raw flow cytometry files and provides a memory efficient, parallelized solution for analyzing high-throughput flow cytometric data. Availability: Freely accessible at http://www.bioconductor.org
An Improved Coarse-Mesh Nodal Integral Method for Partial Differential Equations

An improved variation of the nodal integral method to solve partial differential equations has been developed and implemented. Rather than treating all of the nonlinear terms as the so-called pseudo-source terms (to be approximated), in this modified version of the nodal integral method, by approximating part of the nonlinear terms in terms of the discrete variable(s) that ultimately result at the end of the formulation process, some or all of the nonlinear terms are kept on the left-hand side in the transverse-integrated equations, which are to be solved analytically. Application of the method to solve the Burgers equation leads to exponential variation within the nodes and shows that the resulting scheme has inherent upwinding. Reconstruction of node interior solution—as a function of one independent variable, and averaged in all others—makes it possible to obtain rather accurate solutions even on a fine scale. Results of the numerical analysis and comparison with results of other methods reported in the literature show that the new method is comparable and sometimes better in accuracy than the currently used schemes. Extension to multidimensional, time-dependent problems is straightforward. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling adoptability of secure BGP protocols

Despite the existence of several secure BGP routing protocols, there has been little progress to date on actual adoption. Although feasibility for widespread adoption remains the greatest hurdle for BGP security, there has been little quantitative research into what properties contribute the most to the adoptability of a security scheme. In this paper, we provide a model for assessing the adoptability of a secure BGP routing protocol. We perform this evaluation by simulating incentives compatible adoption decisions of ISPs on the Internet under a variety of assumptions. Our results include: (a) the existence of a sharp threshold, where, if the cost of adoption is below the threshold, complete adoption takes place, while almost no adoption takes place above the threshold; (b) under a strong attacker model, adding a single hop of path authentication to origin authentication yields similar adoptability characteristics as a full path security scheme; (c) under a weaker attacker model, adding full path authentication (e.g., via S-BGP [9]) significantly improves the adoptability of BGP security over weaker path security schemes such as soBGP [16]. These results provide insight into the development of more adoptable secure BGP protocols and demonstrate the importance of studying adoptability of protocols.
Verification of Distributed Firewalls

The private computer network of any large enterprise has tens, or even hundreds, of firewalls. These firewalls are placed at the entry points of the network (where the network is connected with the rest of the Internet), and at many chosen points within the network. The result is a complex firewall network that seems hard to understand or analyze. In this paper, we propose a method for verifying the correctness of firewall networks with tree topologies. Our method is based on identifying two types of properties of firewall trees: accept and discard properties. An accept (or discard) property of a firewall tree specifies a class of packets that should be accepted (or discarded, respectively) by the firewall tree. We present two algorithms that can be used to decide whether a given firewall tree satisfies a given, accept or discard, property of that tree.
Kapital para el siglo XXI

Commentary on the book "Capital in the 21st Century" by Thomas Piketty, (translation of the book in French into English by Arthur Goldhammer) Belknap Press, 2014, 671 pp. This commentary by James Galbraith appeared in English in Dissent, a Quarterly of Politics and Culture, spring 2014, and can be found at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/kapital-for-the-twenty-first-century. Translation of Ola Financiera, from English to Spanish by Hector R. Gonzalez Pena (School of Economics of the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan campus) and revision of Eugenia Correa.
Turnover and Retention among Volunteers in Human Service Agencies

Nonprofit agencies use approximately six million volunteers to deliver services. As public service increasingly relies on their work, the question of how to reduce turnover and increase retention among volunteers merits attention. This article reports an empirical analysis of turnover and retention using Herzberg's two-factor theory. The findings suggest two factors that reduce turnover: both preservice and in-service training and assigning challenging tasks.
Ethylene and Auxin-Ethylene Interaction in Adventitious Root Formation in Mung Bean Cuttings

The role of ethylene in adventitious root formation and its involvement in auxin-induced rooting were investigated in cuttings of Vigna radiata(L.). Treatment with 30 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for 24 h slightly inhibited rooting, whereas the same concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) significantly stimulated it. Ethylene derived from 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) increased the number of adventitious roots, but inhibited their emergence and elongation. Endogenous levels of ethylene, ACC and malonyl-ACC (MACC) were initially higher in cuttings treated with IAA. This trend was quickly reversed and cuttings, particularly hypocotyls, treated with IBA produced higher levels of ethylene and had more ACC and MACC during most of the rooting process. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine significantly inhibited rooting but its inhibitory effect could not be reversed by ACC. The data suggest that the stimulating effect of IBA on rooting is closely associated with its induction of ethylene biosynthesis.
Family Matters?: A Cross‐National Analysis of the Performance Implications of Family Ownership

Manuscript Type Empirical Research Question/Issue This study makes use of a large multi-country sample to examine how the market performance of family firms is affected by national context. Research Findings/Insights We find that Tobin's Q among family firms is significantly lower than that of non-family firms across 33 countries. In examining these effects, results suggest that legal context and national culture influence the performance implications of publicly traded family firms, serving to mitigate some of the generally negative impact. Theoretical/Academic Implications We find that national context is an important contingency in determining the family's ability and willingness to exploit minority shareholder wealth. Building upon our results, future research can focus on how formal and informal institutions may be substitutes for each other. Our results help explain why prior empirical research provides conflicting results regarding the impact of family governance on firm valuation. Practitioner/Policy Implications Our findings suggest that the performance implications of family firms are contingent on legal protections, belief in the impartiality of the legal system, and culture. Given wide variations in these measures across countries, the appropriate mechanisms to strengthen investor protection will not follow a one-size fits all approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Examining the strategic plan: the heart of American College of Cardiology Advocacy.

![Figure][1] The American College of Cardiology (ACC) has long been known for its dissemination of education to cardiovascular specialists. More than 65 years ago, the College’s founders made continuing education of practicing clinicians a core mission of the College. However, as early
Biological Markers in Diagnosis of ADHD: EEG Theta/Beta Ratio in Diagnosis of ADHD

Investigators at the Research Institute Brainclinics, Nijmegen, Netherlands, conducted a meta-analysis on the Theta/Beta ratio (TBR) during Eyes Open from location Cz (the electrode halfway between the inion and the nasion) in the EEG of children/adolescents 6-18 years of age with and without ADHD.
Secure management of logs in internet of things

Ever since the advent of computing, managing data has been of extreme importance. With innumerable devices getting added to network infrastructure, there has been a proportionate increase in the data which needs to be stored. With the advent of Internet of Things (IOT) it is anticipated that billions of devices will be a part of the internet in another decade. Since those devices will be communicating with each other on a regular basis with little or no human intervention, plethora of real time data will be generated in quick time which will result in large number of log files. Apart from complexity pertaining to storage, it will be mandatory to maintain confidentiality and integrity of these logs in IOT enabled devices. This paper will provide a brief overview about how logs can be efficiently and securely stored in IOT devices.
ARF-GEF Cytohesin-2/ARNO regulates R-Ras and α5-integrin recycling through an EHD1-positive compartment.

When expressed in epithelial cells, cytohesin-2/ARNO, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ARF small GTPases, causes a robust migration response. Recent evidence suggests that cytohesin-2/ARNO acts downstream of small the GTPase R-Ras to promote spreading and migration. We hypothesized that cytohesin-2/ARNO could transmit R-Ras signals by regulating the recycling of R-Ras through ARF activation. We found that Eps15-homology domain 1 (EHD1), a protein that associates with the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), colocalizes with active R-Ras in transiently expressed HeLa cells. In addition, we show that EHD1-positive recycling endosomes are a novel compartment for cytohesin-2/ARNO. Knockdown or expression of GEF-inactive (E156K) cytohesin-2/ARNO causes R-Ras to accumulate on recycling endosomes containing EHD1 and inhibits cell spreading. E156K-ARNO also causes a reduction in focal adhesion size and number. Finally, we demonstrate that R-Ras/ARNO signaling is required for recycling of α5-integrin and R-Ras to the plasma membrane. These data establish a role for cytohesin-2/ARNO as a regulator of R-Ras and integrin recycling and suggest that ARF-regulated trafficking of R-Ras is required for R-Ras-dependent effects on spreading and adhesion formation.
Indoleamines and affective disorders.

Evidence linking indoleamines and depressive disorders is reviewed. The synthesis and degradation of indoleamines, their storage and distribution in the central nervous system, as well as their transfer across the blood-brain barrier is included in this review. Data have been published that indicate indoleamines potentiate a depressive patient's response to the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In addition to this therapeutic response, evidence of indoleamine abnormalities in depressive states have been reported in the lungs, kidneys, spinal fluid, and the brain itself. These reports are summarized and discussed. Recently, evidence has been presented that the pharmaeologic action of morphine is dependent on the metabolic turn-over rate of an indoleamine. Because of the known mood-elevating qualities of morphine, this is presented as a potential connection between indoleamines and affective states other than depressive disorders.
The Ruby Scale at Megabar Pressures

Diamond anvil cells revolutionized high pressure research because they provided easy to generate extremely high pressures with an optical window on the sample and an easy-to-use pressure gauge based on the shift with pressure of the ruby fluorescence spectrum. The ruby scale provides an accurate method of determining pressure distributions within samples. However, at pressures above 100 GPa measurement of the ruby fluorescence begins to become difficult due to weakening signals, interference from intense diamond fluorescence, and ultimately, strong absorption of the exciting laser by diamond itself. We shall discuss a number of methods which have been devised to extend the ruby pressure optical gauge to 500 GPa, including quasi-direct pumping of the ruby R-lines.
A Dynamic Dual-Process Model of Decision-making Under Uncertainty

Current dynamic models of decision-making assume that a unitary system is responsible for forming preferences. However, extensive research has shown that decision-making and behavior result from the interaction of two separate systems of reasoning one that is fast, automatic, and experiential and one that is slow, deliberative and rational. This paper develops the first dynamic dual-process model of decision-making that can account for choice, response times, and prices. The model is applied to several phenomena from the risky decisionmaking literature including enhancements in preference by small losses, preference reversals due to response mode, and the influence of price and affect on preference.
An Economic Theory of Fiduciary Law

This chapter restates the economic theory of fiduciary law, making several fresh contributions. First, it elaborates on earlier work by clarifying the agency problem that is at the core of all fiduciary relationships. In consequence of this common economic structure, there is a common doctrinal structure that cuts across the application of fiduciary principles in different contexts. However, within this common structure, the particulars of fiduciary obligation vary in accordance with the particulars of the agency problem in the fiduciary relationship at issue. This point explains the purported elusiveness of fiduciary doctrine. It also explains why courts apply fiduciary law both categorically, such as to trustees and (legal) agents, as well as ad hoc to relationships involving a position of trust and confidence that gives rise to an agency problem.Second, this chapter identifies a functional distinction between primary and subsidiary fiduciary rules. In all fiduciary relationships we find general duties of loyalty and care, typically phrased as standards, which proscribe conflicts of interest and prescribe an objective standard of care. But we also find specific subsidiary fiduciary duties, often phrased as rules, that elaborate on the application of loyalty and care to commonly recurring circumstances in the particular form of fiduciary relationship. Together, the general primary duties of loyalty and care and the specific subsidiary rules provide for governance by a mix of rules and standards that offers the benefits of both while mitigating their respective weaknesses. Finally, this chapter revisits the puzzle of why fiduciary law includes mandatory rules that cannot be waived in a relationship deemed fiduciary. Committed economic contractarians, such as Easterbrook and Fischel, have had difficulty in explaining why the parties to a fiduciary relationship do not have complete freedom of contract. The answer is that the mandatory core of fiduciary law serves a cautionary and protective function within the fiduciary relationship as well as an external categorization function that clarifies rights for third parties. The existence of a mandatory fiduciary core is thus reconcilable with an economic theory of fiduciary law.
Iraqi Refugee High School Students’ Academic Adjustment

ABSTRACTMany Iraqi refugee students in the United States suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as acculturation stresses. These stresses often create challenges for their integration into U.S. schools. The project explored risk factors such as the length of educational gaps in transit, PTSD, and separation and marginalization acculturation, as well as protective factors such as resilience, self-esteem, and integration and assimilation. We conducted bivariate correlations and multiple regression to examine the relationship between factors and predicting school adjustment using variables among 100 Iraqi refugee high school students in the Detroit area. The results showed that the educational gaps (negatively), and assimilation and resilience (positively), are the strongest predictors for school adjustment. PTSD incurred by Iraqis as a result of events experienced before and during their migration from Iraq are related to their self-esteem and separation acculturation, while educational ga...
In Vivo Hemoglobin Thiyl Radical Formation as a Consequence of Hydrazine-Based Drug Metabolism

For a variety of reasons, the possibility of free radical metabolism has not received much attention in the past, although Michaelis of the Michaelis-Menten equation was interested in free radical metabolites and their importance in biochemistry in the 1930’s. One reason for the late development of this area is that most biochemicals, as opposed to aromatic drugs and industrial chemicals, are not easily metabolized through free radical intermediates. Another reason is that unless something can be demonstrated with a whole animal, there will always be some question of its actual existence in biology. To detect something as ephemeral as a free radical formed inside a whole animal is certainly not easy. In such investigations, the toxic effects of free radicals are presumably the result of purely chemical reactions; therefore, a knowledge of the radical’s chemistry under physiological conditions is necessary.
Cumulative Effects of Growing Up in Separate and Unequal Neighborhoods on Racial Disparities in Self-rated Health in Early Adulthood

Evidence suggests that living in a socioeconomically deprived neighborhood is associated with worse health. Yet most research relies on cross-sectional data, which implicitly ignore variation in longer-term exposure that may be more consequential for health. Using data from the 1970 to 2011 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics merged with census data on respondents’ neighborhoods (N = 1,757), this study estimates a marginal structural model with inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights to examine: (1) whether cumulative exposure to neighborhood disadvantage from birth through age 17 affects self-rated health in early adulthood, and (2) the extent to which variation in such exposure helps to explain racial disparities therein. Findings reveal that prolonged exposure to neighborhood disadvantage throughout childhood and adolescence is strikingly more common among nonwhite versus white respondents and is associated with significantly greater odds of experiencing an incidence of fair or p...
Esophageal and Mediastinal Emergencies in the Cancer Patient

The mediastinum contains multiple vital structures that can become compromised in cancer patients. Due to the critical nature of these structures, prompt recognition of mediastinal emergencies is essential. This chapter addresses the diagnostic approach and treatment of the most common mediastinal emergencies among cancer patients, including superior vena cava syndrome and pericardial effusion. We also address esophageal problems such as perforation, fistula, bleeding, and obstruction. Airway and tracheal emergencies are discussed elsewhere in this book.
Evaluating the accuracy of a three-term pencil beam algorithm in heterogeneous media.

The goal of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of our in-house analytical dose calculation code against MCNPX data in heterogeneous phantoms. The analytical model utilizes a pencil beam model based on Fermi–Eyges theory to account for multiple Coulomb scattering and a least-squares fit to Monte Carlo data to account for nonelastic nuclear interactions as well as any remaining, uncharacterized scatter (the 'nuclear halo'). The model characterized dose accurately (up to 1% of maximum dose in broad fields (4 × 4 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2) and up to 0.01% in a narrow field (0.1 × 0.1 cm2) fit to MCNPX data). The accuracy of the model was benchmarked in three types of stylized phantoms: (1) homogeneous, (2) laterally infinite slab heterogeneities, and (3) laterally finite slab heterogeneities. Results from homogeneous phantoms and laterally infinite slab heterogeneities showed high levels of accuracy (>98% of points within 2% or 0.1 cm distance-to-agreement (DTA)). However, because range straggling and secondary particle production were not included in our model, central-axis dose differences of 2–4% were observed in laterally infinite slab heterogeneities when compared to Monte Carlo dose. In the presence of laterally finite slab heterogeneities, the analytical model resulted in lower pass rates (>96% of points within 2% or 0.1 cm DTA), which was attributed to the use of the central-axis approximation.
Abstract 11344: Impaired SIRT1 Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling in the Senescent Heart during Ischemic Stress

Background - A decreased ability to tolerate ischemic stress with aging is observed in both animal models and humans. A ‘longevity’ gene, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), has been reported to attenuate the age-dependent induction of left ventricular dysfunction. We hypothesize that SIRT1 is involved in intolerance of the aged heart to ischemic stress. Methods and Results - Male C57BL/6 young (4-6 months) and aged (24-26 months) mice were used to determine SIRT1’s role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) tolerance. We for the first time found that SIRT1 is predominantly expressed in a sumoylated form in cardiomyocyte nuclei, and that overexpression of desumoylase, sentrin-specific protease 2(SENP2), can reduce nuclear sumoylated SIRT1 levels. Interestingly, SIRT1 protein levels in aged hearts are lower than those seen in young hearts ( p <0.05). Immunoblotting and confocal fluorescence data demonstrated that I/R triggers desumoylation and translocation of nuclear SIRT1 into the cytoplasm in aged but not in young hearts. In addition, nuclear SIRT1 activity in ischemic young hearts was 3.2-fold higher than that seen in ischemic aged hearts ( p <0.05), suggesting that aging causes impaired nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and activation of SIRT1 in response to ischemic stress. Wild type (WT) and Sirt1 +/- knockout mice (all C57BL/6 background) were subjected to 30 min ischemia via left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion followed by 4 hours reperfusion, the infarct size in aged and Sirt1 +/- knockout hearts was markedly higher than that observed in young and Sirt1 +/+ WT littermate hearts, respectively. Furthermore, the SIRT1 agonist, SRT1720, significantly reduced infarct size in both aged and Sirt1 +/- hearts via activation of cardiac SIRT1. Conclusions - Impaired cardiac SIRT1 activity plays a key role in the observed increase in susceptibility of the aged heart to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pharmacological SIRT1 activation can restore this aging-related loss of cardioprotection against I/R injury.
The Relación de Michoacán (1539–1541) and the Politics of Representation in Colonial Mexico. By Angélica Jimena Afanador-Pujol. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2015. Pp. xi, 269. $65.00.)

Colonial Mesoamerican ethnohistorical scholarship rests on the assumption that both indigenous‐ and Spanish‐authored sources, written and visual, offer valid—if sometimes biased—views of the prehis...
The association between indoor smoke-free home rules and the use of cigar and smokeless tobacco: A longitudinal study

Abstract Introduction The existence of an indoor smoke-free home rule is associated with lower use of cigar and smokeless tobacco. This study aims to use a longitudinal sample to examine the association between smoke-free home rules and the cessation and uptake of these two types of tobacco products. Method The Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey surveyed 28,153 adults in May 2010 and then followed them up 12 months later. Data from these two surveys and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the association between overtime smoke-free home rule status and the use of cigar and smokeless tobacco. Results Among respondents who used cigar in 2010, having an indoor smoke-free home rules consistently (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.52–3.83) and adopting one during the 12-month period (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.01–3.68) increased the likelihood of not using cigar in 2011, compared to not having or forgoing a home rule over time. Among adults who had never used cigar by 2010, those having a rule consistently (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.38–0.71) were less likely to initiate cigar use. Having a smoke-free home rule consistently was also associated with lower likelihood of start using smokeless tobacco (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.35–0.78). Nevertheless, there is no evidence indicating that the adoption of a rule is correlated with the cessation of smokeless tobacco. Conclusion The establishment of indoor smoke-free home rules may help reduce cigar use and prevent the uptake of cigar and smokeless tobacco. Such findings call for research using experimental design to further examine the impact of home rules on the use of cigar and smokeless tobacco.
THE FIRE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OLDER ADULTS: ETIOLOGIES, CONSEQUENCES, AND TREATMENTS

Chronic inflammation is recognized as a globally prevalent condition related to aging that worsens chronic disease states, drives functional and cognitive decline, and accelerates mortality in older adults. Age-related etiological drivers are likely senescent cells, altered immune system composition, mitochondrial declines, altered microbiome, and chronic infections such as CMV. The consequence of chronic inflammation is increased production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and an altered adaptive immune system which drives pathophysiological changes in organs and tissues, which in turn accelerates adverse health outcomes and chronic disease status in older adults. Although many inflammatory cytokines have been used to identify older adults with chronic inflammation, no diagnostic gold standard exists. Further, few if any preventive and treatment strategies beyond exercise have been identified or tested. In this interdisciplinary and translational symposium, assembled by the Geroscience Interest group of the Gerontological Society of America, an international roster of speakers will discuss 1) the prevalence, consequences, and diagnostic considerations for chronic inflammation from studies of older adults from around the world, 2) the molecular etiologies and the cellular mechanisms, including cellular debris and auto reactive processes, that drive chronic diseases, 3) the role of the altered immune system and the impact of chronic infections such as CMV on the development of chronic inflammation and adaptive immune system modulation and 4) novel intervention strategies in older adults including fish oil and losartan that target chronic inflammation and mobility.
Research on the access control protocol Priccess design of network privacy protection

To provide a more reliable security for the network privacy, the access control protocol Priccess design of network privacy protection was studied. First of all, this paper presented the problems in wireless network security, and points out the key technologies, including privacy protection, user authentication, trust management, network security communication architecture and other technologies. Then, it made a brief analysis of the composition of the Priccess protocol, a wireless communication network in the roaming authentication scheme and wireless sensor network privacy data protection scheme. Furthermore, the roaming authentication scheme and wireless sensor networks data privacy protection in a wireless communication network was established. Finally, the results of the evaluation of the message load of Priccess protocol proved it was efficient for most of the user access devices, which could provide more efficient protection for the privacy of the network communication.
Classification of Reactor Facility Operational State Using SPRT Methods with Radiation Sensor Networks

We consider the problem of inferring the operational state of a reactor facility by using measurements from a radiation sensor network, which is deployed around the facility’s ventilation stack. The radiation emissions from the stack decay with distance, and the corresponding measurements are inherently random with parameters determined by radiation intensity levels at the sensor locations. We fuse measurements from network sensors to estimate the intensity at the stack, and use this estimate in a one-sided Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) to infer the on/off state of the reactor facility. We demonstrate the superior performance of this method over conventional majority vote fusers and individual sensors using (i) test measurements from a network of NaI sensors, and (ii) emulated measurements using radioactive effluents collected at a reactor facility stack. We analytically quantify the performance improvements of individual sensors and their networks with adaptive thresholds over those with fixed ones, by using the packing number of the radiation intensity space.
Potential effects of long-term exposure to boat noise on the growth, survival, and nutrient retention in juvenile fish.

Fishing and recreational boats are common vessels in coastal waters and contribute to underwater noise, with levels and frequencies related to their size. Texas bays and estuaries are widely traveled by motor-driven recreational and fishing boats and the number of them has increased in the past few years (National Marine Manufacturers Association 2008). Studies have shown that fish react to underwater noise from boats by displaying abnormal behavior (Fuiman et al. 1999; Popper et al. 2004) and reduced growth (Davidson et al. 2009; Wysocki et al. 2007). Fish react to stressful conditions by modulating metabolic rate and repartitioning energy, with the subsequent conversion of stored to available energy at the expense of growth (Wendelaar Bonga 1997).
Disruption of cell-cycle control by viral oncoproteins

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New Occupations and the Division of Labor in Workplace Alcoholism Programs

New occupations surrounding workplace alcoholism and employee assistance programs have emerged. The impetus for the development of the new occupations was grants from the NIAAA to fund individuals to initiate, develop, and maintain employee alcoholism/assistance programs, followed by large-scale privatization. Two other organizations also figure prominently in the development, the NCA and ALMACA. Thus, the alcoholism roots in workplace programming are undeniable. A certification process of employee assistance professionals is now underway. The content areas for employee assistance certification are agreed upon, representing a core of competency-based knowledge and skills desirable for workplace alcoholism/assistance programming. The certification process can establish the boundaries of employee programming and maintain the ability of employee assistance to provide constructive solutions for alcoholic employees and their families.
Reacting to Lysenko

In late October, 1946, the telephone rang while H.J. Muller was in the bathroom shaving. His wife answered and told him it was a reporter from New York who insisted on speaking with him. His face was covered in lather. “Damn it,” he muttered, “what’s the matter?” He grabbed the phone and barked angrily: “Muller!” He listened and replied quietly: “Are you sure? How do you know? Is it really true? Is there any confirmation of that? How can I believe that without any official notice?”
Ann-based model-free thermal controls for residential buildings

This research aimed to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based advanced thermal control method for creating more comfortable thermal environments in residential buildings. The proposed control method, which consisted of a thermal control logic and system hardware framework, was designed to improve residential thermal environments through the reduction of thermal imbalance in various rooms; the achievement of thermal comfort taken into account humidity or PMV as a control variable; and the reduction of overshoots and undershoots of air temperature, humidity and PMV using ANN-based predictive and adaptive control. In the control logic framework, four logics were employed for the residential thermal controls: (1) temperature and humidity control without ANNs as a conventional method, (2) PMV control without ANN, (3) temperature and humidity control with ANNs, and (4) PMV control with ANN. In addition, the system hardware framework was developed using sensors, data acquisition systems, a control panel, and building climate control systems. The performance of four developed control logics and system hardware was tested through computer simulation incorporating IBPT (International Building Physics Toolbox) and MATLAB, and through experiment. A typical two-story single-family home was modeled for the computer simulation while a thermal chamber was built for the experiment. Variables for the simulation were (1) the change of building conditions such as orientations, R-values for walls, the roof and windows, and window-wall-ratio, and (2) disturbances such as the change of internal load and ventilation rate, the application of setback, the change of setpoint, and the extreme change of exterior thermal conditions. Variables for the experiment were application and non-application of setback. The study reveals that ANN-based predictive and adaptive control strategies created more comfortable thermal conditions than ones without in terms of increased comfort period of air temperature, humidity, and PMV. This improvement was through the reduced ratio and magnitude of overshoots and undershoots out of the specified comfort ranges. In many cases, ANN-based strategies consumed less energy for building climate control systems although not as significantly as expected. Based on this study, it can be concluded that ANN-based predictive and adaptive climate control strategies can improve thermal comfort in residential buildings.
Do Low-Wage Employers Discriminate against Applicants with Long Commutes? Evidence from a Correspondence Experiment

I use a correspondence study of the low-wage labor market in Washington, DC to test whether employers discriminate against applicants who live farther from the job location. Fictional resumes randomly assigned to addresses far from the job location receive 14 percent fewer callbacks than those with addresses in nearby but similarly affluent neighborhoods. Living five to six miles away from the job results in a penalty equal to that received by applicants with stereotypically black names. On the other hand, holding commute distance constant, I find no statistical evidence that employers respond to a neighborhood's affluence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
There is no equity in a vacuum: on the importance of historical, political, and moral considerations in science education

As a response to Fortney and Atwood’s “Teaching with understanding while teaching for understanding” (this issue), this paper challenges definitions of equity that do not explicitly deal with oppression and injustice. I argue that in order to address the problem of inequity at its roots, we must re-center the historical, political, and moral dimensions of equity to disrupt dominant assumptions about the goals of science education. The justice-centered approach I advocate requires understanding inequity as one component of social injustice and necessitates that science education be linked with larger movements for social change.
How has empirical monetary policy analysis in the U.S. changed after the financial crisis

Abstract During the Great Recession, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate nearly to zero and began using unconventional monetary policy. A fed funds rate near zero is no longer a proper representation of policy. Thus, empirical models of monetary policy cannot be estimated as usual. We use a linear empirical model to investigate whether alternative instruments such as the balance sheet or shadow rates can replace the fed funds rate to capture unconventional policy. Our objective is to determine whether adding to or replacing the policy instrument can preserve linearity or whether one must allow structural breaks. We include data for both normal and unconventional periods and find that shadow rates preserve linearity better than using a bounded federal funds rate alone, adding the balance sheet, or adding long rates. When short rates are bounded, shadow rates produce similar responses to the unbounded period and alleviate the need for structural breaks. [JEL codes: E43, E44, E52] Keywords: zero lower bound, affine term structure.
Citation Skew in Plastic Surgery Journals: Does the Journal Impact Factor Predict Individual Article Citation Rate?

BACKGROUND Citation skew refers to the unequal distribution of citations to articles published in a particular journal. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess whether citation skew exists within plastic surgery journals and to determine whether the journal impact factor (JIF) is an accurate indicator of the citation rates of individual articles. METHODS We used Journal Citation Reports to identify all journals within the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery. The number of citations in 2018 for all individual articles published in 2016 and 2017 was abstracted. RESULTS Thirty-three plastic surgery journals were identified, publishing 9823 articles. The citation distribution showed right skew, with the majority of articles having either 0 or 1 citation (40% and 25%, respectively). A total of 3374 (34%) articles achieved citation rates similar to or higher than their journal's IF, whereas 66% of articles failed to achieve a citation rate equal to the JIF. Review articles achieved higher citation rates (median, 2) than original articles (median, 1) (P < 0.0001). Overall, 50% of articles contributed to 93.7% of citations and 12.6% of articles contributed to 50% of citations. A weak positive correlation was found between the number of citations and the JIF (r = 0.327, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Citation skew exists within plastic surgery journals as in other fields of biomedical science. Most articles did not achieve citation rates equal to the JIF with a small percentage of articles having a disproportionate influence on citations and the JIF. Therefore, the JIF should not be used to assess the quality and impact of individual scientific work.