cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industry session IV: 3DIC and integrated voltage regulators

Cache-coherent multi-core server processors require maximum memory bandwidth and minimum cache latency. The performance of conventional 2D single die processors is limited by the number and speed of memory IO channels and by long-range on-die interconnect delay. This technological research investigation explores 3DIC stacked die as a means to avoid the spatial and latency limitations of a single 2D die. By expanding vertically into the third dimension, lateral mm can be traded for vertical microns of interconnect. Heterogeneous die stacking enables optimizing the top die for cores and cache by moving functionality that does not need the highest performance silicon, such as serdes IO, to the base die in an older technology. The top die can then be simplified by removing the IO transistors, esd, and analog features such as precision resistors etc to the base die. Combining two dies face-to-face adds the routing resources of the full BEOL metal stack of the base die to that of the top die. Classical 3DIC techniques such as block folding further reduce critical path latency. Increasingly important implemention of software-in-silicon for database acceleration also requires full memory bandwidth and minimal latency L3 cache access. The extra silicon area in the base die can implement these features with an FPGA or optimized macros. This extra area could also be used to implement a large L4 cache with greatly reduced latency compared with off-die, 2.5D or MCM options. In addition, 3DIC optimally implements integrated voltage regulators in the base die to provide very short range highly regulated power delivery to voltage domains in both die. This greatly simplifies system-level power delivery by supplying 2x the voltage at 1/2 the current without stringent regulation. The board and package requirements can be relaxed as there is less I⁁2R power loss. The IVRs in the base die deliver minimum ripple, allowing lower Vmin, saving power and provide much faster load transient response and faster DVFS. In these ways, 3DIC offers increased performance and more functionality than possible with a single-level 2D die.
Micropatterned macroporous structures in microfluidic devices for viral separation from whole blood

Separation and enrichment of bio-nanoparticles from cell suspensions and blood are critical steps in many chemical and biomedical practices. We demonstrate here the design and fabrication of a microfluidic immunochromatographic device incorporating regular and multiscale monolithic structures to capture viruses from blood. The device contains micropatterned arrays of macroporous materials to perform size-exclusion and affinity chromatography in a simple flow-through process. The microscale gaps in the array allow the passage of cells while the macroporous matrices promote viral capture. Computational analyses reveal that fluid permeation into the porous matrices is controllable by the micropattern shape, separation distance and dimensions. Experimental analyses using blood samples containing human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) as a model system further prove significantly improved viral capture efficiency using devices incorporating multiscale structures than those containing solid micropatterns. Such microfluidic devices with regular and multiscale structures have a potential for the separation and concentration of a wide range of bio-nanoparticles as well as macromolecules from complex mixtures containing both nano- and micro-sized species.
Survival outcomes for advanced kidney cancer patients in the era of targeted therapies

Background: Advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) results in over 14,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. The therapeutic landscape for advanced RCC changed dramatically with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) between 2006 and 2012. A large-scale analysis of survival trends has not been performed in the TKI era to determine their impact on outcomes for advanced RCC patients. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database was queried for adult patients with advanced RCC diagnosed between 2000 and 2013. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the year of diagnosis—pre-TKI cohort [2000–2006] and TKI cohort [2007–2013]. Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed. Results: A total of 14,976 patients were included in our study. Median age at diagnosis was 64 years (range, 18–89 years). Median (cancer-specific) overall survival was 10.0 months in the TKI cohort compared with 8.0 months in the pre-TKI cohort, corresponding to a 13% improvement in survival in the TKI area [hazard ratio (HR) for death 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.84–0.91, P<0.0001]. Median survival was improved by 2 months for patients with clear-cell RCC histology [HR for death 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84–0.91, P<0.0001]. Patients with non-clear cell RCC had a 25% higher risk of mortality compared with those with clear-cell RCC. Additionally, median survival for non-clear cell RCC patients was not statistically different between the two cohorts (HR for death 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88–1.09, P=0.714). Subgroup analysis showed that elderly patients (age 71 years and above) had a 45% higher risk of death from advanced RCC compared with young patients (aged 18–50 years) [HR for death 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36–1.54, P<0.0001]. Gender and racial disparities in outcomes were also noted with women having a 10% higher risk of death compared with men (HR for death 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06–1.14, P<0.001) and Black patients having a 15% higher risk of death compared with White patients (HR for death 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08–1.23, P<0.0001). Conclusions: Our study provides a largest registry-based analysis of survival outcomes in the TKI era. In majority of patients, the survival has improved significantly with the advent of TKIs as standard of care therapy. Survival for patients with non-clear cell RCC is clearly worse than clear-cell RCC and does not appear to have changed with TKIs. Elderly patients, women, and Black patients appear to have worse outcomes and these disparities merit further investigation.
Role of adenosine signaling in coordinating cardiomyocyte function and coronary vascular growth in chronic fetal anemia

Fetal anemia causes rapid and profound changes in cardiac structure and function, stimulating proliferation of the cardiac myocytes, expansion of the coronary vascular tree, and impairing early con...
Neutron radiography for high-resolution studies in low temperature fuel cells

Abstract: Due to the nature of the interaction between neutrons and material, neutron radiography has played a critical role in the elucidation of water management problems in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Recent advances in neutron imaging detector spatial resolution have enabled the study of through-plane water content in PEMFCs. With the ability to discriminate between water in the anode and cathode gas diffusion layers from that in the membrane electrode assembly, fundamental studies have included visualizing the role of thermo-osmosis in water transport, identifying where within the fuel cell sandwich ice forms during operation below 0 °C, and measuring mass transfer resistance of the membrane. This chapter discusses types of high-resolution detector systems, typical sources and sizes of measurement uncertainties, and reviews recent experiments.
Key Future Issues in Nuclear Power

During these two days we have heard re-affirmed, among expressions of concern with present problems, the vision that was drawn at the birth of nuclear technology by Enrico Fermi and his associates---that the uranium-plutonium fuel cycle can provide many centuries of the abundant energy needed by a growing and hungry world. But fifty years of experience have illuminated this vision in two important ways:
Fueling the immune response: what’s the cost?

Pigs kept in environments where they are exposed to a high number of pathogenic microbes have reduced feed intake and growth, even when no obvious acute illness exists. This chronic drain on production is called immunological stress. Sentinel immune cells (e.g. macrophages) ‘sense’ the diverse microbial environment by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are molecules associated with groups of pathogens. The immune sentinels detect PAMPs mainly with Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Stimulation of macrophages through their TLRs leads to the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins, thereby initiating the inflammatory response that recruits both soluble immune molecules and circulating immune cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines enable the immune system to communicate with other disparate physiological systems. They rearrange the animal’s metabolic priorities, resulting in re-partitioning of nutrients away from productive processes towards responses that support the immune system. Thus, the immune system, through detection of PAMPs and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is the critical chain link connecting the pathogenic environment to productivity. Estimates suggest that at maintenance a healthy animal uses about 0.5-2% of the body’s lysine for leukocytes, antibodies, and acute phase proteins. When mounting a robust response to an infectious pathogen the immune response is estimated to account for about 9% of the body’s lysine. Thus, the cost of immunological stress, in terms of lysine utilization, must lie somewhere on the gradient beginning at 2% (maintenance) and ending at 9% (robust immune response). Providing additional lysine in the diet does not alleviate the reduced growth caused by immunological stress because the capacity for protein accretion is inhibited. Thus, minimizing exposure to pathogenic microbes with sound environmental management practices must remain a high priority.
Nitrobenzene-detection cadmium thiophenedicarboxylate coordination polymers with flexible dipyridylamide ligands and diverse topologies

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of cadmium nitrate, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (H2tdc) and one of the conformationally flexible dipyridylamide ligands N,N′-(heptane-1,7-diyl)dinicotinamide (hedn), N,N′-(hexane-1,6-diyl)diisonicotinamide (hdin), N,N′-(hexane-1,6-diyl)dinicotinamide (hdn), N,N′-(propane-1,3-diyl)dinicotinamide (pdn), N,N′-(propane-1,3-diyl)diisonicotinamide (pdin) produced five new coordination polymers which were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. {[Cd(tdc)(hedn)(H2O)]·3H2O}n (1) manifests looped (4,4) grid motifs with two-fold parallel interpenetration. {[Cd(tdc)(hdin)(H2O)]·H2O}n (2) shows stacked (4,4) grid motifs. {[Cd2(tdc)2(hdn)(H2O)4]·H2O}n (3) exhibits herringbone (6,3) grid motifs. In contrast to the 2D topologies seen in 1–3, {[Cd2(tdc)2(pdn)(H2O)2]·4H2O}n (4) displays a 3D self-penetrated net with 6482 nbo topology and [Cd(tdc)(pdin)]n (5) shows a 1D ribbon structure constructed from staple-conformation pdin ligands and {Cd2O2} dimer-containing [Cd(tdc)]n chains. Thermal decomposition and nitrobenzene detection properties of these five new materials are discussed.
NIMG-40. NON-INVASIVE IN VIVO SIGNATURE OF IDH1 MUTATIONAL STATUS IN HIGH GRADE GLIOMA, FROM CLINICALLY-ACQUIRED MULTI-PARAMETRIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, USING MULTIVARIATE MACHINE LEARNING

PURPOSE: Mutational status of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) is a defining feature of the World Health Organization classification scheme for high grade gliomas (HGGs). IDH-mutant HGGs confer significantly improved prognoses when compared with IDH-wildtype, which typically describe the most common malignant primary HGGs in adults, namely glioblastoma. HGGs are densely cellular, pleomorphic tumors with high mitotic activity, with glioblastoma having either microvascular proliferation, or necrosis, or both. We hypothesize that integrative analysis of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) via multivariate machine learning (ML), will enhance subtle yet important radiographic HGG characteristics, and reveal imaging signatures determinant of IDH1 mutational status. METHODS 86 HGG patients were retrospectively identified with available pre-operative clinically-acquired mpMRI data (T1, T1-Gd, T2, T2-FLAIR, DTI, DSC-MRI). Each HGG was delineated into sub-regions of enhancement, non-enhancement, and peritumoral edema/invasion. 342 quantitative imaging phenomic (QIP) features extracted across sub-regions from all mpMRI, comprising descriptors of size, morphology, texture, intensity, and biophysical growth modeling. Cross-validated sequential feature selection determined the most discriminative QIP features for our integrative ML predictor of IDH1 status. The predicted classifications, following a 10-fold cross-validation, were compared with the IDH1 status obtained by next generation sequencing, or immunohistochemistry.
Abstract 17697: Utility of Late Gadolinium Enhancement on Cardiac MRI in Predicting Clinically Significant Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies

Introduction: Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) has been shown to predict mortality and morbidity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the predictive value of LGE on major ventricular arrhythmias particularly sudden death in DCM is unproven. Methods: A comprehensive search of articles assessing the predictive role of cMRI on clinically relevant ventricular arrhythmias [Sudden cardiac death (SCD), aborted SCD, sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) shock] was done in PUBMED and COCHRANE databases through May, 2013 combining the search terms “late gadolinium enhancement”, “Cardiac MRI”, “Delayed gadolinium enhancement”, “Dilated cardiomyopathy”, “ ventricular arrhythmia”, “sudden cardiac death” and “ICD therapy”. After screening abstracts, full texts of potentially relevant studies were reviewed by two authors. Data was extracted on standardized forms. Meta-analysis was performed following the MOOSE criteria and PRISMA statement using a random effects model. The main measure of association was relative risk and 95% of confidence interval (CI), with 0.5 added to the arms with zero events. Results: A total of 1189 patients across 7 studies were included in the analysis based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was significant excess risk of clinically relevant ventricular arrhythmias (CRVA) in DCM patients with LGE on cMRI compared to those without LGE [relative risk: 3.88 (2.75-5.46; p Conclusion: Presence of LGE in patients with DCM confers a higher risk of CRVA consisting of SCD, aborted SCD, sustained VT/ VF and appropriate ICD shocks. cMRI may be helpful for refining current risk stratification in patients with DCM and improve our ability to identify candidates for ICD (primary prevention) more efficiently.
Adolescent Social Drug Use: School Prevention Program.

This article reviews social drug use by adolescents and provides information on school-based prevention programs. Commonalities in initiation and use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and chewing ...
Population genomics of three deep-sea cephalopod species reveals connectivity between the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Despite the ecological importance of deep-sea cephalopods, little is known about their genetic diversity or population dynamics. The cephalopod species Cranchia scabra, Pyroteuthis margaritifera, and Vampyroteuthis infernalis are commonly collected in midwater samples from both the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic Ocean but, despite their common appearance in trawls and important roles in marine food webs, no genetic studies of population connectivity exist for these species. Here, Sanger sequencing of three conserved genetic loci and ddRADseq techniques were used to examine population genetic dynamics in these deep-sea species. Genetic diversity is lowest in C. scabra, which appears to be in a population growth stage, and highest in V. infernalis. Population structure was unique to V. infernalis but does not appear to be the result of ocean-basin vicariance, thus possible alternative explanations are explored, specifically environmental variation in dissolved oxygen. The genetic connectivity between these geographically disparate sites suggests these three cephalopod species could be resilient to localized environmental disturbances in the Gulf of Mexico.
Washington Red (WR) dyes and their imaging applications

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes with optimum photophysical properties are highly useful for bioimaging in living systems, but such dyes are still rare. Recently, our laboratory developed a unique class of NIR fluorescent dyes with high quantum yields and large Stokes shifts. These dyes, named as Washington Red (WR), were found to be useful scaffolds to develop NIR fluorescent imaging probes upon easy modifications on their phenolic hydroxyl group. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive summary of this work, including the design and synthesis of WR dyes, their photophysical properties studies, and applications in developing NIR probes to image H2S in cells. The detailed experimental protocols are described.
Bolus pharmacokinetics: moving beyond mass-based dosing to guide drug administration

Despite the common approach of bolus drug dosing using a patient’s mass, a more tailored approach would be to use empirically derived pharmacokinetic models. Previously, this could only be possible though the use of computer simulation using programs which are rarely available in clinical practice. Through mathematical manipulations and approximations, a simplified set of equations is demonstrated that can identify a bolus dose required to achieve a specified target effect site concentration. The proposed solution is compared against simulations of a wide variety of pharmacokinetic models. This set of equations provides a near-identical solution to the simulation approach. A boundary condition is established to ensure the derived equations have an acceptable error. This approach may allow for more precise administration of medications with the use of point of care technology and potentially allows for pharmacokinetic dosing in artificial intelligence problems.
Load Detection and Power Flow Control Algorithm For an Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System

This article presents a control scheme for an omnidirectional wireless power transfer system. A system architecture is proposed to implement the current amplitude control. To focus power transfer towards targeted loads, a smart detection algorithm for identifying the positioning and orientation of receiver devices based on the input power information is presented. The system efficiency is further improved by a maximum efficiency point tracking function. A novel power flow control with a load combination strategy to charge multiple loads simultaneously is explained. Finally, the proposed control scheme is successfully applied to an example 6.78 MHz omnidirectional wireless charging bowl system. The experimental results confirm the accuracy of the load detection algorithm and validate the power flow control strategy.
Bile acid indices as biomarkers for liver diseases II: The bile acid score survival prognostic model.

Background Cholestatic liver diseases are characterized by an accumulation of toxic bile acids (BA) in the liver, blood and other tissues which lead to progressive liver injury and poor prognosis in patients. Aim To discover and validate prognostic biomarkers of cholestatic liver diseases based on the urinary BA profile. Methods We analyzed urine samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and investigated the use of the urinary BA profile to develop survival models that can predict the prognosis of hepatobiliary diseases. The urinary BA profile, a set of non-BA parameters, and the adverse events of liver transplant and/or death were monitored in 257 patients with cholestatic liver diseases for up to 7 years. The BA profile was characterized by calculating BA indices, which quantify the composition, metabolism, hydrophilicity, formation of secondary BA, and toxicity of the BA profile. We have developed and validated the bile-acid score (BAS) model (a survival model based on BA indices) to predict the prognosis of cholestatic liver diseases. Results We have developed and validated a survival model based on BA (the BAS model) indices to predict the prognosis of cholestatic liver diseases. Our results demonstrate that the BAS model is more accurate and results in higher true-positive and true-negative prediction of death compared to both non-BAS and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) models. Both 5- and 3-year survival probabilities markedly decreased as a function of BAS. Moreover, patients with high BAS had a 4-fold higher rate of death and lived for an average of 11 mo shorter than subjects with low BAS. The increased risk of death with high vs low BAS was also 2-4-fold higher and the shortening of lifespan was 6-7-mo lower compared to MELD or non-BAS. Similarly, we have shown the use of BAS to predict the survival of patients with and without liver transplant (LT). Therefore, BAS could be used to define the most seriously ill patients, who need earlier intervention such as LT. This will help provide guidance for timely care for liver patients. Conclusion The BAS model is more accurate than MELD and non-BAS models in predicting the prognosis of cholestatic liver diseases.
Utilising scenario-based simulation modelling to optimise aircraft inspection scheduling

The main aim of this paper is to generate different visual simulation modelling scenarios for performing inspection operations on different Federal Aviation Administration facilities. Different com...
Parent and Physician Qualitative Perspectives on Reasons for Pediatric Hospital Readmissions.

OBJECTIVES One in 5 parents report a problem in their child’s hospital-to-home transition, leading to adverse events, dissatisfaction, and readmissions. Although researchers in several studies have explored parent insights into discharge needs, few have explored perceptions of causes for pediatric readmissions. We sought to investigate factors contributing to pediatric readmissions, from both parent and physician perspectives. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using semistructured interviews with parents, discharging and readmitting physicians, and subspecialist consultants of children readmitted within 30 days of initial discharge from the pediatric ward at an urban nonfreestanding children’s hospital. Participants were interviewed during the readmission and asked about care transition experiences during the initial admission and potential causes and preventability of readmission. Data were analyzed iteratively by using a constant-comparative approach. We identified major themes, solicited feedback, and inferred relationships between themes to develop a conceptual model for preventing readmissions. RESULTS We conducted 53 interviews from 20 patient readmissions, including 20 parents, 20 readmitting physicians, 11 discharging physicians, and 3 consulting subspecialists. Major themes included the following: (1) unclear roles cause lack of ownership in patient care tasks, (2) lack of collaborative communication leads to discordant understanding of care plans, and (3) incomplete hospital-to-home transitions result in ongoing reliance on the hospital. CONCLUSIONS Clear definition of team member roles, improved communication among care team members and between care teams and families, and enhanced care coordination to facilitate the hospital-to-home transition were perceived as potential interventions that may help prevent readmissions.
Navajoite, a new vanadium oxide from Arizona

Report discussing navajoite, hydrated vanadium pentoxide, which was a new vanadium oxide found at a mine on the Navajo Indian Reservation, Apache County, Arizona. Information regarding its occurrences, physical properties, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction data are included.
The Consequences of Social Pressures on Partisan Opinion Dynamics

We simulate an agent-based model of opinion dynamics in a two-party framework to analyze party- and polity-wide consequences of social pressures that compel individuals to publicly conform to their party line. The model indicates that opinions polarize over time despite being initialized uniformly across most members of both parties. Further, the socially acceptable range of opinions in each party and the level of partisanship prevalent in the polity play an important role in determining the membership sizes of both parties, the median opinions of both parties and the polity, and the level of polarization within and across parties.
Estimation Techniques for the Elasticity of Substitution and Other Production Parameters

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a general analytic framework in which estimators of the elasticity of capital-labor substitution and other production parameters can be examined for specification bias. Econometric methods are devised for testing the production model against specific alternatives of interest. In particular, tests are developed for the following sources of possible bias in the usual cross-section estimates of industry production functions: (1) nonconstant returns to scale and nonhomotheticity in production, (2) inclusion of productive factors other than capital and labor, particularly raw materials, (3) variations in output prices faced by firms, and (4) nonconstancy of the elasticity of substitution. The chapter discusses a useful reformulation of production possibilities in terms of cost functions and describes the elasticity of substitution. It also discusses the assumptions underlying the usual estimation procedures and evidence in the literature concerning their validity.
Feel the static and kinetic friction

Multimodal simulations augment the presentation of abstract concepts facilitating theoretical models understanding and learning. Most simulations only engage two of our five senses: sight and hearing. If we employ additional sensory communication channels in simulations, we may gain a deeper understanding of illustrated concepts by increasing the communication bandwidth and providing alternative perspectives. We implemented the sense of touch in 3D simulations to teach important concepts in introductory physics. Specifically, we developed a visuo-haptic simulation for friction. We prove that interactive 3D haptic simulations --- if carefully developed and deployed --- are useful in engaging students and allowing them to understand concepts faster. We hypothesize that large scale deployment of such haptic-based simulators in science laboratories is now possible due to the advancements in haptic software and hardware technology.
Fish consumption, fish oil, lipids, and coronary heart disease.

Reducing intake of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and avoiding excess calories, which can lead to obesity, remain the cornerstore of the dietary approach to decreasing risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease. During the past 20 years, however, there has been renewed interest in other dietary components that might favorably improve lipid profiles and reduce risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Fish and fish oil, rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, have sparked intense interest in both epidemiological studies, which suggest a favorable effect on CHD, and metabolic ward studies, which show a striking improvement in lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic patients. Confusion has resulted from clinical trials of fish oil in patients with CHD, which did not corroborate early observational findings, and newer results, which suggest clinical benefit due to a mechanism independent of lipid effects. Fish and other marine life are rich sources of a special class of polyunsaturated fatty acids known as the omega-3 or n-3 fatty acids.1 2 They are so named because the first of the several double bonds occur three carbon atoms away from the terminal end of the carbon chain. The three n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are alpha linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexenoic acid (DHA). LNA is an 18–carbon chain fatty acid with three double bonds; in the form of tofu, soybean, and canola oil and nuts, it is an important plant-based source of n-3 PUFA for vegetarians and non–seafood eaters. EPA and DHA are very long–chain fatty acids obtained from marine sources. These, along with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) that cannot be synthesized from nonlipid precursors such as linoleic acid, are considered essential fatty acids that must be consumed in the diet. The n-6 PUFAs are obtained primarily from plant sources, especially seeds. Arachidonic acid is …
Non-Newtonian Aspects of Artificial Intelligence

The challenge of this work is to connect physics with the concept of intelligence. By intelligence we understand a capability to move from disorder to order without external resources, i.e., in violation of the second law of thermodynamics. The objective is to find such a mathematical object described by ODE that possesses such a capability. The proposed approach is based upon modification of the Madelung version of the Schrodinger equation by replacing the force following from quantum potential with non-conservative forces that link to the concept of information. A mathematical formalism suggests that a hypothetical intelligent particle, besides the capability to move against the second law of thermodynamics, acquires such properties like self-image, self-awareness, self-supervision, etc. that are typical for Livings. However since this particle being a quantum-classical hybrid acquires non-Newtonian and non-quantum properties, it does not belong to the physics matter as we know it: the modern physics should be complemented with the concept of the information force that represents a bridge to intelligent particle. As a follow-up of the proposed concept, the following question is addressed: can artificial intelligence (AI) system composed only of physical components compete with a human? The answer is proven to be negative if the AI system is based only on simulations, and positive if digital devices are included. It has been demonstrated that there exists such a quantum neural net that performs simulations combined with digital punctuations. The universality of this quantum-classical hybrid is in capability to violate the second law of thermodynamics by moving from disorder to order without external resources. This advanced capability is illustrated by examples. In conclusion, a mathematical machinery of the perception that is the fundamental part of a cognition process as well as intelligence is introduced and discussed.
Coordination chemistry of semiconductor photoelectrodes: reactions of etched n-GaAs with Co(III) complexes

The authors report studies of the reactivity of n-GaAs surfaces with transition-metal complexes. Generally, adsorption of metal ions at semiconductor junctions has been observed to increase carrier trapping rates. A notable exception is the improved performance of n-GaAs interfaces after exposure to acidic aqueous solutions of Ru(III) ions and other metal cations, but little information is available regarding the chemistry of these surface treatments. Except for systems in which metal ions act as precursors for the deposition of metals or metal alloys, no information is available regarding the oxidation state or chemical environment of chemisorbed transition-metal complexes on semiconductor electrodes. Possible but undocumented mechanisms of metal ion attachment to the semiconductor surface include electrostatic binding, ligand substitution processes, and redox reactions. To explore the various possible modes of reaction, they have investigated the chemistry of n-GaAs surfaces in contact with aqueous solutions of Co(III) complexes.
Demographic and Economic Factors Affecting Demand for Brand-Level Milk in Texas

Data from Texas households for year 2008 were used in examining market competitiveness of Promised Land milk (PLM) using tobit procedure. Private label, Poinsettia, and Oak Farms were substitutes to white PLM. Estimated demand elasticities for white PLM and chocolate flavored PLM were -2.33 and -0.54 respectively. Statistically significant drivers of PLM were income, age of shopper, age of children present in the household and race.
Monitoring Interactions with RFID Tagged Objects Using RSSI

In this paper, we present SVM and HMM-based methods for monitoring interactions with passive RFID tagged objects. We continuously track the motion status of an object and declare the status as standing still, randomly moving or linearly moving. Inspired by phone transition modeling in speech processing, each interaction type is represented with two sub-states to handle transitions and continuity. Experiments were designed to simulate our target application: monitoring interactions with medical equipment during trauma resuscitation. Our system identified interaction status with 85% accuracy using an HMM. The most useful feature for discrimination was the difference between the average RSSI of two consecutive windows.
HEGEL'S LEGACY

Answering the challenge of G. W. F. Hegel's idealism and its perceived logocentrism has arguably been a defining feature of nineteenth- and twentieth-century continental philosophy. Today, in the midst of a Hegel renaissance, Hegel's legacy within continental philosophy is far more ambivalent. In this essay, I cut across debates about the status of Hegel's idealism in order to offer a reflection on the legacy of Hegel by reconstructing a Hegelian notion of legacy. I develop this notion in response to Jacques Derrida's discussion of inheritance in Specters of Marx (1993). Both Hegel and Derrida articulate the structure of legacy, inheritance, and history on the basis of the strictures of gathering. For both, gathering is an act of memory that determines a legacy as a legacy, a history as a history. Gathering determines an event, norm, idea, or institution as something to be passed on for a future to come. While Derrida concludes that inheritance implies decision, Hegel's recollection provides the basis for what I will call a critical history, which contributes to any such decision in crucial ways.
Cake-Cutting Is Not a Piece of Cake

Fair cake-cutting is the division of a cake or resource among N users so that each user is content. Users may value a given piece of cake differently, and information about how a user values different parts of the cake can only be obtained by requesting users to "cut" pieces of the cake into specified ratios. One of the most interesting open questions is to determine the minimum number of cuts required to divide the cake fairly. It is known that O(N logN) cuts suffices, however, it is not known whether one can do better.We show that sorting can be reduced to cake-cutting: any algorithm that performs fair cake-division can sort. For a general class of cake-cutting algorithms, which we call linearly-labeled, we obtain an ?(N log N) lower bound on their computational complexity. All the known cake-cutting algorithms fit into this general class, which leads us to conjecture that every cake-cutting algorithm is linearly-labeled. If in addition, the number of comparisons per cut is bounded (comparison-bounded algorithms), then we obtain an ?(N log N) lower bound on the number of cuts. All known algorithms are comparison-bounded.We also study variations of envy-free cake-division, where each user feels that they have more cake than every other user. We construct utility functions for which any algorithm (including continuous algorithms) requires ?(N2) cuts to produce such divisions. These are the the first known general lower bounds for envy-free algorithms. Finally, we study another general class of algorithms called phased algorithms, for which we show that even if one is to simply guarantee each user a piece of cake with positive value, then ?(N log N) cuts are needed in the worst case. Many of the existing cake-cutting algorithms are phased.
The Mechanics of Job Creation : Seizing the New Dividends of Globalization

This paper assesses some of the main strands of the theoretical literature on unemployment and employment and shows that their interesting conclusions may not be transferable to low-income countries whose endowment and production structures are profoundly different from that of high-income economies. It then tackles the knowledge deficit on employment creation by shedding light on the new economic opportunities that latecomers may derive from the dynamics of globalization -- especially the economic success of large emerging economies such as China and Brazil. It offers a simple analytical framework for identifying opportunities for labor arbitrage in the global economy and suggests a practical policy framework for exploiting them.
On a theorem of Scott and Swarup

Let 1 → H → G → Z → 1 be an exact sequence of hyperbolic groups induced by an automorphism Φ of the free group H. Let H1(⊂ H) be a finitely generated distorted subgroup of G. Then there exist N > 0 and a free factor K of H such that the conjugacy class of K is preserved by ΦN and H1 contains a finite index subgroup of a conjugate of K. This is an analog of a Theorem of Scott and Swarup for surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
Bank regulation : the case of the missing model

The success of financial reform and the stability of financial systems depend partly on a regulatory framework that rewards prudent risk-taking and is attuned to both institutions and the structure of the economy. Such a framework should be developed and reshaped while participants in the financial system are adjusting to changes in incentives. Financial reform of one type or another has been increasingly popular since the early 1970s, but disappointment with the fruits of reform has been common. Reformers in Africa and in transitional economies have been especially disappointed, perhaps because of their high expectations. Reform may also disappoint partly because of perverse sequencing. Often the more visible aspects of reform (such as complete deregulation of interest rates, recapitalization of banks, and more recently the creation of stock exchanges) are pursued before basic financial infrastructure (including auditing, accounting, and legal systems and basic regulations) are established. Caprio focuses here on regulatory options in banking. He argues that for reform to succeed and for financial systems to remain stable, there must be a regulatory framework that encourages prudent behavior and is attuned to both institutions and the structure of the economy. Bank failure may reflect poor management, but poor management in turn reflects regulation that is not incentive compatible. Caprio reviews options that would align bankers' incentives with society's preferences for safe and sound banking. Adopting a framework that rewards prudent risk-taking will produce a more stable banking system. And because participants in the financial system - both individuals and organizations - take time to adjust to changes in incentives, it is important to begin reshaping the regulatory environment early in the reform process, at the same time as other measures are being taken to develop institutions. This paper - a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department - was presented at a Brookings/KPMG conference on the Sequencing of Financial Reform.
Continuous transitions between composite Fermi liquid and Landau Fermi liquid: a route to fractionalized Mott insulators

One of the most successful theories of a non-Fermi-liquid metallic state is the composite Fermi-liquid (CFL) theory of the half-filled Landau level. In this paper, we study continuous quantum phase transitions out of the CFL state and into a Landau Fermi liquid, in the limit of no disorder and fixed particle number. This transition can be induced by tuning the bandwidth of the Landau level relative to the interaction energy, for instance through an externally applied periodic potential. We find a transition to the Landau Fermi liquid through a gapless Mott insulator with a Fermi surface of neutral fermionic excitations. In the presence of spatial symmetries, we also find a direct continuous transition between the CFL and the Landau Fermi liquid. The transitions have a number of characteristic observable signatures, including the presence of two crossover temperature scales, resistivity jumps, and vanishing compressibility. When the composite fermions are paired instead, our results imply quantum critical points between various non-Abelian topological states, including the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ Moore-Read Pfaffian [Ising $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ $U(1)$ topological order], a version of the Kitaev B phase (Ising topological order), and paired electronic superconductors. To study such transitions, we use a projective construction of the CFL, which goes beyond the conventional framework of flux attachment to include a broader set of quantum fluctuations. These considerations suggest a possible route to fractionalized Mott insulators by starting with fractional quantum Hall states and tuning the Landau-level bandwidth.
The tail of a quantum spin network

The tail of a sequence $$\{P_n(q)\}_{n \in \mathbb {N}}$$ of formal power series in $$\mathbb {Z}[[q]]$$ is the formal power series whose first n coefficients agree up to a common sign with the first n coefficients of $$P_n$$ . This paper studies the tail of a sequence of admissible trivalent graphs with edges colored n or 2n. We use local skein relations to understand and compute the tail of these graphs. We also give product formulas for the tail of such trivalent graphs. Furthermore, we show that our skein theoretic techniques naturally lead to a proof for the Andrews–Gordon identities for the two-variable Ramanujan theta function as well to corresponding identities for the false theta function.
Maps and fields with compressible density

Properties of steady compressible flow for which geometric constraints have been placed on the potential function are derived, under hypotheses on the flow density and the singular set. Some related unconstrained problems are also considered, including the estimation of a class of fields having nonzero vorticity. 2000 MSC: 58E20, 58E99, 75N10.
Synchronization Stability of Coupled Near-Identical Oscillator Network

To study the effect of parameter mismatch on the stability in a general fashion, we derive variational equations to analyze the stability of synchronization for coupled near-identical oscillators. We define master stability equations and associated master stability functions, which are independent of the network structure. In particular, we present several examples of coupled near-identical Lorenz systems configured in small networks (a ring graph and sequence networks) with a fixed parameter mismatch and a large Barabasi-Albert scale-free network with random parameter mismatch. We find that several different network architectures permit similar results despite various mismatch patterns. abstract environment.
Causal erasure channels

We consider the communication problem over binary causal adversarial erasure channels. Such a channel maps n input bits to n output symbols in {0, 1, ∧}, where ∧ denotes erasure. The channel is causal if, for every i, the channel adversarially decides whether to erase the ith bit of its input based on inputs 1, ..., i, before it observes bits i+1 to n. Such a channel is p-bounded if it can erase at most a p fraction of the input bits over the whole transmission duration. Causal channels provide a natural model for channels that obey basic physical restrictions but are otherwise unpredictable or highly variable.For a given erasure rate p, our goal is to understand the optimal rate (the "capacity") at which a randomized encoder/decoder can transmit reliably across all causal p-bounded erasure channels.In this paper, we introduce the causal erasure model and provide new upper bounds (impossibility results) and lower bounds (analyses of codes) on the achievable rate. Our bounds separate the achievable rate in the causal erasures setting from the rates achievable in two related models: random erasure channels (strictly weaker) and fully adversarial erasure channels (strictly stronger). Specifically, we show:• A strict separation between random and causal erasures for all constant erasure rates p e (0, 1). In particular, we show that the capacity of causal erasure channels is 0 for p ≥ 1/2 (while it is nonzero for random erasures).• A strict separation between causal and fully adversarial erasures for p e (0, φ) where φ a 0.348.• For p e [φ, 1/2), we show codes for causal erasures that have higher rate than the best known constructions for fully adversarial channels.Our results contrast with existing results on correcting causal bit-flip errors (as opposed to erasures) [10, 9, 7, 4, 11]. For the separations we provide, the analogous separations for bit-flip models are either not known at all or much weaker.
A case for dual-mapping one-way caches

This paper proposes a dual-mapping function for one-way data cache to reduce cache misses, write-back rates, and access time for single-core or multi-core computing processors. Our simulation results show that it reduces cache misses significantly compared to any conventional L1 caches. Simple Scalar simulator has been used for these simulations with SPEC95FP and Minne SPEC2000FP benchmark programs. In addition, it has a simple hardware complexity similar to that of a 2-way SAC (set-associative cache). The proposed cache has good AMAT (average memory access time) compared to a 2-way cache and also uses fewer execution cycles. Simulations over CACTI were performed to evaluate the hardware implications as well.
The birth and death of transverse aeolian ridges on Mars

Transverse aeolian ridges (TARs) are small bright windblown deposits found throughout the Martian tropics that stand a few meters tall and are spaced a few tens of meters apart. The origin of these features remains mysterious more than 20 years after their discovery on Mars. This paper presents a new hypothesis, that some of the TARs could be indurated dust deposits emplaced millions of years ago during periods of higher axial obliquity. It suggests that these TARs are primary depositional bed forms that accumulated in place from dust carried by the winds in suspension, perhaps in a manner comparable to antidunes on Earth, and were subsequently indurated and eroded to their current states by eons of sandblasting. It points out examples of modern dust drifts and dune-like features that appear to have been recently formed by dust accumulating directly onto the surface from atmospheric suspension. It shows how these pristine dust deposits could evolve to explain the range of morphologies of the TARs. Finally, it explains how the known properties of many TARs are consistent with this hypothesis, including their composition, thermal behavior, and distribution.
Precision Tiltmeter as a Reference for Slope Measuring Instruments

The next generation of synchrotrons and free electron lasers require extremely high-performance x-ray optical systems for proper focusing. The necessary optics cannot be fabricated without the use of precise optical metrology instrumentation. In particular, the Long Trace Profiler (LTP) based on the pencil-beam interferometer is a valuable tool for low-spatial-frequency slope measurement with x-ray optics. The limitations of such a device are set by the amount of systematic errors and noise. A significant improvement of LTP performance was the addition of an optical reference channel, which allowed to partially account for systematic errors associated with wiggling and wobbling of the LTP carriage. However, the optical reference is affected by changing optical path length, non-homogenous optics, and air turbulence. In the present work, we experimentally investigate the questions related to the use of a precision tiltmeter as a reference channel. Dependence of the tiltmeter performance on horizontal acceleration, temperature drift, motion regime, and kinematical scheme of the translation stage has been investigated. It is shown that at an appropriate experimental arrangement, the tiltmeter provides a slope reference for the LTP system with accuracy on the level of 0.1 μrad (rms).