cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric squamous cell carcinoma: Case report and literature review.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Describe a rare pediatric malignancy. Discuss the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic differences between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the adult and pediatric population. Study Design: Case report including a detailed radiological and histopathologic analysis and review of the literature. Methods: A case report is described from a tertiary care university hospital. Histopathologic assessment and radiological details are reviewed. A literature review of the background, incidence, disease course, and treatment options are presented. Results: This case report presents a 6-year-old male with a 2-month history of an enlarging oral lesion. The patient denied dysphagia, pain, weight loss, bleeding, or loosening of the teeth. Biopsy demonstrated invasive, well-differentiated, exophytic squamous cell carcinoma with perineural and angiolymphatic invasion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 2.7 × 3.0 cm poorly marginated infiltrative mass involving the gingival aspect of the superior alveolar ridge and the adjacent bony marrow, primarily to the right of midline. Multiple small subcentimeter lymph nodes were also identified in the bilateral level II to V posterior cervical triangles bilaterally. Conclusions: Pediatric SCC of the oral cavity is indeed a rare entity; however, its presence in the pediatric population should not be ignored. This case report describes the occurrence of SCC in the oral cavity of a 6-year-old male patient, the youngest case ever reported, and is a reminder that a multidisciplinary approach tailored to pediatric individuals is essential to obtain clear diagnoses and appropriate treatment plans.
Electron Microscopy of Frozen Hydrated Biological Specimens

The use of frozen hydrated specimens for molecular structure determination is limited primarily by radiation damage. The radiation damage effect in frozen hydrated catalase crystals has been measured in terms of the loss of electron diffraction. The results show an improvement for this type of specimen relative to wet hydrated or to glucose embedded catalase crystals at room temperature. Bright field images of unstained, frozen hydrated catalase crystals extend to a resolution of 11.5 A. The image resolution is presently limited by design problems with the liquid nitrogen cooled specimen stage. Rather high contrast is present in these images of unstained biological material, presumably due to the 30% difference in mass density between ice and protein. The improved resistance to radiation damage also makes it possible to give better statistical definition to the image, thereby making the image features easier to see.
Oceanography and Acoustics: Predictions and Propagation Models

Oceanography and Acoustics: Prediction and Propagation is an easy-to-read overview of research progress in the coupling of ocean dynamical and acoustic propagation models. Much of the book emphasizes the capabilities of the Harvard Forecast System (HFS) and the acoustic predictions that can be made using its output.
Diffuse large-cell lymphoma

Summary Background: New treatments are desperately needed to improve the results obtained using CHOP chemotherapy for patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma. In order to develop successful new strategies we need to understand why prior promising therapies have failed and to develop new testable hypotheses based on our current knowledge. Patients and methods: The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Index has provided us with a methodology to compare the expected prognosis of patients on different clinical trials. Many prior, apparent improvements in treatment outcome can now be attributed to the inclusion of patients with better prognoses. Results: Current areas of investigation include: 1) the identification of new active drugs for the treatment of lymphoma, 2) the use of colony stimulating factors to allow dose escalation of the active myelotoxic drugs. 3) the use of strategies which may overcome the problem of resistance to chemotherapy, 4) the combination of monoclonal antibodies with combination chemotherapy and 5) ablative chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support. Conclusions: Based on all of the available data, the North American Lymphoma Intergroup has developed the hypothesis that high-intermediate and high risk patients with aggressive lymphoma who receive full course standard induction therapy will benefit form the addition of high dose therapy and has antedated a clinical trial testing that hypothesis.
Whole Sunflower Seed as a Fat Supplement for Lactating Cows

Abstract Complete rations containing whole sunflower seed at 0, 10, 20, and 30% of concentrates were fed to 16 Holstein cows during early lactation. All rations consisted of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and grain mixtures and were formulated to be isonitrogenous at 16% protein and nearly isocaloric at 1.50 Mcal net energy lactation per kilogram of dry matter. Intakes of total dry matter were not different among ration groups. Cows fed 10% sunflower seed produced more milk and were more efficient energetically. Treatment did not affect milk composition. Average secretion of shorter chain fatty acids in milk from caproate to palmitate was depressed, whereas oleate was increased by sunflower seed. Molar percentage of acetate was increased, and remaining variables measured in rumen fluid were not altered by dietary treatment. No health or feeding problems associated with whole sunflower seed supplement were observed during the entire trial. Graded increase of sunflower seed in the diet elevated cholesterol in blood serum with no effect on cholesterol in milk. Blood urea nitrogen remained unchanged, and total serum protein decreased with increasing sunflower seed in the diet.
The Effect of Dicumarol, Diphacinone and Pivalyl Upon Blood Prothrombin Time of Chicks

Abstract INCREASED prothrombin time due to feeding dicumarol has been observed with the chick (Quick and Stefanini, 1948; Harms and Tarver, 1957) and laying hens (Waldroup and Harms, 1962; Day et al., 1964). The action of dicumarol in the inhibition of the blood clotting process is lessened by the presence of vitamin K in the diet according to Quick and Stefanini (1948). Although sulfaquinoxaline is used to induce hypoprothrombinemia in chick assays of vitamin K compounds (Perdue and Frost, 1961; Griminger and Daves, 1959), the use of other anticoagulants may prove of value in studies on vitamin K activity or the mechanism of blood clotting as related to the occurrence of blood spots in eggs. The experiments reported herein were designed to evaluate the effects of three anticoagulants on the prothrombin time of chicks. EXPERIMENTAL Four experiments were conducted using broiler strain chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery. All chicks were …
Influenza Human Monoclonal Antibody 1F1 Interacts with Three Major Antigenic Sites and Residues Mediating Human Receptor Specificity in H1N1 Viruses.

Most monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) head domain exhibit very limited breadth of inhibitory activity due to antigenic drift in field strains. However, mAb 1F1, isolated from a 1918 influenza pandemic survivor, inhibits select human H1 viruses (1918, 1943, 1947, and 1977 isolates). The crystal structure of 1F1 in complex with the 1918 HA shows that 1F1 contacts residues that are classically defined as belonging to three distinct antigenic sites, Sa, Sb and Ca2. The 1F1 heavy chain also reaches into the receptor binding site (RBS) and interacts with residues that contact sialoglycan receptors and determine HA receptor specificity. The 1F1 epitope is remarkably similar to the previously described murine HC63 H3 epitope, despite significant sequence differences between H1 and H3 HAs. Both antibodies potently inhibit receptor binding, but only HC63 can block the pH-induced conformational changes in HA that drive membrane fusion. Contacts within the RBS suggested that 1F1 may be sensitive to changes that alter HA receptor binding activity. Affinity assays confirmed that sequence changes that switch the HA to avian receptor specificity affect binding of 1F1 and a mAb possessing a closely related heavy chain, 1I20. To characterize 1F1 cross-reactivity, additional escape mutant selection and site-directed mutagenesis were performed. Residues 190 and 227 in the 1F1 epitope were found to be critical for 1F1 reactivity towards 1918, 1943 and 1977 HAs, as well as for 1I20 reactivity towards the 1918 HA. Therefore, 1F1 heavy-chain interactions with conserved RBS residues likely contribute to its ability to inhibit divergent HAs.
Asian American Folklore: Disciplinary Fissions and Fusions

This guest editors' introduction to Amerasia Journal's first issue devoted to Asian American Folklore provides an overview of the connections between Asian American Studies and folklore studies. Jonathan H. X. Lee and Kathleen Nadeau trace the way both disciplines have developed over time as academic institutions at risk in the current restructuring of the university. By understanding how Asian American Studies and folklore studies interact, Lee and Nadeau point out how the objects of studies for both fields are often overlooked in accounts of “official” history and culture. They discuss the rationale for studying a distinctly Asian American folklore with its roots in Asian America.
Social Media Marketing Effects On Corporate Social Responsibility

Today’s customers are marketing representatives, product designers, intimate and privileged ‘friends’ of the company, and de facto managers sitting in at a corporate retreat; they are major stakeholders who bring the concept of corporate social responsibility to the forefront. Since sustainability, connection with community and serving society are expectations consumers require from companies from which they buy, work, and invest; companies must continually look for innovative methods to communicate their alignment of socially responsible policies into their strategic plan. While such concepts are rooted in a collaborative mission, social media marketing is a natural platform for cultivating and instilling such corporate messages.
A new polyomavirus-related dermatosis in a pancreatic transplant patient

Solid organ transplant recipients require constant immunosuppression to prevent graft failure of the transplanted organ. As a result, patients are at high risk for infections, some that are extremely rare and uncommon with unusual presentations. Herein, we describe a pancreatic transplant patient who suffered from an infection from a novel polyomavirus resulting in a unique constellation of symptoms and skin manifestations. This patient and novel polyomavirus have been previously reported but we revisit the case to highlight the dermatologic manifestations for dermatology providers who may similar patients.1
Labor Market Dynamics and Part-Time Work

This paper uses 14 years of data from the PSID to explore dynamic labor supply choices among adult women between full-time, part-time, or no labor market work. Part-time workers are a very heterogeneous group; different part-time workers are in the midst of very different labor supply patterns. Most women use part-time work as a temporary alternative to full-time work or to being out of the labor market; few women use it as a transitional step into full-time employment. Simulations suggest the potential impact on future labor supply of mandating that low-skilled women who are out of the labor market enter part-time work. This paper also compares the effectiveness of several estimation strategies which require more or less historical information. The results indicate that past history in labor supply choices among adult women is very important in predicting current labor supply, particularly for part-timers; given the lack of such data in many cases, the paper explores how much is lost when limited or no longitudinal information is available.
Prospects for rare-earth-based dilute magnetic semiconductor alloys and hybrid magnetic rare-earth/semiconductor heterostructures

In this chapter we consider the possibilities of using rare-earth ions to achieve dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) systems, in analogy with the role currently played by transition metal ions in the DMS family of materials. Rare earths offer certain important advantages in this context, such as the high value of their magnetic moments; and there already exists an extensive experience in their incorporation in wide-gap semiconductors, on which future progress can build. In this presentation we first consider the formation of rare-earth-based homogeneous single-phase semiconductor alloys, where rare earths are incorporated isovalently (in analogy with, eg, Zn 1-x Mn x Se) or heterovalently (in analogy with Ga 1-x Mn x As). We then extend this discussion to inhomogeneous (mixed-phase) systems, which also show attractive magnetic properties. In addition to the formation of these materials, we discuss semiconductor heterostructures based on rare earths, whose properties are expected to be of interest to spintronic applications. We then give special attention to the newly emerging complex layered chalcogenide and pnictide systems such as (Ba 1-x K x )(Zn 1-y Mn y ) 2 As 2 , which appear suitable for accommodating rare-earth alloys, and which have already been shown to manifest very attractive ferromagnetic properties. Finally, we discuss the possibilities that rare-earth-based materials open for the newly emerging field of antiferromagnetic spintronics. Throughout the chapter we pay special attention to the challenges that lie on the path of achieving attractive magnetic properties in these families of materials.
Choice or Perception: How Affect Influences Ethical Choices Among Salespeople

Sales representatives often face situations that require making spontaneous decisions that can affect their competitive advantage, relationships with clients, and the bottom line. To foster ethical decisions, sales management must understand the situational and personal influences that shape the representative’s decisions. This paper describes an experiment that identifies contextual and personal influences on ethical decision making. Findings suggest that a person who is in a positive (versus neutral) affect state will be less likely to be effected by heuristic biases and more likely to choose an ethical option (over a questionable alternative). Further, the dollar value at risk and the probability for success play a role in the ethical decision making under certain conditions.
RBS Analysis of Elements in the Fingernai

Fingernails from several sources were studied to determine elemental compositions. The common elements were found to be H, C, N, O, Ca and Fe. The elements Si, Bi, S, Mo, Ti, Zn, Pb, P and Nd were found on some of the nails; these are considered to result from environmental contamination, food and water intake. The compositions of H, C, N and O correlate with those in the hemoglobin molecule and, they do not vary significantly with time. This suggests that they are associated with dead blood cells. The other common elements, such as Ca and Fe, show variations in composition with time, probably because their amount in the body is determined by food and water intake. Fingernails from female sources have a higher concentration of Ca than those from male sources. Also, the concentration of Ca is generally higher on the outer than the inner surface of the nail, probably to provide a stronger bony structure and mechanical strength on the outside.
Building a Transdisciplinary Approach to Palliative Care in an Acute Care Setting

A transdisciplinary team is an essential component of palliative and end-of-life care. This article will demonstrate how to develop a transdisciplinary approach to palliative care, incorporating nursing, social work, spiritual care, and pharmacy in an acute care setting. Objectives included: identifying transdisciplinary roles contributing to care in the acute care setting; defining the palliative care model and mission; identifying patient/family and institutional needs; and developing palliative care tools. Methods included a needs assessment and the development of assessment tools, an education program, community resources, and a patient satisfaction survey. After 1 year of implementation, the transdisciplinary palliative care team consisted of seven palliative care physicians, two social workers, two chaplains, a pharmacist, and End-of-Life Nursing Consortium (ELNEC) trained nurses. Palomar Health now has a palliative care service with a consistent process for transdisciplinary communication and intervention for adult critical care patients with advanced, chronic illness.
Cerebral Autoregulation During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy mechanically circulates and oxygenates blood. We assess cerebral blood flow during perturbation of ECMO flow using diffuse optical and correlation spectroscopies. We observe both regulated and passive flow.
Environmental enrichment as a potential intervention for heroin seeking

Abstract Background Heroin-related cues can trigger craving and relapse in addicts or heroin seeking in rats. In the present study we investigated whether environmental enrichment (EE) implemented after heroin exposure can reduce cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking and expression of heroin conditioned place preference. Methods In Experiment 1, male Long Evans rats that already acquired a heroin self-administration habit, were housed in enriched or non-enriched environments, underwent extinction training and later were tested for cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. In Experiment 2, rats were conditioned with heroin in one compartment of a CPP apparatus and saline in the other, exposed to 30 days of enrichment or no enrichment and were later tested for heroin CPP. Results The results showed that exposure to EE significantly reduced responding during the reinstatement test (Experiment 1) and prevented the expression of heroin CPP (Experiment 2). Conclusion Our findings suggest that EE can be an effective behavioral approach to diminish the effects of conditioned cues on heroin seeking.
Fetal responses to carotid occlusion: immaturity of buffering systems

In postnatal animals, carotid occlusion does not stimulate reflex hormonal responses, because decreases in carotid arterial baroreceptor activity are balanced by reflex-mediated increases in vagal afferent traffic from aortic and cardiac receptors. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that hormonal responses to carotid occlusion in fetal animals are not inhibited by vagal afferents. In thirteen chronically catheterized fetal sheep (125-146 days), bilateral carotid occlusion (n = 11) increased arterial blood pressure from 44.0 +/- 2.4 to 55.2 +/- 3.3 mmHg, decreased heart rate from 189 +/- 5 to 165 +/- 12 beats/min, increased plasma adrenocorticotropin from 71 +/- 15 to 248 +/- 79 pg/ml and vasopressin from 3.0 +/- 1.0 to 7.4 +/- 2.6 pg/ml but did not significantly alter renin. Plasma hormone concentrations were not significantly altered in control (n = 7) experiments or in response to unilateral carotid occlusion (n = 4). The results of these experiments demonstrate the functional immaturity of the vagal afferent buffering systems in the late-gestation fetus compared with the postnatal animal.
The Tax Revenue Culture under the Public Financial System

The basic setting-up and the gradual progressing of our country's public financial system need to structure the corresponding tax revenue culture urgently.New tax revenue culture includes the culture of taxpayers,the culture of the subject of taxation and the culture of tax spenders,which comes with the correlative law and system.Popularizing the knowledge of the public products and strengthening the transparency of finance may foster the new tax revenue culture.
Constraints on aeolian sediment transport to foredunes within an undeveloped backshore enclave on a developed coast

Abstract Landforms present in undeveloped beach enclaves located between properties developed with houses and infrastructure are often left to evolve naturally but are influenced by the human structures near them. This field study evaluates how buildings and sand-trapping fences change the direction of wind approach, reduce wind speed, and restrict fetch distances for sediment entrainment, thereby reducing the potential for aeolian transport and development of dunes in enclaves. Field data were gathered in an 80 m long, 44 m deep beach enclave on the ocean shoreline of New Jersey, USA. Comparison of wind characteristics in the enclave with a site unaffected by buildings revealed that offshore winds in the enclave are reduced in strength and altered in direction by landward houses, increasing the relative importance of longshore winds. Vertical arrays of anemometers on the foredune crest, foredune toe and berm crest in the enclave revealed increasing wind speed with distance offshore, with strongest winds on the berm crest. Vertical cylindrical traps on the foredune crest, foredune toe, mid-backshore, berm crest and upper foreshore revealed the greatest rate of sediment transport on the berm crest. Sediment samples from the beach and from traps revealed limited potential for aeolian transport because of coarse grain sizes. Strong oblique onshore winds are common in this region and are normally important for transporting sand to dunes. The length of an enclave and the setback distance on its landward side determine the degree to which sediment delivered by oblique winds contributes to dune growth. The landward edge of the enclave (defined by a sand fence near the dune toe) is sheltered along its entire length from winds blowing at an angle to the shoreline of 25° or less. A foredune set back this distance in an enclave the length of an individual lot (about 20 m) would be sheltered at an angle of 57° or less, reducing the opportunity for dune building by onshore winds. Reduced potential for aeolian transport in enclaves implies that human actions may be required to build dunes artificially to protect buildings and roads from storm overwash.
Methane in MOFs: where, why, and how

In 2012, the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) of the US Department of Energy issued a set of goals for NG storage (VED > 12.5 MJ/L). Of the four projects funded through the Methane Opportunities for Vehicular Energy program for development of new storage media, three involved the use of adsorbent materials. Of these sorbent-based projects, two focused on the application of advanced porous materials (metal-organic frameworks [MOFs] and porous organic polymers). MOFs comprise metal ions or atoms linked by multitopic organic linkers (independently referred to as secondary building units [SBUs]) to form extended two or three-dimensional porous materials, oftentimes with high crystallinity. The enormous variety in options involving organic and inorganic building unit selection gives rise to a plethora of possible structures with varying functionalities. The ability to tailor pore shapes and sizes, along with the presence of various functional groups has given rise to an incredible number of reports involving application of MOFs in fields such as gas storage, separations, catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery. The past several years have produced a surge in research investigating methane storage in MOFs, and have led to several quality review papers providing excellent insight into the status of MOFs for ANG technologies. As such, it is the purpose of this mini review to provide an overview of the adsorption of methane in MOFs with particular focus on identification and efficacy of adsorption sites.
Wearable fitness technology

Wearable fitness technologies (WFT) track physical activity, such as steps taken, calories burned and workout intensity, through a device that is typically worn at all times. While the market for WFT devices continues to grow, current theoretical understanding of adoption is lacking. Thus, in an attempt to extend the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the current study employs a structural equation model to increase current understanding of wearable technology use. Further, to better understand the outcome of WFT use, the current study examines the relationship among health related outcomes of WFT use such as overall exercise behavior and perceptions of health. Results support the TAM and WFT use was significantly related to perceived health outcomes. The Technology Acceptance Model is extended to wearable fitness technology.Wearable fitness technology use was significantly related to perceived health outcomes.WFT devices perceived as both useful and easy to use are most likely to be adopted by consumers.The proposed model supports the Technology Acceptance Model.
Quality health care

A new reality is emerging as cost limits are set for health care: quality of care is becoming a major concern to payers and patients. Increasingly, employers and state and federal governments pay fixed premiums per enrollee to managed care organizations (MCOs), who then pay physicians by mechanisms designed to limit use of service; the question inevitably arises, "Are necessary tests and treatments, safe implementation, or communication with patients cut to save money?" Employers and governments therefore demand information to compare plans on the quality of care they provide. 1 Most physicians encounter this new reality in the form of requirements for access to medical records and claims data for use in measuring performance. Managed-care organizations use these performance measurements to demonstrate accountability to employers and accreditors, but too few give the information back to physicians—a shocking waste of valuable information. [See also Medical Informatics.—Ed.] Physicians need periodic feedback
Neural Networks for Textured Image Processing

Abstract We review key conventional and neural network techniques for processing of textured images, and highlight the relationships among different methodologies and schemes. Texture, which provides useful information for segmentation of scenes, classification of surface materials and computation of shape, is exploited by sophisticated biological vision systems for image analysis. A brief overview of biological visual processing provides the setting for this study of textured image processing. We explain the use of multiple Gabor filters for segmentation of textured images based on a locally quasimonochromatic image texture model. This approach is compared to the functioning of localized neuronal receptive fields. Cooperative neural processes for perceptual grouping and emergent segmentation are reviewed next, and related to relaxation labelling. The recently developed SAWTA neural network for texture-based segmentation is then presented. Finally, techniques for describing and processing texture as a constrained optimization problem are outlined.
Subsurface structural and mineralogical characterization of the Laramide South Prairie fault in the Stillwater Complex, Beartooth Mountains, Montana

Subsurface analysis of the South Prairie fault, a Laramide basement backthrust located in the Stillwater Complex of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana, has allowed the heretofore unparalleled physical-chemical transect study of a deep subsurface Laramide fault. Fracturing exhibits a bimodal network interpreted as Riedel R and R′ fractures and, along with alteration, increases toward the heavily altered and cataclasized core zone. The width of the core zone is dependent on the host rock. Mineralogy varies from unaltered norite and gabbronorite in the host rock to characteristic alteration products of clinozoisite and serpentine within the damage zone, with minor tremolite. Veins are composed of Ca-stilbite and minor late-stage carbonate with talc. The core zone contains abundant serpentine/chlorite. Plagioclase is observed to withstand heavy stable fracturing and minor alteration to clinozoisite at grain boundaries before further alteration to clinozoisite. Orthopyroxene readily undergoes serpentinization at the same conditions. Evidence of pre-, syn-, and postkinematic fluids is abundant and consistent with the estimated South Prairie fault permeability. These observed characteristics suggest synkinematic conditions of temperature ≤300 °C and pressure <400 MPa, consistent with brittle to brittle-plastic deformation, which may have been ideal for chemical ore remobilization into the South Prairie fault via the fracture network and hydrothermal fluids.
Does a Single Bit Accumulate the Hardness of the Inverting Problem

It is demonstrated by Yao [1] what a crucial role information theory can play in the theory of computation. These matters deserve more consideration.
Overlapping publics and the negotiation of legitimacy in South African and Namibian sexual politics

This article explores how and why social movement organizations negotiate their presence in, and demands on, multiple public spheres. We analyse the strategies of two social movement organizations,...
Coatlicue, la piedra, la palabra: somos indias. En Los recuerdos del porvenir y borderlands: la frontera. The new mestiza

Esta revalorizacion del arte de la Coatlicue reelabora mitos y desmitificaciones mantenidos al interior de una cultura mexicana colonizada que no ha sabido aprender del pasado ni ha podido apreciar lo que la gran piedra muestra desde sus origenes. El Mexico oficial sigue cavando su propia tumba, re-negando y eliminando a los millones de pobladores autoctonos que las constantes migraciones han llevado al ahora monstruoso territorio mexicano que comercializa y vende todo incluido el arte del pasado. Pero, los tiempos y miradas siguen cambiando; ahora existen pensadoras y escritoras que llegan al centro de las discusiones y acciones en el mundo de las artes y ciencias que comparten otras visiones. Estas palabras y piedra siguen tinendo de rojo (sabiduria) y negro (escritura), los silencios sonoros en la historia; porque el mundo tambien es de las mujeres y no solo de los monstruos misoginos. La fuerza escultural de Coatlicue y la literatura de Elena Garro junto a los planteamientos epistemologicos de Gloria Anzaldua muestran que si algo tienen de monstruosas sus obras/personas es que se han alimentado de los monstruos que andan desatados. Las solidarias y diferentes sociedades que potencializan con sus textos siguen siendo desafios que esperan mejores respuestas.
Novel AIDS therapies based on gene editing.

HIV/AIDS remains a major public health issue. In 2014, it was estimated that 36.9 million people are living with HIV worldwide, including 2.6 million children. Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), in the 1990s, treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS has become increasingly rare. However, while people with HIV can expect to live a normal life span with cART, lifelong medication is required and cardiovascular, renal, liver, and neurologic diseases are still possible, which continues to prompt research for a cure for HIV. Infected reservoir cells, such as CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells, allow persistence of HIV as an integrated DNA provirus and serve as a potential source for the re-emergence of virus. Attempts to eradicate HIV from these cells have focused mainly on the so-called “shock and kill” approach, where cellular reactivation is induced so as to trigger the purging of virus-producing cells by cytolysis or immune attack. This approach has several limitations and its usefulness in clinical applications remains to be assessed. Recent advances in gene-editing technology have allowed the use of this approach for inactivating integrated proviral DNA in the genome of latently infected cells or knocking out HIV receptors. Here, we review this strategy and its potential to eliminate the latent HIV reservoir resulting in a sterile cure of AIDS.
Scope and Mechanism of Iridium Porphyrin-Catalyzed S–H Insertion Reactions between Thiols and Diazo Esters

The insertion of carbenes derived from ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), methyl diazoacetate (MDA), methyl phenyldiazoacetate (MPDA), and methyl (p-tolyl)diazoacetate (MTDA) into the S–H bonds of aromatic and aliphatic thiols was catalyzed by (5,10,15,20-tetratolylporphyrinato)methyliridium(III), Ir(TTP)CH3, at ambient temperatures. Yields of the resulting thioether products were as high as 97% for aromatic thiols, with catalyst loadings as low as 0.07 mol %. Thiol binding to Ir(TTP)CH3 was measured at 23 °C by titration studies, providing equilibrium constants, Kb, ranging from 4.25 × 102 to 1.69 × 103 and increasing in the order p-nitrobenzenethiol < p-chlorobenzenethiol < benzenethiol < p-methylbenzenethiol < p-methoxybenzenethiol < benzyl mercaptan. Hammett plots were generated from the relative rates of S–H insertion, using different para-substituted benzenethiols in substrate competition experiments. In the presence of MDA and MTDA, the Hammett plots had slopes of −0.12 ± 0.01 and −0.78 ± 0.11, respectively...
157 Epidemiology of asphyxiation suicides in the united states

Background Asphyxiation is the second leading cause of suicides in the United States (US). Asphyxiation can result from methods including smothering, choking, hanging, and chemicals. A better understanding of the distribution of asphyxia suicide decedent and incident characteristics may help identify strategies that can be used to reduce deaths from asphyxia-related suicides. The purpose of this study is to describe the distribution of asphyxiation suicides, which has not been previously investigated. Methods This study used 2005–2014 National Violent Death Reporting System data. Asphyxiation types and means were identified through searching for key words in coroner/medical examiner narratives, law enforcement narratives, and causes of death. To calculate asphyxiation suicide rates, US population data were obtained from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research. Results From 2005–2014, there were 25 270 asphyxiation suicides. Most decedents were male (79.9%) and white, non-Hispanic (76.8%). Asphyxiation suicide rates increased by 46.6% from 2.9 per 1 00 000 in 2005 to 4.3 per 1 00 000 in 2014. Most asphyxiation suicides involved hanging (90.7%, n=22,931), 1691 involved smothering, 1228 involved strangulation, and 968 involved chemicals or gasses. The distribution of type of asphyxiation suicide varied by demographic subgroup. The five most common means of hanging suicides were power or extension cord (n=1,832), bedding (n=872), animal rope (e.g., n=578), clothing (n=455), and belt. Among the 968 suicides involving chemicals or gasses, the most frequently used gasses were helium (n=778), nitrogen (n=49), bromine (n=26), nitrous oxide (n=26), and propane (n=26). Conclusions Asphyxiation suicides are completed using a variety of means. Means restriction is unlikely to be successful in reducing asphyxiation suicides, as commonly available objects are used in many of these suicides. Instead, efforts to reduce asphyxiation suicides should focus on mental health services, which potentially reduces deaths not only from asphyxiations suicides, but from all suicides.
Revenue Forecasts as a Mechanism for Analyst Reputation Development

Previous studies have demonstrated that analysts' concern for their reputations and career advancement can partially explain the level of forecast error and systematic biases in their forecasts. This paper extends the literature by demonstrating that the decision to distribute revenue forecasts is motivated by the desire to enhance reputation. On average, analysts who distribute revenue forecasts have less experience and work for smaller, less prestigious brokerage houses, which prompts them to use revenue forecasts as a means of enhancing their own visibility within the industry. These same analysts also set relatively low earnings and revenue targets in an effort to cultivate their relationship with management and gain access to soft information. For individual analysts, the magnitude of the downward bias diminishes as experience and reputation increase, and ultimately disappears when they cease distributing revenue forecasts.
Methadone Maintenance Treatment for Older Adults: Cost and Logistical Considerations

In a demographic shift, older adults now comprise an increasing proportion of those receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opioid use disorder. A study of MMT recipients in New York City suggests that 13% of the population is over 60 years of age. Adults ages 50-59 are among the largest age demographic, evidence that the number of older adults receiving MMT will continue to increase. Because medical comorbidities, cognitive impairment, and neurobehavioral changes often accumulate with age, older adults on MMT become increasingly vulnerable. The cost of MMT and logistical considerations also pose challenges to continued care. Together, these issues warrant a reconsideration of emerging concerns and health policies related to use of MMT in this growing and understudied population. Given the changing health care system and the opioid epidemic, the need for evidence-based guidelines and supportive policies that consider the unique treatment needs of older populations is especially relevant.
HiCComp: Multiple-level comparative analysis of Hi-C data by triplet network

Hi-C technique is an important tool for the study of 3D genome organization. In the past few years, we have seen an explosion of Hi-C data in a variety of cell/tissue types. While these publicly available data presents an unprecedented opportunity to interrogate chromosomal architecture, how to quantitatively compare Hi-C data from different tissues and identify tissue-specific chromatin interactions remains challenging. Here, we present HiCComp, a comprehensive framework for comparing Hi-C data. HiCComp utilizes convolutional neural networks to extract key features in Hi-C interaction matrices in a fully automatic way. The core component of HiCComp is a triplet network, which contains three identical convolutional neural networks with shared parameters. The inputs to our network are three Hi-C matrices: two of them are biological replicates from the same cell type and the third one is from another cell type. The HiCComp network takes advantages of the two biological replicates to estimate the natural variation in the experiments and further use it to identify significant variations between Hi-C matrices from different cell types. Furthermore, we incorporate systematic occluding method into our framework so that we can identify the dynamic interaction regions from Hi-C maps. Finally, we show that the dynamic regions between two cell types are enriched for transcription factor binding sites and histone modifications that are associated with cis-regulatory functions, suggesting these variations in 3D genome structure are potentially gene regulatory events.
Does sleep disruption mediate the effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure

ABSTRACTBackground: Childhood maltreatment is associated with alterations in morphology of stress susceptible brain regions. Maltreatment is also known to markedly increase risk for psychopathology and to have an enduring disruptive effect on sleep.Objective: To determine whether abnormalities in sleep continuity have effects on brain morphometry and to evaluate the extent to which sleep impairments mediate the effects of maltreatment on brain structure.Method: Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale ratings, actigraph-assessed sleep and 3T MRI were obtained on N = 37 18–19-year-old participants recruited from the community (N = 34 with neuroimaging).Results: Fourteen participants had no history of maltreatment while N = 23 were exposed, on average, to 4.7 types of maltreatment. Multiplicity of maltreatment was strongly associated with reduced sleep efficiency, increased wake after sleep onset time and number/duration of awakenings, which were independent of effects of maltreatment on d...
Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs from Combustion Sources

Gaseous, aqueous, and solid samples were collected for analysis of polycyclic organic matter (POM), including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from two facilities which burn municipal waste. PCDDs and PCDFs were only observed in the stack gas and associated particulates from the facility burning 100 percent raw refuse. At the times sampled in this facility, 2,3,7,8-TCDD averaged 0.41 ng/dscm (dry standard cubic meter) in the stack effluent and other dioxins and furans ranged from 2.5 ng/dscm for the otachlorodibenzodioxins to 300 ng/dscm for the trichlorodibenzofurans. No PCDDs or PCDFs were detected in any of the samples from the second facility, which burned coal and refuse derived fuel, where the detection limit in the stack gas samples was less than 0.25 ng/dscm for TCDDs and TCDFs.
The Analysis of Xylem Vessel Structure of Populus euphratica Oliv.Fresh Branch by HRCT

Analysis of the xylem vessels of Populus euphratica Oliv. (P. euphratica) branch anatomical characteristics is usually performed using microtomy. It is time-consuming to obtain an abundance of cros...
An efficient method for handling operator overloading in Ada

The coupling of type derivation with operator overloading occupies a substantial portion of the type-checking activities of an Ada compiler. It is thus important to handle overloaded operators as efficiently as possible. Let us recall that the introduction of any type derived from a numeric type, say:type T is range 1 .. 10; (1)creates, at the point of declaration of type T, a new instance of each of the predefined operators that apply to the root type of T, namely INTEGER. In other words, declarations of the formfunction "+"(x, y : T'BASE) return T'BASE; (2)are understood to appear immediately after the declaration (1). (Here T'BASE refers to the anonymous type, derived from integer, of which type T is a subtype). This means that an innocent declaration such as (1) introduces implicitly 16 new operator declarations (10 arithmetic operators and 6 comparison operators). The visibility of operator designators such as "+" is described in [RM] in terms of these implicit declarations. In what follows we refer to the operators thus introduced as derived operators, in contrast with user-defined operators, which are introduced by explicit declarations and are given user-defined bodies.
Communication Competence and Trust in Leaders

Trust is recognized as a critical component of effective leadership. One way trust forms is through the experiences in the history of communication transactions between individuals. This study was ...
Abstract 336: Human Bone Contains Primitive Cells With Angiogenic and Immunomodulatory Properties

Previously, we have shown that treatments of cortical bone derived stem cells (CBSCs) reduce ventricular remodeling and improve cardiac functions in both mouse and pig myocardial infarction (MI) mo...
The role of numeric and statistical content on risk perception in infographics about road safety

Numbers saturate news coverage and health and risk messaging. But as our expertise in the creation of statistical information increases, the ability to use those statistics in decision making remai...
The Normative Fourth Amendment

For decades, courts have used a “reasonable expectation of privacy” standard to determine whether a government action is a Fourth Amendment search. Scholars have convincingly argued that this test is incoherent, arbitrary, and incapable of protecting privacy against modern forms of surveillance. Yet few alternatives have been proposed, and those alternatives pose many of the same problems as the current standard. This Article offers a new theoretical approach for determining the scope of the Fourth Amendment. It develops a normative model of Fourth Amendment searches, one that explicitly addresses the balance between law enforcement effectiveness and citizens’ interests inherent in Fourth Amendment law. Drawing on Fourth Amendment jurisprudence and contextual privacy theory, it emphasizes surveillance’s concrete impacts, including its deterrence of lawful activities, interference with relationships and communications, and measurable psychological harms. The normative model’s pragmatic focus allows it to capture the fundamental harms and benefits of surveillance while remaining workable for courts. The normative approach is consistent with the language, history, and purposes of the Fourth Amendment, and its values are echoed throughout the relevant caselaw. It also has important practical advantages over current doctrine: it is adaptable to technological change, encompasses non-privacy harms such as coercion and discrimination, reflects Fourth Amendment values more fully than other approaches, promotes judicial transparency, and is better able to address large-scale surveillance programs. Further, the normative approach can help resolve a variety of difficult Fourth Amendment questions involving emails, internet browsing, smart home technology, financial records, household trash, and more.
Facilitating Social Communication in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Bibliotherapeutic Approach

Purpose Social communication involves the integration of language processing, pragmatics, and social and emotional learning. Children presenting with a variety of disabilities, including developmen...
Unsupervised Domain Alignment to Mitigate Low Level Dataset Biases

Dataset bias is a well-known problem in the field of computer vision. The presence of implicit bias in any image collection hinders a model trained and validated on a particular dataset to yield similar accuracies when tested on other datasets. In this paper, we propose a novel debiasing technique to reduce the effects of a biased training dataset. Our goal is to augment the training data using a generative network by learning a non-linear mapping from the source domain (training set) to the target domain (testing set) while retaining training set labels. The cycle consistency loss and adversarial loss for generative adversarial networks are used to learn the mapping. A structured similarity index (SSIM) loss is used to enforce label retention while augmenting the training set. Our methods and hypotheses are supported by quantitative comparisons with prior debiasing techniques. These comparisons showcase the superiority of our method and its potential to mitigate the effects of dataset bias during the inference stage.
“B”-fing up immune-mediated diseases

Extensive characterization of B cell receptor repertoires across six immune-mediated diseases reveals novel insights into disease pathogenesis.
How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective.

The 2017 publication of Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor’s How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective marked the 40th anniversary of the Combahee River Collective Statement – a key do...
Policymaking in the United States: constraining a runaway executive branch

The American executive branch has mastered tools that allow it broad discretion while receiving little oversight from other branches. This article provides valuable insights on the complex legislat...
Adaptive Information Processing Theory: Origins, Principles, Applications, and Evidence

This paper describes the origins, principles, applications, and evidence related to Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) theory. AIP theory provides the theoretical underpinning of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. AIP theory was developed to explain the observed results of EMDR therapy delivered to individuals experiencing trauma and PTSD. The AIP model hypothesizes that maladaptively stored memories of trauma create obstacles to rational processing of information, which occurs in the prefrontal cortex area of the brain. Bilateral stimulation, through eye movements or other mechanisms, is hypothesized to remove the obstacles and permit complete processing of the memory, leading to a reduction in trauma symptoms. EMDR therapy, with the AIP model as rationale, has been effectively used in the treatment of PTSD. Evidence in support of AIP theory is emerging as some promising results have been shown in studies that rely on measuring various types of physiological changes that occur during EMDR therapy.