cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No Harm, No Foul? "Attempted" Invasion of Privacy and the Tort of Intrusion Upon Seclusion

The tort of intrusion upon seclusion protects individuals from unwanted invasions into their personal space and personal affairs. While courts differ as to the precise definition and scope of this tort, at the most basic level, a claim for intrusion upon seclusion alleges that the defendant has unreasonably interfered with the plaintiff’s legitimate interest in maintaining some degree of privacy in his or her personal affairs. This Note analyzes an interesting issue that has emerged concerning the application of this tort: Should a defendant be held liable when he or she has attempted to observe the plaintiff in a private setting but is ultimately unsuccessful? Some courts have held that the mere placement of surveillance equipment that is capable of transforming a private space into a public one constitutes an intrusion, even if the defendant never uses the device to view or hear the plaintiff. Other courts, however, have held that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant overheard, viewed, or otherwise observed the plaintiff using the device. This Note analyzes the underlying basis and purpose of the intrusion tort and argues that a plaintiff should not need to prove that the defendant actually used the device to see or hear the plaintiff—in other words, the placement alone of surveillance equipment is an invasion of the plaintiff’s privacy and should be sufficient to state a claim for intrusion upon seclusion.
The mutagenesis moonshot: The propitious beginnings of the environmental mutagenesis and genomics society

A mutagenesis moonshot addressing the influence of the environment on our genetic wellbeing was launched just 2 months before astronauts landed on the moon. Its impetus included the discovery that X-rays (Muller HJ. [1927]: Science 64:84-87) and chemicals (Auerbach and Robson. [1946]: Nature 157:302) were germ-cell mutagens, the introduction of a growing number of untested chemicals into the environment after World War II, and an increasing awareness of the role of environmental pollution on human health. Due to mounting concern from influential scientists that germ-cell mutagens might be ubiquitous in the environment, Alexander Hollaender and colleagues founded in 1969 the Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS), now the Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society (EMGS); Frits Sobels founded the European EMS in 1970. As Fred de Serres noted, such societies were necessary because protecting populations from environmental mutagens could not be addressed by existing scientific societies, and new multidisciplinary alliances were required to spearhead this movement. The nascent EMS gathered policy makers and scientists from government, industry, and academia who became advocates for laws requiring genetic toxicity testing of pesticides and drugs and helped implement those laws. They created an electronic database of the mutagenesis literature; established a peer-reviewed journal; promoted basic and applied research in DNA repair and mutagenesis; and established training programs that expanded the science worldwide. Despite these successes, one objective remains unfulfilled: identification of human germ-cell mutagens. After 50 years, the voyage continues, and a vibrant EMGS is needed to bring the mission to its intended target of protecting populations from genetic hazards. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:8-24, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suprasellar central nervous system ganglioneuroblastoma: a case in a 9-year-old child and review of the literature.

Intracranial ganglioneuroblastomas are incredibly rare neuroectodermal tumors with only 8 described cases total, 5 of those having imaging findings Here we present a 9-year-old female patient with 4 months progressive headaches, personality changes, and vomiting. We also present a review of the current literature of intracranial ganglioneuroblastomas. Imaging demonstrated a partially calcified suprasellar mass measuring 4.6 × 6.3 × 5 cm composed of both solid and cystic components, diagnosed to be a ganglioneuroblastoma, with mass effect on the lateral and 3rd ventricles, with a midline shift of right to left of 6-7 mm. She was treated with subtotal surgical resection, an intensive chemotherapeutic regimen, and radiation and has no residual disease on imaging 1 year and 4 months status post-surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a ganglioneuroblastoma to mimic a craniopharyngioma based upon imaging findings and suprasellar location. As these cases are extremely rare, an optimal therapeutic regimen has not been defined. However, a combination of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy can be effective, as shown here with successful treatment and no evidence of residual disease.
Search for heavy quasiparticles in the resistivity of PrOs 4 Sb 12 in magnetic fields: Comparison with Pr 0.7 La 0.3 Os 4 Sb 12

We study the resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ of ${\text{PrOs}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ and ${\text{Pr}}_{0.7}{\text{La}}_{0.3}{\text{Os}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ in magnetic fields between 2.7 and 16 T and at temperatures $20\text{ }\text{mK}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}1\text{ }\text{K}$. ${\text{PrOs}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ is known to exhibit field-induced antiferroquadrupolar (AFQ) order while there is no evidence for such order in the specific heat of ${\text{Pr}}_{0.7}{\text{La}}_{0.3}{\text{Os}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$. We find the resistivity of ${\text{Pr}}_{0.7}{\text{La}}_{0.3}{\text{Os}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ to be consistent with the accepted crystalline electric field (CEF) model. The model predicts a low-temperature plateau in $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ in fields smaller or larger than the CEF level-crossing field of approximately 9 T, as is also observed in ${\text{PrOs}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$. However, further analysis suggests that for ${\text{PrOs}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ in fields below 5 T, this plateau is not a CEF effect but is rather due either to a crossover to a state characterized by a small electronic effective mass ${m}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ or to the existence of two resistivity contributions, one increasing and the other decreasing with temperature. In fields between 4 and 6 T, $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ shows a shallow minimum. A Kadowaki-Woods analysis of $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ of ${\text{PrOs}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ over a restricted temperature range implies that ${m}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ depends strongly on magnetic field, increasing when the field approaches the boundary of the AFQ region. However, for all fields investigated, ${\ensuremath{\partial}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rho}/\ensuremath{\partial}{T}^{2}$ for $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ remains small compared with its value in canonical heavy fermions. In the AFQ regime (only), the resistivity has different temperature dependences in fields parallel and perpendicular to the principal crystal direction of current flow, suggesting an increase in the orbital contribution to the resistivity in the ordered phase.
Chapter 11 – Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) that denotes an entire class of materials, rather than a single molecular topology. An IPN is any material containing two polymers, each in network form. Both the polymers are synthesized or cross-linked in the presence of each other. It explains both simultaneous and sequential types of syntheses, and both yield distinguishable materials. Further, the chapter discusses the relationship among IPNs, blends, and grafts. A polymer blend is defined as a combination of two polymers without any chemical bonding between them, whereas a graft copolymer refers to a product prepared by the polymerization of monomer II in the presence of polymer I, with greater or lesser extent of actual graft copolymer formation. Recent electron microscope and kinetic evidence suggests that grafting in many systems is less extensive than previously believed, but it is still important. The chapter additionally highlights the morphology that indicates phase separation. The phases vary in amount, size, shape, sharpness of their interfaces, and the degree of continuity. The chapter also describes the factors that affect morphology of the material and the physical and mechanical behavior.
The Sex Differences in Uveal Melanoma: Potential Roles of EIF1AX, Immune Response and Redox Regulation.

Background: Uveal melanoma (UVM) is a rare cancer that shows sex difference in incidence and survival, with little previous report for the underlying mechanism. Methods: This study used the SEER data (1974–2016) for an age-dependent analysis on sex difference in UVM, and further used the TCGA-UVM genomics dataset for analyzing the differential gene expression profiles in tumors from men and women. Results: Our results demonstrate a sex difference in older age (≥40 years) but not in younger patients, with men exhibiting a higher incidence rate than women. However, younger women have shown a continuous increasing trend since 1974. Examining the 11 major oncogenes and tumor suppressors in UVM revealed that EIF1AX showed a significant sex difference in mRNA accumulation and copy number variation, with female tumors expressing higher levels of EIF1AX and exhibiting more variations in copy numbers. EIF1AX mRNA levels were significantly inversely correlated with EIF1AX copy numbers in female tumors only, but not in male tumors. Differential gene expression analysis at the whole genomic level identified a set of 92 protein-coding and 16 RNA-coding genes which exhibited differential expression in men and women (fold of change cutoff at 1.7, adjusted p value < 0.05, FDR < 0.05). Network analysis showed significant difference in immune response and in disulfide bond formation, with EGR1/EGR2 and PDIA2 genes as regulators for immune response and disulfide bond formation, respectively. The melanocortin pathway which is linked to both melanin synthesis and obesity seems to be altered with unclear significance, as the sex difference in POMC, DCT/TYRP2, and MRAP2 was observed but with no clear direction. Conclusion: This study reveals possible mechanisms for the sex difference in tumorigenesis of UVM which has potentials for better understanding and prevention of UVM.
An elementary introduction to mathematical finance : options and other topics

1. Probability 2. Normal random variables 3. Geometric Brownian motion 4. Interest rates and present value analysis 5. Pricing contracts via Arbitrage 6. The Arbitrage Theorem 7. The Black-Scholes formula 8. Valuing by expected utility 9. Exotic options 10. Beyond geometric Brownian motion models 11. Autoregressive models and mean reversion 12. Optimization methods in finance.
Electron microprobe analyses of Ca, S, Mg and P distribution in incisors of Spacelab-3 rats

The distribution of Ca, S, Mg and P was mapped within the incisors of Spacelab-3 rats using an electron microprobe. The data indicate that Flight rats maintained in orbit for 7 days have significantly higher Ca/Mg ratios in dentin due to both higher Ca and lower Mg content than in dentin of ground-based Controls. There is no statistical difference in distribution of either P or S within Fligth animals and Controls, but there is clear indication that, for P at least, the reason is the greater variability of the Control data. These results are consistent with those obtained on a previous NASA/COSMOS flight of 18.5 days duration, although they are not pronounced. The results further suggest that continuously growing rat incisors provide useful records of the effects of weightlessness on Ca metabolism.
Highly Ionized Ions

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews highly ionized ions and their characteristics. There are several known means of altering emergent ion charge state distributions to suit experimental needs, which are especially useful in producing excited states of very highly ionized ions while restricting the width of the corresponding charge state distributions. The simplest technique for altering emergent charge state distributions is to use electric or magnetic selection of the charge state of interest. Such a technique is usually combined with raising the beam energy toward the limit. A second technique takes advantage of very high charge states available from the scattering of energetic ions through angles greater than or approximately equal to a few tenths of a degree by collisions in heavy, usually gaseous, targets of sub-equilibrium thicknesses. Frozen charge state technique is used for studying the electronic excitation interactions of pure charge state ions. For highly ionized atoms, the terms Auger emission and autoionization (autoejection) may often be used interchangably, because inner shell vacancies, core excitations, and valence shell excitations are often indistinguishable. Single-particle valence shell excitation states do not, of course, autoionize. For autoionization to be energetically possible, an autoionizing state must be degenerate with a continuum state, that is, lie higher in energy than the ground state (or other excited states) of an ion in the next higher adjacent charge state.
X-Ray Crystallography of Antibodies

This chapter provides the description of X-ray crystallography as applied to protein structure. It discusses on what it can provide, and what its limitations are. The results of the crystallographic studies of antibodies, their fragments, and ligand complexes are analyzed, and it is described in the chapter, how the results of these studies have led to comparisons and generalizations with regard to the structure and biological properties of these molecules. Crystal structures for four intact antibodies are now reported in the literature. These structures are for the human myeloma proteins Dob, Mcg, and Kol, and for the murine monoclonal antibody MAb231, which is directed against canine lymphoma. The detailed structure of antibodies and various fragments, including isolated domains, from different isotypes and from different species has become available from X-ray crystallography. This chapter aims to review what is currently known about antibody structure from X-ray crystallography. A very detailed analysis of the structure of antibodies and antibody-antigen complexes are given.
Not Just Another Pretty Face

We are developing a web site with photorealistic animations and virtual reality walk throughs of architecture and artifacts at an archaeological site in El Salvador. The goal of the site is to support research and teaching about household anthropology in sixth-century Meso-America. To counter the false sense of realism and truth these experiences often convey we have developed Image Arguments, a scheme for integrating with images the arguments and data that they are based on. We provide this contextual information using a server side database and client side Java applets, enabling viewers to examine the assumptions and the data behind the images.
Cost-effectiveness analyses: making a pseudoscience legitimate.

In this essay, I shall not attempt to deal with the many points raised in Peter D. Jacobson and Matthew L. Kanna’s presentation. I shall merely note that they find cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) inevitable, unpopular both politically and with juries, and often unacceptable in product liability cases but increasingly accepted in negligence cases and in the regulatory arena. Their future in the courts is uncertain.
Implementation and Evaluation of a New Approach to Clinical Instruction.

An approach to clinical instruction based on the Learning Vector model was introduced in a hospital laboratory during the 1985-86 academic year. Fifteen clinical instructors and nine medical technology students participated in the study. Clinical instructors attended an initial workshop on the model and met monthly during the academic year with the project directors to discuss their progress. The implementation of the model and the reactions of students and instructors to the model were evaluated using attitudinal questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Instructors were most successful using the model during the learning activities component of clinical instruction and were less consistent in implementing the model in the expectation-setting and evaluation components of instruction. According to instructors and students, advantages of this approach included improved communication, guidance and organization of instruction, and an increased emphasis on feedback and evaluation. The major constraint to implementation was a limited amount of time spent with students, due to scheduling or workload.
Competition policy : encouraging thriving markets for development

A literature review shows that competition policy reforms allow markets to work more efficiently for the benefit of consumers and drive sustainable economic growth. Three main insights emerge: greater market competition matters for achieving greater innovation, productivity, and economic growth. Policies that help open markets and remove anticompetitive regulations can promote competition, resulting in lower prices and better deals for consumers and firms. And effective enforcement of competition rules across sectors, rather than the pure existence of competition laws, makes a difference in the impact of competition policies.
The critical need for defining preclinical biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The increasing number of afflicted individuals with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses significant emotional and financial burden on the world's population. Therapeutics designed to treat symptoms or alter the disease course have failed to make an impact, despite substantial investments by governments, pharmaceutical industry, and private donors. These failures in treatment efficacy have led many to believe that symptomatic disease, including both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, may be refractory to therapeutic intervention. The recent focus on biomarkers for defining the preclinical state of MCI/AD is in the hope of defining a therapeutic window in which the neural substrate remains responsive to treatment. The ability of biomarkers to adequately define the at-risk state may ultimately allow novel or repurposed therapeutic agents to finally achieve the disease-modifying status for AD. In this review, we examine current preclinical AD biomarkers and suggest how to generalize their use going forward.
Thiamin in Sweat

Summary1. The virus of Saint Louis encephalitis was recovered from the bodies of engorged larval ticks which had fed on infected adult Swiss mice. 2. Under experimental conditions the Saint Louis encephalitis virus was transmitted to young Swiss mice by larval ticks. 3. Normal adult mice upon which infected, full-grown ticks had fed developed considerable resistance to intracerebral inoculation of virus.
Optimized Expanding Microchannel Geometry for Flow Boiling

This study discusses the simulation of flow boiling in a microchannel and the predicted effects of channel geometry variation along the flow direction. Recent experimental studies have generated interest in expanding the cross-section of a microchannel to improve boiling heat transfer. The motivation for this geometry change is discussed, constraints and model selection are reviewed, and Revellin and Thome’s critical heat flux criterion is used to bound the simulation of separated flow in a heated channel, via MATLAB. Expanding channel geometry permits higher heat rates before reaching critical heat flux.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Experiences of Victimization: Mental Health, Revictimization, and Sexual Identity Development

SUMMARY The prevalence and correlates of a variety of victimization experiences among a large, ethnically diverse national sample of 2,431 lesbian, bisexual, and gay women (LBG) is examined. Most participants (62.3%) report experiencing bias related victimization because they are LBG. Overall, 30.8% of participants report being harshly beaten or physically abused in childhood and 21.2% in adulthood; 39.3% report sexual victimization before the age of sixteen and 36.2% at age sixteen or older. Each type of victimization was significantly related to current psychological distress, and the more types of victimization (sexual or physical, in childhood or adulthood) a participant experienced, the greater her psychological distress. Participants who were victimized in childhood were four times more likely to experience the same type of victimization (sexual or physical) as an adult and about twice as likely to experience the other type of victimization in adulthood. In addition, there were significant differenc...
Enzymic removal of 5-methylcytosine from poly(dG-5-methyl-dC) by HeLa cell nuclear extracts is not by a DNA glycosylase

Abstract A recent report in this journal [Vairapandi, M. and Duker, N.J. (1993) Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 5323-5327) presented evidence of an activity in HeLa cell nuclear extracts that released radiolabeled material from a poly(dG.dC) polymer that had been methylated and simultaneously labeled on cytosine residues by incubation with a CpG-specific DNA methylase and [methyl-3H]S-adenosylmethionine. Based on chromatographic evidence that the released products were thymine and 5-methylcytosine and on f1p4olabeling data suggesting a concomitant increase in abasic sites, the authors concluded that the releasing activity was a 5-methylcytosine-specific glycosylase and that the solubilized 5-methylcytosine was converted to thymine by a nuclear deaminase. We have confirmed that HeLa nuclear extracts promote release of ethanol-soluble radioactivity from a methyl-labeled poly(dG-5-methyl-dC)polymer, but the products released were neither 5-methylcytosine nor thymine. Furthermore, free 5-methylcytosine was not deaminated by incubation with the nuclear extract. The labeled compound released initially from the polymer appeared to be 5-methyl-deoxycytidine monophosphate, which was converted to 5-methyl-deoxycytidine, thymidine monophosphate, and/or thymidine by further incubation with the nuclear extract. The activity responsible for the release, therefore, was a nuclease. Release of 32P-labeled nucleotides from a 32P-labeled poly(dG-dC) polymer suggested, furthermore, that the activity was not specific for methylated DNA.
Identification and characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of Fatty Acid binding proteins.

Molecular disruption of the lipid carrier AFABP/aP2 in mice results in improved insulin sensitivity and protection from atherosclerosis. Since small molecule inhibitors may be efficacious in defining the mechanism(s) of AFABP/aP2 action, a chemical library was screened and identified 1 (HTS01037) as a pharmacologic ligand capable of displacing the fluorophore 1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonic acid from the lipid binding cavity. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 bound to AFABP/aP2 revealed that the ligand binds at a structurally similar position to a long-chain fatty acid. Similar to AFABP/aP2 knockout mice, 1 inhibits lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reduces LPS-stimulated inflammation in cultured macrophages. 1 acts as an antagonist of the protein-protein interaction between AFABP/aP2 and hormone sensitive lipase but does not activate PPARγ in macrophage or CV-1 cells. These results identify 1 as an inhibitor of fatty acid binding and a competitive antagonist of protein-protein interactions mediated by AFABP/aP2.
Poetry and narrative: an evolutionary perspective on the cognition of verbal art

The study of the aesthetic genres reveals important design features of cognition, in how complex higher-order abilities are organized mentally. An evolutionary perspective frames this research in a way that considers the componential nature of language-related abilities in particular. In addition, it directs our attention to the important problem of understanding how different abilities are related. In this review of the research the focus will be on poetic and narrative abilities: (1) as they develop in children, (2) how the component sub-structures of poetry and narrative might be represented cognitively, and (3) how they may have emerged in early humans. Crucially, the analysis of component structures implies understanding how they interact in performance, and more interestingly how different abilities and faculties share competence modules and processing mechanisms in common. This approach helps put the discussion regarding the relative weight of domain-specific and domain-general structures into perspective, potentially reconciling some seemingly opposing viewpoints in evolutionary science and in the study of language development.
Some hypergraphs and packing problems associated with matrices of 0's and 1's

Abstract We define various classes of hypergraphs associated with m × n matrices of 0's and 1's and determine for which classes the maximum cardinality of a set of pairwise disjoint edges equals the minimum cardinality of a set of nodes that cover all edges independently of the matrix.
A Field Theoretic Model for electron-Nucleon Deep Inelastic Scattering

The structure functions for inelastic electron-nucleon scattering are studied in the Bjorken limit in the framework of canonical field theory. The "parton" model of Feynman is derived and the structure functions' asymptotic behavior for large energy transfers is computed.
Avian Nutrition Research. Its Complexities and Interrelationship to Other Disciplines

Abstract A FACT as self-evident as the importance of consideration of intra- and interrelationships in the experimental design of biological research, seemingly should not warrant an article devoted exclusively to it. Unfortunately, however, even the most obvious principles are often obscured by our absorption in the immediate problem before us or in a particularly interesting subject of research. This myopia may become evident, however, to former researchers assigned to administrative duties which force them out of the channels of their specialities to survey the broad expanses of agricultural science. All segments of agriculture are so closely interrelated and interdependent, that a scientist cannot leave out of his reckoning the other disciplines beside his own. THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF ALL DISCIPLINES From the infinitesimal neutrons and protons of the atom to the enormous galaxies of the heavens, all nature appears to be interdependent and interrelated. All parts are made to synchronize into a …
Single-Source Precursors to Niobium Nitride and Tantalum Nitride Films

Herein we report our efforts to prepare new precursors to niobium nitride (NbN) and tantalum nitride (TAN, Ta3N5) thin films. Treatment of MC15 (M = Nb, Ta) with tertbutylamine in benzene solvent affords complexes of the formula [MCI2 (NtBu)(NHtBu)(NH2 tBu)]2. The niobium complex [NbC12(NtBu)(NHtBu)- (NH2 tBu)]2 affords NbN films on glass substrates between 500-600 °C, while the tantalum analog [TaC12(NtBu)(NHtBu)(NH2 tBu)]2 gives films of Ta3N5 in this temperature range. Treatment of MCI5 (M = Nb, Ta) with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in dichloromethane solvent affords complexes of the formula [MC12(NNMe2)(NHNMe2)(NH2NMe2)]n. These hydrazido complexes afford cubic MN films upon glass substrates at ≥400°C. Analyses of the films are presented.
Solubilization of organic molecules in SDS micelles studied by static fluorescence methods

Abstract The effect of a number of polar and non-polar organic molecules on the micellization of sodium dodecyl sulfate at low surfactant and additive concentration has been studied by fluorescence probing methods. The solubilization and its effect on micellar parameters and structure is examined and some general trends are discussed. Special emphasis is focused on the application of static fluorescence methods, particularly static fluorescence quenching, since these methods can provide important and unique information albeit their simplicity.
Improved cost functions for economic dispatch compensations (on power systems)

Two polynomial curve fitting methods, Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization and the least-squares method, are evaluated for power system load dispatching economics analysis applications. It is shown that the Gram-Schmidt method, which does not require matrix inversion, gives more accurate fuel cost curves. Also, a constraint equation can be included in both methods to insure that incremental cost curves are monotonically increasing. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the results. >
Rapidly self-renewing human multipotent marrow stromal cells (hMSC) express sialyl Lewis X and actively adhere to arterial endothelium in a chick embryo model system.

Background There have been conflicting observations regarding the receptors utilized by human multipotent mesenchymal bone marrow stromal cells (hMSC) to adhere to endothelial cells (EC). To address the discrepancies, we performed experiments with cells prepared with a standardized, low-density protocol preserving a sub-population of small cells that are rapidly self-renewing.
Child survival: a message of hope but a call for renewed commitment in UNICEF report.

A recent UNICEF report Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report 2013 presents a comprehensive analysis of levels and trends in child mortality and progress towards MDG 4. The global under-five mortality rate has been cut nearly in half (47%) since 1990. However, during this same period, 216 million children are estimated to have died before their fifth birthday. Most of these deaths were from leading infectious diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea or malaria, or were caused by preventable neonatal causes such as those related to intra-partum complications. The highest mortality rates in the world are observed in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa faces a particular challenge in that it not only has the highest under-five mortality in the world but it also has the fastest population growth. Progress is possible, however, and sharp reductions in child mortality have been observed at all levels of national income and in all regions. Some of the world’s poorest countries in terms of national income have made the strongest gains in child survival. Within countries, new analysis suggests that disparities in under-five mortality between the richest and the poorest households have declined in most regions of the world, with the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, under-five mortality rates have fallen even among the poorest households in all regions. The report highlights the growing importance of neonatal deaths; roughly 44% of global under-five deaths — now 2.9 million a year — occur during the neonatal period, with up to 50% dying during their first day of life and yet over two-thirds of these deaths are preventable without intensive care. The report stresses how a continuum of care approach across the whole life cycle is the most powerful way of understanding and accelerating further progress.
Formation of Bands of Ultrafine Beryllium Particles During Rapid Solidification of Al-Be Alloys: Modeling and Direct Observations

Abstract Rapid solidification of dilute hyper-eutectic and monotectic alloys sometimes produces a dispersion of ultrafine randomly-oriented particles that lie in arrays parallel to the advancing solidification front. We characterize this effect in AlBe where Be-rich particles with diameters on the order of 10 nm form in arrays spaced approximately 25 nm apart, and we present a model of macroscopically steady state but microscopically oscillatory motion of the solidification front to explain this unusual microstructure. The proposed mechanism involves; (i) the build-up of rejected solute in a diffusional boundary layer which slows down the growing crystal matrix, (ii) the boundary layer composition entering a metastable liquid miscibility gap, (iii) homogeneous nucleation of solute rich liquid droplets in the boundary layer, and crystallization of these droplets, and (iv) growth of the matrix past the droplets and its reformation into a planar interface. The size of the Be-rich particles is limited by the beryllium supersaturation in the diffusional boundary layer. A numerical model was developed to investigate this solidification mechanism, and the results of the model are in good agreement with experimental observations of rapidly solidified Al-5 at. % Be.
Scanning electron microscopy in the study of chicken t and b cells and cells from Marek's disease tumours.

Summary Surface morphology of chicken T and B cells, Marek's disease (MD) lymphoma cells and a chicken lymphoblastoid cell line MSB‐1 (established from an MD tumour) was examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). T cells were round, measured 3–3.5 μm in diameter and had smooth surface projections. B cells were also round but were slightly larger (4–5.5 μm) and had some surface projections. Approximately 15 to 20% of MD lymphoma cells were similar to B cells and the rest (70–80%), appeared similar to T cells. MSB‐1 lymphoblastoid cells were round or slightly elongated, measured 8–10 μm, had a smooth surface, and many had long projections. Based on their size and surface morphology MSB‐1 cells could not be identified as T cells, although they carry T cell surface antigenic markers.
α-MSH and MIF-I effects on catecholamine levels and synthesis in various rat brain areas☆

Attempts were made to find a biochemical correlate with previously observed behavioral alterations after administration of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and MSH release-inhibiting factor (MIF-I). Brains of intact and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats were analyzed for endogenous catecholamine levels and the disappearance rate of endogenous norepinephrine (NE) after treatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT). The studies undertaken show the following: (1) After the injection of MSH (100 μg/kg IP daily × 3) and AMPT, samples in different groups of intact and hypox rats were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hrs in 7 different brain areas. In the mid-brain area for the intact group of rats, the rate of disappearance of NE was faster and for the hypox rats it was slower than the rate for control rats not treated with the peptides. NE levels in the same area at time 0 were 11 percent lower than controls in hypox rats and unchanged in unoperated animals. (2) After the injection of MIF-I (20 mg/kg IP daily ×3) in similar experiments as with MSH, a reduced rate (p<0.05) of NE disappearance for the first 4 hr and an increased rate (p<0.05) of NE disappearance for the last 2 hr of the experiments occurred for both the intact and hypox rats in the mid-brain area where endogenous NE levels were lowered by 11 and 12 percent at 0 min. In no other brain areas were alterations in NE breakdown found in both the intact and hypox rat groups. Behavioral changes have been found previosly under similar experimental conditions in both intact and hypox rats. (3) Rates of dopamine disappearance in experiments similar to those described for NE disappearance indicated that in the striatal brain area no change was found in the intact rats after either MSH or MIF-I, whereas a decrease in DA disappearance was found for hypox rats during the six hour experimental period only after MSH. The results indicate that a correlation between behavioral changes, rates of disappearance and endogenous levels of NE in the mid-brain area may occur after MIF-I at the times examined but that a similar correlation for MSH did not appear likely.
Nanostructured Polyethylene-POSS Copolymers: Control of Crystallization and Aggregation

Nanoscale structure formation in copolymers of polyethylene (PE) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) with norbornene and cyclopentyl side-groups can be controlled through choice of crystallization conditions. Aggregates of both crystalline PE and crystalline POSS are found when crystallized from the melt. A self-assembled, two-phase crystalline structure, consisting of POSS crystalline domains molecularly connected to PE crystalline domains, is formed. Constraints on domain growth arise from molecular architecture, likely leading to anisotropy in the shape of POSS domains. Considerable suppression of POSS crystallization is found on precipitation from solution. The origin of the frustration of crystal growth and the introduction of disorder is discussed. Structural investigative methods include X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Degradation temperatures are found to be dependent on the morphology of the nanocomposites, with possible implications for improved thermal resist...
Nutrient-Regulated Protein Kinases in Budding Yeast

The ability of cells to react appropriately to nutritional cues is of fundamental importance, and in budding yeast, a small number of intracellular protein kinases, PKA, Snf1p/AMP-activated kinase, TOR, Gcn2p, and the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85p have key roles. A recently characterized enzyme, PAS kinase, may be a new member of this group of nutritional transducers.
Bifurcations in a silicon neuron

In this paper, we describe the bifurcations occurring in a silicon neuron with one sodium and one potassium channel. The channels are designed to model the physics of ion flow in actual biological channels instead of modeling a particular set of equations. We show a pair of subcritical Hopf-bifurcation with increase in current stimulus which is characteristic of class 2 excitability in Hodgkin-Huxley neurons. Theoretical analysis of the bifurcations lead to conditions for designing and biasing the circuit. The circuit is very compact, comprising six transistors and three capacitors, lending itself to easy integration. The parameters are set using floating-gate transistors and can be programmed as desired. We hope to study more complicated dynamics of large networks of these neurons, a task which might be beyond a typical digital computer.
Interaction of lead and zinc in cultured astroglia

Astroglia take up lead (Pb)in vivo andin vitro. In view of the fact that zinc affects both tissue deposition of Pb and clinical signs of Pb intoxication, the present study was carried out to test the effects of various Zn levels on lead toxicity in astroglia. Primary cultures of astroglia from 1- to 3-day-old neonatal rats were divided into three groups and cultured in Waymouth's 752/1 medium with 0, 1, or 2μM ZnCl2-Each group was further divided into two subgroups which were treated with either 0, 29.9, or 32.5μmol of Pb acetate. Cultures were assayed for viability and metal content after 1 and 3 days of continuous exposure to Pb (designated days 1 and 3) as well as 10, 17, and 24 days after the initiation of a 3-day exposure to Pb. The Trypan blue dye exclusion viability assay showed no significant differences between controls and Pb-treated groups except on day 3, at which time the 0 and 2μM Zn groups treated with Pb had reduced viability.3H-Leucine incorporation into acid-precipitable proteins (cpm/μg protein) was unaffected by Pb or Zn except on days 1 and 17, when cultures given 2μM Zn and no Pb showed increased incorporation. Pb-treated cultures showed a reduction in cell number which was partially offset in a dose-dependent manner by the presence of Zn in the medium but not enough to mask completely the reduction caused by Pb. Pb produced the following effects on intracellular trace metal concentrations: (1) increased intracellular [Pb], (2) increased intracellular [Fe], (3) increased intracellular [Cu], and increased intracellular [Zn]. By day 24, intracellular Cu concentrations were normal, but intracellular [Zn] and [Pb] remained elevated in all Pb-treated subgroups. Furthermore, intracellular Fe levels remained increased in the Pb-treated subgroup cultured with 0μM Zn. Zinc showed a protective effect by (1) reducing intracellular Pb levels and (2) delaying or preventing the Pb-induced increase in intracellular [Fe] and [Zn] but not the increase in intracellular [Cu]. These effects became more pronounced with increasing extracellular Zn concentrations, although intracellular Zn levels did not increase in response to extracellular levels. Increased dietary zinc in rats is known to reduce Pb accumulation in organs. Our results extend this observation to cells in culture and, furthermore, suggest that the Pb-Zn interaction is complex and not simply a substitution of Pb by Zn at the point of absorption through the plasma membrane.
Deacetylation of the DNA-binding domain regulates p53-mediated apoptosis.

In unstressed cells, the p53 tumor suppressor is highly unstable. DNA damage and other forms of cellular stress rapidly stabilize and activate p53. This process is regulated by a complex array of post-translational modifications that are dynamically deposited onto p53. Recent studies show that these modifications orchestrate p53-mediated processes such as cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cancer cells carry inherent genetic damage, but avoid arrest and apoptosis by inactivating p53. Defining the enzymatic machinery that regulates the stress-induced modification of p53 at single-residue resolution is critical to our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms that control this critical tumor suppressor. Specifically, acetylation of p53 at lysine 120, a DNA-binding domain residue mutated in human cancer, is essential for triggering apoptosis. Given the oncogenic properties of deacetylases and the success of deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents, we investigated the regulation of Lys120 deacetylation using pharmacologic and genetic approaches. This analysis revealed that histone deacetylase 1 is predominantly responsible for the deacetylation of Lys120. Furthermore, treatment with the clinical-grade histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat enhances Lys120 acetylation, an event that is mechanistically linked to its apoptotic effect. These data expand our understanding of the mechanisms controlling p53 function and suggest that regulation of p53 modification status at single-residue resolution by targeted therapeutics can selectively alter p53 pathway function. This knowledge may impact the rational application of deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of human cancer.
Carbon aerogels with ultrathin, electroactive poly(o-methoxyaniline) coatings for high-performance electrochemical capacitors

Abstract Carbon aerogels are attractive electrode structures due to their high surface areas, through-connected porosity, and high electrical conductivity, as has been recognized by their commercialization for electrochemical capacitors. We extend the versatility of these conductive nanostructures by modifying them with ultrathin, electroactive polymer coatings based on the self-limiting electropolymerization of o-methoxyaniline. The pore–solid architecture is largely retained in the polymer–carbon-aerogel hybrid due to the conformal, self-limiting nature of the electrodeposited polymer coating. Although grown under insulating conditions, these polymers coatings become electroactive when exposed to aqueous-acid electrolytes, and contribute a pseudocapacitance component to the energy-storage mechanism in the hybrid nanoarchitecture. These hybrids and their electrochemical character can now be designed to exploit the functionalities of both the polymer and the carbon aerogel and achieve electrode structures that exhibit stability, high energy density, and high power density when used as electrochemical capacitors.
Flow‐dependent rejection of polystyrene from microporous membranes

Dilute solutions of polystyrene (molecular weight 1 × 105−2 × 107) in a mixed solvent of 90% carbon tetrachloride-10% methanol were filtered through track-etched porous mica membranes. The reflection coefficient σ, defined as the fraction of polymer held back by the membrane, was measured as a function of polymer size rs, pore radius ro, and solvent flow rate q through each pore. Polymer size was characterized by the Stokes-Einstein radius, as determined from diffusion coefficients measured by quasielastic light scattering, and chain relaxation times τ were estimated from measured intrinsic viscosities. In the case of chains whose unperturbed radius was smaller than the pore, σ depended on the ratio rs/ro in the manner predicted by a hard-sphere theory, as long as , where is the mean rate of strain of solvent at the pore entrance. However, when the polymer chains exceeded the pore in size, σ depended on flow rate and decreased from almost unity, at small q, toward zero at high q. The relationship between σ and q was nearly independent of polymer and pore size, consistent with a theory based on scaling concepts of how polymer chains deform at the entrance of a pore, but the reduction in σ as q increased was very gradual and did not exhibit the sharp transition predicted by the theory. We were able to empirically correlate all the data for σ when rs > ro by a single similarity variable ; a least-squares fit gave n = 0.33, showing that σ is insensitive to polymer size for large chains.
Environmental information from guano palynology of insectivorous bats of the central part of the United States of America

Bat droppings accumulate in caves, and the resultant guano contains a stratigraphic record of the environment analogous to the record from lake sediment and peat. The bats forage at night for insects; they return to the cave during the day to sleep and care for their young. They attach themselves to suitable perches in the cave ceiling, and their excrement accumulates on the floor below. Flying requires a lot of energy, and bats of temperate regions consume large numbers of night-flying insects. In some situations the guano can reach a depth of meters in hundreds to thousands of years, and it has a valuable chronostratigraphy. The bat scats occur as small pellets that represent the non-digestible portion of the animal's diet in the preceding few hours; hence the diet provides information about the time of the year the feeding occurred. Bat guano contains, among other things, insect fragments, hair, pollen, and mineral matter. Night-flying insects do not normally visit flowers for the pollen; many species do not eat during the flying phase of their life cycle, and those that do generally are nectar feeders. Although the insects are not after the pollen, they do fly through a pollen-laden environment, and the pollen and dust adheres to their bodies. The insects essentially act as living traps for airborne debris. The bats also are furry pollen traps; during grooming they ingest pollen and dust enmeshed in their fur, and this also is excreted. The pollen in an individual scat contains a record of the atmospheric pollen during a single day in the past. This kind of detail is rarely available from lake sediment. Chemical analysis of individual bat scats in a time series can chart the changing environment caused by agriculture, industry, volcanic dust, and a host of other details that depend only on the cleverness of the researcher. Careful 14 C analysis can isolate the times when bats did not use the cave, and that may be useful in interpreting past conditions. If the insect types in the guano change over time, that may provide evidence of changing climate. Pollen was analyzed from guano samples taken from Tumbling Creek Cave near Protem, Missouri, USA. The cave contains a maternal colony of the Grey Bat (Myotis grisescens) that occupies the cave for a short time each year. Scats collected from the base of a 70 cm thick cone of guano yielded an AMS 14 C date of 2810±40 yr BP. The fecal material has a crumbly structure below the surface; it was of mahogany color (7.5 YR 2/1 to 3/2) and had no noticeable odor. Guano can be processed like normal sediment, but simple washing in a weak detergent solution followed by acetolysis appears adequate. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.