cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prime-Mover Speed Governors for Interconnected Systems

System operating requirements, from the standpoint of frequency and tie-line loading, are continually becoming more rigorous and receiving more widespread attention. Supplementary controls have been developed to assist in the solution of these problems — but the speed governors of the prime movers still constitute the backbone of system control. This paper outlines the general problems encountered; gives definitions of terms for both steam and hydro governors and discusses the performance characteristics of these two general classes of prime movers. As a result of discussions with several operating groups certain definite conclusions were reached for prime-mover governor characteristics on the larger systems, viz., dead band should be as small as practicable; uniform incremental regulation desirable; adjustable regulation not necessary; similar rates of response not necessary and accurate response to supplementary control desirable. These conclusions are supported by the analytical work presented in the companion paper.7 A summary of the reasoning supporting these conclusions under the subjects of stability, dead band, regulation, response, short circuits, and tie-line swings is included. Introduction During the past several years the interconnected power system has come into being and has expanded rapidly to the point where some of these systems now comprise several million kilovolt-amperes of connected capacity. Many problems have appeared and of these, two important and closely associated ones, speed and load control, have continued to receive increased attention. In most cases large portions of these systems are tied together by tie lines of relatively small capacity and as a result power flow across the ties must be carefully controlled. Frequency control is being widely used in varying degrees of refinement and automatic tie-line control is being used in more and more locations.1,12,13,14 The control associated with these two problems is usually applied in the form of relatively slow supplementary adjustments to the normal action of the basic speed governors, which still constitute the backbone of system control. It is logical, then, as system operation becomes more refined and the requirements more rigorous, that more attention2,3,4 be given to the characteristics of the speed governing mechanisms. During this same period special instruments8,9,10 for accurately measuring small changes in system frequency have been developed and these instruments have been used to advantage by several groups in analyzing governor performance.
PKA modulates iron trafficking in the striatum via small GTPase, Rhes

Ras homolog enriched in striatum (Rhes), is a highly conserved small guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding protein belonging to the Ras superfamily. Rhes is involved in the dopamine receptor-mediated signaling and behavior though adenylyl cyclase. The striatum-specific GTPase share a close homology with Dexras1, which regulates iron trafficking in the neurons when activated though the post-translational modification called s-nitrosylation by nitric oxide (NO). We report that Rhes physiologically interacted with Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor-associated protein7 and participated in iron uptake via divalent metal transporter 1 similar to Dexras1. Interestingly, Rhes is not S-nitrosylated by NO-treatment, however phosphorylated by protein kinase A at the site of serine-239. Two Rhes mutants - the phosphomimetic form (serine 239 to aspartic acid) and constitutively active form (alanine 173 to valine) - displayed an increase in iron uptake compared to the wild-type Rhes. These findings suggest that Rhes may play a crucial role in striatal iron homeostasis.
Inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I attenuate the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 during hypoxia in Hep3B cells.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that regulates transcriptional activation of several genes that are responsive to oxygen lack, including erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, various glycolytic enzymes and the GLUT-1 glucose transporter. Because mitochondria have been postulated to be involved in the regulation of HIF-1, we tested the effects of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitors, rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiridinium (MPP(+)), on hypoxic-induced accumulation of HIF-1 alpha, the regulated component of the dimer. We found, consistent with our previous observations in Cath.a and PC12 cells, that rotenone and MPP(+) attenuated the HIF-1 alpha hypoxic response. Thus, it can be concluded that an intact, functional mitochondrial respiratory chain is required for HIF-1 alpha accumulation.
Rejection of Outliers

If one reading is a long way from the rest in a series of replicate determinations, or if in a least-squares analysis one reading is found to have a much greater residual than the others, there is temptation to reject it as spurious. Numerous criteria for the rejection of outliers have been proposed and discussed during the past 100 years. They seem always to have been regarded as something like significance tests, and attention has been focussed on rejection rates. It is suggested that rejection rules are not significance tests but insurance policies, and attention would be better focussed on error variance. A detailed study is made of the effect of routine application of rejection criteria to replicate determinations of a single value. Determinations in triplicate and quadruplicate are especially considered. Complex patterns of observations are also considered, especially factorial arrangements with high symmetry, and there is a study of the correlations between residuals. Attention is focussed mainly o...
Direct Supersonic Expansions of Supercritical Fluids for Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Significant line-narrowing has been observed in the laser-induced fluorescence spectra of naphthalene and perylene in direct supersonic expansions of simple supercritical carriers such as CO2, N2O, and even SF6, under conditions which minimize aerosol and cluster formation. Clusters form readily in expansions of CO2 and N2O unless nozzle temperatures exceed about 200°C. Results with more complex carriers, such as n-pentane, are much poorer. Selective detection of perylene at a limit of 2 ng (S/N = 3) in a mixture of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and in a coal tar extract has been achieved with a capillary introduction system. Challenges with coupling supersonic jet detection to capillary supercritical fluid chromatography lie with the nozzle.
Defining the term jihād in the Arabic New Testament: Arab Christian identity within the current Islamic environment of the Middle East

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Arabic term jihād has become equated with Islamic radicalism and violence. It is well known, however, that the interpretation of the qur'anic term has been multi-faceted. While Muslims have written much about the occurrence of the term jihād in the Qur'an and its usage, little attention has been given to the Arab Christian understanding of jihād. This article seeks to explore the interpretation of jihād in the Arabic Al-ʿahd al-jadīd bi-al-khalfiyyāt al-tawḍīḥiyya (New Testament with study notes) published by the Egyptian Bible Society. This recent edition of the Bible provides explanations of words and terms for the Arab Christian reader. Through an examination of these notes, we hope to provide insight into how modern-day Arab Christians have been shaped by the current Islamic understanding of revelation, and how they are attempting to define the term jihād on the basis of its usage in their own scriptures.
Effects of sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, and a commercial buffer mixture in early lactation cows fed hay crop silage.

Sixteen early lactation Holstein cows fed 70% concentrate: 30% hay crop silage were used to determine effects of .7% sodium bicarbonate, .7% sodium bicarbonate plus .28% magnesium oxide, or 1.8% commercial buffer mixture (total ration dry basis). This mixture contained a variety of buffers, alkalis, and other compounds known to affect milk production or composition in some circumstances. Buffers did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk composition but decreased efficiency of milk production. Ruminal fluid pH was not affected, but fecal pH and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, energy, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose were increased by the mixed buffers compared with sodium bicarbonate alone. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was reduced by buffers. Compared with sodium bicarbonate alone, mixed buffers increased ruminal ammonia concentration, acetate proportion, and acetate:propionate ratio and decreased proportions of propionate and butyrate. Valerate was reduced by all three buffers. Ruminal volume and liquid dilution rate were unaffected, but buffers increased total fluid outflow from the rumen. Higher amounts of buffers or alkalis may be necessary to offset low rumen pH and affect production with hay crop silage-based diets.
Identification of Cysteine Pairs within the Amino-terminal 5% of Apolipoprotein B Essential for Hepatic Lipoprotein Assembly and Secretion

Abstract There is growing evidence that the amino-terminal globular domain of apolipoprotein B (apoB) is essential for lipoprotein particle formation in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. To identify the structural requirements for its function in lipoprotein assembly, cysteine (Cys) pairs required to form the seven disulfide bonds within the amino-terminal 21% of apoB were replaced in groups or individually by serine. Substitution of Cys pairs required for formation of disulfide bonds 1–3 or 4–7 (numbered from amino to carboxyl terminus) completely blocked the secretion of apoB28 in transfected HepG2 cells. To identify the specific disulfide bonds required for secretion, Cys pairs were mutated individually. Substitution of Cys pairs required for disulfide bonds 1, 3, 5, 6, or 7 had little or no impact on apoB28 secretion or buoyant density. In contrast, individual substitution of Cys pair 2 (amino acid residues 51 and 70) or 4 (218 and 234) severely inhibited apoB28 secretion and its capacity to undergo intracellular assembly with lipid. The same assembly and secretion defects were observed when these mutations were expressed as part of apoB50. These studies provide direct evidence that the ability of the internal lipophilic regions of apoB to engage in the recruitment and sequestration of lipid during translation is critically dependent upon a structural configuration contained within or affected by the amino-terminal 5% of the protein.
Phenotypic, ultra-structural, and functional characterization of bovine peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets.

Dendritic cells (DC) are multi-functional cells that bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems. In bovine, significant information is lacking on the precise identity and role of peripheral blood DC subsets. In this study, we identify and characterize bovine peripheral blood DC subsets directly ex vivo, without further in vitro manipulation. Multi-color flow cytometric analysis revealed that three DC subsets could be identified. Bovine plasmacytoid DC were phenotypically identified by a unique pattern of cell surface protein expression including CD4, exhibited an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, efficiently internalized and degraded exogenous antigen, and were the only peripheral blood cells specialized in the production of type I IFN following activation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Conventional DC were identified by expression of a different pattern of cell surface proteins including CD11c, MHC class II, and CD80, among others, the display of extensive dendritic protrusions on their plasma membrane, expression of very high levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules, efficient internalization and degradation of exogenous antigen, and ready production of detectable levels of TNF-alpha in response to TLR activation. Our investigations also revealed a third novel DC subset that may be a precursor of conventional DC that were MHC class II+ and CD11c−. These cells exhibited a smooth plasma membrane with a rounded nucleus, produced TNF-alpha in response to TLR-activation (albeit lower than CD11c+ DC), and were the least efficient in internalization/degradation of exogenous antigen. These studies define three bovine blood DC subsets with distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics which can be analyzed during immune responses to pathogens and vaccinations of cattle.
Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract

A consecutive series of 1,081 previously untreated patients undergoing 1,119 radical neck dissections (RNDs) for squamous carcinoma of the head and neck was reviewed to study the patterns of nodal metastases. Primary tumors were located in the oral cavity in 501 patients, in the oropharynx in 207 patients, in the hypopharynx in 126 patients, and in the larynx in 247 patients. Lymph node metastases were confirmed histologically in 82% of 776 therapeutic neck dissections, and micrometastases were discovered in 33% of 343 elective RNDs. Lymph node groups in the neck were described by levels (I to V). Predominance of certain levels was seen for each primary site. Levels I, II, and III were at highest risk for metastasis from cancer of the oral cavity, and levels II, III, and IV were at highest risk for metastasis from carcinomas of the orpharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Supramohyoid neck dissection (clearing levels I, II, and III) for NO patients with primary squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and anterolateral neck dissection (clearing levels II, III, and IV) for NO patients with primary squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx are recommended.
Assay for codeine, morphine and ten potential urinary metabolites by gas chromatography—mass fragmentography

A mass fragmentography (MF) assay is described for ten potential, minor urinary metabolites of codeine (C) and morphine (M). Samples were hydrolyzed, extracted, derivatized with Tri-Sil Z and analyzed by methane chemical ionization (CI)-MF. The method is sensitive to ca. 0.01 microgram/ml for all compounds with the exception of normorphine (NM) which was difficult to extract with chloroform. The sensitivity of the MF assay for NM was only ca. 0.10 microgram/ml. Various solvent systems were investigated for optimization of extraction efficiency of all metabolites. A separate method for the extraction of NM is reported which utilizes a solid buffer--solvent combination, i.e., potassium carbonate--isopropanol. This latter method provided the best overall recovery of NM (39.0 +/- 3.4%). Gas chromatographic (GC) retention times of C, M and metabolites are reported for three liquid phases (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh). Resolution of metabolites (as trisilyl derivatives) was best on Silar-5CP and this phase was used in metabolic studies of C and M. GC resolution was not complete for all compounds; however, selection of specific ions for monitoring by MF provided the required specificity for all compounds except the 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxy isomers. CI spectra for all metabolites are reported. The MF assay was used for urinary analysis of samples from guinea pigs that received single doses of C (15 mg/kg) or M (8 mg/kg). Following C administration 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydrocodol, 6 alpha, beta-hydromorphol (undifferentiated), HM and M were measured. Following M administration only 6 alpha, beta-hydromorphol was found. The amount of total metabolite as percent dose for each component was calculated as less than 1%.
Abstract A60: Epigenetic modifications of huntingtin‐related genes by dietary components for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer

Huntingtin protein (Htt) interplays with a large numbers of proteins and participates in diverse cellular pathways. Wide variety of Htt binding partners have been identified, including the Htt‐Interacting protein‐1 (HIP1) and Htt‐associated protein‐1 (HAP1). Htt has been shown pro‐apoptotic activity, and malfunctioning of Htt may result in cell outgrowth. HIP1 is involved in endocytosis and receptor trafficking and introduced as an oncoprotein. An altered expression of HIP1 has been reported in various cancers including breast cancer. HAP1 maintains the normal level of membrane TrkA by preventing the degradation of internalized TrkA. Recent evidence supports a role of HAP1 in micro‐tubule‐dependent organells transport, but its role in cancer development and progression has not been studied. We propose that the HAP1 and HIP1 may serve as a pair of “Ying‐Yang” modulators on the Htt functions and that the Htt‐HAP1‐HIP1 pathway may play an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. We further propose that dietary/nutritional components that target this pathway may have chemopreventive effects on breast cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differential expression and epigenetic modification patterns of Htt pathway related genes in normal and cancerous breast cells treated by dietary active components. Human breast cancer cells were treated with dietary components known to prevent cancer cell growth and the effects of these components on HAP1, HIP1 and HTT expressions and promoter DNA methylations were investigated by using real‐time PCR, Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing. HAP1 gene was silenced in several breast cancer cell lines including MCF7, MDA‐MB231, MB453, SKBR3 and in much lower extent in immortalized MCF10A cells, but not in normal human mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC). Epigenetic analysis for Htt, HIP1 and HAP1 showed severe HAP1 promoter DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer cell lines, but not in HMEC. When the cells were treated with 5‐AZaC (a DNA demethylating agent) and butyrate (a HDAC inhibitor), we found that 5‐AZaC treatment significantly increased HAP1 expression by over 100 times, but butyrate had little effects. Treatment of the cells with dietary active compounds, sulfuraphane, EGCG, oridonin, tanshinone 2A and cryptotanshinone increased expression of HAP1 and HTT genes and decreased expression of HIP1 gene in HMEC, more significantly in cancer cell lines MCF7 and MB453. Preliminary studies indicate that these dietary components acted through modulation of HAP1 promoter methylation and further experiments are taking place to construct HTT and HAP‐1 expressing plasmids for further in vitro and in vivo gene function studies. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A60.
Assessing and refining an undergraduate computational science curriculum

Abstract We describe our experiences with curriculum development and learning assessment in a new undergraduate computational science program. We report on the development and pilot testing of assessment tools in both core and cognate courses. Specifically, we detail a diagnostic assessment that predicted success in our introductory computational science course with reasonable reliability; we give an account of our use of an existing assessment tool to investigate how introducing computational thinking in a cognate course influences learning of the traditional course material; and we discuss developing a pancurriculum rubric for scoring computational science projects.
National Policy Preferences and Judicial Review of State Statutes at the United States Supreme Court

This article explores the determinants of U.S. Supreme Court justices’ voting behavior in cases involving constitutional challenges to state statutes, with a particular focus on the degree to which majoritarian influences—as reflected in state participation and congressional preferences—affect the justices’ votes. We find that the scope of the Court’s decision—in terms of its impact on similar state laws and the expressed interest of states as amicus—strongly affects the justices’ willingness to vote to invalidate a state statute. Moreover, at least in the Burger Court, the justices were constrained by congressional preferences over the ideological direction of the constitutional challenge. Justices on the Rehnquist Court, however, appear to have been more impervious to congressional preferences when evaluating the constitutionality of state legislation.
Rapid Isocratic HPLC Method and Sample Extraction Procedures for Measuring Carotenoid, Retinoid, and Tocopherol Concentrations in Human Blood and Breast Milk for Intervention Studies

Vitamin A deficiency continues to be a major public health concern in the developing world effecting over 200 million people. Interventions including carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables, containing α- and β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin, are being tested for their potential to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in several countries. Thus, there is a need for a faster isocratic reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method than the methods currently available. Efficient extraction procedures for biological samples are also valuable to save time, materials, and cost. We developed an HPLC method and compared several extraction methods for carotenoids, retinoids, and vitamin E in plasma and human breast milk. The method uses an Agilent 1100 system equipped with a Waters Spherisorb ODS2 column (3 × 125 mm 3 μm) and similar guard column (ThermoScientific ODS2 3 × 20 mm 3 μm). Mobile phase of 7:2:1 acetonitrile:dichloromethane:methanol was run at 0.5 mL min−1, and run times were complete in approximately 8 min. This rapid method uses little solvent and provides excellent results in the analysis of these fat-soluble nutrients. Analyte measurements were repeatable using standards and plasma and were accurate compared to NIST certified and reference serum values. The validated HPLC method was applied to the analysis of plasma samples from a vitamin A intervention study.
Analysis of changes to Tobyhanna Army Depot maintenance cycle

As part of a year-long study for the Department of Systems Engineering at West Point, our Capstone project seeks to provide Tobyhanna Army Depot with a decision support tool that will quantify how changes in Depot Maintenance programs, to include the exploration of reset and recap maintenance for the AN/TPQ 37 Firefinder will affect the readiness, time, cost, reliability, and support costs of the Firefinder. The AN/TPQ 37 Firefinder is a mobile radar system that provides detection of incoming artillery and rocket fire and tracks its movement in order to provide a location for counter-battery fire. This study is important because it incorporates an interdisciplinary approach to solving a complex problem using elements of industrial engineering, systems thinking, as well as modeling in producing a decision support tool that will allow Tobyhanna to make changes to their resources and service times in order to analyze these effects on turnaround times. The problem will be solved in two phases. The first phase will be to model the current operations at Tobyhanna Army Depot by using the AnyLogic simulation tool. This will be done by analyzing maintenance data and using the AnyLogic simulation tool in order to model their current system turnaround of 180 days. Once this is complete and approved by Tobyhanna Army Depot, inputs in AnyLogic will be altered in order to show how these changes will impact service turnaround times. So far, we have achieved an average turnaround time of 6 months with our current model. We have also succeeded in providing a decision support tool to Tobyhanna Army Depot that will allow them to alter their resource and labor constraints in order to accurately model what its impact on turnaround time will be.
Clinical factors associated with venous thromboembolism risk in patients undergoing craniotomy

OBJECT Patients undergoing craniotomy are at risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). The safety of anticoagulation in these patients is not clear. The authors sought to identify risk factors predictive of VTE in patients undergoing craniotomy. METHODS The authors reviewed a national surgical quality database, the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Craniotomy patients were identified by current procedural terminology code. Clinical factors were analyzed to identify associations with VTE. RESULTS Four thousand eight hundred forty-four adult patients who underwent craniotomy were identified. The rate of VTE in the cohort was 3.5%, including pulmonary embolism in 1.4% and deep venous thrombosis in 2.6%. A number of factors were found to be statistically significant in multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, including craniotomy for tumor, transfer from acute care hospital, age ≥ 60 years, dependent functional status, tumor involving the CNS, sepsis, emergency surgery, surgery time ≥ 4 hours, postoperative urinary tract infection, postoperative pneumonia, on ventilator ≥ 48 hours postoperatively, and return to the operating room. Patients were assigned a score based on how many of these factors they had (minimum score 0, maximum score 12). Increasing score was predictive of increased VTE incidence, as well as risk of mortality, and time from surgery to discharge. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing craniotomy are at low risk of developing VTE, but this risk is increased by preoperative medical comorbidities and postoperative complications. The presence of more of these clinical factors is associated with progressively increased VTE risk; patients possessing a VTE Risk Score of ≥ 5 had a greater than 20-fold increased risk of VTE compared with patients with a VTE score of 0.
IMPLEMENTATION OF QUANTUM LOGIC OPERATIONS AND CREATION OF ENTANGLEMENT BETWEEN TWO NUCLEAR SPIN QUBITS WITH CONSTANT INTERACTION

We describe how to implement quantum logic operations in a silicon-based quantum computer with phosphorus atoms serving as qubits. The information is stored in the states of nuclear spins and the conditional logic operations are implemented through the electron spins using nuclear–electron hyperfine and electron–electron exchange interactions. The electrons in our computer should stay coherent only during implementation of one Controlled-NOT gate. The exchange interaction is constant, and selective excitations are provided by a magnetic field gradient. The quantum logic operations are implemented by rectangular radio-frequency pulses. This architecture is scalable and does not require manufacturing nanoscale electronic gates. As shown in this paper, parameters of a quantum protocol can be derived analytically even for a computer with a large number of qubits using our perturbation approach. We present the protocol for initialization of the nuclear spins and the protocol for creation of entanglement. All analytical results are tested numerically using a two-qubit system.
Studies in auditory timing: 1. Simple patterns

Listeners’ accuracy in discriminating one temporal pattern from another was measured in three psychophysical experiments. When the standard pattern consisted of equally timed (isochronic brief tones, whose interonset intervals (IOIs) were 50, 100, or 200 msec, the accuracy in detecting an asynchrony or deviation of one tone in the sequence was about as would be predicted from older research on the discrimination of single time intervals (6%–8% at an IOI of 200 msec, 11%–12% at an IOI of 100 msec, and almost 20% at an IOI of 50 msec). In a series of 6 or 10 tones, this accuracy was independent of position of delay for IOIs of 100 and 200 msec. At 50 msec, however, accuracy depended on position, being worst in initial positions and best in final positions. When one tone in a series of six has a frequency different from the others, there is some evidence (at IOI = 200 msec) that interval discrimination is relatively poorer for the tone with the different frequency. Similarly, even if all tones have the same frequency but one interval in the series is made twice as long as the others, temporal discrimination is poorer for the tones bordering the longer interval, although this result is dependent on tempo or 101. Results with these temporally more complex patterns may be interpreted in part by applying the relative Weber ratio to the intervals before and after the delayed tone. Alternatively, these experiments may show the influence of accent on the temporal discrimination of individual tones.
Indomethacin does not potentiate renovascular constriction during hypercapnia in unanesthetized rabbits.

The role of prostanoids in regulation of the renal circulation during hypercapnia was examined in unanesthetized rabbits. Renal blood flow (RBF) was determined with 15 μm radioactive microspheres during normocapnia (PaCO2 ≅ 30 mmHg) and hypercapnia (PaCO2 ≅ 60 mmHg), before and after intravenous administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (n=6 for each group). Arterial blood pressure was not different among the 4 conditions in each group. RBF was 438±61 and 326 ± 69 (P<0.05) ml/min per 100 g during normocapnia and hypercapnia, respectively, before indomethacin, and following administration of indomethacin, RBF was 426 ± 59 ml/min per 100 g during normocapnia and 295 ± 60 ml/min per 100 g during hypercapnia (P<0.05). In the vehicle group, RBF was 409±74 and 226±45(P<0.05) ml/min per 100 g during normocapnia and hypercapnia, respectively, before vehicle; and following administration of vehicle, RBF was 371±46 ml/min per 100 g during normocapnia and 219 ± 50 (P<0.05) per 100 g during hypercapnia. RBF during normocapnia was not affected by administration of indomethacin or vehicle. The successive responses to hypercapnia were not different within the indomethacin and vehicle groups, and the second responses to hypercapnia were not different between the two groups. These findings suggest that prostanoids do not contribute significantly to regulation of the renal circulation during normocapnia and hypercapnia in unanesthetized rabbits.
A Physical Activity Continuum and the Surgeon General's Report

(1996). A Physical Activity Continuum and the Surgeon General's Report. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 67, No. 9, pp. 62-63.
Time-parallel simulation of wireless ad hoc networks with compressed history

Time-parallel simulation (TPS) is a technique which partitions the timespan of the simulation into independently executed simulation segments. Unless the simulated process is regenerative, the output of TPS is only an approximation of the corresponding serial simulation. Previously we have adapted TPS to the simulation of wireless ad hoc networks. By prefixing the measured simulation segment with a warmup interval which can be dynamically extended, we were able to achieve arbitrary accuracy. In general, higher accuracy requires a longer warmup interval, which decreases the speedup. In this paper we introduce compressed history, a technique which improves the performance of TPS for a class of processes which require long warmup intervals to achieve satisfactory accuracy. Compressed history replaces part of the warmup interval, and speeds up the simulation by retaining only those past events that affect significantly the state at the beginning of the measured interval. We present compressed history in general terms, and provide a detailed description of its implementation, tuning, and performance results for the concrete example of the DSDV proactive ad hoc routing protocol.
FPGA-Accelerated Simulation of Computer Systems

To date, the most common form of simulators of computer systems are software-based running on standard computers. One promising approach to improve simulation performance is to apply hardware, specifically reconfigurable hardware in the form of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This manuscript describes various approaches of using FPGAs to accelerate software-implemented simulation of computer systems and selected simulators that incorporate those techniques. More precisely, we describe a simulation architecture taxonomy that incorporates a simulation architecture specifically designed for FPGA accelerated simulation, survey the state-of-the-art in FPGA-accelerated simulation, and describe in detail selected instances of the described techniques. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / Introduction / Simulator Background / Accelerating Computer System Simulators with FPGAs / Simulation Virtualization / Categorizing FPGA-based Simulators / Conclusion / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies
Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects.

Study Objective. To determine if milk thistle (silymarin) alters the pharmacokinetics of indinavir. Design. Sequential crossover trial. Setting. General clinical research center. Subjects. Ten healthy subjects. Intervention. Indinavir 800 mg 3 times/day was given for four doses on days 1 and 2. Silymarin 160 mg 3 times/day was given on days 3–15. On day 16 and for one dose on day 17, both drugs were given at the same dosages. Measurements and Main Results. Indinavir's pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated at steady state both before and after administration of 14 days of silymarin. Blood samples were collected −0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours after indinavir dosing and assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The final pharmacokinetic model had first-order absorption after a lag time, and two compartments with first-order elimination from the central compartment. When given alone and combined with silymarin, respectively, the geometric mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) steady-state indinavir area under the plasma concentration-time curve was 20.7 hr·mg/L (15.3–28.2 hr·mg/L) and 19.4 hr·mg/L (15.8–23.6 hr·mg/L) and the trough plasma concentration was 0.340 mg/L (0.232–0.497 mg/L) and 0.232 mg/L (0.129–0.419 mg/L). Conclusion. Silymarin has no apparent effect on indinavir plasma concentrations.
A Functional Interplay between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Residues 77 and 93 Involved in Differential Regulation of Precursor Autoprocessing and Mature Protease Activity.

HIV-1 protease (PR) is a viral enzyme vital to the production of infectious virions. It is initially synthesized as part of the Gag-Pol polyprotein precursor in the infected cell. The free mature PR is liberated as a result of precursor autoprocessing upon virion release. We previously described a model system to examine autoprocessing in transfected mammalian cells. Here, we report that a covariance analysis of miniprecursor (p6*-PR) sequences derived from drug naive patients identified a series of amino acid pairs that vary together across independent viral isolates. These covariance pairs were used to build the first topology map of the miniprecursor that suggests high levels of interaction between the p6* peptide and the mature PR. Additionally, several PR-PR covariance pairs are located far from each other (>12 A Cα to Cα) relative to their positions in the mature PR structure. Biochemical characterization of one such covariance pair (77–93) revealed that each residue shows distinct preference for one of three alkyl amino acids (V, I, and L) and that a polar or charged amino acid at either of these two positions abolishes precursor autoprocessing. The most commonly observed 77V is preferred by the most commonly observed 93I, but the 77I variant is preferred by other 93 variances (L, V, or M) in supporting precursor autoprocessing. Furthermore, the 77I93V covariant enhanced precursor autoprocessing and Gag polyprotein processing but decreased the mature PR activity. Therefore, both covariance and biochemical analyses support a functional association between residues 77 and 93, which are spatially distant from each other in the mature PR structure. Our data also suggests that these covariance pairs differentially regulate precursor autoprocessing and the mature protease activity.
The Web 2.0 Election: Does the Online Medium Matter?

The 2008 U.S. presidential election saw the first significant integration of Web 2.0 technologies; however, scholars know little about how Web 2.0 sources influence political attitudes. To address this, the authors test the effects of exposure to various Web 2.0 sources during the 2008 U.S. presidential election. They find that young adults exposed to television network sites and candidate Web sites consider them more trustworthy and high-quality than YouChoose ‘08 and Facebook. Moreover, YouChoose ‘08 viewers exhibit more government cynicism, whereas those exposed to candidate Facebook pages have a heightened sense that they influence the political system. Last, the authors find that YouChoose ‘08 and Facebook viewers were more likely to vote on Election Day.
Stocks, Flows and Monetary Theory

I. The double (stock-flow) equilibrium condition, 46. — II. On the Patinkin dichotomization argument, 47. — III. … And liquidity preference vs. loanable funds, 49. — Appendix: The excess demand for stocks, 53.
Testing of soft-oriented NiAl single crystals in simple shear

The intermetallic NiAl has been of considerable interest recently as a prospective replacement for superalloys in turbine engines because of its higher melting point, lower density and good oxidation resistance. In addition, its B2 crystal structure is considered to have good potential for ductility enhancement due to its high symmetry and simple slip directions. Unfortunately, limited room temperature ductility has hindered the development of NiAl alloys. This is primarily due to an insufficient number of independent slip systems to satisfy Von Mises' criterion for uniform deformation. However, the presence of complex dislocation core structures has also been suggested to play a role in the deformation behavior of NiAl. At room temperature, NiAl rarely exhibits slip and deforms primarily by slip on either [001] or [011] type planes. Simulations of a dislocations in NiAl suggest cores spread out of the observed slip plane, which is generally expected to give rise to Schmid's law violations. In addition, based on Schmid's law analysis, slip of a dislocations on [100] planes has been reported to occur at lower stresses than on the more closely packed [110] planes which is unexpected from Peierls stress estimates. Furthermore, Takasugi et al. observed that in compressionmore » the critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) were higher than in tension for a given orientation (i.e., stress asymmetry). Therefore, it is likely that Schmid's law is not observed in NiAl and simple shear tests are needed to determine the actual critical shear stress (CSS) for deformation. In the present study, CSS values were measured for slip on both [001] and [011] planes. These values are compared to CRSS values obtained from compression test using Schmid factor calculations. Prismatic punch testing was conducted to investigate the possibility of a [hk0] slip in NiAl.« less
1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cowpea mosaic virus: Detection and exchange of polyamines and dynamics of the RNA

Abstract 1H and 13C NMR studies on cowpea mosaic virus (CpMV) revealed that polyamines are present in the middle (M) and upper bottom (BU) components obtained by CsCl density gradient centrifugation but not in the top (T) component; the lower bottom (BL) component contains trace amounts of polyamine. Dialysis of the BL component against spermidine led to incorporation of spermidine which gave rise to NMR peaks very similar to those observed with the natural M and BU components. NMR results conclusively demonstrate that polyamines in the M and BU components of CpMV are exchangeable with cesium ions and the exchange process is pH dependent. They also provide experimental support for the hypothesis that the Bu to BL conversion results from the displacement of polyamines and possibly other natural counter ions of the RNA by cesium ions [G. Bruening, (1977), In “Comprehensive Virology” (H. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, eds.), Vol. 11, pp. 55–141. Plenum, New York]. No sharp peaks, attributable to mobile amino acid side chains, were seen in spectra of an intact CpMV particle or its empty protein shell (T component). 31P NMR spin-lattice relaxation time and nuclear Overhauser effect parameters, which are sensitive to high-frequency motions, suggest that the RNA and, when present, the bound polyamine undergo internal motions with correlation times in the nanosecond range.
Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression: A Meta-analysis

Context Substantial resources are being devoted to identify candidate genes for complex mental and behavioral disorders through inclusion of environmental exposures following the report of an interaction between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and stressful life events on an increased risk of major depression. Objective To conduct a meta-analysis of the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene and stressful life events on depression using both published data and individual-level original data. Data Sources Search of PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases through March 2009 yielded 26 studies of which 14 met criteria for the meta-analysis. Study Selection Criteria for studies for the meta-analyses included published data on the association between 5-HTTLPR genotype (SS, SL, or LL), number of stressful life events (0, 1, 2, ≥3) or equivalent, and a categorical measure of depression defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) or use of a cut point to define depression from standardized rating scales. To maximize our ability to use a common framework for variable definition, we also requested original data from all studies published prior to 2008 that met inclusion criteria. Of the 14 studies included in the meta-analysis, 10 were also included in a second sex-specific meta-analysis of original individual-level data. Data Extraction Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of the number of short alleles at 5-HTTLPR, the number of stressful life events, and their interaction on depression. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated separately for each study and then weighted averages of the individual estimates were obtained using random-effects meta-analysis. Both sex-combined and sex-specific meta-analyses were conducted. Of a total of 14 250 participants, 1769 were classified as having depression; 12 481 as not having depression. Results In the meta-analysis of published data, the number of stressful life events was significantly associated with depression (OR, 1.41; 95% CI,1.25-1.57). No association was found between 5-HTTLPR genotype and depression in any of the individual studies nor in the weighted average (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98-1.13) and no interaction effect between genotype and stressful life events on depression was observed (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.94-1.10). Comparable results were found in the sex-specific meta-analysis of individual-level data. Conclusion This meta-analysis yielded no evidence that the serotonin transporter genotype alone or in interaction with stressful life events is associated with an elevated risk of depression in men alone, women alone, or in both sexes combined.
Modelling observer agreement—an alternative to kappa

The measurement of agreement among several observers of the same phenomenon has traditionally been analyzed with a kappa coefficient. Recently, methodology for the modelling of such interobserver agreement has been developed. The details and advantages of this methodology are demonstrated by way of the analysis of three examples. Directions for the fitting of these models using the computer program SPSS-X are included in the Appendix.
Decreased cisplatin/DNA adduct formation is associated with cisplatin resistance in human head and neck cancer cell lines.

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between cisplatin sensitivity, intracellular glutathione, and platinum/DNA adduct formation (measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy) in a series of seven head and neck cancer cell lines, and to evaluate the effect of biochemical modulation of glutathione on platinum/DNA adduct formation and repair. Methods: Cisplatin/DNA adducts were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Glutathione content was measured by enzymatic assay and was modulated with buthionine sulfoximine. Apoptosis was measured by double-labeled flow cytometry. Results: Intracellular glutathione concentration was strongly correlated with cisplatin resistance (P = 0.002, R 2=0.7). There was also a statistically significant inverse correlation between cisplatin/DNA adduct formation and the IC50 for cisplatin in these cell lines. (P=0.0004, R 2=0.67). In addition, resistant cells were able to repair approximately 70% of cisplatin/DNA adducts at 24 h, while sensitive cells repaired less than 28% of adducts in the same period. However, despite the positive correlation between cellular glutathione and cisplatin resistance, there was no direct correlation between intracellular glutathione concentration and platinum/DNA adduct formation. Further, depletion of intracellular glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine did not dramatically alter formation of cisplatin/DNA adducts even though it resulted in marked increase in cisplatin cytotoxicity and was associated with increased apoptosis. Conclusions: These results suggest that glutathione has multiple effects not directly related to formation of cisplatin/DNA adducts, but may also be an important determinant of the cell's ability to repair cisplatin-induced DNA damage and resist apoptosis.
Measuring the Public Costs and Benefits of Brownfield versus Greenfield Development in the Greater Toronto Area

This paper summarizes the findings of a study comparing the environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits accruing to the public from redeveloping brownfields versus developing greenfields for both industrial and residential uses. With data taken from relevant projects in Toronto, Canada, four prototypical development scenarios were constructed for the purpose of a cost — benefit comparison. A quantitative model was then used to calculate the various public costs and benefits associated with the different scenarios. The findings shed light on the true costs and benefits involved in development and redevelopment projects, helping policymakers better assess the feasibility of brownfield redevelopment vis-a-vis greenfield development.
MoodWings: a wearable biofeedback device for real-time stress intervention

Stress has a wide range of negative impacts on people, ranging from declines in real-time task performance to development of chronic health conditions. Despite the increasing availability of sensors and methods for detecting stress, little work has focused on automated stress interventions and their effect. We present MoodWings: a wearable butterfly that mirrors a user's real-time stress state through actuated wing motion. We designed MoodWings to function both as an early-stress-warning system as well as a physical interface through which users could manipulate their affective state. Accordingly, we hypothesized that MoodWings would help users both calm down and perform better during stressful tasks. We tested our hypotheses on a common stressful task: driving. While users drove significantly more safely with MoodWings, they experienced higher stress levels (physiologically and self-perceived). Despite this, users were enthusiastic about MoodWings, expressing several alternative contexts in which they would find it useful. We discuss these results and future design implications for building externalized manifestations of real-time affective state.
Bond energies for the chemisorbed CO on Ni(111)

Abstract We have estimated the bond energies of both CO and CNi x bonds for the CO-adsorbed Ni(111) system at various surface coverages. These are obtained using the known data on vibrational frequencies and adsorption energies of CO. A threshold work function change of Ni is deduced beyond which CO is expected to cease to adsorb on Ni(111).