cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuro-immunopathogenesis in autism

Abstract Autism is an idiopathic brain disorder of unknown cause and etiology. It causes severe deficits of higher mental functions, as well as behavioral manifestations. Based on our ongoing research of a reciprocal relationship between nervous system and immune system, we studied autism as a neuro-immune dysfunction syndrome (NIDS) in which autoimmunity to brain was strongly implicated. Because myelination is one of the most important postnatal developmental events, we specifically focused on autoimmunity to brain myelin. We conducted laboratory evaluation of brain autoantibodies and virus serology in approximately 250 autistic children and 150 controls (healthy and non-autistic disease controls). The brain autoantibody study included detection of antibodies to neuron-axon filament proteins (NAFP) and three main myelin components: myelin basic protein (MBP), galactocerebrosides (GC) and 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP). The virus serology included measurement of IgG antibodies to measles virus, human herpesvirus-6, cytomegalovirus and rubella virus. We found that autoantibodies to MBP were selectively present in up to 80% of the autistic children, but they were only rarely detected in the controls. Autoantibodies to NAFP and GC were also detected, but they were found non-specifically in control subjects also. Autoantibodies to CNP were absent in both groups of children. Thus MBP is potentially a candidate autoantigen in autism. Regarding virus serology, autistic children had a significantly higher level of measles virus antibodies as compared to controls; however, the antibody level of other three viruses did not significantly differ between the two groups. This suggested a temporal link of measles virus with autoimmunity in autism. The examination of brain autoantibody and virus serology data revealed that there was a serological association between measles virus and MBP autoantibodies, i.e., the higher the measles virus antibody level the greater the chance of MBP autoantibody. Collectively, these observations led us to speculate that an autoimmune response, presumably secondary to an atypical measles virus infection, may cause autism. The idea that autism is an autoimmune disorder is further strengthened by the fact that many autistic children respond well to treatment with immune moduating drugs. Considering MBP autoantibodies as an index of autoimmunity to myelin, an open-label trial of oral Sphingolin (myelin containing autoantigen) is under assessment-preliminary results are encouraging with significant improvement of behavioral characteristics in the autistic people. In conclusion, autism involves a neuroautoimmune response that occurs at the neuro-immune biology interface. Clinically, therefore, there is enormous potential for restoring brain function in autistic people through immunology.
Bacteriophage P2 ogr and P4 delta genes act independently and are essential for P4 multiplication.

Abstract Satellite bacteriophage P4 requires the products of the late genes of a helper phage such as P2 for lytic growth. Expression of the P2 late genes is positively regulated by the P2 ogr gene in a process requiring P2 DNA replication. Transactivation of P2 late gene expression by P4 requires the P4 delta gene product and works even in the absence of P2 DNA replication. We have made null mutants of the P2 ogr and P4 delta genes. In the absence of the P4 delta gene product, P4 multiplication required both the P2 ogr protein and P2 DNA replication. In the absence of the P2 ogr gene product, P4 multiplication required the P4 delta protein. In complementation experiments, we found that the P2 ogr protein was made in the absence of P2 DNA replication but could not function unless P2 DNA replicated. We produced P4 delta protein from a plasmid and found that it complemented the null P4 delta and P2 ogr mutants.
Combinatorial genetic regulatory network analysis tools for high throughput transcriptomic data

A series of genome-scale algorithms and high-performance implementations is described and shown to be useful in the genetic analysis of gene transcription. With them it is possible to address common questions such as: "are the sets of genes co-expressed under one type of conditions the same as those sets co-expressed under another?" A new noise-adaptive graph algorithm, dubbed "paraclique," is introduced and analyzed for use in biological hypotheses testing. A notion of vertex coverage is also devised, based on vertex-disjoint paths within correlation graphs, and used to determine the identity, proportion and number of transcripts connected to individual phenotypes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulatory models. A major goal is to identify which, among a set of candidate genes, are the most likely regulators of trait variation. These methods are applied in an effort to identify multiple-QTL regulatory models for large groups of genetically co-expressed genes, and to extrapolate the consequences of this genetic variation on phenotypes observed across levels of biological scale through the evaluation of vertex coverage. This approach is furthermore applied to definitions of homology-based gene sets, and the incorporation of categorical data such as known gene pathways. In all these tasks discrete mathematics and combinatorial algorithms form organizing principles upon which methods and implementations are based.
On embedded languages for model management

The authors present a technique called embedded languages which is a generalization of the EML (executable modeling language) approach. They believe that this technique can prove extremely useful in implementing desirable features not found in existing systems. The approach is discussed with reference to an advanced model management system, TEFA, which is being developed on the basis of this technique. >
Structural disruption increases toxicity of graphene nanoribbons.

The increased utilization of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) for biomedical and material science applications necessitates the thorough evaluation of potential toxicity of these materials under both intentional and accidental exposure scenarios. We here investigated the effects of structural disruption of GNRs (induced by low-energy bath and high-energy probe sonication) to in vitro (human cell lines), and in vivo (Oryzias latipes embryo) biological systems. Our results demonstrate that low concentration (20 µg ml−1) suspensions of GNRs prepared by as little as 1 min of probe sonication can cause significant decreases in the overall metabolic state of cells in vitro, and increased embryo/larval mortality in vivo, as compared to bath sonicated or unsonicated suspensions. Structural analysis indicates that probe sonication leads to disruption in GNR structure and production of smaller carbonaceous debris, which may be the cause of the toxicity observed. These results point out the importance of assessing post-production structural modifications for any application using nanomaterials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Time on Risk of Bowel Resection in Complete Small Bowel Obstruction

Background Little is known about the effect of passing time on risk of resection among patients with complete small bowel obstruction. We sought to provide a benchmark of the relationship of time from symptom onset to surgical treatment on the need for resection in patients with complete small bowel obstruction. Study design We performed an observational study of patients with surgically treated complete small bowel obstruction at an inner-city urban tertiary referral center and a municipal hospital. Patients were sampled randomly retrospectively (n=60), and prospectively (n=81), for a final sample of 141. Detailed clinical and time data were abstracted from medical records including out-of-hospital examinations. Risk of resection was calculated using actuarial life table methods. Linear regression was used to determine factors affecting time to treatment. Results All patients were treated surgically for obstruction; 45% underwent resection. Resected patients had longer (11days versus 8days; p=0.01) and more complicated (31% versus 14% in ICU; p=0.01) hospital stays. The risk of resection was 4% among patients with 24hours of unresponsive symptoms; it increased to 10% to 14% through 96hours, then dropped slightly but did not disappear. Patients treated first with a tube had longer times between first examination and operation, system-time (40.6hours versus 10.2hours; p=0.0007), but this was not associated with an increased resection risk. System-times were shorter among patients seen first in the emergency department (median: 25.7hours versus 59.7hours; p=0.0001). Conclusions Physicians should be cautious in postponing surgery beyond 24hours in patients with unresponsive symptoms from complete obstruction. The risk of resection rises dramatically, remains elevated through 96hours of unresolved symptoms, then declines but does not disappear.
The Peltzman Hypothesis Revisited – An Isolated Evaluation of Offsetting Driver Behavior

Nearly all of the previous investigations of driver behavior under varying safety conditions have only been able to evaluate the issue of offsetting driver behavior indirectly. Some studies note that engineering estimates of the aggregate improvements of automobile safety enhancements are substantively larger than economic estimates of the same effects. Others have found that non-occupants such as motorcyclists and pedestrians are under greater risk of incurring accidents when automobiles are made safer. Although these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that drivers respond to safety enhancements by driving less safely (having been instilled with a sense of greater protection provided by the safety improvements), they do not provide a direct evaluation of the relationship between driving environment and driver behavior. Thus, factors other than offsetting behavior may be generating these observed results. A few studies have tested the offsetting behavior hypothesis more directly, but only under highly specific safety conditions and narrow measures of driver behavior. This article undertakes an isolated analysis of driver behavior under varying safety conditions, with data which allows for more general changes to safety conditions and broader measures of driver behavior. Estimates obtained from the evaluation of individual accident reports lend support to the offsetting behavior hypothesis and imply that both aggressive behavior and nonaggressive (inattentive) driving behavior are likely to increase as the driving environment becomes safer.
Soil sampling and isolation of Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to two families: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Until now, more than 70 species have been described in the Steinernematidae and there are about 20 species in the Heterorhabditidae. The nematodes have a mutualistic partnership with Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and together they act as a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species. Herein, we focus on the most common techniques considered for collecting EPN from soil. The second part of this presentation focuses on the insect-baiting technique, a widely used approach for the isolation of EPN from soil samples, and the modified White trap technique which is used for the recovery of these nematodes from infected insects. These methods and techniques are key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures in the laboratory and also form the basis for other bioassays that consider these nematodes as model organisms for research in other biological disciplines. The techniques shown in this presentation correspond to those performed and/or designed by members of S. P. Stock laboratory as well as those described by various authors.
China's Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes

Modern China has been linked with the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and missile weapons technology to states of proliferation concern, and its compliance with arms control and disarmament is seen as key to the effectiveness of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) nonproliferation efforts. In this context, the answer to Gerald Segal’s question, “Does China really matter?” is most definitely, “Yes.” In the realm of chemical and biological weapons (CBW), Beijing’s role is closely linked to its view of the multilateral disarmament regimes for CBW, namely the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), and of related multilateral export control efforts. These views, in turn, depend on how CBW figure in China’s tactical and strategic posture, which includes a declared nuclear weapons (NW) capability and a strategic missile force. Where CBW proliferation is concerned, the key question today is not whether China matters, but whether the Chinese government is serious about eliminating both chemical and biological weapons—it maintains it never developed the latter—and preventing the proliferation of CBW-related technology. China has been an active participant (at least in the last two decades) in both chemical and biological disarmament and arms control negotiations. Outwardly at least—and with considerable diplomatic effort—China broadcasts its commitment to both the CWC and the BWC.
Geology and Gravity of the Lilesville Granite Batholith, North Carolina

The Lilesville Granite is the southernmost granite intrusion of the Eastern Piedmont in North Carolina. It is a sheet or tongue-shaped concordant mass extending to a maximum depth of about 1.75 mi. It is surrounded by a contact aureole of metasedimentary mica schist and mica gneiss and has an areal extent of 125 sq mi. The granite is characterized by a porphyritic rapakivi texture with a medium- to coarse-grained matrix of plagioclase, quartz, and biotite. The intrusion is compositionally zoned and consists of adamellite, granodiorite, and tonalite. The granite is considered to have been emplaced as a crystal mush and to have crystallized in place. The modal variations and textural features of the granite may be due to crystal settling, contamination, and rapid late-stage crystallization (sudden escape of water pressure). A large positive Bouguer anomaly associated with the granite is attributed to two major features: (1) a gabbro body which intrudes the granite near its eastern margin, and (2) a mica gneiss unit which underlies the batholith. The proposed sequence of geologic events is: (1) deposition of felsic volcanic rocks and argillites, (2) formation of the proposed anticline and low-rank regional metamorphism, (3) intrusion and crystallization of the Lilesville Granite and the formation of the mica gneiss and mica schist units by thermal metamorphism, (4) intrusion of gabbro body into the Lilesville Granite, (5) Triassic faulting and sedimentation, (6) intrusion of Triassic or Jurassic dikes, and (7) deposition of Cretaceous and Tertiary sands and gravels.
The role of iron chelates in the NAD(P)H-dependent oxidation of 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA) by rainbow trout and pacific salmon microsomal fractions

Abstract Uninduced microsomes from three different species of the genus Oncorhynchus catalyzed a NAD(P)H-dependent oxidation of the radical scavenging agent 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA). This reaction was stimulated by the addition of iron-EDTA, hemoglobin and myoblobin but inhibited by catalase and benzoate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not substantially inhibit the oxidation in the presence of iron-EDTA. This hydroxyl radical (·OH)-generating system was mainly NADH-dependent which is similar to observations in aquatic invertebrates but in contrast to mammalian systems. This study demonstrates that this radical-generating activity is wide ranging and requires consideration in evaluating xenobiotic metabolism.
Relationship of staphylococcal conjugative plasmids to large gentamicin-resistance nonconjugative plasmids in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Self-mobilization of large plasmids was not observed in 15 of 15 strains of gentamicin-resistant (Gmr) Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates that were taken from bacteremic newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit. Alternatively, nine Gmr Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates, which were isolated along with the S. epidermidis strains, were all shown previously to contain Gmr conjugative plasmids. All of the nonconjugative strains had plasmids that were similar in size to the S. aureus conjugative plasmids. Transfer of seven of these nonconjugative plasmids by protoplast transformation indicated that they carried Gmr determinants. The rationale of these studies was to detect the presence of genes for conjugation (tra) on the large Gmr nonconjugative plasmids. It was thought that these plasmids might contain either defective or deleted tra gene sequences. To gain insight into these possibilities, a 6.3-kb probe, which contained a major tra gene region, was hybridized with EcoRI and XbaI digests of nonconjugative plasmid DNA. Hybridization occurred with only one of eight plasmids. It was concluded that seven of the large S. epidermidis plasmids were not self-transmissible because they lacked tra genes. However, pMH6502 contained an excess of tra gene regions compared to prototype conjugative plasmids and was still not self-transmissible.
In vitro and in vivo germination of Nosema locustae (Microspora: Nosematidae) spores.

Abstract Spores of Nosema locustae (E. U. Canning, Parasitology, 43, 287–290, 1953) were induced to germinate in vitro by a two-step procedure. Spores were first activated by drying in air, dehydrated in hyperosmotic solutions of sucrose or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), or by extended treatments in low concentrations of PEG. Germination occurred after transfer of the activated spores to an alkaline salt solution, with a pH optimum of 9.0–10.0. Percentage germination in vitro varied from 2 to 50% among different production batches of spores. Germination in the midgut of Melanoplus sanguinipes was consistently near 50% in all batches and dehydration prior to ingestion was not necessary. The in vitro germination stimulus described here is probably not the physiologically normal one.
Two Fixations Suffice in Face Recognition

It is well known that there exist preferred landing positions for eye fixations in visual word recognition. However, the existence of preferred landing positions in face recognition is less well established. It is also unknown how many fixations are required to recognize a face. To investigate these questions, we recorded eye movements during face recognition. During an otherwise standard face-recognition task, subjects were allowed a variable number of fixations before the stimulus was masked. We found that optimal recognition performance is achieved with two fixations; performance does not improve with additional fixations. The distribution of the first fixation is just to the left of the center of the nose, and that of the second fixation is around the center of the nose. Thus, these appear to be the preferred landing positions for face recognition. Furthermore, the fixations made during face learning differ in location from those made during face recognition and are also more variable in duration; thi...
In vitro synthesis, tetramerization and single channel characterization of virus-encoded potassium channel Kcv

Chlorella virus-encoded membrane protein Kcv represents a new class of potassium channel. This 94-amino acids miniature K+ channel consists of two trans-membrane α-helix domains intermediated by a pore domain that contains a highly conserved K+ selectivity filter. Therefore, as an archetypal K+ channel, the study of Kcv may yield valuable insights into the structure–function relationships underlying this important class of ion channel. Here, we report a series of new properties of Kcv. We first verified Kcv can be synthesized in vitro. By co-synthesis and assembly of wild-type and the tagged version of Kcv, we were able to demonstrate a tetrameric stoichiometry, a molecular structure adopted by all known K+ channels. Most notably, the tetrameric Kcv complex retains its functional integrity in SDS (strong detergent)-containing solutions, a useful feature that allows for direct purification of protein from polyacrylamide gel. Once purified, the tetramer can form single potassium-selective ion channels in a lipid bilayer with functions consistent to the heterologously expressed Kcv. These finding suggest that the synthetic Kcv can serve as a model of virus-encoded K+ channels; and its newly identified properties can be applied to the future study on structure-determined mechanisms such as K+ channel functional stoichiometry.
THE OVERALL IN VITRO SYNTHESIS OF VALINE FROM PYRUVATE BY NEUROSPORA HOMOGENATES.

Abstract 1. (1) The conditions for the synthesis in vitro of valine from pyruvate by the 39 000 × g pellet fraction of Neurospora homogenate are described. This activity for valine synthesis was also obtained in the supernatant fraction by appropriate means of preparation of the homogenate. 2. (2) Evidence is presented which indicates that the overall synthesis of valine from pyruvate occurs in the presence of a complex of at least four enzymes which is bound in vivo to the particulate part of the cell.
Ensuring the future of health-system pharmacy practice

![Figure][1] We need to rethink what we do and how we do it. As I conclude my term as president, I want to touch on important initiatives currently underway to ensure the future health of hospital and health-system pharmacy practice. As you know, ASHP has published a Vision for the
Phase Composition of Commercial "Ammonium Carbonate".

A unique crystalline phase was the sole constituent in newly opened containers of commercial reagent-grade "ammonium carbonate." The chemical composition, optical constants, x-ray powder diffraction pattern, infrared absorption spectrum, and density indicate a double salt, ammonium bicarbonate-carbamate (NH4HCO3·NH4 CO2NH2), which is unstable in air at ambient temperature and decomposes rapidly to ammonium bicarbonate.
Total Aortic Replacement in Loeys-Dietz Syndrome

Loeys-Dietz syndrome presents early in life with rapidly progressive aortic aneurysmal disease, hypertelorism, and bifid uvula/cleft palate. Genetic testing reveals transforming growth factor-β 1 and 2 mutations. Patients require monitoring for progressive aneurysmal disease, and may need total aortic replacement. Two patients are presented who typify these concepts.
Influence of communication on colorectal cancer screening: Revisiting the Health Belief Model

The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been a robust model utilized in predicting individuals’ cancer screening behaviors. However, there is little research regarding the specific impact of communication factors on colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Building on the HBM, this study investigated how communication factors influence CRC screening. Analyzing data from a sample of the 2005 Health Information National Trend Survey (HINTS), we found that media use for health information and interpersonal health communication had direct effects on both perceived CRC threat and positive expectations for CRC screening; with no direct effect on participation in CRC screening. In addition, interpersonal health communication, new media use for health information, perceived CRC threat, and positive expectations for CRC screening mediated the effects of mass media use for health information on CRC screening.
Periodontal disease early in pregnancy is associated with maternal systemic inflammation among African American women.

Background: Maternal periodontal disease is a chronic oral infection with local and systemic inflammatory responses and may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study determined whether maternal periodontal disease in early pregnancy is associated with elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and whether maternal race influences the relationship between maternal periodontal disease and systemic inflammatory responses.Methods: A secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from the Oral Conditions and Pregnancy study was conducted. Healthy women at 75th percentile. Demographic and medical data were obtained from the women's charts. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression models were us...
Survival Impact of Tamoxifen Use for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction: Projections from a Patient-Specific Markov Model

The authors estimate tamoxifen’s impact on life expectancy among healthy women. A Markov model compared the effects of 5 years of tamoxifen on survival among 50-year-old postmenopausal women. Scena...
Differential Inheritance of Mental Abilities in the Texas Adoption Project.

Abstract Correlations on subscales of Wechsler IQ tests and the Revised Beta Examination were obtained for biologically related and unrelated individuals in 181 adoptive families in the Texas Adoption Project. Scores were also available for many of the birth mothers of the adopted children. In general, correlations were higher for biologically related individuals, suggesting the importance of genetic influences on intellectual abilities. To examine effects specific to subscales, an analysis of residualized subscale scores was carried out using the Revised Beta. After partialling out from each of the scales the variance predictable from the rest, a model was fit to family correlations among the residuals. Of the six Beta subscales, three showed specific genetic variance, two showed specific shared environmental variance, and one showed neither.
Effects of hole stress concentration and its mitigation on the tensile strength of sheet moulding compound (SMC-R50) composites

Abstract The hole stress concentration effects on the tensile strength of SMC-R50 sheet moulding compound composites were studied with consideration being given to both centric and eccentric hole locations. It is shown that the tensile strength of the R50 material is improved by applying a transverse normal pressure around the hole boundary. A few preliminary experiments indicate that the fatigue life of the R50 material can also be improved by a similar technique of applying a transverse normal pressure around an open hole.
Inhibition of gastric secretion in the rat with sodium oleate.

Abstract The effect on gastric secretion in the rat by small quantities of sodium oleate (7.5 and 15.0 mg.) has been investigated. It was found that intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of small amounts (0.25 cc. of 0.1 N solutions) decreased gastric secretion by one-third over a 4-hour period. Sodium propionate, sodium stearate, sodium linoleate, other fatty acids, and normal saline did not inhibit gastric secretion under identical conditions. We conclude, therefore, that Na oleate may have a specific pharmacologic effect on gastric secretion in the rat. Furthermore, this action is not predicated upon contact with the duodenal mucosa but rather a function of its presence in the bloodstream.
Phage-Insensitive, Multiple-Strain Starter Approach to Cheddar Cheese Making

Abstract Bacteriophage-insensitive Streptococcus cremoris starter strains were selected by plaquing cheese whey against a bank of potential starter strains. From those found phage insensitive, six strains were selected and characterized for use in cheese making. This six-strain mixture was used exclusively. As phage appeared, the infected strain was removed from the mixture, and cheese making continued with five strains. A phage-insensitive, fast-acid mutant of the infected strain was isolated and characterized. This mutant, possessing the same parent-strain qualities, was returned to the strain mixture. Make times (3.5 to 4.0h), milling acidities (.47%), and cheese pH (5.1) were essentially identical for each vat of cheese produced. Plant A has used the six-strain mixture for over 23 mo to produce more than 9,400 consecutive vats of cheese. Plant B has used the culture blend for 500 days to produce 10,000 consecutive vats. Since adopting this culture system, no plants have experienced starter failure from phage attack. Total cheese production for four cheese plants using the multiple blend exclusively was over 69million lb (31.4million kg). These data emphasize the technological and economic advantages of this culture methodology.
The biosynthesis of N-(7-hydroxy-2-fluoren-9-C14-yl)-acetamide from N-2-fluoren-9-C14-ylacetamide, and its metabolism in the rat and in the guinea pig

Abstract Carbon-14-labeled N -(7-hydroxy-2-fluorenyl)acetamide was isolated from the urine of guinea pigs given N -2-fluoren-9-C 14 -ylacetamide and was purified by column chromatography and carrier crystallization. This compound was administered orally to rats and to guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were sacrificed after 1 day and the rats after 1, 2, and 7 days, respectively. Radioactivity was present in all the rat tissues examined. Isotope seemed to be bound to the soluble (acetate buffer, pH 5) and insoluble rat liver proteins, but was completely absent in guinea pig liver proteins. After 1, 2, and 7 days, rat urine contained 51, 56, and 58%, and the feces 20, 35, and 40%, respectively, of the dose. About 50% of the urinary metabolites were glucuronic acid conjugates, and 14% were sulfuric acid conjugates. These conjugates were mostly those of the compound administered, while some were those of the deacetylated product 7-amino-2-fluorenol, and possibly of polyhydroxylated derivatives. Only small amounts of these compounds were excreted in an unconjugated condition. After 1 day, guinea pig urine and feces accounted for 53% and about 8%, respectively, of the dose. In guinea pig urine, 97% of the radioactivity was in the form of glucuronic acid conjugates, most of which was that of the compound fed.
A Convergent Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of the PPARα Agonist LY518674: Discovery of a Novel Acid-Mediated Triazolone Synthesis

The first kilogram-scale synthesis of the PPARα agonist LY518674 (1) is described. The de novo convergent synthetic approach involved coupling of two rapidly assembled components, triazolone formation via a novel acid-promoted cyclization reaction, and final step saponification, delivering the compound in 32.5% overall yield via eight total steps with a six-step longest linear sequence. A regioselective alkylation on the dianion of 4-hydroxyphenylbutyric acid allowed the direct preparation of one of the convergent coupling partners, carboxylic acid 12, and an unusual solvent effect enabled the installation of a urea group on a protected hydrazine, permitting the regiospecific preparation of the other coupling partner, semicarbazide mesylate 17. Sulfonic acids were found to effect the desired triazolone ring formation, affording 25 from the coupled precursor acyl semicarbazide 23. Following saponification of 25 to 1, a wide solubility differential between ethyl acetate extracts of 1 and solutions of 1 in a...
The group desensitization of children's snake phobias using vicarious and contact desensitization procedures

Abstract The effectiveness of vicarious and contact desensitization procedures for the group treatment of snake-avoidant children was investigated. Forty-four pre-adolescent boys and girls served as Ss. Vicarious desensitization children observed E and five peer models engage in gradually bolder interactions with a tame 4 ft Gopher snake. Contact desensitization subjects not only observed E and peers perform as in the foregoing conditions but also had opportunities for physical contact with model-therapists and the phobic object. Treatment consisted of two 35 min sessions for both conditions. Performance on a behavioral avoidance test was used to measure treatment effects. The following predicted results were obtained: (a) contact desensitization yielded significantly greater reductions in avoidance than did vicarious desensitization; (b) both desensitization groups demonstrated significantly larger avoidance decrements than did non-treated controls. During post-testing, 80 per cent of the children receiving contact desensitization, 53.3 per cent of those in the vicarious desensitization condition and none of the control children successfully completed the stringent terminal task of the avoidance test.
The chloroplast sulfate transport system in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The genome of the model unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains four distinct genes, SulP, SulP2, Sbp and Sabc, which together are postulated to encode a chloroplast envelope-localized sulfate transporter holocomplex. In this work, evidence is presented that regulation of expression of SulP2, Sbp and Sabc is specifically modulated by sulfur availability to the cells. Induction of transcription and higher steady-state levels of the respective mRNAs are reported under S-deprivation conditions. No such induction could be observed under N or P deprivation conditions. Expression, localization, and complex-association of the Sabc protein was specifically investigated using cellular and chloroplast fractionations, BN-PAGE, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses. It is shown that Sabc protein levels in the cells increased under S-deprivation conditions, consistent with the observed induction of Sabc gene transcription. It is further shown that the Sabc protein co-localizes with SulP to the chloroplast envelope. Blue-native PAGE followed by Western blot analysis revealed the presence of an apparent 380 kDa complex in C. reinhardtii, specifically recognized by polyclonal antibodies against SulP and Sabc. These results suggest the presence and function in C. reinhardtii of a Sbp-SulP-SulP2-Sabc chloroplast envelope sulfate transporter holocomplex.
Landscape, personhood, and culture: Names of places and people in the Faeroe Islands

With placenames so ubiquitously affixed, to the landscape and to people of the Faeroe Islands, this research demonstrates the central ecological and cultural roles of geographic names in Faeroese c...
A Two-Fold Unveiling: Unmasking Classism in Group Work

The pervasive myth of the United States as a “classless society” silences the reality of social class oppression in this country. This silencing has received little attention to date in group work training, research, and practice. Unmasking classism may generate anxiety for group workers and members alike, yet holds potential for significant growth in human relations. This article is intended to encourage group workers to engage in social justice by addressing the harmful intra- and interpersonal effects of classism as it manifests in group process. The author presents methods for attending to classism through self-awareness, group facilitation, assessment, and planning.
Relating Road Salt to Exceedances of the Water Quality Standard for Chloride in New Hampshire Streams

Six watersheds in New Hampshire were studied to determine the effects of road salt on stream water quality. Specific conductance in streams was monitored every 15 min for one year using dataloggers. Chloride concentrations were calculated from specific conductance using empirical relationships. Stream chloride concentrations were directly correlated with development in the watersheds and were inversely related to streamflow. Exceedances of the EPA water quality standard for chloride were detected in the four watersheds with the most development. The number of exceedances during a year was linearly related to the annual average concentration of chloride. Exceedances of the water quality standard were not predicted for streams with annual average concentrations less than 102 mg L(-1). Chloride was imported into three of the watersheds at rates ranging from 45 to 98 Mg Cl km(-2) yr(-1). Ninety-one percent of the chloride imported was road salt for deicing roadways and parking lots. A simple, mass balance equation was shown to predict annual average chloride concentrations from streamflow and chloride import rates to the watershed. This equation, combined with the apparent threshold for exceedances of the water quality standard, can be used for screening-level TMDLs for road salt in impaired watersheds.
Socioeconomic status moderates associations between CNS serotonin and expression of β2-integrins CD11b and CD11c

Abstract One of the first steps in the development of atherogenesis is adhesion of circulating monocytes to the vascular endothelium that is stimulated by β2-integrins. Stress has been associated with enhanced expression of β2-integrins on monocyte cell surface ( Greeson et al., 2008 ). Central nervous system (CNS) serotonin regulates aspects of the stress response that can influence inflammatory processes that increase risk for atherosclerosis. This study examines effects of an environmental stressor (indexed by socioeconomic status (SES)) and CNS serotonin (indexed by CSF 5HIAA level), on the expression of β2-integrins (CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c) on circulating monocytes in 131 volunteers. Participants completed a protocol consisting of a lumbar puncture for assessment of CSF 5HIAA levels (day 1) followed by an experimental protocol (day 2). Blood samples for the present analyses were obtained at baseline on day 2. The interaction of SES × 5HIAA was a significant predictor of levels of CD11b and CD11c expression (p = .02, and p = .05, respectively); the mean CD11b difference between Hi and Lo SES subjects was significant (p = .003) only in those with Lo levels of 5HIAA, while SES differences in CD11b among those with Mid and Hi levels of 5HIAA did not vary statistically. The pattern of findings was similar for CD11c. The present results suggest that the combination of high environmental stress and low CNS serotonin function could contribute to atherogenesis through processes that lead to increased expression of the β2-integrins CD11b and CD11c on monocyte cell surfaces.
Evaluation of Local Anesthesia Provided by Transdermal Patches Containing Different Formulations of Tetracaine

Topical formulations of tetracaine in vehicles of propylene glycol and saline are tested on human volunteers with standard occlusive, adhesive, transdermal patches. The effects of formulation composition, dose, and onset time are investigated. Dose-response studies indicate that the optimum formulation for the diffusion of tetracaine in vivo is 60% free base and 40% acid salt (w/w) in 40% propylene glycol and 60% saline (v/v). A concentration of 0.3 M [8.3% (w/v)] tetracaine is sufficient to reach the dose plateau. Time-response studies indicate that high concentrations of tetracaine in the optimum formulation [1.1 and 1.8 M, 30 and 50% (w/v), respectively] can produce statistically significant analgesia relative to a placebo after 45 min. Comparison of these in vivo data with earlier in vitro data indicate that the optimum formulation with regard to clinical studies is identical to that for in vitro diffusion through hairless mouse skin [60% free base and 40% acid salt (w/w) in 40% propylene glycol and 60% saline].
Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease

The erythrocytes of certain individuals possess the capacity to undergo reversible changes in shape in response to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen. When the oxygen pressure is lowered, these cells change their forms from the normal biconcave disk to crescent, holly wreath, and other forms. This process is known as sickling. About 8 percent of American Negroes possess this characteristic; usually they exhibit no pathological consequences ascribable to it. These people are said to have sicklemia, or sickle cell trait. However, about 1 in 40 (4) of these individuals whose cells are capable of sickling suffer from a severe chronic anemia resulting from excessive destruction of their erythrocytes; the term sickle cell anemia is applied to their condition.
Age-related changes in brain: I. Magnetic resonance imaging measures of temporal lobe volumes in normal subjects.

The volume of temporal lobe structures was examined in twenty-seven older (mean age of 69.2±8.3 years) and ten younger subjects (mean age of 26.1±4.1 years) using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. Multiple regression analysis, using gender, overall atrophy, and head size as covariates, showed unique contributions of age to variance in both medial and lateral temporal lobe volumes. Temporal lobe subregions that showed the strongest unique age-related reductions were the hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, and parahippocampus. These results suggest age-related reductions in temporal lobe subvolumes.
Some Aspects of Tropospheric Radio Wave Propagation

The Tropospheric Propagation Research Section of the Radio Propagation Engineering Division, National Bureau of Standards, has conducted extensive measurements of programs in the 100-1000 Mc frequency range. A variety of transmitting and receiving antenna heights was used, and long-term recordings are available over distances ranging from well within to far beyond the radio horizon.
Mechanism of attraction of the lovebug, Plecia nearctica, to southern highways: further evidence for the IR-dielectric waveguide theory of insect olfaction.

Irradiated automobile exhaust fumes and their components were tested as an attractant for the lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy. Of the five different aldehydes tested, formaldehyde and heptaldehyde were the two most attractive. Formaldehyde is the abundant aldehyde in the fumes of diesel exhaust and is probably the single most important attractant. A generalized description is given of the female antennae. Three different types of sensillum (spine) match the 1–2-wavelength criteria for an open-resonator dielectric antenna, as given by Kiely. A nonlinear IR spectrum obtained by blowing saturated formaldehyde air through a punch-hole scatter antenna is given. The 10.93-, 22.73-, 26.88-, 32.79-, and 42.19-μm maserlike lines match the predicted wavelength resonant modes for the three sensilla. This is considered direct evidence for a man-generated wavelength mimic of a natural attractant and also direct evidence of the validity of Callahan's dielectric waveguide–nonlinear molecular (maserlike) emission theory of the insect communication system.
Immobilized free-radical substrates for magnetization of carbon-13 nuclei in flow NMR measurements

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance detection of slowly relaxing 13C nuclei in flowing streams is facilitated by the placement of an immobilized free-radical (IFR) substrate in the flow path adjacent to the NMR probe to equilibrate sample nuclei prior to detection. The distinct advantage of IFR substrates is a 10- to 100-fold reduction in sample volume compared to conventional large volume premagnetization coils often used in flow NMR. IFR activity is sufficient to reduce the effective spin-lattice relaxation times of spin - 1 2 nucleu in the substrate so that large signal-to-noise increases are achieved when compared to spectra acquired in similar experiment times under nonflow conditions. For example, 13C NMR spectra of molecules that contain nonprotonated carbon nuclei with T1 values in excess of 40 s exhibit a 4- to 9-fold signal enhancement. This S N increase reflects an increased flow experiment duty cycle because saturation effects are eliminated and nuclei achieve near-complete magnetization in the IFR region prior to detection.
Optimizing hyperpolarizability through the configuration space of energy spectrum and transition strength spanned by power law potentials

While sophisticated numerical computational techniques can calculate the hyperpolarizabilities of complex molecules, it is not clear what scale invariant parameters determine a large nonlinear response. We investigate the first and second intrinsic hyperpolarizabilities of one-dimensional power-law potentials with a hybrid analytical semiclassical analysis of energy spectra and numerical calculations of eigenfunctions. By varying the exponent, we determine how key underlying properties drive the nonlinear response as the system smoothly varies from particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, point charge potential, to all multipolar Coulomb potentials. The role of the well-known pathology of the 1/x 2 potential is also discussed.
A method for solving stochastic equations by reduced order models and local approximations

A method is proposed for solving equations with random entries, referred to as stochastic equations (SEs). The method is based on two recent developments. The first approximates the response surface giving the solution of a stochastic equation as a function of its random parameters by a finite set of hyperplanes tangent to it at expansion points selected by geometrical arguments. The second approximates the vector of random parameters in the definition of a stochastic equation by a simple random vector, referred to as stochastic reduced order model (SROM), and uses it to construct a SROM for the solution of this equation. The proposed method is a direct extension of these two methods. It uses SROMs to select expansion points, rather than selecting these points by geometrical considerations, and represents the solution by linear and/or higher order local approximations. The implementation and the performance of the method are illustrated by numerical examples involving random eigenvalue problems and stochastic algebraic/differential equations. The method is conceptually simple, non-intrusive, efficient relative to classical Monte Carlo simulation, accurate, and guaranteed to converge to the exact solution.
Igneous vs Impact Processes for the Origin of the Mare Lavas

In spite of chemical and petrological data furnished by the early Apollo missions, disagreement has persisted as to the ultimate origin of the mare lavas - were they true igneous magmas or impact melts? Examination of Lunar Orbiter and Apollo photographs of Tsiolkovsky, Mare Orientale and Humboldt crater, as examples of mare-filled impact structures, has suggested the answer.
Longitudinal changes in calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measures during childhood

Summary This longitudinal study examined how calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures change during childhood while taking into account skeletal maturation, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity. The study reported sex differences in QUS growth curves and an inverse relationship between BMI and speed of sound (SOS) measures.
On Special Relativity and Temporal Illusions

According to metaphysical tensism, there is an objective, albeit ever changing, present moment corresponding to our phenomenal experiences (Ludlow in Philosophy of language, Oxford handbook on tense and aspect. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012; Brogaard and Marlow in Analysis 73(4):635–642, 2013). One of the principle objections to metaphysical tensism has been Einstein’s argument from special relativity, which says that given that the speed of light is constant, there is no absolute simultaneity defined in terms of observations of light rays (Einstein in Ann Phys 17:891–921, 1905). In a recent paper, Brogaard and Marlow (Analysis 73(4):635–642, 2013) argue that this objection fails. We argue that Brogaard and Marlow’s argument fails to show that special relativity does not pose a threat to metaphysical tensism.
Structure of peanut oil triacylglycerols from cultivars of diverse genetic background

Triacylglycerols (TG) were isolated from peanut cultivars chosen to embrace known extremes in oleic and linoleic acid content, and the TG structure were determined using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Molar concentrations of oleic and linoleic acid insn-2-monoacylglycerols (MG) were highly correlated with molar concentrations in TG. Correlation coefficients were 0.99 in each case. Molar concentrations of oleic and linoleic in 2-MG are given by: MG18∶1=1.37TG18∶1-20.8; MG18∶2=1.71TG18∶2+0.66. Linoleicoleic ratios ranged from 0.2–1.1 for TG, 0.2–2.6 forsn-2-MG, and 0.2–0.6 for acids in the 1(3)-positions of TG. Molar concentrations of linoleic acid in the 1(3)-positions of TG ranged from 7–26%. The linoleic-oleic ratios and molar concentrations of 1(3) linoleic acid in some cultivars were similar to values that have been reported for relatively nonatherogenic corn oil and randomized peanut oil.