cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ISAR imaging of targets with fast rotating parts using adaptive joint time-frequency processing

Based on the adaptive joint time-frequency processing techniques, a new methodology is proposed in this paper to separate the interference due to fast rotating parts from the original ISAR image of the target. The technique entails adaptively searching for the linear chirp bases which best represent the time-frequency behavior of the signal and fully parameterizing the signal with these basis functional. The signal components due to the fast rotating part are considered to be associated with those chirp bases having large displacement and slope parameters, while the signal components due to the target body motion are represented by those chirp bases which have relatively small displacement and slope parameters. By sorting these chirp bases according to their slopes and displacements, the scattering due to the fast rotating part can be separated form that due to the target body. Consequently, the image artifacts overlapping with the original image of the target can be well removed and a clean ISAR image can be produced. Successful applications of the algorithm to numerically simulated and measurement data show the robustness of the algorithm.
Oral Production of Linguistically Complex Sentences with Meaning Relationships of Time

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the abilities of children to use the adjoining mechanism in combining two constituent sentences with the temporal adjoiners: “after,” “before,” “until,” “when,” and “while.” To elicit responses, a sentence repetition task was devised that included these five temporal adjoiners in four different syntactic environments: transitive sentences with the adjoiner and the subordinate clause following the main clause, transitive sentences with the adjoiner and the subordinate clause preceding the main clause, intransitive sentences with the adjoiner and the subordinate clause following the main clause, and intransitive sentences with the adjoiner and the subordinate clause preceding the main clause. The 30 were between the ages of 4∶O and 6∶6 years. They were average children who were free from any known emotional disturbance, who were acquiring Standard American English as a native language, who had normal speech and hearing, and whose parents had neither very high nor very low socioeconomic status. To the extent that the children in this study were representative of normal-speaking children of their ages, certain general conclusions were drawn. Children begin to use the temporal adjoining mechanism early, but they do not master it by the age of 6∶6 years. The ability to use the adjoiners, nor is it equal for different syntactic structures nor for all degrees of semantic complexity. “After,” “before,” and “when” appear earlier than “while” and “until.” A rapid period of growth in learning to use the temporal adjoining mechanism occurs between the ages of 4 and 5 years. However, a plateau of learning appears to be reached between the ages of 5 and 6 years. In general, children first learn to use the temporal adjoining mechanism in intransitive sentences with the adjoining link in the middle or at the beginning of the utterance. Next, they learn to use it in transitive sentences with the adjoining link at the beginning of the utterance. Finally, they learn to use it in transitive sentences with the adjoining link in the middle of the utterance. In transitive sentences, children appear to learn the rule for placing the subordinate clause at the beginning of the utterance when temporally adjoining two constituent sentences before they learn the base structure rule. In intransitive sentences, they appear to learn the rule for placing the subordinate clause at the beginning of the utterance when temporally adjoining two constituent sentences at the same time that they learn the base structure rule. The underlying semantic relationships that are expressed by specific temporal adjoiners are important determinants of children's abilities to use these adjoiners. In linguistic evaluations, one should consider the syntactic environment in which the temporal adjoiner occurs and assume that “after,” “before,” and “when” are developmentally earlier than “while” and “until.”
Coping with Internet channel conflict

If you do not sell your products directly over the Internet, people will go to your competitors who do, while if you do sell your products directly, your distributors and dealers will desert you and only carry products from manufacturers who do not compete with them. ---Manufacturers' Dilemma [10]
Deoxyribonucleic acid replication in UV-damaged bacteria revisited

Exposure of Escherichia coli strain B/r thy − to UV doses below a critical dose of about 200 erg/mm 2 induced short, dose-dependent delays in DNA replication. DNA replication then resumed. The maximum delay after the critical dose was about 45 min. With UV doses above this critical dose , little or no further delay in initiation of DNA replication was induced but the rate of DNA replication was decreased with higher doses indicating inactivation of the DNA synthetic mechanism. Thus after an exposure of about 560 erg/mm 2 DNA replication was almost completely suppressed in the culture. After doses up to the critical dose , little DNA breakdown was seen with post-irradiation incubation. Even after the dose inducing complete inactivation of DNA replication, at least 85% of the DNA was stable with prolonged incubation. The results of a labeled thymine incorporation method of measuring DNA replication was compared with the results of the Burton diphenylamine method with good agreement.
Rock magnetic criteria for the detection of biogenic magnetite

Abstract We report results on the magnetic properties of magnetites produced by magnetotactic and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Magnetotactic bacterial (MTB) strains MS1, MV1 and MV2 and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium strain GS-15, grown in pure cultures, were used in this study. Our results suggest that a combination of room temperature coercivity analysis and low temperature remanence measurements provides a characteristic magnetic signature for intact chains of single domain (SD) particles of magnetite from MTBs. The most useful magnetic property measurements include: (1) acquisition and demagnetization of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) using static, pulse and alternating fields; (2) acquisition of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM); and (3) thermal dependence of low temperature (20 K) saturation IRM after cooling in zero field (ZFC) or in a 2.5 T field (FC) from 300 K. However, potentially the most diagnostic magnetic parameter for magnetosome chain identification in bulk sediment samples is related to the difference between low temperature zero-field and field cooled SIRMs on warming through the Verwey transition (T ≈ 100 K). Intact chains of unoxidized magnetite magnetosomes have ratios of δFC/δZFC greater than 2, where the parameter δ is a measure of the amount of remanence lost by warming through the Verwey transition. Disruption of the chain structure or conversion of the magnetosomes to maghemite reduces the δFC/δZFC ratio to around 1, similar to values observed for some inorganic magnetite, maghemite, greigite and GS-15 particles. Numerical simulations of δFC/δZFC ratios for simple binary mixtures of magnetosome chains and inorganic magnetic fractions suggest that the δFC/δZFC parameter can be a sensitive indicator of biogenic magnetite in the form of intact chains of magnetite magnetosomes and can be a useful magnetic technique for identifying them in whole-sediment samples. The strength of our approach lies in the comparative ease and rapidity with which magnetic measurements can be made, compared to techniques such as electron microscopy.
Host spectrum and relative virulence of an Ecuadoran and a Mississippian biotype of Nomuraea rileyi

Abstract Two geographical biotypes of Nomuraea rileyi (from Ecuador and the United States) were topically bioassayed against seven lepidopteran species, i.e., Anticarsia gemmatalis, Heliothis zea, Heliothis virescens, Heliothis subflexa, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera exigua, and Trichoplusia ni. There was an average difference of 1.7-fold in mortality in how cultures of the same insect species from different sources responded to topical applications of either biotype of N. rileyi. Regression equations and LC50 values were obtained for each insect species and fungal biotype combination. Larvae of S. exigua were equally susceptible to both biotypes of N. rileyi. Although larvae of A. gemmatalis were moderately susceptible to the Ecuadoran biotype, they were relatively nonsusceptible to the Mississippian biotype. Species of Heliothis (H. zea, H. virescens, and H. subflexa) were about equally susceptible to the Mississippian biotype. Larvae of H. subflexa and H. virescens, however, were significantly less susceptible than H. zea to the Ecuadoran biotype. When the integumental barrier was breached via intrahemocoelic injections, larvae of H. virescens were as susceptible as H. zea larvae to blastospores of either biotype of N. rileyi.
Enhanced ionic conductivity and phase meta-stability of nano-sized thin film yttria-doped zirconia (YDZ)

Abstract Yttria-doped zirconia (YDZ) thin films with nanometric sized grains were prepared by reactive RF sputtering and their oxygen ion conductivities were systematically measured as a function of yttria doping with levels in the range 0.5–9.1 mol.% Y 2 O 3 . Enhanced oxygen ion conductivities, as derived from impedance spectra, were observed when compared with values reported for bulk YSZ. Furthermore, the peak conductivity for the YDZ films was observed to occur at considerably reduced yttria levels, i.e., at 6.5 mol.% Y 2 O 3 (for T > ∼400 °C) and at 3.2 mol.% Y 2 O 3 (for T 2 O 3 in bulk YSZ. Based on an analysis of the Raman spectra, these results are believed to result from the extended meta-stability of the cubic phase to reduced yttria levels at nanometric grain sizes.
Rabbit ocular and pineal autoimmune response to retina antigens.

Different forms of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) can be produced by varying protocols to present different autoantigens to several species of experimental animal. We have studied the clinical, histological and serological responses of rabbits to footpad injection of various fractions of retina extract. Rabbits injected with retina extract or S antigen developed posterior uveitis. However, rabbits injected with retina extract, also developed an anterior uveitis and pinealitis not seen in rabbits receiving S antigen. The Serological response of rabbits to retina extract was different than that to purified S antigen. Antisera of rabbits receiving retina extract reacted with rabbit retina and pineal gland as well as with guinea pig retina but not with guinea pig pineal gland. In contrast anti-S antigen sera reacted with rabbit retina and guinea pig retina and pineal gland but not with rabbit pineal gland. Gel filtration chromatography of the ammonium sulfate supernate of retina extract was used to dif...
Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History

The process of technological change takes a wide variety of forms. Propositions that may be accurate when referring to the pharmaceutical industry may be totally inappropriate when applied to the aircraft industry or to computers or forest products. The central theme of Nathan Rosenberg's new book is the idea that technological changes are often 'path dependent', in the sense that their form and direction tend to be influenced strongly by the particular sequence of earlier events out of which a new technology has emerged. The book advances the understanding of technological change by explictly recognising its essential diversity and path-dependent nature. Individual chapters explore the particular features of new technologies in different historical and sectoral contexts. This book presents a unique account of how technological change is generated and the processes by which improved technologies are introduced.
Temperature‐induced changes in spider mite fitness: offsetting effects of development time, fecundity, and sex ratio

Temperature affects many life history parameters in poikilotherms. Temperature clearly affects development time and fecundity, which affect the intrinsic rate of increase. In haplodiploid mites, ambient temperature may also affect offspring sex ratio which, in turn, affects intrinsic rate of increase. The combined effect of all these processes determines the fitness of individual females. However, sex ratio also affects mating structure and, potentially, rate of local adaptation. We investigated the direct effect of temperature variation on sex ratio, development time, and fecundity in the twospotted spider mite (Tetyranychus urticae), and calculated the effect of their interaction on mite intrinsic rate of increase. We conducted experiments at 2 temperatures and designed the experiment to separate pre-adult and adult sensitivity to temperature variation. Mites were reared from eggs to adult ecdysis at either 22 °C or 32 °C. Upon emergence as adults, these 2 groups were each split between 22 °C and 32 °C and allowed to oviposit. Not surprisingly, development from egg to adult was accelerated when mites were exposed to the higher temperature during offspring development, regardless of the temperature experienced by the mother during her development. Fecundity and the proportion of female offspring were affected by temperature only when mothers were exposed during both development and oviposition. About 12 offspring were gained and female bias was increased by 26% when the mother's development occurred at 22 °C, whereas oviposition at 22 °C added only 6 more offspring and increased female bias by only 7%. There was no correlation between sex ratio and fecundity; both were related to temperature but not to each other. Furthermore, development time, not fecundity or sex ratio, appeared to the main factor affecting the intrinsic rate of increase. Our results support other evidence that sex ratio varies independently of development time and fecundity.
Monoclonal MOG-reactive autoantibody from progressive EAE has the characteristics of a natural antibody

A.SW mice sensitized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)92-106 is an animal model for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). We isolated MOG-reactive monoclonal antibodies that were immunoglobulin (Ig)M and polyreactive, similar to natural autoantibodies. Upon analysis of the variable (V) light chains and the diversity (D) and joining (J) regions of V heavy chains, we found they were identical to germ line Vkappa19/28, Jkappa5, DFL16.1e and JH4, respectively. The sequence of the VH region had 99.7% and 100% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared with the germ line encoded antibody, P3, of the Q52 family. Although A strain mice have been reported to have an insertion in BAFF-R, the receptor for BAFF (B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor family), which could explain our results, A.SW mice have no mutations in BAFF-R.
Multiparameter weights with connections to Schauder bases

Abstract We give several characterizations multiparameter A p ( T d ) in terms of strong maximal functions, rectangular conjugate functions, and rectangular partial sums. We also define a way to enumerate Z d that corresponds to rectangles. We then use these enumerations to give another characterization of rectangular A p ( T d ) in terms of trigonometric Schauder bases. Finally, we present some applications to principle shift invariant spaces and Gabor systems.
Exact S-matrix for two-dimensional string theory

Abstract We formulate simple graphical rules which allow explicit calculation of nonperturbative c = 1 S -matrices. This allows us to investigate the constraint of nonperturbative unitarity, which indeed rules out some theories. Nevertheless, we show that there is an infinite parameter family of nonperturbatively unitary c = 1 S -matrices. We investigate the dependence of the S -matrix on one of these nonperturbative parameters. In particular, we study the analytic structure, background dependence and high-energy behavior of some nonperturbative c = 1 S -matrices. The scattering amplitudes display interesting resonant behavior both at high energies and in the complex energy plane.
Cytokinesis: A regulatory role for Ras-related proteins?

Abstract Recent molecular genetic studies on the slime mold Dictyostelium have implicated Ras-related small GTP-binding proteins, and proteins that modify their activities such as Ras-GAPs, in the regulation of cytokinesis.
Applications of QSARs in toxicology: a US Government perspective

Abstract As the regulatory incentives to provide data on commercial chemicals increases, there will be greater opportunities to apply Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) and Structure Activity Relationships (SARs) to promote more efficient use of chemical testing resources. This paper summarizes the current applications of QSARs and SARs by the US Government organizations represented on the Toxic Substances Control Act Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) to predict aquatic toxicity, chemical or physical properties, environmental fate parameters and health effects of organic chemicals. The US Government organizations represented on the ITC that currently apply QSARs include the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The US Government organizations represented on the ITC that currently apply SARs include the US EPA, the FDA, the National Cancer Institute, the National Toxicology Program, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Configuration interaction with single substitutions for excited states of open-shell molecules

A comparison of restricted open-shell (spin-adapted) and unrestricted (non-spin-adapted) single-excitation configuration interaction (ROCIS and UCIS) for open-shell systems is presented. We give an expression for the expectation value of S2 for the UCIS wave function and discuss its role as a diagnostic for the quality of CIS excitation energies. We show that spin-adapted ROCIS can be implemented such that it scales at half the computational cost of the unrestricted method. Vertical excitation energies from the ROCIS and UCIS methods are compared against experiment for the first several excited states of the BeH, BeF, CH, CH3, CN, CO+, NO, OH, and CH2NO2 radicals. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neutral gas density depletion due to neutral gas heating and pressure balance in an inductively coupled plasma

The spatial distribution of neutral gas temperature and total pressure have been measured for pure N2, He/5%N2 and Ar/5%N2 in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor, and a significant rise in the neutral gas temperature has been observed. When thermal transpiration is used to correct total pressure measurements, the total pressure remains constant regardless of the plasma condition. Neutral pressure is depleted due to the pressure balance when the plasma pressure (mainly electron pressure) becomes comparable to the neutral pressure in high density plasma. Since the neutral gas follows the ideal gas law, the neutral gas density profile was obtained from the neutral gas temperature and the corrected neutral pressure measurements. The results show that the neutral gas density at the centre of the plasma chamber (factor of 2–4 ×) decreases significantly in the presence of a plasma discharge. Significant spatial variation in neutral gas uniformity occurs in such plasmas due to neutral gas heating and pressure balance.
Oncological efficacy and safety of nephron-sparing surgery for selected patients with locally advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Authors from the USA evaluated complication and survival rates in a large group of patients who had nephron-sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy for locally advanced RCC. They found that in a highly selected group of patients with locally advanced disease, nephron-sparing surgery is safe and has equivalent outcomes to radical nephrectomy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate perioperative complication rates, recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in a large group of matched patients who had nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) or radical nephrectomy (RN) for pT2-T3bN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS With approval from the institutional review board, the institutional nephrectomy database of 3470 patients treated at the authors’ institution from 1990 to 2006 was searched for patients who had NSS or RN for unilateral, sporadic, pathological T2-T3bN0M0 RCC. Patients with non-metastatic, node-negative RCC and a follow-up of ≥6 months were included in the analysis. RESULTS In all, 601 patients treated with RN (567) or NSS (34) for pT2-T3bN0M0 RCC and a mean (median, range) follow-up of 43.4 (31.8, 6.1–172.6) and 62.1 (37.5, 7.0–192.0) months, respectively, met the study inclusion criteria. Disease recurred in four of 34 (12%) patients treated with NSS and in 164/567 (28.9%) managed with RN at a median of 24.2 and 13.2 months, respectively. There were no local recurrences among patients treated with NSS. On multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis, when adjusted for the effects of stage, grade, size and tumour histology, procedure type (NSS vs RN) was not an independent predictor of disease recurrence or RCC-specific death. Patients treated with NSS had a higher procedure-related complication rate, but similar estimated intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rate, equal duration of surgical procedure and hospital stay compared with patients managed with RN. CONCLUSION In highly selected patients with locally advanced RCC, NSS is safe and provides oncological outcomes equivalent to patients managed with RN.
A Three-Layer Model for Separated Turbulent Flows

A model for turbulent backflows is presented and evaluated. The model is based on experimental observations, in particular, the wake-like behavior of the turbulence and the diffusion/dissipation energy balance observed in detached flow regions. These lead to an ODE for the eddy viscosity, based on a reduced form of the turbulence kinetic energy equation. This ODE is solvable analytically
Further observations on metabolic responses in hamster cells: changes in UDPG dehydrogenase activity.

Administration of radioactively labeled galactose to cultured mammalian cells brings about an accumulation of metabolic products the pattern of which seems to be governed by a variety of vectors in the intracellular milieu. By manipulation of culture conditions some of these vectors appear to be a function of glycolysis. In the non-glycolytic culture, label from a galactose probe appears as Galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and UDPglucuronic acid (UDPGlcUA). Conversely, glycolytic culture conditions seem not to permit the formation to UDPGlcUA since the only labeled accumulation product formed was UDPHex. A suggestion is made that the difference in metabolic activity of glucose-fed and glucose-starved cultures may be related to the effect of NADH on the in situ activity of UDPG dehydrogenase (UDPglucose:NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.22) (abbreviation, UDPG-DH). This prompted an investigation of the effects of NAD and NADH on the activity of partially purified UDPG-DH. The results of these experiments strongly suggest that the activity of UDPG-DH (in situ) is negatively controlled by increased levels of NADH; the latter condition is known to exist in glycolytically active cells (Schwartz and Johnson, 1976). Added to this is a second control mechanism which is characterized by a transient inhibition of uridylyltransferase (UDP glucose:α-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.12). Since it is known that there is little, if any, effect on galactokinase (ATP:D-galactose-1-phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.1.6) activity as a result of sugar starvation (Christopher et al., 1976), the low in vivo activity of uridylyltransferase contributes not only to the increased accumulation of Gal-1-P but also to a drastic decrease of labeled UDPhexoses, although the pre-existing pool of UDPhexose was found to decrease only moderately under the condition of glucose starvation (30% still persisted). The benefit of this type of control is not clear.
Skin Reflectance in the Newborn Infant

Extract: Skin reflectance in red, green, and blue light was measured at the sternum of 99 Caucasian infants ranging in gestational age from 26 to 44 weeks. Skin reflectance was consistently higher in female infants, but this difference was not statistically significant. Highly significant (P < 0.001) increases in reflectance at all wave lengths were found when sternal reflectance during the first 48 hr of life was related to gestational age. The dispersion of data points about the regression line does not permit this method to be relied upon as the sole means of determining gestational age of infants. Serial studies indicate that reflectance increases in premature infants not given phototherapy, whereas premature infants receiving photo-therapy show a fall in reflectance for the duration of therapy. This suggests that phototherapy may cause tanning of the skin. Speculation: Reflectance spectrometry provides a safe, noninvasive method to assess human newborn skin maturation and may also be a means to determine effects of various therapeutic regimens on the skin.
Polar-horizontal versus polar-vertical reverse-tilt-domain walls: influence of a pretilt angle below the nematic-isotropic phase transition.

On cooling through the isotropic-to-nematic phase transition in a cell whose substrates induce a large pretilt angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ from the vertical direction, but with no preferential azimuthal orientation, tilt domains appear. The boundary walls between reverse tilt domains are found to be bendlike and twistlike when ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}(T={T}_{NI})$ is sufficiently large just below the isotropic-nematic phase transition temperature ${T}_{NI}$---i.e., for a nearly planar orientation. Here the director becomes planar approximately midway through the wall, and we refer to this type of wall as ``polar horizontal,'' which is topologically stable. However, if ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}(T={T}_{NI})$ is sufficiently small just below ${T}_{NI}$---i.e., closer to vertical orientation---a splay like and twistlike domain wall obtains, where the director is vertically oriented approximately midway through the wall; we refer to this type of wall as ``polar vertical,'' whose stability depends on the anchoring. On cooling through the nematic phase, the pretilt angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ decreases, with the director aligning closer to the vertical orientation. Nevertheless, the structures of both types of domain walls remain unchanged on variation of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ with temperature owing to topological constraints and also are unchanged after the application and removal of a large electric field. We examine the structure of domain walls for the liquid crystal ZLI-4330 (Merck) as a function of pretilt angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}(T={T}_{NI})$ and calculate a critical value ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}^{c}(T={T}_{NI})$ of the pretilt angle just below ${T}_{NI}$ for which the predominance of domain walls crosses over from polar horizontal to polar vertical.
Dosage-Dependent Gene Expression from Direct Repeat Locus in Rice Developed by Site-Specific Gene Integration

In the standard plant transformation practice, transgene copy number is often inversely correlated with transgene expression. As the integration locus generated by standard methods is mostly complex, consisting of both full-length and partial copies arranged in direct or inverted repeat configurations, it is difficult to parse the effect of copy number and locus structure. To clearly study the effect of transgene copy number on gene expression, it is important to control the locus structure and integrate full-length copies. In this study, the effect of transgene copy number on transgene expression in plant cells was determined using rice callus as a model. To generate full-length integrations, Cre-lox-mediated site-specific gene integration method was used. Transgenic rice lines consisting of one to three copies of β-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein genes were developed. Site-specific integration lines were characterized and subjected to expression analysis. Lines containing two or three copies of either reporter genes displayed 2–4 times higher expression compared to the single-copy lines. Therefore, dosage-dependent transgene expression can be obtained by integrating full-length copies, and site-specific gene integration approach can serve as an efficient tool for generating precise multi-copy integrations.
A simple modification to the LKB 7800 series Knifemaker and a balanced-break method to prepare glass knives for cryosectioning.

SUMMARY A novel method of using the LKB 7800 series Knifemaker to produce glass knives using a balanced break is described. The method produces knives of sufficient quality to section aldehyde-fixed, sucrose-cryoprotected, frozen biological material in a cooled cryochamber of an ultramicrotome. The modifications to the Knifemaker are minimal and, if required, the machine can be returned easily to its normal state after use.
What Economics Should We Teach Before College, If Any?

Economics can be taught much earlier than we usually imagine, as a life skill, with direct experience, from kindergarten on. An experiential, early-grades economics of budgets, buying, and giving-up-to-get may be better than the politically inspired insistence that students get an allegedly healthy dose of free-market ideology just before they are old enough to vote.
Synchronizing nonautonomous chaotic systems without phase-locking.

Pecora and Carroll1 have shown how two nonautonomous chaotic circuits driven by periodic forcing can be synchronized using the master-slave driving principle. However, in their scheme, the periodic forcing in both circuits needs to be phase-locked through some additional circuitry for the system to synchronize. In this paper, we show two ways in which this can be avoided. In the first scheme, the two circuits are connected in a master-slave driving configuration and the periodic forcing is included in the driving signal such that it eliminates the need for the slave circuit to have an external periodic forcing signal. In addition, we can recover the periodic forcing signal at the slave circuit. In the second scheme, the two circuits are connected in a mutual coupling configuration. The two circuits will synchronize regardless of what the periodic forcing signals of the two circuits are. In particular, the two periodic forcing signals could have different phases, different frequencies, or different shapes. We discuss two interpretations of these synchronization schemes. First, we consider them as communication systems when the periodic forcing signal is replaced by a properly encoded information signal. We illustrate this in a physical circuit implementation. Second, we consider them as synchronization schemes for nonidentical systems by considering the external forcing signal as an error signal due to the difference between the two systems.
Inhibition of surface capping of macromolecules by local anaesthetics and tranquillisers

IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig) molecules on the surface of B lymphocytes aggregate into a ‘cap’1 when the cell is treated with anti-Ig1–3. A similar process occurs with concanavalin A (con A) on neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)4. Capping occurs in two stages in both of these cell types4,5: first, the ligand-receptor complexes aggregate into multiple clusters of variable size, leaving intervening bare membrane; and second, the clusters are swept into a single mass. Both stages are temperature-dependent (that is, they do not occur in the cold), but only the latter is energy-dependent (that is, clustering occurs but capping is inhibited on cells treated with metabolic inhibitors)4–6. The formation of clusters can be attributed to the ability of the ligand to cross-link receptors5; some form of membrane activity then sweeps the clusters into the cap. Capping can occur in the absence of cell locomotion4,7, but if locomotion does occur the cap is found at the trailing end of the cell4. These aspects of capping have recently been analysed in detail4,7.
Matrix metalloproteases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with type III Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.

Summary Objectives In patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III (TTSS) secreting isolates have been linked to poor clinical outcomes. Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) induced by type III effector proteins may herald an irreversible lung injury. Methods Serial bronchoalveolar lavage fluids collected from 41 patients with P. aeruginosa at onset of VAP, day 4, and day 8 after antibiotic therapy were assayed for MMP-8, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and α-2 macroglobulin levels. Results At the onset of VAP, isolates secreting ExoU had the highest MMP-9 levels. The response to antimicrobial therapy showed a differential drop in MMPs with significant decrease in MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels on days 4 and 8 in patients with TTSS − compared to TTSS + phenotype. The ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was significantly associated with α-2 macroglobulin at end of therapy ( r =0.4, p =0.02). Patients who survived had a lower MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio than those who died ( p =0.003). Conclusions VAP linked to P. aeruginosa Type III phenotype portrays a divergent antibiotic treatment response in regards to the concentrations of metalloproteinases in the alveolar space. The imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may determine the intensity of alveolocapillary damage and ultimate outcome of P. aeruginosa VAP.
Improved dynamic testing by impedance control

In this paper, the issue of actuator-structure interaction in dynamic testing of structures is considered. The problem is approached from the novel standpoint of impedance control. It is shown that an effective strategy to design controls for dynamic testing is by designing the test system impedance. It is also shown that this can be achieved using feedforward compensation. The analysis is carried out in the context of displacement controlled dynamic testing, when the tested structure has a high and nonlinear stiffness. It is demonstrated that stable and accurate dynamic testing can be achieved using the proposed strategy, when this is not possible using traditional feedback control techniques. Furthermore, the impedance control and feedforward strategies are applied in the context of hybrid simulation, a technique of coupling computational and physical substructures applied in earthquake engineering. Here, a delay compensation scheme is necessary in addition to feedforward. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate both improved dynamic testing performance when impedance control is employed, and its applicability in hybrid simulation.
False-Positive Rate Determination of Protein Target Discovery using a Covalent Modification- and Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Platform

Detection and quantitation of protein–ligand binding interactions is important in many areas of biological research. Stability of proteins from rates of oxidation (SPROX) is an energetics-based technique for identifying the proteins targets of ligands in complex biological mixtures. Knowing the false-positive rate of protein target discovery in proteome-wide SPROX experiments is important for the correct interpretation of results. Reported here are the results of a control SPROX experiment in which chemical denaturation data is obtained on the proteins in two samples that originated from the same yeast lysate, as would be done in a typical SPROX experiment except that one sample would be spiked with the test ligand. False-positive rates of 1.2-2.2 % and <0.8 % are calculated for SPROX experiments using Q-TOF and Orbitrap mass spectrometer systems, respectively. Our results indicate that the false-positive rate is largely determined by random errors associated with the mass spectral analysis of the isobaric mass tag (e.g., iTRAQ®) reporter ions used for peptide quantitation. Our results also suggest that technical replicates can be used to effectively eliminate such false positives that result from this random error, as is demonstrated in a SPROX experiment to identify yeast protein targets of the drug, manassantin A. The impact of ion purity in the tandem mass spectral analyses and of background oxidation on the false-positive rate of protein target discovery using SPROX is also discussed.
Effects of Environmental Sodium Chloride on Percent Hatch, Yolk Utilization, and Survival of Channel Catfish Fry

.— Only limited research has addressed the effect of salinity on hatching of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus eggs, and no studies have evaluated the effect of salinity on fry development and survival. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of environmental sodium chloride (0, 1, 2, and 4 g/L. NaCl) on percent hatch, yolk utilization, and survival of channel catfish fry. Experiments were conducted in recirculating systems using seven egg masses (1–2 d old). Each egg mass was divided into smaller portions which remained undissociated or were dissociated with sodium sulfite (NaSO3). Eggs were incubated until hatching. Wet and dry weights were obtained for sacfry at 1 and 5 d post-hatch to determine wet weight gain and dry weight loss, and fry were sampled 7 d after initiation of exogenous feeding to determine survival. Percent hatch, yolk utilization, and survival of fry hatched from undissociated eggs were greatest at 1 g/L NaCl. In addition, treatment of eggs with NaSO3 significantly reduced percent hatch at all NaCl levels. Although our results indicate that addition of NaCI to hatchery water supplies can increase production of channel catfish fry, additional research is needed before this practice can be recommended on a commercial basis.
Polymorphic precocious larvae in the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosomopsis tanytmema (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

Polymorphism occurs in the larvae of the encyrtid parasitoid Copidosomopsis tanytmema Caltagirone and includes so-called precocious larvae. Earlier observations suggested that precocious larvae may themselves be polymorphic or that they molt, because they exist concurrently in the same host in two forms separable mainly by size. To determine whether or not these forms (“small” and “large”) represent distinct morphs, precocious larvae were collected from a cohort of parasitized hosts. Precocious larvae obtained from sequential host dissections could be clearly grouped into two morphs based on their development and mandible lengths. Small precocious larvae formed in small numbers early during the differentiation of the embryonic tissue mass (polygerm). They did not molt to become the numerous large precocious larvae that occurred during the later stages of parasitoid development. Large precocious larvae retained the trophic membrane after they had dissociated from the polygerm. We conclude that the precocious larvae of C. tanytmema are polymorphic. The significance of this polymorphism is discussed, particularly in relation to its enhancement of the efficacy of C. tanytmema as a parasitoid.
Vertex-Switching Reconstruction and Folded Cubes

In this note we use eigenvalues of folded cubes to simplify an analogue of Kelly's Lemma for vertex-switching reconstruction due to Krasikov and Roditty. Our new version states that the number of subgraphs (or induced subgraphs) of ann-vertex graphGisomorphic to a givenm-vertex graph can be found from thes-vertex-switching deck ofGprovided the Krawtchouk polynomialKsnhas no even roots in 0, m]. This generalizes a condition of Stanley fors-vertex-switching reconstructibility. We also comment on the role of cubes and folded cubes in the theory of vertex-switching reconstruction.
Full system power delivery analysis for single ended interface

The conventional power delivery analysis applying Icc(t) approach has the propensity to yield pessimistic outcome that leads to power delivery network (PDN) over-design. In addition, the noise profile captured using Icc(t) approach has high prospect of miscorrelation with the lab measurement data. Recent works adopting the signal integrity and power delivery (SIPD) co-simulation approach was found fruitful to produce better results compare to the conventional Icc(t) approach. However, the SIPD co-simulation approach is still unable to address the miscorrelation between the simulation and validation results based on time domain analysis. In this paper, the limitations of the Icc(t) based methodology and several important simulation assumptions that are critical to further improve the simulation accuracy are discussed. Key parameters that pose significant impacts to power delivery noise behavior are characterized through this evaluation. The impact of the power delivery noise to overall signaling perfomance is also discussed in this paper for future design references.
Analyzing DNA Copy Number Changes Using Fused Margin Regression

DNA copy number change is an important form of structural variations in human genomes. Detecting copy number changes using DNA array data is a challenging task due to high density genomic loci, low signal to noise ratios, and normal tissue contamination. We propose fused margin regression (FMR) method that combines a variable fusion rule and robust epsilon-insensitive loss criterion to approximate piecewise constant segments of the underlying copy number profile. We tested FMR on both simulation and real CGH and SNP array datasets, and observed competitively improved performance as compared to several widely-adopted existing methods.
Serum Gamma-globulins in Acute and Chronic Liver Diseases

THE characteristic abnormality in serum proteins in both acute and chronic liver disease is an elevation in γ-globulin. In acute hepatitis the γ-globulin-levels are usually moderately elevated and the serum albumin is normal or only slightly depressed. As the hepatitis subsides the elevated γ-globulins gradually return to normal. Occasionally, hypergammaglobulinaemia persists or increases and may indicate a transition from acute to chronic hepatitis1. In chronic liver disease, particularly chronic hepatitis and advanced cirrhosis, the elevations in the γ-globulin concentrations are similar to or somewhat greater than those seen in acute hepatitis but the percentage of the γ-globulin is considerably higher. This is due to hypoalbuminaemia resulting in total protein concentrations which are normal or low. Occasionally, particularly in chronic hepatitis, however, there is marked hypergammaglobulinaemia associated with elevations in the total serum protein.
MAPPING MEN ONTO THE MENU: MASCULINITIES AND FOOD

North Americans are currently engaged in a love/hate relationship with reality television programs. Among the many shows that flicker across our screens is “Queer Eye for the Straight Guy,” which c...
P-Glycoprotein: Purification, Incorporation and Activity in Nanodiscs

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily, is a drug transporter that effluxes a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents. P-gp is expressed in many tissues important in drug disposition including the intestine, liver, kidneys, and blood-brain-barrier. P-gp acts to decrease drug absorption following oral administration, facilitate elimination from the body, and decrease drug exposure in tissues such as the brain. This 170 kDa protein consists of two similar halves, each composed of 6 helical transmembrane regions and an ATP-binding domain. Genetic variations in the ABCB1 gene that encodes P-gp lead to alterations in P-gp expression and activity, which can affect multidrug resistance and drug disposition. The goals of this study are to biochemically and biophysically characterize P-gp to understand how ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms alter activity. The first step in our study is to obtain functional protein incorporated into our model membrane system, the nanodisc. A nanodiscs is a discoidal system whose composition (lipid, cholesterol) can be custom tailored and is held in shape by two belt proteins, which also govern the size of the disc. This poster describes our path to producing active P-gp in nanodiscs using E. coli total lipids and two sizes of belt protein. The next step is to conduct studies to determine how ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms can lead to differences in transport activity and structural dynamics. Understanding these differences, as related to polymorphisms, can potentially lead to a method to reverse multidrug resistance.
Investigating applications portability with the Uintah DAG-based runtime system on PetaScale supercomputers

Present trends in high performance computing present formidable challenges for applications code using multicore nodes possibly with accelerators and/or co-processors and reduced memory while still attaining scalability. Software frameworks that execute machine-independent applications code using a runtime system that shields users from architectural complexities offer a possible solution. The Uintah framework for example, solves a broad class of large-scale problems on structured adaptive grids using fluid-flow solvers coupled with particle-based solids methods. Uintah executes directed acyclic graphs of computational tasks with a scalable asynchronous and dynamic runtime system for CPU cores and/or accelerators/co-processors on a node. Uintah's clear separation between application and runtime code has led to scalability increases of 1000x without significant changes to application code. This methodology is tested on three leading Top500 machines; OLCF Titan, TACC Stampede and ALCF Mira using three diverse and challenging applications problems. This investigation of scalability with regard to the different processors and communications performance leads to the overall conclusion that the adaptive DAG-based approach provides a very powerful abstraction for solving challenging multi-scale multi-physics engineering problems on some of the largest and most powerful computers available today.
Reasons People Retire and Their Relations to Attitudinal and Behavioral Correlates in Retirement

Abstract Attitudes and behaviors of individuals who were classified as retiring from their jobs for work, personal, or health reasons were examined to further our understanding of retirement. One hundred fifty retirees from a variety of occupations responded to a questionnaire and indicated how frequently they engaged in 50 behaviors. In addition, they reported their attitudes toward health, finances, people they associate with, and retirement. Two multiple group discriminant function analyses were completed; one used the frequency of engaging in behaviors and the other the attitudinal measures as the classification variables. Both analyses resulted in significantly higher than chance correct classifications of individuals into their main reason for retiring. Planning and engaging in activities versus lack of participation in activities (Function I) and active health practices and family interactions versus less concern with health issues and family (Function II) discriminated between those retiring for work, personal, and health reasons. Those retiring for personal reasons participated in more activities (Function I) than those retiring for work or health reasons. Those retiring for health reasons had the largest positive group centroid on Function II followed by those retiring for personal reasons; those retiring for work reasons had a negative group centroid. The attitudes discriminated best between those who retired for personal and health reasons. Implications of this research for retirement planning and counseling are discussed.
Investigation of the enzymic and electrochemical oxidation of uric acid derivatives

The electrochemical oxidation of a number of N-methylated uric acids at the pyrolytic graphite and gold electrodes has been compared to their enzymic oxidation with type VIII peroxidase and H2O2. Spectral, electroanalytical and kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that for all compounds the electrochemical and enzymic reactions proceed by identical mechanisms.