cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Early-Postmortem Proteome and Metabolome to Ultimate pH and Pork Quality

This study's objectives were to identify how subtle differences in ultimate pH relate to differences in pork quality and to understand how early-postmortem glycolysis contributes to variation in ultimate pH. The hypothesis was that elements in early-postmortem longissimus thoracis et lumborum proteome and metabolome could be used to predict quality defects associated with pH decline. Temperature and pH of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum were measured at 45 min, 24 h, and 14 d postmortem. Quality measurements were made after 14 d of aging. Groups were classified as normal pH (NpH; x = 5 . 59 [5.53–5.67]; NpH, n = 10) and low pH (LpH; x = 5 . 42 [5.38–5.45]; LpH, n = 10) at 14 d postmortem. Metabolites from 45 min postmortem were identified using GC-MS. Relative differences between proteins were quantified with two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoreses, and spots were identified with MALDI-MS. Western blot analyses were used to measure phosphofructokinase, peroxiredoxin-2, and reduced and non-reduced adenosine monophosphate deaminase-2 at 45 min and 14 d postmortem. Ultimate pH classification did not affect 45-min-postmortem pH (P = 0.64); 14-d pH was different between groups (P < 0.01). NpH had less purge loss (P < 0.01), was darker (P < 0.01), had lower star probe (P < 0.01), and had less intact day-7 desmin (P = 0.02). More pyruvate (P = 0.01) and less lactate (P = 0.09) was observed in NpH, along with more soluble lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.03) and pyruvate kinase (P < 0.10). These observations indicate that differences in enzyme abundance or solubility may produce more pyruvate and less lactate. Fructose 6-phosphate was more abundant (P = 0.08) in the LpH group, indicating that phosphofructokinase may be involved in glycolytic differences. Furthermore, greater abundance of heat shock proteins, peroxiredoxin-2 (P = 0.02), and malate (P = 0.01) early postmortem all suggest differences in mitochondrial function and oxidative stability that contribute to quality differences. These results show that even subtle changes in ultimate pH can influence pork quality. The proteome and metabolome at 45 min postmortem are associated with variation in the extent of pH decline.
Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of TransactiveMemories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks

Current social cognition models of knowledge coordination based on transactive memory systems (TMS) theory have not generally considered conditions in which goals among partners are incongruent, and that those with specialized knowledge will not necessarily act to share their knowledge. As expected from previous literature, when facing a problem requiring inputs from others, an individual will draw on her personal or ego-centered network using the knowledge of her network’s TMS; however, we theorize that the mixed motives within her network will cause the individual to also take into account her perception of the level of distrust within the network when combining the received knowledge from others in the network. Moreover, an individual’s view of her network’s TMS will be shaped not by specific policies or enforcement mechanisms, but by semistructures for how knowledge is disseminated, owned, and discussed. Our theory is supported based on a survey of security professionals responding to national security threats. The findings encourage a reexamination of certain assumptions of TMS theory, as well as extending theories of ego-centered networks and social-cognitive information processing to include how individuals manage the knowledge-sharing/protection tension in interorganizational collaborations.
Geologic controls of slow-moving landslides near the US West Coast

Slow-moving landslides, often with nearly imperceptible creeping motion, are an important landscape shaper and a dangerous natural hazard across the globe, yet their spatial distribution and geologic controls are still poorly known owing to a paucity of detailed, large-area observations. Here, we use interferometry of L-band satellite radar images to reveal 617 spatially large (4 $$\times$$ 104–13 $$\times$$ 106 m2) and presently active (2007–2019) slow-moving landslides near the populous US West Coast (only 4.6% of these slides were previously known) and provide evidence for their fundamental controls by bedrock lithology and vertical land motion. We found that slow-moving landslides are generally larger and more spatially frequent in homogeneous bedrock with low rock strength, and they are preferentially located on hillslopes with geologically recent uplift. Notably, landslide size and spatial density in the relatively weak metamorphic rocks and melange (due to pervasive tectonically sheared discontinuities, foliation, and abundant clay minerals) were two times larger than those in sedimentary and igneous rocks, and the hillslopes with landslides were found to be uplifting approximately three times faster than the average for the whole region. These results suggest that slow-moving landslides can be effectively uncovered by satellite radar imagery and their occurrence and character may be anticipated from vertical land uplift and bedrock lithology. Hence, our study provides understanding critical for reducing landslide hazards and quantifying landslide impacts on landscape change.
An Allergic Lung Microenvironment Suppresses Carbon Nanotube-Induced Inflammasome Activation via STAT6-Dependent Inhibition of Caspase-1

Background Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) represent a human health risk as mice exposed by inhalation display pulmonary fibrosis. Production of IL-1β via inflammasome activation is a mechanism of MWCNT-induced acute inflammation and has been implicated in chronic fibrogenesis. Mice sensitized to allergens have elevated T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, and are susceptible to MWCNT-induced airway fibrosis. We postulated that Th2 cytokines would modulate MWCNT-induced inflammasome activation and IL-1β release in vitro and in vivo during allergic inflammation.
MCViNE – An object oriented Monte Carlo neutron ray tracing simulation package

MCViNE (Monte-Carlo VIrtual Neutron Experiment) is an open-source Monte Carlo (MC) neutron ray-tracing software for performing computer modeling and simulations that mirror real neutron scattering experiments. We exploited the close similarity between how instrument components are designed and operated and how such components can be modeled in software. For example we used object oriented programming concepts for representing neutron scatterers and detector systems, and recursive algorithms for implementing multiple scattering. Combining these features together in MCViNE allows one to handle sophisticated neutron scattering problems in modern instruments, including, for example, neutron detection by complex detector systems, and single and multiple scattering events in a variety of samples and sample environments. In addition, MCViNE can use simulation components from linear-chain-based MC ray tracing packages which facilitates porting instrument models from those codes. Furthermore it allows for components written solely in Python, which expedites prototyping of new components. These developments have enabled detailed simulations of neutron scattering experiments, with non-trivial samples, for time-of-flight inelastic instruments at the Spallation Neutron Source. Examples of such simulations for powder and single-crystal samples with various scattering kernels, including kernels for phonon and magnon scattering, are presented. With simulations that closely reproduce experimental results, scattering mechanisms can be turned on and off to determine how they contribute to the measured scattering intensities, improving our understanding of the underlying physics.
Definitions of Physical Units and the International System

This chapter defines seven different units: force, weight, work, energy, power, pressure, and heat. A force is a push or pull exerted on a body. If an unbalanced force acts on a body, the body accelerates in the direction of the force. Conversely, if a body is accelerating, there must be an unbalanced force acting on it in the direction of the acceleration. The unbalanced force acting on a body is proportional to the product of the mass and of the acceleration produced by the unbalanced force. The mass m of a body refers to its inertia, and the weight w of a body is the pull or force due to gravity acting on the body which varies with location. (Inertia is the tendency of matter to remain at rest if at rest, or, if moving, to keep moving in the same direction, unless affected by some outside force.) Weight w is a force with a direction approximately toward the center of the earth. A force does work on a body when it acts against a resisting force to produce motion in the body. The energy of a body is its ability to do work. As the energy of a body is measured in terms of the work it can do, it has the same units as work. Power is the time rate of doing work. Average power = (work done)/(time taken to do this work) = force applied × velocity of body to which force is applied, where the velocity of the body is in the direction of the applied force. Pressure or p is a force per unit area.
Direct Measurement of Iodine Production by Sonic Extracts of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

We describe an enzymatic reaction between iodide ion, H2O2, and neutrophil sonicates, in which free iodine is formed. Some characteristics of the reaction are: ( a ) it is catalyzed by sonic extracts of human neutrophils, by purified horseradish peroxidase, or purified human myeloperoxidase, but not by sonic extracts of rabbit alveolar macrophages or beef liver catalase; ( b ) iodine is the product, as shown by its absorption spectrum and the absorption spectrum of the starch adduct; ( c ) the reaction is proportional to the amount of neutrophil sonicate added, and has a pH optimum near 4.0. Reaction is not linear with respect to time, owing to denaturation of the enzyme. Kinetic data indicate that the enzyme may be allosteric with respect to iodide and is inhibited by high concentrations of H2O2. These represent possible sources of control of the reaction.
Impairment of pancreatic β‐cell function by chronic intermittent hypoxia

New Findings • What is the central question of this study? Periodic decreases in arterial blood O2 or chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a hallmark feature of sleep apnoea patients. Despite a large body of clinical evidence linking sleep-disordered breathing with apnoeas to diabetes, the causal relationships between CIH and β-cell function and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been established. • What is the main finding and its importance? In a rodent model, we show that mitochondrial oxidative stress generated by CIH leads to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction manifested by augmented basal insulin secretion, insulin resistance, defective proinsulin processing and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The results of the present study provide evidence for direct effects of CIH on β-cell function, which may be an underlying molecular mechanism contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes among sleep apnoea patients. Breathing disorders with recurrent apnoea produce periodic decreases in arterial blood O2, i.e. chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Recurrent apnoea patients and CIH-exposed rodents exhibit several co-morbidities, including diabetes. However, the effects of CIH on pancreatic β-cell function are not known. In the present study, we investigated pancreatic β-cell function in C57BL6 mice exposed to 30 days of CIH. Compared with control animals, the CIH-exposed mice exhibited elevated levels of fasting plasma insulin but comparable glucose levels and higher homeostasis model assessment, indicating insulin resistance. Pancreatic β-cell morphology was unaltered in CIH-exposed mice. Insulin content was decreased in CIH-exposed β-cells, and this effect was associated with increased proinsulin levels. The mRNA and protein levels of the enzyme prohormone convertase 1, which converts proinsulin to insulin, were downregulated in CIH-treated islets. More importantly, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was impaired in CIH-exposed mice and in isolated islets. Mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated in CIH-exposed pancreatic islets. Treatment of mice with mito-tempol, a scavenger of mitochondrial ROS, during exposure to CIH prevented the augmented insulin secretion and restored the proinsulin and homeostasis model assessment values to control levels. These results demonstrate that CIH leads to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, manifested by augmented basal insulin secretion, insulin resistance, defective proinsulin processing, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and increased mitochondrial ROS, which mediate the effects of CIH on pancreatic β-cell function.
Distributed processing in the motor system: spinal cord perspective.

Publisher Summary Recordings of spinal interneurons (INs) during a flexion/extension wrist task with an instructed delay period have shown directly that, many spinal neurons modulate their rate during the preparatory period soon after a visual cue. The onset time and the relation between the delay period activity of spinal INs and the ensuing movement response suggest that this type of activity is not simply related to the forthcoming motor action, but reflects a correct match between the visual cue and the motor response. The existence of such activity further supports the notion that the motor system operates in a parallel mode of processing. The firing properties of spinal INs during the performance of the task seem to differ from the comparable properties of motor cortical cells. Spinal INs fire in a highly regular manner, their coefficient of variation (CV) is substantially lower than the observed CV of cortical cells. Neighboring cells tend to have similar response properties, the frequency of significant correlation is lower than for cortical cells, and the anatomical extent of the correlation seems to be narrower. The similarity and differences between cortical and spinal cells in terms of response and firing properties suggests that, while both type of cells are active in parallel throughout the behavioral phases of the motor task, each may operate in a different mode of information processing.
Leading positive change in small businesses: a collaborative approach

For small companies to successfully grow, the entrepreneur-owner typically needs to change management style to encourage leadership by others. A collaboration of Minnesota universities and colleges has developed a process to assist such companies. This paper discusses small company needs, the Manufacturing Improvement Process (MIP), and results to date.
Defining and Measuring Financial Reporting Precision

The precision term has been used often in accounting literature, perhaps because of increased scrutiny of accounting quality, but it has not been defined formally or consistently. Relying on a variety of accounting literature, as well as measurement theory and research in other disciplines, this study develops a thorough definition for precision in accounting and financial reporting, considering both theoretic and measurement perspectives. Precision is normatively defined in this context as being comprised of both reliability (largely utilizing definitions developed by Richardson, et. al. (2005), and pertaining to variance in multiple measurements) and accuracy (pertaining to absolute error levels). While the reliability term has a long history in the field of accounting, and it has been researched extensively, the recent elimination of reliability from the FASB conceptual framework necessitates consideration of how reliability might combine with other meaningful characteristics of accounting information. The normative definitions and measurement techniques developed herein have appeal for both research and professional practice, and are generally supported by the survey results reported.
Making Sense of Sensemaking in the Digital World

In this keynote presentation I discuss some of the exciting phenomena and challenges that are emerging as the digital universe evolves to become a more social medium that supports more complex information-seeking and learning activities. This discussion emerges from attempts to extend previous work on Information Foraging Theory [1] to address these new trends in online information-seeking and sensemaking. Information Foraging Theory is a theory of human-information interaction that aims to explain and predict how people will best shape themselves to their information environments, and how information environments can best be shaped to people. The theory has mainly focused on information seeking by the solitary user, but as the Internet and Web have evolved, so too must the theory, and so I will discuss recent studies of sensemaking and the social production, sharing, and use of information in areas such as wikis, social tagging, social network sites, and social search. The opportunity (and challenges) are enormous for developing a scientific foundation to support online groups and communities that are engaged in creating, organizing, and sharing the knowledge produced through social sensemaking.
Constitutive equations of single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates under cyclic loading

Abstract It is found that the existing dislocation hardening mechanisms can be generally classified into two categories: isotropic and kinematic. This classification leads to the concept of “degree of isotropy” in work hardening. Based on this concept, the cyclic stress-strain relations of single crystals and metals are constructed throughout the entire loading history. The connections between the mechanical behaviour of dislocations and a single crystal, and between those of crystal grains and a polycrystal are explored under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. These explorations show that the Bauschinger effect of a single crystal is caused by the kinematic hardening mechanisms, and that of a polycrystal is caused by both the kinematic mechanisms and the residual stress in the most favorably-oriented slip system. The cyclic hardening and softening behavior of metals are shown to be intimately related to those of its constituent single crystals. The theory developed is applied to describe the cyclic stress-strain relations of a copper crystal, and to predict the cyclic response of a 2024-T351 aluminum alloy; in both cases the agreement with experiments is considered good.
Cardiovascular diseases—a major health risk in Asian Indians

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates have been reported in several parts of the world and have been found to be unusually high in people originating from the Indian subcontinent. High coronary disease rates appear to be common to South Asian groups of different geographic origin, religion, and language. This presents a challenge for understanding the development of coronary heart disease. The high rates in Asian Indians are only partly explained with respect to elevated serum cholesterol, smoking, or hypertension. Low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high plasma triacylglycerols, and high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been consistently found in Asian Indians suggesting a state of insulin resistance. This review examines published data on the risk factors and prevalence of CVD in Indiana populations. Further studies are needed to determine if metabolic disturbances related to insulin can account for the high rates of CVD in Asian Indians and to identify possibilities for prevention.
Corporate social responsibility and marketing channel coordination

Abstract We analyze a simple linear demand bilateral monopoly situation where one of the firms, either the up-stream manufacturer or the down-stream retailer, is socially concerned in terms of its desire to enhance its end-customers’ welfare in addition to the traditional profit motive. Two cases are explored: the up-stream producer exhibits corporate social responsibility (CSR) in one case and the down-stream retailer in the other. In the two-stage game, the retailer makes their quantity-setting decision in stage-two, given the two-part tariff (wholesale price and fixed franchise fee) set by the stage-one producer. In this setting, among other things, we find that the optimal channel-coordinating tariff is very different from the standard pure profit-maximizing two-part tariff. For example, if either firm in the supply/marketing chain exhibits CSR, we show the optimal wholesale price does not equal the manufacturer’s marginal production cost, nor does the fixed fee equal the monopoly profit earned by the retailer. Finally, we find that our two-part tariff CSR model provides a theoretical rationale for the empirical finding of little to no correlation between CSR and firm profits.
Studies directed towards the isolation and characterization of the paramagnetic cations [Re2X4(LL)2]+ (X = CL or Br; LL = Ph2PCH2PPh2, Ph2AsCH2AsPh2 or Ph2PNHPPh2), and the crystal structure of Re2Cl4(Ph2PNHPPh2)2·(Ch3)2CO

Abstract The synthesis of the triply bonded dirhenium(II) complexes Re2X4(dpam)2 (X = Cl or Br; dpam = Ph2AsCH2AsPh2) has been accomplished through the reactions of Re2(O2CCH3)2X4(H2O)2 with dpam in hot methanol. Solutions of these complexes, and of Re2X4(dppm)2 (X = Cl or Br; dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) and Re2Cl4(dppa)2 (dppa = Ph2PNHPPh2), in n-Bu4NPF 6/CH2Cl2 have been oxidized electrochemically (at ca + 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl) to generate solutions of the paramagnetic, ESR-active monocations. The salts [Re2X4(dppm)2]PF6 have been prepared by the reaction of Re2X4(dppm)2 with [(η5-C5H5)2Fe]PF6 in acetone. Cyclic voltammetric data for solutions of all these complexes in 0.1 M n-Bu4NPF6/CH2Cl2 are reported. The crystal structure of Re2Cl4(dppa)2·(CH3)2CO has been determined and shown to resemble that of Re2Cl4(dppm)2. The crystallographic data are as follows: monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 11.382(2), b = 23.273(5), c 19.212(3) A, β = 92.429(8)°, V = 5084(3) A3 and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R 0.031 (Rw = 0.036) for 4490 data with I > 3.0σ(I). The complex has a ReRe bond distance of 2.2417(5) A, and contains intramolecular dppa ligand bridges. A staggered rotational geometry is characterized by average ClReReCl and PReReP torsional angles of 51.7[2] and 41.8[5]°, respectively.
Intraoperative left ventricular apical ballooning: transient Takotsubo cardiomyopathy during orthotopic liver transplantation.

a c h p t enRANSIENT LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) apical ballooning, also referred to as “takotsubo syndrome,” is a stressnduced, reversible cardiomyopathy. The syndrome is characerized by transient LV apical and midsystolic dysfunction with asal hyperkinesis. The affected heart, when viewed by echoardiography or catheterization, mimics a shape described as a ound-bottomed narrow-necked Japanese fishing pot used to
Indocyanine green angiography in the surgical management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: lessons learned in 130 consecutive cases.

Background Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography is commonly used to map the vascular configuration of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) during resection. Objective To determine whether ICG improves rates of resection and clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective chart review was done for all patients undergoing resection of an AVM by the senior author (R.F.S.) between 2007 and 2011. Operative reports, hospital records, and radiographic imaging were used to determine the use of ICG, the incidence of residual disease, and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 130 cases (56 ICG, 74 non-ICG) were identified. Average AVM grade (2.2 vs 2.4) and size (2.7 vs 2.7 cm) were similar between the ICG and non-ICG groups, respectively. ICG was more often used when the AVM nidus was close to the cortical surface (71.4% vs 17.6%; P = .001) or lobar (82.1% vs 54.1%; P = .008). Eighteen patients (13.8%) were noted to have residual disease. Reoperation rates and change in modified Rankin Scale score were not different between the 2 groups (12.5% vs 14.9%, P = .8; 0.6 vs 0.4, P = .17). There were no ICG-attributable complications. Conclusion ICG videoangiography is a quick and safe method of intraoperatively mapping the angioarchitecture of superficial AVMs, but it is less helpful for deep-seated lesions. This modality alone does not improve the identification of residual disease or clinical outcomes. Surgeon experience with extensive study of preoperative vascular imaging is paramount to achieving acceptable clinical outcomes. Formal angiography remains the gold standard for the evaluation of AVM obliteration.
Particulate carbonic anhydrase in homogenates of human kidney

Abstract About 2% of human kidney carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) has been found in particulate fractions. Its distribution in the particulate fractions obtained by differential centrifugation suggests that it may be concentrated in the brush border. The particulate enzyme is like red cell carbonic anhydrace C in its susceptibility to inhibition by anions. Particulate carbonic anhydrase is firmly bound to the membrane and is not released by incubation at pH 10.6 and 37°C or by addition of Triton X-100 or deoxycholate. In 10% Triton X-100 at pH 11.3 and 37°C, the particulate enzyme is inactivated with a half time of about 20 min, and this is at least an order of magnitude slower than the inactivation of soluble enzymes in the presence or absence of membranes. The soluble enzymes are inactivated within a few minutes at 25°C in 3–4% sodium dodecyl sulfate, but the particulate enzyme is relatively stable under those conditions, and its half-time of inactivation at 14°C with a detergent-protein ratio of 25 was about 24 h. Gel filtration with Ultragel AcA-44 in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that the membrane carbonic anhydrase has a molecular weight of less than 66 000, so its stability is not due to association with large membrane fragments or vesicles. These results suggest that the membrane enzyme may be a different isozyme than the soluble carbonic anhydrases. Although present in relatively small amounts, its localization on the membrane could give it functional significance.
Kinetics of NCO + hydrocarbon reactions

Abstract The kinetics of NCO reactions with hydrocarbon molecules were investigated using time-resolved infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy. NCO was probed at 1905.6 cm −1 , and HNCO reaction products were probed at 2280.1 cm −1 . Rate constants at 296 K were measured to be −14 , (7.04 ± 1.20) × 10 −14 , (2.29 ± 0.13) × 10 −13 , (6.13 ± 0.32) × 10 −13 , (8.78 ± 0.42) × 10 −13 , (7.47 ± 0.8) × 10 −14 , and (2.85 ± 0.22) × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , for CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , n -C 4 H 10 , n -C 5 H 12 , C 2 H 2 , and C 2 H 4 , respectively. Hydrogen abstraction to form HNCO was observed to be a major product channel for reactions with alkanes and for C 2 H 2 . For C 2 H 2 , HNCO is formed in negligible yield, indicating that addition—elimination is the primary mechanism active.
DEVELOPING A GERIATRIC CURRICULUM FOR HOME HEALTH AIDES: PROVIDING CARE TO ALZHEIMER PATIENTS

This paper describes a unique home health aide program developed by the Visiting Nurse Association of Cleveland. The intent of the program was to promote retention of home health aides, increase home health aide self‐esteem, improve the quality of care to patients, and increase support to caregivers. The history of service provided by the home health aides program and the educational implications of a home health aide program for older persons are described. These educational implications include the nature of the curriculum, the nature of the home health aide as learner, and the nature of instruction for home health aides caring for the older population.
Determination of molecular chemisorption geometries using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy: alkyl halides on Pt(111)

Abstract Reflection-absorption infrared spectra (RAIRS) have been obtained for methyl chloride, methyl iodide, ethyl bromide and ethyl iodide chemisorbed on Pt(111) at 100 K as a function of initial exposures. Coverages as low as 5% of a monolayer were detected, in spite of the inherent infrared absorption low cross sections for hydrocarbon molecules. Adsorption geometries, determined by using the surface selection rule obeyed by RAIRS, indicate that a sudden molecular rearrangement occurs in all cases around half saturation: at low coverages the molecules tend to chemisorb with the molecular axis close to parallel to the surface, but after exposures above 3 L they rearrange collectively to stand in a perpendicular geometry.
THE IMPACT REGISTRY (IMPROVING PEDIATRIC AND ADULT CONGENITAL TREATMENT): UPDATE AND TRENDS

IMPACT is a voluntary NCDR registry gathering information on all cardiac catheterization procedures in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease patients as well as detailed data on 6 specific interventions. This report summarizes the data and trends that we have seen from Jan 2011 through June
The scavenging of silver by manganese and iron oxides in stream sediments collected from two drainage areas of Colorado

Abstract Stream sediments of two well-weathered and aerated drainage areas of Colorado containing anomalous amounts of silver were allowed to react by shaking with nitric acid of different concentrations (1–10M). Silver, manganese, and iron simultaneously dissolved were determined by atomic absorption. The relationship between silver dissolution and the dissolution of manganese and/or iron was evaluated by linear and multiple regression analyses. The highly significant correlation coefficient ( r = 0.913) between silver and manganese dissolution suggests that manganese oxides are the major control on the scavenging of silver in these stream sediments, whereas iron oxides only play a secondary role in this regard.
Telomere-related components are coordinately synthesized during human T-lymphocyte activation.

Abstract Since telomerase activity is present in most malignant cells, but absent in most normal cells, its induction in normal cells warrants scrutiny. Therefore we have analyzed the inducibility of telomere-related components in normal lymphocytes during their activation. Telomerase activity increased over 400-fold, telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA 52×, telomerase RNA 32×, TTAGGG repeat binding factor l mRNA 19×, TTAGGG repeat binding factor 2 mRNA 20×, and telomerase-associated protein mRNA 17×. The peak value for each was reached at about 72 h. However hTERT rose fastest and synchronously with telomerase activity. Thus in normal human lymphocytes (1) the syntheses of all cloned telomerase-related components are coordinately regulated and (2) hTERT may have a priming role.
Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide nephrotoxicity: temporal aspects of BSO administration and BSO effects on renal transport systems.

The agricultural fungicide, N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) induces acute polyuric renal failure which is attenuated by pretreatment with the glutathione depletors, diethyl maleate or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). In the present study, the temporal aspects of BSO attenuation of NDPS nephrotoxicity were investigated. In addition, the ability of BSO to alter the renal accumulation of selected organic ions was examined as a possible mechanism for BSO's ability to attenuate NDPS nephrotoxicity. In the first set of experiments, NDPS (0.2 or 0.4 mmol/kg) or vehicle (sesame oil, 2.5 ml/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to groups of male Fischer 344 rats (4-8 rats/group) 0.25 or 2 h prior to BSO (890 mg/kg, i.p.) and renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. NDPS (0.4 mmol/kg) nephrotoxicity was markedly attenuated by administration of BSO at 0.25 h post-NDPS, but was not substantially altered by injection of BSO at 2 h post-NDPS. NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg)-induced renal effects were not potentiated by BSO injected at 0.25 h post-NDPS, and only 1 of 8 rats exhibited marked nephrotoxicity when BSO was administered at 2 h post-NDPS. In the second set of experiments, rats (4/group) were administered BSO (890 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% saline, 10 ml/kg) and kidneys harvested at 2 or 5 h post-treatment. The ability of renal cortical slices to accumulate organic ions (p-aminohippurate [PAH], alpha-aminoisobutryic acid [AIB] or tetraethylammonium [TEA]) during a 90 min incubation was studied. Only TEA accumulation by renal cortical slices prepared from the 2 h post-treatment group was reduced. Studies were also conducted to examine the in vitro effects of BSO (10(-7)-10(-4) M) on the accumulation of PAH, AIB and TEA by renal cortical slices following 5, 15 or 90 min co-incubations of BSO and an organic ion BSO had no significant effects on the accumulation of any organic ion studied at any time point. These results indicate that BSO can still attenuate NDPS nephrotoxicity when administered at 0.25 h post-NDPS, but BSO loses effectiveness when given 2 h post-NDPS. These results also suggest that BSO is attenuating NDPS nephrotoxicity via glutathione depletion rather than altering renal accumulation of NDPS metabolites via renal PAH, TEA or AIB transporters.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 206

Abstract This evaluation presents data for all nuclei with mass number A = 206, which includes level schemes deduced from radioactive decay and nuclear reaction studies.
Adsorption studies on polystyrene

Abstract The interaction of nitrogen and argon with samples of highly dispersed polystyrene in the temperature range 65–75°K was investigated. Hysteresis was encountered when desorption was attempted. The hysteresis is attributed to penetration of gas molecules into the polymer structure. Reversible isotherms, suitable for thermodynamic analysis, were obtained after the polymer was equilibrated with argon for 1 week at 75–77°K. Clustering functions were calculated from the experimental isotherms. Surface area determinations, thermodynamic analysis, and the clustering functions all indicate that the adsorbent is very heterogeneous energetically.
Electrodynamical Light Trapping Using Whispering-Gallery Resonances in Hyperbolic Cavities

Optical cavities are used to amplify light-matter interactions that are essential to many quantum technologies, but the ideal characteristics of a high quality factor and a low mode volume are difficult to achieve simultaneously. Now, a theoretical study shows that subwavelength spherical cavities composed of multiple concentric metal-dielectric bilayers can meet this challenge.
Linear relationships between root‐zone soil moisture and atmospheric processes in the planetary boundary layer

[1] Soil moisture modulates the exchange of mass and energy between the atmosphere and the land surface. This study focuses on the relationship between soil moisture and atmospheric processes at and near the Norman Mesonet site using both automated and field samples of hydrologic and atmospheric parameters. During 1999, measurements were made during an intensive observing period (IOP) that spanned the dates of 1 June to 12 August. Analysis of the observations revealed 13 days were characterized by strong radiative forcing and weak shear in the lower troposphere (defined as ideal or golden days). Though the total number of ideal study days was somewhat limited, observations were collected over a wide range of atmospheric and soil moisture conditions. The results of this study demonstrate that soil water content in the root-zone at the Norman Mesonet site during the summer of 1999 was linearly correlated with daily-maximum values of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux on ideal days. Furthermore, the relationship between the mean evaporative fraction calculated during daylight hours and soil water in the root-zone was strong and linear. However, the relationship between soil water in the surface layer and the mean evaporative fraction was weak and nonlinear. Significant linear relationships were also found to exist between soil water in the root-zone and atmospheric parameters in the planetary boundary layer including the daily maximum air temperature at 1.5 m, mean potential temperature in the 925-850 mbar layer, mixing ratio at 1.5 m, and mean mixing ratio in the 925-850 mbar layer.
Experimental and modeling study on the oxidation of Jet A and the n-dodecane/iso-octane/n-propylbenzene/1,3,5-trimethylbenzene surrogate fuel

Abstract Jet A POSF 4658 and n-dodecane/iso-octane/n-propylbenzene/1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (2nd generation surrogate) oxidation experiments were conducted in a shock tube at high pressures and at fuel lean and rich conditions to verify if the formulated surrogate fuel emulates the combustion characteristics of the jet fuel. A model was developed for the 2nd generation surrogate using an existing 1st generation surrogate model (consisting of n-decane/iso-octane/toluene) as the base model and sub-models for n-propylbenzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene were included from the literature. The experimental work on both the Jet A and 2nd generation surrogate was performed in a heated high-pressure single pulse shock tube at equivalence ratios of 0.46, 1.86 and 0.47, 1.85, respectively. Experimental data were obtained over the temperature range of 879–1733 K, a pressure range of 16–27 atm, and reaction times from 1.34 to 3.36 ms. The mole fractions of the stable species were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Comparing the Jet A and the 2nd generation surrogate experiments showed that the surrogate fuel emulates the decay of O2, and the formation of CO, CO2, and C1–C3 intermediate species within experimental errors. The modeling results of the 2nd generation surrogate model compared against the experimental data showed good agreement with the mole fractions of CO, CO2, C1–C3 intermediate species and the decay of the surrogate fuel and oxygen. Comparison of the modeling results for O2 decay to the 2nd generation surrogate experiments and pure 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene oxidation experiments revealed that the surrogate fuel model is capable of predicting O2 decay with a greater degree of accuracy in the 2nd generation surrogate experiments than in that of pure 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene experiments. This suggests that the radical pool formed due to the non-aromatics species during the consumption of 2nd generation surrogate fuel components prior to the formation of CO and CO2 could contribute to the initial decay of O2 at lower temperatures and thereby results in better prediction by the model, which includes both non-aromatics and aromatics chemistry, of O2 decay and formation of CO and CO2. Flow reactor simulations of the 2nd generation surrogate fuel experiments showed the surrogate model captures the overall trends of the decay of O2 and the formation of CO, CO2, and H2O. Additionally, simulated shock tube ignition delay times above 750 K were within a factor of two when compared to experimental ignition delay times.
An Unpublished Whitman Manuscript on Emerson

Reprints a newly found unpublished Whitman manuscript note about Emerson, registering Whitman's "sense of a decline in Emerson's powers as he ages."
Acceleration of galvanic lead solder corrosion due to phosphate

Abstract Although orthophosphate is often effective in reducing lead corrosion, bench-scale tests revealed cases in which even high doses of orthophosphate (1–3 mg/L P) in potable water increased lead and tin release from simulated soldered copper joints. Phosphate increased the galvanic current between tin and copper plumbing materials, especially in water with less than 10 mg/L SO 4 2 - and when the percentage of the anodic current carried by SO 4 2 - ion was less than 30%. Tin release was increased more than lead release from 50:50 Pb–Sn solder in these circumstances.
Helicity injection with moving vacuum–plasma boundary with arbitrary flux surfaces

If a toroidal plasma has arbitrary nested magnetic flux surfaces and a moving plasma–vacuum interface, then any helicity injected by modulating the magnetic fields is simply consumed by an increase in helicity dissipation due to the modulated fields.
A Phase II study of docetaxel and carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with early T status and advanced N status

BACKGROUND Promising results from a Phase II trial of induction chemotherapy and sequential radiotherapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) and two retrospective reviews of the authors' historical experience with NPC demonstrated that distant failure was directly correlated with advanced lymph node status. Furthermore, local control was excellent for patients with T1–3 disease that was managed with radiation alone or with a sequential approach involving chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (primarily with cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil) was associated with a significantly decreased risk of distant metastasis and with improved survival. Based on these findings, the authors evaluated a novel induction regimen involving docetaxel and carboplatin for patients with previously untreated T1–2N2–3M0 NPC. METHODS Docetaxel (80 mg/m2 on Day 1) and carboplatin (to an area under the time-concentration curve of 6 on Day 1) were administered every 21 days for 3 cycles, after which radiotherapy was administered. NPC was restaged with magnetic resonance imaging and nasopharyngoscopy 3 weeks after the completion of chemotherapy and 6 weeks after the completion of radiotherapy. RESULTS Over 5 years, 18 patients were enrolled in the study. Grade 4 neutropenia and Grade 2 fatigue were observed in 51% and 28% of chemotherapy courses, respectively. After chemotherapy, 2 patients had complete responses, 14 had partial responses, 1 had a minor response, and 1 had progressive disease. The latter two patients and one patient who had a partial response underwent off-study chemoradiotherapy. After radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, 12 patients had complete responses and 6 had partial responses. Seven patients had recurrent disease; two had local recurrences, and five had distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS Although unlikely to be superior to cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil, the trial regimen could be administered quickly in the outpatient setting, was logistically more convenient for the patient, and was devoid of serious nonhematologic toxic effects. We believe that the risk-based approach examined in the current study merits further investigation. Cancer 2004;100:991–8. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Vascular effects of dietary l-arginine supplementation

The vascular endothelium is acknowledged to play an important role in vascular physiology. Attention has focused on endothelial production of nitric oxide as a key element in many of the processes associated with the development of atherosclerosis. L-arginine is the substrate for the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which is responsible for the endothelial production of nitric oxide. Therefore, many investigators have been interested in whether dietary L-arginine supplementation can augment nitric oxide production and thereby improve vascular health. The effects of oral L-arginine on vascular health and disease have been examined both in human beings and in various animal models. In this review, we summarize the results of studies of oral L-arginine supplementation on atherosclerotic lesion formation, as well as markers of endothelial function (e.g. macrophage function, platelet aggregation and adhesion, and in vitro vascular ring studies). Although results of oral L-arginine supplementation in hypercholesterolemic animals have generally shown beneficial effects, the data in humans are varied, possibly because of small sample sizes and brief periods of study. Long-term randomized clinical trials are needed to more definitively address whether oral L-arginine supplementation could be advantageous for vascular health.
Inverse Analysis of Thermal States From Transient Histories With Nonlinear Thermophysical Properties

When thermal-shock is an issue, the underlying thermal states are often difficult to determine because the boundary conditions must be known. The solution is to use an inverse approach where the boundary conditions are determined from remote data. Unfortunately, the inverse path is inherently ill-posed and therefore sensitive to errors. Moreover, many inverse models are limited to only constant thermophysical properties. Fortunately, generalized solutions based on measured temperature histories can be used to determine the underlying thermal excitation via a least-squares determination of coefficients, even with temperature dependent properties. With this in mind, two situations were studied, namely were the thermal conductivity/diffusivity had either a increasing or decreasing temperature dependence that could be described by a cubic polynomial. In each case, temperatures were determined at a remote location from a finite element simulation with the inverse prediction showing excellent agreement with the prescribed surface temperature. The derived solutions appear to be well suited for many thermal scenarios provided the analysis is restricted to the time interval used to determine the polynomial.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Room temperature Dy:YLF laser operation at 4.34 mu m

A Dy:YLF laser operating on the /sup 6/H/sub 11/2/ to /sup 6/H/sub 13/2/ transition at 4.34 mu m and using a laser pumping scheme is reported. This pumping scheme is necessitated by the short upper-laser-level lifetime and the small effective stimulated-emission cross section. A suitable laser for this application is the Er:YLF laser operating at 1.73 mu m. A simple model that approximates Dy:YLF laser performance well is presented. Results on laser performance, including a determination of the slope efficiency and threshold as a function of the output mirror reflectivity and a correlation of the pulse length with the laser output energy, are reported. Overall laser efficiency is found to be limited primarily by the ratio of the pump wavelength to laser output wavelength and the terminated four-level laser operation. >
Family resemblance for patterns of growth in early childhood

Parameters of the Jenss curve representing linear and non-linear components of growth in early childhood were fitted to longitudinal recumbent length and weight measurements from participants in the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. Nuclear family correlations were estimated for each of four Jenss parameters (a linear intercept and slope and a non-linear intercept and degree of curve) for length and for weight. The TAU path model was fit to the correlations, in order to estimate path coefficients representing transmissibility from parent to child (t2 ) and non-transmissible sibling resemblance (s). Likelihood ratio χ2 tests suggest that significant family resemblance exists for each Jenss parameter for both variables. Transmissibility is the major component in family resemblance for the linear and non-linear intercepts for length, whereas non-transmissible sibling environmental effects are dominant for three of the four weight parameters. The source of the family resemblance for the remaining parameters could not be pinpointed. The linear slope and degree of curve for weight are more similar for same sex siblings than for opposite sex pairs, suggesting that the degree of shared sibling environment affecting the shape of the growth curve for weight may be greater for same sex pairs.