cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast endocytosis is inhibited by GABA-mediated chloride influx at a presynaptic terminal.

Abstract Although multiple kinetic components of synaptic vesicle endocytosis have been identified, it has remained unclear whether neurons can differentially modulate these components. Using membrane capacitance measurements from isolated goldfish bipolar cell terminals, we found that the kinetics of endocytosis in retinal slices (single exponential decay; τ > 10 s) were significantly slower than those in acutely dissociated terminals (double exponential decay; τ fast ≅ 1–2 s; τ slow > 10 s). Surprisingly, GABA A and/or GABA C receptor antagonists restored the fast component of endocytosis to terminals in retinal slices. Blocking GABAergic feedback from reciprocal synapses or removing external Cl − ions also allowed for fast endocytosis. Elevating internal Cl − via the patch pipette invariably slowed endocytosis, even in terminals dialyzed with increased Ca 2+ buffer. These results suggest a new role for GABA and Cl − ions in blocking the trigger for fast endocytosis at this ribbon-type synapse.
Do Fraternities and Sororities Enhance Socially Responsible Leadership

AbstractThis study explored the effects of fraternity and sorority membership on first-year college students’ development of socially responsible leadership at 24 colleges and universities. The institutions varied in terms of public versus private, size, region, and student residential patterns. Results showed that fraternity members demonstrated significantly higher scores on two components of leadership than unaffiliated men. Sorority members also demonstrated significantly higher scores on two dimensions of leadership compared to unaffiliated women. Implications for practice are discussed.
Multistatic optical imaging system

Conventional underwater laser imaging systems are configured such that the laser illuminator and the optical receiver co-exist on the same platform. The main challenge for optical imaging in turbid water is the collection of light that is scattered multiple times on its path to and from the scene of interest. Sophisticated techniques using pulsed or modulated lasers and gated, high speed photo receivers have been developed to reject scattered light and enhance image quality. Although advancements in laser and receiver hardware have made it possible to reduce the size, weight and power of these laser imaging systems, it is still a significant challenge to make these systems compatible with small, autonomous platforms that are desirable for undersea surveillance. Researchers at NAVAIR have developed a multistatic laser imaging approach where the transmitter(s) and receiver(s) are located on separate, smaller platforms. Each laser illuminator is temporally encoded with information that is used by the receiver(s) to construct an image. Recently, this multistatic configuration was modified so that both 2D (amplitude) and 3D (amplitude and range) underwater imagery was collected. This new system design enables the system to identify low contrast objects that contain distinct range relief features. Results from recent laboratory water tank experiments will be presented to evaluate the performance of this new 3D, multistatic laser imaging system in different water environments.
Tritylsulfinylamine: a new member in the family of sulfinylamines

Abstract Triphenylmethyl N-sulfinylamine (trityl-NSO) was prepared from the reaction of tritylamine and SOCl2. Trityl-NSO was characterized by 1H, 13C, and 14N NMR spectroscopy in CH2Cl2 solution and by Raman and infrared spectroscopy in the solid state. Crystals of trityl-NSO were grown from n-heptane and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction ( P 1 , a=8.9642(9) A, b=9.2135(9) A, c=11.0645(11) A, α=93.578(2)°, β=101.098(2)°, γ=118.142°, Z=2, and Rint=0.0332 at 223 K). Trityl-NSO represents the first alkyl N-sulfinylamine that has been fully structurally characterized.
Bone scanning in carcinomas of the colon and rectum

Bone scanning has been shown to have a higher rate of accuracy in diagnosing osseous metastatic lesions from carcinomas of the lung and breast. In the present report, we have demonstrated this to be true for osseous metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum. We found that a high percentage (75%) of patients who have pelvic or back pain have positive 99mTc bone scans for metastases in spite of the negative radiographs. The previously reported incidence of 5-6% of osseous involvement from these tumors is probably lower than the actual incidence, as these studies were reported without the benefit of bone scanning.
Thermal equation of state of magnesiowüstite (Mg0.6Fe0.4)O

Abstract Volume measurements for magnesiowustite (Mg 0.6 Fe 0.4 )O, were carried out up to pressures of 10.1 GPa in the temperature range 300–1273 K, using energy-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These data allow reliable determination of the temperature dependence of the bulk modulus and good constraint on the thermal expansitivity at ambient pressure which was previously not known for magnesiowustite. From these data, thermal and elastic parameters were derived from various approaches based on the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (EOS) and on the relevant thermodynamic relations. The results from three different equations of state are remarkably consistent. With (∂ K T /∂ P ) T fixed at 4, we obtained K 0 =158(2) GPa, ( ∂K T / ∂T ) P =−0.029(3) GPa K −1 , ( ∂K T / ∂T ) V =−3.9(±2.3)×10 −3 GPa K −1 , and α T =3.45(18)×10 −5 +1.14(28)×10 −8 T . The K 0 , (∂ K T /∂ T ) P , and (∂ K T /∂ T ) V values are in agreement with those of Fei et al. (1992) and are similar to previously determined values for MgO. The zero pressure thermal expansitivity of (Mg 0.6 Fe 0.4 )O is found to be similar to that for MgO ( Suzuki, 1975 ). These results indicate that, for the compositional range x =0–0.4 in (Mg 1− x Fe x )O, the thermal and elastic properties of magnesiowustite exhibit a dependence on the iron content that is negligibly small, within uncertainties of the experiments. They are consequently insensitive to the Fe–Mg partitioning between (Mg, Fe)SiO 3 perovskite and magnesiowustite when applied to compositional models of the lower mantle. With the assumption that (Mg 0.6 Fe 0.4 )O is a Debye-like solid, a modified equation of heat capacity at constant pressure is proposed and thermodynamic properties of geophysically importance are calculated and tabulated at high temperatures.
Compositional evidence regarding the influx of interplanetary materials onto the lunar surface

Siderophilic element/Ir ratios are higher in mature lunar soils from highlands sites than in those from mare sites. It is suggested that the population of materials responsible for the early intense bombardment of the moon had high ratios and that the population responsible for the essentially constant flux has low ratios. Arguments are summarized against the viewpoint that the siderophiles in most highlands breccias originated in basin-forming projectiles. Differences in mature soil siderophile concentrations at the Apollo 14 and 16 sites indicate a substantially greater concentration at the latter site immediately following the Imbrium event. Siderophile concentrations are used to estimate mean regolith depths at the landing sites. The long-lived flux is calculated to be 2.9 g per cm per aeon averaged over the past 3.7 aeons. Consideration of the relationship between mass fluence and time indicates that the mass flux decreased with a half-life of about 40 million years immediately following the Imbrium event.
Power Measurement and Concurrency Throttling for Energy Reduction in OpenMP Programs

Understanding on-node application power and performance characteristics is critical to the push toward exascale computing. In this paper, we present an analysis of factors that impact both performance and energy usage of OpenMP applications. Using hardware performance counters in the Intel Sandy bridge X86-64 architecture, we measure energy usage and power draw for a variety of OpenMP programs: simple micro-benchmarks, a task parallel benchmark suite, and a hydrodynamics mini-app of a few thousand lines. The evaluation reveals substantial variations in energy usage depending on the algorithm, the compiler, the optimization level, the number of threads, and even the temperature of the chip. Variations of 20% were common and in the extreme were over 2X. In most cases, performance increases and energy usage decreases as more threads are used. However, for programs with sub-linear speedup, minimal energy usage often occurs at a lower thread count than peak performance. Our findings informed the design and implementation of an adaptive run time system that automatically throttles concurrency using data measured on-line from hardware performance counters. Without source code changes or user intervention, the thread scheduler accurately decides when energy can be conserved by limiting the number of active threads. For the target programs, dynamic runtime throttling consistently reduces power and overall energy usage by up to 3%.
Erythrocyte haemolysate interacts with ATP-Fe to form a complex containing iron, ATP and 13 800 MW polypeptide.

Summary Iron first entering the reticulocyte is bound to ATP in the low MW cytosolic pool; some is also ‘loosely bound’ to haemoglobin, coeluting with haemoglobin from a molecular sieve column though not incorporated into haem. When haemolysate is mixed with ATP-Fe in vitro a similar high MW iron-containing complex is formed: the ATP-Fe interacts with a non-haemoglobin constituent of the haemolysate to form a high MW ATP-Fe complex in which the ratio of ATP:Fe (originally 6:1) is reversed, so that the complex contains more iron than ATP. The high MW ATP-Fe complex is formed even when ATP is in 150-fold molar excess and is formed without detectable hydrolysis of the ATP. The activity of haemolysate in forming the high MW ATP-Fe complex is not diminished by dialysis; all of the activity is recovered in the haemoglobin-containing fraction obtained from an Ultrogel AcA 44 column. The activity does not derive from haemoglobin since 85% of the activity is removed when haemoglobin is purified from haemolysate with DEAE-Sephadex. The chelatable iron pool of the cell probably includes both the high MW ATP-Fe complex and low MW ATP-Fe. Shunting of ATP-Fe to a high MW aggregate reduces the amount of iron present in the highly reactive low MW form and thus probably serves to limit the formation of cell damaging radicals.
Dynamic admission and service rate control of a queue

This paper investigates a queueing system in which the controller can perform admission and service rate control. In particular, we examine a single-server queueing system with Poisson arrivals and exponentially distributed services with adjustable rates. At each decision epoch the controller may adjust the service rate. Also, the controller can reject incoming customers as they arrive. The objective is to minimize long-run average costs which include: a holding cost, which is a non-decreasing function of the number of jobs in the system; a service rate cost c(x), representing the cost per unit time for servicing jobs at rate x; and a rejection cost ? for rejecting a single job. From basic principles, we derive a simple, efficient algorithm for computing the optimal policy. Our algorithm also provides an easily computable bound on the optimality gap at every step. Finally, we demonstrate that, in the class of stationary policies, deterministic stationary policies are optimal for this problem.
Role of C825T polymorphism of GNbeta3 gene in preeclampsia.

Objective: The main objective of the study was to understand the role of C825T polymorphism that generates a splice variant in the β3 subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein in preeclampsia. Results: We analyzed genomic DNA of 151 women with preeclampsia (72 Caucasians and 79 African-Americans) and 198 women with normal delivery (102 Caucasians and 96 African-Americans) for C825T polymorphism of GNβ3 gene. The T-allele frequency in Caucasian women with preeclampsia was 0.42 as compared to 0.25 in normal pregnant women (p = 0.0004) and in African-American women with preeclampsia was 0.82 as compared to 0.68 in normal pregnant women (p = 0.0028). Conclusions: Results of these experiments show that the allele frequency of C825T polymorphism is significantly different in women with preeclampsia compared with women with normal delivery in Caucasian as well as African-American population.
Dynesys fixation for lumbar spine degeneration

The dynamic fixation system Dynesys is utilized in the last 10 years for treatment of degenerative segmental disease of the lumbar spine. Dynesys is a semi-rigid fixation system that allows minimal lengthening and shortening between two segmental pedicle screws as opposed to a rigid metal bar. Thus, the system is regarded to maintain stability and near physiological motion patterns of the lumbar spine. The theoretical advantage of this system is to stabilize the treated segment and to prevent adjacent segment degeneration. The goal of this prospective trial was to evaluate clinical, radiographic, and computed tomography (CT) scan outcomes in 54 consecutive cases. Postoperative complications are discussed in detail. Forty cases were recruited with a mean follow-up of 16 months (range, 12 to 37). Postoperative pain scores (Hannover Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire and VAS for back and leg pain) improved in 29 cases (73%) and was best when dynamic fusion was combined with nerve root decompression. Outcome data were not superior to conventional rigid fusion systems and had a considerable number of complications requiring revision surgery in 27.5% of cases.
Is human cognition adaptive

Can the output of human cognition be predicted from the assumption that it is an optimal response to the information-processing demands of the environment? A methodology called rational analysis is described for deriving predictions about cognitive phenomena using optimization assumptions. The predictions flow from the statistical structure of the environment and not the assumed structure of the mind. Bayesian inference is used, assuming that people start with a weak prior model of the world which they integrate with experience to develop stronger models of specific aspects of the world. Cognitive performance maximizes the difference between the expected gain and cost of mental effort. (1) Memory performance can be predicted on the assumption that retrieval seeks a maximal trade-off between the probability of finding the relevant memories and the effort required to do so; in (2) categorization performance there is a similar trade-off between accuracy in predicting object features and the cost of hypothesis formation; in (3) casual inference the trade-off is between accuracy in predicting future events and the cost of hypothesis formation; and in (4) problem solving it is between the probability of achieving goals and the cost of both external and mental problem-solving search. The implemention of these rational prescriptions in neurally plausible architecture is also discussed.
Growth factor activity in the blood of women in whom preeclampsia develops is elevated from early pregnancy.

Abstract Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder of uncertain cause and pathophysiology that appears to be associated with endothelial cell injury. Our current studies demonstrate that a pregnancy growth factor activity is elevated compared with postpartum values in the blood of women with preeclampsia months before the onset of clinical manifestations of toxemia. A cohort of primigravid women was followed throughout pregnancy and multiple serial plasma samples from six women with preeclampsia and six matched normal women were assayed for mitogenic activity. The data indicated that the ratio of predelivery/postdelivery plasma mitogenic activity was greater in women predestined to meet strict criteria for the diagnosis of preeclampsia compared with matched normal primigravid women. Growth factor activity could distinguish women in whom preeclampsia would develop from their normal peers throughout pregnancy, and as early as the first trimester of gestation (p 6 weeks post partum, when the two groups of patients were clinically indistinguishable, revealed no differences in this index of mitogenic activity. Our results indicate that elevated mitogenic activity ratios of prepartum versus postpartum plasma antedate the clinical recognition of preeclampsia, and return to normal with the resolution of the syndrome.
Effect of nonspherical distorting potentials in a first-order distorted-wave calculation.

The first-order distorted-wave approximation (DWB1) has proved to be one of the most successful approaches for the theoretical calculation of electron-atom scattering. It is now evident that one must perform multistate close-coupling calculations or second-order perturbation calculations to improve significantly upon the DWB1, but these calculations require enormous computational efforts. Consequently, it is of interest to investigate the possibility of improving the standard DWB1. One such possibility that has not been investigated for electron-atom scattering is the use of realistic nonspherical distorting potentials. In this paper, the DWB1 formalism is presented for nonspherical distorting potentials, and the effects of such a potential are investigated for electron-impact excitation of the 2p state of hydrogen.
Fed behavior in periods of price and wage controls

There is a literature which addresses the bureaucratic behavior and incentives of the Federal Reserve System. Some of the papers along these lines include Acheson and Chant (1973), Kane (1980), Levy (1981), Toma (1981), Friedman (1982), Shughart and Tollison (1983), and Allen (1986). This paper brings to bear some additional evidence on the behavior and the incentives of the Fed. In particular, we examine the behavior of the Fed during periods of price and wage controls. The public-interest approach to Fed behavior suggests that the Fed should pursue a monetary policy that is consistent with price and wage controls in order to control inflationary forces. The private-interest approach suggests that price and wage controls make seigniorage operations more profitable for the Fed and make it more difficult for Fed overseers to monitor Fed performance, in both cases leading the Fed to pursue monetary expansion in its own self-interest during a period of price and wage controls. The setting of price and wage controls, therefore, provides a test of public- versus private-interest hypotheses about Fed behavior. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 develops the competing explanations of Federal Reserve behavior. Section 3 presents the estimates of a structural, money-supply reaction function and an ARIMA/transfer function model of Fed behavior, in each case controlling for ceteris paribus conditions and periods of wage and price controls. The results of both models indicate a falsification of the public-interest explanation of Fed policy. Section 4 offers some concluding remarks.
Predicting and explaining sex offenders’ sentences in late imperial China: 1747—?1795

This study, by using the historical crime data in China during the period from 1747 to 1795, examines patterns in punishing and sentencing sex offenders. Both descriptive information and logistic r...
Determining contact thermal resistance for unsteady heat transfer between touching bodies

A procedure for determining the contact heat transfer coefficient from the amount of heat received by a body during the transient state between touching bodies is proposed. The results obtained by way of experimental verification agree with data obtained under steady-state heat transfer conditions.
Multiple-soliton solutions for a (3 + 1)-dimensional generalized KP equation

Abstract The simplified form of the Hirota’s method is used to handle a generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation. Multiple-soliton solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions are formally established. The coefficients of the spatial variables y and z should be of the form aki and bk i n respectively, where a and b are free parameters and n is finite. The obtained solutions are general and contain other existing solutions.
Scan-based implementation of JPEG 2000 extensions

JPEG 2000 Part 2 (Extensions) contains a number of technologies that are of potential interest in remote sensing applications. These include arbitrary wavelet transforms, techniques to limit boundary artifacts in tiles, multiple component transforms, and trellis-coded quantization (TCQ). We are investigating the addition of these features to the low-memory (scan-based) implementation of JPEG 2000 Part 1. A scan-based implementation of TCQ has been realized and tested, with a very small performance loss as compared with the full image (frame-based) version. A proposed amendment to JPEG 2000 Part 2 will effect the syntax changes required to make scan-based TCQ compatible with the standard.
A critical review of industrial market segmentation

Abstract This article reviews approximately 30 articles over the past 20 years that have addressed the topic of industrial market segmentation. The pursuit of a normative model to guide practitioners in segmenting industrial markets has made some progress with three identifiable models. There are a host of problems with the work done in the area both conceptual and methodological.
hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response

Mutations in the BRCA1 (ref. 1) tumour suppressor gene are found in almost all of the families with inherited breast and ovarian cancers and about half of the families with only breast cancer. Although the biochemical function of BRCA1 is not well understood, it is important for DNA damage repair and cell-cycle checkpoint. BRCA1 exists in nuclear foci but is hyperphosphorylated and disperses after DNA damage. It is not known whether BRCA1 phosphorylation and dispersion and its function in DNA damage response are related. In yeast the DNA damage response and the replication-block checkpoint are mediated partly through the Cds1 kinase family. Here we report that the human Cds1 kinase (hCds1/Chk2) regulates BRCA1 function after DNA damage by phosphorylating serine 988 of BRCA1. We show that hCds1 and BRCA1 interact and co-localize within discrete nuclear foci but separate after gamma irradiation. Phosphorylation of BRCA1 at serine 988 is required for the release of BRCA1 from hCds1. This phosphorylation is also important for the ability of BRCA1 to restore survival after DNA damage in the BRCA1-mutated cell line HCC1937.
Wavelet-based image coding using a novel morphological framework

Wavelet image decompositions generate a tree-structured set of coefficients, providing an hierarchical data-structure for representing images. Recent efforts in image compression have focused on new ways for exploiting dependencies within this hierarchy of wavelet coefficients, and these efforts are achieving significant improvements in coding performance over traditional subband coding approaches. This paper presents a statistical framework for understanding the efficiency of these new zerotree wavelet coding algorithms, and describes our own wavelet coding algorithm which optimally couples scalar and zerotree quantization modes. Building from this framework, we describe a radically new approach to image compression (dubbed morphological representation of wavelet data or MRWD) based on the statistical characterization of morphological sets of wavelet coefficients (a morphological set is a set of coefficients related to other coefficients via morphological operators). Preliminary simulation of the new algorithm shows very promising results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The influence of acute or repeated immobilization on plasma prolactin levels in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of immobilization on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in the immature turkey. Acute immobilization for 120 min resulted in elevated PRL levels (P < 0.05) starting 15 min after the onset of immobilization. Release from immobilization caused PRL levels to return to those of the nonimmobilized controls by 120–180 min following replacement of the turkeys in cages. Repeated immobilization for 3 or 5 consecutive days diminished PRL response (P < 0.05) to subsequent immobilization. It is suggested that the PRL controlling mechanism(s) of the young turkey is both susceptible and able to habituate to changes induced by immobilization stress.
A link between relative hypoglycemia-hypoinsulinemia during oral glucose tolerance tests and intrauterine growth retardation

Early identification of the intrauterine growth-retarded fetus is a key factor in improving associated perinatal morbidity and mortality. We investigated, in a prospective study of 43 patients at high risk of intrauterine growth retardation, the predictive value of a derived glucose index and whether hypoglycemia accompanied by hypoinsulinemia in normotensive patients is associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Our findings suggest that the glucose index and 2-hour plasma glucose concentration appear to be useful antepartum predictors of intrauterine growth retardation in normotensive high-risk pregnancies. There is an apparent link between selective maternal hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and being small for gestational age. A "flat" glucose tolerance test should be regarded as an abnormal pattern in normotensive pregnancies as it was associated with a twentyfold increased risk of intrauterine growth retardation in this study.
The Post-World War II Origin and Evolution of Mountain Snowshoes and Mountain Snowshoeing in North America

The origins of mountain snowshoes can be traced back to the 1940s and 1950s, when small, maneuverable wooden frames were developed in the Adirondacks and Green Mountains. Fixed traction devices and forward hinge points originated in the Cascades in the late 1950s, enabling better access to steep terrain. The 1960s brought strong, lightweight aluminum-framed snowshoes from the Sierra Nevada. During this time, neoprene-coated nylon began to replace rawhide lacing and bindings in the Adirondacks, while neoprene-coated nylon decking was first used in the Cascades. Integrated plastic frame/decking snowshoes were a 1960s Rockies weight- and labor-saving innovation. From the Cascades in the early 1970s came hinged pivot bindings, with attached claws, that provided better traction and tracking. Integrated aluminum frame/decking snowshoes came from the Sierra Nevada in the 1980s. Fixed-pivot bindings and rear traction cleats for added maneuverability and stability originated in the Rockies and Sierra Nevada in the late 1980s and early 1990s. More substantial and user-friendly bindings also developed in the Green Mountains during this time. Further refined, integrated plastic frame/decking snowshoes from the Rockies came along in the 1990s. In the last decade, innovations from the Cascades and Rockies included integrated aluminum frame/traction snowshoes that further enhanced stability on steep slopes. Seventy years of research and development across North America has resulted in smaller, lighter, stronger, and more maneuverable mountain snowshoes. These innovations, and aggressive marketing initiated in the late 1980s, have helped snowshoeing become the fastest-growing winter sport in the U.S., with approximately five million participants.
Wondering about Critical Management Studies: A Review of and Commentary on Selected Texts Patty Sotirin

Critical management studies is an increasingly popular specialization in organizational studies. It looks like a promising area of study, especially for scholars in organizational communication. In this essay, the authors explore the issues and tensions of critical management studies. The authors review five recent books, each of which, they argue, makes a particular contribution to the shape and direction of critical management studies, and they comment on the issues these texts raise for further consideration.
The geometrization of Galilei's principle

Galilei's fundamental principle is reformulated in terms of abstract geometry and it is generalized to nonlinear and relativistic systems. As a consequence the notion of a general mechanical system is developed and shown to be a universal frame for particle dynamics.
Comparison of Blood Flow Measurements by Hydrogen Gas Clearance and Laser Doppler Flowmetry in the Rat Duodenum

This report examines the relationship between hydrogen gas clearance and laser Doppler flowmetry measurements in the duodenum of fasted, anesthetized rats under conditions of 1) reduced perfusion due to graded levels of hemorrhagic hypotension or 2) hyperemia due to perfusion with step doses of acid. There was a significant correlation between hydrogen gas clearance and laser Doppler flowmetry measurements (r = 0.73, p < 0.01; n = 32 data points in 16 rats). The change in laser Doppler flowmetry values from the period immediately before to the period during the 3 min of acid perfusion was significantly correlated with the dose of acid used (r = 0.51. p < 0.01; n = 27 rats). The changes in hydrogen gas clearance and laser Doppler flowmetry values from the 30-min period before to the 30-min period after acid perfusion were not correlated with the dose of acid used (r = 0.30 and 0.33, respectively). We conclude that in the rat duodenum 1) the significant linear correlation between hydrogen gas clearance and ...
Genotypic variation in foraging responses to environmental stimuli by honey bees,Apis mellifera

We experimentally tested a model predicting that colony-level genotypic diversity contributes to colonylevel foraging flexibility in honey bees. We established a colony into which we placed individually marked workers from three genetically distinct groups. The colony was placed in an enclosure that contained feeding stations with pollen and sugar syrup. Foraging resources, stores of pollen and the quantity of brood within the colony were varied temporally. Individual foragers switched between resource types in response to changes in relative resource quality and colony need, demonstrating flexibility in resource choice at the individual level. However, genetic groups within the colony varied in their tendency to collect pollen versus nectar, and in lability of response to changes in foraging stimuli. Our data suggest that within-colony genotypic diversity contributes to a resilient foraging response to environmental variation.
Development of a dual-color, double fusion FISH assay to detect RPN1/EVI1 gene fusion associated with inv(3), t(3;3), and ins(3;3) in patients with myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia

Approximately 2-3% of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia harbor a rearrangement of RPN1 (at 3q21) and EVI1 (at 3q26.2) as inv(3)(q21q26.2), t(3;3)(q21;q26.2), or ins(3;3)(q26.2;q21q26.2). The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification has designated AML with inv(3) or t(3;3) and associated RPN1/EVI1 fusion, as a distinct AML subgroup associated with an unfavorable prognosis. We have created a dual color, double fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization (D-FISH) assay to detect fusion of the RPN1 and EVI1 genes. A blinded investigation was performed using 30 normal bone marrow samples and 51 bone marrow samples from 17 patients with inv(3)(q21q26.2), 11 patients with t(3;3)(q21;q26.2), and one patient with ins(3;3)(q26.2;q21q26.2) previously defined by chromosome analysis. The unblinded results indicated abnormal RPN1/EVI1 fusion results in 30 (97%) of 31 samples from the inv(3)(q21q26.2) group including seven bone marrow samples for which chromosome analysis was unsuccessful or failed to detect an inv(3)(q21q26.2). Abnormal FISH results were detected in 14 (88%) of 16 samples with t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) and in the sole sample with an ins(3;3)(q26.2;q21q26.2). All 30 negative controls were normal and were used to establish a normal cutoff of 0.6% for the typical abnormal D-FISH signal pattern. Overall, this D-FISH assay was more accurate than chromosome analysis and based on the normal cutoff of 0.6%, this assay can be used for minimal residual disease detection and disease monitoring in patients with RPN1/EVI1 fusion.
The Cocycle Equation on Commutative Semigroups

Although the general solution of the cocycle functional equation on abelian groups is well-known, the theory concerning solutions of that equation on commutative semigroups is far from complete. Here we introduce a framework which allows us to make a significant advance in the development of this theory.
Modulational stability and solitary wave of the surface polariton: Generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Using a dynamic approach, we prove that the evolution of the nonlinear surface polariton is governed by the generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Self-phase modulation and self-modulational stability via the generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation are investigated. A solitary-wave solution of the generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation is obtained. It is shown that the solitary wave does not satisfy the collision properties and thus is not a soliton. The solitary wave possesses the unique property that its width and height can be independently adjusted. The effect of cross-phase modulation on the stability of interacting nonlinear-wave systems is also treated. The self-phase modulational instability is convective and the cross-phase modulational instability can be either convective or absolute.
Full length article: On performance of greedy algorithms

We show that the Orthogonal Greedy Algorithm (OGA) for dictionaries in a Hilbert space with small coherence M performs almost as well as the best m-term approximation for all signals with sparsity close to the best theoretically possible threshold m=12(M^-^1+1) by proving a Lebesgue-type inequality for arbitrary signals. Additionally, we present a dictionary with coherence M and a 12(M^-^1+1)-sparse signal for which OGA fails to pick up any atoms from the support, showing that the above threshold is sharp. We also show that the Pure Greedy Algorithm (PGA) matches the rate of convergence of the best m-term approximation beyond the saturation limit of m^-^1^2.
Biological Surface Effects of Metallic Nanomaterials for Applications in Assembly and Catalysis

Recent experimental evidence has suggested that bioinspired techniques represent promising avenues toward the production of functional nanomaterials that possess a high degree of activity. These materials are prepared under synthetically simple and efficient conditions, thus making them attractive alternatives to many traditional methods that employ hazardous and harsh conditions. Many biomimetic methods employ peptide and amino acid binding events on the surfaces of nanostructures to generate materials that are stable in solution. The basis of both the stability and activity of these materials is likely to be controlled by the biotic/abiotic interface, which is mediated by the bioligand binding process. Unfortunately, most readily available techniques are unable to be used to study this intrinsic process; however, very recent studies have begun to shed light on this important event. In this feature article, an overview of the understanding of peptide and amino acid binding events to nanomaterials and how...
Optimal information placement in an interactive 3D environment

The correct placement of important artifacts and information in interactive three-dimensional (3D) environments is important to ensure that those key artifacts and information are seen and absorbed by the immersed user. This can include training information, advertisements, clues, interaction points, and other information that needs to be conveyed to or manipulated by the user. We propose a novel algorithm for calculating the optimal positioning of such artifacts and information based on a corpus of prior play testers, which are used to determine distance-weighted and radially focused observation densities on surfaces of interactive 3D environments. We have developed a tool called HIIVVE (Highly Interactive Information Value Visualization and Evaluation) which allows for interactive evaluation as well as offline processing of the information value surfaces. A user study involving information placement using the calculated information value surfaces and observation densities shows that higher valued locations do yield improved user observation by as much as 58.3%.
Evaluating the viability of process replication reliability for exascale systems

As high-end computing machines continue to grow in size, issues such as fault tolerance and reliability limit application scalability. Current techniques to ensure progress across faults, like checkpoint-restart, are increasingly problematic at these scales due to excessive overheads predicted to more than double an application's time to solution. Replicated computing techniques, particularly state machine replication, long used in distributed and mission critical systems, have been suggested as an alternative to checkpoint-restart. In this paper, we evaluate the viability of using state machine replication as the primary fault tolerance mechanism for upcoming exascale systems. We use a combination of modeling, empirical analysis, and simulation to study the costs and benefits of this approach in comparison to checkpoint/restart on a wide range of system parameters. These results, which cover different failure distributions, hardware mean time to failures, and I/O bandwidths, show that state machine replication is a potentially useful technique for meeting the fault tolerance demands of HPC applications on future exascale platforms.
FUZZY ACTIVITY BASED COSTING: A METHODOLOGY FOR HANDLING UNCERTAINTY IN ACTIVITY BASED COSTING SYSTEMS

Abstract Activity based costing (ABC) systems are often developed using estimated input data. A methodology based on fuzzy set theory has been developed to handle estimation imprecision and uncertainty in ABC systems. This methodology creates a new type of ABC system; a fuzzy activity based costing (FABC) system. This paper introduces the concepts behind FABC, discusses the FABC system development process, and presents a FABC system that was developed for a mid-sized pharmaceutical company. Compared to ABC analysis, the developed FABC system provides additional and more valuable decision making information to the company.
Flow control by using high-aspect-ratio, in-plane microactuators

Abstract The successful design, modeling, fabrication, and testing of high-aspect-ratio large deflection in-plane microactuators are presented. The large displacement, in-plane actuators have a unique application in the area of fluid flow control. Unlike previously used electromagnetically actuated microflap in which motion was normal to the substrate, we introduce a novel design that alters the local fluid flow by moving the actuators parallel to the substrate. This new approach of `in-plane motion' allows for a condition free of `form drag'. Furthermore, electrostatic drive allows for lower power consumption (μW). The actuator includes microplates that are 60×200 μm 2 . These microplates, when moved parallel to the substrate surface, induces a `spanwise velocity' into the flow field above them. This induced velocity field, when applied to the near-wall streaks (regions of high shear drag), would increase the transport of high-speed fluid away from the wall, therefore causing reduction in viscous drag. The actuators are made from silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers using a one mask deep reactive-ion-etching (DRIE) process. The microplates are suspended by a high-aspect-ratio cantilever structure (2 μm wide, 6–18 μm thick silicon) to ensure robustness against any disturbances in the out-of-plane direction. We present experimental verification of both the induced Stoke's flow and a local fluid flow created by our in-plane microactuators.
The anthropometric determination of body composition among the Peruvian Cashinahua

The morphology and body composition of the Peruvian Cashinahua, a small unacculturated rain forest population numbering 206, has been analyzed. Measurements involve anthropometry, including skinfolds, and endosteal and periosteal breadths of the second metacarpals, taken from 135 handwrist radiographs. The analysis indicates that the Cashinahua are short and relatively heavy at all ages, and are morphologically similar to other comparable populations. The relatively high skinfolds suggest an adequate caloric intake and, when considered along with other studies, lead to the conclusion that these marginal, unacculturated farming groups are in a satisfactory state of nutritional adaptation. Increased contacts with outsiders may very well upset this balance, however.
The influence of crustal magnetism on the solar wind interaction with Mars: recent observations

Abstract Mars is a unique obstacle to the solar wind flow. It lacks a significant global magnetic field but does possess an extensive exosphere/ionosphere which interacts with the incident solar wind in a manner similar to Venus and comets. However, in contrast to Venus and comets, there are very strong, localized regions of magnetization in the crust of Mars. These crustal magnetic fields contribute to the Martian obstacle locally. As Mars rotates under the Sun, the combination creates an asymmetric and time-varying object. The wealth of data from the Mars Global Surveyor mission has enabled great insights into this interaction. We highlight recent results from the Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer instrument that illuminate aspects of the amount of influence the crustal magnetic fields have on the solar wind interaction with Mars. They include observations of the plasma flow boundaries like the bow shock, the magnetic pileup boundary, and the photoelectron boundary. In addition, we review their influence on features such as magnetic flux ropes, ionospheric scale heights, and magnetic field morphology.
Performance of parallel processors

Abstract The impact of synchronization and communication overhead on the performance of parallel processors is investigated with the aim of establishing upper bounds on the performance of parallel processors under ideal conditions. Bounds are derived under fairly general conditions on the synchronization cost function. These bounds have implications for a variety of parallel architecture and can be used to derive several popular ‘laws’ about processor performance and efficiency.
Radioactive springs in the watershed of a proposed reservoir in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma: Origin and environmental effect

Radioactive (radium-rich) springs discharging in the watershed of a proposed impoundment on Lower Lee Creek in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma, were determined not to represent a significant radiological effect. The impact of these springs on the proposed lake will be negligible, owing to a combination of the following factors: extremely low rate of discharge of the springs even following periods of heavy rainfall, effective dilution of the spring water by the creek into which the springs discharge (dilution factor of about 1:100), and precipitation of radiobarite just below the mouths of the springs. The spring water probably rises to the surface along a fault and fracture system present in the study area. The presence of daughter products belonging to the /sup 238/U as well as the /sup 232/Th decay chains suggests that these nuclides are not a surface manifestation of buried sedimentary uranium deposits, because such deposits do not contain significant concentrations of thorium. The geologic setting of the area precludes the presence of vein-type uranium-thorium deposits. The primary factor responsible for the high radium content of the springs is most likely rock-to-fluid transfer of alpha-decaying nuclei in the /sup 238/U and /sup 232/Th series. In the deep, relatively static rock-fluidmore » system the fluid is a very sensitive indicator of this phenomenon taking place in a reducing environment in the absence of processes capable of removing radium isotopes from solution.« less
Assessing Sitting across Contexts: Development of the Multicontext Sitting Time Questionnaire.

Purpose: To describe the development and preliminary evaluation of the Multicontext Sitting Time Questionnaire (MSTQ). Method: During development of the MSTQ, contexts and domains of sitting behavior were utilized as recall cues to improve the accuracy of sitting assessment. The terms “workday” and “nonworkday” were used to disambiguate occupational and discretionary sitting. An expert panel evaluated content validity. Among 25 participants, test–retest reliability of the MSTQ items was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Convergent validity was assessed versus relative and absolute accelerometer-estimated sedentary time and activity log using Pearson (r) or Spearman (ρ) correlation coefficients where appropriate. Results: Pilot testing revealed Web-based MSTQ administration was rapid, scalable, and inexpensive. Most items in the MSTQ demonstrated acceptable reliability (ICCs>.70). Compared with accelerometer-estimated sedentary time relative to total wear time, the MSTQ exhibited a ...
The Use of Virtual Globes as a Spatial Teaching Tool with Suggestions for Metadata Standards

Abstract Virtual Globe software has become extremely popular both inside and outside of educational settings. This software allows users to explore the Earth in three dimensions while streaming satellite imagery, elevation, and other data from the Internet. Virtual Globes, such as Google Earth, NASA World Wind, and ESRI's ArcGIS Explorer can be effectively used in standards-based, inquiry-driven geography lessons. With some practice, mashups (using data from more than one source to create new data) can be constructed for practically any application or area of interest. Educators who have not already begun to use these tools may wish to investigate them to help their students to think spatially by investigating processes and places on the Earth's surface in a three-dimensional visualization environment.
Revisiting the Total Incarceration Variable Should Researchers Separate Jail From Prison Sentences in Sentencing Research

Recent research has examined the use of the total incarceration variable. The results of these studies have shown that the factors affecting a decision to sentence an offender to jail are different than those influencing a prison sentence. These studies have suggested that disentangling jail and prison sentences will enhance our understanding of how race influences sentence outcomes. Neither of these studies examined the sentence-length portion using the expanded definition of the total incarceration variable. The research presented here examines the validity of using the total incarceration variable and whether the same factors affect the length of a jail sentence as those affecting the length of a prison sentence. The implication for future research is discussed.
Dye-sensitized solar cells: Out with both baby and bathwater

After two decades of research, the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells seems to have reached a plateau. Now, changing both electrolyte and dye opens up new opportunities that offer the hope that the efficiency ceiling can be broken.
Note on the target exchange corrections in Watson’s theory of the optical model potential

The generalization of Watson’s theory of the optical model potential to the case of completely antisymmetrized wave functions of theA+1 particles system given by Rollnik is discussed. The lowest order corrections to the nuclear potential in the Takeda and Watson formulation being of the target exchange type are estimated for several energies of the scattering nucleon.