cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of bevacizumab on radiation necrosis of the brain

Purpose: Because blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from reaching leaky capillaries is a logical strategy for the treatment of radiation necrosis, we reasoned that bevacizumab might be an effective treatment of radiation necrosis. Patients and Methods: Fifteen patients with malignant brain tumors were treated with bevacizumab or bevacizumab combination for their tumor on either a 5 mg/kg/2-week or 7.5 mg/kg/3-week schedule. Radiation necrosis was diagnosed in 8 of these patients on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biopsy. MRI studies were obtained before treatment and at 6-week to 8-week intervals. Results: Of the 8 patients with radiation necrosis, posttreatment MRI performed an average of 8.1 weeks after the start of bevacizumab therapy showed a reduction in all 8 patients in both the MRI fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) abnormalities and T1-weighted post-Gd-contrast abnormalities. The average area change in the T1-weighted post-Gd-contrast abnormalities was 48% (±22 SD), and the average change in the FLAIR images was 60% (±18 SD). The average reduction in daily dexamethasone requirements was 8.6 mg (±3.6). Conclusion: Bevacizumab, alone and in combination with other agents, can reduce radiation necrosis by decreasing capillary leakage and the associated brain edema. Our findings will need to be confirmed in a randomized trial to determine the optimal duration of treatment.
Travel decisions of students at a US university: Segmenting the international market

Travel motivation is an important concept in understanding why and how individuals make travel decisions to preferred destinations. A total of 469 responses obtained from students at a US university were analyzed to determine push and pull motivation factors toward the top 10 overseas destinations and to assess if there were significant differences in the factors across the destinations. Analysis identified seven push and six pull factors and found substantial differences in the factors across the destinations. Marketing plans and implications are suggested for promoting travel products targeting the student market.
Synthetic Adipose Tissue Models for Studying Mammary Gland Development and Breast Tissue Engineering

The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that continually changes its architecture and function. Reciprocal interactions between epithelium and adipocyte-containing stroma exert profound effects on all stages of its development, even though the details of these events are not fully understood. To address this issue, enormous potential exists in the utilization of synthetic adipose tissue model systems to uncover the properties and functions of adipocytes in the mammary gland. The first part of this review focuses on mammary adipose tissue (or adipocyte)-related model systems developed in recent years and their utility in investigating adipose-epithelial interactions, mammary gland morphogenesis, development and tumorigenesis. The second part shifts to the field of adipose-based breast tissue engineering, focusing on how these synthetic adipose tissue models are being constructed in vitro or in vivo for regeneration of the mammary gland, and their potentials in adipose tissue engineering also are discussed.
Different Clonal Origin of B‐Cell Populations of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Large‐Cell Lymphoma in Richter's Syndrome

Richter's syndrome is defined as the morphologic transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLL). To determine the clonal nature of the two malignancies, we microdissected the CLL and DLL cells from a lymph node of Richter's syndrome and analyzed the sequences of the rearranged Ig VH-D-JH genes of the two lymphomas. Using the Ig VH-D-JH sequence as a marker of clonality, we delineated the clonal relationship of the CLL and DLL cells. The microdissected CLL and DLL cells productively rearranged different VH, D, and JH genes, suggesting that these DLL B cells emerge as discrete elements independent of the CLL B-cell population. The productively rearranged Ig V gene sequence of the CLL clone was 100% identical to the VH6 germline gene, but the rearranged Ig VH gene of the DLL clone was somatically point-mutated based on comparison of its sequence with those of reported germline genes. In the DLL clone, the random distribution and nature of the somatic point-mutations suggests a lack of antigen selection; the identity of the somatic point-mutations in multiple independent isolates of the same B-cell clone suggests a lack of intraclonal diversity. Thus, Richter's syndrome DLL B cells are monoclonal and can emerge as discrete elements independent of the preexisting CLL cells; antigen selection and clonal diversification are not necessarily associated with the events leading to this aggressive neoplastic transformation.
Spatial coupling of optically injection-locked multimode VCSELs

The effect of spatial coupling of optical injection locking between a single-mode master laser and a multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is investigated. Its effects on resonance frequency and 3-dB bandwidth enhancement are studied in detail.
Role of epigenetic therapy in myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and cytopenias, remains a lethal disease. Until recently, patients with myelodysplastic syndrome have been managed supportively with blood product transfusions and growth factors, until they succumb to infections, bleeding complications or transformation to acute leukemia. The discovery that epigenetic factors play an important role in cancer, and specifically in myelodysplastic syndrome, has led to the recent approval of several new therapies that will make a significant impact on this disease. Epigenetics refers to a number of biochemical modifications to chromatin that do not alter the primary DNA sequence, but play an important role in genomic regulation at the level of gene transcription. Epigenetic factors can be passed on from a cell to its progeny and can mimic traditional genetic lesions that are implicated in cancer. Unlike genetic abnormalities, however, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone deacetylation, can be manipulated pharmacologically. Recently developed hypomethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown significant biological and clinical activity in myelodysplastic syndrome. These drugs have been well-tolerated by patients and have been shown to alter the course of this disease. In order to use these drugs optimally, however, we need to better understand the role of these epigenetic changes: how they contribute to the disease process, how we can use them to better select patients and how we can use combinations to target them more effectively.
On Amicable Numbers

Let \(\mathcal{A}(x)\) denote the set of integers n ≤ x that belong to an amicable pair. We show that \(\#\mathcal{A}(x) \leq x/e^{\sqrt{\log x}}\) for all sufficiently large x.
The lexeme hypotheses: Their use to generate highly grammatical and completely computerized medical records

Introduction Medical records often contain free text created by harried clinicians. Free text often contains errors which make it an unsuitable target for computerized data extraction. The cost of healthcare can be reduced by creating medical records that are fully computerized at their inception. We examine hypotheses that enable us to construct such records. Methods We regard the text of the medical record as being an ordered collection of meaningful fragments. The intellectual content (or "lexeme") of each text fragment in the record is considered separately from the language that used to express it. We further consider that each lexeme exists as a combination of a lexeme query (defining the issue being addressed) and a lexeme response to that query. The medical record can then be perceived as a stream of these responses. The responses can be expressed in any style or language, including computer code. Examining medical records in this light gives rise to a number of observations and hypotheses. Observations and hypotheses The physical location and nature of the medical episode (which we term "context") determines the general layout of the record. The order that lexeme-queries are addressed in within the record is highly consistent ("coherence"). Issues are only addressed if they are logically called-for by the context or by a previously-selected lexeme response ("predicance"), and only to a needed depth of detail ("level"). We hypothesize that all of the lexeme queries required to write any clinical notes can be stored in a large database ("lexicon") in coherence order, wherein each lexeme query is associated with its own collection of lexeme responses. We hypothesize that the issue a note-writer will need to address next is identifiable purely by using the rules of coherence, level and predicance. Testing the hypotheses and their utility We have tested these hypotheses with a computer program which repeatedly offers the user a menu of lexeme responses with associated text. On selection, the program issues the text fragment, and its corresponding computer code, to output files. The program then uses coherence, predicance and level to navigate to the next appropriate lexeme query for presentation to the user. The net result is that the user creates a grammatically correct and completely computerized note at the time of its inception. The value of this approach and its practical implementation to create medical records are discussed. In our work so far, the hypotheses appear not to be false, but further testing is needed using a larger lexicon to establish their robustness in actual clinical practice.
Agricultural Sprinkler Irrigation

Agricultural sprinkler systems include wheel-lines, hand-lines, undertree sprinklers, and microsprinklers. The design process includes selecting an appropriate sprinkler and sprinkler spacing, calculating the number and dimensions of zones, designing the pipe network, and selecting the pump. Constraints such as orchard tree spacing and premanufactured aluminum pipe lengths often limit the spacing options. Sources of nonuniformity in agricultural sprinkler systems include variability of application rates within a sprinkler wetted area and hydraulic variation of lateral pressure. Although not normally part of the design process, this chapter shows how to describe the variability of wheel-line application depth based on pressure variation and sprinkler application pattern. The instructor may decide not to include these details. An economic/environmental model is presented that optimizes seasonal application depth with respect to yield, energy and water cost, and environmental contamination.
Prehistoric Burials Near Young, Arizona

ABSTRACTIn the fall of 1965 eleven prehistoric burials were uncovered by roadgrading operations on Arizona State Route 288 near the town of Young. These burials were excavated by the Arizona State Museum in conjunction with the State Highway Salvage Archaeology Program. On the basis of ceramics the burials were found to date between A.D. 1250 and 1385.
Habitat, Race, and Culture in Antony and Cleopatra

Although Antony and Cleopatra was entered in The Stationer’s Register on 20 May 1608, it did not appear in print until the 1623 folio.1 Scholars conjecture that the play was written and produced sometime between late 1606 and 1608, a period which, I will demonstrate, coincides with a heightened interest in Egyptian ecology.2 By this time, Shakespeare had already represented cross-cultural conflicts involving historical, mythological, and fictional figures: biracial couples in Titus Andronicus and Othello; a clash between Amazons and Athenians in A Midsummer Night’s Dream; the conflict between Jews and Christians in The Merchant of Venice; and political and ideological confrontations between French and English societies in the first tetralogy. In this chapter, I will argue that in Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare seizes the uniquely Elizabethan construct of the Egyptian identity as a composite of ancient Egyptian culture and habitat, gypsies, and English vagabonds in order to interrogate his own culture’s understanding of Egyptians and Romans.
A Shape Metric Methodology for Studying the Evolving Geometries of Synoptic-Scale Precipitation Patterns in Tropical Cyclones

A tropical cyclone (TC) is a cyclonic weather system with compact, centrally organized precipitation. As a TC transitions from a symmetric warm-core cyclone to an extratropical system, or as the TC...
Combined use of an iris hook and pupil expansion ring for femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in patients with cataracts complicated by insufficient mydriasis and an ectopic pupil.

We developed a surgical technique that combines use of an iris hook and a pupil expansion ring in femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery complicated by insufficient mydriasis and an ectopic pupil. With this technique, the surgery, including femtosecond laser assistance, phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens implantation, can be accomplished successfully prior to iris repair. Financial Disclosure Dr. Malyugin receives travel grants from Alcon Laboratories, Inc. and Novartis Corp.; he receives royalties from Microsurgical Technology, Inc. None of the other authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
“Tous Ces Visages”: Masquerade in the Self-Portraiture of Claude Cahun

From 1912 until her death in 1954, French artist Claude Cahun (1894-1954) produced a series of self-portraits that interrogated and challenged traditional social assumptions about gender, sexuality, and identity more broad- ly. Cahun photographed herself embodying diverse, carefully-constructed, and often contradictory roles/“- selves.” In this paper I analyze the way performance, disguise, and masquerade function in Cahun’s self-portrai- ture. I argue that Cahun’s masquerading “selves” explore the complexities and nuances of identity and enable Cahun to challenge and reimagine female subjectivity, gender identity, sexuality, and patriarchal ways of seeing.
Raman spectroscopy mapping of amorphized zones beneath static and dynamic Vickers indentations on boron carbide

Abstract Three-dimensional models of amorphized zones beneath quasistatic and dynamic Vickers indentations on boron carbide were constructed using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The square of amorphized zone depth varied linearly with load and the maximum amorphized area occurred beneath the indentation imprint in accord with the maximum shear stress under Hertzian contact. Reduced measurements of amorphization intensity at loads above 10 N may be due to a loss of subsurface amorphized material through lateral cracks. Utilizing an expanding cavity model with power-law (n = 0.79–0.80) and linear (Ep = 0.39–0.45) strain hardening responses, finite element simulations were conducted to determine the critical values of stress and strain required to cause amorphization. These simulations suggest that amorphization may initiate at von Mises stresses and equivalent plastic strains above 6.6 GPa and 0.026, respectively. These results may be useful for validating computational models of boron carbide under complex loading scenarios (e.g., ballistic impact).
Patients with Infectious Endocarditis and Drug Dependence Have Worse Clinical Outcomes after Valvular Surgery

Abstract Background: Patients with infective endocarditis (IE) are at high risk for post-operative morbidity and death, which might be associated with drug abuse. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of drug dependence on outcomes in patients who have IE and undergo valvular surgery (VS). Patients and Methods: The Nationwide/National Inpatient Sample 2001–2012 was queried to select patients with IE who had elective VS using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes. Among them, patients with drug dependence (PDD) were identified, and their health status and post-operative outcomes were compared with those in patients without drug dependence (control group). Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests as well as multi-variable regression analysis were used for statistics. Results: A total of 809 (12.9%) PDD of the 6,264 patients who underwent VS were evaluated. They were younger compared with those in the control group (39.0 ± 10...
Update on the Management of Chronic Constipation

Chronic constipation (CC) is a highly prevalent disorder encountered by health care providers of all specialties. The diagnosis can be confidently made by taking a careful history, evaluating for warning signs and symptoms, performing an examination, including a digital rectal exam, and using the Rome IV criteria. Treatment should begin at the first visit; most patients require few diagnostic tests to make, or confirm, the diagnosis of CC. Assuming that the patient has persistent symptoms of constipation, despite using traditional therapy (fiber, osmotic agents), then patients should be offered one of the newer treatments, rather than repeating prior treatments, which is a common practice. Lubiprostone, a chloride channel activator, has been shown to safely improve symptoms of CC. Its proven track record of success over the last decade is a common reason why many health care providers choose this as a first-line agent. Alternatively, linaclotide, which stimulates guanylate cyclase C receptors, and which has also been shown to improve symptoms of CC in large, randomized trials, is another logical choice. The decision of which agent to use first often depends upon the patient’s co-payment or insurance plan. Either medication should be given a trial of at least 4–6 weeks. If a patient does not respond, then the patient should be treated with the other agent. If symptoms persist, the clinician should consider the possibility of overlapping, or predominant, pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). The combination of high-resolution anorectal manometry and a balloon expulsion test can be used to make the diagnosis of PFD. If present, patients should be referred to a knowledgeable physical therapist for pelvic floor retraining. New treatment options are available to treat the multiple symptoms of CC. Co-existing pelvic floor dysfunction should be considered in those patients who fail medical therapy.
Abstract IA02: Defects in DNA repair genes revealed by clinical sequencing of advanced cancer patients

In 2011, we introduced the Mi-Oncoseq program, an IRB-approved protocol to carry out integrative sequencing of advanced cancer patients. It was one of the first comprehensive DNA and RNA sequencing programs offered for cancer patients. The purpose of this program was to determine the utility of genomic sequencing of tumors and germline coupled with a multi-disciplinary Precision Medicine Tumor Board (PMTB) in the management of advanced cancer patients. Collectively across all patient cohorts we have enrolled over 1500 patients since inception of Mi-Oncoseq where molecular results for both somatic and germline aberrations are returned to physicians. Both common and rare mutations were identified in numerous cellular pathways that are involved in carcinogenesis including those in the DNA repair pathway. We identified homozygous deletions, deleterious mutations and/or LOH in genes including BRCA1/2, ATM, Fanconi9s anemia genes, and CHEK2 that are potentially actionable. For example, a multi-institutional, collaborative SU2C-PCF study of men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) found that treatment with the PARP inhibitor olaparib in patients whose prostate cancers were no longer responding to standard treatments and who had defects in DNA-repair genes led to a high response rate (Mateo et al. NEJM, 2015). Additionally, a follow-up study found 11.8% of mCRPC patients had a germline mutation in a DNA-repair gene, including moderate risk genes (ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51D) for which clinical testing criteria do not exist (Pritchard et al, NEJM, 2016). Most of these patients would not qualify for germline genetic testing under current clinical care models. Our studies demonstrate that DNA repair mutations are common in mCRPC patients who may benefit from therapies such as PARP inhibitors and when identified in the germline, could have a significant impact on their family members where early cancer screening could be implemented as appropriate. Citation Format: Arul Chinnaiyan. Defects in DNA repair genes revealed by clinical sequencing of advanced cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on DNA Repair: Tumor Development and Therapeutic Response; 2016 Nov 2-5; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2017;15(4_Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
CMOS integrated galvanically isolated RF chip-to-chip communication utilizing lateral resonant coupling

In this work, a high voltage (HV) galvanically isolated chip-to-chip communication circuit utilizing laterally coupled resonators is reported. The adjacently placed resonators provide high voltage galvanic isolation (GI) using horizontal space between resonators filled with oxide, which minimizes the need for thick inter-metal dielectrics. A previously unexplored application for lateral coupling is introduced as a passive communication channel for GIs. Magnetic coupling between resonators is used to transfer an upconverted digitally-modulated OOK control signal at 2.8 GHz through the galvanic isolator. This proposed method can be integrated using CMOS processes, without altering the native process or adding extra fabrication steps. The system is realized in a 0.25 µm BCD (Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) process with only four metal layers for proof of concept. The design does not require exotic packaging and provides 3.3kV RMS isolation, small physical area of 0.95mm2, and sub-20ns propagation delay. The implemented resonators inherently act as bandpass filters, thus enhancing circuit noise immunity to common mode transients.
Coupled Anisothermal Chemomechanical Degradation Solutions in One Dimension

This paper focuses on thermal oxidation of Silicon Carbide (SiC) – a key process of degradation in aircraft turbine components. In this work, passive oxidation is considered, which produces amorphous silica that is accumulated on top of the SiC substrate. The mathematical problem is formulated within the context of mixture theory (Gardiner G (2017) Aeroengine composites, Part 1: the CMC invasion. Composites World 31 July 2015: n. pag. Web. 06 Mar; Jacobson, J Am Ceram Soc 76(1):3–28, 1993), which allows to model multi-constituent behavior – fluid and solid in this case – within the same continuum domain, while retaining interaction terms between constituents. Preliminary isothermal results have shown that the phenomena of interest are captured: expansion due to chemical reaction, change in solid density from unreacted to fully-oxidized material, interactive force among constituents, and stress variation across reaction zone. The method presented considers the anisothermal evolution of the problem.
Disease-Related Microstructural Differences in the Brain in Women With Provoked Vestibulodynia.

Abstract Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a chronic pelvic pain disorder affecting 16% of the female population. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted central abnormalities in PVD, similar to other chronic pelvic pain disorders, including brain regions involved in sensory processing and modulation of pain. The aim of the study was to determine alterations in the subvoxel, microstructural organization within tissues in PVD compared with healthy control participants (HCs) and a disease control group (irritable bowel syndrome [IBS]). Diffusion tensor imaging magnetic resonance imaging was conducted in 87 age-matched premenopausal women (29 PVD, 29 HCs, 29 IBS). Statistical parameter mapping of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) maps were used to identify microstructural difference in the brain specific to PVD or shared with IBS. PVD alterations in microstructural organization of the brain were predominantly observed in fibers associated with sensorimotor integration and pain processing that relay information between the thalamus, basal ganglia, sensorimotor, and insular cortex. PVD, compared with HCs, showed extensive increases in the FA of somatosensory and basal ganglia regions. In contrast, PVD and IBS subjects did not show any FA-related group differences. PVD subjects showed greater MD in the basal ganglia compared with HCs (higher MD in the internal capsule and pallidum) and IBS (higher MD in the putamen and pallidum). Increases in MD were associated with increased vaginal muscle tenderness and vulvar pain. The current findings highlight possible shared mechanisms between 2 different pelvic pain disorders, but also highlight the widespread alterations observed specifically in PVD compared with HCs. Perspective Alterations in microstructure in PVD were observed in fibers associated with sensorimotor integration and pain processing, which were also associated with increased vaginal muscle tenderness and vulvar pain. These alterations may be contributing to increased pain sensitivity and tenderness, highlighting the need for new therapies targeting the central nervous system.
Where the Party Rules: The Rank and File of China's Communist State

In most non-democratic countries, today governing forty-four percent of the world population, the power of the regime rests upon a ruling party. Contrasting with conventional notions that authoritarian regime parties serve to contain elite conflict and manipulate electoral-legislative processes, this book presents the case of China and shows that rank and-file members of the Communist Party allow the state to penetrate local communities. Subnational comparative analysis demonstrates that in 'red areas' with high party saturation, the state is most effectively enforcing policy and collecting taxes. Because party membership patterns are extremely enduring, they must be explained by events prior to the Communist takeover in 1949. Frontlines during the anti-colonial Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) continue to shape China's political map even today. Newly available evidence from the Great Leap Forward (1958–1961) and the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) shows how a strong local party basis sustained the regime in times of existential crisis.
Learning to Make Distinctions

Two kinds of learning will be considered in this work. One kind of learning involves making distinctions or recognizing differences between objects, activities, or, as in the case of productive entities, commodities. A second kind of learning involves being able to combine, without deliberation (i.e., as a matter of “routine”), the distinct activities required to bring about some desired result. “Sophisticated behavior” requires, on the one hand, that fine distinctions be made and, on the other hand, that the distinguished elements (e.g., words, symbols, notes, body movements, etc.) be properly combined into an integral unit, smoothly and without hesitation. Learning to make distinctions is considered in this chapter. In Chapter 5, learning routines is taken up. When the term “learning” is used in this chapter, it means learning to make distinctions. In Chapter 5 the term “learning” will mean learning routines. The terms “learning to make distinctions” and “learning routines” will be used only when the intended meaning of “learning” may not be clear from the context.
Socialization and the Male Role

Invariably, couples who express the desire to have children will respond that they want ’a boy first … and then, a girl’. Persons interested in the status effects of sex and gender often interpret such a response to support the notion that boys are more valued than girls in our culture. One problem with this interpretation of the “boy-first” response is that it tells only part of the story. The story unfolds further when couples are asked “why do you want a boy?” Responses given usually will include “to carry on the family name,” “to follow in his father’s footsteps,” “ … so that a boy will be the oldest of the children, ” and the list goes on—most, if not all, indicating male assumption of responsibility. Thus,if boysare more valued than girls, then the question must be asked,valued for what? To assume responsibility? To be placed in a cultural straightjacket? To become prematurely dysfunctional persons both physically and psychologically? These are questions which must be answered by society, given the hazards faced by m4ny males as a result of learning the male role and attempting to behave according to its prescriptions (Goldberg, 1976). Long before many of them are born, and certainly during infancy, specific and general expectations are established regarding the roles most males are to perform. Obviously, this means that little attention is ordinarily given to the individuality of a particular male child. As Zane Grey is supposed to have said, “Every boy likes baseball, and if he doesn’t, he isn’t a boy” (Pleck and Pleck, 1980).
Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate

GreenLight laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate represents a minimally invasive alternative to other endoscopic and open procedures for the treatment of symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. This treatment compares favorably with historical procedures in regard to efficacy and complications, and it offers advantages over these procedures in regard to length of hospital stay, postoperative catheterization, and ability to treat patients on anticoagulants. GreenLight laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate can be done through a variety of techniques and has a relatively short learning curve.
Early Deprivation and Developmental Psychopathology

Psychology has long been fascinated by the development of children who suffer extreme deprivation early in life. From questions about whether language will develop in the absence of linguistic input to the lore surrounding presumed feral children (for a review, see Rutter, 1981), we ponder the limits of human resilience and the importance of critical periods in the life stories of these children. Initiated by geopolitical events, the early 1990s saw a sudden surge in the number of children who experienced severe early deprivation being adopted by highly resourced families in the USA and other industrialized countries. At first the children came primarily from Eastern Europe and Russia; later China became a major sending country. At its peak in the mid-2000s, around 27,000 children were being adopted each year by US families, with the majority coming from countries that used institutions to care for wards of the state. This number has fallen drastically in the last few years due to changing rules in birth countries and the economic recession. Nonetheless, we now have thousands of children available for study who are recovering from significantly adverse early life conditions whose lives provide testimony to both the impact of early experiences on neurobehavioral development and the resilience and plasticity of the human nervous system.
Drunk Driving Legislation and Traffic Fatalities: What Works and What Doesn't?

This paper re-examines the effectiveness of Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) and Administrative License Revocation (ALR) laws in reducing traffic fatalities. Using difference-in-differences estimators of U.S. state-level data with standard errors corrected for autocorrelation, we find no evidence that lowering BAC limits to 0.08 grams/decaliter has reduced fatality rates, either in total or in alcohol-related crashes. On the other hand, ALR is found to be an effective in reducing fatalities in all specifications. Endogeneity tests using event analyses indicate temporal causality of ALR laws.
New perspectives on the classical theory of motion, interaction and geometry of space-time

By examining the theory of relativity, as originally proposed by Lorentz, Poincare and Einstein, a fundamental theory of general motion is developed. From this, the relationship between space-time and matter is discovered. As a result, the geometrical theory of interaction is introduced. The corresponding geometrical theory of electrodynamics resolves the origin of electromagnetic interaction, as a vortex-like field, and clarifies some of the existing ambiguities.
Does camp make a difference?: Camp counselors' perceptions of how camp impacted youth

Abstract Introduction Interventions in early adolescence have the ability to change life trajectories. A day camp was established using the arts and athletics to facilitate positive youth development among middle school-aged youth who were from lower socio-economic status families or in foster care. Objective The purpose of the study is to understand how camp counselors perceive youths' camp experiences contributing to positive youth development. Methods Eleven camp counselors were interviewed about their perceptions of how camp impacted youth during the week. Transcripts were analyzed using a structured team-based thematic analysis. Results Camp counselors perceived the relationships youth formed, the creation of a “safe space” for youth to explore different activities, and the physical location of the camp on a university contributed to increasing youths' self-esteem and confidence, which contributed to youth refining their career and college plans. Discussion Short-term interventions such as day camps that incorporate the arts and athletics may be a vehicle to facilitate positive youth development and promote interest in post-secondary education among youth.
An Adhesive Interface for the Non-Clustered δ1 Protocadherin-1 Involved in Respiratory Diseases

Cadherins form a large family of calcium-dependent adhesive proteins involved in morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and neuronal connectivity. Non-clustered {delta}1 protocadherins form a cadherin subgroup of proteins with seven extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats and cytoplasmic domains distinct from those of classical cadherins. The non-clustered {delta}1 protocadherins mediate homophilic adhesion and have been implicated in various diseases including asthma, autism, and cancer. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), a {delta}1-protocadherin member essential for New World hantavirus infection that is typically expressed in the brain, airway epithelium, skin keratinocytes, and lungs. The structures suggest a binding mode that involves antiparallel overlap of repeats EC1 to EC4. Mutagenesis combined with binding assays and biochemical experiments validated this mode of adhesion. Overall, these results reveal the molecular mechanism underlying adhesiveness of PCDH1 and {delta}1-protocadherins, also shedding light on PCDH1's role in maintaining airway epithelial integrity, the loss of which causes respiratory diseases.
Limit State Exceedance Probabilities of Building Performance under Earthquake Excitation Using Rupture-to-Rafters Simulations

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the performance of two 18-story steel moment frame buildings (UBC 1982 and 1997 designs) in southern California under plausible San Andreas fault earthquakes in the next 30 y...
Synthesis of O2- and O4-Ethylthymidine 5'-Triphosphates

This paper describes the microscale synthesis of O/sup 2/- and O/sup 4/-ethylthymidine 5'-triphosphates. 28 references, 1 figure.
A meaning discovery process: the unique contribution of the Austrian School of Economics and its relevance for contemporary economics curricula

In this paper I argue that the unique contribution of the Austrian School of Economics (ASE) is found in its general approach to economic problems, an approach that, because of its emphasis on meaning, has been called 'radical subjectivism'. In the light of such an approach, we can look at and appreciate that the ASE is probably one of the latest schools which had, and still have, the aspiration of bringing out a general theory of the economic system, with the possibility of globally responding to economic questions within a broad paradigm. Moreover, such a paradigm was developed in order to incorporate two fundamental elements disregarded by mainstream economics: real people and real time. The aim of the present paper is thus to show how teaching Austrian economics can be a source of inspiration for students and scholars because of its unique approach to economic problems; its consequent aspiration to develop a general explanation of the economic process; and the importance of linking economic analysis to the real world.
Voluntary Chronic Exercise Decreases Nociceptive Responses Before and After a Traumatic Stressor

Objective: The hypoalgesic effect of acute bouts of exercise on healthy participants has been well documented across a variety of exercise modalities. However, the effects of a long-term exercise regimen on nociception is fairly unknown. Furthermore, it is unclear if exercise can be an effective treatment for disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, which can be characterized by hyperalgesia. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on thermal nociception before and after a traumatic stressor. Methods: Twenty-four C57/B6 mice were separated into two groups with 12 animals performing voluntary wheel running over a 5 week period. All mice were assessed weekly to determine the effects of chronic exercise or rest on thermal nociception. After 4 weeks, animals were further divided into 4 groups according to exercise and traumatic stress exposure. All mice were exposed to a 15 minute predator odor paradigm with “no stress” animals being exposed to ambient air and “stress” animals exposed to bobcat urine. All mice were tested 48 hours post exposure for changes in thermal nociception. Results: Findings from this study yield support that chronic, voluntary exercise decreases thermal nociception in mice over a 4-week period before a traumatic stressor and 48 hours after exposure to the stressor. Conclusion: In conclusion, voluntary, long-term exercise has been shown to elevate nociceptive thresholds, providing support for these exercise programs in the treatment of stress-induced hyperalgesia.
A Deep Learning Technique for Modeling Fluid Moments of Swimming Robots

We investigate a novel application of Random Forest Regression to modeling errors in prediction of Reynolds Stress of a turbulent flow. In this context, the true solution is given by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data, while the predictive model is a wall-modeled Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Turbulence is the most dominant characteristic of a turbulent flow. Therefore, successful modeling of turbulence can significantly improve the results of numerical simulation. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) computation of turbulent flows has been achieved great attention recently since post-processing of LES results yields information of both mean flow and statistics of resolved fluctuations which is unique to LES. The focus of this paper is on efforts to use data-driven deep learning to model the fluid moments of underwater robots. Increasing efficiency by accurate modeling is a key issue for underwater robots. The proposed model can be an alternative, less computationally expensive approach to resolve the fluid motion in underwater robot modeling.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with reduced mobility after hip fracture surgery: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND Hip fractures are associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, and successful ambulation after surgery is an important outcome in this patient population. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration or the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is associated with mortality or rates of walking in a patient cohort after hip fracture surgery. METHODS Patients undergoing hip fracture repair from a multisite study in North America were included. Mortality and mobility were assessed at 30 and 60 d after surgery. Serum albumin, 25(OH)D, and intact parathyroid hormone were measured. Patients were characterized according to 25(OH)D <12 ng/mL, 12 to <20 ng/mL, 20 to <30 ng/mL, or ≥30 ng/mL. GNRI was categorized into major/moderate nutritional risk (<92), some risk (92 to <98), or in good nutritional status (≥98). RESULTS Of the 290 patients [aged 82 ± 7 y, BMI (kg/m2): 25 ± 5], 73% were women. Compared with patients with <12 ng/mL, those with higher 25(OH)D concentrations had higher rates of walking at 30 d (P = 0.031): 12 to <20 ng/mL (adjusted OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.99); 20 to <30 ng/mL (3.48; 1.53, 7.95); ≥30 ng/mL (2.84; 1.12, 7.20). In addition, there was also greater mobility at 60 d (P = 0.028) in patients with higher 25(OH)D compared with the reference group (<12 ng/mL). Poor nutritional status (GNRI <92) showed an overall trend to reduce mobility (unadjusted P = 0.044 and adjusted P = 0.056) at 30 but not at 60 d. There was no association of vitamin D or GNRI with mortality at either time. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency (<12 ng/mL) is associated with reduced ambulation after hip fracture surgery, whereas GNRI also contributes to immobility but is a less reliable predictor. Mechanisms that can explain why vitamin D deficiency is associated with mobility should be addressed in future studies.
Environmental Policymaking and Stakeholder Collaboration: Theory and Practice

Introduction Introduction Central Concepts Stakeholder Collaboration Planning Overview References Stakeholders: Theoretical Foundations Introduction Stakeholder Theories Interest-Based Typology Identifying Stakeholders Stakeholder Interests Stakeholder Participation Counterarguments to Participation Conclusion References Stakeholders and Decision Making Introduction Stakeholders and Public Policymaking Importance of Stakeholders for Policymaking Stakeholder and Agency Roles Inclusivity and Working with Marginalized Groups Conflict Management Measuring Effectiveness of Stakeholder Collaboration Working with Stakeholders in Policymaking Promoting Good Communication Stakeholder Participation Ideas in Practice Conclusion References Case Study: Yellowstone National Park Introduction Yellowstone National Park Bear Management Wolf Reintroduction Snowmobiles Bioprospecting and Benefits Sharing Wildfires Conclusion References Stakeholder Collaboration Tools Introduction Planning Recruitment Tools Identifying Stakeholder Interests Engagement Tools Strategic Thinking Tools Education Project Management Tools for Stakeholder Collaboration Communication and Teamwork Tools Conclusion References Index
Is Group B Streptococcus Colonization Associated with Maternal Peripartum Infection in an Era of Routine Prophylaxis

Objective This study aimed to assess whether colonization with group B streptococcus (GBS) is associated with maternal peripartum infection in an era of routine prophylaxis. Study Design This study presented a secondary analysis of women delivering ≥37 weeks who underwent a trial of labor from the U.S. Consortium on Safe Labor (CSL) study. The exposure was maternal GBS colonization and the outcome was a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, and secondarily, analyses were restricted to deliveries not admitted in labor and measures of postpartum infection (postpartum fever, endometritis, and surgical site infection). Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used accounting for within-woman correlations. Models adjusted for maternal age, parity, race, prepregnancy body mass index, pregestational diabetes, insurance status, study site/region, year of delivery, number of vaginal exams from admission to delivery, and time (in hours) from admission to delivery. Results Among 170,804 assessed women, 33,877 (19.8%) were colonized with GBS and 5,172 (3.0%) were diagnosed with chorioamnionitis. While the frequency of GBS colonization did not vary by chorioamnionitis status (3.0% in both groups), in multivariable analyses, GBS colonization was associated with slightly lower odds of chorioamnionitis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–0.96). In secondary analyses, this association held regardless of spontaneous labor on admission; and the odds of postpartum infectious outcomes were not higher with GBS colonization. Conclusion In contrast to historical data, GBS colonization was associated with lower odds of chorioamnionitis in an era of routine GBS screening and prophylaxis. Key Points
The Impact of Social Norms and Risk Assessment on Diners’ Reaction to Food Safety Concerns in Restaurants

The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral reactions of diners when witnessing a food safety violation in a restaurant. Protection motivation and social norms theories were used to...
What an Organization Should Know About Using Electronic Cash

Each day, financial institutions move trillions of dollars over private networks; businesses make and receive payments electronically, and consumers pay for goods and services with credit cards. The security risks associated with these electronic payment systems are well understood. However, several new forms of electronic commerce have relatively unexplored risks. They are smart cards and Internet-based commerce.
Erasable PUFs: Formal Treatment and Generic Design

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have not only been suggested as new key storage mechanism, but --- in the form of so-called "Strong PUFs'' --- also as cryptographic primitives in advanced schemes, including key exchange, oblivious transfer, or secure multi-party computation. This notably extends their application spectrum, and has led to a sequence of publications at leading venues such as IEEE S&P, CRYPTO, and EUROCRYPT in the past[3,6,10,11,29, 41]. However, one important unresolved problem is that adversaries can break the security of all these advanced protocols if they gain physical access to the employed Strong PUFs after protocol completion [41]. It has been formally proven[49] that this issue cannot be overcome by techniques on the protocol side alone, but requires resolution on the hardware level --- the only fully effective known countermeasure being so-called Erasable PUFs. Building on this work, this paper is the first to describe a generic method how any given silicon Strong PUF with digital CRP-interface can be turned into an Erasable PUFs[36]. We describe how the Strong PUF can be surrounded with a trusted control logic that allows the blocking (or "erasure") of single CRPs. We implement our approach, which we call "GeniePUF", on FPGA, reporting detailed performance data and practicality figures. Furthermore, we develop the first comprehensive definitional framework for Erasable PUFs. Our work so re-establishes the effective usability of Strong PUFs in advanced cryptographic applications, and in the realistic case adversaries get access to the Strong PUF after protocol completion.
A general-purpose parallel and heterogeneous task programming system for VLSI CAD

This paper introduces Taskflow to address the critical question of "How can we make it easier to implement and deploy parallel computer-aided design (CAD) algorithms on large heterogeneous nodes with high performance and simultaneous high productivity?" Parallelizing CAD is an extremely challenging job. Modern CAD applications exhibit unique computational patterns and user requirements that need very strategic decomposition to benefit from parallelism. Taskflow assists researchers and developers in the implementation complexity of parallel algorithms by introducing a new high-level programming model supported by an efficient runtime. By capitalizing on emerging parallelism comprising many-core central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), and custom accelerators, Taskflow enables CAD to achieve new performance and productivity milestones that were previously out of reach.