cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating a Classroom of Inquiry at the University of California at Berkeley: The Harold E. Jones Child Study Center

Research Findings: Three former teaching colleagues at the University of California's Harold E. Jones Child Study Center discuss an interpretative approach to child observation and assessment and how this approach was developed (1970s–2005) within this lab school's early childhood education setting. With teaching practice shaped and driven by a tradition of teacher research, they reconceptualized the classroom “learning centers” as social ecologies and studied children's play, learning, and development using interaction as the unit of analysis. In this approach, teachers create spaces for inquiry, observe, interpret, reflect on understandings, document and evaluate settings for learning, and formulate next steps. They report on and refine social ecologies from the point of view of the children while adapting to the full-time child care and preschool needs of university families. Practice and Policy: The authors of this paper focus in particular on details of classroom research they themselves conducted fr...
X-ray methods for the chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols

Abstract We describe the development and use of several X-ray methods for the chemical characterization of atmospherical aerosol particulate samples. These methods are based on the emission, absorption and scattering of X-ray photons with emphasis on the optimization for the non-destructive analysis of dilute specimens. Techniques discussed include photon induced energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and high-rate X-ray powder diffractometry using a position-sensitive gas proportional counter. We have applied these X-ray analysis methods to the measurement of the chemical composition of size-segregated aerosol particulate samples obtained with dichotomous samplers. The advantages of the various methods for use in such measurements are described and results are presented. In many cases, the complementary nature of the analytical information obtained from the various measurements is an important factor in the characterization of the sample. For example, the multiple elemental analyses obtained from X-ray fluorescence can be used as a cross check on the major compounds observed by powder diffraction.
Fine‐scale time‐lapse analysis of the biphasic, dynamic behaviour of the two Vibrio cholerae chromosomes

Summary Using fluorescent repressor-operator systems in live cells, we investigated the dynamic behaviour of chromosomal origins in Vibrio cholerae, whose genome is divided between two chromosomes. We have developed a method of analysing fine-scale motion in the curved co-ordinate system of vibrioid bacteria. Using this method, we characterized two different modes of chromosome behaviour corresponding to periods between segregation events and periods of segregation. Between segregation events, the origin positions are not fixed but rather maintained within ellipsoidal caged domains, similar to eukaryotic interphase chromosome territories. These domains are approximately 0.4 µm wide and 0.6 µm long, reflecting greater restriction in the short axis of the cell. During segregation, movement is directionally biased, speed is comparable between origins, and cell growth can account for nearly 20% of the motion observed. Furthermore, the home domain of each origin is positioned by a different mechanism. Specifically, the oriCI domain is maintained at a constant actual distance from the pole regardless of cell length, while the oriCII domain is maintained at a constant relative position. Thus the actual position of oriCII varies with cell length. While the gross behaviours of the two origins are distinct, their fine-scale dynamics are remarkably similar, indicating that both experience similar microenvironments.
A system for behavioral evaluation of the visual capacities of cats

An automated testing apparatus for evaluating the visual capacities of cats is described. It features ease of training, reliability, and flexibility in the type of stimuli that can be presented. For presentation of complex visual stimuli, a closed circuit television display system has been devised that is compatible with the behavioral testing apparatus.
Making Court the Last Resort: A New Focus for Supporting Families in Crisis

This article was originally published by the Vera Institute of Justice in December 2008. Until recently, youth who may be chronically disobedient but not committing crime were frequently referred to juvenile court and subject to the same punitive interventions as youth charged with criminal activity. To better help youth and their families, many status offender systems are implementing immediate, family-focused alternatives to court intervention, first referring at-risk young people and their families to social service programs in their communities and using the juvenile justice system as a last resort. The new paradigm is guided by the belief that given help and support, families have the potential to resolve issues without the courts. This paper highlights successful reforms based on this new paradigm in Connecticut, Florida, and New York.
The nitrone spin trap PBN alters the cellular response to H2O2: activation of the EGF receptor/ERK pathway

Abstract The nitrone spin trap PBN has been shown to protect neuronal cells from reactive oxygen species both in culture and in vivo. As an approach to understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PBN may function to protect cells, we examined whether PBN alters the cellular response to reactive oxygen species. H2O2 stimulation of PC-12 cells results in weak activation of both the ERK and JNK signal transduction pathways. PBN pretreatment of PC-12 cells, followed by H2O2 stimulation, results in strong and selective activation of the pro-survival ERK pathway. H2O2 induction of ERK activity in PBN-pretreated cells was shown to be dependent on extracellular Ca+2 influx. Further analysis of the ERK pathway showed that in PBN-pretreated cells, EGF receptor and the adapter protein SHC were phosphorylated in a Ca+2-dependent, ligand-independent manner following H2O2 stimulation. Interestingly, H2O2 stimulation of PBN-pretreated cells results in only 30% of the increase in intracellular Ca+2 as compared to untreated cells following H2O2 stimulation. These data suggest a model in which PBN attenuates H2O2-induced Ca+2 entry, yet magnifies or alters Ca+2 action, resulting in the activation of the EGF receptor/ERK pathway.
Theoretical kinetic estimates for the recombination of hydrogen atoms with propargyl and allyl radicals

Ab initio quantum chemical simulations are coupled with variational transition state theory in estimating rate constants for the H+C{sub 3}H{sub 3} and H+C{sub 3}H{sub 5} recombination reactions. The energy of interaction between the H atom and each of the radicals is evaluated at the CAS+1+2 level for the range of separations and relative orientations spanning the transition state region. An analytic representation of these interaction energies is then implemented in variable reaction coordinate transition state theory calculations of the high pressure limit recombination rate constant for temperatures ranging from 200 to 2000 K. For the propargyl reaction the overall addition rate is separated into contributions correlating with the initial formation of allene and propyne. These theoretical results are compared with the available experimental data as well as with corresponding theoretical estimates for the H+C{sub 2}H{sub 3} and H+C{sub 2}H{sub 5} reactions. The H+propargyl and H+allyl total recombination rates are remarkably similar, with both being greater than the H+vinyl and H+ethyl rates, due to the presence of twice as many addition channels.
Effect of Urea upon the Physical Properties of β-Lactoglobulins A and B

Abstract Physical alteration of β -lactoglobulin genetic variants A and B was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration, and ultracentrifugation. β -Lactoglobulins A and B both exhibited a number of zones on urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mercaptoethanol treatment of the protein prior to urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not improve the resolution of β -lactoglobulin or the total whey proteins; however, N-ethylmaleimide treatment stabilized the β -lactoglobulin molecule against urea alteration of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex gel filtration properties. Gel filtration results with Sephadex G-100 indicated that higher urea concentrations caused greater amounts of protein alteration and that these changes were not entirely reversed upon exhaustive dialysis to remove urea. Ultracentrifugation results indicated that the irreversible alteration of β -lactoglobulin is probably not due to dissociation or aggregation of the protein molecule. The results are in agreement with the concept that urea causes unfolding of the β -lactoglobulin molecule, which is accompanied by intramolecular disulfide interchange reactions that stabilize the resulting protein conformation upon removal of urea.
VH and VL Gene Usage by Anti-β-Amyloid Autoantibodies in Alzheimer's Disease: Detection of Highly Mutated V Regions in both Heavy and Light Chains

In a previous study, four human IgM kappa monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) secreted by Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed B cell lines independently derived from the peripheral blood of a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were found to react with a conformational epitope of beta-amyloid protein and to stain amyloid plaques in AD brain. Three of these mAbs were studied further. They did not react with an additional panel of antigens and autoantigens. By a competitive inhibition ELISA, the Kd was determined to be 5.7 x 10(-8) M. The VH and V kappa of these mAbs were sequenced at the cDNA level and found to be identical. The corresponding VH and V kappa germline counterpart genes hsigghvm148 and hsiggkvm148 were identified to be analogous to the previous reported VH3 germline gene humighvf1/dp53 and the V kappa IV germline gene hsigk18. DA1/4 and JH4b were used by the heavy chain and J kappa 4 was used by the light chain. Multiple nucleotide substitutions were seen in both VH and V kappa when their sequences were compared to the germline sequences. High replacement/silent ratios in the CDR regions of both VH and V kappa indicate positive-selective pressure. Of a total of 22 amino acid replacements in VH and V kappa, 12 were nonconservative replacements. Furthermore, 7 of these 12 resulted in charge changes. The monoreactivity, the moderately high affinity constant, the clonal expansion evident by identical VH and VL used by these B cells secreting antibodies of interest, and the excessive replacement mutations in both VH and VL segments lead to the conclusion that these antibodies have been generated due to an antigen-driven process.
Regulation of cytotoxin expression by converging eukaryotic‐type and two‐component signalling mechanisms in Streptococcus agalactiae

Signal transducing mechanisms are essential for regulation of gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes is accomplished by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases and cognate phosphatases. In contrast, gene expression in prokaryotes is controlled by two-component systems that comprise a sensor histidine kinase and a cognate DNA binding response regulator. Pathogenic bacteria utilize two-component systems to regulate expression of their virulence factors and for adaptive responses to the external environment. We have previously shown that the human pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci, GBS) encodes a single eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinase Stk1, which is important for virulence of the organism. In this study, we aimed to understand how Stk1 contributes to virulence of GBS. Our results indicate that Stk1 expression is important for resistance of GBS to human blood, neutrophils and oxidative stress. Consistent with these observations, Stk1 positively regulates transcription of a cytotoxin, beta-haemolysin/cytolysin (beta-H/C) that is critical for survival of GBS in the bloodstream and for resistance to oxidative stress. Interestingly, positive regulation of beta-H/C by Stk1 requires the two-component regulator CovR. Further, we show that Stk1 can negatively regulate transcription of CAMP factor in a CovR-dependent manner. As Stk1 phosphorylates CovR in vitro, these data suggest that serine/threonine phosphorylation impacts CovR-mediated regulation of GBS gene expression. In summary, our studies provide novel information that a eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinase regulates two-component-mediated expression of GBS cytotoxins.
Finite Element Analysis of Electrorheological Fluids

The Laplace equation for an infinite chain of dielectric particles in an electrorheological fluid is solved with the finite element analysis (FEA) method. The FEA results reveal that the dipole model gives a good approximation in calculating energy, even if neighbor particles are very close and the mismatch is moderate. However, the dipole model underestimates the pair attractive force when the particles are in or near contact. The conductor model is a good approximation when the two particles are near contact and the mismatch is very big. A formula to calculate the neighbor pair attractive force for the whole range is proposed. The FEA results agree with this formula reasonably well.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Southwestern Lake Ontario Following Invasion of Dreissena

Changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting natural cobble and artificial reef substrates in southwestern Lake Ontario were quantified following invasion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and “quagga” mussels (Dreissena sp.). Post-Dreissena invasion data (1991–1992) were compared with pre-invasion data (1983) from the same sites. In 1991–1992, Dreissena comprised 79% and 93% of macroinvertebrates collected at cobble and artificial reef sites, respectively, replacing the amphipod Gammarus fasciatus as the numerically dominant taxon at both sites. Total abundance of non-Dreissena macroinvertebrates was significantly greater at both sites in 1991–1992 than in 1983. Taxa showing the greatest increases in abundance at the cobble site included the annelids Manayunkia speciosa, Spirosperma ferox, and unidentified tubificids; the gastropods Helisoma anceps, Physa heterostropha, Stagnicola catascopium, Valvata tricarinata, Goniobasis livescens, and Amnicola limosa; the amphipod Gammarus fasciatus; and the decapod Orconectes propinquis. At the artificial reef site, significant population increases of Physa heterostropha, Valvata tricarinata, Goniobasis livescens, Amnicola limosa, Gammarus fasciatus and the trichopteran Polycentropus were observed. No taxon was less abundant in 1991–1992 than 1983. Comparisons of macroinvertebrate community similarity in 1983 and 1991–1992 by Morisita's Index, excluding Dreissena, indicated that previously established taxa did not change substantially between 1983 and 1991–1992 at either site. Although many factors may have contributed to the changes observed, our results support theories that Dreissena is facilitating energy transfer to the benthos through pseudofecal/fecal deposition, and that mussel colonies are providing additional habitat for other invertebrate taxa.
Internal structure of type I deep-sea spherules by X-ray computed microtomography

The internal structures of type I spherules (melted micrometeorites rich in iron) have been investigated using synchrotron-based computed microtomography. Variations from sphericity are smallthe average ratio of the largest to the smallest semimajor axis is 1.07 ± 0.06. The X-ray tomographs reveal interior cavities, four spherules with metal cores with diameters ranging from 57 to 143 m and, in two spherules, high attenuation features thought to be nuggets rich in platinumgroup elements. Bulk densities range from 4.2 to 5.9 g/cm3 and average grain densities from 4.5 to 6.5 (g/cm3) with uncertainties of 10-15%. The average grain densities are those expected for materials containing mostly oxides of iron and nickel. The tomographic density measurements indicate an average void space of .The void spaces may be contraction features or the skeletons of bubbles that formed in the molten precursors during atmospheric passage.
Microwave spectrum and dipole moment of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-5-one

Abstract The microwave spectrum of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-5-one has been analyzed, resulting in a total dipole moment of 3.18 ± 0.02 D with an orientation of 1.7 ± 1.7° with respect to the carbonyl bond axis. This dipole moment is about 0.3 D larger than that of most other carbonyl compounds, but it is reasonably comparable to the even higher values which have been reported for bicyclo[2.1.1]hexan-2-one (3.35 ± 0.02 D) and for cyclopentanone (3.25 ± 0.02 D). The rotational constants for the ground vibrational state are A = 4448.347 ± 0.011, B = 2693.349 ± 0.008, and C = 2673.300 ± 0.006, the uncertainties being standard deviations determined from a least-squares fit.
Alcoholic hydrochloric acid-carmine as a stain for chromosomes in squash preparations.

A regressive bulk carmine staining schedule was adapted from a formula proposed by P. Mayer. The stain is made by boiling gently 4 gm of certified carmine in 15 ml of distilled water to which 1 ml of concentrated HC1 has been added. After cooling, 95 ml of 85% alcohol is added, and the solution filtered. Fixed tissue is soaked in the stain until thoroughly penetrated; squashes are then prepared as usual, but plain 45% acetic acid is used as the temporary mounting medium instead of aceto-carmine. The advantages of this method are: intense, precise staining of chromosomes coupled with a lightly stained cytoplasm; consistency and uniformity of results; simplicity of use.
Controlled reagent transport in disposable 2D paper networks

Recent reports have demonstrated the multi-analyte detection capability of paper networks with multiple outlets per inlet. In this report, we focus on the capabilities of 2D paper networks with multiple inlets per outlet and demonstrate the controlled transport of reagents within paper devices. Specifically, we demonstrate methods of controlling fluid transport using the geometry of the network and dissolvable barriers. Finally, we discuss the implications for higher sensitivity detection using this type of 2D paper network.
Ripening Changes in a Blue‐Mold Surface Ripened Cheese from Goat's Milk

Samples of blue-mold surface ripened goat milk cheese were analyzed for fat and protein breakdown during ripening. After 2 wk, cheese had a pH of 4.96 and 9.13 micromoles of free fatty acids (F.F.A.)/g fat. After 6 wk, the pH increased to 6.43 and F.F.A. were 160.85 micromoles/g fat. At this time, the cheese rind pH was 7.18 with 253.81 micromoles FFA/g fat. Water soluble protein in the cheese increased from 20.47% at 2 wk of ripening to 26.62% after 4 wk of ripening.
Bradykinin antagonists: Development and applications

Bradykinin (BK) is involved in regulation of every major physiological system and is an initiator or mediator of many pathophysiological conditions. Rapid progress in understanding these aspects of BK biology has come since the discovery of BK antagonists. This article reviews principal points in the history of the kallikrein–kinin field and of kinin biology. The chemistry and development of antagonists for B1 and B2 kinin receptors is discussed. Uses of the antagonists in biomedical research and potential clinical applications are presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
(π, d) Pick-up reaction

Abstract The reaction π + A → d + B at low energy is studied in a one-step DWBA framework. The nuclear structure aspects of the reaction are investigated. The reaction involves mostly neutron or proton pairs of the target nucleus with large total momentum and with total spin equal to zero. In the case of even-even nuclei with a partially filled shell, the coherence of the contributions from different orbitals produces an enhancement of the ground state to ground state transitions. Distortion effects are found to be very large. The final-state interaction is crucial in bringing the magnitude of the differential cross section into satisfactory agreement with the experimental value.
Analytical mechanics and the analysis of linear, time-varying networks

Abstract The formalism of classical mechanics is extended to yield an energy function analysis of single degree of freedom, linear time-varying networks. With the aid of the newly found modifications of the classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian, the behavior of the single loop R(t) - L(t) - C(t) network is discussed through analogy with familiar classical quantities. The Hamiltonian formulation, through its associated canonical equations, leads to a qualitative phase plane specification of single degree of freedom network behavior. Moreover, the Hamiltonian formulation leads directly to stability criteria which are expressed in terms of the network element values only. Upper and lower bounding functions for the network stored energy are obtained which lead to separate necessary and sufficient conditions for network stability.
After the Oil: Challenges Ahead in Gabon

This paper studies the prospects for sustainable growth and economic development in Gabon, in the face of a severe decline in its main source of income and growth, i.e. oil. A simple Computable General Equilibrium model is used to simulate the development of the non-oil economy under various assumptions. The results of the simulations underline Gabon's dependence on foreign financing-especially private-and its vulnerability to variations in oil prices. The importance of adequate real exchange rate management is also underlined. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
From Religion to Ethnicity: The Identity of Immigrant and Second Generation Indian Jains in the United States

This study analyses the changing identity of immigrant and second generation Indian Jains. Using surveys and interviews in the United States and Mumbai, India, we find that Jains, a distinctive religious minority in India, acquire an ethnic identity of ‘Indian’ in the United States despite concerted efforts to maintain a religiously based identity. Social practices developed by Jains to maintain social cohesion after domestic migration within India actually aid in the creation of ethnic identity after transnational migration to the United States. The geographic context of these immigrants in the United States, including physical settlement patterns and interactions with non‐Jain Indian immigrants, also lead this group to express greater solidarity with ‘Indians’ than with ‘Jains’.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Line-separation discrimination curve in the human fovea: smooth or segmented?’ ”

Experimental findings [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.72, 1367 ( 1982)] that suggest a segmented nature of the line-separation discrimination curve need to be carefully tested for robustness before they are used as evidence for a fine structure of the processing apparatus for spatial vision.
Leptin responses to antecedent exercise and hypoglycemia in healthy and type 1 diabetes mellitus men and women

Abstract These studies examined the effects of hypoglycemia or exercise on leptin levels in 47 (23 women, 24 men) healthy (age 26±2 years, body mass index 23±0.5 kg·m −2 ) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) subjects (age 29±2 years, body mass index 27±2 kg·m −2 ). In Study 1, healthy and T1DM subjects were exposed to morning and afternoon 120-min hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic (∼50 mg/dl) or euglycemic (∼90 mg/dl) clamps. In Study 2, healthy subjects were studied during morning and afternoon 90-min exercise bouts at 50% VO 2max . In Study 1, basal levels of leptin were significantly greater in T1DM vs. the healthy subjects (13.8±3 vs. 5.4±1 ng/dl; P P P
CT and MR in pulmonary embolism: A changing role for nuclear medicine in diagnostic strategy.

The goal of this article is to summarize current data on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in relation to the radionuclide ventilation perfusion scan. It is important for the nuclear medicine, CT, and MR communities to develop a shared approach to this disorder. Triage using chest radiographs appears to be a practical method for enhancing both nuclear medicine and CT/MR performance. The realization that there is no clinically available gold standard for the diagnosis of PE suggests that the imaging community should replace impractical and idealistic discussions with more realistic outcome-oriented approaches. A simplified one-step evaluation of the pulmonary arteries and the lower extremity veins for deep venous thrombus can provide a comprehensive examination for PE. CT is currently a more practical diagnostic tool, whereas MR offers a scientific probe for pulmonary physiology including the regional mapping of ventilation-perfusion relationships. Nuclear medicine, CT, and MR thus form an imaging triad for the diagnosis of acute PE.
The critical cultural turn in health communication: reflexivity, solidarity, and praxis.

One of the earliest critical essays to appear in the pages of Health Communication was an article written by the scholar Deborah Lupton in 1994, titled “Toward the Development of a Critical Health ...
Discerning applicants' interests in rural medicine: a textual analysis of admission essays.

Background : Despite efforts to construct targeted medical school admission processes using applicant-level correlates of future practice location, accurately gauging applicants’ interests in rural medicine remains an imperfect science. This study explores the usefulness of textual analysis to identify rural-oriented themes and values underlying applicants’ open-ended responses to admission essays. Methods : The study population consisted of 75 applicants to the Rural Physician Leadership Program (RPLP) at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. Using WordStat, a proprietary text analysis program, applicants’ American Medical College Application Service personal statement and an admission essay written at the time of interview were searched for predefined keywords and phrases reflecting rural medical values. From these text searches, derived scores were then examined relative to interviewers’ subjective ratings of applicants’ overall acceptability for admission to the RPLP program and likelihood of practicing in a rural area. Results : The two interviewer-assigned ratings of likelihood of rural practice and overall acceptability were significantly related. A statistically significant relationship was also found between the rural medical values scores and estimated likelihood of rural practice. However, there was no association between rural medical values scores and subjective ratings of applicant acceptability. Conclusions : That applicants’ rural values in admission essays were not related to interviewers’ overall acceptability ratings indicates that other factors played a role in the interviewers’ assessments of applicants’ acceptability for admission. Keywords : admissions; medical student selection; rural medicine; application essays; rural medical programs (Published: 19 March 2015) Citation: Med Educ Online 2015, 20 : 27081 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v20.27081
Stent Dilation of Superior Vena Cava and Innominate Vein Obstructions Permits Transvenous Pacing Lead Implantation

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of stent dilation of venous obstructions/occlusions to permit transvenous pacing lead implantation. Innominate vein or superior vena cava (SVG) obstruction may preclude the implantation of transvenous pacing leads. Patients with d-transposition of the great arteries, after a Mustard or Senning procedure, and children with previously placed transvenous pacing leads are at higher risk for this vascular complication. From May 1993 to January 1996, eight pediatric patients who underwent transvenous pacing lead implantation or replacement were found to have significant innominate vein or SVC obstruction or occlusion. Utilizing intravascular stents, a combined interventional and electrophysiological approach was used to relieve the venous obstruction and to permit implantation of a new transvenous pacing lead. Two patients had complete SVC occlusion requiring puncture through the obstruction with a transseptal needle. Vessel recanalization was achieved with balloon dilation and stent implantation. The remaining six patients had severe venous obstruction with a mean minimum diameter of 3.1 +/- 3.3 mm. The mean pressure gradient across the obstructed veins was 8.6 +/- 7.3 mmHg. Following implantation of 15 Palmaz P308 stents in eight vessels, the mean diameter increased to 14.2 +/- 1.9 mm and the mean pressure gradient across the stented vessels decreased to 1.0 +/- 2.0 mmHg. A transvenous pacing lead was implanted successfully through the stent(s) immediately or 6-8 weeks later. Innominate vein and SVC obstruction can be safely and effectively relieved with intravascular stents and permit immediate or subsequent transvenous pacing lead implantation.
ON THE GEOMETRY OF LIBRARIES

It is shown that to minimize access time to a library collection the items should be arranged so that the access point is distant from individual books in inverse order of their frequency of use. This is shown to lead to several interesting geometrical arrangements for library stacks. The library as a push‐down store would mean that after any book has been withdrawn it is replaced at the head of the shelf, all other books being pushed down to accommodate it. The frequency‐ordered arrangement leads to increases in access efficiency by as much as ten times. Finally an analogy is drawn between such a push‐down arrangement and and human memory as a push‐down store in the brain.
Formation of Methane Hydrates from Super-compressed Water and Methane Mixtures

Understanding the high-pressure kinetics associated with the formation of methane hydrates is critical to the practical use of the most abundant energy resource on earth. In this study, we have studied, for the first time, the compression rate dependence on the formation of methane hydrates under pressures, using dynamic-Diamond Anvil Cell (d-DAC) coupled with a high-speed microphotography and a confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy. The time-resolved optical images and Raman spectra indicate that the pressure-induced formation of methane hydrate depends on the compression rate and the peak pressure. At the compression rate of around 5 to 10 GPa/s, methane hydrate phase II (MH-II) forms from super-compressed water within the stability field of ice VI between 0.9 GPa and 2.0 GPa. This is due to a relatively slow rate of the hydrate formation below 0.9 GPa and a relatively fast rate of the water solidification above 2.0 GPa. The fact that methane hydrate forms from super-compressed water underscores a diffusion-controlled growth, which accelerates with pressure because of the enhanced miscibility between methane and super-compressed water.
The effects of cooling rate on texture and pyroxene chemistry in DSDP Leg 34 basalt: A microprobe study

Abstract A 15.6-m cooling unit from DSDP Leg 34 is investigated to determine the effects of the rate of solidification of a liquid on the resulting textures and mineralogy. A detailed sampling from the top and bottom margins of the cooling unit inward to the center has revealed systematic textural and mineralogical variations that are the result of different cooling rates. Textures change from spherulitic-intersertal in the chilled margins through intergranular to subophitic/ophitic in the interior of the flow. Plagioclase width increases and the length/width ratio decreases with distance from the flow margins (and hence with decreasing cooling rate). Titanium and Al contents are higher in pyroxenes from the chilled margins than in those from the interior regions although there is no systematic change in major element concentrations. Thus, as has been shown by experiments in lunar rock systems [4,33], Ti and Al contents in pyroxene increase with increasing cooling rate. Cooling rates calculated from conductive heat flow equations range from >100°C/hr in the margins of the cooling unit to 3 m from the margin). The variations in minor element content of pyroxene due to cooling rate must be taken into account when one attempts to relate coarse-grained gabbros and volcanic rocks to a common parent by comparing their pyroxene compositions.
Debunking the Myth That All is Well in the Home of Brown v. Topeka Board of Education: A Study of Perceived Discrimination

This article examines perceived discrimination in Topeka, Kansas, which is home to the landmark Supreme Court Decision Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education. Using data from a 21-item survey question...
Distribution of G-protein ? subunits and neurotransmitter activation of G?i and G?q in the brain of the lobsterHomarus americanus

Immunocytochemistry using antisera specific for the G-protein α subunits Gαi, Gαq, and Gαs revealed similar patterns of immunoreactivity in the lobster brain. Immunoreactivity was strongest in neuropil, especially the olfactory and accessory lobes, and was characterized by bundles of fine threads leading to dense concentrations of punctate staining in the glomeruli. This may reflect the concentration of G-protein α subunits at synapses. The major differences between the antisera were distinct patterns of staining intensity in subregions of glomeruli of the olfactory and accessory lobes. This result is potentially correlated with previous evidence that these subregions are neurochemically distinct. Neuronal cell bodies contained moderate levels of immunoreactivity at the plasma membrane and faint staining in the cytoplasm. The olfactory globular tract was moderately immunoreactive, but other fiber tracts were weakly immunoreactive. Immunoreactivity in the deutocerebral commissure consisted of small oval cell bodies and strands that formed a reticulated pattern, suggestive of glia. Photoaffinity labelling by using an analog of GTP demonstrated that histamine activated Gαi in brain homogenates. Further evidence of G-protein activation was obtained by showing that stimulation with a mixture of neuroactive substances increased the amount of phospholipase C-β associated with membranes, Gαq, and Gβ. The lobster brain, especially in its neuropil regions, is richly endowed with neuromodulatory biochemical pathways involving Gαi, Gαq, and Gαs. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:402–414, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the Assessing Institutional Digital Assets (AIDA) Toolkit

Libraries are becoming more involved in the complex task of managing the digital assets created by members of their institutions. Many tools have been created to help librarians understand and solve the problems associated with this task. One of these tools is the Joint Information Systems Committee's Assessing Institutional Digital Assets (AIDA) toolkit, which is designed to help institutions assess their current readiness and ability to manage digital assets. This article provides a review and evaluation of the AIDA toolkit as used by Los Alamos National Laboratory Research Library.
Functional traits explain phytoplankton responses to environmental gradients across lakes of the United States

Ecological communities exhibit regular shifts in structure along environmental gradients, but it has proved difficult to dissect the mechanisms by which environmental conditions determine the relative success of species. Functional traits may provide a link between environmental drivers and mechanisms of community membership, but this has not been well tested for phytoplankton, which dominate primary production in many aquatic ecosystems. Here we test whether functional traits of phytoplankton can explain how species respond to gradients of light and phosphorus across U.S. lakes. We find that traits related to light utilization and maximum growth rate can predict species' differential responses to the relative availability of these resources. These results show that laboratory-measured traits are predictive of species' performance under natural conditions, that functional traits provide a mechanistic foundation for community ecology, and that variation in community structure is predictable in spite of the complexity of ecological communities.
Negotiating transitions: a supervision model for home-based family therapists

Home-based family-centered treatment programs provide mental health and case management services to families in their own home. Treatment objectives include the prevention of residential or psychiatric placement, strengthening the family unit, and promoting family self-sufficiency. Little has been written, however, regarding the supervision of home-based, family-centered therapists. The purpose of this article is to describe a supervision model to teach novice-level family therapists to think systemically and to do family therapy with multiproblem at-risk families.
Capturing Employees’ Hearts and Minds: How leaders in large companies can create the energy and focus that is common in entrepreneurial environments

What can leaders in large companies do to create the passion for the work that is common in entrepreneurial environments? What organizational conditions are necessary for employees to think and act like owners of the business? The energy and focus that often exist in small, entrepreneurial environments can be elusive to large employers. There are many theories and recommended "fixes" for large employers. This paper provides an overview of the various perspectives and concludes with recommendations for large employers who recognize the bottom line impact of capturing employee's hearts and minds.
Transesterification of triacetin with methanol on solid acid and base catalysts

Abstract Biodiesel is a particularly attractive renewable fuel as it can be used in existing engines, is environmentally friendly, and is readily synthesized from animal fats and vegetable oils. Heterogeneous catalysts offer exciting possibilities for improving the economics of biodiesel synthesis; however, few published investigations have addressed the use of such catalysts to date. The purpose of this research was to investigate the kinetics and selectivities of different solid catalysts for the transesterification of triacetin (a model compound for larger triglycerides as found in vegetable oils and fats) with methanol. Reaction was carried out at 60 °C in a batch reactor with a variety of solid and liquid, acid and base catalysts. The homogeneous phase (i.e., liquid) catalysts (NaOH and H2SO4) were studied for comparison. Amberlyst-15, Nafion NR50, sulfated zirconia, and ETS-10 (Na, K) showed reasonable activities, suggesting that they could be suitable alternatives to liquid catalysts. While on a wt.% basis (of reaction mixture) the homogeneous phase catalysts gave higher rates of reaction, on a rate-per-site basis the solid acids were similar to H2SO4. Sulfated zirconia and tungstated zirconia had comparable turnover frequencies as H2SO4. The deactivation characteristics of some of these catalysts were also studied.
Calculation of resistance to pulmonary perfusion.

In their interesting study [(1)][1] the authors report that nebulized iloprost was more potent than inhaled nitric oxide (NO) as a pulmonary vasodilator in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. They conclude that iloprost caused a more intense decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR
Nonthrombocytopenic purpura with eosinophilia.

Observation d'un cas chez un garcon philippin de 12 ans. Resolution spontanee en 5 mois. Reactions serologiques en faveur d'une infestation par Toxocara. Breve revue des cas deja publies
Transesophageal Biplane Echocardiographic Imaging: Technique, Planes, and Clinical Usefulness

The technique of examination, imaging planes, and the clinical utility of transesophageal biplane echocardiography are described.
Lessons in Survival Forging an Experience-Near Understanding of the Interface of Work and Health

This article provides a reaction to the three articles that form the Major Contribution on HIV and working (Maguire, McNally, Britton, Werth, & Borges, 2008 [this issue]; Werth, Borges, McNally, Maguire, & Britton, 2008a [this issue], 2008b [this issue]). This reaction explores the lessons in survival so eloquently conveyed and evident in the descriptions and analyses regarding the challenge of working for people with HIV. Using the taxonomy from Blustein's psychology-of-working framework, it examines the complex relationships between working and HIV/AIDS, highlighting the ways in which the needs for survival, relatedness, and self-determination form core experiences for people with HIV.
A Review of Experimental Studies of Explicit and Implicit Bias Among Counselors

Bias is a central concept in multicultural competency, but counseling research has largely ignored implicit bias. A review of bias research in counseling indicates that increased focus on implicit bias is warranted because counselors tend not to report explicit bias and have implicit bias that diverges from their self-reported attitudes. El sesgo es un concepto esencial para la competencia multicultural, pero la investigacion relacionada con la consejeria ha ignorado en su mayoria el sesgo implicito. Una revision de los estudios sobre consejeria indica que esta justificado aumentar la atencion hacia el sesgo implicito, porque los consejeros tienden a no informar sobre el sesgo explicito y tienen sesgos implicitos que no se corresponden con sus actitudes autoinformadas
Optics for full-parallax holographic stereograms

In the evolution of synthetic holography as a viable medium for industrial design and scientific visualization, the inclusion of full parallax represents a logical next step from the previous horizontal parallax-only approaches. The significant increase in full-parallax information content implies the need for high speed perspective view synthesis, optimized mechano-optical recording systems, and novel hologram illumination approaches. This paper outlines recording techniques for producing full-parallax holographic stereograms of computer-synthesized and acquired data. We document on-the-fly high-speed rendering software that integrates the printing and image-synthesis steps. In the interest of hologram printer size control, approaches for optical image plane enlargement are highlighted, and successful examples of A4-size (30 cm X 21 cm) full- parallax images are presented. We assess perspective-view array and image-plane pixel resolutions and their effect on overall image quality, in particular with respect to medium- size formats. Finally, we demonstrate optimized illumination techniques for controlling image clarity, including dispersion-compensated and edge-illuminated approaches.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Automated Analysis of Security-Critical JavaScript APIs

JavaScript is widely used to provide client-side functionality in Web applications. To provide services ranging from maps to advertisements, Web applications may incorporate untrusted JavaScript code from third parties. The trusted portion of each application may then expose an API to untrusted code, interposing a reference monitor that mediates access to security-critical resources. However, a JavaScript reference monitor can only be effective if it cannot be circumvented through programming tricks or programming language idiosyncrasies. In order to verify complete mediation of critical resources for applications of interest, we define the semantics of a restricted version of JavaScript devised by the ECMA Standards committee for isolation purposes, and develop and test an automated tool that can soundly establish that a given API cannot be circumvented or subverted. Our tool reveals a previously-undiscovered vulnerability in the widely-examined Yahoo! AD Safe filter and verifies confinement of the repaired filter and other examples from the Object-Capability literature.
Information invariants in robotics. I. State, communication, and side-effects

The basic tools and concepts behind information invariants are described. The authors illustrate by example how such invariants can be analyzed and derived. An analogy between information invariants and tradeoffs is developed. This leads to the consideration of kinodynamic situations, in which performance measures, planning complexity, and robustness (in the sense of resistance to control uncertainty) are traded-off. Without a performance (cost) measure, it is more difficult to develop information invariants. Measures of the information complexity of a robotic task are reported. Automata-theoretic results are used to explore invariants that trade-off internal state, communication, and external state. A precise way to measure the information that a compass gives an autonomous mobile robot is reviewed. >
The lewis acid catalyzed reaction of trans-hyponitrite ion with alkyl halides

Abstract Sodium and other inorganic trans -hyponitrites afford tert -alkyl hyponitrites in good yield from the corresponding alkyl bromide or chloride in the presence of weak Lewis acids.
Effect of Processing Method and Storage Time on the Nutrient Composition of Fiddlehead Greens

The effect of processing method (freezing vs canning) and storage time (day 1 or 10 months) on the proximate composition and the vitamin and mineral content of fiddlehead greens was examined. Comparisons were made between the nutrient composition of raw and processed fiddlehead greens. The protein, ash and water soluble vitamin (niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C) content of the fiddle-heads decreased with processing. These losses were most likely the result of leaching and heat processing. Losses of water soluble vitamins, particularly niacin, was the greatest in canned fiddlehead greens. The mineral content (K, Mg, P) was substantially reduced by processing. Storage for up to 10 months resulted in a significant decrease in the moisture, crude fiber, and α-carotene content of frozen and canned fiddlehead greens.
Maternal cardiac troponin I levels during normal labor and delivery

Abstract Objective: Diagnosis of myocardial infarction in pregnant women on the basis of changes in biochemical markers is complicated by the release of some of these markers from noncardiac tissue sources. We compared troponin I levels with those of other markers in normal pregnant women. Study Design: In 51 healthy women at term in labor, cardiac troponin I, myoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase MB levels were determined at admission, during the second stage of labor, and within 30 minutes, 12 hours, and 24 hours after delivery. Results: Mean admission levels for all markers were below the upper limit of normal. Mean concentrations of myoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase MB mass were increased nearly twofold within 30 minutes after delivery. The highest level of troponin I (0.134 ng/mL) at all time points was below the cutoff value (0.15 ng/mL) for discriminating myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Because only troponin I levels remained undetectable during and after delivery, it is potentially the most useful biochemical marker for monitoring pregnant women for myocardial injury. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:122-7.)
A new look at dust and clouds in the Mars atmosphere: analysis of emission-phase-function sequences from global viking IRTM observations

The present analysis of emission-phase function (EPF) observations from the IR thermal mapper aboard the Viking Orbiter encompasses polar latitudes, and Viking Lander sites, and spans a wide range of solar longitudes. A multiple scattering radiative transfer model which incorporates a bidirectional phase function for the surface and atmospheric scattering by dust and clouds yields surface albedos and dust and ice optical properties and optical depths for the variety of Mars conditions. It is possible to fit all analyzed EPF sequences corresponding to dust scattering with an albedo of 0.92, rather than the 0.86 given by Pollack et al. on the bases of Viking Lander observations.