cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher-order and tuple-based massively-parallel prefix sums

Prefix sums are an important parallel primitive, especially in massively-parallel programs. This paper discusses two orthogonal generalizations thereof, which we call higher-order and tuple-based prefix sums. Moreover, it describes and evaluates SAM, a GPU-friendly algorithm for computing prefix sums and other scans that directly supports higher orders and tuple values. Its templated CUDA implementation unifies all of these computations in a single 100-statement kernel. SAM is communication-efficient in the sense that it minimizes main-memory accesses. When computing prefix sums of a million or more values, it outperforms Thrust and CUDPP on both a Titan X and a K40 GPU. On the Titan X, SAM reaches memory-copy speeds for large input sizes, which cannot be surpassed. SAM outperforms CUB, the currently fastest conventional prefix sum implementation, by up to a factor of 2.9 on eighth-order prefix sums and by up to a factor of 2.6 on eight-tuple prefix sums.
Metaphor Detection with Topic Transition, Emotion and Cognition in Context

Metaphor is a common linguistic tool in communication, making its detection in discourse a crucial task for natural language understanding. One popular approach to this challenge is to capture semantic incohesion between a metaphor and the dominant topic of the surrounding text. While these methods are effective, they tend to overclassify target words as metaphorical when they deviate in meaning from its context. We present a new approach that (1) distinguishes literal and non-literal use of target words by examining sentence-level topic transitions and (2) captures the motivation of speakers to express emotions and abstract concepts metaphorically. Experiments on an online breast cancer discussion forum dataset demonstrate a significant improvement in metaphor detection over the state-of-theart. These experimental results also reveal a tendency toward metaphor usage in personal topics and certain emotional contexts.
Human Mycoses: The Role of Molecular Biology

Since the early 1980s a dramatic rise in the incidence of invasive disease due to the filamentous fungi (molds) has occurred (Latge, 1999). Because these fungi are primarily opportunistic pathogens, in large part this trend can be attributed to the increase in the number of patients undergoing highly immunosuppressive therapies including chemotherapy and solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. While the list of organisms infecting immunocompromised hosts is long, the vast majority of these infections are due to Aspergillus species. Among these species, Aspergillus fumigatus accounts for almost 90% of cases (Latge, 1999). For those infections not due to Aspergillus sp., zygomycetes, Pseudallescheria boydii, and Fusarium sp., are also common pathogens. In this chapter, we will review advances in the study of these organisms as pathogens, particularly the progress made possible by the application of the techniques of molecular biology. We will focus our attention primarily on Aspergillus sp. and the zygomycetes as the most important pathogens in this group. While there has been substantial research on Fusarium sp., it has been predominately on the role of this organism in plant pathogenicity and is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Dietary Intake Among Opioid- and Alcohol-Using Pregnant Women.

Background: Substance abuse in nonpregnant adults has been associated with increased intake in calories and decreased intake of nutrient-dense foods; however, studies examining dietary intake in op...
Observing and Simulating Wind-Turbine Wakes During the Evening Transition

Wind-turbine-wake evolution during the evening transition introduces variability to wind-farm power production at a time of day typically characterized by high electricity demand. During the evening transition, the atmosphere evolves from an unstable to a stable regime, and vertical stratification of the wind profile develops as the residual planetary boundary layer decouples from the surface layer. The evolution of wind-turbine wakes during the evening transition is examined from two perspectives: wake observations from single turbines, and simulations of multiple turbine wakes using the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Throughout the evening transition, the wake’s wind-speed deficit and turbulence enhancement are confined within the rotor layer when the atmospheric stability changes from unstable to stable. The height variations of maximum upwind-downwind differences of wind speed and turbulence intensity gradually decrease during the evening transition. After verifying the WRF-model-simulated upwind wind speed, wind direction and turbulent kinetic energy profiles with observations, the wind-farm-scale wake evolution during the evening transition is investigated using the WRF-model wind-farm parametrization scheme. As the evening progresses, due to the presence of the wind farm, the modelled hub-height wind-speed deficit monotonically increases, the relative turbulence enhancement at hub height grows by 50%, and the downwind surface sensible heat flux increases, reducing surface cooling. Overall, the intensifying wakes from upwind turbines respond to the evolving atmospheric boundary layer during the evening transition, and undermine the power production of downwind turbines in the evening.
Structural Equations for Directly Observed Variables: Recursive and Non-Recursive Models

This chapter presents the structural equations for directly observed variables. The analytical approach is very similar to path analysis, described in Chapter 3. In LISREL modeling of structural equations with observed variables, path analysis can be further specified with the recursive model (X affects Y only) and the non-recursive model (Y1 affects Y2 and Y2 also affects Y1). For example, if one examines the relationship between inpatient care (Y1) and outpatient care (Y2) services used by patients, an investigator can assume that a reciprocal relationship exists between these two types of service use (i.e. that an increase in inpatient care will be associated with an increase in outpatient care, and vice versa).
From the National Surveillance State to the Cybersurveillance State

This article anchors the phenomenon of bureaucratized cybersurveillance around the concept of the National Surveillance State, a theory attributed to Professor Jack Balkin of Yale Law School and Professor Sanford Levinson of the University of Texas School of Law. Pursuant to the theory of the National Surveillance State, because of the routinized and administrative nature of government-led surveillance, normalized mass surveillance is viewed as justified under crime and counterterrorism policy rationales. This article contends that the Cybersurveillance State is the successor to the National Surveillance State. The Cybersurveillance State harnesses technologies that fuse biometric and biographic data for risk assessment, embedding bureaucratized biometric cybersurveillance within the Administrative State. In ways that are largely invisible, the Cybersurveillance State constructs digital avatars for administrative governance objectives and targets digital data deemed suspicious. Consequently, constitutiona...
Rethinking Post-occupancy Evaluation for Sustainable Learning Environments

Green or sustainable schools are an important building type from which to explore questions of changing social behaviors and the often overlooked social dimensions of sustainable development such as equity and inclusion. Building performance studies, including post-occupancy evaluations (POE) are increasingly taking into account behavioral and social dimensions of the build environment, as well as the more common objectives of reductions in energy efficiency, and adopting ethnographic and art-based research methodologies to examine building users’ interaction with their environments. In this paper we examine contemporary evaluation methods in the context of school buildings to explore how some popular POE approaches imply only superficial objectives for green building. The need to create new habits of living and the role of the built environment in this task goes without question; but confronting scientific methods and engineering perspectives typical within the industry, meets professional barriers. In order to improve commonly adopted POE methods in the context of sustainable building, it is important that we are able to contest the meaning of sustainable design and include evaluation tools that have radical educational and transformative objectives, in particular those that allow communities to explore futures that demand both social and technical change. This paper suggests that through user feedback, architects and other building professionals have not only important tools to improve the performance of sustainable buildings, but also to confront the limited expectations of architects and engage users in a sustainable future. POE tools are educational and in listening to users, co-researching ways to transform environments, architects can transform their approaches to sustainable design.
Scalable means more than more: a unifying definition of simulation scalability

In recent years, the military simulations community has placed an increasing emphasis on scalability and scalable simulation systems. The word "scalability" is used in a variety of ways by different simulation communities. The paper describes some of the more common usages and presents a general, unifying definition of simulation scalability which addresses the intent of these differing usages. Many common definitions of scalability can be viewed as simple restrictions of this multivariate scalability function to some subset of the variables in its domain. The quantitative nature of this definition allows systems to be compared based on their scalability instead of their relative performance at some level of capability. The utility of the proposed general and restricted definitions of scalability is discussed.
Quantitative proteomics reveals a role of JAZ7 in plant defense response to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000.

Abstract Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins are key transcriptional repressors regulating various biological processes. Although many studies have studied JAZ proteins by genetic and biochemical analyses, little is known about JAZ7-associated global protein networks and how JAZ7 contributes to bacterial pathogen defense. In this study, we aim to fill this knowledge gap by conducting unbiased large-scale quantitative proteomics using tandem mass tags (TMT). We compared the proteomes of a JAZ7 knock-out line, a JAZ7 overexpression line, as well as the wild type Arabidopsis plants in the presence and absence of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 infection. Both pairwise comparison and multi-factor analysis of variance reveal that differential proteins are enriched in biological processes such as primary and secondary metabolism, redox regulation, and response to stress. The differential regulation in these pathways may account for the alterations in plant size, redox homeostasis and accumulation of glucosinolates. In addition, possible interplay between genotype and environment is suggested as the abundance of seven proteins is influenced by the interaction of the two factors. Collectively, we demonstrate a role of JAZ7 in pathogen defense and provide a list of proteins that are uniquely responsive to genetic disruption, pathogen infection, or the interaction between genotypes and environmental factors. Significance We report proteomic changes as a result of genetic perturbation of JAZ7, and the contribution of JAZ7 in plant immunity. Specifically, the similarity between the proteomes of a JAZ7 knockout mutant and the wild type plants confirmed the functional redundancy of JAZs. In contrast, JAZ7 overexpression plants were much different, and proteomic analysis of the JAZ7 overexpression plants under Pst DC3000 infection revealed that JAZ7 may regulate plant immunity via ROS modulation, energy balance and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Multiple variate analysis for this two-factor proteomics experiment suggests that protein abundance is determined by genotype, environment and the interaction between them.
Policy, Politics, and Public Attitudes Toward the Supreme Court:

We assess the importance of the public’s policy agreement with the Supreme Court on public approval of the court. Using survey data on a range of recent court cases, we measure respondents’ perceiv...
Being an undocumented child immigrant

Abstract Objective The current qualitative study assessed the immigration experiences of eight Latinos who immigrated to the United States when they were children and who spent their childhood undocumented. While researchers have highlighted the challenges undocumented youth face in healthcare, mental health, and educational contexts, this study addresses the need for additional research on the immigration process and adaptation experiences of undocumented child immigrants. Methods Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol and the interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using two coding cycles. Results The following themes arose and are discussed in detail: the immigration process, recollections of the process, experiences in the U.S., liminality, and resiliency. Conclusion The findings describe that undocumented youth experience many hardships such as psychological distress, concerns with educational success, and cultural vacillation, however, they continue to persevere in the United States.
Sobre-duración: una Aproximación Cuantitativa

espanolSe presenta un estudio sobre la titulacion oportuna, un problema de gran interes para las instituciones de educacion superior. En el proceso de organizar la investigacion, se toma como concepto basal lo denominado sobre-duracion, en donde la titulacion oportuna se transforma en un caso particular. Se propone un modelo predictivo para la sobre-duracion aplicado a un conjunto real de datos de una institucion de educacion superior. Se establecen los niveles de significancia de las variables caracterizadas como predictoras, ademas de variaciones porcentuales por unidad de cambio en ellas. Para facilitar el estudio de la dependencia jerarquica, se estructura una metodologia de representacion denominada raiz jerarquica de tercer orden, que permite cuantificar los efectos y su nivel de implicancia. Como consecuencia de esto se pudo establecer que la sobre-duracion puede ser explicada por un conjunto de variables de primer orden, tales como genero, ano de egreso de la ensenanza media, grupo de dependencia del colegio, promocion, cargo del profesor guia de tesis, entre otras, de las cuales muchas de ellas no pueden ser perturbadas de forma directa. EnglishA study on timely qualification is presented, a problem of great interest for higher education institutions. In the process of organizing research, the so-called over-duration is taken as the baseline concept, where the appropriate degree is transformed into a particular case. A predictive model for over-duration applied to a real data set of a higher education institution is determined. The levels of significance of the variables characterized as predictors are established, as well as percentage variations per unit of change in them. To facilitate the study of hierarchical dependence, a representation methodology called the hierarchical root of the third order is structured, which allows to quantify the effects and their level of implication. As a consequence of this it was established that the over-duration can be explained by a set of variables of first order, such as gender, year of graduation from high school, college dependency group, promotion, position of the teacher thesis guide, among others, of which many of them cannot be directly disturbed.
Ecospace Utilization and Guilds in Marine Communities through the Phanerozoic

Does the ecological theater influence the staging of the evolutionary play? What roles do biotic interactions have in influencing evolutionary patterns? This chapter presents a system of ecologic analysis for paleocommunities that reveals some relationships between the utilization of ecospace and change in diversity through time. The analysis is restricted to marine shelf faunas. The data base for marine faunas is the most voluminous available. These faunas have been emphasized in community paleoecology because of the relatively complete fossil record of shallow marine habitats. Recent studies summarizing diversity patterns for the Phanerozoic have also concentrated on the marine realm.
Chapter Ten - H4 Receptor Antagonists and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications

Abstract The histamine H 4 receptor shows generally restricted expression in immune cells and has been shown to mediate histamine induced-chemotaxis, suggesting that it may play a role in inflammation. This has led to the discovery and characterization of histamine H 4 receptor antagonists from multiple chemical scaffolds. These antagonists have shown efficacy in numerous preclinical models of inflammation, further supporting the critical role of the histamine H 4 receptor in inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, pruritis and inflammatory pain. The first histamine H 4 receptor antagonists have entered into clinical trials and data are expected soon to establish the importance of targeting this receptor as a novel therapeutic in inflammation. This review focuses on the histamine H 4 receptor antagonists that have been identified to date.
Multi-proxy Characterization of Hurricanes Rita and Ike Storm Deposits in the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Southwestern Louisiana

Yao, Q.; Liu, K.-B., and Ryu, J., 2018. Multi-proxy Characterization of Hurricane Rita and Ike Storm Deposits in a Coastal Marsh in the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Southwestern Louisiana. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 841–845. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In 2005 and 2008, Hurricanes Rita and Ike made landfalls as category 3 and 2 hurricanes to the west of Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge (RWR) in southwestern Louisiana. In 2013, three ~30 cm sediment monoliths dominated by brown clay were recovered along a ~30 m transect perpendicular to the shoreline from the RWR. Each monolith contains two distinct light-colored calcareous storm deposits that are attributable to these two landfalling hurricanes. Loss-onignition and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were performed on all three sediment monoliths to study the sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of these two storm deposits. The geochemical results show that the storm deposits are characterized by higher-than-average values of Ca, Sr, Zr, and carbonates and low percentages of water and organics. In addition, remote sensing images show that the rate of average shoreline retreat at the RWR is ~14.5 m/yr from 1998 to 2017, and 19 m/year and 25.5 m/yr during the Hurricane Rita and Ike years, respectively. Both loss-on-ignition and XRF results also show that despite being a stronger storm, the Hurricane Rita layers are much thinner than those of Hurricane Ike in all monoliths. Remote sensing data support our interpretation that Hurricane Rita caused significant shoreline erosion and coastal recession in 2005, rendering the sampling locations at least 30 m closer to the ocean and thereby more susceptible to storm surges when Hurricane Ike struck in 2008. Thus, these results suggest that site-to-sea distance is an important factor in determining the thicknesses of storm deposits in coastal wetlands, particularly along shorelines undergoing rapid marine transgression.
Track deformable objects from point clouds with structure preserved registration

Manipulating deformable objects is a challenging task for robots. The major difficulty lies in how to track these objects accurately, robustly, and efficiently, considering they have infinite-dimen...
Market risk and Bitcoin returns

Bitcoin is emerging as a distinct asset class among investors given its seemingly detached price behavior relative to market and economic fundamentals. Its incomparably high returns in recent years has further fuelled intense interest and investment into Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies at large. This paper cautions that Bitcoin prices, despite their seemingly attractive independent behavior relative to economic variables, may still be exposed to the same types of market risks which afflict the performance of conventional financial assets. Using a Markov regime-switching model to distinguish between regimes of high and low Bitcoin price volatility, this paper shows that while returns on the aggregate market portfolio cannot explain Bitcoin returns, other asset pricing risk factors, such as interest rates and implied stock market and foreign exchange market volatilities, are important determinants of Bitcoin returns. Distinguishing between periods of high and low Bitcoin price volatility reveals heterogeneity in the explanatory power of market risk factors; in particular, Bitcoin returns are more difficult to explain during periods of high volatility relative to periods with low volatility. This finding can partially explain why extant studies, which neglect to distinguish between exchange rate regimes in Bitcoin, have difficulty linking Bitcoin prices to economic fundamentals.
New Netherlands, Archival Deficiency, and Contesting New York History in the Antebellum U.S

ABSTRACTIn nineteenth-century New York, the collection, translation, and republication of documents related to colonial Dutch history was about more than antiquarianism or the ethno-centrism of Dut...
Engineered skeletal muscles for disease modeling and drug discovery

Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of human body with several important roles in everyday movement and metabolic homeostasis. The limited ability of small animal models of muscle disease to accurately predict drug efficacy and toxicity in humans has prompted the development in vitro models of human skeletal muscle that fatefully recapitulate cell and tissue level functions and drug responses. We first review methods for development of three-dimensional engineered muscle tissues and organ-on-a-chip microphysiological systems and discuss their potential utility in drug discovery research and development of new regenerative therapies. Furthermore, we describe strategies to increase the functional maturation of engineered muscle, and motivate the importance of incorporating multiple tissue types on the same chip to model organ cross-talk and generate more predictive drug development platforms. Finally, we review the ability of available in vitro systems to model diseases such as type II diabetes, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Pompe disease, and dysferlinopathy.
Kidney Donor Profile Index Is a Reliable Alternative to Liver Donor Risk Index in Quantifying Graft Quality in Liver Transplantation.

Background The most established metric for estimating graft survival from donor characteristics in liver transplantation is the liver donor risk index (LDRI). The LDRI is calculated from donor and transplant-related variables, including cold ischemic time. Because cold ischemic time is unknown at the time of organ offer, LDRI is not available for organ acceptance decisions. In contrast, the kidney donor profile index (KDPI) is derived purely from donor variables known at the time of offer and thus calculated for every deceased donor in the United States. The similarity in donor factors included in LDRI and KDPI led us to hypothesize that KDPI would reliably approximate LDRI in estimating graft survival in liver transplantation. Methods The United Network of Organ Sharing registry was queried for adults who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation from 2002 to 2016. The cohort was divided into quintiles of KDPI and LDRI, and graft survival was calculated according to Kaplan Meier. Hazard ratios for LDRI and KDPI were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models, and Uno's concordance statistic was compared. Results In our analysis of 63 906 cases, KDPI closely approximated LDRI in estimating liver graft survival, with an equivalent concordance statistic of 0.56. Conclusions We conclude that KDPI can serve as a reasonable alternative to LDRI in liver acceptance decisions.
The Impact of Cardiology Consultation on Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients with Elevated Troponin Levels.

Abstract Background Cardiac troponin (cTn) is mainly used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, cTn can also be elevated in critically ill patients secondary to demand ischemia or myocardial injury. The impact of cardiology consultation on the clinical outcomes of patients admitted to medical intensive care unit (ICU) with elevated cTn is unclear. Methods A retrospective analysis of medical ICU patients with elevated cTn without evidence of ACS between January 2013 through December 2018. Patients were stratified based on documentation of cardiology consultation. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital and 30-day mortality, the length of stay (LOS), further cardiac testing, 30-day readmission rate, new prescription of cardiac medications, and the predictors of a cardiology consultation. Results Of 846 patients screened, 766 patients were included, of whom 63.2% had cardiology consultation. Cardiology consultation group had longer median LOS (7 vs. 5 days, P = 0.007), additional cardiac testing (90.3% vs. 67.7%, P Conclusion Cardiology consultation for elevated cTn in medical ICU patients was associated with increased cardiac testing and LOS, without significant impact on mortality.
Inhabiting the Ethical Life: Habit and Trust in Hegel’s Philosophy

This paper explores the relation between habit and ethical life in Hegel’s philosophy drawing on both Hegel’s Philosophy of Subjective Spirit and the Philosophy of Right . For Hegel, habituality underlies the constitution of dispositions, including the sense of belonging to the the community and the state that is distinctive of ethical life. However, habit in itself does not suffice to motivate or to justify trust in the state. In this light, I reconsider the difference between habit and trust in ethical life by looking at the specific nexus that holds together institutions and citizens. This will lead to a reconsideration of ethical life as a form of inhabiting the social and political dimension that is informed by conscious acknowledgment and appropriation. Accordingly, I argue that while habituality in the Anthropology is crucial for the cultivation of sensibility, ethical trust involves the cultivation
Design and Baseline Provider Survey Results for a Novel Quality Improvement Initiative to Optimize Feeding, Prevent Obesity, and Support Overall Health for Children Under Two

Background: Obesity prevention guidelines for primary care providers (PCPs) are not available for children 25% of children ages 2-5 have overweight or obesity, and studies increasingly identify the first 1000 days after conception as critical to obesity prevention and lifelong health. Results of recent national studies suggest that relevant nutrition and lifestyle behaviors for children <2 and pediatric practice focused on these same areas could be improved considerably. Objectives: To describe the design of a novel quality improvement (QI) intervention to support PCPs in improving care relevant to early nutrition/obesity prevention during well visits for children <2 and to compare baseline PCP survey responses …
A Volumetric Dosimetry Analysis of Vertebral Body Fracture Risk After Single Fraction Spine Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

Abstract Purpose Vertebral compression fractures (VCF) are a common and severe complication of spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We sought to analyze how volumetric dosimetry and clinical factors were associated with the risk of VCF. Methods and Materials We evaluated 173 spinal segments that underwent single fraction SBRT in 85 patients from a retrospective database. Vertebral bodies were contoured and dosimetric values were calculated. Competing risk models were used to evaluate the effect of clinical and dosimetry variables on the risk of VCF. Results Our primary endpoint was development of a post-SBRT VCF. New or progressive fractures were noted in 21/173 vertebrae (12.1%); the median time to fracture was 322 days. Median follow-up time was 426 days. Upon multivariable analysis, the percentages of vertebral body volume receiving >20 Gy and >24 Gy were significantly associated with increased risk of VCF (hazard ratio, 1.036, 1.104; P = .029, .044, respectively). No other patient or treatment factors were found to be significant on multivariable analysis. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the percentages of vertebral body volume receiving >20 Gy and >24 Gy required to obtain 90% sensitivity for predicting vertebral body fracture were 24% and 0%, respectively. Conclusions VCF is a common complication after SBRT, with a crude incidence of 12.1%. Treatment plans that permit higher volumes receiving doses >20 Gy and >24 Gy to the vertebral body are associated with increased risk of VCF. To achieve 90% sensitivity for predicting VCF post-SBRT, the percentage of vertebral volume receiving >20 Gy should be
Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 55

Jan E. Leach & Steven Lindlow, eds. 2017. Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 55. (ISSN: 0066-4286; ISBN: 978-0-8243-1355-5, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: www.AnnualReviews.org, science@annualreviews.org, 1-800-523-8635, 1-650-493-4400). $107.00 indiv. US, 610 pp., 7.5" × 9.25".
Building insights into KRAS signaling complexes

The critical event in KRAS signaling and oncogenic transformation is activation of the RAF–MEK–MAPK cascade. This requires assembly of a multiprotein–lipid complex on the plasma membrane. In a tour de force of modeling, Mysore et al. now provide the first glimpse of what this structure may actually look like.
Retrospective on the society for historical archaeology, 1977–1982

When I got my assignment to discuss the Soci ety's history between 1977 and 1982 I was a little disappointed that I had not been given one of the earlier, more "colorful" periods in the Society's history. The late 1970s had little to recommend them in terms of intellectual, social, or fashion interest, and being what my stepchildren call a "60s person," I was hoping for an opportunity to reminisce about those earlier halcyon days. (Clearly, Chuck Cleland knew what he was doing when he made the assignments.) For example, I specifically was hoping for 1971?the year I joined the Society, and the year in which the entire Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA) happily fit into one standard double room in the Holiday Inn in Tallahassee, Florida, for the cocktail reception. The annual meeting that year also happened to share the Holiday Inn with George Wallace and his entourage, who were campaigning in Tallahassee that weekend. Confused reporters interviewed Wallace supporters and archaeologists alike, and Stan South was so compelling that they aired his interview on Tallahassee TV. Jim Deetz
Lung cancer trends in young adults: an early indicator of progress in tobacco control (United States).

Objective: Tobacco smoking is known to increase lung cancer occurrence beginning in young adulthood, although age-specific rates have not been used to monitor the early consequences of tobacco control efforts in the United States. We evaluated state trends in lung cancer death rates among young adults in relation to an index of state tobacco control activities and conventional indices of current smoking and cessation. Methods: We calculated lung cancer death rates in young adults (age 30–39 years) over two time intervals from 1990–1994 through 1995–1999 in states with at least 25 deaths per interval. We measured the correlation of an index of state tobacco control in 1992–1993 with absolute rates and with total percent change during the two time intervals. Results: Both lung cancer death rates during the recent time interval (1995–1999) and the change in these rates from 1990–1994 correlated strongly and inversely with the index of state tobacco control efforts measured in 1992–1993. Lung cancer death rates decreased in states with high tobacco control efforts, but increased in states with low tobacco control efforts. Tobacco control indices were strongly and positively correlated with cessation of smoking by age 30–39 years. Conclusions: Lung cancer death rates among young adults are strongly and inversely correlated with recent indices of tobacco control. Future monitoring of the effectiveness of statewide comprehensive tobacco control programs should assess trends in lung cancer rates in young adults as well as youth and adult smoking prevalence.
Performance-measure approaches for selecting optimum portfolios

In this chapter, following Elton et al. (Journal of Finance 31:1341–57, 1976; Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis, 7th edn. Wiley, New York, 2006), we introduce the performance-measure approaches to determine optimal portfolios. We find that the performance-measure approaches for optimal portfolio selection are complementary to the Markowitz full variance-covariance method and the Sharpe index-model method. The economic rationale of the Treynor method is also discussed in detail.
A college lead informal learning engineering education program for school aged youth

Minority students and those of low socio-economic status are underrepresented in the engineering field. Early exposure to the engineering field may improve the chances that these types of students will consider pursuing academic studies and career placements in this field. Now in its fourth year, Drexel University, College of Engineering hosts elementary through high school aged students in the gifted program at the Southeast Delco School District (DELCO). Students tour engineering labs, hear from current college students, watch demonstrations, and engage in small group activities that focus on engineering concepts like robotics, circuits, and human centered design. This example of an informal learning program between a college, spearheaded by the IEEE Student Chapter at Drexel University, and four area DELCO schools, has allowed grade school students to begin thinking about college, have informal college mentors, and learn the basics of engineering. Through mostly qualitative and some quantitative data, the outcomes of this mutually beneficial relationship between a college and local public schools, especially targeting underrepresented minority students, indicate that pre-college students have benefited from these visits in a multitude of ways. Often these visits reinforce concepts the students have already learned and expand their perception of engineering.
Practical Neuropathology Synoptic Reporting for Central Nervous System Tumors

Abstract Context.—Synoptic reporting for central nervous system (CNS) tumors has never been formally addressed, and neuropathologists lack practical templates that they can adapt to their laboratory information system to be compliant with College of American Pathologists (CAP) standards. Objectives.—To provide practical synoptic report templates designed for CNS tumors that allow for easy data extraction and CAP compliance and improve the reporting of CNS tumors. Data Sources.—Review of literature and synoptic report format experience in our practice. Conclusions.—Synoptic reporting of required elements is a recently introduced standard for CNS tumors. It is difficult to use a universal non-CNS tumor synoptic report template for CNS tumors because they are heavily weighted to include items not important or required for CNS tumors, such as margins and the TNM classification system. In addition, the CAP CNS protocol, published in 2008, is an immense comprehensive document that is not conducive to simple inc...
TEM analysis of failed bits and improvement of data retention properties in megabit-DRAMS

Direct observation of failed bits in DRAMs indicates that the dislocation lines originating at the sidewall edge of the cell plate cause data retention errors. The elongated dislocation lines were observed during the annealing treatment after As-implantation. It was found that the failure due to n/sup +/-substrate leakage in the cell increased in proportion to the dislocation density. The failure due to the leakage was greatly decreased by eliminating As-implantation in the regions between the cell plate and the transfer gate. The yields were also improved. >
Assessing the utility of ICU admission for octogenarians

Advanced age is associated with increased severity of acute critical illnesses and admission to ICU. Despite advances in the support for older critically ill patients, the short- and long-term mortality rates remain substantial. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing the outcome of a geriatric population admitted to the ICU. A single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted among all geriatric patients, 80 years or older, admitted to ICU during a 6-month study period. Fifty-two patients were admitted. Mean age was 85.1 years (range 80–96), mean APACHE-II score was 24.7 (range 11–40), and mean frailty score was 5.8 (range 3–8). Thirty-nine (75 %) patients received mechanical ventilation, and 31 (59.7 %) were on vasoactive therapy. Twenty-four (46.3 %) patients died during their hospital admission, and 13 (25 %) of them expired in ICU. Advanced age, needs for vasopressor therapy, and mechanical ventilation are independent predictive factors of adverse outcome. Pre-admission functional status was not independently associated with unfavorable outcome.
Singularities, universality, and scaling in evaporative deposition patterns

The theory of solute transfer and deposit growth in evaporating sessile drops on a plane substrate is presented. The main ideas and the principal equations are formulated. The problem is solved analytically for two important geometries: round drops (drops with circular boundary) and pointed drops (drops with angular boundary). The surface shape, the evaporation rate, the flow field, and the mass of the solute deposited at the drop perimeter are obtained as functions of the drying time and the drop geometry. In addition, a model accounting for the spatial extent of the deposit arising from the non-zero volume of the solute particles is solved for round drops. The geometrical characteristics of the deposition patterns as functions of the drying time, the drop geometry, and the initial concentration of the solute are found analytically for small initial concentrations of solute and numerically for arbitrary initial concentrations of solute. The universality of the theoretical results is emphasized, and comparison to the experimental data is made.
Folding a fish, making a mushroom: The role of diagrams in executing assembly procedures

Three experiments examined the role of step-by-step and final-state diagrams in supporting object assembly. A total of 180 college students made origami objects from instructions consisting of text only, text plus a final-state (completed-object) diagram, or text plus step-by-step and final-state diagrams. In Experiments 1 and 2, construction accuracy in the final-diagram condition was comparable to that in the step-by-step condition when the objects required few assembly steps, but it was comparable to that in the text-only condition when many steps were required. Experiment 3 independently manipulated the number of assembly steps and the ease of seeing the steps in, or inferring them from, the final diagram. The results indicated that the ease of extracting the steps from the final diagram was the primary causal variable in the interaction with instructional condition. We interpret these results in terms of mental model construction and working memory load.
The clinical presentation and outcome of urothelial atypia on biopsy of the bladder.

Abstract Objectives To examine the presentation and clinical outcome of patients diagnosed with reactive urothelial atypia (RUA) or urothelial atypia of unknown significance (AUS) on tissue biopsy of the bladder. Methods and materials We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients who were diagnosed with either RUA or AUS on biopsy of the bladder at our institution from November 2000 to May 2008. Excluded from the analysis were patients with a history of or a concurrent diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. A total of 66 patients were available for final analysis. Results The mean patient age at diagnosis was 63 years (range: 18–89 years). There were 46 men (70%) and 20 women (30%). The indication for cystoscopic examination included lower urinary tract symptoms in 29 (44%), gross hematuria in 17 (26%), microscopic hematuria in 12 (18%), urolithiasis in 2 (3%), and hydronephrosis in 6 (9%) patients. On biopsy, 54 (82%) had RUA and 12 (18%) had AUS. The mean follow-up was 36 months (range: 0–271 months). During this period, 37 (56%) patients underwent at least 1 additional cystoscopy with negative result. None of the 66 (0%) patients developed biopsy-proven urothelial carcinoma. Conclusion Urothelial atypia is common in men older than 60 years and often presents with either hematuria or lower urinary tract symptoms. Both RUA and AUS have a similar benign clinical course. Therefore, after diagnosis, further intervention or surveillance is unnecessary.
Optical Properties of Noble Metals. II.

Earlier work dealing with the optical properties of Cu and Ag is extended along two directions. The optical properties of Au are discussed and interpreted in terms of intra- and interband processes as well as plasma effects as elementary excitations of the system. In addition, the previous tentative interpretation of the low-energy optical structure in terms of interband transitions near $L$ and $X$ in the Brillouin zone is examined carefully by means of absolute calculations of the imaginary part of the frequency-dependent dielectric constant, using as input data the results of band calculations as well as Fermi surface experiments. The agreement of the results for all three noble metals with experiment strongly supports the previous interpretation. It is shown that in metals, sharp optical structure may arise from transitions between relatively flat, filled bands, such as the upper $d$ band, and empty states just above the Fermi surface. This structure complements that arising from transitions at critical points and accounts for the region in the noble metals where direct interband transitions first set in. Finally, the present calculations are used as a basis for comment on recent data of Spicer and Berglund and the relative importance of direct and indirect transitions in photoemission processes.
Treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1974–1979

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has long been recognized as perhaps the most radiosensitive of all carcinomas, but radiotherapy alone is clearly inadequate treatment. The fact that SCLC has a tendency toward early and wide dissemination suggests that chemotherapy might be an important means of tumor control. From July, 1974, to March, 1978, a total of 101 patients were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center on 3 protocols designed for SCLC. The initial regime (COMA) combined vincristine, methotrexate, and high doses of cyclophosphamide. Radiation therapy was employed in most patients with limited disease. Complete response (CR) rate was 17%. BCNU and procarbazine were added to the regimen, and radiation was not part of the primary treatment. Neither the total response rate nor the CR was significantly different from those obtained with the COMA regimen. In the third regimen, DDP and VP-16 were combined; after 2 such cycles, the patients received CAV for 4 cycles and then were switched back to DDP and VP-16. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was incorporated into this program. CR rate was 47% and median survival in excess of 18 months. Responses were maximal by the end of the first 6 weeks of treatment. Recent studies include the modifications of abandonment of fixed time intervals for recycling treatment and reintroduction of radiation therapy to the primary complex. Of 43 patients so treated, the CR rate from chemotherapy induction is 62%; after conclusion of radiation, 83% are in CR. However, acute toxicity is significantly greater than that of our previous programs.
Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions on a fluctuating surface of genus zero.

We investigate the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition for hexatic order on a fluctuating spherical surface of genus zero and derive a Coulomb gas Hamiltonian to describe it. In the Coulomb gas Hamiltonian, charge densities arise from disclinations and from Gaussian curvature. There is an interaction coupling the difference between these two densities, whose strength is determined by the hexatic rigidity. We then convert it into the sine-Gordon Hamiltonian and find a linear coupling between a scalar field and the Gaussian curvature. After integrating over the shape fluctuations, we obtain the massive sine-Gordon Hamiltonian, which corresponds to a neutral Yukawa gas, and the interaction between the disclinations is screened. We find, for ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{A}}$/\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\gg}1/4, where ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{A}}$ and \ensuremath{\kappa} are hexatic and bending rigidity, respectively, that the transition is suppressed altogether, much as the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition is suppressed in an infinite two-dimensional superconductor. If, on the other hand, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{A}}$/\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\ll}1/4, there can be an effective transition. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pathway to Totipotency: Lessons from Germ Cells

Oocytes and sperm are some of the most differentiated cells in our bodies, yet they generate all cell types after fertilization. Accumulating evidence suggests that this extraordinary potential is conferred to germ cells from the time of their formation during embryogenesis. In this Review, we describe common themes emerging from the study of germ cells in vertebrates and invertebrates. Transcriptional repression, chromatin remodeling, and an emphasis on posttranscriptional gene regulation preserve the totipotent genome of germ cells through generations.
The effect of oxygen exposure on subsequent deposition of thin gold films on clean InP(111) surfaces

Clean InP(111) surfaces were prepared in an ultra-high vacuum chamber via sputtering and annealing in a phosphorous ambient. Exposing these surfaces to excited oxygen in the 105 L range resulted in a mixed In and P oxide approximately 2.8 A thick. Oxygen exposure did not alter the position of the Fermi level, measured using ultraviolet photoemission, on sputtered/annealed surfaces. The Fermi level typically remained pinned at 1.1 eV above the valence band maximum throughout the oxygen exposures, but decreased to approximately 0.8 eV after deposition of one monolayer of gold. Similar band bending behavior had previously been observed for gold deposited on sputtered/annealed InP(111) not subjected to the intervening oxygen exposure. In addition, Auger measurements indicated possible increased phosphorus oxidation as gold was deposited on the oxygen-exposed InP.
Spray coating of optical-fibers for high strippability

The major purposes for plastic coating are protecting the surface of bare glass fibers and maintaining the mechanical strength of optical fibers. Usually, it is reported that optical fibers with excellent characteristics in both transmission and mechanics can be obtained through a series of three types of coating.
Selective Binding of Lipid A to Responder and Nonresponder B Lymphocyte Subpopulations

125I-labeled lipid A is selectively bound to B cell-enriched populations. A combined method that employs autoradiography to detect binding of 125I-labeled lipid A and immunofluorescence to detect B cells is described. With this analytic technique it was demonstrated that 25%-30% of B cells in the spleen exhibit binding and that the binding by splenocytes from lipopolysaccharide responder mice cannot be distinguished from that of nonresponder mice.