cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding values of souvenir purchase in the contemporary Chinese culture: A case of Shanghai Disney

Abstract This research explores souvenir values under the influence of contemporary Chinese culture. Taking Shanghai Disney as the study context, a total of 32 onsite interviews with Chinese visitors to Shanghai Disney were conducted. Based on the analysis of 246 pages of interview transcripts, this research identifies three overarching souvenir values germane to modern Chinese culture, encompassed by sign value, meaningfulness, and hedonic value. In addition, a list of seven other values are found to uniquely exist depending on the specific recipient of souvenirs. These are classified as family orientation, and knowledge and positive education for children; individuality, instrumental value, and conformity for oneself; and kindness, and trust and harmony for others. These values provide insightful explanations for Chinese consumers’ souvenir purchase behavior in contemporary Chinese society. Theoretical and managerial implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Expansion Distances of Planetary Nebulae

The distances of planetary nebulae are discussed as derived from their angular expansions and radial expansion velocities. An assessment is given of distances derived by this method both at optical and radio wavelengths. The recent VLA radio data show promise in establishing a more accurate distance scale for planetary nebulae.
CEREBRAL ENDOTHELIAL INJURY IN STROKE, BRAIN TRAUMA AND HYPERTENSION

Endothelial injury occurs in cerebral vessels in a variety of acute experimental interventions. These include ischemia followed by reperfusion, acute severe hypertension, traumatic brain injury, prolonged seizures, topical application of hydrogen peroxide or arachidonate or bradykinin, xanthine oxidase plus substrate, or hydrogen peroxide plus iron salts (for review, see Kontos, 1989a). Endothelial injury in these conditions is characterized by similar morphological, biochemical, and functional abnormalities.
Community Health Nursing Clinicals: An Examination of the Present and Ideas for the Future

As part of a curriculum revision for a baccalaureate school of nursing, a nationwide survey examined how schools of nursing structure community health nursing (CHN) clinical experiences. Results indicate that a wide variety of settings and agencies (public health departments, schools, clinics, home health, and many more) are being used. Use of preceptors, use of multiple and single agencies, observational visits, time scheduled, projects, and faculty philosophy of CHN were examined. Although many settings, courses, and projects are traditional, this study reveals that some nursing schools are responding to changes in health care and population needs and are structuring CHN clinicals accordingly. Ideas for clinical courses for the future are offered.
Sustainability Practices at New Jersey Wineries. Exploring the Roles played by Agricultural Tourism and Firm Size

Using original survey data on 30 New Jersey winery-vineyards, this study tests whether there are more environmentally sustainable practices at operations that practice agritourism, and also at wineries that are relatively large. We take special care to deal statistically with this small sample. The number of sustainability practices in the sample is positively correlated with the quantity of output in bottles and with the amount of land planted in grapes. Agritourism has no discernible effect on conservation practices, in contrast to some prior studies on farms outside of this sector. It is argued that winery-vineyards are unique in ways that cause them to ignore agritourism and other forms of direct marketing as reasons to alter their production processes.
Red meat, white meat and vegetable intakes and circulating nitrates

Background Intervention studies have shown that dietary nitrate supplementation significantly increased circulating nitrates and inhibited platelet aggregation, improved vascular function and lowered blood pressure. Thus, studying factors that may influence circulating nitrates will help us design strategies to prevent or improve these conditions associated with chronic diseases. Nitrate metabolism in humans are significantly influenced by oral and gut microbiome composition. Meat and vegetable intakes can influence human microbiome composition; thus, determine the associations between consumption of these foods and circulating nitrates may shed light on the interrelationship between meat, nitrate and microbiomes. Objective Determine the associations between red, white meat and vegetable consumption and circulating nitrates in two large observational studies. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we analyzed data collected from 5,058 adults (men and women) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and from 1,260 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). The non-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (NFFQ) was collected, and urinary nitrates were measured in the NHANES. Plasma nitrates were measured, and a semi-quantitative FFQ (SFFQ) was collected in the HPFS. Results We found a similar trend when assessing the associations of vegetables and red meat with circulating (plasma and urinary) nitrate across two studies (NHANES and HPFS). Both urinary and plasma nitrates were positively associated with vegetables (p Conclusion Our results suggest that increased consumption of vegetable intakes are associated with increased circulating nitrates and increased consumption of processed and unprocessed red meat are associated with reduced circulating nitrates. Our study prompts new studies to determine the interrelationship between red meat, white meat, microbiome and circulating
Immunofunctional photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel surfaces for the capture and release of rare cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a central role in cancer metastasis and represent a rich source of data for cancer prognostics and therapeutic guidance. Reliable CTC recovery from whole blood therefore promises a less invasive and more sensitive approach to cancer diagnosis and progression tracking. CTCs, however, are exceedingly rare in whole blood, making their quantitative recovery challenging. Several techniques capable of isolating these rare cells have been introduced and validated, yet most suffer from low CTC purity or viability, both of which are essential to develop a clinically viable CTC isolation platform. To address these limitations, we introduce a patterned, immunofunctional, photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel capture surface for the isolation and selective release of rare cell populations. Flat and herringbone capture surfaces were successfully patterned via PDMS micromolding and photopolymerization of photolabile PEG hydrogels. Patterned herringbone surfaces, designed to convectively transport cells to the capture surface, exhibited improved capture density relative to flat surfaces for target cell capture from buffer, buffy coat, and whole blood. Uniquely, captured cells were released for collection by degrading the hydrogel capture surface with either bulk or targeted irradiation with cytocompatible doses of long wavelength UV light. Recovered cells remained viable following capture and release and exhibited similar growth rates as untreated control cells. The implementation of molded photodegradable PEG hydrogels as a CTC capture surface provides a micropatternable, cytocompatible platform that imparts the unique ability to recover pure, viable CTC samples by selectively releasing target cells.
Predictors of Item Accuracy on the Test de Vocabulario en Imagenes Peabody for Spanish-English Speaking Children in the United States.

This study examines the response patterns of 288 Spanish-English dual language learners on a standardized test of receptive Spanish vocabulary. Investigators analyzed responses to 54 items on the Test de Vocabulario en Imagenes (TVIP) [Dunn, L. M., D. E. Lugo, E. R. Padilla, and L. M. Dunn. 1986. Test de Vocabulario en Imganes Peaboy: Adaptacion Hispanoamericana. Circle Pines, MN: AGS] focusing on differential accuracy on items influenced by (a) cross-linguistic overlap, (b) context (home/school), and (c) word frequency in Spanish. The response patterns showed cross-linguistic overlap in phonology was a significant predictor of accuracy at the item level. After accounting for item number (expected difficulty level), context of exposure was a significant predictor of the likelihood of obtaining a correct response. Spanish word frequency was not a significant predictor of accuracy. The current findings substantiate the influence of cross-linguistic overlap in phonology and context on Spanish vocabulary recognition by Spanish-English speaking children. Children were more likely to obtain correct responses on lexical items that were associated with the home context. Researchers and practitioners should consider phonological cross-linguistic overlap in addition to context of word exposure and word frequency when designing and utilizing vocabulary assessments for children from linguistic minority backgrounds.
Library Staff are More Motivated to Engage in Professional Development When Encouraged by Library Leadership

A Review of: Johannessen, H. T. D. (2018). The need to grow, learn and develop – how does management affect motivation for professional development? LIBER Quarterly, 28(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18352/lq.10238 Abstract Objective – This study explores whether there is a correlation between academic library leaders’ support for professional development and their employees’ professional self-esteem and motivation to participate in professional development. Design – Survey questionnaire. Setting – Academic libraries in Norway. Subjects – 1,637 full time equivalent (FTE) staff. Methods – The theoretical framework for this study is knowledge management. The author defines this as “The creation and subsequent management of an environment which encourages knowledge to be created, shared, learnt, enhanced, and organized for the benefit of the organization and its customers” (Sarrafzadeh, Martin, & Hazeri, 2006, p. 624, quoted on p. 3). An anonymous quantitative survey was made available to staff working in Norwegian academic libraries. The survey included questions about to what extent their leader encourages them to attend conferences, to what extent their leader understands their skills and competencies, personal belief in their own skills and competencies to perform their work tasks, and number of professional development activities they attended in 2015 (including conferences, continuing education seminars, and interdepartmental seminars). Main Results – 626 survey responses were collected, for a 38% response rate. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Over 50% of all survey respondents reported high satisfaction with their professional skills and competencies. There is a difference when broken down by gender, with 77% of men reporting confidence in their professional skills versus 63% of women. Education level, on the other hand, does not make a difference. The study found a correlation between perception by library staff that their library leader has a “good overview” of their professional skills and staff members’ confidence in their ability to perform their job well. Library staff with leaders who encouraged professional development were more likely to participate in external professional development activities. Participation in internal professional development activities was not affected by library leaders’ encouragement. Conclusion – When library staff are encouraged by library leadership to participate in professional development, they are more likely to do so. Library staff who perceive that their library’s leaders recognize and value their professional skills and competencies have a higher sense of professional self-esteem. Library leaders can use knowledge management to come to a better understanding of the knowledge and skills their staff members already possess, and to encourage communities of practice and the sharing of knowledge in the organization. This recognition can result in employees who are happier and more motivated to learn.
Localization of a mobile acoustic scatterer from sub-Rayleigh resolved acoustic arrivals in a refractive environment

Computational Bayesian inference on the state of an underwater mobile object from a continuous active acoustic transmission is presented. The challenge of sub-Rayleigh resolvable wave vectors in refractive environments with uncertainty in ambient acoustic noise power is addressed. The location and speed of the mobile scatterer are inferred under the challenging constraint of a small receive vertical aperture. The need for jointly inferring the vertical angles and Doppler offsets of the arrivals is addressed with a Gibbs sampling approach. The posterior density of the plane wave components is mapped to the object's range, depth, and speed through ray interpolation. A case scenario from an acoustic duct environment in the western Indian ocean is presented.
Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in dairy compost upon exposure to wet and dry heat treatments

AIM Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in finished dairy compost was compared at 55 and 65°C under wet and dry heat conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS A three-strain cocktail of C. difficile endospores was inoculated into dairy compost to a final concentration of c. 5·5 log CFU per gram and the moisture content (MC) of the compost was adjusted to be 20, 30 and 40%. For the dry heat treatment at 55 and 65°C, the compost samples were placed in an environmental chamber, whereas for the wet heat treatment, the inoculated compost samples were placed in a tray submerged in a water bath. The MCs of composts were maintained well throughout the wet heat treatment while the dry heat treatment reduced the MCs of composts to <10% by the end of come-up time. During the come-up time, the log endospore reductions at a selected temperature were not significantly different in compost with three selected MCs, in each heat treatment. During the holding time, endospore counts reduced by <0·5 log CFU per gram at 55 and 65°C of dry heat treatment, whereas 0·7-0·8 and 0·6-3·0 log CFU per gram reductions were observed at 55 and 65°C in wet heat treatment respectively. CONCLUSION The recommended minimum composting guidelines were not sufficient to reduce C. difficile endospore counts to an undetectable level (five endospores per gram). Increasing the temperature of thermophilic phase to 65°C, and maintaining higher MCs of composting feedstocks have significant (P < 0·05) effects on the endospore inactivation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study identified factors that significantly affecting the thermal resistance of C. difficile endospores during composting, and the results suggest the current composting guidelines need to be amended in order to reduce the dissemination of C. difficile endospores in agricultural environment.
Superior Electrochemical Performance of Pristine Nickel Hexaaminobenzene MOF Supercapacitors Fabricated by Electrophoretic Deposition

2 D Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for supercapacitor electrodes because of their controllable structure, tunable pore size, and high specific surface area. In this study, the fabrication of pristine MOF nickel hexaaminobenzene Ni3 (HAB)2 supercapacitor electrodes by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was reported. The MOF-based symmetric supercapacitor demonstrated a superior electrochemical capacitive performance over a potential window of 0-1.0 V and displayed an areal capacitance of 13.64 mF cm-2 and a remarkable ultra-high cycling stability with a retention of 81 % over 50 000 cycles. The supercapacitor's outstanding performance was attributed to the binder-free EPD process and to the 2 D MOF nanosheets, which facilitate ion diffusion throughout the electrodes. These promising results demonstrate the potential of using pristine MOFs as the next generation of materials for energy-storage applications.
Elevation-related differences in annual survival of adult food-caching mountain chickadees are consistent with natural selection on spatial cognition

Animals inhabiting montane gradients experience varying winter climates that may result in differential selection on survival-related traits. Higher elevations in temperate climates are characterized by harsher winters with greater and longer-lasting snow cover compared to lower elevations, potentially leading to stronger selection for traits that improve fitness under these harsher conditions. For food-caching mountain chickadees, Poecile gambeli, inhabiting harsh high elevation environments, individual variation in spatial cognitive abilities related to cache retrieval is associated with significant differences in overwinter survival. Compared to lower elevations, stronger predicted selection on traits needed for overwinter survival at higher elevations can be expected to result in higher adult annual survival despite harsher environmental conditions, indicating that individuals that survive their first winter are better suited to survive similar subsequent selection events. Here, we used a Bayesian hierarchical Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) model to estimate and compare survival of adult mountain chickadees at higher and lower elevations over 3 years. We showed that adult survival was consistently higher at higher elevations despite much harsher environmental conditions, supporting our hypothesis that selection on overwinter survival-related traits (such as spatial cognition) is stronger at our high elevation study area than at lower elevations. Understanding how environmental conditions are associated with different selection strengths on survival-related traits is an important question in behavioral ecology. Directly estimating differences in strength of selection is daunting, but comparing survival between environments may provide an alternative method. We tested for differences in adult survival in a resident food-caching species at higher and lower elevations varying in winter climate severity. These birds rely on food caches for winter survival, and juvenile birds with better spatial cognition (needed for cache retrieval) have higher survival during their first year at higher harsher elevations. Here, we report higher adult survival at higher elevations compared to lower elevations, despite much harsher winter environment. Such findings support our hypothesis for stronger selection in harsher winter conditions because individuals that survive their first year under stronger selection are better suited to survive subsequent selection events.
Uncertainty characterization of guided ultrasonic wave properties in composite materials

Guided ultrasonic wave-based methods are promising for structural health monitoring of isotropic and composite materials and structures. The technology has seen a lot of attention in the research community over the past decades, and many analytical and numerical methods have been developed to describe different aspects of guided wave propagation and scattering phenomena as well as damage detection. However, very little research was geared towards the influence of the uncertainty in the material properties for the calculation of the dispersion curves. The lack of knowledge of the exact material properties together with manufacturing tolerances could lead to erroneous conclusions. Hence, in this study, an uncertainty analysis for the material properties of fiber-reinforced composites is conducted to quantify the effect of uncertain material constants on the dispersion curves. A fuzzy arithmetical approach based on the Transformation Method is used to generate the dispersion curves with uncertain parameters in conjunction with a root-finding algorithm. The uncertain parameters are modeled as linear fuzzy numbers. Using triangular membership functions, both the nominal value and the worst-case interval are adequately combined into one fuzzy number. Furthermore, it is shown that the measure of influence for the uncertain material parameters on the group velocities of the considered Lamb waves is not equally weighted. These findings might allow for the development of efficient, nondestructive material characterization techniques in the future.
Chapter 5 – Predictive Dynamics

Predictive dynamics is an optimization-based methodology for predicting human motion while considering biomechanics of the human and physics of the task. The problem is formulated to optimize a human performance measure subject to laws of dynamics and physics of the task. The dynamic stability requirement is formulated using the zero-moment point concept. All the constraints are partitioned into two subsets: time-dependent and time-independent. Formulation of the time-dependent constraints suitable for an optimization algorithm is described. A simple problem is first used to illustrate the basic principles. Predictive dynamics is used to treat the motion of a simple pendulum and is solved to gain some insights into the methodology. Some cost functions and boundary conditions are treated in the formulation to evaluate the predictive dynamics problem.
Leveraging 3D Vertical RRAM to Developing Neuromorphic Architecture for Pattern Classification

The crossbar architecture with resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices presents many advantages in realizing matrix-based computations and achieves success in neural network implementation. However, the rapid growth of network size demands even denser structures. In this paper, we investigate the neuromorphic hardware design based on the three-dimensional vertical RRAM (3D VRRAM) with an even/odd word line (WL) structure. The increased interconnects of VRRAM aggravate the chronic problems of the crossbar structure like the sneak path currents. We address this issue by attaining a balanced structure with high nonlinear RRAM devices. Furthermore, the impact of complicated signal routing and control due to the vertically stacked structure can be alleviated through architectural level optimization. A three-layer VRRAM structure is demonstrated for neuromorphic design by showing that 8X8-pixel images were successfully classified into three alphabet characters on this structure. The example design also verifies that the 3D VRRAM with even/odd WL structure is beneficial to acquire high area efficiency.
Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Multi-chamber Intracardiac Thrombosis During Liver Transplantation: A Case Series

Intra-cardiac thrombosis is one of the most devastating complications during liver transplantation. In the majority of cases, ICT, followed by massive pulmonary embolism, is commonly occurring shortly after liver graft reperfusion, but it has been reported to occur at any stage of the surgery. We present a series of 3 cases of intra-cardiac thrombosis during orthotopic liver transplantation surgery, including a case of four-chamber intra-cardiac clot formation during the pre-anhepatic stage. This article represents a single-centre 14 year-long experience. Intra-operative TEE is the gold standard to diagnose intra-cardiac thrombosis, monitoring its size, location and dynamics, as well as myocardial performance and the effects of resuscitation efforts.
Dyslexia in a Global Context: A Cross-Linguistic, Cross-Cultural Perspective

Dislexia en un contexto global: una perspectiva interlinguistica e interculturalDislexia em um contexto global: uma perspectiva interlinguistica e interculturalDyslexia is a global issue. It encompasses a range of language and literacy cultures with many variations regarding definitions, diagnostic measures, regulations, policies, and support procedures for dyslexic students. Considerable progress has been made in the field of monolingual dyslexia, but now there is growing interest in the multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural world of dyslexia. Provision and supports are considered broader for multilingual learners than for those who are monolingual. With cross-cultural and cross-linguistic differences among students, teachers need to implement inclusive practices to ensure successful language and content learning in the classroom. Based on an extensive search of relevant literature, the purpose of this narrative review is to explore research on dyslexia from an international, cross-cultural, and cross-language perspective. The goal is also to highlight universal or unique characteristics, to emphasize the diversity of global interest, and to discuss the training needs of educators who must support culturally and linguistically diverse students with dyslexia.To reference this article (APA) / Para citar este articulo (APA) / Para citar este artigo (APA)Maunsell, M. (2020). Dyslexia in a Global Context: A Cross-Linguistic, Cross-Cultural Perspective. Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning, 13(1), 92-113. https://doi.org/10.5294/laclil.2020.13.1.6Received: 03/10/2019Accepted: 25/02/2020Published: 28/08/2020
Liberating Split Estates

The dominance of the severed mineral estate has been long been considered an axiomatic principal of oil and gas law. Within this paradigm, the split-estate mineral owner enjoys broad rights to use the surface estate as is reasonable and necessarily incident to mineral development. Dominance, accordingly, can be understood as exit: the right of the mineral owner to develop its subsurface property without association or coercion from others. However, this formalist view has eroded in the face of shifting social norms regarding environmental protection, the interests of privacy and enjoyment of surface owners, the recognition of new property interests in the subsurface, and changing sociological views regarding the value and utility of fossil energy production. While surface land has become increasingly fragmented and more valuable, advances in horizontal drilling technology have permitted erosion of the doctrine of mineral estate dominance. A realist view of the ordering between surface and mineral estates today indicates that the estates are increasingly enmeshed and indivisible within coupled human and natural systems. As a result, a binary and boundary-based adjudication of the concomitant rights of surface and mineral owners discourage cooperation and result in utilitarian concerns, environmental harms, and inefficient resource use. This article examines the convergence of surface and mineral estates within the framework of mismatched property interests and common resource problems. It challenges the binary dominant-servient ordering of surface and mineral property. It suggests that resource-scale management facilitates incorporation of liberal commons principals into governance of the vertical commons in a manner that supports more robust environmental regulation and economically and socially productive use of shared resources.
Towards Assets-based Approaches for Adolescent Online Safety

Our limited knowledge about what teens do online and inability to protect them from harm evokes a sense of fear that makes us prone to “risk discourse.” However, this mindset overshadows the potential benefits of youth engaging online and constrains our ability to design online safety mechanisms that are developmentally appropriate for empowering adolescents to become resilient to risks. Our goal in attending this workshop is to find actionable ways to incorporate new asset-based practices that prioritize teens’ strengths and capacities to improve adolescent online safety.
Management of systemic hypotension in term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: an illustrated review

In persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), the ratio of pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic vascular resistance is increased. Extrapulmonary shunts (patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen value) allow for right-to-left shunting and hypoxaemia. Systemic hypotension can occur in newborns with PPHN due to variety of reasons, such as enhanced peripheral vasodilation, impaired left ventricular function and decreased preload. Systemic hypotension can lead to end organ injury from poor perfusion and hypoxaemia in the newborn with PPHN. Thus, it must be managed swiftly. However, not all newborns with PPHN and systemic hypotension can be managed the same way. Individualised approach based on physiology and echocardiographic findings are necessary to improve perfusion to essential organs. Here we present a review of the physiology and mechanisms of systemic hypotension in PPHN, which can then guide treatment.
New skill acquisition does not perturb existing function in sensory cortex

The ability to learn and practice new skills applies to the computation of abstract properties such as geometric form and neuroprosthetic control, as well as physical actions. We trained adult mice to successfully use an optical brain-computer interface (BCI) device so that we could assess the extent to which abstract skill learning disrupts previously acquired cortical function. We found that animals used multiple neural strategies to gain volitional control of the BCI device, and continued to do so after additional training. Despite significant engagement of local neural activity during BCI performance, tuning properties and stimulus encoding were not perturbed by new skill acquisition. These results indicate that flexible selection of neural strategies during goal-directed practice may facilitate the integration of new skills with existing function.
Oceans Apart: Greed, Betrayal and Pacific Rugby: directed by Callum Drummond and Axel Haudiquet, London, Tusitala Films, 2020, documentary film, 60 minutes

An important thread in this fascinating new video is exile. International Pacific Island Rugby union players must leave home, which is to say, they must go overseas to ply their trade and leave kin...
The Reversed Superficial Sural Artery Flap

The reverse flow superficial sural artery flap (RSSA), which was first described by Donski and Fodgestam, and later popularized by Masquelet et al., is a distally based pedicled fasciocutaneous flap. It can be used to cover defects of the distal third of the leg, the ankle, and the foot when free tissue transfer cannot be performed. The RSSA flap derives its blood supply in a reversed fashion via perforating vessels from the peroneal artery to the superficial sural artery. These can be found 5–7 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus. The main advantage of the RSSA is the ease of dissection without sacrificing a major blood supply to the leg. The donor site can be closed primarily or reconstructed with a split thickness skin graft, incurring minimal morbidity to the patient. The main disadvantage of the RSSA is that it is associated with a high incidence of venous congestion. This is mainly due to the fact that the venous outflow relies on the venae comitantes of the superficial sural artery and the lesser saphenous vein. There is minimal contribution from the deep venous system. As it is theorized that the flap design might contribute to venous congestion, the design of the flap and its pedicle has evolved. We have a low threshold for performing a delay procedure for this flap if any signs of venous congestion are evident during dissection or after rotation of the flap.
The cycling of iron, zinc and cadmium in the North East Pacific Ocean – Insights from stable isotopes

Abstract Dissolved stable isotope ratios of the transition metals provide useful information, both for understanding the cycling of these bioactive trace elements through the oceans, and tracing their marine sources and sinks. Here, we present seawater dissolved Fe, Zn and Cd concentration and stable isotope ratio (δ56Fe, δ66Zn, and δ114Cd) profiles from two stations in the Pacific Ocean, the SAFe Station (30°N 140°W) in the subtropical North East Pacific from the GEOTRACES IC2 cruise, and the marginal San Pedro Basin (33.8°N 118.4°W) within the South California Bight. These data represent, to our knowledge, the first full-water column profiles for δ66Zn and δ56Fe from the open-ocean North Pacific, and the first observations of dissolved δ66Zn and δ114Cd in a low-oxygen marginal basin. At the SAFe station, δ56Fe is isotopically lighter throughout the water column (−0.6 to +0.1‰, relative to IRRM-014) compared to the North Atlantic, suggesting significant differences in Fe sources or Fe cycling between these two ocean basins. A broad minimum in δ56Fe associated with the North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (OMZ;
Nano Metal Particles for Biomedical Applications

In the management of human health, nano-sized tools are usually more effective than larger ones because they can be incorporated into the systems more in a fundamental (cellular or molecular) level, causing less negative side effects. One of these nano tools that are currently getting much attention is nanometal particle (NMPs). NMPs have many unique properties that are not present in their bulk form. When these unique properties are positively utilized in biological systems they can be very effective for the diagnosis and/or treatment for various diseases. In this article, examples of various applications of NMPs in biomedical sciences and technology are reviewed and a few examples that are currently studied in our research group are demonstrated. It should be noted that, in this article, only a limited publications are cited out of the large volume of NMP related ones, and the readers should not assume that the examples listed in this article are representing all of the currently available NMP tools used in biomedical field. It should also be noted that the authors for this articles are not experts in nanotechnology but are bioengineers.
Generation of rejection method bounds for spherically invariant random vectors

Based upon the central limit theorem, random clutter returns are commonly modeled as Gaussian. Nevertheless, many situations arise in practice where the data are clearly non-Gaussian, as is seen with "spiky" radar clutter. Spherically invariant random vectors (SIRVs) are especially attractive for modeling correlated non-Gaussian clutter. This paper discusses the computer simulation of SIRVs for Monte Carlo purposes using the rejection method. A key requirement of the rejection method is the ability to find a tight bound of the probability density function, from which random samples can be readily generated. An automated technique for generating this bound for the SIRV probability density function is presented.
Functional and sensory characteristics of quinoa in foods

Abstract The performance of quinoa-wheat flour blends (5/95, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70) were evaluated in breads, cakes and cookies. Breads baked with 5% and 10% quinoa flour were of good quality. Loaf volume decreased, crumb grain became more open and the texture slightly harsh at higher usage levels of quinoa flour. A bitter aftertaste was noted at the 30% level. Cake quality was acceptable with 5% and 10% of quinoa flour. Cake grain became more open and the texture less silky as the level of quinoa substitution increased. Cake taste improved with either 5% or 10% quinoa flour in the blend. Cookie spread and top grain scores decreased with increasing levels of quinoa flour. Flavor improved up to 20% quinoa flour in the blend. Quinoa was blended with corn grits at levels of 10%, 20% and 30% and extruded at 15% and 25% moisture respectively. Quinoa addition produced a darker, less yellow product than corn grits alone. Density and expansion ratio were lower for products containing greater levels of quinoa. The most favorable products were produced at a 15% initial moisture content and a 3:1 compression ratio of the extruder screws. Cakes baked with quinoa starches were of poor quality. The overall performance of quinoa starch in baked goods was similar to that of other non-cereal starches such as amaranth and potato starch.
Application of particle filters in a hierarchical data fusion system

In recent years, the particle filter has become commonly accepted as the preferred tool for single target tracking in highly non-linear and non-Gaussian environments. This paper investigates the issues that arise when particle filters are integrated into a hierarchical data fusion system, in which the sensor-level tracking is performed using particle filters, but central-level track fusion is performed using a Gaussian model. The context of the investigation is multistatic sonar tracking using a field of bistatic receiver nodes (sensors). Tracking performance of the hierarchical data fusion system with particle filter sensor level tracking is compared with the equivalent system using Kalman based filters for sensor level tracking. It is found that, while the particle filter possesses measurably better performance at the sensor level, much of this performance is lost if the sensor level tracks are fused using a Gaussian model.
Genovesa Submarine Ridge: A manifestation of plume‐ridge interaction in the northern Galápagos Islands

[1] Despite its circular coastline and calderas, Genovesa Island, located between the central Galapagos Platform and the Galapagos Spreading Center, is crosscut by both eruptive and noneruptive fissures trending NE-SW. The 075° bearing of the fissures parallels that of Genovesa Ridge, a 55 km long volcanic rift zone that is the most prominent submarine rift in the Galapagos and constitutes the majority of the volume of the Genovesa magmatic complex. Genovesa Ridge was the focus of detailed multibeam and side-scan sonar surveys during the Revelle/Drift04 cruise in 2001. The ridge consists of three left stepping en echelon segments; the abundances of lava flows, volcanic terraces, and eruptive cones are all consistent with constructive volcanic processes. The nonlinear arrangement of eruptive vents and the ridge's en echelon structure indicate that it did not form over a single dike. Major and trace element compositions of Genovesa Ridge glasses are modeled by fractional crystallization along the same liquid line of descent as the island lavas, but some of the glasses exhibit higher Mg # than material sampled from the island. Most of the submarine and the subaerial lavas have accumulated plagioclase. Incompatible trace element abundances of dredged Genovesa Ridge rocks are lower than the island's lavas, but ratios of the elements are similar in the two settings, which suggests that the island and ridge lavas are derived from nearly identical mantle sources. Glass inclusions in plagioclase phenocrysts from the ridge are compositionally diverse, with both higher and lower MgO than the matrix glass, indicative of homogenization at shallow levels. The structural and geochemical observations are best reconciled if Genovesa Ridge did not form in response to injection of magma laterally from a hot spot-supplied central volcano, like Kilauea's Puna Ridge. Instead, Genovesa Ridge and its western extension are the result of passive upwelling directed by far-field tectonic stresses that are generated by tension across the 91°W transform. The proximity of the plume causes magmatism in the extensional zones where it would not ordinarily occur.
Interpersonal stress and suicidal ideation in adolescence: An indirect association through perceived burdensomeness toward others

Abstract Background Research has documented significant associations between life stress, especially interpersonal stress, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Little is known about variables that explain the association between interpersonal stress and suicidal ideation. Methods The present study evaluated a conceptual model in which interpersonal stress (chronic and episodic) predicted suicidal ideation indirectly via thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness among 180 inpatients (65.0% girls) ages 12–17 years ( M =14.72, SD=1.49). Non-interpersonal stress was also examined to determine whether the model was specific to interpersonal stress or common to stress in general. Results Structural equation modeling identified a significant indirect effect of chronic interpersonal stress on suicidal ideation via perceived burdensomeness. Episodic interpersonal stress was significantly correlated with thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation, but was not a significant predictor of suicidal ideation in a model that controlled for depressive and anxious symptoms. No significant associations were found between non-interpersonal stress and suicidal ideation. Limitations Adolescents were the sole informant source, data on psychiatric diagnoses were not available, and the optimal time interval for examining stress remains unclear. The cross-sectional study design prevents conclusions regarding directionality. Conclusions These findings highlight the role of chronic interpersonal stress in suicidal ideation in adolescents, as well as the potential promise of perceived burdensomeness as a target for programs designed to prevent or reduce suicidal ideation.
Democracy, Liberalism, and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debate. Edited by Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. 250p. $52.00.

The essays in this ambitious volume take as their foil the democratic peace hypothesis: the claim that liberal democracies, while still going to war against nonliberal states, rarely wage war on one another. “This volume challenges the received international wisdom about democracy, liberalism, and war,” write the editors in the Introduction. “The democratic peace, with its transhistorical causal law based on fixed definitions of democracy and war and a nation-state ontology of the international, is far too simplistic a frame from which to analyze the various historical and contemporary configurations of democracy, liberalism, and war” (p. 2).
Accepting the consequences of anti-individualism

The characteristic thesis of anti-individualism is that certain de dicto cognitive attitude predicates such as 'is thinking that water is wet' express 'wide' psychological properties properties, that is, whose possession 'presupposes' or 'necessarily depends upon' the existence of objects that are external relative to the person to whom the properties are ascribed. In my paper 'Anti-Individualism and Privileged Access' [6], I argued that contrary to the claims of Burge [3], the characteristic thesis of anti-individualism is inconsistent with the Cartesian idea that we each have privileged access to the contents of our thoughts. In his reply to my paper, Anthony Brueckner [1] claims that my criticism is wrong because it is based on a simple misunderstanding of Burge (pp. 111, 114, and 116, note 5). My argument relied on my contention that the anti-individualist's notion of 'necessary dependence' should be understood as logical, or conceptual, implication. Brueckner claims that this is wrong. The anti-individualist's notion of necessary dependence, he says, is much weaker than conceptual implication (p. 114). Brueckner's opinion was quickly seconded by Warfield [9], who claims repeatedly (pp. 232-33) that 'Brueckner has refuted McKinsey'. Although Brueckner is unclear about what he thinks the notion of necessary dependence is supposed to be, his considered view seems to be that necessary dependence should be interpreted as metaphysical dependence (p. 116). But if so, then it seems that, contrary to Brueckner's claims, I did not misunderstand Burge after all. For one of the points that I was most concerned to make in my paper was that Burge's argument in [3] for the consistency of anti-individualism and privileged access tacitly (and illegitimately) identifies the anti-individualist's notion of necessary dependence with that of metaphysical dependence (see [6], pp. 12-13). Since this is an interpretation of Burge to which Brueckner himself is committed, he is wrong to claim that my main mistake was that of not understanding what Burge really had in mind. Again, an interpretation of Burge that Brueckner endorses is an interpretation that I myself took (laborious) pains to emphasize in my paper. Moreover, by resting his whole case merely on the claim that I misunderstood Burge, Brueckner neglects the fact that I gave an argument for the conclusion that the anti-individualist's notion of necessary dependence should be interpreted as conceptual implication ([6], pp. 13-14). For (I argued), interpreting the notion as metaphysical dependence results in a
Angular Distributions for Ti 4 6 , 4 8 ( d , p ) Ti 4 7 , 4 9 Reactions with 4.16-Mev Deuterons

Angular distributions of protons resulting from reactions of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{48}$ with 4.16-Mev deuterons have been measured in the forward direction for several levels of the residual nuclei. For protons from the 1.35-and 1.70-Mev states of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{49}$ the distributions show a peak at an angle about 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} larger than that expected from simple deuteron-stripping theory. The reaction to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$ appears to proceed largely through the compound nucleus at this deuteron energy. The measured angular distribution of protons from the 1.40-Mev excited state indicates an assignment of $L=1$ for the captured neutron, hence odd parity and spin \textonehalf{} or $\frac{3}{2}$ to the level in ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$.
The non-identity of the transmitter substance of crustacean inhibitory neurons and gamma-aminobutyric acid

Abstract 1. 1. Chromatographic analysis of extracts of peripheral and central nervous system of crabs demonstrated the presence of a single ninhydrin-positive inhibitory substance which is shown to be different from gamma-aminobutyric acid. 2. 2. Manometric determination of glutamic acid decarboxylase in crab peripheral nerve tissue gave negative results. 3. 3. Thiosemicarbazide injected into crayfish does not produce seizures. 4. 4. The pharmacological actions of the crustacean inhibitory substance on crustacean organs are similar to those of gamma-aminobutyric acid and of vertebrate Factor I.
Development of Hypothesis Test for Travel Time Data Quality

The accuracy of travel time data generated by traveler information systems is a topic of interest for transportation engineers. Several evaluations of data quality have been conducted in recent years to measure the accuracy of these systems. In general, the approach has been to quantify errors from the system by measuring the distance between an estimate and a benchmark or ground truth value. A number of distance-based metrics including average error bias, absolute average error, and root mean squared error, have been used. However, because the benchmark values are random values, the errors are also random and are subject to some uncertainty. This paper proposes a novel approach to measuring errors so that the distribution of the errors can be quantified and a statistical hypothesis test can be constructed. The hypothesis test can be used to decide whether the system is operating at the desired level of accuracy.
The bulge test: A comparison of the theory and experiment for isotropic and anisotropic films

Abstract A theoretical analysis was made of the deformation of foils in the biaxial “bulge test”. The relationship between stress and strain on the one hand and the pressure and height of the bulge on the other hand was established as a function of the Poisson's ratio and the crystal symmetry. For strains less than 1% Beams' formulae were found to be accurate to within 8%. The distribution of stresses and strains and the curvature throughout the bulge was also determined. Expressions for the biaxial elastic modulus Y[hkl], measured from the slope of the stress-strain curve of a bulge test, were derived for (100), (110) and (111) crystallographic orientations of the film plane in cubic crystals. A bulge tester was constructed and stress-strain curves were obtained for copper and CuNi homogeneous foils. The measured biaxial moduli Y[111] for both copper and 50at.%CuNi foils having strong 〈111〉 texture were in excellent agreement with those calculated from the bulk alloy elastic constants. Satisfactory agreement was also found between measured and calculated values of Y[100] for films with a 〈100〉 texture.