cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Au Cathode in the System Li2CO3-CO2-CO at 800 to 900 C

Current results of experimental work to evaluate gold as a possible catalyst for the cathodic reduction of carbon dioxide in molten lithium carbonate are presented. An attempt is then made to rationalize the experimental results by proposing a phenomen logical model for the sequence of reactions at and around the electrode. Finally, inferences are made as to the viability of gold as a cathode catalyst for the proposed battery.
Preparation of spherical, monosized Y2O3 precursor particles

Abstract Spherical, monosized yttria precursor particles were obtained by homogeneous precipitation in aqueous solutions by reaction with the thermal decomposition products of urea. Increasing [Y 3+ above 0.05 M resulted in a deviation from spherical morphology and caused agglomeration of particles. Over the concentration range studied, excess urea did not affect particle morphology, but increased the yield. Increasing aging time appeared to increase particle size as well as to improve yield, as long as the urea was not depleted. The approximate chemical composition of the precipitate was YOHCO 3 . The YOHCO 3 particles formed were amorphous to X-rays, and underwent a two-stage thermal decomposition, first forming Y 2 O 2 CO 3 near 180°C, and then cubic Y 2 O 3 above 610°C. Generation of CO 3 2− appeared to be crucial to the formation of the solid phase. Heating the aqueous yttrium solution with trichloroacetic acid (CCl 3 COOH) instead of urea as the precipitating agent produced a solid phase, while heating the same solution with formamide (HCONH 2 ) substituted for urea formed no precipitate.
A Study of Displacement Distribution in a Piezoelectric Heterogeneous Bimorph

Piezoelectric heterogeneous bimorphs have extensive applications in the MEMS area. In order to formulate their displacement distribution more conveniently, a concise analytical solution is described herein. This solution integrates all of the important influence factors, such as geometry and material properties, into a single expression. Secondary effects such as shear, residual stress induced curvature, and electrostiction, are not considered, but they are found to be minimally important based on the accuracy of the predicted results. The expression is verified using the finite element method, and shown to be straightforward compared to the more complicated couple-field FEM analysis for a specific range of materials and thicknesses. The method is subsequently shown to be capable of quickly estimating the displacement in a bimorph beam, making it a useful tool for designing piezoelectric structures.
A research agenda for data curation cyberinfrastructure

In 2008, the National Science Foundation released the DataNet solicitation, which presents an ambitious vision for a comprehensive data curation cyberinfrastructure in support of fourth paradigm science. The program subsequently funded two projects, DataONE and the Data Conservancy. The authors put forth an uncertainty framework for understanding the larger socio-cultural issues that influence the progress of DataNet projects and cyberinfrastructure projects in general. This framework highlights the key technical, organizational, scientific, and institutional contexts that the projects must consider as they mature.
Structure-function relationships in diphtheria toxin channels: I. Determining a minimal channel-forming domain.

Diphtheria Toxin (DT) is a 535 amino acid exotoxin, whose active form consists of two polypeptide chains linked by an interchain disulphide bond. DT's N-terminal A fragment kills cells by enzymatically inactivating their protein synthetic machinery; its C terminal B chain is required for the binding of toxin to sensitive cells and for the translocation of the A fragment into the cytosol. This B fragment, consisting of its N-terminal T domain (amino acids 191–386) and its C-terminal R domain (amino acids 387–535) is responsible for the ion-conducting channels formed by DT in lipid bilayers and cellular plasma membranes. To further delineate the channel-forming region of DT, we studied channels formed by deletion mutants of DT in lipid bilayer membranes under several pH conditions. Channels formed by mutants containing only the T domain (i.e., lacking the A fragment and/or the R domain), as well as those formed by mutants replacing the R domain with Interleukin-2 (Il–2), have single channel conductances and selectivities essentially identical to those of channels formed by wild-type DT. Furthermore, deleting the N-terminal 118 amino acids of the T domain also has minimal effect on the single channel conductance and selectivity of the mutant channels. Together, these data identify a 61 amino acid stretch of the T domain, corresponding to the region which includes α-helices TH8 and TH9 in the crystal structure of DT, as the channel-forming region of the toxin.
Cryogenic photon-mass experiment.

We have conducted a Coulomb's-law experiment at 1.36 K, in a search for low-temperature phase-transition effects. Our null result establishes that the photon at 1.36 K has a mass of less than (1.5 +- 1.4) x 10/sup -42/ g.
The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress

The purpose of this paper is to report two studies that investigated the consequences of organizational politics and organizational support on two separate samples of employees. Study 1 surveys 69 full-time employees, while Study 2's sample includes 185 part-time workers. Four major findings were observed. First, the present studies replicated prior findings concerning the relationships of politics and support to such variables as withdrawal behaviors, turnover intentions, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In general, politics is related to negative work outcomes while support is related to positive ones. Consistent results were obtained within both the full- and part-time samples. Second, we elaborated upon previous work concerning the relationship of politics and support to job involvement. Third, we found in both samples that politics and support did predict above and beyond each other, suggesting that they should be viewed as separate constructs rather than opposite ends of a single continuum. Lastly, Study 2 extended the research on politics and support by analyzing their relationships to four work stress variables: job tension, somatic tension, general fatigue, and burnout. Each of these four variables was predicted by both politics and support. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition of Novel Volatile Cues by the Nymphs of the Glassy-winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Cicadellidae)

Nymphs of Homalodisca vitripennis are strict xylophages and frequently switch host-plants to obtain a balanced level of nutrients at appropriate tension levels. Associative learning of odors and other semiochemicals may enhance the nymphs’ ability to recognize and locate potential host-plants. We examined whether nymphs could learn to associate a novel olfactory stimulus (vanilla) with a host-plant. Nymphs fed on cowpea plants treated systemically with vanilla extract or on untreated plants. Subsequently, their responses to a pale green target were measured in the presence or absence of vanilla odor. Nymphs were not innately attracted to pale green, and exposure to vanilla odor did not decrease a stereotypical scanning behavior. However, when presented with vanilla odor, significantly more conditioned nymphs selected the target than did control nymphs.
Maximizing Data Preservation Time in Linear Sensor Networks

We study a new algorithmic problem called data preservation problem with maximum preservation time. It preserves data inside sensor networks (due to absence of the base station) by offloading overflow data from source node into the network, such that the data preservation time is maximized. We present an optimal and efficient algorithm for linear sensor networks.
Graphene micro- and nano-plasmonics

We present experimental and theoretical results of confined plasmons in graphene micro- and nano-structures. We present a FDTD technique to accurately model the measured data and demonstrate the importance of interactions between plasmonic structures.
The reliability of cytopathologists' classifications of bronchial epithelial atypias from Kodachrome slides.

The accuracy of computerized cell image analysis techniques for classification of atypical cells is determined by comparing computer-generated classifications with those made by cytopathologists. This
The Golgi Sialoglycoprotein MG160, Expressed in Pichia pastoris, Does Not Require Complex Carbohydrates and Sialic Acid for Secretion and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Binding

Abstract MG160, a type I membrane sialoglycoprotein of the medial cisternae of the rat Golgi apparatus, shows high homology (over 90%) with CFR, a fibroblast growth factor receptor, and ESL-1, an E-selectin ligand of the cell surface of murine myeloid cells. When Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with a cDNA lacking the transmembrane and C-terminus cytoplasmic domain of MG160 (ΔTMCT), a fully processed protein of 160 kDa apparent molecular mass was recovered in the culture medium. When these cells were treated with tunicymycin, a 130- to 140-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated from the culture medium. A construct lacking the signal sequence, the single transmembrane, and the cytoplasmic domains of MG160 (ΔTMCT-) was integrated at the HIS Pichia pastoris genome site using the expression vector pPIC 9 which possesses a yeast compatible signal sequence (Invitrogen). Recombinant protein accumulated in the medium to approximately 10 mg/L. The yeast recombinant protein lacked complex carbohydrates and sialic acid but bound 125 I bFGF. Similarly, rat MG160 subjected to deglycosylation by peptide: N -glycosidase F (PNGase) bound 125 I bFGF.
Pregnancy as Foreground in Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Testing Decisions in Primary Care

Cystic fibrosis carrier testing (CFCT) is among the first of the DNA tests offered prenatally in primary care settings. This paper from a descriptive qualitative study describes the influence of pregnancy in CFCT decisions by women receiving community-based prenatal care. Twenty-seven women receiving prenatal care in Midwestern U.S. primary care clinics completed semistructured interviews. Audiotaped interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Participants described decision-making influences and strategies from the perspective of “being pregnant.” Patterns of attitudes and beliefs include (1) dealing with emotions, (2) pregnancy is natural, and (3) thinking about the baby. Strategies in the decision-making process included (1) reducing stress, (2) choosing what is relevant, (3) doing everything right, (4) wanting to be prepared, (5) delaying information, and (6) trusting God. While other factors were mentioned by some women, major themes reflect the influence of currently being pregnant on the decis...
Divided Neighbors on an Indivisible Island: Economic Disparity and Cumulative Causation on Hispaniola

This paper utilizes both narrative analysis and statistical techniques in an investigation of the principle of cumulative causation to explain underdevelopment, relative poverty and spatial disparities on Hispaniola. The events that explain this process in the underdevelopment of Hispaniola have resulted in a tragically downward spiral in Haiti, placing its future in great peril. The Dominican Republic is relatively better off than its neighbor; however, the shortage of basic services, poverty and malnutrition are quite prevalent in the Dominican Republic. That the latter is comparatively more prosperous than the former is due to the circular interdependence of both economic and non-economic factors; the influence of resource allocation choices, unique historical, political and cultural conditions, as well as foreign influences and the place Hispaniola has occupied in the larger global context.
Effects of rhodium addition on methane oxidation behavior of alumina-supported noble metal catalysts

Abstract Laboratory methane oxidation experiments were conducted using a series of catalyst samples prepared by impregnating Rh-free noble metal catalysts (i.e., Pt/Pd, Pt or Pd) with various amounts of rhodium (0.0035, 0.005, and 0.014 wt.-% Rh). The addition of these small amounts of rhodium did not significantly change the temperature required for the onset of the methane oxidation. However, variable-composition experiments conducted at a temperature characteristic of warmed-up catalytic converters (ca. 550°C) reveal that the rhodium addition tends to shift the optimum feedstream stoichiometry (at which a maximum methane conversion occurs) toward more reducing conditions. These Rh-induced effects on methane conversion behavior appear to be independent of how the rhodium is incorporated in the catalyst.
Adaptive behavior and coordination failure

Abstract We use the experimental method to study people's adaptive behavior in a generic game with multiple Pareto ranked equilibria. The experiment was designed to discover if behavior diverged at the separatrix predicted by the fictitious play dynamic. The equilibrium selected was sensitive to small differences in initial conditions as predicted. The experiment provides some striking examples of coordination failure growing from small historical accidents.
The external morphology and distribution of cuticular hair organs on the claws of the American lobster, Homarus Americanus (Milne-Edwards)

Abstract Four classes of microscopic cuticular hair organs were found on the chelae of Homarus americanus (Milne-Edwards). Type I and Type II organs possess long single sensillae, 30–60 μm and 70–130 μm, respectively. Type III organs are toroid bumps 20–30 μm in diameter, with a small tuft of fibers projecting from the center. Type IV organs are small conical hairs ≈ 1 μm in length. Type IV organs were uniformly distributed over the claws. The distributions of Types I, II, and III organs were analysed through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with respect to claw, side, and area. Type I organs showed significance of the three-way interaction only. Type II organs showed significance of side, area, and the claw by area interaction. Type III organs showed significance of area, and all interactions. Changes in number and density of Types I, II and III organs, and in number of Type IV organs, were found with growth.
A visual language compiler for information retrieval by visual reasoning

When a database increases in size, retrieving the data becomes a major problem. An approach based on data visualization and visual reasoning is described. The main idea is to transform the data objects and present sample data objects in a visual space. The user can use a visual language to incrementally formulate the information retrieval request in the visual space. A prototype system is described with the following features: (1) it is built on top of the SIL-ICON visual language compiler and therefore can be customized for different application domains; (2) it supports a fuzzy icon grammar to define reasonable visual sentences; (3) it incorporates a semantic model of the database for fuzzy visual query translation; and (4) it incorporates a VisualNet which stores the knowledge learned by the system in its interaction with the user so that the VisualReasoner can adapt its behavior. >
The Significance of Einstein's Use of the History of Science

ummary Einstein frequently used the historical narrative form to express his philosophical and even scientific ideas. Analysis of his historical writings reveals that he employed a distinctive historical method which may be designated an “intuitive archeology”, following one of his examples. It will be shown that his historical method (and so also his historical narratives) was consistently directed toward the goal of freeing ongoing scientific research from arbitrary restrictions. He regarded these arbitrary restrictions, in turn, to be the result of a loss of recollection of the origins of scientific concepts. Finally, Einstein's position that the reality of the historical process of science itself validated his approach to writing history will be discussed. Resume Einstein a souvent utilise la forme d'une narration historique pour exprimer ses ides philosophiques ou meme scientifiques. L'analyse de ses ecrits historiques revele qu'il employait une methode historique particuliere qui peut etre appelee »archeologie intuitive« selon I'un de ses exemples. L'auteur montre que sa methode historique (ainsi que ses narrations historiques) avait consteuemment pour but de liberer la recherche actuelle de restrictions arbitraires. II considerait ces restrictions arbitraires elles-memes comme resultant d'un oubli des origines des concepts scientifiques. Enfin, I'auteur discute la position d'Einstein selon laquelle la realite historique que constitue la science elle-meme justifiait sa maniere d'ecrire I'histoire. Zusammenfassung Einstein verwendet haufig die historisch erzahlende Form, um seine philosophischen und ge-legentlich sogar urn seine wissenschaftlichen Gedanken zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Eine Untersu-chung seiner historischen Schriften verrat, dass er eine besondere historische Methode angewen-det hat, die einem seiner eigenen Beispiele gemass als »intuitive Archaologie« bezeichnet werden kann. Es wird gezeigt, dass seine historische Methode (und damit auch seine historischen Berich-te) immer darauf ausgerichtet ist, die fortschreitende Forschung von willkurlichen Einschrakungen zu befreien. Solche willkurlichen Beschrankungen betrachtete er als das Ergebnis einer Miss-achtung des Ursprungs der wissenschaftlichen Begriffe. Es wird schliesslich Einsteins Anspruch diskutiert, wonach der wirkliche Entwicklungsprozess der Wissenschaft seine Art, Geschichte zu schreiben, rechtfertigt.
A Convective Heat-Transfer Model for Partial and Full Penetration Keyhole Mode Laser Welding of a Structural Steel

In the keyhole mode laser welding of many important engineering alloys such as structural steels, convective heat transport in the weld pool significantly affects temperature fields, cooling rates, and solidification characteristics of welds. Here we present a comprehensive model for understanding these important weld parameters by combining an efficient keyhole model with convective three-dimensional (3-D) heat-transfer calculations in the weld pool for both partial and full penetration laser welds. A modified turbulence model based on Prandtl’s mixing length hypotheses is included to account for the enhanced heat and mass transfer due to turbulence in the weld pool by calculating spatially variable effective values of viscosity and thermal conductivity. The model has been applied to understand experimental results of both partial and full penetration welds of A131 structural steel for a wide range of welding speeds and input laser powers. The experimentally determined shapes of the partial and full penetration keyhole mode laser welds, the temperature profiles, and the solidification profiles are examined using computed results from the model. Convective heat transfer was the main mechanism of heat transfer in the weld pool and affected the weld pool geometry for A131 steel. Calculation of solidification parameters at the trailing edge of the weld pool showed nonplanar solidification with a tendency to become more dendritic with increase in laser power. Free surface calculation showed formation of a hump at the bottom surface of the full penetration weld. The weld microstructure becomes coarser as the heat input per unit length is increased, by either increasing laser power or decreasing welding velocity.
Propagation Methods for Rivercane [Arundinaria gigantea L. (Walter) Muhl.]

Abstract As awareness and interest in canebrake restoration activities in the southeastern United States continues to grow, we are faced with numerous challenges. The greatest of these challenges is obtaining enough germplasm to support restoration activities. Three propagation methods are reported in an effort to begin to elicit information regarding propagation of rivercane. Experiments to optimize micro-propagation, seed germination, and macro-propagation methods were compared. Tissue culture (rapid clonal multiplication) has great potential for production of large numbers of propagules. Production of shoots has been optimized, using 4-6 mm diameter explants on MS media, containing 0.1 µM IBA (indole-3-butyric acid ) and 0.01 µM TDZ (thidiazuron). However, the process is hampered by the current inability to generate roots. Maximizing seed germination offers the ability to exploit seed produced on existing canebrakes. Of the six temperature regimes tested on two populations, maximum germination occurred...
Fast computation of 2D DFT of real-valued nonsymmetric and centro symmetric sequences

Efficient computational techniques are developed to evaluate the 2D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of real-valued sequences using the vector-radix approach. This method resulted in about a 50% savings of the corresponding complex computation. When the 2-D input sequence was centro symmetric or antisymmetric, applying a similar technique resulted in a savings of approximately 75% when compared with the complex nonsymmetric computation. >
Pyramidal horn gain calculation with improved accuracy

Previously published methods for pyramidal horn gain calculation have used an approximate expression for the path length error that gives rise to aperture quadratic phase error. In this study pyramidal horn gain is calculated without approximating the path length error. These improved accuracy gain calculations give results equal to the previous approximate calculations for large apertures (A or B>50 lambda ) or small peak aperture phase error in wavelengths (S or T 0.6) the improved accuracy method can yield lower gain than the previous calculations, especially for an E-plane flare. >
A Novel Approach in Separating the Roles of Electrons and Holes in Causing Degradation in Hf-Based MOSFET Devices by Using Stress-Anneal Technique

A novel stress-anneal approach has been investigated to separate the role of electrons and hole charge trappings in Hf-based gate oxides. It is observed that heat treatment following a stress experiments on Hf-based MOSFET can effectively eliminate electron trapping in the oxide. We also report that hole accumulation in the bulk of the Hf-based dielectrics is primarily responsible for dielectric breakdown, though both holes and electrons are trapped in the dielectrics. The Si interface quality does not seem to degrade significantly
Undifferentiated Tumor: True Identity by Immunohistochemistry

Abstract Context.—“Undifferentiated tumor” refers to a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with little or no evidence of differentiation on routine light microscopic morphology. Objective.—To identify the true identity of undifferentiated tumors by immunohistochemical analysis. Data Sources.—Review of the pertinent literature and the authors' experience. Conclusions.—For treatment and prognostic evaluation, it is crucial to delineate whether an undifferentiated neoplasm is epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic, or hematopoietic in nature. Application of a screening panel to demonstrate the expression of markers of major lineages is fundamental for determination of the broad category of neoplasia. Because poorly differentiated carcinomas and in particular sarcomatoid carcinomas are known to be heterogeneous in their antigen expression, several epithelial markers in combination may be required to establish the carcinomatous nature of tumor. A diagnostic misinterpretation as a consequence of occasional aberrant ...
Peirce and Testing the God‐Hypothesis

L'A. examine l'idee peirceenne d'une experience intellectuelle directe de Dieu en soutenant que Peirce a tort de pretendre cette hypothese testable scientifiquement comme n'importe quelle autre. L'A. explique les raisons de cette non-testabilite de l'hypothese sur le modele hypothetico-deductivo-inductif, que Peirce a defendu toute sa vie, en montrant que l'hypothese de l'existence de Dieu n'est pas falsifiable
COMPUTATIONALISM, THE CHURCH-TURING THESIS, AND THE CHURCH-TURING FALLACY

The Church–Turing Thesis (CTT) is often employed in arguments for computationalism. I scrutinize the most prominent of such arguments in light of recent work on CTT and argue that they are unsound. Although CTT does nothing to support computationalism, it is not irrelevant to it. By eliminating misunderstandings about the relationship between CTT and computationalism, we deepen our appreciation of computationalism as an empirical hypothesis.
Aligning infrastructure and business processes using watermarks

Associating business information with information about IT resources is important. Organizations need to understand the business relevance of resources to answer questions such as which business applications are affected in case of a server outage, and to understand the resource footprint of business applications. Maintaining this relationship over the life cycles of resources and business applications is difficult because data on business applications and IT configuration information are maintained very differently. Business application information is maintained by employees in the course of a management process, whereas IT configuration information can be maintained more vigorously by scanning IT resources and storing the results in a Configuration Management Database (CMDB), where this actual configuration information can be reconciled with an authorized configuration. This paper proposes an approach to associate business application information with configuration information by “watermarking” IT resources with references to information on the business purpose they serve. This enables the establishment of a relationship between automatically detected and manually managed information in a consistent, reliable, and cost-effective way as well as the identification of inconsistencies that may develop over time.
The dependence of tensile ductility on investment casting parameters in gamma titanium aluminides

Plates of three gamma titanium aluminide alloys have been investment cast with a wide variety of casting conditions designed to influence cooling rates. These alloys include Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb, Ti- 47Al-2Cr-2Nb+0.5at%B and Ti-45Al-2Cr-2Nb+0.9at%B. Cooling rates have been estimated with the use of thermal data from casting experiments, along with the UES ProCAST simulation package. Variations in cooling rate significantly influenced the microstructure and tensile properties of all three alloys.
Elevated basal PI 3-kinase activity and reduced insulin signaling in sucrose-induced hepatic insulin resistance

Sucrose feeding reduces the ability of insulin to suppress glucose production and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The present study examined the effect of a high-sucrose diet on early insulin-signaling st...
IT: what's it good for?

Demonstrating the business value of information technology (IT) strategies is a major concern for most organizations. Previous research in this area has yielded mixed results, further confounding the issue. Much of the previous literature has focused on the return on investment in hardware and software as the definition of business value. We take a different approach to the IT business value problem by examining whether organizations that deploy IT with differing strategies enjoy better business value efficiencies. This paper describes an eight-year longitudinal study of a homogeneous set of credit unions to determine if different IT deployment strategies (interactive Web site, informational Web site, or no Web site) result in greater credit union efficiency. Data envelopment analysis by Cooper et al. (2000) and Charnes et al. (1978) was used to calculate efficiency scores. Our results indicate that credit unions who use the strategy of interactive Web sites have greater overall and asset efficiency than credit unions with informational or no Web sites. Credit unions with informational Web sites have greater asset efficiency than those without Web sites, but do not show a difference in overall efficiency. Our analysis shows no statistical difference in personnel and operational cost efficiencies between the three different groups of credit unions. This result contradicts conventional wisdom that a business benefit of IT is cost reduction.
Imitators of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is described by transient narrowing of the airways after exercise. It occurs in approximately 10% of the general population, while athletes may show a higher prevalence, especially in cold weather and ice rink athletes. Diagnosis of EIB is often made on the basis of self-reported symptoms without objective lung function tests, however, the presence of EIB can not be accurately determined on the basis of symptoms and may be under-, over-, or misdiagnosed. The goal of this review is to describe other clinical entities that mimic asthma or EIB symptoms and can be confused with EIB.
COPD--the primary care perspective: addressing epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment of smoking's multiple morbidities and the patient's perspective.

COPD is a major public health problem worldwide and the impact is expected to increase in the next several decades ([1]). In the United States, more than 10 million people have been diagnosed with ...
Paleozoic gneissic granitoids in the Shoo Fly Complex, central Sierra Nevada, California

Paleozoic gneissic granitoids are an important lithologic component of the Shoo Fly Complex of the central Sierra Nevada, California. Field relations and petrographic and geochemical studies indicate that the gneisses were intruded as a series of plutons ranging in composition from gabbro (oldest) to granite (median age) to syenite (youngest), with the granitoid types predominating. Compositionally they represent a calc-alkalic suite and a younger alkalic rock suite. The plutons and related smaller injections truncate an early S1 foliation in the Shoo Fly. During regional D2 and D3 deformational events, the granitoids were isoclinally folded and foliated under peak epidote-amphibolite grade conditions, and they were deformed into augen gneiss, blastomylonite, and ultramylonite. The gneisses contain porphyroclasts of feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibole, and granitic aggregates, surrounded by an anastomosing foliation of quartzose ribbons and recrystallized quartz, feldspar, amphibole, mica, and stilpnomelane. Later deformational phases (D4–D7) typically involved open folding with the development of a spaced biotite schistosity (S4) and nonpenetrative cleavage (S5, S6, S7), and recrystallization of older fabric elements. Available geochronologic data of Sharp and others (1982) and H. K. Brueckner and W. D. Sharp (1985, personal communs.) suggest that the protoliths of the gneissic granitoids were intruded in Late Devonian time, thus establishing a pre–Late Devonian depositional age for the Shoo Fly Complex. D1 and intrusion of the orthogneiss protoliths may have been precursors of the Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Antler orogeny. Collectively, the gneisses may represent scattered remnants of a Paleozoic plutonic belt.
Results from Super-Kamiokande and K2K

Results from Super-Kamiokande-I’s entire 1496 live days of solar neutrino data are presented, including the absolute flux, energy spectrum, zenith angle (day/night) and seasonal variation. The possibility of MSW and vacuum oscillations is discussed in light of these results. Results from the first 1289 days of Super-K-I’s atmospheric neutrino analysis are also presented, including the evidence for νμ →ν τ oscillations, against νμ → νsterile oscillations, and the current limits on proton decay. Finally, results based on 56 × 1019 protons on target are given for the K2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment.
Overcoming problems of compound storage in DMSO: solvent and process alternatives

The common practice of preparing storage libraries of compounds in 100% DMSO solution well in advance of bioassay brings with it difficulties that affect the accuracy of the data obtained. This publication presents a series of studies done on a subset of compounds that are difficult to bioassay because they precipitate from DMSO solution. These compounds are members of a frequently used, diverse compound library of the sort commonly used in the high-throughput screening (HTS) environment. Experiments were performed to determine the concentration of drug in solution above the precipitate, observe the time course and effect of various mixtures of solvents upon precipitation, measure the viscosity of cosolvents to determine compatibility with HTS, determine water absorption rates for various solvent combinations, and investigate resolubilization techniques to ensure proper drug solution for HTS. Recommendations are made on how to best maximize the probability that problem compounds will remain in solution, be accurately transferred during assay plate production, and, as a result, be accurately bioassayed at the specified molar concentration.
Ventilatory effects of gap junction blockade in the NTS in awake rats.

We tested the hypothesis that focally perfusing carbenoxolone, which blocks gap junctions, into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) would reduce the ventilatory response to CO2. We measured minute ventilation (V˙E), tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (FR) responses to increasing concentrations of inspired CO2 (FICO2=0–8%) in rats during wakefulness. Focal perfusion of acetazolamide (10 μM) into the NTS increased V˙E and VT during exposure to room air. Carbenoxolone (300 μM) decreased the V˙E and VT response to CO2 when perfused within, but not adjacent to the NTS in animals less than 10 weeks of age. FR was decreased at FICO2=4% in these animals. Carbenoxolone did not decrease V˙E, VT or FR in animals 10 weeks of age and older. Carbenoxolone did not decrease V˙E, VT or FR when focally perfused outside the NTS at any age tested. The NTS is an important CO2 chemosensory site at all ages, and gap junctions amplify the ventilatory response to CO2 in animals less than 10 weeks of age.
Fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis

An all oral treatment for cryptococcal meningitis is attractive, particularly where amphotericin B use is impractical. Both fluconazole and flucytosine are available in oral formulations and have activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. We conducted a prospective phase II dose escalation study employing doses of fluconazole ranging from 800 to 2000 mg daily for 10 weeks used alone or combined with flucytosine at 100 mg/kg per day for the first 4 weeks. We found that increasing doses of fluconazole were associated with an increase in survival and a decrease in the time to conversion of the cerebrospinal fluid from culture positive to culture negative. Addition of flucytosine to fluconazole improved outcomes in each dosing cohort. High doses of fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine were well tolerated.
Structure and function of the horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) cranium through ontogeny: Development of a hard prey specialist

The horn sharks (Heterodontidae: Chon- drichthyes) represent one of four independent evolutions of durophagy in the cartilaginous fishes. We used high- resolution computed tomography (CT scanning) to visual- ize and quantify the mineralized tissue of an ontogenetic series of horn sharks. CT scanning of neonatal through adult California horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci) con- firmed that this technique is effective for examining min- eralized tissue in even small (10 mm) specimens. The jaw joint is among the first areas to become mineralized and is the most heavily mineralized area in the cranium of a neonatal horn shark. The hyoid is also well mineralized, although the poorly mineralized molariform teeth indicate that the neonatal animal may be a suction feeder on softer prey. The symphysis of the jaws never mineralizes, in sharp contrast to the condition in the hard prey-crushing stingrays. Digitally reslicing the CT scans along the jaws allowed measurement of the second moment of area (Ina). Assuming that the jaws are made of the same material at all ages, Ina is an indicator of the flexural stiffness of the jaws. In all sizes of shark the lower jaws were stiffer than the upper and the stiffness increased in the area of the molariform teeth. The central region of the jaws, where the rami meet, support cuspidate grasping teeth and has the lowest Ina. The spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari), a hard prey-crushing stingray, shows a different pattern of flexural stiffness, with the peak at the central part of the jaws where the prey is reduced between flattened tooth plates. Although the eagle ray jaws have a higher Ina than the horn shark, they are also far more heavily min- eralized. When the relative amounts of mineralization are taken into account, horn sharks do better with what min- eral they have than does the eagle ray. With a tight jaw joint and loose mandibular symphysis, as well as nearly opposite patterns of stiffness in the jaws, it is clear that two of the clades of hard prey specialists use very different methods for cracking the hard prey problem. J. Morphol.
The Riemann problem and a high-resolution Godunov method for a model of compressible two-phase flow

This paper considers the Riemann problem and an associated Godunov method for a model of compressible two-phase flow. The model is a reduced form of the well-known Baer-Nunziato model that describes the behavior of granular explosives. In the analysis presented here, we omit source terms representing the exchange of mass, momentum and energy between the phases due to compaction, drag, heat transfer and chemical reaction, but retain the non-conservative nozzling terms that appear naturally in the model. For the Riemann problem the effect of the nozzling terms is confined to the contact discontinuity of the solid phase. Treating the solid contact as a layer of vanishingly small thickness within which the solution is smooth yields jump conditions that connect the states across the contact, as well as a prescription that allows the contribution of the nozzling terms to be computed unambiguously. An iterative method of solution is described for the Riemann problem, that determines the wave structure and the intermediate states of the flow, for given left and right states. A Godunov method based on the solution of the Riemann problem is constructed. It includes non-conservative flux contributions derived from an integral of the nozzling terms over a grid cell. The Godunov method is extended to second-order accuracy using a method of slope limiting, and an adaptive Riemann solver is described and used for computational efficiency. Numerical results are presented, demonstrating the accuracy of the numerical method and in particular, the accurate numerical description of the flow in the vicinity of a solid contact where phases couple and nozzling terms are important. The numerical method is compared with other methods available in the literature and found to give more accurate results for the problems considered.
Combinatorial Mapping of Substrate Step Edge Effects on Diblock Copolymer Thin Film Morphology and Orientation

We have used a combinatorial gradient technique to map precisely how the terrace structure and microdomain lattice alignment in a thin film of a sphere-forming diblock copolymer are affected by both the thickness of the copolymer film and the height of a series of parallel step edges fabricated on the substrate. We find that for film thicknesses slightly incommensurate with integer numbers of sphere layers, the step edges act as nucleation sites for regions with one more or one fewer layers of spheres. We also find that for our system, the hexagonal lattice formed by a single layer of spheres on the low side of a step edge is aligned along the direction of the step edge only where the film on the high side is sufficiently thin to support only a wetting layer of copolymer material. This work will guide the tuning of film thickness and step height in future studies and applications of graphoepitaxy in block copolymer films.
Hydrophilic Modification of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes by Low Temperature Water Vapor Plasma Treatment to Enhance Performance: Hydrophilic Modification of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration …

Porous polymeric membranes are used in numerous applications including water filtration systems. Fouling from proteins, toxins, bacteria, and cells present in the water limits membrane utility. Surface modification techniques that retain desired bulk properties while decreasing fouling can effectively extend membrane lifetime. Herein, water vapor plasmas are utilized to create hydrophilic polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes. The permanency of the treatment over two months correlates to covalent incorporation of hydrophilic functional groups into the polymer backbone. Modified membranes show enhanced hydrodynamic characteristics and do not require preconditioning. Thus, water vapor plasma modification provides a potential route to extend ultrafiltration membrane lifetime.
The Failure of Prosecutorial Discretion and the Deportation of Oscar Martinez

This Article is an account of my failed efforts to stop the forced deportation of Oscar. Martinez and the lessons I learned from that experience. My representation of Mr. Martinez centered on navigating the administrative process of requesting prosecutorial discretion from Department of Homeland Security (DHS) officials. As a result of my experience with the process and what I have observed of others pursuing the same process, I have come across disquieting evidence of inconsistencies in the program and have concluded extensive changes to the process are necessary. Sympathetic applicants, like Mr. Martinez, highlight the challenges in exercising prosecutorial discretion during the deportation process and the need for cultural and procedural reform of immigration policies.I begin this Article with an account of how I came to represent Oscar Martinez, largely through the urging of his stepdaughter, Lorena Cintron and a description of Lorena and Mr. Martinez. Next, I review the “Morton Memo,” from John Morton, the Director of the Department of Homeland Security’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) unit, which establishes guidelines for exercising prosecutorial discretion. According to these guidelines, there is strong support for the argument that Mr. Martinez’s deportation should have been terminated.I provide an overview of the procedural history of the Martinez case prior to my involvement. Three years before Mr. Martinez became my client he qualified for relief and, in fact, was granted relief by an immigration judge. However, the government was successful in appealing his case and Mr. Martinez was ordered deported.In order to contextualize my efforts at staving off the deportation order by invoking the ICE guidelines for prosecutorial discretion, I discuss the past and recent history of prosecutorial discretion in deportation proceedings and the problem of administrative discretion standards in that context. Some ICE agents are inculcated with an enforcement culture that breeds resistance to a more compassionate approach to enforcement and avenues for the review of these discretionary standards are limited. As a result, inconsistent decisions regarding discretion in deportation proceedings have emerged across the country.Changing the culture of enforcement without exception within the immigration agency would undoubtedly be difficult. Given the challenges involved, I offer suggestions on how to decrease the inconsistencies through various administrative structural actions and reform of the ICE enforcement culture. Finally, I conclude this Article with some reflections on Mr. Martinez and his family.
Recombinant Expression of a Functional Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase (MIPS) in Mycobacterium smegmatis

Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS, E.C. 5.5.1.4) catalyzes the first step in inositol production—the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6P) to myo-inositol-1-phosphate. While the three dimensional structure of MIPS from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been solved, biochemical studies examining the in vitro activity have not been reported to date. Herein we report the in vitro activity of mycobacterial MIPS expressed in E. coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Recombinant expression in E. coli yields a soluble protein capable of binding the NAD+ cofactor; however, it has no significant activity with the Glc-6P substrate. In contrast, recombinant expression in M. smegmatis mc24517 yields a functionally active protein. Examination of structural data suggests that MtMIPS expressed in E. coli adopts a fold that is missing a key helix containing two critical (conserved) Lys side chains, which likely explains the inability of the E. coli expressed protein to bind and turnover the Glc-6P substrate. Recombinant expression in M. smegmatis may yield a protein that adopts a fold in which this key helix is formed enabling proper positioning of important side chains, thereby allowing for Glc-6P substrate binding and turnover. Detailed mechanistic studies may be feasible following optimization of the recombinant MIPS expression protocol in M. smegmatis.
On the trade-offs of regulating multiple unpriced externalities with a single instrument: Evidence from biofuel policies

Abstract We develop an analytical and numerical model that integrates land, fuel, and food markets to evaluate the welfare implications of the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). Each dollar reduction in the external costs of oil dependency comes at the expense of additional environmental external costs of $0.53. Conditional on the categories of external benefits we consider, the RFS fails a benefit–cost test when excluding the change in the trade balance, with net costs totaling $1.4 billion in 2015. Further, policymakers would have to value the external costs of oil dependency at $1.05 per gallon of gasoline in order for the RFS to pass a benefit–cost test, which is nearly five times larger than central estimates of the oil premium.
Arachidonic, 5, 11, 14, 17‐eicosatetraenoic and related acids in plants舒Identification of unsaturated fatty acids

Arachidonic and related fatty acids which normally are found only in animals or microorganisms have been isolated and identified from several mosses and ferns. Fatty acids with a double bond in position 5, separated by more than one methylene group from other double bonds, have been found inGinkgo biloba andEquisetum. Analyses of fatty acids from numberous plants, in particular their chlorophyll containing parts, are listed according to components. The experimental part gives details on structure determination of the usual methylene-interrupted fatty acids by ozonization-hydrogenation-GLC. Alkaline isomerization combined with these procedures was applied to determine the unusual double bond structures. The method permits positional identification of an internal double bond.