cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy dissipation in two-dimensional unsteady plunging breakers and an eddy viscosity model

An experimental study of energy dissipation in two-dimensional unsteady plunging breakers and an eddy viscosity model to simulate the dissipation due to wave breaking are reported in this paper. Measured wave surface elevations are used to examine the characteristic time and length scales associated with wave groups and local breaking waves, and to estimate and parameterize the energy dissipation and dissipation rate due to wave breaking. Numerical tests using the eddy viscosity model are performed and we find that the numerical results well capture the measured energy loss. In our experiments, three sets of characteristic time and length scales are defined and obtained: global scales associated with the wave groups, local scales immediately prior to breaking onset and post-breaking scales. Correlations among these time and length scales are demonstrated. In addition, for our wave groups, wave breaking onset predictions using the global and local wave steepnesses are found based on experimental results. Breaking time and breaking horizontal length scales are determined with high-speed imaging, and are found to depend approximately linearly on the local wave steepness. The two scales are then used to determine the energy dissipation rate, which is the ratio of the energy loss to the breaking time scale. Our experimental results show that the local wave steepness is highly correlated with the measured dissipation rate, indicating that the local wave steepness may serve as a good wave-breaking-strength indicator. To simulate the energy dissipation due to wave breaking, a simple eddy viscosity model is proposed and validated with our experimental measurements. Under the small viscosity assumption, the leading-order viscous effect is incorporated into the free-surface boundary conditions. Then, the kinematic viscosity is replaced with an eddy viscosity to account for energy loss. The breaking time and length scales, which depend weakly on wave breaking strength, are applied to evaluate the magnitude of the eddy viscosity using dimensional analysis. The estimated eddy viscosity is of the order of 10 −3 m 2 s −1 and demonstrates a strong dependence on wave breaking strength. Numerical simulations with the eddy viscosity estimation are performed to compare to the experimental results. Good agreement as regards energy dissipation due to wave breaking and surface profiles after wave breaking is achieved, which illustrates that the simple eddy viscosity model functions effectively.
The earliest Greek settlements on the Black Sea

The date and circumstances of the first Greek settlements on the Black Sea are matters of considerable disagreement. This is the result both of the scattered nature of the literary evidence on the subject, and of the dearth of archaeological evidence for Pontic settlements other than those on the western and northern shores. A century ago it was commonly thought that although the great majority of colonies were sent out in the seventh and sixth centuries, Trapezus and Sinope, as our sources say or imply, were founded in the middle of the eighth. For a variety of reasons, among them an increased reliance on archaeologically secured dates, this view went out of favour, and opinion inclined toward the view that the Greeks did not enter the Black Sea at all until after 700. This view was both expressed in and supported by Rhys Carpenter's thesis that not until the penteconter was invented (an invention which he dated to the early seventh century) could the Greeks make head against the four-knot current which flows through the Bosporus from the Black Sea. Articles by B. W. Labaree and A. J. Graham, however, have undermined Carpenter's argument, and it is now once again not unusual to find references to Greek activity in the Black Sea before 700.
Potential trophic biomasses and trace-substance concentrations in unstructured marine food webs

It is proposed that unstructured food webs may more closely resemble real marine food webs than does the conventional, structured model. An unstructured food-web model leads to a set of very simple expressions for the potential partition of matter in the food web in steady state, including the potential fluxes of material and biomasses of trophic types and the concentration of trace substances in the members and materials of such a food web. The approach may explain some anomalies of relative predator-prey biomasses and of trace-element distribution, and may be of further use for analyzing and predicting (a) the tropho-dynamic parameters of marine systems, (b) the trophic positions, and the steadystate fluxes and biomasses of marine organisms, (c) the distribution of trace materials in marine biota; and for relating findings among these areas. Other matters, such as limitations of food conversion, indicated by concentration factors of trace substances, the possibilities of non-causal association of anomalously high levels of trace substances (including pollutants) with diseased or otherwise abnormal marine creatures, and an inverse relationship of early concentrations of newly introduced trace substances and their eventual concentrations in various organisms, are also developed in this approach.
Calibrations modulo v

Abstract The theory of calibrations is extended to show that certain surfaces are area-minimizing modulo v . For example, a complex algebraic variety in C n of degree d is area-minimizing modulo v for all v ⩾ 2 d .
Intravenous diazepam: an improvement in pre-endoscopic medication

Diazepam appears to be a very useful agent in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Titrating the dose to patient response should increase the incidence of amnesia and keep to a minimum the number of endoscopies abandoned due to lack of patient cooperation.
Strain and possible volume loss in a high-grade ductile shear zone

Small-scale ductile shear zones in high-grade metagabbros from the Caledonides of northern Sweden provide a good opportunity for examining the development of fabric and strain in rocks undergoing progressive non-coaxial deformation. The rocks contain strain markers in the form of aggregates of plagioclase feldspar. A selected shear zone is analyzed assuming monoclinic symmetry, which requires for the zone as a whole variable simple shear, variable volume change, or variable simple shear and volume change plus a homogeneous deformation. Both size of the feldspar aggregates and aspect ratio of the aggregates plotted against orientation indicate significant volume decrease (in excess of 50%, and perhaps as much as 80%) towards the centers of the zones. The data are broadly consistent with a deformation path involving constant shear strain across the zone followed by variable volume change or by a path of progressive loss of volume with increasing shear strain followed by a homogeneous strain. They are not consistent with a single path involving rates of shear strain and volume loss that are in constant proportions. There is little difference in chemical composition between the shear zone and the surrounding rock. An analysis of the concentrations of elements in the shear zone and wall rock suggests that volume changes were slight (< ± 15%). The discrepancy between the values of volume change estimated from strain analysis and geochemical analysis may be resolved either by geochemical equilibration being attained after deformation or by a departure from the geometric constraints of the monoclinic ‘band’ model for shear zones. Modification of marker particle size and shape during dynamic recrystallization may also partly account for the apparent volume loss.
Sudden death due to cardiac tamponade from malignant pericardial involvement by metastatic lung cancer.

After being ill with an ‘‘upper respiratory infection’’ for approximately 2 weeks duration, a 45-year-old black female called 911 due to vomiting and diarrhea of 2 days duration and then new onset of shortness of breath. When paramedics arrived at her home she was conscious, but upon transferring her to the stretcher, she had more trouble breathing and became unresponsive. Emergency advanced cardiac life support measures were immediately initiated, and she was transported to a local Emergency Department (ED). Upon arrival at the hospital, her Glasgow Coma Scale was 3 and cardiac monitoring showed pulseless electrical activity. Emergent chest X-ray revealed a somewhat enlarged heart and a possible right-sided pleural effusion, but no evidence of masses or lymphadenopathy (Fig. 1). A head CT and an enzyme immunoassay screen for influenza were negative. Resuscitation efforts were continued for a time but without success. The patient died in the ED approximately 25 min after arrival, without a known explanation for death. As such, the case was referred to the coroner’s office for further investigation. Death investigation revealed that the patient had been treated at a health clinic for a productive cough, chest pain, sore throat, and generalized achiness of 3 days duration 4 days prior to death. She was given a Z-Pak and Robitussin AC for a possible upper respiratory infection and bronchitis. The only available past medical history was benign hypertension; the patient had a history of smoking. A coroner’s autopsy was performed on the day of death. Upon removal of the anterior chest plate with exposure of the pericardial cavity, a hemorrhagic infiltrative process was found that extensively involved the epicardium and pericardium, with 500 mL of liquid blood within the pericardial cavity (Figs. 2, 3). Subsequent examination of the lungs revealed a 3 9 3 9 2 cm subpleural mass within the upper medial aspect of the lower lobe of the right lung (Fig. 4). There were focal white nodules on the left pleural surface and onto the left hemidiaphragm as large as 1 cm, as well as pulmonary hilar lymphadenopathy. Microscopically, the primary lung tumor was an adenocarcinoma with areas of squamous differentiation, with extensive metastases involving the epicardium/pericardium, lymph nodes, mediastinal soft tissues, and spleen. The lungs were also emphysematous. Other notable findings included atherosclerosis of the aorta, mild to severe atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, and nephroarteriolosclerosis. Based on the autopsy findings, the cause of death was cardiac tamponade due to hemopericardium related to diffuse involvement of the epicardium and pericardium by adenocarcinoma of the lung. The manner of death was natural.
A note on phi-coefficient comparison

One of the major difficulties in applying the phi coefficients for comparing two 2×2 tables is that two identical marginals of these two tables are required. The purpose of this paper is directed to the standardization of the marginals of any 2×2 table so that the phi coefficient may be applied for comparison. This standardization technique can also be extended to anyR×C table.
An investigation of the ordered DO19 phase formation in the Ti-Al system

For the Ti-rich, Ti-AI system, theα-β andα-α2 phase boundaries have been obtained through differential thermal analysis for alloy compositions ranging from 10.2 to 25.2 at% Al (6 to 16 wt% Al). It has been shown that in the above mentioned composition range, a metastable disorderedα-phase can be quenched in. This metastableα then transforms to the orderedα2(DO)19 phase upon heating and/or isothermal ageing. It has also been observed that the kinetics of this ordering phenomenon is composition dependent.
Effects of Body Measurements and Weight on Calf Size and Calving Difficulty of Holsteins

Body measurements (heart and paunch girths, wither height, chest depth, pelvic length and width, and body length), body weight, and calving evaluation data (calf birth weight, calf sex, calf presentation, and calving assistance needed) were collected from 1974 parities of 762 Holstein cows between 1968 and 1986. Degree of calving assistance was scored continuously from 1 (no assistance) to 10 (hard mechanical assistance). Phenotypic correlations of dam body traits with calf birth weight were all significantly positive when combined for all parities and ranged from .23 for paunch girth to .27 for body weight and heart girth. Correlations of dam body traits with calving assistance scores were all significantly negative across parities and ranged from -.24 to -.30. Correlations of calf birth weight with calving assistance were higher for first parity (.37) than for all parities (.20). Least squares analysis showed that cows with shorter wither height and shorter pelvises tended to require more calving assistance. Heavier calves, winter calvings, and earlier parity all were related to increased dystocia. Male calves were heavier than female calves and also were associated with greater calving difficulty.
Magnesium control of the calcium myosin and actomyosin ATPase of Limulus polyphemus.

1. 1. Minimal concentration of free Ca2+ for any activation of Limulus myosin ATPase, natural actomyosin or myosin+rabbit actin ATPase was about 5 × 10−5M. 2. 2. One mM free Mg2+ almost completely eliminated any activation of myosin or actomyosin ATPase by any Ca2+ concentration. 3. 3. One μM free Mg2+ had virtually no effect. 4. 4. Usually natural actomyosin ATPase is not Mg2+ activated either with or without Ca2+. 5. 5. EDTA washing turns the actomyosin into a Mg2+ activated system. 6. 6. Even when washed with EDTA free Mg2+ eliminates Ca2+ activation. 7. 7. At 1 mM free Mg2+ the ATPase level is higher than when no divalent cations are added but addition of any Ca2+ concentration does not further increase activity.
Study on Method of the Multi Control Task and Synchronized Data Acquisition of the Themo-mechanical Simulator

In this paper, the functions and tasks’ distribution of control system in thermo-mechanical simulator are described.The characters and methods to solve multi-closed loop tasks and contradiction among synchronous collection are explained. This work combines technical processes. and introduces design feature and principle of operation of control system that is made up by different controllers.
WE-D-L100J-08: Application of Volumetric Molecular Breast Imaging with a Dedicated SPECT-CT Mammotomograph

Purpose: Clinical 2D‐scintimammography therapeutic response monitoring results imply that fully‐3D molecular imaging could benefit early response prediction. Capabilities of prototype functional SPECT and anatomical x‐ray CT integrated imaging subsystems, dedicated to whole breast and chest wall diagnosticimaging of normalcy, disease and therapeutic response are demonstrated. The system provides patient comfort while imaging the pendant, uncompressed breast and anterior chest wall in common fields‐of‐view, yielding inherently registered, volumetric images.Method and Materials: The high‐performance SPECT system has 2.5mm CZT multi‐element pixelation and 6.7% FWHM energy resolution at 140keV; the subsystem gantry can sweep the camera about a hemisphere with simple/complex trajectories. The CT subsystem has 15% FWHM quasi‐monochromatic x‐ray cone beam at 36keV and 127micron CsI micro‐columnar pixelation. Both subsystems rotate on a common azimuthal stage. The CT system is equatorially restricted, though fully 3D positioning mobilization is possible for both subsystems on the same hybrid gantry. Emission SPECT data are iteratively reconstructed using OSEM, and transmission CT data using iterative OSTR. Rigid body transformations employing mixed emission/transmission fiducial markers around the breast help register and fuse the reconstructed data. Results: Initial cross contamination studies indicated transmission scatter contamination of SPECTimages was negligible (<1%). Emission contamination of CTimages was greater, degrading reconstructed image SNR by 20–30%. Use of a radio‐opaque patient bed reduces emission contamination. Registered and fused data yield high‐resolution images of geometrical and anthropomorphic phantoms. New designs of the fully flexible hybrid system will allow for nearly complete sampling by both subsystems. Conclusion: A hybrid SPECT‐CT mammotomography system was successfully implemented for use in breast diagnostics.Conflict of Interest: MPT and JEB are inventors of this technology, and are named as inventors on the patent for this technology applied for by Duke. If this technology becomes commercially successful, they and Duke could benefit financially.
Functionally distinct helper T-cell epitopes of HCV and their role in modulation of NS3-specific, CD8+/tetramer positive CTL.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus specific (HCV-specific) CD8 + cytotoxic T cells play a critical role in viral clearance. Low HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in chronic HCV infection may favor the persistence of virus, whereas stimulation and expansion of HCV-specific CTL activity may assist elimination of HCV infection. Helper T cells control the intensity of CD8 + T-cell responses and helper T-cell responses are known to be compromised in chronic carriers of HCV. In this study, we wanted to ascertain if strengthening the Th response could increase the intensity of CTL activity against HCV target antigens. We selected a synthetic CTL peptide NS3 1073-1081 ), two Th1 epitopes, peptide NS3 358-375 and NS5B 155-172 , and one Th2 epitope, peptide NS3 505-521 . By using the four peptides alone or in combinations, we stimulated peripheral blood cells isolated from a chronic hepatitis C patient in vitro and then analyzed CD8 T cells specific for the NS3 1073-1081 CTL epitope in A2 tetramer staining and cytotoxicity assays. The results demonstrated that CTL responses could be augmented by helper T-cell epitopes NS3 358-375 and NS5B 155-172 . Th2 epitope NS3 505-521 inhibited augmentation of CTL activity by Th1 epitopes. This inhibitory effect could be overcome by combining the two Th1 epitopes NS3 358-375 and NS5B 155-172 together with NS3 505-521 . Under such conditions, CTL frequency was restored, but cytotoxic activity remained low suggesting that the help provided under these cultures was sufficient to drive proliferation of CTL, but not sufficient to drive differentiation into mature killer cells. These results may provide some insights into compromised CTL activity in HCV viral persistence.
Radiation-Induced Diamond Formation in Uranium-Rich Carbonaceous Materials

Nanometer-sized diamonds were identified by transmission electron microscopy in a uranium-rich, coal-like carbonaceous assemblage of Precambrian age. This observation, together with estimates of formation efficiencies, supports the hypothesis that diamond can form in carbonaceous material irradiated by the radioactive decay products of uranium. The results also suggest that the formation of carbonados cannot be sufficiently explained by a radiation mechanism alone.
Machining Nonconventional-Shaped Optics

Nonconventional-shaped optics are being machined for use in laser optical systems. The fabrication processes incorporate special-quality diamond tools and specially constructed turning machines. The shapes produced include axicons (conical-shaped mirrors), waxicons (a compound axicon with a "W" cross section), torics, and multifacet mirrors. Whereas conventional-shaped optics are readily producible by the lapping process, these nonconventional-shaped optics are very impractical to lap. The axicons and waxicons produced were estimated to have surface straightness as good as 5 pin (125 nm), over 3 inches (76 mm) of length, and angular accuracy as good as 2 arc seconds. A toric mirror was estimated to deviate (peak to valley) from a best-fit radius by 4 pin (100 nm) over 2.25 inches (57 mm) of surface length.
Selective decomposition of isopropanol using as prepared and oxidized graphite nanofibers

Abstract Three types of as prepared and treated graphite nanofibers (GNFs) were used as catalysts in the decomposition of isopropanol to propene and acetone in the presence of oxygen to evaluate the surface chemistry of the fibers. As prepared herringbone fibers were found to produce higher selectivity for propene compared to the as prepared platelet and ribbon fibers at all temperatures explored. Herringbone fibers that had undergone oxidative treatment with nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ruthenium tetroxide or potassium permanganate were also evaluated at a 290 °C. Effects of oxidation treatments on fiber structure were evaluated using a host of analytical techniques including BET, SEM/EDS, TGA, XPS, and fluorescence labeling of surface species. Selectivity for acetone dehydrogenation product or propene dehydration product could be achieved by the appropriate surface treatment. Nitric acid was the mildest treatment and the treated fibers showed minimal changes. (Potassium permanganate was a harsh treatment that almost completely degraded fiber structure, creating amorphous carbon.) Phosphoric acid treated fibers were found to produce very high conversions and almost pure selectivity for propene. Ruthenium tetroxide did not appear to have a large affect on fiber morphology; however, selectivity for acetone was much higher when GNFs were treated with ruthenium tetroxide.
Performance evaluation of image feature-based space-time processing (IFSTP) for moving target detection

As an alternative to space-time adaptive processing (STAP), image feature-based space-time processing (IFSTP) algorithm is used by airborne radar to detect ground moving targets in clutter based on the distinct image features of target, clutter and jamming signals. In this work, the performance of IFSTP is analyzed by evaluating the detection probability and the false alarm rate of the approach for airborne radar systems.
Hypocapnia-dependent facilitation of augmented breaths: observations in awake vs. anesthetized rats.

We investigated whether commonly used injectable laboratory anesthetics alter the regulation of augmented breaths (ABs) in different respiratory backgrounds. Male rats were studied on three separate experimental days, receiving one of three injections in randomized order: ethyl carbamate (‘urethane’; 1.2 mg kg−1), ketamine/xylazine (ket/xyl; 80/10 mg kg−1), or normal saline. Following each of the three interventions, breathing was monitored during 15 min exposures to normoxia (room air), hypoxia (10% O2) and hypoxia + CO2 (10% O2, 5% CO2). Urethane anesthesia completely eliminated ABs from the breathing rhythm in room air conditions (p < 0.001), and decreased the hypocapnia-dependent component of this response (p < 0.001). ket/xyl left the normal incidence of ABs in room air breathing intact but significantly suppressed the hypoxia-induced facilitation of ABs (p = 0.0015). These results provide the first clear evidence that laboratory anesthesia can profoundly alter the regulation of ABs including the hypocapnia-dependent component of their facilitation.
Reduction by reserpine of the accumulation of retrogradely transported [125I]nerve growth factor in sympathetic neurons.

Abstract Experiments were carried out to determine if stimuli which augment preganglionic nerve activity to sympathetic neurons, and thereby cause trans-synaptic induction, increase the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF). It was found that nerve activity had no effect on retrograde transport of [ 125 I]NGF. It was found, however, that reserpine decreased retrograde transport of [ 125 I]NGF and this inhibition was characterized. Reserpine decreased the maximal accumulation of intravenously administered[ 125 I]NGF in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) by about 60%. It also caused a distinct shift in the time course of accumulation so that maximal accumulation was seen 12 h after [ 125 I]NGF injection rather than at 9 h as in control animals. Reserpine had no effect on retrograde transport in sensory neurons. Dose-response curves showed that maximal inhibition occurred with doses of reserpine of 2.5 mg/kg i.p. and that reserpine was not able to completely block transport at any dose. The maximal inhibition of retrograde transport was achieved within 30 min of reserpine administration and inhibitory activity was unchanged for 36 h. The ability of sympathetic neurons to transport [ 125 I]NGF subsequently recovered and was normal 96 h after reserpine administration. The inhibitory effect of reserpine appears to be due to an action at or very near to the nerve terminal since it was effective at reducing NGF transport at very low doses (0.33 μg) when co-administered directly into the eye with [ 125 I]NGF. An action of reserpine at the nerve terminal was further suggested by the inability of reserpine to affect transport if the drug was given 4 h after [ 125 I]NGF administration. Based upon these data, it is suggested that there may be two pools of retrogradely transported NGF and that only more rapidly turning over pool is reserpine-sensitive. This pool may represent the retrogradely moving synaptic vesicles or some derivative of the vesicles.
Hypothyroidism lowers blood pressure, adenylate cyclase and Na+, K+- and K+, Ca++-ATPase activities in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Myocardial isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase, Na+, K+-ATPase and K+, Ca++-ATPase activities are elevated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and can be lowered by methimazole-induced hypothyroidism which also prevents the development of hypertension. Although thyroid hormone levels are similar between untreated SHRs and WKY rats, the thyroid is apparently necessary for the expression of spontaneous hypertension.
Liver disease in heroin addicts

Abstract Death from the use of heroin has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Although once considered to be a problem of only large urban areas, it now can be found wherever the drug culture has made inroads. The pathologist is frequently the first physician to encounter these cases, and the importance of making a rapid yet accurate diagnosis is important for public health as well as medicolegal reasons. Death and disease related to the intravenous use of heroin are often not obvious to those dealing with them on an infrequent basis. Certain morphologic stigmata do occur, however, and some of these are found in the liver.
Child labor and protecting young workers around the world. An introduction to this issue

According to the International Labour Organization, more than 218 million children in the world today are involved in child labor, often doing work that is damaging to their mental, physical, and emotional development. At least 126 million children are performing hazardous work. For many decades, children have been recognized as a vulnerable population in need of and deserving special protections, as reflected in international conventions and national laws. This special issue of the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health presents research on child and adolescent labor around the world, focusing on studies that evaluate health effects from exposures at work; programmatic interventions to reduce work exposures or limit hazardous work activities; and policy mechanisms to reduce the negative health impacts from working too many hours, night hours, or in settings that are too dangerous and inappropriate for youth under age 18. The issue also includes a resource list and photographs of children at work.
Microbial degradation of petroleum at low temperature

Abstract Bacteria were isolated from littoral sediments collected in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, and from oil-contaminated soil adjacent to a natural oil seep at Cape Simpson, Alaska. Data are presented on the range of hydrocarbon utilization and growth temperature of two bacteria, which suggest that bacteria existing in these environments play a significant role in the biodegradation of pollutant hydrocarbons.
Fatty acid oxidation in anoxic marine sediments: the importance of hydrogen sensitive reactions

In anoxic marine sediments fatty acids may be oxidized directly by sulfate reducing bacteria, or may be oxidized by pathways which result in hydrogen production. Some of these latter reactions are quite sensitive to hydrogen concentrations ... in other words if hydrogen concentrations become elevated, fatty acid oxidation will cease. Thus sulfate reducers may actually play two important roles in the metabolism of fatty acids in marine sediments. The sulfate reducers both can utilize fatty acids directly, and also can oxidize hydrogen and thus control hydrogen partial pressures in the sediments. Therefore sulfate reducers may act indirectly to facilitate fatty acid oxidation by hydrogen-producing pathways. We carried out a series of incubations of slurried salt marsh sediment under high and low hydrogen partial pressures and in the presence and absence of molybdate to investigate the relative importance of sulfate reducers and other bacteria mediating hydrogen-sensitive reactions. Our results suggest that both classes of bacteria contribute significantly to fatty acid turnover in marine sediments. Studies of low molecular weight fatty acid turnover in sediment must explicitly recognize that manipulation of sediment (including addition of molydbate to inhibit sulfate reducers) may have a large impact on hydrogen partial pressures in sediment, and may thus significantly alter the pathways and/or rates of fatty acid turnover.
Inhibition of Bacterial Growth under Composite Restorations Following GLUMA Pretreatment

The purpose of this investigation was to test in five adult monkeys the effects of a glutaraldehyde-containing dentin bonding agent, GLUMA, on bacterial colonization in Class V cavities restored with composite resin. Experimental groups consisted of immediate placement of GLUMA and composite resin as well as placement of GLUMA or Scotchbond (control) in acid-etched cavities that had been left open to the oral environment for 48 hours. Various procedures for pretreatment of the cavities were included. Tissue specimens were prepared for light microscopy for observation of bacterial presence and pulp tissue reactions after eight days and 90 days. Bacteria were not detected in any of the 54 cavities treated with GLUMA regardless of observation period or use of enamel-etching procedure prior to placement of composite resin. When cavities were restored with composite resin without prior GLUMA pretreatment or with Scotchbond, bacteria were present under the majority of restorations at both time intervals. Pulpal inflammation of varying extent and character was seen after eight days in teeth that had been previously infected. At 90 days, pulps showed repair and healing regardless of treatment protocol. Data indicate that GLUMA has a distinct in vivo antibacterial effect that seems to prevent bacterial growth in tooth/restoration interfaces.
Processor-memory co-exploration driven by a Memory-Aware Architecture Description Language

Memory represents a major bottleneck in modern embedded systems. Traditionally, memory organizations for programmable systems assumed a fixed cache hierarchy. With the widening processor-memory gap, more aggressive memory technologies and organizations have appeared, allowing customization of a heterogeneous memory architecture tuned for the application. However, such a processor-memory co-exploration approach critically needs the ability to explicitly capture heterogeneous memory architectures. We present in this paper a language-based approach to explicitly capture the memory subsystem configuration, and perform exploration of the memory architecture to trade-off cost versus performance. We present a set of experiments using our Memory-Aware Architectural Description Language to drive the exploration of the memory subsystem for the TIC6211 processor architecture, demonstrating a range of cost and performance attributes.
Trajectory enabled service support platform for mobile users' behavior pattern mining

Existing operational support systems of GSM service providers focus on collecting and maintaining massive rough Cell-ID based location data, which cannot satisfy the requirement of new trajectory based services in identifying the behaviors of mobile users. In this paper, we introduce a trajectory enabled service support platform to convert the location data into limited meaningful mobile user's behavior patterns, which benefit the trajectory based services by simplifying the behavior detection. The core technologies of the platform are the pattern selection, which requires to cover the information included in the raw location data as more as possible, and the run-time mining algorithm, which requires less storage space. We propose a new concept, transient entropy, to identify the moving speed of users, and based on which we define and mine four types of behavior patterns: frequent locations, frequent trajectory, meaningful location, and moving mode. By analyzing the sojourn distribution, we find that the sojourn time in each location follows a Zipf distribution, based on which we present a run-time algorithm to mine the behavior patterns with less storage space. A realistic experiments is given to validate the proposed platform and algorithms.
Modèles d’équations simultanées pour variables endogènes fictives : une formulation par la théorie des jeux avec application à la participation au marché du travail

Les auteurs proposent une methode inspiree par la theorie des jeux pour formuler des modeles d’equations simultanees et les appliquer a l’etude de la decision de deux personnes mariees de participer ou pas au marche du travail. Leur demarche se distingue par le fait que le modele simultane utilise le resultat d’un jeu entre deux joueurs pour obtenir le comportement d’optimisation. Le concept d’equilibre retenu est celui de Nash. Par ailleurs, les auteurs demontrent que les conditions de coherence logique, sont implicites dans les modeles d’equations simultanees avec glissement structurel, interdiraient en fait la simultaneite dans la modelisation du probleme qu’ils considerent. Par consequent, leur modele ne suppose aucune condition de coherence logique dans les parametres.
INVESTORS: THE MISSING PIECE IN THE FORECLOSURE RACIAL GAP DEBATE

ABSTRACT:Foreclosures have become one of the most important problems facing cities and the U.S. economy. However, not all communities are affected equally. Our goal is to better understand factors that affect variation in neighborhood foreclosures in a typical, mid-sized U.S. city—Louisville, Kentucky. While previous findings indicate that a key explanatory variable leading to rising neighborhood foreclosures is the proportion of racial minorities, our analysis finds that in a fully specified model, race does not predict differences between black and white homeowners. On the other hand, an analysis of investors predicts high foreclosure rates in African-American neighborhoods. The effect of percent nonwhite is caused by several key intervening variables, including the presence of investor foreclosures, the absence of neighborhood walkability, and the prevalence of high-cost loans. In the past, walkability and investor behavior have largely been ignored by social scientists studying neighborhood variation ...
Corporate social responsibility as a source of employee satisfaction

Corporate social responsibility has received an increasing amount of attention from practitioners and scholars alike in recent years. However, very little is known about whether or how corporate social responsibility affects employees. Because employees are primary stakeholders who directly contribute to the success of the company, understanding employee reactions to corporate social responsibility may help answer lingering questions about the potential effects of corporate social responsibility on firms as well as illuminate some of the processes responsible for them. To begin our chapter, we provide a brief history of scholarship on corporate social responsibility and highlight some of the major challenges researchers in this area currently face. We then discuss why corporate social responsibility may represent a special opportunity to influence employees’ general impression of their company. Next, we identify four distinct paths through which corporate social responsibility may affect employees’ relationship with their company that correspond to four universal psychological needs: security, self-esteem, belongingness, and a meaningful existence. Finally, we offer an agenda for micro-level research on corporate social responsibility. # 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Learning from collisions in cognitive radio networks: Time Division Fair Sharing without pre-agreement

We consider a decentralized multi-armed bandit problem arisen in the application of cognitive radio networks, where M distributed secondary users independently search for spectrum opportunities in N channels without information sharing. The channel occupancy is modeled as an i.i.d. Bernoulli process with unknown mean. A collision happens when multiple users choose the same channel, and none or only one receives reward depending on the collision model. Under a non-Bayesian formulation, the performance measure of a policy is given by the system regret, defied as the total reward loss with respect to the optimal performance in the ideal scenario where all channel parameters are known to all users and collisions among secondary users are eliminated through centralized scheduling. In our previous work, a Time Division Fair Sharing (TDFS) framework was proposed for constructing fair decentralized policies that achieve the same logarithmic order of the system regret growth rate as in the centralized counterpart where users exchange observations and make decisions jointly. This TDFS framework, however, requires pre-agreement among users regarding the offset in their time sharing schedule. In this work, we generalize the TDFS framework by eliminating the pre-agreement thus achieve a complete decentralization among users. We show that by learning from collisions, users can settle at orthogonal time-sharing offsets and the TDFS framework can maintain its logarithmic regret order and the fairness among users without pre-agreement. The result applies to general stochastic processes beyond Bernoulli and thus finds a wide range of applications including multi-channel communication systems, multi-agent systems, web search and advertising, and social networks.
Analysis of the noise performance of associative memories

The performances of two commonly used associative memories, generalized inverse (GI) and correlation memory matrix (CMM), are studied analytically and compared. The effects of crosstalk and a novel type of noise (memory noise appearing due to noisy training patterns) are also considered. Theoretical expressions are determined for the SNR (signal to noise ratio) gain of the GI and CMM memories in the auto-associative and heteroassociative modes of operation. It is found that the GI method performance degrades significantly in the presence of memory noise, while the CMM method is relatively unaffected. In overall performance, the GI method is superior to that of the CMM method, except at high values of input stimulus noise, or when the number of associations stored is close to the dimension of the key vectors. Theoretical expressions are plotted and compared with the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations, and the two are found to be in excellent agreement. >
Anxiety and Depression in an Internal Medicine Resident Continuity Clinic: Difficult Diagnoses

Objective:To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in a residents' clinic and if these diagnoses are associated with patients being perceived as difficult, as well as how often these diagnoses are documented in the patients' charts.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a general internal medicine residents' clinic. A total of 135 patients were given the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders questionnaire (DSM-IIIR version) and their physicians filled out the Difficult Doctor-Patient Relationship Questionnaire after the visit. Charts were reviewed for documentation of a diagnosis of anxiety or depression.Results:Major depression was present in 26 percent, dysthymia 16 percent, major depression in partial remission 9 percent, generalized anxiety disorder 13 percent, and panic disorder 7 percent. Overall, 38 percent had at least one and 21 percent had more than one diagnosis. Of patients with one psychiatric diagnosis, 9 percent were classified as difficult versus 100 perce...
An Estimation of Turbulent Characteristics in the Low-Level Region of Intense Hurricanes Allen (1980) and Hugo (1989)

This study analyzes the flight-level data collected by research aircraft that penetrated the eyewalls of category 5 Hurricane Hugo (1989) and category 4 Hurricane Allen (1980) between 1 km and the sea surface. Estimates of turbulent momentum flux, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and vertical eddy diffusivity are obtained before and during the eyewall penetrations. Spatial scales of turbulent eddies are determined through a spectral analysis. The turbulence parameters estimated for the eyewall penetration leg are found to be nearly an order of magnitude larger than those for the leg outside the eyewall at similar altitudes. In the low-level intense eyewall region, the horizontal length scale of the dominant turbulent eddies is found to be between 500 and 3000 m, and the corresponding vertical length scale is approximately 100 m. The results suggest also that it is unwise to include eyewall vorticity maxima (EVM) in the turbulence parameter estimation because the EVMs are likely to be quasi-two-dimensional vortex structures that are embedded within the three-dimensional turbulence on the inside edge of the eyewall. This studyis afirstattempt at estimatingthe characteristics of turbulent flow in the low-leveltroposphereof an intense eyewall using in situ aircraft observations. The authors believe that the results can offer useful guidance in numerical weather prediction efforts aimed at improving the forecast of hurricane intensity. Because of the small sample size analyzed in this study, further analyses of the turbulent characteristics in the high-wind region of hurricanes are imperative.
Ligne-claire video encoding for power constrained mobile environments

Digital video playback on mobile devices is fast becoming widespread and popular. Since mobile devices are typically resource constrained in terms of network bandwidth, battery power and available screen resolution, it is often necessary to formulate special encoding techniques in order to optimize power consumption during video streaming and playback. The existing H.264 standard is popular for video encoding on mobile devices, since it results in a low-bitrate video with visual clarity that is adequate for video playback on mobile devices. However, due to the complexity of the H.264 representation, the video decoding procedure is typically computationally intensive. In this paper, we propose a novel lossy video representation termed as Ligne-Claire (LC) video. LC videos are obtained via graphics overlay of outlines or silhouettes of objects in the video over an approximated texture video. Since the playback of LC video is typically meant for mobile devices, the visual quality of video is adequate for most mobile applications wherein the semantic content of the video can be characterized by object shapes and approximate texture information. Experimental results presented in the paper demonstrate that the proposed lossy LC video encoding scheme results in power savings of 50% or more during video playback compared to standard H.264-encoded videos, of similar video file size. In order to evaluate the visual quality of the LC video, we compare the performance of LC videos with H.264-encoded videos in the context of some typical computer vision tasks. Our results indicate that the performance of the computer vision algorithms on these videos is similar. This fact, coupled with subjective evaluation, and the resulting significant power savings, indicates that the proposed LC representation can be used effectively to encode video for power-constrained mobile devices.
Intracoronary adenovirus-mediated delivery and overexpression of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor in the heart : prospects for molecular ventricular assistance.

Background —Genetic modulation of ventricular function may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with congestive heart failure. Myocardial overexpression of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) has been shown to enhance contractility in transgenic mice and reverse signaling abnormalities found in failing cardiomyocytes in culture. In this study, we sought to determine the feasibility and in vivo consequences of delivering an adenovirus containing the human β2AR cDNA to ventricular myocardium via catheter-mediated subselective intracoronary delivery. Methods and Results —Rabbits underwent percutaneous subselective catheterization of either the left or right coronary artery and infusion of adenoviral vectors containing either a marker transgene (Adeno-βGal) or the β2AR (Adeno-β2AR). Ventricular function was assessed before catheterization and 3 to 6 days after gene delivery. Both left circumflex– and right coronary artery–mediated delivery of Adeno-β2AR resulted in ≈10-fold overexpression in a chamber-specific manner. Delivery of Adeno-βGal did not alter in vivo left ventricular (LV) systolic function, whereas overexpression of β2ARs in the LV improved global LV contractility, as measured by dP/dtmax, at baseline and in response to isoproterenol at both 3 and 6 days after gene delivery. Conclusions —Percutaneous adenovirus-mediated intracoronary delivery of a potentially therapeutic transgene is feasible, and acute global LV function can be enhanced by LV-specific overexpression of the β2AR. Thus, genetic modulation to enhance the function of the heart may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for congestive heart failure and can be viewed as molecular ventricular assistance.
Two-Dimensional Gel Analysis of Sertoli Cell Protein Phosphorylation: Effect of Short Term Exposure to Follicle-Stimulating Hormone*

The response of cultured Sertoli cells to short term FSH stimulation was studied to elucidate early events involved in the hormone response of this cell type. The phosphorylation of proteins by [32P]orthophosphate-labeled cells was examined using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. FSH stimulation resulted in a variety of changes in the phosphoprotein labeling pattern. Within 5 min, unique phosphoproteins appeared in autoradiograms of treated cells. Increased labeling of vimentin was also noted. After 25 min of FSH stimulation, increases and decreases in apparent labeling intensity were evident in additional phosphoproteins that were constitutively labeled in control cultures. Changes in protein patterns in stained gels were also noted after acute hormone treatment. These observations demonstrate that Sertoli cells respond to hormonal stimulation in a detectable manner within 5 min. Cytoskeletal involvement in initial phases of hormone response is indicated. Mechanisms ...
Enzymatic Removal of Diacetyl from Beer III. Enzyme Protection and Regeneration of Cofactor

Use of diacetyl reductase, a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-requiring enzyme, to eliminate diacetyl off-flavor in beer was studied. The crude enzyme was extracted from Aerobacter aerogenes and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation or Sephadex chromatography. In the semipure state, the enzyme was inactivated by lyophilization; in a crude state, the lyophilized extract remained stable for at least 4 months at — 20 C. A 50% reduction in specific activity within 5 min was observed when crude diacetyl reductase was suspended (5 mg of protein/ml) in phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 or below; a similar inactivation rate was observed when the crude enzyme was dissolved in a 5% aqueous ethyl alcohol solution. Effective crude enzyme activity in beer at a natural pH of 4.1 required protection of the enzyme in 10% gelatin. Incorporation of yeast cells with the gel-protected enzyme provided regeneration of NADH. Combinations of yeast, enzyme, and gelatin were tested to obtain data analyzed by regression analysis to determine the optimal concentration of each component of the system required to reduce the level of diacetyl in spiked (0.5 ppm) beer to less than 0.12 ppm within 48 hr at 5 C. The protected enzyme system was also effective in removing diacetyl from orange juice (pH 3.8) and some distilled liquors.