cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitotic activity in the lens rudiment of the chicken embryo before and after the onset of crystallin synthesis : II. Immunofluorescence studies.

1. The fluorescent antibody method was used to study the first appearance of delta-crystallin in the lens rudiment of the chicken embryo, in relation to the cell cycle. At the beginning of lens invagination a few cells, with their nuclei in a basal position, displayed fluorescence. The percentage of cells with a positive reaction increased steadily, but it was not until invagination was well underway, about 3 hours after its start, that fluorescence was seen in dividing cells. It was concluded that in this system cell replication and synthesis of specific protein are not mutually exclusive. 2. Because the number of hours passing by before the appearance of fluorescent mitoses was about equal to the previously calculated duration of the G-2 phase of the cell cycle it follows that crystallin production becomes detectable in the late S- or early G-2 phase. Observations on the cellular shape, which is a function of cell cycle phase, at the time that cells first reacted with the fluorescent antibodies agree with this interpretation. 3. The suggestion is made that the inductive influence of the optic cup on the lens primordium may primarily be exerted during the DNA synthetic phase of the presumptive lens cells.
Atomistic simulations of nanoparticle generation and surface modification by short pulse laser ablation in liquid environment

The ability of short pulse laser ablation in liquids to produce clean colloidal nanoparticles and unusual surface morphology and microstructure has been employed in a range of practical applications. The results of large-scale molecular dynamics simulations help to uncover the key processes that control the structure of laser-modified surfaces and nanoparticle size distributions generated by pulsed laser ablation in liquids. The simulations are performed for one-component metals, bilayer thin films and alloy targets. The predictions of the simulations include the emergence of Rayleigh–Taylor hydrodynamic instability at the interface between ablation plume and liquid environment, as well as the limited elemental mixing in the colloidal nanoparticles generated by laser ablation of bilayer films.
Antibody Combining Sites — Past, Present and Future

Editorial note (G.M.W.C.). — During the 9th International Subcellular Methodology Forum, Dr. Kabat, as well as delivering the keynote address, celebrated his 70th birthday. Forum participants were privileged to listen to a retrospective look at the way in which our concepts of antibody combining site structure have developed over the past 50 years, from an investigator who has been intimately involved in much of this work. In this article, based on the keynote address, the reader is guided through the ways which have ultimately led to our present understanding of the sizes and shapes of antibody molecules, their specific combining sites and the genetic control of the antibody response. The author concludes with a summary of the Limitations of our present understanding and the way in which future studies are likely to develop.
Nonparametric Selection Procedures in Complete Factorial Experiments

The behavior of many real-world systems depends on two or more factors which can be set at various levels. In such systems factorial experiments are usually conducted so that one can select or rank factor-level combinations, and study the performance of the system at those selected factor-level combinations. For the goal of selecting the best factor-level combination, all the existing theory in ranking and selection assumes normality of the observations. In this paper, we consider selection procedures for the above goal, in two-factor factorial experiments without relying on the assumption of normality. These procedures are then campared under no-interaction and interaction cases, and adaptive procedures are formulated.
15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐PGJ2 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of haematopoietic progenitors

Fil: Pacienza, Natalia Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematologicas "Mariano R. Castex"; Argentina
Pathology and pathogenesis of virus infections.

While the term immunopathology was originally used to describe an aberrant immune response to autoantigen resulting in pathology, more recent developments in our understanding of virus-induced immunopathology have revealed that this can be linked to both an aberrant immune response to the virus itself as well as unfavorable virus-induced changes to the immune response as a whole; for example, lymphopenia following certain types of infections as well as the specific loss of CD4 T cells in HIV infection. Perhaps the most common virus-induced pathology is T-cell-induced destruction of host tissues. T-cell mediated pathologies occur through both direct and indirect mechanisms including the targeted cytolysis of the infected cell by effector T cells, the induction of apoptosis in infected cells and generalized tissue damage due to bystander effects of T-cell activation. Difficulties in establishing an animal model of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) had greatly hampered progress in understanding the factors involved in pathogenesis. Perhaps the most widely examined example of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) can be found in dengue virus infections. The process by which viruses may induce or enhance autoimmunity is hypothesized to occur by a number of mechanisms. Recent clinical trials for several different vaccines, where vaccinated groups had elevated risk for infection and or disease than their naive cohorts, have highlighted the necessity for continued basic science research into the precise mechanisms of virus-induced immunopathology. One example of this can be found in the vastly different outcomes achieved with different strategies in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination.
Using software engineering to break the programming barrier (teaching)

The author discusses his experiences in teaching a microprocessor assembly language course. He describes how he incorporated ideas from software engineering into the course and uses the design of a series of bubble-sort programs as an example of this approach. >
Study of loss of load probability in designing installed capacity market

In this paper, the authors first review the method of computing loss of load probability (LOLP) as a means of assessing reliability. Then, they relate the method to the installed capacity (ICAP) mechanisms, which are currently being implemented in some regional US electricity markets as a necessary market process for ensuring long term reliability. The basic conclusion of the paper is that the current ICAP mechanisms do not accurately ensure a desired level of reliability, as intended. The reason for this situation is because the current ICAP mechanisms consider the expected value of available generation, which is only the first order simplification of probabilistic generator capacity modeling, while ignoring the second and higher orders. They use simple examples to illustrate this claim and its implications. The incentives created through ICAP mechanisms directly impact the investment decisions of new generation and transmission. Therefore, the findings presented in the paper are critical as we move forward with the restructuring process. To achieve the desired level of reliability through market process, this paper may lead to understanding better the necessary modifications to the current ICAP mechanisms.
A comparison of health behaviors between African Americans with spinal cord injury and those in the general population.

Objective The purpose of this study is to identify whether protective and risk health behaviors are more common among African Americans with spinal cord injury (SCI) compared with African Americans in the general population. Methods Mail-in surveys were collected from 252 adult participants with SCI. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2009 was downloaded. Results Participants with SCI were more likely to report currently smoking. Among those who reported currently smoking, persons with SCI were less likely to report ever trying to quit. Those with SCI were also more likely to report consuming alcohol and binge drinking in the past month. Participants with SCI were more likely to receive a flu shot/spray in the past year and to have ever received a pneumonia vaccine. Conversely, those with SCI were less likely to report ever having their blood cholesterol checked. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that, consistent with previous research, individuals with SCI focused their preventive health behaviors on conditions consistent with SCI prophylactic standard of care (e.g., flu shots and pneumonia vaccines), as compared to behaviors intended to prevent chronic diseases consistent with the overall population.
Animal Attitudes: Motion and Emotion in Eighteenth-Century Animal Representation

At the Royal Garden in mid-eighteenth-century Paris a circle of artists and naturalists at work on Buffon's Natural History set and maintained the standard for French animal representation in illustrated natural history, fables and theatre. The images produced by this group participated in the turn of European natural philosophy from the physical sciences to the life sciences and the consequent erosion of academic and vulgar notions of the animal-machine. The depiction of motion in the static animal image thus functioned across domains as part of an experimental effort in the new view of animal physiology, behaviour and psychology.
Chemical Investigation of the Volatile Oil of Litsea Guatemalensis Mez.

The physical and chemical characteristics of the volatile oil obtained from Litsea guatemalensis Mez. have been determined. Purification and characterization of various fractions obtained upon fractional distillation of the oil under reduced pressure yielded 1,8-cineole, dl-carvone, evidence for linalool, and indication of a hydrocarbon. The oil was found to contain 49.6 per cent of 1,8-cineole.
Kinetosome Production in Condylostoma Occurs During Cell Division

SYNOPSIS Kinetosome counts in different stages of the cell cycle of Condylostoma indicate that somatic kinetosome production occurs during cell division. The kineties apparently increase in length during interphase by spacing-out of preexisting kinetosomes. This spacing-out may be passive and caused by expansion of the cortical membrane to which the kinetosomes are attached.
Solution of phase problem for crystallography at a wavelength of 3.5 A

It has been established1 that one viable method for determining phases in a diffraction experiment is to make use of multiple beam-diffraction, that is, a situation in which two or more reflections are excited simultaneously in a crystal. While the theory had been fully developed and tested in some experiments on a germanium crystal1, progress was halted by the recognition that such theory could only be applied to perfect crystals such as germanium and silicon, with no mosaic structure. Here we report that considerable progress has been made, to the point of being able now to determine phases of structure factors in the most general situations, with non-centrosymmetric, small mosaic crystals of arbitrary shape. An example will be described here in which the phase of the (202) reflection of an organic molecular crystal (benzil) has been determined.
Latinos and Lethal Violence: The Impact of Poverty and Inequality

Research on homicide proliferated during the 1980s. Despite this growth of knowledge, sociologists lack an understanding of both the patterns and causes of Latino homicide. The present study addresses this shortcoming by examining socioeconomic and sociodemographic predictors of Latino murders in 111 U.S. cities during 1980. Rigression analysis supports an economic inequality interpretation of violence. Latinos' socioeconomic conditions were consistently linked to homicide, but sociodemographics also influenced murder. The conclusions stress the need for addressing the link between socioeconomic conditions and urban Latino homicide, paying special attention to educational attainment and economic inequality within the Latino population.
Polarization-encoded optical shadow casting: an efficient multiprocessor design using truth-table partitioning

Abstract An efficient multiprocessor has been designed using a polarization-encoded optical shadow casting truth table partitioning scheme. As an example, the design algorithm for identifying the source patterns, input patterns, and output mask for the design of an adder-subtracter is presented.
Selective decontamination of the digestive tract attenuated the myocardial inflammation and dysfunction that occur with burn injury.

This study examined the effects of oral antibiotics to selectively decontaminate the digestive tract (SDD) on postburn myocardial signaling, inflammation, and function. We hypothesized that antibio...
A Novel Technique to Quantify Film–Tablet Interfacial Thickness

The purpose of the project was to develop an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic technique to quantify film–tablet interfacial thickness. Tablets containing 99% dibasic calcium phosphate were coated with an acrylic polymer containing chlorine (Eudragit® RL 30 D). The film–tablet interface was defined as the region where phosphorous from the tablet and chlorine from the film coating were detected simultaneously. Five-minute intermittent ion-sputtering was used in conjunction with the conventional x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to achieve depth profiling of the sample. The slow ion-sputtering rate of approximately 56 nm/min was overcome through sample preparation and analysis from the tablet side of the sample. This process eliminated the need to sputter through the entire film coating to reach the area of interest. Initially, only phosphorous from the tablet was detected. As the depth profiling proceeded, the chlorine signal increased and the relative intensity of the phosphorous decreased. By plotting the...
Gender roles and settlement activities among children and their immigrant families.

This article explores how girls and boys facilitate the establishment of permenent settlement in Mexican immigrant households. Through analysis of 68 interviews, three primary roles are identified: (a) tutors, when children serve as translators and teachers for their parents and younger siblings; (b) advocates, when children intervene or mediate on behalf of their households during difficult transactions or situations; and (c) surrogate parents, when children undertake nanny or parentlike activities. In addition, it was found that girls participate more than boys in tasks that require detailed explanations or greater responsibility. Boys, despite their involvement in household activities, did not have the same responsibility roles as girls did. Finally, the eldest child, regardless of gender, often took the lead role in assisting and caring for younger siblings. These findings advance the understanding of the interaction of immigration, children, and gender in household settlement.
Defining the opportunity for pharmacogenetic intervention in primary care.

Pharmacogenetics (PG), the study of human genome function and its effects on drug response, represents an exciting approach for reducing adverse drug events and increasing therapeutic efficacy. However, there is no clear information of the potential impact of PG in the primary care setting. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the frequency of use of medications under PG influence, including 16 PG adverse drug reaction (ADR)-associated medications, in the primary care setting. Patients and methods: A cohort of 607 consecutive patients was accrued over a 3-month period from three primary care practices. Patients were asked to answer a verbal survey of demographics and medication use during the past 12 months. The survey specifically evaluated 16 drugs known to commonly cause ADRs and undergo metabolism by polymorphic enzymes. Patients also disclosed information on all other medication use in the last year. Medication use was verified by chart review. The primary outcome was the frequency of medica...
Surface mine sod treatment effects on survival and growth of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) after two and eight years

Abstract A research area was established on a surface mine in eastern Kentucky in 1982 that had been seeded to grasses and legumes in 1978 to test the effects of eight herbicide treatments, mechanical scalping and planting through the sod (control) on the long term survival and growth of non-mycorrhizal treated Virginia pine seedlings (Pinus virginiana) After eight years no treatment was significantly different from the control except mechanical scalping when the statistic tested was the change in height over time expressed as a percentage of the 2-season value. Mechanical scalping resulted in survival and height growth values significantly less than at least one treatment for all tests except the latter. Such results indicate factors other than biological responses should be considered when choosing a woody vegetation establishment scheme on surface mines with established herbaceous cover.
Transferrin binding and iron uptake in mouse hepatocytes.

Abstract Methods were developed for obtaining highly viable mouse hepatocytes in single cell suspension and for maintaining the hepatocytes in adherent static culture. The characteristics of transferrin binding and iron uptake into these hepatocytes was investigated. (1) After attachment to culture dishes for 18–24 h hepatocytes displayed an accelerating rate of iron uptake with time. Immediately after isolation mouse hepatocytes in suspension exhibited a linear iron uptake rate of 1.14·10 5 molecules/cell per min in 5 μM transferrin. Iron uptake also increased with increasing transferrin concentration both in suspension and adherent culture. Pinocytosis measured in isolated hepatocytes could account only for 10–20% of the total iron uptake. Iron uptake was completely inhibited at 4°C. (2) A transferrin binding component which saturated at 0.5 μM diferric transferrin was detected. The number of specific, saturable diferric transferrin binding sites on mouse hepatocytes was 4.4·10 4 ±1.9·10 4 for cells in suspension and 6.6·10 4 ±2.3·10 4 for adherent cultured cells. The apparent association constants were 1.23·10 7 1·mol −1 and 3.4·10 6 1·mol −1 for suspension and cultured cells respectively. (3) Mouse hepatocytes also displayed a large component of non-saturable transferrin binding sites. This binding increased linearly with transferrin concentration and appeared to contribute to iron uptake in mouse hepatocytes. Assuming that only saturable transferrin binding sites donate iron, the rate of iron uptake is about 2.5 molecules iron/receptor per min at 5 μM transferrin in both suspension and adherent cells and increases to 4 molecules iron/receptor per min at 10 μM transferrin in adherent cultured cells. These rates are considerably greater than the 0.5 molcules/receptor per min observed at 0.5 μM transferrin, the concentration at which the specific transferrin binding sites are fully occupied. The data suggest that either the non-saturable binding component donates some iron or that this component stimulates the saturable component to increase the rate of iron uptake. (4) During incubations at 4°C the majority of the transferrin bound to both saturable and nonsaturable binding sites lost one or more iron atoms. Incubations including 2 mM α,α′-dipyridyl (an Fe 11 chelator) decreased the cell associated 59 Fe at both 4 and 37°C while completely inhibiting iron uptake within 2–3 min of exposure at 37°C. These observations suggest that most if not all iron is loosened from transferrin upon interaction of transferrin with the hepatocyte membrane. There is also greater sensitivity of 59 Fe uptake compared to transferrin binding to pronase digestion, suggesting that an iron acceptor moiety on the cell surface is available to proteolysis.
Relationship Between Electrophoretic Band Patterns and In Vitro Ammonia Release of Soluble Soybean Meal Protein

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis was used to examine soluble protein fractions extracted with McDougall's buffer from soybean meal treated with various alcohol-water mixtures. Of the identified proteins, conglycinin and acidic subunits of glycinin were affected most by alcohol treatment. Their concentration in the extract was related to alcohol concentration in the treatment solution. In vitro digestion of soluble protein showed that fractions rich in conglycinin released the most ammonia per gram protein whereas treatments resulting in low concentrations of conglycinin and acidic subunits of glycinin produced the least amount of ammonia. Soybean meal treated with 40% (vol/vol) propanol had the lowest ammonia release and lowest conglycinin content. Conglycinin is deaminated faster by rumen microflora than are basic subunits of glycinin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis is a useful method to investigate chemically treated soybean meal and could be helpful in evaluating other protein-rich feeds that are treated to enhance their utilization by ruminants.
A dosimetry system for boron neutron capture therapy based on the dual counter microdosimetric technique.

Summary A dosimetric technique based on proportional counter microdosimetry has been developed for the dosimetry of mixed radiation fields employed in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The technique has been successfully used to measure the gamma, fast neutron and the boron dose rates in the mixed radiation field from a 252 Cf source. The measured fast neutron and boron dose rates are in good agreement with the calculations and the measurements reported by other researchers. A systematic discrepancy is observed in the gamma dose rate measurements, with the present measurements being approximately 35% lower than those reported elsewhere.
The Similarities and Differences in the Work Experience of Women Faculty in Traditional and Nontraditional Disciplines

A better understanding of the professional life of women faculty is gained by comparing the work experiences of two subgroups: those working in disciplines considered “traditional” for women and those working in “nontraditional” disciplines.
If ____________, you might be a computational thinker!

Computational Thinking (CT) has been articulated as a "fundamental skill for everyone, not just for computer scientists" [10]. Almost all agree with the lofty goals of the initiative, to teach humanity the ability to see the world through the sharpened eyes of a computer scientist. Others have shared their vision of what CT is, how to pave the way [7], weave it into a curriculum [1, 2, 9], and what the effects might be [8]. However, what does it really mean to be a computational thinker? While it is helpful to see examples that show we're already engaged in CT (e.g., using a backpack is pre-fetching and caching), it is perhaps more valuable to see everyday situations that are transformed when viewed through a computational thinker's trained eyes (e.g., writing dates as YYYY-MM-DD so they'll sort correctly). We hope to present enough examples to satisfy a growing chorus of those who need more grounding, using a unique delivery format.Jeff Foxworthy is a popular and successful stand-up comedian, especially in rural areas of the southern United States [5]. His signature bit is to find subtle aspects of life that are common to "rednecks", a term used to describe "uneducated white farm laborers" (whose neck is red from sunburn) [3]. These observations are never meant to be mean-spirited, are told with acute comic timing, and audiences love them. Here are some of his best [4], using his template:If _____________________________, you might be a redneck!...you think the last words to the Star Spangled Banner are 'Gentlemen, start your engines'......you get stopped by a state trooper, and when he asks you if you have an I.D. and you say, 'Bout what?'......you carried a fishing pole into Sea World...We will use a similar template and each of the four "stand up computational thinkers" will riff on observations of life as seen through CT eyes. We hope to provide enough examples that the (mostly CT) audience will feel compelled to join us in an "open mike" format and share their experiences. Whenever possible, we will channel Mr. Foxworthy and aim for the funny bone.
Bounding application-to-application delays for multimedia traffic in FDDI-based communication systems

We report our work on FDDI based networks for multimedia applications. It lifts previous research limitations and shows a systematic way for bounding message delays at the application level. The synchronous server is designed to control application admissions and properly multiplex messages from multiple applications on one node. We consider an integrated system including both the sender and receiver hosts, and the network. A set of constraints are proposed for controlling application admissions and guaranteeing the normal operation of the integrated system so that the total message delays can be bounded.
Combination of natural product (Baicalein) and cisplatin suppresses tumor growth and induces apoptosis in mouse breast cancer

INTRODUCTION: There is growing interest in use of natural extracts as supplements to standard cancer therapy. Baicalein(BCL) is a flavone derived from the root of the herb, Scutellaria baicalensis, which may have anti-cancer effects. BCL enhances IRF-1 activity which stimulates apoptosis. Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug that damages DNA, interferes with cell division and stimulates apoptosis. We hypothesized that the combination of BCL and cisplatin would result in enhanced apoptosis and inhbition of tumor cell growth in mouse breast cancer cells.
A High-Resolution Radar Detection Strategy

A comparison of single range cell detection and integrated contiguous range cell detection for a high range resolution radar is presented. A simulation was used to generate probability of detection curves for the two detection strategies using 10 target models with different target scattering characteristics. The integrated range cell detection strategy was found to be superior in all cases except when the target is composed of a single strong flare point.
Nanocrystalline MgO catalysts for the Henry reaction of benzaldehyde and nitromethane

Abstract Nanocrystalline MgO particles of about 3 nm were examined as catalysts for the Henry reaction between benzaldehyde and nitromethane at 273 K. The surface area of nanocrystalline MgO was greater than 600 m2 g−1 except after thermal treatment in N2 at 823 K, which reduced the surface area to 359 m2 g−1. The areal rate of the Henry reaction over nanocrystalline MgO at 273 K was 0.015 ± 0.002 μmol m−2 s−1 and was independent of pretreatment temperature over the range of 523–823 K. Addition of (S)-BINOL to nanocrystalline MgO has been reported previously to favor the production of one enantiomer of the Henry reaction. In the current work, negligible enantiomeric excess was observed on (S)-BINOL-modified nanocrystalline MgO catalysts, regardless of the source of nanocrystalline MgO, the MgO activation temperature, the reaction temperature, the sequence of reactant addition or the loading of (S)-BINOL. Adsorption of l -proline onto nanocrystalline MgO catalyst induced a small enantiomeric excess in the Henry reaction products, but the catalytic activity of the catalyst was low.
Oral connective tissue grafting: evidence-based principles for predictable success.

As the scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery expands, modern surgeons face new challenges every day.We learn new principles that soon become applied to many of our daily treatment plans in facial and oral surgery. Intraoral soft-tissue grafting is one of the techniques that has gained popularity in response to increased public demands for cosmetic and reconstructive periodontal surgery procedures. Many of the intraoral gingival plastic surgery procedures that are required for a full smile makeover could benefit from grafting and tissue management principles that are based on sound wound-healing theories. This review focuses first on the different options available for softtissue augmentation, the application of these options to different intraoral soft-tissue defects, the specific technique for subepithelial connective tissue grafting, and ends with a discussion of some of the major scientific principles for grafting success.
The Src Kinase Pathway Promotes Tamoxifen Agonist Action in Ishikawa Endometrial Cells through Phosphorylation-Dependent Stabilization of Estrogen Receptor α Promoter Interaction and Elevated Steroid Receptor Coactivator 1 Activity

Tamoxifen is the most widely used selective estrogen receptor modulator for breast cancer in clinical use today. However, tamoxifen agonist action in endometrium remains a major hurdle for tamoxifen therapy. Activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase src promotes tamoxifen agonist action, although the mechanisms remain unclear. To examine these mechanisms, the effect of src kinase on estrogen and tamoxifen signaling in tamoxifen-resistant Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells was assessed. A novel connection was identified between src kinase and serine 167 phosphorylation in estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha via activation of AKT kinase. Serine 167 phosphorylation stabilized ER interaction with endogenous ER-dependent promoters. Src kinase exhibited the additional function of potentiating the transcriptional activity of Gal-steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) and Gal-cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein in endometrial cancer cells while having no effect on Gal-p300-associated factor and Gal fusions of the other p160 coactivators glucocorticoid-interacting protein 1 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2/nuclear coactivator-2/SRC-2) and amplified in breast cancer 1 (receptor-associated coactivator 3/activator of transcription of nuclear receptor/SRC-3). Src effects on ER phosphorylation and SRC-1 activity both contributed to tamoxifen agonist action on ER-dependent gene expression in Ishikawa cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that src kinase potentiates tamoxifen agonist action through serine 167-dependent stabilization of ER promoter interaction and through elevation of SRC-1 and cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein coactivation of ER.
Mechanics of merging events for a series of layers in a stratified turbulent fluid

This study attempts to explain the evolutionary pattern of a series of well-mixed layers separated by thin high-gradient interfaces frequently observed in stratified fluids. Such layered structures form as a result of the instability of the equilibrium with uniform stratification, and their subsequent evolution is characterized by a sequence of merging events which systematically increase the average layer thickness. The coarsening of layers can take one of two forms, depending on the realized vertical buoyancy flux law. Layers merge either when the high-gradient interfaces drift and collide, or when some interfaces gradually erode without moving vertically. The selection of a preferred pattern of coarsening is rationalized by the analytical theory – the merging theorem – which is based on linear stability analysis for a series of identical layers and strongly stratified interfaces. The merging theorem suggests that the merger by erosion of weak interfaces occurs when the vertical buoyancy flux decreases with the buoyancy variation across the step. If the buoyancy flux increases with step height, then coarsening of a staircase may result from drift and collision of the adjacent interfaces. Our model also quantifies the time scale of merging events and makes it possible to predict whether the layer merging continues indefinitely or whether the coarsening is ultimately arrested. The merging theorem is applied to extant one-dimensional models of turbulent mixing and successfully tested against the corresponding fully nonlinear numerical simulations. It is hypothesized that the upscale cascade of buoyancy variance associated with merging events may be one of the significant sources of the fine-scale (∼10 m) variability in the ocean.
Correlation of Rheological and Microstructural Properties in a Model Lipid System

Model systems having different microstructures and rheological properties were obtained by controlled crystallization from a mixture of high-melting and low-melting lipids. Based on analysis of confocal scanning light microscopic images, the microstructural characteristics of the systems were quantified by use of different approaches including microstructure density, Euler characteristic, nearest-neighbor analysis, fractal dimension of microstructure interface, and fractal dimension by the particle-counting method (PCM). The solid-fat content (SFC) of semisolid lipid samples was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rheological properties were analyzed by compressive penetration tests with a texture analyzer. As expected, SFC had a major impact on rheological properties, but lipid crystalline microstructure also had significant effects. Correlation analysis showed that rheological properties were highly correlated with the various quantitative microstructural parameters, with the exception of the fractal dimension by the PCM. Empirical models adequately correlated rheological properties with SFC and microstructure density. Compression modulus increased by a factor of about ten as SFC increased from 0.28 to 0.51. However, for systems with the same SFC, compression modulus was dependent on microstructure. At low SFC compression modulus increased by about a factor of seven over the range of microstructures formed, whereas at higher SFC compression modulus only increased by a factor of about two.
Experiences and Needs of Adult Protective Services Case Managers When Assisting Clients Who Have Companion Animals

ABSTRACT Enhancing the safety and quality of life of adults who require protective services must frequently include consideration of their companion animals. Six Adult Protective Services case managers reported on their experiences with clients who had pets. Issues discussed included clients' neglect of themselves and their pets, attachment to and loss of pets, abuse and threats to harm a pet, collecting or hoarding of animals, and staff encounters with aggressive animals. The case managers made recommendations concerning agency procedures, staff training and useful support services to offer staff and clients when companion animals are present.
Stark effect spectroscopy of bacteriochlorophyll in light-harvesting complexes from photosynthetic bacteria

The effects of an applied electric field on the Q y absorption and fluorescence spectra of three antenna complexes from photosynthetic bacteria have been measured at 77 K: the bacteriochlorophyll a protein (BCP) from Prosthecochloris aestuarii , the B800-850 light-harvesting complex from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and the B875 light-harvesting complex from Rhodobacter capsulatus . For BCP in a glycerol / buffer glass, the value of the change in dipole moment, |Δμ A |, for three of the resolved absorption bands was found to lie in the range 1.3–2.0 D / f (where f is the local field correction factor), and the Stark spectrum lineshape is well approximated by the second derivative of the absorption. This is similar to what is found for monomeric bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a ) embedded in a polymer film and for the 800 nm monomer BChl a band of Rb. sphaeroides reaction centers; thus, the BChl a chromophores in BCP behave largely as a non-interacting set in an electric field. For B800-850 in a glycerol/buffer glass, the BChl a associated with the 800 nm band has a small |Δμ A | = 0.8–0.9 D/ f , while the BChl a of the 850 nm band is found to have |Δμ A | = 3.1–3.4 D/ f ; however, the Stark spectra of both components have anomalous lineshapes, which complicates the quantitative analysis. |Δμ A | for the 850 nm band is nearly unchanged upon attenuation of the 800 nm band by treatment with lithium dodecyl sulfate. The Stark spectrum of the B875 complex was obtained in whole chromatophore membranes. The lineshape for B875 is also unusual, and it appears that the electrochromism is not dominated by a dipole moment change. In all three antenna complexes, efficient energy transfer occurs from higher-energy states to the lowest-energy excited state, and, at 77 K, fluorescence occurs primarily from this lowest state. The electric field modulated fluorescence of BCP shows nearly the same quantitative effect as that obtained from absorption, with |Δμ F | = 1.6 D/ f . In contrast, the B800-850 complex shows an unprecedented, very large net decrease in fluorescence in an applied electric field. Possible mechanisms for this unusual result are discussed. B875 also shows an electric field induced fluorescence decrease; however, the Stark fluorescence spectrum is dominated by a first-derivative contribution, not unlike the electromodulated absorption spectrum. Explanations for this, and many of the results for strongly interacting chromophores, may lie in a breakdown of the standard treatments of electrochromism when strong intermolecular coupling dominates.
Needs for radioactivity standards and measurements in the life sciences.

Abstract For almost 100 years, radioactivity has been one of the major tools in medicine. Therapeutic applications that began with 226Ra and 222Rn implants have rapidly grown to include about 20 radionuclides with radiations specifically chosen to treat at different depths in tissue — ranging from a few millimeters for intravascular therapy to a few centimeters in the case of large solid tumors. Systemic treatments with radiopharmaceuticals have grown from the traditional 131I to more than ten candidate nuclides which are to be labeled to tumor-specific radiopharmaceuticals. Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals are used in over 13 million procedures in the United States annually. About 40 nuclides are under investigation for these applications including single photon emitters for SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and positron emitters for PET (positron emission tomography). In addition to the mainstays of therapeutic and diagnostic radiology, radionuclides are widely used for in vitro tracers in the life sciences and represent one of the main tools in the field of molecular biology.
Astigmatic decay following small incision, self-sealing cataract surgery.

Abstract A series of 22 consecutive patients had phacoemulsification using a small (3.5 to 4.0 mm), self-sealing incision. Preoperative keratometric analysis was performed using the EyeSys ™ photokeratoscope. Results of this analysis were compared with keratometric data obtained at one week and at one month postoperatively. These comparisons were evaluated for surgery-induced cylinder and astigmatic decay at the 3, 5, and 7 mm corneal zones. At one week postoperatively, there was only mild against-the-rule change in cylinder at each corneal zone, and these changes showed minimal decay at the one month follow-up visit.
Upconversion use for viewing and recording infrared images

The upconversion of 1.54-μm radiation to shorter wavelengths has been studied in CaF2 crystals doped with Er3+ ions. Experimental measurements of the intensity dependence and temporal behavior of the upconverted radiation give results in good qualitative agreement with a simple model of a cooperative luminescence process. Measurements with a silicon diode matrix array (DMA) of the spatial distribution of the luminescence from screens of CaF2 doped with Er3+, which were irradiated with an Er laser, showed that the resolution is not limited by the cooperative luminescent process but is determined by the granularity and/or thickness of the screens. Good results on 1.54-μm beam profiles were obtained with a computer-based image recording system incorporating the screen–DMA combination. A linear dependence on intensity without saturation of the DMA was achieved by interposing neutral density filters between the screen and the DMA.
Nosocomial Transmission of Cryptosporidium in a Veterinary Hospital

An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred at a veterinary hospital, involving multiple species, including humans. The index case was an infected dairy calf that presented with diarrhea. Several other cases of cryptosporidial diarrhea subsequently developed during a 1-month period. The key features of this outbreak were the multiple species affected, the increased morbidity in immunocompromised neonates, and the failure of implemented control measures to contain the disease.
Finitely Additive and Measurable Stochastic Games

We consider two-person zero-sum stochastic games with arbitrary state and action spaces, a finitely additive law of motion and limit superior payoff function. The players use finitely additive strategies and it is shown that such a game has a value, if the payoff function is evaluated in accordance with the theory of strategic measures as developed by Dubins and Savage. Moreover, when a Borel structure is imposed on the problem, together with an equicontinuity condition on the law of motion, the value of the game is the same whether calculated in terms of countably additive strategies or finitely additive ones.
Compositional Structure of the Asteroid Belt

The distribution of compositional types among the asteroids is found to vary systematically with heliocentric distance. Seven distinct peaks in the relative proportion of the compositional types E, R, S, M, F, C, P, and D are found from 1.8 to 5.2 astronomical units. The inferred composition of the asteroids in each semimajor axis region is consistent with the theory that the asteroids accreted from the solar nebula at or near their present locations.
Crystallographic texture evolution of continuous cast Al–Mn–Mg alloy sheet during cold rolling and annealing

Abstract Development of crystallographic texture of continuous cast (CC) Al–Mn–Mg alloy sheet during cold rolling and annealing was studied. We showed that the Cube orientation {0 0 1}〈1 0 0〉 is the major recrystallization texture of the hot rolled CC Al–Mn–Mg alloy sheet with intermediate heat-treatment (IHT). Nevertheless, we were somewhat surprised to find that the P orientation {0 1 1}〈5 6 6〉 is the dominant recrystallization texture of the hot rolled CC Al–Mn–Mg alloy sheet without the IHT. We assessed the earing tendency of the P orientation {0 1 1}〈5 6 6〉 using a modified Tucker model. The simulation results showed that the P orientation {0 1 1}〈5 6 6〉 leads to 30°/60° earing, which exhibits the same earing behavior as deformation textures such as the Copper {1 1 2}〈1 1 1〉, S {1 2 3}〈6 3 4〉, and Brass {0 1 1}〈2 1 1〉 orientations. These results lead us to believe that, even after complete recrystallization, the 45° earing could remain somewhat pronounced for CC Al–Mn–Mg sheets without the IHT.
Algorithm 821: A Fortran interface to POSIX threads

Pthreads is the library of POSIX standard functions for concurrent, multithreaded programming. The POSIX standard only defines an application programming interface (API) to the C programming language, not to Fortran. Many scientific and engineering applications are written in Fortran. Also, many of these applications exhibit functional, or task-level, concurrency. They would benefit from multithreading, especially on symmetric multiprocessors (SMP). We present here an interface to that part of the Pthreads library that is compatible with standard Fortran. The contribution consists of two primary source files: a Fortran module and a collection of C wrappers to Pthreads functions. The Fortran module defines the data structures, interface and initialization routines used to manage threads. The stability and portability of the Fortran API to Pthreads has been demonstrated using common mathematical computations on several SMP systems.
Effects of Key deer herbivory on forest communities in the lower Florida Keys

Ungulate herbivory can have strong impacts on plant communities, but these impacts are rarely considered in recovery plans of endangered species. This study examined the effects of the endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) on its environment in the lower Florida Keys. The Key deer population has increased to over 700 deer from approximately 50 deer in the 1950s; however, approximately 75% of the population resides on only a few islands (Big Pine, No Name, Big Munson) where Key deer herbivory on forest communities may be substantial. Effects of deer herbivory on plant densities were estimated on these islands using vegetation quadrats in hardwood hammock, buttonwood transition, and mangrove wetlands and compared to nine other islands with intermediate or low deer densities. On islands with high deer density, densities of preferred woody plant species <1.2 m tall (within Key deer reach) were significantly lower than islands with lower deer densities, while densities of some nonpreferred species were significantly higher. Deer exclosures established in hardwood hammock on a high-density deer island revealed a mean increase in abundance/height of preferred woody species inside exclosures, while nonpreferred species significantly increased in open plots. We conclude that on high deer density islands, highly preferred plant species might eventually fail to regenerate and unpalatable plant species may become dominant. Careful criteria need to be developed to maintain Key deer numbers above an endangered species status yet below levels that are destructive to local forest species.
Use of in-line AFM as LWR verification tool in 45nm process development

As critical dimensions shrink to fit advanced process generation requirements, line width roughness (LWR) has become more and more important. As design rules for semiconductor devices shrink, the line width roughness approaches the CD of the line itself. This leads to poor device performance or even device failure. Thus, an accurate process monitor for LWR is required. CD-SEM measurements for LWR require a reference to verify the accuracy. TEM has traditionally played this role. However, its destructive nature, the errors induced by sample preparation, the limited data output and long turnaround time make routine TEM measurement undesirable. CD-AFM is a non-destructive technique that is able to generate highly accurate three-dimensional profiles of a sample surface over tens of microns in the X and Y directions with sub-nanometer resolution. In this paper we present results that show strong correlation between CD-SEM, TEM and inline CD-AFM based on measurements of an OPC grating. Based on these results, CD-AFM has successfully replaced TEM as the reference tool of choice for the R&D stage of a 45nm generation process. To improve this situation, we have successfully adopted in-line X3D AFM to replace FA TEM as the verification tool in the R&D stage of a 45nm generation process.
Aligning Pedagogy of American Business Language with Marketing Students’ Preferred Learning Styles

Abstract As educators focused on students’ business literacy in marketing communication, we researched: (1) Can we identify preferred learning styles for marketing communication majors; (2) Can we align pedagogy with their preferences; (3) Will doing so increase student engagement as measured by learning outcomes. The authors administered Fleming's (2001) on-line instrument to N = 691students to determine student learning styles (Q1). Faculty matched pedagogy to learning styles (Q2). Students (Q3) completed a pre- and posttest instrument developed by the authors. We used a Solomon Four-Square Design to isolate specific threats to validity and a one-way ANOVA to test for effects of treatment effect. Results support Qs 1 and 2; Q3 results provide meaningful insights.