cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harmonizing Music Theory and Music Law

Attorneys, judges, and jurors litigating and adjudicating music copyright disputes find themselves at the intersection of two complex fields, U.S. copyright law and music theory. While most generalist judges—and the attorneys representing clients in such cases—have at least some experience with the former, very few have formal training or informal experience with the latter. As a result, legal opinions purporting to incorporate musical concepts sometimes fail to do so accurately, resulting in decisions that are inconsistent with copyright law and policy. This Article is the first in a planned series of interdisciplinary articles designed to harmonize U.S. copyright law with relevant theoretical materials from the field of music. It begins with an accessible primer on basic principles of music theory, with a special focus on the concepts of melody and rhythm. It then summarizes music copyright jurisprudence, and identifies ways in which the latter correctly and incorrectly incorporates principles of music theory. This Article demonstrates that U.S. music copyright jurisprudence is plagued with a fundamental misunderstanding of the basic musical concepts of melody and rhythm as those terms are understood within the field of music. In general, legal precedents equate melody with pitch sequence and rhythm with meter and time signature, and give primacy in their analysis to melody—as they define it—to the exclusion of rhythm. Yet as this article demonstrates, not only do music theorists define melody as consisting of pitch and rhythm combined, but their findings also demonstrate that rhythmic design plays a greater role in creating distinct melodies than pitch standing alone. The result is a jurisprudence that is both over- and under-inclusive in finding instances of copyright protection and infringement. Using both historical and contemporary musical examples, this Article concludes that courts should re-define and re-weight these two musical concepts in order to arrive at just results in music copyright disputes that are consistent with the balancing of policies that form the foundation of U.S. copyright law.
Thioester peptide chloromethyl ketones: reagents for active site-selective labeling of serine proteinases with spectroscopic probes.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the thioester peptide chloromethyl ketones that are the reagents for active site-selective labeling of serine proteinases with spectroscopic probes. The approach represents a new strategy for site-specific labeling in that it employs a single affinity label to incorporate a uniquely reactive group for subsequent selective modification by members of probe families with different structures and spectral properties or probes of different types. For fluorescence studies of proteinase interactions, the ability to prepare derivatives with many different probes overcomes the obstacle of not being able to predict the label that will provide the spectral change needed to observe an interaction and should also allow the matching of probe spectral properties to the requirements of fluorescence anisotropy and resonance energy transfer studies. Finally, the thioester peptide chloromethyl ketones should similarly enable investigation of these enzymes with techniques based on the incorporation of other types of label, including chromophores, electron spin resonance probes, and nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) probes.
Comparative Effects of Dietary Protein and Cholesterol-Fat Content on Genetically Lean and Obese Pigs

Interactions of a high fat-high cholesterol diet with low and high dietary protein levels were tested in genetically obese and lean growing pigs. Sixty-four growing swine (32 obese and 32 lean) were utilized in a 9-wk experiment in which four diets were fed in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of plant protein (8 and 16%) and two levels of fat and cholesterol (0 added or 11% beef tallow-3% dried egg yolk added). Daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio were significantly reduced by low protein (P less than 0.01) and increased by high fat-high cholesterol. Obese pigs gained weight faster than lean pigs but were less efficient in feed utilization (P less than 0.02) except when consuming low protein diets (P less than 0.001). Plasma cholesterol was increased by low protein (P less than 0.01) and by high fat-high cholesterol (P less than 0.02); highest values were in pigs fed low protein-high fat-high cholesterol. Lean pigs showed a greater rise than obese pigs in plasma cholesterol when fed low protein diets, reflecting a higher dietary protein requirement for lean pigs as indicated by plasma total protein, albumin and urea nitrogen (urea-N) responses to diet. Percentage of aortic surface area stained by Sudan IV tended to be higher in lean than in obese pigs but the difference was not statistically significant (P less than 0.25). The data show the hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary protein restriction in growing swine and establish that genetic differences related to body composition and quantitative protein requirement affect the response.
ARE PRESENT HORNS, WHISTLES AND SIRENS NECESSARY FOR COMMUNICATIONS?

VARIOUS TYPES OF EXISTING AUDIBLE WARNING SYSTEMS AND THEIR HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS PAPER, TOGETHER WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN FULFILLING THEIR PRIME FUNCTION - NAMELY, TO WARN PEOPLE OF IMMINENT DANGER. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SUCH SYSTEMS PERFORM ADEQUATELY IN MANY SITUATIONS, BUT NOT WHEN THE RECIPIENT OF THE WARNING SIGNAL IS INSIDE ANOTHER VEHICLE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT ALTERNATIVE MEANS BE DEVELOPED FOR WARNING THE OCCUPANTS OF VEHICLES OF IMMEDIATE DANGER SO THAT AUDIBLE WARNING SYSTEMS OF REDUCED ACOUSTIC POWER CAN BE USED TO WARN PEDESTRIANS OR OTHER PERSONS OUTSIDE VEHICLES. /DOT/
Scientific and local classification and management of soils

A critical comparative analysis of howfarmers and scientists classify and manage soilsreveals fundamental differences as well assimilarities. In the past, the study of local soilknowledge has been predominantly targeted atdocumenting how farmers classified their soils incontrast to understanding how such classificatoryknowledge was made use of in actually managing soilsfor sustaining production. Often, classificatorydesigns – being cognitive and linguistic in nature –do not reflect the day-to-day actions in farming.Instead of merely describing local soil classificationin relation to scientific criteria, understanding howdifferent types of ethnolinguistic soil categories arerelated to crops, climate, subsistence needs,fertility, market demand, and cultural norms of thesociety would be far more effective in focusingresearch and development efforts.
Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3: IV. Regulation of virus-specific RNA synthesis

Abstract The synthesis of viral mRNA was studied in fathead minnow cells infected with frog virus 3 (FV3). Pretreatment of cells with heat-inactivated FV3 inhibited host RNA synthesis, allowing virus-induced RNA molecules to be detected within 2 hr after infection. Analysis of viral RNA on sucrose gradients revealed three major peaks, corresponding to molecules approx 9, 13, and 17 S in size. During the course of infection, the predominant peak shifted from 13 to 17 S. Hybridization of the RNA to viral DNA indicated that qualitative as well as quantitative changes in RNA synthesis occurred during the course of infection; unlabeled RNA extracted 2-hr postinfection inhibited the hybridization of labeled RNA extracted 6-hr postinfection by only 40–45%. Inhibition of viral-DNA synthesis did not prevent the increase in 17 S RNA, but did block the synthesis of 15% of the sequences seen late in normal infection as determined by hybridization competition. The data indicate that transcription in FV3-infected cells is regulated at two levels—qualitative, which depends on viral DNA synthesis, and quantitative, which does not.
Problems of French Grammar and Usage: No. 14.

In the preceding article in this series, I attempted to show that the different uses of the Past Indefinite can be explained in terms of Perspective and Sequence by means of a chart which it would ...
Safety and Efficacy of Teriparatide in Elderly Women with Established Osteoporosis: Bone Anabolic Therapy from a Geriatric Perspective

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and efficacy of teriparatide in patients aged 75 and older and compare these findings with those of women younger than 75 using data from the Fracture Prevention Trial (FPT). DESIGN: The FPT was a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: The FPT multicenter international study. PARTICIPANTS: Postmenopausal women aged 42 to 86 were randomized to placebo (N=544) or teriparatide 20 μg (N=541) by daily self-injection for a median of 19 months. Patients received daily oral supplements of 1,000 mg calcium and 400 to 1,200 IU vitamin D. For this analysis, subgroups were defined according to patient age younger than 75 (N=841) and 75 and older (N=244). MEASUREMENTS: The effects of teriparatide on bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck; the incidence of new vertebral and new nonvertebral fragility fractures; bone turnover markers, including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; and urinary deoxypyridinoline corrected for creatinine clearance, as well as the safety of teriparatide, were investigated. RESULTS: There were no significant treatment-by-age interactions for the bone turnover markers, femoral neck BMD, vertebral fractures, nonvertebral fragility fractures, height loss, hyperuricemia, or hypercalcemia. A significant treatment-by-age interaction for lumbar spine BMD (P=.08) was due to an increase in BMD observed in the placebo group aged 75 and older. There were no treatment-by-age interactions for important treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), including back pain, nausea, leg cramps, and dizziness. The most important TEAEs in women aged 80 and older (23 patients from the placebo group and 25 patients from the teriparatide group) were also reviewed; no unexpected TEAEs were found in the patients treated with teriparatide. These results indicate that the clinical effects of teriparatide were consistent in the older and younger women. CONCLUSION: Age does not affect the safety and efficacy of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Film redistribution layer technology

This paper describes the design and process for an advanced card technology capable of achieving wiring densities of the order of 500-1000 in/sq. inch. It's unique features consist of using a photosensitive dielectric (PSD) redistribution layer to produce very small (2-4.0 mil) blind vias, as well as utilizing PCB signal and power planes for global interconnect of fine grid surface mount components (QFPs, SMA, and ICs). The process consists of subtractive etched power cores and/or additively plated signal cores. The subcomposite is completed using conventional PCB processing. The redistribution layer is added sequentially by coating and/or laminating a photosensitive dielectric and photoprocessing the blind vias. The circuitization of the redistribution layer is completed by a full additive plating process and/or electro pattern plating. A solder mask is applied, and Eutectic Solder is electroplated over the surface for component assembly. A key element of the technology that will allow the escape of high I/O components with a dense interconnecting grid (8.0-20.0 mils/200-500 microns), is the utilization of the signal and power planes in the subcomposite structure. >
Value, Set-Comparison, and Subtype Constraints

This chapter deals with the sixth step of the conceptual schema design procedure, which covers three kinds of constraints: value, set-comparison, and subtype. Set-comparison constraints are of three kinds: subset, equality, and exclusion. These declare whether the population of one role sequence must be included in, be equal to, or be mutually exclusive with the population of another. Subtyping allows declaring how types are related and refines the ability to declare precisely what kinds of objects play what roles. Subtype connections among a family of compatible object types are displayed in a directed, acyclic subtype graph. In object-role modeling, subtypes are introduced to declare that one or more roles are played only by that subtype. The process of introducing subtypes is called specialization. Subtypes inherit all the roles of their supertypes, as well as having at least one specific role. Input forms often provide a set of conditional instructions that indicate the conditions under which particular entries on the form are needed. Such instructions can also be used to deduce the subtyping constraints.
Multiple watermarking: is power sharing better than time sharing?

Writing on dirty paper, a mathematical model for watermarking, is examined and extended to allow simultaneous watermarking at multiple rates. Based on the extended model, it is argued that the optimal watermarking strategy is to share the power. The argument is further supported by simulations of joint spread spectrum and quantization watermarking.
Flagella and Cilia: The Long and the Short of It

Intraflagellar transport is essential for the assembly and function of cilia and flagella, and recent work shows that intraflagellar transport complexes — or trains — fall into two classes according to length and morphology. How might intraflagellar transport and the size of the trains be involved in flagellar and ciliary length control?
Valuing the work performed by anesthesiology residents and the financial impact on teaching hospitals in the United States of a reduced anesthesia residency program size

We performed a financial analysis at a large university tertiary care hospital to determine the incremental cost of replacing its anesthesiology residents with alternative dependent providers (i.e., certified registered nurse anesthetists in the operating room, advanced practice nurses and physician assistants outside the operating room). The annual average net cost of an anesthesiology resident during a 3-yr residency is approximately $38,000, and residents performed an average of $89,000 of essential clinical work annually based on replacement costs. The incremental cost (replacement labor cost minus net resident cost) to replace all essential clinical duties performed by an anesthesiology resident at Duke University Medical Center and affiliated hospitals is approximately $153,000 throughout 3 yr of clinical anesthesiology training. If this approach were applied nationwide, incremental costs of substitution would range from $36,000,000 to $93,000,000 per year. We conclude that maintaining clinical service in the face of anesthesiology residency reductions can have a marked impact on the overall cost of providing anesthesiology services in teaching hospitals. Simply replacing residents with alternate nonphysician providers is a very expensive option. Implications: We sought to calculate the financial burden resulting from a decreased number of anesthesiology residents. Replacing each resident’s essential clinical work with similarly skilled healthcare providers would cost hospitals approximately $153,000 over the course of a 3-yr residency. Varying projections yield future nationwide costs of $36,000,000 to $93,000,000 per year. Simply replacing residents with alternate nonphysician providers is a very expensive option. (Anesth Analg 1998;87:245-54)
Virtual Evidence for Training Speech Recognizers Using Partially Labeled Data

Collecting supervised training data for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems is both time consuming and expensive. In this paper we use the notion of virtual evidence in a graphical-model based system to reduce the amount of supervisory training data required for sequence learning tasks. We apply this approach to a TIMIT phone recognition system, and show that our VE-based training scheme can, relative to a baseline trained with the full segmentation, yield similar results with only 15.3% of the frames labeled (keeping the number of utterances fixed).
Estimation of Time Dependent Flow Properties in an Open Cavity

Experiments have been performed to measure the velocity field and surface pressure synchronously for flow over an open cavity. Specifically, an l/d = 6 full span cavity with a Mach 0.6 free stream flow and a turbulent boundary layer at the cavities leading edge was studied. The study focuses on using these measurements in a mean-square estimation technique to study the time dependence of a low-dimensional formulation of the velocity field. Utilizing select modes from the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in the estimation technique, flow features associated with select Rossiter modes were reconstructed. The time dependent estimated flow field demonstrates how the shear layer structures and free stream velocity interact with the aft wall of the cavity to form the source of the intense areoacoustic environment known to exist in cavity flows.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Why the U.S. Government is not contributing to the resolution of the nation's drug problem

When the U.S. Surgeon General suggested looking at the experience of countries that have officially or de facto decriminalized drugs, the administration's reaction was unequivocal: under no circumstances would the decriminalization of drugs be considered. This reaction prevails despite the admission by almost everyone that the so-called "war on drugs" is not merely a failure but a disaster. Had the Surgeon General's suggestion been followed the results would show that decriminalization--judging from the experience of other nations and states within the United States that have decriminalized marijuana--would have few negative consequences and many positive ones, not the least of which would be a lessening of crimes associated with the prohibition of drugs. In the United States the effect might also be to reduce the hidden racist war that takes place nightly in the ghettoes of the nation's underclass.
An example of parts handling and self-assembly using stable limit sets

Throwing and catching parts, similar to vibratory agitation, promises to be a powerful manipulation technique, but is analytically complicated by equations of motion involving friction and impacts. However, one can show that some simple part manipulators exhibit limit set behavior, where the parts enter a set that is invariant under the mapping that corresponds to the throwing action. We show that by analyzing limit sets directly we can design parts and their environment so that part feeding or assembling naturally emerges from the dynamics. We include experiments validating both these approaches and a discussion of future work.
23 and Me, We, and You: direct-to-consumer genetics, intellectual property, and informed consent

In May 2012, direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing company 23andMe announced that it had obtained a United States patent for a method of determining predisposition to Parkinson disease (http://spittoon.23andme.com/news/announcing-23andmes-first-patent/). Although the company treated the announcement as a positive development, it did not receive unqualified approval. Instead, 23andMe's venture into the world of protecting intellectual property derived from medical research stressed an increasing area of tension in the nexus of the clinical, the commercial, and the exploratory.
Redefining the Moral Responsibilities for Food Safety: The Case of Red Meat in New Zealand.

Food safety governance is shaped by social relationships among the state, the industry, and the public in the food system in a given country. This paper examines the contestation among actors in New Zealand's red meat chain over the implementation of the Animal Product Act of 1999 (APA), which became a cornerstone in the reform of food safety governance. The discussion focuses on the APA's impact on three types of social relations in the red meat chain, those between: (a) the state and the industry; (b) consumers and citizens; and (c) New Zealand and “offshore.” This paper argues that food safety governance is an important element of the moral economy in a given country and poses both policy and ethical challenges in balancing conflicting needs between the global and local agrofood systems.
Identification of SLEEPLESS, a Sleep-Promoting Factor

Sleep is an essential process conserved from flies to humans. The importance of sleep is underscored by its tight homeostatic control. Through a forward genetic screen, we identified a gene, sleepless, required for sleep in Drosophila. The sleepless gene encodes a brain-enriched, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Loss of SLEEPLESS protein caused an extreme (>80%) reduction in sleep; a moderate reduction in SLEEPLESS had minimal effects on baseline sleep but markedly reduced the amount of recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that quiver, a mutation that impairs Shaker-dependent potassium current, is an allele of sleepless. Consistent with this finding, Shaker protein levels were reduced in sleepless mutants. We propose that SLEEPLESS is a signaling molecule that connects sleep drive to lowered membrane excitability.
Stratified flow over non-uniform surface conditions: Mixing-length model

The response of a neutrally stratified atmospheric surface layer to sudden changes in surface roughness and temperature is investigated by solving the steady-state boundary-layer equations. Near the discontinuities, the distributions of velocity and shear stress are found to be critically dependent upon whether or not the pressure and buoyancy terms are retained in the governing equations. Computed distributions of velocity and shear stress are found to be in good agreement with windtunnel and field data. The growth of the internal boundary layer under neutral conditions for smooth to rough transitions follows the 0.8 power law; however, rough to smooth transitions are associated with a 0.7 power law.
Transient activation of specific neurons in mice by selective expression of the capsaicin receptor

The ability to control the electrical activity of a neuronal subtype is a valuable tool in deciphering the role of discreet cell populations in complex neural circuits. Recent techniques that allow remote control of neurons are either labor intensive and invasive or indirectly coupled to neural electrical potential with low temporal resolution. Here we show the rapid, reversible and direct activation of genetically identified neuronal subpopulations by generating two inducible transgenic mouse models. Confined expression of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, allows cell-specific activation after peripheral or oral delivery of ligand in freely moving mice. Capsaicin-induced activation of dopaminergic or serotonergic neurons reversibly alters both physiological and behavioural responses within minutes, and lasts ~10 min. These models showcase a robust and remotely controllable genetic tool that modulates a distinct cell population without the need for invasive and labour-intensive approaches.
Zimeldine Induced Neuropathies

Zimeldine is a recently-introduced antidepressant drug. It has a novel pyridylallylamine structure and acts by selective inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake at central nerve synapses. This communication reports 2 patients who developed neuropathies within 1 week of starting treatment with this drug. This has hitherto not been described.
Growth of forages on acid soil amended with flue gas desulfurization by-products

Abstract To assess beneficial or detrimental plant growth effects when flue gas desulfurization by-products (FGD-BPs) are applied to acid soil, experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to determine growth of forages (orchardgrass, tall fescue, switchgrass, eastern gamagrass, white clover and alfalfa) on an acid pH 4.6 soil with different levels of three FGD-BPs and chemical-grade calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite. The FGD-BPs tested were high-CaSO 4 , high-CaSO 4 enriched with Mg, and high-CaSO 3 . Maximum total plant dry matter (DM) was obtained when ∼25% of high-CaSO 4 FGD-BP or ∼2.5% of high-CaSO 4 FGD-BP + Mg was incorporated into soil mixes; DM decreased at higher levels of addition. High-CaSO 3 FGD-BP benefited growth of all species when added at levels up to ∼3.0% in soil mixes. Beneficial plant responses were higher for the high-CaSO 4 FGD-BPs than for the high-CaSO 3 FGD-BP. Maximum beneficial plant responses for limestone were at ∼0.25–0.50% and for CaSO 4 at 50–75% in soil mixes, which were comparable with the high-CaSO 4 FGD-BP and high-CaSO 4 FGD-BP + Mg responses. Chemical-grade CaSO 3 gave no beneficial growth effects on any of the plant species. The FGD-BPs used in this study benefited forage growth when added at appropriate levels.
Our Favorite Tips for Interviewing Couples and Families

Interviewing couples and families can be the most overwhelming and challenging of all clinical situations. The authors present three techniques—radical acceptance, the romantic history, and wishes into goals—that they have found helpful to couples and families and also to clinicians themselves as they cope with their own feelings and reactions while interviewing couples and families.
Demethylamination of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine by commercial spleen phosphodiesterase preparations.

Abstract Commercial spleen phosphodiesterase preparations contain an activity (presumably enzymatic) that will deaminate adenosine, deoxyadenosine and demethylaminate N6-methyldeoxyadenosine but not their 3′ -or 5′-phosphates. The product obtained by the enzymic demethylamination of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine was identified as deoxyinosine on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility and its ultraviolet spectrum. The presence of a deaminase activity in spleen phosphodiesterase preparations must be considered when using the enzyme in nucleotide sequence studies.
Transnational Mothers Crossing the Border and Bringing Their Health Care Needs

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of transnational Latina mothers who immigrated to the United States without legal documentation or their children. Design: The study used a qualitative approach to collect data from eight transnational Latina mothers from South Florida during the summer of 2009. Methods: Data were collected using open-ended questions in one-on-one, in-depth interviews that lasted 1 to 2 hr. Findings: A hermeneutic phenomenological analysis of the data yielded seven essential themes from the participants’ stories: living in extreme poverty, having hope, choosing to walk away from poverty, suffering through the trip to and across the border, mothering from afar, valuing family, and changing personally. Conclusions: The results indicate that transnational Latina mothers find meaning in mothering from afar through embodied sacrifice, suffering, hoping for a better life for their children, and family reunification. These results have implications for healthcare providers, social workers, policy makers, and educators whose professional responsibility is to advocate for, and to enhance the health and social well-being of, transnational mothers. Clinical Relevance: Although this study focused on transnational Latina mothers in the United States, transnational motherhood is a worldwide phenomenon. Healthcare professionals play an instrumental role in providing culturally specific and evidence-based care to women who migrate without their children.
Importance of dietary protein level in the carcass analysis method for determining net protein utilisation in the chick

Two series of studies concerning chick NPU (net protein utilisation) determinations were carried out. In the first, two levels of dietary protein were compared with diets deficient in methionine or lysine. While the 10% protein level gave higher absolute NPU values than the 13% level, the former may lead to erroneous conclusions if the dietary protein is deficient in lysine. Since lysine is required in very low amounts for maintenance and the 10% protein level provides little more than the maintenance needs of the chick, the 13% level is to be preferred; this level provides sufficient excess for growth purposes so that a lysine deficiency can be more effectively recognised by the NPU value obtained. In the second series of experiments, three levels of fibre and maize oil were included factorially in a 13% protein diet composed of isolated soya protein supplemented with methionine. The combination of 3% fibre and 6% maize oil gave considerably higher NPU values than were obtained with any of the other combinations, although there was a general trend for higher NPU values with increased dietary energy. No adequate explanation for this finding is available at present.
Design of an intersection decision support (IDS) interface to reduce crashes at rural stop-controlled intersections

Rural, stop-controlled intersections pose a crash risk to drivers, particularly elderly drivers. This paper outlines the design phase of an infrastructure-based intersection decision support (IDS) system to help drivers make safer gap acceptance decisions at rural intersections. A human factors-based design process was conducted to determine the type of information that should be presented to drivers. Information considered important for presentation to the driver included showing the presence of gaps, indicating the size of available gaps, and/or judging the safety of available gaps. This paper discusses the process used to determine the appropriate design specifications for initial testing of the IDS system interface.
Motion prediction using VC-generalization bounds

Describes an application of statistical learning theory (SLT) for motion prediction. SLT provides analytical VC-generalization bounds for model selection; these bounds relate unknown prediction risk (generalization performance) and known quantities such as the number of training samples, empirical error, and a measure of model complexity called the VC-dimension. We use the VC-generalization bounds for the problem of choosing optimal motion models from small sets of image measurements (flow). We present results of experiments on image sequences for motion interpolation and extrapolation; these results demonstrate the strengths of our approach.
From Revered to Reviled: A Cross-Cultural Narrative Analysis of the South Korean Cloning Scandal

A South Korean scientist who claimed to clone the first human embryos went from national hero to international disgrace in 23 months after his research proved to have been falsified. Guided by narr...
NIST Transmission Density Instrument

The Optical Technology Division of NIST has developed a new instrument for measuring ISO standard visual diffuse transmission densities using the diffuse influx mode. This instrument is used to calibrate both X-ray and photographic film step tablet Standard Reference Materials. The design, characterization, and operation of the instrument are detailed. The instrument was fully characterized both to verify compliance with the applicable international standards and to determine the combined uncertainty in transmission density associated with the calibrations. Results from comparisons with other laboratories are also presented.
On-chip localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensing using hybrid plasmonic-photonic-fluidic structures

We demonstrate a complete lab-on-chip sensor with high sensitivity through integration of plasmonic gold nanorod resonator arrays with silicon nitride (SiN) guided wave structures and SU8/PDMS microfluidic channels. We will demonstrate the sensing of different analytes at different concentrations with high sensitivity.
Asbestos air pollution.

Findings of mesothelioma among individuals living in the vicinity of asbestos plants suggested that asbestos air pollution might occur. Measurement of asbestos (chrysotile) content of ambient air in New York City and other locations showed levels of 10 to 50 × 10-9 gm/cu m, and lungs of New York residents examined at autopsy regularly showed chrysotile fibrils. Occurrence of asbestos air pollution is now established. What have not yet been defined, however, are the dimensions of disease hazard which may be associated. Epidemiological considerations suggest that it is improper to equate the several kinds of asbestos exposure: direct occupational, indirect occupational, exposure in family circumstances, neighborhood contamination, and general community asbestos air pollution. Since most urban air pollution is derived from commercial and industrial sources, the asbestos industry has both important responsibility and opportunity for its control.
Coordination chemistry of the antitumor compound bleomycin A spectral investigation of the cobalt complex

Abstract Anaerobically, the Co(II) ion forms a stable complex with the antitumor compound bleomycin. Upon the addition of air, the Co(II)-bleomycin complex forms an oxygen adduct which is shown to be unstable and oxidizes to form the Co(III)-bleomycin complex. Electron spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and optical spectral studies were employed to both characterize the formation of the cobalt bleomycin complexes as well as the nature of the coordination environment. Data are presented which support a binding site similar to that suggested for the Cu(II)-bleomycin complex.
On pair annihilation and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

Discussion is given to the experimental facts that are associated with ‘pair annihilation’, as a real example, rather than a gedanken experiment, to illustrate the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. It is shown how the paradox disappears in a nonlinear relativistically covariant spinor field theory of this author, which takes thesingle interaction, rather thanmany free particles, as the elementary entity. In this theory there is no actual annihilation of matter. Rather, the observed facts that are conventionally interpreted as ‘pair annihilation’ arederived from an exact solution of the nonlinear field equations for the interacting pair in a particular deeply bound state. This solution reveals the observed facts, including the energy separation of 2m from the asymptotic state where the particles can be assumed to be (almost) free, and the prediction of two distinguishable currents whose phases are correlated by a 90° difference and are polarized in a common plane that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of interaction with a detecting apparatus. The paradox disappears essentially because of the rejection by this theory (in principle and in the exact mathematical formalism) of anyphysical description in terms of truly uncoupled partial systems.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Levels Are Greatly Reduced in the Brains But Not the Duodenums of Cpefat/Cpefat Mice: A Regional Difference in the Involvement of Carboxypeptidase E (Cpe) in Pro-CCK Processing

In order to assess the possible role of carboxypeptidase E (Cpe) in pro-CCK processing, tissues from the Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice were analyzed for CCK content and molecular forms using specific RIAs directed against different portions of the prohormone. Levels of amidated CCK were decreased by about 74% in whole brain of Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice in comparison to control mice, while levels of amidated CCK in intestine were only reduced by about 36%. In contrast, using an antiserum specific for CCK Gly Arg Arg, Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice brain had about 13-fold higher levels of this peptide relative to controls, while levels were identical in mutant and control duodenal tissue. This study demonstrates a regional difference in the involvement of Cpe in pro-CCK processing. The accumulation of CCK Gly Arg Arg in Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) brains provides definitive proof that the dibasic cleavage of the carboxyl terminus of pro CCK occurs on the carboxyl terminal of the dibasic, between the Arg and Ser as well as confirming that amidated CCK 8 in brain originates from CCK 8 Gly Arg Arg rather than from larger amidated peptides like CCK 22 or CCK 33. The Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mouse phenotype obviously involves multiple endocrine defects, however, it is tempting to speculate that this severe CNS deficiency in CCK 8 may be related to the adult-onset obesity seen in this mutant mouse.
Environmental-scale map use in middle childhood: links to spatial skills, strategies, and gender.

Researchers have shown that young children solve mapping tasks in small spaces, but have rarely tested children's performance in large, unfamiliar environments. In the current research, children (9–10 years; N = 40) explored an unfamiliar campus and marked flags' locations on a map. As hypothesized, better performance was predicted by higher spatial-test scores, greater spontaneous use of map–space coordinating strategies, and participant sex (favoring boys). Data supported some but not all hypotheses about the roles of specific spatial skills for mapping performance. Data patterns were similar on a computer mapping task that displayed environmental-scale videos of walks through a park. Patterns of children's mapping errors suggested both idiosyncratic and common mapping strategies that should be addressed in future research and educational interventions.
University undergraduate instruction at crossroads

Charles Sykes, in his book ProfScam (1988), provides a list of indictments against university faculty. These indictments include the charges that faculty members have abandoned their teaching responsibilities and their students; left the nation's students in the care of an ill-trained, ill-paid, and bitter academic underclass in pursuit of their own interests; and created a culture in which bad teaching goes unnoticed and unsanctioned and good teaching is penalized. The author examines charges in the context of the QEEP (Quality of Engineering Education Project) report (1986) and makes recommendations for improving undergraduate teaching at the university level. >
Effect of heart rate on zonal tension and ischaemia following coronary occlusion: optimal rate for Treppe versus ischaemia

The optimal heart rate in the immediate period following acute coronary occlusion has been controversial from the standpoint of arrhythmias and the extent of ischaemic injury. In the present study we have examined the effect of heart rate on both local myocardial contractile ability and ischaemia in 10 open chested dogs using strain gauge arches and epicardial electrograms. After sinus node destruction, atrial pacing was instituted for rate control at 100/min and increased randomly to 150, 175, and 200/min. Before coronary occlusion, total tension and rate of tension rise progressively increased at higher rates while ST segments demonstrated no significant changes. After coronary artery occlusion, total tension and rate of tension rise in the ischaemic zone decreased markedly and showed no significant change with increments in pacing rate. In the border zone, after the initial decrease in tension, pacing at 150 beats/min improved tension without a change in ST segments. However, when the rate was increased to 175 and 200 beats/min, although border zone tension increased further, ST segments rose significantly. Thus, a heart rate between 100–150/min provides the optimal range for increasing contractile ability in the nonischaemic and border zones without adversely affecting the degree of ischaemic injury.
Brownian dynamics of sterically-stabilized colloidal suspensions

One application where microstructure plays a critical role is in the production of specialty ceramics, where colloidal suspensions act as precursors; here the microstructure influences the structural, thermal, optical and electrical properties of the ceramic products. Using Brownian dynamics, equilibrium and dynamic properties are calculated for colloidal suspensions that are stabilized through the Milner, Witten and Cates (1988) steric potential. Results are reported for osmotic pressures, radial distributions functions, static structure factors, and self-diffusion coefficients. The sterically-stabilized systems are also approximated by equivalent hard spheres, with good agreement for osmotic pressure and long-range structure. The suitability of the potential to model the behavior of a real system is explored by comparing static structure factors calculated from Brownian dynamics simulations to those measured using SANS. Finally, the effects of Hamaker and hydrodynamic forces on calculated properties are investigated.
Understanding biases in the near-field region of LDA two-point correlation measurements

Two-point LDA measurements are shown to be strongly affected by both geometric and coincidence timing parameters, some effects of which are akin to those previously documented for nonorthogonal three-component LDAs. High spatial resolution is shown to be a necessity for small scale two-point measurements. It is suggested that a maximum effective probe volume dimension of one Kolmogorov length be considered as an upper bound for lateral and spanwise correlation measurements if microscale estimates are intended. However, if the effective probe volume shape is roughly spherical and a proper coincidence window is chosen, the spatial resolution of longitudinal correlation measurements appears to be independent of probe dimension.
Admissible subspaces and the denseness of the intersection of the domains of semigroup generators

Abstract Let T i = { T i ( t ): t ⩾ 0} be a ( C 0 ) semigroup of linear operators on a Banach space X , with infinitesimal generator A i , i = 1, 2. If Y is a dense Banachable subspace of X left invariant by T 1 then it is shown that in many cases D ( A 1 ) ∩ Y is dense in X , where D ( A 1 ) is the domain of A 1 . In particular, if X is either separable or reflexive and if T 1 leaves D ( A 2 ) invariant, then D ( A 1 ∩ D ( A 2 ) is dense in X .
Postmortem aging and freezing and thawing storage enhance ability of early deboned chicken pectoralis major muscle to hold added salt water

Abstract The effects of postdeboning aging and frozen storage on water-holding capacity (WHC) of chicken breast pectoralis major muscle were investigated. Broiler breast muscle was removed from carcasses either early postmortem (2 h) or later postmortem (24 h). Treatments included: no postdeboning aging; 1-d postdeboning aging at 2°C, 7-d postdeboning aging (2-h deboned meat only), and 6-d storage at −20°C plus 1-d thawing at 2°C (freezing and thawing treatment, 2-h deboned meat only). The WHC was determined by cooking loss, drip loss, a filter paper press method (results were presented as expressible fluid), and a salt-induced swelling and centrifugation method (results were presented as percentage of salt-induced water gain). There were no differences for WHC estimated by cooking loss and expressible fluid between the treatments. Only the freezing and thawing treatment resulted in a significant increase in drip loss. The average percentage of salt-induced water gains by the 24-h deboned samples, postdeboning aged 2 h samples, and frozen 2 h sample, which did not differ from each other, were significantly higher than that by the 2-h deboned sample. These results indicate that regardless of method (carcass aging vs. postdeboning aging) and time (aging for 1 d vs. for 7 d), postmortem aging more than 1 d does not affect WHC of the early deboned samples measured by dripping, cooking, and pressing. However, postmortem carcass aging, postdeboning aging, and freezing and thawing storage can significantly enhance the ability of chicken breast meat to hold added salt water or WHC measured by the salt-induced swelling and centrifuge method.
A 0.45-V MOSFETs-Based Temperature Sensor Front-End in 90 nm CMOS With a Noncalibrated $\pm \hbox{3.5} \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C} \ \hbox{3}\sigma$ Relative Inaccuracy From $-\hbox{55} \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ to 105 $^{\circ}\hbox{C}$

This brief presents a low-voltage subthreshold MOSFETs-based scattered relative temperature sensor that uses a simple regulated current mirror structure. NMOSFETs in the subthreshold region instead of bipolar junction transistors are used as sensing devices for low voltage purpose. Dynamic element matching is implemented to minimize the errors induced by device mismatches. The 3 × 3 sensor nodes with small size are remotely distributed across the chip, whereas the other parts are centralized and shared. Experimental results show that the minimum analog supply voltage can be 0.45 V from -55°C to 105°C in a 90-nm process implementation. The measured 3σ relative inaccuracy was less than ±3.5°C without any calibration. Furthermore, the multilocation thermal monitoring function has been experimentally demonstrated, and a 2.2°C/mm on-chip temperature gradient was detected. Compared with our previous design, superior line sensitivity and comparable relative accuracy are realized with simpler circuit implementation.
Concomitant ingestion of nutrients increases first-pass ethanol metabolism in rats

Abstract Ethanol (2 g/kg) was administered to fed rats concomitantly with nutrients and to fasted rats without nutrients. When nutrients were intubated concomitantly with ethanol there was significant first-pass or presystemic ethanol metabolism by both the gastro-intestinal mucosa and the liver. When ethanol was intubated without other nutrients first-pass metabolism was not detectable in fasted rats at this high ethanol dose. Hence, the concomitant ingestion of nutrients with ethanol promotes significant first-pass metabolism of ethanol when ethanol is fed in liquid alcohol diets.
1101 Comparison of self-gating synchronization algorithms for cardiac cine MRI

Interference from gradient switching, radiofrequency pulses, and the magnetohydrodynamic effect distort ECG signals typically used for gating in cardiac MRI, potentially resulting in imprecise triggering. Furthermore, the use of a lead system during a MRI scan requires additional equipment and patient setup time. Self-gating (SG) is an alternative technique which directly utilizes MRI signals for cardiac gating; consequently, synchronization is related to the intrinsic motion of the heart instead of electrical activity. Previous work in SG used a simple first difference peak detection scheme to identify trigger times. We hypothesized that the SG trigger detection accuracy can be improved by using more advanced signal processing techniques.
Games with Partially Enforceable Agreements

This paper analyzes games with imperfectly enforceable agreements. It develops a dynamical model in which players are randomly paired into single shot games at each moment. Initially players decide whether to honor an agreement, and then they choose whether to complain to an enforcement agency. The probability of success of a complaint is endogenous; it depends upon whether the defendant breached and upon the aggregate behavior of all players. In the most interesting equilibria of the dynamical system some individuals honor and some individuals complain while others do not, and the net effect of the existence of an enforcement agency is positive.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C72.
Current transient spectroscopy: A high-sensitivity DLTS system

A deep-level transient spectrometer (DLTS) has been built that measures current transients, rather than the usual capacitance transients, in p-n junctions. The system was developed to optimize sensitivity for the study of low-concentration processing-induced defects. An analysis of its performance as a function of timing parameters is presented. A noise analysis of both capacitance and current transient measurement is presented, showing that neither method has an inherent sensitivity advantage, and that both should be capable of detection limits of about 10-7to 10-8of the shallow doping concentration. Noise measurements indicate that a detection limit of 10-7times the doping has been obtained. Spectra of a processed p+-n diode with no intentional contamination show several defect levels in the 10-5N D , or 1010cm-3, range. Spectra of gold-doped p+-n diodes yield emission data in good agreement with accepted values.