cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteoprotegerin contributes to the metastatic potential of cells with a dysfunctional TSC2 tumor-suppressor gene.

In addition to its effects on bone metabolism, osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble member of the tumor necrosis factor family of receptors, promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and may act as a survival factor for tumor cells. We hypothesized that these cellular mechanisms of OPG may be involved in the growth and proliferation of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) cells, abnormal smooth muscle-like cells with mutations in one of the tuberous sclerosis complex tumor-suppressor genes ( TSC1 / TSC2 ) that cause LAM, a multisystem disease characterized by cystic lung destruction, lymphatic infiltration, and abdominal tumors. Herein, we show that OPG stimulated proliferation of cells cultured from explanted LAM lungs, and selectively induced migration of LAM cells identified by the loss of heterozygosity for TSC2 . Consistent with these observations, cells with TSC2 loss of heterozygosity expressed the OPG receptors, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, syndecan-1, and syndecan-2. LAM lung nodules showed reactivities to antibodies to tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, syndecan-1, and syndecan-2. LAM lung nodules also produced OPG, as shown by expression of OPG mRNA and colocalization of reactivities to anti-OPG and anti-gp100 (HMB45) antibodies in LAM lung nodules. Serum OPG was significantly higher in LAM patients than in normal volunteers. Based on these data, it appears that OPG may have tumor-promoting roles in the pathogenesis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, perhaps acting as both autocrine and paracrine factors.
Management of Neonatal Thrombosis

Neonates have one of the highest risks for thromboembolism among pediatric patients. This risk is attributable to a combination of multiple genetic and acquired risk factors. Despite a significant number of these events being either life threatening or limb threatening, there is limited evidence on appropriate management strategy. Most of what is recommended is based on uncontrolled studies, case series, or expert opinion. This review begins with a discussion of the neonatal hemostatic system, focusing on the common sites and imaging modalities for the detection of neonatal thrombosis. Perinatal and postnatal risk factors are presented and management options discussed.
Influence of capsular repair versus unrepaired capsulotomy on 2-year clinical outcomes after arthroscopic hip preservation surgery.

Purpose The primary objective of this study was to determine whether capsular management technique influences clinical outcomes at a minimum of 2 years after arthroscopic hip preservation surgery. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted to determine the relative influence of 2 capsular management strategies on clinical outcomes: unrepaired capsulotomy (group A) and capsular repair (group B). Four hundred three patients who had undergone arthroscopic hip preservation surgery met the inclusion criteria and had 2-year outcome data available. All patients completed 4 patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires preoperatively and at a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. These included the Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL) and Hip Outcome Score–Sport-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS) subsets, Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), and modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). Results Group A included 235 patients and group B, 168. The mean age of all patients at final follow-up was 36.9 years. Patients in group A were significantly older (42.3 years v 29.4 years, P 2 v 22.9 kg/m 2 , P v 32 male patients, P P = .0081) and reduced preoperative PROs (HOS-ADL of 60.5 v 66.0, P = .087; HOS-SSS of 37.0 v 46.4, P = .0002; NAHS of 54.6 v 62.2, P v 64.4, P = .0009; and visual analog scale score of 6.3 v 5.84, P = .028). All PROs showed statistically significant improvements for both groups at a minimum follow-up of 2 years (HOS-ADL, 60.5 to 82.2 in group A and 66 to 86.1 in group B; HOS-SSS, 36.9 to 67.3 and 46.4 to 71.2, respectively; NAHS, 54.6 to 79 and 62.2 to 82.8, respectively; visual analog scale score, 6.3 to 3.1 and 5.8 to 2.9, respectively; and mHHS, 58.7 to 81 and 64.4 to 83.8, respectively; P P = .03) and NAHS ( P = .03) on uncorrected univariate analysis, but significance was lost once we controlled for confounding variables. Conclusions Arthroscopic capsular repair, used in conjunction with arthroscopic hip preservation surgery, appears to be safe and did not negatively influence clinical outcomes in this study. When confounding variables were controlled for, the use of capsular repair did not show clinically relevant superiority over the use of unrepaired capsulotomy. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Treatment algorithm for endoscopic management of the frontal recess in frontal sinus fractures

Because of the complex issues surrounding frontal sinus fractures, we evaluate alternative management strategies for frontal sinus fractures involving the frontal sinus outflow tract. In this article, we describe issues related to frontal sinus fracture management, alternative strategies with illustrative case reports, and a discussion of our rationale.
Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication

Individuals can learn to control the amplitude of mu-rhythm activity in the EEG recorded over sensorimotor cortex and use it to move a cursor to a target on a video screen. The speed and accuracy of cursor movement depend on the consistency of the control signal and on the signal-to-noise ratio achieved by the spatial and temporal filtering methods that extract the activity prior to its translation into cursor movement. The present study compared alternative spatial filtering methods. Sixty-four channel EEG data collected while well-trained subjects were moving the cursor to targets at the top or bottom edge of a video screen were analyzed offline by four different spatial filters, namely a standard ear-reference, a common average reference (CAR), a small Laplacian (3 cm to set of surrounding electrodes) and a large Laplacian (6 cm to set of surrounding electrodes). The CAR and large Laplacian methods proved best able to distinguish between top and bottom targets. They were significantly superior to the ear-reference method. The difference in performance between the large Laplacian and small Laplacian methods presumably indicated that the former was better matched to the topographical extent of the EEG control signal. The results as a whole demonstrate the importance of proper spatial filter selection for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio and thereby improving the speed and accuracy of EEG-based communication.
A banded distribution of retinal afferents within layer 9A of the normal frog optic tectum

Abstract A banded distribution of retinal ganglion cell axons within layer 9A of the superficial tectal neuropil in Rana pipiens was revealed through anterograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. Layer 9A previously has been demonstrated to mediate binocular vision through a polysynaptic pathway by way of the nucleus isthmi 5,8,9 . This nucleus interconnects analogous regions of the two tectal lobes such that isthmic axons retinotopically map the visual world of the ipsilateral eye within tectal layers 9A and 8 9,10 . Thus, we have found that a pattern of retinal ganglion cell bands occurs in binocular regions of normal frogs. This pattern is similar, but not identical, to the experimentally produced stripes previously observed in the doubly innervated tecta of 3-eyed and single tecta frogs 2,12–14 . Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of these two types of afferent segregation patterns have implicated several structural and functional parameters which might be involved in band formation.
A primitive pseudo wave equation formulation for solving the harmonic shallow water equations

Abstract A finite element method formulation for solving the harmonic shallow water equations in their primitive or unmodified form is developed and analysed. The scheme, referred to as the Primitive Pseudo Wave Equation Formulation (PPWE), involves developing a weak weighted residual form of the continuity equation and furthermore forming a pseudo wave equation by substituting the discretized form of the momentum equation into the discretized form of the continuity equation. The final set of equations to be solved, the pseudo wave equation and the primitive momentum equations, deceptively resemble the discretized equations of the wave equation formulation of Lynch and Gray. Despite this resemblance, Fourier analysis indicates that the PPWE scheme is still fundamentally primitive. However, application of the PPWE scheme to a set of stringent test problems results in very good solutions with well controlled nodal oscillations. It is shown that this low degree of spurious oscillations is due to the treatment of the boundary conditions such that elevation is taken as an essential condition and normal flux is taken as a natural condition. This particular boundary condition treatment is suggested by the formation of the pseudo wave equation. Furthermore, even though the equation re-arrangement does not in itself effect the solutions, it does make the scheme much more efficient.
Going Microlithic: A Levantine Perspective on the Adoption of Microlithic Technologies

The shift to microlithic technologies is a widespread phenomenon over much of the globe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The occurrence of microliths in diverse geographical and temporal settings is a testament to their versatility and importance as a solution to the problems of survival. Using a perspective based on evolutionary theory, the adoption of microliths in the Levant is viewed from both a long-term, regional perspective involving resource procurement and a short-term, site-centered perspective focusing on mobility strategies. The results suggest that microliths are correlated with changes in forager behavior associated with resource procurement and mobility and that an evolutionary framework is useful for addressing this process.
Ultra-rapid quenching of laser-melted binary and unary oxides

Abstract A technique has been developed for ultra-rapid quenching of oxide materials from the liquid state. A modified Duwez splat gun combined with a continuous wave 400 watt CO 2 laser achieved quench rates estimated to be ∼10 7 °C/sec. Mixed non-crystalline solid (NCS) and crystalline product phases were formed for both Al 2 O 3 and MgAl 2 O 4 , as predicted theoretically. Moreover, mixed NCS and crystalline phases were formed in the binary systems MgOAl 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 and MgOCaO.
Genetics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The marked variability in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in response to cigarette smoking has been known for decades, but severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (PI Z) remains the only proven genetic risk factor for COPD. With cigarette smoking, PI Z subjects tend to develop more severe pulmonary impairment at an earlier age than non-smoking PI Z individuals. However, PI Z individuals exhibit wide variability in pulmonary function impairment, even among individuals with similar smoking histories. Therefore, other genes and environmental exposures are also likely involved. The role of heterozygosity for the Z allele as a risk factor for COPD remains controversial, but accumulating evidence suggests that at least some PI MZ individuals are at increased risk of developing airflow obstruction. In individuals without alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, familial aggregation of COPD has been reported in several studies. To study novel genetic determinants of COPD, our research group enrolled 44 severe, early-onset COPD probands (FEV1 < 40%, age < 53 yrs, non-PI Z) and 266 of their relatives. A marked female predominance was noted among the early-onset COPD probands. In addition, increased risk to current or ex-smoking first-degree relatives of early-onset COPD probands for reduced FEV1, chronic bronchitis and spirometric bronchodilator responsiveness has been demonstrated. These data strongly support the genetic basis for the development of COPD and the potential for gene-by-environment interaction. A variety of studies have examined candidate gene loci with association studies, comparing the distribution of variants in genes hypothesized to be involved in the development of COPD in COPD patients and control subjects. For most genetic loci which have been tested, there have been inconsistent results. Genetic heterogeneity could contribute to difficulty in replicating associations between studies. In addition, case-control association studies are susceptible to supporting associations based purely on population stratification, which can result from incomplete matching between cases and controls--including differences in ethnicity. No association studies in COPD have been reported which used family-based controls, a study design which is immune to such population stratification effects. More importantly, no linkage studies have been published in COPD to identify regions of the genome which are likely to contain COPD susceptibility genes--regions in which association studies are likely to be more productive.
Intrinsic-density functionals

The Hohenberg-Kohn theorem and Kohn-Sham procedure are extended to functionals of the localized intrinsic density of a self-bound system such as a nucleus. After defining the intrinsic-density functional, we modify the usual Kohn-Sham procedure slightly to evaluate the mean-field approximation to the functional, and carefully describe the construction of the leading corrections for a system of fermions in one dimension with a spin-degeneracy equal to the number of particles $N$. Despite the fact that the corrections are complicated and nonlocal, we are able to construct a local Skyrme-like intrinsic-density functional that, while different from the exact functional, shares with it a minimum value equal to the exact ground-state energy at the exact ground-state intrinsic density, to next-to-leading order in $1/N$. We briefly discuss implications for real Skyrme functionals.
Extraction of average doping density and junction depth in an ion-implanted deep-depletion transistor

A simple model for extracting the average doping density and the junction depth for an ion-implanted deep-depletion device is presented. Reasonable agreement between theory and experiment is shown.
The silenced voices of architectural discourse: promoting inclusion through qualitative research

Contemporary architectural discourse is primarily framed by institutional hegemony. Scholarly works written in a voice derived from this privilege inherently exclude the voices of those untrained individuals who inhabit the built environment. The field of architecture, most notably in the AIA's policies and positions, calls for more diverse viewpoints and a more complex understanding of the public's relationship with architecture. It is not possible to make this complexity apparent through the monolithic viewpoints of institutional scholarship. This essay explores a variety of more inclusive research methods established in the social sciences under the banner of qualitative research. We focus on how qualitative research satisfies contemporary research expectations more effectively than positivist institutional scholarship and how qualitative research has a specific congruency with the field of architecture.
First Passage Time and Extremum Properties of Markov and Independent Processes

It was shown by Newell in 1962 that the extreme value and first passage time distributions of various types of common Markov processes asymptotically approach those for independent random variables. In view of the great simplification this occasions in the calculation of a number of important properties of Markov processes, it is clearly of interest to determine in some detail the conditions on both the time and space variables under which this equivalence holds. In this paper we investigate and establish these conditions for Markov processes described by the Fokker-Planck equation and express them in simple analytic forms which are directly related to the coefficients of the Fokker-Planck equation. To demonstrate the usefulness of these conditions, we apply them to two representative examples of Fokker-Planck equations, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and the Montroll-Shuler model for harmonic oscillator dissociation. It is shown very clearly in these examples that the extreme value and first passage time
Drug delivery for intractable cancer pain: use of a new disposable parenteral infusion device for continuous outpatient epidural narcotic infusion

Administration of narcotic analgesics through the epidural route has proven useful for treating pain of acute and chronic nature. This route of narcotic administration is frequently chosen for cancer patients with intractable pain that may be refractory to treatment by conventional oral or parenteral therapy. Implantable constant infusion devices have been commonly described as an alternative drug delivery system for this type of patient. This case report describes the use of the Travenol Infusor (Travenol Laboratories Inc., Deerfield, Illinois) an external, lightweight, disposable, drug delivery device for delivering continuous epidural morphine infusion to a patient with severe cancer pain. The patient has achieved stable pain relief for greater than 8 months without hospital admission for pain control, or management of complications due to the drug delivery system. The Travenol Infusor may prove to be an alternative drug delivery system for patients requiring continuous epidural narcotic infusion.
Identification of Vibrio vulnificus by Indirect Immunofluorescence

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, and specific indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) procedure is described for identifying Vibrio vulnificus. Reference antisera were prepared by vaccinating rabbits with surface antigen preparations of V. vulnificus, and the antisera were examined for the ability (1) to react with and serologically group 85 isolates of V. vulnificus grown in heart infusion broth, and (2) to detect V. vulnificus in tissue specimens from mice experimentally infected with a virulent isolate of the bacterium. The antisera detected 100% of the V. vulnificus isolates examined and gave false-positive results in approximately 0.9% of 445 IIF tests performed with non-V. vulnificus clinical isolates. V. vulnificus also was detected in frozen tissue sections from infected mice; however, the most easily observed positive results were obtained by examining V. vulnificus from lesion specimens and blood cultured briefly in heart infusion broth. The bacteria in 2-hr-old cultures of local lesions fluoresced brilliantly and were easily detectable. The IIF procedure could be of value in rapidly diagnosing fulminating and potentially fatal human disease caused by V. vulnificus.
Dark matter in the Solar System. III. The distribution function of WIMPs at the Earth from gravitational capture

In this last paper in a series of three on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter in the Solar System, we focus on WIMPs bound to the system by gravitationally scattering off of planets. We present simulations of WIMP orbits in a toy solar system consisting of only the Sun and Jupiter. As previous work suggested, we find that the density of gravitationally captured WIMPs at the Earth is small and largely insensitive to the details of elastic scattering in the Sun. However, we find that the density of gravitationally captured WIMPs may be affected by external Galactic gravitational fields. If such fields are unimportant, the density of gravitationally captured WIMPs at the Earth should be similar to the maximum density of WIMPs captured in the Solar System by elastic scattering in the Sun. Using standard assumptions about the halo WIMP distribution function, we find that the gravitationally captured WIMPs contribute negligibly to direct detection event rates. While these WIMPs do dominate the annihilation rate of WIMPs in the Earth, the resulting event rate in neutrino telescopes is too low to be observed in next-generation neutrino telescopes.
STUDIES OF MENDELEVIUM ISOTOPES WITH MASS NUMBERS 248 THROUGH 252.

Five isotopes of mendelevium, with mass numbers 248 through 252, were studied by means of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle spectroscopy. The isotopes were produced by bombarding $^{241}\mathrm{Am}$ and $^{243}\mathrm{Am}$ targets with $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ ions accelerated by the Berkeley heavy-ion linear accelerator. The half-lives of the nuclides and the energies of the main $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle groups, respectively, were observed to be: $^{248}\mathrm{Md}$: 7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3 sec, 8.32 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 MeV; $^{249}\mathrm{Md}$: 24 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4 sec, 8.03 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 MeV; $^{250}\mathrm{Md}$: 52 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 6 sec, 7.75 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 MeV; $^{251}\mathrm{Md}$: 4.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5 min, 7.55 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 MeV; $^{252}\mathrm{Md}$: 2.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8 min, no $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies of $^{245}\mathrm{Es}$, $^{246}\mathrm{Es}$, and $^{247}\mathrm{Es}$, produced mainly by ($\mathrm{HI},\ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{xn}$) reactions, were measured to be 7.73 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02, 7.36 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03, and 7.31 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03 MeV, respectively, and the half-life of $^{247}\mathrm{Es}$ was found to be 4.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 min. Excitation curves for producing the Md isotopes and some other activities are presented. Estimates for the electron-capture branching of the Md isotopes are given. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay hindrance factors were calculated using the spin-independent equations of Preston. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay energy systematics of the mendelevium isotopes is discussed.
Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women

Resilience refers to abilities to cope adaptively with adversity or trauma. A common psychological sequella of childhood abuse or other traumatic experiences is substance use problems. There are, however, very limited data on relationships among resilience traits, childhood abuse, and alcohol or drug use problems. Hence, we aimed to examine associations between resilience characteristics and lifetime alcohol and illicit drug use in 2024 inner-city adults with high rates of childhood abuse and other trauma exposure. In this cross-sectional study, resilience was assessed with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, childhood abuse with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, lifetime alcohol and illicit drug use with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test. Associations between resilience and substance use were examined with linear regression models, adjusting for trauma load, age, and sex. We found that resilience characteristics mitigated tendency for lifetime alcohol use problems both as a main effect (β = -0.11; p = 0.0014) and an interaction with severity of childhood abuse (β = -0.06; p = 0.0115) after trauma severity, age, and sex were controlled for. Similarly, resilience reduced lifetime illicit drug use both as a main effect (β = -0.03; p = 0.0008) and as an interaction with severity of childhood abuse (β = -0.01; p = 0.0256) after trauma load, age, and sex were adjusted for. Our findings add to a nascent body of literature suggesting that resilience characteristics mitigate risks not only for PTSD, major depression, and suicidality, but also for substance use problems in adults exposed to childhood abuse or other traumatic experiences.
Effect of Stalling after Mismatches on the Error Catastrophe in Nonenzymatic Nucleic Acid Replication

The frequency of errors during genome replication limits the amount of functionally important information that can be passed on from generation to generation. During the origin of life, mutation rates are thought to have been quite high, raising a classic chicken-and-egg paradox: could nonenzymatic replication propagate sequences accurately enough to allow for the emergence of heritable function? Here we show that the theoretical limit on genomic information content may increase substantially as a consequence of dramatically slowed polymerization after mismatches. As a result of postmismatch stalling, accurate copies of a template tend to be completed more rapidly than mutant copies and the accurate copies can therefore begin a second round of replication more quickly. To quantify this effect, we characterized an experimental model of nonenzymatic, template-directed nucleic acid polymerization. We found that most mismatches decrease the rate of primer extension by more than 2 orders of magnitude relative to a matched (Watson-Crick) control. A chemical replication system with this property would be able to propagate sequences long enough to have function. Our study suggests that the emergence of functional sequences during the origin of life would be possible even in the face of the high intrinsic error rates of chemical replication.
Dynamic docking of myosin and actin observed with resonance energy transfer.

Atomic models of myosin subfragment-1 (S1) and the actin filament are docked together using resonance energy-transfer data from both pre- and postpowerstroke conditions. The quality of the resulting best fits discriminated between neck-region orientations of the S1 for a given set of experimental conditions. For measurements of the postpowerstroke states in the presence of ADP, resonance energy-transfer data alone are sufficient to dock the atomic models and provide evidence that S1 exists with at least two neck-region orientations under these conditions. To dock the prepowerstroke state, resonance energy-transfer data were used in combination with previous chemical cross-linking data to determine that a neck-region orientation similar to that of a proposed prepowerstroke state best fit the data. The resulting models determined independently from electron microscopy compare favorably with micrographs from the recent literature. The docking models by resonance energy transfer suggest that the larger moveme...
Co-inoculation with antibiotic-producing bacteria to increase colonization and nodulation by rhizobia

A study was conducted to determine whether colonization of legume roots and nodulation byRhizobium meliloti andBradyrhizobium japonicum could be enhanced by using inocula containing microorganisms that produce antibiotics suppressing soil or rhizosphere inhabitants but not the root-nodule bacteria. An antibiotic-producing strain of Pseudomonas and one of Bacillus were isolated, and mutants ofR. meliloti andB. japonicum sp. resistant to the antibiotics were used. The colonization of the alfalfa rhizosphere and nodulation byR. meliloti were enhanced by inoculation of soil withPseudomonas sp. in soil initially containing 2.7×105R. meliloti per g. The colonization of soybean roots byB. japonicum was enhanced by inoculating soil with three cell densities ofBacillus sp., and nodulation was stimulated byBacillus sp. added at two cell densities. In some tests, the dry weights of soybeans and seed yield increased as a result of these treatments, and co-inoculation with Bacillus also increased pod formation. Inoculation of seeds withBacillus sp. and the root-nodule bacterium enhanced nodulation of soybeans and alfalfa, but colonization byB. japonicum andR. meliloti was stimulated only during the early period of plant growth.
Stromal osteoclast-like giant cells in an adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder.

Abstract We report a case of an adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder that extended to the proximal transverse colon. Metastatic tumor was present in regional lymph nodes and the liver. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of malignant epithelial cells that were cytokeratin-, epithelial membrane antigen-, and carcinoembryonic antigen-positive. The adjacent desmoplastic stroma of the primary tumor, as well as the metastasis, contained giant cells that morphologically resembled osteoclasts. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the giant cells were cytokeratin-, epithelial membrane antigen-, and carcinoembryonic antigen-negative but weakly α 1 -antichymotrypsin-positive. While tumors containing osteoclast-like giant cells have been described in the breast, lung, liver, and thyroid, this is the first report of a tumor with this morphology originating in the gallbladder. The presence of the giant cells adjacent to both the primary and metastatic tumor and not at any other location suggests that the tumor cells are producing a substance that induces the formation of the nontumoral giant cells.
A Native American Voice in Multicultural Psychology: Finding Healing in an Interpersonal Tapestry

The tribal-cultural milieu in which the author was raised incited awareness that Native American people live in a great tapestry of life where everything and everyone is interconnected. It is an awareness that cannot be taught through lectures or books. It is an awareness of connectedness that Native American people had in early childhood but was trained out of them as they were integrated into Western society. El entorno tribal-cultural en el que crecio el autor fomento su conciencia de que el pueblo Americano Nativo vive en un gran tapiz de vida donde todo y todos los humanos estan interconectados. Es una conciencia que no puede ser ensenada en clases o libros. Es una conciencia de conexion que los individuos Americanos Nativos tenian durante su infancia temprana, pero fueron adiestrados hasta perderla al ser integrados en la sociedad occidental.
Optical Waveform Generation, Measurement, and Utilization

This talk outlines the DARPA optical arbitrary waveform generation program. Fundamental application classes are mentioned, and the scientific motivation for each developed to indicate overall goals, prospects for technology development, and insertion into specific devices.
The Influences of Family Leisure Patterns on Perceptions of Family Functioning

This study conducted a preliminary test of a model of family leisure functioning by examining the relationship of core and balance family leisure patterns to family cohesion and adaptability. We hypothesized that core family leisure patterns address family needs for stability, facilitate the development of cohesive relationships, and are related to perceptions of family cohesion, whereas balance family leisure patterns address family needs for change, facilitate the development of adaptive skills, and are related to perceptions of family adaptability. Findings from 2 multiple regression analyses provided preliminary support for the model. Conclusions and implications are discussed.
Turbulence/radiation interactions in nonpremixed hydrogen/air flames

Mean and fluctuating spectral radiation intensities were measured for nonpremixed turbulent hydrogen jet flames burning in still air. Intensities of radiation fluctuations of 20–110 percent, were observed, providing direct evidence of turbulence/radiation interactions in these flames. Radiation fluctuation were analyzed using a narrow-band radiation model combined with a stochastic simulation of scalar property variations along the radiation path. There was encouraging agreement between predicted and measured mean and fluctuating values, probability density functions, and temporal power spectral densities of spectral radiation intensities, except for spikes in the spectra associated with the release of coherent structures which become more prominent as effects of buoyancy increase. Similar to the findings of others, mean radiation levels were generally underestimated by predictions based on mean scalar properties.
Method of successive projections for finding a common point of sets in metric spaces

Many problems in applied mathematics can be abstracted into finding a common point of a finite collection of sets. If all the sets are closed and convex in a Hilbert space, the method of successive projections (MOSP) has been shown to converge to a solution point, i.e., a point in the intersection of the sets. These assumptions are however not suitable for a broad class of problems. In this paper, we generalize the MOSP to collections of approximately compact sets in metric spaces. We first define a sequence of successive projections (SOSP) in such a context and then proceed to establish conditions for the convergence of a SOSP to a solution point. Finally, we demonstrate an application of the method to digital signal restoration.
Dielectric properties of thallium halides and their mixed crystals

Abstract Dielectric constant κ′ and dielectric loss κ″ of single crystals of TlCl, TlBr, KRS6, KRS5 and TlI + 1% CsI and polycrystalline TlF and TlI have been measured as a function of frequency from 10 2 - 10 7 Hz (at room temperature to 10 8 Hz) in the temperature range from 4.2 to 655oK. κ′ at 200oK in all these compounds is frequency-independent above 10 3 Hz. κ″ decreases at l/f (where f is frequency) in the single crystals but slightly deviates in polycrystalline TlF and TlI. The influence of temperature on κ′ is complicated. At 10 7 Hz, κ′ for TlCl decreases continuously from 37.0 (extrapolated value at absolute zero) to 29.0 at 555oK and then increases to about 60 at 655oK. At high temperatures, κ′ increase is strongly frequency-dependent. Similar behavior is exhibited by TlBr, KRS6, KRS5 and TlI + CsI. In TlF, κ′ continuously increases from 17.3 (at 0oK) to 25 at 480oK with frequency dependence above 330oK; TlI behaves similarly to TlF except at the phase transition at 455oK where κ′ increases considerably. κ″ in all the compounds is found to increase exponentially with temperature and decrease with frequency. The negative temperature coefficient of cubic thallium halides is similar to that of ferroelectrics in paraelectric state, except that they do not reach the ferroelectric transition. The κ′ as a function of T obeys perfectly the Curie-Weiss law, only the Curie points fall below 0oK. Similar behavior is shown by some other crystals. They are considered to be “precursors” of ferroelectrics.
A Microstructural Model of Elastostatic Properties of Articular Cartilage in Confined Compression

A microstructural model of cartilage was developed to investigate the relative contribution of tissue matrix components to its elastostatic properties. Cartilage was depicted as a tensed collagen lattice pressurized by the Donnan osmotic swelling pressure of proteoglycans. As a first step in modeling the collagen lattice, two-dimensional networks of tensed, elastic, interconnected cables were studied as conceptual models. The models were subjected to the boundary conditions of confined compression and stress-strain curves and elastic moduli were obtained as a function of a two-dimensional equivalent of swelling pressure. Model predictions were compared to equilibrium confined compression moduli of calf cartilage obtained at different bath concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.50 M NaCl. It was found that a triangular cable network provided the most consistent correspondence to the experimental data. The model showed that the cartilage collagen network remained tensed under large confined compression strains and could therefore support shear stress. The model also predicted that the elastic moduli increased with increasing swelling pressure in a manner qualitatively similar to experimental observations. Although the model did not preclude potential contributions of other tissue components and mechanisms, the consistency of model predictions with experimental observations suggests that the cartilage collagen network, prestressed by proteoglycan swelling pressure, plays an important role in supporting compression.
Deliberate synthesis of the preselected enantiomer of an enantiorigid molecule with pure rotational symmetry T.

A carceplex with T symmetry of the type A4B6 has been synthesized enantiospecifically by employing the trianion of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic (trimesic) acid as A and the R-cis-Rh2(C6H4PPh2)22+ cation as B. The chiral (C2) B units abolish the symmetry planes required for Td symmetry, thus leaving only the eight C3 and three C2 rotations of the group T. Racemization is impossible under any chemically interesting conditions. This would appear to be only the third case where both preselection of the desired enantiomer and enantiostability based on covalent bonding are achieved.
Two‐Dimensional‐Woven‐Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Silicon Carbide/Carbon Matrix Composites Produced by Reaction Bonding

Plane-woven-fabric carbon-fiber-reinforced SiC/C matrix composites were fabricated at 1450°C via reaction bonding and impregnation with phenolic resin. The relationship between the flexural strength and the open porosity of the composites is dependent on the heat-treatment temperature before the impregnation. The flexural strength of composites heat-treated at 1000°C (open porosity of ∼15%) was ∼300 MPa, whereas that of composites heat-treated at 1450°C (open porosity of ∼12%) was only ∼240 MPa. The heat-treatment temperatures before the impregnation step might control the interface properties between the fiber and the matrix.
Quantitative nanoscale field effect sensors

Semiconductor nanowire field effect transistors have emerged as a promising technology for development of label-free biomolecular sensors for rapid diagnostics. However, their practical application has been hindered due to the significant device-to-device variations in electrical properties and the need for individual sensor calibration. Recent advances in device fabrication and demonstrations of multiplexed sensing and quantification might make this technology more competitive with respect to the current cutting-edge techniques such as surface plasmon resonance.
Association of inflammatory markers with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease

Inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and mediate many of the stages of atheroma development, from initial leukocyte recruitment to eventual rupture of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Several systemic inflammatory markers reflect different degrees of inflammation and have been indicated as independent risk factors in cardiovascular disease, especially in unstable coronary syndromes. However, whether elevated levels of circulating inflammatory markers play a role in the extent and severity of atherosclerosis remains controversial. The present review summarizes our current understanding of the relationship between inflammatory markers and the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis, in order to assess the potential utility of these markers in identifying patients with higher levels of atherosclerotic burden.
"TRUE TO OUR NATIVE LAND" Distinguishing Attitudinal Support for Pan-Africanism from Black Separatism

There have been several recent attempts to operationalize and measure empirically attitudinal support for Black nationalism. However, scholars have not yet reached a consensus as to what precisely constitutes Black nationalism and its manifestations. Our work addresses three critical questions. First, is Black nationalism a uni-dimensional or a multi-dimensional construct? Second, is Black nationalism another form of xenophobia? Third, is support for Black nationalism a function of time? Some scholars note that Black nationalism takes on the character of its material context and that it cannot be easily subsumed into a trans-historical ideology (Reed 2002; Robinson 2001). We indirectly test these hypotheses by examining the relationship between two components of Black nationalism—Black separatism and Pan-Africanism. To test these hypotheses, we analyze data from the 1979‐1980 National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA). Overall, we establish the determinants of support for Black separatism and Pan-Africanism while distinguishing these ideologies’ similarities and differences.
Permeability and Pore-Fluid Chemistry of the Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff, Nevada Test Site, in a Temperature Gradient–Application to Nuclear Waste Storage

The Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff from the Nevada Test Site is being investigated by the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations project (NNWSI) as a possible nuclear waste repository host rock. Changes with time of the permeabilty and fluid chemistry of the Topopah Spring Member have been measured in samples subjected to a temperature gradient. Maximum temperatures of the imposed gradients ranged from 90{sup 0} to 250{sup 0}C; minimum temperatures were 36{sup 0} to 83{sup 0}C. Confining and pore pressures simulated a depth of about 1.2 km, which is greater than the proposed repository depth, but chosen for comparison with previous studies at these pressures. Pore fluid used in the experiments was groundwater from the Nevada Test Site; the direction of pore-fluid flow was from the high- to the low-temperature side of the tuffs. Initial permeabilities of the tuff samples ranged from 3 to 65 {mu}darcys, the wide range in values resulting from differences in the void and fracture geometries of the samples. Heating the tuffs produced no change in permeability in the lowest temperature experiment and only small changes at higher temperatures. The fluids discharged from the tuffs were dilute waters of near-neutral pH that differed onlymore » slightly from the original groundwater composition. Since proposed burial in the Topopah Spring Member would be in the unsaturated zone, the high initial permeabilities and the absence of permeability change with heating may be desirable, because downward-percolating waters would be able to drain into deeper formations and not collect at the repository level. In addition, any fluids that may come in contact with waste canisters will not have acquired any potentially corrosive characteristics through interaction with the tuff. 4 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.« less
A procedure for the measurement of infant skin conductance and its initial validation using clap induced startle.

Studies examining psychophysiologic markers of infant emotional development abound. However, few studies have used skin conductance (SC), though it measures sympathetic activity, and none have measured SC on infants sitting up and actively engaged with another person, a significant challenge given the measures sensitivity to movement artifact. In this pilot/feasibility study, we present a procedure for measuring infant SC during active engagement with another person who executes a series of startling claps to elicit an SC response. We measured SC on the plantar surface of the foot of 17 five-month old infants. We found unconditioned SC responses that were related to the intensity of physical startle reactions for each clap trial. We also found anticipatory, conditioned SC responses that occurred within 5s before each clap that occurred when the researcher raised his clasped hands. These conditioned SC responses grew linearly in intensity over trials. We conclude that SC may be a useful addition to the infant researcher’s armamentarium and may indeed be used to measure physiologic reactivity in infants even when actively engaged with another person. Addition of SC measurement to research on infant emotion and emotional communication is likely to advance our understanding of the psychophysiologic foundations of infant emotional development.
Normal patterns of angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition in chick chorioallantoic membranes are disrupted by mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke

The adverse effects of cigarette smoke on mature blood vessels are well established, whereas little is known about the influence of smoke on blood vessel development. To determine if cigarette smoke alters angiogenesis, chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) were exposed for 4 days to culture medium (control) or to mainstream (MS) or sidestream (SS) smoke solution, and then blood vessel patterns were compared in blind tests. In contrast to the normal tree-like branching of control blood vessels, smoke-treated CAMs often had vessels that ran parallel to each other without much branching. A significant increase in the number of fibroblasts was observed in histological sections of treated CAMs, and this increase correlated with alterations in extracellular matrix components. Many more matrix fibrils were observed in treated CAMs than in controls using scanning electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry showed that type III collagen was distributed in a tight band adjacent to the endoderm in controls but was distributed throughout the mesoderm in both treatment groups. Western blots confirmed that both type I and type III collagen were more abundant in treated CAMs than in controls. Fibronectin, which was localized immunohistochemically in the basal laminae and mesodermal matrix of controls, increased in abundance in CAMs treated with SS smoke solutions. Hyaluronic acid, which was present in a dense band subjacent to the capillary plexus of control CAMs, was greatly reduced in MS-treated CAMs and was absent in SS-treated CAMs. These observations demonstrate that both MS and SS cigarette smoke solutions caused abnormal pattern formation of CAM blood vessels and altered the composition of the extracellular matrix in the CAM mesoderm.
Egoistic Motives and Longevity of Participation by Social Service Volunteers

This study tests the hypothesis that in a setting in which service volunteers are likely to experience meager egoistic benefits their longevity of participation is inversely related to the extent to which they feel motivated to volunteer by the need for—or expectation of—egoistic benefits. We confirmed this hypothesis in a multiple-regression analysis based on the case records of all volunteers who terminated their participation during a nine-month period in a Big Brothers/Big Sisters program.
Interleukin-2 Signaling via STAT5 Constrains T Helper 17 Cell Generation

Recent work has identified a new subset of effector T cells that produces interleukin (IL)-17 known as T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases and is thought to be developmentally related to regulatory T (Treg) cells. Because of its importance for Treg cells, we examined the role of IL-2 in Th17 generation and demonstrate that a previously unrecognized aspect of IL-2 function is to constrain IL-17 production. Genetic deletion or antibody blockade of IL-2 promoted differentiation of the Th17 cell subset. Whereas STAT3 appeared to be a key positive regulator of RORgammat and IL-17 expression, absence of IL-2 or disruption of its signaling by deletion of the transcription factor STAT5 resulted in enhanced Th17 cell development. We conclude that in addition to the promotion of activation-induced cell death of lymphocytes and the generation of Treg cells, inhibition of Th17 polarization appears to be an important function of IL-2.
Bactericidal Treatment of Hatching Eggs V: Efficiency of Repetitive Immersions in Hydrogen Peroxide or Phenol to Eliminate Salmonella from Hatching Eggs

SUMMARY In previous studies, immersion in hydrogen peroxide and phenol reduced Salmonella-positive eggs without reducing hatchability. This study was carried out to determine if three consecutive dips in a chemical was more effective than a single immersion to eliminateSalmonellafrom hatching eggs. Eggs were inoculated with a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium by submerging the egg in a solution containing low numbers (10 3 ) or high numbers (10 5 ) of the organism. After allowing the eggs to dry, they were immersed for 1, 2, and 3 min in water, a 1.4% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 0.39% solution of phenol. With the low inoculation, Salmonella were eliminatedfromanadditional22%oftheeggswhenthreedipswereusedascomparedtoasingledip.