cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous development of opioid tolerance and opioid antagonist-induced receptor upregulation

Abstract Mice treated chronically with opioid antagonists have increased receptor density in brain and are supersensitive to the pharmacodynamic action of morphine. In the present study mice were implanted subcutaneously with naltrexone or placebo pellets for 8 days. During implantation mice received daily injections of morphine (100 or 250 mg/kg) or saline. Morphine analgesia was completely blocked in mice that were implanted with naltrexone at the low dose of morphine; while some analgesic action was observed at the higher dose. Mice implanted with placebo were analgesic following the daily morphine treatment. At the end of 8 days the pellets were removed and 24 h later some mice were tested for morphine analgesia while others were examined in binding studies. Naltrexone treatment increased [ 3 H]naloxone, 3 H[ d -Ala 2 - d -Leu 5 ]enkephalin (DADLE) and 3 H[ d -Ala 2 ,NMePhe 4 ,Gly-ol 5 ]enkephalin (DAGO) binding compared to controls and increased the analgesic potency of morphine. Daily treatment with morphine did not alter brain opioid binding or naltrexone-induced receptor upregulation. Mice injected daily with morphine were significantly less sensitive to morphine (tolerant) than their respective saline control group for both the placebo and the naltrexone-treated groups. However, naltrexone-treated mice were more sensitive to morphine than placebo controls regardless of whether they were injected daily with morphine or not. These results indicate that if naltrexone-induced opioid receptor upregulation occurs in the presence of repeated agonist administration, the new binding sites mediate tolerance via desensitization to morphine.
Dirichlet PageRank and Ranking Algorithms Based on Trust and Distrust

Motivated by numerous models of representing trust and distrust within a network ranking system, we examine a quantitative vertex ranking with consideration of the influence of a subset of nodes. We propose and analyze a general ranking metric, called Dirichlet PageRank, which gives a ranking of vertices in a subset S of nodes subject to some specified conditions on the vertex boundary of S. In addition to the usual Dirichlet boundary condition (which disregards the influence of nodes outside of S), we consider general boundary conditions allowing the presence of negative (distrustful) nodes or edges. We give an efficient approximation algorithm for computing Dirichlet PageRank vectors. Furthermore, we give several algorithms for solving various trust-based ranking problems using Dirichlet PageRank with general boundary conditions.
Role of Glass-Transition on Fluid Transport in Porous Food Materials

Many food materials such as pasta, potatoes, starch, corn, soybeans, food gels etc. exhibit glass transition in the range of industrial temperature and fluid content values during transport processes such as drying, sorption, cooking, frying etc. Glass transition plays a critical role in affecting the fluid distribution profiles inside the food and average rate of fluid uptake by the whole food matrix. Yet this phenomenon is not included in most modeling studies that are primarily based upon Fick's law of diffusion. The purpose of this communication is to elucidate that Fick's law is valid only when the food is in glassy or rubbery states. Near glass-transition, the relaxation time of polymers is of the order of diffusion time. Thus, time-dependent conformational changes in food biopolymers add an extra stress term to fluid flow. Keeping track of this stress term is also the key to predict quality changes (related to food texture, physical state and crust formation) in foods via modeling. Based upon the average moisture and temperature at a given instant, even if the entire food matrix exists in a specific mechanical state in an average sense, its different sub-regions may be glassy, rubbery or in glass transition state. For example, during sorption, as a fluid front penetrates through a glassy food matrix, regions ahead of the front will be glassy. Regions in the proximity of the moving front would be undergoing glass transition and the regions already saturated by the fluid would be in a rubbery state. In the proximity of the moving front, where glass-transition is taking place, the fluid flow behavior is non-Fickian. During drying of biopolymers these regions will be in reverse order with the outer surface in a glassy state, center in a rubbery state and the middle region in transition state. Here a continuum mechanics based modeling approach is presented that can be used to predict fluid profiles and normalized stress profiles in all three states (glassy, rubbery and transition).
Approximate and exact algorithms for the fixed-charge knapsack problem

Abstract The subject of this paper is the formulation and solution of a variation of the classical binary knapsack problem. The variation that is addressed is termed the “fixed-charge knapsack problem”, in which sub-sets of variables (activities) are associated with fixed costs. These costs may represent certain set-ups and/or preparations required for the associated sub-set of activities to be scheduled. Several potential real-world applications as well as problem extensions/generalizations are discussed. The efficient solution of the problem is facilitated by a standard branch-and-bound algorithm based on (1) a non-iterative, polynomial algorithm to solve the LP relaxation, (2) various heuristic procedures to obtain good candidate solutions by adjusting the LP solution, and (3) powerful rules to peg the variables. Computational experience shows that the suggested branch-and-bound algorithm shows excellent potential in the solution of a wide variety of large fixed-charge knapsack problems.
Managing Laboratory Data Using Cloud Computing as an Organizational Tool.

One of the most significant difficulties encountered when directing undergraduate research and developing new laboratory experiments is how to efficiently manage the data generated by a number of students. Cloud computing, where both software and computer files reside online, offers a solution to this data-management problem and allows researchers to coordinate their efforts just as easily whether they are working in the same laboratory or laboratories halfway around the world. This article discusses the use of Google Docs, a free cloud suite of office programs, for the management of a research project and in the development of a new experiment for the undergraduate organic laboratory.
Intriguing aspects in baryon production at relativistic heavy-ion collider

We review experimental results on baryon production at mid-rapidity in nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC. Outstanding physics issues include the mechanism for baryon-anti-baryon production from thermally equilibrated partons, the dynamics of baryon number transport and the evolution dynamics of baryons during hadronic expansion before the final freeze-out. We highlight recent measurements on the production of protons, lambdas and their anti-particles in terms of these physics issues. We propose a physical mechanism of topological baryon formation through gluon junction hadronization and future measurements, which can test this hypothesis experimentally.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of lipoxygenase isozymes in crude soybean extracts.

Abstract A mixture of the soybean lipoxygenase isozymes purified by conventional methods was readily resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography using a SynChropak AX-300 anion-exchange column. Analysis of crude soybean extract by this procedure showed the presence of four different lipoxygenase activities. Mutant soybeans lacking in the isozymes lipoxygenase-1 and -3 were used to test the application of this procedure.
Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates matrix configuration and cytochrome c release during apoptosis

During apoptosis, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreases, but it is not known how this relates to the apoptotic process. It was recently suggested that cytochrome c is compartmentalized in closed cristal regions and therefore, matrix remodeling is required to attain complete cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. In this work we show that, at the onset of apoptosis, changes in MMP control matrix remodeling prior to cytochrome c release. Early after growth factor withdrawal the MMP declines and the matrix condenses. Both phenomena are reversed by adding oxidizable substrates. In mitochondria isolated from healthy cells, matrix condensation can be induced by either denying oxidizable substrates or by protonophores that dissipate the membrane potential. Matrix remodeling to the condensed state results in cristal unfolding and exposes cytochrome c to the intermembrane space facilitating its release from the mitochondria during apoptosis. In contrast, when a transmembrane potential is generated due to either electron transport or a pH gradient formed by acidifying the medium, mitochondria maintain an orthodox configuration in which most cytochrome c is sequestered in the cristae and is resistant to release by agents that disrupt the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Spinal cord decompression via microsurgical anterior foraminotomy for spondylotic cervical myelopathy

A microsurgical anterior foraminotomy, as a direct decompressive and motion-segment preserving technique, has been developed by the author and used successfully in many patients with spondylotic cervical radiculopathy for the past several years. From the author's increasing experience with anterior foraminotomy for cervical radiculopathy, it was noted that the spinal cord canal could be effectively decompressed utilizing the holes of anterior foraminotomy. This new technique accomplishes widening of the spinal cord canal anteriorly to the spinal cord in the transverse and longitudinal axis by direct removal of the compressive lesions through the holes of unilateral anterior foraminotomies. This technique does not require bone fusion or postoperative immobilization. 14 patients with spondylotic cervical myelopathy have been treated by this technique. 9 were males and 5 were females, and all presented with cervical myelopathy with or without radiculopathy. Age ranged from 32 to 68 years (median 55 years). 6 patients had spinal cord compression at one level, six patients experienced it at two levels, and two patients had it at three levels. Postoperatively, all patients showed improvement in their myelopathic symptomatology as well as gaining relief of their radicular symptoms. Corresponding MR scans confirmed satisfactory anatomical decompression in all patients. Postoperative dynamic roentgenograms confirmed spinal stability in all patients as well. Patients stayed in the hospital overnight postoperatively, and cervical braces were not used. This new surgical technique has shown excellent clinical outcomes with fast recovery and adequate anatomical decompression in 14 patients with spondylotic cervical myelopathy.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reactions of Ground-State Y (4d15s2, 2D) with Ethylene and Propylene: Experiment and Theory

Bimolecular rate constants, primary products, and kinetic isotope effects for the reactions of Y (4d15s2, 2D) with C2H4 and C2D4 and with C3H6 and C3D6 are measured in a fast flow reactor at 300 K with He/N2 buffer gas at 0.8 Torr. The H2 and D2 elimination products and Y(alkene)-stabilized complexes are detected using single photon ionization at 157 nm and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We find a small normal isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.75 ± 0.12) for the reaction with ethylene but no significant isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.06 ± 0.07) for the reaction with propylene. We use density functional theory in its B3LYP and mPW1PW91 forms with a large basis set to characterize stationary points on the doublet potential energy surface for the reaction Y + C2H4 → YC2H2 + H2. Theory finds no energy barrier to the formation of a long-range Y−ethylene complex. Subsequent steps involving CH bond insertion by metallacyclopropane complexes are consistent with earlier work. However, a new, low-energy path involves concert...
Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces inflammation and preserves pulmonary function in an in vivo model of lung transplantation.

Background Reperfusion injury continues to significantly affect patients undergoing lung transplantation. Isolated lung models have demonstrated that adenosine A 2A receptor activation preserves function while decreasing inflammation. We hypothesized that adenosine A 2A receptor activation by ATL-146e during the initial reperfusion period preserves pulmonary function and attenuates inflammation in a porcine model of lung transplantation. Methods Mature pig lungs preserved with Viaspan (Barr Laboratories, Pomona, NY) underwent 6 hours of cold ischemia before transplantation and 4 hours of reperfusion. Animals were treated with (ATL group, n=7) and without (IR group, n=7) ATL-146e (0.05 μg kg −1 · min −1 ATL-146e administered intravenously for 3 hours). With occlusion of the opposite pulmonary artery, the animal was maintained for the final 30 minutes on the allograft alone. Recipient lung physiology was monitored before tissue evaluation of pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry weight ratio), myeloperoxidase assay, and tissue tumor necrosis factor α by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results When the ATL group was compared with the IR group, the ATL group had better partial pressure of carbon dioxide (43.8 ± 4.1 vs 68.9 ± 6.3 mm Hg, P P P P = .04). ATL-146e-treated lungs had lower wet-to-dry ratios (5.9 ± 0.39 vs 7.3 ± 0.38, P −5 ± 1.2 × 10 −5 vs 1.3 × 10 −4 ± 4.0 × 10 −5 ΔOD mg −1 · min −1 , P = .03), and a trend toward decreased lung tumor necrosis factor α levels (57 ± 12 vs 96 ± 15 pg/mL, P = .06). The ATL group demonstrated significantly less inflammation on histology. Conclusion Adenosine A 2A activation during early reperfusion attenuated lung inflammation and preserved pulmonary function in this model of lung transplantation. ATL-146e and similar compounds could play a significant role in improving outcomes of pulmonary transplantation.
10 GSPS 10-bit optical analog-to-digital converter

A unique optical A/D converter topology takes advantage of high-speed optical components while generating signal samples in the electrical domain. The topology uses optical clocks and photo-diode switches to sample the electrical input. The electrical samples are demultiplexed using the same optical components and quantized via a sampling card. The sampling rate is increased to 10 GSPS using a flash architecture.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The primitive ideal space of solvable Lie groups

LetG be a connected and simply connected solvable Lie group. In a previous paper (cf.[22]) we associated withG a familyM of geometrical objects (“generalized orbits”), and with each elementO ofM a unitary equivalence classF(O) of factor representations. IfG is nilpotent,M coincides with the orbit space of the coadjoint representation, and the mapO→F(O) reproduces essentially the Kirillov isomorphism betweenM and the dual ofG. As a fargoing extension of this, the principal result of the present paper asserts, that upon assigning to 0∈M the kernel of the representation, associated with some element ofF(O), of the groupC* algebraC*(G), we obtain a bijection betweenM and the primitive ideal space ofC*(G).
An estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer subset characterized by a hormonally regulated transcriptional program and response to androgen

Little is known of the underlying biology of estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative (ER(-)/PR(-)) breast cancer (BC), and few targeted therapies are available. Clinical heterogeneity of ER(-)/PR(-) tumors suggests that molecular subsets exist. We performed genome-wide expression analysis of 99 primary BC samples and eight BC cell lines in an effort to reveal distinct subsets, provide insight into their biology and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. We identified a subset of ER(-)/PR(-) tumors with paradoxical expression of genes known to be either direct targets of ER, responsive to estrogen, or typically expressed in ER(+) BC. Differentially expressed genes included SPDEF, FOXA1, XBP1, CYB5, TFF3, NAT1, APOD, ALCAM and AR (P<0.001). A classification model based on the expression signature of this tumor class identified molecularly similar BCs in an independent human BC data set and among BC cell lines (MDA-MB-453). This cell line demonstrated a proliferative response to androgen in an androgen receptor-dependent and ER-independent manner. In addition, the androgen-induced transcriptional program of MDA-MB-453 significantly overlapped the molecular signature of the unique ER(-)/PR(-) subclass of human tumors. This subset of BCs, characterized by a hormonally regulated transcriptional program and response to androgen, suggests the potential for therapeutic strategies targeting the androgen signaling pathway.
883 METABOLISM OF VALINE IN HUMAN CULTURED SKIN FIBROBLASTS

In vivo experiments of Ando, et al. and Tanaka, et al., in man have suggested that the metabolism of L-valine (val) to methylmalonate (mma) is via propionate (pro). In the present study, evidence has been gathered supporting this pathway from oxidation studies in cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients affected with propionic acidemia and methylmalonic aciduria. Differentially labeled substrates (DL-val-2-C14, -4-C14; isobutyrate-l-C14, -2-C14) were incubated separately with intact cells. Volatile labeled C02 was determined and non-volatile organic acids were extracted and chromatographed. Nearly normal amounts of labeled C02 were liberated using val-2-C14 and isobutyrate-l-C14 by patients cells when compared to controls. Substantial amounts of a labeled non-volatile intermediate, presumably B-hydroxyisobutyric acid (B-hiba) were detected in all incubations. In the presence of methylene blue the amount of B-hiba was reduced with concomittant increase in CO2 production. These findings support that the metabolism of val to mma is via the intermediates of B-hiba, methylmalonic acid semialdehyde (mas) and pro rather than through mas to mma directly.
Neutrino-pair bremsstrahlung in collisions between neutrons and nuclei in neutron star matter

In neutron star matter over the density range 4.3×1011<-ϱ≤4×1014 g cm−3 there are both free neutrons and neutron-rich nuclei. If there is a weak neutral current interaction between neutrinos and neutrons, as suggested by recent experiments, then when neutrons scatter off nuclei they may emit\(v\bar v\) pairs as bremsstrahlung radiation. We calculate the associated emissivity for degenerate (but not superfluid) neutrons and uncorrelated (not crystallized) nuclei. We find that, under these conditions. this emissivity can under some conditions compare with that calculated by Festa and Ruderman for\(v\bar v\) bremsstrahlung in electron-nucleus collisions.
Essential role of Pin1 in the regulation of TRF1 stability and telomere maintenance

The prolyl isomerase Pin1 acts in various cellular processes. It has now been implicated in telomere maintenance by regulating the stability of the telomere binding protein TRF1. Telomeres are essential for maintaining cellular proliferative capacity and their loss has been implicated in ageing. A key regulator in telomere maintenance is the telomeric protein TRF1, which was also identified as Pin2 in a screen for Pin1. Pin1 is a unique prolyl isomerase that regulates protein conformation and function after phosphorylation. However, little is known about the role of Pin1 in telomere regulation or the modulation of TRF1 by upstream signals. Here we identify TRF1 as a major conserved substrate for Pin1 during telomere maintenance and ageing. Pin1 inhibition renders TRF1 resistant to protein degradation, enhances TRF1 binding to telomeres, and leads to gradual telomere loss in human cells and in mice. Pin1-deficient mice also show widespread premature ageing phenotypes within just one generation, similar to those in telomerase-deficient mice after 4–5 consecutive generations. Thus, Pin1 is an essential regulator of TRF1 stability, telomere maintenance and ageing.
Evaluation of the real-time protein adsorption kinetics on albumin-binding surfaces by dynamic in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Functionalized surfaces with an affinity for albumin over competing serum proteins were prepared by immobilizing linear peptides or a small chemical ligand (SCL) with albumin-binding properties on silanized silicon surfaces. The real time adsorption of human serum albumin from single- and multi-component systems was monitored by dynamic ellipsometry. The experimentally obtained time-dependent adsorption data were analyzed by two models: a) a pseudo-first-order model and b) a biphasic kinetic model that accounted for the formation of tightly and loosely bound complexes. The biphasic kinetic model better fit the experimental data, and the binding constants were determined by non-linear regression analyses. The net forward rate constant for the tightly bound complex formation was distinctively higher for surfaces functionalized with peptides (~ 0.014 min − 1 ) when compared to surfaces functionalized with SCL (~ 10 − 3 min − 1 ).
The Clinical Utility of the P3 AERP in Children With Auditory Processing Disorders

This study investigated whether the P3 AERP could be used to reflect behavioral changes resulting from therapeutic intervention in a group of children with central auditory processing disorders (CAPDs). Results showed a significant decrease in P3 latency, along with a significant increase in P3 amplitude, following a structured treatment program. No changes occurred in either the CAPD control group or in the normal control group. These results suggest that the P3 AERP latency and amplitude measures are sensitive to changes in clinical status following a treatment program.
Changing source characteristics during multifragment decay

The spatial-temporal extent of the emitting system for central collisions in Kr 1 Au at E/A 5 35, 55, and 70 MeV is probed using fragment-fragment velocity correlation functions. Selection on fragment pairs of high velocity yields a stronger fragment-fragment Coulomb interaction than for inclusive fragment pairs. This result is consistent with fragment emission from a source of decreased spatial-temporal extent. The universality of this association and the effect of different selection criteria are explored. The sensitivity of the spatialtemporal extent deduced by the correlation function technique to measurement uncertainties, assumed source characteristics, and rotational effects is assessed. @S0556-2813~96!05905-5#
The incorporation of amines into protein

Abstract 1. 1. A Ca++-activated enzyme system derived from the soluble fraction of guinea pig liver which incorporates a wide variety of amines into proteins is described. 2. 2. The incorporation of amine is independent of an extraneous source of energy. 3. 3. The reaction system is shown to consist of an amine-accepting protein substrate and an enzyme. Various purified proteins can serve as substrates in addition to guinea pig liver supernatant protein. 4. 4. Factors which influence the extent of amine incorporation, such as pH, temperature, amine concentration, inhibitors, and activators, are reported. 5. 5. Possible mechanisms for the reaction and the relation of this system to other amine-incorporating reactions are discussed.
Heat capacity of polymer melts from the polymer chain‐of‐rotators equation of state

Recently, the chain-of-rotators equation of state derived from the rotational partition function was extended to polymers. Values of the three equation of state (EOS) parameters were obtained from fitting with experimental pressure-volume-temperature data and the parameters were correlated with the structure of the polymer repeat unit. In this article, the residual molar heat capacity derived from an EOS is added to the ideal gas heat capacity from Benson's group contribution method to obtain the polymer molar heat capacity at constant pressure, C p . Predictions from the polymer chain-of-rotators (PCOR) using correlated parameters are compared with those obtained from PCOR, Sanchez-Lacombe, Flory-Orwoll-Vrij, and the perturbed-hard-sphere chain equations of state using parameters fitted from experimental data. Deviations of calculated C p from the formula of van Krevelen for liquid polymers are likewise presented. With the correlations developed for its parameters, the PCOR offers the advantage of predicting the C p for polymer melts from just the knowledge of the polymer's structure.
Use of cooperative unmanned air and ground vehicles for detection and disposal of mines

The objective of this research is to extend the sensing capabilities of a multi-vehicle ground system by incorporating the environmental perception abilities of unmanned aerial vehicles. The aerial vehicle used in this research is a Miniature Aircraft Gas Xcell RC helicopter. It is outfitted with a sensor payload containing stereo vision cameras, GPS, and a digital compass. Geo- referenced images are gathered using the above sensors that are used in this research to create a map of the operating region. The ground vehicle used in this research is an automated Suzuki Mini-Quad ATV. It has the following onboard sensors: single-vision camera, laser range device, digital compass, GPS, and an encoder. The ground vehicle uses the above sensors and the map provided by the helicopter to traverse the region, locate, and isolate simulated land mines. The base station consists of a laptop that provides a communication link between the aerial and ground vehicle systems. It also provides the operator with system operation information and statistics. All communication between the vehicles and the base station is performed using JAUS (Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems) messages. The JAUS architecture is employed as a means to organize inter-vehicle and intra-vehicle communication and system component hierarchy. The purpose of JAUS is to provide interoperability between various unmanned systems and subsystems for both military and commercial applications. JAUS seeks to achieve this through the development of functionally cohesive building blocks called components whose interface messages are clearly defined. The JAUS architecture allows for a layered control strategy which has specific message sets for each layer of control. Implementation of the JAUS architecture allows for ease of software development for a multi- vehicle system. This experiment demonstrates how an air-ground vehicle system can be used to cooperatively locate and dispose of simulated mines.
Fatigue in ceramics with interconnecting weak interfaces : a study using cyclic Hertzian contacts

Abstract The deformation and fatigue of ceramics containing a contiguous network of weak interfaces is described. Observations of damage evolution within subsurface Hertzian compression fields in silicon carbide, alumina, and a glass-ceramic with dense, weakly bound platelet structures provide an experimental basis for the description. In a contact load-unload cycle, shear faults at the platelet interfaces undergo forward and reverse sliding. In cyclic loading, individual faults show evidence of frictional degradation, and the macroscopic damage zone undergoes progressive expansion. A sliding shear fault model with load-unload-reload hysteresis is developed to explain the results. Central to the model is the incorporation of resistive sliding tractions at the sliding interfaces, with allowance for progressive frictional attrition. A case study using fatigue data from the silicon carbide serves to illustrate the viability of the model.
The caregiving system in community mental health programs: an application of open-systems theory.

The rapid expansion of community mental health programs is focusing increased attention upon the problems of organizing effective caregiving networks. Concepts drawn from open-systems theory are applied to this issue by exploring the primary task, the nature of inputs and outputs, environmental conditions, and subsystem interactions as they affect a community mental health program. The differences between programs organized according to a medical practice model and a human services model are also explored within this framework.
Surface Acoustic Wave Determination of Subsurface Structure

Abstract Surface acoustic wave dispersion curves were used to nondestructively estimate properly profiles in three industrially significant material systems; electrodeposited nickel on copper, induction hardened steel, and a nickel-copper-nickel sandwich. The estimation requires that an inverse problem be solved for measured dispersion data. To study the mathematical approach, simulated dispersion data were used to examine solution uniqueness, required computational time and data measurement accuracy. The results show that a fast, robust and unique estimate of industrial subsurface structures can be made as long as an a priori set of parametric relationships is established which span the possible configurations to be measured and constrain the problem. Under these conditions measured dispersion data were used to nondestructively predict the underlying material property profiles to within good agreement of their destructively measured values.
Cryogenic and ambient testing of the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) beryllium telescopes

One of two flight qualified beryllium 0.5 m diameter F/6 Cassegrain telescopes from the Modified InfraRed Interferometer Spectrometer (MIRIS) project is baselined to be flown on the Cassini mission as part of Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument. The imaging requirement for the CIRS telescope, 80% ensquared energy within 500 microns, is more stringent than that for MIRIS (95% encircled energy within 0.9 mm). Because the MIRIS telescopes had never been tested at cryogenic temperatures, only ambient data existed for these subsystems. A 0.864 meter liquid nitrogen dewar is being modified and will be used to perform in-house double pass and single pass ensquared energy tests of the beryllium telescopes at 170 K. This paper summarizes the ambient and cryogenic optical tests performed, the results and the status of the new cryogenic facility.
ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURAL VISCOSITY OF PROTOPLASM BY COLCHICINE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO C‐MITOSIS AND C‐TUMOR FORMATION

IN PLANT and animal cells colchicine may induce c-mitosis, c-tumor formation, narcosis, chromosomal contraction, and even death if the concentration be sufficiently high (Ostergren, 1944). C-mitosis results from the complete inactivation of the spindle with a consequent scattering of the chromosomes and arrest of mitosis at metaphase. In roots and other plant organs, treated with an appropriate concentration of colcliicine, characteristic swellings develop which Levan (1938) designates as c-tumors. The tumors may result from a change in the direction of cell growth. Instead of growing mostly in a longitudinal direction, the cells affected with colchicine grow about equally in all directions. The tumefactions result from a change in cell shapc and size and not from an increase in cell number because in colchicinized cells mitosis is arrested. Ostergren (1944) developed an hypothesis to account for the several effects of colchicine on cells. According to his concept, the primary effect of colchicine is to induce a folding of protein chains with a concomitant change of fibrous protein molecules into corpuscular ones. This change in shape results in c-mitosis because without the fibrous spindle mitosis cannot go to completion. He reasoned that the contraction of polypeptide chains would result in a decrease in the viscosity of the spindle protoplasm. Apparently Ostergren was unaware of the investigations of Yamaha and Ueda (1940), Beams and Evans (1940), and Wilbur (1940). Yamaha and Ueda noted that colchicine lowered the viscosity of Spirogyra protoplasm. Beams and Evans working with eggs of Arbacia punctulata found that the chief effect of colchicine was a lowering of viscosity or at least a destruction of the gelation which normally occurs during cell division. Wilbur's results with Arbacia agree witlh those of Beams and Evans. These results seem to support Ostergren's hypothesis. In contrast to the above results, Stalfelt (1949) noted that colchicine in concentrations ranging from 0.001-1000 mg. per liter conditioned an increase in the viscosity of protoplasm in mature, non-dividing cells of Elodea. In non-dividing Arbacia eggs Wilbur (1940) found that a solution of 1g. of colchicine per liter did not appreciably alter the protoplasmic viscosity. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that 0.01 per cent, 0.05 per cent, and 0.1 per cent aqueous solutions of colchicine condition a decrease in the structural viscosity of the achromatic figure and of the cytoplasm in cells which are in the
Flux pinning by radiation damage in a Nb-10 at.% Mo alloy

Abstract A Nb - 10 at.% Mo alloy was irradiated at ∼60°C to increasing doses of fast neutrons ( E > 0.1 MeV) ranging from 5 × 10 16 neutrons/cm 2 to 1 × 10 18 neutrons/cm 2 . The critical current density J c was measured as a function of applied magnetic field at 4.2 K after all doses and as a function of temperature below 4.2 K after the final dose. The volume pinning force density F p derived from these data increased with increasing neutron dose and two peaks developed in the F p versus reduced magnetic field h curve. The peak at lower fields remained approximately at constant magnetic field H when temperature was decreased and is attributed to a matching of the FLL spacing to a regular composition modulation produced by a neutron-irradiation-induced spinodal decomposition in the alloy. The peak at higher fields remains at approximately constant h when the temperature is changed and is interpreted in terms of pinning by semirandom arrangement of dislocation loops and point defect clusters. The dependence of the shape of this peak on neutron dose and the values of F p on the high h side of this peak are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of a recent model of flux pinning.
Single unit patterns during anticipatory behavior

Abstract 1. 1. Animals with several fine-wire electrodes implanted chronically in the brain for single unit recordings were pre-trained to immobilize themselves for brief intervals in order to obtain food or water. Unit activity was recorded simultaneously from 4 probes in each animal during these periods of immobilization and in other quiet intervals during wakefulness and sleep. Groups of from 7 to 20 probes were studied in each of the following areas: hippocampal, preoptic, lateral hypothalamic, ventral tegmental, thalamic, ventral reticular and dorsal reticular. 2. 2. Relatively large and stable changes in neuronal activity were noted in the course of the brief waiting periods. In dorsal reticular formation, thalamus and ventral tegmentum changes were regularly in the positive direction, neurons firing more rapidly as the reinforcing stimulus became more imminent. In the neuronal activity of hippocampus, preoptic area, ventral reticular. formation and hypothalamus, there was more variability between neurons; the firing rate would show either a decrement or on increment or no change depending on the particular unit involved. 3. 3. In individual experiments the activity of some neurons seemed to be especially related to either food or water behavior; these elements were more frequently found in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and preoptic area, the largest number appearing in area CA-3 of hippocampus.
Groundwater level response in U.S. principal aquifers to ENSO, NAO, PDO, and AMO

Summary Groundwater will play an important role in society’s adaptation to climate variability and change. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand teleconnections in groundwater with interannual to multidecadal climate variability because of the tangible and near-term implications for water-resource management. Here we use singular spectrum analysis (SSA), wavelet coherence analysis, and lag correlation to quantify the effects of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (2–7 year cycle), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (3–6 year cycle), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (15–25 year cycle), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) (50–70 year cycle) on precipitation and groundwater levels across the regionally extensive Central Valley, Basin and Range, and North Atlantic Coastal Plain principal aquifers (PAs) of the United States (U.S.). Results are compared to recent findings from a similar climate variability study of the High Plains aquifer to provide the first national-scale assessment of the effects of interannual to multidecadal climate variability on groundwater resources in U.S. PAs. The results indicate that groundwater levels are partially controlled by interannual to multidecadal climate variability and are not solely a function of temporal patterns in pumping. ENSO and PDO have a greater control than NAO and AMO on variability in groundwater levels across the U.S., particularly in the western and central PAs. Findings and methods presented here expand the knowledge and usable toolbox of innovative approaches that can be used by managers and scientists to improve groundwater resource planning and operations under future climate uncertainty.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Wireless Grids--Distributed Resource Sharing by Mobile, Nomadic, and Fixed Devices

Wireless grids, a new type of resource-sharing network, connect sensors, mobile phones, and other edge devices with each other and with wired grids. Ad hoc distributed resource sharing allows these devices to offer new resources and locations of use for grid computing. This article places wireless grids in context, explains their basic requirements, and provides an example implementation that uses a wireless grid for distributed audio recording. Finally, it introduces articles in this special issue on wireless grid architectures and applications.
Sensory systems: Sound processing takes motor control.

Neurons linking the brain region that controls movement to the region involved in auditory control have been found to suppress auditory responses when mice move, but the reason for this inhibition is unclear. See Article p.189 To make sense of one's environment, the sensory regions of the brain must process not just external stimuli but also internally generated neural signals such as motor commands. Richard Mooney and colleagues characterized the synaptic and circuit mechanisms by which motor signals influence auditory cortical activity in freely behaving mice. During locomotion, grooming and vocalization, auditory cortex excitatory neurons decreased their activity, and this decrease was paralleled by increased activity in inhibitory interneurons. Optogenetic modulation of neurons in the secondary motor cortex, which make long-range projections on to the auditory cortex, was sufficient to alter sensory-evoked activity in the auditory cortex. These findings provide a circuit basis for how self-motion and external sensory signals can be integrated to potentially facilitate hearing.
A rationally designed CD4 analogue inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

EXPERIMENTAL allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an acute inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that can be elicited in rodents and is the major animal model for the study of multiple sclerosis (MS)1,2. The pathogenesis of both EAE and MS directly involves the CD4+ helper T-cell subset3–5. Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies inhibit the development of EAE in rodents6–9, and are currently being used in human clinical trials for MS. We report here that similar therapeutic effects can be achieved in mice using a small (rationally designed) synthetic analogue of the CD4 protein surface. It greatly inhibits both clinical incidence and severity of EAE with a single injection, but does so without depletion of the CD4+ subset and without the inherent immunogenicity of an antibody. Furthermore, this analogue is capable of exerting its effects on disease even after the onset of symptoms.
FETAL PROTECTION POLICIES IN THE WORKPLACE: THE RESPONSE TO UAW v. JOHNSON CONTROLS

The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in UAW v. Johnson Controls rejected employers' use of sex-specific fetal protection policies to exclude female employees from working in hazardous work areas. Although the Court was unanimous in striking down the policy instituted by Johnson Controls, the less-than-clear language of the opinion made the implementation and impact of the Court's decision uncertain. A review of the responses by employers and other affected political actors indicates that the Court's ruling was almost self-executing, with little resistance and few challenges by those charged with enforcing the Court's decision. However, many political actors have sought to use the Court's decision to further other political interests beyond those of fetal protection—a U.S. senator used the case to impeach a Supreme Court nominee; employers manipulated the Court's language to justify the non-accommodation of pregnant employees; and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission broadly interpreted the opinion in advancing arguments in other, non-fetal protection related, cases. All of these actors functioned as “spin doctors” in trying to manipulate the Court's language to meet their own political objectives.
Flocculation of Reference Clays and Arid-Zone Soil Clays

The effect of electrolyte concentration, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and pH on the flocculation-dispersion behavior of reference kaolinite, reference montmorillonite, reference illite, and the clay fraction of three arid-zone soils was investigated. The clay mineralogy of the soils was dominated by either montmorillonite, kaolinite, or illite. The clays were Na- or Ca-saturated and freeze-dried before use. Critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) were investigated in the range of pH 5.5 to 9.5, ESP of (here equated with percent Na clay) 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100, SAR of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and «, and using electrolyte concentrations of 0 to 500 mmolc L-'. The CCC values increased with increasing ESP, increasing SAR, and increasing pH. The pH dependence of kaolinite and illite was greater than that of montmorillonite at all ESPs and SARs. The CCC behavior of the soil clays resembled that of illite, especially in its pH dependence at ESP 100 and SAR ». The CCC values of the soil clays, kaolinite, and illite showed a sharp increase at high ESP and SAR, whereas montmorillonite showed a sharp increase in CCC at low ESP and SAR. The CCCs for all soil clays were similar in magnitude, despite their differing clay mineralogies. The CCCs for the reference clays were much lower than those for the soil clays, indicating that extrapolation from reference-clay results is not possible, and that additional factors such as organic-matter content and Al- and Fe-oxide content may influence the dispersion of soil clays.
Beat wave current drive with intense pulsed free-electron lasers

High power free-electron lasers make possible new methods for driving current in toroidal devices with electromagnetic waves. Earlier considerations of beat wave current drive are applied to a hot magnetized plasma and an arbitrary beat wave. Here the beating of two electromagnetic waves resonantly excites a low frequency beat wave that accelerates and heats electrons and leads to a current. The absolute current drive efficiency depends nonlinearly on the two pump wave intensities and is constrained by the Manley-Rowe relations. Accessibility at high plasma densities is not a difficulty, but a degree of frequency tunability of the wave sources is required. Particle simulations indicate that there is good coupling to an electron velocity tail for a Langmuir beat wave with a phase velocity 1.5 to 3 times (Te/me)½, so that all of the high frequency wave source is absorbed and the beat wave damps completely on the electrons. A novel diagnostic, based on an analytical solution for the linearized Fokker-Planck equation describing electron scattering and slowing down, is added to the particle code. This permits the computation of the current drive efficiency, including both the non-linear beat wave coupling and the collisional relaxation of the electron distribution. A realistic scenario for a beat wave current drive experiment in the Livermore Microwave Tokamak Experiment is calculated using the TORAY toroidal ray tracing code, and the scaling to an engineering test reactor plasma is described.
Statistics of a dye ring laser with injected signal

The statistical fluctuations of the light intensities of a dye ring laser with two counterpropagating modes and a resonant injected signal are investigated experimentally as a function of the strength of the injected signal. The laser is operated a little above threshold in the region of spontaneous mode switching. The probability density of the mode intensities is obtained from the measurements, and from it the probability for one mode to be on or off and the intensity cross-correlation function are derived. The results are compared with predictions of the Langevin theory of the two-mode ring laser with injected signal. Reasonable agreement between theory and experiment is found even in the absence of pump fluctuations from the theory.
Sources of variation in δ13C of fossil fuel emissions in Salt Lake City, USA

Abstract The isotopic composition of fossil fuels is an important component of many studies of C sources and sinks based on atmospheric measurements of CO2. In C budget studies, the isotopic composition of crude petroleum and CH4 are often used as a proxy for the isotopic composition of CO2 emissions from combustion. In this study, the C isotope composition (δ13C) of exhaust from the major fossil fuel emission sources in Salt Lake City, USA, was characterized with 159 measurements of vehicle exhaust of various types and eight measurements of residential furnace exhaust. These two sources were found to be isotopically distinct, and differed from global-scale estimates based on average values for crude petroleum and CH4. Vehicle-specific factors such as engine load and operation time had no effect on δ13C of vehicle exhaust. A small difference was found between the mean δ13C of vehicle exhaust collected randomly from different vehicles and the mean δ13C of gasoline collected from multiple fueling stations representing major gasoline distributors in Salt Lake City and the surrounding area. However, a paired comparison of δ13C of exhaust and gasoline for six different vehicles did not show any consistent C isotope fractionation during vehicle combustion. The mean δ13C of crude petroleum processed for local distribution differed slightly from refined gasoline collected at multiple fueling stations, but time lags between processing and transportation cannot be ruled out as an uncontrollable contributing factor. Measured isotope ratios were then combined with fuel consumption statistics to predict the annual cycle of δ13C of fossil fuel emissions for the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The results showed that the isotopic composition of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion varied by almost 3‰ over the course of the 2002 calendar year. This study illustrates that on a regional scale, the isotopic composition of fossil fuel emissions shows a high degree of both spatial and temporal variability that may influence characterization of C sources and sinks with atmospheric measurements.
ICARDA’s Rangeland Ecology and Management Research Strategy for Nontropical Dry Areas

ICARDA’s Rangeland Ecology and Management Research Strategy for Nontropical Dry Areas DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i4_louhaichi