cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surfactant micelles containing solubilized oil decrease foam film thickness stability

Many practical applications involving three-phase foams (aqueous foams containing oil) commonly employ surfactants at several times their critical micelle concentration (CMC); in these applications, the oil can exist in two forms: (1) oil drops or macroemulsions and (2) oil solubilized within the micelles. We have recently observed that in the case of aqueous foams stabilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and n-dodecane as an oil, the oil drops did not alter the foam stability but the solubilized oil (swollen micelles) greatly influenced the foam's stability. In order to explain the effect of oil solubilized in the surfactant micelles on foam stability, we studied the stability of a single foam film containing swollen micelles of SDS using reflected light microinterferometry. The film thinning occurs in stepwise manner (stratification). In addition, we obtained data for the film-meniscus contact angle versus film thickness (corresponding to the different number of micellar layers) and used it to calculate the film structural energy isotherm. The results of this study showed that the structural energy stabilization barrier decreased in the presence of swollen micelles in the film, thereby decreasing the foam stability. These results provide a better understanding of the role of oil solubilized by the micelles in affecting foam stability.
The new NMC mesoscale Eta Model: description and forecast examples

Abstract In mid-1994 a new version of the Eta Model will begin producing operational forecast guidance down to mesoscale ranges. This version will have a horizontal resolution of approximately 30 km and about 50 layers in the vertical. A summary of the primary aspects of the model is presented that includes a description of the eta coordinate and of the dynamical and physical components. Advantages of the mesoscale model are indicated in precipitation skill scores for November 1993. Specific examples are discussed that describe the mesoscale model's ability to capture small-scale circulations under fundamentally different circumstances: (i) the propagation of a strong cold front where the forcing was primarily internal and not orographic; and (ii) a rainfall event where the forcing arose from the interaction of topography with the synoptic-scale flow.
Economic design of reliable networks

This paper describes a general approach to the optimal design of communications networks when considering both economics and reliability. The approach uses a genetic algorithm to identify the best topology of network arcs to collectively meet cost and network reliability considerations. This approach is distinct because it is highly flexible and can readily solve many versions of the network design problem, including formulations not previously seen in the literature that more closely reflect actual design scenarios. The method is shown to be effective, computationally efficient and flexible on a suite of diverse test problems.
Psychosocial and psychophysical assessments of patients with unexplained chest pain

It is imperative to assess the psychosocial factors that may influence the subjective experiences and pain behavior of persons with chronic unexplained chest pain. Both psychologists and physicians tend to rely on self-report measures of psychological distress, which provide little unique information about patients with chronic chest pain to differentiate them from patients with other painful disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or coronary artery disease. However, assessment of pain-coping strategies, spouse responses to the patient's pain behaviors, and pain thresholds for esophageal balloon distehtion do differentiate patients with chronic chest pain from healthy controls and patients with various other chronic pain disorders. Specifically, chronic chest pain patients tend to use relatively passive pain-coping strategies such as praying and hoping, and to report relatively high levels of spouse reinforcement of pain behaviors. Finally, in response to esophageal balloon distention, chronic chest pain patients display low pain thresholds that do not generalize to stimulation by mechanical finger pressure. Preliminary evidence suggests these low thresholds are due primarily to a tendency to set low standards for making pain judgments regarding esophageal stimuli of moderate-to-high intensity levels.
Frailty and aortic valve disease

Frailty is a common occurrence in elderly persons and is present in approximately half of the patients being screened for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) therapy. Accurate assessment of the likelihood of benefit from intervention in the older patient with aortic stenosis is critical with both surgical aortic valve replacement and TAVR now available. Whereas risk algorithms are available that are helpful in predicting outcomes in patients undergoing surgical procedures, measures of frailty are not included in the algorithms. When considering intervention in the elderly patient, the addition of frailty assessment to determine the true risk in this population is essential to determine potential benefit. Gait speed as determined by the 5-m walk test is the most commonly used single test objective measurement of frailty in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is an independent predictor of mortality and major morbidity. Wider application of this and other objective measures of frailty in the population undergoing TAVR is necessary to determine whether it is predictive in this population also.
The effect of testing procedure on remember-know judgments.

Remember-know (R-K) judgments are commonly used to assess conscious recollection of the study episode during recognition. We varied whether participants judged items as R, K, or new (one-step) or first made an old-new judgment and then made the R-K judgment (two-step). The one-step group had a higher R hit rate and K false alarm rate than did the two-step group. In addition, the K responses of the one-step group did not reliably discriminate between old and new items. When a “guess” response category was available, both groups were able to discriminate old and new items using the K response; however, K responses remained more accurate in the two-step condition. R responses appeared to be relatively immune to the effects of testing procedure when the guess category was provided. This suggests that, under some conditions, the R label can reliably indicate a distinct form of recognition memory, suggesting that allowing participants to use a guess response may help them to confine their R-K judgments to confidently recognized items. When participants are not given the option of making a guess response, they may use the R-K distinction to indicate the trace strength of the memory.
LOCALIZATION of PHENOBARBITAL IN MOUSE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Utilizing antibarbiturate serum in an indirect immunofluorescence system, phenobarbital has been detected in the central nervous system of mice given an overdose of drugs. Localizaiton was primarily within neurons of the limbic system, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, cervical spinal cord and trigeminal ganglion. The technic may be of value in acquiring additional information about the barbiturates as well as being of value to the forensic pathologist.
Retrieval of human DNA from rodent-human genomic libraries by a recombination process

Human Alu repeat ("BLUR") sequences have been cloned into the mini-plasmid vector piVX. The resulting piBLUR clones have been used to rescue selectively, by recombination, bacteriophage carrying human DNA sequences from genomic libraries constructed using DNA from rodent-human somatic cell hybrids. piBLUR clones are able to retrieve human clones from such libraries because at least one Alu family repeat is present on most 15 to 20 kb fragments of human DNA and because of the relative species-specificity of the sequences comprising the Alu family. The rapid, selective plaque purification achieved results in the construction of a collection of recombinant phage carrying diverse human DNA inserts from a specific subset of the human karyotype. Subfragments of two recombinants rescued from a mouse-human somatic cell hybrid containing human chromosomes X, 10, 13, and 22 were mapped to human chromosomes X and 13, respectively, demonstrating the utility of this protocol for the isolation of human chromosome-specific DNA sequences from appropriate somatic cell hybrids.
Food-induced fatal anaphylaxis in adults: respiratory death

Fatal food-induced anaphylaxis is rarely reported, and its incidence is unknown. We have identified six adults who experienced fatal postprandial anaphylaxis. Four were highly atopic, and all had experienced prior non-fatal reactions to peanut, pecan, codfish, or shellfish. In five of six cases, the fatal reaction occurred after dining away from home. All victims had elevated serum IgE antibodies to the incriminated food, and in four cases the mast cell tryptase levels were also elevated. IgE-antibody containing sera from victims could be used in inhibition immunoassays to test for hidden food allergens in uneaten portions of foods consumed just prior to death. Most fatal anaphylactic reactions to foods are preventable. Sensitized persons may be lulled into false security by the reversibility of previous reactions; may not appreciate possible inadvertent contamination of non-allergenic foods by allergenic foods; may not appreciate the gravity of symptoms if intoxicated; and may attempt to deny symptoms or treat themselves inappropriately with antihistamines rather than with epinephrine. Patient education efforts should be directed to these areas.
Racial Ideology and the Sancity of the Neighborhood School in Chicago

Superintendent James Redmond created a desegregation plan for Chicago Public Schools in 1967, which affected a limited amount of students, but caused great uproar. This article examines the numerous White responses in opposition to busing including those that appear legitimate, such as a desire to maintain neighborhood schools. However, given the history of neighborhood and school segregation in Chicago, the legitimacy of words alone cannot be taken at face value. The larger context must be explored in order to better understand White opposition to busing.
Refinement of the solution structure and dynamic properties of Ca(2+)-bound rat S100B.

Biological context The small (~10.5 kDa) acidic Ca2+-binding protein S100B belongs to the S100 protein family, a group of over 20 members that share significant sequence homology and undergo a large conformational change upon the addition of calcium. S100 proteins have no intrinsic enzymatic activity; instead, a Ca2+-dependent conformational change enables them to bind and modulate the activity of a diverse pool of intracellular target proteins. For S100B, these include cytoskeletal and filament associated proteins (e.g. tubulin, GFAP, tau, desmin, vimentin, CapZ, calponin, calpactin I, and caldesmon), other Ca2+-binding proteins (annexins II, V, VI, S100A1, S100A6, S100A11, and neurocalcin-δ), membrane associated proteins (neuromodulin, neurogranin, MARCKS, giant protein AHNAK, and IQGAP1), transcription factors and their regulators (e.g. p53, hdm4, and hdm2), and several enzymes (e.g. aldolase, phosphoglucomutase, photoreceptor guanyl cyclases, Ndr kinase, and protein kinase C)
The case for better research standards in peripheral thrombolysis: Poor quality of randomized trials during the past decade

Rationale and Objectives. We assessed how well published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of peripheral thrombolysis have been designed and how they adjusted for patient characteristics that may influence responses to therapy. Methods. RCT studies published between 1984 and 1994 were reviewed to determine whether they included nine crucial elements: sample size calculations, description of unenrolled eligible participants, homogeneous samples, balanced experimental groups, equal potency therapies, equal follow-up of outcomes, appropriate statistical inference, multivariable or subgroup analyses, and anonymous review of subjective endpoints. Results. The nine RCTs complied with a median of three of nine standards (range = 2–6). Each report exhibited serious flaws that may affect genealizability and external validity. None adequately adjusted for sample heterogeneity or sought to identify characteristics that may affect responses to therapy. Conclusion. Failure to address prognostic or confounding variables restricts the utility of peripheral thrombolysis RCTs and helps explain why contentious debates about this therapy persist. A model for future thrombolysis trials is proposed.
A Portrait of War, a Grammar of Peace: Goethe, Laukhard, and the Campaign of 1792

When Prussia and Austria invaded France in 1792 in an attempt to defeat the revolutionary army, Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) accompanied his sovereign Carl August on the campaign. Almost thirty years later, Goethe recorded his version of the defeat and catastrophic retreat of the allied forces. Goethe's account embraces the perspective of a privileged observer, who enjoys the relative comfort afforded by his social class. In contrast, the memoirs of Friedrich Christian Laukhard (1757–1822), a failed academic turned common soldier, who also participated in the campaign, are written from the vantage point of the experienced grunt. While Goethe's Campagne in Frankreich (1822) is often considered a minor accomplishment in a major oeuvre, Laukhard's Begebenheiten, Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen wahrend des Feldzuges gegen Frankreich, which forms part of his autobiography Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben (1796), has received little scholarly attention.1 In spite of these different valuations, both Laukhard's and Goethe's texts have been subject to severe criticism. Laukhard's Begebenheiten has been disparaged because of its failure to turn experience into art, while Goethe's account was condemned for its failure to represent war truthfully. Clearly, Goethe's and Laukhard's texts are different in style, structure, and ideology, and yet there is one fundamental premise on which they agree. Both Goethe's Campagne in Frankreich and Laukhard's Begebenheiten, Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen wahrend des Feldzuges gegen Frankreich are radically opposed to the concept of war as a sublime experience that many of their contemporaries endorsed and advocated. Laukhard's text offers a scathing critique of aristocratic abuse of power and deconstructs the notion of war as sublime through a focus on ‘the body in pain’ (Scarry). Goethe's text, on the other hand, which has often been accused of an uncritical stance towards the war, rejects the notion of war as a creative and ennobling force. Instead, Goethe traces war's destructive effect on the web of rules and habits that govern the peaceful working of society. Laukhardt records the horrors of war, Goethe seeks to delineate a grammar of peace amidst the terror of war.2
Results of a prototype surface water network design for pesticides developed for the San Joaquin River Basin, California

Abstract A nested surface water monitoring network was designed and tested to measure variability in pesticide concentrations in the San Joaquin River and selected tributaries during the irrigation season. The network design and sampling frequency necessary for determining the variability and distribution in pesticide concentrations were tested in a prototype study. The San Joaquin River Basin, California, was sampled from April to August, 1992, a period during the irrigation season where there was no rainfall. Orestimba Creek, which drains a part of the western San Joaquin Valley, was sampled three times per week for 6 weeks, followed by a once per week sampling for 6 weeks, and then three times per week sampling for 6 weeks. A site on the San Joaquin River near the mouth of the basin, and an irrigation drain of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, were sampled weekly during the entire sampling period. Pesticides were most often detected in samples collected from Orestimba Creek. This suggests that the western valley was the principal source of pesticides to the San Joaquin River during the irrigation season. Irrigation drainage water was the source of pesticides to Orestimba Creek. Pesticide concentrations of Orestimba Creek showed greater temporal variability when sampled three times per week than when sampled once a week, due to variations in field management and irrigation. The implication for the San Joaquin River basin (an irrigation-dominated agricultural setting) is that frequent sampling of tributary sites is necessary to describe the variability in pesticides transported to the San Joaquin River.
The singular value decomposition of the Gauss-Chebyshev and Lobatto-Chebyshev methods for Cauchy Singular Integral Equations

We obtain a closed form expression for the singular values and singular vectors of two matrices arising in the approximation of Cauchy Singular Integral Equations (CSIE) by the Gauss-Chebyshev and Lobatto-Chebyshev quadratures. We also derive their singular value decomposition. We use this decomposition to investigate the convergence of an iterative method for CSIE's, proposed by Ioakimidis (An iterative algorithm for the numerical solution of singular integral equations, J. Computational Physics 43, 164–176 [1981]). We show that this iterative method converges only under very restrictive conditions.
Effcient Shared-array Accesses in Ab Initio Nuclear Structure Calculations on Multicore Architectures

Abstract With the increase in the processing core counts on modern computing platforms, the main memory accesses present a considerable execution bottleneck, leading to poor scalability in multithreaded applications. Even when the memory is physically divided into separate banks, each associated with a set of cores, i.e., exhibiting the so called nonuniform memory access (NUMA) architecture, the access time to the shared data structures may be detrimental to the scalability. Hence, it is imperative to carefully map large shared arrays to speciﬁc memory banks based on the nature of the computation and the multithreaded parallelism characteristics. This paper describes memory-pinning strategies pertinent to sparse matrix-vector multiplication and vector orthogonalization phases of an ab initio nuclear structure computation performed by the MFDn package. Several nuclei and nuclear interactions were considered in the large-scale test cases with the dimensions of the sparse symmetric matrices ranging from 32 million to 320 million. Performance gains of up to 25% were observed with the proposed strategies as compared to the default memory placement policy.
Pathophysiologic effects of prolonged laparoscopic operation

Laparoscopy may have significant effects on homeostasis, particularly on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. The surgeon needs to appreciate the complex interactions of increased intra-abdominal pressure, changes in patient position, and gas absorption in order to appropriately select patients for laparoscopic procedures. Practical guidelines for the avoidance and management of complications due to pathophysiologic derangement during laparoscopy are included.
Prenatal care and pregnancy outcome in Cebu, Philippines☆

Abstract This paper examines the direct and indirect effects of patterns of prenatal care usage on birth weight and gestational age for a randomly selected sample of 3,080 rural and urban women. We analyze indirect effects of prenatal care on intermediate maternal factors (nutritional, stress, smoking, and drinking), then the impacts of these factors along with prenatal care on pregnancy outcome. The simultaneous equations statistical approach corrects for endogeneity of prenatal care and the intermediate maternal factors. Results of simulations of the effects of changes in the number of prenatal visits on intermediate and health outcome factors have important policy implications.
An Analysis of the Effects of a Social Skills Training Program Using Self-Instructions on the Acquisition and Generalization of Two Social Behaviors in a Work Setting.

This investigation examines the effects of a social skills training program using self-instructions in facilitating the acquisition and generalization of two social behaviors in a work setting. Specifically, this study examined the effects of the training package in increasing the percentages of initiations with a supervisor when employees ran out of work materials and/or needed assistance. The results indicated that the training effectively increased the percentages of occurrence in one or both of the target behaviors for all 5 participants. Furthermore, the training resulted in generalized responding across settings for all participants and maintained for up to 13 weeks. These results suggest the feasibility of a social skills training package using self-instructions to help persons with moderate and severe handicaps acquire, maintain, and generalize social behaviors in a work setting.
Developing a training program for collection managers

Training new collection managers/bibliographers in an academic research library is an enduring challenge, especially in the modern collections environment. Many bibliographers come to the job with limited subject expertise, and must also master a constantly evolving collection development environment featuring interdisciplinary collecting, aggressive cooperative purchasing, and a myriad of technological issues. This paper examines collection manager training at UC-Santa Barbara. It describes a new program of training sessions, and the concurrent creation of a “Collection Manager’s Manual” (http://www.library.ucsb.edu/collman/) of advice and information for the subject bibliographer.
Nutrient concentrations in roots, leaves and wood of seedling and mature sugar maple and American beech at two contrasting sites

Abstract Differences in sensitivity to soil conditions across tree species and developmental stage are important to predicting forest response to environmental change. This study was conducted to compare elemental concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots of (1) sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings vs. mature trees and (2) mature sugar maple vs. mature American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in two sites that differ in soil base saturation and pH. Both sites are located in Huntington Forest, NY, USA; one site (hereafter ‘H’) has higher soil pH and Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations than the other site (hereafter ‘L’). Sugar maple growth at H (14.8 cm2 year−1 per tree) was much greater than at L (8.6 cm2 year−1 per tree), but the growth of beech was not different between the two sites. Leaves, roots, and stem wood of mature beech trees and sugar maple seedlings and mature trees were sampled for nutrient analysis. Foliar Ca, K, and Al concentrations were positively correlated with soil elements, but Mn concentrations were negatively correlated. Sugar maple differed more than beech between sites in foliar K and Mn concentrations. Root Mg and P concentrations reflected soil chemistry differences, in contrast to foliar concentrations of Mg and P, which were indistinguishable between the sites. In sugar maple, seedlings differed more than in mature trees in nutrient concentrations in roots, especially for Mg and Mn. Although beech was not as responsive to nutrient availability as sugar maple in foliar and root nutrient concentrations, Ca and Mg concentrations in beech wood were higher in H (52% higher for Ca and 68% higher for Mg), while sugar maple did not differ between sites. Sugar maple regeneration failure on acidic soils in the same region is consistent with our finding that sugar maple seedlings were very sensitive to nutrient availability. This sensitivity could ultimately contribute to the replacement of sugar maple by American beech in regions of low pH and base cations if base cation leaching by anthropogenic deposition and tree harvesting continues.
Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

The transition from mature oocyte to developing embryo requires a coordinated series of events, collectively known as egg activation. Egg activation includes changes to egg coverings to prevent polyspermy, release of oocyte meiotic arrest, generation of haploid female and male pronuclei, changes in maternal mRNAs and protein populations, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. In many animals, egg activation is triggered by fertilization, which increases intracellular calcium within the oocyte and thereby regulates molecular events of egg activation. In other animals, fertilization-independent external signals, including mechanical stimulation of eggs and/or changes in ionic milieu, trigger activation. Recent studies have clarified the upstream portion of pathways leading to eggshell changes and cell cycle resumption and have identified activation-induced changes in maternal mRNA and protein profiles that can identify molecular players in the downstream events of egg activation. We review signals that trigger activation and how they link to subsequent molecular events of egg activation. Developmental Dynamics 237:527–544, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of antibodies to progesterone on reproduction of ewes

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of immunization of ewes with progesterone-11α hemisuccinate coupled to bovine serum albumin (P-BSA) on estrous cycles, serum progesterone and fertility. In experiment I, ewes were immunized during the first estrous cycle in September and observed through January. Immunization against progesterone increased (P
Essential requirement for sphingosine kinase 2 in a sphingolipid apoptosis pathway activated by FTY720 analogues

The clinical immunosuppressant FTY720 is a sphingosine analogue that, once phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase 2 (Sphk2), is an agonist of multiple receptor subtypes for sphingosine 1-phosphate. Short exposures to FTY720 afford long term protection in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease models, presumably by inducing apoptosis in subsets of cells essential for pathogenesis. Sphingosine itself is pro-apoptotic, and apoptosis induced with FTY720 or sphingosine is thought to proceed independently of their phosphorylation. Following chemical mutagenesis of Jurkat cells we isolated mutants that are selectively resistant to FTY720 analogue AAL(R), as well as natural sphingolipid bases, including sphingosine. Cells lacking functional Sphk2 were resistant to apoptosis induced with AAL(R), indicating that apoptosis proceeds through AAL(R) phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of AAL(R) was also required for induction of lymphocyte apoptosis in mice, as apoptosis was not induced with the non-phosphorylatable chiral analogue, AAL(S). Apoptosis was induced in the spleen but not the thymus of mice administered 1 mg/kg AAL(R), correlating with levels of AAL(R)-phosphate (AFD(R)) in organ extracts. AFD(R) did not induce apoptosis when added to the cell culture medium, indicating that it induces apoptosis through an intracellular target. NBD-labeled AAL(R) localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and AAL(R) treatment resulted in elevated cytosolic calcium, Bax redistribution from cytosol to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and caspase-independent mitochondrial permeabilization in Jurkat cells. We therefore describe an apoptotic pathway triggered by intracellular accumulation of sphingolipid base phosphates and suggest that sphingoid base substrates for Sphk2 acting intracellularly could be useful in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases.
On the Influence of Microstructure on the Fracture Behavior of Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminides. I. Effects of Alloying with Mn

ABSTRACT The results of a study of the effects of grain size on the tensile and fracture properties of Mn-containing gamma alloys are presented in part I of this paper. Ductility and yield/ultimate tensile strengths at room- and elevated-temperature are shown to exhibit a simple Hall-Petch dependence on the average grain/lamellar packet size. The observed Hall-Petch behavior is found to be independent of lamellar volume fraction and fracture mechanism at room - and elevated-temperature. The implications of the results are discussed for future alloy/process development.
Properties of polyisobutylene‐polyurethane block copolymers: I. Macroglycols from ozonolysis of isobutylene‐isoprene copolymer

The properties of a series of polyisobutylene (PIB) based polyurethanes were studied and compared to those reported in the literature for polyether, polyester, and polybutadiene-based polyurethanes. Good phase separation was reflected in the invariance of the soft segment Tn with increasing hard segment content. Increasing hard segment content resulted in larger domains, higher modulus and lower ultimate elongation. The modulus above the soft segment Tn was higher than that previously reported for polyurethanes of similar hard segment contant; improved phase separation and short contour lengths of the PIB chains were cited as possible causes of this behavior. Stress-strain data indicated a change from isolated to interconnected domain morphology with incerasing hard segment contant. Generally similar trends were seen for all types of urethanes. The overall properties of polybutadiene polyurethanes were closest to those of the polyisobutylene polyurethanes studied. The properties of both of these systems were suggested to suffer from significant synthesis problems in urethane formation due to the incompatibility of the nonpolar hydrocarbon soft segment and the polar diol chain extender. Preliminary environmental tests indicated that polyisobutylene based materials exhibit improved hydrolytic stability and reduced moisture permeability compared to polyether and polyester polyurethanes and greater oxidative stability compared to polybutadiene based materials.
On passivity of a class of systems with time-varying non-linearities†

In this paper a generalized definition of passivity is introduced. Sufficient conditions of passivity for a certain class of time-varying non-linearities associating with various RL, RC and RLC multipliers are presented. It is pointed out that these passivity results can be used in conjunction with a Popov-type frequency domain condition to obtain many very general stability criteria of non-linear time-varying feedback systems in a systematic and unified manner by means of the passivity theorem.
Development of a portable frequency-domain angle-resolved low coherence interferometry system

Improved methods for detecting dysplasia, or pre-cancerous growth, are a current clinical need. Random biopsy and subsequent diagnosis through histological analysis is the current gold standard in endoscopic surveillance for dysplasia. However, this approach only allows limited examination of the at-risk tissue and has the drawback of a long delay in time-to-diagnosis. In contrast, optical scattering spectroscopy methods offer the potential to assess cellular structure and organization in vivo, thus allowing for instantaneous diagnosis and increased coverage of the at-risk tissue. Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI), a novel scattering spectroscopy technique, combines the ability of low-coherence interferometry to isolate scattered light from sub-surface tissue layers with the ability of light scattering spectroscopy to obtain structural information on sub-wavelength scales, specifically by analyzing the angular distribution of the backscattered light. In application to examining tissue, a/LCI enables depthresolved quantitative measurements of changes in the size and texture of cell nuclei, which are characteristic biomarkers of dysplasia. The capabilities of a/LCI were demonstrated initially by detecting pre-cancerous changes in epithelial cells within intact, unprocessed, animal tissues. Recently, we have developed a new frequency-domain a/LCI system, with sub-second acquisition time and a novel fiber optic probe. Preliminary results using the fa/LCI system to examine human esophageal tissue in Barrett's esophagus patients demonstrate the clinical viability of the approach. In this paper, we present a new portable system which improves upon the design of the fa/LCI system to allow for higher quality data to be collected in the clinic. Accurate sizing of polystyrene microspheres and cell nuclei from ex vivo human esophageal tissue is presented. These results demonstrate the promise of a/LCI as a clinically viable diagnostic tool.
An extension of the mean value theorem for integrals

In this note we present an extension of the mean value theorem for integrals. The extension we consider is motivated by an older result (here referred as Corollary 2), which is quite classical for the literature of Mathematical Analysis or Calculus. We also show an interesting application for computing the sum of a harmonic series.
Neutron Spectrum from p+d Reaction

Neutrons produced when 8.8-Mev protons bombard deuterium in a gas cell were observed by time-of-flight techniques on the Livermore variable-energy cyclotron. The neutron spectra were observed and converted to an energy distribution in the center-of-mass coordinate system. (W.D.M.)
CONTROL OF AIRBORNE NANOPARTICLES RELEASE DURING COMPOUNDING OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

Polymer nanocomposites, which contain nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix, provide improved properties at low filler loadings. These materials are already produced commercially, with twin-screw extrusion being the preferred process for compounding the nanoparticles and polymer melts. Several recent studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles can enter the body through inhalation, but the risk assessments for nanoparticle exposures are incomplete. Recently, concerns had been expressed that airborne nanoparticles released during compounding might present significant exposure to extruder operators. To assess the impact of the nanoparticles during twin-screw compounding of nanocomposites, researchers with experience in occupational and environmental health and polymer manufacturing monitored the compounding process for a model nanoalumina-containing nanocomposite using a TSI Fast Mobility Particle Spectrometer (FMPS). FMPS measurements were taken at background locations, source locations, and operators' breathing zones. In parallel to the FMPS real time measurement, airborne nanoparticles were collected using polycarbonate filters fitted with filmed grids driven by a personal air sampling pump. Filter samples were analyzed for particle morphology and elemental composition, and the results were found to be in good agreement with particle measurements by FMPS. Engineering controls and administrative controls were applied to reduce particle release from the compounding process and other operations in the laboratory. The administrative controls dramatically eliminated nanoparticles in the laboratory air, reducing total concentration by as much as 53 000 particles/cm3. Engineering controls were investigated and significant reductions of particle release were attained. The primary solution to reduce exposure level of nanoalumina is to isolate the releasing source. Overall, the engineering controls and administrative controls were effective in reducing airborne nanoparticle release during compounding.
Conjugate Gradient Projection Approach for MIMO Gaussian Broadcast Channels

Researchers have recently shown that the dirty-paper coding (DPC) is the optimal transmission strategy for multiple-input multiple-output Gaussian broadcast channels (MIMO BC). Moreover, by the channel duality, the nonconvex MIMO BC sum rate problem can be transformed to the convex dual MIMO multiple-access channel (MIMO MAC) problem with a sum power constraint. In this paper, we design an efficient algorithm based on conjugate gradient projection (CGP) to solve the MIMO BC maximum sum rate problem. Our proposed CGP algorithm solves the dual sum power MAC problem by utilizing the powerful concept of Hessian conjugate. We also develop a rigorous algorithm to solve the projection problem. We show that CGP enjoys provable convergence, scalability, and efficiency for large MIMO BC systems.
Citizenship Education and the Dutch National Identity Debate.

As a result of dramatic demographic changes during the last half century as well as a series of recent events surrounding prominent personas, the Dutch have been engaged in an intense debate about their national identity and how citizenship education can contribute to the integration of Muslim immigrants in particular. This article analyses the history and impact on citizenship education of the recently released Canon van Nederland, which is now part of the required curriculum in the primary and middle grades.
Comparison of individual and combined ANN models for prediction of air and dew point temperature

Predicted air and dew point temperatures can be valuable in decision making in many areas including protecting crops from damage, avoiding heat stress on animals and humans, and in planning related to energy management. Current web-based artificial neural network (ANN) models on the Automated Environment Monitoring Network (AEMN) in Georgia predict hourly air and dew point temperature for twelve prediction horizons, using 24 models. The observed air temperature may approach the observed dew point temperature, but never goes below it. Current web based ANN models have prediction errors which, when the air and dew point temperatures are close, may cause air temperature to be predicted below the dew point temperature. Herein this error is referred to as a prediction anomaly. The goal of this research was to improve the prediction accuracy of existing air and dew point temperature ANN models by combining the two weather variables into a single ANN model for each prediction horizon. The objectives of this study were to reduce the mean absolute error (MAE) of prediction and to reduce the number of prediction anomalies. The combined models produced a reduction in the air temperature MAE for ten of twelve prediction horizons with an average reduction in MAE of 1.93 %. The combined models produced a reduction in the dew point temperature MAE for only six of twelve prediction horizons with essentially no average decrease in MAE. However, the combined models showed a marked reduction in prediction anomalies for all twelve prediction horizons with an average reduction of 34.1 %. The reduction in prediction anomalies ranged from 4.6 % at the one-hour horizon to 60.5 % at the eleven-hour horizon.
THE USE OF A SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE TO ASSESS DIET FOUR YEARS IN THE PAST

The use of a mailed, self-administered, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to describe past dietary intake was evaluated in 1984 among a group of 150 Boston-area women who had completed four one-week diet records three to four years previously. Correlation coefficients comparing calorie-adjusted nutrient intakes computed from the questionnaire with those obtained from a compressed version of the questionnaire completed during diet record keeping ranged from 0.44 for total carbohydrate to 0.62 for vitamin C including supplements. Coefficients comparing calorie-adjusted nutrient intakes measured by questionnaire with those assessed by the diet records completed three to four years previously ranged from 0.28 for iron without supplements to 0.61 for total carbohydrate. An evaluation of the incremental contribution provided by several open-ended sections of the questionnaire to the estimation of nutrient intake suggested that in this population most of these items might be eliminated without material loss of information. These findings demonstrate that useful estimates of nutrient intake several years previously can be obtained by a relatively inexpensive, mailed, self-administered questionnaire.
14 Archaeological Legacies of Knowledge

The scholars in this volume successfully illustrate that state and local governments, archaeologists, museums, and the tourist industries actively manipulate “truth” about the past in ways that reflect both an “authentic” heritage and contemporary ethnic, political and economic hegemonic structures. Overall, the volume contributes to current issues of identity construction; to questions of authenticity and commodification of culture; and, to issues surrounding tourism in Mesoamerica. Three significant themes are woven throughout the articles: the reliance on the historical and archaeological past to empower subaltern groups to resist hegemonic structures especially through forms of expressive culture, museums, and tourist venues; the active and powerful struggle for identity by individuals relying on their connections to archaeological sites and rich historical traditions; and finally, the promise of scholarship that incorporates a more holistic archaeological perspective in a four-field anthropology.
Incoherently coupled soliton pairs in biased photorefractive crystals

Summary form only given. Recently it was demonstrated that spatial optical solitons at /spl mu/W power levels can be supported in photorefractive (PR) media. We show that a new type of incoherently coupled soliton pairs is possible under steady-state conditions provided that their carrier beams share the same polarization and wavelength and are mutually incoherent. They can be readily realized in a simple experimental setup where the optical beams co-propagate collinearly in a biased PR crystal in which case they experience equal electrooptic coefficients.
Pterostilbene and tamoxifen show an additive effect against breast cancer in vitro

Abstract Background Tamoxifen is widely used for the treatment of breast cancer. Pterostilbene, a bioavailable stilbenoid found in blueberries, has been found to inhibit breast cancer growth in vitro. It was hypothesized that combining pterostilbene with tamoxifen would produce additive effects on estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer cells. Methods Two estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and ZR-751, were pretreated with graduated doses of pterostilbene for 24 hours, followed by 5 μmol/L tamoxifen. MTT proliferation assays and Cell Death Detection ELISA PLUS tests evaluated cell viability and apoptosis. Results MCF7 cells showed inhibition (10 and 20 μmol/L, P P P PLUS indicated increased apoptosis ( P Conclusions Pterostilbene shows an additive inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells when combined with tamoxifen, most likely from augmented cancer cell apoptosis.
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome in a 7-Year-Old Girl

In 1928 Melkersson1 described the association of recurrent swelling of the lip or face with recurrent peripheral facial palsies. Rosenthal2 in 1931 observed the occurrence of fissured tongue in this condition. We recently saw a young girl in our outpatient service with this syndrome. CASE REPORT A 7-year-old black girl complained of "drooling from her mouth and inability to close her right eye." Her history was positive for recurrent facial swelling. She was normotensive and had a furrowed tongue. The results of the rest of the examination were unremarkable. The complete blood cell count, chest roentgenogram, mastoid film, and Schirmer9s test were all normal. A diagnosis of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome was made, and her eyes were kept moist with methylcellulose.
Uncondensed matter in the Universe: optical evidence from quasar absorption lines

The properties of the clouds producing Ly $\alpha $ absorption and C IV absorption in the spectra of quasars are reviewed. The C IV-producing clouds may be classified into three groups representing ejection, clouds moving in a cluster containing the quasar itself, and intervening material at cosmological distances. The incidence of the latter type imply effective radii for luminous galaxies of order 100 kpc, and a present-epoch mean free path of ca. 10 Gpc. No decisive evidence yet exists about whether most of the Ly $\alpha $ producing clouds arise in truly primordial hydrogen clouds as opposed to metal-enriched material associated with galaxies. In the latter interpretation, the line density is such that the mean free paths are 100 times smaller and the effective galaxy radii 10 times larger than for C IV.
Recent Policy Reform and Industrial Adjustment in Zambia and Ghana

It has been argued recently that implementing a laissez-faire approach to economic development faces serious difficulties in Africa. 1 This article provides some empirical evidence on the question by comparing the recent efforts of two countries to move towards less interventionist policies. Both Zambia and Ghana attempted to reverse their deteriorating economic performance by introducing major reform measures during the mid-1980s. Their different experiences illustrate both the positive effects that laissez-faire policies can have when resource allocation has been constrained by extensive controls, and the difficulties of sustaining and financing a reform programme.
Thigmomorphogenesis: Field and laboratory studies of Abies fraseri in response to wind or mechanical perturbation

Field- and greenhouse-grown Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. (Fraser fir) were analyzed for wind- or mechanically-induced flexure changes. These changes included inhibition of stem and needle elongation, reinforcement of branch bases around the stem, and increased radial growth in the direction of the mechanical perturbation (MP). Mature trees exposed to high wind conditions were severely flag-formed. These modified tree crowns had a lower drag than crowns of non-flag formed trees in wind-tunnel tests. In both field-grown and greenhouse-grown A. fraseri, MP induced a decrease in flexibility and increased elasticity of the stems. The increased radial growth of the stems overrode the increase in elasticity, resulting in the overall decrease in flexibility. The increase in radial growth caused by wind or mechanical flexure was due to greater cell divisions of the vascular cambium, resulting in increased numbers of tracheids. The decrease in stem elongation in these trees was due, at least in part, to a decrease in tracheid length. The potential biological and mechanical significance of these induced growth changes in trees are addressed. The data support the thigmomorphogenetic theory, which states that plants respond to wind and other mechanical perturbations in a way that is favorable to the plant for continued survival in windy environments.
The Political Science of Genocide: Outlines of an Emerging Research Agenda

Over the past two decades, scholars have generated a large and sophisticated literature on genocide. Nevertheless, there are still several research areas that require further work. This article outlines a research agenda that analyzes the conditions under which genocide is likely to occur, the multilevel processes of violent escalation and de-escalation, and the ways in which these processes are shaped by, connect to, reinforce, accelerate and impede one another. I argue that scholars should 1) model elite and follower radicalization processes by disaggregating genocidal “intent” over time and space, and exploring how intent emerges rather than taking it as pre-given. Doing so will permit researchers to 2) situate genocide research within a broader context of political violence in order to understand how they are related temporally and spatially, and to decenter analytical domains beyond the standard country level and single victim group in order to gain insight into the dynamics of genocide, including how perpetrator policies vary by group; 3) draw on recent advances in microanalyses of civil war to theorize about subnational patterns of violence diffusion; 4) move beyond problematic contrasts between ideology and rationality to analyze how ideologies frame the strategic choices “available” to genocidal elites.