cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiable solutions of symmetrizable and singular symmetric first order systems

In this paper, we derive some differentiability theorems for boundary problems for first order systems of partial differential equations. The results stem from the observation that if the coefficient of normal differentiation near the boundary is independent of the tangential coordinates, then the commutator of the differential operator with any tangential derivative is independent of that coefficient; a similar observation was used by LAX & PHILLIPS [5] in introducing tangential mollifiers. With the help of this observation, we derive differentiability estimates for the symmetrizable systems of FRmDmCrlS & LAX [2] and for certain singular symmetric systems. In the latter case the boundary may be characteristic and the associated boundary form may be semi-definite. Our results contain, and provide an alternate derivation for, differentiability theorems of FRmDRICHS [1], G. PEYSER [71 and CrIAO-HAO GtJ [31. We have used LAX'S method of dual inequalities to derive a priori estimates for higher order derivatives; similar results could probably be obtained with PEYSER'S technique of using overdetermined systems. We also wish to observe that the techniques used in section 5 are imitative of procedures used by KOHN & NIRENBERG [41. I. Symmetrizable Systems
Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide in infants and children with congenital heart disease: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques.

End-tidal CO2(ETCO2) monitoring and transcutaneous (TC) CO2monitoring were prospectively compared in 53 patients, 1 month to 16 years of age, with congenital heart disease (CHD). There were 32 pati...
Methods of Rose Clover Establishment into Barmudagrass Sod

Rose clover (Trifolium hirtum All.), a cool-season annual, has been grown on rangelands of California since the late 1940s. 'Overton R18' is the first rose clover cultivar selected for the southeastern USA. Planting method and seeding rate information for rose clover in pasture systems prevalent to this area of year-round rainfall are not available. The objective of this study was to evaluate planting methods and seeding rates for successful overseeding of rose clover into a 'Coastal' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod. Planting methods evaluated were: (i) undisturbed sod, drill seed, (ii) undisturbed sod, broadcast seed, (iii) drill seed, apply grass desiccant postemergence, and (iv) disk sod 1 to 2 in. deep, broadcast seed, and harrow to cover seed. Seeding rates within each planting method were 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 Ib/acre. Seedling density was determined approximately 6 wk after planting and dry matter production by two harvests per growing season. Drilling rose clover in an undisturbed or desiccated sod or broadcasting on a shallow disked sod resulted in the best seedling densities and yield. Influence of seeding rate on seedling density and yield was linear (P < 0.01). A seeding rate of 12 Ib/acre was an acceptable compromise between seed cost and forage production. If rose clover is managed for reseeding and first year forage production is not critical, then seeding rates of 6 to 8 Ib/acre are satisfactory.
The coordination chemistry of nanocrystal surfaces

In the 1990s, when quantum confined colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs, or quantum dots) were first synthesized with narrow size distributions, there was an explosion of effort to harness their bright and narrow luminescence for optoelectronic devices and fluorescence labeling ( 1 ). However, the surfactant ligands that stabilized NCs also influenced their electronic structure and optical properties. Encapsulating the NC cores within an insulating inorganic shell reduced the effect of surface structure on charge recombination ( 2 ) and forced the radiative recombination of photoexcited charges. These structures greatly increased the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and enabled their recent use in liquid crystal displays. However, PLQYs of core-shell nanocrystals remain sensitive to their surfaces and if NCs are to be useful within electrical devices, such as photovoltaic (PV) cells, the complex relation between their surface structure and their frontier orbital structure must be better understood.
Methylation gets SMRT. Functional insights into Rett syndrome.

Abstract Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder, is caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein MeCP2. A recent report demonstrates that MeCP2 cooperates with the SMRT corepressor complex to inhibit expression of a hairy -related repressor during primary neurogenesis in Xenopus , and that this can be modulated by Notch signaling. Rett syndrome mutations that disrupt interaction with the SMRT corepressor complex also prevent regulation of MeCP2 by activated Notch. "Well-timed silence hath more eloquence than speech."—Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810–1889)
CALCULATORS IN CALCULUS: THAT'S THE LIMIT

ABSTRACT Calculators are used to explore sequences and their limits. Examples include geometric sequences, the golden ratio as the limit of three different sequences, and its relation to Fibonacci numbers. Calculators are used as a bridge between a limit with a strip of paper and an alternating series. Two sequences that have e as their limit are explored to see that in practice using one is much more efficient than the other.
Diffusion of tetravalent cations in zircon

Diffusion rates for the three tetravalent cations U, Th and Hf have been measured in synthetic zircon. Diffusant sources included oxide powders and ground pre-synthesized silicates. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure depth profiles. Over the temperature range 1400–1650 °C, the following Arrhenius relations were obtained (diffusion coefficients in m2sec−1): log D Th = (1.936 ± 0.9820) + (− 792 ± 34 kJ mol−1 /2.303 RT) log D U = (0.212 ± 2.440) + (− 726 ± 83 kJ mol−1 /2.303 RT) log D Hf = (3.206 ± 1.592) + (− 812 ± 54 kJ mol−1 /2.303 RT) The data show a systematic increase in diffusivity with decreasing ionic radius (i.e., faster diffusion rates for Hf than for U or Th), a trend also observed in our earlier study of rare earth diffusion in zircon. Diffusive fractionation may be a factor in the Lu-Hf system given the much slower diffusion rates of tetravalent cations when compared with the trivalent rare earths. The very slow diffusion rates measured for these tetravalent cations suggest that they are essentially immobile under most geologic conditions, permitting the preservation of fine-scale chemical zoning and isotopic signatures of inherited cores.
Assessing worry in older and younger adults: Psychometric properties of an abbreviated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-A).

Abstract Among older adults, recent work indicated that Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) data fit poorly with previously established models, leading to use of model modification procedures to create an abbreviated worry questionnaire (PSWQ-A; Hopko, D. R., Stanley, M. A., Reas, D. L., Wetherell, J. L., Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., et al. (2003). Assessing worry in older adults: Confirmatory factor analyses of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model. Psychological Assessment, 15 , 173–183). Given limitations of this prior study that included the post hoc statistical development of the scale and undefined relevance toward assessing worry in younger cohorts, psychometric properties of the PSWQ-A were explored among independent samples of older ( n = 115) and younger adults ( n = 183). Exploratory factor analyses supported a unidimensional model (breadth and control of worry) that accounted for substantial variance in older (57%) and younger adult samples (70%) and was associated with high factor loadings (.66–.89). Internal consistency ( α = .89–.94) and test–retest reliability ( r = .87–.95) was strong in both samples. Moderate to strong convergent validity with measures of worry and anxiety was evident ( r = .46–.83), as was support for the construct validity of the PSWQ-A via its relation to the PSWQ ( r = .65–.83) and similar relations with other anxiety and worry measures. Although further study is required, the PSWQ-A may be a parsimonious method to assess worry in older and younger adults.
Effect of the administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor on glucose metabolism in rat brain.

— The effects of the presence of large amounts of 5-HT and of its precursor 5-HTP in brain on cerebral utilization of glucose were studied. [U-14C]Glucose was injected to fed rats that had previously been treated with L-5-HTP, L-5-HTP and an inhibitor—N-[β-(2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-cyclopropylamine hydrochloride (Lilly-51641)-of MAO, or Lilly-51641 alone. Such treatment increased the concentrations of 5-HTP and 5-HT in the brain. After treatment with 5-HTP and Lilly-51641, and to a lesser extent with Lilly-51641 alone, the concentration of glucose in plasma was increased. However, the uptake of glucose by the brain did not appear to be proportionately increased, and this suggested an impairment in this mechanism. After the administration of Lilly-51641 alone and more especially of Lilly-51641 plus 5-HTP, the concentration of glucose in the brain was increased. This increase was thought to be due to an impairment of glucose utilization, because the flux of 14C from glucose to amino acids in the brain was reduced. The concentrations of most major amino acids in the brain were not greatly affected by these treatments. GABA and alanine concentrations in the brain were modestly increased after treatment with 5-HTP alone or in combination with Lilly-51641. The present results suggest that the metabolism of glucose to amino acids in the brain is altered when the concentration of 5-HTP, or more especially that of 5-HT, in the brain is increased.
Isolation of HIV-1 from monocytes of individuals negative by conventional culture.

To improve isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from purified monocytic cell populations, a differential culture technique was applied to blood from HIV-seropositive individuals, culture-negative for HIV by routine culture. When 206 individuals were grouped by percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes, increases in viral isolation rates were significantly associated with declines in percentage of CD4+ cells (P less than .0001). Of 158 asymptomatic individuals, 78% had greater than 400 CD4+ lymphocytes/mm3. Only 19% were culture-positive using routine methods. Separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) into purified lymphocyte and monocyte subpopulations for 12 asymptomatic patients and subsequent HIV culture of each purified subpopulation using three different indicator cell lines resulted in 100% virus recovery from purified monocytes cultured in the U-937 promonocytic cell line. Culture of purified lymphocytes in U-937 cells did not increase the isolation rate, whereas culture of patient PBMC in U-937 indicator cells and in allogeneic monocytes resulted in a 50% increase in HIV isolation. A monocytic indicator cell line added to routine culture methods may improve virus recovery from asymptomatic individuals.
Differential Effects of Somatostatin-14 and Somatostatin-25 on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that teleost fish appear to have two somatostatin genes. In salmonid fish, it is purported that gene I encodes for somatostatin-14 (SS-14), while gene II encodes for somatostatin-25 (sSS-25). In the present study, the physiological effects of SS-14 and sSS-25 on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , were evaluated by in vivo administration of hormone and measuring resulting levels of specific metabolites and hormones present within tissues and plasma. Somatostatin-14 administration caused hyperglycemia without affecting liver glycogen content and increased plasma fatty acid (FA) levels in association with enhanced activity of the lipid mobilizing enzyme, triacylglycerol lipage (TG lipase). Somatostatin-14 injection also resulted in reduced hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which may indicate a decrease in glucose channeling through the pentose phosphate shunt. In addition, SS-14 reduced plasma glucagon concentration, while having no effect on plasma insulin levels. Salmon SS-25 elevated plasma glucose levels in association with reduced glycogen content and resulted in increased plasma FA levels accompanied by increased hepatic TG lipase activity. Salmon SS-25 injection also resulted in a reduction in plasma glucagon and insulin levels. These results indicate that SS-14 and sSS-25 are important regulators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rainbow trout and that modulation of metabolic activity by these peptides may be accomplished, in part, by alterations in insulin and glucagon levels circulating in the plasma.
Incremental retinal-defocus theory of myopia development-Schematic analysis and computer simulation

Previous theories of myopia development involved subtle and complex processes such as the sensing and analyzing of chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, spatial gradient of blur, or spatial frequency content of the retinal image, but they have not been able to explain satisfactorily the diverse experimental results reported in the literature. On the other hand, our newly proposed incremental retinal-defocus theory (IRDT) has been able to explain all of these results. This theory is based on a relatively simple and direct mechanism for the regulation of ocular growth. It states that a time-averaged decrease in retinal-image defocus area decreases the rate of release of retinal neuromodulators, which decreases the rate of retinal proteoglycan synthesis with an associated decrease in scleral structural integrity. This increases the rate of scleral growth, and in turn the eye's axial length, which leads to myopia. Our schematic analysis has provided a clear explanation for the eye's ability to grow in the appropriate direction under a wide range of experimental conditions. In addition, the theory has been able to explain how repeated cycles of nearwork-induced transient myopia leads to repeated periods of decreased retinal-image defocus, whose cumulative effect over an extended period of time results in an increase in axial growth that leads to permanent myopia. Thus, this unifying theory forms the basis for understanding the underlying retinal and scleral mechanisms of myopia development.
Components and Periodic Points in Non‐Archimedean Dynamics

In this paper we expand the theory of connected components in non-archimedean discrete dynamical systems. We define two types of components and discuss their uses and applications in the study of dynamics of a rational function defined over a non-archimedean field K. We prove that some fundamental conjectures, including the No Wandering Domains conjecture, are equivalent, regardless of which definition of 'component' is used. We derive several results on the geometry of our components and the existence of periodic points within them. We also give a number of examples of p-adic maps with interesting or pathological dynamics.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: primary 37B99; secondary 11S99, 30D05.
Nematology situation in the United States and priority areas in research.

After a review of the state of plant nematology research and teaching in the USA, the author discusses current research progress on the biology and ecology of nematodes (insect parasites, microbial and fungal feeders, nematodes as model biological systems), and on plant parasitic nematodes and their control by biological cultural and chemical methods and the use of resistant varieties. The impact of Integrated Pest Management and modeling methods is discussed. The achievements of the International Meloidogyne Project are briefly reviewed. RESUME Situation de la nematologie aux Etats-Unis et recherches a caractere prioritaire L'etude est consacree a la facon d'aborder les problemes nematologiques aux Etats-Unis, notamment recherche et formation, et aux principaux progres realises dans la connaissance de la biologie et de l'ecologie de ces ravageurs (entornoparasitisme. mycotrophie, nenidtodes en tant qu'organismes modeles pour la recherche). La lutte contre les nematodes nuisibles est entreprise par les methodes biologiques, culturales et chimiques et par l'utilisation des varietes resistantes. L'impact de la protection integree et de la modelisation est mis en evidence. Enfin, l'auteur se refere aux travaux realises dans le cadre du Projet International sur les Meloidogyne.
PET/MRI: Current state of the art and future potential for cardiovascular applications

Positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is emerging as a novel diagnostic modality with exciting potential for a role in multiple cardiovascular applications. The combination of the high sensitivity of PET tracers with the excellent spatial resolution and tissue characterization of cardiac MRI will provide complementary information in a variety of cardiac pathologies. While initial efforts have focused on the combination of MRI and PET for assessment of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, viability, and inflammation, this new technology holds enormous potential for molecular cardiovascular imaging. This article will review the development of PET/MRI, review the current research, and discuss potential future applications.
The Structure of Yttrium Cobaltate from Neutron Diffraction

The crystal structure of YCoO{sub 3} has been determined from Rietveld analysis of the powder neutron diffraction data at 17, 100, and 300 K. At each temperature, the structure is a distorted perovskite with orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pbnm (Z = 4). The lattice parameters, at 300 K, are 5.1388 (5) x 5.4191(5) x 7.3658(7) {angstrom}. Structural analysis indicates that the formal valence of cobalt in YCoO{sub 3} is +3. Analysis of the Co-O distances and the absence of magnetic structure indicates that the majority of the Co{sup 3+} ions in YCoO{sub 3} are in the low-spin (i.e. t{sub 2g}{sup 6}e{sub g}{sup 0}) state. The data also show that perhaps 10% of the CO{sup 3+} ions at 300 K (but insignificant fractions at 100 and 17 K) are in the high-spin state.
Market states and the risk-based explanation of the size premium

Abstract The distress risk explanation of the size effect implies that payment for distress risk ought to occur in up market periods, not in down market periods where distress risk ought to depress the price of securities with such risk. We find that, given the influence of the market beta, the relationship between size and returns is significant only in down markets. Further, we find a size effect in January regardless of the market state. In months other than January, a small-firm effect exists in down markets, but a large-firm effect exists in up markets. Out results are robust to different definitions of up and down markets using credit spreads and various estimations of beta. These results suggest that if payment to size is based on systematic risk then some other explanation should be developed. Alternatively, the explanation of the size effect may depend on payment to idiosyncratic risk or it might be associated with behavioral factors. In all cases, current methods of risk adjusting in academic studies are questioned.
Reduction of fear in social phobics: An examination of extinction patterns

The role of extinction in the process of fear reduction was examined in 20 social phobics who were treated with flooding. In addition, a number of subject characteristics potentially related to the extinction process were assessed. The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in SUDS (subjective anxiety) and pulse rate over the course of flooding treatment. Regression analysis indicated that the achievement of within and between session extinction was associated with more rapid decreases in SUDS ratings than was the case for within session extinction alone. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between rate of extinction and a composite measure of posttreatment functioning. Finally, the relationship between subject variables such as social phobia subtype or posttreatment endstate functioning status and pattern of extinction was not statistically significant.
In the monstrous shadow of worldly wisdom

Within the long dark shadow from whence we must speak is there any sense left to register the shame of so many shames? Is there any sense to outrage? The legacy of mass murder continues under the legitimating covers of Western nationalisms and requisite preparations for the ‘free market’. Bosnia, Somalia-business as usual. What has been learned? What, if anything, has changed in the way we think about ‘things’? We have seen faces turning away from one another, but only by the light of the annihilating flames of all-consuming worldly wisdom. The wise ones, with their gods of mockery, have represented everything and everyone-every deed, every utterance-submitting all of it under wisdom’s law-the Law of annihilation and the pure identity of death. 7’ Are there today even the slightest indications of possibilities, shimmering horizons for something other than the mocking representations of worldly wisdom? Are there possibilities taking form within the agonising field of our impossible rebellion against this mimetic nihilism and its incessant rejection of a Law which cannot be represented? Perhaps, a wretched ensemble of non-peoples who, in rebellion against worldly wisdom and its pure identity of death, somehow recognise and affirm each other. Here, then, within the shadows facing the event of annihilating thought and its administration are connections and forms of thinking otherwise than worldly wisdom. The bound transcendence of the shadow dwellers is otherwise than the unbound transcendence of worldly wisdom and its easy but deadly identificational images. Without that shimmer of hope that arises with resistance to worldly wisdom and its cool administration of idolatrous representations, we would have nothing or no one to turn to other than those we once thought better of. So many refused to see that the metaphors of speculative dialectics had become immobilised in the figures of state sponsored and administered programmes of mass murder. Even afterwards, when the earth had turned ashen, many continued to enlist these graven images. And how, fifty years later, some still say that it all leaves ‘much of traditional philosophy intact’. They say that when we are overwhelmed by such massive evil, ‘the old categories do exactly what we want them to: permit us to be rational when rationality is indicated and prevent us from thinking we understand what is too horrible to contemplate’.* Yes, its all too horrible to contemplate. Let’s suspend our rational faculties in a moment or two of silent sublimity! For many reasons we are not surprised by such denials, exculpations. and
HUMAN RELATIONS AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN RURAL NEPAL: THE CASE OF DEURALI *

A preliminary analysis of the primary health care delivery component of a small rural development project in Deurali, Nepal, suggests that personal relations between project personnel and their target population (e.g., implementors'sincerity and commitment to service) can overcome many cultural, geographical, and class-related social barriers to achieving project objectives. The Deurali medical staff's ability to combine their technical skills with sincerity, hard work, and commitment has made the Deurali project reasonably successful in meeting villagers'primary health care needs.
The cells and molecules that make a cerebellum.

Abstract The molecular underpinnings of cerebellar development are being established through the identification of naturally occurring mutated genes and the knockout of other genes. Sets of genes expressed in the regions of the mes- and metencephalon have been shown to play a crucial role in specifying the cerebellar anlage. Other genes have been shown to be crucial to early granule-cell development, migration of Purkinje and granule cells, and neuron–glia interactions. However, the process of development will ultimately be understood in terms of cellular interactions and the roles that each cell type plays in the assembly of cerebellar structure. One of the most important interactions is between granule and Purkinje cells. This relationship has been shown to be crucial for the control of cell number, migration of neuroblasts and cell Differentiation.
Economic Definition of Total Performance, Breeding Goals, and Breeding Values for Dairy Cattle,

Abstract Several economic concepts that influence definition of economic merit are discussed. A profit equation including fixed and variable costs, an aggregate genotype including important lifetime traits, and a selection index are used in a hierarchical approach to economic definition of total performance, breeding goals, and breeding values. A composite profit equation includes milk sold, calf value, ending inventory value, initial inventory value, feed cost, facilities cost, labor cost, veterinary cost, insemination cost, and individual cow care costs. Variation in the numerous studies with profit equations is mainly in method of estimation and completeness of items. Progress has been less in quantifying economic breeding goals and criteria for selection than in defining total performance. Economic importance of traits is discussed. Comprehensive selection goals reflect profit per day of herd life. An index includes milk and constituent yields, cell count, beginning and ending weight, calving interval, age at first calving, conformation, and calving difficulty score. Milk yield will continue to be the major trait for selection. Other traits will need to be added to the selection criteria to improve genetic gains for total economic merit based on their availability and on specific economic and environmental conditions.
A real-time and protocol-aware reactive jamming framework built on software-defined radios

This paper develops a software-defined radio (SDR) framework for real-time reactive adversarial jamming in wireless networks. The system consists of detection and RF response infrastructure, implemented in the FPGA of a USRP N210 and designed to function with the open source GNU Radio SDR library. The framework can be used to implement a fast turnaround reactive jamming system capable of timely RF response within \textit{80ns} of signal detection. Our framework also allows for full control and feedback from the FPGA hardware to the GNU Radio-based cognitive radio backend, making it applicable to a wide range of preamble-based wireless communication schemes. This paper presents the capabilities, design, and experimental evaluation of this framework. Using this platform, we demonstrate real-time reactive jamming capabilities in both WiFi (802.11g) and mobile WiMAX (802.16e) networks and quantify jamming performances by measuring the network throughput using the iperf software tool. The results indicate that our system works reliably in real time as a reactive jammer and can be used for practical assessments of modern jamming and secure communication techniques.
Analysis of the structure of a glassy carbon using a profile matching technique

Abstract Using equations that take into account the strain in random-layer lattices, calculated intensity profiles expected from completely resonating and quinoidal hexagonal rings have been compared with the experimental data. Completely resonating but distorted rings have been found to be predominant. The mean defect-free distance and the strain coefficient (Cauchy type) obtained from the Fourier transform of the intensities permitted an excellent match between the observed and calculated intensity profiles. It is concluded that glassy carbon is made up of a folded network of layers and the folds induce a considerable strain in the lattice.
Photofragmentation dynamics of CH3I at 248 and 266 nm: Vibrational distributions in the CH3(ν2) ‘‘umbrella’’ mode

Vibrational population distributions in the ν2 out‐of‐plane bending mode of CH3 when produced by photofragmentation of CH3I at 266 and 248 nm are analyzed by infrared emission spectroscopy. In both cases, there is excitation of the ’’umbrella’’ mode vibration up to 10 quanta, and the peak of the excitation occurs at ν2 = 2 for both wavelengths. The vibrational distribution produced at 266 nm agrees well with molecular beam time‐of‐flight results. The distribution at 248 nm is only moderately enhanced, in contradiction to theoretical predictions which suggest that the peak of the distribution should be shifted to ν2 = 5. The infrared emission spectra suggest that there is no additional rotational excitation in the radical over the ambient rotational temperature of the parent CH3I. In addition, there is no detectable excitation in other vibrational modes, produced either directly in the dissociation or upon collisions.
Adaptive intensity modulated radiation therapy planning optimization with changing tumor geometry and fraction size limits

The modern approach of delivering radiation treatments through intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) requires a computationally complex planning process. Intensities must be chosen for the many small unit grids into which the beams are divided to produce a desired distribution of dose at points throughout the body. To achieve desired aims, attention must be paid to both the cumulative doses and the doses delivered in each separate treatment session. The time horizon for the treatment allows for periodic re-imaging of the tumor geometry and for adapting the treatment plan accordingly. We present a promising iterative optimization approach that re-optimizes and updates the treatment plan periodically by incorporating the latest tumor geometry information. Two realistic lung cases simulating practice, based on anonymized archive datasets, are used to test the effectiveness of our adaptive planning approach. The computed plans both satisfy cumulative and per-session dose constraints while improving the obje...
Phase II clinical trial of capecitabine in ovarian carcinoma recurrent 6-12 months after completion of primary chemotherapy, with exploratory TS, DPD, and TP correlates: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Abstract Purpose. A phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the anti-tumor activity and adverse effects of capecitabine in women with measurable platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer or platinum-sensitive primary peritoneal cancer and to explore the ability of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) to predict response and toxicities. Experimental design. Patients were treated with a daily starting dose of 2500 mg/m 2 /day (divided in two doses given every 12 h) for 14 days of each 21-day cycle. Genotyping in the 5′ and 3′ ends of TS was performed in DNA from 23/23 pre-treatment blood specimens. Relative gene expression of TS, DPD, and TP was quantified in 18/21 paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. Results. Of the 27 patients enrolled on study, 2 were never treated leaving 25 patients evaluable. Two patients (8.0%) achieved a partial response, 13 (52%) exhibited stable disease, 5 (20%) displayed increasing disease, and response could not be assessed in 5 (20%). The median time to progression and survival was 3.9 and 21.2 months, respectively. The most common serious toxicities were nausea/vomiting, gastrointestinal, and dermatological. There was one treatment-related death. TS expression was associated with severe nausea/vomiting ( P = 0.039), but not with other severe toxicities. TS genotype or expression of DPD or TP was not associated with any of the severe toxicities. Conclusions. Based on the low response rate, this trial was closed after the first stage of accrual, the drug was not selected for further study in this patient population, and biomarker associations with response could not be assessed.
Code-switching, constraints, and optimal grammars☆

Abstract Although several constraints have been proposed in the past to record the grammatical properties of code-switching, the claimed status of their ‘universality’ has often been questioned. This paper provides a comparative-syntactic account of the properties of code-switching among languages such as Kashmiri-English, Hindi-English, Kashmiri-Hindi, and the much discussed Spanish-English (Poplack, 1980; among others) and Swahili-English (Myers-Scotton, 1993a). Based on this cross-linguistic data, we propose universal constraints on codeswitching which restrict the range of syntactic permutations of code-switches to all and only those that are grammatical. The proposal, couched in Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993), is premised on the assumption that the proposed universal constraints are prioritized: they are defeasible, but only in those contexts in which they conflict with another, presumably higher ranked, constraint. Under this proposal, the observed syntactic differences among languages involved in code-switching turn out to be a result of different (constraint-) ranking configurations opted by individual code-switching grammars.
Terrorism in the former Soviet Union: A primer, a puzzle, a prognosis

This article examines political terrorist activity in the fifteen newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and the problems that security and terrorism analysts will encounter when assessing this activity. It introduces the reader to a form of terrorism known as “blood‐feud terrorism.” The geographic focus of the article is the southern Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia; the regions of Abkhazia and Marneuli in Georgia; Azerbaijan; and Tajikistan. Collectively, these areas have the potential of replacing the Middle East as the primary generator of international headaches, international crises, and international terrorism.
Hopelessness and Interpersonal Conflict: Antecedents and Consequences of Losing Hope

Research on intractable conflict indicates that difficult conflicts often are associated with a sense of hopelessness about the potential for resolution. We argue that hopelessness arises from individuals who want another to change and whose arguments evidence self demand/other withdraw and mutual hostility. The sense of hopelessness arising from these patterns is related to avoidance after an argument and withdrawing support and affection. We conducted a survey of undergraduates about their arguments with parents and romantic partners. As predicted, the correlations between desire for change and withdrawal of support/affection and desire for change and avoidance were positive and statistically significant. A mediation analysis confirmed our hypotheses. The relationships between desire for change and withdrawal of support/affection and avoidance were mediated by self demand/other withdraw and hopelessness. Similarly, the relationships between desire for change and withdrawal of support/affection and avoid...
TH‐D‐L100J‐05: Quality Assurance of Megavoltage Cone‐Beam CT

Purpose: Megavoltage Cone‐Beam CT (MVCBCT) is now widely used in radiation therapy. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability of MVCBCT and define a quality assurance protocol. Methods and Materials: Two MVCBCT systems were followed for a period of 4 months. The systems were fully calibrated (geometry, CT♯ scaling factor and flat panel corrections) and analyzed daily on the first week, weekly for a month and monthly thereafter. Images of a gold seed placed at the machine isocenter were used to track the positional accuracy and stability of the system. An image quality phantom was used to monitor the stability with respect to CT♯, contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), spatial resolution, noise and uniformity. A graphical user interface was developed with Matlab to automatically analyze the image quality. For each day of analysis,images were reconstructed using the calibrations obtained that day and the oldest calibrations available to investigate how frequently calibration is needed. Results: The stability of all measurements over the 4‐month period was excellent. The reconstructedgold seed position relative to isocenter was better than 1 mm for a period of 4 months. Small variations in image quality were observed between the two systems. The inserts mean CNR were 12.4±0.7 and 12.2±0.7 for the two systems. Using the initial calibrations resulted in slightly more variability in the measurements. Based on the measurements and our experience of the last 5 years, we generated a practical list of possible artifacts occurring with MVCBCT. Conclusion: Monthly calibration of the MVCBCT system is largely sufficient. Imaging a small fiducial on a daily or weekly basis may also be warranted to detect geometric misalignments caused by sudden mechanical failures. Based on the measurements, a system performance baseline for MVCBCT has been defined. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Siemens OCS.
ADP-Ribosylation Factors Do Not Activate Yeast Phospholipase Ds but Are Required for Sporulation

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are encoded by two genes, ARF1 and ARF2. The addition of the c-myc epitope at the C terminus of Arf1 resulted in a mutant (arf1-myc arf2) that supported vegetative growth and rescued cells from supersensitivity to fluoride, but homozygous diploids failed to sporulate. arf1-myc arf2 mutants completed both meiotic divisions but were unable to form spores. The SPO14 gene encodes a phospholipase D (PLD), whose activity is essential for mediating the formation of the prospore membrane, a prerequisite event for spore formation. Spo14 localized normally to the developing prospore membrane in arf1-myc arf2 mutants; however, the synthesis of the membrane was attenuated. This was not a consequence of reduced PLD catalytic activity, because the enzymatic activity of Spo14 was unaffected in meiotic arf1-myc arf2 mutants. Although potent activators of mammalian PLD1, Arf1 proteins did not influence the catalytic activities of either Spo14 or ScPld2, a second yeast PLD. These results demonstrate that ARF1 is required for sporulation, and the mitotic and meiotic functions of Arf proteins are not mediated by the activation of any known yeast PLD activities. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to current models of Arf signaling.
Avessos: o nome Foucault no mundo acadêmico anglófono

Este artigo defende a ideia de que parte da obsessao em posicionar Foucault, em usa-lo em uma direcao ou outra, esta baseada no (des)conforto causado pela sua apofase performativa. Uma analise de sua apofase performativa em Historia da loucura na Idade Classica poe em duvida o status de causalidade que a “virada linguistica” ganhou na teoria social e traz a tona os limites dos campos da historia e da educacao.
Women's Status and Risk of Homicide Victimization An Analysis With Data Disaggregated by Victim-Offender Relationship

Several feminist theories predict that women’s socioeconomic status, both absolute status and their status relative to men, influences the prevalence of violence against women, with some suggesting a positive correlation and others a negative one. Although each theory provides insight into the possible causal connection between women’s status, gender inequality, and violence, empirical tests of these relationships are inconclusive. The present study addresses this issue by using a cross-sectional design with 2000 census and crime data to assess the impact of women’s absolute status and gender inequality along educational, employment, income, and occupational dimensions and their risk of homicide victimization by intimate partners and nonintimates. The findings indicate that women’s absolute status is significantly correlated with female homicide victimization rates by intimate partners. However, tests for equality of regression coefficients between the intimate and nonintimate partner models suggest that these differences may be attributed to random chance.
Crayfishes of Western Maryland: Conservation and Natural History

Abstract Conservation concerns for imperiled crayfish faunas have recently increased among resource management agencies. In Maryland, major concerns include the introduction of nonnative crayfishes and their impacts on native species. This study documented the species distribution and conservation standing of native and nonnative crayfishes of western Maryland. Native species include Orconectes (Crockerinus) obscurus (Allegheny Crayfish), Cambarus (Jugicambarus) dubius (Upland Burrowing Crayfish), Cambarus (Cambarus) bartonii bartonii (Common Crayfish), and Cambarus (Cambarus) carinirostris (Rock Crawfish). Introduced species are Orconectes (Gremicambarus) virilis (Virile Crayfish), Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus (White River Crawfish), and Cambarus (Tubericambarus) thomai (Little Brown Mudbug). Nonnative species were found primarily in areas of high anthropogenic activity, with populations of O. virilis and P. acutus isolated to impoundments. The presence of C. thomai in Maryland was first documented t...
Why Split? Organizational Splits among Ethnopolitical Organizations in the Middle East:

Why do political organizations split? Drawing insight from organizational theory and social movement literature, this article explores the effect of organizational factors on group schism. Using a ...
Identification of flanking markers for the stem rust resistance gene Sr6 in wheat.

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L.) stem rust resistance gene Sr6 confers a high level of resistance against a wide range of races of Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn. in North America. In this study, we report the identifi cation of fl anking markers for Sr6. We used a population of 139 recombinant inbred lines from the cross MN99394 × MN98550. A partial linkage map of chromosome 2D comprised Xgwm484, Xcfd77, Xcfd43, Xwmc453, Sr6, XwPt_4381, XwPt_0330, Xgpw94049, and Xgwm102. Four markers mapped distal to Sr6, while the other four were proximal within distances of 4.8 and 6.5 cM, respectively. Marker-assisted selection and pyramiding of Sr6 with other stem rust resistance genes could benefi t from the availability of Sr6fl anking markers.
Activity of sulfonium bisphosphonates on tumor cell lines.

We investigated three series of sulfonium bisphosphonates for their activity in inhibiting the growth of three human tumor cell lines. The first series consisted of 6 cyclic sulfonium bisphosphonates, the most active species having an (average) IC50 of 89 μM. The second consisted of 10 phenylalkyl and phenylalkoxy bisphosphonates, the most active species having an IC50 of 18 μM. The third series consisted of 17 n-alkyl sulfonium bisphosphonates, the most active species having an IC50 of ∼240 nM. Three QSAR models showed that the experimental cell growth inhibition results could be well predicted. We also determined the structures of one sulfonium bisphosphonate bound to farnesyl diphosphate synthase, finding that it binds exclusively to the dimethylallyl diphosphate binding site. These results are of interest since they show that sulfonium bisphosphonates can have potent activity against a variety of tumor cell lines, the most active species having IC50 values much lower than conventional nitrogen-contain...
The Kitt Peak Magnetograph

The 40-channel magnetograph is described. Special attention is given to details of the fiber-optic probe which dissects the Fraunhofer line image and provides for a choice of spectral and spatial resolution. Examples of magnetograms taken with the instrument are shown. Maps of quiet areas, made with long integration times to achieve a noise of 0.4 G, yet with 5 arc-sec resolution, indicate the presence everywhere of a minimum background field of average strength 2–3 G.
The finite range Wiener-Hopf integral equation and a boundary value problem in a waveguide

In this paper the boundary value problem of a finite bifurcation in a rectangular waveguide is formulated in terms of a finite range Wiener-Hopf integral equation, and the solution of the integral equation is presented. As a first step, an infinite set of simultaneous equations is obtained from the integral equation. The solution of the above set of equations is then obtained by analytic means. It is indicated that the method developed can be applied to certain other problems of mathematical physics and a number of examples of such problems are included.
Marriage and Family Licensure in Illinois: Toward a more Inclusive Approach:

The statutes and rules governing state licensing of marriage and family therapists have been criticized recently for excluding many qualified practitioners because the statues and rules were written to reflect clinical membership in the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. In September 1998, the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation published a revised set of rules that were intended to be more inclusive and yet maintain the high standards of the profession. These revised rules directly addressed both the needs of the state and issues raised by the critiques. The purpose of this article is to describe the Illinois rule changes, suggest ways other states can begin the process of change, and invite licensure critics, professional societies, and state licensing board members to engage in conversations about the licensure of marriage and family therapy.
Latino worker perceptions of construction risks

BACKGROUND: Construction is a hazardous occupation, with Latino (Hispanic) workers at a greater risk for death than other ethnicities/races. Latinos accounted for over half of construction injuries involving days away from work in Nevada in 2006. METHODS: This study recruited 30 Latino construction workers from three Southern Nevada trade unions to participate in four focus groups conducted in Spanish to determine their perceived risks for injury. Audiotapes were transcribed into English transcripts, which were analyzed for themes. RESULTS: Themes included language/communication difficulties, traditional Latino values, construction trade skill level differences, and health literacy. Participants were unfamiliar with the workers' compensation system. CONCLUSIONS: Small contractors in particular should provide more effective safety training in Spanish and appropriate safety equipment. Unions should offer English language training using simulation and more information about workers' compensation rights. Occupational health providers should consider Latino beliefs and communication needs when assessing health status or providing care. Language: en
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Bilobectomy

With the evolution of minimally invasive surgery, more complicated surgeries have to be redefined from a technical standpoint in order to facilitate efficient as well as safe dissection. Bilobectomy is a rare operation – however, one must be skilled at performing it via a thoracoscopic approach as we recognize that minimally invasive surgery is more cost effective and associated with lower morbidity and mortality. In this paper, we highlight some of the technical considerations that will allow surgeons to perform a safe and expeditious resection of two lobes simultaneously.
Survey of lead and cadmium in adult canned foods eaten by young children.

A U.S. Food and Drug Administration survey of lead and cadmium in 10 adult canned foods commonly eaten by children less than 5 years old was conducted between October 1981 and September 1985. The survey, which included foods preserved by a commercial canning process and packaged in metal containers, found the highest mean levels of lead (0.32 micrograms/g) in tuna and of cadmium (0.02 micrograms/g) in tuna and tomatoes. Lead levels in foods packaged in lead-soldered cans were about 5 times as high as those in foods packaged in nonlead-soldered cans. Mean lead levels appeared to decline over the 4 years of the study. Cadmium levels were usually below the data reporting limit (0.01 micrograms/g).