cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dry and moist idealized experiments with a two-dimensional spectral element model

AbstractA nonhydrostatic, fully compressible spectral element (SE) model is evaluated in a series of two-dimensional idealized simulations. A dry formulation of the model is evaluated for a linear hydrostatic mountain-wave case, and a version with moisture is tested for a squall line. In the SE method, two setup parameters control the spatial resolution: the number of elements (h) and the polynomial order (p) of the basis functions. In this paper, the h−p parameter space is systematically explored, with the average horizontal resolution (Δx) varying from 0.2 to 10 km in 91 simulations.The dry experiments are evaluated using an analytic solution. The ratio of Δx/a < 0.2, where a is the mountain half-width, is sufficient to accurately resolve the mountain wave. Accuracy, computational cost, and convergence to the analytic solution are evaluated and compared to a second-order finite-difference (FD) model. The increase in computational cost by refining the spatial resolution yields a significant accuracy gain...
Addressing Common Analytic Challenges to Randomized Experiments in MOOCs: Attrition and Zero-Inflation

Massive open online course (MOOC) platforms increasingly allow easily implemented randomized experiments. The heterogeneity of MOOC students, however, leads to two methodological obstacles in analyzing interventions to increase engagement. (1) Many MOOC participation metrics have distributions with substantial positive skew from highly active users as well as zero-inflation from high attrition. (2) High attrition means that in some experimental designs, most users assigned to the treatment never receive it; analyses that do not consider attrition result in "intent-to-treat" (ITT) estimates that underestimate the true effects of interventions. We address these challenges in analyzing an intervention to improve forum participation in the 2014 JusticeX course offered on the edX MOOC platform. We compare the results of four ITT models (OLS, logistic, quantile, and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions) and three "treatment-on-treated" (TOT) models (Wald estimator, 2SLS with a second stage logistic model, and instrumental variables quantile regression). A combination of logistic, quantile, and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions provide the most comprehensive description of the ITT effects. TOT methods then adjust the ITT underestimates. Substantively, we demonstrate that self-assessment questions about forum participation encourage more students to engage in forums and increases the participation of already active students.
Drug-Induced Lupus Associated with Rifabutin: A Literature Review

Drug-induced lupus (DIL) is a rare adverse reaction to medications with features resembling idiopathic systemic lupus erythromatosis. Rifabutin/rifamycins have only rarely been reported as a cause of DIL, and no cases have been reported in blacks. A 55-year-old African American woman with HIV presented with severe generalized arthralgias and recurrent oral ulcers while receiving treatment for tuberculous meningitis. Arthralgias, which began in her knees after 5 weeks of antituberculous therapy, progressed to involve the joints in the ankles, wrists, and hands. She had no associated fever or rash. When she had these symptoms her antinuclear antibody (ANA) was 1:1280 homogenous pattern, antidouble stranded DNA was negative, antihistone antibody was strongly positive, anti-smith and antiribonucleoprotein (anti-RNP) were negative. Her symptoms resolved within 2 months of stopping rifabutin while continuing other antituberculous medications and her ANA titer started to decrease. We review the existing literature on this subject.
Multiclassifier Systems: Back to the Future

While a variety of multiple classifier systems have been studied since at least the late 1950's, this area came alive in the 90's with significant theoretical advances as well as numerous successful practical applications. This article argues that our current understanding of ensemble-type multiclassifier systems is now quite mature and exhorts the reader to consider a broader set of models and situations for further progress. Some of these scenarios have already been considered in classical pattern recognition literature, but revisiting them often leads to new insights and progress. As an example, we consider how to integrate multiple clusterings, a problem central to several emerging distributed data mining applications. We also revisit output space decomposition to show how this can lead to extraction of valuable domain knowledge in addition to improved classification accuracy.
Actomyosin ATPase. II. Fiber typing by histochemical ATPase reaction.

A new method for fiber typing based on staining for actomyosin Ca, Mg-ATPase is presented. Inclusion of ethanol in the medium enhanced the differentiation of type 2A and 2B fibers. With this technique, type 1, 2A, and 2B fibers can be distinguished in a single-step procedure for human biopsy samples.
Plate Luting* A Preliminary Report of Its Use in Horses

Plate luting, a new method of interfacing a compression plate to bone for the repair of fractures, was proposed as a method to help facilitate immediate full weight bearing following internal fixation with plates and screws in horses. Theoretical mechanisms relating bone-plate contact and screw support were discussed. Preliminary mechanical testing showed increased endurance of luted bone-plate composites to cyclic loading when compared with the same devices without plate luting. Screw loosening, which often precedes plate failure, did not occur. In vivo studies showed results similar to in vitro experiments.
The Process of Coping with Sexual Trauma

The work that has been done at Duke over the past several years has led to a very simple conclusion: In coping with sexual trauma, the survivor must come to understand the emotional impact of the trauma so that she is no longer preoccupied or driven by negative feelings, and must grapple with the meaning of the trauma until an adaptive resolution is achieved. This process can lead to a variety of adaptive or maladaptive schemata, and a strong fear of overwhelming affects. Psychotherapeutic intervention is often required for successful completion of the process. In this chapter we present a conceptual system that characterizes this process, along with clinical examples and preliminary reliability findings in measuring the process. We selected case examples from the course of a group psychotherapy for female survivors of sexual trauma to illustrate potential use of the system in describing the process of coping changes over time. As a background, data on sexual trauma and the theoretical material that has guided our work will be briefly presented.
Supply Chain Management Dimensions, Supply Chain Performance and Organizational Performance: An Integrated Framework

Evidence has shown that organizations seldom achieve the competitive advantage offered by supply chain management technique. This may be attributed to the fact that current methodologies for analyzing supply chains are not sufficiently comprehensive, particularly when it comes to understanding the complexities of SCM and organization performance in an unified context. In addition, researchers have not comprehensively answered key questions such as what are the linkages between different dimensions of SCM and what are the linkages between the underlying dimensions of SCM and SCM performance. Gap also exists in terms of understanding of the relationship between SCM performance measures and organizational performance measures. The study seeks to address these issues. Based on a comprehensive literature review, a theoretical framework and propositions are derived. In culmination, the description for possible findings and implications of the study for managers is considered. Overall, we argue that increased interaction between important constituents of supply chain management will enhance the organization’s ability to meet desired goals. Finally, directions for future research are also presented.
Conjugate gradient parametric adaptive matched filter

The parametric adaptive matched filter (PAMF) detector for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) detection is re-examined in this paper. Originally, the PAMF detector was introduced by using a multichannel autoregressive (AR) parametric model for the disturbance signal in STAP detection. While the parametric approach brings in benefits such as significantly reduced training and computational requirements as compared with fully adaptive STAP detectors, the PAMF detector as a reduced-dimensional solution remains unclear. This paper employs the conjugate-gradient (CG) algorithm to solve the linear prediction problem arising in the PAMF detector. It is shown that CG yields not only a new computationally efficient implementation of the PAMF detector, but it also offers new perspectives of PAMF as a reduced-rank subspace detector. The CG algorithm is first introduced to provide alternative implementations for the matched filter (MF) and parametric matched filter (PMF) when the covariance matrix of the disturbance signal is known. It is then extended to the adaptive case where the covariance matrix is estimated from training data. Important issues such as unknown model order and convergence rate are discussed. Performance of the proposed CG-PAMF detector is examined by using the KASSPER and other computer generated data.
Tooth-related issues

Several conditions exist around teeth that may predispose the periodontium to disease. These situations may occur as a result of the condition or position of teeth or as a result of tooth treatment. In certain cases these tooth-related factors may contribute to the initiation of periodontal disease. While the etiology of periodontal disease is bacterial, factors that enhance bacterial accumulation or allow the ingress of bacteria into the periodontium should be considered in the classification and diagnosis of periodontal diseases. This is because many times these tooth-related issues can cause site-specific problems that require treatment in an otherwise intact periodontium. Several factors related to tooth/root anatomy, restorative, and endodontic considerations have been associated with gingival inflammation, attachment loss, and bone loss. These factors will be reviewed as they relate to their potential to promote damage to the periodontium.
Separatist Wars, Partition, and World Order

Should ethnonationalist wars be resolved by formally partitioning states? The answer cannot be decided on a case by case basis, because two incentive problems cause ad hoc partitions to have effect...
Soil Hydraulic Property Estimation Using Remote Sensing: A Review

A review of recent developments related to soil hydraulic property estimation using remote sensing is presented. Several soil hydraulic parameter estimation techniques using proximal-, air-, or satellite-based remotely sensed soil moisture, land surface temperature, and/or evapotranspiration time series have evolved over the past decades. In particular, microwave remote sensing of near-surface soil moisture has played a key role in this respect. Inverse modeling, regression techniques, data assimilation methods by utilizing soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer models, genetic algorithm based optimization, and uncertainty quantification using ensemble based approaches under synthetic and field conditions have been developed and adapted over these years. In this context multiple approaches for estimating effective soil hydraulic parameters at different spatial scales (e.g., point to remote sensing footprints) by various scaling methods are also summarized. Methods reviewed include traditional bottom-up approaches, such as homogenization of local scale properties up to footprint scale, as well as newer top-down approaches, such as use of inverse modeling of remotely sensed soil moisture or temperature using genetic algorithms, Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations with data assimilation, and multi-scale Bayesian neural networks. While new remote sensing platforms provide powerful tools and techniques for noninvasive soil hydraulic property estimation of the vadose zone at multiple scales, current limitations including vision for future developments are also summarized.
Adiponectin and all-cause mortality in elderly people with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To assess the association between serum adiponectin level and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes. Because of the insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic effects of adiponectin, we hypothesized that higher adiponectin level would be associated with lower all-cause mortality. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 609 men and women aged 72 ± 6.3 years with type 2 diabetes and information on total and high molecular weight adiponectin were followed for a median of 5 years. The longitudinal association between adiponectin and all-cause mortality was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models with time from adiponectin measurement to death as the time-to-event variable. Analyses were adjusted for demographic variables and significant diabetes parameters, significant cardiovascular parameters, and significant diabetes medications. RESULTS Total and high molecular weight adiponectin were highly correlated. The highest adiponectin quartile was strongly associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with the lowest quartile (hazard ratio = 4.0 [95% CI: 1.7–9.2]) in the fully adjusted model. These results did not change in analyses stratified by sex and thiazolidinedione use, after exclusion of people who died within one year of adiponectin measurement, or when change in weight before adiponectin measurement was considered. CONCLUSION Contrary to our hypothesis, higher adiponectin level was related to higher all-cause mortality. This association was not explained by confounding by other characteristics, including medications or preceding weight loss.
Development and neurotransmitter-environmental interactions

Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) are three of the more than thirty neurotransmitters (NTs) in the brain. Axons from a relatively small number of cell bodies located in the midbrain and brainstem branch out to connect with virtually all areas of the brain. Via these connections, these three NTs participate in the regulation of several behavioral systems that help modulate the interaction of the individual with his/her environment. Because the NT systems continue to develop after birth, interactions between the individual and his/her environment after birth may affect the development of these systems and have long-term effects on the individual's behavior. Animal studies indicate that early experience affects behavior and biogenic amine systems in the adult. For instance, one study showed that maternal deprivation, which is analogous to human neglect, affects the NE system in monkeys and may have a long-lasting effect on its development and function. In a previous study, similar relationships between early neglect and the NE system in humans were examined. Our results show that emotionally disturbed children with a history of neglect have lower dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) activity, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of NE, than do children with no history of neglect. Additionally, the children with a history of neglect have lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both of which are functions mediated by the NE system, than the other children studied. These results support findings in animal studies that neglect affects the development of the NE system in a long-lasting, if not permanent way.
Model-based design of a protection scheme for shipboard power systems

The focus of this paper is the design and implementation of an advanced protection scheme for shipboard power systems (SPS) using model- or simulation-based techniques. An overcurrent scheme has been adopted as proof-of-concept application. By designing a model and hardware prototype, advanced adaptive protection schemes can be developed. The protection system is designed to minimize the effects of faults on the SPS, which presents challenges, such as increased fault vulnerability and lack of an electrical ground in the system. The development of elaborate digital protection devices for SPS requires appropriate tools for modeling, simulation, and testing. Different software and hardware prototyping tools were used in the present work. First, MATLAB/Simulink was used to model the whole system including the protective device. The Virtual Test Bed (VTB) and RSCAD (RTDS software package) were used to model the entire system for comparison purposes. The power system was then modeled using an electromagnetic transient real-time simulator such as RSCAD or VTB-RT. The protective device was thoroughly modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and then downloaded to a dSPACE controller board, which was interfaced with one of the real-time simulator to perform the corresponding hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests. The results of these HIL tests were then compared to similar tests using a commercial protective device, the SEL-351-S relay.
Anatomic reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament after multiligament knee injuries. A combination of the tibial-inlay and two-femoral-tunnel techniques.

Background:Neither operative nor nonoperative treatment of posterior cruciate ligament rupture after multiligament knee injuries have shown very favorable outcomes.Hypothesis:Reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament by combining the tibial-inlay and two-femoral-tunnel techniques will result in improved stability and functional outcomes.Study Design:Prospective cohort study.Methods:Twenty-nine patients with 30 posterior cruciate ligament ruptures and multiligament knee injuries treated with the combined technique were evaluated with clinical, radiographic, and functional outcome measures.Results:All patients had a clinical examination result indicating joint stability (0 or 1+) at an average follow-up of 25 months (range, 15 to 39). Twenty-three knees had no laxity, and seven had 1+ laxity. The KT-2000 arthrometer data documented less than 0.5 mm of side-to-side mean difference for both posterior displacement and total anterior-posterior displacement at both 30° and 70° of knee flexion. Knee range...
Ecohydrological niche of sagebrush ecosystems

Spatial and temporal patterns of soil water are major determinants of net primary production and plant functional composition in arid and semiarid ecosystems which cover approximately 30% of global land area. The ‘ecohydrological niche’ defines the components of species' niche that are described by the relationship between ecohydrological conditions and species occurrence. We modelled the ecohydrological niche of different sagebrush ecosystems types, which are widespread in the semiarid western United States, and identified characteristics, which, if altered, will potentially lead to changes in their geographic distribution. We ran a daily soil water simulation model, SOILWAT, to simulate the water balance in space and time for sites from across the geographic range of sagebrush ecosystems. Additionally, to evaluate the relative importance of weather type, soil texture, soil depth, vegetation biomass, and phenology, we performed a sensitivity analysis using output from SOILWAT. Our results demonstrated that soil water dynamics in sagebrush ecosystems are characterized by spring recharge followed by a dry period (timing dependent on ecosystem type), where top soil layers dry earlier and more completely than the bottom layers. Most response variables were strongly influenced by weather type, followed by phenology of biomass, and soil depth. Reducing the availability of deep soil water during summer dry periods by increasing evaporative demand or reducing spring recharge will potentially lead to shifts in the range of sagebrush ecosystems. Characterizing the ecohydrological niche will be essential for improving our understanding of how semiarid ecosystems will be affected by future climate and biological invasions. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the publish domain in the USA.
Technique for fabrication of ultrathin foils in cylindrical geometry for liner-plasma implosion experiments with sub-megaampere currents

In this work, we describe a technique for fabricating ultrathin foils in cylindrical geometry for liner-plasma implosion experiments using sub-MA currents. Liners are formed by wrapping a 400 nm, rectangular strip of aluminum foil around a dumbbell-shaped support structure with a non-conducting center rod, so that the liner dimensions are 1 cm in height, 6.55 mm in diameter, and 400 nm in thickness. The liner-plasmas are imploded by discharging ∼600 kA with ∼200 ns rise time using a 1 MA linear transformer driver, and the resulting implosions are imaged four times per shot using laser-shadowgraphy at 532 nm. This technique enables the study of plasma implosion physics, including the magneto Rayleigh-Taylor, sausage, and kink instabilities on initially solid, imploding metallic liners with university-scale pulsed power machines.
Sleep and Cognition in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Review of Literature

Changes in sleep and cognition occur with advancing age. While both may occur independently of each other, it is possible that alterations in sleep parameters may increase the risk of age-related cognitive changes. This review aimed to understand the relationship between sleep parameters (sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, sleep duration, general sleep complaints) and cognition in community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older without sleep disorders. Systematic, computer-aided searches were conducted using multiple sleep and cognition-related search terms in PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Twenty-nine manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. Results suggest an inconsistent relationship between sleep parameters and cognition in older adults and modifiers such as depressive symptoms, undiagnosed sleep apnea and other medical conditions may influence their association. Measures of sleep and cognition were heterogeneous. Future studies should aim to further clarify the association between sleep parameters and cognitive domains by simultaneously using both objective and subjective measures of sleep parameters. Identifying which sleep parameters to target may lead to the development of novel targets for interventions and reduce the risk of cognitive changes with aging.
Changes in purine salvage pathway enzyme activities during human lymphocyte differentiation induced by thymosin fraction 5.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside Phosphorylase(PNP), two purine salvage pathway enzymes, are essential to normal immune function. These two sequential enzymes have separate roles in the functioning of the immune system since deficiencies of each result in distinct clinical and laboratory immunodeficient states (Giblett et al., 1972; Giblett et al., 1975). Also, these two enzymes have been studied in different malignant cell lines as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations (PBMC) from individuals with different types of lymphoid malignancies(Tritsch and Minowada, 1978; Blatt et al., 1980). Results from these studies have suggested that ADA and PNP may serve as markers for cell differentiation.
MITOCHONDRIAL CALCIUM CHANNELS AS NOVEL TARGETS FOR THERAPY DEVELOPMENT

Age-related neurodegeneration and associated loss of neuronal function are often preceded and characterized by calcium dyshomeostasis. Both pathological changes in intracellular calcium signaling and intracellular calcium levels contribute to deficits in neuronal function, toxicity and cell death. Examples of such conditions include Alzheimer disease, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and related neuropathies. Several distinct ion channels and transporters of the plasma membrane and of membranes of intracellular calcium stores including mitochondria contribute to the homeostasis of intracellular calcium levels. Neurons in particular use highly controlled calcium signaling pathways to accomplish specialized and spatio-temporally distinct tasks. Our study focused on intracellular, calcium-activated calcium release channels present on the inner membrane of mitochondria, and their functional regulation by oxidative stress. Using a combination of immunochemical, electrophysiological and calcium imaging assays we were able to determine that chemically induced oxidative stress as well as ischemic conditions alter the electrophysiological properties of mitochondrial calcium-activated calcium release channels and resulting calcium toxicity. We provide additional evidence that this novel regulatory mechanism of calcium signaling can be employed for the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target disease-causing dysregulation of intracellular calcium concentrations at the level of the mitochondria.
Hierarchical Bayesian formulation of Sparse Signal Recovery algorithms using scale mixture priors

In the recent past, the Sparse Signal Recovery (SSR) problem has been very well studied using penalized regression approaches with different choice of penalty functions. In this work we revisit these penalized regression formulations in a Bayesian framework with suitable choice of supergaussian prior distributions. We introduce a generalized scale mixture framework, and provide connections with well known norm minimization based SSR algorithms. Of particular interest is the re-weighted l1 approach. The scale mixture representation allows us to formulate the corresponding Type II version of these algorithms, following the hierarchical bayesian framework of Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) and enable a comparison of Type I versus Type II approaches.
Colorto grayscale image conversion using modulation domain quadratic programming

We propose a new polynomial-time grayscale conversion algorithm applicable to general color images. The output grayscale image is modeled as a linear combination of three color channels where the mixing coefficients are computed by a constrained quadratic programming scheme using modulation domain features of the input color image. The optimization is formulated such that local color space distances between pixels in the input image are approximately preserved in the output grayscale image. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs favorably compared to state-of-the-art conversion algorithms, often producing a grayscale image with better visual distinctions between patches that are close in the color space of the original image.
The Effect of Employees' Social Network Degree Centrality on Their Individual Performance: The Modulating Effects of Degree Heterogeneity

Currently,more and more researches focus on the effects of social relation embedding in economic activities on employee's individual performance. However,no consistent conclusion is drawn. In order to reveal the relationship between network structure and the employee's performance,this paper introduces a new concept——degree heterogeneity. Degree centrality represents the absolute power of individuals in the networks,while degree heterogeneity denotes the distribution of such power. Using the 2009 survey data from Xi'an,we find that the degree centrality has a positive influence on employee's performance in informal networks( not in formal network),while the degree heterogeneity negatively adjusts the relationship between degree centrality and employee's performance.
On the non-(de)creolization of Chocó Spanish: A linguistic and sociohistorical account

Abstract Choco Spanish (CS) is an Afro-Hispanic vernacular spoken in the Department of Choco, located in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. This dialect has long been at the center of linguistic disputes concerning the genesis and evolution of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs). A widespread view in creole literature suggests that CS may be seen as the byproduct of a (de)creolization process, which would have affected several Afro-Hispanic varieties spoken across Latin America and the Caribbean ( Granda, 1968 , Granda, 1970 , Schwegler, 1991a , Schwegler, 1991b , Schwegler, 1999 ). The present study offers historical and linguistic evidence that contradicts the (de)creolization hypothesis for CS. Finding suggests that this vernacular may be better conceived as the result of advanced second language acquisition strategies, which do not entail any previous creole phase.
Toward Indoor Autonomous Flight Using a Multi-rotor Vehicle

The objective of the paper is to detail progress toward an indoor autonomous micro aerial vehicle (MAV) that uses a multi-layered hardware and software control architecture. We build a quadrotor MAV with design considerations for indoor use and document the design process. Our design uses a three-layered control system in both the hardware and software components. We focus on using a modular control architecture to allow for individual development of layers. For initial progress toward autonomous flight, we create an automated altitude control program that enables the MAV to hover stably at a given height. Experiments include hovering and directed flight through hallways with obstacles. Initial results provide optimistic feedback for future experiments concerning traversing indoor environments using an autonomous MAV with a three-layered control architecture.
Assessing Student Learning Outcomes Across a Curriculum

Disciplinary and professional competence in postsecondary education is made up of complex sets of constructs and role performances that differ markedly across the disciplines and professions. These often defy definition as learning outcomes because they are multidimensional and holistic. Even so, instructors who teach and assessors who evaluate competence in many fields may engage their colleagues in processes, usually within disciplines and professions, to capture enough breadth and depth of constructs and performances that are essential for particular roles. The question is whether students can integrate and transfer their learning across a curriculum and over time. Authors report on the design of an assessment technique for integration of knowledge constructs and role performances and their use, and adaptation and transfer across math and science prerequisite coursework. This assessment requires students to demonstrate scientific reasoning, quantitative literacy, analysis, and problem solving across these disciplines and over time, on demand, and in a setting outside of their regular coursework. During training of faculty assessors, independent evaluators recorded and categorized faculty questions re validity and reliability of their judgments and of assessment policies and procedures. A subgroup resolved them through action research. The authors conclude that each of the validity and reliability issues, also identified by the subgroup of multidisciplinary faculty and educational researchers, was also raised by faculty members as they were being trained as assessors. These faculty assessors were from across the disciplines and professions. Thus, faculties experienced in performance assessments who also serve as assessors of broad learning outcomes are likely to continue to develop assessment techniques with appropriate considerations of validity, reliability, and especially consequential validity. At this college, contextual and consequential validity for demonstration of individual student learning outcomes on assessments of integration and transfer imply achievement of complex, multidimensional learning outcomes, so students who were unsuccessful had further opportunity for instruction and reassessment.
What is (are) Information Studies

What are library and information science, information science, and information studies? Science involves rigorously articulated methodological activity that leads to the observation of phenomena. For most of the twentieth century library and information studies took place in the context of fields known variously as library science, information science, later as library and information science, then as information studies, and only recently as simply information itself. But this sequence of names reveals an evolution as well. In the first decades of the twentieth century, a new movement began to dub certain grant-endowed and technologically focused schools as “iSchools.” The field of information (or information studies) commonly is acknowledged to consist of several interlocking sub-disciplines, each of which has developed its own tools and principles, and in some of which theory is beginning to emerge. “Information,” of “Information Studies,” is an emerging discipline that has evolved from the convergence of librarianship and information as a science with other components of cognitive science. Rigorous scientific research has begun to yield a small base of theoretical knowledge as well, particularly into the essential properties of information (the process) and its carriers (knowledge artifacts and systems that organize and provide access to them). The discipline is itself a synergistic force because the object of our research is knowledge itself, and its potential as information; the role of the field is to isolate and define a shared base of principles that inform the information professions.
A Membrane Blotting Procedure for Detection of Salmonella on Chicken Carcasses.

Salmonellae attached to artificially contaminated chicken carcasses were identified in less than 24 h using a nitrocellulose membrane lift method. Six pieces of nitrocellulose membrane were pressed onto each chicken carcass at the breast, the thigh, and the back in order to lift the salmonellae from the carcasses. After direct incubation of the membranes on xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar overnight at 37°C, the appearance of black colonies on the white membrane was considered a positive presumptive test for salmonellae. Immunoassay of black colonies on the membrane with Salmonella -specific antiserum confirmed that the black colonies were salmonellae . The nitrocellulose membrane lift technique was shown to be comparable in sensitivity by direct enrichment of whole carcass rinse in selenite cystine broth.
Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome

Direct diagnosis by DNA analysis of the fragile X syndrome was studied in 511 persons from 63 families with the syndrome at the Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM), Unite 184, Faculte de Medecine, Strasbourg, France and other laboratories.
Building an Intelligent PAL from the Tutor.com Session Database Phase 1: Data Mining.

In this poster, we describe a new research project involving the analysis of nearly 250,000 human-human tutorial dialogue transcripts (in Algebra and Physics) supplied by Tutor.com, a leading provider of online tutorial services for children and young adults. This project involves training a panel of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) recruited from among Tutor.com’s expert tutors to hand-tag a “gold standard” training set of as many as 1,500 transcripts, involving hundreds of different tutors, and potentially totaling more than 100,000 separate utterances. The SMEs will use a theory-based coding scheme to classify utterances into dialogue acts and mode switches, i.e., dialogue acts that serve to initiate a change in dialogue mode. The resulting training set will be used to train a dialogue act classifier to automatically tag dialogue acts and modes in the remaining transcripts. Machine learning techniques will be used to discover patterns (e.g., sequences, clusters, Markov chains) associated with successful and less successful sessions, where success is measured by internal evidence of learning and also the learner and tutor ratings available in the transcript metadata. Due to the large number of sessions and tutors studied, this research promises to expand our understanding of the prevalence and types of strategies and tactics used by human tutors. Preliminary findings from this data set will be presented during the poster session.
Stroke Diagnosis in the Pediatric Emergency Department: An Ongoing Challenge.

See related article, p 1198. Diagnosis of pediatric stroke is often delayed, which has ramifications for the eligibility of children for hyperacute treatments such as thrombolysis and endovascular recanalization. Delayed pediatric stroke diagnosis occurs across developed countries, and delays occur at multiple stages of the prehospital, emergency room, and hospital course. In a Canadian cohort, median interval from symptom onset to diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) was 22.7 hours.1 Median delay in diagnosis was 29 hours in those with out-of-hospital strokes and 11.6 hours in those with in-hospital strokes. Interestingly, among those with out-of-hospital strokes, median time from symptom onset to hospital arrival was 1.7 hours, which indicates that most of the delay in diagnosis is on the part of medical staff. In fact, the median time from symptom onset to neuroimaging was 8.5 hours in the out-of-hospital group and 10.5 hours in the hospitalized group even though initial assessment was performed almost immediately in the hospitalized children. Lower Pediatric National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale score, lack of seizure, and nonabrupt symptom onset were among predictors of prehospital delays. Lower Pediatric NIH Stroke Scale score also predicted delayed diagnosis in the hospitalized children. Merely 10% were diagnosed within 3 hours and 20% within 6 hours, precluding most from consideration for hyperacute therapies. In a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom, median time from symptom onset to diagnostic neuroimaging among children with AIS was 24.3 hours.2 A risk factor for delayed diagnosis for ischemic stroke was a normal head computed tomography scan, in which case median time to diagnosis was 44 hours. The Canadian study included children presenting from the early 1990s to the mid 2000s, …
The effect of permeability on magnetic core performance factors

This paper reviews performance factors for comparing soft magnetic materials, including components subject to high frequency ac winding resistance effects. These concepts are extended in order to define the ranges in which they apply and provide a more direct comparison between the different ranges. The effect of permeability on component performance factors is investigated, showing that even low permeabilites can be useful for MHz level power converters. These results provide a high-level means for component designers to choose magnetic core materials and more realistic targets for magnetic materials development.
What Did You Do Today? Variability in Daily Activities is Related to Variability in Daily Cognitive Performance.

Objectives Are the activities we do each day related to fluctuations in our daily cognitive performance? Positive longitudinal associations between cognitive, physical, and social activities and cognitive ability in adulthood are well established. However little is known about how this relationship may operate at the daily level. Methods Community-dwelling participants 60-90 years of age (M = 69.41; n = 146) reported their activity participation and completed cognitive tests online for 7 consecutive days. Results Multilevel models showed that daily activities covaried with daily cognitive performance, indicating fluctuations in the activities that a person engaged in across the week were associated with corresponding changes in their daily speed, memory, and reasoning. This was strongest for social activities where on days when individuals engaged in more routine activities with social-private characteristics than usual, they had higher memory scores and responded faster. Discussion This information could be particularly relevant to the daily lives of older adults, especially those experiencing cognitive decline.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO4 Depot and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO4 of adrenal origin is the major C19 steroid in the serum. It is a precursor of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in patients with advanced prostate cancer following chemical or surgical castration. DHEA is a product of the P450c17 (17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase) enzyme. Despite inhibition of P450c17 with new agents, e.g., Abiraterone acetate, Orterenol, and Galeterone, the level of enzyme inhibition rarely exceeds 90% leaving behind a significant depot for androgen biosynthesis within the tumor. For DHEA-SO4 to be utilized there is uptake by organic anion transporter polypeptides, deconjugation catalyzed by steroid sulfatase, and adaptive upregulation of prostate steroidogenic enzymes that will convert DHEA into either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. The depot of DHEA-SO4 that remains after P450c17 inhibition and the adaptive responses that occur within the tumor to promote DHEA utilization contribute to mechanisms of drug resistance observed with P450c17 inhibitors. Knowledge of these mechanisms identify new targets for therapeutics that could be used to surmount drug resistance in prostate cancer.
Investigation on Occupational Disease Inductive Factors of Automobile Manufacturing Enterprises and Evaluation of Control Effect

The automobile manufacturing industry has a complex process and various processes, so it has buried many occupational-disease-related safety hazards and is the industry of high incidence of occupational diseases. Accurate identifcation and effective control of hazards in automobile manufacturing are an important guarantee for effective prevention of occupational disease. In order to investigate the types and status of occupational-disease-inductive factors of a car manufacturer, and evaluate the control effect, the general situation of the enterprise is collected from August 2016 to October 2017. And then the targeted treatment, including management measures, engineering protection and personal protection. The occupational-disease-inductive factors that are mainly produced in automobile manufacturing are productive dust, chemical substance and physical factors.
Political Pragmatism and Educational Inquiry

INTRODUCTION In 1967, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy declared that classical pragmatism no longer existed in any vital form. “While there continues to be an interest in the philosophies of Peirce, James, Dewey, and Schiller, pragmatism as a movement...cannot be said to be alive today,” it observed. However, because pragmatism “has helped shape the modern conception of philosophy as a way of investigating problems and clarifying communication rather than as a fixed system of ultimate answers and great truths,” the Encyclopedia concluded that pragmatism had fulfilled its purpose. “To have disappeared as a special thesis by becoming infused in the normal and habitual practices of intelligent inquiry and conduct is surely the pragmatic value of pragmatism.”
Longitudinal structural gray matter and white matter MRI changes in presymptomatic progranulin mutation carriers.

Abstract Introduction Mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene are a major source of inherited frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) spectrum disorders associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy. We use structural MRI to identify regions of baseline differences and longitudinal changes in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers (pGRN+) compared to young controls (yCTL). Methods Cognitively intact first-degree relatives of symptomatic GRN+ FTD patients with identified GRN mutations (pGRN+; N = 11, mean age = 41.4) and matched yCTL (N = 11, mean age = 53.6) were identified. They completed a MRI session with T1-weighted imaging to assess GM density (GMD) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to assess fractional anisotropy (FA). Participants completed a follow-up session with T1 and DWI imaging (pGRN+ mean interval 2.20 years; yCTL mean interval 3.27 years). Annualized changes of GMD and FA were also compared. Results Relative to yCTL, pGRN+ individuals displayed reduced GMD at baseline in bilateral orbitofrontal, insular, and anterior temporal cortices. pGRN+ also showed greater annualized GMD changes than yCTL at follow-up in right orbitofrontal and left occipital cortices. We also observed reduced FA at baseline in bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, left corticospinal tract, and frontal corpus callosum in pGRN+ relative to yCTL, and pGRN+ displayed greater annualized longitudinal FA change in right superior longitudinal fasciculus and frontal corpus callosum. Conclusions Longitudinal MRI provides evidence of progressive GM and WM changes in pGRN+ participants relative to yCTL. Structural MRI illustrates the natural history of presymptomatic GRN carriers, and may provide an endpoint during disease-modifying treatment trials for pGRN+ individuals at risk for FTD.
AGENCY AND PURPOSE IN NARRATIVE THERAPY: QUESTIONING THE POSTMODERN REJECTION OF METANARRATIVE

Postmodern ideas have led to increased interest in narrative in the domains of both theology and psychotherapy. Narrative theology allows the concept of an intrinsic human telos, a divinely created...
Knowledge of Birds in the Eighteenth Century

If asked what was known about birds, an eighteenth-century gentleman would have responded by saying that a great deal was known about them. Birds occupied a major position in eighteenth-century culture. There was, in fact, no escaping them, for in seemingly every cultural area their presence was apparent.
Nanoscale Self-Assembly of Thermoelectric Materials: A Review of Chemistry-Based Approaches

This review is concerned with the leading methods of bottom-up material preparation for thermal-to-electrical energy interconversion. The advantages, capabilities, and challenges from a material synthesis perspective are surveyed and the methods are discussed with respect to their potential for improvement (or possibly deterioration) of application-relevant transport properties. Solution chemistry-based synthesis approaches are re-assessed from the perspective of thermoelectric applications based on reported procedures for nanowire, quantum dot, mesoporous, hydro/solvothermal, and microwave-assisted syntheses as these techniques can effectively be exploited for industrial mass production. In terms of energy conversion efficiency, the benefit of self-assembly can occur from three paths: suppressing thermal conductivity, increasing thermopower, and boosting electrical conductivity. An ideal thermoelectric material gains from all three improvements simultaneously. Most bottom-up materials have been shown to exhibit very low values of thermal conductivity compared to their top-down (solid-state) counterparts, although the main challenge lies in improving their poor electrical properties. Recent developments in the field discussed in this review reveal that the traditional view of bottom-up thermoelectrics as inferior materials suffering from poor performance is not appropriate. Thermopower enhancement due to size and energy filtering effects, electrical conductivity enhancement, and thermal conductivity reduction mechanisms inherent in bottom-up nanoscale self-assembly syntheses are indicative of the impact that these techniques will play in future thermoelectric applications.