cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zum Jahrestreffen 1959 der Verfahrens-Ingenieure. Feinzerkleinerung mit mechanisch bewegten Prallwerkzeugen†

Nach einer allgemeinen Abgrenzung der Prallzerkleinerung zu den mit anderen mechanischen Wirkungsarten arbeitenden Zerkleinerungsmethoden werden die Arbeitsbereiche der ihren unterschiedlichen Aufgaben konstruktiv angepasten Prallwerkzeuge beschrieben. Der Einflus der Werkzeuggeschwindigkeit auf die Teilchengrose wird in einigen Mikroaufnahmen und Auftragungen der Kornverteilungen gezeigt, die zugleich eine gute Vorstellung uber heute praktisch und mit zutraglichen Mitteln erreichbare Feinheiten geben. Die Wirkung des stromenden Tragermediums auf das Feinheitsergebnis wird auf das gesetzmasige Verhalten kleiner Teilchen, ihres spez. Gewichts und ihrer Form zuruckgefuhrt. Von Einflus sind die Stoffstruktur, wiederholte Prallbeanspruchungen und die Beanspruchungsgrenzen der Stoffe. Die Prallzerkleinerung ist fur den selektiven Aufschlus strukturell inhomogener Stoffe besonders geeignet.
Gastric electrical stimulation is an effective and safe treatment for medically refractory gastroparesis

Background Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of obstruction. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Severe gastroparesis can result in recurrent hospitalizations, malnutrition, and even death. Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a low morbidity treatment that may be effective in patients who are refractory to medical therapy. Methods For a period of more than 35 months, 19 GES systems were implanted laparoscopically for refractory gastroparesis of diabetic (DG, n = 10), idiopathic (IG, n = 6), or postsurgical (PSG, n = 3) etiology. Total gastroparesis symptom scores (TSS) and weekly vomiting frequency were assessed. Gastric emptying studies were attained preoperatively and after 6 months. Results Mean follow-up was 38 weeks. There were no major complications. Within 6 weeks, frequency of vomiting decreased in 75% of DG (6/8) and 100% of IG (4/4) patients. No PSG patient complained of vomiting preoperatively. Mean TSS scores improved significantly at all intervals out to 1 year. Gastric emptying studies normalized in 80% of DG patients but in only 1 of the 6 patients with gastroparesis due to other causes. Conclusion GES therapy can lead to improvement in symptoms of gastroparesis and frequency of vomiting within 6 weeks. This therapy is a low morbidity treatment option that may help patients whose symptoms fail to improve with medical therapy.
Dynamic relaxation characteristics of thermally rearranged aromatic polyimides

Abstract The glass–rubber and sub-glass relaxation characteristics of ortho-functionalized aromatic polyimides and thermally rearranged polymers were investigated by dynamic mechanical and dielectric methods. Soluble polyimides (HAB–6FDA; APAF–ODPA) were synthesized by chemical and thermal imidization and subject to thermal rearrangement at elevated temperature. For the thermal exposure histories investigated, mass loss studies indicated partial conversion of the polyimide precursor, suggesting the formation of TR copolymers containing both benzoxazole units and residual imide segments. Measurement of storage modulus and loss tangent was used to follow the thermal rearrangement process in-situ as reflected in the suppression of the polyimide glass transition as a function of precursor structure, the nature of the ortho functional groups and prior thermal exposure. In addition, changes in the position and intensity of local relaxations detected across the sub-glass temperature range were correlated with the degree of thermal rearrangement in these polymers.
Correspondence problems cause repositioning costs in visual working memory

Visual working memory performance often declines when objects are tested in new positions from those they were observed. We report an asymmetry in repositioning costs for orientation compared to colour memory (Experiment 1). Follow-up experiments demonstrated a similar asymmetry for line length memory compared to shape memory (Experiment 2). When different shades of the same colour category were used, however, repositioning costs emerged for colour as well (Experiment 3). Finally, a direct comparison experiment demonstrated an asymmetry for orientation compared to categorical colours, but in a task with no explicit memory demands (Experiment 4). These results challenge previous accounts of repositioning costs, suggesting that they emerge not due to the contents of visual working memory, but naturally because of correspondence procedures that must be executed in order to use a memory to judge the present.
Vascular Prosthese s for Aortocoronary Bypass Grafting: A Review

: Alternative conduits must be chosen when autologous grafts are not available for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Viable grafts do not always have perfect characteristics for CABG, and homologous venous conduits have been used with unsatisfactory results. Many small caliber vascular grafts used for coronary bypass conduits have been developed in the past, but most of them have failed except in rare instances. In this paper the current problems in available conduits, new technologies for improvement, animal models, and possibilities for the future for CABG conduits are discussed.
A distribution-free convolution model for background correction of oligonucleotide microarray data

Affymetrix GeneChip® high-density oligonucleotide arrays are widely used in biological and medical research because of production reproducibility, which facilitates the comparison of results between experiment runs. In order to obtain high-level classification and cluster analysis that can be trusted, it is important to perform various pre-processing steps on the probe-level data to control for variability in sample processing and array hybridization. Many proposed preprocessing methods are parametric, in that they assume that the background noise generated by microarray data is a random sample from a statistical distribution, typically a normal distribution. The quality of the final results depends on the validity of such assumptions. We propose a Distribution Free Convolution Model (DFCM) to circumvent observed deficiencies in meeting and validating distribution assumptions of parametric methods. Knowledge of array structure and the biological function of the probes indicate that the intensities of mismatched (MM) probes that correspond to the smallest perfect match (PM) intensities can be used to estimate the background noise. Specifically, we obtain the smallest q2 percent of the MM intensities that are associated with the lowest q1 percent PM intensities, and use these intensities to estimate background. Using the Affymetrix Latin Square spike-in experiments, we show that the background noise generated by microarray experiments typically is not well modeled by a single overall normal distribution. We further show that the signal is not exponentially distributed, as is also commonly assumed. Therefore, DFCM has better sensitivity and specificity, as measured by ROC curves and area under the curve (AUC) than MAS 5.0, RMA, RMA with no background correction (RMA-noBG), GCRMA, PLIER, and dChip (MBEI) for preprocessing of Affymetrix microarray data. These results hold for two spike-in data sets and one real data set that were analyzed. Comparisons with other methods on two spike-in data sets and one real data set show that our nonparametric methods are a superior alternative for background correction of Affymetrix data.
Purine Metabolism Studies in the High and Low Uric Acid Containing Lines of Chickens: De Novo Uric Acid Synthesis and Xanthine Dehydrogenase Activities

De novo purine synthesis has been examined in two genetic lines of chickens selected for their plasma uric acid levels. Synthesis rates were determined using aqueous extracts of tissue acetone powders. The high uric acid line (HUA) had significantly greater kidney synthesis rates compared to the low uric acid (LUA) birds (P less than .05). The mean value of kidney de novo uric acid synthesis rates was 5.65 +/- .65 micrograms and 3.6 +/- .24 micrograms uric acid synthesized/mg acetone powder/hour, respectively, for the HUA and LUA birds. Kidney uric acid synthesis rates were significantly correlated to plasma uric acid levels (P = .07). No correlation was seen between liver de novo uric acid synthesis rates and plasma uric acid levels. Plasma uric acid levels were monitored in both lines from hatching through 42 weeks of age. In the HUA line peaks of uric acid level were noted during the 2nd, 4th, and 8th week followed by a fairly abrupt rise in levels after the 20th week, whereas in the LUA males a broad peak in the early weeks was followed by a gradual rise in levels after the 20th week. The LUA females had slightly elevated levels during the first weeks; however, no significant changes occurred after the 20th week. Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) activities in kidney acetone powders from the HUA line were significantly higher compared to those from the LUA line (P less than .05). The mean value of kidney XDH activity was 85.41 +/- 13.81 and 46.35 +/- 6.71 mmoles NAD reduced per milligram acetone powder per hour, respectively, for the HUA and LUA lines. There was no significant correlation between liver XDH activities and plasma uric acid levels; however, the activity was significantly higher in the HUA than in the LUA line.
Résultats du traitement de l’épiphysiolyse fémorale supérieure à grand déplacement selon la technique de Dunn, à propos de 25 cas

Resume Introduction Les epiphysiolyses a grand deplacement evoluent inexorablement vers l’arthrose, aussi, la restitution d’une anatomie normale par une intervention est-elle seduisante. Cela est possible grâce a l’intervention decrite par Dunn. Cependant, toutes les publications font etat de possibles necroses de la tete femorale. Patients et methodes Cette serie concerne 25 cas, survenus sur des adolescents de dix a 15 ans. Il s’agissait 16 fois d’un deplacement chronique pur evoluant depuis de nombreux mois. Un accident aigu surajoute etait constate neuf fois sur cette evolution progressive. La bascule de l’epiphyse etait dans tous les cas importante, de 60° a 90°. La traction postoperatoire a ete constante de 15 a 21 jours. Depuis 1979, une scintigraphie etait demandee au 15e jour postoperatoire pour etudier la vascularisation de la tete femorale. Resultats La reduction a ete anatomique, sauf deux fois ou l’epiphyse etait fixee en position soit de caput valgum, soit de varus de 15°. Nous avons eu 15 bons resultats avec des hanches cliniquement et radiologiquement normales, mais nous devons faire etat de dix complications, immediates ou tardives, soit 40 % des cas. Parmi les huit complications immediates (32 %), nous relevons quatre necroses (16 %) dont deux ont evolue vers une arthrose rapide et trois chondrolyses evoluant toutes vers l’arthrose, ainsi qu’une complication mecanique. Dans un delai de moins de dix ans, deux arthrodeses et trois arthroplasties ont ete necessaires. Au long recul, nous avons aussi deux degradations tardives alors que les evolutions cliniques et radiographiques initiales etaient favorables. Discussion L’intervention decrite par Dunn limite en theorie le risque vasculaire, lors de la correction du deplacement. Cependant cette intervention presente quelques points techniques delicats : la trochanterotomie peut etre trop ou pas assez importante, le decollement du perioste cervical posterieur peut etre agressif et enfin, lors de la reduction, ce meme perioste peut etre trop tendu. Toutes les series d’intervention de Dunn rapportent ce risque de complications necrotiques avec des pourcentages variables allant jusqu’a 17 %. Dans notre serie, nous avons 16 % de necroses qui associees aux chondrolyses sont responsables de destructions fonctionnelles articulaires immediates, ce qui ne nous parait pas tolerable chez des adolescents. L’abord direct au niveau du deplacement apres arthrotomie, associant une resection cuneiforme anterieure cervicale, permet une correction de la bascule en supprimant les deux premiers temps dangereux de l’intervention de Dunn. C’est actuellement cette voie qui a notre preference. Niveau de preuve Niveau IV, etude therapeutique retrospective.
RARα2 expression is associated with disease progression and plays a crucial role in efficacy of ATRA treatment in myeloma

Specific genetic alterations in multiple myeloma (MM) may cause more aggressive diseases. Paired gene array analysis on 51 samples showed that retinoic acid (RA) receptor alpha (RARalpha) expression significantly increased at relapse compared with diagnosis. RARalpha encodes 2 major isoforms: RARalpha1 and RARalpha2. In this study, we examined the function of RARalpha2 in MM. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed ubiquitous RARalpha1 expression in MM cells, but RARalpha2 was expressed in 26 (32%) of 80 newly diagnosed patients and 10 (28%) of 36 MM cell lines. Patients with RARalpha2 expression had a significantly shorter overall survival on identical treatments. The presence of RARalpha2 remained significant on multivariate analysis. Knockdown of RARalpha2 but not RARalpha1 induced significant MM cell death and growth inhibition, and overexpressing RARalpha2 activated STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Interestingly, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment induced potent cell death and growth inhibition in RARalpha2(+) but not RARalpha2(-) MM cells; overexpressing RARalpha2 in RARalpha2-deficient MM cells restored sensitivity to ATRA. Furthermore, ATRA treatment significantly inhibited the growth of RARalpha2-overexpressing MM tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model. These findings provide a rationale for RA-based therapy in aggressive RARalpha2(+) MM.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF INPUT OMISSION ON DEA

It is well known in the Data Envelopment Analysis literature that proper variable selection is necessary for the reliable measurement of efficiency. Omitting production relevant variables and/or including irrelevant variables will lead to biased measurement. It is also known that the sample size needs to be large relative to the number of inputs and outputs to prevent classification of efficiency by default. In some empirical settings the number of potential relevant variables is large. Careful selection of an appropriate set of variables is necessary for reliable efficiency measurement. This paper looks at the issue of input selection and uses simulation analysis to develop statistical procedures to provide guidelines for input selection.
40Ar39Ar dating of very fine-grained samples: An encapsulated-vial procedure to overcome the problem of 39Ar recoil loss

40Ar39Ar dating of very fine-grained materials is compromised by the loss of 39Ar by recoil, and also sometimes other Ar isotopes, during irradiation. An encapsulated sample 40Ar39Ar procedure is described which overcomes this problem and which produces a K-Ar equivalent date. Measurements indicate that the procedure yields reliable and reproducible results. It offers the potential for dating small amounts of material of many types, for example very fine-grained authigenic sheet silicates from rock cores, which may suffer Ar loss during irradiation.
ICDE 2006 Ph.D. workshop report

This report summarizes the Ph.D. Workshop held in conjunction with the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering. This report includes a summary of the technical presentations as well as the panelist discussion.
Regulating Nonpoint Source Water Pollution in a Federal Government: Four Case Studies

Without effective regulation, nonpoint source water pollution is likely to increase as growth continues across the globe. This paper explores the history of and policy, legal and regulatory options for addressing nonpoint source water pollution in countries with a federal government. The legal mechanisms for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollution at the national and state level in four countries are identified and analysed. While the forms of control and level of governance at which these pollutants are regulated vary among the countries explored, the effectiveness of their control will depend largely on how strategic rather than patchwork the structure is.
Digging behavior in 12 taxa of muroid rodents

The digging behavior of 12 taxa of muroid rodents was observed on sand and peat substrates. Overall, significantly more digging was performed on peat than on sand. The percentage of animals of each taxon that dug was found to be positively correlated with both the duration of digging and the number of bouts of digging and negatively correlated with latency to dig. Differences across taxa in the duration of digging were correlated with field observations of the nesting behavior of these taxa; taxa that frequently utilize subterranean nest sites exhibited more digging than those that do not. The motor patterns used in digging are described;Mus musculus was the only species that appeared to exhibit a unique digging pattern. Digging behavior appears to be a pattern that is readily elicited in the laboratory, related to behavior in the field, and appropriated for further laboratory study.
Meiotic analyses of tall fescue plants regenerated from callus cultures

Abstract Meiotic analyses were conducted on tall fescue ( Festuca arundiancea Schreb). plants, (1) grown from seed, (2) regenerated from callus cultures and (3) regenerated from callus cultures in which the explant (mature embryos) had been previously treated with ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS). No choromosomal abnormalities were found in pollen mother cells of control plants. Between 40 and 50% of plants regenerated from tissue cultures exhibited abnormalities, including aneuploidy. Regenerated plants from treated and nontreated embryos did not differ appreciably in either frequency or types of aberrations observed. The most common aberrations were lagging chromosomes, bridges and micronuclei in dyads and tetrads. Pollen stainability was high in all three groups of plants and was not related to frequency of aberrations in individual plants.
Critical care management of acute ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) can have profound and devastating effects on the CNS and several other organs. Approximately 15% to 20% of patients with AIS are admitted to an intensive care unit and cared for by a multidisciplinary team. This article discusses the critical care management of patients with AIS. RECENT FINDINGS Patients with AIS require attention to airway, pulmonary status, blood pressure, glucose, temperature, cardiac function, and, sometimes, life-threatening cerebral edema. SUMMARY The lack of disease-specific data has led to numerous management approaches and limited guidance on choosing among them. Existing guidelines emphasize risk factors, prevention, natural history, and prevention of bleeding but provide little discussion of the complex critical care issues involved in caring for patients with AIS.
A theory of robust long-run variance estimation

Long-run variance estimation can typically be viewed as the problem of estimating the scale of a limiting continuous time Gaussian process on the unit interval. A natural benchmark model is given by a sample that consists of equally spaced observations of this limiting process. The paper analyzes the asymptotic robustness of long-run variance estimators to contaminations of this benchmark model. It is shown that any equivariant long-run variance estimator that is consistent in the benchmark model is highly fragile: there always exists a sequence of contaminated models with the same limiting behavior as the benchmark model for which the estimator converges in probability to an arbitrary positive value. A class of robust inconsistent long-run variance estimators is derived that optimally trades off asymptotic variance in the benchmark model against the largest asymptotic bias in a specific set of contaminated models.
Palliative care education integrated into a geriatrics rotation for resident physicians.

The authors present the curricular elements of a palliative care experience for internal medicine residents at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) and the Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (ZVAMC), Milwaukee, Wisconsin. To improve resident physicians' knowledge and skills in palliative care, a structured clinical/educational experience was integrated into an existing required geriatrics rotation for senior medicine residents. Each month, two residents rotate simultaneously in the palliative care and the geriatrics evaluation and management units at the ZVAMC. The curricular elements of palliative care include prognostication, assessment and management of pain and nonpain symptoms in end-of-life care. The geriatrics component emphasizes mechanisms of aging, pathophysiology of common geriatric diseases, clinical pharmacology and psychosocial aspects of geriatric care. Teaching methods include direct patient care, bedside teaching rounds, lectures, and multidisciplinary and family meetings. Rotatio...
Our Cities and The City: Incompatible Classics?

At the end of the 1930s, Americans interested in the fates and futures of their cities had the opportunity to consider two new efforts to summarize urban problems and propose solutions. The first was Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy, published in 1937 under the auspices of the National Resources Board. The second was The City, a film sponsored by the American Institute of Planners for showing at the New York world's fair in 1939. The report and the film arose out of different analytical traditions, the first from the approach that embedded urban planning within a larger field of social science and policy making and the second from the physical planning and design tradition that had marked planning practice in the first third of the twentieth century. This article considers the origins of the two texts, compares their topical coverage and prescriptions for change, and argues that their differences encapsulated a deep tension that has continued to be manifest within urban planning in the USA i...
Recursive estimation of the Preisach density function for a smart actuator

The Preisach operator and its variants have been successfully used in the modeling of a physical system with hysteresis. In an application, one has to determine the density function describing the Preisach operator from measurements. In our earlier work, we described a regularization method to obtain an approximation to the density function with limited measurements. In this paper, we describe methods for recursively computing the approximate density function. These methods can be implemented in real-time controllers for smart actuators.
Late renal transplant vein thrombosis associated with lymphocele - A case history

The authors present a case of delayed allograft renal vein thrombosis associated with compression from a perirenal transplant lymphocele. Realtime and Doppler ultrasound diagnosed thrombus within an enlarged renal transplant vein, high vascular impedance with absent venous signals, and a peritransplant lymphocele. The graft function was restored following percutaneous drainage of the lymphocele and anticoagulation therapy
Nonlinear Diffusion: Self-Similarity and Traveling-Waves

The presence of fluids in earth materials causes the propagation of fractures, which is observed on large scales to be regulated by nonlinear diffusion processes. In contrast with linear diffusion processes, nonlinear diffusion can result in flows with a pulse-like character (i.e., the fluid is confined to a finite space) whose profiles remain unchanged in time and which possess either self-similar or traveling-wave characters. Entropy-like (Lyapunov functional) arguments are developed here to demonstrate the asymptotic trend to self-similarity or traveling-waves in a broad class of nonlinear diffusion problems.
Advanced juvenile open-angle glaucoma in an 8-year-old Haitian girl.

Abstract Background Glaucoma can afflict infants and children in several ways. Conditions such as inflammation or trauma can contribute to elevated intraocular pressure in secondary glaucoma, whereas congenital abnormalities of the trabecular meshwork development can result in infantile glaucoma. Lesser known, however, is juvenile open-angle glaucoma, which afflicts children and young adults in a manner similar to primary open-angle glaucoma, with no identifiable trabecular meshwork abnormalities or other secondary causes. Case report An 8-year-old Haitian girl was referred for suspicion of a left optic neuropathy. Examination found markedly elevated intraocular pressure with open angles and advanced glaucomatous neuropathy in each eye without evidence of signs of infantile or secondary glaucoma. Medical therapy was instituted before surgical consultation. Clinical features of patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma are presented along with a discussion of genetic expression and management of the condition. Conclusions Juvenile open-angle glaucoma, although uncommon, can cause significant visual morbidity in children. In that children represent a unique and atypical glaucoma population with special therapeutic needs, all treatment options must be clearly understood.
The Arizona Radio Observatory CO Mapping Survey of Galactic Molecular Clouds. II. The W3 Region in CO J = 2-1, 13CO J = 2-1, and CO J = 3-2 Emission

We present fully sampled 38'' resolution maps of the CO and 13CO J = 2-1 lines in the molecular clouds toward the H II region complex W3. The maps cover a 20 × 167 section of the galactic plane and span –70 to –20 km s–1 (LSR) in velocity with a resolution of ~1.3 km s–1. The velocity range of the images includes all the gas in the Perseus spiral arm. We also present maps of CO J = 3-2 emission for a 05 × 033 area containing the H II regions W3 Main and W3(OH). The J = 3-2 maps have velocity resolution of 0.87 km s–1 and 24'' angular resolution. Color figures display the peak line brightness temperature, the velocity-integrated intensity, and velocity channel maps for all three lines, and also the (CO/13CO) J = 2-1 line intensity ratios as a function of velocity. The line intensity image cubes are made available in standard FITS format as electronically readable files. We compare our molecular line maps with the 1.1 mm continuum image from the BOLOCAM Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS). From our 13CO image cube, we derive kinematic information for the 65 BGPS sources in the mapped field, in the form of Gaussian component fits.
Flight-test evaluation of civil helicopter terminal approach operations using differential GPS

A civil code differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) has been developed and flight-tested by the NASA Ames Research Center. The system was used to evaluate the performance of the DGPS for support of helicopter terminal approach operations. The airborne component of the DGPS was installed in a NASA helicopter. The ground-reference component was installed in a mobile van and equipped with a real-time VHF telemetry data link to transmit correction information to the aircraft system. An extensive series of tests was conducted to evaluate the performance of the system for several different configurations of the airborne navigation filter. This paper will describe the systems, the results of the flight tests, and the results of the posttest analysis.
Ectopic cartilage in thyroid

Abstract The unusual finding of a microscopic focus of ectopic cartilage in an otherwise normal thyroid of a 71-year-old man is reported. The two previously reported cases of ectopic cartilage in a nonneoplastic thyroid are noted. Dislocation of an element of the fourth or fifth branchial arch during development of the laryngeal cartilages and its incorporation into the thyroid appears to be the most plausible explanation.
Automated assembly of a tetrahedral truss structure using machine vision

The Automated Structures Assembly Laboratory is a unique facility at NASA Langley Research Center used to investigate the robotic assembly of truss structures. Two special-purpose end-effectors have been used to assemble 102 truss members and 12 panels into an 8-meter diameter structure. One end-effector is dedicated to truss member insertion, while a second end-effector is used to install panels. Until recently, the robot motions required to construct the structure were developed iteratively using the facility hardware. Recent work at Langley has resulted in a compact machine vision system capable of providing position information relative to targets on the structure. Use of the vision system to guide the robot from an approach point 10 to 18 inches from the structure, offsetting model inaccuracies, permits robot motion based on calculated points as a first step toward use of preplanned paths from an automated path planner. This paper presents recent work at Langley highlighting the application of the machine vision system during truss member insertion.
Isolation of nuclei from red and white skeletal muscles of the adult rat

Abstract The distinct procedures required for the isolation of nuclei from red and white skeletal muscles of the adult rat in reproducible yields of 15 and 20%, respectively, are described. The purity and preservation of the isolated nuclei were evaluated by phase contrast and electron microscopy, by analyses of RNA and protein content and by RNA polymerase assays.
Relationship between Economic Development and Environmental Pollution of Resource-Based Cities in China

There are few studies on the relationship between economic development and environmental pollution of resource-based cities in China. Taking SO2 as a case, this paper tests the relationship using panel date from 2003 to 2008 of 46 prefecture-level resource-based cities. The results show that category of natural resources influences the pollutants emission, shapes and turning points of Environmental Kuznets Curve in resource-based cities. Non-ferrous metallurgy cities emit the most SO2, while forest cities emit the least. The curve is inverted U-shaped in coal cities, ferrous metallurgy cities and non-ferrous metallurgy cities, while inverted N-shaped in oil cities, and N-shaped in forest cities. Under the same environmental policies, the city which emits the most SO2 has the lowest turning point.
Nuclear-resonance investigation of the low-mobility region in cubic metallic sodium tungsten bronze, Na x W O 3

Nuclear-resonance measurements of linewidth, Knight shift, nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$, and spin-echo parameters are reported for $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ in a series of pseudocubic sodium tungsten bronzes ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}{\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$, where $x$ varies from 0.22 up to 0.57. The measurements presented here cover the critical low-mobility region on, and possibly just below, the metallic side of the metal-insulator transition. Structural information on these alloys of low-$x$ value is deduced from x-ray and resonance measurements, arguments are presented for discounting the relevance of percolation theories in understanding the conduction processes in the bronzes of high-$x$ value, the experimental fact that the density of states $g({E}_{F})$ is directly proportional to $x$ is correlated with recent band-structure calculations, and the strong enhancements of ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the dilute regime are discussed in the context of the proximity of the metal-insulator transition.
Boson-Fermion model of superconductivity

Abstract We examine the superfluidity properties of a mixed boson-fermion system, with individual bosons unstable. There exists a critical density p c . The superfluid consists of both bosons and fermions for density p > p c , but only fermions for p c . Possible applications to Y-123 and other material are suggested.
Barriers to effective symptom management in hospice

The barriers to effective symptom management in hospice are not well described. We surveyed nurses of hospices affiliated with the Population-based Palliative Care Research Network (PoPCRN) to identify barriers to the effective management of common symptoms in terminally ill patients. 867/1710 (51%) nurses from 67 hospices in 25 U.S. States returned surveys. Of 32 symptoms, nurses reported agitation (45%), pain (40%), and dyspnea (34%) as the 'most difficult to manage.' The most common perceived barriers to effective symptom management were inability of family care providers to implement or maintain recommended treatments (38%), patients or families not wanting recommended treatments (38%), and competing demands from other distressing symptoms (37%). Patterns of barriers varied by symptom. These nurses endorsed multiple barriers contributing to unrelieved symptom distress in patients receiving hospice care. Interventions to improve symptom management in hospice may need to account for these differing barrier patterns.
An ‘adjustable’ calculator program to determine fraction of species versus pH profiless for mono-, di-or triprotic weak acids or bases

Abstract A calculator program for TI-58/59 is presented which determines the fraction of dissociated and undissociated species of weak acids and bases, provided values for dissociation constants and pH are known. The answers are displayed in exponential notation. The calculations can be repeated at as many pH-values as required to obtain a satisfactory fraction of species versus pH profile. The program is made ‘adjustable’ by deleting selected program steps to accommodate calculations for mono-, di- or triprotic weak acids or bases.
Female mouse maturation: effects of excreted and bladder urine from juvenile and adult males.

A sequence of 4 experiments examined the effects of prepubertal and adult males on the sexual maturation of young female house mice. The results support 3 conclusions: (1) the presence of a prepubertal male or of urine from prepubertal males does not affect the timing of sexual maturation in young female house mice; (2) the maturation-accelerating pheromone produced by adult males is present in the bladder urine of intact adult males but is absent from both excreted and bladder urine of castrated males; and (3) young females caged with 7 prepubertal males or with a castrated adult male mature earlier than control females caged alone. Results indicating that the presence of a castrated male leads to earlier sexual maturation of young female mice differ from previous findings. A possible explanation for this contradictory result is based on the ability of young weanling female mice to acclimatize and thermoregulate when separated from the dam and litter-mates. A model for density-feedback population regulation in house mice involving pheromones produced by males and females is presented.
The bop gene cluster of Halobacterium halobium

Summary The protein, bacterio-opsin, complexed with retinal functions as a light-driven proton pump in the purple membrane of the halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium halobium . The gene encoding bacterio-opsin ( bop ) is located within a cluster of genes, two of which are regulatory genes affecting bop gene expression. A third gene, blp , is co-regulated with the bop gene by low oxygen tension. Characterization of Bop mutants and transcriptional analyses of wild-type cultures grown under conditions of high light intensity and low oxygen tension have provided information about the roles of the two regulatory genes, brp and bat . A model has been proposed in which the Bat protein functions as an oxygen detector and trans -acting activator, whereas Brp is a membrane-bound light sensor. Moreover, conserved motifs located upstream of the bop gene most likely represent binding sites for regulatory factors mediating the response of the bop gene to high light intensity and low oxygen tension.
Growth, productivity, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration of pure and mixed native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, reforestation programs with indigenous tree species are a recent activity. Information is still scarce on long-term species performance and silvicultural management to ensure the success of tree plantings, especially for mixed stands. This study aims to estimate growth, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration of nine native tree species growing in mixed and pure plantings. The study was carried out at La Selva Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. More than a half of the tree species studied (e.g. Calophyllum brasiliense, Jacaranda copaia, Terminalia amazonia, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Vochysia ferruginea, Balizia elegans) are distributed from Mexico-Guatemala to South America and a few have more limited distribution in Central America (e.g. Vochysia guatemalensis, Virola koschnyi, Dipteryx panamensis). The nine tree species are divided into three sets. The 3 members of each set were grown separately in pure plantations, and together in 1 mixed plantation, giving 12 monocultures and 4 mixtures. Plantation 1 (13 years old) is composed of V. guatemalensis, C. brasiliense, and J. copaia. Plantation 2 (13 years old) is comprised of D. panamensis, T. amazonia and V. koschnyi. Plantation 3 (12 years old) is composed of H. alchorneoides, B. elegans, and V. ferruginea. Overall, all the species had good growth and productivity either in pure or mixed stands in comparison to other native and exotic species growing in similar ecological conditions. The exception was C. brasiliense in mixed stands, where it was suppressed by the fast-growing species V. guatemalensis and J. copaia. At the stand level, the mixed stands performed well for volume, basal area, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration, in comparison to other pure or mixed plantations of tropical timber species. Pure plantations of V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, V. koschnyi, J. copaia, and T. amazonia also presented good productivity. At the tree level, V. guatemalensis, J. copaia, T. amazonia, H. alchorneoides, and D. panamensis performed better in mixtures than in pure stands for diameter, height, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration estimations. Values for the former three species were significantly higher in mixed than in pure stands. C. brasiliense was the only species with significantly better growth in pure stands than in mixed stands, for the three-species combination examined. The results show that mixed plantings had similar or higher productivities for several of the variables examined, but conclusions on relative productivities depend on the species and growth features, interactions among species, and the variables quantified. In addition, there is a need to continue monitoring over longer time-frames, and for further studies of the species interactions and site factors involved, in order to develop reforestation guidelines for a range of objectives and environmental settings.
Excitons in CdTe/Cd1−xMnxTe multiquantum wells

Abstract We discuss results of spectroscopic studies of the optical properties of CdTe/Cd 1− x Mn x Te multiquantum wells. These structures are sources of intense luminescence at low temperatures. Dependence of luminescence spectra on temperature and external magnetic field shows strong evidence for emission by localized excitons which are attracted to the heterointerfaces.
aSIRTing control over cancer stem cells.

Cancer stem cells lie at the root of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and mediate its continued growth. Their resistance to current therapies results in an inability to eradicate the disease. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Li et al. identify SIRT1 as a new target for eliminating CML cancer stem cells.
A Review of Surgery for Atrial Fibrillation

A Review of Surgery for Atrial Fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is the most common of all sustained cardiac arrhythmias, yet it has no effective medical or surgical therapy. During the past decade, multipoint computerized electrophysiologic mapping systems were used to map both experimental and human atrial fibrillation. On the basis of these studies, a new surgical procedure was developed for atrial fibrillation. Between September 25, 1987, and July 1, 1991, this procedure was applied in 22 patients with paroxysmal atrial flutter (n = 2), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n = 11), or chronic atrial fibrillation (n = 9) of 2 to 21 years duration. All patients were refractory to all antiarrhythmic medications, and each patient failed to receive the desired therapeutic benefits of an average of five drugs administered preoperatively. There were no operative deaths and all perioperative morbidity resolved. All 22 patients have been successfully treated for atrial fibrillation with surgery alone. Preservation of atrial transport function has been documented in all patients postoperatively, and all have experienced marked clinical improvement.
Congenital bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and ptosis: A new syndrome?

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is a rare, but not unheard of, occurrence in the perinatal period. It is often incompatible with life unless the problem is recognized promptly, the child intubated, and — following this — a tracheotomy performed. Bilateral congenital ptosis is a very rare occurrence and is almost always associated with either significant central nervous system deficit or with other oculomotor problems. The combination of congenital bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and congenital ptosis has not been previously reported in the English language literature. The author has had the opportunity to manage two patients, a father and his daughter, both of whom manifested this unusual combination of symptoms. Detailed case histories are presented. Both of the patients were successfully managed by temporary tracheotomy followed by reinnervation of the larynx, with eventual extubation and satisfactory day-to-day airway. Although only two cases represent an inadequate number to determine a new syndrome, these striking findings in a father and his only offspring suggest the possibility that this may, indeed, represent a new symptom complex of congenital origin.
Membership theory, rationalism, and the claim to adequacy in health services.

SUMMARY The immediate, practical purpose of this paper is to discuss and elaborate upon the concept of adequacy, especially when applicable to an understanding of the social work role in health policy making. The relevant topics under the general category of adequacy are (1) the perception and definition of the citizen/client; (2) the concept of rationality in health planning broken down into conditionality and prioritization, and (3) the concept of adequacy itself. Each will be addressed from the standpoint of recent experience and what may be done in the future to clarify and rationalize each. Clarity about clients, about rational approaches to policy making and planning, leading to a clear idea about adequacy in health care are presented as the indispensable elements in social work. Conditionality and prioritization are significant because no society will bring within equal reach of all members the benefits of health care, which usually means that health care is not rendered arbitrarily but as a result...
On Bayesian Analysis of Generalized Linear Models Using Jeffreys's Prior

Abstract Generalized linear models (GLM's) have proved suitable for modeling various kinds of data consisting of exponential family response variables with covariates. Bayesian analysis of such data requires specification of a prior for the regression parameters in the model used. Uniform priors are very commonly used as conventional noninformative priors. We show, however, that uniform priors for GLM's can lead to improper posterior distributions thus making them undesirable. Alternative reference priors may be constructed from Jeffreys's rule. In this article, we give two theorems that support the use of Jeffreys's priors for GLM's with intrinsically fixed or known scale parameters. These theorems provide (i) sufficient and (ii) necessary and sufficient conditions for the propriety of the (i) posterior and (ii) prior distributions as well as for the existence of moments. Implications of these theorems for some commonly used GLM's are discussed. Finally, an illustrative example is given for the binomial ...
Cardiomyogenic differentiation potential of human adipose precursor cells

DNA demethylation agent 5-azacytidine has been widely described in literature as an effective chemical stimulus used to promote cardiomyogenic differentiation in various cell types, ranging from embryonic stem cells, P19 cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and recently to adipose-derived stem cells. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 5-azacytidine on human adipose precursor cell differentiation along the cardiomyogenic lineage.
Crime and Punishment in Liechtenstein: A Country Profile

(2009). Crime and Punishment in Liechtenstein: A Country Profile. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 325-348.
The incidental parameter problem in a non-differentiable panel data model

Abstract We consider a panel quantile model with fixed effects. It is shown that the maximum likelihood estimator is numerically equivalent to the least absolute deviations estimator of the differenced model, and as a consequence, there is no incidental parameter problem.
Use of provocation techniques for the evaluation of drug efficacy

The chairman of this round-table discussion, Dr. David Herzig, asked me to address the following three questions. I will respond to them in this order: (1) How does one select patients for bronchial challenge in terms of (a) disease, (b) present therapy, and (c) sample size? (2) What baseline and placebo studies are needed? (3) Does blocking of bronchial challenge with a drug predict actual efficacy of the drug in a double-blind clinical investigation?
Serotonin receptors: their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia.

Serotonin (5-HT)-receptor-based mechanisms have been postulated to play a critical role in the action of the new generation of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) that are usually referred to as atypical APDs because of their ability to achieve an antipsychotic effect with lower rates of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) compared to first-generation APDs such as haloperidol. Specifically, it has been proposed by Meltzer et al. [J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251 (1989) 238] that potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonism together with weak dopamine (DA) D2 receptor antagonism are the principal pharmacologic features that differentiate clozapine and other apparent atypical APDs from first-generation typical APD. This hypothesis is consistent with the atypical features of quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone, which are the most common treatments for schizophrenia in the United States and many other countries, as well as a large number of compounds in various stages of development. Subsequent research showed that 5-HT1A agonism may be an important consequence of 5-HT2A antagonism and that substitution of 5-HT1A agonism for 5-HT2A antagonism may also produce an atypical APD drug when coupled with weak D2 antagonism. Aripiprazole, the most recently introduced atypical APD, and a D2 receptor partial agonist, may also owe some of its atypical properties to its net effect of weak D2 antagonism, 5-HT2A antagonism and 5-HT1A agonism [Eur. J. Pharmacol. 441 (2002) 137]. By contrast, the alternative "fast-off" hypothesis of Kapur and Seeman [Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 360] applies only to clozapine and quetiapine and is inconsistent with the "slow" off rate of most atypical APDs, including olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors located on glutamatergic pyramidal neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, 5-HT2A receptors on the cell bodies of DA neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra and GABAergic interneurons in the cortex and hippocampus, and 5-HT1A receptors in the raphe nuclei are likely to be important sites of action of the atypical APDs. At the same time, evidence has accumulated for the important modulatory role of 5-HT2C and 5-HT6 receptors for some of the effects of some of the current APDs. Thus, 5-HT has joined DA as a critical target for developing effective APDs and led to the search for novel drugs with complex pharmacology, ending the exclusive search for single-receptor targets, e.g., the D3 or D4 receptor, and drugs that are selective for them.