cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of GlobalWarming on Tea Production. Case Study of PTPN XYZ in Indonesia

National consumption for tea in Indonesia is about 145 thousand (tonnes) annually with an increasing rate of 1.57 percent per year. Although the consumption rate has increased, national tea production has steadily declined over the last 10 years. Increasing temperatures due to climate change have been put forward as a contributing factor to the decline of tea production. In addition, the area of land used for tea production has decreased to make way for both housing development projects and other forms of cash crops. The conversion of land used for tea into other crops is in turn linked to increasing temperature and unstable weather conditions that aggravate tea production. Thus increases the cost of tea production and motivates tea plantations to switch to palm oil production or horticulture which produces higher profits. In this paper, PTPN XYZ of West Java, Indonesia is used as a case study to show the transition from tea production to alternative cash crops as a result of unsuitable weather conditions and its impact on decreasing national tea production.
Porcine Ischemic Wound-Healing Model for Preclinical Testing of Degradable Biomaterials

Impaired wound healing that mimics chronic human skin pathologies is difficult to achieve in current animal models, hindering testing and development of new therapeutic biomaterials that promote wo...
Further evaluation of animal systemic insecticides, 1968.

The, following 9 compounds were active as animal insecticides when administered orally or subcutaneously to guinea pigs parasitized by nymphal lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.); larvae of the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen), and the secondary screw-worm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.); and adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L): Chevron 9006 (O , S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate), Ciba C-768 (dimethyl phosphate ester with 2-chloro-N-methycrotona), Ciba C-776 (dimethyl phosphate ester with 2-chloro-N-ethylcrotonamide), Ciba C-2428 ( O, O -dimetllyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-isopropyl-2-mercapto-N-methoxyacetamide), duPont 1335 (methyl p -chloro-N-[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy]thiobenzimidate), Geigy GS-13798 (2-methyl-8-quinolyl methylcarbamate), Hercules 13462 ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with N -(1-mecaptoethyl)succinimide) , Pennsalt TD-72 (ethyl (mercap-toacetyl) methylcarbamate S-ester with O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate), and Velsicol FCS-13 (O -ethyl-isopropyl-phosphoramidothioate S -ester with 2-mercapto-N-methcutaneously oxy- N -methylacetamide). These insecticides and the following 8 systemically active insecticides (previously tested) were administered orally or dermally to cattle for control of cattle grubs, Hypoderma spp: Bay 62863 (2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), Bay 64995 ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4'-dithiodiphcnol), Bay 65258 ( O -ethyl-S-methyl phos-phoramidothioate), carbofuran, menazon, Schering 34615 ( m -cym-5-yl methylcarbamate), Stauffer B-9627 ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with mercapto-2-propanone diethyl mercaptole), and Stauffer R-3828 ( S -( p -chloro-a-phenylbenzyl) O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate). Only Bay 64995 (15 mg/kg) and Stauffer B-9627 (20 mg/kg) administered orally by capsule gave> 90% concaptoethyl) trol of the grubs.
Abstract TP445: Angiotensin Receptor Type 1 Deficiency Attenuates Brain Damage and Improves Outcome After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Inflammation which accompanies traumatic brain injury (TBI) can exacerbate neurological deficits. Thus, anti-inflammatory treatments have the potential to improve outcome. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ART1) mediates vasoconstriction, and its inhibition has been widely used to treat hypertension. However, recent work has suggested that it may also modulate apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. Thus, treatment with already available ART1 blockers may have additional neuroprotective value. We explore the contribution of ART1 to neuroprotection and brain hemorrhage in a model of TBI. Male, wildtype (Wt) and ART1 knockout (Ko) mice were subjected to TBI using controlled cortical impact (CCI). This model leads to reproducible traumatic brain injury with disruption of motor function and hemorrhage into the area of injury. Sensorimotor function (adhesive removal & elevated body swing tests), brain hemorrhage and lesion size were assessed at 3, 7 and 14 days. To explore the clinical relevance of ART1 in brain injury, we also gave Wt mice an ATR1 inhibitor (candesartan, 0.1mg/kg IP). We found that ATR1 deficient mice were protected from CCI as evidenced by decreased lesion and hemorrhage volumes (decreases of ∼40% in lesion size amongst Ko mice, n=6/group, p
Hold the Stroke Alert! Acute Axillary Artery Embolus Unmasked by Emergency Bedside Ultrasound:

Objective—To describe a case of axillary artery embolus detected by emergency physician- performed bedside ultrasound.Case Report—A patient presented with a possible stroke but was diagnosed correc...
Composite resin layering and placement techniques: case presentation and scientific evaluation.

UNLABELLED Composite resin technology has evolved, providing clinicians with the ability to deliver more natural-looking restorations for their dental patients. The evolution of layering techniques and internal staining procedures has further improved composite resins' potential for optimal results. This article discusses difficulties associated with traditional composite layering and staining, and it presents in vitro research that supports a novel layering approach. Specifically, the cut-back, etch, bond, and layer technique (CEBL) is introduced as an alternative to freehand layering. LEARNING OBJECTIVES This article presents current concepts for composite resin layering and bonding technology. Upon reading this article, the reader should: Understand the clinical protocol for resin layering and bonding. Recognize the scientific advantages associated with composite layering with the CEBL technique.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CYTOCHROME P-450-CONTAINING MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE SYSTEM OF RAT COLON

The rat colon drug metabolism system is induced by pretreatment with the gastrointestinal hormones pentagastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin. This system has also been resolved into its enzyme components cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase which can be recombined with phospholipid to reconstitute drug metabolism activity.
Cooperation, Conflict, and Justice

Recently I completed a book, Distributive Justice: A Social Psychological Perspective (Deutsch, 1985), which could have been entitled “Cooperation, Conflict, and Justice.” These are three of the themes that run throughout the book and that have been the foci of my career as a social psychologist. Here, I would like to present an overview of the work my co-workers and I have done on these themes and to consider the relationship among them.
Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndromes

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with overall mortality exceeding 40% even with treatment. Effective efforts for screening and prevention are most likely to succeed in patient groups identified as high risk for colorectal cancer, most notably the hereditary intestinal polyposis syndromes. In these syndromes, benign polyps develop throughout the intestinal tract prior to the development of colorectal cancer, marking the patient and associated family for precancer diagnosis followed by either close surveillance or preventive treatment. PURPOSE This review article was undertaken to discuss the most recent developments in the knowledge of hereditary intestinal polyposis syndromes, emphasizing the clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment relative to preventing the development of cancer. RESULTS The most common of the hereditary polyposis syndromes is familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which is characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon followed at an early age by colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer can be prevented in this autosomal dominant condition by prophylactic colectomy, though a risk for other tumors, including periampullary cancers, remains throughout life. Variant of FAP associated with fewer and smaller polyps (hereditary flat adenoma syndrome), or even CNS tumors (Turcot's syndrome) also carry this high risk of colorectal cancer. Hereditary hamartomatous polyposis syndromes such as juvenile polyposis and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (also autosomal dominant) are characterized by less frequent polyps. Though these are generally benign polyps, they are also associated with a significant risk of colorectal and other cancers. Other polyposis syndromes, including neurofibromatosis and Cowden's disease, do not carry this increased risk of colorectal cancer, and therefore affect different treatment strategies. Analysis of genetic factors responsible for these and other hereditary syndromes with predisposition to colorectal cancer has not only contributed to our molecular understanding of colorectal cancer, but opened the door to DNA testing and treatment strategies for these diseases. CONCLUSIONS The treatment advances that are discussed and careful screening in appropriate families will effectively reduce the risk of death from colorectal cancer.
From Family Study to Population Study: A History of Genetic Mapping for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a unique global distribution pattern – Southeast Asia and some other localized regions of the eastern hemisphere – that suggests risk is largely driven by a combination of environmental exposures and specific genetic factors. Earlier linkage analysis has implicated loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene region, thus suggesting a role for immunological mechanisms in NPC resistance. Nevertheless, the implications of the HLA associations remain enigmatic. More recent association studies have sought to advance our understanding of the genes important to NPC risk. Reviewed here are recent epidemiologic studies that have addressed the genetics of NPC risk, and the implications of their collective findings are discussed. The primary focus is on the latest candidate-gene association studies (CGAS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and attempts are made to harmonize their findings and resolve discrepancies. Taken together, the studies support the importance of the HLA loci, but also implicate non-HLA genes both inside and outside the HLA region, and suggest that the mechanisms of NPC risk go beyond immunology. Finally, recommendations are made to coordinate future CGAS and GWAS to maximize their information content and make best use of the limited number of available NPC study populations.
Cosmogenic Production of Be-7 and Be-10 in Water Targets

We have measured Be-10(t(sub 1/2) = 1.5 x 10(exp 6) years) and Be-7 (t(sub 1/2) = 53.28 days) concentrations in water targets exposed for 1 to 2 years at Echo Lake, Colorado (elevation = 3246 m) and at La Jolla, California (140 m). Neutron monitor data were used to normalize the measured concentrations in order to calculate production rates equivalent to the cosmic ray flux averaged over four solar cycles (43 years). The Be-7 production rates thus obtained correspond to 6.03 +/- 0.07 x 10(exp -6) atom/g.O/s at Echo Lake and 5.06 +/- 0.20 x 10(exp -7) atom/g.O/ s at La Jolla. The Be-10 production rates correspond to 3.14 +/- 0.18 x 10(exp -6) atom/g.O/s at Echo Lake and 2.68 +/- 0.47 x 10(exp -7) atom/g.O/s at La Jolla. When compared with Be-10 production rates determined in Be-10-saturated rocks from the Antarctic and with theoretical calculations based on meteorite and lunar sample data, we find that the million-year average production rate is about 14 - 17% greater than the present production rate averaged over the last four solar cycles. Comparison with production rates determined by measuring glacially polished rocks from the Sierra Nevada in California indicates that average production (based on a revised 13,000-year deglaciation age and a geographic latitude correction) is a about 11% greater than the average over the last four solar cycles. The measured Be-10/Be-7 production ratio in oxygen is 0.52 +/- 0.03 at Echo Lake and 0.55 +/- 0.07 at La Jolla.
Least Repetition First Transmission (LRFT): QoE-Oriented Repetition Relay Matrix Analysis for Wireless Multimedia Multicast Services

How to increase the content-centric multimedia Quality of Experience (QoE) and energy efficiency for many users in 5G wireless transmission become a big challenge, especially when multimedia multicast communication pattern is considered. In this paper we propose a new approach named the Least Repetition First Transmission (LRFT) network coding approach for wireless multimedia multicast based on computational matrix analysis. Our research utilizes modern Device-to-Device (D2D) communication patterns in 5G multimedia multicast, where mobile devices could help base station (BS) by accomplishing the multimedia multicasting tasks. A new node-packet matrix approach is developed to orchestrate the multimedia multicasting by prioritizing those packets with high decoding probability and quality impacts. In addition, the proposed LRFT approach shows good scalability along with the increasing size of node-packet matrix. Simulation results show that LRFT+NC transmission scheme has better performance in improving the multimedia quality and energy efficiency compared with traditional NC and COPE methods in various situations.
Different vital rates of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir explain discordance in understory and overstory dominance

Studies of forest dynamics commonly assume that species composition of the seedling bank reflects the composition of the future forest canopy. However, many forest types exhibit persistent differen...
Automatic localization of closely spaced cochlear implant electrode arrays in clinical CTs

Purpose Cochlear implants (CIs) are neural prosthetic devices that provide a sense of sound to people who experience profound hearing loss. Recent research has indicated that there is a significant correlation between hearing outcomes and the intracochlear locations of the electrodes. We have developed an image-guided cochlear implant programming (IGCIP) system based on this correlation to assist audiologists with programming CI devices. One crucial step in our IGCIP system is the localization of CI electrodes in postimplantation CTs. Existing methods for this step are either not fully automated or not robust. When the CI electrodes are closely spaced, it is more difficult to identify individual electrodes because there is no intensity contrast between them in a clinical CT. The goal of this work is to automatically segment the closely spaced CI electrode arrays in postimplantation clinical CTs. Methods The proposed method involves firstly identifying a bounding box that contains the cochlea by using a reference CT. Then, the intensity image and the vesselness response of the VOI are used to segment the regions of interest (ROIs) that may contain the electrode arrays. For each ROI, we apply a voxel thinning method to generate the medial axis line. We exhaustively search through all the possible connections of medial axis lines. For each possible connection, we define CI array centerline candidates by selecting two points on the connected medial axis lines as the array endpoints. For each CI array centerline candidate, we use a cost function to evaluate its quality, and the one with the lowest cost is selected as the array centerline. Then, we fit an a priori known geometric model of the array to the centerline to localize the individual electrodes. The method was trained on 28 clinical CTs of CI recipients implanted with three models of closely spaced CI arrays. The localization results are compared with the ground truth localization results manually generated by an expert. Results A validation study was conducted on 129 clinical CTs of CI recipients implanted with three models of closely spaced arrays. Ninety-eight percent of the localization results generated by the proposed method had maximum localization errors lower than one voxel diagonal of the CTs. The mean localization error was 0.13 mm, which was close to the rater's consistency error (0.11 mm). The method also outperformed the existing automatic electrode localization methods in our validation study. Conclusion Our validation study shows that our method can localize closely spaced CI arrays with an accuracy close to what is achievable by an expert on clinical CTs. This represents a crucial step toward automating IGCIP and translating it from the laboratory to the clinical workflow.
Bias in Neuroradiology Peer Review: Impact of a "Ding" on "Dinging" Others.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The validity of radiology peer review requires an unbiased assessment of studies in an environment that values the process. We assessed radiologists9 behavior reviewing colleagues9 reports. We hypothesized that when a radiologist receives a discrepant peer review, he is more likely to submit a discrepant review about another radiologist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the anonymous peer review submissions of 13 neuroradiologists in semimonthly blocks of time from 2016 to 2018. We defined a discrepant review as any one of the following: 1) detection miss, clinically significant; 2) detection miss, clinically not significant; 3) interpretation miss, clinically significant; or 4) interpretation miss, clinically not significant. We used random-effects Poisson regression analysis to determine whether a neuroradiologist was more likely to submit a discrepant report during the semimonthly block in which he or she received one versus the semimonthly block thereafter. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-eight discrepant peer review reports were submitted; 161 were submitted in the same semimonthly block of receipt of a discrepant report and 325 were not. Receiving a discrepant report had a positive effect on submitting discrepant reports: an expected relative increase of 14% (95% CI, 8%–21%). Notably, receiving a clinically not significant discrepant report (coefficient = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05–0.22) significantly and positively correlated with submitting a discrepant report within the same time block, but this was not true of clinically significant reports. CONCLUSIONS: The receipt of a clinically not significant discrepant report leads to a greater likelihood of submitting a discrepant report. The motivation for such an increase should be explored for potential bias.
Individuals with Chronic Pain Who Misuse Prescription Opioids Report Sex-Based Differences in Pain and Opioid Withdrawal.

Objective Individuals with chronic pain who misuse prescription opioids are at high risk for developing opioid use disorder and/or succumbing to opioid overdose. The current study conducted a survey to evaluate sex-based differences in pain catastrophizing, opioid withdrawal, and current pain in persons with co-occurring chronic pain and opioid misuse. We hypothesized that women with chronic pain who misused prescription opioids would self-report higher pain ratings compared with men and that the relationship between pain catastrophizing and self-reported current pain would be moderated by symptoms of opioid withdrawal in women only. Design Survey assessment of the relationship between pain and opioid misuse. Setting Online via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants Persons with ongoing chronic pain who also misused prescription opioids on one or more days in the last 30 days were eligible (N = 181). Methods Participants completed demographic and standardized assessments including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS). Results Women reported higher levels of current (P < 0.001), average (P < 0.001), and worst (P = .002) pain in the last 24 hours compared with men. Women also endorsed higher scores on the PCS (P = 0.006) and marginally higher past-30-day SOWS ratings (P = 0.068) compared with men. SOWS ratings moderated the relationship between PCS and BPI Worst Pain in women (ΔR2 < 0.127, ΔF(1, 78) = 12.39, P = 0.001), but not in men (ΔR2 < 0.000, ΔF(1, 98) = 0.003, P = 0.954). Conclusions These data suggest a strong relationship between opioid withdrawal, pain catastrophizing, and the experience of pain in women with chronic pain who misuse opioids.
The CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg Monocyte: An Immunosuppressive Phenotype That Restrains Responses to Cancer Immunotherapy

Recent successes in cancer immunotherapy have been tempered by sub-optimal clinical responses in the majority of patients. The impaired anti-tumor immune responses observed in these patients are likely a consequence of immune system dysfunction contributed to by a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, diminished antigen presentation/detection, leukopenia, a coordinated network of immunosuppressive cell surface proteins, cytokines and cellular mediators. Monocytes that have diminished or no HLA-DR expression, called CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg monocytes, have emerged as important mediators of tumor-induced immunosuppression. These cells have been grouped into a larger class of suppressive cells called myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and are commonly referred to as monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells. CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg monocytes were first characterized in patients with sepsis and were shown to regulate the transition from the inflammatory state to immune suppression, ultimately leading to immune paralysis. These immunosuppressive monocytes have also recently been shown to negatively affect responses to PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition, CAR-T cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ultimately, the goal is to understand the role of these cells in the context of immunosuppression not only to facilitate the development of targeted therapies to circumvent their effects, but also to potentially use them as a biomarker for understanding disparate responses to immunotherapeutic regimens. Practical aspects to be explored for development of CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg monocyte detection in patients are the standardization of flow cytometric gating methods to assess HLA-DR expression, an appropriate quantitation method, test sample type, and processing guidances. Once detection methods are established that yield consistently reproducible results, then further progress can be made toward understanding the role of CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg monocytes in the immunosuppressive state.
Optimal Operation of Grid-Tied Energy Storage Systems Considering Detailed Device-Level Battery Models

The current optimization-based algorithms to operate grid-tied battery energy storage systems (BESS) typically do not look much under the hood of the BESS, i.e., the device-level characteristics of the batteries. This is often due to modeling as well as optimization complexities. However, simplified models may significantly degrade the performance of BESS operation in practice. Therefore, in this article, we propose a new BESS scheduling optimization framework that accounts for features such as cell-to-cell variations in maximum capacity, charge level balance, and internal resistance. The proposed framework is in the form of tractable mixed integer linear programs. Our approach is to estimate and update the device-level battery model parameters continuously, without the need to interrupt BESS normal operation. We validate the performance compared to an offline approach, which is based on dedicated model testing and calibration. To assure accurate performance evaluation, this article also includes developing a power hardware-in-the-loop testbed that allows for flexible operation and detailed monitoring of BESS under different design scenarios.
Distributed Cache-Reduction Approach to DNA Sequencing Using a Greedy Algorithm for the Shortest Common Superstring

The Shortest Common Superstring (SCS) is an NP-hard problem in computer science with applications ranging from matrix compression to DNA Sequencing. In sequence assembly, the SCS can determine the precise order of DNA fragments. Previous implementations have adopted sequential approaches to the SCS problem. These approaches do not take advantage of massively parallel architectures and fail to reuse computed overlap values between fragments making them inefficient for large data sets. This paper presents a parallel approach to the SCS problem in DNA sequencing. The proposed method utilizes the concept of distributed cache to compute and store overlap values of fragments, and a reduction procedure to merge fragments with high overlapping values recursively until a superstring is obtained. The proposed method greatly reduces memory footprint and scales across multiple nodes in multi-core architectures.
Immunological biomarkers of recurrent implantation failure

With the rapid development of assisted reproductive technology, the pregnancy rates of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) have continued rising. However, there are still some patients suffering from recurrent implantation failure (RIF). There are controversies about the immunological etiology of RIF. Therefore, in this article we presented an overview of RIF and provided an in-depth discussion and summary of the immunological mechanism of RIF, with a view to providing reference for future basic research and clinical management. Key words: Recurrent implantation failure (RIF); Immunology; In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET)
ON THE PRIVACY AND UTILITY PROPERTIES OF TRIPLE MATRIX-MASKING.

Privacy protection is an important requirement in many statistical studies. A recently proposed data collection method, triple matrix-masking, retains exact summary statistics without exposing the raw data at any point in the process. In this paper, we provide theoretical formulation and proofs showing that a modified version of the procedure is strong collection obfuscating: no party in the data collection process is able to gain knowledge of the individual level data, even with some partially masked data information in addition to the publicly published data. This provides a theoretical foundation for the usage of such a procedure to collect masked data that allows exact statistical inference for linear models, while preserving a well-defined notion of privacy protection for each individual participant in the study. This paper fits into a line of work tackling the problem of how to create useful synthetic data without having a trustworthy data aggregator. We achieve this by splitting the trust between two parties, the ``"masking service provider" and the ``"data collector."
Validation of the SIEVEA instrument using the Rasch analysis

Abstract This article describes the validation of the Science Identities, Expectations of Success in Science, Values of Science, and Environmental Attitudes (SIEVEA) instrument using Rasch analysis. SIEVEA is an online survey that can be used to measure students’ science identities, expectations of success in science, values of science, and environmental attitudes. The instrument was previously validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. During the current study, 3454 high school students from 13 urban, suburban, and private schools in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut took SIEVEA. The collected data was analyzed using Rasch analysis. The results of the analysis once again confirmed the instrument’s reliability and validity. The SIEVEA instrument is a valuable tool, which allows for measurement of important constructs related to successful science learning.
A case of spontaneous uterine artery pseudoaneurysm in a primigravid woman at 16 weeks gestation

We report a case of a uterine artery pseudoaneurysm in a 29-year-old primigravid woman at 16 weeks gestation. The woman presented to the emergency room with lower left quadrant pain and vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound revealed a left adnexal mass consistent with a pseudoaneurysm. Percutaneous thrombin injection was chosen to avoid contrast and radiation risks to the fetus. Ultrasound demonstrated thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm with no evidence of fetal distress. On postprocedure day 2, the patient presented again with similar complaints of lower quadrant pain and vaginal bleeding. The pseudoaneurysm was found to have recanalized and a decision was made to treat with computed tomography angiography and coil embolization. The procedure was successful, with angiography revealing an incidental branch of the pseudoaneurysm that was subsequently embolized.
No todos los subalternos son iguales: el miedo en Herencia de Clorinda Matto

In this paper we examine the novel Herencia (1885) by Clorinda Matto. We focus especially on the book’s Afro-Peruvian character, Espiritu Cadenas, and how he is configured as an object of fear. Based on thetheory of gender and emotions, we study how Espiritu, as a subordinate character, has no possibility of occupying a place in the post-war nation imagined by Matto, as opposed to the mestizo character Margarita, for example. In this sense, through the analysis of the naturalistic aesthetic used by the Peruvian author, we realize that, from her perspective, there are subaltern subjects that can be saved and incorporated into the republican nation. The conclusions to which we arrive show that the novel, under the influence of naturalism and its determination over inheritance, represents the Afro-Peruvian character as an object that causes fear and that, therefore, cannot be saved, because stereotypes that link the Afro-Peruvian with the erotic, the sexual and the contaminated continue to be fed in the 19th century.
Large Heterogeneity Among Minimal Clinically Important Differences for Hip Arthroscopy Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Reporting Trends and Quantification Methods.

Purpose To perform a systematic review of reporting trends and quantification methods for the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) within the hip arthroscopy literature. Methods Cochrane, PubMed, and OVID/MEDLINE databases were queried for hip arthroscopy articles that reported the MCID. Studies were classified as (1) calculating new MCID values for their specific study-population or (2) referencing previously established MCID values. Data pertaining to patient demographics, study characteristics, outcome measures, method of MCID quantification, MCID value, anchor questions, measurement error, and study from which referenced MCID values were obtained were extracted. Results A total of 59 articles with 18,830 patients (19,867 hips) was included. A total of 19 unique outcome measures was reported. A total of 33 (n = 55.9%) studies (follow-up range 6-60 months) used previously established MCID values to assess their study population (MCID values established at a follow-up range 6-31 months). The remaining 26 studies (44.1%) performed new MCID calculations. The MCID values were inconsistent and varied widely (Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living: 5.0-15.4; Hip Outcome Score–Sports Subscale: 6-25; modified Harris hip score: 2.4-20.9). Among the 33 studies that used previously established MCID values, 10 different studies were cited as the reference. Among the remaining 26 studies that calculated a new MCID value, the most common method was 0.5 standard deviation method (n = 21, 80.8%). Only 3 of 26 (11.5%) studies reported a measurement of error in conjunction with their MCID values. Conclusions Inconsistencies in MCID reporting and quantification methods led to a wide range of MCID values for commonly administered outcome measures within the hip arthroscopy literature—even for the same outcome measures. The majority of studies referenced previously established MCID values with variable ranges of follow-up and applied those values to assess their specific study population at varying follow-ups. Level of Evidence IV, systematic review.
Chance-Constrained Optimal Distribution Network Partitioning to Enhance Power Grid Resilience

This article proposes a method for identifying potential self-adequate sub-networks in the existing power distribution grid. These sub-networks can be equipped with control and protection schemes to form microgrids capable of sustaining local loads during power systems contingencies, thereby mitigating disasters. Towards identifying the best microgrid candidates, this work formulates a chance-constrained optimal distribution network partitioning (ODNP) problem addressing uncertainties in load and distributed energy resources; and presents a solution methodology using the sample average approximation (SAA) technique. Practical constraints like ensuring network radiality and availability of grid-forming generators are considered. Quality of the obtained solution is evaluated by comparison with- a) an upper bound on the probability that the identified microgrids are supply-deficient, and b) a lower bound on the objective value for the true optimization problem. Performance of the ODNP formulation is illustrated through case-studies on a modified IEEE 37-bus feeder. It is shown that the network flexibility is well utilized; the partitioning changes with risk budget; and that the SAA method is able to yield good quality solutions with modest computation cost.
Safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in mismatch repair deficient localized/locally advanced solid tumors.

2520Background: Pembrolizumab (Pembro), anti-PD1 therapy, is FDA approved for refractory microsatellite instability high (MSI-H)/deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) advanced/metastatic solid tumors. T...
Plato, Nightingale, and Nursing: Can You Hear Me Now?

Purpose A historical perspective on how the writings of Plato influenced Florence Nightingale in the formation of nursing as a respected profession for women. Comparing Nightingale's life and legacy to Platonic philosophy demonstrates how philosophy continues to speak to the profession of nursing practice as guardians of society in the 21st century. Methods A review of the literature using EBSCO, SAGEpub, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases and hand searches of literature were initiated for the years 1990–2014 using the terms “Plato,” “Nightingale,” and “nursing” restricted to English. Findings Florence Nightingale, known as the mother of modern-day nursing, embodied her life and work after the philosophic tenets of Plato. Plato's Allegory of the Cave influenced Nightingale's attitudes with regard to the value of education, knowledge of the good, and the importance of imparting learned knowledge to others. Plato's work spoke of educating both men and women to seek the truth, affording both sexes to become competent as future leaders in the role of guardians to society. Nightingale's emphasis of education for women as a conduit for their usefulness to society mirrored Plato's philosophy. Conclusion Over 100 years after her death, the impact Florence Nightingale still has on professional nursing practice remains. Scholarship in nursing education today is infused with a liberal arts background in philosophy, ethics, and the sciences. Nightingale's holistic concepts of person, health, and environment in the practice of nursing coalesced with her statistical analyses in validating nursing actions foreshadowed the development of universal nursing knowledge and language base and meta-paradigm concepts in nursing. Further classification and categorization of Nightingale's concepts of assessing, implementing, and evaluating delivery of care became the linguistic precursors for the identification of nursing process, nursing actions, and nursing diagnoses. Nursing implications Plato's and Nightingale's holistic, scientific, and humanistic approach to living, and to care practice in all its dimensions, grounds the discipline of nursing in a liberal arts and critical thinking matrix, elevating nursing to higher ethical, safe, and professional levels of standards.
A POST-KEYNESIAN APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION PROCESS

The historical experience of the successful postwar reconstruction of Western Europe, which was based upon Keynesian principles, totally contradicts the policies implemented in transition economies. Those countries that opted for price level adjustments during postwar reconstruction faced major hyperinflations. Although the economic conditions of transition economies could be argued to approximate the postwar reconstruction of Western Europe, during the period of reconstruction of Western Europe, price ceilings and subsidies were maintained and economic planning was implemented. Monetary and fiscal reforms and policies were adopted and the European Payments Union was established with the aim of restoring trade among countries. Exchange rates were controlled and capital flows restricted, and the US provided financial and technical support under the Marshall Plan. Lastly, markets were influenced and guided by an active state with the aim of supporting the initiatives of firms. The state was able to implement these policies only under a consensus process, which encouraged cooperation rather than conflict.
Natural mortality and participation fatigue as potential biases in diary panels: Impact of some demographic factors and behavioral characteristics on systematic attrition

Abstract Although many researchers have studied factors contributing to attrition bias and sample nonrepresentativeness, there has been no attempt to identify the sources of attrition. We used AT&T data collected using the before-after with control group experimental design to identify, isolate, and measure panel attrition due to two sources: natural mortality and participation fatigue. We then conducted statistical tests and ran logistic regressions to identify some demographic factors and behavioral characteristics that significantly contributed to systematic attrition biases due to natural mortality and participation fatigue. Marital status and past mobility seem to matter in the case of natural mortality, whereas age and sex were found to selectively affect attrition due to participation fatigue. We also found that systematic attrition significantly affected sample representativeness, especially when participation fatigue is mostly involved. We then show that our results are largely consistent with previous findings. Finally, we conclude by outlining some of the operational implications of our findings and the steps that can be taken to overcome attrition bias and sample depletion.
New Paradigm for Analyzing Adverse Drug Events

A new paradigm for computer-assisted analysis of adverse drug events is sorely needed. Critics of the current paradigm emphasize the need for more transparency in the data review process, claiming that there is the potential for suppressing negative results or for hiding safety issues in both interventional and observational studies. It is essential to transition from quasi-computerized methods, in which the different elements of the analytical process are treated as discrete, paper report tasks, to a comprehensive informatics approach, in which the entire data collection and analysis is considered as a single reusable, extensible, auditable, and reproducible system. Keywords: computer-assisted analysis; adverse drug events; data analysis; informatics
Multi gated device architectures advances, advantages and challenges

Device architectures incorporating multiple gate structures have been proposed to allow transistor scaling beyond the planar MCSFET integrations. These device architectures can improve performance such as better short channel performance and reduced leakage. In addition the additional channel surface and gate electrodes offers new circuit possibilities such as dynamic threshold voltage control and an RF mixer are demonstrated. It is desirable to fabricate multi-gated devices with the single gate on multiple sides and multiple gate electrodes this has been demonstrated successfully.
Implications of Phylogenetic Studies for Conservation of Genetic Diversity in Shiitake Mushrooms

We consider the impact of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses on conservation issues for shiitake mushrooms. Bused on mating compatibility, shiitake has been considered a single species, Lentinula edodes sensu lato. Phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacers (Hibbett et al. 1995), however, suggest that shiitake is composed of four distinct lineages. Thus, under a phylogenetic species concept, four species of shiitake should be recognized. A classification of shiitake based on a phylogenetic species concept would convey information about evolutionary relationships and distribution of genetic variation, whereas a classification based on a biological species concept would lack such information. This is a clear case in which new insights into phylogenetic relationships can be used to target areas for conservation action and formulate international agricultural policies. At the heart of our argument is the belief that the basic units of both taxonomy and conservation should be unique evolutionary lineages of organisms identified through phylogenetic studies. En este trabajo consideramos el impacto de analisis filogeneticos moleculares recientes en la conservacion de hongos shiitake. Con base en la compatibilidad reproductiva el hongo es considerado como una sola especie, Lentinula edodes sensu lato. Sin embargo, el analisis de espaciadores transcritos internos del ARN ribosomal sugiere que el shiitake esta compuesto por cuatro linajes distintos. Asi, de acuerdo con el concepto filogenetico de especie, se deben reconocer cuatro especies distintas de shiitake. Una clasificacion de shiitake basada en el concepto filogenetico de especie proporcionaria informacion acerca de las relaciones filogeneticas y la distribucion de la variacion genetica, mientras que una clusificacion basada en el concepto biologico de especie careceria del tal informacion. Este es un claro ejemplo de como se pueden utilizar nuevas percepciones de las relaciones filogeneticas para detectar areas en las cuales desarrollar acciones de conservacion, asi como formular politicas agricolas internacionales. En el centro de nuestra argumentacion yace la creencia de que las unidades basicas de la taxonomia y de la conservacion deben ser los linajes evolutivos identificados por medio de estudios filogeneticos.
Supercomputing in biology: towards understanding living systems in atomic detail

Biotechnology has achieved exquisite control over many biological systems. However, to design drugs computationally, we need to understand these systems at the atomic level of detail well enough to predict their behavior. While we have not achieved this goal, advances in high-performance computing are helping considerably. The advent of petaflop-scale computing has opened the door to realistic simulations of biomolecular systems, making it possible to simulate major drug targets, such as the ribosome, in atomic detail. In addition to being the target of approximately half of antibiotics used in US hospitals, the ribosome is also interesting from an evolutionary point of view. Because many regions of the ribosome are identical in every organism studied to date, the ribosome is arguably the oldest molecular fossil, and represents a bridge between the RNA-world and the modern DNA-RNA-protein world. Analogous to the 'CPU of the living cell', the ribosome performs a look-up table operation, converting the 4-letter alphabet of genetic instructions into the 20-letter alphabet of proteins, the cell's workhorse molecules that perform biochemistry and constitute structures of the cell. We have used high performance computing to delve into the inner workings of this molecular factory, applying Newton's equations of motion to every atom in the ribosome and its surrounding environment, iterating for billions of time steps. In addition to revealing mechanistic insight unattainable by experimental studies, these simulations present an excellent system to push the limits of supercomputing - even exa-scale simulations are insufficient to simulate the entire process of protein synthesis.
B-cell superantigens

Abstract Superantigens (SAgs) are characterized by their ability to interact with T- and B-cell antigen (Ag) receptors outside of the classical Ag-binding groove. Here, Gress Silverman discusses the molecular basis for the binding of B-cell SAgs, and how they may influence the acquisition of immunocompetence or contribute to the development of immune abnormalities associated with certain inflammatory and infectious diseases.
The creative brain: Toward a behavioral and brain-science theory of invention and innervation

FL but they indulge instead in mentalistic dualism -and apparently unselfconsciously (Libet, 1985; Wood, 1985; Schubert, 1983b) of the implications of their choice of words for their article’s title. Hence I have chosen for these remarks a title that explicitly distinguishes between brain and mind; invention and discovery; and innervation and innovation. “Discovery” implies the characteristic natural-science presumption that there really is some pre-existent phenomenal secret to be found (Schubert, 1983c, p. 106) whereas “invention” implies a novel consequence of animal cognition (Crook, 1980; Davidson and Davidson, 1980); and “innervation” locates “invention” in the functioning of an animal brain (Libet, 1985; Wood, 1985) whereas F&L use “innovation” as an unoperationalized and epiphenomenal byproduct of “culture”.
Assessment and Improvement of the Thermal Performance of a Polycarbonate Micro Continuous Flow Polymerase Chain Reactor (CFPCR)

BioMEMS are compact devices that use microfabrication to miniaturize benchtop instrumentation. Due to the requirement for uniform temperature distributions over restricted areas, thermal isolation, and faster heating and cooling rates in a limited space, thermal management is a key to ensuring successful performance of BioMEMS devices. The continuous flow polymerase chain reactor (CFPCR) is a compact BioMEMS device that is used to amplify target DNA fragments using repeated thermal cycling. The temperature distribution on the backside of a micro CFPCR was measured using thermochromic liquid crystals and an infrared camera. In the liquid crystal experiment, the performance of a 5 mm thick polycarbonate micro CFPCR with thin film heaters attached directly to the bottom polycarbonate surface over each temperature zone was studied. Natural convection was used as a cooling mechanism. The temperature distribution in the renaturation zone was dependent on the positions of the feedback thermocouples in each zone. Three different thermocouple configurations were assessed and the liquid crystal images showed that a best case 3.86°C temperature difference across the zone, leading to a 20% amplification efficiency compared to a commercial thermal cycler [5]. The device was modified to improve the temperature distribution: a thinner substrate, 2 mm, reduced the thermal capacitance; grooves were micro-milled in the backside to isolate each temperature zone; and three separate copper heating stages, combining the thin film heaters with copper plates, applied uniform temperatures to each zone [10]. Infrared camera images showed that the temperature distributions were distinct and uniform with a ±0.3 °C variations in each temperature zone, improving amplification efficiency to 72%. Good thermal management for PCR amplification can’t only increase its reliability and yield efficiency, but also accelerate the entire analytical process.Copyright © 2007 by ASME