cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of new pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac catheterization

Abstract The incidence of pulmonary perfusion defects after routine cardiac Catheterization was assessed in 57 patients by comparing ventilationperfusion lung scans obtained before and 1 day after Catheterization. Patients were prospectively randomized to two groups, one in which right heart Catheterization was performed using an antecubital venous cutdown procedure and one in which the percutaneous femoral vein approach was used. Seven patients (12 percent) had new postcatheterization perfusion defects consistent with pulmonary emboli. These patients did not differ significantly from patients without new defects in clinical characteristics, duration of Catheterization, hemodynamic variables or route of right heart Catheterization. The data suggest that pulmonary embolism may be a more common complication of routine cardiac Catheterization than previously appreciated.
Structuring Incentives within Accountable Care Organizations

Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are new organizations created by the Affordable Care Act to encourage more efficient, integrated care delivery. To promote efficiency, ACOs sign contracts under which they keep a fraction of the savings from keeping costs below target provided they also maintain quality levels. To promote integration and facilitate measurement, ACOs are required to have at least 5000 enrollees and so must coordinate across many providers. We calibrate a model of optimal ACO incentives using proprietary performance measures from a large insurer. Our key finding is that free-riding is a severe problem and causes optimal incentive payments to exceed cost savings unless ACOs simultaneously achieve extremely large efficiency gains. This implies that successful ACOs will likely rely on motivational strategies that amplify the effects of under-powered incentives. These motivational strategies raise important questions about the limits of ACOs as a policy for promoting more efficient, integrated care (JEL D23, D86, I12, L14, L24, M52).
Regulation of the Inflammatory Response in Cardiac Repair

Myocardial necrosis triggers an inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells and matrix debris, while activating reparative pathways necessary for scar formation. A growing body of evidence suggests that accentuation, prolongation, or expansion of the postinfarction inflammatory response results in worse remodeling and dysfunction following myocardial infarction. This review manuscript discusses the cellular effectors and endogenous molecular signals implicated in suppression and containment of the inflammatory response in the infarcted heart. Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, recruitment of inhibitory monocyte subsets and regulatory T cells, macrophage differentiation and pericyte/endothelial interactions may play an active role in restraining postinfarction inflammation. Multiple molecular signals may be involved in suppressing the inflammatory cascade. Negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling, downmodulation of cytokine responses, and termination of chemokine signals may be mediated through the concerted action of multiple suppressive pathways that prevent extension of injury and protect from adverse remodeling. Expression of soluble endogenous antagonists, decoy receptors, and posttranslational processing of bioactive molecules may limit cytokine and chemokine actions. Interleukin-10, members of the transforming growth factor-β family, and proresolving lipid mediators (such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins) may suppress proinflammatory signaling. In human patients with myocardial infarction, defective suppression, and impaired resolution of inflammation may be important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of remodeling and in progression to heart failure. Understanding of inhibitory and proresolving signals in the infarcted heart and identification of patients with uncontrolled postinfarction inflammation and defective cardiac repair is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies.
Transmission through the band-gap states in Schottky-barrier carbon nanotube transistors

We have studied the minimum off-state leakage current of ultrascaled Schottky-barrier carbon nanotube transistors (SBCNTs) with midgap Schottky-barrier source/drain contacts. The off-state leakage current is separated into two parts: thermal emission around the top of the Schottky barrier and tunneling through the evanescent band-gap states. Because the transmission through deep band-gap states makes a dominant contribution for ultrascaled SBCNTs, the off-state minimum leakage current increases exponentially with decreasing scaling length of SBCNTs.
The PFL “squiggle:” an independent monitor of trigger and cascade section runtimes

The refurbished Z pulsed power driver has been operational since October of 2007 delivering a peak current of ∼26 MA to the load. A critical component of the refurbished Z accelerator was the Laser Triggered Gas Switch (LTGS) with a maximum proven operating point of 6.5 MV, 820 kA and an overall 1-σ timing jitter of ∼6 ns. We have identified a feature in the V-dot monitor on the Pulse Forming Line (PFL) downstream of the LTGS which is indicative of the closure of the trigger section of the switch. The PFL “squiggle” feature allows us to independently measure the runtime of the cascade and trigger sections and identify problems associated with the laser triggering of the switch, such as poor alignment or degrading transmission of the focusing lens. The squiggle also helps characterize the effect of changes in operating conditions and switch design. For the most recent design version of the LTGS, the trigger and cascade section runtimes with ±1-σ jitter are 0.8 ±1.3 ns and 46 ± 5.3 ns respectively. The trigger and cascade section runtimes are not correlated suggesting that the trigger and cascade sections operate independently of each other.
Preservation of Temporal Skills in Alzheimer's Disease:

Previous researchers have assumed that temporal skills are lost early in Alzheimer's disease. This belief may originate from examining only one type of temporal skill-logical time. In this study three categories of time, that draw on different types of processes, were selected. It was hypothesized that, although those with Possible Alzheimer's disease would have difficulty with the logical time items, they would show relatively preserved performance on the two other types of time skills that rely on the automatic processes of socialized and intuitive time. Participants included 11 individuals who met the criteria for Possible Alzheimer's disease and a comparison group of 19 psychiatric patients who had Mini Mental State Examination scores in a normal range. As expected, those with Possible Alzheimer's disease performed as well as the comparison group on the intuitive and socialized time skills. Unexpectedly, it was found that one type of logical time skill was also preserved in the Possible-Alzheimer's disease group.
Vertical Vergence Calibration for Augmented Reality Displays

Stereo and bi-ocular head-mounted displays (HMDs) require the user to fuse two images into a coherent picture of the threedimensional world. The human visual system performs this task constantly, but when the input images contain both real and graphical depictions, the problem becomes more difficult. A vertical disparity in the graphics causes diplopia for users trying to fuse the real and virtual objects simultaneously. We implement three methods to measure and correct this disparity and assess them with a collection of a single model of optical see-through HMD.
The Conundrum Whether or Not to Let a Golden Nugget Slip Away

The conundrum of using data pertinent to a study that were gathered after an official interview ceased is considered in this column. First, details of a proposed study on losing a partner will be provided followed by a snippet of a dialogue with one participant. Then the conundrum of whether or not to use the data is explored and a conclusion reached through consideration of standards for qualitative research.
Habitat change and trade explain the bird assemblage from the La Chimba archaeological site in the northeastern Andes of Ecuador

The nature of tree-line habitats in the Andes has long been a contentious topic in the ecological literature. Palynological studies suggest that a combination of anthropogenic and natural processes throughout the Holocene contributed to its present form and species composition. This is the first study to use zooarchaeological evidence to reconstruct possible prehistoric changes in these alpine habitats. I analysed the remains of birds from the La Chimba archaeological site in northern Ecuador to assess changes in the bird tree-line community over three distinct phases (Early, 2640–2390 year BP; Middle, 2390–1994 year BP; Late, 1994–1700 year BP) of this prehistoric settlement. The elevation of this site (3200 m) places it near a steep elevational gradient in vegetation, with the modern tree-line here at 3500–3600 m. Therefore, non-local specimens of birds from the lowlands would hint at long-distance trade. The composition of birds changes through time: species associated with high montane forest and shrubby paramos decrease and species from dry or open montane habitats increase. This trend is dominated by the decrease of Curve-billed Tinamous Nothoprocta curvirostris (current elevational range 3000–3900 m) and a corresponding increase of specimens of Andean Tinamous Nothoprocta pentlandii (current elevational range 1000–2300 m). The large number of Andean Tinamous is surprising given that presently it occurs no closer than 300 km to the south of the La Chimba site. Overall, 18 of the 43 species of birds identified from La Chimba are likely to be the result of trade. This includes species from the eastern and western lowlands of Ecuador and one possible long-distance transport from Peru. Prehistoric trade of birds and bird parts was probably common, and prehistoric anthropogenic landscape change and trade in birds should be considered as alternative explanations for species with disjunct populations in and across the Andes.
Will farmers save water? A theoretical analysis of groundwater conservation policies

Abstract The development of agricultural irrigation systems has generated significant increases in food production and farm income. However, unplanned and unconstrained groundwater use could also cause serious consequences. To extend the economic life of groundwater, water conservation issues have become the main focus for the policy makers. Taking Ogallala aquifer in U.S. Southern Great Plains as an example, this paper analyzes whether current and potential groundwater conservation policies provide profit-driven farmers with incentives to save water. We adopt a theoretical approach to analyze farmer's optimal response when facing following policy alternatives, including (1) irrigation technology subsidy, (2) increased water cost, (3) unit subsidies for water saving, and (4) subsidies on water-conservative crop. Our findings suggest that the effects of water conservation policies vary by region. Specifically, the switching to higher efficiency technology should occur in a preventative stage for the water saving to occur. Similarly, an increase in water cost promotes water saving only when water resource is relatively abundant. In regions where groundwater already poses a constraint, the unit subsidy for actual water saved and price subsidy for water-conservative crops are more effective in achieving the water conservation goal.
Torsional overtone dispersion from correlations of S waves to SS waves

This paper presents SH overtone dispersion data obtained by using the phase correlation method of Brune (1964). The data augment the set provided by longer-period spheroidal and toroidal mode data and travel-time data. A major advantage of the phase-correlation method over travel-time data is the elimination, to first order, of source effects and source-region bias. The overtone data are consistent with lower-order spheroidal overtone data indicating a base-line correction of 4.0 ± 0.9 sec to the S -wave travel-time data of Hales and Roberts (1970). These and other fundamental-mode and overtone data, travel-time data, and mass and moment of inertia comprise 497 gross earth data and represent one more step in the march toward a spherically averaged earth model.
Sobre la explicación probabilística

Cuando recurrimos a una generalizacion estadistica para explicar un evento particular, no podemos construir un argumento que demuestre, dadas las condiciones iniciales mencionadas en la "ley" estadistica, que ese evento tenia que ocurrir. Si a lo que recurrimos, por otro lado, es a un enunciado general no-probabilistico, contamos con una relacion claramente diferente entre el explanans y el explanandum. Estemos o no justificados en aceptar una hipotesis no probabilistica, si explicamos un evento o predecimos su ocurrencia con referencia a esa hipotesis, estamos asumiendo que existe una relacion entre los enunciados que describen el evento bajo consideracion y la "ley natural" mas fuerte que la que se daria entre los enunciados particulares y una ley probabilistica. Esto se debe a que la ley probabilistica no excluye la posibilidad de la no ocurrencia del evento que queremos explicar o predecir, aun cuando se den las condiciones iniciales mencionadas en dicha ley. ?Que explicacion podemos dar, entonces, para un evento particular, cuando todo lo que tenemos a nuestra disposicion es una ley probabilistica que asigna al tipo de eventos que nos interesa una alta probabilidad? ?Que sentido tiene hablar de una explicacion estadistica? Quiero sugerir en esta nota que una ley probabilistica puede servirnos para explicar un evento particular, solo en tanto que podemos recurrir a ella para justificar una expectativa asociada a ese evento. Consideremos, para comenzar, el modelo que ofrece Cari
The evolution of interferometry from metrology to biomedical applications

Interferometry is a powerful tool often used for the metrology of surfaces with many applications in industries such as optical fabrication, data storage, machine tool, and semiconductor. For many years interferometers have been built into microscopes so surface microstructure can be measured. Phase-shifting interferometric techniques have provided an extremely accurate rapid way of getting the interferogram data into the computer and the inherent noise in the data taking process is so low that in a good environment angstrom or sub-angstrom surface height or thickness measurements can be performed. The recent development of single-shot phase-shifting techniques has made it possible to perform accurate phase measurement techniques in less than ideal environments and to make movies showing how surface shape or optical thickness is varying with time. These same interferometric techniques can be applied to biomedical applications. This paper will trace the history of the development of these interferometric techniques that led to the application of these techniques to looking at cells and tissues.
Chemistry-Driven Signal Transduction in a Mesoporous Pt/TiO2 System

We report on two distinct modes of catalytic oxidation of hydrogen to water on a mesoporous Pt/TiO2 structure with an electrically continuous 15 nm mesh-like Pt layer. The structure supported a continuous oxidation of hydrogen to water, starting at room temperature in 160 Torr O2 and also performed as a chemical–electrical transducer. Along with the usual fast reaction over the nanodispersed Pt, a 1200 times slower mode of the reaction is revealed by studying the reaction-induced currents. This slow mode leads to a surprisingly strong stationary current at electron yield 0.04, electromotive force −0.32 V, and short-circuit current density 12 μA/cm2 at room temperature. This phenomenon is explained by involvement of both Pt and TiO2 phases in the slow reaction flow, where a proton spillover mechanism of the observed electromotive force is suggested. The overall reaction current kinetics contains many autonomously formed features including peaks and alterations of the charge flow direction to manifest compe...
Pressure Controlled Chemical Gardens.

The dissolution of metal salts in silicate solution can result in the growth of hollow precipitate tubes. These “chemical gardens” are a model of self-organization far from the equilibrium and create permanent macroscopic structures. The reproducibility of the growth process is greatly improved if the solid salt seed is replaced by a salt solution that is steadily injected by a pump; however, this modification of the original experiment eliminates the membrane-based osmotic pump at the base of conventional chemical gardens and does not allow for analyses in terms of the involved pressure. Here we describe a new experimental method that delivers the salt solution according to a controlled hydrostatic pressure. In one form of the experiment, this pressure slowly decreases as zinc sulfate solution flows into the silicate-containing reaction vessel, whereas a second version holds the respective solution heights constant. In addition to three known growth regimes (jetting, popping, budding), we observe single ...
Properties of Cr3+ in new fluoride host crystals

We recently discovered a new class of Cr3+ solid-state laser based on the fluoride host materials having the colquiriite structure LiCaAlF6 (Li- CAF)1 and LiSrAIF6 (LiSAF). We found that these materials exhibit efficient laser performance, as determined with a Kr laser-pumped experimental configuration. By taking the passive losses of the laser crystals into account, we find that the extrapolated slope efficiencies of Cr:LiCAF and Cr:LiSAF are 67 and 53%, respectively, while the quantum defect-limited efficiency is 80%. On the other hand, most other Cr lasers typically have efficiencies that are <30%.2 The question arises as to what favorable properties of these hosts are responsible for the efficient laser performance of Cr:LiCAF and Cr:LiSAF.
Terahertz Near-Field Imaging of Biological Samples With Horn Antenna-Excited Probes

We report terahertz near-field imaging of different biological samples with metallic, Teflon, and quartz (dielectric) probes excited with a horn antenna and using a terahertz vector network analyzer. The terahertz decay length ( $L_{d}$ ) of the metallic probe was $445~\mu \text{m}$ at 0.8375 THz ( $\lambda _{\mathrm {{free}}}\sim ~375~\mu \text{m}$ ), while the Teflon probe had $L_{\mathrm {{d}}}$ of $230~\mu \text{m}$ at 1.0422 THz ( $\lambda _{\mathrm {{free}}}\sim ~288~\mu \text{m}$ ), and the quartz probe had $L_{\mathrm {{d}}}$ of $75~\mu \text{m}$ at 0.8024–0.8424 THz ( $\lambda _{\mathrm {{free}}}\sim 288\mu \text{m}$ ). With these probes, we imaged a slice of mouse brain, a dwarf umbrella tree leaflet section, and a boxelder bug wing section. In the terahertz image of the mouse brain slice, we observed the outline of the different regions of the brain slice. In the terahertz image of the leaflet, the venation in the leaflet (because of its relatively high water content) was clearly observed at terahertz which was not well defined in its optical image. In the terahertz image of the bug wing section, the transition from the thick corium region to the thin membrane region had a profile that was different from its optical image. Finally, we demonstrated the capability of the near-field imaging system for imaging through a dielectric slab with internal structure that was clearly detected at terahertz, while it was completely concealed optically.
An Intelligent Tutor-Assisted Mathematics Intervention Program for Students With Learning Difficulties

The Common Core Mathematics Standards have raised expectations for schools and students in the United States. These standards demand much deeper content knowledge from teachers of mathematics and their students. Given the increasingly diverse student population in today’s classrooms and shortage of qualified special education teachers, computer-assisted instruction may provide supplementary support, in conjunction with the core mathematics instruction, for meeting the needs of students with different learning profiles. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential effects of the Please Go Bring Me-Conceptual Model-Based Problem Solving (PGBM-COMPS) intelligent tutor program on enhancing the multiplicative problem-solving skills of students with learning disabilities or difficulties in mathematics.
The Expandable Adjustable Prosthesis: An Alternative to Amputation in Growing Children with Malignant Tumors of the Extremities

Historically, growing children with malignant bone tumors were treated by amputation not only because of poor local control but also because no satisfactory solution had been found to overcome the anticipated limb-length discrepancy. The application of recent advances in reconstructive surgery and surgical oncology has led to the development of new custom-design prostheses. The concept of an expandable prosthesis was developed in an attempt to solve the problem of limblength discrepancy in growing children. As a result, younger patients who previously would have undergone amputation can now be treated successfully with limb-sparing surgery.
Quantitation of Growth of Mold on Cheese.

Earlier work by others indicated that a mold colony grows radially at a constant rate on solid media. This concept was used in our study to develop a method for quantifying growth of mold on cheese. The ability of molds to grow on cheeses or pasteurized process cheese made with or without addition of sorbate was compared. Cheeses tested were mild Cheddar, aged Cheddar, aged-smoked Cheddar, brick and pasteurized process cheese. Pasteurized process cheeses were made from the natural cheeses by addition of water and a phosphate salt, then the mixture was heated. Some pasteurized process cheese from mild Cheddar was made to contain 0-500 ppm sorbic acid. Natural cheeses were sliced under aseptic conditions and were placed in sterile petri-plates. The hot and molten pasteurized process cheeses were poured into petri-plates. A spore suspension of Aspergillus parasiticus or Penicillium camemberti was inoculated onto the center of the cheese slice or pasteurized process cheese, and plates were covered and incubated at 22°C. The radius of mold colonies was measured at 24-h intervals. Data were analyzed by linear regression and lag period and rate of radial growth were calculated. Mold colonies grew radially at constant rates on cheeses and pasteurized process cheese. Lag in growth of each mold was longest on aged Cheddar cheese and pasteurized process cheese made from it, whereas it was shortest on mild Cheddar, brick and pasteurized process cheeses made therefrom. A. parasiticus grew faster on all cheeses and pasteurized process cheeses than did P. camemberti . Aged Cheddar cheese and pasteurized process cheese made from it effectively slowed the growth of both molds that were studied. Pasteurized process cheese containing sorbic acid inhibited growth of both molds. Generally, the higher the concentration of sorbic acid in the pasteurized process cheese, the slower was mold growth and the longer was the lag period.
Ligand-Enabled Alkynylation of C(sp3 )-H Bonds with Palladium(II) Catalysts.

The palladium(II)-catalyzed β- and γ-alkynylation of amide C(sp3)−H bonds is enabled by pyridine-based ligands. This alkynylation reaction is compatible with substrates containing α-tertiary or α-quaternary carbon centers. The β-methylene C(sp3)−H bonds of various carbocyclic rings were also successfully alkynylated.
rMATS-DVR: rMATS discovery of differential variants in RNA.

Motivation RNA sequences of a gene can have single nucleotide variants (SNVs) due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome, or RNA editing events within the RNA. By comparing RNA-seq data of a given cell type before and after a specific perturbation, we can detect and quantify SNVs in the RNA and discover SNVs with altered frequencies between distinct cellular states. Such differential variants in RNA (DVRs) may reflect allele-specific changes in gene expression or RNA processing, as well as changes in RNA editing in response to cellular perturbations or stimuli. Results We have developed rMATS-DVR, a convenient and user-friendly software program to streamline the discovery of DVRs between two RNA-seq sample groups with replicates. rMATS-DVR combines a stringent GATK-based pipeline for calling SNVs including SNPs and RNA editing events in RNA-seq reads, with our rigorous rMATS statistical model for identifying differential isoform ratios using RNA-seq sequence count data with replicates. We applied rMATS-DVR to RNA-seq data of the human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 in response to shRNA knockdown of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. rMATS-DVR discovered 1372 significant DVRs between knockdown and control. These DVRs encompassed known SNPs and RNA editing sites as well as novel SNVs, with the majority of DVRs corresponding to known RNA editing sites repressed after ADAR1 knockdown. Availability and implementation rMATS-DVR is at https://github.com/Xinglab/rMATS-DVR . Contact yxing@ucla.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Survey of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in Little River, Blount County, Tennessee

Abstract Following the collection of a putative undescribed species in the genus Pleurobema in 2012, we surveyed the freshwater mussel fauna of Little River, Blount County, TN, to determine species diversity and relative abundances. At 18 main-stem sites, we sampled 3053 live specimens representing 12 mussel species and 1 fresh-dead individual representing another. An additional species represented by a relic shell was collected, bringing the total to 14 mussel species sampled during this survey. Villosa species comprised 77% of total live mussels sampled. Among the extant mussels were two federally endangered species: Fusconaia cuneolus (Finerayed Pigtoe) was confirmed to persist in the river, while Pleuronaia dolabelloides (Slabside Pearlymussel) represents a new drainage record. Several other mussels collected are considered imperiled globally, including Alasmidonta viridis (Slippershell Mussel), Lampsilis ovata (Pocketbook), Medionidus conradicus (Cumberland Moccasinshell), Pleurobema oviforme (Tennes...
Factors associated with upper extremity contractures after cervical spinal cord injury: A pilot study

Objective: To examine the prevalence of joint contractures in the upper limb and association with voluntary strength, innervation status, functional status, and demographics in a convenience sample of individuals with cervical spinal cord injury to inform future prospective studies.Design: Cross-sectional convenience sampled pilot study.Setting: Department of Veterans Affairs Research Laboratory.Participants: Thirty-eight participants with cervical level spinal cord injury.Interventions: Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures: Contractures were measured with goniometric passive range of motion. Every joint in the upper extremity was evaluated bilaterally. Muscle strength was measured with manual muscle testing. Innervation status was determined clinically with surface electrical stimulation. Functional independence was measured with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM-III).Results: Every participant tested had multiple joints with contractures and, on average, participants were unable to achieve ...
The poetics of displacement: Self-translation among contemporary Russian-American poets

ABSTRACTThis article explores the practice of self-translation by two bilingual Russian-American poets, Andrey Gritsman and Katia Kapovich. A close reading of some of their self-translated texts elucidates the idiosyncratic nature of self-translation and its poetics of displacement. For both Gritsman and Kapovich, translating their own work becomes a means of exploring the mutation of the self through time, migration, and changing linguistic and cultural environments. A significant difference between the two authors concerns the way in which they present their poems. Gritsman invites a comparison between source and target text and the gaps between them in a bilingual en face edition, whereas Kapovich camouflages her self-translated poems as English originals. In spite of the different staging and performance of self-translation, both poets – by stressing difference rather than similarity in translation – turn their self-translated texts into a metacommentary on their own shifting transnational identities.
Growing Suburbs, Relocating Churches: The Suburbanization of Protestant Churches in the Chicago Region, 1925–1990

This study examines the locations of Protestant churches in the Chicago region between 1925 and 1990 based on data from the Church Federation of Greater Chicago. The analysis adds two insights to existing explanations of white flight and the corresponding suburbanization of churches: suburbanization patterns were not the same across Protestant groups and churches moving to the suburbs were adding to churches already present in those communities. As the percentage of suburban Protestant churches in the Chicago region started increasing after 1925, the new suburban locations were influenced by settlement patterns in the Chicago region—first along railroad lines and then in between with new sites easier to access by automobile—in addition to racial changes in Chicago neighborhoods and the ethnic composition of denominations. Suggestions for further research include examining the suburbanization of religious groups in more metropolitan regions (particularly beyond the North), comparing the discussions about moving to the suburbs across denominations and congregations, and considering how religious congregations have helped shape suburban communities.
Cultures of Development: Vietnam, Brazil and the Unsung Vanguard of Prosperity

The North Atlantic development establishment has had a blemished track record over the past 65 years. In addition to a sizeable portfolio of failure, the few economic success stories in the developing world, such as South Korea and China, have been achieved by rejecting the advice of Western experts. Despite these realities, debates within mainstream development studies have stagnated around a narrow, acultural emphasis on institutions or the size and role of government. Cultures of Development uses a contrapuntal comparison of Vietnam and Brazil to show why it is important for development scholars and practitioners to broaden their conceptualization of economies to include the socio-cultural. This smartly written book based on original, ethnographic research breathes new life into development studies by bringing cultural studies into conversation with development studies, with an emphasis on improving—rather than merely critiquing—market economies. The applied deployment of critical development studies, i.e., interpretive economics, results in a number of theoretical advances in both development and areas studies, demonstrating the economic importance of certain kinds of cultural work carried out by religious leaders, artists, activists, and educators. Most importantly, the reader comes to fully appreciate how economies are embedded within the subjectivities, discourses, symbols, rituals, norms, and values of a given society. This pioneering book revives development practice and policy by offering fresh insights and ideas about how development can be advanced. It will be of special interest to scholars and students of Development Studies, Sociology, Economics, Anthropology, and Area Studies.
Lower Extremity Physical Examination

A clear appreciation for the complexities of the lower extremity exam is vital to the development of an appropriate differential, CRPS, lumbar radicular pain, mononeuropathies and peripheral neuropathy are but a few of the considerations. We look to dissect the considerations of the lower extremity in this chapter.
Surgical treatment of osteoporotic fractures: An update on the principles of management

The treatment of osteoporotic fractures continues to challenge orthopedic surgeon. The fragility of the underlying bone in conjunction with the need for specific implants led to the development of explicit surgical techniques in order to minimize implant failure related complications, morbidity and mortality. From the patient's perspective, the existence of frailty, dementia and other medical related co-morbidities induce a complex situation necessitating high vigilance during the perioperative and post-operative period. This update reviews current principles and techniques essential to successful surgical treatment of these injuries.
Lie Algebras and Lie Groups

In this crucial lecture we introduce the definition of the Lie algebra associated to a Lie group and its relation to that group. All three sections are logically necessary for what follows; §8.1 is essential. We use here a little more manifold theory: specifically, the differential of a map of manifolds is used in a fundamental way in §8.1, the notion of the tangent vector to an arc in a manifold is used in §8.2 and §8.3, and the notion of a vector field is introduced in an auxiliary capacity in §8.3. The Campbell-Hausdorff formula is introduced only to establish the First and Second Principles of §8.1 below; if you are willing to take those on faith the formula (and exercises dealing with it) can be skimmed. Exercises 8.27–8.29 give alternative descriptions of the Lie algebra associated to a Lie group, but can be skipped for now.
Skills Not Schools? The Role of Educational Backgrounds in Accessing Jobs in High Tech

Educational institutions play a central role in shaping labor market prospects in modern societies. As access to postsecondary education has expanded in recent decades, distinctions in the types of...
Positive Learning in the Age of Information (PLATO) – Critical Remarks

Access to information in mass and social media was once thought of as a universal “leveler” for all. Unfortunately learning opportunities have been corrupted by biased, false, deliberately inaccurate, and unverified information. Negative learning (NL) occurs when Internet users are unable to recognize this. Positive learning (PL), the acquisition of new, warranted and morally justified knowledge, is PLATO’s focus. PLATO should capitalize on high fidelity simulations to: (a) study NL and PL, (b) teach PL skills, and (c) assess PL skills. A model of teaching and learning developed for “Pluraliteracies” provides a framework for PLATO to develop, teach and assess PL competencies. Two warnings as PLATO progresses: (1) education alone cannot overcome NL opportunities; technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence) are needed to assist citizens in identifying NL environments; and (2) research must go beyond “person” to “person-in-context” recognizing that environments can foster either NL or PL.
Seaweed structure shapes trophic interactions: A case study using a mid-trophic level fish species

Abstract Biogenic habitat structure, such as that created by foundation macrophytes , shapes the interactions of higher trophic level organisms by creating three-dimensional refuge spaces. In recent decades, many kelp habitats have transformed into turf-dominated communities. This represents a fundamental change in the overall habitat structure in these communities, with an unknown impact on upper trophic level organisms. We investigated how macroalgae morphology affects a common residential mid-trophic level wrasse , Tautogolabrus adspersus (cunner), which utilizes macroalgae for both refuge and foraging. Three studies were conducted: in situ behavioral video observations, a refuge choice experiment, and a foraging efficiency experiment. Video observations revealed that in kelp-dominated and mixed habitat types cunner use macroalgae more often for refuge than for foraging, but in turf-dominated habitats refuge and foraging events were equal. In these habitats, refuge-seeking was more often associated with a tall, morphologically simple kelp. The refuge choice experiment supported our video observations with cunner preferentially seeking refuge beneath taller but less morphologically complex algae instead of shorter filamentous forms. In predation trials, macroalgae complexity did not significantly affect the number of prey the fish captured. Our results provide evidence that the refuge-seeking behavior of this residential mid-trophic level fish may be impacted by the ongoing shifts in macroalgae dominance in the Gulf of Maine. Loss of its preferred refuge (tall, canopy-forming kelps) may force it to use the less-preferred introduced turf algae instead. However, whether turf provides sufficient protection for this species remains unclear. With the ongoing loss of kelp in temperate coastal ecosystems worldwide, it is important to understand the potential indirect effects that changes in habitat structure will have on the trophic interactions of upper level organisms.
Comparisons of Amylolytic Enzyme Activities and β-Amylases with Differing Bmy1 Intron III Alleles to Sugar Production during Congress Mashing with North American Barley Cultivars1

This study was conducted to determine the relationships between patterns of activity development of malt amylolytic enzymes (a-amylase, s-amylase, and limit dextrinase) and sugar production in two- and six-row North American cultivars during the course of Congress mashing and to test two hypotheses: 1) that rates of increase in and maximal activity of s-amylase in the initial phases of mashing would correlate better than the other amylolytic enzymes with sugar production and 2) that s-amylase intron III allelic variation would have little to no association on sugar production during mashing. Malts of twelve barley cultivars were mashed in a micro-masher and aliquots removed for amylolytic enzyme activity and sugar assays at 6 time points during the 115 min mashing regime. Peak activities of s-amylase were positively and significantly correlated with wort total sugars (r=0.704, P=0.011), glucose (r=0.654, P=0.021), and maltose (r=0.780, P=0.003) and negatively and significantly correlated with maltotetraose (r=-0.830, P=0.001) and maltopentaose (r=-0.767, P=0.004) at the time of peak activity. In contrast, with the same comparisons, there were no significant correlations with wort total sugars for a-amylase and limit dextrinase and only a-amylase significantly correlated with some individual sugars (glucose, r=0.611, P=0.035; maltotriose, r=0.594, P=0.042; maltotetraose, r=-0.772, P=0.003; maltopentaose, r=-0.728, P=0.007). Correlations of rates of change s-amylase activity from 5 min to maximal activity versus total sugars and individual sugars revealed positive and significant correlations with wort total sugars (r=0.794, P=0.002), maltose (r=0.851, P=0.0004), and maltotriose (r=0.605, P=0.038) and significantly negatively correlated with maltotetraose (r=-0.663, P=0.019) and maltopentaose (r=-0.677, P=0.016). In contrast, with the same comparisons, there were no significant correlations with wort total sugars or individual sugars versus a-amylase or limit dextrinase. Least significant difference (LSD) analysis revealed that there was no consistent pattern in total wort sugars and the most and least abundant wort sugars and maltodextrins produced during mashing amongst cultivars with Bmy1.a or Bmy1.b intron III alleles. Cultivars producing the highest levels of total wort sugars early in mashing, when the bulk of total sugars are produced or at the end of mashing as determined by LSD analysis had both the Bmy1.a (1st 30 min, Legacy, Tradition; end of mashing, Legacy, Pinnacle, Tradition) and Bmy1.b (1st 30 min, Harrington; end of mashing, Harrington, Merit) intron III alleles. This study supports both of the proposed hypotheses.
Lag as moderator meta-analysis: A methodological approach for synthesizing longitudinal data:

Longitudinal data are common and essential to understanding human development. This paper introduces an approach to synthesizing longitudinal research findings called lag as moderator meta-analysis...
The Challenge of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Assessment: A Scale for the Assessment of the Human–Machine Interface of Advanced Driver Assistance Technology

Despite driver assistance systems being engineered to enhance safety, recent studies show the potential for some of these systems and deficient human–machine interfaces to cause unintended conseque...
Interactive multiple model sensor analysis for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Detect and Avoid (DAA)

This research aims at improving Detect and Avoid (DAA) functions in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) using a Multiple Model Estimation algorithm to track maneuvering intruders. This research builds on previous work that used predefined aircraft encounter trajectories. An established encounter model generates the intruder trajectories while a multiple model algorithm is introduced to improve intruder dynamics estimation. A new method based on the Kalman prediction phase inside the Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm is presented to estimate time to closest point of approach, horizontal miss distance, and vertical separation. An analysis of the sensor error on the algorithm estimation and the sensor field of regard requirement from the Air-to-Air Radar Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) is performed. The efficiency of the trajectory estimation has direct implication on the estimation of the intruder trajectory in relation to the own aircraft. The methods described in this research can aid a certification authority in determining if a DAA system is sufficient for safely integration of UAS into the National Airspace System.
NIH Guidelines on Research with Human Subjects

Certain classes of persons have limited capacity to consent to their involvement in experimental activities. Recognizing this, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), appointed a special study group to review and recommend policies for the protection, in biomedical and behavioral research, of children, prenatal beings, prisoners, and the institutionalized mentally disabled. On November 16, 1973, the NIH published a document entitled “Protection of Human Subjects: Policies and Procedures” (hereafter called NIH original guidelines). This was a draft working document upon which the public was invited to comment. After comments were received and considered, a revised version of the original document was published, with public comment again being solicited. Once comments upon this document had been received and evaluated, a final set of recommendations would have been drafted and sent to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare for promulgation as guidelines governing human research in the United States.
AN ALGORITHM FOR FINDING UNDOMINATED PORTFOLIOS

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how an algorithm is used for finding undominated portfolios. It explains that all but a few of the variables and constraints are ignored, therefore, taking account of the special structure of the problem, a special code can be written that solves the enormous problem with only modest computer requirements. An efficient algorithm makes use of the fact that at most one equation is added or deleted at each step of the simplex algorithm. As relatively few variables are out of the basis, there is no problem in determining which out variable should be brought into the basis. The remaining problem is to determine which of the in variables is to go out as the new basis variable is brought in. As cycling is rare in linear programming, even in problems prone to degeneracy, no harm comes from breaking ties arbitrarily. Otherwise, an anticycling procedure can be used to select variables in ambiguous cases.
Acute Stroke Imaging with SPECT, PET, Xenon-CT, and MR Spectroscopy

MRS evaluation of stroke is a promising technique in that it images intracellular metabolites and thus may eventually serve as a surrogate for the triage of stroke victims concerning treatment. Despite its newfound speed of performance, constantly improving availability and lack of ionizing radiation, several problems persist and dominate its sparing use. Its manifestation of metabolites is relatively unique but apparently not yet distinctive or clinically relevant for most clinical stroke scenarios. At present, MRS should not be used alone but rather in combination with conventional, diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted MR imaging for optimal effect in the management of acute stroke patients.
Chronomics of the Metabolic Syndrome

Wars are raging over the definition of the metabolic syndrome—and whether it even exists or is a useful concept. Looking closely at the various viewpoints concerning the definition of the syndrome, one comes to the inescapable conclusion that they are all right! Although some would equate this defining of the syndrome to the efforts of the six men of Industan (who to learning were much inclined), others would cry, “The Emperor has no clothes!” Still others would see it as Stone Soup, gathering ingredients from hither and yon. Let us hope instead that we have provided Soup for the Soul and rekindled your interest in this, the most prevalent of syndromes.
Evolutionary Algorithms — An Overview

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), which are based on a powerful principle of evolution: survival of the fittest, and which model some natural phenomena: genetic inheritance and Darwinian strife for survival, constitute an interesting category of modern heuristic search. This introductory article presents the main paradigms of evolutionary algorithms (genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, genetic programming) and discusses other (hybrid) methods of evolutionary computation. Also, various constraint-handling techniques in connection with evolutionary algorithms are discussed, since most engineering problems includes some problem-specific constraints.
Inverse Association between Organic Food Purchase and Diabetes Mellitus in US Adults.

Background: The organic food market has grown rapidly worldwide in the past 15 years. However, evidence concerning the health effects of organic foods is scarce. We evaluated the cross-sectional association of organic food purchase, as a proxy of organic food consumption, with diabetes in a nationally representative population. Methods: We included 8199 participants aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 and 2009–2010. Organic food purchase and frequency were ascertained by questionnaires. Diabetes was defined as a self-reported physician diagnosis or a hemoglobin A1c level ≥6.5% or both. We used logistic regression with sample weights to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Individuals who reported purchasing organic foods were less likely to have diabetes compared to those who did not report organic food purchase. After adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, socioeconomic status, and dietary and lifestyle factors, the OR of diabetes associated with organic food purchase was 0.80 (95% CI 0.68–0.93). The association remained significant after additional adjustment for BMI with OR of 0.80 (0.69–0.94). Conclusions: In a nationally representative population, frequent organic food purchase was inversely associated with diabetes prevalence in adults in the United States.