cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of viscous dissipation and rarefaction on rectangular microchannel convective heat transfer

Abstract The effect of viscous dissipation and rarefaction on rectangular microchannel convective heat transfer rates, as given by the Nusselt number, is numerically evaluated subject to constant wall heat flux (H2) and constant wall temperature (T) thermal boundary conditions. Numerical results are obtained using a continuum based, three-dimensional, compressible, unsteady computational fluid dynamics algorithm with slip velocity and temperature jump boundary conditions applied to the momentum and energy equations, respectively. For the limiting case of parallel plate channels, analytic solutions for the thermally and hydrodynamically fully developed momentum and energy equations are derived, subject to both first- and second-order slip velocity and temperature jump boundary conditions, from which analytic Nusselt number solutions are then obtained. Excellent agreement between the analytical and numerical results verifies the accuracy of the numerical algorithm, which is then employed to obtain three-dimensional rectangular channel and thermally/hydrodynamically developing Nusselt numbers. Nusselt number data are presented as functions of Knudsen number, Brinkman number, Peclet number, momentum and thermal accommodation coefficients, and aspect ratio. Rarefaction and viscous dissipation effects are shown to significantly affect the convective heat transfer rate in the slip flow regime.
Effect of Axial Substitution on the Optical Limiting Properties of Indium Phthalocyanines

Nonlinear absorption, refraction, and optical limiting by a series of monoaxially chloro- and aryl-substituted indium(III) phthalocyanines are described. The absorption cross sections and temporal evolution of the low-lying excited states are also reported. A large nonlinear absorption that increased with wavelength between 500 and 590 nm was observed in each material. The nanosecond nonlinear absorption and the optical limiting are shown to be dominated by a strong excited state absorption from an orientationally averaged triplet state. We derive and experimentally confirm the relation between the molecular absorption cross sections and the fluence-dependent nonlinear absorption coefficients. The effective nonlinear refraction on the nanosecond time scale was reduced because the electronic contribution to the nonlinear refractive index was of the opposite sign from the thermal contribution. An optical limiter using the new material, p-(trifluoromethyl)phenylindium(III) tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine [(t-...
Chronic exposure to inorganic lead increases high-threshold voltage-gated calcium currents in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells.

Abstract Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were exposed to lead acetate (0, 10, 25 and 50 μM) in their growth media for up to 12 weeks. High-threshold voltage-gated calcium currents were recorded each week from nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Chronic exposure for 1 month did not modify peak or sustained calcium current amplitudes in lead-treated cells when compared to sister control cultures. Two month exposure to 25 and 50 μM significantly increased peak and sustained calcium current amplitudes, while 10 μM had little effect. During the third month of exposure, peak and sustained calcium current amplitudes remained increased in the cells exposed to 25 and 50 μM lead acetate. By the end of the second month of exposure to 25 and 50 μM lead acetate, the voltage at which maximal current amplitude was attained shifted from +10 mV to 0 mV. The observed effects of toxicologically relevant lead concentrations on high-threshold calcium currents in chronically exposed mammalian cells provide further support for the notion that at least one cellular target of the heavy metal's neurotoxic action may be the voltage-gated calcium channel.
A High-Performance Computing Forecast: Partly Cloudy

Cloud computing is emerging as an important computational resource allocation trend in commercial, academic, and industrial sectors. Yet, because the business model doesn't currently meet all the needs of high-performance computing (HPC)-the demands of capability computing, for example-the relationship between clouds and HPC suggests a partly cloudy forecast.
Adsorption-induced anchoring transition in cylindrically confined liquid-crystal hydrophobic aerosil dispersions

An adsorption-induced anchoring transition was found by confining liquid-crystal hydrophobic aerosil dispersions to cylindrical pores. The aerosil effects on the director configurations and on the orientational-order wetting at the pore walls were determined by DNMR. The aerosil spheres are adsorbed at the pore wall, hindering the planar anchoring and inducing an axial-to-radial structural transition dependent on increasing aerosil density. The orientational-order surface wetting in the isotropic phase is modified by the aerosil-introduced disorder from quasi-complete to partial to non-wetting.
The classical Laplace plane as a stable disposal orbit for geostationary satellites

Abstract The classical Laplace plane is a frozen orbit, or equilibrium solution for the averaged dynamics arising from Earth oblateness and lunisolar gravitational perturbations. The pole of the orbital plane of uncontrolled GEO satellites regress around the pole of the Laplace plane at nearly constant inclination and rate. In accordance with Friesen et al. (1993), we show how this stable plane can be used as a robust long-term disposal orbit. The current graveyard regions for end-of-life retirement of GEO payloads, which is several hundred kilometers above GEO depending on the spacecraft characteristics, cannot contain the newly discovered high area-to-mass ratio debris population. Such objects are highly susceptible to the effects of solar radiation pressure exhibiting dramatic variations in eccentricity and inclination over short periods of time. The Laplace plane graveyard, on the contrary, would trap this debris and would not allow these objects to rain down through GEO. Since placing a satellite in this inclined orbit can be expensive, we discuss some alternative disposal schemes that have acceptable cost-to-benefit ratios.
Significant collections of Orchidaceae conserved in Herbarium Hamburgense (HBG)

An inventory of critical type material in the recently rediscovered Kraenzlin Orchid Herbarium is presented. In addition, a partial inventory of type material of Orchidaceae conserved in the general herbarium at Hamburg (HBG) is presented as a guide to the collections.
Intensity and frequency of severe storms in the Gulf of Alaska

A review of the circumstances surrounding the sinking of the S.S. Pennsylvania with all hands in the Gulf of Alaska during January, 1952, necessitated an historical survey of severe storms in the Gulf of Alaska. The purpose of the investigation was (1) to determine from weather data the frequency and variability of occurrence of storms which would generate very high waves, and (2) to demonstrate the importance of factors other than measured wind speed such as duration, fetch, and air-sea temperature difference on development of very high wind waves. Criteria were developed for screening out the storms which probably generated high waves and sustained them for long durations. From the records for the winters of 1922–23 to 1951–52, excluding World War II years, 15 storms were selected and critically examined for their wave creating potential. The Pennsylvania storm of January 8–10, 1952, was considered the most severe and herein is compared with two other storms of higher wind speeds which did not generate higher waves. In addition, a longer-period storm survey of high January winds shows a large annual variability with January 1952 the extreme.
Nuclear transport: run by Ran?

A distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells is the compartmentalization of their DNA within the nucleus. The sequestration of the genetic material away from the translational machinery and cytosolic proteins has at least two obvious but important implications: First, there must be a mechanism whereby the separate identities of the nucleus and cytosol are established and maintained within each cell cycle. The existence of such a mechanism was confirmed by the finding that many karyophilic proteins have nuclear localization sequences (NLS) (Gorlich and Mattaj 1996).
Best practice case management for improved medical adherence.

Abstract Less than optimal treatment adherence for many health conditions impedes clinical progress, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs, particularly for low-income and racial and ethnic minority patients. When properly understood as a complex phenomenon involving patient, provider, and health system interacting factors, adherence improvement is a natural target for social work's multi-system model of case management. We present five key elements for a generic “best practice” case management blueprint applicable to a range of medical settings. The theory and evidence base for the elements are discussed and illustrated with SAFe, a tested social work case management program to improve adherence following abnormal cancer screens.
Communication Inequalities and Public Health Implications of Adult Social Networking Site Use in the United States

Social media, and specifically social networking sites (SNSs), are emerging as an important platform for communication and health information exchange. Yet, despite the increase in popularity and use, only a limited number of empirical studies document which segments of the adult population are and are not using social networking sites and with what, if any, affect on health. The purpose of this study is to identify potential communication inequalities in social networking site use among a representative sample of U.S. adults and to examine the association between SNS use and psychological well-being. We analyzed data from the National Cancer Institute's 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Thirty-five percent of online adults reported SNS use within the past 12 months, and there were no significant differences in SNS use by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic position. Younger age (p = .00) was the most significant predictor of SNS use, while being married (p = .02) and having a history of...
Mass transfer from a sublimating naphthalene cylinder to a crossflow of air

Abstract Average Sherwood numbers based on experimental results were determined for a sublimating naphthalene cylinder subjected to a crossflow of air. The range of Reynolds numbers for all tested cylinders was from 4700 to 141 000. The nominal diameters of the tested cylinders were 25·4, 50·8 and 76·2 mm (i.e. 1, 2 and 3 inches respectively). The average uncertainty of the reported data was estimated to be ±9·7%. The experiments were performed using an open-loop wind tunnel. The test cylinders were cast using molten naphthalene and the test method involved naphthalene sublimation. The resultant expression is given in dimensionless form.
Chemical and electrical stimulation of the rat lateral hypothalamus

In a preliminary study, it was not found possible to obtain clear-cut data on the interaction between chemical and electrical stimuli, both applied to the same locus in the lateral hypothalamus. In a subsequent study, the sites in the lateral hypothalamus from which water ingestion can be elicited by electrical or chemical stimulation of the brain were found to have little overlap. However, chemical stimulation drinking sites in the zona incerta and lateral hypothalamus were found to all also be sites from which electrical self-stimulation could be elicited. Since nondrinking sites to chemical stimulation could also be found in this area and were also self-stimulation sites, no specific relationship between chemically elicited drinking and electrical self-stimulation can be drawn.
SOOT IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere consist of two major components — graphitic or black carbon and organic material. The organic component can either be directly emitted from sources (primary organics) or be produced by atmospheric reactions from gaseous precursors (secondary organics). We define soot as the total primary carbonaceous material, i.e., the sum of black carbon and primary organics. The complex set of questions concerning the origin and the chemical and physical characterization of carbonaceous particles has been central to the research of the Atmospheric Aerosol Research group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory since the group’s beginning in 1972. This paper will present an overview of our efforts to quantitate the amount of soot in a variety of urban locations. The results will demonstrate that soot is a major component of the carbon aerosol in all locations and can be the dominant component in many.
A note on the level of recall, level of processing, and imagery hypotheses of hypermnesia

Empirical evidence is reviewed which suggests that level of recall does not determine hypermnesia. Level of recall is distinguished from level of processing, and the problem of deciding between a levels-of-processing and an imagery hypothesis of hypermnesia is discussed.
ARMS: arbitrary robot modelling system (abstract only)

One of the problems associated with controlling a robot arm is finding the arm's position control equations. The position control equations tell the magnitude and direction of the motion required from each joint in the arm to position the end effector at an arbitrary point in space with some arbitrary orientation. Dr. C. Y. Ho described how these equations can be derived [1]. Dr. Ho's method relies on being able to describe each link in the arm by a special matrix called an “A matrix”. The A matrices are simple to derive from a mathematical model of a robot called a “link parameter table”.The link parameter table describes each link in the robot. It is assumed that the robot is in a special position called “home position”. Home position requirements are given in terms of a real world XYZ coordinate system. All joints in the robot must move around or along at most two of the three real world axes. There must be no motion along or around the third axis. The approach vector for the end effector must also lie along one of these same two axes. Any fixed distances in the arm must be along the third axis and possibly one of the other two axes. Many times a robot won't be in home position. It must be manipulated until these requirements are met.Robots can be divided into three classes depending on how easy it is to get them in home position. For the first class it is simple; either they are already in home position or they can be put in home position by turning some of their revolute joints. In the second class, some of the fixed distances must be combined with other fixed distances or prismatic joints. This must be done carefully so that the modified robot has the same functionality as the original robot. In the third class, it is impossible to meet the requirements. These impossible cases are handled separately.Before the development of the ARMS System, finding a robot's home position was largely a process of trial and error. This was especially true if some of the fixed distances had to be combined in addition to turning some of the joints. The ARMS System automates this process. Its inputs are the direction of the approach vector for the end effector and a physical description of each link in the robot. From this information the ARMS system will find a link parameter table (if it's possible) and derive the A matrices for the robot.The A matrices are in a format that can be used for input to a symbolic mathematics package. It is intended that the mathematics package will be used to solve for the position control equations. The differential speed control matrix could also be derived. The differential speed control matrix tells how fast each joint must move so that all the joints start and stop moving at the same time.An expert system approach was used in a PROLOG prototype of the system. However, developing the prototype resulted in an algorithm for the process. The algorithm is now being implemented in COMMON LISP on a DEC micro-VAX II.
Evaluation of NSP to Estimate Seismic Deformation: SDF Systems

Investigated in this paper is the approximation in the ATC-40 nonlinear static procedure (NSP) that the earthquake-induced deformation of an inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) system can be estimated by an iterative method requiring analysis of a sequence of equivalent linear systems. Several deficiencies in the ATC-40 Procedure A are demonstrated. This iterative procedure did not converge for some of the systems analyzed. It converged in many cases, but to a deformation much different than dynamic (nonlinear response history or inelastic design spectrum) analysis of the inelastic system. The ATC-40 Procedure B always gives a unique value of deformation, same as that determined by Procedure A if it converged. These approximate procedures underestimate significantly the deformation for a wide range of periods and ductility factors with errors approaching 50%, implying that the estimated deformation is about half the “exact” value. Surprisingly, the ATC-40 procedures are deficient relative to even the...
Parental functioning and child sexual abuse

Eighty-two mothers and 46 fathers of emotionally disturbed youth in a day treatment program completed the Family Assessment Device (FAD) at time of intake. Interviews with therapists enabled classification of families into three groups: those whose client (the youth) had been sexually abused, those where sexual abuse was suspected but not confirmed, and those without a sexual abuse history. All cases of abuse were non-incestuous. Comparisons of the confirmed abuse and non-abuse groups were made, using three types of analyses. ANOVA of parental responses to the FAD by group yielded significance for mothers but not for fathers, with mothers of abused children reporting more family dysfunction in problem-solving and roles than mothers of non-abused children. Second, significant differences between parents according to group were found in the abused sample in problem-solving, communication, and general functioning, but not in the non-abused sample; mothers reported significantly greater pathology in their families than did fathers. Third, comparison of differences between mothers and their children within families yielded a greater number of differences in the non-abused group. Significance was obtained in affective responsivity and behavior control in both samples. Additionally, however, significant differences in communication and roles were obtained in the non-abused group. Caution in differentiating between incestuous and non-incestuous families is suggested. Implications of this research for family interventions, especially with regard to mother/child perceptual congruence, are discussed.
Biomechanical modeling of acetabular component polyethylene stresses, fracture risk, and wear rate following press-fit implantation.

Press-fit implantation may result in acetabular component deformation between the ischial-ilial columns (“pinching”). The biomechanical and clinical consequences of liner pinching due to press-fit implantation have not been well studied. We compared the effects of pinching on the polyethylene fracture risk, potential wear rate, and stresses for two different thickness liners using computational methods. Line-to-line (“no pinch”) reaming and 2 mm underreaming press fit (“pinch”) conditions were examined for Trident cups with X3™ polyethylene liner wall thicknesses of 5.9 mm (36E) and 3.8 mm (40E). Press-fit cup deformations were measured from a foam block configuration. A hybrid material model, calibrated to experimentally determined stress–strain behavior of sequentially annealed polyethylene, was applied to the computational model. Molecular chain stretch did not exceed the fracture threshold in any cases. Nominal shell pinch of 0.28 mm was estimated to increase the volumetric wear rate by 70% for both cups and peak contact stresses by 140 and 170% for the 5.9 and 3.8 mm-thick liners, respectively. Although pinching increases liner stresses, polyethylene fracture is highly unlikely, and the volumetric wear rates are likely to be low compared to conventional polyethylene. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1467–1472, 2009
Efficiency and exclusion in collective action allocations

Abstract Suppose that a group of people meet to determine the cost allocation of a collective action, and that each individual's valuation of the collective action is private and independent of all others' values. With this information structure there is an incentive problem—each individual has an incentive to understate value in order to lower his or her cost share of the collective action. This paper examines exclusion from the benefits of a collective action as a tool to reduce the incentive to understate value in collective action negotiations. We (i) identify conditions for which an auction-like mechanism approaches classical ex post efficiency for the allocation of an excludable public good, (ii) characterize ex ante optimal allocation mechanisms, and (iii) identify conditions for which Ramsey pricing is ex ante optimal.
THE BAPTIST WORLD CONGRESS OF 1905 AND THE EMERGENCE OF BLACK AMERICAN BAPTISTS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE

Black Baptists have been fully involved in the Baptist World Alliance from the founding Congress in 1905. This paper looks at the significant contribution they made there.
Extent of decortication and quality of flour, couscous and porridge made from different sorghum cultivars

Summary Sorghum grain was decorticated to remove 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the kernel for the purpose of improving flour colour, couscous colour and yield, and porridge texture. Flour lightness increased while yellow colour decreased with increased extent of decortication. Processing of the flours into couscous caused a considerable drop in lightness and increased yellow colour in couscous at all levels of decortication. As decortication level increased, couscous colour became lighter. Yellow colour progressively increased up to 30% kernel removal and dropped at 40%. Couscous yield, as measured by the proportion of particles of 1–2 mm size, also increased up to 30% kernel removal. This improvement in yield was attributed to decreased proportion of bran as indicated by ash content. However, the yield dropped at 40% kernel removal due to formation of large chunks of agglomerated flour particles. Thick porridge became harder as decortication level increased and this was strongly associated with the concomitant increase in starch concentration. Overall, this study defined the decortication levels necessary to improve the couscous colour and yield, and texture of porridge made from different sorghum cultivars.
Using quality management for cultural transformation of Chinese state enterprises: A case study

Abstract Many studies have argued that the culture of Chinese state enterprises must first be transformed before they can implement TQM and related management techniques. This paper examines the experience of ten U.S.-China joint ventures in China. Although most of the JVs have experienced less than satisfactory performance, one of the JVs in the study, managed by Ingersoll-Rand, was able to substantially transform the culture of its Chinese partner through dedicated implementation of a TQM program.
Energy saving in joint acoustic-video target detection and tracking

Fusing acoustic and visual data has the potential to significantly improve target tracking performance by exploiting the complementary and redundant information. However, it is not clear how to efficiently fuse these two modalities and how to reduce the high energy consumption of video sensors to improve network lifespan. High energy requirement of video sensors is mainly due to the high sample acquisition cost and high computational complexity of target detection algorithms. We address the computation energy by performing target detection in a region-ofinterest and studying target detection algorithms' computational complexity and data fusion architecture. Some strategies are proposed to help video sensors in performing target detection and reducing the power consumption by incorporating the acoustic detection result. We study two widely used target detection algorithms, background subtraction and snake, for their use in joint acoustic-video tracking, and analyze their computational complexities and memory requirements. We hope that the analysis can effectively guide the designer to select the most suitable algorithm and architecture for a given scenario or application.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH P53 NUCLEAR ACCUMULATION IN PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA

Prostatic adenocarcinoma is an age-related cancer. The extremely high proportion of this disease with advanced age merits the study of age-dependent carcinogenesis. TP53 is considered a common target for carcinogenic agents including exogenous carcinogens as well as endogenous mutagens. Mutations of this gene are reported to be the most frequent nuclear abnormalities in human cancer. In order to investigate the relationship between age and altered patterns of p53 expression, we have analyzed a group of 48 patients with primary prostatic adenocarcinoma. We assessed p53 nuclear accumulation immunohistochemically by the anti-p53 antibodies PAb1801 and CM-1, and identified 9 out of 48 patients (19%) displaying p53-positive phenotype. We observed a significant association between advanced age and p53 nuclear accumulation. The data suggest that p53 nuclear accumulation may be related to the aging process in prostatic adenocarcinoma.
The application of therapeutic-trial principles to improve the design of epidemiologic research: A case-control study suggesting that anticoagulants reduce mortality in patients with myocardial infarction

The observational results collected in epidemiologic research can be improved if the groups under study are defined by applying the same admission criteria that would be used in a randomized clinical trial. This new technique was employed in the design of a case-control study investigating the effect of anticoagulants in reducing fatality rates for patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Among patients diagnosed as having MI in the Yale-New Haven Hospital Coronary Care Unit during 1974–1978, 151 fatalities became the cases and were matched by age, race, and gender to 151 survivors who became the controls. In this original assembly of patients, anticoagulants had been used in 28% of the fatalities and in 50% of the survivors, for a ‘protective’ odds ratio of 2.5 (p < 0.001). When admission criteria of a randomized clinical trial were applied to exclude inappropriate patients, anticoagulants had been used in 29% of the 81 fatalities and in 40% of the 113 survivors, for a ‘protective’ but not statistically significant odds ratio of 1.7. When patients were stratified for clinical severity, anticoagulants had been used in 26% of fatalities and in 29% of survivors with a low-risk (Killip Class A) infarction. In patients with high-risk (Killip Class B-D) infarctions, however, the protective odds ratio was 2.6, which is statistically significant (χ2 = 5.91, p < 0.025). The demonstration that anticoagulants were beneficial only for patients with severe infarction is gratifying. It helps reconcile both the negative findings noted when severity was not stratified in previous randomized experimental trials and also the positive claims reported when bias was ignored in observational epidemiologic surveys. If validated by future research, this improved method of patient definition in observational studies can be a valuable ‘screening’ device for assessing new medical or surgical therapies, and for improving the efficiency of future randomized clinical trials.
Measuring infrared absorption in the visible: Sensitive determinations of chemical and isotopic purity of solvents by the thermal lens effect

A new technique has been developed in which the absorption in the infrared region is measured in the visible. This was accomplished by use of the visible (probe) laser to monitor the thermal lens effect that was induced in a sample as a consequence of its absorption of the radiation in the infrared. The sensitivity of the technique is much higher than that of conventional transmission measurements because, in addition to its inherent ultrasensitivity, the infrared absorption is measured in the visible region, which has relatively less noise, and is detected by a phase-lock detecting method. With the use of the partial least-squares method to analyze the data, this technique can be used for the nondestructive, noninvasive, and sensitive determination of the chemical and isotopic purity of samples. Specifically, it is capable of measuring water in D2O and in tetrahydrofuran at levels as low as 3.75 × 10-4 and 1.20 × 10-4% (w/w), respectively.
The Potential Impact of Welfare Reform on Pregnant Teenagers

Background Massachusetts instituted welfare reform in September 1996 stating that pregnant teenagers must either live with a parent or legal guardian or in an approved group home in order to be eligible to receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Previous studies have confmned that there is a high prevalence of dysfunctional homes among pregnant adolescents, especially those on public assistance, and adequate long-term housing for pregnant teens is lacking. We suspect that there is a sub-population of pregnant teenagers displaced from their parent's/guardian's home and thus required to move frequently, and that this group may correspond to those individuals most likely to be on welfare. This pilot study was undertaken to examine whether pregnant adolescents receiving AFDC were more likely to move during pregnancy and whether welfare reform was likely to have an impact on their situations. Methods Thiny seven teenagers ( 0.1). Results Twenty of the 37 (54%) subjects received AFDC benefits. Eight subjects (40%) on AFDC and 7(41 %) not on AFDC moved during pregnancy. Three (15%) on AFDC and 1 (6%) not on AFDC moved more than once during pregnancy. Two of the former group were unable to live at home due to parental eviction and abuse. Due to a deficiency of approved living situations, these teens were forced to move more frequently in order to receive AFDC. Fony five percent of those on AFDC were aware of the reform regulations compared to 35% of those not receiving benefits. All patients receiving AFDC and a large majority (94%) of those not on AFDC denied that the new regulations would impact their future reproductive choices. Poor maternal weight gain, preterm delivery, and low birth weight occurred at similar rates in both groups. Conclusions This study confirmed a high rate of mobility among pregnant teenagers. The subset of teens moving frequently during pregnancy moved secondary to external causes, not by choice, and the new welfare regulations caused some of these patients to change locations more often. The subjects denied the impact of reform on their future plans and, although a clearly subjective measure, this response may be of interest to legislators if proven consistent.
Multiway Gaussian Mixture Model Based Multiphase Batch Process Monitoring

A novel batch process monitoring approach is proposed in this article to handle batch processes with multiple operation phases. The basic idea is to combine the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with hybrid unfolding of a multiway data matrix to partition all the sampling points into different clusters. Then, two sequential cluster alignments are used to adjust clusters so that each of them only contains consecutive sampling instants, and all the training batches at the same sampling time belong to the same cluster. The identified multiple clusters correspond to different operation phases in the batch process. Further, a localized probability index is defined to examine each sampling point of a monitored batch relative to its corresponding operation phase. Subsequently, the occurrence and duration of process faults can be detected in this way. The proposed batch monitoring approach is applied to a simulated penicillin fermentation process and compared with the conventional multiway principal component analysis...
Interleaved EPI Based fMRI Improved by Multiplexed Sensitivity Encoding (MUSE) and Simultaneous Multi-Band Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive and powerful imaging tool for detecting brain activities. The majority of fMRI studies are performed with single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) due to its high temporal resolution. Recent studies have demonstrated that, by increasing the spatial-resolution of fMRI, previously unidentified neuronal networks can be measured. However, it is challenging to improve the spatial resolution of conventional single-shot EPI based fMRI. Although multi-shot interleaved EPI is superior to single-shot EPI in terms of the improved spatial-resolution, reduced geometric distortions, and sharper point spread function (PSF), interleaved EPI based fMRI has two main limitations: 1) the imaging throughput is lower in interleaved EPI; 2) the magnitude and phase signal variations among EPI segments (due to physiological noise, subject motion, and B0 drift) are translated to significant in-plane aliasing artifact across the field of view (FOV). Here we report a method that integrates multiple approaches to address the technical limitations of interleaved EPI-based fMRI. Firstly, the multiplexed sensitivity-encoding (MUSE) post-processing algorithm is used to suppress in-plane aliasing artifacts resulting from time-domain signal instabilities during dynamic scans. Secondly, a simultaneous multi-band interleaved EPI pulse sequence, with a controlled aliasing scheme incorporated, is implemented to increase the imaging throughput. Thirdly, the MUSE algorithm is then generalized to accommodate fMRI data obtained with our multi-band interleaved EPI pulse sequence, suppressing both in-plane and through-plane aliasing artifacts. The blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal detectability and the scan throughput can be significantly improved for interleaved EPI-based fMRI. Our human fMRI data obtained from 3 Tesla systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed methods. It is expected that future fMRI studies requiring high spatial-resolvability and fidelity will largely benefit from the reported techniques.
Generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human kallikrein 2 (hK2) using hK2‐expressing tumors

BACKGROUND Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are serine proteases in the human kallikrein gene family that are 80% identical at the protein level. Like PSA, hK2 is expressed primarily in the prostate, making it an attractive bio-marker for prostate cancer development. In addition, its potent enzymatic activity may functionally affect the biology of prostate cancer. In order to further elucidate the possible roles of hK2 in prostate cancer, we have generated a panel of hK2-specific, non-PSA cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies. METHODS A novel tumor-immunization strategy was used to produce monoclonal antibodies. Human hK2 cDNA was transfected into a BALB/c tumor cell line and used to immunize both BALB/c and PSA-expressing BALB/c.PSA transgenic mice. Because the BALB/c.PSA transgenic mouse showed a biased response towards hK2, a B cell fusion was performed using spleen cells from a transgenic mouse immunized in this fashion. RESULTS A panel of monoclonal antibodies was produced and shown to be hK2-specific using newly developed hK2-specific sandwich ELISA and ELIspot assays. One of the monoclonal antibodies (6B7) was used to detect hK2 in human prostate by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, two of the antibodies affected the function of hK2. The 1F8 antibody enhanced the enzymatic activity of hK2 whereas the 3C7 antibody inhibited its function. CONCLUSIONS These hK2-specific antibodies illustrate a novel approach for constructing B-cell hybridomas and provide useful reagents to examine the role of hK2 in the biology and detection of prostate cancer. Prostate 51: 153–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Escherichia coli starvation diets : Essential nutrients weigh in distinctly

Bacterial growth is often limited by availability of nutrients. Soil, water, and even host environments such as macrophages can be nutrient poor, lacking essential building blocks for growth, including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The ratios of these elements differ according to the local
Exiting the outside world for cross-presentation.

How are extracellular proteins cross-presented on MHC class I molecules? In this issue of Immunity, Ackerman et al. (2006) demonstrate that the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) export pathway operates in the phagosomes of dendritic cells and transfers antigens into the MHC class I pathway.
Vibrational Distributions of N2 (A3∑+u) in the nitrogen afterglow

Abstract Absolute populations of the lowest six vibrational levels of N 2 (A 3 ∑ + u ) have been measured under various conditions in the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow of nitrogen for the first time. These vibrational distributions are interpreted in terms of a simple kinetic model which permits the evaluation of rate constants for vibrational relaxation of the A-state levels by V-V energy transfer to ground state nitrogen molecules.
New paradigms in incident management

Our current security paradigms are almost entirely drawn from the technical work in the area in the last four decades. This legacy of protecting data and systems has provided a rich set of tools for preventing, discovering and recovering from security failures. As we have gotten better at detecting security incidents, whether they are successful or not, we have not seen an equivalent increase in our capacity for analyzing and tracing these abuses to their source. In fact, it is not uncommon for a large site to be able to detect many more intrusion attempts than it can analyze and trace in any timely fashion. In short, we are being out-scaled by the intrusion community. We need incident management tools that interoperate, scale, and decrease security investigator workload. Also, due to the multi-site (multi-country, multi-cultural, t ) nature of investigations, we need better ways for sites to communicate about security incidents, past and present. Secure software agents or other technologies are needed to allow the small number of qualified investigators to extend their reach to remote sites, and also to provide a mechanism for educating more investigators. This paper is an attempt to identify, at a minimum, some of the new technologies that we will need in order to address these issues. In some cases, we need refinements, or wider deployment of existing technologies. In other cases we need completely new tools and methods of working. This paper created quite a lively dbcussion at the workshop. It became obvious that, i f anything, the original paper was too cautious in some of its recommendations, and was not as aggressive in suggesting more radical new paradigms. Rather than re-write the paper based on the discussion, we decided to follow the excellent example o f Greenwald[1] and add an epilog that incorporates the discussion comments and our "second thoughts'" based on those comments.
Reconstruction Of Radionuclide Tomograms By The Convolution Method

A method for producing quantitatively accurate, three-dimensional images of the structures of the body, or in the case of nuclear medicine, the distribution of radio-activity within these structures has been a tantalizing but elusive goal of medical research for many years. Among the many approaches that have been tried, those coming closest to success have been the various forms of tomographic or section imaging. The form of tomography known as transverse axial or transverse section tomography is particularly attractive in terms of quantitative accuracy because information from parts of the object outside the plane of interest does not appear in the final image as it does in other forms of tomography.
Sex Differences as Artifact in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game

Female subject pairs have often been found to compete more than either male pairs or mixed sex pairs in the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. It was hypothesized that sex differences in the PD were in part a function of the sex of the experimenter. Three males and three females served as experimenters. The hypothesis was supported for, although females evidenced higher competition with male Es, no sex differences were found with female Es. Female subject pairs were, however, the only pairs which evidenced significant differences in level of competition under male and female Es. Results were discussed in terms of greater sensitivity on the part of female Ss than male Ss to characteristics of both the partner and the E. Implications for the design of experimental investigation of sex differences were also considered.
SUCCESSFUL WEIGHT LOSS MAINTENANCE

▪ Abstract Obesity is now recognized as a serious chronic disease, but there is pessimism about how successful treatment can be. A general perception is that almost no one succeeds in long-term maintenance of weight loss. To define long-term weight loss success, we need an accepted definition. We propose defining successful long-term weight loss maintenance as intentionally losing at least 10% of initial body weight and keeping it off for at least 1 year. According to this definition, the picture is much more optimistic, with perhaps greater than 20% of overweight/obese persons able to achieve success. We found that in the National Weight Control Registry, successful long-term weight loss maintainers (average weight loss of 30 kg for an average of 5.5 years) share common behavioral strategies, including eating a diet low in fat, frequent self-monitoring of body weight and food intake, and high levels of regular physical activity. Weight loss maintenance may get easier over time. Once these successful main...
An intentional stance modulates the integration of gesture and speech during comprehension

The present study investigates whether knowledge about the intentional relationship between gesture and speech influences controlled processes when integrating the two modalities at comprehension. Thirty-five adults watched short videos of gesture and speech that conveyed semantically congruous and incongruous information. In half of the videos, participants were told that the two modalities were intentionally coupled (i.e., produced by the same communicator), and in the other half, they were told that the two modalities were not intentionally coupled (i.e., produced by different communicators). When participants knew that the same communicator produced the speech and gesture, there was a larger bi-lateral frontal and central N400 effect to words that were semantically incongruous versus congruous with gesture. However, when participants knew that different communicators produced the speech and gesture--that is, when gesture and speech were not intentionally meant to go together--the N400 effect was present only in right-hemisphere frontal regions. The results demonstrate that pragmatic knowledge about the intentional relationship between gesture and speech modulates controlled neural processes during the integration of the two modalities.
Phonetic, Linguistic, and Sight Readers Produce Similar Learning with Exceptional Children

Three years of computer-stored reading frequencies and celerations yielded average learning pictures for the 94 books in 17 different reading curricula. The median test with both Fisher's exact and with chi-square probabilities determined the significance of differences between the distributions of the average learning produced by the books in each curricular series. The pupils ranged from 5 to 21 years of age and included almost all exceptionalities. Major conclusions are: (a) The different curricula are functionally identical: they produce the same learning. (b) The average learning of these exceptional children was the same as that of regular children (x 1.2 per week), (c) Children can learn faster when starting at a low correct frequency (5 per minute), and when starting at high error frequencies (5 to 10 per minute). Strategies for improving learning include: (a) Teachers and children should treat errors as something to be aware of and eliminate, rather than as something to stay away from. (b) Curric...
Principles and Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Chemistry

Why should clinical chemists now accept mass spectrometry as another routine analytical laboratory tool? The task of clinical chemistry is to measure, as precisely and accurately as is meaningful, in a timely and cost-effective manner, substances which are known to reflect human health and disease. Many of these substances are defined by their primary molecular architecture and are thus candidates for any measurement technique which is chemical structure specific; other substances are defined by their function (enzymes, infective agents) and are indirectly measurable by determining the change in the quantity of a substrate or product with time. Mass spectrometers are the most accurate and precise physical measurement tools in analytical chemistry. However, in the past, mass spectrometers have been neither cost effective nor capable of timely results, and have been peripheral to the routine needs of most clinical laboratories. It is the purpose here to describe the physical principles of mass spectrometric analyses, and highlight changes which have made new instrumentation appropriate for clinical laboratories.
Linking purpose to procedure during interactions with patients.

Occupational therapists' use ofgoal statements dur­ ing interactions with patients can extendfar beyond the care-planning session. Each treatment session provides an opportunity to match goals de­ cided upon by the patient and therapist with a structured activity, thus endowing that activity with a therapeutic purpose, This article presents a ratio­ nale for discussing with patients the purpose and relevance ofany procedure, The rationale for pro­ viding information and explanation is based on current health care trends, traditional occupa­ tional therapy assumptions, and the often ambigu­ ous nature ofactivity, occupational therapy's pri­ mary modality,
Stowaway: a new family of inverted repeat elements associated with the genes of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

Members of a new inverted repeat element family, named Stowaway, have been found in close association with more than 40 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant genes listed in the GenBank and EMBL nucleic acid data bases. Stowaway elements are characterized by a conserved terminal inverted repeat, small size, target site specificity (TA), and potential to form stable DNA secondary structures. Some elements are located at the extreme 3' ends of sequenced cDNAs and supply polyadenylation signals to their host genes. Other elements are in the 5' upstream regions of severa1 genes and appear to contain previously identlfied cis-acting regulatory domains. Although the Stowaway elements share many structural features with the recently discovered Tourist elements, the two families share no significant sequence similarity. Together, the Stowaway and Tourist families serve to define an important new class of short inverted repeat elements found in possibly all flowering plant genomes.