cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manganese octahedral molecular sieves catalyzed tandem process for synthesis of quinoxalines

An efficient environmentally benign tandem synthetic route to prepare quinoxalines leading to 100% yields using reusable manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2) is described.
The formation mechanism of grown-in defects in CZ silicon crystals based on thermal gradients measured by thermocouples near growth interfaces

Abstract The thermal distributions near the growth interface of 150 mm CZ crystals were measured by three thermocouples installed at the center, middle (half radius) and edge (10 mm from surface) of the crystals. The results show that larger growth rates produced smaller thermal gradients. This contradicts the widely used heat flux balance equation. Using this fact, it is confirmed in CZ crystals that the type of point defects created is determined by the value of the thermal gradient (G) near the interface during growth, as already reported for FZ crystals. Although depending on the growth systems the effective lengths of the thermal gradient for defect generation are varied, we defined the effective length as 10 mm from the interface in this experiment. If G is roughly smaller than 20°C cm−1, vacancy rich CZ crystals are produced. If G is larger than 25°C cm−1, the species of point defects changes dramatically from vacancies to interstitials. The experimental results after detaching FZ and CZ crystals from the melt show that growth interfaces are filled with vacancies. We propose that large G produces shrunk lattice spacing and in order to relax such lattice excess interstitials are necessary. Such interstitials recombine with vacancies which were generated at the growth interface, next occupy interstitial sites and residuals aggregate themselves to make stacking faults and dislocation loops during cooling. The shape of the growth interface is also determined by the distributions of G across the interface. That is, the small G and the large G in the center induce concave and convex interfaces to the melt, respectively.
Calibrating Array Detectors

The development of sensitive large-format imaging arrays for the infrared promises to provide revolutionary capabilities for space astronomy. For example, the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on SIRTF will use four 256 × 256 arrays to provide background limited high spatial resolution images of the sky in the 3 to 8 μm spectral region. In order to reach the performance limits possible with this generation of sensitive detectors, calibration procedures must be developed so that uncertainties in detector calibration will always be dominated by photon statistics from the dark sky as a major system noise source. In the near-infrared, where the faint extragalactic sky is observed through the scattered and re-emitted zodiacal light from our solar system, calibration is particularly important. Faint sources must be detected on this brighter local foreground. We present a procedure for calibrating imaging systems and analyzing such data. In our approach, by proper choice of observing strategy, information about detector parameters is encoded in the sky measurements. Proper analysis allows us to simultaneously solve for sky brightness and detector parameters and provides accurate formal error estimates. This approach allows us to extract the calibration from the observations themselves; little or no additional information is necessary to allow full interpretation of the data. Further, this approach allows refinement and verification of detector parameters during the mission and thus does not depend on a priori knowledge of the system or ground calibration for interpretation of images.
Voluntary vs. Forced Financial Restatements: The Role of Board Independence

Using a sample of companies that restated their earnings over the period 1997–2002, this study finds that the probability of voluntary as opposed to forced restatements is positively related to the independence of both the board of directors and the audit committee. Following both voluntary and forced earnings restatements, companies increase the proportion of independent directors on both the board and the audit committee; three years after restatements, both types of restating companies attain similar levels of director independence. Moreover, the study finds comparable postrestatement long-run stock performance for all restating and matched companies, which suggests that postrestatement enhancements to internal control systems help restore companies’ blemished reputations.
Heat Capacity and Structural Relaxation of Mixed‐Alkali Glasses

Heat capacities of a series of mixed-alkali glasses of composition (in mol%) 24.4(Na2O + K2O)-75.6SiO2 were measured in the transition region by differential scanning calorimetry. The glass heat capacities at 700 K and the equilibrium liquid heat capacities are the same for all glasses on a per-g atom basis and equal, respectively, to 5.6 ± 0.1 and 6.8 ± 0.1 cal/g atom K. The glass transition temperatures exhibited negative deviations from additivity, but the heat capacity curves in the transition region of all the glasses for identical heating rates and thermal histories could be superimposed on the same reduced plot. This behavior indicates that the shapes of the structural relaxation functions are the same for all the glasses. These results support Shelby's conclusion that there is no unique “mixed-alkali effect” on thermodynamic or structural relaxation properties and that the term should be reserved for properties relating to ionic transport.
Nitration of some 3,5-disubstituted pyridine N-oxides

The preparation of 3-chloro-5-methoxypyridine N-oxide and its nitration are reported. Mononitration yields 5-chloro-3-methoxy-2-nitro-pyridine N-oxide while more drastic conditions give 3-chloro-5-methoxy-2,6-dinitropyridine. Removal of various substituents by base hydrolysis is also discussed.
Limiting laws of coherence of random matrices with applications to testing covariance structure and construction of compressed sensing matrices

Testing covariance structure is of significant interest in many areas of statistical analysis and construction of compressed sensing matrices is an important problem in signal processing. Motivated by these applications, we study in this paper the limiting laws of the coherence of an n × p random matrix in the high-dimensional setting where p can be much larger than n. Both the law of large numbers and the limiting distribution are derived. We then consider testing the bandedness of the covariance matrix of a high-dimensional Gaussian distribution which includes testing for independence as a special case. The limiting laws of the coherence of the data matrix play a critical role in the construction of the test. We also apply the asymptotic results to the construction of compressed sensing matrices.
A HIERARCHICAL MODEL FOR DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATIVE COMPUTATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

In-network collaborative computation is essential for implementation of a large number of sensor applications. We approach the problem of computation in sensor networks from a parallel and distributed system's perspective. We define COSMOS, the Cluster-based, heterOgeneouSMOdel for Sensor networks. The model abstracts the key features of the class of cluster-based sensor applications. It assumes a hierarchical network architecture comprising of a large number of low cost sensors with limited computation capability, and fewer number of powerful clusterheads, uniformly distributed in a two dimensional terrain. The sensors are organized into single hop clusters, each managed by a distinct clusterhead. The clusterheads are organized in a mesh-like topology. All sensors in a cluster are time synchronized, whereas the clusterheads communicate asynchronously. The sensors are assumed to have multiple power states and a wakeup mechanism to facilitate power management. To illustrate algorithm design using our model, we discuss implementation of algorithms for sorting and summing in sensor networks.
Combining meteorological stations and satellite data to evaluate the offshore wind power resource of Southeastern Brazil

Wind is strong and steady over the ocean, but on-site marine meteorological data are sparse for evaluation of oceanic wind power. Here, we draw on meteorological station, satellite data (QuikSCAT), and both theoretical and practical measures of wind turbine performance. The meteorological stations measure directly at high time resolution but low spacial resolution, and provide validation and adjustment of the satellite data. The satellite data provide near-complete spacial coverage at lower time resolution. For the southern coast of Brazil, we use both data sets to evaluate the location, seasonal timing, and availability of the wind power resource. Then, using bathymetry and the properties of current wind-electric technology, we develop maps of wind speed, wind power density, and practical turbine output in power units (MW). In the shallower waters of south Brazil, the most favorable conditions are along the coast between 28°S and 33°S. In just this one coastal area, we find a total resource of 102 GW average electrical production, approximately equal to the electric demand of the entire country.
The Carbon New Age

Graphene has been considered by many as a revolutionary material with electronic and structural properties that surpass conventional semiconductors and metals. Due to its superlative qualities, graphene is being considered as the reference material for a post-CMOS technology. Furthermore, graphene is also quite unusual electronically since its electric carriers behave as if they were massless and relativistic, the so-called Dirac particles. Because of its exotic electronic properties, theorists are being forced to revisit the conceptual basis for the theory of metals. Hence, graphene seems to be unveiling a new era in science and technology with still unseen consequences.
An IT professional's dilemma: be an entrepreneur or a consultant?

Using a simple model, this paper examines the behavior of an IT professional who faces the choice between becoming an entrepreneur or an employee. To our knowledge, this is the first formal study of the dilemma facing an IT professional. IT professionals are somewhat unique in that they embody enough labor input/intellectual property that even a single professional can deliver a viable product/service. An incentive contract is auctioned to attract the highest bid in return for partial ownership from venture capitalists. Failure to raise venture finance results in the professional seeking employment. Both venture finance and employment are uncertain. The comparative-static effects of changes in project size and VC competition are determined. We find that under certain conditions a larger project is associated with a cost-plus contract, while greater VC competition results in a fixed-price contract being offered. The agent's effort is lower in a larger project, but non-negative under greater VC competition.
Reachable states in boundary control of the heat equation are independent of time

It is known that the class of all reachable states in boundary control of systems described by parabolic equations in one space dimension is independent of the time during which control is applied. This result is generalized here to systems governed by the heat equation in an arbitrary number of space variables.
My Mentor, My Self: Antecedents and Outcomes of Perceived Similarity in Mentoring Relationships

Abstract This study examines the antecedents and outcomes of perceived similarity in mentoring relationships in a sample of 82 matched mentor-protege dyads. Polynomial regression analyses were used to examine the association between actual and perceived similarity. Proteges were more likely to see themselves as similar to their mentors when they and their mentors shared either higher or lower levels of attachment security. However, sharing similar levels of relational self-construal was unrelated to proteges perceptions of similarity with their mentors. Path analyses revealed that proteges reported more organizational and professional commitment when they saw themselves as similar to their mentors, and that these associations were mediated by proteges’ reports of their mentors providing role modeling functions. These findings suggest that the effects of actual mentor-protege similarity on perceptions of similarity may depend on the shared attribute, and provide further evidence of the importance of perceived similarity to not only mentoring relationships, but also to organizations.
In Situ Preparation of a Highly Active N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Coordinated Olefin Metathesis Catalyst

Highly active N-heterocyclic carbene-coordinated catalysts may be synthesized and used in situ, without requiring prior isolation of the catalyst. Activation of this in situ catalyst with ethereal HCl dramatically reduces the reaction times required for high conversions. A variety of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-containing substrates participate readily in cross and ring-closing metathesis reactions using this preparation.
Did California’s hand-held cell phone ban reduce accidents?

On July 1st, 2008, California enacted a ban on hand-held cell phone use while driving. Using California Highway Patrol panel accident data for California freeways from January 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2008, we examine whether this policy reduced the number of accidents on California highways. To control for unobserved time-varying effects that could be correlated with the ban, we use high-frequency data and a regression discontinuity design. We find no evidence that the ban on hand-held cell phone use led to a reduction in traffic accidents.
Total syntheses of the squalene-derived halogenated polyethers ent-dioxepandehydrothyrsiferol and armatol A via bromonium- and Lewis acid-initiated epoxide-opening cascades

Herein we describe in full our investigations leading to the first total syntheses of ent-dioxepandehydrothyrsiferol and armatol A. Discovery of a bromonium-initiated epoxide-opening cascade enabled novel tactics for constructing key fragments found in both natural products and have led us to revise the proposed biogeneses. Other common features found in the routes include convergent fragment coupling strategies to assemble the natural products' backbones and the use of epoxide-opening cascades for rapid constructions of the fused polyether subunits. Through de novo synthesis of armatol A, we elucidate the absolute and relative configuration of this natural product.
Discovery of histone deacetylase 8 selective inhibitors

We have developed an efficient method for synthesizing candidate histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in 96-well plates, which are used directly in high-throughput screening. We selected building blocks having hydrazide, aldehyde and hydroxamic acid functionalities. The hydrazides were coupled with different aldehydes in DMSO. The resulting products have the previously identified 'cap/linker/biasing element' structure known to favor inhibition of HDACs. These compounds were assayed without further purification. HDAC8-selective inhibitors were discovered from this novel collection of compounds.
Weak Charge-changing Flow in Expanding r-Process Environments

We assess the prospects for attaining steady nuclear-flow equilibrium in expanding r-process environments where beta decay and/or neutrino capture determine the nuclear charge-changing rates. For very rapid expansions, we find that weak steady flow equilibrium normally cannot be attained. However, even when neutron-capture processes freeze out in such nonequilibrium conditions, abundance ratios of nuclear species in the r-process peaks might still mimic those attained in weak steady flow. This result suggests that the r-process yield in a regime of rapid expansion can be calculated reliably only when all neutron-capture, photodisintegration, and weak interaction processes are fully coupled in a dynamical calculation. We discuss the implications of these results for models of the r-process sited in rapidly expanding neutrino-heated ejecta.
Highly asymmetric Henry reaction catalyzed by chiral copper(II) complexes

Two chiral pyridinylmethyl diphenylprolinolsilyl ether derivatives have been synthesized from N-alkylation of (S)-diphenylprolinolsilyl ether in a single step. They were successfully applied as ligands in the Cu(II)-catalyzed enantioselective Henry reaction between aldehydes and nitromethane in ethanol at room temperature. A variety of chiral Henry products β-nitroalcohols were obtained in good to high yields (up to 94%) with high to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee) under the optimized reaction conditions. The results indicate that the bulky substituent diphenylprolinolsilyl ether of ligand 2 plays an important role to induce the high stereoselectivity of the process.
Learning Binary Relations Using Weighted Majority Voting

In this paper we demonstrate how weighted majority voting with multiplicative weight updating can be applied to obtain robust algorithms for learning binary relations. We first present an algorithm that obtains a nearly optimal mistake bound but at the expense of using exponential computation to make each prediction. However, the time complexity of our algorithm is significantly reduced from that of previously known algorithms that have comparable mistake bounds. The second algorithm we present is a polynomial time algorithm with a non-optimal mistake bound. Again the mistake bound of our second algorithm is significantly better than previous bounds proven for polynomial time algorithms. A key contribution of our work is that we define a “non-pure” or noisy binary relation and then by exploiting the robustness of weighted majority voting with respect to noise, we show that both of our algorithms can learn non-pure relations. These provide the first algorithms that can learn non-pure binary relations.
Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere

It is demonstrated by means of model calculations that while the general configuration of middle atmosphere dynamics (i. e., winter westerlies and summer easterlies) is determined by differential solar heating, the deviations of the zonally-averaged temperature field from radiative equilibrium and the closure of the jet structures with increasing altitude result from the action of zonal mean momentum dissipation processes. The apparent heating and acceleration of the mean zonal state by planetary wave heat and momentum fluxes are examined using an Eulerian framework, and it is demonstrated that these are overestimates of their net effect. It is argued that since decelerations of the mean zonal flow are required in both winter and summer, and planetary waves are known to be very weak in the summer middle atmosphere, gravity waves are probably responsible for most of the middle atmosphere momentum dissipation as a result of their attenuation with height above their wave breaking altitude. Radar observations of middle atmosphere dynamics together with some theoretical work indicates that the effects of breaking gravity waves should be included in the thermodynamic equation as well as the momentum equation.
Reactions of BrF5 with the azide, nitrite and sulfate anions

Abstract Bromine pentafluoride undergoes a facile fluorine-oxygen exchange reaction with the sulfate anion to yield an equimolar mixture of BrF 4 O /t- and SO 3 F /t- salts. With CsN 3 it ignites producing N 2 and a mixture of CsBrF 4 and CsBrF 6 . With an excess of NaNO 2 it forms NaF, BrF 2 and FNO 2 . When BrF 5 is used in excess with KNO 2 its reduction is halted at the BrF 3 stage producing KBrF 4 and FNO 2 as the primary products. The FNO 2 can undergo a secondary reaction with KNO 2 to give N 2 O 4 and KF which react further to FNO and KNO 3 . The latter and excess BrF 5 yield some KBrF 4 O and FNO 2 .
Synthesis of (±)-septicine

Abstract The total synthesis of the indolizidine alkaloid,(±)-septicine ( 5 ) (27% overall yield) in 8 steps from dimethyl squarate is presented. The key st
Group Structures of Elementary Supersingular Abelian Varieties over Finite Fields

Abstract Let A be a supersingular abelian variety over a finite field k which is k -isogenous to a power of a simple abelian variety over k . Write the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism of A relative to k as f = g e for a monic irreducible polynomial g and a positive integer e . We show that the group of k -rational points A ( k ) on A is isomorphic to ( Z / g (1) Z ) e unless A 's simple component is of dimension 1 or 2, in which case we prove that A ( k ) is isomorphic to ( Z / g (1) Z ) a ×( Z /( g (1)/2) Z × Z /2 Z ) b for some non-negative integers a , b with a + b = e . In particular, if the characteristic of k is 2 or A is simple of dimension greater than 2, then A ( k )≅( Z / g (1) Z ) e .
Detection of oppositely directed reconnection jets in a solar wind current sheet

[1] We report the first two-spacecraft (Wind and ACE) detection of oppositely directed plasma jets within a bifurcated current sheet in the solar wind. The event occurred on January 3, 2003 and provides further direct evidence that such jets result from reconnection. The magnetic shear across the bifurcated current sheet at both Wind and ACE was ∼150°, indicating that the magnetic shear must have been the same at the reconnection site located between the two spacecraft. These observations thus provide strong evidence for component merging with a guide field ∼ 30% of the antiparallel field. The dimensionless reconnection rate based on the measured inflow was 0.03, implying fast reconnection.
On the incidence of transportation costs on India's exports

This paper re‐examines the results obtained by Yeats in an of t‐quoted article which indicate that India suffers from a sizeable transport disadvantage vis‐a‐vis her competitors in the US market. Using detailed data, we show that, contrary to Yeats’ claim, only one‐third of this disadvantage is accounted for by higher transport charges faced by India's exports. The other two‐thirds can be attributed to the product composition of these exports. The fact that India tends to export products with relatively low unit values is also found to be a factor producing high transport costs.
Urinary estrogen metabolites in patients at high risk for breast cancer.

Abstract #4080 Background: Variations in estrogen metabolism may be associated with increased breast cancer risk. Women who have preferential metabolism via 16α-hydroxylation are reported to have a higher risk of developing breast cancer compared to women who have preferential metabolism via 2α-hydroxylation. Profiling estrogen metabolites may identify women who are more likely to develop breast cancer within a population of women with known risk factors. Our aim was to evaluate estrogen metabolism in a group of high risk women. Methods: Women were recruited from the Magee-Women9s Hospital High Risk Breast Cancer program. Risk factors included first degree family history, atypia, fibrocystic breast disease, BRCA1/2, Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Urine 2:16 OHE ratios were compared among the high risk group, an average risk control group, and a group of women with breast cancer. We also evaluated the relationship between urine 2:16 OHE ratios and epidemiological risk factors including BMI, alcohol use, smoking history and first degree family history. Results: There were 65 high risk patients, 30 breast cancer patients, and 41 controls. The Kruskaul-Wallis rank test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used for analysis. There was a significant difference in 2:16 OHE ratios among all three groups, p=0.0001. Urine 2:16 OHE ratios were lower in the high risk group (median 1.15) compared to the control group (2.22), p=0.00, and were lower in the breast cancer group (1.09) compared to the controls, p=0.00. There was a difference in BMI among all three groups, p=0.002. Overall, the 2:16 OHE ratio was positively associated with BMI, p=0.0006, and with alcohol use, p=0.02. Smoking history did not differ among all groups, and there was no association between smoking history and 2:16 OHE ratio. Within the high risk group, family history was not associated with 2:16 OHE ratio. Conclusions: Our research suggests that there is an association between lower urine 2:16 OHE ratios and high risk breast cancer. This association may be linked to specific risk factors such as BMI and alcohol use. This information may help to further elucidate the clinical relevance of using urinary 2:16 OHE ratios as clinical markers and prognostic indicators in this population. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4080.
Geologic Aspects of Tight Gas Reservoirs in the Rocky Mountain Region

The Rocky Mountain region contains major gas resources in tight (low-permeability) reservoirs of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. These reservoirs usually have an in-situ permeability to gas of 0.1 md or less and can be classified into four general geologic and engineering categories: marginal marine blanket, lenticular, chalk, and marine blanket shallow. Microscopic study of pore/permeability relationships indicates the existence of two varieties of tight reservoirs. One variety is tight because of the fine grain size of the rock. The second variety is tight because the rock is relatively tightly cemented and the pores are poorly connected by small pore throats and capillaries. Other characteristics of tight gas reservoirs are: discrete gas/water contacts are absent in lenticular and marginal marine blanket reservoirs; most of the gas occurs in stratigraphic traps; well log analysis is difficult in tight reservoirs; many Rocky Mountain tight gas basins are either overpressured or underpressured; and formation damage may occur when wells are drilled and completed.
Technology, Finance, and Dependency: Latin American Radical Political Economy in Retrospect

The surge in academic work on globalization has made several of the topics dear to authors of the dependency school relevant once again. Therefore, a reconsideration of dependency theory seems to b...
Structured Learning of Sum-of-Submodular Higher Order Energy Functions

Sub modular functions can be exactly minimized in polynomial time, and the special case that graph cuts solve with max flow [19] has had significant impact in computer vision [5, 21, 28]. In this paper we address the important class of sum-of-sub modular (SoS) functions [2, 18], which can be efficiently minimized via a variant of max flow called sub modular flow [6]. SoS functions can naturally express higher order priors involving, e.g., local image patches, however, it is difficult to fully exploit their expressive power because they have so many parameters. Rather than trying to formulate existing higher order priors as an SoS function, we take a discriminative learning approach, effectively searching the space of SoS functions for a higher order prior that performs well on our training set. We adopt a structural SVM approach [15, 34] and formulate the training problem in terms of quadratic programming, as a result we can efficiently search the space of SoS priors via an extended cutting-plane algorithm. We also show how the state-of-the-art max flow method for vision problems [11] can be modified to efficiently solve the sub modular flow problem. Experimental comparisons are made against the OpenCV implementation of the Grab Cut interactive segmentation technique [28], which uses hand-tuned parameters instead of machine learning. On a standard dataset [12] our method learns higher order priors with hundreds of parameter values, and produces significantly better segmentations. While our focus is on binary labeling problems, we show that our techniques can be naturally generalized to handle more than two labels.
Divergent Integrals in Renormalizable Field Theories

The proofs of the renormalization of the theories of scalar and pseudoscalar mesons in scalar interaction with nucleons and with the electromagnetic field, given previously by the author, depended on a certain subtraction procedure. A general proof is here given that this subtraction procedure, when applied to a divergent integral in the $S$ matrix of a renormalizable field theory, does, in fact, lead to an absolutely convergent, covariant, and unique remainder.
Trust, markets and accountability in higher education: A comparative perspective

Author(s): Trow, Martin | Abstract: In recent years problems have emerged around the American system of accrediting colleges and universities - a peculiar system involving voluntary regional associations of colleges and universities, public and private, which appoint committees of academics to make visits to their member institutions and report first on whether they are reasonably decent institutions of higher education, and secondly, on how they might improve themselves. This paper explores these issues comparatively in the American and European contexts.
Filter Rules Based on Price and Volume in Individual Security Overreaction

I present evidence of predictability in a sample constructed to minimize concerns about time-varying risk premia and market-microstructure effects. I use filter rules on lagged return and lagged volume information to uncover weekly over-reaction profits on large-capitalization NYSE and AMEX securities. I find that decreasing-volume stocks experience greater reversals. Increasing-volume stocks exhibit weaker reversals and positive autocorrelation. A real-time simulation of the filter strategies suggests that an investor who pursues the filter strategy with relatively low transaction costs will strongly outperform an investor who follows a buy-and-hold strategy. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society

This book provides a historical and ethnographic examination of gender relations in Malay society, in particular in the well-known state of Negeri Sembilan, famous for its unusual mixture of Islam and matrilineal descent. Peletz analyzes the diverse ways in which the evocative, heavily gendered symbols of "reason" and "passion" are deployed by Malay Muslims. Unlike many studies of gender, this book elucidates the cultural and political processes implicated in the constitution of "both" feminine and masculine identity. It also scrutinizes the relationship between gender and kinship and weighs the role of ideology in everyday life. Peletz insists on the importance of examining gender systems not as social isolates, but in relation to other patterns of hierarchy and social difference. His study is historical and comparative; it also explores the political economy of contested symbols and meanings. More than a treatise on gender and social change in a Malay society, this book presents a valuable and deeply interesting model for the analysis of gender and culture by addressing issues of hegemony and cultural domination at the heart of contemporary cultural studies.
Regional Climate Modeling over the Maritime Continent. Part II: New Parameterization for Autoconversion of Convective Rainfall

AbstractThis paper describes a new method for parameterizing the conversion of convective cloud liquid water to rainfall (“autoconversion”) that can be used within large-scale climate models, and evaluates the new method using the Regional Climate Model, version 3 (RegCM3), coupled to the land surface scheme Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS). The new method is derived from observed distributions of cloud water content and is constrained by observations of cloud droplet characteristics and climatological rainfall intensity. This new method explicitly accounts for subgrid variability with respect to cloud water density and is independent of model resolution, making it generally applicable for large-scale climate models. This work builds on the development of a new parameterization method for convective cloud fraction, which was described in Part I.Simulations over the Maritime Continent using the Emanuel convection scheme show significant improvement in model performance, not only with respect to convec...
Using hybrid approaches to solve the challenges of shape from shading

For over thirty years researchers have been trying to solve the shape from shading problem of determining 3D shape from a single image with a single light source. The basic problem of determining shape from shading is made more difficult due to challenges of light orientation, camera type, ambiguity, multiple materials, and specular highlights. This paper shows how some of these challenges can be overcome through the use of other techniques such as image segmentation and stereopsis. We present a new hybrid method of shape from shading that can be used to autonomously capture 3D information from two 2D images of single objects with multiple peaks and multiple materials with specular components.
Ovarian function in girls with McCune-Albright syndrome

We measured plasma estradiol levels and ovarian volumes in eight girls with precocious puberty due to McCune-Albright syndrome. Six girls had gonadotropin-independent ovarian estrogen secretion and two girls had pubertal gonadotropin levels. Mean ovarian volume in all patients was significantly greater than in normal prepubertal girls. Mean ovarian volumes of the girls with McCune-Albright syndrome overlapped the range found in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty or central precocious puberty associated with central nervous system lesions. However, the degree of asymmetry between the right and left ovaries was significantly greater in girls with McCune-Albright syndrome. Asymmetry was due, for the most part, to the presence of large solitary cysts in the larger of the two ovaries. In the six girls with McCune-Albright syndrome and gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, both mean ovarian volume and the degree of asymmetry between the right and left ovaries were significantly correlated with plasma estradiol. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone bioactivity was increased in two patients but did not vary with ovarian cyst size. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were normal but serum prolactin was slightly elevated in one of the six girls with gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty. Fluctuation in the size of unilateral ovarian cysts appears to result in changes in the plasma estradiol level, leading to advancement and spontaneous regression of secondary sexual characteristics and menses in girls with McCune-Albright syndrome. The cause of the cyst formation is unknown but may be related to periodic elevation of as yet undefined serum factors such as follicle-stimulating hormone bioactive substances.
Equations of State for Natural and Synthetic Rubber-Like Materials. I Unaccelerated Natural Soft Rubber

Abstract Summarizing, the following important conclusions may be drawn from these experiments on a typical unaccelerated soft gum compound. 1. The existence of the inversion point in the stress-temperature curves is shown to be due solely to ordinary volume thermal expansion, and may be eliminated by correcting for this thermal expansion. 2. The curves given in Figure 8a show that, for compounds of this type, the change of entropy with elongation accounts for more than 90 per cent of the total stress at room temperature, while the internal-energy contribution is less than 10 per cent and, to a first approximation, may be neglected. In other words, the retractive force is due almost entirely to the tendency of the extended rubber molecules to return to a less ordered curled-up state. This is in direct contrast to the elasticity exhibited by ordinary bodies, in which case elasticity is due to intermolecular forces. 3. The contribution of the entropy force to the total force is well represented by the theore...
A Design Method for Minimizing the Sound Power Radiated from Plates by Adding Optimally Sized, Discrete Masses

In this paper, a novel method for minimizing the sound power radiated from a structure is presented. The method involves placing strategically sized masses at specific locations on the structure's surface. The minimization procedure modifies the shapes of the resonant modes of the structure in the frequency range of interest such that they are forced to radiate sound inefficiently. Because of this, they are referred to as weak radiator mode shapes. The method uses an optimization procedure that directly minimizes the radiated sound power from the surface of a plate in an infinite baffle. The procedure can be carried out for a single frequency or over a range of frequencies. Analytical sensitivities of sound power with respect to the design variables are developed and used in the optimization algorithm. Results on various test cases show sound power reductions of 10 dB or more even when several resonances are included in the frequency band. An acoustic intensity probe is used to experimentally verify the results for one test case. The experiment confirms the sound power reductions predicted by the optimization program.
Semiparametric estimates of the supply and demand effects of disability on labor force participation

This paper modifies and uses the semiparametric methods of Ichimura and Lee (1991) on standard cross-section data to decompose the effect of disability on labor force participation into a demand and a supply effect. It shows that straightforward use of Ichimura and Lee leads to meaningless results while imposing monotonicity on the unknown function leads to substantial results. The paper finds that supply effects dominate the demand effects of disability.
Quantum algorithmic entropy

We extend algorithmic information theory to quantum mechanics, taking a universal semicomputable density matrix (`universal probability') as a starting point, and define complexity (an operator) as its negative logarithm. A number of properties of Kolmogorov complexity extend naturally to the new domain. Approximately, a quantum state is simple if it is within a small distance from a low-dimensional subspace of low Kolmogorov complexity. The von Neumann entropy of a computable density matrix is within an additive constant from the average complexity. Some of the theory of randomness translates to the new domain. We explore the relations of the new quantity to the quantum Kolmogorov complexity defined by Vitanyi (we show that the latter is sometimes as large as 2n − 2 log n) and the qubit complexity defined by Berthiaume, Dam and Laplante. The `cloning' properties of our complexity measure are similar to those of qubit complexity.
Preventing Family Violence: An Educational Model

This article gives an example of cross-cultural teaching between the United States and Korea using Bible study, lecture, and psychodrama by Korean students on the topic of domestic violence. In the process, basic education on domestic violence is presented in a culturally sensitive way.
First year students' impressions of pair programming in CS1

Pair programming, as part of the Agile Development process, has noted benefits in professional software development scenarios. These successes have led to a rise in use of pair programming in educational settings, particularly in CS1. Specifically [6] has shown that students using pair programming in CS1 do better in a CS2 class (with solo programming) than students who don't pair in CS1. This paper seeks to address a similar question, but from a qualitative, student-focused approach. How do students define, experience and value the pair programming experience? How do they experience and value it compared to solo programming? Does pairing in CS1 impact their confidence in their abilities.We report on semi-structured interviews with eleven subjects from two institutions where pair programming was used in CS1 and solo programming was used in the next course. Many of the responses met our expectations: students get stuck less and explore more ideas while pairing, and believe that pair programming helped them in CS1. Other responses were more surprising. Students reported that when solo programming that they were more confident and understood their programs better. Many students also said that they started work on their assignments earlier when soloing. Students also continue to use other students as resources even when working "solo".
Enzyme in der organischen Synthese

Enzyme haben als Katalysatoren in der organischen Synthese eine grose Zukunft. Bisher sind ihre Anwendungen auf einige industriell in grosem Masstab durchgefuhrte Hydrolysen sowie die Herstellung zahlreicher Reagentien fur Analysen und Synthesen im Laboratoriumsmasstab beschrankt. Verbesserungen bei der Produktion von Enzymen, die zum einen auf neuen Erkenntnissen der klassischen Mikrobiologie und zum anderen auf ersten erfolgversprechenden Ansatzen der Gentechnologie beruhen, sowie bei ihrer Stabilisierung und Handhabung machen diese Katalysatoren fur einen Gebrauch in der organischen Synthese immer attraktiver. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt den aktuellen Stand auf dem sich schnell entwickelnden Gebiet der enzymkatalysierten organischen Synthese; daneben werden auch die Entwicklungsmoglichkeiten erortert.
Constraints on Cosmological Parameters from Future Galaxy Cluster Surveys

We study the expected redshift evolution of galaxy cluster abundance between 0 z 3 in different cosmologies, including the effects of the cosmic equation of state parameter w ? p/?. Using the halo mass function obtained in recent large-scale numerical simulations, we model the expected cluster yields in a 12 deg2 Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) survey and a deep 104 deg2 X-ray survey over a wide range of cosmological parameters. We quantify the statistical differences among cosmologies using both the total number and redshift distribution of clusters. Provided that the local cluster abundance is known to a few percent accuracy, we find only mild degeneracies between w and either ?m or h. As a result, both surveys will provide improved constraints on ?m and w. The ?m-w degeneracy from both surveys is complementary to those found either in studies of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies or of high-redshift supernovae (SNe). As a result, combining these surveys together with either CMB or SNe studies can reduce the statistical uncertainty on both w and ?m to levels below what could be obtained by combining only the latter two data sets. Our results indicate a formal statistical uncertainty of ?3% (68% confidence) on both ?m and w when the SZE survey is combined with either the CMB or SN data; the large number of clusters in the X-ray survey further suppresses the degeneracy between w and both ?m and h. Systematics and internal evolution of cluster structure at the present pose uncertainties above these levels. We briefly discuss and quantify the relevant systematic errors. By focusing on clusters with measured temperatures in the X-ray survey, we reduce our sensitivity to systematics such as nonstandard evolution of internal cluster structure.
Novel syntheses of dithiosalicylide

Abstract Treatment of 3H-1, 2-benzodithiol-3-one or 3H-1, 2-benzodithiol-3-one 1-oxide with triphenylphosphine affords a good yield of dithiosalicylide. These reactions provide practical methods for the preparation of interesting cleft-shaped molecules.
Statistical efficiency of curve fitting algorithms

We study the problem of fitting parameterized curves to noisy data. Under certain assumptions (known as Cartesian and radial functional models), we derive asymptotic expressions for the bias and the covariance matrix of the parameter estimates. We also extend Kanatani's version of the Cramer-Rao lower bound, which he proved for unbiased estimates only, to more general estimates that include many popular algorithms (most notably, the orthogonal least squares and algebraic fits). We then show that the gradient-weighted algebraic fit is statistically efficient and describe all other statistically efficient algebraic fits.
Molecular modeling studies of human A3 adenosine antagonists: structural homology and receptor docking.

Molecular modeling studies were conducted on various chemically diverse classes of human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists (hA3ANTs), such as adenines, xanthines, triazoloquinazolines, flavonoids, thiazolopyridines, 6-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridines, and 6-phenylpyridines. Using a combination of ab initio quantum mechanical calculations, electrostatic potential map comparison, and the steric and electrostatic alignment (SEAL) method, a general pharmacophore map for hA3ANTs has been derived. Based on the proposed pharmacophore map, we hypothesize that the receptor binding properties of different A3 antagonist derivatives are due to recognition at a common region inside the receptor binding site and, consequently, a common electrostatic potential profile. A model of the human A3 receptor, docked with the triazoloquinazoline reference ligand CGS 15953 (9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine), was built and analyzed to help interpret these results. All other antagonist structures were docked...
A Context-Aware Language Model for Spoken Query Retrieval

This paper concentrates on the problem of designing and developing a spoken query retrieval (SQR) system to access large document databases via voice. The main challenge is to identify and address issues related to the adaptation and scalability of integrating automatic speech recognition (ASR) and information retrieval (IR). In this paper, a Context Aware Language Model (CALM) framework allowing information retrieval to large document databases via voice is presented and findings from a research study using the framework will be discussed as well.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)-Hypusine

Wittig reaction of (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile with the lactone carbonyl of (5R,6S)-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5,6-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1,4-oxazin-2-one (3) and subsequent reduction generates morpholinylethylamine dihydrochloride (5) in quantitative yield and with excellent diastereoselectivity. Compound 5 was readily converted into hypusine dihydrochloride (1·2HCl) in overall 53% yield.
Anomalous magnetophotoluminescence as a result of level repulsion in arrays of quantum dots

Abstract Selectively excited photoluminescence (SPL) of an array of self-organized In0.5Ga0.5As quantum dots has been measured in a magnetic field up to 11T. An anomalous magnetic field sensitivity of the SPL spectra has been observed under conditions for which the regular photoluminescence spectra are almost insensitive to the magnetic field due to large inhomogeneous broadening. The anomalous sensitivity is interpreted in terms of the repulsion of excited levels of the dots in a random potential. A theory presented to describe this phenomenon is in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The data estimated the correlation in the positions of excited levels of the dots to be 94%. The magnetic field dependence allows the determination of the reduced cyclotron effective mass in a dot. For our sample we have obtained m e m h (m e + m h ) = 0.034m 0 .
SUMS OF SQUARES OVER TOTALLY REAL FIELDS ARE RATIONAL SUMS OF SQUARES

Let K be a totally real number field with Galois closure L. We prove that if f ∈ Q(x 1 ,.., x n ] is a sum of m squares in K[x 1 ,.., x n ], then f is a sum of 4m·2 [L:Q]+1 ( [L:Q+1 2 ) squares in Q[x 1 ,... x n ]. Moreover, our argument is constructive and generalizes to the case of commutative K-algebras. This result gives a partial resolution to a question of Sturmfels on the algebraic degree of certain semi-definite programming problems.