cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
42 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ERYTHROPOIETIN (Ep) PHARMACOKINETICS IN FETAL AND NEONATAL SHEEP

Ep is the primary hormone responsible for erythrocyte production throughout development. It has been proposed that recombinant human Ep (rhEp) be used for the treatment of anemia in premature human neonates. Before doing so, it is important to examine pharmacokinetic parameters during development in animals. To do so we developed a sensitive and specific rhEp immunoprecipitation assay using polyclonal antisera. A non-compartmemai approach was employed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters in 6 fetal (FET) (125-133 d; 2.8-3.4 kg), 6 newborn (NB) (10-19 d; 5.0-10.6 kg), and 5 adult (ADULT) pregnant sheep (120-130 d gest) following bolus injection of tracer amounts of 125I-rhEp. Results (M ± SD) demonstrated more rapid plasma clearance (Cl), shorter terminal half-life (t1/2 beta), greater plasma distribution volume (Vd), and greater steady state distribution volume (Vss) in the FET and NB groups (Table). We speculate that low plasma Ep levels observed in premature newborn infants are not due to decreased Ep production, but instead are the result of rapid Ep elimination and large distribution volume. For rhEp to be effective in the treatment of anemia in premature neonates, it is likely that larger rhEp doses per kg than those used in Heating anemic adult patients will be needed.
Elevated adiponectin expression promotes adipose tissue vascularity under conditions of diet-induced obesity.

Objective Despite the clinical prevalence of obesity, only recently has the importance of adipose tissue microenvironment been addressed at a molecular level. Here, I focused on the fat-derived cytokine adiponectin as a model system to understand the mechanism underlying adipose tissue vascularity, perfusion, inflammation, and systemic metabolic function.
Modeling Voltammetry and Microdialysis of Striatal Extracellular Dopamine: The Impact of Dopamine Uptake on Extraction and Recovery Ratios

Numerical modeling was used as a means to examine the relationship between the outcome of in vivo voltammetry and microdialysis experiments and dopamine concentrations in the extracellular fluid of rat striatum. In the case of microdialysis, quantitative interpretation of results demands knowledge of the in vivo values for the extraction and recovery ratios of the probes toward dopamine. Equality of the extraction and recovery ratios is a necessary condition for the direct application of the no-net-flux method as a quantitative technique. Recent results have suggested that the extraction and recovery ratios are not equal, and this interpretation is now supported by theory. A new relationship between extraction and recovery is proposed.
DNA-PEG-DNA Triblock Macromolecules for Reagentless DNA Detection

The sandwich assay is the most common design for electrochemical DNA sensors. This assay consists of three individual DNA components: an immobilized capture strand, a target strand, and a probe strand containing a redox-active reporter group. We report a simplified DNA assay where two strands of ssDNA, the capture and probe strands, are linked together via a flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer forming an ABA triblock macromolecule. We have developed an electrochemical assay where the detection signal arises as a consequence of a large structural change induced upon hybridization with target DNA. In this system, the DNA-PEG-DNA macromolecule folds or wraps around the target DNA, bringing the ferrocene probe in close proximity to the electrode, affording an electrochemical response.
and cultural meaning: An analysis of metaphors in selected Supreme Court texts

The “marketplace of ideas”; is not only an enduring metaphor to describe how freedom of expression works in a democracy, but it also is a real‐world “guidebook”; for everyday legal decision making and interpretation of the First Amendment. This article asks the reader to move beyond the “marketplace”; metaphor to discover a deeper mythic and metaphoric image that transcends the social, political and economic world of cases and controversies. Using the hermeneutic/objectivist approach put forward by Paul Ricoeur, this article analyzes the metaphoric language of six major Supreme Court decisions that span 70 years of First Amendment interpretation. The result is the uncovering of a new framing metaphor—the GUARDIAN—that transports our thinking about freedom of expression into our deepest myth‐consciousness. This article demonstrates how mining our legal texts for new meanings of freedom of expression, unencumbered by traditional philosophical or methodological paradigms, may reveal new understandings about ...
DASH: A dynamic 16g hexapedal robot

DASH is a small, lightweight, power autonomous robot capable of running at speeds up to 15 body lengths per second (see video). Drawing inspiration from biomechanics, DASH has a sprawled posture and uses an alternating tripod gait to achieve dynamic open-loop horizontal locomotion. The kinematic design which uses only a single drive motor and allows for a high power density is presented. The design is implemented using a scaled Smart Composite Manufacturing (SCM) process. Evidence is given that DASH runs with a gait that can be characterized using the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model. In addition to being fast, DASH is also well suited to surviving falls from large heights, due to the uniquely compliant nature of its structure.
Endothelin B Receptor Deficiency Predisposes to Pulmonary Edema Formation via Increased Lung Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Expression

Endothelin (ET) may contribute to pulmonary edema formation, particularly under hypoxic conditions, and decreases in ET-B receptor expression can lead to reduced ET clearance. ET increases vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) production in vitro, and VEGF overexpression in the lung causes pulmonary edema in vivo. We hypothesized that pulmonary vascular ET-B receptor deficiency leads to increased lung ET, that excess ET increases lung VEGF levels, promoting pulmonary edema formation, and that hypoxia exaggerates these effects. We studied these hypotheses in ET-B receptor- deficient rats. In normoxia, homozygous ET-B- deficient animals had significantly more lung vascular leak than heterozygous or control animals. Hypoxia increased vascular leak regardless of genotype, and hypoxic ET-B- deficient animals leaked more than hypoxic control animals. ET-B- deficient animals had higher lung ET levels in both normoxia and hypoxia. Lung HIF-1 and VEGF content was greater in the ET-B- deficient animals in both normoxia and hypoxia, and both HIF-1 and VEGF levels were reduced by ET-A receptor antagonism. Both ET-A receptor blockade and VEGF antagonism reduced vascular leak in hypoxic ET-B- deficient animals. We conclude that ET-B receptor- deficient animals display an exaggerated lung vascular protein leak in normoxia, that hypoxia exacerbates that leak, and that this effect is in part attributable to an ET-mediated increase in lung VEGF content. (Circ Res. 2003;93:456-463.)
Contact Printing Beyond Surface Roughness: Liquid Supramolecular Nanostamping

Liquid supramolecular nanostamping (LiSuNS) is an efficient stamping technique that replicates various DNA features with no need of solid surface contact. LiSuNS is based on the specific interaction of complementary DNA strands. An original pattern composed of multiple DNA strands on a rough surface can be copied onto a liquid prepolymer that is subsequently hardened, leading to a solid surface that displays the mirror image of the master used.
Distributed multi-camera synchronization for smart-intruder detection

This work proposes algorithms to control the trajectory of a team of cameras for video surveillance. We consider a chain of cameras installed in an environment. These cameras are used to detect smart intruders, who are aware of the cameras' configuration at each time instant, and who schedule their motion to avoid detection, if possible. For this problem setup, we first obtain a lower bound on the worst-case and on the average detection time of a smart intruder. We then propose a team trajectory for the cameras, called the equal-waiting trajectory, with minimum worst-case detection time and constant-factor optimal average detection time. Additionally, we design and analyse a distributed algorithm to steer the cameras in finite time towards the equal-waiting trajectory. Finally, the performance and robustness of our distributed algorithm is further analyzed through a simulation study.
Predicting the Contribution of Running Propellers to Aircraft Stability Derivatives

Running propellers can have a profound effect on the trim and static stability of an airplane. The method most commonly used for determining propeller stability derivatives is based on blade element theory with the axial component of induced velocity taken to be that predicted from classical propeller momentum theory, which neglects the effects of slipstream rotation. The induced flow that is predicted by classical propeller momentum theory is not consistent with the actual induced flow in the vicinity of a rotating propeller. In the present paper, an alternative method for predicting propeller stability derivatives is proposed. This method is based on blade element theory with the induced velocity predicted from propeller vortex theory. Nomenclature
Asymptomatic Carotid Bruits: Non-Invasive Screening A Five-Year Follow-up

Non-invasive procedures to screen patients with asymptomatic carotid ar tery bruits for angiography and surgery are now available. The use of Oculople tysmography (OPG) and Phonoangiography (PA) in 1120 arteries in 560 patients is reviewed; 101 patients (18%) had positive findings. Eighty five of these patients were available for 5 year follow up. None of these patients had surgery or other treatment. In this group there were 27 (32%) major cerebro vascular accidents (CVA) and 22 deaths. In this group of patients, screening and further work up and surgery where indicated in advised.
fMRI-compatible rehabilitation hand device

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used in studying human brain functions and neurorehabilitation. In order to develop complex and well-controlled fMRI paradigms, interfaces that can precisely control and measure output force and kinematics of the movements in human subjects are needed. Optimized state-of-the-art fMRI methods, combined with magnetic resonance (MR) compatible robotic devices for rehabilitation, can assist therapists to quantify, monitor, and improve physical rehabilitation. To achieve this goal, robotic or mechatronic devices with actuators and sensors need to be introduced into an MR environment. The common standard mechanical parts can not be used in MR environment and MR compatibility has been a tough hurdle for device developers. This paper presents the design, fabrication and preliminary testing of a novel, one degree of freedom, MR compatible, computer controlled, variable resistance hand device that may be used in brain MR imaging during hand grip rehabilitation. We named the device MR_CHIROD (M agnetic R esonance C ompatible Smart H and I nterfaced R ehabilitation D evice). A novel feature of the device is the use of Electro-Rheological Fluids (ERFs) to achieve tunable and controllable resistive force generation. ERFs are fluids that experience dramatic changes in rheological properties, such as viscosity or yield stress, in the presence of an electric field. The device consists of four major subsystems: a) an ERF based resistive element; b) a gearbox; c) two handles and d) two sensors, one optical encoder and one force sensor, to measure the patient induced motion and force. The smart hand device is designed to resist up to 50% of the maximum level of gripping force of a human hand and be controlled in real time. Laboratory tests of the device indicate that it was able to meet its design objective to resist up to approximately 50% of the maximum handgrip force. The detailed compatibility tests demonstrated that there is neither an effect from the MR environment on the ERF properties and performance of the sensors, nor significant degradation on MR images by the introduction of the MR_CHIROD in the MR scanner. The MR compatible hand device was built to aid in the study of brain function during generation of controllable and tunable force during handgrip exercising. The device was shown to be MR compatible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first system that utilizes ERF in MR environment.
SPREAD SPECTRUM INDOOR GEOLOCATION

The design and performance results of indoor geolocation using VHF spread spectrum signals and plans for future improvements will be presented. The development of the system is funded by the US DOD to support small unit operations in urban environments. In the present system direct sequence spread spectrum signals at 258.5 MHz carrier frequency and 23.5 MHz chipping rate are generated and transmitted by a small hand held, battery operated transmitter inside the building. The signal is received by four or more receivers located external to the building. The signals are downconverted and digitized at 8 bits and 94 MHz. 5.5 ms of data is collected and averaged to a vector length of a single PRN sequence. The cross correlation of this vector average and the PRN sequence is calculated using m techniques. We then fit the leading edge of a template cross correlation obtained in the absence of multipath to the reading edge of the envelope of the measured cross correlation, in order to extract the time of arrival of the signal. Even in a modern office building with a corrugated steel roof where indirect path is orders of magnitude greater than the direct path, we are able to reliably track the leading edge of the direct path. In data collected thus far we are able to get horizontal accuracy within 3 meters of ground truth in 90% of the fixes. Time of Arrival (TOA) information is passed to a central computer for processing fixes in real time with 1.7 sec update rate via a Wireless LAN. In the future, we plan to implement the PRN generator in a programmable ASIC that will allow for chipping rates of up to 100 MHz. This higher chipping rate will allow us to better isolate direct and indirect paths and improve accuracy.
Legislative Productivity in the 93d–105th Congresses

We exploit a large new dataset in order to revisit the determinants of “legislative success” in Congress. Previous studies have focused on one or (rarely) two Congresses. Ours is the first study based on panel data, allowing us to better measure such causal effects as how a member's productivity increases when they become a committee chair or their party attains a majority. While corroborating several previous findings, we also differ on several important points—e.g., whereas the most sophisticated previous study finds greater seniority and committee leadership posts boosting productivity in neither party, we find them boosting productivity in both.
CITIZEN EVALUATIONS OF LOCAL POLICE Personal Experience or Symbolic Attitudes

The sources of public assessments of government policy long have been the object of controversy between those proposing personal experience versus a symbolic attitudes model based on more general political and social beliefs. However, much of the research focuses on national policy issues that are not concrete and are removed from the daily experiences of many Americans. The authors use attitudes about local police to examine whether public assessments are linked more to people’s direct experience with crime and the police or whether such impressions are associated with more abstract attitudes about politics and law enforcement. They find that personal experience mattered more than symbolic attitudes when it came to views about police courtesy and fairness. However, both personal experience and symbolic attitudes were important in regard to opinions about crime seriousness and assessments of overall police performance. These results have important implications for how citizens evaluate local government services.
Bandera: extracting finite-state models from Java source code

Finite-state verification techniques, such as model checking, have shown promise as a cost-effective means for finding defects in hardware designs. To date, the application of these techniques to software has been hindered by several obstacles. Chief among these is the problem of constructing a finite-state model that approximates the executable behavior of the software system of interest. Current best-practice involves hand-construction of models which is expensive (prohibitive for all but the smallest systems), prone to errors (which can result in misleading verification results), and difficult to optimize (which is necessary to combat the exponential complexity of verification algorithms).In this paper, we describe an integrated collection of program analysis and transformation components, called Bandera, that enables the automatic extraction of safe, compact finite-state models from program source code. Bandera takes as input Java source code and generates a program model in the input language of one of several existing verification tools; Bandera also maps verifier outputs back to the original source code. We discuss the major components of Bandera and give an overview of how it can be used to model check correctness properties of Java programs.
The Costs and Benefits of Managerial Incentives and Monitoring in Large U.S. Corporations: When is More not Better?

Recent research and public discourse on executive compensation and corporate governance suggests a growing consensus that firms can and should increase their control over top managers by increasing the use of managerial incentives and monitoring by boards of directors. This study departs from this consensus by offering an alternative perspective that considers not only the benefits, but also the costs of both incentives and monitoring in large corporations. The study develops and tests a contingency cost/benefit perspective on governance decisions as resource allocation decisions, proposing how and why the observed levels of managerial incentives and monitoring may vary across organizations and across time. Specifically, the study suggests that: (1) firms that are more risky face greater costs when using incentive compensation contracts for top managers, thus reducing the expected level of incentive compensation use for such firms; (2) firms facing this problem of low incentive compensation use can realize greater benefits from higher levels of board monitoring, and thus are likely to rely more on board monitoring; and (3) firms with more complex comporate strategies face higher costs in using board monitoring, and are thus likely to rely less on board monitoring as a source of controlling top management behavior. The study also proposes that within this contingency perspective there may be diminishing ‘behavioral returns’ to increases in monitoring and incentives. These hypotheses are tested using extensive longitudinal data from over 400 of the largest U.S. corporations. The supportive findings suggest that maximal levels of incentives and monitoring are not necessarily optimal, and that a firm's strategy may not only have significant product/market implications, but also corporate governance implications.
Determination and Evaluation of Acceptable Force Limits in Single-Digit Tasks:

Acceptable limits derived from psychophysical methodologies have been proposed, measured, and employed in a range of applications. There is little existing work, however, on such limits for single-digit exertions and relatively limited evidence on several fundamental issues related to data collection and processing of a sequence of self-regulated exertion levels. An experimental study was conducted using 14 male and 10 female participants (age range 18--31 years) from whom maximal voluntary exertions and maximal acceptable limits (MALs) were obtained using the index finger and thumb. Moderate to high levels of consistency were found for both measures between sessions separated by one day. Single MAL values, determined from a time series of exertions, were equivalent across three divergent processing methods and between values obtained from 5- and 25-min samples. A critical interpretation of these and earlier results supports continued use of acceptable limits but also suggests that they should be used wit...
Synergies and opportunities between engineering and law

The Engineering and Legal professions are regularly portrayed as diametrically opposite. This portrayal is based upon the perception that attorneys deal mostly with words and engineers with numbers. However, the skills necessary for success in either profession are actually quite similar. Both professions require the ability to synthesize information and make decisions among multiple feasible outcomes with uncertain information. The Briggs-Myers Type Indicator, INTJ, is the same for Engineers and Lawyers. This paper is to look at the synergies and opportunities between the professions, their preparation, accreditation and outcomes. It will compare the American Bar Association Core Skills and Values to the ABET Program Outcomes. It will identify of legal topics that might be included in an engineering curriculum and suggest an implementation.
Extreme changes in stable hydrogen isotopes and precipitation characteristics in a landfalling Pacific storm

[1] With a new automated precipitation collector we measured a remarkable decrease of 51‰ in the hydrogen isotope ratio (δ2H) of precipitation over a 60-minute period during the landfall of an extratropical cyclone along the California coast on 21 March 2005. The rapid drop in δ2H occurred as precipitation generation transitioned from a shallow to a much deeper cloud layer, in accord with synoptic-scale ascent and deep “seeder-feeder” precipitation. Such unexpected δ2H variations can substantially impact widely used isotope-hydrograph methods. From extreme δ2H values of −26 and −78‰, we calculate precipitation temperatures of 9.7 and −4.2°C using an adiabatic condensation isotope model, in good agreement with temperatures estimated from surface observations and radar data. This model indicates that 60 percent of the moisture was precipitated during ascent as temperature decreased from 15°C at the ocean surface to −4°C above the measurement site.
Elements of a spoken language programming interface for robots

In many settings, such as home care or mobile environments, demands on users' attention, or users' anticipated level of formal training, or other on-site conditions will make standard keyboard-and monitor-based robot programming interfaces impractical. In such cases, a spoken language interface may be preferable. However, the open-ended task of programming a machine is very different from the sort of closed-vocabulary, data-rich applications (e.g. call routing) for which most speaker-independent spoken language interfaces are designed. This paper will describe some of the challenges of designing a spoken language programming interface for robots, and will present an approach that uses these semantic-level resources as extensively as possible in order to address these challenges.
Atomic properties calculated by many-body theory

The use of many-body perturbation theory to calculate atomic properties is discussed. Results are given for correlation energies, hyperfine constants, frequency-dependent polarizabilities, and London dispersion forces.
Improving measurement in health education and health behavior research using item response modeling: introducing item response modeling

This paper is the first of several papers designed to demonstrate how the application of item response models in the behavioral sciences can be used to enhance the conceptual and technical toolkit of researchers and developers and to understand better the psychometric properties of psychosocial measures. The papers all use baseline data from the Behavior Change Consortium data archive. This paper begins with an introduction to item response models, including both dichotomous and polytomous versions. The concepts of respondent and item location, model interpretation, standard errors and testing model fit are introduced and described. A sample analysis based on data from the self-efficacy scale is used to illustrate the concepts and techniques.
Improvement of heating uniformity in packaged acidified vegetables pasteurized with a 915 MHz continuous microwave system q

Continuous microwave processing to produce shelf-stable acidified vegetables with moderate to high salt contents poses challenges in pasteurization due to reduced microwave penetration depths and non- uniform heating. Cups of sweetpotato, red bell pepper, and broccoli acidified to pH 3.8 with citric acid solution containing 0-1% NaCl were placed on a conveyor belt and passed through a microwave tunnel operating at 915 MHz and 4 kW with a 4 min residence time. The time-temperature profiles of vegetable pieces at 5 locations in the package were measured using fiber optic temperature sensors. Addition of 1% NaCl to the cover solution lowered microwave penetration into vegetable pieces and decreased the mean temperature in cups of acidified vegetables from 84 to 73 C. Soaking blanched vegetables for 24 h in a solution with NaCl and citric acid prior to processing improved microwave heating. Heating was non- uniform in all packages with a cold spot of approximately 60 C at a point in the container farthest from the incident microwaves. More uniform heating was achieved by implementation of a two-stage rotation apparatus to rotate vegetable cups 180 during processing. Rotating the cups resulted in more uniform heating and a temperature of 77 C at the cold spot. This is above the industrial standard of 74 C for in-pack pasteurization of acidified vegetables. The effective treatment involved blanching, soaking for 24 h in a NaCl and citric acid solution, and 180 rotation. This work has contributed to a better under- standing of the influence of salt addition and distribution during dielectric heating of acidified vegetables using a 915 MHz continuous microwave system. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Antisocial oxytocin: complex effects on social behavior

Research on the role of oxytocin and other neuropeptides in vertebrate social behavior provides a quintessential example of integrative biology — spanning species, scientific disciplines, and levels of analysis to address mechanisms of behavior. Oxytocin is involved in a wide variety of processes related to social behavior, including social recognition, affiliation, and maternal behavior. While there is a great deal of well-placed emphasis on the prosocial effects of oxytocin, antisocial effects related to decreased or deterred social interaction have also been documented. Studies from the human literature reveal increased outgroup discrimination and reduced affiliative behavior in certain individuals following oxytocin administration. Animal studies shed further light on the role of oxytocin in fear conditioning, stranger avoidance, and aggression. In some cases, prosocial behavior toward one individual or group may come at the expense of prosociality toward another. From this growing literature we learn that the antisocial effects of oxytocin are an integral aspect of its effects on social behavior.
Law, Religion, and Reason in a Constitutional Democracy: Goodman v. Rawls

This article responds to Professor Lenn Goodman's book, Religious Pluralism and Values in the Public Sphere1 in three parts: Part I evaluates Goodman's argument that John Rawls excludes “comprehensive” religious and moral arguments from public discourse; Part II describes, in light of Professor Goodman's prediction that significant difficulties would attend efforts to enforce Rawlsian standards of public reason, concurring trends in U.S. constitutional law wherein American courts have applied “secular purpose” norms to contested legislation; Part III describes more recent trends in constitutional law that accommodate religious pluralism in laws and legislative processes. The authors argue that Goodman's interpretation of Rawls should be tempered by Rawls's later writings, which were relatively open to the substantive roles of religion in public reason and public discourse; and that recent trends in U.S. constitutional law may promote the types of pluralistic discourse that Goodman and the later Rawls advo...
Windspeed Analysis of 1977 Birmingham Tornado

A set of postmortem force-response type analyses have been conducted and windspeeds quantified for the April 4, 1977, North Birmingham, Ala. tornado. Immediate field damage surveys and documentation were conducted by ground and air. The degree of damage to numerous clean, freestanding structures was thoroughly recorded along the 6½\N miles of extensive damage. Upper and lower bound windspreed estimates were obtained based on engineering analyses of the aerodynamic wind forces/damages. Windspeed contours were plotted using these windspeed estimates in conjunction with stereoscopic studies of aerial photographs.
Therapy of Dermatologic, Renal, Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Gynecologic, Gastro-enterologic, Urologic and Fibromyalgia Manifestations Including Special Considerations at the Time of Surgery

Therapy of Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) patients requires attention to different clinical manifestations. These include treatment of 1. Dry eyes and mouth (glandular manifestations); 2. Dermatologic manifestations including dryness of other mucous membranes, including vaginal dryness; 3. Non-visceral manifestation of arthralgia/arthritis and myalgia/myositis; 4. Visceral manifestations that include immune complex-like deposition tissue injuries and “lupus-like” signs/symptoms that may affect lung, heart, abdomen, urologic, kidney, and neurologic systems; 5. Visceral manifestations that reflect the lymphocytic infiltrative processes in SS that reflect the “aggressive” lymphocyte, such as interstitial pneumonitis, autoimmune hepatitis, interstitial nephritis, lymphadenopathy, and lymphoma; 6. Vague symptoms of fatigue, which have been termed fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome and which greatly influence the patient’s quality of life; 7. Increased risk of atherosclerosis and thrombotic disease, where late cardiovascular complications exceed the risk expected for elevations of standard risk factors such as lipid profiles and hypertension; 8. This chapter will also review the particular needs of the SS patient at the time of surgery (with attention to avoiding complications due to dry eyes/mouth and poor dentition) and the current recommendations regarding vaccinations.
Enhanced morphine preference following prolonged abstinence: association with increased Fos expression in the extended amygdala

We previously found that chronically morphine-pretreated, abstinent rats show stronger preferences for morphine-associated environments than placebo-pretreated rats. Here we show that this increased preference persisted for at least 5 weeks after withdrawal of chronic morphine. To determine brain regions involved in this behavior, we examined neural activation (as indexed by Fos-like proteins) induced by a morphine-conditioned place preference test. Placebo-pretreated (P) morphine-conditioned rats showed significantly elevated Fos in the anterior cingulate cortex (Cg), nucleus accumbens core (Ac-C) and shell (Ac-S), ventral lateral and dorsal lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminialis (BNST-VL and -DL), and central and basolateral amygdala nuclei (ACE, ABL) when compared to nonconditioned P rats. Chronically morphine-pretreated (M) rats that exhibited enhanced morphine preference 5 weeks after morphine withdrawal showed significantly greater Fos in all the same areas except the BNST-DL relative to conditioned P or nonconditioned M rats. Place preference measures and Fos expression were positively correlated in the Cg and ABL, for conditioned P animals, and in the Cg, ABL and BNST-VL for conditioned M animals. These results indicate a relationship between place preference behavior and neural indices of activation in the forebrain in response to morphine-conditioned cues that may be chronically modulated by prior morphine exposure.
Role of electron scattering in the magnetization relaxation of thin Ni 81 Fe 19 films

We observe a strong correlation between magnetization relaxation and electrical resistivity in thin Permalloy $({\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19},$ ``Py'') films. Electron scattering rates in the films were affected by varying film thickness and deposition conditions. This shows that the magnetization relaxation mechanism is analogous to ``bulk'' relaxation, where phonon scattering in bulk is replaced by surface and defect scattering in thin films. Another interesting finding is the increased magnetization damping with Pt layers adjacent to the Py films. This is attributed to the strong spin-orbit coupling in Pt, resulting in spin-flip scattering of electrons that enter from the Py.
Film Cooling Performance of Tripod Holes on the Endwall Upstream of a First Stage Nozzle Guide Vane

In view of the growing energy demand, there is an increasing need to augment the thermal efficiency of gas turbine engines. The thermal efficiency and power output of gas turbine engines increase with increasing overall pressure ratio which in turn leads to an increase in turbine inlet temperature. The maximum permissible turbine inlet temperature is limited by the material strength of the components of the gas turbine engines. In this regard, it is important to ensure that the endwalls of the first stage nozzle guide vane, which is one of the critical regions, are adequately cooled. The cooling of the endwall is of particular interest because the leading edge region along the endwall of the stator vane experiences high heat transfer rates resulting from formation of horseshoe vortices. In this paper, the performance of upstream purge slot has been compared against discrete film cooling holes. Three different cooling configurations — slot, cylindrical holes and tripod holes have been investigated by comparing the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. Furthermore, the effect of coolant to mainstream mass flow ratio on the effectiveness of the different cooling schemes has also been studied. The steady-state experiments were conducted in a low speed, linear cascade wind tunnel. Spatially resolved temperature data was captured using infrared thermography technique to compute adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. Amongst the configurations studied, slot ejection offered the best cooling performance at all mass flow ratios. The performance of tripod ejection was comparable to slot ejection at mass flow ratios between 0.5 and 1.5, with the difference in laterally averaged effectiveness being ∼5%. However, at the highest mass flow ratio (MFR=2.5), the difference increased to ∼20%. Low effectiveness values were observed downstream of cylindrical ejection which could be attributed to jet lift-off.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Arabidopsis RNA Polymerases IV and V Are Required To Establish H3K9 Methylation, but Not Cytosine Methylation, on Geminivirus Chromatin

ABSTRACT In plants, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) employs small RNAs to target enzymes that methylate cytosine residues. Cytosine methylation and dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) are often linked. Together they condition an epigenetic defense that results in chromatin compaction and transcriptional silencing of transposons and viral chromatin. Canonical RdDM (Pol IV-RdDM), involving RNA polymerases IV and V (Pol IV and Pol V), was believed to be necessary to establish cytosine methylation, which in turn could recruit H3K9 methyltransferases. However, recent studies have revealed that a pathway involving Pol II and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) (RDR6-RdDM) is likely responsible for establishing cytosine methylation at naive loci, while Pol IV-RdDM acts to reinforce and maintain it. We used the geminivirus Beet curly top virus (BCTV) as a model to examine the roles of Pol IV and Pol V in establishing repressive viral chromatin methylation. As geminivirus chromatin is formed de novo in infected cells, these viruses are unique models for processes involved in the establishment of epigenetic marks. We confirm that Pol IV and Pol V are not needed to establish viral DNA methylation but are essential for its amplification. Remarkably, however, both Pol IV and Pol V are required for deposition of H3K9me2 on viral chromatin. Our findings suggest that cytosine methylation alone is not sufficient to trigger de novo deposition of H3K9me2 and further that Pol IV-RdDM is responsible for recruiting H3K9 methyltransferases to viral chromatin. IMPORTANCE In plants, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) uses small RNAs to target cytosine methylation, which is often linked to H3K9me2. These epigenetic marks silence transposable elements and DNA virus genomes, but how they are established is not well understood. Canonical RdDM, involving Pol IV and Pol V, was thought to establish cytosine methylation that in turn could recruit H3K9 methyltransferases, but recent studies compel a reevaluation of this view. We used BCTV to investigate the roles of Pol IV and Pol V in chromatin methylation. We found that both are needed to amplify, but not to establish, DNA methylation. However, both are required for deposition of H3K9me2. Our findings suggest that cytosine methylation is not sufficient to recruit H3K9 methyltransferases to naive viral chromatin and further that Pol IV-RdDM is responsible.
Quantitative evaluation of myocardial ultrastructure following hypothermic anoxic arrest.

Thirty-six anesthetized mongrel dogs were subjected to systemic hypothermia and anoxic cardiac arrest while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial fine structure in the left ventricle was evaluated by quantitative analysis in the subepicardial, mid-myocardial, and subendocardial layers. The specimens were obtained by a transmural myocardial biopsy method. Graded hypothermia was employed at 36°, 30°, 28°, 25°, and 22° C. The aorta was cross-clamped for 30 minutes at 36°, 30°, 28°, and 25° C. or for 45 minutes at 25° and 22° C. Observations indicated that pathological changes of the myocardial fine structure were significant after anoxic arrest in the normothermic group. Lesions were most extensive in the subendocardial layer after normothermic anoxic arrest, whereas hypothermia below 30° C. preserved the myocardium throughout all layers without difference in pathological changes in the fine structure among the layers. Mitochondria and glycogen granules in the mid-myocardial layer and the subendocardial layer were best preserved with hypothermia at 25° and 22° C. after 30 minutes or 45 minutes of anoxic arrest, and dogs in these groups had a survival rate of 100 percent. Quantitative analysis of ultrastructural changes induced in these experiments suggest that a safe duration of anoxic arrest at 22° to 25° C. is between 30 and 45 minutes.
CD8+ T cells produce a dialyzable antigen-specific activator of dendritic cells.

Cellular lysates from PPD+ donors have been reported to transfer tuberculin reactivity to naive recipients, but not diphtheria reactivity, and vice versa. A historically controversial topic, the terms "transfer factor" and "DLE" were used to characterize the reactivity-transferring properties of lysates. Intrigued by these reported phenomena, we found that the cellular extract derived from antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells induces IL-6 from antigen-matched APCs. This ultimately elicits IL-17 from bystander memory CD8+ T cells. We have identified that dialyzable peptide sequences, S100a9, and the TCR β chain from CD8+ T cells contribute to the molecular nature of this activity. We further show that extracts from antigen-targeted T cells enhance immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans These effects are sensitive to immunization protocols and extraction methodology in ways that may explain past discrepancies in the reproducibility of passive cellular immunity.
Outcomes for concomitant common iliac artery aneurysms after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the morbidity of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) in patients with concomitant common iliac artery aneurysm (CCIAA). Methods This was a retrospective review of all patients who underwent elective EVAR from June 2006 through June 2012 at a single institution. Demographics, comorbidities, preoperative presentation, intraoperative details, and postoperative complications were tabulated. Patients with CCIAA were categorized into three groups according to the distal extent of their iliac limb: iliac limb extension into the external iliac artery with internal iliac artery coil embolization (EE); flared iliac limb ≥20 mm in diameter to the iliac bifurcation (FL); and iliac limb ≤20 mm ending proximal to the CCIAA (no-FL). Results During this period, 627 consecutive patients underwent elective EVAR and preoperative computed tomographic angiograms were available for 523 patients to evaluate the presence of CCIAA. Of these, 211 patients (40.2%) had a CCIAA in at least one common iliac artery, with a total of 307 aneurysmal arteries. Of these 307 aneurysmal arteries, 62 (20.2%) were treated with EE, 132 (43.0%) were treated with FL, and 113 (36.8%) had a sufficient landing zone in the proximal common iliac artery to use an iliac limb ≤20 mm in diameter (no-FL). The overall reintervention rate was 12.4% of patients, with a higher reintervention rate between patients with CCIAA compared with those without (15.2% vs 10.9%; P = .039). There were no significant differences in reintervention rates between the EE, FL, and no-FL techniques (4.5% vs 4.8% vs 6.2%; P = .802) over a mean 59.8 months follow-up. The FL and EE techniques had a lower risk of distal endoleak than the no-FL technique, but the difference was not statistically significant (3.2% vs 2.3% vs 5.3% compared with 4.23% in the entire cohort). Conclusions Patients with CCIAA had a higher reintervention rate after EVAR for abdominal aortic aneurysm compared with non-CCIAA patients. Of the techniques studied (EE, FL, and no-FL), there was no significant difference in reintervention rates between the three. All three techniques remain viable options for the endovascular repair of CCIAA.
Application of Fourier Modulating Functions to Parameter Estimation of a Multivariable Linear Differential System

Abstract The parameter estimation of multivariable aircraft perturbation models is developed within the framework of Fourier modulating functions using Shinbrot’s classical method of moment functionals. The technique is applied to a high performance aircraft using flight data, and the results are compared with those obtained using a time domain based maximum likelihood identifier.
Clonal Hematopoiesis Confers Predisposition to Both Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Newly Recognized Link Between Two Major Killers.

The presence of a somatic mutation associated with hematologic cancer in the peripheral blood at a variant allele frequency of at least 2% in the absence of hematologic cancer defines clonal hemato...
Density matrix treatment of electronically excited molecular systems : Applications to gaseous and adsorbate dynamics

The quantum mechanical density operator provides a consistent treatment of a many-atom system in contact with a physical environment, as needed to describe a complex molecular system undergoing a localized electronic excitation induced by interaction with light, or by atomic collisions. Treatments are presented where the degrees of freedom of the many-atom system are separated into quantal and classical-like ones, and the equation of motion of the density operators are derived by means of a partial Wigner transform. A computational procedure introduces approximations of short wavelengths in phase space, and effective potentials that guide trajectory bundles. The dynamics and spectra of electronically excited systems are treated introducing a basis set of many-electron states calculated in advance, or in terms of time-dependent molecular orbitals in a first principles approach to dynamics, and are used in applications on photodissociation of a diatomic and on collisional excitation in atomic collisions. Interactions with a medium are described by reduced density operators that satisfy equations of motion with dissipation and fluctuation terms. Both delayed and instantaneous dissipation are considered, and are involved in applications to femtosecond photodesorption and to vibrational relaxation of adsorbates.
THE SYRACUSE PERSON PERCEPTION TEST: A MEASURE OF RESPONSIVENESS TO FACIAL AND VERBAL CUES

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the development of a test to measure individuals' responsiveness to facial and verbal cues. The graphical representation of data is only useful to the extent that analysts can see something useful in the representations. The test described in the chapter is the first step in an attempt to better understand responsiveness to a variety of cues. The chapter describes the test, its development, and the rationale for some of the decisions made. It also discusses the results that are presently available from administering the test to subjects. The underlying assumptions of this work are that communication involves the processing of cues by individual communicators and that research will be facilitated by our being able to reliably measure how an individual processes these cues. Historically, verbal cues have long been studied and are universally recognized as an important aspect (if not the totality) of human communication. More recently, a variety of nonverbal cues have also been identified as important.
Gaslighting queerness: schooling as a place of violent assemblages

AbstractGaslighting is often discussed as an intentional set of interactions that are designed to leave the victim question her own sense of self and sanity. Through an autoethnographic counternarr...
Reversible Photo-Switching of Dual-Color Fluorescent Mn-Doped CdS-ZnS Quantum Dots Modulated by Diarylethene Molecules.

Dynamic materials have been given an increased amount of attention in recent years with an expectation that they may exhibit properties on demand. Especially, the combination of fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) and light-responsive organic switches can generate novel photo-switchable materials for diverse applications. In this work, a highly reversible dynamic hybrid system is established by mixing dual-color emitting Mn-doped CdS-ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with photo-switchable diarylethene molecules. We show that the diarylethene 1,2-bis(5-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-methylthiophen-3-yl)cyclopent-1-ene (switch molecule 1) performs fabulous photo-switching property (between its open, 1o and closed, 1c forms), and high fatigue resistance in this hybrid system. The emission color switching between blue and pink of the system can be induced mainly by selective quenching/recovering of the Mn- photoluminescence (PL) of the QDs due to the switchable absorbance of the molecule 1. Mechanistic studies show that quenching of QD emission following UV illumination was caused by both Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and reabsorption by surrounding 1c molecules in the case of the Mn-PL, and solely by reabsorption in the case of badngap- (BG-)PL. This photo-switchable system could be potentially used in applications ranging from self-erasing paper to super-resolution fluorescence imaging.