cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Duty to Avoid Disparity: Implementing 18 U.S.C. Section 3553(A)(6) after Booker

Since passage of the Sentence Reform Act of 1984 ("SRA"), 18 U.S.C. Section 3553(a)(6) has required sentencing judges in federal court to consider "the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct." At the same time, the SRA also required judges to adhere in most cases to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, leaving (a)(6) with little independent significance. In January 2005, however, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Booker that the Guidelines could no longer be treated as mandatory. Since then, numerous sentencing judges have invoked (a)(6) in a variety of different circumstances to justify non-Guidelines sentences. This Article surveys the cases, examines the origins and purposes of (a)(6), and proposes a new analytical framework for judges to use when implementing the provision. Under this approach, (a)(6) would require that a sentencing judge consider the average actual sentence imposed in past cases involving a similar offense of conviction, and expressly justify any deviation from this empirical norm.
Changing Functions of Outlook in the U.S.

T HE number of lines in the press, the number of special publications, and the number of letters carrying agricultural outlook information must surely meet the fondest dreams of those responsible for starting outlook work in the United States in the early 1920's. Nevertheless, all is not well in the outlook area. Three changes in emphasis are necessary if leadership is to be held and if an effective response is to be obtained that will more nearly balance supply with needs. These changes are as follows: (1) improved accuracy of forecasts, (2) the fuller development of the longerrun outlook, and (3) more timely and effective means of dissemination. No attempt will be made in this paper to analyze the part outlook should play in the consumer education program.
Wind Power: How We Got Here

Industrial wind power is examined from a different perspective: how it fits into our 125 year historical pattern for selecting sources for electrical power. This has considerable pertinence since the power source requirements developed during this long period have not only resulted in the most successful electrical grid system in the world, but have also immeasurably contributed to the economic success of the United States. From my perspective as a physicist and long time environmental activist, it is apparent that we depart from this proven path at our extreme peril.
Women’s experiences with general and sexual harassment in online video games: Rumination, organizational responsiveness, withdrawal, and coping strategies

Online video games can be a toxic environment for women. A survey assessed women’s (N = 293) experiences with general harassment and sexual harassment in online video games, including frequency of harassment, rumination about the harassment, perceptions of organizational responsiveness (i.e. efforts the gaming company made to address harassment), and withdrawal from the game. Women reported coping strategies to mitigate harassment, including gender bending or gender neutralization through screen name or avatar choice, avoiding communication with other players, and seeking help or social support inside and outside the game. Both general and sexual harassment predict women’s withdrawal from online games. Sexual harassment, but not general harassment, leads to rumination and subsequent withdrawal. The path from sexual harassment to withdrawal was also mediated by organizational responsiveness, indicating the video game industry plays a key role in whether women continue to participate after harassment occurs.
Metastable growth of pure wurtzite InGaAs microstructures.

III–V compound semiconductors can exist in two major crystal phases, namely, zincblende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ). While ZB is thermodynamically favorable in conventional III–V epitaxy, the pure WZ phase can be stable in nanowires with diameters smaller than certain critical values. However, thin nanowires are more vulnerable to surface recombination, and this can ultimately limit their performances as practical devices. In this work, we study a metastable growth mechanism that can yield purely WZ-phased InGaAs microstructures on silicon. InGaAs nucleates as sharp nanoneedles and expand along both axial and radial directions simultaneously in a core–shell fashion. While the base can scale from tens of nanometers to over a micron, the tip can remain sharp over the entire growth. The sharpness maintains a high local surface-to-volume ratio, favoring hexagonal lattice to grow axially. These unique features lead to the formation of microsized pure WZ InGaAs structures on silicon. To verify that the WZ microstruc...
Access to Well-Defined Ruthenium Mononuclear Species Grafted via a Si−Ru Bond on Silane Functionalized Silica†

A functionalized silica with T3 silane surface groups (i.e., (≡SiO)3Si−H) was prepared and interacted with Ru(cod)(cot), resulting in the formation of monometallic surface species attached to the s...
Freezing-Induced Cell-Fluid-Matrix Interaction in Engineered Tissue

Freezing of biological tissues occurs in cryomedicine applications such as cryosurgery and cryopreservation. Although cellular level biophysics during freezing and thawing (F/T) has been extensively studied, tissue level biophysics is not fully understood yet. Especially, the effects of F/T on the functionalities of tissue are not well understood so that the outcomes of cryomedicine applications are highly tissue-type dependent [1]. Although many of the functionalities are associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM), the effect of F/T on ECM microstructure has been overlooked. Quantitative understanding on the post-thaw ECM structure is rarely available, but it is essential to design and improve cryopresevation and cryotherapy protocols for a wide variety of native and engineered tissues.© 2008 ASME
Facile preparation of Sn-β zeolites by post-synthesis(isomorphous substitution) method for isomerization of glucose to fructose

Sn-β zeolites were facilely synthesized by a post-synthesis method consisting of two steps,i.e.,heteroatom removal and isomorphous substitution by reaction with SnCU.This significantly shortened the Sn-β zeolite preparation time from the previously reported 40 d to less than 1 d.It was shown that Sn-β samples prepared using the post-synthesis method had higher Sn contents than that prepared using a hydrothermal method.The as-synthesized Sn-p zeolites were tested in the isomerization of glucose to fructose in aqueous media.The effects of reaction temperature,reaction time,catalyst amount,solvent,and halide additive on the isomerization reaction over Sn-Al-β zeolites were studied in detail.Under the optimized conditions,the yield of fructose reached a maximum of~43%.The catalysts can be reused without loss of activity after regeneration by calcination.
Study on Institutional Innovation and Development of Medium and Small-sized Enterprises

Medium and small-sized enterprises is one of the most important forces in the national economic development. This paper points out some questions of medium and small-sized enterprises, analyzes their causes, puts forward ways in the direction of institutional innovation.
Principles and Paychecks: Positions and Participation in the IDA-10

Although a large number of actors had begun to develop a common policy agenda during the early days of the 10th IDA, this loose coalition quickly fractured during the post-Narmada controversy over whether to attack the Bank’s funding. Nearly every civil society organization staff member interviewed for this research affirmed the presence of significant tensions and disagreements among TCSOs both during and after the IDA-10. One respondent described organizations as constantly ‘competing for … funding and publicity’. Another, from an NGO with a strong anti-Bank agenda, described the staff of more moderate NGOs as being plagued by an intellectual inferiority complex. A former staff member with one development organization recalled being excluded from meetings with colleagues from other TGSOs after he publicly disagreed with their position on the Narmada Dam. Instead of the consensual processes scholars often predict among civil society actors, divisiveness became common.
Differences in the recruitment of DNA repair proteins at subtelomeric and interstitial I-SceI endonuclease-induced DNA double-strand breaks

Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that are required to protect chromosome ends. Dysfunctional telomeres are recognized as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and elicit the activation of a DNA damage response (DDR). We have previously reported that DSBs near telomeres are poorly repaired, resulting in a high frequency of large deletions and gross chromosome rearrangements (GCRs). Our previous genetic studies have demonstrated that this sensitivity of telomeric regions to DSBs is a result of excessive processing. In the current study, we have further investigated the sensitivity of telomeric regions to DSBs through the analysis of repair proteins associated with DSBs at interstitial and telomeric sites. Following the inducible expression of I-SceI endonuclease, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and real-time quantitative PCR were used to compare the recruitment of repair proteins at I-SceI-induced DSBs at interstitial and subtelomeric sites. We observed that proteins that are specifically associated with processing of DSBs during homologous recombination repair, RAD51, BRCA1, and CtIP, are present at a much greater abundance at subtelomeric DSBs. In contrast, Ku70, which is specifically involved in classical nonhomologous end joining, showed no difference at interstitial and subtelomeric DSBs. Importantly, ATM was lower in abundance at subtelomeric DSBs, while ATR was in greater abundance at subtelomeric DSBs, consistent with the accumulation of processed DSBs near telomeres, since processing is accompanied by a transition from ATM to ATR binding. Combined, our results suggest that excessive processing is responsible for the increased frequency of large deletions and GCRs at DSBs near telomeres.
Pyrite Oxidation and Structural Problems in the Chattanooga (Ohio) Shale, East Central Kentucky

The Chattanooga (Ohio) Shales in Kentucky, USA, are rich in iron sulphides. A number of case studies are presented demonstrating the problems which occur when construction takes places on these black shales, or when they are used as aggregate beneath buildings. In addition, the numerous pipelines which cross the State, transporting gas throughout the USA, are vulnerable to disruption as a consequence of heave and/or acid attack. The need for proper investigations and appropriate mitigation measures is discussed.
Research on the diagnostics and simulation of high voltage XLPE cable terminal defects

Ultra high frequency (UHF) and high frequency (HF) current partial discharge (PD) detection technology can detect PD phenomenon caused by internal defects of transformers, gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and cable terminals and avoid insulation failure of the electrical equipment. Meanwhile, the Medical CT Imaging Technology provides reliable precise and intuitive measures for detecting human internal disease. Based on several real cases, this article raises the method to detect PD signal, diagnose and locate defects under the successful application of UHF, HF and Medical CT Imaging Technology in detecting and positioning internal gap defects of 110kv cable terminals and GIS. It also calculates PD distortion caused by internal gap defects using the Finite Field Simulation. All simulation results, field testing consequences, and the assembling of equipment with defects verify this method of diagnosis and detection efficient and scientific.
Written Assignments in Organic Chemistry: Critical Reading and Creative Writing

A pair of writing assignments are described that challenge students to gain a deeper understanding of underlying concepts in organic chemistry and to read their textbook critically, deciphering the types of knowledge related by the text. In the first type of assignment, the student defines a concept in four different ways: definition, elaboration, example, and allegory. In the second assignment, the student examines a passage in the textbook, and categorizes the knowledge. Student feedback indicates these assignments improve student understanding. Evaluating written assignments in organic chemistry highlights for the instructor the areas where students are struggling, to be addressed in review sessions.
Linking social determinants of health to corporate social responsibility: Extant criteria for the mining industry

Abstract Literature from the disciplines of epidemiology, public health, and social responsibility supports the notion that social determinants of health are plausible criteria to consider when integrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) benchmarks into a firm's business strategy. CSR models have adapted over time to align with stakeholder concerns. Some are more progressive, already including criteria to hold corporations accountable, even in dynamic business circumstances, in addressing issues of sustainable development and environmental health. Future adaptations of CSR models explicitly should incorporate criteria that have the potential to constructively influence social determinants of health. This is especially important for the mining industry, in light of the transnational expansion of its operations, and diffusion into developing countries, where sustainable practices are essential to support occupational, environmental, and public health.
Smoothability of the Conformal Boundary of a Lorentz Surface Implies 'Global Smoothability'

In 1985, Kulkarni defined the conformal boundary ∂ℒ of a simply connected and time-oriented Lorentzian surface ℒ. He also introduced a notion of 'smoothability' of this boundary, depending only on local properties of ∂ℒ. In this paper we show that smoothability of ∂ℒ is in fact a global property of ℒ. In doing so, we classify Lorentzian surfaces with smoothable boundaries up to conformal homeomorphism. To be specific, suppose that the Minkowski plane E21 is the x,y-plane with metric dxdy. Our main theorem states that if ∂ℒ is smoothable then ℒ is conformally homeomorphic to the interior U of a Jordan curve in E21 that is locally the graph of a continuous function over either the x-axis or the y-axis at each point of ∂U.
Synthesis of an Aluminum Hydroxide Octamer through a Simple Dissolution Method.

Multimeric oxo-hydroxo Al clusters function as models for common mineral structures and reactions. Cluster research, however, is often slowed by a lack of methods to prepare clusters in pure form and in large amounts. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of the little known cluster Al8 (OH)14 (H2 O)18 (SO4 )5 (Al8 ) through a simple dissolution method. We confirm its structure by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and show by 27 Al NMR spectroscopy, electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering that it also exists in solution. We speculate that Al8 may form in natural water systems through the dissolution of aluminum-containing minerals in acidic sulfate solutions, such as those that could result from acid rain or mine drainage. Additionally, the dissolution method produces a discrete Al cluster on a scale suitable for studies and applications in materials science.
Shielding Design for the South Pole nToF Diagnostic at the NIF

Neutron time of flight (nToF) detectors are fielded at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure neutron yield, ion temperature, and downscattering in the cold fuel for D-T implosions. Anisotropically assembled cold fuel may generate different nToF data when measured by detectors located at the Target Chamber equator and poles. A collimated nToF line of sight has been fielded near the Target Chamber South Pole (SP) to examine any possible anisotropy in the cold fuel. The SP nToF detector is located in the lowest floor level of the NIF’s Target Bay and at a distance of ~ 18 m from the Target Chamber Center. The detector utilizes a solid bibenzyl scintillator and four photomultiplier tubes. The line of sight includes a port collimator that is attached to the Target Chamber and a bore hole collimator in the concrete floor above the detector. In addition, a beam line get lost hole is constructed in the Target Bay floor to minimize the backscattered radiation at the detector location. Initial measurements indicated the need for installation of additional shielding to eliminate gamma background during the period before arrival of the 14.1 MeV neutrons to the detector. A set of MCNP Monte Carlo simulations with the full Target Bay model were conducted to provide an estimate of the expected neutron and gamma backgrounds during D-T shots. A new shielding scheme is designed to reduce the gamma background by an order of magnitude.
A pilot study of 2 methods for control of dental unit biofilms.

OBJECTIVE This pilot study was conducted to clinically evaluate 2 different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for the control of dental unit biofilms and to evaluate the efficacy of pasteurizing dental treatment water for patient care. METHOD AND MATERIALS Two dental units with no prior chemical treatment were retrofitted with self-contained water systems for this study. One dental unit was treated with 5,000 ppm of sodium hypochlorite and the other with 1,500 ppm. Treatment consisted of a 10-minute contact with the dental unit water lines, followed by a flush with a buffer solution. A pasteurizer was equipped with autoclavable spigots to provide dental treatment water. Heterotrophic Plate Count Samplers (Millipore) water sampler kits were used to quantify microbial contamination as absolute colony-forming units per millimeter. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of water line lumens to compare pretreatment and posttreatment biofilms. RESULTS Pasteurized water was significantly less contaminated than was tap water. No significant difference in contamination was found between the 5,000 ppm and 1,500 ppm treatment chairs, either in the reservoir water or effluent water. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated removal of the biofilms after sodium hypochlorite treatments, regardless of the concentration used. CONCLUSION There was no significant difference between the abilities of 5,000- and 1,500-ppm concentrations of sodium hypochlorite to control contamination of dental treatment water and biofilms. Pasteurization of tap water can reduce contamination; this water can be used as acceptable dental treatment water (< 200 CFU/mL).
Platooning as a service of autonomous vehicles

Smart vehicles equipped with computers and wireless communication devices are emerging on the road. These vehicles can drive themselves, communicate to other vehicles, connect to the Internet, and provide value-added services to the drivers and passengers. With the advent of such technology, it is possible to form a "platoon" of autonomous vehicles on the road, where they follow a common leader vehicle in the same lane on the highway and maintain close proximity to save fuel, improve road capacity and passenger comfort. However, realizing such vision faces difficulties on both software architecture and vehicle control. In this paper, we propose a service-oriented perspective for the software modules on the autonomous vehicles, where platooning is designed as an independent service interacting with other components of the vehicle. We also built a prototype system with low cost vehicle-like mobile robots and ran experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our service framework and our platooning control algorithm. Our hope is that the platooning as a service approach can help in the construction of more efficient, interoperable, and secure autonomous vehicles in the future.
Cytoplasmic and Nuclear TAZ Exert Distinct Functions in Regulating Primed Pluripotency.

Mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are primed pluripotent stem cells whose self-renewal can be maintained through cytoplasmic stabilization and retention of β-catenin. The underlying mechanism, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that cytoplasmic β-catenin interacts with and retains TAZ, a Hippo pathway effector, in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic retention of TAZ promotes mEpiSC self-renewal in the absence of nuclear β-catenin, whereas nuclear translocation of TAZ induces mEpiSC differentiation. TAZ is dispensable for naive mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal but required for the proper conversion of mESCs to mEpiSCs. The self-renewal of hESCs, like that of mEpiSCs, can also be maintained through the cytoplasmic retention of β-catenin and TAZ. Our study indicates that how TAZ regulates cell fate depends on not only the cell type but also its subcellular localization.
Exceptional selectivity for dissolved silicas in industrial waters using mixed oxides

Abstract The removal of silica, ubiquitous in produced and industrial waters, by novel mixed oxides is investigated in this present study. We have combined the advantage of high selectivity hydrotalcite (HTC, (Mg6Al2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O)), with large surface area of active alumina (AA, (Al2O3)) for effective removing of the dissolved silica from cooling tower water. The batch test results indicated the combined HTC/AA is a more effective method for removing silica from CTW than using each of HTC or AA separately. The silica uptake was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicate HTC/AA effectively removes silica from cooling tower water (CTW), even in the presence of large concentrations of competing anions, such as Cl−, NO3− HCO3−, CO32− and SO42−. The Single Path Flow Through (SPFT) tests confirmed to rapid uptake of silica by combined HTC/AA during column filtration. The experimental data of silica adsorption fit best to Freundlich isotherm model.
Expanding property rights under investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS): class struggle in the era of transnational capital

How does the inclusion of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) framework in free trade agreements impact property rights and the contested terrain between the public and the private? Author...
A Low-Voltage Low-Phase-Noise 25-GHz Two-Tank Transformer-Feedback VCO

This paper presents a low-voltage low-phase-noise LC voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) with a novel two-tank transformer-feedback topology. The flicker noise up-conversion is suppressed by making the drain impedance of the cross-coupled transistors to be a real number at the second harmonic of the oscillation. The loaded quality factor is boosted and the noise contribution from the transconductor of the VCO is reduced by introducing a negative source impedance. A prototype VCO based on this topology is demonstrated in a 65 nm digital CMOS process. The VCO is operated from 23.9 to 26.9 GHz at a low supply voltage of 0.6 V, while achieving an ultra-low 1/ $f^{3}$ phase noise corner from 170 to 240 kHz across the tuning range. The phase noise is −110 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset. The power consumption is 4.8 mW. The measurement results demonstrate that the VCO achieves a state-of-the-art phase noise performance in both the 1/ $f^{2}$ region and the 1/ $f^{3}$ region.
Platform for model-based design and testing for deep brain stimulation

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is effective at alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Yet, despite its safety-critical nature, there does not exist a platform for integrated design and testing of new algorithms or devices. Consequently, we introduce a model-based design framework for DBS controllers based on a physiologically relevant basal-ganglia model (BGM) that we capture as a network of nonlinear hybrid automata, synchronized via neural activation events. The BGM is parametrized by the number of neurons used to model each of the BG regions, which supports tradeoffs between fidelity and complexity of the model. Our hybrid-automata representation is exploited for design of software (Simulink) and hardware (FPGA) BGM platforms, with the latter enabling real-time model simulation and device testing. We demonstrate that the BGM platform is capable of generating physiologically relevant responses to DBS, and validate the BGM using a set of requirements obtained from existing work. We present the use of our framework for design and test of DBS controllers with varying levels of adaptation/feedback. Our evaluations are based on Quality-of-Control metrics that we introduce for runtime monitoring of DBS effectiveness.
Multiple Anthropological Fisher Kernel Framework and Its Application to Kinship Verification

This paper presents a novel multiple anthropological Fisher kernel (MAFK) framework for kinship verification. The proposed MAFK framework, which goes beyond the Mahalanobis distance metric learning, integrates multiple anthropology inspired features and derives semantically meaningful similarities between images. The major novelty of this paper comes from the following three aspects. First, three new anthropology inspired features (AIF) are derived by extracting the AIF-SIFT, AIF-WLD and AIFDAISY features on images that are enhanced by an anthropology inspired similarity enhancement method extended from the SIFT flow method. Second, a novel multiple anthropological Fisher kernel framework (MAFK) is proposed which combines multiple features and their metrics between images in a unified paradigm. The MAFK is optimized as a constrained, non-negative, and weighted variant of the sparse representation problem regularized by the criterion of pushing away the nearby non-kinship samples and pulling close the kinship samples. Third, a novel normalized kernel similarity measure (NKSM) is proposed by normalizing the MAFK with the fractional power transformation and L2 normalization. The feasibility of the proposed MAFK framework is assessed on two representative kinship data sets, namely the KinFaceW-I and the KinFaceW-II data sets. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Influence of boric acid on energy metabolism and stress tolerance of Candida albicans.

Abstract Boron presents at physiological pH in the form of boric acid (BA), a molecule that has both positive and negative effects on biological processes. In medicine, BA is used as a topical treatment for vaginal yeast infections by Candida species because of its well-documented but poorly understood effect on inhibition of growth in general and of invasive, hyphal growth in particular. The present study examines the influence of BA on carbohydrate energy metabolism of this common human pathogen. Starting from previous findings about an inhibition of key NAD-dependent enzymes by BA in vitro, we confirmed that such an inhibition occurs in permeabilized C. albicans cells. Cultures growing even with moderate concentrations of BA experience mitochondrial failure, increase ethanol production from glucose and decrease the deposition of carbohydrate stores in the form of glycogen. Cells growing on the non-fermentable, FAD-generating carbon source lactate have a higher BA tolerance, which suggests that the toxicity of BA is rooted in an inhibition of NAD-dependent reactions and the increased production of ethanol. Boric acid exposure sensitizes C. albicans selectively to the toxic effects of ethanol. This additive effect suggests that the endogenously produced ethanol increases the load on ethanol resistance mechanisms. Lastly, combination studies showed no interactions of BA with common antifungal drugs, meaning that addition of BA to topical formulations can provide an additive antifungal effect regardless of the chosen active ingredient.
Milling of Inconel 718 block supports fabricated using laser powder bed fusion

Abstract There is significant interest in using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) to print metallic parts from super-alloys such as Inconel 718. L-PBF frequently requires the printing of support structures for overhanging regions of the solid part in order to mitigate warping and distortion. After the part is printed, machining processes are often employed to remove the supports from the solid part. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the machining behavior and machinability of these support structures. In this study, the milling behavior of Inconel 718 block type supports was investigated. Standard block supports of varying height were fabricated and peripherally end milled to study deformation and fracture behavior, specific cutting energy, the influence of tooth-support wall interactions on milling forces, and tool wear. The investigation revealed that supports do not uproot from the base or generally collapse when milled. Instead, they maintain their structure and support localized chip formation, despite the fact that they are designed to break away from the base using hand tools. The specific cutting energy of milling blocks supports is 12% of that of full density metal when considered on a swept volume basis. If metal volume removal is considered, the density normalized specific cutting energy is 43% of that of full density metal. Water fall FFT analysis of the forces measured during the milling of block supports revealed stronger relative contributions at higher frequencies and greater time sensitivity than the forces measured during the milling of full density metal. These are due to tooth-support wall interactions. Finally a preliminary tool wear study showed that a TiAlN coated carbide end mill is more prone to pre-mature failure when machining block supports than fully dense metal. This failure is due to fracture at the corner radius, and is possibly due to tooth-support wall interactions.
Reduction of Spoilage Microorganisms in Fresh Beef Using Hydrodynamic Pressure Processing

Hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) was investigated as a technology to reduce spoilage microorganisms found in fresh beef. In two separate studies (studies 1 and 2), retail ground beef and beef roasts were purchased (day 0). The roasts were divided into stew pieces (30 to 40 g). All meat samples, including control samples, were stored at 5°C for 20 h in a plastic film. After storage, designated samples were treated with HDP. In study 3, ground beef was treated with HDP (day 0) and stored aerobically (5°C) for 14 days with control samples. Each meat type was vacuum-packaged for HDP (100 g binary explosive, steel shock wave container). The pHs and the aerobic plate counts (log 10 CFU/g) were measured on day 0 (studies I and 2) and on days 0, 7, and 14 (study 3) for control samples and for HDP-treated samples. There was no pH difference between control and HDP-treated meat types (studies 1 and 2); HDP reduced bacteria in both meat types in study I (2 log) and study 2 (1.5 log) on day 0. In study 3, there was a significant difference (P Le sujet de cette etude est de determiner l'effet du procede de pression hydrodynamique sur les microorganismes d'alteration de piece et de viande hachee de boeuf. La viande hachee s'altere dans sa totalite alors que la piece de viande s'altere par la surface. Ces 2 types de viandes sont choisis pour determiner la capacite de penetration de l'onde de choc provoquee par le traitement. Une etude de la duree de conservation de viande hachee fraiche est effectuee apres un traitement de pression hydrodynamique pour evaluer si ce procede peut augmenter la stabilite de la viande hachee entreposee a l'air a une temperature de refrigeration.
The Role of Dislocation Drag in Shock Waves

Various theories of dislocation mobility have been developed in recent years having the object of leading to an understanding of the physics of dislocation damping in metallic crystals. Models have been based on thermal activation mechanisms1, 2 on dislocation-thermal phonon interactions3, 4 (these using either phonon viscosity or phonon scattering), on dislocation-conduction electron interaction, 4, 5 on overcoming the Peierls barrier6, 7 or on empirical relationships between dislocation velocity and stress8,9. To a certain extent differences between these models can be summarized as to whether or not they predict a limiting dislocation velocity. The dislocation-thermal phonon interaction based on phonon viscosity, for example, predicts a linear relation between dislocation velocity and applied shear and does not include a limiting dislocation velocity. It is well known that on the basis of linear elastic theory, the energy of a dislocation line becomes infinite as its velocity approaches the shear wave velocity of the material which would suggest that the dislocation velocity could not exceed this value. However the use of linear elasticity in association with the very high stress fields predicted at speeds close to the shear wave speed is highly questionable and many workers have taken the attitude that if driving forces are available the dislocations will respond by moving at appropriate velocities which could include supersonic velocities.
Diseases and Pathogens

All of the interactions we have discussed thus far have been between species of approximately the same size. Yet, as ecologists have recently begun to recognize, diseases, pathogens, and parasites may play an extraordinarily important role in regulating populations. One example is shown in Figure 10.1, where both the numbers of larch bud moths and the fraction of moths infected with a particular virus are shown. Once again, we will address the fundamental question of population ecology — can diseases act as the agent preventing runaway exponential population growth? We are also interested in determining what kinds of dynamics are likely to result from the interaction between a species and its pathogens and parasites. In this chapter, we will focus primarily on pathogens (typically bacteria or viruses) where we say that an individual either has a disease or does not. The other possibility is to look at macroparasites, such as tapeworms, where any host individual will carry only a small number of parasites, and differing numbers of parasites have different effects on the state of the host individual.
Human instability and nuclear weapons

Responsibility for handling nuclear weapons is a great mental and emotional strain. Yet, the mental stability of those directly in charge of the weapons has too often been overlooked, although it would be crucial in a crisis.
Distinguishing Health Effects Among Different PM2.5 Components

Researchers began to consistently find associations with adverse health risks of elevated PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter), measured as mass, in the 1990s. However, monitoring information was then available for few PM2.5 components. Advisory bodies such as the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (1996) and the National Research Council (NRC) of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences (in 1998 and later) suggested the need to better understand which PM2.5 constituents are most or least harmful, to enable targeted control strategies. But how should researchers best distinguish risks of harm from different PM2.5 constituents in complex mixtures of primary and secondary particles?
An analysis of spotting distances during the 2017 fire season in the Northern Rockies, USA

The wildfires that burned in the Northern Rockies region of the USA during the 2017 fire season provided an opportunity to evaluate the suitability of using broadscale and temporally limited infrar...
Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Mouse Models of Liver Metastasis

The survival from pancreatic cancer is poor because most patients are diagnosed after the cancer has metastasized. Liver is the most common site of pancreatic cancer metastasis. Orthotopic mouse models of liver metastasis by intrasplenically injecting the pancreatic tumor cells are useful in studying the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and evaluating therapeutic regimens.
The Impacts of Large-Scale License Plate Reader Deployment on Criminal Investigations:

The use of automated license plate readers (LPRs) has spread rapidly among American police in recent decades. However, research on LPRs has been very limited and focused primarily on small-scale us...
Blockage of Salivary Mediated Agglutination by Non-Specific Aggregated Immunoglobulins

Abstract Human salivary secretions contain a group of unusual substances which have been reported to bind serum complement coated erythrocytes and directly agglutinate bacteria. These salivary substances, termed salivary agglutinating factors (SAF) may also interact with immunoglobulins. Our evidence suggests that immunoglobulins associate with salivary agglutinating factors (SAF) in a non-specific manner. Heat-aggregated (63°C, 30 min.) non-specific human IgG and heat-aggregated s-IgA were found to inhibit the agglutination of EAC (serum-complement coated sensitized sheep erythrocytes) by parotid saliva. Presumably, the blockage was due to an interruption of the normal binding of SAF with the EAC. Fab and Fc portions of IgG were obtained from papain digested human non-specific IgG. It was found that the heat-aggregated Fabγ inhibited the agglutination. Prior incubation of Fabγ with EAC, followed by washing, had no effect. The findings indicate that SAF may bind nonspecifically to the Fab region of human IgG and subsequently the SAF is inhibited from aggregating EAC.
An Ordinary Ship and Its Stories of Early Globalism: World Travel, Mass Production, and Art in the Global Middle Ages

An ordinary ship and its cargo can tell the story of far-flung global markets, human voyaging, and early industrialization in China that supplied exports to the world. Sometime after 825 CE an Arab dhow set sail from the port of Guangzhou in coastal south China, having unloaded its goods from the Near East, and reloaded with some estimated 70,000 ceramics and other items, on its return voyage to the Abbasid empire. Taking the route that has been called “the maritime silk road,” this hand-sewn ship made of planks fastened with coconut fiber (without any nails) seems to have decided to offload some cargo first in maritime Southeast Asia, perhaps intending to pick up a secondary cargo of spices, resins, and aromatics for which the Indonesian islands were famed. The dhow sank near the island of Belitung, at a reef called Batu Hitam (“Black Rock”). Fifty-five thousand ceramic wares, along with gold and silver ornaments, ingots, mirrors, ewers, vases, jars, cups, incense burners, boxes, flasks, bottles, graters, and the like—and two objects that may have been children’s toys, and a re-soldered gold bracelet sized for a woman’s wrist—were excavated intact in 1998, and are housed at the Asian Civilisations Museum in Singapore. This ninth-century dhow is the only ship of its kind ever recovered, though hand-sewn ships that plied the Indian Ocean are described in travel accounts from as early as the first-century CE. The dhow is a remarkable example of the global ships carrying people, goods, ideas, religion, and culture, which knit the world into relationship along transoceanic routes. Its vast trove of ceramics is the earliest physical evidence attesting the industrial production of ceramics in China for export to foreign markets as early as the Tang Dynasty (618–907). Designs painted on the great majority of the ceramic wares were favored in the export market, not in China. Part of the trove includes prototypes of blue-and-white ceramics for which China would become famous 400 years later: ceramic experiments that feature Iraqi designs attesting global interrelationships in art and the exchange of ideas. The crews of ships such as this one were multiracial, multireligious, and assembled from everywhere: The cargo, knowledges, and stories these diverse, anonymous voyagers helped to transfer across the world transform our understanding of scale, time, and globalism.
How we do it: Adrenal biopsy and ablation

Adrenal lesions represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that may be benign or malignant. If imaging fails to exclude a lesion as definitely benign or if molecular profiling is required, percutaneous image-guided biopsy may be indicated. When an adrenal lesion requires surgical resection, some patients are found to be too high at surgical risk or some patients may refuse adrenalectomy. Image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation can be an effective alternative – radiofrequency, microwave, and cryoablation have all been described in literature for the successful treatment of adrenal tumors. In this article, technical and clinical factors that reduce the risk of complications, some unique to the adrenal gland, are discussed.
WAGERS WITHIN THE IMAGE

The idea here is to mediologically take the measure of some of the socio-historical transformations in the gap between the conjunctures marked, however inadequately, by the terms proletariat and multitude. Such an approach has important implications for the politics of cultural praxis.
Health Care Supply Chains: COVID-19 Challenges and Pressing Actions.

The supply chain for U.S. health care is really 5 different supply chains, and each one has its own problems and opportunities for improvement. This article explains what we're up against and what ...
When Telestroke Programs Work, Hospital Size Really Does Not Matter

Background There are still marked disparities in stroke care between rural and urban communities including difference in stroke-related mortality. We analyzed the efficiency of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) delivery in the spoke sites in our telestroke network to assess impact of telecare in bridging these disparities. Methods We analyzed critical time targets in our telestroke network. These included door-to-needle (DTN) time, door-to-CT (D2CT) time, door-to-call center, door-to-neurocall, and total consult time. We compared these time targets between the larger and smaller spoke hospitals. Results Across all the 52 spokes sites, a total of 825 stroke consults received intravenous tPA. When compared with larger hospitals (>200 beds), the smaller hospital groups with 0 to 25 and 51 to 100 beds had significantly lower D2CT time (p-value 0.01 and 0.005, respectively) and the ones with 26 to 50 and 151 to 200 beds had significantly lower consult time (p-value 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the overall DTN time when all the smaller hospital groups were compared with larger hospitals. Conclusion In our telestroke network, DTN times were not significantly affected by the hospital bed size. This shows that a protocol-driven telestroke network with frequent mock codes can ensure timely administration of tPA even in rural communities regardless of the hospital size and availability of local neurologists.
Reconstruction of the burned nose and ear.

This article discusses the acute, intermediate, and long-term care of patients with burns of the nose and ears. A thermal injury to these facial features results in extreme disfigurement that is immediately obvious to all who see the patient. The complex structure of the nose and ear makes their reconstruction artistically and technically demanding. A thorough knowledge of what is possible is necessary to understand what is best for each patient.
Toward a theory of action for practitioner inquiry as professional development in preservice teacher education

Abstract This article reviews 35 empirical studies of practitioner inquiry as professional development (PD) in preservice teacher education. Process orientation, collaboration, reflection, dedicated time, and skilled facilitation were identified as core features of practitioner inquiry. Reported outcomes for preservice teachers included implementation of new instructional strategies, assessments, and technologies. These findings were integrated with an existing framework to develop an emerging PD theory of action. The review consolidates practitioner inquiry’s characteristics, contributing a generative framework to inform future research and facilitation of practitioner inquiry. It observes a need for research documenting practitioner inquiry’s impacts through novel methods and theoretical frameworks.
From Margin to Institution: Design as a Marketplace for Action in Organizations

To resolve the problem of design marginalization in organizations, we introduce the concept of institution and an Aristotelian framework for human activity to identify an action-based approach for ...
Isolation and characterization of novel reassortant mammalian orthoreovirus from pigs in the United States.

Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects multiple mammalian species including humans. A United States Midwest swine farm with approximately one thousand 3-month-old pigs experienced an event, in which...
First principles study of the stability and thermal conductivity of novel Li-Be hybrid ceramics

Abstract Hybrid Li-Be ceramics, combining both tritium (T) breeder (Li) and neutron multiplier (Be) for use as part of the fuel cycle of future nuclear fusion reactors are proposed. The development of such hybrid materials may reduce thermal gradients through better matching of thermal properties, mitigating the detrimental effects that may accompany traditional breeder systems while maintaining acceptable neutron multiplication and T breeding. First-principles methods are used to investigate stability and thermal transport properties of a set of compounds containing both Li and Be. It is demonstrated that BeLi2O4Ge and BeLi2O4Si are mechanically stable and have formation energies comparable with leading candidates for solid state breeder materials, Li2TiO3, Li2ZrO3. It is also demonstrated that similar to the leading candidates, these compounds are insulators with thermal transport defined by phonons. The calculated thermal conductivity of BeLi2O4Ge is slightly higher compared to Li2TiO3 or Li2ZrO3 while in the BeLi2O4Si it is almost three times higher compared to the rest of compounds due to a higher phonon group velocities and increased phonon lifetimes. These results indicate that hybrid Li-Be ceramics offer a potential route towards better matching of thermal properties with minimal functional property degradation, thereby offering better overall fuel cycle performance.
Beyond advising and mentoring: Competencies for coaching in medical education.

Coaching supports academic goals, professional development and wellbeing in medical education. Scant literature exists on training and assessing coaches and evaluating coaching programs. To begin f...
Acute Fractures in Sport: Thoraco-Lumbar Spine

Acute thoracolumbar fractures, though rare in sports, may have devastating consequences, and athletes’ providers must therefore be attuned to the signs and symptoms. Athletes may sustain three types of fractures: fatigue fractures, acute sports-related fractures, and fractures occurring outside of sports (DeCoster et al., Iowa Orthop J 14:81–84, 1994). Management, surgical or nonsurgical, should be customized to the athlete’s goals. Though return to play guidelines are suggested, the risks of continued participation in high level sport after a thoracolumbar fracture necessitates consideration and patient discussion.
A Machine Learning Approach to Flood Depth and Extent Detection Using Sentinel 1A/B Synthetic Aperture Radar

The rising number of flooding events combined with increased urbanization is contributing to significant economic losses due to damages to structures and infrastructures. Here we present a method for producing all weather maps of flood inundation using a combination of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing data and machine learning methods that can be used to provide information on the evolution of flood hazards to DisasterAware©, a global alerting system, that is used to disseminate flood risk information to stakeholders across the globe. While these efforts are still in development, a case study is presented for the major flood event associated with Hurricane Harvey and associated floods that impacted Houston, TX in August of 2017.