cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time three-dimensional imaging sonar for in-situ tracking of zooplankton in the ocean

Marine zooplankton form a significant part of the marine ecosystem since they are relatively low on the food chain and they exist in vast quantities. However, little is known of their behavior, how they feed, how they interact or their swimming patterns. To explore some of these issues a three-dimensional imaging sonar was developed to track the movements of these zooplankton in their native environment. The tracking problem requires a high frequency sonar with a fast frame update rate and reasonably high resolutions in three dimensions. It also requires a small array to minimize the proximity effects of the transducer package on the zooplankton behavior, to allow mounting of the transducer array on small remotely operated submersible vehicles and to reduce the cost of the sonar. This led to an array architecture which resolves the target volume of interest into a three-dimensional array of volumetric units that are digitized and stored in computer memory. This digitized array of numbers is then processed by the computer and the results displayed using a three-dimensional graphics imaging package to present a 3-D image depicting the back scatter strength of the target volume along with the location of any objects within that volume.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A clinical test of dynamic visual acuity for children

Abstract Objective: Children with sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI) and concomitant vestibular hypofunction demonstrate deficits in gaze stability that may affect reading. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable, valid clinical test of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) for children. Methods: Seventy-six typically developing children, 26 adults and 11 children with sensorineural hearing impairment participated. Visual acuity was tested under three conditions: (1) head stable (static acuity), (2) head tipped forward 30° and passively rotated 30° in the yaw plane at 2 Hz (horizontal dynamic acuity) and (3) head passively moved in the pitch plane 30° at 2 Hz (vertical dynamic acuity, vDVA). The difference, in number of chart lines, between static dynamic acuity was calculated (dynamic acuity score). Based on normative data collected, results were scored as: (1) pass ≤2S.D. from the normative mean and (2) fail ≥2S.D. from normative mean. Children were grouped by age to enable examination of the effect of age on scores. Results: We found excellent test–retest and inter-tester reliability (ICC(2,2)=0.94 and ICC(3,2)=0.84) for the horizontal dynamic acuity (hDVA) test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 100% to identify children with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH). Although a statistical difference was found, the difference was not clinically significant (all achieved DVA scores Conclusions: The clinical test of horizontal dynamic acuity is a reliable test for children as young as 3 years. It is simple and inexpensive, and will enable identification of those for whom more extensive testing is warranted.
The Solar Nebula, Secular Resonances, Gas Drag, and the Asteroid Belt

Abstract We assume that the asteroids were initially distributed uniformly from Mars to Jupiter. Orbits between the 3:2 resonance with Jupiter (0.763a(J), wherea(J) is Jupiter's semimajor axis) and Jupiter were chaotic because of overlapping mean motion resonances and were rapidly removed by close encounters with Jupiter. However, in numerical simulations extending as long as 108years, we have been unsuccessful in removing asteroids between 0.630 and 0.763a(J) (the 2:1 resonance and the 3:2 resonance with Jupiter), when Jupiter and Saturn were the only perturbers. We now suggest that a combination of the secular resonance between the apsidal rotations of Jupiter and the asteroids, moved outward by the gravitational potential of the primitive solar nebula and the gas drag of that nebula, removed those asteroids. A minimum mass solar nebula will move one of the secular resonances outward from its present location at 0.40a(J) to the 3:2 resonance. The sweeping secular resonance pumped up the eccentricities of the asteroids causing many outer belt asteroids to be ejected by close encounters with Jupiter. The high eccentricities also increased the relative motion of the gas and the asteroids, greatly enhancing the efficiency of the drag, which caused other asteroids to spiral into the inner Solar System. That nebula, removed on a time scale of 104–105years, cleared the asteroid belt exterior to the 2:1 resonance and increased the eccentricities of the remaining asteroids to an average value of about 0.15. We found that a much longer time scale would have removed all the asteroids, while a much shorter time scale would not have increased the initial low eccentricities.
A novel model of hydrogen plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition of copper

Abstract A new distributed parameter model of a capacitively coupled rf hydrogen discharge including a copper precursor has been developed, from the first three moments of the Boltzmann equation. The model predicts the concentrations and fluxes of (1) the positive ions H + , H 2 + and H 3 + (2) the electrons and (3) atomic hydrogen, under the conditions that produce low resistivity copper films with the precursor Cu(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Cu(HFA) 2 ). Since Cu(HFA) 2 is consumed predominantly at the wafer, an analytical model also has been derived to estimate the concentration distribution of Cu(HFA) 2 in the reactor, as a function of the operating conditions. Copper is formed on the wafer via a surface reaction between the adsorbed precursor and atomic hydrogen, that is produced in the plasma by the dissociation of molecular hydrogen. The hydrogen plasma model has been coupled with the precursor transport model using a rate expression that reflects the PACVD surface reaction mechanism, to explain the experimental observations and suggest process windows for high copper deposition rates and film purity. New data were taken and are reported here to test the model definitively.
Facilitation drives 65 years of vegetation change in the Sonoran Desert

Ecological processes of low-productivity ecosystems have long been considered to be driven by abiotic controls with biotic interactions playing an insignificant role. However, existing studies present conflicting evidence concerning the roles of these factors, in part due to the short temporal extent of most data sets and inability to test indirect effects of environmental variables modulated by biotic interactions. Using structural equation modeling to analyze 65 years of perennial vegetation change in the Sonoran Desert, we found that precipitation had a stronger positive effect on recruitment beneath existing canopies than in open microsites due to reduced evaporation rates. Variation in perennial canopy cover had additional facilitative effects on juvenile recruitment, which was indirectly driven by effects of density and precipitation on cover. Mortality was strongly influenced by competition as indicated by negative density-dependence, whereas precipitation had no effect. The combined direct, indirect, and interactive facilitative effects of precipitation and cover on recruitment were substantial, as was the effect of competition on mortality, providing strong evidence for dual control of community dynamics by climate and biotic interactions. Through an empirically derived simulation model, we also found that the positive feedback of density on cover produces unique temporal abundance patterns, buffering changes in abundance from high frequency variation in precipitation, amplifying effects of low frequency variation, and decoupling community abundance from precipitation patterns at high abundance. Such dynamics should be generally applicable to low-productivity systems in which facilitation is important and can only be understood within the context of long-term variation in climatic patterns. This predictive model can be applied to better manage low-productivity ecosystems, in which variation in biogeochemical processes and trophic dynamics may be driven by positive density-dependent feedbacks that influence temporal abundance and productivity patterns.
Transient osteoporosis of the knee

The MR findings in transient osteoporosis of the knee have been described as showing a diffuse area of decreased signal intensity (relative to normal bone marrow) on T1-weighted images and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. We report a case of transient osteoporosis, in which MRI showed a crescentic area of abnormal signal intensity in the posterior portion of the lateral femoral condyle, which was bordered by a rim of low signal intensity, best seen on the T2-weighted images. This abnormality was shown to resolve on follow-up MR scans.
X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDS analyses of phases in new dental amalgams.

Summary The superior clinical performance of several dental amalgams which contain high Cu concentrations and little or no γ2 has stimulated the introduction of a number of new amalgam alloys. This investigation sought to study the nature of the phases present in eight commercial systems after trituration. Samples were powdered for X-ray diffraction phase analysis or were polished for SEM/EDS analysis. These methods were complementary since they permitted positive identification of the phases and their distribution and composition, respectively. The matrix phase of all systems was γ1 (Ag-Hg). Cu6Sn5 was found as the major Sn-rich amalgamation product. The Cu6Sn5 phase forms reaction zones around the Cu-rich particles with morphological variations from system to system. All amalgams contained the γ (Ag3Sn) phase, but it was microstructurally distinct only in two particle systems. Small amounts of the γ2 (Sn-Hg) phase were found in three systems. These results suggest that there are important microstructural variations in the new Cu-rich systems which could eventually result in variations in clinical performance.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF PAINFUL AND COGNITIVE STIMULI

Sympathetic activity (SA) was reduced when a cognitive task was imposed during an ongoing response to cold pressor. However, this reduction effect was not obtained when CP was imposed 40-sec after the onset of a cognitive task. Rather the response level appeared to be about that which would have been obtained from cold pressor alone. These results suggest that the reduction found in the former situation is not the result of distraction due to cognitive activity per se, as we had previously proposed, but it is the initial SA resulting from presentation of the cognitive task that causes the interaction. This suggests that the competition occurs at a level below that of cognition.
Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood in a 17-year-old boy.

A patient is described who had many features of chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, including life-long history of illness, simultaneous granulomatous and purulent response to an organism of low-grade virulence, presence of “golden histiocytes” in the affected organs, and faulty bactericidal capacity of phagocytes. Differing from the classically described cases were his long survival and the absence of evidence of a sex-linked genetic pattern.
a Triggering Digital Seismograph Utilizing Micro-Processor with Memory for Preserving First-Motion Information *

Most of the data recorded at seismological observatories are essentially noise, not signal. One way to achieve a higher information density is to trigger the seismograph, as in strong-motion accelerographs. This approach loses the first motion—not important for earthquake-engineering studies, but very important for studies of focal mechanism. To eliminate this defect, various cumbersome techniques have been used, such as closed-loop tape-recording. Here we describe a seismograph that records only the signals and does not lose the first motion. Our procedure uses a microprocessor (MC6800) to monitor the energy level adaptively, uses a solid-state memory like a large shift-register, and has the microprocessor trigger recording from the solid-state memory onto a tape cassette whenever a signal (as defined by energy level) is recognized by the microprocessor. A field station consists of a crystal clock, seismometer, amplifier, analog-to-digital converter, Parallel Interface Adapter (PIA), MC6800 microprocessor, 8K solid-state memory, Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA), cassette tape-recorder, and battery. The duration of operation depends upon the frequency content of data, the sampling rate used, and the frequency of events. The design criteria used for the stations of the first field system are a 1 Hz to 10 Hz bandpass amplifier, 8-bit digitization, 5 samples per cycle of highest frequency content, and quality tape cassettes. These requirements are appropriate for exploring for magma chambers in subduction zones—the motivation for developing this system. A playback facility uses the DEC LSI-11 computer, which has an assembly language set very similar to that of the MC6800. This equipment, or a slight modification thereof, would be suitable for recording strong-motion earthquakes, for monitoring quarry blasts, or for any seismological effort in which the triggering criterion can be specified as an algorithm for programming into the microprocessor firmware. The resulting data are digital and only include significant signals, thus the data reduction facilities may properly concentrate on analysis and interpretation. Because the parameters of the system can be easily modified in firmware or software, the system is very flexible and can be considered the Universal Geophysical Recorder. An adaptation to recording transient EM phenomena is in progress. In this application, the source is controlled, but the use of the self-triggering approach eliminates the need for a radio-control system to activate the recorders, HIG Contribution no. 753.
The Propensity for Inducing Atrial Fibrillation: A Comparative Study on Old versus Young Rabbits

It is well established that atrial fibrillation (AF) is far more common in elderly humans. Autonomic activation is thought to be an operative mechanism for AF propensity. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of age on atrial tachyarrhythmia induction in a rabbit model. Six old (aged 4–6 years) and 9 young (aged 3-4 months) New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to a catheter-based electrophysiological study. Atrial tachyarrhythmia susceptibility was tested by burst pacing before and after infusion of increasing concentrations of acetylcholine. Both young and old rabbits were in normal sinus rhythm at the beginning of the infusion/burst pacing protocol. The old rabbits had faster heart rates and a marked increase in atrial tachyarrhythmias compared to the young rabbits. Nonsustained and sustained AF events were more frequent in the old rabbits. No significant fibrosis was observed in the atria of either young or old rabbits. In conclusion, the old rabbits have a greater propensity for induction of AF. The significantly faster heart rates in the old rabbits suggest that dominant sympathetic activity may play an important role in the propensity for AF in this group.
CXCR3-Mediated Skin Homing of Autoreactive CD8 T Cells Is a Key Determinant in Murine Graft-Versus-Host Disease

The pathomechanisms underlying the development of cutaneous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are incompletely defined. We previously reported that K14-mOVA mice expressing membrane ovalbumin (mOVA), driven by the keratin 14 (K14) promoter, developed GVHD-like mucocutaneous disease and weight loss following transfer of OVA-specific, CD8+ OT-I T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that early in the course of disease, the kinetics of epidermal expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) and CXCL10, interferon-γ-inducible chemokines that bind the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) receptor, coincides with CXCR3 expression by OT-I cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Recruitment of OT-I cells into the skin began by day 5 with progressive accumulation through day 13 post transfer. Transfer of CXCR3-knockout (CXCR3KO) OT-I cells into K14-mOVA mice resulted in strikingly attenuated skin disease. CXCR3KO OT-I cells retained full activation and effector function, but preferentially accumulated in the spleen, in contrast to wild-type (WT) OT-I cells that accumulated in skin-draining lymph nodes. Moreover, OT-I cells accounted for a significantly reduced percentage of skin-infiltrating lymphocytes in mice receiving CXCR3KO OT-I cells compared with WT OT-I cells. These results identify CXCR3 as being critical to the skin-selective effector T-cell recruitment underlying autoreactive GVHD, suggesting CXCR3 as a potential target in the treatment of GVHD and related skin diseases.
Plasticity of Intercalated Cell Polarity: Effect of Metabolic Acidosis

The cortical collecting duct (CCD) is capable of secreting H+ or HCO–3 depending on the acid-base status in vivo. Transport is a function of two types of intercalated
The cyclic generation of interpretational semantic roles

. This work develops Minkoff (1994)'s proposal that so-called ‘logophoric’ semantic roles license certain semantic dependencies, and are constrained in their occurrence by an optional semantic interpretation of syntax subject to an abstract structural condition, the ‘Logophoric Role Constraint’ (LRC). I argue that the logophoric roles belong to a broader inventory of interpretational semantic roles; that these roles form two classes, which license distinct sets of semantic dependencies and interact in distinct ways with the lexical semantics of verbs; and that these roles’ distribution is restricted in ways that argue for replacing the LRC with the more natural conclusion that semantic interpretation applies cyclically and generates just one semantic role per cyclic domain.
Dextromethorphan suppresses both formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and the formalin-induced increase in spinal cord c-fos mRNA.

The injection of dilute formalin results in a stereotyped nociceptive behavioral response. Administration of dextromethorphan (s.c.) but not saline, 30 min prior to intraplantar formalin injection prevents this nociceptive response in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, intraplantar formalin reliably induces c-fos mRNA in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn as assessed with quantitative solution hybridization at 30 min postinjection. No change in c-fos mRNA was detected in the contralateral spinal dorsal horn, nucleus raphe magnus, periaqueductal grey, medial thalamus, or sensorimotor cortex. Pretreatment with dextromethorphan at 60 mg/kg s.c., 30 min prior to formalin resulted in a suppression of c-fos induction, so that c-fos mRNA levels in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn of animals receiving dextromethorphan prior to formalin did not differ from controls. These data indicate that dextromethorphan suppresses formalin nociceptive behavior and one of the biochemical consequences of formalin nociception, i.e., induction of c-fos mRNA.
Predicting the mechanisms and crack growth rates of pipelines undergoing stress corrosion cracking at high pH

Abstract A fundamentally based mathematical model was developed with the goal to predict, as a first step, the crack growth rate (CGR) of high pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of buried steel pipelines. Two methods were used to predict CGRs and for both methods the model has included the film rupture and repassivation mechanism. The two methods are distinguished by the expression used to determine the active anodic current density at the crack tip. In the first method, this current density is expressed by the anodic polarization curve with a large peak current density and the prediction tends to yield a larger CGR and a lower pH at the crack tip. By contrast, when the Butler–Volmer equation is used to express the crack tip anodic current density, with a predicted low CGR the chemistry at the tip does not appear to have any significant change due to the high buffer of the solution. The predicted mechanism responsible for the steady-state crack growth is shown to be the balance between the increasing stress intensity factor as the crack grows, which tends to increase the crack tip strain rate and thus the CGR, and the change of the crack tip condition, which, for large CGRs, is the significant shift in the more negative direction of the crack tip potential, and for low CGRs, the increase of ferrous ion concentration, and either tends to decrease CGR. Limitations currently existing in the model and proposal for further development of the model are discussed.
Teacher Judgment of Reading Achievement: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Perspective.

Analyses were conducted, using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class (ECLS-K)database, to compare teachers’ judgment of reading skill with direct measures of reading performance forkindergarten, first grade, and third grade students. Teacher judgments of kindergarten students’ reading skillsignificantly predicted first and third grade performance on direct reading measures. In addition, concurrentvalidity quotients were moderate ranging from r = .58 to .71. These concurrent relationships were furtherinvestigated to determine whether socioeconomic status (SES) or teacher experience significantly moderated theconcurrent validity estimates. While teacher experience did not significantly moderate the relationship betweenteacher judgment and direct measures of reading, a small but significant moderation effect was found for SES.That is, SES appeared to differentially bias estimates of reading skill. Judgment bias due to SES level appearedto be greatest when teacher judgments were higher on the rating scale (i.e., proficient) for kindergarten and firstgrade students. However, for third grade students, judgment bias due to SES was greatest for students lower onthe rating scale (i.e., skill not present).
Can single electronic microprocessors ever work at room temperature

The tunneling rate of single electronic tunneling (SET) transistor at nonzero temperature has been analyzed. A stability condition, which allows one bit flip error/year, is used. The aspects of dissipation and performance are studied, for a single SET and for a microprocessor built of SETs, versus the size.
Flood Hazards in the Central Valley of California

This special issue of Natural Hazards Review is devoted to flood hazards in the Central Valley of California. The Central Valley is a large, north‐south-striking trough that comprises the Sacramento Valley to the north and the San Joaquin Valley to the south. These two large valleys are separated by the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta the delta, the largest inland delta in the United States. This introduction provides a description of flood hazard policies, how they apply in the Central Valley, recent structural and legislative changes that influence flood hazards and policy in the region, and an outline of the six papers published in this issue. The papers cover a variety of topics ranging from physical to social characteristics and processes. Collectively, they describe severe flood hazards in the region that will require considerable attention to avoid major flood disasters.
Inclusion mappings between lp spaces

It is shown that the inclusion mapping from lpinto lqis (2pq(pq − 2p + 2q), 1)-absolutely summing if 1 ⩽ p ⩽ q ⩽ 2 and (p, 1)-absolutely summing if 1 ⩽ p ⩽ 2 ⩽ q ⩽ ∞ or 2 ⩽ p ⩽ q ⩽ ∞. As a corollary, it follows that a (p, 1)-absolutely summing operator, p > 1, need not have the Dunford-Pettis property; this observation answering a question raised by Pelczynski.
Bronze Formation and the Motion of Mesoscopic Tin Clusters on a Copper Surface

To study the dynamics of alloy phase transformations, we deposited submonolayer amounts of Sn onto Cu(111) surfaces. The subsequently observed formation of bronze alloy was found to be surprisingly complex. First, the Sn forms 2D clusters with a 2×2 structure and typical diameters of the order of 100 nm. Then the Sn clusters move across the Cu surface and shrink in size, leaving dilute bronze in their wake. The curious motion of the Sn clusters can be interpreted as an example of chemomechanical energy transduction on a surprisingly small length scale. Thus the Sn clusters are microscopic engines and one can discuss their fundamental mechanical properties. A speculative comparison of the self-propelled motion of the Sn clusters with other isothermal engines, such as molecular biological machines, is considered.
Automated calculation of the Tei index from signal averaged left ventricular acoustic quantification wave forms

Abstract The Tei index is a combined measurement of systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) performance and may be more useful for the diagnosis of global cardiac dysfunction than either systolic or diastolic measures alone. We sought to determine whether the Tei index could be accurately calculated from LV area waveforms generated with automated border detection. Twenty-four patients were studied in 3 groups: systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, and normal. The Tei index was calculated both from Doppler tracings and from analysis of LV area waveforms. Excellent agreement was found between Doppler-derived timing intervals and the Tei index with those obtained from averaged LV area waveforms. A significant difference was seen in the Tei index, computed with both Doppler and automated border detection techniques, between the normal group and those with LV systolic dysfunction and subjects with isolated diastolic dysfunction. This study validates the use of LV area waveforms for the automated calculation of the Tei index. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1485-9.)
Effects of a copper intrauterine device on the morphology of the rat uterus.

Copper wire was inserted into one uterine horn of nulliparous female rats, and remained in place until the animals were killed 1 month or 3 months post-insertion. The opposite horn and uteri of non-IUD exposed rats served as control tissue. Light microscopy of the horn that contained the device revealed distortion of the uterine lumen, leucocyte infiltration, and patchy metaplasia of the simple columnar endometrial epithelium into a pseudostratified or stratified squamous epithelium with occasional keratinization. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the stratified squamous epithelium was typical of that found normally at other sites. The cells were attached by numerous desmosomes to one another, and hemidesmosomes anchored the basal cells to the basal lamina. The cells contained numerous bundles of tonofilaments, and keratohyalin granules were present where keratinization occurred. Membrane-coating granules were seen within and between cells of the upper layer. The results of the study indicate that the copper IUD alters the uterine lumen and epithelium in a manner similar to inert devices. It would appear that these changes could interfere dramatically with blastocyst implantation. This effect, along with the known reduction in numbers of ovulated eggs and the possible toxic nature of this medicated device, may combine to increase dramatically the efficacy of the device in the rat.
Prostatic tissue and fluid concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole experimental and clinical studies

Abstract The concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were determined in prostatic fluid and tissue of the dog after constant intravenous infusion. Concentrations of trimethoprim in both prostatic fluid and tissue exceeded the simultaneous serum concentrations, whereas the sulfamethoxazole prostatic fluid and tissue concentrations were much lower than the simultaneous serum concentrations. Prostatic tissue obtained from patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate also contained trimethoprim in higher but sulfamethoxazole in lower concentrations than the simultaneous serum concentrations after oral administration of these of drugs preoperatively. In a patient with urinary diversion, trimethoprim was found in prostatic fluid in concentrations as high as forty-four times the simultaneous serum concentrations whereas sulfamethoxazole was found in concentrations representing only a fraction of the simultaneous serum concentrations. These findings lend support to the use of trimethoprim in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis.
Low solubility fibrinogen examined by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing.

Abstract Fibrinogen, purified by β-alanine precipitation, was examined by two analytical techniques to determine the distribution of polypeptides responsible for the molecular weight heterogeneity of this material. In the first procedure fibrinogen was resolved by electrophoresis on a large pore sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel into two major bands, [ and ]I, Mr = 3.5 × 105 and 3.1 × 105. Polypeptides comprising fibrinogen in bands I and II were examined on a second SDS gel after reduction and electrophoresis of gel slices containing these two bands. Fibrinogen in band I included, in addition to the Bβ and γ chains, two major molecular weight forms of Aα chain, Aα/1 and Aα/Z, Mr = 7 × 104 and 6.7 × 104 respectively. Fibrinogen in band II contained in addition to Aα/1 and 2, a number of Aα chains, primarily Aα/6–101 Mr = 3–4 × 104 less than Aα/1. To identify possible Aα polypeptides obscured by the Bβ or γ chains, the polypeptide structure of S-carboxymethylated fibrinogen was also examined by isoelectric focusing followed by SDS gel electrophoresis. Aα chains with Mr = 6.5 × 104 and 5.8 × 104 were detected by this procedure. Densitometric analysis, molecular weight considerations, and experiments involving prolonged treatment of fibrinogen with Reptilase lead us to propose the following polypeptide formulas for the major fibrinogen forms in bands I and II respectively: (Aα/1,2)2 (Bβ)2(γ)2 and (Aα/1,2) (Aα/6–10) (Bβ)2(γ)2. Small amounts of (Aα/4)2 (Bβ)2(γ)2 are also present in band II.
Stress: a risk factor for serious illness.

The body's principal adaptive responses to stress stimuli are mediated by an intricate stress system, which includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the sympathoadrenal system (SAS). Dysregulation of the system, caused by the cumulative burden of repetitive or chronic environmental stress challenges (allostatic load) contributes to the development of a variety of illnesses including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and the insulin-resistance-dyslipidemia syndrome, as well as certain disorders of immune function. The brain's limbic system, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala, is also intimately involved in the stress response. Chronically elevated corticosteroid levels induced by persisting stress may adversely affect hippocampal structure and function, producing deficits of both memory and cognition. The ability of stress to cause illness in humans is most clearly exemplified by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which consists of a predictable constellation of distressing behavioral symptoms and physiological features. An appreciable proportion of the observed variance in vulnerability to PTSD is attributable to genetic factors. The relationship of this disorder to its precipitating cause-a recent, severely traumatic event-is unambiguous. The neuroendocrinology of PTSD is noteworthy, being characterized in many adult victims by enhanced negative feedback sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors in the stress response system, and lower than normal urinary and plasma cortisol levels. Adult patients with PTSD also have been shown to exhibit exaggerated catecholamine responses to trauma-related stimuli. On the other hand, severely maltreated prepubertal children with PTSD continue to excrete greater than normal urinary cortisol, catecholamines, and dopamine years after disclosure of the causative abuse.
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

The role of inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is controversial. If inflammation were critical to the disease process, lung pathology would demonstrate an influx of inflammatory cells, and that the disease would respond to immunosuppression. Neither is true. The classic pathology does not display substantial inflammation, and no modulation of the immune system is effective as treatment. Recent data suggest that the pathophysiology of the disease is more a product of fibroblast dysfunction than of dysregulated inflammation. The role of inflammation in disease pathogenesis comes from pathology from atypical patients, biologic samples procured during exacerbations of the disease, and careful examination of biologic specimens from patients with stable disease. We suggest that inflammation is indeed a critical factor in IPF and propose five potential nontraditional mechanisms for the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of IPF: the direct inflammatory hypothesis, the matrix hypothesis, the...
The N-Myc Down Regulated Gene1 (NDRG1) Is a Rab4a Effector Involved in Vesicular Recycling of E-Cadherin

Cell to cell adhesion is mediated by adhesion molecules present on the cell surface. Downregulation of molecules that form the adhesion complex is a characteristic of metastatic cancer cells. Downregulation of the N-myc down regulated gene1 (NDRG1) increases prostate and breast metastasis. The exact function of NDRG1 is not known. Here by using live cell confocal microscopy and in vitro reconstitution, we report that NDRG1 is involved in recycling the adhesion molecule E-cadherin thereby stabilizing it. Evidence is provided that NDRG1 recruits on recycling endosomes in the Trans Golgi network by binding to phosphotidylinositol 4-phosphate and interacts with membrane bound Rab4aGTPase. NDRG1 specifically interacts with constitutively active Rab4aQ67L mutant protein and not with GDP-bound Rab4aS22N mutant proving NDRG1 as a novel Rab4a effector. Transferrin recycling experiments reveals NDRG1 colocalizes with transferrin during the recycling phase. NDRG1 alters the kinetics of transferrin recycling in cells. NDRG1 knockdown cells show a delay in recycling transferrin, conversely NDRG1 overexpressing cells reveal an increase in rate of transferrin recycling. This novel finding of NDRG1 as a recycling protein involved with recycling of E-cadherin will aid in understanding NDRG1 role as a metastasis suppressor protein.
The relationship of psychological‐mindedness to adult perceptions of early parental rejection

We tested the hypothesis that highly psychologically minded individuals perceive having grown up with rejecting parents. A Psychological Mindedness (PM) Scale, and the Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire II (PCR), were administered to 120 college students. Contrary to prediction, a significant negative correlation was found between PM and perceptions of early maternal rejection. Psychological-mindedness, it was suggested, may be attributable to “good enough mothering” and may be learned through modeling and imitation of mothers' empathic perceptions, affective responses, and behavior. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 1079–1084, 1998.
Measurements and analyses of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the yard and on the roof of a street-canyon in Suzhou

Abstract The concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and ozone characterised by very fast chemical reactions can significantly vary within urban street-canyon due to the short distances between sources and receptor. With the primary objective to analyse this issue, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, BTX, and wind flow field were continuously measured for 1 week at two heights (a street-level yard and a 25-m-high rooftop) in an urban canyon in Suzhou (China). The yard ozone concentrations were found to be up to six times lower than on the roof. Different frequency distributions (FD), dynamical and chemical processes of the pollutant variations from yard to roof are discussed to explain the findings. The predominant factors for the dissimilar pollutant vertical diffusion at the two measurement locations were associated to dissimilar fluid-dynamic and heterogeneous removal effects that likely induced dissimilar ozone chemical processes relative to NOx and BTX precursors.
Neurohypophysial Control of Follicular Maturation in the Domestic Fowl

EVIDENCE from several sources1–5 supports the view that the discharge of ovulation-inducing hormone from the hypophysis of the domestic fowl is mediated by a nervous mechanism, as in the rat6. The interval from ‘excitation’ for the release of the hormone to ovulation has been estimated to be of the order of 8–14 hr.4,5,7. In the present communication we wish to direct attention to results indicating that ovulations in the hen may be suppressed by the interruption, long before the estimated hour of release of the ovulation-inducing hormone, of processes presumably associated with maturation of the ovarian follicle.
Effects of a 2-, 3- and 4-electrode stimulator design on current dispersion on the surface and into the limb during electrical stimulation in controls and patients with wounds

Electrical stimulation is a widely used modality in the field of physical therapy and exercise physiology. The most common method for the application of electrical stimulation is a two-electrode system where one electrode is the source and the other is a reference. However, recent studies report that a more effective delivery system can be achieved if more than two electrodes are used. In the present investigation, the circuitry to deliver electrical stimulation through a 2-, 3- or 4-electrode delivery system was designed. The system was evaluated by its ability to deliver current on the surface of the skin as well as deep into the quadriceps muscle in six control subjects and in and around wounds in six other subjects. The results of the experiments showed that much better depth of penetration was achieved in a 4-electrode system (one electrode was on the opposite side of the limb and three electrodes were on top of the limb) than in either a 2- or a 3-electrode delivery system. In non-wounded skin, given the same current from the stimulator, the current in the quadriceps muscle was found to be double with a 4-electrode versus a 2-electrode system. In wounds, this same finding was seen. Here, blood flow, an indicator of the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in wounds, was three times higher if a multi-channel stimulator was used versus a 2-channel stimulator. Thus a multi-channel electrical stimulation system is more effective than a 2-electrode system.
Globally distributed content creation: developing consumable content for international markets

This paper examines the globalization of content from the perspective of consumability. The authors describe how technical communicators can use a globally distributed approach to manage the translation of technical content. In so doing, the authors examine how technical communicators might use iterative development practices to improve the development of technical communication products (e.g., software manuals, online help, context-sensitive help, or dynamic help available on the Web) for international audiences of consumers.
Pressure dependence of magnetic ordering temperatures of rare earth - Sn3 compounds

Abstract Measurements of the hydrostatic pressure dependence of the Neel temperatures, TN, are reported for PrSn3, GdSn3, GdSn3 and CeIn3. TN is found to increase with applied pressure for PrSn3 and NdSn3, whereas TN is pressure independent within experimental error for GdSn3 and CeIn3. Slightly Sn-deficient RESn3 (RE=rare earth) compounds are found consistently to be weakly ferromagnetic. The physical properties of the RESn3 compounds exhibit analogies with the corresponding properties of dilute superconducting ( La RE)Sn3 alloys. The high pressure data for PrSn3 and CeIn3 are qualitatively consistent with a “Kondo necklace” model for magnetically ordered RE compounds with unstable 4f shells.
Predicting node availability in peer-to-peer networks

Unlike the well-administered servers in traditional distributed systems, machines in peer-to-peer networks have widely varying levels of availability. Accurate modeling of node uptime is crucial for predicting per-machine resource burdens and selecting appropriate data replication strategies. In this research project, we improve upon the accuracy of previous peer-to-peer availability models, which are often too conservative to dynamically predict system availability at a fine-grained level. We test our predictors on availability traces from the PlanetLab distributed test bed and the Microsoft corporate network. Each trace has a distinct predictability profile, and we explain these differences by examining the fundamental uptime classes contained in each trace. We also show how availability-guided replica placement reduces the amount of object copying in a distributed data store.
An experimental study of cerebral lesions produced by the balloon cannula method of stereoencephalotmy

A method is described for making simple balloon cannulas. These may be inserted into the depths of the brain of the experimental animal and inflated, resulting in the production of a permanent destructive lesion characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of the parenchyma, elements of the stroma being preserved peripherally. In time, a smooth, well-defined membrane delineates the oval shaped cavity resulting in a sharply punched-out lesion. A reversible lesion cannot be produced by this technique. Such lesions may have further clinical or experimental value. The local application of radioactive isotopes to specific areas of the brain under controlled situations permitting withdrawal of solutions may be possible by this method.
Cameron Lesions: Unusual Cause of Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Anemia

Cameron lesions are linear gastric ulcers or erosions on the mucosal folds at the diaphragmatic impression in patients with a large hiatal hernia. The clinical relevance of Cameron lesions is due to t
Computational annealing of simulated unimodal and bimodal networks

Abstract A conjugate gradient Monte Carlo algorithm was used to simulate the annealing of two and three dimensional end-linked unimodal and bimodal polydimethylsiloxane networks. Equilibrium is satisfied at every crosslink during network energy minimization resulting in distinct differences in network characteristics from classical assumptions. Annealed unimodal networks were found to retain the uniformly dispersed arrangement of crosslinks generated during the crosslinking algorithm. Radial distribution functions of chain vector lengths for various unimodal systems show a shift in the mean chain length from the rms length prior to annealing to shorter lengths upon annealing. Short chains in bimodal networks cluster during the annealing process in agreement with experimental investigations of short chain agglomeration in the literature. This work provides the first predictions of bimodal chain network clustering via simulated network formation and demonstrates the critical role of network annealing in determining the initial configurations of deformable elastomeric networks. This information is extremely useful in the development of accurate constitutive models of bimodal networks.
Structure and function of a cold shock domain fold protein, CspD, in Janthinobacterium sp. Ant5‐2 from East Antarctica

A cold shock domain (CSD)-containing protein, CspD, of molecular mass ~7.28 kDa in a psychrotolerant Antarctic Janthinobacterium sp. Ant5-2 (ATCC BAA-2154) exhibited constitutive expression at 37, 22, 15, 4 and -1°C. The cspD gene encoding the CspD protein of Ant5-2 was cloned, sequenced and analyzed. The deduced protein sequence was highly similar to the conserved domains of the cold shock proteins (Csps) from bacteria belonging to the class Betaproteobacteria. Its expression was both time- and growth phase-dependent and increased when exposed to 37°C and UV radiation (UVC, dose: 1.8 and 2.8 mJ cm(-2)). The results from the electrophoretic mobility shift and subcellular localization study confirmed its single-stranded DNA-binding property. In silico analysis of the deduced tertiary structure of CspD from Ant5-2 showed a highly stable domain-swapped dimer, forming two similar monomeric Csp folds. This study established an overall framework of the structure, function and phylogenetic analysis of CspD from an Antarctic Janthinobacterium sp. Ant5-2, which may facilitate and stimulate the study of CSD fold proteins in the class Betaproteobacteria.
Changes in Cohabitation across Cohorts: The Influence of Political Activism

This article investigates increasing rates of nonmarital cohabitation in the U.S., primarily examining the link between left-oriented activism and cohabitation. The article relies on Cohort-based models of social change in concert with a theory linking New Left social movements of the 1960s and 1970s to the diffusion of new life-course patterns. Further, it addresses the question of diffusion across sociodemographic dimensions as cohabitation rates increase. Analyzing retrospective lifecourse data on three cohorts born between 1943 and 1964, Ifind that later cohorts are much more likely to have cohabited than are earlier cohorts, that left-oriented political activism is a strong predictor of cohabitation for all cohorts, and that there has been some demographic diffusion of cohabitation along the education dimension. Increasing nonmarital cohabitation rates represent an important example of change in American lifecourse patterns. The number of unmarried, different-sex couples sharing a household has risen dramatically in the past twenty-five years (Bumpass & Sweet 1989; Glick & Spanier 1980; Rawlings 1994; Spanier 1983; Thornton 1988). Following the theoretical framework of McAdam et al. (1997), this article analyzes
Elasticity of the Pulmonary Alveolar Microvascular Sheet in the Cat

The pulmonary interalveolar capillary bed of the cat has previously been shown to be consistent with a sheet-like endothelium-lined space bridged by avascular endothelium-covered posts. This was termed the sheet-flow model, and blood flow through that space is termed sheet flow. The initial formulation of the sheet-flow theory and model required that sheet thickness be the independent variable. Sheet thickness (h) was measured in vertical and horizontal silicone-elastomer-perfused cat lungs over the transmural (alveolar-capillary) pressure (Δ) range of 6.3 to 27 cm H2O. A plot of h vs. Δ for 2753 individual measurements is linear over the measured pressure range. The regression line is described by h = 4.28 + 0.2191 Δ. Sheet thickness of 4.28 µ at zero pressure is an extrapolated value. The value 0.2191 µ/cm H2O is the compliance coefficient (α) of the pulmonary capillary bed. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the capillary posts have a highly organized internal structure with abundant collag...
The histone chaperone Spt6 coordinates histone H3K27 demethylation and myogenesis

Histone chaperones affect chromatin structure and gene expression through interaction with histones and RNA polymerase II (PolII). Here, we report that the histone chaperone Spt6 counteracts H3K27me3, an epigenetic mark deposited by the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and associated with transcriptional repression. By regulating proper engagement and function of the H3K27 demethylase KDM6A (UTX), Spt6 effectively promotes H3K27 demethylation, muscle gene expression, and cell differentiation. ChIP-Seq experiments reveal an extensive genome-wide overlap of Spt6, PolII, and KDM6A at transcribed regions that are devoid of H3K27me3. Mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos with reduced Spt6 display increased H3K27me3 and diminished expression of the master regulator MyoD, resulting in myogenic differentiation defects. As a confirmation for an antagonistic relationship between Spt6 and H3K27me3, inhibition of PRC2 permits MyoD re-expression in myogenic cells with reduced Spt6. Our data indicate that, through cooperation with PolII and KDM6A, Spt6 orchestrates removal of H3K27me3, thus controlling developmental gene expression and cell differentiation.