cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dewatering microalgae by forward osmosis

Abstract Microalgae are known to be an excellent source of biofuels, but many issues surrounding the scale and economics of their cultivation have yet to be resolved. In particular, dewatering methods, such as centrifugation and tangential flow filtration, are prohibitively energy intensive. In this study, forward osmosis (FO) is considered as a partial dewatering method for microalgae growing on wastewater in a marine environment. Using artificial seawater as the draw solution, average dewatering rates of 2 l/m 2 membrane/h (range 1.8–2.4 l/m 2 h) were observed and volumes decreased by 65–85%. For a single membrane, daily dewatering rates did not significantly change in 14 consecutive experiments. Hourly dewatering rates did not gradually decrease, as might be expected; instead the dewatering rate oscillated throughout each experiment. Exposing an FO membrane in the ocean for 45 days caused significant biofouling on its surface, but its dewatering rate did not change. Exposing three FO membranes in the ocean for 52 days also caused significant biofouling, but in this experiment all membranes developed leaks that allowed saltwater to pass. These experiments suggest that FO may be an energy-saving step in dewatering freshwater microalgae if an appropriate draw solution is available and if conditions are controlled to prevent leakage.
Does Politics Influence Hiring? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment

Do resumes with political “signals” make job applicants more or less likely to get hired? To test our theory that employers are more likely to hire like-minded partisans (and less likely to hire those of opposing partisan bents), we conduct a randomized experiment, sending out 1,200 politically branded resumes in response to help-wanted ads in two U.S. counties—one highly conservative and the other, highly liberal. In our pooled sample, we find that job seekers with minority partisan affiliations are statistically less likely to obtain a callback than candidates without any partisan affiliation. Meanwhile, applicants sharing the majority partisan affiliation are not significantly more likely to receive a callback than non-partisan candidates. These results suggest that individuals may sometimes place themselves at a disadvantage by including partisan cues on their resumes.
Bathymetric patterns of genetic variation in a deep-sea protobranch bivalve, Deminucula atacellana

The origin of the deep-sea benthic fauna is poorly understood and represents an enormous gap in our understanding of basic evolutionary phenomena. One obstacle to studying evolutionary patterns in the deep sea has been the technical difficulty of measuring genetic variation in species that are typically minute, rare, and must be recovered from extreme depths. We used molecular genetic techniques to quantify variation in the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene within and among populations of the common protobranch bivalve Deminucula atacellana (Schenck, 1939). We analyzed 89 individuals from nine samples collected in the 1960s along a depth gradient from 1100 to 3800 m in the western North Atlantic. Genetic variability within populations is much lower than between populations, and peak haplotype numbers occur near the center of its depth distribution. Continental slope ( 2500 m) populations were genetically distinct despite the lack of any obvious topographic or oceanographic features that would impede gene flow. These findings indicate that the deep-sea macrofauna can have strong population structure over small (134 km) spatial scales, similar to that observed in shallow-water and terrestrial organisms. This surprisingly high biodiversity at the genetic level affords the potential for adaptation and evolutionary diversification, the ultimate historical causes of high species diversity in the deep-sea benthos.
Non-perturbative decoupling theorems in lattice gauge theory simulations

Abstract We illustrate that massless fermions which condense at high energy decouple from low energy sectors of a gauge theory by considering a lattice theory with (almost) massless quarks in the fundamental and adjoint representations of the gauge group. We confirm that the low energy chiral condensate of the fundamental fermions satisfies the asymptotic freedom scaling law with the adjoint fermions decoupled.
Natural human role in supervising complex control systems

Large collections of communities such as those found in complex control systems necessitate sophisticated techniques for high-level human supervision due to their requirements of influence spanning over individuals, communities, and global system behaviours. We have developed psycho-socio-cultural models for mediation of system-level behaviours and interactions. The ensuing lowered human cognitive load will enable supervisors to effectively guide large systems with competing objectives. This model paves the way for developing the 'Man On The Loop' (MOTL) paradigm, a phrase we are proposing for a novel human supervision role that contrasts with typical micromanagement. We have highlighted and validated MOTL parameters through the implementation of a domain-neutral simulation and compared our results with those found in natural systems.
Thermodynamic considerations in animal nutrition.

Acquisition of energy is a prime objective of the search for nutrition. The energy budget of a population or trophic level comprises the sum of energy gains and losses by each individual organism. Since these energy exchanges are governed by the same thermodynamic principles that govern purely physical transfers, the animal energy budget can be developed according to the Thermodynamic Laws. The following points are discussed in this paper: (1) Energetics at the organismic or population level can be completely described by equations based on the algebraic statement of the First Law of Thermodynamics (ΔE = Q + W). (2) Care must be used in the definition of terms such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. The latter two, particularly, have been misunderstood and misused in the ecological literature. Analogies between bound heat (TΔS) and the respiratory heat loss (R) are misleading and logically unsound. (3) The possible advantage of using changes of free energy in ecological energetics is outweighed by the relative convenience and accuracy of methods for measuring changes in enthalpy. (4) There are theoretical errors in the use of respiratory gaseous exchange as an indirect estimate of metabolic heat loss by growing (as opposed to fasting) organisms.
Gas-phase photodissociation study of Ag (benzene)+ and Ag (toluene)+

Abstract Ag(benzene)+ and Ag(toluene)+ are photodissociated to explore the thresholds for the two pathways, simple cleavage of the Ag+—ligand bond to form Ag+ and dissociative charge transfer to form the benzene+ and toluene+ ions, respectively. The ions are generated and stored in the ion trap of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The thermodynamic information obtained from these experiments is compared with recent determinations from other laboratories, particularly those from Duncan's laboratory involving photodissociation in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Significant differences are observed which are only partly understood at this time.
Exogenous factors affecting polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity

Abstract In a number of experiments it has been shown that induction of increased microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity results in inhibition of carcinogenesis due to exposures to a variety of chemical carcinogens. Thus, this enzyme system has the capacity to exert a protective effect against chemical carcinogens. Substantial studies of the distribution of one component of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system, the polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylases, have been carried out. In addition to other tissues, polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylases occur in the major portals of entry. Their activity in the lung and small intestine is quite labile, being altered by diet as well as defined chemical inducers. Present data indicate that most and possibly all of the polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in these two tissues is due to exposure to exogenous inducers. Studies of 3-MMAB N-demethylase in the small bowel show a similar type of control. It is difficult at the present time to assess the role of the exogenous control of the mixed function oxidase system in preventing noxious effects from toxic chemicals in the environment. It could be of considerable importance to the health of man and other species.
Radical cage effects: A method for measuring recombination efficiencies of secondary geminate radical cage pairs using pump–probe transient absorption methods

A method is reported for measuring the recombination efficiency of secondary geminate radical cage pairs. The procedure involves measuring the recombination efficiency for primary geminate recombination (Fc1) using pump–probe laser methods and measuring the “apparent” (or net) recombination efficiency (FcP) for all geminate pairs (primary and secondary) using steady-state irradiation methods. A mathematical relationship between FcP, Fc1, and Fc2 (where Fc2 is the recombination efficiency for secondary geminate recombination) is derived and demonstrated using the photolysis reactions of the [(CpR)Mo(CO)3]2 molecules, where CpR = η5-C5H4CH3 and η5-C5H4(CH2)2C(O)NCH3(CH2)nCH3 (n = 3, 8, 13, 18). As an example of the results obtained using the new method, it was found that Fc1 = 0.43 and Fc2 = 0.68 for the molecule with CpR = η5-C5H4CH2CH2N(CH3)C(O)(CH2)18CH3. The value of Fc2 decreased as the side-chain on the Cp ring got shorter; Fc2 is equal to 0.0 for the molecules with n = 3 and for CpR = η5-C5H4CH3. It is hypothesized that a longer side-chain prevents facile diffusion of the radicals out of the secondary cage, whereas the smaller side-chains permit more facile diffusion apart of the radicals. A general conclusion is that the reactions of large radicals in particular may be especially impacted by secondary geminate cage recombination.
Light scattering from polymerizing and coagulating systems

Abstract The intensity of light scattered as a function of time from a system undergoing polymerization is calculated by combining Rayleigh's theory with the size distribution functions for various polymerization processes. For linear condensation polymerization the light scattering increases linearly in time with a slope proportional to the rate constant of the elementary step reaction. For monomer addition polymerization the light scattering is quadratic in time with a curvature determined by the rate constant. Light scattered from depolymerizing linear molecules decreases with time and is proportional to the hyperbolic cotangent of the time. Rapid coagulation of colloids, which may be regarded as a linear con- densation polymerization with a rate constant determined by diffusion process, shows by calculation light scattering linearly increasing in time with a slope proportional to the square of the concentration of the colloidal substance. All rapidly coagulating systems should show the same behavior when the weight concentration, refractive index, and density of the colloid is taken into account. When acid and sodium thiosulfate are mixed, colloidal sulfur is produced after a short induction period of from 1–3 minutes. In the first few minutes following the production of sulfur particles, they are small enough to show Rayleigh scattering. For this period of time, the intensity of scattered light depends on time and initial concentration in agreement with the theory developed in this paper. Solutions of purified tomato bushy stunt virus exhibit a similar dependence of light scattering on time and concentration when salted out with ammonium sulfate.
Form, Principle, Pattern, or Coherence? Li in Chinese Philosophy

This article provides an overview of controversies in the history of Chinese philosophy concerning the diversity of meanings of the term Li , as well as the comparative issues raised in various attempts by modern Chinese and Western interpreters to come to terms with this diversity of meanings. Revisiting the earliest pre-philosophical uses of the term, an attempt is then made to synthesize the insights of previous interpreters and open up a new path for investigating its distinctive implications in classical Chinese thought, Chinese Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism.
The Irritant Potency of m-Terphenyl of Different Particle Sizes

Abstract The effect of homogeneous aerosols of m-terphenyl of 0.30, 0.65, 1.0, and 2.0 μ diameter on pulmonary-flow resistance of unanesthetized guinea pigs was studied. At equal mass concentration the irritant potency increased as the particle size decreased and the number of particles increased. A small increase in mass concentration for the smaller particles produced a greater increment in response than occurred when the large particles were used. The results were in agreement with earlier work1 on aerosols of zinc ammonium sulfate.
What Do the 2011 American Heart Association Guidelines Tell Us About Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women

The 2011 Update of the American Heart Association's Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Guideline for Women is designed to help women and their physicians understand cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risks and undertake practical steps that are most effective in preventing heart disease and stroke. Defining a woman's risk status and improving her adherence to preventive lifestyle behaviors and medications is the best strategy to lower the burden of CVD in women.
Spatially Resolved Modeling of Electric Double Layers and Surface Chemistry for the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Water-Filled Platinum–Carbon Electrodes

We present a multidimensional model that spatially resolves transport, surface chemistry, and electrochemical kinetics within water-filled pores of a porous electrode with an adjacent Nafion polymer electrolyte. A novel aspect of this model is the simultaneous capturing of the electric double layers (EDLs) at the water|Nafion and water|electrode interfaces. In addition, the model incorporates discrete domains to spatially resolve specific adsorption at the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP); surface charging due to functional groups; and multistep, multipathway electrochemical reactions at the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP). Herein, we apply the model to the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in water-filled mesopores of a platinum– (Pt−) carbon electrode, similar to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell’s (PEFC’s) anode. This work was motivated by the limited understanding of how incomplete polymer electrolyte coverage of a catalyst affects the kinetics and transport in these electrodes. Our results indicate that the Pt ...
Condensed-phase kinetics of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine by modeling the T-jump/infrared spectroscopy experiment

During the combustion of solid propellants, explosives, or pyrotechnics, the condensed phase experiences heating rates that may exceed 20,000 K/s. At such high heating rates, the thermal decomposition behavior of the energetic material could be affected by its rate of decomposition. To simulate the high heating rate environment, the T-jump experiment was developed for use with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The T-jump experiment utilizes electrical resistance heating of a thin Pt filament on which a small amount of the energetic test sample is placed. This work describes a heat transfer model of the filament and sample, a model of the current's control circuit, and global decomposition and heat release mechanisms of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), which is an energetic ingredient .used in propellants and explosives. Comparisons of model calculations with experimental data reveal an excellent agreement. Similarly, the predicted time to rapid heat release for the highly energetic RDX sample also shows a good agreement with experimental results. Thus the use of the developed model in conjunction with experiments should be a useful tool in studying the thermal decomposition behavior of energetic materials under combustion-like conditions.
A new imaging method for confocal microscopy

Confocal laser microscope (CLM) is indispensable today in the biology research field as the tool to clarify three dimensional structure and temporal transformations of living cells. The biggest advantage of CLM is to obtain "Optical slice images" in the direction of depth. The fluorescence from specimen is detected by a photo-detector in CLM through the small aperture called "Pinhole". The smaller the diameter of the pinhole is, the thinner the optical slice becomes. However, there is a problem that the contrast degrades because the images darken as the pinhole gets smaller, while the out-of-focus light increases as the pinhole is enlarged. To solve the problem, we developed a new detection method. In this method named "VAAS", it provides with the detector that captures light that doesn't pass through the pinhole in addition to the detector that captures light passes through the pinhole. Both detectors convert the light into electric signals at the same time. This method enables to eliminate out-of-focus light from the bright images acquired with large pinhole. In addition, quantitative experiments and analysis has proved that the contrast would be improved about 10dB compared with conventional CLM. VAAS is expected to be applied widely in the field of research to observe living cells where the reduction of optical toxicity is required in the future.
Immunohistochemical studies of early breast cancer evolution

Despite modern therapy, one third to one half of patients who get breast cancer will eventually die from it. This disconcerting circumstance has focused attention on prevention, and preventing breast cancer will require a much better understanding of the biological abnormalities underlying its development and progression. Many studies into the mechanisms of invasive breast cancer evolution have evaluated presumed precursor lesions (e.g. proliferative disease without atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in-situ) for genetic alterations known to occur in fully developed invasive carcinomas. This approach has shed some light on events which may be important in early malignant transformation, including the observations that overexpression of the c-erbB-2 oncogene and mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are present in significant subsets of DCIS, but not PDWA or ADH. Although this approach is limited by our incomplete knowledge of cancer genetics, there is still a great deal to learn about breast cancer evolution by evaluating cancer-associated genes in potential precursor lesions using established techniques such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.
A new analysis of the false positive rate of a Bloom filter

A Bloom filter is a space-efficient data structure used for probabilistic set membership testing. When testing an object for set membership, a Bloom filter may give a false positive. The analysis of the false positive rate is a key to understanding the Bloom filter and applications that use it. We show experimentally that the classic analysis for false positive rate is wrong. We formally derive a correct formula using a balls-and-bins model and show how to numerically compute the new, correct formula in a stable manner. We also prove that the new formula always results in a predicted greater false positive rate than the classic formula. This correct formula is numerically compared to the classic formula for relative error - for a small Bloom filter the prediction of false positive rate will be in error when the classic formula is used.
Quasi-optimization of relay servomechanisms by use of stored energy for braking

IN A PREVIOUS PAPER1 the authors show that a relay servomechanism can be made to have a deadbeat response to a step displacement input by using proper combinations of linear derivative switching and discontinuously applied viscous damping. In brief, viscous damping is applied to the motor or load when the relay enters its dead zone. The resultant phase trajectory in the dead zone is a straight line for many cases, and derivative controlled relay operation can be adjusted to make the locus of points at which the relay opens parallel to the deadzone trajectory. The relay cannot reverse under these conditions and the system gain can be raised until the dead zone is quite narrow.
Equivalent modeling technique for predicting the transient thermomechanical response of optical reticles during exposure

To extend optical lithography technology to the sub-65 nm linewidth regime, all mask-related distortions must be eliminated or minimized. Thermal distortion during the scanning exposure process can be a significant contribution to the total pattern placement error budget for advanced photomasks. This paper presents an equivalent finite element modeling technique for use in predicting the transient thermal and structural response of an optical reticle during exposure. The equivalent model significantly reduces the computational time required to calculate the thermomechanical response. It is a fundamental approach that can be used in similar problems. Full three-dimensional finite element heat transfer and structural models are developed to simulate both the “actual” and the “equivalent” scanning processes. The results from the actual models and the equivalent models are compared for a test case and it is found that both models predict virtually the same results. The equivalent models are subsequently used for predicting the transient and periodic steady-state temperature and distortion distributions for typical exposure duty cycles.
General-relativistic coupling between orbital motion and internal degrees of freedom for inspiraling binary neutron stars

We analyze the coupling between the internal degrees of freedom of neutron stars in a close binary and the stars' orbital motion. Our analysis is based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions and is valid to all orders in the strength of internal gravity in each star, but is perturbative in the ``tidal expansion parameter'' (stellar radius)/(orbital separation). At first order in the tidal expansion parameter, we show that the internal structure of each star is unaffected by its companion, in agreement with post-1-Newtonian results of A. Wiseman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1189 (1997)]. We also show that relativistic interactions that scale as higher powers of the tidal expansion parameter produce qualitatively similar effects to their Newtonian counterparts: there are corrections to the Newtonian tidal distortion of each star, both of which occur at third order in the tidal expansion parameter, and there are corrections to the Newtonian decrease in the central density of each star (Newtonian ``tidal stabilization''), both of which are sixth order in the tidal expansion parameter. There are additional interactions with no Newtonian analogues, but these do not change the central density of each star up to sixth order in the tidal expansion parameter. These results, in combination with previous analyses of Newtonian tidal interactions, indicate that (i) there are no large general-relativistic crushing forces that could cause the stars to collapse to black holes prior to the dynamical orbital instability and (ii) the conventional wisdom with respect to coalescing binary neutron stars as sources of gravitational-wave bursts is correct: namely, finite-stellar-size corrections to the gravitational waveform will be unimportant for the purpose of detecting coalescences.
The adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 activate ERK1/2 through a Src/Ras-dependent pathway and stimulate cell growth

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that has attracted much attention because of its insulin-sensitizing effects in liver and skeletal muscle. Two adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1/R2, have been cloned, but relatively little is known about their intracellular signaling mechanisms. We found that full-length adiponectin rapidly and robustly activates the ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in primary vascular smooth muscle, vascular endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. In a HEK293 cell model, we found that downregulating AdipoR1/R2 simultaneously, but not individually, by RNA interference attenuated adiponectin-induced ERK1/2 activation, suggesting that either receptor was sufficient to mediate the response. Downregulation of T-cadherin, another adiponectin binding protein, enhanced the response. Downregulation of APPL1, an adapter protein and putative mediator of AdipoR1/R2 signaling, impaired adiponectin-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. Inhibiting PKA modestly attenuated ERK1/2 activation, while inhibition of Src family tyrosine kinases with PP2 abolished the response. The small GTPase inhibitor Clostridium difficile toxin B also produced complete inhibition. Adiponectin caused rapid, PP2-sensitive activation of Ras, but not the cAMP-regulated small GTPase, Rap1, suggesting that Src-dependent Ras activation is the dominant mechanism of adiponectin-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. To test whether Ras-ERK1/2 signaling by adiponectin was physiologically relevant, we determined the effects of overexpressing AdipoR1, adiponectin, or both on the rate of HEK293 cell growth. Overexpression of adiponectin alone, but not AdipoR1 alone, supported growth under serum-free conditions, while simultaneous expression of both led to further enhancement. These results suggest that adiponectin can exert proliferative effects by activating Ras signaling pathways.
Energy Metabolism in Diabetic Heart

The main experimental animal model for human diabetes has been the alloxan - or streptozotocin-treated animal. Such preparations resemble human type I or insulin-dependent diabetes. Recently a rat model has been introduced that exhibits characteristics of type n or insulin-independent diabetes. This is the SHR/N-cp rat developed by C.T. Hansen at the National Institutes of Health (1) and studied in detail by Michaelis et al.(2). This animal is obese, hyperinsulinemic and hyperlipidemic. The fasting blood sugar is only slightly elevated, but the glucose tolerance curve is markedly abnormal. The diabetes manifested in this animal is thus caused not by a lack of insulin but rather by resistance to the action of the hormone. Hypertension is absent in young rats but develops slowly with age. A genetically related animal, the LA/N-lean rat, is not diabetic and is used as a control in the studies reported here. In our recent investigations of the effect of diabetes on metabolism we have used these animal models as well as the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Our experiments have centered around glycogen metabolism, and because of the involvement of uracil nucleotides in the synthesis of glycogen, the metabolism of these intermediates has also been studied.
Translation of Sindbis virus 26 S RNA and 49 S RNA in lysates of rabbit reticulocytes

Sindbis virus-specifc polypeptides were synthesized in lysates of rabbit reticulocytes in response to added 26 S or 49 S RNA. Sindbis 26 S RNA was translated into as many as three polypeptides which co-migrate in acrylamide gels with proteins found in infected cells. Wild type 26 S RNA was translated primarily into two polypeptides, which appear to be the Sindbis nucleocapsid protein (mol. wt 30,000) and the precursor of the two glycoproteins of the virion (mol. wt 100,000). A larger polypeptide (mol. wt 130,000) was synthesized in response to ts2 26 S RNA, a species of RNA which was isolated from cells infected with the ts2 mutant of Sindbis virus. This large polypeptide is apparently the protein which accumulates in cells infected with the mutant virus and which is thought to be a precursor of all three viral structural proteins. These results support the hypothesis that 26 S RNA is the messenger for the three structural proteins of the virion and that the RNA codes for one large polypeptide precursor. The precursor may then be cleaved at a specific site to yield the nucleocapsid protein and a second polypeptide which, in infected cells, is cleaved in a series of steps to yield the two glycoproteins of the virion. Sindbis 49 S RNA was translated into eight or nine polypeptides ranging from 60,000 to 180,000 molecular weights. The viral structural proteins, as such, were not synthesized in response to the added 49 S RNA.
Asymmetries of the Critical Surface Current in Type-II Superconductors

It is found that in two different and well-defined experimental situations the magnitude of the critical surface current changes when the direction of the transport current is reversed. This property is denoted as "partial rectification." In one case (single-surface rectifier), the asymmetry is measured when the external magnetic field (${H}_{c1}lHl{H}_{c3}$) is directed parallel to a single, unpaired surface and perpendicular to the transport current directions. Here only a tentative explanation is offered. In the second case (asymmetric-field rectifier), the asymmetry can be understood with the assumptions: (1) that the critical surface state model applies, i.e., each region of the surface carries its maximum or critical current, and (2) that the local critical surface current decreases as the absolute magnitude of the local perpendicular field component is increased from zero. The asymmetry in the critical surface current occurs in foils when the perpendicular component of the applied magnetic field is zero along the center line of the foil ($x=0$), increases with distance from the center line, and has the symmetry that ${H}_{\ensuremath{\perp}a}(x)=\ensuremath{-}{H}_{\ensuremath{\perp}a}(\ensuremath{-}x)$.
The Camassa-Holm equations and turbulence

Abstract In this paper we will survey our results on the Camassa–Holm equations and their relation to turbulence as discussed in S. Chen, C. Foias, D.D. Holm, E. Olson, E.S. Titi, S. Wynne, The Camassa–Holm equations as a closure model for turbulent channel and pipe flow, Phys. Rev. Lett 81 (1998) 5338. S. Chen, C. Foias, D.D. Holm, E. Olson, E.S. Titi, S. Wynne, A connection between the Camassa–Holm equations and turbulent flows in channels and pipes, Phys. Fluids, in press. In particular we will provide a more detailed mathematical treatment of those equations for pipe flows which yield accurate predictions of turbulent flow profiles for very large Reynolds numbers. There are many facts connecting the Camassa–Holm equations to turbulent fluid flows. The dimension of the attractor agrees with the heuristic argument based on the Kolmogorov statistical theory of turbulence. The statistical properties of the energy spectrum agree in numerical simulation with the Kolmogorov power law. Furthermore, comparison of mean flow profiles for turbulent flow in channels and pipes given by experimental and numerical data show acceptable agreement with the profile of the corresponding solution of the Camassa–Holm equations.
The affinities of Chenopodium flabellifolium (Chenopodiaceae): Evidence from seed coat surface and flavonoid chemistry

Evidence from scanning electron microscopy of seed coat surfaces and leaf flavonoid chemistry has provided new insights into the relationships of the problematical Chenopodium flabellifolium from San Martin Island, Baja California. The seed surface of C. flabellifolium is basically smooth and thus is essentially the same as members of the subsection Lejosperma of section Chenopodium. This feature distinguishes the species from the taxon that has commonly been considered its nearest relative, namely C. neomexicanum of subsection Cellulata, which has an alveolate seed surface. Leaf flavonoid chemistry also serves to separate C. flabellifolium and C. neomexicanum. Chenopodium flabellifolium has also been viewed as conspecific with C. inamoenum (= C. hians or C. leptophyllum) of subsection Lejosperma. While the seed surface indicates that C. flabellifolium is best treated as a member of this subsection, other morphological as well as chemical data suggest that its closets affinities within the subsection lie with C. fremontii. The leaves of the two species are essentially of the same shape and collectively differ strikingly from those of C. hians and C. leptophyllum. Leaf flavonoid chemistry indicates that C. flabellifolium is closer to C. fremontii than to other taxa of subsection Lejosperma occurring in the western United States because both contain kaempferol 3-O-glycosides, which have not been detected elsewhere. The two species differ consistently in that the former has the pericarp attached to the seed whereas it is separable from the seed in the latter.
Evidence for a fourteen-gene, phnC to phnP locus for phosphonate metabolism in Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli phn (psiD) locus consists of a large gene cluster encoding proteins necessary for the use of phosphonates (Pn) as a sole phosphorus source. On the basis of nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis, the phn locus contains a 12.6-kb operon of seventeen genes named, in alphabetical order, phnA to phnQ [Chen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 4461-4471]. New Pn+ plasmids were made which are suitable for mutational analysis of this gene cluster. These plasmids contain the R6K origin for DNA replication, can be conjugatively transferred, contain the tetAR genes, and therefore provide a way for allele replacement. The construction of these plasmids showed that phnA and phnB have no role in Pn metabolism. Also, these plasmids were employed to introduce nonpolar phnD::lacZ and phnD::uidA fusions into the chromosome, which allowed us to show that phnD probably has a role in transport. In addition, it was shown that phnP is the most distal gene required for Pn use. This was done by testing the effect of phn::uidA insertions in or near the 3' end of phnP on Pn use. Altogether, these results show that all genes required for Pn use are in the 10.9-kb, fourteen-gene, phnCDEFGHIJKLMNOP locus.
A scoring system for induction of labor using prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets

A randomized controlled trial was carried out in order to establish the efficacy of a scoring system for calculating the dose of vaginal prostaglandin E2 tablets for the induction of labor. One hundred ten women were included in the study. The patients received a dose of prostaglandin E2 calculated according to a scoring system based on the Bishop's score, or the standard dose of 3 mg repeated 6 h later if labor did not start. The percentage of inductions achieved was the same with both regimens (92.7%). The mean total dose used in the scoring system-group (2.7 mg) was significantly lower than that used in the 3-mg group (3.5 mg, P < 0.025). Thirty-seven of 55 women receiving the scoring dose delivered with amounts of 2.5 mg prostaglandin E2 or less. Three cases of uterine hyperstimulation were observed in the 3-mg group whereas no cases were observed in the scoring group. The scoring system is proposed as a method for calculating the dose of vaginal prostaglandin E2 for induction of labor and minimizing the risk of overdosage.
In the belly of the beast: subversion of macrophage proinflammatory signalling cascades during Toxoplasma gondii infection.

Macrophages (MO) are used as the intracellular niche by several bacterial and protozoan microorganisms. Such microbial pathogens adopt diverse strategies to avoid MO microbicidal effects. Recent insights into the Toxoplasma gondii-MO interaction reveal novel ways that intracellular parasites subvert MO function. In contrast to some microbial pathogens, Toxoplasma infection is not silent but induces rapid activation of transcription factors such as STAT-1 and NFkappaB. However, the parasite blocks nuclear translocation of both factors, and MO cannot produce IL-12 or TNF-alpha when subsequently triggered with lipopolysaccharide. The nuclear import blockade is lifted 24 h after infection, but cells remain actively suppressed in TNF-alpha production. Nevertheless, IL-12 synthesis is initiated at this later time point. Toxoplasma gondii-induced production of this cytokine occurs through both MyD88- and CCR5-dependent pathways. The balance of cytokine subversion and stimulation during infection probably results from the parasite's need to simultaneously avoid immune elimination and trigger immunity to prevent host death.
How do nonalcoholics view alcoholics

Older students saw alcoholics as accepting more responsibility for their alcohol abuse than did younger students. Gender, locus of control, and experience with alcoholics were not associated with the 37 students' perception of alcoholics.
A proteomic analysis of the effect of growth hormone on mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cells in the presence of lactogenic hormones

The bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cell line is able to uniformly differentiate and secrete casein proteins in response to dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin and is extensively used to study bovine mammary epithelial cell (MEC) function. Somatotropin, or growth hormone (GH), has been shown to increase milk protein synthesis both in vivo and in mammary cell models and to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement in a 3T3 fibroblast cell line and a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. To identify the nature of the effects of GH in MECs cultured with lactogenic hormones, changes in global protein expression were assessed in the MAC-T cell line with the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Forty proteins were differentially expressed in response to GH (P < 0.05) and were related to metabolism, the cytoskeleton, protein folding, RNA and DNA processing, and oxidant stress. These widespread changes in protein expression are indicative of a global role of GH in overall cellular differentiation that may underlie the direct modulation of milk component synthesis in MEC models that have been described to date.
On a theorem of K. Schmidt

Let Y be a locally compact group, Aut(Y) be the group of topological automorphisms of Y and ℙ(Y) be the set of continuous positive definite functions on Y which have unit value at the identity. A function Φ ∈ ℙ (Y 2 ) is said to be of product type if there are such functions Φ j ∈ ℙ (Y) that Φ(u, v) = Φ 1 (u)Φ 2 (v). Define the mapping T: Y 2 → Y 2 by the formula T(u, v) = (A 1 uA 2 v, A 3 u A 4 v), where A j ∈ Aut(Y), and assume that T is a one-to-one transform. K. Schmidt proved: (i) if both Φ(u, v) and Φ(T(u, v)) are of product type, then the functions Φ j are infinitely divisible; (ii) if Y is Abelian, both Φ(u, v) and Φ(T(u, v)) are of product type, and Φ(u, v) ≠ 0, then the functions Φ j are Gaussian. We show that statement (i), generally, is not valid, but K. Schmidt's proof holds true if Φ(u, v) ≠ 0. We also give another proof of statement (ii). Our proof uses neither the Levy-Khinchin formula for a continuous infinitely divisible positive definite function nor (i) on which K. Schmidt's proof is based.
Lindholm blood coagulation test values of some glow-discharge polymer surfaces.

An ultrathin layer (-500A) of glow-discharge polymer that is strongly bonded to a polymer film substrate can be used to modify the blood compatibility of the polymer surface. Glow-discharge polymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexamethyldisiloxane, ethylene-N2and allene-N2-H2O were deposited onto Mylar film and subjected to Lindholm whole blood coagulation tests. Lindholm tests were performed in a manner that permitted statistical analysis. This was done by repeating the preparation of samples as well as the coagulation tests a number of times. Results showed that Lindholm tests values were useful in obtaining information pertinent to compatibility of surfaces with fresh human blood and to reproducibility of sample preparation by glow-discharge polymerization. The study also revealed that glow-discharge polymerization is a promising method to impart blood compatibility without altering other bulk properties of substrate polymers.
In-vitro radiometry and microscopy for sensitive measurement of toxicity in activated sludge

Inhibitory effects of an anti-microbial agent on a model activated sludge system were examined. Using microbial counts and14CO2 evolution from radiolabeled starch and cellulose, inhibitory effects of small concentration increments of HgCl2 could be monitored as could the rapid recovery of microbial viability after 24 h. Mercury dissipation accounted for part of this recovery but bacterial resistance to mercury is also implicated.
THERAPEUTIC ASSESSMENT OF SALESPERSONS' EMPATHY AND SALES PERFORMANCE

Summary.-The empathy subscale of the Barrett-hnnard Relationship Inventory was used by recent customers to assess empathy levels of 30 new-car salespersons. Salespersons were assigned to low, medium, or high empathy groups and compared on three indicators of sales performance. Contrary to expectations, no performance differences were found. Possible reasons for these results were discussed, as were suggestions for further research. An important aspect of sales is ability to promote positive interpersonal relations between sales staff and potential customers (Kirkpatrick & Russ, 1976). One variable, empathy, has-been shown consistently to contribute to the development of positive relationstups in some settings (Truax & Carkhuff, 1967) and might be expected to affect sales relationships in a positive manner. In a number of studies a positive correlation between empathy and sales effectiveness has been observed (Greenberg & Mayer, 1964; Main, 1985); also sales textbooks stress the importance of empathy (Mondy, Premeaux, & Young, 1989). However, the measures used to assess empathy and its relationship to sales have ignored the large body of empirical research on assessment of ernpathy developed within the context of psychotherapy. Both sources of research on empathy, sales and therapy, essentially define empathy in similar ways. For example, Futrell (1988) from sales defined empathy as "the abil-. ity to identify and understand the other person's feelings, ideas, and situation" (p. 124), and Truax and Carkhuff (1967) defined empathy as "one's sensitivity to another's current feelings" (p. 46). It appears that both disciplines are talking about the same phenomenon. If this is so, we should be able to use well-developed, general therapeutic instruments to assess empathy of sales personnel. The purpose of this study was to attempt to do this with one well-researched scale, the empathy scale of the BarrettLennard Relationship Inventory (Barrett-Lennard, 1978) and to relate empathy scores to several measures of sales performance.
Apparent Potentiating Effect of a Second Dose of Drug

WHEN a second dose of a drug is administered immediately after the apparent disappearance of the pharmacological effect of the initial dose, a considerably greater and more prolonged effect may be obtained1. The purpose of this communication is to suggest a pharmacokinetic basis for this apparent potentiation.
A three-dimensional spin-echo or inversion pulse

In theory, multidimensional pulses can be designed to be selective in any number of dimensions. In practice, available gradient power has enforced a limit to two dimensions. We show here that three-dimensional pi pulses are feasible on commercial imaging machines provided that the range of off-resonance frequencies are limited.
Dual-focus stereo imaging

We present a novel stereo imaging technique called dual-focus stereo imaging or DFSI. DFSI uses a pair of images captured from different viewpoints and at different foci, but with identical wide aperture size. Each image in an DFSI pair exhibits different defocus blur, and the two images form a defocused stereo pair. To model defocus blur, we introduce a defocus kernel map (DKM) that computes the size of the blur disk at each pixel. We derive a novel disparity defocus constraint for computing the DKM in DFSI, and integrate DKM estimation with disparity map estimation to simultaneously recover both maps. We show that the recovered DKMs provide useful guidance for segmenting the in-focus regions. We demonstrate using DFSI in a variety of imaging applications, including low-light imaging, automatic defocus matting, and multifocus photomontage.
Über die beschleunigende wirkung von Pt-oberflächen-oxiden auf die geschwindigkeit der kathodischen reduktion von S2O82− an einer Pt-elektrode in alkalischer lösung

Zusammenfassung Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einfluss der Platinoberflachenoxide bei der Reduktion von S2O82− in 0.1 M KOH auf die Beschleunigung der Einstellung des dissoziativen Chemisorptionsgleichgewichtes S2O82− ⇄ 2 SO4−chem zuruckgefuhrt werden kann. Die hierbei entstehenden SO4−-Radikale reduzieren sich mit geringerer Uberspannung als die S2O82−-Molekule. Der Mechanismus der S2O82−-Reduktion an oxidbedeckter Pt-Oberflache ist ein anderer als an einer reduzierten Pt-Elektrode.
Contemporary pharmacologic treatments for spasticity of the upper limb after stroke: a systematic review

Abstract Background Muscle spasticity after stroke may be painful and severe and may restrict the patient's ability to perform routine daily tasks, particularly when the affected muscles are in the upper limbs. Treatments targeted at reducing this spasticity have evolved over time. Objective This was a systematic review of recent studies focusing on contemporary pharmacologic therapies for upper limb spasticity after stroke. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched for clinical trials published in English from January 1995 to July 2010 using search terms that included spasticity , stroke , hemiplegia , phenol , baclofen , tizanidine , dantrolene , benzodiazepine , and botulinum toxin . The level of evidence of the identified publications was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. Results A total of 113 potentially relevant articles were identified by the search; of these, 54 studies were included in the review (23 randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and 31 open-label, nonrandomized, or observational studies). Of these, 51 involved treatment with botulinum toxin (BTX). All studies assessed spasticity; some also assessed additional outcomes, such as pain, disability, and functional status. Thirty-eight clinical trials reported a significant reduction in spasticity with BTX, either compared with baseline or with placebo ( P P P Conclusions The 54 studies included in this systematic review of treatments for upper limb spasticity after stroke measured multiple outcomes using a variety of instruments. Fifty-one studies focused on treatment with a BTX formulation. BTX appeared to be an effective and well-tolerated focal treatment for reducing tonicity in patients with upper limb spasticity after stroke, supporting current guideline recommendations.
Identification of Novel Methane-, Ethane-, and Propane-Oxidizing Bacteria at Marine Hydrocarbon Seeps by Stable Isotope Probing

phaga, and Betaproteobacteria from the family Methylophilaceae. Species of the latter two genera have not been previously shown to oxidize methane and may have been cross-feeding on methanol, but species of both genera were heavily labeled after just 3 days. pmoA sequences were affiliated with species of Methylococcaceae, but most were not closely related to cultured methanotrophs. Second, 13 C ethane was consumed by members of a novel group of Methylococcaceae. Growth with ethane as the major carbon source has not previously been observed in members of the Methylococcaceae; a highly divergent pmoA-like gene detected in the 13 C-labeled DNA may encode an ethane monooxygenase. Third, 13 C propane was consumed by members of a group of unclassified Gammaproteobacteria species not previously linked to propane oxidation. This study identifies several bacterial lineages as participants in the oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons in marine seeps and supports the idea of an alternate function for some pmoA-like genes.