cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unique structural properties of apolipoprotein B in low-density lipoproteins produced by several human hepatoma-derived cell lines

Abstract Previous work has shown that low-density lipoproteins (LDL) secreted by hepatoma-derived cell lines have an unusual composition compared to plasma LDL; rather than cholesteryl ester, the hepatoma cell-secreted LDL have a triacylglycerol core. We have found that they also have an increased negative charge, as judged by agarose electrophoresis. Since apolipoprotein B is a glycoprotein containing carbohydrate chains terminated with negatively charged sialic acid residues, we examined whether increased glycosylation of the apolipoprotein B from three hepatoma cell lines (Hep G2, Hep 3B and Huh 7) might account for the differences in LDL charge. The weight percent carbohydrate for Hep G2, Hep 3B and Huh 7 LDL-protein (1.1 ± 0.2; 1.7 ± 0.8; 0.4 ± 0.1) was found to be extremely low compared with the 2.8–9% range we found for plasma LDL-protein, while the amount of LDL-lipid associated carbohydrate from hepatoma LDL was similar to that we found in plasma LDL. Furthermore, desialation of hepatoma cell-secreted LDL with neuraminidase did not normalize the negative charge to that of neuraminidase-treated plasma LDL. Western blots of thrombin proteolytic fragments indicated that, in addition to the T1–T4 fragments seen in plasma apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B of hepatoma-derived LDL produced four to five new fragments (T5–T9), suggesting increased exposure of proteolytic sites. Western blotting of the new fragments with antibodies specific for known apolipoprotein B sequences suggests that many of the new cleavage sites cluster in or near the putative LDL receptor recognition site.
Intermenstrual bleeding secondary to cesarean scar diverticuli: report of three cases.

Abstract Background: The differential diagnosis of intermenstrual bleeding includes structural lesions of the endometrium and cervix. Cases: Discrete diverticuli were noted in the endocervical canals of three women presenting with histories of multiple cesareans and chief complaints of intermenstrual bleeding. On ultrasound, diverticuli were diagnosed as cavities filled with heterogeneous material consistent with blood. In one case, the diverticulum was also visualized on hysterosalpingogram. Hysterectomy specimens in two cases showed diverticuli lined with fibrous tissue in previous uterine scars; in one case, this also contained endometrium. Conclusion: Uterine scar diverticuli may cause intermenstrual bleeding in women with previous cesareans. When performing ultrasound in this clinical setting, physicians should look for these defects.
Thermodynamically consistent modeling of elementary electrochemistry in lithium-ion batteries

Abstract This paper is particularly concerned with the elementary reactions and transport processes that are responsible for Li-ion battery performance. The model generally follows the widely practiced approach developed by Newman and co-workers (e.g., Doyle et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993) 1526 [1] ). However, there are significant departures, especially in modeling electrochemical charge transfer. The present approach introduces systems of microscopically reversible reactions, including both heterogeneous thermal reactions and electrochemical charge-transfer reactions. All reaction rates are evaluated in elementary form, providing a powerful alternative to a Butler–Volmer formalism for the charge-transfer reactions. The paper is particularly concerned with the influence of non-ideal thermodynamics for evaluating reversible potentials as well as charge-transfer rates. The theory and modeling approach establishes a framework for extending chemistry models to incorporate detailed reaction mechanisms that represent multiple competitive reaction pathways.
Residual strain in ischemic ventricular myocardium.

Structural remodeling during acute myocardial infarction affects ventricular wall stress and strain. To see whether acute myocardial infarction alters residual stress and strain in the left ventricle (LV), we measured opening angles in rat hearts after 30 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion. The mean opening angle in 18 ischemic hearts (51 ± 20 deg) was significantly greater than in five sham-operated controls (29 ± 11 deg, P < 0.05). To determine whether these alterations in residual strain may be associated with strain softening caused by systolic overstretch of the noncontracting ischemic tissue, we also measured opening angles in isolated hearts that had been passively inflated to high LV pressures (120 mmHg). The mean opening angle of the strain-softened hearts was not significantly different from the sham-operated hearts (34 ± 27 deg, P = 0.74). Mean collagen area fractions in the myocardium were not significantly different between ischemic hearts (0.027 ± 0.014) and the nonischemic group (0.022 ± 0.011). Although there were significant differences in opening angles measured with ischemia, they do not appear to be a result of altered extracellular collagen content or softening associated with overstretch. Thus, there is a significant change in residual strain associated with acute ischemia that may be related to changes in collagen fiber structure, myocyte structure, or metabolic state.
Selective allosteric coupling in core chemotaxis signaling complexes.

Bacterial chemotaxis is mediated by signaling complexes that sense chemical gradients and direct bacteria to favorable environments by controlling a histidine kinase as a function of chemoreceptor ligand occupancy. Core signaling complexes contain two trimers of transmembrane chemoreceptor dimers, each trimer binding a coupling protein CheW and a protomer of the kinase dimer. Core complexes assemble into hexagons, and these form hexagonal arrays. The notable cooperativity and amplification in bacterial chemotaxis is thought to reflect allosteric interactions in cores, hexagons, and arrays, but little is known about this presumed allostery. We investigated allostery in core complexes assembled with two chemoreceptor species, each recognizing a different ligand. Chemoreceptors were inserted in Nanodiscs, which rendered them water soluble and allowed isolation of individual complexes. Neighboring dimers in receptor trimers influenced one another’s operational ligand affinity, indicating allosteric coupling. However, this coupling did not include the key function of kinase inhibition. Our data indicated that only one receptor dimer could inhibit kinase as a function of ligand occupancy. This selective allosteric coupling corresponded with previously identified structural asymmetry: only one dimer in a trimer contacts kinase and only one CheW. We suggest one of these dimers couples ligand occupancy to kinase inhibition. Additionally, we found that kinase protomers are allosterically coupled, conveying inhibition across the dimer interface. Because kinase dimers connect core complex hexagons, allosteric communication across dimer interfaces provides a pathway for receptor-generated kinase inhibition in one hexagon to spread to another, providing a crucial step for the extensive amplification characteristic of chemotactic signaling.
Vicinal lesions in X-irradiated DNA?

Irradiation of the dinucleoside monophosphate d(GpT) in an oxygenated solution gives products characterized by damage on one or both guanine and thymine bases, the yields of which were proportional to radiation dose.
The Question of Vascular Hyper-Responsiveness in Hypertension

After inhibition of spontaneous tone, the contraction of spirally cut strips of aorta in response to norepinephrine was studied quantitatively in normotensive rats and in 4 different types of hypertensive rats. In no instance did the aortas of hypertensive rats show hyper-responsiveness to norepinephrine. The majority of responses were entirely normal; in a few instances there was decreased responsiveness. In vivo studies which fail to consider the critical effect of an altered "base-line" state in hypertension may demonstrate "hyper-responsiveness" which is more apparent than real.
Increasing brand loyalty in the hospitality industry.

Hospitality companies can increasetheir market share and growth rates by increasing their brand loyal customers. This is a more profitable approach than other marketing activities, such as price cuts or promotional programs. As a mature industry, the hospitality business must pursue market‐share gains, rather than market‐growth gains. Acquiring new customers is expensive becauseof advertising, promotion, and start‐up operating expenses. Besides, it is cheaper to serve current customers. This paper brings together the factors that contribute to brand loyalty in marketing literature and provides strategies to hospitality managers for increasing brand loyal customers.
Self-Assembly of Biocidal Nanotubes from a Single-Chain Diacetylene Amine Salt

We describe the facile two-step synthesis of nanotubes that form pure, well-defined, nanostructured materials. We have synthesized a secondary amine HBr salt as the headgroup of a single-chain diacetylenic lipid. This molecule can form a number of different self-assembled nanostructures in aqueous or organic solvents. In water, this lipid forms a monodisperse preparation of nanotubes at high yields. Partially dissolving a preparation of nanotubes dried from aqueous solution results in a remarkably organized structure that resembles a nanocarpet. Details of the nanotube structure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray spectroscopy. The aqueous nanotubes have a cross-sectional diameter of 89 nm. The walls of the tubes are an exquisitely uniform 27 nm thick and are shown to consist of five lipid bilayers with a repeat spacing of 57.8 A. The chemical structure of the material shows no chiral centers, but suspensions of the nanotubes in an aqu...
Population structure at different minor allele frequency levels

Inferring population genetic structure from large-scale genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms or variants is an important technique for studying the history and distribution of extant human populations, but it is also a very important tool for adjusting tests of association. However, the structures inferred depend on the minor allele frequency of the variants; this is very important when considering the phenotypic association of rare variants. Using the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 data set for 142 unrelated individuals, which includes genotypes for many rare variants, we study the following hypothesis: the difference in detected structure is the result of a "scale" effect; that is, rare variants are likely to be shared only locally (smaller scale), while common variants can be spread over longer distances. The result is similar to that of using kernel principal component analysis, as the bandwidth of the kernel is changed. We show how different structures become evident as we consider rare or common variants.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrogenation of the CpCr(CO)3•/[CpCr(CO)3]2 Equilibrium to CpCr(CO)3H

The kinetics of the hydrogenation of 2 CpCr(CO)3•/[CpCr(CO)3]2 to CpCr(CO)3H has been investigated. The reaction is second-order in Cr and first-order in H2, with a rate constant (if the rate law is written with [CpCr(CO)3•]2) of 12(2) M–2 s–1 at 25 °C in benzene. DFT calculations rule out a side-on H2 complex as an intermediate and suggest either (1) homolytic cleavage via a collinear Cr–H–H–Cr transition state or (2) end-on approach of H2 to one Cr as charge is transferred to the other, followed by heterolytic cleavage of the coordinated H2 between the first Cr and the O of a carbonyl ligand on the second Cr, and eventual isomerization of the resulting O-protonated intermediate to CpCr(CO)3H.
A ∼ 24 000 year period climate signal in 1.7–2.0 million year old Death Valley strata

Continental records of Plio-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations are often confined to fragmentary, localized basins, and not easily dated. One exception is the Confidence Hills of Southern Death Valley. In this study, we present a detailed description of a Plio-Pleistocene section of interfingering alluvial fan and saltpan sediments from the Confidence Hills, southern Death Valley. This well exposed section accumulated with an average deposition rate of ∼ 25 cm/1000 yr with no bioturbation, permitting more precise paleomagnetic dating than in oceanic records [1]. We interpret the sequence of facies changes in the Olduvai Normal Polarity Zone of the Confidence Hills to represent alternations between wetter and drier regional climatic regimes. The frequency of this variation (∼ 24 000 yr) appears to correspond to the Milankovitch precessional cycle (23 000 yr). We believe this section records a Milankovitch-driven climatic variation in the Death Valley basin annual precipitation about 1.7–2.0 Ma. This is the first report of the precessional cycle in continental sediments of this age in the United States.
Attention Problems versus Conduct Problems as Six-Year Predictors of Problem Scores in a National Sample

ABSTRACT Objective To test the extent to which attention problems, the continuation of early comorbid conduct problems, and overall initial problems account for poor outcome scores on the Child Behavior Checklist and related measures 3 and 6 years after initial assessment. Method The course of attention and conduct problems was investigated in a nationally representative US sample assessed three times over 6 years, using standardized ratings of attention, conduct, and other problems and gender-specific scores for defining deviance. Results Subjects deviant on both attention and conduct problems scored significantly higher on behavior problems at outcome than did those deviant on only attention problems or conduct problems. After controlling for initial conduct problems, initial attention problems made little unique contribution to later conduct problems. Predictive patterns were similar across gender and age groups. Conclusions Both boys and girls who show a combination of attention and conduct problems are at particular risk for the persistence of conduct problems.
The Role of Hidden Identities in the Postsecondary ESL Classroom

* The ESL classroom is composed of a mixture of people with various backgrounds and identities. This mixture of identities is a given and a large part of the identity of the ESL class itself. But besides the obvious identities-ethnic and language backgrounds, gender, teacher versus student-many identities can be or are hidden, invisible. For example, lesbian and gay students or teachers may be invisible because it is assumed that everyone is heterosexual. People of certain ethnic or religious minorities, such as Jewish or Native American students or teachers, may remain invisible as such. Other possibly hidden identities include having disabilities such as dyslexia or clinical depression; suffering from illnesses such as AIDS, diabetes, cancer, or anorexia/bulimia; coming from various class backgrounds; and living with or surviving incest, rape, or domestic violence. How might these identities and their hidden aspect affect the ESL classroom and its participants? What might ESL administrators and faculty members do in response to the identities and their ramifications in the classroom?
Auditory Brainstem Response Wave I Prediction of Conductive Component in Infants and Young Children

Wave I latencies were used to predict the magnitude of conductive components in 80 infants and young children (122 ears) with normal hearing, conductive hearing loss due to otitis media or aural atresia, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Two prediction methods were used. The first method based predictions on a 0.03-ms wave I latency delay for each decibel of conductive hearing loss. The second method was based on a regression analysis of wave I latency delays and the magnitude of conductive component for the subjects in this study with normal cochlear status. On average, these prediction methods resulted in prediction errors of 15 dB or greater in over one-third of the ears with hearing loss. Therefore, the clinical use of wave I latencies to predict the presence or magnitude of conductive impairment is not recommended for infants and young children. Instead, bone-conduction ABR testing is recommended as a direct measure of cochlear status when behavioral evaluation is not possible.
Ultrafast T-jump in water: studies of conformation and reaction dynamics at the thermal limit.

We report the development of ultrafast T-jump with time resolution reaching the fundamental time scale of water thermalization time (∼5 ps). The T-jump heats the bulk water up to 20 °C via the overtone absorption of the OH− stretch at 1.5 μm. The example given here shows the application of the methodology, for the first time, and the results demonstrate distinct time scales for solvation, conformational change, and thermal reaction.
The single-crystal magnetic circular dichroism σ excitations of doped (±)-[Nien3]SO4☆

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra in the isotropic direction of (±)-[Nien3]SO4, doped into (±)-[Znen3]SO4, were obtained at 35, 43.5, and 49 K. Faraday C-terms dominate the excitations to 3E[T1g(F)], 1A1[1A1g(G)], 1T2g(D), and 3E[T1g(P)]. Large residual C-terms of 3E[T1g(F)], 1T2g(D), and 3E[T1g(D)] indicate that the ground state, 3A2(t26e2), is mixed by spin-orbit coupling with 3T2g(t25e3) and thus obtains orbital angular momentum.
HILBERT FUNCTIONS FOR TWO IDEALS. II

Let (R, m, k) denote a Noetherian, local ring R with maximal ideal m and residue class field k. Let I and J be two ideals in R such that I + J is m-primary. Then for any integers r, s, the R-module has finite length. The length of this module is denoted by H I, J (r, s). The function H I, J : is called the Hilbert function of I and J. Unlike the one variable case, there need be no polynomial f(x, y) ∈ [x, y] for which H I, J (r, s) = f(r, s) for all r, s ≫ 0. In other words, a given Hilbert function may have no corresponding Hilbert polynomial. However, there are many examples of I and J for which the domain of HI, J breaks up into subregions Δ1, …, Δ n such that H I, J (r, s) is given by a polynomial f i (r, s), (for r, s ≫ 0) on each Δ i . In this paper, we study those pairs I and J for which H I, J (r, s) is given by a polynomial in r, s, and min(r, s) for r, s ≫ 0. The domain of H I, J breaks up into two regions Δ1 and Δ2 and there are two polynomials f 1(x, y) and f 2(x, y) which describe H I, J (r, ...
Phycobilisomes Supply Excitations to Both Photosystems in a Megacomplex in Cyanobacteria

In photosynthetic organisms, photons are captured by light-harvesting antenna complexes, and energy is transferred to reaction centers where photochemical reactions take place. We describe here the isolation and characterization of a fully functional megacomplex composed of a phycobilisome antenna complex and photosystems I and II from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. A combination of in vivo protein cross-linking, mass spectrometry, and time-resolved spectroscopy indicates that the megacomplex is organized to facilitate energy transfer but not intercomplex electron transfer, which requires diffusible intermediates and the cytochrome b6f complex. The organization provides a basis for understanding how phycobilisomes transfer excitation energy to reaction centers and how the energy balance of two photosystems is achieved, allowing the organism to adapt to varying ecophysiological conditions.
An examination of the peer review process in accounting journals

An anonymous survey of university accounting faculty was conducted to assess current perceptions of the peer review process in accounting journals. The responses revealed that (a) most respondents are fairly positive about the peer review process, especially the process being fair/unbiased and improving the quality of research; (b) the most serious perceived threats to review process integrity involve reviewer misconduct (e.g., delaying reviews for self-interest or rejecting papers for revenge); (c) editors allowing excessive delays in the process and institutional favoritism by editors are seen as the most prevalent issues; (d) editors/associate editors of high-level or top-tier journals are most positive about the review process, while assistant professors, those at doctoral-granting institutions, and those submitting to top-tier journals are least positive; and (e) respondents’ suggestions for improving the review process emphasize improving timeliness, reducing favoritism, and reconsidering the notion of blind reviews (some consider blind reviews to be impossible, but others want to ensure that reviews are blind). Based on the results and other sources, we offer a proposed starting point for a peer review code of conduct for accounting journals.
Effects of Stent Design Parameters on Normal Artery Wall Mechanics

A stent is a device designed to restore flow through constricted arteries. These tubular scaffold devices are delivered to the afflicted region and deployed using minimally invasive techniques. Stents must have sufficient radial strength to prop the diseased artery open. The presence of a stent can subject the artery to abnormally high stresses that can trigger adverse biologic responses culminating in restenosis. The primary aim of this investigation was to investigate the effects of varying stent "design parameters" on the stress field induced in the normal artery wall and the radial displacement achieved by the stent. The generic stent models were designed to represent a sample of the attributes incorporated in present commercially available stents. Each stent was deployed in a homogeneous, nonlinear hyperelastic artery model and evaluated using commercially available finite element analysis software. Of the designs investigated herein, those employing large axial strut spacing, blunted corners, and higher amplitudes in the ring segments induced high circumferential stresses over smaller areas of the artery's inner surface than all other configurations. Axial strut spacing was the dominant parameter in this study, i.e., all designs employing a small stent strut spacing induced higher stresses over larger areas than designs employing the large strut spacing. Increasing either radius of curvature or strut amplitude generally resulted in smaller areas exposed to high stresses. At larger strut spacing, sensitivity to radius of curvature was increased in comparison to the small strut spacing. With the larger strut spacing designs, the effects of varying amplitude could be offset by varying the radius of curvature and vice versa. The range of minimum radial displacements from the unstented diastolic radius observed among all designs was less than 90 microm. Evidence presented herein suggests that stent designs incorporating large axial strut spacing, blunted corners at bends, and higher amplitudes exposed smaller regions of the artery to high stresses, while maintaining a radial displacement that should be sufficient to restore adequate flow.
An elongated trapped-ion cell for ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with a superconducting magnet

Abstract A one-region trapped-ion analyzer cell that is elongated in the dimension parallel to the magnetic field is described and shown to be well suited for ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) experiments using a solenoidal-geometry superconducting magnet. An analysis of the static electric fields inside the elongated cell shows that the resonance frequency of the ions is far less affected by the trapping voltages than with a cubic cell or the original trapped-ion cell. The main advantages of the elongated cell are improved mass measurement accuracy and increased dynamic range.
Auctions with resale and bargaining power

Abstract We show that when the weak bidder’s bargaining power in the resale market is weakened, the auctioneer’s revenue from the first-price auction with resale is lower. Using the idea of Coase Theorem, we show that when the resale market is a sequential bargaining model with no commitment, the auctioneer’s revenue is substantially reduced, and the ranking is the opposite of Hafalir and Krishna (2009) . We establish a version of the Coase Theorem in the context of the auctions with resale. When Coase Theorem holds, we show that the revenue of the auction with resale is lower than the revenue of the same auction without resale. We also provide the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium for our model of auctions with resale.
An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain

A new marine ecosystem model designed for the global domain is presented, and model output is compared with field data from nine different locations. Field data were collected as part of the international Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) program, and from historical time series stations. The field data include a wide variety of marine ecosystem types, including nitrogen- and iron-limited systems, and different physical environments from high latitudes to the mid-ocean gyres. Model output is generally in good agreement with field data from these diverse ecosystems. These results imply that the ecosystem model presented here can be reliably applied over the global domain. The model includes multiple potentially limiting nutrients that regulate phytoplankton growth rates. There are three phytoplankton classes, diatoms, diazotrophs, and a generic small phytoplankton class. Growth rates can be limited by available nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and/or light levels. The diatoms can also be limited by silicon. The diazotrophs are capable of nitrogen fixation of N2 gas and cannot be nitrogen-limited. Calcification by phytoplankton is parameterized as a variable fraction of primary production by the small phytoplankton group. There is one zooplankton class that grazes the three phytoplankton groups and a large detrital pool. The large detrital pool sinks out of the mixed layer, while a smaller detrital pool, representing dissolved organic matter and very small particulates, does not sink. Remineralization of the detrital pools is parameterized with a temperature-dependent function. We explicitly model the dissolved iron cycle in marine surface waters including inputs of iron from subsurface sources and from atmospheric dust deposition. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Identification of Luminal Breast Cancers That Establish a Tumor-Supportive Macroenvironment Defined by Proangiogenic Platelets and Bone Marrow–Derived Cells

Breast cancer recurrence rates vary following treatment, suggesting that tumor cells disseminate early from primary sites but remain indolent indefinitely before progressing to symptomatic disease. The reasons why some indolent disseminated tumors erupt into overt disease are unknown. We discovered a novel process by which certain luminal breast cancer (LBC) cells and patient tumor specimens (LBC “instigators”) establish a systemic macroenvironment that supports outgrowth of otherwise-indolent disseminated tumors (“responders”). Instigating LBCs secrete cytokines that are absorbed by platelets, which are recruited to responding tumor sites where they aid vessel formation. Instigator-activated bone marrow cells enrich responding tumor cell expression of CD24, an adhesion molecule for platelets, and provide a source of VEGF receptor 2+ tumor vessel cells. This cascade results in growth of responder adenocarcinomas and is abolished when platelet activation is inhibited by aspirin. These findings highlight the macroenvironment as an important component of disease progression that can be exploited therapeutically. Significance: Currently, processes that mediate progression of otherwise indolent tumors are not well understood, making it difficult to accurately predict which cancer patients are likely to relapse. Our findings highlight the macroenvironment as an important component of disease progression that can be exploited to more accurately identify patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy. Cancer Discov; 2(12); 1150–65. ©2012 AACR . Read the Commentary on this article by DeFilippis and Tlsty, [p. 1084][1] This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, [p. 1065][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/2/1084?iss=12 [2]: /lookup/volpage/2/1065?iss=12
The importance of intraspecific frequency-dependent selection in modelling competitive coevolution

The coevolution of competitors has been analyzed by two different types of fitness-maximization techniques; ESS methods (Lawlor and Maynard Smith, 1976), and CSS methods (Roughgarden, 1979). This paper argues that CSS methods generally do not predict the outcome of competitive coevolution. Even when there is relatively little variability within species, fitness maximization leads to an ESS rather than a CSS. A simple model is analyzed to show that ESS and CSS predictions about character displacement can differ qualitatively. Previous results of CSS analyses are discussed.
Global geoscience transects in the Arab region

The Global Geoscience Transects (GGT) project is one of the most recent initiatives of the International Lithosphere Program (ILP). The GGT project is represented by ILP Coordinating Committee 7 (CC7), which is coordinated by J . Monger (Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver). M. Barazangi (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.) is responsible for the coordination of the Middle East and North Africa region, which includes most of the Arab countries. The main objective of the GGT project is to strengthen and broaden international cooperation mainly through active participation of Earth scientists in constructing geological and geophysical transects, especially cross sections. The transects will be at least to Moho depth and will contain as much detail as transects of geological structures mapped on Earth's surface. The transects are being selected by the participating geoscientists to traverse all continents and, as much as possible, to form a continuous grid across political boundaries. Members of CC7 act as regional coordinators to help the local Earth scientists to initiate and implement GGT objectives. The implementation phase has to a large extent been standardized to follow clear guidelines that were developed by CC7 members. These guidelines are based on a modified and expanded version of the recent highly successful Continent-Ocean Transect project of the Geological Society of America.
Designing a Site Electrical System With Arc Flash Energy Under 20 $ \hbox{cal}/\hbox{cm}^{2}$

There have been recent advances in equipment design and arc flash hazard assessment. It is possible to design a complete site electrical system, from transmission to distribution to utilization voltage, with the estimated arc flash energy below 20 cal/cm2 (80 J/cm2) for all equipment. This paper describes a preferred design, where all workers can have proper arc flash personal protective equipment by using single-layer flame resistant everyday clothes and add a single-layer coverall for the higher energy tasks. Inherently safer design is in our future to reduce hazards and keep our workers safe.
Economic impacts of advanced weather forecasting on energy system operations

We analyze the impacts of adopting advanced weather forecasting systems at different levels of the decision-making hierarchy of the power grid. Using case studies, we show that state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction (NWP) models can provide high-precision forecasts and uncertainty information that can significantly enhance the performance of planning, scheduling, energy management, and feedback control systems. In addition, we assess the forecasting capabilities of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model in several application domains.
Writing and Assessing Procedural Rhetoric in Student-produced Video Games

Abstract Adding video games into a writing course opens up possibilities of more widely considering how multimodal texts communicate rhetorically, specifically how the rules and system of a game—its procedurality—offer an additional communication mode that engages a writer to more actively consider how a reader might interact with a work. Asking students to assess and inscribe procedural rhetorics by having them produce video games is a productive pedagogy that fosters positive habits of mind including curiosity, engagement, and creativity. Assessing these games should focus on how students write the procedurality of their games, both its potential and intention to transform. This article offers an introduction to procedural rhetoric and how it can be taught through student-produced video games. These games are then assessed not as products but through a student portfolio of shorter documents that demonstrate student learning through reflective practice involving metacognition, articulation of their own contributions and the contributions of their peers, formative and process assessment, and evaluations of their own and others’ work.
Rubidium efflux from neural cell lines through voltage-dependent potassium channels.

Cloned cell lines derived from the rat and mouse nervous systems were screened for the presence of voltage-dependent K+ channels by assaying for an increase in 86Rb+ efflux under depolarizing conditions. Two types of depolarizing stimuli, (a) 100 mM KCl and (b) a combination of veratridine and scorpion venom, produced parallel results in all of 11 excitable cell lines tested; i.e., a cell line either responded to both sets of stimuli (8 examples) or to neither (3 examples). In the case of three cell lines where it was possible to compare the Rb+ efflux results with electrophysiological measurements of K+ currents the two methods gave qualitatively parallel results; i.e., cell lines that exhibited delayed rectification responded positively to depolarization in the Rb+ efflux assay, while cell lines that failed to exhibit K+ currents did not respond in the efflux assay. KCl-induced 86Rb+ efflux from the excitable cell lines did not appear to involve a Ca2+-dependent K+ channel, since efflux was not blocked by lowering extracellular Ca2+ from 2 to 0.1 mM. Efflux also was not blocked by tetraethylammonium or 4-aminopyridine, but could be blocked by scorpion venom. Of 14 cell lines previously classified as glial, 7 failed to show evidence of depolarization-induced 86Rb+ efflux while 7 others responded positively to 100 mM K+. Efflux from the latter 7 lines could be distinguished from efflux from the excitable lines in three ways. (1) Veratridine plus scorpion venom did not stimulate efflux. (2) Scorpion venom did not block KCl-induced efflux. (3) Tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine were effective in blocking KCl-induced efflux from 4 of the 7 lines. These results extend the usefulness of ion flux measurements as a means of assessing the electrical properties of cells and raise some interesting questions concerning the nature of cells that appear to have K+ channels but not Na+ channels.
Formation of Ceramics from Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymers. Part II: K‐Based Geopolymer

The structural evolution and crystallization of potassium-based geopolymer (K2O·Al2O3·4SiO2·11H2O) on heating was studied by a variety of techniques. On heating from 850–1100°C, potassium-geopolymer underwent significant shrinkage and surface area reduction due to viscous sintering. Small, 15–20 nm sized precipitates present in the unheated geopolymer coarsened substantially in samples heated between 900° and 1000°C. However, the microstructural surface texture was dependent on the calcination conditions. Leucite crystallized as the major phase after being heated to >1000°C, although a minor amount of kalsilite was also formed. Prolonged heating for 24 h at 1000°C led to the formation of ∼80 wt% of leucite, along with 20 wt% of remnant glassy phase. The surface of geopolymers heated to 1000°C attained a smooth, glassy texture, although closed porosity persisted until 1100°C. Thermal shrinkage was completed by 1100°C, and the material reached 99.7% of the theoretical density of tetragonal leucite.
Antidumping, Signaling and Cheap Talk

In the United States, there is evidence that domestic non-filing firms do not always support dumping investigations. Absent other factors, domestic firms have an unambiguous incentive to support petitions filed by other domestic producers. We argue that in cases where the non-complainant firm is not a significant importer or exporter, the most plausible explanation is that non-support acts as a costly signal of private information. Extending the model to allow firms to engage in preplay communication, such signaling can take place even in the absence of an investigation. We then allow firms to endogenously initiate investigations and find that firms may be reluctant to even initiate a petition because doing so may be viewed as a sign of weakness. These latter results provide an explanation for the puzzling observation that fewer antidumping investigations are filed than one would expect.
Surface conditions for the observation of metal–insulator transitions on Cr-doped V2O3

Abstract Chromium-doped vanadium sesquioxide, (V1−xCrx)2O3, displays two metal–insulator transitions with temperature for 0.005
Collisional-radiative modeling with multitemperature thermodynamic models

Abstract The effect of the form of the law of mass-action relation used for detailed balancing in collisional-radiative (C-R) modeling is discussed and compared for various models. Details of C-R modeling with the generalized multithermal equilibrium (GMTE) thermodynamic model are presented. The results show that the asymptote for upper-level departure coefficients is not unity if Te ≠ Tg and that upper-level distribution temperatures are not in general equal to Te. The criteria for regions of recombining and ionizing plasmas are identified and stability effects are discussed. A radiation absorption factor αf is introduced to describe nonlocal aspects of radiative transfer. This effect is very important in strong gradients and shows the reason for excited level distributions found at the edges of arcs and jets.
Rats drinking quinine- or caffeine-adulterated water defend lean body weights against caloric and osmotic stress.

Abstract Adult male and female rats drank ad lib water containing as much as 0.2% quinine hydrochloride or caffeine, and ate dry food. Maintained body weights were lower in direct proportion to the concentration of adulterant. Cumulative caloric intakes and the water and fat contents of carcasses showed that the weight lost on adulterated water and regained on tap water was fat rather than fluid. Furthermore, lean rats on adulterated water ate and drank more when ambient temperature was reduced; drank more and approximately maintained caloric intake when their food contained up to 5% sodium chloride; and ate less to compensate for the caloric value of a nonhydrating liquid diet force fed by gavage. The rats also adapted to activity wheels and behaved like rats drinking tap water during and after two days of food deprivation. Thus, the percentage adulteration of obligate drinking water determines the body weights at which rats eat and drink to defend energy balance. The rats remain in water balance even though ratios of water to food intakes were depressed by one-third in males and one-half in females for concentrations of adulterant between 0.05 and 0.2%, inclusive. These results can be used to argue that standard concepts and procedures for describing motivational and physiological states are inadequate.
A network formation game for bipartite exchange economies

We introduce a natural new network formation game in which buyers and sellers may purchase edges representing trading opportunities between themselves, and then accrue wealth in the resulting exchange economy. Our main result is an exact characterization of the set of bipartite graphs G that are Nash equilibria for this game. This characterization provides sharp limits on the amount and structure of wealth variation that can occur, as well as on the allowable equilibrium exchange rates.
A BAYESIAN APPROACH TO TESTING PORTFOLIO EFFICIENCY

Abstract This paper develops a Bayesian test of portfolio efficiency and derives a computationally convenient posterior-odds ratio. The analysis indicates that significance levels higher than the traditional 0.05 level are recommended for many test situations. In an example from the literature, the classical test fails to reject with p-value 0.082, yet the odds are nearly two to one against efficiency under apparently reasonable assumptions. Procedures for testing approximate efficiency and for aggregating subperiod results are also considered.
Wolf 424: a neglected flare star.

Four-color high-speed photometric observations of the UV Ceti type flare star Wolf 424AB are presented. This system may be one of the most active flare stars known. During a period of 2.62 hr 12 flares were detected and flare activity accounted for approximately 8% of the total energy received from the system in the U-bandpass. The observations of the largest flare are compared with the predictions of the fast-electron flare model proposed by Gurzadyan (Astrofiz.; 4: 154(1968)) which is remarkably successful though some discrepancies exist. The basic hypothesis of the fast-electron model is questioned. (auth)
The nature of phonological representation: evidence from breaking in Frisian'

phonology in Chomsky & Halle, I968) appears to presuppose a rather abstract, morpheme-based lexicon. Later contributions by Chomsky (1970) and Aronoff (1976) have argued that certain combinations of morphemes should be taken up in the lexicon as units. In addition, various proposals by Kiparsky have constrained somewhat the level of abstractness allowed in phonological representations. Other phonologists have gone much further, proposing what might be called a concrete, word-based model of the lexicon. Arguments for such a position may be found in Vennemann (1974) and Leben & Robinson (1977). Most current views lie somewhere between the abstract morpheme-based lexicon and the concrete word-based model. In what follows, the question of how phonological information is stored will be
Computer-Assisted Language Learning as a Predictor of Success in Acquiring English as a Second Language

This article reports the results of a study of the effectiveness of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in the acquisition of English as a second language by Arabic- and Spanish-speaking students in an intensive program. The study also examined two student variables-time spent using and attitude toward the CALL lessons-as well as four cognitive/affective characteristics--field independence, ambiguity tolerance, motivational intensity, and English-class anxiety. English proficiency was measured by the TOEFL and an oral test of communicative competence. Results indicated that the use of CALL lessons predicted no variance on the criterion measures beyond what could be predicted by the cognitive/affective variables. In addition, it was found that time spent using and attitude toward CALL were significantly related to field independence and motivational intensity. These results indicate that (a) certain types of learners may be better suited to some CALL materials than other students and (b) it is necessary to consider many learner variables when researching the effectiveness of CALL.
Re-examination of the Role of the Amino-Terminus of SecA in Promoting Its Dimerization and Functional State

The SecA nanomotor promotes protein translocation in Eubacteria by binding both protein cargo and the protein-conducting channel and undergoing ATP-driven conformation cycles that drive this process. Conflicting reports exist as to whether SecA functions as a monomer or dimer during this dynamic process.Here we re-examine the role of amino and carboxyl termini of SecA in promoting its dimerization and functional state by examining three secA mutants and their respective proteins: SecAD8 lacking residues 2-8, SecAD11 lacking residues 2-11, and SecAD11/N95 lacking both residues 2-11 and its carboxyl-terminal 70 residues. We demonstrate that whether or not SecAD11 or SecAD11/N95 was functional for promoting cell growth depends solely on their vivo levels that appear to govern residual dimerization. Cell fractionation revealed that SecAD11 and SecAD11/N95 were still proficient in membrane association, although they were reduced in the formation of integral membrane SecA. The presence of a modestly higher level of SecAD11/N95 in the membrane and its ability to form dimers as detected by chemical crosslinking were consistent with the higher secA expression level and better growth property of this mutant compared to secAD11. Biochemical studies showed that SecAD11 and SecAD11/N95 displayed identical dimerization defects, while SecAD8 was intermediate between these proteins and wildtype SecA. Furthermore, both SecAD11 and SecAD11/N95 were equally defective in their translocation ATPase specific activity. Our studies show that the non-essential carboxyl-terminal 70 residues of SecA play no role in its dimerization, while increasing truncation of the amino-terminal region of SecA from 8 to 11 residues results in an increasing defect in SecA dimerization and poor in vivo function unless highly overexpressed and also clarify a number of conflicting reports in the literature and support the essential nature of the SecA dimer.
The Effectiveness of Vocabulary Visual Aids for Auditory and Visual Foreign Language Students

A classroom experiment involving seventy-nine first semester Spanish students at the University of Central Arkansas measured the relationship between foreign language vocabulary visual aids, vocabulary achievement scores, and student modality strengths. The objective was to determine whether students of different perceptual learning styles (e.g., auditory and visual) would achieve differential scores on a multiple-choice test over a three-part foreign language (Swahili) vocabulary presentation using pictorial, verbal, and combination pictorial-verbal aids. The results showed significant positive correlation between the visual parameter as measured by the Swassing-Barbe Modality Index and scores on vocabulary items presented and tested with combination pictorial-verbal aids. Conversely, there was a negative correlation between the auditory parameter and the combination pictorial-verbal vocabulary section. Median scores on the pictorial and verbal sections were too close for conclusions to be drawn regarding the efficiency of those visual aids for different learning styles. However, the overall results suggest that further investigation will prove useful in devising the best combinations of visual aids, particularly for the predominantly visual or auditory student. A serendipitous finding was that the auditory students in this study had generally lower grades and ACT scores, and may be most benefited by individualized study aids.
NAFTA and its effects on the USA: revisited

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was created to help to improve the economic well being of the people in the member countries. NAFTA did improve the trade balance and foreign direct investment of Mexico. NAFTA also improved the trade balance and employment rate in Canada. However, the effect of NAFTA on the USA is unclear, i.e. it does not show a negative or positive effect on the US economy. Specifically, it is hard to establish a direct relationship on the employment rate or wage rate in the USA due to NAFTA. Therefore, more study is needed to determine whether the USA has lost jobs or lowered the wage rate in the USA.