cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Short-term Administration of Aerosolized Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Chronic endobronchial bacterial infection evokes purulent airway secretions in patients with CF. The viscoelastic properties of these secretions is primarily due to the presence of polymerized DNA from degenerating leukocytes. Recombinant human DNase I (rhDNase) reduces the viscosity of CF sputum in vitro. To test the hypothesis that rhDNase would improve pulmonary function in children and adults with CF, we compared the efficacy and safety of 10-day administration of three doses of aerosolized rhDNase (0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg twice daily) in 181 outpatients using a randomized, placebo-controlled parallel design. Forced vital capacity (FVC) improved 10 to 12% (p < 0.05 to 0.001), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) improved 10 to 15% (p < 0.001) across all doses of rhDNase compared with placebo. The magnitude of effect was dose dependent for both FVC and FEV1, through study Day 21 (p < 0.001). rhDNase was associated with a decreased perception of dyspnea and an improved perception of well-being...
A New Ethnohistorical Model for North American Indian Demography

A new ethnohistorical model providing a relative measure for North American demography is discussed. This model correlates initial appearances and final disappearances of individuals identified by name in documentary records with significant demographic events. The model is tested by correlating terminal appearance-disappearance dates of 207 Munsee Indians identified by name in European records between 1630 and 1801 with contemporary wars, epidemics, land loss, and emigration. Disappearance of more than 50 percent of all named Munsees from colonial records between 1680 and 1715 reflects the catastrophic impact of two wars, four epidemics, extensive outmigration, and the loss of more than 70 percent of their homeland through land sales within the relatively brief span of thirty-five years.
QEPCAD B: a system for computing with semi-algebraic sets via cylindrical algebraic decomposition

QEPCAD B2 is a system for computing with semi-algebraic sets. a semi-algebraic set is a subset of ℝn that can be defined as the set of points satisfying a boolean formula combining polynomial equalities and inequalities in the variables x1,...,xn. So, for example, the upper-right quadrant of the unit disk is a semi-algebraic set, since it has the defining formula[see pdf for formula]Many important problems in mathematics, science and engineering boil down to questions about semi-algebraic sets. QEPCAD B allows its users to compute with semi-algebraic sets specified by defining formulae. Computation is exact and symbolic, results being returned in the same language of defining formulae. The basic operations the system supports are formula simplification and quantifier eliminationQuantifier Elimination: Adding quantifiers to a defining formula is, in a sense, asking a question. For example, ∃x[x2+bx+c=0] is the question "when does x2+bx+c have a real root?" The well-known answer "when b2−4c≥0" is an equivalent formula from which the quantified variable has been eliminated. Quantifier elimination algorithms, which produce such equivalent formulae, can be seen as providing "answers" to "questions" about semi-algebraic sets.Formula Simplification: Many procedures in mathematics, performed both manually and mechanically, produce "answers" in the form of defining formulae. These defining formulae are often not particularly nice characterizations of the sets they define--hence the need for formula simplification. For example, QEPCAD B determines that the formulaF:=1+b2−c2≥b∧−c(b2−c2)3+3b2c(b2−c2)∨b2−c2 0 ∧ c > 0 ∧ 1 0. Obviously, F′ was a considerably better characterization for subsequent computations in the application from which this arose.Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition (CAD): A CAD is essentially a data-structure providing an explicit representation of a semi-algebraic set. This representation is expensive to compute, but it contains so much information about the set it represents that quantifier elimination and simplification are easily accomplished, which is why CAD is the basis for these operations in QEPCAD B. A little insight into what CAD is and how it is used is provided by the following figures, produced by QEPCAD B, which show the CAD representation for the formula F from the simplification example, followed by the CAD representing F restricted by the given assumptions, followed by the simplified CAD representation of the same set, which is what was used to provide the simplified output formula F′.This exhibit focuses on using QEPCAD B as a problem-solving tool. Examples trace problems from the application areas from which they arise, through the initial formulation of quantifier elimination or formula simplification problems, through refining problem formulations to take advantage of QEPCAD B's strengths and avoid its weaknesses. Limitations of the system and tradeoffs versus other tools are also discussed.
Strategic orientation and performance of internet-based businesses

. Many of the pure internet-based businesses that proliferated over the past 5 years have encountered serious problems as their lofty valuations have plunged. Industry observers have attributed this phenomenon to a variety of factors, generally framed in terms of poor conceptualization or implementation of the ‘business model’. This study explores an often-used concept in strategic management called ‘strategic orientation’ and applies it to internet-based businesses. Based on an analysis of over 100 public businesses, firms that cluster together with similar strategic orientation are observed. These strategic groups are then analysed for performance differences. The results are discussed with the intent of learning from the dot-burn effects as we evolve to the next generation of internet-based business.
Altered Development of CD8+ T Cell Lineages in Mice Deficient for the Tec Kinases Itk and Rlk

Summary Mutations affecting the Tec kinases Itk and Rlk decrease T cell receptor-induced Ca 2+ mobilization and Erk kinase activation and impair both positive and negative thymic selection. Itk −/− and Rlk −/− Itk −/− mice also have decreased CD4:8 T cell ratios, suggestive of altered CD4:8 lineage commitment. Nonetheless, we find that CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes and peripheral CD8 + T cells in these mice do not resemble conventional CD8 + T cells. Instead, these cells express memory markers, rapidly produce interferon-γ, and can be selected on hematopoietically derived cells, similar to MHC class Ib-restricted "innate-type" lymphocytes. Itk deficiency also greatly increases the number of cells selected by MHC class Ib. Expression of a hypersensitive Erk2 mutant partially corrects the CD8 + T cell phenotypes in Itk −/− mice, arguing that altered signaling permits development of this innate-type CD8 + cell population. Our results suggest that Tec kinases differentially regulate development of conventional versus nonconventional lymphocytes.
Perception of horizontality as a function of age and stimulus setting.

Esbtimation of horizontality was tested by having three groups of 43 Ss in the first and third grades and first year college draw the water surface on pictures of tilted glasses, simulating a half-...
Information scent as a driver of Web behavior graphs: results of a protocol analysis method for Web usability

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encoutered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of the method to the analysis of eight Web protocols, visualizing the structure of the interaction and showing the strong effect of information scent in determining the path followed.
High-Pressure Effects on Oxide Glasses: II, Subsequent Heat Treatment

The annealing or volume variation with time of both silica and boron oxide glasses densified in the rigid state was studied. Appreciable annealing of silica glass was observed at temperatures as low as 200°C and of boron oxide glass at even room temperature. This anomalous volume flow depended on temperature, time, and specific volume and was characterized by small apparent relaxation times and activation energies. The differences between this type of volume relaxation and other properties such as delayed elasticity, cold flow, and stabilization are discussed. Devitrification to α-cristobalite observed at temperatures as low as 500°C is attributed to the presence of shear stresses.
The Problem of the Color Lines in Twenty-first-century Sociology of Education: Researching and Theorizing Demographic Change, Segregation, and School Outcomes

Sociology in general, and the sociology of education area in particular, must get a better grasp on the fact that the demographics of race, ethnicity, and social class are far more complex than the black–white or brown–white binaries of the recent past. In this article, I consider several manifestations of the emergent contemporary color lines that require innovative research designs, qualitative as well as quantitative data collection, and vigorous policy analyses by sociologists of education. The color line, how we think about it, and how we take it into account in our analyses are all pertinent and pressing issues especially as we consider the changing demographics of the student population; the definitional fluidity of core concepts like minority, diversity, and segregation; the current resegregation of public education by race, ethnic, linguistic status, and family income; and the relationship of the latter to educational outcomes across the life course.
Pyramica boltoni, a new species of leaf-litter inhabiting ant from Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini).

Abstract The dacetine ant Pyramica boltoni is described from specimens collected in leaf litter in dry and mesic forest in central and northern Florida. It appears to be closely related to P. dietrichi (M. R. Smith), with which it shares peculiar modifications of the clypeus and the clypeal hairs. In total, 40 dacetine species (31 native and 9 exotic) are now known from southeastern North America.
On the Measurement of the Transfer of Gases across the Air–Sea Interface

Abstract An outline is given of the procedure for obtaining the gas transfer across the air–sea interface when the heat flux from the water to the surface is known. An essential assumption is similarity between the fluxes of heat and other scalar quantities, such as trace gases.
Method to Develop Coded Excitation for Velocimetry in Downhole Drilling

Background: In this paper, the phase modulation coding/decoding technology is discussed for the application in the high attenuation medium based on the simulation and the experiment. Methods: For the decoding perspective, the matched filter and the inverse filter are compared. An extra processing is introduced right after the matched filtering to restrain the range sidelobes. Furthermore, in the latter part of this paper, the factors to cause a degeneration in signal-noise ratio are quantitatively evaluated by simulation beam pattern and Doppler signal. Results: Based on the experiments and simulation in this paper, it's found that the signal amplitude get significant boosted (30dB) while the range resolution is compatible with the span of a single pulse. It's also proved that the frequency dependent phase distortion from attenuation will cause more degeneration than Doppler effect, but even this influence can be compensated by the equalization.
Visual-Somatosensory Integration in Older Adults: Links to Sensory Functioning

Research investigating multisensory integration (MSI) processes in aging is scarce, but converging evidence for larger behavioral MSI effects in older compared to younger adults exists. The current study employed a three-prong approach to determine whether inherent age-related sensory processing declines were associated with larger (i.e., worse) visual-somatosensory (VS) reaction time (RT) facilitation effects. Non-demented older adults ( n = 156 ; mean age = 77 years; 55% female) without any medical or psychiatric conditions were included. Participants were instructed to make speeded foot-pedal responses as soon as they detected visual, somatosensory, or VS stimulation. Visual acuity was assessed using the Snellen test while somatosensory sensitivity was determined using vibration thresholds. The aims of the current study were to: (1) replicate a reliable MSI effect; (2) investigate the effect of unisensory functioning on VS RT facilitation; and (3) determine whether sensory functioning combination groups manifested differential MSI effects. Results revealed a significant VS RT facilitation effect that was influenced by somatosensory sensitivity but not visual acuity. That is, older adults with poor somatosensory sensitivity demonstrated significantly larger MSI effects than those with intact somatosensory sensitivity. Additionally, a significant interaction between stimulus condition and sensory functioning group suggested that the group with poor visual acuity and poor somatosensory functioning demonstrated the largest MSI effect compared to the other groups. In summary, the current study reveals that worse somatosensory functioning is associated with larger MSI effects in older adults. To our knowledge, this is first study to identify potential mechanisms behind increased RT facilitation in aging.
Upper limb strength and muscle volume in healthy middle-aged adults

Our purpose was to characterize shoulder muscle volume and isometric moment, as well as their relationship, for healthy middle-aged adults. Muscle volume and maximum isometric joint moment were assessed for 6 functional muscle groups of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist in 10 middle-aged adults (46–60 y, 5M, 5F). Compared with young adults, shoulder abductors composed a smaller percentage of total muscle volume (P = .0009) and there was a reduction in shoulder adductor strength relative to elbow flexors (P = .012). We observed a consistent ordering of moment-generating capacity among functional groups across subjects. Although total muscle volume spanned a 2.3-fold range, muscle volume was distributed among functional groups in a consistent manner across subjects. On average, 72% of the variation in joint moment could be explained by the corresponding functional group muscle volume. These data are useful for improved modeling of upper limb musculoskeletal performance in middle-aged subjects, and may improve ...
Cyberwar/Cyber Attack: The Role of Rhetoric in the Application of Law to Activities in Cyberspace

This chapter analyses how the interplay between law and rhetoric forms an important backdrop to the analysis of the international legal norms that govern how a State can respond to cyber threats or engage in other cyber operations. Rhetoric that opens the door to overly broad responses necessitates an understanding of the relevant legal paradigms, the boundaries between them and the fundamental principles that guide their application. Use of terms like ‘war’ and ‘attack’ for a much wider array of activities also facilitates a blurring of the lines between relevant and applicable legal frameworks, which can have a detrimental effect on both individual rights and the development of the law. With regard to cyber threats and cyber attacks, both the jus ad bellum and the law of armed conflict help shape the parameters of lawful and effective action, not only by guiding the appropriate conduct when force may lawfully be used or during armed conflict, but also by delineating the dividing line between crime and war and between self-defence and law enforcement. The chapter examines the consequences of the use of the terms ‘cyber war/cyber warfare’ or ‘cyber attack’ to connote a wide range of actual and potential cyber activity or threats, across a broad spectrum of activity. After setting forth the traditional meaning of ‘war’ and the current framework, which uses the term ‘armed conflict’ rather than ‘war’, this discussion highlights the consequences of the rhetoric of ‘war’ in the cyber realm, with specific reference to lessons learned from the past decade of counterterrorism. Second, the chapter analyzes the consequences of the term ‘cyber attack’, focusing on both the jus ad bellum concept of ‘armed attack’ and the law of armed conflict definition of ‘attack’. In particular, the use of ‘cyber attack’ to subsume an extraordinarily broad set of activities has consequences both in terms of the specific understanding of the word ‘attack’ in each legal regime, and in blurring the notion of ‘attack’ into one unspecified and extensive term that conflates two or more legal concepts. Each of these results has significant ramifications for the application of international law, the preservation of the international system, and the protection of persons during times of conflict, thus demanding attention to the rhetoric of cyberspace rather than just the legal implications of cyber activity alone.
Spectral analysis of arterial blood pressure and raphe magnus neuronal activity in anesthetized rats

Recent evidence suggests that nociceptive modulatory cells in the nucleus raphe magnus (RM) and adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis (NRMC) may participate in the modulation of autonomic processing. Therefore, spectral analyses were used to determine component frequencies common to both arterial blood pressure and the activity of RM/NRMC neurons in rats lightly anesthetized with isoflurane. These analyses detected powerful, extremely low frequency (period length: 6.4-18.5 min) oscillations in arterial blood pressure and in the activity of two classes of RM/NRMC neurons, ON and OFF cells. All ON cells discharged during periods of low blood pressure, whereas all OFF cells discharged during periods of high blood pressure. In contrast, the discharge of NEUTRAL and REGULAR cells did not have a consistent relationship to blood pressure. The role of these cells in nociceptive modulation is also unclear. The results presented indicate that ON and OFF cells may participate in the modulation of both autonomic and nociceptive processing.
Crack Initiation and Propagation in Model Cord-Rubber Composites

An approximate theory for calculating the strain-energy release rate (tearing energy) for the propagation of penny-shaped cracks and predicting the life of model composites has been outlined. Fatigue studies on two model composites consisting of sheets of carbon-black-Filled natural rubber vulcanizates and rabberized steel card fabrics show experiment and theory to be in semiquantitative agreement
The nodD gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum is autoregulatory and in the presence of plant exudate induces the nodA,B,C genes

To analyse nod gene expression in Rhizobium leguminosarum, a broad host-range lacZ protein fusion vector was constructed. Two protein fusions, nodC-lacZ and nodD-lacZ, were used to measure the regulation of expression of the promoters of the nodA,B,C and the nodD transcripts by measuring the induced levels of beta-galactosidase activity in R. leguminosarum. In the absence of plant root exudate the nodD-lacZ hybrid was expressed but the nodC-lacZ hybrid was not. The expression of the nodD-lacZ hybrid was repressed in R. leguminosarum strains containing an intact cloned nodD gene indicating that the nodD gene is autoregulatory. The induction of the nodC-lacZ hybrid required both the nodD gene and a component present in plant root exudate. Therefore the nodD gene acts both as a repressor and as an activator of gene expression. The nodD gene is adjacent to nodA and transcribed divergently from nodA,B,C with only approximately 300 nucleotides between the coding regions of nodA and nodD. Within this intergenic region is a unique BclI site and, using nodC-lacZ or nodD-lacZ translational fusions with this BclI site as an end point, no induction of nodC-lacZ or nodD-lacZ was observed. Therefore the promoters of nodD and nodA,B,C overlap at least at this region, and the regulation of these overlapping promoters appears to be controlled by the nodD protein which becomes an activator only in the presence of a component from plant exudate.
Package Hermeticity

Typical semiconductor users do not perform failure analysis on what they feel are package hermeticity problems. They usually draw their conclusions from standard fine and gross tests which may be inaccurate. The following discussion portrays methods of verifying hermeticity integrity.
A Comparison of the Toxicity of Various Insecticides to the Spruce Budworm

While DDT in oil solution is widely and successfully used against many forest insects at the rate of 1 pound in 1 gallon per acre, little is known of the relative effectiveness of other insecticides for this purpose. Laboratory tests are described in which BHC with and without an extender, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin were compared with DDT in their effectiveness against spruce bud worm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem)). In some tests larvae DDT foliage were treated while in others foliage was treated then weathered before larvae Were placed in it. Each insecticide was applied in two dosages. In every test DDT was superior.
Uncertainty Dynamics and Economics Modeling of the Air Transportation Supply Chain

An integrated three-component analytical process is developed in order to aid the understanding of aircraft demand dynamics and the effects of various sources of uncertainties. The first component is the prediction of global passenger travel demand through a gravity model formulation. The key predictors for travel demand used are population, gross domestic product and price levels at both origin and destination. The passenger travel demand segment is then matched up against the second component, an airline fleet management module. It tracks all major commercial aircraft deliveries made since 1980 to estimate the replacement schedule for aircraft currently in service and also to track the aircraft preferences of the world’s major airlines. The third component of the analysis is the aircraft manufacturer module, which provides the supply of aircraft to airlines and passengers worldwide. This manufacturer module is represented through a systems dynamics model of the various aircraft development processes.
Book Review: The Four Stages of Highly Effective Crisis Management: How to Manage the Media in the Digital AgeThe Four Stages of Highly Effective Crisis Management: How to Manage the Media in the Digital Age. Jordan-MeierJane. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011. 296 pp. $51.50 hbk.

The Four Stages of Highly Effective Crisis Management: How to Manage the Media in the Digital Age. Jane Jordan-Meier. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011. 296 pp. $51.50 hbk.Reviewed by: Napoleon Byars, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USADOI: 10.1177/1077699012472025The crisis countdown clock is ticking: a super storm approaches a major metropolitan area, threatening death and widespread destruction. A defective automated control mechanism switches a high-speed commuter train onto the wrong track. A doctor completes the final stitches of a surgical procedure, accidently leaving a sponge inside the patient. A nonprofit organization for troubled youths decides to cover up the fact that an adult male volunteer for years took liberties with children he was entrusted to help.In The Four Stages of Highly Effective Crisis Management: How to Manage the Media in the Digital Age, strategic and crisis communication consultant Jane Jordan-Meier examines how the changing dynamics of mainstream and social media are affecting crisis communication. In addition, she offers advice on what to do when the stuffhits the fan. The book is divided into five sections that examine a range of issues from the role of the news media in crisis to a discussion of when to use the CEO as a spokesperson.Section I begins with the question, "What is a crisis?" For the answer, Jordan-Meier cites the Institute for Crisis Management, which defines a crisis as "a significant business disruption, which stimulates extensive news media coverage. The resulting public scrutiny will affect the organization's normal business operations and could also have a political, legal, financial and government impact on business."The author notes that a crisis often smolders as an "issue hidden or unfixed" in organizations until activated by triggering events; in fact, she says three-fourths of all crises begin as such smoldering issues. Jordan-Meier references a fifteen-year study of best practices in communication management by longtime public relations scholar James E. Grunig of the University of Wisconsin. Conducted for the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) Research Foundation, a key finding of Grunig's study was that crises frequently occur in the absence of effective issues management.In section II, Jordan-Meier identifies and examines the four stages of crises. Stage 1, "Fact Finding," is characterized by intense media focus. In this stage, basic facts are made known, confirmed and reported. Her stage 2, "The Unfolding Drama," is where media attention turns to the key players at the center of the crisis. As organizations grapple to control events, experts and "unofficial spokespeople" on the periphery of the crisis begin to talk and speculate on what might have happened. …
Emergent International Humanitarian Law in the Context of Cyber War

As the development and pervasiveness of information and communication technology continues to increase, individuals, organizations, and nations continually find new, unanticipated, and often unlawful ways to use it. Over the last decade in particular, actors throughout the international community have begun to engage in information operations (IO). Information operations involve the use of information technology, such as computer network attacks to influence, disrupt, corrupt, usurp, or defend information systems and the infrastructure they support. Because the technology is mostly inexpensive, widely available, and able to be deployed from virtually anywhere, cyber attacks are highly attractive to state and non-state actors. In response to recent attacks against Estonia, Georgia & Iran, states have developed their own domestic means to address these issues. But borderless nature of the attacks demonstrates that 1. national laws are limited in applicability and enforceability, and 2. existing international laws create uncertainty, complexity, and insufficiency. In such a unique environment, states lack a clear picture of how to translate and/or update existing rules for cyberspace. Overlapping (national, multi-lateral, global) legal regimes have the potential to overwhelm decision makers and law enforcement agencies. And current international humanitarian law fails to address the challenges of modern conflicts, often failing to consider many of the non-state actors actively involved in this space. Additionally, and arguably most important, it is unclear whether or not cyber attacks constitutes the use of force put forth in the UN Charter. Scholars and policymakers around the world explore this emerging landscape in efforts to adequately integrate developing laws into existing legal frameworks. These efforts demonstrate that there is no easy solution and suggests that there is much more that needs to be learned. This research project will explore the intersection of international humanitarian law and cyber attacks/warfare, attempting to understand 1. its implications for foreign relations (jurisdiction, state military action, diplomacy), and 2. the process by which international law is developed in response to these technological developments. This study examines the following questions: 1. What is the current and emerging law that governs information operations? a. Jus ad bellum - international law governing the resort to force by States as an instrument of their national policy i. UN Charter – Article 2(4) and Article 51 b. National laws i. United States ii. Russia iii. Iran 2. What actors/factors are involved in shaping this law? a. Who is the authority(s)? And how do these authorities work together? i. National governments ii. International Organizations iii. Private corporations who own the ICT infrastructure iv. NGOs or organizations involved in internet governance (ICANN) b. Who does this law govern? i. Nation states ii. Organizations and institutions iii. Individuals c. What other factors shape the development of the law? i. Technology ii. Events
Repellent tests in the field and laboratory against wild populations of Mansonia titillans (Diptera: Culicidae).

Laboratory and field tests are described in which 6 selected insect repellents were evaluated against mosquito populations composed largely of Mansonia titillans . Deet ( N,N diethyl- meta -toluamide) was significantly more effective than any of the other repellents tested. A technique for testing repellents against mixed populations of mosquitoes at night is described. The use of wild-caught mosquitoes in laboratory evaluations of repellents is suggested as a possible alternative to nighttime field testing.
Universality and generic description of exergy transfer

The universality,identity and physical essence of the exergy transfer phenomenon are demonstrated to seek a generic description for exergy transfer process using the field as carrier.The three existing generic descriptions for exergy transfer process,including dimensionless formula,the general exergy transfer equation and the universal exergy transfer equation are analyzed and compared.The exergy transfer essence of the transfer process intensified by field cooperation is discussed.The universality of exergy transfer with multi-field cooperation and the necessity of study on this issue are suggested.
Influence of genetic type, slaughter weight and sex on ovine muscle fiber and fat-cell development.

Histological properties from the longissimus (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 51 wether and ewe lambs from Hampshire rams and two ewe genetic types (SR, 1/2 Suffolk and 1/2 Rambouillet, and FS, 1/2 Finnish Landrace and 1/2 Southdown) and three slaughter live weights (32, 41 and 50 kg) were compared. Fibers in both muscles were classified as beta R (red), alpha R (intermediate) or alpha W (white). All LD muscle fiber types from FS ewe lambs increased in diameter from 32 to 41 kg, but decreased in diameter from 41 to 50 kg. Also, this quadratic effect with slaughter weight was found in alpha R and alpha W fibers from the SM muscle of FS wether and ewe lambs. However, diameters of alpha R and alpha W fibers from SR wether and ewe lambs and beta R fibers from SR ewe lambs increased linearly in the SM muscle with increasing slaughter weight. As slaughter weight increased, the proportion of alpha R fibers decreased in both the LD and SM muscles for SR wether and FS wether and ewe lambs. Concurrent with the increase in slaughter weight and decrease in alpha R fiber percentage, the proportion of alpha W fibers increased in the LD muscle of SR wether lambs, the SM muscle of SR ewe lambs and both muscles of FS wether and ewe lambs. Genetic type and sex groups, except SR ewe lambs, support the theory of transformation of alpha R to alpha W fibers with increasing slaughter weights. Fat-cell diameters increased in both muscles of SR wether and FS ewe lambs with increasing slaughter weights. Increases in fat traits of lamb carcasses were related to increases in red-fiber size. Alpha red fiber numbers were inversely related (P less than .05) to alpha W fiber numbers in both the LD and SM muscles (r = -.83 and -.79). The proportion of alpha R to alpha W fibers might be used as an indicator of physiological maturity for lambs.
Fish Distribution System: Structure and Institutions

The distribution system for fresh, frozen and processed seafood products in the Atlantic Canadian province of Nova Scotia is analyzed using the political economy framework. The paper describes the organizations, facilities and movement of seafood products from the production point to the final consumer.
Ota Benga in the Archives: Unmaking Myths, Mapping Resistance in the Margins of History

A century after Ota Benga was exhibited in the Bronx Zoo Monkey House, the episode has been widely distorted by omission, half-truths, or outright deception. Not only has Benga’s captor, the self-described American explorer Samuel Verner, been widely depicted as his friend and savior, but his true saviors have languished in obscurity. Fortunately, the true story of Ota Benga’s tragic sojourn from the Congo to the United States can be reconstructed by returning to hundreds of documents stored in numerous archives across the United States.
Posthumanist art: interview with contemporary artist Mel Chin

ABSTRACTIn this interview, I pursue with Chin the idea of his work as a “posthumanist” form of art, not only in terms of its thematic occupation with the natural environmental, ecological welfare, and technological development, but also in terms of its process-oriented methodology.
A Dynamic $p$ -Adaptive DGTD Algorithm for Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Simulations

In the time-domain simulation of electromagnetic and multiphysics problems, the distributions of physical quantities of interest vary in both space and time. To achieve a good spatial resolution, high-order basis functions can be used to expand the unknown quantities, which is known as the $p$ -refinement. However, a global and static $p$ -refinement will increase the computational cost significantly. In this paper, a dynamic $p$ -adaptation algorithm is proposed based on the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method, which is able to determine and adjust the basis order in a given discretization element in real time of the simulation. Based on the relation between the nodal and modal approximations defined on unstructured tetrahedral elements, an error estimator, which is very cheap to compute, is developed to determine the proper basis order to achieve a desired numerical accuracy. The dynamic $p$ -adaptation algorithm proposed in this paper is able to capture the fast varying physics by changing the order of basis functions wherever and whenever needed. Several numerical examples adopted from multiple physical disciplines are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility of the proposed algorithm in the simulation of electromagnetic and multiphysics problems.
Adaptive interference rejection in Human Body Communication using variable duty cycle integrating DDR receiver

Connected smart wearable devices are becoming increasingly popular with the advent of cheap, miniaturized, ultra-low-power computing and communication. Human Body Communication (HBC) is emerging as an alternative to Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) for communication among these devices, as it provides higher energy-efficiency and security. One of the biggest bottleneck of HBC is the interference picked up due to the human body antenna effect, with Signal to Interference Ratio often worse than −20dB. An interference robust integrating dual data rate (DDR) receiver is introduced which can adapt itself to changing interference conditions and provide high interference rejection by Pulse Width Modulation of integration clock, thus dynamically changing its duty cycle. The theory, architecture of the receiver is developed along with the adaptation algorithm to train the receiver to find the optimum duty cycle of operation. System-level simulations show >20 dB of rejection even in presence of variable interference frequencies.
A Kind of Fast Uncertain Reasoning Algorithm in the Digital Network for Real-Time Expert System

Abstract This paper presents a kind of uncertain reasoning algorithm based on the compiled rule base digital network. This algorithm effectively solves the problems in the real-time expert system(RTES) such as reasoning under limited time, integration of symbolic/numeric information, non-monotonic reasoning, asynchronous events treating, and provides a good foundation for the application of real-time expert system in the industrial process control.
Strategies for Improving Learner Metacognition in Health Professional Education

Metacognition is an essential skill in critical thinking and self-regulated, lifelong learning. It is important for learners to have skills in metacognition because they are used to monitor and regulate reasoning, comprehension, and problem-solving, which are fundamental components/outcomes of pharmacy curricula. Instructors can help learners develop metacognitive skills within the classroom and experiential setting by carefully designing learning activities within courses and the curriculum. These skills are developed through intentional questioning, modeling techniques, and reflection. This article discusses key background literature on metacognition and identifies specific methods and strategies to develop learners’ metacognitive skills in both the classroom and experiential settings.
Abstract 12046: ARFI Ultrasound Elastography Measures Isovolumic Relaxation Time Constant for Assessment of Diastolic Function

Introduction: Diastolic dysfunction is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in heart failure. Assessment of diastolic function has been a challenging topic for many decades. One index of dias...
Praise of the Prophet and Praise of Self: Sīrat Banī Hilāl and Epic Narrative in Performance

How does an epic begin in performance and in narration? Questions surrounding the beginning of an Arab oral epic performance differ from those surrounding the origins of the text. This essay explores several levels of beginning in the Sīrat Banī Hilāl epic, a cycle of heroic tales recited throughout the Arabic and Amazigh-speaking world, with reference to versions by the oral epic poet ʿAwaḍ Allāh ʿAbd al-Jalīl ʿAlī that I collected in Upper Egypt in the 1980s. By drawing on the writings of Pierre Cachia, a pioneering scholar in the study, transcription, and English translation of vernacular Arabic literature, I ask how the epic poet begins reciting an epic in performance and how the epic hero is born in text, performance, and scholarly histories. Answers may be found both in the history of Egyptian folklore studies and the tradition of praise-poetry ( madīḥ ) sung or recited by poets and storytellers to initiate oral epic performance.
Strain–curvature coupling in harmonically excited, turbulent premixed flames

Abstract Premixed flames in turbulent, shear flows are disturbed by a superposition of broadband, turbulent fluctuations, and coherent disturbances originating from acoustic disturbances and/or hydrodynamic instabilities. Prior studies have shown nonlinear interactions between such coherent and stochastic disturbances on the flame. This paper investigates the effect of these interactions on the correlation between tangential flame stretch and curvature, an important quantity in turbulent premixed flame physics. High speed particle image velocimetry is used to measure the flow field in an experimental facility where harmonic wrinkles are introduced into a premixed flame that is subjected to varying turbulence intensities, while Mie scattering images are used to extract flame edges. Results show a clear correlation between phase-averaged tangential flame stretch and flame curvature. The magnitude of the fluctuations in both of these quantities decreases with increase in turbulence intensity, even while their overall correlation remains strong. Results from a linearized analysis of the perturbation of the approach flow by a curved, laminar flame are shown to capture the key features of the experimental data. These results suggest that the phase-averaged tangential stretch-curvature correlation is due to gas expansion effects, causing divergence of the approach flow in regions of positive flame curvature, the same mechanism that is responsible for the Darrieus–Landau instability. This result shows that turbulent flames in shear flows with large scale coherent structures, are subjected to not only mean strain, but also coherent modulations in strain rate.
Physical biology of the cancer cell glycocalyx

The glycocalyx coating the outside of most cells is a polymer meshwork comprising proteins and complex sugar chains called glycans. From a physical perspective, the glycocalyx has long been considered a simple 'slime' that protects cells from mechanical disruption or against pathogen interactions, but the great complexity of the structure argues for the evolution of more advanced functionality: the glycocalyx serves as the complex physical environment within which cell-surface receptors reside and operate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the glycocalyx can exert thermodynamic and kinetic control over cell signalling by serving as the local medium within which receptors diffuse, assemble and function. The composition and structure of the glycocalyx change markedly with changes in cell state, including transformation. Notably, cancer-specific changes fuel the synthesis of monomeric building blocks and machinery for production of long-chain polymers that alter the physical and chemical structure of the glycocalyx. In this Review, we discuss these changes and their physical consequences on receptor function and emergent cell behaviours.
Captives of Sovereignty

A picture of sovereignty holds the study of politics captive. Captives of Sovereignty looks at the historical origins of this picture of politics, critiques its philosophical assumptions and offers a way to move contemporary critiques of sovereignty beyond their current impasse. The first part of the book is diagnostic. Why, despite their best efforts to critique sovereignty, do political scientists who are dissatisfied with the concept continue to reproduce the logic of sovereignty in their thinking? Havercroft draws on the writings of Hobbes and Spinoza to argue that theories of sovereignty are produced and reproduced in response to skepticism. The second part of the book draws on contemporary critiques of skeptical arguments by Wittgenstein and Cavell to argue that their alternative way of responding to skepticism avoids the need to invoke a sovereign as the final arbiter of all political disputes.
Ultrafast laser micro-stressing for correction of thin fused silica optics for the Lynx X-Ray Telescope Mission

Fused silica exhibits high nonlinear optical response when exposed to ultrashort laser pulses, and the rapid development of femtosecond laser technology since the 1990s has greatly advanced the processing of such transparent materials. Since then, ultrafast laser micromachining has been widely implemented to remove materials or change material properties, from surface ablation to waveguide fabrication. Recently, we devised a potential use of this technique for optics precision correction of future space telescopes, for example the Lynx X-ray telescope mission. This novel mirror figure correction process provides a rapid and precise way of creating local micro deformation within the interior of thin mirrors, which then induces macro structural changes in surface figure to meet the stringent angular resolution requirements for the X-ray telescope. The method is highly controllable and deterministic, and the long-term stability of the laser-induced material changes makes it promising for future space telescope missions. In this paper, we review the mechanisms and nonlinear optical phenomena of femtosecond laser interaction with fused silica. We also report on the current development of our laser pulses generation, focusing, imaging and an in-situ wavefront sensing systems, as well as our procedure for measuring and correcting mirror substrates. Preliminary experimental results of local deformation and stress changes in flat thin fused silica mirror substrates are shown, demonstrating the correctability of fused silica substrates within a capture range of 1 µm in surface peak-to-valley or 200 in RMS slope using local laser micromachining. We also showed the laser induced integrated stress increases linearly with the micromachining density.
Atomic Force Microscopy: Principles and Systems Viewpoint Enabled Methods

Atomic force microscopy and related principles have enabled nanoscale science and engineering, which have impacted basic and applied sciences in a fundamental way. The main focus of the chapter is to elucidate the important role that a systems and controls perspective has played in improving the resolution and bandwidth of the atomic force microscope (AFM) and in providing newer methods of imaging. After providing basic foundations of atomic force microscopy, a framework is developed for analysis, design, and evaluation of nanopositioning systems. Fundamental limitations on the control design are determined and the relative tradeoffs between the resolution, bandwidth, and robustness objectives are analyzed. System theoretic designs that achieve desired tradeoffs between resolution and bandwidth objectives are presented. A design from this framework that demonstrates sub-nanometer positioning resolution is illustrated, where it is also shown that tracking error can be made largely independent of scan speed. Using the systems framework, an optimal multi-input multi-output (MIMO) control design is developed for a multi-axis positioning system. This design compensates for the interaxial coupling between the dynamics allowing for stages with smaller masses thereby increasing bandwidth. It is shown that a systems approach to the main probe and its interaction with the sample facilitates a viewpoint of a linear system in a feedback interconnection with a static nonlinearity that has lead to considerable simplification of the analysis of dynamic mode operation. Based on this approach, a method of reconstruction of the tip-sample nonlinearity is presented. A new mode of AFM-based sample detection, the transient force atomic force microscopy method is developed that has led to two orders increase in sample detection rates. Real-time models also help in detection of probe-loss that plagues most high bandwidth AFM-based nanointerrogation methods. A method for real-time detection of probe-loss and its subsequent correction is highlighted in the chapter. The imaging of sample parameters based on a bank of models is subsequently presented. Finally, an ultra-high resolution minimally invasive sample interrogation method is presented.
Organization and Development of the Forepaw Representation in Forepaw Barrel Subfield in Somatosensory Cortex of Rat

Woolsey and Van der Loos (1970) rekindled the interest in the glomerular structures described by Lorente de No (1922, 1938) in layer IV of mouse somatosensory cortex. The subsequent 20 years of work on those structures by these investigators, their colleagues and students, and others has enhanced our understanding of the organization and development of the rodent primary somatosensory cortex (SI). These glomeruluslike structures, renamed barrels by Woolsey and Van der Loos (1970) because they resemble whiskey barrels, have been an important model system for studying the relationship between cortical structure and function in both the developing and the adult nervous systems.
Globalization, Populism, Conspiracism

This chapter focuses on Trump’s populist use of ethno-nationalist and popular resentment generated by neoliberal globalization, which not very long ago was touted by liberal pundits and politicians as inevitable and irresistible. The first and last parts draw on secondary analysis to show how during the election campaign and his first 14 months in office Trump traded upon ethno-nationalism. An ecological analysis of the Trump vote in primaries and the general election shows that one key source of Trump support were voters in socially and economically distressed communities, much like those that have supported right-wing, hypernationalist, anti-globalization votes in other countries. This chapter also warns against conflating the common trope promoted by pro-globalization pundits, who conflate the populist appeal of Sanders and Trump. Sanders voters tend to reject neoliberal globalization but also generally eschew the ethno-nationalism and the nativist attitudes typical of the paranoid style.