cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Notes on Party Membership in Congress, I.

1949,4? secondary market for G.I. Housing Loan,4' and a coordinatedlongrange farm program.42 In the last category (proposals which Congress considered but failed to enact, or refused to consider) fall such matters as: the ten-point civil rights program-including FEPO and racial equality; statehood for Hawaii and Alaska; the wheat agreements proposal; social security extension; U.M.T.; labor extension courses; housing; increase of old age and survivors insurance; TVA steam plant; health program; federal aid to education; conservation and use of natural resources; new labor law; D.C. home rule; and a multitude of other specific or suggested proposals. Speeches in both chambers, special reports, and reports of the House and Senate committees accompanying the appropriation bills urged curtailment of the expenditures of various administrative agencies. Moreover, the activities of some agencies were severely criticized, as was the case of the "Voice of America" program; nearly a whole day's sitting of the Senate was devoted to criticism of that program. During the session, President Truman vetoed 43 bills and resolutions, of which, as indicated above, 5 became law over his veto. Fourteen vetoes were of the pocket variety.
The roles of plasma binding and receptor specificity in the mineralocorticoid action of aldosterone.

The current hypothesis of the mechanism of action of aldosterone includes an initiating step of binding of the steroid to stereospecific receptor proteins in target tissues. In view of the very low circulating levels of aldosterone relative to other adrenal steroids, there must exist potent specificity—conferring mechanisms to insure appropriate aldosterone occupancy of mineralocorticoid receptors. Two specificity—conferring mechanisms are described which are posited to allow aldosterone occupancy of its appropriate receptor.In vitro, renal aldosterone binding sites are shown to fall into two classes. Those with a higher affinity for aldosterone—Kdlss (37 C)≅ 5X10-10—are termed Type I; those with a lower affinity—Kdiss (37 C)≅ 2.5 X lO-8— Type II. Desoxycorticosterone (DOC) has ∼80% the affinity of aldosterone for both sites. Corticosterone (B) has a high affinity for Type II sites, but less than 2% of the affinity of aldosterone for Type I. From the relative affinities of the three steroids for Type I, t...
A general multi-layer area router

This paper presents a general multi-layer area router based on a novel grid construction scheme. The grid construction scheme produces more wiring tracks than the normal uniform grid scheme and accounts for differing design rules of the layers involved. Initial routing performed on the varying capacity grid is followed by a layer assignment stage. Routing completion is ensured by iterating local and global modifications in the layer assignment stage. Our router has been incorporated into the Custom Cell Synthesis project at MCC and has shown improved results for cell synthesis problems when compared with the router Mighty which was used in earlier versions of the project. spacing rules. (The general area routers such as Mighty(SI and Codar(6) can be used only in this way). This results in low utilization of wiring resources in the lower layers which usually have smaller spacing rules than the layers above. This router overcomes the shortcomings of gridded routers by using a novel approach to forming a virtual grid based on the design rules of each layer used in routing. Placement and routing of transistors are normally followed by a compaction stage which spaces the wires, vias and devices according to design rules. The grid is modelled with the knowledge that the layout will go through a compaction stage before the mask is generated. We use a model in which the tracks in the lower layers are denser than the tracks in the upper
Presidential Support in a Context of Crisis and Recovery in Peru, 1985-2008

Largely due to the theoretical weight given to the role of economic crisis, the existing literature on presidential approval in Peru offers a variety of competing explanations about the factors that account for presidential support. These competing explanations share one bond: they emphasize the absence of traditional economic voting. We argue here that the diversity of interpretations and empirical findings stem from the high degree of volatility experienced by economic indicators, and the failure of existing research to account for the time-dependent variance of presidential popularity. We analyze the impact of eco-nomic performance and key political events on the determination of presidential approval in Peru for the period 1985-2008 using an Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model. Our findings suggest that the effects of economic conditions on presidential approval ap-proximate more traditional economic voting postures than previously thought. To the extent that crisis-ridden economic conditions in Peru have helped to theorize the alleged departures from traditional economic voting, the country is an ideal case to revisit standing propositions in the literature, particularly in a moment when those crisis-ridden economic conditions have disappeared.
The implementation of enterprise resource planning packages in different organisational and national cultures

Abstract Enterprise resource planning (ERP) packages provide generic off-the-shelf business and software solutions to customers. However, these packages are implemented in companies with different organisational and national cultures, and there is growing evidence that failure to adapt ERP packages to fit these cultures leads to projects that are expensive and late. This paper describes research that synthesises social science theories of culture to handle the impact of culture on ERP package implementation more efficiently. It describes a knowledge meta-schema for modelling the surface and the deeper manifestations of culture. It reports an empirical study into the implementation of SAP R/3's sales and distribution (SD) module in a large pharmaceuticals organisation in Scandinavia and the UK. Results provide evidence for an association between organisational culture and ERP implementation problems but no direct evidence for an association between national culture and implementation problems. Furthermore, results demonstrate that these diverse implementation problems can be caused by a mismatch between a small set of core values indicative of a customer's organisational culture. At the end of the paper, our predictions are reviewed, conclusions are made about them and about the work of the key authors of national and organisational culture, and future work is discussed.
Spin-on Polymer Gate Dielectric for High Performance Organic Thin Film Transistors

We have investigated the polymeric insulators benzocyclobutene (BCB), parylene C and polyimide for use as gate dielectrics in pentacene organic thin film transistors (TFTs). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the surface roughness of the polymeric dielectrics and the morphology of pentacene films deposited onto them. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the molecular ordering of pentacene films deposited onto the polymeric dielectrics. We find a correlation between the surface roughness of the gate dielectric and the grain size in deposited pentacene films, with smooth surfaces yielding larger, more dendritic grains. Despite significant changes in film morphology, pentacene TFTs using BCB, parylene C, or polyimide as the gate dielectric have performance comparable to devices using SiO2 as the gate dielectric. These results suggest that there is not a strong correlation between pentacene film grain size and field-effect mobility for these devices. Pentacene TFTs using BCB as the gate dielectric had field-effect mobility as high as 0.7 cm2/V-s, on/off ratio > 107, subthreshold slope less than 2 V/decade, and negative threshold voltage, making them an attractive candidate for use in organic-based large-area electronic applications on flexible substrates.
Evaluating community coalition characteristics and functioning: a summary of measurement tools

Community coalitions and partnerships are frequently used to promote community health; however, little research to evaluate measurement tools for assessing their effectiveness has been reported. This summary identified measurement tools for coalition or partnership characteristics and functioning. The largest numbers of measures were identified for assessing individual and group characteristics, with impact and outcome measures being the least numerous. Published measures often lacked information regarding validity and reliability, with internal consistency reliability being the most commonly reported statistic. Some measures were well defined, but others lacked conceptual clarity. Valid and reliable tools that can be applied across multiple coalitions are necessary in order to achieve a better understanding of the associations among factors influencing optimal coalition functioning and community health impacts and outcomes.
Nkx2.5 homeoprotein regulates expression of gap junction protein connexin 43 and sarcomere organization in postnatal cardiomyocytes.

Abstract Nkx2.5, an evolutionarily conserved homeodomain containing transcription factor, is one of the earliest cardiogenic markers. Although its expression continues through adulthood, its function in adult cardiomyocytes is not well understood. To examine the effect of Nkx2.5 in terminal differentiated postnatal cardiomyocytes, we generated transgenic mice expressing either wild-type Nkx2.5 (TG-wild), a putative transcriptionally active mutant (carboxyl-terminus deletion mutant: TG-ΔC) or a DNA non-binding point mutant of Nkx2.5 (TG-I183P) under α-myosin heavy chain promoter. Most TG-wild and TG-ΔC mice died before 4 months of age with heart failure associated with conduction abnormalities. Cardiomyocytes expressing wild-type Nkx2.5 or a putative transcriptionally active mutant (ΔC) had dramatically reduced expression of connexin 43 and changed sarcomere structure. Wild-type Nkx2.5 adenovirus-infected adult cardiomyocytes demonstrated connexin 43 downregulation as early as 16 h after infection, indicating that connexin 43 downregulation is due to Nkx2.5 overexpression but not due to heart failure phenotype in vivo. These studies indicate that overexpression of Nkx2.5 in terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes dramatically alters cardiac cell structure and function.
MR of diabetes insipidus in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease: case report.

Twenty-six cases of Erdheim-Chester disease have been reported since it was first described in 1930. CNS involvement is highly unusual. In their review of 19 cases of the disease, Miller et al. found only one instance of central diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism. We report a rare case of neurogenic diabetes insipidus associated with Erdheim-Chester disease
Glucose-6-phosphate transporter: the key to glycogen storage disease type Ib

The mammalian glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) first came to attention as a result of studies of the type I glycogen storage diseases (GSD-I). GSD-I was described first by von Gierke (1929) as hepatonephromegalia glycogenia. Later, Cori and Cori (1952) showed that the underlying condition of the disease was an absence of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity in hepatic tissues. As increasing numbers of patients with the clinical symptoms of GSD-I were identified, two subgroups emerged. Enzyme assays of frozen liver samples showed that one group of patients appeared to have no G6Pase activity, while the other group appeared to have retained G6Pase activity. To account for this biochemical heterogeneity, (1968) proposed that patients lacking G6Pase activity should be reclassified as GSD-Ia, while patients retaining G6Pase activity should be reclassified as GSD-lb.
Conservatism vs. conservationism: differential influences of social identities on beliefs about fracking

ABSTRACTAlthough recent expansions in hydraulic fracking operations across the United States have led to greater news coverage and attention from the public, overall understanding remains fairly low. For some, relevant social identities, including environmental or political, may provide a short cut to becoming informed about fracking, or to determining what they believe about it and how that influences their positions on fracking policies. Social identity influence frameworks provide an approach to understanding the relationships between belief and identity, which this study investigates through its affiliational and attitudinal components. National survey data are used to model pathways from environmental and political identities to beliefs about risks associated with fracking. Environmental attitudes significantly predicted belief that fracking has health risks, and mediated a relationship from environmental group affiliation, but environmental information was not significant. Ideology had direct and in...
Tractor beams for optical micromanipulation

Tractor beams are traveling waves that transport illuminated objects in the retrograde direction relative to the direction of propagation. The theory of photokinetic effects identifies design criteria for long-range general- purpose tractor beams. These criteria distinguish first-order tractor beams that couple to induced dipole moments from higher-order tractor beams that rely on coupling to higher-order multipole moments to achieve pulling. First-order tractor beams are inherently longer-ranged and operate on a wider variety of materials. We explore the physics of first-order tractor beams in the context of a family of generalized solenoidal waves.
Introduction to dynamic belief elicitation

We present a protocol for eliciting dynamic beliefs from forecasters. At time t = 0, forecasters hold beliefs about a random variable of interest that will realize publicly at time t = 1. Between t = 0 and t = 1, forecasters observe private information that impacts their beliefs. We design a class of protocols that, at the outset, elicit forecasters' beliefs about the random variable and elicit beliefs about any private information they expect to receive over time, and then elicit the private information that forecasters receive as they receive it. We show that any alternative elicitation mechanism can be approximated by protocols in our class. The information elicited can be used to solve optimally an arbitrary dynamic decision problem.
Electrostatic Basis for Enantioselective Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring Openings of meso-Epoxides

Computational studies of three chiral phosphoric-acid-catalyzed asymmetric ring-openings of meso-epoxides show that the enantioselectivity of these reactions stems from favorable electrostatic interactions of the preferred transition state with the phosphoryl oxygen of the catalyst. The 3,3′-aryl substituents of the catalysts, which are vital for enantioselectivity, serve primarily to create a narrow binding groove that restricts the substrate orientations within the chiral electrostatic environment of the phosphoric acid. This electrostatic, enzyme-like mode of stereoinduction appears to be general for these reactions and suggests a complementary means of achieving stereoinduction in chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. Finally, examination of the mechanism for subsequent reactions in List’s organocatalytic cascade for the synthesis of β-hydroxythiols (Monaco, M. R.; Prevost, S.; List, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 16982) explains the requirement for elevated temperatures for the latter steps in the casca...
Electrostatic risk to reticles in the nanolithography era

Reticles can be damaged by electric field as well as by the conductive transfer of charge. As device feature sizes have moved from the micro- into the nano-regime, reticle sensitivity to electric field has been increasing owing to the physics of field induction. Hence, the predominant risk to production reticles today is from exposure to electric field. Measurements of electric field that illustrate the extreme risk faced by today’s production reticles are presented. It is shown that some of the standard methods used for prevention of electrostatic discharge in semiconductor manufacturing, being based on controlling static charge and voltage, do not offer reticles adequate protection against electric field. In some cases, they actually increase the risk of reticle damage. Methodology developed specifically to protect reticles against electric field is required, which is described in SEMI Standard E163. Measurements are also presented showing that static dissipative plastic is not an ideal material to use for the construction of reticle pods as it both generates and transmits transient electric field. An appropriate combination of insulating material and metallic shielding is shown to provide the best electrostatic protection for reticles, with fail-safe protection only being possible if the reticle is fully shielded within a metal Faraday cage.
SKEPTICISM TOWARDS SANTA ROSALIA, OR WHY ARE THERE SO FEW KINDS OF ANIMALS?

In a classic paper, Hutchinson (1959) set the tone for much of the ecological work done during the past 20 years by suggesting that ecologists try to explain the numbers of species of animals. Hutchinson's approach was ecological, explaining diversity by explaining how the species could coexist. There can be little question that competitive exclusion sets an upper limit on species diversity, but it is not obvious that this upper limit will be achieved. There may be additional constraints on the process of speciation, constraints set by genetics rather than ecology. It has been usual for evolutionists to reject the possibility of sympatric speciation, and this amounts to asserting the existence of such genetic constraints. Even if the ecological opportunity for coexistence is present, under the conventional view lack of geographic isolation can prevent speciation. The attempt by Rosenzweig (1975) to give a comprehensive explanation of continental species diversity takes as its starting point the assumption that geographic isolation is a necessary prerequisite to species formation. A number of workers have made and analyzed detailed population genetic models of sympatric or parapatric speciation, in particular Maynard Smith (1966), Dickinson and Antonovics (1973), and Caisse and Antonovics (1978). Balkau and Feldman (1973) made a model of migration modification which can also be regarded as a model of parapatric speciation. The upshot of these models is that it is not difficult for sympatric speciation to occur. While these authors have largely been concerned with showing that sym-
Genes Associated with Alcohol Withdrawal

Worldwide, alcohol is the third leading risk factor for disease burden, while its harmful use leads to 2.5 million deaths every year. Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex disease, with devastating effects on individuals, families, and society. It is estimated that 76.3 million people worldwide have suffered from alcohol use disorders (AUD), including alcohol abuse and AD. Alcohol withdrawal or alcohol withdrawal symptom (AWS) refers to a cluster of symptoms that may occur when a heavy drinker suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake. These symptoms can start as early as 2 h after the last drink, persist for weeks, and range from mild anxiety and shakiness to severe complications, such as seizures and delirium tremens. Family, twin, and adoption studies have indicated that genetic and environmental factors and their interactions contribute to the development of AD and related phenotypes, with a heritability coefficient of more than 0.5 for AD. Whole-genome linkage and candidate gene association studies have successfully identified several chromosome regions and genes that are related to AD and AWS. Furthermore, gene expression analysis, epigenetic studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided regions and loci for AWS. This chapter reviews the recent findings in genetic studies of AWS.
The effective evaluation height for flux-gradient relationships and its application to herbicide fluxes

Abstract Volatilization represents a significant loss pathway for many pesticides, herbicides and other agrochemicals. One common method for measuring the volatilization of agrochemicals is the flux-gradient method. Using this method, the chemical flux is estimated as the product of the vertical concentration gradient and a turbulent-transfer coefficient (eddy diffusivity). For computational simplicity, the evaluation height needed to calculate the eddy diffusivity is typically approximated as either the geometric or logarithmic mean. Both of these estimation methods are based on simplifying assumptions and can be a significant source of error, particularly when the separation distance between the measurement heights is large. Using data collected over an eight-year period at the USDA-ARS OPE3 experimental watershed, this study compared fluxes of metolachlor, a commonly-used herbicide, computed using the approximated evaluation heights with those calculated using the exact evaluation height. While it was found that the primary factor influencing the accuracy of the flux estimates using the approximate evaluation heights was atmospheric stability, errors in the estimate of the evaluation height can result in significant (>10%) errors in the flux estimates. Based on these results, it is recommended that the exact evaluation height be used with the flux-gradient technique.
Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder: going beyond the guidelines.

Summary This article discusses the study of Harpaz-Rotem and associates, who examined patterns of medication use in first-diagnosed veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It considers the difference between practice guidelines and actual prescribing; selectively identifies issues with antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and prazosin; and reviews the possible impact of new medications in the pipeline. Declaration of interests In the past 36 months, J.D. has received compensation for consulting with Edgemont, Turing and Tonix Pharmaceuticals; royalties in connection with publications by Springer, Guilford and McFarland Publishers and use of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Davidson Trauma Scale, Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and Mini-SPIN; service on the INTRuST Data Safety and Monitoring Board, University of California, San Diego. Copyright and usage © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
Melting Behavior and Heat of Fusion of Compounds that Undergo Simultaneous Melting and Decomposition: An Investigation with HMX

Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) undergoes almost a simultaneous transition from melting to decomposition, which makes direct measurement of the heat of fusion from calorimetric studies very difficult. The heat of fusion of HMX reported in the literature is unusually high when compared to those of energetic materials with similar molecular structures such as 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and [3-nitrooxy-2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)propyl] nitrate. In this work, we investigate melting properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and theories of solubility thermodynamics. A series of DSC experiments with heating rates 0.25–20 K/min show that melting onset of HMX starts appearing at heating rates between 5.5–6.0 K/min. Since the melting endotherm is convoluted with the decomposition exotherm, we determine the heat of fusion of HMX based on solubility thermodynamics by measuring the melting point depression of HMX in the presence of RDX. The heat of fusion obtained fr...
Some red cell enzyme phenotype frequencies in Chinese.

Eight enzymes: phosphoglycerate kinase, soluble glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, isocitric dehydrogenase, adenosine deaminase, peptidase A, peptidase B, and “indophenol oxidase” were examined electrophoretically in red cells from 160 Taiwanese samples. Only GPT and ADA were found to exhibit polymorphism, the gene frequency for GPT1 and ADA1 being about 0.51 and 0.95 respectively. No S-GOT variation was identified in this particular population, although an atypical gene frequency of 0.02 was anticipated from prior surveys of Asiatic groups. These samples were collected in 1960 and preserved in glycerol indicating that meaningful results can be obtained on specimens stored for prolonged periods.
Do Adipocytes Emerge from Mural Progenitors

Gupta and colleagues highlight recent work, including their own, that suggested based on lineage tracing that mural cells are adipogenic, contrasting with the conclusions of a recent Cell Stem Cell paper.
Inequality cloth

As has been noted and discussed by various authors, numerical simulations of deformable bodies often adversely suffer from so-called "locking" artifacts. We illustrate that the "locking" of out-of-plane bending motion that results from even an edge-spring-only cloth simulation can be quite severe, noting that the typical remedy of softening the elastic model leads to an unwanted rubbery look. We demonstrate that this "locking" is due to the well-accepted notion that edge springs in the cloth mesh should preserve their lengths, and instead propose an inequality constraint that stops edges from stretching while allowing for edge compression as a surrogate for bending. Notably, this also allows for the capturing of bending modes at scales smaller than those which could typically be represented by the mesh. Various authors have recently begun to explore optimization frameworks for deformable body simulation, which is particularly germane to our inequality cloth framework. After exploring such approaches, we choose a particular approach and illustrate its feasibility in a number of scenarios including contact, collision, and self-collision. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the inequality approach when it comes to folding, bending, and wrinkling, especially on coarser meshes, thus opening up a plethora of interesting possibilities.
Nuevo registro del murciélago rufo cara de perro Molossops Neglectus (chiroptera: molossidae) en Colombia

El murcielago Molossops neglectus ha sido registrado en pocas localidades a lo largo de su distribucion. Se documenta el hallazgo de un individuo de la especie en un area urbana al sur del municipio Santiago de Cali, Colombia. M. neglectus habia sido registrado previamente en Puerto Leguizamo (departamento Putumayo) y no habia sido colectado hace mas de 40 anos en el pais. Este registro extiende la distribucion conocida de la especie al menos 450 km al noroccidente en Colombia, siendo el primero para un valle interandino en el pais y el mas occidental para la especie.
Ketamine and ketamine metabolites as novel estrogen receptor ligands: Induction of cytochrome P450 and AMPA glutamate receptor gene expression.

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric illness worldwide, and it displays a striking sex-dependent difference in incidence, with two thirds of MDD patients being women. Ketamine treatment can produce rapid antidepressant effects in MDD patients, effects that are mediated—at least partially—through glutamatergic neurotransmission. Two active metabolites of ketamine, ( 2R,6R )-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and ( 2S,6S)- HNK, also appear to play a key role in ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effects through the activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors. In the present study, we demonstrated that estrogen plus ketamine or estrogen plus active ketamine metabolites displayed additive effects on the induction of the expression of AMPA receptor subunits. In parallel, the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was also significantly upregulated. Even more striking, radioligand binding assays demonstrated that [ 3 H]-ketamine can directly bind to ERα ( K D : 344.5 ± 13 nM). Furthermore, ketamine and its (2 R ,6 R )-HNK and (2 S ,6 S )-HNK metabolites displayed similar affinity for ERα (IC 50 : 2.31 ± 0.1, 3.40 ± 0.2, and 3.53 ± 0.2 µM, respectively) as determined by [ 3 H]-ketamine displacement assays. Finally, induction of AMPA receptors by either estrogens or ketamine and its metabolites was lost when ERα was knocked down or silenced pharmacologically. These results suggest a positive feedback loop by which estrogens can augment the effects of ketamine and its (2 R ,6 R )-HNK and (2 S ,6 S )-HNK metabolites on the ERα-induced transcription of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6, estrogen inducible enzymes that catalyze ketamine’s biotransformation to form the two active metabolites. These observations provide novel insight into ketamine’s molecular mechanism(s) of action and have potential implications for the treatment of MDD.
The Duality of Experience and the Perplexities of Method

The inadequacy of a mechanistic psychology such as dominates the academic scene today has long been recognized. Not by polemics, however, can relief be expected; nor will a loosely conceived humanistic psychology provide the remedy. New ideas are required which will neither abandon reason in favor of undisciplined emotion nor drive a wedge between science and life. The general direction of the effort we should be making is clear: the mathematical mode of thought, a signal feature of modern science, must be liberated from its enslavement to mechanistic principles and technological ends, and the general matrix of experience in which it is embedded must be recovered, valued, explored. I will argue that the human mind is at least dual in its tendencies, and that grave perplexities of method issue from this fact, and even more from the neglect of it.
The Romantic Author and the Romance Writer: Resisting Gendered Concepts of Creativity

Dominant narratives of creativity regularly expect female-associated forms of creativity to be provisioned naturally without need for the economic incentives provided by exclusive rights, just like housework and childcare. Even as the concept of Romantic authorship has come under sustained analytic assault, its challengers often look elsewhere – to the kinds of creativity in which men are more likely to participate – to find models of situated, always-influenced authorship. In this chapter, I examine one variant of the problem, in which certain arguments about copyright discount the value of forms that are predominantly produced and enjoyed by women. But creative works in these oft-denigrated genres, such as media fandom, open up new possibilities in sexual and gender relations, and women learn to see themselves as valuable speakers by becoming creators. As a result, increasing the visibility of women’s creative works, including explicitly transformative works based on specific copyrighted predecessors, is an important part of rejecting the fetishization of Romantic authorship and valuing diverse kinds of creativity.
Decision Making and the System Paradigm

This chapter introduces readers to the process of decision making as the basis for SYSTEM DESIGN. Decision making is conceived of as an iterative cycle which takes place in the context of an inquiring system whose inputs are subsumed under the label of the epistemology of the inquiring system. The elements of epistemology originate from other inquiring systems and from the paradigm. Design stems from the need to solve a problem. Problem solving is but another decision-making activity of an inquiring system. The decision-making cycle is at the basis of the system paradigm, a fluid methodology which incorporates all the elements of the system approach.
Reflections and Reviews

Almost half a century ago, the social philosopher Hannah Arendt warned that advances in technology and the increase in free time were providing humankind with the opportunity to consume the whole world. “That … consumption is no longer restricted to the necessities but, on the contrary, mainly concentrates on the superfluities of life … harbors the grave danger that eventually no object of the world will be safe from consumption and annihilation through consumption” (Arendt 1958).
Explanatory Chapter: How Plasmid Preparation Kits Work

To isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria using a commercial plasmid miniprep kit (if interested, compare this protocol with Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacteria).
Bag-Mask Ventilation during Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults

Abstract Background Hypoxemia is the most common complication during tracheal intubation of critically ill adults and may increase the risk of cardiac arrest and death. Whether positive-pressure ve...
Unraveling the complex relationship between environmental and financial performance ─── A multilevel longitudinal analysis

Abstract Many business managers start to adopt environmental-friendly activities due to pressures and concerns regarding the potential adverse environmental impacts from their regular activities. However, there is no consensus regarding whether better environmental performance can lead to superior financial performance. Academic research also shows mixed or even contradictory results, possibly due to various limitations and problems. This study builds a multilevel framework to study the complicated relationship between environmental performance and financial return and synthesize those non-consensus results in many previous studies. An overall positive relationship is found between environmental and financial performance with variations across companies and industries due to the company- and industry-level heterogeneities. A negative relationship is also identified for some firms in some industry sectors. Moreover, the bi-directional causal relationship between environmental and financial performance also implies that it is necessary for companies to have sufficient financial resources in order to implement proactive environmental strategies and initiatives. The findings in this study make contributions to the literature, provide guidelines for managers and investors, and give implications for policymakers.
Technological Resources in Title 1 Schools: The Development of Preservice Teachers' Professional Identities

Professional identity was used to analyze the complex set of technological skills and understanding of pre-service teachers as they developed metacognitive behaviors. Multiple data sources were used to triangulate findings. Luehman’s (2007) perspective of professional identity was used to analyze the data using a Case Story of each participant’s development of a professional identity as they developed learning opportunities for students in Title 1 schools during their final internship. Findings indicated that the affordances of technology present both opportunities and challenges as pre-service teachers navigate and explore their professional identity while developing learning opportunities for student learning using technology.
Fashion informatics and the network of fashion knockoffs

Knowledge discovery techniques have a long history of application to fields of practice such as marketing and business intelligence. Fashion and other manufacturing compartments have comparably enjoyed little attention from computer scientists. With the increasing availability of multimedia data from the Web and social media, our understanding of the fashion apparel industry could be significantly enhanced through the use of knowledge discovery methods and of large scale datasets obtained from places such as Twitter and Instagram. Here, we are interested in one of the issues at the center of the contemporary structure and dynamics of the fashion industry: the practice of knockoffs. We combine Web scraping and network science techniques to give a preliminary characterization of how brands knock designs off each other. Such a study could be one of the first examples of an emergent field, which we refer to and define as “fashion informatics.”
Physics-based probabilistic models: Integrating differential equations and observational data

Abstract This paper proposes a general formulation for physics-based probabilistic models that are computationally convenient for uncertainty quantification and reliability analysis of complex systems while integrating the governing physical laws. The proposed formulation starts with the prediction of the quantities of interest using differential equations that represent the governing physical laws. For computational efficiency, the solution of the governing differential equations might be approximated. The predictions from the differential equations are then improved by introducing analytical correction terms that capture those physical characteristics of the phenomenon not fully captured by the differential equations. The paper also presents nested probabilistic models for uncertain physical characteristics that are difficult to measure. Observational data are required to calibrate the nested probabilistic models and correction terms. To provide context, the paper discusses physics-based probabilistic models for a class of boundary value problems that includes as a special case, the steady advection–diffusion–reaction equation, governing a diverse range of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. Using the Bayesian approach, the differential equations are combined with observational data and any prior information to estimate the unknown model parameters and uncertain system characteristics. The paper then formulates the reliability problem for the computation of failure probability of physical and engineering systems using the proposed physics-based probabilistic models. To illustrate, the paper considers the reliability analysis of axially loaded rock socketed drilled shafts.
Therapy of the Conscience: Technical Recommendations for Working on the Harsh Superego of the Patient

An indispensable goal of intensive psychotherapy is to modify areas of the superego which are unreasonably harsh and punitive—yet, surprisingly little is written on this topic. In this paper, after discussing various aspects of the superego, I recommend an active treatment technique which involves educating the patient, over time, about how pervasive and punitive is—for lack of a better word—the conscience—of his or her mind. During this process, one can expect a softening and lessening of the patient's punitive superego and an expansion of the patient's benign or benevolent superego, as the patient begins to identify with and introject more of the compassionate attitudes which have been imparted and experienced in the intimate relationship of psychotherapy.
Development of antigen sandwich ELISA to detect interferon-alpha (IFN-α) using monoclonal antibodies in chicken

Interferon alpha (IFN-α) belongs to the type I interferon family which mediates an early innate immune response to viral infections. In the present study, we developed sandwich ELISA using specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to measure IFN-α production in chickens. Recombinant chicken IFN-α (chIFN-α) expressed in yeast were purchased from Kingfisher Biotech, and used to immunize the mice. Five mAbs which specifically recognize chicken IFN-α antigen were selected and characterized. For sandwich ELISA development, mAbs were labeled with biotin, followed by a pairing test to identify the best capture and detection antibodies. Two sets of mouse anti-chIFN-α mAb pairs were determined and a standard curve was established using recombinant chIFN-α. The sandwich ELISA effectively detected an increased IFN-α production in chicken macrophage cells stimulated by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and its minimum detectable level was about 25 pg/mL. The anti-viral activity of chIFN-α against vesicular stomatitis virus was characterized in avian embryonic fibroblast and the mouse anti-chIFN-α mAbs which neutralize its activity were identified. The newly developed antigen sandwich ELISA developed in this study will be a useful tool to monitor IFN-α production in chickens.
SAVE: Sparsity-Aware Vector Engine for Accelerating DNN Training and Inference on CPUs

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is the key operation in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). While dense GEMM uses SIMD CPUs efficiently, sparse GEMM is much less efficient, especially at the modest levels of unstructured sparsity common in DNN inference/training. Thus, most DNNs use dense GEMM.In this paper, we propose SAVE, a novel vector engine for CPUs that efficiently skips ineffectual computation due to sparsity in dense DNN implementations. SAVE’s hardware extensions to the vector pipeline are transparent to software. SAVE accelerates FP32 and mixed-precision kernels with unstructured sparsity from both weights and activations. Further, SAVE is not DNN-specific and can potentially speed-up any vector workload with sparsity. To evaluate SAVE, we use simulations of a 28-core machine and run VGG16, ResNet-50, and GNMT, with and without pruning. With realistic sparsity, SAVE accelerates inference by 1.37x-1.68x and end-to-end training by 1.28x-1.64x.
How Many Concussions Would It Take for Athletes to Choose to Discontinue Participation in Their Primary Sport

The process by which athletes decide to continue or discontinue sport participation after concussion has not been explicated. Intercollegiate and club sport athletes (N = 394) completed an online survey that included assessments of demographic factors, the total number of concussions (and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears) that would prompt sport retirement, concussion history, and athletic identity. On average, participants reported that they would retire from their primary sport after sustaining 3 to 4 concussions (and approximately 2 ACL tears). The total number of concussions reported was negatively correlated with the number of additional concussions it would take to precipitate sport retirement. Athletic identity was positively associated with the number of concussions that participants with a history of one or more concussions reported would prompt them to retire from their primary sport. The results provide information of potential utility to professionals implementing concussion education programs and working with athletes at risk of experiencing concussion.
The effect of body surface area exposure to menthol on temperature regulation and perception in men.

Abstract Introduction In warm conditions topical application of menthol increases cool sensations and influences deep body temperature. The purpose of this experiment was to explore whether different body surface areas (BSA) exposed to menthol influence these responses. It was hypothesized that the forcing function exerted by menthol will be proportionally related to BSA. Method Using a within-participant design, 13 participants underwent three BSA exposures (Small [S; finger]; Medium [M; arm]; Large [L; upper/lower body]) to 4.13% menthol, and one Placebo exposure. During each exposure participants rested supine in a tent (30 °C, 50%rh) for 30-min before their intervention and 30-min thereafter. Measures included thermal sensation, thermal comfort, irritation, skin blood flow (finger SkBF; laser Doppler flowmetry), rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperature (chest, forearm, thigh, calf). The Area Under the Curve from minute 30 to 60 was calculated and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA or Friedman's test with post-hoc testing (0.05 alpha level). Results There was no significant difference in any measure of thermometry (p > 0.05), while SKBF was significantly lowered in L, M, and S vs. P respectively (p Conclusions Despite similar skin temperatures, larger BSA's exposed to menthol caused cooler sensations, likely due to the activation of a larger pool of menthol-sensitive neurons. This occurred in the absence of thermal discomfort and without perceptions of irritation exceeding ‘weak’. Larger BSA's also exhibited greater alterations in Tre, likely driven by a reduction in SkBF, but despite this mean body temperature was regulated suggesting the thermoregulatory system can cope with the range of BSA exposures studied herein.
Burning Chemical Waste Disposal Site: Investigation, Assessment and Rehabilitation

A series of underground fires on a site previously used for disposal of chemical wastes from the nylon industry was causing a nuisance and restricting the commercial development of the site and adjacent areas. The physical and environmental contexts of the combustion zones required most careful examination both from the investigation and potential rehabilitation viewpoints. This paper outlines the structured approach adopted on this unique project, involving considerable expertise in investigation and analytical techniques, chemical processes, environmental health and engineering practice.
Mechanisms of Multiphoton Photoemission from Metal Surfaces

Multiphoton photoemission (MPP) from metal surfaces with energy, momentum, time, and resolution enables probing the electronic structure, optical response, and electron dynamics at metal surfaces. We discuss recent progress in understanding of the MPP excitation process for Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces using tunable femtosecond laser excitation and photoelectron E(k) imaging.
An immunohistochemical analysis of SERT in the blood–brain barrier of the male rat brain

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was originally discovered as a vasoconstrictor. 5-HT lowers blood pressure when administered peripherally to both normotensive and hypertensive male rats. Because the serotonin transporter (SERT) can function bidirectionally, we must consider whether 5-HT can be transported from the bloodstream to the central nervous system (CNS) in facilitating the fall in blood pressure. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier that restricts movement of substances from the bloodstream to the CNS and vice versa, but the rat BBB has not been investigated in terms of SERT expression. This requires us to determine whether the BBB of the rat, the species in which we first observed a fall in blood pressure to infused 5-HT, expresses SERT. We hypothesized that SERT is present in the BBB of the male rat. To test this hypothesis, over 500 blood vessels were sampled from coronal slices of six male rat brains. Immunofluorescence of these coronal slices was used to determine whether SERT and RecA-1 (an endothelial cell marker) colocalized to the BBB. Blood vessels were considered to be capillaries if they were between 1.5 and 23 µm (intraluminal diameter). SERT was identified in the largest pial vessels of the BBB (mean ± SEM = 228.70 ± 18.71 µm, N = 9) and the smallest capillaries (mean ± SEM = 2.75 ± 0.12 µm, N = 369). SERT was not identified in the endothelium of blood vessels ranging from 20 to 135 µm (N = 45). The expression of SERT in the rat BBB means that 5-HT entry into the CNS must be considered a potential mechanism when investigating 5-HT-induced fall in blood pressure.
Action of Microorganisms on Bituminous Materials I. Effect of Bacteria on Asphalt Viscosity

Visual effects of Mycobacterium ranae on a 135-penetration asphalt (asphalt 1A) are described, which show the texture and rheological characteristics of the asphalt to be modified by microbial action. A bentonite-asphalt emulsion system for asphalts 1A, 3A, and 6A was used to subject these materials to the degradative activity of M. ranae and Nocardia coeliaca for 4 months at 30 C. N. coeliaca caused 1.5-, 3.9-, and 6.8-fold increases in relative viscosity of asphalts 1A, 3A, and 6A, respectively. A similar susceptibility pattern for M. ranae was obtained on the same asphalts, but apparently this organism exerted even a greater effect on asphalt 6A since the viscosity of this residue was too hard to be determined satisfactorily. Comparison of these data with analyses of the three asphalts indicates that the organisms probably attack the resin components of the asphalts. Images