cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Confinement and Breakout of Protostellar Winds: Quasi-Steady Solution

The driving sources of optical jets and molecular outflows may be accreting protostars. Accordingly, we consider the interaction of a spherical, protostellar wind with the time-dependent infall from a rotating parent cloud. The two flows collide in a shocked shell, whose evolution we follow numerically. Both wind and infall material enter the shell and flow down toward an equatorial disk. We assume that the shell is axisymmetric and evolves quasi-steadily, i.e., over a period long compared to the crossing time of the transverse flow. At early times, no shell exists, as infall crushes the wind against the protostellar surface. When a steady state shell does first appear, it is roughly spherical, with radius r ~ 1013 cm. Gradually, the surface both swells and elongates in the direction of the cloud's rotational axis. This elongation is a response to the increasing centrifugal distortion of the infall. On the other hand, the main force confining the shell is not the infall ram pressure but stellar gravity. Elongation continues until the polar radius extends to about 1016 cm, at which point our quasi-steady assumption breaks down. This event, which typically occurs some 105 yr after the start of infall, marks the breakout of the wind. Comparing our theoretical results to observed outflow sources, we find that both the initial appearance and disruption of our shell occur too late after formation of the central protostar. We speculate that a fully time-dependent calculation will yield a phase of periodic advance and retreat of the shell, leading eventually to breakout.
Audiences, Narratives, and Human Values in Social Studies of Technology

I am pleased to debate the nature of social studies of technology (SST) with a scholar who has helped pioneer important advances in our understanding the social epistemology of the laboratory sciences. Woolgar and Grint's comments give me an interesting opportunity to articulate some implicit assumptions of "Computerization and Social Transformation" (Kling 1991). Here I respond to Woolgar and Grint's (1991) commentary and also to Woolgar's (1991) closely related critique of SST.
A Comparative Study of the Attitudes of Alcoholic Veterans and Nonalcoholic Veterans toward Child Rearing Practices and Family Life

To compare parental attitudes of alcoholics and nonalcoholics a parental attitude questionnaire (PARI-Q4) was administered to a stratified sample of alcoholic veterans in a VA alcohol treatment program and to nonalcoholic male veterans employed at the VAMC. The f-test was used to test equality between samples. Pearson's r was used to correlate for age on all scales. ANOVA methods were used to correlate race, social class, and fatherhood variables. Significant differences between the groups appeared on six scales, “Encouraging Verbalization,” “Avoiding Harsh Punishment,” “Encouraging Emotional Expression,” “Irresponsibility of Father,” “Inconsiderate-ness of Wife,” and “Tolerating Aggression.” No significant differences regarding fatherhood, race, age or social class were found. Since alcoholism was the only significant variable found in this study it points to the need for intervention through teaching parental skills to alcoholics to decrease the risk of their children becoming alcoholics.
Collective intelligence in the online social network of yahoo!answers and its implications

Question and Answer (Q&A) websites such as Yahoo!Answers provide a platform where users can post questions and receive answers. These systems take advantage of the collective intelligence of users to find information. In this paper, we analyze the online social network (OSN) in Yahoo!Answers. Based on a large amount of our collected data, we studied the OSN's structural properties, which reveals strikingly distinct properties such as low link symmetry and weak correlation between indegree and outdegree. After studying the knowledge base and behaviors of the users, we find that a small number of top contributors answer most of the questions in the system. Also, each top contributor focuses on only a few knowledge categories. In addition, the knowledge categories of the users are highly clustered. We also study the knowledge base in a user's social network, which reveals that the members in a user's social network share only a few knowledge categories. Based on the findings, we provide guidance in the design of spammer detection algorithms and distributed Q&A systems. We also propose a friendship-knowledge oriented Q&A framework that synergically combines current OSN-based Q&A and web Q&A. We believe that the results presented in this paper are crucial in understanding the collective intelligence in the web Q&A OSNs and lay a cornerstone for the evolution of next-generation Q&A systems.
AUF1 is upregulated by angiotensin II to destabilize cardiac Kv4.3 channel mRNA

Expression of cardiac myocyte Kv4 channels (Kv4.3 for human, Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 for rodents) is downregulated with hypertrophy in vivo leading to a decrease in the transient outward current (Ito). This effect is recapitulated in vitro with rat neonatal cardiac myocytes treated with angiotensin II (Ang II), which acts via AT1 receptors, NADPH oxidase and p38 MAP kinase to destabilize the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the Kv4.3 channel messenger RNA (mRNA). Here deletion analysis and mutagenesis identify an AU-rich element (ARE) in the Kv4.3 3′UTR that is required for Ang II-induced destabilization. Overexpression of AUF1 (ARE/poly-(U)-binding/degradation factor 1), an RNA destabilizing protein, mimics and occludes the Ang II effect, while RNA interference targeted against AUF1 blocks the Ang II effect on the Kv4.3 3′UTR. Ang II upregulates AUF1 by activating AT1 receptors, NADPH oxidase and p38 MAP kinase. Finally, pull-down assays establish that Ang II increases AUF1 binding to the ARE required for destabilization, while binding of the mRNA stabilizing protein HuR is unaffected. Hence, Ang II acts via AT1 receptors, NADPH oxidase and p38 MAP kinase to upregulate AUF1, which in turn binds to an ARE in the Kv4.3 3′UTR to destabilize the channel mRNA.
Becoming a Science: Sociology at a Milestone:

tating as the linguistic tic "you know" intrud ing in much of modern speech. This is trivial of course but the usage seems like a sop to those needing motivation. Far more problem atic is the use of concepts that are never intro duced or are introduced later in the book. On p. 4 we are told that "the square root of a number is a radical of order two." Despite the notation after the sentence, a naive reader could be forgiven for wondering "what is a 'radical'?" In chapter 3, determinants and per mutation matrices are used well before they are introduced. In chapter 5, he uses d as a symbol for derivatives and suddenly switches to the symbol for partial derivatives without explanation. True, it is explained four pages later but the ordering is still off. Worse, some equations slink into the prose without com ment or explanation. The book requires an instructor and/or a reader knowledgeable in mathematics to follow the arguments, a fea ture contradicting "the only required material is knowledge of high school algebra and geometry" (p. xxii). Mathematics is used in the social sciences either explicitly in formal models or implicitly Toolkit Essays 545
Road assessment after flood events using non-authoritative data

Abstract. This research proposes a methodology that leverages non-authoritative data to augment flood extent mapping and the evaluation of transportation infrastructure. The novelty of this approach is the application of freely available, non-authoritative data and its integration with established data and methods. Crowdsourced photos and volunteered geographic data are fused together using a geostatistical interpolation to create an estimation of flood damage in New York City following Hurricane Sandy. This damage assessment is utilized to augment an authoritative storm surge map as well as to create a road damage map for the affected region.
Influence of Balloon Angioplasty on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

We assessed the influence of elective balloon angioplasty on heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with coronary artery disease. In 62 patients (41 men and 21 women, aged 33 to 69), two 6-minute electrocardiographic recordings were performed 2 hours apart. Patients were divided into three groups: group A (26 patients) underwent balloon angioplasty; group B (14 patients) underwent coronary angiography alone, and group C (22 patients) served as controls. There was a statistically significant decrease in time and frequency domain measurements in group A patients after successful balloon angioplasty (P < 0.05). The logarithm of the high frequency decreased in group B patients after coronary angiography alone (P < 0.05). HRV did not change in group C. There was no correlation with lesion location. We conclude that in patients with coronary arterial disease, successful balloon angioplasty is associated with an immediate decrease in HRV in time and frequency domains regardless of the artery involved. Coronary angiography alone is associated with an early decrease in the logarithm of the high frequency domain measurement of HRV. These changes may be due to procedure-related factors, patient characteristics, and microvascular derangements. A delayed improvement in HRV after balloon angioplasty is not addressed by the present study and warrants further evaluation.
The Ah Receptor Can Bind Ligand in the Absence of Receptor-Associated Heat-Shock Protein 90

Abstract The Ah receptor (AhR) is a soluble ligand-dependent DNA regulatory protein that mediates many of the biological responses to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and related chemicals. In the absence of ligand, the cytosolic form of the AhR is found complexed with at least two molecules of hsp90, a heat shock protein of 90 kDa. In addition to its role in AhR protein folding and ability to repress the inherent nuclear localization, dimerization, and DNA binding activity of the AhR, it has been reported that hsp90 is absolutely required for maintaining the AhR in its high-affinity ligand binding conformation. The ability of high salt conditions (0.4 M KCl) to dissociate the multimeric AhR complex into its monomeric form provides us with an avenue to examine the role of hsp90 in AhR ligand binding activity. In contrast to previous reports, we demonstrate that salt-dissociated “hsp90-free” AhR from several species still retains the ability to specifically bind ligand ([ 3 H]TCDD). Although partial inactivation of ligand binding of salt-dissociated rat hepatic AhR was observed (to a maximum of 50% of total AhR binding), the presence of bound ligand protected against this inactivation. Little or no inactivation of the ligand binding ability of salt-dissociated guinea pig or rabbit AhR occurred. Our results not only indicate a significant species-difference in AhR ligand binding stability and/or activity, but also demonstrate that AhR ligand binding activity does not absolutely require the presence of receptor-bound hsp90.
Methods for studying the pareto-fronts in multi-objective design optimization problems of electrical machines

The paper describes a generic multi-objective problem for surface mounted permanent magnet rotor synchronous machines operated from current-regulated sine-wave power electronic drives. Three objectives are concurrently considered for the maximum specific torque per mass of PM, the minimum specific losses per mass of winding copper and laminated steel, and the minimum relative torque ripple as a fraction of rated average torque. These formulations, together with the use of a parametric model with eight input variables defined relatively to a ninth independent variable, the air-gap (stator inner) diameter, which is the only one employing absolute dimensions, ensure the generality of the method and of the results in a wide range of rated power from 1kW to 1MW. A Differential Evolution optimization algorithm with 4,800 candidate designs, analyzed through a computational efficient electromagnetic FEA technique, is employed. Procedures for systematically studying the resultant optimal pareto-front are proposed. The reported findings include insights into system correlations and engineering recommendations for selecting optimal values for the design input variables.
Opsonization of a complement-independent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by various intravenous human immunoglobulin preparations

Abstract Using a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fisher serotype 2 with an absolute opsonic requirement for immunoglobulin but not complement, it was possible to determine the contribution of commercial immunoglobulin preparations and complement (C′; pooled normal human serum) to opsonophagocytosis. The immunoglobulin preparations from normal human pools tested were NIg(N) (Armour Pharmaceutical Co.) and the reduced and alkylated Gamimmune (NIg(RA); Cutter Lab.). In an in vitro bacterial killing assay NIg(N) contributed to a 0·32 log 10 decrease in bacteria while the reduced and alkylated (NIg(RA)) was ineffective. When C′ was added in concert with NIg(N), killing of bacteria increased but the effect was additive. The addition of C′ to NIg(RA) resulted in killing of the bacteria mainly due to opsonization by C′ or C′-mediated lysis. Immunoglobulin from P. aeruginosa immunized volunteers (NIg(N); Armour Pharmaceutical Co.) opsonized bacteria to a greater extent than did NIg(N) and the activity of NIg(N) plus C′ appeared to be greater than the additive effect of the two opsonic components alone. This test strain provides an important tool in the direct comparison of the effectiveness of immunuglobulin preparations in the promotion of opsonization.
Auditing nonphysician providers' visits through a computer-assisted system.

Abstract The Medical Department is using a computer-assisted system for auditing care provided by mid-level practitioners. Standards of care and corresponding checklist forms have been developed for six common ambulatory problem areas. These include: Respiratory complaints, headache, gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract infections, male genitourinary problems, and minor trauma. The standards for the diagnostic process and treatment of each complaint were developed by a working group of physicians and mid-level practitioners. Providers complete a checklist form for each patient presenting with problems covered by the protocol. The checklist serves as the medical record for the visit. Checklist data is entered into a computer which audits the visit record against protocol standards. The computer identifies records containing discrepancies in the appropriateness of diagnosis, treatment plan, and physician consultation. The computer output is not the end of the audit process. It identifies encounter reco...
Base-catalyzed decomposition of cyclopropenylphosphonium hydroxides

The concept of antiaromaticity was introduced by Breslow (2) to account for the extraordinarily slower rates of hydrogen-deuterium exchange in cyclopropene derivatives having hydrogen activating groups in the 3-position compared with model cyclopropyl systems. Although these kinetic results infer instability of the cyclopropenyl anion relative to the cyclopropyl anion, supporting data of a more thermodynamic nature is desirable. We now report initial results from a study of the decomposition of some cyclopropenylphosphonium hydroxides which, although kinetic in nature, nevertheless permit the establishment of upper and lower limits to the pKa's of triphenyland diphenylcyclopropene. In the attempt to generate the ylid diphenylcyclopropenylidenetriphenylphosphorane (I), a potentially useful intermediate in methylenecyclopropene synthesis, (3) treatment of the phosphonium salt IIa with sodium amide in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) followed by aqueous workup afforded cyclopropenylphosphine oxide IIIa in high yield. In order to test whether this product was arising by base-catalyzed decomposition of the corresponding phosphonium hydroxide formed during workup, IIa was hydrolyzed in aqueous DMSO containing potassium hydroxide
Highly dissociative and concerted mechanism for the nicotinamide cleavage reaction in Sir2Tm enzyme suggested by ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations.

Sir2 enzymes catalyze the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylation and play critical roles in epigenetics, cell death, and lifespan regulation. In spite of a current flurry of experimental studies, the catalytic mechanism for this unique and important class of enzymes remains elusive. Employing on-the-fly Born−Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations with the B3LYP/6-31G(d) QM/MM potential and the umbrella sampling method, we have characterized the initial step of the Sir2Tm-catalyzed reaction, which is also the most controversial portion of its mechanism. Our results indicate that the nicotinamide cleavage reaction employs a highly dissociative and concerted displacement mechanism: the cleavage of the glycosidic bond is facilitated by the nucleophilic participation of the acetyl-lysine, and the dissociative transition state has a significant oxocarbenium ion character. During this step of the reaction, the Sir2Tm enzyme strongly stabilizes the covalent O-alkylamidate intermediate whereas its effect on the ...
Drying gels VII. Diffusion during drying

Abstract An analysis is provided for the drying behavior of a gel whose pores contain a solution of liquids differing in volatility; both viscoelastic and rigid elastic gels are considered. The more volatile liquid (V) evaporates faster, creating a concentration gradient of V in the other liquid, so the flux of V to the surface of the gel results from both flow and diffusion. The diffusive flux removes V from the interior, and can thereby reduce the pressure gradient that causes differential strain and stress. Sample calculations indicate that diffusion can drastically reduce the drying stress in a plate of gel. This is suggested to be one of the functions of “drying control chemical additives” (DCCAs), which tend to be nonvolatile liquids, such as formamide and glycerol, that would provide a medium through which alcohol and water could diffuse. Unfortunately, for every compliant gels, it will not be possible to maintain diffusion control throughout the drying process, so the practical advantage of this mechanism will be less than the potential benefit that the calculations suggest.
Paradoxical aversive conditioning with ethanol.

Abstract In three experiments with hooded rats, paired injections of ethanol and lithium chloride produced an aversion to the taste of ethanol, yet reduced ethanol's potency as an unconditioned stimulus during subsequent taste aversion conditioning with saccharin (i.e., saccharin→ethanol). Two of the experiments were designed to test an associative “blocking” account of the latter finding. In each of these experiments, an attempt was made to extinguish the aversion conditioned to a potential blocking stimulus after ethanol-lithium pairings, but before saccharain-ethanol conditioning. Nonreinforced exposure to intraperitoneally mediated ethanol taste cues did not eliminate the detrimental effect of ethanol-lithium pairings on subsequent saccharin-ethanol conditioning (Experiment 2), whereas nonreinforced exposure to handling-injection cues did (Experiment 3), thus providing support for the associative blocking interpretation. Implications of these findings for chemical aversion therapy are discussed.
A DEA-based multidimensional framework for analysing emerging markets

This study develops a multidimensional framework, using data envelopment analysis as a benchmarking tool, to assess the performance of the emerging markets. Using data envelopment analysis approach, this study compares the relative performance of 21 emerging nations against one another with eight economic variables as the benchmark parameters. This study finds that there is lack of convergence in the performance of 21 nations and some nations have performed more efficiently in contrast to other nations. The study also shows the areas in which inefficient nations are lagging behind and how they can improve their performance to bring them at par with other emerging markets.
Effects of In Utero Ultrasound Exposure In Humans

: A review and analysis of studies of the effects of ultrasound exposure on human fetuses leads to a conclusion that there is no association of exposure with birthweight, hearing loss, or major congenital anomalies. Conflicting data from studies on birthweight is probably due to methodologic problems with the studies that have found positive associations. There have been few sound studies of the effects of in utero ultrasound exposure in humans. Limited studies to date are mostly reassuring, but it is premature to say that ultrasound has been proven safe for the human fetus. Further research on the question of biological effects of ultrasound in humans is needed, particularly the question of a possible association of ultrasound with dyslexia.
Simulations of water isotope abundances in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and implications for stratosphere troposphere exchange

[1] An analytic model of transport and microphysics in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is extended to include stable isotopes of water. The model, running along trajectories, is tested against in situ and satellite observations of HDO and H 2 18 O in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS). The model is able to reproduce the range of isotopic depletions observed in the data, and reproduce individual episodes that mirror or depart from Rayleigh fractionation processes. The results indicate that water substance in the upper troposphere does not follow a Rayleigh distillation model due to the presence of condensed phase water. Stratospheric abundances of stable isotopes of water can be understood based on known isotopic physics, convective transport of ice, and gradual dehydration.
Evaluating the fate of genetically modified microorganisms in the environment: Are they inherently less fit?

Genetically modified microorganisms hold great promise for environmental applications. Nonetheless, some may have unintended adverse effects. Of particular concern for risk assessment is the simple fact that microorganisms are self-replicating entities, so that it may be impossible to control an adverse effect simply by discontinuing further releases of the organism. It has been suggested, however, that genetically modified microorganisms will be poor competitors and therefore unable to persist in the wild due to energetic inefficiency, disruption of genomic coadaptation, or domestication. Many studies support the hypothesis that genetically modified microorganisms are less fit than their progenitors, but there are a few noteworthy counter-examples in which genetic modifications unexpectedly enhance competitive fitness. Furthermore, subsequent evolution may eliminate the maladaptive effects of some genes, increasing the likelihood that a modified organism or its engineered genes will persist. Evaluating the likelihood that a genetically modified microorganism or its engineered genes will persist is a complex ecological and evolutionary problem. Therefore, an efficient regulatory framework would require such evaluations only when there are plausible scenarios for significant adverse environmental effects.
Ocular dominance shift in kitten visual cortex caused by imbalance in retinal electrical activity.

Monocular lid suture during the sensitive period early in the life of a kitten disrupts normal development of inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex, causing a decrease in the fraction of cortical cells responding to the deprived eye1. Such an ocular dominance shift has been assumed to depend on patterned visual experience, because no change in cortical physiology is produced by inequalities between the two eyes in retinal illumination2 or temporally modulated diffuse light stimulation3,4. A higher-level process, involving gating signals from areas outside striate cortex, has been proposed to ensure that sustained changes in synaptic efficacy occur only in response to behaviourally significant visual inputs5. To test whether such a process is necessary for ocular dominance plasticity, we treated 4-week-old kittens with visual deprivation and monocular tetrodotoxin (TTX) injections to create an imbalance in the electrical activities of the two retinas in the absence of patterned vision. After 1 week of treatment we determined the ocular dominance distribution of single units in primary visual cortex. In all kittens studied, a significant ocular dominance shift was found. In addition to this physiological change, there was an anatomical change in the lateral geniculate nucleus, where cells were larger in laminae receiving input from the more active eye. Our results indicate that patterned vision is not necessary for visual cortical plasticity, and that an imbalance in spontaneous retinal activity alone can produce a significant ocular dominance shift.
In vivo estimation of elastic wave parameters using phase-stabilized swept source optical coherence elastography

We report a highly sensitive method based on phase-stabilized swept source optical coherence elastography (PhS-SSOCE) to measure elastic wave propagation in soft tissues in vivo. The waves were introduced using a mechanical stimulus and were assessed using the phase response of the swept source optical coherence tomography signal. The technique was utilized to measure age-related changes in elastic flexural wave velocity and attenuation in mice cornea in vivo. Results demonstrate that the wave velocity increases with animal age, supporting previous observations that stiffness of mice cornea gradually increases with age. Our studies suggest that the PhS-SSOCE technique could potentially be used to obtain biomechanical properties of ocular tissues in vivo.
The Archaeology of Everyday Life at Early Moundville

capacity to lead the human race to a sustainable future of living well with limited resources. Sustainability within finite ecosystems is a central feature and strength of many indigenous knowledge systems and technoeconomic adaptations. Sillitoe argues for the inclusion of local sciences alongside global science to maintain a sufficiently versatile and diverse conceptual tool kit for coping with the challenges of sustainability as we reach the environmental limits of our modern way of life. In doing so, Sillitoe and his coauthors clearly come down on one side of the current debate within environmental anthropology and international development circles over the degree to which indigenous environmental knowledge and practices are useful guides to sustainability. While nowhere arguing that all indigenous adaptations are necessarily sustainable, the book as a whole is a powerful demonstration of the practical value of local science, even when it is expressed in idioms that may appear irrational or just plain strange to the ethnocentric Western observer. Local Science vs. Global Science is most appropriate for graduate students, faculty, and practitioners interested in specific case materials and in a cross-cultural perspective on the epistemology of knowledge.
New primnoid genus and species (Alcyonacea: Primnoidae) from the southwestern Atlantic

Abstract A new genus and species of primnoid octocoral, Heptaprimnoa patagonica, is described from deep water from the cold temperate/Subantarctic region off Argentina and Burdwood Bank. It is distinguished from other primnoid genera by having only seven rows of body wall scales.
Performance Analysis of SDPSK and 1-Bit Differential GMSK Modems for FFH-FDMA Satellite Communications Under Jamming

In this paper, SDPSK and 1-bit differential-detected GMSK are proposed for use in a tactical FH-FDMA on-board processing (OBP) satellite communication system. The proposed waveforms are modeled and their respective error performances are simulated under the effects of jamming. Both waveforms, known to be relatively robust for ACI and ISI, are convolutionally encoded and Fast Frequency Hopped (FFH) to mitigate the effects of jamming which is modeled as Partial Band Noise Jamming (PBNJ) or Band Multi-Tone jamming (BMTJ) with AWGN. Simulations are conducted at the modem level as a preliminary step towards assessing their performances in a multi-channel FDMA OBP satellite system. Results are presented for the various modem configurations, several of which illustrate the effect of the different BT products on the FFH/GMSK waveform. A comparative assessment of FFH/GMSK and FFH/SDPSK under identical jamming is also presented. Based on the empirical results obtained herein, the feasibility of using FFH/GMSK in a mobile tactical FDMA OBP satellite communication system is strongly dependent on the specific BT product used and the severity of ISI. Furthermore, when considering BMTJ with AWGN impairment the modem performance is highly dependent upon the amount of thermal noise present in the jammed channel. On the contrary, FFH/SDPSK is fairly robust and insensitive to broadband noise and ISI, and is thus tentatively preferred for deployment in a mobile tactical FFH/FDMA OBP satellite communication system.
Ethics as Second Philosophy, or the Traces of the Pre-Ethical in Heidegger’s Being and Time

I argue that Heidegger’s central phenomenological contribution to the ethical problematic consists in disclosing the ethical life of subjectivity as split between two extremes, and there is no resolution between them. I show that in Being and Time, one can discern two sharply contrasting tendencies, which I call the anti-ethical and the ante-ethical tendencies. Although Heidegger has provided at least two ways to dispel such an ethical incongruity, I maintain that neither of the proposed solutions is satisfactory; nor is a solution called for. It is rather promising to return to the phenomenological description of two conflicting ethical tendencies in Being and Time. Heidegger’s early description entails a profound insight, viz., the insight that the ethical life of subjectivity is incontestably and inescapably torn between ethical regulations and moral motivations.
Immunochemical Relationships and Subunit Composition of Selected Molluscan Hemocyanins

Among the molluscan hemocyanins that have been studied in this laboratory, the constituent subunits of a gastropod, the giant atlantic murex, Murex fulvescens and a cephalopod, the chambered nautilus, Nautilus pompilius have been isolated and characterized (1,2). In the first case, two electrophoretically-distinct subunits having different structural and functional properties were observed. In the latter case, three subunits with distinct oxygen binding characteristics were isolated. In this study we have used immunoelectrophoresis to determine the subunit composition of these hemocyanins and others whose self-assembly and oxygen binding properties have been studied. We have also investigated whether the immunochemical relationships follow phylogenetic relationships or some other structural or functional criteria.
Root structure and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of the palm Serenoa repens under field conditions

Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small is a palm native to the southeastern USA. It is a common understory plant in pine communities on both acid sands and alkaline limestone. Roots have only primary growth and range in thickness from 8.0 mm (first order roots from the stem) to 0.8–2.9 mm (ultimate roots of third to fifth order). The thickest roots occur at soil depths >20 cm; fine roots (<1.2 mm) occur at all depths (1–60 cm). Some second and third order roots are negatively geotropic and grow up to the mineral soil surface. The epidermis of all roots has a thick, eventually lignified outer wall. Except for the thinnest, all roots have a single-layered, thick-walled exodermis, which is first suberized and later lignified. Root hairs are never present. A hypodermis composed of several layers of lignified cells (up to 8-cells-thick) is next to the exodermis and forms the outer cortex. Radial series of thin walled and slightly lignified cells sporadically occur in the outer cortex of the thinnest roots, but there are no passage cells in the exodermis, which is continuous. The remaining inner cortex is composed of unlignified parenchyma with air canals and a completely lignosuberized endodermis in old roots. Passage cells were seen the the endodermis of the some of the thinnest roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi occur in the outer one-third of the cortical parenchyma adjacent to the hypodermis. Fungal coils, arbuscules and vesicles are found most frequently in the thinnest roots, but also occur sporadically in all root orders. Cells a few mm from the apical meristem are sometimes colonized. At sites of appressoria, coils of AM hyphae occur within an epidermal cell and exodermal and hypodermal cells beneath. Intercellular hyphae with intracellular branch arbuscules (Arum-type) are common in the inner cortex. There is evidence of a dieback of the highest order roots during the winter dry season. Profiles of soil and roots have the highest density of AM spores in the surface 10 cm layer. Total AM spore density ranged from 130 to 1100 spores per 50 g soil in different samples. Glomus spp. dominated followed by Gigaspora spp. The findings are related to a more general understanding of growth and AM colonization in long-lived roots of tropical woody monocotyledons. Palm roots, in particular, are slow growing and are protected by massive hypodermal layers.
CMOS mixed-signal phase detector for integrated chemical sensor systems

The development of a portable chemical sensor system based on the measurement of the excited-state lifetimes of luminophore doped xerogels in the frequency-domain is described. The prototype sensor system is demonstrated for oxygen (O2) monitoring and consists of a silicon photodiode as the detector followed by a current-to-voltage converter, an amplifier, a band-pass filter and a custom-designed CMOS phase detector. The variation in the lifetime, due a change in the analyte concentration, is measured as a phase shift between a sinusoidally modulated reference excitation and the fluorescence emission using the designed CMOS phase shift detector. The CMOS mixed-signal phase detector is fabricated using the AMI 1.5 mum process available through MOSIS. A highly accurate, low cost, and hand-held prototype oxygen sensor is demonstrated using this CMOS phase detector
The Feminization of Public School Teaching: 1870-1920

This article presents an explanation for the process of feminization of public school teaching in the United States between 1870 and 1920. Feminization of teaching is seen as generated by economic constraints increased by the formal definition of state school systems through enactment of compulsory attendance laws. Juxtaposed to school system needs to reduce costs were ideological and cultural restraints, rooted in the structure of preindustrial households and religious disestablishment, against the economic independence of women. Through regression and path analysis, the direct and indirect effects of predictors of proportion female in teaching are tested in a state-by-state analysis for 1870, 1880, 1890, and 1900.
The Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Due to Posterior Capsular Contracture on Passive Glenohumeral Joint Motion

Background:To date, no study has investigated the biomechanical consequences of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) at values seen in symptomatic athletes.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical changes that occur with a full spectrum of GIRD in a cadaveric model with passive loading. We hypothesized that there is a critical percentage of GIRD that will result in a decrease in posterior glenohumeral translation and shift of the humeral head apex at the extreme ranges of motion.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Six specimens were tested using the following conditions: (1) native state (“intact”); (2) after external rotation (ER) stretch (“stretched”); and (3) GIRD of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. For each condition, maximum ER, maximum internal rotation (IR), and total range of motion were measured. Kinematic data were obtained to determine the position of the humeral head apex (HHA), the highest point on the articular surface of the humeral head, r...
Expectation Confirmation in Technology Use

We propose a model to study expectation confirmation in information systems. The proposed model is based on the assimilation-contrast model and prospect theory, and suggests that both are needed to account for the magnitude and direction of the deviations between experiences and expectations. Using the technology acceptance model's (TAM) primary construct---namely, perceived usefulness---expectations and experiences were conceptualized and operationalized to test our model. Data were collected in a field study from 1,113 participants at two points in time. Using polynomial modeling and response surface analysis, we demonstrated that our model offers a good explanation of the relationship among information systems expectations, experiences, and use. We discuss theoretical and practical implications.
Salivary diagnostics: enhancing disease detection and making medicine better

To monitor health status, disease onset and progression, and treatment outcome non-invasively is a most desirable goal in the health care delivery and health research. There are three prerequisites necessary to reach this goal: 1. A non-invasive method for collecting biological samples. 2. Specific biomarkers associated with health or disease. 3. A technology platform to rapidly discriminate the biomarkers. An initiative catalysed by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) has created a roadmap to achieve this goal through the use of oral fluids as the diagnostic medium to scrutinize the health and disease status. This is an ideal opportunity to bridge state-of-the-art saliva-based biosensors and disease-discriminatory salivary biomarkers in diagnostic applications. Oral fluid, often called the mirror of the body, is a perfect medium to be explored for health and disease surveillance. The translational applications and opportunities are enormous. This review presents the translational value of saliva as a credible clinical diagnostic fluid and the scientific rationale for such use.
Co‐managers, Information, and the Secondary Market Liquidity of Initial Public Offerings

We provide evidence that co-managers improve initial public offering (IPO) liquidity through the “information” services they provide. Based on a sample of IPOs completed from January 1993 to December 2005, we find that a high number of co-managers in the syndicate are associated with a lower spread, lower adverse selection costs, and a lower probability of informed trading. Moreover, increases in the offer price revision, in co-managers’ underwriting rank, and in the number of analyst recommendations are all associated with the improvement in liquidity. This evidence is consistent with the hypotheses that co-managers’ premarket and postmarket services mitigate information risk in the aftermarket.
Fractional snow cover mapping through artificial neural network analysis of MODIS surface reflectance

Abstract Accurate areal measurements of snow cover extent are important for hydrological and climate modeling. The traditional method of mapping snow cover is binary where a pixel is considered either snow-covered or snow-free. Fractional snow cover (FSC) mapping can achieve a more precise estimate of areal snow cover extent by estimating the fraction of a pixel that is snow-covered. The most common snow fraction methods applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images have been spectral unmixing and an empirical Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI). Machine learning is an alternative for estimating FSC as artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been successfully used for estimating the subpixel abundances of other surfaces. The advantages of ANNs are that they can easily incorporate auxiliary information such as land cover type and are capable of learning nonlinear relationships between surface reflectance and snow fraction. ANNs are especially applicable to mapping snow cover extent in forested areas where spatial mixing of surface components is nonlinear. This study developed a multilayer feed-forward ANN trained through backpropagation to estimate FSC using MODIS surface reflectance, NDSI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land cover as inputs. The ANN was trained and validated with higher spatial-resolution FSC maps derived from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) binary snow cover maps. Testing of the network was accomplished over training and independent test areas. The developed network performed adequately with RMSE of 12% over training areas and slightly less accurately over the independent test scenes with RMSE of 14%. The developed ANN also compared favorably to the standard MODIS FSC product. The study also presents a comprehensive validation of the standard MODIS snow fraction product whose performance was found to be similar to that of the ANN.
Fatty Acid Desaturation in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus

Microsomal fatty acid desaturation is defective in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes. This defect is correctable by insulin treatment. The electron transport chain needed for microsomal fatty acid desaturation was studied in liver microsomes of streptozotocin diabetic rats, and the defect was localized to the terminal desaturase enzyme. Cytochrome b5 levels were elevated in the face of decreased fatty acid desaturation and returned to normal after 48 h of insulin treatment; 2 U of regular insulin every 6 h for 24 h repaired the fatty acid desaturation defect, while 0.5 U failed to correct the defect. Both the delta 6 and delta 9 desaturase defects (linoleic acid and stearoyl-CoA desaturation) required similar amounts of insulin and periods of time for correction, although these are different enzymes. This is consistent with the desaturation defect being due to a protein synthetic effect. Diabetic rats treated twice daily with injections of 4 U of NPH insulin showed a "super" repair of their desaturase defect by 48 h: delta 9 desaturase activity increased eight times over control activity, while delta 6 desaturase activity increased two and one-half times over control activity. This, together with the fact that delta 6 desaturase activity in diabetes (64% of control) is altered less than is delta 9 desaturase activity (22% of control), indicates that delta 6 desaturase enzyme activity is less responsive to insulin than is delta 9 desaturase enzyme activity. The physiologic significance of altered fatty acid desaturation in diabetes mellitus is unknown.
Partition Coefficients of Fluorocarbon Aerosol Propellants in Water, Normal Saline, Cyclohexane, Chloroform, Human Plasma, and Human Blood

Partition coefficients of the three most commonly used fluorocarbon propellants (trichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and dichlorotetrafluoroethane) in water, normal saline, cyclohexane, chloroform, human plasma, and human blood were studied over a wide range of propellant concentrations. They were all found to be independent of concentration. No salting-out effect was seen in normal saline. The partition coefficients in plasma and blood were much greater than in normal saline. The implications of the results of this study on absorption, distribution, elimination, and assay of these propellants are discussed.
Growth of CdTe Films on Amorphous Substrates Using CaF 2 Nanorods as a Buffer Layer

Continuous biaxially textured CdTe films were grown on biaxial CaF2 buffer layers. The CaF2 nanorods were grown by oblique angle vapor deposition and possessed a {111} 〈121〉 biaxial texture. The CdTe film was deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Film morphology and the CdTe/CaF2 interface were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Characterization showed that small CdTe grains formed initially from the CaF2 surfaces. These small grains then merged into large columnar grains during growth. Analysis revealed that the crystalline orientation of the CdTe film followed the biaxial texture of the CaF2 nanorods.
PREDATION ON ADULT PHYLLOTRETA FLEA BEETLES BY PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) AND NABICULA AMERICOLIMBATA (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE)

On three occasions in late August 1985, during the course of a study of the arthropod community associated with collards ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala ) (Cruciferae) in central New York State, two species of predaceous Heteroptera, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), and Nabicula americolimbata (Carayon), were observed feeding on adult flea beetles of the genus Phyllotreta . Evidence for predation on adult flea beetles is rare. Tahvanainen and Root (1972) and Kareiva (1985) reported practically no predation on adult Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) in central New York, but scattered observations in Canada have documented occasional attacks on adult crucifer-infesting flea beetles by various insect predators (Gerber and Osgood 1975; Burgess 1977, 1980, 1982). This is the first record of predation on adult flea beetles by P. muculiventris and N. americolimbata . Burgess (1982) noted predation on adult P. cruciferae by another nabid, Nabis alternatus Parshley.
Verification of a parabolic equation for propagation of weakly-nonlinear waves

Abstract Verification tests of linear wave propagation models for cases of waves propagating through a refractive focus typically overpredict peak amplitudes in the vicinity of the focus. Using a parabolic equation model for the combined refraction-diffraction of weakly-nonlinear waves [valid for Ursell number Ur
Modeling, Optimization, and Design of Efficient Initially Curved Piezoceramic Unimorphs for Energy Harvesting Applications:

The piezoceramic, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), is capable of producing large voltages with relatively minimal currents in response to an applied mechanical load when employed in initially curved laminates. This study addresses the issue of optimizing design parameters of a curved PZT unimorph to maximize charge generation due to mechanical loading. A horizontally placed PZT unimorph structure generates surface charge when vertically loaded and the charge can be collected using charge-collecting circuitry. In order to identify and optimize the variables fundamental to the design process, an analytical model of the curved PZT unimorph was developed using shallow thin shell theory and linear piezoelectric constitutive equations. An expression for charge generation was then derived in terms of geometrical dimensions, material properties and applied loading. The model was experimentally verified with samples consisting of different geometries and loadings. Finally, the analytical model was used to generate o...
Left Brachiocephalic Vein Mimicking an Aortic Dissection on Transesophageal Echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography has gained widespread acceptance for the diagnosis of aortic dissection; however, little attention has been paid to the pitfalls that may be encountered. The left brachiocephalic vein can mimic a localized aortic dissection. The features that distinguished this vein from an aortic dissection are: the lack of the characteristic oscillating motion of an intimal flap; the pattern of flow within the vein; the tubular nature of the vein is seen using the sagittal imaging plane; and an injection of agitated saline into a left arm vein will show contrast enhancement of the left brachiocephalic vein.
Gradient algorithm for quantization levels in distributed detection systems

An iterative gradient algorithm is presented for determining the quantization levels in each of a number of independent sensors so arranged as to pick up a common signal field. The system is to satisfy the Neyman-Pearson criterion that the probability of detection be maximum for a preassigned false-alarm probability. In general a number of local maxima exist, and the proposed method enables efficient search for these by starting from a variety of initial trial values. >