cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wave formation on a liquid layer for de-icing airplane wings

Wave formation on a thin liquid layer used for deicing aircraft wings is investigated by studying the stability of airflow over a liquid-coated flat plate at zero angle of incidence. The ratio of the viscosity of the liquid to that of air is very high (over 500,000), and the Reynolds number based on liquid depth and air viscosity is of the order of a few thousand. Under these circumstances the analysis gives two formulas, in closed form, for the growth rate and phase velocity of the waves in terms of the wavenumber and other relevant parameters. The expected wavenumber is that for which the growth rate is the maximum. The instability is one in which the viscosity difference between the two fluids (air and liquid) plays the dominant role, and is of the kind found by Yih (1967).
The genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND The age-specific proportion of breast and ovarian cancer in the general population that is likely to be due to a breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene(s) is estimated. In addition, the age-specific penetrance of ovarian cancer for women predicted to be carriers of a susceptibility gene is calculated using population-based data. METHODS Data are from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a population-based, case–control study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, which includes 4730 breast cancer cases aged 20 to 54 years. Information regarding the occurrence of breast and ovarian cancer was collected for mothers and sisters of the cases during an in-home interview. The probability of being a breast cancer susceptibility gene carrier was calculated for each of the breast cancer cases using information on the family history of breast cancer. The calculated risk of ovarian cancer in the first-degree relatives of breast cancer cases with a high probability of being a gene carrier is compared with that seen in first-degree relatives of breast cancer cases with a low probability of being a gene carrier and used to calculate the proportion of ovarian cancer cases that are likely to be due to a breast/ovarian susceptibility gene(s) as well as the age-specific risk of developing ovarian cancer for gene carriers. RESULTS Approximately 10% of ovarian cancer cases and 7% of breast cancer cases in the general population are estimated to be carriers of a breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene; these women are found primarily in families characterized by multiple cases of the early onset of breast cancer. The proportion of breast cancer cases predicted to be attributable to the gene decreases markedly with age; approximately 33% of cases age 20–29 years compared with approximately 2% of cases age 70–79 years. The proportion of ovarian cancer cases predicted to be due to the susceptibility gene ranges from 14% among patients diagnosed in their 30s to 7% among those diagnosed in their 50s. Carriers are predicted to have at least 15 times the age-specific risk of ovarian cancer of noncarriers. Among women predicted to carry the gene, the cumulative risk of developing ovarian cancer by the age of 59 years is approximately 10%. CONCLUSIONS The estimates provided may prove helpful to clinicians until such time as large scale population-based screening for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes is possible. Cancer 1996;77:2318-24.
Regiospecificity for water elimination. A mass spectral study of 1‐tetralol and 2‐tetralol

In order to provide a comparison with the extensive research on the mechanism for elimination of water from various cyclohexanols, the mass spectra of 1-tetralol(1,2,3,4,-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol) and 2-tetralol(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenol) have been investigated. Deuterium labeling experiments show that the 1-tetralol molecular ion expels water by a highly specific 1,4 elimination, whereas 2-tetralol undergoes a 1,3 elimination. Both of these processes are competitive with cycloreversion reactions. The ionization potentials and appearance potentials for the major fragments and the cycloreversion products hae been measured using the Electron Distribution Difference method. In addition, the kinetic energy release in the metastable decompositions to lose water have been measured. It has been found that the 1,4 elimination for 1-tetralol releases over 50% of the available energy in the transition state, which is unexpected in view of the 6-membering ring transition state involved. This research also includes an investigation of the nature of the various ions formed in the rearrangement reaction to lose water.
Preparation of sulfated zirconia catalysts with improved control of sulfur content II. Effect of sulfur content on physical properties and catalytic activity

Abstract The sulfur content of sulfated zirconia can be varied by changing the quantity of sulfuric acid used for impregnation in the controlled impregnation method, in which a pre-set quantity of sulfuric acid is added and evaporated without filtration or decanting. The material is then dried and calcined (in this work, for 5 h at 610°C). The sulfur content of the calcined material increases with the increase in the quantity of sulfuric acid, but the ratio of sulfate retained after calcination to sulfate impregnated decreases at first and then increases. The surface area gradually increases with the quantity of the acid up to 3 ml of acid per gram of zirconium hydroxide (2.5% S in SZ after calcination), then decreases abruptly. The crystal structure of the sulfated zirconia is also affected by the sulfur content. XRD data show that the sulfated zirconia with a low or medium sulfur content crystallizes only in the tetragonal form, whereas at higher sulfur content a minor fraction of monoclinic zirconia begins to be seen, in addition to the major tetragonal form. XPS data indicate that at the higher sulfate loading part of the sulfate is present in the bulk phase, rather than on the surface. Thus, the increase in sulfur uptake, decrease in surface area and change in crystallinity appear related to sulfate migration inside the particles. The catalytic activity for the isomerization of methylcyclopentane at 65°C shows a maximum for a sulfur content around 3%. It appears that the optimum catalyst should contain the maximum amount of sulfate near the surface, but not necessarily on the surface, and crystallize in the tetragonal form.
The Foulds hierarchy of personal illness: a review of recent research.

Abstract Classification in psychiatry has often neglected to investigate certain important aspects of taxonomy, such as principles of hierarchy and inclusion. One of the few classifications which have addressed these issues is one proposed by Graham Foulds during the mid-1970s. This hierarchical system, which has attracted a fair amount of research attention outside of the U.S., could be a promising and innovative approach for future classification research. The present article introduces this system and reviews the research conducted using the system over the past decade.
A Regionally-Applicable model of union growth: Comment

This paper criticizes the approach used by M. Snowbarger in “A Regionally-Applicable Model for the Study of the Growth of Organized Labor,” The Annals of Regional Science, February, 1974. It is argued that the division of union membership change into “product-market” and “factor-market” effects has serious conceptual flaws, as well as using a special case of decomposition of change in a weighted aggregate, so that unambiguous partitioning of total change is impossible.
Radiofrequency ablation of the kidney: acute and chronic histology in porcine model.

Abstract Objectives. To our knowledge, the chronic histopathologic effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal parenchyma have not been extensively documented. In this study, we report the light and electron microscopic features of renal RFA in acute and chronic porcine models. Methods. Eleven animals underwent renal RFA of the lower pole kidney bilaterally. RFA was performed laparoscopically in 6 acute animals and percutaneously in 5 chronic animals. Acute animals were killed immediately following surgery. One chronic animal each was killed on postoperative day 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90. Histopathologic evaluation of all renal tissue specimens was carried out with light and electron microscopy. Results. Acutely, the renal radiolesion appeared as a yellowish white, well-circumscribed, necrotic area on gross examination, with evidence of extensive coagulative necrosis and marked inflammation on microscopic examination. From day 1 through 90, light and electron microscopy revealed evidence of progressive, irreversible cell death and necrosis with diminishing inflammatory response in the glomeruli, tubules, and renal interstitium. RFA lesions underwent gradual spontaneous resorption of the necrotic area with ultimate autoamputation. Conclusions. RFA results in necrosis of the ablated renal parenchyma.
Increases in food intake or food-seeking behavior induced by GABAergic, opioid, or dopaminergic stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: is it hunger?

Rationale Previous work has shown that stimulation of GABAergic, opioid, or dopaminergic systems within the nucleus accumbens modulates food intake and food-seeking behavior. However, it is not known whether such stimulation mimics a motivational state of food deprivation that commonly enables animals to learn a new operant response to obtain food.
Carbon nitride compounds with 1:1 stoichiometry

We have examined various structures of carbon nitride with 1:1 stoichiometry and determined that for this stoichiometry ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonding of nitrogen is energetically preferable to ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$. We found the zinc-blende and rocksalt phases to be mechanically unstable. They relax to a rhombohedral phase composed of buckled carbon nitride sheets with interplanar covalent bonds. The rhombohedral phase has a bulk modulus of 253 GPa. Two other structures made essentially of ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonds were studied, the H-6 and bct-4 and they have bulk moduli of 345 and 375 GPa, respectively. We also calculate the structure based of the high-pressure phase of GeP and find it to be unfavorable due to its low binding energy. Using the general valence rule, we can state the requirements of a semiconducting or an insulating structure for this compound. Inspired by existing structures, we calculated the phases based on the \ensuremath{\mathrm{B}}-InS and GaSe compounds. Both these structures contain C-C bonds. We find that the \ensuremath{\mathrm{B}}-InS phase has a bulk modulus of 78 GPA. The GaSe structure is made of layers where the C-C bond is perpendicular to the plane of the layers. It is the most energetically favorable of all phases considered and it has a bulk modulus of 199 GPa.
Pleiotropic effects of neutrophils on myocyte apoptosis and left ventricular remodeling during early volume overload

Most of the available evidence on the role of neutrophils on pathological cardiac remodeling has been pertained after acute myocardial infarction. However, whether neutrophils directly contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling after events other than acute myocardial infarction remains unknown. Here we show that acute eccentric hypertrophy induced by aorto-caval fistula (ACF) in the rats induced an increase in the inflammatory response characterized by activation of the STAT pathway and increased infiltration of neutrophils in the myocardium. This early inflammation was associated with a decrease in interstitial collagen accumulation and an increase in myocyte apoptosis. Neutrophil infiltration blockade attenuated MMP activation, ECM degradation, and myocyte apoptosis induced by ACF at 24 hours and attenuated the development of eccentric hypertrophy induced by ACF at 2 and 3 weeks, suggesting a causal relationship between neutrophils and the ACF-induced cardiac remodeling. In contrast, sustained neutrophil depletion over 4 weeks resulted in adverse cardiac remodeling with further increase in cardiac dilatation and macrophage infiltration, but with no change in myocyte apoptosis level. These data support a functional role for neutrophils in MMP activation, ECM degradation, and myocyte apoptosis during eccentric cardiac hypertrophy and underscore the adverse effects of chronic anti-neutrophil therapy on cardiac remodeling induced by early volume overload.
Cardiovascular Risk Factor Clusters and Employment in the United States

Abstract Objective The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is increasing dramatically partially because of the alarming rise in overweight/obesity, diabetes, and related cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. These risk factors are often preventable and usually cluster together. The purpose of this study was to examine and quantify the impact of cardiovascular risk factor clusters (CVRFC) on employment in the United States. Methods Using the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the current research estimated the likelihood of employment and the impact on annual wages using a recursive bivariate probit model and a Heckman selection model, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, marital status, and geographic region. CVRFC included body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 30 with two of the following three: diabetes, hyperlipidemia and/or hypertension. All estimates were expressed in 2005 US dollars. Results Unadjusted analyses suggest that less than half of individuals with CVRFC were employed compared with 74% on average in the United States. Results of the bivariate probit analysis suggested that individuals with CVRFC were 40% (using BMI ≥ 25) and 45% (BMI ≥ 30) less likely to be employed than those without. Conclusions Common CVRFC have a significant deleterious impact on employment in the United States. Employers, medical professionals, and public health programs need to address this problem and institute treatment strategies and prevention efforts to mitigate the deleterious impact on societal productivity in the United States.
Theoretical analysis of hydrogen bonds in carbohydrate crystals

Abstract The rotational states of hydroxyl groups and the structure of hydrogen bonds in crystals of α- d -glucopyranose, β- d -glucopyranose, α- d -galactopyranose, β- d -galactopyranose, methyl α- d -altropyranoside, and methyl β- d -galactopyranoside are predicted by using the atom-atom potential method. Good agreement is observed between theoretical and neutron-diffraction data on the geometry of the hydrogen bond.
Assessment of planetary geologic mapping techniques for Mars using terrestrial analogs: The SP Mountain area of the San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona

Abstract We photogeologically mapped the SP Mountain region of the San Francisco Volcanic Field in northern Arizona, USA to evaluate and improve the fidelity of approaches used in geologic mapping of Mars. This test site, which was previously mapped in the field, is chiefly composed of Late Cenozoic cinder cones, lava flows, and alluvium perched on Permian limestone of the Kaibab Formation. Faulting and folding has deformed the older rocks and some of the volcanic materials, and fluvial erosion has carved drainage systems and deposited alluvium. These geologic materials and their formational and modificational histories are similar to those for regions of the Martian surface. We independently prepared four geologic maps using topographic and image data at resolutions that mimic those that are commonly used to map the geology of Mars (where consideration was included for the fact that Martian features such as lava flows are commonly much larger than their terrestrial counterparts). We primarily based our map units and stratigraphic relations on geomorphology, color contrasts, and cross-cutting relationships. Afterward, we compared our results with previously published field-based mapping results, including detailed analyses of the stratigraphy and of the spatial overlap and proximity of the field-based vs. remote-based (photogeologic) map units, contacts, and structures. Results of these analyses provide insights into how to optimize the photogeologic mapping of Mars (and, by extension, other remotely observed planetary surfaces). We recommend the following: (1) photogeologic mapping as an excellent approach to recovering the general geology of a region, along with examination of local, high-resolution datasets to gain insights into the complexity of the geology at outcrop scales; (2) delineating volcanic vents and lava-flow sequences conservatively and understanding that flow abutment and flow overlap are difficult to distinguish in remote data sets; (3) taking care to understand that surficial materials (such as alluvium and volcanic ash deposits) are likely to be under-mapped yet are important because they obscure underlying units and contacts; (4) where possible, mapping multiple contact and structure types based on their varying certainty and exposure that reflect the perceived accuracy of the linework; (5) reviewing the regional context and searching for evidence of geologic activity that may have affected the map area yet for which evidence within the map area may be absent; and (6) for multi-authored maps, collectively analyzing the mapping relations, approaches, and methods throughout the duration of the mapping project with the objective of achieving a solid, harmonious product.
Why excess cyanide can be detrimental to Pd-catalyzed cyanation of haloarenes. Facile formation and characterization of [Pd(CN)(3)(H)](2-) and [Pd(CN)(3)(Ph)](2-).

Unexpected side reactions at the Pd center have been identified for Pd-catalyzed cyanation of haloarenes. In the presence of excess cyanide, these reactions can proceed with ease, interfering with every key step of the catalytic cycle and thereby disrupting the process. Mixed PPh3/CN- Pd(0) species easily activate the C−N bond of Bu4N+ to produce cleanly and selectively a novel hydride [(CN)3PdH]2- which is stable in the presence of extra CN- but easily undergoes HCN reductive elimination under CN--free conditions. While slow addition of 1 equiv of CN- to [(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)I] leads to PhCN formation, quick mixing of the same complex with a 4-fold excess of CN- does not produce PhCN but rather leads to [(CN)3Pd(Ph)]2-. Reductive elimination of PhCN from the latter is strongly inhibited by small quantities of free cyanide.
Returning to flight: simulation-based training for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Shuttle Mission Management Team*

Following the tragic loss of Columbia in early 2003, executives at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration implemented a simulation-based training program to facilitate the development of the Space Shuttle Mission Management Team (MMT). This article discusses the findings from an evaluation of two multi-day simulation training events. The results of both evaluations suggested that MMT members: (1) possessed shared beliefs in their joint capabilities to execute their corecompetencies; (2) were motivated and ready for their Return to Flight mission; (3) achieved targeted levels of team performance during the simulations; and (4) were both satisfied with the training program and found it useful for facilitating performance improvements. This note concludes with a discussion of lessons learned.
Implications of the Structure-of-Intellect Model for Selection and Placement of College Students

ALTHOUGH the basic properties of the structure-of-intellect (SI) model have been reported frequently (e.g., Guilford, 1963, 1967; Guilford & Hoepfner, 1966), it appears that its implications for the selection and placement of college students have not been given extensive or at least formal consideration in the professional literature-perhaps because the implications have seemed too obvious to the research psychologists who have systematically contributed to the verification of the constructs of the model. In this paper, as was implied in one recently published (W. Michael, 1965), the writer’s central thesis is that within the social psychological context of a reasonably well defined and relatively homogeneous college environment in which the expectations and value-systems of faculty members, students, and administrators are known and mutually shared, the SI model affords the basis for the development and description of new sources of reliable criterion variance and thus the potential means for realization of improvements in the effectiveness and in the predictive or criterion-related validity of measures employed in the selection and placement of college students. That this opportunity exists for enhancing the criterion-related validity of both traditional measures of convergent thinking and recently developed tests of divergent thinking rests upon the potentialities that the SI model allows for the development of a theory of learning as well as for the formulation of a related theory of instruction with constructs congruent with those of the SI model. Briefly stated, once
The cycling and accumulation of biogenic silica and organic carbon in Antarctic deep-sea and continental margin environments

Abstract Rates of biogenic silica and organic carbon accumulation are reported for Antarctic deep-sea and continental margin deposits. Naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 231Pa, and 230Th) were used to establish rates of sediment accumulation in the rapidly accumulating siliceous deposits beneath the Antarctic Polar Front. The rates were as high as 20–180 cm ka−1, and when coupled with biogenic silica and organic carbon measurements, yield accumulation rates as high as 35 mg cm−2 year−1 for silica and 0.3 mg cm−2 year−1 for organic carbon. SiO2/organic C weight ratios in Polar Front sediments are typically about 100, although values as high as 300 were measured. Considering that the SiO2/organic C ratio in Polar Front plankton ranges from 0.5 to 2, the high ratios observed in Polar Front sediments indicate that during settling and burial an enrichment of 50–600-fold occurs in biogenic silica relative to organic carbon. Rates of sediment accumulation were determined for the continental margin deposits of the Brans-field Strait and the Ross Sea using 210Pb and 14C chronologies. Accumulation rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.5 cm year−1. Based on these data and measurements of biogenic silica and organic carbon content, typical rates of accumulation on the continental margin are of the order of 3–12 mg cm−2 year−1 for silica and 0.1–0.8 mg cm−2 year−1 for organic carbon. The SiO2/organic C weight ratios in these continental margin sediments range from 3 to 32. Comparing the accumulation rate data with estimates of annual silica and organic carbon production rates indicates that approximately 25–50% of the gross silica production in surface waters is preserved in the sea-bed, in contrast to less than 5% of the organic carbon. In some of the continental margin environments, lateral transport of biogenic material can create local areas where the rate of silica accumulation is equal to as much as 70% of the production in the overlying water column. In the Southern Ocean environments examined in this study, biogenic silica is preferentially preserved in the sedimentary record relative to organic carbon. This trend is consistent with the greater role of Southern Ocean deposits in the global silica cycle as compared with the organic carbon cycle.
Giant molecule interactions

Abstract Molecular Rydberg states are discussed from the point of view of atomic physics, the appropriate molecular extensions being provided where necessary. The interactions of Rydberg states with each other, with intravalence excitations and with their environment are elaborated. A further subdivision is made into channel interactions, strong perturbations and external field effects. By these means it is possible to discuss the molecular Rydberg regime, even at small n , in ways which are remarkably similar to those pertinent to the atom, and hence to generate a coherent picture of the interesting and important area of very large molecules.
Marine radiocarbon reservoir corrections (! R) for Chesapeake Bay and the Middle Atlantic Coast of North America

Abstract Radiocarbon dates from known age, pre-bomb eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) shells provide local marine reservoir corrections (∆ R ) for Chesapeake Bay and the Middle Atlantic coastal area of eastern North America. These data suggest subregional variability in ∆ R , ranging from 148 ± 46 14 C yr on the Potomac River to − 109 ± 38 14 C yr at Swan Point, Maryland. The ∆ R weighted mean for the Chesapeake's Western Shore (129 ± 22 14 C yr) is substantially higher than the Eastern Shore (− 88 ± 23 14 C yr), with outer Atlantic Coast samples falling between these values (106 ± 46 and 2 ± 46 14 C yr). These differences may result from a combination of factors, including 14 C-depleted freshwater that enters the bay from some if its drainages, 14 C-depleted seawater that enters the bay at its mouth, and/or biological carbon recycling. We advocate using different subregional ∆ R corrections when calibrating 14 C dates on aquatic specimens from the Chesapeake Bay and coastal Middle Atlantic region of North America.
Transformations of states in operator theory and dynamics

Two BASIC constituents of a physical system are its family 2I of observable attributes and the family S of states in which the system can be found. In classical (particle) mechanics, the observables are algebraic combinations of the (canonical) coordinates and (conjugate) momenta. Each state is described by an assignment of numbers to these observables-the values certain to be found by measuring these observables in the given state. The totality of numbers associated with a given observable is its spectrum. In this view of classical statics, the observables 21 are represented as functions on the space S of states-they form an algebra (necessarily commutative) relative to pointwise operations. The dynamics (or law of motion) of this system describes the way the states evolve in time (i.e. specifies trajectories through states in S). The experiments involving atomic and sub-atomic phenomena made it clear that this Newtonian view of mechanics would not suffice for their basic theory. Speculation on the meaning of these experimental results eventually led to the conclusion that the only physically meaningful description of a state was in terms of an assignment of probability measures to the spectra of the observables (a measurement of the observable with the system in a given state will produce a value in a given portion of the spectrum with a specific probability). Moreover, it was necessary to assume, in this physical realm, that a state which assigns a “definite” value to one observable (position) assigns a dispersed measure to the spectrum of some other observable (momentum)--the amount of dispersion involving the experimentally reappearing Planck’s constant (The Uncertainty Principle). Further analysis shows that this entails the non-commutativity of the algebra of observables.
Interposed abdominal compression CPR versus standard CPR in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest: preliminary results.

Recent studies evaluating interposed abdominal compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (IAC-CPR) have demonstrated a significant increase in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion compared with standard CPR. A clinical evaluation of IAC-CPR effectiveness on resuscitation outcome has not been reported. A prospective, randomized study comparing IAC-CPR with standard CPR for resuscitation of prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest was developed utilizing the Milwaukee County Paramedic System. When the paramedics arrive, standard CPR is initiated or continued, and countershocks are delivered when appropriate. The patients are randomized into IAC-CPR and standard CPR groups immediately following endotracheal intubation. Abdominal compression force is standardized to 100 mm Hg ± 20 mm Hg by using a simple airfilled bladder and gauge to monitor each compression. Resuscitations are conducted according to standard advanced cardiac life support guidelines through continuous radio-telemetry contact with a base physician. Since October 1983, 140 patients have qualified for the study group. Seventy patients had standard CPR and 30% (21/70) were admitted to the emergency department with a rhythm and pulse, as were 34% (24/70) of the patients treated with IAC-CPR. The difference between study groups was not significant. To determine if abdominal compression increases regurgitation, the frequency of emesis before and after intubation was analyzed. No significant difference was found between the IAC-CPR and standard CPR groups. The study will be continued for one year, or until enough patients are entered to provide reliable data. Patient survival rates, neurological outcomes and frequency of abdominal trauma determined by autopsy will be evaluated.
Management of Rett syndrome: a ten year experience

Over the past 10 years (1983-1993) multidisciplinary team at the Child Development and Rehabilitation Center has diagnosed and evaluated 60 females with Rett syndrome aged 13 months to 43 years. Experience with comprehensive management is discussed with focus on feeding difficulties, communication needs, hand function, scoliosis, and deformities. Clinical and radiological assessment of feeding problems is important in deciding whether therapy will allay symptoms or a gastrostomy is indicated. Hand use can be facilitated with appropriate intervention, and a coordinated effort with a communication specialist can develop systems for environmental access. Aggressive physical therapy has been very effective in preventing progression of scoliosis and avoiding surgery. Asymmetrical function is commonly recognized in ambulatory females, and is of neurogenic origin. Psychosocial support and educational plan attempts to collaborate with community services and resources.
Dynamics in isolated bacterial light harvesting antenna (LH2) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides at room temperature

The underlying dynamics of the B800 absorption band in isolated LH2 of Rb. sphaeroides at room temperature is studied by transient absorption, transient grating, and photon echoes using 30 fs pulses. The energy transfer time from B800 to B850 is determined to be 800 fs, similar to the value reported previously. The three pulse stimulated photon echo identifies several important contributions to the B800 absorption line shape and thereby the dynamics of the system involved: several low frequency intramolecular vibrations, ultrafast bath (solvent and protein) responses, and static inhomogeneity longer than the time scale of B800 to B850 energy transfer make significant contributions. Transient absorption decay is nonexponential as found previously. It is argued that the fast component in the two-exponential analysis of the transient absorption signal originates from vibrational relaxation within the B800 absorption band. Calculations of the nonlinear signals based on the optical transition frequency correl...
Adapting the polymerase chain reaction to a double-stranded RNA genome

We have adapted the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) target without possessing unambiguous sequence information. Infectious bursal disease virus of chickens, a member of the binavirus group, has a dsRNA genome which is resistant to denaturation and subsequent enzyme modification. The only published sequence information was for a strain of virus unavailable to us. We have used a quick primer binding assay to select appropriate primers and have combined a simple denaturation method with reverse transcription and subsequent polymerization using the cDNA template to yield amplified product easily detectable by ethidium bromide staining. By varying the times of denaturation, annealing, and polymerization and by reducing the total number of amplification cycles, artifacts have been eliminated when using purified genome as the template. This allowed us to obtain partial sequence information for one viral strain. We have enhanced the utility of our method by optimizing a rapid cell lysis and capsid digestion protocol such that no purification steps are required from initial tissue handling through final PCR product. Total time for all procedures involved no more than 6 h. This technique should be applicable to all other members of the Birnaviradae family and to any other species of dsRNA.
Propagation of solitary ion acoustic waves in inhomogeneous plasmas

A WKB solution for the propagation of a solitary ion acoustic wave in a plasma with a density gradient is obtained.
Activity in the Parabigeminal Nucleus During Eye Movements Directed at Moving and Stationary Targets

The parabigeminal nucleus (PBN) is a small satellite of the superior colliculus located on the edge of the midbrain. To identify activity related to visuomotor behavior, we recorded from PBN cells ...
Evaluation of electron spin resonance for quantitative determinations of Gadolinium, Chromium, Iron, Copper and Manganese

Abstract The use of e.s.r. as a routine quantitative analytical tool for non-destructive analysis of several metal ions in solution is examined. This application required the evaluation of numerous experimental parameters which affect the signal production. Limits of detection and analytical curves are presented for gadolinium, copper, iron, manganese, and chromium in ethanolic solution. Analytical selectivity and convenience of analysis are examined.
129Xe line widths in block copolymers

Separate 129Xe lines are observed for Xe gas dissolved in the different regions of polystyrene–polyisoprene block copolymers. The variation in line width with copolymer molecular weight may be explained by diffusion between the two different phases.
Recent advances in particle-induced X-ray emission analysis applied to biological samples

Abstract Papers reporting the application of particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis to biological samples continue to appear regularly in the literature. The majority of these papers deal with blood, hair, and other common body organs while a few deal with biological samples from the environment. A variety of sample preparation methods have been demonstrated, a number of which are improvements, refinements and extensions of the thick- and thin-sample preparation methods reported in the early development of PIXE. While many papers describe the development of PIXE techniques some papers are now describing application of the methods to serious biological problems. The following two factors may help to stimulate more consistent use of the PIXE method. First, each PIXE facility should be organized to give rapid sample processing and should have available several sample preparation and handling methods. Second, those with the skill to use PIXE methods need to become closely associated with researchers knowledgeable in medical and biological sciences and they also need to become more involved in project planning and sample handling.
Streitigkeiten um die Geschichte in Polen

Book review TRABA, Robert. Przeszlośc w teraźniejszości: polskie spory o historie na początkuXXI wieku. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Poznanskie, 2009. – 328 s. – ISBN 978-83-7177-627-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/ahuk.v24i0.300
Exact coexistence surfaces containing double critical points for a three-component solution on the bethe, honeycomb, and square lattices

A model is considered in which the bonds of a lattice are covered by rodlike molecules. Neighboring molecular ends interact with orientation-dependent interactions. The model exhibits closed -loop phase diagrams and double critical points. Exact coexistence surfaces are calculated for the model on the Bethe, honeycomb, and square lattices. The nature of the doubling of the critical exponentβ near a double critical point is calculated. The behavior of the critical line in the neighborhood of a double critical point is calculated exactly.
Antithrombotic effect of enoxaparin in clinically healthy cats: a venous stasis model.

Background: Systemic arterial thromboembolic events are a serious complication of cardiac disease in cats. Objectives: To determine if enoxaparin induces an antithrombotic effect in cats at a dosage of 1 mg/kg SC q12h and if this antithrombotic effect is predicted by anti-Xa activity. Animals: Fourteen clinically healthy cats were divided into 3 groups: control (4 cats), treated and assessed at 4 hours (5 cats), and treated and assessed at 12 hours (5 cats). Methods: A venous stasis model was used and the extent of thrombus formation estimated by measuring thrombus weight and accretion of 125I-fibrinogen. Plasma anti-Xa activity was measured in treated cats. Results: There was a significant reduction in thrombus formation in the 4 h group compared with control (median weight, 0.000 versus 0.565 mg/mm, P < .01; median %125I-fibrinogen accretion, 0.0 versus 42.0%, P < .01). There was a reduction in thrombus formation in the 12 h group (median weight, 0.006 mg/mm, P= .09; median %125I-fibrinogen accretion, 3.83%, P= .09) but this reduction was not significant. The median percent thrombus inhibition for treated cats was 100.0% at 4 hours and 91.4% at 12 hours. Plasma anti-Xa activity was not significantly correlated with thrombus formation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This pilot study demonstrates that enoxaparin, when administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg SC q12h, produces an antithrombotic effect in a venous statsis model in clinically healthy cats. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that anti-Xa activity is a poor predictor of enoxaparin's antithrombotic effect.
Snowboarder's fracture caused by a wakeboarding injury: a case report

Abstract Objective The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical presentation of a patient who had a lateral talar process fracture due to a wakeboarding injury. Clinical Features A 29-year-old male patient sustained a left ankle injury when the front edge of his wakeboard became immersed in the water. As he fell forward, his foot remained attached to the board, leading to inversion and dorsiflexion stress of the ankle. He presented to a chiropractic clinic with diffuse ankle swelling, tenderness, and pain at the distal aspect of the lateral malleolus. Mild ligamentous laxity of the lateral supporting structures was observed during the physical examination. Intervention and Outcome Static and stress radiographs of the left ankle demonstrated a small (McCrory-Bladin type 1) lateral talar process fracture without evidence of gross instability. The patient was referred to a local orthopedic medical specialist for immobilization of the ankle. The patient was treated conservatively with an air cast walking boot for 2 weeks (non–weight-bearing) followed by a 2-week period of partial weight-bearing. At 6 weeks following the injury, a repeated radiographic examination demonstrated complete healing of the fracture. The patient reported minimal tenderness and normal ankle function. Conclusion Because of the similar mechanism of injury to those sustained in snowboarding, this case demonstrates the need for increased awareness of lateral process fractures in wakeboarders.
Endoscopic evolution of gastric Kaposi's sarcoma.

occlusion of the fistula by blood clot. lO Diagnostic measures useful in the evaluation of a patient with a suspected AEF include posterior-anterior and oblique chest roentenographs, contrast esophagography, aortography, and esophagoscopy. Computerized tomographic (CT) scanning may also be efficacious in delineating fistula formation between the esophagus and aorta. Once the diagnosis ofAEF is established, emergency thoracotomy offers the possibility of life-saving control of hemorrhage and repair of the fistula. The repair of the aorta is of major concern because the operative field has been contaminated by the contents of the fistula. The defect usually cannot be primarily repaired because of the significant inflammatory reaction surrounding the fistula. Repair must be accomplished by either patch graft or graft replacement of the involved segment of aorta. Until recently, AEF was a uniformly fatal condition. The review by Sloop and Thompson of 81 cases from 1818 to 1962 failed to document any survivors. However, increasing clinical awareness of AEF coupled with advances in surgical management afford a greater possibility for a successful outcome. There have now been six reports of survival following AEF.4,13-16 Our patient underwent repair of the AEF prior to exsanguination but despite surgical intervention died in the postoperative period. In summary, aortoesophageal fistula should be suspected in any patient who presents with pain upon swallowing, chest pain, and vomiting of a small amount of blood. Endoscopic evaluation affords the opportunity for diagnosis and removal of the foreign
Federal grants and yardstick competition

Abstract Citizens may see a government which wins a grant in competition with other states as especially effective, and may therefore want it to increase spending. Similarly, a voter who sees that a neighboring jurisdiction got a grant which his jurisdiction did not may think poorly of the ability of local officials, and therefore reduce his demand for local spending. Data on spending by states in the United States show these effects.
UV image sensors and associated technologies

Large-format ultraviolet image sensors have been and are actively being developed for a variety of space-borne astronomy missions. The detector, which historically is one of the most problematic parts of any astronomical spacecraft, plays a critical role in the overall capability of the instrument. There are numerous detector systems with none being ideal for all applications. This paper presents an overview of UV image sensors that are currently available and associated technologies that are undergoing further development. Special attention is given to physical processes responsible for the inherent strengths and weaknesses of a few important UV detectors. Technological advances that are likely to impact the performance of future image sensors are also discussed.
Identifying early intervention targets for children with autism in inclusive school settings

This study assessed play and social behavior of young children with autism in inclusive school settings to identify important targets for intervention. Data were collected for five children with autism and for typically developing peers. All children with autism received intervention in one-on-one settings but did not have individual education plan goals that provided systematic intervention for developing play and social skills in their school settings. Results indicated the children with autism and their typically developing peers played with a comparable number of stimulus items (e.g., toys), but the children with autism engaged in these activities for shorter durations. Both children with autism and their typically developing peers engaged in similar levels of social interaction with adults. However, the children with autism rarely or never engaged in social interactions with their peers, whereas the typically developing peers frequently engaged in social interactions with other children. The results suggest important targets for intervention.
If substance use disorder treatment more than offsets its costs, why don't more medical centers want to provide it? A budget impact analysis in the Veterans Health Administration

Given that many studies have reported that the costs of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment are more than offset by other savings (e.g., in health care, in criminal justice, in foster care), why haven't health care system managers rushed to expand treatment? This article attempts to explain this puzzling discrepancy by analyzing 1998-2006 data from the national Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. The main outcome measures were annual cost and utilization for VA SUD-diagnosed patients. The key independent variable was the medical centers' annual spending for SUD treatment. There was no evidence that SUD spending was associated with lower medical center costs over time within the medical center that paid for the treatment. Health care system managers may not be influenced by research suggesting that the costs of SUD treatment are more than fully offset because they bear the cost of providing treatment while the savings largely accrue to other systems.
Structural Evolution of Pd-Doped Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) in Aqueous Media and Implications for Particle Aging and Reactivity

Palladized zero-valent iron nanoparticles have been frequently employed to achieve enhanced treatment of halogenated organic compounds; however, no detailed study has been published on their structures, especially the location and distribution of palladium within the nanoparticles. In this work, the structural evolution of palladized nanoscale iron particles (Pd−nZVI, with 1.5 wt % Pd) was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) techniques. The STEM-XEDS technique enables direct visualization of the nanoscale structural and compositional changes of the bimetallic particles. For a freshly made Pd−nZVI sample, the particles consist of a metallic iron core and a thin amorphous oxide shell, and Pd is observed to form 2−5 nm islands decorating the outer surface of the nanoparticles. Upon exposure to water, Pd−nZVI undergoes substantial morphological and structural changes. STEM-XEDS elemental maps s...
Ventilatory Management of Respiratory Failure in Asthma

CASE PRESENTATION The patient whom I wish to discuss this morning is unable to be present because she is dead. What I want to talk about is why that happened, and how it could possibly have been prevented. She was a 60-year-old nonsmoking woman who had asthma since the age of 16 years. She had been hospitalized seven times for asthma since 1980, but had never been intubated. She had been given prednisone intermittently, but never for more than 3 months at a time. There was no history of cardiac disease. Fourteen days prior to admission, she complained of dyspnea, went to the emergency department (ED), and was given nebulized albuterol, a theophylline drip, and a bolus of methylprednisolone. She was discharged on a 10-day tapering course of prednisone. She came back to the ED 2 days before admission because the dyspnea had recurred. She was given the same medications,
Frequency and rate discrimination by Menière patients.

Discrimination tests were conducted for each ear of 6 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. Differential sensitivity to changes in pure-tone frequency (presumably containing temporal and place cues) was compared to differential sensitivity to changes in rate of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated noise (presumably containing only a temporal cue) at common low frequencies and modulation rates (< 400 Hz). An adaptive forced-choice psychophysical procedure was used. The better-ear results for the Meniere patients generally were similar to findings for normally hearing listeners. For the impaired ears, pure-tone frequency discrimination typically was impaired relatively more than was the rate discrimination up to 200 Hz. However, rate discrimination was difficult or impossible above 250-300 Hz. Absolute frequency difference limens (DLs) were, on average, smaller than or at least equivalent to absolute rate DLs. Moreover, frequency discrimination always was possible for the Meniere patients.Nous avons mesur...