cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Distribution System Failure Risks with Increasing Temperatures

In the coming decades, ambient temperature increase from climate change threatens to reduce not only the availability of water but also the operational reliability of engineered water systems. Relatively little is known about how temperature stress can increasingly cause hardware components to fail, quality to be affected, and service outages to occur. Changes to the estimated-time-to-failure of major water system hardware and the probability of quality noncompliance were estimated for a modern potable water system that experiences hot summer temperatures, similar to Phoenix, AZ, and Las Vegas, NV. A fault tree model was developed to estimate the probability that consequential service outages in quantity and quality will occur. Component failures are projected to have a percent increase of 10–101% in scenarios where peak summer temperature has increased from 36 to 44 °C, which create the conditions for service outages to have a percent increase of 7–91%. Increased service outages due to multiple pumping u...
Comparison of knowledge retention between high-fidelity patient simulation and read-only participants in undergraduate biomedical science education.

High-fidelity patient simulation (HFPS) is expensive in money and faculty resources. There has been a recent push to increase the use of HFPS for undergraduates to teach basic science. However, it ...
An Automatic Cycling Performance Classifier System Based on the Crank Arm Force Measurement Data

This paper describes the development of an automatic cycling performance measurement system with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), using Mamdani Inference method, to classify the performance of the cyclist. From data of the average power, its standard deviation and the effective force bilateral asymmetry index, a score that represents the cyclist performance is determined. Data are acquired using an experimental crank arm load cell force platform developed with built-in strain gages and conditioning circuit that measure the force that is applied to the bicycle pedal during cycling with a linearity error under 0.6%. A randomized block experiment design was performed with 15 cyclists of 29±5 years with a body mass of 73±9kg and a height of 1.78±0.07m. The average power reached by the subjects was 137.63±59.6W; the mean bilateral asymmetry index, considering all trials, was 67.01±6.23%. The volunteers cycling performance scores were then determined using the developed FLC; the mean score was 25.4% ± 16.9%. ANOVA showed that the subject causes significant variation on the performance score.
METACLUSTER-an R package for context-specific expression analysis of metabolic gene clusters.

SUMMARY Plants and microbes produce numerous compounds to cope with their environments but the biosynthetic pathways for most of these compounds have yet to be elucidated. Some biosynthetic pathways are encoded by enzymes collocated in the chromosome. To facilitate a more comprehensive condition and tissue-specific expression analysis of metabolic gene clusters, we developed METACLUSTER, a probabilistic framework for characterizing metabolic gene clusters using context-specific gene expression information. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION METACLUSTER is freely available at https://github.com/mbanf/METACLUSTER. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Low-Cost Microcontroller Based Stimulation System to Study Sensory Processing

Understanding the neural correlates of sensory processing such as touch and temperature sensation is important for basic and clinical neuroscience. In addition, to preserve perceptive functions such as touch, which has a critical role in the regulation of the movement, mapping the somatosensory cortex is critical in surgeries involving tumor and epileptogenic zone resection. Novel and low cost hardware solutions are needed that can help clinicians to study natural and pathological levels of behavior and map somatosensory cortex in an objective manner. In this study, a microcontroller-based system was developed which can deliver vibrotactile stimulation to all five fingers of the hand. The system also delivers hot and cold temperature sensation through stacked thermoelectric modules. In order to synchronize the stimulation onset with neural data which can be acquired with a bioamplifier simultaneously, the microcontroller transfers a trigger signal through its digital I/O port or via universal serial bus (USB) with low latency. Our preliminary results demonstrate that our system can be used to study sensory processing with improved temporal precision in an objective fashion.
A Bioarchaeology of Purposeful Pain

Philosopher and politician Jeremy Bentham once observed that humans tend to seek pleasure and avoid pain. We examine those who run counter to the norm, exploring self-induced pain to demonstrate that while such individuals are often viewed as “exotic,” the pervasiveness of pain-inducing practices are more normative than expected. Thus, the study of pain requires a holistic approach – crossing cultures, disciplines, and time – and is especially suited to anthropological study. We discuss contributions from various subfields to explore the reasons for and meaning of purposeful pain, using the time depth of bioarchaeology and the sophistication of social theory. Using paleopathological, sociocultural, medical, and neuroanthropological methods, we examine the varied ways purposeful pain is experienced, and its lasting effects. Biologically, pain acts as an adaptive mechanism to prevent harm to an individual, but how it is defined, expressed, and borne is dictated by cultural convention. This chapter explores various theoretical approaches, from embodiment and practice theory to structural violence. We borrow from Foucault, Durkheim, Whitehead, and others to investigate gender, power, marginalization, liminality, identity, and agency. We then discuss changing definitions of pain, as greater emphasis on psychological and cultural effects has been recognized. Individuality of the pain experience is also assessed as affected by past experiences, gender, age, neuroanatomy, and emotional state. Real and semantic differences between pain and suffering are outlined as well. We conclude with an overview of each chapter in the volume and their points of interconnectedness, emphasizing the importance of an integrative anthropological approach to studying quality of life issues among the living and the dead.
A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines

Objective The number of novel psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines has continued to increase, but little academic research has focused on the effects of these substances. We sought to determine and compare the subjective effects of various substances. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 39 adults (75.4% male and 87.2% White) who reported experience using psychedelic phenethylamines and/or tryptamines. Participants described the effects of compounds they have used. We examined the subjective drug effects in a qualitative descriptive manner. Results Participants reported on the use of 36 compounds. The majority (64.1%) reported the use of 2C series drugs, with 2C-B use being most prevalent; 38.5% reported the use of NBOMe, and 25.6% reported the use of DOx. With regard to tryptamines, 46.2% reported use, and 4-AcO-DMT was the most prevalent drug used in this class. 2C-B was often described as being more favorable than other 2C series compounds with the effects described as being comparable with MDMA and LSD. NBOMe effects were generally described in an unfavorable manner, and the effects of DOx were often described as lasting too long (12-36 hr). The effects of 4-AcO-DMT were often described as mimicking psilocybin. Conclusion Knowing the effects of various compounds can inform education, prevention, and harm reduction efforts regarding the use of these drugs.
CHANGES IN HIGH-SENSITIVITY TROPONIN AND THE RISK OF INCIDENT CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS: THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (MESA)

Few studies have examined the association between changes in high sensitivity troponin (hsTnT) and cardiovascular events in a multi-ethnic population. Participants from MESA who had hsTnT measured at Exams 1 (2000–02) and 3 (2004–05) were included and categorized as sustained undetectable (
Brain delivery of supplemental docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Abstract Background Past clinical trials of docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) supplements for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia have used lower doses and have been largely negative. We hypothesized that larger doses of DHA are needed for adequate brain bioavailability and that APOE4 is associated with reduced delivery of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to the brain before the onset of cognitive impairment. Methods 33 individuals were provided with a vitamin B complex (1 mg vitamin B12, 100 mg of vitamin B6 and 800 mcg of folic acid per day) and randomized to 2,152 mg of DHA per day or placebo over 6 months. 26 individuals completed both lumbar punctures and MRIs, and 29 completed cognitive assessments at baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome was the change in CSF DHA. Secondary outcomes included changes in CSF EPA levels, MRI hippocampal volume and entorhinal thickness; exploratory outcomes were measures of cognition. Findings A 28% increase in CSF DHA and 43% increase in CSF EPA were observed in the DHA treatment arm compared to placebo (mean difference for DHA (95% CI): 0.08 µg/mL (0.05, 0.10), p Interpretation Dementia prevention trials using omega-3 supplementation doses equal or lower to 1 g per day may have reduced brain effects, particularly in APOE4 carriers. Trial Registration: NCT02541929. Funding HNY was supported by R01AG055770, R01AG054434, R01AG067063 from the National Institute of Aging and NIRG-15-361854 from the Alzheimer's Association, and MGH by the L. K. Whittier Foundation. This work was also supported by P50AG05142 (HCC) from the National Institutes of Health. Funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, or writing of the report.
A physics-informed neural network for sound propagation in the atmospheric boundary layer

We describe what we believe is the first effort to develop a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to predict sound propagation through the atmospheric boundary layer. PINN is a recent innovation in the application of deep learning to simulate physics. The motivation is to combine the strengths of data-driven models and physics models, thereby producing a regularized surrogate model using less data than a purely data-driven model. In a PINN, the data-driven loss function is augmented with penalty terms for deviations from the underlying physics, e.g., a governing equation or a boundary condition. Training data are obtained from Crank-Nicholson solutions of the parabolic equation with homogeneous ground impedance and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the effective sound speed in the moving atmosphere. Training data are random samples from an ensemble of solutions for combinations of parameters governing the impedance and the effective sound speed. PINN output is processed to produce realizations of transmission loss that look much like the Crank-Nicholson solutions. We describe the framework for implementing PINN for outdoor sound, and we outline practical matters related to network architecture, the size of the training set, the physics-informed loss function, and challenge of managing the spatial complexity of the complex pressure.
The Bayesian Method of Tensor Networks

Bayesian learning is a powerful learning framework which combines the external information of the data (background information) with the internal information (training data) in a logically consistent way in inference and prediction. By Bayes rule, the external information (prior distribution) and the internal information (training data likelihood) are combined coherently, and the posterior distribution and the posterior predictive (marginal) distribution obtained by Bayes rule summarize the total information needed in the inference and prediction, respectively. In this paper, we study the Bayesian framework of the Tensor Network from two perspective. First, we introduce the prior distribution to the weights in the Tensor Network and predict the labels of the new observations by the posterior predictive (marginal) distribution. Since the intractability of the parameter integral in the normalization constant computation, we approximate the posterior predictive distribution by Laplace approximation and obtain the out-product approximation of the hessian matrix of the posterior distribution of the Tensor Network model. Second, to estimate the parameters of the stationary mode, we propose a stable initialization trick to accelerate the inference process by which the Tensor Network can converge to the stationary path more efficiently and stably with gradient descent method. We verify our work on the MNIST, Phishing Website and Breast Cancer data set. We study the Bayesian properties of the Bayesian Tensor Network by visualizing the parameters of the model and the decision boundaries in the two dimensional synthetic data set. For a application purpose, our work can reduce the overfitting and improve the performance of normal Tensor Network model.
Understanding How Older Adults Negotiate Environmental Hazards in Their Home

The purpose of this research was to examine environmental hazards related to falling risk by using two different approaches and to discuss older adults’ adaptive coping strategies. Environmental ha...
Determinants of Attitudes toward Ethical Dilemmas in News: A Survey of Student Journalists

In this research, we surveyed 214 college journalists to assess their attitudes toward a series of ethical dilemmas. Significant predictors of a nine-item index included years enrolled in college, ...
A Framework for the Initial Occupation of the Americas

AbstractA substantial amount of archaeological data suggests groups with markedly different lithic technologies and subsistence adaptations were widespread throughout both American continents by ∼13–13.5 ka. While there are fewer archaeological sites credibly dated to ∼13.5–15.5 ka, they are sufficient to indicate human foragers occupied at least the Pacific coasts of both continents and probably interior continental locations as well. Assuming it required at least 500–2000 years for initial populations to expand throughout these regions, the first colonists must have begun to spread throughout the Americas south of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets well before post-glacial global warming at 14.5 ka resulted in the melting of the ice sheets and a rapid rise in sea levels. The European and Asian gateway regions to the Americas were occupied by ∼35 ka, and the initial colonization likely post-dates this interval. Genetic data suggest the first colonists derive from populations that occupied the Alta...
Feline aminopeptidase N is not a functional receptor for avian infectious bronchitis virus

Coronaviruses are an important cause of infectious diseases in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and have the continued potential for emergence from animal species. A major factor in the host range of a coronavirus is its receptor utilization on host cells. In many cases, coronavirus-receptor interactions are well understood. However, a notable exception is the receptor utilization by group 3 coronaviruses, including avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) serves as a functional receptor for most group 1 coronaviruses including feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), canine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). A recent report has also suggested a role for fAPN during IBV entry (Miguel B, Pharr GT, Wang C: The role of feline aminopeptidase N as a receptor for infectious bronchitis virus. Brief review. Arch Virol 2002, 147:2047–2056. Here we show that, whereas both transient transfection and constitutive expression of fAPN on BHK-21 cells can rescue FIPV and TGEV infection in non-permissive BHK cells, fAPN expression does not rescue infection by the prototype IBV strain Mass41. To account for the previous suggestion that fAPN could serve as an IBV receptor, we show that feline cells can be infected with the prototype strain of IBV (Mass 41), but with low susceptibility compared to primary chick kidney cells. We also show that BHK-21 cells are slightly susceptible to certain IBV strains, including Ark99, Ark_DPI, CA99, and Iowa97 (<0.01% efficiency), but this level of infection is not increased by fAPN expression. We conclude that fAPN is not a functional receptor for IBV, the identity of which is currently under investigation.
I, 1.Viral causes of gastroenteritis.

This chapter discusses the causative viral agents, pathophysiology, and immunology of gastroenteritis. Acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humans and is caused by a variety of agents, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and chemicals. The clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic or mild infection to severe dehydrating illness with a fatal outcome; the latter occurs primarily in young children and in the elderly. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis. For the prevention of epidemic viral gastroenteritis, efforts need to be focused on caliciviruses. No specific antiviral therapy is recommended for childhood viral gastroenteritis, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing it from the selected forms of bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis that require treatment. Other than pertinent epidemiologic information, certain clinical features of illness may provide etiologic clues, but they are not highly discriminating. Standard therapy of viral enteric infections relies on maintenance of adequate hydration and electrolyte balance. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the main treatment.
How Should National History Be Written

National History and the World of Nations: Capital, State and the Rhetoric of History in Japan, France, and the United States. By Christopher Hill. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008. 352 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-8223-4316-5). Christopher Hill, associate professor of Japanese literature at Yale, analyzes the rhetoric, narrative form and intellectual origins of late nineteenth-century narrative histories, fiction and essays that shaped the creation of national history in Japan, France and the United States. Controversies about history loomed large in debates about contemporary political and social issues. In chapter 1, Hill argues that the writing of national history was a response to global changes in the geo-political order that were shaping capitalism and the international state system and that interacted with domestic crises and upheavals: in Japan, the Meiji restoration; in France, defeat in the war with Prussia, the end of the Second Empire, and the bloody suppression of the Paris commune in 1871; in the United States, post-Civil War national accommodation and demographic and geographic expansion beyond the eastern seaboard and English core. The choice of these three states is because “a triangular comparison resists the reductive, binary conclusions that are likely to develop when investigating phenomena like nationalism…” (p. x). These changes and crises forced new attention to the relationship between state and nation in all three countries. Local circumstances alone do not explain why national history writing appeared in many countries at this time and emphasized development stages with a clear-cut structure of past, present and future. The ubiquity of national history is a consequence of the “heterogeneous structure of a single, global modernity that was established as the capitalist market …
Doctors' perceptions of laboratory monitoring in office practice

Background Laboratory monitoring has been increasingly recognized as an important area for improving patient safety in ambulatory care. Little is known about doctors' attitudes towards laboratory monitoring and potential ways to improve it. Methods Six focus groups and one individual interview with 20 primary care doctors and nine specialists from three Massachusetts communities. Results Participants viewed laboratory monitoring as a critical, time-consuming task integral to their practice of medicine. Most believed they commit few laboratory monitoring errors and were surprised at the error rates reported in the literature. They listed various barriers to monitoring, including not knowing which doctor was responsible for ensuring the completion of laboratory monitoring, uncertainty regarding the necessity of monitoring, lack of alerts/reminders and patient non-adherence with recommended monitoring. The primary facilitator of monitoring was ordering laboratory tests while the patient is in the office. Primary care doctors felt more strongly than specialists that computerized alerts could improve laboratory monitoring. Participants wanted to individualize alerts for their practices and warned that alerts must not interrupt work flow or require too many clicks. Conclusions Doctors in community practice recognized the potential of computerized alerts to enhance their monitoring protocols for some medications. They viewed patient non-adherence as a barrier to optimal monitoring. Interventions to improve laboratory monitoring should address doctor workflow issues, in addition to patients' awareness of the importance of fulfilling recommended therapeutic monitoring to prevent adverse drug events.
r-Process Production in Low Mass Stars

Using steady flow calculations, we find that the solar system r-process abundance distribution could have been formed in astrophysical environments with neutron number densities ranging from 1020 to 1021 cm−. Assuming mixing between the H-rich envelope and the helium core, such neutron number densities can be produced by 13C during helium core flashes in low mass stars. These results indicate that low mass stars may have been responsible for synthesizing many of the solar system r-process nuclei.
Pseudo-Pure Fluid Equations of State for the Refrigerant Blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C

Pseudo-pure fluid equations of state explicit in Helmholtz energy have been developed to permit rapid calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C. The equations were fitted to values calculated from a mixture model developed in previous work for mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, and R-143a. The equations may be used to calculate the single-phase thermodynamic properties of the blends; dew and bubble point properties are calculated with the aid of additional ancillary equations for the saturation pressures. Differences between calculations from the pseudo-pure fluid equations and the full mixture model are on average 0.01%, with all calculations less than 0.1% in density except in the critical region. For the heat capacity and speed of sound, differences are on average 0.1% with maximum differences of 0.5%. Generally, these differences are consistent with the accuracy of available experimental data for the mixtures, and comparisons are given to selected experimental values to verify accuracy estimates. The equations are valid from 200 to 450 K and can be extrapolated to higher temperatures. Computations from the new equations are up to 100 times faster for phase equilibria at a given temperature and 5 times faster for single-phase state points given input conditions of temperature and pressure.
The Economics of Bank Moratoria: The Milford Plan, Michigan, and Bank Survival During the Great Depression

Banks in Michigan were opting for self-imposed moratoria during the Great Depression as early as 1931. These plans largely imitated a plan that began in the township of Milford, Michgan. Eventually, all banks in the state were closed in the national holiday declared by President Roosevelt in March 1933. This paper tests the survival rate of the banks that declared their own moratoria and the balance sheet conditions that led to that decision.
Selection of Cells Transformed to Prototrophy for Sporulation Markers

A method is presented for reproducible quantitative selection of recombinants for spore markers in transformation analysis.
THE DEPENDENCE OF THE EFFECTS OF LEARNING MODE ON CONCOMITANT FACTORS

Despite the number of studies comparing the programmed instruction (PI) and text teaching methods, the results to date have been inconclusive. In this paper it is hypothesized that the effects of these two modes of learning on performance are dependent on differences in people and in the material to be learned. In an experiment on 48 subjects it was found that both mode of learning and sex affected performance, but the effect of sex differed for the two modes of learning. Women performed better in the PI mode and men performed better in the text mode. Also, performance on definitional material was dependent on the aptitude of the learner and on inferential material was dependent on the prior knowledge of the learner.
Surface plasmon enhanced infrared absorption in the sensitized polymer solar cell

We have theoretically demonstrated an enhanced infrared absorption of the sensitizer in ternary polymer solar cell by introducing silver gratings at the back metal electrode. A combined model which incorporates the complex optical absorption profile and the electrical transport of the generated charge carriers was successfully developed. Using this model, we considered Si-PCPDTBT as an infrared sensitizer for P3HT:ICBA bulk heterojunction solar cells. A silver grating feature was optimized to produce a highly localized optical field inside the active polymer layer and enhance the infrared absorption of the sensitizer. Finally, an overall short-circuit current enhancement of about 40% is obtained theoretically.
Combination Estrogen–Progestin Oral Contraceptives

A healthy, sexually active, 35-year-old woman presents for advice about the use of oral contraceptives. She does not smoke cigarettes and has no personal or family history of venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Her blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Should an oral contraceptive be prescribed, and if so, how should a formulation be chosen?
Abaco Bush Medicine: Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Four Aromatic Medicinal Plants from Abaco Island, Bahamas

ABSTRACT The leaf essential oils of four aromatic plants used in traditional “bush” medicine on Abaco Island, Bahamas, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The most abundant components of Amyris elemifera (Rutaceae) were limonene (45.0%), linalool (20.8%), (β-caryophyllene (5.6%), 3-hexadecanone (5.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.9%), and (β-sesquiphellandrene (3.6%). Eugenia axillaris (Myrtaceae) leaf oil was largely composed of α-pinene (15.5%), dihydroagarofuran (9.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.8%), α-humulene (6.9%), 1,8-cineole (6.6%), and germacrene D (6.2%). The leaf essential oil of Lantana involucrate (Verbenaceae) was made up largely of germacrene D (21.1%), α-humulene (15.2%), and β-caryophyllene (13.7%). The most abundant components of Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae) were 1,8-cineole (30.7%), α-terpineol (14.2%), 4-terpineol (9.0%), and β-caryophyllene (6.4%). The antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida a...
Principles of emotional development and children’s pretend play

Children’s understanding of emotion and its constructivist links with pretend play is of increasing interest as an element of cognition. This article examines emotional development and pretend play using basic foundations of psychoanalytic and learning theories, and several understandings about emotional development. Also, this paper explains emotional development and pretend play through interactive levels of expression, control and modeling of emotion, and emotional intelligence. Through each of these levels, emotional development can be practiced and enhanced. To be a competent and positive person, children use pretend play as a learning opportunity to deal with their feelings, to have empathy for other’s feelings, and to develop emotional health.
Magnetostratigraphic dating of shallow-water carbonates from San Salvador, Bahamas

Magnetostratigraphic results are reported here from a sequence of late Neogene-Quaternary shallow-water carbonate sediments from a continuous core drilled on the island of San Salvador, Bahamas. On the basis of the remanent magnetism of 136 samples from a 91-m measured section of core, the polarity sequence can be correlated with the magnetic polarity time scale from the Gilbert chron (early Pliocene) through the late Brunhes chron (late Pleistocene-Holocene). Magnetic polarities were determined on the basis of relative up-down direction in the unoriented core. Extraction studies of the magnetic particles reveal the presence of single-domain crystals of magnetite resembling those produced by the magnetotactic bacteria and algae. The sequence of reversals provides a minimum of six new major chronostratigraphic markers for the Pliocene-Pleistocene of the Bahamas; it confirms and refines the local timing of both the lithologic change from skeletal to nonskeletal sediments and the disappearance of coral and molluscan species from the Bahamas as upper late Pliocene (between 2.6 and 2.7 Ma). That the primary magnetic remanence is preserved in shallow-water carbonates, including replacement dolomites, suggests that this technique could be used to date similar Tertiary and possibly even older carbonate sequences. The establishment of a reliable magnetostratigraphy provides refined dating of shallow-water carbonates and regional faunal appearances or disappearances, sediment accumulation rates, subsidence, and depositional events.
Advanced Theory of Instability in Tunneling Nanostructures

This work is concerned with the quantum structure of resonant tunneling diodes, which exhibits intrinsic instability that can be exploited for the development of high-speed, high-frequency devices. The article examines in detail the physics underlying the non-liner instability, in both a one-band model and a multiple-band model. The theoretical basis of the description of electronic processes in such structures are described in some detail in terms of nonequilibrium Green's functions. Also presented here is a semi-phenomenological model of the resonant tunneling diode based on nonlinear circuit theory. Recent works and progresses in this and related areas are summarized here as well.
In situ measurements of the axial expansion of palladium microdisks during hydrogen exposure using diffraction phase microscopy

We measured the height of Pd microdisks during H2 exposure using epi-illumination diffraction phase microscopy, a quantitative phase imaging technique for capturing nanoscale dynamics in situ. From these microdisk height measurements, we extracted the axial expansion coefficient as a function of H2 concentration as well as image sequences that show the instantaneous rate of axial expansion in a spatially and temporally resolved manner. Quantifying these two parameters is important in modeling Pd-based H2 sensors. For H2 concentrations below 0.5%, i.e. an order of magnitude below the lower explosive limit, the axial expansion coefficient followed the Freundlich distribution: Δh(c) = 1.28 c0.51 where Δh is the percentage change in height of the Pd microdisk and c is the percent concentration of H2 in N2. The fit agrees well with the anticipated square root dependence for diatomic gas.
How well do the amniotic fluid index and single deepest pocket indices (below the 3rd and 5th and above the 95th and 97th percentiles) predict oligohydramnios and hydramnios

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether the amniotic fluid index (AFI) and single deepest pocket percentiles can reliably identify a dye-determined amniotic fluid volume. Study design Ultrasound measurements and dye-determined volumes were prospectively collected. Oligohydramnios predictors included AFI and single deepest pocket below the 3rd and 5th percentiles, and hydramnios predictors were based on AFI and single deepest pocket above the 95th and 97th percentiles. Results Two hundred ninety-one women with singleton pregnancies participated, including 75 pregnancies (26%) with oligohydramnios and 31 pregnancies (10%) with hydramnios. The predictive ability of the AFI and single deepest pocket indices ( 95th and 97th percentiles) ranged between 33% and 46%. The best prediction was for normal fluid volume with an accuracy of 83% to 94%. Conclusion Amniotic fluid indices perform best for the identifying normal AF volumes, whereas the identification of oligohydramnios or hydramnios is poor.
Effect of dissolved organic matter on the uptake of trace metals by American oysters.

To examine the effects of dissolved organic matter on metal bioavailability, uptake of trace metals (Cd, Co, Hg, Cr, Ag, Zn) by American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) was compared between treatments with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and contrasting low molecular weight (LMW, 1 kDa) and high molecular weight (HMW, 1 kDa-0.2 micron) DOC fractions, using radiotracer techniques and short-term exposure experiments. Uptake rate constants (mL g-1 h-1) of metals, in general, increased with increasing DOC concentrations, with an initial decrease at lower DOC concentrations. Oyster dry weight concentration factors (DCF, mL g-1), determined at the end of exposure experiments (8 h), also increased for Cd, Co, Cr, Ag, and Zn, but decreased for Hg, with increasing DOC concentrations. Changes of metal uptake rate constants and DCF values with DOC concentration suggest that metal uptake pathways by American oysters vary from predominantly uptake (by diffusion of neutral) of free ionic, inorganically complexed, and LMW organic ligand complexed metals at very low DOC concentration to direct ingestion and digestion of HMW or colloidally complexed metals at higher DOC concentrations. Measured partition coefficients (Kc) between dissolved and colloidal phases were comparable between metals, ranging from 10(5.12) to 10(5.75) mL g-1. However, DCF values and uptake rate constants differed considerably between metals, with the highest DCF values and uptake rate constants found for B-type metals, e.g., Ag, Hg, Zn, and Cd, and the lowest ones for several intermediate-type metals (e.g., Co, Cr). Metal types and thus the interaction of metals with organic ligands, such as strong complexation of B-type metals with S-containing organic ligands, may play an important role in the bioavailability and toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. Differences in metal uptake in contrasting LMW and HMW DOC treatments suggest a generally depressed bioavailability of colloidally complexed metals at low DOC concentration (0.5 ppm) but a generally enhanced uptake at higher DOC concentrations.
Development of a Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols via N-Amino Cyclic Carbamate Hydrazones: Application to the Total Synthesis of (+)-Clusianone

A broadly applicable asymmetric synthetic strategy utilizing N-amino cyclic carbamate alkylation that provides access to the various stereochemical permutations of a common structural motif found in many polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols is described. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated through the first asymmetric total synthesis of the antiviral agent (+)-clusianone.
Differential responsiveness of somatotrophs to growth hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone during chicken embryonic development

This study was designed to evaluate responsiveness and sensitivity of pituitaries from chickens to growth hormone (GH) secretagogues during late embryonic development. Anterior pituitary cells from 16-, 18- and 20-day-old chicken embryos were subjected to reverse hemolytic plaque assays (RHPAs) for GH in the presence of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The proportion of somatotrophs detected increased between embryonic days 16 and 20, from 16 to 19.5% of all pituitary cells. Sensitivity to GHRH and TRH was similar and increased between embryonic days 16 and 20. On embryonic day 16, about 50% of somatotrophs that were not detected under basal conditions released GH in the presence of GHRH at 2 and 6 h. In contrast, only 15 and 30% of day 16 somatotrophs released GH by 2 and 6 h, respectively, following exposure to TRH. Thus, at least one of five somatotrophs responded to GHRH but not to TRH. By embryonic day 20, the proportions of somatotrophs that responded to GHRH and TRH were approximately equal at about 40%. These results provide additional evidence that GHRH and TRH may be involved in hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion during chicken embryonic development. Furthermore, it appears that full differentiation of functional chicken somatotrophs does not occur abruptly but rather gradually between embryonic days 16 and 20, during which a subpopulation of GH cells undergoes changes in sensitivity and responsiveness to TRH.
Tunneling in thin MOS structures

Recent results on tunneling in thin MOS structures are described. Thermally grown SiO2 films in the thickness range of 22-40 A have been shown to be effectively uniform on an atomic scale and exhibit an extremely abrupt oxide-silicon interface. Resonant reflections are observed at this interface for Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and are shown to agree with the exact theory for a trapezoidal barrier. Tunneling at lower fields is consistent with elastic tunneling into the silicon direct conduction band and, at still lower fields, inelastic tunneling into the indirect conduction band. Approximate dispersion relations are obtained over portions of the silicon-dioxide energy gap and conduction band.
Cluster-dynamical approach to N-body scattering

A formulation of the quantum-mechanical nonrelativistic {ital N}-body problem is derived using as guiding principle the dynamical evolution of two-cluster partitions of the {ital N} particles during the scattering process. This concept is realized by first making a certain choice for the basic subcluster-exchange potentials and then requiring consistency at all subsystem levels to generate the detailed structure. A decoupling is performed which divides the two-cluster partitions into primary and secondary ones, thus leading to a generalized optical potential-type formulation which makes the description of the reaction mechanisms very detailed and transparent and allows for a convenient graphical visualization. The resulting effective two-body equations of Lippmann-Schwinger form take full account of the Pauli principle and involve as input only physical subsystem transition amplitudes. The present approach may be understood as an off-shell transformation of the corresponding Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas {ital N}-body equations which eliminates some off-shell dependence of the latter. As a direct consequence of the compound nature of spectator clusters, the final equations turn out to be four-dimensional, involving one off-shell energy and one vector momentum as integration variables. Implications of this finding for a possible relativistic generalization are discussed.
Use of the common denominator

IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine and Biology. Editor R. W. Hiorns. Oxford University Press. 4/yr. UK £54, North America $138, elsewhere £69. Communications in Statistics—Stochastic Models. Editor Marcel F. Neuts. Dekker. 3/yr. $110 (institutional), $55 (individual).
RESPONSE OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA TO ALUMINUM AND LOW pH12

SUMMARY Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a green alga which has no measurable Ca requirement, tolerated much higher Al concentrations in solution than higher plants which require considerable Ca. This alga also gave significant positive yield responses to Al concentrations between 1.5 and 12 ppm (added at pH 4.6). The positive Al response was not attributable to V, Cr, Ni, Co, W, or Ti contaminants in the Al salt. A strain of C. pyrenoidosa having even greater Al tolerance was isolated, by subjecting the original Strain I (Fitzgerald) culture to increasing Al stress. This strain, I-Al, grew in stagnant cultures containing 48 ppm Al at an initial pH of 4.2. Its yield also was not significantly decreased by 48 ppm Al in aerated cultures when both inoculum and solution pH were 4.6. Under the same conditions the original Strain I organism was injured by 3 and 6 ppm Al and was killed by 12 ppm. Algal strains which differ in Al tolerance may be useful in (1) studies on the mechanism of Al toxicity and mineral nutrition in general; and (2) in raising the pH, precipitating Al, and thereby detoxifying Al-containing acid mine drainage water and commercial wastes.
Test results from the Langley high Reynolds number cryogenic transonic tunnel

NASA has recently developed and proof tested a pilot cryogenic transonic pressure tunnel. In addition to providing an attractive method for obtaining high Reynolds number results at moderate aerodynamic loadings and tunnel power, this unique facility enables the independent determination of the effects of Reynolds number, Mach number, and aeroelasticity. The proof-of-concept experimental and theoretical studies are briefly reviewed. Experimental results are included which indicate pressure distributions for a two-dimensional airfoil and strain-gage balance characteristics for a three-dimensional delta wing model.
Graphic input interaction techniques(Panel Session)

In the last decade most research and development in computer graphics has been in the output side. Input devices and techniques for communicating with graphic systems are now also becoming active research topics. To communicate the state-of-the-art and to identify the key research issues, SIGGRAPH sponsored a workshop on graphics interaction input techniques in June, 1982. The topics to be discussed include tools for building user interfaces, recent successes using those tools, human factors, generic interaction types, interaction techniques for raster systems and style-independent interaction techniques. The workshop will be summarized with an address on the current state-of-the-art and identification of the major research issues. In addition, selected participants will be asked to address the primary research issues.
Hydrogen bonding in polymers: III further infrared temperature studies of polyamides

Fourier transform infrared temperature studies of two semi-crystalline polyamides, nylon 12 and a terpolymer of nylon 6/66/610 are presented. The results obtained are consistent with those recently published from similar studies of an amorphous polyamide and nylon 11 and further bolster our general interpretation of the infrared spectra of polyamides.
Determining interphase boundary orientations from near-coincidence sites

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was made of the interphase boundary structure of delta plates precipitated from the gamma phase in alloy 718. A variety of interfacial defects were examined and identified. These results, together with available data obtained from bcc laths in fcc Ni-Cr alloys, were used to develop a method for predicting precipitate orientation relationships and boundary orientations. The method employs a geometric matching approach in three dimensions based upon the concept of near-coincidence sites. It is suggested that precipitates in a given system select an orientation relationship which produces the greatest areal density of near-coincidence sites and that the habit plane adopts an orientation that yields the greatest area of boundary containing contiguous near-coincidence sites.
Effects of two models of hypercalcemia on renal acid base metabolism

Effects of two models of hypercalcemia on renal acid base metabolism. The effects of two models of chronic hypercalcemia on renal acid-base metabolism were studied in rats. In the first series of experiments, rats were rendered hyperparathyroid by the autologous grafting of 20 to 24 parathyroid glands into a single recipient. Hypercalcemia (5.48 ± 0.03 mEq/liter in high PTH animals, 4.96 ± 0.06 mEq/liter in pair-fed controls, P Effets de deux modeles d'hypercalcemie sur le metabolisme acidobasique renal. Les effets de deux modeles d'hypercalcemie chronique sur le metabolisme acido-basique renal ont ete etudie chez des rats. Dans une premiere serie d'experiences, des rats ont ete rendus hyperparathyroidiens par la greffe autologue de 20 a 24 glandes parathyroides chez un seul receveur. Une hypercalcemie (5,48 ± 0,03 mEq/litre chez les animaux a PTH elevee, 4,96 ± 0,06 mEq/litre chez les controles nourris de facon apariee, P
An Exploration of Themes That Influence the Counselor Education Doctoral Student Experience

The purpose of the present study was to explore the themes that counselor education doctoral students perceive as influencing their experience. The results of an exploratory qualitative study in which counselor education doctoral students provided their perceptions of what helped or hindered their progress are presented. Themes identified as both positively and negatively influencing their experiences were departmental culture, mentoring, academics, support systems, and personal issues. Recommendations are provided for counselor educators to consider in their work with doctoral students.
What is the Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Total Hip Arthroplasty

MRI has been shown to be an extremely effective instrument in the management of painful hip arthroplasty. Its superior soft tissue contrast and direct multiplanar acquisition compared to computerized tomography (CT) and radiographs allows for reproducible visualization of periacetabular osteolysis, demonstrating compression of neurovascular bundles by extracapsular synovial deposits. In addition, MRI can often elucidate etiology of neuropathy in the perioperative period and is further helpful in evaluating the soft tissue envelope, including the attachment of the hip abductors, short external rotators and iliopsoas tendon. A further advantage of MRI over CT is its lack of ionizing radiation. Most importantly, MRI can disclose intracapsular synovial deposits that precede osteoclastic resorption of bone.
Refractivity Determined Irrespective of Form, by Displacement Interferometry.

1 Wheeler, The Ants of the Baltic Amber, Konigsberg Schr. physik. Ges., 55, 1914, (1-142). 2 Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., Jena, 8, 1895, (774). 3 Die Fossilen Insekten, Leipzig, 1908, (p. 1283). 4 Loc. cit., (p. 1285). 5 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 20, 1910, (427-606), and Climates of Geologic Time, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 192, (pp. 263-298). 6Dewitz, Zs. wiss. Zool., Leipzig, 30, 1878, (78-105), P1. 5. 7 British Ants, 1915, (p. 131 and 221), Fig. 50. 8 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, 21, 1905, (405-408), 1 pl.; Ants, etc., 1910, (p. 99), Fig. 63. 9 Rev. Suisse Zool., 10, 1902, (444). 10 Ibid., 18, 1910, (27). 1 Ark. Zool., 9, 1915, (71). 12 Biol. Bull., 4, Woods Hole, Mass., 1903. (180). 13 Acta Soc. Ent. Bohemia, 5, 1908, (139-146), 4 figs. 14 British Ants 1915, (p. 220), Fig. 47. 15 J. Exper. Zool., 8, 1910, (421), Fig. 7. 16 Zs. wiss. Zool., 114, 1915, contains a full bibliography of the author's papers on the Lomechusini.
Transport by negative eddy viscosity in soliton turbulence

The forced Schrodinger equation is used to describe the microhydrodynamical state of strong soliton turbulence. The Schrodinger equation is transformed into a master equation and is decomposed into a macrogroup, a microgroup, and a submicrogroup, representative of the three transport processes of spectral evolution, transport property, and relaxation. The kinetic equation for the macrodistribution is derived and reverted to the continuum by the method of moments in order to find the equation of spectral evolution. The spectral flow is found to be governed by three types of transport, which are discussed.