cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parainfluenza Virus 3 Blocks Antiviral Mediators Downstream of the Interferon Lambda Receptor by Modulating Stat1 Phosphorylation.

UNLABELLED Parainfluenza viruses are known to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) production; however, there is a lack of information regarding the type III IFN response during infection. Type III IFNs signal through a unique heterodimeric receptor, IFN-λR1/interleukin-10R2 (IL-10R2), which is primarily expressed by epithelial cells. Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3) infection is highly restricted to the airway epithelium. We therefore sought to examine type III IFN signaling pathways during PIV-3 infection of epithelial cells. We used three strains of PIV-3: human PIV-3 (HPIV-3), bovine PIV-3 (BPIV-3), and dolphin PIV-1 (Tursiops truncatus PIV-1, or TtPIV-1). Here, we show that message levels of IL-29 are significantly increased during PIV-3 infection, yet downstream antiviral signaling molecules are not upregulated to levels similar to those of the positive control. Furthermore, in Vero cells infected with PIV-3, stimulation with recombinant IL-29/-28A/-28B does not cause upregulation of downstream antiviral molecules, suggesting that PIV-3 interferes with the JAK/STAT pathway downstream of the IFN-λR1/IL-10R2 receptor. We used Western blotting to examine the phosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat2 in Vero cells and the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. In Vero cells, we observed reduced phosphorylation of the serine 727 (S727) site on Stat1, while in BEAS-2B cells Stat1 phosphorylation was decreased at the tyrosine 701 (Y701) site during PIV-3 infection. PIV-3 therefore interferes with the phosphorylation of Stat1 downstream of the type III IFN receptor. These data provide new evidence regarding strategies employed by parainfluenza viruses to effectively circumvent respiratory epithelial cell-specific antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE Parainfluenza virus (PIV) in humans is associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia and can be especially problematic in infants and the elderly. Also seen in cattle, bovine PIV-3 causes respiratory infections in young calves. In addition, PIV-3 is one of a number of pathogens that contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). As their name suggests, interferons (IFNs) are produced by cells to interfere with viral replication. Paramyxoviruses have previously been shown to block production and downstream signaling of type I IFNs. For the first time, it is shown here that PIV-3 can induce protective type III IFNs in epithelial cells, the primary site of PIV-3 infection. However, we found that PIV-3 modulates signaling pathways downstream of the type III IFN receptor to block production of several specific molecules that aid in a productive antiviral response. Importantly, this work expands our understanding of how PIV-3 effectively evades host innate immunity.
Pre-, Peri-, and Neonatal Factors in Autism

It is clear from previous chapters that autism is now considered a syndrome due to a neuropathology of the central nervous system, which, in turn, may have a variety of etiologies. Studies have found that many autistic children suffer from organic brain disorders, ranging from 30 to 100%, depending on whether the children were selected from psychiatric or pediatric-neurologic cohorts (Fish & Ritvo, 1979). A wide variety of neurologic disorders have been reported, including cerebral palsy, maternal rubella, toxoplasmosis, tuberous sclerosis, cytomegalovirus infection, demyelinating disease, lead encephalopathy, meningitis, encephalitis, severe brain hemorrhage, phenylketonuria, and many types of epilepsy.
Leiomyoma of the Male Urethra A Case Report and Review of the Literature

○ We describe the case of a 48-year-old quadriplegic black man with history of C4-C5 cervical spine and cord injury secondary to a fall, who presented to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center Urology Service with obstructive symptoms at urination. A bulbous urethral stricture was diagnosed and subsequently resected with primary urethral reanastomosis. On pathologic examination, the surgical specimen contained an epithelioid leiomyoma at the site of the urethral stricture. Although leiomyomas of the female urethra are relatively common, we identified only 2 previously reported cases of leiomyomas of the male urethra in the English-language medical literature. To the best of our knowledge, we describe the third case of leiomyoma of the male urethra, the first of the epithelioid type.
Tissue-Related and Species-Specific Differences in the 2-5A Oligomer Size Requirement for Activation of 2-5A-Dependent RNase

ABSTRACT 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate (2-5A)-dependent RNase (L or F) is the final enzyme in the 2-5A pathway and a key component in the molecular mechanism of interferon (IFN) action. Here we demonstrate ...
Influence of Humidity on Mortality of Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Eggs Caused by Sorbic Acid

In previous studies Boush et al. (1968) demonstrated the detrimental significance of sorbic acid when added to nutrient medium of Attagenus megatoma (F.) and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (= parabile Beal). These effects of sorbic acid and certain other common food additives are now known to be ovicidal, rather than larvicidal (Burkholder et al., 1973). This report presents data illustrating the importance of humidity in regulating the mortality of eggs exposed to sorbic acid.
Influence of Stagnation Regions on Preconditioned Solutions at Low Speeds

We have examined the effects of different preconditioning definitions on robustness in the vicinity of stagnation regions. Specifically, we have utilized a series of NACA0012 test cases and two different computer codes. Interestingly, the two codes—an in-house research code called GEMS and the wellknown NASA Ames research code ARC2D—are observed to show different degrees of sensitivity to the stagnation region. Based on the studies, we propose a modified definition referred to as local maximum preconditioning, which is shown to maintain robust performance over a range of parametric variations.
Iterative calculation of energy eigenstates employing the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree theory.

The improved relaxation approach of Meyer and co-workers is extended by employing the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) theory. Within this approach the trial wave function is expressed by a recursive, multilayered expansion that is the same as in a normal ML-MCTDH simulation. Calculation of an energy eigenstate then proceeds by iteratively diagonalizing the Boltzmann operator in the top layer representation using a Lanczos/Arnoldi method while relaxing the single particle functions of all layers using the ML-MCTDH imaginary time propagation. Numerical iteration is stopped until the relative energy and/or density of the target state meet the convergence criteria. The application of this multilayer improved relaxation method is illustrated by computing the energy splitting for the lowest pair of eigenstates as well as the spin observables and entanglement entropy of the spin-boson model. A large number of degrees of freedom, up to 10 000 bath modes, can be treated, and thus th...
Analysis on 851 Hospitalized Pneumoconiosis Cases in Occupational Hospital of Guizhou Province From 1971 to 2008

Objective To discuss the relationship between susceptive factors and pneumoconiosis through the review on 851 cases.Method The statistical analysis of 851 cases of pneumoconiosis hospitalized in hospital from 1971 to 2008 was made by the SPSS 11.5 software.Result Their age was from 23 years to 85 years,with the average of 54.90+0.35 years.Their time of exposure to dust was from 1.3 years to 50 years,with the average of 19.18+0.33 years.The diagnosis rates of hospitalized cases confirmed firstly in Occupational Disease Hospital of Guizhou Province in 1971-1980,1981-1990,1991-2000 and 2001-2008 were 15.7%,46.5%,23.4%,and 14.3%,respectively.The constituent rates of ill-stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ were 52.17%,35.61% and 12.22%,respectively.The Kendall rank correlation coefficients of age,time of exposure to dust and type of work were 0.108,-0.118,and-0.156,respectively(P0.01),but that of the season and the complication was-0.005,0.004,respectively(P0.05).Conclusion In Guizhou Province,the peak of pneumoconiosis patients was in 1980s,generally tapered off after that.Incidence of pneumoconiosis grows along with age and was correlated closely with age,time of exposure to dust and type of work.The season and the complication were irrelevant with pneumoconiosis.
Psychological Method of Selecting the Ice Hockey Players

Psychological method of selecting the ice hockey players has acceleration effect on heightening the efficiency of their becoming a useful players.With the relevant knowledge of sports psychology and sports training theory,basing on the home researches of selecting the players with the sports psychology,aiming at the professional features of ice hockey,the article indicates that in the selection with sports psychology,it should be to notice the problem of psychological selection's longtime systematization and periodized speciality.It puts forward the main psychology content and test methods of selecting the ice hockey players as follows:kinaesthesia sense of direction,optical response time,attention mensuration,character analysis and operational ideation mensuration.
Influence of contractility on myocardial water distribution during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Water equilibrium within heart muscle during cardiopulmonary bypass is an important aspect of ventricular physiology which must be considered in efforts to optimize myocardial protection. This study focuses on the influence of the inotropic state of the ventricle in determining the amount of heart water and its regional distribution within the free wall of the left ventricle. Experiments involving cardiopulmonary bypass were performed in 57 dogs. Three spontaneous levels of myocardial contractility were identified under conditions of standard preload, afterload, and heart rate. Each increase in level (grade) was associated with a significantly higher myocardial wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio. In addition, higher levels of contractility were associated with a marked shift in water distribution within the left ventricular wall; water tended to accumulate in the inner half of the better contracting left ventricular wall, the reverse of the distribution seen at lower levels of contractility. These three grades of contractility and myocardial water content were not associated with any significant differences in total or regional myocardial blood flow, as determined by the use of radioactive microspheres. Maintenance of low levels of contractility during cardiopulmonary bypass may be desirable in order to prevent the occurrence of subendocardial edema.
Prospecting for Precision: Promises for Personalized Medicine

In this issue of The Journal , co–first authors Kim, Bang, and colleagues present provocative data suggesting an association with the clinical response to cyclophosphamide (CYC) therapy in patients with active lupus nephritis: whether administered according to the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) regimen of monthly intravenous doses or according to the Euro-Lupus biweekly schedule, response to CYC is associated with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the telomeric end of the FCGR gene cluster adjacent to FCGR2B on chromosome 1q231. The FCGR2B gene encodes the cell surface receptor, FcγRIIb (CD32B), which is the only Fcγ receptor with a tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the human genome. The prospect of genetically based personalized, precision medicine coming to rheumatologic conditions apart from certain autoinflammatory and rare disease states2 and specific considerations in pharmacogenomics3 is very appealing and holds high promise for the future. The reasonable question is whether we have arrived or have more to do. The study by Kim and Bang’s group defines complete, partial, and non-responsiveness to CYC and relates these clinical categories to nearly 500,000 SNP in germline DNA obtained in a genome-wide association study. The technology is powerful and continues to advance with more densely featured SNP genotyping arrays and even with whole-genome sequencing, which is now both technically and financially within reach. Thus, the … Address correspondence to Dr. R.P. Kimberly; E-mail: rpk{at}uab.edu
Commissurotomy for mitral stenosis combined with pulmonary resection. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Summary and conclusion A case is repored of a 43-year-old white woman who underwent a combined mitral commissurotomy and a right middle lobectomy for bronchiectasis. This is the tenth reported case of combined commissurotomy and pulmonary resection. There were no postoperative complications which could be definitely ascribed to the combination of the two procedures. A review of the previously reported cases of combined pulmonary resection and mitral commissurotomy suggests that the two procedures can be combined without increasing either morbidity or mortality.
A probabilistic approach to marker propagation

Potentially, the advantages of marker-passing over local connectionist techniques for associative inference are (1) the ability to differentiate variable bindings, and (2) reduction in the search space and/or number of processing elements. However, the latter advantage has mostly been realized at the expense of accuracy and predictability. In this paper we consider a class of associative inference to which marker passing is often applied, variously called abductive inference, schema selection, or pattern completion. Analysis of marker semantics in a standard semantic net representation leads to a proposal for more strictly regulated marker propagation. An implementation strategy employing an augmented relaxation network is outlined.
Tourette’s Syndrome and Stimulus-Induced Tics

Three patients with Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and tic-related behaviors induced by external and internal stimuli are reported from the Department of Psychiatry, University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London.
Abstract A06: ‘Accidental discoveries on systematic studies: Role of inflammation in multistep tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in models of allergies

Among major scientific factors involved in extremely slow progress in cancer research and failed therapies are the lack of understanding of host tissue composition and interactions between resident immune cells and signaling for recruited cells in carcinogenesis. In 1980s experimental models of acute and chronic ocular inflammatory diseases resulted in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Analyses of data became accidental discoveries for systematic identification of time-course kinetics of interactions and synergies between host immune cells (e.g., mast, goblet and B cells) and recruiting cells (e.g., eosinophils and TAMs) during acute, intermediate and chronic phases of immune dynamics caused induction of tumor-like lesions in conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissues. The data are the first multiple findings on early events, followed by sequential alterations of immunity toward tissue growth and angiogenesis. In 2008, acute inflammation or effective immunity was defined as the balance between two biologically opposing arms, termed Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) properties of immune and non-immune (e.g., vasculature, neurodegenerative and metabolic) responses. Chronic inflammation was hypothesized as loss of balance in Yin and Yang and a common link for genesis of all age-associated chronic diseases or cancer. Future efforts to promote immunity should include systematic understanding of host-pathogen interactions in susceptible tissues. Outcomes are expected to hold real promise in understanding how cancer cells become threat to body and how translate cancer biology into cost-effective drug designs and clinical trials. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Mahin Khatami, Ret. ‘Accidental discoveries on systematic studies: Role of inflammation in multistep tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in models of allergies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr A06.
Proteomic signatures of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) distinguishes different outcome groups across cytogenetics and identified potential therapy targets

6523 Background: Cytogenetics (CG) guide AML treatment but reliable markers predicting response and relapse within CG groups are missing. We therefore determined whether functional proteomic signat...
Party manifestos in newer party systems El Salvador and Guatemala

This research note analyses the role that party manifestos play in El Salvador and Guatemala, two newer democracies. In recent elections, the importance of manifestos has increased in both systems. This study examines this development. It explores the ‘why’s’ (purpose) and ‘how’s’ (the method of production) of party manifestos to learn more about the internal workings of parties and their relationship with society. The findings from this study suggest that in new democracies, international party assistance programmes can play a crucial role in making manifestos relevant. Whether manifestos enhance democracy in the long term, however, depends on party system institutionalization. These results point to an opportunity for research in new and younger party systems.
Investigating the Dynamics and the Content of Customers’ Social Media Reporting after a Restaurant Service Failure

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how the dynamics of service failures in restaurants influence customers’ attitudes and electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) intentions on Social Media (SM). This study explores the escalating service failure continuum, including failure types, failure severity, and recovery efforts. Study 1 examines the influence of the different failures on customers’ positive and negative eWOM intentions. The findings suggest that the prevalent path begins with escalation of service failures that leads to customers’ attitude and eventually influences customers’ negative eWOM intentions. Study 2 further investigates various negative eWOM contents in SM. The findings suggest that customers’ negative eWOM becomes more aggressive as the service failure escalates. Interestingly, results also suggest that customers hold restraint and self-control with aggressiveness of their negative eWOMs.
Classification of KP Solitons

This chapter concerns with a classification problem of the asymptotic spatial structure of “regular” KP solitons for large |y| using the Deodhar decomposition of the Grassmannian. More precisely, we consider the soliton solution from a point A represented by an \(N\times M\) matrix on a Deodhar component \(\mathscr {P}_{v, w}^{>0}\) of the TNN Grassmannian \(\mathrm{Gr}(N, M)_{\ge 0}\) and classify the asymptotic structure of the solution in the xy-plane. It turns out that the asymptotic structure of the soliton solutions from the matrix A is completely characterized by a derangement \(\pi =vw^{-1}\) of the Deodhar component \(\mathscr {P}_{v, w}^{>0}\), such that the line-solitons for \(y\gg 0\) are of \([i,\pi (i)]\)-types with \(i<\pi (i)\) and those for \(y\ll 0\) are of \([\pi (j), j]\)-types with \(\pi (j)<j\).
Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis via Electrodeposited Amorphous α-Phase Nickel-Cobalt Hydroxide Nanodendrite Forests.

We demonstrate an electrodeposition method to rapidly grow novel three-dimensional nanodendrite forests of amorphous α-phase mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxides on stainless steel foil toward high performance electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The proposed hydrogen bubble-templated, diffusion-limited deposition process leads to the unprecedented dendritic growth of vertically aligned amorphous metal hydroxides, induced by the controlled electrolysis of the tuned water content in the primarily alcohol-based deposition solution. The hierarchical nature of these binder-free, amorphous metal hydroxide deposits leads to their superhydrophilic nature and underwater superaerophobic behavior. The combination of all of these qualities leads to exemplary catalytic performance. When directly grown on planar stainless steel substrates, these nanoforests show high OER activity with overpotentials as low as ∼255 mV to produce a current density of 10 mA cm–2 over 10 000 accelerated stability test cycles...
Non-coding RNAs: long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs in endocrine-related cancers

The human genome is 'pervasively transcribed' leading to a complex array of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that far outnumber coding mRNAs. ncRNAs have regulatory roles in transcription and post-transcriptional processes as well numerous cellular functions that remain to be fully described. Best characterized of the 'expanding universe' of ncRNAs are the ~22 nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) that base-pair to target mRNA's 3' untranslated region within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and block translation and may stimulate mRNA transcript degradation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as >200 nucleotides in length, but range up to several kb and are heterogeneous in genomic origin and function. lncRNAs fold into structures that interact with DNA, RNA and proteins to regulate chromatin dynamics, protein complex assembly, transcription, telomere biology and splicing. Some lncRNAs act as sponges for miRNAs and decoys for proteins. Nuclear-encoded lncRNAs can be taken up by mitochondria and lncRNAs are transcribed from mtDNA. Both miRNAs and lncRNAs are dysregulated in endocrine cancers. This review provides an overview on the current understanding of the regulation and function of selected lncRNAs and miRNAs, and their interaction, in endocrine-related cancers: breast, prostate, endometrial and thyroid.
Intracardiac Echinococcal Cyst Causing Biventricular Cavity Obliteration

A 47-year-old male presented to the emergency room after an episode of exertional syncope. He denied palpitations, incontinence, dyspnea, or any prior syncope. An ECG and serum cardiac enzymes were normal. A computed tomographic angiogram performed to rule out pulmonary embolism revealed an intracardiac mass in the ventricular septum, measuring 5.0×5.0×4.7 cm (Figure [A]). Subsequent transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated cavity obliteration of the right ventricle from the mass. Figure. Intracardiac echinococcal cyst. A , Computed tomographic angiogram shows an intracardiac mass within the interventricular septum between the right …
Making microbes matter: essay review of Maureen A. O’Malley’s Philosophy of Microbiology

In a pioneering book, Philosophy of Microbiology, Maureen O’Malley argues for the philosophical importance of microbes through an examination of their impact on ecosystems, evolution, biological classification, collaborative behavior, and multicellular organisms. She identifies many understudied conceptual issues in the study of microbes. If philosophers follow her lead, the philosophy of biology will be expanded and enriched.
The Spirit Moving over the Great Deep

My reflection is about the Holy Spirit, about that Spirit of gentleness and restlessness who moves over the waters of the Great Deep, stirring up the thirsts of the world, and calling us to join her, as Christians and religious, to slake those thirsts. A first part will reflect on the Spirit who stirs up those thirsts. A second part will outline several of those thirsts. A third part will reflect on how the Spirit calls Christians to join her mission of slaking those thirsts, and a fourth and final part will suggest that we as religious women and men can play a particular part in that thirst-slaking mission of the Spirit. Keywords: Holy Spirit, Christian Spirituality, Mission of the Church, Mission of the Spirit, Missiology
No-Cloning Theorem, Quantum Teleportation and Spooky Correlations

The no-cloning theorem states that an arbitrary quantum state cannot be copied from one qubit and duplicated on another qubit. We offer a proof of this theorem and illustrate how quantum states can be teleported between two qubits. The Bell and Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequalities are introduced and shown to be demonstrable features of entangled quantum systems. We discuss how the private key distribution problem is dealt with using quantum key distribution (QKD). The BB84 and Ekert protocols are examples of the latter, and we review and illustrate their implementation. We show how entangled states enable dense coding and offer a brief synopsis of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger GHZ states and their application.
Countermarking by male pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): do females use odor cues to select mates with high competitive ability?

Competitive countermarking occurs when animals compete to ensure that their scent marks are in the top-most position and more recently deposited than those of rivals. Because it takes a great deal of time and energy, and perhaps dominant or territorial status, to patrol the area and rapidly countermark rivals' marks, assessors may use the presence of countermarks as a reliable cue of the signaler's competitive ability. Selection on assessors, therefore, should favor the evolution of mechanisms to determine which scent is the countermark. Sexual selection theory predicts that females select high-quality males with whom to mate; therefore, females should mate preferentially with countermarking males. We examined the role of countermarking in intra-male competition and female mate choice in the pygmy loris. In experiment 1, we found that males deposit significantly more urine when countermarking other males' urine, but countermark female urine no more than control stimuli. In experiment 2, we exposed females to the urine of two males for several weeks. One male always deposited his urine first, whereas the second male always deposited his urine later and on top of the first male's urine. When reaching peak estrus, females were given a simultaneous choice test between the two males, and showed a significant preference for the countermarking male with regard to: (1) her location and orientation to the male, (2) her chemosensory interest in the male and his cage, and (3) her affiliative socio-sexual behaviors. These results are consistent with predictions from the competitive countermarking hypothesis, and demonstrate that chemosignals play a profound role in governing female reproductive behavior in the species.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage endometrioid ovarian carcinoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base

Abstract Introduction The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage IC grade 1 and stage IA/IB grade 2 endometrioid ovarian adenocarcinoma (EOOC) remains unclear as the NCCN guidelines recommend either observation only or adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, we sought to determine whether patients with stage I EOOC had improved overall survival (OS) following receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods Patients with pathological stage I ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Demographics, pathologic factors including tumor grade, and treatment information including receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy were collected. The impact of chemotherapy on OS was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curves, and compared with log-rank tests. Multivariate Cox analysis was performed to control for confounders. Results A total of 4538 patients were identified and the median age was 55 years The rate of adjuvant chemotherapy use was 50.9%. Higher rates were noted among patients with stage IC and grade 3 tumors. Following stratification by tumor grade, substage and extent of lymphadenectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a survival benefit for patients with grade 2 tumors who did not undergo (stage IA/IB: 95.7% vs 83%, p = 0.038; stage IC: 84.5% vs 84.8%, p = 0.39) or had limited lymphadenectomy (stage IA/IB: 96% vs 89.5%, p = 0.03; stage IC: 97.2% vs 83.9%, p = 0.001). A survival difference was also seen for patients with grade 3 tumors who did not undergo lymphadenectomy but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with an overall survival benefit for patients with inadequately-staged, grade 2 stage I ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. A possible benefit for inadequately-staged patients with grade 3 tumors cannot be excluded.
Association between Pre-Albumin and Malnutrition in Children with Advanced Heart Failure

Purpose Malnutrition is an important complication of heart failure (HF) and associated with significant mortality. The serum pre-albumin level is often performed to evaluate patient nutritional status in HF, however its association with clinical malnutrition severity has not be determined. We sought to evaluate the association between pre-albumin and malnutrition severity using contemporary definitions of malnutrition. Methods All children listed for heart transplant (HT) between 2014 and 2017 were identified using a hospital database at a single center. Clinical malnutrition severity was determined by a certified pediatric dietitian using the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) guidelines. The pre-albumin level drawn around the time of the nutritional assessment was recorded. ANOVA for K groups with the Bonferroni correction was used to compare groups. Results Among 73 children who met the inclusion criteria, the median age at nutrition evaluation was 7.8 (Q1-Q3 1.3-12.6) years, the median weight-for-age Z-score was -1.5 (-2.3, 0.1), 36% were female, and 68% had congenital heart disease. Overall, malnutrition status by ASPEN guidelines was mild (25%), moderate (30%), severe (21%), or normal or obese (24%). Among the 73 subjects, the mean pre-albumin level was 20 (SD 10) mg/dl including 50% classified as normal. By ANOVA, there was no association between pre-albumin and clinical nutrition severity in children with HF (Figure). Variation within individual patients was high. Conclusion Pre-albumin does not appear to be a meaningful marker of malnutrition status in children with advanced heart failure. Pre-albumin levels vary markedly across malnutrition groups and within individual patients at a constant nutrition status, variability which may reflect its tendency to rise and fall as an acute phase reactant. Alternative strategies for estimating nutritional status are warranted.
Social isolation among young Black Women: implications for social work

This paper contributes to the grand challenge of social work to eradicate social isolation by presenting the findings of a secondary data analysis on social isolation among young Black women. The a...
The relationship between incarceration history and overdose in North America: A scoping review of the evidence

Abstract Introduction Rates of opioid overdose (OD) have risen to unprecedented numbers and more than half of incarcerated individuals meet the criteria for substance use disorder, placing them at high risk. This review describes the relationship between incarceration history and OD. Methods A scoping review was conducted and criteria for inclusion were: set in North America, published in English, and non-experimental study of formerly incarcerated individuals. Due to inconsistent definitions of opioid OD, we included all studies examining OD where opioids were mentioned. Results The 18 included studies were all published in 2001 or later. Four associations between incarceration history and OD were identified: (1) six studies assessed incarceration history as a risk factor for OD and four found a significantly higher risk of OD among individuals with a history of incarceration compared to those without; (2) nine studies examined the rate of OD compared to the general population: eight found a significantly higher risk of fatal OD among those with a history of incarceration and three documented the highest risk of death immediately following release; (3) six studies found demographic, substance use and mental health, and incarceration-related risk factors for OD among formerly incarcerated individuals; and (4) four studies assessed the proportion of deaths due to OD and found a range from 5 % to 57 % among formerly incarcerated individuals. Discussion Findings support the growing call for large-scale implementation of evidence-based OD prevention interventions in correctional settings and among justice-involved populations to reduce OD burden in this high-risk population.
Model-based evaluation of image-guided fractionated whole-brain radiation therapy in pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma xenografts.

Radiation therapy (RT) is currently the standard treatment for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), the most common cause of death in children with brain cancer. A pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe the radiation-induced tumor shrinkage and overall survival in mice bearing DIPG. CD1-nude mice were implanted in the brain cortex with luciferase-labeled patient-derived orthotopic xenografts of DIPG (SJDIPGx7 H3F3AWT / K27 M and SJDIPGx37 H3F3AK27M / K27M ). Mice were treated with image-guided whole-brain RT at 1 or 2 Gy/fraction 5-days-on 2-days-off for a cumulative dose of 20 or 54 Gy. Tumor progression was monitored with bioluminescent imaging (BLI). A mathematical model describing BLI and overall survival was developed with data from mice receiving 2 Gy/fraction and validated using data from mice receiving 1 Gy/fraction. BLI data were adequately fitted with a logistic tumor growth function and a signal distribution model with linear radiation-induced killing effect. A higher tumor growth rate in SJDIPGx37 versus SJDIPGx7 xenografts and a killing effect decreasing with higher tumor baseline (p < 0.0001) were identified. Cumulative radiation dose was suggested to inhibit the tumor growth rate according to a Hill function. Survival distribution was best described with a Weibull hazard function in which the hazard baseline was a continuous function of tumor BLI. Significant differences were further identified between DIPG cell lines and untreated versus treated mice. The model was adequately validated with mice receiving 1 Gy/fraction and will be useful in guiding future preclinical trials incorporating radiation and to support systemic combination therapies with RT.
O2 Impact of an Online Service-Learning Course on Students’ Understanding of Community Food Security

Objective The purpose of this study was to qualitatively evaluate student learnings from an online community food security (CFS) service-learning (SL) course where students self-selected a community partner for an in-person service experience. Use of Theory or Research Service-learning is an effective pedagogy for engaging students with course material in the community. The delivery method of course material and service components can vary, spanning from fully in-person to fully online. The process of community partner identification for SL courses varies, and there are few studies about the impact of community partner self-selection in an online SL course. Target Audience Students enrolled in an online CFS course with an in-person SL experience Course/Curriculum Description The online curriculum focused on the complexity of CFS and multidisciplinary approaches to CFS programming. Students chose a community partner engaged in CFS efforts and completed 15 hours of in-person service with the partner. They completed a series of assignments related to the SL experience, including a post-experience critical reflection paper. Evaluation Methods The research team engaged in thematic analysis of 60 student critical reflection papers. Two researchers open coded papers to facilitate codebook development. They independently coded the papers, using the codebook, and came to consensus. Through weekly discussion, the research team determined dominant emergent themes. Results Four themes emerged from the data: (1) “food insecurity doesn't have a single face,” (2) understanding of the complexities and nuances of food insecurity, (3) use of emotion to describe and discuss the service component of the SL experience, and (4) expression of appreciation and respect for organizations working to address food insecurity. Ultimately, students developed an understanding of the complexity of CFS while developing civic mindedness and professional skills, such as empathy. Conclusion This framework facilitates student understanding of the complexity of course content and provides an effective and scalable model for instructors seeking to build students’ professional skills and civic mindedness.
Some Current Issues in Children's Selective Attention

Publisher Summary A large part of the history of learning theory of the last 25 years consists of devising ways to deal with stimulus selectivity. Earlier theories that assumed contiguity of stimulus and response to be a sufficient condition for formation of an association were found wanting. This chapter describes some of the ways theorists have attacked the problem. These theoretical solutions were of two general types-two-stage theories with stimulus selection preceding association and theories that altered associative processing. Both types of theories successfully handled selective phenomena, and there is no clear basis at present for preferring one or the other. A question generally neglected by early attention theorists concerns how is the stimulus complex available to a subject divided into cues or elements that can be selectively responded to. Related questions are whether the experimenter's perception of stimulus elements corresponds to the subject's view and whether elements are perceived the same by all subjects. The answer to the last two questions appears to be in the negative.
Chapter 4 Solid Phase Immunoassay for Determining the Inosine Content in Transfer RNA

Publisher Summary Determination of the inosine content in transfer RNA (tRNA) is an important consideration due to its potential role in altering gene expres­sion. Inosine is found in tRNA in the first (wobble) position of the anticodon, and in that position, it can influence codon recognition and, thereby, protein synthesis. As a result, quantitation of changes in the inosine content of tRNA is of value for examining the role of this tRNA modification in translational regulation. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) offers one means for determining the inosine content in hydrolyzed tRNA. Nucleosides in the tRNA hydrolysate are resolved by the HPLC method, and under many circumstances, the inosine content can be established by simple on-line detection based on ultraviolet (UV) absorbance. However, it is difficult to separate inosine from some of the other modified nucleosides found in unfractionated tRNAs, so alternative detection methods are needed. Inosine­ specific, high titer and high affinity antibodies were raised in rabbits against inosine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and inosine was quantitated by competitive inhibition with immobilized antigen. The immunological approach for the quantitation of inosine has proven most effective when the assay is coupled to the reversed-phase HPLC separation of nucleosides in tRNA hydrolysates, but other uses are also likely.
Changing Law’s Mind: How Neuroscience Can Help Us Punish Criminals More Fairly and Effectively

A criminal justice system should protect society from crime and also punish criminals at the level of their blameworthiness. Changing Law’s Mind contends that new insights about the brain can help us in the quest to construct a fairer and more effective criminal justice system. Recent neuroscientific discoveries suggest that some of our previous intuitions about human culpability fail to reflect the reality of how the brain functions. If we ignore these developments, we risk perpetuating a justice system that punishes some people far too much and others too little or not at all. The intersection of law and neuroscience is a thriving topic, but this book is unique. Many books and chapters in edited books focus narrowly on issues such as the diagnosis and effect of brain abnormalities or the possibility that neuroscience will someday perfect lie detection. Changing Law’s Mind, instead, provides readers with a foundation in both the legal doctrine and neuroscience and then uses that bridge to question the criminal law’s underlying principles and practice, starting from the moment a case is processed in the system to the point at which a defendant is sentenced and punished. Based on this assessment, the book suggests ways in which the criminal law can change - either quickly by accommodating our new understanding of the human mind into current practice or more fundamentally by incorporating this understanding into long-term modifications of criminal law doctrine.
The use and abuse of ankle supports in sports injuries.

The use of ankle bracing, taping, and wrapping for athletic injuries is both overused and underused. The overuse occurs in patients who don't need ankle support at all, or who don't need it anymore. Underuse occurs in patients who could potentially return to activity sooner with the extra support.It is now well established and accepted that prolonged immobilization of a body part brings with it a number of deleterious effects. Immobilized animals have been shown to have decreased strength of muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments.1-3 Immobility adversely affects the healing process and has been shown to decrease ligamentous tissue, DNA, and collagen synthesis, and to decrease tensile strength compared to ligaments in mobilized rats.4 Similar effects are seen in humans. Proprioception is felt to be impaired after immobilization of the ankle,5-8 and persistent atrophy of the muscles may ensue.9 Weak muscles and poor proprioception predispose the athlete to further injury. Thus, it is clear that immobilizing joints as a part of treatment brings with it morbidity of its own. That is not to say that it is never necessary and useful. Certainly an unstable joint needs to be stabilized, but in recent years the emphasis has shifted from complete immobilization to providing support in only the unstable planes, allowing functional activity to occur in the stable planes. Bracing, taping, and wrapping are increasingly used to provide such support.
A scalable framework for distributed virtual reality using heterogeneous processors

We propose a scalable framework for virtual reality systems in a distributed environment. As the application scope of and member participation in a virtual environment increase, information sharing among geographically distributed users becomes critical and challenging. In the proposed framework, we partition the virtual environment into a group of cells and upload them to a number of heterogeneous Internet nodes. When a user sends a request to explore the distant virtual environment, visible cells will be identified and processed in parallel to produce a minimal amount of imagery results for remote transmission. To ensure scalability, we extend our scalable occlusion culling scheme using Plenoptic Opacity Function to speed up the identification process of visible cells in a virtual environment. We perform effective occlusion culling in two passes based on a non-binary opacity definition. Our experimental results justify both the efficiency and scalability of our framework in exploring large-scale virtual environments.
Classical Canonical Ensemble

The classical canonical ensemble employs a probability density function in phase space in which the energy in the Boltzmann factor for a quantum system is replaced by the classical Hamiltonian. The classical partition function is the integral of that Boltzmann factor over phase space. One can artificially divide the classical partition function by a factor containing powers of Planck’s constant to get results that agree with quantum mechanics at high temperatures. We illustrate this for an ideal gas and compute effusion from a small hole. The law of Dulong and Petit is derived for a harmonic potential. We compute classical averages of canonical coordinates and momenta. We derive the virial theorem for time averages and use it to treat a nonideal gas with particle interactions calculated by using a pair distribution function. We discuss the use of canonical transformations in calculating partition functions and calculate the partition function for a rotating polyatomic molecule by using Jacobians.
Respiratory Quotient of Panagrellus Redivivus

With a new type of Warburg flask the Respiratory Quotient of Panagrellus redivivus was determined as 0.734 ± 0.028. Carbon dioxide fixation was equivalent to 2.3% of oxygen consumption. This does not raise the "corrected" value enough to make it representative of the R.Q. expected on complete oxidation of the food materials of yeast. The glyoxylate cycle may help to account for the deficiency in CO 2 production. Calculations based on data in the literature suggest that free-living worms carry on CO 2 fixation at a relative rate of 2% of O 2 consumption, tapeworms at 11 %, and animal-parasitic nematodes at 21 to 24%.
Signal detection as a function of contralateral sinusoid-to-noise ratio.

Detection of a masked signal (500 Hz) at one ear was measured while a sinusoid of the same frequency and a noise were presented to the contralateral ear. Both the signal and the contralateral sinusoids were pulsed, and they were either in phase or inverted. The noise at the signal ear was presented continuously at a spectrum level of 40 dB. In Expt. 1, the same continuous noise was presented to the contralateral ear at a spectrum level of 40 dB and in phase with the noise in the signal ear. The contralateral sinusoid‐to‐noise ratio was varied by changing the level of the sinusoid. In Expt. 2, the contralateral sinusoid‐to‐noise ratio was held constant while the levels of both the contralateral sinusoid and the contralateral noise were varied. When the contralateral sinusoid and noise are intense, a 50‐dB increase in the contralateral sinusoid‐to‐noise ratio causes a 25‐ to 35‐dB change in the signal‐to‐noise ratio required for detection. The results show that contralateral stimulation can either enhance or degrade detection of a monaural signal. The results are compared to data from investigations of masking‐level difference, central masking, and monarual detection with contralateral cue.
Efficient decomposition of single-qubit gates intoVbasis circuits

We develop the first constructive algorithms for compiling single-qubit unitary gates into circuits over the universal $V$ basis. The $V$ basis is an alternative universal basis to the more commonly studied $\{H,T\}$ basis. We propose two classical algorithms for quantum circuit compilation: the first algorithm has expected polynomial time (in precision $\log(1/\epsilon)$) and offers a depth/precision guarantee that improves upon state-of-the-art methods for compiling into the $\{H,T\}$ basis by factors ranging from 1.86 to $\log_2(5)$. The second algorithm is analogous to direct search and yields circuits a factor of 3 to 4 times shorter than our first algorithm, and requires time exponential in $\log(1/\epsilon)$; however, we show that in practice the runtime is reasonable for an important range of target precisions.