cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Port Supply Chains as Social Networks

This paper demonstrates the use of social network theory in understanding the degree of coordination in port supply chains. Three port supply chains are used to illustrate that port supply chains are, in fact, social networks and that their success is strongly influenced by the level of coordination and cohesion in their networks. Of the three port supply chains in this study, those with higher degrees of cohesion and coordination tend to exhibit higher operational performance. While causation was not demonstrated, this paper provides the foundation and groundwork for further empirical study into the use of social network theory to study supply chain relationships and port supply chain integration.
Dynamical Evolution of Main Belt Meteoroids: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Planetary Perturbations and Yarkovsky Thermal Forces

In the Yarkovsky effect, the recoil from asymmetric, reradiated thermal energy causes objects to undergo semimajor axis drift as a function of their spin, orbit, and material properties. We consider the role played by this mechanism in delivering meteoroids from parent bodies in the main belt to chaotic resonance zones where they can be transported to Earth-crossing orbits. Previous work has approximated the dynamical evolution of meteoroids via Yarkovsky forces, mostly through the use of the perturbations equation and simplified dynamics (e.g., Monte Carlo codes). In this paper, we calculate more precise solutions by formulating the seasonal and diurnal variants of this radiation force and incorporating them into an efficient N-body integrator capable of tracking test bodies for tens of millions of years with all relevant planetary perturbations included. Tests of our code against published benchmarks and the perturbation equations verify its accuracy. Results from long-term numerical integration of meter-sized bodies started from likely meteoroid parent bodies (e.g., 4 Vesta) indicate that dynamical evolution in the inner main belt can be complex. Chaotic effects produced by weaker planetary resonances allow many meteoroids to reach Mars-crossing orbits well before entering the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter or the ν6 secular resonance. Outward-evolving meteoroids sometimes become captured in these weaker resonances, increasing e and/or i while a stays constant. Conversely, inward-evolving meteoroids frequently jump across mean-motion resonances with Jupiter, bypassing potential “escape hatches” from the main belt. Despite these effects, our simulations indicate that most stony meteoroids reach Earth-crossing orbits via the 3:1 or ν6 resonance after tens of Myr of evolution in the main belt. These time scales correspond well to the measured cosmic ray exposure ages of chondrites and achondrites. The source of these meteorites, however, is less clear, since Yarkovsky drift allows nearly any body in the main belt to add to the cumulate meteoroid flux. Our results suggest that small parent bodies dominate the meteoroid flux if the main belt size distribution at sub-km sizes is in collisional equilibrium, while big parent bodies dominate if observed population trends for km-sized bodies persist to smaller sizes.
Effect of Melting History on the Mechanical Properties of Glass: II, Effects of Raw Materials and Bubbling Gases Through the Melt

Powdered premelted end-member glasses were mixed in equimolar quantities to yield the composition 0.5Li2O· 0.5K2O·2SiO2. The pristine strength of glass rods drawn from melts of this mixture showed the same relation to melting history and to microphase size as that of the glass melted from batch as reported in Part I of this paper. No conclusive differences in strength were found when alkali nitrates were used instead of alkali carbonates. Bubbling dry O2 into the melt increased the strength, as did melting in dry O2, but much more rapidly. Although bubbling with dry Ar increased the strength rapidly at first, a very drastic and sharp decrease followed.
Development and application of a storage–release based distributed hydrologic model using GIS

Summary The objective of this paper is to present the development and application of a grid based hydrologic model using an object oriented framework within geographic information systems (GIS). The proposed model is called Storage Released based Distributed Hydrologic Model (STORE DHM). Development of STORE DHM is a part of a broader objective to develop a modular hydrologic modeling system within GIS. In this paper, the conceptual framework of STORE DHM including its application to three watersheds in Indiana is presented. The model is tested in the study watersheds by first calibrating it against observed flow hydrograph for a single event, and then verifying it for three additional storm events using both point (gauged) and continuous (radar) rainfall data. Results show that SOTRE DHM is able to predict runoff hydrographs for different types of events in terms of storm duration, peak flow magnitude and time-to-peak. The average Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient is greater than 0.8 for all runoff hydrograph during validation, and the errors in peak flow and time-to-peak predictions are within 5% and 15%, respectively. In addition, STORE DHM output is compared with outputs from two hydrologic models including Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and time variant Spatially Distributed Direct Hydrograph travel time method (SDDH). Results from these comparisons show that STORE DHM outperforms both HEC-HMS and SDDH in terms of overall hydrograph shape and flow magnitude. Although the results from application of STORE DHM are encouraging, the work presented in this paper is just an initial step towards developing a comprehensive tightly coupled GIS modeling framework for hydrology.
Random-Access Stored-Program Machines, an Approach to Programming Languages

A new class of machine models as a framework for the rational discussion of programming languages is introduced. In particular, a basis is provided for endowing programming languages with semantics. The notion of Random-Access Stored-Program Machine (RASP) is intended to capture some of the most salient features of the central processing unit of a modern digital computer. An instruction of such a machine is understood as a mapping from states (of the machine) into states. Some classification of instructions is introduced. It is pointed out in several theorems that programs of finitely determined instructions are properly more powerful if address modification is permitted than when it is forbidden, thereby shedding some light on the role of address modification in digital computers. The relation between problem-oriented languages (POL) and machine languages (ML) is briefly considered.
Electrogenerative oxidation of sulphur dioxide

Possible applications of a galvanic synthesis of sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide and oxygen are discussed and preliminary results for a laboratory-scale reactor are presented. The use of active, fuel-cell electrodes enables relatively large current densities to be obtained at low cell voltages.
Making next-generation sequencing work for you: approaches and practical considerations for marker development and phylogenetics

Recent reviews are setting the stage for the use of next-generation sequencing technologies in phylogenetic applications. However, the processes for developing new markers for phylogenetic analyses remain difficult to navigate for many researchers in plant systematics. We review several experimental approaches and practical considerations for developing new phylogenetic markers with next-generation sequencing technologies. We also outline a flexible framework for data acquisition that is readily adaptable to the needs of individual researchers and carefully consider cost-related issues that may be of concern to many laboratories in evolutionary biology. The next-generation and targeted sequencing approaches presented here offer considerable savings of time and money over the traditional PCR and Sanger sequencing approaches currently used in plant systematic research, particularly in cases involving large numbers of taxa and phylogenetic markers. Even with a limited research budget, next-generation sequenc...
New Vista of Crustal Architecture--High-Order Geoidal Images: ABSTRACT

Altimeter-bearing satellites produce images of the earth's gravity field in unprecedented detail. The images reveal crustal architecture in scale intermediate between lithosphere plates and local fault blocks. Geoidal images provide a preview of the architecture of remote regions prior to conducting ship or airborne operations, and provide interpretive background for regional exploration already in progress. Altimetric satellites provide data primarily of water-covered areas. The geoidal images avoid assumptions inherent in the preparation of Bouguer, free-air, and isostatic gravity maps. Oceanic data combined with continental gravimetric data are displayed as contour maps. The synoptic view provided by high-order geoidal images makes it possible to trace crustal features such as fracture zones to the margin of continents. The images are of sufficient detail as to cast doubt on many correlations deduced on the basis of the oceanic magnetic anomalies. Crustal stretching and intraplate deformation may be more common than supposed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 239------------
THE DESTRUCTION OF ISSUE MONOPOLIES IN CONGRESS

Scholars studying congressional committees have noted the potential for members to seek membership on particular committees, leading to bias. Underpinning this line of scholarship is what might be termed a theory of comparative committee statics, characterized by a cross-sectional empirical approach. We present a new approach that focuses on the dynamics of jurisdictional control. By following a series of issues through the committee hearing process, we show that there is indeed significant issue bias in particular committee venues. However, we also find that new committees often claim jurisdiction over issues as they are redefined in the political process. The degree of jurisdictional monopoly enjoyed by different committees has been overlooked in the literature on this topic in spite of its importance in determining the nature of representation of interests in Congress.
Patterns of drinking-related protective and risk behaviors in college student drinkers

Drinking-related protective (e.g., pacing consumption) and risk (e.g., participating in drinking games) behaviors influence both the amount of alcohol consumed and the consequences experienced by college students. Previous studies of these behaviors have typically examined use and predictors of these constructs separately. In the current study, latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify latent subgroups of drinkers with distinct patterns of use of both drinking-related protective and risk behaviors in a sample of college students. A random sample of first year student drinkers (N=229, 59.4% female) at a large, public university in the Northeastern United States completed a web-based assessment of drinking-related protective and risk behaviors, alcohol use, and related consequences. Three patterns of use were identified, including: 1) students who used protective behaviors frequently and seldom engaged in risk behaviors (10%), 2) students who used risk behaviors more frequently and used protective behaviors less often (30%), and 3) students who used both risk and protective behaviors at similar frequencies (60%). Significant differences in the distribution of profiles were observed when considering gender, age of onset of alcohol use, and recent drinking outcomes including weekend alcohol use, heavy-episodic drinking, and alcohol-related problems. Prevention and intervention programs may benefit from a focus on not only increasing protective actions, but on also reducing risk behaviors beyond that of quantity and frequency of alcohol use alone.
When do couples expand their ADL caregiver network beyond the marital dyad

Abstract Composition of caregiver networks (spouse only vs. others) for assistance with personal care limitations (ADLs) was examined in the AHEAD nationally representative sample of 215 elderly couples, using logistic regression. Findings showed network expansion beyond the spouse was influenced by a poor fit between solo spousal caregivers and caregiving tasks: Expanded networks were more likely when help recipients had numerous health problems (p< .01) and ADL limitations (p= .063), and when spouses had any ADL limitations (p< .01). Expanded networks were also likely when couples included the wife as help recipient (p< .05), were Black (p= .075), and were in lengthy marriages (p< .05). Implications for theory, research, and family policy and practice are discussed.
Qual é o sentido da igualdade

Democratic egalitarianism gives societies a means to understand the principles of justice and how they apply to those and other societies. Realizing how justice requires mutual respect to work, citizens of a polity can become active in ensuring that its social and political structures facilitate the development of mutual respect and tolerance.
Net Carbon Sequestration Potential and Emissions in Home Lawn Turfgrasses of the United States

Soil analyses were conducted on home lawns across diverse ecoregions of the U.S. to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC) sink capacity of turfgrass soils. Establishment of lawns sequestered SOC over time. Due to variations in ecoregions, sequestration rates varied among sites from 0.9 Mg carbon (C) ha(-1) year(-1) to 5.4 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1). Potential SOC sink capacity also varied among sites ranging from 20.8 ± 1.0-96.3 ± 6.0 Mg C ha(-1). Average sequestration rate and sink capacity for all sites sampled were 2.8 ± 0.3 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) and 45.8 ± 3.5 Mg C ha(-1), respectively. Additionally, the hidden carbon costs (HCC) due to lawn mowing (189.7 kg Ce (carbon equivalent) ha(-1) year(-1)) and fertilizer use (63.6 kg Ce ha(-1) year(-1)) for all sites totaled 254.3 kg Ce ha(-1) year(-1). Considering home lawn SOC sink capacity and HCC, mean home lawn sequestration was completely negated 184 years post establishment. The potential SOC sink capacity of home lawns in the U.S. was estimated at 496.3 Tg C, with HCC of between 2,504.1 Gg Ce year(-1) under low management regimes and 7551.4 Gg Ce year(-1) under high management. This leads to a carbon-positive system for between 66 and 199 years in U.S. home lawns. More efficient and reduction of C-intensive maintenance practices could increase the overall sequestration longevity of home lawns and improve their climate change mitigation potential.
Interfacial studies of crosslinked urethanes : Part IV. Substrate effect on film formation in polyester waterborne polyurethanes

These studies examine the effect of substrate surface tension on crosslinking reactions in water-borne polyurethanes (PUR) applied to tin-plated steel, steel, polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic olefin (TPO), and glass. The results show that, relative to tin-plated steel, removal of tin-plating from a steel substrate increases isocyanate (NCO) consumption by 42% near the film-substrate (F-S) interface. When PUR is allowed to crosslink on steel, PP, TPO, and glass, the NCO concentration is greater at the film-air (F-A) interface. Furthermore, crosslinking reactions result in a greater amount of urea-hydrogen bonded species near the F-S interface for all substrates. While an increase of substrate surface tension decreases the amount of urea-hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups near the F-S interface, TPO was found to exhibit different behavior due to talc stratification near the surface. In this case, the presence of talc in WB-PUR coatings or thermoplastic substrates decreases the amount of hydrogen-bonded species and increases NCO consumption.
β-amyloid 42 accumulation in the lumbar spinal cord motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by a progressive loss of large motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), the transmembrane precursor of beta-amyloid (A beta), accumulates in the anterior horn motor neurons of ALS patients with mild lesions. APP undergoes an alternative proteolysis mediated by caspase-3, which is activated in motor neurons in a mouse model of ALS. The ALS spinal cord motor neurons also show evidence of increased oxidative damage, which is thought to alter APP processing. We sought to determine whether A beta42, the more pathogenic A beta species, accumulates in the postmortem lumbar spinal cord of ALS patients. While there was little or no A beta42 labeling in control spinal cord tissues, elevated A beta42 immunoreactivity occurred in ALS motor neuronal perikarya and axonal swellings in the anterior horn. A few A beta42-positive neurons exhibited thioflavine S staining. No extracellular A beta42 deposits were found. A beta42 coexisted with the oxidative damage markers malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, heme oxygenase-1, and nitrotyrosine in abnormal neurons. The neurons with intracellular A beta42 accumulation also displayed robust cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Very little A beta40 immunoreactivity occurred in motor neurons of both control and ALS. These results suggest that aberrant accumulation of A beta42 in ALS spinal cord motor neurons is associated with oxidative stress, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in ALS.
Parent Attitudes about Residential Placement before and after Deinstitutionalization: A Research Synthesis.

This paper reviews 27 studies of parental attitudes on the deinstitutionalization of a family member. In 12 of the studies, the family member was institutionalized. Those studies showed overwhelming satisfaction with the institutional placement and general opposition to deinstitutionalization. In seven studies, the family member had already moved from an institution to the community. Those parents retrospectively reported lower levels of satisfaction with the earlier institutional placement, lower levels of opposition to deinstitutionalization, and high levels of satisfaction with community settings. The three studies in which parental attitudes were sampled both before and after deinstitutionalization mirrored the other studies, showing high levels of general satisfaction with institutional placements before deinstitutionalization and high levels of satisfaction with community placements after deinstitutionalization. Also summarized are parental concerns about deinstitutionalization, their continuing con...
[125I]α-Bungarotoxin binding marks primary sensory areas of developing rat neocortex

The postnatal ontogeny of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Btx) binding distribution in rat neocortex was described and quantified using autoradiography of in vitro labeled brain sections. During the first two weeks, distinctive transitory radial and laminar patterns emerged. Dense columnar bands of alpha-Btx binding extended through the depth of primary sensory cortex, including somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. An association of alpha-Btx binding with thalamic input zones was further demonstrated within developing somatosensory cortex, where discrete radial bands appeared over the whisker barrels around the time that ingrowing thalamocortical fibers segregate as they selectively innervate the barrels. The early laminar distribution of alpha-Btx binding also resembled that of developing thalamocortical afferents. From P12 to P20, alpha-Btx radial distinctions faded and the laminar pattern changed further to achieve the adult distribution. The spatiotemporal ontogeny of alpha-Btx binding suggests a role for alpha-Btx binding sites in the development of cortical connectivity.
Oral rehabilitation of a hypohidrodotic ectodermal dysplasia patient: An unusual prosthetic problem

The aim of this clinical report is to describe the prosthodontic management of a young boy aged 7 years affected by ectodermal dysplasia (ED). Dental treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease (tooth size, morphology, and the amount of available alveolar bone). New technologies, such as adhesive dentistry, overdenture, and complete denture represent some of the options in the management of the rehabilitation of the patient affected by ED. The conical shaped central incisor was modified using composite resin followed by complete denture. Prosthodontic and restorative treatment was provided for the psychological and social comfort of the young patient.
Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of solid alkali metals

Abstract The temperature dependences of total susceptibility of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs have been measured between room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. On warming from 78°K to 298°K the changes in total susceptibility were respectively −1.3%, +4.4%, +0.2%, −2.5% and −12.0%. These results have been compared with calculated temperature dependences based on changes of electronic susceptibility due to lattice thermal expansion.
Deconstructing the architecture of alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms in a community sample of late adolescent and emerging adult women: An item response approach

The objective of this study was to examine the underlying factorial architecture of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria in a population-based sample of adolescent and emerging adult female twins who had ever used alcohol (n=2832; aged 18-25 years), and to determine whether thresholds and factor loadings differed by age. Item response modeling was applied to DSM-IV AUD criteria. Compound criteria (e.g., persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to quit or cut down) were included as separate items. Of the remaining 16 items, tolerance and use despite physical problems were the most and least commonly endorsed items, respectively. Underlying the items was a single factor representing liability to AUDs. Factor loadings ranged from 0.67 for blackouts to 0.90 for time spent using/recovering from effects. Some items assessing different DSM-IV criteria had very similar measurement characteristics, while others assessing the same criterion showed markedly different thresholds and factor loadings. Compared to that of women aged 21-25 years, the threshold for hazardous use was higher in women aged 18-20 years, but lower for used longer than intended and persistent desire to cut down. After accounting for threshold differences, no variations in discrimination across age groups were observed. In agreement with the extant literature, our findings indicate that the factorial structure of AUD is unidimensional, with no support for the abuse/dependence distinction. Individual components of compound criteria may differ in measurement properties; therefore pooling information from such divergent items will reduce information about the AUD construct.
Degradation and byproduct formation of parathion in aqueous solutions by UV and UV/H2O2 treatment

Abstract The photodegradation of parathion in aqueous solutions by UV and UV/H2O2 processes was evaluated. Direct photolysis of parathion both by LP (low pressure) and MP (medium pressure) lamps at pH 7 was very slow with quantum yields of 6.67 ± 0.33 × 10−4 and 6.00 ± 1.06 × 10−4 mol E−1, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide enhanced the photodegradation of parathion through the reaction between UV generated hydroxyl radical and parathion with a second-order reaction rate constant of 9.70 ± 0.45 × 109 M−1 s−1. An optimum molar ratio between hydrogen peroxide and parathion was determined to be between 300 and 400. Photodegradation of parathion yielded several organic byproducts, of which the paraoxon, 4-nitrophenol, O,O,O-triethyl thiophosphate and O,O-diethyl-methyl thiophosphate were quantified and their occurrence during UV/H2O2 processes were discussed. NO2−, PO43−, NO3− and SO42− were the major anionic byproducts of parathion photodegradation and their recover ratios were also discussed. A photodegradation scheme suggesting three simultaneous pathways was proposed in the study.
Building portals for E-biology

Electronic business and in particular systems developed for Business-to-Customer (B2C) mainly focused on making data (catalogues) available on the Web. However, the emergence of new business applications and business-to-business (B2B) makes it necessary to build portals not only based on data integration together with restricted query facilities such as developed for B2C, but based on data (hosted locally or in Web sites) and application integration instead. Building such a portal requires accessing and manipulating data extracted from flat files or databases, documents retrieved from the Web as well as data generated by any application available locally or at the Web site. We present an approach to wrapping Web data sources, databases, flat files, or data generated by tools through a database view mechanism. Generally a wrapper has two tasks: it first sends a query to the source to retrieve data and, secondly builds the expected output with respect to the virtual structure. Our wrappers are composed of a retrieval component based on an intermediate object view mechanism called search views mapping the source capabilities to attributes, and a XML extractor to perform respectively these two tasks. The originality of the approach consists of: (1) a generic view mechanism to seamlessly access data sources, and (2) the ability to wrap data sources as well as the useful specific tools they may provide. Our approach has been developed and demonstrated as part of the multi-database system supporting queries via uniform Object Protocol Model (OPM) interfaces, used to build biological portals for pharmaceutical companies.
An Analysis of Grain Production Decline During the Early Transition in Ukraine: A Bayesian Inference

The first years of reforms in the former Soviet Union resulted in a sharp decline in agricultural production. Between 1989 and 1992, Ukrainian gross agricultural product dropped some 20%, and the output of grain, which is produced mostly in the collective sector, went down some 25% (World Bank). Several reasons for the fall have been advanced. In addition to weather variation across years, there was a drop in state deliveries of production inputs, especially fertilizer and pesticides (World Bank). The emergence of private opportunities resulted in labor and management migration from the large-scale collective system (Csaki and Lerman), thus reducing the average labor quality in the sector. The ability of farms to produce efficiently was also affected by the transition-related break in old production ties and networks (Blanchard and Kremer). While all three explanations of production differences between years (weather variability, input quantities decline, and loss of production efficiency) are plausible, little is known about the relative contribution of these factors to the overall decline in production. Identifying the reasons for the decline in agricultural output in countries like Ukraine is not
Computational characterization and modeling of buckyball tweezers: density functional study of concave–convex π⋯π interactions

The geometries and binding energies of a recent buckyball tweezers (C60H28) and its supramolecular complexes are investigated using recently developed density functionals (M06-L and M06-2X) that include an accurate treatment of medium-range correlation energy. The pincer part of the tweezers, corannulene, has a strong attractive interaction with C60. However, due to the entropy penalty, the calculated gas-phase free energy of association of the C60@corannulene supramolecule is positive 3.5 kcal mol−1; and this entropy penalty explains why it is difficult to observe C60@corannulene supramolecule experimentally. By using a π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), in particular 9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (TTFAQ or C20H10S4), as the pincer part, we modeled a new buckyball tweezers. The geometries and binding energies of the new buckyball tweezers and its supramolecular complexes are also calculated. Due to fact that the attractive interaction between TTFAQ and C60 is weaker than that between corannulene and C60, the gas-phase binding free energy in the C60@C60H 32S8 supramolecular complex is smaller than that in the C60@C60H28 supramolecule. We also discuss solvent effects.
Variability of zircons from the Sharon Conglomerate of northeastern Ohio

ABSTRACT Zircons from nine samples of the Sharon Conglomerate, a multi-cycle, quartzose sandstone and conglomerate, collected over a distance of 80 km in a NE-SW direction along the presumed direction of sediment transport, were studied to establish the nature and extent of variation in their physical properties. The ultimate aim was to quantify the characteristics of zircons in sedimentary rocks so as to provide a better base against which zircons in expected metasedimentary rocks might be compared. Mostly colorless, 20% of the zircons contain non-opaque inclusions, 18% exhibit extinction angles, and 7% are zoned. 89% of the zircons are rounded or subrounded; 9% are subhedral; and 2% are euhedral. Elongation histograms are right-skewed and typically bimodal. All mean elongations are less than 2.0. Volume histograms are right-skewed and polymodal. Correlation coefficients (for length and width) are extremely variable, most are low-positive, and several are negative. Reduced major axes vary considerably in slope, length, and Y-intercept. Multiple source areas and source rocks of the zircons are indicated by their variation in color, euhedrism, crystal habit, and reduced major axes and by their bimodal elongation histograms and polymodal volume histograms. Sedimentary (rather than igneous) parentage is indicated for a metamorphic rock if its zircons exhibit these variations and if they include some which possess extinction angles. The presence of negative correlation coefficients for zircon lengths and widths also suggests sedimentary parentage.
Exercise-induced alterations in extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling to regulatory mechanisms of mRNA translation in mouse muscle.

The present study examined the effects of an acute bout of treadmill exercise on signalling through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways to regulatory mechanisms involved in mRNA translation in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Briefly, C57BL/6 male mice were run at 26 m min−1 on a treadmill for periods of 10, 20 or 30 min, then the gastrocnemius was rapidly removed and analysed for phosphorylation and/or association of protein components of signalling pathways and mRNA translation regulatory mechanisms. Repression of global mRNA translation was suggested by disaggregation of polysomes into free ribosomes, which occurred by 10 min and was sustained throughout the time course. Exercise repressed the mTOR signalling pathway, as shown by dephosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), enhanced association of the regulatory-associated protein of mTOR with mTOR, and increased assembly of the tuberin–hamartin complex. In contrast, exercise caused no change in phosphorylation of either Akt/PKB or tuberin. Upstream of mTOR, exercise was associated with an increase in cAMP, protein kinase A activity, and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Simultaneously, exercise caused a rapid and sustained activation of the MEK1/2–ERK1/2–p90RSK pathway, resulting in increased phosphorylation of downstream targets including eIF4E and the ribosomal protein (rp)S6 on S235/S236. Overall, the data are consistent with exercise-induced repression of mTOR signalling and global rates of mRNA translation, accompanied perhaps by up-regulated translation of selected mRNAs through regulatory mechanisms such as eIF4E and rpS6 phosphorylation, mediated by activation of the ERK1/2 pathway.
Containing the Ultimate Trojan Horse

Security vulnerabilities in software systems are a rapidly growing threat in an increasingly networked world. Unfortunately many systems are now so complex that high-assurance auditing for errors would be prohibitively expensive. In this article, author explains about how some of the potential risks could be contained through security management at the base of the software stack, rather than inside application programs. A Trojan horse is a program that has "read" access to a secret and "write" access to a public channel, and then abuses its simultaneous access to both of these channels to leak the secret downward to a lower security level.
Chronotype is Associated with the Timing of the Circadian Clock and Sleep in Toddlers

Chronotype is a construct reflecting individual differences in diurnal preference. Although chronotype has been studied extensively in school-age children, adolescents and adults, data on young children are scarce. This study describes chronotype and its relationship to the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in 48 healthy children aged 30-36 months (33.4 ± 2.1 months; 24 males). Parents completed the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ) ~2 weeks before the start of the study. The CCTQ provides three measures of chronotype: midsleep time on free days, a multi-item morningness/eveningness score and a single item chronotype score. After 5 days of sleeping on their habitual schedule (assessed with actigraphy and sleep diaries), children participated in an in-home salivary dim light melatonin onset assessment. Average midsleep time on free days was 1:47 ± 0:35, and the average morningness/eveningness score was 26.8 ± 4.3. Most toddlers (58.4%) were rated as 'definitely a morning type' or 'rather morning than evening type', while none (0%) were rated as 'definitely evening type'. More morning types (midsleep time on free days and morningness/eveningness score, respectively) had earlier melatonin onset times (r = 0.45, r = 0.26), earlier habitual bedtimes (r = 0.78, r = 0.54), sleep onset times (r = 0.80, r = 0.52), sleep midpoint times (r = 0.90, r = 0.53) and wake times (r = 0.74, r = 0.34). Parent ratings using the single-item chronotype score were associated with melatonin onset (r = 0.32) and habitual bedtimes (r = 0.27), sleep onset times (r = 0.33) and sleep midpoint times (r = 0.27). Morningness may best characterize circadian preference in early childhood. Associations between chronotype and circadian physiology and sleep timing suggest adequate validity for the CCTQ in this age group. These findings have important implications for understanding the marked variability in sleep timing during the early years of life.
Percentiles of pivotal ratios for the MLE of the parameters of a Weibull regression model

The maximum likelihood procedure provides efficient estimators for regression parameters of the power-rule model associated with the two-parameter Weibull distribution. Percentiles of three pivotal ratios related to the power-rule model for a two-parameter Weibull distribution are examined. It is shown that the distributions of these pivotal ratios are closely related to appropriate t and chi /sup 2/ distributions. The regression equations given provide approximations to the percentiles of the pivotal ratios in terms of t and chi /sup 2/ distributions. Such approximations are appropriate in several practical situations where some accuracy can be sacrificed for expediency and tractability. >
ASYMPTOTIC GIANT BRANCH AND SUPERGIANT STELLAR DIAMETERS IN THE MID-INFRARED

The size of the continuum photospheres of α Ori, α Her, R Leo, and χ Cyg have been measured at 11 μm using heterodyne interferometry to accuracies as high as 1%. An assortment of narrow wavelength bands near 11 μm (each having a width ~0.17 cm-1) were used to avoid spectral lines. The resulting apparent diameters for α Ori and α Her are ~30% larger than measured near-infrared sizes, whereas the Mira variables, R Leo and χ Cyg, have 11 μm apparent diameters roughly twice their reported near-infrared sizes. The complexities of interpretation are discussed.
Polar Faculae: 1906--1990

The numbers of faculae at the sun's poles have been estimated from white-light images obtained at the Mount Wilson Observatory during 1970-1990 and have been combined with previous measurements extending back to 1906 when the observations began. The combined measurements now span four complete 22 year cycles and show the following: (1) the numbers of north and south polar faculae were about 50 percent larger around sunspot minimum in 1986 than in 1976, but were still smaller than some of the very large numbers that occurred near sunspot minima in earlier cycles; (2) in 1974, the number of south polar faculae exhibited a short-lived increase which coincided with the arrival of a surge of trailing-polarity flux at the pole, suggesting that similar poleward surges may have been responsible for previously unexplained bursts of faculae such as the one that occurred at the south pole in 1959; and (3) the numbers of polar faculae have been highly correlated with the Wilcox Solar Observatory polar field strengths since these magnetic measurements began in 1976.
Beyond wildfire: perspectives of climate, managed fire and policy in the USA

Climate–wildfire relationships have been widely addressed by the scientific community over the last two decades; however, the role of climate in managed fire in the US (i.e. prescribed fire and wildland fire use) has not yet been addressed. We hypothesised that if climate is an important component of managed fire, the fire community would already be aware of this and using climate information in order to mitigate risks associated with managed fires. We conducted 223 surveys with fire managers to ascertain how climate information is utilised in managed-fire decision-making. We found that wildland fire use managers consider climate to be an important aspect of managed fire and use various types of climate information, but prescribed-fire managers do not generally consider climate or use climate information in their planning activities. Survey responses also indicate a lack of agency training on climate information and decision-support tools. This is partly attributed to obstacles in US fire policy that inhibit widespread utilisation of climate information. We suggest these results are indicative of a broader conflict in US wildfire policy, which does not directly address climate despite two decades of scientific research showing climate plays a key role in wildfire regimes.
The Validity and Comparability of Entrance Examination Scores After Accommodations Are Made for Students with LD

Every year, thousands of college and university applicants with learning disabilities (LD) present scores from standardized examinations as part of the admissions process for postsecondary education. Many of these scores are from tests administered with nonstandard procedures due to the examinees' learning disabilities. Using a sample of college students with LD and a control sample, this study investigated the criterion validity and comparability of scores on the Miller Analogies Test when accommodations for the examinees with LD were in place. Scores for examinees with LD from test administrations with accommodations were similar to those of examinees without LD on standard administrations, but less well associated with grade point averages. The results of this study provide evidence that although scores for examinees with LD from nonstandard test administrations are comparable to scores for examinees without LD, they have less criterion validity and are less meaningful for their intended purpose.
Design tradeoffs in applying content addressable storage to enterprise-scale systems based on virtual machines

This paper analyzes the usage data from a live deployment of an enterprise client management system based on virtual machine (VM) technology. Over a period of seven months, twenty-three volunteers used VM-based computing environments hosted by the system and created over 800 checkpoints of VM state, where each checkpoint included the virtual memory and disk states. Using this data, we study the design tradeoffs in applying content addressable storage (CAS) to such VM-based systems. In particular, we explore the impact on storage requirements and network load of different privacy properties and data granularities in the design of the underlying CAS system. The study clearly demonstrates that relaxing privacy can reduce the resource requirements of the system, and identifies designs that provide reasonable compromises between privacy and resource demands.
A No-Arbitrage Approach to Range-Based Estimation of Return Covariances and Correlations

We extend the important idea of range-based volatility estimation to the multivariate case. In particular, we propose a range-based covariance estimator that is motivated by financial economic considerations (the absence of arbitrage), in addition to statistical considerations. We show that, unlike other univariate and multivariate volatility estimators, the range-based estimator is highly efficient yet robust to market microstructure noise arising from bid-ask bounce and asynchronous trading. Finally, we provide an empirical example illustrating the value of the high-frequency sample path information contained in the range-based estimates in a multivariate GARCH framework.
Sentence Level Dialect Identification for Machine Translation System Selection

In this paper we study the use of sentencelevel dialect identification in optimizing machine translation system selection when translating mixed dialect input. We test our approach on Arabic, a prototypical diglossic language; and we optimize the combination of four different machine translation systems. Our best result improves over the best single MT system baseline by 1.0% BLEU and over a strong system selection baseline by 0.6% BLEU on a blind test set.
Isotope-edited FTIR in H2O: determination of the conformation of specific residues in a model α-helix peptide by 13C labeled carbonyls

Isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy has been shown to be able to determine peptide's structure in the residue level in D2O, which is not a physiological solvent. Here, attenuated total reflection technique was utilized to successfully apply isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy in H2O to determine the conformation of specific residues in a model peptide.
SPECIFIC COGNITIVE PREDICTORS OF EARLY MATH PROBLEM SOLVING

Development of early math skill depends on a prerequisite level of cognitive development. Identification of specific cognitive skills that are important for math development may not only inform instructional approaches but also inform assessment approaches to identifying children with specific learning problems in math. This study investigated the specific cognitive correlates of math problem solving across early grade levels (1–4) while controlling for basic calculation skills. As expected, basic calculation skill was a significant predictor of math problem solving across the entire sample. However, the addition of cognitive measures almost doubled the variance explained (R2 = .61). Additionally, only select cognitive variables contributed to the prediction of math problem solving, and these variables change in importance as children develop higher-level math skills. Results are discussed within a developmental model, which emphasizes the increasing importance of abstract code representations required in higher levels of math performance.
A qualitative study of physician perspectives of cost-related communication and patients’ financial burden with managing chronic disease

Patient financial burden with chronic disease poses significant health risks, yet it remains outside the scope of clinical visits. Little is known about how physicians perceive their patients’ health-related financial burden in the context of primary care. The purpose of this study was to describe physician experiences with patients’ financial burden while managing chronic disease and the communication of these issues. In November 2013, four focus groups were conducted in an academic medical center. A convenience sample of 29 internal and family medicine resident physicians was used in this study. A semi-structured interview protocol was employed by trained facilitators. Coded transcripts were analyzed for themes regarding physicians’ experiences with identifying, managing, and communicating financial burden with their patients in the context of primary care. Major themes identified were 1) patient financial burden with chronic care is visible to physicians, 2) patient’s financial burden with chronic care and discussing these issues is important to physicians, 3) ability to identify patients who perceive financial burden is imperfect, 4) communication of financial burden with patients is complex and difficult to navigate, 5) strategies utilized to address concerns are not always generalizable, and 6) physicians have ideas for widespread change to make these conversations easier for them. Awareness of physician perspectives in identifying and addressing their patients’ disease-related financial burden may better equip researchers and medical educators to develop interventions that aid care teams in better understanding these patient concerns to promote compliance with treatment recommendations.
Reliability of AOFAS diabetic foot questionnaire in Charcot arthropathy: stability, internal consistency, and measurable difference.

Background: The development of Charcot changes is known to be associated with a high rate of recurrent ulceration and amputation. Unfortunately, the effect of Charcot arthropathy on quality of life...
Establishing an Efficient Private-Federal Partnership in Deposit Insurance

Every insurance system combines two characteristic activities. The first is managing a system for monitoring and controlling the insurer's exposure to potential losses; the second is managing a fund of assets specifically set aside as a reserve for use in paying whatever losses the loss-control system proves unable to avoid. Great inefficiencies have been present in both cases, leading to substantial taxpayer's losses. Far from mixing the solutions a financial system needs, authorities in most countries implemented incomplete programs, which have failed to bring about genuine solutions to their banking industries. Acknowledging the absence of a comprehensive method for making deposit insurance (or indeed any government enterprise) completely efficient, this paper seeks to identify some ethical constraints and patterns of privatization that can increase the efficiency and fairness of federal deposit insurance.
Determination of spin pumping as a source of linewidth in sputtered Co 90 Fe 10 /Pd multilayers by use of broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy

We performed a systematic study of damping in Co${}_{90}$Fe${}_{10}$/Pd multilayers by use of broadband (1--60 GHz) ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy in the perpendicular geometry. The data were fitted with the conventional Landau-Lifshitz equation in conjunction with an inhomogeneous contribution to linewidth $\ensuremath{\Delta}$${H}_{0}$. Samples were prepared with net perpendicular anisotropy field values ranging from \ensuremath{-}0.5 to $+$1.2 T. $\ensuremath{\Delta}$${H}_{0}$ shows a dependence on the perpendicular anisotropy, though the Landau-Lifshitz damping parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, which ranged from 0.016 to 0.04, exhibits no trend as a function of anisotropy. We explain the wide variation of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ as a result of spin pumping from Co${}_{90}$Fe${}_{10}$ into adjacent nonmagnetic layers. We use a quantitative model for spin pumping that includes the intrinsic spin-mixing conductance at the Co${}_{90}$Fe${}_{10}$/Pd interface and the spin-diffusion length of Pd, which were experimentally measured at room temperature to be (1.07 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 0.13) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{19}$ m${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and 8.6 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.0 nm, respectively. We quantitatively show how $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is enhanced by spin pumping through an FMR investigation of individual Pd/CoFe/Pd, and Pd/CoFe/Pd/CoFe/Pd layer structures.