cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Report of Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia glumae in Southern China

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for people in southern China. Bacterial panicle blight of rice (BPBR) caused by Burkholderia glumae, known as grain blight or seedling rot, leads to rice yield losses up to 75% and threatens rice production (Nandakumar et al. 2009). In 2007, B. glumae was isolated from symptomless rice seeds in Hainan, China (Luo et al. 2007). In 2017, 43 panicle samples showing typical symptoms of BPBR with reddish-brown, aborted or partially filled grains and linear lesions on flag-leaf sheaths were collected for bacterial isolation from fields in 15 towns of Guangxi and Guangdong provinces, China (cvs. Longfengyou139, Benyou9901, Baixiangyou 9978, Yaliangyou, Quanyousimiao, etc.). The diseased panicle incidence was about 6.5 to 20% in the field. The infected grains were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 to 60 s, rinsed with distilled water three times, cut and crushed, and soaked in 1 ml of distilled water for 10 min (Mirghasempour et al. 2018). The suspension was streaked and cultured on nutrient agar (NA) medium containing ampicillin (50 µg/ml) for 16 to 24 h at 37°C. The circular, smooth-margined, convex colonies were selected for further purification with serial dilution and subculturing on NA medium. The 29 isolated strains can all produce the diffusible yellow pigment on King’s B medium. Two isolated strains, GX1 and GX28, from Guangxi province were selected for the following molecular and pathogenicity assays. For molecular identification, B. glumae-specific polymerase chain reaction was first carried out using gyrase gene (GenBank D87080) primers BGgyrF (5′-GCAGCGGCAAGGAAGACG-3′) and BGgyrR (5′-GTCGTCGCCCGACGTCTC-3′). The amplified 317-bp fragments were sequenced (GenBank MN417293), and the sequence identity is up to 100% with other reported B. glumae strains 336gr-1 (GenBank assembly accession GCA_000503955), BGR1 (GenBank assembly accession GCA_000022645), and LMG2196 (GenBank assembly accession GCA_000300755) by NCBI BLASTn analysis. To further verify B. glumae, the 16S rRNA gene was also amplified with common 16s rRNA primers (5′-AGAGTTTGATCATGGCTCAG-3′ and 5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGC-3′). Results showed that 1,525-bp 16S rRNA gene sequences from isolate GX1 (GenBank MN400210) and GX28 (GenBank MN400211) shared 99% sequence similarity with 336gr-1, BGR1, and LMG2196. For the pathogenicity test, bacterial suspension at 10⁸ CFU/ml was injected into the panicle bud at the early booting stage of rice (cvs. Zhongjiazao17, Zhongzao39, Tianyouhuazhan, and Yongyou12). The injected tissue showed the linear lesion at 2 to 3 days after inoculation; 20 to 30 days later, grains were reddish-brown, aborted and partially filled, with similar symptoms to those samples collected from rice fields of Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. The same B. glumae was reisolated from the inoculated rice plants, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of BPBR caused by B. glumae in southern China. The occurrence, spread, and damage of BPBR caused by B. glumae in China need to be determined for disease control in the future.
A Spatiotemporal Tool to Project Hospital Critical Care Capacity and Mortality From COVID-19 in US Counties.

Objectives. To create a tool to rapidly determine where pandemic demand for critical care overwhelms county-level surge capacity and to compare public health and medical responses.Methods. In March 2020, COVID-19 cases requiring critical care were estimated using an adaptive metapopulation SEIR (susceptible‒exposed‒infectious‒recovered) model for all 3142 US counties for future 21-day and 42-day periods from April 2, 2020, to May 13, 2020, in 4 reactive patterns of contact reduction-0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%-and 4 surge response scenarios-very low, low, medium, and high.Results. In areas with increased demand, surge response measures could avert 104 120 additional deaths-55% through high clearance of critical care beds and 45% through measures such as greater ventilator access. The percentages of lives saved from high levels of contact reduction were 1.9 to 4.2 times greater than high levels of hospital surge response. Differences in projected versus actual COVID-19 demands were reasonably small over time.Conclusions. Nonpharmaceutical public health interventions had greater impact in minimizing preventable deaths during the pandemic than did hospital critical care surge response. Ready-to-go spatiotemporal supply and demand data visualization and analytics tools should be advanced for future preparedness and all-hazards disaster response. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print April 15, 2021: e1-e10. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306220).
Experimental Characterization of Supersonic Flow over a Wall-Mounted Hemisphere

Supersonic flow over a wall-mounted hemisphere was experimentally investigated to understand the shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions, flow separation, and other complex flow features associated ...
Role of Slip Behavior in the Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Steels

Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking appears to be linked to the localization of slip into dislocation channels. Three austenitic steels with varying degrees of cracking susceptibility were irradiated with 2 MeV protons at 360°C to 5 dpa and strained in 288°C simulated BWR conditions. Deformation behavior was characterized by Schmid factors, resolved shear stresses, slip continuity across grain boundaries, and the angle between dislocation channels and the cracked boundaries. Cracking susceptibility was found to correlate with the dislocation channel properties, such as the resolved shear stress and slip continuity at grain boundaries. Higher cracking susceptibility was found at grain boundaries perpendicular to the tensile axis and adjacent to low Schmid factor grains, which have high normal stresses acting on the boundary. Localized deformation and high normal stress have significant roles in IASCC, though they do not fully describe cracking susceptibility.
Artemisia dracunculus L. extract ameliorates insulin sensitivity by attenuating inflammatory signalling in human skeletal muscle culture.

Aims Bioactives of Artemisia dracunculus L. (termed PMI 5011) have been shown to improve insulin action by increasing insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. However, it has not known if PMI 5011’s effects are retained during an inflammatory condition. We examined the attenuation of insulin action and whether PMI 5011 enhances insulin signalling in the inflammatory environment with elevated cytokines.
SALSA II: A fast transformational scheduler for high-level synthesis

An improved transformational approach to the scheduling problem in high-level synthesis is described. Based on an existing approach called SALSA, it uses an extended move set and lower bounds on resource costs to quickly find high-quality schedules of data-oriented control-data flow graphs. Results show the ability to find high-quality schedules for difficult scheduling problems in small amounts of CPU time. Results show that in contrast to other approaches, execution times can actually decrease as schedule length increases. >
A Software Perspective on GNSS Receiver Integration and Operation

The GNSS industry is focusing on potential threats to satellite navigation integrity, such as intentional and unintentional interference, signal-in-space (satellite) and ground support infrastructure anomalies, shared spectrum issues, and multipath. The experience of the International Space Station (ISS program, the Space Shuttle program, the Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) program and) other users of GNSS indicate that navigation outages due to receiver software issues may pose as great a risk, if not more, to the user than threats currently under study. The improvement in GNSS receiver tracking capability and navigation accuracy has been accompanied by an increase in software quantity and complexity. Current and future GNSS receivers will interface with multiple systems that will further increase software complexity. Rather than viewing GNSS receivers as “plug and play” devices, they should be regarded as complex computers that interface with other complex computers, sometimes in safety-critical applications. The high cost of meeting strict software quality standards, and the proprietary nature of GNSS receiver software, makes it more difficult to ensure quality software for safety-critical applications. Lack of integrator and user insight into GNSS software complicates the integration and test process, leading to cost and schedule issues.
The Impact of Dollarization and Currency Boards on Income and Inflation: A Synthetic Control Analysis

We use the synthetic control method (SCM) to estimate the effect of official dollarization in Ecuador and quasi-dollarization, in the form of a currency board, in Argentina. We show that these monetary arrangements were effective at controlling inflation in these two countries. Interestingly, in contrast with previous research, we find these policies had no impact on real income. Despite the success of these policies, Argentina abandoned its currency board in 2002, devalued its currency, and repudiated much of its outstanding government debt causing renewed inflation and a loss of significant consumer wealth. Ecuador, conversely, continues to operate under dollarization, fourteen years after implementation. We discuss the roles of labor market adjustments and fiscal discipline as explanations for these divergent outcomes.
Connected Component Labeling and Adjacency Graph Construction

Abstract In machine vision, an original gray tone image is processed to produce features that can be used by higher-level processes, such as recognition and inspection procedures. Thresholding the image results in a binary image whose pixels are labeled as foreground or background. Segmenting the image results in a symbolic image whose pixels are assigned labels representing various classifications. In both cases, an important next step in the analysis of the image is an operation called connected component labeling that groups the pixels into regions, such that adjacent pixels have the same label, and pixels belonging to distinct regions have different labels. Properties of the regions and relationships among them may then be calculated. The most common relationship, spatial adjacency, can be represented by a region adjacency graph. This chapter describes algorithms for connected component labeling and region adjacency graph construction. In addition to giving several sequential algorithms for two-dimensional connected component labeling, it also discusses several parallel algorithms and an algorithm for three-dimensional connected component labeling.
Umgang mit Formen

In allen Intelligenzprufungen, welche eine optisch gegebene Situation verwenden, hat der Prufling, wenn man genauer zusieht, neben anderen Aufgaben die eines Erfassens bestimmter Formen oder (v. Ehrenfels, Wertheimer)1) Gestalten zu leisten. Diese Gestaltmomente waren in den meisten bisher beschriebenen Versuchen von der einfachsten Art, so das der Unbewanderte noch kaum die charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Gestalten an ihnen erkennt: Grobe Distanzen (sehr vielfach), das Zueinander von Grosen (z. B. im Doppelrohrversuch der beiden Offnungen), grobe Richtungen und allenfalls Richtungskomponenten (Modellversuch des vorigen Kapitels, Turflugelversuch u. a.). Immer da aber, wo eine Formaufgabe etwas grosere Anforderungen stellte, also da, wo man (untheoretisch) gewohnlich erst von Formen und Gestalten (im engeren Sinn) spricht, begann der Schimpanse zu versagen und ohne Rucksicht auf das Feinere der Situationsstruktur so zu verfahren, als waren ihm alle Formen nur en bloc, gewissermasen ohne straffe innere Zeichnung gegeben. Das kam beim aufgewickelten Turnseil, beim aufgewundenen Draht, beim Kistenbau vor. — Nun pflegten bisher die Situationen, in die man Saugetiere von der Katze aufwarts brachte, um ihre Intelligenz zu prufen, zum grosten Teil Formen recht komplexer Art zu enthalten, insbesondere allerhand Turverschlusse u. dgl.
Non-Newtonian Forces and the Observed Solar Oscillation Spectrum

Motivated by recent interest in the possibility of a long range gravitation-like force we have considered the effects a deviation from the Newtonian force law would have on the solar normal mode spectrum. Observations of low order and degree modes provide the most interesting limits to possible new physics. The constraint from solar oscillation observations is distinct from other planetary data in that it provides an integral bound on force law deviations on spatial scales between roughly 2×104 km and planetary scales. This limit is -0.02 ≤ δG/G ≤ 0.3 and is presently limited by systematic differences between the low-l observations and uncertainty in the solar model.
Segmenting motion capture data into distinct behaviors

Much of the motion capture data used in animations, commercials, and video games is carefully segmented into distinct motions either at the time of capture or by hand after the capture session. As we move toward collecting more and longer motion sequences, however, automatic segmentation techniques will become important for processing the results in a reasonable time frame.We have found that straightforward, easy to implement segmentation techniques can be very effective for segmenting motion sequences into distinct behaviors. In this paper, we present three approaches for automatic segmentation. The first two approaches are online, meaning that the algorithm traverses the motion from beginning to end, creating the segmentation as it proceeds. The first assigns a cut when the intrinsic dimensionality of a local model of the motion suddenly increases. The second places a cut when the distribution of poses is observed to change. The third approach is a batch process and segments the sequence where consecutive frames belong to different elements of a Gaussian mixture model. We assess these three methods on fourteen motion sequences and compare the performance of the automatic methods to that of transitions selected manually.
Regulatory cells and infectious agents: detentes cordiale and contraire.

This brief review describes the types of interactions that occur between CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Treg) and microbial pathogens. These interactions range from one of mutual benefit (detente cordiale) such as occurs in Leishmania major infection of resistant mouse strains, to instances where the Treg response appears to mainly favor the pathogen and be detrimental to the host (detente contraire). Examples of the latter include chronic persistent infections with retroviruses, perhaps including HIV, and hepatitis C virus. The Treg response also hampers the effectiveness of immunity against some acute virus infections such as HSV. Evidence is also discussed showing that Treg can play a benevolent role to limit the severity of bystander tissue damage in circumstances where the immune response to pathogens is immunopathological. Finally, emerging approaches are discussed that either blunt or activate Treg and that could be used practically to manage host-pathogen interaction.
Calculation of the effect of electron correlations on shot noise in gyroklystrons

Summary form only given, as follows. The results of a theory of shot noise amplification and damping in gyro-amplifiers are compared with measurements for a 35 GHz gyroklystron. The theory models the evolution of the electrostatic cyclotron instability and the development of dielectric screening in the electron gun and interaction cavity regions. These effects modify the "bare" shot noise produced by uncorrelated electrons. The approach is based on the linearized Vlasov equation from plasma kinetic theory. The Vlasov equation is expressed in terms of the interaction potential observed by a test particle in the electron beam. Noise fluctuations are represented by the perturbed distribution function. The model includes the effects of the nonzero transverse size of the electron beam as well as the axial profile of the applied magnetic field.
Epistemic Value Monism and the Swamping Problem

Many deontologists explain the epistemic value of justification in terms of its instrumental role in promoting truth – the original source of value in the epistemic domain. The swamping problem for truth monism appears to make this position indefensible, at least for those monists who maintain the superiority of knowledge to merely true belief. I propose a new solution to the swamping problem that allows monists to maintain the greater epistemic value of knowledge over merely true belief. My trick is to deny the swamping premise itself.
Polarization Modulation Fourier Transform Infrared Ellipsometry of Thin Polymer Films

Polarization modulation infrared ellipsometric spectra were collected on an FT-IR spectrometer, with the use of two linear polarizers and a photoelastic modulator. Samples consisted of thin poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) films on gold substrates. The relative phase retardation (delta) and relative amplitude (psi) were derived from these measurements. These spectra were superior to those from static infrared ellipsometry measurements on the same samples. The thickness and optical constants of the films were calculated from the ellipsometric measurements and compared with reference optical constant spectra.
Observation of the Coronal Hard X-ray Sources of the 1998 April 23 Flare

We analyzed Hard X-Ray Telescope observations of an X1.2 flare on 1998 April 23. This flare is one of the best examples for studying coronal hard X-ray sources due to the intensity of the emission and the occultation of the footpoints. In this flare, coronal hard X-ray sources composed of both thermal and nonthermal emissions showed complex structure unlike any previously observed. Dominant thermal and nonthermal sources do not come from the same loop-top region. Nonthermal sources include two sources in the low corona (~2.7 × 103 km) and an extended source in the high corona (~5 × 104 km). These observations of nonthermal coronal sources suggest that energetic phenomena occur in the low corona at first, and energized electrons are then injected into a high coronal region.
User-Generated Racism: An Analysis of Stereotypes of African Americans, Latinos, and Asians in YouTube Videos

This study examines representations of African Americans, Latinos, and Asians in YouTube videos, exploring whether YouTube serves as a type of alternative media where the status quo is contested. Results show that most videos analyzed perpetuated racial stereotypes. Further, videos that included stereotypes, most of which contained user-produced content, were more popular. The authors argue citizens to a large extent use YouTube to perpetuate the same stereotypes found in the mainstream media, rather than use it as an alternative counter-public sphere.
The Effect of pH on Growth and Succinate Production by Prevotella bivia

Prevotella bivia is frequently isolated as a vaginal commensal and is also one of several organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis. In an attempt to define the role of this organism as part of the vaginal ecosystem, the influence of pH on viable cell density and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was examined. Seven strains of P. bivia isolated from the vagina of healthy women were grown in vaginal defined medium for 3 d at pH values 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5 using an in vitro continuous culture system. At pH 6.0, P. bivia was present at a mean maximal cell density of log 10 7.93 colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml). A mean decrease in viable cell density of log 10 1.39 CFU/ml/day following a pH change to either 5.5 or 5.0 for all strains, indicated that the organism was pH-sensitive. Succinate, the only SCFA detected during growth in this system, was produced at a mean concentration of 0.025 mM at maximal cell density. Regression analysis of information contained in an in vivo data set of observations from healthy, menarcheal women also correlated the concentration of P. bivia with vaginal pH ( P =0.049). The apparent sensitivity of this organism to pH suggests that the concentration of P. bivia within the vagina may serve as a surrogate marker for vaginal pH. Keywords: Prevotella bivia , bacterial vaginosis, pH, succinate, vagina.
Vertebrate pigmentation: from underlying genes to adaptive function

Animal coloration is a powerful model for studying the genetic mechanisms that determine phenotype. Genetic crosses of laboratory mice have provided extensive information about the patterns of inheritance and pleiotropic effects of loci involved in pigmentation. Recently, the study of pigmentation genes and their functions has extended into wild populations, providing additional evidence that pigment gene function is largely conserved across disparate vertebrate taxa and can influence adaptive coloration, often in predictable ways. These new and integrative studies, along with those using a genetic approach to understand color perception, raise some important questions. Most notably, how does selection shape both phenotypic and genetic variation, and how can we use this information to further understand the phenotypic diversity generated by evolutionary processes?
Lyman-alpha observations of Comet West (1975n)

The rate of hydrogen production of Comet West is studied through rocket observation of solar Lyman-alpha radiation resonantly scattered by the escaping hydrogen atoms. Two sets of Lyman-alpha exposure sequences are used to obtain computer-smoothed brightness contour (isophote) maps covering a density range of 100:1. A simple radial outflow model is applied to the contour maps to determine the rate of hydrogen production (3.2 by 10 to the 30th power atoms/sec.) Discrepancies between the observed shape of the outer isophotes and predicted models may be explained by optical depth effects, or by the presence of small pieces of the comet's nucleus distributed along the orbit. Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen production for Comet West and Comet Kohoutek are compared; differences may be accounted for by variations in the composition or evolution of the two comets.
Laterality of superior olive projections to the inferior colliculus in adult and developing ferret.

The laterality of projections from the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) to the inferior colliculus was studied in adult and immature postnatal ferrets. In the adult ferret, large unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the inferior colliculus labeled about equal proportions of cells in the ipsilateral and contralateral lateral superior olivary nuclei. The contralateral labeled cells consistently were more densely labeled than those on the ipsilateral side. Double labeling experiments using fluorescent dyes indicated that only about 3% of LSO cells in the adult give rise to collaterals ending in the inferior colliculus on both sides. As expected, the distribution of labeled cells varied topographically in the LSO as a function of the injection site in the inferior colliculus. Dorsolateral inferior collicular injections labeled cells in the lateral limb of the LSO, whereas ventromedial injections labeled cells in the medial limb of the LSO. The proportion of ipsilateral and contralateral labeled cells also varied across the lateral-medial axis of the LSO in some cases. A gradient in laterality was observed in these cases with the lateral limb of the LSO containing the highest proportion of contralateral labeled cells, and the medial limb, the highest proportion of ipsilateral labeled cells. Larger inferior collicular injections resulted in greater proportions of ipsilateral labeling in LSO than smaller injections. Finally, ipsilateral labeled cells tended to be in the marginal region of the LSO, whereas contralateral labeled cells were more common within the core region of the LSO, irrespective of the location along the lateral-medial axis of LSO. The contralateral predominance of labeled cells, greater density of labeling in contralateral cells, different topographic distribution, and regional segregation of ipsilateral and contralateral labeled cells were typical of the LSO in ferret kits by birth, one month before the onset of hearing. Nevertheless, the relative proportion of ipsilateral and contralateral projection cells appears to change during postnatal development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Amounts, Variations, and Interrelations of the Major Milk Components in Individual Farm Deliveries

Summary Raw milk from 607 farms was analyzed during summer and again during winter for per cent milk fat (fat), total solids (TS), and total protein (TP). Fat was by Babcock; TS in a forced-air oven; and TP by alkaline steam distillation. Per cent solids-not-fat (SNF) and lactose-mineral (LM) were by difference. The averages and standard deviations for fat, SNF, TP, and LM, respectively, were: 3.89±0.45, 8.67±0.31, 3.29±0.23, and 5.38±0.22. The TS, fat, TP, and SNF averaged, respectively, 0.29, 0.22, 0.15, and 0.07% higher in winter, but the LM averaged 0.08% lower. The correlations were: between TS and fat, 0.93; SNF and fat, 0.60; LM and fat, 0.10; TP and fat, 0.74; and TP and SNF, 0.71. The interrelations of these components also were shown by regression coefficients and estimating equations.
Evolutionary Divergence in the Structure and Function of Pituitary Gonadotropins of Tetrapod Vertebrates

Pituitary gonadotropins and thyrotropins have been purified from diverse tetrapod species, representing all four classes. There has been sufficient conservation of structure in these hormones to allow recognition of a separate (homologous) follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and thyrotropin in each class. Thus, the dual gonadotropin system appears to be a common (primitive) feature of the tetrapods. However, variations in the nature of the hormones exist at several levels. Intra-individual heterogeneity in each type of hormone may have important physiological consequences, especially for clearance rates. In at least one group, the squamate reptiles, the gonadotropins may have diverged from the basic tetrapod condition; they possess a relatively unique, and possibly only a single, gonadotropin. Among other species having two gonadotropins, interspecific divergence in the “active sites” of each hormone is evident from the marked species specificity in hormone action. Also, despite considerable conservation in structure, pronounced divergence in the function of each molecule is indicated by interspecific variations in hormonal specificity of certain functions, such as steroid secretion. Such changes in function may be due in large part to evolution in the receptor sites. However, tests with heterologous hormones suggest that there has also been some convergence between the active sites of the different types of glycoprotein hormone: one type of hormone may mimic the action of another when tested in a heterologous species Generalizations about evolution in gonadotropin structure or function should not be made from a limited representation of species, since even related species of hormone (same order or family) may show distinctive properties, and physiological studies based on heterologous hormones must be interpreted cautiously. Surprisingly, neither species or hormonal specificity of the gonadotropins show clear phylogenetic patterns.
Field releases of codling moths sterilized by tepa or by gamma irradiation, 1964-67.

Methods of sterilizing and releasing adult Laspeyresia Pomonella (L.) were evaluated in 1964-67 prior to projected large-scale releases planned to test population control. Thus the moths were first chemosterilized with tepa by dipping (1964), by topical application (1965), and by aerosol spray (1966); then after mid-1966, they were irradiated with a cobalt-60 source. In 1967, the method of irradiation was altered by cooling the cobalt source to inactivate the moths instead of using CO2. Releases were made by hand (1964-66) and by helicopter (1967). In 1964-66, only males were released: 97,797 in 12 acres in 1964; 411,210 in 6 acres in 1965; and 580,344 in 15 acres in 1966. In 1967, both sexes were released: 1,541,754 in 93 acres. An abandoned orchard was used for the 1964 and 1965 tests; commercial orchards were used in 1966 aerosol spray (1966); then after mid-1966, they were and 1967. The degree of control of the native population by releases made in commercial orchards was comparable to that obtained in similar orchards treated with insecticides.
Finite element methods for nonlinear shell analysis

Finite element methods for nonlinear shell analysis are analyzed using both the minimum potential energy and the mixed formulations. Existence and local uniqueness of both the exact solutions and the corresponding finite element solutions are proved. Error bounds, which are of the same order as for the corresponding linear problems, are established.
Social networks and self-employment

Abstract This article applies social network concepts, developed in sociology, to the analysis of the self-employment decision. Theory suggests that if one’s social network provides social support so as to reduce the costs of self-employment, those with more effective social networks may possess a greater incentive to attempt self-employment, ceteris paribus. Empirical investigation of this hypothesis is conducted using a unique new data set, the Wisconsin Entrepreneurial Climate Study, which allows analysis of self-employment in a social context. Results illustrate that the individual self-employment choice is highly influenced by the size and composition of the social network and that women receive less influential social support for entrepreneurial activity than men receive, a finding that may provide an explanation for gender differences in self-employment likelihood.
Imaging for Luminal Disease and Complications: CT Enterography, MR Enterography, Small-Bowel Follow-Through, and Ultrasound

The advent of cross-sectional enterography has revolutionized small-bowel imaging, providing comprehensive, reproducible evaluation of CD and its complications. Continued collaboration between radiologists and gastroenterologists is critical to ensure further progress toward the common goals of classifying disease activity, predicting response to treatment, and appropriate triage to medical versus surgical therapy.
Unusual Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of Severe Isolated Pulmonic Insufficiency

A 57-year-old psoriatic man had severe, isolated pulmonic regurgitation, with intractable right sided failure. Echocardiography showed flail pulmonic leaflet and premature opening of the valve. Cardiac catheterization documented severe pulmonic regurgitation. The right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated above the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, thus explaining the echocardiographic finding. The patient was treated successfully by pulmonic valve replacement.
The Sodium-Calcium Antiport of Heart Mitochondria Is Not Electroneutral (∗)

Heart mitochondria contain a nNa+/Ca2+ antiport that participates in the regulation of matrix [Ca2+]. Based largely on a single study (Brand, M. D. (1985) Biochem. J. 229, 161-166), there has been a consensus that this antiport promotes the electroneutral exchange of two Na+ for one Ca2+. However, a recent study in our laboratory (Baysal, K., Jung, D. W., Gunter, K. K., Gunter, T. P., and Brierley, G. P. (1994) Am. J. Physiol. 266, C800-C808) has shown that the Na(+)-dependent efflux of Ca2+ from heart mitochondria has more energy available to it than can be supplied by a passive 2Na+/Ca2+ exchange. We have therefore re-examined Brand's protocols using fluorescent probes to monitor matrix pH and free [Ca2+]. Respiring heart mitochondria, suspended in KCl and treated with ruthenium red to block Ca2+ influx, extrude Ca2+ and establish a large [Ca2+]out:[Ca2+]matrix gradient. The extrusion of Ca2+ under these conditions is Na(+)-dependent and diltiazem-sensitive and can be attributed to the nNa+/Ca2+ antiport. Addition of nigericin increases the membrane potential (delta psi) and decreases delta pH to 0.1 or less, but has virtually no effect on the magnitude of the [Ca2+] gradient. Under these conditions a gradient maintained by electroneutral 2Na+/Ca2+ antiport should be abolished because the mitochondrial Na+/H+ antiport keeps the [Na+] gradient equivalent to the [H+] gradient. The [Ca2+] gradient is abolished, however, when an uncoupler is added to dissipate delta psi or when the exogenous electroneutral antiport BrA23187 is added. In addition, [Ca2+] influx via the nNa+/Ca2+ antiport in nonrespiring mitochondria is enhanced when delta psi is abolished. These results are consistent with Ca2+ extrusion by an electrophoretic antiport that can respond to delta psi but not with an electroneutral antiport.
STEADY-STATE TWO-DIMENSIONAL INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION

A method for analysis of multidimensional steady-state inverse heat conduction problems is presented. The method employs an adjoint formulation to approximate a set of sensitivity coefficients that relate temperature and heat flux observations to unknown surface conditions. The resulting nonsquare system of equations is regularized and subsequently solved in a least-squares sense. A technique is presented for evaluating the accuracy of the estimated surface conditions in terms of resolution and variance. The method is applied to example problems in two dimensions for cases in which limited information about the surface condition is available.
Harmful lie aversion and lie discovery in noisy expert advice games

Abstract This study tests whether individuals are reluctant to tell lies, or perhaps only “harmful lies”, in a previously untested environment: an expert sending a message to a decision maker whose interpretation of that message is subject to error, i.e. a noisy sender–receiver game. In the Aligned treatment, the expert can send a “white lie” to the receiver, eliminating the negative effects of noise and improving both parties’ payoffs. In the Conflict treatment, lies are harmful and the inability to commit to truthtelling destroys all meaningful communication in equilibrium unless there is a cost of lying. In the experiment, receivers are overly trusting and experts learn to take advantage of this. As experts gain experience they tell stronger and more frequent lies in both treatments, consistent with models of reinforcement learning. The findings suggest that neither harmful nor universal lie aversion is a factor when communication is noisy, provided individuals have time to discover their personal benefits of lies.
UBIQUITOUS Hα-POLARIZED LINE PROFILES: ABSORPTIVE SPECTROPOLARIMETRIC EFFECTS AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN POST-AGB, HERBIG Ae/Be, AND OTHER STELLAR TYPES

We show here that the absorptive Hα polarized line profile previously seen in many Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars is a nearly ubiquitous feature of other types of embedded or obscured stars. This characteristic 1% linear polarization variation across the absorptive part of the Hα line is seen in post-AGB stars as well as RV Tau, δ Scuti, and other types. Each of these stars shows evidence of obscuration by intervening circumstellar hydrogen gas and the polarization effect is in the absorptive component, consistent with an optical pumping model. We present ESPaDOnS spectropolarimetric observations of nine post-AGB and RV Tau types in addition to many multi-epoch HiVIS observations of these targets. We find significant polarization changes across the Hα line in 8/9 stars with polarization amplitudes of 0.5% to over 3% (5/6 post-AGB and 3/3 RV Tau). In all but one of these, the polarization change is dominated by the absorptive component of the line profile. There is no evidence that subclasses of obscured stars showing stellar pulsations (RV Tau for post-AGB stars and δ Scuti for Herbig Ae/Be stars) show significant spectropolarimetric differences from the main class. Significant temporal variability is evident from both HiVIS and ESPaDOnS data for several stars presented here: 89 Her, AC Her, SS Lep, MWC 120, AB Aurigae, and HD144668. The morphologies and temporal variability are comparable to existing large samples of Herbig Ae/Be and Be type stars. Since post-AGB stars have circumstellar gas that is very different from Be stars, we discuss these observations in the context of their differing environments.
Mental status changes in an alcohol abuser taking valerian and gingko biloba.

(2002). Mental Status Changes in an Alcohol Abuser Taking Valerian and Gingko Biloba. American Journal on Addictions: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 75-77.
Cauliflower mosaic virus : a 420 subunit (T=7), multilayer structure

Abstract The structures of the Cabb-B and CM 1841 strains of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) have been solved to about 3 nm resolution from unstained, frozen-hydrated samples that were examined with low-irradiation cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction procedures. CaMV is highly susceptible to distortions. Spherical particles, with a maximum diameter of 53.8 nm, are composed of three concentric layers (I–III) of solvent-excluded density that surround a large, solvent-filled cavity (∼ 27 nm dia.). The outermost layer (I) contains 72 capsomeric morphological units, with 12 pentavalent pentamers and 60 hexavalent hexamers for a total of 420 subunits (37–42 kDa each) arranged with T = 7 icosahedral symmetry. CaMV is the first example of a T = 7 virus that obeys the rules of stoichiometry proposed for isometric viruses by Caspar and Klug (1962, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 1–24), although the hexameric capsomers exhibit marked departure from the regular sixfold symmetry expected for a structure in which the capsid protein subunits are quasi-equivalently related. The double-stranded DNA genome is distributed in layers II and III along with a portion of the viral protein. The CaMV reconstructions are consistent with the model based on neutron diffraction studies (Kruse et al. , 1987, Virology 159, 166–168) and, together, these structural models are discussed in relation to a replication-assembly model (Hull et al. , 1987, J. Cell Sci. (Suppl.) 7, 213–229). Remarkable agreement between the reconstructions of CaMV Cabb-B and CM 1841 suggests that other strains of CaMV adopt the same basic structure.
Degenerate and n-adic versions of Kummer's congruences for values of Bernoulli polynomials

Abstract We first prove an analogue of Kummer's congruences for expressions involving the degenerate Bernoulli polynomials which were introduced by Carlitz, by relating them to the general theory of “degenerate number sequences” developed in a recent article. These congruences extend, for example, known congruences for the Genocchi numbers. We also give versions of Kummer's congruences modulo powers of a general positive integer n for Bernoulli polynomials with n -adic integer argument, and similar congruences for generalized Bernoulli polynomials, which extend recent results of Z.-W. Sun and of the author.
A principled study of the design tradeoffs for autonomous trading agents

In this paper we present a methodology for deciding the bidding strategy of agents participating in a significant number of simultaneous auctions, when finding an analytical solution is not possible. We decompose the problem into sub-problems and then use rigorous experimentation to determine the best partial strategies. In order to accomplish this we use a modular, adaptive and robust agent architecture combining principled methods and empirical knowledge. We applied this methodology when creating WhiteBear, the agent that achieved the highest score at the 2002 International Trading Agent Competition (TAC). TAC was designed as a realistic complex test-bed for designing agents trading in e-marketplaces. The agent faced several technical challenges. Deciding the optimal quantities to buy and sell, the desired prices and the time of bid placement was only part of its design. Other important issues that we resolved were balancing the aggressiveness of the agent's bids against the cost of obtaining increased flexibility and the integration of domain specific knowledge with general agent design techniques. We present our observations in dealing with these design tradeoffs and back up our conclusions with empirical results.
The Correlated Knowledge Gradient for Simulation Optimization of Continuous Parameters using Gaussian Process Regression

We extend the concept of the correlated knowledge-gradient policy for the ranking and selection of a finite set of alternatives to the case of continuous decision variables. We propose an approximate knowledge gradient for problems with continuous decision variables in the context of a Gaussian process regression model in a Bayesian setting, along with an algorithm to maximize the approximate knowledge gradient. In the problem class considered, we use the knowledge gradient for continuous parameters to sequentially choose where to sample an expensive noisy function in order to find the maximum quickly. We show that the knowledge gradient for continuous decisions is a generalization of the efficient global optimization algorithm proposed in [D. R. Jones, M. Schonlau and W. J. Welch, J. Global Optim., 13 (1998), pp. 455–492].
Tempol attenuates the exercise pressor reflex independently of neutralizing reactive oxygen species in femoral artery ligated rats.

In decerebrate rats, we reported previously that the exercise pressor reflex arising from a limb whose femoral artery was occluded for 72 h before the experiment was significantly higher than the exercise pressor reflex arising from a contralateral freely perfused limb. These findings prompted us to examine whether reactive oxygen species contributed to the augmented pressor reflex in rats with femoral artery occlusion. We found that the pressor reflex arising from the limb whose femoral artery was occluded for 72 h before the experiment (31 ± 5 mmHg) was attenuated by tempol (10 mg), a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic (18 ± 5 mmHg, n = 9, P 0.30). A second SOD mimetic, tiron (200 mg/kg), had no effect on the exercise pressor reflex in either the rats with freely perfused hindlimbs or in those with occluded femoral arteries. These findings suggest that tempol attenuated the exercise pressor reflex in the femoral artery-occluded hindlimb by a mechanism that was independent of its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species.
Alluvial fans formed by channelized fluvial and sheet flow. II: application

The formulation of the companion paper describing the evolution of mean elevation in a radially symmetric alluvial fan is applied to the specific case of the tailings basin of an iron mine. The tailings basin provides a simple field-scale example of a fluvial fan-delta system. Calculation procedures are developed to determine the effect of changing water and sediment discharge on fan evolution. The analysis is used to evaluate options for the extension of the lifetime of the tailings basin.
Cardiac rupture, mortality and the timing of thrombolytic therapy: A meta-analysis

This study examined the relation between the risk of cardiac rupture and the timing of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. To test the hypothesis that cardiac rupture is prevented by early thrombolytic therapy but is promoted by late treatment, randomized controlled trials of thrombolytic agents for myocardial infarction were pooled. A logistic regression model including 58 cases of cardiac rupture among 1,638 patients from four trials showed that the odds ratio (treated/control) of cardiac rupture was directly correlated with time to treatment (p = 0.01); at 7 h, the odds ratio was 0.4 (95% confidence limits 0.17 to 0.93); at 11 h, it was 0.93 (0.53 to 1.60) and at 17 h, it was 3.21 (1.10 to 10.1). Analysis of data from the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) trial independently confirmed the relation between time to thrombolytic therapy and risk of cardiac rupture (p = 0.03). Analysis of 4,692 deaths in 44,346 patients demonstrated that the odds ratio of death was also directly correlated with time to treatment (p = 0.006); at 3 h, the odds ratio for death was 0.72 (0.67 to 0.77); at 14 h, it was 0.88 (0.77 to 1.00) and at 21 h, it was 1 (0.82 to 1.37). Thrombolytic therapy early after acute myocardial infarction improves survival and decreases the risk of cardiac rupture. Late administration of thrombolytic therapy also appears to improve survival but may increase the risk of cardiac rupture.
Moral Autonomy and Social-Political Activism among the Faculty and Staff of a West Coast University

In multivariate analysis, moral autonomy contributed to the explained variance for participation in politically Leftist social movements. On the bivariate level, “world view” variables besides moral autonomy were also related to social movement participation: (1) authoritarianism, (2) dogmatism, (3) efficacy, and (4) religiosity. In multivariate analysis, the effects of all the explanatory variables except moral autonomy almost entirely disappeared. Even after the addition of the subjects' general political ideology, multivariate effects of moral autonomy remained.
The effect of pallet connection stiffness, deck stiffness and static load level on the resonant response of pallet decks to vibration frequencies occurring in the distribution environment

This paper summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the relationship between pallet design and the resonant response of pallet decks to sinusoidal vibration. Sine sweep frequency vibration tests between 3 Hz and 50 Hz were conducted to determine the effect of pallet deckboard stiffness, joint stiffness and the static load level on the resonant response of pallet decks. As the stiffness of the pallet joints and deckboards increases, the resonant frequency of the unit load increases and transmissibility decreases. As the static load on the pallet increases the resonant frequency of the unit load decreases and the transmissibility increases. The survivability of a unitized product, sensitive to vibration, during shipping and distribution is affected by the pallet design. Pallets designed using rigid connections and stiffer decks will reduce damage to vibration-sensitive products.
Great Vessel Laceration during Central Venous Catheter Insertion.

The Morbidity and Mortality section of this issue will diverge slightly from the typical presentation to discuss a non–interventional radiology complication that yields insight into a fundamental concept of nearly every procedure in interventional radiology. This error is closely related to the How I Do It case in this issue. As discussed earlier per Newton's third law, objects tend to travel in a straight line unless diverted by something else. In some instances, a curved course leads to unwanted complications, particularly if real-time imaging is unavailable or not used.
Haptic Control in Physical Human-Robot Interaction Based on Support Vector Machine Classification of Muscle Activity: A Preliminary Study

This study aims to develop methods to increase information available to a haptic device about a human operator during physical human-robot interaction. Physical contact between a robot and human operator establishes a coupled system with stability and performance characteristics partly dependent on interaction port impedance behavior. Operator impedance is estimated in this research based on changes in arm muscle activity, recorded through electromyographic (EMG) signals. A switching impedance controller employing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier for operator state estimation is used in an interaction system with a one degree-of-freedom haptic device. Results from performance (e.g. speed, accuracy) trials investigating a stochastic approach to position control are presented in comparison to other standard approaches. This research serves a basis for the exploration of advanced control tools and ultimately developing a novel human-robot interface. Applications for such research include interaction with robot co-workers (e.g. power-assisting devices) in industrial settings.Copyright © 2014 by ASME