cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global two-channel AVHRR aerosol climatology: effects of stratospheric aerosols and preliminary comparisons with MODIS and MISR retrievals

We present an update on the status of the global climatology of the aerosol column optical thickness and Angstrom exponent derived from channel-1 and -2 radiances of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) in the framework of the Global Aerosol Climatology Project (GACP). The latest version of the climatology covers the period from July 1983 to September 2001 and is based on an adjusted value of the diffuse component of the ocean reflectance as derived from extensive comparisons with ship sun-photometer data. We use the updated GACP climatology and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) data to analyze how stratospheric aerosols from major volcanic eruptions can affect the GACP aerosol product. One possible retrieval strategy based on the AVHRR channel-1 and -2 data alone is to infer both the stratospheric and the tropospheric aerosol optical thickness while assuming fixed microphysical models for both aerosol components. The second approach is to use the SAGE stratospheric aerosol data in order to constrain the AVHRR retrieval algorithm. We demonstrate that the second approach yields a consistent long-term record of the tropospheric aerosol optical thickness and Angstrom exponent. Preliminary comparisons of the GACP aerosol product with MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer aerosol retrievals show reasonable agreement, the GACP global monthly optical thickness being lower than the MODIS one by approximately 0.03. Larger differences are observed on a regional scale. Comparisons of the GACP and MODIS Angstrom exponent records are less conclusive and require further analysis.
Glueballs and Meiktons Which Decay to Multi - Kaon Final States

Abstract We observe in the usual spherical cavity approximation to the bag model that TM gluon modes couple predominantly in the s-channel to s s quarks. We compute the spectrum of glueballs and meiktons containing TM gluons, which have unique decays to states of two, three, or four kaons.
Respiratory Health in Cottonseed Crushing Mills

1981;79;30S-33S Chest Diem and H. Weill R. N. Jones, J. Hughes, Y. Y. Hammad, H. Glindmeyer III, B. T. Butcher, J. E. Respiratory Health in Cottonseed Crushing Mills http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/79/4_Supplement/30S.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1981by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Effect of traumatic imagery on cerebrospinal fluid dopamine and serotonin metabolites in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Abstract Dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although the evidence for this is limited; serotonergic mechanisms are implicated largely by virtue of the modest efficacy of serotonergic drugs in the treatment of the disorder. Basal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dopamine and serotonin metabolite concentrations are normal in PTSD patients. However, in the present experiment, we postulated that perturbations in CSF dopamine and serotonin metabolites could be induced by acute psychological stress. Ten volunteers with war-related chronic PTSD underwent 6-h continuous lumbar CSF withdrawal on two occasions per patient (6–9 weeks apart), using a randomized, within subject-controlled, crossover design. During one session a 1-h video with trauma-related footage (traumatic video) was shown and in the other session subjects viewed a 1-h neutral video. We quantified the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in CSF at 10-min intervals, before, during, and after video provocation. Blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective anxiety and mood were monitored. Significant drop in mood and increases in anxiety and blood pressure occurred during the traumatic relative to the neutral movie. CSF HVA concentrations diminished significantly after the traumatic video ( p p
Representing and diagnosing dynamic process data using neural networks

Abstract A technique for representing and diagnosing dynamic process trend data using neural networks is presented. The approach employs a feedforward neural network with backpropagation as the learning algorithm. Two methods of presenting symptom patterns to the network, one using raw time-series values of measured process variables and another using a moving average value of the same time-series data, are described. Two methods of discretization of the desired output of the networks during training—a linear method and an exponential method—are also discussed. Networks with various numbers of hidden units were tested and compared with respect to their performance in recall and generalization. The results show that accurate recall and generalization behavior was observed in the diagnosis of single-fault measurement patterns. The networks trained using raw time-series data were able to diagnose untrained single-fault patterns sampled earlier in the fault-induced transient, than the ones trained using moving average data. It was possible to diagnose untrained single fault patterns in the transient stage, within 0.25 h of the occurrence of the fault, although the new steady state was reached only after 2 h. For patterns sampled in the later stages of the transient, the moving-average network performed as well as the time-series network.
Real-Time Perimeter Gamma Radiation Monitoring System

In the aftermath of the TMI incident, considerable concern has emerged on the effectiveness of offsite radiation monitoring in response to nuclear accidents. This concern is reflected in a number of NRC publications, in particular Regulatory Guide 1.97. The system described here meets the requirement of this new regulation in providing continuous gamma monitoring of the reactor environs over the range of 1 ?R/h to 10 R/h. Remote stations (up to 16) are permanently installed at the reactor perimeter and consist of two ion chambers and a microprocessor-based signal processor. The data is transmitted via telephone or hardwired modems or telemetry to a central processing center (CPC). At the CPC the data is reduced, stored, and presented in a format to provide the user with a continuous update on gamma radiation levels in the environment during routine and emergency conditions.
High frequency of glucose‐utilizing mutants in Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 has conventionally been considered unable to use glucose as a carbon substrate for growth. The genome sequence of S. oneidensis MR-1 however suggests the ability to use glucose. Here, we demonstrate that during initial glucose exposure, S. oneidensis MR-1 quickly and frequently gains the ability to utilize glucose as a sole carbon source, in contrast to wild-type S. oneidensis, which cannot immediately use glucose as a sole carbon substrate. High-performance liquid chromatography and 14C glucose tracer studies confirm the disappearance in cultures and assimilation and respiration, respectively, of glucose. The relatively short time frame with which S. oneidensis MR-1 gained the ability to use glucose raises interesting ecological implications.
Commentary: Taking a deep breath before reflecting on differential response

Although there are certainly limitations to each and every research and evaluation project in child welfare, as with other fields of study, understanding DR as a CPS reform has been fostered through many thoughtful and rigorous studies that have employed random control trial evaluation designs. For each assumption addressed in this commentary, we have raised a few questions. For all interested in CPS reform, other questions arise because child protection and child welfare professionals are trying to encourage more scientific ways of thinking as a means of engendering improvements: 1. Has the research on DR spotlighted the inadequacy of CPS interventions, either AR or IR? A high percentage of CPS responses are short-term. Is it reasonable to expect significant differences between AR and IR families and improvements in the CPS population, given that families often present with problems characterized as intractable but the intensity of the CPS response, coupled with limited service availability and accessibility, may not be sufficient to meet family needs? 2. Has the DR research, which has mainly focused on AR families, also highlighted the glaring absence of quality research in what is effective in producing positive outcomes for families that receive traditional child abuse and neglect investigations? 3. Does the implementation of DR move the CPS field ahead in terms of making better triage decisions, identifying especially those that require CPS involvement as compared to those who will benefit from but might not absolutely need intervention? Is 'triage' an explicit assumption of the DR innovation? Is it an implicit assumption of DR, however defined? If triage is not part of the research, does the ability of child protection to respond both differentially and also correctly to cases needing most, some, or no attention remain unknown? Until there is a reliable and valid way for determining for which families services are most urgently needed, are many reforms in CPS at risk of not producing the outcomes desired? 4. Are there other unintended consequences of either accepting or rejecting DR that might not have been considered? Our current perspective is to state the obvious and point out that rarely are scientifically or "evidence-based" changes in practice achieved or discredited in a decade or two, much more a scant few years. Breathing deeply from time to time, and even pausing for reflection once in awhile, are useful habits for taking on long-range and difficult human endeavors.
DNA vaccines: Vector design, delivery, and antigen presentation.

Inoculations with antigen-expressing plasmid DNAs (DNA vaccines) in the production of protective immune responses. Since the initial development of DNA vaccines more than 5 years ago, major strides have been made in the design of efficient vaccine vectors and in the process of vaccine delivery. However, many questions remain regarding the mechanism of cellular transfection and in the development of immune responses. This review addresses functional aspects of DNA vaccines, including vector design and delivery, as well as cellular transfection and antigen presentation. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:304-311, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring situation assessment performance through the activities of interest score

Situation Awareness involves both the ability to identify and recognize the given activities and in assessing their importance through situation assessment. In this paper we look at a number of metrics that can be used in an information fusion framework to evaluate how well our assessment tools work at discriminating information from data. We begin our discussion by first providing a set of definitions and a reference model. We then summarize previous metrics that we have defined and describe how they can be applied to evaluating situation assessment capabilities. We conclude the paper with an example demonstrating their use and the meaning of the results.
Polymer/polymer diffusion. I. Experimental technique

Diffusional processes in polymer blends, although important in determining the characteristics of the blend, are poorly understood. Virtually no data are available in the open literature. A novel experimental technique useful in the study of diffusion in compatible polymer/polymer systems is presented. It uses a scanning electron microscope and dispersive energy analysis of the x-ray fluorescence profile in the interdiffusion of two polymer components. The technique is used to determine the diffusivity in a poly(vinyl chloride)-poly(±-caprolactone) at 70°C. The diffusion coefficient [D = (1.59 ± .13) × 10−12cm2/sec] is of the same order as the only reported polymer/ polymer diffusion measurements.
Transgressive Facies Patterns in Delaware Coastal Area: ABSTRACT

Studies of Recent sediments in coastal Delaware show complex sediment-distribution patterns resulting from lateral and vertical movements of successive environments of deposition over a Pleistocene unconformity. Recent sediments are infilling a drowned topography with a local relief of 70 ft and possibly up to 125 ft eroded on highly variable Pleistocene sediments. Identification of the Pleistocene surface is a problem. However, it may be recognizable as a soil zone or intermixture of marsh clay with Pleistocene sands at the unconformity; it also may be recognized on the basis of radiocarbon dates. Larger depositional features forming around eroding Pleistocene headlands and infilling the estuaries include characteristic depositional shoreline environments, such as spits, dunes, baymouth bars, an intermeshing network of tidal deltas, nearshore marine erosional-depositional sand and gravel, and the bays or estuaries and fringing Spartina and Distichlis marshes which form the westernmost edge of the transgressive units. The thickness and areal extent of the sedimentary bodies are controlled largely by the morphology of the Pleistocene unconformity. A large part of these Recent sedimentary units is being eroded by the transgressing Atlantic Ocean. Cores of sediment taken under the shallow bays, such as Rehoboth, Indian River, and Assawoman Bays, and in the fringing marsh environment, show that the depositional units are thin, highly irregular in areal extent, extremely variable in thickness, and difficult to project. Sedimentary processes active in the shallow bays include shoreline marsh erosion and the formation of thin, possibly ephemeral, beach-dune complexes consisting of clean, well-sorted sand having typical beach and dune sedimentary structures. They are anomalous in that they are completely surrounded by Spartina marshes on the landward side and extremely muddy sand grading into dark gray lagoonal mud on the bay side. It appears that distinctive sedimentary structures, and sediment size-sorting relations such as those hat characterize the larger more common sedimentary units of the coastal area may be formed in miniature at the very thin edge of transgression and may lead to considerable confusion in the interpretation of sediments of this type in the geologic record. End_of_Article - Last_Page 537------------
Harnessing New Technologies for Student Tracking

This chapter examines several developing technologies and recommends strategies for reengineering student tracking systems.
Correlational Analysis and Causal Inferences

first, and which were linked directly and which indirectly through the operation of intervening variables, may be lost in history. The present paper is concerned with whether or not it is possible to make causal inferences, given only a knowledge of the intercorrelations among items at a relatively fixed point in time. A general mathematical solution to this problem has been given by Simon (1954) in a paper which apparently has escaped notice by the majority of social scientists. In illustrating the use of Simon's method, we shall make use of some data on North American Indian tribes presented by Driver and Massey (1957:427-434). The concluding section of the paper deals with certain limitations in the use of this important new method. SIMON'S METHOD FOR MAKING CAUSAL INFERENCES1
Confidence in Government and Emotional Responses to Terrorism After September 11, 2001:

In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, an unusually large percentage of Americans expressed high levels of confidence in the institutions charged with responding to the terrorist attacks. By the following summer, such confidence had declined significantly. This study draws on data from a panel study conducted in fall 2001 and summer 2002 to track Americans' emotional responses to terrorism and their levels of confidence in government institutions as well as to explore how these phenomena were related. It is focused on whether--and if so, how--the positive emotions of pride and hope influenced confidence in institutions and helped sustain that confidence over time. Positive relationships between hope, pride, and confidence during both study periods are found. Analysis of confidence and emotions over time suggests reciprocal relationships between confidence and hope. Taken as a whole, the findings point to the importance of considering the emotional sources and implications of confidence. Language: en
Charging effects in tunnel junctions : a four level study

Abstract Charging effects in small tunnel junctions are studied via a transformation which, following Wilson, allows us to treat the hybridization between the two sides and the charging energy exactly. The two conduction bands are transformed to the so-called “hopping” Hamiltonian. The transformation makes the model suitable for a full renormalization group calculation. Here we study a simplified version of this Hamiltonian. We keep only the first term that hybridize directly the two bands and which involves the charging energy and the junction coupling strength. The resulting four level system is solved exactly and the eigenvalues, the meansquare charge difference, and the charge transfer fluctuations are calculated.
Catalyzed Hydrogen Spillover for Hydrogen Storage

A crucial bottleneck in developing a hydrogen economy is hydrogen storage. This is particularly true for transportation using hydrogen as the fuel for fuel cells. The U.S. Department of Energy has established specific R&D targets for on-board hydrogen storage. Among the most important targets are system gravimetric/volumetric capacities and charge/discharge rates. New sorbent materials based on hydrogen spillover have shown much promise recently. However, the rates of spillover are low and remain a major concern. Here it is shown that doping with 2 wt % TiCl3 or VCl3 can significantly increase the rates of both adsorption and desorption by spillover. Moreover, the small hysteresis loop in the hydrogen isotherms for the spillover system is eliminated upon doping with the metal salt. Both heats of adsorption and activation energies for spillover are decreased by doping with TiCl3 or VCl3. This result indicates that the binding energies between the spilled-over hydrogen and the sites on the carbon surface ar...
Rapid infusion system for neurosurgical treatment of massive intraoperative hemorrhage.

ABSTRACT Using an illustrative case of severe closed head injury that resulted in a posterior fossa epidural hematoma (EDH) and supratentorial epidural/subdural hematomas (SDH), the massive blood l...
A new method for uncoiling knots in angiographic tubing

Techniques for uncoiling knots formed in catheters during angiography have been the subject of several previous reports. A new technique for catheter unknotting is presented, based on the use of graded flexibility guidewires. The application of this graded taper method appears particularly pertinent to uncoiling softer, narrow-caliber, adversely looped catheters. Moreover, the mechanisms of knot uncoiling in the previous reports are reassessed and their imprecisions corrected.
A simplified procedure for the quantitative isolation of DNA and RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro

Abstract A simple procedure for the quantitative isolation of small amounts of newly synthesized radioactive nucleic acids is described which uses a CF-11 cellulose matrix. More than 80% of the DNA product synthesized in an endogenous reaction using detergent-disrupted Rauscher leukemia virus or in a purified system consisting of viral RNA and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase can be recovered free of contaminating, labeled RNA precursors and in the absence of carrier.
Self-efficacy theory as a framework for interventions that support parents of NICU infants

Transitioning a Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) premature infant from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) to home is a very stressful task for parents. Few studies examined the needs of parents of VLBW infants during the transition; moreover, even less is known about technology development strategies that aim to increase the parenting confidence. In this study, we used Bandura's self-efficacy theory as a framework to understand ways to develop successful interventions for parents of VLBW infants. The self-efficacy theory posits that parenting behavior and the quality of care can be improved by supporting the four major sources of self-efficacy: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological responses. We describe self-efficacy theory and its role in the development of technology interventions to support parents of NICU infants using a case study, called NICU-2-HOME.
Steroid hormones enhanced sister-chromatid exchange in cultured CHO cells.

The influence of steroid hormones on the induction of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured CHO cells was studied. It was observed that estradiol-17 β, estriol, estrone and ethynyl estradiol treatments enhanced SCE rates compared to the controls. Overall, these compounds produced a dose response effect. The importance of a detailed study on the long-term genetic effects of steroids on mammalian cells is emphasized.
Analysis of Protein and Peptide Penetration into Membranes by Depth-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching: Theoretical Considerations

Depth-dependent fluorescence quenching in membranes is playing an increasingly important role in the determination of the low resolution structure of membrane proteins. This paper presents a graphical way of visualizing membrane quenching caused by lipid-attached bromines or spin labels with the help of a depth-dependent fluorescence quenching profile. Two methods are presently available to extract information on membrane penetration from quenching: the parallax method (PM; ) and distribution analysis (DA; A. S. Biophys. J. 64:290a (Abstr.); A. S. Methods Enzymol. 278:462-473). Analysis of various experimental and simulated data by these two methods is presented. The effects of uncertainty in the local concentration of quenching lipids (due to protein shielding or nonideality in lipid mixing), the existence of multiple conformations of membrane-bound protein, incomplete binding, and uncertainty in the fluorescence in nonquenching lipid are described. Regardless of the analytical form of the quenching profile (Gaussian function for DA or truncated parabola for PM), it has three primary characteristics: position on the depth scale, area, and width. The most important result, not surprisingly, is that one needs three fitting parameters to describe the quenching. This will keep the measures of the quenching profile independent of each other resulting in the reduction of systematic errors in depth determination. This can be achieved by using either DA or a suggested modification of the PM that introduces a third parameter related to quenching efficiency. Because DA utilizes a smooth fitting function, it offers an advantage for the analysis of deeply penetrating probes, where the effects of transleaflet quenching should be considered.
Making the T Cell Receptor Go the Distance: A Topological View of T Cell Activation

We apologize to our many colleagues whose papers we could not cite because of space constraints. We are especially grateful to P. Allen, A. Chan, D. Cantrell, J. Green, B. Schreiber, M. Thomas, and E. Unanue for helpful discussion and comments about the manuscript. M. Thomas provided Figure 1Figure 1.
By any other name: heterologous replacement of the Escherichia coli RNase P protein subunit has in vivo fitness consequences.

Bacterial RNase P is an essential ribonucleoprotein composed of a catalytic RNA component (encoded by the rnpB gene) and an associated protein moiety (encoded by rnpA). We construct a system that allows for the deletion of the essential endogenous rnpA copy and for its simultaneous replacement by a heterologous version of the gene. Using growth rate as a proxy, we explore the effects on fitness of heterologous replacement by increasingly divergent versions of the RNase P protein. All of the heterologs tested complement the loss of the endogenous rnpA gene, suggesting that all existing bacterial versions of the rnpA sequence retain the elements required for functional interaction with the RNase P RNA. All replacements, however, exact a cost on organismal fitness, and particularly on the rate of growth acceleration, defined as the time required to reach maximal growth rate. Our data suggest that the similarity of the heterolog to the endogenous version — whether defined at the sequence, structure or codon usage level — does not predict the fitness costs of the replacement. The common assumption that sequence similarity predicts functional similarity requires experimental confirmation and may prove to be an oversimplification.
Rebuilding the human firewall

In 2000, a consortium of industry, government and academic representatives formed the Human Firewall Council, established on the premise that information security is a people problem, a managerial problem that does have some technical solutions. In 2004 the HFO changed hands, from the original commercial sponsoring organization to the ISSA. With this change came a need to revise and update the organization's Web site, and the Security Management Index, an online survey that allowed respondents to benchmark their organizations with their peers, based on the ISO 17799 standard. This paper overviews the efforts of a faculty and student development team in rebuilding the Human Firewall.
Sensor Fault Isolation Using Qualitative Quantized Modeling With Application to a 3-DOF Nonlinear Vehicle

Fault detection and isolation has become one of the most important aspects in vehicle control system design. In this paper, we present a technique for single sensor fault detection and isolation in automotive on-board applications. It combines model-based diagnostics and a qualitative modeling approach. The proposed method is appealing as it shifts the computational effort from on-line to off-line, making the algorithm suitable for low-cost real-time applications. The methodology can be cast in the framework of discrete-event fault diagnosis. A depth one transition relation algorithm for qualitative identification which guarantees completeness is developed and applied to a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear vehicle model. The paper concludes with preliminary simulation results showing the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.© 2004 ASME
Resonant Frequency of an MR Compatible Rotating Anode X-Ray Tube

Switching between X-ray and MR imaging with the systems in close proximity can facilitate accurate image-guided interventional procedures using their complementary advantages. Conventional X-ray tubes use induction motors whose functionality fails within MR fringe field environments; thus we developed a novel MR compatible X-ray tube motor.Vibrations from the structural instability of a motor can lead to mechanical failure, as well as image artifacts due to shaking X-ray focal spot on the anode target; hence it is important for proper X-ray tube motor operation to identify the resonant frequencies that cause large amplitude vibrations. The ability to model rotor dynamics and how they change with the motor design is valuable because it allows us to optimize the motor structure. A finite element model has been developed and validated by experiments measuring the acceleration change and the power spectrum of the motor response.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Expression of c-fos in the rat brainstem after chronic intermittent hypoxia

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) may cause sustained systemic hypertension by increasing sympathetic neural discharge (SND). We hypothesized that CIH alters brainstem circuits modulating SND. After 30 days of CIH exposure in rats, increased c-fos labeling was seen in the nucleus of the solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla as well as other brainstem regions involved in regulation of SND. Increased expression of c-fos after CIH may indicate changes in neuronal genetic transcription which ultimately modulate SND.
What causes a memory strategy utilization deficiency

Abstract In a “utilization deficiency,” a child spontaneously produces an appropriate strategy but receives little or no benefit from it for recall. Three studies provided evidence for two causes—children's failure to relate the task situation to their event knowledge or to link the strategy to a second strategy, in this case linking a selective attention strategy to a labeling strategy. In Study 1, 83 kindergartners and first graders were asked to remember the locations of 6 objects (e.g., animals) from a set of 12 objects (animals, household objects). The most efficient study strategy is a selective strategy—looking only at objects to be remembered. Selectivity predicted recall when the task was embedded in a story about a familiar context but not in the absence of this context. In Studies 2 and 3, instructing spontaneously selective preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade children to label the relevant objects improved recall. We discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the influence of knowledge and strategy linking and the role of production, mediational, and utilization deficiencies in the development of strategies.
Solving corrosion problems with surface analysis

Abstract Surface analysis methods, in combination with traditional tools for corrosion research, have proven useful for the understanding and solution of a wide variety of corrosion problems. This paper reviews the use of several surface analysis methods in applications ranging from industrial problem solving to fundamental research work. A few specific examples are given from the areas of protective film formation, high temperature gaseous corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), and Laser Raman Spectroscopy are among the techniques discussed. Several examples of current uses of each method are listed, and advantages and limitations of the various methods for corrosion work are noted.
Application of Small Molecular Inhibitors in Reconcentration of Iron Ore Tailings

Application of small molecular inhibitor in reconcentration of iron ore tailing by direct flotation are discussed. From the results, it can be seen that organic inhibitors are more effective than inorganic inhibitors. When sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium silicate are used as inhibitor, iron grade in concentrates is no more than 30%. However, when organic inhibitors are used as used, iron grade in concentrate are more than 30%. And 2,4-dibydroxy-benzoic acid is the most effective inhibitor to depress quartz. When it is used, iron grade in concentrate is more than 35%. Measurement results of infrared spectrum show that hydrogen bonding adsorption occur between inhibitor and quartz surface.
Plasma glutathione concentration in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

It has recently been proposed that a depletion of glutathione (GSH) may be a contributing factor to viral persistence and resistance to interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus (HC) infection. The aim of this study was: (1) to compare plasma GSH levels in patients with chronic HCV infection and normal healthy controls; and (2) to correlate GSH levels with liver histology and serum HCV RNA levels. Twenty-four patients with compensated chronic hepatitis C and 27 healthy subjects were studied. Serum and heparinized plasma were prospectively prepared and frozen within 1 h of collection. Plasma glutathione and glutathione peroxidase (GP) levels were measured spectrophotometrically. The serum HCV RNA level was quantitated by the branched chain DNA signal-amplification assay. Plasma GSH levels were not decreased in patients with chronic HCV infection but were actually greater than in controls (control 1.27 +/- 0.12 micrograms ml-1, HCV 1.62 +/- 0.11 micrograms ml-1, P < 0.05). There was also no difference in plasma GP activity between these two groups (control 0.233 +/- 0.007 U ml-1, HCV 0.230 +/- 0.007 U ml-1). Among the patients with chronic HCV infection, there was no correlation between either plasma GSH or GP levels and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum HCV RNA level, or liver histology. This study demonstrates that chronic HCV infection does not decrease the plasma GSH and GP levels.
Forbidden lines of np^q Ions. I. Detailed Balance and Line Intensity Ratios

The detailed balance equations are solved in the ground state terms of 37 ions of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S and Fe; atomic data for 235 transitions of these ions are tabulated, and 14 line ratios of q = 2,4 ions and eight line ratios of q = 3 ions are graphed. Forbidden emission lines of these ions are in the far and near UV, visible, and near and far IR regions of the spectrum. In addition, detailed calculations of the relative populations of the levels of the ground state are presented as a function of temperature and density.
Memory flies sooner from flies that learn faster

Learning, like any phenotypic trait, is expected to evolve under natural selection. A prerequisite for evolutionary change is heritable variation in learning in natural populations. It is customary in evolutionary biology to think of genetic variation in a complex trait such as learning ability in terms of a so-called “bell curve” or normal distribution (1) (Fig. 1). Most individuals are average at learning, although some may be very good and some very bad. Such a pattern of variation, if it has a genetic basis, would involve the action of multiple, probably many, genes each making a small contribution to variation in learning ability. Consistent with this view, decades of research on learning mutants of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have characterized a large number of genetic loci involved in learning and memory (2, 3). Likewise, results of artificial selection on lines derived from natural populations of Drosophila (4) as well as quantitative genetic studies of other organisms [e.g., honey bees (5)] are all suggestive of a pattern of continuous genetic variation in learning and memory. In a recent issue of PNAS, work reported by Mery et al. (6) suggests that learning and memory in D. melanogaster in nature may be distributed quite differently, specifically as distinct types defined primarily by allelic variants of a single gene (Fig. 1). Their findings provide the first clear-cut evidence in non-human animals of a naturally occurring genetic polymorphism in learning and memory.
Negotiation in network based requirements analysis

For each of the stakeholders involved in large-scale, complex and distributed software development processes, some useful support can be provided by recording the argumentation among team members. We describe a system that supports argumentation based on the ARBAS language. A variety of support mechanisms for the capture and use of software development process knowledge are discussed. These include support for the capture, retrieval and replay of process knowledge as well as mechanisms to maintain the consistency of it.
Human spermatogenic cell marker proteins detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis

Highly homogeneous populations of human pachytene spetmatocytes and round spermatids have been obtained from normal adult testis using unit gravity (STA-PUT) sedimentation. Contaminating Leydig cells have been removed by density centrifugation in discontinuous Percoll gradients to yield resultant germ cell purities of 90–95% for pachytene spermatocytes and 89–96% for round spermatids. The total cellular polypeptide composition of separated human germ cells has been analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to compare 1) human and mouse pachytene spermatocytes (species specificity), 2) samples of human spermatocytes obtained from different individuals (allo specificity), and 3) pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids from the same patients (stage specificity). Mouse and human germ cells have been found to exhibit extensive homology, but identified marker proteins limited to human spermatocytes include a group of polypeptides at p45/5.9 as well as a protein at p67/5.2. Proteins unique to mouse germ cells include component p65/5.5. Comparisons between different preparations of human pachytene spermatocytes have revealed about 90% electrophoretic homology, but some striking allotypic variations have been noted including the proteins at p45/5.9. Finally, presumptive stage-specific spermatogenic cell markers have been identified including the p45/5.9 polypeptides that are present only in human spermatocytes. Although the physiological roles of particular marker proteins have not yet been determined, the present findings indicate that purified spermatogenic cell populations may be analyzed biochemically to identify constituents important in the regulation of sperm development in man.
Interaction of Vagal Lung Afferents with Inhalation of Histamine Aerosol in Anesthetized Dogs

In seven alpha-chloralose anesthetized dogs we examined the contribution of lung afferents to the rapid, shallow breathing induced by inhalation of 10 breaths of histamine aerosol. In four spontaneously breathing dogs, the inhalation of histamine caused an increased respiratory frequency, decreased tidal volume, and decreased dynamic lung compliance. Selective blockade of pulmonary C-fibers abolished a reflex-induced increase in respiratory frequency but did not significantly affect the reductions in tidal volume or lung compliance. Terbutaline treatment in combination with C-fiber blockade abolished the reductions in tidal volume and lung compliance induced by histamine. In three separate alpha-chloralose anesthetized, open-chest, mechanically ventilated dogs, we recorded an increase in the inspiratory activity of rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (RARs) induced by the inhalation of histamine aerosol. Selective C-fiber blockade abolished histamine-induced increases in RAR activity while only partially attenuating reductions in lung compliance. We conclude that the increase in RAR activity induced by histamine depends on intact C-fibers and not on a direct effect of histamine on RARs or an indirect effect of histamine reducing lung compliance. In addition, our data illustrate the multiple interactions that occur between the various vagal afferents and their roles in the reflexes induced by histamine inhalation.
Microwave disinfection of denture base materials colonized with Candida albicans

Abstract Statement Of Problem. Infection of denture materials with Candida albicans is common and contributes to denture stomatitis. Purpose. This 3-phase investigation examined: (1) the efficacy of microwave irradiation against C albicans colonized on 3 soft denture liners and 1 heat-polymerized denture base resin, and (2) the effect of this irradiation on the hardness of the materials tested. Material And Methods. In phase 1, an experimental protocol was developed. Sterilized specimens from 2 denture base soft liners and 1 heat-polymerized acrylic resin denture base material (n = 45 each) were inoculated with C albicans . Two thirds of the specimens were irradiated in a 60 Hz microwave oven for 5 minutes (dry). C albicans growth was then assessed with streaked blood agar plates and thioglycollate broth. One third of the specimens were not irradiated and served as controls. Pretest and posttest Shore A hardness values were obtained and compared. For phase 2, 15 specimens from each material group were subjected to irradiation (while immersed in water) for 5 minutes; and, 15 from each material were subjected to 10- and 15-minute irradiation (dry), with subsequent sterility and change in hardness assessments completed as described in phase 1. In phase 3, 15 specimens from each material group were subjected to repeated 5-minute irradiation cycles (while immersed in water), and changes in hardness were examined. Results. Only the 5-minute irradiated specimens immersed in water were effectively sterilized, as verified by the thioglycollate assay. The effect of repeated 5-minute irradiation cycles resulted in a significant change in hardness of the PermaSoft specimens. Conclusions. Five-minute irradiation, while immersed in water, killed all C albicans present on the materials tested; and, repeated 5-minute irradiation significantly affected the hardness of only the PermaSoft material. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:207-14.)
Applying risk science and stakeholder engagement to overcome environmental barriers to marine and hydrokinetic energy projects

The production of electricity from the moving waters of the ocean has the potential to be a viable addition to the portfolio of renewable energy sources worldwide. The marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) industry faces many hurdles, including technology development, challenges of offshore deployments, and financing; however, the barrier most commonly identified by industry, regulators, and stakeholders is the uncertainty surrounding potential environmental effects of devices placed in the water and the permitting processes associated with real or potential impacts.
Electrophysiological properties of cellular and paracellular conductive pathways of the rabbit cortical collecting duct.

Microelectrode techniques were applied to the rabbit isolated perfused cortical collecting duct to provide an initial quantitation and characterization of the cell membrane and tight junction conductances. Initial studies demonstrated that the fractional resistance (ratio of the resistance of the apical cell membrane to the sum of the resistances of the apical and basolateral membranes) was usually independent of the point along the tubule of microelectrode impalement—implicating little cell-to-cell coupling—supporting the application of quantitative techniques to the cortical collecting duct. It was demonstrated that in the presence of amiloride, either reduction in the luminal pH or the addition of barium to the perfusate selectively reduced the apical membrane potassium conductance. From the changes inG te and fractional resistance upon reducing the luminal pH or addition of barium to the perfusate, the transepithelial, apical membrane, basolateral membrane and tight junction conductances were estimated to be 9.3, 6.7, 8.1 and 6.0 mS cm−2, respectively. Ninety to ninety-five percent of the apical membrane conductance reflected the barium-sensitive potassium conductance in the presence of amiloride with an estimated potassium permeability of 1.1×10−4 cm sec−1. Reduction in the perfusate pH to 4.0 caused a 70% decrease in the apical membrane potassium conductance, implying a blocking site with an acidic group having a pK a near 4.4. It is concluded that both the transcellular and paracellular pathways of the cortical collecting tubule have high ionic conductances, and that the apical membrane conductance primarily reffects a high potassium conductance. Furthermore, both reduction in the perfusate pH and addition of barium to the perfusate selectively block the apical potassium channels, although the site of inhibition likely differs since the two ions display markedly different voltage-dependent blocks of the channel.
ACTIVE HEAD ROTATIONS AND EYE-HEAD COORDINATION*

It is pointed out that head movements play an important role in gaze. The interaction between eye and head movements involves both their shared role in directing gaze and the compensatory vestibular ocular reflex. The dynamics of head trajectories are discussed, taking into account the use of parameterization to obtain the peak velocity, peak accelerations, the times of these extrema, and the duration of the movement. Attention is given to the main sequence, neck muscle EMG and details of the head-movement trajectory, types of head model accelerations, the latency of eye and head movement in coordinated gaze, gaze latency as a function of various factors, and coordinated gaze types. Clinical examples of gaze-plane analysis are considered along with the instantaneous change of compensatory eye movement (CEM) gain, and aspects of variability.
Characteristics of women seeking body-oriented therapy as an adjunct to psychotherapy during recovery from childhood sexual abuse

Abstract This paper examines the psychological and somatic profile of women who seek bodywork as an adjunct to psychotherapy in recovery from childhood sexual abuse. The subjects were eight women who participated in a pilot-test comparison of body-oriented therapy. Measures included interview, life history questionnaire, physical symptoms checklist, and standardized psychological questionnaires. Results indicate symptom characteristics similar to those found in studies of this population, with high levels of distress and high numbers of physical symptoms. While clinical experience indicates that avoidance and denial of emotional aspects of somatic experience is common to survivors, the participants in this study articulated a relationship between their physical symptoms and their abuse. Clinically, this study points to the importance placed on somatic healing in recovery, characteristics of those who seek and can presumably benefit from body-oriented therapy, and the need for adequate training among bodyworkers who work with this population.
Particle‐Inhibited Grain Growth in AI2O3‐SiC: I, Experimental Results

An extensive experimental study has been conducted to examine the influence of ultraflne SiC particles on grain growth in A12O3. Grain growth has been studied as a function of annealing time, particle volume fraction, and annealing temperature. The SiC particles reduce the grain-growth rate of A12O3 by >3 orders of magnitude, resulting in final grain sizes that decrease with increasing particle volume fraction. The fraction of SiC particles on grain boundaries, φ, has been measured as a function of annealing time, particle volume fraction, and annealing temperature. φ decreases during grain-growth anneals, implying that grain boundaries are able to break free from particles and this is true to a greater extent for smaller volume fractions of particles. Further, it has been discovered that φ and average grain size, G, are strongly correlated, such that any increase in G results in a predictable decrease in pH. This new finding has revealed a path for microstructure development in this system that proves to be critical in the equilibrium and kinetic analyses described in a companion paper.