cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of PR and TMI Version 6 and Version 7 Rainfall Algorithms in Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Relative to the NEXRAD Stage-IV Multisensor Precipitation Estimate Dataset

AbstractRainfall estimates from versions 6 (V6) and 7 (V7) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) 2A25 and Microwave Imager (TMI) 2A12 algorithms are compared relative to the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) Multisensor Precipitation Estimate stage-IV hourly rainfall product. The dataset consists of 252 TRMM overpasses of tropical cyclones from 2002 to 2010 within a 230-km range of southeastern U.S. Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) sites. All rainfall estimates are averaged to a uniform 1/7° square grid. The grid boxes are also divided by their TMI surface designation (land, ocean, or coast). A detailed statistical analysis is undertaken to determine how changes to the TRMM rainfall algorithms in the latest version (V7) are influencing the rainfall retrievals relative to ground reference data. Version 7 of the PR 2A25 is the best-performing algorithm over all three surface types. Over ocean, TMI 2A12 V7 is improved relative to V6 at high rain rate...
Image registration for targeted MRI-guided transperineal prostate biopsy.

Purpose: To develop and evaluate image registration methodology for automated re-identification of tumor-suspicious foci from preprocedural MR exams during MR-guided transperineal prostate core biopsy. Materials and Methods: A hierarchical approach for automated registration between planning and intra-procedural T2-weighted prostate MRI was developed and evaluated on the images acquired during 10 consecutive MR-guided biopsies. Registration accuracy was quantified at image-based landmarks and by evaluating spatial overlap for the manually segmented prostate and sub-structures. Registration reliability was evaluated by simulating initial mis-registration and analyzing the convergence behavior. Registration precision was characterized at the planned biopsy targets. Results: The total computation time was compatible with a clinical setting, being at most 2 min. Deformable registration led to a significant improvement in spatial overlap of the prostate and peripheral zone contours compared with both rigid and affine registration. Average in-slice landmark registration error was 1.3 ± 0.5 mm. Experiments simulating initial mis-registration resulted in an estimated average capture range of 6 mm and an average in-slice registration precision of ±0.3 mm. Conclusion: Our registration approach requires minimum user interaction and is compatible with the time constraints of our interventional clinical workflow. The initial evaluation shows acceptable accuracy, reliability and consistency of the method. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:987–992. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanosurgery in live cells using ultrashort laser pulses

We selectively disrupted the cytoskeletal network of fixed and live bovine capillary endothelial cell using ultrashort laser pulses. We image the microtubules in the cytoskeleton of the cultured cells using green fluorescent protein. The cells are placed on a custom-built inverted fluorescence microscope setup, using a 1.4 NA oil-immersion objective to both image the cell and focus the laser radiation into the cell samples. The laser delivers 100-fs laser pulses centered at 800 nm at a repetition rate of 1 kHz; the typical energy delivered at the sample is 1-5nJ. The fluorescent image of the cell is captured with a CCD-camera at one frame per second. To determine the spatial discrimination of the laser cutting we ablated microtubules and actin fibers in fixed cells. At pulse energies below 2 nJ we obtain an ablation size of 200 nm. This low pulse energy and high spatial discrimination enable the application of this technique to live cells. We severed a single microtubule inside the live cells without affecting the cell's viability. The targeted microtubule snaps and depolymerizes after the cutting. This nanosurgery technique will further the understanding and modeling of stress and compression in the cytoskeletal network of live cells.
Mars reconnaissance orbiter radio science gravity investigation

[1] The objectives of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Radio Science Gravity Investigation are to improve knowledge of the static structure and characterize the temporal variability of the Martian gravitational field relevant to the planet's internal dynamics, the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere, and the orbital evolution of spacecraft at Mars. The investigation will utilize range rate and range measurements from X-band and, when available, Ka-band tracking systems of the MRO spacecraft. MRO will enable a considerable improvement in the spatial resolution and quality of Mars' global gravity field. The low orbital periapsis of MRO (∼255 km) will yield gravity maps suitable for study of regional (∼102 km) structure of the crust and lithosphere. The addition of tracking data from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey spacecraft, also currently orbiting Mars, will be useful in decorrelating errors in spherical harmonic coefficients of the gravity field that will improve the quality of the static field. Studies of the low-degree gravity field combined with measurements of rotational dynamics will permit insight about the structure of Mars' deep interior. Changes in the low-degree spherical harmonic coefficients of the Martian gravity field and in polar mass anomalies will be used to track the seasonal cycle of CO2 exchange with the surface. Measurements of spacecraft drag will be used to estimate density variations in the atmosphere relevant to weather patterns and aerobraking of future spacecraft. Tracking observations will also be used to improve the ephemeris of Mars and the masses of the Martian moons.
Khrushchev's Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary – By Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali

At his inauguration in 1961, John F. Kennedy declared that he would not shrink from the burdens of leadership in the “hour of maximum danger.” Given what happened over the next few years in U.S.–So...
Participation in a women's breast cancer risk counseling trial: Who participates? Who declines?

BACKGROUND Little is known about what factors influence women to participate in trials designed for women at high risk for breast cancer. Yet the recruitment phase is of utmost importance in determining whether the trial can achieve its goals. The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of participation in a risk counseling trial for first-degree relatives of breast cancer patients. METHODS Subjects were identified by their relatives who had received a diagnosis of breast cancer at one of six institutions. Letters of introduction were sent to potentially eligible, unaffected relatives. They were informed about the risk counseling study and given the opportunity to decline. Letters were sent to 1392 first-degree relatives; of these, 1149 women were contacted for an interview and 14% refused. Of the 987 respondents, 47% accepted and 53% declined to participate. Bivariate and multivariate statistics were used to examine predictors of participation. RESULTS In the total sample, there were five significant multivariable predictors of participation: level of education, recent clinical breast examination (CBE), objective and perceived breast cancer risk, and any current use of alcohol. Participation was moderated by time since the relative's diagnosis. There was a statistically significant relationship to education such that women with a higher level of education were significantly more likely to participate if they were approached within 2 months of their relative's diagnosis of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Like many other kinds of trials, participants in this risk counseling trial were significantly more likely to have more than a high school education and more likely to be nonsmokers than the nonparticipants. They also were significantly more likely to drink alcohol (dichotomous measure), have had a recent CBE, and have higher subjective and objective breast cancer risks. Different types of recruitment strategies may be needed depending on the characteristics of the people being recruited and the timing of the invitation. Cancer 1996;77:2348-55.
The insulin receptor in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: an in vivo and in vitro study.

Insulin binding to circulating monocytes was studied in eight nonobese patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in poor metabolic control, along with eleven normal subjects. Insulin secretory responses to glucose and tolbutamide were studied before treatment in the three newly diagnosed patients. Six of the patients underwent repeat insulin binding studies after improvement in metabolic control. Four metabolic abnormalities commonly seen in IDDM, hyperglycemia, ketonemia, acidemia, and hyperosmolarity, were simulated in vitro using cultured human lymphocytes (IM-9 line), and their effects on insulin binding examined. Insulin binding in poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetics is heterogeneous. Mean tracer binding is slightly above the mean of normal subjects. The three newly diagnosed patients have minimal insulin reserve. They cannot be distinguished from previously treated diabetic subjects with poor metabolic control on the basis of insulin binding. There is no correlation of insulin binding, or R0 (receptors/cell), or Ke (affinity of the empty receptor) in the poorly controlled state with degree of ketonuria, fasting glucose concentrations, fasting growth hormone concentrations, or 8 a.m. cortisol concentrations. After treatment with insulin (5–78 days) mean tracer insulin binding fell significantly (9.05% ± 1.07% to 5.8% ± 1.08%, p < 0.05), associated with decreases of both R0 and affinity. Insulin binding to cultured human lymphocytes was not altered by preincubation of cells for 18 hr at 37°C with varying concentrations of glucose (100–800 mg/dl), varying pH (6.6–7.6), or 40 mm β-OH butyric acid. There was a small but significant inverse correlation between tracer insulin binding and preincubation osmolality (r = −0.42, p < 0.05). We conclude that (1) insulin binding in poorly controlled IDDM is normal or somewhat elevated similar to animal models of IDDM and distinctly different from non-IDDM, and (2) insulin binding decreases with insulin treatment and improvement in metabolic control, associated with both R0 and affinity changes. These studies suggest that hyperglycemia, ketonemia, acidemia, and hyperosmolarity do not account for the changes in insulin binding observed in these patients. We have clearly demonstrated two types of regulation of the insulin receptor; type one requires the presence of the regulator in the binding assay, and is readily reversible so that the receptor has no “memory” for the effect, and type two which is readily demonstrable in the in vitro binding assay and for which the receptor has “memory.”
FD-HGAC: a hybrid heuristic/genetic algorithm hardware/software co-synthesis framework with fault detection

Embedded real-time systems are becoming increasingly complex. To combat the rising design cost of those systems, co-synthesis tools that map tasks to systems containing both software and specialized hardware have been developed. As system transient fault rates increase due to technology scaling, embedded systems must be designed in fault tolerant ways to maintain system reliability. This paper presents and analyzes FD-HGAC, a tool using a genetic algorithm and heuristics to design real-time systems with partial fault detection. Results of numerous trials of the tool are shown to produce systems with average 22% detection coverage that incurs no cost or performance penalty.
Regulation of Expression of the Human Erythropoietin Receptor Gene

Interactions between erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptor (EpoR) are critical for the normal proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. EpoR is expressed in low numbers during early stages of erythroid maturation, while higher levels are expressed during later stages, suggesting that the expression of the EpoR gene is tightly regulated throughout erythropoiesis. We used the TF-1 erythroleukemia cell line to analyze the effects of various cytokines and reagents on the regulation of human EpoR gene expression. Human EpoR gene expression was significantly upregulated by IL-1a and the protein inhibitor cycloheximide, but significantly downregulated by the calcium ionophore ionomycin and the phorbol ester PMA. These effects on EpoR gene expression were not due to changes in EpoR mRNA stability, suggesting that these agents directly affected EpoR gene transcription. The selective in vitro modification of EpoR expression by these agents highlights the complexity of human EpoR gene expression, and provides clues to its in vivo regulation.
Adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy: an update on the evidence and controversy:

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been used in millions of men worldwide to treat diminished libido and erectile dysfunction, and to improve strength and physical function. The estimated likelihood of adverse effects of long-term TRT is still essentially unknown, as overall high-quality evidence based upon prospective randomized trials to recommend for or against its use in most men with testosterone deficiency (TD) is lacking. Evidence to suggest that TRT increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risks is poor, as results vary across study populations and their baseline comorbidities. While TRT may increase serum prostate-specific antigen levels in some men, it often remains within clinically acceptable ranges, and has not been shown to increase the risk of prostate cancer. Current literature supports that TRT does not substantially worsen lower urinary tract symptoms, and may actually improve symptoms in some men. Limited evidence suggests that TRT may initially worsen obstructive sleep apnea in some men, but that this is not a longstanding effect. TRT may result in erythrocytosis in some men, however long-term studies have not reported significant adverse events (e.g. cerebrovascular accident, vascular occlusive events, venous thromboembolisms). Future research will require dedicated focus on evaluation of large, multiethnic cohorts of men through prospective trials to better elucidate both risk and hazard ratios of TRT as it relates to cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, lower urinary tract symptoms, obstructive sleep apnea, erythrocytosis, and other to-be-determined theoretical risks in men both with and without cardiovascular risk equivalents.
Understanding the Structure of the Turbulent Mixing Layer in Hydrodynamic Instabilities

When a heavy fluid is placed above a light fluid, tiny vertical perturbations in the interface create a characteristic structure of rising bubbles and falling spikes known as Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities have received much attention over the past half-century because of their importance in understanding many natural and man-made phenomena, ranging from the rate of formation of heavy elements in supernovae to the design of capsules for Inertial Confinement Fusion. We present a new approach to analyze Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in which we extract a hierarchical segmentation of the mixing envelope surface to identify bubbles and analyze analogous segmentations of fields on the original interface plane. We compute meaningful statistical information that reveals the evolution of topological features and corroborates the observations made by scientists. We also use geometric tracking to follow the evolution of single bubbles and highlight merge/split events leading to the formation of the large and complex structures characteristic of the later stages. In particular we (i) Provide a formal definition of a bubble; (ii) Segment the envelope surface to identify bubbles; (iii) Provide a multi-scale analysis technique to produce statistical measures of bubble growth; (iv) Correlate bubble measurements with analysis of fields on the interface plane; (v) Track the evolution of individual bubbles over time. Our approach is based on the rigorous mathematical foundations of Morse theory and can be applied to a more general class of applications
Human population genetic structure and diversity inferred from polymorphic L1(LINE-1) and Alu insertions.

Background/Aims: The L1 retrotransposable element family is the most successful self-replicating genomic parasite of the human genome. L1 eleme
Conditionally specified continuous distributions

A distribution is conditionally specified when its model constraints are expressed conditionally. For example, Besag's (1974) spatial model was specified conditioned on the neighbouring states, and pseudolikelihood is intended to approximate the likelihood using conditional likelihoods. There are three issues of interest: existence, uniqueness and computation of a joint distribution. In the literature, most results and proofs are for discrete probabilities; here we exclusively study distributions with continuous state space. We examine all three issues using the dependence functions derived from decomposition of the conditional densities. We show that certain dependence functions of the joint density are shared with its conditional densities. Therefore, two conditional densities involving the same set of variables are compatible if their overlapping dependence functions are identical. We prove that the joint density is unique when the set of dependence functions is both compatible and complete. In addition, a joint density, apart from a constant, can be computed from the dependence functions in closed form. Since all of the results are expressed in terms of dependence functions, we consider our approach to be dependence-based, whereas methods in the literature are generally density-based. Applications of the dependence-based formulation are discussed.
Oligomerization of dialkylazidogallium compounds: a structural and solution-phase study

Dialkylazidogallium compounds R2GaN3 (R = tBu (1), Me3SiCH2 (3), iPr (5)) are prepared by reaction of the dialkylmethoxy gallium precursors with trimethylsilylazide. The reactions produce the target compounds in high purity and yield. All compounds are low-melting solids or liquids, which have no tendency to thermally decompose near their melting/boiling points. The compounds display variable degrees of oligomerization in different physical states. Compound 3 is a solid-state trimer, but exhibits a monomer–dimer equilibrium in solution. Compound 1 is a waxy solid, and appears to be composed of dimeric molecules on the basis of mass spectral, Raman and PM3 computational analyses.
RNA Expression of Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms in Diseased Human Skeletal Muscle

Background: The expression of multiple cardiac troponin T (cTnT) isoforms has been demonstrated in diseased human skeletal muscle. However, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) expression has been described only in heart muscle. The goal of this study was to determine whether mRNA for cTnT, slow skeletal troponin T (sTnT), or cTnI was expressed in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods: Total mRNA was extracted from healthy human heart (n = 4), healthy human skeletal muscle (n = 5), and skeletal muscle from patients with ESRD (n = 7) and DMD (n = 5). Total RNA (1 μg) was reverse-transcribed using Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. The reverse-transcribed cDNAs were amplified by PCR using oligonucleotide primers specific for cTnT, sTnT, and cTnI sequences (GenBank accession numbers [X74819][1], [m19308][2], and [X54163][3], respectively). Results: In all heart specimens, a 150-bp cTnT amplicon was detected. Skeletal muscle from four of seven patients with ESRD and two of five patients with DMD showed expression of a 150-bp amplicon. Using DNA sequencing and a comparison program, the 150-bp amplicons found in heart and diseased skeletal muscle specimens were 100% identical and specific to the cTnT mRNA sequence. No cTnT mRNA expression was found in healthy skeletal muscle. No evidence of sTnT mRNA was found in heart muscle. A 200-bp sTnT amplicon specific to a human sTnT sequence was detected in all skeletal muscle specimens. A 250-bp cTnI amplicon specific to the cTnI sequence was detected in all heart specimens. However, no cTnI mRNA expression was found in healthy or diseased skeletal muscle specimens. cTnT mRNA expression in both heart and diseased skeletal muscles corresponded with cTnT isoform expression, respectively, as determined by Western blot analysis. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate cTnT mRNA expression, but no cTnI mRNA expression, by reverse transcription-PCR in diseased human skeletal muscle that expresses cTnT isoforms. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=X74819&atom=%2Fclinchem%2F45%2F12%2F2129.atom [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=m19308&atom=%2Fclinchem%2F45%2F12%2F2129.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=X54163&atom=%2Fclinchem%2F45%2F12%2F2129.atom
Cadmium-zinc interactions in the Ehrlich cell: metallothionein and other sites.

Zinc and Cadmium metabolism in cultured Ehrlich cells has been studied. Under conditions of restriction of extracellular zinc by EDTA or chelex, zinc in basal Zn-metallothionein (Mt) is transferred from metallothionein to other sites with a rate constant of 0.35 hr−1. Current studies indicate that the rate constant for biodegradation of Mt protein is 0.07–0.11 hr−1, implying that Zn leaves the protein faster than it is biodegraded. After a 30 minute exposure of cells to 17 ng atoms Cd/mg cell protein, Cd initially displaces Zn from Mt and binds to high molecular weight species. Cell proliferation is markedly slowed, although the cells remain viable. Over time Cd shifts into newly synthesized Mt. This protein is made with an apparent rate constant four times that for basal Zn-Mt. The product contains equal amounts of Cd and Zn. However, cell proliferation is not restored for many hours after Cd is sequestered in Mt.
New Record of Moose (Alces alces) in Southeastern Washington State

Abstract Historical records of moose (Alces alces) in Washington are limited to the northeastern corner of the state. There are no paleozoological records of moose in Washington. Since the beginning of the third millennium, moose have been occasionally reported in southeastern Washington. A sub-adult bull moose was photographed in southeastern Washington in July 2009, about 80 km west of the nearest historically documented occurrence of moose. The observed individual and other recent sightings in southeastern Washington are likely the result of an increasing population of Idaho moose and their expansion into western areas of that state and eastern Washington.
Ultrasonographic examination of the congenitally malformed uterus

Abstract Ultrasonographic investigation of uterine contour was done in 25 patients with a known congenital uterine malformation. By means of serial transverse sections, the outline of the uterus could be determined and, as a result, the type of uterine malformation could be distinguished. In 17 patients the data were compared with the data from laparoscopy or laparotomy. The ultrasonographic investigation could be done in the non-pregnant state and also in early pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Asymmetry, rudimentary uterine horns or hematocolpos could also be visualized.
The non-linear probability distribution function in models with local primordial non-Gaussianity

We use the spherical evolution approximation to investigate non-linear evolution from the non-Gaussian initial conditions characteristic of the local f nl model. We provide an analytic formula for the non-linearly evolved probability distribution function (PDF) of the dark matter which shows that the underdense tail of the non-linear PDF in the f nl model should differ significantly from that for Gaussian initial conditions. Measurements of the underdense tail in numerical simulations may be affected by discreteness effects, and we use a Poisson counting model to describe this effect. Once this has been accounted, our model is in good quantitative agreement with the simulations. In principle, our calculation is an important first step in programs which seek to reconstruct the shape of the initial PDF from observations of large-scale structures in the Lyα forest and the galaxy distribution at later times.
An analysis methodology to identify dominant noise sources in D/A and A/D converters

The authors describe a methodology by which noise sources in converters can be modeled using SPICE. Two converter topologies were used to illustrate the noise analysis methodology. SPICE input files constitute a noise model of a particular converter topology whose noise parameters may be changed to match actual converter noise behavior more closely. SPICE simulations are used to verify the analytical results and to examine typical noise levels in all of the circuits. The SPICE noise models allow easy identification of dominant noise sources within a given topology for a given set of noise parameters. The effects of changing the parameters of the dominant noise sources (e.g., using components designed for low noise) are examined to address design implications of the noise analysis. The effects of all noise sources on an analog-to-digital-to-analog converter system are examined. >
Targeting Drugs to Tumors of the Central Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent one of the most devastating forms of human illness. In the United States, approx 16,800 people are diagnosed with primary brain tumors each year (33). Of these, half are glial cell neoplasms and more than three quarters of all gliomas are astrocytomas. Astrocytomas represent a heterogeneous group of tumors that can vary from lowgrade to the most aggressive-glioblastoma multiforme-based on histopathological classification. Conventional therapy for glioblastomas consists primarily of surgical debulking followed by radiation therapy. Unfortunately, the median survival after surgical intervention alone is 6 mo with only 7.5% of patients surviving for 2 yr. While systemic chemotherapy has been minimally effective, the addition of radiation therapy has extended the median survival to 9 mo (2,44). In spite of these efforts, little progress has been made in extending long-term patient survival, and new therapies and novel approaches are urgently needed to treat this disease.
EEG based inference of causal cortical network dynamics in reward-based decision making

Experimental investigation and monitoring of reward signaling implicated in addiction and neurological disorders has traditionally been limited to invasive measurement of deep-brain dopamine activity. Here we introduce a systematic methodology and algorithmic pipeline to quantify causal relationships between regions of interest (ROIs) in the cerebral cortex revealing reward-based signaling pathways involved in human decision making using only non-invasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG). The data is processed by extracting epochs around time-locked stimuli of interest and performing independent component analysis (ICA) on individual datasets to remove artifacts and identify cortical sources. The pipeline entails identifying ROI's with the Measure Projection Toolbox (MPT) through clustering of ICs, localizing current sources in these ROIs using Bayesian inference based constrained low resolution electromagnetic tomography (cLORETA), and computing causal relationships between ROI's using the Source Information Flow Toolbox (SIFT). The proposed methodology and pipeline are demonstrated on 64-channel scalp EEG signals recorded from healthy adults performing a reward-based decision making task conducted through a brain computer interface (BCI) framework. In comparison to a standard method for Group-ICA, our pipeline generates far more biologically plausible and consistent causal connections between ROIs.
The Mastery Approach to Teacher Education

(1981). The Mastery Approach to Teacher Education. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 12-14.
Adult reflection in a graduate-level online distance education course

AbstractThis study examined adult learners’ ability to engage in critical reflection concerning their own learning in a graduate-level online instructional technology course. The online course was facilitated through asynchronous discussions, and the course topic was about the design and delivery of distance education. The data for this study consisted of four critical reflection papers about students’ perception of their learning. The Periodic Reflection Tool, based on activity systems analysis, was introduced to participants as a guide for engaging in in-depth reflection about their learning process and completing their course assignment. After course completion and during data analysis, we applied instrumental learning and communicative learning theories to evaluate how participants used the tool to reflect on their personal learning in the course. At the conclusion of an analysis of their reflection statements, it was found that purposeful reflections guided by the Periodic Reflection Tool could help ...
Primary vitallium-mold arthroplasty for posterior dislocation of the hip with fracture of the femoral head.

Fracture of the femoral head associated with posterior dislocation is rare. Although our experience is small, we present these cases because in them treatment carried out soon after the injury was more active than in most cases recorded in the literature. In eight patients with capital fragments involving a third to a half of the femoral head, primary Vitallium-mold arthroplasty has yielded seven satisfactory results. Only four of these patients have been followed for prolonged periods, but, of the remaining, three appear to be repeating the progress of our earlier patients. Our plan of treatment for these injuries is as follows: 1. Primary Vitallium-mold arthroplasty is indicated if fracture of the femoral head involves a third to a half of the head. If reduction has been impossible and injury to the weight-bearing surface is present, then excision of the detached fragment and primary arthroplasty seem the treatment of choice. 2. In the unusual case, when anatomical reduction is possible by closed manipulation, a good result may sometimes be expected. If practical, it might be well to confirm reduction by stereoscopic roentgenograms or posterior oblique views as described by Waller. 3. When prompt closed reduction is possible, or when the fragment of the femoral head is small and does not involve the weight-bearing portion of the hip, a good result may be achieved by removal of the fragment without redislocating the hip. Finally, we favor Vitallium-mold arthroplasty to a prosthesis. If later reconstructive surgery should be necessary, as it was in Case 8, it can be more easily accomplished.
Income inequality, drug-related arrests, and the health of people who inject drugs: Reflections on seventeen years of research

This paper reviews and then discusses selected findings from a seventeen year study about the population prevalence of people who inject drugs (PWID) and of HIV prevalence and mortality among PWID in 96 large US metropolitan areas. Unlike most research, this study was conducted with the metropolitan area as the level of analysis. It found that metropolitan area measures of income inequality and of structural racism predicted all of these outcomes, and that rates of arrest for heroin and/or cocaine predicted HIV prevalence and mortality but did not predict changes in PWID population prevalence. Income inequality and measures of structural racism were associated with hard drug arrests or other properties of policing. These findings, whose limitations and implications for further research are discussed, suggest that efforts to respond to HIV and to drug injection should include supra-individual efforts to reduce both income inequality and racism. At a time when major social movements in many countries are trying to reduce inequality, racism and oppression (including reforming drug laws), these macro-social issues in public health should be both addressable and a priority in both research and action.
Lignocellulosic crop supply chains (eg, Miscanthus, switchgrass, reed canary grass, rye, giant reed, etc.)

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of lignocellulosic crop supply chains such as Miscanthus, switch grass, reed canary grass, rye, and giant reed by outlining typical logistic operations in support of a liquid biofuel market. We present two strategies for managing feedstocks within the biomass supply system: (1) the conventional bale feedstock supply system and (2) the advanced supply system concept. Finally, we discuss feedstock blending and integrated landscape management as innovative improvements to the lignocellulosic crop supply chain.
Spathulosporales, a New Order and Possible Missing Link Between Laboulbeniales and Pyrenomycetes

A new order, Spathulosporales, a new family, Spathulosporaceae, and four new species of the genus Spathulospora, parasites on the red algae Ballia callitricha and B. scoparla, are described, and a ...
Significant Changes Affecting Employee Benefits

This article discusses recent developments affecting employer-provided benefits, including new legislation and regulations, and the options available to employers in complying with the new rules.
Sequencing of VP1 region of enterovirus 71 strains in Ningxia in 2011

Objective To analyze genetic characterization of the VP1 genes of enterovirus 71 isolated in Ningxia in 2011.Methods The complete VP1 sequences of 40 EV71 strains were sequenced,homologically compared and phylogenetically analyzed.Results It was showed that the nucleotide identity of 40 Ningxia strains with the representatives of A,B and C genotypes were 80. 9%~ 82. 7%,81. 4% ~ 84. 8% and 87. 2% ~ 93. 7%,the amino acid identity were 94% ~ 95%,96. 6% ~ 98% and 97. 7% ~ 99. 7%,respectively. The data showed that strains in Ningxia were the most homoioplastic with C4a subgenotype. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that 40 strains were belonged to C4a subgenotype. Conclusion The epidemic strains of EV71 in Ningxia belong to C4a subgenotype. No obvious mutation is observed,and it has multiple transmission chains in Ningxia.
Neural Networks: A General form of Non-Linear Extrapolation

In many tasks, computers are much faster than humans. However, there are still tasks, such as handwriting recognition, that we humans do much better and much faster than even the fastest modern computers. To help computers solve these tasks, it is natural to simulate the way our brain (which is, in essence, a neural network) solves them. The resulting universal extrapolation tool, called artificial neural network, is described in this lesson. For these networks, continuous mathematics helps to choose the optimal parameters.
Very high frequency integrated voltage regulator for small portable devices

As today's small portable devices (smartphones, tablets, etc.) becomes lighter, thinner, quicker, and smarter, the voltage regulator for the processor is expected to be efficient, miniaturized, integrated, and placed closer to the processor. In this paper, a concept of very high frequency (tens of MHz) 3D integrated voltage regulator for small portable devices is proposed. Both single-phase and 5-phase integrated inductor with NEC flake magnetic material is designed, fabricated and experimentally tested at 20MHz, featuring simple single-via winding structure, small size, ultra-low profile, ultra-low DCR, air-gap-free magnetic core, and lateral non-uniform flux.
Autonomy through smart sensors and power electronics

The next decade will likely see the arrival of many autonomously moving devices. From humanoid-like robots that walk and talk, to self-driving cars, and to delivering drones. All enabled by sensors (position, movement, light, chemical), actuators (motors, levers, displays), and local as well as cloud-based intelligence. Most of these based on semi-conductor devices and technology.
The Paleolithic of eastern Beringia from western Alaska to Canadian Yukon

Abstract There were several stages in the colonization of eastern Beringia. The initial peopling took place in the Late Pleistocene, c.12,300 BP during the late Upper Paleolithic, when humans migrated to the New World from Siberia. It seems that it occurred during the time of the amelioration of climate and spread of the bush tundra. During the Allerod, people inhabited the valleys of the Tanana and Nenana Rivers. In spite of the severe conditions of Younger Dryas, people continued to inhabit this area. In the end of this time span the northern and western areas of Alaska were populated by Paleoindian hunters on large herds of mammals. The problem of possible migration of the Paleoindians from the regions lying southward is a matter of debate. It seems that the southern part of Alaska had been settled later, in the early Holocene, by the people who had penetrated from the inner areas of Alaska.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Consumer Perceptions of Clothing Fit

Many studies and industry initiatives endeavor to provide well-fitted ready-to-wear products (RTW) to consumers. However, consumer perception of clothing fit has not been fully studied. We conducted a simulated fitting room study and a 3D virtual fitting study to investigate consumers' understanding of fit through their fitting practices and their organic language. It was found that both Chinese and American women experienced difficulties in fit evaluation. They lacked knowledge and methods of fit evaluation as well as vocabulary to describe clothing misfit. Therefore, expand clothing fit evaluation to consumers is demanded.
Chapter 18 – One-Group Diffusion Equation

The diffusion equation for neutrons, or other neutral particles, is important in nuclear engineering and radiological sciences. In this chapter we present how to solve source-driven diffusion problems in one-dimensional geometries: slabs, cylinders, and spheres. We begin by presenting how to cast a time-dependent problem in terms of the solution of a series of steady-state problems using the backward Euler method. To solve steady-state problems we impose a mesh of cells on the problem domain and integrate the diffusion equation over each cell. Generic boundary conditions of the Dirichlet, Marshak, albedo, and reflecting type are allowed, and the harmonic mean diffusion coefficient is used for heterogeneous problems. Python is used to solve the resulting linear system of equations. Test problems and numerical demonstrations are included.
Advances in Clouds and Precipitation Modeling Supported by Remote Sensing Measurements

This chapter provides an overview of recent efforts towards improving parameterizations for clouds and precipitation microphysics in atmospheric models, in comparison with remotely sensed measurements. First, a brief review of the concept and structure of typical cloud microphysics parameterization is given. Then, two popular approaches are introduced to describe the comparison of model output with remote sensing measurements. Lastly, several previous studies are reviewed to inform a discussion regarding valid and detailed comparison of the approaches and potential solutions for further effective utilization of remote sensing data.
The safety of magnetic resonance imaging-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for cerebral radiation necrosis.

Cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) is a known complication of radiation therapy. Treatment options are limited and include steroids, bevacizumab, and surgery. This study seeks to determine the safety of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for CRN and identify the pattern of post-ablation volume change over time. Patients undergoing LITT for tumor treatment at Henry Ford Hospital between November 2013 and January 2016 with biopsy-confirmed CRN were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed with attention to ablation volume, survival, demographic data, steroid dose, and complications. Imaging occurred at set intervals beginning pre-ablation. Ten patients with 11 ablations were evaluated. Four patients had a primary diagnosis of high-grade glioma, while six had metastatic lesions. An average of 86% of CRN volume was ablated. Ablation volume increased to 430% of initial CRN volume at 1–2 weeks before decreasing to 69% after 6 months. No patient had a decline in baseline neurological examination while in the hospital. Four patients developed delayed neurological deficits likely due to post-operative edema, of which three improved back to baseline. The 6-month survival was 77.8% and the 1-year survival was 64.8% based on Kaplan–Meier curve estimates. In this study, LITT was a relatively safe treatment for CRN, providing both a diagnostic and therapeutic solution for refractory patients. Significant increase in ablation volume was noted at 1–2 months, gradually decreasing in size to less than the original volume by 6 months. Further studies are needed to better define the role of LITT in the treatment of CRN.
Immunohistochemical staining in malignant mesotheliomas

The immunoreactivity of five antibodies was evaluated on six routinely processed mesotheliomas to evaluate their ability to distinguish mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed by electron microscopic examination and histochemical stains for neutral mucin (periodic acid-Schiff-diastase) and acid mucin (alcian blue with and without hyaluronidase). AE1, a monoclonal antikeratin antibody that stains most carcinomas, reacted with all six cases of mesothelioma. HMFG-2 and anti-epithelial membrane antigen (antibodies reactive with human milk fat globule proteins), two other closely related antibodies reactive with most carcinomas, also reacted with all of the mesotheliomas in the authors' series. A polyclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) did not stain any of the mesotheliomas in their series. Anti-Leu-M1 did not react with the mesotheliomas. The authors conclude that none of these antibodies, when used alone on routinely fixed paraffin-embedded material, is both sensitive and specific in the distinction of mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma. However, immunoperoxidase studies using anti-CEA and anti-Leu-M1 may occasionally be helpful when used in conjunction with other histochemical stains and electron microscopic examination in distinguishing mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma.
Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes of Treatment for Women

This paper analyzes the demographic and pretreatment characteristics of maleand female participants in the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study,including the women's treatment experiences and the outcomes of various types of substance abuse treatment. Follow-up of a multisite sample of 1,374 women and 3,037 men indicates minimal differences exist between menand women in the outcomes of five modalities of substance abuse treatment. Treatment appears to reduce women's drug and alcohol use and illegal activities and increase their levels of employment. Demographic and pretreatment characteristics are only modestly associated with differences in treatment outcomes, and differential service receipt has inconsistent effects on outcomes.
A Reference Guide to PID Controllers in the Nineties

Abstract Despite of a huge number of classic optimal control theory algorithms developed during the sixties, seventies, and eighties, and a large number of very sophisticated optimal control algorithms developed during the nineties, we are witnessing a real explosion of new theoretical results and new applications of PID controllers. This paper extracts the essence of the most recent developments and breakthroughs in design, tuning, implementations, and theoretic considerations of these controllers. It contains a complete survey of papers published between 1990 and 1999 in the leading control theory and applications journals in electrical, chemical, and mechanical engineering. The important papers published in other journals and classic papers published before 1990 are also included.
Transnational Housing Policies

This chapter focuses on the underlying social-psychological value orientations associated with housing policies in northern European countries, primarily Britain, West Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden, and the impact of changing government ideologies in a period of continued recession. Recession-related factors, including slowed growth and government deficits, are fostering a fiscal austerity philosophy and an increasing conservative orientation of so-called welfare state governments. Thus, governments are changing from long-term postwar Labor-Social Democrat party control to Conservative control in Britain and West Germany, to politically divided coalition rule in Denmark and the Netherlands, and to a more conservatively oriented Socialist rule in Sweden. Increasingly, conservative governmental value orientations are instrumental in reshaping housing policies, especially decreasing state subsidization of massive new housing construction.
Living in Uncertain Times: The Need to Strengthen Hong Kong Transnational Insolvency Law

This article argues that Hong Kong should reform its transnational insolvency law before 1997. The article first examines the options available under Hong Kong law for protecting the assets of a foreign debtor and for obtaining cross-border assistance from Hong Kong courts, including non-insolvency options, the winding up of foreign companies, and the bankruptcy of individuals. He also summarizes the position in England, the United States, and China regarding the granting of recognition and assistance to Hong Kong insolvencies. It then discusses economic, political, and legal developments that will affect the post-1997 evolution of Hong Kong transnational insolvency law and the treatment of Hong Kong insolvencies by foreign courts. The article critiques recent law reform proposals, highlights weaknesses in the existing legislative and case law framework, and proposes many amendments to Hong Kong transnational insolvency law. The article also suggests that Hong Kong and China should enter into a bilateral cross-border insolvency agreement and take steps to maintain confidence in the administration and adjudication of Hong Kong insolvencies after 1997.
Magnifying elements of transformation semigroups

An element a of a semigroup S is a left (right) magnifying element if aM = S (Ma = S) for some proper subset M of S. It is a strong left (right) magnifying element if aT = S (Ta = S) for a proper subsemigroup T of S. The notion of a magnifying element was introduced by E.S. Ljapin [7] and that of a strong magnifying element by K. Tolo [ll]. For a list of other papers dealing with magnifying elements, see the first paragraph of [1]. V.M. Klimov has shown that any Bear-Levi semigroup consists of nonstrong left magnifying elements and we will see that there is an abundance of semigroups with the property that all magnifying elements are strong. It is noted in [1], however, that no one has yet produced an example of a semigroup which contains both strong and nonstrong left (right) magnifying elemcnts. In Section 2, we gather together several elementary results about magnifying elements in abstract semigroups which will be of use to us in our subsequent discussion. In Section 3, we investigate magnifying elements for quite general transformation semigroups. Among other things, we characterize those transformation semigroups with identities which have magnifying elements and we characterize those magnifying elements. The results are then applied in Section 4 to such transformation semigroups as the semigroup of all linear transformations of a vector space and S(X) , the semigroup of all continuous selfmaps of the topological space X. We are able to show, for example, that if X is any local dendrite with finite branch number, then the subsemigroup of all left magnifying elements of S(X) is isomorphic to the dual of the semigroup of all monomorphisms which map S(X) properly into S(X) and the subsemigroup of all right magnifying elements is a homomorphic image of that semigroup.