cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CVD diamond tool performance in metal matrix composite machining

Abstract Metal matrix composite (MMC) has found increasing usages in the industry for lightweight high-strength applications. However, because of abrasive nature of the reinforced phase in MMC, machinability is poor, tool wear is rapid, yet only diamond tools are technically suitable to MMC machining. Furthermore, diamond coatings seem to be more economically viable than polycrystalline diamond for MMC machining. In this study, CVD diamond-coated tools, 30 μm thick on a tungsten carbide substrates, were investigated by outside diameter turning of MMC of aluminum-alloy reinforced with silicon-carbide particles. Cutting conditions ranged from 1 m/s to 6 m/s of cutting speed, 0.05 mm/rev to 0.3 mm/rev feed, and 1 mm to 2 mm depth of cut. Tool wear was measured and compared at different machining conditions. Worn diamond-coated tools were extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Cutting forces, chip thickness, and the chip–tool contact area were also measured for cutting temperature simulation by finite element analysis. The results show that tool wear is sensitive to cutting speed and feed rate, and the dominant wear mechanism is coating failure due to high stresses. The catastrophic coating failure suggests the bonding between the coating and substrate is critical to tool performance. High cutting temperatures will induce greater interfacial stresses at the bonding surface due to different thermal expansions between the coating and substrate, and plausibly result in the coating failure. A thermal management device, heat pipe, has been demonstrated for cutting temperature reductions.
Fluxional five-coordinate platinum(II) complexes containing chelating triphosphine ligands

Platinum(II) dimethyl complexes of the three triphosphines PhP(CH2CH2CH2PPh2)2, PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2, and PhP(CH2CH2PMe2)2 have been shown by 31P NMR to undergo exchange of the terminal phosphino groups. An exchange route involving a five-coordinate platinum(II) complex is proposed.
Syntheses, Characterization, and Photophysics Studies of Photoactive Chromophore 2-Naphthyl-Labeled [n]-Ladderanes

The syntheses and characterization of a series of saturated ladderanes 3, oligomers of 1,3-cyclobutadiene-1,2-dicarboxylate diesters with pendant 2-naphthyl groups, are described. Absorption and fluorescence spectra provide evidence for a ground state through-space interchromophore interaction that becomes stronger with an increasing number of pendant aryl groups. A new fluorescence band (λmax = 303 nm) observed in the tetramer (3c) and pentamer (3d) as blue-shifted from the monomer (λmax = 335 nm) was assigned as emission from an imperfectly stacked chromophore array. Nonexponential fluorescence decays of all four oligomers, obtained by single photon counting, are accommodated well by conformations attained from a molecular mechanics geometry optimization. In the solid state, the monomeric precursor of the family, tricarbonyl[di-2-naphthylmethyl 1,2,3,4-η-1,3-cyclobutadiene-1,2-dicarboxylate]iron (2), exists as highly stable channel solvate under ambient conditions.
Effects of anosmia on polycose appetite in the rat

Female rats made temporarily anosmic by intranasal treatment with zinc sulphate showed little or no reduction in their intake of a polysaccharide (Polycose) solution. This finding, along with the previous finding that experimentally-induced hypoguesia suppresses Polycose intake, indicates that olfaction is much less important than gustation in the mediation of polysaccharide appetite.
Writing in solidarity: the new generation:

How can we build a new generation of radical scholars to survive the new world order? How, practically, can such scholars participate in, sustain and recreate the Black radical tradition for the future? The November 2004 Symposium on Cedric Robinson’s Radical Thought was one such initiative, which, both in its intent and its format, subverted the standard mode of the academic conference. Drawing on her experience as one of its organisers, the author reflects more deeply on the nature of academic life and its tendency to isolationism, the specific challenges it poses to radical women academics of colour and the need to develop ongoing, collaborative writing and scholarship.
Electrical conductivity and the red shift of absorption in olivine and spinel at high pressure.

Above 100 kilobars the apparent absorption edges (approximately 3 electron volts) of single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of the metastable olivine and stable spinel forms of Fe2SiO4 shift rapidly with pressure from the near-ultraviolet into the lower-energy infrared region. Simultaneously, an exponential increase in electrical conductivity occurs. These effects are reversible as pressure is reduced or reapplied and are not accompanied by a first-order phase change in olivine or spinel. These observations relate to fundamental concepts of electrical conductivity and photon absorption in complex transition-metal silicates in that they cannot be readily interpreted in terms of an intrinsic band-gap model. The intensity and energy changes are too great and the effect occurs at too low a pressure to be explained by processes such as spin-pairing and other crystal-field effects. The results suggest that a new mechanism of conduction, perhaps symbiotic and employing an efficient charge-transfer process, is induced at high pressure.
Orbitally-driven magnetism in light actinide systems☆

Abstract We are interested in understanding the solid-state behavior characteristic of the transition regime between itinerant (bonding) and localized (correlated ionic) f-electron behavior in light actinide (uranium, neptunium and plutonium) systems. For the light actinides, the degree of f-electron localization is sensitive to chemical environment and varies widely depending on specific compound or alloy. It is important for any meaningful theory to reflect this sensitivity to chemical environment. We have focussed our attention initially on magnetic behavior, since the pertinent orbitally-driven magnetic behavior is both interesting in itself and valuable as a diagnostic tool for the f-electron behavior and sensitivity to chemical environment. The key aspect of the electronic behavior is the hybridization (mixing) of the f electrons with band electrons of other than f atomic parentage. To treat effects of hybridization quantitatively, we transform the physical mixing mathematically to resonant scattering of band electrons off f electrons. Anisotropic magnetic properties provide a way to measure the weighting of resonant scattering channels, and this weighting reflects the sensitivity to chemical environment.
Graded-index structures for high-efficiency solar thermophotovoltaic emitting surfaces

This Letter presents a highly efficient emitter structure for solar thermophotovoltaic systems. The structure consists of a graded index on tungsten, shows a spectral efficiency of 59%, or 70% with the use of a back reflector, and is compared to other state-of-the-art emitter structures. The effects of different structures and periodicities on the efficiency of the emitter are explored, as well as the effect of a protective oxide coating. The causes of the antireflection properties of these structures are also explored.
Outcomes of clinical trial : tinnitus masking versus tinnitus retraining therapy

A controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate prospectively the clinical efficacy of tinnitus masking (TM) and tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) in military veterans having clinically significant tinnitus. Qualifying patients were placed into the two groups in an alternating manner (to avoid selection bias), and treatment was administered at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Outcomes of treatment were evaluated using three self-administered tinnitus questionnaires (Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire, Tinnitus Severity Index) and the verbally administered TRT interview forms. Findings are presented from the three written questionnaires, and from two of the interview questions (percentage time aware of, and annoyed by, tinnitus). Outcomes were analyzed on an intent-to-treat basis, using a multilevel modeling approach. Of the 123 patients enrolled, 118 were included in the analysis. Both groups showed significant declines (improvements) on these measures, with the TRT decline being significantly greater than for TM. The greater declines in TRT compared to TM occurred most strongly in patients who began treatment with a "very big" tinnitus problem. When patients began treatment with a "moderate" tinnitus problem, the benefits of TRT compared to TM were more modest.
Searching for continuity and connections: Narratives of belonging from a post-industrial city

Abstract This case study explores how a group of college graduates in their late 20s who all grew up in a small, economically depressed New England city conceptualized and organized their transitions into adulthood. The central question is how these young adults navigated between expectations of individualistic trajectories of social mobility, self-realization, and geographic mobility on the one hand and commitment to family, cultural and social continuity, and geographic rootedness on the other. The key finding is that the majority of the study population wanted to find a way to make their personal as well as professional lives in or at least closely connected to their community of origin, and created narratives that reconciled the divergent expectations of staying and leaving.
Engineering Myosin V Velocity by Tuning Nanocomposite Morphology

Devices which utilize biological components such as molecular motors may be capable of detecting or separating analytes with speed and resolution rivaling macroscopic instruments. The design and manufacturing of such devices requires detailed understanding of self-assembly and interactions of biological materials with synthetic environments. We demonstrated that nano-scale roughness modulates surface binding of F-actin (Langmuir 28:12216; 2012). By controllably converting a thin film of polystyrene-random-tert butyl acrylate copolymer to polyacrylic acid (PAA), we grafted amine-functionalized nanoparticles at high coverage to the PAA hydrogel, creating a surface with tunable roughness. Extending that approach here, we explore the effect of nanocomposite morphology on myosin V processive motility. We find that tuning the size and density of the surface grafted nanoparticles controls the velocity and run length of myosin V. Velocity decreases significantly as the nanoparticle size is increased independent of the concentration of MgATP. This effect of particle size may be due to changes in net charge, nanoparticle curvature at the interaction sites, or tortuosity of the actin imposed by the surface features. Experiments to distinguish these hypotheses are underway. Further understanding of the relationship between nanoparticle surface morphology and activity of actin in support of motility may permit the engineering of stops or stalls with high spacial precision into biomolecular devices. Supported by NSF/NSEC grant DMR08-32802.
Some endocrine influences on hypothalamic hyperphagia.

Abstract After combined ovariectomy and adrenalectomy, rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions did not express hyperphagia if offered standard pelleted diet. A high-fat diet or a liquid diet would induce them to do so, however, Therefore, adrenal (and ovarian) secretions are not necessary for the expression of hyperphagia. When hyperphagia occurred, it showed the characteristic stasis in body weight at an elevated level. This implies that even after ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, and damage to the brain, the capacity for weight regulation survives.
Work in Progress - Tracking Correlated Attacks in Enterprise Intranets through Lattices

Tracking attacks caused by correlation between malicious hosts is a rapidly growing research area. In this work-in-progress paper, we propose a lattice-based visualization method to capture the correlation between malicious hosts in an enterprise internal network. We present the design of L-BIDS (Lattice-based intrusion detection system) in which the nodes represent the causal and correlated properties of the network messages. In order to track the propagation of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, L-BIDS nodes are highlighted with different colors based on their role within the attack. The colored structure of nodes in an L-BIDS lattice allow us to obtain a concise intrusion signature, therefore, simplifies the tracking of the propagation of the DDoS attack. In our preliminary L-BIDS model, the analysis of the network data is off-line.
Dicobaltoctacarbonyl-alkyne complexes as intermediates in the synthesis of bicyclo[3.3.0]octenones for the synthesis of coriolin and hirsutic acid

Abstract Treatment of the readily prepared enzymes 12, 21 and 45 with Co2(CO) at ca 110° results in high yields (80%) of substituted bicyclo[3.3.0]octenones, that are suitable for straightforward elaboration into coriolin and hirsutic acid precursors. A mechanistic hypothesis to explain the observed stereospecificity is presented.
Modeling dc gain performance of 4H‐SiC BJTs

Purpose – To model the differential dc gain, base resistance, and current voltage performance of 4H‐Silicon Carbide (SiC) bipolar junction transistors (BJT) operating at and above room temperature. Accurate modeling will result in improved process efficiency, interpretation of experimental data, and insight into device behavior.Design/methodology/approach – The PISCES two dimensional device simulation program is used to allow for modeling the behavior of 4H‐SiC BJT. The physical material parameters in PISCES such as carrier's mobility and lifetime, temperature dependent bandgap, and the density of states are modified to accurately represent 4H‐SiC. The simulation results are compared with the measured experimental data obtained by others. The comparisons made with the experimental data are for two different devices that are of interest in power electronics and RF applications.Findings – The simulation results predict a dc current gain of about 25 for power device and a gain of about 20 for RF device in ag...
Cumulating quality of life results in controlled trials of coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Abstract Many studies evaluating the effectiveness of coronary artery bypass graft surgery allude to the quality of life benefit resulting from surgery. However, no comprehensive empirical estimate of the absolute or relative magnitude of this benefit is currently available. This paper presents a data synthesis of the research literature on bypass surgery to derive such an estimate. It uses follow-up measures of the percent of patients who were angina-free within both the surgical and medical groups of 14 controlled trials to estimate the quality of life benefit following surgery. Results based on the longest reported follow-up period suggest that the chances are approximately 25 to 40% greater than patients will be angina-free if they receive surgery rather than medical treatment. Estimates of benefit are about 15% less in randomized controlled trials compared to controlled trials that used a matching strategy. These results are unlikely to be affected by related factors such as the percentage of patients who crossover from the medical group to the surgical group or the specific method of calculating anginal relief used in this research report. However, differential patient selection may account for the observed design effect.
Online Identification and Stochastic Control for Autonomous Internal Combustion Engines

Advanced internal combustion engine technologies have afforded an increase in the number of controllable variables and the ability to optimize engine operation. Values for these variables are determined during engine calibration by means of a tabular static correlation between the controllable variables and the corresponding steady-state engine operating points to achieve desirable engine performance, for example, in fuel economy, pollutant emissions, and engine acceleration. In engine use, table values are interpolated to match actual operating points. State-of-the-art calibration methods cannot guarantee continuously the optimal engine operation for the entire operating domain, especially in transient cases encountered in the driving styles of different drivers. This article presents brief theory and algorithmic implementation that make the engine an autonomous intelligent system capable of learning the required values of controllable variables in real time while operating a vehicle. The engine controller progressively perceives the driver’s driving style and eventually learns to operate in a manner that optimizes specified performance criteria. A gasoline engine model, which learns to optimize fuel economy with respect to spark ignition timing, demonstrates the approach. DOI: 10.1115/1.4000819
Twenty-first century weight loss: banding versus bypass

Background The two most commonly performed procedures for bariatric surgery include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and adjustable gastric banding (AGB). While many studies have commented on short-term, postoperative outcomes of these procedures, few have reported long-term data. The purpose of this study was to compare long-term, postoperative outcomes between RYGB and AGB.
Infrared spectra of three crystalline forms of cationically synthesized poly‐3‐methyl‐1‐butene

Poly-3-methyl-1-butene has been synthesized by Et2AlCl/tBuCl initiator at −130°C. A cast film of this material gave three well defined crystalline phases, α, β, and γ, characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The γ polymorph could not be obtained independently of the other two. Synthesis and/or manipulative procedures that would consistently give only one of the polymorphs are still unavailable. Evidently, the three crystalline phases have very similar lattice energies, and the subtle factors that determine the ultimate nature of the crystal lattice are not yet understood.
Preparation and properties of the system CoPxS2−x

Abstract Lattice parameters were determined for members of the system CoP x S 2− x (0 ≤ x ≥ 1). A cubic region was observed for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0·5 and a tetragonal region for 0·5 x ≤ 1. Magnetization and susceptibility measurements were made on the sample CoP x S 2− x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0·5) from 4·2 to 500°K and to 9·5 kOe. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature decreased almost linearly with composition from a value of 122(1)°K for x = 0 to 23(1)°K at x = 0·3. The saturation magnetization passed through a maximum at 41·5(2) e.m.u./g at x = 0·05, increasing from 40·0(2) e.m.u./g for x = 0, and then decreased to below 15 e.m.u./g for x = 0·3. The paramagnetic data gave a P 2 eff /CO 2+ that increased linearly with phosphorus substitution from 4·4(2)μ B at x = 0 to 5·5(2)μ B 2 at x = 0·5. The Weiss constant decreased almost linearly from 150(3)°K for x = 0 to 85(2)°K for x = 0·3. The magnetic properties of this system are compared with those of the system CoAs x S 2− x and CoSe x S 2− x . Changes, with composition, in the Curie and Weiss temperatures are almost identical in the three systems for x ≤ 0·25. As with CoAs x S 2− x the ferromagnetic moment reaches a maximum at x = 0·05 and then decreases with increasing x , although the magnetic interactions remain ferromagnetic for all x ≤ 0·5.
Hydrology-mediated differential response of carbon accumulation to late Holocene climate change at two peatlands in Southcentral Alaska

Abstract Peatlands are among the largest reservoirs of terrestrial carbon in the northern hemisphere. Understanding how this reservoir will respond to climate changes is critical to assessing potential climate feedbacks. Peatland carbon accumulation rates (PCAR) are controlled by the difference between production and decomposition, which is affected by local and climatic factors including hydrology and temperature. To better understand how local controls can influence the response of PCAR to climate change, we investigated modern hydrology, paleohydrology, and PCAR at two nearby Sphagnum -dominated peatlands with different surficial geology (lowland and moraine settings) in Southcentral Alaska. Modern hydrological data indicated a higher rate of subsurface drainage at the lowland site, suggesting greater hydrologic sensitivity to prolonged dry periods of the past. We investigated past responses of these peatlands to well-documented climatic changes, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) at ∼1000–600 cal yr BP and Little Ice Age (LIA) at ∼600–200 cal yr BP, using water-table depth (WTD) inferred from testate amoebae and PCAR calculated from loss-on-ignition and 14 C-dating analyses. Our results indicate that WTD and PCAR remained relatively stable at the moraine site throughout the last 1100 years, including the MCA and LIA. However, the lowland site experienced relatively stable WTD and higher PCAR during the MCA, but highly variable WTD and lower PCAR during the LIA. These differences suggest that hydrology and likely decomposition were the primary control on PCAR at these peatlands. Our results highlight the importance of local-scale controls, like surficial geology, in mediating the response of peatland hydrology and carbon accumulation to climate change.
Estimation of dynamic panel data models with sample selection

SUMMARY We propose a new method for estimating dynamic panel data models with selection. The method uses backward substitution for the lagged dependent variable, which leads to an estimating equation that requires correcting for contemporaneous selection only. The estimator is valid under relatively weak assumptions about errors and permits avoiding the weak instruments problem associated with differencing. We also propose a simple test for selection bias that is based on the addition of a selection term to the first-difference equation and subsequent testing for significance of this term. The methods are applied to estimating dynamic earnings equations for women. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lanczos algorithm for the generalized symmetric eigenproblem on shared-memory architectures

Abstract The generalized eigenvalue problem, Kx = λMx , is of significant practical importance, for example, in structural engineering where it arises as the vibration and buckling problems. The paper describes the implementation of a solver based on the Lanczos algorithm, LANZ, on two shared-memory architectures, the CRAY Y–MP and Encore Multimax. Issues arising from implementing linear algebra operations on a multivector processor are examined. Portability between a multivector processor and a simple multiprocessor is discussed. A model is developed and used to predict the performance of LANZ on shared–memory architectures. Performance results from some practical problems are given and analyzed.
A DITA case study: Service learning, software documentation, and redesign

As a service-learning project in a graduate level technical communication class on technical manuals, Dr. Brian Still found an open-source software developer in Germany who needed documentation for his application. The class looked at various approaches to fulfilling the developerpsilas needs including wikis, Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA), XML, usability testing, and software mapping. This paper touches on the successes and challenges of the project and examines the potential for using DITA as a solution for reconstructing existing documentation.
Closed form expressions for RF MEMS switch actuation and release time

Closed form expressions for RF MEMS switch actuation and release times are derived. The expressions account for the mechanical and electrical parameters and are valid for V>1.15 VP and Q>0.1 where V is the actuation voltage, VP is the pull-in voltage, and Q is the mechanical quality factor.
Fluctuating surface currents: An algorithm for efficient prediction of Casimir interactions among arbitrary materials in arbitrary geometries

This paper presents a method for the efficient numerical computation of Casimir interactions between objects of arbitrary geometries, composed of materials with arbitrary frequency-dependent electrical properties. Our method formulates the Casimir effect as an interaction between effective electric and magnetic current distributions on the surfaces of material bodies and obtains Casimir energies, forces, and torques from the spectral properties of a matrix that quantifies the interactions of these surface currents. The method can be formulated and understood in two distinct ways: (1) as a consequence of the familiar stress-tensor approach to Casimir physics, or, alternatively, (2) as a particular case of the path-integral approach to Casimir physics, and we present both formulations in full detail. In addition to providing an algorithm for computing Casimir interactions in geometries that could not be efficiently handled by any other method, the framework proposed here thus achieves an explicit unification of two seemingly disparate approaches to computational Casimir physics.
General expressions for Rician density and distribution functions

General expressions are derived for the density and distribution functions of the amplitude of a linear matched filter output given a nonfluctuating target in arbitrary clutter. These generalized Rician density and distribution functions are based on the density function of the clutter amplitude at the receiver output, and are easily evaluated numerically. Error bounds for the numerical calculation of the density function and several numerical examples are presented. >
Scalability of Collaborative Environments

Collaborative environments range from the very primitive (IM) to a rich mixture of media, computation, and threedimensional graphics. Critical to all such systems is scalability : how many users can a system support in a single session? How many simultaneous sessions can be supported? These questions ultimately reduce to bandwidth and computation consumption of the collaborative system; the values, in turn, depend upon the architectural choices made in the implementation. Should the system be client-server or peer-to-peer? Should data or computation be replicated? Are there tradeoffs? Does it depend on the nature of the collaboration? In this paper, we derive bounds on bandwidth and latency for consistent collaborative systems. A consistent system is one in which all participants agree on the order of events across all peers. We examine and calculate the bandwidth and latency bounds on various system architectures. We calculate a theoretical lower bound for computational and bandwidth complexity, and compare the architectural bounds to the lowest global bound.
Scenarios and design cognition

Scenarios of human activity are widely used in many facets of the design of software systems. This methodological development can be understood in terms of design cognition: Scenarios support and enhance the solution-first strategy which is typical of, and perhaps fundamental to, expert problem-solving for "ill-defined" problems like design and planning.
Shear flow of viscoelastic fluids as a control problem

We consider a homogeneous parallel shear flow of a viscoelastic fluid with a single relaxation time. This problem results in a set of ordinary differential equations for the stresses. In this system, we view the shear rate as a control and consider the problem of steering the system to a given state of stress. For several popular constitutive models, we characterize the stresses which can be reached.
Mackey hyperplanes/enlargements for Tweddle’s space

Tweddle (India J Math 50:99–114, 2008) showed that Banach’s bounded sequence space retains certain properties when endowed with a topology $$\eta $$ defined by a maximal almost disjoint (mad) family of natural numbers. In particular, it is Mackey. But it lacks most weak barrelledness properties, forcing Saxon and Tweddle (Adv Math 145:230–238, 1999) to find elsewhere the first example of a Mackey $$\aleph _{0}$$ -barrelled space that is not barrelled. We shall show that $$\eta $$ varies in tightness as the size of its defining mad family: Tweddle’s spaces are not all isomorphic. But their countable-codimensional subspaces and countable enlargements are all Mackey. Likewise for the Saxon and Tweddle example, which multiplies our scant supply of such. Independently interesting methods are developed.
Mechanisms of Immunity in Typhus Infections III. Influence of Human Immune Serum and Complement on the Fate of Rickettsia mooseri Within Human Macrophages

Preincubation of Rickettsia mooseri with human typhus convalescent serum, which is not rickettsiacidal but which confers passive protection to animals, opsonizes the rickettsiae for enhanced phagocytosis by monocyte-derived human macrophages in cell culture and renders them susceptible to destruction within the macrophages. Nonspecific opsonization by preincubation of the rickettsia with methylated bovine serum albumin enhances phagocytosis, but the rickettsiae are not prepared for intracellular destruction. Instead, they grow within the macrophages and eventually destroy these cells. Thus, immune serum and macrophages, neither of which is capable of killing these rickettsiae alone, act in concert to destroy the virulent organisms. In this system, immune serum appears to exert two distinct, possibly dissociable, actions on the rickettsiae: enhancement of phagocytosis and preparation for intracellular destruction. Complement is not required for this action but, when present with immune serum, markedly enhances phagocytosis of the rickettsiae, often leading to rapid destruction of the macrophage.
Does Physician Pay Aect Procedure Choice and Patient Health? Evidence from Medicaid C-section Use

I investigate the relationship between physician pay, C-section use, and infant health. First, I confirm past results — when Medicaid pays doctors relatively more for Csections, they perform them more often. I bolster the causal interpretation of this result by showing that salaried doctors do not respond to this pay dierential, and by using a much larger sample of states and years. Second, unlike past work, I look at how changing physician pay aects health outcomes. I find that increased C-section use is associated with fewer infant deaths for births covered by Medicaid, suggesting that C-section rates may be too low for some groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that policies aimed at decreasing costs by lowering procedure use may have adverse health consequences, especially for low-income patients.
tert-Butyl 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperidine-1-carboxyl­ate

The reaction of (E)-tert-butyl 4-[3-(dimethyl­amino)acrylo­yl]piperidine-1-carboxyl­ate with methyl­hydrazine leads to the formation of the title compound, C14H23N3O2, with a 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl substituent. The plane of the pyrazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 33.4 (1)° with the approximate mirror plane of the piperidine ring.
Long-term detection of Parkinsonian tremor activity from subthalamic nucleus local field potentials

Current deep brain stimulation paradigms deliver continuous stimulation to deep brain structures to ameliorate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This continuous stimulation has undesirable side effects and decreases the lifespan of the unit's battery, necessitating earlier replacement. A closed-loop deep brain stimulator that uses brain signals to determine when to deliver stimulation based on the occurrence of symptoms could potentially address these drawbacks of current technology. Attempts to detect Parkinsonian tremor using brain signals recorded during the implantation procedure have been successful. However, the ability of these methods to accurately detect tremor over extended periods of time is unknown. Here we use local field potentials recorded during a deep brain stimulation clinical follow-up visit 1 month after initial programming to build a tremor detection algorithm and use this algorithm to detect tremor in subsequent visits up to 8 months later. Using this method, we detected the occurrence of tremor with accuracies between 68–93%. These results demonstrate the potential of tremor detection methods for efficacious closed-loop deep brain stimulation over extended periods of time.
Abnormalities of gonadal determination and differentiation.

In the first several weeks of gestation, a variety of bipotential and neutral sexual structures form. These include the bipotential gonadal ridge, a paired set of Wolffian and Mullerian ducts, and the neutral external genitalia.’ With appropriate signals, these structures differentiate to form male or female sex organs.’ The role of the Y chromosome in male sex determination is well established.3-5 The gene on the Y chromosome that is responsible for initiating testis development is called the testis-determining factor (TDF). As discussed earlier, current evidence indicates that the “sex-determining region Y” gene (SRY) is identical to the TDF gene.“,7 The term “gonadal dysgenesis” was coined originally before the advent of karyotype analysis to describe all subjects with female genitalia, normal Mullerian structures, and streak gonads. While many of these subjects had the typical features of Turner syndrome, others had none. The condition of patients without Turner stigmata has been referred to as “pure gonadal dysgenesis”.15,16 When karyotype analysis became available, it was observed that the majority of patients with “gonadal dysgenesis” have a 45,X karyotype or a variant that we now consider part of the spectrum of Turner syndrome.17 Ovarian determination and subsequent steps of sex differentiation are considered to be normal in these subjects. However, subjects with 45,X Turner syndrome have accelerated loss of germ cells and premature degeneration of the ovary.‘*
Psychopharmacology of noncognitive abnormal behaviors in Alzheimer's disease

Disruptive agitation and psychotic symptoms are important problems in the management of Alzheimer's disease and are major determinants of nursing home placement. This article reviews interpretable, placebo-controlled studies of psychopharmacologic approaches to the treatment of these "noncognitive" psychiatric and behavioral problems. Clinical trials of antipsychotic drugs demonstrate modest efficacy for psychosis and agitation, but adverse effects are common. Trials of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors suggest they may be effective for emotional disturbances complicating Alzheimer's disease. Trials of drugs that enhance central cholinergic activity (certain cholinesterase inhibitors and selective M1 muscarinic cholinergic agonists) demonstrate positive effects on both cognitive deficits and noncognitive psychiatric and behavioral problems. Further clinical studies are needed to provide guidelines for the management of noncognitive psychiatric and behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease.
Multiattribute Risk/Benefit Analysis of Citizen Attitudes Towards Societal Issues Involving Technology

What are people’s attitudes toward societal issues involving technology? How do they form attitudes about such issues? How do they perceive the constituent benefits and risks associated with these complex problems? Of what salience does familiarity and personal impact have on their attitudes and perceptions? These questions were investigated via a psychometric survey involving 10 such politically sensitive issues, e.g., genetic research, nuclear energy, the use of saccharin. Data collected included the perceived economic, environmental, physical, and psychological risks and benefits associated with each of these issues. Multiattribute utility models were developed to predict and represent aggregated perceived risks, benefits, and attitudes regarding these issues. The results of the study should provide policy makers and researchers with a better understanding of the factors the public considers important in making societal decisions involving technology and the cognitive processes employed in formulating an overall social attitude or preference regarding such issues.
Between anti-westernism and development: political Islam and environmentalism

ABSTRACTAs Turkey's Gezi Park protests reminded us, Islamist parties the world over demonstrate utter disregard of the environment in their discourse and actions. However, Islam as a religion places strong emphasis on environmental protection. Thus, as the representatives of Islam that these parties claim themselves to be, it is puzzling that environmental policy is all but absent from most Islamist platforms. I ask, what explains the poverty of Islamists in regards to the environment? I argue that the reason for this poverty is found within and conforms to political Islam's problematic relationship with modernity, particularly in regards to their strong anti-western sentiment and self-purported victim status. My findings suggest that the inattention Islamists give to the environment is due to their association of environmentalism with the West and because of the uniquely unfavourable socio-economic environments in which they exist, which sends environmentalism to the purview of ‘low politics’. This analy...
Interference Effect from Buried Interfaces Investigated by Angular-Dependent Infrared−Visible Sum Frequency Generation Technique

Infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) in conjunction with total internal reflection geometry (TIR) has been demonstrated as a powerful technique to study buried polymer interfaces. We have developed a theoretical model using linear and nonlinear boundary conditions to calculate the SFG signals as a function of incident angles and thickness of the polymer films. The validity of this model is tested using a polystyrene film (PS) coated on a sapphire prism. This PS film is exposed to heneicosane (C21H44) above and below its melting temperature. At temperatures greater than Tm, the SFG contributions from both interfaces (PS/sapphire and alkane/PS) are comparable and we observe strong interference effects. At temperatures below Tm, the SFG signals are dominated by the methyl signals of all-trans heneicosane molecules at the alkane/PS interface. The theoretical model is able to accurately capture the angle and thickness dependence of the SFG signal and provides a valuable tool to accurate...
Rat virus and periodontal disease

Abstract Dental abnormalities associated with a virus infection have been produced in the Syrian hamster. These abnormalities consist of the following: 1. 1. Severe osteoclastic resorptions and bony ankylosis of the roots of the first molars and incisors. 2. 2. Although resorption and ankylosis are less severe in the second molars, their roots are more distorted in shape and much shorter in length, as compared with the first molar in the same animal or the second molars in control animals.
Tri-trophic ecology of native parasitic nest flies of birds in Tobago

Introduced parasites threaten host populations around the world. For example, introduced parasitic nest flies (Philornis downsi) have contributed to the decline of several species of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands. Introduced parasites are thought to have severe effects on native hosts because the hosts do not have effective defenses against such parasites and/or because introduced parasites have escaped the native enemies that keep their own populations in check. Studying effects of parasites on native hosts is an essential step in testing these causal hypotheses. We conducted a field experiment to assess the virulence of a native species of Philornis (Philornis trinitensis), which parasitizes birds on the island of Tobago. We manipulated flies in nests of black-faced grassquits (Tiaris bicolor), a close relative of Darwin's finches, as well as tropical mockingbirds (Mimus gilvus), a congener of the Galapagos mockingbird (Mimus parvulus). We predicted that P. trinitensis would be relatively avirulent because its native hosts in Tobago have had time to evolve effective defenses against it. We also noted the presence of parasitoids and other enemies of Philornis in Tobago nests. Surprisingly, effects of native P. trinitensis on Tobago birds were similar to the effects of introduced P. downsi on birds in the Galapagos. Flies reduced the reproductive success of grassquits, but not mockingbirds, which are also relatively unaffected by Philornis in the Galapagos. Thus, native Philornis flies are not less virulent than introduced flies. The prevalence of Philornis in Tobago was lower than the prevalence of Philornis in the Galapagos. Presumed enemies of Philornis (parasitoid wasps and ants) were relatively common in nests of birds in Tobago, but largely absent from nests in the Galapagos. We suggest that introduced P. downsi in the Galapagos is widespread, not because hosts lack defenses, but because it has left its enemies behind.
Learning-by-Syndicating: How Past Investor Co-Investment Ties Affect Entrepreneurial Firm Exit

We analyze a sample of over 18,000 venture-backed entrepreneurial firms in the U.S. to explore how the intensity of prior co-investment relationships among a focal entrepreneurial firm’s (EF) venture capital (VC) investors – which we call syndicate cohesion – influences the firm’s propensity to achieve an IPO or an acquisition exit. We find that whereas there is an inverted-U relationship between the amount of past co-investment experience among an EF’s VC investors and its likelihood of becoming acquired, an EF is more likely to go public if there is less past co-investment experience among its VCs. We also show that an EF with VC investors that have co-invested in previously acquired firms is more likely to be acquired itself whereas an EF with VCs that have co-invested in firms that have gone public is more likely to go public itself. We discuss the implications of our results for work on entrepreneurial firm strategy, inter-organizational networks, and organizational learning.
New clone-detection approach for RFID-based supply chains

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags have been widely used as a low-cost wireless method for detection of counterfeit product injection in supply chains. In order to adequately perform authentication, current RFID monitoring schemes need to either have a persistent online connection between supply chain partners and the back-end database or have a local database on each partner site. A persistent online connection is not guaranteed and local databases on each partner site impose extra cost and security issues. We solve this problem by introducing a new scheme in which a small Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) embedded in RFID tag is used to function as a tiny “encoded local database”. In addition our scheme resists “tag tracing” so that each partner's operation remains private. Our scheme can be implemented in less than 1200 gates satisfying current RFID technology requirements.
Dramatic Increase in Polymer Glass Transition Temperature under Extreme Nanoconfinement in Weakly Interacting Nanoparticle Films.

Properties of polymers in polymer nanocomposites and nanopores have been shown to deviate from their respective bulk properties due to physical confinement as well as polymer–particle interfacial interactions. However, separating the confinement effects from the interfacial effects under extreme nanoconfinement is experimentally challenging. Capillary rise infiltration enables polymer infiltration into nanoparticle (NP) packings, thereby confining polymers within extremely small pores and dramatically increasing the interfacial area, providing a good system to systematically distinguish the role of each effect on polymer properties. In this study, we investigate the effect of spatial confinement on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene (PS) infiltrated into SiO2 NP films. The degree of confinement is tuned by varying the molecular weight of polymers, the size of NPs (diameters between 11 and 100 nm, producing 3–30 nm average pore sizes), and the fill-fraction of PS in the NP films. We show ...
Metal Ion—Ligand Systems

Stepwise equilibria between Lewis acids, here metal ions, and Lewis bases, here ligands, are mathematically quite like the preceding protonic equilibria. Water is the most concentrated ligand in most solutions. The competition of other ligands for the metal ions is important in the understanding of solution species distributions which play a role in many areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and geochemistry.
CONCEPTUAL MODELS IN TRAINING NOVICE USERS

Abstract Research findings provide ample support for the notion that providing a conceptual model of a system aids novice users in building mental models. Two types of conceptual models have been proposed: Analogical models and abstract models. It is argued that abstract conceptual models will provide more flexible mental models because they are more flexible representations. Individual differences must be considered as moderating variables in this analysis. A laboratory experiment was conducted to compare analogical and abstract models. Graduate business students were trained in the use of the filing capabilities of an electronic mail system. The findings of this study indicate that abstract conceptual models may indeed provide more flexible mental models for novice users of electronic mail, and that individual differences (in this case, visual ability), do affect the formulation of mental models.
Strategies for conservation management of lakes

This paper discusses how the use of nature conservation targets can influence the practice of the management and rehabilitation of shallow lakes. It suggests that managers need to identify realistic targets, based on a sound understanding of the nature and ecological processes operating in the lakes in question. The constraints on effective management towards ecological targets are identified in the context of the rehabilitation of shallow lakes from eutrophication. It is recognised that most commonly, nature conservation is one of several objectives in lake management. Using the Norfolk Broads case study, it identifies a range of ecological and human use influences that need to be assessed in order to form the basis of an integrated, sustainable approach to rehabilitation from the effects of eutrophication. The way in which nature conservation is taken account of through each stage in the planning of broads restoration projects is discussed, and the need for further specific advice for lake managers is indicated. This paper stresses the benefits of large scale experimental management, backed up by research and monitoring as a way of taking forward this applied science. The need for good communication with partner agencies and the local community when undertaking this management work, is also emphasised.