cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paneth Cells in Colonic Adenomas Association With Male Sex and Adenoma Burden

Paneth cells have been reported in colorectal ad- enomas and adenocarcinomas; however, the frequency of co- lonic Paneth cell-containing adenomas is unknown as are their clinicopathologic features. A total of 152 consecutive colorectal adenomas from 103 patients (57 males and 46 females) were reviewed. The frequency of Paneth cells in this cohort of ad- enomas was determined and correlated with patient demo- graphics. Twenty-six adenomas (17.1%) from 22 (21.4%) patients harbored Paneth cells, which were not limited to the base of the crypts but aberrantly located throughout the crypts. Patient age, adenoma size, villous features, and grade of dys- plasia were not different between these 2 groups. Not surpris- ingly, Paneth cell-containing adenomas were more likely to occur in the proximal colon (84.6% vs. 55.6%; P = 0.006). There was a strong association between male sex and Paneth cell-containing adenomas, as 23 of 26 (88.5%) of these ad- enomas occurred in male individuals compared with 71 of 126 (56.3%) non-Paneth cell-containing adenomas (P = 0.002). Upon review of an additional 460 adenomas from 200 patients with varying numbers of adenomas (68 with 1 adenoma, 68 with 2 adenomas, and 64 with 3 or more adenomas), the risk of harboring synchronous adenomas was associated with villous morphology, proximal location, and the presence of a Paneth cell-containing adenoma. Thus, the presence of a Paneth cell- containing adenoma may be a marker for increased risk of de- veloping colorectal neoplasia.
Complete Genome Sequences of Nine Phages Capable of Infecting Paenibacillus larvae, the Causative Agent of American Foulbrood Disease in Honeybees.

ABSTRACT We present here the complete genome sequences of nine phages that infect Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honeybees. The phages were isolated from soil, propolis, and infected bees from three U.S. states. This is the largest number of P. larvae phage genomes sequenced in a single publication to date.
The Ring of Linear Transformations

In this chapter we obtain the basic properties of the ring L of all the linear transformations in a finite dimensional vector space. We determine the ideals, two-sided, left and right, of this ring. Also we show that two rings L1 and L2 determined respectively by the vector spaces R1 and R2 are not isomorphic unless the spaces in which they act are isomorphic. In studying the automorphisms of L we are led to consider an important type of transformation called semi-linear which generalizes the concept of a linear transformation.
Reliability of measurements of concentric and eccentric isokinetic loading.

The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of a method for testing peak torque and work output of the knee extensor muscle during concentric and eccentric loading at three velocities of exercise (60°, 120°, and 180°/sec). Fourteen healthy men (23–32 years of age) performed exercises of the quadriceps femoris muscles during concentric and eccentric loading, with a five-second pause between each contraction. Three different tests were performed on different occasions. The first exercise session was a practice session, and the next two sessions were established to collect data in a test-retest format. Peak torque and work were measured for the two testing sessions. The results of this study demonstrated that with a very specific protocol, the reliability of concentric peak torque and work measurements was excellent at 60° and 120°/sec and good at 180°/sec. In contrast, reliability of eccentric peak torque and work measurements was good at 120° and 180°/sec but low at 60°/sec.
Maximizing Research Opportunities in Today’s Managed Care Environment

The widespread introduction of managed care into academic hospitals may have certain benefits in financing patient care, but it has produced a great deal of difficulty for clinical investigators. In the United States, until recently, it was a common practice to permit research patients to occupy a research bed, when that was necessary, with the Institution absorbing the bed cost. Almost no managed care contracts in the United States permit research subjects to occupy a bed with the cost being absorbed by the managed care company. Secondly, very few managed care companies allow their physicians, and other health-care providers, to participate in research on managed care company time. This has brought clinical research to a virtual halt in managed care facilities. Whether we like it or not, financial considerations are likely to preclude the conduct of much research on patients being treated, either as outpatients or inpatients, through a managed care contract.
Species of Absidia with Ovoid Sporangiospores. I.

SUMMARYThe species of Absidia, except those with globose or cylindrical sporangiospores reported in earlier papers, are described and include: A. verticillata, A. hyalospora, A. blakesleeana, A. re...
Insecticidal Control of the Ear Tick in the Ears of Cattle

Ears of cattle naturally infested with larvae and nymphs of the ear tick, Otobius megnini (Duges), were treated with 26 insecticides. Effectiveness of treatment was determined by recording the number of ticks scraped from the cars of the cattle at 1 week and at 1 month posttreatment. All treatments, except Dri-die® (silicon dioxide plus ammonium silicofluoride to extent of 3% fluorine) killed 95-100% of the ticks at 1 week posttreatment. At 1 month, the following treatments gave better than 90% control of nymphs: coumaphos, as a 5% dust, as a 4% solution designed for use as a pouron, and 0.25% with 0.5% trichlorfon in an aerosol; and Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl 0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) as a 0.1% emulsion. The following treatments gave 70-90% control: Bay 37341 ( O,O -diethyl O-[4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl] phosphorothioate) as a 1% dust; Ciodrin® ( alphamethylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate) as a 0.3% emulsion; Dursban, as a 1% emulsion; Imidan@ ( O,O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate) as a 0.5% suspension; and trichlorfon, as a 1% solution. The other treatments gave less than 70% control at 1 month posttreatment.
The Senior Executive Service: Gender, Attitudes, and Representative Bureaucracy

This article draws from the theory of representative bureaucracy to examine women's contributions to policy making in the federal Senior Executive Service (SES). Since women's life experiences differ in meaningful ways from those of men, the theory posits, they will make decisions differently than their male colleagues. Although scholars commonly assume that SES members influence policy, we know very little about executive women's attitudes and behavior. By using a survey administered to federal executives across the entire federal government, this article tests the conditions under which SES women are likely to press for women's interests and provide substantive representation to American women. The results indicate that women executives are most likely to adopt female friendly attitudes when they work in an agency or department with an office devoted to women's issues and when higher percentages of elite women are positioned within the organization's leadership ranks. I would like to thank Gregory B. Lewis, David H. Rosenbloom, and all the anonymous reviewers for their helpful
Prevalence of influenza A(H1N1)in Huizhou City in 2009-2012

Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of influenza A(H1N1)in Huizhou and to provide a scientific basis for making prevention and control measures.Methods The epidemic situation of influenza A(H1N1)in Huizhou from 2009-2012 was analyzed by descriptive epidemiology,and the infection levels of influenza A(H1N1)virus in the population were also investigated by serum epidemiology.Results The average proportion of ILI cases in total outpatients was 7.88% in sentinel hospitals,279 H1N1 cases were reported from 2009-2012.2 230 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected.219(9.82%)were positive for pandemic influenza A(H1N1)virus.The highest positive rate was found in the age group～15(24.45%),while the lowes(t3.43%)was found in the age group less than 5 years.480 people were investigated in the three surveys,and positive antibody to influenza A(H1N1)virus were detected in 121 of them,with a total positive rate of 25.21%.The positive rates in the surveys were 30.0%,36.25% and 9.38%,respectively,showing statistically significant differences in age groups,sex and occupations(P0.05).The positive rate in population vaccinated with influenza A(H1N1)vaccine was significantly higher than that without vaccinated(χ2=71.76,P0.05).Conclusions The spread of influenza A(H1N1)virus in Huizhou ha been got under effective control through comprehensive management measures.Regular monitoring the level of the antibody of influenza in a population would be conducive to understanding the immune protection against epidemic strains of influenza virus and the changes of viral antigens for providing an essential basis for the prevention and control of influenza.
Adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater by diatomite

The adsorption ability of diatomite is greatly enhanced after modification of raw diatomite by several methods,and the diatomite modified by Brominated ammonium cetyl 3 armour has stronger adsorption with the removal rate of over 99%.The adsorption of heavy metal on diatomite is strongly dependent on pH,temperature,initial concentration and dosing quantity.The adsorption mechanisms of diatomite mainly include micropore sorption and surface sorption.The Langmuir model and the Freundlich model are applied to describe the sorption isothermal.
Relationship between pyridinoline concentration and thermal stability of bovine intramuscular collagen.

Semimembranosus muscle samples were obtained from 49 Holstein beef animals representing different USDA maturities. Intramuscular collagen (IMC) was isolated in the frozen state and evaluated for heat-labile collagen solubility (% Sol), thermal shrinkage temperature (Ts), enthalpy (Hs) changes, and mature crosslink (pyridinoline) content. These measures were obtained to elucidate a relationship between pyridinoline content of IMC and beef maturity level and to relate IMC thermal stability (% Sol, Ts, and Hs) to pyridinoline content. With increasing maturity, % Sol decreased (P less than .01) and Ts increased (P less than .01), whereas Hs showed no change (P greater than .05). Thus, IMC melted at increasing temperatures, but the amount of energy required to induce this endothermic change remained constant throughout maturation. The pyridinoline content of IMC increased (P less than .01) linearly with maturity, indicating that this heat-stable, mature crosslink enhances thermal stability of IMC as beef muscle matures. Significant correlations between pyridinoline content and maturity (r = .56; P less than .001) and Ts (r = .34; P less than .05) support this contention.
Ultrasonographic appearance and correlative anatomy of the soft tissues of the distal extremities in the horse.

Because of the preponderance of soft tissue injury to the distal palmar metacarpus, this article will focus on its ultrasound appearance and correlative anatomy.
Martingale Methods for the Central Limit Theorem

As the name suggests, central limit theorem or CLT does play a central role in probability theory. Early masters like De Moivre, Laplace, Gauss, Lindeberg, Levy, Kolmogorov, Lyapunov, and Bernstein studied the case of sums of independent random variables. Their results were then extended to sums of dependent random variables by various authors. For sums of the form ∑ i V (X i ) where X i is a stationary Markov chain, the CLT was proved by Markov himself. The proof consisted of leaving large gaps to create enough independence but not large enough to make a difference in the sum. It is a bit delicate to balance the two and requires assumptions on the mixing properties of the stationary process. If the summands form a stationary sequence and the partial sums is a martingale relative to the natural filtration, it was observed by Paul Levy that the CLT was valid under virtually no additional conditions. An early version of this result can be found in Doob’s book [5] on Stochastic Processes and a more modern version in Billingsley [3].
Chapter 11 – Cell, Stack and System Modelling

This chapter discusses solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) modeling, primarily from the perspective of cells and stacks. Modeling of SOFCs is advancing at a rapid rate, facilitating quick predictions of SOFC performance at a number of levels, and aiding the design of SOFC systems. Macroscopic flow and thermal models are the best known models and have followed from straightforward chemical engineering principles of mass and energy balance. At the nanoscale of atoms and molecules, predictions of material behavior and of interface interactions are also becoming possible. Most significant advances are now taking place in the understanding of complex composite structures of electrodes and three phase boundaries. Ultimately, these should lead to predictions of cell behavior, which, at present, are measured empirically and inserted into stack models. Stack modeling has advanced to the point where acceptable start-up rates can be predicted and where overall performance can be optimized. The integration of these stacks into complete systems can also be predicted with some precision, leading to new design possibilities for hybrid SOFCs.
Contextual Design for driving: Developing a trip-planning tool for older adults

Abstract Independent living depends on mobility, and mobility depends on driving, particularly for people 65 years and older. The longer older adults can safely drive, the longer they can independently run errands, shop, exercise, and maintain social networks. Age-related decline of perceptual, motor, and cognitive abilities can undermine the mobility and driving safety of older drivers. Data from driving simulators, on-road tests, surveys, and crash reports describe the driving safety and mobility challenges of older adults, but these methods offer a limited view of these challenges and fail to indicate design solutions. Contextual Design—a combination of Contextual Inquiry interviews, model building, and affinity diagrams—offers a complementary approach to uncover challenges that older adult drivers’ experience. For two weeks, 39 drivers age 65 and above, had their vehicles instrumented to collect driving and video data. Applying Contextual Design to these data showed that older drivers in urban and rural settings faced different mobility challenges and adopted various strategies to mitigate risk: older drivers often involved their spouse or passenger in the driving task, avoided certain driving maneuvers such as left turns, avoided unfamiliar or poorly lit roads at night, and planned trips to avoid risky driving situations. Ridesharing and trip planning emerged as important strategies to improve the safety and mobility of older drivers. Ridesharing could serve as a potential solution to prolong mobility; however, factors such as wait time, scheduling conflicts, costs, and trust were concerns for older drivers. A paper prototype was developed to validate the driving challenges faced by older drivers, and guide the development of a customized web-based trip-planning tool. The trip-planning tool could help older drivers make safer route choices by offering routes with fewer driving challenges, thereby enhancing their driving safety, mobility, and independence.
Effect of ablation pattern on mechanical function in the atrium.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often treated with catheter ablation, which induces scar formation to isolate misfiring electrical signals in the left atrium. Successful ablation restores sinus rhythm at the cost of replacing viable myocardium with scar. The impact of ablation scar on mechanical function of the left atrium is poorly understood. Objective We used a computational model to simulate various ablation patterns and determine their effect on atrial global and regional mechanical function. Methods A coupled finite-element and hemodynamic circuit model of the left atrium that represents the regional and global mechanics in paroxysmal AF patients was modified to simulate different ablation patterns: step-wise pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), wide area circumferential ablation (WACA), and a posterior ablation developed by nContact, Inc (Morrisville, NC, USA). Atrial pressure-volume relationships and regional wall motion were compared among the models. Results Ablation increased passive stiffness and decreased active work performed by the atrium. Active emptying volume decreased with increasing scar by up to 44% (11 mL) at a scar volume of 31%. At matched scar volumes, WACA decreased active emptying more severely than PVI and nContact. Similarly, wall motion was depressed most in the WACA model because WACA involved portions of the lateral wall with higher baseline motion. Conclusion Simulated ablation depressed atrial mechanical function to an extent that depended on both scar volume and location, primarily through reducing active emptying. Placing ablation scar in regions with high baseline motion resulted in greater depression of active function, while ablation of the posterior wall was less disruptive.
Color‐Change Photoswitching of an Alkynylpyrene Excimer Dye

We describe a photoswitchable DNA-based dimeric dye that visibly changes fluorescence from green to blue upon UV irradiation. A novel bis-alkyne-dependent [2+2+2] cycloaddition is proposed as a mechanism for the color change in air. The photoinduced structural switching results in spatial separation of stacked pyrene units, thereby causing selective loss of the excimer emission. We demonstrate and suggest several applications for this novel photoswitch.
Recruitment and Retention of Non-Caucasian Faculty at Small Midwestern Private Institutions: A Phenomenological Study

Increasing the diversity of faculty in small institutions is critical for accreditation and the cultural environment of the institutions. A phenomenological approach using interviews identified factors that lead to successful recruitment and retention. An important finding regarding recruiting is that the majority of the participants were recruited in a non-traditional manner by a personal contact from the institution. An important finding regarding retention is that the participants described the Midwest to be welcoming and accepting of minorities. To increase diversity, institutions should consider non-traditional recruiting techniques and promoting the Midwest as a comfortable place for non-Caucasians to live and work.
Dealing with Allies in Decline: U.S. Strategy and Alliance Management in an Era of Global Power Shifts

Dealing with Allies in Decline: Alliance Management and U.S. Strategy in an Era of Global Power Shifts is the latest study by CSBA Senior Fellow Hal Brands. In the monograph, Brands argues that although America's alliances are a source of great geopolitical strength, the difficult reality is that shifts in global economic and military power have left many of America's traditional allies with significantly diminished relative standing and capabilities. The monograph assesses the key trends that have marked this decline since the early post-Cold War era and discusses the increasingly severe strategic challenges this situation poses for American statecraft. It concludes with a series of practical recommendations for how the United States can manage its alliances amid ongoing changes in the global distribution of power, and how it can better position itself to compete in a global context in which its allies' strengths-while still considerable-are not as great as they once were.
The gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project healthy cohort

Most studies describing the human gut microbiome in healthy and diseased states have emphasized the bacterial component, but the fungal microbiome (i.e., the mycobiome) is beginning to gain recognition as a fundamental part of our microbiome. To date, human gut mycobiome studies have primarily been disease centric or in small cohorts of healthy individuals. To contribute to existing knowledge of the human mycobiome, we investigated the gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) cohort by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region as well as the 18S rRNA gene. Three hundred seventeen HMP stool samples were analyzed by ITS2 sequencing. Fecal fungal diversity was significantly lower in comparison to bacterial diversity. Yeast dominated the samples, comprising eight of the top 15 most abundant genera. Specifically, fungal communities were characterized by a high prevalence of Saccharomyces, Malassezia, and Candida, with S. cerevisiae, M. restricta, and C. albicans operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in 96.8, 88.3, and 80.8% of samples, respectively. There was a high degree of inter- and intra-volunteer variability in fungal communities. However, S. cerevisiae, M. restricta, and C. albicans OTUs were found in 92.2, 78.3, and 63.6% of volunteers, respectively, in all samples donated over an approximately 1-year period. Metagenomic and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data agreed with ITS2 results; however, ITS2 sequencing provided greater resolution of the relatively low abundance mycobiome constituents. Compared to bacterial communities, the human gut mycobiome is low in diversity and dominated by yeast including Saccharomyces, Malassezia, and Candida. Both inter- and intra-volunteer variability in the HMP cohort were high, revealing that unlike bacterial communities, an individual’s mycobiome is no more similar to itself over time than to another person’s. Nonetheless, several fungal species persisted across a majority of samples, evidence that a core gut mycobiome may exist. ITS2 sequencing data provided greater resolution of the mycobiome membership compared to metagenomic and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data, suggesting that it is a more sensitive method for studying the mycobiome of stool samples.
Role of Estrogens in the Regulation of Liver Lipid Metabolism.

Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic heart disease associated with obesity relative to men. Sex hormones have been proposed as a mechanism that differentiates this risk. In this review, we discuss the literature around how the endogenous sex hormones and hormone treatment approaches after menopause regulate fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol metabolism to influence cardiovascular risk.
Effect of NaOH-EDTA extraction time on the degradation of phosphate compounds

Abstract A chemical extraction of soil organic- and poly‑phosphorus (P) with a 0.25 M NaOH +0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution is the most widely accepted method for 31P NMR measurements. The chemical preservation is often questioned because of inconsistent extraction time (4–16 h) among researchers. In this study, the effect of extraction time on the degradation of common P compounds (phytic acid, pyrophosphate, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium, and tripolyphosphate) was investigated using a spectrophotometric method. No degradation was observed up to 16 h in most of the compounds except for tripolyphosphate. The hydrolytic degradation of tripolyphosphate was retarded initially due to a high ionic strength of the extractant but became apparent after 8 h.
Quantifying the Epidemic of Prescription Opioid Overdose Deaths.

The article examines the statistics of prescription opioid overdose deaths in the U.S. since 2016. It discusses the availability of illicitly manufactured synthetic opioids such as fentanyl that were previously prescription medications. The article goes on to discuss the need to improve surveillance through agencies like the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
Bilateral lipoma arborescens -A proliferative case demonstrating progression in an adolescent male.

Abstract Case We describe a case of extensive symptomatic bilateral lipoma arborescens of the knee in a 19-year-old man who suffered from recurrent knee effusions for many years. This patient had MRI evidence of progression of disease prior to arthroscopic intervention. He was treated with bilateral complete arthroscopic synovectomies, demonstrating no evidence of cartilage wear. Conclusion Lipoma arborescens is a progressive disease. Timely diagnosis and treatment may prevent disease evolution and sequela.
Goals and Elements of GA Design

The last chapter was methodological, arguing that the design of effective GAs—the design of complex conceptual machines of all kinds—requires both clarity of aims and the application of an effective design method. In this chapter, we outline the goals of our GA design efforts and consider the elements of an integrated theory of selectorecombinative GA design.
A critical maturational period of reduced brain vulnerability to developmental injury. I. Behavioral studies in cats.

Abstract Groups of cats with resection of the neocortex of the left cerebral hemisphere at postnatal (P) ages (in days) 5–15 (P10), 30 (P30), 60 (P60), 90 (P90), 120 (P120), and in adulthood, were compared using a comprehensive battery of 16 neurobehavioral tests administered when they were at least 6 months post-lesion. For all behaviors, except 3 (including the paw contact placing reaction which never recovered), the performance was significantly better for the cats lesioned between P10 and P30 compared to cats lesioned at older ages. For 10 of the behaviors, the transition from age-at-lesion P30 to P60 was rather abrupt and characterized by a significant increment in impairments. However, cats with the resection at ages P90 and P120 still showed some behavioral advantage over the adult-lesioned animals. Overall, for most of the behaviors tested, there was a significant linear trend for an increase in the magnitude of impairments across the entire age-at-lesion range. We previously reported that cats with a unilateral frontal cortical lesion sustained during the late fetal life showed substantial behavioral impairments, while animals with a similar resection sustained early postnatally exhibited minimal abnormalities. These findings, together with the present results, indicate that the long-term behavioral outcome of neocortical injury is best when the lesion is sustained during a discrete period of the life of the cat. This period extends from about fetal age 55 days (the oldest lesion age in our fetal studies) to about P60, as shown in the present paper. For these reasons, we propose that there is a Critical Maturational Period (CMP) for optimal post injury brain and behavioral restoration. We hypothesize that this span of reduced vulnerability is linked to specific developmental morphological events which occur during the same time period. Since, as discussed, such ontogenetic events also occur in other mammal species (albeit at different chronological ages), we further propose that the timing of the CMP as delineated in cats, can be extrapolated to other higher mammals species including humans.
Universals of Language Maintenance, Shift and Change

Since Greenberg the recognition of linguistic universals has been the backbone of language typology. Earlier Garvin had already divided universals into absolute and potential ones, the former uncontested cornerstones of linguistic theory, the latter commonly accepted generalizations among experienced professionals. The 'universals' to be discussed here are of the latter type: tried and tested principles of language maintenance and of language change, whose applicability has been established in numerous language contact and conflict situations in different communities. Among the principles displayed and discussed are the following: Fishman's 'intergenerational dislocation' of language reproduction; Haugen's 'dialect fragmentation' of languages vs. Garvin's 'unification' and standardization; Fishman's claim of the complementary distribution of language functions as a guarantee of stable bilingualism; Wolck's disparate distribution of minority language maintenance along the social scale. Evidence for those and some other 'universals' of language maintenance and change will be provided from a 30-year longitudinal survey of Quechua-Spanish bilingualism in Peru; from Seneca-English bilingualism in New York; from studies of diglossia in Scotland and North Germany, of German-Hungarian bilingualism in Hungary from the Ladin survey in Italy and the Sorbian Project in Germany, and from the EUROMOSAIC survey.
Platelet Function Analyzer: Shear Activation of Platelets in Microchannels

Platelet function is suggestive of pathological conditions in cardiovascular diseases. With current insufficient prognostic devices, the need exists for a device to assess complete platelet function. This work presents a preliminary microfluidic device for such analysis based on platelet adhesion under shear flow conditions. In this novel device, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels were coated using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique to provide controlled nanometer-thick layers of fibrinogen. Anticoagulated platelet rich plasma labeled with a fluorescein isothiocynate-tagged anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-antibody and acridine orange was passed through these micro-channels at various time-averaged shear rate values. Fluorescence assays confirmed shear-dependent adhesion of platelets in the microchannels. Control experiments showed that the extent of adhesion on bare PDMS surfaces was less than on the surfaces coated with fibrinogen at similar shear rates. Fluorescent microscopy demonstrated that the extent of platelet adhesion to the fibrinogen substrate depended on shear rate. The extent of adhesion was modeled as a third order polynomial in shear rate.
The impact of intergovernmental grants-in-aid on public school expenditure under the segregated school system

This dissertation investigated the fiscal behavior of local public school districts under the segregated schools system in Maryland with the emphasis on the relative response of school expenditure to intergovernmental grants-in-aid between black and white schools. The median voter model was employed to derive theoretical demand specifications for both no-nonresidential-property-tax-shifting and partial-shifting assumptions. The theoretical model derived here is unique in the sense that inter-racial factors are included to determine the demand for education in black and white schools, since the provision of public education services was decided simultaneously by the median voter who was presumed to be white;A pooled cross-section and time series data set from 1929 through 1955 was utilized for empirical estimates of both theoretical models and ad hoc adjusted models. The methods of ordinary least squares and nonlinear least squares were used to obtain unbiased estimates for both no tax shifting and partial tax shifting models, respectively. The simulation of the effect of nonexistence of government policy (grants) was also performed;The results showed that the expenditure or demand for education in black school districts was much more responsive to intergovernmental grants than in white school districts. Also, the ratio of per pupil expenditure between black and white was one-half in 1929, but almost one in 1955. In addition, simulation results showed that grants had a greater effect on spending for black schools than for white schools. Hence, the equalization of expenditure levels or the reduction of the gap in economic and social well-being between blacks and whites could have been achieved much faster had there been a way to allocate more of available state and federal grants-in-aid to black schools so as to stimulate the voter's spending on black schools.
Using Regression Discontinuity to Estimate the Effects of a Tier-1 Research-Based Mathematics Program in Seventh Grade:

The present study used a regression discontinuity approach to test whether schema-based instruction (SBI) was effective for students identified with varying levels of mathematics difficulties (MD) ...
Practical Implementation Strategies for Outpatient Neurology Palliative Care

In this chapter, we provide a framework and practical strategies for implementing palliative care in the outpatient neurology setting. This includes tips for incorporating palliative care principles into routine outpatient care as well as strategies for developing general or subspecialty team-based neuropalliative care clinics. We review several different models of outpatient palliative care suitable for both academic and community-based settings and provide checklists as a starting point to standardize team membership, team members’ roles and the referral process. We share tips for clinic operations including means of handling both funding and cultural barriers. The chapter closes with suggestions for quality improvement within practices and implementation research.
Infectious Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Recent trauma or surgery. IV drug use. Immunocompromise. Diabetes mellitus. Peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral neuropathy.
Endogenous attention to costs

Studies show that consumers are often unaware of the price of their purchases. We examine whether such ignorance may be willful. We develop a model entailing consumers who may feel conflicted about spending—some people have an inherent preference for overspending (“spendthrifts”). We show that if overspending causes regret, spendthrifts are better off in the short-term from ignoring costs to their consumption (i.e., prices), when ignorance reduces anticipated regret. In the long-term, ignorance of costs may, however, be harmful, since it acts to exacerbate spendthrifts’ overconsumption. Further, our model shows that consumers who are unconflicted about their spending, or have an inherent preference to underspend (“tightwads”), do not benefit from ignoring costs to their consumption in the short-term. We test the implications of our model against two datasets—a field dataset from a supermarket and data from a websurvey entailing a hypothetical experiment. We find support for our model implications that spendthrifts pay less attention to prices, and that their inattention may be endogenous (i.e., willful or strategic). Our results may help explain previous puzzling findings of low consumer price knowledge. Further, our finding that all consumer groups addressed herein have long-term benefits from price saliency provides support for policies that ensure prices are transparent and salient to consumers.
Recent Advances in Graphene Oxide Membranes for Gas Separation Applications

Graphene oxide (GO) can dramatically enhance the gas separation performance of membrane technologies beyond the limits of conventional membrane materials in terms of both permeability and selectivity. Graphene oxide membranes can allow extremely high fluxes because of their ultimate thinness and unique layered structure. In addition, their high selectivity is due to the molecular sieving or diffusion effect resulting from their narrow pore size distribution or their unique surface chemistry. In the first part of this review, we briefly discuss different mechanisms of gas transport through membranes, with an emphasis on the proposed mechanisms for gas separation by GO membranes. In the second part, we review the methods for GO membrane preparation and characterization. In the third part, we provide a critical review of the literature on the application of different types of GO membranes for CO2, H2, and hydrocarbon separation. Finally, we provide recommendations for the development of high-performance GO membranes for gas separation applications.
Refining algorithmic estimation of relative fundamental frequency: Accounting for sample characteristics and fundamental frequency estimation method.

Relative fundamental frequency (RFF) is a promising acoustic measure for evaluating voice disorders. Yet, the accuracy of the current RFF algorithm varies across a broad range of vocal signals. The authors investigated how fundamental frequency (fo) estimation and sample characteristics impact the relationship between manual and semi-automated RFF estimates. Acoustic recordings were collected from 227 individuals with and 256 individuals without voice disorders. Common fo estimation techniques were compared to the autocorrelation method currently implemented in the RFF algorithm. Pitch strength-based categories were constructed using a training set (1158 samples), and algorithm thresholds were tuned to each category. RFF was then computed on an independent test set (291 samples) using category-specific thresholds and compared against manual RFF via mean bias error (MBE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Auditory-SWIPE′ for fo estimation led to the greatest correspondence with manual RFF and was implemented in concert with category-specific thresholds. Refining fo estimation and accounting for sample characteristics led to increased correspondence with manual RFF [MBE = 0.01 semitones (ST), RMSE = 0.28 ST] compared to the unmodified algorithm (MBE = 0.90 ST, RMSE = 0.34 ST), reducing the MBE and RMSE of semi-automated RFF estimates by 88.4% and 17.3%, respectively.
Lattice setup for quantum field theory in AdS 2

Holographic conformal field theories (CFTs) are usually studied in a limit where the gravity description is weakly coupled. By contrast, lattice quantum field theory can be used as a tool for doing computations in a wider class of holographic CFTs where nongravitational interactions in AdS become strong, and gravity is decoupled. We take preliminary steps for studying such theories on the lattice by constructing the discretized theory of a scalar field in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}$ and investigating its approach to the continuum limit in the free and perturbative regimes. Our main focus is on finite sublattices of maximally symmetric tilings of hyperbolic space. Up to boundary effects, these tilings preserve the triangle group as a large discrete subgroup of ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}$, but have a minimum lattice spacing that is comparable to the radius of curvature of the underlying spacetime. We quantify the effects of the lattice spacing as well as the boundary effects, and find that they can be accurately modeled by modifications within the framework of the continuum limit description. We also show how to do refinements of the lattice that shrink the lattice spacing at the cost of breaking the triangle group symmetry of the maximally symmetric tilings.
Quantitative behavior of non-integrable systems. II

The theory of Uniform Distribution started with the equidistribution of the irrational rotation of the circle, proved around 1905 independently by Bohl, Sierpinski and Weyl. The quantitative upgrading of this qualitative result was done by Hardy, Littlewood, Ostrowski, Weyl, and others around 1920. Their work pointed out the crucial role of continued fractions in uniform distribution (for a good treatment of this, see e.g. the book of Drmota–Tichy [11]). This quantitative theory immediately solves—via “discretization”—the problem of quantitative equidistribution of the torus line flow in a square. Due to a simple equivalence, the torus line also settles the case of all “integrable” flat dynamical systems. In the last forty years a group of (mostly) ergodic theorists worked out a qualitative theory of nonintegrable flat systems (see Section 2.1). Using a new nonergodic approach that we call “shortline method”, here we start to develop a quantitative theory of nonintegrable flat dynamical systems. In this long work—which is a series of several papers—we discuss the similarities and the fundamental quantitative differences between “integrable” and “nonintegrable” systems.
Reliability and agreement of human renal and segmental artery hemodynamics measured using Doppler ultrasound.

The present study indicates that Doppler ultrasound-derived measures of renal and segmental artery hemodynamics over three cardiac cycles have excellent agreement with those over nine cardiac cycle...
Using Artificial Intelligence to Predict Surgical Shunts in Men with Ischemic Priapism.

Purpose:Ischemic priapism is a urological emergency that requires prompt intervention to preserve erectile function. Characteristics that influence escalation to surgical intervention remain unclea...
The Effect of State Data Breach Notification Laws on Medical Identity Theft

As the number of data breaches in the United States grows each year, cyber-security has become an increasingly important policy area. The primary mechanism for regulating and deterring data breaches is the "data breach notification law." Every U.S. state now has such a law that mandates that certain organizations disclose data breaches to their data subjects. Despite the popularity of these laws, there is relatively little evidence about their effectiveness at deterring breaches, and therefore reducing identity theft. Using medical identity theft panel data collected from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), this study implements an augmented synthetic control approach to analyze the effect of certain data breach notification standards on medical identity theft.
Make Healing, not Performance, the Goal for K-12 Schools Amid this Global Pandemic

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has had far reaching implications on every aspect of human life – from where we work, to where we feel safe to grocery shop, to how we greet friends. At the same time, the pandemic has exposed long-standing issues of structural racism, xenophobia, social and economic inequities, precipitating multiple large-scale social justice movements and demonstrations in the United States, culminating in “dual public health emergencies.” As Kindergarten through Grade 12 (K-12) students slowly return to school, educators are grappling with how to support their students amid these overlapping crises. In this paper, we discuss the relevance of trauma-informed pedagogy, with a specific focus on 3Rs – relational connectedness, restored trust, and contextualized resilience. We urge educators to keep the whole child at the center of their curriculum, and to make healing – not performance – the priority for K-12 schools amid and following the global pandemic.
Requirements for Interdependent Reserve Types Providing Primary Frequency Control

As renewable energy penetration increases and system inertia levels drop, primary frequency control is becoming a critical concern in relatively small interconnections such as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). To address this problem ERCOT is implementing a number of market rule changes including the introduction of a new Fast Frequency Response (FFR) reserve type to the electricity market. This FFR reserve type aims to help the traditional Primary Frequency Response (PFR) reserve type in arresting frequency decline in the event of a large generator outage. This paper derives reserve requirements to ensure sufficient reserve to arrest frequency decline before reaching the critical frequency threshold while coupling PFR reserve, FFR reserve, and system inertia. The general reserve requirement places limits on the amount of PFR reserve that can be provided by each unit based on its ramping capabilities. Two such limits are derived from first principles and another is proposed that is capable of accommodating the equivalency ratio introduced in previous work. These PFR reserve limits also provide first principles insight into equivalency ratios, which have only been studied empirically in the past. High-level insights are provided on a large Texas test case.
Optimized Data-Independent Acquisition Approach for Proteomic Analysis at Single-Cell Level

ABSTRACT Single-cell proteomic analysis provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity allowing the characterization of the cellular microenvironment which is difficult to accomplish in bulk proteomic analysis. Currently, single-cell proteomic studies utilize data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with a TMT labelled carrier channel. Due to the extremely imbalanced MS signals among the carrier channel and other TMT reporter ions, the quantification is compromised. Thus, data-independent acquisition (DIA)-MS should be considered as an alternative approach towards single-cell proteomic study since it generates reproducible quantitative data. However, there are limited reports on the optimal workflow for DIA-MS-based single-cell analysis. Herein, we report an optimized DIA workflow for single-cell proteomics using Orbitrap Lumos Tribrid instrument. We utilized a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and induced drug resistant polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs) to evaluate our established workflow. We found that a short LC gradient was preferable for peptides extracted from single cell level with less than 2 ng sample amount. The total number of co-searching peptide precursors was also critical for protein and peptide identifications at nano- and sub-nano-gram levels. Post-translationally modified peptides could be identified from a nano-gram level of peptides. Using the optimized workflow, up to 1,500 protein groups were identified from a single PACC corresponding to 0.2 ng of peptides. Furthermore, about 200 peptides with phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination were identified from global DIA analysis of 100 cisplatin resistant PACCs (20 ng). Finally, we used this optimized DIA approach to compare the whole proteome of MDA-MB-231 parental cells and induced PACCs at a single-cell level. We found the single-cell level comparison could reflect real protein expression changes and identify the protein copy number. Our results demonstrate that the optimized DIA pipeline can serve as a reliable quantitative tool for single-cell as well as sub-nano-gram proteomic analysis.
Gene therapy for autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system

A bstract. G ene therapy is currently being explored as a new therapeutic treatment of autoimmune disease. The genetic modification of autoreactive memory T cells (T cell-mediated gene therapy) and autoimmune target tissue (target tissue gene therapy) to produce immunoregulatory cytokines offers a promising way to regulate autoimmunity. Furthermore, regenerative gene therapy offers the possibility of delivering growth factors to damaged a utoimmune target tissue as a way of mediating repair. In the current review we discuss the different experimental models that are being used to test the efficacy of gene therapy in that treatment of autoimmune disease. We also d iscuss the importance of regulating transgene expression to ensure the therapeutic transgene products are delivered specifically to the autoimmune milieu in an antigen-inducible, non-constitutive manner.
Control of MHC Restriction by TCR Vα CDR1 and CDR2

Individual T cell receptor (TCR) V α elements are expressed preferentially in CD4 or CD8 peripheral T cell subsets. The closely related V α 3.1 and V α 3.2 elements show reciprocal selection into CD4 and CD8 subsets, respectively. Transgenic mice expressing site-directed mutants of a V α 3.1 gene were used to show that individual residues in either the complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR1) or CDR2 were sufficient to change selection from the CD4 subset to the CD8 subset. Thus, the germline-encoded V α elements are a major influence on major histocompatibility class complex (MHC) restriction, most likely by a preferential interaction with one or the other class of MHC molecule.