cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury by the allergy drug lodoxamide tromethamine

Abstract Lodoxamide tromethamine, an orphan antiallergy drug, inhibits degranulation of mast cells that reside in the myocardium and inhibits xanthine oxidase located in myocytes and predominately in the vascular endothelium. The hypothesis evaluated was that lodoxamide tromethamine would attenuate oxygen free radical damage. Isolated working rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1,000 μmol/L lodoxamide tromethamine at 37 ° and 24 °C with ischemic times of 22 and 93 minutes, respectively. These ischemic intervals yielded 50% survival and 50% return of function in untreated hearts. Lodoxamide treatment alone at the onset of reperfusion was also studied. Performance end points were aortic flow, pressure, and coronary flow. Biochemical analyses included serotonin collected from coronary effluent as a marker of mast cell degranulation, uric acid for xanthine oxidase inhibition, myocardial adenosine triphosphate, and carbonyl group concentrations. Performance data demonatrated that lodoxamide was beneficial in a log-linear dose response when given continuously at both temperatures. Percent of preischemic values for untreated and maximal responses at 1,000 μmol/L of lodoxamide were as follows: a mortality of 50% in nontreated hearts versus 0%; aortic flow, 47% to 94% (37 °C), 46% to 86% (24 °C); cardiac output, 60% to 98% (37 °C), 58% to 97% (24 °C); adenosine triphosphate, 59% to 90% (37 °C), 48% to 65% (24 °C). Serotonin was undetectable from any hearts. Uric acid concentrations and carbonyl group content did not change with increasing dose. Lodoxamide demonstrated no benefit when given only during reperfusion, suggesting injury occurred at times other than reperfusion.
Integration of photo-crosslinking and breath figures to fabricate biodegradable polymer substrates with tunable pores that regulate cellular behavior

Abstract Honeycomb films of crosslinked poly(e-caprolactone) triacrylate were fabricated by incorporating the breath-figure method with photo-curing. Two different pore sizes of 5.6 and 3.0 μm were achieved by modulating the airflow rate at 0 and 50 mL min −1 , respectively. Mouse pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, mineralization, and expression of integrin subunits of α 1 , α 2 , β 1 , and gene markers of osteocalcin, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and collagen type I were investigated on these two series of honeycomb films and their flat control. The honeycomb films, especially those with smaller pores, could significantly promote MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, ALP activity, mineralization, and gene expression of osteoblastic markers, via fostering expression of integrin subunits.
Institutionalizing Flexibility in a Service Firm: Multiple Contingencies and Hidden Hierarchies

This article uses in-depth case study research to examine one set of organizational and staffing arrangements designed to facilitate flexible service delivery. “Institutionalized flexibility” incor...
Effects of Whirling Disease on Selected Hematological Parameters in Rainbow Trout

Hematological responses to whirling disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Two-mo-old fingerling rainbow trout were exposed to cultured triactinomyxon spores of Myxobolus cerebralis at 9,000 spores/fish in December, 1997. Twenty-four wks post-exposure, fish were taken from infected and uninfected groups for peripheral blood and cranial tissue sampling. Histological observations on cranial tissues confirmed M. cerebralis infection in all exposed fish. Differences in hematological parameters between the two groups included significantly lower total leukocyte and small lymphocyte counts for the infected fish. No effects on hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, or other differential leukocyte counts were noted.
Restrictions upon Epstein-Barr virus infection of the leukemic cell are demonstrated in patients with hairy cell leukemia.

We tested the hypothesis that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) might actually infect leukemic hairy cells in vivo by examining those cells for the EBV-receptor, EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) and membrane antigen (MA), for spontaneous transformation and rescue of infectious virus and for presence of EBV genome. EBV-receptors were found on subpopulations of leukemic cells from each of 7 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) tested. MA was present on low numbers (1–5 per cent) of fresh leukemic cells of 7 patients and in some instances occurred with a greater frequency after 3 to 5 days in culture, with or without 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol–13–acetate. In 11 fresh leukemic cell preparations from 8 HCL patients, no EBNA was demonstrated. However, 2 samples after 4 days in culture expressed low frequencies of EBNA-positive cells. Spontaneous, EBV-positive cell lines were established with a high transformation efficiency from 3 HCL blood samples but not from 8 other specimens. Infectious EBV could be rescued from some hairy leukemic cell preparations by co-cultivation with cord blood lymphocytes. These results demonstrated that leukemic cell populations harbored infectious EBV, that the leukemic cells expressed virus receptors and suggested that a small subpopulation of leukemic cells might become infected in vivo at least transiently and possibly transformed in vitro by EBV. To test for the extent of occult in vivo infection of leukemic cells with EBV, Southern type hybridization studies were performed with a probe for EBV genome (Bam HI W). At a sensitivity level of 0.1 genome per cell, EBV genome was not detected in the leukemic cell populations of 7 patients. We conclude that host defence mechanisms protecting these individuals from EBV also prevent infections of the leukemic cell and/or most hairy leukemic cells are not suitable targets for both infection and transformation.
Differential Regulation of Gene Expression by Estrogen in Estrogen Growth-Independent and -Dependent MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Sublines

We have examined the ability of estradiol (E2) to regulate the expression of three mRNAs [for pS2, progesterone receptor (PR), and estrogen receptor (ER)], known to be under E2 regulation in the parental E2 growth-responsive MCF-7 cells, in an E2 growth-independent MCF-7 K3), previously isolated from the parental estrogen-dependent MCF-7 K1 human breast cancer cells after long term growth in vitro in the absence of estrogen, acquired estrogen-independent growth in vitro as well as the ability to form tumors in nude mice in vivo without estrogen. We find that the content of pS2 mRNA and the transcription rate of the pS2 gene, while being markedly increased by E2 in MCF-7 K1 cells, are no longer stimulated by E2 in this subline, although protein kinase activators tremendously increase (greater than 10-fold) pS2 mRNA in both K1 and K3 cells. In fact, basal pS2 mRNA levels are elevated 2.8 +/- 0.4-fold in MCF-7 K3 cells, and E2 evokes a concentration-dependent suppression of the pS2 mRNA level. In contrast, PR mRNA in the K3 subline, as in the parental K1 cells, is still up-regulated by E2, and ER mRAN content and the ER mRNA transcription rate are still down-regulated by E2 and show normal E2 dose-response relationships, implying that the ER in this subline is functional. These results demonstrate that the progression to estrogen-independent growth in K3 cells is accompanied by a change in the regulation of some estrogen-induced genes by estrogen. While PR and ER retain normal patterns of regulation by E2, the pS2 gene in the estrogen growth-independent K3 subline is differentially affected and is no longer stimulated by E2. Our data suggest that this altered regulation of the pS2 gene is probably not caused by a defect of the ER or ER regulation in this subline.
A unified framework for concurrent security: universal composability from stand-alone non-malleability

We present a unified framework for obtaining Universally Composable (UC) protocols by relying on stand-alone secure non-malleable commitments. Essentially all results on concurrent secure computation--both in relaxed models (e.g., quasi-polynomial time simulation), or with trusted set-up assumptions (e.g., the CRS model, the imperfect CRS model, or the timing model)--are obtained as special cases of our framework. This not only leads to conceptually simpler solutions, but also to improved set-up assumptions, round-complexity, and computational assumptions.Additionally, this framework allows us to consider new relaxed models of security: we show that UC security where the adversary is a uniform PPT but the simulator is allowed to be a non-uniform PPT (i.e., essentially, traditional UC security, but with a non-uniform reduction) is possible without any trusted set-up. This gives the first results on concurrent secure computation without set-up, which can be used for securely computing "computationally-sensitive" functionalities (e.g., data-base queries, "proof of work"-protocols, or playing bridge on the Internet).
Postconceptional age and gentamicin elimination half-life

We examined the correlation between the elimination half-life of gentamicin and postnatal or postconceptional age in 104 infants >24 weeks to ≤48 weeks postconceptional age. A weak correlation was observed between half-life and postnatal age (R=−0.353). A better correlation existed between postconceptional age and half-life (R=−0.572). A plot of the log of the mean half-life against postconceptional age was virtually linear. We conclude that postconceptional age is a major determinant of an infantss ability to excrete gentamicin, and speculate that the relationship between half-life and decreasing postconceptional age is exponential.
(Re)organizing Organizational Communication Pedagogy: Attending to the Salient Qualities of a Communicative Approach to Organization

Recent discussions about making the field of organizational communication more influential have given inadequate attention to how our pedagogical frameworks could more explicitly promote the distinct contributions of organizational communication scholarship. Embracing the classroom as an overlooked yet tremendously meaningful site for demonstrating the value of organizational communication theory and practice, we offer a guiding framework for teaching organizational communication that more clearly attends to the salient qualities of a communicative approach to the study of organization. We argue that this overarching approach to organizational communication pedagogy will help develop greater practical wisdom among students as they learn to apply communicative perspectives for understanding, critiquing, and engaging the problems of contemporary organizational life.
A very low current transistor structure

Silicon transistors have been fabricated which exhibit useful current gain at emitter current levels below 10-9amp. It has been proposed that the fall off of current gain with decreasing emitter current is due to the recombination of the surface component of injected current. The structure described decreases the loss due to such recombination by placing the surface collector base junction in very close proximity to the surface emitter base junction. The normal current gain maximum is in the range of 10-3amp. However, below this point some devices have shown the characteristic of increasing current gain with decreasing emitter current down to approximately 10-6amp. Below this point the gain falls off, with further lowering of the emitter current, in the conventional manner. These devices have then two beta peaks, one at 10-3amp and one at 10-6amp. This characteristic is shown to be dependent upon surface base width. The structure also allows the devices to be made with very small junction areas, and the resulting low capacitances give them unusual and useful properties.
Replication of Clinical Measles Virus Strains in Hispid Cotton Rats

An alternative model to nonhuman primates to study measles virus (MV) pathogenesis, to evaluate potential MV vaccines, or to screen for potential antivirals effective against this virus is highly desirable. The laboratory-adapted Edmonston strain of MV has been reported to replicate in the lungs of hispid cotton rats following intranasal inoculation, immunosuppress infected animals, and disseminate widely from the lungs, making these animals a candidate model. However, clinical MV strains have generally not been found to grow in these animals, limiting the utility and acceptance of this model. In the present studies we demonstrate reproducible replication of several clinical MV strains in hispid cotton rats. As with the Edmonston strain, leukocytes appear to be the primary target cells of these viruses following intranasal inoculation, and extrapulmonary dissemination is common. It is also demonstrated that prior MV infection or immunization of test animals with MV vaccine prevents pulmonary tract infection. These findings should make the MV-cotton rat model more acceptable.
Distribution of trace metals in the Odra River system: Water–suspended matter–sediments

Extensive investigations of trace metals concentrations in water,suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bottom sediments of the whole Odra River system were carried out over the years 1997–2000. The vertical distribution of selected metals and their mobility were also studied in the sediment cores from upper and middle river sections. Significant levels of metal contamination were found. Median concentrations (Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn and As) in the SPM and sediments were (mg kg � 1 ) 7.1 and 8.9 Cd,128 and 146 Pb,81 and 119 Cu,1198 and 1204 Zn,48 and 54 As, respectively. The highest metal pollution of the Odra River solids was found with cadmium,zinc,lead and arsenic, showing high similarity in their frequency distributions in both SPM and sediments. Cd,Zn and As appear to be of particular concern because of the high levels,that appear to be bioavailable,and their high mobility. The exchangeable and carbonate chemical forms of Cd and Zn reached up to 50% of their total amount. Besides the determination of total metal concentration,the metal chemical forms in river solids were investigated. The results of very wide studies of the Odra River system through 4 years suggest that metal pollution decreased,especially for Zn,Pb and Cu. Among all metals studied in the Odra River sediments,substantial reductions of Cd contamination were observed neither in the period after ’97 flood,nor if compared with the earlier results obtained before ’97. No essential differences of the metal contents were observed among the samples for the same river compartment,from the same locality,taken within the five sampling campaigns. The pattern of spatial and vertical metal distributions in the river solids indicates that a variety of sources might be responsible for the contamination; very intensive,historical and current mining and smelting activities probably are the most important ones. r 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
The Formation of Longitudinal Sand Dunes by Large Helical Eddies in the Atmosphere

Abstract It is suggested that helical roll vortices in the atmosphere are responsible for the formation of the longitudinal sand dunes that cover over half of the area of the large deserts of the world. The dunes are aligned in the direction of the prevailing wind and are spaced ∼2 km apart. Observations in the atmosphere and in the laboratory, and hydrodynamic stability theory, indicate that dominant forms of motion in the boundary layer of the atmosphere are counter-rotating helical roll vortices aligned along the wind and having diameters approximately equal to the thickness of the boundary layer. The necessary conditions for the formation of these roll vortices are fulfilled over large deserts and their spacings agree with the observed spacings of the dunes.
Getting "game": pregaming changes during the first weeks of college

Abstract Objective: Many students pregame (ie, drink before drinking), but there are scant data evaluating changes following college entry. The authors examined pregaming across the fall quarter and identified predictors of change and initiation in college. Participants: Freshmen (N = 708; 53% female, 100% drinkers) were recruited during university orientation (baseline). Methods: Self-report data were collected at baseline and end of fall quarter for 3 cohorts (the 2008–2010 academic years) and included demographics, alcohol use, problems, pregaming, personality, and expectancies. Results: Pregaming increased from 61.7% (baseline) to 79.9% (follow-up), with students pregaming twice as often and attaining higher blood alcohol concentration at follow-up. Many (54%) baseline non-pregamers initiated by follow-up. Initiation was associated with increased overall drinking (including heavy episodic drinking), positive expectancies, and greater behavioral activation sensitivity. Conclusions: Pregaming rapidly es...
High-precision non-destructive x-ray fluorescence method applicable to establishing the provenance of obsidian artifacts

A high-precision, non-destructuve x-ray fluorescence (XRF) method has been developed for the determination of both trace and major elements in obsidian archaeological artifacts. Other than brushing the artifact surface clean, no sample preparation is required. The method developed proves XRF to be an extremely valuable technique for the analysis of archaeological obsidian samples which cannot be destroyed or altered because of their importance for historical studies. The method is applicable to both thick and thin samples which have wide variations in size and shapes. The method has been used to establish the provenance of a number of obsidian artifacts. The results ascertained for groups of samples from three provenances are discussed in this paper. The concentrations of thirteen trace (Ti, Mn, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb and Th) and three major (K, Ca and Fe) elements were determined from one x-ray spectrum which was acquired during a 1000 s counting interval. The concentrations of the six most precisely measured elements (Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Ba) yielded precisions which averaged 2.3%. The mean concentrations determined for five of these elements (excluding Y) differed on average by only 2.0% from published values which were ascertained by neutron activation analysis and XRF. The average standard deviations realized for the other ten elements determined was ca. 7%.
Radioreceptor Assay of Opioid Peptides in Selected Canine Brain Regions

Abstract A radioreceptor assay using the opioid delta receptor-preferring ligand D- 2ala, D- 5leu leucine enkephalin (3H-DADL) and the broader-specificity ligand 3H-etorphine was used to measure five HPLC-purified neuropeptide fractions derived from the peptide-rich fraction of tissue homogenates of nine anatomical regions of the canine brain. The receptoractive peptides studied were methionine enkephalin, alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin 1-8, methionine enkephalin-Arg-Phe, and leucine enkephalin. These peptides derive from two larger precursors: proenkephalin A, which contains methionine enkephalin, leucine enkephalin, methionine enkephalin-Arg-Phe; and proenkephalin B, which contains alpha-neo-endorphin and dynorphin 1-8. Receptoractive peptides were measured in the peptide-rich fraction derived from homogenates of canine hypothalamus, pituitary, caudate nucleus, amygdala, hippocampus, mid-brain, thalamus, pons-medulla, and cortex.
Features of the public sphere

(1987). Features of the public sphere. Critical Studies in Mass Communication: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 437-441.
The Ethnographic Contribution to Understanding Co‐worker Relations

Relations among co-workers are becoming both more important and more complex in modern workplaces as authority over job decisions is shifted from supervisors to quasi-independent teams. The author develops a model of co-worker relations that recognizes these changes and evaluates this model using data content coded from the full population of published book-length workplace ethnographies (N = 204). Confirmatory factor analysis techniques support the existence of three distinct aspects of co-worker relations: cohesiveness, conflict and peer supervision. The most important determinants of co-worker relations are employee involvement programmes and management behaviour. Returning to specific case studies allows a theoretical elaboration of how employee involvement and management behaviour condition co-worker relations. The author concludes by noting the importance of intellectual exchanges between qualitative and quantitative methods for generating new advances in the study of work and employment relations.
The effect of private high school education on the college trajectory

We use the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) to estimate the effect of private secondary schooling on the average college trajectory of a student in the United States, examining college enrollment and degree attainment across the private and public sectors. We provide the first estimates of the effect of private schooling on college degree attainment using the most recent NELS survey. To account for potential non-random selection we exploit the variation in the grade spans of the students’ middle schools. Results indicate that private schooling has a significant, positive effect on college enrollment and degree attainment. The effect on college enrollment diminishes with time, suggesting that private schools influence degree attainment by getting students to college sooner.
Toward a Process-Based View of Information Technology Acceptance:

Research into the acceptance of technology is in need of an alternative approach. Despite repeated calls for research to guide our colleagues-in-practice in the deployment of systems that are accepted, there has yet to be systematic research into the relationship between the decisions made by individuals and the bottom-line impact that is derived from user acceptance. This study fills the gap in the literature by theorizing a process-based view of information technology (IT) acceptance. We report on a narrative study of 30 users of an ERP deployment and, analyzing this qualitative data through the lens of the five decisions of acceptance proposed by Schwarz and Chin, propose a process model of IT acceptance. We conclude by theorizing on the relationship between these structures and the corresponding bottom-line impacts.
Estimating kinetic parameters for single channels with simulation. A general method that resolves the missed event problem and accounts for noise

Analysis of currents recorded from single channels is complicated by the limited time resolution (filtering) of the data which can prevent the detection of brief intervals. Although a number of approaches have been used to correct for the undetected intervals (missed events) when identifying kinetic models and estimating parameters, none of them provide a general method which takes into account the true effects of noise and limited time resolution. This paper presents such a method. The approach is to use simulated single-channel currents to incorporate the true effects of filtering and noise on missed events and interval durations. The simulated currents are then analyzed in a manner identical to that used to analyze the experimental currents. An iterative search process using likelihood comparison of two-dimensional dwell-time distributions obtained from the simulated and experimental single-channel currents then allows the most likely rate constants to be determined. The large errors and false solutions that can result from the more typically applied assumptions of no noise and an absolute dead time (idealized filtering) are excluded by the iterative simulation method, and the correlation information contained in the two-dimensional distributions should increase the ability to distinguish among different gating mechanisms. The iterative simulation method is generally applicable to channels which typically open to a single conductance level. For these channels the method places no restrictions on the proposed gating mechanism or the form of the predicted dwell-time distributions.
Experimental six-state quantum cryptography

Using polarization-entangled photons, we have implemented the “six-state” quantum cryptography protocol, whereby each photon is measured in one of three bases. The resulting eavesdropper-induced error rate, experimentally investigated for several attacks, is enhanced to 33%.
Persistently positive cultures and outcome in invasive neonatal candidiasis

Background. A persistently positive culture >24 h after starting antibiotic therapy has been correlated with adverse outcome in several invasive bacterial infections, but few reports address persistent positivity and outcome in infections caused by fungi and other pathogens that replicate more slowly and therefore may succumb less quickly to therapy. Methods. To assess whether positive culture >24 h after achieving target doses (amphotericin ≥0.5 mg/kg/day or fluconazole ≥6 mg/kg/day) of systemic antifungal therapy predicts focal infectious complication(s) or death from infection, we compared neonatal intensive care unit infants who had persistent (P+) or nonpersistent (P-) positive cultures with invasive candidiasis (clinical signs of infection and recovery of Candida from a normally sterile site) at this center from January 1, 1981, through June 30, 1999. Infants who died ≤ 24 h after attaining target dosing, recovered without therapy, had a focal infectious complication already present at the time target dosing was achieved or were diagnosed with invasive candidiasis only postmortem were excluded. Results. We identified 58 P+ (29, 12 and 7 had positive cultures for >7, >14 and ≥21 days, respectively) and 38 P- infants. No differences were found between P+ and P- for birth weight; gestational age; gender; onset age; central vascular catheters; necrotizing enterocolitis, surgery or bacterial sepsis; or duration of parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, tracheal intubation or postnatal steroids. P+ were more likely to have blood or cerebrospinal fluid involvement (68 vs. 45%, P = 0.03). Distribution of Candida species was similar (albicans in 53 vs. 63% for P+ vs. P-). P+ were significantly more likely to develop later fungus ball uropathy (16 of 56 vs. 2 of 32, P = 0.01), to develop renal infiltration (11 of 56 vs. 1 of 32, P = 0.03) and to die from invasive candidiasis (11 of 58 vs. 0 of 38, P = 0.003) than P-. P+ were also more likely to develop endocarditis, abscess, ventriculitis and invasive dermatitis, although P > 0.05. Focal complication increased as duration of P+ increased (48, 55, 67 and 71% at >1, >7, >14 and ≥21 days, P = 0.06). When comparing only those with positive blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture, similar patterns were observed, although only death and focal complication or death from invasive candidiasis attained significance. Conclusions. These observations suggest that in neonatal invasive candidiasis: (1) cultures usually remain positive >24 h after attaining target antifungal doses; (2) aggressive imaging for focal complications may be reserved for infants with persistently positive cultures after several days of antifungal therapy at target doses or have signs strongly suggestive of focal complication; (3) focal complications and/or death from candidiasis increase with persistence; (4) focal complications increase with duration of persistence; (5) serial culture of infected site(s) helps predict outcome and the need for aggressive surveillance and intervention for focal complications.
Duplex structures connecting fault segments in Entrada Sandstone

Abstract All stages in the development of a duplex structure—from isolated, stepped fault segments, to segments joined by a single ramp, to segments joined by tens of ramps—are preserved along strike-slip and normal faults in Entrada Sandstone in Arches National Park, Utah. Bedding is either absent or at a high angle to the duplex-like structures in Entrada Sandstone, thus it had no significant role in constraining their geometry. We can reproduce the essential features of a duplex structure along a normal fault with mechanical and kinematic models previously used to simulate duplex structures along thrust faults. However the models do not account for the amount of observed thickening at the step where the structure forms. This suggests that the geometry of duplex-like structures along these strike-slip faults may be a result of interaction between the fault segments.
Dual Functioning Genetic Tags for Simultaneous Isolation and Observation of Fluorescent Complexes from Whole Cell Extract

Single molecule colocalization methods provide facile means of detecting and analyzing biomolecular complex formation. However, many of these complexes can not be reconstituted from purified systems and must be studied in cell extracts. We have developed a new approach for tagging these complexes with small molecule fluorophores (e.g., Cy3 and Cy5) and for isolation of these complexes in situ during a single molecule experiment. We are able to isolate complexes using either immunoaffinity techniques or by biotin/streptavidin interaction. We have used this method to isolate a number of complexes involved in pre-mRNA splicing in yeast including both the U1 and U6 snRNPs comprising 17 and 8 proteins respectively. By introducing multiple tags, we have analyzed protein stoichiometry in these isolated complexes. Finally, we have performed functional assays on the immobilized snRNPs to study their interactions with other components of the RNA splicing machinery in yeast. We predict that this approach will be broadly applicable for studies of other macromolecular machines.
Observations of core modes during RF-generated internal transport barriers in Alcator C-Mod

In the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, a high-resolution heterodyne ECE radiometer has been used to measure the electron temperature in plasma discharges with internal transport barriers (ITBs). ITBs are formed by the application of off-axis (r/a ∼0.5) ICRF power. Strong density peaking indicates the formation of the ITB. When the ITB is formed, the ECE radiometer detects a small amplitude mode localized near the magnetic axis. Surprisingly, as this mode amplitude grows a dip in the temperature profile is clearly observed at the same location. If sawteeth are present, the mode amplitude appears to be suppressed by the sawtooth crash and no dip in the temperate profiles is observed. TORAY, a ray-tracing code, has been used to investigate the possible refractive effects of the steep density gradients in the ITB and its effects on the ECE observations. The results show that refractive effects can explain the observed local changes in temperature. Ray-tracing also indicates that the observed modes are density fluctuations. Observations of broadband density fluctuations during 4.5 T ITBs are also described.
Youth offender reentry: Models for intervention and directions for future inquiry

Abstract Youth who return to the community following incarceration face high odds of repeat contact with the criminal justice system and major barriers to educational and vocational attainment. Existing models for reentry interventions typically seek to address the individual offender's risks for repeat involvement in crime. However, these interventions have not significantly or consistently reduced recidivism. The relatively greater successes of family-based interventions, combined with a body of compelling “neighborhood effects” theory and research signal the importance of developing and testing interventions for returning youth offenders that address the multi-layered social context(s) in which reentry occurs. Drawing on advances in neighborhood effects theory and spatial technologies, the authors provide a rationale for the development and testing of ecologically-driven juvenile reentry interventions and suggest several directions for future research.
Reduced tissue-level stiffness and mineralization in osteoporotic cancellous bone.

Osteoporosis alters bone mass and composition ultimately increasing the fragility of primarily cancellous skeletal sites; however, effects of osteoporosis on tissue-level mechanical properties of cancellous bone are unknown. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans are the clinical standard for diagnosing osteoporosis though changes in cancellous bone mass and mineralization are difficult to separate using this method. The goal of this study was to investigate possible difference in tissue-level properties with osteoporosis as defined by donor T scores. Spine segments from Caucasian female cadavers (58–92 years) were used. A T score for each donor was calculated from DXA scans to determine osteoporotic status. Tissue-level composition and mechanical properties of vertebrae adjacent to the scan region were measured using nanoindentation and Raman spectroscopy. Based on T scores, six samples were in the Osteoporotic group (58–74 years) and four samples were in the Not Osteoporotic group (65–92 years). The indentation modulus and mineral to matrix ratio (mineral:matrix) were lower in the Osteoporotic group than the Not Osteoporotic group. Mineral:matrix ratio decreased with age (r 2 = 0.35, p = 0.05), and the indentation modulus increased with areal bone mineral density (r 2 = 0.41, p = 0.04). This study is the first to examine cancellous bone composition and mechanical properties from a fracture prone location with osteoporosis. We found differences in tissue composition and mechanical properties with osteoporosis that could contribute to increased fragility in addition to changes in trabecular architecture and bone volume.
Onboard, Real-World Second-by-Second Particle Number Emissions from 2010 Hybrid and Comparable Conventional Vehicles

Despite hybrid-electric vehicles becoming more prominent in the on-road light-duty vehicle fleet, few studies have evaluated their real-world particle emissions. Hot-stabilized tailpipe particle number concentrations, emission rates, and number distributions emitted from two 2010 Toyota Camry vehicles—one hybrid and one conventional—were quantified during city driving in Burlington, Vermont, at ambient temperatures between -5°C and 9°C with the University of Vermont total onboard tailpipe emissions measurement system. Across replicate real-world runs, the average total cumulative particle number (3- to 3,000-nm particle diameter) emission rates measured for the hybrid vehicle were two times higher than that of the conventional vehicle, despite the hybrid vehicle's internal combustion engine being off 16% to 57% of the run duration. Average second-by-second number distributions for the conventional vehicle had three particle modes (10, 50, and 400 nm), whereas the broader hybrid vehicle distributions had t...
A cognitive interpretation of transactional and transformational leadership theories

Abstract Cognitive processes constructs provide a framework for analysis of transformational leadership and transactional leadership behaviors. Working memory, attribution, expectation, schema, script, and strategy processes are viewed as mediators in the relationships between feedback and environmental inputs and leadership behaviors. While these processes are the bases for both transformational and transactional leadership behaviors, the specific cognitive content differs between them. Whether an individual leads by developing a vision and enlisting subordinates' ego involvement in it or by setting goals and structuring tasks, depends upon the content of relevant schemata and scripts. This content is developed through experiences in similar situations or through vicarious learning. Literature relevant to the leadership and cognitive processes areas is reviewed, propositions are presented, and implications for research and practice are discussed.
Observations of gas phase hydrochloric acid in the polluted marine boundary layer

Ship-based measurements of gas phase hydrochloric acid (HCl), particulate chloride (pCl � ), and reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) were made in the polluted marine boundary layer along the California coastline during spring 2010. These observations are used to assess both the rate of Cl atom production from HCl andthe role of direct HCl emissions andsubsequent partitioningas asource for pCl � . Observations of HCl made in coastal Southern California are broadly correlated with NOz (NOz ≡NOy - NOx), peaking at 11 A.M. The observed median HCl mixing ratio in Southern California is 1.3 ppb (interquartile range: 0.53-2.7 ppb), as compared to 0.19 ppb (interquartile range: 0.10-0.38 ppb) measured along the Sacramento River between San Francisco and Sacramento. Concurrent measurements of aerosol ion chemistry indicate that aerosol particles sampled in Northern California are heavily depleted in Cl � , corresponding to a mean pCldeficit of 0.05±0.03 (1σ) ppb for sub-10 μm aerosol particles. In comparison, aerosols measured in Southern California indicate that over 25% of particles showed an addition of Clto the particle population. Observations presented here suggest that primary sources of HCl, or gas phase chlorine precursors to HCl, are likely underestimated in the California Air Resource Board emissions inventory. These results highlight the need for future field observations designed to better constrain direct reactive halogen emissions.
Effects of magnetic fields on flexural properties of a longitudinal polymer liquid crystal

We have placed a copolymer of poly(ethylene terephthalate + 0.6 mole fraction of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) in magnetic fields up to 1.8 Tesla, heated it to the molten state (at several temperatures in the range 240–315 °C) and cooled to the room temperature under the field to maintain the orientation so acquired. Then the extent of the orientation has been determined with an anisotropy parameter a based on the ultrasound critical–angle reflectometry (UCR); the parameter is calculated from the ratio of the maximum velocity to the minimum velocity of the reflected wave at critical incidence angles at which total internal reflection occurs. A significant orientation effect is found. As expected, anisotropy increases with time, magnetic field strength and to a lesser extent with the temperature. Large changes in the extent of the anisotropy are connected to phase transitions determined before. The Freederickscz transition is observed. The influence of the orientation effect on the mechanical properties of samples has been established by flexural tests. The strengthening observed has been explained using an extension of the statistical–mechanical theory of Flory in terms of channeling of flexible sequences in the polymer liquid crystals (PLC) and changes in phase structures under the magnetic field. The strengthening effect depends strongly on the presence, size and distribution of liquid crystal (LC) islands in the material. The islands act similarly as dispersoids in other types of materials. Maxima of the strengthening effect with respect to the alignment are found and related to the size of LC-rich islands in the structure.
Efficient, glucose responsive and islet-specific transgene expression by a modified rat insulin promoter

This study was done to improve efficiency and islet specificity of the rat insulin promoter (RIP). Various RIP lengths were prepared and tested in vitro to drive luciferase reporter gene expression in INS1-cells, α-cells, acinar cells, ductal cells and fibroblasts. The CMV promoter was used as a positive control. In addition, the DsRed reporter gene was administered in vivo to rat pancreas by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). Confocal microscopy was used to detect the presence and distribution of DsRed within the pancreas after UTMD. A modified RIP3.1 promoter, which includes portions of the insulin gene after its transcription start site is fivefold more active in INS-1 cells than the full-length RIP promoter or the CMV promoter. RIP3.1 is regulated by glucose level and various islet transcription factors in vitro, and exhibits activity in α-cells, but not in exocrine cells. In vivo delivery of RIP3.1-DsRed resulted in expression of DsRed protein in β-cells, and to a lesser extent in α-cells under normal glucose conditions. No DsRed signal was present in exocrine pancreas under RIP3.1. A modified RIP, RIP3.1, efficiently and specifically directs gene expression to endocrine pancreas.
Tidally oriented vertical migration and position maintenance of zooplankton in a temperate estuary

In many estuaries, maxima in turbidity and abundance of several common species of zooplankton occur in the low salinity zone (LSZ) in the range of 0.5–6 practical salinity units (psu). Analysis of zooplankton abundance from monitoring in 1972–1987 revealed that historical maxima in abundance of the copepod Eurytemora affinis and the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and in turbidity as determined from Secchi disk data, were close to the estimated position of 2 psu bottom salinity. The copepod Sinocalanus doerrii had a maximum slightly landward of that of E. affinis. After 1987 these maxima decreased and shifted to a lower salinity, presumably because of the effects of grazing by the introduced clam Potamocorbula amurensis. At the same time, the copepod Pseudodiaptomus forbesi, the mysid Acanthomysis sp., and amphipods became abundant with peaks at salinity around 0.2–0.5 psu.
Novel transactivation domain in erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF).

Abstract Erythroid Kruppel-like Factor (EKLF) is an erythroid-specific transcription factor that plays a critical role in γ- to β-globin gene switching during development. To identify essential domains required for EKLF transactivation function, we cotransfected a human erythroleukemia cell line (K562) with a locus control region γ/Luc-β/Cat reporter and an EKLF expression vector. In this assay EKLF mediates a 500-fold induction of β/CAT expression compared with controls. To map essential transactivation domains, progressive NH2-terminal and internal deletion mutants of EKLF were constructed. All EKLF mutants were expressed at wild-type levels, localized to the nucleus, and bound DNA. When mutant EKLF proteins were tested for β/CAT activation, a novel transactivation domain was identified. This novel domain, encompassing amino acids (aa) 140–358, is sufficient for maximal β/CAT activation. An 85-amino acid subdomain within this region (aa 140–225) is essential for its activity. Interestingly, this central transactivation subdomain is functionally redundant with the amino-terminal domain (aa 1–139). Thus, EKLF possesses at least two potent transactivation domains that appear to function in a redundant manner.
Computer simulation of glass structures

There are several computer simulation methods which can be used to generate glass structures. Among these are the methods which are used together with interatomic or intermolecular potential functions and which starting with an arbitrary initial configuration find structures corresponding to representative local minima in the potential energy surface. These include relaxation techniques, Monte-Carlo (MC) methods and molecular dynamics (MD). These are discussed. MC and MD simulations have the advantage that they sample configurations with thermodynamic probabilities and can be cooled through the glass transition. If the data are obtained carefully, MD simulations are found to display the time dependent character of the experimental glass transition. Glass structures obtained by cooling MD simulations of the fluid are discussed and compared with diffraction results.
Acute quadriplegia in a young man secondary to prothrombin G20210A mutation.

Study design: We present the case of an 18-year-old man, previously healthy, who presented with acute quadriplegia and respiratory failure. Physical examination was compatible with a high cervical anterior spinal cord lesion. Objective: We plan to evaluate the cause of such a neurological presentation in a healthy young man. Setting: American University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. Methods: The patient underwent routine blood hematological and chemistry work-up, hypercoagulable profile studies, genetic profile for thrombophelias, radiographic studies of the brain and cervical cord, cerebrospinal analysis and extensive electrophyisological studies. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiogram of the brain, carotid and intracranial vessels were normal. Cerebral angiography was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical cord revealed lesion of the anterior segment of the cervical cord between C2 and C5 levels. Hypercoagulable profile studies were normal. Electrophysiological studies confirmed an isolated lesion of the descending cortico-spinal tracts. DNA analysis revealed the presence of a G20210A mutation-causing hyperprothrombinemia. Conclusion: We conclude that a G20210A mutation causing-hyperprothrombinemia can cause anterior spinal artery thrombosis and anterior spinal cord infarction with the resultant neurological deficits in otherwise healthy patients.
Hudson Pictorial Depth Perception Test: cultural content and question with a Western sample.

Summary Since the Hudson Pictorial Depth Perception Test currently provides the main source of evidence about cross-cultural pictorial depth perception, an investigation was designed to study the effects of culturally relevant subject matter, identification of pictorial content, and specific questioning employed in the test with a Western reared S group (N = 160 elementary and college students). Two forms of the Hudson Test were used: The African form is composed of the six hunting scenes used by Hudson. An American version of the test was designed to duplicate the pictorial information in the African version. Half the Ss were asked Hudson's question containing the word “nearer,” and half were asked the question with “aiming” (or “throwing”). Both the familiarity of the cultural content and the specific terms used in questioning strongly influenced performance. There is evidence of a gradual developmental change in sensitivity to depth cues when portrayed in Hudson's test, but not when those cues appear i...
Progress report: Resistance to the Colorado potato beetle and potato leafhopper inSolanum tuberosum subsp.andigena

An extensive collection of 1527 clones ofS. tuberosum subsp.andigena was screened in 1973 in unreplicated plots to test for resistance to the Colorado potato beetle and potato leafhopper. All clones were susceptible to the beetle. Of 17 clones selected in the 1973 tests for resistance to the potato leafhopper, 7 selections were significantly more resistant than the control (Katahdin) in a replicated experiment in 1974.
Dynamically-Tunable Smart Composites Featuring Electro-Rheological Fluids

A new generation of revolutionary multi-functional, dynamically-tunable, intelligent, ultra-advanced composite materials featuring electro-rheological fluids is proposed herein for the active continuum vibrational-control of structural systems. This paper reports on pioneering proof-of-concept experimental investigations focused on evaluating the elastodynamic transient and also the forced response characteristics of beams fabricated in this new class of materials. The results of these investigations clearly demonstrate the ability to dramatically change the vibrational characteristics of beam-like specimens fabricated in ultra-advanced composite materials by changing the electrical field imposed on the fluid domains. In addition, experimental results are presented which characterize the elastodynamic response of a connecting rod of a slider-crank mechanism fabricated in these ultra-advanced composite materials. Again, the combined forced and parametric responses are controlled by the voltage imposed on the electro-rheological fluid domain in the structure. The capability of these materials to interface with modern solid-state electronics can be exploited by extending the fundamental phenomenological work presented herein through the successful incorporation of intelligent sensor technologies and modern control strategies in order to significantly accelerate the evolution of these novel composite materials for the military and aerospace industries.