cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LUBRICATION THEORY FOR n-LAYER THIN-FILM FLOW WITH APPLICATIONS TO MULTILAYER EXTRUSION AND COATING

There are various ways of modifying physical properties of polymers. Frequently, however, single polymers cannot satisfy all end-uses economically. Therefore, multilayer plastic films are used. Each layer of these composite materials provides a specific end-use characteristic such as oxygen and moisture barrier, thermoformability, mechanical attributes, and heat sealability to the product. Multilayer polymer films and sheets with combinations of these end-uses find applications in food packaging, in lamination to paper and other decorative uses (Schrenk and Alfrey, 1978), and in multilayer coating (Kistler and Striven, 1984). Multilayer polymer films and sheets are manufactured by a tubular blown-film process (Schrenk and Alfrey, 1973) or by a flat-die chill-roll process (Schrenk, 1974). In the case of extrusion through a flat die, the film is drawn down through a narrow slit at the outlet of the die and is subsequently quenched below its solidification temperature on a chill-roll. The modern and more widely used method has a single-manifold die. At the inlet of the die, a feedblock is attached that introduces a prearranged multilayer melt stream (see Fig. 1). The feedblock method is more popular than other available methods because of its versatility in accommodating a large number of layers. Similar to multilayer extrusion, coating the surface of a substrate with multiple layers of liquids is important in various scientific and industrial applications. The five commonly used devices that are suitable for premetered, precision coating are: slot coating, knife coating, roll coating, reverse-roll coating, and slide
Sophomores, Rats, and Referees: How Social Psychologists View Their World

A random sample of 123 social psychologists at all levels of professional distinction completed a mail questionnaire assessing their cognitive and affective judgments of 10 "role concepts" encountered as part of their professional environment. Clinical, educational, experimental, and social psychologists were all rated on the 17 scales, as were the rat, the college sophomore, the research subject, the graduate research assistant, the APA journal referee, and the externalfunding agency. The results showed strong differences between social psychologists' responses to each role concept. Factor and discriminant analyses were applied to the data in order to provide a preliminary cognitive and affective map of the social psychologist's "implicit psychology" concerning his colleagues, objects of study, and interactive mechanisms (e.g., journal referees) encountered in the study of social science. The results were compared and contrasted to a previous study of physical scientists working on the Apollo moon missions.
The Western Black Crested gibbon Nomascus concolor in Laos: New Records and Conservation Status

Few viable populations of western black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor remain in southern China and northern Indochina, where the species is endemic. We conducted village surveys in the Nam Ha National Protected Area in Luang Namtha Province, Lao PDR to assess presence and status of gibbon populations. Forest surveys used to verify gibbon presence and species identification confirmed village reports of gibbon populations in three locations, and sonogram analysis identified all as N. concolor. These represent an expansion in the known distribution of western black crested gibbon in Lao PDR and the only known populations to occur inside the national protected area system. Arlyne Johnson (Corresponding author) Wildlife Conservation Society, Box 6712, Vientiane, Lao PDR. E-mail ajohnson@wcs.org Sarinda Singh, Malaykham Duangdala and Michael Hedemark Wildlife Conservation Society-Lao PDR Program, Box 6712, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Received 27 April 2004. Revision requested 25 August 2004. Accepted 17 December 2004. Significantly longer times since gibbons were last reported were associated with villages with <50% forest cover and high human populations. Although village taboos regarding gibbon hunting were reported, hunting and trade were nevertheless identified as factors contributing to gibbon decline. Results indicated that increased community-based management, public education and enforcement are needed to maintain N. concolor populations and their habitat in Lao PDR.
A Program of Research in Business Planning

The purpose of this paper is to outline a program of research which is needed to improve the state of the art of business planning. We have approached this task by relating planning to management science on one hand, and to certain areas of descriptive knowledge on the other. From these relations we have constructed a comprehensive program for research on planning. Some parts of this program are being actively pursued, some are still in need of attention. It is our hope that this paper will contribute to a two-fold purpose: that it will help give the business planner a sense of unique identity, and that it will provide him with a research program which he can pursue in strengthening this identity.
Predicting the potential of wearable technology

The following topics are dealt with: the next era of examination and management of the patient with cardiovascular disease; the importance of technology in rehabilitation; wearable technology applications in Parkinson's disease; wearable sensor technology for functional assessment after stroke.
Aspiration Pneumonia: Incidence, Mortality, and At-Risk Populations

Pulmonary aspiration in the hospitalized patient can be devastating. Most aspiration events occur in patients with a swallowing disorder. Aspiration can be divided into 3 separate etiologies: oropharyngeal bacteria, particulate matter, and acidified gastric contents. Reported prevalence data are extremely variable, ranging from 10% to 70%. Mortality is related to the volume and content of the aspirate and is reported to be as high as 70%. Neurologic dysfunction, decreased consciousness, advancing age, gastroesophageal reflux, and tube feeding are all potential risk factors for the development of aspiration.
Full-vectorial mode analysis of rib waveguides by iterative Lanczos reduction

A highly efficient computer simulation code is developed to perform full-vectorial mode analysis of rib or channel waveguides. On a workstation, the mode profile and index can be calculated in 410 s if a 192*192 grid is used. The code is based on the iterative Lanczos reduction technique. Although the matrix representation of the transverse Helmholtz operator is slightly asymmetric in the vectorial mode analysis, the Lanczos reduction procedure can still converge to the eigenmode. Results for several rib waveguides are presented. They are compared to the results of the vectorial finite-element method and semivectorial analysis. >
Similarities and differences between flow boiling in microchannels and pool boiling

Recent literature indicates that under certain conditions the heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling in microchannels is quite similar to that under pool boiling conditions. This is rather unexpected, as microchannels are believed to provide significant heat transfer enhancement under single-phase as well as flow boiling conditions. This article explores the underlying heat transfer mechanisms and illustrates the similarities and differences between the two processes. Formation of elongated bubbles and their passage over the microchannel walls have similarities to the bubble ebullition cycle in pool boiling. During the passage of elongated bubbles, the longer duration between two successive liquid slugs leads to wall dryout and a critical heat flux that may be lower than that under pool boiling conditions. A clear understanding of these phenomena will help in overcoming these limiting factors and in developing strategies for enhancing heat transfer during flow boiling in microchannels.
APOL1 Genotype and Race Differences in Incident Albuminuria and Renal Function Decline

Variants in the APOL1 gene are associated with kidney disease in blacks. We examined associations of APOL1 with incident albuminuria and kidney function decline among 3030 young adults with preserved GFR in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. eGFR by cystatin C (eGFRcys) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio were measured at scheduled examinations. Participants were white (n=1700), high-risk black (two APOL1 risk alleles, n=176), and low-risk black (zero/one risk allele, n=1154). Mean age was 35 years, mean eGFRcys was 107 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and 13.2% of blacks had two APOL1 alleles. The incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval) for albuminuria over 15 years was 15.6 (10.6-22.1) for high-risk blacks, 7.8 (6.4-9.4) for low-risk blacks, and 3.9 (3.1-4.8) for whites. Compared with whites, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident albuminuria was 5.71 (3.64-8.94) for high-risk blacks and 2.32 (1.73-3.13) for low-risk blacks. Adjustment for risk factors attenuated the difference between low-risk blacks and whites (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.71). After adjustment, high-risk blacks had a 0.45% faster yearly eGFRcys decline over 9.3 years compared with whites. Low-risk blacks also had a faster yearly eGFRcys decline compared with whites, but this difference was attenuated after adjustment for risk factors and socioeconomic position. In conclusion, blacks with two APOL1 risk alleles had the highest risk for albuminuria and eGFRcys decline in young adulthood, whereas disparities between low-risk blacks and whites were related to differences in traditional risk factors.
Treatment for collapsed lung in critically ill patients. Selective intrabronchial air insufflation using the fiberoptic bronchoscope.

A new, simpler method to re-expand collapsed lungs was introduced in 14 procedures in 12 critically ill patients. To close the bronchus, we wedge the fiberoptic bronchoscope into each segment or subsegment of the collapsed lung instead of using a balloon cuff. Room air was then insufflated into the atelectatic alveoli after repetitive sputum suctioning and bronchial washing with normal saline solution. Complete re-expansion was achieved in 12 of the 14 procedures and partial in two. The average alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O 2 ) declined from 217.5 before the procedure to 200.3, 150.0 and 152.2, respectively at 30 minutes, 12 hours and 24 hours after. There were no complications. (Chest 1990; 97:435–38)
Avoiding Catch-22s: Approaches to Resolve Conflicts Between Military and State Bar Rules of Professional Responsibility

Military lawyers (judge advocates) operate under two sets of professional responsibility rules: the rules of the state that licenses the attorney, usually based on the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules or older Model Code of Professional Responsibility, and the rules of professional conduct of that judge advocate's military service. What happens if those sets of rules conflict? ABA Model Rule 8.5 and the military rules claim that these conflicts can be ameliorated through conflicts of law analysis, and that any potential conflict may only be theoretical. However, the military rules also state that their rules supercede any conflicting state rules of attorney conduct. Furthermore, at least one state has ruled the other way, finding that its rules preempt any military regulations regarding attorney conduct. This creates the potential of placing judge advocates only trying to do their job and follow legal orders in a catch-22. I examine this problem in four parts. First, I examine the history of the ABA Rules and the military ethics rules, finding that the patchwork-method of attorney regulation has created this potential conflict. Second, I perform an in-depth comparison of the ABA Model Rules and the various military service rules of professional conduct, identifying all potential conflicts for judge advocates. Third, I unravel the two popular explanations for how the military and ABA rules can co-exist, the conflicts of law analysis of ABA Model Rule 8.5, and the claim of federal regulatory preemption. Regarding the claim of preemption, I offer two historical examples to demonstrate why the military cannot claim that the military rules preempt pervasive state regulation of the legal profession. Finally, I offer a solution to this problem by drafting an amendment to Article 27, Uniform Code of Military Justice (10 U.S.C. 827) which provides clear statutory language directing that military rules preempt state ethics rules. By amending the UCMJ to make congressional intent of preemption clear, judge advocates will not have to worry about being placed in an unfair catch-22.
Practical Situation in Leadership Style Change

Understand the theory and know how to apply it to real life situations is the key element to the success in the business world. This paper is part of a case study that shows a business consultant quest to change a leadership style. The setting for this change was a mid-size stainless steel manufacturing company, with five hundred employees and ranked as second in production of stainless steel in Latin America.
Reflexive Polytopes and Lattice-Polarized K3 Surfaces

We review the standard formulation of mirror symmetry for Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces in toric varieties, and compare this construction to a description of mirror symmetry for K3 surfaces which relies on a sublattice of the Picard lattice. We then show how to combine information about the Picard group of a toric ambient space with data about automorphisms of the toric variety to identify families of K3 surfaces with high Picard rank.
Ancillary colonoscope insertion techniques: an evaluation

Colonoscope insertion from anus to cecum requires a sound basic technique that minimizes looping and maintains a straight scope. Four adjunct techniques may help advance insertion but none has been carefully evaluated. Accordingly, data were collected prospectively from 417 patients undergoing colonoscopy by the author. There were 223 males and 194 females with a median age of 60 years (range 12-94 years). Colonoscopy was complete in 405 cases (97.1%). The incidence and effectiveness of the four maneuvers were: hold breath (63%, 32%), abdominal pressure (65%, 60%), turn on left side (36%, 42%), turn on right side (19%, 77%). All 4 techniques were used in 54 patients (13%); 3 were used in 98 (24%); 2 in 98 (24%); 1 in 53 (13%); and none in 114 (27%). These ancillary techniques were more often used in females than males (P = 0.01); in intact colons more often than those after left colectomy (P = 0.001); and in patients of slim build than those of normal build (P = 0.04). Of the four techniques, abdominal pressure was most often used and turning on the right side was most often effective.
MRI in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Researchers at University of Melbourne, Australia, and St Louis Children’s Hospital, US investigated the effects of hypothermia treatment on MRI patterns of brain injury in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and the prognostic utility of MRI for death or disability at age 2 years.
Vascular smooth muscle cell contractile protein expression is increased through protein kinase G-dependent and -independent pathways by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibition and deficiency.

VSMC phenotype plays a role in growth of blood vessels during embryogenesis and in pathogenesis of vascular diseases. A contractile phenotype of VSMC is critical in normal physiological function of...
Information-theoretic limits of algorithmic noise tolerance

Statistical error compensation techniques in computing circuits are becoming prevalent, especially as implemented on nanoscale physical substrates. One such technique that has been developed and deployed is algorithmic noise tolerance (ANT), which aggregates information from several computational branches operating at different points along energy-reliability circuit tradeoffs. To understand this practical approach better, it is of interest to develop limit theorems on optimal designs, no matter how much design effort is put in. The purpose of this paper is to develop a fundamental limit for ANT by making an analogy to the CEO problem in multiterminal source coding, extended to the setting with a mixed set of discrete and continuous random variables. Since statistical signal processing and machine learning are key workloads for modern computing, we specifically discuss performance measured according to logarithmic distortion, in addition to mean-squared error. We find the Gaussian CEO problem provides performance bounds for ANT under both kinds of distortion.
Nothing but the Truth

This chapter documents our attachment to the stance of the Witness in the way we conceptualize social movements. It argues that there is an inflationary pressure affecting the visual image and the “truths” it carries, and that there is a need for a scar of extraction from concealment to mark the legitimacy of a truth, as compensation for this inflation, but that this need is set within a context of an ultimate impossibility of concealment.
A phase 1 study of AMG 900, an orally administered pan-aurora kinase inhibitor, in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

Aurora kinases are involved in the pathophysiology of several cancers including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this phase 1 study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of AMG 900, an orally administered, highly potent, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of both Aurora kinase A and B, in patients with AML. Patients with pathologically documented AML who either declined standard treatments or had relapsed from or were refractory to previous therapies were enrolled. Two every-2-week dose-escalation schedules using a modified 3 + 3+3 design were used: AMG 900 given daily for 4 days with 10 days off (4/10 schedule), and AMG 900 given daily for 7 days with 7 days off (7/7 schedule). Thirty-five patients were enrolled at 9 different dose levels: 22 patients on the 4/10 schedule (doses from 15 to 100 mg daily), and 13 patients on the 7/7 schedule (doses from 30 to 50 mg daily). Both schedules were tolerated; nausea (31%), diarrhea (29%), febrile neutropenia (29%), and fatigue (23%) were the most common treatment-related adverse events. Three patients (9%) achieved complete response with incomplete count recovery. Patients with higher baseline expression of a set of specific pathway-related genes (BIRC5, AURKA, TTK, CDC2, and CCNB1) were more likely to respond in an exploratory biomarker analysis. AMG 900 was tolerated in a general AML population, and pathway-specific biomarkers identified a potential target population. Future research efforts will be directed toward further exploration of biomarkers of response and combination of AMG 900 with other anticancer agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Neuropilin-1 mediates neutrophil elastase uptake and cross-presentation in breast cancer cells

Neutrophil elastase (NE) can be rapidly taken up by tumor cells that lack endogenous NE expression, including breast cancer, which results in cross-presentation of PR1, an NE-derived HLA-A2-restricted peptide that is an immunotherapy target in hematological and solid tumor malignancies. The mechanism of NE uptake, however, remains unknown. Using the mass spectrometry-based approach, we identify neuropilin-1 (NRP1) as a NE receptor that mediates uptake and PR1 cross-presentation in breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that soluble NE is a specific, high-affinity ligand for NRP1 with a calculated Kd of 38.7 nm Furthermore, we showed that NRP1 binds to the RRXR motif in NE. Notably, NRP1 knockdown with interfering RNA or CRISPR-cas9 system and blocking using anti-NRP1 antibody decreased NE uptake and, subsequently, susceptibility to lysis by PR1-specific cytotoxic T cells. Expression of NRP1 in NRP1-deficient cells was sufficient to induce NE uptake. Altogether, because NRP1 is broadly expressed in tumors, our findings suggest a role for this receptor in immunotherapy strategies that target cross-presented antigens.
School, drugs, mentoring, and peers: Evidence from a randomized trial in the US

Abstract This paper finds that the expensive, comprehensive, and controversial mentoring program, Quantum Opportunity Program (QOP), was successful among youths with ex-ante high-predicted risk of drug-use as it increased their likelihood of graduating from high-school by 15%, attending post-secondary education by 21%, and completing 2 years of post-secondary education by 32%. It also finds some evidence that, for this group, QOP improved employment and wages. Many of these impacts persisted 10 years after random assignment. The lack of QOP effects on curbing these youths’ risky behaviors while they were in their late teens hides beneficial results for those with ex-ante bad peers, and detrimental effects for those with ex-ante good peers as other treated youths during QOP group activities may have been a bad influence.
A 40 GHz Air-Dielectric Cavity Oscillator with Low Phase Modulation Noise

We describe a 40 GHz cavity stabilized oscillator (CSO) that uses an air-dielectric cavity resonator as a frequency discriminator to reduce the phase modulation (PM) noise of a commercial 10 GHz di...
Imagining socialism in the soviet century

AbstractMuch of the current conversation about social justice, economic responsibility and individual self-realization is informed by an explicit or implicit comparison between capitalist and socialist modernities. The Soviet Union’s variety of socialism understandably serves as a critical master referent in this conversation. In this regard, a dominant historical narrative that ties the history of Soviet socialism to the Bolshevik origins imposes serious limitation to available depictions of socialism and histories of the twentieth century. This article turns the Bolshevik fundamentals assigned to the Soviet project into a problem of historical analysis and argues that the Soviet experience has more than one normative vision of socialism to offer. The goal is to foreground the divergence of normative conceptions of the socialist society and individual by historicizing the two principal and presently closely identified ideological-educational undertakings: those of the New Man and the ‘New Soviet Person’....
Cryptographic Protocols Underlying Privacy-ABCs

In this chapter we present the Cryptographic Engine which provides the cryptographic functionality used in the ABC Engine, such as issuance or presentation of credentials. We first describe the architecture of the Cryptographic Engine, explain the building blocks it uses, and explain how they are bound together. We then describe the cryptographic primitives that the library uses to instantiate those building blocks.
Physical Activity in Early Parkinson Disease.

Background Physical activity and exercise improve outcomes in Parkinson disease (PD), however little is known about activity levels in early PD patients. Objective and methods We examined self-reported activity scores and examined associations with clinical characteristics in 383 PD subjects and 175 healthy controls from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Results Activity scores were 8% lower for PD subjects than HC (162.6±86.2 vs 175.0±78.5, p = 0.10). Higher scores were associated with younger age and male sex. Only 47% of PD subjects and 44% of HC reported activity consistent with standard recommendations for adults. Conclusions Our findings highlight the need to encourage exercise even in early PD.
An Introduction to American Presidential Candidate Spouses

This chapter underscores the role of presidential candidate spouses as important and unique political actors and as national role models. It highlights the theme that a careful examination of public opinion toward candidate spouses also provides a window into Americans’ gendered expectations for the presidency. This chapter details the book’s original contributions to the public opinion literature on presidential candidate spouses, and provides an overview of the book’s organization and methods. This chapter outlines the scope of the study, which explores public evaluations of presidential candidate spouses across three decades, from the 1988 presidential election through the 2016 presidential election, and discusses the major sources of public opinion data including the American National Election Studies as well as the Roper Center for Public Opinion. It identifies significant factors shaping attitudes toward candidate spouses and advances multiple theoretical frameworks including an introduction of the concept of new traditionalism.
Acute Blood Pressure Management After Ischemic Stroke

High blood pressure (BP) is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke. Though the role of BP lowering in the long-term care of subjects with an ischemic stroke is well established, BP management in the acute setting is controversial, largely due to concerns about the possibility of worsening ischemia by BP lowering. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of lowering BP in this setting, summarizes the studies on cerebral blood flow and clinical outcome after BP lowering in acute stroke and lists guidelines for BP management after acute stroke.
Absorbing Balls for Equations Modeling Nonuniform Deformable Bodies with Heavy Rigid Attachments

We study degenerate nonlinear partial differential equations with dynamical boundary conditions describing the forced motions of nonuniform deformable bodies with heavy rigid attachments. We prove that the dynamical system generated by a discretization of these equations has an absorbing ball whose size is independent of the order of the discretization. This result implies the existence of an absorbing ball for the infinite-dimensional dynamical system corresponding to the original degenerate partial differential equation and thereby serves as a critical step for establishing the existence of global attractors for this system. Our results also address the interesting mechanical question of how nonuniformity complicates the longterm dynamics of the coupled systems we consider.
Procuring, Cleaning, and Cutting Fish

Today the modern housewife can obtain almost any kind of fish she wants—fresh or frozen—in fillet or steak form. It is also possible for her to buy fish in the retail or wholesale markets in the round (just as it comes from the water), drawn (which means the entrails have been removed), or dressed (scales, entrails, head, tail, and fins removed). Fish is marketed in various forms for different uses. To buy intelligently requires a knowledge of these commercial forms or “cuts.” So to aid the consumer in purchasing fish the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared illustrations and descriptive material which are presented here.
Insect Feeding Stimulants from the Leaf Surface of Populus

Leaf surface chemicals from a beetle-preferred poplar clone, Eugenei (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra), induce feeding in adult cottonwood leaf beetles, Chrysomela scripta. The feeding stimulants were isolated and identified as n-beheryl alcohol (C22), n-lignoceryl alcohol (C24), n-hexacosanol (C26), n-octacosanol (C28), n-triacontanol (C30), and α-tocopherylquinone [2-(3-hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-2,5 cyclo-hexadiene-1,4-dione] (α-TQ). It is the first time that α-TQ has been reported as a feeding stimulant for an insect. Fatty alcohols or α-TQ alone do not induce beetle feeding significantly, but a mixture of alcohols and α-TQ synergistically stimulates beetle feeding. The role of these feeding stimulants in insect feeding behaviors and possible use in a pest management program is discussed.
Least-cost flaw repair: a plan refinement strategy for partial-order planning

We describe the least-cost flaw repair (LCFR) strategy for performing flaw selection during partial-order causal link (POCL) planning. LCFR can be seen as a generalization of Peot and Smith's "Delay Unforced Threats" (DUnf) strategy (Peot & Smith 1993); where DUnf treats threats differently from open conditions, LCFR has a uniform mechanism for handling all flaws. We provide experimental results that demonstrate that the power of DUnf does not come from delaying threat repairs per se, but rather from the fact that this delay has the effect of imposing a partial preference for least-cost flaw selection. Our experiments also show that extending this to a complete preference for least-cost selection reduces search-space size even further. We consider the computational overhead of employing LCFR, and discuss techniques for reducing this overhead. In particular, we describe QLCFR, a strategy that reduces computational overhead by approximating repair costs.
CONVERTING TO COMPETITION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE NETHERLANDS

This chapter discusses the introduction of competition into Medicare, the federal health insurance program for the aged and disabled. It is possible to make changes that are radical in their long-term effects, but each step along the way has to be perceived as fair, acceptable, and predictable in its consequences. Thus, where a society can go depends a lot on where it has been. It is very hard to make a part of the system cost-conscious and competitive if the rest of the system is open-ended. In such a case, the open-ended sector can bid away resources, create increasingly costly standards of care, and bid up prices. For example, malpractice in the United States is defined as a departure from the community standard of care, which is still fee-for-service care with open-ended insurance. Thus, a satisfactory competition strategy must eventually achieve cost-conscious demand in the whole system.
Assessment of YouTube as an Informative Resource on Facial Plastic Surgery Procedures.

This study investigates the video quality and creator qualification of YouTube videos about facial plastic surgery procedures.
Community-Engaged Neighborhood Revitalization and Empowerment: Busy Streets Theory in Action

Busy streets theory predicts that engaging residents in physical revitalization of neighborhoods will facilitate community empowerment through the development of sense of community, social cohesion, collective efficacy, social capital, and behavioral action. Establishing safe environments fosters positive street activity, which reinforces neighborhood social relationships. A community-engaged approach to crime prevention through environmental design (CE-CPTED) is one promising approach to creating busy streets because it engages residents in collaborative interactions to promote safer environments. Yet, few researchers have studied how CE-CPTED may be associated with busy streets. We interviewed 18 residents and stakeholders implementing CE-CPTED in Flint, Michigan. We studied three neighborhoods with different levels of resident control over CE-CPTED. Participants described how CE-CPTED implementation affected their neighborhood. Participants from all three neighborhoods reported that CE-CPTED was associated with positive street activity, sense of community, and collective efficacy. Participants from neighborhoods with higher resident control of CE-CPTED reported more social capital and behavioral action than those from neighborhoods with less resident control. Our findings support busy streets theory: Community engagement in neighborhood improvement enhanced community empowerment. CE-CPTED that combines physical revitalization with resident engagement and control creates a potent synergy for promoting safe and healthy neighborhoods.
Obesity Is Associated With Increased Thoracic Kyphosis in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients and Nonscoliotic Adolescents

Abstract Study Design Retrospective comparative cohort study. Objective To compare radiographic parameters between adolescents with a greater body mass index (BMI) percentile to underweight individuals. Summary of Background Data Increased BMI percentile has been associated with increased complications after surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, association between BMI percentile and preoperative sagittal plane alignment has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMI percentile on sagittal alignment in AIS patients compared with nonscoliotic adolescents. Methods Posterior-anterior and lateral spinal radiographs of 1,551 AIS patients with a thoracic major curve (Lenke 1–4) and 70 nonscoliotic adolescent patients were compared. BMI percentile was determined based on age and sex, and patients were divided into four categories: underweight ( Results Coronal plane deformity magnitude was not significantly different between the 4 categories of AIS patients (p = .51). Increased BMI percentile was associated with increased thoracic kyphosis globally (T2–T12: p .07). Pelvic incidence was significantly greater in AIS patients compared with nonscoliotic adolescents (54 ± 13 vs. 46 ± 11; p = .01). Conclusion Increased BMI percentile is associated with increased thoracic kyphosis in AIS patients and nonscoliotic adolescents. Excess weight may reduce anterior vertebral growth. AIS patients have an increased pelvic incidence compared with nonscoliotic adolescents; however, this variable is not influenced by body mass. These relationships should be taken into account when planning sagittal plane deformity correction or considering neuro axis disorders (also associated with increased kyphosis) in patients with scoliosis. Level of Evidence Level II.
The Eﬀect of Media on Children’s Moral Reasoning

Research on the development of moral reasoning in young children (e.g., Krcmar & Hight, 2007; Vieira and Krcmar, 2011) has deﬁned moral reasoning as the ability to make ethical choices and to oﬀer explanations for those choices. According to two dominant but somewhat opposing approaches, diﬀerent processes underlie this ability. One approach views the world as logical and rational, and assumesthat advances in moral reasoning are determined in large part through cognitive development. This suggests that once children have developed the necessary rational processing skills they make ethical choices based on standards of personal and societal justice (Kohlberg, 1984). The other approach views the world of moral reasoning as emotional, suggesting that advances in moral reasoning result from the development of empathy for others. Children learn to make choices based on feelings of care and responsibility (Gilligan, 1982), determined at least partly by cues from their social world. Despite debates between proponents of these sometimes opposing perspectives, each rests on the assumption that moral reasoning emerges from individuals’ internal construction of the social world, speciﬁcally from their internalized sense of right and wrong (Gilligan, 1982; Johnson, 1993; Reed, 1997). Some research suggests that these internalizations develop at a very young age, with moral judgment skills and emotional sensitivity to moral standards seen as early as 18 months (Kagan, Britto, & Engle, 2005). Research exploring media’s inﬂuence on children’s moral decision-makinghas been mostly limited to studies that examine how children reason about prosocial acts or violence. With few exceptions, these studies have focused on the inﬂuence of television and video games on moral reasoning. Little, if any, research has examined newer media technologies, such as Twitter,texting, and Facebook, technologies that are arguably of vital importance to the moral reasoning of modern children and adolescents. In this chapter I will examine the association between media and chil-dren’s moral reasoning. My examination is divided into three sections. In the ﬁrst section I will describe diﬀerent approaches to understanding the development of moral reasoning in children. In the second section I will begin with a review of extant research examining the inﬂuence of media on children’s moral judgments and moral development. I will build on this to speculate about whether moral reasoning can inﬂuence judgments about media violence. In the third and ﬁnal section, I will discuss both old and new technology as they relate to moral development, and argue that an expanded (and perhaps expansive) interpretation of moral reasoning is needed to make sense of new technologies as they apply to children’s development of moral reasoning.
Postprandial remodeling of high-density lipoprotein following high saturated fat and high carbohydrate meals.

Background Humans spend most of the time in the postprandial state, yet most knowledge about high-density lipoproteins (HDL) derives from the fasted state. HDL protein and lipid cargo mediate HDL's antiatherogenic effects, but whether these HDL constituents change in the postprandial state and are affected by dietary macronutrients remains unknown. Objectives This study aimed to assess changes in HDL protein and lipid composition after the consumption of a high-carbohydrate or high saturated fat (HSF) meal. Methods We isolated HDL from plasma collected during a randomized, cross-over study of metabolically healthy subjects. Subjects consumed isocaloric meals consisting predominantly of either carbohydrate or fat. At baseline and at 3 and 6 hours postprandial, we quantified HDL protein and lipid composition by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results A total of 15 subjects were included (60% female, aged 34 ± 15 years, body mass index: 24.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2). Consumption of the HSF meal led to HDL enrichment in total lipid (P = .006), triglyceride (P = .02), and phospholipid (P = .008) content and a corresponding depletion in protein content. After the HSF meal, 16 of the 25 measured phosphatidylcholine species significantly increased in abundance (P values range from .027 to Conclusion Meal macronutrient content acutely affects HDL composition in the postprandial state, with the HSF meal resulting in enrichment of HDL phospholipid content with possible consequences for HDL function.
Daily-life affective instability in emotional distress disorders is associated with function and structure of posterior parietal cortex.

Abstract Affective instability (i.e., large and frequent shifts in negative emotions) is a key emotion dysregulation symptom in emotional distress disorders and can be reliably and validly assessed using ambulatory assessment. However, no study has examined whether affective instability is associated with brain function and structure. Using multimodal neuroimaging and ambulatory assessment, we examined associations between functional activation and cortical structure with ambulatory-assessed affective instability in emotional distress disorders (n = 27). Increased daily life-affective instability was associated with decreased neural activation on an emotion regulation task in a left inferior parietal region consistently associated with emotion regulation. Daily-life affective instability was also associated with hypogyria in this same left inferior parietal region, with hypogyria extending into additional posterior parietal regions. This study found evidence that daily-life affective instability was associated with both functionstructure of the posterior parietal cortex, a key attentional control region involved in emotion regulation.
Diving deep: understanding the genetic components of hypoxia tolerance in marine mammals

Marine mammals have highly specialized physiology, exhibited in many species by extreme breath-holding capabilities that allow deep dives and extended submergence. Cardiovascular control and cell-level hypoxia tolerance are key features of this phenotype. Identifying genomic signatures tied to physiology will be valuable in understanding these natural model species, which may generate translational opportunities to human diseases arising from hypoxic stress or tissue injury. Genomic analyses have now been conducted in dolphins, river dolphins, minke whales, bowhead whales, and polar bears, with multispecies studies exploring evolutionary signals across marine mammal lineages, encompassing extinct and extant divers. Single-species genome studies for sirenians do not yet exist. Extant marine mammals arose in three lineages from separate aquatic recolonizations. Their physiological specializations, along with these independent origins create an interesting case to examine convergent evolution. Although molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance are not universally apparent across marine mammal genomic studies, altered evolutionary rates have been identified for genes linked to oxygen binding and transport (e.g., MB, HBA, and HBB), blood pressure control (e.g., endothelin pathway genes), and cell protection in multiple species. Despite convergent phenotypes across clades, instances of identical molecular convergence have been uncommon. Given the inherent logistical and regulatory difficulties associated with functional genetic experiments in marine mammals, several avenues of further investigation are suggested to enable validation of candidate genes for hypoxia tolerance: leveraging phylogeny to better understand convergent phenotypes; ontogenic studies to identify regulation of key genes underlying the elite, adult, hypoxia-tolerant physiology; and cell culture manipulations to understand gene function.
Lung Cancer Survival Prediction Using Instance-Specific Bayesian Networks

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide and the second most common cause in women. Accurate prediction of lung cancer outcomes can help guide patient care and decision making. The amount and variety of available data on lung cancer cases continues to increase, which provides an opportunity to apply machine learning methods to predict lung cancer outcomes. Traditional population-wide machine learning methods for predicting clinical outcomes involve constructing a single model from training data and applying it to predict the outcomes for each future patient case. In contrast, instance-specific methods construct a model that is optimized to predict well for a given patient case. In this paper, we first describe an instance-specific method for learning Bayesian networks that we developed. We then use the Markov blanket of the outcome variable to predict 1-year survival in a cohort of 261 lung cancer patient cases containing clinical and omics variables. We report the results using AUROC as the evaluation measure. In leave-one-out testing, the instance-specific Bayesian network method achieved higher AUROC on average, compared to the population-wide Bayesian network method.
Reversible ON- and OFF-switch chimeric antigen receptors controlled by lenalidomide

Cell-based therapies are emerging as effective agents against cancer and other diseases. As autonomous “living drugs,” these therapies lack precise control. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells effectively target hematologic malignancies but can proliferate rapidly and cause toxicity. We developed ON and OFF switches for CAR T cells using the clinically approved drug lenalidomide, which mediates the proteasomal degradation of several target proteins by inducing interactions between the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase and a C2H2 zinc finger degron motif. We performed a systematic screen to identify “super-degron” tags with enhanced sensitivity to lenalidomide-induced degradation and used these degradable tags to generate OFF-switch degradable CARs. To create an ON switch, we engineered a lenalidomide-inducible dimerization system and developed split CARs that required both lenalidomide and target antigen for activation. Subtherapeutic lenalidomide concentrations controlled the effector functions of ON- and OFF-switch CAR T cells. In vivo, ON-switch split CARs demonstrated lenalidomide-dependent antitumor activity, and OFF-switch degradable CARs were depleted by drug treatment to limit inflammatory cytokine production while retaining antitumor efficacy. Together, the data showed that these lenalidomide-gated switches are rapid, reversible, and clinically suitable systems to control transgene function in diverse gene- and cell-based therapies.
Observation-Driven Estimation of Surface Water Balance Components from SMAP Measurements

With the availability of global satellite remote sensing observations of surface soil moisture, it is now possible to quantify important hydrological fluxes such as evapotranspiration (ET) and drainage. Furthermore, given the current level of accuracy of remotely sensed soil moisture, these fluxes can be estimated without the need for large-scale land surface or climate modeling. In this work, remote sensing data from the NASA SMAP mission, at 36 [km] scale, and gauge-based precipitation data over the US are utilized within an adjoint-state variation estimation method to obtain time-series daily estimates of ET and drainage. The approach uses only SMAP measurements and precipitation. Neither a hydrology or land surface model nor ancillary hydrologic data are used. ET estimates are compared to eddy covariance measurements from the AmeriFlux network and are shown to capture up to 70% of the in-situ measurements' annual variance. Similarly, Drainage estimates are compared to USGS streamflow measurements. On average Drainage under-estimates streamflow by 1–2 [mm day-1] with seasonal correlation (R2) varying between 0.52-0.77. These estimates close the surface water budget with only SMAP measurements and precipitation information.
Discharge Body Mass Index, Not Illness Chronicity, Predicts 6-Month Weight Outcome in Patients Hospitalized With Anorexia Nervosa.

Proposed treatments for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN) focus on quality of life, and psychological and social functioning. By de-emphasizing weight restoration as a priority, however, premature diagnosis of SE-AN may reduce potential for recovery. The present study assessed the effect of weight restoration, illness duration, and severity on treatment outcome 6 months after discharge from an intensive, meal-based behavioral treatment program. Participants included hospitalized adult women (N = 191) with AN or underweight other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). Participants were characterized as short-term (ill 75% reached BMI ≥ 19 kg/m2 in both groups). At 6-month follow-up (n = 99), both groups had equivalent self-reported BMI, and depression, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and bulimia scores. The only predictor of BMI ≥ 19 kg/m2 at follow-up was discharge BMI. The likelihood of a BMI ≥ 19 kg/m2 at follow-up was 5-fold higher for those with discharge BMI ≥ 19 kg/m2. Few studies of long-term ill inpatients with AN have examined the impact of full weight restoration on short-term outcomes. This study supports the therapeutically optimistic stance that, regardless of illness duration, hospitalized patients with AN benefit from gaining weight to a BMI ≥ 19 kg/m2.
Infectious Optic Neuropathy

Infections can damage the optic nerve in various manners: optic disc edema due to generalized uveitis or inflammation spread from adjacent retinochoroidal tissues; primary optic disc involvement; primary retrobulbar optic nerve involvement; optic nerve sheath involvement causing perineuritis; compression or spread from orbital or sinus involvement; papilledema from elevated intracranial pressure in the setting of meningitis; or retrobulbar optic neuritis in the setting of meningitis. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, spirochetes, parasites, and fungi. Presentations may vary depending on immunocompetency status and are often rapidly progressive with associated ocular, orbital, or neurologic features. A crucial step in evaluating a patient with optic neuropathy is determination of immune status because immunosuppressed patients can have atypical presentations and multiple co-infections and are at risk for uncommon infections. Immunosuppression can be due to HIV; immunosuppressive agents, including chronic prednisone, chemotherapies, and immunotherapies; or immunosenescence.