cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial modeling of preferred wireworm (Coleoptera : Elateridae) habitat

Potential damage to crops after the Conservation Reserve Program is widespread. One probable result is the increased occurrence of soil-insect pests, primarily wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). The likelihood of wireworm problems in the Iowa Conservation Reserve Program was compounded by the large amount of land enrolled in the program and the economic importance of corn, Zea mays L., the crop most often damaged by wireworms in the state. As a result, farmers need to consider pest management options that should include pest scouting. Wireworm presence/absence data from 1995 and 1996, and estimates of soil moisture from 89 Conservation Reserve Program fields were used to estimate variables useful for identifying where wireworms are more likely to occur. The most useful variables were a soil-moisture threshold of 17% and a moisture analysis that included meteorological data from only 1 yr before sampling occurred. These variables were coupled with a hydrologic model and embedded in a geographic information systems (GIS) framework. This computerized habitat model was run on the study area, Story County, Iowa, and generated a map indicating areas where wireworms were more likely to occur and where scouting should begin. Results of the model run indicate that most of Story County is suitable wireworm habitat and that there were areas considered highly favorable. The map generated by this computer model can be used as a guide for directing scouting within a field but does not identify areas where management tactics are necessary. The methodology used in this study is relatively simple, yet it performs the difficult task of combining time, space, and climatological variables to evaluate wireworm habitat over a landscape. Moreover, it demonstrates one application of GIS technology in a discipline where the subject has characteristics that are inherently spatial.
Why I am here matters: The effects of continuance and affective commitment on the organizational citizenship of private prison staff

While organizational citizenship behaviors (i.e., employee’s choosing to perform above and beyond work expectations) are beneficial for the success of any organization, there has been little research on this form of prosocial behavior in private correctional agencies. This study is the first to examine the relationship between two forms of organizational commitment (affective and continuance) and organizational citizenship behaviors for 160 correctional staff at a maximum security private US prison. Results of the Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis supported the predictions that affective commitment would have a positive association with organizational citizenship behaviors and continuance commitment would have a negative association. Possible interventions that private correctional organizations can undertake to encourage affective organizational commitment from their staff are discussed.
Comparison of a pulsed dye laser and electrohydraulic lithotripsy on porcine gallbladder and common bile duct in vitro.

With the advent of minimal access biliary procedures there is a need for a safe intracorporal lithotripsy technique that can be used through small flexible endoscopes. Currently, the two techniques available are electrohydraulic lithotripsy and laser induced shock wave lithotripsy. In this study we compare the effect of a 504 nm coumarin pulsed dye laser and electrohydraulic lithotripsy on in vitro porcine gallbladder and common bile duct. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy at the lowest energy the generator would deliver caused perforation of both tissues in only a few pulses when a 1.9-F probe was placed in direct contact with the tissue. Energy from a 504 nm coumarin pulsed dye laser delivered through a 320-μ fiber placed in light contact with the tissue caused an energy dependent perforation after 50 pulses in from none to 44% of tissues. It was also found that there was a higher incidence of perforation in more vascular than non-vascular tissue. When the EHL probe and the laser fiber were held 1–2 mm from the tissue surface, discharge of each resulted in no perforation. On histological examination of the tissues, the perforations were found to be very small with laser lithotripsy and considerably larger with the electrohydraulic lithotripsy. It was felt that laser lithotripsy in the clinical situation was likely to be much safer than electrohydraulic lithotripsy. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Eighteenth-Century Abridgements of Robinson Crusoe

The numerous and varied eighteenth-century abridgments of Robinson Crusoe have for too long escaped the attention of Defoe’s bibliographers. Many have noted the existence of these derivative works, but few have ventured to explain their significance. What little scholarship does exist tends to focus on the children’s abridgments published by the Newberys in the second half of the eighteenth century. However, children’s abridgments and chapbooks represent but a small portion of the total number of abbreviated editions published prior to 1801. In particular, two different abridgments published by a coterie of London booksellers in the 1720s would become the base texts for nearly 100 further English-language editions. And unlike the Newbery abridgments, these were not designed exclusively for juvenile audiences. This essay seeks to answer the following questions. How did abridged editions of Robinson Crusoe differ from Defoe’s original? How did the abridgments contribute to the canonization of Robinson Crusoe ? And what was the legal status of the abridgments?
Adaptive sweeping techniques

This paper presents an adaptive approach to sweeping one-to-one and many-to-one geometry. The automatic decomposition of many-to-one geometry into one-to-one “blocks” and the selection of an appropriate node projection scheme are vital steps in the efficient generation of high-quality swept meshes. This paper identifies two node projection schemes which are used in tandem to robustly sweep each block of a one-to-one geometry. Methods are also presented for the characterization of one-to-one geometry and the automatic assignment of the most appropriate node projection scheme. These capabilities allow the sweeper to adapt to the requirements of the sweep block being processed. The identification of the two node projection schemes was made after an extensive analysis of existing schemes was completed. One of the node projection schemes implemented in this work, BoundaryError, was selected from traditional node placement algorithms. The second node projection scheme, SmartAffine, is an extension of simple affine transformations and is capable of efficiently sweeping geometry with source and/or target curvature while approximating the speed of a simple transform. These two schemes, when used in this adaptive setting, optimize mesh quality and the speed that swept meshes can be generated while minimizing required user interaction.
Infrared spectra of fluoride garnets

Abstract The i.r. spectra of a series of first-row transition metal fluoride garnets (Na 3 M 2 Li 3F 12 ) have been studied in the region 4000 –50 cm −1 . The vibrational frequencies are grouped into two classes: those which depend upon the unit cell edge, or the size of the transition metal ion; and those showing no such dependence. The bands which depend upon the transition metal ion are assigned to the normal modes of an octahedral group which have been split by the crystallographic site symmetry, S 6 . Of the seventeen modes predicted by factor group analysis, fourteen were observed. The assignments of these frequencies differ in some cases from those previously reported. Several data involving the inactive ν 6 mode of the nominal octahedron are reported.
Enhanced Depth Discrimination Using Dynamic Stereoscopic 3D Parameters

Most modern stereoscopic 3D applications (e.g. video games) use optimal (but fixed) stereoscopic 3D parameters (separation and convergence) to render the scene on a 3D display. However, keeping these parameters fixed does not provide the best possible experience since it can reduce depth discrimination. We present two scenarios where the depth discrimination could be enhanced using dynamic adjustments to the separation and the convergence parameters based on the user's look direction obtained from head tracking data.
floras: A model for biodiversity studies or a thing of the past?

Floras (and Faunas) have a rich history that involves examining questions on evolution and biogeography. However, in recent publications Floras have been viewed as an end unto themselves, separate from clade-based monographs and evolutionary studies. Floras are not a separate entity but rather a part of a continuum that involves databases, checklists, floras, biodiversity studies, and conservation biology as well as monographs. As the importance of Floras and related studies has become more apparent, there have been comments about the lag time between when specimens are collected and when they are identified, the amount of time it takes to describe new taxa, and how long it takes to finish floras and other projects. Some have referred to this as the "Taxonomic Impediment", and it is sometimes laid at the feet of taxonomists. Taxonomists can become more efficient by using various on-line resources and this will continue to speed up as more literature, etc. become available but the impediments to taxonomy are many, not the least of which is a lack of funding and the dwindling number of taxonomists. Changes in how systematists work and interact with other branches of science must take place in order to speed up research and re-establish the importance of Floras but only a substantial infusion of funds and personnel will really accelerate our progress.
The Biosynthesis of C14-Labeled Ergot Alkaloids*

The biosynthesis of C 14 -labeled ergot alkaloids was achieved by growing rye plants infected with Claviceps purpurea in an atmosphere of C 14 O 2 . Alkaloids isolated proved to be radioactive. On storage, however, decomposition of the alkaloids was observed. It is suggested that this decomposition may have been caused by the inherent ionizing radiation.
The metal-semiconductor contact: an old device with a new future

Advances in process technology are making possible the fabrication of Schottky barriers with reliable, ideal electrical characteristics. With these advances, one can anticipate a rapid increase in the utilization of Schottky barriers, not only as discrete devices but also as a new component in integrated circuits. This article presents a unified picture that quantitatively characterizes both the Schottky barrier and ohmic contacts on silicon. Fabrication techniques and various applications are also discussed.
Explaining School Corporal Punishment: Evangelical Protestantism and Social Capital in a Path Model

School corporal punishment is associated with many negative outcomes. This research explores the antecedents to the practice and prevalence of school corporal punishment. A series of regression models indicated that two variables were significant predictors of a state’s practice of school corporal punishment: rate of evangelical Protestant adherents and social capital. A path analysis indicated that these two variables significantly predicted the rate of school corporal punishment in practicing states. The path analysis also revealed a significant and negative relationship between rate of evangelical Protestant adherents and social capital, but no relationship between rate of mainstream Protestant adherents and social capital. A mediation analysis indicated that social capital serves as a mediating variable between evangelical Protestantism and rate of school corporal punishment. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Limit to Pulses of Radiofrequency Emission from the Galactic Centre

THE nucleus of our galaxy, at the position of the Sgr A radio source, has been searched for pulses of radio emission in the frequency range 1,650 to 1,720 MHz. Pulses of short duration might be emitted in association with pulses of gravitational radiation or with other shock wave, collapse, or flare phenomena1,2. Previous attempts to detect radio pulses have been made3−7: one of these7 suggested a possible source of pulses near the galactic centre. The work described here was designed to be capable of detecting the relative dispersion delay that the interstellar medium would impose at different frequencies on any signal from the galactic centre; interstellar electrons delay a radio pulse at a frequency v as v−2 ∫N e , dl, where ∫N e dl is the integrated electron density or dispersion measure to the source. To accomplish such detection, continuous simultaneous observations at two frequencies were made; the demand for delayed pulses at the lower frequency with respect to the higher provided a discrimination against man-made or terrestrial pulses, which lack dispersion effects.
Internal Modified Atmospheres of Coated Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Understanding Relative Humidity Effects

Publisher Summary The objective of this chapter is to use steady-state mathematical models to understand the influence of relative humidity (RH) on the performance of hydrophilic films formed as coatings on fruits, and to explain in part the conflictive results found in the literature. The fruit system model is analyzed as a Modified Atmosphere (MA) model system. The MA model is described as a function of the internal atmospheres. The chapter uses the lac model and the tac model for the specific case of complete surface coverage and gas exchange mainly through pores. Gas exchange depends on coating permeability and thickness for achieving internal MA. The assumptions considered for the model are steady-state condition, constant temperature, no effect of CO2 on respiration rate, and no internal atmosphere composition gradients within the fruit. The model consists of equations that describe hit respiration rate, diffusion through skin and coating, and the coating permeability dependence on the RH. It is possible, when using the approach described, to observe and understand the interaction of storage conditions (e.g. RH) and composition of film coatings applied to a fruit surface. This analysis can explain, in part, the variability of results observed when coatings are applied on a commercial scale and in research. The approach supports the idea that film coating thickness and permeability play an important role in internal gas modification of coated fruits.
White-box approaches for improved testing and analysis of configurable software systems

There is a significant conceptual gap between the source code of a configurable system and the runtime behaviors of its individual configurations. In the source, configurations are woven together into a conceptually unified program. At runtime, however, they are largely treated as independent executables. This gap leads to static analyses that, by acting on the source representing the entire configurable system, yield imprecise results with respect to individual executables. Testing, in contrast, acts on individual executables without leveraging the configurable codebase per se. In this paper, we sketch a research path that seeks to narrow the configuration source-runtime gap, based on the observation that most configurations share significant amounts of source-level structure (hence “white-box”) with other, related, configurations. We seek to identify and exploit this structure to reduce analysis and testing effort by sharing analysis and test results among related configurations.
Accuracy driven performance macromodeling of feasible regions during synthesis of analog circuits

We propose an accuracy driven synthesis methodology for analog circuits. The proposed approach relies on macro-models for performance estimation and is thus orders of magnitude faster than simulation based synthesis techniques. Unlike existing macro-model based approaches, which use static models, our approach dynamically improves the accuracy of the model during synthesis to ensure true convergence. Our method is based on identifying and accurately modeling those regions in the design space where feasible designs lie. The identified feasible regions and their corresponding models are used in conjunction with an initially generated global model for performance estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to synthesize designs using the enhanced performance models quickly, yet accurately.
Functional xylem in the post-veraison grape berry

A number of studies have shown a transition from a primarily xylem to a primarily phloem flow of water as fleshy fruits develop, and the current hypothesis to explain this transition, particularly in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries, is that the vascular tissue (tracheids) become non-functional as a result of post-veraison berry growth. In most studies, pedicels have been dipped in a vial containing an apoplastic dye, which was taken up into the entire peripheral and axial xylem vasculature of preveraison, but not post-veraison berries. The pressure plate/pressure membrane apparatus that is commonly used to study soil moisture characteristics was adapted and the pre- to post-veraison change in xylem functionality in grape berries was re-evaluated by establishing a hydrostatic (tension) gradient between the pedicel and a cut surface at the stylar end of the berry. Under the influence of this applied hydrostatic gradient, movement of the apoplastic tracer dye, basic fuchsin, was found in the pedicel and throughout the axial and peripheral xylem of the berry mesocarp. A similar movement of dye could be obtained by simply adjoining the stylar cut surface to a dry, hydrophilic wicking material. Since both pre- and post-veraison berries hydrate when the pedicel is dipped in water, it is hypothesized that the absence of dye movement into the vasculature of post-veraison berries indicates not a loss of xylem function, but rather the loss of an appropriate driving force (hydrostatic gradient) in the berry apoplast. Based on this hypothesis, and the substantial decrease in xylem flows that occur in intact grape berries at veraison, it is suggested that there may be significant changes in the pattern of solute partitioning between the fruit symplast and apoplast at veraison. It is further suggested that diurnal patterns in symplast/apoplast solute partitioning in grapes and other fleshy fruit, may explain the observed minimal xylem contribution to the water budgets of these fruits.
Photosynthetic electrochemical cell charging infrastructure versus photovoltaic cell charging infrastructure for future electric vehicles

The automotive industry is migrating towards all-electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Nevertheless conventional energy, in the form of thermal power and nuclear power, are used to power these vehicles which are not green and clean. The photosynthetic electrochemical cell (PEC) is one of the alternative energy resources for EVs and PHEVs. It could prove to be the ideal replacement for photovoltaic based charging applications. PEC uses aerobic microorganisms to produce energy. PEC produces energy under both light and dark conditions unlike photovoltaic cell. This paper presents, the operation of the PEC, voltage versus current characteristic, effect of anolyte and catholyte concentration.
Investigation for anisotropic attenuation in the Pacific

SUMMARY Anisotropic attenuation arises through preferential orientation of dislocations, crystals, and scattering bodies. As seismic energy loss is an exponential function of distance, whereas traveltime is a linear function, attenuation anisotropy is potentially as important as velocity anisotropy. In an examination for anisotropic attenuation, oceanic S-waves, So, were analysed from 10 earthquakes near Hokkaido, Japan which were recorded naturally rotated into SV and SH components of motion at the HIG borehole seismometer in the northwest Pacific, OSS IV. Some evidence for velocity polarization anisotropy is seen. The observed SV/SH amplitude ratios, which vary from 1/2 to 2, limit the possible contribution of scattering between orthogonal components of motion. The effect of local scattering of SV into SH and vice versa, which contaminates the measurement, can be estimated from observed transverse energy on P-waves. In the frequency band with a good signal-to-noise ratio, 3 to 20 Hz, the So phases have propagated about 900–6000 wavelengths. Spectral ratios of SV over SH are formed for each event. Frequency independent source, propagation, and receiver effects are removed by normalizing the spectra. The normalized spectral ratios are then stacked. The resultant stacked data are essentially flat, varying by less than 15 per cent about their geometric mean with no frequency-dependent trend. The results are consistent with Q values of SV polarized shear waves within 5 per cent of those for SH polarized shear waves.
Mammoth 2.0: will genome engineering resurrect extinct species?

It is impossible to ‘clone’ species for which no living cells exist. Genome editing may therefore provide the only means to bring extinct species — or, more accurately, extinct traits — back to life.
TWENTY-FOUR-HOUR PATTERN IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PRESENTATION FOR SICKLE CELL VASO-OCCLUSIVE PAIN CRISIS

The objective of this study was to determine in a significant temporal pattern exists in the presentation of sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain crisis (SC-VPC) patients to an emergency department (ED) for treatment. This 28-month retrospective study of ED sickle cell crisis treatment involved 1128 presumably diurnally active SCVPC patients presenting to the ED of a university-affiliated hospital between January 1, 1991 and April 30, 1993. Data for adult subjects (> or equal to 15 years) were used for analysis. Date and time of presentation for each patient were recorded. Data were submitted to chi 2 and single cosinor analysis for determination of circadian and circannual patterns. chi 2 analysis suggested that the incidence of SCVPC events treated in the ED was not equally distributed throughout the 24 h. Single cosinor analysis identified a significant circadian rhythm (p < 0.001) for all subjects, with peak ED presentations occurring in the early evening. The best-fit cosine curve accounted for 50% of the sample variance. While the etiology of this finding is unclear, determination of a temporal pattern in SCVPC presentation to the ED may lead to identification and control of conditions that precede the occurrence of a SCVPC. Interventions for SCVPC may require modification based on chronobiological trends.
Multiple-valued signed digit adder using negative differential resistance devices

The paper describes a signed digit full adder (SDFA) circuit consisting of resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). The design is primarily based on a multiple valued logic literal circuit that utilizes the folded back I-V (or negative differential resistance, NDR) characteristics of RTDs to compactly implement its gated transfer function. MOS transistors are configured in current mode logic, where addition of two or more digits is achieved by superimposing the signals of individual wires being physically connected at the summing nodes. The proposed SDFA design uses redundant arithmetic representation and therefore, the circuit can perform addition of two arbitrary size binary numbers in constant time without the need for either carry propagation or carry look-ahead. The SDFA cell design has been verified through simulation by an augmented SPICE simulator that includes new homotopy based convergence routines to tackle the nonlinear device characteristics of quantum devices. From the simulation result, the SDFA cell has been found to perform addition operation in 3.5 nanoseconds, which is somewhat superior to other multivalued redundant arithmetic circuits reported in the literature. The SDFA cell requires only 13 MOS transistors and one RTD, as opposed to the state of the art CMOS redundant binary adder requiring 56 transistors, and to the conventional multivalued current mode adder consisting of 34 MOS transistors. In order to verify the simulation result, a prototype SDFA cell has been fabricated using MOSIS 2-micron CMOS process and GaAs based RTDs connected externally to the MOSFET circuit.
Differential mode attenuation measurements in graded-index fibers

An automated apparatus is described for measuring mode-dependent scattering and total attenuation in graded-index waveguides. Measurements are reported for two low-loss waveguides and several high-loss waveguides. The results illustrate the ability of this technique to identify different types of loss mechanisms.
Lisp on a reduced-instruction-set processor: characterization and optimization

The factors that motivated the choice of a reduced-instruction-set computer (RISC) on which to implement Lisp are examined. Dynamic profiling measurements used to characterise Lisp are reported. The implementation of tags in Lisp and the cost of function calls are discussed. Interprocedural register allocation is examined. Execution results for various benchmarks are presented and discussed. >
Large arrays of microcavity plasma devices for active displays and backlighting

Developments of the past several years in the technology of microcavity plasma devices having characteristic dimensions of 10-100 /spl mu/m suggests their applicability to the next generation of active and passive displays. Two examples of device structures that are well suited for economically manufactured arrays of large active area are presented. Arrays as large as 500/spl times/500 (2.5/spl middot/10/sup 5/) pixels of Si inverted pyramid microplasma devices, with emitting apertures of 50/spl times/50 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and designed for AC or bipolar excitation, have been designed and operated successfully in the rare gases at pressures up to and beyond one atmosphere. Multilayer Al/nanostructured Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ microplasma devices having 100-300 /spl mu/m diam. cylindrical microcavities are robust and operate in the abnormal glow mode for rare gas or Ar/2-5% N/sub 2/ mixture pressures of 500-700 torr. Grown by a wet chemical process, the nanoporous Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ dielectric yields a lightweight, flexible structure that produces intense visible or ultraviolet emission when driven by sinusoidal AC or bipolar voltage waveforms.
Differential Regulation of Macrophage Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-12, and CD80-CD86 by Two Bacterial Toxins

The ability of innate immune cells to differentially respond to various bacterial components provides a mechanism by which the acquired immune response may be tailored to specific pathogens. The response of innate immune cells to bacterial components provides regulatory signals to cognate immune cells. These signals include secreted cytokines and costimulatory molecules, and to a large extent they determine the quantitative and qualitative nature of the immune response. In order to determine if innate immune cells can differentially respond to bacterial components, we compared the responses of macrophages to two bacterially derived molecules, cholera toxin (CT) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that CT and LPS differentially regulated the expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and CD80-CD86 but not that of IL-1β. LPS and CT each induced IL-1β expression in macrophages, while only LPS induced IL-12 and only CT induced CD80-CD86. These differences were markedly potentiated in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-treated macrophages, in which LPS potently induced IL-12 and CD80-CD86 expression. In contrast, IFN-γ treatment had no effect on the expression of IL-1β. These results define a molecular basis for the differential pathogenicities of bacterial toxins and are relevant to the design of vaccine adjuvants able to selectively induce desired types of immunity.
Cancer Prevention Information Seeking: A Signal Detection Analysis of Data From the Cancer Information Service

Communication and health information seeking play a significant role in the promotion of cancer prevention behaviors, including screening. Data from a sample of information seekers who contacted the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service (CIS; N = 20,412) were split randomly into an exploratory and validation sample to conduct signal detection analysis predicting cancer prevention information seeking. Important predictors of seeking prevention information in the exploratory sample were type of information seeker, communication channel, age, and gender; these findings generally were confirmed in the validation sample. Our findings also reveal important information about the demographic characteristics and communication channel preferences of cancer prevention information seekers.
Effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response and protein kinase C expression in caudal brain stem of developing rats.

Current evidence suggests that maternal smoking is associated with decreased respiratory drive and blunted hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in the newborn. The effect of prenatal nicotine exposur...
Incidence of an estrogen receptor polymorphism in breast cancer patients.

We previously identified a polymorphism in the human estrogen receptor (ER) gene, within the coding region for the protein's amino terminal B-domain. In estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast tumors, the variant allele was preferentially associated with lower levels of ER, and was clinically correlated with frequent spontaneous abortions. DNA sequencing revealed a point mutation that changes codon 86 from Ala to Val and a silent mutation in codon 87. Because we initially detected the variant allele by analyzing RNA, only those tissues in which the ER gene is actively expressed were suitable for genotype analysis. We now describe an assay that uses genomic DNA as the substrate for determining the ER B genotype; DNA containing the polymorphic region of the ER gene is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, then the amplified DNA is hybridized with radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes complementary to the wild type and variant ER alleles. This method allowed us to determine the ER B genotype of women with ER+ and ER− tumors, starting with minute amounts of DNA from frozen or paraffin embedded tissues. ER B genotyping was also performed on women without breast cancer using DNA extracted from blood cells. The combined results from analyses of RNA and DNA from 300 breast cancer patients showed that 12% were heterozygotes. In the ER+ group (n=183), 11.5% carried the variant gene compared to 12.8% in the ER-negative group (n=117) (χ2=0.11; df=1; p>0.25). No link to tumor histology could be established. Preliminary data on DNA from blood of healthy women over the age of 50 (n=64) yielded a slightly lower ER B-variant frequency (9.4%); this frequency was not significantly different than that in the breast cancer groups. Thus, while the variant ER allele is associated with low ER levels in ER positive breast tumors, its frequency is not different in the ER+ and ER− tumor groups and may be unrelated to breast cancer development.
The Effect of Cryotherapy on Three Dimensional Ankle Kinematics During a Sidestep Cutting Maneuver

Although cryotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of acute and chronic athletic injuries, the deleterious effects of limb cooling, such as decreased nerve and muscle function, slowed sensation and inhibition of normal relaxes, may put an athlete at increased risk of additional injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cryotherapy on subtalar and ankle joint kinematics of healthy athletes performing a sidestep 45° cut. We hypothesized that greater joint displacements and velocities would be seen after icing. Twenty one subjects performed a 45° sidestep cut prior to and after limb cooling. Retroreflective markers were placed on the subject's shank and foot while 6 high-speed cameras were used to collect the kinematic data. In this test-retest controlled laboratory study, a repeated measures ANOVA was performed on the PRE and POST icing data for the minimum and maximum joint displacements and velocities. No statistical differences were noted between the PRE and POST icing conditions. The results indicate that a 10-minute icing treatment did not have an effect on either the movement patterns or angular velocities. Our results do not support any change in practice of icing injured ankles for ten minutes during halftime of athletic events. Key PointsCryotherapy does not affect ankle/subtalar joint movement.SUBJECTS UTILIZE TWO DIFFERENT LANDING PATTERNS: sagittal plane or frontal plane dominant.
Implications of the Time-Series Increase in the Relative Informativeness of Taxable Income for Future Earnings and Stock Returns

Prior research finds that taxable income is a more useful performance metric when book income quality is low (i.e., the “supplemental information role of taxable income”). We predict and find that taxable income’s supplemental information role for future earnings growth increases over time as book income quality declines over time. This time-series increase in the supplemental information role of taxable income is associated with temporal changes in the market pricing of book-tax differences. We find that mispricing disappears over time in firms where the supplemental information role of taxable income is less pronounced, but persists in firms where the supplemental information role of taxable income is more pronounced. Thus, the complexity of tax-based information and the time-series increase in the supplemental role of taxable income appear to be factors that limit investor learning. Investigating the increase in the supplemental information role of taxable income helps researchers and market participants better understand the time-series implications of two different performance metrics for predicting earnings growth and the equity valuation process as book income quality declines over time.
Don't Censor Search

When search engines lead thousands of searchers to anonymous online harassment, it may seem only natural to look for legal ways to make the harassment disappear from search results. This initially attractive idea is in fact deeply dangerous. It pressures the wrong intermediary, invites abuse by spammers and censors, and misunderstands the relationship between search engines and search users. Search-engine amplification is part of the problem of online harassment, but laws targeting search engines are the wrong solution.
Colonization of immature black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) on artificial substrates in a Nebraska Sandy River

Colonization of Simulium bivittatum Malloch and S. luggeri Nicholson and Mickel on artificial substrates exposed for two consecutive time periods of 1, 2, or 4 d was contrasted with colonization after continuous exposures of 2, 4, or 8 d. Reduced colonization of early instars of both species during the second 4-d period was attributed to an aging population, whereas reductions in total black fliesafter 8 d seemed to be caused by substrate changes. Numbers of pupae increased as exposure time increased.
Addition of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) to Trastuzumab Stabilizes Disease in Patients with Trastuzumab-Resistant, HER2+ Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Introduction : Trastuzumab with or without chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. The proposed mechanism of trastuzumab-induced regression of HER2+ tumors includes inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, potentiation of chemotherapy, and facilitation of immune function through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. GM-CSF (Leukine) is a cytokine that mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We studied the feasibility and efficacy of adding GM-CSF to trastuzumab in patients with trastuzumab-resistant, HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. Patients and Methods : Patients with measurable, HER2+ metastatic breast cancer that progressed after treatment with trastuzumab with or without chemotherapy were continued on trastuzumab alone at 2 mg/kg intravenous weekly. GM-CSF (250 μg/m 2 subcutaneous daily) was added until the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was greater than 10,000/mm 3 , then given every other day while the ANC was maintained below 10,000/mm 3 . Disease was restaged every 8 weeks. Treatment with trastuzumab and GM-CSF was continued until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Results : Of 18 eligible patients with progressive HER2+ metastatic breast cancer, 17 (median age 48 yr, range 27–75 yr) were evaluable. Nine had hormone receptor–positive disease. The median number of metastatic sites was 2 (range 1–3); the most common site was the liver (n=10). The median number of prior regimens (trastuzumab with or without chemotherapy) for metastatic disease was 2 (range 1–5). One patient developed rapidly progressive disease 2 weeks after the start of study therapy and died soon after. The other 16 patients continued treatment until disease progression. No disease response was observed, but 5 patients (29%) had stable disease with a median duration of 15.8 weeks (range 10–53.9 weeks). Thirteen patients had grade 1 toxic effects; 6 patients, grade 2; and 2 patients, grade 3 (fatigue and muscle aches). The most common toxic effect was rash at the injection site, followed by skin rash, fatigue, and muscle aches. No grade 4 or irreversible toxic effect was seen. Conclusion : The addition of GM-CSF to trastuzumab alone in patients with trastuzumab-resistant, HER2+ metastatic breast cancer stabilizes the disease for a median duration of 15.8 weeks without causing any significant toxic effects in 29% of heavily pretreated patients. Its administration is simple, safe, and feasible. This regimen, trastuzumab and GM-CSF, needs further evaluation in combination with chemotherapy or other biological agents. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5103.
Therapeutic Effect of Yinzhihuang Injection on Biliary Atresia in Children

Objective To evaluate the adjunctive therapy effect of yinzhihuang on biliary atresia(BA)in children.Methods Thirty-two children with BA were involved in this experiment.Children who had been given yinzhihuang preoperatively and postoperatively were selected as the experimental group,those who had not been given yinzhihuang as the control group.All these children were diagnosed by pathological section.Biochemical indicators were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)methods,and data of jaundice extinction ratio and incidence of cholangeitis were obtained by the follow-up.Results Biochemical indicators of experimental group were higher than those in control group before they were treated(Pa0.05),which were much lower than the control 2 weeks after operation(Pa0.05).Follow-up indicated that if BA children were treated with yinzhihuang injection more than 3 months,jaundice extinction ratio was higher than controls,and the incidence of cholangeitis decreased significantly.Conclusion Significant therapeutic effect of yinzhihuang on BA children not only can decrease the serum transaminase and bilirubin but also facilitate jaundice extinction and reduce the incidence of cholangeitis.
Developing a cyber-physical system for smart and sustainable drinking water infrastructure management

Frequent adjustment of operating strategies in water treatment plant and water distribution network as a simultaneous response to growing water scarcity has been a grand challenge. This challenge is emanated from transitioning the sporadic water quality samplings to self-awareness, self-adaptive, and fast response system. To bridge this gap, a cyber-physical system (CPS) is developed in this study to respond to the needs of smart and sustainable drinking water infrastructure management. This new CPS is able to gather the massive volumes of information from ground and aquatic reference data via advanced remote sensing and sensor network technologies to timely detect water pollution, exchange information through cyber interfaces, provide early-warning awareness with the aid of different models, and support actionable intelligence. Integrated 5-level CPS architecture is proposed in this study as an instruction of developing CPS for smart and sustainable drinking water infrastructure management.
Relative influence of soil- vs. biochar properties on soil phosphorus retention

Abstract Properties of biochar are thought to determine whether phosphorus (P) sorption or increased P availability occur following biochar application to sandy acidic soil; the effect of soil properties on P retention in biochar-amended acid soils remains largely unexplored. Our objective was to determine effects of hardwood biochar and poultry litter biochar on P sorption and release from two soils differing in P retention properties at three rates of biochar addition. Soils as well as soil + biochar mixtures were treated with 12 levels of solution P concentrations. Phosphorus concentration and the amount of P sorbed for each level of P addition at the end of the incubation showed that after P addition corresponding to the soil P storage capacity (SPSC) as determined prior to biochar application, P retention abruptly declined for all treatments irrespective of biochar type. Biochar did not diminish the capacity of the two soils to tenaciously bind P added as a soluble inorganic source. Also, the maximum P retention capacity of the soil (Smax) increased as amount of biochar applied increased. Biochar-enhanced P sorption at high solution concentrations would be environmentally beneficial only if the sorption were strongly hysteretic such that subsequent P release is minimal as concentrations approach background levels. X-ray diffraction analysis of the biochar after incubating at high P solution concentration did not reveal formation of a stable crystalline P phase. This study provides evidence that the amount of P that can be “safely” added to soils amended with biochar depends significantly upon the P retention property of the soil, and not only the biochar characteristics.
Informality, Interstitiality and the Modern Firm

The formal firm is one arena where formality is supposed to reign supreme because it is organized according to a rational blueprint to enhance its effectiveness. The formal organizational chart identifies the positions to be filled by employees and establishes the formal rules for dispute resolution and for conducting daily and routine business within the firm. Yet it would be wrong to believe that any of the formal firms in the San Francisco Bay Area operates on the basis of formality alone. As we will see later, informality is also part of the formal operation of the modern firm.
Measuring knee arthroplasty outcomes

Abstract Outcome measures are increasingly used by clinicians, healthcare providers and implant manufacturers for a variety of reasons. Clinical outcome studies have traditionally been used but the level of evidence presented has been variable. In recent decades joint registries have provided useful data on implant survival, but implant revision as an outcome measure has restrictions as many factors contribute to it. Patient reported outcome scores have been introduced more recently and provide important information about health gain after surgical intervention. In response to guidelines from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the Orthopaedic Data Evaluation Panel assesses and rates implants, and Beyond Compliance advises implant manufacturers of the level of risk of newly introduced or modified prostheses.
Shake table tests of unattached, asymmetric, dual-body systems

Summary Systems of unattached, or freestanding, structures are highly vulnerable to damage and/or collapse during an earthquake, as evidenced during numerous past events. This class of structural system includes statue–pedestal systems, multidrum columns, radiation shields, unreinforced masonry walls, and other mechanical and electrical equipment. While a number of studies have analyzed the response of the single rocking block, very few have tested the response of multiple block systems subjected to earthquakes. Therefore, this paper details an extensive shake table testing campaign in which the seismic response of a pair of stiff, unattached blocks, herein referred to as a dual-body system, was evaluated. Experimental variables include the geometry, including asymmetry, of both top (tower) and bottom (pedestal) bodies, input motion, and the coefficient of friction beneath the system. Furthermore, the tower structures were tested both in dual-body configurations as well as in single-body configurations allowing an understanding of the effect of the pedestal. The tests indicate that the presence of a pedestal increases the likelihood of collapse and amplitude of rocking demands, in general. However, certain geometric and interface combinations yield a more stable tower in a dual-body configuration compared to a single-body configuration, because of the dependence of the pedestal response on the geometry of the tower. Furthermore, a low-friction interface beneath the pedestal reduces demands on the tower. However, this low-friction interface may still transfer long-period contributions of the input motion to the tower, which may be detrimental to its response. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Hydro Generator on a Tanker Ship: A Computer-Generated Simulation Study

Considering ways of utilizing renewable energy sources in the marine environment, the possibility of fitting a ducted hydro generator on the hull of an existing 157 209 gross tonnage tanker ship was investigated. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the hydro generator was created and, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, flow simulations were conducted to determine the additional hull resistance when a hydro generator is virtually fitted on the ship’s hull. The additional hull resistance converted to resistance power was necessary to find out the net power of the hydro generator and determine its effectiveness and impact on the ship’s fuel consumption. Using the characteristics of the tanker ship in study, an estimated 3.46% in fuel savings was obtained with the use of the hydro generator.
Anti-CD20-IL-21 fusokine: the tail wags the dog.

In this issue of Blood, Bhatt et al have shown that fusing interleukin 21 (IL-21) to an anti-CD20 antibody results in a molecule that has superior antilymphoma activity than each of its individual components.1 They find that the fused IL-21 induces direct cytotoxicity to the lymphoma cells but also activates immune effector cells that enhance the efficacy of the anti-CD20 antibody. The addition of IL-21 to an anti-CD20 antibody to form an anti-CD20-IL-21 fusokine therefore provides enhanced activity in 2 ways: firstly, it increases cytotoxicity directly targeting the malignant cell, and secondly, it modulates and augments the anti-tumor immune response (see figure).
Physiologic specialization of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States in 2015

Leaves of wheat infected with the leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina, were obtained from farm fields and breeding plots at experimental stations in the Great Plains, Ohio River Valley, and southeastern states in 2015 in order to identify virulence phenotypes prevalent in the United States in different wheat growing regions. A total of 526 single uredinial isolates derived from the leaf rust collections were tested for virulence to 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes. A total of 60 virulence phenotypes were described in the United States in 2015. The three most common virulence phenotypes across the United States were MBDSD, MBTNB, and TBBGS. Phenotype MBDSD is virulent to Lr17, Lr37, and Lr39, and was most common in the hard red winter wheat area of the southern Great Plains. Phenotype MBTNB is virulent to Lr11, and was most common in the soft red winter wheat region of the southeastern states and Ohio Valley. Phenotype TBBGS is virulent to Lr39, which is present...