cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A white neutron source from 1 to 400 MeV

A new high-intensity white neutron source has recently been constructed at Los Alamos. Beams of neutrons with a continuous energy distribution up to several hundred MeV are produced by the spallation reaction using the 800-MeV pulsed proton beam from the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) linear accelerator. The neutron facility has been designed to make very efficient use of the LAMPF beam with several experiments being able to operate simultaneously. Typical running conditions involve approximately 50 000 bursts/s and proton beam currents of 2.5 μA. Experiments planned for this fall include gamma-ray production, neutron induced fission, and medium energy (n, p) and (p, n) studies.
Commercial development of the Internet and WWW in Eastern Europe

The paper examines the commercial development of the Internet and WWW in Eastern Europe, with special attention given to such regional Internet leaders as Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia and Slovenia. Major commercial networks and Internet Service Providerrs are discussed and Web services offered by various companies are considered. The paper also looks into such commercial aspects of Web development as private business and legal information providers, Web advertising, and online shopping (mostly online bookstores, computer stores, and ‘shopping centers’). Finally, the question of the security of Internet transactions is considered as an important factor in the future growth of electronic commerce in Eastern Europe.
The Angelman syndrome in two brothers.

We report two brothers with the Angelman syndrome. With the exception of the reports by Kuroki et al, all previously reported cases were sporadic. Overall sex ratio is M1:F1. Genetic heterogeneity may be present. Further data are required to determine emperic recurrence risks after a first occurrence in a family. A few cases may be due to autosomal or X-linked recessive inheritance. No chromosome abnormality has been found to date.
Relationship of Dough Extensibility to Dough Strength in a Spring Wheat Cross

ABSTRACT A negative relationship between dough strength and dough extensibility would pose a problem for breeding hard wheats, as both dough strength and dough extensibility are desirable. We derived 77 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a cross between hard red spring wheat cultivars McNeal and Thatcher. McNeal produces flour with stronger dough and lower extensibility than does Thatcher. RIL were evaluated for strength-related properties using mixograph analysis and extensibility parameters using the Kieffer attachment to the TA.XT2 texture analyzer. Additionally, the RIL were test baked. Measurements using the mixograph and the Kieffer attachment were highly heritable. Maximum dough extensibility (Extmax) was negatively correlated with resistance to extension (Rmax) (r = -0.74) and with mixograph tolerance (r = -0.45). Loaf volume was correlated with both Rmax (r = 0.42) and area under the extensigraph curve (r = 0.44) based on partial correlation analysis adjusted for protein differences. Extmax was ...
Transforming growth factor‐β1 expression in Syrian hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis

The expression pattern of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) during the stages of complete carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch model was studied. The right cheek pouches of 18 male hamsters were treated with 0.5%, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) for 16 wk. TGF-beta 1 was detected immunohistochemically in the resulting samples with two different polyclonal monospecific antibodies that recognize intracellular and extracellular forms of TGF-beta 1. In the normal cheek pouch, extracellular protein stained the corium strongly, but the reaction was not evenly distributed. As treatment progressed, the reaction increased in both area and intensity; the peak was reached at 8 wk. Intracellular TGF-beta 1 expression followed a similar pattern, with a peak at 4 wk of treatment. The results of northern blot analysis were concordant with the immunohistochemical results. Overexpression of TGF-beta 1 was also observed in the malignant tumors, but only the extracellular form of the protein was present; intracellular TGF-beta 1 was not detected in these tumors. The expression of TGF-beta 1 in this carcinogenesis model seems to have two formal stages, the first being an overexpression step as a reaction to the uncontrolled growth and the second being one in which tumors have no internal expression of TGF-beta 1 but in which external protein accumulates in the surrounding stroma. A possible explanation of this paradox may be that TGF-beta 1 has functions other than its growth-repressing activity.
Two Simple Classes of Mastery Scores Based On the Beta-Binomial Model.

Two simple classes of mastery scores which are suitable for hand calculations are presented for beta-binomial test score distributions combined with linear and cubic referral success. The models provide a simple way to explore the consequences of selecting an arbitrary mastery score. Such assessment would be useful whenever the test user is not willing to posta priori a loss ratio, but wishes to look at the various consequences before aiming at a particular score.
Family, individual, and social correlates of early Hispanic adolescent sexual expression

Investigations of adolescent sexual expression have seldom included Hispanic youth. The current study addressed this deficiency by testing the theory‐based hypothesis that family influences would be stronger predictors of Hispanic adolescent sexual behavior than would individual and social influences. Block regression analyses of the responses of 489 young Hispanic adolescents did not support the hypothesis. However, the control variable of age, measures of attitudes toward premarital sex, and perceived peer sexual involvement predicted Hispanic adolescent sexual behavior. These relationships were stronger for males than for females. The results are consistent with Reference Group theory in that peer, rather than family influences, were more highly related to the sexual expression of young Hispanic teens.
Normal and low linolenic acid soybean strains : response to planting date

Enzymes controlling biosynthesis of fatty acids in the oil of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds are sensitive to temperature during the time of oil deposition. Soybean strains have been developed with low levels of linolenic acid (18:3) in an effort to improve oil flavor and stability (.)
A combinatorial problem with applications to geometry

Abstract In the construction of sets of orthogonal Latin hypercubes and in the study of finite projective geometries, the following question arises: Given an r -dimensional vector space over a finite field, what is the maximum number of vectors that can be found such that any r form a basis for the space? With the aid of combinatorial results arising from the study of hypercubes, in this paper we obtain results for (n − 1) -dimensional spaces over fields of n elements.
Submarine transportation of hydrocarbons from the arctic

Abstract A submarine tanker system is presented as a technically feasible, economically viable transportation system to move oil and gas from the Arctic to markets in Western Europe and North America. Proven by over two decades of nuclear submarine operations in the Arctic, submarines can safely and reliably transport cargo under ice over virtually any proposed shipping route in the Arctic, with assurance of year-round delivery at uniform, predictable schedule intervals. To establish the technical feasibility of commercial cargo submarines, baseline designs for a 181,400 dwt submarine oil tanker and a 140,000 m3 submarine LNG tanker have been developed, using either nuclear or conventionally fueled propulsion plants. The submarine oil tanker design is based on a contract design developed in the 1960's, which has been refined to comply with recent oil pollution regulations. The submarine LNG tanker is an adaptation of that basic design to accommodate cryogenic cargo containment and transfer systems. Approximate characteristics of both designs have been identified, including ship dimensions, cargo system arrangement, propulsion machinery, and operational capabilities. Both submarines are designed to load cargo at a submerged terminal, and to offload cargo in the surfaced mode. Approximate transportation costs are provided for both the oil and LNG submarine tanker systems.
Regulating slaughter: Animal protection and antisemitism in Scandinavia, 1880–1941

It was in German‐speaking areas that shechita tended to be outlawed in the nineteenth century. In this article the arguments around shechita and animal protection in Scandinavia, traditionally viewed as liberal states, are explored. Animal protection often disguised antisemitic sentiments, and the debates in Norway and Sweden, which adopted anti‐shechita legislation, are compared to those in Denmark, which did not.
An improved transformer differential relay

POWER TRANSFORMERS usually are protected against damage due to internal faults by percentage differential relays, which compare currents on opposite sides of the transformer. However, when a transformer is energized, there is often an inrush of magnetizing current, which flows in only one winding of the transformer, producing a differential current which tends to operate conventional percentage differential relays. Special means, therefore, are necessary to prevent transformer relays from operating falsely on magnetizing inrush currents.
EBBO: an enhanced biogeography-based optimization algorithm for a vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous fleet, mixed backhauls, and time windows

This paper presents a new enhanced biogeography-based optimization algorithm (EBBO) for a complex variant of vehicle routing problem (VRP) called HVRPMBTW (vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous fleet, mixed backhauls, and time windows). This variant is characterized by a limited number of vehicles with various capacities and costs. The vehicles serves two types of customers: linehaul customers and backhaul customers. Each customer must be visited in a specific interval of time. We propose to improve and to adapt the biogeography-based optimization (BBO) approach to the problem by integrating simulated annealing algorithm to enhance solution quality, at each iteration. This new approach was tested on benchmarks and produces very satisfactory results compared to other approaches, PSO and ACO [1].
The Circulation Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Upper Ocean Density Fronts

Abstract This paper extends a previous hydrodynamic circulation model of established, persistent upper ocean density fronts by including a thermodynamic or buoyancy equation in the integral treatment. An analysis is also conducted of the variables related to the kinetic and potential energy budgets in the frontal zone. A comparison of the new results with previous ones shows satisfactory agreement. The new model is used to explore three frontal types of widely different scale or rotation effect, a river plume front, a Sargasso Sea front and the Gulf Stream front. As the scale increases, the influence of rotation increases and the effect of interfacial turbulent transport diminishes. Also, with increasing scale the strength of the downstream (alongfront) flow increases while the cross-stream flow diminishes, but always shows a two-sided convergence near the surface front. The kinetic energy dissipation decreases rapidly with dissipation times of resident kinetic energy increasing from ten minutes for the r...
Does A Brief Training Intervention Alter Natural Patterns of Fitness in Adolescent Females? † 3

Does A Brief Training Intervention Alter Natural Patterns of Fitness in Adolescent Females? † 3
THE INTRAOCULAR AND VASCULAR PRESSURES OF THE CAT EYE.

In a large series of steady-state experiments in cats, a highly significant correlation was found between the eye venous pressure and intraocular pressure. Highly significant correlations to the eye pressure were also found for the iris artery pressure and ophthalmic artery pressure. In a model of the eye, an increase of IOP exerted by increasing the aqueous humor volume produced a dissociation between the intrascleral and choroidal venous pressure. Since an increase of aqueous humor volume is the equivalent of secretion in the in vivo preparation, it must be concluded that if there is any significant amount of secretion in the living eye there should coexist a dissociation between the two venous pressures. The venous pressures measured in the intact animals, however, were not significantly different from each other, so it must be concluded that there is minimal to no influence of secretion on the IOP of these eyes.
Cities and states in Europe, 1000–1800

increasing subordination of European trade to that of the eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Indian Ocean, and East Asia; continued expansion of Muslim power in continental Europe; the rise of city-states, city-empires, and religious organizations as the dominant European political structures; cyclical destruction of those political structures' power, especially in Eastern Europe, by nomadic invaders from the Eurasian steppe; battles among armed tribute takers and their personal armies as the predominant form of war.
The selective iGluR1-4 (AMPA) antagonist LY300168 attenuates morphine-withdrawal-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons and behavioural signs of morphine withdrawal

Abstract Previously, we have shown that the AMPA (iGluR1-4) antagonist LY293558 attenuates the morphine-withdrawal-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons and behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal. However, LY293558 has since been shown to also have affinity for one subtype of kainate receptor (iGluR5). In this study, we examined the effects of a selective antagonist of iGluR1-4 receptors, LY300168 (GYKI 53655), and a selective antagonist of iGluR5 receptors, LY382884, on the morphine-withdrawal-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons and behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal. In in vivo recordings from anesthetized rats, pretreatment with LY300168 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.), but not LY382884 (at a dose known to have central effects; 100 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated the morphine-withdrawal-induced activation of LC neurons. In unanesthetized, morphine-dependent rats, pretreatment with LY300168 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.), but not LY382884 (100 mg/kg, s.c.), suppressed the severity and occurrence of naltrexone-precipitated morphine-withdrawal signs. These results indicate iGluR1-4 (AMPA) receptors, but not iGluR5 receptors, play an important role the morphine-withdrawal-induced activation of LC neurons and a subset of behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal. In addition, selective AMPA antagonists may have therapeutic effects in man for the treatment of withdrawal from opiates and other drugs of abuse.
Separated Two-Component Equations for Spin-½ Particles Using Foldy-Wouthuysen-Type Transformations with an Application to the k. p. Method in Solids

The Foldy-Wouthuysen formalism is presented in a representation-independent manner. It is shown that an algebraic transformation serves to remove the mass term from the Dirac equation for spin-\textonehalf{} particles, thereby providing decoupled two-component equations in a particular (Weyl) representation. Also it is shown that appropriate use of a constant algebraic transformation applied to a Dirac Hamiltonian in the usual (Pauli) representation leads to a nonrelativistic k. p equation used in solid-state theory for which the k-dependent spin-orbit term is absent.
Randomnicity: Rules and Randomness in the Realm of the Infinite

After seeing an announcement of the publication of Randomnicity , and reading its description in January 2009, I immediately requested that our library purchase a copy. Then I was pleased to receive, and eager to accept, the invitation to review it for Vadose Zone Journal . The experience reminded
Structure and transport behavior of In-filled cobalt rhodium antimonide skutterudites

The effect of indium icosahedral void-site filling on the transport properties of cobalt and rhodium antimonide solid solutions is investigated. Co{sub 4-x}Rh{sub x}Sb{sub 12} and indium-filled In{sub 0.1}Co{sub 4-x}Rh{sub x}Sb{sub 12} solid solutions were synthesized. Partial rhodium substitution produces a distinct clustering-induced lattice strain that is partly relieved upon indium substitution into the skutterudite icosahedral void-sites. Indium lowers the thermal conductivity of all samples near room temperature. A distinct increase in thermal conductivity is observed in all indium-filled rhodium substituted samples at elevated temperatures and is attributed to bipolar thermal conductivity. In addition, the indium-filled samples were subjected to a 6-day heat treatment at 673 K. Void-site filled indium was found to be metastable at this temperature, and was found to partially precipitate during the 6-day heat treatment; thereby presenting concerns over the long-term stability of thermoelectric devices based on indium-filled skutterudites. - Graphical Abstract: Strain in the cobalt rhodium skutterudite solid solutions decreases upon indium filling. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Unfilled and indium-filled cobalt and rhodium skutterudite solid solutions were synthesized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Indium filling stabilizes the cobalt and rhodium skutterudite solid solutions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The thermoelectric properties of all compositions are reported. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The thermal conductivity of rhodium-rich compositions is strongly affectedmore » by indium filling. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Void-site filled indium was found to be metastable.« less
Refractive Index at THz Frequencies of Various Plastics

We measure the refractive index via a minimum deviation prism technique of various plastics from 70-290µm (1-4THz) using a tunable terahertz gas laser. We find these plastics have indices varying from 1.43-1.61 over this range.
Calculating the free energy of association of transmembrane helices.

A large number of experimental studies have been devoted to quantifying the interaction between transmembrane (TM) helices in detergent micelles and, more recently, in bilayers. Theoretical calculation of association free energy of TM helices would be useful for predicting the propensity of given sequences to oligomerize and for understanding the difference between association in micelles and in bilayers. In this article, the theoretical foundation for calculating the standard association free energy of TM helices is laid out and is applied to glycophorin A in both micelles and bilayers. The standard association free energy is decomposed into the effective energy, translational, rotational, and conformational entropy terms. The effective energy of association is obtained by molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit membrane model. The translational and rotational entropy of association is calculated from the probability distribution of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations. The side-chain conformational entropy of association is estimated from the probability distribution obtained by rigid rotation of all side-chain dihedral angles. The calculated standard association free energy of glycophorin A in N-dodecylphosphocholine micelles is in good agreement with the experimental value. The translational entropy cost is larger, whereas the rotational entropy cost is smaller in bilayers than in micelles. The standard association free energy in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers is calculated to be ∼1.3 kcal/mol more favorable than in N-dodecylphosphocholine micelles, consistent with available experimental data.
Ratio scaling of taste intensity by a matching procedure

Given the assumptions that the taste sense is analytic and that the total perceived intensity of a complex taste equals the sum of the perceived intensities of the components, a new procedure was devised to scale taste intensity. Subjects matched the intensity of test substances either to the total intensity or to the intensity of one component of two-component mixtures tin which the two components appeared equally intense. Given the above-stated assumptions, such a pair of matches should define a psychological ratio of 2∶1. Scales erected by this procedure agreed well with scales determined by magnitude estimation.
Telomere sequences at the novel joints of four independent amplifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Primary gene amplification, the mutation from one copy of a gene per genome to two or more genes per genome is a major mechanism of oncogene overexpression. We previously developed a system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to phenotypically detect primary amplifications of a reporter cassette, ADH4:CUP1. We present here the sequence analysis of novel joints from four independent, spontaneous circular amplifications identified by the ADH4:CUP1 system. All four novel joints consist of C(1-3) A telomeric repeats joined to short (14- to 16-bp) CA-rich tracts between ADH4 and the telomere of chromosome VII. In three of the four amplifications, the telomeric sequence and the CA-rich tract that are joined in the amplification are normally located in inverted orientation to each other on chromosome VII. In the fourth amplification, the CA-rich tract on chromosome VII is joined to telomere sequences from another chromosome. We suggest that formation of these amplifications was initiated by recombination between these CA-rich tracts and a telomere. The resulting dicentric chromosome could start a breakage-fusion-bridge cycle that could be resolved by the formation of a circular amplification structure.
Mutation of a Single Lytic Transglycosylase Causes Aberrant Septation and Inhibits Cell Separation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The function of lytic peptidoglycan transglycosylases is poorly understood. Single lytic transglycosylase mutants of Escherichia coli have no growth phenotype. By contrast, mutation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ltgC inhibited cell separation without affecting peptidoglycan monomer production. Thus, LtgC has a dedicated function in gonococcal cell division.
Gi Protein-mediated Functional Compartmentalization of Cardiac β2-Adrenergic Signaling *

Abstract In contrast to β1-adrenoreceptor (β1-AR) signaling, β2-AR stimulation in cardiomyocytes augmentsl-type Ca2+ current in a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-dependent manner but fails to phosphorylate phospholamban, indicating that the β2-AR-induced cAMP/PKA signaling is highly localized. Here we show that inhibition of Gi proteins with pertussis toxin (PTX) permits a full phospholamban phosphorylation and a de novo relaxant effect following β2-AR stimulation, converting the localized β2-AR signaling to a global signaling mode similar to that of β1-AR. Thus, β2-AR-mediated Gi activation constricts the cAMP signaling to the sarcolemma. PTX treatment did not significantly affect the β2-AR-stimulated PKA activation. Similar to Gi inhibition, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A (3 × 10−8 m), selectively enhanced the β2-AR but not β1-AR-mediated contractile response. Furthermore, PTX and calyculin A treatment had a non-additive potentiating effect on the β2-AR-mediated positive inotropic response. These results suggest that the interaction of the β2-AR-coupled Gi and Gs signaling affects the local balance of protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Thus, the additional coupling of β2-AR to Giproteins is a key factor causing the compartmentalization of β2-AR-induced cAMP signaling.
New England rhetoric and the French war, 1754–1760: A case study in the rhetoric of war

Viewing pro‐war rhetorical discourse directed to the general public as a genre, the author suggests that three basic appeals— those to territoriality, ethnocentrism and optimism—pervade the genre, though the appeals are developed differently under various historical circumstances. He further suggests that stated war aims, though usually expressed ambiguously, tend to change as a war progresses. These points are amplified by a close examination of New England rhetoric during the last French war and a general consideration of some other war rhetoric.
Large enhancement of second-harmonic generation in subwavelength metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides

Plasmonic waveguides have shown the potential to guide subwavelength optical modes, the so called surface plasmon polaritons, at metal-dielectric interfaces. In particular, a metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) structure supports a subwavelength propagating mode at a wavelength range extending from DC to visible. Thus, such a waveguide could be important in providing an interface between conventional optics and subwavelength electronic and optoelectronic devices. Nonlinear processes such as second-harmonic generation (SHG) are important for applications such as switching and wavelength conversion. In this paper, we show that field enhancement in MDM waveguides can result in large enhancement of SHG. We first consider a structure consisting of a MDM waveguide filled with lithium niobate, which is sandwiched between two high-index-contrast dielectric waveguides. Such a structure forms a Fabry-Perot resonant cavity and can be designed to have a resonance at both the first and second harmonic. We show that this doubly resonant device results in more than two orders of magnitude enhancement in SHG compared to a uniform slab of lithium niobate. We also consider structures in which multisection tapers are used to couple light in and out of the MDM waveguide. We optimize the tapers so that their transmission efficiency is maximized at both the first and second harmonic. For such structures the field enhancement is due to the squeezing of the optical power from the wavelength-sized dielectric waveguide to the deep subwavelength MDM waveguide.
Structure-based mutagenesis of the malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase from Streptomyces coelicolor.

Malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase (MAT) provides acyl-ACP thioesters for the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides, and thus is the primary gatekeeper of substrate specificity in type II PKS. A recent report described the X-ray crystal structure of the Streptomyces coelicolor MAT and suggested active site residues which may be important for substrate selectivity [Keatinge-Clay, A. T., et al. (2003) Structure 11, 147−154]. Mutants were made to test the proposed roles of these residues, and the enzymes were characterized kinetically with respect to native and non-native substrates. The activity of the MAT was observed to be greatly attenuated in many of the observed mutants; however, the Km for malonyl-CoA was only modestly affected. Our results suggest the MAT uses an active site that is rigorously ordered around the acyl−thioester moiety of the acyl-CoA to facilitate rapid and efficient transacylation to an ACP. Our results also suggest that the MAT does not discriminate against α-substituted a...
THE INFLUENCE OF X RAYS ON ORGANELLE INDUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN GRASSHOPPER SPERMATOGENESIS

The effect of x-irradiation on grasshopper spermatogenesis was studied with the aid of light and electron microscopy. The insects were irradiated at the second instar prior to the presence of maturation stages and observed at the last instar and imago stages. Dosages of 100 to 600 roentgens were found to retard the differentiation of the nucleus and mitochondrial nebenkern in spermatids. Evidence is presented that irradiation causes a curtailment and disorganization in the differentiation of the nebenkern from mitochondria. The above doses also induced the formation of supernumerary centrioles, flagellar filaments and acrosomes; nuclear disorganization as well as pycnosis and fragmentation also occur. The nucleus appears to be drawn toward each radiation-induced supernumerary acrosome, with consequent multipolarity of the nucleus. Induction of a set of flagellar filaments is seen only where the centriolar structure is in contact with the nucleus. Details are given of an organelle, heretofore not described, that is composed of anastomosed and interwoven cytoplasmic strands.
Strategic Planning as Competitive Advantage

Since 1970, over forty empirical studies have examined the performance consequences of formal strategic planning. This line of research has drawn heavy criticism from reviewers on methodological grounds, and has produced confusing, apparently contradicatory results. This article reevaluates the planning-performance relationship from a resource perspective, arguing that strategic planning does not satisfy the criteria for sustainable competitve advantage-- although it may produce economic value, it is easily imitated and may be substitutable. The article suggests that previous studies produced inconsistent results because they did not account for the dissemination of strategic planning over time, or for industry differences in strategic planning factor markets. An empirical test in two industries funds that formal strategic planning and financial performance are unrelated in a 'planning equilibrium' industry, but positively related in an industry with strategic planning factor market imperfections.
Toward a Sense of Organizational Humor: Implications for Organizational Diagnosis and Change:

This article focuses on the use of humor as a tool for organizational diagnosis and change. The guiding assumption is that humor is a means for organization members to make statements, consciously or unconsciously, about themselves, their relationships, their groups, and their organizations-statements that may be more difficult to make and to hear in other ways. Examples from the author's and others' experiences and from secondary sources are presented to explore the processes by which organization members use humor. The author discusses ways of interpreting the data couched in humorous messages and incidents, presenting five primary functions that humor serves for individuals and groups. These functions are linked by a theoretical framework underlying the use of humor in the diagnostic process. The author also offers some thoughts on using humor sparingly and carefully in the process of creating organizational change.
Distributed source separation algorithms for hyperspectral image processing

This paper describes a new algorithm for feature extraction on hyperspectral images based on blind source separation (BSS) and distributed processing. I use Independent Component Analysis (ICA), a particular case of BSS, where, given a linear mixture of statistical independent sources, the goal is to recover these components by producing the unmixing matrix. In the multispectral/hyperspectral imagery, the separated components can be associated with features present in the image, the source separation algorithm projecting them in different image bands. ICA based methods have been employed for target detection and classification of hyperspectral images. However, these methods involve an iterative optimization process. When applied to hyperspectral data, this iteration results in significant execution times. The time efficiency of the method is improved by running it on a distributed environment while preserving the accuracy of the results. The design of the distributed algorithm as well as issues related to the distributed modeling of the hyperspectral data were taken in consideration and presented. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been tested by comparison to the sequential source separation algorithm using data from AVIRIS and HYDICE. Preliminary results indicate that, while the accuracy of the results is preserved, the new algorithm provides a considerable speed-up in processing.
Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects of Combined Valproic Acid and the Aurora Kinase Inhibitor VE465 on Gynecologic Cancer Cells.

Increasing evidence shows that targeting epigenetic changes including acetylation and deacetylation of core nucleosomal histones as well as Aurora kinases hold promise for improving the treatment of human cancers including ovarian cancer. We investigated whether the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA) and the Aurora kinase inhibitor VE465 can have additive or synergistic effects on gynecologic cancer cells. We tested the in vitro antitumor activity of VPA and VE465, alone and in combination, in gynecologic cancer cells and assessed potential mechanisms of action. 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis revealed that 72 hours of treatment with VPA or VE465 alone induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in nine gynecologic cancer cell lines (ovarian: 2008/C13, OVCAR3, SKOV3, and A2780; cervical: ME180 and CaSki; endometrial: HEC-1B; and uterine sarcoma: MES-SA and MES-SA/D×5). Co-treatment with VPA and VE465 enhanced cytotoxic effects on five of these cell lines: ovarian: 2008/C13, A2780, and OVCAR3; endometrial: HEC-1B; and cervical: ME180. In ovarian 2008/C13 cells, co-treatment with VPA (2 mM) and VE465 (1μM) induced more apoptosis than either VPA or VE465 alone. Western blot analysis showed that VPA alone increased the expression of cleaved PARP and p21 in a dose-dependent manner in 2008/C13 cells, while co-treatment with VPA and VE465 induced more cleaved PARP than treatment with VPA or VE465 alone did. The combined use of VPA and VE465 enhanced cytotoxic effects in some ovarian cancer cells, via enhanced induction of apoptosis. Targeting epigenetics with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with Aurora kinase inhibitors, holds promise for more effective therapy of ovarian cancer.
Abstract 905: Localization of several potential biomarkers in various types of cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL DNA salvage pathway enzymes are known to be upregulated both within cancer cells and in the serum of cancer patients. These enzymes include TK1, APRT, HGPRT, and dCK. TK1 has been extensively studied and is known to be a cytosolic enzyme. However, relatively few studies have investigated the localization of the other three salvage pathway enzymes in cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the localization of these salvage pathway enzymes in various types of cancer cells. Cancer cells and normal lymphocytes were embedded and prepared for immunolabeling transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Raji cells, a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line known to express high levels of TK1, were used to optimize the TEM protocol. Using rabbit polyclonal antibodies, we were able to determine where the salvage pathway enzymes are localized in cancer cells. Cancer cell lines studied included Raji, Jurkat (acute T cell leukemia), HL60 (acute promyelocytic leukemia), HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma from lymph node), and H460 (large cell lung carcinoma). Normal lymphocytes (both unstimulated and stimulated with PHA) were also embedded and prepared for labeling. An antibody control, and anti-Macrophage marker, was used as an isotype control to detect non-specific binding. We observed that DNA salvage pathway enzymes were localized in distinctive parts throughout the cytoplasm, the cell membrane, and the nucleus. The expression of APRT appeared very similar to the expression of TK1 and it was visualized in approximately the same patterns. The same appeared to be true for HGPRT and dCK, but with much lower level of expression than TK1 and ARPT. In several cases, these salvage pathway enzymes appeared to localize near the nuclear pores, as well as other parts of the nuclear membrane. These enzymes also appeared dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, and in some cases formed clusters, especially near the cellular membrane, possibly indicating exocytosis routes. There was no significant difference between the various types of cancer cell lines in the localization of these enzymes Our normal lymphocyte controls show markedly lower expression, while the secondary only and isotype controls showed no staining. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms of this localization and the role of these enzymes in tumor cell growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 905. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-905
Cardiovascular Mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease

Cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 50% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) deaths. The reported cardiovascular death rates in patients receiving dialysis are substantially higher than in the general population. Cardiovascular mortality in ESRD is particularly high after acute myocardial infarction, but it is also elevated in ESRD patients with other forms of atherosclerotic vascular disease (eg, chronic coronary artery disease, strokes, transient ischemic attacks, and peripheral arterial disease). Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, as is congestive heart failure. One of the major reasons for such high cardiovascular mortality in ESRD is the large burden of cardiovascular disease present in patients with chronic artery disease before renal replacement therapy. These observations mandate not only aggressive diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in patients with ESRD, but also active screening, diagnosis, and treatment in those with chronic kidney disease before renal replacement therapy.
Parental Experiences of Children's Disabilities and Special Education in the United States and Japan: Implications for School Social Work

Cultural beliefs about disability and related systems of special education affect the experience of children with disabilities and their parents. This article reviews research on the perceptions and experiences of parents who have preschool or elementary school-age children with disabilities in the United States and Japan. Parents' experiences affect their children's development--for example, through caregiving and advocacy for appropriate services. Existing research suggests that U.S. and Japanese parents report similar difficulties, including difficulties establishing relationships with professionals providing services for their children, but that they have different expectations regarding these relationships. Japanese parents are more likely to emphasize the importance of emotional connections, such as empathy, with professionals and to express feelings of stigma, whereas U.S. parents are more likely to assert that their children are entitled to receive appropriate educational resources. These experiences reflect structural differences in U.S. and Japanese special education services. Parents' perceptions also have the potential to recreate cultural beliefs and eventually modify service delivery systems to reflect those beliefs. Discussion of U.S. and Japanese concepts of disability suggests ways in which services in both countries may be strengthened. The Japanese case suggests ways of strengthening empathy and trust, and the U.S. case provides a positive model of inclusion.
The Planet around 51 Pegasi

Doppler measurements of 51 Pegasi have been made from 1995 October through 1996 August, with a precision of 5 m s-1. We find a period of 4.231 days, a velocity amplitude of 56 ± 1 m s-1, and a velocity curve that is essentially sinusoidal, all in excellent agreement with Mayor & Queloz. The only viable interpretation is a companion having minimum mass, m sin i = 0.45 MJupiter, in a circular orbit of radius of 0.051 AU, with an eccentricity less than 0.01. Alternative explanations involving stellar surface phenomena such as pulsation or spots are ruled out. The lack of tidal spin-up of the star constrains the mass of the companion to be less than 15 MJupiter. If the tidal Q-value is less than ~106 for the planet (close to Jupiter's presumed value), then internal dissipation is adequate to circularize the orbit and synchronize the planet's rotation. After subtracting the best-fit Keplerian velocity curve, the residuals exhibit no apparent variations at a level of 5 m s-1 during 10 months. The absence of further reflex motion along with limits from IR speckle observations rule out additional companions in a large portion of the parameter space of mass and orbital radius, including all masses greater than 1 MJupiter within 2.0 AU.
A Single-nucleotide Deletion Leads to Rapid Degradation ofTAP-1 mRNA in a Melanoma Cell Line

Both viruses and tumors evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated host immunity by down-regulation of antigen presentation machineries. This can be achieved by either down-regulation of transcription of antigen presentation genes or posttranslational inactivation of proteins involved in antigen presentation. In this study, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-deficient melanoma cell line, SK-MEL-19, was found deficient in the expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-1 mRNA even after IFN-γ stimulation, despite its active transcription of the TAP-1gene. This abnormality was caused by a single-nucleotide deletion at position +1489 of the TAP-1 gene and was corrected by cycloheximide, which inhibits RNA degradation. Using an inducible Tet-Off system, we demonstrated that deletion of the nucleotide resulted in a >2-fold decrease in the half-life of TAP-1mRNA. However, the decrease of the half-life of TAP-1mRNA is not mediated by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay because deletions of two additional nucleotides in the region, which corrected the nonsense mutation, did not restore TAP-1 mRNA stability. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that the degradation of mRNA of an antigen presentation gene is involved in HLA class I down-regulation in malignant cells.
The Nude in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russian Sculpture

Abstract This article analyzes Russian attitudes toward nudity in art in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from the importation of Italian nudes by Peter the Great to the continued study of the nude model by Socialist Realist artists. Questions addressed include the reception of nude sculpture in Russia and its change over time; the role of life models; and the subject matter sculptors chose.
Influence of Clerkship on Attitudes of Medical Students Toward Psychiatry Across Cultures: United States and Qatar

Objective To assure adequate treatment for patients with mental illness worldwide, medical schools must impart positive attitudes toward psychiatry. The authors examined the effect of culture on changes in attitudes toward psychiatry among medical students receiving the same psychiatry clerkship curriculum in two different countries.
INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE KUROSHIO CURRENT INTRUSION IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The interannual variability of the Kuroshio Current intrusion into the South China Sea is investigated using a combination of satellite remote sensing data and in situ measurements. This research was conducted as part of the Asian Seas International Acoustic EXperiment (ASIAEX). The circulation of the South China Sea has been studied for years and is predominantly wind-forced by the northeast winter and southwest summer monsoons. There remains some uncertainty to the interannual nature of the circulation and the effect of Kuroshio intrusions on mesoscale features in the northeast South China Sea. Satellite observations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA) from TOPEX/Poseidon are used to analyze the interannual variability in the intrusion and the effect on the region. Analysis of SST and SSHA shows the formation of a Kuroshio Intrusion varies considerably each winter. Since the circulation in the South China Sea is primarily wind-driven, ocean surface wind vectors from the NASA QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer are used to evaluate the relationship between wind stress or wind stress curl and the intensity of the winter Kuroshio Intrusion into the South China Sea
Is the isolated ligand binding domain a good model of the domain in the native receptor

Numerous studies have used the atomic level structure of the isolated ligand binding domain of the glutamate receptor to elucidate the agonist-induced activation and desensitization processes in this group of proteins. However, no study has demonstrated the structural equivalence of the isolated ligand binding fragments and the protein in the native receptor. In this report, using visible absorption spectroscopy we show that the electronic environment of the antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitro-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline is identical for the isolated protein and the native glutamate receptors expressed in cells. Our results hence establish that the local structure of the ligand binding site is the same in the two proteins and validate the detailed structure-function relationships that have been developed based on a comparison of the structure of the isolated ligand binding domain and electrophysiological consequences in the native receptor.
Transport of unstable respiratory failure patients on extracorporeal life support

Introduct ion: We have used extracorporeal life suppor t (ECLS) to manage 51 cases of severe adult respiratory failure with a 57% surv iva l . T h i r t y e i g h t pa t i en t s f rom ou t s ide ins t i tu t ions r e q u i r e d e m e r g e n t transport. Fourteen of these patients were too unstable to be safely t ransported using conven t iona l ven t i l a t ion and so w e r e placed on bypass at the referring institution. Methods: Diagnoses included ARDS (n = 8), pneumonia (n = 5), and asthma (n = 1). PreECLS ventilator suppor t included: FiO2 = 0.98 + 0.07, Rate = 19 + 5, PIP = 57 + 12, PEEP = 14 + 7. Physiologic indicators of severity of respiratory failure included: SaO2 = 84 + 11, PaO2 = 67 + 43, PaCO2 = 48 + 22, pH = Z33 + 0.16, Q s / Q t = 0.48 + 0.12, AaDO2 = 586 + 76, Murray Vent Score = 3.62 + 0.51. Results: Transport with the patient on ECLS was p e r f o r m e d by g r o u n d a m b u l a n c e without adverse effects. The transport team included two ECLS physicians, two flight nurses, and two ECLS specialists. Distance transported was a median of 43 miles (range 6 248 miles). Median transport t ime was 8.0 h o u r s ( r ange 1.9 13.4 hours ) . Eva lua t ion , in i t i a t ion of b y p a s s and stabil ization pr ior to r e tu rn r equ i red a median of 4.6 hours (range 1.1 7.0 hours). Twelve of the 14 patients (86%) survived to discharge. Total time on bypass was 223 + 201 hours° C o n c l u s i o n : P a t i e n t s w i t h s e v e r e respiratory failure who are too unstable to t r a n s p o r t s a f e l y u s i n g m e c h a n i c a l venti lat ion alone m a y be t ranspor ted on ECLS with a high survival rate. THE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF VIOLENCE ON AIR MEDICAL TRANSPORT