cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity of hyperactivity-impulsivity-inattention and conduct problems: risk factors in social, affective, and academic domains

Children showing a comorbid behavior pattern of hyperactivity-impulsivity-inattention and conduct problems (HIA + CP) were contrasted to children having only an internalizing and externalizing behavior pattern (I + E) and matched controls. Children displaying the HIA + CP behavior pattern were at greater risk on a number of outcome measures in social and academic domains beginning in Grade 3 and continuing into Grade 4. The most marked differences among the three groups were found on peer measures of rejection and friendship and teacher ratings of social skills. On average, almost two-thirds of the HIA + CP group were rejected by their peers compared to one-third of the I + E group and only 12.5% controls. Over 70% of the HIA + CP group had no reciprocated friendships from Grade 3 to Grade 4 compared to less than half of the I + E group and approximately one-fourth of controls. Contrary to much theorizing in the literature, the HIA + CP and I + E groups showed average levels of academic self-concept and did not differ from controls in on measures of social self-concept and academic self-concept and general self-esteem. These findings were interpreted in light of positive illusory biases and the established link between aggressive behavior and egotism. The current article offers partial support for Lynam's (1996) notion of the “fledgling psychopath.”
Effect of acid identity on the geometry of intermolecular complexes: the microwave spectrum and molecular structure of vinyl chloride-HF.

The structure of the gas-phase bimolecular complex formed between vinyl chloride and hydrogen fluoride is determined using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy from 6.3 to 21.4 GHz. Although all previous examples of complexes formed between protic acids and haloethylenes are observed to have similar modes of binding regardless of the specific identity of the acid, HF, HCl, or HCCH, the planar vinyl chloride-HF complex has HF located at the "top" of the vinyl chloride with the secondary interaction occurring with the cis hydrogen atom as opposed to the "side" binding configuration found for vinyl chloride-HCCH. Nevertheless, the details of the structure, such as hydrogen bond length (2.32 A) and amount of deviation from linearity (19.8°), do reflect the strength of the interaction and show clear correlations with the gas-phase acidity. Comparison with analogous complexes allows the determination of the relative importance of electrostatic interactions and steric requirements in leading to the observed structures.
The big challenges in modeling human and environmental well-being

This article is a selective review of quantitative research, historical and prospective, that is needed to inform sustainable development policy. I start with a simple framework to highlight how demography and productivity shape human well-being. I use that to discuss three sets of issues and corresponding challenges to modeling: first, population prehistory and early human development and their implications for the future; second, the multiple distinct dimensions of human and environmental well-being and the meaning of sustainability; and, third, inequality as a phenomenon triggered by development and models to examine changing inequality and its consequences. I conclude with a few words about other important factors: political, institutional, and cultural.
The functional intelligences proposition

Abstract Why are some governments more effective managers of resources – people, places and finances – and others less effective? This question is at the center of understanding political and economic development. Yet, established theory that explains how individual cognitive differences and sociological forces mutually explain government effectiveness is lacking. To bridge this knowledge gap we articulate the Functional Intelligences Proposition (FIP): The individual level attributes of general intelligence and social intelligence serve unique information processing functions and have a positive and independent effect on the ability of individuals, acting in concert, to govern resources. To begin to evaluate the FIP, we study the effects of general intelligence, social intelligence and social infrastructure (prosocial norms & trust) on how effectively US states govern. We find that measures of general intelligence (estimated by IQ) and social intelligence (social-cognitive theory of mind – ToM – estimated by agreeableness) have a positive and independent effect on the effectiveness of governance. The FIP provides an interdisciplinary explanation for the effectiveness of governance and, ultimately, development.
The Establishment of Human All-round Development Evaluation Indicator System Based on R-Cluster and Coefficient of Variation

According to the basic principles of "sticking to human-orientation,setting up an overall,coordinative and sustainable development outlook",the connotation of the scientific outlook on development,this paper selects human all-around development evaluation indicators extensively from the perspectives of economic development environment,social development environment,ecological environment,human capital environment,the quality of life and the quality of human.Based on the principle that indicators should be observable,this paper screens the initial indicators,after that,it uses R-Cluster and Coefficient of Variation to screen the indicators,and finally establishes the evaluation indicators system of human all-around development.The contributions of this paper lie in three aspects: firstly,the indicators system through quantitative screening based on authorities' typical and high-frequency indicators have double information of experts' knowledge and objective reality;secondly,it uses indicators such as Gross National Happiness Efficient,Gini Coefficient and Social Security Coverage Rate to reflect the core of human-oriented scientific development outlook and establishes a system of indicators of scientific development outlook;and thirdly,it uses R-Cluster and Coefficient of Variation to screen the indicators,so that 33.7% of initial indicators can be used as the final indicator system to reflect 90% of original information.
Tropical–Extratropical Interactions with the MJO Skeleton and Climatological Mean Flow

AbstractSimplified asymptotic models are developed to investigate tropical–extratropical interactions. Two kinds of interactions are illustrated in the model: (i) MJO initiation through extraction of energy from barotropic Rossby waves and (ii) MJO termination via energy transfer to extratropical Rossby waves. A new feature, in comparison to previous simplified models, is that here these waves interact directly in the presence of a climatological mean flow given by the Walker circulation. The simplified models are systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for the amplitudes of barotropic Rossby waves and the MJO, and they are systematically derived from the MJO skeleton model by using multiscale asymptotics. The simplified ODEs allow for rapid investigation of a wide range of model parameters, such as initial conditions and wind shear. Zonally uniform wind shear is shown to have only a minor effect on these interactions here, in contrast to the important role of the zonally varying wind shear asso...
Visualiser l’esprit de l’enfant : une généalogie de l’image en pédopsychiatrie

Resume Au cours des quarante dernieres annees, la video est devenue un outil quasi quotidien pour la recherche et la clinique pedopsychiatriques. L’omnipresence des images en mouvement pose cependant des questions complexes d’un point de vue philosophique et historique : comment savoir ce qu’il se passe dans l’esprit du petit enfant ? En proposant une genealogie des images qui s’appuie a la fois sur l’histoire des sciences et sur l’histoire du cinema, cet article tente de montrer comment serait nee l’idee que l’observation video pourrait permettre d’emettre des hypotheses sur ce que « pense » l’enfant. Les pratiques actuelles ont pour origine la conjonction de deux mouvements qui se developpent a la fin du XIXe et au debut du XXe siecles : l’essor des etudes sur l’enfant et l’interet scientifique croissant pour l’image en mouvement. Cette conjonction a contribue a l’emergence de deux traditions visuelles qui transmettent des conceptions culturelles sur l’enfant aujourd’hui encore et font dans ce sens partie de la construction d’une fiction sur l’esprit de l’enfant.
Ethnohistory and Alcohol Studies

This chapter briefly outlines the development of ethnohistory in the United States and Canada and then examines the contributions that ethnohistorical studies have made to our understanding of heavy drinking in situations of acculturation. Three major models used by anthropologists and ethnohistorians to account for heavy drinking in such contexts are identified: (1) drinking as a response to sociocultural disorganization, (2) drinking as a response to deprivation, and (3) drinking as an expression of traditional values and activities. These models are evaluated in light of recent theoretical and methodological developments within anthropology and other social sciences. The discussion draws on ethnohistorical case studies to exemplify these developments. It is argued that ethnohistory 's ongoing interaction between field and archival research offers a unique and essential approach to the study of alcohol use.
Caste, Class, and Social Change: An Institutionalist Perspective

(1992). Caste, Class, and Social Change: An Institutionalist Perspective. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 553-560.
Grounding-mechanical explanation

I argue that there is an important similarity between causation and grounding. In particular I argue that, just as there is a type of scientific explanation that appeals to causal mechanisms—causal-mechanical explanation—there is a type of metaphysical explanation that appeals to grounding mechanisms—grounding-mechanical explanation. The upshot is that the role that grounding mechanisms play in certain metaphysical explanations mirrors the role that causal mechanisms play in certain scientific explanations. In this light, it becomes clear that grounding-mechanical explanations make crucial contributions to the evaluation of a variety of important philosophical theses, including priority monism and physicalism.
Computer-Aided Demonstration of the Photoelectric Effect

In 1887, Hertz observed that when certain materials were irradiated with ultraviolet radiant energy, they gave off electrons. This phenomenon is called the photoelectric effect. Figure 13–1 shows a simple diagram of a photoelectric-effect setup. A small voltage is impressed (usually 0–50 V) across the cold electrodes in order to accelerate electrons away from the photoconducting surface. The galvanometer G shows the magnitude of the current flowing in the circuit at any time.
Student Modeling in an Intelligent Programming Tutor

The ACT Programming Tutor helps students as they complete short programming exercises. The tutor is constructed around an ideal student model consisting of several hundred production rules. This model allows the tutor to solve exercises along with the student and serves as an overlay model of the student’s knowledge. As the student completes exercises, the tutor maintains an estimate of the probability that student has learned each rule, based on a two-state learning model. These estimates are employed to guide remediation. This paper assesses the predictive validity of this modeling process, and examines the implications for the rules in the ideal student model.
Death of a Pirate: British Radio and the Making of the Information Age by Adrian Johns New York, N.Y.: Norton, 2011, 305 pp

(2011). Death of a Pirate: British Radio and the Making of the Information Age by Adrian Johns New York, N.Y.: Norton, 2011, 305 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 132-133.
Development of a New Method for Reducing the Loss of Light Hydrocarbons at Breather Valve of Oil Tanks

Abstract This work including, the possibility of reducing the loss of light hydrocarbons by introducing micro-quantities of an additive having surface-active properties as new method. There have been successful attempt to use free fatty acid (FFA) on the form of artificial salt to reduce the loss of light hydrocarbons. The optimal concentration of this salt was determined by estimating the lowest pressure saturated with steam its (8 mg/kg). It was found that the evaporation rate reduced to 47% in the oil tanks. It has been observed that the effect of adding this compound to the oil tank is to be slightly, it was also found that the presence of artificial salt compound at the bottom of the tank is 10%. In this case, it appeared to be advantageous to use this method for reduce the loss of light hydrocarbons, which should prevent the loss of light hydrocarbons.
Dose dependence of accelerated repopulation in head and neck cancer: Supporting evidence and clinical implications.

Abstract Background and purpose Accelerated repopulation (AR) can compromise tumor control after conventional radiotherapy for fast-growing tumors. Standard AR models assume it begins at a fixed time, with repopulation rates independent of the number of clonogens killed. We investigate the validity and significance of an alternative model where onset-time and rate of AR depend on the number of clonogens killed, and thus on dose and dose-fractionation. Materials and methods We analyzed tumor control (TCP) from randomized trials for head and neck cancer (HNC, 7283 patients), featuring wide ranges of doses, times, and fractionation-schemes. We used the linear-quadratic model with the standard dose-independent AR model, or with an alternative dose-dependent model, where AR onset and rate depend on clonogen killing. Results The alternative dose-dependent model of AR provides significantly-improved descriptions of a wide range of randomized clinical data, relative to the standard dose-independent model. This preferred model predicts that, for currently-used HNC fractionation schemes, the last 5 fractions do not increase TCP, but simply compensate for increased accelerated repopulation. Conclusions The preferred dose-dependent AR model predicts that, for standard fractionation schemes currently used to treat HNC, the final week (5 fractions) could be eliminated without compromising TCP, but resulting in significantly decreased late sequelae due to the lower overall dose.
Periodic Assembly of Steel Truss Systems for Efficient Analyses and Early Detection of Localized Damage Using Impulse Response Method

AbstractIn this paper, the design of truss systems configured with a periodic pattern is proposed for obtaining the frequency response of truss units by the recursive finite-element method and moni...
Photonic Band Structures of Two-Dimensional Dielectric Media

When a quantum or a classical wave propagates in a periodic structure in any number of spatial dimensions, the dispersion curves that relate the frequencies of the wave to the wave vector characterizing its propagation possess an infinite number of branches. These branches form bands that are separated by frequency gaps at points of symmetry in the corresponding Brillouin zones. In some cases an absolute gap occurs, viz. a frequency range in which no waves can propagate that exists for all values of the wave vector in the Brillouin zone, and gives rise to a gap in the density of states of the waves propagating through these structures.
Evolving Scientific Paradigms: Retrospective and Prospective

It is well known that the contemporary concept of scientific paradigm arrived on the scientific and philosophical scene in 1962 with the publication of Thomas Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The book became enormously popular and soon it was common to find it on the syllabi of university undergraduate and graduate courses. In scientific and philosophical circles, the publication reignited a long simmering debate and turned it into a raging firestorm of criticism and countercriticism (see, e.g., Lakatos & Musgrave, 1970). Partially, the debate was about the introduction of sociological matters into the body of scientific theory and method, and partially, it was about the nature of scientific change itself (e.g., normal vs. revolutionary science, scientific crises, anomalies, gestalt switches).
Development of formalisms based on locally coupled open subsystems for calculations in molecular electronic structure and dynamics

Quantum embedding theories model a collection of interacting molecules as a set of subsystems, where each can be treated with a particular electronic structure method (wave function or density functional theory, for example); these theories can lead to computationally efficient and accurate algorithms. Motivated by challenges in the field, we previously described a formalism (that models two subsystems), which we call ``locally coupled open subsystems'' (LCOS), for the computation of ground-state energies, fractional electron-occupation numbers of the subsystems, and the size-consistent limit of subsystem dissociation. In this work we present the full (nonrelativistic) LCOS theory and the following extensions of our previous work: (i) the framework to study systems composed of multiple subsystems and a procedure to spin-adapt the auxiliary wave function that describes the partitioned system, so that its spin state matches that of the real system of interest; (ii) potential functionals and ideas to employ machine learning for the computation of ground-state densities and energies; (iii) formulation of two LCOS ground-state approaches where the fragments are assigned Kohn-Sham wave functions; and (iv) a time-dependent (TD) extension of these two ground-state formalisms in which the state of the subsystems evolves according to a unitary propagation; from this evolution we can extract TD electron populations of the fragments, for instance. We also discuss potential applications of the TD LCOS theory to linear photoabsorption and Raman spectroscopy. The developments presented in this work can lead to ground-state and TD electronic structure calculations where the computational scaling can be controlled, depending on the level of theory and the accuracy desired to model each one of the subsystems and their coupling.
Effects of therapeutic plasma exchange on anticoagulants in patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation: a systematic review

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) removes coagulation proteins, but its impact on therapeutic anticoagulation is unknown. We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the coagulation effects of TPE in patients receiving systemic anticoagulation. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science until June 2018 for studies combining controlled vocabulary and keywords related to therapeutic plasma exchange, plasmapheresis, anticoagulants, and therapy. The primary outcome was the effect of TPE on anti-Xa activity, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), or international normalized ratio (INR). The secondary outcome was reports of post-TPE bleeding or thrombosis. A total of 1830 references were screened and eight studies identified. Our selected studies (five case reports and three case series) involved 23 patients and evaluated the effects of seven anticoagulants. Six studies of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, and direct oral anticoagulants demonstrated an anti-Xa level decline. Two studies of unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins showed an aPTT increase. One study of warfarin showed a post-TPE INR increase. Reports of post-TPE bleeding occurred in two patients and thrombosis in one. In patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation, TPE is associated with anti-Xa activity decline and aPTT and INR increase. These coagulation changes do not appear to significantly increase bleeding or thrombotic risk. Our data suggest the need for prospective studies to investigate the true clinical impact of TPE on therapeutic anticoagulation.
All the Best-Laid Plans: A Content Analysis of Textbooks Driving Integrated Reading and Writing Courses in Community College Contexts.

Recent calls for coursework acceleration, reforms efforts, and promising pedagogical practices have resulted in the reemergence of integrated reading and writing (IRW) courses in community colleges...
Activating Mutations in PTPN11 and KRAS in Canine Histiocytic Sarcomas

While the genetic contributions to the predisposition of Bernese mountain dogs (BMDs) to histiocytic sarcoma (HS) remains unclear, some insights into key genetic drivers have been gained. Our group recently reported a mutation in the PTPN11 gene (E76K). We have now identified a second missense mutation in PTPN11 (G503V), and a mutation in KRAS (Q61H) present in HS cell lines. These mutations are associated with malignancies in humans, and known to be gain-of-function mutations that result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of these mutations in a large sample of HS cases from BMDs and golden retrievers, and in lymphoma cases, from a cohort of BMDs. Mutations in PTPN11 were present in HS in 41/96 (43%) BMDs, and in 3/13 (23%) golden retrievers. PTPN11 mutations E76K and G503V did not coexist in the same neoplasm. The KRAS mutation was much less frequent, with a prevalence of 3.1% (3/96). We did not identify either PTPN11 nor KRAS mutations in any of the lymphoma samples. These results point out the potential relevance of PTPN11 and KRAS mutations as activators of the oncogenic MAPK pathway for canine HS, particularly in BMDs.
Race/Ethnic and Educational Disparities in the Association Between Pathogen Burden and a Laboratory-Based Cumulative Deficits Index.

Disparities in adult morbidity and mortality may be rooted in patterns of biological dysfunction in early life. We sought to examine the association between pathogen burden and a cumulative deficits index (CDI), conceptualized as a pre-clinical marker of an unhealthy biomarker profile, specifically focusing on patterns across levels of social disadvantage. Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 wave (aged 20–49 years), we examined the association of pathogen burden, composed of seven pathogens, with the CDI. The CDI comprised 28 biomarkers corresponding to available clinical laboratory measures. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity and education level. The CDI ranged from 0.04 to 0.78. Nearly half of Blacks were classified in the high burden pathogen class compared with 8% of Whites. Among both Mexican Americans and other Hispanic groups, the largest proportion of individuals were classified in the common pathogens class. Among educational classes, 19% of those with less than a high school education were classified in the high burden class compared with 7% of those with at least a college education. Blacks in the high burden pathogen class had a CDI 0.05 greater than those in the low burden class (P < 0.05). Whites in the high burden class had a CDI only 0.03 greater than those in the low burden class (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest there are significant social disparities in the distribution of pathogen burden across race/ethnic groups, and the effects of pathogen burden may be more significant for socially disadvantaged individuals.
Racial/ethnic and gender differences in the antecedents of youth suicide.

Objectives This study examined racial/ethnic and gender differences in the antecedents of adolescent suicide deaths in the United States. Method Using postmortem data (N = 3,996, mean age = 16.01, 77% male) from the National Violent Death Reporting System, the authors investigated whether White, Black, Native American, Asian Pacific Islander American, and Latinx youths aged 10 to 18 varied in their rates of circumstances that either preceded or appear to have contributed to their suicides. Gender differences and gender by race/ethnicity moderation effects were examined in addition to racial/ethnic differences. These antecedents included, but were not limited to, mental health problems and treatment, history of suicide attempt and suicidal ideation, presence of a suicide note, interpersonal problems, substance abuse problems, school problems, and exposure to the death or suicide of a loved one. Results Logistic regression analyses revealed racial/ethnic and gender differences in the prevalence of several antecedents of youth suicide. One race/ethnicity by gender moderation effect related to suicide notes was identified. Conclusions The findings suggest considerable gender and racial/ethnic heterogeneity in suicide risk factors and highlight the need for more research on suicidal behavior in minority youths, as well as culturally tailored prevention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Simulating bird strikes using smoothed particle hydrodynamics for improved aircraft safety

Impacts between birds and aircraft, referred to as bird strikes, are remarkably common and present a major issue with flight safety as a single incident can cause catastrophic damage. The Federal Aviation Administration requires that aircraft must withstand these impacts through testing using euthanized birds. This process is unethical, inefficient, costly and unreliable. Previous research has validated gelatin as a replacement material and hydrodynamic modeling as a computational approach. A great variation in results remains due to a lack of standardization in the experimental and computational testing methodologies. Authorities agree that a standard approach will better facilitate testing and reduce the threat that bird strikes pose. We hypothesized that further testing of gelatin substitutes and numerical approaches using advanced processing would facilitate impactful results and aid in introducing a new global bird strike testing standard. High-speed impacts on a Hopkinson bar and dynamic impacts using a pendulum serve to identify a valid setup and design that best represents impact behavior. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is used to create a numerical model representing the fluid nature of the collision. By performing various impacts through various techniques, we hypothesize that the numerical SPH model will validate the material behavior by yielding accurate force-time profiles. Implementing this model will allow for reliable prediction of material response and damage evolution following bird strike impacts.
Use of Machine Learning to Determine the Information Value of a BMI Screening Program.

Introduction Childhood obesity continues to be a significant public health issue in the U.S. and is associated with short- and long-term adverse health outcomes. A number of states have implemented school-based BMI screening programs. However, these programs have been criticized for not being effective in improving students’ BMI or reducing childhood obesity. One potential benefit, however, of screening programs is the identification of younger children at risk of obesity as they age. Methods This study used a unique panel data set from the BMI screening program for public school children in the state of Arkansas collected from 2003 to 2004 through the 2018–2019 academic years and analyzed in 2020. Machine learning algorithms were applied to understand the informational value of BMI screening. Specifically, this study evaluated the importance of BMI information during kindergarten to the accurate prediction of childhood obesity by the 4th grade. Results Kindergarten BMI z-score is the most important predictor of obesity by the 4th grade and is much more important to prediction than sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables that would otherwise be available to policymakers in the absence of the screening program. Including the kindergarten BMI z-score of students in the model meaningfully increases the accuracy of the prediction. Conclusions Data from the Arkansas BMI screening program greatly improve the ability to identify children at greatest risk of future obesity to the extent that better prediction can be translated into more effective policy and better health outcomes. This is a heretofore unexamined benefit of school-based BMI screening.
Clinician practices assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis suppression in adolescents with an eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Although extensive literature exists on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis suppression in females with an eating disorder, there are few studies in males. Our study aimed to determine clinician practices for the assessment of HPG axis suppression and to identify differences in practice based on the sex of the patient. METHOD: Our 31-item survey queried clinicians about confidence level and practices for assessing HPG suppression in male compared to female patients. RESULTS: Findings showed that clinicians (n = 104) were less likely to evaluate HPG suppression in males compared to females, including assessment of sexual maturity rating (p < .050), screening of decreased libido compared to amenorrhea (p < .001) and lab assessment (luteinizing hormone and follicular-stimulating hormone: p < .001; estradiol/testosterone: p < .010; TSH: p < .050). Participants also felt less confident evaluating male patients (p < .001) and requested better screening tools for males (p < .001). DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that clinician practices differ based on patient sex and that clinicians request tools for HPG suppression assessment in males. This is the first study examining specific practices and comfort levels of clinicians when assessing HPG axis suppression. Findings suggest that more guidance on the management of male patients may be needed to standardize care and to prevent short and long-term sequela of malnutrition.
Dual isotope Schilling test for measuring absorption of food-bound and free vitamin B12 simultaneously.

A prototype food-bound vitamin B12 (food-B12) absorption test has been developed in which /sup 57/Co-B12 was incorporated in vitro into egg yolk (yolk-B12) and served to volunteers in 50-g cooked portions together with toast and coffee for breakfast. Six hours later, 1 mg nonlabeled B12 was given intramuscularly and 24-hour urine was collected for radioactivity measurement. In separate tests, the absorption of yolk-B12 and crystalline /sup 57/Co-B12 was equally poor in patients with pernicious anemia. However, in patients with simple gastric achlorhydria and those who had undergone gastric surgery, the assimilation of yolk-B12 was impaired greatly, whereas the absorption of crystalline radio-B12 was normal. Egg yolk labeled with /sup 58/Co-B12 was administered together with crystalline /sup 57/Co-B12 in a dual isotope test with results similar to those obtained when the tests were prepared separately. This yolk-/sup 58/Co-B12 test with its ability to detect malabsorption of food-B12 may be considered as an addition to the first part of the Schilling test.
A neural network to predict civilian unemployment rates

Forecasting national unemployment is one of the most important problems of modern economies, and most researchers have relied upon statistical techniques with their stringent data assumptions and low accuracy rates to predict changes in this macroeconomic data. This paper describes how a neural network using leading economic indicator data can help to pre­ dict civilian unemployment rates. Results show that the neural network provides superior esti­ mates of rates one month into the future compared to multi-linear regression and two naive forecasting techniques.
Joseph Lancaster and behavior modification in education.

In the early 1800s, Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) developed an inexpensive method of educating large numbers of the poor in England. Referred to as the “monitorial system,” his method utilized students as monitors who performed many of the tasks normally undertaken by a teacher; it was used to teach classes that often exceeded a thousand students at one time. Student monitors were responsible for teaching and evaluating small groups of individuals in a somewhat regimented fashion. An incentive system was also used in a manner that closely resembles current applications of positive reinforcement in educational settings. Lancaster devised a token economy in which students earned tangible reinforcers for academic performance and deportment. Interestingly, the system spread quickly in the 1800s, and was implemented in many countries throughout the world. Its use declined as a result of both specific sources of dissatisfaction, such as the lack of individualization and dependence upon rote memorization, and general changes in the philosophy of education.
DID ENGLISH FACTOR MARKETS FAIL DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

This paper measures wage and rate-of-return gaps between agriculture and industry in the midst of England's industrial revolution. It then uses partial and general equilibrium analysis to assess the impact of factor-market failure. The failure seems to have been very large. It was manifested in terms of conventional deadweight losses a s well as in terms of distribution, employment, and accumulation effe cts. It appears that English industralization was seriously constrain ed by market failure during the first industrial revolution. Copyright 1987 by Royal Economic Society.
Coexistence of competing antiferromagnetic and superconducting phases in the underdoped Ba(Fe0.953Co0.047)2As2 compound using x-ray and neutron scattering techniques.

Neutron and x-ray diffraction studies show that the simultaneous first-order transition to an orthorhombic and antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordered state in $\mathrm{BaF}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ splits into two transitions with Co doping. For $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.953}{\mathrm{Co}}_{0.047}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, a tetragonal-orthorhombic transition occurs at ${T}_{S}=60\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, followed by a second-order transition to AFM order at ${T}_{N}=47\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. Superconductivity occurs in the orthorhombic state below ${T}_{C}=17\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ and coexists with AFM. Below ${T}_{C}$, the static Fe moment is reduced along with a redistribution of low energy magnetic excitations indicating competition between coexisting superconductivity and AFM order.
Clustering of velocities in a GPS network spanning the Sierra Nevada Block, the Northern Walker Lane Belt, and the Central Nevada Seismic Belt, California‐Nevada

[1] The deformation across the Sierra Nevada Block, the Walker Lane Belt, and the Central Nevada Seismic Belt (CNSB) between 38.5°N and 40.5°N has been analyzed by clustering GPS velocities to identify coherent blocks. Cluster analysis determines the number of clusters required and assigns the GPS stations to the proper clusters. The clusters are shown on a fault map by symbols located at the positions of the GPS stations, each symbol representing the cluster to which the velocity of that GPS station belongs. Fault systems that separate the clusters are readily identified on such a map. Four significant clusters are identified. Those clusters are strips separated by (from west to east) the Mohawk Valley-Genoa fault system, the Pyramid Lake-Wassuk fault system, and the Central Nevada Seismic Belt. The strain rates within the westernmost three clusters approximate simple right-lateral shear (~13 nstrain/a) across vertical planes roughly parallel to the cluster boundaries. Clustering does not recognize the longitudinal segmentation of the Walker Lane Belt into domains dominated by either northwesterly trending, right-lateral faults or northeasterly trending, left-lateral faults.
Ideological group persuasion

Participants viewed a conservative and liberal website.Endorsement of violence, credibility and website interactivity were manipulated.Results showed that participants had a disdain for the violent groups.High interactivity appeared to increase salience of credibility.Violence decreased individuals' desire to take action. Ideological groups (both non-violent and violent) make extensive use of the Internet for recruiting and other purposes, yet little is known about the effectiveness of the influence of websites of differing ideologies on attitudes and behavior. Furthermore, although credibility and interactivity have been extensively studied in online settings, they have received scant attention with regards to ideological groups. Using a within-subjects design, this study explored how individuals' attitudes, emotional reactions, behaviors and behavioral intentions are affected by two separate websites, with one promoting a liberal ideology and one promoting a conservative ideology. Results indicated that individuals preferred the liberal ideology, that violent websites led to higher negative affect and lowered perceptions of credibility than the non-violent websites, and that violence decreased the likelihood of taking action. Additionally, high interactivity increased the salience of the credibility manipulations with regards to their impact on the likelihood of taking action.
Representing language, culture, and language users in textbooks: A critical approach to swahili multiculturalism

Using a framework of critical multiculturalism and contrasting it to liberal and conservative approaches to multiculturalism (Kubota, 2004), this article offers a critical analysis of the representations of Swahili users and their cultures in five widely used introductory Swahili as a foreign language textbooks. Findings indicate that while one book takes a conservative approach to multiculturalism, the liberal approach dominates, with reference made to both coastal Swahili first language users and a variety of second language users. However, because all of the textbooks discuss a singular abstract culture without connecting it to any of the categories of Swahili users they identify, the result of both liberal and conservative approaches is a failure to teach culture. The article concludes with suggestions for using critical multiculturalism to help learners understand the diverse linguistic and cultural practices and perspectives of language users rather than abstract notions of a (standard) language or a unified culture.
Postbuckling analysis with progressive damage modeling in tailored laminated plates and shells with a cutout

Abstract An approach to modeling inplane damage progression in postbuckled laminated composite panels is shown to be accurate by comparison to experimental test data from other sources. A simple tailoring concept is shown to be very effective in increasing compressive buckling loads and ultimate loads for flat plates and curved panels with a central cutout. Effects of cutout size, the degree of tailoring, and inplane restraint on the unloaded edges are investigated. Optimal tailoring produces relative improvements in the flat plates ranging from 40% to 175% in buckling load and 190–240% in ultimate load capacity when compared to uniform plates with the same cutout sizes. In the curved panels, tailoring lowers the imperfection sensitivity and in some cases produces ultimate loads greater than the theoretical undamaged buckling loads. To the contrary, the ultimate load for the uniform curved panel is much lower than the undamaged buckling load. Relative improvements in ultimate loads range from a low of about 40% to a high of about 155% compared to uniform curved panels. Large differences in the damage initiation locations and damage progression patterns are shown between the flat and the curved panels. In summary, the tailoring concept investigated here can provide excellent improvements in ultimate load capacity in flat and curved panels with the largest benefits occurring in thin flat panels that are loaded far into the compressive postbuckling regime.
The Effect of Land Taper Angle on Trailing Edge Slot Film Cooling

Trailing edge slot film cooling is a widely used method of protecting the thin trailing edge of turbine blades from hot gas impingement. The structures that separate the slots, known as “lands,” come in a variety of configurations which can be broadly classified as either “tapered” or “straight.” This paper examines the effect of the land taper angle on the mixing of the coolant flow with the main flow by comparing three configurations: a case with straight lands, a previously reported case with slightly tapered lands, and a case with strongly tapered lands. In each case, the slot width and the land width at the plane of the slot exit are kept constant. For each configuration, the mean volumetric coolant concentration distribution and 3-component velocity field were measured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques. It is shown that the land taper angle has a strong effect on the mean flow features and coolant surface effectiveness. Furthermore, the impact of the lands configuration on the flow field and concentration distribution is seen not just in the cutback region, but also in the wake of the blade.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Systematic Screening of Drosophila Deficiency Mutations for Embryonic Phenotypes and Orphan Receptor Ligands

This paper defines a collection of Drosophila deletion mutations (deficiencies) that can be systematically screened for embryonic phenotypes, orphan receptor ligands, and genes affecting protein localization. It reports the results of deficiency screens we have conducted that have revealed new axon guidance phenotypes in the central nervous system and neuromuscular system and permitted a quantitative assessment of the number of potential genes involved in regulating guidance of specific motor axon branches. Deficiency “kits” that cover the genome with a minimum number of lines have been established to facilitate gene mapping. These kits cannot be systematically analyzed for phenotypes, however, since embryos homozygous for many deficiencies in these kits fail to develop due to the loss of key gene products encoded within the deficiency. To create new kits that can be screened for phenotype, we have examined the development of the nervous system in embryos homozygous for more than 700 distinct deficiency mutations. A kit of ~400 deficiency lines for which homozygotes have a recognizable nervous system and intact body walls encompasses >80% of the genome. Here we show examples of screens of this kit for orphan receptor ligands and neuronal antigen expression. It can also be used to find genes involved in expression, patterning, and subcellular localization of any protein that can be visualized by antibody staining. A subset kit of 233 deficiency lines, for which homozygotes develop relatively normally to late stage 16, covers ~50% of the genome. We have screened it for axon guidance phenotypes, and we present examples of new phenotypes we have identified. The subset kit can be used to screen for phenotypes affecting all embryonic organs. In the future, these deficiency kits will allow Drosophila researchers to rapidly and efficiently execute genome-wide anatomical screens that require examination of individual embryos at high magnification.
Controlled precipitation by thermal engineered laser shock peening and its effect on dislocation pinning: Multiscale dislocation dynamics simulation and experiments

Abstract This study quantitatively investigates a novel surface processing technique, thermal engineered laser shock peening (LSP), which takes advantage of dynamic precipitation, dynamic strain aging and static aging effects to obtain the optimal microstructures for the extended fatigue life of metallic components. The mechanism of thermal engineered LSP was discussed in terms of the dislocation pinning effect and the precipitation kinetics. Multiscale discrete dislocation dynamic simulation was carried out to study the pinning strength affected by precipitate parameters, such as volume percentages and sizes. The mechanism of mechanical properties enhancement, such as surface hardness and cyclic stability of surface strength, were investigated by experiments and compared with the simulation results.
Quantifying developers' adoption of security tools

Security tools could help developers find critical vulnerabilities, yet such tools remain underused. We surveyed developers from 14 companies and 5 mailing lists about their reasons for using and not using security tools. The resulting thirty-nine predictors of security tool use provide both expected and unexpected insights. As we expected, developers who perceive security to be important are more likely to use security tools than those who do not. But that was not the strongest predictor of security tool use, it was instead developers' ability to observe their peers using security tools.
Paper chromatographic data on the products obtained from acid-treated sedoheptulosan

Abstract A maximum of four components were found by paper chromatography in an acid-treated solution of sedoheptulosan. One of the components, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-2-furaldehyde, follows closely the solvent front on the chromatogram. Sedoheptulose appeared much more quickly than sedoheptulosan (2,7-anhydro-β- d -altro-heptulopyranose) and its second anhydride (2,7-anhydro-β- d -altro-heptulofuranose) when the paper chromatograms treated with orcinol were heated. Mannoheptulose, when treated with the orcinol reagent, will also appear at approximately the same time as sedoheptulose on the chromatogram. Eaton and Dikeman chromatographic papers, Nos. 4 and 5, were most effective in the separation of mannoheptulose, sedoheptulose, and sedoheptulosan, using the solvent mixture ethyl acetate-pyridine-water (8:2:1).
“Blue-toe” syndrome as a possible complication of the abdominal aortic aneurysm: A report of two cases

Introduction. Severe extremity ischemia and the presence of the “blue-toe” syndrome are rarely the first complications of the present abdominal aortic aneurysm. We report two interesting cases of this rare entity. Outline of Cases. A 61-year-old man presented with the rest pain of his toes accompanied with digital ischemia of both feet. Physical examination confirmed regular arterial pulses at lower extremities accompanied with palpable pulsate mass in the abdomen. Vascular ultrasound and multidetector tomography (MDCT) of blood vessels revealed small abdominal aortic aneurysm (37 mm in diameter), filled with the irregular, ulcerated, heterogeneous thrombotic masses. Aneurysm sac resection was performed with an aorto-bi-iliac bypass reconstruction. A week later, it was mandatory to amputate the fifth toe on the left foot because of the advanced gangrenous process. The second case was a 77-year-old woman with 7-day history of severe feet pain. Abdominal examination revealed pulsatile mass paraumbilical to the left. Performed abdominal ultrasonography and MDCT angiography confirmed coexistence of the infrarenal aortic aneurysm, 40.5 mm in diameter, covered by significant mobile mural thrombus and ulcerations. Surgical reconstruction was mandatory and patient underwent aneurysm sac resection and aortobifemoral reconstruction. Conclusion. Embolic phenomenon and peripheral embolic occlusion from the mural thrombus within the abdominal aortic aneurysm are relatively rare events, but associated with tissue loss. Thorough diagnostic examinations and prompt management are required regardless of the aneurysm size once these signs occurred.