cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-Office Imaging Capabilities Among Procedure-Based Specialty Practices

Background. Stark law’s in-office ancillary services exception permits physicians to furnish designated health services in the office, including advanced imaging. Objectives. To determine whether arrangements tailored to fit this loophole spur utilization. Research design. Cross-sectional. Subjects. Procedure-based specialty clinics participating in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Measures. Using restricted data files (2006-2008), we identified specialty practices with on-site advanced imaging capabilities (ie, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or positron emission tomography). We then characterized these practices and the physicians who worked in them over a variety of factors. Finally, we performed multivariable regression to evaluate the association between imaging use and the availability of in-office imaging. Results. Fourteen percent of practices performed advanced imaging on site. While this proportion remained stable over the study period for most specialties, it ro...
Long-Term Trawl Monitoring of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus), Stocks within the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina

Abstract Long-term trawl samples for white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, collected within the Ashepoo, Combahee, Edisto Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve and adjacent waters were analyzed for trends in relative abundance and life history patterns. Milder winters are thought to have contributed to high population levels of white shrimp here, as seen along the rest of the southeastern coast of the United States. In addition to winter water temperature, regression analysis indicated a significant increase in salinity over time in the reserve and a significant relationship between percent saturation of dissolved oxygen and shrimp abundance in the summer. Relatively larger shrimp were collected in the spring and at open water locations in St. Helena Sound, reflective of normal growth and migration. Such baseline data should prove valuable for assessing future sustainability of shrimp stocks, especially if recent climatic trends of drought occur in the future.
Construction of Infectious Molecular Clones of HIV-1 Containing Defined Mutations in the Protease Gene

A DNA clone of HIV-1 containing the full-length infectious viral sequence was cleaved at a unique Nco I restriction site within the viral genome, and DNA fragments containing the 5' and 3' portions of the HIV genome were subcloned into separate plasmid vectors. The 5' 'half-virus' construct was further modified by incorporating a class IIS restriction site, Esp3I, near the 3' end of the protease gene of HIV. This site, in combination with a natural ApaI site near the 5' end of the protease gene, creates a convenient cassette shuttle vector in which the protease coding region can be easily replaced. Recombinant viruses containing protease genes either altered by site-directed mutagenesis or amplified from clinical or laboratory isolates can be reconstructed. The DNA fragment containing the protease gene is first subcloned into the 5' half-virus shuttle vector plasmid. Infectious recombinant virus is subsequently recovered by cotransfecting 5' and 3' half-virus plasmids linearized at their common Nco I sites into mammalian cells. This method was successfully applied to constructing viruses containing various substitutions in protease.
Self-Trapped Exciton and Franck-Condon Spectra Predicted in LaMnO 3

Because the ground state has cooperative Jahn-Teller order, electronic excitations in LaMnO$_3$ are predicted to self-trap by local rearrangement of the lattice. The optical spectrum should show a Franck-Condon series, that is, a Gaussian envelope of vibrational sidebands. Existing data are reinterpreted in this way. The Raman spectrum is predicted to have strong multiphonon features.
Oxidative Stabilization of Poly(norbornene) Polymers Prepared by Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Polymers prepared by ring opening methathesis polymerization contain double bonds along the backbone and are susceptible to oxidation during high temperature processing or device operation. To overcome this, we report a simple method to improve the oxidative stability of ROMP based polymers by inclusion of a small percentage of monomer functionalized with a radical scavenger in the feedstock. The oxidation induction temperature was improved from 111°C up to 262°C when 8 mol% of the functionalized comonomer was included in the feedstock. Modest improvements in the thermal decomposition temperature were also observed.
Graduate Students Mentoring Graduate Students: A Model for Professional Development

In the spring of 2000, the department of political science at the University of Colorado received a Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) grant through the American Political Science Association. Grant funds were used to sponsor discussions about how best to prepare young political scientists to meet their professional and scholarly responsibilities as members of the discipline (see ). A central theme of a recent PFF meeting at Colorado was the importance of mentoring relationships in the process of graduate student education and faculty preparation.
Esophageal Carcinoma in African Americans: A Five-Decade Experience

Background Esophageal cancer accounts for a considerable proportion of carcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract in African Americans. Our aim was to describe the epidemiology of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) among African Americans in the last five decades.
Allelic mRNA expression of sortilin-1 (SORL1) mRNA in Alzheimer's autopsy brain tissues.

Polymorphisms in the gene encoding SORL1, involved in cellular trafficking of APP, have been implicated in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, by a mechanism thought to affect mRNA expression. To search for regulatory polymorphisms, we have measured allele-specific mRNA expression of SORL1 in human autopsy tissues from the prefrontal cortex of 26 Alzheimer’s patients, and 51 controls, using two synonymous marker SNPs (rs3824968 in exon 34 (11 heterozygous AD subjects and 16 controls), and rs12364988 in exon 6 (8 heterozygous AD subjects)). Significant allelic expression imbalance (AEI), indicative of the presence of cis-acting regulatory factors, was detected in a single control subject, while allelic ratios were near unity for all other subjects. We genotyped 7 SNPs in two haplotype blocks that had previously been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. Since each of these SNPs was heterozygous in several subjects lacking AEI, this study fails to support a regulatory role for SORL1 polymorphisms in mRNA expression.
Boosting the Generalized Margin in Cost-Sensitive Multiclass Classification

The boosting algorithm is one of the most successful binary classification techniques due to its relative immunity to overfitting and flexible implementation. Several attempts have been made to extend the binary boosting algorithm to multiclass classification. In this article, a novel cost-sensitive multiclass boosting algorithm is proposed that naturally extends the popular binary AdaBoost algorithm and admits unequal misclassification costs. The proposed multiclass boosting algorithm achieves superior classification performance by combining weak candidate models that only need to be better than random guessing. More importantly, the proposed algorithm achieves a large margin separation of the training sample while attaining an L 1-norm constraint on the model complexity. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in a number of simulated and real experiments. The supplementary files are available online, including the technical proofs, the implemented R code, and the real datasets.
How economics faculty perceive adopting podcasting as a viable teaching method: resistance to change and theoretical foundations

The dominant undergraduate teaching method in economics courses remains ‘chalk and talk’ or in-person instruction. The need for change to the pedagogy in the teaching of undergraduate economics, particularly in macroeconomics, was influenced by the recent financial crises. As part of this change, the manner in which students learn and the strategy for delivering economic concepts to undergraduate students may benefit from a student centred approach, including the adoption of podcasting in the classroom. Several factors have affected faculty perceptions such as experience, acceptance and intent to teach, barriers to adoption of technology and attitudes and opinions. Two theoretical models are presented which frames the potential adoption and ultimate use of podcasting by higher education faculty teaching economics.
Bringing visibility to rural users in Cote d'Ivoire

Cellular networks are often the first telecommunications infrastructure in developing regions. By studying cellular net- work traffic, researchers gain insight into how technologies can be used to access services critical to further development. In this work, we approach a cellular traffic dataset provided by Orange in Cote d'Ivoire with the goal of identifying distinctions between urban and rural use of cellular infrastructure. We report on a number of interesting differences between urban and rural usage of cellular infrastructure. For instance, 70% of calls that originate in rural areas occur within the vicinity of the same antenna, whereas the same is true for only 23% of calls with urban origin. We are compelled to conclude that development efforts for rural areas might be implemented differently from development efforts in urban areas based on divergent use of current cellular infrastructure.
Foveal tracking cells in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey

Visual responses were recorded from neurons in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) of awake, behaving cynomolgus monkeys trained to fixate a small spot of light. Visual receptive fields, directionality, and responses during visual tracking were examined quantitatively for 50 cells in the foveal portion of the middle temporal (MT) visual area and surrounding cortex. Directionality indices and preferred directions for tracked and nontracked stimuli were compared. Eighteen cells (18/50 = 36%) were found to respond preferentially during tracking (tracking cells), 7 within MT, 9 in area FST on the floor of the STS, and 2 in unidentified areas. Three distinctly different tracking response profiles (VTS, VTO, and T) were observed. VTS and VTO cells had foveal receptive fields and gave directionally selective visual responses. VTS cells (3 in foveal MT, 6 in FST, 1 in an unidentified area) had a preferred visual direction that coincided with the preferred tracking direction, and began responding 50–100 ms before the onset of tracking. VTO cells (4 in foveal MT, 0 in FST, 1 in an unidentified area) had a preferred visual direction opposite to the preferred tracking direction, and began responding 0–100 ms after the onset of tracking. T cells (0 in MT, 3 in FST) had no visual responses and began responding simultaneously with the onset of tracking. It is suggested that this region of the brain could be the primary location for converting direction-specific visual responses into signals specifying at least the direction of an intended pursuit movement.
Percolation on fuchsian groups

It is shown that, for site percolation on the dual Dirichlet tiling graph of a co-compact Fuchsian group of genus ≥ 2, infinitely many infinite connected clusters exist almost surely for certain values of the parameter p = P{site is open}. In such cases, the set of limit points at ∞ of an infinite cluster is shown to be a perfect, nowhere dense set of Lebesgue measure 0. These results are also shown to hold for a class of hyperbolic triangle groups.
SU‐E‐T‐198: Patient Scheduling Monitor (PSM)‐A New Tool for Radiation Therapy Patient Scheduling and Workflow Management in an Increasingly Digital Environment

Purpose: To develop an easy‐to‐use and customizable Patient Scheduling Monitor for 1) active monitoring of radiation therapy workflow from CT simulation to the start of treatment and 2) for optimizing the workflow based on treatment complexity. Methods: Microsoft Access database and Visual Basic language were used to create an in‐house software application, Patient Scheduling Monitor (PSM). The PSM was designed with three functional modules: a patient schedule calculator, a workflow progress tracker, and a workflow evaluator. The PSM divides the radiation treatment workflow into 6 tasks including image acquisition/fusion, target delineation, dosimetry planning, MD review, physics QA and RTT QA. On the day of CT simulation, the scheduling calculator generates a planned timeline for each task based on the CT‐simulation date and the default standard established for each given task and treatment type. Each task within the PSM can also be individualized as needed. After simulation, the progress tracker enables staff to actively monitor the workflow. The workflow evaluator will query the database and analyze the planned versus actual timeline and provide data for future workflow analysis.Results: We have used the PSM since Nov, 2011 for 186 patients. The PSM has allowed us to provide patient start times at the completion of simulation. It has helped to improve patient satisfaction. The workflow progress tracker enabled us to actively manage the workflow. Currently, for patients managed using the PSM, no rescheduling has been required. The use of PSM has reduced the average CT simulation to treatment start times. It also has improved intradepartmental communications. Conclusions: An easy‐to‐use patient scheduling monitor has been developed. The PSM has been shown to be an efficient and effective tool in managing, assessing and improving the radiation therapy workflow and will be useful in managing the timelines in an increasingly dynamic working environment.
Would Groups Do Better without Social Psychologists? A Response to Buys

Social psychological research on peer group experi- ence, as summarized and interpreted by Buys (1978), appears to show that such groups have a consistently negative effect on their members. This apparent conclusion reflects a significant bias of social psychologists in general and of Buys in particular. It ignores significant data in support of positive group functions as well as accepting a negative interpretation of group functioning without adequate experimental support. The authors suggest that social psychologists reorient their work in the direction of examining potentially positive functions of group experience. Emphasis is placed on the value of Sullivan's interpersonal theory in considering productive aspects of peer groups.
The Impact of Person Centered Planning on the Content and Organization of Individual Supports

Person Centered Planning (PCP) is an approach to designing support that is guided by the individual with disabilities (or his/her advocates) that receives support, builds from personal strengths an...
6-Methylpurine-induced inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis in Sclerotium rolfsii and its reversal by adenosine.

In liquid synthetic medium inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii (SR), addition of 6-methylpurine (MP, 50μg/ml) immediately after inoculation led to approximately 100% reduction in sclerotia production. Adenosine, and to a lesser extent guanosine, each at final concentration of 100μg/ml significantly reduced inhibition of sclerotia formation by SR in presence of 50μg/ml MP. Uridine and cytidine each at 100μg/ml had no such effect. The inhibition of sclerotia morphogenesis could be prevented by addition of 800μg/ml of adenosine together with 50μg/ml MP. Reversal by adenosine of MP-induced inhibition of sclerotia development was concentration dependent.
Prediction of fatigue damage growth in notched composite laminates using an artificial neural network

Models to predict the split growth in notched AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy quasi-isotropic laminates under tension-dominated fatigue are presented. First, a power law model and an artificial neural network (ANN) model are developed to describe the split growth under constant-amplitude fatigue. They are then applied in conjunction with a linear damage growth model to predict the split growth under spectrum fatigue. The ANN model is found to work better than the power law model as a predictive tool for split growth.
Process and Action in Social Justice Group Work Practice, Training, and Supervision: Introduction to the Second Special Issue

We are pleased and honored as guest coeditors to introduce the second of two consecutive special issues of The Journal for Specialists in Group Work (JSGW) on Social Justice Issues in Group Work. W...
Abnormal NAD+ levels in cells from patients with Fanconi's anaemia.

Poly(ADP-ribose) is synthesized from NAD+ in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the activity of the chromatin-bound enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, is markedly stimulated by DNA strand breaks1–7. Recent studies suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) is associated with the repair of DNA damage8–10 and the process of cellular differentiation11,12. Hence, abnormalities in the metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) could be aetiologically related to some of the human genetic disorders of DNA repair, especially those that are characterized by congenital and developmental anomalies. Defects in poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism could arise from abnormalities in the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, abnormalities in levels of its substrate NAD+, the proteins that act as acceptors for poly(ADP)-ribosylation or polymer stability. We have examined cells from patients with genetic disorders of DNA repair to determine whether they contain the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, whether the enzyme increases its activity in response to DNA damage and whether the cells maintain normal levels of NAD+. We demonstrate here that cells from patients having Fanconi's anaemia have lower NAD+ levels than cells from normal donors. This abnormality may contribute to the disorders of DNA repair and congenital anomalies that characterize this disease13,14.
Laser-cooled ion plasmas in Penning traps

A laser-cooled ion plasma in a Penning trap provides a rigorous realization of a strongly coupled one-component plasma. After a brief review of the crystal structures that have been observed in Penning traps, we summarize two recent experiments. First we describe careful measurements of the stability of the plasma rotation which is controlled by a rotating electric field. We then discuss the excitation of plasma wakes produced by radiation pressure from a laser.
Single-Locus Modification of Position-Effect Variegation in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. Region 3c Loci.

HE extent to which and ways in which the organization of the individual pieces of genetic information within chromosomes in higher organisms contributes to the regularities of developmental patterns is a problem whose importance is gaining increasing recognition, Position-eff ect variegation provides a phenomenon whose study can be expected to yield insight into this problem. Especially, genetic suppressors of this variegation desewe study. In bacterial systems, characterization of the type of specificity of broad-range suppressors of mutants at numerous loci has provoked insights into the mechanism of gene expression at the level of translation (CAPECCHI and GUSSIN 1965). The hope sustaining the present series of inquiries is that similarly fruitful insights into mechanisms operating at the chromosomal level to govern gene expression-at least in Drosophila-may be provoked by the adequate characterization of the type of specificity of broad-range suppressors of position-effect variegation.
Counseling Adult Adoptees

This review presents various resources about working with adult adoptees in order to inform counselors in their practice. Topics covered include basics of adoption, including types of adoption and adoption statistics; possible issues adult adoptees may face; and suggestions and implications for counselors. The article addresses some of the serious emotional and psychological issues the adult adoptee can bring to the counseling relationship. Also included is a discussion of the search process for birthparents and the counselor’s possible role in this process.
Levomilnacipran: a newly approved drug for treatment of major depressive disorder

Levomilnacipran is a novel serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) for the treatment of major depressive disorder. This paper reviews up-to-date data on the pharmacology, short- and long-term efficacy, safety and tolerability of levomilnacipran. The drug differs from previously available SNRIs in having twice the potency for norepinephrine versus serotonin reuptake inhibition. In four of the six short-term clinical trials, levomilnacipran was statistically significantly more efficacious than placebo. The only available relapse prevention study did not show reduction in time to relapse, perhaps because relapse rates were low. The commonest adverse events occurring twice as often as on placebo were nausea, hyperhidrosis, constipation, tachycardia, vomiting, erectile dysfunction, palpitations, and ejaculation disorder. In a few patients, hypertension or orthostatic hypotension may occur. Levomilnacipran has been shown to be effective in the short-term treatment of major depressive disorder and may represent an incremental advance. However, further research about its efficacy in subgroups of patients and comparing it to other antidepressants is needed.
Senators study ozone, climate

Whether the United States should restrict ozone-destroying pollutants on its own or wait until other countries agree to do the same was one major focus of a joint hearing held last month by two Senate subcommittees. Ten senators, members of the Subcommittee on Hazardous Waste and Toxic Substances and the Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, heard testimony from experts on both the science and policy aspects of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and climate change.
Consistent refinement of submitted models at CASP using a knowledge-based potential.

Protein structure refinement is an important but unsolved problem; it must be solved if we are to predict biological function that is very sensitive to structural details. Specifically, Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) shows that the accuracy of predictions in the comparative modeling category is often worse than that of the template on which the homology model is based. Here we describe a refinement protocol that is able to consistently refine submitted predictions for all categories at CASP7. The protocol uses direct energy minimization of the knowledge-based potential of mean force that is based on the interaction statistics of 167 atom types (Summa and Levitt, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:3177–3182). Our protocol is thus computationally very efficient; it only takes a few minutes of CPU time to run typical protein models (300 residues). We observe an average structural improvement of 1% in GDT_TS, for predictions that have low and medium homology to known PDB structures (Global Distance Test score or GDT_TS between 50 and 80%). We also observe a marked improvement in the stereochemistry of the models. The level of improvement varies amongst the various participants at CASP, but we see large improvements (>10% increase in GDT_TS) even for models predicted by the best performing groups at CASP7. In addition, our protocol consistently improved the best predicted models in the refinement category at CASP7 and CASP8. These improvements in structure and stereochemistry prove the usefulness of our computationally inexpensive, powerful and automatic refinement protocol.
Ways of Coping in Survivors of Suicide

The purpose of this pilot study was to describe ways in which survivors cope after a death by suicide of a family member or significant other and to explore the psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WoCQ). An examination of inter-item correlations indicated that subscales were unidimensional and reliabilities ranged from α = .57 to α = .82. Construct validity was established by correlating the WoCQ subscales with other established instruments. Females used Seeking Social Support and Positive Reappraisal significantly more than males (p < .05). Interventions to enhance positive coping strategies may assist future survivors in managing the death of a significant other by suicide.
Power bus decoupling on multilayer printed circuit boards

Guidelines for the selection and placement of decoupling capacitors that work well for one-sided or two-sided printed circuit boards are not appropriate for multilayer boards with power and ground planes. Boards without internal planes take advantage of the power bus inductance to help decouple components at the higher frequencies. An effective decoupling strategy for multilayer boards must account for the low inductance and relatively high capacitance of the power bus. >
Comparison of the wing polyphenic response of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) to crowding and predator cues.

Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris; Hemiptera: Aphididae) exhibit transgenerational wing polyphenism, in which un- winged females produce genetically identical winged offspring in response to environmental cues such as overcrowding and predation risk that indicate poor habitat quality. 2. Laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the intensity of the wing polyphenic response of pea aphids exposed to cues from ladybird predators and crowding, and their response was compared with pea aphids that were not exposed to any cues (control). 3. The study used cues from two different ladybird species—Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Hippo- damia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)—to investigate whether the wing polyphenic response of pea aphids to predator cues can be generalized. 4. The intensity of the wing polyphenic response of pea aphids to crowding was found to be much stronger than their response to predator cues. There was no response to H. convergens cues and the response to C. septempunctata cues was mixed.
Plastic Surgery Challenges in War Wounded II: Regenerative Medicine

Background: A large volume of service members have sustained complex injuries during Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF). These injuries are complicated by contamination with particulate and foreign materials, have high rates of bacterial and/or fungal infections, are often composite-type defects with massive soft tissue wounds, and usually have multisystem involvement. While traditional treatment modalities remain a mainstay for optimal wound care, traditional reconstruction approaches alone may be inadequate to fully address the scope and magnitude of such massive complex wounds. As a result of these difficult clinical problems, the use of regenerative medicine therapies, such as autologous adipose tissue grafting, stem cell therapies, nerve allografts, and dermal regenerate templates/extracellular matrix scaffolds, is increased as adjuncts to traditional reconstructive measures. Basic and Clinical Science Advances: The beneficial applications of regenerative medicine therapies hav...
A Typology of Street Criminal Retaliation

Criminologists have long recognized that retaliatory violence diffuses outward from discrete conflicts, often in contagion-like fashion. No understanding of the source of this spread is possible without first documenting the modalities that fuel it. Retaliation has variation, and it is important to catalog that variation if the concept of crime as social control is to be more effectively understood. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 33 street offenders, and using qualitative techniques of analytic induction, constant comparison, and domain analysis, this article offers a typology of retaliation to refine understanding of a process that at present, remains only loosely developed.
Histamine: the sole mediator of pentagastrin‐stimulated acid secretion

Isolated frog gastric mucosa was used to study the effect of pentagastrin on histamine release and acid secretion. The release of histamine precedes that of acid secretion. The delay time and time of peak acid secretion occur later than during histamine stimulation. Short exposure (pulse) results in transient increases in both acid secretion and histamine release rates, while longer exposure (step) results in prolonged increases in both variables. Dose-response curves for pentagastrin pulses show that both the total amount of histamine released and the total amount of acid secreted are saturable processes, paralleling each other. Thus, the total amount of acid secreted is a function of histamine (released) exposure (M min-1) in the extracellular space. Repeated exposure will give multiple responses only if the time elapsed between the stimuli is long enough. The magnitude of the responses depends on the length of time intervals between the stimuli and the concentration of the stimuli. Simultaneously administered pulses of histamine and pentagastrin result in merely additive amount of acid being secreted. From these observations I conclude that pentagastrin-induced acid secretion can be understood solely in terms of its effect on histamine release and that depletion of histamine stores is responsible for the observed refractoriness.
Why can't i find my files? new methods for automating attribute assignment

Attribute-based naming enables powerful search and organization tools for ever-increasing user data sets. However, such tools are only useful in combination with accurate attribute assignment. Existing systems rely on user input and content analysis, but they have enjoyed minimal success. This paper discusses new approaches to automatically assigning attributes to files, including several forms of context analysis, which has been highly successful in the Google web search engine. With extensions like application hints (e.g., web links for downloaded files) and inter-file relationships, it should be possible to infer useful attributes for many files, making attribute-based search tools more effective.
Self-assembled hydrogel fibers for sensing the multi-compartment intracellular milieu

Harvard Catalyst. Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (Harvard Institute of Translational Immunology (HITI)/Helmsley Trust Pilot Grant)
Leadership from the Inside Out

Executive Overview This article presents a review of the book “Leadership From the Inside Out,” by Kevin Cashman.
A comparison of responses by three broadband radiometers to different ultraviolet‐B sources

Three types of broadband ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiometers were shown to display different irradiances from the same light source. Also, natural light and different lamp types were shown to have different vitamin D–synthesizing potential. Equations relating the irradiance readings from UVB radiometers from Gigahertz-Optik Inc., UVP Inc., and Spectronics Corp. to in vitro vitamin D–synthesizing potential are reported for four UVB sources. Zoo Biol 23:355–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Tidal Volume and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Compliance during Mechanical Ventilation

In 12 patients requiring therapy with mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure, total static compliance (Cst) increased from 29 ± 4 ml/cm H 2 O at a tidal volume (TV) of 5 ml/kg to 42 ± 7 ml/cm H 2 O at a TV of 15 ml/kg. Similarly, Cst increased from 42 ± 7 ml/cm H 2 O to 52 ± 8 ml/cm H 2 O between 0 and 6 cm H 2 O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). At high levels of pulmonary inflation ( ie, high PEEP and large TV) compliance decreased. The changes of total respiratory compliance with TV were mainly due to changes in pulmonary compliance. With PEEP, the functional residual capacity increased, and specific compliance did not change. Two mechanisms may be responsible for the changes in compliance. First, varying TV or PEEP will alter the position of tidal ventilation on the pressure-volume curve, resulting in an increase in compliance with increasing TV and PEEP up to a point, where overdistention occurs and compliance decreases. Secondly, the function of the surface-lowering substance may be altered in acute pulmonary parenchymal disease, thus disturbing the regulation of surface tension over the range of pulmonary Inflation studied.
One-Step Catalytic Transformation of Carbohydrates and Cellulosic Biomass to 2,5-Dimethyltetrahydrofuran for Liquid Fuels

Existing technologies to produce liquid fuels from biomass are typically energy-intensive, multistep processes. Many of these processes use edible biomass as starting material. Carbohydrates, such as mono- and polysaccharides and cellulose, typically constitute 50-80% of plant biomass. Herein, we report that hexose from a wide range of biomass-derived carbohydrates, cellulose, and even raw lignocellulose (e.g., corn stover) can be converted into 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) in one step, in good yields and under mild conditions in water. Under the same conditions, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran is formed from pentose. The reaction employs a soluble rhodium catalyst, dihydrogen, and HI/HCl+NaI. The catalytic system is robust and can be recycled repeatedly without loss of activity. DMTHF is superior to ethanol and has many of the desirable properties currently found in typical petroleum-derived transportation fuels.
Efficacy of thiamethoxam and fipronil, applied alone and in combination, to control Limonius californicus and Hypnoidus bicolor (Coleoptera: Elateridae).

BACKGROUND Wireworms, the larval stage of click beetles (family Elateridae), are significant soil pests of wheat and barley crops in the Pacific Northwest. At present, few pest management alternatives exist. For several decades, wireworms were effectively controlled by first-generation insecticides applied to the soil or as seed treatments. Currently used neonicotinoid insecticides protect crop seeds and germinating seedlings by temporary toxicity but limited mortality. As a result, field populations may increase, reaching levels too high for crop protection. In this study an investigation was made of the combination of two insecticides to achieve crop protection as well as insect mortality in wheat fields. RESULTS Laboratory bioassays using wheat seed treated with fipronil at 1.0 and 5.0 g AI 100 kg−1 seed resulted in 72–90% mortality of two wireworm species, Limonius californicus and Hypnoidus bicolor. At a rate of 39 g AI 100 kg−1 seed, 8 times higher than the high rate of fipronil, thiamethoxam caused only 10–31% larval mortality in the bioassays, but did protect developing wheat stands from damage in field trials. Field plots planted with wheat seed treated with both fipronil (5.0 g AI 100 kg−1 seed) and thiamethoxam (39.0 g AI 100 kg−1 seed) had 83% fewer wireworms the following year compared with untreated check plots. No reduction in population was observed in plots treated with 39.0 g of thiamethoxam alone. CONCLUSIONS Fipronil and thiamethoxam can be combined as a seed treatment to protect wheat crops from wireworm damage and reduce larval populations in the field. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
NORMALIZED AGRICULTURAL PRICES AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

: Short-term fluctuations in agricultural markets necesitate adjustments in market prices for use in water resources planning. Two procudures for this price normalizing are described and evaluated. The linear treand and weighted average normalizing procedures perform reasonably well, except in cases of dramatic price oscillations.
James quasi reflexive space has the fixed point property

Let K be a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of a Banach space X. We saythat K has th fixede poin t propert y (f.p.p.) if every non-expansive mapping T: K — K>(that is ||T(a; — T(j/)|) | ^ \\x — y\\ for any x, y in K) has a fixed point. We say thatX has the fixed point property (f.p.p.) if every weakly convex compact subset of Xhas the f.p.p.A theorem of Kirk [9] states that if K has normal structure, then it has the f.p.p.It was unknown whether the normal structure is essential. Karlovitz [7] answered theproblem negatively.Alspach [1] proved that L\ fails the f.p.p., proving that weak compactness is notsufficient to have the f.p.p. The purpose of this paper is to give a proof that the classicalJames space [5] has the f.p.p., using the beautiful works of Maurey [15] and Lin [12].Let me point out that in [13], Lin proved positive results concerning the f.p.p. inBanach spaces with unconditional basis. Our paper shows that the ideas arising fromLiu's paper are applicable in some Banach spaces with a "good" Schauder basis.For more detailed history of the f.p.p., we suggest the reader consults [10] and [16]and the references listed therein.
A Proactive Wearout Recovery Approach for Exploiting Microarchitectural Redundancy to Extend Cache SRAM Lifetime

Microarchitectural redundancy has been proposed as a means of improving chip lifetime reliability. It is typically used in a reactive way, allowing chips to maintain operability in the presence of failures by detecting and isolating, correcting, and/or replacing components on a first-come, first-served basis only after they become faulty. In this paper, we explore an alternative, more preferred method of exploiting microarchitectural redundancy to enhance chip lifetime reliability. In our proposed approach, redundancy is used proactively to allow non-faulty microarchitecture components to be temporarily deactivated, on a rotating basis, to suspend and/or recover from certain wearout effects. This approach improves chip lifetime reliability by warding off the onset of wearout failures as opposed to reacting to them posteriorly. Applied to on-chip cache SRAM for combating NBTI-induced wearout failure, our proactive wearout recovery approach increases lifetime reliability (measured in mean-time-to-failure) of the cache by about a factor of seven relative to no use of microarchitectural redundancy and a factor of five relative to conventional reactive use of redundancy having similar area overhead.
Life and Death in a Macrophage: Role of the Glyoxylate Cycle in Virulence

Phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are a primary line of defense against microbial infections. Patients with defects in innate immunity, such as those with chronic granulomatous disease or neutropenia, are extremely sensitive to a variety of infections
The Parahippocampal Gyrus in Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical and Preclinical Neuroanatomical Correlates

The human parahippocampal gyrus forms a large part of the limbic lobe along the ventromedial part of the temporal cortical mantle. It is a variable and complicated cortex in terms of structure, and the latter is aggravated further by interfaces with the anterior insula anteriorly and the cingulate gyrus and occipital lobe posteriorly. Additional complications relate to its lateral border with the temporal cortex and especially the sulcal configurations that define this junction. The rhinal sulcus, which separates parahippocampal and temporal cortices in other species, including the anthropoid apes, is either lacking or rudimentary in the human brain. Thus, defining this junction requires cytoarchitectural examination and precludes the use of mere inspection of sulcal existing patterns. The cortical areas that form the parahippocampal gyrus are vulnerable to pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its entorhinal and perirhinal subdivisions are both the most heavily damaged cortical areas and the focus for disease onset. The neurons that acquire neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) occupy the junction of the isocortical mantle with the limbic cortical mantle, but share, or partially share, a vulnerability phenotype with large neurons in both domains. The differential expression of this phenotype across time creates the false impression of NFT spread in cross-sectional comparisons of AD brains. The questions of what this phenotype is and why it is expressed first in the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices of the parahippocampal gyrus are the central molecular biological/neuroanatomical questions in understanding the etiology of AD.
Flowers, fruits, seeds, and pollen of Landeenia gen. nov., an extinct sapindalean genus from the Eocene of Wyoming

The new genus Landeenia is recognized on the basis of flowers, pollen, infructescences, fruits, and seeds from the middle Eocene of southwestern and northwestern Wyoming. Landeenia aralioides (MacGinitie) comb.nov. has cymose inflorescences with actinomorphic, bisexual flowers, a pentamerous calyx, about ten stamens, and a superior gynoecium of ∼18 carpels sharing a single style. The fruits are globose to oblate, loculicidally dehiscent capsules, with a persistent calyx, and contain flat, elliptical seeds that are surrounded by a small wing. Pollen removed from the anthers is tricolpate with finely striate sculpture. Although clearly dicotyledonous, the combination of characters found in Landeenia is not known in any modern genus. The familial affinities of the plant, though certainly not with the Araliaceae as previously thought, remain uncertain. However, the combination of characters is consistent with treatment as a member of the Sapindales. The fossil material is thus assigned to the rank of Sapindales-Incertae sedis.
Migration of rigid spheres in a two-dimensional unidirectional shear flow of a second-order fluid

The lateral migration of a neutrally buoyant rigid sphere suspended in a second-order fluid is studied theoretically for unidirectional two-dimensional flows. The results demonstrate the existence of migration induced by normal stresses whenever there is a lateral variation of the shear rate in the undisturbed flow. The migration occurs in the direction of decreasing absolute shear rate, which is towards the centre-line for a plane Poiseuille flow and towards the outer cylinder wall for Couette flow. The direction of migration agrees with existing experimental data for a viscoelastic suspending fluid, and qualitative agreement is found between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured sphere trajectories.
Computational and experimental study of the mechanism of hydrogen generation from water by a molecular molybdenum-oxo electrocatalyst.

We investigate the mechanism for the electrocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water by the molecular molybdenum-oxo complex, [(PY5Me2)MoO]2+ (PY5Me2 = 2,6-bis(1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine). Computational and experimental evidence suggests that the electrocatalysis consists of three distinct electrochemical reductions, which precede the onset of catalysis. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that the first two reductions are accompanied by protonations to afford the Mo-aqua complex, [(PY5Me2)Mo(OH2)]+. Calculations support hydrogen evolution from this complex upon the third reduction, via the oxidative addition of a proton from the bound water to the metal center and finally an α-H abstraction to release hydrogen. Calculations further suggest that introducing electron-withdrawing substituents such as fluorides in the para positions of the pyridine rings can reduce the potential associated with the reductive steps, without substantially affecting the kinetics. After the third reduction, there are ki...
Innovation, accountability, and independence at three private foundations funding higher education civic engagement, 1995 to 2005

This case study looks at changes in private foundation funding for higher education civic engagement from 1995 to 2005. The focus is three large, established foundations that were U.S. national leaders in supporting this activity during these years: Carnegie, Pew, and Kellogg. Data sources include (1) in-depth conversations with four strategically placed foundation insiders and six nationally recognized campus leaders and (2) scans of Web sites of the three foundations that document the change in funding priorities over time, plus Web sites of the main campus initiatives supported and national campus civic engagement organizations such as Campus Compact. Research findings con- firm and specify other studies that suggest that foundations shift their funding priorities according to their perceived role as innovators, pressures to be accountable and show clear results, and their independence as private organizations. The article concludes by raising questions about private foundations generally in relation to issues of innovativeness, accountability, and independence.
Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics: Fundamentals, Biomedical Applications, and Bio-Inspired Systems

Part I. Foundations: Ten chapters lay a foundation in device physics, noise, and feedback systems including nano scales in a highly original fashion, emphasizing intuitive thinking. This foundation is important in designing and analyzing ultra-low-power systems in both electronics and biology Part II. Low-Power Analog and Biomedical Circuits: Five chapters present building-block circuits that are useful for ultra-low-power biomedical electronics and analog electronic systems in general Part III. Low-Power RF and Energy-Harvesting Circuits for Biomedical Systems: Three chapters provide an in-depth description of energy-efficient power and data radio-frequency (RF) links that are fundamental to biomedical systems Part IV. Biomedical Electronic Systems: Two chapters provide an in-depth look at ultra-low-power implantable electronics and ultra-low-power noninvasive electronics for biomedical applications, respectively. Case studies for cochlear implants for the deaf, brain implants for the blind and paralyzed, wearable cardiac devices, and biomolecular sensing are provided Part V. Principles for Ultra-Low-Power Analog and Digital Design: Two chapters discuss principles for ultra-low-power digital design and ultra-low-power analog and mixed-signal design, respectively. The chapters identify ten fundamental principles that are common in both biology and electronics, analog and digital design Part VI. Bio-Inspired Systems: A chapter on neuromorphic electronics discusses electronics inspired by neurobiology followed by a chapter that discusses a novel form of electronics termed Cytomorphic Electronics, electronics inspired by cell biology. These chapters discuss applications of bio-inspired systems to engineering and medicine, deep connections between chemistry and electronics, and provide a unifying viewpoint of ultra-low-power design in biology and in electronics Part VII. Energy Sources: A chapter on batteries and electrochemistry discusses how batteries work from a unique circuit viewpoint. The last chapter discusses energy harvesting in biomedical systems at portable scales (vibration and body heat) and at larger scales (low-power cars and solar cells). Principles of low-power design are shown to extend from small scales in electronics to larger scales and to non-electrical systems. This book reveals the deep connections between energy use and energy generation, vital for sustainable energy systems of the future.