cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The permittivity and refractive index measurements of doped barium titanate (BT-BCN)

Abstract While piezoelectric- ferroelectric materials offer great potential for nonvolatile random access memory, most commonly implemented ferroelectrics contain lead which imposes a challenge in meeting environmental regulations. One promising candidate for lead-free, ferroelectric material based memory is ( 1 − x ) B a T i O 3 − x B a ( C u 1 / 3 N b 2 / 3 ) O 3 (BT-BCN), x = 0.025 . The samples studied here were grown on a Si substrate with an HfO2 buffer layer, thereby preventing the interdiffusion of BT-BTCN into Si. This study provides further insight into the physical behavior of BT-BCN that will strengthen the foundation for developing switching devices. The sample thicknesses ranged from 1.5 to 120 nm, and piezoelectric force microscopy was employed in order to understand the local ferroelectric behaviors. Dielectric constant as a function of frequency demonstrated enhanced frequency dispersion indicating the polar nature of the composition. The relative permittivity was found to change significantly with varying bias voltage and exhibited a tunability of 82%. The difference in the peak position during up and down sweeps is due to the presence of the spontaneous polarization. Furthermore, reflectometry was performed to determine the refractive index of samples with differing thicknesses. Our results demonstrate that refractive indices are similar to that of barium titanate. This is a promising result indicating that improved ferroelectric properties are obtained without compromising the optical properties.
A rodent model of caloric restriction using bone mass, microarchitecture, and stable isotope ratios: implications for revealing chronic food insufficiency in archaeological populations

One important question with respect to past health and disease is the identification of patterns of caloric inadequacies. Given the substantial literature (animal and human) linking caloric inadequ...
An uncertain future for lightning

The most commonly used method for representing lightning in global atmospheric models generally predicts lightning increases in a warmer world. A new scheme finds the opposite result, directly challenging the predictive skill of an old stalwart.
Application of continuous adjoint method to steady-state two-phase flow simulations

Abstract Verification, validation and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) have become a common practice in thermal-hydraulics analysis. An important step in the uncertainty analysis is the sensitivity analysis of various uncertainty input parameters. The common approach for computing the sensitivities, e.g. variance-based and regression-based methods, requires solving the governing equation multiple times, which is expensive in terms of computational effort. An alternative approach for computing the sensitivities is the adjoint method. The cost of solving an adjoint equation is comparable to the cost of solving the governing equation. Once the adjoint solution is obtained, the sensitivities of various parameters can be obtained with little effort. However, successful adjoint sensitivity analysis of the two-phase flow is rare. In this work, an adjoint sensitivity analysis framework is developed for the two-phase two-fluid model based on a new upwind numerical solver. The adjoint sensitivity analysis framework is tested with a steady-state boiling pipe problem. Results show that the adjoint sensitivity analysis framework is working as expected. The sensitivities obtained with the adjoint method are verified by the sensitivities obtained with a forward method.
Learning Through Collective Testimony: African American Motherwork, Womanism, and Praxis

Focus groups serve as a form of collective testimony empowering women, in this case black mothers, to share their lived experiences and connect with one another. This article discusses how collective testimony revealed black mothers’ gendered racial socialization work—or African American motherwork—done on the behalf of their young daughters attending predominantly white schools in suburban Detroit, Michigan. I use womanism as a guiding framework to reflect upon my own positionality and the significance of understanding, explicating, and employing these strategies. As an expression of black women’s consciousness, womanism advocates for the empowerment of black women and thus requires me to share, as demonstrable praxis, my own personal testimony of the gendered racial socialization of my daughters.
A Taxonomy of Protest Voting

Observers of elections often report that voters have engaged in protest voting. We find that “protest voting” refers to a wide range of behaviors, and we create a taxonomy of these phenomena. Support for fringe or insurgent parties is often labeled as protest voting. Voting theorists have used the term in a completely different way, identifying an unusual type of tactical voting as protest voting. Protest voting also occurs when voters cast blank, null, or spoiled ballots. There are also instances when protest voting is organized and directed by political elites. Finally, several countries provide voters with the option of casting a vote for “None of the Above,” which some see as a form of protest voting. In addition to developing this taxonomy, we discuss the analytical and empirical challenges confronting research on each type of protest voting.
Can exercise conditioning be effective in older heart failure patients

Over the past two decades, considerable evidence has accrued that heart failure patients benefit from aerobic exercise training programs. Improvements in peak oxygen consumption and its components as well as increases in ventilatory threshold and submaximal endurance have been documented from such programs. Despite the fact that heart failure predominates among the elderly, very few training studies have included substantial numbers of older individuals, particularly older women. The limited data available suggests that older heart failure patients derive similar benefits from training as younger patients. A major challenge for the future is the inclusion of representative proportions of elderly individuals in heart failure training trials.
Justifying by "healthifying": When expected satisfaction from consumption closure increases the desire to eat more and biases health perceptions of unhealthy leftovers.

Abstract Given ongoing concerns about worldwide obesity, a rapidly growing body of research has sought to identify factors that drive consumption of energy-dense foods and snacks with little nutritional value. The present research contributes to this literature by exploring the role of consumption closure—a state characterized by perceiving a given eating occasion as finished or complete—on people's desire to eat more. More specifically, four studies demonstrate that when a small (vs. large) quantity of unhealthy leftovers remains after a meal/snack—that is, when additional food consumption can feasibly provide consumption closure—the desire to continue eating is higher (vs. lower). Furthermore, and importantly, the present research uniquely demonstrates a “justifying by healthifying” effect wherein this desire to eat more is, in turn, justified by downplaying the unhealthiness of the food (i.e., perceiving it as less unhealthy or fattening). The findings thus provide evidence of an important antecedent to food-related behavior (consumption closure) and a unique downstream consequence (biased health perceptions).
Spatial working memory is enhanced for movement experts in traditional and embodied tasks

Movement experts tend to outperform non-experts on some tasks of spatial ability, suggesting that movement experts possess enhanced spatial-cognitive abilities, which may be developed over years of...
Self-Efficacy Development among Students Enrolled in an Engineering Service-Learning Section

Service-learning presents exciting new ways for students to enhance their learning. Educators and scholars agree that service-learning is connected to self-efficacy, which affects student performance. This research tests the development of self-efficacy in students enrolled in service-learning and traditional sections of a first-year engineering course. Using a previously developed metric, the Engineering Skills Assessment (ESA), students enrolled in service-learning (SL) and “traditional” (non-SL) sections quantified self-efficacy on 11 skills previously deemed important for engineering. Student responses were compared between SL and non-SL students at the beginning and end of the semester. Analysis of the collected data using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) grouped self-efficacy ratings for the 11 skills into three meaningful constructs: (1) Job-related skills (2) Interpersonal skills and (3) Life skills. Mean self-efficacy scores were significantly better at the end of the course for non-SL students in all areas and for SL students in four of the 11 skills and two of the three constructs. Self-efficacy growth was significantly higher for non-SL students, which may be due to the Dunning-Kruger effect. However, similar percentages of both populations self-reported that their skills were improved at the end of the semester due to the class. This research also supports the use of the ESA as a reliable psychometric tool to evaluate student self-efficacy and its relationship to service-learning.
Performance Models of Interactive, Immersive Visualization for Scientific Applications

In this paper we develop a performance model for analyzing the end-to-end lag in a combined supercomputer/virtual environment. We first present a general model and then use this model to analyze the lag of an interactive, immersive visualization of a scientific application. This application consists of a finite element simulation executed on an IBM SP-2 parallel supercomputer and the results displayed in real-time in the CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment. Our model decouples the viewpoint lag (not involving the simulation) from the interaction lag (using the results of the simulations). This model allows one to understand the relative contributions to end-to-end lag of the following components: rendering, tracking, network latency, simulation time, and various types of synchronization lags. The results of the study indicate that the rendering and network latency are the major contributors of the end-to-end lag.
Causes of Pain and Principles of Pain Management in Pregnancy

Pain during pregnancy and labor may result from a myriad of physiologic, hormonal, anatomic, psychologic, and pathologic factors. Presented are basic principles of pain management in pregnancy, and an overview of causes, clinical findings, diagnostics, and treatments of pregnancy-related pain.
“On Tilt”: The Poker Mindset, Toxic Masculinity, and the Alt-Right

Manno explains the groups that make up the Alt-Right and argues that they are animated by—and overconform to—the values of the Poker Mindset. Focusing on white nationalists, Men’s Rights Advocates, Father’s Rights groups, Involuntary Celibates, and Pickup Artists, the chapter examines how the members of these groups are “on tilt” in their racist and sexist grievances. Further, Manno uses examples of mass shooters Elliot Rodger and Stephen Paddock and “pharma bro” Martin Shkreli to explain how they reflect the values of the Poker Mindset.
The psychology of maternal politics: priming and framing effects of candidates’ appeals to motherhood

This article argues that motherhood has the potential to operate as a symbol in a political campaign. An experimental study examined the psychological impact of maternal appeals – defined broadly a...
3.14 – Bioactivity Databases

The current drug discovery paradigm allocates a short period of time (3–12 months) for the process of lead identification. Thus, medicinal chemists have a rather short amount of time to familiarize themselves with prior art i.e., background information related to the biological target and to chemotypes relevant on the intended, or related targets. Gathering such background information is enabled by chemical databases such as Chemical Abstracts via SciFinder, Beilstein and Spresi, by medicinal chemistry related patent databases such as the MDL Drug Data Report, (MDDR), the World Drug Index, (WDI), Current Patents Fast Alert, and by collections of bioactive compounds such as Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry, and the Physician Desk Reference, (PDR). As pharmaceutical drug discovery relies on chemogenomics, the average end-user has learned to expect database systems with built-in search engines that seamlessly mine chemical and biological data within an information-rich, integrated resource. The integration process itself requires hierarchical classification schemes, such that knowledge related to target-focused chemical libraries and biological target families can be mined simultaneously. Such tools being under development, we address bioactivity databases in general with focus on bioinformatics and cheminformatics resources. Technical details are omitted for clarity. Readers are encouraged to consult the general references, as well as software documentation. The first section, “Databases and Management Systems”, introduces databases in general. The second part, “Bioactivity Databases: Some Design Guidelines” provides guiding principles for designing and maintaining bioactivity databases. The third section “Biological and Bioactivity Information Databases Examples”, provides a brief overview of currently available bioactivity databases.
Differentiation of Outcomes by Treatment Regimen and Histology in Central Nervous System Primary Embryonal Tumors

Background Central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors are malignant neoplasms of undifferentiated embryonic cells that typically occur in the pediatric population. They are further divided into many subgroups by distinct histologic and genetic profiles. We present the largest study to date to identify differential survival outcomes within each subgroup by treatment regimen. Methods The SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) database was queried from 1973 to 2015 for embryonal tumors of primary CNS origin (n = 3900). The effects of patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment regimen were analyzed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model in CNS embryonal tumor subtypes divided into medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Results No significant patient demographic factors were found to be associated with increased mortality. In all 3 CNS embryonal tumor subtypes, most monotherapy and combinatorial treatment paradigms showed a higher hazard ratio compared with gross total resection with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio, 1.72–22.94; P Conclusions CNS embryonal tumors are highly malignant in all populations and the best survival is seen with aggressive combination therapies. Radiation therapy may have a role in prolonging survival in patients with medulloblastoma ≤3 years of age.
Clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors in patients with chronic kidney disease.

e15109Background: Regulatory T cells play a key role in protecting kidney cells from ischemic injury. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may increase the risk of acute kidney injury via inhibition...
Live mechanistic assessment of localized cardiac pumping in mammalian tubular embryonic heart.

Significance: Understanding how the valveless embryonic heart pumps blood is essential to elucidate biomechanical cues regulating cardiogenesis, which is important for the advancement of congenital heart defects research. However, methods capable of embryonic cardiac pumping analysis remain limited, and assessing this highly dynamic process in mammalian embryos is challenging. New approaches are critically needed to address this hurdle. Aim: We report an imaging-based approach for functional assessment of localized pumping dynamics in the early tubular embryonic mouse heart. Approach: Four-dimensional optical coherence tomography was used to obtain structural and Doppler hemodynamic imaging of the beating heart in live mouse embryos at embryonic day 9.25. The pumping assessment was performed based on the volumetric blood flow rate, flow resistance within the heart tube, and pressure gradient induced by heart wall movements. The relation between the blood flow, the pressure gradient, and the resistance to flow were evaluated through temporal analyses and Granger causality test. Results: In the ventricles, our method revealed connections between the temporal profiles of pressure gradient and volumetric blood flow rate. Statistically significant causal relation from the pressure gradient to the blood flow was demonstrated. Our analysis also suggests that cardiac pumping in the early ventricles is a combination of suction and pushing. In contrast, in the outflow tract, where the conduction wave is slower than the blood flow, we did not find significant causal relation from pressure to flow, suggesting that, different from ventricular regions, the local active contraction of the outflow tract is unlikely to drive the flow in that region. Conclusions: We present an imaging-based approach that enables localized assessment of pumping dynamics in the mouse tubular embryonic heart. This method creates a new opportunity for functional analysis of the pumping mechanism underlying the developing mammalian heart at early stages and could be useful for studying biomechanical changes in mutant embryonic hearts that model congenital heart defects.
Venous Flow Variation Predicts Preoperative Pulmonary Venous Obstruction in Children with Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection.

Background Identifying preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is important to guide treatment planning and risk prognostication. No standardized echocardiographic definition of obstruction exists in the literature. Definitions based on absolute velocities are affected by technical limitations and variations in pulmonary venous return. The authors developed a metric to quantify pulmonary venous blood flow variation: pulmonary venous variability index (PVVI). The aim of this study was to demonstrate its accuracy in defining obstruction. Methods All patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection at a single institution were identified. Echocardiograms were reviewed, and maximum (Vmax), mean (Vmean), and minimum (Vmin) velocities along the pulmonary venous pathway were measured. PVVI was defined as (Vmax − Vmin)/Vmean. These metrics were compared with pressures measured on cardiac catheterization. Echocardiographic measures were then compared between patients with and without clinical preoperative obstruction (defined as a need for preoperative intubation, catheter-based intervention, or surgery within 1 day of diagnosis), as well as pulmonary edema by chest radiography and markers of lactic acidosis. One hundred thirty-seven patients were included, with 22 having catheterization pressure recordings. Results Vmax and Vmean were not different between patients with catheter gradients ≥ 4 and Conclusions The authors developed a novel quantitative metric of pulmonary venous flow, which was superior to traditional echocardiographic metrics. Decreased PVVI was highly associated with elevated gradients measured by catheterization and clinical preoperative obstruction. These results should aid risk assessment and diagnosis preoperatively in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
Chronic Opioid Administration is Associated with Prevotella-dominated Dysbiosis in SIVmac251 Infected, cART-treated Macaques

People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an elevated risk of opioid misuse due to both prescriptions for HIV-associated chronic pain and because injection drug use remains a primary mode of HIV transmission. HIV pathogenesis is characterized by chronic immune activation and microbial dysbiosis, and translocation across the gut barrier exacerbating inflammation. Despite the high rate of co-occurrence, little is known about the microbiome during chronic opioid use in the context of HIV and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We recently demonstrated the reduction of the CD4 + T-cell reservoir in lymphoid tissues but increased in microglia/macrophage reservoirs in CNS by using morphine-treated, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques with viremia suppressed by cART. To understand whether morphine may perturb the gut-brain axis, fecal samples were collected at necropsy, DNA isolated, and 16S rRNA sequenced and changes of the microbiome analyzed. We found that morphine treatment led to dysbiosis, primarily characterized by expansion of Bacteroidetes, particularly Prevotellaceae, at the expense of Firmicutes and other members of healthy microbial communities resulting in a lower α-diversity. Of the many genera in Prevotellaceae, the differences between the saline and morphine group were primarily due to a higher relative abundance of Prevotella_9, the taxa most similar to Prevotella copri, an inflammatory pathobiont in the human microbiome. These findings reinforce previous research showing that opioid abuse is associated with dysbiosis, therefore, warranting additional future research to elucidate the complex interaction between the host and opioid abuse during HIV and SIV infection.
The Incidence and Consequences of Private Sector Job Loss in the Great Recession

This article examines the extent and economic consequences of involuntary unemployment among private-sector workers aged 26–55 during the Great Recession. Using data from the 2008 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors document the effects of involuntary unemployment on earnings, income, and health insurance coverage during the economic downturn and compare outcomes across worker demographic subgroups. Those outcomes are tracked at annual intervals over a 3-year follow-up period and are compared with those of workers who did not experience a job loss. The authors discuss their findings in the context of retirement security in general and Social Security in particular.
Por uma nova didática: discursos e narrativas no Ensino Superior

Este artigo reune experiencias realizadas em uma instituicao de ensino superior confessional, localizada no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A partir de convenio firmado com o Google para Educacao, novas abordagens didaticas foram sugeridas aos professores de todos os cursos, objetivando uma maior qualificacao das aulas e um maior interesse dos estudantes. Os docentes foram apresentados ao conceito de metodologias ativas, ferramentas que buscam dinamizar as aulas e tornar mais significativo o aprendizado dos estudantes. As falas de alunos de uma turma da disciplina Didatica, oferecida aos cursos de Historia e Pedagogia, sobre as aulas, sobre as metodologias ativas e o uso de tecnologias Google, foram interpretadas com uso da Analise de Discurso. As falas foram coletadas na avaliacao do curso e retratam, em certa medida, que muitos dos objetivos tracados, pela instituicao quando da proposta do uso de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem e ferramentas tecnologicas e pelo docente responsavel quanto a sequencia de acoes didaticas, foram alcancados, e alguns deles ate superados.
Driving Maneuver Detection using Features of Driver's attention and Face Shift through Deeping Learning

Driving Maneuver Detection (DMD) is an important component in ADAS(Advanced Driver Assistance Systems). It provides information about driving maneuvers that can potentially lead to traffic accidents. This paper presents a DMD system that builds on deep learning models developed for extracting driver attention features and driver face shift features, and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based neural network designed to learn dependencies of maneuvers in a time period. We show through experiments that the proposed system is capable of learning the latent features of the five different classes of driving maneuvers, i.e. left turn, right turn, left lane change, right lane change, and driving straight, and the innovative use of the combined features, i.e. driver attention features, driver face shift and vehicle signals that makes the DMD system to perform significantly superior to a number of traditional methods on a naturalistic driving data set containing over 3100 maneuvers recorded from 20 different drivers.
Information flow in synchronization

Information theory is used to explore synchronization of unidirectionally coupled chaotic oscillators. A symbolic dynamics is used to identify and tag the emerging information that must be communicated to maintain synchronization. It was recently shown that a minimum channel capacity exceeding the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy of the drive system is necessary and sufficient to maintain synchronization to any precision. Here, these results are extended to derive fundamental tradeoffs between the precision to which the drive is detected, the quality of synchronization, and the delay or anticipation exhibited by the response. Experimental results using electronic circuits illustrate these tradeoffs.
Welfare: Philosophical Aspects

Given a distinction between ‘welfare’ and ‘utility,’ four different ways of thinking about welfare are discussed, namely: hedonistic conceptions, preference conceptions, resource conceptions, and capability conceptions. A laundered preference approach might be a way to combine insights from the different conceptions. If the preferences can always be represented by utility functions, such an approach can take the form of a nondictatorial welfarist philosophy such as standard utilitarianism. This is conceivable if a consensus exists about interpersonal comparisons of utility. But such a consensus cannot reasonably be expected, suggesting the need for a nonwelfarist philosophy. Yet perhaps a nonstandard welfarism may retain appeal, even if preferences cannot always be represented by utility functions and there is no reliance on interpersonal comparisons.
Delegates and functional programming in C

In functional languages such as Scheme or ML functions can be passed as parameters, can be constructed in other functions and returned as values. This allows a style of programming that is quite distinct from that used with languages such as Pascal, C or C++. C# has interfaces but lacks anonymous inner classes which were used in [2] for functional programming in Java. Delegates allow fairly easy mimicking of some of the important features of functional programming in a rather different way than in Java. Using delegates and a class to model real functions, it is shown how to write functions that take functions as parameters and construct and return new functions. It is not advocated that functional programming be taught in C# languages such as ML are much superior for that task than C#. However, the above techniques allow students to use modes of thinking learned in the study of a functional languages directly in programs written in C#.
E.S.R. spectra of matrix isolated alkali atom clusters

E.S.R. spectra assigned to Na3 molecules have been obtained by codepositing sodium atoms and diluent argon on a sapphire surface loosely coupled to a liquid helium cryostat and warmed by a heat leak, to allow aggregation before the alkali atoms are frozen into the argon matrix. The trimer spectra under these conditions were much more intense than the residual atom spectra. The trimer spectra indicate the unpaired electron in these molecules has predominantly s rather than p character. Approximately 95 per cent of the 3s spin density is equally distributed between two of the alkali atoms, with only about 7 per cent of the spin density on the third atom. The trimers thus are not merely van der Waals adducts but involve chemical bonding. Both a covalent molecular orbital model for linear or obtuse isosceles geometry and an ionic charge-transfer model giving M2 +M- or M+M2 - appear qualitatively consistent with the spectra.
Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intentions of United States Accountants

Investigates the impact of locus of control and gender on the experiences and practices of accounting professionals. Also considers the impact of role overload, inter‐role conflict, and coping behaviour on these attitudes. Suggests that a complex set of forces creates differences in the extent to which an individual encounters, and is successfully able to contend with, both role overload and inter‐role conflict. Gender differences were observed in the accountants′ expressions of housekeeper role overload, volunteer role overload, and inter‐role conflict between work and spouse. Locus of control differences were present in the perceived conflict between work and self. Locus of control and gender interacted to produce differences in accountants′ expressions of overload and leisurite role overload expressed less satisfaction with their current positions and greater intentions to search for alternative opportunities. Suggests that the accounting environment may still be inhospitable for certain women attempti...
Systems for Recording Time of Oviposition in Chicken, Turkey, and Quail

Abstract MANY investigators have sought a practical and accurate method to record time of lay of fowl. Early investigators found it necessary to visit the cage or nest frequently to record time of oviposition. Their data may have been sufficiently accurate for the period under observation; however, it failed to describe the actual pattern of oviposition throughout the 24-hour period of the day. In recent years various types of automatic timing systems have been cited in the literature. The recording devices generally consist of two functional components —a recording instrument, and a switch located at the front of the cage which opens and closes a circuit when activated by a rolling egg. For simplicity, the latter component will be referred to as a circuit breaker “trip.” A design for recording time of lay was described by Hinds (1949). He used an individual hen battery with a modified cage floor, and an…
Gastric distension is a physiologic satiety signal in the dog

Gastric distension is thought to produce satiety, but whether this effect is seen during physiologic distension by food is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether levels of gastric distension seen during a meal have a satiety effect and whether the nutrient value of the meal was important. Four dogs were prepared with gastric, duodenal, and esophageal fistulas. Physiologic distension was determined by allowing the animals to eat liquid nutrient diet until sated and measuring the volume consumed and the time it took to consume it (¯x 2000 ml in 4 min). To test the effect of gastric distension on satiety, distension was produced during sham feeding by infusions of either liquid nutrient, inert liquid (Karaya), or by a water-filled balloon. Lower degrees of distension were also tested to determine if a dose-response relationship existed. Balloon, inert, and nutrient distension all inhibited sham feeding dose-dependently. Peak inhibitions of sham feeding caused by physiologic gastric distension (balloon, inert, nutrient) were 69±5%, 67±12%, and 61±6%, respectively. In all cases, maximal distension terminated sham feeding before the end of the feeding period. The effect of gastric distension on feeding was not blocked by pretreatment with atropine (50 μg/kg). Thus, graded degrees of gastric distension, comparable to those seen during ingestion of a normal meal, produced graded inhibition of food intake by a noncholinergic mechanism and independent of the nutrient properties of the food.
2,2′:6′,2′′-Ter­pyridine N,N′,N′′-trioxide

The title compound, C15H11N3O3, crystallizes with mol­ecules positioned on twofold rotation axes in space group P43212. Five crystallographically unique intermolecular C—H⋯−O—+N contacts with H⋯O = 2.201 (7), 2.50 (2), 2.45 (1), 2.38 (1) and 2.35 (2) A produce a complex network of hydrogen bonds that assist in the stabilization of the crystal structure.
The cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme polymorphism: Screening costs and influence on clinical outcomes in psychiatry

Objectives This study examined factors that affect cost, reliability, and the value of determining the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphism in clinical practice. Study design The method of deoxyribonucleic acid isolation, sample preparation, oligonucleotide primers, and polymerase chain reaction procedures were scrutinized for their effect on CYP2D6 genotyping efforts. The determination of the CYP2D6 A, B, D, E, and T alleles was used to identify the deficiency in CYP2D6 expression in 161 individuals phenotyped for CYP2D6 activity with dextromethorphan. The CYP2D6 genotype was assessed in 74 outpatients who had received diagnoses of depression. Eighteen of these patients were screened because of an adverse response to a tricyclic or antidepressant known or suspected to be a CYP2D6 substrate. Results The CYP2D6 A, B, C, D, E, and T alleles could be detected in 13 hours at a cost of $84 per sample by judicious selection of conditions and procedures. The genotype provided an accurate predictor of CYP2D6 expression in all 134 subjects who expressed the enzyme and in all 27 unrelated individuals phenotyped as deficient in CYP2D6 activity. In the patient group that experienced adverse effects, 44% of all CYP2D6 gene copies contained the A, B, D, E, or T allele(s) associated with inactive CYP2D6 expression. This was more than twice the rate for the occurrence of mutant alleles in the other 56 psychiatric patients (21%) and in 80 random subjects from the general population (20%; p < 0.05). Conclusions Screening psychiatric patients for CYP2D6 expression may distinguish metabolic-based therapeutic problems from drug sensitivity caused by other mechanisms. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1996) 60, 522–534; doi:
Upright cone beam CT imaging using the onboard imager.

Purpose: Many patients could benefit from being treated in an upright position. The objectives of this study were to determine whether cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) could be used to acquire upright images for treatment planning and to demonstrate whether reconstruction of upright images maintained accurate geometry and Hounsfield units (HUs). Methods: A TrueBeam linac was programmed in developer mode to take upright CBCT images. The gantry head was positioned at 0°, and the couch was rotated to 270°. The x-ray source and detector arms were extended to their lateral positions. The x-ray source and gantry remained stationary as fluoroscopic projections were taken and the couch was rotated from 270° to 90°. The x-ray tube current was normalized to deposit the same dose (measured using a calibrated Farmer ion chamber) as that received during a clinical helical CT scan to the center of a cylindrical, polyethylene phantom. To extend the field of view, two couch rotation scans were taken with the detector offset 15 cm superiorly and then 15 cm inferiorly. The images from these two scans were stitched together before reconstruction. Upright reconstructions were compared to reconstructions from simulation CT scans of the same phantoms. Two methods were investigatedmore » for correcting the HUs, including direct calibration and mapping the values from a simulation CT. Results: Overall geometry, spatial linearity, and high contrast resolution were maintained in upright reconstructions. Some artifacts were created and HU accuracy was compromised; however, these limitations could be removed by mapping the HUs from a simulation CT to the upright reconstruction for treatment planning. Conclusions: The feasibility of using the TrueBeam linac to take upright CBCT images was demonstrated. This technique is straightforward to implement and could be of enormous benefit to patients with thoracic tumors or those who find a supine position difficult to endure.« less
Total-Cost Procurement Auctions: Impact of Suppliers' Cost Adjustments on Auction Format Choice

We consider sealed-and open-bid total-cost procurement auctions where two attributes are used for contract award decisions: price, which is bid by the supplier, and a fixed cost adjustment, which is included by the buyer to capture nonprice factors such as logistics costs. Suppliers know only their own true production cost and their own cost adjustment, and the buyer does not know the suppliers' true production costs but does know all suppliers' cost adjustments, which she herself sets in order to make an informed total-cost decision. The buyer, who seeks to minimize her total (price and cost adjustment) procurement cost, can choose to run a first-price sealed-bid auction, where suppliers' bids are affected by their beliefs about each other's total costs, or a descending open-bid auction, where only the actual realizations of suppliers' total costs drive the auction outcome. We characterize the buyer's choice between the two formats as a threshold decision over suppliers' cost adjustments and analyze the effect of supplier beliefs on her decision. We also study the impact of additional suppliers on the buyer's decision, the effect of correlation between suppliers' production costs and their cost adjustments, and additive as well as multiplicative total-cost functions. The results suggest that procurement managers can use their evaluations of suppliers' cost adjustments to make better auction format decisions.
Stereotype Change in a Recurrent Network

Stereotype change is simulated in a distributed recurrent network. Although it operates using iterative application of simple learning rules as each new group member is presented, the network can nonetheless mimic both bookkeeping (Rothbart, 1981) and subtyping (Brewer, 1981; Taylor, 1981) patterns of results. It produces these effects through learning of reliable covariations between counterstereotypic units. Advantages and disadvantages of using a distributed recurrent network to model the representation of stereotypes are discussed. Key among the advantages are those relevant to the dynamic nature of these models.
How Well Do E-Commerce Web Sites Support Compensatory and Non-Compensatory Decision Strategies? An Exploratory Study

The burgeoning growth of online retailing is forcing businesses to provide better support for consumer decision making on e-commerce Web sites. Consequently, researchers in information systems and marketing have been focusing on investigating the effectiveness of Web-based decision support systems (WebDSS) in providing accurate and satisfying choices for customers. We consider WebDSS implementation based on compensatory, non-compensatory decision strategies and synthesize the existing literature. The results of synthesis show that compensatory WebDSS perform better than non-compensatory WebDSS in terms of decision quality, satisfaction, effort, and confidence. We then investigate the level of Web site support provided for consumersâ€™ execution of compensatory and non-compensatory strategies. We examined 375 U.S.-based company Web sites and found that though moderate levels of support exists for consumers to implement non-compensatory choice strategies, virtually no support exists for executing multi-attributebased compensatory choice strategies.
JEFX 10 demonstration of Cooperative Hunter Killer UAS and upstream data fusion

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory deployed and demonstrated a prototype Cooperative Hunter Killer (CHK) Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) capability and a prototype Upstream Data Fusion (UDF) capability as participants in the Joint Expeditionary Force Experiment 2010 in April 2010. The CHK capability was deployed at the Nevada Test and Training Range to prosecute a convoy protection operational thread. It used mission-level autonomy (MLA) software applied to a networked swarm of three Raven hunter UAS and a Procerus Miracle surrogate killer UAS, all equipped with full motion video (FMV). The MLA software provides the capability for the hunter-killer swarm to autonomously search an area or road network, divide the search area, deconflict flight paths, and maintain line of sight communications with mobile ground stations. It also provides an interface for an operator to designate a threat and initiate automatic engagement of the target by the killer UAS. The UDF prototype was deployed at the Maritime Operations Center at Commander Second Fleet, Naval Station Norfolk to provide intelligence analysts and the ISR commander with a common fused track picture from the available FMV sources. It consisted of a video exploitation component that automatically detected moving objects, a multiple hypothesis tracker that fused all of the detection data to produce a common track picture, and a display and user interface component that visualized the common track picture along with appropriate geospatial information such as maps and terrain as well as target coordinates and the source video.
Experimental playbacks show vocal mediation of intergroup avoidance in a forest monkey

DISTINCTIVE vocalisations, audible over long distances, have been reported among many forest primate species, ranging from prosimians to apes1–5. Such loud calls have often been hypothesised to mediate territorial or other forms of spacing between conspecific groups, and indeed audibility over distances sufficient to serve in intergroup communication is one of their defining characteristics. Nevertheless, evidence in support of such hypotheses is primarily indirect (but see ref. 1), and investigation of the responses of animals to these calls is generally lacking.
Regulatory events in the synthesis of Sendai virus polypeptides and their assembly into virions.

Abstract The synthesis and assembly of Sendai virus polypeptides into virions were studied by pulse-chase and long-term labeling late in infection. The transfer of polypeptides from cells into virions was modeled as a stochastic process, yielding a distinctive first-order rate constant for the turnover of each major polypeptide. The data revealed unexpected kinetic properties of the lesser nucleocapsid polypeptide, P, implicated earlier in virus RNA transcription. The available pool of P for virus assembly was depleted four times faster than the available pool of NP, the nucleocapsid structure unit. Furthermore, P was synthesized about fourfold in excess of its steady-state representation in virions, and it was incorporated into virions without dilution by a large preexistent pool. It was concluded that newly synthesized P associates rapidly with intracellular nucleocapsids and then departs into an unavailable pool, consistent with a transient function of P in nucleocapsid assembly or in RNA synthesis. In contrast to the overproduction of P, production of M, the nonglycosylated polypeptide in the virus envelope, was deficient about two-fold, relative to NP. This suggests a control device to insure that at least half of the nucleocapsids produced can never exit as components of virions, but must remain within the cell to serve as RNA-synthesizing complexes. Although the three nonglycosylated virus polypeptides, P, NP, and M, entered virions without delay, the entry of the glycosylated polypeptides did not begin until about 15 to 30 min after their synthesis, presumably reflecting the time necessary for their glycosylation and transport to sites of virus assembly.
A Boundary-Layer Scaling for Turbulent Katabatic Flow

Scaling relationships are proposed for the turbulent katabatic flow of a stably stratified fluid down a homogeneously cooled planar slope—the turbulent analogue of a Prandtl-type slope flow. The $$\Pi $$ Theorem predicts that such flows are controlled by three non-dimensional parameters: the slope angle, the Prandtl number, and a Reynolds number defined in terms of the surface thermal forcing (surface buoyancy or surface buoyancy flux), Brunt-Vaisala frequency, slope angle, and molecular viscosity and diffusivity coefficients. However, by exploiting the structure of the governing differential equations in a boundary-layer form, scaled equations are deduced that involve only two non-dimensional parameters: the Prandtl number and a modified Reynolds number. In the proposed scaling framework, the slope angle does not appear as an independent governing parameter, but merely acts as a stretching factor in the scales for the dependent and independent variables, and appears in the Reynolds number. Based on the boundary-layer analysis, we hypothesize that the full katabatic-flow problem is largely controlled by two rather than three parameters. Preliminary tests of the scaling hypothesis using data from direct numerical simulations provide encouraging results.
Mortgage Markets and Inter‐Regional Differences in Conventional Mortgage Terms

One of the purposes of the secondary mortgage market is to move funds from areas of capital surplus to areas of capital shortage. If mortgage funds move freely throughout the economy then the price of mortgage funds (the terms of the mortgage) should be the same everywhere. Thus, if the secondary mortgage market is efficient, mortgage terms should show less geographic variation after the secondary market began in 1970 than they showed before. In this paper, the efficiency of the market is tested in two stages. In the first, the average terms of mortgage loans in 1968 and 1978 are examined to determine whether they became more homogeneous after the secondary market was begun. In the second stage, the terms are modeled as a function of region, year by region interaction variables, foreclosure rates, the usury ceiling and the average cost of funds. This model is estimated and analyzed using a multivariate multiple regression technique.
Head activator does not qualitatively alter head morphology in regenerates ofHydra oligactis.

The characterization of head activator (HA) as a morphogen capable of increasing the number of tentacles regenerated by hydra was re-examined. Gastric tissue was excised from HA-treated whole animals and allowed to regenerate. At the cellular level the differentiation of head-specific ectodermal epithelial cells was monitored by quantifying monoclonal antibody, CP8, labeling. This labeling has been correlated with a rise in head activation potential and the determination of tissue to form head structures (Javois et al. 1986). At the morphological level tentacle number was monitored. HA-treated regenerates began the head patterning processes and evaginated tentacles sooner than controls but did not produce extra tentacles. The kinetics of CP8 labeling did not reveal major differences between treated and control regenerates after the initiation of head-specific epithelial cell differentiation. HA appeared to act more like a growth factor stimulating the differentiation of head-specific cell types rather than a morphogen which altered head morphology. An additional aspect of the study examined axial-specific effects of HA on the initiation and extent of head-specific epithelial cell differentiation. The cellular response of ectodermal epithelial cells to HA was dependent on their original axial location. More CP8+ tissue differentiated in regenerates of apical as opposed to mid-gastric origin.
New Software for Courses in Test Construction

This paper describes a computer program developed as an aid to instruction in multivariate and measurement statistics. The program, ANALYSIS, was designed as a program for the traditional psychometric screening of test items. The program analyzes test data on three levels: respondent, item, and total score. ANALYSIS options include (a) item difficulty and discrimination, (b) correlation of each response (correct, distractor, and omit) with the total score, (c) item efficiency, (d) total score statistics such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, significance tests for skewness and kurtosis, (e) Hoyt (1941) partitions of variance components, (f) Kuder-Richard-son formula 21, Hoyt(1941), and Cronbach's alpha reliability indices (g) tests of the parametric properties and (h) a comprehensive graphics package.