cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selenium-iodide: A low melting point eutectic semiconductor

Inorganic liquid semiconductors are of interest in harsh radiological environments, flexible electronics, and for direct printing of semiconductor devices. Many elemental and compound liquid semiconductors exist, although the lowest melting point is observed for Se at 221 °C. Recently, reports of liquid Se-S systems have shown betavoltaic and alphavoltaic power generation as a liquid with a reduced melting point of 105 °C. Here, we show the ability to depress the melting point to 57 °C by using equal atomic fractions of selenium and iodine while maintaining semiconducting behavior. A heterojunction structure using ITO and n-GaN as the contacts was selected based on chemical compatibility and predicted band lineups. Electrical and optical measurements were used to deduce the electronic and transport properties of the mixture.
Mineral misbehavior: why mineralogists don’t deal in natural kinds

Mineral species are, at first glance, an excellent candidate for an ideal set of natural kinds somewhere beyond the periodic table. Mineralogists have a detailed set of rules and formal procedure for ratifying new species, and minerals are a less messy subject matter than biological species, psychological disorders, or even chemicals more broadly—all areas of taxonomy where the status of species as natural kinds has been disputed. After explaining how philosophers have tended to get mineralogy wrong in discussions of natural kinds, I show how minerals species don’t behave like natural kinds. They are defined on the basis of human intentionality, not merely natural distinctions. They aren’t ideal grounds for inductive inference. And they don’t form a system that divides nature along a set of equivalent joints. While this is a regrettable outcome to those of us who like the idea of science relying on natural kinds, I contend that mineralogy is doing just fine without a natural kind-based taxonomy, and may in fact be better off without one.
ENDOTHELIAL SHEAR STRESS DERIVED FROM SERIAL NONINVASIVE CORONARY CTA: EFFECT OF WALL ELASTICITY IN A FEASIBILITY STUDY

Low endothelial shear stress (ESS) is associated with coronary plaque progression on invasive intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Recent advances allow ESS to be measured noninvasively, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of standard coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).
Facile in Situ Syntheses of Cathode Protective Electrolyte Additives for High Energy Density Li-Ion Cells

Increasing the energy densities of Li-ion batteries necessitates operation of layered lithiated oxide cathodes at potentials exceeding 4 V vs Li/Li+. When continually exposed to such high potential...
Is this my group or not? The role of ensemble coding of emotional expressions in group categorization

When exposed to others' emotional responses, people often make rapid decisions as to whether these others are members of their group or not. These group categorization decisions have been shown to be extremely important to understanding group behavior. Yet, despite their prevalence and importance, we know very little about the attributes that shape these categorization decisions. To address this issue, we took inspiration from ensemble coding research and developed a task designed to reveal the influence of the mean and variance of group members' emotions on participants' group categorization. In Study 1, we verified that group categorization decreases when the group's mean emotion is different from the participant's own emotional response. In Study 2, we established that people identify a group's mean emotion more accurately when its variance is low rather than high. In Studies 3 and 4, we showed that participants were more likely to self-categorize as members of groups with low emotional variance, even if their own emotions fell outside of the range of group emotions they saw, and that this preference is seen for judgments of both positive and negative group emotions. In Study 5, we showed that this unique preference for low group emotional variance is special to group categorization and does not appear in a more basic face categorization task. Our studies reveal unexplored and important tendencies in group categorization based on group emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
DeepSolarEye: Power Loss Prediction and Weakly Supervised Soiling Localization via Fully Convolutional Networks for Solar Panels

The impact of soiling on solar panels is an important and well-studied problem in renewable energy sector. In this paper, we present the first convolutional neural network (CNN) based approach for solar panel soiling and defect analysis. Our approach takes an RGB image of solar panel and environmental factors as inputs to predict power loss, soiling localization, and soiling type. In computer vision, localization is a complex task which typically requires manually labeled training data such as bounding boxes or segmentation masks. Our proposed approach consists of specialized four stages which completely avoids localization ground truth and only needs panel images with power loss labels for training. The region of impact area obtained from the predicted localization masks are classified into soiling types using the webly supervised learning. For improving localization capabilities of CNNs, we introduce a novel bi-directional input-aware fusion (BiDIAF) block that reinforces the input at different levels of CNN to learn input-specific feature maps. Our empirical study shows that BiDIAF improves the power loss prediction accuracy by about 3% and localization accuracy by about 4%. Our end-to-end model yields further improvement of about 24% on localization when learned in a weakly supervised manner. Our approach is generalizable and showed promising results on web crawled solar panel images. Our system has a frame rate of 22 fps (including all steps) on a NVIDIA TitanX GPU. Additionally, we collected first of it's kind dataset for solar panel image analysis consisting 45,000+ images.
A systematic determination of hubbard U using the GBRV ultrasoft pseudopotential set

Abstract Density-functional theory (DFT) is an increasingly useful tool in modern materials discovery. Advancements in parallel computing allow for high-throughput studies that predict new examples of functional materials such as photovoltaics, electrocatalysts, and thermoelectrics. An impediment to the widespread adoption of DFT is that the method is known to over-delocalize electron density, specifically in d and f orbitals. Without corrections known as post-DFT methods, the over-delocalization effect manifests as inaccurate electronic structures, which leads to a systematic underestimation of electronic bandgap values, or in many cases predicts insulating materials to have fictitious metallic character. One method to fix this deficiency is to add a corrective potential barrier to delocalization, known as the Hubbard U, to delocalized d and f states of an atom to obtain a more accurate electronic band structure. There are ways to formally derive accurate Hubbard U values, but, in practice, U is often treated as a tunable parameter where U values are chosen to match experimentally determined bandgaps. This is problematic for determining U values of materials that have no measured bandgap or have yet to be synthesized. Here we address these issues by using linear response methods to derive Hubbard U values for 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals using the GBRV set of ultrasoft pseudopotentials. We calculate U values for three distinct crystal structures of binary metal oxides with different oxidation states; NiO ( M + 2 ), corundum ( M + 3 ), and rutile ( M + 4 ) structure types. We show that U values derived from linear response methods follow periodic trends, and that in some cases the same value of U can be applied to different oxidation states and structure types. We use the trends presented here to elucidate a set of best practices which can be applied to further the emergent field of data-enabled materials discovery.
Airborne lidar change detection: An overview of Earth sciences applications

Abstract In the last two decades, airborne laser scanning (ALS) has found widespread application and driven fundamental advances in the Earth sciences. With increasing availability and accessibility, multi-temporal ALS data have been used to advance key research topics related to dynamic Earth surface processes. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of existing applications of ALS change detection to the Earth sciences. We cover a wide scope of material pertinent to the broad field of Earth sciences to encourage the cross-pollination between sub-disciplines and discuss the outlook of ALS change detection for advancing scientific discovery. While significant progress has been made in applying repeat ALS data to change detection, numerous approaches make fundamental assumptions that limit the full potential of repeat ALS data. The use of such data for 3D change detection is, therefore, in need of novel, scalable, and computationally efficient processing algorithms that transcend the ever-increasing data density and spatial coverage. Quantification of uncertainty in change detection results also requires further attention, as it is vitally important to understand what 3D differences detected between epochs represent actual change as opposed to limitations in data or methodology. Although ALS has become increasingly integral to change detection across the Earth sciences, the existence of pre- and post-event ALS data is still uncommon for many isolated hazard events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and landslides. Consequently, data availability is still a major limitation for many ALS change detection applications.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Heart Failure and Methamphetamine Abuse.

Abstract Background Despite a global epidemic of methamphetamine abuse, methamphetamine-associated heart failure (MethHF) remains poorly understood. We sought to evaluate characteristics and outcomes for patients with MethHF. Methods We reviewed the electronic health records of the University of California, San Diego from 2005-16. We compared characteristics and outcomes between 896 patients with MethHF and 20,576 patients with heart failure (HF) identified using diagnosis codes, urine toxicology, and natriuretic peptides. Results Compared to HF, patients with MethHF were younger (50±10 v. 67±16 years), predominantly male (72% v. 54%), and had more psychiatric and substance use co-morbidities, including mood/anxiety disorders (29% v. 16%) and opioid use (44% v. 7%). MethHF had a higher 5-year HF readmission rate [64±4% v. 45±1%; hazard ratio (HR) 1.53, p Conclusions Patients with MethHF are frequently encumbered by psychiatric and substance abuse co-morbidities, and carry a substantial risk of heart failure readmission and mortality. Comprehensive efforts are needed to stem this emerging epidemic.
A Novel Fault Ride Through Scheme for Hybrid Wind/PV Power Generation Systems

This article proposes a cost effective and simple design for hybrid wind/PV systems. Its main objective is to endow the system with fault ride through capabilities in accordance to the new grid code requirements while eliminating the need for inverters for the PV units. The proposed topology connects the PV system to the DFIG's DC-link via a DC-DC converter, thus reducing cost be eliminating the need for a dedicated inverter for PV power processing. During normal conditions, the DC-DC converter controls the active power of the hybrid wind/PV system. When grid faults occur, the GSC is operated as a STATCOM, thus injecting reactive power to the grid, while the DC-DC converter controls the DC-link voltage of DFIG. To ensure optimum performance, the gains of the controllers for the RSC, GSC and DC-DC converters were auto-tuned using a fuzzy PI approach. The performance of the proposed scheme was assessed in the presence of severe single and three phase voltage sag condition, three-phase grid faults and parameter variations. Its performance was also compared to that of conventional voltage ride through approaches. The proposed scheme was shown to minimize rotor over-currents, optimize the converter's performance, reduce voltage, power and torque fluctuations and protect the hybrid wind/PV system during voltage disturbances. Additionally, it was able to support the grid by injecting reactive power during voltage sags.
Using Sense-Making Moments to Understand How Elementary Teachers’ Interactions Expand, Maintain, or Shut Down Sense-making in Science

Eliciting, noticing, and responding to students’ sense-making is important for advancing students’ understanding and fostering meaningful participation in science. By sense-making, we mean wrestlin...
Gender disparity on cigarette smoking among cancer survivors: Results from the National Health Interview Survey.

e24040Background: The smoking rate has been declining in the United States. Smoking cessation is a critical part of cancer survivorship care. Males have higher smoking rate than females in the gene...
Kidney Transporters and Drug-Induced Injury in Drug Development:

Influx and efflux kidney tubular transporters are major determinants of the disposition of xenobiotics, including pharmaceutical drugs. On the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells, there are influx transporters, such as organic cation transporters. On the apical membrane of proximal tubular cells, there are efflux transporters, such as multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins. The secretion process across the apical membrane into the lumen occurs via efflux transporters which plays an important role in serum creatinine (sCr) elimination in urine. The interference of a pharmaceutical drug with transporters can lead to changes in sCr with no alterations in biomarkers or light microscopic evidence indicative of renal injury. Identification of transporters that influence drug disposition, toxicity, and overall nonclinical safety assessment is important in drug discovery and development programs. This mini review describes some key aspects of kidney tubular transporters and drug-induced renal toxicities in safety risk assessment and drug development.
Dynamical Pruning of Rooted Trees with Applications to 1-D Ballistic Annihilation

We introduce generalized dynamical pruning on rooted binary trees with edge lengths that encompasses a number of discrete and continuous pruning operations, including the tree erasure and Horton pruning. The pruning removes parts of a tree T, starting from the leaves, according to a pruning function defined on descendant subtrees within T. We prove the invariance of critical binary Galton–Watson tree with exponential edge lengths with respect to the generalized dynamical pruning for an arbitrary admissible pruning function. These results facilitate analysis of the continuum 1-D ballistic annihilation model $$A+A \rightarrow \varnothing $$ for a constant particle density and initial velocity that alternates between the values of $$\pm 1$$ . We show that the model’s shock wave is isometric to the level set tree of the potential function, and the model evolution is equivalent to the generalized dynamical pruning of the shock wave tree.
Induced pluripotent stem cells can utilize lactate as a metabolic substrate to support proliferation

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold the promise to improve cell-based therapies. Yet, to meet rising demands and become clinically impactful, sufficient high-quality iPSCs in quantity must be generated, a task that exceeds current capabilities. In this study, K3 iPSCs cultures were examined using parallel-labeling metabolic flux analysis (13 C-MFA) to quantify intracellular fluxes at relevant bioprocessing stages: glucose concentrations representative of initial media concentrations and high lactate concentrations representative of fed-batch culture conditions, prior to and after bolus glucose feeds. The glucose and lactate concentrations are also representative of concentrations that might be encountered at different locations within 3D cell aggregates. Furthermore, a novel method was developed to allow the isotopic tracer [U-13 C3 ] lactate to be used in the 13 C-MFA model. The results indicated that high extracellular lactate concentrations decreased glucose consumption and lactate production, while glucose concentrations alone did not affect rates of aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, for the high lactate cultures, lactate was used as a metabolic substrate to support oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. These results demonstrate that iPSCs have metabolic flexibility and possess the capacity to metabolize lactate to support exponential growth, and that high lactate concentrations alone do not adversely impact iPSC proliferation.
The equity of tree distribution in the most ruthlessly hot city in the United States: Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract Trees are critical assets in the urban environment. From reducing pollution and the effects of urban heat islands, decreasing energy consumption, and improving the overall quality of life for individuals and communities, trees are vital environmental amenities that promote and enhance public health, facilitating a more sustainable urban footprint. While many cities are making concerted efforts to plant more trees, empirical work suggests that the distribution of trees within these communities is unequal, fueled by a constellation of factors that include cost, maintenance, culture, and value systems. In order to identify and mitigate the inequities associated with the geographic distribution of trees within a community, it is important to deepen our understanding of the social, environmental, operational, and geographic nuances of tree distribution(s). In this study, we employ geocomputational and spatial statistical methods to analyze a database of 2.7 million trees in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. The results of this analysis highlight local variations in the relationship between tree density and social and environmental correlates, and offer a more geographically nuanced snapshot of the tree distribution for one of the hottest U.S. cities.
Improving broad-coverage medical entity linking with semantic type prediction and large-scale datasets.

Abstract Objectives Biomedical natural language processing tools are increasingly being applied for broad-coverage information extraction—extracting medical information of all types in a scientific document or a clinical note. In such broad-coverage settings, linking mentions of medical concepts to standardized vocabularies requires choosing the best candidate concepts from large inventories covering dozens of types. This study presents a novel semantic type prediction module for biomedical NLP pipelines and two automatically-constructed, large-scale datasets with broad coverage of semantic types. Methods We experiment with five off-the-shelf biomedical NLP toolkits on four benchmark datasets for medical information extraction from scientific literature and clinical notes. All toolkits adopt a staged approach of mention detection followed by two stages of medical entity linking: (1) generating a list of candidate concepts, and (2) picking the best concept among them. We introduce a semantic type prediction module to alleviate the problem of overgeneration of candidate concepts by filtering out irrelevant candidate concepts based on the predicted semantic type of a mention. We present MedType , a fully modular semantic type prediction model which we integrate into the existing NLP toolkits. To address the dearth of broad-coverage training data for medical information extraction, we further present WikiMed and PubMedDS , two large-scale datasets for medical entity linking. Results Semantic type filtering improves medical entity linking performance across all toolkits and datasets, often by several percentage points of F-1. Further, pretraining MedType on our novel datasets achieves state-of-the-art performance for semantic type prediction in biomedical text. Conclusions Semantic type prediction is a key part of building accurate NLP pipelines for broad-coverage information extraction from biomedical text. We make our source code and novel datasets publicly available to foster reproducible research.
Abstract 16564: Location of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Drivers Based on Body Surface Mapping: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis

Introduction: Body Surface Mapping (BSM) is a non-invasive electrocardiogram-based mapping system that is used to identify localized drivers in patients with persistent Atrial Fibrillation (AF). Ma...
Teaching in the online classroom: surviving and thriving in the new normal: by Doug Lemov and the Teach Like a Champion™ team, Published by Jossey Bass, A Wiley Brand, 192 pp., ISBN-13: 978-1119762935

A simple google search for books on online teaching results in hundreds of choices. Given that for almost a year now, most of the instruction in schools and colleges has been online, it is not a su...
Safety Net? The Utility of Vouchers When a Place-Based Rental Subsidy Ends

The US government moved to a private ownership model for providing affordable housing in the 1960s, which resulted in millions of housing units being developed and governed by affordability restrictions that expire at some later point. By 2010 thousands of tenants lived in properties where a private owner, or HUD, terminated the rental subsidy, and many more will face this reality going forward. Households in the project-based Section 8 program are offered a voucher as a safety net when the subsidy contract ends. This represents the only federal rental safety net program in the U.S. Despite these realities, little is known about what happens to tenants when a subsidy contract ends or the utility of vouchers as a safety net. This paper creates a national census of every tenant who lived in a property in the U.S. where the project-based Section 8 subsidy ended through 2010 to analyze this event. The analysis includes a series of models that test whether household demand, market supply, or household characteristics affect voucher use and moves. This paper finds that the voucher is not used by the majority of households, despite high levels of household demand for the subsidy. Those who use the voucher and move tend to move to lower poverty tracts. However, the subsidy offers the weakest safety net for households where the head is Black or 62 or older.
Evaluating the temporal representativeness of embodied energy data: A case study of higher education buildings

Abstract According to the United Nations approximately 40–50% of the annual global energy supply is consumed by the building sector, which underscores the importance of reducing the energy consumption in buildings. A building’s life cycle energy consists of embodied and operating energy. Embodied energy (EE) is utilized in the processes of raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, repair, maintenance, and demolition, whereas operating energy in operating the building over its service life. EE calculations are heavily data-dependent and are, therefore, susceptible to issues related to data quality. Studies showed that the temporal representativeness of data is one such data quality that may significantly influence the accuracy of embodied energy calculations. In this study, we evaluated the temporal variations that occur over 5- and 10-year periods in the EE intensities at the material, direct and indirect EE, and building levels. These values were calculated using the input–output based hybrid models developed for the years 2002, 2007, and 2012. Results show a significant change in not just the magnitude but also the type of energy sources embedded in both direct and indirect EE components. Over the 10-year period analysed there is a 36% reduction in the total energy use and fossil fuels contribute to 76% of this reduction. The direct EE component increased from 14% in 2002 to 20% in 2012 for both our case study buildings. Results also indicate that the share of electricity in the total EE may be gradually increasing. The results further highlight the importance of using temporally representative data to ensure the high quality of EE calculations. Energy source specific EE results indicate that using outdated (10-year-old data) may overestimate the total EE for buildings by ca. 85%.
The new kid on the old block: Coltan, conflict-prone minerals, and post-war reconstruction in Sierra Leone

Abstract Mining is the core revenue source of Sierra Leone’s post-war reconstruction and development Agenda for Prosperity (2013–2018). This initiative includes large-scale extraction of minerals such as iron ore, bauxite, and titanium and artisanal mining of gold and diamonds. The government perceives columbite–tantalite (coltan), a high value mineral, as “the new kid on the block.” We examine the nascent coltan industry in Sierra Leone, particularly in the context of the strategic importance of its constituent elements, niobium and tantalum, and the historic illegal mining and smuggling problems in Sierra Leone. Despite policy and legislative reforms in post-war Sierra Leone to bolster state security and regularize the mining industry, overall coltan appears to be falling victim to the historic and traditional political, economic, and socio-cultural structures in Sierra Leone that perpetuate conflict, illegal extraction, underdevelopment, and environmental deterioration. The post-conflict reconstruction agenda responds to policy recommendations from numerous research efforts but more appropriate reforms and commitment are required.
Management of Arrhythmias Related to Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Conduction disease in cardiac sarcoidosis is quite common and likely under-recognized. It also can be the first manifestation of the disease and deserves serious attention and a careful, comprehensive workup. Conduction disease can range from blocks at virtually all levels of the conduction system, and the development of both a wide variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. There are several treatment strategies, and in appropriate patients, pharmacologic along with device therapy may be indicated.
Use of the Woodcock-Johnson III in the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities

Publisher Summary This chapter throws the attention on the use of the Woodcock–Johnson III in the diagnosis of learning disabilities. Learning disabilities are presented as a multidimensional construct, changing in manifestation across age, experiences, and ability. The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD), report concludes that “significant difficulty cannot be determined solely by a quantitative test score,” and the report encourages use of both qualitative and quantitative data in decision-making. Subsequently, the report stresses that a “learning disability can exist when a numerical discrepancy can not”. According to this chapter, it is important to remember Mather's caution that “test results assist with judgment; they are not a substitute.” Given the lack of empirically driven theoretical constructs underlying selection criteria for the diagnosis of learning disabilities, the professional judgment of evaluators is integral to decision-making. The WJ III COG and WJ III ACH provide a technically, theoretically, and practically driven instrument to be used in the diagnosis of learning disabilities. Yet, in the end, the instrument is dependent upon the judgment, knowledge, and interpretations of the examiner.
Probing environmentally significant surface radicals: Crystallographic and temperature dependent adsorption of phenol on ZnO

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are toxic organic/metal oxide composite particles that have been discovered to form from substituted benzenes chemisorbed to metal oxides. Here, we perform photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction of phenol chemisorbed to ZnO(1 0 1 0) and (0 0 0 1)-Zn to observe electronic structure changes and charge transfer as a function adsorption temperature. We show direct evidence of charge transfer from the ZnO surfaces to the phenol. This evidence can help gain a better understanding of EPFRs and be used to develop possible future remediation strategies.
Chronic Problems in Understanding Tribal Violence and Warfare

This paper discusses problems confronting researchers whose work addresses the nature, causes and functions of violence and warfare in contemporary tribal societies and the interpretation of evidence on these topics from archaeological records. A major problem is the paucity of reliable ethnographic evidence describing conflicts, causes of conflicts and numbers of casualties suffered. There are few first-hand studies of warring tribesmen and little uniformity in data collection methods or specific topics covered by the studies. A second problem is the wide range of theoretical opinion on ultimate versus proximate causes of conflict and often polemic insistence that some causes cannot even be admitted into the explanatory framework, as illustrated by the debate between cultural materialists and evolutionary anthropologists. A third problem is the widespread belief that pre-colonial conflict and warfare was either rare or did not exist at all and that where contemporary tribesmen are found to be in lethal contests this has been provoked by contact with European colonial expansion. Finally, a new problem is emerging: ethnographic descriptions of violence in tribal societies are increasingly opposed by politically correct academics who argue that it is detrimental to the goals of advocates of native cultural survival. The paper concludes with a summary of some of the main features of Yanomamo violence and warfare, based on the author's field research and publications up to 1990, and introduces new data and theoretical issues that are emerging from his most recent field studies since 1990.
Neither Acts Nor Monuments

AbstractOne of the most fundamental facts about John Foxe's Actes and Monuments is its internal heterogeneity: the book offers the history of Protestantism not as a continuous narrative but as an assemblage of documents—letters, depositions, statutes, papal bulls—that, collectively, are presented as both the materials of a Protestant history and testimonies to the truth of that history. This article addresses the status of the reproduced document in Foxe in order to complicate our accounts of the book's relationship to its own medium, arguing that the real epistemological ground of the Actes and Monumentes lies in the manuscript archive it seeks to bring into being on the page by way of a flexible and varying typography. That effort involves it in a struggle against itself, an attempt—in effect—to efface the printed page as an unwanted intermediary between reader and manuscript. Recognizing a struggle between the book's archival impulse and the medium of its transmission allows us to see a more fraught re...
The Fragility of Patriotism

Simon Keller has attacked the common idea that patriotism is a civic virtue. Against this idea, Keller argues that patriotism is unavoidably associated with a disposition to self-deception or bad faith. Patriots are loyal to their country and their loyalty, he claims, is explained by two facts. First, it is their country. Second, they take it to have some valuable characteristics that make it worthy of loyalty. These characteristics must be significant and representative of the core features of the country: for example, having a history of a certain kind, standing for certain values, or being founded on certain principles. Whether the country actually has these qualities will always be open to challenge by new evidence and new points of view. Keller holds that patriots are likely to ignore or dismiss the significance of these challenges when they arise, so as to be able to maintain their loyalty unaffected. According to Keller, this tendency to selective assessment of the evidence about one’s country’s real qualities is an unavoidable feature of patriotism. Moreover, it is a vice: a form of bad faith.
Creating Minnesota: A History from the Inside Out

Preface: "The State I'm In" The Shape of Water and the Feel of Trees: A South Dakotan in Minnesota Dancing the Rice Campbell Country Playing with the Future One Mixed-Blood Family Looks for Its Place The War Touched Us All Not Drawn to Scale Making a Living, Making a Life The Fairbrothers' Christmas Becoming Better and Becoming American The Look of the 1920s Hanging on for Dear Life We Never Had Enough Sugar Style Comes to Staples "The House That Hubert Built" Walleye Quesadilla and the New Minnesota Timeline: Dates Tell a Story, Too Notes Index.
High-Dose Pyridoxine and Magnesium Administration in Children with Autistic Disorder: An Absence of Salutary Effects in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Several reports have described salutary effects such as decreased physical aggression and improved social responsiveness being associated with the administration of high doses of pyridoxine and magnesium (HDPM) in open-labeled and controlled studies of patients with autism. Despite this fact, this intervention remains controversial. A 10-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to examine both the efficacy and safety of HDPM in autism. Twelve patients were enrolled, and 10 patients (mean age 6 years 3 months) were able to complete the study. HDPM at an average dose of 638.9 mg of pyridoxine and 216.3 mg of magnesium oxide was ineffective in ameliorating autistic behaviors as assessed by the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS), the Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the NIMH Global Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Furthermore, no clinically significant side effects were noted during HDPM administration. A trend for a transient change on the CPRS was found that was possibly due to a placebo response. This study raises doubts about the clinical effectiveness of HDPM in autistic disorder.
Variation in the effects of family background and birth region on adult obesity: results of a prospective cohort study of a Great Depression-era American cohort.

Studies have identified prenatal and early childhood conditions as important contributors to weight status in later life. To date, however, few studies have considered how weight status in adulthood is shaped by regional variation in early-life conditions, rather than the characteristics of the individual or their family. Furthermore, gender and life course differences in the salience of early life conditions to weight status remain unclear. This study investigates whether the effect of family background and birth region on adult obesity status varies by gender and over the life course. We used data from a population-based cohort of 6,453 adults from the Health and Retirement Study, 1992–2008. Early life conditions were measured retrospectively at and after the baseline. Obesity was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Logistic models were used to estimate the net effects of family background and birth region on adulthood obesity risk after adjusting for socioeconomic factors and health behaviors measured in adulthood. Four economic and demographic data sets were used to further test the birthplace effect. At ages 50–61, mother’s education and birth region were associated with women’s obesity risk, but not men’s. Each year’s increase in mother’s education significantly reduces the odds of being obese by 6 % (OR = 0.94; 95 % CI: 0.92, 0.97) among women, and this pattern persisted at ages 66–77. Women born in the Mountain region were least likely to be obese in late-middle age and late-life. Measures of per capita income and infant mortality rate in the birth region were also associated with the odds of obesity among women. Women’s obesity status in adulthood is influenced by early childhood conditions, including regional conditions, while adulthood health risk factors may be more important for men’s obesity risk. Biological and social mechanisms may account for the gender difference.
Differentiation of glucose-containing disaccharides by infrared multiple photon dissociation with a tunable CO2 laser and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract Lithiated glucose-containing disaccharides with various linkages and anomeric configurations, formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and trapped in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer, were fragmented by infrared radiation from a tunable CO 2 laser. Irradiation over the wavelength range from 9.2 to 9.7 μm gave unique fragmentation patterns for each of the disaccharides. These fragmentation patterns can be used to easily determine the monosaccharide linkage position for each disaccharide. Once the linkage is determined, irradiation of the precursor ion ( m / z 349) to produce a specific ratio of peak height for a particular fragment ion to that of the precursor ion is shown to yield unique ratio values that can be used to identify the different anomers of the same linkage at the 95% confidence level.
Modified sensitivity to pentobarbital in a continuous avoidance situation.

Rats were trained on a continuous avoidance schedule where the response was running from one end of a box to the other. In this situation hypers sensitivity to 15 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital was found, when this dose wainjected before a previous dose was completly metabolized but after the behavior had returned to baseline. Acute tolerance was observed after injections of 40 mg/kg of pentobarbital intraperitoneally and 500 μg intraventricularly. The latter finding suggested a CNS component tolerance. The nonsignificant difference in the half life indices of the drug suggested the same recovery rate for tolerance and nontolerance animals, which was not consistent with the hypothesis of increased hepatic metabolism as the mechanism of tolerance after single preinjections.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Quaternary Chalcogenides BaLnMQ3 (Ln=Rare Earth, M=Coinage Metal, Q=Se or Te)

Abstract The compounds BaGdAuSe 3 , BaLaCuTe 3 , BaYCuTe 3 , BaYAgTe 3 , BaLaAgTe 3 , BaYbCuTe 3 , BaGdAgTe 3 , BaNdCuTe 3 , and BaPrCuTe 3 were prepared by the reaction in a BaBr 2 /KBr flux at 850°C of a rare earth, a coinage-group metal, a chalcogen, and BaSe or BaTe. The unit cells of all of the compounds and the crystal structures of the first four compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. With the exception of BaLaCuTe 3 , which crystallizes with four formula units in the orthorhombic space group Pnma , all of these compounds crystallize with four formula units in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm . BaLaCuTe 3 , isostructural with β -BaLaCuSe 3 and Eu 2 CuS 3 (i.e., Eu 2+ Eu 3+ Cu + (S 2− ) 3 ), and BaGdAuSe 3 , BaYCuTe 3 , and BaYAgTe 3 , isostructural with KZrCuS 3 , crystallize in a layered structure in which there are 2 ∞ [ LnMQ 2− 3 ] layers separated by Ba 2+ ions. Ln atoms are coordinated by six Q atoms at the corners of a distorted octahedron, and M atoms are coordinated by four Q atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron. The layers are formed by the connection of edge-sharing octahedral chains and corner-sharing tetrahedral chains. Ba atoms are coordinated by seven Q atoms in BaLaCuTe 3 and by eight Q atoms in BaGdAuSe 3 , BaYCuTe 3 , and BaYAgTe 3 . BaNdAgTe 3 shows temperature-dependent paramagnetism. Its magnetic susceptibility follows the Curie–Weiss law. The effective magnetic moment of 3.4(3) μ B is in agreement with the theoretical value of 3.6 μ B for Nd 3+ .
Pion lasers from high-energy collisions

Abstract A technique is presented which allows rapid calculation of multi-particle Bose-Einstein interference to all orders for a finite system. This technique is used to illustrate how multi-particle interference can enhance the emission of pions in a heavy-ion collision. Corrections to multiplicity distributions, single-body spectra and two-body correlations are demonstrated. The possibility of creating a pion laser with the upcoming lead beam at CERN is discussed. The effects of symmetrization regarding isospin fluctuations are demonstrated in the context of a simple model. It is shown that these effects can play an important role in expanding anomalous (CENTAURO) cosmic ray events.
Efficient cognitive operations predict skill acquisition

Abstract The present study examined the relationship between performance on the ALTM task and improvement in Stroop task performance across trials. Prior research indicated that the ALTM task may be capturing individual differences in facilitation of procedural memory but has often been confounded with long-term semantic priming due to the nature of the task. The Stroop task was chosen because related semantic information is largely irrelevant to performance. Path analysis revealed that ALTM task performance accounted for 11.3% of the variance in improvement in color–word Stroop improvement over two sessions. No other hypothesized relationships were significant in the path model. Results are discussed in light of the apparent relationship between ALTM task performance and an individual's ability to acquire new procedural memory traces. Implications of these findings are discussed and future directions for continued research are proposed.
Neointimal Thickening After Severe Coronary Artery Injury Is Limited by Short-term Administration of a Factor Xa Inhibitor Results in a Porcine Model

Background Fibrin- and platelet-rich thrombus formations occur as the initial event after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. We therefore tested the hypothesis that short-term administration of the recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP), a factor Xa inhibitor, would reduce the thickness of neointima at 28 days after injury in a porcine coronary balloon angioplasty model. Methods and Results Continuous intravenous infusion of rTAP (average dose, 194 μg·kg−1·min−1) or placebo (vehicle only) was given to the study pigs for 60 hours. The goal of anticoagulation was to maintain the activated clotting time at 200 seconds. A central venous catheter was inserted 2 days before the procedure. On the day of coronary injury, the animals were administered boluses of rTAP (6.5 mg) and then underwent injury with an oversized metallic coil by standard methods in the right, circumflex, or left anterior descending coronary artery. No significant difference in vascular injury between rTAP and vehicle con...
Open Mind, Open Heart: An Anthropological Study of the Therapeutics of Meditation Practice in the US.

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews collected with meditation teachers and students in the United States, this article will argue that active training in meditation-based practices occasions the opportunity for people with traumatic stress to develop a stronger mind–body connection through heightened somatic awareness and a focus on the present moment that they find to be therapeutic. Three important themes related to healing through meditation for trauma emerged from the data and centered around the ways our interlocutors attempted to realign their sense of self, mind and body, after a traumatic experience. The themes helped explain why US women perceive meditation as therapeutic for trauma, namely that the practice of meditation enables one to focus on the lived present rather than traumatic memories, to accept pain and “open” one’s heart, and to make use of silence instead of speech as a healing modality. As meditation practices increasingly enter global popular culture, promoted for postulated health benefits, the driving question of this research—how meditation may perpetuate human resilience for women who have experienced trauma based on their own perspectives of meditation practices—is a critical addition to the literature.
Comments on the Philosophical Foundations of Economics

First, economics stakes out a particular concept of the good and the right and abstractly traces its implications for what we should do. The good for economics is, perhaps, the efficient (development and) use of scarce resources in the service of maximum productivity, that is, the good is economically rational behavior. With that much said, we need only models of the agent and the agent's systems of acquisition, modification, and distribution, as well as an abstract characterization of pertinent circumstances to prescribe, in detail, the economically rational course of action. Because the best end is given and the rational course deducible within the abstrac-
Descending aortic aneurysmectomy without adjuncts to avoid ischemia

Abstract Encouraged by reports on the safety of simple aortic cross-clamping for resection of descending aortic aneurysm, we began utilizing this technique more liberally in 1976. This study was undertaken to examine the results of operation in 36 patients, equally divided into two distinct groups. In Group 1, either extracorporeal circulation or indwelling temporary shunts were employed during the period of aortic occlusion. In Group 2, simpleaortic cross-clamping was utilized to manage the lesion. No adjuncts were used to avoid ischemia in the latter group. The only 2 early deaths and two instances of paraplegia occurred in Group 1. In general, there were fewer complications in Group 2, with approximately two-thirds of the patients experiencing an uneventful postoperative course. These differences are considered important since the two groups were similar in respect to the extent and nature of the lesions and other factors contributing to operative risk.
Quantum Statistics of Coupled Oscillator Systems

The statistical properties of systems of coupled quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillators are analyzed. The Hamiltonian for the system is assumed to be an inhomogeneous quadratic form in the creation and annihilation operators, and is allowed to have an explicit time dependence. The relationship to classical theory is emphasized by expressing pure states in terms of the coherent-state vectors, and density operators by means of the $P$ representation and an analogous representation involving the Wigner function. The state which evolves from an initially coherent state of the system is found, and equations governing the time evolution of the Wigner function and the weight function for the $P$ representation are derived, in differential and integral form, for arbitrary initial states of the system. The results remain valid for couplings which do not preserve the vacuum state, and for cases in which the time dependence of the coupling parameters gives rise to large-scale amplification of the initial field intensities. The analysis is performed by first treating general linear inhomogeneous canonical transformations on the oscillator variables, and then specializing to the case in which these transformations represent the solutions for the Heisenberg operators in terms of their initial values. The results are illustrated within the context of a model of parametric amplification.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant use after myocardial infarction

Coronary thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction is a complex process involving the interaction of the arterial wall, the coagulation cascade, and platelets. Increased understanding of the molecular biology of thrombosis has prompted an evolution in antithrombotic therapy, from the early use of warfarin following myocardial infarction to agents targeting specific receptors or modulators in the thrombotic process. The complexity of thrombosis allows for numerous sites of pharmacologic intervention; the multiple pathways leading to platelet aggregation and thrombin formation provide the opportunity for combined therapies. This review presents the current clinical data on antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and specific antithrombin therapies following myocardial infarction.
Serologic comparisons of the carbonic anhydrases of primate erythrocytes.

Abstract Antisera have been prepared against purified carbonic anhydrase isozymes B and C, isolated from human erythrocytes. Quantitative micro-complement fixation was used to compare the carbonic anhydrase of human erythrocytes with the carbonic anhydrase in lysates of erythrocytes of other primate species. The relative degrees of serologic activity agree well with the existing primate taxa, based on morphological considerations, as well as with previous serologic evaluations of other evolving proteins.