cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Role Identity, Androgyny, and Sex Role Transcendence: A Sex Role Strain Analysis.

This paper first reviews three different theoretical constructs concerning the psychological significance of sex role related characteristics in personality functioning: sex role identity, androgyny, and sex role transcendence. A new conceptual analysis concerning sex-typing, sex role strain analysis, is presented. According to this analysis, the relationship between sex role related personality characteristics and psychological adjustment, especially self-esteem, is moderated by two variables: perception of the ideal member of the same sex, and sex role salience. These two variables; taken in conjunction with real self-concept, generate five sex role strain outcomes. The constructs of sex role identity, androgyny, and sex role transcendence are interpreted in terms of this sex role strain analysis. The implications of this analysis for current research and for understanding the dynamics of both individual and social change in sex roles are briefly described.
Differential effects of flavonoids on testosterone-metabolizing cytochrome P450s

Abstract Flavonoids are widely distributed phytochemicals, whose modulation of cytochrome P450 mediated carcinogen metabolism is well established. Less well studied is their effect on P450 dependent metabolism of endogenous substrates. To address this question we evaluated a series of twelve flavonoids and hematoxylin for their effect on P450-mediated steroid hydroxylation by rat liver microsomes. Site-specific 7α-, 6β- and 2α-hydroxylation of testosterone by P450s 2A1, 3A2 and 2C11, respectively, was measured. Highly selective patterns of inhibition or activation of these P450s were observed. 3,6-dichloro-2′-isopropyloxy-4′-methylflavone was the most potent inhibitor of P450 2C11 while cyanidin chloride most potently inhibited P450s 2A1 and 3A2. The flavonoid analogue hematoxylin was unique in that it activated 2C11 (by 2.5 fold) yet inhibited both 2A1 and 3A2 (by 60%). These results indicate that consumption of dietary flavonoids may likewise alter the metabolite profile of steroids and other physiological P450 substrates.
Regularization of the computed scattering transform for the D-bar method for electrical impedance tomography

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a relatively new medical imaging technique in which electrodes are placed on the surface of the body, current is applied on the electrodes, the resulting voltage is measured on the electrodes, and an image is formed from the reconstructed conductivity distribution. One application is the real-time imaging of heart and lung function. In this case, data is collected on electrodes placed around the circumference of the patient's torso, and the 2-D inverse conductivity problem is solved numerically to form a cross-sectional image of the patient's chest. This research focuses on the further development of the D-bar reconstruction algorithm for 2-D EIT. The algorithm is based on the uniqueness proof by Nachman [Ann. of Math. 143 (1996)] for the 2-D inverse conductivity problem and uses the D-bar method of inverse scattering to solve the full nonlinear inverse problem. An important function arising in this method is the scattering transform. This function, while not physically measurable in experiments, is computed directly from the data, and is a key element of the D-bar equation that must be solved to obtain the conductivity. This paper describes two approaches for computing a regularized approximation to the scattering transform. The approaches are tested on experimental data collected on a saline-filled tank containing agar heart, lungs, spine and aorta, simulating a cross-section of a human chest.
Imaging the vascular response to inhaled vasoactive compounds

We have used a CW imaging apparatus to measure the near infrared (NIR) optical properties of rodents in vivo. We observed changes in the tissue vasculature of the animals in response to inspiratory hypercapnia (elevated CO2) and hyperoxia (elevated O2). The dynamics were dependent upon the inspired gas concentrations.
On the analysis and solution of certain geographical optimal covering problems

Abstract The article formulates, analyses and suggests solutions to some optimal covering problems that often arise in association with geographical coordinates, albeit their mathematical form may be detached from this background. It shows that under a general formulation no favorable mathematical properties can be deduced beyond the “center of gravity”, and thus that computational algorithms are seemingly the best resort for resolving the problem. An algorithm that is based on the steepest descent approach and that exploits the “center of gravity” property is devised, and is shown as a detector of local minima points. A release from the “locality trap” is provided by a stochastic algorithm. Every part of the paper is accompanied by illustrative examples, either of an analytical nature on a segment of the real line or of a numerical nature by computer programs.
The hysteroscopic approach to sterilization

Permanent sterilization is the most common form of contraception in the United States today. Previously, this was accomplished via the laparoscopic method. A new less invasive method has been developed, in which the Essure microinsert is inserted through a hysteroscope into the fallopian tubes. A subsequent benign inflammatory process results in tubal occlusion within 3 months of insertion. Approved since 2002, this method offers high efficacy without incisions, general anesthesia, or a prolonged recovery period.
The Initial Phase of Transient Thermal Stresses Due to General Boundary Thermal Loads in Orthotropic Hollow Cylinders

The stresses and displacements are obtained using the Hankel asymptotic expansions for the Bessel functions of the first and second kind. The material properties are assumed to be independent of temperature. A constant applied temperature at the one surface and convection into a medium at a different temperature at the other surface is studied
Technology scaling impact on NOR and NAND flash memories and their applications

NOR and NAND flash memories have scaled over 9 generations and 20 years since their 1986 product introductions. This scaling of both memory types in conjunction with MLC technology have enabled the cellular phone market and digital still camera market with high density code and removable data storage. This paper will discuss how flash technology scaling continues to enable new solutions for both the mobile communication and PC computing platforms. A new DDR NOR flash interface will enable high performance (133MHz and higher) code execution in mobile applications such as 3G/UMTS mobile phones. Non-volatile memory (NVM) disk caches are emerging as key and viable subsystem for the PC computing and other applications. The addition of NAND flash into the PC memory hierarchy delivers better performance, improved power savings and a richer user experience. Despite the challenges imposed by memory technology scaling, flash memory solutions will evolve to an ever changing variety of application needs with lower power, ever diversified and more efficient solutions
Does The First Officer Concur? Shared Control with Smart Vehicle Systems

New computation and sensing capabilities in road vehicles present possibilities for advanced driver assistance systems that can increase safety and efficiency, if the driver will trust them appropriately and use them properly. The two-stage 'trust fall' is a way to study trust in automated systems by testing whether trust established in normal circumstances transfers to trust under extreme circumstances, which will be essential for the successful employment of new automotive systems. Understanding the mental models drivers create of advanced systems, and how they use those mental models to share control with the computer will be crucial to successful design.
Freezing and Lyophilizing Alters the Structure of Bentonite Gels

During quick-freezing with liquid nitrogen all but two molecular layers of water moved from between the crystals of saturated bentonite gels. The water molecules appear to have migrated to ice crystals forming near the clay crystals. Lyophilizing removed the ice crystals and further reduced interlayer water. Both quick-freezing and lyophilizing altered the original gel structure.
Hormonal and surgical bases for treatment of undescended testis

Abstract The status of the hormonal and surgical methods of treatment for the undescended testis depends upon our present knowledge of the action of the gonadotropic factor and the limits of effectual surgery. Each method is well adapted to about 50 per cent of cases. Hormonal therapy will prevent a number of operative procedures. On the contrary, surgical treatment is necessary for a certain group. Another group of cases is best treated by a combination of the hormonal and surgical methods. Those patients whose testes are situated high will respond better to surgical treatment if they are given preoperative treatment with the gonadotropic hormone. Other cases which would be partial or complete surgical failures are made successful by the postoperative administration of the gonadotropic factor which relieves the tension on the cord and prevents retraction of the testis.
Memory for meaning in skilled and unskilled readers

Abstract Skilled and unskilled readers from grades 3, 5, and 7 (9, 11, and 13 years of age, respectively) performed one of three memory tasks on a randomized list of primary word associates. One group rated each word as “good” or “bad” (incidental semantic task), another group produced a rhyming word for each list word (incidental rhyming task), and a third group attempted to memorize the list (intentional learning task). The recall results indicated equivalent recall for skilled and unskilled readers at all grades on the rhyming and intentional tasks; whereas, skilled readers were superior to unskilled readers on the semantic task. A clustering analysis produced a similar effect as skilled readers, who performed the semantic task, tended to cluster semantically-associated words together during recall more readily than unskilled readers. The results were construed as evidence for reading-skill differences in the semantic encoding of individual words.
Inhibition of Deoxyhypusine Synthase Enhances Islet β Cell Function and Survival in the Setting of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Type 2 Diabetes

Islet β cell dysfunction resulting from inflammation, ER stress, and oxidative stress is a key determinant in the progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was recently shown that the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) promotes early cytokine-induced inflammation in the β cell. DHS catalyzes the conversion of lysine to hypusine, an amino acid that is unique to the translational elongation factor eIF5A. Here, we sought to determine whether DHS activity contributes to β cell dysfunction in models of type 2 diabetes in mice and β cell lines. A 2-week treatment of obese diabetic C57BLKS/J-db/db mice with the DHS inhibitor GC7 resulted in improved glucose tolerance, increased insulin release, and enhanced β cell mass. Thapsigargin treatment of β cells in vitro induces a picture of ER stress and apoptosis similar to that seen in db/db mice; in this setting, DHS inhibition led to a block in CHOP (CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein) production despite >30-fold activation of Chop gene transcription. Blockage of CHOP translation resulted in reduction of downstream caspase-3 cleavage and near-complete protection of cells from apoptotic death. DHS inhibition appeared to prevent the cytoplasmic co-localization of eIF5A with the ER, possibly precluding the participation of eIF5A in translational elongation at ER-based ribosomes. We conclude that hypusination by DHS is required for the ongoing production of proteins, particularly CHOP, in response to ER stress in the β cell.
Science Policies and Cooperation ìn Afrìca Trends in the Production and Utilization of Knowledge

Starting nearly from scratch in the early 1960s, Africa has experienced an academic boom and an impressive increase of scientists, much of the growth occurring in the 1970s. Valiant efforts have also been made to build up national research systems. But the results are far from satisfactory and the conditions under which scientific research is carried out in Africa today are clearly deteriorating. This situation has brought increasing concern among funding agencies and African decision makers who are now looking for new approaches and strategies for scientific cooperation. Following a brief overview of scientific research in Africa, the debate on African research and the evolution of policies supporting science and technology for development from the 1960s onward are reviewed. Donors' strategies, for the most part, are to argue for a revision of domestic policies on research management toward a policy of regional inte gration and of selective support to a limited number of "centers of excellence. " The que...
Improved three-dimensional mapping of the electron density distribution of the solar corona

Three-dimensional maps of the distribution of coronal electron density can now be computed with two radial functions in the series expansion for the density (rather than with only one radial function as shown in our previous paper). With the improved maps we can determine the topological variation of the electron density with radial distance, and thus can (1) distinguish coronal condensations from coronal streamers, (2) trace the structure of a streamer as a function of height, and (3) determine the non-radial orientation of a streamer. We summarize the previous work in concise mathematical notation, show examples of the improved maps derived from two radial functions, and discuss in detail the expectations and limitations of the method. Of great utility are computer-simulated pictures showing the solar corona as it would appear if veiwed from above the north (or south) pole.
¿Qué motiva a los estudiantes mayores a seleccionar el trabajo social como Carrera universitaria/profesión?

Los estudiantes mayores [llamados no tradicionales en los Estados Unidos] forman parte de una poblacion estudiantil universitaria encrecimiento, sin embargo, nuestra apreciacion de los factores singulares que los motivan a escoger el trabajo social como carrera no haaumentado. En este estudio cualitativo, se entrevisto a 26 estudiantes mayores –los cuales asistian a una universidad estatal pequena—sobre su decision de escoger el trabajo social como carrera y profesion despues de graduarse. Los resultados indican que las experienciasvarian entre los participantes. Los estudiantes mayores experimentaron distintos niveles de motivacion, integracion a la vida de laciudadela universitaria y participacion en actividades sociales cuando se los comparo con los estudiantes jovenes tipicos. En general losestudiantes declararon que ingresaban a trabajo social para servir a los marginados, y tambien se refirieron a una red de apoyo socialque constaba de la familia, companeros y apoyo institucional, lo cual incremento las posibilidades al exito de completar los requisitosde graduacion, aunque estas redes no siempre estaban disponibles a la mayoria de los estudiantes mayores que fueron entrevistados eneste informe. El aula ofrecio una luz de esperanza para la participacion de los estudiantes mayores, una oportunidad para fortalecer suidentidad y para establecer conexiones entre los multiples mundos donde residen dichos estudiantes. Las implicaciones de este estudiomuestran la importancia de reconocer las necesidades de los estudiantes mayores, asi como tambien de dotarlos de un sistema de apoyoque les permita una experiencia universitaria mas placentera.
Response to Nodal morphogen gradient is determined by the kinetics of target gene induction

Morphogen gradients expose cells to different signal concentrations and induce target genes with different ranges of expression. To determine how the Nodal morphogen gradient induces distinct gene expression patterns during zebrafish embryogenesis, we measured the activation dynamics of the signal transducer Smad2 and the expression kinetics of long- and short-range target genes. We found that threshold models based on ligand concentration are insufficient to predict the response of target genes. Instead, morphogen interpretation is shaped by the kinetics of target gene induction: the higher the rate of transcription and the earlier the onset of induction, the greater the spatial range of expression. Thus, the timing and magnitude of target gene expression can be used to modulate the range of expression and diversify the response to morphogen gradients.
Quantitative Genetics of Pigmentation Development in 2 Populations of the Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis

The evolutionary importance of ontogenetic change has been noted since Darwin. However, most analyses of phenotypic evolution focus on single landmark ages. Here, we present an inheritance study that quantifies genetic variation in pigmentation across early-age (i.e., birth to 180 days) development in 2 populations of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. The populations are phenotypically distinct and geographically isolated (Manitoba, CA and Northern California, USA). There were highly significant differences between populations for the developmental trajectory of mean pigmentation, with the Manitoba population exhibiting a mean pigmentation level that increased across ontogeny, whereas the California population exhibited mean pigmentation that was invariant across ontogeny. Subsequent quantitative genetic analyses revealed heritable variation at all ages in Manitoba but low levels of phenotypic and genetic variation in California at all ages. A quantitative genetic decomposition of the longitudinal genetic variance-covariance matrix for the age-specific pigmentation phenotypes in the Manitoba population revealed 2 primary orthogonal axes that explained most ( approximately 100%) of the pigmentation variation across ontogeny. The primary axis, explaining 93% of the genetic variation, is an axis of genetic variation whose principal value loadings change from positive to negative across development, suggesting that the most rapid evolutionary response to selection on pigmentation variation will occur in the direction characterized by a tradeoff in early-age versus late-age pigmentation phenotypes. Pigmentation is known to be ecologically important and subject to rapid evolution under selection. Our study shows that significant differences exist between these 2 populations for their capacity to respond to selection on pigmentation which is not only influenced by the population of origin but also by the developmental process. We suggest that developmental timing may be a potential explanatory mechanism for the difference between the populations.
Molecular Pathways: SWI/SNF (BAF) complexes are frequently mutated in cancer-mechanisms and potential therapeutic insights

SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are pleomorphic multisubunit cellular machines that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to modulate chromatin structure. The complexes interact with transcription factors at promoters and enhancers to modulate gene expression and contribute to lineage specification, differentiation, and development. Initial clues to a role in tumor suppression for SWI/SNF complexes came over a decade ago when the gene encoding the SMARCB1/SNF5 core subunit was found specifically inactivated in nearly all pediatric rhabdoid tumors. In the last three years, cancer-genome sequencing efforts have revealed an unexpectedly high mutation rate of SWI/SNF subunit genes, which are collectively mutated in 20% of all human cancers and approach the frequency of p53 mutations. Here, we provide a background on these newly recognized tumor suppressor complexes, discuss mechanisms implicated in the tumor suppressor activity, and highlight findings that may lead to potential therapeutic targets for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers.
The Diffie-Hellman key-agreement scheme in the strand-space model

The Diffie-Hellman key exchange scheme is a standard component of cryptographic protocols. In this paper, we propose a way in which protocols that use this computational primitive can be verified using formal methods. In particular, we separate the computational aspects of such an analysis from the formal aspects. First, we use Strand Space terminology to define a security condition that summarizes the security guarantees of Diffie-Hellman. Once this property is assumed, the analysis of a protocol is a purely formal enterprise. (We demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of this property by analyzing a sample protocol.) Furthermore, we show that this property is sound in the computational setting by mapping formal attacks to computational algorithms. We demonstrate that if there exists a formal attack that violates the formal security condition, then it maps to a computational algorithm that solves the Diffie-Hellman problem. Hence, if the Diffie-Hellman problem is hard, the security condition holds globally.
Abstract P6-16-03: Intrinsic subtypes and MRI patterns in brain metastasis associated with breast cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the 2nd most common cancer to metastasize to the brain. The development of brain metastasis (BM) is associated with a lower median survival compared with other locations of metastasis and carries with it high morbidity and reduced quality of life. There are limited treatment options and virtually no approved targeted therapies for this disease. We have previously reported specific pathways enriched in BM compared to primary tumors and now further this study to examine pathways by intrinsic subtype and location of and number of BM. Methods: Archival FFPE material was obtained from BM using pathology records; clinical data, including MRI images, was retrieved from medical records and institutional tumor registry under an IRB protocol. Tumor DNA/RNA was extracted from 2 mm cores macrodissected from the FFPE tissue blocks using the Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE kit. Gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 microarray on BM samples for which sufficient RNA was available. Gene-level expression quantification was derived after RMA normalization using the Affymetrix Transcriptome Analysis Console. PAM50 subtypes were assigned by clustering samples using median-subtracted PAM50 gene expression levels. Differential gene expression was estimated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, followed by assessment of false discovery rate using the Banjamini-Hochberg FDR methodology. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the NCI Pathway Interaction Database. Results: Gene expression profiling showed the following intrinsic subtype distribution among all BM: luminal A 32% (19/59), luminal B 31% (18/59), HER2 enriched 7% (4/59), and basal subtype 31% (18/59). At time of development of BM 64% (38/59) of patients presented with a single lesion compared to 36% (21/59) of patients who presented with multiple lesions (p=0.12). Thirty-nine percent (7/18) of patients with basal subtypes were observed to present with multiple BM compared to 61% (11/18) non-basal subtypes (p=0.25). In addition, 12% (13/59) of BM were found to be exclusively dural-based lesions. They appeared more frequently in the luminal subtypes [11/13 vs 2/13; p=0.06]. A total of 314 genes were differentially expressed (Wilcox pval Conclusion: Identifying pathways that are differentially expressed between intrinsic subtypes may help us develop new targeted therapies to provide more treatment options for breast cancer patients with brain metastasis. Citation Format: Nicole Williams, Vinay Varadan, Aditi Vadodkar, Kristy Miskimen, Stephanie Kim, Shaveta Vinayak, Paula Silverman, Jill Barnholtz-Sloan, Andrew Sloan, Cheryl Thompson, Lisa Rogers, Hannah Gilmore, Lyndsay Harris. Intrinsic subtypes and MRI patterns in brain metastasis associated with breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-16-03.
A New Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3 (CAM3). Part I: Description and Numerical Tests

A new two-moment stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in a general circulation model is described. Prognostic variables include cloud droplet and cloud ice mass mixing ratios and number concentrations. The scheme treats several microphysical processes, including hydrometeor collection, condensation/ evaporation, freezing, melting, and sedimentation. The activation of droplets on aerosol is physically based and coupled to a subgrid vertical velocity. Unique aspects of the scheme, relative to existing two-moment schemes developed for general circulation models, are the diagnostic treatment of rain and snow number concentration and mixing ratio and the explicit treatment of subgrid cloud water variability for calculation of the microphysical process rates. Numerical aspects of the scheme are described in detail using idealized one-dimensional offline tests of the microphysics. Sensitivity of the scheme to time step, vertical resolution, and numerical method for diagnostic precipitation is investigated over a range of conditions. It is found that, in general, two substeps are required for numerical stability and reasonably small time truncation errors using a time step of 20 min; however, substepping is only required for the precipitation microphysical processes rather than the entire scheme. A new numerical approach for the diagnostic rain and snow produces reasonable results compared to a benchmark simulation, especially at low vertical resolution. Part II of this study details results of the scheme in single-column and global simulations, including comparison with observations.
Diagnosing Wireless Packet Losses in 802.11: Separating Collision from Weak Signal

It is well known that a packet loss in 802.11 can happen either due to collision or an insufficiently strong signal. However, discerning the exact cause of a packet loss, once it occurs, is known to be quite difficult. In this paper we take a fresh look at this problem of wireless packet loss diagnosis for 802.11-based communication and propose a promising technique called COLLIE. COLLIE performs loss diagnosis by using newly designed metrics that examine error patterns within a physical-layer symbol in order to expose statistical differences between collision and weak signal based losses. We implement COLLIE through custom driver-level modifications in Linux and evaluate its performance experimentally. Our results demonstrate that it has an accuracy ranging between 60-95% while allowing a false positive rate of up to 2%. We also demonstrate the use of COLLIE in subsequent link adaptations in both static and mobile wireless usage scenarios through measurements on regular laptops and the Netgear SPH101 Voice-over-WiFi phone. In these experiments, COLLIE led to throughput improvements of 20- 60% and reduced retransmission related costs by 40% depending upon the channel conditions.
Accuracy and precision of gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for stable carbon isotope ratio measurements

We evaluated the precision, accuracy and linearity of three commercial gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C-IRMS) instruments in regard to stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of fatty acids with 13C enrichment levels ranging from natural abundance to 924‰, in comparison to measurements by conventional gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GIRMS). Memory effect was also evaluated with a fatty acid mixture containing methyl myristate and methyl stearate at natural abundance levels of 13C but methyl palmitate at 13C enrichment levels of 460 or 924‰. At natural abundance, the δ13C values of fatty acids measured by the GC/C-IRMS instruments were reproducible to within 0.34‰ (range: 0.11‰ to 0.32‰) and accurate to −0.38±0.40‰ (mean difference ± standard deviation; range: −0.03±0.25‰ to −0.84±0.39‰). At enrichment levels of 13C (23 to 924‰), the δ13C values were reproducible to within 1.48‰ (range 0.20‰ to 1.00‰) and accurate to −1.11±3.16‰ (range: −1.02±3.23‰ to +4.56±13.42‰). Stable carbon isotope ratio measurements by all three GC/C-IRMS instruments were found to be linear from −30 to 924‰ (r2 > 0.9999; p ⩽ 0.004) in comparison to those measured by GIRMS. Significant memory effect was found in only one system. Based on our data, the GC/C-IRMS instruments can provide linear, precise and accurate stable carbon isotope ratio measurements and require only pico-and nanogram quantities of samples.
Design of Racing and High-Performance Engines 1998-2003

This paper presents a numerical study of the combustion chamber design influence on the performance of racing engines. The analysis has been applied to the Ferrari 10 cylinder 3.0 liter S.I. engine adopted in Formula One racing. The numerical investigation aimed to asses the influence of stroke-to-bore ratio changes on engine performance within real life design constraints. The effects of the stroke-to-bore ratio on both the volumetric efficiency and the thermal conversion efficiency have been investigated. Flame front area maps, wall areas wetted by burned gases, mean flow field patterns and main turbulent parameters have been compared for two different S/B ratios. Since higher intake and exhaust valve areas per unit displaced volume result in a higher volume of piston bowls, a lower S/B ratio leads to a lower compression ratio, which strongly limits the indicated mean effective pressure. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, an analysis of the influence of the piston shape on combustion process has been performed in order to optimize the imep of the lower S/B ratio engine.
CMOS-Compatible Replacement Metal Gate InGaAs-OI FinFET With $I_{ON}=156~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ at $V_{DD}= 0.5$ V and $I_{OFF}=100$ nA/ $\mu \text{m}$

We report CMOS-compatible $n$ -channel InGaAs-on-insulator FinFETs obtained using a replacement metal gate fabrication flow. The fabricated devices feature 12-nm-thick SiNx spacers, a scaled high- $k$ /metal gate (capacitance equivalent thickness of $\sim 1.5$ nm), raised source and drain doped to $\sim 6\times 10^{19}$ /cm3, and fin width scaled down to 15 nm. Very good control of short-channel effects is demonstrated down to a gate length of 50 nm with a minimum subthreshold swing of 92 mV/decade at $V_{DS}=0.5$ V and a drain-induced barrier lowering of 57 mV/V. An ON-state current ( $I_{{\textit {ON}}})$ of 156 $\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ is also reported for a supply voltage of 0.5 V and a fixed OFF-state current of 100 nA/ $\mu \text{m}$ . This $I_{ON}$ value is the highest reported to date for CMOS-compatible InGaAs devices integrated on Si.
Social Assets, Third Version

We present a model incorporating both social and economic components, and analyze their interaction. The notion of a social asset, an attribute that has value only because of the social institutions governing society, is introduced. In the basic model, agents match on the basis of income and unproductive attributes. An attribute has value in some equilibrium social institutions (matching patterns), but not in others. We then show that productive attributes (such as education) can have their value increased above their inherent productive value by some social institutions, leading to the notion of the social value of an asset.
Do trauma patients with phencyclidine-positive urine drug screens have increased morbidity or mortality?

Abstract Background Phencyclidine (PCP) use is anecdotally associated with agitation and injury and is frequently tested for in the setting of trauma. We sought to determine characteristics of trauma patients with a PCP-positive urine immunoassay drug screen (UDS) and if they had increased levels of care or mortality. Methods A 5-year retrospective review of a level 1 trauma center's trauma registry identified patients with a PCP-positive UDS. This group was then compared with 2 randomly selected control groups from the same trauma registry which were matched for age and sex but differed in that one had no sEtOH detected and a negative UDS (drug-free group) whereas the other had sEtOH or an other-than-PCP–positive UDS (other-drug group). Subgroup analysis was performed comparing PCP-positive patients with undetectable sEtOH with other-drug patients with undetectable sEtOH. Results The registry contained 7770 patients of which 156 met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 33.4 years (range, 19-63), and 77% were male (n = 121). When compared with the other-drug group, the PCP-positive group had significantly lower injury severity score, rates of intensive care unit admission, and sEtOH. No difference was seen in vital signs, mechanism of injury, ventilator days, intensive care unit days, total hospital days, disposition, or mortality between the 3 groups. This remained true even when subgroups with negative sEtOH were compared. Conclusion This study suggests that a PCP-positive UDS in the setting of trauma is not associated with increased level of care, length of stay, or mortality.
The incidence and risk factors for short-term morbidity and mortality in pediatric deformity spinal surgery: an analysis of the NSQIP pediatric database.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of a prospective cohort. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and risk factors for 30-day morbidity and mortality after pediatric deformity spinal surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Pediatric deformity spinal surgery is generally considered a safe and effective treatment option. The rising costs associated with spinal surgery and related perioperative complications have received national attention. Few studies with standardized definitions and data collection methods exist. METHODS A large, multicenter clinical registry specifically designed to collect pediatric surgical outcomes was queried for all patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery in 2012. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to select patients undergoing anterior, posterior, and combined fusions. Detailed patient and case characteristics were analyzed. Thirty-day morbidity and mortality rates were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify patient characteristics, comorbidities, and operative variables predictive of complication. RESULTS In total, 2005 pediatric patients undergoing deformity spinal fusion were included. The rate of 30-day complications was 10.0%; with a mortality rate of 0.15% (3 patients), a morbidity rate of 8.4%, reoperation rate of 3.74%, and readmission rate of 3.94%. The morbidity rate was highest in the neuromuscular group (13.09%) and lowest in the idiopathic cohort (5.69%), P < 0.01). Compared with posterior fusions, anterior fusions and those extending to the pelvis were associated with higher complication rates (P < 0.01). Risk factors for complication included hepatobiliary disease (P = 0.03), cognitive impairment (P = 0.02), elevated American Society of Anesthesiologists class (P < 0.01), and prolonged operative time (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The overall rate of 30-day morbidity after pediatric spinal deformity surgery was 10%. Multiple patient comorbidities and surgical duration and invasiveness were associated with an increased complication risk. These data may aid in the informed consent process, facilitate patient risk assessment, and allow quality comparisons between surgeons and institutions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
Maclaurin on Occasionalism: A Reply to Ablondi

In a recent article Fred Ablondi compares the different approaches to occasionalism put forward by two eighteenth-century Newtonians, Colin Maclaurin and Andrew Baxter. The goal of this short essay is to respond to Ablondi by clarifying some key features of Maclaurin's views on occasionalism and the cause of gravitational attraction. In particular, I explore Maclaurin's matter theory, his views on the explanatory limits of mechanism, and his appeals to the authority of Newton. This leads to a clearer picture of the way in which Maclaurin understood gravitational attraction and the workings of nature.
Disappearance of the growth response of chicks to dietary antibiotics in an "old" environment.

Abstract THE addition of an antibiotic to a suitably deficient diet can result in large increases in the growth of chicks, while such additions to nutritionally adequate diets usually result in lesser increases. (Waibel et al., 1953; Biely and March, 1951; Coates et al., 1951). These latter can be eliminated entirely when the chicks are kept in a “new” environment not previously occupied by chickens (Coates et al., 1952; Hill et al., 1953; Lillie et al., 1953). The present report describes experiments conducted in one environment over a three year period. For nearly two years, consistent growth responses to antibiotics were obtained but during the third year responses became inconsistent and negligible. EXPERIMENTAL The chicks used were the progeny of New Hampshire males and Single Comb White Leghorn females fed diet B-1 of Robblee et al. (1948). They were placed on experiment when one day of age and maintained on raised …
Acute Intraoperative Hemolysis Following Rapid Infusion of Hypotonic Solution

A patient undergoing intraoperative .radiation was noted to have marked hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria after the transfusion of 2 units of packed red cells. Laboratory investigation revealed no evidence of immune hemolysis, and the patient recovered uneventfully following diuresis. The patient had received 280 mL of a radiopotentiating agent, misonidazole, immediately prior to the hemolysis. The drug had been suspended in sterile water, was markedly hypotonic (118 mosm/L), and completely lysed red cells in vitro. Other causes of nonimmune hemolysis related to transfusion were ruled out. Whenever unexplained hemolysis occurs in the absence of immunologic findings, the infusion of hypotonic solutions should be considered as a cause.
Pathophysiology of common hemolytic syndromes.

With increased understanding of the inherited disorders of red cell metabolism, the physician can diagnose hemolytic anemia in a logical fashion. The pathophysiologic aspects of the major categories of hemolysis are discussed here, with attention focused on pyruvate kinase deficiency and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The former is uncommon but highly instructive. The latter is extremely common and equally instructive, and must be carefully searched for in patients who may be the helpless victims of enthusiastic therapy.
A Case of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Followed by Pulmonary Tuberculosis Developed after Bilateral Adrenalectomy

Cryptococcosis is a systemic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Respiratory tract is the usual portal of infection but relatively few cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis have been reported. Recently the incidence of the disease are increasing because the perception to seek the disease is increasing and immunocompromised hosts are more widespread with introduction of immune-suppressants, steroids and advent of AIDS. Because of nonspecific pattern of clinical manifestation, radiologic findings, differentiating the other diseases is essential and it needs fungal culture and biopsy. We describe a patient in the state of bilateral adrenalectomy due to bilateral ACTH-independent macronodular hyperplasia who developed pulmonary cryptococcosis and was later infected with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Influenza surveillance in Baoding city from 2012 to 2013

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza and subtypes of influenza viruses in Baoding from 2012 to 2013, in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention of influenza. Methods Based on the national influenza surveillance information system, epidemiological and etiological surveillances on the cases of influenza-like illness were conducted in accordance with the demand of "National Influenza Surveillance Program". Results Four thousand two hundred and nine cases of influenza-like illness(ILI) were monitored in Baoding from 2012 to 2013. The percentage of ILI cases among all outpatient cases in sentinel hospitals was 1.33%, while the cases were mainly concentrated in children under 15 years of age, accounting for 87.32%. The nucleic acid of influenza virus was analyzed by PCR in 787 throat swab specimens, and 65 specimens were positive, with a positive rate of 8.26%. Among the positive specimens, 36 specimens(55.38%) were influenza A(H3N2)virus, 28 specimens(43.08%) were new influenza A(H1N1) virus, and one specimen(1.54%) was influenza B virus. Nine strains of influenza virus were isolated in January, with a positive rate of 13.85%, eight strains were new influenza A(H1N1) virus, and one strain was influenza A(H3N2) virus. Conclusion The majority of ILI cases were associated with children under 15 years of age, and the epidemic peak of influenza was in winter and spring in Baoding from 2012 to 2013. New influenza A subtype H1N1 and H3N2were co-circulating, while new influenza A(H1N1) was the predominant strain.
History of Phytolith Research

This chapter presents the history of phytolith research. It addresses the paleoecological significance of a group of plant fossils that has been known and researched under the umbrella of various names. Phytoliths with taxonomic significance are produced in great numbers by many families of higher plants and exhibit a remarkable durability in soils and sediments over very long periods of time. The history of phytolith research can be conveniendy divided into four periods: (1) the discovery and exploratory stage, from 1835 to ca. 1900, when phytoliths were initially observed in living plants, named, and isolated from some environmental contexts, (2) the botanical phase, from ca. 1900 to 1936, the center of which was Germany in which phytoliths were first widely recognized in Europe as being derived from plant tissue, and studies of production, morphology, and taxonomy began in earnest, (3) the period of ecological research, from 1955 to ca. 1975, when applications by Western soil scientists and botanists to several issues of paleobotanical importance were first initiated, grass phytolith morphology was intensively examined, and studies were begun on siliceous bodies from deciduous and coniferous tree flora, and (4) the modern period of archaeological phytolith research, beginning ca. 1971, when archaeobotanists began systematic investigations into phytolith production and morphology in modern plants and phytolith frequencies and distributions in archaeological and geological sediments.
MBE Growth and Characterization of Long Wavelength Dilute Nitride III–V Alloys

This chapter provides an insight into the better confinement for electrons and a better match of the valence and conduction band densities of GaAs to a higher operating temperature, higher efficiency, and higher output power to grow 1.3-1.6 μm active quantum. Dilute nitrides or dilute nitride-arsenides are two very different (III-V) semiconductors that differ not only in their electronic properties, but also in their range of miscibility gap in the alloys. The chapter also discusses different crystal structure for the endpoint alloys (zinc blend for in GaAs or GaAsSb versus wurtzite for InGaN) and the methods by which they must be grown. The major challenge for GaInNAs(Sb) is to understand the differences of the dilute nitrides compared to other III-V alloys and to produce low threshold lasers at any desired wavelength between 1.3 and 1.6 μm. The most recent results incorporating Sb to form a GaInNAsSb appear to overcome many of the prior problems with phase segregation.
The Transatlantic Imperium After the Global Financial Crisis: Atlanticism Fractured or Consolidated?

The global financial crisis of 2008 started in the USA, but its shock waves spread rapidly and relentlessly across the Atlantic, turning the “European dream” into a nightmare of stagnation and nationalism. Although US leadership averted a full-scale European meltdown (Tett 2010; Cafruny and Talani 2013) nevertheless conflicts and contradictions in the transatlantic area—the core of the US imperium since 1945—appear to have sharpened since the outbreak of the crisis. Amid accelerating uneven development and crippling austerity, European support for Washington’s confrontational policies towards Russia resulting from the civil war in Ukraine—expressed most clearly in sanctions that were first enacted in the spring of 2014—is fragile. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), a key geopolitical and economic project designed to consolidate Atlanticism, has provoked massive opposition in Europe. In March 2015, the USA failed to prevent its closest European allies, including Britain, Germany, France, and Italy, from joining the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, leading Lawrence Summers to conclude that this “may be remembered as the moment when the United States lost is role as the underwriter of the global economic system” (Summers 2015, p. 1).
Socializing Under the Influence of Distracted Driving: A Study of the Effects of in-Vehicle and Outside-of-the-Vehicle Communication While Driving

Advancements of in-vehicle technologies and the development of mobile applications that keep a driver connected in a driving environment have caused an increasingly dangerous safety concern. Distracted driving has gained the attention of legislators and governments globally. Countries have constituted bans that partially or fully forbid drivers from using gadgets while driving, especially hindering out-of-the-vehicle communications. This paper introduces Voiceing™, a voice-activated application meant to improve social communications in the car, serving as a safe alternative to distracted driving. Other modalities of interaction such as texting, in-vehicle conversations and outside-of-the-vehicle conversation have been measured and compared with Voiceing™ investigating effects on driver’s performance, cognitive load and user acceptance. Results from this study suggest that Voiceing™ is a safer alternative than in-vehicle interactions with humans. Results also show that natural speech interaction of in-vehicle applications and the inclusion of context awareness help improve driving performance while interacting with a vehicle system.
The status of theory and method in rhetorical criticism

(2001). The status of theory and method in rhetorical criticism. Western Journal of Communication: Vol. 65, Rhetorical Criticism: The State of the Art Revisited, pp. 249-270.
Field effect nanofluidics

Nanoscale fluid transport through conduits in the 1–100 nm range is termed as nanofluidics. Over the past decade or so, significant scientific and technological advances have occurred in the domain of nanofluidics with a transverse external electrical signal through a dielectric layer permitting control over ionic and fluid flows in these nanoscale conduits. Consequently, this special class of nanofluidic devices is commonly referred to as field effect devices, analogous to the solid-state field effect transistors that form the basis for modern electronics. In this mini-review, we focus on summarizing the recent developments in field effect nanofluidics as a discipline and evaluate both tutorially and critically the scientific and technological advances that have been reported, including a discussion on the future outlook and identifying broad open questions which suggest that there are many breakthroughs still to come in field-effect nanofluidics.