cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erythroid-specific nuclease-hypersensitive sites flanking the human beta-globin domain.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that DNA sequences from the region lying 5' of the human epsilon-globin gene are important for erythroid-specific expression of human beta-like globin genes. This region, as well as a region 20 kilobases (kb) downstream from the beta-globin gene, contains a set of developmentally stable, DNase I-superhypersensitive sites that are thought to reflect a chromatin structure supporting active globin gene expression. We have analyzed the chromatin structure in these two regions in a wide variety of nonerythroid and erythroid cells. The study included analysis of chromatin structure changes occurring during globin gene activation in mouse erythroleukemia-human nonerythroid cell hybrids. The results identified a hypersensitive site (III) 14.8 kb upstream of the epsilon-globin gene that was strictly correlated with active globin gene transcription. Interestingly, a multipotent human embryonal carcinoma cell line exhibited a hypersensitive site (IV) 18.4 kb upstream of epsilon-globin that was absent in all other nonerythroid cells examined, suggesting that chromatin structure changes at specific hypersensitive sites during embryonic development may also be important in globin gene repression.
Progressive digestion of limb-specific Shh regulatory region reveals critical sequences necessary for enhancer activity (541.5)

Regulation of anterior-posterior patterning of the limb bud during development is mediated by Sonic hedgehog (Shh), expressed in the zone of polarizing activity in the distal posterior region. Upstream of Shh lies a 1.8 kb limb-specific Shh regulatory region (LSSRR) that regulates the expression of Shh. LSSRR can be subdivided into four highly conserved regions, A, B1, B2, and B3. Our goal is to determine which sequences within LSSRR are necessary for enhancer activity. We progressively digested the LSSRR sequence from the 5’ end and the 3’ end. We generated expression constructs for each fragment containing the minimal HSV-tk promoter linked to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. These constructs were electroporated into the chick presumptive limb bud. After 48 hrs, we visualized and recorded the GFP fluorescence to determine enhancer activity. Removal of 217 3’ bases abolishes enhancer activity, while even after removal of 1161 bases from the 5’ end activity persists. Our progressive digestions ...
From C-Glycosides to Pyranopyrans: An Approach to Thyrsiferol Using Titanium(III)-Promoted Redox Couplings

An approach to the pyranopyran ring system that is found in many natural products, including thyrsiferol, is described. The route entails the assembly of an α,β-unsaturated ketone (11) from geraniol and dihydropyran (23) from acetyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (19) and their titanium(III)-promoted coupling to afford a respectable 60% yield of keto alcohol 26. The σ-bond formed in this process corresponds to the pro-C9−C10 bond of thyrsiferol (4). Attempts to invert the stereochemistry at the pro-C11 center were thwarted by the congestion imparted by the presence of the vicinal TBS-ether. Consequently, cyclization of the coupling adduct under conditions developed by Olah and Prakash and co-workers led to the cis-fused pyranopyran 27. X-ray analysis of this crystalline material confirmed each of the stereochemical assignments. After much effort, it was determined that the hydroxyl group at C12 could be removed by treating the derived methyl xanthate with a tri-n-butylphosphine−borane complex under radical-...
Corporate Debt Issuance and the Historical Level of Interest Rates

Using a sample that comprises more than 14,000 new issues of corporate debt for the period 1970-2001, we examine the relation between debt issues and the level of interest rates relative to historical levels. Consistent with recent survey evidence, we find that companies issue more debt, more debt relative to investment spending, and more debt compared to equity when interest rates are low relative to historical rates. The effects continue to hold when we control for other variables that influence debt issuance and when we account for refinancing. In the neoclassical theory of investment, a drop in the cost of capital results in increased investment spending. As firms increase their investments, all else equal, they also tend to issue new debt to finance a portion of those investments. Thus, debt issuance can be a function of the level of capital investment by firms. Alternatively, firms may try to time debt issuance if they believe that interest rates are advantageous relative to where rates were previously. We define “timing of interest rates” as the practice of issuing debt, relative to financing needs and capital expenditures, when interest rates are low compared to historical levels. We provide evidence that links debt issuance to changes in interest rates relative to their historical levels. To distinguish between a timing theory and a more standard neoclassical story, we ask whether firms issue more debt relative to their investment plans (capital expenditures) or relative to equity issuance, following changes in interest rates. We find that past interest rates have prominent effects on the issuance of debt: when current interest rates are low relative to historical levels, firms tend to issue more debt. These effects occur even after we account for other factors that can lead to debt issuance, such as capital expenditures, refinancing, firm size and profitability, the level of corporate cash flow, interest rate spreads, and equity valuation.
Murine virus leukaemogenesis: relationship between susceptibility and immunodepression.

PREVIOUS studies have demonstrated that infection of BALB/c mice with a murine leukaemia virus such as Friend disease virus (FDV) before challenge immunization results in a profound depression of both the primary and secondary immune response1–8. The degree of immunological deficiency was directly related to the time interval between infection and immunization.
ADAPTATION VERSUS MIGRATION IN DEMOGRAPHICALLY UNSTABLE POPULATIONS

We analyze a model of the joint population and evolutionary dynamics of a diploid “island” population that receives a recurrent influx of immigrants from a hypothetical continent population. We derive a criterion for the initial spread of a rare allele when the island population dynamics initially are chaotic. By computing a Liapunov exponent, we show that this criterion depends on a generalization of the geometric mean absolute fitness of individuals heterozygous for the rare allele. This criterion applies regardless of whether the initial population is self-sustaining or not.
Expert's comment concerning Grand Rounds case entitled "a novel 'pelvic ring augmentation construct' for lumbo-pelvic reconstruction in tumor surgery" (by Sathya Thambiraj, Daren Forward, James Thomas and Bronek Boszczyk).

Introduction Historically, metastatic spine tumor surgery has been palliative for pain control, to maintain neurologic and ambulatory function. The thought of curing cancer with limited metastatic disease by resecting the primary and the metastatic lesions is becoming more common. Multilevel spondylectomy for resection of metastatic disease has been reported in the literature, mostly at the thoracic or lumbar level with some success. Reconstruction of the lumbosacral junction after tumor resection is a difficult endeavor and several techniques have been utilized. Subcutaneous anterior pelvic fixation has been described for the treatment of unstable pelvic fractures.
Lipid–calcium phosphate nanoparticles for delivery to the lymphatic system and SPECT/CT imaging of lymph node metastases

A lipid/calcium/phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle (NP) formulation (particle diameter ∼25 nm) with superior siRNA delivery efficiency was developed and reported previously. Here, we describe the successful formulation of (111)In into LCP for SPECT/CT imaging. Imaging and biodistribution studies showed that, polyethylene glycol grafted (111)In-LCP preferentially accumulated in the lymph nodes at ∼70% ID/g in both C57BL/6 and nude mice when the improved surface coating method was used. Both the liver and spleen accumulated only ∼25% ID/g. Larger LCP (diameter ∼67 nm) was less lymphotropic. These results indicate that 25 nm LCP was able to penetrate into tissues, enter the lymphatic system, and accumulate in the lymph nodes via lymphatic drainage due to 1) small size, 2) a well-PEGylated lipid surface, and 3) a slightly negative surface charge. The capability of intravenously injected (111)In-LCP to visualize an enlarged, tumor-loaded sentinel lymph node was demonstrated using a 4T1 breast cancer lymph node metastasis model. Systemic gene delivery to the lymph nodes after IV injection was demonstrated by the expression of red fluorescent protein cDNA. The potential of using LCP for lymphatic drug delivery is discussed.
Local Tax and Expenditure Capitalization: Integrating Evidence From the Market and Political Processes:

Numerous empirical studies have attempted to verify the Tiebout hypothesis through analysis of the capitalization of differential tax rate and expenditure levels into property values at the local level. A major weakness in this literature is the neglect of voting, the other principal method of preference revelation for local public services. This article seeks to integrate the analysis of the outcomes of voting and mobility decisions by linking a model of residential property value determination and a public choice model of local public expenditure determination. Capitalization of fiscal differentials is shown to affect voting decisions through the tax price of local services. The interrelationship creates a justification for simultaneous equations estimation of both models. An illustrative empirical analysis is presented in which residential property value and local public expenditure models are estimated with ordinary and two-stage least square techniques. Substantial differences are found between the t...
Faithful representations of SL2 over truncated Witt vectors

Abstract Let Γ2 be the six-dimensional linear algebraic k-group SL 2 ( W 2 ) , where W 2 is the ring of Witt vectors of length two over the algebraically closed field k of characteristic p>2. Then the minimal dimension of a faithful rational k-representation of Γ2 is p+3.
Characterization of 3D contact kinematics and prediction of resonant response of structures having 3D frictional constraint

Abstract A 3D friction contact model has been developed for the prediction of the resonant response of structures having 3D frictional constraint. In the proposed model, a contact plane is defined and its orientation is assumed invariant. Consequently, the relative motion of the two contacting surfaces can be resolved into two components: the in-plane tangential motion on the contact plane and the normal component perpendicular to the plane. The in-plane tangential relative motion is often two-dimensional, and it can induce stick-slip friction. On the other hand, the normal relative motion can cause variation of the contact normal load and, in extreme circumstances, separation of the two contacting surfaces. In this study, the joined effect of the 2D tangential relative motion and the normal relative motion on the contact kinematics of a friction contact is examined and analytical criteria are developed to determine the transitions among stick, slip, and separation, when experiencing variable normal load. With these transition criteria, the induced friction force on the contact plane and the variable normal load perpendicular to the plane can be predicted for any given cyclic relative motions at the contact interface and hysteresis loops can be produced so as to characterize the equivalent damping and stiffness of the friction contact. These non-linear damping and stiffness along with the harmonic balance method are then used to predict the resonance of a frictionally constrained 3-DOF oscillator. The predicted results are compared with those of the time integration method and the damping effect, the resonant frequency shift, and the jump phenomenon are examined.
Resistance to soybean aphid among wild soybean lines under controlled conditions

Abstract The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is frequently a serious pest of soybean in the U.S. and Canada, and an occasional pest of soybean throughout its native range in Asia. Large infestations of this aphid cause economic loss to soybean by reductions in seed yield and oil concentration. Host-plant resistance is a potential alternative to insecticides for managing soybean aphid, and various sources may be evaluated, including adapted cultivars, landraces, and wild ancestors of the crop. To date, few studies have evaluated wild soybean for resistance to soybean aphid. In this study, initial screening assays indicated 20 wild soybean lines with resistance to soybean aphid, and three of the 20 lines had notable resistance in subsequent choice and no-choice assays. Significantly fewer soybean aphids settled on lines PI 468397 A and PI 479749 than on susceptible lines in choice assays, and aphid populations were low and moderately low on these two respective lines in no-choice assays. Populations of soybean aphid on a third line, PI 549046, were equal to or less than those on a resistant check over 3 wks in a no-choice assay. Based on results of the respective choice and no-choice assays, resistance to soybean aphid was manifested as both antixenosis and antibiosis in PI 468397 A and PI 479749, and as antibiosis in PI 549046. This is apparently the first report of resistance to soybean aphid in these three lines, and they provide soybean breeders and pest management practitioners new sources for developing aphid-resistant soybean lines.
The archaeology of vision in eighteenth-century Chesapeake gardens

Abstract During the eighteenth century, travelers throughout America's mid-Atlantic region often recorded in diaries and letters the scenery they observed on their journeys. As they rode inland along the river valleys or followed roads connecting coastal ports, these writers repeatedly used specific terms to capture their experience of sight in the landscape. This vocabulary of vision—view, vista, eminence, situation, prospect—appears in descriptions of both the natural landscape and the estates of the colonial planter-gentry. Describing Gov. John Howard's garden in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1794, Thomas Twining wrote:
Critical incidents in child psychiatric training.

Abstract A critical incident survey of practicing child psychiatrists was designed to highlight strengths and weaknesses in child psychiatric training. The actual treatment of children with regular supervision was widely felt to be most helpful. Direct responsibility for the care of children with a wide range of problems and within specific settings was also felt to be important. Lack of specific experiences and inadequate supervision were frequent concerns. Didactic and research experiences were criticized, raising specific concerns for current training programs.
Neurophysiological factors in depression: new perspectives.

Within the last decade, the application of neurophysiological and neuroendocrine techniques has led directly to the identification of specific psychobiological correlates of depression. More recent efforts have attempted to establish linkages between mechanisms of action by antidepressants and such psychobiological factors. EEG sleep investigations, conducted with various antidepressants, have focused on the “specificity” of REM suppression or slow-wave sleep alterations. To date, results point to a greater commonality of action for REM suppression, lack of sedative effect as a necessary condition for clinical improvement, and the need for greater emphasis on slow-wave sleep research in relation to clinical recovery. The need for integrated theories of neurophysiological and neuroendocrine factors in depression is stressed.
Radiation quality and tissue-specific microenvironments following exposure to 1 GeV/AMU Fe

This paper summarizes quantitative in vivo laminin immunofluorescence analysis of mammary glands and skin epithelial structures from mice exposed to 1 GeV/amu Fe ions. Digital confocal microscopic images were quantified and linked to the rough "core-penumbra" Fe track physical description. Comparison to gamma-ray sparsely ionizing radiation suggested the core of the Fe track being responsible for a biological response only seen with energetic Fe particles. Conclusions for modeling in vivo responses to radiation were then implied. c2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Progress in understanding molecular mechanisms and evolution of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides in phytopathogenic fungi

Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II or succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the smallest complex in the respiratory chain and transfers the electrons derived from succinate directly to the ubiquinone pool. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides specifically inhibit fungal respiration by blocking the ubiquinone-binding sites in the mitochondrial complex II and play an important role in the integrated management programmes of many plant diseases. In contrast to first generation of SDHI fungicides (e.g. carboxin) exceptionally active against basidiomycetes, newer active ingredients in this class (e.g. boscalid, penthiopyrad, fluopyram) show a broad-spectrum activity against various fungal species. However, the consistent use of site-specific fungicides such as SDHIs can result in the selection of resistant fungal genotypes which may ultimately lead to a rapid decline of fungicide performance. This paper reviews previous and recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms and other factors controlling the evolution of resistance to SDHI fungicides. Furthermore, we provide recommendations on the future use of new developed molecules of this group as well as future research prospects.
AB INITIO CALCULATIONS ON THE PREFERRED MODE OF RING OPENING IN SILACYCLOPROPANE

CASSCF and CASPT2N/6-31G* calculations on silacyclopropane (1) find that the transition state for hydrogen migration in concert with ring opening, leading to ethylsilylene (2), has an energy that i...
“A Perverse Kind of Sense”: Urban Spaces, Ghetto Places and the Discourse of School Shootings

School shootings loom large in the collective imagination and young, White males commit a majority of these horrific crimes. Although many of the descriptions of school shooters in the media and scholarly studies attribute their actions to psychological problems and/or personal/social failings, these events are also often placed in a comparative stance with urban crime, despite being an unrelated sociological phenomenon. The discourses describing these school shootings reproduce stereotypical notions of blackness, rooted in senseless violence, rampant sexuality, poor work ethic, a lack of strong morality and the supposedly degenerate nature of urban crime and “ghetto” culture. The author argues these conceptions have a historical lineage dating back to European colonization and demonstrates the necessity for examining contemporary urban issues within a postcolonial context. This type of critical analysis exposes deficit discourses surrounding urban spaces, places and people of color, allowing for resistance to these types of dominant representations.
Impact of spatiotemporal fluctuations in airborne chemical concentration on toxic hazard assessment

Abstract Models widely used to assess atmospheric chemical-dispersion hazards for emergency response rely on acute exposure guideline level (AEGL) or similar concentration guidelines to map geographic areas potentially affected by corresponding levels of toxic severity. By ignoring substantial, random variability in concentration over time and space, such standard methods routinely underestimate the size of potentially affected areas. Underestimation due to temporal fluctuation – applicable to chemicals like hydrogen cyanide (HCN) for which peak concentrations best predict acute toxicity – becomes magnified by spatial fluctuation, defined as heterogeneity in average concentration at each location relative to standard-method predictions. The combined impact of spatiotemporal fluctuation on size of assessed threat areas was studied using a statistical-simulation assessment method calibrated to Joint Urban 2003 Oklahoma City field-tracer data. For a hypothetical 60-min urban release scenario involving HCN gas, the stochastic method predicted that lethal/severe effects could occur in an area 18 or 25 times larger than was predicted by standard methods targeted to a 60-min AEGL, assuming wind speeds ≥2.0 or ≤1.5 m/s, respectively. The underestimation doubled when the standard method was targeted to a 10-min AEGL. Further research and field data are needed for improved stochastic methods to assess spatiotemporal fluctuation effects.
Preparation and characterization of supported mixed metal oxides: thermal decomposition of heteropoly metal complexes immobilized on silica

Abstract Supported mixed metal oxides were prepared by the temperature-programmed decomposition of a highly characterized system of silica-immobilized heteropoly complexes containing Cu(II) and M(III) (M(III) = Al, Cr, Fe). The investigation focused on two main aspects of the thermal degradation: a study of the decomposition path and characterization of the resultant samples. The decomposition process, monitored in situ by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, appeared to lead to the formation of mixed oxides with a stoichiometry of MCu6O7.5. Electron microscopy showed sintering of the oxides into particles which contain Cu and M. The population of these particles increased with increasing temperature. Selective chemisorptions of NH3, CO, and NO indicated that temperature of decomposition affects active site densities. In particular, it was observed that conditions for the decomposition could be selected to maximize the activation of metal oxide sites by complex decomposition yet minimize the deactivation by sintering of supported oxide particles.
Retrenchment or realignment? U.S. mental health policy and DRGs.

The introduction of DRGs for financing health care is dramatically changing the system of delivery and provision in the U.S. To understand the consequences, it is important to focus not only on cost-containment issues but also on new institutional mechanisms fashioned to reshape health care delivery and provision. A realignment among the major actors is occurring, with the state adopting a central role in redefining its own function in the health care system, constructing a new framework and agenda for change, and enlisting the participation of other social actors in implementing change. The specific features of this realignment are analyzed in the context of mental health DRGs. This article concludes that, based on the consequences of DRGs to date, we ought to look beyond present indicators of retrenchment in the health care system to how the unique features of the American welfare state are continuing to evolve.
The potential role for emergence in autism.

Although most research on autistic behavior has considered autism categorically, the increasingly apparent genetic and phenotypic complexities of autism are prompting a more dimensional approach to this area. The long-standing interest in a less categorical approach is made clear from a review of literature. The accumulating empirical support for viewing autism-related phenomena as separable and fractionable is outlined and includes data indicating that many of the behaviors occur in isolation in family members and the general population, are not highly correlated within individuals, and appear to be inherited separately. However, it is emphasized that some of the most common and characteristic phenomena observed in individuals diagnosed with autism do not run in their families. It is suggested that these novel, “emergent,” phenomena may arise in the individual from interacting configurations of co-occurring traits or from the interaction of genetic and biological factors underlying the traits. A number of autism-related phenomena including intellectual disability, seizures, persistence of primitive reflexes, stereotypies, self-injurious behavior, savant abilities, and morphological abnormalities, among others, are discussed as potentially being emergent. It is concluded that consideration of the role of emergence in autistic behavior and related phenomena should complement a reductionist approach and might help illuminate the components and complexities of autism.
Cytochemical and Autoradiographic Study of Nuclei in Zinc-Deficient Rat Buccal Epithelium:

Ammoniacal silver stain showed that there was a decrease in nucleohistones in zinc-deficient rat buccal hyperplastic epithelaum as compared to control. Autoradiographic study showed that there was decreased incorporation of 3H-arginine and3 H-lysine in the hyperplastic epithelium.
Specific projections of retina transplanted to rat brain.

Retinae were taken from fetal rats and transplanted adjacent to the superior colliculus of neonatal rats. After 1 month survival, the transplants were surgically removed from the hosts, locally damaged or injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to determine the distribution of the transplant efferents in the host brains. Histological examination of the transplants revealed cell and plexiform layers characteristic of normal retinae. Since the retinae were undifferentiated at the time of transplantation, this layering developed within the host. The only obvious differences from normal retina were that the layers were organized in rosettes or folded sheets and lacked well developed photoreceptor outer segments. In animals which had lesions or HRP injections confined to the retinal transplant, proper staining of sections of the host brain revealed transplant projections. These projections were confined to the optic tract and nuclei which are normally retinorecipient such as the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Projections were found along the border of non-retinorecipient nuclei such as the lateral posterior nucleus, but did not appear to enter these nuclei. It was observed that within the superior colliculus the host retinal input had an effect on the distribution of the transplant projection. In one-eyed hosts the transplant projection was distributed throughout the stratum (s.) zonale, s. griseum superficiale, and s. opticum; whereas in the two-eyed hosts, the transplant projection was confined to the s. zonale and the border between s. griseum superficiale and s. opticum.
Oldest termite nest from the Upper Cretaceous of west Texas

Wood borings and insect frass from the Upper Cretaceous of Texas are interpreted to be the oldest known termite nest, the oldest known termite fecal pellets, and one of the few examples of trace-fossil evidence of social behavior in insects. It illustrates a form of behavioral fixity insofar as coprolite form, feeding habits, and substrate are concerned.
Retroviral transduction efficiency of G-CSF+SCF-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells is superior to G-CSF or G-CSF+Flt3-L-mobilized cells in nonhuman primates.

Gene transfer experiments in nonhuman primates have been shown to be predictive of success in human clinical gene therapy trials. In most nonhuman primate studies, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) collected from the peripheral blood or bone marrow after administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) + stem cell factor (SCF) have been used as targets, but this cytokine combination is not generally available for clinical use, and the optimum target cell population has not been systematically studied. In our current study we tested the retroviral transduction efficiency of rhesus macaque peripheral blood CD34+ cells collected after administration of different cytokine mobilization regimens, directly comparing G-CSF+SCF versus G-CSF alone or G-CSF+Flt3-L in competitive repopulation assays. Vector supernatant was added daily for 96 hours in the presence of stimulatory cytokines. The transduction efficiency of HSCs as assessed by in vitro colony-forming assays was equivalent in all 5 animals tested, but the in vivo levels of mononuclear cell and granulocyte marking was higher at all time points derived from target CD34+ cells collected after G-CSF+SCF mobilization compared with target cells collected after G-CSF (n = 3) or G-CSF+Flt3-L (n = 2) mobilization. In 3 of the animals long-term marking levels of 5% to 25% were achieved, but originating only from the G-CSF+SCF–mobilized target cells. Transduction efficiency of HSCs collected by different mobilization regimens can vary significantly and is superior with G-CSF+SCF administration. The difference in transduction efficiency of HSCs collected from different sources should be considered whenever planning clinical gene therapy trials and should preferably be tested directly in comparative studies.
Synthesis and Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Anion Binding Properties of Self-Assembly Heterometallic Cyclophanes

A series of heterometallic cyclophanes have been prepared from self-assembly of cis-(dppf)M(H2O)2(OTf)2 (M = Pd or Pt) and BrRe(CO)3(L)2 with the general formula [cis-(dppf)M(μ-L)2Re(CO)3Br]2(OTf)4 (4: M = Pd, L = 4,4‘-bpy; 5: M = Pt, L = 4,4‘-bpy; 6: M = Pd, L = 1,2-(4‘-dipyridyl)acetylene (DPA); 7: M = Pd, L = 1,4-(4‘-dipyridyl)butadiyne (DPB); 8: M = Pt, L = DPB) or cis-(dppf)Pt(4-ethynylpyridine)2 and BrRe(CO)5 with the formula {[cis-(dppf)Pt(4-ethynylpyridyl)2](fac-Re(CO)3Br)}2 (10). These complexes have been characterized by a variety of analytical techniques including IR, NMR, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The photophysical properties of these complexes have been examined in detail. Squares 4−8 exhibit room-temperature luminescence from lowest-lying triplet-centered metal to ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) excited states, albeit significantly weaker than that predicted on the basis of their excited state energies and the energy gap law. No luminesc...
Microcomputer-Based Input-Output Modeling: Applications to Economic Development

Input-output (I-O) analysis is widely used to analyze and shape policies. Until recently, I-O models could be run only on mainframe computer systems, but with advances in microcomputing I-O analysis is now possible for colleges, agencies and local governments which lack access to mainframe computers. This book provides a synthesis of information about these models for economists, planners and consultants, both in government and in the private sector.
Two signals required for the initiation of killer T-cell differentiation

Abstract Several parameters of effector T-cell development were examined and the data presented support the following conclusions. Helper factor supernatants from allogeneic lymphoid cell mixtures can functionally substitute for a T-cell subpopulation that is normally required to generate cytotoxic effector T cells. This T-cell subpopulation can be distinguished from other T cells through the use of an antiserum directed against an H-2-associated antigen, Ha. “Precommitted” precursors of the killer cells do not express the Ha marker in a readily detectable form. The pre-killer T cells must receive two signals before they are stimulated into the differentiation processes that lead to specific effector T-cell development. Neither the foreign H-2 antigen alone nor the helper factor can independently signal these biochemical events. The differentiation processes that are initiated by the target antigens can be supported by helper factor supernatants produced from H-2-incompatible strains of mice.
The function of NADH-semidehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbic acid in corticosteroid hydroxylation.

We have demonstrated in rat adrenal (Natarajan, R.D. and Harding, B.W. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3902-3905) that NADH-semidehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbate participate in an electron transport pathway (ETP) supplying reducing equivalents from NADH to cytochrome P-450scc. Here, we demonstrate that this ascorbate dependent ETP also supplies reducing equivalents to cytochrome P-450(11 beta/18) in both rat adrenal and bovine adrenal cortex. The activity is dependent upon addition of catalase or upon 'cold shock' treatment of isolated mitochondria. Comparison of the rates of 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation supported by this ETP and by the classical pathway supported by various TCA cycle intermediates suggests that in vivo the ascorbate dependent pathway may be essential for maximal flow of reducing equivalents to the mitochondrial hydroxylases. Partial reconstitution of the ascorbate dependent 11 beta/18-hydroxylase activity was achieved with purified bovine outer mitochondrial and inner mitochondrial membranes fortified with supernatant from sonified mitochondria all preincubated with phosphatidyl choline. These preparations no longer require catalase or 'cold shock' treatment. Ascorbate and NADH-semidehydroascorbate reductase are unable to support 17 alpha- or 21-hydroxylase activity in isolated bovine adrenal cortical microsomes whether incubated with purified outer mitochondrial membranes or not.
Membrane Diffusion of PH Domain-PIP3 Complexes: the Effects of Target Lipid Stoichiometry on Diffusion Constant Probed Using Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are recruited to specific membrane surfaces during a variety of cell signaling events, including those occurring at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells. This recruitment is often driven by molecular recognition of specific phosphatidylinositol phosphate lipids, such as phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we have recently shown that when bound to PIP3 on the surface of a supported lipid bilayer, the PH domain of GRP1 diffuses at the same rate as an individual phospholipid molecule diffusing in the same type of bilayer. More generally, we hypothesize that protein lateral diffusion constant will decrease as the number of lipid molecules tightly bound to the protein increases. Here, we probe the effects of PIP3 stoichiometry on the diffusion constants of constructs containing one, two, or three GRP1 PH domains coupled by flexible linkers. To a first approximation, we find that the lateral diffusion constants of these engineered PH domain constructs are inversely proportional to the number of bound PIP3 molecules. This observation suggests that the frictional contributions of multiple, tightly bound lipids are additive, at least when the binding sites are located on separate domains. At the meeting we will present our latest diffusion constant measurements, which will shed light on the mechanisms of peripheral membrane protein diffusion, and will provide useful calibration points in molecular dynamics simulations of proteins docked to membranes. Overall, single molecule diffusion methods provide a new, much needed window into the lipid interactions of membrane targeting proteins.
Crystal/liquid partitioning in augite: effects of cooling rate

The partitioning of major and minor elements between augite and melt was determined as a function of cooling rate for two high-titanium basalt compositions. The results of this study of lunar rock systems 10017 and 75055 were compared with the results of other kinetic studies of augite-liquid partitioning in other rock systems. It was found that the partitioning of major elements (i.e., Ca, Fe, Mg) is essentially rate independent and is insensitive to bulk rock composition and to the nature and order of appearance of coexisting phases for cooling rates of less than 100 C/hr. The partitioning behavior of minor elements (i.e., Al, Cr, Ti) for the same range of cooling rates is complex, being dependent on cooling rate and bulk rock composition. Consideration of these factors is important when augite chemistry and/or partitioning behavior are used in modeling certain magmatic processes or in estimating the thermal history of basaltic rocks.
Water loss in the turtle Gopherus polyphemus

Abstract 1. 1. Water loss, plasma Na + and K + and urine Na + and K + were measured in Gopherus polyphemus during a period of water availability and a period of water deprivation in the laboratory. 2. 2. Fecal water loss is negligible, urinary water loss is greatly reduced and together these avenues constitute 18% of the total weight loss during dehydration. 3. 3. Other avenues of water loss (cutaneous and respiratory) have a mean value of 1.07 ± 0.4 g ·100 g −1 ·day −1 that is 2–3 times greater values reported for G. agassizii. 4. 4. Plasma K + is the only ion measured that shows an increase during dehydration. This supports previous conjectures that the disposal of K + is the limiting factor on the ability of terrestrial turtles to withstand desiccation.
A Schur–Newton–Krylov solver for steady-state aeroelastic analysis and design sensitivity analysis

Abstract This paper presents a Newton–Krylov approach applied to a Schur complement formulation for the analysis and design sensitivity analysis of systems undergoing fluid–structure interaction. This solution strategy is studied for a three-field formulation of an aeroelastic problem under steady-state conditions and applied to the design optimization of three-dimensional wing structures. A Schur–Krylov solver is introduced for computing the design sensitivities. Comparing the Schur–Newton–Krylov solver with conventional Gauss–Seidel schemes shows that the proposed approach significantly improves robustness and convergence rates, in particular for problems with strong fluid–structure coupling. In addition, the numerical efficiency of the aeroelastic sensitivity analysis can be typically improved by more than a factor of 1.5, especially if high accuracy is required.
Kinematics of Austro-Alpine cover nappes: Changing translation path due to transpression

Upper and Middle Austro-Alpine nappes of the Eastern Alps, the structural uppermost subunits of the Alps, suffered two major superposed deformations (D1, D2) during the eo-Alpine (Cretaceous) orogeny. D1 is characterized by NW- to W-directed thrusting and nappe-internal rock flow, D2 by large-scale folding and imbrication toward the north and northeast. Structures, strain, metamorphic history, microfabrics, and stretching trajectories indicate that the superposition of D2 over D1 structures can be interpreted as a progressive deformation. It is concluded that the emplacement of the nappes follows a curved translation path. A model which emphasizes non-coaxial deformation structures explains the detachment of the nappes, the configuration of the separating thrust planes, and the distribution of intense deformation zones. The overall kinematic history of the Austro-Alpine nappes fits a model in which strike-slip shearing, horizontal shortening, and vertical lengthening act together continuously over a finite deformation zone (transpressional model). This model, emphasizing a gradually changing strain regime, eliminates the space problems encountered in models which consider simple south over north imbrication during the Alpine orogeny. The study stresses two interpretations: 1. (1) stretching lineations indicate nappe-transport directions. 2. (2) transpression may be a common feature of orogenic belts.
Mechanics and Physics of Brittle to Ductile Transitions in Fracture

The mechanisms of brittle-to-ductile transition of fracture in intrinsically brittle crystal-line solids such as structural steel have been of great technological interest for a long time. While much useful phenomenology on this important bifurcation behavior has evolved through material testing and alloy development throughout the period following the large scale fractures in Liberty ships during and after World War II, fundamental mechanistic understanding has been lacking until recent times. Over the past decade or so, a renewed level of interest has resulted in a number of fundamental studies of both experimental nature and modeling of crack-tip response which demonstrated a remarkable connection of atomic level processes at tips of cleavage cracks and the macroscopic fracture transitions. These mechanistic connections have not only gone a long way in providing basic rationale for some of the successful empirical practices in alloy design and microstructure control, but clear the way for further advances based on basic atomic level processes governing crystal plasticity. Here we give an overview of some recent developments in this area emanating from our own researches.
Millimeter waves and their applications

Investigations in the vast 30,000- to 300,000-mc frequency range is proving that it can accommodate many of the communications services, especially where there is need for high-gain, high-directional antennas, and large bandwidth.
Cell Wall Development in Maize Coleoptiles

The physical bases for enhancement of growth rates induced by auxin involve changes in cell wall structure. Changes in the chemical composition of the primary walls during maize ( Zea mays L. cv WF9 × Bear 38) coleoptile development were examined to provide a framework to study the nature of auxin action. This report documents that the primary walls of maize cells vary markedly depending on developmental state; polymers synthesized and deposited in the primary wall during cell division are substantially different from those formed during cell elongation. The embryonal coleoptile wall is comprised of mostly glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX), xyloglucan, and polymers enriched in 5-arabinosyl linkages. During development, both GAX and xyloglucan are synthesized, but the 5-arabinosyls are not. Rapid coleoptile elongation is accompanied by synthesis of a mixed-linked glucan that is nearly absent from the embryonal wall. A GAX highly substituted with mostly terminal arabinofuranosyl units is also synthesized during elongation and, based on pulse-chase studies, exhibits turnover possibly to xylans with less substitution via loss of the arabinosyl and glucuronosyl linkages.
Dipetalonema viteae (Nematoda: Filarioidea): Culture of Third-Stage Larvae to Young Adults in vitro

Infective third-stage larvae of Dipetalonema viteae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) were cultured to young adults in a cell-free culture system. Third-stage larvae from the tick vector grew, developed, and molted twice in a medium containing NCTC 135 and Iscove9s modified Dulbecco9s medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum under a gas phase of 95 percent nitrogen and 5 percent carbon dioxide. The availability of such a culture system for filariids should facilitate studies of their immunology, biochemistry, and sensitivity to drugs.
Scheduling of intelligent sensor and actuator network in flexible structures

We consider the problem of monitoring and scheduling a network of intelligent sensors and actuators in large flexible structures. A hybrid controller that activates a subset of the devices in the sensor and actuator network is proposed and whose objective is to effectively address the effects of spatiotemporally varying disturbances. It is assumed that the flexible structure is subjected to disturbances and the intelligent control policy attempts to activate the actuators that, over the duration of a time interval, have spatial authority against the spatiotemporally varying disturbances. The hybrid controller switches the relevant actuators on and deactivates the ones that are not used over a given time interval. The basic idea behind the proposed supervisory scheme is to show that using a switched controller, it is possible to simultaneously improve controller performance and reduce the power consumption in the actuator/sensor network. Both analytical and experimental results on a flexible aluminum plate with eight pairs of collocated actuator/sensor PZT pairs are presented.
El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula: Or How Los Angeles Got its Name

‭This study traces the route by which the city of Los Angeles came to be called by that name. Late in life St. Francis retired to a tiny hut on “a little piece of property,” una porziuncola near Assisi. Because angels were frequently heard singing there, the area around his hut was known as “La Valle di Nostra Donna degli Angeli.” Here, Francis experienced two appearances of Mary and her Son, during which he obtained the revolutionary plenary indulgence known as Il Perdono d’Assisi. The Porziuncola became a pilgrims’ shrine, and Francis’s hut was transformed into a huge basilica dedicated to Santa Maria degli Angeli. Reception of the indulgence slowly spread throughout Europe, and most particularly in Spain. Columbus, who was a Franciscan Tertiary, after a stay in the monastery of Our Lady of the Angels at La Rabida, set sail on his momentous journey on the feast of the Perdono (2 August). The indulgence was carried to the New World by the Franciscans where the devotion developed a wide-spread cult. Three hundred years later, the Spanish king’s army, accompanied by Franciscan friars, journeyed up the western coast and came upon a clear stream, which they called la Porciuncula. In 1781, the New World City of the Angels was founded in the cult’s honor.‬
Fourth edition of the Guidelines for Perinatal Care: summary of changes.

The 4th edition of the Guidelines for Perinatal Care has recently been published jointly by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).1 This publication contains the recommendations and guidelines of the AAP and the ACOG, that are frequently used by physicians and health care providers in formulating plans for the care of pregnant women and their fetuses and newborns. The contents of the Guidelines are used frequently by hospital administrators, architects, planners, third-party payors, etc, for the development of facilities and policies that govern the care of this population. Much new information has been generated since the publication of the 3rd edition of the Guidelines. 2 This information has generated a significant number of policies and statements relating to clinical perinatal issues. Most of these policies and statements have been incorporated into the 4th edition. In this article, we will summarize some of the changes (compared with the 3rd edition) that are of interest to the Guidelines readership in general and the physicians who care for the newborns in particular. Because of page limitation, this article will present only a summary and lacks detail. The readers should refer to the Guidelines if more detail concerning relevant issues is needed. Changes that impact obstetric practice with no direct impact on pediatric (or neonatal) practictioners are not included in this summary. Following the recommendation of the Committee on Perinatal Health published by the March of Dimes ( Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy II 3), the 4th edition has recommended the change …
Clustering of temperamental and cognitive risk factors for anxiety in a college sample of late adolescents

Abstract Temperamental vulnerabilities (e.g., behavioral inhibition, anxiety sensitivity) and cognitive biases (e.g., interpretive and judgment biases) may exacerbate feelings of stress and anxiety, particularly among late adolescents during the early years of college. The goal of the present study was to apply person-centered analyses to explore possible heterogeneity in the patterns of these four risk factors in late adolescence, and to examine associations with several anxiety outcomes (i.e., worry, anxiety symptoms, and trait anxiety). Cluster analyses in a college sample of 855 late adolescents revealed a Low-Risk group, along with four reliable clusters with distinct profiles of risk factors and anxiety outcomes (Inhibited, Sensitive, Cognitively-Biased, and Multi-Risk). Of the risk profiles, Multi-Risk youth experienced the highest levels of anxiety outcomes, whereas Inhibited youth experienced the lowest levels of anxiety outcomes. Sensitive and Cognitively-Biased youth experienced comparable leve...