cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air conditioning cycle simulations using a ultrahigh-speed centrifugal compressor for electric vehicle applications

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are an increasingly popular option to decrease global greenhouse emissions in the transportation sector. The largest limiting factor is their range, significantly decreased by the cooling load required. In conjunction with the shift to incorporating low-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants in cooling systems, it is critical to reexamine the design of traditional air conditioning (AC) systems. To this end, a model of a cooling system for an EV was created, while incorporating an ultrahigh-speed miniature centrifugal compressor, allowing for the performance comparison of multiple refrigerants. From these simulations, a centrifugal compression system using HFC-134a provided sufficient cooling capacity for the modeled vehicle (13.07 kW) with lower input power requirements (2.05 kW) than a commercial EV AC system. However, this requires improved heat exchanger efficiencies. A straightforward system design may be attainable with lower operating pressures utilizing the low-GWP HFO-1336mzz(Z) while achieving a nearly equivalent cooling capacity (12.39 kW) at reduced power requirements (1.86 kW). Performance and safety tradeoffs were examined for a variety of refrigerants and azeotropic mixtures. The use of azeotropic refrigerants increased the cooling capacity and energy efficiency compared with the individual components, but with the tradeoff of higher pressure and compressor exit temperatures. Overall, this effort provides specified conditions for EVs while being among the first to demonstrate the potential of low-GWP and low-Ozone Depletion Potential refrigerants in AC systems utilizing ultrahigh-speed centrifugal compressors.
Feed-Forward Neural Networks

In this chapter we develop the theory and applications of feed-forward neural networks for supervised learning problems. We begin by starting with the linear regression models previously developed and add a nonlinear transformation to create a neural network with a single hidden layer. We discuss how these networks are trained via stochastic gradient descent. Then we discuss how deep neural networks are formed by adding further hidden layers to the network. The topics of regularization and dropout are included to give the reader the ability to use these sophisticated (and useful) tools. We conclude with a case study where deep neural networks are used to predict the strength of concrete given several independent variables. This chapter is the basis for most of the remaining chapters where neural networks will be used in the subsequent discussions.
Access Denied to Zombies

I argue that metaphysicians of mind have not done justice to the notion of accessibility between possible worlds. Once accessibility is given its due, physicalism must be reformulated and conceivability arguments must be reevaluated. To reach these conclusions, I explore a novel way of assessing the zombie conceivability argument. I accept that zombies are possible and ask whether that possibility is accessible from our world in the sense of ‘accessible’ used in possible world semantics. It turns out that the question whether zombie worlds are accessible from our world is equivalent to the question whether physicalism is true at our world. By assuming that zombie worlds are accessible from our world, proponents of the zombie conceivability argument beg the question against physicalism. In other words, it is a mistake to assume that the metaphysical possibility of zombies entails that physicalism is false at our world. I will then consider what happens if a proponent of the zombie conceivability argument should insist that zombie worlds are accessible from our world. I will argue that the same ingredients used in the zombie conceivability argument—whatever exactly they might be—can be used to construct an argument to the opposite conclusion. At that point, we reach a stalemate between physicalism and property dualism: while the possibility of zombies entails property dualism, the possibility of other creatures entails physicalism. Since these two possibilities are mutually inconsistent, either one of them is not genuine or one of them is inaccessible from the actual world. To resolve this stalemate, we need more than traditional conceivability arguments.
Acidification of Endosomes and Phagosomes

The phagocytic pathway is a specialized endocytic pathway seen in cells that are capable of phagocytosis. Certain cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are termed professional phagocytes since they specialize in phagocytosis as a mechanism for cells to degrade unwanted material, which includes foreign particles such as bacteria, as well as necrotic or apoptotic host cells. Although the emphasis of this chapter is on the phagocytosis of pathogens, phagocytosis is in fact also essential for housekeeping functions in multicellular organisms, by way of clearing the apoptotic and necrotic cells. A comparative study of the properties of phagosomes containing Legionella pneumophila vs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows that whereas M. tuberculosis-containing endosomes exhibit several characteristics of early endosomes, such as a delayed clearance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules and a relatively intense staining for MHC-II and transferrin receptor, L. pneumophila phagosomes rapidly clear the MHC-I and do not express any of the endolysosomal markers studied. Several groups, using several different cell lines expressing exogenous cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), have reported that acidification of endosomes or the trans-Golgi network (TGN) are not affected by CFTR expression. In cases where phagosome acidification is needed for killing the pathogens, part of the function of acidification may be the activation of degradative lysosomal enzymes, which have low pH optima.
The replication of bacteriophage ∅X174 in a mutant of Escherichia coli strain C: I. Characterization of the physiological defect in viral reproduction

Abstract A mutant of Escherichia coli strain C has been isolated from the survivors of ultraviolet light-irradiated bacteria. The mutant strain, E. coli C-SM17 ts , has a temperature-sensitive defect such that ∅X progeny RF DNA synthesis cannot be initiated in cells growing at 40°. This temperature-sensitive block is reversible, by shifting the ∅X-infected cells to 30°. In addition, C-SM17 ts bacteria are abnormal in other aspects of ∅X replication, i.e., penetration of the infecting viral DNA into the cells and the attachment of ∅X parental DNA to the host cell membrane replication sites, as well as a limitation of the number of ∅X parental RF DNA molecules which can be synthesized. These abnormalities are not temperature sensitive.
Enemy Combatants and the Writ of Habeas Corpus

Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States treated international terrorism problems as primarily a criminal law concern. This article analyzes the legal arguments under U.S. national security law for indefinite detention of enemy combatants. It begins by reviewing the facts surrounding the enemy combatants’ imprisonment. It briefly discusses the history of the writ of habeas corpus and then examines international law, which might provide detainees with their only available remedy. Next, this article will review U.S. Supreme Court cases dealing with military power to imprison people during national emergencies. Finally, it will analyze recent decisions relating to detainees in light of this Supreme Court authority and international law. Ultimately, Guantanamo may not be the best policy and may be subject to challenge under international law, domestic law appears to justify unlimited detention. U.S. citizens, on the other hand, deserve – and receive – greater protections under the Constitution.
Aplasia cutis congenita with fetus papyraceus: report and review of the literature

We report a case of a 2-week-old white female who presented with large stellate atrophic skin defects on bilateral thighs and knees at birth. The pregnancy was complicated by the death of monozygotic twin at the 16th week of gestation. This represents aplasia cutis congenita with fetus papyraceus. This rare condition is defined as the congenital skin defect and intrauterine death of fetus with or without a stillborn fetus pressed flat by the growing twin (fetus papyraceus) at delivery time. Aplasia cutis congenita coexisting with fetus papyraceus has a distinctive and reproducible distribution pattern of bilateral symmetrical truncal, buttock, and thigh lesions related to fetal death during the late first to early second trimester. There are at least 44 reported cases of this disorder in the English literature. We discuss our case and review the literature.
The inelastic collision model: II. Second-order perturbation theory

Abstract The influence on the low-energy electron diffraction intensities from cubic lattices of inelastic-collision damping of the elastic wave field is evaluated using a propagator formulation of the inelastic collision model. Several semiphenomenological forms are used for the one-electron propagators. The ion-cores in the lattice are considered to scatter electrons isotropically. The diffracted intensities are evaluated (analytically) using a second-order perturbation expansion of the equations for the scattering amplitude of the electrons from a layer of ion cores [the “double-diffraction” approximation]. Four separate effects of lattice geometry on the energy dependence of the beam intensities are isolated and classified. This classification permits the establishment of certain general relationships between lattice geometry and qualitative features of the energy dependence of the intensities. The consequences of two models of the ion-core scattering amplitudes are investigated in detail: one in which all the ion-cores are identical and one in which those in the top layer differ from those in the “bulk” lattice. Comparisons with experimental data on tungsten and aluminum indicate that one- and two-parameter models can describe adequately the qualitative features of these data. Strong electron scattering from the surface layer due to the low density of valence electrons in this layer is predicted to be an important ingredient in reproducing the experimentally observed magnitudes of the various types of maxima which occur in intensity versus energy profiles. The intensity profiles are sensitive functions of the direction of the incident beam, the energy dependence of the electron propagators, and the model used to describe the surface layer of ion-core scatterers. However, a limited amount of structural information about the target can be extracted from the positions (as opposed to the magnitudes) of maxima in the intensity profiles.
Abrupt self-switching in fused GaAs/InP vertical-cavity lasers

Summary form only given. GaAs/InP wafer fusion is a key technology in fabricating vertical-cavity lasers (VCLs) with long emission wavelength (1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m). The fusion joins highly reflective AlGaAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with InGaAsP/InP active regions. Fused VCLs show the best performance of any long-wavelength VCL with electrically pumped continuous-wave operation up to 71/spl deg/C (1.55 /spl mu/m). However, a number of questions remains concerning the nature of the fused junction, and its effect on performance and long-term reliability of the laser. In particular, the current-voltage (I-V) and light-current (L-I) curves often show abrupt self-switching. We present the first detailed analysis and physical explanation of this switching phenomenon.
Identification of an intracellular peptide segment involved in sodium channel inactivation

Antibodies directed against a conserved intracellular segment of the sodium channel alpha subunit slow the inactivation of sodium channels in rat muscle cells. Of four site-directed antibodies tested, only antibodies against the short intracellular segment between homologous transmembrane domains III and IV slowed inactivation, and their effects were blocked by the corresponding peptide antigen. No effects on the voltage dependence of sodium channel activation or of steady-state inactivation were observed, but the rate of onset of the antibody effect and the extent of slowing of inactivation were voltage-dependent. Antibody binding was more rapid at negative potentials, at which sodium channels are not inactivated; antibody-induced slowing of inactivation was greater during depolarizations to more positive membrane potentials. The peptide segment recognized by this antibody appears to participate directly in rapid sodium channel inactivation during large depolarizations and to undergo a conformational change that reduces its accessibility to antibodies as the channel inactivates.
Phosphorylation, calpain proteolysis and tubulin binding of recombinant human tau isoforms

Abstract In this study, the phosphorylation, calpain hydrolysis and tubulin binding of three recombinant human tau isoforms were examined. The three isoforms used in these studies were tau with three (T3) or four (T4) tandemly repeated tubulin binding domains located in the carboxy-terminal half of the molecule; and tau with four-tandem repeats and a 58-amino acid insert in the amino terminus (T4L). Both cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) and Ca 2+ / calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) readily phosphorylated the three human tau isoforms, although cAMP-PK phosphorylated them to a significantly greater extent than CaMKII. Phosphorylation of T3, T4 and T4L by cAMP-PK or CaMKII resulted in the slowed migration of the protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and a shift of the isoelectric variants to more acidic positions on two-dimensional non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis gels compared with controls. However, the phosphorylation-induced changes in the electrophoretic migration of the tau isoforms were unique for each kinase. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps and sequential phosphorylation experiments indicate that cAMP-PK phosphorylates sites in the human tau isoforms that are phosphorylated by CaMKII, as well as unique sites that are not phosphorylated by CaMKII. T3, T4 and T4L were hydrolyzed similarly by calpain; however, the calpain proteolysis of the recombinant tau isoforms was significantly faster than the proteolysis of human or bovine tau. Phosphorylation of the isoforms by either cAMP-PK or CaMKII did not alter the rate or extent of calpain proteolysis. Phosphorylation of T3, T4 and T4L by cAMP-PK decreased isoform-tubulin binding compared to controls, however only the results with T3 were statistically significant.
Docking by structural similarity at protein-protein interfaces.

Rapid accumulation of experimental data on protein-protein complexes drives the paradigm shift in protein docking from “traditional,” template free approaches to template based techniques. Homology docking algorithms based on sequence similarity between target and template complexes can account for up to 20% of known protein-protein interactions. When highly homologous templates for the target complex are not available, but the structure of the target monomers is known, docking by local structural alignment may provide an adequate solution. Such an algorithm was developed based on the structural comparison of monomers to cocrystallized interfaces. A library of the interfaces was generated from cocrystallized protein-protein complexes in PDB. The partial structure alignment algorithm was validated on the DOCKGROUND benchmark sets. The optimal performance of the partial (interface) structure alignment was achieved with the interface residues defined by 12 A distance across the interface. Overall, the partial structure alignment yielded more accurate models than the full structure alignment. Most templates identified by the partial structure alignment had low sequence identity to the target, which makes them hard to detect by sequence-based methods. The results indicate that the structure alignment techniques provide a much needed addition to the docking arsenal, with the combined structure alignment and template free docking success rate significantly surpassing that of the free docking alone. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Methodologies to decipher the cell secretome.

Abstract The cell secretome is a collection of proteins consisting of transmembrane proteins (TM) and proteins secreted by cells into the extracellular space. A significant portion (~ 13–20%) of the human proteome consists of secretory proteins. The secretory proteins play important roles in cell migration, cell signaling and communication. There is a plethora of methodologies available like Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), DNA microarrays, antibody arrays and bead-based arrays, mass spectrometry, RNA sequencing and yeast, bacterial and mammalian secretion traps to identify the cell secretomes. There are many advantages and disadvantages in using any of the above methods. This review aims to discuss the methodologies available along with their potential advantages and disadvantages to identify secretory proteins. This review is a part of a Special issue on The Secretome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
The motivation of the business manager

What factors would the owners of business firms—whether they are individual owners of corporate stockholders—take into account in selecting a business manager to produce the kind of company they are interested in having? This study shows, contrary to previous economic theories based on profit maximization, that depending on how closely the owners are involved with the firm, methods of compensation to a manager and his internal motivations are deciding factors in a firm's success.
Reliability of Subjective Circulation Time Determinations A Comparison Between Objective and Subjective Methods

When the fully objective dermofluorographic method of measurement of circulation time was compared with the subjective Decholin and saccharin methods, it was found that the values obtained with the subjective methods were often unreliable. The error was unpredictable in magnitude and occurrence, and was maximal in patients with failure.
Demodulation performance for MUOS user-to-base downlink receiver

In the DOD mobile-user objective system (MUOS), the U2B downlink feeds data representing 32 digitized WCDMA beam-carriers from the spacecraft to ground. To meet system requirements this link must be highly available. Link format and coding design have been performed to support these needs. Ground hardware development is well underway, and demodulation performance data is now available that provides confirmation of many aspects of the design. This paper presents the rationale for the predicted demodulation performance as well as the measured performance. Degradation due to transmitter phase noise has been a particular concern; therefore, this paper also includes predictions of expected degradation due to phase noise as well as measured BER performance with phase noise intentionally imparted onto the downlink test signal input to the U2B receiver.
A Comparison of Fish Kill Counting Procedures on a Small, Narrow Stream

Abstract Six teams tested recommended procedures for estimating fish kill magnitude during a simulated fish kill in a small east Texas stream. Dead fish were added to the stream and counted 16 h later using accepted guidelines for sampling and counting dead fish. Thirty-one percent of the 943 dead fish that were initially placed in the stream remained when teams counted fish. The highest estimate of dead fish included only 39% of the total number of dead fish added to the stream. Independent estimates were moderately variable (mean = 308, SD = 54) and accurate when compared with the number of carcasses remaining in the stream (N = 291) at the time of the investigation. Small individuals ( 35 cm TL) and more abundant species. Counts involving fewer fish resulted in a greater underestimation of fish killed than did counts of larger numbers of fish. Complete enumeration gave the most accurate es...
The efficacies of three relaxation regimens in the treatment of PTSD in Vietnam war veterans

Ninety male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were administered relaxation instructions, relaxation instruction with deep breathing exercises, or relaxation instructions with deep breathing training and thermal biofeedback. Improvement appeared on only 4 of the 21 PTSD and physiological dependent variables studied. All 21 Treatment X Time interactions were nonsignificant. This suggests that the treatments were mildly therapeutic, but that the additions of training in deep breathing and thermal biofeedback did not produce improvement beyond that associated with simple instructions to relax in a comfortable chair. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 53: 917–923, 1997
Fine-scale genetic structure and clinal variation in silene acaulis despite high gene flow

We investigated whether the distribution of genes reflects the patchy distribution of individuals of Silene acaulis on Pennsylvania Mountain in central Colorado. Five polymorphic protein loci were analysed using both F-statistics and spatial autocorrelation. Low θPOP (FST) indicated little genetic differentiation between populations ≈1 km apart. This indicates high gene flow within our study site, perhaps as a result of long-distance pollen dispersal. Despite little differentiation between populations, there was clinal variation at the 6-Pgd-1 locus and significant within-population genetic structure (indicated by both θPATCH and spatial autocorrelation). We infer that this fine-scale genetic structure is the result of limited seed dispersal combined with genetic drift. The level of genetic structure varied markedly among populations, with the greatest genetic structure (highest Moran's I and θPATCH values) in two low-altitude, small, low-density populations. Intensive sampling such as used in this study may reveal similar patterns of fine-scale genetic differentiation in other patchily distributed plant species, particularly those with limited seed dispersal.
Endotoxin Measurement: Aerosol Sampling and Application of a New Limulus Method

A new Limulus test was designed specifically for measuring endotoxin in environmental aerosols. The new Limulus method has a detection limit for airborne endotoxin of 2.2 pg (NP-1 activity)/m3 and can precisely quantitate aerosols containing 14 or more pg/m3 from samples representing 6.5 m3 of air. Aerosols in the range 100 to 500 pg/m3 were measured with 95% confidence of ±32% and an aerosol of 10 pg/m3 with 95% confidence of ±50%. Qualitative information about airborne endotoxin was also obtained from the assay. A wide variety of filter media were found to inactivate lipopolyusaccaride in solution. This implies that airborne endotoxin can be measured only relative to the conditions of a particular study and that comparison of endotoxin aerosol measurements made under different circumstances are invalid. The research and policy implications of this observation are discussed. The need for improved collection and extraction methods notwithstanding, it was proposed that a buffered, Parallel-line Limulus ass...
Electron attachment-induced DNA single-strand breaks at the pyrimidine sites

To elucidate the contribution of pyrimidine in DNA strand breaks caused by low-energy electrons (LEEs), theoretical investigations of the LEE attachment-induced C(3')-O(3'), and C(5')-O(5') σ bond as well as N-glycosidic bond breaking of 2'-deoxycytidine-3',5'-diphosphate and 2'-deoxythymidine-3',5'-diphosphate were performed using the B3LYP/DZP++ approach. The base-centered radical anions are electronically stable enough to assure that either the C-O or glycosidic bond breaking processes might compete with the electron detachment and yield corresponding radical fragments and anions. In the gas phase, the computed glycosidic bond breaking activation energy (24.1 kcal/mol) excludes the base release pathway. The low-energy barrier for the C(3')-O(3') σ bond cleavage process (∼6.0 kcal/mol for both cytidine and thymidine) suggests that this reaction pathway is the most favorable one as compared to other possible pathways. On the other hand, the relatively low activation energy barrier (∼14 kcal/mol) for the C(5')-O(5') σ bond cleavage process indicates that this bond breaking pathway could be possible, especially when the incident electrons have relatively high energy (a few electronvolts). The presence of the polarizable medium greatly increases the activation energies of either C-O σ bond cleavage processes or the N-glycosidic bond breaking process. The only possible pathway that dominates the LEE-induced DNA single strands in the presence of the polarizable surroundings (such as in an aqueous solution) is the C(3')-O(3') σ bond cleavage (the relatively low activation energy barrier, ∼13.4 kcal/mol, has been predicted through a polarizable continuum model investigation). The qualitative agreement between the ratio for the bond breaks of C(5')-O(5'), C(3')-O(3') and N-glycosidic bonds observed in the experiment of oligonucleotide tetramer CGAT and the theoretical sequence of the bond breaking reaction pathways have been found. This consistency between the theoretical predictions and the experimental observations provides strong supportive evidences for the base-centered radical anion mechanism of the LEE-induced single-strand bond breaking around the pyrimidine sites of the DNA single strands.
The use of satellite infrared imagery in the oceanographic study of the chukchi Sea

Oceanographic measurements in the Chukchi Sea during the past four years have shown large variations in temperature and salinity distributions. These variations can be attributed to seasonal differences and to the measurements' proximity to the marginal ice zone. The major seasonal change is a summer intrusion of water through Bering Strait--one that is sometimes concentrated along the coast of Alaska, and at other times is spread all across the Chukchi Sea in a 10-meter thick surface layer. Infrared imagery from a NOAA satellite has recently been used to measure surface temperatures for the entire area. With this technique, the intruding water (8 to 10\deg C) and the existing winter water (-2 to 0\deg C) are easily differentiated, even after considerable mixing. The combination of such satellite information with oceanographic cruise data provides a valuable method for studying the pattern of water movement in the Arctic.
Predicting case volume from the accumulating elective operating room schedule facilitates staffing improvements.

Background Precise estimates of final operating room demand can only be made 1 or 2 days before the day of surgery, when it is harder to adjust staffing to match demand. The authors hypothesized that the accumulating elective schedule contains useful information for predicting final case demand sufficiently in advance to readily adjust staffing. Methods The accumulated number of cases booked was recorded daily, from which a usable dataset comprising 146 consecutive surgical days (October 10, 2011 to May 7, 2012, after removing weekends and holidays), and each with 30 prior calendar days of booking history, was extracted. Case volume prediction was developed by extrapolation from estimates of the fraction of total cases booked each of the 30 preceding days, and averaging these with linear regression models, one for each of the 30 preceding days. Predictions were verified by comparison with actual volume. Results The elective surgery schedule accumulated approximately three cases per day, settling at a mean ± SD final daily volume of 117 ± 12 cases. The model predicted final case counts within 8.27 cases as far in advance as 14 days before the day of surgery. In the last 7 days before the day of surgery, the model predicted the case count within seven cases 80% of the time. The model was replicated at another smaller hospital, with similar results. Conclusions The developing elective schedule predicts final case volume weeks in advance. After implementation, overly high- or low-volume days are revealed in advance, allowing nursing, ancillary service, and anesthesia managers to proactively fine-tune staffing up or down to match demand.
Subclinical hypothyroidism in children.

Need and purpose of review Subclinical hypothyroidism is a biochemical diagnosis characterized by raised thyroid stimulating hormone and normal free T4, without clinical features of hypothyroidism. This review analyzes the current evidence to arrive at a consensus and algorithm to manage this condition.
The Importance of Auditing Topics to Chinese Auditors

This paper describes the recent history of auditing in China and reports on a survey of Chinese auditors and accounting academics on the importance of a number of auditing topics. We find that Chinese auditors are concerned about their professional responsibilities and legal liabilities, probably resulting from the recent instances of the imposition of severe penalties for breaking the law. We also find that Chinese auditors appear to be more concerned with what we might refer to as the traditional financial audit approach, and are not yet at the stage of using a risk-based audit approach.
Directed synthesis of silica nanoparticles on micropatterned hydrogel templates tethered with poly(ethyleneimine)

Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) was covalently grafted to hydrogel films of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) (PHEMA-co-PAA) to direct the growth of silica nanoparticles from a sol−gel reaction at room temperature and pH 5. The deposition was found to be site-specific, and the thickness and morphology of the SiO2 nanoparticles was controlled by PEI molecular weight and exposure time to Si(OH)4. Our results suggest that PEI attacked the ethyl ester groups on PHEMA, resulting in complete penetration of PEI chains and deposition of silica nanoparticles throughout the film. After pyrolysis at 500 °C, a faithful SiO2 replica of the patterned polymer template was obtained. We believe that the synthetic route described here can be extended to the synthesis and patterning of a wide range of inorganic oxides, including TiO2, ZnO, and V2O5 with controlled hierarchical organization.
Sequential Digital Processing for Adaptive Nulling Antennas

Sequential digital processing in an adaptive system permits the use of common hardware elements and high speed pipeline configurations. These architectures are advantageous for applications where prime power, weight, volume and hardware complexity are to be minimized. This paper discusses a phased array adaptive antenna, where sequential digital processing is used instead of the conventional sampled control Applebaum algorithm. The sequential algorithm converges to a stable solution for a sample rate smaller than that required for the conventional approach. If a common digital processor is used, the number of operations during the sample interval is considerably reduced, however, the adaptation settling time is proportionally increased.
Micromechanics Fatigue Damage Analysis Modeling for Fabric Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites

A micromechanics analysis modeling method was developed to analyze the damage progression and fatigue failure of fabric reinforced composite structures, especially for the brittle ceramic matrix material composites. A repeating unit cell concept of fabric reinforced composites was used to represent the global composite structure. The thermal and mechanical properties of the repeating unit cell were considered as the same as those of the global composite structure. The three-phase micromechanics, the shear-lag, and the continuum fracture mechanics models were integrated with a statistical model in the repeating unit cell to predict the progressive damages and fatigue life of the composite structures. The global structure failure was defined as the loss of loading capability of the repeating unit cell, which depends on the stiffness reduction due to material slice failures and nonlinear material properties in the repeating unit cell. The present methodology is demonstrated with the analysis results evaluated through the experimental test performed with carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix plain weave composite specimens.
A Content Analysis of Phonological Awareness and Phonics in Commonly Used Head Start Curricula

Commonly used early childhood curricula were examined to consider the degree to which they support research-based instruction for phonological awareness (PA) and phonics. A content analysis was completed for two types of curricula widely used in Head Start: overarching general curricula and lesson-based curricula, which usually provide more explicit teaching instructions. Both types of curriculum demonstrated the same pattern of findings; while all curricula included some content aligned with standards, programs differed greatly in the number of objectives and instructional strategies included for PA and phonics instruction. Overall, curricula were most likely to address earlier developing PA skills (e.g., rhyming, alliteration) with more limited attention to advanced skills that are closely linked with reading development (e.g., segmenting and blending of phonemes). Phonics instruction was not included often in any of the curricula studied, and opportunities for individualizing instruction were rare, particularly for children with special needs. Results suggest that instructional recommendations for PA and phonics in most of these commonly-used Head Start curricula, even those curricula which typically provide more explicit instruction for teachers, do not align with the instruction provided in effective intervention studies, and therefore may not be powerful enough to influence children’s reading trajectories.
Histological techniques for the study of the biomaterial‐tissue interface of total joint replacements — a modification for the preservation of bone cement

The methods usually employed for the histological processing of orthopaedic specimens of cemented joint arthroplasties involve treatment with methacrylate monomer and organic solvents which dissolve the polymethylmethacrylate cement. This may distort the intimate relationship of the cell layers along the surface of the interface between the bone and the cemented implant. The authors report on a technique for the processing and embedding of cemented orthopaedic implants which permits preservation of the polymethylmethacrylate cement. The method utilizes a modification of Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin and avoids the use of solvents such as acetone. Undecalcified sections of cemented joint replacements from animal studies and human specimens have been prepared using this method. It is possible to use these sections for detailed histomorphologic and histomorphometric analysis of bone tissue and of the soft tissue membrane adjacent to the polymethylmethacrylate cement.
Mineral Evolution: Mineralogy in the Fourth Dimension

Mineral evolution, which frames mineralogy in a historical context, is based on the premise that the geosphere and biosphere have coevolved through a sequence of deterministic and stochastic events. Three eras of mineral evolution—planetary accretion, crust and mantle reworking, and biologically mediated mineralogy—each saw dramatic changes in the diversity and distribution of Earth's near-surface minerals. An important implication of this model is that different terrestrial planets and moons achieve different stages of mineral evolution, depending on the geological, petrological, and biological evolution of the body.
Nonlinear polarizability and plasmon resonances in terahertz photoconductivity

The nonlinear polarization of an electron plasma in an incident terahertz (THz) field is examined in an iterated shielded potential approximation. It is found to exhibit resonant behavior when the incident terahertz frequency matches the plasma frequency, with concomitant resonant increase of the dielectric function. Such resonant behavior substantially reduces the effectiveness of the screened impurity scattering potentials, admitting resonant increase of conduction when the THz frequency matches the plasma frequency.
Empirically derived guidelines for assessing the psychosocial needs of children and adolescents with sickle cell.

Abstract This paper introduces an empirically derived psychosocial assessment form that may facilitate the incorporation of the growing body of research on sickle cell into the psychosocial assessment process. The psychosocial assessment form was guided by two theoretical models that explain the variability in adjustment among children and adolescents with sickle cell-the Disability-Stress-Coping Model (Wallender, Varni, Babani, Banis, & Wilcox, 1989) and the Transactional Stress and Coping Model (Thompson. Gustafson, George Spock, 1994). The Psychosocial Assessment Form consists of two sections. The first section includes primary indicators of adjustment such as internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, school performance, and difficulties in social relationships. The second section lists secondary indicators of adjustment including intrapersonal factors, stress processing factors, and social ecological factors. The literature that guided this form is also reviewed.
Change-Point Problems: Bibliography and Review

Five types of change-point problems concerning change in mean, variance, slope, hazard rate, and space-time distribution are briefly reviewed and a list of comprehensive bibliography is provided. Directions for future studies are discussed.
Functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of Nipah virus

Nipah virus (NV) and Hendra virus (HV) are recently emergent, related viruses that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the immunogenic and functional properties of the fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins of NV. Vaccination of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing either the F (rVV/NV-F) or G (rVV/NV-G) proteins of NV induced neutralizing antibody responses to NV, with higher titers produced after vaccination with rVV/NV-G. When the homologous pairs of F and G proteins from either HV or NV were coexpressed in a transient expression system, fusion was detected in less than 12 h. An equivalent amount of fusion was observed when the heterologous pairs of F and G proteins from HV and NV were coexpressed. Membrane fusion was inhibited by antiserum from mice vaccinated with rVV/NV-G and rVV/NV-F. Therefore, as with other paramyxoviruses, the membrane glycoproteins of NV are the targets of neutralizing antibodies and membrane fusion mediated by NV requires the presence of both the F and the G proteins. Data from these biological assays support the taxonomic grouping of both HV and NV in the new genus, Henipavirus, within the family Paramyxoviridae.
Seebeck Coefficient at the Curie Temperature: Specific Heat of Charge Carriers in Ferromagnets

The Seebeck coefficient can be related to the specific heat of the charge carriers. Experiments on the itinerant ferromagnet nickel show that the specific heat determined from the Seebeck effect agrees closely with that determined from conventional specific-heat measurements.
Capillary electrophoresis: separation and quantitation of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction products from polio virus

In the present study reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were generated from the RNA of polio virus. The products of the RT-PCR were analyzed by slab-gel electrophoresis (SGE) on 4% agarose gels, and capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE separations were performed in a coated capillary containing a linear polyacrylamide. Samples were injected hydrodynamically or electrokinetically. Detection of the RT-PCR products on CE was by UV absorbance at (254 nm) or by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). While SGE resulted in adequate separation of 163 and 97 base pair RT-PCR products, separation of the 97, 71 and 53 base pair products was minimal. CE separations showed baseline resolution for all the above PCR products. Finally, it was possible to quantitate the amount of RT-PCR product by developing a standard curve showing a linear relationship between the amount of RNA used in the RT-PCR and the amount of product formed in the RT-PCR. These results suggest the greater resolution and enhanced sensitivity observed, together with the ease of quantitation, make CE a powerful alternative to SGE for the separation and quantitation of PCR products.
Learning from young adolescent television viewers

Within cultural studies and social constructivist frameworks, this paper argues that media scholars and educators in the United States need to acknowledge what young people already know about mass media, and to learn more about young people's lives. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in a diverse New York City middle school, young adolescents’ comments about the television they watch everyday is examined using media education standards established by the British Film Institute (BFI). These young people demonstrated a nascent awareness of the constructed and commercial nature of television as categorized by the BFI standards, which provides a baseline for building their critical understandings. The television comments of the young people are also analyzed in relation to the realities of their lives, making links between their informal media knowledge and their sense of possibilities. Such strategies can further the theories and practices of media studies and media education.
Annulation of 2-formyl-2-cyclohexenones by reaction with enamines

Abstract 3-Methyl-2-pyrrolidino-1-butene reacts with a series of 2-formyl-2-cyclohexen-ones to give mixtures of 7,7-dimethyl-Δ8-octalin-1,6-diones and 7,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxy- trans -decalin-1,6-diones which are dehydrated by TFA to afford the octalindiones in overall yields of 80% or better; annulation is >95% diastereoselective with 4-monosubstituted formyl enones.
Nutritional requirements for the realization of regulative (repair) capacities of young chick blastoderms

Studies of the regulative (repair) capacities of young chick blastoderms in ovo and explanted in vitro on culture media varying in their growth promoting properties clearly indicate that these capacities are realized fully only under the most optimal nutrient conditions. Thus the ability of an explanted part of a young blastoderm to form a bilaterally symmetrical embryo body depends not only on the region of the blastoderm isolated, on its intrinsic growth potentiality and on its size (cell number) but also on the growth promoting properties of the culture medium. Realization of regulative potentiality goes hand-in-hand with realization of growth (or other synthetic) potentiality.
Rectal balloon catheters and the barium enema examination

Inflation of a rectal balloon during the barium enema examination has the potential for obscuring rectal lesions or causing rectal injury. The purpose of this communication is to emphasize a rationale for the radiologist that minimizes the use of rectal balloons and reduces the risk of rectal injury when inflation of a rectal balloon is necessary.
New Challenges for Biomedical Research Utilizing Human Biological Materials

After much anticipation, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) recently released its report and recommendations on research involving human biological materials. 1 The NBAC is the latest in a series of commissions and committees that have been convened by Congress or the federal government to address ethical concerns about the practice of biomedical research, usually following dramatic scientific and medical advances or scandals concerning abuses of human subjects involved in research. In the case of the NBAC, which was established by Executive Order 12975, signed by President Clinton in 1995, the immediate precipitating cause was a scandal that came to light involving the irradiation of patients in the 1950s without their knowledge or informed consent.
Effects of epinephrine on the renal vascular bed of fetal, newborn, and adult sheep.

ABSTRACT: The renal hemodynamic response to renal artery infusions of epinephrine were compared in conscious and chronically instrumented fetal (125–139 days gestation; term 145 days), newborn (5–13 days postnatal), and nonpregnant adult sheep. Epinephrine produced similar dose related decreases in renal blood flow velocity in all three groups. The mean estimated concentration of epinephrine in renal blood producing a 50% decrease in renal blood flow velocity, ED50, was 0.008 jug/ml. Epinephrine infusions during renal α-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine produced increases in renal blood flow velocity that were of greater magnitude in fetal compared to newborn and adult sheep. The maximal increase in renal blood flow velocity observed were 57 ± 11%, 22 ± 3%, and 18 ± 3% in fetal, newborn, and adult sheep, respectively (p < 0.001). This vasodilation produced by epinephrine during a-adrenoceptor blockade was completely inhibited by ICI 118, 551, a β2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Inhibition of renal vascular β-adrenoceptors with propranolol in fetal sheep did not enhance α-adrenoceptor-mediated renal vasoconstriction with epinephrine infusions. Results of the present study demonstrate similar renal vasoconstrictor responses to renal artery infusion of epinephrine in fetal, newborn, and adult sheep. In contrast, the renal vasodilator responses observed with epinephrine infusions during renal a-adrenoceptor blockade were greater in fetal compared to newborn and adult sheep. However, epinephrine-mediated renal vasoconstriction was not enhanced by blockade of β-adrenoceptors in fetal sheep.
WITHDRAWN: Reduction of Kink Instabilities in Wire Arrays Z-pinches

Available online 6 February 2010. The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, doi: . The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
Local Phenomena in Oxides by Advanced Scanning Probe Microscopy

In the last two decades, scanning probe microscopies (SPMs) have become the primary tool for addressing structure and electronic, mechanical, optical, and transport phenomena on the nanometer and atomic scales. Here, we summarize basic principles of SPM as applied for oxide materials characterization and present recent advances in high-resolution imaging and local property measurements. The use of advanced SPM techniques for solutions of material related problems is illustrated on the examples of grain boundary transport in polycrystalline oxides and ferroelectric domain imaging and manipulation. Future prospects for SPM applications in materials science are discussed.
Development and Vulnerability Factors in Adolescent Alcohol Use

This article provides an overview of the characteristics of adolescent alcohol use, normative and subgroup variations in drinking behavior, and the important factors associated with an increased risk for developing alcohol problems in later adolescence and young adulthood. Parental or family histories of alcoholism, temperament traits, conduct problems, cognitive functioning, alcohol expectancies, and peer and other social relations are identified as factors influencing an adolescent's susceptibility for initiating a variety of alcohol use behaviors. The deviance prone model, proposed by Sher in 1991, is presented as an important tool for testing possible relationships among the various risk factors and their sequencing that leads to early adolescent alcohol use and drug initiation. It is also possible to extend the model to allow for an examination of the complex interplay of risk factors that lead to the development of alcohol use problems in late adolescence and young adults.