cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibodies of predetermined specificity in biology and medicine.

The diversity and exquisite specificity of antibodies has captured the imagination of scientists since the time of Ehrlich. And since it is possible to make use of the vast immunological repertoire to make antibodies specific for virtually any protein it might have been reasonable to ask, waht more does one want? As is usually true in science, we are learning that there is indeed much, much more. The first new major advance was the development by Kohler and Milstein [1] of the hybridoma a technology. This development allowed the purification of individual specificities from the set of responses that an animal makes upon being presented with a collection of epitopes in one or even a mixture of molecules. Thus in one elegant stroke we were capable of having unlimited quantities of antibodies reactive with a single epitope. But, what epitope? It turns out that even with monoclonal antibodies this is a difficult question to answer and one which can only be approached by an often complex protocol of biochemical or genetic experiments. The basic problem, of course, is that the inducing immunogen is complex and the sorting out of specificities is a retrospective exercise.
Solid-Solution CrCoCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy Thin Films Synthesized by Sputter Deposition

The concept of high configurational entropy requires that the high-entropy alloys (HEAs) yield single-phase solid solutions. However, phase separations are quite common in bulk HEAs. A five-element alloy, CrCoCuFeNi, was deposited via radio frequency magnetron sputtering and confirmed to be a single-phase solid solution through the high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of the solid-solution phase is presumed to be due to the high cooling rate of the sputter-deposition process.
Equation-free modeling unravels the behavior of complex ecological systems

Ye et al. (1) address a critical problem confronting the management of natural ecosystems: How can we make forecasts of possible future changes in populations to help guide management actions? This problem is especially acute for marine and anadromous fisheries, where the large interannual fluctuations of populations, arising from complex nonlinear interactions among species and with varying environmental factors, have defied prediction over even short time scales. The empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) described in Ye et al.’s report, the latest in a series of papers by Sugihara and his colleagues, offers a promising quantitative approach to building models using time series to successfully project dynamics into the future.
Transarterial ductal occlusion using the Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder in 40 dogs.

Abstract Objectives Describe the result of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion using the Amplatz ® Canine Duct Occluder (ACDO) in 40 dogs. Animals, material and methods Records of the first 41 dogs at Texas AM angiography was not recorded in one dog. The following day transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography documented complete occlusion in all 40 dogs. One dog required a larger device than could be deployed through the largest sheath accommodated by the femoral artery and the PDA was subsequently closed by surgical ligation. Conclusions Ductal occlusion using an ACDO has a high rate of initial and 24-h complete occlusion. Ductal occlusion using an ACDO is a safe and efficacious therapy for PDA in dogs. This report confirms the positive clinical outcome of the original report in a large cohort of dogs.
Methods of Preserving Symmetry in Model Updating

This work examines the model updating technique for both conservative and nonproportionally damped systems. In model updating, also referred to as model correction, the analytical model is updated until it agrees with the experimental data available. In this paper it is assumed that the measured modal data, i.e., natural frequencies and in some instances mode shapes, disagrees in part with the modal parameter predicted by the analytical model. Many model updating schemes tend to produce nonsymmetric updated stiffness (and damping) matrices. The methods presented here focus on retaining the desired symmetry in the updated model.
Bayesian modeling of flexible cognitive control.

“Cognitive control” describes endogenous guidance of behavior in situations where routine stimulus-response associations are suboptimal for achieving a desired goal. The computational and neural mechanisms underlying this capacity remain poorly understood. We examine recent advances stemming from the application of a Bayesian learner perspective that provides optimal prediction for control processes. In reviewing the application of Bayesian models to cognitive control, we note that an important limitation in current models is a lack of a plausible mechanism for the flexible adjustment of control over conflict levels changing at varying temporal scales. We then show that flexible cognitive control can be achieved by a Bayesian model with a volatility-driven learning mechanism that modulates dynamically the relative dependence on recent and remote experiences in its prediction of future control demand. We conclude that the emergent Bayesian perspective on computational mechanisms of cognitive control holds considerable promise, especially if future studies can identify neural substrates of the variables encoded by these models, and determine the nature (Bayesian or otherwise) of their neural implementation.
Improvement in recovery of embryos/ova using a shallow uterine horn flushing technique in superovulated Holstein heifers.

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1). to compare recovery of embryos/ova from superovulated Holstein heifers by flushing the uterine horns through insertion of the catheter very close to the tip of the horn (deep) or just after the uterine bifurcation (shallow) and (2). to evaluate the hormonal and superovulatory response to estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment prior to superovulation. Ten Holstein heifers (12-16 months) underwent two superovulatory treatments in a cross-over design. Heifers were treated with decreasing doses of FSH from Days 8 to 12.5 of a synchronized estrous cycle. At 4 days prior to superovulation, half of the heifers received EB (5mg, i.m.) or served as Controls, followed by the alternative treatment in the subsequent superovulation. At embryo recovery, one uterine horn was flushed with deep ( approximately 7 cm caudal to the tip of the horn) and the other with shallow ( approximately 5 cm cranial to the beginning of the uterine bifurcation) flushing techniques. Embryos/ova were recovered, counted, and scored. Number of ovulations was estimated by ultrasound. Pretreatment with EB reduced circulating FSH and regressed the first wave dominant follicle with no change in number of large follicles, number of ovulations, number of embryos/ova recovered, or number of transferable embryos. The shallow flushing technique was superior to the deep technique for number of embryos/ova recovered per horn (5.4+/-1.1 versus 3.9+/-0.8) or percentage of embryos/ova recovered per CL (63.9+/-8.6% versus 37.4+/-6.5%). Thus, flushing the entire uterine horn increased recovery of embryos/ova.
Is macrophage-induced microthrombosis during endotoxemia dependent on prostaglandin synthesis?

Abstract Steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), in addition to inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, have recently been shown to block production of procoagulant activity (PCA) by alveolar macrophages (A-MΦ). This inhibition may ameliorate one deleterious effect of endotoxin (LPS), since LPS-induced PCA may contribute to the diffuse microvascular thrombosis (DIC) and subsequent organ failure seen in endotoxemia. However, the results of treatment of endotoxemia with steroids of NSAID are variable or short-lived. To help elucidate the basis for these results, the effect of these agents on production of PCA by another MΦ population, the hepatic MΦ (H-MΦ PCA is functionally discrete from A-MΦ PCA) was evaluated. Four agents, (hydrocortisone, indomethacin, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)), used to both block production of prostaglandins and ameliorate the deleterious effects of LPS in vivo were tested on the production of rabbit MΦ PCA in vitro in homogeneous cultures. PCA was measured by a standardized one-step coagulation assay. Treatment with LPS (1 to 10 g/ml) produced maximal stimulation of PCA production with a peak at 8 hr with PCA levels 20- to 30+-fold higher than controls. The effect of pretreatment ( T −10 min) of MΦ cultures with the various inhibitors on PCA production at 8 hr post-LPS was evaluated, ( N = 6 to 10 experiments). The results demonstrate that (1) steroids inhibit production of PCA by both A-MΦ and H-MΦ (>90%); however, (2) NSAID, while inhibiting A-MΦ PCA (65–90%), only minimally inhibit the production of H-MΦ PCA (30–34%). This differential effect on these discrete MΦ populations may partially explain the erratic results of treatment of endotoxemia with these agents.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and smoking trajectories: race and gender differences.

Abstract Purpose This study examined the influence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms severity and directionality (hyperactive-impulsive symptoms relative to inattentive symptoms) on trajectories of the probability of current (past month) smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked from age 13 to 32. Racial and gender differences in the relationship of ADHD symptoms and smoking trajectories were also assessed. Methods A subsample of 9719 youth (54.5% female) was drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Cohort sequential design and zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) latent growth modeling were used to estimate the relationship between ADHD directionality and severity on smoking development. Results ADHD severity's effect on the likelihood of ever smoking cigarettes at the intercept (age 13) had a greater impact on White males than other groups. ADHD severity also had a stronger influence on the initial number of cigarettes smoked at age 13 among Hispanic participants. The relationships between ADHD directionality (hyperactive-impulsive symptoms relative to inattentive symptoms) and a higher number of cigarettes smoked at the intercept were stronger among Hispanic males than others. Gender differences manifested only among Whites. Conclusion ADHD severity and directionality had unique effects on smoking trajectories. Our results also highlight that the risk of ADHD symptoms may differ by race and gender.
Use of the Microscope in Endodontics: Results of a Questionnaire

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of operating microscope (OM) utilization among endodontists in the United States. The study also investigated how OM use has changed since a similar study was published nearly a decade ago. A web-based survey regarding OM usage was e-mailed to 2340 active members of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) in the United States. Data from 1091 questionnaires indicated that 90% of the endodontists surveyed have access to and use the OM in their practice. The frequency of use as a function of years since completing endodontic training was as follows: 21 years, 78%. Previous studies found that shorter operators needed to adopt a strained position to view mandibular molars. Our results indicated with strong correlation (r = 0.90) that shorter endodontists used the microscope more often than taller endodontists. The OM was used most frequently for root-end inspection, locating canal orifices, and root-end filling, respectively. Of the practitioners who used the OM, 59% used it without limitation, 86% used it equally between the maxillary and mandibular arch, and 84% used it as often as anticipated. The most common limitations to OM use were positional difficulty, limited field of view, and inconvenience, respectfully. The use of the OM by endodontists increased from 52% in 1999 to 90% in 2007.
Hypothetical roles of middle ear muscles in the guinea-pig

The attenuation of incoming sounds induced by acoustic reflex triggering was evaluated from the cochlear microphonic response to test tones in 45 awake guinea-pigs. Although control electromyographic measurements proved that the stapedius muscle was contracting, neither impedance changes nor attenuation induced by contralateral reflex-eliciting sounds were detectable in 30 cases out of 45. For ipsi- and bilateral stimulations, an attenuation was detectable for 7 guinea-pigs out of 10. In the guinea-pigs for which a reflex-induced change was found on CM, the mean attenuation was weak i.e. of the order of 2 dB at 20 dB above reflex threshold. These results were quite different from those obtained during control experiments in the rabbit for which CM attenuation was much larger. However, large attenuations associated with middle ear muscle contractions were found in the guinea-pig in other circumstances, i.e. during self-vocalization or when spontaneous muscle contractions occurred during anaesthesia. It is concluded that middle ear muscles can have several different functions, and that even when it exists, attenuation of loud sounds might not be their primary role.
Marketing norms: The influence of personal moral philosophies and organizational ethical culture

This study develops a scale, using the American Marketing Association’s code of ethics, to measure the marketing-related norms of marketing practitioners. The scale has five dimensions: 1) price and distribution, 2) information and contracts, 3) product and promotion, 4) obligation and disclosure, and 5) general honesty and integrity. The relative influence of personal moral philosophies and organizational ethical climate on the norms of marketers was also examined in this study.
Predicted new low energy forms of carbon.

We have used a first-principles molecular-dynamics technique to find the relaxed atomic geometries and the corresponding electronic structures of three of the simplest novel forms of three-coordinated solid carbon. We compare the energies of these structures to those of graphite and of the icosahedral fullerene ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. All of these forms of carbon contain only one kind of carbon atom. One of these, which we name polybenzene, is found to have a substantially lower energy per atom (0.23 eV) than ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, yet contains only 24 atoms per unit cell.
Effect of Sublethal and Lethal Temperature on Plant Cells

Soybean, Glycine max L., and elodea, Elodea canadensis Michx, leaves were exposed to sublethal and lethal temperatures and examined by light microscopy. Loss of chlorophyll and swollen chloroplasts were observed in cells of elodea leaves exposed to sublethal temperatures. At the thermal death point of leaf cells of elodea and soybean, there was a disorganization of the tonoplast membrane, plasmalemma, and chloroplast membranes. Approximately 40% of the cells in elodea and 50% of the cells in soybean leaves exhibited oriteria of cell death when exposed to a temperature which induced necrotic leaf tissue. Plasmolysis of leaf cells of elodea and soybean occurred at lethal temperatures, but did not appear to be the primary cause of cellular death. The primary effect of lethal temperatures on the leaf cells used in these experiments is disintegration of the cellular membranes.Following exposure of attached elodea leaves to lethal temperatures, changes in leaf cells were periodically observed with a light microscope. In low temperature treatments, (43 through 52 degrees ), the percentages of cells exhibiting criteria of death 12 days after treatment did not change from the percentages determined immediately after treatment. All treatments above 52 degrees resulted in 40% or more of the cells exhibiting criteria of cell death immediately after treatment. In these treatments, this resulted in all cells exhibiting criteria of death on the fourth day after treatment.
Estrogen regulation of neurotrophin expression in sympathetic neurons and vascular targets

Abstract We hypothesize that estrogen exerts a modulatory effect on sympathetic neurons to reduce neural cardiovascular tone and that these effects are modulated by nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that regulates sympathetic neuron survival and maintenance. We examined the effects of estrogen on NGF and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein content in specific vascular targets. Ovariectomized, adult Sprague–Dawley rats were implanted with placebo or 17β-estradiol (release rate, 0.05 mg/day). Fourteen days later, NGF levels in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and its targets, the heart, external carotid artery, and the extracerebral blood vessels, as well as estrogen receptor α (ERα) content levels in the heart, were determined using semi-quantitative Western blot analysis. TH levels in the SCG and extracerebral blood vessels were determined by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Circulating levels of 17β-estradiol and prolactin (PRL) were quantified by RIA. Estrogen replacement significantly decreased NGF protein in the SCG and its targets, the external carotid artery, heart and extracerebral blood vessels. TH protein associated with the extracerebral blood vessels was also significantly decreased, but ERα levels were significantly increased in the heart following estrogen replacement. These results indicate that estrogen reduces NGF protein content in sympathetic vascular targets, which may lead to decreased sympathetic innervations to these targets, and therefore reduced sympathetic regulation. In addition, the estrogen-induced increase in ERα levels in the heart, a target tissue of the SCG, suggests that estrogen may sensitize the heart to further estrogen modulation, and possibly increase vasodilation of the coronary vasculature.
Reciprocity, Communion, and Sacrifice: Food in Andean Ritual and Social Life

In highland Ecuador, food is a marker of identity on various levels, representing gender, social relationships, and ethnicity. In this article I explore the multiple qualities of food as a nutrient that strengthens and empowers the body, as a medium of exchange in social relationships, and as a symbol that can be manipulated in ritual contexts. I focus on food symbolism among the Salasacan people of the Ecuadorian Andes by analyzing the meanings of food and gender, and the use of food in different contexts including collective rituals for the Day of the Dead, funerals, and festivals. During different historical periods, and in various sociopolitical contexts, certain foods have come to represent indigenous Andean identity in contrast to White/Mestizo identity. I show that in Salasaca food provides strength to individual bodies as well as the collective social body, which is tied to ethnic identity and associated with a unique heritage.
Nonmonotonic Variations in Deposition Rate Coefficients of Microspheres in Porous Media under Unfavorable Deposition Conditions

The transport of carboxylate-modified polystyrene latex microspheres was examined in packed quartz sand under a variety of environmentally relevant ionic strength and flow conditions. The retained concentrations of microspheres in the sediment increased first, and then decreased with transport distance, indicating that the deposition rate coefficient changed nonmonotonically over the transport distance. This finding demonstrates the ubiquity of spatial variation in deposition rate coefficients under unfavorable deposition conditions, and in addition indicates that the previously recognized monotonic decrease with transport distance is not the sole form of spatial variations in deposition rate coefficients. In contrast, the deposition rate coefficients of similarly sized microspheres with different surface group densities were shown to decrease monotonically with transport distance in the same porous media, indicating that the form of spatial variation in deposition rate coefficient is highly sensitive to system conditions. The ubiquity and sensitivity of the spatial variation of deposition rate coefficients indicate that current practices that utilize log-linear extrapolation of discreet measurements of colloid attenuation to determine colloid removal with distance from source are not valid (for both biological and nonbiological colloids). The retained colloid profiles hold the promise to reveal processes governing colloid deposition under unfavorable conditions that are yet to be identified.
Moralist, technician, sophist, teacher/learner: reflections on the ethicist in the clinical setting.

The ethicist's role in the clinical context is not presently well defined. Ethicists can be thought of as moralists, technicians, Sophists, or as teachers and learners. Each of these roles is examined in turn. An argument is made for the ethicist as a teacher who must also learn a great deal about the clinical setting in order to encourage an effective critical examination of basic values. Four specific tasks of this teaching role are discussed: describing moral experience, eliciting assumptions, considering multiple alternatives and justifying choices.
Designing Collaborative Activities to Promote Understanding and Problem-Solving

There are a vast number of studies that examine narrowly focused aspects of collaborative activities. However, rare is the research that synthesizes the findings of these studies and suggests an overall picture of well-designed collaborative activities. Toward this end, this manuscript discusses the characteristics of collaboration related to communication, structure, group composition, and grounding. The design of a collaborative activity should allow for certain types of conversations, feedback, and questions. The structure of a collaborative activity should consider tasks, scripts, and roles. Group size and ability grouping are flexible based on the analyses conducted at the beginning of the design process. The social space should afford grounding by not only allowing for social interaction, but also by stimulating such interaction.
Ion-pair chromatography of selected nucleosides, bases and other low-molecular-weight ultraviolet absorbing compounds

Chromatographic conditions used in the profiling of nucleosides and bases in physiological fluids by ion-pair chromatography were investigated. The parameters examined included type, concentration and size of counter-ion, pH of the mobile phase, temperature, percent organic modifier in the mobile phase and the alkyl chain length of the stationary phase. The compounds studied were creatinine, hypoxanthine, orotidine, l-tyrosine, uracil, uric acid, uridine monophosphate and xanthine. It was found that the quaternary amines were better pairing agents than the sulfonic acids for varying the retention of these compounds and improving the resolution of the chromatogram over the first several minutes. The optimum set of conditions for retention was a mobile phase of 1 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate in 20 mM phosphate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.7, at a temperature 40° C and with a C8 stationary phase. Under these conditions the first segment of the chromatogram of plasma samples was simplified because the retention time of uric acid was increased; thus, it is now possible to determine the compounds present in the first part of the chromatogram which are normally masked by the uric acid peak. Conditions are also presented for the improved separation of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uridine. Finally, evidence is given to support the ion-exchange mechanism for retention of the solutes.
2‘,3‘-Dideoxy-3‘-thionucleoside Triphosphates: Syntheses and Polymerase Substrate Activities

All four 2‘,3‘-dideoxy-3‘-thio-nucleosides (ddtNTPs) function as substrates for the Y410F mutant of Deep Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase. Not only are the ddtNTPs incorporated to form the N + 1 product, but further elongations are observed in which the key step is attack of the 3‘-thiol on the 5‘-triphosphate. Although other polymerases are likely to differ in their use of the ddtNTPs, there does not appear to be a fundamental prohibition against using a thiol nucleophile on a phosphate anhydride electrophile. The syntheses of four ddtNTPs (C, T, A, G) are described.
Foreword: Hurricanes and the Coast of the Gulf of Mexico

In recent years, the intensity and frequency of hurricanes along the U.S. Gulf Coast and elsewhere have increased, therefore the impacts of these storms and concurrent sea level rise on coastal wetlands may also be increasing (Michener et al. 1997, Webster et al. 2005). While this special issue of Wetlands was inspired by the Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma in 2005, even prior to its publication, Hurricanes Gustav and Ike ravaged the same areas of the Gulf Coast in 2008. We hope that this special issue sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey will focus attention on the impacts of hurricanes in coastal ecosystems, and that these reported studies will serve as useful baselines for future investigations. The special issue is divided into two sections. The first section addresses impacts of hurricanes on coastal landforms and consequent vegetation changes in coastal marshes. Some articles model the frequencies and long-term impacts of hurricanes on coastal landscapes. Hurricanes alter the elevation and environment of coastal wetlands (e.g., via sedimentation; Turner et al. 2006). The vegetation of coastal freshwater, brackish, and salt marshes reestablishes after these storms, depending on post-hurricane water levels and salinities (Michener et al. 1997). The second section of this issue examines the influence of these storm events on coastal forests, including approaches that use remote sensing and structural analyses of baldcypress, bottomland, and chenier forests. This section also examines the effects of hurricanes on animal habitats, e.g., songbird foraging habitat and herpetofauna. These studies may serve as a basis for future comparisons of hurricane impacts in the Gulf region. The challenge ahead for ecologists is to better understand the cumulative and long term impacts of storms to prepare for what may be an increasingly storm ravaged coast in the future of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as the entire world.
Computed Tomography of Small Bowel Obstruction

Multidetector computed tomography (CT) is a powerful tool for the assessment of patients with small bowel obstruction (SBO). CT can provide important information about the cause and site of obstruction and the presence of a closed-loop obstruction or ischemia. Under investigation is the ability of CT to accurately identify patients without clear indications for urgent surgery who may benefit from earlier intervention. This article reviews the appropriate CT technique for assessment of SBO, common causes for obstruction, imaging findings in SBO, and the significance of those findings for determining whether a patient is likely to require surgical management for SBO.
Starch degrading enzymes of temperate and tropical species

Abstract The starch degrading enzymes of the leaves of one temperate species, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and three tropical species, 'Pangola' digitgrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.), pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), were separated by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and some of their properties were examined. Densitometer tracings of gels negatively stained by starch-iodine showed distinctive patterns for each species. Incubation of gels at 10° as opposed to 30° reduced the activities of the enzymes of a temperate and tropical species; however, the enzymes of the tropical species were affected more than those of the temperature species. Tracings of orchard grass gels varied with type of incubation buffer. Relative activity of starch degrading enzymes varied with pH and time of incubation. α-Amylase is probably the major starch degrading enzyme of the leaves of these grasses.
Limitations of Wrist Strength to Manual Exertion Capability in 2D Biomechanical Modeling

The objective of this study is to evaluate the assumption in biomechanical models that wrist strength does not limit manual exertion capability. An experiment was designed and run on right-handed m...
Guillain-Barre syndrome following autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract The pathogenesis of the Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is felt to involve alterations in cellular and humoral immune responses. We report the case of a 44-year-old female with stage IV breast cancer who developed GBS 2 days after receiving high dose chemotherapy with bone marrow and peripheral progenitor cell support, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Her clinical status stabilized with plasmapheresis. This report lends further support to hypotheses regarding cellular immune alterations in the pathogenesis of GBS.
The Effect of Age and Chronic Illness on Life Expectancy after a Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Screening

At some point, a person won't live long enough to benefit from cancer screening. The authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data set and Medicare files to calculate lif...
Relative Resistance of Striatal Neurons Containing Calbindin or Parvalbumin to Quinolinic Acid-Mediated Excitotoxicity Compared to Other Striatal Neuron Types

Abstract To evaluate the relative ability of those striatal neuron types containing calbindin or parvalbumin to withstand a Ca2+-mediated excitotoxic insult, we injected the NMDA receptor-specific excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA) into the striatum in mature adult rats and 2 months later examined the relative survival of striatal interneurons rich in parvalbumin and striatal projection neurons rich in calbindin. To provide standardization to the survival of striatal neuron types thought to be poor in Ca2+buffering proteins, the survival was compared to that of somatostatin–neuropeptide Y (SS/NPY)-containing interneurons and enkephalinergic projection neurons, which are devoid of or relatively poorer in such proteins. The various neuron types were identified by immunohistochemical labeling for these type-specific markers and their relative survival was compared at each of a series of increasing distances from the injection center. In brief, we found that parvalbuminergic, calbindinergic, and enkephalinergic neurons all showed a generally comparable gradient of neuronal loss, except just outside the lesion center, where calbindin-rich neurons showed significantly enhanced survival. In contrast, striatal SS/NPY interneurons were more vulnerable to QA than any of these three other types. These observed patterns of survival following intrastriatal QA injection suggest that calbindin and parvalbumin content does not by itself determine the vulnerability of striatal neurons to QA-mediated excitotoxicity in mature adult rats. For example, parvalbuminergic striatal interneurons were not impervious to QA, while cholinergic striatal interneurons are highly resistant and SS/NPY+ striatal interneurons are highly vulnerable. Both cholinergic and SS/NPY+ interneurons are devoid of any known calcium buffering protein. Similarly, calbindin does not prevent striatal projection neuron vulnerability to QA excitotoxicity. Nonetheless, our data do suggest that calbindin may offer striatal neurons some protection against moderate excitotoxic insults, and this may explain the reportedly slightly greater vulnerability of striatal neurons that are poor in calbindin to ischemia and Huntington's disease.
Classification of Ascension Island and Natal ozonesondes using self‐organizing maps

[1] Ozone profiles from balloon-borne ozonesondes are used for development of satellite algorithms and in chemistry-climate model initialization, assimilation and evaluation. An important issue in the application of these profiles is how best to treat variations where varying photochemical and dynamical influences can cause the ozone mixing ratio in the tropospheric segments of the profile to change by of a factor of 2–3 within a day. Clustering techniques are an ideal way to approach the statistical classification of profile data and we apply self-organizing maps to tropical tropospheric SHADOZ data, hypothesizing that the data will sort according to various influences on ozone, namely anthropogenic sources like biomass burning, meteorological conditions, and stratospheric or extra-tropical intrusions. Self-organizing maps, that use a learning algorithm to reveal the most prominent features of a data set according to a specified number of clusters, have been determined for the 1998–2009 SHADOZ profiles over Ascension Island (512 profiles, 7.98°S, 14.42°W) and Natal, Brazil (425 profiles, 5.42°S, 35.38°W). The 2 × 2 self-organizing map, which creates 4 clusters, reveals that deviations from the average ozone in the free troposphere include both increased ozone resulting from seasonal biomass burning in Africa and locally reduced ozone brought about by convective lifting of unpolluted boundary-layer air. Expanding to a 4 × 4 self-organizing map shows how biomass burning influences the yearly cycle of tropospheric ozone at Ascension Island and captures the seasonality of ozone at both Ascension Island and Natal. Comparing Ascension Island and Natal using a 4 × 4 self-organizing map at each site reveals similarities in mid-tropospheric ozone, but shows differences in lower-tropospheric ozone due to Ascension Island being closer to African biomass burning and more affected by descent from the mean Walker circulation, with less convective activity, than Natal.
Chromatographic and SMB Center-Cut Separations of Ternary Mixtures

Abstract Chromatography and SMB processes were studied to isolate only the intermediate retained component from ternary mixtures. The separation of ternary phenol and amino acid mixtures was simulated with Aspen Chromatography®. Simulation results for the phenol system with 10 µm packing showed that recycled center‐cut chromatography usually produced the highest purity compared to cascades with two 4‐zone SMBs and a 2‐zone SMB/chromatography. For the amino acid mixture at ΔPmax=1.0 bar and purity‐recovery index=95%, the recycled cascade of two 4‐zone SMBs had approximately a 25% larger productivity compared to the simpler recycled center‐cut chromatography.
Growth of several quantum crystals: CD4, 4He and 3He☆

Abstract Large single crystals of CD 4 , 4 He, and 3 He have been grown from the melt at low temperatures. These “quantum” crystals were characterized with X-ray diffraction techniques which allow excellent determinations of crystal quality. The crystal CD 4 was grown from its melt at saturated vapor pressure. Over 100 helium crystals were grown at constant pressures between 2.9 and 13.8 MPa. It has been found that the hcp and bcc crystals grow in preferred directions, and that growth rates of about 0.3 mm/ min are appropriate for hcp 4 He, while bcc 3 He requires the slower rate of 0.06 mm/min for good quality crystals. There is some indication that it is the isotope, and not the crystal structure, which is the cause of the fact that the hcp 4 He crystals are much more stable than the bcc 3 He crystals. Comparison of several theoretical crystal growth parameters for many substances leads to the conclusion that methane is basically a normal material, while helium is abnormal, having very different growth parameters from most substances. Helium is interesting in that its crystal growth parameters can be changed by very large amounts while keeping the chemistry constant.
Survey of infection control training program graduates: Long-term care facility and small hospital practitioners *

Graduates of a 2-day basic training course in infection control were surveyed. Respondents were generally from Midwestern long-term care facilities and small hospitals. These infection control practitioners had multiple roles in addition to infection control, most notably employee health and quality assurance. Infection control practitioners demonstrated significant job stability. The vast majority of institutions where survey respondents were employed followed recommended infection control practices.
Superpatriot opposition to community mental health programs

Superpatriots' concerns about mental health programs are explored. Superpatriots are defined by nationalistic conservatism, the perception of a major internal communist threat in America, and a commitment to action. Their opposition to mental health programs involves the belief that psychological testing invades privacy and that such programs are extensions of federal bureaucracy, encourage immorality, are ideologically biased, and are part of a communist plot to destroy America. Superpatriots who were interviewed werenot disturbed or alienated. They were strongly fundamentalist in religion, dogmatic, moralistic, and informally associated with other superpatriots through neighborhood groups.
An investigation of the effect of laser deposition parameters on characteristics of multilayered 316 L deposits

A potential problem in applying the direct laser deposition (DLD) technique to material fabrication is the effect that subsequent deposited layers have on reheating previous laser deposition layers. Most of the previous investigations examined the effect of the laser deposition parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a single layer. This work focused on the effect of the laser parameters of subsequent layers on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the deposited layers to select proper parameters and characterize the effect. The microstructure morphology and property values are affected by the varied parameters. This leads to some tempering and aging effects in the steels. The microstructure of the top layer was equiaxed, while the near substrate region was fine dendritic. Typically, both of the travel speed and power of the laser show the significant effects on microstructure and hardness.
A taxonomic note on two pterodactyloid families

(1986). A taxonomic note on two pterodactyloid families. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 289-289.
Perfume : A meditation on the countertransferential drama with babies who smell bad

Abstract A Mother's role is to create intimacy and smell is an elemental aspect of intimacy in life and in therapy. Mother and child, therapist and client, metaphorically and literally breathe each other in. Regardless of its effect on us, smell is part of the “mutual perfume” or sensory road map of presence with another human being. Weaving [Suskind, P. (1986/2001). Perfume: The story of a murderer. ( J. E. Woods, Trans. ). New York: Vintage Books/Random House Inc.] the novel Perfume: The Story of A Murderer through case examples from her drama therapy practice, the author explores her subjective countertransference and undertakes an aesthetic examination of abandonment and attunement in the therapy as experienced through and evoked by smell. This essay examines Role as a form of therapeutic agency (with particular focus upon the therapist in the role of surrogate mother) that can lead the therapist and client from presence with each other out onto the stage of potential therapeutic change.
The composition of larval-pupal moulting fluid in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract The concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, total phosphate, labile phosphate, inorganic phosphate, protein, polypeptides, amino acids, trehalose, and glucose, as well as pH and osmotic pressure of larval-pupal moulting fluid and haemolymph were measured in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the secretion and resorption of moulting fluid. Moulting fluid is a mildly alkaline (pH 7.2), iso-osmotic (330 mOsm) potassium bicarbonate salt solution containing within it the sol form of moulting gel. Bicarbonate is the principal anion in moulting fluid. It is only a minor component of haemolymph. Significant differences in the concentrations of potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, non-labile phosphate, labile phosphate, inorganic phosphate, protein, polypeptide, amino acids, trehalose, and glucose indicate that the integumentary epithelium does not act as a semi-permeable membrane, and that free diffusion between moulting fluid and haemolymph can account for only a small fraction of the molecular species movement between these two fluids.
Crystal structure of a viral cyclin, a positive regulator of cyclin-dependent kinase 6.

Abstract Background: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have a central role in cell-cycle control and are activated by complex formation with positive regulatory proteins called cyclins and by phosphorylation. The overexpression and mutation of cyclins and CDKs has been associated with tumorigenesis and oncogenesis. A virus-encoded cyclin (v-cyclin) from herpesvirus saimiri has been shown to exhibit highest sequence homology to type D cyclins and specifically activates CDK6 of host cells to a very high degree. Results: We have determined the first X-ray structure of a v-cyclin to 3.0 A resolution. The structure of the core domains is very similar to those of cyclin A and cyclin H from human cells. To understand the structural basis for the v-cyclin specificity for CDK6 and the insensitivity of the complex to inhibitors of the p21 and INK4 families, a v-cyclin–CDK2 model was built on the basis of the known structures of human cyclin A in complex with CDK2 and the CDK inhibitor p27 Kip1 . Conclusions: Although many critical interactions between cyclin A and CDK2 would be conserved in a v-cyclin–CDK2 complex, some appear sterically or electrostatically unfavorable due to shifts in the backbone conformation or sidechain differences and may contribute to v-cyclin selectivity for CDK6. The insensitivity of v-cyclin–CDK6 complexes to inhibitors of the p21 family is probably due to structural changes in v-cyclin that lead to a flatter surface area offering fewer potential contacts with the protein inhibitor. In addition, sequence changes in v-cyclin eliminate hydrogen-bonding partners for atoms of the p27 Kip1 inhibitor. This structure provides the first model for interactions between v-cyclins and host cell-cycle proteins; these interactions may be important for virus survival as well as oncogenic transformation of host cells.
Recent observations on the structure of an edge-tone flow field

An experimental investigation of the flow field generated with a subsonic air jet (M = 0.18-0.8) issuing from a rectangular nozzle having a top hat mean exit velocity profile impinging on a 20 deg wedge has been carried out. The interaction of the jet with an edge involves formation of primary vorticies in the shear layer surrounding the jet and secondary vorticies near the tip of the wedge. These vorticies form vortex pairs and eventually merge to form a single large vortex, and moves downstream along the surface of the wedge. Phase averaged flow survey measurements also depict the counter-rotating vortex pair moving along the surface of the wedge. The instantaneous pressure distribution on the surface of the wedge shows that the unsteady pressure remains zero at the leading edge for the entire motion cycle. For a given edge height, the narrow band spectrum of the near field pressure signals indicate the simultaneous existence of several frequencies, which are not harmonically related.
Metastatic melanoma of the vulva identified by peritoneal fluid cytology

Malignant melanoma of the vulva is an uncommon disease, with a significant portion of cases demonstrating metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes with potential distal spread. Identification of such metastases often requires fine-needle aspiration or biopsy. The cytologic diagnosis of metastatic vulvar melanoma from peritoneal effusions has not been previously described. We present the case of a 54-yr-old woman who underwent en bloc radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy for melanoma of the right labium minora. No evidence of metastatic disease was identified, and all surgical margins were free of tumor. Despite chemotherapy, the patient returned approximately 2 yr later with abdominal pain and distention. Computed tomography revealed marked ascites and three hepatic lesions. Cytologic examination of the ascites revealed recurrent, metastatic melanoma. Although very rare, metastatic melanoma of the vulva may present as a malignant effusion. In such an event, the diagnosis may be rendered by exfoliative cytology.
Teaching French Pronunciation to Beginners

E VERY foreign language teacher learns sooner or later that most college students take a foreign language primarily because it is required for graduation. Some of these students elect Spanish or even German in preference to French for allegedly professional reasons (for example, Spanish for commerce, German for medicine), but in many cases their choice is a purely negative one-they avoid French because they have been advised by their peers that although French looks deceptively easy on the printed page it is virtually unpronounceable. This unenviable reputation, largely due to impractical (if conscientious) teaching methods, does not beseem a language noted for its clarity and precision of sound and sense. Yet many a baffled beginner, demoralized by a prolonged and fruitless exposition of the apparently esoteric phonetic system and chaotic orthography of French, is led to caution his friends to eschew the offending language at all costs. It is bad psychology on the part of the teacher to erect such a forbidding fagade, which might well bear the inscription Lasciate ogni speranza, voi che 'ntrate. The gain in accuracy of articulation (if any) that professorial perfectionism may effect is more than offset by the defeatism that quickly grips the average pedestrian student, whose acquaintance with French is apt to be limited to two or three years even if he survives the initial shock. There is an even more cogent reason for setting up narrower phonetic objectives at the beginning of a college course in French. However undesirable such a late start may be, almost all Americans begin the study of French at an age when their organs of speech have all but lost their flexibility. As a result mere imitation (the "natural" method) is ineffectual. Perfection of articulation is perforce a matter of slow, gradual, conscious adaptation. No amount of grim determination and grinding drill can produce faultless pronunciation within the first few weeks or months of a
Ballistic electron transport in thin silicon dioxide films.

Electron transport in thin (3.8--5.8-nm) silicon dioxide films has been investigated with use of the carrier-separation and vacuum-emission techniques. For the thinner films and smaller voltages, ballistic transport is inferred not only indirectly from the oscillations of the current-voltage characteristics (as originally reported by Lewicki and Maserjian) but also directly from the average energy measured via the carrier-separation technique and from the observation of the ballistic peak (about 0.15 eV wide) in the vacuum-emission experiments. In thicker films and/or at higher bias voltages, the transition from the ballistic to the steady-state regime is observed. Phonon replicas for the 0.153- and 0.063-eV longitudinal optical phonons have been observed in this transient situation. The experimental results have been compared to Monte Carlo simulations. Best agreement has been obtained by using a value of 0.7${m}_{0}$ for the polaron mass. The average mean free path of about 1 nm resulting from the simulation is in good agreement with Lewicki and Maserjian's experimental data.