cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flaubert et le 'tremplin' réaliste

As Roland Barthes, among others, already pointed out, the relationship that Flaubert entertained with realism was quite ambiguous: although his main goal was a purely aesthetic one, he still needed reality to be reproduced and the fantasy of the ‘book about nothing’ always remained a fantasy. This study aims to explore further the diverse modes of such an ambiguity, which is attested by numerous quotes from the writer’s correspondence and which is also visible in the manuscripts: although the ‘beauty’ of the text remains the main goal, many corrections stem once again from the ideal of being faithful to reality. The realist ‘springboard’ is therefore an essential one, and, even if Flaubert hated to imagine he could belong to a literary school, his methodology made him a part of the group of realist writers of his time.
Facilitative Effects of Aloe Shrubs on Grass Establishment, Growth, and Reproduction in Degraded Kenyan Rangelands: Implications for Restoration

Under the harsh environmental conditions present in severely overgrazed, semiarid rangelands, facilitator plants offer a promising tool for ecological restoration. This study investigated facilitative effects of Aloe secundiflora—a native drought-tolerant, unpalatable, thorny shrub—on grass establishment in degraded rangelands in Kenya. We planted native perennial grass seeds adjacent to three neighbor treatments: transplanted mature aloe shrubs, piles of thorn branches that provided similar physical protection to aloes, and control treatments with no facilitator. We monitored grass performance for three growing seasons. During the first growing season, association with aloe shrubs significantly improved seedling survival and plant size of individual grasses, whereas grass survival in thorn treatments was intermediate between aloe and control treatments. At the population level, aloe neighbor treatments were associated with the greatest grass abundance and cover in all three seasons and reproductive output in the second season. Control treatments were associated with the poorest grass performance for all three variables. The findings indicate that planting aloes can improve the effectiveness of grass reseeding for rangeland restoration, exceeding the benefits gained from the more common strategy of using thorn branch piles. The utility of aloes in particular is further enhanced by the economic value of these plants; medicinal sap can be sustainably harvested from aloes planted for restoration.
Modeling effects of climate change on Yakima River salmonid habitats

We evaluated the potential effects of two climate change scenarios on salmonid habitats in the Yakima River by linking the outputs from a watershed model, a river operations model, a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model, and a geographic information system (GIS). The watershed model produced a discharge time series (hydrograph) in two study reaches under three climate scenarios: a baseline (1981-2005), a 1-°C increase in mean air temperature (plus one scenario), and a 2-°C increase (plus two scenario). A river operations model modified the discharge time series with Yakima River operational rules, a 2D model provided spatially explicit depth and velocity grids for two floodplain reaches, while an expert panel provided habitat criteria for four life stages of coho and fall Chinook salmon. We generated discharge-habitat functions for each salmonid life stage (e.g., spawning, rearing) in main stem and side channels, and habitat time series for baseline, plus one (P1) and plus two (P2) scenarios. The spatial and temporal patterns in salmonid habitats differed by reach, life stage, and climate scenario. Seventy-five percent of the 28 discharge- habitat responses exhibited a decrease in habitat quantity, with the P2 scenario producing the largest changes, followed by P1. Fry and spring/summer rearing habitats were the most sensitive to warming and flow modification for both species. Side channels generally produced more habitat than main stem and were more responsive to flow changes, demonstrating the importance of lateral connectivity in the floodplain. A discharge-habitat sensitivity analysis revealed that proactive management of regulated surface waters (i.e., increasing or decreasing flows) might lessen the impacts of climate change on salmonid habitats.
Dielectric Waveguide with a Ferrite Layer and Periodic Metal Strips

An analysis of dielectric-ferrite waveguide periodically loaded with metal strips is presented. Nonreciprocity of phase constants caused by the gyrotropic nature of the ferrite makes it possible to create nonreciprocal leakage phenomena by means of the metal strips. These phenomena can be used to develop a distributed isolator. Numerical results and some experimental data are included.
Effects of isolators internal resonances on force transmissibility and radiated noise

Abstract Vibration isolators have been extensively used to reduce the vibration and noise transmitted between the components of mechanical systems. Although some previous studies on vibration isolation considered the inertia of isolators, they only examined its effects on the vibration of single degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) systems. These studies did not emphasize the importance of the isolators’ inertia, especially from the perspective of noise reduction. This paper shows that the internal dynamics of the isolator, which are also known as internal resonances (IRs) or wave effects , can significantly affect the isolator performance at high frequencies. To study the IR problem, a model of a primary mass connected to a flexible foundation through three isolators is used. In this model, the isolator is represented as a one-dimensional continuous rod that accounts for its internal dynamics. The primary mass is modelled as a rigid body with three d.o.f.'s. The effects of the IRs on the force transmissibility and the radiated sound power from the foundation are examined. It is shown that the IRs significantly increase the force transmissibility and the noise radiation level at some frequencies. These effects cannot be predicted using a traditional model that neglects the inertia of the isolator. The influence of the foundation flexibility on the IRs is also investigated. It is shown that the foundation flexibility greatly affects the noise radiation level but it affects only slightly the force transmissibility, especially at high frequencies where the IRs occur.
Physical conditions and the locations of the absorption-line systems in the QSO 3C 286 and the BL Lacertae object PKS 0735 + 178

The redshifted 21-cm and Mg II absorption lines observed in the QSO 3C 286 and the BL Lacertae object 0735+178, respectively, are analyzed to determine the location of the absorbing gas. We first describe evidence which supports the presence of neutral hydrogen intrinsic to QSOs, and then examine excitation conditions influencing the formation of 21-cm absorption lines. Due to the high spin temperature T/subs/ resulting from the bright 21-cm continuum, the 21-cm absorption line observed in 3C 286 can arise close to the QSO only if L$alpha$ radiation determines the excitation of the hyperfine levels. The 21-cm line could also form in an intervening galaxy. The absence of redshifted Mg II absorption in the spectrum of 3C 286 places and upper limit of 3 x 10$sup -3$/T/ subs/ on the Mg$sup +$/H I. ratio in the column of absorbing H I. This is compatible with a solar abundance ratio of Mg/H; but if the observed upper limit to Mg II absorption were reduced by a factor 2, this would require Mg$sup +$/H I<10$sup -2$ (Mg/H)/sub sun/. An analysis of the Mg II absorption lines seen in 0735+178 leads to two possibilities: (a) a large column density of Mg$sup +$ ionsmore » and low velocity dispersion; or (b) a low column density and large velocity dispersion. Whereas (b) is kinematically inconsistent with an intervening galaxy, (a) is not. We propose that 21-cm absorption features be searched for in the 30-cm continuum of 0735+178. If no absorption is seen, and (a) applies, then the spin temperature must be much higher than that observed in absorbing clouds in our Galaxy, thus making an intervening galaxy implausible. (AIP)« less
Canine lymphoma-associated antigens defined by murine monoclonal antibodies

Lymphoma in dogs resembles human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in pathological presentation, immunophenotype, and response to therapy, thus representing a good model for comparative studies with human disease. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were derived from mice immunized with a dog lymphoma cell line. Three MAbs were selected for further application in immunophenotyping and immunotherapy. The binding specificities, antigen characterization, and isotypes for these MAbs are described.
Algorithm for Generating the Distillation Regions for Azeotropic Multicomponent Mixtures

The azeotropic behavior of a mixture can limit the feasible separations that are possible by both continuous and batch distillation. The azeotropes can create continuous and batch distillation boundaries and regions, and knowledge of these boundaries and regions is very important during the synthesis and design of distillation based separation systems. Infeasible designs can be screened out early in the design process, saving valuable time and resources. We propose an algorithm to find the basic distillation regions from which all of the continuous and batch distillation regions for an n-component system can be found, given all the azeotropes, their boiling point temperatures, and their node/saddle characteristics. A basic distillation region is a set of residue curves which all share the same unstable and stable node pair. Within each basic region, continuous and batch distillation regions can be determined. These regions give information about the types of feasible products one can obtain using either c...
Estimation of mutual information objective function based on Fourier shift theorem: an application to eddy current distortion correction in diffusion tensor imaging

Diffusion tensor imaging requires correction of eddy current distortion in diffusion-weighted images. An effective retrospective correction approach is to transform a diffusion-weighted image to maximize the mutual information (MI) between the transformed diffusion-weighted image and the corresponding T2-weighted image. In the literature, either linear interpolation or partial volume interpolation is applied to estimate the MI objective function. However, these interpolation methods induce artifacts to the MI objective function, thus compromising correction results. In this work, the MI objective function is estimated based on interpolation using Fourier shift theorem. This method eliminates the artifacts incurred with the aforementioned interpolation methods. The algorithm is further improved by approximating pixel values using their nearest neighbors in the up-sampled spatial domain, resulting in dramatically increased computational efficiency without compromising the correction results. The effects of varying the number of quantization levels and using Parzen window filtering to smooth the MI objective function are also investigated to obtain optimized algorithm parameters. The diffusion tensor image quality after applying the proposed distortion correction method is significantly improved visually.
Economic incentives for tropical forest preservation: Why and how?

Scholars and environmentalists in the industrialized nations have repeatedly deplored the destruction of tropical forests as a byproduct of economic development. Their position is based upon scientific, economic, and ethical arguments. Proponents of economic development from the tropical nations recognize that its immediate benefits are enjoyed by their own relatively poor populations while the benefits of habitat preservation are enjoyed by the world as a whole. So far, few institutional mechanisms have been developed that can reconcile the competing perspectives. In addition to reviewing the arguments in favor of and against habitat preservation, this paper proposes some innovative institutions that can both satisfy developmental aspirations and account for the global benefits of habitat preservation.
Arguing about the use of stem cells.

In his Editorial “Twilight for the Enlightenment?” (8 Apr., p. 165), Donald Kennedy makes an interesting ethical argument in defense of (presumably embryonic) stem cell research. By pointing out that beliefs regarding the beginning of a human life are not universal, the author implies that there is no basis for restricting research in the area. If one were to use this yardstick of universal objection to determine when research becomes unethical, it follows that even the infamous medical experiments of the Nazis might pass muster. Rather than being the exclusive domain of Christian fundamentalists, concern over the ethical implications of embryonic stem cell research is widespread and is an area of academic interest ([1][1]). I respectfully submit that the author could more effectively support his position by discussing the point of true contention: when human life begins. Certainly the author would not deny his adversaries the skepticism that he so strongly advocates? 1. [↵][2]1. S. Holm , Bioethics 16, 493 (2002). [OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5][Web of Science][6] [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBioethics%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.spage%253D493%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252F1467-8519.00307%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12472110%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/1467-8519.00307&link_type=DOI [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12472110&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F309%2F5731%2F51.3.atom [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000178502900002&link_type=ISI
Contours of Scholarship on Armenian-Turkish Relations

The situation in Turkey with respect to Turks, Armenians and Greeks alike meets all the terms of the classic definition of tragedy, the tragedy of fate. A curse has been laid upon all populations a...
A microeconomic approach to passive solar design: Performance, cost, optimal sizing and comfort analysis

Abstract This paper presents a microeconomic methodology for the analysis and design evaluation of residential passive solar heating applications. Results from PASOLE, an hour-by-hour thermal network simulation program developed at Los Alamos, are used to graphically evaluate design-performance tradeoffs and to estimate quantitative interpolative relationships within the context of economic production function theory. Solar performance isoquants are generated and combined with architectural costs estimates to arrive at least-cost expansion paths along which the optimal life-cycle system can be determined. Comfort considerations, sizing limitations, building code restrictions and other factors introduce constraints in the design process, which can be dealt with qualitatively or quantitatively through a constrained optimization procedure.
Synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine containing a d-[6-3H]galactopyranosyl group

Abstract A simple and convenient method for the introduction of radiolabel onto C-6′ of N -acetyllactosamine is described. 1- N -Benzyl-3- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -arabinosylamine ( 1 ) was synthesized from 3- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -arabinose as described by Lee and Lee. Compound 1 was oxidized with d -galactose oxidase, and the product reduced with KB 3 H 4 to introduce the label at C-6′. After dilution with unlabeled material, the N -benzyl-3- O -β- d -[6- 3 H]galactopyranosyl- d -arabinosylamine was converted into 2-(benzylamino)-2-deoxy-4- O - d -[6- 3 H]galactopyranosyl- d -glucononitrile, which was subjected to simultaneous hydrogenolysis of the benzylamino and nitrile groups. N -Acetylation of the amino group as described by Alais and Veyrieres afforded the crystalline title compound in 63% yield.
Se-dependent GSH-peroxidase isolated from black sea bass (Centropristis striata).

Abstract 1. Black sea bass were injected i.p. with Na 2 SeO 3 (Se-75). A GSH-dependent peroxidase was extracted from the liver via differential centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography. 2. Sea bass liver GSH-peroxidase eluted coincidently with Se-75 and was estimated to have a molecular weight of 72,000. 3. The nature of the selenium-protein bond in the peroxidase was investigated by dialysis vs sodium selenite, glutathione (a sulfhydryl reagent) and alkali. It was concluded that the Se-75 was associated with the peroxidase through a non-sulfhydryl linkage likely to be a C—Se bond. 4. This study confirms that Se is found in a GSH-peroxidase fraction isolated from black sea bass and suggests that Se may play an important role in marine fish.
Developing a generic genetic algorithm

Genetic and evolutionary algorithms, inspired by biological processes, provide a technique for programs to "automatically" improve their parameters. We discuss the basics of the algorithms and introduce our own hybrid. The development of this hybrid and its application to a simplified problem, evolving the coefficients for the sine function in a Taylor series, presents opportunities for computer science education with respect to model-building, data structures, and language features. Students must decide upon the representation of the chief mechanisms of genetic algorithms: mutation to alter the values of parameters directly and crossover to vary the groupings of co-evolved parameters in order to break away from local fitness maxima. They must examine the meaning of fitness itself as well as make many other modeling decisions. Ada itself provides both challenges and advantages: linked-lists must be well understood to be updated in an object-oriented context and hard-typing produces mixed reactions in students used to C++, but generics provide a powerful way to generalize the algorithm and incorporating different problem domains.
Age at the time of sulfonylurea initiation influences treatment outcomes in KCNJ11-related neonatal diabetes

Aims/hypothesis Individuals with heterozygous activating mutations of the KCNJ11 gene encoding a subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) can usually be treated with oral sulfonylurea (SU) pills in lieu of insulin injections. The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis that younger age at the time of initiation of SU therapy is correlated with lower required doses of SU therapy, shorter transition time and decreased likelihood of requiring additional diabetes medications.
Value Diversity and Support for Political Authorities in Canada

Canada is a diverse society with several historic divides, which makes democratic governance challenging. There are reasons to suppose that governing in Canada may be becoming even more complex, and this could have important implications for political support. It is also conceivable that the Canadian case may reflect some of the same challenges that could affect many other post-industrial democracies. Several structural and lifestyle changes have been altering the socio-cultural mix of Canadian society, possibly contributing to the expansion of various new value divides. Because values play a prominent role in shaping people's policy demands and political preferences, it is plausible that such a transformation could elevate the degree of intra-societal stress on Canada's political system and make governing more complex. In this essay, we have two main objectives. The first is to employ data from the Canadian World Values Surveys to explore the possibility that value diversity across various new value divi...
Parkinson disease, dementia, and alzheimer disease: Clinicopathological correlations

Clinical records and neuropathological specimens from 36 patients with autopsy-demonstrated idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) were reviewed independently and the results compared. Nine (31%) of the 29 patients with adequate clinical data had severe dementia and 7 (24%) had mild dementia. The cerebral cortex showed senile plaques and fibrillary tangles in 15 of the 36 patients (42%). These changes were found in all 9 patients with severe dementia, in 3 of the 7 with mild dementia, and in 3 of the 13 patients with normal mental status. The prevalence of pathologically established Alzheimer changes and dementia among the patients with PD (33%) was over six times that found in an age-matched population (5.1%). Survival after the onset of PD with Alzheimer disease was shorter than in PD without Alzheimer disease.
Reflections on Scientific Inquiry, Academic Freedom, and Enlightenment

In this essay I will offer some reflections on the connections between scientific inquiry, scholarly reflexivity, and enlightenment. I must observe at the outset that I regard this special issue of Journal of Chinese Political Science—and the collaborative planning and global communication that made it possible—as a perfect venue for the discussion of these themes, but also as a wonderful enactment of the kind of the link between inquiry and an ethic of intellectual freedom about which I will comment.
Imaging Techniques in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Review

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. National review of Emergency Department (ED) visits from 2007 to 2008 reveals that 9% are for chest pain. Of these patients, 13% had acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) (Antman et al., 2004). Plaque rupture with thrombus formation is the most frequent cause of ACS, and identifying patients prior to this event remains important for any clinician caring for these patients. There has been an increasing amount of research and technological advancement in improving the diagnosis of patients presenting with ACS. Low-to-intermediate risk patients are the subgroup that has a delay in definitive treatment for ACS, and a push for methods to more easily and accurately identify the patients within this group that would benefit from an early invasive strategy has arisen. Multiple imaging modalities have been studied regarding the ability to detect ischemia or wall motion abnormalities (WMAs), and an understanding of some of the currently available noninvasive and invasive imaging techniques is important for any clinician caring for ACS patients.
Child passenger safety and the immunity fallacy: Why what we are doing is not working.

Motivating parents to take certain safety precautions when traveling with their children remains an elusive challenge for advocates, as caregiver naivete contributes to poor parental participation in safety-seat checks, low booster-seat use, poor adherence to rear-seat positioning, and intermittent safety-belt use. Because of inherent human biases and unfortunate characteristics of vehicle travel, it is argued that most caregivers possess an immunity fallacy, or a reduced perception of risk for motor vehicle injury to their children. Consequently, traditionally designed child passenger safety campaigns, which are primarily informational, fail to have an impact on most parents. Rather, for maximum behavioral success, injury prevention messages must shock and surprise parents into paying attention to something they would normally dismiss as unimportant.
Dialogue and the Administrator-Mediator

Abstract Conflict resolution is a widespread challenge in organizational life. Many common sense ideas about conflict fail to take into account communication behavior in a psychosocial context. Instead, they focus on “moves” and established techniques as the way to solve problems. This article presents a deeper conceptualization of conflict, mediation, and peacemaking that focuses upon psychosocial and existential issues embedded in both conflict and peacemaking. The central theme is that a host of human developmental variables interfere with “authentic dialogue.” These are the key for constructive and lasting dispute resolution.
Acquiring professional skills: Virtual facilitator as model for team communication

This paper aims to explore some of the professional skills engineering students require, namely leadership, communication, and teamwork. An important tool that may aid in developing those skills is facilitation, a process that encourages information sharing and clear communication, which provides more opportunities for team members to better collaborate. A virtual facilitator was developed to aid in online communication. It provides prompts and interventions designed by using Chris Argyris's Model II communication techniques to guide the user to communicate in more open ways. This quasi-experimental study explores whether students exposed to virtual facilitator software are more likely to model communication techniques displayed by the virtual facilitator. Teams of students worked online on a time-sensitive project. The virtual facilitator intervened in the conversations of teams in a treatment group, while it remained idle in the Control group. Pre-tests and post-tests were administered to measure whether exposure to the virtual facilitator increased students' capacity to enact interventions. Based on Albert Bandura's observational learning theory, researchers expected that students exposed to the virtual facilitator would report the use of more facilitative behaviors.
An objective approach to student-centered instruction

ABSTRACT We describe an algorithm for planning lessons based on the identification and achievement of student learning objectives. We discuss ways in which this algorithm can help novice instructors to include opportunities for active learning in their lessons. Examples of mathematics lessons are included to illustrate the use of the algorithm. Reactions of novice instructors to the algorithm are described, and ideas for incorporating this algorithm into an instructor training program are offered.
CRT-28 What Are The Correlates For Mortality In Patients Presented With Acute Myocardial Infarct Complicated By Cardiogenic Shock?

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality rates. This study aimed to explore the correlates for mortality in patients presented in CS complicating an AMI who were treated with primary percutaneous intervention (PPCI) and intra-aortic
Community Disasters and Shared Trauma: Implications of Listening to Co-Survivor Narratives

Shared trauma produces a unique dynamic in survivor–social supporter interactions because survivors may simultaneously act as support providers. We investigated people's reactions to simulated co-survivors’ trauma narratives and hypothesized that the narrator's vocal distress would result in agitation and that posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms would moderate this relationship. Eighty-four Hurricane Katrina survivors reported their mental health, listened to an ostensible co-survivor's trauma narrative, and reported their distress. When the narrator sounded distraught rather than recovered, people with higher PTS symptoms were increasingly reactive. Results provide preliminary evidence that interactions centered on disaster experiences may create distress rather than foster recovery.
Coordinate‐rotated propagator calculation on an N2 shape resonance

A second-order, coordinate-rotated propagator is applied to a calculation of the resonance energy and width of the 1–5-eV 2IIg shape resonance observed for the nitrogen molecule. Using a [4s,9p] basis of contracted Gaussians we obtain the resonance energy, E = 2.14 eV, and width, Γ = 0.27 eV. These results (my first for a molecular system) are in excellent agreement with available experimental data. The results obtained support my claim that the coordinate-rotated propagator can provide a tractable, simple, and efficient means of performing computations on atomic and molecular shape resonances.
Model of Processes Transforming Occupations: Exploring Societal and Social Influences

Abstract Occupational science brings unique insights that enrich the knowledge‐base regarding the development of everyday activities. Grounded in a synthesis of the literature, this paper articulates a contextual model of the processes that bring about the emergence of an occupation and transformations in how it is performed and experienced. Change originates from multiple synergistic forces described by three clusters of propositions. First, at the societal level propositions explain how a community creates occupational opportunities and supports the development of its members. A second cluster of propositions describe how dynamic social transactions and collaborating in an activity contributes to change. The final cluster summarizes how the self‐organizing process that underlies an individual's occupational engagement contributes to development of an occupation. Notes from observations made of toddlers and their teachers illustrate how development of occupation is simultaneously societal, social, and in...
Nitric oxide synthase: An endogenous source of elevated nitrite in infected urine

Nitric oxide synthase: An endogenous source of elevated nitrite in infected urine. To further define the endogenous sources of urine nitrite in urinary tract infections, we measured urinary nitrite levels by the Griess method and assayed urinary nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity by the conversion of 14 C-arginine to 14 C-citrulline. Endogenous production of 14 C-citrulline was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Exogenous L-arginine increased nitrite production in whole infected urine, but not in bacteria isolated from infected urine. Urinary tract infections significantly increased NO synthase activity in soluble urine fractions, although soluble activity was less than 10% of particulate activity. Urine particulate fractions from women with non-infected urine had greater NO synthase activity than particulate fractions from men with non-infected urine, 11 ± 2 and 0.2 ± 0.1 picomol/min/mg protein, respectively. Urinary tract infections increased NO synthase activity in urine particulate fractions from women and men, 99 ± 20 and 48 ± 9 picomol/min/mg protein, respectively. The conversion of 14 C-arginine to 14 C-citrulline required NADPH, was calcium independent, and was inhibited to a greater extent by L-canavanine than by N G -monomethyl-L-arginine or N G -nitro-L-arginine. Human infected urine contains an isoform of NO synthase which is an endogenous source of urine nitrite.
Estimating the rate of photorespiration in leaves

Photorespiration is the light-dependent evolution of CO2, which accompanies photosynthesis in C3plants. The four best known methods of measuring the rate of photorespiration have theoretical or technical problems, which make the results unreliable. However, the rate of photorespiration can be calculated from the rate of net CO2assimilation and the partial pressures of CO2and O2. Estimates of rates of photorespiration in the past and future can be made. The rate of photorespiration as a proportion of the rate of photosynthesis will fall to one half the current rate when the CO2level in the atmosphere doubles.
A pilot study of complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex disorder, with primary symptoms of sleep disturbances, pain, and fatigue. FMS is one of the most common reasons for patient visits to a rheumatologist. Previous studies have suggested that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in patients with rheumatic diseases is common, but such data specific to FMS patients is limited.Objective: The following study sought to describe the prevalence of CAM use in a primary care practice of patients with FMS and assess whether these patients discuss CAM use with their physician, physician-extender, and/or pharmacist.Methods: A one-group cross-sectional survey design was implemented in a large, community-based, private physician practice of patients diagnosed with FMS. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed during clinic visits. It solicited information related to demographic characteristics; FMS-specific health background; whether CAM use had been discussed with a health care provider; and the “ever-use” of common types of CAM. Respondents returned the questionnaire via US mail in a postage-paid, self-addressed envelope.Results: A total of 115 surveys were distributed with 54 returned for analysis (47% completion rate). The sample was predominantly female, well educated and had a mean age of 55.6 years. All respondents were White. Most respondents (92.6%) reported using some type of CAM. Exercise (92.2%), chiropractic treatment (48.1%), lifestyle and diet (45.8%), relaxation therapy (44.9%), and dietary and herbal supplements (36.5%) were most commonly reported CAM therapies “ever-used” by respondents. Dietary and herbal supplements with the highest prevalence of “ever-use” were magnesium (19.2%), guaifenesin (11.5%), and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) (9.6%). Respondents most commonly discussed CAM with the clinic rheumatologist and the primary care physician (53.7% and 38.9%, respectively). Only 14.8% of respondents discussed CAM with a pharmacist. However, a significantly higher proportion of respondents who “ever-used” dietary and herbal supplements discussed CAM with a pharmacist compared to those who never used dietary and herbal supplements [chi square=6.03, p=0.014].Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that CAM use is common in patients diagnosed with FMS. Compared to other healthcare providers, respondents were least likely to discuss CAM with a pharmacist. However, respondents who used dietary and herbal supplements were more likely to discuss CAM with a pharmacist compared to those who did not, suggesting the potential influence of pharmacist intervention.
The therapeutic potential of gene transfer for the treatment of peripheral neuropathies

Peripheral neuropathy is a common medical problem with numerous aetiologies. Unfortunately, for the majority of cases there is no available medical solution for the underlying cause, and the only option is to try to treat the resulting symptoms. Treatment options exist when neuropathy results in positive symptoms such as pain, but there is a significant lack of treatments for negative symptoms such as numbness and weakness. Systemic application of growth factor peptides has shown promise in protecting nerves from neuropathic insults in preclinical animal studies, but translation into human trials has been problematic and disappointing. Significant advancements have been made in the past few years in utilising gene therapy approaches to treat peripheral neuropathy by expressing neuroprotective gene products either systemically or in specific nervous tissues. For example, plasmids expressing vascular endothelial growth factor injected into muscle, or herpes-simplex-virus-based vectors expressing neurotrophin gene products delivered to dorsal root ganglion neurons, have been used to protect peripheral nerve function in animal models of diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy. Many published studies support the feasibility of this approach, although several questions still need to be addressed as gene therapy to treat peripheral neuropathy moves out of the laboratory and into the clinic.
The role of ridge subduction in determining the geochemistry and Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic evolution of the Kodiak batholith in southern Alaska

Abstract The Paleocene Kodiak batholith, part of the Sanak–Baranof belt of Tertiary near-trench intrusive rocks, forms an elongate body (~ 150 km long) that transects Kodiak Island from SW to NE. The batholith consists of three zones (Southern, Central, and Northern) of kyanite-, muscovite-, and garnet-bearing biotite tonalite and granodiorite and less abundant granite that intruded an accretionary prism (Kodiak Formation, and Ghost Rocks Formation). Small and likely coeval bodies (Northern, Western, and Eastern satellite groups) of quartz gabbro, diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, and leucogranite flank the batholith. The batholith is calc-alkalic, has an aluminum saturation index of > 1.1, FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) ~ 0.65 (at SiO2 = 65 wt.%), and increases in SiO2 (~ 61 wt.%–73 wt.%) and decreases in TiO2 (~ 0.9 wt.%–0.3 wt.%) from SW to NE. As a group, the granitic rocks have light REE-enriched chondrite-normalized patterns with small or no negative Eu anomalies, primitive mantle-normalized negative anomalies for Nb and Ti, and positive anomalies for Pb. Small to large negative anomalies for Th are also distinctive. The quartz gabbros and diorites are generally characterized by generally flat to light REE chondrite-normalized patterns (no Eu anomalies), and mantle-normalized negative anomalies for Nb, Ti, and P. Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb = 18.850–18.960; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.575–15.694; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.350–39.039) are intermediate between depleted mantle and average continental crust. The Southern zone and a portion of the Central zone are characterized by negative eNd values of − 3.7 to − 0.3 and TDM ages ranging from ~ 838 Ma to 1011 Ma. Other granitic rocks from the Central and Northern zones have higher eNd values of − 0.4 to + 4.7 and younger TDM ages of ~ 450 to 797 Ma. Granitic and mafic plutons from the Eastern satellites show a wide range of eNd values of − 2.7 to + 6.4, and TDM ages from 204 Ma to 2124 Ma. 87Sr/86Sr values of the Southern and Central zones overlap and tend to be slightly more radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr > 0.70426) than the Northern zone (87Sr/86Sr
Holistic genetic optimization of a Generalized Multiple Discrete Interaction Approximation for wind waves

Abstract A key element of wind wave models is the parameterization of the resonant nonlinear interactions between spectral wave components. In a companion paper a new Generalized Multiple Discrete Interaction Approximation (GMD) has been developed. The present paper addresses the optimization of the free parameters of the GMD. A holistic optimization approach is used where full model integration results are optimized. Fifteen objective metrics are used, defined to measure the accuracy of a model using the GMD relative to a model using the full (exact) interactions. Due to the large number of free parameters to be optimized, and due to the existence of many local error minima in parameter space, traditional error mapping or steepest descent search algorithms are not suitable to optimize the GMD. The focus of the present study is on establishing genetic optimization techniques as a feasible and economical way to optimize the free parameters in the GMD. The behavior of the GMD with optimized parameters is outside the scope of this study, and is discussed in detail in the companion paper.
Conversion of Natural Watershed to Kinematic Wave Cascading Plane

Storm water management models using the kinematic wave (KW) approach require the conversion of a natural watershed to its equivalent rectangular cascading plane. AKW cascading plane is specified by the plane’s area, width, and slope. Without on-site calibration, there is no guidance on how to translate the irregularity of a natural watershed into a rectangular shape that has an equivalent hydrologic response. As a result, the reliability of a KW model depends on an engineer’s experience. Often the use of a computer model to simulate stormwater runoff is the only option because there are not field data at the project site to use statistical methods. The need for calibration at each site defeats the purpose for using computer simulations. This long existing problem has been documented in the EPA SWMM4 User Manual, which continued into the EPA SWMM5 user guidance. In this study, the continuity and energy principles are creatively interpreted as the preservations of watershed area and vertical fall over the r...
A two-stage multiple description video coder with drift-preventing motion compensated prediction

In this paper, we propose a very simple, but efficient two-stage MDC in the central prediction loop based on Reibman's three-prediction-loop structure (Reibman et al. (1999)). In our design, an additional multiple description scalar quantizer (MDSQ) is introduced into the central prediction loop. The encoding of the side information is modified in such a way that it can be used to improve the video quality when no drift occurs, but still maintain drift prevention capability. The simulation results with different video sequences at various packet loss rates demonstrate that the proposed two-stage MDC structure indeed enhances the quality by about 0.25 dB when the channel is error-free, yet effectively avoids drift when one description is completely lost.
Rejuvenation in the “making”: Lingering mood repair in textile handcrafters.

A variety of activities can help people improve their bad moods. We propose activities that are engaging, arousing, and associated with the mental state of flow can be particularly helpful and inspire what we call rejuvenation. Rejuvenation, as we conceive it, is a state of feeling restored, renewed, and ready to start anew, which continues beyond immediate participation in a mood-repair activity. To explore this model, we examined rejuvenation in a sample of 435 women, all experienced in some form of textile handcrafts. Consistent with our model, we found that textile-handcraft activities rated as rejuvenating (i.e., mixed media, surface design, quilting, weaving, spinning, and dyeing) were also rated as arousing and engaging. In fact, higher levels of arousal and higher levels of engagement were associated with higher levels of rejuvenation (hereafter termedtextile rejuvenation). Adapting Waterman et al.’s (2003) Personally Expressive Activities Questionnaire (PEAQ), we asked each participant to specify the 1 activity she considered to be most important to her self-definition. Based on the nature of their most self-defining or PEAQ activity, we then categorized participants as anart makeror anonart maker. Compared to nonart makers, women categorized as art makers (69%) reported greater rejuvenation (hereafter termedPEAQ rejuvenation), flow, personal expressiveness, self-realization of values, and skill and challenge during art-making. For the art-maker group, mood repair during an activity, flow, and self-realization of values predicted PEAQ rejuvenation. These outcomes could not be explained by indicators of well being, age, income, or education. A state of rejuvenation, it seems, may linger after participation in (a) textilehandcraft activities that are arousing and engaging, and (b) PEAQ activities that are high in mood repair, flow, and self-realization of values.
Role of Cftr genotype in the response to chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice

Patients with cystic fibrosis have a lesion in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), which is associated with abnormal regulation of other ion channels, abnormal glyc...
An ‘Incremental Exchange’ Perspective on the Pair Relationship

Until recently, models of social exchange have portrayed the reward structure of relationships as constant over time. In a previous paper (Huesmann & Levinger, 1976) we described a new model, based on a framework we called incremental exchange theory, which incorporates such temporal changes in the reward structure. This model was applied to altruistic behavior, self-disclosure, attraction, and romatic involvement.
Reliability and failure mechanisms of lateral MOSFETs in synchronous DC-DC buck converter

This paper present an evaluation of the reliability of LDMOS transistors in synchronous DC-DC buck converter using physical-based mixed device and circuit simulation. It is observed that impact ionization, lower temperature, and radiation degrade power MOSFET performances and could lead to potential failure if heavy ions strike the converter at critical time during switching.
The Teaching of Literature in Elementary Language Classes

Author's summary.— A plea for the introduction of more reading material of high literary merit in elementary language classes, even in “simplified” and abridged editions, if necessary; together with suggestions for a type of approach—illustrated with extensive reference to Immensee—which would make the expedient of simplification and abridgment both feasible and tolerable.
A Novel Tungsten–Nickel Alloy Ohmic Contact to SiC at 900 $^{\circ}\hbox{C}$

A novel tungsten-nickel ohmic contact metallization on 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC capable of surviving temperatures as high as 900°C is reported. Preliminary results revealed the following: (1) ohmic contact on n-type 4H-SiC having net doping levels (Nd's) of 1.4 and 2 × 1019 cm-3, with specific contact resistances ρsNd's of 7.69 × 10-4 and 5.81 × 10-4 Ω · cm2, respectively, after rapid thermal annealing (RTA), and 5.9 × 10-3 and 2.51 × 10-4 Ω · cm2, respectively, after subsequent soak at 900°C for 1 h in argon, and (2) ohmic contact on n- and p-type 6H-SiC having Nd > 2 × 1019 and Nα > 1 × 1020 cm-3, with ρsNd = 5 × 10-5 and ρsNa = 2 × 10-4 Ω · cm2, respectively, after RTA, and ρSNd = 2.5 × 10-5 and ρSNa = 1.5 × 10-4 Ω · cm2 after subsequent treatment at 900°C for 1 h in argon, respectively.
Citation Abuse and Legal Writing: A Note on the Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, etc., 1851 and 11 Stat. 749

The Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, etc., 1851 was an important transaction between a number of American Indian tribes and the federal government. However, because of administrative mishandling by the latter, there has been sustained but unwarranted confusion over whether the treaty was a valid one. Uncertainty led to the use of a brief note in the Statutes at Large, at 11 Stat. 749, instead of the treaty's full text as the law of the land. The Statutes cue, however, has been misused frequently in the opinions of various jurisdictions, even to the point of deploying it to reference specific quotations from the full document—that is, to material certainly taken from an alternative source. This article investigates the most significant citation errors to 11 Stat. 749, and uses them to discuss improvements to applications of legal writing.
Is the Intergenerational Income Elasticity a Sufficient Statistic for Fairness

Recent estimates of intergenerational income transmission suggest that there are vast cross-country differences in economic mobility. Under the most common models this is attributed to a combination of credit constraints and failure of some nations to adequately invest in the human capital of poor children. These models sometimes lead to the presumption that intergenerational mobility measures capture indices of fairness or opportunity and to policy recommendations to lower them. In this paper we show that such reasoning is premature. We present an alternative model, which makes many of the same observed predictions as educational underinvestment models, but has the opposite normative conclusions. In this model the disincentive effects of labor market taxation and redistribution, not public educational underinvestment, drive cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility. We test the predictions of our model using data on income mobility, tax rates, and public expenditures. The data largely supports the model predictions.
Why Police Learn from Third-Party Data

This essay argues that third-party data collection, particularly of administrative complaints and departmental audit information, holds greater promise than lawsuit data collection. It does so by asserting that third-party data collection is more useful for three reasons. First, third-party data collection prevents manipulation by individual police officers and law enforcement agencies. Second, it assures that police behavioral trends are actually identified. Lastly, third-party data collection helps to deter published § 1983 cases. The essay, however, only models and tests the final claim.