cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of, and explore potential risk factors for, taste and smell dysfunction in the general population of the USA. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting A cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013–2014). Participants A total of 3519 men and women aged 40 years and older who participated in NHANES 2013–2014. Main outcome measures Using the NHANES Pocket Smell Test, smell impairment was defined as failing to correctly identify 6 or more of the 8 odours. Taste impairment was defined as failing to correctly identify quinine or sodium chloride. Results The estimated prevalence was 13.5% for smell impairment, 17.3% for taste impairment and 2.2% for taste and smell impairment. For smell, but not taste, prevalence estimates increased with age and were higher in men and ethnic minorities. In backward stepwise logistic regression, low educational attainment, low family income and a history of asthma or cancer were independently associated with a higher prevalence of smell impairment, whereas light-to-moderate alcohol consumption (1–3 drinks/day) was associated with a lower prevalence of this condition. After multivariate adjustment, being non-Hispanic Black Americans, consuming ≥4 drinks of alcohol per day and having a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were independently associated with a higher prevalence of taste impairment. Conclusions Based on a nationally representative multistage probability survey among the US population aged 40 years and older, smell and taste dysfunction affected ∼20.5 million (13.5%) and 26.3 million (17.3%) individuals, respectively. Age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, family income, light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and history of asthma or cancer were significant risk factors for smell dysfunction, whereas only ethnicity, heavy alcohol consumption and CVD history were associated with a higher prevalence of taste dysfunction.
Shedding light on a dark past: representations of slavery at UK heritage tourism sites

Prior research has pointed out that plantation-related heritage tourism sites have not adequately represented historical connections to slavery, often using strategies to downplay or hide this part of their history. However few studies evaluate how the memories of enslavement are constructed and presented in locations where large numbers of slave trade voyages embarked. Accordingly, this study examines the representations of slavery at historical tourist destinations in three UK port cities with strong connections to the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Using a textual analysis of ten data sources, including seven publications and three museum websites, the researchers explore the key conceptual themes that are incorporated into the tourism narratives. By establishing recording units to code and categorise the data content, the research team identified five key mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories that frequently arose within the context of slavery. While the theme of the trans-Atlantic slave trade had the highest relative frequency, the data sources used for this study show there is still ambiguity surrounding memories of slavery and its connection to British wealth and prosperity.
The semantics of falsity and negation

In Logical Forms Chateaubriand offers a realist semantics for false elementary propositions and for true negative propositions that appeals to negative facts. Although he does not refer to Wittgenstein, he rules out “possibilist” solutions such as that of the Tractatus. In this paper I will critically discuss Chateaubriand’s solution and compare it with the semantics of the Tractatus.
Antepartum Fetal Surveillance

Antepartum fetal surveillance aims to decrease perinatal morbidity and mortality; however, unnecessary iatrogenic preterm delivery should be avoided as well. Antenatal testing may include contraction stress tests, nonstress tests, biophysical profiles, and modified biophysical profiles. Decreased fetal movement by maternal report is appealing as an inexpensive, simple screening method, but evidence is mixed regarding its utility [1].
A Review of ACD-STEMM Integration, Part 2: Controlled Studies of Transdisciplinary Tools-for-Thinking Bridges for Arts-Science Pedagogy

This is Part 2 of a three-part analysis of studies concerning useful ways in which visual, plastic, musical and performing arts, crafts, and design (referred to for simplicity as Arts-Crafts-Design or ACD) may improve learning of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine (STEMM) and increase professional success in these subjects. Part 1 outlined eight “bridges” that STEMM professionals say they use to link ACD to their work and the evidence for doing so. Part 2 summarizes pedagogical studies that test the efficacy of Bridge 1: whether ACD exercise of certain “tools for thinking” improves aspects of STEMM learning. Identified and described in the book Sparks of Genius (Houghton Mifflin, 1999), these cognitive skills play a vital role in creative problem-raising and problem-solving strategies shared by artists and scientists. The thinking tools include observing, imaging, abstracting, pattern recognition, pattern forming, analogizing, dimensional thinking, modeling, empathizing and playact...
Biophysical Economics: The Material Basis

In our first chapter, we provided a review of how modern (neoclassical) economics operates as a social science-based means of allocating «scarce» resources, including the philosophy behind the assumptions that govern the operation of that model of how economies work. In this approach markets are seen as especially important as a means of making economic decisions and guiding the allocation of productive resources.
Everything I Know About Human Rights I Learned from the Clash

I use the punk band The Clash to teach about debates in international human rights scholarship. In contrast to the nihilism of the Sex Pistols and the cartoonism of the Ramones, The Clash offered a rock ’n roll course in political philosophy. It begins with seeing where the sharp end of the state is felt by regular people. Their songs speak of people’s daily lives in the face of police, the military, courts, and laws that all carry the possibility of violence. The language of law and lawfulness is seductive. It promises a well-ordered world in which formal rights are defended by formal institutions. But The Clash knew well that the law comes from the state and its most natural application is by the agents of the state in pursuit of the goals of the state.
Information Technology and Medically Uninsured

The uninsured are an invisible face in America. Their health care needs are great and are met by a patchwork of venues scattered throughout their communities. Access to health information technology may appear to be unnecessary, given the overwhelming needs of individual patients. In fact, health information technology (HIT) represents one possible way to increase quality care to this patient population.
Building a New Paradigm for Managing Workforce Diversity

(1996). Building a New Paradigm for Managing Workforce Diversity. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 31-36.
A Large-Scale Empirical Study on Android Runtime-Permission Rationale Messages

After Android 6.0 introduces the runtime-permission system, many apps provide runtime-permission-group rationales for the users to better understand the permissions requested by the apps. To understand the patterns of rationales and to what extent the rationales can improve the users' understanding of the purposes of requesting permission groups, we conduct a large-scale measurement study on five aspects of runtime rationales. We have five main findings: (1) less than 25% apps under study provide rationales; (2) for permission-group purposes that are difficult to understand, the proportions of apps that provide rationales are even lower; (3) the purposes stated in a significant proportion of rationales are incorrect; (4) a large proportion of customized rationales do not provide more information than the default permission-requesting message of Android; (5) apps that provide rationales are more likely to explain the same permission group's purposes in their descriptions than apps that do not provide rationales. We further discuss important implications from these findings
A digital twin for rapid qualification of 3D printed metallic components

Abstract The customized production of complex components by 3D printing has been hailed as a potentially transformative tool in manufacturing with important applications in health care, automotive and aerospace industries. However, after about a quarter of a century of research and development, only a handful of commercial alloys can be printed and the market value of all 3D printed products now amounts to a negligible portion of the manufacturing economy. This difficulty is attributable to a remarkable diversity in structure and properties of the printed components and susceptibility to defects. In addition, the current practice of qualifying components by prolonged trial and error with expensive printing equipment and feed stock material confine the printed products to a niche market where the high product cost and the delay in the qualification are not critical factors. Here we explain how a digital twin or a digital replica of the printing machine will reduce the number of trial and error tests to obtain desired product attributes and reduce the time required for part qualification to make the printed components cost effective. It is shown that a comprehensive digital twin of 3D printing machine consisting of mechanistic, control and statistical models of 3D printing, machine learning and big data can reduce the volume of trial and error testing, reduce defects and shorten time between the design and production.
Dynamic spherical indentation of strain hardening materials with and without strain rate dependent deformation behavior

Abstract Dynamic spherical indentation of elastic-plastic solids is examined in the light of finite element simulations. The deformation behavior of indented solids is described by two constitutive models – elastic-plastic strain hardening with or without strain rate dependent deformation. Numerical results of dimensionless global field parameters that describe the deformation response, such as mean contact pressure, contact area, and plastic work, are presented for a range of indentation velocity and elastic–plastic material properties. The dynamic contact response is interpreted in terms of a dimensionless indentation parameter, the normalized indentation strain, and the strain hardening and strain rate dependent material properties. It is shown that generalized solutions of global field parameters can be obtained in terms of the indentation parameter and indentation strain over a certain range of indentation depth. The results of this study provide new insight into the role of strain hardening and strain rate dependent deformation on the dynamic contact response of elastic-plastic solids.
Effect of inherent tibial asymmetry on leg length discrepancy measurements after intramedullary nailing of comminuted femoral shaft fractures.

Introduction : Locked intramedullary nailing (IMN) is the standard treatment for femoral shaft fractures in adults with high rates of union and relatively low rates of complications. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) after IMN of femoral shaft fractures is common, and is reported in 20–43% of cases. A known surgical challenge when trying to obtain equal leg lengths is comminuted fracture, which results in a loss of bony landmarks that guide reduction. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of inherent tibial asymmetry on LLD measurements after IMN. Methods : Postoperative CT scanograms were performed on 79 consecutive patients after locked IMN for comminuted femoral shaft fracture. Leg lengths were determined by measurements taken from the scout view of a CT scanogram. Calculations of discrepancy were made for both femurs, tibias, and total leg length. Assessment was also made on the frequency wherein the tibial discrepancy compounded the femoral discrepancy. In situations where a limb segment was exactly symmetric to the contralateral side, the total leg was not regarded as a having compounded asymmetry. Results : Notable discrepancies were found in tibial length that significantly departed from the null of symmetry (p : Tibial symmetry cannot be assumed. If not accounted for, inherent tibial asymmetry may influence LLD after IMN of femur fractures.
Dual-targeting GroEL/ES chaperonin and protein tyrosine phosphatase B (PtpB) inhibitors: A polypharmacology strategy for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.

Abstract Current treatments for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections require long and complicated regimens that can lead to patient non-compliance, increasing incidences of antibiotic-resistant strains, and lack of efficacy against latent stages of disease. Thus, new therapeutics are needed to improve tuberculosis standard of care. One strategy is to target protein homeostasis pathways by inhibiting molecular chaperones such as GroEL/ES (HSP60/10) chaperonin systems. M. tuberculosis has two GroEL homologs: GroEL1 is not essential but is important for cytokine-dependent granuloma formation, while GroEL2 is essential for survival and likely functions as the canonical housekeeping chaperonin for folding proteins. Another strategy is to target the protein tyrosine phosphatase B (PtpB) virulence factor that M. tuberculosis secretes into host cells to help evade immune responses. In the present study, we have identified a series of GroEL/ES inhibitors that inhibit M. tuberculosis growth in liquid culture and biochemical function of PtpB in vitro. With further optimization, such dual-targeting GroEL/ES and PtpB inhibitors could be effective against all stages of tuberculosis – actively replicating bacteria, bacteria evading host cell immune responses, and granuloma formation in latent disease – which would be a significant advance to augment current therapeutics that primarily target actively replicating bacteria.
Considering Race within Early Childhood Education: A Misunderstood and Underexplored Element of Family-School Partnerships in Child Care

This chapter explores the contribution of racial ethnic socialization to family-school partnerships during the early childhood period. Racial ethnic socialization entails verbal and nonverbal communications to children regarding the customs, values, attitudes, and perceptions of race and/or ethnicity, and it is the means through which children become familiar with the status and/or privilege of a particular racial ethnic group. As a former slave society, the United States is a racialized society. As a racialized social system, “whiteness” is not an inert concept but quite meaningful to the social interactions experienced within such a society. Children also experience racial dynamics at an early age and early education is a setting in which racial biases can be enacted by young children. Research indicates that early education teachers are not proactive in their role as racial ethnic socializers of these young children. The authors review some of the key elements of racial ethnic socialization research, articulate essential elements of racial ethnic socialization within child care programs, and suggest practical approaches toward initiating intentional racial ethnic socialization in child care that is cocreated with families.
Nomadic economics: The logic and logistics of Comanche imperialism in New Mexico

Over the past 20 years, scholars have expanded upon subsistence-driven models of indigenous labor and exchange by tracing out the dynamic social, economic, and political systems created by Native p...
Recognizing competencies vs. completion vs. participation: Ideal roles for web-enabled digital badges

Open digital badges are new credentials that can contain specific claims and links to web-enabled evidence, and can then circulate in networks. Badges are helping facilitate broader shifts away from measuring, accrediting, and credentialing achievement and towards capturing, validating, and recognizing learning. A study of 30 funded efforts to develop badges found that none of the efforts to develop competency badges (for demonstrating specific competencies) resulted in thriving badge-based ecosystems, while four of the five efforts to develop participation badges (for engaged participation in social learning) resulted in thriving ecosystems. The findings were relatively mixed for the remaining efforts to develop completion badges (for individuals completing projects or investigations) and hybrid badges (for multiple types of learning). These findings suggest that innovators temper their ambition for capturing and recognizing evidence of individual competencies, and consider exploring more social assessments and informal and crowdsourced recognition.
Intraperitoneal ports placed at the time of bowel resection for treatment of ovarian cancer: Complications and surgical outcomes.

Abstracttient demographic Objectives To determine if intraperitoneal (IP) ports placed concurrently with bowel resection during surgical treatment of ovarian cancer is associated with more complications than those ports placed without concurrent bowel resection. Methods The medical records of all patients who had an IP port placed at our institution between 2005 and 2016 were reviewed. Two groups were analyzed: IP ports placed with bowel resection (IP-BR) and those without (IP). Results Of 306 patient charts reviewed, 31% had a surgery with IP port placement and concurrent bowel resection (IP-BR). Demographics were similar except for mean BMI (25.6 IP-BR vs 27.4 IP, p = 0.007). More IP-BR patients had stage IIIC disease (83.3% IP-BR vs 56.9% IP, p ≤0.01). Patients were cytoreduced to R0 in 48.7% IP-BR vs 56.4% IP (p = 0.253). For adjuvant treatment, IV chemotherapy was administered before IP chemotherapy in 90.4% IP-BR (median 2 cycles), and 50.3% IP, (median 2 cycles, p Conclusions Patients who have IP ports placed concurrently with a bowel resection do not appear to have more complications, nor lower rates of IP chemotherapy administration.
Reflection in attribute grammars

This paper shows how reflection on (undecorated) syntax trees used in attribute grammars can significantly reduce the amount of boiler-plate specifications that must be written. It is implemented in the Silver attribute grammar system in the form of a reflect function mapping syntax trees and other values into a generic representation and a reify function for the inverse mapping. We demonstrate its usefulness in several ways. The first is in an extension to Silver itself that simplifies writing language extensions for the ableC extensible C specification by allowing language engineers to specify C-language syntax trees using the concrete syntax of C (with typed holes) instead of writing abstract syntax trees. Secondly, a scrap-your-boilerplate style substitution mechanism is described. The third use is in serialization and de-serialization of the interface files Silver generates to support separate compilation; a custom interface language was replaced by a generic reflection-based implementation. Finally, an experimental implementation of staged interpreters for a small staged functional language is discussed.
Sleeve Gastrectomy Complications

Sleeve gastrectomy has become the most popular bariatric surgery in the world. The relative ease of the procedure is appealing to both the surgeon and the patient. The procedures are being performed with overall great results. There are, however, complications that arise which require prompt diagnosis and proper management. In this chapter, postoperative complications of hemorrhage, stricture, reflux, esophageal cancer, and staple line leak will be discussed. Although the operation is done by many surgeons across the world, experience with complications can be low as most patients have a successful postoperative course. The lack of experience in management of complications can lead to failing to rescue a patient. As such, diagnosis of these complications and best practice management are imperative parts of the bariatric surgeons’ armamentarium.
Finitism, imperative programs and primitive recursion

The finitistic philosophy of mathematics, critical of referencing infinite totalities, has been associated from its inception with primitive recursion. That kinship was not initially substantiated, but is widely assumed, and is supported by Parson’s Theorem, which may be construed as equating finitistic reasoning with finitistic computing.
Primary care experiences of veterans with opioid use disorder in the Veterans Health Administration.

Abstract Background While patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) are thought to encounter poor primary care experiences, the perspectives of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD), specifically, are unknown. This study compares the primary care experiences of patients with OUD, other SUDs and no SUD in the Veterans Health Administration. Methods The sample included Veterans who responded to the national Patient-Centered Medical Home Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients, 2013–2015. Respondents included 3554 patients with OUD, 36,175 with other SUDs, and 756,386 with no SUD; 742 OUD-diagnosed patients received buprenorphine. Multivariable multinomial logistic regressions estimated differences in the probability of reporting positive and negative experiences (0–100 scale) for patients with OUD, compared to patients with other SUDs and no SUD, and for OUD-diagnosed patients treated versus not treated with buprenorphine. Results Of all domains, patients with OUD reported the least positive experiences with access (31%) and medication decision-making (35%), and the most negative experiences with self-management support (35%) and provider communication (23%). Compared to the other groups, patients diagnosed with OUD reported fewer positive and/or more negative experiences with access, communication, office staff, provider ratings, comprehensiveness, care coordination, and self-management support (adjusted risk differences[aRDs] range from |2.9| to |7.0|). Among OUD-diagnosed patients, buprenorphine was associated with more positive experiences with comprehensiveness (aRD = 8.3) and self-management support (aRD = 7.1), and less negative experiences with care coordination (aRD = −4.9) and medication shared decision-making (aRD = −5.4). Conclusions In a national sample, patients diagnosed with OUD encounter less positive and more negative experiences than other primary care patients, including those with other SUDs. Buprenorphine treatment relates positively to experiences with care comprehensiveness, medication decisions, and care coordination. As stakeholders encourage more primary care providers to manage OUD, it will be important for healthcare systems to attend to patient access and experiences with care in these settings.
Social cognitive priming effect on propaganda and education of grassroots CDC in the prevention and control of COVID-19

In face of new infectious diseases, the social cognition of the propaganda and education of grassroots Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) can play an important role. This paper analyzed the role of social cognitive priming effect of CDC in guiding the prevention and control of COVID-19, and suggested that social cognition, rapid evaluation and accurate publicity should be initiated to guide the public by CDC to acquire health knowledge, master health skills and fight against the epidemic scientifically. Key words: grassroots CDC; COVID-19; social cognition; priming effect
Nuclear hybrid energy system

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) recognizes the need to transform the energy infrastructure of the United States and other countries into systems that can significantly reduce environmental impacts in an efficient and economically viable manner while utilizing both clean energy generation sources and hydrocarbon resources. Thus, DOE is supporting research and development that could lead to more efficient utilization of clean nuclear and renewable energy generation sources. A concept being advanced by the DOE offices of Nuclear Energy (NE) and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is tighter coupling of nuclear and renewable energy sources in a manner that better optimizes energy use for the combined electricity, industrial manufacturing, and the transportation sectors. This integration concept has been referred to as a “hybrid system” capable of providing energy (thermal or electrical) where it is needed, when it is needed. For purposes of this work, the hybrid system would integrate two or more energy resources to generate two or more products, one of which must be an energy commodity, such as electricity or transportation fuel. This definition requires coupling of subsystems “behind” the electrical transmission bus, where energy flows are dynamically apportioned as necessary to meet demand, and the system has a single connection to the grid that provides dispatchable electricity as required while capital-intensive generation assets operate at full capacity.
Influence of PCR cycle number on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of low biomass samples

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased PCR cycle number on sequencing results from samples with low microbial biomass, including bovine milk, and murine pelage and blood. We hypothesized that subjecting DNA from such samples to higher PCR cycle numbers would increase 16S rRNA sequencing coverage. DNA was extracted from matched samples of each type and multiple PCR cycle numbers were evaluated to generate a total of 96 libraries from 24 milk samples, 46 libraries from 23 pelage samples, and 170 libraries from 85 blood samples. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform, and the coverage per sample, detected richness, and beta-diversity were evaluated. Across all sample types, higher PCR cycle numbers were associated with increased coverage. Surprisingly however, while higher PCR cycle numbers resulted in greater number of useable datapoints, no differences were detected in metrics of richness or beta-diversity. While reagent controls amplified for 40 cycles yielded similarly increased coverage, control and experimental samples were clearly differentiated based on beta-diversity. The results from this study support the use of higher PCR cycle numbers to evaluate samples with low microbial biomass.
Length Limits for Perfectly Matched Transmission Line Impedance Transformation

We investigate a lower bound for the length of a nonuniform transmission line which produces impedance matching of a real load impedance to a real input impedance. Derived length limits are compared to lengths of known impedance transforming circuits.
The instigating effects of isolation on substance-related intimate partner violence: A review.

Abstract In this article, we examine the empirical and theoretical support for the idea that experiences of isolation can intensify substance use, even among those in committed close relationships, and can increase the likelihood of negative conflict behaviors, including intimate partner violence (IPV). Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and laboratory-based research suggest that individuals and couples who report experiences of social exclusion and have fewer social supports experience more mental health problems, more negative emotional experiences, and higher levels of stress. These negative outcomes spur coping efforts to reduce these distressing states, which often involve pain-relieving substances such as alcohol. We describe how dynamic models of relationship conflict and IPV can integrate alcohol and substance use patterns among both individuals and couples to understand and predict contexts leading to conflict escalation and IPV perpetration.
Cultivating LGBTQ+ Competent Cancer Research: Recommendations from LGBTQ+ Cancer Survivors, Care Partners, and Community Advocates.

Abstract Objective Sexual and gender minority (SGM) or LGBTQ+ communities were designated as a National Institutes of Health (NIH) disparity population in 2016, yet research exploring SGM cancer disparities is still limited. Thus, we sought the insight of LGBTQ+ cancer survivors, care partners, and community advocates to learn their recommendations for cultivating competent and inclusive cancer research for LGBTQ+ individuals. Data Sources We conducted a focus group with LGBTQ+ survivors and care partners of LGBTQ+ survivors who were 18 years or older (N = 8) and interviews with community advocates who are leaders in LGBTQ+ cancer (N = 8). The focus group and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis. Conclusion Qualitative analysis elicited an overarching theme of cultivating competent research for LGBTQ+ individuals, including three subthemes: (i) Cisheteronormativity: An inhospitable ecosystem for LGBTQ+ patients, survivors, and care partners, (ii) Study design: Shifting from invasive ‘othering’ to a sustainable community-driven climate, and (iii) Recruitment and data collection: Ways to cultivate ecosystem health. Cultivating inclusive, competent research with SGM populations is crucial for addressing health disparities and improving cancer survivors’ and care partners’ health. Implications for Nursing Practice Recommendations from LGBTQ+ survivors, care partners, and community advocates ranged from small alterations to systemic changes, highlighting the multifaceted yet feasible process of cultivating LGBTQ+ competent cancer research. The process of cultivating competent research for LGBTQ+ populations will take substantial investment from researchers, providers, and health systems.
Electrical conductivity of Jupiter's shallow interior and the formation of a resonant of a resonant planetary-ionospheric cavity

The present consideration of hydrogenic atmospheric reactions on Jupiter, to a depth of 4000 km, notes the primary ion constituents at these depths to be both positive and negative ions of molecular hydrogen contributing less than 20 percent to total electrical conductivity by free electrons. An electrical surface defined by the boundary beneath which the interior is electrically conducting exists at depths which vary according to EM wave frequency, from 1100 km for 1 mHz to 3000 for 1 MHz. The presence of a lower electrical boundary within the shallow interior suggests that a planetary-ionosphere resonant cavity analogous to the earth-ionosphere cavity may exist.
Sunrise and sunset in fly brains.

Fruitflies can time their morning and evening activities to the day–night cycle. The basic circadian oscillatory mechanism is intracellular, but networks of cells, now being identified, are what make a working clock.
Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of the Ã1A″←X̃1A′ system of jet-cooled HCCl in the region 5150–6050 Å

Abstract We report new measurements of the laser induced fluorescence spectra of the HCCl A 1 A″← X 1 A ′ system in the 5150–6150 A region, obtained under jet-cooled conditions using a pulsed discharge source. The pure bending states (0, ν 2 ′ ,0) with ν 2 ′ =5–8 and combination states (0, ν 2 ′ , ν 3 ′ ) with ν 2 ′ =4–6 and ν 3 ′ =1,2 have been measured and the rotational structure fit to a asymmetric top rotational Hamiltonian, which yielded precise values for the band origins and effective rotational constants. Fluorescence lifetimes were measured for rotational levels in each band.
Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disks

It is barely a decade since the first molecular line images of disks around embedded and pre-main sequence stars were published (Beckwith et al., 1986; Mundy et al., 1986; Sargent & Beckwith 1987). In the intervening years there has been steady progress in detecting and analyzing these disks, which are an expected by-product of the star formation process cf. Shu et al., 1987; Shu et al., 1993), and there is now a veritable flood of new and intriguing results as millimeter-wave instrumentation improves (cf. Sargent & Welch 1993).
The dissolution kinetics of Fe3C in ferrite

The rate of dissolution of spheroidized Fe3C in ferrite in both high purity and commercial purity plain carbon eutectoid steels has been investigated. The experiments consisted of equilibrating wire specimens of spheroidized eutectoid steels at 650°C or 700°C and then jumping the temperature (in 2 to 7 m-sec) 4 to 32 C deg above the equilibration temperature. After heating, the specimens were maintained constant at the new temperature, and the dissolution of Fe3C was followed by observing the changes in electrical resistivity. The data are correlated to changes in the average carbon concentration in ferrite and are compared to the predictions of a generalized phenomenological model. Two important facts have been determined. First, the Fe3C ferrite interfaces are not in a state of local equilibrium during dissolution; the deviations from equilibrium in all cases were large. Second, the kinetics of dissolution are first order and the log of the reaction rate constants are a linear function of (1/T), whereT is the absolute temperature. These results lead to the conclusion that under the present experimental conditions, the dissolution of Fe3C in ferrite is controlled entirely by an interfacial reaction. A rather detailed description of the experimental procedure is included in this paper because the technique is new, and it is broadly applicable in the study of many metallurgical phenomena.
TPCK (N‐P‐Tosyl‐Phenylalanine Chloromethyl Ketone)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: TPCK (N-P-tosyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone)
Raman and resonant Raman studies of GaAs1−xNx

Recent developments in Raman and resonant Raman studies of GaAs1−xNx are discussed with respect to the nitrogen localized vibrational mode and the abnormal behaviour of this material. The normalized Raman intensity of nitrogen LVM with respect to that of GaAs–LO phonon as well as ωLVM exhibits a linear dependence on the nitrogen concentration for x ≤ 0.03, providing a useful calibration to determine the nitrogen composition in the ternary alloy GaAs1−xNx. The Raman intensity and linewidth resonances of the LO(Γ) phonon provide strong evidence for the formation of nitrogen-induced resonance states above the conduction-band minimum. Various phonons at the L and X zone boundaries not only emerge as distinct and sharp Raman features for excitations near the E+ transition but also exhibit the same intensity resonance enhancement as observed for the zone-centre phonons, LO(Γ) and TO(Γ), which provides strong evidence of significant L and X components in the wave function of the nitrogen-induced E+ state in GaAs1−xNx.
Prenatal Parent- Young Interactions in Birds and Their Long Term Effects

Publisher Summary Mutual stimulation during incubation may have immediate as well as long-term effects on the onset of chick care in the parent and on hatching and early postnatal responses in chicks. This chapter describes the aspects of incubation behavior and embryonic development, effects of embryonic stimuli on behavior of the incubating bird and the onset of chick care, and effects of parental stimuli during incubation on survival and behavior of the embryo and newly hatched chick. The chapter suggests that an incubating bird may be affected by the growing embryos inside its eggs even before the pre-hatching stages. The effects may result from embryonic movements as well as progressive thermogenesis, changes in weight, and gravitational properties. Under normal conditions of incubation, the behavior of the incubating birds undergoes significant changes, starting in some cases about 2 days before the hatching of their young. However, more detailed observations are desirable on the degree of attentiveness in correlation with incubation temperature, as well as on the frequency of rising, egg shifting, and parental vocalization, both in birds sitting on developing and non-developing eggs.
Rainbow: architecture-based self-adaptation with reusable infrastructure

Software-based systems today are increasingly expected to dynamically self-adapt to accommodate resource variability, changing user needs, and system faults. Recent work uses closed-loop control based on external models to monitor and adapt system behavior at run time. Taking this externalized approach, the Rainbow framework we have developed uses software architectural models to dynamically monitor and adapt a running system. A key goal and primary challenge of this framework is to support the reuse of adaptation strategies and infrastructure across different systems. We show that the separation of a generic adaptation infrastructure from system-specific adaptation knowledge makes this reuse possible.
Four Synchronous Primary Malignancies of the Breast, Lung, Colon and Esophagus

The literature contains few reports of patients with four more or more synchronous primary malignancies. We report the case of a 74-year-old woman who presented with synchronous primary malignant neoplasms of the breast (metaplastic carcinoma), lung (squamous cell carcinoma), esophagus (adenocarcinoma), and colon (adenocarcinoma). She was treated with multimodality therapy and demonstrated a favorable response at early follow-up. To our knowledge, this combination of synchronous primary malignancies has not been previously reported. The management of patients with multiple synchronous primary malignancies introduces a number of unique challenges which necessitate highly individualized treatment plans that may not strictly adhere to standard practices in the setting of a single malignancy.
Summer mood in winter depressives: validation of a structured interview.

Two structured interviews, the Hypomania Interview Guide (Including Hyperthymia), for Seasonal Affective Disorder (HIGH-SAD) and its successor, the Hypomania Interview Guide (Including Hyperthymia), Retrospective Assessment Version (HIGH-R), were validated for the assessment of nondepressed spring/summer mood states in patients with DSM-III-R or DSM-IV diagnoses of Recurrent Bipolar disorder (I, II or NOS) or Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD; unipolar), both with Seasonal Pattern, and in normal control subjects (HIGH-SAD only). The instruments retrospectively rate the frequency and severity of DSM diagnostic criterion features as well as several non-DSM features. Both instruments had high internal consistency. Normal controls had lower total scores than unipolar patients, who had lower scores than bipolar patients. Total score classified 85-91% of patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) into the correct unipolar or bipolar group. For boundary mood cases, small subsets of features provided better classification accuracy. Based on total score, MDD patients were divided into three subgroups: euthymes (normal mood), hyperthymes (slightly elevated mood), and high-hyperthymes (scores overlapping with hypomania). With the exception of sharpened thinking, DSM items dominated patient classifications. Distinct clusters of "positive" (pleasant, agreeable) or "negative" (impairing) features described the mood states. The HIGH-R and HIGH-SAD are useful for discriminating and classifying hypomania and mania in bipolar patients, and euthymia and hyperthymia in unipolar patients. Language: en
An Update on the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia

Abstract Like other types of neuropathic pain, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) can be resistant to many types of pharmacologic and interventional therapies. Although many analgesic agents have been used for the treatment of other types of neuropathic pain, tricyclic antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, opioids, and lidocaine patch appear to demonstrate relative analgesic efficacy for the treatment of pain from PHN. There are fewer studies on the use of interventional options for the treatment of pain from PHN. The majority of interventional therapies show equivocal analgesic efficacy although some data indicate that intrathecal methylprednisolone may be effective. Further randomized, controlled trials will be needed to confirm the analgesic efficacy of analgesic and interventional therapies to determine their role in the overall treatment of patients with PHN. Perspective This article reviews the analgesic options for the treatment of PHN and suggests that tricyclic antidepressants, membrane stabilizers, opioids, and lidocaine patch may demonstrate analgesic efficacy in this group of patients. These data may potentially help clinicians who attempt to provide analgesia in patients with PHN.
State-Based Adjoint Method for Reduced Order Modeling

Introduced here is an adjoint state-based method for model reduction, which provides a single solution to two classes of reduction methods that are currently in the literature. The first class, which represents the main subject of this manuscript, is concerned with linear time invariant problems where one is interested in calculating linear responses variations resulting from initial conditions perturbations. The other class focuses on perturbations introduced in the operator, which result in nonlinear responses variations. Unlike existing adjoint-based methods where an adjoint function is calculated based on a given response, the state-based method employs the state variations to set up a number of adjoint problems, each corresponding to a pseudoresponse. This manuscript extends the applicability of state-based method to generate reduced order models for linear time invariant problems. Previous developments focusing on operator perturbations are reviewed briefly to highlight the common features of the st...
Poster abstract secure locations: routing on trust and isolating compromised sensors in location-aware sensor networks

In data-centric sensor networks, where data processing and transfer are oblivious to node IDs, conventional node-based security models are not suitable. We introduce the novel concept of secure locations to address non-cooperative and malicious behavior in location-aware sensor networks. Our architecture also introduces a scalable trust-based routing protocol (TRANS) to track, update and route around untrusted locations using variants of geographic and trajectory routing. As part of our protocol we provide an efficient algorithm for identifying and isolating misbehaving or compromised sensors based on their approximate locations. Our simulations show the efficacy of our approach in malicious node isolation and route infection reduction.
4H-SiC MOS Capacitors and MOSFET Fabrication with Gate Oxidation at 1400°C

This paper compares the performance of 4H-SiC MOS capacitors and MOSFETs made using the conventional NO annealing process and a high-temperature (1400°C) dry oxidation process. Through extensive C-V, G-ω, I-V and Hall measurements, the limitations of both the processes are discussed.
Identification and characterization of a novel allosteric modulator (SoRI‐6238) of the serotonin transporter

In the present study we describe a novel agent, SoRI-6238 (ethyl 5-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-ylcarbamate) that partially inhibits 5-HT transporter (SERT) binding and allosterically modulates SERT function. Membranes were prepared from rat brain. SoRI-6238 partially inhibited SERT binding to brain membranes with a plateau at about 40% of control. SoRI-6238 fully inhibited norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine transporter (DAT) binding with IC(50) values of 12.1 microM and 5.8 microM, respectively. The apparent K(d) of [(125)I]RTI-55 binding to SERT increased, then reached a plateau with increasing concentrations of SoRI-6238. SoRI-6238 fully inhibited [(3)H]5-HT uptake, acting to decrease the V(max) (noncompetitive inhibition). In kinetic experiments, SoRI-6238 slowed the dissociation of [(125)I]RTI-55 from SERT and slowed the initial association rate. We conclude that SoRI-6238 partially inhibits SERT binding and function, most likely via an allosteric mechanism.
Internalism and Hyperexternalism About Reasons

Alan Goldman’s Reasons from Within is one of the most thorough recent defenses of what might be called ‘orthodox internalism’ about practical reasons. Goldman’s main target is an opposing view that includes a commitment to the following two theses: (O) that there are such things as objective values, and (E) that these values give rise to external reasons. One version of this view, which we can call ‘orthodox externalism’, also includes a commitment to the thesis (I) that rational people will be motivated by any reason they have of which they are aware. Goldman himself embraces (I), and deploys it frequently in his criticisms of orthodox externalism. But there is logical space for an externalist view that includes a commitment to (O) and (E), but that denies (I). The resulting “hyperexternalist” view holds that some reasons need not motivate us, even if we are rational. In this paper I argue that Goldman’s criticisms of orthodox externalism leave hyperexternalism untouched, and that his specific criticisms of my own version of hyperexternalism do not work. In light of Goldman’s criticisms of orthodox externalism and my own criticisms of Goldman’s view, hyperexternalism emerges as the favored option.
Preoperative cardiac evaluation is unnecessary in most patients undergoing vascular operations

Abstract Background: This study evaluated the impact of Goldman’s index (GI), radionuclide ventriculography (RVG), and dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy (DTS) on predicting cardiac outcome after vascular operations. Methods: A total of 463 consecutive patients undergoing vascular operations were divided into those who had no DTS, those who had reversible ischemia by DTS, and those who had no reversible ischemia by DTS. GI, ejection fraction, wall motion abnormalities, rate of coronary angiography, and revascularization were determined for each group. Results: Coronary revascularization was ultimately performed in 8% of patients with no DTS, 7% of patients with no ischemia by DTS, and 9% of patients with ischemia by DTS. The GI of 6.1 in patients who died postoperatively was significantly higher than the GI of 3.6 in patients who survived ( P = 0.02). RVG did not predict mortality, morbidity, or need for coronary revascularization. Conclusion: Clinical assessment remains a good predictor for cardiac outcome in patients undergoing vascular operations. More extensive cardiac testing should be reserved for patients with higher GI and active cardiac problems.
Kinetic stability of hematite nanoparticles: the effect of particle sizes

Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in environment and are potentially important in many environmental processes such as sorption, coprecipitation, redox reactions, and dissolution. To investigate particle size effects on nanoparticle aggregation and stability, this study tested aggregation behavior of 12(±2), 32(±3), and 65(±3) nm (hydrated radius) hematite particles under environmental relevant pH and ionic strength conditions. The results showed that at the same ionic strength and pH conditions, different particle sizes show different tendency to aggregate. At the same ionic strength, aggregation rates are higher for smaller particles. The critical coagulation concentration also depends on particle size, and decreases as particle size decreases. As the particle size decreases, fast aggregation shifted to lower pH. This may be related to a dependence of PZC on particle size originating from change of structure and surface energy characteristics as particle size decreases. Under the same conditions, aggregation occurs faster as particle concentration increases. Even though the nanoparticles of different sizes show different response to the same pH and ionic strength, DLVO theory can be used to qualitatively understand hematite nanoparticle aggregation behavior.