cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic neuromuscular defects in the neurogenic bladder: V. Autonomic re-innervation of the male feline rhabdosphincter following somatic denervation by bilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy†

We have shown previously that myofibers of the male feline rhabdosphincter are innervated by somatomotor end-plates as well as nonspecialized surface junctions by autonomic cholinergic and adrenergic axons. Shortly after sacral ventral rhizotomy, the somatomotor cholinergic axons innervating the plates disappear, but the autonomic cholinergic and adrenergic surface junctions are preserved. In the present study, the eventual pattern of innervation of the somatically denervated rhabdosphincter is described. Four to ten weeks after denervation there was (1) progressively marked sprouting of nonmyelinated cholinergic and adrenergic axons, with an increasingly prominent probable copeptidergic component of both axon types; (2) preservation and possibly increase in the number of autonomic surface junctions; and (3) re-innervation of the initially nerveless end-plates by autonomic cholinergic and/or adrenergic axons, occasionally with cholinergic/adrenergic axoaxonal synapses. Based on these and our previous observations, it is concluded that any neural control that the denervated rhabdosphincter may eventually have is purely autonomic, and may in part be achieved via its original end-plates. The significance of our findings with respect to the physiology and pharmacology of the rhabdosphincter (incontrast to other striated muscle) and its possible role in lower-motor neurogenic voiding dysfunction are analyzed.
αC Helix as a Switch in the Conformational Transition of Src/CDK-like Kinase Domains

One mechanism of regulating the catalytic activity of protein kinases is through conformational transitions. Despite great diversity in the structural changes involved in the transitions, a certain set of changes within the kinase domain (KD) has been observed for many kinases including Src and CDK2. We investigated this conformational transition computationally to identify the topological features that are energetically critical to the transition. Results from both molecular dynamics sampling and transition path optimization highlight the displacement of the αC helix as the major energy barrier, mediating the switch of the KD between the active and down-regulated states. The critical role of the αC helix is noteworthy by providing a rationale for a number of activation and deactivation mechanisms known to occur in cells. We find that kinases with the αC helix displacement exist throughout the kinome, suggesting that this feature may have emerged early in evolution.
Population mixture models and clustering algorithms

The problem of clustering individuals is considered within the context of a mixture of distributions. A modification of the usual approach to population mixtures is employed. As usual, a parametric family of distributions is considered, a set of parameter values being associated with each population. In addition, with each observation is associated an identification parameter, Indicating from which population the observation arose. Theresulting likelihood function is interpreted in terms of the conditional probability density of a sample from a mixture of populations, given the identification parameter of each observation. Clustering algorithms are obtained by applying a method of iterated maximum likelihood to this like-lihood function.
The Association of Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity to Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol

This study examined the association between sensation seeking, impulsivity, and drunk driving. Results showed significant differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity among 160 individuals convicted of impaired or intoxicated driving and individuals who had never been arrested for driving while under the influence/driving while intoxicated offenses.
Love-Wave Biosensors Using Cross-Linked Polymer Waveguides on LiTaO{sub 3} Substrates

The design and performance of Love-wave sensors using cross-linked poly-(methyl methacrylate) waveguides of thickness of 0.3--3.2 {micro}m on LiTaO{sub 3} substrates are described. It is found that this layer-substrate combination provides sufficient waveguidance, and electrical isolation of the IDTs from the liquid environment to achieve low acoustic loss and distortion. In bio-sensing experiments, mass sensitivity up to 1,420 Hz/(ng/mm{sup 2}) is demonstrated.
ω3 Fatty acids increase spontaneous release of cytosolic components from tumor cells

Mice fed menhaden (fish) oil or coconut oil-rich diets were inoculated intraperitoneally with a rapidly growing leukemia, T27A. After one week, the tumor cells were harvested, and 51Cr was used to label intracellular molecules. Spontaneous release of 51Cr was used as a measure of plasma membrane permeability. Compared to cells from mice fed coconut oil (rich in saturated fatty acids), tumor cells from mice fed menhaden oil (rich in long chain polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids) showed an increased level of spontaneous 51Cr release, which was exacerbated by increased temperature and reduced by extracellular protein. At physiological salt concentrations, the released 51Cr was detected in particles of approximately 2700 daltons. Enhanced permeability correlated with the incorporation of dietary (fish oil) omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid into the tumor cells. The results demonstrate that omega 3 fatty acids are incorporated into cellular constituents of tumor cells and change properties associated with the plasma membrane. This result suggests that dietary manipulation may be used to enhance tumor cell permeability and contribute to tumor eradication.
Effect of the Rotation of a Planetary Atmosphere Upon the Orbit of a Close Satellite

The rotation of a planetary atmosphere along with the planet changes all the orbital elements of a close satellite. Expressions are derived for such variations. The effects, although small, may be important to the precise interpretation of the motions of artificial Earth satellites. Rotation in the same sense as the satellite retards the rate of diminution of the orbital period, and unless allowed for, causes atmospheric densities inferred from satellite motions, to be as much as 10 per cent too low. The decrease of eccentricity is likewise retarded. The inclination i decreases secularly as found by Wildhack and Bosanquet, and a careful comparison by least squares of observation with theory shows good agreement for satellite 1957 Beta 1 and acceptable agreement for 1958 Beta 2. The node U regresses at a rate proportional to sin 2co, and the argument co of pericenter increases at a rate cos i times as great. Since the planet's rotational flattening changes co secularly, atmospheric rotation does not change 12 and a> secularly. The mean anomaly at the epoch is not secularly changed. Equations are derived to permit the inference of atmospheric density from the mass and area of a satellite and from its observed orbital behavior, with due allowance for atmospheric rotation and for the dependence of density on distance from the flattened planet.
Spin–charge separation in 1D Mott-insulators and related systems

Abstract This article reviews recent developments in experimental evidences of spin–charge separation in one dimensional (1D) Mott insulators and related systems, focusing on angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) results. The ARPES spectra from ideal 1D Cu–O chain compounds SrCuO 2 and Sr 2 CuO 3 show broad features between k =0 and π/2 while only one feature is observed between π/2 and π. Numerical results based on the t − J model qualitatively explain many important aspects of the observed features, strongly suggesting the excited photo hole decays into spin and charge excitations. Supporting evidences from experiments with other techniques as well as different materials are reviewed. Finally, related issues in high temperature superconductivity are discussed.
UTILIZATION OF ENERGY IN COMMERCIAL STEAM COOKERS

Cooking times and efficiency of energy utilization were determined for pressure type and pressureless types steam cookers, using water and ice to simulate product loads. Efficiency of energy utilization ranged from 8.7% to 19.7% and energy utilized per gram of product from 2.61 to 3.84 kilo joules, the pressure type cookers using less energy than the pressureless types.
A model of suicidal behavior in war veterans with posttraumatic mood disorder

Many wars have been fought during the history of civilization. About 30 armed conflicts are occurring now around the globe involving more than 25 countries. Many war veterans have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) including suicidal ideation and behavior. PTSD is frequently comorbid with MDD. I have previously proposed that some or all individuals diagnosed with comorbid PTSD and MDD have a separate psychobiological condition that can be termed "posttraumatic mood disorder" (PTMD). This idea was based on the fact that a significant number of studies suggested that patients suffering from comorbid PTSD and MDD differed clinically and biologically from individuals with PTSD alone or MDD alone. Individuals with comorbid PTSD and MDD are characterized by greater severity of symptoms, increased suicidality and the higher level of impairment in social and occupational functioning compared to individuals with PTSD alone or MDD alone. Neurobiological evidence supporting the concept of PTMD includes the findings from neuroendocrine challenge, cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, sleep and other studies. In this paper, I propose a model of suicidal behavior in war veterans with PTMD. The model consists of the following components: (1) genetic factors; (2) prenatal development; (3) biological and psychosocial influences from birth to mobilization/deployment; (4) mobilization/pre-deployment stress; (5) combat stress, traumatic brain injury, and physical injury; (6) post-deployment stress; (7) biological and psychosocial influences after the deployment; (8) trigger (precipitant) of a suicidal act; and (9) suicidal act. The first four components determine vulnerability to combat stress. The first seven components determine predisposition to suicidal behavior, a key element that differentiates PTMD patients who are at high risk from those at lower risk. Suicidal behavior in PTMD can be attributed to the coincidence of a trigger with a predisposition for suicidal behavior. Suicide prevention in war veterans with PTMD should focus on (1) improvement in recognition of PTMD; (2) treating symptoms of PTMD; (3) preventing a relapse when the patient is in remission; (4) treating suicidal ideation; (5) treating comorbid psychiatric conditions including alcohol and drug abuse; (6) treating medical and neurological disorders including traumatic brain injury; and (7) social support. It is extremely important to understand PTMD, to optimize assessment and treatment for people with PTMD, and to identify processes that facilitate recovery from exposure to traumatic events. Every nation, every generation, faces traumas that cause suicide. The world needs to deal with this and it is one thing that the world can come together on.
Commodity prices and the world distribution of income

Abstract Some advocates of a new international economic order recommend raising prices of commodities exported by developing countries as a means of reducing the inequality of world income distribution. A simulation model using commodity trade data and income distribution data for 68 industrial and developing countries examines this policy alternative. Initial data compilation reveals that internal inequality is as important as international: The world income share of the poorest 40% of people would be twice as high in the absence of intracountry inequality. Calculations using actual price experience in the “great inflation” of 1972–1975 show that despite the large relative price changes for some commodities (especially oil), these changes left the world size distribution of income virtually unchanged. Separate policy simulations show that even a quadrupling of the price of ali “equalizing” commodities (those mainly exported by LDCs) would leave the size distribution of world income practically unaltered (even under optimistic assumptions about intracountry distributional incidence), although some individual LDCs would gain. Increasing commodity prices therefore appears to be an ineffective means of increasing international equity, quite apart from questions about the feasibility of cartels or commodity agreements.
Politics of the Gecekondu in Turkey: The political choices of urban squatters in national elections

This article demonstrates that the victory of the pro‐Islamist Welfare Party in Turkey's 1995 general elections resulted mainly from a significantly disproportionate increase in support from urban squatter neighborhoods. But the increase is not due solely to the growth of Islamic ideology, as is commonly believed. Rather, in a move consistent with their past voting behavior, urban squatters shifted their electoral support to the Islamists when the parties representing the “periphery,” which traditionally protected their interests, moved to the center, and left them searching for an alternative to address their material needs.
PET/CT in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease: studies in patients before and after treatment

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appropriate 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) determination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before and after clinical improvement to see if this determination correlates with clinical activity. We performed PET–computed tomography (PET/CT) on five patients before and after successful medical therapy in patients with moderately active IBD. Each patient had five bowel segments scored (0–3) for the appropriate FDG-PET determination. There were five patients [Crohn’s disease (CD) = 3, ulcerative colitis = 2] who were studied an average of 437 days (range, 77–807) after initial PET/CT scan. All patients showed significant improvement in physician global assessment scores (p = 0.004) and underwent repeat PET/CT. The total score of all segments was 32 pretreatment and 14 posttreatment (p < 0.01). Of 11 pretreatment active segments, nine (82%) segments either became inactive or displayed decreased activity, while two showed no change (p < 0.001). Appropriate FDG-PET determination decreases with successful treatment of inflammation in active IBD and correlates with symptom improvement.
Histochemical studies on protease formation in the cotyledons of germinating bean seeds

Protease formation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cotyledons during seed germination was studied histochemically using a gelatin-film-substrate method. Protease activity can be detected by this method on the 5th day of germination, at approximately the same time that a rapid increase of activity was observed by a test-tube assay with casein as a substrate. At the early stage of germination, protease activity was observed throughout the cotyledon except in two or three cell layers below the cotyledon surface and in several cell layers around the vascular bundles. A highly active cell layer surrounding the protease-inactive cells near the vascular bundles is suggested to be a source of the protease.
Effect of cooperative learning strategies on student verbal interactions and achievement during conceptual change instruction in 10th grade general science

This study evaluated the effects of cooperative learning on students' verbal interaction patterns and achievement in a conceptual change instructional model in secondary science. Current conceptual change instructional models recognize the importance of student–student verbal interactions, but lack specific strategies to encourage these interactions. Cooperative learning may provide the necessary strategies. Two sections of low-ability 10th-grade students were designated the experimental and control groups. Students in both sections received identical content instruction on the particle model of matter using conceptual change teaching strategies. Students worked in teacher-assigned small groups on in-class assignments. The experimental section used cooperative learning strategies involving instruction in collaborative skills and group evaluation of assignments. The control section received no collaborative skills training and students were evaluated individually on group work. Gains on achievement were assessed using pre- and posttreatment administrations of an investigator-designed short-answer essay test. The assessment strategies used in this study represent an attempt to measure conceptual change. Achievement was related to students' ability to correctly use appropriate scientific explanations of events and phenomena and to discard use of naive conceptions. Verbal interaction patterns of students working in groups were recorded on videotape and analyzed using an investigator-designed verbal interaction scheme. The targeted verbalizations used in the interaction scheme were derived from the social learning theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. It was found that students using cooperative learning strategies showed greater achievement gains as defined above and made greater use of specific verbal patterns believed to be related to increased learning. The results of the study demonstrated that cooperative learning strategies enhance conceptual change instruction. More research is needed to identify the specific variables mediating the effects of cooperative learning strategies on conceptual change learning. The methods employed in this study may provide some of the tools for this research.
Targeting Women Versus Addressing Gender in Microcredit: Lessons From Honduras

Microcredit, the practice of extending small loans to women who work in the informal economy, aims to help women achieve financial empowerment and independence. The research on microcredit, however, has tended to ignore how the context of women’s household relations can complicate this goal. This report of an ethnographic study of women’s participation in microcredit in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, indicates that male partners’ behaviors can both facilitate and limit women’s use of loans and repayment strategies. The article concludes with a discussion of how relational and family dynamics may be considered in the design of future economic development programs, such as savings initiatives.
SLUGGISH RESPONSE TO ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN STIMULATION IN NEWBORNS WITH 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY (CAH)

An unusually sluggish response to a single 0.25 mg dose of ACTH was noted in some newborns with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxytase deficiency (21-OHD) diagnosed by molecular genetic studies. Four of the 11 (36%) affected newborns that we studied, demonstrated baseline and ACTH stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels clearly higher than the unaffected newborns, but only in the range of values established for heterozygote rather than that for homozygote affected patients at an older age. Therefore, we set out to establish the range of adrenal steroid response of normal and affected infants in the newborn period. The serum concentrations of 17-OHP and Δ-4-Androstenedione (Δ-4-A), which have proven most useful in diagnosing CAH are summarized as follows: We also measured baseline and stimulated values of 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHPreg), 11-deoxycortisol (DOC), cortisol (F), deoxycorticosterone (B), dehydroepiandrosierone (DHEA), testosterone (T) and the calculated ratios of 17-OH Preg/17-OHP, DHEA/Δ-4-A and 17-OHP/DOC. In conclusion, the response of 17-OHP to ACTH stimulation in newborns affected with CAH may be lower than that of older infants and children but higher than unaffected individuals. Physicians should be alerted to the possible significance of only moderately elevated 17-OHP levels in the early neonatal period.
Persistent Wolffian body in inguinal canal.

Abstract An unusual case is reported of a four-year-old boy with a subinvoluted wolffian body composed of glomeruli and renal tubules ectopically located in the midinguinal canal.
TU‐A‐12A‐09: Absolute Blood Flow Measurement in a Cardiac Phantom Using Low Dose CT

Purpose: To investigate a first pass analysis technique to measure absolute flow from low dose CT images in a cardiac phantom. This technique can be combined with a myocardial mass assignment to yield absolute perfusion using only two volume scans and reduce the radiation dose to the patient. Methods: A four-chamber cardiac phantom and perfusion chamber were constructed from poly-acrylic and connected with tubing to approximate anatomical features. The system was connected to a pulsatile pump, input/output reservoirs and power contrast injector. Flow was varied in the range of 1-2.67 mL/s with the pump operating at 60 beats/min. The system was imaged once a second for 14 seconds with a 320-row scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems) using a contrast-enhanced, prospective-gated cardiac perfusion protocol. Flow was calculated by the following steps: subsequent images of the perfusion volume were subtracted to find the contrast entering the volume; this was normalized by an upstream, known volume region to convert Hounsfield (HU) values to concentration; this was divided by the subtracted images time difference. The technique requires a relatively stable input contrast concentration and no contrast can leave the perfusion volume before the flow measurement is completed. Results: The flow calculated from the images showed an excellent correlation with the known rates. The data was fit to a linear function with slope 1.03, intercept 0.02 and an R2 value of 0.99. The average root mean square (RMS) error was 0.15 mL/s and the average standard deviation was 0.14 mL/s. The flow rate was stable within 7.7% across the full scan and served to validate model assumptions. Conclusion: Accurate, absolute flow rates were measured from CT images using a conservation of mass model. Measurements can be made using two volume scans which can substantially reduce the radiation dose compared with current dynamic perfusion techniques.
Framing the debate between computational and dynamical approaches to cognitive science

van Gelder argues that computational and dynamical systems are mathematically distinct kinds of systems. Although there are real experimental and theoretical differences between adopting a computational or dynamical perspective on cognition, and the dynamical approach has much to recommend it, the debate cannot be framed this rigorously. Instead, what is needed is careful study of concrete models to improve our intuitions.
The determination of antibiotic levels in blood and in milk following parenteral and intramammary injection.

Summary The persistence and levels of penicillin, aureomycin and streptoycin in the blood of rabbits, goats and cows, after injecting doses of 11 to 25 mg. /kg. body weight by three different routes, have been investigated. Penicillin was found for no longer than 6 hours while streptomycin concentrations were maintained for 12 hours with an extension at a low level for 24 hours when the intramuscular route was used in cows. Aureomycin was retained for at least 48 hours when injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly but was eliminated within 24 hours after intravenous injection. When injected parenterally the three antibiotics were excreted into the milk of the lactating cow and in the case of aureomycin and streptomycin were detected over the same period as their presence was found in the blood, but for a longer period in the case of penicillin. The retention of these antibiotics in the milk when incorporated in suitable bases for direct intramammary infusion was studied.
Mo1452 Differences in ERCP Practice Preferences Among Physicians Who Perform ERCP With Varying Frequency: A National Survey

Malignant: 57 49.6 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma 32 27.6 Cholangiocarcinoma 11 9.5 Ampullary Adenocarcinoma 4 3.4 Metastatic Disease 4 3.4 Lymphoma 3 2.6 Other Adenocarcinoma 2 1.7 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor 1 0.9 Non-Malignant: 58 50.4 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis 20 17.4 Chronic Pancreatitis 9 7.8 Biliary Stone 5 4.3 Acute Pancreatitis 2 1.7 Choledochal Cyst 2 1.7 Benign without identified etiology 12 10.4 Other 8 7.0
Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in 5-year-old children are associated with sleepiness and problem behaviors.

Objective Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children is reportedly associated with problem behaviors suggestive of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; however, there are few data on the relation of SDB to problem behaviors in the general pediatric population. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of SDB symptoms in 5-year-old children and their relation to sleepiness and problem behaviors. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted of a birth cohort of children who were born in eastern Massachusetts. Subjects were 3019 5-year-old children (1551 boys, 1468 girls) who were enrolled in the Infant Care Practices Study and whose mothers were contacted within 3 months of their child's fifth birthday. A parent-completed questionnaire was used to ascertain the presence and intensity of snoring and other SDB symptoms and the presence of daytime sleepiness and problem behaviors. Parent-reported hyperactivity, inattention, and aggressiveness were each assessed by a single question that was validated against the Conners' Parent Rating Scale. SDB was defined as frequent or loud snoring; trouble breathing or loud, noisy breathing during sleep; or witnessed sleep apnea. Results Parent-reported hyperactivity (19%) and inattention (18%) were common, with aggressiveness (12%) and daytime sleepiness (10%) reported somewhat less often. SDB symptoms were present in 744 (25%) children. Compared with children without snoring or other symptoms of SDB, children with SDB symptoms were significantly more likely to have parent-reported daytime sleepiness (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-2.8) and problem behaviors, including hyperactivity (OR: 2.5; CI: 2.0-3.0), inattention (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.7-2.6), and aggressiveness (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6-2.6). These associations remained significant after adjustment for sex, race/ethnicity, maternal education level, maternal marital status, household income, and respiratory health history. Conclusions SDB symptoms are common in 5-year-old children and are associated with an increased risk of daytime sleepiness and with problem behaviors suggestive of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Influence of varying nutrient and pesticide mixtures on abatement efficiency using a vegetated free water surface constructed wetland mesocosm

The nutrient and pesticide abatement efficiency of varying mixtures was examined in a vegetated free water surface constructed wetland. Three different agricultural chemical pollutant mixture conditions were assessed: nutrients only (N and P); pesticides only (atrazine, S-metolachlor and permethrin); and a mixture of nutrients and pesticides. With nutrients only, 672 h nutrient mitigation of 77–91% total phosphorous (TP) and 74–98% total nitrogen (TN) was associated with distance from the injection point and rainfall, whereas with nutrient and pesticide mixtures, 672 h nutrient mitigation of 11–71% TP and 84–98% TN were associated with distance and time. With pesticides only, 672 h pesticide mitigation of 50–99% was associated with distance and time, whereas with nutrients and pesticide mixtures, 672 h pesticide mitigation of 48–99% was associated primarily with distance. Dissipation half-lives were 2–10 times greater for P and 1.5–5 times greater for N when pesticides were present. Pesticide dissipation ...
New cyperaceae from Nepal and Adjoining Tibet

Described as new areCarex hemineuros of the affinity ofC. jaluensis, Carex himalaica of the affinity ofC. circinata, Kobresia williamsii of the section Kobresia,Scirpus subbisetosus as an ally ofS. lineolatus, and a new subspeciesCaex dispalata subsp.laxiflorens. The author has come across these new entities while preparing a taxonomic treatment of the Cyperaceae for the Flora of Nepal Project of the Anglo-Japanese Cooperative Scientific Program.
Viewing Music-Videotapes before Taking a Test of Premarital Sexual Attitudes:

Three groups of students (N = 151) were exposed to one of three conditions. Participants in two groups viewed either an Amy Grant or Madonna music videotape and completed an 18-item survey of sexua...
Specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and the spin-glass transition in Hg 1-x Mn x Se

The specific heat of the two mercury compounds ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ and ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Se}$ is almost identical. The phase diagram for ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Se}$ is more complete and is different from that of ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$. The specific-heat data for low Mn concentration are still not understood.
Hardware reconfiguration based on broadcasted digital TV signal

This paper aims to show the technical feasibility and current development status of a hardware reconfiguration scheme via digital TV (DTV) signal. The scheme is able to deliver the pre-synthetized Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware bit-stream (core) to DTV receivers from different manufacturers. Thus, the receiver framework can remount the core and reconfigure the FPGA device itself. This innovative approach presents a new hardware reconfiguration scheme that can be used in several projects of intelligent reconfigurable devices in the field. This helps improve future embedded systems and receiver hardware architectures so that the hardware legacy added by the use of Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) component devices is minimized.
Evaluation of zoning design with transfers for paratransit services

This paper evaluates the effects of including transfers between service zones on overall service performance in a paratransit system. Transfers were included to improve the operational efficiency of a system when maintenance of a desirable zoning structure was obligatory. This proposed innovative service design was compared with more traditional cases of no transfer zoning and no zoning. A set of instances was generated from demand data obtained from the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas, and evaluated through simulation analyses. The results demonstrated that under a zoning structure, this transfer design (in comparison with a nontransfer design) provided noticeable improvements in efficiency measures and better passenger trips per vehicle revenue hour while maintaining a minimum customer service standard; however, the overall performance of the no-zoning strategy used by the Houston, Texas, Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County performed the best, on average.
GM-CSF, carboplatin, doxorubicin: a phase I study

Dose intensification has the potential to increase the response frequency of chemosensitive tumors to chemotherapy. G-CSF and GM-CSF offer the possibility of dose-intensifying chemotherapy without prohibitive myelosuppression. A phase I study was undertaken to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of carboplatin that could be administered with a fixed dose of doxorubicin, 60 mg/m2, administered every 28 days. Further escalation of the carboplatin dose was then attempted, with the concomitant addition of GM-CSF 10 mg/kg per day on days 1–21. We had 21 patients, 13 with prior therapy, who were eligible. In all, 60 courses of therapy were delivered, all with doxorubicin and with carboplatin doses of 250 mg/m2, 325 mg/m2 and 400 mg/m2. At carboplatin 400 mg/m2 and doxorubicin 60 mg/m2, thrombocytopenia was dose limiting. The addition of GM-CSF did not allow further escalation. Of the 6 patients treated with carboplatin 400 mg/m2, doxorubicin 60 mg/m2, and GM-CSF, grade 4 granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in 4 and 5 patients, respectively. The severity of thrombocytopenia was related to the calculated carboplatin AUC and also to baseline platelet count and prior therapy. In addition, the interaction of GM-CSF and chemotherapy, especially carboplatin-based, may be more complex than originally anticipated.
Is Comprehensiveness Taking Its Toll on Community Colleges?: An In-depth Analysis of Community Colleges' Missions and Their Effectiveness

Access to higher education has always been a topic of contention. Currently, community colleges comprise the sector for open-access to American higher and postsecondary education; and so, they must align their missions to meet the needs of their increasingly diverse student populations. These two-year institutions originated to ensure access to higher education by serving students who were not yet qualified or capable of succeeding at four-year institutions. Over time, there has been a definite shift in the mission and identity of community colleges—not necessarily favoring one mission over the other, but certainly taking on more missions as the student population and its needs grew. Consequently, the implications of this mission and identity shift on the education of community college students must be explored further. Although community colleges claim to uphold all their missions and to meet their students’ needs, are they actually doing what many two-year institutions were founded on, which is allowing...
Vein graft surgery for coronary artery disease. Survival and angiographic results in 1,000 patients.

One thousand patients were operated upon with vein graft techniques for severe coronary artery obstructions between May 1967 and July 1970, with a hospital mortality rate of 4% and a 5.6% incidence of angiographically confirmed in-hospital myocardial infarctions. Postoperative angiograms, performed in 619 of the survivors, revealed patency of one or more vein grafts in 84.2% of patients, and 82.5% of all grafts were patent in studies performed 1 to 49 months after surgery. The hospital survivors were followed for 22 to 60 months; only three patients were lost to follow-up. The survival curve for this group of patients was compared with that of another group of 469 patients who also had severe coronary artery disease and were potential surgical candidates, but were studied in an earlier period and did not have surgical treatment. The annual rate of attrition for each of the four years of follow-up in the surgical group averaged 4.8% per year (2.5% per year excluding hospital mortality), and 9.3% per year in the nonsurgical group. Remission of symptoms correlated closely with the completeness of revascularization. Myocardial revascularization with vein graft techniques can be accomplished successfully and with low risk in the majority of properly selected patients, resulting in a significant improvement in symptoms, as well as in long-term survival.
An efficient synthesis of ethyne‐1‐13C

A synthesis of the title compound from 13CO2 is described. The final step utilizes lithium hexamethyldisilazide as a base in the double dehydrobromination of 1,2-dibromoethane-1-13C. Some alternative procedures are discussed.
Idolatry and the Polemics of World-Formation from Philo to Augustine

This article examines the association of idolatry with erroneous ideas about the natural world in the writings of late antique Jewish and Christian authors. It follows two polemical genres. The first is the hexaemeral commentaries composed by Philo of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea and Augustine, which positioned the hexaemeron against the background of natural philosophy and used various critiques of idolatry to revise or refute pagan natural philosophy. The second genre is that of heresiology initiated by Irenaeus of Lyon and adapted by Augustine to refute Gnostic and Manichaean cosmological myths and disregard for the creation account in Genesis. The article analyses a variety of ways in which the prohibitions against idolatry figured in methodological questions about how to conceptualize the natural world, how to locate the sources of conceptual error, and how to distinguish those errors from truth.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (Laps)

AbstractThis paper reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of a scale for assessing emotional attachment of individuals to their pets. Previous attachment scales have suffered variously from low internal consistency and reliance on small or nonrepresentative samples for their development. Telephone interviews of a random, representative sample of 412 pet owners in Fayette County, Kentucky, were completed in September 1990; a 69.5 percent response rate was achieved. From a preliminary set of 42 questions, a final 23-question instrument, the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS), was developed, having excellent psychometric properties. The scale is suitable for use with dog and cat owners. Data on internal consistency, factor structure, and item response theory (IRT) modeling are presented, along with correlations between the LAPS and several domains of variables known to relate to pet attachment.
Evaluation of the potential usefulness of in situ fiber optic sensors for column monitoring in chromatographic separations and purifications

Fiber optic sensors show promise for real-time monitoring of local conditions inside chromatography columns. Experiments on a Sephadex G-50 column, with blue dextran as the test analyte, showed that insertion of a single fiber or a lattice of fibers did not interfere with column fluidics, provided the fiber diameter was within the same order of magnitude as the diameters of the particles composing the column packing. Experiments on a Sephadex G-50 column, with fluorescein as the test analyte, showed that column packing particles do not interfere with the sensor's ability to accurately reflect differences in fluorescence produced by fluorescein under different conditions (e.g., concentration, pH). Experiments with fluorescein on a G-50 column also showed that fiber optic sensors can be used to monitor local analyte concentrations within a column and to diagnose column problems which lead to reduced column efficiency.
The Relationship Between Multivalued Switching Algebra and Boolean Algebra Under Different Definitions of Complement

The relationship between multivalued switching algebra and Boolean algebra is presented by introducing different definitions for the complements of multivalued variables. For every definition introduced, the paper points out which Boolean algebra theorems are valid for multivalued cases, which are invalid, and gives proofs to substantiate the claim. It is shown that DeMorgan's theorem holds for all four definitions of complement given in this paper. One definition allows us to map the multivalued variables into binary variables. Under this definition, all axioms and theorems of Boolean algebra are satisfied and can be used for minimization of any multivalued switching function f. Illustrative examples for minimizing f and its complement f are given.
A study of high‐beta ballooning modes

Ballooning instabilities are studied in the Berkeley multiple mirror experiment. Counterstreaming theta pinch and Marshall gun source hydrogen plasmas are used to achieve a high beta ( β>25%), where β is the ratio of plasma to magnetic pressure at temperatures Te=Ti≊15 eV. Four magnetic field configurations are investigated, each at varying mirror ratios, to explore a range of drive and connection length parameters. In two of these the magnetic field is pulsed from a stable to a locally unstable configuration for initiation of ballooning activity. The other two (static) configurations are a weakly unstable local field region, and the standard linked quadrupole multiple‐mirror configuration. Depending on the configuration, critical β’s are found for the onset of ballooning that vary from 5% for the most unstable configuration to greater than 25% for the standard multiple‐mirror configuration. The m=1 azimuthal mode is predominant, with some admixture of m=2. The experimental results are compared with predi...
Effect of exogenous prolactin administration on lactational performance of dairy cows.

Eight Holstein cows were utilized to examine the effect of prolactin on lactational performance prior to peak milk production (day 21-34 postpartum) and after peak milk production (day 60-73 postpartum). During each 14 day period, cows received daily intramuscular injections of pituitary-derived bovine prolactin (120 mg; 13.0 IU/mg protein) or excipient. Cows were housed in a controlled environment at 18.1C, 47.8% relative humidity and a 15 hr light: 9 hr dark cycle. In cows administered exogenous prolactin, circulating prolactin concentrations increased within one-half hr post injection, peaked within 2 to 6 hours and declined through the remainder of the day. Average prolactin concentration in the plasma was increased 2 to 5 fold over the 24 hr period in response to prolactin treatment. Yields of milk and milk components (fat, lactose and protein) were not affected by prolactin treatment in either period but the concentration of alpha-lactalbumin in milk was significantly increased (P less than .10) in both periods. Circulating concentrations of somatotropin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, glucagon, nonesterified fatty acids and glucose were not altered. In prolactin-treated cows, the milking-stimulated prolactin release was decreased at both the PM milking, when circulating concentrations of prolactin were high, and the AM milking, when prolactin concentrations had returned to baseline. Concentration of prolactin in milk tended to increase but was not significantly altered by administration of exogenous prolactin. However, prolactin concentrations in plasma were correlated (r = .56) with milk concentrations. It is clear that postpartum administration of exogenous prolactin during the period of lactation prior to peak milk yield or after peak milk yield does not alter lactational performance in high producing dairy cows.
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Neighborhood and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: Using Multilevel Modeling in Geriatric Psychiatry

Objective Neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics may be important to the mental health of older adults who have decreased mobility and fewer resources. Our objective was to examine the association between neighborhood context and level of depressive symptomatology in older adults in a diverse geographic region of central North Carolina. Methods The sample included 2,998 adults 65 or older residing in 91 census tracts. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale (CES-D). Neighborhoods were characterized by five census-based characteristics: socioeconomic disadvantage, socioeconomic advantage, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, residential stability, and age structure. Results In ecologic level analyses, level of census tract socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with increased depressive symptoms. To determine whether neighborhood context was associated with depressive symptoms independently of individual characteristics, the authors used multilevel modeling. The authors examined the ability of each of five neighborhood (level 2) characteristics to predict a level 1 outcome (CES-D symptoms) controlling for the effects of individual (level 1) characteristics. Younger age, being widowed, lower income, and having some functional limitations were associated with increased depression symptoms conditional on census tract random effects. However, none of the neighborhood characteristics was significantly associated with depression symptoms, conditional on census tract random effects, either unadjusted or adjusted for individual characteristics. Conclusion Any observed association between neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and individual depressive symptoms in our sample may reflect the characteristics of the individuals who reside in the neighborhood rather than the neighborhood characteristics themselves. The use of multilevel modeling is important to separate these effects.
Contradictions in Agrarian Ideology: Restructuring Gender, Race‐Ethnicity, and Class1

Abstract Contradictions in agrarian ideology are revealed through an analysis of social dimensions of economic restructuring in rural Iowa. Data are culled from field observations and in-depth interviews with white European American residents. How rural residents cope with and make sense of the changes within their communities are two interrelated dimensions of social restructuring. The research highlights a perception of sharpening social and economic divisions within two small communities. The social and economic changes challenged residents' self-definitions, perspectives on rural community life, and previously taken-for-granted notions of gender, racial-ethnic, and class relations. Analysis of field data demonstrates contradictory ways that discourses on agrarianism and gemeinschaft serve as resources as well as impediments to social support and community development.
Limits on nanophotonic solar cell light trapping in the presence of parasitic losses

We rigorously determine the effect of parasitic loss on the achievable absorption enhancement in nanophotonic, plasmonic light trapping schemes. We show that, even in the presence of parasitic loss, opportunities exist to exceed conventional limits.
A lumped/discrete port de-embedding method by port connection error-cancelling network in full-wave electromagnetic modeling of 3D integration and packaging with vertical interconnects

In this paper, a lumped/discrete port de-embedding method by port connection error-cancelling network is proposed for full-wave modeling interconnect and packaging components with bump/pin array interfaces in 3D integration as well as conventional packaging systems. This method is based on the S-parameter matrix operation. Three calibration structures are simulated for extraction of the error-cancelling network. This error-cancelling network is inserted into the physical port connection interface in system SI simulation to cancel the port connection error caused by the port parasitic parameters and the uncertainty in port voltage and current definitions. Theoretically this method is a wide-band approach valid on every frequency point included in the S-parameter model. This approach is verified by two application examples with signal, power, and ground ports for power-aware SI applications including a 20-port 9-chip stack connected by TSV's, a 20-port module-board-module structure, and the third example of a 36-signal-port printed circuit board via array for conventional SI applications. The connection error of cascaded physical networks after de-embedding by inserting the proposed error-cancelling network at the physical connection location is much smaller than the one without de-embedding.