cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treating Tobacco Dependence in Light of the 2008 US Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Practice Guideline

Cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of morbidity, mortality, and excess health care costs in the United States. From 2000 through 2004, cigarette smoking caused an estimated annual average of 443,595 deaths and cost $193 billion per year in smoking-attributable productivity losses and smoking-related health care expenditures. Preventing smoking and providing effective treatment to help smokers quit will remain a public health priority for the foreseeable future. In support of this goal, the US Department of Health and Human Services recently published the clinical practice guideline entitled Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. The new guideline updates the previous guidelines published in 1996 and 2000 and presents many new research findings to provide a broader evidence base for effective intervention. This article briefly reviews the major updates and recommendations from the new guideline and highlights its practical clinical applications.
RNA metabolism: strategies for regulation in the heat shock response

It has long been appreciated that selective transcription and translation play important roles in the heat shock response. More recently, regulatory strategies acting at the levels of RNA processing and message degradation have been shown to exert a profound effect on gene expression both during heat shock and during recovery from heat shock. In turn, as heat shock proteins accumulate, they affect those very processes that govern their expression.
Inviting More Women to the Party: Gender Quotas and Women's Substantive Representation in Germany

Four of the five major political parties in Germany have voluntarily adopted gender quotas of some kind, and these quotas have assisted in increasing the number of women in the Bundestag to nearly ...
The effect of airsacculitis on bird weights, uniformity, fecal contamination, processing errors, and populations of Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli

A study was conducted to determine if the presence of airsacculitis in broiler chickens contributes to loss of saleable yield, lack of uniformity, fecal contamination, processing errors, and increases in populations of pathogenic and indicator bacteria. In a commercial processing facility, groups of carcasses from airsacculitis (AS)-positive (ASP) and airsacculitis-negative (ASN) flocks were selected from the line and weighed, evaluated for cut or torn areas on the digestive tracts, and assessed for Campylobacter and Escherichia coli counts. Additionally, fecal contamination was monitored and recorded. The presence of AS reduced (P < or = 0.05) carcass weight averages in two of five repetitions. Although not significantly different in repetitions 1, 4, and 5, the means were higher for ASN flocks. The net loss averaged over five repetitions was 84 g/carcass, equating to a loss of 14,686.9 k (32,379 lb) of chicken meat for one growout house per year as the result of AS infection. ASP carcasses had higher (P < or = 0.05) fecal contamination in four of five repetitions. The number of total digestive tract cuts or tears were much higher on ASP carcasses at 42, 49, 37, 60, and 59% as compared to 14, 12, 17, 24, and 16% for ASN carcasses in repetitions 1 to 5, respectively. In three of the five replications, the presence of AS in the flocks increased (P < or = 0.05) the number of Campylobacter recovered from broiler carcasses. Hence, there appears to be a relationship between the presence of AS and Campylobacter-positive carcasses. Escherichia coli counts for ASP flocks were significantly higher than ASN flocks in repetitions 1 and 3. In repetition 5, E. coli numbers were significantly lower for the AS flock. These data differ from previous unpublished data from two separate pilot studies that demonstrated that E. coli counts for ASP flocks are significantly higher than ASN flocks. This difference may be attributed to the fact that in the pilot studies visibly infected carcasses were sampled, and in this study healthy birds that had passed inspection were sampled within an ASP flock. Because flocks of chickens showing signs of AS have lower weights, more fecal contamination, more processing errors, and higher levels of Campylobacter spp., broiler companies should emphasize control of AS in the flocks as a means of preventing subsequent food-borne bacterial infection.
Is Wetting Collapse an Unstable Compaction Process

Abstract This paper provides an interpretation of the phenomenon of wetting collapse in fine-grained soils based on principles of material stability. For this purpose, classic experiments displaying the accumulation of irreversible compaction have been reinterpreted through a plasticity model for unsaturated soils. The resulting simulations have been inspected mathematically, with the goal of detecting a possible loss of control of the wetting process. The reanalysis of the experiments suggests that, if the wetting-induced deformations are interpreted as homogeneous, the considered compaction events do not tend to be affected by a loss of material stability. As a result, such well-known phenomena have been explained as controllable modes of plastic deformation. This feature has been found to be valid regardless of the mode of saturation (i.e., it is valid for both controlled suction removal and water volume injection). Indeed, parametric analyses have shown that the compaction process tends to become unst...
Comparative Study of Inorganic Cluster−Surfactant Arrays

We have investigated inorganic cluster−surfactant materials to better understand the structural evolution of these phases as the surfactant:cluster ratio increases above 4:1 and the cluster charge increases beyond −4. Our studies suggest that both ordering of the surfactant molecules into bilayers as well as the cluster charge are the primary influences on the hybrid cluster−surfactant phase structure. However, cluster geometry, inclusion of solvent molecules, surfactant tail length, cation head size, etc. also influence the self-assembly of these materials. We present the synthesis, characterization, and single-crystal X-ray structure of [SiMo12O40][C16H33N(CH3)3]4 (monoclinic P21/c, a = 13.136(1) A, b = 20.139(2) A, c = 41.030(3) A, β = 93.443(1)°, and V = 10834.7(17) A3) and the synthesis and characterization of a related phase that forms upon chemical reduction of the silicomolybdate anion. Structural and chemical comparisons are made between these two compounds, as well as other phases formed from po...
Periodic excitation of a finite linear viscoelastic solid

Abstract The response of a finite three-dimensional standard linear viscoelastic solid to periodic excitation is investigated. The theory is specialized for a circular cylindrical body that is bonded to a rigid base at one end and shaken by a prescribed oscillation of a circular rigid plate that is bonded concentrically to the other end. A practical relevance of the theory is the design of vibration absorbers that are made of blocks of viscoelastic materials. Four types of motion of the driving plate are treated: (1) a simple harmonic translation of the plate perpendicular to its plane; (2) an angular oscillation of the plate about its normal axis of symmetry; (3) a simple harmonic translation of the plate in its plane; and (4) an angular oscillation of the plate about a diameter. The theory provides the displacements, stresses, and natural frequencies of the body for the four types of motion. In addition, the mean power input and driving force or driving moment applied to the plate are obtained. Computer programs have been written for the solutions of finite difference approximations of the governing equations. Sample results of the computations are included.
Economic outlook for the U.S. printing and publishing industry

The year 1996 should be another good one for U.S. printers and publishers. The cost pressures of 1994–95 should ease, and a stable economy with low inflation should support growth in demand for printed products. The impact of the electronic media may become further apparent in some product sectors, but a severely adverse impact on any of these sectors is unlikely. Total shipments of U.S. products printed on paper has spawned an industry of well over $200 billion, and the growth prospects for U.S. printers and publishers remain undiminished.
Mixing characteristics of light paper pellets in a sand fluidized bed

Abstract The mixing behavior of light paper pellets in a sand fluidized bed is investigated for varying proportions of paper pellets (0–20 mass%) over a range of superficial air velocities (0–1.5 m/s) at ambient conditions. It is found that a fluidization number greater than 2 is essential to achieve good mixing as long as the proportion of paper pellets in the bed is up to about 10 mass%. For 20 mass% of paper pellets in the bed, mixing did not occur and paper pellets preferentially collected in layers. Bed voidage and minimum fluidization velocities for mixed beds of sand and paper pellets are reported. These studies provide the supporting data needed for the co-combustion of paper pellets in a hot-sand, fluidized bed.
“As ugly and painful as it was, it was effective:” Individuals' unique assessment of communication competence during aggressive conflict episodes

Communication competence plays a role in several problematic relational issues such as conflict management, interpersonal aggression, loneliness, and sexual coercion. This study examined the relationship between communication competence and aggression. Thirty‐one individuals (26 females, 5 males) experiencing aggression during conflict episodes with romantic partners were interviewed, generating 967 pages of transcribed data. The qualitative data analysis revealed that many of the participants assessed their use of aggression according to social customs, finding it inappropriate and ineffective. However, many noted their aggression was appropriate and effective given the circumstances of their relationship. These findings suggest a unique relational culture where aggression is perceived in ways that deviate from social norms. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Analysis of Perisaccadic Field Potentials in the Occipitotemporal Pathway During Active Vision

Eye movement potentials (EMPs) associated with saccades appear in both subcortical and cortical structures of the primate visual system. In this study, EMPs are recorded across sites in the occipit...
Effects of pH on the Textural Properties and Meltability of Pasteurized Process Cheese Made with Different Types of Emulsifying Salts

Functional properties of pasteurized process cheese (PPC) made with different types of emulsifying salts (ES) (2%, wt/wt) were investigated as a function of different pH values (from 5.3 to approximately 5.9). The ES investigated were trisodium citrate (TSC), disodium phosphate (DSP), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP). Meltability and textural properties were determined using UW-MeltProfiler and uniaxial compression, respectively. All PPC samples exhibited an increase in degree of flow (DOF) determined at 45 degrees C when the pH was increased from 5.3 to 5.6, presumably reflecting greater Ca binding by the ES, increased charge repulsion and therefore greater casein dispersion. When the pH of PPC was increased from 5.6 to approximately 5.9, 2 types of ES (DSP and SHMP) exhibited no further increase in DOF at 45 degrees C; while DOF increased in 1 type of PPC (made with TSC) but decreased in another (made with TSPP). TSPP is able to form crosslinks with casein especially in the vicinity of pH 6, which likely restricted melt; in contrast TSC does not crosslink caseins and the increase in pH helped cause greater casein dispersion. Low pH samples (5.3) were not significantly harder than higher pH samples for all ES types but exhibited fracture. The PPC with the highest hardness values at pHs 5.3 and 5.6 were made with TSPP and TSC, respectively. The pH-dependent functional behavior of PPC was strongly influenced by the type of ES and its physicochemical properties including its ability to bind Ca, the possible creation of crosslinks with casein and casein dispersion during cooking.
Future airborne collision avoidance — Design principles, analysis plan and algorithm development

As the aviation community moves toward the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), the current Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) may become inadequate. This paper presents a novel approach to detection and resolution of air traffic conflicts in a 3-dimensional (3-D) airspace between two aircraft. The inputs to the detection algorithm are the current 3-D position and speed vector of both aircraft and a cylindrical minimum safety protection zone (PZ). For collision avoidance systems (CASs), the size of the configurable PZ can be assigned values that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) considers as a near mid air collision (NMAC1) incident. When available, additional inputs, such as measurement uncertainties and intruder type (e.g., manned/unmanned), can be used to alter the default protection zone. The conflict detection takes into account the 3-D encounter (e.g., closure rate, miss distance, relative converging maneuver). The resolution algorithm initially computes a set of six resolution advisories (RAs) and associated resolution alert times that ensure no violation of the protection zone. Two solutions are computed for each of the three dimensions: ground track, ground speed, and vertical speed. The initial resolution advisories (RAs) solutions take into account ownship capability (i.e., max climb/descent rate, max turn rate, max speed/stall speed) and ownship pilot response delay (e.g., autonomous vs. manual RA execution). These six solutions are subsequently down-selected in two steps: first, based on the encounter geometry, a single implicitly2 coordinated, independent solution is selected for each of the three dimensions; then, based on ownship preferences and operational considerations a final RA solution is computed.
Luminescent chiral lanthanide(III) complexes as potential molecular probes

This perspective gives an introduction into the design of luminescent lanthanide(III)-containing complexes possessing chiral properties and used to probe biological materials. The first part briefly describes general principles, focusing on the optical aspect (i.e. lanthanide luminescence, sensitization processes) of the most emissive trivalent lanthanide ions, europium and terbium, incorporated into molecular luminescent edifices. This is followed by a short discussion on the importance of chirality in the biological and pharmaceutical fields. The second part is devoted to the assessment of the chiroptical spectroscopic tools available (typically circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence) and the strategies used to introduce a chiral feature into luminescent lanthanide(III) complexes (chiral structure resulting from a chiral arrangement of the ligand molecules surrounding the luminescent center or presence of chiral centers in the ligand molecules). Finally, the last part illustrates these fundamental principles with recent selected examples of such chiral luminescent lanthanide-based compounds used as potential probes of biomolecular substrates.
Physicians in retainer ("concierge") practice. A national survey of physician, patient, and practice characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Retainer practices represent a new model of care whereby physicians charge an up-front fee for services that may not be covered by health insurance. The characteristics of these practices are largely unknown.
Roles of 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Kinase 1 in the Regulation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Phosphorylation and Function by Heat Shock Protein 90

The 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) plays an important role in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) regulation. Besides acting as an allosteric enhancer, Hsp90 was shown to serve as a module recruiting Akt to phosphorylate the serine 1179/1177 (bovine/human) residue of eNOS. Akt is activated by the phosphorylation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). Whether PDK1 is involved in the actions of Hsp90 on eNOS phosphorylation and function remains unknown. To address this issue, we treated bovine eNOS stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells with Hsp90 inhibitors and determined the alterations of phospho-eNOS, Akt, and PDK1. Both geldanamycin and radicicol, two structurally different Hsp90 inhibitors, selectively reduced serine 1179-phosphorylated eNOS, leading to decreased enzyme activity. In Hsp90-inhibited cells, eNOS-associated phospho-Akt was decreased, but the total amount of Akt associated with eNOS remained the same. Further studies showed that Hsp90 inhibition dramatically depleted intracellular PDK1. Proteasome but not caspase blockade prevented the loss of PDK1 caused by Hsp90 inhibition. Silencing the PDK1 gene by small interfering RNA was sufficient to induce reduction of phospho-Akt and consequent loss of serine 1179-phosphorylated eNOS. Moreover, overexpression of PDK1, but not Akt, reversed Hsp90 inhibition-induced loss of eNOS serine 1179 phosphorylation and salvaged enzymatic activity. Thus, in addition to functioning as a module to recruit Akt to eNOS, Hsp90 also critically stabilized PDK1 by preventing it from proteasomal degradation. Inhibition of Hsp90 function resulted in PDK1 depletion and thus triggered a cascade of Akt deactivation, loss of eNOS serine 1179 phosphorylation, and decrease of enzyme function.
Hydrothermal shrinkage of metabolite-treated aortae

Summary A study has been conducted of the effects of a number of actual and potential metabolites on the thermal shrinkage of human, bovine and canine aortae. The data indicate that the aortic wall, like other collagenous tissues, possesses a distinct shrinkage temperature (T8) which varies in different media and with a degree of interchain crosslinkages imparted to fibrous protein subunits and polypeptide chains. Of all compounds studied, only certain stereospecific, hydrated aliphatic aldehydes (which adhere to a three carbon selection rule to be described in detail elsewhere) appear capable of acting as tanning agents for the aortic wall. It is suggested that these aldehydes may possibly be responsible for the pathogenesis of some of the properties of the “arteriosclerotic” aortic wall.
The effects of a long-term compensation plan on risky choices

Long-term compensation plans have been suggested as means of providing incentives to the managers to maximise stockholders' welfare. There is no direct evidence that the existence of these plans will change the decision-making behaviour of individual managers. The following study examined the effect of a long-term compensation plan on risky choice behaviour. Two experiments indicate that risky choices will vary depending on the coding of the outcomes. Participants were risk seeking when presented with the possibility of losses, but risk averse for gains. It is then shown that the introduction of a long-term compensation plan appears to cause the participants to make less risk averse choices.
Presence of cellular retinol and retinoic acid‐binding proteins in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx

Epidermoid carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx from six patients were examined for the presence and amount of cellular retinol (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid-binding (CRABP) proteins. In all cases adjacent, grossly normal tissue was similarly examined. For each example CRBP levels were significantly higher in tumor tissue compared to adjacent tissue. In four cases CRABP was significantly higher. This is of interest because retinol, retinoic acid and their analogs have been shown to inhibit the development of various epithelial tumors, and this inhibition is possibly mediated by these binding proteins.
Multiparameter physiological signal reconstruction using NARX Neural Networks

Constant monitoring of a variety of physiological signals is vitally important in numerous clinical care settings. This signals are not perfect, however, and can be corrupted or lost. The loss of a signal can be devastating to the patient, as the physician may lose key information to understanding disease processes, or worse, be unaware of the patient's status in either surgery or the ICU. This study uses a NARX-type Artificial Neural Network to reconstruct portions of physiological signals that have become corrupted. The effectiveness of this network was tested using signals and guidelines from the Computing in Cardiology/Physionet 2010 challenge, “Mind the Gap.” The NARX network performs quite well under these conditions, comparing favorably with other top entrants in the Physionet competition. Additionally, it is noted that the accuracy of the signal reconstructions also depends on which channel was corrupted. This work has important implications in many areas ranging from sports medicine and sleep studies to surgery and the ICU.
Terminal mycelial clusters of tree roots; Their nutritional importance

This study was concerned with properties of mycelia-agglutinated terminal root clusters, or mycoplasts,' of naturally reproduced seedlings ofPinus resinosa andPinus strobus. These rhizospheric root appendages, formed at the expense of the host plant's carbohydrates, exhibited high catalytic potential, cation exchange capacity, and content of exchangeable bases, including complexible cations. These attributes suggest that mycelial clusters are important components of tree-fungus symbiotic mechanism that increase availability of nutrients to the trees. The mycelial clusters apparently perform the function of mycorrhizal short roots which are often nonexistent under the conditions of reduced radiation in well-stocked forest stands.
What role does TFII-I have to play in epigenetic modulation during embryogenesis?

Histone modifications maintain chroma‑ tin either in an active or a repressed state. H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K36me3 mediate an open chromatin structure associated with gene transcription; by contrast, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 facilitate gene silencing by chro‑ matin compaction [1,2]. An increasing number of studies have been conducted to investigate the functions of histone modifications in the programming of lineage ‑ specific gene expres ‑ sion during mammalian embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Due to their capacity to develop into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers, ESCs are an ideal model system for genetic research. The variability in the epigen‑ etic composition influences chromatin recog ‑ nition by transcriptional regulatory complexes and consequently affects the expression of genes in different cell lineages. The presence of both active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone marks at promoters of developmental regulator genes defines a bivalent chromatin organization that is mediated by the combined activity of Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) complexes [2]. Bivalent chromatin contributes to genome ‑ wide repression in ESCs while keeping developmental genes poised for activation during differentiation into specific cell types [1,2]. In addition to promoters, biva‑ lent marks contribute to organizing enhancer regions. For example, H3K4me1/H3K27ac is commonly associated with active enhancers, whereas H3K4me1/K27me3 is a signature of
The Neumann problem for an equation of Lavrent'ev-Bitsadze type

where Q = 4 or $, depending on the particular problem being investigated. The variables 0 and c are related to the flow angle 0, and speed q, of the flow in the physical domain. Examples of domains which will be considered in this paper are illustrated in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. They arise from flows about profiles with and without stagnation points, respectively. A class of domains for which existence of solutions is guaranteed is described in Section IV. The function K= K(a) has the properties
A method for substructural sensitivity synthesis

A new method, termed the substructural sensitivity synthesis method, which utilizes the computational merits of the component mode synthesis technique was proposed for the simple calculation of design sensitivities of the dynamic characteristics of substructurally combined structures
Changes in freezing tolerance and polypeptide content of spinach and citrus at 5 °C☆☆☆

Abstract The freezing tolerance of spinach leaf, petiole, hypocotyl, and root tissues and citrus leaf tissue was determined before and after 1 week of cold acclimation at 5 °C. Spinach leaf, petiole, and hypocotyl tissues increased in freezing tolerance upon exposure to 5 °C, while root tissue failed to show significant increased freezing tolerance. Citrus leaf tissue also increased in freezing tolerance following exposure to 5 °C. The protein composition of nonacclimated and cold-acclimated spinach leaf, hypocotyl, and root tissues and citrus leaf tissue was studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Spinach leaf tissue exposed to 5 °C contained two cold-acclimation polypeptides (CAPs) (Mr 160,000 and 85,000) not found in nonacclimated leaf tissue. Numerous other changes in the polypeptide composition of spinach leaf tissue were observed following cold acclimation, but the appearance of CAPs 160 and 85 were the most consistent in all experiments. Cold-acclimated citrus leaf tissue also contained a polypeptide (Mr 160,000) not found in nonacclimated citrus leaf tissue. The similarity in molecular weight and isoelectric point between the CAP 160 of citrus and spinach suggests that these widely unrelated species may synthesize the same protein in response to exposure to low temperature. In contrast, both nonacclimated and cold-acclimated spinach hypocotyl tissue contained CAPs 85 and 160. However, cold-acclimated hypocotyls appeared to have concentrations of CAPs 85 and 160 higher than those of nonaccclimated hypocotyls. Protein analysis of nonacclimated and cold-acclimated spinach root tissue revealed no major qualitative differences. Furthermore, roots exposed to 5 °C did not synthesize proteins analogous to any of the CAPs synthesized in leaf tissue at low temperature. The inability of root tissue to synthesize CAPs at low temperature may be a factor in the lack of root freezing tolerance.
Phase separation tendencies in manganites as a possible explanation of the CMR effect

Abstract This paper is a brief review of the present status of the computational studies of models for manganites that recently reported the existence of phase separation at low-temperatures (S. Yunoki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 845 (1998); 81, 5612 (1998) and references therein). Results for both the one-orbital and two-orbital models, the latter with Jahn–Teller phonons, are discussed. The spin-canted phase widely believed until recently to exist at low hole-density is not stable. The tendencies to charge clustering suggest that local mean-field approaches may not be suitable for the study of models for manganites, especially at finite temperatures where the phase separation tendencies will be dynamic rather than static. A large list of experimental results are compatible with the existence of charge-inhomogeneities in the manganites, which may be an important ingredient for the explanation of the CMR effect in these compounds.
Modulation of the processive abasic site lyase activity of a pyrimidine dimer glycosylase.

Abstract The repair of cis–syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) can be initiated via the base excision repair (BER) pathway, utilizing pyrimidine dimer-specific DNA glycosylase/lyase enzymes (pdgs). However, prior to incision at lesion sites, these enzymes bind to non-damaged DNAs through charge–charge interactions. Following initial binding to DNA containing multiple lesions, the enzyme incises at most of these sites prior to dissociation. If a subset of these lesions are in close proximity, clustered breaks may be produced that could lead to decreased cell viability or increased mutagenesis. Based on the co-crystal structures of bacteriophage T4-pdg and homology modeling of a related enzyme from Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus-1, the structure–function basis for the processive incision activity for both enzymes was investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. An assay was developed that quantitatively measured the rates of incision by these enzymes at clustered apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. Mathematical modeling of random (distributive) versus processive incisions predicted major differences in the rate and extent of the accumulation of singly nicked DNAs between these two mechanisms. Comparisons of these models with biochemical nicking data revealed significant changes in the damage search mechanisms between wild-type pdgs and most of the mutant enzymes. Several conserved arginine residues were shown to be critical for the processivity of the incision activity, without interfering with catalysis at AP sites. Comparable results were measured for incision at clustered CPD sites in plasmid DNAs. These data reveal that pdgs can be rationally engineered to retain full catalytic activity, while dramatically altering mechanisms of target site location.
Hemispheric asymmetry in the identification of four-letter names traced in the right and left palms.

Forty right-handed males were asked to identify four-letter names traced in either the right or left palms while their eyes were closed. The name stimuli were traced in a right-side-up or upside-down orientation (i.e., vertical or rotated 180 degrees). Mean percentage of errors served as the dependent variable. On the first block of 40 trials, the left palm/right hemisphere (LP/RH) was significantly more accurate than the right palm/left hemisphere (RP/LH) at identifying these names. This advantage, however, was only manifest when the name stimuli were traced in the upside-down orientation. On the second block of 40 trials, as the name stimuli became more familiar and the subjects became more practiced, a similar LP/RH advantage was observed; however, the impact of the rotation variable was no longer in evidence (i.e., the LP/RH was slightly more accurate on both upright and inverted names). These results are interpreted in light of a process-oriented tactile asymmetry as proposed by M. W. O'Boyle, F. Van Wyhe-Lawler, and D. A. Miller (1987, Brain and Cognition, 6, 474-494).
Watt-level, gigahertz-linewidth difference-frequency generation in PPLN pumped by an nanosecond-pulse fiber laser source

We obtained >1 W average power and up to 5 μJ pulse energy at ∼3520 nm wavelength via difference-frequency generation (DFG) of an all-fiber, few-ns pulse, variable pulse-repetition-frequency laser source operating at 1064 nm and 10 mW, continuous-wave, 1525 nm single-frequency diode laser, within a 5 cm-long periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. To the best of our knowledge, this result amounts to the highest-average-power, spectrally bright mid-infrared radiation obtained via DFG.
Nippondenso Co. Ltd: A case study of strategic product design

Nippondenso Co. Ltd (NDCL) is Japan's foremost manufacturer of automotive components. Over the past twenty-five years it has developed a variety of approaches to automating the assembly of products in order to meet the high-variety, just-in-time production requirements of its customers, notably Toyota. The approach evolved by NDCL is to design the product intelligently and to make massive use of the simplest automation technology possible consistent with the technical challenges of the product and its production strategy. The result is the capability to manufacture products with considerable model mix at high volume, with little or no changeover time between models. This is essentially a technological response to a business environment challenge. In pursuit of this strategy, NDCL has categorized the problems of assembly automation into distinct classes, identified applicable solutions for each class, and successively attacked and solved increasingly difficult problems. This paper describes this strategy, gives examples of its evolution, and indicates how NDCL has managed production technology, notably robots, as part of the overall attack. NDCL's approaches to concurrent engineering (CE) and new product risk management are also described. The paper is based both on seven personal visits to NDCL during the period 1974 to 1991, which included extensive interviews with NDCL engineers and managers and plant tours, and on papers published by NDCL and interviews with their authors.
Space and Value

I. Marshall's treatment of space, 627. — II. Assumptions, 628. — Six cases distinguished, 629. — Comment on these cases, 633. — III. Preliminary assumptions sometimes determine conclusions of economic analysis: Chamberlin on rent, 635. — Conclusions, 637.
High fidelity readout of a transmon qubit using a superconducting low-inductance undulatory galvanometer microwave amplifier

We report high-fidelity, quantum non-demolition, single-shot readout of a superconducting transmon qubit using a dc-biased superconducting low-inductance undulatory galvanometer (SLUG) amplifier. The SLUG improves the system signal-to-noise ratio by in a window compared with a bare high electron mobility transistor amplifier. An optimal cavity drive pulse is chosen using a genetic search algorithm, leading to a maximum combined readout and preparation fidelity of with a measurement time of . Using post-selection to remove preparation errors caused by heating, we realize a combined preparation and readout fidelity of .
Common practices in destination website design

The Internet has become a key marketing channel for tourist destinations. To identify typical features of destination websites, a content analysis of websites for top global destinations—by number of international arrivals—was conducted. Six factors were evaluated: primary focus, navigation and interactivity, visual and presentation style, textual information, use of advertising, and use of social media and travel aids. In addition, a cluster analysis was conducted to identify homogeneous groups of websites in the sample. The findings revealed three naturally occurring groups. Inter-cluster differences suggest that DMOs use different approaches to target potential visitors, as evidenced by websites ranging from purely informative and simply designed to highly commerce-oriented and visually alluring. Based on the exploratory analyses, a conventional wisdom for destination website design is proposed.
A 0.8–13.4GHz combined voltage-controlled oscillator with an exclusive-OR in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS

Wide-tuning-range voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) design is motivated by applications in broadband communications, radars, phase-locked loops and clock generation/distribution. In this paper, post-layout simulation results of a ring quadrature VCO (QVCO) combined with an exclusive-OR (XOR) to double the frequency in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology are presented. The combined VCO can be tuned from 0.8 to 13.4GHz. At 0.8GHz, the VCO consumes 13.98mW of power and generates −45 dBm (32nW) of output power into 50 Ohm loads. At 13.4GHz, it consumes 15.52mW of power and generates −30 dBm (1µW) of output power. In the tuning range, the XOR consumes ∼11mW of power. The VCO phase noise at 10MHz offset frequency is −100.1dBc/Hz and −91.5dBc/Hz at 0.8GHz and 13.4GHz, respectively. The VCO figure of merit (FOM) is in the range of −127 to −142. The microchip area is 450×450µm2.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate Provides an Alternative to Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors by Stimulating the Dissociation of GDP from Cdc42Hs

Members of the Rho subfamily of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins play important roles in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and in the regulation of cell growth. We have shown previously that the dbl oncogene product, which represents a prototype for a family of growth regulatory proteins, activates Rho subfamily GTP-binding proteins by catalyzing the dissociation of GDP from their nucleotide binding site. In the present study, we demonstrate that the acidic phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), provides an alternative mechanism for the activation of Cdc42Hs. Among a variety of lipids tested, only PIP2 was able to stimulate GDP release from Cdc42Hs in a dose-dependent manner, with a half-maximum effect at approximately 50 microM. Unlike the Dbl oncoprotein, which requires the presence of (free) guanine nucleotide in the medium to replace the GDP bound to Cdc42Hs, PIP2 stimulates GDP release from Cdc42Hs in the absence of free guanine nucleotide. PIP2, when incorporated into phosphatidylcholine carrier vesicles, binds tightly to the guanine nucleotide-depleted form of Cdc42Hs and weakly to the GDP-bound form of the GTP-binding protein but does not bind to GTP-bound Cdc42Hs, similar to what was observed for the Dbl oncoprotein. However, mutational analysis of Cdc42Hs indicates that the site that is essential for the functional interaction between PIP2 and Cdc42Hs is distinct from the Dbl-binding site and is located at the positively charged carboxyl-terminal end of the GTP-binding protein. The GDP-releasing activity of PIP2 is highly effective toward Cdc42Hs and Rho (and is similar to the reported effects of PIP2 on Arf (Terui, T., Kahn, R. A., and Randazzo, P. A., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 28130-28135)), is less effective with Rac, and is not observed with Ras, Rap1a, or Ran. The ability of PIP2 to activate Cdc42Hs (or Rho) and Arf provides a possible point of convergence for the biological pathways regulated by these different GTP-binding proteins and may be related to the synergism observed between Arf and Rho-subtype proteins in the stimulation of phospholipase D activity (Singer, W. D., Brown, H. A., Bokoch, G. M., and Sternweis, P. C. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14944-14950).
Can the Medical Home Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities for Transition Services Among Youth with Special Health Care Needs

The Medical Home (MH) is shown to improve health outcomes for Youth with Special Health Care Needs (YSHCN). Some MH services involve Transition from pediatric to adult providers to ensure YSHCN have continuous care. Studies indicate racial/ethnic disparities for Transition, whereas the MH is shown to reduce health disparities. This study aims to (1) Determine the Transition rate for YSHCN with a MH (MH Transition) nationally, and by race/ethnicity (2) Identify which characteristics are associated with MH Transition (3) Determine if racial/ethnic disparities exist after controlling for associated characteristics, and (4) Identify which characteristics are uniquely associated with each race/ethnic group. National survey data were used. YSCHN with a MH were grouped as receiving Transition or not. Characteristics included race, ethnicity (Non-Hispanic (NH), Hispanic), sex, health condition effect, five special health care need categories, education, poverty, adequate insurance, and urban/rural residence. Frequencies, chi-square, and logistic regression were used to calculate rates and define associations. Alpha was set to 0.05. About 57.0% of YSHCN received MH Transition. Rates by race/ethnicity were 59.0, 45.5, 60.2, 41.9, and 44.6% for NH-White, NH-Black, NH-Multiple race, NH-Other, and Hispanic YSHCN, respectively. Disparities remained between NH-White and NH-Black YSHCN. All characteristics except urban/rural status were associated. Adequate insurance was associated for all race/ethnic groups, except NH-Black YSHCN. Almost 57.0% of YSHCN received MH Transition. Disparities remained. Rates and associated characteristics differed by race/ethnic group. Culturally tailored interventions incorporating universal factors to improve MH Transition outcomes are warranted.
The Self-Diagnosability of a Computer

Maximum capability for self-diagnosis with minimum additional hardware is the goal of every designer of a general purpose computer today. A yardstick with which the self-diagnosability of a system can be measured is proposed.
The fluorescence properties of isolated molecules excited by stationary light

Abstract The nature of the excited state of an isolated molecule, produced by a beam of stationary light, and the nature of the resulting fluorescence are discussed. For cases where the intensity spectrum of the light covers a manifold of optically allowed excited molecular stationary states, the excited state (called the spectroscopic state) may be (1) a coherent superposition of molecular stationary states, (2) a statistical mixture of stationary states, or (3) a statistical mixture of non-stationary states, depending on the nature of the molecule and the duration τr of the excitation time. Model experiments are presented in order to illustrate these possibilities. The description of radiationless transitions as the time-dependent interference of fluorescence amplitudes from coherently excited stationary states is thereby stressed. The concept of coherence width of the interaction between molecule and light is introduced. A mathematical formulation in terms of the reduced density operator for the molecule is outlined at the end of the paper. In accordance with previous work, the predicted spectral effects result from a τr-dependent “filtering” of the reduced density operator.
Heated turbulent flow of helium—argon mixtures in tubes

Abstract The results of a numerical and experimental investigation of friction and heat-transfer parameters for turbulent flow of helium-argon mixtures in smooth, electrically heated, vertical circular tubes are presented. Mixtures with molecular weights between 15.3 and 29.7 are used; these values correspond to molecular Prandtl numbers between 0.42 and 0.49. Inlet Reynolds numbers range from 31 200 to 102 000, maximum wall temperatures from 392 to 828 K, maximum wall-to-bulk temperature ratios to 1.82, and pressures from 4.7 to 9.7 atm. Popular existing experimental correlations, developed using gases with Prandtl numbers of the order of 0.7, are found to overpredict the observed Nusselt numbers. By comparison of numerical calculations and measured constant property Nusselt numbers, turbulent Prandtl numbers are determined in the wall region. The validity of using these deduced turbulent Prandtl numbers is examined for conditions where the properties vary significantly.
Effect of calcium on phenothiazine inhibition of neutrophil degranulation

The phenothiazines are known to be potent inhibitors of calmodulin and have been used as probes for examining calmodulin-dependent cellular functions. We report here that the characteristics of phenothiazine inhibition of exocytosis in neutrophils more closely resemble their interaction with the annexins in vitro. Ca(2+)-dependent aggregation of liposomes mediated by either annexin I or annexin II was inhibited by the phenothiazines. Inhibition of liposome aggregation was not caused by interference with the binding of annexins to phospholipids. Rather, the phenothiazines increased the concentration of Ca2+ required for aggregation. Likewise, in neutrophils permeabilized with streptolysin O, inhibition of degranulation by phenothiazines could be overcome by increasing [Ca2+]. These results suggest that inhibition by phenothiazines of neutrophil degranulation is secondary to the ability of these compounds to inhibit membrane-membrane contact promoted by the annexins.
Optimal subband decoding

This paper addresses the question of optimal subband decoding, given a system of subband analysis filters and a predetermined quantization strategy. Optimal analysis-synthesis pairs are of great interest, but have been characterized only under very strong (and impractical) conditions. Limiting our attention to the decoder, we find optimal synthesis filters by solving a system of regression equations. Neither high-rate quantization, whiteness of the quantization noise, nor optimality of the quantizer is assumed. Optimal coefficients are independent of the internal machinery of the quantizers, and can therefore be used with "canned" software packages. Only knowledge of the analysis filter bank is assumed. Preliminary experiments show modest gains, on the order of 0.1-0.3 dB, by applying this method to one-stage reproduction of natural images from zerotree quantizers.
Efficient Allocations in Club Economies

We explore the characteristics of Pareto-optimal allocations in the context of local public goods or clubs. A set of first-order conditions for Pareto optimality is provided. Classical treatments apparently neglect an important term related to migrant compensation, and thus are incorrect. A Pareto optimum is shown to exist.
The Star‐Allele Nomenclature: Retooling for Translational Genomics

The star-allele nomenclature is the result of efforts to standardize genetic polymorphism annotation for the cytochrome P450 genes. As clinical pharmacogenetic testing becomes widespread, it is important that this system effectively communicate a patient's genotype and predicted clinical phenotype. As genomics research expands, it is equally important that the system remain a valuable tool for the wider community of genetic researchers to exploit our ever-improving ability to catalog variability in the human genome.
Spermatoceles in Adults: When Does Size Matter?

Spermatoceles are benign cystic dilations of the epididymis. Despite their relatively common occurrence, it is not clear why or when men want this lesion treated. We present a single institution series of men undergoing spermatocelectomy. We describe the clinical characteristics of men with these lesions and hypothesize that men with spermatoceles seek intervention when the lesion approximates the size of a testicle. The characteristics of 24 men who sought excision of symptomatic spermatoceles were reviewed. Specific characteristics included subject age, duration of diagnosis, symptom type, and symptom duration. Spermatoceles were characterized by size, sidedness, and associated findings. Simple descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The mean age of men seeking spermatocelectomy was 46 years. Most men (58%) sought surgery due to a combination of pain and sensation of mass. The mean duration of symptoms was 48 months. At the time of excision, the average size of spermatoceles was 4.2 cm in greatest diameter, and most (71%) were right sided. Men who experienced pain as an isolated symptom were younger by approximately 10 years compared to those who experienced mass. Men in this series appear to tolerate spermatoceles for a relatively long period of time. Once they seek excision, spermatoceles have grown to roughly the size of a normal testicle and men are bothered both by pain and mass symptoms.