cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergence and Error Bound for Perturbation of Linear Programs

In various penalty/smoothing approaches to solving a linear program, one regularizes the problem by adding to the linear cost function a separable nonlinear function multiplied by a small positive parameter. Popular choices of this nonlinear function include the quadratic function, the logarithm function, and the x ln(x)-entropy function. Furthermore, the solutions generated by such approaches may satisfy the linear constraints only inexactly and thus are optimal solutions of the regularized problem with a perturbed right-hand side. We give a general condition for such an optimal solution to converge to an optimal solution of the original problem as the perturbation parameter tends to zero. In the case where the nonlinear function is strictly convex, we further derive a local (error) bound on the distance from such an optimal solution to the limiting optimal solution of the original problem, expressed in terms of the perturbation parameter.
Liberal Values: Benjamin Constant and the Politics of Religion

Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction Part I. Constant's Education: the French, Scottish, and German Enlightenments: 1. Childhood 2. Edinburgh 3. Paris 4. Protestantism and the Enlightenment 5. Brunswick 6. Mauvillon, the new German theology and the idea of progressive revelation 7. Constant's 'The Spirit of Religions' 8. Madame de Stael Part II. The Crucible of the Directory Years: 1. The see-saw policy of the directory 2. Catholicism and the need for 'Republican Institutions' 3. Catholic counter-arguments 4. Constant during the Directory 5. Critics of the Directory's Religious Policies 6. The second Directory and the renewed campaign for Republican institutions 7. Theophilanthropy 8. Lessons of the Directory: William Godwin and Des circonstances actuelles Part III. Napoleon, or Battling 'the New Cyrus': 1. Napoleon and the Catholic Revival 2. Enlightened responses and the plan to 'Protestantize' France 3. Charles de Villers 4. Bonaparte's decision 5. Portalis on the Utility of Religion 6. The Concordat and the Organic Articles 7. Friends and foes of the Concordat: from the Genie du christianisme to Delphine 8. Constant's trip to Germany 9. The Sentiment/Form Distinction 10. Return to Paris (December 1804) and the Debate on a National Religion Part IV. Constant becomes Constant: From the Principles of Politics (1806) to the Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation (1814): 1. Constant's Political Principles in 1806 2. 'Private judgement' in Protestant Polemics 3. Book VIII: On Religious Freedom 4. Constant's 'Corner of Religion': from the 'Letter about Julie' to the Correspondence with Prosper de Barante, a. The 'Letter about Julie', b. Adolphe and Cecile, c. Correspondence with Prosper de Barante 5. De l'Allemagne (1810) 6. Constant's return to Germany 7. The spirit of conquest and usurpation (1814) Part V. Politics and Religion during the Restoration (1814-24): 1. Keeping Political Liberty Alive 2. Keeping Religious Liberty Alive Part VI. The 'Protestant Bossuet': De la religion in Political Context (1824-30): 1. De la religion, volume I (May 1824), Reviews of volume I 2. Charles X and 'the invasion of priests', Constant's article 'Christianity', Professions of Protestantism 3. De la religion, volume II (October 1825) 4. The Problem with Industrie: Constant and religion seen from the Left 1. Saint-Simon's 'New Christianity' (1825) 2. Auguste Comte, Le Producteur, and the search for a new 'spiritual authority' Part VII. Constant's Legacy: 1. The Revolution of 1830 2. Constant's declining reputation.
Proofs of Security for the Unix Password Hashing Algorithm

We give the first proof of security for the full Unix password hashing algorithm (rather than of a simplified variant). Our results show that it is very good at extracting almost all of the available strength from the underlying cryptographic primitive and provide good reason for confidence in the Unix construction.
A Review of the New Undiscovered Conventional Crude Oil Resource Estimates and their Economic and Environmental Implications

Three new probalistic assessments of oil resources by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Minerals Management Service result in an expansion of global remaining conventional world oil resource estimates. The new value used here is 3.3 trillion barrels; the comparable earlier 1991 assessment was 2.1 trillion barrels. Using optimal control depletion theory, a global monopoly has theoretical net present value economic rent of $22 trillion, with supply-demand quantity equilibria peaking in about 85 years, then declining to exhaustion in 25-30 years. However, actual global markets (as distinct from theoretical markets) operate in a game theoreticframework. The Persian Gulf-OPEC team of exporters (accompanied by Norway and Mexico) faces the United States- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development team of importers. The acceptable price range before September 11 was $23 - $30 per barrel. The Persian Gulf continues to be the major locus of world oil resources, and has production costs (including return on capital and a risk allowance) at $5 per barrel or less
Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Diseases affecting the respiratory system are usually present during the day and the night; however, sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome is a disease manifesting only during sleep. It is defined as a cessation (apnea) or a reduction of breathing (hypopnea) of 10 seconds or more during sleep. Each of these apneas or hypopneas is usually terminated when the person awakens for a few seconds. Typically, patients do not remember these transient awakenings. There are two general categories of apnea: central and obstructive. These categories are classified according to the presence or the absence of respiratory effort. Central sleep apnea is a result of the absence of nerve impulses from the brain to the respiratory muscles and therefore occurs in absence of respiratory effort. Obstructive sleep apnea is much more common. This condition is caused by repetitive obstruction of the upper airway (pharynx) during sleep. Therefore, respiratory efforts are still present during apnea and usually increase throughout the apnea. The individual makes larger and larger respiratory efforts until they arouse from sleep apnea and reopen their upper airway so breathing can resume. As will be discussed, some overlap exists between obstructive and central apnea in both disease presentation (so-called mixed apnea) and in pathogenesis. Keywords: apnea; hypopnea; pneumotachography; inductance plethysmography; impedance pneumography
Developmental Analysis of the Ovarian Tumor Gene during Drosophila Oogenesis

Severe alleles of the ovarian tumor (otu) and ovo genes result in female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster, producing adult ovaries that completely lack egg chambers. We examined the developmental stage in which the agametic phenotype first becomes apparent. Germ cell development in embryos was studied using a strategy that allowed simultaneous labeling of pole cells with the determination of embryonic genotype. We found that ovo- or otu- XX embryonic germ cells were indistinguishable in number and morphology from those present in wild-type siblings. The effects of the mutations were not consistently manifested in the female germline until pupariation, and there was no evidence that either gene was required for germ cell viability at earlier stages of development. The requirement for otu function in the pupal and adult ovary is supported by temperature-shift experiments using a heat-inducible otu gene construct. We demonstrate that otu activity limited to prepupal stages was not sufficient to support oogenesis, while induction during the pupal and adult periods caused suppression of the otu mutant phenotype.
Dual Incision Remote Endarterectomy Is a Novel Treatment Option for Long-Segment Superficial Femoral-Popliteal Artery Occlusive Disease

Objectives: Remote endarterectomy (RE) is a minimally invasive procedure conceived as an alternative to an above-the-knee bypass for patients with symptomatic limb ischemia. Successful RE outcome is frequently hampered by adherent plaque within and beyond the adductor canal and the insertion of a stent. We present a case series of modified RE enhanced by the addition of a distal leg incision to accomplish a longer segment plaque excision without the need for a distal stent. Methods: A retrospective record review identified RE procedures performed from May 2010 through March 2012. Adjunctive patch angioplasty was used to close the arteriotomies. Demographics, lesion characteristics, procedural details, andoutcomedatawere collected. Study endpointsweredeath, occlusion, reoperation, or last office follow-up visit. Results: REwas performed in 11 patients (5men;mean age, 68 years, 3 diabetics, 11 tobacco users). Indication for operation was claudication in 6, rest pain in 3, and gangrene in 2.REwas technically successful in all patients.Distal arterial exposure was above knee in 7 (64%), below knee in 2 (18%), and combined above-knee and below-knee exposures in 2 patients (18%). Two patients underwent concomitant balloon angioplasty in either the popliteal or anterior tibial vessels. Mean postoperative ankle-brachial index increase was .43 (P 1⁄4 .001). Operative complication of above-knee popliteal artery perforation occurred in one patient but was successfully repaired with covered stent deployment. Average procedure duration was 162 6 69 minutes (standard deviation) and average hospital stay was 4 days. All patients reported symptom resolution; both patients with tissue ulceration healed. During the 12-month follow-up period, a femoropopliteal reocclusion developed in four patients, resulting in one patient who underwent a successful femoral-popliteal bypass operation. Limb salvage rate was 100%. Conclusions: When endovascular therapies are exhausted, and should autologous saphenous vein be unavailable, the dual incision RE technique of long segment femoropopliteal occlusive lesions accomplishes effective revascularization. Symptom relief or limb salvage was achieved in all patients; the need for a subsequent bypass was rare and not adversely affected by having undergone the dual incision RE.
The use of oxidized cellulose in the control of bleeding in obstetrics.

Abstract In various miscellaneous hemorrhagic complications oxidized cellulose was effective in controlling bleeding. In one case of an incisional hematoma, subsequent minor surgery was necessary to evacuate encysted fluid gauze. In another of abdominal pregnancy severe disability and invalidism with a complicating intestinal obstruction marred the postoperative course.
The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition on bone in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

Background Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at greater risk of bone fractures than those without diabetes. Certain oral diabetic medications may further increase the risk of fracture. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are incretin-based therapies that are being increasingly used for the management of T2D. It has been hypothesized that these agents may reduce fracture risk in those with T2D. In this study, we used a mouse model of T2D to examine the effects of the DPP-IV inhibitor, MK-0626, on bone. Methods Male wild type (WT) and diabetic muscle-lysine-arginine (MKR) mice were treated with MK-0626, pioglitazone, alendronate or vehicle. The effects of treatment with MK-0626 on bone microarchitecture and turnover were compared with treatment with pioglitazone, alendronate and vehicle. Osteoblast differentiation was determined by alkaline phosphatase staining of bone marrow cells from WT and MKR mice after treatment with pioglitazone, MK-0626 or phosphate buffered saline. Results We found that MK-0626 had neutral effects on cortical and trabecular bone in diabetic mice. Pioglitazone had detrimental effects on the trabecular bone of WT but not of diabetic mice. Alendronate caused improvements in cortical and trabecular bone architecture in diabetic and WT mice. MK-0626 did not alter osteoblast differentiation, but pioglitazone impaired osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Conclusions Overall, the DPP-IV inhibitor, MK-0626, had no adverse effects on bone in an animal model of T2D or directly on osteoblasts in culture. These findings are reassuring as DPP-IV inhibitors are being widely used to treat patients with T2D who are already at an increased risk of fractures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of some zwitter ion buffers on the freezing and storage of spermatozoa. I. Bull.

Abstract Seven zwitter ion buffers titrated with bases, Tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane (Tris), NaOH, and combinations of NaOH and KOH to pH 7.0 along with Tris titrated with HCl, sodium citrate, and phosphate were prepared. The effect of these buffers on motility and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) of fresh bull spermatozoa, of spermatozoa stored at 37C for 6 hr and at 5C for 48 hr and after freezing was studied. Spermatozoa diluted in zwitter ionic buffer were more motile but released more GOT than sperm diluted in phosphate or citrate. N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-amino ethane sulfonic acid (TES) with Tris as the titration base was the most satisfactory buffering system for diluting bull spermatozoa for freezing.
THE PRODUCTION OF RAIN BY A CHAIN REACTION IN CUMULUS CLOUDS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE FREEZING

Abstract The effect of surface tension in causing the evaporation of the smaller droplets in clouds with simultaneous growth of the larger droplets is an important factor determining the early stages of cumulus cloud droplets. The process is too slow to account for the formation of raindrops. If larger droplets are produced near the top of the cloud by the melting of snowflakes (Bergeron-Findeisen) they may grow to raindrop size by accretion due to coalescence with cloud droplets. A quantitative theory is developed for the efficiency of the accretion process considering the trajectories of the small droplets moving near the surface of the larger falling drop. Heavy rain consisting of large drops frequently forms in tropical clouds which lie wholly below the freezing level (‘warm’ clouds). Large summer cumulus clouds with tops above 23,000 ft, reaching above the freezing level (‘cool’ clouds), after seeding with dry ice have given heavy rain of large drops which reach the ground within fifteen to twenty mi...
Limits on charm production in hadronic interactions near threshold.

We present the results of an experiment to search for associated charm production near threshold in 13-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p interactions. A large aperture PWC spectrometer was sensitive to the decay fragments of the forward-produced ${D}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$'s expected from the two-body reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${D}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$+${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{+}$,${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{c}$ $^{+}$,. . . . The missing baryon mass was determined from the vector momenta of the incident pion and the candidate ${D}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. No evidence for these reactions was found, which resulted in a 7-nb upper limit (95% confidence level) for each of the cross sections \ensuremath{\sigma}(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${D}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{+}$) and \ensuremath{\sigma}(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${D}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{c}^{+}$).
Epithelial Distortions at the Ablation Zone Margin After Excimer Laser Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia

Two weeks later, necrosis of the conjunctival flap and recurrence of the corneal infiltrate were observed in the left eye. The patient re­ fused hospitalization, and a temporary tarsorrhaphy was done. The epithelial defect healed within three weeks, and the tarsorrhaphy su­ tures were removed. Ten weeks later, a vascularized stromal scar that had formed in the area of the healed ulcer resulted in visual acuity of counting fingers at 6 feet. One month later, penetrating keratoplasty was performed in the left eye. Within two weeks, a persistent epithelial defect resulting in rapidly progressive stromal thinning of the su­ perior graft necessitated a second keratoplasty procedure. Because of the history of healing problems and stromal vascularization, we elect­ ed to use the cornea from the blind right eye as the donor to provide the freshest possible tissue and to guarantee compatibility. During surgery, the cornea was harvested from the right eye using an 8.0-mm HessburgBarron vacuum trephine, stored temporarily in corneal storage medium, and replaced with an 8.2-mm eye bank donor corneal button sutured with 16 interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures. Preoperative preparation was redone, and all gowns, gloves, and instruments were changed. The failed 7.5-mm graft was removed from the left eye; the 8.0-mm autograft was sutured in place with a combination of 16 interrupted 10-0 ny­ lon sutures and a continuous 11-0 polyester fiber suture; and a temporary tarsorrhaphy was performed. The epithelium healed slowly in the left eye, requiring the tarsorrhaphy to remain in place for approximately six weeks. In the right eye, a small, persistent epithelial defect also required a tarsorrhaphy, performed two weeks after transplantation and left in place for about five weeks. At the most recent examination (12 weeks after surgery), both grafts were thin and clear. Medications included 1% prednisolone acetate four times a day and frequent ocular lubricants in both eyes. Uncorrected visual acu­ ity in the left eye was 20/80, improving to 20/40 with pinhole. Ordinarily, the risk of bilateral infection and difficulties with rehabilitation militate against performing surgery on both eyes simultaneous­ ly. One exception may be corneal transplanta­ tion in infants, for whom the risks associated with general anesthesia are high. Our case offered a unique set of circumstances in which the potential for visual rehabilitation out­ weighed the risk. This case may help to guide other clinicians who are faced with a similar dilemma.
Synaptosomal dopamine uptake in rat striatum following controlled cortical impact.

Functional deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with alterations in markers of dopaminergic neurotransmission. To assess the effects of TBI on the expression and functional integrity of dopamine transporters, we measured transporter protein levels and investigated synaptosomal dopamine uptake in the rat striatum. Two or four weeks after lateral controlled cortical impact or sham injury, Western blotting revealed a decrease in transporter protein in the ipsilateral striatum of injured rats relative to shams (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in synaptosomal uptake (Km, Vmax) was found between injured and sham-injured animals. Our data suggest that striatal dopamine transporters are capable of normal function at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after injury. However, it is unclear whether neurons in the injured striatum can properly regulate the activity of dopamine transporters in vivo. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Test procedures for the analysis of experimental designs with correlated nonnormal data

Using Monte Carlo methods, an examination is made of two statistical methods used for hypothesis testing in a general factorial model with a known correlation structure General correlation structures are given in Smith and Lewis (1980) and Pavur and Lewis (1982) which allow the usual F statistic to be corrected by a constant. The corrected F statistic would be the usual F statistic multiplied by a correction constant. A comparison is made between this corrected f statistic and the rank transform F statistic presented by Conover and Iman (1976). When the usual F statistic and the rank transform statistic are corrected for correlationt this simulation study shows that these statistical tests behave well under a variety of situations when not all f the usual assumptions of an ANOVA are satisfied.
Modeling patient flows using a queuing network with blocking.

The downsizing and closing of state mental health institutions in Philadelphia in the 1990’s led to the development of a continuum care network of residential-based services. Although the diversity of care settings increased, congestion in facilities caused many patients to unnecessarily spend extra days in intensive facilities. This study applies a queuing network system with blocking to analyze such congestion processes. “Blocking” denotes situations where patients are turned away from accommodations to which they are referred, and are thus forced to remain in their present facilities until space becomes available. Both mathematical and simulation results are presented and compared. Although queuing models have been used in numerous healthcare studies, the inclusion of blocking is still rare. We found that, in Philadelphia, the shortage of a particular type of facilities may have created “upstream blocking”. Thus removal of such facility-specific bottlenecks may be the most efficient way to reduce congestion in the system as a whole.
Light extraction from OLEDs using volumetric light scattering

One of the limitations on OLED performance is the optical extraction efficiency, η ex , which is the ratio of light generated within the device to light emitted into the ambient. Ideally η ex is equal to unity. Typical estimates for this efficiency factor in OLEDs range between 0.17-0.5. We present a simple radiative transport model that quantifies the effect of volumetric light scattering on light output in terms of a small set of readily measured parameters. Our methodology is sufficiently general to parameterize and describe many of the light extraction schemes found in the literature. We will present a set of model calculations using parameters typical of many OLEDs, and show that the introduction of light scattering sites within the otherwise transparent substrate can increase light extraction efficiencies by at least a factor of 1.4. We also present experimental data to validate our analysis and demonstrate a high level of agreement between model and experiment.
Systems With Infinitesimal Mobility: Part I—Matrix Analysis and First-Order Infinitesimal Mobility

The analysis is based on the resolution of a given load into two mutually orthogonal components, which allows the introduction of a statical-kinematic stiffness matrix. The issue of statical-kinematic duality is explored and extended to second-order analysis. A computationally efficient matrix method for detecting simple first-order mechanisms is presented
Photoinitiated release of an aziridinium ion precursor for the temporally controlled alkylation of nucleophiles

A photo-activatable aziridinium precursor has been developed to investigate the possibility of a photo-initiated traditional nucleophilic reaction. The photolysis of a quaternary amine yields a tertiary amine and has allowed us to temporally control aziridinium formation and subsequent alkylation of a colorimetric nucleophilic reporter molecule. We have also used this photo-initiated reaction to alkylate a sulfhydryl group. This new photo-initiated alkylation strategy is water-soluble and expands the toolkit of photo-activated crosslinkers for protein labeling research.
Birefringence-induced interference effects in thin-film magnetic-circular-dichroism spectra

Magnetic-circular-dichroism (MCD) spectra taken at the ${M}_{2,3}$ absorption edge of thin Fe films exhibit pronounced thickness-dependent variations in the MCD signal and line shape which are related to birefringence effects in the ferromagnetic film. Model calculations based on the Maxwell-Fresnel formalism are used to calculate the different interference effects occurring for left- and right-circularly polarized light reflected from the vacuum/film/substrate interfaces. The ${M}_{2,3}$ MCD experiments confirm the magnitude- and thickness-dependent periodicity predicted by the macroscopic theory. The data clearly demonstrate the importance of the interference effects which are very pronounced for film thicknesses up to several units of the excitation wavelength \ensuremath{\lambda}. While at the Fe ${M}_{2,3}$ transition the thickness corresponding to the wavelength unit is about 220 \AA{}, the same effects are to be expected in the Fe ${L}_{2,3}$ spectra for considerably thinner films since the wavelength is only \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}17 \AA{}. The observed interference effects are of general character and caution should be employed in attempts to relate changes in the ${L}_{2,3}$ MCD spectra of several-monolayer thin films solely to the formation or reorientation of magnetic moments and to their decomposition into spin and orbital components. Because the theory employed here considers the total power dissipated in the reflection and absorption processes rather than amplitudes of reflected waves, interference effects are not restricted to reflection MCD measurements, but should also be present in a slightly modified form in the more commonly used total-electron-yield-type absorption MCD experiment.
Synthesis and characterization of phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers

Phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers were prepared from phenolic hydroxyl terminated oligomers of defined molecular weight using an oligomer/monomer(s) approach, in which generation of the ester linkage coupling the blocks occurred concomitantly with the growth of the polyester block. The molecular weight of the phenylquinoxaline block was held constant at 12,900, while the stoichiometry of the arylene ester monomers were adjusted to afford copolymers containing 15, 30, and 50 wt% poly(arylene ester). These copolymers represent the first example of PPQ-based block copolymers derived from well defined phenylquinoxaline oligomers.
The olfactory component of floral display in Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae).

Summary • Floral scent is a key component of floral display, and probably one of the first floral attractants linking insect pollinators to the radiation of Angiosperms. In this article, we investigate floral scent in two extra-tropical genera of Annonaceae. We discuss floral scent in the context of differing pollination strategies in these genera, and compare their scent to that of a close tropical relative. • Floral volatiles were collected for Annona glabra, Asimina and Deeringothamnus whole flowers and dissected floral organs, using a standardized static-headspace solid phase microextraction method. Scents were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and identified using known standards. • The floral scents of these species are highly dynamic, varying between floral organs, sexual stages and species. Maroon-flowered species of Asimina produce ‘yeasty’ odors, dominated by fermentation volatiles and occasionally containing sulfurous or nitrogenous compounds. White-flowered species of Asimina and Deeringothamnus produce pleasant odors characterized by lilac compounds, benzenoids and hydrocarbons. Annona glabra produces a strong, fruity-acetonic scent dominated by 3-pentanyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. • The fermented/decaying scents of maroon-flowered species of Asimina suggest mimicry-based pollination strategies similar to aroids and stapeliads, whereas the pleasant scents of white-flowered species of Asimina suggest honest, reward-based pollination strategies. The scent of Annona glabra is typical of specialized beetle pollination systems common to tropical Annonaceae.
Application of the Immersed Boundary Method and Direct Numerical Simulation for the Heat Transfer From Particles

A combination of the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) with the Immersed Boundary (IB) method has been developed to solve the momentum and heat transfer equations for the computation of thermal convection in particulate flows. This numerical method makes use of a finite difference method in and uses a regular Eulerian grid to solve the modified momentum and energy equations for the entire flow region simultaneously. In the region that is occupied by the solid particles, a second particle-based Lagrangian grid is used, which tracks all the particles, and a force density function or an energy density function is introduced to represent the momentum interaction or thermal interaction between the particulate phase and fluid phase. The numerical methods presented have been validated by comparing the results of the simulation with similar numerical results obtained by others. Among the advantages of this computational method is that it may be used for the determination, stipulation and validation of boundary conditions in particulate flows that may be used with larger Eulerian codes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The multi-ion nature of the pore in Shaker K+ channels

We have investigated some of the permeation properties of the pore in Shaker K channels. We determined the apparent permeability ratio of K+, Rb+, and NH4+ ions and block of the pore by external Cs+ ions. Shaker channels were expressed with the baculovirus/Sf9 expression system and the channel currents measured with the whole-cell variant of the patch clamp technique. The apparent permeability ratio, PRb/PK, determined in biionic conditions with internal K+, was a function of external Rb+ concentration. A large change in PRb/PK occurred with reversed ionic conditions (internal Rb+ and external K+). These changes in apparent permeability were not due to differences in membrane potential. With internal K+, PNH4/PK was not a function of external NH4+ concentration (at least over the range 50–120 mM). We also investigated block of the pore by external Cs+ ions. At a concentration of 20 mM, Cs+ block had a voltage dependence equivalent to that of an ion with a valence of 0.91; this increased to 1.3 at 40 mM Cs+. We show that a 4-barrier, 3-site permeation model can simulate these and many of the other known properties of ion permeation in Shaker channels.
Identification, Transparency, Interactivity: Towards a New Paradigm for Credibility for Single-Voice Blogs

This article explores traditional conceptualizations of credibility relying on quantitative and qualitative analyses of data collected by the Institute for the Future of the Book, which conducted an online survey of readers of Pharyngula and Informed Comment, two popular, widely read, single-author blogs. The results suggest that a new pattern for online information credibility is emerging for blogs that supplements credibility's traditionally understood dimensions of expertise, accuracy, and absence of bias with new, medium-specific or medium-enabled dimensions, including interactivity, transparency and, perhaps most significantly, identification. The responses indicate that mainstream news media may want to adopt more of the principles and techniques of blogging and readers of the two blogs appreciate the conversation each author facilitates. This preference for real human voices, especially when combined with the explosion of interest in and use of online social networks like Facebook and Twitter, indicates the need for a "re-voicing" of journalism.
Conscientious Sorcerers: The Black Postmodernist Fiction of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, Ishmael Reed, and Samuel R. Delany

Preface Introduction LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka: A Scripture of Rhythms Ishmael Reed: Gathering the Limbs of Osiris Samuel R. Delany: Astro Black Works Cited Bibliography Index
Analysis and measurement of torque hysteresis of pivot bearing in hard disk drive applications

Abstract During hard disk drive (HDD) operation in the track-following, short seek and seek settling modes, the motion of the actuator, which is supported by a pivot bearing cartridge, has very small amplitudes. The effect of hysteresis friction from the pivot bearing becomes significant, impacting servo performance. Often such effects are not well understood and thus, it is not being taken into consideration during servo design. A study of the hysteresis friction behaviour of pivot bearings is presented. An integrated test apparatus for pivot bearing analysis was designed and built where a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) was used to accurately measure the displacement and velocity of the actuator for feedback control. Using this test apparatus, the hysteresis friction behaviour in both frequency and time domain was analysed. The effects of pre-load, oscillating magnitude and oscillating frequency were investigated. The results obtained can now be used for servo design and pivot bearing evaluation.
Substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in relation to ovarian postganglionic perikarya in para- and prevertebral ganglia: evidence from combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry.

Retrograde neuronal tracing with the fluorescent dye True Blue and immunocytochemistry were utilized to examine postganglionic sympathetic neurons in para- and prevertebral ganglia projecting to the rat ovary. Perikarya in both ganglia were labeled with True Blue after application of the tracer to either the superior ovarian or ovarian plexus nerve. After application of True Blue to the superior ovarian nerve, 17% of the labeled cells in paravertebral ganglia were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In contrast, after application of True Blue to the ovarian plexus nerve, approximately 1 % of the labeled cells in paravertebral ganglia were immunoreactive for the same polypeptide. Some vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive perikarya in paravertebral ganglia were not labeled with True Blue. In some cases, substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibers were closely apposed to True Blue-labeled perikarya in para-and prevertebral ganglia. Paravertebral vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive perikarya projecting to the ovary presumably participate directly in the control of various ovarian functions. Substance P- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibers closely apposed to perikarya projecting to the ovary may participate indirectly in the control of various ovarian functions by affecting the activity of ovarian postganglionic neurons.
Nuclear winter is a real and present danger

Models show that even a 'small' nuclear war would cause catastrophic climate change. Such findings must inform policy, says Alan Robock.
Brief report: regression timing and associated features in MECP2 duplication syndrome.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, timing, and associated features of developmental regression in MECP2 duplication syndrome. We also examined whether duplication size was associated with regression. Comprehensive psychological evaluations were used to assess 17 boys with MECP2 duplication syndrome. Information about regression was gathered via parent report. Eight of 17 boys exhibited regression in language skills, while seven of 17 exhibited regression in other skill areas. Regression in “other skill” areas coincided with seizure onset and with a prior autism diagnosis in six of seven participants. Regression was not associated with duplication size. Questions remain as to why some boys regress, and future work is necessary to understand the underlying mechanism(s) that causes regression.
Hole traps in DNA.

Sequences of guanines, GG and GGG, are known to be readily oxidized, forming radical cations, i.e., hole traps, on DNA. The trapping probability of GG is less than that of GGG. Lewis et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12037) have used measurements on synthetic hairpins to determine the free energy liberated when a hole goes from the radical cation G+ to GG or to GGG. They find these free energies to be of the order of thermal energy at room temperature, in contradiction to the expectation by many of much greater trap depths. We have calculated the wave function of a hole on G, on GG, and on GGG surrounded by adenines, as in the Lewis et al. experiments, using a simple tight-binding model. We find that to account for the shallow traps found by them it is necessary that the difference in ionization potentials of contiguous guanine and adenine be smaller by about 0.2 eV than the 0.4 eV found for isolated bases. Using this value and taking into account polaron formation, we find the wave functions of holes ...
Abstract 2328: Loss of 14-3-3zeta impairs oncogene-induced mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis.

The 14-3-3 family proteins are highly conserved in eukaryotes and can interact with signaling proteins by binding phosphorylated Ser/Thr motifs. Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that 14-3-3zeta is overexpressed in greater than 40% of breast cancer patients and is a strong indicator of poor patient prognosis, however the role of 14-3-3zeta in an in vivo context, especially its role in cancer, remains to be examined. We generated a 14-3-3zeta knockout mouse model to characterize the role of 14-3-3zeta in breast cancer progression. Loss of 14-3-3zeta resulted in neonatal lethality in the C57Bl/6 genetic background due to respiratory failure. Outbreeding to CD-1 or backcrossing to FVB/N background rescued the neonatal lethality. Crossing 14-3-3zeta knockout mice with MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-neu transgenic mice revealed that loss of 14-3-3zeta prolonged tumor latency and reduced lung metastasis as compared to MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-neu mice. Mechanistically, loss of 14-3-3zeta suppressed tumor proliferation and angiogenesis and promoted apoptosis. Reverse phase protein array analysis suggested that loss of 14-3-3zeta suppressed the Akt and Erk pathway and upregulated the expression of the tumor suppressor p53. Our results demonstrate an important role for 14-3-3zeta in normal development and cancer. Additionally our 14-3-3zeta knockout mouse model will also enable future studies on the role of 14-3-3zeta in other physiological and pathological processes. Citation Format: Sonali Joshi, Jun Yang, Qingfei Wang, Ping Li, Hai Wang, Brian Pickering, Yan Xiong, Jan Parker-Thornburg, Richard Behringer, Dihua Yu. Loss of 14-3-3zeta impairs oncogene-induced mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2328. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2328
The relationship of the corrected coefficient of determination and the partial F-statistics

A proof is given that the addition of a variable in a stepwise linear regression taises, leaves unchanged, or lowers the corrected coefficient of determination as the partial F-statistic is greater than, equal to, or less than unity. The implications of using the corrected coefficient of determination as a possible criterion for stopping the variable selection process is discussed.
Molecular simulations of aromatase reveal new insights into the mechanism of ligand binding.

CYP19A1, also known as aromatase or estrogen synthetase, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of estrogens from their corresponding androgens. Several clinically used breast cancer therapies target aromatase. In this work, explicitly solvated all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of aromatase with a model of the lipid bilayer and the transmembrane helix are performed. The dynamics of aromatase and the role of titration of an important amino acid residue involved in aromatization of androgens are investigated via two 250-ns long simulations. One simulation treats the protonated form of the catalytic aspartate 309, which appears more consistent with crystallographic data for the active site, while the simulation of the deprotonated form shows some notable conformational shifts. Ensemble-based computational solvent mapping experiments indicate possible novel druggable binding sites that could be utilized by next-generation inhibitors. In addition, the effects of protonation on the ligand positio...
Design units — a layered approach for design driven software development

Abstract The challenge faced by software developers is to establish a manageable relationship between design and implementation. This paper describes an integrated, traceable software development approach in the context of a use case design methodology that achieves several quality control properties. The foundation for this approach lies in partitioning the design schemata into a layered architecture of functional components called design units. Design units provide the basis for the automatic generation of modular source code, the traceability of requirements throughout the software development process and the framework for a systematic approach to change management.
Predicate-argument structure as a link between linguistic and nonlinguistic representations

Abstract We present a study wherein a severe Broca's aphasic patient was trained to learn symbols representing both pure transitive and dative predicates—predicates differing in argument structure—in a visually based artificial language (c-ViC). We found a decrease in performance when two symbols, rather than one, were used to depict these “verbs.” However, this decrease in performance was more pronounced for symbols representing pure transitive verbs—those that allow only one argument structure—than for symbols representing dative verbs—those that allow two different argument structures. Also, dative “verbs” yielded better performance when they were inserted in more complex, three-argument “sentences” than when they were inserted in two-argument “sentences.” The opposite pattern was found for pure transitives. These results are discussed in terms of our claim that argument structure serves as a point of connection between linguistic information and non-linguistic visual information and in terms of the possibility that argument structure entries are shaped by the form in which visual information is parsed.
High-throughput screening of mechanical properties on temperature-gradient polyurethaneurea libraries

Combinatorial libraries of segmented polyurethaneurea with gradients in curing temperature were prepared and characterized using a novel high-throughput mechanical instrument. Stress/strain profiles were taken at different temperature positions on the libraries, and a structure/property relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties was established by correlating the measured strength and strain at break to high-throughput AFM and FT-IR measurements on the same library. These results demonstrate the feasibility of rapid and accurate screening of mechanical properties, and their correlation to structure, by using gradient combinatorial polymer libraries.
Thermal Convection in a Completely Confined Fluid Layer

Experimental observations are reported on convective motion in a laterally confined fluid layer heated from below. Measurements extend over a wide range of Rayleigh numbers which encompass several flow regimes, including remarkably stable periodic flows. The conditions necessary for the oscillatory motion as well as the qualitative nature of the flow have been explored.
Tunneling and the electron-phonon-coupled superconductivity of Nb 3 Sn

A substantially improved description of published electron-tunneling spectra from ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn is obtained by taking account of a probable surface proximity layer in the junctions studied. The results satisfactorily describe the superconducting properties of ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn within the conventional framework of strong electron-phonon coupling theory, with $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}=0.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$.
Accurate determination of spectra in discrete-time quantum mechanics.

Various approximation schemes have been proposed which discretize the operator Heisenberg equations of motion. In this paper we demonstrate a simple and accurate method for obtaining the energy spectrum of the theory directly from the discrete-time equations of motion.
Wrinkle ridges, stress domains, and kinematics of Venusian plains

Wrinkle ridges are nearly ubiquitous landforms on the plains of Venus. By analogy with similar structures on other planets, venusian wrinkle ridges are inferred to trend normal to the direction of maximum principal compression in the crust, an inference that is verified by geometrical relationships with positive and negative relief features on Venus. Because plains are the dominant terrain on Venus, wrinkle ridges provide an excellent opportunity to determine the orientations of shallow crustal principal stress trajectories over most of the planet. In most places there are two or more sets of wrinkle ridges, and commonly one of these persists over a large area, defining a regional stress domain. Intersection relationships indicate that these domains differ in age.
Absence of red-light enhancement of phototropism in pea seedlings at limiting irradiances of blue light

The kinetics of phototropism were determined from infrared video recordings of third internodes of intact 7 d etiolated pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv Alcan) exposed to continuous, unilateral blue light (460 nm). Small but significant curvatures (ca. 1–2°) were observed after a 2 h stimulation at 0.8 pmol m-2 s-1. Both latency (i.e., lag time) and rate of curvature were dependent on irradiance between 0.8 and 80 pmol m-2 s-1. Maximum rates of curvature at the highest irradiance of blue light were 74% greater in seedlings that received 2 min red light (270 J m-2) 20 h earlier, but latency was unaffected. An irradiance-response curve for curvature at 2 h was obtained with unilateral, broad-spectrum blue light between 4 and 90,000 pmol m-2 s-1. Maximum tropistic response in dark-grown seedlings (ca. 25°) occurred between 30 and 1000 pmol m-2 s-1. Peak response for red light-treated seedlings (ca. 55°) was obtained at 1000 pmol m-2 s-1. Above this irradiance, phototropism declined by 12–15° for both red-treated and dark-grown plants. Red light did not significantly stimulate phototropism at lower, limiting irradiances of blue light. The data do not support the hypothesis that phytochrome affects the amount or activity of a photoreceptor for phototropism.
Garment device: challenges to fabrication of wearable technology

Smart garments, also known as wearable technology are designed with textiles engineered to perform specific functions. Progress in intelligent yarns and fibers present viable opportunities to design garment devices embedded with technology. This paper discusses the importance of a multidisciplinary team to advance research on smart textiles, and the use of digital fabrication as a viable method of production. Using Shima Seiki CAD systems and machinery, virtual knit designs are developed with modeling software, then realized into actual products by means of computer driven knitting machines. Akin to 3D printing, computer aided knitting is a form of digital fabrication for prototypes but can also be utilized to produce final products and scale manufacturing.
Systematic scanner variability of patient CT attenuation measurements

CT numbers of the spleen, liver, and trachea air were measured from non-contrast images obtained from 4-channel and 64-channel scanners from the same vendor. Image sectio ns of 1 mm and 5 mm were reconstructed using smooth and sharp kernels. For spleen and liv er, no significant differences as sociated with the variations in kernels or slice thickness could be demonstrated. The increase of the number of channels from 4 to 64 lowered the spleen CT numbers from 53 HU to 43 HU (p <0.00001). The 4-channel spleen CT numbers slightly increased as function of patient size, while the 64-channel CT numbers decreased as function of patient size. Linear regressions predicted for 40-cm patients the spleen 64-channel CT values were 23 HU lower than 4-channel CT numbers. The smooth kernel, 4-channel trachea air CT numbers had mean of -1004 +/-4.8 HU and the 64-channel trachea air CT numbers had a mean of -989+/-4.5 HU. The patient-size dependencies suggest that the CT attenuation variation is associated with increased scatter in 64-channel MSCT. Using CT number to distinguish solid lesions from cysts or quantitative evaluation of COPD disease using CT images may be complicated by inconsistencies between CT scanners. Keywords: CT number consistency, COPD, cyst, liver, spleen