cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient Agrobacterium -mediated gene expression in the Arabidopsis hydroponics root system for subcellular localization studies

To a great extent, the cellular compartmentalization and molecular interactions are indicative of the function of a protein. The development of simple and efficient tools for testing the subcellular location of proteins is indispensable to elucidate the function of genes in plants. In this report, we assessed the feasibility ofAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of hydroponically grown roots to follow intracellular targeting of proteins fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). We developed a simple in planta assay for subcellular localization of proteins inArabidopsis roots via transient transformation and tested this method by expressing a GFP fusion of a known nuclear protein, IQD1. Visualization of transiently expressed GFP fusion proteins in roots by means of confocal microscopy is superior to the analysis of green tissues because the roots are virtually transparent and free of chlorophyll autofluorescence.
Docking of PKC(Alpha)-C1 and PKC(Beta)-C2 Domains to POPC/POPS/POG Lipid Membranes

Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes are a large family of serine/threonine kinases that play important roles in cellular signaling. However, the detail process of their docking at cell membranes is still not well understood. In this study, eight independent atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to systematically investigate the docking of PKC(alpha)-C1 and PKC(beta)-C2 domains to lipid bilayers composed of POPC, POPS, and POG (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol). POG concentration varied from 0 to 25% (i.e. 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%), and the ratio of POPC/POPS was kept at 3/1. Our result shows that PKC(beta)-C2 domain adapts a parallel configuration when it docks to the lipid bilayer in the absence of POG; however, at the presence of POG, it adapts a perpendicular configuration. This difference in docking configurations is due to the increase of spacing between lipids headgroups at the presence of POG, which allows the perpendicular docking of PKC(beta)-C2 domain. Furthermore, PKC(beta)-C2 domain shows no significant conformational change during the docking in both cases. On the other hand, PKC(alpha)-C1 domain only docks to a lipid bilayer that contains POG. In the absence of POG, the domain stays in a parallel configuration on the surface of the bilayer. The docking of PKC(alpha)-C1 domain to lipid bilayers containing POG shows a high specificity of PKC(alpha)-C1 domain toward diacylglycerol.
An application-layer multicasting protocol for distributed collaboration

Although IP multicast can be used to support message transmission among participants in massively large virtual environments, it is typically not available on the Internet. Alternatively, researches have in recent years proposed the use of application layer multicasting techniques (ALM), either using proxies or purely depending on end systems, to allow scalable message passing among peers in a large group of users on the Internet. In this paper, we propose a hybrid application-layer multicast framework that uses both proxies and end-systems to provide scalable and timely-reliable communication among the participants of a distributed virtual environment over the Internet. Our filed trials using a simulation application shows that the framework performs satisfactorily over the Internet.
Cutting Edge: The Membrane Type Matrix Metalloproteinase MMP14 Mediates Constitutive Shedding of MHC Class I Chain-Related Molecule A Independent of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases

Engagement of tumor cell surface MHC class I chain-related molecule A (MICA) to NKG2D stimulates NK and T cell antitumor immunity. Shedding of MICA by tumor cells facilitates tumor immune evasion, which may in part contribute to tumor progression. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms by which tumors shed MIC is of great importance for therapy to reinforce NK and T cell antitumor immunity. In this study, we report that the membrane type matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)14 mediates MICA shedding. Suppression of MMP14 expression blocks MICA shedding. Concomitantly, overexpression of MMP14 enhances MICA shedding. The regulation of MICA shedding by MMP14 is independent of the activity of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases, which have been reported to mediate MICA shedding. Finally, MMP14 expression in MICA-positive tumor cells regulates the sensitivity of tumor cells to NK cell killing. These findings suggest that MMP14 may be a new target for tumor immune therapy.
HABITAT PARTITIONING OF FOUR SYMPATRIC THRUSH SPECIES AT THREE SPATIAL SCALES ON A MANAGED FOREST IN WEST VIRGINIA

Abstract Four thrush species are sympatric in the central Appalachians: Veery (Catharus fuscescens), Hermit Thrush (C. guttatus), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and American Robin (Turdus migratorius). The four species often nest near one another, which suggests that habitat partitioning may have developed to minimize past interspecific competition. Our objectives were to determine which specific characteristics of nesting habitat were partitioned among the species and to evaluate the relationship of these characteristics to nest survival. We monitored nests and sampled habitat variables at three spatial scales: nest substrate, nest site, and territory. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated a difference (P < 0.01) in the nest sites of all species and in each pairwise species contrast. An analysis of variance and Fisher’s exact tests detected differences (P < 0.05) among species in 21 of 36 variables measured. Classification tree analysis correctly classified nests by species at a rate better ...
Complete mitochondrial genome of the speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, a widely distributed cyprinid minnow of western North America.

The speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus (order Cypriniformes), also known as the carpita pinta, is a small cyprinid minnow native to western North America. Here, we report the sequencing of the full mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of R. osculus from a male fish collected from the Amargosa River Canyon in eastern California, USA. The assembled mitogenome is 16 658 base pair (bp) nucleotides, and encodes 13 protein-coding genes, and includes both a 12S and a 16S rRNA, 22 tRNAs, and a 985 bp D-loop control region. Mitogenome synteny reflects that of other Ostariophysian fishes with the majority of genes and RNAs encoded on the heavy strand (H-strand) except nd6, tRNA-Gln, tRNA-Ala, tRNA-Asn, tRNA-Cys, tRNA-Tyr, tRNA-Ser, tRNA-Glu, and tRNA-Pro. The availability of this R. osculus mitochondrial genome - the first complete mitogenome within the lineage of Rhinichthys riffle daces - provides a foundation for resolving evolutionary relationships among morphologically differentiated populations of R. osculus.
Real Estate Brokers, Information, and Transaction Outcomes

Brokers and dealers are involved in transactions that span a large variety of markets. However, there is neither a clear consensus as to the impact of brokers on transaction outcomes, nor a common understanding as to the nature of the services that brokers provide and the mechanism by which these services add value. We use the residential real-estate market to demonstrate that transaction outcomes, including the time on the market and the list and transaction prices, are associated with the extent of a broker's information. We find that the accuracy of the list price is also associated with the broker's information. We conclude that well-informed brokers help market participants by obtaining and conveying accurate and credible information, and thereby enhance an asset's value, transparency, and liquidity. Lastly, our paper implies that previous research which uses a binary variable for the presence of a broker may suffer from an omitted variable problem.
Psychological improvement in infertile women after behavioral treatment: a replication.

Objective To replicate previously reported psychological improvements in infertile women attending a group behavioral treatment program. Design Psychological and demographic data were collected before entering and again upon completion of a behavioral medicine program on a second cohort of patients. Setting The program was offered in the Division of Behavioral Medicine, an outpatient clinic of the Department of Medicine at New England Deaconess Hospital. All patients were receiving care from infertility specialists not affiliated with this hospital. Patients Fifty two self-referred women receiving medical treatment for infertility attended the program. Intervention A 10-week group behavioral treatment program. Main Outcome Measures Three validated psychological instruments. Results Psychological improvement was statistically significant (Profile of Mood States Tension/Anxiety: P 0.0001; Depression/Dejection: P P P P P P Conclusions Behavioral treatment is associated with significant decreases in negative psychological symptoms.
Chromatin-Associated HMG-17 Is a Major Regulator of Transcription Factor Activity Modulated by Wnt/beta-catenin Signaling

The chromatin-associated high mobility group protein (HMG-17) is associated with transcriptionally active chromatin, however its role in regulating gene expression is unclear. This report reveals a...
Hubbert’s Peak: The Great Debate over the End of Oil

This paper analyzes the major debates over future petroleum supply in the United States, in particular the long-running feud between the world-famous geologist, M. King Hubbert, and the director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Vincent E. McKelvey. The intellectual history of resource evaluation reveals that, by the mid-twentieth century, economists had come to control the discourse of defining a “natural resource.” Their assurances of abundance overturned earlier conceptions of petroleum supplies as fixed and finite in favor of a more flexible understanding of resource potential in a capitalist society and acceptance of the price elasticity of natural resources. In 1956, King Hubbert questioned these assurances by predicting that U.S. domestic oil production would peak around 1970, which drew him into a long-running debate with McKelvey and the so-called “Cornucopians.” When Hubbert’s Peak was validated in the mid-1970s, he became a prophet. The acceptance of Hubbert’s theory ensured the centrality of oil in almost all discourses about the future, and it even created a cultural movement of prophecy believers fixated on preparing for the oil end times. Although notions of resource cornucopia seem to be once again in ascendance in the United States, Hubbert’s Peak still haunts any consideration of humanity’s environmental future.
Coxiella burnetii Not a Rickettsia

The recent article describing the outbreak of Q fever in the Netherlands (Microbe, April 2011, p. 159) was both well written and impactful in shedding light on what is very likely an underappreciated cause of febrile illness worldwide, especially where people live in close contact with ruminant livestock. In the article, the causative agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, was erroneously described as a rickettsia. While previously Coxiella had been considered a monotypic genus within the family Rickettsiaceae, molecular approaches revealed that Coxiella and rickettsiae actually belong to separate classes within the phylum Proteobacteria: Coxiella within the Gammaproteobacteria and rickettsiae within the Alphaprotebacteria (W. G. Weisburg,, M. E. Dobson, et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:4202–4206, 1989). Coxiella is closely related to Legionella, which has been confirmed by genomic analyses (K. P. Williams, J. J. Gillespie, et al., J. Bacteriol. 192: 2305–2314, 2010). Importantly, this knowledge of the close relationship between Coxiella and Legionella has led to new molecular tools for understanding C. burnetii pathogenesis—a very recent example includes the work by Voth et al. (D. E. Voth, P. A. Beare, et al., J. Bacteriol. 193:1493–1503, 2011). Taxonomy aside, research on C. burnetii and rickettsial pathogens (which broadly can include all the Rickettsiales or more narrowly only the Family Rickettsiaceae or the genus Rickettsia) has been closely linked as experimental approaches to these intracellular pathogens are similar. This linkage continues to flourish today with similarities in intracellular invasion, survival, and growth interpreted in the context of convergent evolution—findings that are shared in forums such as those of the American Society for Rickettsiology, which highlights studies on Coxiella and Bartonella as well as those bacteria within the Order Rickettsiales.
Analogical Reasoning in Subjects with Autism, Retardation, and Normal Development

The ability to integrate information is an important aspect of cognitive development. Piaget (1950) and others have seen an increase in this ability as marking important progress in cognitive development. Frith (1989), on the other hand, proposed that this is an area of weakness for people with autism and suggested that such a deficit could provide an explanation for the characteristic symptoms of autism. As a test of the hypothesis that people with autism had difficulty in integrating information, the performance of subjects with autism was compared with that of subjects with retardation and normally developing subjects, matched for verbal age and sex, on four analogy tasks. It was predicted that control subjects would perform significantly better than autistic subjects on these tasks. There was a complex pattern of results; however, it was apparent that there was a tendency for the autistic subjects to have greater difficulty with analogies tests than control subjects. It was suggested that autistic people have an impaired ability to integrate stimuli and thus have difficulty in perceiving relationships such as those depicted in analogy tasks.
Histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of heterogeneous Purkinje neurons in mammalian cerebellum.

The cerebellum of rat, rabbit, mouse, and bat were studied after staining with the Hematoxylin-Basic Fuchsin-Picric acid (HBFP) technique. In each species, heterogeneous Purkinje neurons became evident on the basis of red (i.e., fuchsinorrhagic) and blue (i.e., HBFP-negative) staining of cells. The former ranged from normal to atrophic-looking cells, while the blue staining Purkinje cells always showed typical perikaryal morphology with normal vesicular nucleus and prominent nucleolus. Staining differences were also seen by several different stains; however, the HBFP technique proved superior in the characterization of Purkinje cell heterogeneity owing to the tinctorial differences. The two classes of Purkinje neurons were still present after perfusion fixation. Electron microscopy demonstrated variable electron density in the Purkinje cells. Fuchsinorrhagic Purkinje neurons were absent in the 1-week old rats, but their number increased gradually thereafter. Tissue sections pretreated with RNase, DNase, or protease demonstrated that the fuchsinorrhagia of Purkinje neurons is a function of DNA/acidic protein complex. Since nucleic acids do not increase in Purkinje cells after maturation (i.e., after 8 weeks postnatal), the nucleic acids-associated-proteins, that are known to play a role in the regulation of gene expression, may be responsible for the fuchsinorrhagia of these Purkinje neurons.
Nephrology and Urology

This chapter will comprehensively address renal emergencies beginning with acute and chronic renal insufficiency along with its diagnosis and treatment. Causes of renal failure are discussed in detail from glomerular to tubular causes of the process. Rhabdomyolysis and its diagnosis and management are detailed as well as other causes of chronic renal failure. Emergencies related to hemodialysis are detailed as well as management. Infections of the genitourinary tract are highly detailed and specific and range from simple urinary tract infections to sexually transmitted diseases. This chapter will additionally provide the learner with information regarding laboratory assessment if required as well as with information regarding imaging (if required) that is essential for passing examinations.
A panoramic stereo-vision detection and recognition system

In this paper, a panoramic stereo-vision detection and recognition system based on stereo-vision detection and recognition techniques is proposed. The study builds a panoramic image capturing module including four cameras and a fixed camera foundation for capturing panoramic images and develops an object detection technique for panoramic images. In addition, it also proposes a stereo-vision detection algorithm for non-coplanar images. In this study, in order to get stereo-vision information, the panoramic image capturing module uses wide-angle lens to obtain more overlapped areas of images. Overlapped areas are used to calculate the disparity of captured image in stereo-vision system. However, images become distortion when using wide-angle lens, the image distortion increases the difficulties of the disparity calculation and the panoramic image stitching. Therefore, the distortion correction procedure is necessary.
SP0048 What Are Nanoparticles: Physics for Medical Doctors

Nanotechnology has improved the medical world broadly rheumatology specifically through a number of innovative applications used to enhance diagnostics through imaging and therapeutics through enhanced drug delivery. In order to have a better understanding of nanomedicine, however it is helpful to review the basic chemistry and quantum physics that serve as the basic fundamental science of this technology. The building blocks of the nanoworld are atoms as well as the electromagnetic forces between them are the basic forces that give nanomaterials their properties These atoms, in particular carbon, are then shaped into a variety of structures including buckyballs, carbon nanotubes and nanowires that comprise much of todays nanotechnology. In addition thermal agitation as well as cohesion between atoms and molecules serve critical roles in contributing to unique nanomaterial characteristics. Finally, light, namely viewed as a stream of particles called photons, plays a critical role in nanomedicine. Electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy are only two examples of exploiting photons at the nanoscale in order to enhance the role of nanomedicine in medical imaging. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Action classification from motion capture data using topological data analysis

This paper proposes a novel framework for activity recognition from 3D motion capture data using topological data analysis (TDA). We extract point clouds describing the oscillatory patterns of body joints from the principal components of their time series using Taken's delay embedding. Topological persistence from TDA is exploited to extract topological invariants of the constructed point clouds. We propose a feature extraction method from persistence diagrams in order to generate robust low dimensional features used for classification of different activities. Our experimental results demonstrate high separability of generated features, and as a result a high accuracy of classification.
High resolution three-dimensional robotic synthetic tracked aperture ultrasound imaging: feasibility study

Three dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging is becoming a standard mode for medical ultrasound diagnoses. Conventional 3D ultrasound imaging is mostly scanned either by using a two dimensional matrix array or by motorizing a one dimensional array in the elevation direction. However, the former system is not widely assessable due to its cost, and the latter one has limited resolution and field-of-view in the elevation axis. Here, we propose a 3D ultrasound imaging system based on the synthetic tracked aperture approach, in which a robotic arm is used to provide accurate tracking and motion. While the ultrasound probe is moved by a robotic arm, each probe position is tracked and can be used to reconstruct a wider field-of-view as there are no physical barriers that restrict the elevational scanning. At the same time, synthetic aperture beamforming provides a better resolution in the elevation axis. To synthesize the elevational information, the single focal point is regarded as the virtual element, and forward and backward delay-andsum are applied to the radio-frequency (RF) data collected through the volume. The concept is experimentally validated using a general ultrasound phantom, and the elevational resolution improvement of 2.54 and 2.13 times was measured at the target depths of 20 mm and 110 mm, respectively.
Translation-Triggered Prefetching

We propose translation-enabled memory prefetching optimizations or TEMPO, a low-overhead hardware mechanism to boost memory performance by exploiting the operating system's (OS) virtual memory subsystem. We are the first to make the following observations: (1) a substantial fraction (20-40%) of DRAM references in modern big- data workloads are devoted to accessing page tables; and (2) when memory references require page table lookups in DRAM, the vast majority of them (98%+) also look up DRAM for the subsequent data access. TEMPO exploits these observations to enable DRAM row-buffer and on-chip cache prefetching of the data that page tables point to. TEMPO requires trivial changes to the memory controller (under 3% additional area), no OS or application changes, and improves performance by 10-30% and energy by 1-14%.
Smart Conformists: Children and Adolescents Associate Conformity With Intelligence Across Cultures

The current study used a novel methodology based on multivocal ethnography to assess the relations between conformity and evaluations of intelligence and good behavior among Western (U.S.) and non-Western (Ni-Vanuatu) children (6- to 11-year-olds) and adolescents (13- to 17-year-olds; N = 256). Previous research has shown that U.S. adults were less likely to endorse high-conformity children as intelligent than Ni-Vanuatu adults. The current data demonstrate that in contrast to prior studies documenting cultural differences between adults' evaluations of conformity, children and adolescents in the United States and Vanuatu have a conformity bias when evaluating peers' intelligence and behavior. Conformity bias for good behavior increases with age. The results have implications for understanding the interplay of conformity bias and trait psychology across cultures and development.
Fleet of Foot: Adolescent Foot and Ankle Mobility

In today's world of advanced technologies, accessible transportation, and fingertip talking, adolescents are spending too many hours each day sedentary. The purpose of this article is to underscore...
A cephalometric comparison of treatment effects and predictors of chin prominence in Class II Division 1 and 2 malocclusions with Forsus fatigue-resistant fixed functional appliance

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to cephalometrically evaluate and compare a treatment protocol in patients with Class II Division 1 (II/1) and Class II Division 2 (II/2), and to pursue predictors of the change in chin prominence. Methods This retrospective study included 30 patients with Class II/1 and 25 patients with Class II/2 treated with the Forsus appliance, in combination with fixed appliances. Pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were collected, and 28 measurements were recorded. A two-sample t test was used for the pretreatment comparison among the two Divisions. Paired t tests were used to evaluate the treatment changes within each group. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the treatment changes between the Divisions after adjusting for the baseline value, age, gender, treatment duration, and time with the Forsus appliance. The Simes multiple testing procedure permitted adjustment for multiple comparisons. Regression analysis was performed to identify predictors explaining the change in chin prominence. Results Class II correction occurred in both Divisions, mainly through dentoalveolar effects. There were no significant cephalometric differences found in the mean treatment changes between the Divisions. The pretreatment Gonial angle, molar eruption, lower incisor inclination, mandibular body length, and soft tissue chin thickness had a significant impact on the treatment changes in chin prominence. Conclusions Treatment with the Forsus in combination with preadjusted fixed appliances leads to a favorable treatment outcome and produces similar treatment changes in both Class II Divisions.
Rational analysis as a link between human memory and information retrieval

Rational analysis has been successful in explaining a variety of different aspects of human cognition (Anderson, 1990; Chater & Oaksford, 1999; Marr, 1982; Oaksford & Chater, 1998). The explanations provided by rational analysis have two properties: they emphasize the connection between behavior and the structure of the environment, and they focus on the abstract computational problems being solved. These properties provide the opportunity to recognize connections between human cognition and other systems that solve the same computational problems, with the potential both to provide new insights into human cognition and to allow us to develop better systems for solving those problems. In particular, we should expect to find a correspondence between human cognition and systems that are successful at solving the same computational problems in a similar environment. In this chapter, we argue that such a correspondence exists between human memory and internet search, and show that this correspondence leads to both better models of human cognition, and better methods for searching the web. Anderson (1990) and Anderson and Schooler (1991, 2000) have shown that many findings in the memory literature related to recognition and recall of lists of words can be understood by considering the computational problem of assessing the relevance of an item in memory to environmental cues. They showed a close correspondence between memory retrieval for lists of words and statistical patterns of occurrence of words in large databases of text. Similarly, other computational models for memory (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997), association (Griffiths et al., 2007), reasoning (Oaksford & Chater, 1994), prediction (Griffiths & Tenenbaum, 2006) and causal 15-Charter&Oaksford-Chap15 11/3/07 5:27 PM Page 327
Mass Spectrometry-Based Microbial Metabolomics

Through the characterization of metabolic pathways, metabolomics is able to illuminate the activities of a cell at the functional level. However, the metabolome, which is comprised of hundreds of chemically diverse metabolites, is rather difficult to monitor. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based profiling methods are increasingly being utilized for this purpose. To this end, MS is often coupled to the separation techniques gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The mass-based selectivity that the MS provides, together with the chromatographic or electrophoretic separation of analytes, creates hyphenated techniques that are ideally suited to the measurement of large numbers of metabolites from microbial extracts. In this chapter, we describe GC-MS, LC-MS, and CE-MS methods that are applicable to microbial metabolomics experiments.
Modeling the effects of insulin and amino acids on the phosphorylation of mTOR, Akt, and 4EBP1 in mammary cells

The objective of this work was to develop a mathematical representation of the effects of insulin and essential amino acid (EAA) on phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), the latter being critical for initiation of protein synthesis. The model included six protein pools (Q) representing phosphorylated (P) and unphosphorylated (U) forms of Akt, mTOR, and 4EBP1. Mass action equations were used to represent kinase (F U,P(X) ) and phosphatase (F P,U(X) ) reactions. The F U,P(X) for Akt and mTOR were regulated by extracellular insulin (C Ins ) and EAA (C EAA ) concentrations, respectively. Exponents were used to adjust the sensitivity of the fluxes to the regulators. Changes in pool size with respect to time were calculated as the difference between F U,P(X) and F P,U(X) . The Q U(X) were determined by numerical integration of the differentials starting from specified initial pool sizes. The Q P(X) were calculated by subtracting Q U(X) from the fixed total protein mass (Q T(X) ). The model was fitted to observed phosphorylation data obtained from a bovine mammary epithelial cell line treated with four C Ins (0, 5, 10, and 100 ng/ml) and four C EAA (0, 0.35, 1.00, and 3.5 mM) arranged in a 4x4 factorial design. Model optimization and sensitivity analyses were carried out in ACSLXtreme. The data were adequate to describe the model parameters as standard deviations of model parameters were <20% of the parameter estimates. Sensitivity exponent estimates were greater than 1 indicating EAA and insulin signal loss associated with transmission down the cascade was partially mitigated. Phosphorylation of Akt was highly sensitive to insulin compared to mTOR and 4EBP1. Phosphorylation of mTOR and 4EBP1 responded similarly to insulin and EAA. The model was able to predict Q P(X) with root mean square prediction errors less than 10% of the observed means. There appeared to be a slight negative slope bias for Q P(Akt) , indicating the model tended to overpredict Q P(Akt) as predicted Q P(Akt) increased.
Spectral Fusion and the Creation of Auditory Images

The auditory system participates in the forming of images evoked by acoustic phenomena in the world around us. An important aspect of the imaging process is the distinguishing of different sound sources. Since the peripheral auditory system performs a spectral analysis on the incoming composite signal, mechanisms must exist to group spectral components according to their respective sources and to affect a kind of perceptual fusion of spectral components arising from the same source. There may be innate mechanisms and mechanisms acquired through experience in the world that have criteria for “deciding” whether a particular constellation of dynamic acoustic elements is likely to constititute a sound source. Of particular interest for music composition are the ways in which these mechanisms operate with respect to ambiguous acoustic information, the ways a listener can be beckoned beyond the boundaries of established patterns of perceiving. These have implications for the realms of “possible” perception.
THE ROLE OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN VIRAL INFECTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of the inflammatory response in viral infections. The inflammatory reaction seen in most viral infections consists of perivascular accumulations of mononuclear cells, sometimes preceded by early infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells. The inflammatory response in model of viral encephalitis consists of cells coming from the blood rather than the brain. These cells are predominantly macrophages with a smaller number of nonphagocytic mononuclear cells, most likely lymphocytes. The cells consist largely of short-lived rapidly dividing cells as many of them are labeled with 3H–Tdr before infection. In addition, there is an active rate of cell division in the inflammatory site. The effect of the inflammatory reaction probably depends largely on the nature and virulence of the virus, and on the timing of the inflammatory response. In practical terms, enhancement or suppression of cell-mediated or humoral immune responses may have very different beneficial or adverse effects in different viral infections and, indeed, different effects at varied times within the same infectious process.
PANDORA: a program for doing commonsense planning in complex situations

A planning program named PANDORA (Plan ANalyzer with Dynamic Organization, Revision, and Application) has been developed which creates plans in the common-sense domains of everyday situations and of a Unix** Consultant using hierarchical planning and metaplanning. PANDORA detects its own goals in an event-driven fashion, dynamically interleaving the creation, execution and revision of its plans.
Baseline management practices and animal health data reported by US feedlots responding to a survey regarding acute interstitial pneumonia

Little is published regarding management practices at US feedlots. As part of a study to characterize management practices related to feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), baseline health and management data were collected by a cross-sectional survey sent to 561 feedlots in 21 states. Of 72 surveys (12.8%) returned, 53% came from Kansas and Nebraska. The total number of cattle placed by respondents was 2,495,439, representing approximately 10% of cattle placed in feedlots in 2000. Respondents placed 1,385,644 steers, 1,011,905 heifers, 48,987 Holsteins and 48,903 other cattle. Viral respiratory vaccination was common, while fewer feedlots vaccinated against bacterial respiratory pathogens. Sixty-one percent of respondents practiced mass antimicrobial administration to cattle, although only 17% of all cattle were mass-treated. Hormonal implants were used by 92% of feedlots, and approximately 80% of them used a final implant containing trenbolone acetate (TBA). Heifers were implanted with products containing higher doses of TBA than steers. Monensin and melengestrol acetate were included in the summer finishing diet by 97% and 75% of the respondents, respectively. Sixty-five percent of animals that died received a postmortem examination. Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality: 12.8% of placements were treated for BRD, and 0.8% died of BRD. Of all placements, 1.3, 1.6 and 2.6% of cattle were treated for AIP, digestive disorders and all other diseases, respectively; 0.1, 0.3 and 0.2% of placements died of AIP, digestive disorders and all other diseases, respectively.
Nonmarket Strategy FAQ

The previous chapter defined nonmarket strategy and its parameters and explained its increasing prominence. This chapter is organized as an “NMS FAQ” and addresses important practical questions about NMS from a managerial perspective.
The effect of vitamin D supplementation on lower-extremity power and function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Background The effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle function in older adults has been tested in randomized trials with mixed results, which may be due to differences in the study participant characteristics, including baseline vitamin D status. The results of 2 meta-analyses of randomized trials suggested a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle function in older adults with low baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Objectives We aimed to test the effect of 12 mo of vitamin D supplementation on lower-extremity power and function in older community-dwelling adults screened for low serum 25(OH)D. Methods This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that included 100 community-dwelling men and women ≥60 y old who had serum 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/mL at screening and a mean ± SD serum 25(OH)D of 20.2 ± 6.7 ng/mL at baseline. Participants were randomly assigned to 800 IU vitamin D3/d (intervention) or placebo. Those in the intervention group whose serum 25(OH)D was Results After 12 mo, the mean ± SD serum 25(OH)D was 32.5 ± 5.1 ng/mL in the intervention group and 19.8 ± 7.3 ng/mL in the control group (treatment × time P Conclusion Increasing serum 25(OH)D to >32 ng/mL (on average) over 12 mo did not affect lower-extremity power, strength, or lean mass in older community-dwelling adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02293187.
Developing an Effective Dynamic Beta Overlay

Many institutions – both multi-asset managers and asset owners – have developed Global Tactical Asset Allocation (GTAA) strategies. These strategies could be either long-only or long-short, but are typically fully funded. In an environment where the future expectations of asset and portfolio returns are low, and cash is valuable for pension funds that are often paying more in benefits than they receive in contributions, asset owners need to be creative and re-purpose certain strategies. Many of these GTAA strategies trade assets that are not in the client’s Strategic Asset Allocation (SAA) and GTAA strategies could potentially be adding to total fund risk to the extent they take bets similar to those embedded in the SAA. This paper is an adapted case study to demonstrate how an innovative asset owner that had crowdsourced best ideas from strategic partners to create their own unique GTAA, was able to adapt the GTAA model into a futures-based Dynamic Beta/SMART Rebalancing overlay to not only improve the Sharpe ratio, but also greatly enhance the risk management properties of the overall fund. More importantly, cash utilization was improved because futures overlays need only be financed with limited cash if designed appropriately.
Moving Boundary PDE Model Implementation

The partial differential equation (PDE) formulation in Chap. 1 and implementation in Chap. 2 for a fixed tumor outer boundary is extended in this chapter to a moving boundary by the use an algorithm based on an equation for the outer boundary velocity. Three cases for the outer boundary velocity are considered: (1) a fixed boundary (zero velocity) for comparison with the results discussed in Chap. 3, (2) a constant velocity which can be checked (the outer boundary moves linearly in time), and (3) the outer boundary velocity is proportional to the cancer density at the outer boundary. For the three cases, the plotted output for the outer boundary velocity and position are of particular interest.
Step 3 of EBP: Part 1—Evaluating Research Designs

Step 3 of the EBP process involves evaluating the quality and client relevance of research results you have located to inform treatment planning. While some useful clinical resources include careful appraisals of research quality, clinicians must critically evaluate the content both included in these summaries and what is excluded or omitted from them. For individual research studies, clinicians must first identify and evaluate the research designs and methods reported. The terminology used to describe research designs in EBM/EBP may not always be consistent with that used in most social work research courses. This chapter provides a review of the key research designs used in EBM and EBP in order to orient clinicians to core terminology found in EBP summaries and reports.
The Influence of Developmental Idealism on Marital Attitudes, Expectations, and Timing:

Recent theory suggests that developmental idealism (DI) is an important source of variation and change in family behavior, yet this suggestion is largely untested at the individual level. This study examines the influence of DI beliefs and values on individuals' entrance into marriage. We hypothesize that when individuals and their parents endorse DI, they enter into marriage later, or more slowly. We also hypothesize that two pathways connecting DI to marriage are the instillation of older timing attitudes and expectations of marrying at older ages. We test these hypotheses using panel data collected in Nepal from 2008 to 2014. When young people and their parents endorsed DI, the young people valued older ages at marriage and expected to marry later. Young people's own DI endorsement also delayed their entrance into marriage, but parents' DI did not.
Learning at the Intersection of Self and Society: The Family Geobiography as a Context for Data Science Education

Open large-scale datasets (LSDS) and data visualization technologies are new cultural tools that have potential to inform public dialogue and learning about important socioeconomic and scientific m...
Transcript of the AFA 2020 Presidential Address with Presentation Slides: Social Transmission Bias in Economics and Finance

I discuss a new intellectual paradigm, social economics and finance: the study of the social processes that shape economic thinking and behavior. This emerging field recognizes that people observe and talk to each other. A key, underexploited building block of social economics and finance is social transmission bias: a systematic directional shift in signals or ideas in social transactions. I use five “fables” (models) to illustrate the novelty and scope of the transmission bias approach, and offer several emergent themes. For example, social transmission bias compounds recursively, which can help explain booms, bubbles, return anomalies, and swings in economic sentiment. The paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3550880 Presentation Slides: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3513210
Design and implementation of a patient passport in a pediatric cardiology clinic

Abstract Background Communicating a complex cardiac history to healthcare professionals can pose a challenge to caretakers of pediatric cardiology patients. We sought to develop and implement a pediatric cardiology patient passport. We hypothesize that the passport will help facilitate communication and information sharing between caretakers and other healthcare professionals. Design Based on input from pediatric cardiologists at a major institution, we designed and implemented a patient passport in our pediatric cardiology clinic. Inclusion criteria included patients with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease, conduction abnormality, or arrhythmia. A patient/caretaker survey was conducted to determine the utilization and utility of the passport. Results A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study between October 2016 and November 2018. The survey was completed by 43% (n = 43) of passport recipients. 88% (n = 35) were “extremely likely” or “somewhat likely” to use the passport in the future. 97% (n = 38) said they “definitely would recommend” or “might recommend” the passport to other pediatric cardiology patients and their families. 97% (n = 38) felt the passport will be helpful in the future when transitioning to adult cardiology. 43% (n = 17) of respondents had used the passport by the time of the survey. Of those who used the passport, 88% (n = 15) felt that the passport made communicating with the healthcare professional easier. No respondents (n = 0) said that the passport was not helpful in their interaction. Conclusions Introduction of a patient passport in an outpatient cardiology clinic may be beneficial. Our results suggest that patient caretakers feel that a patient passport can help facilitate both communication and information sharing with other healthcare professionals.
Enhancing ground penetrating radar with augmented reality systems for underground utility management

Successful maintenance and development of underground infrastructures depends on the ability to access underground utilities efficiently. In general, obtaining accurate positions and conditions of subterranean utilities is not trivial due to inaccurate data records and occlusions that are common in densely populated urban areas. Limited access to underground resources poses challenges to underground utilities management. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective sensing tools widely used for underground sensing. Combining high accuracy GPR data and augmented reality (AR) poses enables accurate real time visualizations of the buried objects. Although GPR and AR collect and visualize high accuracy data, intensive computation is required. This work presents a novel GPR-AR system that decreases post-processing time significantly while maintaining a neutral format across GPR-AR data collection methods regardless of varying Internet or GPS connection strengths. The methods explored in this work to mitigate failures of previous systems include automated and georeferenced post processing, the classification of underground assets using artificial intelligence, and real time data collection path visualizations. This work also lays a foundation for the potential combinations of a 5G GPR-AR system in which the temporal gap between data collection and visualization can be alleviated.
Does Hypothyroidism Increase Complications, Lengths of Stay, Readmissions, and Costs Following Primary 1- to 2-Level Lumbar Fusion?

STUDY DESIGN Level III-retrospective review. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of hypothyroidism in patients undergoing 1- to 2-level lumbar fusion (1-2LF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Hypothyroidism is a common cause of morbidity and mortality following surgery. Studies have demonstrated the effects of hypothyroidism following orthopedic surgery, but not 1-2LF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients undergoing 1-2LF with hypothyroidism were identified within the Medicare population, and served as the study group. Study group patients were randomly matched to controls in a 1:5 ratio by age, sex, and medical comorbidities. Primary outcomes analyzed included in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS), 90-day readmission rates, 90-day medical complications, and costs of care. Pearson χ tests were used to compare patient demographics. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for medical complications and readmissions. Welch t test was used to test for significance in cost between the cohorts. An α value <0.002 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The query yielded 417,483 patients who underwent 1-2LF with (n=69,584) and without (n=347,899) hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid patients had significantly longer in-hospital LOS (8 vs. 4 d; P<0.0001) compared with controls. In addition, study group patients had significantly higher incidence and odds of 90-day readmissions (20.22% vs. 17.62%; OR, 1.18; P<0.0001) and 90-day medical complications (6.38% vs. 1.89%; OR, 3.53; P<0.0001) compared with controls. Study group patients had higher day of surgery costs ($97,304.01 vs. $95,168.35; P=0.014) and 90-day costs of care ($113,514.15 vs. $108,860.60; P=0.0001) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for age, sex, and medical comorbidities, the study demonstrates patients who have hypothyroidism have longer in-hospital LOS and higher rates of readmissions, complications, and costs. The study is vital as it can allow orthopedic surgeons to adequately counsel and educate these patients of the potential complications that may occur following their procedure.
Separation of the valley exciton-polariton in two-dimensional semiconductors with an anisotropic photonic crystal

Excitons in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) are stable at room temperature because of high exciton binding energies. They can be selectively addressed based on the unique optical selection rules from angular momentum conservation for the $K/{K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ valley state and the helicity of circularly polarized light. When coupled with the optical modes in optical cavities, excitons can form exciton-polaritons, exploiting which in 2D TMDC may lead to optoelectronic devices for room temperature operation. The valley degree of freedom of the excitons, however, is mostly lost when forming exciton-polaritons because the cavity mode usually does not have a well-defined spin angular momentum. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that the valley information of exciton-polaritons can be preserved and resolved in a photonic cavity made of birefringent materials. Because of the optical anisotropy, the guided resonance modes have a net transverse spin angular momentum and selectively couple to exciton-polaritons with the corresponding valley state. In the strong-coupling regime, the exciton-polariton behaves in a way like the Rashba effect in the solid. The dispersion of the $K/{K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ exciton-polariton splits in momentum space based on its valley state, similar to electron spins in Rashba systems. Realizing valley-dependent exciton-polaritons affords a possibility to explore valley exciton dynamics in a strongly coupled system and will contribute to the study of excitonic, polaritonic devices, Bose-Einstein condensation, and superfluidity in semiconductors.
Introducing Jorge A. Bezerra, M.D. Our 2020 AASLD President.

I knew that someday someone would be writing to introduce Dr. Jorge Bezerra as president of the AASLD. I am pleased and honored to have been invited to author that introduction. Jorge is the epitome of a physician-scientist - his clinical practice is focused on pediatric hepatology and his laboratory and clinical studies investigate mechanisms and management of neonatal cholestasis.