cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium regeneration within the North Atlantic

Cadmium (Cd) incorporated into the benthic microfossils has been widely used in reconstructing the past water circulation in the North Atlantic. This requires a major control by conservative mixing over regeneration process on the seawater cadmium distribution in the North Atlantic. Through coupling the recently reported Cd data at depths below 300 m with quantitative water mass analysis along the GA03 transect, we tested two models for cadmium cycling within the North Atlantic: conservative mixing alone and conservative mixing plus regeneration which is termed as regenerative mixing. The results show that the regenerative mixing model reproduces the observations (slope = 0.99 and R2 = 0.97) much better than the conservative mixing model (slope = 0.99 and R2 = 0.88). The regenerative mixing model was applied to estimate the amount of dissolved cadmium regenerated “within” the North Atlantic. This regionally regenerated cadmium contributes to ~10% and >50% of the total cadmium in the North Atlantic at depths >1000 m and 300–1000 m, respectively, indicating that the microfossil-reconstructed seawater Cd can be attributed to the mixing from the South Atlantic to the North Atlantic with high accuracy for depths below 1000 m, while within 300–1000 m cadmium is more controlled by the regeneration process than the mixing process, complicating the attribution of the microfossil-reconstructed seawater Cd to the changes in water mass geometry within this 300–1000 m depth range. A regionally and vertically constant Cd/PO43− regeneration ratio ~262 pM/µmol/kg was derived from the regenerative mixing model which is comparable with ratios estimated in the recent studies for the North Atlantic.
Entropy and information content of laboratory test results.

This article introduces the use of information theoretic concepts such as entropy, S, for the evaluation of laboratory test results, and it offers a new measure of information, 1 – S, which tells us just how far toward certainty a laboratory test result can predict a binary outcome. The derived method is applied to the serum markers troponin I and prostate-specific antigen and to histologic grading of HER-2/neu staining, to cytologic diagnosis of cervical specimens, and to the measurement of tumor thickness in malignant melanoma. Not only do the graphic results provide insight for these tests, they also validate prior conclusions. Thus, this information theoretic approach shows promise for evaluating and understanding laboratory test results. Most would agree that the major purpose for laboratory tests is to provide information about the presence or absence of disease or other critical medical outcomes for patients. Yet, to my knowledge, there is no widely accepted, formal measure for the amount of information that laboratory tests provide. When evaluating new laboratory tests, pathologists resort to a variety of concepts and statistics evolved from probability theory, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, efficiency, and likelihood ratios; however, none of these carries the name of information. Pathologists, nevertheless, are attentive to the field of “informatics,” which seems to deal with computer hardware, software, various algorithmic approaches to problem solving, patient databases, and graphics; but to my knowledge, the field of informatics offers no commonly used measure of the information that laboratory tests provide. For such a measure, one must turn to the field of information theory, which evolved from probability theory and from statistical mechanics, and that came to be recognized as
The Role of Gender Constancy in Early Gender Development

Kohlberg’s (1966) hypothesis that the attainment of gender constancy motivates children to attend to gender norms was reevaluated by examining these links in relation to age. Ninety-four 3- to 7-year-old children were interviewed to assess whether and how constancy mediates age-related changes in gender-related beliefs. As expected, results indicated a general pattern of an increase in stereotype knowledge, the importance and positive evaluation of one’s own gender category, and rigidity of beliefs between the ages of 3 and 5. Moreover, the stability phase, rather than full constancy, mediated some of these relations. After age 5, rigidity generally decreased with age, with relations primarily mediated by consistency.
Inattentional Blindness Looking Without Seeing

Surprising as it may seem, research shows that we rarely see what we are looking at unless our attention is directed to it. This phenomenon can have serious life-and-death consequences. Although the inextricable link between perceiving and attending was noted long ago by Aristotle, this phenomenon, now called inattentional blindness (IB), only recently has been named and carefully studied. Among the many questions that have been raised about IB are questions about the fate of the clearly visible, yet unseen stimuli, whether any stimuli reliably capture attention, and, if so, what they have in common. Finally, is IB an instance of rapid forgetting, or is it a failure to perceive?
1-Benzylthio-1,2,4-triazole

[848821-55-6] C9H9N3S (MW 155.119) InChI = 1S/C9H9N3S/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)6-13-12-8-10-7-11-12/h1-5,7-8H,6H2 InChIKey = HRFCPTKKHXWGTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilic reagent for the asymmetric α sulfenylation of carbonyl compounds) Solubility: soluble in ether, CH2Cl2, toluene, and benzene. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.03 (s, 1H, CH), 7.63 (s, 1H, CH), 7.27 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.03 (m, 2H, ArH), 4.22 (s, 2H, SCH2Ph); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 154.1, 151.4, 134.2, 128.9, 128.8, 128.1, 45.2.1 Form Supplied in: widely available. Purification: purified by rapid flash column chromatography (gradient pentane/Et2O 1/1 to Et2O) to minimize decomposition. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stored under inert atmosphere at 0 °C; no reported toxicity.
Management of mydriasis and pain in cataract and intraocular lens surgery: review of current medications and future directions

The maintenance of mydriasis and the control of postoperative pain and inflammation are critical to the safety and success of cataract and intraocular lens replacement surgery. Appropriate mydriasis is usually achieved by topical and/or intracameral administration of anticholinergic agents, sympathomimetic agents, or both, with the most commonly used being cyclopentolate, tropicamide, and phenylephrine. Ocular inflammation is common after cataract surgery. Topical steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used because they have been proved effective to control postsurgical inflammation and decrease pain. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have also been shown to help maintain dilation. However, use of multiple preoperative drops for pupil dilation, inflammation, and pain control have been shown to be time consuming, resulting in delays to the operating room, and they cause dissatisfaction among perioperative personnel; their use can also be associated with systemic side effects. Therefore, ophthalmologists have been in search of new options to streamline this process. This article will review the current medications commonly used for intraoperative mydriasis, as well as pain and inflammation control. In addition, a new combination of ketorolac, an anti-inflammatory agent, and phenylephrine, a mydriatic agent has recently been designed to maintain intraoperative mydriasis and to reduce postoperative pain and irritation from intraocular lens replacement surgery. Two Phase III clinical trials evaluating this combination have demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared to placebo in maintaining intraoperative mydriasis (P<0.00001) and in reducing pain in the early postoperative period (P=0.0002). This medication may be of benefit for use in cataract and lens replacement surgery in the near future.
An Exploration of Diversity Practices in Small Successful Companies

This exploratory study looks at small publicly-held businesses in the Forbes 200 lists of 1995 and 1996 to determine the extent to which they have formal practices to promote diversity in their workforce and their success (and problems) with those practices. Formal diversity practices were found in about one-quarter of the responding companies. While the CEOs in all companies indicated satisfaction with the amount of attention spent on diversity efforts, those with formal practices on average gave themselves "C" grades in terms of the effectiveness of their specific programs. The most successful elements of formal diversity programs included family-friendly policies and policies against prejudice (graded B+). Suggestions are made for developing diversity programs.
Homonationalism: FROM CRITIQUE TO DIAGNOSIS, OR, WE ARE ALL HOMONATIONAL NOW

This article tracks Jasbir Puar's term “homonationalism” as its meaning has transformed in her scholarly work as well that of Maya Mikdashi. I argue that homonationalism has evolved from its original formulation as, in part, a critique of politics, into, in its current guise, a diagnostic of international political relations. Although this transition offers insight into the international scene, I argue that homonationalism also loses its distinctiveness as a political formation in its own right as well as its critical capacity in the process. In particular, I argue that homonationalism becomes incapable of critically evaluating activist strategies, practices and discourses of political resistance.
Dendroecology of Hurricanes and the Potential for Isotopic Reconstructions in Southeastern Texas

Hurricanes affect much of the lower to mid latitudes around the world. Hurricane season is during autumn when ocean waters have warmed from the summer, providing enough energy to maintain these large storms. Hurricanes cause severe damage when they make landfall with torrential rains and high wind speeds. Past occurrence of hurricanes can be documented through sediment analysis (Liu and Fearn 1993) but dendrochronological documentation of past hurricanes is a relatively new application that is just now being developed. This paper will present some recent research around the effects of Hurricane Rita and examine the potential for future dendrochronological reconstructions of hurricanes.
The value of vital sign trends for detecting clinical deterioration on the wards.

Abstract Aim Early detection of clinical deterioration on the wards may improve outcomes, and most early warning scores only utilize a patient's current vital signs. The added value of vital sign trends over time is poorly characterized. We investigated whether adding trends improves accuracy and which methods are optimal for modelling trends. Methods Patients admitted to five hospitals over a five-year period were included in this observational cohort study, with 60% of the data used for model derivation and 40% for validation. Vital signs were utilized to predict the combined outcome of cardiac arrest, intensive care unit transfer, and death. The accuracy of models utilizing both the current value and different trend methods were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results A total of 269,999 patient admissions were included, which resulted in 16,452 outcomes. Overall, trends increased accuracy compared to a model containing only current vital signs (AUC 0.78 vs. 0.74; p Conclusion Vital sign trends increased the accuracy of models designed to detect critical illness on the wards. Our findings have important implications for clinicians at the bedside and for the development of early warning scores.
Feasibility of Team-Based Learning Techniques in a Large Engineering Course

This paper describes the feasibility of team-based learning techniques in a large engineering course and reviews the team-based learning. First, the problems which instructors are facing when they teach the large class are discussed. Then, several active learning methods are briefly introduced and reviewed. The team-based learning concept will be reviewed and advantages of team-based learning in a large engineering class are discussed at the latter part of the paper.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Prolongation of ERP latency and reaction time (RT) in simultaneous EEG/fMRI data acquisition.

Abstract Background Recording EEG and fMRI data simultaneously inside a fully-operating scanner has been recognized as a novel approach in human brain research. Studies have demonstrated high concordance between the EEG signals and hemodynamic response. However, a few studies reported altered cognitive process inside the fMRI scanner such as delayed reaction time (RT) and reduced and/or delayed N100 and P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) components. New method The present study investigated the influence of electromagnetic field (static magnetic field, radio frequency (RF) pulse, and gradient switching) and experimental environment on posterior N100 and P300 ERP components in four different settings with six healthy subjects using a visual oddball task: (1) classic fMRI acquisition inside the scanner (e.g., supine position, mirror glasses for stimulus presentation), (2) standard behavioral experiment outside the scanner (e.g., seated position, keyboard response), (3) controlled fMRI acquisition inside the scanner (e.g., organic light-emitting diode (OLED) goggles for stimulus presentation) inside; and (4) modified behavioral experiment outside the scanner (e.g., supine position, OLED goggles). Results The study findings indicated that the experimental environment in simultaneous EEG/fMRI acquisition could substantially delay N1P, P300 latency, and RT inside the scanner, and was associated with a reduced N1P amplitude. Comparison with existing methods There was no effect of electromagnetic field in the prolongation of RT, N1P and P300 latency inside the scanner. N1P, but not P300, latency was sensitive to stimulus presentation method inside the scanner. Conclusion Future simultaneous EEG/fMRI data collection should consider experimental environment in both design and analysis.
Effects of diacetyl monoxime preparation on urea detection in swimming pool water

Objective:Heighten swimming pool water of urea testing quality,so diacetyl monoxime acetyl better to apply.Methods:The original method diacetyl monoxime solution concentration of 2 g/L to switch to 10 g/L solids volume direct add to antipyrine dissolved of solution(DMA color liquid);DMA plus 10 ml water 2 ml 1 h after boiling liquid cooling,Pure water volume to 25 ml determination.And to inspect two method preparation different concentrations of diacetyl monoxime acetyl transparent tube and brown tube pair of color influence.Results:Diacetyl monoxime solution of acetic acid and to without acetic acid DMA color liquid,transparent tube and the Brown tube of absorbance determination,30 min to put average drop of 6.80%,1.30% and 1.44%,0.98%;60 min put average drop 19.8%,1.92% and 2.49%,1.60%.The method working curves in the range of 0～50 μg between was kept Beer′s law.Conclusion:The original method of acetic acid is influence of the color stability of the main factors.The method abandoned acetic acid,simplify the steps to join the reagent,can be used transparent tube to work,and the linear range of absorbance is 3.3 times that of the original method and 5 times,the correlation coefficient r0.9995,pair higher concentration of urea in water samples color can be diluted after the determination of,is superior to the original method.
Failures of Infectious Disease Reporting:Analyses and Countermeasures

OBJECTIVE To strengthen the managements of infectious diseases reporting,reduce failures of reporting. METHODS The outpatient and inpatient departments′ monthly infectious disease reports in Beijing Children′s Hospital since Jan 2002 had been analyzed to find out the causes of failures of reporting. RESULTS The outpatient department had comparatively higher rates (86.36%) of failure of infectious disease reporting. There had totally 8 different kinds of infectious diseases been failure reported. CONCLUSIONS The failure of reporting can not be totally avoided,but can be minimized by training of all medical care staffs and staffs in duty of reporting,strengthening the managements procedures such as surveillance and inspections.
Measurement of Lipid Forces by X-Ray Diffraction and Osmotic Stress

Lipid suspensions in aqueous solutions most often form multilamellar vesicles of uniformly spaced bilayers. Interlamellar spacing is determined by the balance of attractive van der Waals (charge fluctuation) and repulsive forces. This balance of forces, as well as membrane elasticity, can be probed by applied osmotic stress. We describe how osmotic stress can be imposed on multilamellar lipid samples to study lipid interactions.
Insights Into Coronary Plaque Microstructure Differences Between Women and Men

> The difference between men and women is getting harder and harder to invent. > > —Marty Rubin Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States. Over the past 2 decades, both clinicians and researchers have paid increased attention to the problem of cardiovascular disease in women, with some improvements in the recognition of the problem and in outcomes. Historically, women with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have had worse outcomes. However, with the improvement in the availability of revascularization and application of guideline-directed therapies for both sexes, the gap in outcomes between men and women has been closing.1 See Article by Kataoka et al During the same period of time, we have learned more about the sex differences in cardiovascular risk factor profiles, coronary anatomy, and physiology. Women presenting with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) tend to have larger burden of cardiovascular risk factors, especially of current smoking and metabolic syndrome, and a higher Framingham Risk Score.2 Coronary atherosclerosis in women is characterized not only by smaller plaque burden but also by smaller size of coronary arteries.1–6 Therefore, due to smaller luminal size women may develop symptoms even with smaller plaque burden or thrombus load. The observational studies that examined coronary plaque morphology differences in men and women have been far from conclusive, some suggesting lower prevalence of plaque ruptures and thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), higher prevalence of plaque erosions in women and others showing no significant differences.4,7–10 Interestingly, the sex differences in plaque size and morphology were more pronounced in younger patients and attenuated in patients >65 years of age.2,10 In addition to coronary plaque morphology, there were also differences in coronary flow characteristics, with women having higher fractional flow reserve values …
Consolidation and permeability behaviour of Newark Bay’s dredged sediments by seepage-induced consolidation test

Annually, two to four million cubic yards of sediments need to be dredged to maintain the navigational depth for cargo ships in NY/NJ harbours. The dredged sediments are hydraulically disposed into impoundment ponds and capped. The limitations on disposal sites force the designer to design the ponds to its fullest capacity which requires understanding of consolidation behaviour of these sediments. Dredged sediments, however, do not follow the traditional consolidation behaviour proposed by Terzaghi. The limitations and simplifying assumptions of infinitesimal strain and constant permeability make the traditional consolidation theory impractical dealing with these sediments. Therefore, a consolidation apparatus based on seepage force was constructed in Rutgers University to account for all of the shortcomings of traditional consolidation. The outcome of this research programme showed that this method of testing is applicable to the soft sediment consolidation testing and provides reliable and repeatable re...
Precise measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor from quasielastic 3He(e, e′)

Abstract Polarized 3He targets have proven to be a useful tool for studying the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron, and the spin structure of the neutron. The neutron magnetic form factor at low Q2 was previously determined at MIT-Bates from the quasielastic 3 H e( e , e′) process. A new experiment is planned at TJNAF to systematically measure the inclusive 3He quasielastic transverse asymmetry, AT′, at Q2 = 0.1−0.5 (GeV/c)2 with high statistical and systematic accuracy. A 2% statistical uncertainty is aimed at all the proposed values of Q2, and 3% systematic uncertainty for AT′ can be achieved for this experiment. The precise data will constrain theoretical calculations of 3He quasielastic asymmetry. Furthermore, the neutron magnetic form factor at Q2 = 0.1−0.5 (Gev/c)2 will be extracted from the measured asymmetries with an overall uncertainty of 2%. Precise measurements of GMn at low Q2 will resolve the discrepancy among the existing data in the same Q2 region.
Unitary Networks from the Exact Renormalization of Wave Functionals

The exact renormalization group (ERG) for $O(N)$ vector models (at large $N$) on flat Euclidean space can be interpreted as the bulk dynamics corresponding to a holographically dual higher spin gauge theory on ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{d+1}$. This was established in the sense that at large $N$ the generating functional of correlation functions of single-trace operators is reproduced by the on-shell action of the bulk higher spin theory, which is most simply presented in a first-order (phase space) formalism. In this paper, we extend the ERG formalism to the wave functionals of arbitrary states of the $O(N)$ vector model at the free fixed point. We find that the ERG flow of the ground state and a specific class of excited states is implemented by the action of unitary operators which can be chosen to be local. Consequently, the ERG equations provide a continuum notion of a tensor network. We compare this tensor network with the entanglement renormalization networks, MERA, and its continuum version, cMERA, which have appeared recently in holographic contexts. In particular, the ERG tensor network appears to share the general structure of cMERA but differs in important ways. We comment on possible holographic implications.
Liquid Milk Products | Liquid Milk Products: Modified Milks

Milk plays an important role in the diet of inhabitants of Western countries, providing food energy, fat, protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A and D, and riboflavin. Milk is also a perfect vehicle for the formulation of fortified nutritional beverages. Using fluid milk as a base from which to create modified milk products provides additional ways to offer nutritious milk to consumers. Milk-based beverages are increasing in popularity in the United States and other parts of the world. Modified milks refer to milk-based beverages in which fluid milk is altered to deliver a more comprehensive nutritional composition and, in some cases, to enhance flavor, digestion, and functionality. Modified milks may include vitamin- or protein-enriched milk, prebiotic-fortified milk, nutritionally balanced milk, lactose-reduced or lactose-free milk, and flavored milk. In this article, formulation aspects and processing technologies for the selected modified milk products are discussed.
Abstract 19419: Anti Atherogenic Effects of Micro RNA - 21

Micro RNA-21 (miR-21), an evolutionary conserved micro RNA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of restenosis, myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, little is known about the role of miR-21 in atherosclerosis. Our data show that in vitro, LDL, oxidized LDL, acetylated LDL and LPS induced miR-21 by 2-3-fold (P<0.05) and down regulated its target protein PDCD4 in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM). Feeding the LDL receptor-knockout (LDLR-KO) mice with western diet (WD, 8-20 weeks) increased the abundance of miR-21 in BMDM by 1.5-fold (P<0.05). Basally, BMDM isolated from miR-21-KO mice showed induction of TNF alpha, interferon gamma, M-CSF, RANTES, IP10 and LIF by (1.5-3.0-fold); increased early and late apoptosis (2-3-fold, P<0.05); and induced PDCD4 and PTEN. We also observed 40% decrease in the survival of F4/80+ cells during differentiation of bone marrow derived cells isolated from miR-21-KO mice. Stimulation of miR-21-KO BMDM with interferon gamma+LPS polarized the macrophages to pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype (increased expression of CD11c and CD86) and decreased IL-10 formation as compared with WT BMDM. Staurosporin and oxidized lipids derived aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal significantly increased both early and late apoptosis of miR-21-KO BMDM (2-4-fold, P<0.05). This was accompanied by increased cleavage of caspase 3. Characterization of miR-21-KO mice showed 30% decrease in white blood cells and neutrophils in KO mice. However, levels of circulating immune cells and common progenitor cells in bone marrow of miR-21-KO mice were comparable with wild type mice. Transplantation of bone marrow cells from miR-21-KO into LDLR-KO mice, followed by 12 weeks of WD increased the lesion formation (1.7-fold, P<0.05), apoptosis (3-fold, P<0.05) and necrosis (1.6-fold, P<0.05) in the aortic valve of the chimeric mice. This was accompanied by increased accumulation of macrophages in the non-necrotic areas of the lesion and decrease in lesional smooth muscle cells. Plasma cholesterol levels, and lesional collagen and T-cell levels in the miR-21 chimeric mice were comparable with wild type chimeric mice. Collectively, these data suggest that miR-21 prevents atherosclerosis by inhibiting macrophage apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation.
Identification and initial characterization of matrix metalloproteinases in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti is a major vector for arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. During acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal, an arbovirus infects mosquito midgut cells before disseminating to secondary tissues, including the salivary glands. Once virus is released into the salivary ducts it can be transmitted to another vertebrate host. The midgut is surrounded by a basal lamina (BL) in the extracellular matrix, consisting of a proteinaceous mesh composed of collagen IV and laminin. BL pore size exclusion limit prevents virions from passing through. Thus, the BL probably requires remodelling via enzymatic activity to enable efficient virus dissemination. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular endopeptidases that are involved in remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Here, we describe and characterize the nine Ae. aegypti encoded MMPs, AeMMPs 1−9, which share common features with other invertebrate and vertebrate MMPs. Expression profiling in Ae. aegypti revealed that Aemmp4 and Aemmp6 were upregulated during metamorphosis, whereas expression of Aemmp1 and Aemmp2 increased during bloodmeal digestion. Aemmp1 expression was also upregulated in the presence of a bloodmeal containing chikungunya virus. Using polyclonal antibodies, AeMMP1 and AeMMP2 were specifically detected in tissues associated with the mosquito midgut.
Craniofacial reconstruction in the polytrauma patient

Care of complex battlefield injuries has evolved since the last major conflict in Vietnam. Survivability of severe injuries is significantly improved due to far forward complex surgical and ICU care, efficient transport, and increased sophistication of body armor. Consequently, soldiers with complex craniofacial injuries, mainly from blast trauma, went on to receive definitive care at Stateside, Level 1 Military Treatment Facilities (MTFs). Many of these patients underwent decompressive craniectomy near the battlefield. Once the patient was stabilized back in the US, care coordination was undertaken in a multidisciplinary approach. Through coordination of the efforts of neurosurgery and craniofacial surgery, severe craniofacial trauma patients were able to be treated with improved with refinement of protocols. Acute facial fractures were often treated 3 weeks after injury due to complexity and prolonged swelling. Craniofacial infections were problematic until there was recognition of the pathogen Acinetobacter Baumanii. Composite craniofacial injuries were common, necessitating soft tissue coverage (usually free flaps) in the acute setting. Once patients were free of infection, and had stable soft tissue coverage, secondary craniofacial reconstruction could be undertaken. Attention was given to definitive separation of brain and nasal cavities through bone grafting and vascularized soft tissue. Autologous orbital reconstruction provided a successful foundation for alloplastic cranial reconstruction. Syndrome of the trephined was a recognized phenomenon, necessitating urgent reconstruction in some patients. The planning for and production of patient-specific 3D prefabricated cranial implants was developed as an intrinsic mechanism to treat a high volume of cranial defects. Patient CT data was used to generated custom implants within the Military’s 3D Medical Applications Lab. Most frequently, prefabricated patient-specific methylmethacrylate was utilized. Adequate soft tissue coverage and intracranial dead space management was key to cranial implant retention. Liberal use of free tissue transfer was incorporated to aid in reconstruction of composite defects.
Racial Fictions, Biological Facts: Expanding the Sociological Imagination through Speculative Methods

The facts, alone, will not save us. Social change requires novel fictions that reimagine and rework all that is taken for granted about the current structure of society. Such narratives are not meant to convince others of what is , but to expand our own visions of what is possible : It is 2064. A reparations initiative that allows victims of police brutality to regenerate organs is well underway. A major new component of the initiative will be unveiled for the fiftieth anniversary of the Ferguson uprising, but the largest biobank in the country has been repeatedly hit by raiders intent on selling stem cells on the white market. Aiyana and her team of Risers have to find a way to secure the cell depository and revitalize the movement . Fictions, in this sense, are not falsehoods but refashionings through which analysts experiment with speculative methods, challenge ever-present narratives of inevitability, anticipate new racial formations, and test different possibilities for creating more just and equitable societies.
Trust in the System? Factors that Impact Citizens’ View of Courts in the United Kingdom

Objective The objective of this study was to test the individual and parliamentary constituency factors that impact the level of trust that British citizens have in the courts. Methods By using a Bayesian hierarchical model, this article is able to calculate the effect of variables that exist at both levels. Results At the individual level, the main explanatory variable is the amount of trust a citizen holds for other institutions, and at the constituency level, crime rate has an effect on a citizen's level of trust in the courts. Conclusion Previous findings related to citizen attitudes and support for courts in the United States transfer well to the United Kingdom.
Improve yield and quality through testability analysis of VLSI circuits

A methodology which improves the yield and quality of VLSI circuits is presented and its benefits are demonstrated. Through testability analysis, which is a study of circuits along with their failing behavior under various process defects, modifications of first metal and circuit layout are derived. These modifications can increase both the product yield and improve the product quality.
Elevated Intracranial Pressures in Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks

BackgroundSpontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a condition that previously has been considered idiopathic and classified as having “normal” intracranial pressure (ICP). We present clinical...
Multimodal Resemiotization and Authorial Agency in an L2 Writing Classroom

This study examines the composing process and authorial agency of a college ESL writer as she remediated an argumentative essay into a multimodal digital video. Employing principles of sociosemioti...
Fatiguing Contractions Induce Acute Redox Signaling in Mouse Muscle

Protein S-glutathionylation (P-SSG) is a reversible redox modification known to alter the activity of transcription factors, kinases, and contractile proteins as well as protect critical cysteine residues from irreversible oxidation. Exercise elicits an acute oxidative stress that is reported to result in beneficial adaptive responses, a process known as redox signaling. We hypothesized that redox signaling will occur through P-SSG of regulatory cysteines following fatiguing muscle contractions. To test this hypothesis, we performed acute fatiguing contractions using an in vivo stimulation protocol on anesthetized CB6F1 (BALB/cBy x C57BL/6) mice. Muscle force production was monitored by a force transducer throughout the 15 minutes of fatiguing stimulations. The right (stimulated) and left (unstimulated) gastrocnemius were collected 60 minutes after the last stimulation and processed for redox proteomics using resin-assisted thiol enrichment and selective reduction. Redox proteomics revealed over 1,500 P-SSG modifications that were significantly increased by fatiguing contractions. Mitochondrial proteins were among the most sensitive to glutathionylation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium signaling, cytoskeleton signaling, and oxidative stress response in the top ten affected pathways. Critical cysteines on beta-actin, troponin I, ryanodine receptor 1, SERCA1, ATP synthase subunit alpha and NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein 1 were among those significantly glutathionylated that have previously been reported to alter protein and muscle function. These modifications of redox sensitive proteins implicate rapid regulation of metabolism, excitation/contraction coupling, kinase activity, and contractile protein function, and protection from irreversible oxidation. Together, these data suggest a direct role of ROS in acute exercise signaling and map the redox sensitive proteome in mouse muscle. This study lays the groundwork for future investigation into the redox signaling of altered exercise adaptation associated with chronic conditions, such as sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and function.
Provisional methods to guide species‐specific seed transfer in ecological restoration

Transferring plant material during ecological restoration has inherent risk. The use of seed transfer guidelines minimizes the possibility of introducing maladapted genotypes. We delineated biogeographic regions relevant to the distribution of Cercocarpus montanus for the purpose of creating provisional seed transfer zones for ecological restoration. We also modeled seed transfer guidelines using quantitative estimates of environmental tolerance and thresholds. Analyses identified broadscale environmental patterns relevant for seed transfer success. First, a species distribution model was used to identify the distribution of C. montanus. Next, we used non-metric multidimensional scaling to investigate the structure of environmental data, and hierarchical cluster analysis to delineate biogeographic regions (i.e., environmental discontinuities) using species distribution data. Finally, we calculated measures of environmental tolerance and thresholds for C. montanus to model the probability of seed transfer success with multiple logistic regression. Biogeographic regionalization of C. montanus resulted in four major clusters, which agreed with ordination methods. Logistic regression was implemented using estimates of environmental tolerance and threshold data to model seed transfer success. We compared our species-specific seed transfer zones and guidelines with other provisional seed transfer zone methods and found that our species-specific methods performed better at explaining phenotypic variation of C. montanus in four out of six cases. Seed transfer zones are useful for restoration planning; however, zonal models fail to reflect much of the environmental heterogeneity present across the range of C. montanus. Continuous models for seed transfer success using environmental tolerance and thresholds enhance the development and use of seed transfer guidelines because they reflect landscape heterogeneity at a fine scale, and the results are relative to restoration sites of interest. Herein, we describe a methodology to construct provisional seed transfer zones and continuous seed transfer guidelines using species-specific distribution models and multivariate analyses.
A Practical Approach to the Laboratory Diagnosis of Dyslipidemia

Disorders in lipoprotein metabolism (dyslipidemia) can result in premature atherosclerosis or pancreatitis. Dyslipidemias can be classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. Triglyceride levels greater than 1,000 mg/dL increase the risk for pancreatitis. In the appraisal of the dyslipidemias, measurement of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and obtaining the LDL cholesterol by Friedewald equation is usually sufficient in the majority of patients. However, in some cases, such as the diagnosis of the Type III dyslipidemia and when triglycerides are > or = 400 mg/dL, ultracentrifugation is required to determine the VLDL or LDL cholesterol. Lipoprotein electrophoresis can be useful in the diagnosis of Type III dyslipidemia (broad beta band) and also to detect chylomicrons. In young subjects with coronary artery disease with a normal LDL cholesterol an apolipoprotein B-100 level may be a useful test. In children and young adults with severe hypertriglyceridemia, measurement of lipoprotein lipase activity or assaying apolipoprotein C-II levels can be useful in elucidating the cause. Also, laboratory tests are useful in excluding a secondary cause of dyslipidemia (urinalysis, plasma creatinine, TSH, glucose, protein electrophoresis, alkaline phosphatase and transaminases). Thus, laboratory investigations play an important role in the management of dyslipidemia.
Policy Options for Urban Housing in Developing Countries

Increasing the access of the poor to adequate shelter is one of the biggest challenges facing governments in developing countries as cities continue to grow and larger numbers of poor households continue to concentrate in them over the next two decades. In order to meet the growing needs of the poor for shelter, governments will have to explore a wide range of options for housing construction, financing and a land acquisition. New combinations of policies will be needed that include strengthening the private sector’s capacity to provide affordable housing, and supporting self-help housing construction. This paper examines the policy options through which governments can assist in providing adequate shelter for the growing number of poor households expected to be living in cities in the future.
Spin Observables in Electron Scattering from Nuclei

This talk is intended to serve as a general introduction to the subject of spin observables in electron scattering from nuclei. The archetypical reaction, $$\vec{A}(\vec{e},e\prime {{\vec{x}}_{1}}{{x}_{2}} \ldots )X,$$ is characterized at least by having an electron scattered, (ee′), with the initial electron possibly polarized; the target A can also possibly be polarized. Furthermore, as labeled by x i the one or more particles (and possibly their polarizations as well) may be detected in coincidence with the scattered electron, leaving the rest, X, unobserved. In what follows we begin with the simplest inclusive, unpolarized reaction and then progressively add the new features of polarization and/or coincidence.
Simultaneous Examination of Grain-Boundary Potential, Recombination, and Photocurrent in CdTe Solar Cells Using Diverse Nanometer-Scale Imaging

We report on the simultaneous measurements of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron-beam induced current (EBIC) for hundreds of grain boundaries (GBs) after different processing steps. The GB potential steadily increases from tens of mV for as-deposited samples, 80 mV after the C1 treatment, to about 120 mV after Cu diffusion (C1+Cu). The latter is consistent with the emergence of deep Cu defects observed in CL GB spectra. At the same time, EBIC indicates that GB photocurrent is enhanced by 0% to 50% after Cu is introduced. However, this increase is very modest relative to expectations based on computational modeling and the measured GB potential. The EBIC enhancement coincides with increased GB recombination observed by CL. A plausible explanation is that GB defects introduce GB potentials and increase GB recombination; this can reconcile the CL, EBIC, and KPFM data.
Identification and quantification of electronic cigarette exhaled aerosol residue chemicals in field sites

Abstract Background Electronic cigarette (EC) users may exhale large clouds of aerosol that can settle on indoor surfaces forming ECEAR (EC exhaled aerosol residue). Little is known about the chemical composition or buildup of this residue. Objective Our objective was to identify and quantify ECEAR chemicals in two field sites: an EC user's living room and a multi-user EC vape shop. Methods We examined the buildup of ECEAR in commonly used materials (cotton, polyester, or terrycloth towel) placed inside the field sites. Materials were subjected to different lengths of exposure. Nicotine, nicotine alkaloids, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were identified and quantified in unexposed controls and field site samples using analytical chemical techniques. Results Nicotine and nicotine alkaloids were detected in materials inside the EC user's living room. Concentrations of ECEAR chemicals remained relatively constant over the first 5 months, suggesting some removal of the chemicals by air flow in the room approximating a steady state. ECEAR chemicals were detected in materials inside the vape shop after 6 h of exposure and levels continually increased over a month. By 1 month, the nicotine in the vape shop was 60 times higher than in the EC user's living room. ECEAR chemical concentrations varied in different locations in the vape shop. Control fabrics had either no detectable or very low concentrations of chemicals. Conclusions In both field sites, chemicals from exhaled EC aerosols were deposited on indoor surfaces and accumulated over time forming ECEAR. Non-smokers, EC users, and employees of vape shops should be aware of this potential environmental hazard.
A Survey of Music Therapy Students’ Perceived Stress and Self-Care Practices

High levels of stress and burnout are common among professional music therapists and researchers suggest that guidance related to self-care during clinical training may influence professional success and strain. Currently, little is known about music therapy students' perceived stress and levels of self-care engagement. The purpose of this study was to examine music therapy students' perceived stress levels and self-care practices to inform future research in this area. Music therapy students (n = 371) who were currently enrolled in an academic degree program for music therapy within the United States completed this study. Instrumentation included Perceived Stress Scale and a researcher-modified Student Self-Care Scale (SSCS). Academic program directors distributed the online survey to students. Results indicated that both scales had adequate-to-good internal consistency. An exploratory factor analysis of the SSCS revealed that music therapy students' self-care includes eight factors related to academic and personal self-care practices. The average level of perceived stress reported across music therapy students is higher than previously reported levels for adults in the United States. More specifically, undergraduate music therapy students report higher perceived stress than undergraduate students in general. Lower frequency of self-care engagement, particularly in regard to self-awareness and physical self-care practices, was associated with higher levels of perceived stress. This study provides previously unreported student data of interest to educators and supervisors in music therapy. Continued investigations should focus on the music therapy students' experience and educators' concerns, both of which may generate new curricular approaches to addressing stress and self-care.
Intraoperative Tips and Tricks for Successful Sacral Neuromodulation

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective, minimally invasive treatment for refractory overactive bladder, non-obstructive urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. Although the treatment is 80% successful, optimal outcomes over time are achieved only by applying precise surgical technique. In this review, we will present the surgical technique for optimal SNM documented in the literature, as well as provide tips for ideal placement based on the authors’ experience. The technique of SNM placement has greatly evolved over the last 10 years with the routine use of fluoroscopy as well as the introduction of the curved, tined lead. With these developments, surgeons have begun to pay more attention to motor thresholds needed to achieve anal bellows and toe flexion responses during staged lead implants. By achieving lower motor thresholds, ideally less than 2 mA, patients have a lower risk of future lead revision and may benefit from longer battery life and greater reprogramming options. Ideal lead placement for SNM includes superior medial entry into the S3 foramen, with a lateral curvature of the distal lead to follow the S3 nerve root. Specific fluoroscopic findings, along with low motor thresholds for anal bellows and toe flexion, confirm ideal lead placement. Surgeons should make every effort to achieve the ideal lead. In patients with inadequate response to therapy, the lead can be checked on x-ray for ideal characteristics, and a revision should be considered if there is room for improvement.