cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hacker Wars: E-Collaboration by Vandals and Warriors

This article develops an analytical framework for new forms of information warfare that may threaten commercial and government computing systems by using e-collaboration in new ways. The framework covers (1) strategic model, (2) strategic arena, (3) e-collaboration, and (4) ethics and law. The framework then is used to compare two recorded instances of major hacker wars that erupted in the shadow of kinetic conflicts. In both cases, the hacker war appears to have been a grassroots collaborative enterprise by loosely organized civilians with neither government control nor permission. Collaborating across networks to coordinate their attacks, such hacker wars can attack both government and commercial computer networks without warning. The analysis shows how hacker wars demonstrate characteristics found in the frameworks and that there are forms of e-collaboration that represent a potentially difficult new source of threat for globalized information systems.
In the shadows of the state: indigenous politics, environmentalism, and insurgency in Jharkhand, India

For academics and activists fighting for the rights of indigenous peoples, the ‘moral force of indigenous politics’ (Jung 2008) is never in doubt. Leftists who once mobilized factory workers, landl...
Structural Factors and Mechanisms Underlying the Improved Photodynamic Cell Killing with Silicon Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers Directed to Lysosomes Versus Mitochondria

The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 has been shown to bind preferentially to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Upon photoirradiation of Pc 4-loaded cells, membrane components, especially Bcl-2, are photodamaged and apoptosis, as indicated by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, is triggered. A series of analogs of Pc 4 were synthesized, and the results demonstrate that Pcs with the aminopropylsiloxy ligand of Pc 4 or a similar one on one side of the Pc ring and a second large axial ligand on the other side of the ring have unexpected properties, including enhanced cell uptake, greater monomerization resulting in greater intracellular fluorescence and three-fold higher affinity constants for liposomes. The hydroxyl-bearing axial ligands tend to reduce aggregation of the Pc and direct it to lysosomes, resulting in four to six times more killing of cells, as defined by loss of clonogenicity, than with Pc 4. Whereas Pc 4-PDT photodamages Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Pc 181-PDT causes much less photodamage to Bcl-2 over the same dose-response range relative to cell killing, with earlier cleavage of Bid and slower caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, within this series of photosensitizers, these hydroxyl-bearing axial ligands are less aggregated than is Pc 4, tend to localize to lysosomes and are more effective in overall cell killing than is Pc 4, but induce apoptosis more slowly and by a modified pathway.
Methionine Deficiency and Fatty Liver in Male and Female Rats.

SummaryMale and female rats were made deficient in methionine by force-feeding a methionine-free diet for 10 days. Female, but not male rats developed fatty livers, evidenced by an increase solely in triglycerides. There was no evidence of increased fatty acid synthesis by the deficient animals, as estimated by acetate-2-C14 incorporation studies, or by dilution of the triglyceride linoleic acid. Deficient female rats, however, had significantly lower serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels than did controls. The results suggest that methionine-deficient female rats developed fatty livers principally
A detailed study of heat flow at the Fifth Water Site, Utah, in the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateaus transition

Abstract A detailed heat flow study has been conducted at a site in the southern Wasatch Mountains, Utah, in the thermal transition between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range tectonic provinces of the western U.S.A. Two wells, 600 m deep and only 400 m apart, in rugged terrain provided constraints on topographic and microclimatic effects and helped demonstrate the efficacy but also some inadequacies of commonly used heat flow corrections. Microclimatic effects changed the subsurface thermal gradients by up to 6%; atmospheric temperature lapse, insolation and vegetation all contribute about equally to the subsurface effects. The topographic disturbance decreased gradients by as much as 25%. Paleoclimate effects may decrease the heat flow by 7%, but the local paleoclimate is not well constrained and this value is uncertain. The rate of erosion in the Wasatch Mountains is also very poorly known, but is an important influence on the borehole temperature measurements. For reasonable bounds on the erosion rate of 0.1–1.0 mm y −1 , acting over the past 10–20 My, the erosional history of the Wasatch Mountains contributes from 10% to 50% of the observed heat flow; lower values are more probable. The heat flow at Fifth Water is greater than 90 mW m −2 , and possibly as high as 210 mW m −2 , depending upon the paleoclimatic and erosional scenarios assumed. Our preferred value of corrected heat flow is 150 ± 10 mWm −2 . This value is significantly higher than nearby heat flow determinations in both the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range provinces, although well within the range of all Basin and Range heat flow estimates. Cooling of magma bodies in the upper crust and upwelling groundwater are unlikely mechanisms for the elevated heat flow at this site.
On the dynamics of a shell in a testing machine

Abstract The dynamic response of an initially imperfect circular cylinder to a load applied with constant velocity is considered. It is shown that the governing equation is essentially the same as the non-linear equation given by Hoff for the dynamic buckling of columns.
Stability and change in the adolescent's self-image.

A longitudinal study of changes in the structure of the self-image included 49 students studied in the sixth grade and as high-school seniors. Self and ideal-self descriptions, obtained on parallel forms (preadolescent and adolescent) of a questionnaire designed to control several response sets, provided measures of self-esteem and social-personal orientation. Over the 6-year period, as predicted, girls showed an increase in social orientation while boys increased in personal orientation, reflecting the different processes of personality development for adolescent boys and girls. Self-esteem, however, was independent of sex role. Adolescents low in self-esteem more frequently characterized others in terms of personal reference and/or derogatory attitudes on the Role Construct Repertory Test. Current personality theory defines as a central problem of adolescence the task of achieving a sense of personal identity. While the psychological processes involved in consolidating a sense of identity cannot, as yet, be fully specified, one reflection of the basic personality change might be found by observing continuities and changes in the self concept during this developmental period. Surprisingly little is known about stability and change in the self concept during adolescence. The basic problem would seem to require longitudinal study of the structure of the self concept over a period of adolescent development. Such longitudinal studies are rare, however, and at present the major empirical work is represented by Engel's (1959) study. Engel found a relatively high degree of stability in adolescents' Q-sort selfdescriptions over a 2-year period and found indicators of self concept related to adjustment but independent of age, sex, and intelligence within her sample. The implications of Engel's findings-that the self concept re
Exploiting architectural design knowledge to support self-repairing systems

In an increasing number of domains software is now required to be self-adapting and self-healing. While in the past such abilities were incorporated into software on a per system basis, proliferation of such systems calls for more generalized mechanisms to manage dynamic adaptation. General mechanisms have the advantage that they can be reused in numerous systems, analyzed separately from the system being adapted, and easily changed to incorporate new adaptations. Moreover, they provide a natural home for encoding the expertise of system designers and implementers about adaptation strategies and policies. In this paper, we show how current software architecture tools can be extended to provide such generalized dynamic adaptation mechanisms.
A statistical model for the classification of imipramine response in depressed inpatients

We present a statistical model, recently developed for application in mathematical economics, that yields empirical evidence for the existence of two distinct subtypes of depression. We reanalyze previously reported data on 65 depressed patients treated with imipramine and repeatedly rated on the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS). The estimated model paraeters suggest two underlying response processes. Patients in the first subgroup were initially more severely depressed (as measured by the total HRS score), but exhibited a rapid rate of symptomatic response over time. In contrast, patients in the second subgroup were initially less severely depressed, yet showed a much slower rate of improvement. These findings recommend a refinement of the clinical definitions of endogenous depression. While this model suggests that there are two underlying response processes, it does not classify individual patients. Subject classification was made possible by fitting an item-response model to the data. This model relates the 17 individual symptom ratings, at baseline, to the total post-treatment HRS scores. The results of this analysis suggest that the previously described relationship between high initial severity of depression and more rapid improvement over time is characteristic of subjects who exhibit initial motor retardation and decreased sexual interest. Graphical analysis clearly indicates that subjects who exhibit both motor retardation and decreased sexual interest at baseline have higher total HRS scores at baseline and show more pronounced improvement in total HRS scores in response to treatment with imipramine. Patients not exhibiting motor retardation and decreased sexual interest were less severely depressed initially and show virtually no clinical response over time.
Improving the signal sensitivity and photostability of DNA hybridizations on microarrays by using dye-doped core-shell silica nanoparticles.

The development of new highly sensitive and selective methods for microarray-based analysis is a great challenge because, for many bioassays, the amount of genetic material available for analysis is extremely limited. Currently, imaging and detection of DNA microarrays are based primarily on the use of organic dyes. To overcome the problems of photobleaching and low signal intensities of organic dyes, we developed a new class of silica core−shell nanoparticles that encapsulated with cyanine dyes and applied the dye-doped nanoparticles as labeling in the DNA microarray-based bioanalysis. The developed nanoparticles have core−shell structure containing 15-nm Au colloidal cores with 95 dye−alkanethiol (dT)20 oligomers chemisorbed on the each Au particle surface and 10−15-nm silica coatings bearing thiol functional groups. To be utilized for microarray detection, the dye-doped nanoparticles were conjugated with DNA signaling probes by using heterobifunctional cross-linker. The prepared nanoparticle conjugates...
Glioblastoma multiforme in the elderly: a therapeutic challenge.

Introduction: Elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are frequently excluded from cancer therapy trials, treated suboptimally or not treated at all. The average survival in elderly patients is 4–8 months. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment options in terms of survival in an elderly population affected with GBM. Materials and methods: About 34 Patients with primary supratentorial GBM aged 65 or higher were included in this study. All patients underwent craniotomy and tumor mass resection. After surgery they received radiation therapy, chemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy in different combinations. Results: Overall median survival was 10.5 months with one patient still alive at 35 months. Survival was longer for patients who underwent total resection instead of partial (13 months vs 4 months, P = 0.006). If total en-bloc resection was used a further survival advantage was obtained (16months for en-bloc resection, 9months for inside-out resection, P = 0.008). Where a second surgical intervention was performed median survival was 21 months (P = 0.05). Survival according to adjuvant therapy has been 21 months (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, radioimmunotheraphy), 18 months (radiotherapy, chemotherapy) and 7 months (radiotherapy) (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: We think that single prognostic factor such as age should be not a reason for undertreatment.
Stormtime coupling of the ring current, plasmasphere, and topside ionosphere: Electromagnetic and plasma disturbances

[1] We compare plasma and field disturbances observed in the ring current/plasmasphere overlap region and in the conjugate ionosphere during the magnetic storm of 5 June 1991. Data come from the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) flying in a geostationary transfer orbit and three satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series in Sun-synchronous polar orbits. In the region between ring current nose structures and the electron plasma sheet, CRRES detected wave-like features in local electric and magnetic fields, embedded in structured cold plasmas. Mapped to the ionosphere, these fields should reflect structuring within subauroral plasma streams (SAPS). Indeed, during the period of interest, DMSP F8, F9, and F10 satellites observed highly structured SAPS in the evening ionosphere at topside altitudes. They were collocated with precipitating ring current ions, enhanced fluxes of suprathermal electrons and ions, elevated electron temperatures, and irregular plasma density troughs. Overall, these events are similar to electromagnetic structures observed by DMSP satellites within SAPS during recent geomagnetic storms (Mishin et al., 2003, 2004). Their features can be explained in terms of Alfven and fast magnetosonic perturbations. We developed a scenario for the formation of elevated electron temperatures at the equatorward side of the SAPS. It includes a lower-hybrid drift instability driven by diamagnetic currents, consistent with strong lower- and upper-hybrid plasma wave activity and intense fluxes of the low-energy electrons and ions near the ring current's inner edge.
TileQC: A system for tile-based quality control of Solexa data

Next-generation DNA sequencing technologies such as Illumina's Solexa platform and Roche's 454 approach provide new avenues for investigating genome-scale questions. However, they also present novel analytical challenges that must be met for their effective application to biological questions. Here we report the availability of tileQC, a tile-based quality control system for Solexa data written in the R language. TileQC provides a means of recognizing bias and error in Solexa output by graphically representing data generated by flow cell tiles. The data represented in the images is then made available in the R environment for further analysis and automation of error detection. TileQC offers a highly adaptable and powerful tool for the quality control of Solexa-based DNA sequence data.
Substitutional diffusion and Kirkendall effect in binary crystalline solids containing discrete vacancy sources and sinks

We investigate vacancy-mediated diffusion in a binary substitutional alloy by explicitly accounting for discrete vacancy sources and sinks. The regions between sources and sinks are treated as binary crystals with a perfect lattice structure containing a dilute concentration of vacancies. The sources and sinks are assumed ideal, maintaining an equilibrium vacancy concentration in their immediate vicinity. Diffusion within the perfect lattice is described with a diffusion-coefficient matrix determined by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for a binary, thermodynamically ideal alloy in which the components have different vacancy-exchange frequencies. Continuum simulations are performed for diffusion couples with discrete grain boundaries acting as vacancy sources and sinks. Effective grain coarsening due to the Kirkendall effect is observed even in the absence of Gibbs-Thomson driving forces. As in standard ternary systems, uphill diffusion is observed. We also find that the drift of the lattice frame of reference as a result of the Kirkendall effect increases with the source/sink density. Upon increasing the density of vacancy sources and sinks, we recover the conventional treatment of substitutional diffusion, which assumes a dense and uniform distribution of vacancy sources and sinks that maintain an equilibrium vacancy concentration throughout the solid. The inverse Kirkendall effect, where the slower component segregates at grain boundaries acting as vacancy sinks, is also observed in the simulations.
Relative reactivities of 1,2-cyclohexadiene with conjugated dienes and styrene

Abstract Generation of 1,2-cyclohexadiene in the presence of conjugated dienes leads to (2 + 2) and/or (2 + 4) cycloaddition products. Methods used to generate 1,2-cyclohexadiene were: (1) treatment of 6,6-dibromobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane with methyllithium in tetrahydrofuran-ether at 0° and 60°; (2) treatment of 1,6-dichlorocyclohexene with magnesium in tetrahydrofuran at 60°; and (3) treatment of 1-bromocyclohexene with t-BuOK in THF at 60° or dimethyl sulfoxide at 40°. Comparison of relative reactivities with various dienes and styrene in ether solvents at 60° confirmed that the same intermediate, uncomplexed 1,2-cyclohexadiene, was involved in these reactions. Relative reactivities at 0° and 60° were found to be: 2-methylfuran (0·12, 0·14); furan (0·17, 0·16); 2,4-hexadiene (0·17,—); cis -pentadiene (0·53, 0·53); 2,3-dimethylbutadiene (2·35, 1·9); 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1·85,—); styrene (2·35, 1·9); and 1,3-cyclopentadiene (47, 14).
Learning behavior fusion from demonstration

A critical challenge in robot learning from demonstration is the ability to map the behavior of the trainer onto a robot’s existing repertoire of basic/primitive capabilities. In part, this problem is due to the fact that the observed behavior of the teacher may consist of a combination (or superposition) of the robot’s individual primitives. The problem becomes more complex when the task involves temporal sequences of goals. We introduce an autonomous control architecture that allows for learning of hierarchical task representations, in which: (1) every goal is achieved through a linear superposition (or fusion) of robot primitives and (2) sequencing across goals is achieved through arbitration. We treat learning of the appropriate superposition as a state estimation problem over the space of possible linear fusion weights, inferred through a particle filter. We validate our approach in both simulated and real world environments with a Pioneer 3DX mobile robot.
Evaluation of electric field changes in the cleft between excitable cells

Abstract Two contiguous myocardial cells with a narrow junctional cleft between them (intercalated disk) and bathed in a large volume conductor were modelled by an electrical analog circuit. Both a circuit analysis and a computer simulation were done. Each cell was divided into four lumped regions (units): (1) junctional membrane (JM) at left end of cell, (2) surface membrane (SM) at left half of cell, (3) SM at right half, and (4) JM at right end. Each region (unit) was represented by two parallel legs: (1) a K + resistance in series with a K + battery, and (2) a Na + resistance in series with a Na + battery. The JMs were given the same resistivity as the SM. The radial resistance of the cleft was varied to represent different cleft widths. Firing an action potential in one JM bordering the cleft (cell 1), by lowering its Na + resistance, caused the potential in the cleft to swing negative with respect to ground (fluid bathing the cells). Although the inner surface of the JM of cell 2 remained at nearly constant potential with respect to ground, the membrane was depolarized by the same degree as the negativity at its outer surface. The depolarization for a 200 A cleft was beyond the hypothetical threshold potential. The narrower the cleft, the greater the electric field effect. The activated JM, in turn, activated the remainder of cell 2. Thus, virtually no local-circuit current flowed through cell 2, and it fired without low-resistance connections between the cells. However, because simultaneous firing of the right half SM of cell 1 (unit 3) causes complete cancellation of the cleft potential, for the present model to give a workable basis for the transfer of excitation from cell to cell, it is required that unit 4 fire a fraction of a millisecond before unit 3. (Unit 2 causes partial cancellation.) This is possible for several reasons: (a) the depolarization of unit 4 (when unit 1 is fired) is slightly larger than that of unit 3, (b) K + accumulation in the cleft and (c) the threshold of the JM may be slightly lower. Thus, intercellular communication can occur electrically without low-resistance connections.
The origin and successional status of anthropogenic dwarf shrub heath in Newfoundland

Abstract There are 1.2 × 10 6 ha of heath vegetation on the island of Newfoundland. Some of this heath is of climatic or edaphic origin, but most of it has originated because of increasing frequency of fire and cutting following settlement of the area by European man since discovery in 1497. Modern fire suppression has been successful in reducing the size and frequency of fires in the last 40–50 years, however, natural forest regeneration is still not apparent in the anthropogenic heath. The ecotone between the forest-heath appears to have stabilized following an initial influx of trees up to 10 m from the forest margin. Analysis of the age structure of the invading trees demonstrates that after a period of 10 years new tree establishment is reduced to less than 5 percent of the total establishment. This decreased establishment over time is correlated with a coincidental increase in dwarf shrub heath vegetation that creates undesirable germination conditions for tree seed entering the heath. Even with ideal seedbed conditions for germination, the short distance of seed dispersal (10–20 m) and the excessively slow growth rates of trees, limit forest encroachment to a rate of 10 cm per year. At this rate more than a thousand years would be required for successional encroachement of even 2–3 ha of heathland. The successional status of the heath vegetation is considered to be permanent even though traditional concepts of secondary succession and chronosequence would predict the recovery of a climax forest vegetation.
A Technological Reinvention of the Textbook: A Wikibooks Project

AbstractEducation traditionally has been defined as a one-way relationship between teacher and learner. However, new technologies are dramatically changing that relationship in a multitude of ways. In this article, the authors describe some of these changes and explore one example of the intersection between technology and pedagogy, describing a college course in which students compose the course text using the wiki platform. The process described proceeds from the premise that the needs and capacity of learners in the information age have been transformed and discusses one way that using an appropriate technology may address them. For this wikibook, the creators of the content become the prime users of the content as well. The authors discuss both the philosophical underpinnings and practical implications of this approach. Evaluation of the project suggests that the methodology produces an active, credible learning process. This study explores the advantages and disadvantages of this wiki process to prov...
Aortic valve replacement in patients with previous cardiac surgery.

Background: Whether minimally diseased aortic valves should be replaced during other necessary cardiac operations remains controversial. Part of the decision-making process in that issue revolves around the risks of subsequent aortic valve replacement. This study evaluated the results of aortic valve replacement in patients following prior cardiac surgery. Methods: From February, 1984 through December, 2001 first-time aortic valve replacement was performed in 132 consecutive patients who had previous cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. Of those patients 89 (67%) had aortic valve replacement at a mean of 8.3 years after prior coronary artery bypass grafting, and 43 (33%) had aortic valve replacement at a mean of 13.0 years after previous procedures other than myocardial revascularization. Hospital records of all patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Early complications included operative mortality in six (6.7%) of the patients with prior coronary grafting and no mortality in the group with other prior operations. Patients having prior coronary grafting had more nonfatal complications than those with other previous procedures. Conclusions: Aortic valve replacement in patients following previous cardiac surgery can be accomplished with acceptable mortality and morbidity. Routine replacement of aortic valves that are minimally diseased during coronary artery bypass grafting may not be warranted.
Oral manifestations of Crouzon's disease.

Abstract A case of Crouzon's disease in a 20-year-old white female patient is reported. The oral findings in this case were an underdeveloped maxilla with primary emphasis on poor development of the premaxilla, a high and narrow palate, uvula bifida, unerupted teeth, faulty occlusion, hyperplastic gingiva, and everted lips.
Techniques for QCD calculations by numerical integration

Calculations of observables in quantum chromodynamics are typically performed using a method that combines numerical integrations over the momenta of final state particles with analytical integrations over the momenta of virtual particles. I describe the most important steps of a method for performing all of the integrations numerically.
Is there any advantage to the acquisition of 24-hour thallium images, in the presence of persistent perfusion defects at 4 h after reinjection?

We determined the incidence of delayed 24-h reversibility post thallium-201 reinjection and imaging at 4 h, as well as the prognostic and significance of such delayed reversibility. We studied 46 consecutive patients with persistent thallium-201 perfusion or incompletely reversible single-photon emission tomography (SPET) perfusion defects acquired within 10 min after reinjection performed 4 h after stress. In 38 of 46 patients (82%) 24-h images showed no further reversibility beyond the post-reinjection 4-h study (group A). Eight of 46 patients (17%) demonstrated reversibility on 24-h imaging (group B). Of these eight, three patients showed no improvement compared with the post-stress images, with a mean perfusion score of the abnormal segments of 1.25±0.50 on the 4-h images, and of 3.00 on the 24-h images, where normal is 4. Four patients presented with nine mixed regions. Four of these regions showed an improvement in the mean perfusion score of 2.50±0.58 on 4- and 24-h images. Two of them, with moderate/severe defects, demonstrated complete reversibility at 4-h post-reinjection imaging. In addition, five other regions presented no improvement at 4-h imaging, but showed an improvement in the mean perfusion score from 0.80±0.84 at 4-h to 3.30±0.89 at 24-h imaging. Two of these regions in one patient showed a severe perfusion score of 0 at 4 h, and complete reversibility at 24 hours, with a mean score improvement of 4. Another patient had three severe perfusion defects; two of them redistributed partially at 4 h and completely at 24 h. The remaining segment with a perfusion score of 0 at 4 h, presented complete reversibility with a score of 4 at 24 h. Two (4%) patients revealed significant reversibility at 24 h in a region that was severely underperfused after post-reinjection imaging at 4 h. Among group B patients, 75% (6/8) had recent acute ischemic syndrome, compared with only 13% (5/38) in group A (P = 0.001). Among 11 patients with unstable angina, six (55%) had evidence of delayed 24-h reversibility, compared with 2 of 35 (6%) patients without clinically acute ischemia (P = 0.001). On follow-up, there were seven (17%) cardiac deaths among the 38 group A patients but three (38%) among the eight group B patients (P = 0.3). These findings suggest that although the presence of delayed 24-h 201Tl, post-reinjection reversibility is infrequent, it has potential clinical importance. Thus, delayed 24-h imaging should be considered in the context of unstable angina or other acute coronary syndromes.
Flows in Forward Deformable Roll Coating Gaps

Roll coating is distinguished by the use of one or more gaps between rotating cylinders to meter a continuous liquid layer and to apply it to a continuous flexible substrate. Of the two rolls that make a forward-roll coating gap, one is often covered by a layer of deformable elastomer. Thin films can be obtained without the risk of clashing two hard rolls. Liquid carried into the converging side of the gap can develop high enough pressure to deform the resilient cover, which changes the gap geometry and thus alters the velocity and pressure fields. The complete understanding of the flow in this situation is vital to the optimization of this widely used coating method; however, this elastohydrodynamic action is not well understood. The situation is similar to what is called the Soft-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication regime (Soft EHL); however, the range of minimum distance between the rotating rolls, roll speed, and therefore flow rate through the gap in the roll coating process is one to three orders of magnitude larger than the typical values reported in previous work on Soft EHL. Earlier works on deformable roll coating analyzed the action with both the lubrication approximation and the full Navier?Stokes solution and different one-dimensional models of roll cover deformation. In order to test the accuracy of the past approaches, and to evaluate the relationship between the empirical constant used in the one-dimensional model to the relevant physical parameters, a complete, two-dimensional formulation has to be employed for both the liquid flow and the solid deformation. In this work, the flow between a rigid and a deformable rotating roll was examined by solving the complete Navier?Stokes system coupled with a non-linear plane-strain model of the roll cover deformation. The approximate and computationally cheaper approach is evaluated in which the compliant wall is represented by an array of radially-oriented Hookean springs. The equation system was solved by the Galerkin/finite element method; the resulting set of non-linear algebraic equations of the fully coupled problem was solved by Newton's method with initialization by pseudo-arc-length continuation as parameters were varied. Results show how roll deformation affects the total flow rate and forces on the rolls and illustrate how a deformable roll can be used to obtain thin coated layers with much less sensitivity to roll runout than those obtained with rigid rolls.
The United States‐China copyright dispute: A two‐level games analysis

United States media and computer software industries long have alleged they lose billions of dollars to copyright piracy in China. Negotiations between the countries have had little effect. This article uses two‐level games theory to explore why the United States is reluctant to impose sanctions, and why China is unwilling to take action against the pirates even at the risk of trade sanctions. Negotiations are examined at the usaional level and at the domestic level in both countries. At the usaional level, a two‐player sequential model of the game is presented. At the domestic level, the heterogeneity of interest groups in the United States, and the different agendas of central and provincial authorities in China are discussed. Based on this analysis, the article proposes, (1) a more flexible time‐frame for negotiations with foreign trading partners, (2) greater reliance on multilateral frameworks than on bilateral trade sanctions and (3) American efforts to distribute the gains from better copyright pro...
SIDS: A syndrome in search of a cause

The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was initially defined in 1969 with the goal of identifying infants who had similar characteristics before sudden death so that a common underlying mechanism of death might be discovered. The original definition was quite broad, and its development was driven in part by parents of infants whose deaths were unexplained. Since then, the definition has been refined, first by an expert group convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and more recently by an expert panel of forensic pathologists whose definition includes several categories of SIDS. This most recent . . .
Improving Accuracy of Discovered Knowledge through Direct Interaction and Cohesion-based Framework: A Study in Cell Cycle Data of Yeast

Association mining tasks, when put to microarray data, normal trend is to highlight amount of discovered knowledge while quality analysis goes to backseat. Ideally, two more information is equally important: a) accuracy of knowledge extracted in a rule with respect to known biological functions, and b) predictability of biological interactions from discovered rules. Most of the support and/or confidence-based techniques address only predictability or neither of them. It requires tedious post-processing to unearth the actually interesting ones from the bulky output set. In the present work, we exploit the notion of direct interaction (DI) and cohesion to develop a sound methodology for binding genes under common affinity groups and mine intra-group associations. To evaluate soundness, we apply the method in cell cycle data of yeast and analyze result with the help of known biological interactions in BIND. We found impressive values for both accuracy and predictability.
Appropriate Technologies in the Globalized World: FAQs [Commentary]

Technological innovation over the past century has revolutionized our society's ability to solve problems. A byproduct of this movement is the advent of appropriate technology, an approach to address challenges in the developing world through creative and peoplefocused product development. Appropriate technology (AT) recognizes that social, environmental, cultural, political, and economic concerns are just as important as technical requirements in the design of innovative products and services [1]. For example, Husk Power Systems converts rice husks into electric power in rural areas of India's poorest, most remote state [2]. The success of Husk Power is as much in their technological solution, as their consideration of socio-cultural realities in the design of their revenue model. Treadle pumps, like those produced by KickStart, help farmers increase their cultivable land, extend their growing seasons, improve their crop quality, and thus, augment their income [3]. The driving force behind these technologies is a desire to employ human-centered approaches to empower communities in addressing their own economic, sociocultural,political, and environmental needs. Such technologies can improve the lives and livelihoods of individuals living in resource-constrained environments in many ways, from improved access to food, water, and healthcare to long-lasting shelter and employment opportunities [4].
Technical Note: Effect of Sampling Protocol on Plasma Nonesterified Fatty Acid Concentration in Dairy Cows

The objective of these experiments was to determine effects of sampling protocol on plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration. In experiment 1, 8 nonlactating, nongestating dairy cows were blood sampled from a jugular vein catheter (basal, 0 min), moved to an exercise lot for 15 min, returned to stanchions, and sampled immediately and at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min following return to their stalls. Following 15 min of exercise, plasma NEFA concentration increased, peaking at 5 min (225 microEq/L) and returning to basal (84 microEq/L) by 30 min (110 microEq/L). Cows were then moved to box stalls overnight, and 24 h after the basal sample, they were locked up and sampled again. Housing cows in a box stall overnight and locking them in headlocks increased plasma NEFA concentration (184 microEq/L). In a second experiment at a large free-stall commercial dairy, 11 late-gestation nonlactating dairy cows were locked in headlocks at feeding, blood was sampled from the coccygeal artery or vein (0 min), and cows were then released and allowed to finish eating and return to their stalls. Cows were then herded to headlocks and sampled immediately at 120 min after initial sampling and at 135, 150, and 180 min. Plasma NEFA concentration was highest at initial lockup (0 min; 284 microEq/L), lowest at 180 min (178 microEq/L), and intermediate at time points in between. A second group of 10 late-gestation nonlactating dairy cows were locked in headlocks at feeding, and blood was sampled immediately and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. Plasma NEFA concentration was highest 15 min after being placed in headlocks and lowest 60 min after lockup (221 and 113 microEq/L, respectively). At each time point in experiments 1 and 2, a behavior score was given (1 to 10; 1 = calm; 10 = extremely excited). In both experiments, there was a significant correlation between the plasma NEFA concentration and behavior score. In conclusion, plasma NEFA concentration was affected by sampling protocol.
COMMENTARY: Identification of Nitrate and Dissolved-Solids Sources in Ground Water by GIS Analyses

Data from a 16-year period were used to investigate ground-water quality and its relation to nearby land uses in the Carson Valley area of Douglas County, Nevada. Within 500 m of ground-water wells with increasing nitrate concentrations, properties on septic systems accounted for 40% of the area, whereas agricultural areas accounted for 8.5%. Agricultural lands comprised 18% of the area near wells with stable contamination trends and 40% near wells with decreasing trends, indicating that lands converted from agriculture to nonsewered properties may be related to increases in nitrate concentrations. The mean size of parcels with septic systems near wells with increasing nitrate concentrations was about half (1.1 ha) that of those near wells with stable nitrate concentrations (2.0 ha). For wells with increasing nitrate and dissolved-solids trends, 50 to 55 properties utilized septic systems within 500 m, compared to fewer than 25 properties near stable trends. The number of wells with increasing trends rose from 2 in 1988 to 15 in 2001 for nitrate and from 1 to 14 for dissolved solids, an indication that it takes a minimum of 20 to 30 years before increasing trends can be identified. Geoprocessing tools and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods in this study can be used for efficient interpretation of ground-water contaminant location and trend, relative to surrounding land uses.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K-Cyclin Interacts with Cdk9 and Stimulates Cdk9-Mediated Phosphorylation of p53 Tumor Suppressor

K-cyclin, encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, has previously been demonstrated to activate cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6) to induce the phosphorylation of various cell cycle regulators. In this study, we identified Cdk9 as a new K-cyclin-associated Cdk and showed that K-cyclin interacted with Cdk9 through its basic domain. We hypothesized that K-cyclin served as a regulatory subunit for the activity of Cdk9. Recent reports show that Cdk9 phosphorylates tumor suppressor p53, and we found that the K-cyclin/Cdk9 interaction greatly enhanced the kinase activity of Cdk9 toward p53. The phosphorylation site(s) of K-cyclin/Cdk9 kinase complexes was mapped in the transactivation domain of p53. We showed that the ectopic expression of K-cyclin led to a sustained increase of p53 phosphorylation on Ser33 in vivo, and the phosphorylation could be inhibited by a dominant negative Cdk9 mutant, dn-Cdk9. Using p53-positive U2OS and p53-null SaOS2 cells, we demonstrated that K-cyclin-induced growth arrest was associated with the presence of p53. In addition, K-cyclin-induced p53-dependent growth arrest was rescued by the dn-Cdk9- or Cdk9-specific short hairpin RNA in SaOS2 cells. Together, our findings for the first time demonstrated the interaction of K-cyclin and Cdk9 and revealed a new molecular link between K-cyclin and p53.
Toxicokinetics of the cholinomimetic compound benzyltrimethylammonium chloride in the male rat and mouse

1. Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTMAC)-derived radioactivity was rapidly eliminated from the F344 rat and the B6C3F1 mouse following p.o. administration of 0.63–63 mg/kg of [ring-U-14C]BTMAC. Greater than 90% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine and faeces within 24-h post-dosing.2. BTMAC was poorly to moderately absorbed from the GI tract following p.o. administration. The percent of total dose absorbed did not exceed either 40% in the rat or 15% in the mouse.3. Absorption was linear, but limited, over time following dermal administration of 63 mg/kg to the rat. Less than 10% of the total dose was absorbed from the skin within 24 h of BTMAC application.4. Metabolism of BTMAC was minimal in both the rat and mouse. Toxicity (excessive cholinergic stimulation and mortality) appears to be attributable to the parent compound.5. The limited absorption and rapid elimination of BTMAC should result in little or no bioaccumulation in tissues following repeated exposure to low levels of this compound. Th...
Work in progress - integration of multidisciplinary security and risk analysis undergraduate program components into a four-year electromechanical engineering technology program

Although information systems increase productivity in organizations, they also make the Information Technology (IT) assets within these organizations vulnerable in the context of cyber security. Thus, the designers and users of IT in these organizations need to have adequate education in the cyber security threats and be ready to take the appropriate actions necessary for protecting their IT assets. The growing awareness has resulted in a significant demand for information systems security and risk analysis education. Proper training in security and risk analysis can be very helpful in confronting cyber security threats and protecting vital information. Problem solvers with appropriate skills and relevant experience are needed in the security and risk analysis domain. The Penn State University Altoona College realizes that it is very important for its BSEMET degree students to be knowledgeable about information systems security and risk analysis since engineers are now expected to have at least a basic understanding of current threats and how these threats affect product development, personal safety, employee productivity, and organizational expenses. The main focus of this manuscript, is a perspective on how Penn State University-Altoona College is taking steps to integrate the security and risk analysis concepts from the SRA degree program into its four-year electromechanical engineering technology program.
Adaptive recovery for mobile environments

Mobile computing allows ubiquitous and continuous access to computing resources while the users travel or work at a client’s site. The flexibility introduced by mobile computing brings new challenges to the area of fault tolerance. Failures that were rare with fixed hosts become common, and host disconnection makes fault detection and message coordination difficult. This paper describes a new checkpoint protocol that is well adapted to mobile environments. The protocol uses time to indirectly coordinate the creation of new global states, avoiding all message exchanges. The protocol uses two different types of checkpoints to adapt to the current network characteristics, and to trade off performance with recovery time.
Estimation and comparison of multiple change-point models

This paper provides a new Bayesian approach for models with multiple change points. The centerpiece of the approach is a formulation of the change-point model in terms of a latent discrete state variable that indicates the regime from which a particular observation has been drawn. This state variable is specified to evolve according to a discrete-time discrete-state Markov process with the transition probabilities constrained so that the state variable can either stay at the current value or jump to the next higher value. This parameterization exactly reproduces the change point model. The model is estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo methods using an approach that is based on Chib (1996). This methodology is quite valuable since it allows for the fitting of more complex change point models than was possible before. Methods for the computation of Bayes factors are also developed. All the techniques are illustrated using simulated and real data sets.
Promising practices in understanding and treating child neglect

Child neglect is the most common type of child maltreatment in the United States. However, services provided to families who neglect often fail to address and treat the primary concerns associated with child neglect. The information provided in this paper identifies the primary problems contributing to child neglect, and some promising practices in child welfare casework that address these problems and show positive outcomes for the children and families who experience child neglect. Knowledge pertaining to assessment skills, treatment abilities, and model programmes is provided. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Child and Family Social Work, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by Blackwell Publishers) Child Abuse Intervention Child Abuse Treatment Child Abuse Causes Child Neglect Intervention Child Neglect Treatment Child Neglect Causes Social Services Intervention Mental Health Intervention Mental Health Services Mental Health Treatment Domestic Violence Intervention Domestic Violence Causes Domestic Violence Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Program Effectiveness Treatment Program Intervention Program
Electrical connections between left superior pulmonary vein, left atrium, and ligament of Marshall: implications for mechanisms of atrial fibrillation.

The importance of the ligament of Marshall (LOM) to rapid activations within the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) during atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly understood. We aimed to character...
Purification and Characterization of Malic Enzyme of Entamoeba invadens: Evidence for Isoenzymes

SYNOPSIS. Malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) of Entamoeba invadens seems to be a single species of protein on zone-sedimentation, gel filtration, and gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 120,000 and sedimentation coefficient close to 6S. Isoelectric focusing, however, showed malic enzyme to be composed of three isoenzymes of pI 5.8, 6.0, and 6.3. A procedure is described that yields an electrophoretically pure sample of each of the isoenzymes suitable for physical and chemical studies.
Inter-board pay differentials for directors with multiple appointments

We analyse uniformity in the market's valuation of director human capital by comparing director compensation across firms with and without director overlaps. We find that although there is less variation in director compensation for connected boards, which share a common director, than for unrelated boards, there remains a high variation in director compensation for directors with multiple directorships. We also find that active Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), on average, command higher total director compensation in subsequent board appointments. This result holds for appointments where the individual already holds two or more directorships and is counter to the prediction of a busy director effect. Overall, our evidence suggests that active CEOs are high-quality directors or have a high disutility of additional board work and are able to command higher compensation when added to subsequent boards.