cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confocal photothermal microscopy of thin films based on etalon and thermal lensing effects

A photothermal apparatus with submicron resolution (~0.5 μm) using a focused 532 nm pump beam is demonstrated. A coaxial probe (633 nm HeNe) detects changes in reflectivity. In addition to detecting modulation of the probes total reflected power caused by perturbation of the Fabry-Perot resonance, a pinhole in confocal geometry detects changes to the probe beam caused by thermal lensing. Based on signal-to-noise measurements made with a film of known absorption, a sensitivity of ~10 ppm is predicted with 200 mW of pump power. The instrument is applied to mapping of local absorption spikes in a Sc 2 O 3 film and characterization of laser-induced ripple pattern in a HfO 2 film.
Sexual functioning of female eating-disordered patients

Many theories about relating eating disorders with sexual development and experience have been proposed. The authors employed a normed psychometric instrument, the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI), to study empirically sexual characteristics of subtypes of eating-disordered patients. Forty-four female inpatients were divided into three subcategories; restricting anorexics (AR), bulimic anorexics (AB), and subjects exhibiting bulimia nervosa (BN). Starved anorexics were first allowed to attain their goal weight range before participating in the study. The three groups did not differ demographically. Comparing the eating-disordered group as a whole to the DSFI norms showed these patients to have quite poor sexual functioning and satisfaction. The “Sexual Functioning Index” representing the global DSFI score put these patients below the first percentile when compared to the normative sample. Nine out of the ten scales of the DSFI failed to show a significant difference between patient subgroups. Only the “fantasy” scale distinguished the AR subgroup with its paucity of sexual fantasy from the BN subgroup who were in the average range, with AB in between. These results are somewhat contrary to other studies comparing outpatient bulimics and anorexics and suggest that patients with eating disorders severe enough to warrant hospitalization represent a more homogenous group regarding their psychosexual characteristics.
Modeling the morphological diversity of impact craters on icy satellites

Abstract Impact craters on icy satellites display a wide range of morphologies, some of which have no counterpart on rocky bodies. Numerical simulation studies have struggled to reproduce the diversity of features, such as central pits and transitions in crater depth with increasing diameter, observed on the icy Galilean satellites. The transitions in crater depth (at diameters of about 26 and 150 km on Ganymede and Callisto) have been interpreted as reflecting subsurface structure. Using the CTH shock physics code, we model the formation of craters with diameters between 400 m and about 200 km on Ganymede using different subsurface temperature profiles. Our calculations include recent improvements in the model equation of state for H 2 O and quasi-static strength parameters for ice. We find that the shock-induced formation of dense high-pressure polymorphs (ices VI and VII) creates a gap in the crater excavation flow, which we call discontinuous excavation. For craters larger than about 20 km, discontinuous excavation concentrates a hot plug of material (>270 K and mostly on the melting curve) in the center of the crater floor. The size and occurrence of the hot plug are in good agreement with the observed characteristics of central pit craters, and we propose that a genetic link exists between them. We also derive depth versus diameter curves for different internal temperature profiles. In a 120 K isothermal crust, calculated craters larger than about 30 km diameter are deeper than observed and do not reproduce the transition at about 26 km diameter. Calculated crater depths are shallower and in good agreement with observations between about 30 and 150 km diameter using a warm thermal gradient representing a convective interior. Hence, the depth-to-diameter transition at about 26 km reflects thermal weakening of ice. Finally, simulation results generally support the hypothesis that the anomalous interior morphologies for craters larger than 100 km are related to the presence of a subsurface ocean.
Lead, cadmium, endotoxin interaction: Effect on mortality and hepatic function

Abstract Although iv administration of certain heavy metals, particularly lead, markedly enhances the sensitivity of animals to bacterial endotoxins, the endotoxin-sensitizing potency of the heavy metal cadmium has not been previously investigated. Endotoxin sensitivity and liver function were evaluated comparatively in rats receiving equimolar doses of either lead or cadmium acetate. Additionally, methylprednisolone, which prevents lethality following lead-endotoxin interaction, was administered to cadmium-endotoxin-treated rats. Rats receiving iv cadmium acetate or lead acetate demonstrated enhanced responsiveness to Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin as denoted by increased mortality, impaired sulfobromophthalein (BSP) removal, hypoglycemia, and elevated activity of plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT). The administration of cadmium acetate alone produced a moderate degree of hepatic dysfunction which was not observed in the lead-treated group. Mortality as well as alterations of blood glucose concentrations and plasma activity of GOT and GPT was greater following combined treatment with cadmium and endotoxin than lead and endotoxin. Animals receiving methylprednisolone were refractory to lead-endotoxin-induced lethality and displayed reduced alterations of plasma BSP removal, plasma glucose, and enzyme activity. However, methylprednisolone did not alleviate the detrimental effect of combined cadmium and endotoxin treatment. Cadmium acetate administration increased intravascular clearance and enhanced Kupffer cell localization of the reticuloendothelial test lipid emulsion. In contrast, clearance rates and hepatic localization of the labeled emulsion were depressed following lead acetate administration. These divergent findings indicate that endotoxin sensitivity induced by lead or cadmium cannot be attributed to phagocytic alterations. Our composite study suggests that hepatic parenchymal cell dysfunction is one facet of the pathophysiology manifested by cadmium or lead interaction with endotoxin.
Regulation of the biosynthesis of steroidogenic enzymes.

Abstract Recombinant DNA technology can permit study of the regulation of steroid hydroxylase gene expression at three levels. The first of these is cAMP-regulated gene expression. In the adrenal, ACTH, via cAMP, increases the expression of the genes for all of the cytochrome P-450 species involved in the steroid biosynthetic pathway, as well as the iron-sulfur protein, adrenodoxin. This action of cAMP is inhibited by cycloheximide, suggestive of the involvement of a regulatory protein factor in mediating this action of cAMP. The second level is tissue-specific regulation of steroid hydroxylase gene expression. An example of this which we have studied is the expression of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc) and 17α-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 (P-45017α) in the bovine ovary. P-450scc is expressed at high levels in the corpus luteum but at low levels in follicles, whereas P-45017α is expressed in follicles, but is undetectable in the corpus luteum. The third level is fetal imprinting. A number of the cytochrome P-450 species involving in the steroidogenic pathway are expressed in the fetal adrenal at a time when exposure of the gland to ACTH is very low, suggestive that factor(s) other than pituitary ACTH mediate this expression in fetal life.
Effect of Variations in Lift Coefficient, Phase Angle and Waveform on Fluttering Lift in the Desert Locust

Effect of Variations in Lift Coefficient, Phase Angle and Waveform on Fluttering Lift in the Desert Locust
Integrating Faith in Second Language Acquisition Curricula: A Case Study☆

Abstract The benefits of integrating culture into second language acquisition curricula are extensively documented. Less is known about “faith integration,” a term describing modules that some Christian colleges expect every course to implement. I document one such module, “Haiti: Un Pays en Crise,” a series of multimedia activities focusing on Haiti's post-2010 humanitarian crisis presented in a 2012 French II course at a private southern California university. I analyze the module's effectiveness, discuss its instructional benefits and challenges, describe alternative strategies adopted by foreign language instructors at other colleges, and close with suggestions for implementing similar modules at non-denominational and secular institutions.
Vaporization behavior of Agp2(s) and Au2P3(s)

Abstract The vaporization behavior of AgP2(s) and Au2P3(s) has been studied by mass loss effusion, from graphite and glass cells, in the respective temperature ranges 521 – 639 K and 646 – 773 K. The vaporization of Au2P3 is severely retarded, while that of AgP2 is retarded somewhat less. Equilibrium pressures of P4 obtained in both systems, when combined with other pressure data from the literature, lead to: 2AgP2(s) = 2Ag(s) + P4(g), ΔH°600 = 33.1 ± 2.0 kcalΔS°600 = 40.0 ± 2.4 cal deg−1 4 3 Au 2 P 3 ( s ) = 8 3 Au ( s ) + P 4 ( g ) , ΔH°740 = 44.3 ± 2.0 kcalΔS°740 = 45.6± 2.4 cal deg−1. Combination of these data with the published enthalpy of formation of P4(g) and estimated heat capacities gives the following enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K: AgP2(s), −1.8 ± 1.2 kcal mole−1, and Au2P3(s), −11.6 ±2.0 kcal mole−1 (relative to red phosphorus as the standard state).
Metachromasy in Polymer Films. Changes in the Absorption Spectrum of Methylene Blue in Nafion Films by Hydration

When the Nafion/Methylene Blue (MB) films are fully hydrated, MB + and (MB + ) 2 are formed in the films similarly as in solution. In addition, MBH 2+ also exists and increases with decreasing MB concentration. The hydration state of Nafion films is altered by equilibration with air streams of different relative humidities (RH). At a low MB concentration MBH 2 3+ together with MBH 2+ is formed in the low RH region, whereas both MB + and MBH 2+ are the main species in the high RH region
Mathematical modeling of the adsorptive separation of multicomponent gaseous mixtures

Abstract A general dynamic model describing the adsorptive separation of multicomponent gaseous mixtures is developed in this study. The dusty-gas model and D'Arcy's law are used to describe the diffusive and viscous mass transport in the adsorbing bed, respectively, and the local equilibrium assumption or the linear driving force approximation are used for the uptake rate. The versatility of the developed model is demonstrated by applying it to separation of binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures by pressure swing adsorption (PSA). The relative importance of the diffusive (bulk and Knudsen) and viscous mass transport and the effects of the different uptake rate representations are also investigated. For the PSA process, it is found that viscous transport dominates in the adsorbing bed and the inclusion of other modes of transport in the model equations has practically no effect on the solution. However, for dynamic processes occurring in porous media of smaller pore sizes (macroporous membranes, for instance) both the viscous and the diffusive modes of transport must be included in the overall model to predict the system behavior correctly. The model with only viscous transport in bed and the linear driving force approximation for the uptake rate is the recommended option for modeling PSA operations, provided that the LDF approximation is applicable, since it is easier to handle numerically and reduces to the equilibrium model in the limiting case of large adsorption rate constants.
Pharmacological properties of serotonin receptor subtypes mediating contraction of bovine inferior alveolar arteries

Abstract Objective : To characterise the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes mediating contraction of the inferior alveolar artery. Additionally, to determine the role of cyclooxygenase products, nitric oxide, endothelium, monoamine oxidase and 5-HT uptake in modulating contraction of inferior alveolar arteries to 5-HT. Methods : Contractile responses to 5-HT were examined in vitro using ring segments of bovine inferior alveolar arteries. Affinity constants ( K B ’s) of subtype-selective 5-HT receptor antagonists were determined to characterise the 5-HT receptor-subtypes causing contraction of inferior alveolar arteries. Results : In 100 nM ketanserin or 30 nM spiperone, 5-HT caused a biphasic contraction best-fit by a two-site curve model, where one site was antagonist-sensitive and the other site antagonist-insensitive. 5-HT 2A receptor-subtype selective antagonists, ketanserin and spiperone, blocked 5-HT induced contraction with K B ’s of 1.0 and 0.16 nM, respectively. RS102221 (5-HT 2C selective) and ( S )-WAY100135 (5-HT 1A selective) blocked 5-HT stimulated contraction with low affinities ( K B ’s=100 nM and 330 nM, respectively). GR55562, a 5-HT 1 receptor subtype antagonist with a reported affinity of 500 nM at the 5-HT 1D receptor subtype, blocked 5-HT induced contraction with a K B of 470 nM. Cylooxygenase inhibition with 50 μM ibuprofen caused a 44% increase in maximal contraction to 5-HT; whereas, nitric oxide inhibition with N G -nitro- l -arginine, endothelium removal or inhibition of 5-HT uptake and monoamine oxidase with imipramine and iproniazid, respectively, did not affect 5-HT contraction. Conclusions : Both 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 1D/1B receptor subtypes mediate 5-HT induced contraction of the bovine inferior alveolar artery. 5-HT stimulated contraction of the inferior alveolar artery is modulated by a vasodilator prostaglandin.
Inhibition of sensitization of T-cells by alpha fetoprotein.

A two-phase model of allograft immunity was studied. In the first phase, specific immune T-cells were generated by incubation of responder cells with mitomycin-C treated allogeneic stimulator cells of the same H-2 type as mouse mastocytoma tumor cells. In the second step, the ability of the sensitized cells to kill Cr51-labelled P-815 mastocytoma cells was assayed. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was shown to inhibit the generation of immune cytotoxic T-cells at low concentrations (1-100 ng/ml) when added at the beginning of the first phase. When added at the end of the first phase or in the second (killing) phase, AFP was found to have no significant effect on cytotoxicity, indicating that it did not inhibit the killer T-cell once it was generated.
Unusually large isotope effect for the reaction of aromatic amine dehydrogenase. A common feature of quinoproteins

Abstract The reduction of the tryptophan tryptophylquinone [TTQ] prosthetic group of aromatic amine dehydrogenase by dopamine exhibits a deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 8.6–11.7. This effect is partially suppressed in the steady-state. These data support the proposed mechanism for the reductive half-reaction of AADH in which TTQ reduction is linked to proton abstraction from a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate and in which release of the aldehyde product is partially rate-limiting for the overall reaction. The magnitude of this kinetic isotope effect appears to exceed the semiclassical limit for a proton abstraction. It is also nearly identical to values for the similar reactions catalyzed by methylamine dehydrogenase, which also possesses TTQ, and plasma amine oxidase, which possesses the topaquinone cofactor. These data suggest that these three quinoproteins share a very similar and possible unique mechanism for catalyzing the oxidative deamination of primary amines.
Impact of VA bed closures on use of state psychiatric services.

This study examined whether inpatient bed reductions at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center increased VA patients' use of state mental health agency services. Veterans residing in two Connecticut cities who used VA psychiatric services during fiscal years 1993 through 1998 (n =2,943) were identified from computerized files. Then their records were merged with state files. Coinciding with the time of VA bed closures, the proportion of VA patients who used any state services increased from 2.6%, 2.8%, and 2.7% from 1993 through 1995 to 3.6%, 3.5%, and 3.6% from 1996 through 1998 (p<.03). These changes reflect increased likelihood of state outpatient service use, but not inpatient services. No statistically significant changes occurred in the cost of state services used by VA patients. Bed closure impact may be reflected in increased cross-system service use, which may be a useful indicator of unmet needs resulting from system changes.
Parental Mediation of Television Advertising Effects

A comprehensive review of research finds evidence scattered and incomplete but suficient for some conclusions and suggestive of directions for further study.
Dynamical exchange-correlation potentials for an electron liquid

The imaginary parts of the exchange-correlation kernels ${f}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{L,T}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in the longitudinal and transverse current-current response functions of a homogeneous electron liquid are calculated exactly at low frequency, to leading order in the Coulomb interaction. Combining these new results with the previously known high-frequency behaviors of $\mathrm{Im}{f}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{L,T}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and with the compressibility and the third moment sum rules, we construct simple interpolation formulas for $\mathrm{Im}{f}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{L,T}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in three and two spatial dimensions. A feature of our interpolation formulas is that they explicitly take into account the two-plasmon component of the excitation spectrum: our longitudinal spectrum $\mathrm{Im}{f}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{L}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ is thus intermediate between the Gross-Kohn interpolation, which ignores the two-plasmon contribution, and a recent approximate calculation by Nifos\`{\i}, Conti, and Tosi, which probably overestimates it. Numerical results for both the real and imaginary parts of the exchange-correlation kernels at typical electron densities are presented, and compared with those obtained from previous approximations. We also find an exact relation between $\mathrm{Im}{f}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{L}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and $\mathrm{Im}{f}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{T}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ at small $\ensuremath{\omega}.$
Characterizing Adverse Events Reported to the California Poison Control System on Herbal Remedies and Dietary Supplements: A Pilot Study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to (1) characterize the pSopulation who uses and reports adverse events to the California Poison Control System (CPCS) related to herbal remedies (HR) and dietary supplements (DS), (2) to assess whether adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occur within the usual recommended dosing, and (3) to describe the nature of adverse events.Methods: A retrospective search of HR and DS related calls was conducted between 1997 and June 1998. Data collection included the demographics of callers, types of exposures, substances involved, amounts ingested and severity.Results: Of the 918 HR and DS calls received, 259 (28.2%) were drug information queries, 599 (65.3%) were exposures, and 60 (6.5%) were excluded. Exposures occurred most often in pediatric patients 324 (54.1%), but exposures resulting in ADRs occurred most often in adults at recommended doses. There were 233 ADRs, of which 67 (28.8%) occurred in children. The most common products involved in ADRs were zinc (38.2%), echinacea...
Temporal secretory responses of cultured hamster adrenals

Abstract 1. 1. Comparison of adrenocortical secretory patterns measured by radio-acetate incorporation into corticosteroid and by acid fluorescence of corticosteroids secreted by cultured hamster adrenals confirm earlier estimates of a persistent daily rhythm maintained in vitro. 2. 2. The phase relationships between the specific activity of isolated steroids and the amount of corticosteroid are not, however, identical. 3. 3. The amplitude and phase of the secretory rhythm may be altered by ACTH in the nutrient medium. 4. 4. Continuous doses of ACTH have little effect on the phase of the rhythm, but show dose-related alterations of the amplitude of daily variation. 5. 5. Pulse doses of ACTH have an effect on the amplitude of secretion long after the glands have been washed, but also effect changes in the phase of the daily pattern of secretion. 6. 6. The inhibitor, metopirone (SU-4885), when delivered in the same pulse as the ACTH, blocks the ACTH effect.
A mixed limit theorem for stable random fields

Abstract A mixed distributional limit theorem for a stable random field of index 0 2 is derived. These random fields are of special interest in pattern analysis, in particular, in pattern synthesis. This paper considers the ease when the underlying graph that the random field is defined on is linear. This result is encouraging insofar as it shows that the mixed limit theorems do exist in the stable case. The final limiting distribution can be written in terms of the stable process of index α in D [0, 1].
Orientation behavior of predaceous ground beetle species in response to volatile emissions identified from yellow starthistle damaged by an invasive slug

We investigated indirect defense in the yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)-grey garden slug (Der- oceras reticulatum)-ground beetle (Pterostichus melana- rius and Scaphinotus interruptus) system. In this host plant/ herbivore/predator system, the ground beetles are the pri- mary predator of D. reticulatum, the dominant herbivore of the highly invasive weed, C. solstitialis. The aim of our study was to examine the behavioral responses of two species of ground beetle to olfactory stimuli emitted from yellow starthistle damaged by D. reticulatum. The beetle P. melanarius showed a significant preference for the odor of damaged yellow starthistle relative to the odor of intact plants, while S. interruptus did not. Volatiles from D. re- ticulatum-damaged yellow starthistle were collected and identified as trans-b-farnesene, germacrene D, bicyclog- ermacrene, and 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. No quantitative relationship was observed between beetle plant choice or decision time and the level of herbivory. Similarly, there was no relationship between volatile compound relative abundance and level of herbivory, suggesting that our range of leaf damage produces either undetectable semiochemicals or no variation in volatile emission.
Regime Change and the Federal Gamble: Negotiating Federal Institutions in Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and Spain

This article proposes a theoretical framework to explain the negotiated federal outcomes in countries undergoing regime change and investigates its applicability to a diverse set of countries—Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and Spain. It considers the intersection of reform strategies, the normative and organizational preferences of constituencies enlisted for regime negotiations, and the conflicts associated with regime change. Two key variables—the balance of power and violence predictions—translate actors’ preferences into federal institutional outcomes. A comparative case study analysis evaluates the argument and demonstrates the conditions under which regime reform strategies have a more direct impact on intergovernmental bargaining venues and why some shifts in the balance of power have led to more substantive institutional concessions.
Social Diversity in Humans: Implications and Hidden Consequences for Biological Research

Humans are both similar and diverse in such a vast number of dimensions that for human geneticists and social scientists to decide which of these dimensions is a worthy focus of empirical investigation is a formidable challenge. For geneticists, one vital question, of course, revolves around hypothesizing which kind of social diversity might illuminate genetic variation—and vice versa (i.e., what genetic variation illuminates human social diversity). For example, are there health outcomes that can be best explained by genetic variation—or for social scientists, are health outcomes mainly a function of the social diversity of lifestyles and social circumstances of a given population? Indeed, what is a “population,” how is it bounded, and are those boundaries most appropriate or relevant for human genetic research, be they national borders, religious affiliation, ethnic or racial identification, or language group, to name but a few? For social scientists, the matter of what constitutes the relevant borders of a population is equally complex, and the answer is demarcated by the goal of the research project. Although race and caste are categories deployed in both human genetics and social science, the social meaning of race and caste as pathways to employment, health, or education demonstrably overwhelms the analytic and explanatory power of genetic markers of difference between human aggregates.
A comparison of the microbiologic profile of indwelling versus external urinary catheters

We studied the microbiology reports of urine cultures collected from external (condom catheters) versus indwelling (Foley) catheters. The equal prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci in samples from both catheter types calls into question the practice of switching from indwelling to external catheters to decrease catheter-associated bacteriuria.
Efficient vehicular traffic monitoring using mobility management in cellular networks

In this paper, we are interested in how the know-how in wireless communications research can be applied to gather real-time vehicular traffic information efficiently. Mobility management makes it possible for the cellular system to track a mobile user as it roams around within the wireless network using occasional location updates. We describe how mobility management is used for monitoring traffic conditions of roadways. The cellular network collects Global Positioning System (GPS)-based location information from the individual mobile units and passes the information to the transportation network, which maps the location of the mobile unit to a specific link within the transportation network. This information is then processed to estimate occupancy on all links. We report the performance of the proposed traffic data collection scheme and compare these results with the actual values of the traffic condition using simulations on a simple transportation network.
Immunohistochemistry of Pneumocystis carinii

Abstract The recent explosion In the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic brought about an Increased need for specific markers that recognize Pneumocystis carinii . Newly developed antibodies mark cyst and/or trophozoites, but have not been thoroughly characterized. While the sensitivity of the immunocytochemical method appears greater than that offered by the Giemsa stain, It is only slightly better than that of GMS stain. That slight edge in sensitivity warrants the use of immunostaining in specimens such as sputum, where identification of Pneumocystis carinii as the sole pathogen is more difficult than in bronchoalveolar lavage. In the latter specimen, we still recommend rapidly performed GMS with the microwave technique because of Its utility in recognizing fungi. With refinements in the antibodies available, immunostaining may offer further advantages in patient management.
Bandwidth-aware resource allocation for heterogeneous computing systems to maximize throughput

We consider the resource allocation problem for computing a large set of equal-sized independent tasks on heterogeneous computing systems. This problem represents the computation paradigm for a wide range of applications such as SETI@home and Monte Carlo simulations. We consider a general problem in which the interconnection between the nodes is modeled using a graph. We maximize the throughput of the system by using a linear programming formulation. This linear programming formulation is further transformed to an extended network flow representation, which can be solved efficiently using maximum flow/minimum cut algorithms. This leads to a simple distributed protocol for the problem. The effectiveness of the proposed resource allocation approach is verified through simulations
Heterogeneity of papillomaviruses

The classification of the papillomaviral sequence into types is satisfactory for many purposes, but the resulting catalog does not accurately depict the extent of diversification of this family of viruses. Phylogenetic and mutational analyses reveal that some viral forms are much more ancient than other forms. Episodic evolutionary events and zoonotic transmission may have contributed to the overall pattern. Convergent evolution appears to be the best explanation for the scattered occurrence across the family tree of viruses with high oncogenic risk. We look for the determinants of this risk among the less conserved residues of the viral E6 and E7 transforming proteins.
Comet Grains: Their IR Emission and Their Relation to ISM Grains

Comets and the chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP IDPs) that they shed in their comae are reservoirs of primitive solar nebula materials. The high porosity and fragility of cometary grains and CP IDPs, and anomalously high deuterium contents of highly fragile, pyroxenerich Cluster IDPs imply these aggregate particles contain significant abundances of grains from the interstellar medium (ISM). IR spectra of comets (3–40 μm) reveal the presence of a warm (near-IR) featureless emission modeled by amorphous carbon grains. Broad and narrow resonances near 10 and 20 microns are modeled by warm chondritic (50% Fe and 50% Mg) amorphous silicates and cooler Mg-rich crystalline silicate minerals, respectively. Cometary amorphous silicates resonances are well matched by IR spectra of CP IDPs dominated by GEMS (0.1 μm silicate spherules) that are thought to be the interstellar Fe-bearing amorphous silicates produced in AGB stars. Acidetched ultramicrotomed CP IDP samples, however, show that both the carbon phase (amorphous and aliphatic) and the Mg-rich amorphous silicate phase in GEMS are not optically absorbing. Rather, it is Fe and FeS nanoparticles embedded in the GEMS that makes the CP IDPs dark. Therefore, CP IDPs suggest significant processing has occurred in the ISM. ISM processing probably includes in He+ ion bombardment in supernovae shocks. Laboratory experiments show He+ ion bombardment amorphizes crystalline silicates, increases porosity, and reduces Fe into nanoparticles. Cometary crystalline silicate resonances are well matched by IR spectra of laboratory submicron Mg-rich olivine crystals and pyroxene crystals. Discovery of a Mg-pure olivine crystal in a Cluster IDP with isotopically anomalous oxygen indicates that a small fraction of crystalline silicates may have survived their journey from AGB stars through the ISM to the early solar nebula. The ISM does not have enough crystalline silicates (<5%), however, to account for the deduced abundance of crystalline silicates in comet dust. An insufficient source of ISM Mg-rich crystals leads to the inference that most Mg-rich crystals in comets are primitive grains processed in the early solar nebula prior to their incorporation into comets. Mg-rich crystals may condense in the hot (∼1450 K), inner zones of the early solar nebula and then travel large radial distances out to the comet-forming zone. On the other hand, Mg-rich silicate crystals may be ISM amorphous silicates annealed at ∼1000 K and radially distributed out to the comet-forming zone or annealed in nebular shocks at ∼5–10 AU. Determining the relative abundance of amorphous and crystalline silicates in comets probes the relative contributions of ISM grains and primitive grains to small, icy bodies in the solar system. The life cycle of dust from its stardust origins through the ISM to its incorporation into comets is discussed.
PRICE AND VOLUME EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CREATION OF STANDARD & POOR'S MIDCAP INDEX

In this paper we explore price and volume effects associated with the 1991 creation of Standard & Poor's MidCap 400 index. Prior work on changes in the composition of existing indices finds a significant price response to the announcement. Various authors link the effect to price pressure, information, an outwardly shifting demand curve for securities, and the increased attention that comes with inclusion in an index. Using event study methodology, we find significant price and volume effects during the two weeks leading up to the Standard & Poor's announcement, but no significant effect in the two-day interval around the event. Apparently, information leakage and/or anticipation preceded the creation of the index. The price run-up is permanent since the positive abnormal returns leading up through the announcement are not associated with significantly negative abnormal returns after the announcement. In addition, MidCap stocks significantly outperform the market during the fifty-two weeks following the announcement. Using cross-sectional regressions, we show that these prior-period abnormal returns are positively related to abnormal volume and institutional holdings. We also find that firms trading over-the-counter had larger price run-ups than NYSE or AMEX firms.
Creep Deformation of an Alumina Matrix Composite Reinforced with Silicon Carbide Whiskers

Whisker-reinforced ceramic composites with enhanced fracture toughness properties are being developed. The creep behavior of such a composite was studied. The introduction of silicon carbide whiskers significantly improves the creep resistance of polycrystaline alumina.
Bully Partisan or Partisan Bully?: Partisanship, Elite Polarization, and U.S. Presidential Communication*

Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of perceptions of elite polarization on presidential communication. Polarization among political elites has been a well-studied aspect of political science scholarship. Party competition is seen as healthy for democracy; however, polarization often leads to gridlock and legislative inaction. There is ongoing debate about how elite polarization affects individual attitude formation, particularly in relation to important political institutions like the American presidency. Methods I conducted randomized laboratory experiments in which respondents read information about the state of partisanship in American politics, viewed videos of President Obama, and then answered questions about issues and presidential approval. Results The results show that when participants were primed to think about elite polarization as high, presidential communication yields job-approval ratings, issue-importance ratings, and issue stances closer to the party line, compared to participants primed to think elite polarization is low or when there was no prime at all. Conclusion The findings suggest that when primed to think about strong partisan disagreements, partisan identity overwhelms respondents, and makes them focus most on their partisan identity, regardless of content; without such a prime, respondents are more likely to consider the content of presidential communication. Perceptions of partisan acrimony can affect how partisans perceive important institutions like the presidency in terms of job approval and issue stance.
Editorial overview of the current issue of MOJ Anatomy & Physiology

Specifically, the anthropometric studies focus on facial morphology of Indian American populations. These two studies provide morphometric data that can be used in surgical procedures. The musculocutaneous nerve case study reports new variations in this nerve’s branching pattern as studied in cadavers. The Npas4 study provides data indicating that this protein is upregulated in a rat model following ischemic stroke and suggests that Npas4 may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of post-infarction. Finally, the biomechanics article focuses on the clinical pathologies of motor control as related to kinetic therapy retraining strategies. Volume 1 Issue 4 2015
First and second-order features for detection of masses in digital breast tomosynthesis

We are developing novel methods for prescreening of mass candidates in computer-aided detection (CAD) system for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). With IRB approval and written informed consent, 186 views from 94 breasts were imaged using a GE GEN2 prototype DBT system. The data set was randomly separated into training and test sets by cases. Gradient field convergence features based on first-order features were used to select the initial set of mass candidates. Eigenvalues based on second-order features from the Hessian matrix were extracted for the mass candidate locations in the DBT volume. The features from the first- and second-order analysis form the feature vector that was input to a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier to generate a candidate-likelihood score. The likelihood scores were ranked and the top N candidates were passed onto the subsequent detection steps. The improvement between using only first-order features and the combination of first and second-order features was analyzed using a rank-sensitivity plot. 3D objects were obtained with two-stage 3D clustering followed by active contour segmentation. Morphological, gradient field, and texture features were extracted and feature selection was performed using stepwise feature selection. A combination of LDA and rule-based classifiers was used for FP reduction. The LDA classifier output a masslikelihood score for each object that was used as a decision variable for FROC analysis. At breast-based sensitivities of 70% and 80%, prescreening using first-order and second-order features resulted in 0.7 and 1.0 FPs/DBT.
Nuclear Spreading Widths of Particle-Vibration 1/2 + Doorway Resonances in 207 Pb and 209 Pb

The nuclear spreading widths of the $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{209}\mathrm{Pb}$ ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$ doorway resonances are calculated in a particle-vibration model. The hallway states are of the particle---two-photon type. The fine structure in $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ is essentially due to the availability of many hallways (some with large matrix elements) and their proximity to the doorway. The $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{209}\mathrm{Pb}$ ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$ doorway spreading widths are found to be in line with the experimental situation.
Abstract 4595: ERK/MAPK regulation of ERRγ in Tamoxifen resistant breast cancer

Breast cancer is a serious public health problem that is the second-most common cause of cancer-related death in women. Endocrine therapy, like Tamoxifen (TAM), has made significant contributions to the successful management of ER+ breast cancer but unfortunately 30-50% of these tumors may acquire endocrine resistance. However, not all ER+ breast cancers are the same. Two of the major classifications of breast cancer are invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). In comparison to IDC, a significantly greater percentage of ILCs are estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ER+) and progesterone receptor-positive (PR+). Therefore, women diagnosed with this tumor subtype should be ideal candidates for endocrine or antiestrogen therapy. However, clinical studies differ as to whether ILC patients experience better or worse survival following antiestrogen treatment when compared to ER+ IDC patients. In a model of TAM-resistance in ILC, we have shown that the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen related receptor gamma (ERRγ) plays a functional role in the resistant phenotype of LCCTam cells, ERRγ overexpression is sufficient to induce TAM resistance, and we show for the first time that ERRγ is serine-phosphorylated in TAM-resistant breast cancer cells in association with increased expression and activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK; ERK). We have also recently found an IDC-derived model of TAM-resistance to overexpress ERRγ. Therefore, we hypothesize that ERK regulates ERRγ transcriptional activity and is a critical determinant of ERRγ-induced TAM resistance in breast cancer. To test this hypothesis, we used two antiestrogen-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cell line pairs: IDC-derived RR cells and their sensitive controls MCF7, and the ILC-derived LCCTam cells and their sensitive controls SUM44. In both sensitive controls we found TAM alone to cause cell death. When we added the ERK inhibitor, U0126, to the TAM treatments, cell death increased. The resistant cell lines showed no effect with the addition of TAM alone, but the TAM treatment coupled with the inhibitor restored sensitivity and caused cell death. Additionally, we tested the transcriptional activity of ERRγ in the presence or absence of the ERK inhibitor. We found each of the four cell lines to show decreased ERRγ transcriptional activity in the presence of U0126. Future studies include the identification of the serine residues on ERRγ being phosphorylated by ERK, and whether ERRγ overexpression is associated with increased ERK expression and activity, poor overall survival, and poor response to TAM in breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4595.
Evaluation of Occupational Hazards Control in Organic Chlorine Project of A Chemical Company

[Objective]To evaluate occupational hazards control in organic chlorine project of a chemical company in terms of harmful levels and effect or preventive measures, and provide reference for enterprise occupational health management and technical basis for health administrative departments to conduct final acceptance or special treatment on this project.[Methods]A combination of field investigation, check list method, inspection and occupational health inspection was adopted to conduct analysis and evaluation.[Results]Protective facilities of occupational diseases at the scene, management measures, personal protective equipment, health supervision and the occupational hazards detection basically met the national existing laws and regulations and occupational health standards.[Conclusion]Occupational hazard control measures of this project basically accord with the national existing laws and regulations, occupational health standards as well as the requirements of completion and acceptance of occupational protection facilities.
Controlling the Pyrolysis Conditions of Microporous/Mesoporous MIL-125 To Synthesize Porous, Carbon-Supported Ti Catalysts with Targeted Ti Phases for the Oxidation of Dibenzothiophene

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used as templates to synthesize a variety of functional materials. Pyrolysis of Zn-MOFs typically yields materials that retain the high surface area of the parent MOF while imparting mesoporosity due to carbothermal reduction and Zn evaporation. When non-Zn containing MOFs are used, significant loss in surface area and porosity after pyrolysis is observed. To overcome these limitations, a hierarchical microporous/mesoporous analogue of microporous MIL-125 (Ti) was synthesized and subjected to pyrolysis at various temperatures. By varying the pyrolysis temperature, both Ti content and phase in the final materials could be altered. The resulting materials exhibited enhanced mesoporosity and activity as catalysts in the oxidation of dibenzothiophene when compared to pyrolyzed microporous MIL-125. This increased activity was attributed to the greater mesoporosity of the hierarchical materials. This work demonstrated that the properties of MOF-templated materials can b...
Interplay Between Autophagy and Inflammasomes

The autophagy and inflammasome are two ancient innate immune pathways for controlling invading pathogens that are linked mutual regulation. In addition to controlling the cellular metabolic homeostasis through nutrient recycling, the autophagy “self-eating” process is also responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles, aggregated protein complexes, and pathogens to protect the integrity of the organism. As a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) complex, the inflammasome both induces and induced by autophagy through direct interaction with major autophagy proteins or through the effects of secondary molecules, such as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial DNA. While the underlying molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation are largely unknown, much of current knowledge has been established through investigation of the role of autophagy in innate immune response. Many of the newly uncovered links between autophagy and inflammasome have raised new questions about the mechanism controlling inflammasome function, which are highlighted in this chapter.
Systemic sarcoidosis first manifesting in a tattoo in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibition

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is revolutionising the treatment of cancer. However, their unique toxicity profile is substantially different from what has been observed with traditional chemotherapy, resulting in a novel learning curve for medical oncologists. Early recognition of these toxicities can make a substantial impact in ameliorating these side effects in the oncological and medical-surgical fields. Here, we present a case of Lofgren syndrome sarcoidosis, which first manifested in a tattoo in a patient with metastatic urothelial cancer on therapy with anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) and anti-PD1 (nivolumab).
4-H Science: Evaluating Across Sites to Critically Examine Training of Adult Facilitators

As 4-H Youth Development focuses on developing and delivering high quality STEM learning experiences, the issues related to the preparation of the adults who facilitate learning with youth are important to address. This paper outlines a five-state pilot project funded by the 3M Foundation to test a model for training adult facilitators. The findings from this study raise questions about how non-formal educational programs involve and mobilize adult facilitators to work with youth in STEM-related learning when the emphasis is not only on engaging young people, but also on deepening their thinking and learning about engineering phenomena, in this case wind energy. Evidence from the process evaluation illustrates the extent to which three train-the-trainer applications incorporated the original educational design, surfacing questions about how to design high quality, yet practical, training applications within 4-H.
Exploring Future Rural Development in the Poyang Lake Region

An agent-based computer model is developed to explore the effects of different subsidy policies and resilience of rural development in the PLR. The model represents land-use and livelihood decision making of farmer households in three types of villages that have poor, average, and rich farmland. Household agents allocate their labor between nonfarm and agricultural work, and make rice cropping choices. They also exchange farmland in a land rental market. Three policy scenarios are examined: subsidies to rice growers, subsidies to large farms, and subsidies to households that rent out their farmland for the long term. The model experiments are not intended to make quantitative predictions but to aid our understanding about (1) the nature and potential effects of these policies across different villages at different stages of development, and (2) how rural development may be affected by economic and environmental shocks. I discuss how policy may need to differentiate across locations and adapt in the near future to effectively promote rural development amid social and environmental changes.