cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solitons in a channel emerging from a three-dimensional initial wave

An implicit, three-time level, finite-difference scheme is presented which solves the initial-boundary-value problem for a regularized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, modelling the evolution of a variety of wave systems for which weak dispersive, nonlinear and three-dimensional effects are taken into account. Linear and nonlinear tests are performed to test the scheme and the numerical results are found to compare accurately with known theoretical solutions. The evolution of a localized weakly three-dimensional initial condition in a channel is then studied. In all cases the numerical experiments show that the wave tends to a two-dimensional state: for initial waves with positive net volume two-dimensional solitons rapidly emerge. This behaviour agrees with laboratory experiments performed by different authors. Moreover, the radiation yields three-dimensional patterns similar to Genus 2, solutions of the KP equation.
THE SUN BELT‐SNOW BELT: A CASE OF SLOPPY REGIONALIZING

The Sun Belt has become a part of the American vocabulary without a careful examination of its validity as a region. This analysis, using a variety of techniques and variables taken from the topics of federal involvement, economic well-being, and population change, concludes that the Sun Belt does not emerge as a distinct and homogeneous region. The Snow Belt would be better expressed as the Core (the old Manufacturing Belt).
Challenges and Opportunities of Online Education

Recently, the continuing development of telecommunication technology has enabled the creation of a new form of education—online education (OLE). OLE provides the flexibility and efficiency of compu...
Influence of endurance training and catecholamines on exercise VO2 response.

For constant-load, heavy exercise (i.e., above the lactate threshold (TLac)), a slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2) is observed. Endurance training reduces the magnitude of the slow component and, hence, end-exercise VO2. Reductions in exercise VO2 have been reported after 7-8 wk of training; unpublished observations suggest that the VO2 slow component may be attenuated after just 2 wk of training. A minimum training intensity for eliciting reductions in constant-load exercise VO2 has not been established; however, in the elderly, training at an intensity below TLac resulted in similar reductions in exercise VO2 as did training above TLac. Mechanisms responsible for the reduced slow component of VO2 after training remain to be firmly established. Evidence both for and against blood lactate concentration ([L-]) as a mediator of the slow component has been published; high correlations between [L-] and the slow component, and between the training-induced reductions in these variables, appear to be more coincidental than causal. Decreased pulmonary ventilation after training may account for between 14% and 30% of the reduction in the slow component of VO2. Epinephrine infusion does not augment exercise VO2, nor does beta-adrenergic blockade diminish the magnitude of the slow component of VO2.
Simulation of aeroelastic mesoflaps for shock/boundary-layer interaction

Abstract A novel concept involving an array of mesoflaps that allow for aeroelastic recirculating transpiration has the capability to control shock/boundary-layer interactions. The concept consists of a matrix of small flaps (rigidly fixed at their upstream end and covering an enclosed cavity) which are designed to undergo aeroelastic deflection to achieve proper mass bleed or injection when subjected to gas dynamic shock loads. To investigate the static behavior of the mesoflap system, a loosely coupled aeroelastic finite element scheme was developed. The technique uses an unstructured grid for both the fluid and solid domains to allow for potentially complex geometries. Issues of optimum fluid cycles per aeroelastic iteration, under-relaxation, and adaptive mesh re-gridding versus motion were considered in the context of the flap deflection. The aeroelastic convergence was accelerated and improved by employing such techniques.
A Modified Play-the-Winner Rule for Sequential Trials

Abstract The two-arm bandit type of Play-the-Winner rule is modified to sample simultaneously the two competing sequences of trials until the first “failure” occurs. Then the sequence without a failure is sampled until it fails, and the process is repeated. This modification leads to the direct application of the sequential probability ratio test on two paired geometric variables. A further modification leads to a scheme which avoids overshooting the stopping boundaries and reduces the total sample size. Exact formulas for the boundary limits, operating characteristics and ASN function for the proposed methods are presented.
EFFECTS OF LIMB DISABILITY ON LOUSINESS IN MICE. II. INTERSEX GROOMING RELATIONSHIPS.

Abstract Mice that are handicapped as a result of hindlimb disability or amputation develop very large louse burdens when kept separately, but when kept in groups mutual grooming frees them of lice. The most rapid reduction of established louse populations occurred when male mice were placed with female mice. The most efficient grooming took place when one member of a pair was normal and uninfested. Compatibility influenced the grooming reaction, especially in male twosomes. Litter mates kept together were most uniform in reciprocal grooming reactions. Mutual grooming was a life-saving activity among animals overwhelmed by lice as a result of artificially induced postinfectious paralysis. It is postulated as a factor of importance in the parasite-host relationship in wild rodents.
Preparing for the environmental decade: A field experiment on recycling behavior

Abstract This paper examines the impact of a communication campaign designed to encourage recycling participation in a community curbside pickup program. Residents in the experimental treatments were contacted in one of three ways—an interpersonal reminder about the scheduled pickup for the neighborhood, a flier noting the scheduled pickup and detailing how to prepare materials for curbside pickup, or a flier noting the scheduled pickup and providing examples of the economic advantages of recycling efforts. Results of the field experiment are based on population data comparing the total number of households in each treatment group that participated in the recycling program prior to and following the campaign. Analyses indicated that mean participation in all experimental treatments exceeded the goal of one‐third of all households participating. Participation in the control neighborhoods lagged behind the experimental groups. The authors attribute the similar level of success of interpersonal and printed c...
Biodegradation of resorcinol and catechol by denitrifying enrichment cultures

We examined the anaerobic degradation of catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene), resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene), and hydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene), which are widely used industrial reagents and central intermediates in the biodegradation of numerous aromatic compounds. Anaerobic denitrifying enrichments were established with sediments from an estuarine tidal strait in New Jersey, USA. The three dihydroxybenzene isomers were provided as a sole carbon source in separate enrichment series. Resorcinol- and catechol-degrading consortia used their respective substrates over repeated feedings. Initial loss of hydroquinone was observed, but activity could not be maintained. The degradation of resorcinol and catechol was coupled to denitrification and was dependent on nitrate or nitrite as an electron acceptor. Nitrate consumption and N2 production corresponded to the stoichiometric values predicted for the oxidation of dihydroxybenzenes to CO2.
Treatment of war neuroses from Vietnam

Abstract Few psychiatric syndromes have been as clearly described or had such effective treatment as war neuroses. Psychiatric illness caused by warfare has been encountered in every major 20th-century conflict. The literature on traumatic neuroses is not limited to reports from military expeditions, but ranges from psychological effects secondary to natural disasters, to reports on concentration camp survivors. These anecdotal studies include descriptions of rapid or prolonged therapeutic interventions, ranging from immediate affect catharsis to extensive psychoanalytic exploration. Varying hypnotherapeutic procedures offer the most rapid and thorough resolution to acute symptoms. The data for this report were collected over a 10-yr experience in the treatment of acute and chronic traumatic neuroses due to combat in the Vietnam conflict.
Development of a captive breeding program for the Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa: Relaxation and sex ratio recommendations

Abstract Stock enhancement of the Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa , is a potential management strategy for the conservation of the endangered snail kite which is dependent upon the snail as its predominant food source. Reliable culture techniques that provide high growth and survival rates for juvenile snails have been established; however, additional research is needed to improve breeding in captivity. The goals of this study were to efficiently relax the snails to identify the sex in order to conduct a study to understand the effect of different sex ratios on reproductive output. Of the seven chemical solutions used to relax the snails, benzocaine mixed in methanol was the most effective. To examine the effect of sex ratio, 10 snails were stocked into 75 L tanks within a recirculating aquaculture system at the ratios of 3 F:7 M, 5 F:5 M, 7 F:3 M, and 8 F:2 M for 8 weeks. There was a significant positive relationship between the number of egg clutches produced and a higher number of females in the tank. However, there were no significant differences in the number of eggs per clutch, egg diameter, percent hatch rates, female production (egg clutches per female per week), or the number of juvenile snails produced per female. The number of copulations was observed for the first three weeks of the experiment. When standardized to the number of copulations per male snails, no significant differences between treatments were detected. Our results suggest that a female-biased sex ratio may prove optimal and cost effective for large-scale captive breeding production. Future studies should determine the minimal proportion of males needed to limit the loss of genetic diversity in a female-biased stock enhancement program.
ZnO/ZnSe/ZnTe Heterojunctions for ZnTe-Based Solar Cells

ZnO and ZnSe are proposed as n-type layers in ZnTe heterojunction diodes to overcome problems associated with the n-type doping of ZnTe. The structural properties and electrical characteristics of ZnO/ZnTe and ZnO/ZnSe/ZnTe heterojunctions grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (001) GaAs substrates are presented. ZnO shows a strong preference for c-plane (0001) orientation resulting in a nonepitaxial relationship and high density of rotational domains for growth on ZnTe (001). ZnSe/ZnTe structures demonstrate a (001) epitaxial relationship with high density of {111} stacking faults originating at the heterojunction interface. ZnO/ZnSe/ZnTe heterojunction diodes show excellent diode rectification and clear photovoltaic response with open-circuit voltage of VOC = 0.8 V.
Effects of altered left ventricular geometry on quantitative technetium 99m sestamibi defect size in humans: Perfusion imaging during coronary angioplasty

Background Serial myocardial perfusion imaging is used to assess exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and myocardial risk area, salvage, and viability in patients with myocardial infarction. In an experimental animal model it has been shown that abnormal regional wall motion and altered left ventricular geometry can produce apparent perfusion defects independent of changes in blood flow. The effects of regional alteration in ventricular geometry on perfusion images in humans are not defined. The purpose of our investigation was to evaluate quantitatively the effect of altered left ventricular geometry on myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium 99m sestamibi during coronary angioplasty.
Insight into mitochondrial structure and function from electron tomography

In recent years, electron tomography has provided detailed three-dimensional models of mitochondria that have redefined our concept of mitochondrial structure. The models reveal an inner membrane consisting of two components, the inner boundary membrane (IBM) closely apposed to the outer membrane and the cristae membrane that projects into the matrix compartment. These two components are connected by tubular structures of relatively uniform size called crista junctions. The distribution of crista junction sizes and shapes is predicted by a thermodynamic model based upon the energy of membrane bending, but proteins likely also play a role in determining the conformation of the inner membrane. Results of structural studies of mitochondria during apoptosis demonstrate that cytochrome c is released without detectable disruption of the outer membrane or extensive swelling of the mitochondrial matrix, suggesting the formation of an outer membrane pore large enough to allow passage of holo-cytochrome c. The possible compartmentation of inner membrane function between the IBM and the cristae membrane is also discussed.
Side-viewing detector for a vacuum ultraviolet reflectometer.

The problem of detector response, which arises in the application of the reflectance vs angle of incidence method to the determination of optical constants in the vacuum UV spectral region is discussed. The analysis is performed for the side-viewing 1P21 detector sensitized with sodium salycilate. To take advantage of the wide selection photomultipliers available in the end-on configuration, a scheme for converting the end-on types to a side viewing geometry with a response uniform over several degrees of detector rotation is developed. It consists of a 32-mm diam spherical collector, located at the end of a cylindrical photomultiplier holder, with 12-mm entrance and viewing ports and a position for the sensitized screen also 12-mm in diameter.-
Predictive hybrid control of the supermarket refrigeration benchmark process

Abstract Predictive control is applied to a supermarket refrigeration process in which all actuators are on/off devices. This process has been proposed as a benchmark for the evaluation of hybrid control methods. It is shown that decentralized predictive control of display case temperatures, when combined with predictive control of suction manifold pressure, can greatly reduce or eliminate on/off compressor cycling. The strategy is scalable to large systems. Results are presented for an application involving 10 display cases and six compressors. Traditional hysteresis control causes synchronization of display case temperature oscillations. The proposed predictive approach includes desynchronization, which is shown to be necessary for minimization of compressor cycling. Finally, it is shown that the minimum possible number of compressor cycles can be estimated. This limit on control system performance is imposed by process design and operating conditions. It is also shown that the recommended predictive control strategy operates close to the minimum possible number of compressor cycles for the benchmark process.
The microvillus 110K cytoskeletal protein is an integral membrane protein

A protein of 110,000 MW connects actin filaments to the plasma membrane in microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study four independent lines of evidence suggest that the 110K protein is directly bound to the lipid bilayer. The solubilization of the 110K protein requires detergents and removal of detergent after solubilization results in aggregation. The 110K protein partitions into the detergent phase in Triton X-114 solutions. It is selectively incorporated into liposomes. It is specifically labeled with the hydrophobic probe 14C-phenylisothiocyanate. In addition we present a purification scheme for the 110K protein in milligram amounts. This represents the simplest system of membrane to filament attachment, in which an integral membrane protein is also a cytoskeletal protein.
Leading a Rational Life

We often assess the rationality of an action in terms of the desires of the actor at the time of acting. But a bit of reflection shows that this viewpoint is much too narrow. The rationality of an action must be assessed in terms of the rationality of the life of which it is a part. After showing why this is so (Section II), I shall claim that certain ways decision theory might naturally lead us to think about our lives would not be reasonable (Section III). I Then want to propose a way of thinking about the rationality of a life (Section IV) and reply to some possible misunderstandings of it (Section V). Before doing this, however, I shall have to make clear what sort of rationality I am interested in and what I am assuming about it (Section I).
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY OF THE THUMB TWITCH FROM NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCK BY SUXAMETHONIUM IN ANAESTHETIZED MAN

The neuromuscular blocking effect of repeated bolus administration of suxamethonium 1 mg/kg was observed in 10 healthy surgical patients under enflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Tachyphylaxis and slow recovery of the thumb twitch occurred in close dose-relationships with transition of Phase I block to Phase II, using train-of-four fade as an indicator of the transition. Failure of the thumb twitch to recover to 75% of control, and subsequent step-wise depression from additional doses of suxamethonium had a sudden onset shortly after establishment of marked train-of-four fade.
The addition of eggs to the hen's clutch by repeated injections of ovulation-inducing hormones.

The hen usually lays her eggs at the rate of one a day for several days, misses a day, and then approximately repeats this performance. Her clutch may vary in length from 1 egg to more than 100, but generally it contains fewer than 4 or 5 eggs. Ovulation does not occur on the day the terminal egg of the clutch is laid, but some 14 to 18 hours later, or early in the morning of the following day (Warren and Scott, 1935). Previous work has shown that ovulation can be induced in the normal hen by anterior pituitary gonadotrophin (Fraps, Olsen, and Neher, 1942) and by progesterone (Fraps and Dury, 1943). In regularly laying hens the first follicle of an oncoming clutch can be caused to ovulate readily by as much as 24 hours’ prematurity, and, by properly timed injections, oviposition of the terminal egg of one clutch and ovulation of the first follicle of a succeeding clutch approximate the relation characteristic of normal intraclutch successions (Fraps, 1942). Thus a normal 2-egg clutch became a 3-egg clutch...
Operating condition optimization of corncob hydrothermal conversion for bio-oil production

Abstract The effect of reaction temperature, retention time, biomass content, and catalyst loading on bio-oil yield, carbon content, and carbon recovery of corncob hydrothermal conversion was investigated and optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). The four variables ranged from 280 to 340 °C for temperature, 12–48 min for retention time, 9–21% for biomass solid content, and 0.76–2.25% for catalyst loading. It was found from RSM modeling that higher bio-oil yield and higher carbon recovery could be achieved at relatively low temperatures and short retention times with high biomass solid contents and moderate alkaline catalyst loadings in the test ranges. A maximum bio-oil yield of 41.3% and maximum carbon recovery of 47.1% were obtained at 280 °C, 12 min, and 21% biomass solid content with 1.03–1.56% catalyst loading. Bio-oil carbon content was found affected only by the reaction temperature and biomass solid content in the RSM model. Higher temperature and lower biomass solid content were favored. The highest bio-oil carbon content of 74.8% was achieved at 340 °C with 9% biomass solid content. The predicted bio-oil yield, carbon content and carbon recovery were in close agreement with validation experiment results, indicating that the RSM models were accurate in designing and optimizing the hydrothermal conversion of corncobs.
Systemic joint laxity (the hypermobile joint syndrome) is associated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction

A consecutive series of 37 individuals admitted to the hospital for elective temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstructive surgery and 3 seen as outpatients with TMJ disease were evaluated for rheumatic disease or for another etiologic factor that might account for this problem. These 40 patients were screened by history, physical examination, and laboratory study. We soon noticed that many patients had generalized joint laxity. Eighteen of the first 40 individuals satisfied established criteria for the hypermobile joint syndrome. An additional 3 were found to have Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or a forme fruste of this disorder. Many were markedly hypermobile and could perform a number of flexible maneuvers. Although excessive joint laxity is known to be associated with a variety of rheumatic conditions, TMJ disease has not been recognized as one of them. No patient in this series had a systemic inflammatory disorder or any other apparent etiologic factor for TMJ disease. We suggest that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between generalized joint laxity and TMJ disease.
A bandwidth allocation scheme for compositional real-time systems with periodic resources

Allocation of bandwidth among components is a fundamental problem in compositional real-time systems. State-of-the-art algorithms for bandwidth allocation use either exponential-time or pseudo-polynomial-time techniques for exact allocation, or linear-time, utilization-based techniques which may over-provision bandwidth. In this paper, we propose research into a third possible approach: parametric approximation algorithms for bandwidth allocation in compositional real-time systems. We develop a fully-polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for allocating bandwidth for sporadic task systems scheduled by earliest-deadline first (EDF) upon an Explicit-Deadline Periodic (EDP) resource. Our algorithm takes, as parameters, the task system and an accuracy parameter ?>0, and returns a bandwidth which is guaranteed to be at most a factor (1+?) more than the optimal minimum bandwidth required to successfully schedule the task system. Furthermore, the algorithm has time complexity that is polynomial in the number of tasks and 1/?.
Further regularity for the signorini problem

(1979). Further regularity for the signorini problem. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 4, No. 9, pp. 1067-1075.
Neutralino inelastic scattering with subsequent detection of nuclear γ rays

We consider the potential benefits of searching for supersymmetric dark matter through its inelastic excitation, via the “scalar current,” of low-lying collective nuclear states in a detector. If such states live long enough so that the γ radiation from their decay can be separated from the signal due to nuclear recoil, then background can be dramatically reduced. We show how the kinematics of neutralino-nucleus scattering is modified when the nucleus is excited and derive expressions for the form factors associated with exciting collective states. We apply these results to two specific cases: (1) the Iπ=5/2+ state at 13 keV in 73Ge, and (2) the rotational and hence very collective state Iπ=3/2+ at 8 keV in 169Tm (even though observing the transition down from that state will be difficult). In both cases we compare the form factors for inelastic scattering with those for elastic scattering. The inelastic cross section is considerably smaller than its elastic counterpart, though perhaps not always prohibitively so.
The separation of RNA polymerases I and II achieved by fractionation of plant chromatin.

Abstract Chromatin-bound RNA polymerase I and II from soybean hypocotyl can be separated by differential centrifugation. While all detectable RNA polymerase I is pelleted in association with chromatin, nearly all of the RNA polymerase II activity is not pelleted even at high speeds. Substitution of pH 6 for pH 8 isolation medium results in several-fold greater recovery of chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II.
Chemisorption mechanism and effect of polyacrylic acid on the improvement in bond durability of zinc phosphate-to-polymer adhesive joints

It has been found that the outermost surface sites of polyacrylic acid-complexed crystalline zinc phosphate layers precipitated on cold-rolled steel surfaces act significantly to promote interfacial adhesive bonding to polymeric topcoats. This is the result of electrostatic internal diffusion and segmental chemisorption mechanisms of polyelectrolyte macromolecules either on newly precipitated crystal nuclei or on crystal growth sites during the primary zinc phosphate conversion process. The nature of the polymer-to-polymer chemical bond produced at the polymer-to-complex zinc phosphate precoat interfacial joints plays the key role in the achievement of long-term bond durability upon exposure to chemically corrosive environments. The locus of adhesive loss at the polymer-to-complex zinc phosphate joints after exposure to a hot acid solution was clearly identified to be cohesive failure in the crystalline precoat layers. A stable bond resulted from the formation of an interfacially produced hydrophobic structure by interactions between the polymer and the functional organic species existing on the complex precoat surfaces. The chemisorbed polyelectrolytes also served chemically to couple the organic coating and the inorganic zinc phosphate conversion layer.
The work of the student doctor: a pilot project

Summary The primary task of the student doctor in the third year of medical school is to inquire into problems of illness, in co-operation with patients, house officers and other staff. This is a new kind of work for most medical students, who have spent the previous two years reading textbooks and listening to lectures. How do students get out of these passive forms of learning into active inquiry? How do they learn to work co-operatively with other people in the technical difficulty and emotional upheaval of illness? We know that most medical students somehow manage to become practicing physicians, but we have known very little about this critical transition. We would expect that this phase of training, like any major transition in the life cycle, leads to great strain and the formation of new patterns of thinking and behaviour that will last through a lifetime of clinical practice. These considerations lead directly to practical matters of medical education and research. How can we best study this critical period? How can we offer the best education to student doctors forming working relationships with patients? This paper describes a working model of training and research to meet these concerns, adapted from the work of Michael Balint and colleagues in the ‘G.P. (General Practitioner) Seminars’(Balint, 1954, 1957; Bourne, 1975).
Encapsulation altered starch digestion: Toward developing starch-based delivery systems

Starch is an abundant biomaterial that forms a vital energy source for humans. Altering its digestion, e.g. increasing the proportions of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS), would revolutionize starch utility in addressing a number of health issues related to glucose absorption, glycemic index and colon health. The research reported in this article is based on my hypothesis that water channels present in the B-type starch crystalline matrix, particularly in tuber starches, can embed guest molecules such as nutraceuticals, drugs, flavor compounds and vitamins leading to altered starch digestion. Toward this goal, potato starch has been chosen as the model tuber starch, and ibuprofen, benzocaine, sulfapyridine, curcumin, thymol and ascorbic acid as model guest molecules. X-ray powder diffraction and FT-IR analyses clearly suggest the incorporation of guest molecules in the water channels of potato starch. Furthermore, the in vitro digestion profiles of complexes are intriguing with major variations occurring after 60 min of starch digestion and finally at 120 min. These changes are concomitantly reflected in the SDS and RS amounts, with about 24% decrease in SDS for benzocaine complex and 6% increase in RS for ibuprofen complex, attesting the ability of guest molecule encapsulation in modulating the digestion properties of potato starch. Overall, this research provides an elegant opportunity for the design and development of novel starch-based stable carriers that not only bestow tailored glucose release rates but could also transport health promoting and disease preventing compounds.
Functional policy actions: Agency activities subsequent to budgeting

This study considers numerous non-budgetary measures of policy activity (called functional actions) that are conducted by agencies as they seek to implement their programs. Relationships found in earlier research among maturity, coalitions, and budgetary variables with the functional actions of agencies are extended here through a subsample test of the data and through the utilization of functional actions as independent as well as dependent variables. These functional actions are considered important because they directly affect the lives of citizens, seem manipulable by agencies, and represent a crucial first step in evaluating both the governmental and societal impact of agency programs. Data for eight federal agencies from fiscal years 1960 through 1971 were usedincorporating percentages and simple bivariate correlation coefficients. While the findings remain tentative,numerous implications are suggested for agency behavior and for the empirical study of public policy.
Preparation and identification of iridium bipyridine and phenanthroline complexes

Abstract The syntheses of the bis-, bisequis- and tris(2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) complexes of iridium(III) and the bis-, bisesquis- and tris(1,10)phenathroline) (phen) complexes of iridium(III) are described. The purification of these complexes using Cellex P and Sephadex LH-20 is presented. The identification of these complexes by the use of luminescence, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and elemental analysis is also discussed.
The reactions of radical positive ions of aromatic compounds with alkyl halides

Abstract The collision complexes formed in the ion/molecule reactions of the benzene radical positive ions and neutral alkyl iodides were investigated by using tandem sector mass spectrometry (MS/MS), ion trap, and Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The collision complexes are nonisomerizing iodonium radical positive ions, which dissociate to gas-phase arenium ions. The benzene radical positive ion also forms collision complexes with bromoalkanes, although these adducts do not go on to give arenium ions. The benzene radical positive ion is unreactive with chloroalkanes. The scope of the reaction was extended by showing that covalent gas-phase collision complexes form between neutral 2-iodopropane and the radical positive ions of toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, furan, thiophene, and pyridine. The results establish that the reaction between the radical positive ion of an aromatic species and neutral iodoalkanes is a method for forming gas-phase arenium ions. It is possible that solution arenium ions may be formed by using this reaction.
Si/SiO2-Templated Formation of Ultraflat Metal Surfaces on Glass, Polymer, and Solder Supports: Their Use as Substrates for Self-Assembled Monolayers

This paper describes the use of several methods of template stripping (TS) to produce ultraflat films of silver, gold, palladium, and platinum on both rigid and polymeric mechanical supports: a composite of glass and ultraviolet (UV)-curable adhesive (optical adhesive, OA), solder, a composite of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and OA, and bare OA. Silicon supporting its native oxide layer (Si/SiO2) serves as a template for both mechanical template stripping (mTS), in which the metal film is mechanically cleaved from the template, and chemical template stripping (cTS), in which the film−template composite is immersed in a solution of thiols, and the formation of the SAM on the metal film causes the film to separate from the template. Films formed on all supports have lower root-mean-square (rms) roughness (as measured by atomic force microscopy, AFM) than films used as-deposited (AS-DEP) by electron-beam evaporation. Monolayers of n-dodecanethiolate formed by the mTS and cTS methods are effectively indist...
Fracture faces in frozen outer segments from the guinea pig retina.

Outer segments from the retina of the guinea pig have been examined with the freeze-etch technique. In many ways their appearance corroborates previous descriptions of their fine structure. However, the fracture faces of the disc membrane are distinctive and unlike those of any other membrane examined by freeze-etching. One face has the appearance of shallow, irregularly shaped pits surrounded by steep, interconnecting ridges. The other face has the appearance of worn cobblestone pavement. The “stones” are somewhat irregularly shaped, are tightly packed together, and have dimensions of 200–250 A. In transverse fracture, a single disc membrane is represented by a pair of ridges and has a thickness of about 90 A. Evidence is presented that the disc membranes split during fracture and that the two faces seen in freeze-etched replicas are apposed in the intact membrane. This interpretation, assuming fractures split membranes, is compared with one assuming fractures occur along membrane surfaces. The inadequacies of both interpretations are discussed. Plastic deformation can occur during fracture. Such deformation may explain some interpretational difficulties and may account for the lack of perfect match between the two fracture faces in the disc membrane.
A simple filtration system for red blood cell depletion and volume reduction in routine processing of human umbilical cord blood

Background and Objectives Currently, stem cells and other progenitor cells are obtained from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) using a variety of methods that are designed primarily for red blood cell depletion and volume reduction prior to freezing and storage. Some of these methods are very cumbersome and involve several steps that may result in significant cell loss. Therefore, processes that minimize the loss of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) remains very critical. In the present study, we describe a simple filtration process for achieving both volume reduction and red blood cell depletion in a ‘closed sterile system’ with significant recovery of viable HSPC. Materials and Methods About 80–100 ml of HUCB were collected into citrate–phosphate–dextrose–adenine 1 anticoagulant. Each HUCB was divided into 25–70-ml aliquots and then either diluted with isotonic saline or filtered without any prior dilution with an experimental Red Cell Volume Reduction System (RCVRS). The HSPCs were recovered by retrograde rinsing of the filter with an isotonic stem cell recovery solution. The viability, colony forming properties, leucocytes and CD34+ cells recoveries were determined. Results The mean volume of the HUCB before processing was reduced from 43·9 ± 7·9 ml to 11·8 ± 0·7 ml (n = 55) with red blood cell depletion of 85·2 ± 3·7%. Diluting the HUCB with isotonic saline prior to processing with RCVRS increased the red blood cell depletion to 91·9 ± 3·0% (n = 7) without any significant loss in viability or cell recovery. The mean viability of the RCVRS-processed HUCB was not significantly different from the control unprocessed blood (96·60 ± 1·90 vs. 96·63 ± 2·12%; P > 0·05). The mean recoveries of the CD34+ and the haematopoietic clonogenic progenitor cells with the filter were 83·9 ± 26·8 (n = 40) and 99·9 ± 27·9% (n = 35), respectively. Conclusion The present results show that the RCVRS provides a simple and easy-to-use process for obtaining red blood cell depletion and volume reduction of HUCB with good cell viability and recoveries.
The distributed processing approach to hospital information processing.

Integration of heterogeneous computer-based subsystems in a hospital is examined with respect to component attributes of distributed data processing and communications technology. Requirements of system users, designers, and managers are identified for developing an integrated system. Technical approaches to satisfy stated requirements are discussed and a selected system design is described. The selected approach supports immediate integration of diverse subsystems, and fosters user-controlled growth through use of a highly flexible, intelligent communications network subsystem.
Mortality of coho salmon caught and released using sport tackle in the Little Susitna River, Alaska

Abstract Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were caught with sport gear in the estuary of the Little Susitna River, southcentral Alaska. Fish were double marked and released. All coho salmon observed migrating through a weir above the estuary and a portion caught in a sport fishery below the weir were examined for marks. A second group of coho salmon were caught using similar sport gear above the estuary. These fish were handled and marked identically as the fish captured in the estuary, except that they were held in a holding pen at the weir with an equal number of coho salmon dip netted at the weir. Coho salmon which were caught and released in the estuary suffered a significantly higher rate of mortality (69%) than did either the coho salmon caught and held above the estuary (12%) or those which were dip netted and held at the weir (1%). Factors that could influence rates of hook-induced mortality were measured at the time of hooking. Hook location, hook removal, and bleeding significantly affected the measured mortality rate.
Adaptation mechanism of the aspartate receptor: Electrostatics of the adaptation subdomain play a key role in modulating kinase activity

The aspartate receptor of the Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium chemotaxis pathway generates a transmembrane signal that regulates the activity of the cytoplasmic kinase CheA. Previous studies have identified a region of the cytoplasmic domain that is critical to receptor adaptation and kinase regulation. This region, termed the adaptation subdomain, contains a high density of acidic residues, including specific glutamate residues that serve as receptor adaptation sites. However, the mechanism of signal propagation through this region remains poorly understood. This study uses site-directed mutagenesis to neutralize each acidic residue within the subdomain to probe the hypothesis that electrostatics in this region play a significant role in the mechanism of kinase activation and modulation. Each point mutant was tested for its ability to regulate chemotaxis in vivo and kinase activity in vitro. Four point mutants (D273N, E281Q, D288N, and E477Q) were found to superactivate the kinase relative to the wild-type receptor, and all four of these kinase-activating substitutions are located along the same intersubunit interface as the adaptation sites. These activating substitutions retained the wild-type ability of the attractant-occupied receptor to inhibit kinase activity. When combined in a quadruple mutant (D273N/E281Q/D288N/E477Q), the four charge-neutralizing substitutions locked the receptor in a kinase-superactivating state that could not be fully inactivated by the attractant. Similar lock-on character was observed for a charge reversal substitution, D273R. Together, these results implicate the electrostatic interactions at the intersubunit interface as a major player in signal transduction and kinase regulation. The negative charge in this region destabilizes the local structure in a way that enhances conformational dynamics, as detected by disulfide trapping, and this effect is reversed by charge neutralization of the adaptation sites. Finally, two substitutions (E308Q and E463Q) preserved normal kinase activation in vitro but blocked cellular chemotaxis in vivo, suggesting that these sites lie within the docking site of an adaptation enzyme, CheR or CheB. Overall, this study highlights the importance of electrostatics in signal transduction and regulation of kinase activity by the cytoplasmic domain of the aspartate receptor.
First-Year Employment Outcomes of Psychology Baccalaureates: Relatedness, Preparedness, and Prospects.

Surveys of recent baccalaureate degree recipients confirmed earlier findings that, compared with other alumni, psychology baccalaureates ranked low on ratings of the relatedness of their current job to the major. Psychology baccalaureates also rated low on whether their education had prepared them for that job and enhanced their future prospects. Correlations across all majors suggested that employment relatedness predicted judgments of preparedness, and preparedness predicted future prospects. Comparable correlations for psychology majors suggested that they entered the job market with expectations similar to graduates of more occupationally oriented programs. We offer specific recommendations to prepare students for more satisfying outcomes in the postbaccalaureate job market.
Genomic copy number determination in cancer cells from single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays based on quantitative genotyping corrected for aneuploidy

Microarrays are frequently used to profile genome-wide copy number (CN) aberrations. While generally robust for detecting CN variants in germline DNA, the methods used to derive CN from signal intensity values have been suboptimal when applied to cancer genomes. The complexity of genomic aberrations in cancer makes it more difficult to discriminate between signal and noise, and measuring CN as a discrete variable does not account for tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, standard normalization approaches detect CN changes relative to the overall DNA content, which is often not diploid in cancer. We propose an algorithm that uses the degree of allelic imbalance as well as probe intensity, with a correction for aneuploidy, for a quantitative CN assessment and scoring of allelic ratios. This algorithm results in a more precise definition of CN and allelic aberration in the cancer genome, which is essential for translational efforts focused on using these tools for molecular diagnostics and for the discovery of therapeutic targets.
Selection of an escape variant of Borrelia burgdorferi by use of bactericidal monoclonal antibodies to OspB.

Two immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to outer surface protein B (CB2 and CB6), affinity purified from mouse ascitic fluid, exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory and bactericidal properties against Borrelia burgdorferi after a 24-h incubation period in spirochete medium. Fab fragments derived from these MAbs showed the same effects, indicating that they were not caused by agglutination of the organisms by the intact MAbs. The inhibition of spirochete growth in cultures containing MAbs was also detected by spectrophotometric analysis of the media. CB2 did not inhibit the growth of Borrelia hermsii or the BEP4 strain of B. burgdorferi, neither of which is recognized by the MAb. Affinity-purified IgG from hybridoma supernatants had similar effects on B. burgdorferi as the ascitic-fluid-derived IgG did, indicating that the inhibitory and bactericidal properties were not due to nonspecific toxic contaminants. The bactericidal properties of the MAbs were not complement dependent as there was none in the serum-free system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of B. burgdorferi organisms surviving after exposure to CB2 revealed an escape variant which failed to express OspB. The continued presence of OspA in these escape variants indicates that the lack of OspB was not due to the loss of the plasmid which contains the genes for both of these proteins. Images
The making and unmaking of an unknown soldier

For 18 years, from 1984 to 1998, the Vietnam crypt of the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery housed the remains of a soldier whose anonymity helped shoulder a nation’s grief and fu...
PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN-DERIVED PEPTIDES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Cells of the immune system have recently been recognized as a source of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, ACTH and endorphins, and their receptors. In this review, the nature of the immunoregulatory and hypothalamic signals which elicit the production of these leukocyte-derived hormones is discussed. Further, comparisons are made between the various proteolytic processing patterns of POMC in leukocytes as compared with those observed in the hypothalamus and anterior or intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. The possible functioning of leukocyte-derived ACTH and endorphins as well as their pituitary counterparts in a complete regulatory loop between the neuroendocrine and immune systems is described.
Detecting temporal trends in species assemblages with bootstrapping procedures and hierarchical models

Quantifying patterns of temporal trends in species assemblages is an important analytical challenge in community ecology. We describe methods of analysis that can be applied to a matrix of counts of individuals that is organized by species (rows) and time-ordered sampling periods (columns). We first developed a bootstrapping procedure to test the null hypothesis of random sampling from a stationary species abundance distribution with temporally varying sampling probabilities. This procedure can be modified to account for undetected species. We next developed a hierarchical model to estimate species-specific trends in abundance while accounting for species-specific probabilities of detection. We analysed two long-term datasets on stream fishes and grassland insects to demonstrate these methods. For both assemblages, the bootstrap test indicated that temporal trends in abundance were more heterogeneous than expected under the null model. We used the hierarchical model to estimate trends in abundance and identified sets of species in each assemblage that were steadily increasing, decreasing or remaining constant in abundance over more than a decade of standardized annual surveys. Our methods of analysis are broadly applicable to other ecological datasets, and they represent an advance over most existing procedures, which do not incorporate effects of incomplete sampling and imperfect detection.
A new explicit higher-order time-domain finite element method for solving maxwell’s equations

In this paper, an explicit, higher-order, TDFEM referred to as the element-level decomposition (ELD) method is introduced. The ELD method shares several similarities with the FDTD method. Both methods are explicit and they have comparable computational complexity. Both of them employ a leapfrog updating scheme and the stability conditions for the two methods are similar to each other. Since the ELD employs an unstructured FEM mesh, it thus has the extra flexibility in modeling complicated structures. Moreover, since its formulation is based on Galerkin's procedure, higher-order basis functions developed in the FEM can be readily adopted in the ELD to construct higher-order schemes in a systematic manner.
Detection of crystals in CO2 jet plumes.

It is shown that the electron diffraction technique is well suited for studying condensation effects in low-density flows. The possibility of improving the sensitivity and resolution of the detector by using electron multipliers and by increasing the slit distance is examined.