cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Spatial Allocation Methodology for On-Road Mobile Emissions

Emissions from automobiles and trucks operating on public roads represent a major portion of the air pollutants included in emission inventories. When emission data are prepared for air quality modeling studies, such as those supporting development of a State Implementation Plan, an emission processor matches the spatial and temporal resolution of the emissions to the requirements of the modeling study. However, the spatial location of vehicular emissions is not known and must be estimated. This paper presents a methodology for determining the spatial distribution of the roads belonging to a road class using geospatial data functions, such as those commonly provided by a geographic information system. Vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) are then allocated to medium-resolution (12 x 12-km) and fine-resolution (4 x 4-km) modeling grids using both this methodology and the existing top-down methodology, which uses population density. The results show a significant difference in the spatial distribution of VMT between these two methodologies. Based upon these results, we recommend using the road class-specific methodology in lieu of the population methodology for spatially allocating vehicular emissions for medium- and finer-resolution modeling grids.
Venous and arterial blood gases during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs

This study was undertaken to characterize blood gas, pH, and lactate changes during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in arterial and venous samples. Blood samples were withdrawn from the brachial artery, aortic arch, pulmonary artery, coronary sinus, and either the right or left cardiac ventricle of 24 anesthetized dogs. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced electrically, and mechanical CPR was begun. Blood samples were withdrawn before CPR, at 2, 5, 7, and 9 minutes during CPR, and at 1, 3, 10, 30, and 60 minutes after defibrillation. Control arterial and venous samples indicated mild metabolic acidosis. During CPR, there was a significant arteriovenous difference in pH, PCO2, and PO2. With ventilation onset, arterial pH increased 0.25 units, PCO2 decreased 22 mm Hg, and PO2 increased 200 mm Hg. Venous blood gases exhibited gradual changes during the CPR period. With the re-establishment of circulation and spontaneous respirations, both the arterial and venous pH levels decreased to nearly 7.1, and PCO2 approached 40 mm Hg. Lactate increased to 32 mg/dl during 9 minutes of CPR and did not significantly differ after defibrillation. Blood gases and pH returned to control values within an hour. This study suggests that arterial blood gases are sensitive to rapid changes occurring in the pulmonary capillary bed, while venous blood gases reflect changes occurring in the systemic capillary bed.
Influence of lateral confinement on dynamic damage evolution during uniaxial compressive response of brittle solids

Abstract A dynamic damage growth model applicable to brittle solids subjected to biaxial compressive loading is developed. The model incorporates a dynamic fracture criterion based on wing-crack growth model with a damage evolution theory based on a distribution of pre-existing microcracks in a solid. Influences of lateral confinement pressure (dynamic or static) as well as frictional coefficient on the rate dependence of fracture strength of basalt-rock are investigated systematically. It is found that the failure strength, damage accumulation and wing-crack growth rate are strongly influenced by the nature and the magnitude of confinement pressure. It is also verified that the effect of strain rate on fracture strength of brittle solids is independent of confinement pressure in a certain range of strain rate.
Manipulating structured information in a visual workspace

This paper describes the VITE system, a visual workspace that supports two-way mapping for projecting structured information to a two-dimensional workspace and updating the structured information based on user interactions in the workspace. This is related to information visualization, but reflecting visual edits in the structured data requires a two-way mapping from data to visualization and from visualization to data. VITE provides users with an interface for designing two-way mappings. Mappings are reusable on different datasets and may be switched within a task. An evaluation of VITE was conducted to study how people use two-way mapping and how two-way mapping can help in problem solving tasks. The results show that users could quickly design visual mappings to help their problem-solving tasks. Users developed more sophisticated strategies for visual problem-solving over time.
Neural control of ectopic filiform spines in adult tongue

The tongue surface directly above a fungiform taste bud is flat, thinly keratinized, and free of filiform spines. We examined fungiform papillae in serial sections of rat and gerbil tongues after unilateral transection of the chorda-lingual nerve had caused many fungiform taste buds to degenerate. Such empty fungiform papillae often formed a solitary keratinized outgrowth that closely resembled the spine of an ordinary filiform papilla. By six months an ectopic spine was found on 61% of empty fungiform papillae, but never on fungiform papillae that contained a taste bud. Experimental innervation of the tongue reduced the incidence of eetopic filiform spines in proportion to the cross-sectional area of the trigeminal nerve branches tested (the mylohyoid nerve, the lingual nerve, lingual + mylohyoid or lingual + auriculotemporal nerves). The chorda tympani nerve was 60 times more effective than trigeminal nerves in preventing ectopic filiform spines. We suggest that positive and negative trophic actions are normal characteristics of taste axons, for they promote the formation of taste buds and prevent the expression of ectopic filiform spines. By preventing the outgrowth of ectopic spines on fungiform papillae, taste axons maintain a thinly keratinized apical surface that can be breached by the taste receptor cells. While it has been suspected that many oral structures are morphologically dependent upon innervation, clear evidence for the neural control of the develop- ment and maintenance of oral structures exists only for taste buds.',14 In this study, we provide evidence that innervation represses the outgrowth of filiform spines from fungiform papillae. Thousands of keratinized conical spines normally cover the edge and dorsal surface of the tongue of many vertebrates. These are the filiform spines re- sponsible for the rasp-like surface of mammalian tongues. The characteristic caudal curvature of fili- form spines makes licking and lapping more effective. Filiform spines occur with densites exceeding lOO/mm' at the tip of the albino rat's tongue, with lesser densities caudally. Each filiform papilla consists of a keratinized spine rising from the apex of a dome-like protrusion or papilla of the lamina pro- pria. This connective tissue dome is capped by several upwardly migrating columns of basal cell progeny- keratinocytes that blend into the conical filiform spine.' The packed external layers of the protruding spine are formed by these keratinocytes as they progressively flatten and slough ~ff.~,*,~ Analogous proliferation columns are believed to be responsible for cell replacement in the hairy skin of mice, where the basal stem cells of each "epidermal proliferative unit" generate an upwardly migrating stack of flat- tened progeny that comprise the hexagonal kera- tinized squames of the skin surface.'('
Activity and kinetic characteristics of triosephosphate isomerase from the pyloric caeca of Echinaster sp. (echinodermata: Asteroidea) exposed to different temperatures

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of temperature on the activities and kinetic characteristics of triosephosphate isomerase from the pyloric caeca of Echinaster sp. held at 25 and 15 C were measured. 2. 2. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of starfish collected in August (30 C) was significantly less (P 3. 3. The specific activity of TPI of starfish collected in November (25 C) was slightly lower (P 4. 4. The activities and Km indicate that TPI undergoes no or only partial acclimation to temperature.
Major depressive disorder in coronary artery disease

Abstract Depression has been reported to be common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), using a variety of criteria for the diagnosis of depression. However, many studies have relied solely on the presence of symptoms such as a dysphoric mood and fatigue in making a diagnosis of depression. Both fatigue and dysphoric mood are also associated with medical illnesses, and psychiatric diagnoses based on such nonspecific symptoms may lack the specificity necessary to predict the need for psychiatric treatment. To assess the incidence of depression likely to require and respond to psychiatric treatment, 50 patients documented to have CAD by coronary angiography underwent psychiatric diagnostic interviews. Current research-based criteria (DSM-III) were used to make diagnoses of major depressive disorder. In addition, the applicability of a brief screening inventory the (Beck depression inventory) for detecting the presence of depression in these patients was tested. Nine patients (18%) met criteria (DSM-III) for major depressive episode. Depression was not related to the extent of CAD, age or use of β blockers. There was a relation between depression and smoking. Only 2 of the 9 depressed patients had been diagnosed previously and were being treated for depression. When a score of ≥ 10 on the Beck depression inventory was used to distinguish patients with depression, it had moderate sensitivity (78%) and specificity (90%) for the identification of depression.
Carboplatin plus paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with advanced, metastatic and recurrent endometrial cancer. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify endometrial cancer patients treated in the Gynecologic Cancer Program of the Cleveland Clinic with carboplatin/paclitaxel who had both a histologic diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma and either measurable (CT scan, physical examination) or evaluable (CA-125 criteria) disease. Results From 1994 to 2003, 22 individuals (median age 65 years) meeting the above noted criteria received a total of 23 courses of carboplatin (AUC 4–6)/paclitaxel (135–175 mg/m2) administered on a 21-day schedule (median six cycles/patient). The overall response rate was 87% (20/23). The most common toxicity was hematologic. Five patients required dose reductions due to excessive toxicity (three hematologic, one gastrointestinal, one fatigue). There were no treatment related deaths. With a median follow-up of 42 months, 13 patients have died of progressive cancer, while four currently have no evidence of disease at the time of last follow-up. Conclusions The combination of carboplatin plus paclitaxel demonstrates substantial biological activity in endometrial adenocarcinoma. The safety and efficacy of this regimen makes it an attractive option for first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.
Test methods for determining potential alkali-silica reactivity in cements

Abstract The ASTM C227 test can be modified to develop performance tests for predicting potential alkali-silica reactivity of both portland and blended portland cements. The two methods of test investigated here differed mainly on the choice of the standard reactive aggregate, one using pyrex and the other a naturally occurring reactive silica. Low water/cement and aggregate/cement ratios were found helpful in accelerating expansion of mortar bars stored at 110F (43C). A 14-day test period was considered by the writers to be adequate for the evaluation of relative alkali-silica reactivity of a cement in the methods developed. Test data in 17 portland cements and 10 blended portland cements are reported to show that for this purpose performance tests may be more suitable than chemical specification limits.
Comparison of the pulmonary dysfunction caused by cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

We designed a series of experiments to compare the pulmonary dysfunction observed in models of cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in chronically instrumented awake sheep. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema was induced by inflating the balloon of a Foley catheter surgically positioned in the mitral valve orifice causing increased left atrial pressure (↑PLA). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was induced by intravenous infusion of Perilla ketone (PK). Calculated microvascular pressure remained constant during PK infusion but increased from 9.4 ± 0.7 to 42.8 ± 2.4 cm H 2 O during ↑PLA. Comparable increases in lung lymph flow (QL) were observed in the two protocols (five to seven times baseline). Pulmonary edema as quantified by chest radiograph scores increased from 0 (normal) to 2.9 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.1 in the PK and ↑PLA groups, respectively. Room air alveolar to arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O 2 ) increased from 24 ± 3 to 46 ± 7 mm Hg in the PK group and from 23 ± 4 to 56 ± 6 mm Hg in the ↑PLA group. Dynamic compliance of the lungs (Cdyn) expressed as the percentage of the baseline value decreased to 53 ± 7 and 50 ± 7% in the PK and ↑PLA groups, respectively. Resistance to airflow across the lungs (RL) increased from 2.5 ± 0.6 to 3.3 ± 0.8 cm H 2 O•L −1 •sec −1 in the PK group and from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 4.2 ± 1.1 in the ↑PLA group. Significant correlations were observed between changes in the severity of pulmonary edema observed on chest radiographs, Cdyn, ΔP(A-a)O 2 , and QL in both the ↑PLA groups. We conclude that similar degrees of pulmonary edema, regardless of the mechanism, are associated with similar changes in QL, Cdyn, and ΔP(A-a)O 2 . Hydrostatic pulmonary edema appeared to cause greater changes in RL than that resulting from increased microvascular permeability.
Hydrologic modeling, parameter estimation, and watershed characteristics

A general watershed model represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle by a series of moisture accounting equations. The Stanford Watershed Model uses fixed equations containing variable parameters which are calibrated for a watershed by trial-and-error matching of simulated to recorded flows. Opset was developed to estimate these parameters through a computerized least squares matching. The procedure reduces estimating scatter and provides parameter estimates which were correlated with physical characteristics of the watershed and with watershed changes with urbanization.
Hardware-Assisted Application Integrity Monitor

Existing hardware-assisted methods monitor the integrity of hyper visors and operating systems, which are critical to system integrity. This protection is possible because of ``non-volatile'' data structures present in the machine's physical memory. In contrast, applications offer a more challenging protection target because they are dynamically allocated. Therefore, robust defenses against application tampering is still a difficult tasks that has remained an open problem. We propose "AppCheck," a hardware-assisted framework the protects the integrity of applications and server processes. We achieve that by leveraging semantic information extracted from the source code and input from a human developer. Unlike pure software defenses, AppCheck employs existing x86 features, namely System Management Mode, to acquire the necessary memory contents. If any of the these critical components become altered during runtime, AppCheck signals an alarm to a remote server notifying the operators of a potential security breach or software corruption.
NRM: IRM(S) demagnetization plots; An aid to the interpretation of natural remanent magnetization

AF demagnetization of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM(s)) are used to establish diagnostic criteria for primary TRM and for secondary magnetization in igneous rocks. In applying the approach to the interpretation of natural remanent magnetization (NRM), the demagnetization of IRM(s) documents the nature of the magnetic phases in the rock, while the demagnetization of the NRM gives information about the process of magnetization. The ratio of NRM : IRM (s) measures the efficiency of the magnetization process.
Elevated body mass index is associated with lower serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve but not with normal ovarian reserve.

Objective To investigate the association between elevated body mass index (BMI) and ovarian reserve. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Academic institutions. Patient(s) Two hundred ninety women with infertility. Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) was defined as day 3 FSH >10 IU/L. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Random serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels and number of oocytes retrieved during assisted reproductive technology cycle. Result(s) Increasing BMI was associated with lower random serum AMH levels in infertile women with DOR but not in women with normal ovarian reserve (NOR). Among women with DOR, mean random serum AMH levels were 33% lower in overweight and obese women compared with women with normal weight. The same association was not true for women with NOR. Out of 290 women evaluated for infertility, 109 women underwent a controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH)–IVF cycle. Women with elevated BMI and DOR had lower number of oocytes retrieved compared with women with normal BMI and DOR (6.4 ± 4.3 vs. 9.4 ± 6), an association that was not observed among women with NOR. Conclusion(s) Overweight and obese women with DOR as defined by high day 3 serum FSH levels have lower serum AMH levels and number of oocytes retrieved compared with nonobese women with DOR.
Human corneal endothelial cell transplantation in a human ex vivo model.

PURPOSE To determine the effects of incorporating superparamagnetic microspheres (SPMs) into cultured human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) and to describe preliminary experiments of HCEC transplantation, facilitated by SPMs and an external magnetic field, in a human anterior segment ex vivo model. METHODS HCECs were cultured as monolayers and incorporated with magnetite oxide SPMs (900, 300, and 100 nm) at different concentrations. Cell viability, migration toward a magnetic field, and light transmittance were measured after incorporation of the SPMs. HCEC transplantation into the eyes of human recipients was investigated by subjecting anterior segments in organ culture to an external magnetic field. Light and electron microscopy were used to assess HCEC attachment to corneal stroma. RESULTS SPMs were incorporated into the cytoplasm of HCECs after overnight incubation. None of the SPMs affected the short-term viability of cultured HCECs (P > 0.14, n = 6) or their light transmittance (P > 0.06, n = 5), although there was a trend toward decreased transmittance with the higher concentration of 900-nm SPMs. Cell migration toward a magnetic field was higher for HCECs with incorporated SPMs than for HCECs without SPMs (P < or = 0.01, n = 6), with dose-response relationships evident for the 300- and 100-nm SPMs. SPMs facilitated the attachment of HCECs to the corneal stroma in the human anterior segment model with minimal change in intracameral (intraocular) pressure. CONCLUSIONS SPMs facilitate migration of HCECs toward a magnetic source and attachment of cells to the corneal stroma without affecting cell viability or light transmittance. The human anterior segment model can be used to study HCEC transplantation.
Uncertainty Quantification of Hypersonic Reentry Flows with Sparse Sampling and Stochastic Expansions

The objective of this study was to introduce a combined sparse sampling and stochastic expansion approach for efficient and accurate uncertainty quantification. The new techniques are applied to high-fidelity, hypersonic reentry flow simulations, which may contain large numbers of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. Stochastic expansion coefficients were obtained using the point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos technique with a number of samples less than the minimum number required for a total-order expansion. This study introduced two methods of measuring the accuracy of the expansion coefficients, as well as their convergence with iteratively increasing sample size. The newly developed approaches were demonstrated on two model problems. The first was a model for stagnation point, convective heat transfer in hypersonic flow. Mixed uncertainty quantification analysis results showed that accurate expansion coefficients could be obtained with half of the minimum number of samples required for a ...
A giant-cell tumor of the maxilla in an area of osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)

Abstract A case of giant-cell tumor of the maxilla arising in a focus of Paget's disease has been presented. The criteria for the diagnosis of giant-cell tumor have been discussed.
Anharmonic entropy of alkali metals.

The anharmonic entropy is extracted from the experimental total entropy at temperatures up to melting for Na, K, and Rb. The anharmonic entropy is {approx lt}1% of the total entropy. When allowance is made for small constant errors in the data, the anharmonic entropy of these metals lies on a single curve; this curve is in qualitative agreement with earlier computer simulations for Na. The present results and the computer simulations suggest the failure of leading-order anharmonic perturbation theory.
A Two-Element Biomimetic Antenna Array With Enhanced Angular Resolution and Optimized Power Extraction

A new architecture for a two element biomimetic antenna array (BMAA) is presented. This two-element BMAA is in the form of a coupled antenna array with an external coupling network that is designed to efficiently extract power from both linearly-independent modes of excitation of the array. These include the common mode and the differential modes of excitation. This new array offers an enhanced phase response compared to the regular antenna array that occupies the same aperture. However, unlike previous BMAA designs, the output power of the array does not need to be sacrificed to achieve this phase enhancement factor. Compared to a regular array, this two-element coupled array extracts the same amount of power from an incoming electromagnetic wave but provides a considerably larger phase sensitivity. The paper describes the theory of operation and the design process of this antenna. Using the design procedure presented in this paper, a prototype of such a two-element BMAA is designed and experimentally characterized in the lab. Measurement results confirm the advantages of this new design compared to the previous BMAAs reported in the literature.
Corneal changes in familial iris coloboma.

Abstract We recently studied members from a family with autosomal dominant iris coloboma. All affected members had either unilateral or bilateral iris coloboma and bilateral peripheral corneal changes indistinguishable from those seen in aniridia. The corneal changes consisted of well-demarcated pannus-like growths extending from the limbus onto the peripheral cornea for 360° without any stromal vascularization. In one adolescent member, bilateral lenticular opacities limited to the meridian of the colobomata were seen. No members had primary glaucoma, macular or optic disc hypoplasia, nystagmus, or extraocular malformations. The coexistence of iris coloboma and aniridia-like corneal changes may imply that ocular coloboma and aniridia comprise a continuous spectrum of the same developmental defect or, alternatively, such corneal changes constitute a nonspecific manifestation of iris developmental defects in general.
Nuclear modification of heavy quark fragmentation function and J/ψ production in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract In ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, charm quark fragmentation is modified due to the melting of strings inside the high density partonic matter. D mesons produced in hadronization can further produce J / ψ particles. Using a multiphase transport model, we investigate the effect on the rapidity distribution of the produced J / ψ particles with two different charm quark fragmentation functions. It is shown that the J / ψ rapidity distribution is sensitive to the nuclear modification of charm quark fragmentation and thus is a good indicator of the onset of string melting and the production of deconfined partonic matter.
Hydrophobic interactions in the binding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to yeast alcohol dehydrogenase

Abstract Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine diphosphate ribose inhibit the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol. In both cases, the inhibition observed was competitive with respect to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Adenosine diphosphate ribose is more effectively bound to the enzyme than is adenosine diphosphate, and this greater binding may reflect an interaction between adenosine diphosphate ribose and the hydrophobic region of the enzyme. The free energy of binding of adenosine diphosphate ribose and N 1 -methylnicotinamide chloride to yeast alcohol dehydrogenase was calculated from inhibitor constants. The sum of these negative free energies is larger than the negative free energy change of binding of the coenzyme, NAD + .
Research on Data Use: A Framework and Analysis

One of the central lessons from research on data use in schools and school districts is that assessments, student tests, and other forms of data are only as good as how they are used. But what influences how they are used? This relatively straightforward question turns out to be fairly complex to answer. Data use implicates a number of processes, conditions, and contexts. It involves interpretive processes, as using data requires that the user interpret the data and construct implications for next steps. It implicates social and organizational conditions, since the data use unfolds in the context of a multileveled organizational system. And, because data can be a source of power, particularly in the current accountability environment, data use also involves power relations. In this article, we put forward a framework for understanding the phenomenon of data use in the context of data use interventions. We draw on existing research and theory to identify key dimensions of data use that we should attend to ...
Influences on Member Assimilation in Workgroups in High-Reliability Organizations: A Multilevel Analysis

This multilevel investigation examined the effect of group interaction and its influence on individual-level membership variables and group assimilation. The study is based on a model of group socialization developed by Moreland and Levine (1982) and was modified in this study to investigate the development and maintenance of highly interdependent workgroups in a high-reliability organization: a municipal fire department. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we examined individual- and crew-level influence on four assimilation outcomes: involvement, trustworthiness, commitment, and acceptance. At the individual level, acculturation predicted all the four assimilation outcomes. Involvement also was a predictor of the latter sequences of assimilation: commitment and acceptance. The study also found that one crew-level variable—crew performance—affected and modified the influence of tenure, proactivity, involvement, acculturation, and trust on members’ commitment. Implications are offered for the influence of group interaction on member assimilation and support for continuing group-level research on assimilation. This study also underscores the utility of multilevel analysis in examining communication at the interpersonal and group levels.
Analysis of Brinkman-Extended Darcy Flow in Porous Media and Experimental Verification Using Metal Foam

Momentum transport in porous media exists in numerous engineering and process applications, e.g., ground water pollution, storage of nuclear waste, heat exchangers, and chemical reactors. In many of such applications, the porous medium is confined by solid boundaries. These impermeable boundaries give rise to shear stress and boundary layers. The Brinkman-extended Darcy equation describes the momentum transport due to Newtonian fluid flow in confined porous media. This equation is solved analytically in a cylindrical system, employing an existing fully-developed boundary-layer concept particular to porous media flows. The volume-averaged velocity increases as the distance from the boundary increases reaching a maximum at the center. The mean and maximum velocities are obtained and their behavior is investigated in terms of pertinent flow parameters. The friction factor is defined based on the mean velocity and is found to be inversely proportional to the Reynolds number, the Darcy number, and the mean velocity. The analytical results are verified by experiments using two types of metal foam. In the Darcy regime, reasonably good agreement is found between the analytical and the experimental friction factors for the 20-pore-per-inch foam, while a poor agreement is found for the 10-pore-per-inch foam. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005678]
On rearranging picture arrangement: data from a clinical sample.

(WAIS) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (WAIR Wechsler, 1981), psychologists have been eager to compare this popular instrument with its predecessor, the WAIS (Wechsler, 1955). A computer search of research using the WAIS-R published to June, 1985 yielded 109 studies, 42 of which compared the two tests directly or explored various short forms of the WAIS-R, continuing a popular area of research on the WAIS. These studies suggest that despite Wechsler's ( 1981) assertion that about 80% of the WAIS-R items have been retained intact from the WAIS or have been modified only slightly, important differences between the two tests have emerged. For example, a number of studies (Lippold & Claiborn, 1982; Prifitera & Ryan, 1983; Smith, 1983; Urbina, Golden & Ariel, 1982; Wechsler, 1981) found that individuals' Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs are 5 to 9 points higher when tested with the WAIS rather than with the WAIS-R. The present study focused on changes which have occurred in the revision of the Picture Arrangement subtest. Wechsler ( 1981 ) reported that Picture Arrangement had the lowest correlation (SO) of any of the subtests when comparing the performance of individuals who took both the WAIS and WAIS-R. After conducting a factor analysis of responses to the WAIS-R, Parker (1983) suggested that "the Picture Arrangement subtest has changed in a number of important ways" (p. 30). Parker found that, contrary to expectation, the Picture Arrangement subtest loaded higher on the Verbal factor than on the Performance factor and had low rankings and loadings on each of the traditional factors, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom From Distractibility. The revised Picture Arrangement provides a possible explanation for such findings. In the WAIS-R test manual Wechsler (1981), in describing the
An alternative to unstructured grids for computing gas dynamic flows around arbitrarily complex two-dimensional bodies

In this paper we describe an approach for dealing with arbitrary complex, two dimensional geometries, the so-called cartesian boundary method. Conceptually, the cartesian boundary method is quite simple. Solid bodies blank out areas of a background, cartesian mesh, and the resultant cut cells are singled out for special attention. However, there are several obstacles that must be overcome in order to achieve a practical scheme. We present a general strategy that overcomes these obstacles, together with some details of our successful conversion of an adaptive mesh algorithm from a body-fitted code to a cartesian boundary code.
Evaluation of heat-labile enterotoxins type IIa and type IIb in the pathogenicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for neonatal pigs

Type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-II) have been reported in Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals, food and water samples. The goal here was to determine the specific roles of the antigenically distinguishable LT-IIa and LT-IIb subtypes in pathogenesis and virulence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) which has not been previously reported. The prevalence of genes encoding for LT-II was determined by colony blot hybridization in a collection of 1648 E. coli isolates from calves and pigs with diarrhea or other diseases and from healthy animals. Only five isolates hybridized with the LT-II probe and none of these isolates contained genes for other enterotoxins or adhesins associated with porcine or bovine ETEC. Ligated intestinal loops in calves, pigs, and rabbits were used to determine the potential of purified LT-IIa and LT-IIb to cause intestinal secretion. LT-IIa and LT-IIb caused significant secretion in the intestinal loops in calves but not in the intestinal loops of rabbits or pigs. In contrast, neonatal pigs inoculated with isogenic adherent E. coli containing the cloned genes for LT-I, LT-IIa or LT-IIb developed severe watery diarrhea with weight loss that was significantly greater than pigs inoculated with the adherent, non-toxigenic parental or vector only control strains. The results demonstrate that the incidence of LT-II appeared to be very low in porcine and bovine E. coli. However, a potential role for these enterotoxins in E. coli-mediated diarrhea in animals was confirmed because purified LT-IIa and LT-IIb caused fluid secretion in bovine intestinal loops and adherent isogenic strains containing cloned genes encoding for LT-IIa or LT-IIb caused severe diarrhea in neonatal pigs.
Physical and photochemical properties of ocular melanin

Recent advances in the current state of knowledge about the properties of physiological and synthetic melanin are reviewed in the context of that pigment's optical properties, the physical structure that confers some of its unusual properties, its supportive role in the visual process (by absorbing excess light and reducing intraocular light scatter), its role in some (but not all) laser interactions with ocular tissue, its protective properties (by absorbing potentially phototoxic short-wavelength visible light), and its photoinducible free radical properties. The ability of melanin to form a long-lived radical during visible light irradiation may serve as a protective mechanism against light damage by transforming optical energy into chemical potential energy that can be dissipated in a chain of coupled redox reactions. If a cellular event such as antioxidant depletion occurs that disrupts this chain, however, the melanin radical may promote photo-oxidative damage in ocular tissue. Thus melanin may play two opposing roles in the eye: one protective and the other potentially damaging.
Decoupling a fermion whose mass comes from a Yukawa coupling: Nonperturbative considerations.

Perturbative analyses seem to suggest that fermions whose mass comes solely from a Yukawa coupling to a scalar field can be made arbitrarily heavy, while the scalar remains light. The effects of the fermion can be summarized by a local effective Lagrangian for the light degrees of freedom. Using weak coupling and large-{ital N} techniques, we present a variety of models in which this conclusion is shown to be false when nonperturbative variations of the scalar field are considered. The heavy fermions contribute nonlocal terms to the effective action for light degrees of freedom. This resolves paradoxes about anomalous and nonanomalous symmetry violation in these models. The application of these results to lattice gauge theory implies that attempts to decouple lattice fermion doublers by the method of Swift and Smit cannot succeed, a result already suggested by lattice calculations.
Mass divergences in two-particle inelastic scattering

Feynman integrals for two-particle inelastic scattering are studied in the limit that the ratio of particle masses to all relevant invariants vanishes. The discussion applies to renormalizable field theories including quantum chromodynamics. Dominant contributions arise from momentum configurations which recall the parton model. The results can be applied to cross sections for single-particle or multiparticle inclusive reactions and to cross sections averaged over small regions of phase space.
Perfusion of the central nervous system of decapod crustaceans

Abstract 1. A perfusion technique is presented for the decapod crustacean cerebral system which will (1) preserve select behavioral reflexes while (2) permitting intracellular or extracellular recording in the supraesophageal ganglion. 2. The success of this technique depends upon the correct level of perfusion pressure. The maintenance of this critical perfusion pressure in the intact crab may be the function of the cor frontale.
A voltage clamp study of the sodium, calcium and chloride spikes of chick skeletal muscle cells grown in tissue culture.

Abstract Conventional voltage clamp techniques with microelectrodes were applied to chick muscle cells grown in tissue culture. The similarities and differences in electrophysiological data obtained from normal myotubular muscle fibers and from rounded myosacs, produced by incubation with colchicine, were examined. Under voltage clamp both cellular types generated three distinguishable voltage and time-dependent currents which corresponded, respectively, to the Na + , Ca 2+ , and Cl − spikes evoked under constant current conditions. The presumed Ca 2+ currents were too small to allow quantitative comparisons. In myosacs, but not in myotubes, there was good correspondence, for both the Na + and Cl − systems, between their spike thresholds and peak membrane potentials, measured under constant current conditions, and their current thresholds and reversal potentials, measured under voltage clamp conditions. This correspondence is attributed to the isopotentiality of the myosac intracellular space and suggests that myosacs provide more accurate quantitative data in voltage clamp studies than myotubes.
Captopril and lisinopril decrease acetaldehyde effects upon the prothrombin time.

Captopril, a thiol-containing antihypertensive drug, and lisinopril, an amino-containing antihypertensive drug, will both prolong the prothrombin time (PT) of Level I plasma. Acetaldehyde, a product of ethanol metabolism, also prolongs PT. In a study to examine the interrelationship between hypertension, hemostasis, and alcoholism, an examination of the impact of acetaldehyde on the effects of captopril and lisinopril upon PT was undertaken. It was observed that the pre-mixing of 7.7 × 10−3 M captopril with 40.6 mM acetaldehyde for 30 min at R.T. prior to the addition to plasma results in a prolongation of PT which is less than that caused by acetaldehyde alone. Successive additions of captopril and acetaldehyde to plasma also yield a PT which is less than that of acetaldehyde alone. These data suggest that captopril may partially inactivate and detoxify the acetaldehyde effect on hemostasis upon interaction to form a thiohemiacetal. Captopril may prolong PT by the reduction of the S–S bridges in the coagulation factors. Lisinopril behaves similarly to captopril, prolonging PT. Successive additions of lisinopril and acetaldehyde, or pre-mixtures thereof, to plasma result in a lesser prolongation of clotting time relative to acetaldehyde alone. Since primary amines similar to that of lisinopril readily form Schiff bases with acetaldehyde, these data suggest that both captopril and lisinopril may act to detoxify the acetaldehyde effect upon plasma, albeit by different mechanisms.
AUGER RATES FOR Ni-, Cu-, AND Zn-LIKE IONS

Abstract Relativistic calculations of nonradiative transition rates to K -, L -, and M -shell vacancy states in Ni-, Cu-, and Zn-like ions with Z =32, 36, 42, 47, 56, 60, 66, 74, 83, and 92 are performed. Auger and Coster–Kronig transition probabilities are calculated using both Dirac–Hartree–Fock and model-potential wave functions. Tabulated data are presented for K - and L -shell Auger rates in Ni-, Cu-, and Zn-like ions, for M -shell Auger rates in Zn-like ions, and for L - and M -shell Coster–Kronig rates in Cu-like ions. Results obtained by averaging over angular momentum substates are also presented and semiempirical formulas are given for the average rates.
The size of strength-maximal graphs

Let G be a graph and let k′(G) be the edge-connectivity of G. The strength of G, denoted by k′(G), is the maximum value of k′(H), where H runs over all subgraphs of G. A simple graph G is called k-maximal if k′(G) ≤ k but for any edge e ∈ E(Gc), k′(G + e) ≥ k + 1. Let G be a k-maximal graph of order n. In [3], Mader proved |E(G)| ≤ (n - k)k + (). In this note, we shall show (n - 1)k - () In⌊n/k + 2)⌋ ≤ |E(G|, and characterize the extremal graphs. We shall also give a characterization of all k-maximal graphs.
Phytohaemagglutinin: an early effect on lymphocyte lipid metabolism.

SMALL lymphocytes do not usually synthesize DNA or divide when incubated in vitro, but they can be induced to do so by adding phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or a number of other stimulants to the culture medium1. Several lines of evidence suggest that PHA has a rapid effect on the cell membrane, possibly by binding to mucoprptein groups on it2–5. Hirschhorn has suggested that this may lead to increased endocytosis6, which may trigger the sequence of changes leading to DNA synthesis and cell division7; the order and interdependence of the early events in this sequence, however, are not well established. I report here that PHA causes a rapid increase in the rate of incorporation of precursors into the lipid fraction of lymphocytes, and that this increase is independent of the effects of PHA on RNA and protein synthesis.
Contingency Analysis and Identification of Dynamic Voltage Control Areas

Contingency analysis has been an integral part of power system planning and operations. Dynamic contingency analysis is often performed with offline simulation studies, due to its intense computational effort. Due to a large number of possible system variations, covering all combinations in planning studies is very challenging. Contingencies must be chosen carefully to cover a wider group of possibilities, while ensuring system security. This paper proposes a method to classify dynamic contingencies into different clusters, according to their behavioral patterns, in particular, with respect to voltage recovery patterns. The most severe contingency from each cluster becomes the representative of other contingencies in the corresponding cluster. Using the information of contingency clusters, a new concept called dynamic voltage control area (DVCA) is derived. The concept of DVCA will address the importance of the location of dynamic reactive reserves. Simulations have been completed on the modified IEEE 162-bus system to test and validate the proposed method.
Observations of Low-Energy Electrons from AE-C in the South Polar Cusp during the Geomagnetic Storm of September 21, 1977

The AE-C spacecraft skimmed through the southern polar cusp at a 400 km altitude during a large geomagnetic storm on September 21, 1977. This period has been designated as a special IMS period, and the AE-C data were acquired close to the times that data were acquired by the DMSP satellite at nearly the same location over the southern polar cap, and by the GEOS satellite located near the noon-meridian in the northern hemisphere. Low energy electrons (1-500 eV) were measured with the photoelectron spectrometer experiment experiment onboard AE-C. This instrument was operated in the mode which measured precipitating electron fluxes and backscattered electron fluxes in alternating 4 s intervals with two sensors. A region of intense precipitating electron fluxes was observed near 0924 UT on September 21, 1977 extending from 69 degree invariant latitude at 1100 MLT to 72 degree invariant latitude at 1152 MLT. From the spectra of the precipitating electrons, this region is identified as the southern polar cusp. Since the K p equals 7— during this time, the displacement of the cusp down to these low latitudes is not unreasonable. Particle data obtained from the DMSP satellite on orbits close to AE-C, confirm that the position of the cusp was rapidly changing during this period, and was displaced to latitudes equatorward of the quiet time position. A second region of intense fluxes of precipitating electron was observed by AE-C at approximately 0933 UT from 69 degree invariant latitude near 1700 MLT to 66 degree invariant latitude near 1730 MLT. This region of low energy electron fluxes is characterized by slightly harder energy spectra and is interpreted as being the afternoon auroral zone. The remarkable and fortunate location of the AE-C, DMSP, and GEOS spacecraft during this special IMS period will allow future correlative studies aimed at the determination of the shape of the magnetosphere during very disturbed conditions.
Systematic and functional anatomy of seedlings in mangrove Rhizophoraceae: vivipary explained?

Abstract The hypocotyl of viviparous seedlings of mangrove Rhizophoraceae (tribe Rhizophoreae) has a common suite of anatomical features but a range of anatomical structures that may be diagnostic at the generic or even specific level. This information is summarized in the form of a dichotomous key. A common and previously unreported anatomical feature is the presence of tension wood fibres developed eccentrically in secondary xylem at the distal pole of seedlings grown in both artificial and natural conditions. These fibres are apparently the source of the mechanism whereby an initially horizontal seedling becomes erected rapidly once it is rooted distally, even though this appears to be achieved at a considerable mechanical disadvantage. The morphological result is a distinct «hook» at the distal end of the established seedling. This mechanism allows rapid erection of a horizontally stranded seedling, such that the plumule is raised, snorkel-like, above immediate tidal influence. This may be necessary, since gas exchange through the surface of the seedling is not possible via the thick, cutinized and stomata-free epidermis of the hypocotyl. We suggest that the need to produce an elongated propagule, with this self-erecting capability favours the evolution of vivipary in these plants because it permits the earliest development of the plumule in air rather than water. The suitability of mangrove seedlings for further experimental and anatomical study is emphasized. The study also exemplifies how anatomy can be placed in a dynamic context.
Changes in venous blood volume produced by external compression of the lower leg

Experiments have been performed with healthy human volunteers to measure the changes in cross-sectional area of the lower leg for a range of positive external pressures. It was found that area measurements obtained using mercury-silastic strain-gauge loops placed beneath an external pressurising cuff are significantly influenced by artefacts of tissue movement which must be corrected if accurate interpretations of the data are to be made. Most of the changes in vessel area occur in the range of external pressure up to about 3 kPa. As the external pressure increases further, the corresponding area change decreases progressively. At extgernal pressures above about 2 or 3kPa, the changes in venous cross-sectional area are strongly affected by frictional pressure drops. This may even produce, at different measurement locations along the same leg, simultaneous area increases and decreases for increasing external pressures.