cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Men Bring Condoms, Women Take Pills Men’s and Women’s Roles in Contraceptive Decision Making

The most popular form of reversible contraception in the United States is the female-controlled hormonal birth control pill. Consequently, scholars and lay people have typically assumed that women take primary responsibility for contraceptive decision making in relationships. Although many studies have shown that men exert strong influence in couple’s contraceptive decisions in developing countries, very few studies have considered the gendered dynamic of contraceptive decision making in developed societies. This study uses in-depth interviews with 30 American opposite-sex couples to show that contraceptive responsibility in long-term relationships in the United States often conforms to a gendered division of labor, with women primarily in charge. A substantial minority of men in this study were highly committed contraceptors. However, the social framing of contraception as being primarily in women’s “sphere,” and the technological constraints on their participation, made even these men reluctant to discu...
US tax acts and their effects on average tax rates

Tax legislation since the early 1980s has significantly altered Average Tax Rates (ATRs) across the income distribution in the United States. Using a consistently defined ATR series for the years 1979–2003, this study finds that the 1980s reduced ATRs for all taxpayers except those in the bottom quintile whose ATRs rose. The reforms of the early 1990s generally had the effect of raising ATRs at the top of the income distribution and lowering those at the bottom, although the magnitude of the effects was smaller than the reforms of the 1980s. Reforms of the late 1990s and early 2000s significantly reduced ATRs virtually across the board. The only exception occurred in the bottom quintile where the effects of the various tax acts have been mixed. The tax acts of 2001 and 2003 reduced ATRs significantly in the top and middle quintiles, although the size of the ATR reduction in both cases was greater in the middle quintile than in the top quintile. Within the top percentile, the ATR reductions due to Jobs and...
Carotenoid Production by Streptomycin‐Bleached Euglena

SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin-bleached Euglena gracilis, strain Z, was cultivated under conditions which yielded good growth rates and high cell densities. Dividing cells produced only small amounts of carotenoid. After the cessation of cell division the carotenoid content of the cells increased rapidly. During the major period of carotenoid synthesis the cell number remained unchanged but the packed cell volume decreased. Some similar observations on carotenoid production by normal dark-grown Euglena are noted.
Importance of ammonium ions in regulating hepatic glutamine synthesis during fasting.

Four-day fasting in the conscious dog is associated with enhanced ammoniagenesis in both the gut and kidneys and a switch in the hepatic glutamine balance from net uptake to that of net production. In the present study we examined the role that the rise in portal venous ammonium ions plays in regulating nitrogen metabolism in vivo. Three groups of 18- to 24-h fasted conscious dogs with catheters surgically implanted in the femoral artery and in the hepatic, portal, and renal veins for 17-21 days were studied. On the day of the study, one group (n = 6) received intraportal ammonium acetate at 3.0 mumol.kg-1.min-1 intended to result in portal venous ammonium ion levels slightly above those seen in the 4-day fasted dog. Another group (n = 5) received an equimolar infusion of sodium acetate, and a third group (n = 6) received saline (0.9%) and acted as controls. Organ balances across the liver, extrahepatic splanchnic tissues (gut), and kidneys were estimated by the arteriovenous differences multiplied by blood flows. All of the load of ammonium acetate infused intraportally was taken up by the liver. As a result there was an immediate switch in hepatic glutamine balance from that of net uptake to net production similar to that seen in the 4-day fasted dog. Simultaneously, net hepatic production of urea nitrogen doubled. These occurred with no change in acid-base balance or no change in circulating arterial or portal venous levels of insulin and glucagon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Global change accelerates carbon assimilation by a wetland ecosystem engineer

The primary productivity of coastal wetlands is changing dramatically in response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, nitrogen (N) enrichment, and invasions by novel species, potentially altering their ecosystem services and resilience to sea level rise. In order to determine how these interacting global change factors will affect coastal wetland productivity, we quantified growing-season carbon assimilation (≈gross primary productivity, or GPP) and carbon retained in living plant biomass (≈net primary productivity, or NPP) of North American mid-Atlantic saltmarshes invaded by Phragmites australis (common reed) under four treatment conditions: two levels of CO2 (ambient and +300 ppm) crossed with two levels of N (0 and 25 g N added m−2 yr−1). For GPP, we combined descriptions of canopy structure and leaf-level photosynthesis in a simulation model, using empirical data from an open-top chamber field study. Under ambient CO2 and low N loading (i.e., the Control), we determined GPP to be 1.66 ± 0.05 kg C m−2 yr−1 at a typical Phragmites stand density. Individually, elevated CO2 and N enrichment increased GPP by 44 and 60%, respectively. Changes under N enrichment came largely from stimulation to carbon assimilation early and late in the growing season, while changes from CO2 came from stimulation during the early and mid-growing season. In combination, elevated CO2 and N enrichment increased GPP by 95% over the Control, yielding 3.24 ± 0.08 kg C m−2 yr−1. We used biomass data to calculate NPP, and determined that it represented 44%–60% of GPP, with global change conditions decreasing carbon retention compared to the Control. Our results indicate that Phragmites invasions in eutrophied saltmarshes are driven, in part, by extended phenology yielding 3.1× greater NPP than native marsh. Further, we can expect elevated CO2 to amplify Phragmites productivity throughout the growing season, with potential implications including accelerated spread and greater carbon storage belowground.
Performance and Physics of a S-76 Rotor in Hover With Non-Contiguous Hybrid Methodologies

Modifications to allow non-contiguous, moving grids have been made to a hybrid computational fluid dynamics free-wake (CFD-FW) solver for aeroelastic rotors. In the CFD-FW approach, a CFD code resolves the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations in the near field, and a vortex free-wake analysis models the wake beyond the near-field CFD grids. Blade loading from the CFD solver is utilized to calculate circulation and advance the free-wake solver. The outer boundaries of the CFD domain have boundary conditions that are modified based on the induced velocities from the free-wake code. Previous studies have demonstrated that the application of the free-wake code in the far-field allows the computational domain to be smaller than in a traditional CFD analysis which saves computational cost and memory while maintaining the accuracy of the solution. Before the current modifications, the hybrid solver was limited to CFD domains that included off-body grids with outer boundaries that were stationary in an inertial frame. By allowing grid systems with moving outer boundaries, the inertial grids can be removed, further reducing the computational cost and memory required by the hybrid solver. The resulting meshes consist of only near-body grids that can be non-contiguous, i.e., not requiring overlap of the meshes. In this work, hover performance predictions of a scaled S-76 rotor are performed using the hybrid CFD non-contiguous grid approach and compared to those of the hybrid solver with the inertial background grids and full CFD simulations. The noncontiguous grid approach predicts comparable thrust coefficients, torque coefficients, and figures of merit, within 2.0 counts of the experimental data, at 7.6% of the computational cost of full CFD simulations. A preliminary study of sensitivity to different model inputs is performed.
Redesigned apparatus for anaerobic measurement of blood pH at low temperatures.

A newly designed apparatus for anaerobic measurement of blood pH at low temperatures is presented. This apparatus features a larger glass electrode surface area, which is necessary to overcome the increased resistance of the glass as blood pH determinations at 0–15 C. are undertaken. Utilization of this equipment has confirmed the ΔpH per degree C. of whole blood to be 0.0156, while intracellular pH of blood has a ΔpH per degree C. of 0.0165.
Intervention Effect of AIDS Related Knowledge and Behavior among Female Sex Workers in Reeducation Center of Public Security Bureau in Shanghai City

[Objective]To investigate the awareness of knowledge related to STD / AIDS among female sex workers(FSWs) in reeducation center of public security bureau of Shanghai City,and preliminary evaluate the intervention effects in reeducation center through comparison of the awareness rate of FSWs into center and out center.[Methods]The investigation was based on the FSW questionnaire designed by national unity combined with the items of STD related knowledge in Baoshan District.The demographic data,STD / AIDS related knowledge and behavior and other information were collected.A total of 196 new students were selected randomly for set self-control study during 2008 to 2009.[Results]Of 196 respondents,85(43.4%) were married,78(39.8%) were unmarried,1(0.5%) was cohabitant,32(16.3%) were divorced or widowed.FSWs below age of 20 accounted for 9.2%,20~29-year-old accounted for 45.4%,30~39-year-old accounted for 35.7%,over 40-year-old accounted for 9.7%.The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge among FSWs into center was 76.2%,that among FSWs out center was 98.2%,the difference was significant by chi-square tests(P0.01).[Conclusion]The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge in FSWs were low before they into center,but after education intervention for several times,it has improved significantly which indicates that health education plays an important role in STD / AIDS control.
The cost of unconventional gas extraction: A hedonic analysis ☆

We focus on identification and estimation of potentially negative environmental impacts of unconventional natural gas extraction on property values in the United States and advance previous research by contributing new data and new identification strategies for isolating these potential impacts. Our study area consists of two counties in Pennsylvania that are home to large amounts of unconventional natural gas extraction but are otherwise isolated from other resource extraction industries or large urban areas. We deploy parametric, semi-parametric, and matching hedonic regression models that include recent quasi-experimental methods and, in contrast to previous research and much popular intuition, we fail to find robust significance that negative environmental externalities of natural gas extraction are manifested in nearby property values. While there may be plausible risks associated with unconventional natural gas extraction, we do not find consistent evidence to suggest that these risks significantly affect nearby property values.
Dynamic Adjustment of Hidden Layer Structure for Convex Incremental Extreme Learning Machine

Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is a learning algorithm based on generalized single-hidden-layer feed-forward neural network. Since ELM has an excellent performance on regression and classification problems, it has been paid more and more attention recently. The determination of structure of ELM plays a vital role in ELM applications. Essentially, determination of the structure of ELM is equivalent to the determination of the hidden layer structure. Utilizing a smaller scale of the hidden layer structure can promote faster running speed. In this paper, we propose algorithm PCI-ELM (Pruned-Convex Incremental Extreme Learning Machine) based on CI-ELM (Convex Incremental Extreme Learning Machine). Furthermore, we also present an improved PCI-ELM algorithm, EPCI-ELM (Enhanced Pruned-Convex Incremental Extreme Learning Machine), which introduces a filtering strategy for PCI-ELM during the neurons adding process. In order to adjust the single-hidden-layer feed-forward neural network more flexibly and achieve the most compact form of the hidden layer structure, in this paper, we propose a algorithm which can dynamically determine hidden layer structure, DCI-ELM (Dynamic Convex Incremental Extreme Learning Machine). At the end of this paper, we verify the performance of PCI-ELM, EPCI-ELM and DCI-ELM. The results show that PCI-ELM, EPCI-ELM and DCI-ELM control hidden layer structure very well and construct the more compact single-hidden-layer feed-forward neural network.
Attachment Orientations, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, and Stress Are Important for Understanding the Link Between Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Adult Self-Reported Health.

Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is reliably associated with poor adult health. Social environments early in life and physiological stress responses are theorized to underlie this link; however, the role of attachment orientations is relatively unknown. In this study, we examined whether attachment orientations (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and self-reported stress were mediators of the association between childhood SES and self-reported health in adulthood. Furthermore, we examined whether parasympathetic nervous system functioning was a moderator of associations between attachment orientations and self-reported stress. Participants (N = 213) provided self-reports of childhood SES, attachment orientations, general stress, and self-rated health. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was measured at rest, as well as during an acute social stressor. Low childhood SES was associated with poor self-reported health via the serial pathway from attachment anxiety to general stress. Moreover, attachment avoidance was associated with self-reported health via general stress, but only among those with high stress-induced RSA. Findings were independent of participant age, sex, race, body mass index, baseline RSA, and adult SES. Attachment theory is useful for understanding why those from low SES backgrounds are at greater risk of negative health outcomes in adulthood. Findings extend our knowledge of how interpersonal relationships in childhood can shape emotional and physical health outcomes in adulthood.
Smyd5 Regulates Hypertrophic Growth in the Heart

Heart disease is the most financially debilitating and fatal disease between both men and women in the United States. Heart failure is defined as the point at which the heart’s ability to function declines, due to overexertion, and can no longer sufficiently pump blood to vital organs throughout the body. While there are different forms of heart disease the pathophysiology of these is largely conserved: the heart compensates for an increased work load by undergoing hypertrophic growth and ultimately progresses onto heart failure. The Smyd family of histone methyltransferases has been studied for their involvement in cell growth during development and disease and is thought to accomplish this by regulating gene expression through histone methylation. While the roles of Smyd1, 2, and 3 are beginning to be defined, the remaining two family members, Smyd4 and 5, are virtually uncharacterized. My hypothesis is that Smyd5 is involved in inhibiting hypertrophic growth in the myocardium, however, its role in the ...
Coupled Membrane and Diffusion Testing of Active Clays for Barrier Applications

Highly active clays, such as sodium bentonites, are known to behave as solute restricting, semipermeable membranes under specific physical and chemical conditions. This behavior has important implications for practical applications, including a reduction in solute mass flux due to diffusion. After description of a method for simultaneously measuring membrane behavior and solute diffusion of active clays, the results of experimental studies using the method to test bentonite-based barriers are presented. The effects of effective stress and/or void ratio (dry density) of the specimen, and deviations from anticipated coupled membrane and diffusion behavior resulting from extending the evaluation to the limit where membrane behavior becomes nil are illustrated. The presentation should be of interest to those evaluating the use of bentonite-based barriers for waste containment applications, such as dense bentonite-buffers for high level radioactive waste disposal.
The decline in adult activities among U.S. adolescents, 1976–2016.

The social and historical contexts may influence the speed of development. In seven large, nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents 1976–2016 (N = 8.44 million, ages 13–19), fewer adolescents in recent years engaged in adult activities such as having sex, dating, drinking alcohol, working for pay, going out without their parents, and driving, suggesting a slow life strategy. Adult activities were less common when median income, life expectancy, college enrollment, and age at first birth were higher and family size and pathogen prevalence were lower, consistent with life history theory. The trends are unlikely to be due to homework and extracurricular time, which stayed steady or declined, and may or may not be linked to increased Internet use.
Effects of methoxychlor on larval development of mud-crab and blue crab

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of methoxychlor on the larval development of the mud-crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, and the commercial blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, from the time of hatching until the 1st crab stage was reached. The effect of a range of concentrations of methoxychlor on survival of larvae of C. sapidus and R. harrisii was determined, as well as the concentrations which were sublethal and lethal. Since concentrations as low as 1.3, 1.6 and 1.9 ppb (μg l−1) methoxychlor were acutely toxic to C. sapidus larvae, and it took a concentration as high as 7.0 ppb to be acutely toxic to R. harrisii larvae, it was concluded that C. sapidus larvae were much more sensitive to methoxychlor than R. harrisii larvae. Zoeal and total development to the 1st crab stage of R. harrisii and C. sapidus were prolonged in relation to increased concentrations of methoxychlor. The developmental stages in which larvae were particularly sensitive varied in the two species. Methoxychlor residues of R. harrisii and C. sapidus larvae reared in concentrations of methoxychlor were determined.
Clinical spectrum of cutaneous melanoma morphology.

Background Melanoma can mimic other cutaneous lesions, but the full spectrum and prevalence of these morphologic variants remain largely unknown. Objective To classify nonacral cutaneous melanomas into distinct morphologic clusters and characterize clusters’ clinicopathologic features. Methods All pathologic melanoma diagnoses (occurring during 2011-2016) were reviewed for routine prebiopsy digital photographs (n = 400). Six dermatologists independently assigned lesions into 1 of 14 diagnostic classes on the basis of morphology. Image consensus clusters were generated by K-means; clinicopathologic features were compared with analysis of variance and χ2. Results Five morphologic clusters were identified: typical (n = 136), nevus-like (n = 81), amelanotic/nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC)–like (n = 70), seborrheic keratosis (SK)–like (n = 68), and lentigo/lentigo maligna (LM)–like (n = 45) melanomas. Nevus-like melanomas were found in younger patients. Nevus-like and lentigo/LM-like melanomas tended to be thinner and more likely identified on routine dermatologic examinations. NMSC-like melanomas were tender, thicker, more mitotically active, and associated with prior NMSC. Typical and SK-like melanomas had similar clinicopathologic features. Limitations Cluster subdivision yielded diminished sample sizes. Visual assignment was performed without clinical context. Conclusion When primary cutaneous melanomas were assigned into diagnostic groups and subjected to novel consensus clustering, recurrent morphologic patterns emerged. The spectrum of these morphologies was unexpectedly diverse, which might have implications for visual training and possibly clinical diagnosis.
Evolution of bacterial trade in a two-species community.

Our natural world is enriched by mutualisms, where organisms engage in a complex and often colorful trade of goods and services for their mutual benefit (Fig. 1 D ). An enduring question in evolutionary biology is how does this multispecies complexity emerge from simpler interactions? One-way beneficial relationships, such as those between a dung beetle and a mammal, have been proposed as a starting point for the elaboration of mutualisms (1⇓–3) (Fig. 1 A ) and provide a vivid framing of the puzzle: When and how does it pay a dung beetle to help mammals make more dung? Harcombe et al. (4) took a microbial analog of a mammal–dung beetle relationship and used experimental evolution to probe the potential coevolutionary pathways. In their PNAS paper, Harcombe et al. report a striking result: the evolution of a costly bidirectional mutualism in the laboratory. Fig. 1. Step-wise evolution of a costly bidirectional mutualism between Salmonella enterica and an E. coli methionine auxotroph. Costly products are indicated in green and costless products are indicated in brown. ( A ) The E. coli methionine auxotroph (light blue) produces acetate as a costless byproduct of lactose metabolism. Salmonella (light red) … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: sam.brown{at}biology.gatech.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Early Carotid Endarterectomy after Acute Stroke Yields Excellent Outcomes: An Analysis of the Procedure-Targeted ACS-NSQIP.

Background Recurrent ischemic events have been associated with delayed carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients who present with acute strokes. As such, earlier intervention has been advocated to preserve cerebral function and expedient rehabilitation. We sought to determine the differences in 30-day postoperative major adverse clinical events (MACEs) for patients who undergo early (≤7 days) and delayed (>7 days) CEA after acute stroke. Methods Our sample consisted of patients captured in the CEA-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set between 2011 and 2015. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative MACEs (death, stroke, or myocardial infarction [MI]). Differences in postoperative MACEs were determined between early and delayed CEA treatment. In addition, multivariable analyses were done to determine the association between various patient factors and postoperative complications after CEA for patients who presented with acute strokes. Results A total of 3,427 patients were identified who underwent CEA for acute stroke in the CEA-targeted files between 2011 and 2015. Overall, perioperative rates of 30-day death, stroke, or MI were 1.30% (n = 43), 2.74% (n = 94), and 0.96% (n = 33), respectively. There were no differences in 30-day postoperative death, stroke, or MI for early or delayed CEA after acute strokes. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors for postoperative MACEs in patients with acute stroke were age ≥80 years (OR 2.41; 95% CI [1.15–5.06]), preoperative beta-blocker use (OR 2.11; 95% CI [1.13–3.93]), and operative time > 150 min (OR 2.39; 95% CI [0.82–4.98]). Conclusions There are no differences in postoperative 30-day death, stroke, or MI in early and delayed CEA after an acute stroke. These results substantiate the recommendation for early (
Thoughts on Corporations East and West

During my trip to China, I spent time deep in conversation with Iwao Nakatani, my friend from Harvard days, and Masayuki Iwata, a specialist on socialist economics, as we rode the bus to Dazhai, the “agricultural model district.” At that time the two of them were researching “labor-managed firms,” where the power is held not by stockholders but by the workers. The model for this type of firm originated from Yugoslavian firms, and this theory was being advanced in Europe and the U.S. We talked about how Japanese firms have a workers’ authority aspect as well.
Offloading cache configuration prediction to an FPGA for hardware speedup and overhead reduction: work-in-progress

In this paper, we present our cache configuration prediction methodology offloaded to an FPGA for improved performance and hardware overhead reduction, while maintaining cache configuration predictions within 5% of the optimal energy cache configuration for application phases for the instruction and data caches.
Debye Coefficients for Biological Tissues From 100 MHz to 100 GHz

Debye modeling of dispersive, biological tissues allows for the numerical analysis of electromagnetic waves in the vicinity of a human body using the FDTD method. Three-term Debye expansion coefficients for 55 human biological tissues are determined via a two-step numerical solver. The Debye coefficients obtained predict precisely the complex permittivity of the experimentally available tissue data.
Experimental Demonstration of Single-mode Topological Valley-Hall Lasing at Telecommunication Wavelength

We exeperimentally demonstrate a single-mode valley-Hall laser at telecommunication wavelength. The degree of asymmetry in a honeycomb photonic crystal governs light confinement regimes in the valley-Hall cavity and controls systematic single-mode operation despite multiple resonances.
Micromechanical Modeling for the Deformation of Sand with Noncoaxiality between the Stress and Material Axes

AbstractWithin a micromechanical framework, a constitutive model for sand capable of predicting noncoaxiality between stress and strain increments is presented. Anisotropy of elastic and plastic material properties is considered by introducing fabric-like second-order coefficient tensors that arise from a description of the interparticle contacts of sand grains. Strength anisotropy is further accounted for by introducing an interlocking parameter that describes the relative ease of sliding depending on the orientation of potential failure planes. The model is calibrated to and validated against two sets of hollow cylinder triaxial compression experiments consisting of various orientations of major principle stress directions, including tests conducted with the principle stress axes noncoaxial with the material axes. Model predictions of noncoaxiality between stress and strain increments are examined and compared with laboratory measurements. The results show that by considering the arrangement of interpar...
Monitoring during carotid balloon test occlusion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that diagnostic, and treatment approaches to a variety of head and neck diseases requires the assessment of functional capability of cerebral blood flow (CBF). The reason is that not all patients can tolerate abrupt occlusion of the carotid artery and in those patients with no or low tolerance, acute, or delayed ischemic events may occur. It discusses the evaluation of the risk of the procedures that might sacrifice or cause prolonged temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). These procedures include surgery for head and neck tumors, interventions for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM), carotid cavernous fistulas, arterial aneurysms, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), and a myriad of other conditions. The chapter reviews that carotid artery balloon occlusion test (BOT) in conjunction n with CBF analysis is believed to help identify those patients who will not tolerate carotid occlusion. Once the balloon system is in place and a digital road map is visualized, the anticoagulation is achieved with IV bolus of heparin. The chapter also explores that the aim of neurophysiological monitoring during BOT is the prompt identification of critical changes that are suggestive of impending ischemia. Carotid balloon test occlusions with neurophysiological monitoring are used by interventional neuroradiologists as pretreatment evaluation to assess the risk of a procedure, where the ICA may be sacrificed.
Lateral Stability of Beam and Deck Structure

The theoretical equations describing lateral buckling of deep beams attached to a nailed wood deck were verified by experiment. Because the effects of beam depth and span length on lateral stability are well known, the experiments were designed to study the influence of deck stiffness on stability of a beam-deck structure. A pair of deep beams, with attached deck, was loaded with end moments to produce pure bending in vertical planes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beams. The critical bending moment at which lateral buckling of the beam-deck structure occurred was observed for several decks having different shear stiffnesses. Observed critical bending moments were within 7% of those predicted by theory. It was found that critical bending moments twice those for unsupported beams could be obtained with a deck of moderate shear stiffness fastened to the compression side of the beams.
Dynamic Reconfiguration in Multihop WDM Networks

We consider multichannel multihop lightwave networks with stations equipped with a small number of transmitters and receivers. By assigning wavelengths to the receivers and transmitters at each station, one can define the logical connectivity of the network independently of the underlying physical topology. The advent of fast tunable optical transmitters and receivers makes it feasible to dynamically update the network connectivity to accommodate traffic demands that vary over time. Of major concern in such design is how the connectivity should react to changes in traffic patterns. The problem is formulated as a Markovian Decision Process and the properties of the optimal configuration policy are identified. These properties are then used to develop an algorithm for obtaining policies that make decisions similar to the decisions of the optimal policy. A procedure is also proposed to manage the large state space for systems with a large number of stations.
CaT1 manifests the pore properties of the calcium-release-activated calcium channel

The calcium-release-activated Ca2+channel, ICRAC1,2,3, is a highly Ca2+-selective ion channel that is activated on depletion of either intracellular Ca2+ levels or intracellular Ca2+ stores. The unique gating of ICRAC has made it a favourite target of investigation for new signal transduction mechanisms; however, without molecular identification of the channel protein, such studies have been inconclusive. Here we show that the protein CaT1 (ref. 4), which has six membrane-spanning domains, exhibits the unique biophysical properties of ICRAC when expressed in mammalian cells. Like ICRAC, expressed CaT1 protein is Ca2+ selective, activated by a reduction in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and inactivated by higher intracellular concentrations of Ca2+. The channel is indistinguishable from ICRAC in the following features: sequence of selectivity to divalent cations; an anomalous mole fraction effect; whole-cell current kinetics; block by lanthanum; loss of selectivity in the absence of divalent cations; and single-channel conductance to Na+ in divalent-ion-free conditions. CaT1 is activated by both passive and active depletion of calcium stores. We propose that CaT1 comprises all or part of the ICRAC pore.
Thoughts, Things, and Theories … What is Culture?

Thoughts, Things, and Theories … What is Culture?. Mathers Museum of World Cultures, Indiana University. Opened November 2, 2005.
Zur Interpretation Mehrdimensionaler Skalierungsergebnisse

Die graphisch-visuelle Darstellung von Datenmatrizen mit Merkmalen unterschiedlicher Datenniveaus ist in der Marktforschung ein wertvolles Instrument zur Interpretation von Markt- und Konkurrenzdaten. Da die mit Mehrdimensionaler Skalierung und anschliesendem Property Fitting erzielbaren Ergebnisse wesentlich von einer geeigneten Startkonfiguration abhangen, wird hier der Ansatz verfolgt, auch bei nichtmetrischen Daten von einer linearen Faktorenanalyse auszugehen, weil man damit simultan eine Startplazierung der Merkmalsrichtungen erreicht. Fur das Property Fitting werden die Methoden der linearen und der monotonen Regression kurz dargestellt.
A simulation model for AUV navigation

In this paper, a simulation model is developed to test AUV navigation applications. The simulation model consists of a canonical class of simulated object, multiple instances of which are related in a hierarchical manner, to model all physical objects that reside in a unified underwater environment. Each object is part of a world environment which is composed of computer maps represented by n-variable discrete (e.g. bintree, quadtree, octtree) or continuous analytic (B-spline or faceted) functions. The constituent parts of each object are: (1) sensor model-virtual sensors used to measure properties of the environment and global (true) object state in order to establish local object state; (2) command model-control algorithms (e.g. layered control) used to model behavioral characteristics of the object and to issue commands that change the global object state based on the local object state information obtained from the sensor models; (3) dynamic model-model used to realistically determine the change in global object state caused by commands issued from the command model.
Shrinkage Formulas for two Nominal Level Measures of Association

To assess the degree of association extant in an r × c contingency table, analysts are likely to use two compound least-squares measures, Crameer's or Light and Margolin's Sample specific by, definition, both coefficients are positively biased. To estimate the degree to which two nominally scaled variables are related in a population, simple adjustments to reduce this bias can and should be made when the sample size is not large. Accordingly, the adjusted coefficients and are proposed. As shown, these generalized second-moment chance-corrected measures correspond with their multiple regression and point multiserial correlation counterparts, and
Do trade-offs between predation pressures on females versus nests drive nest-site choice in painted turtles?

Predation strongly influences reproductive behaviours because reproducing individuals must balance mortality risks to themselves and to their offspring. In many freshwater turtles, the nest predation risk decreases with nest distance from water, whereas the predation risk to females increases farther from water. To determine whether predation pressure influences the distance from water at which female turtles nest, we measured predation pressure on nesting females and on nests, as well as the distances of nests to water, in two populations of painted turtles. Using models, we found that female survival in both populations was high and did not vary with distance from water. Nest survival was also uncorrelated with nest distance to water, although it was significantly lower than adult survival in both populations and was only 1.2% in one population. Our results suggest that nest sites are not predictably safe from predators. Instead, turtles may hedge their bets by nesting over a wide range of distances from water because any distance is risky for nests and no distance is particularly risky for the nesting female. We suggest that other factors, such as suitable incubation conditions and/or post-emergence hatchling survival, probably play a larger role than predation in driving nest-site choice in painted turtles.
The Vitamin B6 Requirement of Breeder Hens

Abstract THE need for vitamin B6 for egg production and hatchability was established by Cravens et al. (1943). In a later report, they placed the requirement for maximum hatchability at 2.0 mg. per kg. of ration by adding crystalline pyridoxine HCl to a purified diet of estimated vitamin B6 content (Cravens et al., 1946). In a study of the vitamin B6 requirement of chicks it was observed by Fuller and Dunahoo (1959) that the depletion of this vitamin occurred at a very early age when no dietary sources were provided. Reduction in weight gains, as compared with the control chicks receiving vitamin B6 was measurable at two days of age. This suggested a limited carryover of this vitamin from dam to chick and raised a question as to the adequacy of vitamin B6 in practical breeder rations. The vitamin B6 content of a simplified corn-soy ration assayed by the method of …
Community type and the diffusion of campaign information

This study explored the role of community pluralism in the diffusion of information. More specifically, this paperused community pluralism as a contextual variable in studying the mediating impact of SES variables on program awareness and name recall of a cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention program in three communities of differing complexity. Data for this study came from 14 surveys over a period of five years. The study found that program awareness and name recall diffused more slowly in the more pluralistic communities compared to the less pluralistic communities. This effect was more pronounced for program name recall than program awareness. We also found that social structure mediates the impact of SES variables on the flow of information. Implications of the findings for future study of diffusion research as well as for purposive campaigns are discussed.
Nanoparticle Mediated Measurement of Target-Drug Binding in Cancer Cells

Responses to molecularly targeted therapies can be highly variable and depend on mutations, fluctuations in target protein levels in individual cells, and drug delivery. The ability to rapidly quantitate drug response in cells harvested from patients in a point-of-care setting would have far reaching implications. Capitalizing on recent developments with miniaturized NMR technologies, we have developed a magnetic nanoparticle-based approach to directly measure both target expression and drug binding in scant human cells. The method involves covalent conjugation of the small-molecule drug to a magnetic nanoparticle that is then used as a read-out for target expression and drug-binding affinity. Using poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition as a model system, we developed an approach to distinguish differential expression of PARP in scant cells with excellent correlation to gold standards, the ability to mimic drug pharmacodynamics ex vivo through competitive target-drug binding, and the potential to perform such measurements in clinical samples.
Winona H. Welch Herbarium of Hookeriaceae

In 1987, the DePauw University Herbarium (DPU) was transferred to the New York Botanical Garden (NY). Included was Winona Welch's research herbarium of Hookeriaceae, which consists of 306 types and 2586 non-type specimens. Separate lists of type specimens and collectors of non-type specimens are presented.
Prey detection in the Chaetognatha: Response to a vibrating probe and experimental determination of attack distance in large aquaria1

The benthic Spadella schizoptera and the planktonic Sagitta hispida both attacked a fine vibrating glass probe over a broad range of frequencies after being starved for 1–3 days. The response curve for S. schizoptera had a peak at 30 Hz and was similar in shape but far broader than that found by prior workers for Spadella cephaloptera. Sagitta hispida responded differently, with a peak response at 150 Hz and no apparent preference among lower frequencies. It also had a strong (37%) response to nonvibrating lateral sweeps. Neither species would attack the probe at a distance >3 mm. This extremely short attack distance was confirmed, for S. hispida, in a 50-liter aquarium by a series of feeding experiments, the results from which were applied to a simple model. Sagitta hispida starved for 1 day searched 2,667 mm3 min−1 and had an attack distance of 0.88 mm. These experimental data were used to determine the ability of S. hispida to sustain itself nutritionally in its natural environment.
Can Senior Volunteers Deliver Reminiscence and Creative Activity Interventions? Results of the Legacy Intervention Family Enactment Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Context Palliative care patients and their family caregivers may have a foreshortened perspective of the time left to live, or the expectation of the patient's death in the near future. Patients and caregivers may report distress in physical, psychological, or existential/spiritual realms. Objectives To conduct a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness of retired senior volunteers (RSVs) in delivering a reminiscence and creative activity intervention aimed at alleviating palliative care patient and caregiver distress. Methods Of the 45 dyads that completed baseline assessments, 28 completed postintervention and 24 completed follow-up assessments. The intervention group received three home visits by RSVs; control group families received three supportive telephone calls by the research staff. Measures included symptom assessment and associated burden, depression, religiousness/spirituality, and meaning in life. Results Patients in the intervention group reported a significantly greater reduction in frequency of emotional symptoms (P=0.02) and emotional symptom bother (P=0.04) than the control group, as well as improved spiritual functioning. Family caregivers in the intervention group were more likely than control caregivers to endorse items on the Meaning of Life Scale (P=0.02). Only improvement in intervention patients' emotional symptom bother maintained at follow-up after discontinuing RSV contact (P=0.024). Conclusion Delivery of the intervention by RSVs had a positive impact on palliative care patients' emotional symptoms and burden and caregivers' meaning in life. Meaningful prolonged engagement with palliative care patients and caregivers, possibly through alternative modes of treatment delivery such as continued RSV contact, may be necessary for maintenance of therapeutic effects.
Association of self-reported injury and alcohol consumption in medical outpatients

Objective:This study was designed to examine the association between minor injury and level of alcohol consumption among adult outpatients.
Multiple Pulmonary Air Fluid Levels as a Presentation of Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure and emphysema are common diseases in western society. The presence of these diseases in a single patient can lead to diagnostic uncertainty. A case of congestive heart failure presenting as multiple air fluid levels within lung bullae is reported.
Social Justice Educational Leaders and Resistance: Toward a Theory of Social Justice Leadership

Purpose : A subgroup of principals—leaders for social justice—guide their schools to transform the culture, curriculum, pedagogical practices, atmosphere, and schoolwide priorities to benefit margi...
MODIFIED POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND SELECTIVE MEDIA METHODS FOR DETECTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN PORK LOIN CHOPS1

Selective media, and a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated for use in the detection and enumeration of Helicobacter pylori in pork loin chops. The chops were treated with tap water, or H. pylori-ATCC 43504, packaged in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film (7 days), or vacuum packaged (24 days), stored at 2C, and analyzed for survival of H. pylori. Modifying the amplification cycles and annealing temperature of the PCR resulted in detection of H. Pylori on inoculated chops. Helicobacter pylori survived for 5, and 10 days on the PVC, and vacuum packaged chops, respectively. Skirrow agar was the most effective medium, when compared to blood agar, and egg yolk emulsion agar.
Computational studies of vinyl-stabilized halonium ions

Conformational studies of 1-halo-2-butenylcations have been carried out by means of density functional and ab initio calculations. The presence of an adjacent vinyl group reduced the importance of bridging by halogen atoms as evidenced by geometric and energetic analyses. Eclipsed forms were found to be minima in several cases.
EVIDENCE OF ANOMALOUS RESISTANCE IN PLASMAS

Observations reported appear to confirm an anomalous resistance in plasmas having electrons drifting through ions with drift energies greater than approximates 0.9 kT. Investigations were made during the afterglow of an intense plasma (densities approximates 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/) created by a pulsed reflex- type discharge (magnetic field approximates 200 gauss). The drifts were created by the strong electric fields ( approximates 50 v/cm) in the capacitive region of a 200 Mc/sec re-entrant cavity through which the discharge column penetrated. (C.E.S.)
The possible role of 2-hydroxyestradiol in the development of estrogen-induced striatal dopamine receptor hypersensitivity

In the present study, we have confirmed the existence of a biphasic response in striatal dopamine receptor sensitivity following the administration of estradiol benzoate (EB). This biphasic response consists of a hyposensitive phase 24 h after the last injection of EB, followed by a hypersensitive phase 72 h after the last injection of EB. In contrast to this, the administration of 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), a catechol metabolite of estrogen, resulted in a striatal dopamine receptor hypersensitivity at both 24 and 72 h after the last injection of 2-OHE2. Studies on the in vivo metabolism of [3H]estradiol to its [3H]catechol metabolites indicated that the administration of piperonyl butoxide (PBO; a microsomal enzyme inhibitor) significantly decreased the level of [3H]catechol metabolites of [3H]estradiol in the striatum and in the medial basal hypothalamus. In addition, PBO administration resulted in about a 7-fold decrease in the ability of estradiol to induce a striatal dopamine receptor hypersensitivity. These data indicate that the biphasic response in striatal dopamine receptor sensitivity following estrogen, may be mediated by separate molecular mechanisms. The association of the hypersensitive phase with pharmacological doses and/or treatment paradigms, the development of a similar hypersensitivity following the administration of the 2-OHE2 metabolite of estrogen and the attenuation of the estrogen-induced striatal dopamine receptor hypersensitivity in PBO pretreated animals all suggest that this striatal dopamine receptor hypersensitivity may be mediated, at least in part, by the catecholestrogens.
3,5,7-trimethyl-1-azatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-2-ylidene, an aminocarbene without π conjugation

3,5,7-Trimethyl-1 -azatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-2-ylidene, an aminocarbene without π conjugation, has been generated from the corresponding tosylhydrazone salt. Addition of the carbene to alkenes is stereospecifically cis, thus showing that the reacting state is singlet. Competition studies reveal that the carbene is somewhat nucleophilic, implying a measure of overlap between the lone pair on nitrogen and the empty orbital on carbon. In turn, such overlap implies a pyramidal structure for the divalent carbon.