cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-neoplastic Epithelial Cysts of the Pancreas: A Rare, Benign Entity

Objectives With the increased use of cross-sectional radiologic imaging in recent years, cystic lesions of the pancreas are being diagnosed with greater frequency. While pseuodocysts have historically accounted for the majority of benign pancreatic cysts, there are a number of rare, benign cystic lesions of the pancreas that can mimic neoplastic cysts. The objective of this study was to review a single institution’s experience with these benign cystic lesions of the pancreas.
Mnemonic benefits of retrieval practice at short retention intervals

The testing effect refers to the retention benefit conferred by prior retrieval of information from memory. Although the testing effect is a robust phenomenon, a common assumption is that reliable memory benefits only emerge after long retention intervals of days or weeks. The present study focused on potential test-induced retention benefits for brief retention intervals on the order of minutes and tens of seconds. Participants in four experiments studied lists of words. Some of the items were subjected to an initial cued recall test, and others were re-presented for additional study. Free recall tests were administered in each experiment following retention intervals ranging from 30 s to 8 min. When initial retrieval practice was successful (Experiments 1 through 3), or feedback compensated for unsuccessful retrieval (Experiment 4), significant testing effects emerged at all retention intervals. Results are discussed in the context of a bifurcated item-distribution model and highlight the importance of ...
Enhancing Student Teacher Reflective Practice through Poetry.

This article describes a seminar process in which poetry is used with student teachers to provide a focal point for reflection and introspection. Through this reflection process, students have been able to reflect deeply and personally on their student-teaching experiences, on their own personalities in the context of those experiences, and on their relationships with their own students and cooperating teachers. The article includes a description and example of the seminar process used as well as examples of students' reflections. The literature review includes descriptions of alternative methods of using poetry as a reflective tool.
Psychological issues in cleft lip and palate

The treatment of cleft lip and palate extends over the infancy, childhood, and adolescence of individuals who are born with this condition. The children and their families contend with multiple surgeries throughout these years. Depending on the severity of the cleft, the families may also need to cope with speech therapy, ear infections, learning disabilities,and various orthodontic treatments. The end result of these treatments and interventions should be a child, teen, or adult who is an appropriately contributing member of society at each stage of development. The psychological support needed to enable a child to meet that goal should be provided by family, school, the surgeon, and other members of the cleft treatment team. These adults should demonstrate a belief in the child's ability to cope with the challenges of cleft lip and palate treatment and should focus the child on the efficacy he will gain from having had the experience of growing up with a cleft lip and palate.
Lung perfusion imaging in small animals using 4D micro-CT at heartbeat temporal resolution.

Purpose: Quantitative in vivo imaging of lung perfusion in rodents can provide critical information for preclinical studies. However, the combined challenges of high temporal and spatial resolution have made routine quantitative perfusion imaging difficult in small animals. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate 4D micro-CT for perfusion imaging in rodents at heartbeat temporal resolution and isotropic spatial resolution. Methods: We have recently developed a dual tube/detector micro-CT scanner that is well suited to capture first pass kinetics of a bolus of contrast agent used to compute perfusion information. Our approach is based on the paradigm that similar time density curves can be reproduced in a number of consecutive, small volume injections of iodinated contrast agent at a series of different angles. This reproducibility is ensured by the high-level integration of the imaging components of our system with a microinjector, a mechanical ventilator, and monitoring applications. Sampling is controlled through a biological pulse sequence implemented in LABVIEW. Image reconstruction is based on a simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique implemented on a graphic processor unit. The capabilities of 4D micro-CT imaging are demonstrated in studies on lung perfusion in rats. Results: We report 4D micro-CT imaging in the rat lung with a heartbeat temporal resolution approximately 150 ms and isotropic 3D reconstruction with a voxel size of 88 m based on sampling using 16 injections of 50 L each. The total volume of contrast agent injected during the experiments 0.8 mL was less than 10% of the total blood volume in a rat. This volume was not injected in a single bolus, but in multiple injections separated by at least 2 min interval to allow for clearance and adaptation. We assessed the reproducibility of the time density curves with multiple injections and found that these are very similar. The average time density curves for the first eight and last eight injections are slightly different, i.e., for the last eight injections, both the maximum of the average time density curves and its area under the curve are decreased by 3.8% and 7.2%, respectively, relative to the average time density curves based on the first eight injections. The radiation dose associated with our 4D micro-CT imaging is 0.16 Gy and is therefore in the range of a typical micro-CT dose. Conclusions: 4D micro-CT-based perfusion imaging demonstrated here has immediate application in a wide range of preclinical studies such as tumor perfusion, angiogenesis, and renal function. Although our imaging system is in many ways unique, we believe that our approach based on the multiple injection paradigm can be used with the newly developed flat-panel slip-ring-based micro-CT to increase their temporal resolution in dynamic perfusion studies. © 2010 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. DOI: 10.1118/1.3264619
Planung und Durchführung klinischer Phase-I-Studien

There is clear evidence that the epidemiologic importance of malignant diseases will continue to rise in the future. This creates the ethical obligation to further intensify the search for improved systemic treatment options. This review is focussed on principles and practices of phase I trials. The trial methodology outlined here is not only used for first-in-human doses of new chemical entities but also for the investigation of new treatment schedules and combinations. The primary endpoints as well as preclinical requirements are addressed. Although for formal reasons antitumor activity cannot be an endpoint in phase I studies the careful observation and documentation of potential anticancer efficacy is of utmost importance in these early clinical trials. Signals of antitumor activity may serve as important guidance for subsequent clinical development plans. Inclusion criteria, dose escalation schemes, and the importance of the concept of the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) are addressed together with ethical principles of exposure to novel chemical agents.
The effects of mercury and other resgents on Phosphoglycerate mutase−2,3−diphosphoglycerate Phosphatase from kidney, muscle and other tissues

Abstract Phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 2.7.5.3) was purified 2000-fold from pork kidney. The molecular weight estimated by Sephadex gel filtration was approx. 65000. This is in close agreement with other animal phosphoglyceromutases. The previously observed Hg 2+− induced reversible transformation of chicken and rabbit muscle phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 2.7.5.3) into 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase but does not occur with purified pork kidney phosphoglycerate mutase or with preparations of phosphoglycerate metase from beef liver, beef brain and human red cells. The uniqueness of the bahavvior of muscle phosphoglycerate mutase from a number of species is illustrated. On the other hand, the insensitivity of phosphoglycerate mutase from other tissues to Hg 2+ is typified by the kidney enzyme. Pyrophosphate and phosphoglycolate stimulated the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity of purified preparations of phosphoglycerate mutase from pork kidney and chicken breast. The mutase activity was unaffected by these reagents.
Pain and Disability Related to Osteoarthrosis of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint

We investigated the relationship between trapeziometacarpal arthrosis, pain, and upper extremity specific disability by surveying patients from a prior prevalence study. The 456 adult (age 18 or greater) patients from a prior prevalence study were mailed a questionnaire consisting of the full DASH outcome measure as well as additional questions to identify sources of pain other than the thumb, pain in the thumb and whether the patient has received treatment for thumb arthritis. A response rate of 27% was achieved (122 responses). Thumb pain correlated with pain elsewhere in the arm (r = 0.354, p < 0.001), but not with higher grades of arthrosis. The average DASH score was 9.9 [range 0–60.0]. Higher grades of arthrosis (p = 0.013), pain in the thumb (r = 0.602, p < 0.001) and pain elsewhere in the arm (r = 0.665, p < 0.001) were found to be predictors of a higher DASH score. Arthrosis grade explained only 3% of the variation of DASH scores in linear regression modeling, but was included in the best multivariable model—along with thumb pain and pain elsewhere in the arm—which explained 52% of the variation in DASH scores. Higher grades of trapeziometacarpal arthrosis do not correlate with complaints of thumb pain and have a significant, but very limited affect on arm-specific disability, compared to pain elsewhere in the arm.
Early neurobehavioral abnormalities in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

The purpose of this study was to investigate the early neurodevelopmental outcome of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN). Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn is associated with hypoxic-ischemic injuries to the brain, but little is known of early neurodevelopmental correlates. Nineteen infants with PPHN and matched controls were enrolled in the study. Five of the PPHN infants died during their neonatal course, and eight had seizures and cerebral infarctions. Among all of the PPHN infants, there were significant relationships between asphyxia, cerebral infarction, and seizures. Differences between PPHN and control infants on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale were significant on 12 items in the areas of sensory orientation, motor and tone functioning, arousability, and state control. These differences were associated with perinatal asphyxia, electrical seizures, and cerebral infarction. Similar neurodevelopmental correlates were found on the Dubowitz Neonatal Neurological Examination. These results help provide a better understanding of the early developmental risks associated with PPHN.
35-MHz linear array for medical imaging

This paper discusses the design, fabrication and testing of a 35 MHz linear ultrasonic array. The array features monolithic piezoelectric elements diced out of TRS 600FGHD fine grain high-density ceramic. A lossy urethane doped with gas filled microspheres is used as a kerf-filler to dampen inter-element acoustic propagation and reduce pulse length. The array incorporates a slotted single matching layer made from an unloaded epoxy. This matching layer also contributes to the reduction of pulse length and an increase in sensitivity. Array elements are spaced by a 50 mm pitch and interconnected via a flexible circuit. An 85 (Omega) transmission line coaxial cable is used to electrically match the array elements to the 50 (Omega) system electronics. The final 64-element array design is based on experimental results obtained from several four-element prototype arrays. An average center frequency of 34 MHz with a -6 dB bandwidth of at least 45% is achieved with the final prototype array. The maximum combined electrical and acoustical cross-talk for nearest and next nearest elements is less than -29 dB. The average -40 dB pulse length is 105 ns. The simple design and satisfactory performance of this array make it suitable for large-scale production.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Astrosociology as the Missing Perspective

Astrosociology represents a distinctive emergent field within the sociological discipline and outside of it, inclusive of the other social sciences and a strong connection to the natural sciences. It provides a heretofore absent focus that partly serves to complement the work of space scientists and engineers, including the space policy issues that guide the direction of their work. By adopting astrosociology, this missing perspective increases the current scope of attention by adding its focus on the societal implications of human developments related to space generally and space exploration specifically. This relationship between space and society, viewed in both causal directions, influences social change within any particular society and possesses implications for future projects and missions. Astrosociology adds a sociocultural dimension to the conventional approach of space sciences that currently devalues a social science orientation. With the addition of astrosociology, practitioners of space will...
Oxidation of ethanol on silica supported noble metal and bimetallic catalysts

Abstract The oxidation of ethanol has been studied over a series of silica-supported noble metal catalysts. Pt was found to be the most active catalyst for the formation of CO2. Ru was found to be highly selective for the formation of acetaldehyde in the 40–100C temperature range. A low temperature mechanism leading to the formation of acetaldehyde and H2O was found to occur through an adsorbed ethoxy intermediate. In order to explain the high temperature mechanism which appears to favor the direct oxidation of ethanol to CO2 without the formation of an acetaldehyde intermediate, an adsorbed surface acetate is suggested. Both the surface ethoxy species and the adsorbed acetate have been identified usingin situ infrared spectroscopy. The formation of both acetic acid and ethyl acetate at high temperatures is further evidence that a surface acetate species is present.
Marine Growth on the Hondo Platform in the Santa Barbara Channel

Marine growth on the Hondo platform has been well documented in photography over the years. These photographs have been reviewed in order to understand the interrelationship between different foulers and the sequence of their growth. This understanding has been useful in developing a reasonable predictive marine growth model for future platforms in the vicinity of Hondo. In addition, marine growth thickness and roughness were measured on the present Hondo platform in May, 1981. These measurements are compared with the measurements on the nearshore Chevron platforms. The reasons for differences in the growth patterns are discussed. The final marine growth and roughness profiles for environmental loading purposes were estimated from these measurements.
IMPACT OF EXOGENOUS SALICYLIC ACID ON THE GROWTH, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CARROT PLANTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SALINITY AND BORON TOXICITY

Abstract Previous studies have shown that salicylic acid (SA) plays a role in the response of plants to salt and osmotic stresses. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of exogenous salicylic acid on the growth, physiology and antioxidant activity of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantes) grown under combined stress of salinity and boron toxicity. The treatments consisted of salt (control, NaCl, and Na2SO4), boron (−B: 0 and +B: 25 mg B kg−1) and salicylic acid (−SA: 0 and +SA: 0.5 mmol SA kg−1). The diameter of the storage root was increased by NaCl salinity in the absence of B toxicity, however, it was increased by Na2SO4 salinity under B toxicity. For the storage root yield, NaCl salinity was more toxic than Na2SO4 salinity. With its role in plant growth regulation, SA application positively affected the storage root dry weight, S concentration, carotenoids and anthocyanin content and increased the total antioxidant activity (AA) of the shoot and storage root. SA application regulated proline and toxic ion (B, Cl) accumulation in the storage root and shoot. This study reports the long term effects of SA under stress conditions and reveals that SA was not as effective as in alleviating abiotic stress as reported in the literature conducted with short-term studies. That means long-term effects of SA would be significantly different from its short-term effects.
Airline passengers' alcohol use and its safety implications.

Background. This investigation was designed to identify individual and contextual factors associated with airline passengers' alcohol use, and to explore potentially dangerous in-flight alcohol consumption. Methods. Passengers waiting to board 24 domestic flights at an international airport in the South Atlantic United States were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. Eighty percent of those approached agreed to participate. Our findings are based upon the responses of 1,548 adults. Results. A majority (84%) of passengers indicated that they did not intend to consume alcoholic beverages on the plane they were waiting to board. Passengers who were more likely to report that they would drink were on longer flights, traveling with friends, and anticipating First or Business Class seating. Passengers who had already consumed alcohol that day and those who drank more often generally were also more likely to say that they intended to consume alcohol, as were people who thought that in-flight alcohol use was enjoyable, acceptable, and unlikely to make jet lag worse. Eighty-nine percent of the passengers who said they intended to drink reported that they would purchase one to two drinks. Conclusions. Very few respondents reported intentions that would pose a risk to others. Future studies should validate alcohol consumption and sample passengers at multiple airports throughout the year.
The Weyerhaeuser information systems: a progress report

Just as every company is unique, so too is the requirement for information to operate the business effectively. For this reason, Management Information Systems cannot be directly transferred from one business to another. However, the experiences, conquests or "well dones", and pitfalls or errors of one company can serve as guidelines to another in providing Management Information Systems capability to their unique business.
Rapid Numerical Simulation of Viscous Axisymmetric Flow Fields

A two-dimensional Navier-Stokes code has been developed for rapid numerical simulation of axisymmetric flow fields, including flow fields with an azimuthal velocity component. The azimuthal-invariant Navier-Stokes equations in a cylindrical coordinate system are mapped to a general body-fitted coordinate system, with the streamwise viscous terms then neglected by applying the thin-layer approximation. Turbulence effects are modeled using an algebraic model, typically the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model, although a modified Cebeci-Smith model can also be used. The equations are discretized using central finite differences and solved using a multistage Runge-Kutta algorithm with a spatially varying time step and implicit residual smoothing. Results are presented for calculations of supersonic flow over a waisted body-of-revolution, transonic flow through a normal shock wave in a straight circular duct of constant cross sectional area, swirling supersonic (inviscid) flow through a strong shock in a straight radial duct, and swirling subsonic flow in an annular-to-circular diffuser duct. Comparisons between computed and experimental results are in fair to good agreement, demonstrating that the viscous code can be a useful tool for practical engineering design and analysis work.
TEACHING ESL COMPOSITION: PURPOSE, PROCESS, AND PRACTICE . Dana Ferris and John S. Hedgcock . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xvii + 329. $21.95 paper.

According to its authors, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice is designed to help pre- and in-service teachers become experts in the field of L2 writing pedagogy. If readers take this text seriously and practice a healthy portion of the application activities, they should succeed in moving toward this ambitious goal. The book is divided into nine chapters, each addressing a different practical aspect of teaching composition. At the start of each chapter, “Questions for Reflection” builds schema; a summary and “Reflection and Review” questions check for comprehension at the end. Each chapter also has application activities referenced to the topic they address throughout the text and in the “Application Activity Thematic Reference Guide.” Most chapters provide figures and appendixes containing authentic samples and models. At the end of the book there is an extensive list of references including research, practical guides, and workbooks in ESL and L1 composition.
Water breakthrough pressure of cotton fabrics treated with fluorinated silsesquioxane/fluoroelastomer coatings

Abstract Breakthrough pressure is an important parameter associated with the performance of water-resistant fabrics. Hydrostatic testing has been utilized to experimentally determine the breakthrough pressure of commercial cotton fabrics treated with various combinations of octakis (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (F-POSS), a compound with the lowest reported solid surface energy, and the commercial fluoroelastomer, Tecnoflon ® . The breakthrough pressure values (amounting to a few inches of water) were found to be similar to predicted values based on the geometry of the samples and the surface energy of the components. The theoretical predictions, however, do not explain all differences observed among samples, such as the fact that a single dip coating with both F-POSS and Tecnoflon ® produced a higher breakthrough pressure than a single dip coating in either F-POSS or Tecnoflon ® , or sequential dip coating (in either order) of the two components. SEM analysis of the coated fabrics indicated that coatings were conformal at the microscale, but did result in sub-micron scale roughness. Although this roughness may help to increase the contact angles with water, the breakthrough pressure appeared to be primarily determined by the geometry of the individual filaments.
Curriculum-Based Dynamic Assessment for New- or Second-Language Learners with Learning Disabilities in Secondary Education Settings.

The issue of properly identifying and assessing the instructional needs of new- or second-language learners of English suspected of having a learning disability continues to plague educational practitioners. This article discusses the merging of curriculum-based measurement and dynamic assessment as a process to support appropriate prereferral assessment and identification of these learners. The difficulties with current assessment approaches for this population are discussed. The article concludes with a rationale for and the initial results of the author's research on using note taking to build content vocabulary as a process for curriculum-based dynamic assessment.
Liberalist and realist security studies at 2000: Two decades of progress?

(1999). Liberalist and realist security studies at 2000: Two decades of progress? Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 20, Critical Reflections on Security and Change, pp. 39-71.
Principles of Public Trust Thinking

Public trust thinking (PTT) offers a philosophical orientation toward natural resources and a means of addressing persistent and emerging challenges in environmental conservation. It has inspired laws and policies around the world and is receiving increasing attention among scholars and natural resource practitioners. Nevertheless, attempts to develop and implement PTT are hampered by lack of clarity: no clear single statement of principles that unite PTT’s diverse expressions exists. We address this need by synthesizing PTT literature across academic disciplines. We identify four areas that are in need of development and offer five principles that characterize PTT: (1) Human well-being is dependent on benefits provided by ecosystems; (2) Certain resources are not suitable for exclusive private ownership; (3) All beneficiaries are equal; (4) Future generations should be considered in current resource management decisions; and (5) Trustees are bound by fiduciary obligations and are publicly accountable.
That -variation in German and Spanish L2 English

In certain English finite complement clauses, inclusion of the complementizer that is optional. Previous research has identified various factors that influence when native speakers tend to produce or omit the complementizer, including syntactic weight, clause juncture constraints, and predicate frequency. The present study addresses the question to what extent German and Spanish learners of English as a second language (L2) produce and omit the complementizer under similar conditions. 3,622 instances of English adjectival, object, and subject complement constructions were retrieved from the International Corpus of English and the German and Spanish components of the International Corpus of Learner English. A logistic regression model suggests that L2 learners’ and natives’ production is largely governed by the same factors. However, in comparison with native speakers, L2 learners display a lower rate of complementizer omission. They are more impacted by processing-related factors such as complexity and clause juncture, and less sensitive to verb-construction cue validity.
Long-slit imaging dual-order spectrograph: LIDOS

We report on the design and fabrication of a long-slit imaging dual order spectrograph to be launched on a sounding rocket-borne telescope. The instrument's purpose is to investigate faint emissions of extended astronomical regions near bright objects on intermediate angular scales (3 - 300") and with moderate spectral resolution (≈3 a) in the 900 - 1650 a bandpass. The design relies upon a toroidally figured holographically ruled grating to provide astigmatism correction in both orders and an intrinsically low scattered light level. The use of both orders doubles the collection efficiency, nearing that achievable with a blazed grating, while simultaneously providing a system redundancy that is desirable in the high risk environment of space-based astronomy missions. We will discuss the predicted instrument performance and present preliminary pre-flight calibration data.
Ultrafine Powder Production in a Planetary Ball Mill

ABSTRACT Planetary ball mills, by virtue of their design, exert as much as 100 gravitational fields in the milling environment. Hence the kinetics of grinding is rapid, and due to the greater stress, the particle size reaches ultrafine sizes. The grinding of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in a specially built planetary mill is discussed. The effect of operating and design variables on the kinetics of grindiing is modeled via the population balance model.
Measured multipole moments of continuum electron transfer angular distributions

Abstract The velocity space distribution of electrons emitted near the forward direction from collisions involving fast, highly stripped oxygen ions with gaseous and solid targets is presented and described in terms of multipole moments of the ejected charge distribution, which permits direct comparison with recent theory. The measurements are produced by employing position-sensitive electron detection to combine emission angle definition with conventional electrostatic spectrometry. Agreement obtained between theory and distributions observed for binary continuum electron loss processes coupled with a similar multipole content observed with solid targets suggests a model of convoy electron production dominated by electron loss from the projectile within the bulk of the target. Further, the connection between multipoles of the projectile electron emission distribution in single collisions and the state of excitation of that projectile excited states may provide the basis for a probe of the state of ions traversing bulk solid matter.
Topological spin current induced by noncommuting coordinates: An application to the spin-Hall effect

A method for computing the spin-Hall conductivity for a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of the spin-orbit interaction is presented. The spin current is computed using the many body wave function which is degenerate at zero momentum. The degeneracy at $\stackrel{P\vec}{K}=0$ gives rise to noncommuting Cartesian coordinates. The noncommuting Cartesian coordinates are a result of an effective Aharonov-Bohm vortex at $\stackrel{P\vec}{K}=0$. An explicit calculation which avoids the use of a diverging spin-density current in the Rashba model is presented. The conductivity is determined by the linear response theory which has two parts: a static spin-Hall conductivity which is determined by the noncommuting coordinates and has the value $\frac{\ensuremath{\mid}e\ensuremath{\mid}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and a time-dependent conductivity which renormalizes the static conductivity. The value of this renormalization depends on the spin-orbit polarization energy and Zeeman energy. As a result the spin-Hall conductivity varies between $\frac{\ensuremath{\mid}e\ensuremath{\mid}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\mid}e\ensuremath{\mid}}{8\ensuremath{\pi}}$. In the absence of a Zeeman field we find that the long time behavior is given by the renormalized conductivity $\frac{\ensuremath{\mid}e\ensuremath{\mid}}{8\ensuremath{\pi}}$. For relatively small magnetic fields, the Zeeman field allows one to probe continuously the spin-Hall conductivity from the static unrenormalized value $\frac{\ensuremath{\mid}e\ensuremath{\mid}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}$ to the fully renormalized value $\frac{\ensuremath{\mid}e\ensuremath{\mid}}{8\ensuremath{\pi}}$. When the Zeeman energy exceeds the Fermi energy, only one Fermi-Dirac band is occupied and as a result the static Hall conductivity is half the static spin-Hall conductivity. We compute the uniform magnetization without the Zeeman field and show that the spin current is covariantly conserved and satisfies effectively the continuity equation. The effect of a time-reversal scattering potential due to a single impurity restores the commutation of the coordinates. As a result the spin-Hall current vanishes.
Aggression in pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) breeding groups affects pregnancy outcome.

Past research has shown that aggressive behaviors can affect female reproductive outcome in nonhuman primate captive breeding programs. In this study, aggressive behaviors were recorded in a colony of pigtailed macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) and related to pregnancy outcome. For 22 weeks, behavioral data were collected from nine breeding groups, consisting of zero to one male (some males were removed after a cycle of conceptions for husbandry reasons) and four to eight females. Observations included all occurrences of 11 aggressive behaviors during 15 min observation sessions, 1–3 times a week. Mean weekly aggression levels during the study period were determined for each group as well as for each pregnancy. Aggression data were summarized with Principal Components Analyses. Results indicate that pigtailed macaque aggression falls into five distinctive categories: warn, engage, threaten, pursue, and attack. Breeding groups differed in their levels of aggression, even after controlling for group size, presence of a sire, and group stability. Levels of the five aggression categories were found to affect the probability that a pregnancy ended in either a natural birth of a live infant, a clinical intervention producing a live infant, or a nonviable outcome. The predictive value of aggression was significant when clinical interventions were included as possible reproductive outcomes. Behavioral observation of captive groups could identify “risk” conditions affecting pregnancy outcome and the requirement for clinical intervention. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1169–1175, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observations of MeV electrons and scattered light from intense subpicosecond laser-plasma interactions

In this paper we will present work in progress in our experimental investigation of the coupling of intense, sub-picosecond laser pulses with plasmas preformed on solid targets. (This situation is to be contrasted with the interaction of intense laser fields with solid-density matter, a subject which has generated considerable interest in the last several years.) We will discuss our characterization of the energy distribution of energetic electrons which escape a solid target irradiated by an intense laser. We have also performed experiments to study the excitation of parametric instabilities near the quarter-critical layer and second-harmonic generation near the critical layer in the plasma. We will discuss some preliminary scattered light spectroscopy measurements. Other topics related to this work are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fragile sites in human chromosomes I The effect of methionine on the Xq fragile site

The Xq fragile site found in males having non-specific X-linked mental retardation was studied by varying the chemical and physical parameters of leukocyte cultures. Methionine was shown to be required for marker expression in both medium 199 and MEM. Banding studies indicated that methionine does not function as a stabilizing factor for the fragile site on Xq.
Conservation tillage in the subarctic

Abstract Three tillage practices were compared on a subarctic silt-loam soil to evaluate whether conservation tillage could be used effectively to reduce soil losses from wind erosion without delaying crop maturity or reducing yield. Urea and ammonium nitrate were also compared as sources of fertilizer nitrogen. Plots were cropped to rapeseed ( Brassica campestris L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) in a rapeseed-barley-fallow rotation and in continuous barley. Zero-tillage did not delay maturity nor did it result in reduced yields except where there was excessive competition from perennial grassy weeds. Neither placement appeared to be less than optimum in zero-tilled plots. With proper fertilizer placement and grassy-weed control, conservation tillage appears to be a viable method of reducing the potential for wind erosion in the subarctic.
Beta 1, 3-glucan recognition protein from the mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus, is involved in the recognition of distinct types of bacteria in innate immune responses.

Summary The activation of an immune response to invading microorganisms generally requires recognition by pattern recognition receptors. Beta 1, 3-glucan recognition proteins (GRPs) have specific affinity for β 1, 3-glucan, a component on the surface of fungi and bacteria. In this study, we show that GRP from Armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes (AsGRP) is able to bind different bacterial species, and that this binding varies from species to species and is independent of Gram type. AsGRP knockdown with double-stranded RNA increases the mortality of mosquitoes to those bacteria that strongly bind AsGRP, but not to bacteria that do not detectably bind AsGRP. This increase in susceptibility is partially evidenced by decreased melanization in Salmonella typhimurium. Furthermore, AsGRP expression is differentially affected by the presence of different species of bacteria. These results demonstrate that AsGRP is selective in its affinity to different bacteria and; therefore, plays a role in the antibacterial immune response of mosquitoes.
Playing "Sherlock Holmes": Enhancing students' understanding of prejudice and stereotyping

We describe a simple, innovative classroom exercise designed to heighten students' understanding of stereotyping and prejudice. Students enjoyed the exercise and indicated it helped increase their awareness and understanding of their own and others' stereotypes and prejudice and the negative effects of prejudice. Students of color reported more benefits from the exercise. We provide suggestions and recommendations for carrying out the exercise.
Maskin monotonic aggregation rules and partial anonymity

Abstract In the case of two alternatives, we characterize the class of aggregation rules that satisfy Maskin monotonicity, neutrality, and partial anonymity.
Effects of warpage on fatigue reliability of solder bumps: Experimental and analytical studies

Out-of-plane displacement (warpage) has been a major thermomechanical reliability concern for board-level electronic packages. Printed wiring board (PWB) and component warpage results principally from CTE mismatch among the materials that make up the PWB assembly (PWBA). Warpage occurring during surface-mount assembly reflow processes and normal operations may lead to severe solder bump reliability problems. In this research, the effect of initial PWB warpage on the low cycle thermal fatigue reliability of the solder bumps in plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages was studied using experimental and analytical methods. A real-time projection moire warpage measurement system was used to measure the surface topology of PWBA samples at different temperatures. The thermal fatigue reliability of solder bumps was evaluated from experimental thermal cycling tests and finite element simulation results. Three-dimensional (3-D) models of PWBAs with varying board warpage were used to estimate the solder bump fatigue life for different types of PBGAs mounted on PWBs. In order to improve the accuracy of FE results, the projection moire method was used to measure the initial warpage of PWBs, and this warpage was used as a geometric input to the FEM. The simulation results were validated and correlated with the experimental results obtained using the projection moire technique and accelerated thermal cycling tests. An advanced prediction model was generated to predict board level solder bump fatigue life based on the initial PWB warpage, package dimensions and locations, and solder bump materials.
Assessment of the effectiveness of nanofluids for single-phase and two-phase heat transfer in micro-channels

Abstract Experiments were performed to explore the micro-channel cooling benefits of water-based nanofluids containing small concentrations of Al 2 O 3 . The high thermal conductivity of nanoparticles is shown to enhance the single-phase heat transfer coefficient, especially for laminar flow. Higher heat transfer coefficients were achieved mostly in the entrance region of micro-channels. However, the enhancement was weaker in the fully developed region, proving that nanoparticles have an appreciable effect on thermal boundary layer development. Higher concentrations also produced greater sensitivity to heat flux. Despite this enhancement, the overall cooling effectiveness of nanoparticles was quite miniscule because of the large axial temperature rise associated with the decreased specific heat for the nanofluid compared to the base fluid. For two-phase cooling, nanoparticles caused catastrophic failure by depositing into large clusters near the channel exit due to localized evaporation once boiling commenced. These and other practical disadvantages bring into question the overall merit of using nanofluids in micro-channel heat sinks.
Absence of temperature fluctuations in 1/f noise correlation experiments in silicon

The thermal transfer function between several transistors in an integrated circuit array is determined; the results indicate strong thermal coupling at low frequencies. Then the noise of two thermally coupled transistors is measured. There is a large 1/f range, but no correlation between the noise voltages. From this it is concluded that the 1/f noise cannot be caused by temperature fluctuations. The theory of heat transfer response and of temperature noise correlation is briefly presented. Die Waarmeubergangsfunktion zwischen verschiedenen Transistoren in einem integrierten Schaltkreis wird bestimmt; die Ergebnisse zeigen starke thermische Kopplung bei tiefen Frequenzen. Danach wird das Rauschen von zwei thermisch gekoppelten Transistoren gemessen. Es existiert ein groser 1/f-Bereich, jedoch keine Korrelation zwischen den Rauschspannungen. Daraus wird geschlossen, das das l/f-Rauschen nicht durch Temperaturfluktuationen hervorgerufen werden kann. Die Theorie des Warmeleitungsresponse und der Temperatur-Rausch-Korrelation wird kurz dargelegt.
The Importance of Prior Knowledge When Comparing Examples: Influences on Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Equation Solving

Comparing multiple examples typically supports learning and transfer in laboratory studies and is considered a key feature of high-quality mathematics instruction. This experimental study investigated the importance of prior knowledge in learning from comparison. Seventh- and 8th-grade students (N = 236) learned to solve equations by comparing different solution methods to the same problem, comparing different problem types solved with the same solution method, or studying the examples sequentially, Unlike in past studies, many students did not begin the study with equation-solving skills, and prior knowledge of algebraic methods was an important predictor of learning. Students who did not attempt algebraic methods at pretest benefited most from studying examples sequentially or comparing problem types, rather than from comparing solution methods, Students who attempted algebraic methods at pretest learned more from comparing solution methods. Students may need sufficient prior knowledge in a domain before they benefit from comparing alternative solution methods. These findings are in line with findings on the expertise-reversal effect.
Statistically relaxing to generating partitions for observed time-series data.

We introduce a relaxation algorithm to estimate approximations to generating partitions for observed dynamical time series. Generating partitions preserve dynamical information of a deterministic map in the symbolic representation. Our method optimizes an essential property of a generating partition: avoiding topological degeneracies. We construct an energylike functional and use a nonequilibrium stochastic minimization algorithm to search through configuration space for the best assignment of symbols to observed data. As each observed point may be assigned a symbol, the partitions are not constrained to an arbitrary parametrization. We further show how to select particular generating partition solutions which also code low-order unstable periodic orbits in a given way, hence being able to enumerate through a number of potential generating partition solutions.
Phosphorylated serine residues and an arginine-rich domain of the moloney murine leukemia virus p12 protein are required for early events of viral infection.

Mutational analyses of the p12 Gag phosphoprotein of Moloney murine leukemia virus have demonstrated its participation in both virus assembly and the early stages of infection. The molecular mechanisms by which p12 functions in these events are still poorly understood. We performed studies to examine the significance of p12 phosphorylation in the viral life cycle. Alanine substitutions were introduced at the potential phosphorylation sites in p12, and the resulting mutants were tested for replication. Mutant viruses with changes at S61 and S78 were severely impaired, whereas the other mutant viruses were viable. S61 was shown to be required for normal levels of phosphorylation of p12 in vivo. These defective mutant viruses showed no apparent alteration to Gag protein processing or reduction in the yield of virions after transient transfection, but the mutants failed to form circular viral DNAs in acutely infected cells. Sequence analysis of revertant clones derived from S(61,65)A mutant virus revealed two classes: one group with a single mutation at a residue adjacent to S61 and another group with mutations introducing new positive charges surrounding S61. In vivo [ 32 P]orthophosphate labeling indicated that the rescue of the S(61,65)A mutant virus did not result in a significant increase in the phosphorylation level of p12. Alanine substitutions of an arginine-rich stretch near S61 (at R-66, -68, -70, and -71) resulted in the same phenotype as the S(61,65)A mutant virus. The restored function of S(61,65)A mutant virus by second or third site mutations may result from a structural change or the addition of positively charged residues in the arginine-rich region.
Conditioning and genetic variation as causes of individual variation in the oviposition behaviour of the tortoise beetle, Deloyala guttata

Individuals of the tortoise beetle (Deloyala guttata) from sites containing different host plants differ genetically in performance on different hosts. Because individual variation in habitat (host) preference could contribute to the maintenance of these genetic differences, this study was undertaken to find out whether D. guttata exhibits such variation, and if so, to determine the causes of that variation. No evidence for either larval conditioning or genetic variation in oviposition preference was obtained. An effect of adult experience on oviposition preference was detected, but the magnitude of the effect was so small that it probably has little i~tfluence on genetic divergence in traits affecting growth and fecundity. It is concluded that behavioural variation does not contribute to maintenance of the observed genetic divergence. Habitat-selection, behaviour may have a pro- found influence on the degree to which indivi- duals living in different habitats diverge geneti- cally. In particular, variation among individuals in habitat preference can facilitate genetic divergence under some conditions. Maynard Smith (1966), for example, demonstrated theoretically that variation in behaviour caused by conditioning can have such an effect: a tendency by females to place offspring in the same habitat in which they developed facilitates divergence. Genetic variation in habitat pre- ference may be expected to have similar effects, since heritable variation in habitat preference implies that there will be a correlation between the habitat preference of a female and the habitat preference of her mother (Falconer 1960). The tortoise beetle, Deloyala guttata (Coleoptera: Cassidinae), exhibits genetic vari- ation in traits related to growth and fecundity on two different species of morning glory (Ipomoea: Convolvulaceae) (Rausher, in pre- paration). In general, beetles collected from sites containing only L pandurata have higher fecundities and more rapid growth when reared on L pandurata than beetles collected from sites containing only L purpurea: the opposite is true when the beetles are reared on L purpurea. It seems likely that these differences between sites are due largely to divergent selection, though no direct evidence is yet available on this point. However, divergent selection by itself is not necessarily sufficient to maintain genetic varia- tion in the local metapopulation, particularly if gene flow between sites is high (Christiansen & Feldman 1975; Felsenstein 1976). If selection is weak and gene flow high, some sort of differential habitat selection by individuals originating from different sites may be required to maintain the observed variation.