cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training a Scene-Specific Pedestrian Detector Using Tracklets

A generic pedestrian detector trained from generic datasets cannot solve all the varieties in different scenarios, thus its performance may not be as good as a scene-specific detector. In this paper, we propose a new approach to automatically train scene-specific pedestrian detectors based on track lets (chains of tracked samples). First, a generic pedestrian detector is applied on the specific scene, which also generates many false positives and miss detections, second, we consider multi-pedestrian tracking as a data association problem and link detected samples into track lets, third, track let features are extracted to label track lets into positive, negative and uncertain ones, and uncertain track lets are further labeled by comparing them with the positive and negative pools. By using track lets, we extract more reliable features than individual samples, and those informative uncertain samples around the classification boundaries are well labeled by label propagation within individual track lets and among different track lets. The labeled samples in the specific scene are combined with generic datasets to train scene-specific detectors. We test the proposed approach on three datasets. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art scene-specific detector and shows the effectiveness to adapt to specific scenes without human annotations.
Structural and Kinetic Studies using FRET: Impact of Pseudo-Pkc Phosphorylation of Cardiac Troponin T on Calcium-Activated Thin Filament Regulation

Regulation of myocardial contractility is influenced by numerous signaling agents. One of the key methods for modification of cardiomyocyte function is phosphorylation of cardiac troponin (cTn), the Ca2+-dependent regulatory switch that controls thin filament activation, by isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC has been shown to phosphorylate the tropomyosin binding subunit of cTn (cTnT) at Thr-195, Thr-199, Thr-204 and Thr-285 (rat cTnT). The effect of these phosphorylations on cTn structure and dynamics remains largely unknown. To ascertain the site specific effects of PKC phosphorylation of cTnT on thin filament regulation, pseudo-phosphorylation of cTnT was combined with Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to monitor the transition between the Ca2+ and Mg2+ states of cTn. Single-cysteine cTnI mutants were labeled with IAEDENS at either Cys-151 or Cys-167, and a single-cysteine cTnC mutant was labeled at Cys-89 with DDPM. Different combinations of mutant cTnT and fluorophore labeled cTnI and cTnC were then incorporated into reconstituted thin filaments, which were subjected to calcium titrations, time resolved FRET structural measurements, and stopped flow kinetic measurements. Titrations showed a consistent pseudo-phosphorylation dependent increase in pCa50 values, and kinetics experiments showed decreased rates of Ca2+ dissociation in pseudo-phosphorylated mutants. Additionally, Mg2+ distances between Cys-167 of cTnI and Cys-89 of cTnC were reduced in the presence of pseudo-phosphorylation. Thus our results suggested that pseudo-phosphorylation of cTnT leads to sensitization of the Ca2+-dependent conformational transitions involved in cTn regulatory switching. However, a prior in situ study demonstrated a pseudo-phosphorylation dependent decrease in EC50 (JBC vol. 278, pp. 35135-44). These results may suggest PKC mediated phosphorylation of cTnT may represent a post-translational modification where cTn regulatory switching is sensitized to Ca2+, but also partially uncoupled from Tm movement.
Conditional deletion of STAT5 in adult mouse hematopoietic stem cells causes loss of quiescence and permits efficient nonablative stem cell replacement

Currently, there is a major need in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation to develop reduced-intensity regimens that do not cause DNA damage and associated toxicities and that allow a wider range of patients to receive therapy. Cytokine receptor signals through c-Kit and c-Mpl can modulate HSC quiescence and engraftment, but the intracellular signals and transcription factors that mediate these effects during transplantation have not been defined. Here we show that loss of one allele of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) in nonablated adult mutant mice permitted engraftment with wild-type HSC. Conditional deletion of STAT5 using Mx1-Cre caused maximal reduction in STAT5 mRNA (> 97%) and rapidly decreased quiescence-associated c-Mpl downstream targets (Tie-2, p57), increased HSC cycling, and gradually reduced survival and depleted the long-term HSC pool. Host deletion of STAT5 was persistent and permitted efficient donor long-term HSC engraftment in primary and secondary hosts in the absence of ablative conditioning. Overall, these studies establish proof of principle for targeting of STAT5 as novel transplantation conditioning and demonstrate, for the first time, that STAT5, a mitogenic factor in most cell types, including hematopoietic progenitors, is a key transcriptional regulator that maintains quiescence of HSC during steady-state hematopoiesis.
Carbohydrate intolerance in patients receiving oral tocolytics.

This prospective study was designed to evaluate the effects on glucose metabolism of terbutaline used as an oral tocolytic agent. Eighty-six patients were studied when admitted for preterm labor from 24 to 35 weeks' gestation. After intravenous tocolysis, these patients were maintained on 5 mg of terbutaline every 4 or 6 hours. An oral 50 gm, 1-hour glucose challenge test was done 48 hours after terbutaline dosing began. All abnormal glucose challenge test results (>135 mg/dl) were followed by a standard 100 gm oral glucose tolerance test. Sixty-three percent (54 of 86) of the terbutaline group had an abnormal t -hour screening result, which was significantly different than the 26.7% (23 of 86) observed in the control group ( p p p
Impact of managed care on physicians' decisions to manipulate reimbursement rules: an explanatory model.

Objective: To develop and test an explanatory model of the impact of managed care on physicians' decisions to manipulate reimbursement rules for patients.Methods: A self-administered mailed questionnaire of a national random sample of 1124 practicing physicians in the USA. Structural equation modelling was used. The main outcome measure assessed whether or not physicians had manipulated reimbursement rules (such as exaggerated the severity of patients conditions, changed billing diagnoses, or reported signs or symptoms that the patients did not have) to help patients secure coverage for needed treatment or services.Results: The response rate was 64% (n = 720). Physicians' decisions to manipulate reimbursement rules for patients are directly driven not only by ethical beliefs about gaming the system but also by requests from patients, the perception of insufficient time to deliver care, and the proportion of Medicaid patients. Covert advocacy is also the indirect result of utilization review hassles, prima...
Diagnosis of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection by means of a commercially available polymerase chain reaction gene amplification

Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in infants and children at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Design: A prospective, blinded study of 286 HIV-seropositive infants and children. Infection was diagnosed by antibody detection after 18 months of age, two positive direct tests (p24 antigen and HIV culture), or the presence of an illness that defines the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Setting: University of South Florida and All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, inpatient and outpatient centers. Participants: Two hundred eighty-six infants and children seropositive for HIV who were examined between July 1988 and September 1992. Main Outcome Measures: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of a commercially available PCR test. Results: Five hundred sixty-seven PCR tests were performed on samples from 286 seropositive subjects followed up for a minimum of 16 months. Of the subjects, 105 were confirmed to be infected and 181 uninfected. Overall, 96 of 105 initial PCRs in infected subjects were positive (sensitivity, 91.4%; positive predictive value, 99%). If samples obtained during the first week of life are excluded, 95 of 100 samples were positive (sensitivity, 95%). Of 181 initial PCR tests from seropositive subjects who seroreverted, 180 were negative (specificity, 99.4%; negative predictive value, 95.2%). The predictive value of a positive test was 90.9% and that of a negative test was 93.1% in the first month of life. All 145 initial samples obtained between 5 weeks and 12 months of age correctly predicted infection status (positive predictive value, 100%). Conclusions: Gene amplification by means of a commercially available PCR is useful in the diagnosis of HIV infection for infants born to seropositive mothers. Between day 7 through 1 year of age, HIV infection is accurately diagnosed by the PCR assay. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:40-45)
Prevention and control of accidental releases of hazardous materials in PV facilities

This paper reviews the approaches to preventing and mitigating accidental releases of toxic and flammable gases in photovoltaic R&D and manufacturing facilities. The prevention options are related to safer technologies, processes and materials, safer use of material, preventing accident-initiating events, preventing or minimizing releases and preventing human exposures. The mitigation options include secondary confinement, emergency scrubbers and adsorption units. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development Status Of Silicon Extrinsic IR Detectors, II

The performance status of silicon IR detectors, including spectral response, detectivity and operational temperature for use in the 2-2.5, 3-5, and 8-14 μm principal windows of the atmosphere, was recently briefly reviewed'. Such detectors operate under high radiant background conditions imposed by exposure of the detector to the ambient radiation of the atmosphere. In this review a more detailed description of the detectors is provided. It is extended to include the properties and performance of silicon detectors for use in the low background environment of space where backgrounds may be reduced by up to nine orders of magnitude. The effects of the reduced background promote high detector sensitivities, but produce unusual characteristics which are summarized. Such detectors are currently in use in the IRAS infrared astromomy telescope now orbiting in space.
High resolution, molecular-specific, reflectance imaging in optically dense tissue phantoms with structured-illumination

Structured-illumination microscopy delivers confocal-imaging capabilities and may be used for optical sectioning in bio-imaging applications. However, previous structured-illumination implementations are not capable of imaging molecular changes within highly scattering, biological samples in reflectance mode. Here, we present two advances which enable successful structured illumination reflectance microscopy to image molecular changes in epithelial tissue phantoms. First, we present the sine approximation algorithm to improve the ability to reconstruct the in-focus plane when the out-of-focus light is much greater in magnitude. We characterize the dependencies of this algorithm on phase step error, random noise and backscattered out-of-focus contributions. Second, we utilize a molecular-specific reflectance contrast agent based on gold nanoparticles to label disease-related biomarkers and increase the signal and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in structured illumination microscopy of biological tissue. Imaging results for multi-layer epithelial cell phantoms with optical properties characteristic of normal and cancerous tissue labeled with nanoparticles targeted against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are presented. Structured illumination images reconstructed with the sine approximation algorithm compare favorably to those obtained with a standard confocal microscope; this new technique can be implemented in simple and small imaging platforms for future clinical studies.
A genetic algorithm for solving the Euclidean distance matrices completion problem

This paper presents a genetic algorithm to solve the Euclidean distance matrices completion problem and to determine three-dimensional configurations of points which generate the corresponding Euclidean distance matrices. This new approach becomes important for applications in molecular conformation problems where it is necessary to determine molecular configurations from incomplete nuclear magnetic resonance data.
A note on crime and punishment

The models developed here are intended to convince the reader that Tsebelis' results — that increased punishment leaves the equilibrium level of crime unchanged — is an example of what is possible rather than a general result. To recap the argument in words: it is true that raising the penalty on a crime may cause the enforcing agency to divert attention away to other matters, so that theexpected penalty facing the prospective criminal is not as high as it would have been had the agency not adjusted; but it is not generally true that enforcing agencies will choose to lower their probabilities of enforcement just enough to exactly offset the increased penalty, leaving the expected penalty unchanged, hence the equilibrium level of crime unchanged.8 this result sounds unusual when stated in words and it is when modelled using the theory of games too.
A Strategic Approach to Segmentation in University Foodservice

Abstract This paper first presents a methodology for understanding the dining needs and wants of a university population. This paper presents the results of two market segmentation studies undertaken at two major universities: one on the east coast and one on the west coast. The cluster analysis results suggest that the campus population is not a homogeneous group in terms of their wants and needs when selecting a place to get a meal or a snack. The analysis also reveals that the campus community cannot be just divided by student and non-student. To do so would miss multiple opportunities to satisfy the wants and needs of the total campus community.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of butenes over magnesium ferrite: Catalyst deactivation studies

Abstract Magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) is a moderately selective catalyst for butadiene formation from n-butenes via oxidative dehydrogenation (OXD). However, both the activity and selectivity decrease irreversibly as the catalyst ages, and these changes have been correlated with bulk phase solid-state changes that occur in reducing atmospheres at temperatures above 300 °C. The fresh catalyst contained a 5% α-Fe2O3 impurity phase whose disappearance paralleled the activity/selectivity decline. These conclusions were confirmed by X-ray, Mossbauer, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. In addition, TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experiments suggested that oxygen equivalent to about 6.4 layers could be slowly removed by evacuation at elevated temperatures in the range of 530 °C. This labile oxygen is probably related to the OXD activity. A proposed deactivation mechanism attributes the loss of selectivity to an increased population of Fe2+ sites at the expense of Fe3+ sites. A process that would stabilize the Fe3+ population in the MgFe2O4 matrix would presumably decrease the deactivation and result in a more stable catalyst.
Atomic layer-by-layer surface removal by force microscopy☆

Abstract Using an atomic force microscope (AFM) operating under ambient conditions, we have obtained the first atomic resolution AFM images of atomic-scale defects and have observed the scanning induced removal of atoms from lead pyrophosphate cleavage faces. Repeated scanning of the same surface area revealed cyclic changes in the Pb2P2O7 atomic structure consistent with a layer-by-layer removal of atoms. Subsequent large area imaging of a region that had been subjected to repeated scanning revealed a depression several nanometers deep, indicating that this technique may be applicable to patterning the surfaces of materials on an atomic scale.
The importance of direct measurement of dynamic contact angles during the wetting of solids by surfactant solutions

Abstract The dynamic contact angle serves as an appropriate measure of wettability in industrial and laboratory processes that involve moving contact lines. This angle can be obtained from a capillary force measurement, provided the local surface tension at the contact line is known a priori. Even when the liquid contains surface active contaminants, this value is commonly assumed equal to the equilibrium surface tension. Wilhemy plate experiments conducted here show that such an assumption may be invalid under certain operating conditions. The primary reason for this is that surfactant transport by flow and diffusional interchange with the bulk phase can cause a transient surfactant concentration at the contact line or a steady dynamic value. In either case this concentration as well as the corresponding surface tension need not be the equilibrium value. The key dimensionless group impacting this behavior is the Peclet number, arising from the dimensionless surfactant flux balance at the liquid-vapor interface. If it is small, it is safe to assume that the dynamic surface tension at the contact line is equal to the equilibrium value. Liquids involved in practically relevant wetting processes quite commonly contain surfactants, either because they are deliberately added or because of inadvertent contamination. In order to make conclusions about wettability in such systems, it may be necessary to measure dynamic contact angles directly.
A high temporal resolution data set of ERS scatterometer radar backscatter for research in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions

Radar backscatter in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions is temporally dynamic and reflects changes in sea ice, glacier facies, soil thaw state, vegetation cover, and moisture content. Wind scatterometers on the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites have amassed a global archive of C-band radar backscatter data since 1991. This paper derives three high temporal resolution data products from this archive that are designed to facilitate scatterometer research in high-latitude environments. Radar backscatter data have a grid spacing of 25 km and are mapped northwards from 60°N latitude over intervals of one, three, and seven days for the period 1991–2000. Data are corrected to a normalized incident angle of 40°. Animations and full-resolution data products are freely available for scientific use at http://merced.gis.ucla.edu/scatterometer/index.htm.
Declining Competition in Food Retailing: An Opportunity for Consumer Food Cooperatives?

Food cooperatives have become more popular among consumers during the past decade. Although consumers can organize cooperatives for several reasons, economic factors may be more important than indicated by previous research. Specifically, the recent growth in consumer food cooperatives may be associated with declining competition in local food markets. This article reports recent research results on market structure and performance by SMSA that address this hypothesis.
Cadmium and thallous ion permeabilities through lipid bilayer membranes.

Abstract Cadmium (Cd 2+ ) and thallous ion (Tl + ) permeabilities were measured in planar (Mueller-Rudin) lipid bilayer membranes made from diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine in decane. Permeabilities of the electroneutral Cl − complexes, measured with tracers ( 109 Cd and 204 Tl), were about 10 −8 cm · s − 1 for CdCl 2 and 10 −6 cm· −1 for TlCl. Electrical conductance measurements showed that permeabilities to Cd 2+ and Tl + were approx. 10 −11 cm· −1 similar to the Na + permeability. The low permeabilities to both Cd 2+ and CdCl 2 are consistent with biological studies which suggest that Cd transport and toxicity are protein mediated and correlated with Cd 2+ , not CdCl 2 , concentration. However, the low bilayer permeability to Tl + raises questions about recent reports that Tl + is a lipid permeable cation in biological membranes and liposomes. An alternative explanation for the lipid permeable behavior of TI + is presented, based on the diffusion of TlCI and other complexes of Tl + with inorganic and organic anions.
Illegal trade, devaluation and exchange rate dynamics

The paper presents an optimizing model of a dual exchange rate economy characterized by currency substitution, fraudulent trade transactions, and parallel markets for goods and foreign exchange. Consumers are subject to a liquidity-in-advance constraint on purchases of legally traded goods and smuggled goods. The model is used to examine the effects of a permanent unanticipated change in the official exchange rate. The conditions under which a zero steady-state value of the parallel market premium is obtained are first discussed. It is then shown that, in contrast to recent claims in the literature, the premium need not follow an oscillatory pattern during the adjustment process to a devaluation of the official exchange rate.
Older Male Prisoners: Health Status, Self-Efficacy Beliefs, and Health-Promoting Behaviors:

The fastest-growing prison subgroup is men age 50 years and older, of whom 85% have multiple chronic health conditions. This pilot study examined relationships between health status, self-efficacy ...
Efficiency of light coupling from a light delivery system to a planar waveguide for optical and hybrid recording heads

The efficiency of end-fire coupling between a light delivery system and a planar waveguide for optical/hybrid recording heads is calculated using a mode-matching technique.
Reaction Pathways of the Diketonitrile Degradate of Isoxaflutole with Hypochlorite in Water

Isoxaflutole (IXF; Balance) belongs to a new class of isoxazole herbicides. Isoxaflutole has a very short half-life in soil and rapidly degrades to a stable and phytotoxic degradate, diketonitrile ...
Phase Diagram Behaviors for Rod/Plate Liquid Crystal Mixtures

Abstract We present a simple theory of rod/plate liquid-crystal mixtures in which the angle-dependent pair interactions are assumed to be of second-rank form. Calculations are reported for varying relative anisotropies of the “rods” and “plates”. Temperature vs. mole-fraction phase diagrams show successive isotropic (I) → uniaxial ( U) and U → biaxial ( B) transitions which are first- and second-order, respectively. For each pair of species there exists a special composition ( x rod*) for which cooling of the isotropic phase leads directly (and continuously) to a biaxial liquid. As X rod approaches X rod* from either side, the first-orderness of the I → U transition (i.e. discontinuities in volume, order parameter, etc.) becomes vanishingly small. Furthermore the transition temperature of the rod-(plate-) solvent is found to be depressed when “doped” by not-too-anisotropic plates (rods) and elevated when doped by sufficiently anisotropic plates (rods). These behaviors are explained in terms of simple excl...
Use of heterodifunctional ligands to bridge “early” and “late” transition metals. Construction and chemistry of complexes containing indirectly linked cobalt carbonyl and zirconocene units

Abstract Four zirconocene systems, each containing tertiary phosphine functionality indirectly linked to either or both cyclopentadienyl rings, are described. Unlike the phosphinomethylzirconocenes, in which the metal and the phosphine strongly influence each other's basic chemistry, it has been found that a variety of transformations may be carried out at either site on the more indirectly linked systems without interference from the other. Thus reduction and hydrozirconation proceed normally at the Zr center, and quaternization and complexation to a second metal may be achieved at the phosphine. Two “early-late” multimetallic systems containing Zr and Co have been prepared. Reduction and acylation at Co proceed without interference from Zr; however, attempts to generate hydrides at Zr in the bimetallic systems were unsuccessful.
Growth and magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As as digital ferromagnetic heterostructures

Abstract (Ga,Mn)As digital ferromagnetic heterostructures (DFH) are grown by incorporating Mn delta-doping layers into GaAs using molecular beam epitaxy. Investigation of structural properties (via X-ray diffraction, TEM, RHEED) and magnetic properties (via SQUID, MOKE) as a function of growth temperature reveal the following: (1) a DFH growth window from 240 to 280 °C, (2) a strong dependence of the ferromagnetic transition temperature ( T C ) on growth temperature. The dependence of T C on the spacing between Mn layers is also investigated, and non-zero T C is observed for spacing as high as 200 ML of GaAs. Furthermore, magnetic measurements on a single layer of Mn delta-doping indicate that this ultrathin film is ferromagnetic.
Preparative and analytical affinity chromatography of neurophysins on methionyl-tyrosyl-phenylalanyl-aminohexyl-agarose

Abstract Methionyl-tyrosyl-phenylalanyl-ω-aminohexyl-agarose was synthesized and shown to be suitable for both the affinity chromatographic purification of neurophysins and the measurement of the ligand binding parameters of these proteins by quantitative affinity chromatography. Bovine neurophysin I binds to the tripeptidyl matrix in 0.4 m ammonium acetate, pH 5.7, conditions under which no binding occurs with the parent ω-aminohexyl-agarose. Subsequent elution can be effected with 0.2 m acetic acid. The affinity matrices obtained have capacities for neurophysin of up to 4 mg/ml gel bed volume and therein provide for the convenient purification of the neurophysins by a two-step buffer-acid elution. [Carbamoyl-14C]neurophysin I also binds to the ligand-agarose matrix. Using this labeled protein, competitive elution analysis was performed by one-step elution of zones of protein with the binding buffer in the presence of varying amounts of soluble competitive ligand, lysine vasopressin. The characteristic decrease of elution volume of labeled protein with increasing soluble, competing ligand concentration indicates that the affinity matrix interacts biospecifically with neurophysin. This analysis allows the binding affinities for both soluble vasopressin and immobilized tripeptide ligand to be quantitated.
Evaluation of elite athletes psycho-physiological responses to compression form-fitted athletic wear in intensive exercise based on 5Ps model

Compression form-fitted athletic wear (CFA) have been widely applied in special sports and various aerobic and fitness activities over recent years. Following the established 5Ps model in our previous study, an evaluation of basic psychophysiological measurements would assist in validating the practicality and effectiveness of these garments for athletic use. The present study was to examine the physiological property and wearing comfort of CFAs on athletes during intensive exercise. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), myocardial consumption (double product DP), blood oxygen levels (SpO2), skin and garment temperature (Tsk, Tg) over the athlete’s body were investigated. This study indicated that the application of CFAs maintained the body in the normal SpO2 range, and produced lower DP and HR compared to those in control condition. The application of CFAs resulted in a decrease on Tsk, which allowed the body quickly to cool down thus avoiding heat stress buildup during and after intensive exercise. The CFAs made by the performance knits with lightweight, gradient compression design and moisture-thermoregulation function presented lower Tg and brought the athletes satisfied wearing comfort perception. This study builds up an understanding on the potential physiological benefits induced by CFAs on athlete’s body in intensive exercise performance.
A Multidimensional Analysis of Physicians' Perceptions of Rx-to-OTC Switched Drug Products

How do physicians perceive prescription to over-thecounter (Rx-to-OTC) switched drug products vis-his prescription (Rx) and nonprescription (OTC) drug products? Survey data collected from 197 U.S. primary care and internal medicine physicians were used to determine physicians' perceptions of Rx, OTC, and Rx-to-OTC drug products on ten dimensions, including safety; effectiveness; cost; treatment outcomes; and patient, peer, and personal reference. Perceptual mapping indicated that physicians perceived Rx-to-OTC switched drug products to be similar to OTC drug products and occupying a place between Rx and OTC drug products in the minds of physicians. Rx products were perceived to be different from OTC and Rx-to-OTC drug products on all dimensions except safety and side effects. Prescribers of nonprescription and switched products perceived them more favorably than nonprescribers. Older (or experienced), male, high-volume prescribing, general or family practitioner physicians in privale, solo, office-based p...
Candidate Perceptions of Electoral Coalitions

Recent research results emphasize the role of congressional challengers in furthering the electoral success of incumbents. One factor in the seeming weakness of most challengers is their inability to forge a majority coalition because of a reliance on subjective information and a limited understanding of major groups in the district. Such constraints appear to be related to candidate recruitment, which attracts politically inexperienced individuals to contests dominated by an incumbent or a single party.
A recursive treatment of the hurdles to voting

In order to vote on a particular issue, voters first must leap the hurdles of registration, turnout, and roll-off. One way to think of these hurdles is along the lines of rational absention; at the time when a voter decides to register, they solve the forward looking problem of whether or not they expect to vote at all. In a sense, before they jump even one hurdle they will have decided that they will jump them all. But this formulation misses the complexity of the act itself. Voters do not even always know what issues will be on the ballot, how they will feel, and which of the ballot issues they may vote on at a later date. From this perspective, individuals start the “voting race” and drop out as dictated by their calculus en route to the final hurdle; registration, turnout, and roll-off are fraught with successive impediments consistent with a recursive empirical treatment of voting. The design and implementation of such a recursive treatment is the goal of this paper.
The Poisson Summation Formula for Manifolds with Boundary

for E > 0. The sum on the right is over all closed geodesics, y; T, is the period of y, T,,* the primitive period of y, P, the Poincare map around y and R is in&, , The formula says that the distributional function of t defined by the sum on the left is equal to the sum on the right module locally I;,-summable functions, [3] and [4]. Suppose now that X is with boundary. Let A, , A, ,.,. be the eigenvalues for the boundary problem
Waves in a plasma in a magnetic field

Abstract The propagation of plane electromagnetic waves through an infinite low temperature electron plasma in the presence of a constant magnetic field is to be considered. A dispersion equation is derived by solving for a self-consistent electric field using the Boltzmann equation and Maxwell's equations. Since small deviations from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution are taken into account, the dispersion equation yields three double solutions for the index of refraction. In addition to the two waves whose phase velocity is of the order of light velocity, a plasma wave is present whose velocity is of the order of sound velocity. Normal wave surfaces for the three waves are plotted for various values of the parameters. The polarization of the waves is also considered.
Cognitive coaching: A critical phase in professional development to implement sheltered instruction

Abstract This documentary account describes professional development for teachers in the USA serving culturally and linguistically diverse students. The purpose of the project was to monitor effectiveness of training in Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) and to assess the value of cognitive coaching. Quantitative and qualitative data sources were employed, including a knowledge test, surveys, and interviews. Findings indicated workshops were effective and produced strong commitment to the model, but resulted in a disappointing level of implementation without a coaching phase. Results illustrate the criticality of time allocation for cognitive coaching, and teachers articulate specific changes they made in their instruction.
Huysmans' En Ménage and the unwritable naturalist text

A travers les themes de l'echec matrimonial et de la faillite de l'inspiration, H. decrit les limites que le reel impose a l'ecriture et commence a se demarquer du mouvement naturaliste
Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Cycling-Induced Phase Transformation in LiMnO2 Compounds

Lithium transition metal oxides used as intercalation electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries are widely studied in search of structural stability and improved electrochemical performance. Recent studies showed that the orthorhombic and monoclinic LiMnO2 compounds, unlike LiMn2O4 spinels, could be cycled on both the 4 V and 2.9 V plateaus with high and stable discharge capacity. In this study, we have performed direct high resolution observations of electrochemically cycled LiMnO2 particles in the fully discharged state. Extensive damage including local strain variation, nanodomain formation, and changes in cation ordering, has been observed. Individual particles retain overall single crystallinity despite having differing structures at the nanodomain level. While cycling causes a macroscopic transformation to spinel cation ordering, the formation of nanodomains differing in cation ordering and/or composition appears to accommodate or prevent the destructive Jahn-Teller distortion that normally occurs at high lithium concentration, thereby resulting in cycling stability.
W.M. Keck Telescope control system

The computing environment and major components of the Keck telescope control system are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of calibration procedures and a review of current status and problems.
Supramolecular sort of small-talk

Supramolecular Enzyme Organization: Quaternary Structure and Beyond. By Peter Friedrich. Pergamon/Akademiai Kiado, Budapest:1985. Pp.300. £22.50, $36.
Evaluation of a carbon dioxide personal cooling device for workers in hot environments.

This study tested the effectiveness of a carbon dioxide cooling device in reducing heat strain for workers in a hot and humid environment. Ten participants completed two trials in an environment of 30°C WBGT (75% relative humidity) with a novel liquid carbon dioxide cooling shirt (CC) or no cooling (NC) in a randomized order. Mean time-weighted workload for each individual equaled 465 W (400 Kcals· h−1). In the CC condition, the work time was significantly increased by 32% (97 ± 36 min) compared with NC (74 ± 26 min) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean skin temperature over the trials. Rectal temperature (T re ) was significantly different after 50 min (p < 0.05). Mean heart rate, the delta T re increase rate, and heat storage at 55 min (last point with n = 8) were significantly lower in CC (p < 0.05). Overall heat storage was 54 ± 41 W and 72 ± 40 W for CC and NC, respectively (p < 0.05). Participants also indicated favorable subjective responses for CC vs. NC (p < 0.05). These findin...
Teaching Diversity: A Study of Organizational Needs and Diversity Curriculum in Higher Education

Little evidence exists regarding how college diversity courses can best support the needs of the business community. To understand whether diversity courses fit business needs, a content analysis of syllabi was compared to a survey of human resources (HR) managers regarding the diversity management skills sought in college graduates. Findings demonstrate that HR managers want more emphasis on communication and listening skills, team building, and international diversity issues, whereas the syllabi place more emphasis on specific demographic groups and how diversity should be managed. There is a need to establish a closer link between course content and organizational demands.
Methodology towards developing skylight design tools for thermal and energy performance of atriums in cold climates

Abstract This is one of two papers that outlines the methodology used to develop, through computer simulation, skylight design tools for thermal and energy performance of atriums in cold climates. The methodology identified important design alternatives that included skylight and atrium physical variables, and a series of thermal and energy performance outputs that may serve as selection criteria for an energy-efficient design. New prediction models were developed to overcome some computer-simulation limitations, which included models to deal with airflow between an atrium and its adjacent spaces and temperature stratification within an atrium space. The developed airflow network model is a technique used to predict the mutual influence between the atrium and its surrounding spaces without requiring additional geometrical information on the surrounding spaces. The developed temperature stratification model is consistent with airflow network models and the zone concept used in building thermal-simulation programs since it takes into account radiation (overlooked in airflow network models) and convection heat transfer at the same time. This was done through treating fictitious surfaces that separate the thermal zones in a similar way as real surfaces. Fictitious surfaces were assigned a high emissivity, high solar transmittance, high thermal conductivity and convection film coefficient of 10 W / m 2 ° C . These values were found to yield reasonable solar radiation absorption, convection and radiation heat balances for the real surfaces irrespective of the number of the thermal zones. The developed models were integrated into a simulation computer program, and then validated against field measurements of a case study atrium. The predicted indoor temperatures were within ±2°C of the measured ones in both winter and summer days.
Total Hadronic Photoabsorption Cross Sections on Hydrogen and Complex Nuclei from 4 to 18 GeV

Final total cross sections are given for a counter experiment at SLAC on hadronic photon absorption in hydrogen, deuterium, carbon, copper, and lead at incident energies from 3.7 to 18.3 GeV. Some of the nucleon cross sections have been revised and the C, Cu, and Pb data from 3.7 to 7.4 GeV have not been reported previously. The cross sections for complex nuclei vary approximately as ${A}^{0.9}$ in our energy range, indicating that the photon interacts, at least partially, as a strongly interacting particle. The energy dependences of the proton and neutron cross sections are also similar to those of hadron-nucleon cross sections and hence may be fitted by a typical Regge parametrization, yielding ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}(\ensuremath{\gamma}p)=(98.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.6)+(65.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10.1){\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ \ensuremath{\mu}b and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}(\ensuremath{\gamma}n)=(103.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.7)+(33.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}19.4){\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ \ensuremath{\mu}b, where $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is the photon energy in GeV. These extrapolate to the same value at infinite energy, consistent with Pomeranchukon exchange, and the energy-dependent part yields an isovector-to-isoscalar-exchange ratio of 0.18 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.06. While these observations are qualitatively consistent with vector meson dominance, quantitatively vector dominance fails in relating our results to $\ensuremath{\rho}$ photo-production on hydrogen or to experiments determining the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-nucleon cross section. Vector dominance cannot be rescued by assuming that the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-photon coupling constant depends on the photon mass. Instead, an additional short-range interaction is apparently required, possibly due to a heavy (\ensuremath{\gtrsim} 2 GeV / ${\mathit{c}}^{2}$) vector meson or to a bare-photon interaction. The additional interaction accounts for approximately 20% of the total photoabsorption cross section.
Nutrient transport within three vegetative treatment areas receiving silage bunker runoff.

Abstract Silage bunker runoff can be a very polluting substance and is increasingly being treated by vegetative treatment areas (VTAs), but little information exists regarding nutrient removal performance of systems receiving this wastewater. Nutrient transport through the shallow subsurface of three VTAs (i.e. one VTA at Farm WNY and two VTAs at Farm CNY) in glaciated soils containing a restrictive layer (i.e., fragipan) was assessed using a mass balance approach. At Farm WNY, the mass removal of ammonium was 63%, nitrate was 0%, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was 39%. At Farm CNY, the mass removal of ammonium was 79% in the West VTA, but nitrate and SRP increased by 200% and 533%, respectively. Mass removal of ammonium was 67% in the East VTA at Farm CNY; nitrate removal was 86% and SRP removal was 88%. The East VTA received a much higher nutrient loading, which was attributed to a malfunctioning low-flow collection apparatus within the settling basin. Results demonstrate that nutrient reduction mechanisms other than vegetative uptake can be significant within VTAs. Even though increases in nitrate mass were observed, concentrations in 1.65 m deep wells indicated that groundwater impairment from leaching of nitrate was not likely. These results offer one of the first evaluations of VTAs treating silage bunker runoff, and highlight the importance of capturing concentrated low flows in VTA systems.
Light scattering intensity and correlation length of a binary critical mixture

Abstract Careful measurement of scattered light intensity above and close to the critical mixing point of nitrobenzene-n-hexane system is analyzed to obtain γ, ξ0 and v. The data are also consistent with having a nonzero value for η.
Efficient rent-seeking under varying cost structures

The rent-seeking paradigm, which was introduced by Tullock (1967), has proven useful for exploring a variety of economic decisions that lie outside the traditional profit maximizing framework. Early applications of Tullock’s insight (Becker, 1968; Krueger, 1974; Posner, 1975; Demsetz, 1976; Foster, 1981 and others) usually assumed the entire value of the rent would be dissipated by competition following the fashion of economic profits in competitive markets. In 1980 Tullock structured a simple game reflecting the decisions made in rent-seeking. The results generated by his model suggest residual rents may accrue to rent-seekers and, under certain conditions, resist dissipation. A number of studies followed Tullock’s 1980 paper (Corcoran, 1984; Corcoran and Karels, 1985; Higgins, Shugart and Tollison, 1985; Tullock, 1984, 1985, and 1987) which explore the dissipation of excess rents under various assumptions.
High-throughput photovoltaic cell characterization system

Photovoltaic technology will have a substantial impact on the nation's wealth and economy in 21 st century. The main obstacle for widespread use of PV energy at present is the higher cost of PV energy generation equipment compared to that of fossil fuels. Improved in-line diagnostics can reduce the cost and increase the productivity by significantly improving the yield of the process. Here we present the first results of development of a high-throughput PV (Photovoltaic) characterization system, which can provide fast and accurate data on the spatial uniformity of thickness, refractive indices, and birefringence of the thin films comprising the solar cell in a single scan over the entire solar cell area. The unmatched throughput, the amount of retrieved information, and the unique capability of characterization of both plane and structured surfaces and interfaces of such a system will provide the opportunity to use this system and develop in-situ, real time process diagnostics/prognostics capabilities that would result in improved yield and reduced cost of solar cell manufacturing. Here we provide the modeling results, demonstrate applicability of the technique for characterization of organic solar cells and discussing the modifications of the system that would permit characterization of structured solar cell surfaces.
HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNBAFFLED BUBBLE COLUMNS: GAS-PHASE HOLDUP

Abstract Gas-phase holdup is measured in a 0·305 m diameter bubble column at ambient temperature and pressure as a function of superficial gas velocity. An air-water system is investigated for two values (1.35 m and 2.45 m) of the slumped water column height and air velocity in the range 0–0·3 m/s. The data are examined on the basis of models developed on the concept that the gas-phase flow in the bubble column may be mimicked in terms of two classes of bubble populations, viz. small and large. This is well described in a paper by Krishna el al. [6], The model has three parameters U g,trans, U b,SB and E g,trans and a procedure to predict the large bubble population holdup. Based on experimental data correlations for these parameters have been proposed by Ellenberger and Krishna [16]; Wilkinson et al. [21]; Krishna and Ellenberger [22] and Reilly el al. [23]. All these models and correlations have been examined and assessed on the basis of experimental gas-phase holdup data generated in this effort. Co...
An exact lumping technique for step growth polymerizations

Abstract The component balance equations for step growth polymerizations form an infinite set. Integration is awkward even for batch systems and becomes computationally intractable for convective-diffusion models where a partial differential equation must be solved for each oligometer concentration. A lumping technique has been developed to reduce the dimensionality to a finite and typically small set. Actual concentrations are retained for the first few oligomers, and the first few moments of the chain length distribution are preserved. This lumping technique is shown to be exact for a variety of kinetic schemes. Its application to batch and flow reactors is discussed.
Helium processing for deuterium/helium burns in ITER's physics phase

Abstract The requirements for vacuum pumping and fuel processing for deuterium/helium (D/3He) burns in the physics operating phase for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) were assessed. These burns are expected to have low fusion power (100 MW), short burn times (≤ 30 s), limited operation (2000 shots), and a fractional burn ∼0.3%. For the physics phase, the fuel processing system will include several units to separate deuterium and helium (activated charcoal bed, SAES getter and a Pd/Ag diffuser), as well as an isotopic separation system to separate 3He and 4He. The needed vacuum system's cryorption surface area may be as large as 10 m2 if the burn time is ∼ 200 s, the fractional burn is 100 MW.