cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulated Density Currents beneath Embedded Stratified Layers

AbstractThe goal of this research is to investigate the impacts of a stably stratified layer embedded within a neutrally stratified environment on the behavior of density currents in an effort to extend the environmental regimes examined by Liu and Moncrieff. Such environments frequently support severe weather events. To accomplish this goal, nonhydrostatic numerical model experiments are performed in which the strength and height of the embedded stably stratified layer within a neutrally stratified environment are varied. The 1-km-deep stable layer base is varied between 1, 2, and 3 km AGL. Additionally, the strength of the stable layer is systematically varied between Brunt–Vaisala frequencies of 0.006, 0.012, and 0.018 s−1, following the methodology of Liu and Moncrieff. The model and grid setup are also similar to that of Liu and Moncrieff, utilizing the Arakawa C grid, leapfrog advection, a Robert–Asselin filter, and grid spacing of 100 and 50 m in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively...
Massive hyperdiploidy and tetraploidy in acute myelocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

Abstract Massive hyperdiploidy (>50 chromosomes) and tetraploidy (4n) are rare cytogenetic abnormalities in myelocytic malignancies, and their significance is unknown. We report on 11 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and two patients with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with massive hyperdiploidy (10 patients) or tetraploidy (3 patients) seen at our institution over a 12-year period. Eleven patients were male and two were female. Age range was 44–84 years (median, 70 years). Only one AML patient had a previous MDS, and no patient had therapy-related disease. One or more copies of chromosomes 8 and 19 were gained in eight patients each; other frequently gained chromosomes included 13, 15, and 21. Eight patients had structural abnormalities in addition to chromosome gain; del(5q) was most common (five patients). Eleven patients received induction chemotherapy, but only four achieved complete remission. Survival ranged from 1 to 22 months, with a median of 6 months. We conclude that massive hyperdiploidy and tetraploidy are infrequent abnormalities in AML and MDS, are seen primarily in de novo disease in older male patients and are associated with a low remission rate and short survival. Massive hyperdiploidy and tetraploidy define a prognostically unfavorable cytogenetic group in de novo AML.
Memory in World Stock Prices

The random walk hypothesis is rejected for foreign stock market prices. Variance ratio tests are performed on weekly stock prices of nine major foreign stock market indices. While longer-term returns follow random walks, short-horizon, bi-weekly returns exhibit significant positive serial correlation.
Unsteady Two-Dimensional Nitrogen Flow in Long Microchannels with Uniform Wall Heat Flux

The time-dependent characteristics of pressure-driven nitrogen flow in long microchannels under uniform wall heat flux input are numerically studied. The two-dimensional momentum and energy equations are solved, with variable properties, rarefaction, involving velocity slip, thermal creep and temperature jump, compressibility, and viscous dissipation effects taken into account. Two cases of unsteady convection are studied. The first one arises due to a sudden heat flux change at the channel wall and the second due to a sudden inlet pressure change. The resulting thermal field and fluid dynamics are determined, described, and discussed in detail. The approach to steady-state conditions and the overall transient response are investigated. It is found that the transient response for the case with a sudden increase in wall heat flux input is slower than that for the case with a sudden decrease in wall heat flux input. The transient response for the case with a sudden increase in inlet pressure is much faster ...
Signaling Via the T Cell Receptor

Upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, Lck (a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases) phosphorylates immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) contained within the cytoplasmic domains of the chains of the CD3 complex. Subsequently, Zap70 (a member of the Syk family of kinases) is recruited by binding of its Src homology 2 (SH2) domains to the phosphorylated ITAM sites. Activated Zap70 propagates signal transduction through the phosphorylation of downstream targets, including the adaptor molecules LAT and SLP-76. These adaptors facilitate phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1) activation, resulting in the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P 2 ] to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The known signaling pathways that lead to T cell activation upon TCR engagement rely on IP 3 and DAG second messengers. IP 3 triggers calcium mobilization, which leads to activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT). DAG activates Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) and protein kinase C θ (PKCθ), which in turn lead to activation of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, respectively. CD45 and Csk have been identified as key proximal regulators of T cell signal transduction by modulating phosphorylation and, hence, enzymatic activity of the Src family kinases. The Connections Maps Pathway emphasizes the signaling events that lead to changes in gene expression in response to T cell activation. Science Viewpoint A. L. Singer, G. A. Koretzky, Control of T cell function by positive and negative regulators. Science 296 , 1639-1640 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]
Haemorrhagic complications with adenotonsillectomy in children and young adults with bleeding disorders.

Summary. Haemorrhagic complications remain achallenge with surgical procedures in patients withbleeding disorders. In children and young adults, themost commonly performed surgeries are tonsillectomiesand/or adenoidectomies. Adequate haemostasis in thesepatients with bleeding disorders is centred oncomprehensive perioperative haemostatic support anddexterous surgical technique. The aim of this study wasto assess postoperative bleeding complications withtonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy in children andyoung adults with known bleeding disorders.Retrospective review of all patients aged 24 h postoperatively)was more common than early bleeding; and recurrentbleeding was associated with older age. Children andyoung adults with haemorrhagic diatheses undergoingadenotonsillectomy are at a higher risk of delayedbleeding and require close monitoring with haemostaticsupport for a prolonged duration in the postoperativeperiod. A uniform approach is needed to manage thesepatients perioperatively by establishing standardpractice guidelines and ultimately reduce postsurgicalbleeding complications.Keywords: adenoidectomy, bleeding disorders, children,paediatric, postoperative haemorrhage, tonsillectomy
Empirical and process-based approaches to climate-induced forest mortality models.

Globally, forests store ∼45% of car-bon sequestered terrestrially, contributemore to the terrestrial sink per areathan any other land cover type, andassimilate an important portion ofanthropogenic emissions (Bonan, 2008).Forests exert strong biophysical controlon climate via surface energy balance(Bonan, 2008; Rotenberg and Yakir, 2010;Houspanossian et al., 2013), and thehydrological cycle (Zhang et al., 2001;Brown et al., 2005). Widespread for-est mortality in response to drought,increased temperatures, and infestationof tree pests has been observed globally,potentially threatening forests’ regula-tion of climate (Kurz et al., 2008; Adamset al., 2010; Allen et al., 2010; Anderegget al., 2013a). This threat has promptedgreat interest in understanding and pre-dicting tree mortality due to climatevariability and change, especially drought.Initial tests of hydraulic failure (mortal-ity caused by irreversible loss of xylemconductivity from air embolism), carbonstarvation (mortality due to carbohy-drate limitation), insect attacks, wildﬁre,and their interdependence (Allen, 2007;McDowell et al., 2008, 2011, 2013a), sug-gest proximal causes of mortalityare likelycomplex, co-occurring, interrelated, andvariable with tree species (supported byAdams et al., 2009, 2013; Sala et al.,2010; Piper, 2011; Zeppel et al., 2011;Anderegg et al., 2012a, 2013b; Adamsetal.,2013;AndereggandAnderegg,2013;Galvez et al., 2013; Gaylord et al., 2013;Hartmann et al., 2013a,b; Mitchell et al.,2013; Quirk et al., 2013; Williams et al.,in review). While the interdependent rolesof carbon and water in plant mortalityare consistently observed, this work iscontinuously prompting new questions(Sala et al., 2010; McDowell et al., 2013b;O’Grady et al., 2013).The justiﬁcation for physiologicalresearch on drought-induced tree mortal-ity is often stated as a need to improve thepredictive capability of vegetation mod-els through incorporation of mortalitymechanisms(Fisheretal.,2010;McDowellet al., 2011, 2013a; Powell et al., 2013). Yetif mortality is particularly complicatedand associated with failure of multiplephysiological processes (Manion, 1981;McDowell et al., 2011; Anderegg et al.,2012b), then a key question emerges: is amechanistic approach necessary for accu-rate prediction of future mortality? Theanswertothisquestionultimatelydependson the application and goal of the model.At issue is whether increasing modelcomplexitywillimproveprediction,whichis inﬂuenced in part by the modelingapproach employed. Two endpoints ona theoretical continuum of approachto mechanism are process-based andempirical model types. The process-based approach focuses on simulatingdetailed physical or biological processesthat explicitly describe system behav-ior, while the empirical approach relieson correlative relationships in line withmechanistic understanding, but with-out fully describing system behaviorsand interactions (Korzukhin et al., 1996;
Matching the Genotype in Resolution: Innovative Ways of Phenotype Capture

Social and spatial context are important determinants of morbidity and mortality. However, there is little clarity about the role of context for kidney disease specifically, particularly before the end stage. Meanwhile, research clarifying the clinical, cellular, molecular, and genetic causes of kidney disease is accelerating considerably. We postulate that without contextual information, even the most detailed biomedical information cannot fully capture the factors that ultimately drive the development and progression of kidney disease. The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network is integrating detailed, state-of-the-art information on a social and spatial context to enable the exploration of the associations between the social environment and kidney disease. Here, we discuss the extant literature on social context and kidney disease, present information on sources of contextual information, and provide recommended further reading to facilitate future research on the contribution of the social context to kidney disease.
The automated symbolic derivation of state equations for dynamic systems

A system which is capable of generating symbolic state equations for dynamic systems is described. The underlying object-oriented knowledge representation structure is based on the bond graph modeling methodology which abstracts a complex system into a network of simple relations that describe the behavior of the system. Constraint propagation techniques provide a method for determining the causal relationships that must exist between system variables in a state-determined system, thereby identifying a set of state variables for the system. The relation network and the state variables are manipulated by MACSYMA to define the state equations for the physical system dynamics. The availability of state equations in symbolic form allows the engineer to assess the influence of component parameters on the overall function of the physical system without having to resort to simulation iterations. This representation establishes the foundation for a model-based reasoning system currently under development. >
Universal iron supplementation: a simple and effective strategy to reduce anaemia among low-income, postpartum women.

OBJECTIVE: To reduce prevalence of anaemia in low-income postpartum women. DESIGN: A randomised, non-blind clinical trial was conducted among 959 low-income, postpartum women in eleven clinics in Mississippi. The clinics were randomised to one of three treatment groups: (i) selective anaemia screening of high-risk women as recommended currently (control); (ii) universal anaemia screening and treatment of anaemic women (group I); and (iii) universal Fe supplementation of 65 mg/d for two months to all low-income women (group II). All study participants within each clinic received the same treatment. Women were followed up at 6 months after delivery. Hb was measured at baseline and at follow-up. The primary outcome variable was the proportion of women with anaemia after treatment. SETTING: Eleven health clinics in Mississippi. SUBJECTS: Low-income, postpartum women. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of the three study groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and an appropriate post hoc test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables. Fifty-two per cent of postpartum women were anaemic (Hb < 12·0 g/dl) and the rate decreased to 33 % at 6 months after the intervention. Group II women, who received universal Fe supplementation, improved their Hb status significantly (P < 0·001) at 6 months postpartum compared with the other groups. Prevalence of anaemia was also significantly lower among group II women (22·5 %) compared with controls (34 %) and group I women (43 %; P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: A universal Fe supplementation strategy was effective in reducing the prevalence of anaemia among low-income postpartum women.
Hysteresis Effects in Blue-Phase Liquid Crystals

Hysteresis effects of two blue-phase (BP) liquid crystals BP-I and BP-II, and polymer-stabilized BP-I and BP-II are investigated. BP-I exhibits a relatively slow response time and a large hysteresis. After polymer stabilization, its operating voltage is increased slightly, but its response time is dramatically reduced and hysteresis narrowed. In contrast, BP-II exhibits almost no hysteresis and submillisecond response time, but after polymer stabilization its hysteresis is amplified.
Community historians: scaffolding community engagement through culture and heritage

This paper describes the Community Historians project, which was a series of public, participatory workshops focused on conceptualizing and enacting forms of citizen engagement through technology. The goal of the project was to provide the space and resources to discover, discuss, and document inherent communal values and tangible resources present in a low-income community. The result of the first workshop was an interactive, alternative asset map of the area. The second workshop involved residents building their own digital cameras from component parts. The purpose of these activities was to reinforce critical thought about how technology affected the lives of residents and to empower adaptation of technology as a tool for communal development.
Cycle time reduction methods for transient thermal simulations

A transient thermal analysis was performed on an electronic module to determine the maximum temperature of a number of transistors' silicon dies during cyclic electrical loading. The computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) software - Icepak/spl reg/ - was used to model system-level transient thermal behavior. An initial and lengthy full-CFD transient thermal analysis was performed, until periodic-steady-state was achieved. This analysis uses the finite volume method, solving for mass, momentum, and energy and is based on Navier Stokes and energy equations. A simplified Icepak/spl reg/ model was developed, which uses 1/2 of the full-CFD mesh size, by collapsing the computation domain to the boundaries of the solid-model, and imposing heat-transfer-coefficients, as a piece-wise-linear function of the surface temperature, coincident to the outer surface of this model, and solving only for the energy equation. This simplified heat-transfer-coefficient model (h-model) results in a 10 times reduction in cycle-time compared to the full-CFD. An R-C network system level model of this module was designed using PSpice/spl trade/ software. Inputs were obtained from the Icepak/spl reg/ full-CFD model, and incorporated into the R-C network, resulting in near instantaneous temperature results. The full-CFD, simplified h-model, and R-C network simulation results were validated by experimental measurements, and were found to be within 15% of the overall temperature rise. This methodology can be used to solve for transient thermal analysis problems with various duty-cycles.
Spirituality, religion and family therapy: Competing or complementary worlds?

Abstract Spirituality and religion are often related to issues clients raise in therapy. Therapists' religious backgrounds affect the way they view and deal with these issues, and indeed whether they see them at all. In this paper, we discuss the overlap of the therapeutic and religious worlds. We also discuss how some therapists are dealing with this interface. Finally, we outline several ways religious issues can be integrated into family therapy training programs within the larger existing framework of training in cultural and ethical sensitivity.
The Review of Nuclear Microscopy Techniques: An Approach for Nondestructive Trace Elemental Analysis and Mapping of Biological Materials

The properties of many biological materials often depend on the spatial distribution and concentration of the trace elements present in a matrix. Scientists have over the years tried various techniques including classical physical and chemical analyzing techniques each with relative level of accuracy. However, with the development of spatially sensitive submicron beams, the nuclear microprobe techniques using focused proton beams for the elemental analysis of biological materials have yielded significant success. In this paper, the basic principles of the commonly used microprobe techniques of STIM, RBS, and PIXE for trace elemental analysis are discussed. The details for sample preparation, the detection, and data collection and analysis are discussed. Finally, an application of the techniques to analysis of corn roots for elemental distribution and concentration is presented.
Diffuse dermal angiomatosis of the breast: a series of 22 cases from a single institution.

Background: Diffuse dermal angiomatosis (DDA) is a rare cutaneous disorder that can affect the breast. A total of nine cases of breast involvement have been described in the literature, but there is currently no consensus in the best therapeutic approach. The objective of this study was to examine patient outcomes with such therapies in women diagnosed with DDA of the breast. Methods: Consecutive cases of DDA of the breast were retrospectively reviewed including patient demographic variables, diagnostic criteria and type of therapies. A successful outcome was defined as complete healing of chronic open breast wounds and absence of disease recurrence after cessation of therapy. Results: Twenty-two women (mean age, 48.4 years) diagnosed with DDA of the breast were identified between 2004 and 2012. The diagnosis was confirmed with skin biopsy in 12 patients and clinical diagnosis in the remaining ten patients. The majority of patients were obese [68.2% (15/22), average body mass index (BMI), 36.9 kg/m 2 ] and at the time of diagnosis, 27.3% of patients were active smokers (6/22). Only two patients (9.1%) received isotretinoin, neither had full recovery and both patients showed recurrence when taken off of therapy. Other medical therapies showed less to no improvement. Two patients underwent successful surgical treatment. One patient had a successful outcome following breast reduction, although her postoperative course was complicated with delayed wound healing. The other patient presented with recurrence of DDA following breast reduction, and was successfully managed with bilateral simple mastectomies. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DDA of the breast is associated with macromastia, obesity and tobacco use. Isotretinoin therapy is published as having favorable outcomes to other therapies, but in this series only appears to reduce symptoms rather than eradicate DDA. Our findings indicate that other medical therapies have been attempted with limited success. Surgical management of DDA of the breast may provide definitive treatment.
The Cognitive Psychology of Sensitivity to Human Fatalities: Implications for Life-Saving Policies

Year after year, thousands of human lives are permanently extinguished by large-scale events such as disasters, epidemics, and armed conflicts, while millions more are claimed by frequent small-scale events, such road accidents and fires. Preventing these fatalities should be a priority for policymakers, because death is irreversible, and survival necessarily precedes other forms of human welfare. Minimizing fatalities requires that policymakers respond to deadly events and that they effectively focus their attention, efforts, and life-saving resources on preventing the largest (aggregated) death tolls. However, the deployment of any major intervention, even one designed to save lives, requires sufficient political will, which in turn depends on people being moved to action by the number of lives at risk. All else being equal, responses to deadly events should be proportional to their potential death tolls, and support for life-saving interventions should grow steadily with the number of lives they are ex...
ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY IN HORSE SKULL EVOLUTION.

Horses (Family Equidae) have one of the longest and richest fossil records of any group of mammals, and it documents major changes in morphology. For these reasons, fossil horses have been an important source of examples of evolutionary change and evolutionary phenomena (e.g., Simpson, 1944, 1953). There have been several studies of the evolutionary transformation of the limbs of horses (e.g., Sondaar, 1968; Forsten, 1975a; Hussain, 1975), and of differences in skull morphology among closely related species or genera (e.g., Gromova, 1949; Bennett, 1980; Eisenmann, 1980; Groves and Willoughby, 1981). However, for the past 40 years our knowledge of the evolutionary transformation of horse skulls has rested primarily on two studies, those of Robb (1935a, 1935b) and Reeve and Murray (1942), which came to contradictory conclusions. Robb analyzed phylogenetic changes in horse skull proportions by comparing preorbital length to total skull length in 13 species of fossil horses. He concluded that the relatively long muzzles of modern horses resulted entirely from allometry -size related changes in proportions that occurred during evolution from small ancestral horses to the large modem ones. Robb also examined preorbital length vs. skull length in an ontogenetic series of modern horses and in a sample of adult modern horses of different sizes, and concluded that differences in proportions seen in ontogeny and among differentsized adults correspond exactly to changes in proportions seen in the phylogenetic series. Seven years later, Reeve and Murray (1942) re-analyzed Robb's data and added additional specimens of modern horse skulls. They compared preorbital length to braincase length (in their study defined as skull length minus preorbital length) and concluded that ontogeny did not repeat phylogeny in horse skull evolution, and that allometry alone did not account for the proportional changes seen in the phylogenetic series of fossil horses. Reeve and Murray suggested that a reorganization in skull proportions occurred with the evolution of high crowned teeth, based on an increase in size of the facial rudiment at a very early stage of growth. Later workers have followed either Robb, and stated that scaling effects account for modern horse skull proportions, or Reeve and Murray, and concluded that horse skull proportions were reorganized to accommodate enlarged grinding teeth. For example, the first figure in Simpson's (1944) classic Tempo and Mode in Evolution is a replot of Robb's data showing phylogenetic, ontogenetic and intraspecific adult curves almost completely overlapping. On the other hand, DeBeer ( 1958 p. 59) repeated Reeve and Murray's conclusion that horse
A Curriculum Resource for Materials Science and Engineering Education - Elementary School Through College

This paper presents a new CD-ROM, (EMSET2, ISBN 0-13-030534-0) [1] which provides useful resources for courses in engineering and technology. A product of a fifteen-year effort, this CD contains hundreds of demonstrations and experiments which have been classroom tested and peer reviewed. These resources are available in the popular Adobe Acrobat PDF format, accessible thorough the Acrobat Reader, which is included. The contents are useful for such courses as materials science, materials technology, mechanics and strength of materials, as well as for pre-college level course and school visitations. Additional PDF-formatted resources on the CD-ROM include a short course on Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites, an Image Gallery showing materials, applications photos, photomicrographs of a wide range of materials, a structural models gallery, and related web site hyperlinks. There is also a section on how we made the PDFs. The manner in which the demonstrations and experiments are written provides useful tips on securing supplies and construction of devices. Topics include Structure, Testing & Evaluation, Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composites, Electronic & Optical Materials, as well as ideas for Materials Curriculum development.
Sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells "taste" the upper respiratory environment to regulate innate immunity.

BackgroundIt is not fully understood how sinonasal epithelial cells detect the presence of pathogens and activate innate defense responses necessary for protecting the upper airway from infection. ...
Rearing the Codling Moth on a Soya, Wheat Germ, Starch Medium

Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) were reared on a soya, starch, wheat germ diet that contained no agar, had good moisture retention, was mostly free of fungal growths, and was cheaply prepared. Larval acceptance was exceptionally good (90%), and the moths were larger than those grown on apples. Also, production was 2-3 times better than on the standard agar-base diet and equal to that obtained with apples.
A multi-site study of strategies to teach critical thinking: 'why do you think that?'

Context Critical thinking (CT) is a fundamental skill for clinicians. It plays an essential role in clinical decision making, which has implications for diagnostic accuracy, appropriate management and, ultimately, patient outcomes. Many theoretical frameworks have conceptualised CT and its related constructs. Nevertheless, it is unclear how this topic is taught by faculty staff who teach health professionals. Methods The purpose of this multi-site qualitative study was to characterise the instructional strategies of faculty members actively teaching CT. We used semi-structured interviews to answer the following questions: (i) What approaches do faculty staff recognised by peers as good teachers in CT use to teach CT? (ii) How explicit is this teaching? We used snowball recruitment at eight participating institutions to identify faculty staff considered to be local experts in teaching CT. Forty-four eligible faculty members agreed to participate in semi-structured interviews, which were recorded and transcribed. We used the framework method to analyse the qualitative data. Results We organised the findings into themes of what faulty staff teach to learners (habits of mind, such as higher-order thinking and metacognition), how they teach (guiding principles of clinical relevance and perspective shifting, and concrete strategies such as questioning and group interaction) and why they teach CT (to produce the best possible health outcomes for patients). Conclusion This work has practical recommendations for the individual faculty member. Promoting higher-level cognition, asking questions that probe the learner's understanding and linking discussions to the clinical context are some of the approaches that can be incorporated immediately.
Extracellular pH Responses in CA1 and the Dentate Gyrus During Electrical Stimulation, Seizure Discharges, and Spreading Depression

Since neuronal excitability is sensitive to changes in extracellular pH and there is regional diversity in the changes in extracellular pH during neuronal activity, we examined the activity-dependent extracellular pH changes in the CA1 region and the dentate gyrus. In vivo, in the CA1 region, recurrent epileptiform activity induced by stimulus trains, bicuculline, and kainic acid resulted in biphasic pH shifts, consisting of an initial extracellular alkalinization followed by a slower acidification. In vitro, stimulus trains also evoked biphasic pH shifts in the CA1 region. However, in CA1, seizure activity in vitro induced in the absence of synaptic transmission, by perfusing with 0 Ca(2+)/5 mM K(+) medium, was only associated with extracellular acidification. In the dentate gyrus in vivo, seizure activity induced by stimulation to the angular bundle or by injection of either bicuculline or kainic acid was only associated with extracellular acidification. In vitro, stimulus trains evoked only acidification. In the dentate gyrus in vitro, recurrent epileptiform activity induced in the absence of synaptic transmission by perfusion with 0 Ca(2+)/8 mM K(+) medium was associated with extracellular acidification. To test whether glial cell depolarization plays a role in the regulation of the extracellular pH, slices were perfused with 1 mM barium. Barium increased the amplitude of the initial alkalinization in CA1 and caused the appearance of alkalinization in the dentate gyrus. In both CA1 and the dentate gyrus in vitro, spreading depression was associated with biphasic pH shifts. These results demonstrate that activity-dependent extracellular pH shifts differ between CA1 and dentate gyrus both in vivo and in vitro. The differences in pH fluctuations with neuronal activity might be a marker for the basis of the regional differences in seizure susceptibility between CA1 and the dentate gyrus.
Monitoring and Analysis of Varicella Antibody Levels among Healthy Children below 15 Years of Age in Songjiang District,Shanghai,2010

[Objective] To determine the levels of varicella antibody among healthy people less than 15 years old in Songjiang District of Shanghai so as to provide a scientific basis for varicella immunological strategy.[Methods] A total of 50 healthy children from scattered homes,kindergartens,primary and middle schools in Songjiang were selected to test varicella immunoglobulin G(IgG) antibodies in their blood using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in October 2010.[Results] The total positive rate of varicella antibodies among the healthy people less than 15 years old in Songjiang was 66.5%.The average concentration of varicella antibodies was 2 194.9 IU/L.The positive rate of antibodies in children with varicella vaccination history was significantly higher than those without(χ2=13.198,P 0.001),and that in children vaccinated whthin 4 years was significantly higher than those vaccinated before 4 years(χ2=5.457,P = 0.019).[Conclusion] The varicella antibody levels are low among healthy people less than 15 years old in Songjiang District.So it is recommended to improve the coverage of varicella vaccination among healthy children to establish immunobarrier and also to change immunological strategy to enhance immune persistence.
Neuromodulation of Sodium Channels

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are phosphorylated on a family of interacting sites by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, which is stimulated by activation of receptors for neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. The primary effect of Na+ channel phosphorylation in brain neurons is to reduce peak Na+ current by enhancing the intrinsic slow inactivation-gating process. The reduction of peak Na+ current depends on both membrane potential and protein phosphorylation, thereby integrating electrical signaling and second messenger regulation. Interestingly, peak Na+ currents in sensory neurons are regulated in the opposite direction by a similar regulatory mechanism. The voltage-gated Na+ channel is a prime candidate for a role in mediating cellular plasticity because it sets the threshold for action potential generation. This form of cellular plasticity is implicated in the control of input–output relationships in several types of neurons and in multiple neural responses. Well-studied examples include control of input–output relationships in striatal, hippocampal, and cortical neurons; modulation of Na+ channel function during cocaine treatment and withdrawal; and upregulation of Na+ channel activity during hyperalgesia.
Graph-based visual analysis for large-scale hydrological modeling

This article reports on the development and application of a visual analytics approach to big data cleaning and integration focused on very large graphs, constructed in support of national-scale hydrological modeling. We explain why large graphs are required for hydrology modeling and describe how we create two graphs using continental United States heterogeneous national data products. The first smaller graph is constructed by assigning level-12 hydrological unit code watersheds as nodes. Creating and cleaning graphs at this scale highlight the issues that cannot be addressed without high-resolution datasets and expert intervention. Expert intervention, aided with visual analytical tools, is necessary to address edge directions at the second graph scale: subdividing continental United States streams as edges (851,265,305) and nodes (683,298,991) for large-scale hydrological modeling. We demonstrate how large graph workflows are created and are used for automated analysis to prepare the user interface for...
Homogeneous Sample Preparation of Raw Shrimp Using Dry Ice

Sample homogeneity is critical to accurate and reproducible analysis of trace residues in foods. A method of uniform sample preparation using dry ice is described for shrimp. Other sample preparation techniques for raw shrimp produce nonhomogeneous samples. Sample homogeneity was determined through analysis of chloramphenicol added to intact tiger or white shrimp prior to sample preparation. Simulated chloramphenicol residue levels were 50, 15, 10, and 5 ppb. No significant differences were noted when analyses of shrimp inoculated with chlor-amphenicol prior to sample preparation with dry ice were compared with analyses of shrimp spiked after grinding with dry ice. Grinding shrimp with dry ice produced samples with homogeneous chloramphenicol residues. This technique should be applicable to other tissues and vegetable products.
Energetics of cellulose and cyclodextrin glycosidic bond cleavage

Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic materials for production of biofuels and renewable chemicals utilizes high temperature to thermally decompose long-chain cellulose to volatile organic compounds. Cellulose undergoes two distinct kinetic regimes of intra-chain scission: low-temperature glycosidic bond cleavage (T 467 °C) associated with a high apparent activation energy. In this work, the initial breakdown kinetics of cellulose were examined from 385 °C to 505 °C using a millisecond, thin-film reactor called PHASR (pulse-heated analysis of solid/surface reactions). Using the cellulose surrogate, α-cyclodextrin, the energetics of each kinetic regime were characterized by measuring the conversion between 20 ms and 2.0 seconds. The low temperature kinetic regime exhibited glycosidic bond cleavage (Ea,1 = 23.2 ± 1.9 kcal mol−1, k0,1 = 2.0 × 107 s−1), while the high temperature kinetic regime (Ea,2 = 53.7 ± 1.1 kcal mol−1, k0,2 = 2.4 × 1016 s−1) was consistent with four reaction mechanisms including concerted transglycosylation. Apparent energetics were compared with computed literature values.
Testing a Higher Order Model of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior: The Role of Aggression Subtypes.

This study assessed how the forms and functions of aggression fit into a higher order model of internalizing and externalizing behavior, for children in early childhood (N = 332, M age = 47.11 months, SD = 7.32). The lower order internalizing factors were depressed affect, anxious-fearfulness, and asocial behavior (i.e., social withdrawal) and the lower order externalizing factors were deception and hyperactivity. The forms and functions of aggression were crossed to create four factors: reactive relational, reactive physical, proactive relational, and proactive physical aggression. Seven confirmatory factor models were tested. Results supported a two-factor externalizing model where reactive and proactive relational aggression and deception loaded on one externalizing factor and reactive and proactive physical aggression and hyperactivity loaded on another externalizing factor.
An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and Its Application to Hernia Surgery

In 1998, two groups of scientists made a surprising discovery—our universe is expanding at a faster and faster pace. We see this accelerating pace of change in the waves of innovation over the past few centuries. From the agricultural age, to the industrial revolution and more recently the information age, the time to go through each stage of innovation is less and less. In our organizations, we see an increased pace of disruption. The life span of a Fortune 500 company in the 1950s was over 60 years. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the average life span was less than 15 years. What is happening in our world? How does this apply to hernias and healthcare? And how does this knowledge help us to measure and improve the value of care we provide for our patients with hernia disease and related complications? The understanding required to address these questions cannot be obtained with the same kind of reductionist thinking we have used up until now in healthcare. Applying a more complete scientific paradigm, complex systems science, will allow us to begin to understand and apply new thinking to improve the value of care for hernia disease and all other diseases that we attempt to manage and cure in our global healthcare system.
Evidence appraisal: a scoping review, conceptual framework, and research agenda.

Objective Critical appraisal of clinical evidence promises to help prevent, detect, and address flaws related to study importance, ethics, validity, applicability, and reporting. These research issues are of growing concern. The purpose of this scoping review is to survey the current literature on evidence appraisal to develop a conceptual framework and an informatics research agenda. Methods We conducted an iterative literature search of Medline for discussion or research on the critical appraisal of clinical evidence. After title and abstract review, 121 articles were included in the analysis. We performed qualitative thematic analysis to describe the evidence appraisal architecture and its issues and opportunities. From this analysis, we derived a conceptual framework and an informatics research agenda. Results We identified 68 themes in 10 categories. This analysis revealed that the practice of evidence appraisal is quite common but is rarely subjected to documentation, organization, validation, integration, or uptake. This is related to underdeveloped tools, scant incentives, and insufficient acquisition of appraisal data and transformation of the data into usable knowledge. Discussion The gaps in acquiring appraisal data, transforming the data into actionable information and knowledge, and ensuring its dissemination and adoption can be addressed with proven informatics approaches. Conclusions Evidence appraisal faces several challenges, but implementing an informatics research agenda would likely help realize the potential of evidence appraisal for improving the rigor and value of clinical evidence.
Bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation catalysts produced using strong electrostatic adsorption

Abstract Our objective was to synthesize hydrothermally stable metal catalysts with controlled particle size and distribution, with the goal of determining which catalyst(s) can selectively produce aromatics. Both precious and transition metal catalysts (Ru, Pt, Ni, Cu, 2Pt1Ru, NiCu) were deposited on mesoporous alumina (mA) and carbon, respectively, using the strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) method. Due to the alloying that occurs under SEA, our hypothesis was that controlled bimetallic combinations (precious and/or base metal) could enhance the HDO behavior. As verified by XRD, STEM, and TPR, the SEA method successfully deposited noble metal particles less than 2 nm in size onto alumina. Alloying of bimetallic particles was also confirmed. Hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis bio-oil was run for 3 h at 300 °C in an aqueous environment. While partial conversion of mesoporous alumina into boehmite phase occurred, the catalyst particles remained between 2 and 3 nm post-reaction, indicating a high degree of anchoring. Over carbon, base metal particles were initially larger in size (about 3.3 nm) and tended to sinter more. Bimetallic SEA catalysts produced aromatic hydrocarbons at a greater extent than those of Ni/C, or Cu/C, or commercial Ru/Al 2 O 3 , as evidenced by GC–MS and/or NMR. Bimetallic 2Pt1Ru/mA did not exhibit significantly greater activity than Pt or Ru or control catalysts made by dry impregnation (DI), whereas NiCu demonstrated improved oil quality and yields over single-metal Ni and Cu and DI-method control catalysts. With respect to product compounds, the effect of mA support is stronger than that of carbon support.
Spontaneous and Bite-Evoked Muscle Pain Are Mediated by a Common Nociceptive Pathway with Differential Contribution by TRPV1.

Abstract Spontaneous pain and function-associated pain are prevalent symptoms of multiple acute and chronic muscle pathologies. We established mouse models for evaluating spontaneous pain and bite-evoked pain from masseter muscle, and determined the roles of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and the contribution of TRPV1- or neurokinin 1 (NK1)-dependent nociceptive pathways. Masseter muscle inflammation increased Mouse Grimace Scale scores and face-wiping behavior, which were attenuated by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TRPV1. Masseter inflammation led to a significant reduction in bite force. Inhibition of TRPV1 only marginally relieved the inflammation-induced reduction of bite force. These results suggest a differential extent of contribution of TRPV1 to the 2 types of muscle pain. However, chemical ablation of TRPV1-expressing nociceptors or chemogenetic silencing of TRPV1-lineage nerve terminals in masseter muscle attenuated inflammation-induced changes in Mouse Grimace Scale scores as well as bite force. Furthermore, ablation of neurons expressing NK1 receptor in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis also prevented both types of muscle pain. Our results suggest that TRPV1 differentially contributes to spontaneous pain and bite-evoked muscle pain, but TRPV1-expressing afferents and NK1-expressing second-order neurons commonly mediate both types of muscle pain. Therefore, manipulation of the nociceptive circuit may provide a novel approach for management of acute or chronic craniofacial muscle pain. Perspective We report the profound contribution of TRPV1 to spontaneous muscle pain but not to bite-evoked muscle pain. These 2 types of muscle pain are transmitted through a common nociceptive pathway. These results may help to develop new strategies to manage multiple modes of muscle pain simultaneously by manipulating pain circuits.
Solar and Gas Powered Long-Endurance Unmanned Aircraft Sizing via Geometric Programming

Fueled by telecommunication needs and opportunities, there has been a recent push to develop aircraft that can provide long-endurance (days to weeks) persistent aerial coverage. These aircraft pres...
Influence of Histamene on Transport of Fluid and Plasma Proteins into Lymph

It has been proposed that materials are transported across capillary walls by diffusion and ultrafiltration through small pores of 35–45 A radius, a few large pores or “leaks” over 200 A in radius and by pinocytosis in vesicles of 250 A internal diameter (Landis & Pappenheimer, 1963; Mayerson, 1963; Winne, 1965). The small pores account for the exchange of water and low MW solutes, and contribute to the transport of larger molecules up to the size of serum albumin, effective radius 35.5 A. Larger pores or vesicles are required for the transport into lymph of molecules larger than this. Fig. 1 illustrates the contribution of the small pore and large pore or vesicular Open image in new window mechanisms to the transport of serum albumin and ofdextran molecules of graded molecular radii from 24 to 130 A in the dog paw (Garlick & Renkin, 1971). The ordinate represents permeability-surface area product for the pore systems, or volume clearance for the vesicles.
Popliteal Vein Aneurysm: A Case Report:

Introduction—Although popliteal vein aneurysms are the most common of all venous aneurysms, they are exceedingly rare. In fact, there have only been approximately 150 reported cases to present. We ...
The Evolution of Parental Behavior and Clutch Size in Shorebirds

In this chapter I consider two aspects of shorebird reproduction that are intimately related as components of life-history strategies: clutch size and parental behavior. That shorebirds with few exceptions do not feed their young, and that young are precocial, nidifugous, and relatively self-reliant, has led to the assumption that adults have little difficulty caring for their young. That is, it is generally assumed that parental care imposes few constraints on time and energy budgets of adult shorebirds (Kendeigh, 1952; Parmelee and Payne, 1973; Graul, 1973; Emlen and Oring, 1977; Welty, 1982, p. 293). This assumption has no empirical base, and data I collected from lapwings (Charadriidae, Vanellinae) indicate that parental care in fact imposes considerable demands on adults in at least some species. This justifies a reexamination of the parental care of shorebirds and of the assumption that clutch sizes are not limited by the ability of adults to care for young. This is further prompted by the lack of a satisfactory explanation of the limitation of clutch size in shorebirds.