cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of the selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole

Utilization of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) inhibitors to probe the role of NO in various central nervous system processes requires use of an inhibitor selective for neuronal NOS, and is facilitated by knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of the inhibitor. The present project was undertaken to elucidate the disposition of the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). A simple, specific HPLC assay was developed with requisite sensitivity to quantitate 7-NI in serum after administration of pharmacologically relevant doses. Further experiments were performed to assess the effects of administered dose on 7-NI disposition. 7-NI displayed marked nonlinearity, consistent with saturable elimination, when administered by ip injection in peanut oil. The nonlinearity was related to total dose, but not to the concentration of 7-NI in the vehicle. Binding of 7-NI in rat serum was concentration-independent and does not contribute to the nonlinearity. Various formulations for iv administration of this water-insoluble compound were evaluated; the optimal vehicle, from the standpoint of 7-NI solubility, appeared to inhibit the clearance of 7-NI from the systemic circulation. Considering the nonlinear disposition of 7-NI, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of this inhibitor is requisite to designing administration protocols to achieve the desired magnitude and duration of NOS inhibition.
Algal toxins and water‐based diseases

Waterborne diseases are usually caused by infectious microorganisms. However, an intermittent but widespread source of water‐based diseases are the exotoxins produced by several marine and freshwater algae species. Marine algal toxins come from dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae). The main di‐noflagellate genera involved are Gonyaulax, Protogonyaulax, Gymnodinium, and Gambierdiscus. Known toxic marine cyanobacteria include Lyngbya, Schizothrix, and Oscillatoria. Toxic signs of these marine toxins are varied but involve mainly neuro‐ and dermatoxicity. A few freshwater algal toxins are produced by dinoflagellates and haptophytes but the majority are formed by “water bloom”; species of cyanobacteria. Toxic blooms of these cyanobacteria can be found in several types of water bodies. The main toxic genera are Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Oscillatoria. Toxins produced are neurotoxic alkaloids and hepatotoxic peptides. Human poisonings from algal toxins can be from ingestion of con...
Identification of calcineurin as a key signalling enzyme in T-lymphocyte activation

THE immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and FKS06 both interfere with a Ca2+-sensitive T-cell signal transduction pathway1–4thereby preventing the activation of specific transcription factors (such as NF-AT and NF-IL2A)1,5–7involved in lymphokine gene expression. CsA and FK506 seem to act by interaction with their cognate intracellular receptors8–10, cyclophilin and FKBP, respectively (see ref. 11 for review). The Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin is a major target of drug-isomerase complexes in vitro12We have therefore tested the hypothesis that this interaction is responsible for the in vivo effects of CsA/FK506. We report here that overexpression of calcineurin in Jurkat cells renders them more resistant to the effects of CsA and FK506 and augments both NFAT- and NFIL2A-dependent transcription. These results identify calcineurin as a key enzyme in the T-cell signal transduction cascade and provide biological evidence to support the notion that the interaction of drug-isomerase complexes with calcineurin underlies the molecular basis of CsA/FK506-mediated immunosuppression.
Brief Report Trends in Childhood Drowning on U. S. Farms, 1986–1997

Computerized mortality data files from the National Center for Health Statistics were analyzed to describe childhood farm drowning from 1986 through 1997. Farm drowning rates were compared to the U.S. unintentional youth drowning rates for the same period. The denominator for the calculation of rates was derived from a series of farm youth estimates published by the Bureau of Census. There were 378 childhood farm drowning cases during the study period, for an average annual rate of 2.3 deaths per 100,000 farm youth resident years. This rate is comparable to unintentional drowning rates for U.S. youth (2.2/100,000 population). Fatality rates declined 28% from 1986 through 1997 (p = .0024) for farm youth and 41% for U.S. youth (p = .0001). An average 32 farm drowning incidents occur to youth annually, making drowning a legitimate concern for farm residents and visitors. Language: en
Defining virtualization based system abstractions for an indoor assistive living for elderly care

We consider an indoor assistive living center for elderly care which requires constant monitoring facility without hampering the privacy of the individuals. We use virtualization technique to provide assistance to individuals and monitor them as virtual units of location. We use a distributed server as information provider and handheld computational devices for local assistance for users.
Antifreeze proteins: Current status and possible food uses

Antifreeze proteins from the blood serum of cold-water ocean fish inhibit ice crystal growth, including recrystallization, and affect crystal morphology. They exist in relatively high concentrations, ∼30 mg/ml, and are peptides or small proteins, mainly with less than 40 amino acids. Structures include both glycoprotein and non-glycoproteins, some of which have been chemically synthesized. They have also been found in plants and insects. The most successful experiments on foods have been the reduction of recrystallization in frozen dairy products. Cost, however, is apparently presently blocking usage.
2012 Ends an era: last Part II examinations by examiners of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.

The 20th-century medical scene was very different from the freewheeling 19th century in which patients were subjected to a mixture of science and charlatanism from medical practitioners with widely varying credentials and training. The various state medical licensure boards began to exert more authority and work together in the Federation of State Medical Boards. The Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association (AMA) published in 1914 the first list of approved internships in the United States, the American Board of Ophthalmology provided in 1916 the first board certification of a medical specialty, and in 1920 the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals appointed committees in each medical specialty to determine what training was necessary to qualify as an expert in that specialty field. In 1934, the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the American Neurological Association (ANA), and the Section on Nervous and Mental Disease of the American Medical Association joined in forming the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) with the goal of establishing examinations for certification in psychiatry and neurology. The first examinations by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology were held in June 1935 at the Philadelphia General Hospital. Changes over the years included adding in 1959 a certifying examination in the subspecialty of child psychiatry and adding in 1969 certification in ‘‘neurology with special competence in child neurology’’ (terminology changed to ‘‘neurology with special qualification in child neurology’’ in 1985). As the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology looked toward the 21st century, it determined that the Part II oral examinations should be replaced with the documentation of specific resident competencies during training and a redesigned computerized certification examination. Thus, the Part II oral examinations were phased out except for those individuals still qualified through their training in the older system prior to the new requirements. In September 2012, neurology examiners congregated in Indianapolis, Indiana, to perform the last of these Part II examinations and on the morning of Saturday, September 22, 2012, the examinations were held at Goodman Hall of Indiana University Health. The examiners for the child neurology portion of the examinations are listed in Tables 1 and 2. The team led by Director Patricia Crumrine performed the patient examination sessions and the team led by Director Ann Tilton (Figure 1) performed the vignette case examination sessions. The very last child neurology session, ending at 12:10 PM, was the vignette case examination of one candidate conducted in 20-minute periods in order by John Bodensteiner, Robert Rust, and Roger Brumback (a future trivia game answer to ‘‘Who was the last child neurology Part II examiner?’’). Much has been written about the various changes in the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology over the nearly 8 decades since its founding. Let us hope that the American
Chronobiology in the endocrine system

Biological signaling occurs in a complex web with participation and interaction of the central nervous system, the autonomous nervous system, the endocrine glands, peripheral endocrine tissues including the intestinal tract and adipose tissue, and the immune system. All of these show an intricate time structure with rhythms and pulsatile variations in multiple frequencies. Circadian (about 24-hour) and circannual (about 1-year) rhythms are kept in step with the cyclic environmental surrounding by the timing and length of the daily light span. Rhythmicity of many endocrine variables is essential for their efficacy and, even in some instances, for the qualitative nature of their effects. Indeed, the continuous administration of certain hormones and their synthetic analogues may show substantially different effects than expected. In the design of drug-delivery systems and treatment schedules involving directly or indirectly the endocrine system, consideration of the human time organization is essential. A large amount of information on the endocrine time structure has accumulated, some of which is discussed in this review.
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in juvenile myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune neurologic disease management has been significantly modified by the use of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (HDIVIG) during the past 15 years. Venous access, readily available IgG (until recently), and the relative lack of serious identifiable complications have prompted its use in myasthenia gravis. In adults, its effectiveness has been inconsistent, with variable acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody responses. Ten children were evaluated for clinical responses to, and complications of, HDIVIG. Weekly anti-AChR antibody titers in three patients were obtained. The HDIVIG dosage was 2 gm/kg body weight, infused at variable rates of 2 gm/kg for 1 day, 0.66 gm/kg daily for 3 days, and 0.5 g/kg daily for 4 days; in one patient the total dose was 0.8 gm/kg to correct to the ideal body weight. All children but one tolerated HDIVIG without complications. Eight patients exhibited definite improvement in functional strength after HDIVIG, but a decreasing response to HDIVIG was evident after multiple monthly treatments, warranting the additional use of corticosteroids in two patients. A decrease in anti-AChR antibody levels was observed in the three patients tested, but this decrease was constant in one patient. No correlation was observed between clinical response and antibody titers. HDIVIG is safe and effective in most patients for short-term management of juvenile myasthenia gravis, in myasthenic crises, and in preparing patients for surgery but appears to be of limited long-term benefit.
Decentralized Extended Information Filter for Single-Beacon Cooperative Acoustic Navigation: Theory and Experiments

We report a decentralized extended information filter (DEIF) algorithm designed for single-beacon cooperative acoustic navigation of one or more client underwater vehicles. In single-beacon cooperative acoustic navigation, ranges and state information from a single reference source (the server) are used to improve localization and navigation of an underwater vehicle (the client). The ranges and state information are obtained using underwater acoustic modems and a synchronous-clock time-of-flight paradigm. Apart from the server's acoustic data broadcasts, the client has no access to the server's position or sensor measurements. We show that at the instance of each range measurement update, the DEIF algorithm yields identical results for the current vehicle state estimate as the corresponding centralized extended information filter (CEIF), which fully tracks the joint probability distribution between the server and client. We compare the state estimation results of the DEIF algorithm with that of a CEIF and three other filters reported in the literature. The evaluation is performed using both simulated data and an experimental dataset comprised of one surface craft and two autonomous underwater vehicles.
An Analysis of Cloud Drop Growth by Collection: Part III. Accretion and Self-collection

Abstract Accretion is shown to have a narrowing effect on the drop size distribution while the newly defined processes “large hydrometeor self-collection, ” is shown to he responsible for the rapid growth of large hydrometeors and observed broadening of drop distribution. Both processes are given parameterizations in terms of rate equations and coefficients.
Correlation between cognitive processing and ocular motility.

The simultaneous and sequential cognitive processing model is useful in explaining the information processing strategies used by individuals for academic and other purposes. Simultaneous processing refers to handling of information in a holistic fashion with a strong visuos-patial bias. Sequential or successive processing involves information handled in a linear, serial fashion with a strong temporal bias. There is no hierarchy of the cognitive processing systems. In this study it was found that sequential processing correlates with saccadic fixation and simultaneous processing correlates with self-generated ocular pursuits
A Philosophy and Framework for Water Education

(1984). A Philosophy and Framework for Water Education. Water International: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 84-89.
Stressed liquid crystals and their application

Recently discovered stressed liquid crystals (SLCs) are of a great interest because they provide largest phase retardation shift achievable within shortest time interval. This effect was accomplished by decoupling the speed of a liquid crystal layer from its thickness. SLCs easily switch 5 microns of the phase retardation at sub-millisecond speeds while 50 microns requires only several milliseconds. SLCs are therefore able to modulate the IR light with the frequencies higher than 10 kHz. The SLCs are polymer/liquid crystal composites; however, their electro-optic properties differ significantly from previously developed polymer dispersed liquid crystals and polymer network/stabilized liquid crystals. The applied stressed force aligns the domains, eliminating scattering and hysteresis at the same time. The phase shift is highly linear with the applied voltage, greatly simplifying the drive electronics. The SLCs pose intriguing basic scientific questions and may be used in a lot of new electro-optical applications (micro-displays, diffractive optical elements, beam steering devices).
A review of the exenterine genus Eridolius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and descriptions of new species from the Oriental Region

Abstract The Asiatic species of the ichneumonid genus Eridolius Foerster are reviewed. Three new species (Eridolius aithogaster, niger and orientalis) are described from India and Taiwan.
Painting a New Battle Tipi: Public Art, Intellectual Property, and Heritage Construction in a Contemporary Native American Community

AbstractThe Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society is a twentieth-century revival of the Tonkongya, one of several military societies active among the Kiowa in the nineteenth century. In 1958, a group of Kiowa veterans reactivated the Tonkongya to recognize the contemporary military service of community members. The organization has prospered over the ensuing half a century to become a recognized force in contemporary Kiowa society and the Society’s ceremonials have become an important arena for expressing Kiowa identity. The revival of the Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society reflects the ongoing importance of the warrior tradition in Plains Indian communities and the resurgence of interest in Native identity in the late twentieth century. The Society celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its revival in 2008. A central component of the celebration was the decision by the officers of the organization to commission a new iteration of their painted Battle Tipi. The Sam Noble Museum of Natural History develop...
Phase behaviour studies with poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) at high pressures

Abstract Experimental cloud-point data are reported for poly(ethylene- co -3.9 mol% methacrylic acid) (EMAA 3.9 ) in ethylene, propane, butane, butene, and dimethyl ether (DME) to 250°C and 2500 bar. The cloud-point data for both EMAA 3.9 and poly(ethylene- co -3.9 mol% acrylic acid) are virtually identical suggesting that the structural differences between these two acid copolymers does not have a significant effect on phase behaviour. Cloud-point data are presented that demonstrate the impact of methacrylic acid (MAA) content for EMAA copolymers with 0, 3.1, 3.9, and 5.4 mol% MAA in butane, butene, and DME. The region of miscibility in butane and butene decreases significantly with temperature and with increasing copolymer acid content due to dimerization of the acid groups. However, the region of miscibility in DME increases slightly with MAA content due to the cross association with the acid repeat units. Cloud-point data are reported on the impact of DME and ethanol on the phase behaviour of poly(ethylene- co -3.1 mol% methacrylic acid) (EMAA 3.1 ) in butane. At low concentrations, ethanol is a more effective cosolvent since it has two sites that can participate in hydrogen bonding with MAA. The impact of both cosolvents diminishes rapidly with increasing cosolvent concentration once all the acid sites in EMAA are saturated with cosolvent.
Analysis of performances of a manifold microchannel heat sink with nanofluids

Hydraulic and thermal performances of a manifold microchannel heat sink (MMHS) with and without nanofluids as working fluids have been investigated by a finite volume method. Effects of volume fraction, particle diameter of nanoparticles, and Reynolds number on the Nusselt number, pumping power, performance index, and entropy generation in a 3D unit cell were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles, Nusselt number and pumping power increase, but total entropy generation decreases. Increasing particle diameter leads to decreasing Nusselt number, pumping power, and performance index, but increasing the total entropy generation. Finally increasing the Reynolds number leads to increasing the Nusselt number and pumping power, but decreasing performance index and total entropy generation.
Parallel Mean Free Path of Solar Cosmic Rays

Isotropic, nonresonant fast magnetosonic waves (FMWs) very efficiently scatter low-rigidity cosmic rays through the zero pitch-angle cosine μ. The derivation of this effect is generalized here to an anisotropic, conic turbulence of FMWs with an arbitrary spectral shape. Compared to the one of the FMWs, the contributions to the nonresonant scattering from both a slab electromagnetic turbulence and oblique Alfven waves are shown to be negligible. As a consequence, the nonresonant scattering rate by FMWs alone is combined with the scattering rates due to gyroresonance with the Alfven waves and transit-time damping with the FMWs to fit the parallel mean free path obtained from measurements of solar cosmic rays as a function of the particles' rigidities. The global fit of a large set of data points, resulting from many solar events, displays three distinct regions (plus a transition region between the two first ones), where the transit-time damping at |μ| ~ 1, the nonresonant scattering by FMWs at μ ≈ 0, and the gyroresonance with Alfven waves at μ ≈ 0 successively determine the parallel mean free path for rigidities ranging from 10-2 to 105 MV. Very accurate fits are further obtained for several independent solar events, during which particles were detected in the whole range of rigidities—from 1 to ~5 × 102 MV—where the nonresonant scattering determines the mean free path. Finally, the use of a conic turbulence of FMWs with an opening angle deduced from the damping rate of the waves relates the form of the FMW turbulence to the parameters of the plasma during each of the solar events. It argues in favor of a very strong anisotropy of the FMW spectrum above about 10-2 times the ion gyrofrequency.
Method, Structure and Argument in Edith Penrose's Theory of Growth

Edith Penrose's The Theory of the Growth of the Firm proposed a process theory of growth based on the pursuit and coordination of knowledge. From 1956 to 1973, Penrose began to focus on large international firms operating in developing countries. She found government to be a continuous input to the growth process. We argue here that Penrose was a heterodox economist, who followed the methodological style and structure of her Austrian mentor Fritz Machlup, embraced the neoclassical case study method of Marshall, and articulated a viewpoint on international growth that is much in line with Roy Harrod, Maurice Bye and Charles Kindleberger, who devoted considerable attention to why governments find it necessary to impose restraints on how such firms invest in their economies. The background and development of Penrose's work has implications for theory and policy, specifically for the Resource-based view which recognizes Penrose as its founder.
Nucleic acid synthesis in preimplantation rabbit embryos. II. Delayed synthesis of ribosomal RNA

The qualitative aspects of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in preimplantation rabbit embryos have been investigated by the electrophoretic separation of tritium-labeled embryonic RNA on polyacrylamide gels. Labeling of an RNA species having migratory properties identical with those of transfer RNA can be detected from the 2-cell stage onward. Labeling of RNA species having the migratory properties of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA is first detectable at 72 hours post coitum, at the time of the morula-to-blastocyst transformation. Labeling of heterogeneous RNA migrating between the 4S and 18S markers is detectable at all stages. The sensitivity of this labeling to inhibition by Actinomycin D is consistent with DNA-dependent synthesis. The findings demonstrate that cleavage of the rabbit ovum can be accomplished in the absence of significant ribosomal RNA synthesis, and provide evidence that at least one gene product sufficient to sustain early protein synthesis is supplied by the maternal genome prior to fertilization. The distinct temporal separation in the initiation of transfer and ribosomal RNA synthesis is consistent with their independent regulation in these embryos.
Strategies-based Instruction for Learners of a Second Language.

The goal of strategies-based instruction is to help learners become more responsible for their efforts to learn and use the target language. It also aims to help them become more effective learners by atlowing them to individualize the language learning experience. Teachers who have used this approach report their students become more efficient in completing classroom language tasks, take more responsibility for directing their own learning outside class, and gain more confidence in their ability to learn and use the target language.
Immunoregulatory T-cell defects

Abstract In normal circumstances homeostatic balance is maintained between T-cell help and suppression. In this review Raif Geha and Fred Rosen discuss examples of human diseases which involve excess or deficiency of T-cell help or T-cell suppression — diseases which have contributed greatly to an understanding of how T cells regulate the human immune response.
Intermittent sub-ambient interstitial hydrostatic pressure as a potential mechanical stimulator for chondrocyte metabolism

Abstract Objective: Experimental findings have suggested that the metabolic activities of articular cartilage can be influenced by mechanical stimuli. Our mathematical analysis predicted that cyclic compressive loading may create periods of intermittent sub-ambient hydrostatic pressure within the cartilage extracellular matrix. Based on this mathematical analysis, the present study was aimed to investigate whether the intermittent sub-ambient hydrostatic pressure, created in the cartilage extracellular matrix during cyclic compression, has a stimulative effect on the biosynthesis of chondrocytes. Method: In order to test this hypothesis, the present study developed a custom-designed sub-ambient pressure generator to subject a monolayer culture of chondrocytes to an intermittent sub-ambient pressure. Using this pressure generator, the monolayer chondrocyte culture system was analyzed for 35 S-sulfate and 3 H-proline incorporation rates for biosynthesis of proteoglycan and collagenous/noncollagenous protein molecules, respectively. Northern analyses for aggrecan and type II collagen mRNAs were also performed. Results: It was found that the intermittent sub-ambient pressure produced a 40% increase in proteoglycan and a 17% increase in non-collagenous protein synthesis during the pressurization period ( P 0.05). The collagenous protein synthesis was not affected by the intermittent sub-ambient pressure regimen used in this study. After the intermittent sub-ambient pressurization, the metabolic activities of the chondrocytes returned to normal (control level). The intermittent sub-ambient pressure also produced an increase in the mRNA signals for aggrecan. Therefore, we conclude that intermittent sub-ambient pressure may be one of the potential mechanical stimulators of chondrocytes in articular cartilage during dynamic compression.
Time‐domain viscoelastic analysis of earth structures

In this paper two causal models that approximate the nearly frequency-independent cyclic behaviour of soils are analysed in detail. The study was motivated by the need to conduct time-domain viscoelastic analysis on soil structures without adopting the ad hoc assumption of Rayleigh damping. First, the causal hysteretic model is introduced in which its imaginary part is frequency independent the same way that is the imaginary part of the popular non-causal constant hysteretic model. The adoption of an imaginary part that is frequency independent even at the zero-frequency limit, in conjunction with the condition that the proposed model should be causal, yields a real part that is frequency dependent and singular at zero frequency. The paper shows that the causal hysteretic model, although pathological at the static limit, is the mathematical connection between the non-causal constant hysteretic model and the physically realizable Biot model. The mathematical structure of the two causal models is examined and it is shown that the causal hysteretic model is precisely the high-frequency limit of the Biot model. Although both models have a closed-form time-domain representation, only the Biot model is suitable for a time-domain viscoelastic analysis with commercially available computer software. The paper demonstrates that the simplest, causal and physically realizable linear hysteretic model that can approximate the cyclic behaviour of soil is the Biot model. The proposed study elucidates how the dynamic analysis of soil structures can be conducted rigorously in terms of the viscoelastic properties of the soil material and not with the ad hoc Rayleigh damping approach which occasionally has been criticized that tends to overdamp the higher vibration modes. The study concludes that under pulse-type motions the Rayleigh damping approximation tends to overestimate displacements because of the inappropriate viscous type of dissipation that is imposed. Under longer motions that induce several cycles, the concept of equivalent viscous damping is more appropriate and the Rayleigh damping approximation results to a response that is comparable to the response computed with a rigorous time-domain viscoelastic finite element analysis. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phage Display of RNA Binding Zinc Fingers from Transcription Factor IIIA

Zinc fingers in transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) contribute differentially to RNA and DNA binding affinity. We investigated whether the same putative α-helix amino acids in TFIIIA zinc fingers are essential for both RNA and DNA binding. In published structures, zinc fingers make DNA base contacts through amino acids −1, +2, +3, and +6 of the recognition helix. Alanine substitution at these four positions were made in TFIIIA RNA binding zinc fingers, tz4-7 and DNA binding zinc fingers, tz1-3. Substitution in zinc fingers 4 or 6 of tz4-7 reduced RNA affinity 77- and 38-fold, respectively, whereas substitution in zinc fingers 5 or 7 had little effect. DNA binding affinity of tz1-3 was eliminated by alanine substitution in any one zinc finger. We determined which amino acids supported RNA binding by phage display of a library of zinc finger 4 mutants. Lysine at helix position −1 of zinc finger 4 was conserved in all selected tz4-7 fusions. Point mutation of Lys−1 to alanine in zinc finger 4 reduced tz4-7 RNA affinity 30-fold. We propose that RNA binding by TFIIIA shows similarity to DNA binding in the use of the recognition helix. Helix positions −1 and +2 may have particular significance for RNA binding.
TREASURY FINANCING FROM THE INSTITUTIONAL POINT OF VIEW (Discussion)

MR. CONKLIN HAS RAISED a number of highly interesting and rather debatable issues in his review of past fiscal policy and in his recommendations for the future. In fairness to him, we should recognize that his point of view is that of the institutional investor naturally concerned with the level of interest rates in the face of contractual obligations (policies) that assume a certain compounded rate for reserve purposes;1 and an institutional investor whose general practice it is to hold investments to maturity and to be relatively unconcerned with the fluctuation of their market values as long as they remain inherently sound. Mr. Conklin's criticism of the financing of World War II could be the subject of a lengthy discussion. Suffice it to say that his viewpoint would be considered somewhat extreme by some, although the discussant happens to agree with its general tenor. As for the postwar period, this critic finds it highly debatable whether all of the monetary and fiscal policies could be classed as deliberately inflationary. Such policies included changes in bank reserve requirements, open-market operations, and the continuation of some direct controls. Moreover, it should be remembered that while Treasury influence was very strong, the postwar period was one of continued capital accumulation that would have been reflected in generally low interest rates (at least on long-term bonds) even without pegging. The evidence lies in the fact that after "unpegging" in March, 1951, yields on long-term Treasuries rose from 2.3 per cent to 2.7 per cent-a substantial increase but still well below the levels that had obtained in previous inflationary periods such as the 1920's. I should agree, however, with Mr. Conklin's position that the argument that low interest rates were necessary to keep down the federal interest bill is specious. The chief reason
A systematic plan for exploration of the common duct

Summary 1. The technic for common duct exploration has never become a standardized procedure because it has not been proved completely effective or predictable. 2. A set of gallstone extractor instruments when used in conjunction with a combined technic of choledochotomy-duodenotomy serves as a rapid and effective last resort in dislodging and removing missed, elusive, or impacted gallstones from the narrower portion of the common bile duct.
Effects of Endotoxin on Mammary Secretion of Lactating Cows

Abstract The objectives were to describe the magnitude and time course of changes in milk pH, Na, K, lactose, and somatic cells and to determine if paracellular pathways were altered after infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (serotype #O128:AB12) to produce inflammation in one-half of the udder of the goat. Intramammary infusion of endotoxin increased pH, number of somatic cells, and Na and decreased K and lactose in milk. Sodium and number of somatic cells were increased by as little as .1 μ g of endotoxin; .25 μ g produced changes in most of the other parameters; maximal effect was elicited by 1 μ g of endotoxin. The gland response peaked from 5 to 7h after infusion of endotoxin with an increase in milk cellularity as the only significant effect noted in the control gland. Infusion of [ 14 C]lactose into the gland and [ 99m Tc]albumin into the blood demonstrated that large molecules were more able to cross into and out of udder halves after endotoxin treatment. It is suggested that ion interchange rather than bulk flow across paracellular paths is responsible for changes. In addition, endotoxin appeared to reduce lactose secretion and synthesis.
Body residue and metabolism of adriamycin and daunorubicin in control and phenobarbital-pretreated mice.

1. Metabolism of adriamycin (ADR) and daunorubicin (DR) was investigated in DBA/2Ha mice after i.p. injection and compared with that in phenobarbital-pretreated animals. At 24 h after drug administration 83% of ADR and 67% of DR derived fluorescence were recovered from cadavers and excreta. Destruction of anthracyclines in excreta to non-fluorescent materials could be partly responsible for the low recoveries. 2. ADR was metabolized to a limited extent in mice. At 24 h 70% dose was detected as the unchanged drug and only 13% as its deoxyaglycones. 3. DR was metabolized more extensively. At 24 h 29% of the dose was as the unchanged drug, while 32% was present as daunorubicinol (DROL) and 16% as aglycones. Phenobarbital did not significantly affect these parameters. 4. In phenobarbital-pretreated mice there was a marked increase in the amount of ADR or DR aglycones in the liver, and a decrease in the levels of unchanged ADR or DR.
Aesthetic Experience and Aesthetic Value

What possesses aesthetic value? According to a broad view, it can be found almost anywhere. According to a narrower view, it is found primarily in art and is applied to other items by courtesy of sharing some of the properties that make artworks aesthetically valuable. In this paper I will defend the broad view in answering the question: how should we characterize aesthetic value and other aesthetic concepts? I will also criticize some alternative answers.
Anomalous Reflectivity of Shock Waves

EXPERIMENTAL and theoretical data on the reflexion of light from shock waves have given conflicting results. Hornig et al.1–3 have proposed that, because the shock front separates two regions of different density, Fresnel-type reflexions should occur. Further, they have demonstrated that such reflexions can be observed from shock fronts propagating in dry atmospheres in shock tubes. Mallory4 has observed a reflexion of a ruby laser beam from the vicinity of a shock front produced by an explosive detonation in air. He found the intensity of the reflected light was three or four orders of magnitude greater than that which could be explained on the basis of a Fresnel reflexion. It seemed that a different phenomenon was giving rise to such reflexions.
Engagement in Role Play, Pretense, and Acting Classes Predict Advanced Theory of Mind Skill in Middle Childhood:

Research on theory of mind in typically developing children has focused almost exclusively on universal achievements up to age 5. Far less is known about how theory of mind skills develop in middle childhood and adolescence. We investigated later-developing theory of mind achievements to determine the kinds of behaviors associated with skill in theory of mind. Engaging in role play and pretense, as reported by parents, and engagement in acting classes predicted theory of mind skill in 8- to 11-year-olds independently of socio-economic status (SES), age, and verbal IQ. These findings show that the proclivity to role play is related to the ability to understand and perceive others internal states.
Reversal of ST depression and low maximal oxygen uptake after verapamil with normal coronary arteries and pulmonary disease

angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery was recommended, but the patient was not willing to undergo these procedures. Doses of isosorbide dinitrate and diltiazem were increased to ZOO mg and 450 mg, respectively. In addition, propranolol was added, but it had to be discontinued because of profound hypotension during hemodialysis. Although we were able to gradually decrease the dose of intravenous nitroglycerin, it was still required to control the patient’s anginaJ attack during hemodialysis. It took 3 months to withdraw the patient from intravenous nitroglycerin during hemodialysis. Subsequently his anginal attacks were controlled with oral medications. He was discharged home and has been doing well under outpatient hemodialysis without intravenous nitroglycerin.
Translation of adenovirus serotype 2 late messenger RNAs

Abstract The possibility that the synthesis of late adenovirus serotype 2 proteins was regulated at the level of translation was examined. Comparison of the rate of synthesis of individual viral proteins with the activities of their messenger RNAs measured in vitro suggested that the translation of polypeptide IV and IX mRNAs might be specifically suppressed in vivo. However, comparison of the relative molar rate of synthesis of viral proteins in vivo with the relative molar abundance of their mRNAs indicates that all viral mRNAs studied which possess the late three segment leader (II, 100K, III, IIIa, IV, V, pVI, pVIII and pVII) are translated with equal efficiency in vivo. Polypeptide IX mRNA, however, is translated in vivo approximately five times as efficiently as the other late mRNAs. Efficient translation of this mRNA may be due to an extensive complementary region between the 5′-terminus of IX mRNA and the 3′-terminus of 18 Sribosomal RNA, or to the relative proximity of the 7mG cap to the initiating AUG codon.
Witnessing horror: Psychoanalysis and the abject stain of lynching photography

This article engages Lacanian and Kristevan psychoanalysis to examine lynching photographs and picture postcards that were disseminated throughout the southern United States between 1890 and 1940. I argue that these photographs are not only archival objects intended to incite racial terrorization and propagate white supremacy, but also unstable signifiers that expose the concerted meconnaissance of whiteness as wholeness. Introducing the concept of the abject stain, I indicate how lynching photographs inaugurate an unsettling encounter with the extimate horror of racial alterity, which is experienced as an intimate ethics of witnessing.
A Fiber Optic Ultrasonic System to Monitor the Cure of Epoxy

A fiber optic ultrasonic system is described which monitors the cure of an epoxy resin. Ultrasound is generated using a high-power optical fiber to deliver high-energy pulses of light to the prepared surface of an aluminum mold that contains the curing epoxy resin. The generated ultrasound is detected using a local fiber optic ultrasound sensor embedded in the curing epoxy resin. The system was used to measure the ultrasonic signal velocity and ultrasonic attenuation throughout the cure of a neat epoxy resin at room temperature. Similar measurements also were performed using a piezoelectric transducer for ultrasound generation and an embedded fiber optic sensor for detection, which provided verification of the results using the complete fiber optic system. The complete fiber optic system demonstrated adequate sensitivity throughout the entire cure to measure the ultrasonic signal velocity and ultrasonic attenuation.
Nonlinear identification and robust tracking control of a camless engine valve actuator based on a Volterra series representation

This paper presents the nonlinear identification and the robust position tracking control of a camless engine valve actuator in frequency domain. If a periodic signal excites a nonlinear system, it turns out to generate output spectrum at multiple harmonic frequencies other than that of the excitation. Therefore, such nonlinear features should be taken account in tracking control system design to improve tracking performance. First, nonlinear identification with a Volterra series representation is proposed to capture nonlinearities. Then, robust tracking control of an uncertain Volterra system based on the internal model principle is addressed. It argues that an internal model unit should embed the extended generating dynamics to suppress tracking error occurring at multiple harmonics. To validate the control design method, the tracking results of two different generating dynamics are compared. From the comparison, tracking performance advances through the extended generating dynamics.
Leucine kinetics in reference to the effect of the feeding mode as three discrete meals.

In a recent study, we observed that the 24-hour leucine oxidation measured when three equal meals providing a generous intake of leucine (approximately 90 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) are eaten during the day is 16% lower (P < .01) than that for the same diet given as 10 hourly, equal meals. We hypothesized that the pattern of meal intake at a lower level of dietary leucine would affect the 24-hour rate of leucine oxidation and possibly improve the retention of dietary leucine. A total of 11 healthy adults participated in this investigation. The daily leucine intake was 182 micromol x kg(-1) x d(-1) (38 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) given with an L-amino acid diet. All subjects received three discrete meals daily for 6 days prior to a 24-hour intravenous (IV) tracer infusion of L-[1-13C]-leucine on day 7 (study 1). Four of these subjects participated in two additional studies of similar design. Study 2 involved giving [1-13C]-leucine as a constant IV infusion together with tracer added to the amino acid mixture at each meal time. In study 3, subjects received the three meals with added [1-13C]-leucine tracer while [2H3]-leucine was given as a constant IV infusion. Total leucine oxidation in studies 1 and 2 was 238+/-66 and 231+/-85 micromol x kg(-1) x d(-1), respectively. Leucine balance was positive, amounting to 18% of the total (diet + tracer) intake. The estimated mean nitrogen balance was +8 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). Leucine oxidation was higher (P < .01) for breakfast than for the lunch meal. This difference was associated with lower insulin and higher plasma leucine concentrations at breakfast versus lunch periods. The results from study 3 suggest that the higher rate of leucine oxidation observed at breakfast as compared with lunch is not due to a difference in the immediate splanchnic fate of absorbed leucine from each meal. In comparison to our previous small frequent-meal studies, the pattern of meal feeding influences overall leucine utilization at both generous and limiting leucine intakes. Hence, it is possible that the pattern of meal feeding may affect estimations of amino acid requirements using the tracer-balance approach. Longer-term dietary studies will be needed to establish whether and the extent to which this is so.
Fracture behavior of reactor pressure vessel steel in the frangible, transitional and tough regimes☆

Abstract One of primary objectives of the USAEC's Heavy Section Stell Technology (HSST) program is to develop a technology for assessing the margins of safety against failure of the large heavy section pressure vessels typical of the commercial boiling water and pressurized water reactor power plants. It is the intent of this paper to review the several test programs which have been carried out on large specimens up to 12-in thick and to summarize how the results from such tests relate to the establishment of quantitative methods for making calculations with a practical degree of accuracy for fracture throughout the entire gamut of behaviors from frangible and transitional (mixed-mode) to tough fractures. Extensive test results have been obtained on dynamic tear specimens and compact tension specimens in thicknesses up to 12 in and at temperatures resulting in frangible through tough behaviors (that is, from considerably below room temperature up to 550°F). Large flawed 6-in thick tensile specimens have also been tested from below room temperature to over 200°F. Several series of small flawed pressure vessels have been tested and a series is scheduled for early 1972 which features vessels up to 6-in thick. Linear elastic fracture mechanics as well as elastic-plastic methods of analyzing for other than frangible behavior are reviewed and the data obtained to date are interpreted on the basis of these methods. The methods included are (1) the transition temperature approach, (2) the gross strain approach, (3) the crack opening displacement approach and (4) the equivalent energy approach. Special attention will be devoted to the equivalent energy approach since it has been used quite successfully in predicting and interpreting the fracture behavior of the thick-section tests performed under the HSST program.
Pathophysiology and management of cupulolithiasis.

Substantial support for the concept that the posterior semicircular canal is responsible for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo comes from four sources: 1) clinicaf observations, 2) temporal bone histopathology, 3) experimental observations, and 4) results of selective denervation of the posterior canal crista (singular neurectomy). The complete immediate relief of the positional vertigo and nystagmus that resulted from 39 of 40 singular neurectomies establishes this procedure as an effective management for patients with the chronic disabling form of cupulolithiasis. The ocular response in cupulolithiasis and the release nystagmus that follows singular neurectomy are explained by neural pathways that have been previously elucidated by anatomic and physiologic techniques. Although sensorineural hearing loss followed surgery three times among the first 15 patients, hearing loss has not occurred in the last 25 operations for cupulolithiasis.
High School Students’ Perceptions of Evolution Instruction: Acceptance and Evolution Learning Experiences

Evolution is an important and sometimes controversial component of high school biology. In this study, we used a mixed methods approach to explore students’ evolution acceptance and views of evolution teaching and learning. Students explained their acceptance and rejection of evolution in terms of evidence and conflicts with religion and authority. Students largely supported the teaching of evolution and offered several reasons for its inclusion in high school biology. Students also offered several suggestions for improving evolution instruction. Evolution acceptors’ and rejecters’ views of evolution teaching and learning differed in a number of respects, and these differences may be explained using border crossing as a theoretical lens. Relevant implications for evolution instruction are discussed.
A treecode algorithm for computing Ewald summation of dipolar systems

We present a treecode algorithm for efficiently computing the real space part of Ewald summation in periodic dipolar systems. The algorithm uses multipole expansion in Cartesian coordinates to approximate the real space interaction between a dipole and a distant cluster of dipoles. The necessary Taylor coefficients are computed efficiently using recurrence relations. Two divide-and-conquer evaluation procedures are described. Test results are presented for systems of randomly generated dipoles.