cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural characterisation and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 2 gene from catfish.

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immunity. They were found to recognise specific structures on pathogens termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and utilise conserved signaling pathways to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and type-1 interferons. In spite of much understanding gained from the mammalian systems, many fish TLRs are unknown. Recent studies in Japanese flounder as well as in zebrafish suggested that the ligand binding and activation of inflammatory responses in fish may be different from and more complex than those found in mammals. In channel catfish, the major aquaculture species in the United States, only partial sequences of TLR3 and TLR5 were reported. As a part of efforts to characterise the innate immune components in channel catfish, here we cloned and sequenced both the cDNA and the gene for TLR2, a receptor believed mostly responsible for recognition of lipopeptides on the surface of most Gram-positive bacteria. However, expression analysis after infection with a Gram-negative bacterium, Edwardsiella ictaluri indicated that TLR2 was modestly down-regulated in the head kidney tissue of blue catfish, and with a similar pattern in the head kidney of channel catfish though the down-regulation in channel catfish was not statistically significant. In the spleen, an insignificant down-regulation was initially observed early after infection, with an increase of TLR expression later after infection. These results suggest the involvement of TLR2 in the responses after the bacterial infection. As LPS is believed to be the major PAMP for Gram-negative bacteria, additional research is warranted to determine the functions and mechanisms of TLR2 in infections of Gram-negative bacteria.
Adsorption energies, inter-adsorbate interactions, and the two binding sites within monolayer benzene on Ag(111).

The adsorption of monolayer and multilayer benzene on the Ag(111) surface was characterized using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). TPD spectra revealed two broad peaks at ∼205 and ∼150 K at submonolayer coverage and a sharper, multilayer peak at 140 K. Analysis of the coverage-dependent shape and shift of the two submonolayer peaks has resulted in their assignment to desorption from two different binding geometries on threefold-hollow sites with symmetries C3v(σd) and C3v(σv). The TPD peak analysis incorporated inter-adsorbate repulsive interaction that resulted from the local dipole moment at the adsorption site induced by the adsorbate−surface charge transfer bonding. The analysis has yielded desorption energies of 54.9 ± 0.8 and 50.4 ± 0.4 kJ/mol for the C3v(σd) and C3v(σv) configurations, respectively. The interface dipole and polarizability of the benzene−silver complex have been determined to be 5.4 ± 1.8 D and 14 ± 10 A3, respectively. Repulsive interactions in the monolayer were found to l...
FIRM: Fair and High-Performance Memory Control for Persistent Memory Systems

Byte-addressable nonvolatile memories promise a new technology, persistent memory, which incorporates desirable attributes from both traditional main memory (byte-addressability and fast interface) and traditional storage (data persistence). To support data persistence, a persistent memory system requires sophisticated data duplication and ordering control for write requests. As a result, applications that manipulate persistent memory (persistent applications) have very different memory access characteristics than traditional (non-persistent) applications, as shown in this paper. Persistent applications introduce heavy write traffic to contiguous memory regions at a memory channel, which cannot concurrently service read and write requests, leading to memory bandwidth underutilization due to low bank-level parallelism, frequent write queue drains, and frequent bus turnarounds between reads and writes. These characteristics undermine the high-performance and fairness offered by conventional memory scheduling schemes designed for non-persistent applications. Our goal in this paper is to design a fair and high-performance memory control scheme for a persistent memory based system that runs both persistent and non-persistent applications. Our proposal, FIRM, consists of three key ideas. First, FIRM categorizes request sources as non-intensive, streaming, random and persistent, and forms batches of requests for each source. Second, FIRM strides persistent memory updates across multiple banks, thereby improving bank-level parallelism and hence memory bandwidth utilization of persistent memory accesses. Third, FIRM schedules read and write request batches from different sources in a manner that minimizes bus turnarounds and write queue drains. Our detailed evaluations show that, compared to five previous memory scheduler designs, FIRM provides significantly higher system performance and fairness.
Compound 48/80 and the healing of wounds in rats. The effect of timing of drug injections.

Wound breaking strength was measured in Long-Evans rats in two settings: in one experiment animals received Compound 48/80 i.p. for 8 consecutive days, starting 1 day before infliction of wound and in the second experiment 48/80 was given for 6 days before wounding. Wound breaking strength was always measured on the seventh day after wounding. There was a significant increase in wound breaking strength in animals treated before incision was made, as compared to controls, saline-treated animals (p<0.01). When 48/80 was given one day before incision was made, the breaking strength was significantly decreased (p<0.0002). Possible explanation for these opposite results is discussed.
Perturbed Orbital Energies in the Radiolysis of Saturated Hydrocarbons

In the combination of two saturated hydrocarbon radicals forming a new bond, a perturbed orbital energy will arise. This energy is equivalent to the energy necessary to decompose the product molecule into the two original radicals. By comparing perturbed orbital energies, it is possible to predict the decomposition products of irradiated molecules. The secular equations derived are solved using the LCBO molecular‐orbital approximations. Theoretical predictions of radiolytic decomposition products, based on the calculated perturbed orbital energies, are then compared with experimental G values. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory.
High-temperature desulfurization using zinc ferrite: solid structural property changes

Abstract The structural property changes which accompany the reduction, sulfidation and regeneration reactions of a zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent have been studied over the temperature range of 420–850°C. At all temperatures, sulfidation produces a decrease in the specific surface area and pore volume and an increase in the average pore radius. At sufficiently low temperatures these property changes are caused by reaction effects only, while at higher temperatures sintering and reaction combine to alter the structure. If regeneration occurs at temperatures less than or equal to 650°C, a portion of the decrease in the surface area and pore volume which accompanies sulfidation is restored and there is little difference in the global kinetics of the first and second sulfidation cycles. Regeneration at 750°C causes more severe structural changes and produces a marked deterioration in the global kinetics of the second sulfidation cycle. At the maximum regeneration temperature studied (850°C), structural property changes are so severe that the sulfided pellets cannot be completely regenerated.
Germanium selenophosphates: the incommensurately modulated 1/∞[Ge(4-x)P(x)Se12(4-)] and the molecular [Ge2P2Se14]6-.

The new germanium selenophosphates K(4)Ge(4-x)P(x)Se(12) (1) and Rb(6)Ge(2)P(2)Se(14) (2) are reported. The former is a one-dimensional metastable compound synthesized using the polychalcogenide flux method that crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with lattice parameters a = 6.7388(7) A, b = 13.489(1) A, c = 6.3904(6) A, and β = 91.025(8)°. At a glance, a mixed Ge(4+)/P(5+) tetrahedral site and disordered Se position are found among the corner sharing tetrahedra that make up the polymeric anion. After careful examination, the structure was found to be incommensurately modulated and a single q-vector of q = 0.4442(6)a* + 0.3407(6)c* was determined after annealing single crystals below their decomposition point for 30d. The latter compound contains the new discrete molecular anion [Ge(2)P(2)Se(14)](6-) and crystallizes in P1 with lattice parameters a = 7.2463(8) A, b = 9.707(1)A, c = 11.987(1)A, α = 79.516(9)°, β = 89.524(9)°, and γ = 68.281(9)°. Both compounds are semiconductors with band gaps of 1 and 2 being 1.9 eV and 2.2 eV, respectively.
OVERALL RATES OF RETURN: INVESTMENT BASES, REINVESTMENT RATES AND TIME HORIZONS

ABSTRACT This paper compares and contrasts several previously proposed rate of return capital budgeting methodologies. It focuses on recently proposed overall rate of return methods that provide NPV-consisient project evaluations. The examination is undertaken by introducing a conceptual framework to characterize rate of return methods along the following three parameters: (1) the investment base, (2) the reinvestment rate, and (3) the lime horizon over which projects are evaluated. This parametric framework highlights differences among alternative rate of return methods so that they can be easily compared and contrasted. Additionally, the examination suggests appropriate potential applications for the alternative methodologies.
The Ring Test for P/M Materials

The Application of the ring test to assess die-workpiece interface friction during forging of powder metallurgical materials has been investigated. As for fully dense materials, the change in internal diameter as a function of height reduction was used to quantify friction. To this end, calibration curves were generated by conducting finite element method ( FEM) simulations of ring forging with different friction factors. The method was validated by conducting isothermal, hot compression tests on rings of an alpha-two titanium aluminide alloy with starting densities of 75, 85, or 100 percent of full theoretical density. Comparison of the test data to the calibration curves revealed somewhat higher friction factors for the porous materials (as compared to the fully dense material) for both lubricated and unlubricated interface conditions. Furthermore, the accuracy of the FEM simulations of the ring test was confirmed by good agreement between measured and predicted density distributions and load-stroke curves for tests on the porous titanium aluminide material.
Evaluation of olfactory and auditory system effects of the antihyperthyroid drug carbimazole in the Long-Evans rat.

Carbimazole (2-carbethoxythio-1-methylimidazole) is a thiocarbamide drug used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in humans. Side effects associated with carbimazole treatment are reported to include impaired taste, impaired olfaction, and hearing loss. The structurally similar antihyperthyroid drug methimazole (1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole), also reportedly associated with impaired taste and olfaction in humans, has recently been demonstrated by this laboratory to be an olfactory toxicant by both the oral and intraperitoneal routes of exposure in rodents. A systematic evaluation of sensory system effects of these compounds, either in rodents or humans, is not available in the literature. Male Long-Evans rats were used to evaluate the auditory and olfactory toxicity of carbimazole by two routes of exposure. Histopathological evaluation of nasal cavities from rats administered carbimazole via i.p. and oral routes revealed olfactory mucosal damage and early evidence of repair; a no-observed effect level (NOEL) of 100 mg/kg was observed for orally administered carbimazole. Further, these studies demonstrate evidence for the generation of the olfactory toxic metabolites of carbimazole by the olfactory mucosa itself, as incubation of carbimazole with an olfactory S9 preparation resulted in NADPH-dependent degradation of carbimazole. Evaluation of the auditory startle response in carbimazole-treated rats revealed no deficits, demonstrating that carbimazole does not cause a global loss of hearing in rats.
Song sparrows, top carnivores and nest predation: a test of the mesopredator release hypothesis.

Ground-nesting North American landbirds have declined in the longterm, including species with a variety of migratory strategies. The mesopredator release hypothesis explains declines by suggesting that the virtual elimination of top carnivores (large-bodied canids and felids) from much of North America has “released” populations of nest-destroying mesopredators (i.e., medium-sized terrestrial omnivores such as the raccoon Procyon lotor). The hypothesis predicts (1) higher nest success in the presence than in the absence of top carnivores, and (2) a positive relationship between mesopredator abundance and nest predation. Results from a 4-year "natural experiment" in the agricultural landscape of southern Michigan tended to support prediction 1. When coyotes (Canis latrans) were absent in 1993 and present in 1994, 1995 and 1996, Mayfield nest survival in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), a ground-nesting landbird, increased significantly during the same 4-year interval. Relative frequency of nest predation, the most common cause of nest failure, declined significantly over the four years. Coyotes may have decreased nest predation in 1994–1996 by reducing the abundance of raccoons, apparently the main nest predator in the study area. In an experiment testing prediction 2, mesopredator abundance and predation rate on artificial nests were positively related, as predicted by the hypothesis. Although the present study is not wholly conclusive by itself, we cautiously suggest it contributes to a growing body of evidence derived from a number of studies supporting the mesopredator release hypothesis.
Tibial Tuberosity Osteotomies

Historically, the tibial tuberosity (also referred to as the tibial “tubercle”) was moved empirically to affect force vectors acting at the patellofemoral (PF) compartment of the knee. Maquet moved the tuberosity anteriorly to theoretically decrease PF forces in an effort to manage PF pain associated with arthritis. The techniques of Elmslie and Trillat moved the tuberosity medially to decrease the lateral force vectors to treat episodic or recurrent lateral patellar instability. Currently, tibial tuberosity osteotomies have more narrowed indications, which are directed at normalizing tuberosity position and optimizing PF forces. The extent of anteriorization and medialization are increasing on the basis of objective imaging and laboratory biomechanical force and contact data. With this new attempt to objectify the extent of anteriorization and medialization, the goal is to improve both short- and long-term clinical outcomes.
Relational therapy in medical settings: Working with somatizing patients and their families

Psychotherapy for patients who present in a medical setting involves certain unique challenges, including the need to bridge the mind–body split. Somatizing patients, in particular, live at the interface of mind and body. Their physical symptoms may be biological markers as well as psychological metaphors and interpersonal communications. As such, it is important to assess and treat both patient and family, in collaboration with the healthcare team. We review three foundational principles for working with such families: biopsychosocial integration, development of a collaborative stance, and moving from “Either-Or” to “Both-And” thinking. An extended report of a patient with psychogenic seizures illustrates the use of nine treatment strategies: (1) Validate the reality of the problem, (2) involve the family, (3) work closely with the healthcare team, (4) enhance curiosity, (5) actively attend to somatic symptoms, (6) link the somatic and the psychological, (7) use physical interventions, (8) tolerate uncertainty and practice patience, and (9) terminate gently. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 56: 1065–1082, 2000.
Effect of Boron and Hydrogen on the Electronic Structure of Ni3Al

Using first-principles electronic structure calculations based on the Linear-Muffin-Tin Orbital (LMTO) method, we have investigated the effects of interstitial boron and hydrogen on the electronic structure of the L12 ordered intermetallic Ni3A1. When it occupies an octahedral interstitial site entirely coordinated by six Ni atoms, we find that boron enhances the charge distribution found in the strongly-bound “pure” Ni3AI crystal: Charge is depleted at Ni and Al sites and enhanced in interstitial region. Substitution of Al atoms for two of the Ni atoms coordinating the boron, however, reduces the interstitial charge density between certain atomic planes. In contrast to boron, hydrogen appears to deplete the interstitial charge, even when fully coordinated by Ni atoms. We suggest that these results are broadly consistent with the notion of boron as a cohesion enhancer and hydrogen as an embrittler.
Resonance-enhanced dissociation of a molecular ion below its electronic excitation threshold.

A mechanism for dissociative excitation (DE) of molecular ions via autoionizing resonances is discussed. This mechanism produces dissociation at collision energies below the excitation threshold for the ion's dissociative states and can alter the dissociation products. Calculated DE cross sections for $^{4}\mathrm{HeH}^{+}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{HeD}^{+}$ between 5 and 25 eV contain contributions from several resonances and agree well with the recent measurements by Str\"omholm et al. [Phys. Rev. A (to be published)]. In this completely ab initio study the electronic scattering parameters came from complex Kohn variational calculations and a quantum wave-packet treatment was used for the dissociation dynamics. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The international trade information system for the Pacific Rim

In this competitive economy, access to pertinent information is critical for success in international trade. Although information about international trade abounds, it is difficult for many agribusiness firms to access specific information. The International Trade Information System (ITIS) provides agricultural exporters basic information about countries, trade, and commodities in Pacific Rim countries. ITIS uses an expert system and hypertext to provide quickness and power in information dissemination. It allows the user to control the information to be displayed and chooses the level of detail to view. Hypertext is used to explain terms, expand on questions, and provide more detailed information.© 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atmospheric scientists examine issues in policy-driven research

Government funding to support basic research is not “workfare for scientists,” said Daniel Jacob, professor of atmospheric chemistry and environmental engineering at Harvard University. In a talk on “reconciling scientific curiosity and policy needs” on 30 May at the 2002 AGU Spring Meeting in Washington, D.C., Jacob said scientists and policy-makers often view research funding very differently.
Effect of EDTA alone and in combination with polygodial on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The antifungal activity of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) against Saccharomyces cerevisiae was significantly affected by various conditions such as inoculum size, pH, and metal ions (Mg(2+), Ca(2+)). EDTA was found to be effective against this yeast at the inoculum size of 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/mL with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 400 microgram/mL and the minimum fungicidal concentration of 6400 microgram/mL, but it was not effective at 10(7) CFU/mL up to 6400 microgram/mL. The fungicidal activity of EDTA against S. cerevisiae was significantly enhanced in combination with polygodial. Isobolograms, fractional inhibitory concentration, and fractional fungicidal concentration indices were used for evaluating the interaction between combined compounds. This synergistic effect is likely due to polygodial's destructive action on the cellular membrane, which facilitates the transmembrane transport of foreign compounds (EDTA) into yeast cells. Once inside the cells, EDTA forms chelation with divalent metals such as Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), which are required by various essential enzymes.
Pubertal maturation in girls and the relationship to anthropometric changes: pathways through puberty.

Objective Patterns of pubertal maturation may have an impact on several risk factors associated with adult morbidity and mortality, such as obesity. We examined the relationship of the initial manifestation of puberty in girls with anthropometric measures, as well as age at menarche. Methods White females (n = 1166, ages 9 and 10 at intake) were followed with annual visits for 10 years. Physical examinations included height, weight, skinfold thicknesses, and pubertal maturation assessment. Results During the course of the study, 443 of 859 eligible females (51.6%) were observed to have asynchronous maturation in the development of puberty, that is, initial areolar/breast (thelarche pathway) or pubic hair (adrenarche pathway) development, without development of the other characteristic. Using a longitudinal regression model, significant interactions were noted between initial pubertal manifestation and years since onset of puberty on the following outcomes: sum of skinfolds thickness, percent body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI). However, age of onset of pubertal maturation was the same in the 2 groups (10.7 years). Females in the thelarche pathway had earlier menarche (12.6 vs 13.1 years) as well as greater skinfolds, body fat, and BMI at the time of menarche. Females in the thelarche pathway also had greater body fat and BMI 1 year before puberty and throughout puberty compared with those in the adrenarche pathway. Conclusions Females who enter puberty through the thelarche pathway, as compared with the adrenarche pathway, had greater sum of skinfold thicknesses, BMI, and percent body fat 1 year before the onset, as well as throughout, puberty. Because larger body composition and earlier age of menarche of females in the thelarche pathway parallel the epidemiologic profiles of women who are obese or at risk for obesity, these females may be at greater risk for adult obesity.
Basolateral regulation of pHi in proximal tubules of avian loopless and long-looped nephrons in bicarbonate.

In isolated, nonperfused chicken proximal tubules from both loopless reptilian-type and long-looped mammalian-type nephrons, resting intracellular pH (pHi), measured with pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), was ∼7.1 under control HCO3– conditions [20 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)/5 mM HCO3–-buffered medium with pH 7.4 at 37°C] and was reduced to ∼6.8 in response to NH4Cl pulse. The rate of recovery of pHi (dpHi/dt) from this level to the resting level in proximal tubules from both nephron types was (1) significantly reduced by the removal of Na+ or both Na+ and Cl– from the bath, and (2) unaffected by the removal of Cl– from the bath or the presence of a high K+ concentration or Ba2+ in the bath. In proximal tubules from long-looped mammalian-type, but not loopless reptilian-type, nephrons, dpHi/dt was significantly reduced by the addition of either 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) or 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′disulfonate (DIDS) to the bath. These data suggest that a Na+/H+ exchanger and most likely a Na+-dependent Cl–/HCO3– exchanger are involved in basolateral regulation of pHi in mammalian-type nephrons whereas none of the commonly identified basolateral acid-base transporters appear to be involved in regulation of pHi in reptilian-type nephrons. J. Exp. Zool. 284:174–187, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement-based radar waveform optimization using the ambiguity function and spectral mask

This paper demonstrates the optimization of a radar waveform based on ambiguity function measurements and spectral mask criteria. Compliance with spectral mask criteria is becoming ever-critical in radar systems due to the increased number of devices using the wireless spectrum. The capability of reducing ambiguity at certain range-Doppler combinations is useful in enhancing the detection capability of radar systems. This paper shows the combined optimization for both ambiguity function and spectral mask criteria based on time-domain measurements taken with a high-speed oscilloscope. A benefit of optimizing based on measurements is that the transmitter power amplifier's output waveform can be used, allowing the results of nonlinear distortion to be factored into the optimization process.
Using unstimulated urinary lead excretion to assess the need for chelation in the treatment of lead poisoning.

To determine whether unstimulated urine samples could be used to identify children needing chelation therapy for lead poisoning, we compared urinary lead excretion with and without chelation. A convenlence sample of 39 children was admitted to a pediatric clinical research center for therapeutic chelation. Urine was collected for 24 hours on 2 consecutive days. Edetate disodium calcium, 1000 mg/m 2 , was given intramuscularly in two divided doses on the second day. Significant correlations existed between urinary lead excretion (PbU) on the control day at 12- and 24-hour collection intervals and on the first day of chelation ( p
Transplanted hepatocytes engraft, survive, and proliferate in the liver of rats with carbon tetrachloride‐induced cirrhosis

Repopulation of the cirrhotic liver with disease-resistant hepatocytes could offer novel therapies, as well as systems for biological studies. Establishing whether transplanted hepatocytes can engraft, survive, and proliferate in the cirrhotic liver is a critical demonstration. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient F344 rats were used to localize transplanted hepatocytes isolated from the liver of syngeneic normal F344 rats. Cirrhosis was induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride with phenobarbitone and these drugs were withdrawn prior to cell transplantation. Cirrhotic rats showed characteristic hepatic histology, as well as significant portosystemic shunting. When hepatocytes were transplanted via the spleen, cells were distributed immediately in periportal areas, fibrous septa, and regenerative nodules of the cirrhotic liver. Although some transplanted cells translocated into pulmonary capillaries, this was not deleterious. At 1 week, transplanted cells were fully integrated in the liver parenchyma, along with expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen as reporters of hepatic function. Transplanted cells proliferated in the liver of cirrhotic animals and survived indefinitely. At 1 year, transplanted hepatocytes formed large clusters containing several-fold more cells than normal control animals, which was in agreement with increased cell turnover in the cirrhotic rat liver. The findings indicate that the cirrhotic liver can be repopulated with functionally intact hepatocytes that are capable of proliferating. Liver repopulation using disease-resistant hepatocytes will be applicable in chronic conditions, such as viral hepatitis or Wilson's disease.
Fabrication and characterization of aluminum oxide thin film micropatterns on the glass substrate

This paper reports a standard lithography-based fabrication process of arrayed anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) thin film micropatterns on the glass substrate and the characterization of their optical properties. The fabrication process is compatible with the MEMS and microfluidics fabrication processes, and it offers great flexibility for fabricating a variety of shapes of AAO micropatterns as small as [email protected] Experiments find that the optical properties of the as-fabricated AAO micropatterns remain unaffected by the chemicals used in the fabrication process. Specifically, the significant fluorescence enhancement capability and the unique optical interference characteristics of the AAO micropatterns remain unchanged. Due to the flexibility and compatibility of the fabrication process, the AAO micropatterns can be readily integrated on a single chip to form arrayed label-free biosensing technical platform or arrayed fluorescence-based technical platform for a variety of applications.
Evaluation of three methods for the measurement of crystallinity of pet resins, preforms, and bottles

The control of crystallization is important at all processing stages of the PET bottle industry, from the manufacture of bottle resins to the fabrication of preforms and bottles. In this work, we sought to evaluate critically three methods of crystallinity measurement. We have used density, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC) to study the crystallinity of PET chips, preforms, and bottles. The accuracy, precision, and general validity of each technique and the problems of interpretation are discussed.
A new gene of bacteriophage P22 which regulates synthesis of antirepressor.

Abstract Two new mutants of bacteriophage P22 are described which define a new regulatory gene, arc (for antirepressor control). The properties of the arc mutants and of 31 phenotypic revertants indicate that the arc gene codes for a trans-acting protein whose primary role is to depress synthesis of P22 antirepressor protein during the lytic cycle of infection. Failure to regulate antirepressor production apparently leads secondarily to a lethal defect (i.e. failure to produce progeny phage). Although under certain conditions the arc function can be expressed by P22 prophages and can act as a weak barrier to superinfecting homologous phage, the arc product is neither necessary nor sufficient for maintenance of the prophage state or superinfection immunity in lysogens. Instead, as shown previously by others (Levine et al., 1975; Botstein et al., 1975), the prophage mnt gene product is responsible for repressing antirepressor synthesis, both by the prophage and by superinfecting phage.
Psychology of Women: Analysis of the Faculty and Courses of an Emerging Field:

This article provides information on the faculty and course offerings related to the psychology of women in the graduate departments of psychology listed in Graduate Study in Psychology 1979–1980. ...
Model-based pattern dummy generation for logic devices

The insertion of SRAF(Sub-Resolution Assist Feature) is one of the most frequently used method to enlarge the process window area. In most cases, the size of SRAF is proportional to the focus margin of drawn patterns. However, there is a trade-off between the SRAF size and SRAF printing, because SRAF is not supposed to be patterned on a wafer. For this reason, a lot of OPC engineers have been tried to put bigger and more SRAFs within the limits of the possible. The fact that many papers about predicting SRAF printability have been published recent years reflects this circumstance. Pattern dummy is inserted to enhance the lithographic process margin and CD uniformity unlike CMP dummy for uniform metal line height. It is ordinary to put pattern dummy at the designated location under consideration of the pitch of real patterns at design step. However, it is not always desirable to generate pattern dummies based on rules at the lithographic point of view. In this paper, we introduce the model based pattern dummy insertion method, which is putting pattern dummies at the location that model based SRAF is located. We applied the model based pattern dummy to the layers in logic devices, and studied which layer is more efficient for the insertion of dummies.
Observations: Taking seriously the topic of learning in studies of faculty work and careers

What do we learn about interdisciplinary collaboration and faculty learning from the three cases presented in Chapters Three to Five? What ideas will higher education researchers, faculty development practitioners, academic leaders, and professors want to consider?
Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR)

Preface Works referred to in the Preface Alphabetical listing Index to family and generic names.
Does breastfeeding offer protection against maternal depressive symptomatology?: A prospective study from pregnancy to 2 years after birth.

Mothers who breastfeed typically exhibit lower levels of depressive symptomatology than mothers who do not. However, very few studies have investigated the directionality of this relationship. Of the prospective studies published, all but one focus exclusively on whether maternal depression reduces rates of subsequent breastfeeding. This study again examines this relationship, but also the reverse—that breastfeeding might predict lower levels of later depression. Using multilevel modeling, we investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and self-reported depressive symptomatology in 205 women followed prenatally and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after birth. Consistent with previous research, women with prenatal depressive symptomatology weaned their infants 2.3 months earlier, on average, than women without such symptomatology. We also found, however, that women who breastfed more frequently at 3 months postpartum showed greater subsequent declines in depressive symptomatology over time compared to women who breastfed less frequently, resulting in lower absolute levels of depressive symptoms by 24 months postpartum, controlling for important confounds. In sum, these findings are consistent with a bidirectional association between breastfeeding and depression, with prenatal depression predicting less breastfeeding soon after birth and breastfeeding predicting declines in maternal depression up to 2 years after birth. We discuss mechanisms that could potentially explain these associations and avenues for future research.
Statistical sampling of microarchitecture simulation

Current software-based microarchitecture simulators are many orders of magnitude slower than the hardware they simulate. Hence, most microarchitecture design studies draw their conclusions from drastically truncated benchmark simulations that are often inaccurate and misleading. This article presents the Sampling Microarchitecture Simulation (SMARTS) framework as an approach to enable fast and accurate performance measurements of full-length benchmarks. SMARTS accelerates simulation by selectively measuring in detail only an appropriate benchmark subset. SMARTS prescribes a statistically sound procedure for configuring a systematic sampling simulation run to achieve a desired quantifiable confidence in estimates.Analysis of the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite shows that CPI and energy per instruction (EPI) can be estimated to within ±3p with 99.7p confidence by measuring fewer than 50 million instructions per benchmark. In practice, inaccuracy in microarchitectural state initialization introduces an additional uncertainty which we empirically bound to ∼2p for the tested benchmarks. Our implementation of SMARTS achieves an actual average error of only 0.64p on CPI and 0.59p on EPI for the tested benchmarks, running with average speedups of 35 and 60 over detailed simulation of 8-way and 16-way out-of-order processors, respectively.
Choral Reading with Filtered Speech: Effect on Stuttering:

This study investigated use of choral reading with filtered components of speech and whispered speech on the frequency of stuttering. Three passages read by a normal adult male were lowpass filtered with kneepoint frequencies at 100 Hz (approximate glottal source), 500 Hz (source and first formant), and 1 kHz (source and the first two formants). Along with a whispered passage, a normal passage, and a control condition, these stimuli were used in a repeated-measures design with 12 adult stutterers as they read passages while listening to one of the stimuli. Frequencies of stuttering in each condition were analyzed. The choral speech, the 500-Hz, the 1-kHz, and the whispered speech conditions all decreased the frequency of stuttering while the 100-Hz stimuli did not. It is suggested that articulatory events, chiefly the encoded speech output from the vocal tract, create effective cues and may induce fluent speech in people who stutter.
Interferometry using a multi-photon tunneling coupler

Summary form only given. Interferometers involving special quantum states can show fascinating and counter-intuitive effects. While the general principles governing these effects have been understood for some time, the recent discussion of photon DeBroglie waves has provided an interesting and useful perspective. The basic idea is that whenever photons display correlated dynamics as they pass through a nonlinear interferometer, a description in terms of multi-photon bound particles can be useful. Multi-photon particles behave quite differently from uncorrelated photons: a bound collection of N photons has total momentum N/spl planck/k. Interference of such particles has fringe period /spl lambda//N. This runs against our intuition for linear optics, although some implementations are intuitive. For example, if a system includes up-conversion, then /spl lambda//2 photons are produced, and the presence of interference at this wavelength is quite natural. Naturally, loss will impose limitations on this kind of coherent manipulation, and must be carefully studied. The Kerr coupler was proposed as a potential implementation of the above interferometer. The Kerr effect can provide a "binding force" holding a packet of photons together as it passes through the coupler. A number of issues must be addressed in any realistic design-including loss and temporal pulse shape. Here we study the basic effect using a simplified two-mode model.
Mineralization of 14C-Ring-Labeled Synthetic Lignin Correlates with the Production of Lignin Peroxidase, not of Manganese Peroxidase or Laccase

Recently, Mn(II) has been shown to induce manganese peroxidases (MnPs) and repress lignin peroxidases (LiPs) in defined liquid cultures of several white rot organisms. The present work shows that laccase is also regulated by Mn(II). We therefore used Mn(II) to regulate production of LiP, MnP, and laccase activities while determining the effects of Mn(II) on mineralization of ring-labeled synthetic lignin. At a low Mn(II) level, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Phlebia brevispora produced relatively high titers of LiPs but only low titers of MnPs. At a high Mn(II) level, MnP titers increased 12- to 20-fold, but LiPs were not detected in crude broths. P. brevispora formed much less LiP than P. chrysosporium, but it also produced laccase activity that increased more than sevenfold at the high Mn(II) level. The rates of synthetic lignin mineralization by these organisms were similar and were almost seven times higher at low than at high Mn(II). Increased synthetic lignin mineralization therefore correlated with increased LiP, not with increased MnP or laccase activities.
The distribution of lysozyme, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin, and alpha‐1‐antichymotrypsin in normal hematopoietic cells and in myeloid leukemias: An lmmunoperoxidase study on cytocentrifuge preparations, smears, and paraffin sections

Blood and bone marrow samples from 20 individuals with reactive conditions and 26 cases of acute and chronic myeloid leukemias were tested for the presence of lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin (α-1-AT), and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (α-1-ACT). We compared the reactivity of samples in smears, cytocentrifuge preparations, and paraffin sections. Lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin were found only in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and their precursors. Lymphocytes, Erosetting cells, Con A-activated lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, red blood cells, erythroblasts, and megakaryocytes were consistently negative. Leukemic myeloblasts showed definite reactivity for both alpha-1-antitrypsin and α-1-ACT, but not for lysozyme. By contrast, lysozyme was present in poorly differentiated leukemic monoblasts, while alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin showed only weak reactivity. More mature myeloid and moncytic cells showed positive staining for all three antigens tested with differences in staining distribution and intensity. In four cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), circulating mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes were deficient in both lysozymne and alpha-1-antitrypsin. The use of lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin identifies normal and leukemic cells of the myeloid-monocytic series at all stages of maturation and is applicable to a variety of sample preparations.
On the dynamics of a thin elastica

Abstract We revisit the two degrees of freedom model of the thin elastica presented by Cusumano and Moon (1995) [3] . We observe that for the corresponding experimental system (Cusumano and Moon, 1995 [3] ), the ratio of the two natural frequencies of the system was ≈ 44 which can be considered to be of O ( 1 / e ) , where e ⪡ 1 . The presence of such a vast difference between the frequencies motivates the study of the system using the method of direct partition of motion (DPM), in conjunction with a rescaling of fast time in a manner that is inspired by the WKB method, similar to what was done in Sheheitli and Rand (to appear) [8] . Using this procedure, we obtain an approximate expression for the solutions corresponding to non-local modes of the type observed in the experiments (Cusumano and Moon, 1995 [2] ). In addition, we show that these non-local modes will exist for energy values larger than a critical energy value that is expressed in terms of the parameters. The formal approximate solution is validated by comparison with numerical integration.
Case Study of a High-Performance Concrete Bridge in Tennessee

This paper presents a case study on a high-performance concrete (HPC) bridge in Tennessee. The bridge is a twin bridge with high-strength concrete (HSC) beams in one bridge lane and normal-strength concrete (NSC) beams in the other bridge lane. The compressive strength of HSC and NSC were 92 and 49 MPa, respectively. The bridge was instrumented for strains and temperatures in precast beams, cast-in-place decks, and diaphragms during various construction stages. Test results presented in this paper include temperature changes in the concrete, time-dependent strains and cambers of precast HSC and NSC beams, and strain changes of deck and diaphragm. It was observed that the HSC members exhibited rapidly developed early-age creep and shrinkage strains, rapidly developed time-dependent cambers, and apparent differential shrinkage relative to the deck concrete. Recommendations for design and construction of HSC bridges are also presented in the paper.
Stopping Inflation, Big and Small

Previous studies of disinflation work with models in which firms use time- dependent strategies, changing nominal prices at intervals of fixed length. These models may be criticized for failing to allow pricing behavior to adjust after a large shift in policy regime. Consequently, this paper develops a model that allows firms to adopt strategies that are partially state- dependent, changing nominal prices whenever they deviate sufficiently from their target values. The paper uses this model to examine how the welfare costs and benefits of disinflation vary with the initial inflation rate and the speed of disinflation.
Deletion of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits K-ras–induced lung carcinogenesis

The purpose of this study was to identify the role COX-2 plays in K-ras-induced lung carcinogenesis. We crossed COX-2-homozygous knockout mice with K-rasLA1 (G12D) expressing mice to obtain COX-2-deficient mice with K-ras expression (K-ras/COX-2(-/-) mice) and COX-2 wild type mice with K-ras expression (K-ras mice). At 3.5 months of age, the K-ras/COX-2(-/-) mice had significantly fewer lung adenocarcinomas and substantially smaller tumors than K-ras mice. K-ras/COX-2(-/-) mice also had significantly fewer bronchioalveolar hyperplasias than K-ras mice. Compared with lung tumors from K-Ras mice, the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were significantly lower, whereas levels of the PGE2 metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 were significantly higher, in lung tumors from K-ras/COX-2(-/-) mice. In addition, K-ras/COX-2(-/-) mice had strikingly lower rates of tumor cell proliferation and expressed less MEK and p-Erk1/2 protein than K-ras mice did. In line with this, knocking down COX-2 in mutant K-ras non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells reduced colony formation, PGE2 synthesis and ERK phosphorylation compared to that of vector control cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that COX-2 deletion contributes to the repression of K-ras-induced lung tumorigenesis by reducing tumor cell proliferation, decreasing the production of PGE2, and increasing the production of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, possibly via the MAPK pathway. Thus, COX-2 is likely important in lung tumorigenesis, and COX-2 and its product, PGE2, are potential targets for lung cancer prevention.
Preface to American Imago

This special issue of American Imago, entitled Legal Analysis, gathers together a diverse range of essays at the intersection of law and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis has been a presence in legal thinking for over seventy years. Nevertheless, the history of the relations between the fields of law and psychoanalysis is fraught with ambiguity. Each discipline has had its internal controversies, while the interaction of the two has produced a distinctive set of accomplishments and setbacks. Yet despite the historiographic challenges, the convergence of law and psychoanalysis is clearly demarcated by the publication of two works, one that called the field into being in 1930, and another that ushered it into relative dormancy in the 1960s. The publication of this special issue of American Imago can be taken to mark a third such moment to the extent it portends a renewal of earlier scholarly aspirations for the broad investigation of psychoanalytic ideas about human nature and their relevance to law.
The Drive to Work: The Relationship between Transportation Access, Housing Assistance, and Employment among Participants in the Welfare to Work Voucher Program

Transportation enables low-income individuals to find and travel to employment. This article analyzes the relationship between access to automobiles and public transit and employment outcomes of lo...
From Head to Tail: Structure, Solvation, and Hydrogen Bonding of Carboxylate Surfactants at the Organic–Water Interface

From enhanced oil recovery to fertile soils and facial cosmetics, carboxylate containing organics are pervasive in our everyday lives. The carboxyl moiety whose charge and metal binding properties ...