cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computerized tomography (CT)-guided aspiration of abscesses : Outcome of therapy at a tertiary care hospital

Summary Objective To review the experience with percutaneous aspiration of abscesses at a general, tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2005. Methods Computerized medical records of 90 patients who underwent radiologically guided drainage of 92 fluid collections were reviewed for demographic data, co-morbid conditions, location, radiographic imaging characteristics and culture results and to determine the long-term outcome of the procedure. Results Sixty-seven of 92 (73%) abscesses were cured without the need for open surgical drainage; 44 were cured within 14 days, and 23 had delayed resolution requiring prolonged antibiotics and/or a second drainage. Of the abscesses 85% were drained using a catheter in situ, the remaining aspirated using a needle. Twenty-five (27%) of the 92 abscesses failed percutaneous drainage, requiring open surgical drainage or lead to sepsis and death. Neither co-morbid conditions nor the location of abscesses affected the outcome of drainage. Patients who had sterile cultures of aspirated material after receiving antibiotics prior to the procedure had a significantly higher cure rate than otherwise ( P P Conclusion Percutaneous drainage, along with appropriate antibiotics, is an effective approach to treat deep abscesses. Drainage, itself, is the major determinant of outcome, rather than the location, characteristics of the abscess or condition of the patient prior to the procedure.
Strain shielding and confined plasticity in thin polymer films: Impacts on thermomechanical data storage

Substrate constraints and interfacial boundary layers in thin polystyrene films are explored with high strain rate indentations characteristic of thermomechanical terabit data storage operations. Under these impact-like conditions, the coupling of strain-rate and inertial effects leads to large plastic deformations relative to quasi-static indentations. Strain shielding is present when the plastic deformation radius exceeds ∼65% of the film thickness. Thereafter, deformation is restricted by the rigid substrate, giving rise to elevated rim heights and interfacial shearing. The shielding effects were alleviated with use of a modulus-matched buffer layer between the polymer film and the substrate. A non-monotonic rheological gradient in the polymer films leads to the distribution of contact pressures between two asymptotic scenarios: (i) a compliant surface with a rigid sub-surface and (ii) a rigid surface with a compliant sub-surface.
The Home of Dancing Sivan: The Traditions of the Hindu Temple in Citamparam

Younger describes the daily and festival worship of the only Hindu temple in India where Shiva in his dancing form is the primary object of worship. He analyses the history revealed in the architecture of the buildings and the 300 inscriptions on the temple walls, and in the process tries to understand the multifaceted role of the temple in Indian life. His study paints a vivid portrait of the living religion of South India.
Exaggerated pressure response to exercise in men at risk for systemic hypertension

Normotensive persons at high risk of developing systemic hypertension have greater cardiovascular reactivity to mental and physical stressors. This study compared cardiovascular responses to exercise in normotensive men (aged 28 +/- 0.8 years [mean +/- standard error of the mean]) at high risk (positive parental history and high normal resting blood pressure [BP], n = 20) and at low risk (negative history, low normal BP, n = 15) of hypertension. All men had normal body weight and exercise tolerance. During graded supine bicycle exercise, 35% (7 of 20) of high-risk men had exaggerated BP responses (greater than or equal to 230/100 mm Hg) versus 0% of low-risk men, thus forming 3 groups (low risk, high-risk normal BP response, high-risk exaggerated response). Cardiac function was measured by nuclear cardiography. Cardiac index, peripheral resistance index, left ventricular ejection fraction and contractility index were measured at rest and during each exercise work load. High-risk exaggerated responders could not be distinguished from their high-risk normal-responding counterparts using resting BP or other cardiovascular variables. During exercise all 3 groups had equivalent increases in cardiac output. However, the high-risk exaggerated responders had blunting in peripheral resistance decline, resulting in excessive BP increases. This finding suggests an impaired capacity for exercise-induced vasodilation, indicating that the exaggerated response group may be at highest risk for future hypertension in these 3 groups.
A Social Networks Approach to Migrant Mobilization in Southern Europe

Migration is challenging the meaning of residency and citizenship in Southern Europe today. Migrants are contesting the ethnic model of citizenship in Spain, Italy, and Greece by becoming increasingly engaged in social movements to make existence and program claims on the state for residency and citizenship rights. As such, migration processes interfere with the way that migrant social movements can be enacted and sustained and with the potential for successful claim making. The selectivity of migration flows, the migrant networks at origin and destination countries, and the patterns of flows between the home and host countries can affect the stability and continuity of sustained networks of actors involved in social movements and in claim making on the state. This article focuses on the theoretical issues involved in migration flows, network change, and state responses to claim making to explore the potential for sustained changes in the meaning of citizenship in southern Europe.
Direct optical frequency modulation and injection locking of resonant tunnel diode oscillator

Preliminary results indicate that a resonant tunnel diode (RTD) oscillator can be optically tuned, frequency modulated, and injection locked. Experiments were performed in which a 2.8 GHz RTD oscillator was frequency modulated from DC to 100 MHz and injection locked over a 150 kHz bandwidth with a laser diode via fibre optics.
Characterization of p73 functional domains necessary for transactivation and growth suppression

p73, a p53 family member, is highly similar to p53 in both structure and function. Like p53, the p73 protein contains an N-terminal activation domain, a DNA-binding domain, a tetramerization domain, and several PXXP motifs. Previously, we and others have shown that some functional domains in p53, such as the DNA-binding and tetramerization domains, are required for inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis whereas others, such as the second activation domain, the proline-rich domain, and the C-terminal basic domain, are only required for inducing apoptosis. To determine the activity of p73 functional domains, we have generated stable inducible cell lines that express p73beta and various mutants deficient in one or more functional domains. We found that in addition to the DNA-binding domain, p73-mediated growth suppression requires the N-terminal activation domain and the tetramerization domain. However, unlike p53, p73-mediated apoptosis does not require the region adjacent to the activation domain or the entire C-terminal region. Interestingly, while the N- or the C-terminal PXXP motifs are dispensable for p73 function, deletion of both the N- and the C-terminal PXXP motifs renders p73 inactive in transactivation. In addition, we found that substitution of two conserved tandem hydrophobic residues with two hydrophilic ones, which can abrogate the activity of the first activation domain in p53, has no effect on p73 transcriptional activity. Together, we showed that the p73 protein has its own unique determinants for transactivation and growth suppression.
GROUP GENDER COMPOSITION EFFECTS ON JUDGMENTS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT

This article examines the effects of participant gender, researcher gender, and group gender composition (ratio of women to men) on individual judgments about an ambiguous, hypothetical, sexual harassment grievance. The participants (116 men and 113 women) served on five-person mock hearing boards. A main effect for participant gender was found (p < .01), with significantly more women (58.4%) making affirmative sexual harassment judgments than men (35.3%). A significant three-way interaction (p < .01) revealed that, when led by male researchers, men in groups where they were the numerical minority (3 women/2 men) made significantly lower ratings, indicating less belief that sexual harassment had occurred (M = 2.83), than those men in groups where they were in the majority (2 women/3 men, M = 4.87; 4 men/1 woman, M = 4.88). Ingroup and outgroup behavior observed by Rogers, Hennigan, Bowman, and Miller (1984) is proposed as a possible explanation for these results.
Metabolism of methionine and cysteine sulfur in the developing chick embryo.

Abstract Following injection of cysteine-S 35 into the egg, an average of 10% of the S 35 was recovered in the newly hatched chick as taurine, 12% as sulfate, 1.3% as methionine, and 49% as cystine. When methionine-S 35 was injected, 9.1% was recovered as taurine, 10% as sulfate, 43% as cystine, and 35% as methionine. The sulfate S content of the egg increased from 2.9 mg. at the beginning of incubation to 7.1 mg. in the newly hatched chick.
The OB associations of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud. I - Stellar observations and data reductions

UBV photometry is presented for 2400 stars in the OB associations of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and I discuss new spectroscopic observations of 54 stars including 24 O stars. The CCD fields cover an area of 50 square arcminutes in the central region. The entire catalog (exclusive of the dense core cluster R 136) is photometrically complete to V = B = 18 mag and U = 17 mag, although the completeness magnitudes are fainter for regions with less nebular contamination.
Evaluating Functional and Structural Condition Based Maintenances of Airfield Pavements

This study evaluates airfield pavements’ functional- and structural-condition to determine the most economical maintenance method. As a part of the analysis, Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for several runways, taxiways, and aprons has been determined by MicroPAVER. Structural evaluation of airport pavements has been performed by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) test. Evaluation of Layer Moduli and Overlay Design (ELMOD) also determines the required overlay thickness based on the E-values, i.e. FWD data analysis. Damage analysis determines the time of repeated overlay application. In addition, functional parameters have been included to determine the time of functional maintenance. Maintenance and rehabilitation alternatives have been selected to develop different program strategies. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) has been performed to determine the maintenance cost. Structural condition based maintenance cost is compared to functional condition based maintenance cost. Comparison shows that structural condition based approach yields cheaper maintenance strategies than functional condition based maintenance approach.
The effect of residence in enclaves on civic concern: An initial exploration

Abstract Will those residing in urban enclaves—enclosed socially homogenous residential communities protected by private security—have a lower level of civic concern as compared to those who do not reside in such enclaves? Reich's (1991) work suggests that this is to be expected. To conduct an empirical test, two random samples were drawn from two areas of New York City, one a residential enclave—Battery Park City—the other a non-enclave—Chelsea. The analysis establishes that those who do not live in the enclave have a statistically significant higher level of civic concern. Sample respondent years of education, age, income, gender, and career (arts/business) differences were employed as control variables; after having introduced each control variable independently, the main research hypothesis was sustained.
The impact of risk on the integrated cellular design and control

Design and control aspects of cellular manufacturing systems (CMSs) have been studied extensively and several robust procedures have been proposed to deal with cell formation and cell scheduling problems, separately. However, less attention has been paid to the interaction between the design and control aspects in the presence of uncertainty. In this paper, stochastic cell formation and cell scheduling problems are jointly studied where product demand and processing times are assumed as probabilistic. First, stochastic CMS design phase is handled and then stochastic cellular control phase is studied. Two stochastic non-linear mathematical models are developed to solve cell formation and cell scheduling problems consecutively. Later, Monte Carlo simulation is utilised to analyse the impact of uncertainty in design phase on the control phase. Various design risk and control risk scenarios are experimented with the proposed hierarchical approach to evaluate the chain impact of the risk taken during the cell ...
Derivation of the Secondary Structure of the ITS-1 Transcript in Volvocales and its Taxonomic Correlations

Knowledge of secondary structure, formed by the gene spacer regions of the primary transcript of nuclear rDNA cistrons, is lacking for most phyla of eukaryotes. We have sequenced the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) of multiple representatives of the Volvocales, and from comparisons of these, derived a secondary structure common to the entire group. The secondary structure model is supported by numerous compensating base pair changes located within the paired regions of the stem-loops. Within the morphological species, such as those of Astrephomene and Gonium, the three basal nucleotide pairs of helices are highly conserved in primary sequence, and the single stranded region rich in CCAA is identical in sequence, even when isolates come from all continents of the earth. In other Volvocacean species known to include many pairs of mating types, this same level of conservation is found to correlate with the mating subgroups of the species. Thus a comparable degree of sequence similarity appears to characterize all isolates of a “biological” species; this is valid for taxonomic species only where the biological and taxonomic species levels coincide. In addition, the ITS-1 contains information useful for population analyses, and spacer secondary structure may have additional phylogenetic utility at the level of class or subclass when that information becomes available for other protistan groups.
Sustained deep-tissue pain alters functional brain connectivity

Recent functional brain connectivity studies have contributed to our understanding of the neurocircuitry supporting pain perception. However, evoked-pain connectivity studies have employed cutaneous and/or brief stimuli, which induce sensations that differ appreciably from the clinical pain experience. Sustained myofascial pain evoked by pressure cuff affords an excellent opportunity to evaluate functional connectivity change to more clinically relevant sustained deep-tissue pain. Connectivity in specific networks known to be modulated by evoked pain (sensorimotor, salience, dorsal attention, frontoparietal control, and default mode networks: SMN, SLN, DAN, FCN, and DMN) was evaluated with functional-connectivity magnetic resonance imaging, both at rest and during a sustained (6-minute) pain state in healthy adults. We found that pain was stable, with no significant changes of subjects' pain ratings over the stimulation period. Sustained pain reduced connectivity between the SMN and the contralateral leg primary sensorimotor (S1/M1) representation. Such SMN-S1/M1 connectivity decreases were also accompanied by and correlated with increased SLN-S1/M1 connectivity, suggesting recruitment of activated S1/M1 from SMN to SLN. Sustained pain also increased DAN connectivity to pain processing regions such as mid-cingulate cortex, posterior insula, and putamen. Moreover, greater connectivity during pain between contralateral S1/M1 and posterior insula, thalamus, putamen, and amygdala was associated with lower cuff pressures needed to reach the targeted pain sensation. These results demonstrate that sustained pain disrupts resting S1/M1 connectivity by shifting it to a network known to process stimulus salience. Furthermore, increased connectivity between S1/M1 and both sensory and affective processing areas may be an important contribution to interindividual differences in pain sensitivity.
Causal reasoning in econometric models

Abstract Propagation of change based on causal ordering is a central element of causal reasoning in economic models. While causal reasoning has most often been applied in qualitative models, we demonstrate a technique for causal reasoning that offers explanations of structure and behaviour in quantitative, econometric contexts. Given a matching of equations with endogenous variables, causal reasoning can be applied to both static and dynamic system models. By propagating the disturbance of one or more exogenous variables, impact or static multipliers of the model can be derived along with a causal explanation. Dynamic analysis is achieved by propagation of lagged endogenous variables carried from the previous time periods. Two versions of Keynesian macro-econometric models, Klein's Model I, and the Klein-Goldberger Model are used as examples.
Characterizing heat release rate transients

Abstract A series of experiments was performed to characterize the time response of a large-scale open calorimeter to square-wave pulses in terms of peak heat release rate, width of the peak, and conservation of energy. Quantitative heat release rate measurements of full-scale fires up to 2.7 MW were conducted using the principle of oxygen-consumption calorimetry. A remotely-operated natural gas burner provided a reproducible heat source and near-square-wave inputs to the system. The calorimeter was capable of resolving the actual peak heat release rate value for fire transient events having a full width at half height of 15 s or greater. However, if the full width at half height measured by the calorimeter was less than 11 s, the measured peak value underestimated the actual peak heat release rate by 15% or more. Even if the peak heat release rate could not be fully resolved, the calorimeter was able to provide an estimate of the total heat released to within about 5%, demonstrating conservation of energy by the system.
The effects of skin moisture and subcutaneous fat thickness on the ability of the skin to dissipate heat in young and old subjects, with and without diabetes, at three environmental room temperatures

Abstract The Pennes model predicts the ability of the skin to dissipate heat as a function of conductive heat transfer and blood flow. Conductive heat exchange may be affected by skin moisture and subcutaneous fat thickness, factors not considered by Pennes. In the present investigation, we sought to expand the Pennes model by examining subcutaneous fat and skin moisture as factors of heat dissipation and their effects on heat exchange and blood flow. Subjects who were older (O) (mean age 64.2±5.9 years, n =15), had diabetes (D) (mean age 62±5.9 years, mean duration 13.2±9.1 years, n =15), and were younger (Y) (mean age 25.7±2.9 years, n =15) participated. Thermisters were placed in an iron heat probe and on the skin to measure the change in skin temperature to create a thermal change index to demonstrate the ability of the skin to dissipate heat. The lower back had the thickest subcutaneous fat layer for all subjects, which contributed to higher skin temperatures than the foot and hand in response to local and global heat. There was a significant inverse correlation between skin moisture and skin temperature after 5s of heat application ( r =−0.73, p p p
Multi‐system repeatability and reproducibility of apparent diffusion coefficient measurement using an ice‐water phantom

To determine quantitative quality control procedures to evaluate technical variability in multi-center measurements of the diffusion coefficient of water as a prerequisite to use of the biomarker apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in multi-center clinical trials.A uniform data acquisition protocol was developed and shared with 18 participating test sites along with a temperature-controlled diffusion phantom delivered to each site. Usable diffusion weighted imaging data of ice water at five b-values were collected on 35 clinical MRI systems from three vendors at two field strengths (1.5 and 3 Tesla [T]) and analyzed at a central processing site.Standard deviation of bore-center ADCs measured across 35 scanners was 10%) vendor-specific and system-specific spatial nonuniformity ADC bias was detected for the off-center measurement that was consistent with gradient nonlinearity.Standardization of DWI protocol has improved reproducibility of ADC measurements and allowed identifying spatial ADC nonuniformity as a source of error in multi-site clinical studies.
HEXOKINASE 3 IS DEVELOPMENTALLY EXPRESSED IN RAT LUNG. |[dagger]| 1997

Energy metabolism and glycogen accumulation in lung depend upon glucose substrate and hexokinase (HK) is a rate-limiting enzyme for glucose metabolism in mammalian lung. HK, the initial step in intracellular glucose metabolism, exists as four distinct isozymes which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The role of HK3 has not been elucidated, although biochemical and developmental functions have been proposed. The purpose of our study was to compare the expression of HK3 mRNA with previous data we had obtained on mRNA for HK1 and HK2 in the developing rat lung. We studied lungs of fetuses(gestational ages 13-21 days: E18-E21), newborn (postpartum days 1-21: P1-P21), and mature (P30-P45) Sprague-Dawley rats. mRNA was assayed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using isozyme specific oligonucleotide primers for HK3 RT-PCR. We found that HK3 message was expressed in the prenatal lung and in the immediate newborn period (E18-P1). HK3 message was not expressed again postnatally until the most mature stage examined (P45). In contrast, HK1 and HK2 were expressed throughout gestation and postnatally through adult stages. The RT-PCR data on all three isozymes agree with our previous immunohistochemistry results using isozyme specific antibodies. We conclude that HK3 is expressed during prenatal and perinatal lung development, in contrast with HK1 and HK2 that are expressed through the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal life of the animal. HK3 is unique among the HK isozymes since its activity is observed in the cell nuclei of some tissues. We speculate that HK3 is important in lung development through term and may play a role in the differentiation of the lung to become the organ of respiration for the animal.
Ypt1 recruits the Atg1 kinase to the preautophagosomal structure

When macroautophagy, a catabolic process that rids the cells of unwanted proteins, is initiated, 30–60 nm Atg9 vesicles move from the Golgi to the preautophagosomal structure (PAS) to initiate autophagosome formation. The Rab GTPase Ypt1 and its mammalian homolog Rab1 regulate macroautophagy and two other trafficking events: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi and intra-Golgi traffic. How a Rab, which localizes to three distinct cellular locations, achieves specificity is unknown. Here we show that transport protein particle III (TRAPPIII), a conserved autophagy-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ypt1/Rab1, is recruited to the PAS by Atg17. We also show that activated Ypt1 recruits the putative membrane curvature sensor Atg1 to the PAS, bringing it into proximity to its binding partner Atg17. Since Atg17 resides at the PAS, these events ensure that Atg1 will specifically localize to the PAS and not to the other compartments where Ypt1 resides. We propose that Ypt1 regulates Atg9 vesicle tethering by modulating the delivery of Atg1 to the PAS. These events appear to be conserved in higher cells.
Embodiment in Religious Knowledge

Increasing evidence suggests that mundane knowledge about objects, people, and events is grounded in the brain's modality-specific systems. The modality-specific representations that become active to represent these entities in actual experience are later used to simulate them in their absence. In particular, simulations of perception, action, and mental states often appear to underlie the representation of knowledge, making it embodied and situated. Findings that support this conclusion are briefly reviewed from cognitive psychology, social psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. A similar representational process may underlie religious knowledge. In support of this conjecture, embodied knowledge appears central to three aspects of religious experience: religious visions, religious beliefs, and religious rituals. In religious visions, the process of simulation offers a natural account of how these experiences are produced. In religious beliefs, knowledge about the body and the environment are typically central in religious frameworks, and are likely to affect the perception of daily experience. In religious rituals, embodiments appear central to conveying religious ideas metaphorically and to establishing them in memory. To the extent that religious knowledge is like non-religious knowledge, embodiment is likely to play central roles.
Effects of adrenalectomy and deprivation condition on food intake after phenylpropanolamine or clonidine.

Abstract α-Adrenergic receptors within the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN) modulate feeding such that activation of α2-adrenoceptors by drugs such as clonidine (CLON) increase feeding; whereas activation of α1-adrenoceptors by drugs such as phenylpropanolamine (PPA) suppress feeding. Prior studies suggest that the feeding-stimulatory effect of α2-adrenergic activation is a function of drug dose as well as the deprivation condition and adrenal status of the animal. Specifically, CLON's effects on feeding are greatest at low doses in food-satiated adrenally intact rats. Whether a similar profile is produced by α1-adrenoceptor agonists such as PPA has not previously been explored. Thus, the present study provides a comparison of the effects on food intake of drug dose, deprivation condition, and adrenalectomy induced by these α2- and α1-adrenergic drugs. Accordingly, both adrenalectomized (ADX) as well as sham-control (SHAM) adult male rats underwent a series of 1-h feeding tests following administration of PPA (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, IP) as well as CLON (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg, IP) under both deprived and nondeprived testing conditions. The results suggest that the deprivation condition, but not the surgical condition (ADX vs. SHAM), exerts the greatest overall effect on food intake following administration of α-adrenergic drugs.
Winter Survival of Fall Armyworm Pupae in Florida

Winter survival of pupae of the fall armyworm, Spodoplera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was studied in relation to temperature and rainfall at 4 locations in Peninsular Florida. Moth emergence was greatest (51.0%) at Homestead, intermediate (27.5%) at Bradenton, and lowest (11.6%) at Sanford and Gainesville. The number of days required for emergence ranged from 15–35 and generally was greater for northern locations. Emergence of adults was positively correlated with mean soil temperature, and respective centigrade soil and air degree day values for emergence were 170 and 143.
Psychiatry and Psychology in the Writings of L. Ron Hubbard

Celebrity followers of the Church of Scientology have recently used their public forum to attack the modern practice of mental health. The practice of Scientology is rooted in the religious writings of its founder, L. Ron Hubbard. This paper will review the religious writings of L Ron Hubbard to understand Scientology’s position on mental health. This paper reviews four of the major religious books written by L Ron Hubbard, in addition to a comprehensive overview of Scientology compiled by Scientology staff. Hubbard’s theory of mind borrowed heavily from the earlier writings of Freud, until Hubbard’s psychological theory extended to include a spiritual existence that goes beyond the material world. The goal of Hubbard’s psychology and religion were to optimize the freedom of the individual, and he viewed psychiatry and psychology as inherently anti-spiritual and opposed to personal freedom and self-realization. Ultimately Hubbard presents a world view of potential nuclear world cataclysm, fueled by the geopolitical climate and mental health theories that dominated the mid 20th century. Hubbard’s writings mirrored the times in which he lived. His views that mental health practices are inherently anti-religious, freedom-inhibiting, and brain damaging do not reflect the modern-day practices of mental health.
Projections to the basilar pontine nuclei from face sensory and motor regions of the cerebral cortex in the rat

Orthograde axonal transport tracing methods were used to describe the projections to the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) which arise within the face representation of motor or somatosensory cerebral cortex. Injections centered in motor face (MF) cortex resulted in the labeling of several corticopontine terminal fields which exhibit a rostrocaudal columnar arrangement within the ipsilateral BPN. The location of such terminal zones is consistent with the somatotopic pattern of termination previously described for limb sensorimotor cortices. In contrast, the projections from somatosensory face (SF) cortical regions largely terminate in BPN areas separate from those receiving either limb sensorimotor or MF inputs. Both MF and SF cortices also give rise to projections to the contralateral BPN; those from SF cortex are less extensive than those of MF origin. In addition to their relationship with limb sensorimotor corticopontine terminations, the MF projections to the BPN also seem to partially overlap the projection zones of the cerebellopontine system, particularly the regions projected upon by the lateral cerebellar nucleus. The SF projections, on the other hand, appear to terminate in BPN areas that also receive input from either the dorsal column nuclei or the spinal trigeminal complex. There is only minimal potential overlap between MF and SF projections in the BPN. With regard to the pontocerebellar system, the projections from MF cortex terminate among BPN neurons which project to the cerebellar hemispheres, particularly lobus simplex, crus I and crus II. The SF projections also overlap BPN neurons which project to the lateral hemispheres in addition to the paraflocculus and vermal lobules VII and IXa,b. Taken together these observations suggest that subsets of BPN neurons might exist such that some receive convergent inputs from systems whose function can generally be regarded as motor (sensorimotor cortex, cerebellopontine) while another population of BPN neurons might integrate signals from systems which transmit somatosensory information (dorsal column nuclei, spinal trigeminal).
The State of Nature and Commercial Sociability in Early Modern International Legal Thought

Writing as the recognizable modern idea of the state was being framed, Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1694) each took distinctive approaches to the problems of whether and how there could be any legal or moral norms between these states in their emerging forms. They differed in their views of obligation in the state of nature (where ex hypothesi there was no state), in the extent to which they regarded these sovereign states as analogous to individuals in the state of nature, and in the effects they attributed to commerce as a driver of sociability and of norm-structured interactions not dependent on an overarching state. This paper explores the differences between their views on these issues, differences which contributed to the development of the thought of later writers such as Emer de Vattel (1714-1767), David Hume (1711-1776), and Adam Smith (1723-1790), and eventually in more attenuated ways to the different empirical legal methodologies of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and Georg Friedrich von Martens (1756-1821).
Rat liver glutathione peroxidase: purification and study of multiple forms.

Abstract The subcellular distributions of glutathione peroxidase and 75Se in rat liver were determined. Approximately 75% of the enzyme and 58% of the 73Se were contained in the cytosolic fraction. Rat liver cytosol glutathione peroxidase was purified 1029-fold from homogenate to yield a sample with a specific activity of 278 μmol of NADPH oxidized/ min/mg of protein. The purified enzyme was subjected to disc-gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc-gel electrophoresis, which confirmed the purity of the enzyme as well as the existence of multiple electrophoretic forms. Glutathione peroxidase existed as a large aggregate after homogenization, and means of dissociating the aggregate were investigated. The enzyme was isolated as a neutrally charged protein and became negatively charged upon storage, a phenomenon that was independent of the aggregation.
Spontaneous Fanconi syndrome in the dog

Three dogs with spontaneous renal tubular defects similar to idiopathic Fanconi syndrome are characterized. Renal clearance studies revealed a fractional reabsorption of glucose ranging from 31% to 82%. Abnormal glucose thulium values were present in all dogs. A generalized aminoaciduria occurred in two dogs while one had aminoaciduria characteristic of canine cystinuria. Fractional reabsorption of phosphate ranged from 47% to 79%. In vitro uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside was significantly depressed (p less than 0.001). In vitro uptake of amino isobutyric acid was similar to controls. Renal biopsy revealed nonspecific interstitial change in two dogs and normal histology in the other. These animals represent a useful new model for the study of renal tubular transport defects.
Detection of subendocardial ischemia in the left anterior descending coronary artery territory with real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to test whether the transmural delineation of myocardial perfusion during dobutamine stress imaging with real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RTMCE) might permit visualization of dobutamine-induced subendocardial ischemia. Background Significant coronary artery disease can be present despite normal transmural wall thickening (WT) responses during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). One potential reason is dobutamine-induced recruitment of epicardial WT in the presence of subendocardial ischemia. Methods Myocardial perfusion and WT were examined with RTMCE during DSE with a continuous infusion of ultrasound contrast in 94 patients with normal resting WT. Fifty-five of the patients had a >50% diameter stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The WT was visually assessed by a blinded reviewer at 2 time periods: initially after a high mechanical index impulse before myocardial contrast replenishment (MCR), and again during MCR. Subendocardial %WT was measured during MCR, if a subendocardial perfusion defect was visually evident, whereas transmural WT was quantified on the pre-MCR images. Results Fifty patients (91%) with LAD stenoses exhibited a myocardial contrast defect at peak stress, with 45 defects being subendocardial. Transmural WT pre-MCR appeared normal in 35 of the 45 patients with subendocardial perfusion defects (78%). However, a subendocardial WT abnormality was apparent during MCR in 18 of these 35 patients, even though transmural WT was not different from the 17 patients with normal subendocardial WT (33 ± 15% vs. 36 ± 14%). Quantitative measurements of WT within the subendocardium were significantly less in the patients with visually evident subendocardial WT abnormalities, when compared with those who seemed to have normal WT during MCR (17 ± 8% vs. 25 ± 10%, p Conclusions In patients with significant LAD disease, RTMCE during DSE detects subendocardial ischemia even when transmural WT appears normal. Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography should be the preferred ultrasound imaging method when using contrast to detect coronary artery disease during DSE.
Characterization of the genome of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract The cellular DNA's of Dictyostelium discoideum have been characterized by their behavior in CsCl buoyant density-gradient centrifugation and by their renaturation kinetics. Whole-cell DNA exhibited three bands on CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. Two of these, p = 1.676 g/cm3 (main band) and 1.687 (satellite) are nuclear. The third, of p = 1.682 is mitochondrial and represents approximately 28% of whole-cell DNA. Appropriate hybridization experiments with cytoplasmic rRNA show that rRNA cistrons constitute 2.2% of nuclear DNA. This portion of the nuclear DNA possesses a ρ of approximately 1.682 and bands in the mitochondrial DNA region. Non-reiterated sequences make up approximately 70% of the Dictyostelium genome (criterion of Tm − 23 deg. C) and are characterized by a C 0 t 1 2 (pure) of 70. Reiterated sequences make up 30% of the genome and are characterized by a C 0 t 1 2 (pure) of 0.28. The complexity of the nuclear DNA of Dictyostelium is but 11 times that of Escherichia coli (approximately 30 ×109 daltons). The mitochondrial DNA of Dictyostelium exhibits a C 0 t 1 2 of 0.15 and a calculated complexity of 35 to 40 × 106 daltons.
Investigations into the polymorphs and hydration products of UO 3

This work focuses on progress in gaining a better understanding of the polymorphic nature of the UO3 and UO3-water system; one of several important materials associated with the nuclear fuel cycle. The UO3-water system is complex and has not been fully characterized, even though these species are common throughout the fuel cycle. For example, most production schemes for UO3 result in a mixture of up to six different polymorphic phases, and small differences in these conditions will affect phase genesis that ultimately results in measureable changes to the end product. Here we summarize our efforts to better characterize the UO3-water system with optical techniques for the purpose of developing some predictive capability of estimating process history and utility, e.g. for polymorphic phases of unknown origin. Specifically, we have investigated three industrially relevant production pathways of UO3 and discovered a previously unknown low temperature route to &#946;-UO3. Powder x-ray diffraction and optical spectroscopies were utilized in our characterization of the UO3-water system. Pure phases of UO3, its hydrolysis products and starting materials were used to establish optical spectroscopic signatures for these compounds. Preliminary aging studies were conducted on the &#945;- and &#947;- phases of UO3.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Marshall Syndrome Associated with a Splicing Defect at the COL11A1 Locus

Summary Marshall syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia that is phenotypically similar to the more common disorder Stickler syndrome. For a large kindred with Marshall syndrome, we demonstrate a splice-donor–site mutation in the COL11A1 gene that cosegregates with the phenotype. The G +1 →A transition causes in-frame skipping of a 54-bp exon and deletes amino acids 726–743 from the major triple-helical domain of the α1(XI) collagen polypeptide. The data support the hypothesis that the α1(XI) collagen polypeptide has an important role in skeletal morphogenesis that extends beyond its contribution to structural integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Our results also demonstrate allelism of Marshall syndrome with the subset of Stickler syndrome families associated with COL11A1 mutations.
Characterization of rdf properties through high pressure differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract High Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used to study the thermal-analytical properties of refuse derived fuels. Under oxidizing conditions, thermograms exhibit four characteristic peaks ∼ 215°C, ∼ 325°C, ∼ 435°C and ∼ 475°C. By comparison with studies on newsprint and polyethylene the peaks are identified with the smoldering combustion of plastics, cellulosic materials and two types of char, respectively. Similarities and differences between thermograms of refuse derived fuels and coal samples are noted. The variability of thermal-analytical properties as a function of process parameters, sampling, and source was determined. Finally, data from pyrolytic studies using thermogravimetry as well as scanning calorimetry are presented.
How are intergalactic filaments made

Computer simulations are performed which suggest that narrow intergalactic filaments can be produced by tidal forces. A fixed potential perturber passes a self-gravitating disk of stars in a nearly parabolic orbit. Due to their large velocity dispersion, the stars which are pulled out by the tide form only an amorphous cloud. The gas clouds are simulated by a disk of points of zero mass, zero velocity dispersion superimposed on the stellar disk. The ‘gas clouds’ form remarkably long, narrow filaments; but not so narrow as the narrowest filaments observed.
Social status and role analysis of palin's email network

Email usage is pervasive among people from different backgrounds, and email corpus can be an important data source to study intricate social structures. Social status and role analysis on a personal email network can help reveal hidden information. The availability of Sarah Palin's email corpus presents a great opportunity to study social statuses and social roles in an email network. However, the email corpus does not readily lend itself to social network analysis due to problems such as noisy email data, scale in size, and temporal constraints. In this paper, we report an initial investigation of social status and role analysis on Sarah Palin's email corpus. In particular, we conduct a preliminary study on Palin's social statuses and roles. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first exploration of Sarah Palin's email corpus recently released by the state of Alaska.
If You Drink Alcoholic Beverages Do So in Moderation: What Does This Mean?

The changes in content of the alcohol guideline of the various editions of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans from 1980 to 2000 are discussed. This is followed by a capsule summary of the history and evolution of the discipline of alcohol epidemiology compared with that of nutrition epidemiology. Methods of assessment are discussed, and issues surrounding the validity and reliability of self-report of alcohol consumption are then outlined. Relevant objectives from Healthy People 2010 are discussed. Surveillance of the alcohol guideline discloses that, at present, very few American drinkers follow the recommendations of the alcohol guideline. Indications for future research needs to address this issue conclude the discussion.
Evaluating the initial impact of the revised Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food packages on dietary intake and home food availability in African-American and Hispanic families

This is a copy of an article published in the Public Health Nutrition © 2014 Cambridge University Press. The final version of record is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000761
Vertebral stenosis simulating the appearance of a vertebral artery ending in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension, frequent episodes of dizziness, and transient loss of consciousness was diagnosed with vertebrobasilar insufficiency and placed on aspirin and warfarin. Despite serum warfarin levels that were within therapeutic range, the patient continued to experience symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. An angiogram revealed severe stenosis proximal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in the distal cervical vertebral artery (VA). Because of his persistent symptoms, we recommended VA angioplasty and stenting. Although the left vertebral stenosis appeared to be severe (A, large arrow), the left vertebral artery appeared to end in the PICA (A, small arrow). During right vertebral angiography, we saw reflux of contrast material into the left VA (B, arrow). This finding implied that the distal left VA was not hypoplastic and that the appearance of this vessel ending in the PICA was actually a result of limired flow caused by the severe distal left VA stenosis. The lesion was successfully dilated with a 3-mm 20-mm Ninja angioplasty balloon catheter (Cordis Corp, Miami, FL), and a 3.5-mm 17-mm Magic Wall stent (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). Post-treatment angiography showed site of angioplasty and stenting (C, arrow) and excellent flow distal to the PICA and robust filling of the basilar artery (D, arrow). This case emphasizes the vigilance that must be exercised in the analysis of imaging studies when considering angioplasty and stenting of intracranial vessels. When faced with vertebral artery stenosis and the appearance of the vertebral artery ending in PICA, careful examination of the contralateral vertebral artery injection may show reflux into the ipsilateral distal vertebral artery. Flow-related arterial angiographic findings, such as in this case, can easily be misinterpreted. Occasionally, microcatheter exploration may be warranted to clarify the anatomy. After angioplasty and stenting, it became clear that this vertebral artery was indeed in communication with the basilar artery and capable of providing the basilar circulation with significant flow. The patient made an excellent recovery and has had no recurrence of his symptoms.
Silence of the transcripts: RNA interference in medicine

Silencing of gene expression by ribonucleic acid (RNA), known as RNA interference (RNAi), is now recognized as a major means of gene regulation in biology. In this mechanism, small noncoding double-stranded RNA molecules knock down gene expression through a variety of mechanisms that include messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, inhibition of mRNA translation, or chromatin remodeling. The posttranscriptional mechanism of RNAi has been embraced by researchers as a powerful tool for generating deficient phenotypes without mutating the gene. In parallel, exciting recent results have promised its application in disease therapy. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge in this area and provide a roadmap that may eventually launch RNAi from the research bench to the medicine chest.
Clinical and pathologic features of Mycobacterium fortuitum infections. An emerging pathogen in patients with AIDS.

The clinical and pathologic features of Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in 11 patients with AIDS were characterized. Nine patients had cervical lymphadenitis; 2 had disseminated infection. The infection occurred late in the course of AIDS, and the only laboratory abnormality seen in more than half of patients (7/11) was relative monocytosis. Absolute monocytosis also was seen in 4 of 11 patients. In both cytologic and histologic preparations, the inflammatory pattern was suppurative with necrosis or a mixed suppurative-granulomatous reaction. M fortuitum, a thin, branching bacillus, stained inconsistently in direct smear and histologic preparations. Staining was variable with Gram, auramine, Brown-Hopps, GramWeigert, Kinyoun, Ziehl-Neelsen, modified Kinyoun, and Fite stains. Organisms, when present, were always seen in areas of suppurative inflammation. Incorrect presumptive diagnosis, based on misinterpretation of clinical signs and symptoms or on erroneous identification of M fortuitum bacilli as Nocardia species, led to a delay in proper therapy for 7 of 11 patients. Definitive therapy after culture identification resulted in complete resolution of infection in all patients except 1.