cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of ZnSe:N Using Screening Effects

Photoluminescence (PL) and Hall measurements allow one to obtain important parameters of semiconductors, such as impurity concentrations, compensation, and activation energies (EA). Usual analyses of such data assume constant EA. However, it is well known that EA depends on free carrier and impurity concentrations, and thus on temperature, due to screening effects. We here analyze literature data on ZnSe:N using screening effects. An observed decrease of EA with temperature (from PL data) had been used to suggest an interstitial site for N. With inclusion of screening, we obtained good agreement with the data, so that the idea of interstitial N is not required. In applying the screening theory to Hall measurements, we obtained lower impurity concentrations than with use of a constant EA. It is also to be noted that we fit both optical and electrical data with this approach. We further suggest that screening is the cause of an observed difference between optically observed and thermal activation energies.
Implementing and diagnosing magnetic flux compression on the Z pulsed power accelerator

We report on the progress made to date for a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project aimed at diagnosing magnetic flux compression on the Z pulsed-power accelerator (0-20 MA in 100 ns). Each experiment consisted of an initially solid Be or Al liner (cylindrical tube), which was imploded using the Z accelerator's drive current (0-20 MA in 100 ns). The imploding liner compresses a 10-T axial seed field, B z ( 0 ) , supplied by an independently driven Helmholtz coil pair. Assuming perfect flux conservation, the axial field amplification should be well described by B z ( t ) = B z ( 0 ) x [ R ( 0 ) / R ( t )] 2 , where R is the liner's inner surface radius. With perfect flux conservation, B z ( t ) and dB z / dt values exceeding 10 4 T and 10 12 T/s, respectively, are expected. These large values, the diminishing liner volume, and the harsh environment on Z, make it particularly challenging to measure these fields. We report on our latest efforts to do so using three primary techniques: (1) micro B-dot probes to measure the fringe fields associated with fluxmore » compression, (2) streaked visible Zeeman absorption spectroscopy, and (3) fiber-based Faraday rotation. We also mention two new techniques that make use of the neutron diagnostics suite on Z. These techniques were not developed under this LDRD, but they could influence how we prioritize our efforts to diagnose magnetic flux compression on Z in the future. The first technique is based on the yield ratio of secondary DT to primary DD reactions. The second technique makes use of the secondary DT neutron time-of-flight energy spectra. Both of these techniques have been used successfully to infer the degree of magnetization at stagnation in fully integrated Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments on Z [P. F. Schmit et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 , 155004 (2014); P. F. Knapp et al. , Phys. Plasmas, 22 , 056312 (2015)]. Finally, we present some recent developments for designing and fabricating novel micro B-dot probes to measure B z ( t ) inside of an imploding liner. In one approach, the micro B-dot loops were fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB was then soldered to off-the-shelf 0.020- inch-diameter semi-rigid coaxial cables, which were terminated with standard SMA connectors. These probes were recently tested using the COBRA pulsed power generator (0-1 MA in 100 ns) at Cornell University. In another approach, we are planning to use new multi-material 3D printing capabilities to fabricate novel micro B-dot packages. In the near future, we plan to 3D print these probes and then test them on the COBRA generator. With successful operation demonstrated at 1-MA, we will then make plans to use these probes on a 20-MA Z experiment.« less
Notes from the alleyway: Zhang Jishun’s A City Displaced and the promise of archival research

When I was a graduate student and for many years afterward, Chinese history stopped at 1949. Anything that occurred after that date was too recent to be history; it was a subject for political scie...
Six-Step Synthesis of Alcyopterosin A, a Bioactive Illudalane Sesquiterpene with a gem-Dimethylcyclopentane Ring

Strategic pairing of ring openings and cycloisomerization provides rapid and efficient “open and shut” entry into sparsely functionalized illudalanes, as exemplified here in the context of a six-step synthesis of alcyopterosin A. Key steps include a tandem ring-opening fragmentation/olefination process for preparing a neopentyl-tethered 1,6-enyne, ring-opening olefination telescoped with alkyne homologation, and Rh-catalyzed oxidative cycloisomerization.
Constant-light Induced Down-regulation of Dopamine Receptors in Retina

Dopamine (DA) is a putative neurotransmitter in a subpopulation of retinal amacrine cells. The mechanism involved in the light-induced increases in the rates of DA release, synthesis and turnover in retina of dark-adapted mammals is not known (Morgan, 1982). Picomolar concentrations of the hormone melatonin, the synthesis of which is light dependent, selectively inhibit the calcium-dependent release of DA from rabbit retina, but not from the striatum (Dubocovich, 1983). Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate whether the light-dependent production of melatonin modulates DA release in vivo.
Exact Solutions for One-Dimensional Gray Media

The governing equation for radiative transfer of absorbing, emitting, and scattering media was developed in Chapter 10, resulting in an integro-differential equation for radiative intensity in five independent variables (three space coordinates and two direction coordinates). The problem becomes even more complicated if the medium is nongray (which introduces an additional variable, such as wavelength or frequency) and/or if other modes of heat transfer are present (which make it necessary to solve simultaneously for overall conservation of energy, to which intensity is related in a nonlinear way). Consequently, exact analytical solutions exist for only a few extremely simple situations. The simplest case arises when one considers thermal radiation in a one-dimensional plane-parallel gray medium that is either at radiative equilibrium (i.e., radiation is the only mode of heat transfer) or whose temperature field is known. Analytical solutions for such simple problems have been studied extensively, partly because of the great importance of one-dimensional plane-parallel media, partly because the simplicity of such solutions allows testing of more general solution methods, and partly because such a solution can give qualitative indications for more difficult situations.
The Biodistribution of Radiocopper-Labeled Compounds

Porphyrins form extremely stable chelates with Cu2+. Two copper radionuclides, 67Cu and 64Cu, have attractive nuclear decay properties for use in nuclear medicine applications. We have investigated the use of radiocopper-labeled porphyrins for localization in inflamed tissue and for attachment to antibodies for tumor imaging and therapy. We have examined the biodistribution of a 67Cu labeled porphyrin, [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphinato [67Cu] copper (II)], 67CuTCPP. The 67CuTCPP was intravenously injected into the tail vein of Fischer F344 male rats. The kidneys, liver, and spleen localize the greatest amounts of 67CuTCPP. The elimination of 67CuTCPP from the body is described by a normal exponential decay curve with a biological half-life of 108 hours and an effective half-life of 32 hours. We have also examined the biodistribution of 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfophenyl) porphinato [67Cu] copper (II) anti-Thy 1.2 antibody conjugates in normal and tumor-bearing male AKR/J mice. The liver, kidney, and tumor have the highest uptake of the 67Cu labeled antibody conjugate. In all 67Cu labeled compounds studied, the blood clearance was rapid and the bone concentration of the radiolabeled species was low.
Neurovascular mechanisms underlying augmented cold‐induced reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in human hypertension

Despite ample evidence of dysregulated sympathetic control of the peripheral vasculature in hypertension, no studies have examined integrated neurovascular function during cold stress in hypertensive adults (HTN). We hypothesized that (1) whole-body cooling would elicit greater cutaneous vasoconstriction and greater increases in skin sympathetic nervous system activity (SSNA) in HTN (n = 14; 56 ± 2 yrs) compared to age-matched normotensive adults (NTN; n = 14; 55 ± 2 yrs) and (2) augmented reflex vasoconstriction in HTN would be mediated by an increase in cutaneous vascular adrenergic sensitivity and a greater contribution of non-adrenergic sympathetic co-transmitters. SSNA (peroneal microneurography) and red cell flux (laser Doppler flowmetry; dorsum of foot) were measured during whole-body cooling (water-perfused suit). Sympathetic adrenergic- and non-adrenergic-dependent contributions to reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction and vascular adrenergic sensitivity were pharmacologically assessed using intradermal microdialysis. Cooling elicited greater increases in SSNA (NTN: +64 ± 13 vs. HTN: +194 ± 26 %baseline; P < 0.01) and greater reductions in skin blood flow (NTN: −16 ± 2 vs. HTN: −28 ± 3 %baseline; P < 0.01) in HTN compared to NTN, reflecting an increased response range for sympathetic reflex control of cutaneous vasoconstriction in HTN. Norepinephrine (NE) dose-response curves showed no HTN-related difference in cutaneous adrenergic sensitivity (logEC50; NTN: −7.4 ± 0.3 vs. HTN: −7.5 ± 0.3 log M; P = 0.84); however, non-adrenergic sympathetic co-transmitters mediated a significant portion of the vasoconstrictor response to cold stress in HTN. Collectively, these findings indicate that hypertension increases the peripheral cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to cold via greater increases in skin sympathetic outflow coupled with an increased reliance on non-adrenergic neurotransmitters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Extended infusion compared to standard infusion cefepime as empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia

BackgroundExtended infusion (EI) dosing provides a longer time above the minimum inhibitory concentration, which is important for the clinical success of β-lactam antibiotics, especially for patien...
Minimizing Public Sector Corruption: The Economics of Crime, Identity Economics, and Money Laundering

This paper offers a simple strategic framework to help governments identify various policy mechanisms to minimize public sector corruption. The paper offers a formal model that blends the economics...
α-Flocks and Hyperovals

A generalization of the concept of a flock of a quadratic cone in PG(3,q), q even, where the base of the cone is replaced by a translation oval, was introduced in [4] and is the focus of this work. The related idea of a q-clan is also generalized and studied with a particular emphasis on the connections with hyperovals. Several examples are given leading to new proofs of the existence of known hyperovals, unifying much of what has been done in this area. Finally, a proof that the Cherowitzo hyperovals do form an infinite family is also included.
Testing the threshold expansion for three-particle energies at fourth order in ϕ 4 theory

A relativistic formalism for relating the energies of the states of three scalar particles in finite volume to infinite volume scattering amplitudes has recently been developed. This formalism has been used to predict the energy of the state closest to threshold in an expansion in powers of $1/L$, with $L$ the box length. This expansion has been tested previously by a perturbative calculation of the threshold energy in $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ theory, working to third order in $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and up to $\mathcal{O}(1/{L}^{6})$ in the volume expansion. However, several aspects of the predicted threshold behavior do not enter until fourth (three-loop) order in perturbation theory. Here I extend the perturbative calculation to fourth order and find agreement with the general prediction. This check also requires a two-loop calculation of the infinite-volume off-shell two-particle scattering amplitude near threshold. As a spin-off, I check the threshold expansion for two particles to the same order, finding agreement with the result that follows from L\"uscher's formalism.
Le Rôle Formidable Du Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) Dans La Récente Crise Financière Mondiale (The Formidable Role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in The Recent Global Financial Crisis)

Depuis l'eclatement de la crise economique mondiale en 2007, le FMI s'est mobilise sur plusieurs fronts pour venir en aide a ses 188 pays membres : il a augmente et deploye sa capacite de pret, mis a profit son experience internationale pour proposer des solutions aux autorites nationales et procede a des reformes internes pour mieux repondre aux besoins des pays. Since the outbreak of the global economic crisis in 2007, the IMF has mobilized itself on many fronts to help its 188 member countries: it has increased and expanded its lending capacity, used its international experience to offer solutions to national authorities, as well as carried out internal reforms to address more efficiently, the needs of individual countries.
A Discriminative Model with Multiple Temporal Scales for Action Prediction

The speed with which intelligent systems can react to an action depends on how soon it can be recognized. The ability to recognize ongoing actions is critical in many applications, for example, spotting criminal activity. It is challenging, since decisions have to be made based on partial videos of temporally incomplete action executions. In this paper, we propose a novel discriminative multi-scale model for predicting the action class from a partially observed video. The proposed model captures temporal dynamics of human actions by explicitly considering all the history of observed features as well as features in smaller temporal segments. We develop a new learning formulation, which elegantly captures the temporal evolution over time, and enforces the label consistency between segments and corresponding partial videos. Experimental results on two public datasets show that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art action prediction methods.
What can eastern philosophy teach us about business ethics

This paper examines what, if anything, "Eastern philosophy" can teach us about business ethics. The whole idea of "Eastern ethics" or so-called "Asian values" is suspect on a number of scores. The paper argues that It is better to refer to specific ideas of particular thinkers influential within one country or tradition. The paper concentrates on the philosophy of two such thinkers – Watsuji Tetsuro of Japan and Confucius. When this more "micro" approach is adopted, we can learn some important lessons with respect to the meaning of trust, the longterm nature of relations, and ethics that extend far beyond the limited idea of rights. The paper considers these lessons in the business context.
Impact of colonoscopic screening in Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X.

Background Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal cancer is caused by Lynch Syndrome (LS; an autosomal dominant condition) or by Familial Colorectal Cancer Type-X (FCCTX; a condition of high family risk that fulfills Amsterdam criteria). The lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) in FCCTX family members is high and CRC occurs later than in LS. Methods To determine the impact of primary prevention colonoscopic screening in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of incident CRC cases in 20 families with FCCTX, we compared cancer incidence and survival in 79 males and 83 females, assumed to be at 50% risk of inheriting a genetic CRC susceptibility factor, who entered screening to an unscreened control group from the families, matched for age at entry into screening and for sex. Results In males, median age at entry into screening was 44.8 years, median follow-up 12.4 years, 12% developed CRC, and 46% died after 30 years of follow-up. Compared to the unscreened group, relative risk of CRC was 0.27 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.10-0.71). In screened females, comparable results were 44.5 years at entry, 11.2 years of follow-up, 7.1% developed CRC, and 7.2% died after 30 years of follow-up. The relative risk of CRC compared to the unscreened group was 0.19 (95% CI 0.07-0.48). Conclusion Primary prevention screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic family members significantly decreased the risk of CRC in FCCTX.
Calcium-Sensing Receptor Regulates Epidermal Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling and Re-Epithelialization after Wounding.

Extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) is a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis and its receptor, the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), conveys the Ca2+o signals to promote keratinocyte adhesion, differentiation, and survival via activation of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) and E-cadherin-mediated signaling. Here, we took genetic loss-of-function approaches to delineate the functions of CaSR in wound re-epithelialization. Cutaneous injury triggered a robust CaSR expression and a surge of Ca2+i in epidermis. CaSR and E-cadherin were co-expressed at the cell-cell membrane between migratory keratinocytes in the nascent epithelial tongues. Blocking the expression of CaSR or E-cadherin in cultured keratinocytes markedly inhibited the wound-induced Ca2+i propagation and their ability to migrate collectively. Depleting CaSR also suppressed keratinocyte proliferation by downregulating the E-cadherin/epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axis. Blunted epidermal Ca2+i response to wounding and retarded wound healing were observed in the keratinocyte-specific CaSR knockout (EpidCasr-/-) mice, whose shortened neo-epithelia exhibited declined E-cadherin expression and diminished keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Conversely, stimulating endogenous CaSR with calcimimetic NPS-R568 accelerated wound re-epithelialization through enhancing the epidermal Ca2+i signals and E-cadherin membrane expression. These findings demonstrated a critical role for the CaSR in epidermal regeneration and its therapeutic potential for improving skin wound repair.
The Social and Sexual Networks of Black Transgender Women and Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: Results from a Representative Sample.

Background: Little research has evaluated the social and sexual network-related health outcomes of young black transgender women (TGW) or compared these outcomes with those of black men who have sex with men (MSM). Social network analysis offers one potent means of understanding the dynamics driving the broad spectrum of adverse outcomes experienced by these subgroups. Methods: We examined the social and sexual health network traits of 618 black individuals assigned male at birth who have sex with men, 47 (7.6%) of whom identified as TGW. Using respondent-driven sampling, data collection occurred over three waves between 2013 and 2016, in Chicago, Illinois. Univariate, logistic regression, and confidant and sexual network analyses were conducted to characterize dynamic network features. Results: TGW's mean age was 22.1 (standard deviation ±2.6). TGW's sexual networks were significantly less stable (stability ratio of 0.175 vs. 0.278 among MSM, p=0.03) and had greater network turnover (turnover ratio of 0.825 vs. 0.735, p=0.04). TGW also had significantly more sex partners (7.6 vs. 4.0, p=0.0002) and exchange sex (odds ratio=2.97; 95% confidence interval: 1.66-5.32, p<0.001), lower rates of employment (39.6% vs. 71.1%, p<0.001), and more reported an income <$20,000 (93.5% vs. 80.8%, p=0.029). Within confidant networks, TGW had a borderline significantly higher network turnover ratio (0.703 vs. 0.625, p=0.06). Furthermore, both TGW and MSM had high, but similar, HIV rates (42.3% vs. 30.6%, respectively; p=0.17). There were no significant structural network differences vis-a-vis mean degree (p=0.46), betweenness centrality (p=0.40), closeness centrality (p=0.18), or average shortest path length (borderline statistically significant at p=0.06). Conclusion: Using data from a representative sample of younger black individuals, we observed black TGW have less sexual network stability in contrast to black MSM but comparable structural network features. We further observed that both groups, and black TGW especially, possess considerable system-level, socioeconomic, and sexual health burdens.
Accuracy of gene expression prediction from genotype data with PrediXcan varies across diverse populations

Predicting gene expression with genetic data has garnered significant attention in recent years. PrediXcan is one of the most widely used gene-based association methods for testing imputed gene expression values with a phenotype due to the invaluable insight the method has shown into the relationship between complex traits and the component of gene expression that can be attributed to genetic variation. The prediction models for PrediXcan, however, were obtained using supervised machine learning methods and training data from the Depression and Gene Network (DGN) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data, where the majority of subjects are of European descent. Many genetic studies, however, include samples from multi-ethnic populations, and in this paper we assess the accuracy of gene expression predictions with PrediXcan in diverse populations. Using transcriptomic data from the GEUVADIS (Genetic European Variation in Health and Disease) RNA sequencing project and whole genome sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes project, we evaluate and compare the predictive performance of PrediXcan in an African population (Yoruban) and four European populations. Prediction results are obtained using a range of models from PrediXcan weight databases, and Pearson's correlation coefficient is used to measure prediction accuracy. We demonstrate that the predictive performance of PrediXcan varies across populations (F-test p-value <0.001), where prediction accuracy is the worst in the Yoruban sample compared to European samples. Moreover, the performance of PrediXcan varies not only among distant populations, but also among closely related populations as well. We also find that the qualitative performance of PrediXcan for the populations considered is consistent across all weight databases used.
Local characterization of invariant sets of an autonomous differential inclusion. Boundary of unstable manifolds

An application in robotics motivates us to characterize the evolution of a subset in state space due to a compact neighborhood of an arbitrary dynamical system—an instance of a differential inclusion. Earlier results of Blagodat·skikh and Filippov (1986) and Butkovskii (1982) characterize the boundary of theattainable set and theforward projection operator of a state. Our first result is a local characterization of the boundary of the forward projection ofa compact regular subset of the state space.
A Vibrational Analysis of Au Implanted Al2O3 Single Crystals: Ion and Thermal Annealing Effects

The implantation of Au into Al2O3 leads to disruption of the crystal order producing an amorphous layer. Annealing the implanted crystals at 1373 K restores the crystallinity and also imparts a purple color to the implanted layer which is attributed to a surface plasmon resulting from the formation of Au colloids.
High-Speed Blood Flow Imaging with Scanless Confocal Microscope

We have developed a scanless confocal microscope and demonstrated high-speed cellular imaging of the human skin in vivo. Using the high imaging speed of 203 frames/sec, rapid blood flow was well visualized.
Using Video-Assisted Laryngoscope (GlideScope®) to Insert a Nasogastric Tube and Prevent Pneumothorax From Incorrectly Inserted Nasogastric Tubes

When indicated, nasogastric tubes (NGT) are often inserted blindly, and the positioning is later confirmed using a chest X-ray (CX-ray). This case describes the blind insertion of an NGT in an 85-year-old nonverbal woman with advanced dementia who developed a pneumothorax (PTX) following NGT insertion. The patient had sepsis due to pneumonia and an infected decubitus ulcer. Because the patient had difficulty swallowing, NGT insertion was blindly performed by a house staff resident, and the tube entered the left lung. A portable bedside CX-ray was performed post-insertion and confirmed that the NGT was in the left lung, with left-sided PTX. An immediate CT of the chest revealed a partial collapse of the left lung. The patient was placed on a nonrebreather mask with 80% oxygen, and immediate insertion of a chest tube (12 Fr catheter) resulted in a subcomplete resolution of the PTX on the left side, with remaining apical PTX. Because an NGT was still required to feed the patient, we used a video-assisted laryngoscope (VAL) to assist with the insertion of the NGT the second time and prevent insertion in the incorrect location. We encourage physicians to consider the insertion of NGT under direct observation using VAL.
Outcomes of chimney and fenestrated endografting using Viabahn VBX and atrium iCAST stents.

Background The Atrium iCAST balloon expandable stent is the traditional choice of stent for chimney and fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (ChEVAR and FEVAR respectively). Due to the iCAST's lack of flexibility, the Gore Viabahn balloon-expandable stent (VBX; W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Newark, DE, USA) has arisen as a flexible alternative for parallel or branch graft placement during complex EVAR. Our purpose was to analyze patients' outcomes after undergoing ChEVAR or FEVAR using VBX or iCAST stents with the major outcome of assessing stent graft patency. The secondary outcome was residual aneurysm sac behavior. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who were treated by ChEVAR or FEVAR with placement of iCAST or VBX stents from July 2012 to August 2018. Patients received follow-up CT scan and/or aortic duplex imaging. Results We examined 53 cases (70% ChEVAR and 30% FEVAR) with 15.6 months (0-76.5 months) mean follow-up period. Placement of stents included renal (65 iCAST and 38 VBX), superior mesenteric (12 iCAST and 13 VBX), celiac (4 iCAST and 5 VBX), and iliac arteries (1 iCAST and 5 VBX). A total of 143 stents (57% iCAST and 43% VBX) were successfully deployed with 100% initial patency. Follow-up patency was similar for both stent types (100% VBX vs 98.7% iCAST). VBX and iCAST had the same follow-up Type 1a endoleak occurrence (9%). Average aneurysm sac sizes for iCAST decreased more than VBX (9% iCAST and 4% VBX, P=0.21), however, the iCAST group had longer follow-up. Conclusions Our experience demonstrates that the use of VBX stents for ChEVAR and FEVAR is a safe and effective alternative to iCAST stents with excellent mid-term patency without a negative impact on endoleak frequency.
The accuracy of interrater reliability estimates found using a subset of the total data sample: A bootstrap analysis:

Interrater reliability (IRR) assesses the stability of a coding protocol over time and across coders. For practical reasons, it is often difficult to assess IRR for an entire dataset, so researcher...
Ozone sensitivity of diverse maize genotypes is associated with differences in gene regulation, not gene content

Abstract The maize pangenome has demonstrate large amounts of presence/absence variation and it has been hypothesized that presence/absence variation contributes to stress response. To uncover whether the observed genetic variation in physiological response to elevated ozone (a secondary air pollutant that causes significant crop yield losses) concentration is due to variation in genic content, and/or variation in gene expression, we examine the impact of sustained elevated ozone concentration on the leaf tissue from 5 diverse maize inbred genotypes (B73, Mo17, Hp301, C123, NC338). Analysis of long reads from the transcriptomes of the 10 conditions found expressed genes in the leaf are part of the shared genome, with 94.5% of expressed genes from syntenic loci. Quantitative analysis of short reads from 120 plants (twelve from each condition) found limited transcriptional response to sustained ozone stress in the ozone resistant B73 genotype (151 genes), while more than 3,300 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the more sensitive NC338 genotype. The genes underpinning the divergence of B73 from the other 4 genotypes implicates ethylene signaling consistent with some findings in Arabidopsis. For the 82 of the 83 genes differentially expressed among all 5 genotypes and the 788 of 789 genes differentially expressed in 4 genotypes (excluding B73) in sensitivity to ozone is associated with oxidative stress tolerance being associated with a weaker response to a reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal and suggests that genetic variation in downstream processes is key to ozone tolerance.
Genetic Referral Patterns and Responses to Clinical Scenarios: A Survey of Primary Care Providers and Clinical Geneticists.

Introduction:Primary care physicians (PCPs) are considered the gatekeepers of genetic services, but they often underutilize or inappropriately utilize such services, leading to lack of early treatm...
Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells toward Skeletal Myogenic Progenitors and Their Purification Using Surface Markers.

Advancements in reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided a strong framework for in vitro disease modeling, gene correction and stem cell-based regenerative medicine. In cases of skeletal muscle disorders, iPSCs can be used for the generation of skeletal muscle progenitors to study disease mechanisms, or implementation for the treatment of muscle disorders. We have recently developed an improved directed differentiation method for the derivation of skeletal myogenic progenitors from hiPSCs. This method allows for a short-term (2 weeks) and efficient skeletal myogenic induction (45–65% of the cells) in human pluripotent stem cells (ESCs/iPSCs) using small molecules to induce mesoderm and subsequently myotomal progenitors, without the need for any gene integration or modification. After initial differentiation, skeletal myogenic progenitors can be purified from unwanted cells using surface markers (CD10+CD24−). These myogenic progenitors have been extensively characterized using in vitro gene expression/differentiation profiling as well as in vivo engraftment studies in dystrophic (mdx) and muscle injury (VML) rodent models and have been proven to be able to engraft and form mature myofibers as well as seeding muscle stem cells. The current protocol describes a detailed, step-by-step guide for this method and outlines important experimental details and troubleshooting points for its application in any human pluripotent stem cells.
Idioms of Self Interest: Credit, Identity, and Property in English Renaissance Literature

Acknowledgments A Note on Texts 1. Introduction 2. Economies of Obligation in Eastward Ho! 3. Utopias of Paternalism: Timon of Athens and the New Atlantis 4. The Genre of Self-Interest in the Poetry of Isabella Whitney and Aemilia Lanyer 5. My Bloody Creditor: The Merchant of Venice and the Lexicon of Credit 6. Conclusion Notes. Select Bibliography. Index
Mutational Status of Ig VH Genes Provides Clinically Valuable Information in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

T HERE IS AN EMERGING consensus that, although death rates due to leukemias have dramatically fallen over the past 30 years, the opposite seems true for the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, particularly the B-cell lymphomas. With more than 35,000 cases per year in the United States, lymphomas take a
Suppressed T-Cell Receptor ζ Chain Expression and Cytokine Production in Pancreatic Cancer Patients

Suppression of various functions of T cells derived from cancer patients has been linked previously to changes in the T-cell receptor (TCR)-associated signal transduction molecules, in particular the ζ chain of the TCR complex. In this study, we have examined the TCRζ chain expression and cytokine production in vivo and in vitro in T cells of patients with metastatic adenocarcinomas of the pancreas that participated in a Phase I clinical trial of the MUC1 peptide plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin cancer vaccine. A majority of the patients had reduced TCRζ chain expression and interleukin 4 production by T cells, and all of the patients showed decreased production of IFN- γ of their peripheral T cells when compared with healthy individuals. Peripheral blood T cells were activated with the phorbol ester phorbol myrisate acetate and ionomycin to show that although aberrant TCRζ chain expression and decreased cytokine production were often correlated, the reduced cytokine production was not simply a consequence of an impaired TCRζ chain expression. Rather, these are two separate but parallel defects in signal transduction in T cells, which are potentially modulated by the same mechanisms. Half of the patients showed an improvement for TCRζ chain or IFN- γ expression after vaccination.
Responses of mud snails and periwinkles to environmental odors and disaccharide mimics of fish odor

Estuarine snails, periwinkles (Littoraria irorata), and mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta) were tested for behavioral responses to aqueous extracts of tissue macerates, odors of living intact organisms, and to disaccharides derived from heparin. Extracts included salt-marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), crushed periwinkles, and crushed mud snails. Odors included live periwinkles, mud snails, stone crab (Menippe mercenaria), striped hermit crab (Clibanarius vittatus), tulip snail (Fasciolaria hunteria), and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Responses were determined upon contact by snails of a ring of solution in the bottom of an otherwise dry bowl and by presenting snails in seawater with 25 μl of solution on a cotton swab. In each test, the response of 30 individuals was determined. Behaviors were recorded as fed, alarm, and no response. The strongest alarm response (>80% of all snails tested) in both snails was elicited by crushed mud snails. The strongest feeding response was to shrimp and periwinkle extract for mud snails (>70%), and salt-marsh cordgrass extract attracted periwinkles. High percentages of mud snails and periwinkles fled in response to the odors of intact snail predators, stone crabs, tulip snails, and mummichogs. Mud snails and periwinkles did not flee in response to nonpredator odors, including each other's odor, as well as that of hermit crabs, shrimp, and marsh cordgrass. Heparin disaccharides were tested because other studies reported that biological activity of predatory fish odor is due to similar disaccharides originating from fish mucus. Mud snail responses to disaccharides indicate that they respond to the same kinds of molecules as crustacean larvae and that the modified amine on the disaccharide is essential for activity. The Q-tip assay is appropriate for bioassay-directed purification of alarm signals originating in fish body odor.
EXPLORATIONS IN RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION. I. THE COLLAR AND CONFORMITY.

Abstract Perceptual modification issuing from applications by a religious authority surrogate (AS) or a “neutral” other (NO) of conformity pressure in severe-mild or mild-severe sequences upon members perceptions of non-ambiguous visual stimuli was studied in terms of adherence to experimentally offered norms (norm adherence) in the presence of conformity pressure and subsequent interiorization of norms in absence of conformity pressure. Predictors were levels of conformity predisposition. Conclusions reached were that (1) norm adherence is a function of sequence of conformity pressure applied by AS, (2) norm interiorization is a function of interaction between conformity predisposition and conformity pressure applied by AS, regardless of sequence, (3) interaction between conformity pressure applied by AS and conformity predisposition is cumulative, and (4) the NO significantly influences neither norm adherence nor norm interiorization.
A deformation-formulated micromechanics model of the effective Young's modulus and strength of laminated composites containing local ply curvature

A mathematical model based on the Euler-Bermoulli beam theory is proposed for predicting the effective Young's moduli of piecewise isotropic composite laminates with local ply curvatures in the main load-carrying layers. Strains in corrugated layers, in-phase layers, and out-of-phase layers are predicted for various geometries and material configurations by assuming matrix layers as elastic foundations of different spring constants. The effective Young's moduli measured from corrugated aluminum specimens and aluminum/epoxy specimens with in-phase and out-of-phase wavy patterns coincide very well with the model predictions. Moire fringe analysis of an in-phase specimen and an out-of-phase specimen are also presented, confirming the main assumption of the model related to the elastic constraint due to the matrix layers. The present model is also compared with the experimental results and other models, including the microbuckling models, published in the literature. The results of the present study show that even a very small-scale local ply curvature produces a noticeable effect on the mechanical constitutive behavior of a laminated composite.
Placing the History of Oncofertility

On Fertile Hope’s website, Cathy, who at 35 was diagnosed with cervical cancer, shared her feelings and thoughts about her double diagnosis of cancer and infertility. At the time of her cancer diagnosis, Cathy had been married for 3 years and she and her husband had been trying to conceive for 2 years. Following their first attempt using Clomid and insemination, Cathy got pregnant with twins. Their joy abruptly ended, however, when 4 months into her pregnancy Cathy learned she had cervical cancer; her oncologist recommended an immediate hysterectomy.
Theory of inducing electron spin coherence without spin precession in GaAs quantum well waveguides

We present a theory for a differential transmission experiment that generated electron spin coherence in quantum well waveguides without DC magnetic fields. We show how optical selection rules explain the spin coherence's creation and detection.
Confronting Deep Uncertainties in Risk Analysis

How can risk analysts help to improve policy and decision making when the correct probabilistic relation between alternative acts and their probable consequences is unknown? This practical challenge of risk management with model uncertainty arises in problems from preparing for climate change to managing emerging diseases to operating complex and hazardous facilities safely. We review constructive methods for robust and adaptive risk analysis under deep uncertainty. These methods are not yet as familiar to many risk analysts as older statistical and model-based methods, such as the paradigm of identifying a single “best-fitting” model and performing sensitivity analyses for its conclusions. They provide genuine breakthroughs for improving predictions and decisions when the correct model is highly uncertain. We demonstrate their potential by summarizing a variety of practical risk management applications.
Screening of Sera for Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Antigens by Radial Immunodiffusion

Radial immunodiffusion procedures have been developed for testing bovine sera for the presence of antibody activity against three foot-and-mouth disease virus types and a virus infection-associated antigen. Reactions with virus antigens were obtained as early as 4 days after infection, and the virus type causing the response was identified. The procedure had the advantages of great sensitivity for the detection of antibody and the ease with which antibodies to a variety of antigens could be detected.
Length of Life Span as a Factor in Regulating Populations

For a number of years the writer and students working in his laboratory have been studying some of the problems relating to the length of the life span for some of the common animals of the local fauna. In a number of instances, it has been observed that there are rather rigidly imposed limits to the normal length of life. The first species studied in this series of investigations was the blunt-nosed minnow (Hyborhynchus notatus). Within this species, males normally live to the age of approximately three years though the females are limited to about two years (Van Cleave and Markus, '29). Further studies, carried out more recently, on various invertebrates have demonstrated spcific limits to the normal length of life for a number of species. There is no constant relation of the sexes in regard to relative length of life nor is there necessary agreement between species of closely related genera. In natural habitats adverse external conditions may result in accidental death of many individuals and thus obscure the facts relative to the presence of natural limitations of the life span. The present paper sets forth a comparison of two habitats for the same species of snail, in one of which ' natural death' is obscured when the population is analyzed because ' accidental death' is of such frequent occurrence. Many of the treatises dealing with the regulation of numbers of individuals in populations in nature give the impression that conditions external to the organism establish the chief checks limiting numbers (Elton, '27, Chap. VIII). Climatic factors, relations in food chains, and epidemics are often more strongly emphasized than rate of reproduction, change in habits, length of life span, and other factors determined either by heredity or by physiological processes of the individual. Many writers have dealt primarily with organisms having either very brief or indefinite life duration. In instances where the individual life span is less than one year, its limitations are often readily correlated with and interpreted in terms of seasonal or climatic periodicity. A span extending over a series of years is not subject to such obvious periodicity correlated with seasonal changes and hence seems most readily interpretable as terminated by unspecified environm-nental factors when the true cause of death is unknown. Recently, the attention of the writer has been directed to instances of what seem to be definite physiological limitations of life span covering more
Early Increase in Choline Kinase Activity upon Induction of the H-rasOncogene in Mouse Fibroblast Cell Lines

Abstract The effects of expression of the H-rasoncogene on phosphatidylcholine metabolism were examined in C3H10T1/2 and NIH3T3 cells expressing ras constitutively or under the control of inducible promoters. Cell lines expressing ras under the control of the mouse metallothionein promoter and the Escherichia coli lac operator/repressor system and an NIH3T3 cell line stably transfected with the ras oncogene were studied. Phosphocholine levels were elevated in the cells constitutively expressing ras and were increased 4–6 h upon induction in the inducible cell lines. Glycerophosphocholine, which is elevated five- to sixfold in constitutively transfected ras cells, did not increase at early times of induction, suggesting the absence of increased phosphatidylcholine degradation via a phospholipase A. Choline kinase activity increased within 4–6 h upon induction and correlated well with the increase in phosphocholine levels. This increase in phosphocholine levels chould be prevented by the addition of hemicholinium-3, a competitive inhibitor of choline kinase. Expression of activated c-raf or v-raf also increased choline kinase activity, suggesting that the induction of choline kinase by ras is downstream of the ras/raf interaction. Long-term and short-term labeling experiments failed to detect evidence for increased phospholipase C activity. These results suggest that the increase in choline kinase activity observed in cells expressing ras is an early, integral part of ras transformation and is the main contributor to increased phosphocholine levels accompanying morphological changes.
Dopamine D2 receptors mediate reversal learning in male C57BL/6J mice.

Dopamine is critical for directing goal-oriented behavior. We investigated dopamine D2 receptor involvement in reversal learning and reinforcement efficacy in mice lacking functional dopamine D2 receptors and their heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Mice discriminated between two odors to receive a food reinforcer: One odor signaled a reinforcer (S+); the other odor signaled no reinforcer (S−). After mice learned the S+/S− relationship, we inverted the reinforcement contingencies. The necessary number of trials to relearn the new reinforcement contingencies served as our index of reversal learning. Mice lacking functional dopamine D2 receptors repeatedly failed to inhibit previously reinforced responses during reversal trials. In a separate experiment, mice responded for reinforcers on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Mice lacking functional dopamine D2 receptors earned significantly fewer reinforcers than did heterozygous mice. Our results suggest that dopamine D2 receptors regulate reversal learning and influence the reinforcing efficacy of natural rewards.
On the ground state energy of a two-dimensional electron fluid

A new theory of the ground state energy of a two-dimensional electron fluid is presented. It is shown that the ring diagram contribution changes its analytical behavior atr s =21/2, wherer s is the usual density parameter defined by rS = 1/a 0(π n)1/2,a 0 being the Bohr radius andn is the electron density. For smallr s , a high density series is obtained in agreement with the previous calculation. For larger s , a hitherto unknown low density series is obtained. In the low density region, the first order exchange energy is completely cancelled out by a term from the ring contribution so that the ground state energy decreases in proportion tor −2/3 , followed byr /−4/3 and higher order terms. The energy is found to be minimum atr s=1.4757, the minimum value being −0.481915 Rydbergs.
Polycations. 5. Inducement of Ψ-DNA Circular Dichroism Signals for Duplex Deoxyribonucleotide Homopolymers by Polycationic Strings☆☆☆

Abstract Atypical circular dichroism intensity enhancements previously associated with Ψ-DNA condensates are reported for poly(dG–dC):poly(dG–dC) and poly(dA–dT):poly(dA–dT) upon addition to them of a polycationic string salt. Polycationic strings are organic species incorporating several cationic sites in a linear array through the molecule. The effect observed herein with a small molecule model system holds promise for elucidation of the structural details associated with Ψ-DNA condensate formation.
NBS 45°/Normal Reflectometer for Absolute Reflectance Factors

A 45°/normal reflectometer has been constructed and tested for calibrating the absolute reflectance factor of diffuse samples over the 380-770 nm spectral range using polarized radiation. The measurement equations have been derived for the method used. The method using a step-down technique and view factor calls for the measurements of the ratio of two fluxes and, in addition, some linear dimensions. The uniformity of the receiver system is achieved by means of a double-sphere signal averager. Uncertainties of the absolute-reflectance-factor measurements obtained with this system are estimated to be ±0.3% of the measured value. For all the samples that have been tested, the 45°/normal reflectance factor was found to be higher than the 6°/hemispherical reflectance factor. The higher reflectance values for 45°/normal geometry were confirmed by additional gonioreflectometer measurements.