cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad Text-Book of Geology

II. We now come to consider the quality of the matter contained in the volume, the discrimination exercised in its selection, the validity of the theories presented, and the fidelity with which the science is portrayed. It is the function of a text-book to exhibit to the student an impartial and symmetric outline of the science. Its author is under obligation to present the views which are generally entertained by the great body of geologists, carefully withholding those which are peculiar to himself. From the great mass of available matter he must select that which will afford a well-balanced and comprehensive review, and he must sedulously avoid giving undue prominence to those matters which have special interest to himself by reason of his individual studies. In the work before us this has been accomplished in a manner which may truly excite admiration. Although the author is an original investigator in several departments of the science he delineates, he has permitted his own predilections to give little if any additional prominence to his special topics, and the wisdom he has displayed in the selection of material and the balancing of parts will commend itself to all professional readers. Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad. By Archibald Geikie, LL.D., F.R.S. With Illustrations. (London and New York: Macmillan and Co., 1882.) Text-Book of Geology. By Archibald Geikie, LL.D., F.R.S. With Illustrations. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1882.)
2,4-Dienoyl-CoA Reductase from Escherichia coli Is a Novel Iron–Sulfur Flavoprotein That Functions in Fatty Acid β-Oxidation

2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase is an enzyme that is required for the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with even-numbered double bonds. The 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from Escherichia coli was studied to explore the catalytic and structural properties that distinguish this enzyme from the corresponding eukaryotic reductases. The E. coli reductase was found to contain 1 mol of flavin mononucleotide and 4 mol each of acid-labile iron and sulfur in addition to 1 mol of flavin adenine dinucleotide per mole of protein. Redox titrations revealed a requirement for 5 mol of electrons to completely reduce 1 mol of enzyme and provided evidence for the formation of a red semiquinone intermediate. The reductase caused a significant polarization of the substrate carbonyl group as indicated by an enzyme-induced red shift of 38 nm in the spectrum of 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA. However, suspected cis → trans isomerase and Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities were not detected in this enzyme. It is concluded that the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases from E. coli and eukaryotic organisms are structurally and mechanistically unrelated enzymes that catalyze the same type of reaction with similar efficiencies.
Acyclic colorings of subcubic graphs

It is known that the acyclic chromatic number of a subcubic graph is at most four, and its acyclic edge chromatic number is at most five. We present algorithms that prove these two facts. Let n be the number of vertices of a graph, Our first algorithm takes O(n) time and uses four colors to properly color the vertices of any subcubic graph so that there is no 2-colored cycle. Our second algorithm takes O(n) time and uses five colors to properly color the edges of any subcubic graph so that there is no 2-colored cycle. Both are the first linear-time algorithms for the problems they solve.
1002-83 In Utero Pulmonary Outflow Obstruction: Natural History and Predictors of Postnatal Severity

We reviewed prenatal and postnatal echocardiograms of fetuses with pulmonary stenosis (PS, n = 14) and pulmonary atresia (PAtr, n = 5), to elucidate the antenatal natural history of PS and PAtr and identify predictors of severe postnatal disease. Fifteen were serially studied in utero (age at first study 24 ± 4wks). Fetuses with PS were divided into severe and mild groups according to whether they were (9) or were not (4) ductus-dependent at birth, respectively. Measurements of RV short and long-axis, tricuspid valve, main and branch pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary valve dimensions were converted to Z-scores based on age-adjusted normal fetal data. At the initial exam, main and branch PA and pulmonary valve Z-scores were larger in fetuses with mild PS than in those with severe PS or PAtr (p ≤ 0.01). On serial followup, however, growth rates of right heart structures did not differ for mild PS versus severe PS and PAtr groups. Ductal flow in utero was antegrade in systole in all with mild PS, but was either bidirectional (5 severe PS) or retrograde only (4 severe PS, all PAtr) in the severe PS and PAtr groups. Initial RV outflow gradients by Doppler did not differ between the mild and severe PS groups with antegrade PA flow (mean 26 ± 12 mmHg). Pulmonary insufficiency was a consistent feature in fetuses with mild PS, but was not present in the severe PS or PAtr groups. By color Doppler, 3/4 with mild PS had mild tricuspid regurgitation, whereas mild or moderate tricuspid regurgitation was found in 9/9 with severe PS and 4/5 with PAtr. When severe PS and PAtr groups were compared, there was no significant difference in initial Z-scores or growth rates of right heart structures between the groups. Tricuspid regurgitation severity and initial RV pressure by the tricuspid regurgitation jet (mean 71 ± 21 mmHg) also did not differ between the severe PS and PAtr groups. On serial followup in 6/8 with severe RV outflow obstruction (1 PAtr, 7 severe PS), the RV pressure increased by 18–47 mmHg. In 3/6 serially studied fetuses with antegrade PA flow (2 severe PS, 1 mild PS), the RV outflow gradient increased later in gestation. There was no change in the severity of tricuspid or pulmonary regurgitation during followup in any fetus. The severity of PS may be differentiated in utero by the direction of ductal flow, the presence of pulmonary insufficiency, severity of tricuspid insufficiency and the size of the pulmonary valve and PAs. In the absence of antegrade PA flow, severe PS may be difficult to distinguish from PAtr antenatally.
Hopping transport in systems of finite thickness or length

Variable-range hopping transport along short one-dimensional wires and across the shortest dimension of thin three-dimensional films and narrow two-dimensional ribbons is studied theoretically. Geometric and transport characteristics of the hopping resistor network are shown to depend on temperature $T$ and the dimensionality of the system. In two and three dimensions, the usual Mott law applies at high $T$ where the correlation length of the network is smaller than the sample thickness. As $T$ decreases, the network breaks into sparse filamentary paths while the Mott law changes to a different $T$ dependence, which is derived using the percolation theory methods. In one dimension, deviations from the Mott law are known to exist at all temperatures because of rare fluctuations. The evolution of such fluctuations from highly resistive ``breaks'' at high $T$ to highly conducting ``shorts'' at low $T$ is elucidated.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase genes from Sf9 cells

Abstract Sf9, a cell line derived from the lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera frugiperda, is widely used as a host for recombinant glycoprotein expression and purification by baculovirus vectors. Previous studies have shown that this cell line has one or more β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities that may be involved in the degradation and/or processing of N-glycoprotein glycans. However, these enzymes and their functions remain poorly characterized. Therefore, the goal of this study was to isolate β-N-acetylglucosaminidase genes from Sf9 cells, over-express the gene products, and characterize their enzymatic activities. A degenerate PCR approach yielded three Sf9 cDNAs, which appeared to encode two distinct β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, according to bioinformatic analyses. Baculovirus-mediated expression of these two cDNA products induced membrane-associated β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities in Sf9 cells, which cleaved terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues from the α-3 and -6 branches of a biantennary N-glycan substrate with acidic pH optima and completely hydrolyzed chitotriose to its constituent N-acetylglucosamine monomers. GFP-tagged forms of both enzymes exhibited punctate cytoplasmic fluorescence, which did not overlap with either lysosomal or Golgi-specific dyes. Together, these results indicated that the two new Sf9 genes identified in this study encode broad-spectrum β-N-acetylglucosaminidases that appear to have unusual intracellular distributions. Their relative lack of substrate specificity and acidic pH optima are consistent with a functional role for these enzymes in glycoprotein glycan and chitin degradation, but not with a role in N-glycoprotein glycan processing.
Growth and physical properties of single crystals of FeII2MoIV3O8

Abstract Crystals of hexagonal Fe2Mo3O8 up to 3 × 3 × 2 mm were grown by chemical vapor transport from a starting mixture of composition Fe2MoO4. The morphology is {101}, { 10 2 }, {110}, { 00 2 }, {100} and corresponds to the absolute orientation of the polar z axis. Both magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity show considerable anisotropy. The compound orders antiferromagnetically at 59.5 K, with the spin along c. It is a low-conductivity semiconductor with activation energies 0.14 and 0.21 eV perpendicular and parallel to c, respectively.
TRALI--definition, mechanisms, incidence and clinical relevance.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is defined as new acute lung injury (ALI) that occurs during or within six hours of transfusion, not explained by another ALI risk factor. Transfusion of part of one unit of any blood product can cause TRALI. The mechanism may include factors in unit(s) of blood, such as antibody and biologic response modifiers. In addition, yet to be described factors in a patient's illness may predispose to the condition. The current incidence is estimated to be 1 in 5,000 units. Patients present with acute dyspnea, or froth in the endotracheal tube in intubated patients. Hypertension, hypotension, acute leukopenia have been described. Management is similar to that for ALI and is predominantly supportive. When TRALI is suspected, Blood banks should be notified to quarantine other components from the same donation. No special blood product is required for subsequent transfusion of a patient who has developed TRALI.
Homology modeling of four Y-family, lesion-bypass DNA polymerases: The case that E. coli Pol IV and human Pol κ are orthologs, and E. coli Pol V and human Pol η are orthologs

Abstract Y-family DNA polymerases (DNAPs) are a superfamily of evolutionarily related proteins that exist in cells to bypass DNA damage caused by both radiation and chemicals. Cells have multiple Y-family DNAPs, presumably to conduct translesion synthesis (TLS) on DNA lesions of varying structure and conformation. The potent, ubiquitous environmental mutagen/carcinogen benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P) induces all classes of mutations with G → T base substitutions predominating. We recently showed that a G → T mutagenesis pathway for the major adduct of B[ a ]P ([+ta]-B[ a ]P-N 2 -dG) in Escherichia coli depends on Y-family member DNAP V. Since no X-ray crystal study for DNAP V has been reported, no structure is available to help in understanding the structural basis for dATP insertion associated with G → T mutations from [+ta]-B[ a ]P-N 2 -dG. Herein, we do homology modeling to construct a model for UmuC, which is the polymerase subunit of DNAP V. The sequences of eight Y-family DNAPs were aligned based on the positioning of conserved amino acids and an analysis of conserved predicted secondary structure, as well as insights gained from published X-ray structures of five Y-family members. Starting coordinates for UmuC were generated from the backbone coordinates for the Y-family polymerase Dpo4 for reasons discussed, and were refined using molecular dynamics with CHARMM 27. A survey of the literature revealed that E. coli DNAP V and human DNAP η show a similar pattern of dNTP insertion opposite a variety of DNA lesions. Furthermore, E. coli DNAP IV and human DNAP κ show a similar dNTP insertional pattern with these same DNA lesions, although the insertional pattern for DNAP IV/κ differs from the pattern for DNAPs V/η. These comparisons prompted us to construct and refine models for E. coli DNAP IV and human DNAPs η and κ as well. The dNTP/template binding pocket of all four DNAPs was inspected, focusing on the array of seven amino acids that contact the base of the incoming dNTP, as well as the template base. DNAPs V and η show similarities in this array, and DNAPs IV and κ also show similarities, although the arrays are different for the two pairs of DNAPs. Thus, there is a correlation between structural similarities and insertional similarities for the pairs DNAPs V/η and DNAPs IV/κ. Although the significance of this correlation remains to be elucidated, these observations point the way for future experimental studies.
An Improved Technique for Estimating Permeability, Fracture Length, and Fracture Conductivity From Pressure-Buildup Tests in Low-Permeability Gas Wells

Long hydraulic fractures are usually required to optimize recovery from low-permeability gas reservoirs. Since these fractures can be quite expensive to create and since there is still a great deal of ''art'' associated with fracture design and creation, it is frequently helpful to use pressure-transient tests to determine created fracture properties. In this way, optimal fracture treatments can be developed for a given area. The specific task of the engineer is to estimate propped fracture length and effective fracture conductivity for treatments in a given geological formation. If the reasons for success or failure of previous fracture treatments can be determined, the engineer can then do a better job in the future when designing fracture treatments for the same area. There are currently four basic techniques used to analyze postfracture pressure-transient tests: (1) semilog (pseudoradial flow) analysis, (2) square-root-of-time (linear flow) analysis, (3) type-curve analysis, and (4) reservoir simulator history matching. No existing technique is without problems or possible ambiguity in some applications; thus, there is a need for still other techniques that may succeed in some situations for which existing techniques are inadequate. The purpose of this paper is to introduce such a new technique for analyzing postfracture pressure-buildupmore » tests. This technique can be particularly helpful when analyzing data from wells in which a finite-conductivity fracture has been created.« less
Gastrointestinal adverse effects of bisphosphonates: etiology, incidence and prevention.

The bisphosphonate class of drugs are now utilized extensively in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis and Paget’s disease. Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects, especially those associated with esophageal injury, have been of increasing concern to clinicians. Studies in humans and animals have shown that the mucosal erosion and ulceration seen with bisphosphonates is a result of direct contact with these agents. Numerous endoscopic studies in healthy volunteers and postmenopausal women have also demonstrated the potential of bisphosphonates to cause stomach and duodenal ulcers. However, serious GI adverse events have not been noted in several large efficacy trials. Esophageal injury has for the most part been avoided by appropriate administration instructions, and gastroduodenal injury appears to be an acute phenomenon not associated with significant complications, except in certain high-risk situations, for example in the presence of existing distal esophageal disease or motility disorders, or with concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or anticoagulants. From the standpoint of GI safety, the bisphosphonates are well tolerated and not associated with serious adverse events.
Coastal Movements of Adult Fraser River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Observed by Ultrasonic Tracking

Abstract Forty-three adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fitted with ultrasonic transmitters were tracked in coastal waters near the Fraser River in July and August, 1967 and 1968. Movement patterns of individual fish were unpredictable. Some moved actively in appropriate directions, some drifted passively, still others travelled southward away from their presnmed destination. Fish released in pairs did not travel along similar paths. Active fish moved generally northward toward the Fraser River, keeping away from shore and following axes of tidal currents. There was little straying into bays and channnels with slow currents. Some fish remained active both during the day and at night, while others became inactive after sunset or when the sun was not visible behind clouds. Average ground speed was about 1 body length/s (61 cm/s). Orientation to geoelectric fields is postulated, along with a compass-related orientation northward.
VESPA: software to facilitate genomic annotation of prokaryotic organisms through integration of proteomic and transcriptomic data

Background The procedural aspects of genome sequencing and assembly have become relatively inexpensive, yet the full, accurate structural annotation of these genomes remains a challenge. Next-generation sequencing transcriptomics (RNA-Seq), global microarrays, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based proteomics have demonstrated immense value to genome curators as individual sources of information, however, integrating these data types to validate and improve structural annotation remains a major challenge. Current visual and statistical analytic tools are focused on a single data type, or existing software tools are retrofitted to analyze new data forms. We present Visual Exploration and Statistics to Promote Annotation (VESPA) is a new interactive visual analysis software tool focused on assisting scientists with the annotation of prokaryotic genomes though the integration of proteomics and transcriptomics data with current genome location coordinates.
A national profile of primary and secondary household caregivers: estimates from the 1992 and 1993 surveys on income and program participation.

According to the 1992 and 1993 Surveys of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), an estimated 4,538,000 adults in the U.S. serve as primary assistants for one or more household members with disab...
Mechanisms of cross-shelf transport of crab megalopae inferred from a time series of daily abundance

From 20 July 1982 to 19 July 1984, crab megalopae were trapped daily from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier. Pachygrapsus crassipes, Portunus xantusii, Cancer spp., Hemigrapsus spp., and Majid crab megalopae dominated the catch. Yearly, seasonal, and daily variations in the magnitude of the catch were observed. Yearly and seasonal variations were probably due to a strong El Nino event that occurred during the study and to the timing of spawning and duration of the larval phase, respectively. Daily variation was correlated with oceanographic processes that can transport larvae to shore. Catch of some taxon during some seasons correlated with wind stress suggesting that transport was wind driven. The correlations were, however, weak and the sign of the correlation varied between years. The maximum daily tidal range was significantly correlated (cross-correlations and cross Fourier analysis) to both daily seawater temperature anomalies (surface and bottom) and daily catch of crab megalopae in all taxa enumerated. Significant correlations between tidal range and temperature anomalies suggest that temperature anomalies were primarily due to the shoreward transport of warm and cold water by the internal tides. The consistent and relatively strong relationship between tidal range and catch of megalopae (the cross-Fourier analysis suggests that from 20 to >90% of the variation in catch can be attributed to variation in the tidal range) suggest that much of the shoreward transport of megalopae was via the internal tides. Shoreward transport of larvae by internal tides may be due to internal cold bores or convergences over large tidally generated internal waves (solitons). Peak catches of megalopae, however, were often not associated with cold anomalies suggesting that transport was due to moving convergences over internal waves.
Microfabrication techniques for integrated sensors and microsystems

Integrated sensors and actuators are rapidly evolving to provide an important link between very large scale integrated circuits and nonelectronic monitoring and control applications ranging from biomedicine to automated manufacturing. As they continue to expand, entire microsystems merging electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, magnetic, and perhaps chemical components should be possible on a common substrate.
Measuring age as a structural concept

Abstract Network analysis provides a useful guide for collapsing ostensibly non-network data into analytical categories. I illustrate the point here using a familiar variable, years of age. Viewed structurally, age is a network pattern characteristic of being a specific number of years old. So viewed, years of age can be collapsed into socially distinct age categories where each category is a status in the social structure of age in a study population. For illustration, I describe the structure of relations defining age statuses in the American population. Each status is a unique pattern of relations with kin of specific ages, spouses of specific ages, and friends and coworkers of specific ages. In the mid 1980s, Americans were distributed across nine age statuses; I children (ages 1–18), II students (19–24), III young adults (25–30), IV twilight youth (31–36), V middle-age adults (37–46), VI older adults (47–52), VII senior adults (53–60), VIII retiring adults (61–66), and IX the elderly (over 66). The most severe changes in 1985 were happening to Americans in their late 40s—born at the beginning of World War II and in transition from age status V to status VI. When observed in 1985, they were in the process of replacing their parents with their children as important discussion partners and learning to live with much greater age heterogeneity in their other contacts, both in their marriages and their friends and coworkers beyond the family. Women were about to leave their prominent position in heterosexual society defined by age status V and men were about to enter a menopausal period characteristic of status VI.
Dam-to-delta sediment inputs and storage in the lower trinity river, Texas

Livingston Dam on the Trinity River in SE Texas, USA disrupts the transport of sediment to the lower Trinity River and the Trinity Bay/Galveston Bay estuary. However, a sediment budget of the lower basin shows that the effects of this disruption are undetectable in the lower river. Sediment trapped in Lake Livingston is partly offset by channel erosion downstream of the dam and by inputs from the lower basin. Most importantly, however, the lower coastal plain reaches of the Trinity are characterized by extensive alluvial storage and are a bottleneck that buffers the bay from effects of upstream changes in sediment flux. Storage is so extensive that the upper Trinity basin and the lowermost river reaches were essentially decoupled (in the sense that very little upper-basin sediment reached the lower river) long before the dam was constructed. Whereas sediment storage in Lake Livingston is extensive, alluvial storage on the Trinity flood plain is even more extensive. Dam-related sediment starvation effects are noted for about 52 km downstream, and the sediment budget suggests that a majority of the sediment in this reach is likely derived from channel scour and bank erosion. The capacious alluvial storage in the lower Trinity not only limits flux to the bay, but the large amount of remobilizable alluvium also allows the system to adjust to localized sediment shortages, as illustrated in the dam-to-Romayor reach. Internal adjustments within the lower Trinity River valley thus buffer the bay from changes in sediment supply upstream.
Nanoparticle synthesis: Any way you want it

Unimolecular block copolymer micelles can be used as a template to synthesize nanoparticles with a diverse range of sizes, compositions and architectures.
Staking claims: a history of programming language design claims and evidence: a positional work in progress

While still a relatively young field, computer science has a vast body of knowledge in the domain of programming languages. When a new language is introduced, its designers make claims which distinguish their language from previous languages. However, it often feels like language designers do not feel a pressing need to back these claims with evidence beyond personal anecdotes. Peer reviewers are likely to agree.In this paper, we present preliminary work which revisits the history of such claims by examining a number of language design papers which span the history of programming language development. We focus on the issue of claim-evidence correspondence, or determining how often claims are or are not backed by evidence. These preliminary results confirm that unsupported claims have been around since the inception of higher level programming in the 1950s. We stake a position that this behavior is unacceptable for the health of the research community. We should be more aware of valiant and effective efforts for supplying evidence to support language design claims.
Heavy quark decomposition of the S matrix and its relation to the pinch technique.

We propose a decomposition of the {ital S} matrix into individually gauge invariant subamplitudes, which are kinematically akin to propagators, vertices, boxes, etc. This decompoosition is obtained by considering limits of the {ital S} matrix when some or all of the external particles have masses larger than any other physical scale. We show at the one-loop level that the effective gluon self-energy so defined is physically equivalent to the corresponding gauge-independent self-energy obtained in the framework of the pinch technique. The generalization of this procedure to arbitrary gluonic {ital n}-point functions is briefly discussed.
Initial and boundary conditions for equilibrium diffusion theory

Abstract The problem of specifying the initial and boundary temperatures to be used in conjunction with the equilibrium diffusion description of radiative transfer is considered. For this purpose, both an initial and a boundary layer problem arising from an asymptotic analysis of the equation of transfer are analyzed. The initial layer problem is very simple and leads to an exact algebraic result. The boundary layer problem is much more complex and is solved approximately by a variational procedure. Comparisons with exact results in a special simple case indicate that the variational estimate is very accurate for this special case. This allows one to conjecture that the variational result is probably sufficiently accurate in the general case for practical applications of the equilibrium diffusion description of radiative transfer.
EFFECTS OF GUAIACOL AND HEXYLRESORCINOL IN THE PRESENCE OF BARIUM AND CALCIUM.

Guaiacol was applied at two spots on the same cell of Nitella. At one spot it was dissolved in 0.01 M NaCl, at the other in 0.01 M CaCl(2) or BaCl(2). The effect was practically the same in all cases, i.e. a similar change of P.D. in a negative direction, involving a more or less complete loss of P.D. (depolarization). When hexylresorcinol was used in place of guaiacol the result was similar. That Ca(++) and Ba(++) do not inhibit the effect of these organic depolarizing substances may be due to a lack of penetration of Ca(++) and Ba(++). The organic substances penetrate more rapidly and their effect is chiefly on the inner protoplasmic surface which is the principal seat of the P.D.
A Paleoindian Fluted Point from Isla Cedros, Baja California

During reconnaissance work by archaeologists affiliated with the Proyecto Arqueologico Isla Cedros in summer 2005, the basal fragment of a fluted point was recovered from the surface of a newly dis...
PLASMA RENIN AND ANGIOTENSIN II IN ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

The role of raised plasma renin and angiotensin-II concentrations in the development of acute renal failure in man was examined in patients in shock from various causes and in patients in whom hypotension was used to promote haemostasis. Ten of the thirteen patients in shock had raised angiotensin-II concentrations in peripheral blood and acute renal failure manifested by oliguria, increasing serum-creatinine, a urine osmolality of less than 400 mos-mol/kg and a urine/plasma osmolality ratio of less than 1-5. Although patients who were hypotensive for periods of 1 h 45 min to 4 h to promote haemostasis during surgery had similarly raised plasma-renin activity and angiotensin-II concentrations in peripheral venous blood, they did not have acute renal failure. It is concluded that high plasma-angiotensin-II concentrations do not explain the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in patients in shock.
Design of Druglike Small Molecules for Possible Inhibition of Antiapoptotic BCL-2, BCL-W, and BFL-1 Proteins

New druglike small molecules with possible anticancer applications were computationally designed. The molecules formed stable complexes with antiapoptotic BCL-2, BCL-W, and BFL-1 proteins. These findings are novel because, to the best of the author’s knowledge, molecules that bind all three of these proteins are not known. A drug based on them should be more economical and better tolerated by patients than a combination of drugs, each targeting a single protein. The calculated drug-related properties of the molecules were similar to those found in most commercial drugs. The molecules were designed and evaluated following a simple, yet effective procedure. The need for substantial computational resources often precludes researchers in many countries and small institutions from participating in the field. The procedure presented here offsets the problem by reducing the cost of involvement. The procedure can be used efficiently in the early phases of drug discovery to evaluate promising lead compounds in time- and cost-effective ways.
Fluconazole Prophylaxis in HIV Disease, Revisited

Goldman et al. [ 1] approach the question of emerging drug resistance associated with ongoing fluconazole prophylaxis for mucosal candidal infection in HIV disease. After a median of ~2 years of follow-up, the proportion of oropharyngeal and/or esophageal infections that were clinically refractory or resistant to fluconazole was higher among patients receiving continuous fluconazole therapy (9%) than among those receiving episodic fluconazole therapy (2%), but the risk of any infection was 4 times greater in the latter group. As a result, the risk of a clinically refractory or resistant oropharyngeal and/ or esophageal candidal infection was essentially the same in both groups, at slightly more than 4%. The median MICs of fluconazole increased 2-fold in the episodic fluconazole arm and 3-fold in the episodic fluconazole arm, but many of these patients were receiving treatment for several years. These results, coupled with the fact that there is no general risk to microbial ecology from the use of fluconazole, indicate that concern about resistance should not be a factor in the decision to provide prophylaxis. With this new information, and because
Momentum balances on the inner continental shelf at Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory

[1] The subtidal, depth-average momentum balances in 12 m and 27 m water depth are investigated using observations from 2001 to 2007 of water velocity, temperature, and density; bottom pressure; surface gravity waves; and wind stress. In the fluctuating across-shelf momentum budget, the dominant terms are surface wind stress, pressure gradient, and Coriolis acceleration. The balance is a combination of (1) the geostrophic balance expected at midshelf sites and (2) the coastal setup and setdown balance driven by the across-shelf wind stress expected where surface and bottom boundary layers overlap. At the 12 m site, the estimated wave radiation stress gradient due to surface gravity wave shoaling is also large but is uncorrelated with the observed pressure gradient. A simple model suggests the wave radiation stress gradient is balanced by an across-shelf pressure gradient with a spatial scale too small to resolve with this mooring array. In the fluctuating along-shelf momentum balance, the dominant terms are surface wind stress, pressure gradient, and bottom stress at the shallower site, but the other estimated terms are not negligible. Our results support the Grant and Madsen (1986) formulation for wave-induced bottom stress. The fluctuating along-shelf pressure gradient is mainly a local sea level response to wind forcing, not a remotely generated pressure gradient. A strong correlation between along-shelf velocity and along-shelf wind stress at the shallower site is captured by a simple steady model of imbalance between wind stress and pressure gradient balanced by linear bottom drag.
Dopamine, serotonin and tachykinin in self-injurious behavior

The neurobiologic basis of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and in other neuropsychiatric conditions remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent data concerning SIB induced by the dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitor, GBR-12909 (GBR) and to compare the neurochemical data that have accumulated over the years on SIB in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) lesioned rats. The DA uptake inhibitor, GBR, upon repeated administration to adult rats elicits SIB that is temporally associated with a reduction of striatal DA (approximately 30%), increased turnover of serotonin and a robust induction of tachykinin transcription resulting in enhanced biosynthesis and presumably release of tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A). GBR-induced SIB could be blocked by dopaminergic lesions or by D1 or D2 antagonists. Neonatal dopaminergic lesions result in a high degree of DA loss (> 90%) and elevated levels of serotonin. In this model, SIB is precipitated by DA agonists via activation of D1 DA receptors which are in turn linked to an induction of tachykinin biosynthesis and release. The data taken together suggest that (a) a substantial reduction of DA accompanied by an increase in serotonin turnover may be essential conditions that are conducive to the occurrence of SIB, and (b) this phase is either superimposed with, or followed by a D1 and/or D2 DA receptor-linked activation of striatonigral tachykinin neurons resulting in enhanced tachykinin biosynthesis and release that may sustain the SIB. Thus, a dynamic interplay between DA, serotonin and tachykinin neuronal systems of the basal ganglia appear to influence the genesis and/or expression of SIB.
Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11 Afghanistan and Beyond

Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11 Afghanistan and Beyond, Mary Buckley and Rick Fawn, eds., New York: Routledge, 2003. In the aftermath of 9/11, book publishers have been relatively quick to release works that somehow capitalize on the public's demand for insight with respect to terrorism and groups such as Al-Qaeda. Many of the monographs have been the work of journalists, others the efforts of scholars, and some the writings of practitioners. Still other books have been the result of collaborations, either in edited or co-authored forms, among writers from different backgrounds, training and experience.
Functionalization of Phospholide Ions: Expanding the Scope by Changing the Base

The sequence phospholide ion → 1-functional phosphole → 2-functional-2H-phosphole → 2-functional phospholide ion is best carried out using the starting phospholide both as a reagent and a base. Usi...
Few-photon transport in a waveguide coupled to a pair of colocated two-level atoms

We calculate the one- and two-photon scattering matrices of a pair of collocated nonidentical two-level atoms coupled to a waveguide. We show that by proper choice of a two-photon input, the background fluorescence by the atoms may be completely quenched, as a result of quantum interference, and that when the atoms' detuning is smaller than their linewidths, extremely narrow fluorescence features emerge. Furthermore, the system emits a two-photon bound state which can display spatial oscillations or quantum beats, and can be tuned from bunched to antibunched statistics as the total photon energy is varied.
45th Mary McMillan Lecture: If Greatness Is a Goal…

James Gordon, PT, EdD, FAPTA (Fig. 1), is professor as well as associate dean and chair of the Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the University of Southern California. He received his bachelor of science in physical therapy degree from the State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center. He then worked for 6 years as a physical therapist in acute care, rehabilitation, and home care settings before entering graduate school with the goal of becoming a researcher in the science underlying neurologic rehabilitation. In 1985, he was awarded a doctor of education in movement science degree at Teachers College, Columbia University. Figure 1. James Gordon at NEXT in Charlotte, NC. After graduation, Dr Gordon worked as a researcher with a focus on the neural control of movement, especially the roles of proprioceptive information in control of reaching movements. He has held full-time faculty positions in the physical therapy departments at Columbia University, New York Medical College, and University of Southern California. As a researcher and educator, he is recognized for his lectures and writings on applying research in motor control and motor learning to neurological rehabilitation. He also has taught courses in professional practice and co-authored a text on documentation in physical therapy. Long active in APTA, Dr Gordon is a member of the Education Section, Neurology Section, and Section on Research. Among many other accomplishments, he co-directed PTClinResNet, a groundbreaking, Foundation of Physical Therapy–funded clinical research network. He has been an advocate for excellence in academic physical therapy, and, most recently, he played a leading role in the formation of the American Council of Academic Physical Therapy. Dr Gordon became a Catherine Worthingham Fellow of APTA in 2005 and was chosen to deliver the Education Section's Pauline Cerasoli Lecture in 2011. Thank you, Paul [Rockar], for your generous introduction. Good …
On classifying observations when one population is a mixture of normals

Some simple models for the mixture of distribution problems are considered. Two possible alternatives to the rather complex optimal discriminant function rule are mentioned. The performance of the BC method is never as satisfactory as the QDF method and in some cases it is far worse than the QDF method. The QDF can be used whenever sufficient numbers of observations are available to provide reasonably good estimates of means and covariances.
VLSI neurocomputing with analog programmable chips and digital systolic array chips

Progress in the system architectures and VLSI implementations of analog and digital electrical neuroprocessors is described. In analog programmable neural chips, electronic neurons and synapses are realized by operational amplifiers and synthesized resistors, respectively. The synapse weight information is stored in the dynamically refreshed capacitors for medium-term storage or in the floating gates of double-polysilicon transistors for long-term storage. The adjustability of the voltage gain in the electronic neurons allows the implementation of hardware annealing to search for optimal solutions in network retrieving and learning processes very efficiently. In digital neural chips, systolic architecture is used to process the data in a pipelined format for the one-dimensional ring or two-dimensional mesh configurations. Various learning rules are directly supported in the digital approach. In many high-speed image processing applications, numerical computation can be done efficiently using an analog approach, while long-distance communication is best achieved through the digital approach. >
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OF THE PARASITE, PHYLLOBOTHRIUM DELPHINI (CESTODA), IN BALL'S PORPOISE, PHOCOENOIDES DALLI, IN THE NORTHERN NORTH PACIFIC, BERING SEA, AND SEA OF OKHOTSK

Prevalence of the larval cestode, Phyllobothrium delphini, was estimated from 2,445 Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, from the incidental take of the Japanese high seas salmon drift-net fishery in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and a local hand harpoon fishery in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. Prevalence of P. delphini was 22.7% in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean and 1.4% in the Bering Sea. This parasite was not found in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. Geographical differences in the prevalence of P. delphini may be due, at least in part, to regional differences in abundance of elasmobranchs known to feed on marine mammals and suspected as hosts of the parasite. Estimated intensity of infection of individual porpoises by P. delphini was low (estimated mean intensity of 3.5 plerocercoids per animal). This is a low intensity of infection compared to other species of small cetaceans studied and may be due to both differences in regional abundance of elasmobranchs and the comparatively short life span of P. dalli.
Basil of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and Sabellius

Detail des controverses trinitaires au IVe s., en ce qui concerne la lutte de Basile de Cesaree contre la doctrine de Marcel d'Ancyre, doctrine que Basile assimilait au sabellianisme, ce qui est d'ailleurs en partie exact
Increased selenium threat as a result of invasion of the exotic bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis into the San Francisco Bay-Delta.

Following the aggressive invasion of the bivalve, Potamocorbula amurensis, in the San Francisco Bay-Delta in 1986, selenium contamination in the benthic food web increased. Concentrations in this dominant (exotic) bivalve in North Bay were three times higher in 1995–1997 than in earlier studies, and 1990 concentrations in benthic predators (sturgeon and diving ducks) were also higher than in 1986. The contamination was widespread, varied seasonally and was greater in P. amurensis than in co-occurring and transplanted species. Selenium concentrations in the water column of the Bay were enriched relative to the Sacramento River but were not as high as observed in many contaminated aquatic environments. Total Se concentrations in the dissolved phase never exceeded 0.3 g Se per l in 1995 and 1996; Se concentrations on particulate material ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 g Se per g dry weight (dw) in the Bay. Nevertheless, concentrations in P. amurensis reached as high as 20 g Se per g dw in October 1996. The enriched concentrations in bivalves (6–20 g Se per g dw) were widespread throughout North San Francisco Bay in October 1995 and October 1996. Concentrations varied seasonally from 5 to 20 g Se per g dw, and were highest during the periods of lowest river inflows and lowest after extended high river inflows. Transplanted bivalves (oysters, mussels or clams) were not effective indicators of either the degree of Se contamination in P. amurensis or the seasonal increases in contamination in the resident benthos. Se is a potent environmental toxin that threatens higher trophic level species because of its reproductive toxicity and efficient food web transfer. Bivalves concentrate selenium effectively because they bioaccumulate the element strongly and lose it slowly; and they are a direct link in the exposure of predaceous benthivore species. Biological invasions of estuaries are increasing worldwide. Changes in ecological structure and function are well known in response to invasions. This study shows that changes in processes such as cycling and effects of contaminants can accompany such invasions. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Cyclosporin A does not inhibit the PHA-stimulated increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration but inhibits the increase in E-rosette receptor (CD2) expression and appearance of interleukin-2 receptors (CD25).

The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits mixed lymphocyte responses, blocks the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and inhibits the T lymphocyte proliferative response stimulated by polyclonal activators such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Nevertheless, there have been contradictory reports attempting to explain the mechanism(s) for this immunosuppressive activity. In the current studies, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) were stimulated with PHA in the presence or absence of CsA. Flow cytometric examination of PBM loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive dye Indo-1 showed that concentrations of CsA sufficient to inhibit 90-100% of tritiated thymidine incorporation had no effect on the PHA-stimulated increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Likewise, inhibitory amounts of CsA had virtually no effect on the increase in cell volume that occurs during T lymphocyte activation. These results were not altered by pretreating the PBM with CsA for 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to adding the PHA. On the other hand, inhibitory concentrations of CsA prevented the expression of receptors for T cell growth factor (interleukin-2, IL-2), as measured by monoclonal antibodies to CD25 after 16-24-hr incubation. In like manner, CsA also prevented the increase in the expression of the E-rosette receptor (CD2) on these same cells. If cultures containing PHA and inhibitory amounts of CsA were incubated for 40-72 h, there was partial recovery both of proliferative activity and of the expression of CD25 and CD2. Thus, CsA does not appear to affect the initial activation signal(s), but does interfere with one or more subsequent events necessary to initiate the appearance of "activation antigens."
Diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive illness

Obsessive-compulsive illness has long been subject to diagnostic neglect. Moreover, obsessive-compulsive features often underlie or are intercurrent with other symptom pictures and may be quite debilitating. Diagnostic dilemmas are discussed regarding obsessive-compulsive illness and its relation to eating disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, mood disorders, alcohol abuse, and adult attention deficit disorder. Some difficulties in eliciting and recognizing obsessive-compulsive illness are presented. These include patient secrecy, shame, and social and personality features of health professionals. Specific pharmacologic and therapeutic interventions are effective when directed at the intercurrent or underlying obsessive-compulsive illness.
Exploring Perspectives on Cochlear Implants and Language Acquisition within the Deaf Community.

Cochlear implants generated intense debate almost immediately following their introduction in the 1980s. Today, with a vast number of deaf individuals with cochlear implants, the debate about the cochlear implant device and mode of communication continues. Q-methodology was used in this study to explore cochlear implants and language acquisition perspectives within the deaf community. Thirty respondents sorted 33 statements, which were collected from professional literature and mainstream media, into a forced-choice, quasi-normal template. A by-person factor analysis of the Q-sorts revealed 5 model viewpoints: (a) American Sign Language advocate, (b) bilingual advocate, (c) cochlear implant advocate, (d) diverse options advocate, and (e) English visually advocate. Even though the results indicate 5 distinct perspectives, the Q-method also revealed similarities among them. The results also show that there seems to be some agreement on using a bilingual approach, although the perspectives seem to disagree on which language should be acquired first.
Computer simulation of feedback loops

The effect of the sampling rate on the behavior of computer simulated phase locked loops (PLL) is studied. The choice of integrators used in feedback systems is also analyzed. The performance degradation of the first order loop is obtained analytically, and verified by simulation on the Block Oriented Systems Simulator, BOSS. A bound on the allowable sampling rate is obtained for the second order case. >