cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia and psychostimulant abuse : a review and re-analysis of clinical evidence

The authors selected articles from those published between 1975 and 1994 that specifically documented psychostimulant abuse in patients determined to be schizophrenic according to recent and relatively uniform diagnostic criteria. These articles indicated that the incidence of psychostimulant abuse in schizophrenics is 2–5 times higher than that of the general public. Additionally, unlike the decline in stimulant use seen in older adults in the general population, high rates of abuse appeared to be maintained in schizophrenics. Although the incidence of abuse in this group was high, comparisons of abuse rates generated by self-report with those obtained by urinalysis indicated that the frequency of abuse is being underestimated by 15–21%. Potential factors contributing to stimulant abuse in schizophrenics, including the disease process, and the influence of chronic neuroleptic medication, were evaluated. Results indicated that the incidence of psychostimulant abuse was neither a common property of psychiatric patients, nor exclusive to schizophrenics, but appeared to be related to chronic treatment with neuroleptic drugs. Symptom severity was generally similar in schizophrenic abusers and non-abusers, which also suggested a degree of independence from the disease process. In a majority of the studies surveyed, abuse of stimulants followed disease onset. It was also found that stimulant abuse was associated with marked increases in hospitalization in this patient group, including those known to be neuroleptic medication compliant. Possible explanations for the initiation and maintenance of psychostimulant abuse in schizophrenics are discussed in relation to clinical and preclinical evidence on drug addiction.
On integrals of a class of measurable functions

Abstract An integral is evaluated whose integrand is nonnegative, measurable and possesses the property of being integrable over closed intervals contained in an open dense subset of the interval of integration, where this open dense subset is the complement of a countable closed subset of the interval of integration. Application to control theory and differential game theory, where these integrals were first used, are mentioned.
Intermediate-coupling effects in the dielectronic recombination of oxygen ions.

We have calculated ..delta..n = 0 dielectronic recombination (DR) cross sections and rate coefficients for O/sup q//sup +/, q = 1--5, in configuration-mixing LS-coupling and intermediate-coupling approximations, using the program Au-smcapst-smcapso-smcapsSt-smcapsr-smcapsu-smcapsc-smcapst-smcapsu-smcapsr-smcapsE, as well as in a partitioned configuration-average (PCA) approximation. The intermediate-coupling cross sections (rate coefficients) are about 45% (25%) greater than the LS-coupling results in the case of O/sup +/ and O/sup 5+/, due to the effect of core fine-structure interactions, while the increase is no more than 10% (5%) for O/sup 2+/, O/sup 3+/, and O/sup 4+/. There is good agreement between the zero-field PCA results and the intermediate-coupling results when DR takes place through a single core term, as in O/sup +/, O/sup 4+/, and O/sup 5+/, but the PCA approximation gives poorer results when DR proceeds through more than one core term, as in O/sup 2+/ and O/sup 3+/. The maximum-field-enhanced PCA results are about a factor of 3 greater than the zero-field results. In the case of the rate coefficients the general formula of Burgess was found to overestimate the zero-field results by a factor of between 1.3 and 1.8 due to the neglect of autoionization into excited states or the averaging over incident angularmore » momentum.« less
Postdepositional tilt of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Group on the western Great Plains: Evidence of late Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains and adjacent western Great Plains share a common history of late Cenozoic stream incision. Both epeirogenic uplift and climate change (with no associated uplift) have been proposed as the cause of thissubcontinental-scale erosional episode. However, the lack of a well-defined Cenozoic paleoelevation history for the region has hampered our ability to distinguish between the two. A tilt analysis of the Cheyenne Tablelands in the western Great Plains of Wyoming and Nebraska provides us with a datum from which postdepositional changes in slope can be determined. Miocene to earliest Pliocene gravels of the Ogallala Group (17.5-5 Ma) cap the tablelands, which currently tilt down to the east at slopes as great as 10 - 2 . However, paleohydraulic analysis of the Ogallala gravels indicates depositional slopes of 10 - 3 to 10 - 4 , implying a postdepositional increase in tilt. If a hinge point at the eastern edge of the Cheyenne Tablelands is assumed, this tilt translates into differential uplift of 680 m (815-410 m) at the western edge of the Great Plains. Flexural isostatic rebound of the tablelands due to known young erosion in surrounding basins only produces a few hundred meters of uplift. Therefore, even if all of the recent erosion in the region can be attributed to climate change, the resulting rebound is insufficient to account for the observed uplift of the tablelands. Thus, the tilting of the Cheyenne Tablelands is most consistent with broad-wavelength tectonic uplift centered under the Rocky Mountains initiated during Ogallala deposition and continuing since deposition ceased.
Simulation of the introduction of new technologies in air traffic management

Accurate simulation of the effects of integrating new technologies into a complex system is critical to the modernisation of large infrastructure problems. This is especially true in the modernisation of our antiquated air traffic system, where there exist many layers of interacting procedures, controls, and automation all designed to cooperate with human operators. Additions of even simple new technologies may result in unexpected emergent behaviour due to complex human/machine interactions. One approach is to create high-fidelity human models coming from the field of human factors that can simulate a rich set of behaviours. However, such models are difficult to produce, especially to show unexpected emergent behaviour coming from many human operators interacting simultaneously within a complex system. Instead, we introduce an alternate approach. Instead of engineering complex human models, we directly model the emergent behaviour with relatively simple goal-directed agents. In this model, each autonomous agent in a system pursues individual goals, and the high-level behaviour of the system emerges from the interactions, foreseen or unforeseen, between the agents/actors. We show that this method is capable of reflecting the integration of new technologies in a historical case, and apply the same methodology for a possible future technology. Finally, we show how these high-level simulated behaviours compare to actual deployed air traffic control mechanisms in use today.
Numerical analysis of wave propagation through assemblies of elliptical particles

Wave propagation in granular materials is numerically studied using discrete element simulation. Primary interest is concerned with linking material microstructure with wave propagational behaviors for materials composed of elliptical particles. The discrete element (DEM) scheme uses a nonlinear hysteretic contact law, which accounts for differences related to the radius of curvature at the interparticle point of contact. Modeling results yield information on wave speed and amplitude attenuation on two-dimensional, meso-domain model systems of both regular and random assemblies. Particulate models were numerically generated using a biasing scheme whereby partial control of particular fabric measures could be achieved. Three specific fabric measures which were used to characterize the granular material models include branch, contact normal and orientation vectors. DEM simulation results indicated that wave speed and attenuation generally correlated with vector distributions of these fabric variables. A power law relation was proposed between wave speed/attenuation and three averaged projected fabric variables based on orientation, contact normal and branch vectors. Predictions from this specific relation correlated reasonably well with DEM results. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 892142.
Intraspecific and interspecific pair-wise seedling competition between exotic annual grasses and native perennials: plant–soil relationships

Few studies have examined plant–soil relationships in competitive arenas between exotic and native plants in the western United States. A pair-wise competitive design was used to evaluate plant–soil relationships between seedlings of the exotic annual grasses Bromus tectorum and Taeniatherium caput-medusae and the native perennial grasses Elymus elymoides and Pseudoroegneria spicata. Two soils were tested: an arid soil (argid) occupied by E. elymoides and presently invaded by B. tectorum and a high elevation, high organic matter, soil (aquept) where none of the tested species would typically occur. Plant growth proceeded for 85 days at which time above-ground biomass and tissue nutrient concentrations were quantified. Soil also was collected from the rooting zone beneath each species and analyzed for various nutrient pools. The exotic species had significantly greater above-ground biomass than the natives and grew far better in the aquept soil than the argid soil. Growth of B. tectorum, and to some degree, T. caput-medusae was suppressed in intraspecific competition and enhanced, especially in the aquept soil, when competing with the natives. Although not significant, biomass of natives strongly trended downward when competing with the exotic grasses. Overall, concentrations of tissue nutrients were minimally affected by competition, but natives tended to be more negatively affected by competition with exotics. Except for phosphorus (P), all species had significantly greater nutrient concentrations when growing in the aquept soil compared to the argid soil. In both soils, exotics had significant greater tissue concentrations of manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe), while natives had significantly greater nitrogen (N). Species affects on soil nutrient pools occurred mostly in the aquept soil with exotic species significantly decreasing pools of available N, potentially available N, and soil-solution pools of calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and magnesium (Mg2+) relative to natives. Overall, the data suggest that, in the seedling state, B. tectorum is a superior competitor. Moreover, when the natives compete intra- or interspecifically, particularly in the aquept soil, availability of N and other nutrients in their rooting zone is consistently greater than when they compete interspecifically with the exotic grasses. These data suggest the exotics are able to co-opt nutrients in the rooting zone of the natives and perhaps gain a competitive advantage.
Self-Concept and Children with Learning Disabilities Observer-Child Concordance Across Six Context-Dependent Domains

This study assessed the self-concept of students with learning disabilities (LD), comparing observer ratings and self-reports both within the LD group and across LD, nondisabled, and high-achieving (HA) classes. Using the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale (MSCS) a total of 135 students from the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades rated their self-concepts. Teachers and parents also rated the children's self-concepts using an abbreviated form of the MSCS. Compared to students' ratings, teachers generally underestimated the LD and nondisabled students' self-concepts, but overestimated the HA students' self-concepts. Parents' ratings of children with LD and HA children generally matched their children's self-reports, but the agreement between nondisabled children and their parents varied depending on the domain of self-concept. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing multiple self-concept domains when working with children who have learning disabilities.
Detection of HLA antigens on progeria syndrome fibroblasts

It has been suggested that cultured skin fibroblasts derived from patients with progeria, a premature aging syndrome, have absent or markedly reduced HLA antigen expression, thus implicating a possible immunological role in the pathogenesis of this disease. An analysis of HLA expression in nine progeric fibroblast strains and related familial strains is reported. Normal HLA expression and inheritance were found. No significant association between HLA type and progeria was detected. Therefore, we conclude an abnormality of HLA expression is unlikely to be an underlying defect in progeria.
The Harms of Screening: A Proposed Taxonomy and Application to Lung Cancer Screening

Importance Making rational decisions about screening requires information about its harms, but high-quality evidence is often either not available or not used. One reason may be that we lack a coherent framework, a taxonomy, for conceptualizing and studying these harms. Objective To create a taxonomy, we categorized harms from several sources: systematic reviews of screening, other published literature, and informal discussions with clinicians and patients. We used this information to develop an initial taxonomy and vetted it with local and national experts, making revisions as needed. Results We propose a taxonomy with 4 domains of harm from screening: physical effects, psychological effects, financial strain, and opportunity costs. Harms can occur at any step of the screening cascade. We provide definitions for each harm domain and illustrate the taxonomy using the example of screening for lung cancer. Conclusions and Relevance The taxonomy provides a systematic way to conceptualize harms as experienced by patients. As shown in the lung cancer screening example, the taxonomy also makes clear where (which domains of harms and which parts of the screening cascade) we have useful information and where there are gaps in our knowledge. The taxonomy needs further testing and validation across a broad range of screening programs. We hope that further development of this taxonomy can improve our thinking about the harms of screening, thus informing our research, policy making, and decision making with patients about the wisdom of screening.
Observed sleep/wakefulness and severity of dementia in an Alzheimer's disease special care unit.

BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that behaviorally defined sleep disturbance among residents in a Special Care Unit (SCU) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) was related to the severity of their dementia. Previously, sleep laboratory studies have reported such relationships when sleep has been recorded polysomnographically over several nights. Observational studies of sleep have not shown such relationships, presumably because of the impression involved in determining sleep/wake state behaviorally. METHODS Nightly sleep data based on observations made every two hours by nursing staff for a period of 13 to 18 months were examined for 47 AD residents with a mean age of 80.7 +/- 6.5 years. Level of dementia and functional capacity were assessed with the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and the Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL). RESULTS Data indicated that these SCU residents experienced a moderately disturbed night of sleep an average of 24% +/- 10% of their nights in the facility and a severely disturbed night of sleep on 7% +/- 6% of those nights. More profound dementia was associated with more sleep disturbance; however, incapacity in ADLs, age, gender, and psychoactive medications were unrelated to such disturbances. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that patterns of relationships noted between laboratory-based measures of sleep and variables such as severity of dementia can be detected using behavioral observations of sleep, provided that the number of nights of observation are sufficiently large to offset the measurement error involved in their use.
New issues in teaching HCI: pinning a tail on a moving donkey

As technology changes, so does the area of human-computer interaction. HCI education must continuously change to meet the new challenges to user interaction. The World Wide Web and other distributed networks, hand-held devices, and embedded computing all present new challenges for user-centered design methods, usability testing, and other forms of evaluation. In addition, as more people use technology, the diversity of users increases, requiring increased attention to concepts such as accessibility and universal usability. This panel will address the challenges of keeping HCI education up-to-date and offer approaches that have been successfully used. The four major topics addressed by the panel will be 1) the challenge of rapidly changing technology, 2) new methods for user-centered design, 3) student involvement with users, and 4) balancing HCI theory and HCI practice.
Factorization in Integral Domains, IV

Let D be an integral domain such that every nonzero nonunit of D is a finite product of irreducible elements. In this article, we introduce and study several unifying concepts for the theory of nonunique factorization in D. They give a new way to measure, in some sense, how far an half-factorial domain (resp., bounded factorization domain, atomic domain) D is from being a UFD (resp., finite factorization domain, Cohen–Kaplansky domain) based on equivalence relations on the set of irreducible elements of D.
Molecular and behavioral characterization of adolescent protein kinase C following high dose ethanol exposure

Ethanol is commonly used and abused during adolescence. Although adolescents display differential behavioral responses to ethanol, the mechanisms by which this occurs are not known. The protein kinase C (PKC) pathway has been implicated in mediating many ethanol-related effects in adults, as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor regulation. The present study was designed to characterize cortical PKC isoform and GABAA receptor subunit expression during adolescence relative to adults as well as assess PKC involvement in ethanol action. Novel PKC isoforms were elevated, while PKCγ was lower during mid-adolescence relative to adults. Whole-cell lysate and synaptosomal preparations correlated for all isoforms except PKCδ. In parallel, synaptosomal GABAA receptor subunit expression was also developmentally regulated, with GABAAR δ and α4 being lower while α1 and γ2 were higher or similar, respectively, in adolescents compared to adults. Following acute ethanol exposure, synaptosomal novel and atypical PKC isoform expression was decreased only in adolescents. Behaviorally, inhibiting PKC with calphostin C, significantly increased ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) in adolescents but not adults, whereas activating PKC with phorbol dibutyrate was ineffective in adolescents but decreased LORR duration in adults. Further investigation revealed that inhibiting the cytosolic phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid (cPLA2/AA) pathway increased LORR duration in adolescents, but was ineffective in adults. These data indicate that PKC isoforms are variably regulated during adolescence and may contribute to adolescent ethanol-related behavior. Furthermore, age-related differences in the cPLA2/AA pathway may contribute to ethanol’s age-related effects on novel and atypical PKC isoform expression and behavior.
Motion capture of luminance stimuli by equiluminous color gratings and by attentive tracking

Two experiments demonstrated motion capture of luminance-defined dots by gratings with no net luminance-based motion. In a series of two-frame experimental trials, we superimposed bright dots and a color grating rotating in opposite directions. Capture was observed at equiluminance and was facilitated by the presence of color in gratings over a range of luminance contrasts. In a second experiment, observers noted that when a counterphase grating was tracked in either direction with attention, the superimposed dots were captured in that direction. These results suggest motion capture is supported not only by luminance-based motion, but also by color- and attention-based motion. Indeed, we suggest that the most parsimonious explanation is that all capture is mediated by attention.
Human exposure to heterocyclic amine food mutagens/carcinogens: Relevance to breast cancer

Heterocyclic amines produced from overcooked foods are extremely mutagenic in numerous in vitro and in vivo test systems. One of these mutagens, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), induces breast tumors in rats and has been implicated in dietary epidemiology studies as raising the risk of breast cancer in humans. Efforts in our laboratory and others have centered on defining the exposure to PhIP and other dietary mutagens derived from cooked food. We accomplish this by analyzing the foods with a series of solid-phase extractions and HPLC. We have developed an LC/MS/MS method to analyze the four major human PhIP metabolites (sulfates and glucuronides) following a single meal containing 27 microg of cooking-produced PhIP in 200 g of grilled meat. Although the intake of PhIP was similar for each of eight women, the total amount excreted in the urine and the metabolite profiles differed among the subjects. It appears that adsorption (digestion) from the meat matrix, other foods in the diet, and genetic differences in metabolism may contribute to the variation. The four major metabolites that can be routinely assayed in the urine are N(2)-OH-PhIP-N(2)-glucuronide, PhIP-N(2)-glucuronide, 4'-PhIP-glucuronide, and N(2)-OH-PhIP-N3-glucuronide. This work is suited to investigate individual exposure and risk, especially for breast cancer, from these potent dietary mutagens.
One Agency's Use of Risk Assessment and Risk Communication1

Few organizations have the courage to evaluate their own use of risk assessment (identifying hazards and estimating their probability and magnitude) and risk communication (interacting with internal and external stakeholder groups about risks). The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) wants to enhance its overall risk analysis process for managing a wide range of risks to animals, plants, and human health. We gathered survey data for a baseline of APHIS professionals' understanding and use of risk assessment and risk communication. APHIS professionals spend a surprisingly large share of their time communicating about risks. They perceive that risk estimates influence decisions, but that risk estimates should have more influence. Respondents reported little opposition to APHIS risk management decisions, and little use of channels such as USDA Extension Service for disseminating risk messages. Substantial variance across responses is explained mostly by differences in the roles of the 11 work units (now 10) within the agency. Location also contributes to the variance. Demographic variables seem less important. Language: en
Determinants of Parent-Child Coresidence among Older Mexican Parents: The Salience of Cultural Values

The absence of direct empirical study of cultural values represents an important but neglected area of study. The results of this study highlight the importance of cultural values in shaping coresidence between older Mexican American parents and their adult children. This study examined the coresidence patterns of 2,058 Mexican parents age sixty-five and older. Logistic analyses estimated the impact and relative contribution of a direct measure of cultural values along with socioeconomic resources, parental needs, child network characteristics, and English proficiency. These data indicate that when older Mexican parents are examined separately, their tendency to coreside with adult children is more firmly grounded in cultural values than economic necessity. Analyses lend support to the significance of both cultural values and income but find that income is a positive predictor of coresidence and thus may serve to enable persons to act on cultural family and support values. Data also suggest that adult chi...
Multivariate analysis of the interaction of person, situation and response variables in situation-specific interpersonal behavior

Abstract This study attempted to use multivariate statistical methodology to empirically derive and define person, situation and response variables which interact in determining situation-specific behavior of college students, and to clarify the nature of the interaction of those variables. A variant of principal components analysis was used to derive reliable dimensions of persons and situations underlying situation-specific self-reported response. These dimensions appeared to correspond to clusters of grossly similar situations. An attempt to define the derived dimensions using measures based on Murray needs did not provide clear-cut, quantitative definitions. The solution derived using the principal components procedure was found to have validity in terms of predicting overt behavior in a contrived situation. Results were interpreted as being supportive of the principal components technique as a method for deriving determinants of situation-specific behavior, but the need for new technology for defining those dimensions was commented upon.
On Convex Bodies Containing a Given Number of Lattice Points

Abstract Given a convex body K in Euclidean space, a necessary and sufficient condition is established in order that for each n there exists a homothetic copy of K containing exactly n lattice points. Similar theorems are proved for congruent copies of K and for discrete sets other than lattices.
Patient-derived endothelial progenitor cells improve vascular graft patency in a rodent model

Late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from the peripheral blood of patients with significant coronary artery disease were sodded into the lumens of small diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts. Grafts (1mm inner diameter) were denucleated and sodded either with native EPCs or with EPCs transfected with an adenoviral vector containing the gene for human thrombomodulin (EPC+AdTM). EPC+AdTM was shown to increase the in vitro rate of graft activated protein C (APC) production 4-fold over grafts sodded with untransfected EPCs (p<0.05). Unsodded control and EPC-sodded and EPC+AdTM-sodded grafts were implanted bilaterally into the femoral arteries of athymic rats for 7 or 28 days. Unsodded control grafts, both with and without denucleation treatment, each exhibited 7 day patency rates of 25%. Unsodded grafts showed extensive thrombosis and were not tested for patency over 28 days. In contrast, grafts sodded with untransfected EPCs or EPC+AdTM both had 7 day patency rates of 88-89% and 28 day patency rates of 75-88%. Intimal hyperplasia was observed near both the proximal and distal anastomoses in all sodded graft conditions but did not appear to be the primary occlusive failure event. This in vivo study suggests autologous EPCs derived from the peripheral blood of patients with coronary artery disease may improve the performance of synthetic vascular grafts, although no differences were observed between untransfected EPCs and TM transfected EPCs.
Fatigue in sleep apnea: The role of depressive symptoms and self-reported sleep quality

Abstract Objectives or Background Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is characterized by partial or complete cessation of breath during sleep. OSA is associated with increased cardiovascular risk as well as psychosocial complications such as daytime somnolence, depression, and fatigue. The goal of the present study was to better understand fatigue in OSA by examining self-reported sleep quality, depressive symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, and OSA severity in a group of newly diagnosed OSA patients. Methods Two hundred and forty newly diagnosed OSA patients enrolled in the study. Participants completed several questionnaires at baseline. Results Depressive symptoms accounted for 15% of variance in fatigue beyond that of demographics and OSA severity ( p p Post hoc analysis found that the total model accounted for only 14% of the variance in sleepiness (as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale). Conclusion The current study confirms the findings of previous OSA studies, which found depressive symptoms have a greater association with fatigue than OSA disease severity variables. This study extends those findings by showing that self-reported sleep quality is independently associated with fatigue, even after taking into account demographic, comorbid conditions, OSA disease severity, sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. The role of sleep quality as an independent contributor to daytime fatigue in OSA may be under appreciated. Sleep quality should be closely followed in the clinical management of OSA.
Analyzing the Influence of Web Site Design Parameters on Web Site Usability

Web site usability is concerned with how easy and intuitive it is for individuals to learn to use and interact with a Web site. It is a measure of the quality of a Web site's presence, as perceived by users. The usability of Web sites is important, because high usability is associated with a positive attitude toward the Web site and results in higher online transactions. Poorly designed Web sites with low usability, on the other hand, lead to negative financial impacts. Existing approaches to Web site usability include measurement and tracking of parameters, such as response time and task completion time, and software engineering approaches that specify general usability guidelines and common practices during software development. This paper analyzes usability from the point of view of Web site design parameters. An analysis of usability and other design characteristics of 200 Web sites of different kinds revealed that design aspects, such as information content, ease of navigation, download delay, and Web site availability positively influence usability. Web site security and customization were not found to influence usability. The paper explains these results and suggests design strategies for increasing Web site usability.
Spatial effects in foveal brightness discrimination

Differential sensitivity for luminance differences existing in two spatially separated homogeneous fields was measured under three viewing conditions. In the first the comparison fields were separated by darkness; in the second the fields were joined by a transition area in which luminance increased linearly from the value presented in the darker field to that presented in the lighter field. A third condition controlled for the decrease in size of the fields which occurred with increasing separation. In all viewing conditions the darker field was presented to the left and to the right of the lighter field equally often; and the observer’s task was to detect the darker side of the display. Detection was significantly better with the gradient present than with the fields separated by darkness. The results are discussed in terms of the suggested ability of the visual system to utilize the distribution of light in an intervening gradient to emphasize the difference in the luminances of separated fields.
Somatosensory Function and Cortical Unit Activity in Cats with only Dorsal Column Fibers

Cats received lesions that transected the entire thoracic cord except for partial sparing of the dorsal columns. The cats were required to discriminate the side on which they were touched, the size of simultaneously presented discs, or the direction their fur was stroked to obtain food reward. All cats found by anatomical and/or electrophysiological criteria to have any functional continuity in the dorsal columns were able to master the first of these tasks; some responded above chance on the second. Performance was at chance on blank trials, and cats with complete cord transection failed to discriminate. Lesioned cats did not orient or otherwise react to any nonrewarded stimulus below the level of the lesion. A total of 532 units were recorded under light barbiturate anesthesia from the hind paw projection near the tip of the ansate sulcus in these and other similarly prepared cats. Three-fourths of the units found before and acutely after the cord lesions were made were driven by hind limb stimulation. Only 27% of the units recorded 10 or more days afterwards could be driven. Of these driven units, 15 (38%) responded to foreleg stimulation, 13 exclusively so. No such units were found in intact or acutely lesioned cats.
The model of three densities and the estimation of the critical density

The “model of three densities” is a mathematical relationship between the densities of liquid and saturated vapor in the coexistence system and the critical density without the help of any other ph...
Managing as a Performing Art: New Ideas for a World of Chaotic Change

The article reviews the book “Managing as a Performing Art: New Ideas for a World of Chaotic Change,” by Peter B. Vaill.
Balancing Acts: Negotiating authenticity and authority in shared reflection

In this self-study, a teacher educator and an experienced teacher analyze an unexpected shared opportunity to mentor pre-service elementary educators. Our partnership arose during a graduate course on literacy development for elementary students, serendipitously captured during an extended electronic conversation with the pre-service candidates. We uncovered an interplay between authenticity and authority that generated enhanced professional development for each of us and for the teacher candidates who were enrolled in the course. As well as reflections on our own practices, implications for teacher education development and pedagogy are noted.
Effects of Vinyl Ethylene Carbonate Additive on Elevated-Temperature Performance of Cathode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries

The addition of 2% vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) into LiPF6/EC + DMC electrolyte can significantly improve the cyclic performance of a LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/Li cell at elevated temperatures such as 50 °C. In situ electrochemical mass spectrometry (EMS) was used to investigate the gas evolution spectroscopy in the cell during a charge/discharge process with and without VEC additive. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis), and liquid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were also carried out to investigate the reactions between various electrolyte components and VEC without the electrochemical reaction. We propose the possible polymerized products based on the spectroscopy and the acting mechanism of the VEC additives.
Choral Student Perceptions of Effective Motivation Strategies

The purpose of this study is to determine differences in choral students’ perceptions of motivation strategies. A survey provided the opportunity for students (N = 515) to identify effective motiva...
Pre-service Teachers’ Perceptions of Urban Schools

This study investigates pre-service teachers’ perceptions of urban schools. We asked 41 pre-service teachers, mostly white and female, to report their perceptions of four aspects of urban schools (appearance and atmosphere, resources, students, and teachers) and identify the sources of their perceptions. We analyze the data qualitatively to understand how they perceive urban schools and quantitatively to determine group trends in their perceptions. Findings reveal that their perceptions of urban schools are complex, with negative and positive impressions of selected aspects of urban schools. Implications of these findings for teacher education, in particular, urban field placements and curriculum, are explored.
Crowding and human aggressiveness

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effect of crowding on human aggressiveness by placing groups of Ss in small or large rooms for several hours. In both experiments there was no main effect of crowding but there was an interaction between sex of subject in one-sex groups and the size of the room. In Expt. I, all-male groups were more competitive in small rooms while all-female groups were less competitive in small rooms. In Expt. II, all-male groups gave more severe sentences in a small room than in a large room while all-female groups were more lenient in the small than the large room. Mixed-sex groups showed no effect of room size for either the whole group or each sex considered separately. Affective reactions by the same sex groups were consistent with these measures, males being generally more positive to each other in the experiment in the large room while females were more positive in the small room. It is concluded that crowding does not have a generally negative effect on humans and that what effects it does have are mediated by other factors in the situation. An explanation of the sex-difference is offered.
Effect of the Inhibition of RNA Synthesis on in vitro Ovulation by Frog Ovaries

OVULATION can be stimulated in isolated segments of frog ovary by the addition of hormones1,2 but is prevented by actinomycin D3; this has led to the suggestion that ovulation is contingent on the synthesis of RNA3,4. Indeed, actinomycin D is known to inhibit RNA synthesis in ovaries as well as ovulation4, while hormonal stimulation is followed by increased uridine incorporation into the cells of the peritoneal surface of the ovary5, through which ovulation occurs.
Serial learning of CVC combinations with high and low social-content ratings by schizophrenics and normals.

The present study investigated the effects of varied social-content ratings of CVC combinations on speed of acquisition in a serial learning task by 24 schizophrenic and 24 normal Ss. A low social and a high social CVC list were prepared, with scaled meaningfulness values (m') held relatively constant. Subgroups of schizophrenics and normals were assigned to and practiced on each of the two lists. Results indicated that rate of acquisition by schizophrenic Ss was significantly affected by varying the social properties of the stimulus items while varied social content had no noticeable effect on the performance of normals. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that social stimuli consistently disrupt performance by schizophrenic Ss and focus on the role of such stimuli as negative reinforcers.
Verification limits for test-ban treaty

In spite of improvements in seismic techniques, the remote identification of seismic events as nuclear explosions remains limited.
Effect of loading mode on the fracture toughness of a reduced activation ferritic/martensitic stainless steel

The critical J integrals of mode I (J{sub IC}), mixed-mode I/III (J{sub MC}), and mode III (J{sub IIIC}) were examined for a ferritic stainless steel (F-82H) at ambient temperature. A determination of J{sub MC} was made using modified compact-tension specimens. Different ratios of tension/shear stress were achieved by varying the principal axis of the crack plane between 0 and 55 degrees from the load line. The results showed that J{sub MC}s and tearing moduli (T{sub M}) varied with the crack angles and were lower than their mode I and mode III counterparts. Both the minimum J{sub MC} and T{sub M} occurred at a crack angle between 40 and 50 degrees, where {sigma}{sub i}/{sigma}{sub iii} was 1.2 to 0.84. The J{sub min} was 240 kJ/m{sup 2}, and ratios of J{sub IC}/J{sub min} and J{sub IIIC}/J{sub min} were about 2.1 and 1.9, respectively. Morphology of fracture surfaces was consistent with the change of J{sub MC} and T{sub M} values. While the upper shelf-fracture toughness of F-82H depends on loading mode, the J{sub min} remains very high. Other important considerations include the effect of mixed-mode loading on the DBT temperature, and effects of hydrogen and irradiation on J{sub min}.
Thyroxine and palatal development in rat embryos

Abstract The placental transport and palatal localization of l -thyroxine- 125 I was studied in Sprague-Dawley rat embryos ages 13 and 14 days in vivo and 14–16 days in vitro . Amniotic fluid, placenta and (by late day 14) embryonic/palatal and liver areas were assayed by scintillation counting and protein analysis. Radioactivity was found in amniotic fluid as early as 13 days in vivo . A small but consistent amount of radioactivity above control levels was found in the embryonic palatal and liver areas. Autoradiographs of thin-layer chromatographs showed that most of the radioactive label was at the thyroxine area in both 13- and 14-day in vivo and 15-day in vitro amniotic fluid pools. A small amount of radioactivity was present in the diiodothyronine area in both. Some activity was also present in the triiodothyronine area in the 13- and 14-day samples. No labelled inorganic iodide was detectable. The thyroid gland in rat does not begin to function until 17 days in utero . Accordingly, the labelled thyroxine was exogenous. The presence of labelling in the embryonic palate suggests a possible involvement of this hormone in palatal embryogenesis.
Are All Distributed Teams the Same? Differentiating Between Temporary and Ongoing Distributed Teams:

Distributed teams, sometimes called virtual teams, are becoming increasingly prevalent as businesses bring geographically dispersed members together to achieve a common goal. A framework for unders...
Simultaneous bilateral carotid stenting for postendarterectomy restenosis

We report the successful treatment of bilateral postendarterectomy restenosis using simultaneously placed, bilateral carotid SMART stents and balloon angioplasty. Technical aspects and the results of 29-month follow-up are presented. The benefits derived from single-setting bilateral carotid stenting versus staged bilateral stenting are discussed.
Organ culture of chick embryonic cornea.

The present investigation demonstrates that the chick embryonic cornea is best maintained with respect to gross appearance and amino acid incorporation into stromal collagen when serum is used as part of a nutrient medium. An examination of other parameters, namely, stability of DNA levels, protein accumulation and histology, give further evidence of the ability of serum to maintain the chick embryonic cornea in culture. Quantitative analysis of the changes found in the cultured corneas show characteristic similarities and differences to the corresponding parameters determined in noncultured corneas. It may be merely fortuitous that the pattern of tracer incorporation for corneal stromal collagen in horse serum cultures follows that seen in noncultured tissue. The discrepancy between incorporation and protein accumulation data is perhaps partially due to collagen breakdown.
From Want Ads to Web Sites What Diversity Messages Are State Governments Projecting

Job seekers are increasingly turning to the Internet. Government Web sites not only provide information about employment opportunities but also convey messages, whether intentional or not, about va...
Statistical leakage modeling for accurate yield analysis: the CDF matching method and its alternatives

We study the impact of statistical leakage modeling on the yield of memory designs. We critically evaluate different closed form models from a rare fail event perspective and propose CDF matching as a comprehensive and effective approach for accurate statistical leakage modeling. While Schwartz-Yeh method is found to match the body and left tail of the distribution, the Fenton-Wilkinson method aims more at matching the right tail of the distribution. The latter is more critical for purposes of yield estimation in the presence of leaky bitlines devices, as the right tail region is more crucial. However, for practical applications, it is shown that even Fenton-Wilkinson method leads to reduced accuracy compared to the CDF matching method. The error in estimating the probability of a false-read is shown to range from 10x-147x and is expected to increase with technology scaling.
Interstratified Layer Silicates in Some Soils of Northern Wisconsin

Examination of the silt and clay fractions of two northern Wisconsin soils, Omega loamy sand of the Brown Podzolic group and Ahmeek loam of the Brown Forest group, revealed considerable quantities of interstratified layer silicates. The two soils contained montmorin, vermiculite, chlorite, and illite both as discrete and interstratified components. Regularly alternating montmorin-illite structures, which registered a 28 A first order diffraction peak, and vermiculite-illite structures, which yielded a 24 A first order peak, were observed in the fine silt fractions of the Ahmeek loam A3 and B22 horizons, respectively. Weak diffraction peaks in general and lack of binary mixture average spacings was suggestive of ternary or quarternary interstratification of illite, chlorite, vermiculite, and montmorin in the medium and fine clay fractions of the Ahmeek loam horizons. Randomly interstratified vermiculite-chlorite and vermiculite-montmorin, as revealed by comparative basal diffraction peaks before and after heating potassium saturated samples, were evidenced in the fine silt and clay fractions of the Omega profile. Mixed layer components in the Omega and Ahmeek soils originated from illite and chlorite in the? horizons with a progressive increase in proportions of first vermiculite and finally montmorin with proximity to the soil surface. The observed weathering transitions within the mixed layer structures illustrates the effects of accelerated leaching which has taken place in these coarse textured soil profiles, even though these soils are relatively young (late Pleistocene).
Direct and vicarious censure in the control of interracial aggression.

An experimental explored the relative effectiveness of two strategies for controlling interracial aggression: observing other individuals censured for aggression and potential direct censure of the aggressor himself. Subjects were provided with an opportunity to agress under conditions designed to maximize or reduce each type of censure. A principal components analysis of the data revealed two orthogonal variates: direct aggression and indirect aggression. It was found that both observed censure and potential direct censure were effective in modifying directly aggressive responses. However, these forms of censure interacted in their effect on indirect aggression, such that observed censure was effective in reducing indirect aggression only under conditions of potential direct censure. Language: en
Some advances in digital flow visualization

The ability to visualize complex objects, concepts, interactions, and phenomena, to 'SEE' them in the mind's eye, has always been a fundamental component of the engineering discipline. Today, driven by increasingly demanding design requirements and an avalanche of data from powerful new computers and sophisticated experimental devices, the need to visualize data effectively is more important than ever before. This pressing need has resulted in the rapid increase in the use of computer-generated graphics in engineering. This is particularly true in the field of fluid dynamics where the internal structure of flow, not just surface or geometric effects, must be interpreted and communicated. This paper reports on several recent developments in the application of digital computer-generated graphics to engineering requirements for visualization of flow.
A circumferential crack in a cylindrical shell under torsion

The fully anti-symmetric problem for a cylindrical shell with a circumferential crack is considered. The solution of the problem is reduced to that of a system of singular integral equations of the first kind. As an example the torsion of the cylinder is discussed and membrane and bending components of the stress intensity factor ratio are given.