cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking a fresh perspective: Vicarious restoration as a means of recovering self-control

Abstract In the realm of self-regulation, recent work shows that the state of ego depletion can be vicariously transmitted from a target to a perceiver simply by imagining the perspective of a depleted target (i.e., vicarious depletion; Ackerman et al., 2009). The present study asked whether such vicarious effects can extend to the domain of self-regulatory recovery. In Experiment 1, depleted participants who took the perspective of someone engaging in a restorative activity showed recovered self-control on a later task. Experiments 2 and 3 expanded upon this effect by illustrating that such vicarious self-regulatory processes only emerge if the target is similar to the participant. Taken together, the present studies offer a powerful method by which mental resources can be replenished, and identify one critical boundary condition of its effectiveness.
Modification of tunneling dynamics by the application of random external fields

Abstract We investigate the possibility of modifying the tunneling of particle between two states by the application of an external field. The field couples to the dipole moment of the tunnel object. A phenomenological Hamiltonian is introduced which permits investigation of external fields which have both a random and a time varying systematic component. A numerical solution of the stochastic equations of motion characterizing the population evolution is carried by averaging over stochastic trajectories, for a wide range of parameter values which describe the tunnel splitting and the systematical and random proerties of the external field. For certain limiting cases, we obtain analytic approximations describing the system dynamics, and compare these solutions with those obtained by the numerical method. We also investigate external fields that satisfy a precise connection between frequency and amplitude, whereby the resulting Floquet quasi-energies are degenerate, and produce state populations that vary periodically in time. The fluctuation induced modification of the population evolution is assessed for these Floquet fields. We fing that it is possible to control tunneling by the use of external fields, even they have a random component.
Calibration of Nu-Instruments Noblesse multicollector mass spectrometers for argon isotopic measurements using a newly developed reference gas

Abstract The greatest challenge limiting 40 Ar/ 39 Ar multicollection measurements is the availability of appropriate standard gasses to intercalibrate detectors. In particular, use of zoom lens ion-optics to steer and focus ion beams into a fixed detector array (i.e., Nu Instruments Noblesse) makes intercalibration of multiple detectors challenging because different ion-optic tuning conditions are required for optimal peak shape and sensitivity at different mass stations. We have found that detector efficiency and mass discrimination are affected by changes in ion-optic tuning parameters. Reliance upon an atmospheric Ar standard to calibrate the Noblesse is problematic because there is no straightforward way to relate atmospheric 40 Ar and 36 Ar to measurements of 40 Ar and 39 Ar if they are measured on separate detectors. After exploring alternative calibration approaches, we have concluded that calibration of the Noblesse is best performed using exactly the same source, detector, and ion-optic tuning settings as those used in routine 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analysis. To accomplish this, we have developed synthetic reference gasses containing 40 Ar, 39 Ar and 38 Ar produced by mixing gasses derived from neutron-irradiated sanidine with an enriched 38 Ar spike. We present a new method for calibrating the Noblesse based on use of both atmospheric Ar and the synthetic reference gasses. By combining atmospheric Ar and synthetic reference gas in different ways, we can directly measure 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, 38 Ar/ 39 Ar, and 36 Ar/ 39 Ar correction factors over ratios that vary from 0.5 to 460. These correction factors are reproducible to better than ± 0.5‰ (2σ standard error) over intervals spanning ~ 24 h but can vary systematically by ~ 4% over 2 weeks of continuous use when electron multiplier settings are held constant. Monitoring this variation requires daily calibration of the instrument. Application of the calibration method to 40 Ar/ 39 Ar multicollection measurements of widely used sanidine reference materials ACs-2, FCs-2, and TCs-2 demonstrate that calculated 40 Ar*/ 39 Ar K can be accurately corrected to yield model 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages consistent with those reported by Earthtime 40 Ar/ 39 Ar laboratories. Replicate analyses of 8–12 single-crystal sanidine ages are reproduced to within 1–2‰ (2σ standard error) under optimal analytical conditions. This calibration technique is applicable over a wide range of isotopic ratios and signal sizes. Finally, the reference gas has the added advantage of facilitating straightforward characterization of electron multiplier dead time over a wide dynamic range.
MRI endoscopy using intrinsically localized probes.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is traditionally performed with fixed externally applied gradient magnetic fields and is hence intrinsically locked to the laboratory frame of reference (FoR). Here a method for high-resolution MRI that employs active, catheter-based, tiny internal probes that utilize the spatial properties of the probe itself for localization is proposed and demonstrated at 3 T. Because these properties are intrinsic to the probe, they move with it, transforming MRI from the laboratory FoR to the FoR of the device itself, analogous to an endoscope. The “MRI endoscope” can utilize loop coils and loopless antennas with modified sensitivity, in combination with adiabatic excitation by the device itself, to restrict the MRI sensitivity to a disk-shaped plane a few mm thick. Excitation with the MRI endoscope limits the eddy currents induced in the sample to an excited volume whose size is orders of magnitude below that excited by a conventional body MRI coil. Heat testing shows maximum local temperature increases of <1 °C during MRI, within regulatory guidelines. The method is demonstrated in a kiwifruit, in intact porcine and rabbit aortas, and in an atherosclerotic human iliac artery specimen, with in-plane resolution as small as 80 μm and 1.5–5 mm slice thickness.
Food education as food literacy: privatized and gendered food knowledge in contemporary Japan

This paper analyzes politics of food education in Japan where food education has become one of the central motifs of food policy in recent years. It describes the emergence of private enterprise institutions that offer credentials for people as “food education experts,” the majority of whom are women. Based on a survey of more than one hundred food education experts, the paper explores motivations of these women and finds that the reasons for the popularity of food education certifications are not so much that women wanted to challenge the dominant food system—as agrofood scholars may have expected or hoped for—but for reasons related more to the gendered career expectations and pressures for women to conform to a culturally-scripted feminine ideal. The paper’s importance beyond Japan lies in the discussion of dynamics and implications of privatization of food education. “Privatization” indicates a shift in the location of control and in what is considered to be “necessary” knowledge about food. Subject to market logic, food education is at risk of becoming an exercise of superficial mastering of “sanitized” information. Furthermore, at the core of privatization of food education is an increasingly pervasive approach to food education that I term “food literacy” approach, based upon a deficiency framework which posits individual knowledge and skills as sole reasons for inappropriate food choices, dietary behaviors, and culinary practices. Not only is the food literacy approach highly individualistic and apolitical, but it also enables and exacerbates the privatization and gendered pressures of food education.
The use of cognitive enhancers in behavioral disturbances of Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE To review the literature for double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that examined the efficacy of cognitive enhancers in the psychopathology of Alzheimer's disease. DATA SOURCES Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and clinicaltrials.gov. STUDY SELECTION Overall, 55 articles were reviewed for inclusion. Several open-label studies and case reports were found on this topic, but only those involving both tacrine and use of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory were included. Regarding other drugs, only double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were selected for inclusion. DATA SYNTHESIS Limited data suggest that the anticholinesterase inhibitors and memantine offer an alternative or adjunct to the antipsychotics for the treatment of moderate-to-severe behaviors. The author reviewed the literature for pharmacological management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) using these cognitive enhancers. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease will experience behavioral disturbances during the course of their disease. Atypical antipsychotics are used routinely in these situations to treat the psychotic features and agitation. However, atypicals now carry a "black box" warning issued by the Food and Drug Administration on the basis of evidence that their use in geriatric patients with dementia-related psychosis may put patients at increased risk of mortality as a result of cardiovascular or infectious events. An alternative to the atypicals may be the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, which have been shown to stabilize cognitive as well as behavioral issues in patients, utilizing the "gold standard" for behavior, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Efficacy varies among agents, with the greatest positive effects seen with donepezil, which also has the greatest number of studies. Drug benefits were harder to demonstrate for mild-to-moderate BPSD compared with moderate-to-severe symptoms.
THE EFFECTS OF RESIDENTIAL TURNOVER ON HOUSEHOLD VICTIMIZATION

Americans move frequently, and moving alters their risks of victimization. This study uses unique longitudinal, multilevel data from the 1980–1985 National Crime Survey to examine the effects of residential turnover on household victimization. The two major findings of the study are as follows: First, housing turnover is a transition that independently increases the risk that a dwelling will experience a crime. This finding is true even controlling for persistent differences in crime vulnerability between dwellings. Second, changes in the composition and routine activities of households also alter the risks of victimization. These findings provide support for social disorganization and crime opportunity theories.
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND WATER AND THE EXCRETION OF ALDOSTERONE IN DOGS WITH SPONTANEOUS HEART FAILURE.

Abstract A series of studies was made in the compensated and decompensated phases of spontaneously occurring canine congestive heart failure secondary to mitral insufficiency of undetermined etiology. In 12 dogs, results were obtained for body composition and distribution of water, sodium, and potassium, and for the excretion of aldosterone. The data show highly significant increases in plasma volume, red-cell mass, extracellular water and extracellular sodium content, and in the excretion of aldosterone. Extracellular concentration of sodium and potassium remains normal, although serum potassium is increased slightly (p = 0.05) over that of the compensated state. Intracellular water is increased 11 per cent, and intracellular potassium concentration is decreased 6 per cent. Although neither change reaches statistical significance, the latter is suggestively close (p = 0.08). Intracellular sodium concentration varies considerably, but, on the average, is negligibly increased. The results in the compensated animals approximate the results in normal man and dog. The pattern of response found in decompensation is virtually identical to the usual response to low-output right heart failure in man.
The Fourth Way of Technology and Change.

Recent social policy reforms have sought to overcome the limitations of “First Way” strategies emphasizing the welfare state and “Second Way” approaches advocating markets. Scholars and policymakers instead have begun to explore optimal synthesis of the public and private sector in a new “Third Way” of leadership and change. According to one line of interpretation advanced by Andy Hargreaves and Dennis Shirley, however, the Third Way as developed in education has ushered in a new orthodoxy of testing, accountability, and data-driven decision making. This new orthodoxy is said to distract educators from their true moral purposes. Hence, Hargreaves and Shirley have called for a new “Fourth Way” of change that draws upon international best practices in education. In this interpretive essay for a Festschrift issue of the Journal of Educational Change celebrating Andy Hargreaves’ 60th birthday, Dennis Shirley revisits Fourth Way change architecture to inquire after the appropriate role of new technologies in classrooms and schools. He retrieves the concept of mindful teaching and learning from the Fourth Way change model and illustrates how it can be used as a lens to adjudicate various interpretations of the appropriate role of new technologies in schools.
Time course of threshold elevation in ON-OFF ganglion cells ofNecturus retina: Effects of lateral interactions

Abstract A flashed background field can elevate threshold in ON-OFF ganglion cells in both a transient and sustained phase. Changing the size of this flashed background field, conditioning field, demonstrated that larger fields further increase the magnitude of the transient threshold elevation and decrease the magnitude of threshold elevation during the sustained phase. Decentered discs that transiently elevate thresholds in the ganglion cells affected bipolar responses only minimally. These experiments suggest amacrine cells, conducting signals laterally across the retina, contribute to the transient threshold elevation observed in the ganglion cells.
A comparison of initial conditions for continuous-flow systems

Abstract An initial condition, which sets the state of a system at a particular time, should describe accurately the physics of the situation and should not create computational artifacts when the governing equations are solved numerically. Drawing on the example of two-phase flow in porous media, we show that unphysical oscillations can mar a solution should the initial condition violate an inflow boundary condition. Tracking these oscillations can increase by orders of magnitude the computer time needed to solve the equations of change. At an internal boundary between two different media, an initial condition that violates the steady-state equations of change produces features that might be equally undesirable. We propose a way to generate initial conditions that avoid these artifacts, viz. by splicing together a solution of the linearized governing equations in the region of change and solutions of the steady-state equations in regions of constancy. We demonstrate our proposal using the situation of two-phase flow in porous media. Our findings are broadly applicable because of the partial analogies among transport of mass, heat and momentum.
Design and characterization of a quadrilayer magneto-optic disk

The use of quadrilayer film structures can maximize the magnetooptic (MO) effect in reflected light used for readout in optical data storage. A computer program and a multifilm optical model have been utilized to search for optimized quadrilayer structures based on various figures of merit (FOMs), including differential MO signal, shot-noise-limited SNR, and SNR expressions arising from other noise sources. Selection among various FOMs allows tradeoffs relative to the magnitude of the reflectance or thermal efficiency in writing. Disks were fabricated on the basis of the simulation design rules, and experiments were conducted to assess the recording performance. The authors report on the optimization search used in the design program and the formation of the associated FOMs, and they present data on signal and noise to illustrate the value of the model. >
Ultrastructure of alimentary epithelia of lobsters,Homarus americanus andH. gammarus, and crab,Cancer magister

The ultrastructure of the alimentary tract lining, excluding the hepatopancreas, of lobsters,Homarus americanus andH. gammarus, and Dungeness crab,Cancer magister, was investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The foregut lining consists of a cuboidal epithelium with extensive interdigitations of the lateral cell membranes and adhering junctions. The ultrastructural organization of the midgut and midgut caeca resembles that of other transporting epithelia. The cells possess a microvillous border, and the basal cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria and an anastomosing system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Hemocytes, presumed neurosecretory axons, and putative endocrine cells occur within the epithelium of the midgut and midgut caeca. Hindgut epithelial cells have numerous mitochondria in the apical cytoplasm, and their basal cell membranes are elaborately infolded. These observations suggest that one of the principal functions of the midgut, midgut caeca, and hindgut epithelia is the transport of ions and water.
A kinetics study of the reaction of SO2 with CH3O2

The reaction of CH3O2 with SO2 has been studied using the flash photolysis/ultraviolet absorption technique. In contrast to previous measurements, no reaction could be detected over the temperature range 298-423 K. An upper limit of 5 x 10 to the -17th cu cm/molecule/sec has been determined for the reaction rate constant.
Coil-in-to snRNP assembly and Cajal bodies

Eukaryotic cells have numerous non–membrane bound bodies whose functions are often unclear. On page 403 of this issue, Strzelecka and colleagues provide evidence that the ability to form Cajal bodies increases the rate of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis and/or function. This supports the hypothesis that some cellular bodies form to increase the rates of assembly of multicomponent cellular machines.
Parental marital status and peer influence as corelates of teenage pregnancy among female teens in south-South Nigeria

The study examined the effects of parental marital status and peer influence on the occurrence of teenage pregnancy among 324 female teens in south-south, Nigeria. The participants responded to a valid scale. The Pearson correlation and Multiple Regression procedures were used to investigate the predictive capacity of the independent variables on the dependent variables. The result indicated that the two independent variables, when taken together and individually were effective in predicting teenage pregnancy among female teens. Single parents were seen to be more associated with teenage pregnancy than intact parents. On the basis of these findings it was suggested that in addition to providing sound sex education, parents should ensure appropriate supervision of the activities of their children particularly the female child and the kind of peer associations they keep and that the government should set up social service agencies to enable them assist single parents and their children particularly the female child to attain proper development. Keywords: Parental marital status (single vs intact parents), Peer Influence, Teenage Pregnancy.
On Estimating the Dimensionality in Canonical Correlation Analysis

In canonical correlation analysis the number of nonzero population correlation coefficients is called the dimensionality. Asymptotic distributions of the dimensionalities estimated by Mallows's criterion and Akaike's criterion are given for nonnormal multivariate populations with finite fourth moments. These distributions have a simple form in the case of elliptical populations, and modified criteria are proposed which adjust for nonzero kurtosis. An estimation method based on a marginal likelihood function for the dimensionality is introduced and the asymptotic distribution of the corresponding estimator is derived for multivariate normal populations. It is shown that this estimator is not consistent, but that a simple modification yields consistency. An overall comparison of the various estimation methods is conducted through simulation studies.
Cutting back the calories.

For their report “Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction” (27 Aug., p. [1390][1]), Cheol-Koo Lee et al. used complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray technology (a method to simultaneously analyze the expression of a large numbers of genes) to examine aging
Mercury concentrations in walleyes from Wisconsin (USA) Lakes

Descriptive statistics were developed for Hg concentration data for 1,103 walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum Mitchill) from 219 Wisconsin lakes of various ANC. Lake means of Hg concentrations in skin-on fillets of walleyes for various fish total length groups and lake ANC intervals increased as fish length increased and as lake ANC decreased. Lake mean concentrations exceeded the Wisconsin Division of Health standard of 0.5 µg Hg g−1 ww for walleyes ≽40.0 cm in lakes with ANC < 300 µeq L−1, and were similar to the standard for fish 55.0 to 64.9 cm from lakes with ANC ≽900 µeq L−1. A linear regression model predicting walleye Hg from fish length and lake ANC was developed, but only 42% of the variation in Hg concentration was explained by the model. Individual lake relationships of walleye Hg concentration to fish length differed greatly among lakes of similar ANC. A comparison of walleye Hg concentrations in lakes with ANC <300 µeq L−1 in northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and southeastern Ontario indicated that concentrations increase from west to east.
Effects of toxaphene and endrin at very low dietary concentrations on discrimination acquisition and reversal in bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus

Abstract Adult male bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus were fed toxaphene (chlorinated camphene, 67–69% chlorine) at 10 and 50 ppm or endrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo,5,8-dimethanonaphalene) at 0·1 and 1·0 ppm and their performance on non-spatial discrimination reversal tasks was measured. The birds were on dosage for 138 days (beginning at the age of 3 days) prior to testing. Two tests (with different pairs of patterns) were conducted with toxaphene-treated birds and five with endrin-treated birds. The toxaphene-treated birds made 50% more errors than did controls ( p p
The Effect of Soy-Based Diets on Weight Gain, Shell Hardness and Flavor of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

Abstract Harvested newly-shed American lobsters, Homarus amer-icanus, were placed in pounds for long-term storage to increase weight, muscle mass, and shell strength. In a 40-day feeding trial, lobsters were fed four different diets: cod fish racks and prepared diets of 100% soybean mix, soybean with 15% flax seed, and soybean with 15% fish meal. Following the feeding trial, lobsters were weighed, carapace samples were subjected to a compressive force test to measure shell strength and sensory evaluation was performed on the tail meat portions. There was a significant (P 0.05) among treatments and no off flavors.
Pipelining parallel image compositing and delivery for efficient remote visualization

Scientific datasets of large volumes generated by next-generation computational sciences need to be transferred and processed for remote visualization and distributed collaboration among a geographically dispersed team of scientists. Parallel visualization using high-performance computing facilities is a typical approach to processing such increasingly large datasets. We propose an optimized image compositing scheme with linear pipeline and adaptive transport to support efficient image delivery to a remote client. The proposed scheme arranges an arbitrary number of parallel processors within a cluster in a linear order and divides the image into a carefully selected number of segments, which flow through the linear in-cluster pipeline and wide-area networks to the remote client consecutively. We analytically determine the segment size that minimizes the final image display time and derive the conditions where the proposed image compositing and delivery scheme outperforms the traditional schemes including the binary swap algorithm. In order to match the transport throughput for image delivery over wide-area networks to the pipelining rate for image compositing within the cluster, we design a class of transport protocols using stochastic approximation methods that are able to stabilize the data flow at a target rate. The experimental results from remote visualization of large-scale scientific datasets justify the correctness of our theoretical analysis and illustrate the superior performances of the proposed method.
The effects of visitation on incarcerated juvenile offenders: how contact with the outside impacts adjustment on the inside.

The present study investigates how visitation from parents impacts youths’ mental health in the first two months of incarceration in a secure juvenile facility. A diverse sample of 276 male, newly incarcerated serious adolescent offenders (14–17 years) was interviewed over a 60-day period. Results indicate that youth who receive visits from parents report more rapid declines in depressive symptoms over time compared to youth who do not receive parental visits. Moreover, these effects are cumulative, such that the greater number of visits from parents, the greater the decrease in depressive symptoms. Importantly, the protective effect of receiving parental visits during incarceration exists regardless of the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship. Policy changes that facilitate visitation may be key for easing adjustment during the initial period of incarceration.
Presynaptic NMDA receptors also make the switch

A study shows that NR3A–containing presynaptic NMDA receptors regulate glutamate release, and that a switch in subunit composition underlies the developmental loss of spike timing–dependent LTD at cortical synapses.
Regularization of soft-X-ray imaging in the DIII-D tokamak

An image inversion scheme for the soft-X-ray imaging system (SXRIS) diagnostic at the DIII-D tokamak is developed to obtain the local soft-X-ray emission at a poloidal cross-section from the spatially line-integrated image taken by the SXRIS camera. The scheme uses the Tikhonov regularization method since the inversion problem is generally ill-posed. The regularization technique uses the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) to determine a solution that depends on a free regularization parameter. The latter has to be chosen carefully, and the so-called L-curve method to find the optimum regularization parameter is outlined. A representative test image is used to study the properties of the inversion scheme with respect to inversion accuracy, amount/strength of regularization, image noise and image resolution. The optimum inversion parameters are identified, while the L-curve method successfully computes the optimum regularization parameter. Noise is found to be the most limiting issue, but sufficient regularization is still possible at noise to signal ratios up to 10%-15%. Finally, the inversion scheme is applied to measured SXRIS data and the line-integrated SXRIS image is successfully inverted.
Quantitative high temperature absorption spectroscopy of NCO at 305 and 440 nm

Abstract A spectral survey of NCO absorption near the P 2 + p Q 12 head of the [ A 2 Σ + (00 0 0)← X 2 Π i (00 1 0)] band was obtained at 1450°K, 0.6 atm using a remotely located cw ring dye laser source and a shock tube. Mixtures of hydrogen cyanide, oxygen and nitrous oxide diluted in argon were shock heated to provide a reproducible steady-state concentration of NCO, and narrow-line absorption was measured in repeated experiments with the laser set at different wavelengths. The peak absorption was found at 440.479 nm (vac). The experimental spectrum was compared with a theoretical model to yield an average Voigt parameter a ≅ 0.1. Additional experiments, in mixtures of cyanogen, oxygen and nitrous oxide diluted in argon, provided a known plateau level of NCO, which was used to infer an absolute absorption coefficient β(1450°K, 0.60 atm) = 110(-50, +130) cm -1 atm -1 at 440.479 nm. This value of β corresponds to an oscillator strength of 0.0026 for the (00 0 0←00 1 0) band. Similar experiments were conducted to monitor the absorption around the R 1 head of the [ B 2 Π i (10 1 0)← X 2 Π i (00 1 0)] band of NCO, using a frequency doubled cw ring dye laser. The observed spectrum displayed strong broadening, indicating predissociation of the upper state. At the peak absorption wavelength (304.681 nm, vac), we inferred β(1470°K, 0.63 atm) = 40(-19, +48) cm -1 atm -1 and a ≅ 9. This value of β corresponds to an oscillator strength of 0.0031 for the (10 1 0←00 1 0) band.
Mechanical properties of delta-stabilized Pu–1.0 wt% Ga alloys

Abstract This overview paper summarizes how temperature, strain rate, purity, prior fabrication history and prior thermal history affect mechanical properties of delta-stabilized Pu–1.0 wt% Ga alloys (hereafter referred to as delta). The efficacy of comparing torsion and tensile data using the Von Mises criteria (distortion energy theory of yielding) is clearly shown by numerous examples. Delta also follows the Hall–Petch relationship. A reasonably self-consistent set of mechanical properties, i.e., hardness, strength, ductility, creep, and fatigue, are presented; these data (and other information) were used by Los Alamos to benchmark a new constitutive model for delta. The agreement with mechanical property data of other FCC metals is extremely good. Further work in the area of dynamic restoration processes at elevated temperature is suggested. The fairly new high-quality TEM work on delta continues to be another rich area for further research, especially as related to looking at aging effects in delta.
Social network activation: The role of health discussion partners in recovery from mental illness

Abstract In response to health problems, individuals may strategically activate their social network ties to help manage crisis and uncertainty. While it is well-established that social relationships provide a crucial safety net, little is known about who is chosen to help during an episode of illness. Guided by the Network Episode Model, two aspects of consulting others in the face of mental illness are considered. First, we ask who activates ties, and what kinds of ties and networks they attempt to leverage for discussing health matters. Second, we ask about the utility of activating health-focused network ties. Specifically, we examine the consequences of network activation at time of entry into treatment for individuals' quality of life, social satisfaction, ability to perform social roles, and mental health functioning nearly one year later. Using interview data from the longitudinal Indianapolis Network Mental Health Study (INMHS, N = 171), we focus on a sample of new patients with serious mental illness and a group with less severe disorders who are experiencing their first contact with the mental health treatment system. Three findings stand out. First, our results reveal the nature of agency in illness response. Whether under a rational choice or habitus logic, individuals appear to evaluate support needs, identifying the best possible matches among a larger group of potential health discussants. These include members of the core network and those with prior mental health experiences. Second, selective activation processes have implications for recovery. Those who secure adequate network resources report better outcomes than those who injudiciously activate network ties. Individuals who activate weaker relationships and those who are unsupportive of medical care experience poorer functioning, limited success in fulfilling social roles, and lower social satisfaction and quality of life later on. Third, the evidence suggests that social networks matter above and beyond the influence of any particular individual or relationship. People whose networks can be characterized as having a pro-medical culture report better recovery outcomes.
Energy of grain boundaries between cusp misorientations

The disclination model of high angle grain boundaries proposed before is used to understand the energy-angle relations between cusp misorientations. It is found that the model predicts the correct relationship within experimental error with only one adjustable parameter which resembles the Burgers vector of dislocations at low angles. Experimental data for [100] symmetric tilt boundaries in Cu and Al and for [110] symmetric tilt boundaries in Al are used for illustration.
Personal Knowledge: Measuring and Understanding the Role of Non-Work-Related Knowledge at Work

This paper introduces the idea of personal knowledge, defined as the degree to which an individual possesses information about a work colleague that is completely unrelated to the domain of work, such as non-task, non-role, or non-firm information.. This is the first exploration of this concept and includes a description of the construct and a summary of how this construct is distinct from existing organizational behavior constructs. This paper also develops a measure of personal knowledge through both qualitative and quantitative studies. These five studies demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity and develop a measure of personal knowledge is validated and ready for use in survey studies.
The MLQ revisited: psychometric properties and recommendations

Abstract The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure transformational and transactional leader behaviors in the organizational sciences. A review of this literature reveals inconsistent research findings, which may be due to the psychometric properties of the MLQ. Data from four samples of managers were employed to investigate the underlying factor structure of the MLQ. In independent samples, the data fail to support the hypothesized structure of the MLQ in first- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). However, a reduced set of items from the MLQ appear to show preliminary evidence of construct and predictive validity. Implications for future research and theoretical development are discussed.
Secondary Re-Ordering Methods for Parallel Partitioned Sparse Inverse Solutions

This paper compares ordering algorithms to reduce the number of serial steps required for parallel repeat solutions. These algorithms are applied after the initial application of a fill-reducing algorithm, and are called "secondary re-ordering" algorithms. One algorithm described in this paper optimally reduces the number of no-fill partitions in the partitioned inverse of the LDLT factors of A. The algorithm computes the minimum number of subsets in the partition over all permutations of L which preserve the lower triangular structure of the matrix. The paper considers also a tree rotations method to reduce the height of the elimination tree. This paper describes experiments on the behavior of these algorithms when used in combination with a variety of primary ordering algorithms: minimum degree, multiple minimum degree, minimum length and nested dissection. Numerical results on power system and finite element matrices are presented. The main conclusion is that the primary re-ordering is more important than the secondary re-ordering method in increasing parallelism.
Multilingual Acoustic Models for Speech Recognition in Low-Resource Devices

Multilingual access to information and services is a key requirement in any pervasive or ubiquitous computing environment. In this paper we review the design of a common alphabet for up to fifteen languages and describe its application to multilingual speech recognition in low-resource devices in real-time. We give an overview of the special requirements for acoustic modeling in such environments and present initial results of a technique that aims on a more efficient discrimination between languages in training while keeping low memory footprint. We also report the usefulness of a multilingual recognizer as a language-independent system to bootstrap a new language.
Symmetrical Solutions for Edge-Loaded Annular Elastic Membranes

The Foppl–Hencky nonlinear membrane theory is employed to study the axisymmetric deformation of annular elastic membranes. The general solutions for displacements and stresses are established for arbitrary edge boundary conditions. New exact solution results are developed for central loading and edge forcing conditions. Both positive and negative radial stress solutions are found. Comparisons are made for special cases to previously known solutions with excellent agreement.
Cost function calculation for stationary, linear-quadratic systems with colored noise

A relation is developed for direct calculation of the cost function for an optimally controlled linear system with quadratic criteria, distributed by a colored noise of any given spectral density distribution. >
Pioglitazone increases apolipoprotein A-I production by directly enhancing PPRE-dependent transcription in HepG2 cells

Pioglitazone, a hypoglycemic agent, has been shown to increase plasma HDL cholesterol, but the mechanism is incompletely understood. We further investigated effects of pioglitazone on transcriptional regulation of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I gene and functional properties of pioglitazone-induced apoA-I-containing particles. Pioglitazone dose-dependently stimulated apoA-I promoter activities in HepG2 cells. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-response element located in site A (−214 to −192 bp, upstream of the transcription start site) of the promoter is required for pioglitazone-induced apoA-I gene transcription. Deletion of site A (−214 to −192 bp), B (−169 to −146 bp), or C (−134 to −119 bp), which clusters a number of cis-acting elements for binding of different transcription factors, reduced the basal apoA-I promoter activities, and no additional pioglitazone-sensitive elements were found within this region. Overexpression or knock-down of liver receptor homolog-1, a newly identified nuclear factor with strong stimulatory effect on apoA-I transcription, did not alter pioglitazone-induced apoA-I transcription. Pioglitazone-induced apoA-I transcription is mainly mediated through PPARα but not PPARγ in hepatocytes. Pioglitazone induced production of HDL enriched in its subfraction containing apoA-I without apoA-II, which inhibited monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro. In conclusion, pioglitazone increases apoA-I production by directly enhancing PPAR-response element-dependent transcription, resulting in generation of apoA-I-containing HDL particles with increased anti-inflammatory property.
Acid treatment for functionalizing polyethylene fiber surfaces for enhanced adhesion to epoxy resins

The utility of high-strength, high-modulus polyethylene fibers in fiber-reinforced composites is limited due to its poor interfacial adhesion to various polymeric matrices. One way to overcome this limitation is to introduce reactive functionalities on the fiber surface capable of covalently bonding to matrix resins. Ultra high-strength polyethylene (UHSPE) fibers were treated with chlorosulfonic acid. The surface acid groups were found to considerably improve the interfacial adhesion between polyethylene fibers and epoxy resins as shown by the microbond test. These surface functionalities were found to improve the fiber wettability, as shown by contact angle measurements using the Wilhelmy balance method. Colorimetric measurements of methylene blue absorption were used to quantify the surface concentrations of the acid groups. It was possible to functionalize the UHSPE fiber surfaces using this method to obtain fibers that formed a stronger adhesive bond with epoxy resins; this was achievable without sacrificing other fiber mechanical properties.
An interaction-dependent model for transcription factor binding

Transcriptional regulation is accomplished by several transcription factor proteins that bind to specific DNA elements in the relative vicinity of the gene, and interact with each other and with Polymerase enzyme. Thus the determination of transcription factor-DNA binding is an important step toward understanding transcriptional regulation. An effective way to experimentally determine the genomic regions bound by a transcription factor is by a ChIP-on-chip assay. Then, given the putative genomic regions, computational motif finding algorithms are applied to estimate the DNA binding motif or positional weight matrix for the TF. The a priori expectation is that the presence or absence of the estimated motif in a promoter should be a good indicator of the binding of the TF to that promoter. This association between the presence of the transcription factor motif and its binding is however weak in a majority of cases where the whole genome ChIP experiments have been performed. One possible reason for this is that the DNA binding of a particular transcription factor depends not only on its own motif, but also on synergistic or antagonistic action of neighboring motifs for other transcription factors. We believe that modeling this interaction-dependent binding with linear regression can better explain the observed binding data. We assess this hypothesis based on the whole genome ChIP-on-chip data for Yeast. The derived interactions are largely consistent with previous results that combine ChIP-on-chip data with expression data. We additionally apply our method to determine interacting partners for CREB and validate our findings based on published experimental results.
Measurement theory and subsethood

The connection between logical implication and the subsethood relationship is apparent when bivalent logic and crisp set theory are examined. When fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory are examined, however the connection is not always clear. Ragin Ragin (1987) introduced fuzzy subsethood into the social sciences as a tool for detecting necessary and sufficient conditions. Unfortunately, Ragin's efforts were dismissed by social scientists becasue of the problem of scale. This paper examines the use of fuzzy subsethood as tools for detecting causality.
Efficient Marker-Free Recovery of Custom Genetic Modifications with CRISPR/Cas9 in Caenorhabditis elegans

Facilitated by recent advances using CRISPR/Cas9, genome editing technologies now permit custom genetic modifications in a wide variety of organisms. Ideally, modified animals could be both efficiently made and easily identified with minimal initial screening and without introducing exogenous sequence at the locus of interest or marker mutations elsewhere. To this end, we describe a coconversion strategy, using CRISPR/Cas9 in which screening for a dominant phenotypic oligonucleotide-templated conversion event at one locus can be used to enrich for custom modifications at another unlinked locus. After the desired mutation is identified among the F1 progeny heterozygous for the dominant marker mutation, F2 animals that have lost the marker mutation are picked to obtain the desired mutation in an unmarked genetic background. We have developed such a coconversion strategy for Caenorhabditis elegans, using a number of dominant phenotypic markers. Examining the coconversion at a second (unselected) locus of interest in the marked F1 animals, we observed that 14–84% of screened animals showed homologous recombination. By reconstituting the unmarked background through segregation of the dominant marker mutation at each step, we show that custom modification events can be carried out recursively, enabling multiple mutant animals to be made. While our initial choice of a coconversion marker [rol-6(su1006)] was readily applicable in a single round of coconversion, the genetic properties of this locus were not optimal in that CRISPR-mediated deletion mutations at the unselected rol-6 locus can render a fraction of coconverted strains recalcitrant to further rounds of similar mutagenesis. An optimal marker in this sense would provide phenotypic distinctions between the desired mutant/+ class and alternative +/+, mutant/null, null/null, and null/+ genotypes. Reviewing dominant alleles from classical C. elegans genetics, we identified one mutation in dpy-10 and one mutation in sqt-1 that meet these criteria and demonstrate that these too can be used as effective conversion markers. Coconversion was observed using a variety of donor molecules at the second (unselected) locus, including oligonucleotides, PCR products, and plasmids. We note that the coconversion approach described here could be applied in any of the variety of systems where suitable coconversion markers can be identified from previous intensive genetic analyses of gain-of-function alleles.
In vivo versus cell culture models: the example of lipid biosynthesis in the enterocyte

Evaluation of: Storch J, Zhou YX, Lagakos WS: Metabolism of apical vs basolateral sn-2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids in rodent small intestine. J. Lipid Res. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M800116-JLR200 (2008) (Epub ahead of print). This report reviews the information regarding the metabolism of fatty acids and monoglycerides by intestinal epithelial cells, as studied in vivo in the rodent enterocyte and in vitro in the Caco-2 cell model. It describes the similarities and differences observed in these two physiological models, and discusses the implications of each model and the extrapolations that can and cannot be made from in vitro findings to the intact organism.
Parallax-Docking and Reconfiguration of Field Programmable Robot Arrays Using an Intermittently-Powered One-Hot Controller

Field Programmable Robot Arrays (FPRAs) are micro-robots with onboard reconfigurable logic. We assume MEMS-based micro-robots like those developed by Donald et al. [2] as a foundation to build FPRAs. We present architecture of the FPRA which has the following components: MEMS Scratch-Drive- Actuator (SDA) micro-robot, LEDs with matching photo sensors, electrical docking ports and onboard programmable logic array of a new kind called Field Programmable One-Hot Arrays (FPOHAs). SDAs need an intermittent power supply. We present a hardware solution to powering the FPOHA (from the intermittent supply to the FPRA) and a parallax algorithm which is used to achieve docking of robot arrays, after which the FPOHA may be retasked.
The etiology of swine dysentery. III. The role of selected gram-negative obligate anaerobes.

A disease resembling swine dysentery occurred in gnotobiotic piglets pre- viously colonized with Escherichia coli and given a mixture of five enteric anaerobes and spirochete B-78, orally. No disease occurred in germ-free piglets exposed to four Gram- negative obligate anaerobes or to the spirochete; however, if the four respective anaerobes were introduced into gnotobiotic pigs previously colonized with the spirochete, or when the spirochete was introduced into gnotobiotic pigs colonized with the anaerobes, a dis- ease occurred that simulated swine dysentery. Swine dysentery is probably caused by the specific interaction of one or more enteric Gram-negative obligate anaerobes and a spiro- chete.