cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans seeking medical treatment

Results from recent research point to the need to screen and assess for PTSD in medical as well as psychiatric patients, and to broaden the scope of assessment to include combat veterans of other recent wars, e.g., World War II and Korea. The present study was designed to obtain the following information: (1) the degree to which PTSD symptomatology is present in veterans who are inpatients on medical units, (2) the respective rates of PTSD symptoms and psychological distress of combat veterans from WW-II, Korea, and Vietnam, and (3) the extent and nature of psychological disturbance, as measured by the paper and pencil tests, across the three military time periods. One hundred and sixty-one nonpsychiatric combat and former POW veteran patients served as subjects, with 70.2% having served in World War II, 13.1% having served in Korea, and 16.8% having served in Vietnam. All subjects completed a questionnaire packet which included a demographic data sheet, the Mississippi Scale for Combat-related PTSD, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, and the Combat Exposure Scale. Results of the study showed a 24% overall PTSD rate, as determined by subjects' scores on the Mississippi scale. While no differences in combat exposure were found among three war groups, psychiatric disturbance was most apparent among Vietnam veterans. A combination of demographic and psychological factors was found to accurately predict PTSD status. These findings suggest the need to screen and assess all combat veterans who present on medical as well as psychiatric units.
Effect of differential spinal cord transection on human cerebral blood flow

Abstract Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by 133Xe inhalation in 17 patients with chronic spinal cord transection. This was done to investigate any effects such spinal cord deafferentation might have on resting rCBF and to test whether resulting chronic preganglionic sympathectomy influenced cerebral vasomotor CO2 responsiveness and autoregulation. Thirteen patients had complete cervical cord transection (CCT) at levels C4–C6 (age 37 ± 15 years, time interval, 2 months–20 years). Four patients had complete thoracic cord transection at levels T3–4, T8 and T12 (TCT; age 49 ± 22 years; time interval 2–5 months). CO2 responsiveness was tested by induced hypercapnia in 11 patients with CCT and 2 patients with TCT. Autoregulation was tested in 10 patients with CCT and 4 patients with TCT by decreasing cerebral perfusion pressure during postural tilting. Mean resting hemispheric Fg values (MHFg) were significantly reduced only in patients with CCT ( MHFg = 69 ± 12 ml 100 g brain/min ), while brain stem-cerebellar Fg values (BSC Fg) were reduced significantly both in patients with CCT (BSC Fg = 85 ± 10) and with TCT (BSC Fg = 88 ± 12) compared to values measured in healthy normals (N = 21, MHFg = 81 ± 10, BSC Fg = 98 ± 10). Hemispheric CO2 responsiveness showed a trend toward reduction in patients with CCT but this was not statistically significant. Hemispheric autoregulation was significantly impaired in CCT compared to healthy normals but improved with time and rehabilitation. Results are taken to indicate that deafferentation due to cervical cord transection reduces rCBF in both hemispheres and brain stem-cerebellar regions while deafferentation due to thoracic cord transection only reduces brain stem-cerebellar flow. Extracerebral sympathetic innervation plays a role in autoregulation but has less influence on cerebral CO2 responsiveness.
Scanning Probe Direct‐Write of Germanium Nanostructures

Bottom-up nanostructure synthesis has played a pivotal role in the advancement of nanoscale science. This approach is typically less labor and energy intensive than its topdown counterpart because only the required amount of material is grown from a chosen precursor, rather than a macroscopic object being chiseled down to the desired size. However, device integration often requires complex manipulation steps for placing the synthesized nano-object in the appropriate location.
Increased reactive oxygen species in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with mutations in SOD1

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic disorder characterized by degeneration of large motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. A subset of ALS is inherited (familial ALS, FALS) and is associated with more than 70 different mutations in the SOD1 gene. Here we report that lymphoblast cell lines derived from FALS patients with 16 different mutations in SOD1 gene exhibit significant increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with sporadic ALS (SALS) and normal controls (spouses of ALS patients). The ROS generation did not correlate with SOD1 activity. Further, cells incubated with vitamin C, catalase or the flavinoid quercetin significantly reduced ROS in all groups. The catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole resulted in a ten-fold increase of ROS in all groups. Neither L-nitroarginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor or vitamin E altered the ROS levels. Thus, these studies suggest that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a major ROS elevated in FALS lymphoblasts and it may contribute to the degeneration of susceptible cells. Further, we postulate a mechanism by which increased H(2)O(2) could be generated by mutant SOD1.
Social networks as a source of private-vehicle transportation: The practice of getting rides and borrowing vehicles among Mexican immigrants in California

We examine the role of social networks in enabling access to private-vehicle transportation, through getting rides and borrowing cars. Based on qualitative findings from ten focus group discussions with recent Mexican immigrants to California, half of whom have no car, we describe the extent to which participants depend on rides and borrowed cars for transportation. We highlight the unique aspects of informal access to cars, drawing on social exchange theory and related research to characterize the procurement process and likely levels of exchange. We discuss the implications of these findings for transportation services that might serve this and other community groups.
The impact of output and exchange rate volatility on fixed private investment: evidence from selected G7 countries

This study examines the impact of shocks to exchange rate and output uncertainty (volatility) on real private fixed investment (FI) in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis is conducted using vector autoregressive models that contain the price level, real output, the volatility of real output, the real exchange rate, the volatility of the real exchange rate, an interest rate and FI. The results yield important public policy implications with regard to the impact of output volatility of FI. Our analysis indicates that volatility shocks, measured as output volatility or exchange rate volatility, do not have a significant impact on FI for any country in our study.
Cultural/Heritage Destinations: Tourist Satisfaction and Market Segmentation

ABSTRACT This study assessed expectation and satisfaction with a cultural/heritage destination by using an expectation and satisfaction grid. It also segmented the cultural/heritage tourism market based on tourist satisfaction, and then examined the relationship between cultural/heritage destination attributes and the overall satisfaction of tourists in each segment. The findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between destination attributes and overall satisfaction with the cultural/heritage experience.
Development of the sand-dwelling meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod huntemannia jadensis Poppe in the laboratory☆

Abstract Huntemannia jadensis Poppe, a common intertidal copepod in coastal waters of the north-western United States and British Columbia, Canada ranges in length from 0.1 mm at birth to 1.3 mm (adult female) and 1.5 mm for the larger of two male morphs. Body lenght alone is not a reliable indicator of the stage of development for ths species. All six naupliar and the first two copepodite stages are interstitial, but older stages are burrowers. Individual sand grains were grasped with antennae, first maxillae, and caudal rami for browsing attached diatoms. Males of both morphs clasped immature females up to several days before females molted to the adult stage and were inseminated. In cultures with daily addition of benthic diatoms, H. jadensis grew from egg to adult in 50 days at both 15 and 20°C, 66 days at 12°C, and 95 days at 8°C. Development never progressed past the naupliar stages at 4°C. Females lived for more than a year in culture, and a maximum of four broods per female was produced with broods 3 to 5 wk apart. A single observation of generation time (egg to egg) of 167 days was made at 8°C. aboratory egg moratality ranged from 17 to 83% per brood. Naupliar mortality was also very high, but copepodites suffered less than 25% mortality within each stage. Survivorship to maturity in the laboratory was highest at 8°C. Laboratory mortality patterns were similar to those observed in ield populations. Growth was so slow and cultures so difficult to mantain that H. jadensis is not recommended for future laboratory study of burrowing or interstitial harpacticoid copepods.
Nondestructive high-resolution visualization and measurement of anisotropic effective porosity in complex lithologies using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography

Abstract New methods are presented that allow high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) to be utilized for imaging and measuring the effective porosity field of mineralogically complex specimens at resolutions in the 5–100 μm range. These methods extend previous established approaches by allowing sample displacement between successive imaging runs and eliminating the need for a highly-attenuating tracer. A highly detailed map of partial porosity can be generated by scanning a sample in a dry state and infiltrated by distilled water, and performing a three-dimensional alignment of the two data sets. This map can then be used to obtain a number of quantitative analyses, such as the frequency distribution of partial porosity and directional analysis to infer flow anisotropy. It can also be used for petrographic study of the relationship of porosity to evolving mineralogy in a dynamic system. These methods are demonstrated on a series of altered volcanic rocks from a deep-sea hydrothermal field.
Stroke after adenotonsillectomy in patients with undiagnosed moyamoya syndrome.

Importance Moyamoya syndrome is a rare, occlusive cerebrovascular arteriopathy with significant risk for stroke. Populations that frequently undergo otolaryngologic procedures, including patients with Down syndrome and sickle cell disease, are particularly at risk for moyamoya. The initial presentation of moyamoya syndrome as stroke in the perioperative period of an otolaryngologic procedure has not been reported. Observations A retrospective medical record review assessed the relationship of otolaryngologic operations and the onset of moyamoya symptoms. Moyamoya syndrome was present in 137 patients. Of these, 19 patients underwent otolaryngologic procedures; 3 children had strokes 2 to 4 days after adenotonsillectomy, including 2 children with Down syndrome. Intraoperative carotid artery injury was considered but was proven not to be the cause of stroke. Bilateral moyamoya disease was diagnosed in all 3 patients via vascular imaging studies; all subsequently underwent revascularization procedures. Conclusions and Relevance Clinicians should be aware of an elevated prevalence of moyamoya syndrome in Down syndrome and sickle cell disease populations and should consider moyamoya syndrome in the differential diagnosis of postoperative stroke. Stroke risk is magnified in the perioperative setting related to perioperative dehydration and hypotension. Awareness and screening for cerebral vasculopathy in high-risk populations could prompt measures to decrease the occurrence of postoperative strokes after adenotonsillectomies.
Microstructure of the gravitationally settled region in a liquid-phase sintered dilute tungsten heavy alloy

A dilute tungsten heavy alloy consisting of 50W-35Ni-15Fe (wt pct) was liquid phase sintered at 1500 ° for times ranging from 30 to 960 minutes. This alloy corresponds to a nominal solid content of 20 vol pct at the sintering temperature. Because of the excess liquid, the alloy den-sified easily and exhibited extensive liquid-solid separation due to the density difference between the phases. The solid content at the compact bottom ranged from 45 to 70 vol pct over position and time. The microstructure of the settled region was quantified for volume fraction of tung-sten, grain size, connectivity, and settled solid angle of repose. These results provide a basis for extending the microstructural parameters to possible microgravity conditions. The grain growth rate constant varies with the inverse 2/3 power of the volume fraction of liquid, possibly re-flecting combined coalescence and solution-reprecipitation processes. This volume-fraction ef-fect on the grain-growth-rate constant applies to several systems.
Gromov–Wasserstein Distances and the Metric Approach to Object Matching

This paper discusses certain modifications of the ideas concerning the Gromov–Hausdorff distance which have the goal of modeling and tackling the practical problems of object matching and comparison. Objects are viewed as metric measure spaces, and based on ideas from mass transportation, a Gromov–Wasserstein type of distance between objects is defined. This reformulation yields a distance between objects which is more amenable to practical computations but retains all the desirable theoretical underpinnings. The theoretical properties of this new notion of distance are studied, and it is established that it provides a strict metric on the collection of isomorphism classes of metric measure spaces. Furthermore, the topology generated by this metric is studied, and sufficient conditions for the pre-compactness of families of metric measure spaces are identified. A second goal of this paper is to establish links to several other practical methods proposed in the literature for comparing/matching shapes in precise terms. This is done by proving explicit lower bounds for the proposed distance that involve many of the invariants previously reported by researchers. These lower bounds can be computed in polynomial time. The numerical implementations of the ideas are discussed and computational examples are presented.
Metropolized independent sampling with comparisons to rejection sampling and importance sampling

Although Markov chain Monte Carlo methods have been widely used in many disciplines, exact eigen analysis for such generated chains has been rare. In this paper, a special Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, Metropolized independent sampling, proposed first in Hastings (1970), is studied in full detail. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the corresponding Markov chain, as well as a sharp bound for the total variation distance between the nth updated distribution and the target distribution, are provided. Furthermore, the relationship between this scheme, rejection sampling, and importance sampling are studied with emphasis on their relative efficiencies. It is shown that Metropolized independent sampling is superior to rejection sampling in two respects: asymptotic efficiency and ease of computation.
Seagrass Die-off in Florida Bay: Long-term Trends in Abundance and Growth of Turtle Grass, Thalassia testudinum

Beginning in late 1987 Florida Bay experienced a large and unprecedented die-off ofThalassia testudinum. The die-off occurred only in stands of denseT. testudinum. We initiated an experimental monitoring effort in 1989 to attempt to ascertain the cause of this die-off phenomenon. From 1989 to 1995 the abundance and productivity ofT. testudinum was measured at five stations associated with the seagrass die-off and three stations where no die-off had occurred (including one on the seaside of Key Largo, outside of Florida Bay). Early in the study the salinity was very high, exceeding 46 psu, but it has decreased to 29–38 psu in recent years. Seagrass standing crop and either short-shoot density or mass per short shoot declined at nearly all stations, including the stations without die-off (unaffected stations). Over the course of the study, areal productivity declined at three die-off stations; but mass-specific productivity increased at all die-off stations and one unaffected station. Seasonality was pronounced; detrended standardized residuals showed responses for all of the seagrass parameters to be greater than the yearly mean in spring and summer and less than the mean in fall and winter. Detrended residuals also showed decreased productivity to be correlated with increased salinities in the summer despite a long-term record of declining salinities. We propose a conceptual model of the seagrass die-off phenomenon. We document that salinity does contribute to stress onT. testudinum in Florida Bay, but salinity is believed to be only one contributing factor to the loss of seagrasses. The documented increase in the mass-specific productivity ofT. testudinum over the period 1989–1995 suggests seagrasses are growing rapidly in Florida Bay by 1995; we predict that the loss ofT. testudinum may be slowing down and that recovery is possible.
Fear conditioning and latent inhibition in mice lacking the high affinity subclass of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.

Abstract Nicotine can enhance performance in several tests of cognition but the specific nicotinic receptor subtypes mediating these effects are largely unknown. Knock out mice lacking the β2 subunit of the nicotinic receptor were evaluated in fear conditioning and latent inhibition tasks to begin to determine which receptor subtypes mediate the cognitive effects of nicotine. Young (2–4 months) knock out and wild type mice did not differ in either contextual or tone-conditioned fear, but aged (9–20 months) knock out males were impaired in freezing to both context and tone compared to aged wild type males. No differences in fear conditioning were observed between aged knock out and wild type females. Latent inhibition of fear to a pre-exposed tone, as measured by behavioral freezing, was also assessed. Both knock out and wild type mice displayed similar levels of latent inhibition, although overall levels of freezing were lower in knock out mice. These results support a previous study showing spatial learning deficits in aged β2 subunit knock out mice [EMBO J. 18 (1999) 1235] and suggest that performance of other cognitive tasks may not be influenced by absence of β2 subunit-containing receptors.
Digital and analog readout systems for fiber-optic strain sensors as applied to the monitoring of roller element bearing systems.

A rotating machinery test rig was instrumented with fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer strain sensors for condition monitoring of rolling element bearings. Strain variations produced by ball passes were observed and analyzed in the time and frequency domain. Wavelength division multiplexing was utilized to simultaneously monitor the sensors with analog and digital readout systems—analog for high bandwidth and digital for high dynamic range and the monitoring of multiple sensors. The effects of imbalance on the shaft, changes in rotational speed, effects on the rotor system, and detection of bearing defects were investigated. Frequency peaks observed in the bearing sensor spectra closely matched predicted values. Imbalance and rotational speed tests showed good agreement with expected trends, and bearing defects were successfully detected.
Learning to teach in a diverse setting: A case study of a multicultural science education enthusiast

This study explores the student teaching experience of Jill, a multicultural science education enthusiast who taught in a school whose predominant culture was different from her own. The purpose of this study was to thematically describe Jill's student teaching experience as a multicultural science education enthusiast and to examine how she negotiated the constraints she encountered. Three data sources were used to capture Jill's student teaching experience: in-depth interviews that were conducted with her throughout the semester; observations that were made while she taught different classes; and her journal that described her teaching experiences and reflections. Themes describing Jill's experiences were developed, evaluated, and refined from various data sources to ensure their authenticity. A constant comparative analysis revealed that Jill experienced: (1) an unfamiliarity with her students and their life experiences; (2) a marginalization of herself as she tried to create new lessons for students in science; and (3) a desire for her science instruction to be more relevant to her students. Within each salient experience, Jill felt constrained. Some of the constraints she encountered were mediated, whereas others remained present throughout her student teaching experience. Jill's experiences reveal the complexity of learning to teach in a school whose predominate culture is different from your own. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed83:527–543, 1999.
A case of mediastinitis after radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus.

e a c n w s w s o d p s o m s ( A 67-year-old man with a 10-year history of nonnodular, long-segment Barrett’s esophagus (BE, C9M12) was noted to have high-grade dysplasia on surveillance endoscopy (EGD). After discussing the available treatment options (surgery vs endoscopic ablation), the patient decided to proceed with endoscopic treatment. EGD with EUS was performed first, the findings of which were negative for mediastinal adenopathy. Two weeks later, the patient underwent uneventful circumferential BÂRRX alo (BÂRRX Medical, Sunnyvale, Calif) radiofrequency blation (RFA) (12 J/300 W). Repeat EGD 6 weeks later revealed residual BE with Los ngeles (LA) grade B esophagitis in the previously ablated egments with partial neosquamous re-epithelialization. he second session of RFA was postponed until mucosal ealing could be documented. Surveillance biopsies at hat time revealed acute and chronic inflammation with eactive atypia consistent with “indefinite for dysplasia.” he patient was maintained on a proton pump inhibitor wice daily. Four weeks later or 10 weeks after the initial FA, repeat EGD revealed persistent LA grade B esophgitis in the distal esophagus (36-40 cm), neosquamous e-epithelialization (33-36 cm), and islands of residual BE 29-33 cm). Focal RFA of the proximal residual BE segment 29-33 cm) using the BÂRRX Halo system was performed (12J/40W). A total of 30 ablations were performed. There were no immediate complications, and the patient was discharged home without any symptoms. Several hours
A Signalling Device for Non-Oral Communicators

Partially speaking students and users of augmentative/alternative communication systems commonly benefit from a method of signalling to initiate or repair their communicative efforts. This article ...
Event-based optimal regulator design for nonlinear networked control systems

This paper presents a novel stochastic event-based near optimal control strategy to regulate a networked control system (NCS) represented as an uncertain nonlinear continuous time system. An online stochastic actor-critic neural network (NN) based approach is utilized to achieve the near optimal regulation in the presence of network constraints, such as, network induced time-varying delays and random packet losses under event-based transmission of the feedback signals. The transformed nonlinear NCS in discrete-time after the incorporation the delays and packet losses is utilized for the actor-critic NN based controller design. To relax the knowledge of the control coefficient matrix, a NN based identifier is used. Event sampled state vector is utilized as NN inputs and their respective weights are updated non-periodically at the occurrence of events. Further, an event-trigger condition is designed by using the Lyapunov technique to ensure ultimate boundedness of all the closed-loop signals and save network resources and computation. Moreover, policy and value iterations are not utilized for the stochastic optimal regulator design. Finally, the analytical design is verified by using a numerical example by carrying out Monte-Carlo simulations.
Properties and rheology of coal–water mixtures using different coals

Abstract The properties, settling rates, and the rheology of coal–water mixtures (CWM) made up from different coals were investigated. Test suspensions containing different concentrations of suspended particles were made up from each of four different pulverized parent coals: a Pittsburgh Seam No. 8 coal, an Illinois coal, and the product and feed from a flotation process using an Illinois coal. All the parent coals had broad particle-size distributions. In addition, the Pittsburgh Seam No. 8 coal was classified into four different size fractions using sieving, resulting in three coarser, narrow particle size cuts and the fine residual fraction passing 325-mesh, which had a broad size distribution. The property characterizations for all coals included the following: elemental analyses, heating values, particle size analyses, particle surface areas and pore sizes, solid heat capacities, and thermal conductivities. Tests on the suspensions included detailed supernatant ion analyses, and measurements of pH values and zeta potentials. For each test coal maximum-packing volume fractions were estimated using centrifugation, and the settling rates and directly measured yield stresses, using the vane method, were determined for every concentration of coal–water mixtures (CWM) used. The shear-stress/shear-rate dependences of the test suspensions, covering the shear-rate range from 0.1 to 105 s−1, were determined using a capillary rheometer. For some of the test suspensions, correction for a pronounced wall-slip effect was required. Apart from the directly measured yield stresses using the vane method, yield stresses were estimated indirectly by extrapolation and rheological model-fitting. Extrapolation of directly measured yield stresses to infinite limit was used to estimate maximum packing for comparison with those determined from the irreducible sediment volumes using centrifugation. The two-parameter power-law, Bingham plastic and Casson empirical rheological models, and the three-parameter Herschel-Bulkley and Sisko models were used to fit the shear-stress/shear-rate data. In general, the shear-stress/shear-rate dependence was found to be shear-thinning, power-law, over the lower ranges of shear, and to tend to Newtonian limit at high shear; a dependence which is best described by the three-parameter Sisko model.
Technological Competence, Technology Aversion and Strategic Manufacturing Competitiveness

The relationship between technology and strategic competitiveness is investigated. It is suggested that effective management of employees and equipment can speed technological advances to customers. However, managerial technological knowledge of the production process and technical aspects of equipment are of paramount importance for the successful implementation of any competitive strategy. Future areas of empirical investigation through testable propositions are suggested. Each proposition is a hypothesis and major study in itself, and it is hoped that future researchers will statistically analyse each proposition to confirm or deny its validity.
Comparison of Filtration Properties of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus and Simian Virus 40 Using a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Filter

Background and Objectives: We examined the ability of a modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter to remove blood–borne and surrogate viruses. Materials and Methods:
Wavefront sensing and the irradiance transport equation

Phase retrieval has recently been experimentally demonstrated, using the irradiance transport equation. We show that this equation provides a unified description for incoherent wavefront sensing methods, bringing new insights and opening new prospects in this area.
Spin-glass — ferromagnetic transitions and critical lines in Fe x Pd 8 2 − x Si 18 metallic glasses

Magnetization measurements on a series of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{82\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{18}$ metallic glasses are reported, $9\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}20$. The experimental results resemble closely the predictions of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model. Scaling analysis is applied to the Curie and the spin-glass\char22{}ferromagnetic transitions. It shows that both are similar in nature with, however, different critical exponents. The magnetic phase diagram of amorphous ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{82\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{18}$ is obtained. It differs significantly from the one obtained previously on the basis of low-field dc and ac measurements alone.
s-wave\overline K -nucleon interactions-nucleon interactions

The low-energy K−-proton and K−-deuterium scattering and absorption processes are described in terms of six new sets ofs-wave energy-dependent\(\overline K \)-nucleon interaction parameters solutions, called,X1,X2,Y1,Y2,Z1 andZ2; obtained by reasonable interpolations between Watson’s amplitudes of solutionA to represents-wave\(\overline K \) Open image in new window phenomena in both theI=0 andI=1 channels at K− laboratory momentumkL=400 MeV/c; Ross and Humphrey’s amplitudes of solution II describing theI=1,\(\overline K \) Open image in new window scattering ata)kL=0 MeV/c, andb)kL=100 MeV/c; and by requiring the 1405 MeV Y0*-resonance as ans-wave bound state of the\(\overline K \) Open image in new window system. The K−-p and K−-d scattering (both elastic and inelastic) processes are found to be rather insensitive to the width of the Y0*-resonance. The comparison between the experimental and the calculated values of the σ and A production cross-sections in both the K−-p and K−-d collisions shows that most probably the correct width of Y0* is 1 MeV (the value quoted by the nuclear emulsion group) andcannot be 50 MeV (the value quoted by bubble chamber groups).
Early development of leg and wing primordia in the Drosophila embryo

The development of the leg and wing primordia in the Drosophila embryo has been traced using molecular markers. Distal-less and disconnected gene expression provide molecular labels for the leg primordia throughout embryonic development. disconnected expression in the developing leg primordia depends on Distal-less activity. The leg primordia arise as discrete clusters of cells that occupy well defined positions in the embryonic ectoderm. At later stages of embryogenesis the primordia become morphologically recognizable and are intimately associated with the development of the Keilin's organs. The presumptive leg disc and the Keilin's organ appear to derive from a common primordium. Similarly the Abnormal leg pattern gene provides a molecular label for the wing and haltere primordia. The dorsal thoracic primordia appear to be of independent origin from the legs.
Elastic constants of silicon using Monte Carlo simulations

Elastic constants of a bulk silicon crystal are calculated using the Monte Carlo (MC) technique in conjunction with an isoenthalpic-isotension-isobaric ensemble (HtN ensemble) and the Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential or one of the Tersoff potentials. This MC method is the counterpart of the Parrinello-Rahman HtN molecular dynamics. We present HtN MC calculations of the adiabatic elastic constants of a crystalline silicon at three different temperatures, using an HtN ensemble fluctuation formula, and compare with the corresponding results from EhN ensemble molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Calculation of the elastic constants of SW silicon using HtN MC simulation is a superior technique when compared to a corresponding HtN MD simulation that failed to produce accurate results. The calculation of the elastic constants using the HtN ensemble is, in general, slower in convergence than the corresponding calculation using the EhN ensemble. It is still a useful technique for the calculation of elastic constants, because it does not require any knowledge of the derivatives of the potential, which could be nontrivial for potentials with terms beyond two body. In order to investigate the convergence of another potential, elastic constants of the latest silicon Tersoff potential were calculated at a nonzero temperature. The zero-temperature elastic constants of Si SW and Si Tersoff potentials were also calculated using a direct method and extrapolation of HtN MC results to zero temperature.
The isoporous substructure of the human glomerular slit diaphragm.

The isoporous substructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm in man. The substructure of the human glomerular slit diaphragm is examined after perfusion fixation of a human kidney with tannic acid-glutaraldehyde. The present study shows that the substructure of the slit diaphragm in man is very similar to that described in rats and mice, and that the dimensions of the contained pores (50 × 120 Å) in the human differ only slightly from those reported for the murine kidney. It is unlikely that rectangular pores of the dimensions of those measured in the human kidney would permit, under physiological conditions, the penetration of significant quantities of serum protein molecules. It is possible, therefore, that the slit diaphragm in the human glomerulus could function as a fine filter for serum proteins, although this remains to be definitely proved. Ultrastructure du "slit diaphragm" glomerulaire chez l'homme. L'ultrastructure du "slit diaphragm" du glomerule humain a ete etudiee apres fixation par perfusion du rein au moyen d'acide tannique et de glutaraldehyde. Ce travail montre que l'ultrastructure du "slit diaphragm" de l'homme est tres semblable a celle decrite chez le rat et la souris et que les dimensions des pores qu'il contient (50 × 120 Å) ne sont que peu differentes de celles qui ont ete obtenues dans les reins murins. Il est peu probable que des pores rectangulaires ayant les dimensions mesurees dans le rein humain permettent, dans des conditions physiologiques, la penetration de quantites significatives de molecules de proteines seriques. Il est donc possible que le "slit diaphragm" du rein humain puisse fonctionner comme un filtre fin pour les proteines seriques encore que cela reste a demontrer.
Estrogen treatment enhances dopamine receptor sensitivity in the rat striatum

Abstract Estrogen (125 μg/rat) was administered, subcutaneously, to male rats six days before measurements were made. Estrogen treatment increased the number of dopamine receptor sites labeled by [ 3 H]spiroperidol in vitro and the intensity of stereotypy induced by dopamine agonists in vivo. These two measures suggest that estrogen administration significantly influences the number of striatal DA receptors and a response to in vivo striatal DA receptors stimulation.
Influence of nearest-neighbor Coulomb interactions on the phase diagram of the ferromagnetic Kondo model

Natl. High Magnetic Field Laboratory Department of Physics Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
Quantifying child mortality reductions related to measles vaccination.

Background This study characterizes the historical relationship between coverage of measles containing vaccines (MCV) and mortality in children under 5 years, with a view toward ongoing global efforts to reduce child mortality. Methodology/Principal Findings Using country-level, longitudinal panel data, from 44 countries over the period 1960–2005, we analyzed the relationship between MCV coverage and measles mortality with (1) logistic regressions for no measles deaths in a country-year, and (2) linear regressions for the logarithm of the measles death rate. All regressions allowed a flexible, non-linear relationship between coverage and mortality. Covariates included birth rate, death rates from other causes, percent living in urban areas, population density, per-capita GDP, use of the two-dose MCV, year, and mortality coding system. Regressions used lagged covariates, country fixed effects, and robust standard errors clustered by country. The likelihood of no measles deaths increased nonlinearly with higher MCV coverage (ORs: 13.8 [1.6–122.7] for 80–89% to 40.7 [3.2–517.6] for ≥95%), compared to pre-vaccination risk levels. Measles death rates declined nonlinearly with higher MCV coverage, with benefits accruing more slowly above 90% coverage. Compared to no coverage, predicted average reductions in death rates were −79% at 70% coverage, −93% at 90%, and −95% at 95%. Conclusions/Significance 40 years of experience with MCV vaccination suggests that extremely high levels of vaccination coverage are needed to produce sharp reductions in measles deaths. Achieving sustainable benefits likely requires a combination of extended vaccine programs and supplementary vaccine efforts.
Probability state sequence method for reliability analysis of wind farms considering wake effect

Reliability analysis of wind farms, especially when considering wake effect, has been a challenge due to the intermittency of wind energy. This paper proposes a probability state sequence method which utilizes the independent probability distribution of each wind turbine to come up with the integration of total output states of the wind farm and the derivation of reliability indices. When wake effect is considered, the method remains unchanged comparing to normal cases but the only modification needed is on the representing states for the sum sequence. By using the probability state sequence method, the reliability analysis can have higher computational efficiency and can be subject to easy change of parameters. A studied case has been shown to demonstrate the use and effectiveness of the method.
Localization of sites in the tail domain of the middle molecular mass neurofilament subunit phosphorylated by a neurofilament-associated kinase and by casein kinase I.

We have shown previously that a neurofilament (NF)-associated kinase (NFAK) extracted from chicken NF preparations phosphorylates selectively the middle molecular mass NF subunit (NF-M). Here we show that the major kinase activity in NFAK is indistinguishable from enzymes of the casein kinase I (CKI) family based on the following criteria : (1) inhibition of NFAK phosphorylation by the selective CKI inhibitor CKI-7, (2) the similarity in substrate specificity of NFAK and authentic CKI, (3) the correspondence of two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps of NF-M phosphorylated in vitro by NFAK with those generated by CKI under similar conditions, and (4) immunological cross-reactivity of NFAK with an antibody raised against CKI. We have also identified Ser 502 , Ser 528 , and Ser 536 as phosphorylation sites by NFAK/CKI in vitro, each of which is also phosphorylated in vivo. All three serines are found in peptides with CKI phosphorylation consensus sequences, and Ser 528 and Ser 536 and flanking amino acids are highly conserved in higher vertebrate NF-M sequences. Neither Ser 502 nor Ser 536 has been identified previously as NF-M phosphorylation sites.
Histostitcher™: An informatics software platform for reconstructing whole-mount prostate histology using the extensible imaging platform framework.

Context: Co-registration of ex-vivo histologic images with pre-operative imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) can be used to align and map disease extent, and to identify quantitative imaging signatures. However, ex-vivo histology images are frequently sectioned into quarters prior to imaging. Aims: This work presents Histostitcher™, a software system designed to create a pseudo whole mount histology section (WMHS) from a stitching of four individual histology quadrant images. Materials and Methods: Histostitcher™ uses user-identified fiducials on the boundary of two quadrants to stitch such quadrants. An original prototype of Histostitcher™ was designed using the Matlab programming languages. However, clinical use was limited due to slow performance, computer memory constraints and an inefficient workflow. The latest version was created using the extensible imaging platform (XIP™) architecture in the C++ programming language. A fast, graphics processor unit renderer was designed to intelligently cache the visible parts of the histology quadrants and the workflow was significantly improved to allow modifying existing fiducials, fast transformations of the quadrants and saving/loading sessions. Results: The new stitching platform yielded significantly more efficient workflow and reconstruction than the previous prototype. It was tested on a traditional desktop computer, a Windows 8 Surface Pro table device and a 27 inch multi-touch display, with little performance difference between the different devices. Conclusions: Histostitcher™ is a fast, efficient framework for reconstructing pseudo WMHS from individually imaged quadrants. The highly modular XIP™ framework was used to develop an intuitive interface and future work will entail mapping the disease extent from the pseudo WMHS onto pre-operative MRI.
Pulmonary Infections in Cardiac Transplant Patients: Modes of Diagnosis, Complications, and Effectiveness of Therapy

Abstract Eighteen serious pulmonary infections have been encountered in 10 of 16 surviving cardiac transplant recipients. Fourteen of 18 infections (78%) occurred within the first six months after transplant and the remaining 4 (22%) after the first six months ( p Transtracheal aspiration or percutaneous lung aspiration established the diagnosis in all but two episodes. Percutaneous lung aspiration appeared more accurate as a diagnostic tool but was associated with 6 complications in 13 attempts (46%), while no complications occurred in 17 attempts with transtracheal aspiration ( p Five of the 10 patients had multiple episodes of pulmonary infection; 2 of these 5 (40%) had concurrent infections. Nocardia organisms were encountered most frequently, accounting for 7 of 18 (39%) infections; 6 of 10 patients (60%) were infected with Nocardia at some point after transplant. Nine of 10 patients (90%) were cured of infection. Eight are still alive without evidence of infection. We conclude from these data that pulmonary infection is common in transplant recipients, that early definitive diagnosis, in spite of the potential complications, is warranted, and that cure of infection and long-term survival are possible if treatment is timely and aggressive.
Virtual Positions and Power

This paper discusses a class of natural organizational phenomena called virtual positions and links them to the enactment of power. Virtual positions involve three or more persons from different parts of an organization working together on a recurring and usually major task process. A virtual position is contrasted to a regular position in which an incumbent performs a set of task processes. There is no regular position for the task processes performed by a virtual position. Instead the set of individuals act as if they are a composite position. There are two types of virtual positions: regulated and unregulated. Regulated virtual positions usually take the form of committees, standing committees, and task forces. Unregulated virtual positions involve task processes which have been neither rationalized nor integrated with the Organizational Architecture. Virtual positions arise out of attempts to cope with organizational changes without having to redesign the organization. Given enough time a virtual position can be used to analyze change and to determine how it should be handled. But when changes occur at a more rapid rate than the virtual positions can be absorbed, they can spread rapidly. Thus an informal adaptive mechanism can lead to an accumulation of problems which can become maladaptive. Each virtual position involves the control of some task process and the possible leverage of this task process on others. Each virtual position participant has opportunity for access to information, other persons, and the possibility of enhancing his own position or preventing the enhancement of another's. When the virtual position involves major, recurring vulnerabilities, this control can be parlayed into organizational power. Virtual positions are viewed as arenas for power struggles in organizations. An example is given of the virtual positions in an actual community bank. The theory underlying the virtual positions is based on the continuing evolution of a theory of group structures. The concepts of process and task process are defined. A recently developed operationalization of the concept of interdependence is introduced. The notion of uncertainty is generalized. This leads to the development of uncertainty interdependence. Power is seen as the control of uncertainty interdependence. Virtual positions are viewed as the arenas in which uncertainty interdependencies can be resolved. Thus virtual positions are linked to the distribution and enactment of power in organizations. The theoretical discussion is based on a technology which is used in organizational design. Consequently, there exist means by which virtual positions can be identified and analyzed in real organizations. This paper links these analyses of virtual positions to the process of designing an organization.
4-H Mentoring: Youth and Families with Promise - adult engagement and the development of strengths in youth.

The 4-H Mentoring: Youth and Families with Promise program is a school, family, and community partnership designed to enhance the strengths of at-risk youth. Youth with below-average school performance, poor social skills, and/or weak family bonds are targeted. Participants are engaged by caring adults in three structurally different settings; youth are matched with a young adult mentor, enrolled in a 4-H club, and participate in monthly Family Night Out activities with their parents. The results of this strength-based study, with 345 male and 326 female youth, highlight changes in interpersonal and intrapersonal strengths. Programmatic predictors of post-program strengths varied by gender and age of participants. Findings are interpreted from an ecological systems perspective and the involvement of various adults, particularly parents, in youth development programs is encouraged.
Functionalized analogues of 5,8,10-trideazafolate: Development of an enzyme-assembled tight binding inhibitor of GAR Tfase and a potential irreversible inhibitor of AICAR Tfase

A set of inhibitors 3 and 4 of GAR and AICAR Tfase based on the TDAF core which contain an sp2 C-10 carbon atom replacing N-10 of the natural cofactor are detailed. Both possess electrophilic olefins and the potential of trapping the reacting amine of the substrates GAR and AICAR by a Michael addition at the enzyme active site to provide an enzyme-assembled tight binding inhibitor. While these agents did not display such characteristics and served as simple competitive inhibitors of GAR Tfase and AICAR Tfase, inhibitor 15 prepared in the conversion of 3 to 4 may provide an enzyme-assembled tight binding inhibitor of GAR Tfase upon reaction with the substrate GAR and may inactivate AICAR Tfase by virtue of alkylation of an active site residue.
The diffractive optics calibrator: design and construction

We present a new device, the Diffractive Optics Calibrator (DOC), for measuring duty-cycle and etching depth for computer generated holograms (CGH). The system scans the CGH with a collimated laser beam, and collects the far field diffraction pattern with a CCD array. The relative intensities of the various orders of diffraction are used to fit the phase shift from etching and the duty cycle of the binary pattern. The system is capable of measuring variations that cause 1 nm PV phase errors in the wavefront created by the CGH. The measurements will be used primarily for quality control CGHs, but the data can also be used to provide a lookup table for corrections that allow calibration of the lithography errors. Such calibration may be necessary for us to achieve our goal of measuring freeform aspheric surfaces with 1 nm RMS accuracy.