cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion fueled with diesel and hydrous ethanol using response surface methodology

Anhydrous ethanol has been widely investigated as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. The use of high water content hydrous ethanol in engines has the potential to significantly improve life-cycle energy use and CO2 emissions of bio-ethanol. Our previous work showed that dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is a promising combustion strategy replacing up to 80% of the total fuel energy with hydrous ethanol yielding simultaneously high thermal efficiency and low engine-out NOX and soot emissions. In this work, we use response surface methodology (RSM) to experimentally optimize several key engine engine-out emissions parameters at high and low engine load with data from a single-cylinder research engine. Efficient experimental designs were developed that allowed identification of statistically significant operating parameters for optimizing emissions. Following the optimization path generated by the RSM, NOX and soot emissions were reduced by 79% and 50% at the low load condition, and by 72% and 27% at the high load condition, compared to the starting points. Indicated thermal efficiency was compromised along the optimization path due to delayed combustion phasing for both load conditions. The study also shows that different operating parameters are significant for RCCI emissions at different engine loads. A trade-off between HC and CO emissions was observed at the lower load condition, while HC and CO were both lower after the optimization process at the higher load condition. Overall, this work shows that RSM can be effectively used to elucidate interactions among multiple engine operating parameters with reduced experimentation to optimize complex dual-fuel RCCI combustion modes.
Mixed-Integer Optimization Techniques for Algorithmic Process Synthesis

This paper presents an overview of the mathematical programming approach for process synthesis. First, the methods for process synthesis are reviewed with an emphasis on algorithmic methods. The mathematical programming approach is covered next in a discussion of basic concepts on representations for synthesis, modeling of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems, MINLP algorithms, and solution strategies. As is shown, these four components are basic elements in the algorithmic methods for process synthesis. Also, it is shown, both through the derivation of methods and their application to several examples, that MINLP optimization has reached a stage where it can solve practical problems of significant size. Finally, several future directions of research are also discussed.
Synthesis and Transfer of Amylase in Pigeon Pancreatic Microsomes

A pigeon pancreas microsomal system supplemented with microsomal supernatant fluid or pH 5 enzyme incorporates radioactive amino acids into purified amylase. Several parameters of the incorporation system are presented. Tryptic digestion of the isolated radioactive amylase shows that the amino acids are incorporated into peptide linkage within the protein, as in amylase synthesized in vivo. The radioactive amylase is first found on the attached ribosomes and with time is transferred to the deoxycholate-soluble microsomal subfraction, which corresponds largely to the content of microsomal vesicles. Only about 30% of the released amylase is found as soluble protein in the incubation medium. The system in vitro thus comprises the vectorial mechanism involved in the transfer of newly synthesized secretory protein across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into the cisternal space.
Automatic Differentiation and Interval Arithmetic for Estimation of Disequilibrium Models

Nonlinear estimation problems have a unknown number of stationary points. Interval arithmetic is a promising method that eliminates all but the global optimum. Automatic differentiation provides users with a convenient method of computing the gradient and Hessian of nonlinear functions. These two can be combined to provide an efficient and convenient global optimization process.
Estimating cognitive state using EEG signals

Using EEG signals to estimate cognitive state has drawn increasing attention in recently years, especially in the context of brain-computer interface (BCI) design. However, this goal is extremely difficult because, in addition to the complex relationships between the cognitive state and EEG signals that yields the non-stationarity of the features extracted from EEG signals, there are artefacts introduced by eye blinks and head and body motion. In this paper, we present a classification system, which can estimate the subject's cognitive state from the measured EEG signals. In the proposed system, a mutual information based method is employed to reduce the dimensionality of the features as well as to increase the robustness of the system. A committee of three classifiers was implemented and the majority voting results of the committee are taken to be the final decisions. The results of a preliminary test with data from freely moving subjects performing various tasks as opposed to the strictly controlled experimental set-ups of BCI provide strong support for this approach.
Regulation of neurotransmission in the arcuate nucleus of the rat by different neuropeptide Y receptors.

We examined the effects of peptides of the neuropeptide Y (NPY)/pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family on synaptic transmission in the arcuate nucleus in rat hypothalamic slices. Application of NPY produced two effects. In some cells NPY produced an outward current that had the properties of a K+ current. NPY also inhibited the evoked glutamatergic EPSC recorded in these arcuate neurons by a presynaptic mechanism. Although the effects of NPY on the K+ current reversed within a few minutes of washout of the peptide, its effects on the EPSC frequently were longer lasting (>30 min). Similar effects were observed using peptide YY or the NPY analog [Leu31, Pro34]NPY. Although K+current activation by [Leu31,Pro34]NPY was blocked by the selective Y1 antagonist BIBP 3226, inhibition of the EPSC was blocked only partially. Other NPY-related peptides such as NPY(13–36), PP, and [d-Trp32]NPY also inhibited the EPSC. However, none of these peptides produced activation of the K+ current. Thus, activation of more than one NPY receptor produces synaptic inhibition in the arcuate nucleus. A Y1 receptor activates a K+ current postsynaptically, and several receptor types appear to inhibit the EPSC by a presynaptic mechanism.
The Role of Development in the Evolution of Life Histories

The aspects of development that interest students of life history evolution are plasticity, canalization, and constraint. Plasticity has both an adaptive component modifiable by gene substitutions and a chemically and structurally inevitable component. Plasticity may be either continuous or discrete. Continuous plasticity in life history traits is shaped by major trade-offs among growth, reproduction, survival, and differentiation. Allocations among these competing needs can be understood as problems in optimization within constraints set by the developmental system. More is known about what evolution ought to produce, in this respect, than about what developmental systems can produce. Discrete plasticity — the environmentally induced production of alternative forms, such as environmental sex determination — seems to be selected when there are discontinuities in the environment or where intermediate shapes will not work, and when environments vary mostly between, rather than within, generations. In different ways both plasticity and canalization uncouple the gene pool from selection, implying that the organism is a privileged level of selection and promoting stasis within species. We know little about developmental constraints and their implications for evolutionary ecology. Organisms appear to be a mosaic of relatively recent adaptations which we can understand in terms of optimality theory, embedded in a framework of relatively old constraints which we would like to understand in terms of developmental mechanisms.
Algorithms for imperfect phylogeny haplotyping (IPPH) with a single homoplasy or recombination event

The haplotype inference (HI) problem is the problem of inferring 2n haplotype pairs from n observed genotype vectors. This is a key problem that arises in studying genetic variation in populations, for example in the ongoing HapMap project [5]. In order to have a hope of finding the haplotypes that actually generated the observed genotypes, we must use some (implicit or explicit) genetic model of the evolution of the underlying haplotypes. The Perfect Phylogeny Haplotyping (PPH) model was introduced in 2002 [9] to reflect the “neutral coalescent” or “perfect phylogeny” model of haplotype evolution. The PPH problem (which can be solved in polynomial time) is to determine whether there is an HI solution where the inferred haplotypes can be derived on a perfect phylogeny (tree). Since the introduction of the PPH model, several extensions and modifications of the PPH model have been examined. The most important modification, to model biological reality better, is to allow a limited number of biological events that violate the perfect phylogeny model. This was accomplished implicitly in [7,12] with the inclusion of several heuristics into an algorithm for the PPH problem [8]. Those heuristics are invoked when the genotype data cannot be explained with haplotypes that fit the perfect phylogeny model. In this paper, we address the issue explicitly, by allowing one recombination or homoplasy event in the model of haplotype evolution. We formalize the problems and provide a polynomial time solution for one problem, using an additional, empirically-supported assumption. We present a related framework for the second problem which gives a practical algorithm. We believe the second problem can be solved in polynomial time.
Housing Conditions of Nuclear and Extended Households in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Area

Arrivals of new immigrants into the south Florida area have put increased pressure on housing markets and fostered renewed efforts to provide more affordable housing. Many view household extension largely as a response to the lack of a sufficient amount of affordable housing. This paper examines the nature, proportion and housing condition of nuclear and extended households in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area. The study also investigates how the incidence and housing situation of extended households has changed during the period from 1986 to 1990. This study illustrates that extended families in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area are not uniformly worse off than nuclear families, given ethnicity and income level. While the area's housing problems require attention, some of that attention should be focused on removing institutional barriers to household extension and to providing broader housing choices for minority ethnic groups.
Brightest Cluster Members

A review of the structural properties of BCM’s in poor and rich clusters is presented in order to define the morphological types gE, D and cD in ellipticals. Although the difference between bright field ellipticals and BCM’s is subtle (primarily an enlargement in characteristic radius for BCM’s) it is quantifiable on the fundamental plane for ellipticals. Various indirect arguments, plus direct comparison to N-body simulations, demonstrate that these structural differences are the result of a past history of early mergers plus late accretions of lesser clusters members. Although present day tidal stripping is evident in some clusters, cD envelopes must have their origin before cluster virialization.
Robbing a Barren Vault: The Implications of Dukes v. Wal-Mart for Cases Challenging Subjective Employment Practices

This article examines federal opinions from 2005-2011 challenging subjective employment practices under a 'disparate impact' or 'pattern or practice' theory to assess the likely impact of Dukes v. Wal-Mart on such cases. Although the Wal-Mart ruling favors employers, results suggest that the ruling’s effect on employer selection practices will be muted by the low prevalence of such claims. An average employer’s litigation risk in connection with such claims is so vanishingly small that I surmise they rarely examine or alter their subjective selection practices in response. However, the risk of a lawsuit challenging subjective employment practices was not homogenous across all employers. Fortune 100 companies faced a substantial risk – about 15% – of being subject to such a suit between 2005 and 2011 These mega-class actions are unlikely to withstand the more stringent certification standard articulated in Wal-Mart. I discuss the potential policy implications of a litigation landscape in which the very largest disparate impact and pattern or practice class actions are no longer viable. I observe that the public value of these mega-class actions is difficult to assess because the plaintiffs were never forced to prove the availability of a less discriminatory selection procedure. I then offer potential regulatory options to address the overall dearth of cases challenging subjective employment practices and the problematic employer incentives generated by Wal-Mart.
Irreversible Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase by Dicaffeoylquinic Acids

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses require integration of a double-stranded DNA copy of the RNA genome into the host cell chromosome for productive infection. The viral enzyme, integrase, catalyzes the integration of retroviral DNA and represents an attractive target for developing antiretroviral agents. We identified several derivatives of dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) that inhibit HIV-1 replication in tissue culture and catalytic activities of HIV-1 integrase in vitro. The specific step at which DCQAs inhibit the integration in vitro and the mechanism of inhibition were examined in the present study. Titration experiments with different concentrations of HIV-1 integrase or DNA substrate found that the effect of DCQAs was exerted on the enzyme and not the DNA. In addition to HIV-1, DCQAs also inhibited the in vitro activities of MLV integrase and truncated variants of feline immunodeficiency virus integrase, suggesting that these compounds interacted with the central core domain of integrase. The inhibition on retroviral integrases was relatively specific, and DCQAs had no effect on several other DNA-modifying enzymes and phosphoryltransferases. Kinetic analysis and dialysis experiments showed that the inhibition of integrase by DCQAs was irreversible. The inhibition did not require the presence of a divalent cation and was unaffected by preassembling integrase onto viral DNA. The results suggest that the irreversible inhibition by DCQAs on integrase is directed toward conserved amino acid residues in the central core domain during catalysis.
Registrations of Assistance Dogs in California for Identification Tags: 1999-2012

Dogs are filling a growing number of roles supporting people with various disabilities, leading to a chaotic situation in the U.S. Although the federal laws allow public access with working dogs only for people with disabilities, no governmental enforcement or management system for such dogs exists. Furthermore, there is no substantive way to confirm whether the dog is an adequately trained assistance dog or not, as neither the handlers nor the dogs are required to carry any particular certification or identification. Therefore, unqualified assistance dogs and incidents such as dog bites by assistance dogs sometimes are problems in the U.S. A governmental oversight system could reduce problems, but no information is available about the current uses of assistance dogs in the U.S. We aimed to investigate the current demographics of registered assistance dogs and the evolving patterns in uses of dogs during 1999-2012 in California. We acquired data on assistance dogs registered by animal control facilities throughout California. We used descriptive statistics to describe the uses of these assistance dogs. The number of assistance dogs sharply increased, especially service dogs, in the past decade. Dogs with small body sizes, and new types of service dogs, such as service dogs for psychiatric and medical assistance, strongly contributed to the increase. The Assistance Dog Identification tags sometimes were mistakenly issued to dogs not fitting the definition of assistance dogs under the law, such as emotional support animals and some cats; this reveals errors in the California governmental registering system. Seemingly inappropriate dogs also were registered, such as those registered for the first time at older than 10 years of age. This study reveals a prevalence of misuse and misunderstanding of regulations and legislation on assistance dogs in California.
Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function in children with obesity and lipid disorders.

Background Digital tonometry is designed to non-invasively screen for endothelial dysfunction by the detection of impaired flow-induced reactive hyperaemia in the fingertip. We determined whether digital reactive hyperaemia correlated with risk factors for atherosclerosis in two groups of children at increased risk for endothelial dysfunction. Methods A total of 15 obese children and 23 non-obese, dyslipidaemic children, 8–21 years of age, were enrolled, and their medical histories, anthropometric measurements, carotid wall thickness by means of ultrasonography, and fasting blood samples for cardiovascular risk factors were obtained. The standard endoPAT index of digital reactive hyperaemia was modified to reflect the true peak response or the integrated response of the entire post-occlusion period. In each group, age, sex, pubertal status, carotid wall thickness, and multiple cardiovascular risk factors were tested as predictors of endothelial dysfunction. Results In the non-obese, dyslipidaemic group, but not in the obese group, both indices strongly correlated with height (r=0.55, p=0.007, by peak response) followed by weight, waist circumference, and age. In both groups, neither index of reactive hyperaemia significantly correlated with any other cardiovascular risk factor. Conclusions Contrary to the known age-related increase in atherosclerosis, digital reactive hyperaemia increased with age and its correlates in non-obese, dyslipidaemic children and was not related to other cardiovascular risk factors in either group. The reason for the lack of this relationship with age in obese children is unknown. The age-dependent physiology of digital microvascular reactivity and the endothelium-independent factors controlling the peak hyperaemic response need further study in children with a wide age range.
The life and death of Project Camelot.

The United States Ambassador to Chile sent an urgent and angry cable to the State Department. Ambassador Ralph Dungan was confronted with a growing outburst of anti-Americanism from Chilean newspapers and intellectuals. The anti-American attacks that agitated Dungan had no direct connection with sending US troups to Santo Domingo. Their target was a mysterious and cloudy American research program called Project Camelot. Basically, Project Camelot was used for measuring and forecasting the causes of revolutions and insurgency in underdeveloped areas of the world. It also aimed to find ways of eliminating the causes, or coping with the revolutions and insurgencies. Camelot was sponsored by the US Army on a four to six million dollar contract, spaced out over three to four years, with the Special Operations Research Organization (SORO).
Use of the McQuarrie equation for the computation of shear viscosity via equilibrium molecular dynamics

To date, the calculation of shear viscosity for soft-core fluids via equilibrium molecular dynamics has been done almost exclusively using the Green-Kubo formalism. The alternative mean-squared displacement approach has not been used, except for hard-sphere fluids, in which case the expression proposed by Helfand (Phys. Rev. 119, 1 (1960)) has invariably been selected. When written in the form given by McQuarrie ({ital Statistical} {ital Mechanics} (Harper Row, New York, 1976), Chap. 21), however, the mean-squared displacement approach offers significant computational advantages over both its Green-Kubo and Helfand counterparts. In order to achieve comparable statistical significance, the number of experiments needed when using the Green-Kubo or Helfand formalisms is more than an order of magnitude higher than for the McQuarrie expression. For pairwise-additive systems with zero linear momentum, the McQuarrie method yields frame-independent shear viscosities. The hitherto unexplored McQuarrie implementation of the mean-squared displacement approach to shear-viscosity calculation thus appears superior to alternative methods currently in use.
The organization of independent basic research institutes symbiotic with universities

The assumption that universities are the only natural home for basic research is questioned. The article examines the balance between teaching and research, considers the disadvantages of universities as places of research and suggests what is wanted in an institution devoted to research. The author proposes the creation of a new type of independent research institution which would have a special relationship with universities.
Why are psychological sex differences often larger in gender Egalitarian cultures? An evolutionary psychology approach

Evolutionary insights from sexual selection theory, strategic pluralism theory, sexual strategies theory, life history theory, psychosocial acceleration theory, and mismatch theory have helped to explain cultural variations in the degree to which men and women psychologically differ. Biosocial theory, in contrast, has proven problematic in that national levels of sociopolitical gender equality are often positively related (not negatively related) with the size of psychological sex differences. As men and women are treated more equally across cultures, psychological sex differences are larger in terms of Big Five personality traits and the Dark Triad traits of Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and psychopathy; in terms of romantic attachment and love styles; in terms of sociopolitical attitudes and personal values; in terms of clinical depression rates and crying behavior; in terms of tested cognitive and mental abilities; even in terms of physical attributes such as height and blood pressure.
Macroscopic subdivision of silica aerogel collectors for sample return missions

Silica aerogel collector tiles have been employed for the collection of particles in low Earth orbit and, more recently, for the capture of cometary particles by NASA's Stardust mission. Reliable, reproducible methods for cutting these and future collector tiles from sample return missions are necessary to maximize the science output from the extremely valuable embedded particles. We present a means of macroscopic subdivision of collector tiles by generating large-scale cuts over several centimeters in silica aerogel with almost no material loss. The cut surfaces are smooth and optically clear allowing visual location of particles for analysis and extraction. This capability is complementary to the smaller-scale cutting capabilities previously described [Westphal (2004), Ishii (2005a, 2005b)] for removing individual impacts and particulate debris in tiny aerogel extractions. Macroscopic cuts enable division and storage or distribution of portions of aerogel tiles for immediate analysis of samples by certain techniques in situ or further extraction of samples suited for other methods of analysis.
Quantitative Studies on the Iodinated Components Secreted by the Rat Thyroid Gland as Determined by in Situ Perfusion

A technique is described for perfusing the rat thyroid gland in situ and analyzing the effluent from the thyroid vein. This procedure allows determination of radioactive components secreted from prelabeled thyroid glands by avoiding contamination from recirculating radioactive materials. Filtration of blood with Dacron or glass wool before itsi use in perfusion greatly reduced hemorrhage into the follicles and the consequent appearance of thyroglobulin in the thyroid effluent. Doublelabeling with 125I given 24 hr before and 131I given 10 min before perfusion permitted analysis of materials labeled with iodine entering the thyroid gland at these different time intervals in the same animal. TSH added to the perfusing blood at a concentration of 12.5 mU/ml markedly increased the secretion of iodothyronines and of iodide and the T3 + T4/I− ratio in rats labeled 24 hr previously with 125I. TSH also induced an increase in iodothyronine secretion in rats acutely labeled with 131I. The T3/T4 ratio of both 125I an...
A simple fast micromethod for measuring enzyme activities which release tritium as tritium water

The entire procedure is carried out in a counting vial by mixing the reagents as a 20- to 30-microliters drop in the cap of a counting vial, incubating, quenching the reaction, and then distilling the tritium water produced into the chilled vial, in which it is assayed after the addition of scintillation solvent and a clean cap. The application of this technique to the analysis of serum transaminases is described.
Studies on oligonucleotides: thermodynamic and optical properties of the oligoinosinate-polycytidylate complexes.

Oligoinosinates (I(pI) 5–12 ) form 1:1 complexes with poly(C) in 0.01 m -NaPO 4 (pH 7.0)/0.01 m -MgCl 2 with T m values ranging from 5 to 50°C. These complexes have the same ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra as those of the poly(I) × poly(C) complex, suggesting the same conformation for oligo(I) · poly(C) and poly(I) · poly(C). The thermal stability of the oligo(I) · poly(C) complexes is, however, much less than that of the poly(I) · poly(C), and the T m value of these oligomer · polymer complexes is positively related to the increase in chain length of the oligomer and the increase in complex concentration. The dependencies of T m on chain length of oligo(I) and on the concentration of the complexes have been analyzed according to statistical thermodynamics based on an all-or-none model ( Damle, 1970 ; Crothers, 1971 ). The ΔH calculated for the formation of oligo(I) · poly(C) complexes was found to be −6.2 ± 0.3 kcal./mole of base pair, from the dependence of T m on oligomer concentration, and this value appears to be independent of the chain length of the oligo(I) studied (I(pI) 5–10 ). This ΔH value is also very close to the ΔH for the poly(I) · poly(C) complex measured calorimetrically. ΔS for the growth reaction in the binding process was calculated to be 17.4 cal./deg.-mole of base pair, which is in good agreement with ΔS for poly(I) · poly(C). χ (or β 2 ), the factor related to the equilibrium constant for the initial binding of an oligomer adjacent to an existing base pair, could also be derived, and was found to be ∼7 × 10 −2 m −1 . For reasons not well understood at present, the ΔH values (∼3 to 4 kcal.) measured from the slope of the melting curve at the midpoint of the transition are lower than those values determined from the dependence of T m on oligomer concentration.
The individual survival benefits of tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor and fluid administration are not additive in a rat sepsis model

Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists [e.g., TNF soluble receptor (TNFsr)] improved survival in preclinical but not clinical sepsis trials. However fluid support—itself beneficial—is standard clinically but rarely employed in preclinical sepsis models. We hypothesized that these therapies may not have additive benefit.
Physiologic considerations for exercise performance in women.

Over the past several decades, women’s participation in various forms of physical activity, from organized team sports to personal exercise training, has increased dramatically. Simultaneously, our understanding of the beneficial physiologic effects of exercise training for both sexes has increased. In some cases, however, our understanding of the effects of sex and gender on physiologic mechanisms associated with exercise is only now emerging. With the onset of exercise, energy ‘‘demand’’ by contracting skeletal muscles increases and is associated with augmented respiration, blood flow, blood pressure, and metabolism that increase oxygen and substrate delivery to active muscle. Increased ventilation increases oxygen delivery from the atmosphere to the blood. Increased cardiac output and blood pressure, along with vasoconstriction in nonworking tissues, allows for an increase in blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle. This increased oxygen delivery supports increased carbohydrate and fat oxidation. Furthermore, the increased metabolic rate of the active muscle causes increased heat production and an increase in body temperature. This heat must be dissipated efficiently to avoid dangerous hyperthermia. Oxygen delivery, substrate use, and thermoregulation each involve several steps and multiple mechanisms, several of which are affected by sex or reproductive hormones. Scope of this article Overall, the main focus of this article is on aerobic exercise, with supplementary information from resistance exercise where appropriate. We briefly review the physiologic issues that are associated with exercise responses and performance in women by discussing the influences of sex and female reproductive hormones. The physiology of exercise during pregnancy is beyond the scope of this article; the interested reader is referred to reviews specific to exercise and pregnancy [1–3]. We begin by giving a brief overview of selected considerations for studying women and female reproductive hormones with regard to exercise physiology and then focus on issues related to body size and composition. Next, we discuss physiologic mechanisms that influence aerobic capacity (VO2max) and submaximal aerobic responses in women, including sex differences in cardiac output, hemoglobin, and ventilation. We also discuss the metabolic responses to exercise, including differences in fuel use between genders. The oxidation of fuels during exercise produces a significant heat load that causes substantial hyperthermia during prolonged exercise. Because increased skin blood flow and sweating are essential to the maintenanceofnormalbodytemperaturesduringexercise, we discuss the influences of female reproductive hormones on these thermoregulatory mechanisms.
honeyM: a framework for implementing virtual honeyclients for mobile devices

This paper presents honeyM, a framework for deploying virtual mobile device honeyclients. Honeyclients provide the ability discover early warnings about novel attacks and ex- ploitations and are typically deployed to protect wired infrastructure. In a wireless environment, honeyclients usually record attacks against the wireless access point. To identify attacks targeted specifically against mobile device users on wireless networks, we present honeyM. honeyM is a frame- work for virtual mobile honeyclients and contains a library of simulated mobile devices. honeyM emulates the wireless, Bluetooth, and GPS stacks of an actual mobile device in order to deceive mobile device fingerprinting tools. This paper discusses the design and framework for honeyM and demonstrates the necessity to provide a system to protect mobile users. In this paper, we implemented and evaluated the use of virtual honeyclients for mobile devices in two high risk environments, including a wireless security course and the
Mean magnetic contrasts between oceans and continents

Abstract The magnetic contrast between continents and oceans is an important constraint for understanding the regional distribution of magnetic sources in the crust and upper mantle. This magnetic difference was investigated using satellite 〈2°C〉 scalar magnetic anomalies collected by NASA's MAGSAT mission over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, North and South America, Europe, and Africa. Reducing the magnetic anomalies differentially to vertical polarization yields mean anomaly values which correlate with the tectonic ages of the various continental and oceanic regions. The range of magnetic anomaly values of tectonically older lithosphere is greater than that of younger lithosphere. Statistically at the 99.9% confidence level the mean radially polarized magnetic anomaly of the continents is greater than that of the oceans. A careful inversion was performed for regional effective susceptibility contrasts which accurately fit the MAGSAT data assuming a model in which the Moho represents a boundary between crustal magnetic and predominantly non-magnetic mantle rocks. The root mean square of the magnetic properties of oceans compares favorably with magnetic properties predicted from models constrained by magnetic studies of the oceanic rocks and which incorporate viscoremanent components from rocks near the base of the crust. The mean magnetic anomaly and property contrasts of the oceans are negative and show large variability, indicating widespread deviations from the “standard” oceanic crust. The effective susceptibility contrasts obtained facilitate quantitative testing of inferences concerning large-scale petrologic variations, crustal thickness and thermal perturbations, and other geologic processes which control the regional distribution of magnetic properties within the lithosphere.
Stratified reproduction family planning care and the double edge of history.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is a growing clinical consensus that Medicaid sterilization consent protections should be revisited because they impede desired care for many women. Here we consider the broad social and ideological contexts for past sterilization abuses beyond informed consent. RECENT FINDINGS: Throughout the US history the fertility and childbearing of poor women and women of color were not valued equally to those of affluent white women. This is evident in a range of practices and policies including black womens treatment during slavery removal of Native children to off-reservation boarding schools and coercive sterilizations of poor white women and women of color. Thus reproductive experiences throughout the US history were stratified. This ideology of stratified reproduction persists today in social welfare programs drug policy and programs promoting long-acting reversible contraception. SUMMARY: At their core sterilization abuses reflected an ideology of stratified reproduction in which some womens fertility was devalued compared to other womens fertility. Revisiting Medicaid sterilization regulations must therefore put issues of race ethnicity class power and resources - not just informed consent - at the center of analyses.
Simulation of Permeability Field Conditioned to Well Test Data

Well testing provides critical information about the effective permeability value around the well being tested. That information must be integrated with higher resolution, smaller scale, well log data. The difference of scale is handled by tilging with “block” averages, while the non-linear averaging of permeability values is addressed by working on specific non-linear power transform of the original permeability data. A case study shows the simulated permeability fields to honor, in expected value, the well test-derived effective permeability values in addition to honoring the smaller scale well log data and statistics. Ignoring the well test information would result in permeability fields that are imprecise around the well being tested and which display too large uncertainty. The necessity of data integration, even when data we of widely different scales, is demonstrated. The paper also discusses cases when the well test-derived effective permeability appears inconsistent with the well-log derived smaller scale permeability data. The paper points out the limitation of the linear power-averaging formulation for capturing the dynamics of fluid flow.
Why Talk? The U.S. Invasion of Iraq

For Latin Americans the events in Iraq have an eerie familiarity. In matters of military and foreign policy the United States cut its teeth on Latin America and the Caribbean. Since the nineteenth century it has been engaged in “regime change” and neocolonialism throughout the region. In 1898 it intervened in Cuba, raising its flag over the island national and establishing a military government. This ushered in the U.S. century of empire. After Cuba, the United States continued its imperial policy by ousting leaders or inciting revolts in Panama, Venezuela, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Grenada, and El Salvador, to name only a few. The term “weapons of mass destruction” now joins the other terms, such as “bandits,” “rebels,” “guerrillas,” “subversives,” and “narco-traffickers,” that it employs to justify its interventionist policies. The continuation of this imperial policy now looms over Iraq and the Middle East, threatening to engulf the entire region in internecine warfare. Latin Americans worry that, if the United States consolidates its position in the Middle East, they will once again confront an emboldened U.S. imperialist aggressor with new designs on the region. At the recent Dallas meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, the historian John French gave the moving speech on the subject that appears below. —The LAP Collective
Loss of methyl bromide to the atmosphere during soil fumigation

Abstract Models of soil vapor transport were developed and applied to the prediction of atmospheric emissions of methyl bromide during soil fumigation. With effective cover placement and good injection depth control estimated cumulative methyl bromide losses to the atmosphere after 14 days ranged from 26% to 65% of that originally injected under a variety of injection conditions. The rate of emission after 14 days is small and was neglected. The best estimate of cumulative methyl bromide losses to the atmosphere under current emission practices is about half of that injected, in good agreement with estimates by Watson et al. [1] based on global concentrations of methyl bromide. The model suggests that deep injection with surface porosity control by moisture addition or use of low permeability covers could be an effective means of minimizing losses to the atmosphere during soil fumigation. Emissions would also be the smallest for high organic carbon content soils which tend to increase both reactivity and retardation due to sorption.
LOCA frequency evaluation using expert elicitation

The double-ended-guillotine break (DEGB) criterion of the largest primary piping system in the plant, which generally provides the limiting condition for the emergency core cooling system requirements, is widely recognized as an extremely unlikely event. As a result, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff are currently considering a risk-informed revision of the design-basis break size requirements for commercial nuclear power plants. In support of this effort, loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) frequency estimates have been developed using an expert elicitation process by consolidating service history data and insights from probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) studies with knowledge of plant design, operation, and material performance. Baseline LOCA frequency estimates for the 5th percentile, median, mean and 95th percentile were determined from each panelist's elicitation responses. Group estimates were determined by aggregating the individual estimates using the geometric mean of the individual estimates for each frequency parameter. Group variability was estimated by calculating 95% confidence bounds for each of the group frequency parameters (i.e., median, mean, and 5th and 95th percentiles). A number of sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the effects on the quantitative results from varying the assumptions, structure and techniques of the baseline analysis procedure.
The effect of cycloheximide and 6-methylpurine on in vivo compatible and incompatible pollen tube growth in Lilium longiflorum

Cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, placed in styles of Lilium longiflorum at 10−4 M in stigmatic exudate before, 6, or 12 hr after compatible or incompatible pollination retarded all pollen tube growth. An inhibitor of RNA synthesis, 6-methylpurine, placed in the style at 10−4 M in stigmatic exudate before, 6, or 12 hr after pollination restricted compatible pollen tube growth to lengths not significantly different thanincompatiblepollen tubes in treated or nontreated styles. While pollen tube growth in the style of L. longiflorum appears to require protein synthesis, only compatible pollen tube growth requires RNA synthesis. Stigmatic exudate proved to be an excellent carrier of exogenous substances into the style of L. longiflorum.
Effect of opioid receptor antagonism on proopiomelanocortin peptide levels and gene expression in the hypothalamus.

In order to determine how brain β-endorphin (β-EP) and its precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) adapt to chronic opioid blockade we have examined the effects of treatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (NTX) on POMC gene expression and peptide levels in the hypothalamus. Male rats were treated with NTX by daily injection or constant minipump infusion. RNA was isolated from the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) after an aliquot was removed for peptide RIA and the amount of POMC mRNA was measured by solution hybridization SI nuclease protection assay. β-EP and several other POMC-derived peptides including α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) or γ3-MSH were measured in the MBH and anterior hypothalamus (AH) by RIA. In an initial experiment POMC peptide levels were measured after 7 days of NTX (4.8 mg/day) infusion. There was a marked fall in the concentrations of β-EP, α-MSH, and CLIP; levels in the MBH declined by more than 60% (P < 0.001). In the next experiment NTX (1 mg) was injected daily and POMC peptides and mRNA were measured after 2 and 5 days of treatment. (β-EP) and α-MSH levels fell progressively in the MBH and AH and were significantly less than those of the controls by 5 days of treatment (P < 0.02). POMC mRNA levels, however, did not change after 2 or 5 days. When NTX was infused for 3 weeks there was a decrease in the concentrations of β-EP, α-MSH, and γ3-MSH in the MBH (P < 0.001). The concentration of POMC mRNA in the MBH, however, was significantly higher in the NTX-treated animals, 0.99 ± 0.06 pg/μg RNA vs 0.81 ± 0.05 pg/μg RNA (P < 0.05). Since NTX can affect LH and testosterone release, the study was repeated in castrated rats. POMC peptide levels again fell after 3 weeks of NTX. POMC mRNA levels were higher in the castrated rats than in the intact rats, 1.14 ± 0.06 pg/μg RNA vs 0.85 ± 0.09 pg/μg RNA (P < 0.05), consistent with our previous findings in longterm castrated rats. However POMC mRNA increased further to 1.40 ± 0.09 pg/μg RNA in the castrated animals treated with NTX (P < 0.05). We conclude that opioid receptor blockade has significant effects on POMC peptide levels and gene expression in the MBH. The increase in POMC gene expression associated with a fall in peptide levels is consistent with a compensatory increase in brain β-EP synthesis and release in the setting of chronic opioid receptor blockade.
Axisymmetric Deformation of a Pressurized Thin Elastic Membrane with Nonuniform Thickness

Many circular elastic membranes used in practice involve nonuniform thickness, which is a main source of error that affects the functionality of the membrane. An analytical framework is developed in this paper to solve the deflection profile of a pressurized circular membrane with nonuniform thickness. The nonlinear solution is established within the deformed configuration. The results are compared with finite-element simulation with good agreement.
N-acetyltransferase and protein synthesis modulate melatonin production by Y79 human retinoblastoma cells

Melatonin is synthesized by the vertebrate pineal gland in a circadian fashion and is involved in numerous circadian and seasonal processes in the organism. The vertebrate retina also produces melatonin rhythmically to regulate rhythmic physiological processes in the eye. In both organs, melatonin is synthesized from serotonin by the sequential action of the enzymes, N-acethyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), and can be stimulated by increases in cyclic AMP through a mechanism requiring protein synthesis. The regulation of ocular melatonin biosynthesis in mammals and particularly humans, has not been well studied. Recently, we have shown that Y79 human retinoblastoma cells produce melatonin and that cAMP can stimulate melatonin production. Y79 cells, therefore, provide a model system in which to study melatonin synthesis in human tissue. We report that cAMP stimulates NAT, but not HIOMT activity in Y79 cells, and that stimulation of NAT activity is linearly related to melatonin release. In addition, the stimulation of NAT and melatonin requires protein synthesis. The turnover of NAT is rather rapid, with a half-life of about 20 min. These results suggest that the regulation of melatonin in Y79 retinoblastoma cells is similar to that found in the retina and pineal of other vertebrates.
POLICE INTERVENTION AND THE REPEAT OF DOMESTIC ASSAULT

We use the National Crime Victimization Survey to examine whether domestic violence is less likely to be repeated if it is reported to the police and if the offender is arrested. Our longitudinal analyses suggest that reporting has a fairly strong deterrent effect, whereas the effect of arrest is small and statistically insignificant. We find no support for the hypothesis that offenders retaliate when victims (rather than third parties) call the police or when victims sign complaints. We also find no evidence that the effects of reporting or arrest depend on the seriousness of the offense, a history of violence by the offender or sociodemographic characteristics. Our results suggest that the best policies for deterrence will be those that encourage victims and third parties to report violence by intimate partners to the police.
Long wavelength instability of triangular eddies at large reynolds numbers

Abstract Multiple-scale and spectral (Galerkin) techniques are employed to analyze the long-wave stability of a two-dimensional array of triangular eddies. It is shown that this system being effectively isotropic and stable at finite Reynolds numbers fails to be such at large Reynolds numbers.