cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen storage using carbon adsorbents: past, present and future

Interest in hydrogen as a fuel has grown dramatically since 1990, and many advances in hydrogen production and utilization technologies have been made. However, hydrogen storage technologies must be significantly advanced if a hydrogen based energy system, particularly in the transportation sector, is to be established. Hydrogen can be made available on-board vehicles in containers of compressed or liquefied H2, in metal hydrides, via chemical storage or by gas-on-solid adsorption. Although each method possesses desirable characteristics, no approach satisfies all of the efficiency, size, weight, cost and safety requirements for transportation or utility use. Gas-on-solid adsorption is an inherently safe and potentially high energy density hydrogen storage method that could be extremely energy efficient. Consequently, the hydrogen storage properties of high surface area “activated” carbons have been extensively studied. However, activated carbons are ineffective in storing hydrogen because only a small fraction of the pores in the typically wide pore-size distribution are small enough to interact strongly with hydrogen molecules at room temperatures and moderate pressures. Recently, many new carbon nanostructured absorbents have been produced including graphite nanofibers and carbon multi-wall and single-wall nanotubes. The following review provides a brief history of the hydrogen adsorption studies on activated carbons and comments on the recent experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrogen adsorption properties of the new nanostructured carbon materials.
Inhomogeneous eigenmode localization, chaos, and correlations in large disordered clusters

Statistical and localization properties of dipole eigenmodes (plasmons) of fractal and random nonfractal clusters are investigated. The problem is mathematically equivalent to the quantum-mechanical eigenproblem for vector (spin-1) particles with a dipolar hopping amplitude in the same cluster. In fractal clusters, individual eigenmodes are singular on the small scale and their intensity strongly fluctuates in space. They possess neither strong nor weak localization properties. Instead, an inhomogeneous localization pattern takes place, where eigenmodes of very different coherence radii coexist at the same frequency. Chaotic behavior of the eigenmodes is found for fractal clusters in the region of small eigenvalues, i.e., in the vicinity of the plasmon resonance. The observed chaos is ``stronger'' than for quantum-mechanical problems on regular sets in the sense that the present problem is characterized by (deterministically) chaotic behavior of the amplitude correlation function (dynamic form factor). This chaotic behavior consists of rapid changes of the phase of the amplitude correlation in spatial and frequency domains, while its magnitude is a very smooth function. A transition between the chaotic and scaling behavior with increase of eigenvalue is observed. In contrast to fractal clusters, random clusters with nonfractal geometry do not exhibit chaotic behavior, but rather a mesoscopic delocalization transition of the eigenmodes with decrease of eigenvalue.
Current-phase relation for Josephson effect through helical metal

Josephson junctions fabricated on the surface of three-dimensional topological insulators (TI) show a few unusual properties distinct from conventional Josephson junctions. In these devices, the Josephson coupling and the supercurrent are mediated by helical metal, the two-dimensional surface state of the TI. A line junction of this kind is known to support Andreev bound states at zero energy for phase bias $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and, consequently, the so-called fractional ac Josephson effect. Motivated by recent experiments on TI-based Josephson junctions, here we describe a convenient algorithm to compute the bound-state spectrum and the current-phase relation for junctions of finite length and width. We present analytical results for the bound-state spectrum, and discuss the dependence of the current-phase relation on the length and width of the junction, the chemical potential of the helical metal, and temperature. A thorough understanding of the current-phase relation may help in designing topological superconducting qubits and manipulating Majorana fermions.
Effect of Oil Content and pH on the Physicochemical Properties of Corn Starch-Soybean Oil Composites

ABSTRACT Starch-lipid composites are a new category of fat replacers. The physicochemical properties of reconstituted corn starch and soybean oil composites (CSSBOC) were evaluated and compared with the properties of reconstituted jet-cooked corn starch (JCCS). Gel firmness, thermal properties, and hot pasting properties at two pH levels and two oil content levels were studied. Amylose content of CSSBOC was unaffected by processing. Buffer pH significantly affected the firmness of the gels made with JCCS. Gels appeared to have a more ordered structure and were firmer at pH 3.4 than at pH 6.0. The firmness of gels made with CSSBOC was not affected by pH or oil content. Retrogradation enthalpy of the gels made with JCCS was significantly affected by pH. Differences in the thermal characteristics of gels made with CSSBOC were attributed to pH and oil content. Peak viscosity, cold paste viscosity, and breakdown viscosity changed significantly when CSSBOC pastes were reconstituted in different pH buffers. Only...
Oxygen ordering and the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition in YBa2Cu

In situ neutron powder diffraction measurements show that the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition in $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$, which occurs near 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C in a pure oxygen atmosphere, is an order-disorder transition in which the disordering of oxygen atoms into a normally vacant site destroys the one-dimensional Cu-O chains present in the room-temperature orthorhombic structure. For both structures, the oxygen stoichiometry decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. The transition temperature depends on the oxygen partial pressure and occurs when the stoichiometry is near Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.5}$. The tetragonal structure has a partially occupied, nearly octahedral Cu-O arrangement, in contrast to the orthorhombic structure which has one-dimensional Cu-O chains. The observed depression of the superconducting transition temperature in tetragonal $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$, which has been quenched from high temperature, could result either from the disordering of oxygen atoms which destroys the one-dimensional chains or from the absence of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{3+}$ ions.
Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism during Phenobarbital (PB) Block of PMS—Induced Ovulation in Immature Rats*

Phenobarbital (PB) block of ovulation in PMS—primed (day 30) immature rats is associated with altered ovarian steroidogenesis from 144–C—cholesterol and liver metabolism of 144–C—progesterone. Ovaries from PB—treated (1:30 PM on day 32) and untreated rats were incubated with 144–C—cholesterol. The incubations with the PB—treated ovaries showed a decreased accumulation of the following steroids: 1) progesterone; 2) 20a—hydroxypregn–4–en–3–one; 3) dehydroepiandrosterone; 4) androstenedione; 5) testosterone; 6) estrone; 7) 173–estradiol; and 8') estriol and an increased accumulation of pregnenolone and 17–hydroxypregnenolone, as compared to the PB untreated controls. Liver tissue from these same rats when incubated with 144–C–progesterone showed in the PB—treated group an increased metabolism of progesterone and an increased conversion of progesterone to pregnenolone ( a reversal not previously shown in liver), as compared to rats not treated with PB. The higher hepatic conversion of progesterone was not ass...
Diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric and behavioral disturbances in alzheimer disease: A review of recent literature

A variety of therapeutic modalities have been employed in the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD). The number of treatment options reflects the many clinical facets of AD, the number of potential therapies available, and the limited efficacy of some AD treatments. This review examines recent literature associated with the diagnosis and treatment of psychosis and behavioral disturbances in AD. Based on supportive data, atypical antipsychotics represent the treatment of choice for psychosis and behavioral disturbances in AD, whereas other psychotropics, especially cholinesterase inhibitors and antidepressants, may also be beneficial. Although the number of effective treatments has expanded, the need for individualized therapy and the importance of attention to potential adverse effects of treatments remain.
Learning and locomotor reaction times

Abstract To help measure contributions by learning to latencies of complex locomotor responses, an operant stimulus-response unit was constructed and timed during human treadmill walking. A light flash served as discriminative stimulus (Sd) to produce electromyographic activity (EMG) of predefined filtered amplitude and duration by the leg muscle, rectus femoris (RF). A computer scored every EMG as successful or not (indicated by a high or low tone, respectively). The EMG burst also had to occur within successively shorter performance durations (PDUR), to a criterion of 80% successful responses. Among six adults, the shortest estimated reaction time was 110 msec. Relative strength of the operant unit was measured in relation to RF activity that occured in non-light step cycles or that was a by-product of the reinforcement regimen. It was proposed that operant latencies, after being minimized by specific conditioning regimens, can permit accurate timing of intervening neural events.
Multiordering parameter models of volume and enthalpy recovery generalized to treat physical aging; a quantitative investigation

Multiordering parameter models have been quite successful in rationalizing volume and enthalpy behavior of glasses subjected to various thermal histories in the glass transition range and even at lower temperatures. In the past we suggested a generalization of such models to encompass what is now termed physical aging, i.e., recovery as monitored by mechanical experiments such as creep and stress relaxation. Our initial investigation indicated qualitative agreement between the generalized model and experimental behavior. We have now more completely investigated this area and found a convenient approximation through which behavior can be calculated in most situations without using a distribution of mechanical relaxation or retardation times. Using this technique, we find that essentially quantitative agreement between this model and experimental results is possible only when a very sharp distribution of volumetric recovery times, like that of a single ordering parameter model, is used, Broader distribution functions result in aging behavior which is much more sluggish than observed experimentally. This result is particularly disturbing since such sharp distribution functions have been shown to be incompatible with direct observations of volume recovery.
The Theis Solution in Heterogeneous Aquifers

A new solution of the unsteady confined radial flow equation subject to aquifer heterogeneity, as characterized by the statistics of the transmissivity, is presented. Simple applications to the direct and inverse problems useful to field hydro geologists are included. The results use the classical Thies solution as an initial condition and the method of decomposition, which does not require many of the restrictions of the traditional small perturbation methods. Given the mean and variance of the transmissivity, the direct problem aims at the prediction of the mean and the variance of the draw downs. Given the mean and the variance of the draw down, the indirect problem aims at the estimation of the mean and the variance of the transmissivity.
Patterns of alcohol and substance use and abuse in persons with spinal cord injury: risk factors and correlates.

Abstract Tate DG, Forchheimer MB, Krause JS, Meade MA, Bombardier CH. Patterns of alcohol use and abuse in persons with spinal cord injury: risk factors and correlates. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1837–47. Objective To investigate patterns of alcohol consumption and abuse and substance use among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), relating these patterns to demographic and injury-related characteristics, as well as to key medical and psychosocial outcomes. Design Retrospective cross-sectional. Participants Subjects with traumatic SCI (N=3041) with dates of injury between June 6, 1975, and June 23, 2002, who were interviewed between November 2000 and March 2003. Setting Sixteen Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems participating in this collaborative study during the 2000–2005 grant cycle. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Alcohol consumption, substance use, CAGE questionnaire, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique, and pain. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression models. Results Fourteen percent of the subjects were classified as likely to have an alcohol abuse issue, based on the CAGE, and 11% reported using illegal drugs or prescription medications for nonmedical reasons. Demographic and injury characteristics were associated with alcohol consumption patterns, abuse, and substance use. At-risk drinkers and substance users tended to be younger, single, male, and less educated. Those who were CAGE positive and substance users reported more pain and lower satisfaction with life. Persons who drank without indication of problem drinking had superior occupation outcomes. Pressure ulcers were associated with substance use. Conclusions Alcohol abuse and substance use were related to a number of adverse outcomes. The specific role of drinking with increased work activity deserves further exploration.
Competition and health plan performance: evidence from health maintenance organization insurance markets.

Objective: We sought to assess whether health maintenance organizations (HMOs) operating in competitive markets, or markets with substantial HMO penetration, perform better on the standardized Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) and Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Survey (CAHPS) measures. Study Design: We performed a secondary analysis of nonexperimental, cross-sectional data. Data Sources: Data were obtained from a variety of sources, including the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), Interstudy, the Area Resource File, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, and the U.S. Department of Labor. Methods: Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause models were used to simultaneously estimate 6 latent quality variables from 35 HEDIS and CAHPS measures and to relate these latent variables to HMO competition and HMO penetration while controlling for other health plan and market characteristics. Principal Findings: Greater competition, as measured by the Herfindahl index, was associated with inferior health plan performance on 3 of 6 quality dimensions. Plans in markets with greater HMO penetration perform better on HEDIS- but not CAHPS-based dimensions of performance. Plans that make their data available publicly perform significantly better on both the HEDIS and CAHPS domains, performing one third to three quarters of a standard deviation better than plans that don't make their results available publicly. Conclusions: Plans in more competitive markets in 1999 did not achieve better quality after controlling for other important covariates, although plans in markets with a high degree of HMO penetration are performing better on the HEDIS quality dimensions. Although our study design cannot determine causality, the results suggest reason to revisit the belief that competition among HMOs will inherently improve quality.
Technology in Nursing Education: A Study of PDA Use by Students

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) were first used by the public in the early 1990s. Initially used as a device to manage personal information, these devices quickly evolved. Currently, PDAs are capable of storing and exchanging large amounts of information, which truly make them handheld computers. As such, they have great value for professional use. Health care professionals require access to ever-expanding knowledge, and PDAs or other handheld computer devices can serve as valuable tools for education, information storage and retrieval, and clinical practice. This article describes the use of PDAs by undergraduate and graduate nursing students during their educational process. A descriptive study was conducted at a small, private university school of nursing at which all nursing students receive PDAs prior to their first clinical experiences. Findings from the study indicated that students used their PDAs for both classroom and clinical activities and that drug reference software was the most frequently used software application. Information was also obtained about the facilitators and barriers to PDA use.
Trace Metal Contamination of Sediments and Organisms from the Swan Lake Area of Galveston Bay

Abstract Swan Lake is a sub-bay of the Galveston Bay system. The area received runoff from a tin smelter during the 1940s and 1950s via a dredged channel called the Wah Chang Ditch. The ditch was cut off by a hurricane protection levee in 1968. An industrial waste disposal facility borders the area on the north and the surrounding region is highly industrialized. Consequently, there is ample potential for metal contamination. In this study, concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn were determined in sediments and organisms (oyster, mussel, snail, crab, fish, shrimp, and marsh grass). The geographic trends in trace metal concentrations in sediments strongly suggest that tin smelter residues cause elevations relative to sediment from Galveston Bay and other Texas bays. Especially high concentrations were found along the Wah Chang Ditch, near Highway 197 and in the NE corner of Swan Lake. Sediment in these areas was as high as 8000 ppm in Sn, 3700 ppm in Pb, and 500 ppm in As. Concentrations varied widely over small space scales and with depth in the sediment column due to differential erosion and deposition. Surface sediment was, however, generally much less contaminated than deeper sediment, indicating less input of metal recently than in the past. In contrast to other metals, anthropogenic inputs have not greatly influenced the natural concentrations of Fe, Al and Ni in sediments. Most organisms showed very small spatial variations in metal concentration. However, the oysters in Swan Lake were found to be enriched in most metals relative to those from Galveston Bay and other US Gulf of Mexico areas. The mussels analyzed for this study did not reflect the highly elevated metal concentrations in the sediments from which they were taken. Iron and Pb concentrations in oysters seemed to be directly related to sediment concentrations at each location. For the organisms collected, trace metal concentrations were generally in the order oysters > snail > crab > shrimp > fish.
Anatomic specificity in the diagnosis and treatment of internal rectal prolapse

Distal bowel evacuation was studied by cinedefecography in 85 women with obstinate constipation, tenesmus, and incomplete evacuation in whom a diagnosis of internal rectal intussusception was clinically suspect. Sixty-five patients showed radiographic evidence of intussusception—mostly of the distal rectum, without rectosacral separation. Patients with distal intussusception who did not respond to nonoperative measures were treated by Delorme's transrectal excision with excellent results. Internal rectal intussusception is a real and demonstrable entity which may be symptomatically disabling and whose documentation may be integral to effective and anatomically specific treatment. The syndromes of perineal descent, solitary rectal ulcer, levator syndrome and so-called recurrent hemorrhoids may be diagnostic intermediaries in the evolution of internal rectal intussusception.
Faith and the developmental cycle

According to Paul Tillich, faith as a human response is an act of the total personality in which all the elements of man's personal life participate. This paper explores one aspect of this assertion that has been neglected by both psychologists and theologians-the heuristic idea that faith is a developmental phenomenon. Specifically, the paper contends that the dominant form of an individual's faith at any one time is determined in part by the particular developmental stage in which that individual is immersed. This contention is developed using the epigenetic approach of Erik Erikson. Eight developmental forms of faith are explored: among them, faith as trust, faith as obedience, and faith as self-surrender.
Natural variation and genetic constraints on drought tolerance

Drought is a central abiotic stress for both natural plant populations and agricultural crops. Substantial natural genetic variation in drought resistance traits has been identified in plant populations, crop species, and laboratory model systems. In particular, studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have discovered variation in a number of key physiological traits involved in plant–water relations that may underlie evolved drought stress responses among accessions. Despite this abundant variation, we still know little about the complex genetic architecture of drought tolerance or its role in constraining evolution. Unfortunately, few natural allelic variants have been cloned for drought related traits — progress cloning QTL, the use of RNA-sequencing methods for evaluating gene expression responses to soil drying, and improved methodology for exploring complex multivariate data all hold promise for moving the field forward. In particular, a better understanding of the molecular nature of pleiotropic gene action and the genetics of phenotypic plasticity will give insight into local adaptation in plants and provide new avenues for improving crops.
A Semi-Spectral Numerical Model for Wave-Mean Flow Interactions in the Stratosphere: Application to Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Abstract We describe a primitive equation model for numerical simulation of large-scale motions in the stratosphere. The model employs a finite-difference grid in the latitude-height plane. The longitudinal dependence is represented by the zonal mean plus a single Fourier wave component. A semi-implicit time differencing scheme is used. The model is used to study further the generation of sudden stratosphere warmings by wave-mean flow interaction as first described by Matsuno (1971). In general the results confirm Matsuno's model. However, the simulation for the planetary wavenumber 1 case does not exhibit the double-layer warming structure found by Matsuno, nor is there any evidence of a downward propagating critical level.
Advances in spinal instrumentation

Abstract New approaches to the spinal column and the use of spinal fixation have vastly improved our ability to treat spinal pathology. Over the last several decades there has been a rapid expansion in the availability of implants for use in the spine. The empetus behind these advancements is a combination of the ingenuity of surgeons in the drive for better results, a better understanding of bone healing, better biomechanically understanding and tes i g, and improved surgical techniques. The indications for surgery remain the most critical component in patient outcome and must be strictly defined before the optimum implant can be selected on the basis of advantages and potential risks. Many new systems and devices have been created or modified over the last several decades. Their' applic ations and results continue to evolve. This article hopes to update and acquaint readers on some of the progress over the past years. Because of the shear expanse of the topic, an exhaustive discourse is not possible. We will co er three concepts, anterior cervical instrumentation, transpedicular screw instrumentation, and interbody cage uevI c . While the same can be said for many innovative implants used in the spine, these relatively recent devices have been revolutionary, at times controversial, and remain at the forefront of spinal surgery.
Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline I: Individual Events

The Kepler mission was designed to measure the frequency of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. A crucial component for recovering the underlying planet population from a sample of detected planets is understanding the completeness of that sample-the fraction of the planets that could have been discovered in a given data set that actually were detected. Here, we outline the information required to determine the sample completeness, and describe an experiment to address a specific aspect of that question, i.e., the issue of transit signal recovery. We investigate the extent to which the Kepler pipeline preserves individual transit signals by injecting simulated transits into the pixel-level data, processing the modified pixels through the pipeline, and comparing the measured transit signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) to that expected without perturbation by the pipeline. We inject simulated transit signals across the full focal plane for a set of observations for a duration of 89 days. On average, we find that the S/N of the injected signal is recovered at MS = 0.9973({+-} 0.0012) Multiplication-Sign BS - 0.0151({+-} 0.0049), where MS is the measured S/N and BS is the baseline, or expected, S/N. The 1{sigma} width of the distribution around this correlationmore » is {+-}2.64%. This indicates an extremely high fidelity in reproducing the expected detection statistics for single transit events, and provides teams performing their own periodic transit searches the confidence that there is no systematic reduction in transit signal strength introduced by the pipeline. We discuss the pipeline processes that cause the measured S/N to deviate significantly from the baseline S/N for a small fraction of targets; these are primarily the handling of data adjacent to spacecraft re-pointings and the removal of harmonics prior to the measurement of the S/N. Finally, we outline the further work required to characterize the completeness of the Kepler pipeline.« less
Evaluation of methods of administering tyramine to raise systolic blood pressure

To compare the relative merits of two different administration regimens, tyramine was administered intravenously in ascending doses to 12 healthy subjects to raise systolic blood pressure slightly more than 30 mm Hg. Six subjects received tyramine by bolus injection and six other subjects received tyramine by infusion. The bolus dose of tyramine needed was 4.34 +/- 1.51 mg (X +/- SD) and the infusion rate needed was 1.11 +/- 0.33 mg/min. Four blood pressure response patterns to continuous tyramine infusion were observed. Because different units were measured for the quantity of tyramine administered, the between-subject variance estimate to within-subject variance estimate ratios were calculated. The two techniques had equivalent consistency. With the bolus method, in contrast to the infusion procedure, the dose-response relationship was obvious in most subjects. Therefore the bolus method was judged to be more useful than the infusion method.
Importance of microstructure in determining environmental susceptibility of stainless steels

Weight loss and stress corrosion studies on ASTM A304 stainless steels subjected to different degrees of cold working and exposed to magnesium chloride solutions at different pH levels revealed that environmental resistance is a sensitive function of microstructure. Slip bands are preferential regions of attack in cold worked structures, while sensitization alters the crack path to follow the grain boundaries. The similarities in the relative susceptibility of the various microstructural features under conditions of general corrosion, stress corrosion, and hydrogen embrittlement suggests that any mechanism that is developed must be able to comprehensively explain the observed phenomena under all three forms of environmental degradation.
Prepubertal sons of substance abusers: Influences of parental and familial substance abuse on behavioral disposition, IQ, and school achievement

In order to better understand the transgeneration liability for a substance abuse disorder, we investigated the impact of parental and familial substance abuse disorders on prepubertal boys. Specifically, the influence of each parent's substance abuse history and the effects of significant family aggregation of substance abuse disorders were tested as predictors of the child's behavioral disposition, IQ, and school achievement scores, while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Sons of substance abusing fathers were found to have higher externalizing and internalizing problem-behavior scores, lower IQ scores, and lower school achievement scores. Internalizing and externalizing problem-behavior scores were most strongly associated with bilineal parental substance abuse, whereas SES and paternal substance abuse were most strongly associated with IQ and school performance scores. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that although paternal substance abuse has an adverse impact on the son's functioning, bilineal parental substance abuse is associated with the greatest behavioral deviancy among prepubertal males and is associated with a greater liability for substance abuse.
Romantic involvement often reduces men's testosterone levels--but not always: the moderating role of extrapair sexual interest.

Testosterone (T) appears to facilitate what biologists refer to as mating effort—the investment of time and energy into same-sex competition and mate-seeking behavior. Multiple studies show that men who are romantically involved (i.e., are paired) have lower T than single men, which may be due to a facultative adjustment by men of T levels in response to lower demands for mating effort. The authors proceeded on the basis of the idea that men who retain interests in sexual opportunities with women other than a primary partner continue to dedicate more time and energy to mating effort when romantically paired, and so they predicted that the association between relationship status and T depends on men’s extrapair sexual interests. Study 1 used the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory to measure extrapair sexual interests, whereas Study 2 used a broader measure to examine this interaction. Both studies found support for it. These results have implications for an understanding of the biosocial regulation of men’s behavior in romantic relationships.
On the relevancy of training in school psychology

Abstract A limited survey of practicing school psychologists was conducted to assess training experiences, job roles, and their relationships. While it was possible to estimate importance of job responsibilities for the group as a whole, there seemed to be great individual diversity yielding no single school psychologist role. Overall there appeared to be little relationship between satisfaction with training and job responsibility in any given area. Results suggest a need for greater emphasis on remedial and behavior change techniques in school psychology training programs. Opportunities for specialization and common core experiences should be provided for students in school psychology.
Energetic shape recovery associated with martensitic transformation in shape-memory alloys

The present paper contains an investigation of the mechanical energy associated with the transformation of the stress-induced martensite, ..beta..', to the parent phase, ..beta.., during the shape recovery (SR) of a deformed shape-memory (SM) material. We describe a heat-mechanical energy converter, or solid-state engine, which operates by this SR phenomenon. The energy output of such an engine is expressed in terms of a fraction ..cap alpha.. of the latent heat ..delta..H of the martensitic reaction. This ..cap alpha.. is found to depend on two parameters. One is the difference between the ..delta..H of the ..beta..' ..-->.. ..beta.. reaction and the ..delta..H of the transformation of the quench-induced martensite, ..gamma..', to ..beta.., the other is the fraction of ..gamma..' which can be transformed via the channel ..gamma..' ..-->.. ..beta..' ..-->.. ..beta.. instead of the direct channel ..gamma..' ..-->.. ..beta... Moreover, it is shown that within certain ranges of temperature T and applied strain epsilon, the heat-mechanical energy balance equation leads to an expression identical in form to the Clapeyron-Clausius equation, which is usually valid for a first-order transition. Within these epsilon and T ranges the coefficient ..cap alpha.. is also found to be equal to log(T/sub c sigma//T/sub c/) where T/submore » c sigma/ and T/sub c/ are the SR critical temperatures with and without the presence of an applied stress sigma, respectively. We discuss the role of the ..gamma..' martensite in this process and explain the so-called two-way SR phenomenon. In addition, the parameters that limit the output of the SR energy are evaluated. This output depends sensitively on both ..cap alpha.. and the material characteristic temperature h = C/sup -1/..delta..H, where C is the specific heat. For a solid-state engine made with the Ni-Ti SM alloy, the efficiency is found to be limited to about 5%.« less
Labor contractors: a conceptual overview.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of labor brokering or contracting that helps to explain why employers turn to foreign workers to fill certain vacant jobs and how the presence of foreign workers brought to a country by labor contractors can affect the size and duration of migration flows. The major conclusion is that East Asian policies that aim to avoid the settlement of unskilled foreign workers also make labor brokering a prominent feature of labor migration and migrant labor markets in the region. (EXCERPT)
Two qubits in the Dirac representation

The Dirac-matrix representation of a general two-qubit system is shown to exhibit quite interesting features. The relativistic symmetries of time reversal T, charge conjugation C, parity P, and their products are reinterpreted here by examining their action on the Bell states. It is shown that only C does not mix the Bell states whereas all others do. The various logic gates of quantum information theory are also expressed in terms of the Dirac matrices. For example, the NOT gate is related to the product of T and P. A two-qubit density matrix is found to be entangled if it is invariant under C.
Fasting, post-OGTT challenge, and nocturnal free fatty acids in prediabetic versus normal glucose tolerant overweight and obese Latino adolescents

Type 2 diabetes risk and its relationship to free fatty acid (FFA) exposure and visceral fat by prediabetes status in minority adolescents have yet to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association of circulating FFA under varying conditions with prediabetes in Latino adolescents and to determine the relative relationships of FFA and visceral adiposity to insulin sensitivity, secretion, and β-cell function. Overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy Latino adolescent males and females (n = 164, 14.2 ± 2.5 years), were recruited for assessment of prediabetes, abdominal fat, and FFA levels taken at a fasting state (FFAF), during an OGTT (FFAOGTT), and overnight (FFANOCTURNAL). Prediabetic adolescents had a higher FFAF than those with normal glucose tolerance when controlling for age, sex, pubertal status, total percent body fat, and visceral fat. FFAOGTT and FFANOCTURNAL did not differ between participants with prediabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance after adjusting for covariates. Visceral fat was independently related to insulin sensitivity and secretion in pubertal adolescents; however, in post-pubertal adolescents, FFAF and visceral fat were both independent and negatively related to β-cell function. These results support a plausible progression of the lipotoxicity theory of diabetes development during the pubertal transition.
Effects of ghost fishing lobster traps in the Florida Keys

Ghost fishing is the capacity of lost traps to continue to catch and kill animals. In the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery in Florida, the effects of ghost fishing are of particular concern, given the estimated 10s of 1000s of traps lost annually. We distributed 40 each of the three types of lobster traps (wire,wood–wirehybrid, andwood slat) at three locations in the FloridaKeys to simulate ghostfishing.Diversmonitored these trapsbiweekly for 1 year thenmonthly for two additional years, recording the time ghost traps remained intact and continued to fish, as well as the number of live and dead lobsters and other animals in each trap.Wood slat and hybrid traps remained intact and fished for 509+ 97 (median+median absolute deviation) and 480+ 142 d, respectively.Wire traps fished significantly longer (779.5+ 273.5 d, p, 0.001), and several fished until the end of the experiment (1071 d). Traps in Florida Bay fished longer (711.5+ 51.5 d) than traps inshore (509+ 94.5 d) and offshore (381+ 171 days; p, 0.001) in the Atlantic Ocean. More lobsters were observed in hybrid traps (mean 1⁄4 4.81+ 0.03 s.e.) than in wood slat (3.85+ 0.16) or wire traps (3.17+ 0.03; F 1⁄4 40.15, d.f. 1⁄4 2, p , 0.001). Wire traps accounted for 83% of fish confined overall and 74% of the dead fish observed in traps. Ghost traps in Florida Bay andAtlantic inshore killed 6.8+ 1.0 and6.3+ 0.88 lobsters per trap annually, whileAtlantic offshore traps killed fewer (3.0+ 0.69) lobsters, likely as a result of lower lobster abundance in traps. The combined effects of greater lobster mortality and greater abundance of lost traps in inshore areas account for the majority of the estimated 637 622+ 74 367 (mean+ s.d.) lobsters that die in ghost traps annually.
Energy dissipation near the tropopause

It is shown from clear-air turbulence spectra measurements and clear-air turbulence probabilities that the energy dissipation between 25,000 and 40,000 ft is just over 1 watt m ?2 , a quantity of the same order as the dissipation near the ground. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00448.x
Tables for simplifying calculations of activities produced by thermal neutrons

The method of calculation described is useful for the types of work of which examples are given. It is also useful in making rapid comparison of the activities that might be expected from several different elements. For instance, suppose it is desired to know which of the three elements, cobalt, nickel, or vanadium is, under similar conditions, activated to the greatest extent by thermal neutrons. If reference is made to a cross-section table only, the values may be misleading unless properly interpreted by a suitable comparison of half-lives and abundances. In this table all the variables have been combined and the desired information can be obtained directly from the values ofA3λ, the activity produced per gram per second of irradiation, under the stated conditions. Hence, it is easily seen that, under similar circumstances of irradiation, vanadium is most easily activated even though the cross section of one of the cobalt isotopes is nearly five times that of vanadium and the cross section of one of the nickel isotopes is three times that of vanadium.
Inheritance and transfer of multiple-flower character from Capsicum chinense into Capsicum annuum

Capsicum annuum L. produces a single flower and thus a single fruit per branching node. In contrast, Capsicum chinenseJacq. yields two or more flowers per node. If genes for multiple-flowers per node could be transferred from C. chinese to C. annuum, it might be possible to breed C. annuum varieties with a more concentrated fruit set and potentially higher yield. Using progeny from an interspecific cross between C. annuum cv. NM 6-4 and C. chinense CA4, it has been determined that a minimum of five independently segregating chromosomal regions control the difference in flowering behavior between these two accessions. One of the segments is located on a translocated chromosome. Epistatic interactions among independent chromosomal regions appear to play a major role in the determination of this trait.
MATURATION OF THE MURINE COLONY FORMING UNIT-ERYTHROID (CFU-E) IS NOT DEPENDENT ON c-myb. • 1711

Erythropoietin (Epo) binding to its receptor promotes proliferation and terminal differentiation of CFU-E, which are committed progenitor cells in the erythroid line, but the intermediary steps in Epo signal transduction remain largely unknown. It has been proposed that c-myb, a proto-oncogene encoding a nuclear transcription factor, plays a role in hematopoiesis. To examine the role of c-myb in erythroid development, we incubated purified murine CFU-E with 18bp oligonucleotides that were either myb-antisense (myb-AS) or a scrambled sequence (Random). Western blots of untreated cells showed that myb levels were highest in freshly harvested CFU-E, declined during maturation, and were undetected after 18 hrs in serum-free media containing Epo. In contrast, myb could not be detected after 2-3 hrs of myb-AS treatment, thus establishing that the antisense oligonucleotides were entering the CFU-E and causing the predicted effect on myb translation. Using a quantitative heme biosynthesis assay of 59Fe incorporation as a measure of erythroid differentiation, we found no significant differences in the amounts of heme synthesized between the myb-AS-treated, Random-treated, or untreated groups, at either high Epo dose(1000mU/ml) or physiological dose (20 mU/ml). We conclude that the major role of c-myb must be in myeloid or progenitor cells antecedent to the CFU-E stage and that c-myb is not required for CFU-E maturation.
Experience of the school-aged child with tracheostomy

Summary Background Little is known about the school experience of children with tracheostomy tubes. These children may represent a population that qualifies for special services in school. Understanding how tracheostomy affects school-aged children may provide information needed to develop programs that provide these children with invaluable experiences. Objective To understand what children with tracheostomies experience in school as it relates to tracheostomy care and how their condition affects academic achievement and social adjustment. Methods We identified a cohort of 38 eligible school-aged children with indwelling tracheostomy tubes for ongoing upper airway obstruction through the North Carolina Children's Airway Center. A questionnaire was developed to assess support of their medical condition throughout the school day. Twenty-three patients responded to the questionnaire. Results School experience for a child with a tracheostomy varied. Approximately half the children attended special needs classes, the other half were in mainstream classrooms. Speech services and Passy-Muir valves were used in 43% and 57% of cases, respectively. Over half the students were excluded from physical activity because of the tracheostomy. Most students missed at least 10 days of school for medical care in an academic year. Fifty percent of the students reported attending schools where school personnel had no training in tracheostomy care. In some cases, a trained nurse accompanied the child to school to help with tracheostomy care. In other cases, the child coped with tracheostomy care alone. Conclusions As children with special medical needs are increasingly incorporated into mainstream schools, it is important to understand the potential hurdles they face in managing tracheostomies. In particular, school personnel should have the ability to provide basic care for students with tracheostomies. Student speech and educational outcomes require further investigation and analysis.
Solid state bonding of beryllium to copper and vanadium using transition layers

Abstract Beryllium is a material under consideration for divertor surfaces in the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER). Since Be itself is not a suitable structural material for constructing the divertor, it needs to be bonded to other materials with sufficiently high thermal conductivity, which at the same time satisfy structural requirements such as adequate strength and fracture toughness. Bonding of Be to other materials is usually accompanied by (a) mismatches in thermal expansion and/or (b) metallurgical incompatibilities. In an attempt to minimize the thermal expansion mismatch we employed Fe or Ni transition layers for the bonding of Be to a copper alloy by hot isostatic pressing. To alleviate the thermodynamic incompatibility between Be and most other metals, thin Ag foil (130 μm) was used as a reaction barrier. Other experiments involved bonding Be (via an Ag reaction barrier) to a V–5Cr–5Ti (wt%) alloy. An Al–Be transition layer for bonding Be to a copper alloy was also explored. The microstructures of the interfaces were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Shear tests carried out with Cu/Fe/Ag/Be and V/Ag/Be specimens indicated average room temperature shear strengths of 52 and 78 MPa, respectively. Fracture occurred usually at the Ag/Be interfaces, which were therefore the weakest link in the bonded specimens.
New Trends in Surgical Stabilization of Thoraco-Lumbar Spinal Fractures with Emphasis for Sublaminar Wiring*

Behrooz A. Akbarnia, M.D.l, James P. Fogarty, M.D.l and Kenneth R. Smith, Jr., M.D.2 lDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery. 2Section of Neurological Surgery, Depart­ment of Surgery, St Louis University Medical Center, 1465 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63104, U.S.A. Summary Sixteen patients with unstable thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures and fracture­dislocations were treated surgically by contoured Harrington instrumentation and spinal fusion. Instrumentation was supplemented by sublaminar wires above and below the level of injury. Complications occurred in ten patients. All had solid fusion at follow-up. No loss of reduction occurred. Fourteen patients had a Jewett hyperextension brace post-operatively, and two had no immobilization. Key words: Spinal fractures; Harrington instrumentation; Spinal cord injury; Sublaminar wiring; Segmental instrumentation. Introduction