cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melvin I. Urofsky, Dissent and the Supreme Court: Its Role in the Court’s History and the Nation’s Constitutional Dialogue

Melvin I. Urofsky, Dissent and the Supreme Court: Its Role in the Court’s History and the Nation’s Constitutional Dialogue (New York: Pantheon Books, 2015). Pp. xiii + 528 $35.00 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-0-307-37940-5. Melvin Urofsky has written a wide-ranging and intriguing study of how the justices of the United States Supreme Court have dissented from majority opinions and how we should think about them. He draws attention to the invaluable “constitutional dialogue” which includes the justices talking among themselves, and reactions from presidents, members of Congress, the bar, and the public. He starts with John Marshall and Thomas Jefferson tussling over the Court’s power, moves through time while explaining how doctrines expressed in dissent, like substantive due process by Stephen J. Field, were developed decades later, and notes the impact on the current issues before the Court. Striking data demonstrates the increasing frequency and ineffectiveness of concurrences and dissents, the result of increasing complexity, … Przybyszewski.1{at}nd.edu
‘Provoked Life’: Expressing Nihilism

Floods caused by melting icecaps, whole land-masses submerged; the oceans starved of oxygen by burgeoning algae which thrives off effluent; the once innocuous soyabean genetically modified into an insidious, all-pervasive, cancer-provoking substance; clinically brain dead women used as ‘alternative reproductive vehicles’; the countryside resounds with the bleats of absolutely identical ‘Dollies’: such is the future facing us. Cows and chickens transformed into zombie killing machines, whose sacrificed carcases seep into water reserves, polluting the whole ecosystem. Humans are eating their own madness as they tuck into their carnivorous cow-rumps. Something is seriously wrong. But who do we trust to put it right?1
Abstract 2419: Anastomotic recurrences are clonally related to primary tumors in sporadic colorectal carcinoma

Background: Anastomotic recurrences occur in 2-10% of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cases after surgical resection of the primary tumor. To date there are no molecular data investigating their genetic profile and multiple theories exist as to their pathogenesis including re-growth of tumor cells present within local lymphatics after initial surgery, seeding of anastomosis by metastatic tumor cells and a second primary tumor. The aim of our study was to compare the genomic profile of anastomotic recurrences to that of matched primary tumors and, where available, to that of distant metastases. Design: Thirty-six tumors from 14 patients were genotyped using a hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing assay for targeted deep sequencing of all exons and selected introns of 341 key cancer genes. All patients had resection of their primary tumor with clear margins and recurred either at the anastomotic line or in the peri-anastomotic area 1.1 to 7.0 years following resection of their primary tumor. In 3 patients 2 consecutive anastomotic recurrences were sequenced, while in 6 patients a distant metastasis that occurred 1.2 to 3 years prior to the anastomotic recurrence was also analyzed. All tumors were microsatellite stable except in one patient with genetically confirmed Lynch syndrome. Results: A total of 254 somatic mutations were detected including 140 mutations in the microsatellite stable cases. The most commonly mutated genes (mutated in > 3 patients) were APC, KRAS, TP53, PIK3CA, ATM and PIK3R1. In 13/14 patients the anastomotic recurrence(s) and primary tumor shared between 50-100% of mutations, including mutations in key driver genes such as APC, KRAS and TP53, consistent with these tumors being clonally related. In the patient with the Lynch syndrome the 2 tumors showed distinct somatic mutations suggestive of independent primaries. We identified eleven genetic events present in a distant metastasis and not in a primary tumor and none of these events was detected in the anastomotic recurrence arguing against re-seeding of the anastomotic site by a metastatic clone. All five patients with isolated anastomotic recurrence were free of disease 0.9 to 6.1 years following resection of their recurrent CRC. Conclusions: Anastomotic recurrences appear to be clonally related to the primary tumor in sporadic CRC cases. Our data also provide molecular data in support of the treatment of anastomotic recurrences as localized disease. Citation Format: Efsevia Vakiani, Ronak H. Shah, Christine Iacobuzio-Donahue, David B. Solit, Martin R. Weiser. Anastomotic recurrences are clonally related to primary tumors in sporadic colorectal carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2419.
Deformation of flow bands by bubbles and crystals

Bands in volcanic rocks are deformed by inclusions, such as bubbles and crystals. The shape of deformed bands is compared with theoretical models for fl ow around inclusions. Deformation through either simple or pure shear can be distinguished for phenocrysts, but not bubbles. Studying band deformation at the microscale thus complements other textural measurements and structural approaches for reconstructing the kinematics and dynamics of lava fl ows.
Positive Psychology Interventions: Modifiers of Interpersonal Needs, Gerotranscendence, and Well-Being in Geriatrics

The present study focuses on positive psychology interventions as the modifiers of Interpersonal Needs, Gerotranscendence and Well-Being in geriatrics. A multiphase sampling method was used to select 96 people between the age group of 60-90 years from Retirement homes and Old age homes of Hyderabad. The results revealed a significant correlation between Interpersonal Needs, Gerotranscendence and Well-Being. Significant difference was found between Interpersonal Needs, Gerotranscendence and Well-Being in Geriatrics living in old-age homes and retirement homes. Positive psychology interventions were found to significantly enhance Gerotranscendence and Well-Being and reduce feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness in Geriatrics living in old-age homes and retirement homes. The study brought into light the need for encouraging elderly to practice simple positive psychology techniques to enhance their well-being and quality of life during
Hydrocephalus in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

The neurological complications of osteogenesis imperfecta in 76 patients are reported from the Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
Thankful thinking: A thematic analysis of gratitude letters by mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background Mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly report elevated levels of stress and psychopathology compared to mothers of typically developing children. However, there is an expanding area of research which focuses on factors that promote positive adaptation among mothers of children with ASD. Gratitude is one factor associated with positive outcomes in the general population and may therefore, also be associated with positive outcomes for mothers of children with ASD. Method In this qualitative study, mothers of children with ASD were divided into two groups and instructed to write letters of gratitude to either someone besides their child (general gratitude) or their child (child gratitude). Coding and thematic analysis of their narratives was conducted using ATLAS.ti computer software. Results Prominent themes for mothers in the general gratitude group included sources of social support, characteristics of close personal relationships, inspirational others, and other positive attributes of individuals, such as being kind-hearted. Whereas, in the child gratitude group, emergent themes were the child with ASD making progress, the child’s personality, inspiration, and shared experiences. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that mothers are able to identify and express gratitude for beneficial aspects of their lives. These findings have important implications for the understanding of the experience of parenting a child with ASD and may also serve to inform development of interventions to promote well-being in families of children with ASD.
Percutaneous cholecystostomy: prognostic factors and comparison to cholecystectomy

Background Data regarding long-term outcomes following percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) are limited, and comparisons to cholecystectomy (CCY) are lacking. We hypothesized that chronic disease burden would predict 1-year mortality following PC, and that outcomes following PC and CCY would be similar when controlling for preprocedural risk factors.
Towards Structural Attribution

In this chapter we explore how detournement, a short film consisting of juxtapositions of existing media, can be used in teacher education to challenge dominant myths in popular educational discourse. As part of our pedagogy for preservice teachers, we created a detournement of the film Waiting for Superman (Guggenheim, 2010) in an effort to expose and challenge the film’s attribution of schooling outcomes to teachers and to offer structural attribution of outcomes as an alternate explanation for consideration.
Conservatively treated knee injury is associated with knee cartilage matrix degeneration measured with MRI-based T2 relaxation times: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.

To investigate the association of cartilage degeneration with previous knee injuries not undergoing surgery, determined by morphologic and quantitative 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We performed a nested cross-sectional study of right knee MRIs from participants in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) aged 45–79 with baseline Kellgren-Lawrence score of 0–2. Cases were 142 right knees of patients with self-reported history of injury limiting the ability to walk for at least 2 days. Controls were 426 right knees without history of injury, frequency-matched to cases on age, BMI, gender, KL scores and race (1:3 ratio). Cases and controls were compared using covariate-adjusted linear regression analysis, with the outcomes of region-specific T2 mean, laminar analysis and heterogeneity measured by texture analysis to investigate early cartilage matrix abnormalities and the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) to investigate morphologic knee lesions. Compared to control subjects, we found significantly higher mean T2 values in the injury [lateral tibia (28.10 ms vs. 29.11 ms, p = 0.001), medial tibia (29.70 ms vs. 30.40 ms, p = 0.014) and global knee cartilage (32.73 ms vs. 33.29 ms, p = 0.005)]. Injury subjects also had more heterogeneous cartilage as measured by GLCM texture contrast, variance and entropy (p 0.05). A history of knee injury not treated surgically is associated with higher and more heterogeneous T2 values, but not with morphologic knee abnormalities. Our findings suggest that significant, conservatively treated knee injuries are associated with permanent cartilage matrix abnormalities.
Mechanisms of antifreeze proteins investigated via the site-directed spin labeling technique

The site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) technique was used to examine the antifreeze mechanisms of type-I antifreeze proteins (AFPs). The effects on the growth of seed ice crystals by the spin-label groups attached to different side chains of the AFPs were observed, and the states of water molecules surrounding the spin-label groups were probed via analyses of variable-temperature (VT) dependent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The first set of experiments revealed the antifreeze activities of the spin-labeled AFPs at the microscopic level, while the second set of experiments displayed those at the molecular level. The experimental results confirmed the putative ice-binding surface (IBS) of type-I AFPs. The VT EPR spectra indicate that type-I AFPs can inhibit the nucleation of seed ice crystals down to ~ − 20 °C in their aqueous solutions. Thus, the present authors believe that AFPs protect organisms from freezing damage in two ways: (1) inhibiting the nucleation of seed ice crystals, and (2) hindering the growth of seed ice crystals once they have formed. The first mechanism should play a more significant role in protecting against freezing damage among organisms living in cold environments. The VT EPR spectra also revealed that liquid-like water molecules existed around the spin-labeled non-ice-binding side chains of the AFPs frozen within the ice matrices, and ice surrounding the spin-label groups melted at subzero temperatures during the heating process. This manuscript concludes with the proposed model of antifreeze mechanisms of AFPs based on the experimental results.
Between the Border and Mandated Hard Places

Federal and Arizona educational policies challenge U.S.-Mexico border educators to meet the diverse needs of bilingual, bicultural students while also being required to use instructional pedagogies...
The Social Servicescape: A Multidimensional Operationalization:

Understanding the role of the servicescape in the consumption process has become an increasingly important topic in hospitality research. However, while a consensus has been reached regarding the c...
Azoospermia: A Complication of Hydrocele Repair in a Fertile Population

AbstractAlthough minor complications have been reported, hydrocelectomy generally is considered to be a safe procedure. We recently treated 3 patients who became azoospermic after hydrocele repair. Of the patients 2 underwent bilateral and 1 unilateral hydrocelectomy. All 3 patients had iatrogenic injury to the vas deferens or epididymis after hydrocele repair.
Chemokines in the Central Nervous System and Alzheimer's Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the chemokines and receptors found in the central nervous system (CNS), their changes in alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, the direct effect of some chemokines on neuronal signaling pathways, a hypothesis regarding the pathophysiological role of chemokines in the CNS particularly in AD, and how this delicate balance can be achieved or disrupted under physiological or pathological conditions and finally, the implications of this hypothesis for future therapeutic intervention. Chemokines and their receptors detectable in brain tissues or neuronal and glial cultures under pathophysiological conditions by immunohistochemistry, by in situ or by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been summarized. Immunoreactivity for a number of chemokine receptors has also been detected in CNS cells. In AD brain, upregulation of CXCR2 expression was observed on dystrophic neurites of senile plaques. CC chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 have been found on microglia of both normal and AD brains and their expression is increased on some reactive microglia in AD. The present data support that chemokine expression in vivo is more restricted to particular cell types and is under fine regulation despite the fact under in vitro conditions many cell types have the capacity to express chemokines. The detection of many chemokines and their receptors on various resident cells of CNS suggest their physiological role in the CNS. Given the primary role of chemokines as inflammatory mediators in the body's defense system, the upregulation of many chemokines and their receptors in AD brain implies that localized inflammation is important in the disease pathogenesis. There may be detrimental effects on neurons if chemokine expression is continuously triggered in a nonregulated fashion. Animal models are available to test these hypotheses. For potential therapeutic intervention through the chemokine system in AD, the double-edged role of chemokines suggests that pharmacological modulation of the system rather than complete blockade may help the body regain a state of homeostasis.
La integridad de la ciencia: significado e importancia

The integrity of science understood as the firm adherence to epistemological values is analysed in this paper. Respect for evidence and evidence-sharing are considered to be core values. At the same time, the author examines the current threats to these values, especially in the fields of biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
Thirty-day readmissions in metastatic cancer patients: Room for improvement?

6541Background: To date, cancer has been excused from most readmission reduction efforts. Yet reported readmission rates for cancer patients discharged from medical services are as high as 27%. Som...
Translational Research: Bringing Science to the Provider Through Guideline Implementation

Significant variation exists in health care practice patterns that creates concerns regarding the quality of care delivered. Clinical practice based on high-quality evidence provides a rationale for clinical decision making. Resources, such as evidence-based guidelines, provide that evidence to clinicians and improve patient outcomes by decreasing unwanted variation in clinical practice. Because knowledge dissemination alone is ineffective to translate scientific evidence into clinical practice, the field of implementation science has emerged to facilitate this translation of research into routine clinical practice. This article provides an introduction to implementation science, and its application in dentistry to promote adoption of evidence-based guidelines.
Profiling microRNA expression in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) gill and responses to arsenic and hyperosmotic stress.

Abstract The Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), native to estuarine areas of the Atlantic coast of the United States, has become a valuable ecotoxicological model as a result of its ability to acclimate to rapid environmental changes and adapt to polluted habitats. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved small RNAs that regulate gene expression and play critical roles in stress responses in a variety of organisms. Global miRNA expression in killifish and the potential roles miRNA have in environmental acclimation have yet to be characterized. Accordingly, we profiled miRNA expression in killifish gill for the first time and identified a small group of highly expressed, well-conserved miRNAs as well as 16 novel miRNAs not yet identified in other organisms. Killifish respond to large fluctuations in salinity with rapid changes in gene expression and protein trafficking to maintain osmotic balance, followed by a secondary phase of gene and protein expression changes that enable remodeling of the gills. Arsenic, a major environmental toxicant, was previously shown to inhibit gene expression responses in killifish gill, as well the ability of killifish to acclimate to a rapid increase in salinity. Thus, we examined the individual and combined effects of salinity and arsenic on miRNA expression in killifish gill. Using small RNA sequencing, we identified 270 miRNAs expressed in killifish, and found that miR-135b was differentially expressed in response to arsenic and at 24 h following transfer to salt water. Predicted targets of miR-135b are involved in ion transport, cell motility and migration, GTPase mediated signal transduction and organelle assembly. Consistent with previous studies of these two environmental stressors, we found a significant interaction (i.e., arsenic dependent salinity effect), whereby killifish exposed to arsenic exhibited an opposite response in miR-135b expression at 24 h post hyperosmotic challenge compared to controls. By examining mRNA expression of predicted miRNA targets during salinity acclimation and arsenic exposure, we found that miR-135b targets were significantly more likely to decrease during salinity acclimation than non-targets. Our identification of a significant interaction effect of arsenic and salinity on miR-135b expression supports the hypothesis that arsenic alters upstream regulators of stress response networks, which may adversely affect the killifish response to osmotic stress. The characterization of miRNAs in this ecotoxicological model will be a valuable resource for future studies investigating the role of miRNAs in response to environmental stress.
A Social Justice Approach to Measuring Bystander Behavior: Introducing the Critically Conscious Bystander Scale

Researchers studying bystander behavior in the context of sexual violence are informed by the five-step process of bystander intervention that was described by Latane and Darley (1969). According to this process an individual must first recognize a situation as problematic prior to intervening. The behaviors that are easily recognized or taught in college programming as problematic are generally indicative of sexual assault and rape; however, behaviors that feed into sexual violence exist on a continuum, allowing for a range of opportunities for intervention. The goal of the current study was to expand the conceptualization of bystander behavior to include precursors to what has been traditionally considered bystander behavior (e.g., directly intervening on behalf of a potential victim) through the creation and initial validation of the Critically Conscious Bystander Scale (CCBS). The CCBS moves beyond traditional measures of bystander behavior by considering sexual harassment and sexual assault separately. Further, the CCBS incorporates sociopolitical involvement and critical consciousness education within bystander behavior. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and relation to similar and related constructs with two separate U.S. college samples (ns = 409 and 502), the CCBS demonstrated initial reliability and validity encompassing four related, but unique, factors present among the retained items: Sexual Harassment Bystander Behavior, Consciousness Raising, Advocacy/Activism, and Sexual Assault Bystander Behavior. Implications for the CCBS, including how this measure can help to provide a nuanced picture of bystander behavior, are discussed.
Barriers to Adaptation in Legal Education and the Critical Importance of Simply Caring.

In her provocative book Rules for a Flat World , Professor Gillian Hadfield makes the important point that our ossified legal system does not meet the needs of our dynamic society. And she rightly notes that legal education is not an ally in meeting this challenge. To move forward, then, legal education must innovate. This essay offers the modest hunch that non-profit higher education can innovate at lower cost by mimicking the successes of their for-profit peers, in effect leveraging for-profit higher education as a form of research and development. Even if this hunch has some validity, though, it does not say what shape that innovation will take, and whether it can promote the needed change that Professor Hadfield urges.
Tongues of fire: language and evangelization in colonial Mexico: by Nancy Farriss. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, 432 pp. (ISBN 9780190884109)

Tongues of Fire represents the most comprehensive treatment of the Dominican order’s attempt to evangelize in Oaxacan languages during the first century after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Nancy ...
Lipid shape determination of detergent solubilization in mixed-lipid liposomes.

The effects of lipid charge and head group size on liposome partitioning by detergents is an important consideration for applications such as liposomal drug delivery or proteoliposome formation. Yet, the solubilization of mixed-lipid liposomes, those containing multiple types of lipids, by detergents has received insufficient attention. This study examines the incorporation into and subsequent dissolution of mixed-lipid liposomes comprised of both egg phosphatidylcholine (ePC) and egg phosphatidic acid (ePA) by the detergent Triton-X100 (TX). Liposomes were prepared with mixtures of the two lipids, ePC and ePA, at molar ratios from 0 to 1, then step-wise solubilized with TX. Changes in turbidity, size distribution, and molar heat power at constant temperature throughout the solubilization process were assessed. The data suggest that the difference in lipid shapes (shape factors = 0.74 and 1.4 [1,2]) affects packing in membranes, and hence influences how much TX can be incorporated before disruption. As such, liposomes containing the observed ratios of ePA incorporated higher concentrations of TX before initiating dissolution into detergent and lipid mixed-micelles. The cause was concluded to be increased mismatching in the bilayer from the conical shape of ePA compared to the cylindrical shape of ePC. Additionally, the degree to which ePA is approximated as conical versus cylindrical was modulated with pH. It was confirmed that less conical ePA behaved more similarly to ePC than more conical ePA. The understanding gained here on lipid shape in liposome incorporation of TX enables research to use in vitro liposomes that more closely mimic native membranes.
Patient Perspectives on the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Skin Cancer Screening: A Qualitative Study.

Importance The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is expanding throughout the field of medicine. In dermatology, researchers are evaluating the potential for direct-to-patient and clinician decision-support AI tools to classify skin lesions. Although AI is poised to change how patients engage in health care, patient perspectives remain poorly understood. Objective To explore how patients conceptualize AI and perceive the use of AI for skin cancer screening. Design, Setting, and Participants A qualitative study using a grounded theory approach to semistructured interview analysis was conducted in general dermatology clinics at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and melanoma clinics at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Forty-eight patients were enrolled. Each interview was independently coded by 2 researchers with interrater reliability measurement; reconciled codes were used to assess code frequency. The study was conducted from May 6 to July 8, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Artificial intelligence concept, perceived benefits and risks of AI, strengths and weaknesses of AI, AI implementation, response to conflict between human and AI clinical decision-making, and recommendation for or against AI. Results Of 48 patients enrolled, 26 participants (54%) were women; mean (SD) age was 53.3 (21.7) years. Sixteen patients (33%) had a history of melanoma, 16 patients (33%) had a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer only, and 16 patients (33%) had no history of skin cancer. Twenty-four patients were interviewed about a direct-to-patient AI tool and 24 patients were interviewed about a clinician decision-support AI tool. Interrater reliability ratings for the 2 coding teams were κ = 0.94 and κ = 0.89. Patients primarily conceptualized AI in terms of cognition. Increased diagnostic speed (29 participants [60%]) and health care access (29 [60%]) were the most commonly perceived benefits of AI for skin cancer screening; increased patient anxiety was the most commonly perceived risk (19 [40%]). Patients perceived both more accurate diagnosis (33 [69%]) and less accurate diagnosis (41 [85%]) to be the greatest strength and weakness of AI, respectively. The dominant theme that emerged was the importance of symbiosis between humans and AI (45 [94%]). Seeking biopsy was the most common response to conflict between human and AI clinical decision-making (32 [67%]). Overall, 36 patients (75%) would recommend AI to family members and friends. Conclusions and Relevance In this qualitative study, patients appeared to be receptive to the use of AI for skin cancer screening if implemented in a manner that preserves the integrity of the human physician-patient relationship.
Healthcare Access as a Risk-Marker for Obstetric Vesicovaginal Fistula in Malawi.

Objectives: To determine the association between access to health care among pregnant women in Malawi and occurrence of obstetric vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Methods: This was a case-control study using data obtained from patients’ records documented by the ‘Fistula Care Center-Bwaila Hospital’ in Malawi. Socio-demographic characteristics of women with VVF (study arm, n=1046) and perineal tear (control arm, n=37) were examined. A composite variable called “Malawi Healthcare Access Index” (MHAI) was created through summation of scores related to three factors of access to care: (1) walking distance to closest health center; (2) presence of trained provider at delivery; and (3) receipt of antenatal care. Binomial logistic regression models were built to determine the association between the MHAI and presence of VVF. Results: Obstetric VVF was more common in women from rural areas, mothers delivering at extremes of age, those with less education, and patients with long labor (>12 hours). In adjusted models, women with “insufficient” health access based on the MHAI were at greater risk (OR = 2.64, 95%CI = 1.07 – 6.03) of obstetric VVF than women with “sufficient” score on the MHAI. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Inadequate access to essential obstetric care increases the risk of VVF. Copyright © 2020 Rupley et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.
Cellular mechanisms and treatments for chemobrain: insight from aging and neurodegenerative diseases

Chemotherapy is a life-saving treatment for cancer patients, but also causes long-term cognitive impairment, or "chemobrain", in survivors. However, several challenges, including imprecise diagnosis criteria, multiple confounding factors, and unclear and heterogeneous molecular mechanisms, impede effective investigation of preventions and treatments for chemobrain. With the rapid increase in the number of cancer survivors, chemobrain is an urgent but unmet clinical need. Here, we leverage the extensive knowledge in various fields of neuroscience to gain insights into the mechanisms for chemobrain. We start by outlining why the post-mitotic adult brain is particularly vulnerable to chemotherapy. Next, through drawing comparisons with normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury, we identify universal cellular mechanisms that may underlie the cognitive deficits in chemobrain. We further identify existing neurological drugs targeting these cellular mechanisms that can be repurposed as treatments for chemobrain, some of which were already shown to be effective in animal models. Finally, we briefly describe future steps to further advance our understanding of chemobrain and facilitate the development of effective preventions and treatments.
Military, Race, and Urbanization: Lessons of Environmental Injustice from Las Vegas, Nevada:

Environmental justice scholarship argues state power perpetrates environmental inequalities, but less is known about the U.S. Military’s impact on local urban environmental inequalities. To evaluate the role of the military in contributing to environmental health disparities, I draw on the case study of Las Vegas, Nevada, a southwestern city with active military sites. The analysis uses environmental health, demographic, and Geographic Information System (GIS) data from federal and county agencies. Findings from spatial error models support environmental inequality and treadmill of destruction hypotheses by demonstrating that census tracts in closer proximity to military areas have greater estimated cancer risk from air toxics. Census tracts with a higher percent of poor and Latinx residents, independent of their proximity to military areas, have an additional increase in exposure to air pollution. The case study of Las Vegas offers important lessons of environmental injustice on Latinx environmental health vulnerability and military sites in urban areas.
Decreasing smoking during pregnancy: Potential economic benefit of reducing sudden unexpected infant death.

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) remains the leading cause of death among U.S. infants age 1-12 months. Extensive epidemiological evidence documents maternal prenatal cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for SUID, but leaves unclear whether quitting reduces risk. This Commentary draws attention to a report by Anderson et al. (Pediatrics. 2019, 143[4]) that represents a breakthrough on this question and uses their data on SUID risk reduction to delineate potential economic benefits. Using a five-year (2007-11) U.S. CDC Birth Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death dataset, Anderson et al. demonstrated that compared to those who continued smoking, women who quit or reduced smoking by third trimester decreased the adjusted odds of SUID risk by 23% (95% CI, 13%-33%) and 12% (95% CI, 2%-21%), respectively. We applied these reductions to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' recommended value of a statistical life in 2020 ($10.1 million). Compared to continued smoking during pregnancy, the economic benefits per woman of quitting or reducing smoking are $4700 (95% CI $2700-$6800) and $2500 (95% CI, $400-$4300), respectively. While the U.S. obtained aggregate annual economic benefits of $0.58 (95% CI, 0.35-0.82) billion from pregnant women who quit or reduced smoking, it missed an additional $1.16 (95%CI 0.71-1.60) billion from the women who continued smoking. Delineating the health and economic impacts of decreasing smoking during pregnancy using large epidemiological studies like Anderson et al. is critically important for conducting meaningful economic analyses of the benefits-costs of developing more effective interventions for decreasing smoking during pregnancy.
Modeling the schizophrenias: subunit-specific NMDAR antagonism dissociates frontal δ and hippocampal θ modulation of ~140 Hz oscillations

NMDAR antagonism alters mesolimbic, hippocampal, and cortical function, acutely reproducing the positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. These physiological and behavioral effects may depend differentially on NMDAR subtype- and region-specific effects. The dramatic electrophysiological signatures of NMDAR blockade in rodents include potentiated high frequency oscillations (HFOs, ∼140 Hz), likely generated in mesolimbic structures, and increased HFO phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), a phenomenon related to goal-directed behavior and dopaminergic tone. This study examined the impact of subtype-specific NMDAR antagonism on HFOs and PAC. We found that positive-symptom-associated NR2A-preferring antagonism (NVP-AAM077), but not NR2B-specific antagonism (Ro25-6985) or saline control, replicated increases in HFO power seen with nonspecific antagonism (MK-801). However, PAC following NR2A-preferring antagonism was distinct from all other conditions. While θ-HFO PAC was prominent or potentiated in other conditions, NVP-AAM077 increased δ-HFO PAC and decreased θ-HFO PAC. Furthermore, active wake epochs exhibiting narrowband frontal δ oscillations, and not broadband sleep-associated δ, selectively exhibited δ-HFO coupling, while paradoxical sleep epochs having a high CA1 θ to frontal δ ratio selectively exhibited θ-HFO coupling. Our results suggest: (1) NR2A-preferring antagonism induces oscillopathies reflecting frontal hyperfunction and hippocampal hypofunction; and (2) HFO PAC indexes cortical vs. hippocampal control of mesolimbic circuits.
Whole genome transcriptome analysis of the stomach resected in human vertical sleeve gastrectomy: cutting more than calories.

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is a surgical weight loss procedure that resects 80% of the stomach, creating a tube linking the esophagus to the duodenum. Because of the efficacy and relative si...
A discrete-continuous choice model of climate change impacts on energy

This paper estimates a discrete-continuous fuel choice model in order to explore climate impacts on the energy sector. The model is estimated on a national data set of firms and households. The results reveal that actors switch from oil in cold climates to electricity and natural gas in warm climates and that fuel-specific expenditures follow a U-shaped relationship with respect to temperature. The model implies that warming will increase American energy expenditures, reflecting a sizable welfare damage.
Genital herpes in young adults: changing sexual behaviours epidemiology and management.

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection throughout the world. The majority of new infections occur in adolescents and young adults, although prevalence rates generally increase with age and cumulative sexual experience. In young adults, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection is becoming a more common cause of genital herpes. Reasons for this trend include changing sexual practices, notably oral-genital exposure and the use of condoms for intercourse. Important implications of having genital herpes include the risk of transmission to sexual partners and the increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV. Genital herpes infections are often unrecognized, and transmission to uninfected partners is likely to occur during asymptomatic shedding. A diagnosis of herpes may also affect psychosexual development, particularly in adolescents. Such factors contribute to the growing global HSV prevalence and suggest a need to implement better screening programmes in young adults. Recognizing and treating HSV early offers benefits to patients and their sexual partners by reducing the frequency and severity of outbreaks, limiting the likelihood of disease transmission, and preventing new infections.
The Dynamic Data Cube

Range sum queries on data cubes are a powerful tool for analysis. A range sum query applies an aggregation operation (e.g., SUM, AVERAGE) over all selected cells in a data cube, where the selection is specified by providing ranges of values for numeric dimensions. We present the Dynamic Data Cube, a new approach to range sum queries which provides efficient performance for both queries and updates, which handles clustered and sparse data gracefully, and which allows for the dynamic expansion of the data cube in any direction.
Spatial object detection in JPEG bitstreams

Because of the large amount of raw data involved, images are generally compressed before storage or transmission. If one were interested in detecting and localizing spatial objects of interest, it would be considerably more efficient to do so in the compressed domain because less data would need to be processed and the computations required to decode the image would be avoided. In this paper, we study detection and localization in the bitstream of JPEG-compressed imagery and compare these new results with our earlier work in which detection was performed in the DCT domain.
Research Trends in the U.S. for Next Generation CAD Systems

The CAD vendor industry today faces major decisions as it addresses the growing industrial trend toward concurrent engineering. Research in design and manufacturing systems is needed now more then ever in the past. Yet, the CAD industry, on the whole, has not invested in such research. On the other hand, most companies prefer to buy solutions, such as they did in the past with drafting systems. Thus, we face a dilemma: industry asks vendors, “What do you have to offer?” Vendors respond with, “What are you willing to buy?”
Potential Competition: The Bell Atlantic/NYNEX Merger

During my tenure as Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Economics I had the opportunity to revisit an old issue in antitrust merger analysis – potential competition. Although once considered a dead issue, developments in the telecommunications industry have brought this issue to the fore again. Before I review how the economists at the Antitrust Division addressed this issue, I want to express my admiration of the many people associated with the Antitrust Division during the time that I was there. Unlike most of the people speaking today, I am in the unique position of having been an economist in EPO/EAG for 12 years before becoming the Deputy Assistant Attorney General.1 As a result I had the opportunity to work with a large number of the distinguished people who are here today: Rick Warren-Boulton, Bobby Willig, Janusz Ordover, Rich Gilbert and Carl Shapiro. I would like to specially mention that if it were not for the incredible persuasiveness of Rick Warren-Boulton and the incredible enthusiasm he showed for everything done at EPO/EAG, I would never have come to work for DOJ. So to him, I am certainly extremely grateful. And I know that EAG has been in good hands under the leadership of Dan Rubinfeld. I have also had the opportunity to work for a number of Assistant Attorneys General, including as Deputy under Anne Bingaman and Joel Klein. It was an honor to serve under both of them. All of my best memories, though, are associated with the many colleagues I had over 13 years at the DOJ. There is no finer group of people, and it was one of the best experiences an industrial organization economist could have. If I had to summarize the all-consuming issue that arose during my tenure as Deputy Assistant Attorney General in one word, it would be telecommunications. The passage of the Telecommunications Act in February 1996 set in motion a new era, which promised an end to the local telephone monopoly and a process for an
Processing and Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Thick Films for High-Energy Density Capacitor Applications

Nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders (∼40 nm) were used for preparation of tape-casting slurries. Effect of various solvents and dispersants on the dispersability of TiO2 slurries was studied by sedimentation tests and rheology measurements. TiO2 green tapes were prepared by tape-casting method and densified at 1000°C with a sintered density >95%. Dielectric properties of TiO2 tapes were studied by measuring of dielectric constant, loss factor and dielectric breakdown strength (BDS) with respect to their microstructural development. BDS values as high as ∼1400 kV/cm were obtained for sintered tapes so that energy densities up to 14 J/cm3 could be achieved.
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a unique autoimmune blistering disease which can present both in children and adults. There are various clinical presentations of the disease which can involve both cutaneous and mucosal tissues. LABD has been reported to be associated with medications, ulcerative colitis, and malignancies. This chapter will discuss the diagnosis, current therapies, and possible treatment algorithms for managing LABD patients.
The past, present, and future of monoclonal antibodies to IL-5 and eosinophilic asthma: a review

Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome that might be better described as a constellation of phenotypes or endotypes, each with distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms, rather than as a singular disease. One of these phenotypes is eosinophilic asthma. As the development of eosinophilic inflammation is categorically dependent on the biological activity of Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-5 antagonism became an obvious target for therapy in this phenotype. Early trials of monoclonal antibodies targeting the biological activity of IL-5, including reslizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab, were performed on asthmatics with no concern for evidence of eosinophilia. These trials were largely unsuccessful. However, during these trials, researchers recognized the need to quantify eosinophilia in asthma subjects in order to identify those asthmatics in whom these medications would be more likely to improve symptoms and lung function. Using biomarkers, such as sputum and blood eosinophilia, recent studies of these medications have shown improvements in blood and sputum eosinophilia, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and quality of life assessments as well as reducing occurrences of exacerbations. Moving forward, better and less invasive biomarkers of eosinophilia are necessary to ensure that the correct patients are chosen to receive these medications to receive maximal benefit.
Delayed gastric ulcer healing after extirpation of submandibular glands is sex-dependent.

This study examines the effect of excision of the submandibular salivary glands, the main source of epidermal growth factor (EGF), and the role of gender on the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. In male rats excision of the submandibular glands delayed ulcer healing. At IS and 25 days the unhealed ulcer areas were significantly larger in the sialoadenectomy group than in control animals, and fewer completely healed ulcers were seen in this group at 25 days. Ulcer healing in female rats was slower. At day 25 ulcers were healed in 12% of female rats with intact salivary glands, compared with 68% in males. Female rats also showed larger unhealed ulcer areas after sialoadenectomy than controls. We conclude that removal of the main source of EGF in the gastrointestinal tract is associated with a delay in healing of gastric ulcers. The significant difference in healing observed between female and male rats may be influenced by the known androgenic regulation of EGF production in the salivar...
Interactions of arsenic and the dissolved substances derived from turf soils.

Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) is frequently used as an herbicide for the control of weeds in turf grasses at golf courses in Florida. There are concerns about arsenic (As) contamination of local shallow groundwater from the application of MSMA. The distinction between “free” As and colloid-bound/complexed As in soil solution is important for understanding the mobility and bioavailability of As in the environment. In this study, the equilibrium membrane (500 and 3500 Da) dialysis method was employed to determine the “free” and “bound” As in water extracts of five types of golf-course soils containing coated and uncoated sands in various proportions with peat. All samples were evaluated for arsenic species (arsenite, AsIII and arsenate, AsV), dissolved organic matter, and additional constituents (iron, aluminum, and calcium). The impacts of microbial growth were evaluated by conducting experiments with and without the addition of sodium azide for one particular soil type. Results indicate that (1) the p...
Subscalene biopsy in intrathoracic diseases.

Biopsy of lymph nodes overlying the anterior scalene muscle has been used many years as an aid to diagnosis of intrathoracic disease. This paper describes an extention of this procedure to include transection of the anterior scalene muscle and biopsy of subscalene tissues as an aid to diagnosis of intrathoracic disease. This procedure is particularly useful in those patients with superior sulcus tumors and in whom scalene node biopsy is negative.
Mediator requirement downstream of chromatin remodeling during transcriptional activation of CHA1 in yeast.

Mediator complex is essential for transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. Although chromatin remodeling is an integral part of transcriptional activation at many promoters, whether Mediator is required for this function has not been determined. Here we have used the yeast CHA1 gene to study the role of Mediator in chromatin remodeling and recruitment of the transcription machinery. We show by chromatin immunoprecipitation that Mediator subunits are recruited to the induced CHA1 promoter. Inactivation of Mediator at 37 °C in yeast harboring the srb4-138 (med17) ts mutation severely reduces CHA1 activation and prevents recruitment to the induced CHA1 promoter of Med18/Srb5, from the head module of Mediator, and Med14/Rgr1, which bridges the middle and tail modules. In contrast, recruitment of Med15/Gal11 from the tail module is unaffected in med17 ts yeast at 37 °C. Recruitment of TATA-binding protein (TBP) is severely compromised in the absence of functional Mediator, whereas Kin28 and polymerase II recruitment are reduced but to a lesser extent. Induced levels of histone H3K4me3 at the CHA1 promoter are not diminished by inactivation of Mediator, whereas recruitment of Paf1 and of Ser2- and Ser5-phosphorylated forms of Rbp1 are reduced but not eliminated. Loss of histone H3 from the induced CHA1 promoter is seen in wild type yeast but is greatly reduced by loss of intact Mediator. In contrast, Swi/Snf recruitment and nucleosome remodeling are unaffected by loss of Mediator function. Thus, Mediator is required for recruitment of the transcription machinery subsequent to chromatin remodeling during CHA1 induction.