cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF AFLATOXIN IN CONCENTRATED AND DILUTED GRAPEFRUIT JUICE1

Commercial concentrated and diluted (1:1, 1:2, 1:3; juice: water) steamed grapefruit juice was inoculated with known aflatoxigenic aspergilli and sampled after 10 and 14 days of incubation at 28 C. When Aspergillus flavus grew in juice, most aflatoxin B1 (0.211 μg/ml appeared in concentrated juice and least (0.013 μg/ml) in single strength juice. Juices diluted 1:1 and 1:2 yielded 0.078 and 0.020 μg B1/ml, respectively. Results were more striking when Aspergillus parasiticus grew in samples of juice. After 10 days, amounts of aflatoxin B1 in concentrated juice and in concentrated juice diluted 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 were 7.5, 1.59, 0.69, and 0.56 μg/ml, respectively. Aflatoxins B2, G1, and G2 were also produced and greatest amounts also developed in concentrated juice. Amounts of these toxins decreased markedly when the percentage of soluble solids in the juices decreased. Fourteen instead of 10 days of incubation resulted in increases in the amount of each toxin in concentrated juice and in concentrated juice...
Catheter-related thrombosis in pediatrics.

Venous access devices (VADs) are being used in the pediatric setting with increasing frequency. To care for these devices, clinicians need to be cognizant of the complications that occur. The two most often encountered catheter-related complications are infection and thrombosis. This article begins with an overview of hemostasis as well as the pathway for fibrinolysis. Signs, symptoms, and treatment options available using thrombolytic agents in the three most common catheter-related thromboses are presented including: (a) fibrin sheath obstruction, (b) subclavian vein thrombosis, and (c) superior vena cava thrombosis. Since treatment options using thrombolytic therapy are becoming more widely used, clinicians are expected to be knowledgeable of these agents. A brief overview of the more common investigational agents used for the treatment of catheter-related thrombosis is also provided. VADs in children have played a significant role since being introduced more than 20 years ago. VADs often provide the only means available for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, blood products, nutritional support, fluids, antibiotics, and other medications as well as easier access to blood sampling. The convenience of these devices has not only decreased the pain and anxiety of frequent peripheral access for intravenous (i.v.) therapy and blood sampling, but has decreased frequent trips to the clinics or hospitals that are otherwise often required. In recent years family members are using VADs more frequently at home for the delivery of medications.
Differential Diagnosis of MRI Corticospinal Tract Abnormalities (P2.201)

Objective: To present clinical and radiographic descriptions of conditions that may feature corticospinal tract abnormalities observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Background: Corticospinal tract lesions have a broad differential diagnosis, including neurodegenerative diseases, toxic/metabolic derangements, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and neurogenetic conditions. Design/Methods: Review of clinical presentations and brain MRIs. Results: Conditions that have been associated with corticospinal tract hyperintensities on brain MRI include: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis, heroin leukoencephalopathy, brainstem glioma, neuro-Behcets, HIV infection, neuromyelitis optica, Krabbe A disease, adult polyglucosan body disorder, X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Behr syndrome, Whipple disease, and sequela of liver transplantation. We present representative images and discuss clinical and radiographic features that distinguishing these conditions. Conclusions: Corticospinal tract lesions have a heterogenous etiology, with widely different treatments and prognoses. An understanding of these potential etiologies will assist neurologists confronted with this imaging finding. Study Supported by: None. Disclosure: Dr. Wallach has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stember has nothing to disclose. Dr. Valentine has nothing to disclose. Dr. Howard has nothing to disclose.
Marr, Mayr, and MR: What functionalism should now be about

In this review essay on The Multiple Realization Book by Polger and Shapiro, I consider the prospects for a biologically grounded notion of multiple realization (MR) which has been given too little...
Evaluation of an Online Educational Intervention to Increase Knowledge and Self-efficacy in Disaster Responders and Critical Care Transporters Caring for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities.

Objective Disability-related education is essential for disaster responders and critical care transporters to ensure positive patient outcomes. This pilot study evaluated the effect of an online educational intervention on disaster responders and critical care transporters' knowledge of and feelings of self-efficacy about caring for individuals with developmental disabilities. Methods A 1-group, pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design was used. A convenience sample of 33 disaster responders and critical care transporters participated. Results Of the 33 participants, only 24% had received prior education on this topic, and 88% stated that such education would be beneficial to their care of patients. Nineteen participants completed both the pretest and posttest, and overall performance on knowledge items improved from 66% correct to 81% correct. Self-efficacy for caring for developmentally disabled individuals improved, with all 10 items showing a statistically significant improvement. Conclusion Online education is recommended to improve the knowledge and self-efficacy of disaster responders and critical care transporters who care for this vulnerable population after disasters and emergencies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:677-681).
Use of standard musculoskeletal ultrasound to determine the need for fasciotomy in an elevated muscle compartment pressure cadaver leg model.

Abstract Introduction Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a limb-threatening condition often associated with leg injury. The only treatment of ACS is fasciotomy with the purpose of reducing muscle compartment pressures (MCP). Patient discomfort and low reliability of invasive MCP measurements, has led to the search for alternative methods. Our goal was to test the feasibility of using ultrasound to diagnose elevated MCP. Methods A cadaver model of elevated MCPs was used in 6 cadaver legs. An ultrasound transducer was combined with a pressure sensing transducer to obtain a B-mode image of the anterior compartment, while controlling the amount of pressure applied to the skin. MCP was increased from 0 to 75 mmHg. The width of the anterior compartment (CW) and the pressure needed to flatten the bulging superficial compartment fascia (CFFP) were measured. Results Both the CW and CFFP showed high correlations to MCP in the individual cadavers. Average CW and CFFP significantly increased between baseline and the first elevated MCP states. Both Inter-observer and intra-observer agreements for the ultrasound measurements were good to excellent. Discussion Ultrasound indexes showed excellent correlations in compartment pressures, suggesting that there is a potential for the clinical use of this modality in the future.
IDO1 Inhibition Overcomes Radiation-Induced "Rebound Immune Suppression" by Reducing Numbers of IDO1-Expressing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Purpose The limitation of hypofractionated radiation efficacy is due partly to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an important regulator of tumor immune suppression. We evaluated the effects of IDO1 in hypofractionated radiation using a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse model and tested whether IDO1 inhibition could sensitize those tumors to hypofractionated radiation. Methods and Materials Bilateral LLC tumors were established in C57BL/6 mice. Primary tumors were treated with 3 fractions of either 12 Gy or 6 Gy, and the IDO1 inhibitor INCB023843 was given starting on the first day of radiation. Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine levels were quantified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells were isolated from the tumors, stained, and quantified by flow cytometry. Results The combination of INCB023843 and three 12-Gy fractions led to better tumor control and survival than radiation alone; INCB023843 plus three 6-Gy fractions had no benefit. IDO1 expression by tumor-infiltrating immune cells was increased by three 12-Gy doses and inhibited by the addition of INCB023843. Nearly all IDO1+ immune cells were also F4/80+. Percentages of IDO1+F4/80+ immune cells were drastically increased by three 12-Gy fractions and by three 6-Gy fractions, but only INCB023843 combined with three 12-Gy fractions reduced those percentages. IDO1+F4/80+ immune cells were further found to be CD11b+, Gr1-intermediate-expressing, CD206–, and CD11c– (ie, myeloid-derived suppressor cells). Three 12-Gy fractions also increased the percentages of tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells and CD8+ T cells, but adding INCB023843 did not affect those percentages. Conclusions In addition to its immune activation effects, hypofractionated radiation induced “rebound immune suppression” in the tumor microenvironment by activating and recruiting IDO1-expressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Adding an IDO1 inhibitor to hypofractionated radiation reduced the percentages of these cells, overcame the immune suppression, and sensitized LLC tumors to hypofractionated radiation.
Educational Reform and Accountability: Implications for African Americans with Exceptionalities.

Reform and accountability are imperative for programmatic changes in general and special education. Understandably, any form of reform matters to students, parents, and other educational stakeholders. However, the question is not whether special education is a necessity; the questions continue to be, How "special"s is special education for African American learners? Why are these learners consistently misidentified, misassessed, miscategorized, misplaced, and misinstructed? And, what can general and special educators do about these problems? In this article, we respond to these critical questions and suggest ways for making reform accountable for African American learners.
Award-winning faculty online teaching practices: Course design, assessment and evaluation, and facilitation

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the course design, assessment and evaluation, and facilitation practices from the perspectives of award-winning online faculty. Aligned with this purpose, we developed a conceptual framework focused on online course design, assessment and evaluation, and facilitation; and review relevant literature in light of this framework. We interviewed eight award-winning online faculty members from across the United States. These faculty received online teaching awards from one of the following professional associations: Online Learning Consortium (OLC), Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), or United States Distance Learning Association. Based on the interviews, it was found that online instructors use a systematic design process, backwards design, considered learner needs, and designed learner interaction during the design process. Faculty recommended using a variety of assessments, using traditional and authentic assessments and used rubrics to assess students, course templates and quality assurance process and surveys, learning analytics, and peer reviews for assessment and evaluation. Timely response and feedback, availability and presence, and periodic communication were some facilitation strategies the award-winning instructors used. We discuss these findings and provide suggestions for future research and practice. These findings can add to what is known about effective online teaching best practices, standards, and competencies.
Two Film Festivals: San Sebastián, Guadalajara; Two Institutions: Cineteca, Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica

This opening chapter on film explores the industrial context: two festivals (the first a “bridge” between Spain and Latin America, the second the main industry event in Mexico); and two of Mexico’s public film institutions (the National Film Institute and Film School).
Deep Reasoning Networks: Thinking Fast and Slow

We introduce Deep Reasoning Networks (DRNets), an end-to-end framework that combines deep learning with reasoning for solving complex tasks, typically in an unsupervised or weakly-supervised setting. DRNets exploit problem structure and prior knowledge by tightly combining logic and constraint reasoning with stochastic-gradient-based neural network optimization. We illustrate the power of DRNets on de-mixing overlapping hand-written Sudokus (Multi-MNIST-Sudoku) and on a substantially more complex task in scientific discovery that concerns inferring crystal structures of materials from X-ray diffraction data under thermodynamic rules (Crystal-Structure-Phase-Mapping). At a high level, DRNets encode a structured latent space of the input data, which is constrained to adhere to prior knowledge by a reasoning module. The structured latent encoding is used by a generative decoder to generate the targeted output. Finally, an overall objective combines responses from the generative decoder (thinking fast) and the reasoning module (thinking slow), which is optimized using constraint-aware stochastic gradient descent. We show how to encode different tasks as DRNets and demonstrate DRNets' effectiveness with detailed experiments: DRNets significantly outperform the state of the art and experts' capabilities on Crystal-Structure-Phase-Mapping, recovering more precise and physically meaningful crystal structures. On Multi-MNIST-Sudoku, DRNets perfectly recovered the mixed Sudokus' digits, with 100% digit accuracy, outperforming the supervised state-of-the-art MNIST de-mixing models. Finally, as a proof of concept, we also show how DRNets can solve standard combinatorial problems -- 9-by-9 Sudoku puzzles and Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT), outperforming other specialized deep learning models. DRNets are general and can be adapted and expanded to tackle other tasks.
Biocrude Production from Fast and Isothermal Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Chitin

We conducted isothermal and fast hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of chitin and determined the effects of temperature, holding time, and chitin wt % loading on product fraction yields and biocrude q...
sureLDA: A multidisease automated phenotyping method for the electronic health record.

Objective A major bottleneck hindering utilization of electronic health record data for translational research is the lack of precise phenotype labels. Chart review as well as rule-based and supervised phenotyping approaches require laborious expert input, hampering applicability to studies that require many phenotypes to be defined and labeled de novo. Though International Classification of Diseases codes are often used as surrogates for true labels in this setting, these sometimes suffer from poor specificity. We propose a fully automated topic modeling algorithm to simultaneously annotate multiple phenotypes. Materials and methods Surrogate-guided ensemble latent Dirichlet allocation (sureLDA) is a label-free multidimensional phenotyping method. It first uses the PheNorm algorithm to initialize probabilities based on 2 surrogate features for each target phenotype, and then leverages these probabilities to constrain the LDA topic model to generate phenotype-specific topics. Finally, it combines phenotype-feature counts with surrogates via clustering ensemble to yield final phenotype probabilities. Results sureLDA achieves reliably high accuracy and precision across a range of simulated and real-world phenotypes. Its performance is robust to phenotype prevalence and relative informativeness of surogate vs nonsurrogate features. It also exhibits powerful feature selection properties. Discussion sureLDA combines attractive properties of PheNorm and LDA to achieve high accuracy and precision robust to diverse phenotype characteristics. It offers particular improvement for phenotypes insufficiently captured by a few surrogate features. Moreover, sureLDA's feature selection ability enables it to handle high feature dimensions and produce interpretable computational phenotypes. Conclusions sureLDA is well suited toward large-scale electronic health record phenotyping for highly multiphenotype applications such as phenome-wide association studies .
Jump Ball: The Unsettled Law of Representing College Basketball Stars and their Names, Images and Likenesses

The legal framework governing college athletes is in a transformative era. Under pressure by state governments and members of Congress, the NCAA is contemplating structural changes that would permit college athletes to license their names, images and likenesses. Should these changes come to pass, college athletes — most likely through the negotiation vehicle of trade associations —would be compensated for the use of their identities in apparel, merchandise, video games, television broadcasts and related goods and services. The changes would upend decades of NCAA adherence to “amateurism,” a controversial system of rules that denies compensation opportunities on the logic that pay would corrupt college athletes, betray educational goals and undermine the consumer appeal of collegiate athletic contests. This Article examines the mechanisms by which college athletes should be able to secure representation for their commercial interests. Within that area of study, this Article focuses on men’s college basketball players who declare for the annual NBA Draft while preserving the option to return to school. The NCAA has proposed requirements for agents to represent these players. Such requirements are of questionable merit and raise concerns about the demographics of persons to whom they might tend to exclude. This Article contends that while the NCAA may have the legal capacity to exclude agents, it should weigh potential adverse consequences on competition and socioeconomic status. This argument has concrete implications on college basketball and more broadly on the economics of college sports.
New dimensions in data management: Understanding sharing and reuse practices for 3-D data

As 3-D digitization becomes more accessible and research institutions expand support for 3-D modeling, researchers are increasingly leveraging 3-D models and methods. For instance, a paleontologist might use a micro CT scanning process to capture images of the inside of a specimen that would otherwise be destroyed by such an analysis. An archaeologist might use photogrammetry to construct digital representations of artifacts that can then be examined in a way that would be difficult or impossible in a museum setting. The emergence of 3-D modeling as a research practice presents several challenges for libraries working to support and facilitate the dissemination and reuse of 3-D data packages. At present, there is significant work to be done in the community to create a culture and infrastructure that facilitates sharing 3-D research.
Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows over an urban building array with the ABLE-LBM and comparison with 3D MRI observed data sets

In this article we describe the details of an ABLE-LBM (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Environment-Lattice Boltzmann Model) validation study for urban building array turbulent flow simulations. The ABLE-LBM large-eddy simulation results were compared with a set of 3D magnetic resonance image (MRI) velocimetry data. The ABLE-LBM simulations used the same building layout and Reynolds numbers operated in the laboratory water channel. The building set-up was an evenly spaced orthogonal array of cubic buildings (height = H) with a central tall building (height = 3H) in the second row. Two building orientations, angled with 0°and 45° wind directions, were simulated with ABLE-LBM. The model produced horizontal and vertical fields of time-averaged velocity fields and compared well with the experimental results. The model also produced urban canyon flows and vortices at front and lee sides and over building tops that were similar in strength and location to the laboratory studies. The turbulent kinetic energy associated with these two wind directions were also presented in this simulation study. It is shown that the building array arrangement, especially the tall building, has a great effect on turbulent wind fields. There is a Karman vortex street on the lee side of the tall building. High turbulent intensity areas are associated with the vortex shedding motions at building edges. In addition, the wind direction is a very important factor for turbulent wind and kinetic energy distribution. This validation study indicated that ABLE-LBM is a viable simulation model for turbulent atmospheric boundary layer flows in the urban building array. The computational speed of ABLE-LBM using the GPU has shown that real-time LES simulation is realizable for a computational domain with several millions grid points.
Hands-off Religion in the Early Months of COVID-19

For decades, scholars have documented the United States Supreme Court’s “hands-off approach” to questions of religious practice and belief, pursuant to which the Court has repeatedly declared that judges are precluded from making decisions that require evaluating and determining the substance of religious doctrine. At the same time, many scholars have criticized this approach, for a variety of reasons. The early months of the COVID-19 outbreak brought these issues to the forefront, both directly, in disputes over limitations on religious gatherings due to the virus, and indirectly, as the Supreme Court decided important cases turning on religious doctrine. Taken together, judicial rulings and rhetoric in these cases illustrate ways in which the hand-off approach remains, at once, both vibrant and vulnerable to critique. This paper was presented as part of the Blog Webinar: Law, Religion, and Coronavirus in the United States: A Six-Month Assessment, Co-organized by: International Center for Law and Religion Studies, Brigham Young University; Law School Center for the Study of Law and Religion, Emory University Law School; Notre Dame Program on Church, State & Society, Notre Dame Law School Center for Law and Religion; St. Johns University School of Law; and Eleanor H. McCullen Center for Law, Religion and Public Policy, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law.
High-order resonant orbit manifold expansions for mission design in the planar circular restricted 3-body problem

Abstract In recent years, stable and unstable manifolds of invariant objects (such as libration points and periodic orbits) have been increasingly recognized as an efficient tool for designing transfer trajectories in space missions. However, most methods currently used in mission design rely on using eigenvectors of the linearized dynamics as local approximations of the manifolds. Since such approximations are not accurate except very close to the base invariant object, this requires large amounts of numerical integration to globalize the manifolds and locate intersections. In this paper, we study hyperbolic resonant periodic orbits in the planar circular restricted 3-body problem, and transfer trajectories between them, by: 1) determining where to search for resonant periodic orbits; 2) developing and implementing a parameterization method for accurate computation of their invariant manifolds as Taylor series; and 3) developing a procedure to compute intersections of the computed stable and unstable manifolds. We develop and implement algorithms that accomplish these three goals, and demonstrate their application to the problem of transferring between resonances in the Jupiter-Europa system.
A matter of timing: Analyzing and adjusting library hours to suit students

The objective of this article is to describe an operating hours study conducted via survey at the Schusterman Library, a small academic library located at a branch campus of the University of Oklah...
Biomarkers and heterogeneous fibroblast phenotype associated with incisional hernia

Development of incisional hernia (IH) is multifactorial but inflammation and abdominal wall ECM (extracellular matrix) disorganization are key pathological events. We investigated if the differential expression of fibroblast biomarkers reflects the cellular milieu and the dysregulated ECM in IH tissues. Expression of fibroblast biomarkers, including connective tissue growth factor, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD34 (cluster of differentiation 34), cadherin-11 and fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1), was examined by histology and immunofluorescence in the hernial-fascial ring/neck tissue (HRT) and hernia sack tissue (HST) harvested from the patients undergoing hernia surgery and compared with normal fascia (FT) and peritoneum (PT) harvested from brain-dead healthy subjects undergoing organ procurement for transplantation. The H&E staining revealed alterations in tissue architecture, fibroblast morphology, and ECM organization in the IH tissues compared to control. The biomarker for undifferentiated fibroblasts, CD34, was significantly higher in HST and decreased in HRT than the respective FT and PT controls. Also, the findings revealed an increased level of CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) with decrease in α-SMA in both HRT and HST compared to the controls. In addition, an increased level of FSP1 (fibroblast specific protein 1) and cadherin-11 in HRT with decreased level in HST were observed relative to the respective controls (FT and PT). Hence, these findings support the heterogeneity of fibroblast population at the laparotomy site that could contribute to the development of IH. Understanding the mechanisms causing the phenotype switch of these fibroblasts would open novel strategies to prevent the development of IH following laparotomy.
Anatomic and Morphologic Classifications of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor that can arise from any part of the biliary tree. Anatomically, these tumors are separated into three categories based on their site of origin: intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal CCA. The morphologies, risk factors, presentation, treatment, and outcomes for each anatomic category are often variable but sometimes overlap. To that end, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) assesses CCA by the three anatomic categories. This chapter explores the anatomic classifications and the common morphologies for each. We also review clinical and pathological staging according to the AJCC staging manual.
Predicting Perceptions of the Built Environment using GIS, Satellite and Street View Image Approaches.

Abstract Background High quality built environments are important for human health and wellbeing. Numerous studies have characterized built environment physical features and environmental exposures, but few have examined urban perceptions at geographic scales needed for population-based research. The degree to which urban perceptions are associated with different environmental features, and traditional environmental exposures such as air pollution or urban green space, is largely unknown. Objective To determine built environment factors associated with safety, lively and beauty perceptions across 56 cities. Methods We examined perceptions collected in the open source Place Pulse 2.0 dataset, which assigned safety, lively and beauty scores to street view images based on crowd-sourced labelling. We derived built environment measures for the locations of these images (110,000 locations across 56 global cities) using GIS and remote sensing datasets as well as street view imagery features (e.g. trees, cars) using deep learning image segmentation. Linear regression models were developed using Lasso penalized variable selection to predict perceptions based on visible (street level images) and GIS/remote sensing built environment variables. Results Population density, impervious surface area, major roads, traffic air pollution, tree cover and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed statistically significant differences between high and low safety, lively, and beauty perception locations. Visible street level features explained approximately 18% of the variation in safety, lively, and beauty perceptions, compared to 3–10% explained by GIS/remote sensing. Large differences in prediction were seen when modelling between city (R2 67–81%) versus within city (R2 11–13%) perceptions. Important predictor variables included visible accessibility features (e.g. streetlights, benches) and roads for safety, visible plants and buildings for lively, and visible green space and NDVI for beauty. Conclusion Substantial within and between city differences in built environment perceptions exist, which visible street level features and GIS/remote sensing variables only partly explain. This offers a new research avenue to expand built environment measurement methods to include perceptions in addition to physical features.
Enhanced separation of base metal sulfides in flotation systems using Chitosan-grafted-Polyacrylamides

Abstract In this study, chitosan-grafted-polyacrylamide (Chi-g-PAM), a synthetic biocompatible polymer was investigated as a selective depressant of iron sulfide minerals [i.e., pyrite (FeS2)] in the flotation process of base metal sulfide minerals [i.e., galena (PbS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), and sphalerite (ZnS)]. Chi-g-PAM was successfully synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide chains onto chitosan backbone. The synthesized polymer was characterized using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Adsorption studies of Chi-g-PAM on mineral surfaces were conducted using zeta potential, contact angle, and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements in addition to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption tests showed that Chi-g-PAM was most selective to pyrite as compared to the base metal sulfides indicating that this polymer may have the potential to be used as pyrite’s depressant in the flotation of base metal sulfides under specific conditions. XPS studies suggested that the depression of pyrite by Chi-g-PAM was due to chemisorption of the amine, amide, and hydroxyl groups of Chi-g-PAM at pyrite-water interface. The impact of Chi-g-PAM on the flotation response of sulfide minerals was investigated in both microflotation and batch flotation systems using model minerals and real sulfide ore, respectively. In microflotation tests of model minerals, the best separation efficiencies between valuable base metal sulfides and pyrite were achieved at pH 7. In batch flotation tests of complex sulfide ore of Mississippi Valley type (MVT) at natural pH (7.8), a separation efficiency of 61% was achieved between galena and pyrite when Chi-g-PAM was used compared to 35% with sodium cyanide (NaCN), the depressant that is commonly applied for this type of ore. However, the separation efficiency between chalcopyrite and pyrite was 15% and 21% with Chi-g-PAM and NaCN, respectively. Comparative studies indicated that Chi-g-PAM outperformed other depressants at producing less pyrite-diluted flotation concentrates.
Management of Lung Nodules: A Paradigm Shift

Appropriate management of lung nodules detected incidentally or on screening computed tomography is a clinical challenge. In many instances, tissue diagnosis is needed before any therapy can be recommended. Surgical biopsy is the gold standard, but it cannot be performed indiscriminately. Conventional bronchoscopy has limited role in obtaining tissue diagnosis. Transthoracic needle aspiration (TTNA) has high diagnostic yield but has high complication rate. Ability to obtain diagnosis has improved with advanced bronchoscopic techniques such as virtual bronchoscopy navigation (VBN), electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB), and radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (RP-EBUS). Many other novel techniques such as bronchoscopic trans-parenchymal needle access and robotic bronchoscopy are in early stages of clinical development. Interventional pulmonologists are now routinely assisting thoracic surgeons during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and radiation oncologists for more targeted delivery of radiation therapy. There is also interest in bronchoscopic treatments for peripheral lung cancer. The need to work closely with thoracic surgery for a safer, more effective, and patient-centered approach has paved the way for hybrid theaters equipped with facilities for advanced bronchoscopic techniques and state-of-the-art imaging capabilities such as cone-beam computed tomography. A close collaboration between different specialties such as interventional pulmonology, interventional radiology, and thoracic surgery is the most effective way to provide high-quality patient care and perform research and development in this area.
Prevalence of pediatric periodic leg movements of sleep after initiation of PAP therapy.

Introduction Positive-airway-pressure (PAP) is a treatment for obstructive-sleep-apnea (OSA). In adults, initiation of PAP-therapy may unmask periodic-limb movements-of-sleep (PLMS). We present a series of children in whom PLMS was aggravated or induced following initiation of PAP therapy. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on children who had PAP-studies performed over a 3-year period. Children with OSA without significant PLMS on baseline studies and who then showed a periodic-limb-movement-index (PLMI) (>5/hr) during titration with PAP-therapy were identified. Charts were reviewed for demographics, OSA severity based on apnea hypopnea index (AHI), PLMI, PLM-arousal-index (PLMAI) and pressures titrated. Results Two hundred fourteen PAP-titration studies (151 on continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] and 63 on bilevel positive airway pressure [BiPAP]) were done. Eleven (10 on CPAP, 1 on BiPAP) met study criteria. Eight patients were boys. The median age was 12 years (range 6 months–18 years). On baseline studies, median AHI was 5/hr (range 1.5–32/hr), median PLMI was 1/hr (range 0–4/hr) and median PLMAI 0.3/Hr (range 0–2/hr). On titration studies, pressures ranged from 4 to 14 cm of water, median AHI was 0.5/hr (range 0–1), median PLMI was 12/hr (range 5–55/hr) and median PLMAI 9/hr (range 0–25). PLMS were seen predominantly during N1, N2 sleep and on PAP of >7 cm of water. One patient had resolution of PLMS at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion PLMS were seen in 5.1% of children after initiation of PAP. OSA may mask PLMS, which appears as breathing improves. Alternatively, PAP may unmask or induce PLMS. PLMS may potentially be a cause of treatment failure in children on recent-onset PAP therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:252–256. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Economic rent : Incidence in selected metals and minerals

The nature of economic rent is examined and its incidence in bauxite, copper, iron ore, phosphate rock, tin, and petroleum is estimated. The total economic rent, based on quality, ease of mining, and location and given as a percentage of the final price, is low for bauxite and iron ore. Bauxite, phosphate rock, and petroleum producers have been able to increase their share in economic rent. But, after an initial rise, the share of the economic rent held by bauxite and phosphate rock exporters has been eroding. Only in tin, and to a lesser extent petroleum, have the exporting countries been able to capture a large share of the total rent. This is because of the relative scarcity of tin and petroleum. Unless the exporting countries are able to exploit their market power, the economic rent is largely captured at the processing stage. This suggests that fabricating industries would have to shift to the producing countries if they are to claim a large share of the rent. Otherwise, even the formation of a cartel for phosphate rock and bauxite exporters will not yield substantial and lasting gains. Economic tables and graphs are provided, and the estimation of rent in individual minerals and metals is appended. 2 references.
Cytopathology of alveolar soft part sarcoma: a report of 10 cases.

BACKGROUND: Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) rarely is subjected to cytopathologic evaluation. With the exception of some very small series, the literature is limited to case reports. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the cytomorphology of 10 ASPS cases on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or imprint cytology, review the literature, and highlight potential diagnostic pitfalls. METHODS: The authors searched their files for all lesions that were signed out as ASPS or suspicious for ASPS and searched the surgical pathology files for any cases of ASPS that had corresponding cytology. FNA was performed using the standard technique. Scrape preparations were performed on tissues that were sent fresh for frozen section examination. RESULTS: Ten cases of ASPS were retrieved from 7 patients (male-to-female ratio, 4:3; mean age, 22 years). All had subsequent tissue confirmation. Six specimens were from primary lesions, 3 specimens were from metastases, and 1 intraoperative smear was from a previously aspirated primary mass in a newly diagnosed patient. Anatomic sites of involvement included extremities (5 specimens), trunk/pelvis (3 specimens), oral cavity (1 specimen), and lung (1 specimen). Eight specimens were aspirates, and 2 specimens were intraoperative smears. Nine cases were diagnosed correctly as ASPS/consistent with ASPS, and 1 specimen was diagnosed as “tumor, not otherwise specified”. Cytomorphology included variably cellular smears composed of large cells with an enormous amount of finely granular or vacuolated cytoplasm, markedly enlarged nuclei/nucleoli, and bare nuclei. The cytomorphology of some cases revealed a strong similarity to renal cell carcinoma, clear cell type. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicated that ASPS has cytomorphology that overlaps with several other neoplasms, including renal cell carcinoma. Nonetheless, the morphologic features, when combined with the clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and ancillary testing, may allow for a specific diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Estimating the Policy Preferences of United States Courts of Appeals Judges

Despite recent advances in public law scholarship and political methodology, scholars still lack sophisticated data on the United States Courts of Appeals and the policy preferences of the judges who serve on them. To remedy this deficiency, we employ item response theory models to estimate circuit court judges' ideal points. In this paper, we present some initial results from our project. Specifically, we gathered data to estimate ideal points for judges serving on the First Circuit Court (1925-2008) and the D.C. Circuit Court (1977-1985). Our data provide more accurate results than current estimation techniques and, at the same time, highlight critical limitations with those methods currently used. Additionally, our approach allows scholars to compare circuit judges' ideal points with those from other circuits, the Supreme Court, Congress, and the president.
Admission to Practice Before the U.S.P.T.O. in Patent Cases

The Agency Practice Act, 5 U.S.C. § 500(b), provides that any lawyer in good standing in a state bar may practice before any federal agency. Sec. 500(e), however, provides that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) may impose additional requirements upon those who prosecute patent applications.The accompanying file contains: (1) my February 2006 petition to the PTO that requests notice and comment rulemaking to address specific technical qualifications attorneys need to sit for the so-called patent bar, (2) a December 2005 declaration by Professor Stanley C. Eisenstat, Dept. of Computer Science, Yale University, pointing out that criteria for admission of lawyers holding computer science degrees were irrational, and (3) a May 2006 response from James A. Toupin, General Counsel, PTO denying the petition. Building on these documents, prior related work and substantial later work, Ralph C. Clifford, Jon Cavicchi and I published “A Statistical Analysis of the Patent Bar, Where are the Software-Savvy Patent Attorneys?” 11 N. Car. J. Law & Tech. 223 (2010).
Assessment and Data-Based Decisions in Contemporary Classrooms

In the United States, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2001 and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 2004 have together made it possible for students with diverse educational needs to be educated in general education classrooms. To be able to address students’ needs efficiently and effectively, teachers need to collect data on students’ current level of performance, design instruction using evidence-based strategies, implement instruction, and make data-based decisions to evaluate effectiveness of their instruction by continuously monitoring student achievement. Using four hypothetical cases, this paper illustrates use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM), a research validated approach, to assess and progress monitor students’ performance in reading and mathematics, and also illustrates with examples how the process can help teachers make required data-based decisions during the progress monitoring phase.
Empirical Evaluation of Four Tensor Decomposition Algorithms

Higher-order tensor decompositions are analogous to the familiar Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), but they transcend the limitations of matrices (second-order tensors). SVD is a powerful tool that has achieved impressive results in information retrieval, collaborative filtering, computational linguistics, computational vision, and other fields. However, SVD is limited to two-dimensional arrays of data (two modes), and many potential applications have three or more modes, which require higher-order tensor decompositions. This paper evaluates four algorithms for higher-order tensor decomposition: Higher-Order Singular Value Decomposition (HO-SVD), Higher-Order Orthogonal Iteration (HOOI), Slice Projection (SP), and Multislice Projection (MP). We measure the time (elapsed run time), space (RAM and disk space requirements), and fit (tensor reconstruction accuracy) of the four algorithms, under a variety of conditions. We find that standard implementations of HO-SVD and HOOI do not scale up to larger tensors, due to increasing RAM requirements. We recommend HOOI for tensors that are small enough for the available RAM and MP for larger tensors.
Pharmacodynamic Markers for Choline Kinase Down-regulation in Breast Cancer Cells

High levels of choline kinase (ChoK) expression and choline phospholipid metabolites are often associated with malignant transformation, invasion, and metastasis, particularly in breast cancer. These findings have led to the development of novel pharmacologic or gene therapeutic interventions for ChoK-targeted inhibition. To identify pharmacodynamic markers for the therapeutic evaluation of ChoK down-regulation, we investigated the uptake and efflux of [3H]choline, a natural substrate of ChoK, and two other important metabolic indicators of malignancy, namely, [3H]thymidine and [3H]fluorodeoxyglucose, which measure proliferation and glucose metabolic changes, respectively, in ChoK-downregulated cells. Choline uptake in nonmalignant and malignant breast epithelial cell lines expressing graded levels of ChoK showed a ChoK-dependent uptake, retention, and efflux of [3H]choline. Reduced proliferation observed because of ChoK down-regulation resulted in reduced [3H]thymidine uptake and incorporation into DNA within 48 hours of treatment. Reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation levels were consistent with a decreased cell cycle S-phase fraction. No change in [3H]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was observed between ChoK-downregulated and control cells in any of the three cell lines tested. These results demonstrate the utility of radiolabeled choline or choline analogs and proliferation imaging agents as pharmacodynamic markers for ChoK-targeted therapies and suggest a ChoK-mediated mechanism for tumor sequestration of choline-based imaging agents.
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection in Turbine Rotor Component Web Geometries

Nondestructive detection of flaws in jet engine components is an essential part of assessing the integrity of the parts, and optimal design of experimental configurations is essential for high reliability detection. Due to the high cost of experimental evaluation, it would be highly desirable to accomplish this through the use of computer simulation of the detection/measurement process. This paper presents a first generation simulation model for the problem of ultrasonic detection of flaws in turbine rotor components. Included is the derivation of the model, the results of limited experimental validation of the software, and an example of its use to model the detection of penny shaped cracks in the plate-like geometry of a turbine rotor component web region.
Is Anyone Regulating?: The Curious State of GMO Governance in the United States

The promise of biotechnology has been tantalizingly just beyond reach for a number of years. Biotechnology is often touted as a means of increasing agricultural production, improving sustainability, and offering more nutritious food to the public. Promises of increased yield — more food for a hungry world and more profit for struggling farmers — are dangled alongside claims that biotechnology crops result in decreased pesticide use and lower environmental impacts. Yet to date, the United States experience has not borne out those claims. Crop yields have remained flat or declined. At the same time, the United States has reaped a harvest of environmental and economic harms flowing from uncontrolled planting of GE crops, including: contamination of conventional and organic crops; an explosion of herbicide-resistant weeds; and a massive overall increase in herbicide use. This paper makes the case that even if we assume that agricultural biotechnology can actually live up to a portion of the extravagant claims made by its backers, these public advantages will only be realized with a comprehensive and scientifically rigorous regulatory system that ensures environmental and human health issues are addressed in a transparent and credible fashion. To our detriment, we currently do not have such a system. This paper highlights how, in the absence of a comprehensive regulatory system, critical substantive risks associated with these crops (most notably cumulative impacts) have escaped regulatory scrutiny. The end result is that private actors, motivated by short-term interests, are able to engage in conduct that imposes risks on wider society without any democratic consideration of the acceptability of those risks.
A developmental biologist’s “outside-the-cell” thinking

A major gap in our understanding of cell biology is how cells generate and interact with their surrounding extracellular matrix. Studying this problem during development has been particularly fruitful. Recent work on the basement membrane in developmental systems is transforming our view of this matrix from one of a static support structure to that of a dynamic scaffold that is regularly remodeled to actively shape tissues and direct cell behaviors.