cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple brain systems generating the rat auditory evoked potential. II. Dissociation of auditory cortex and non-lemniscal generator systems.

Abstract This study addressed the issue of multiple parallel auditory processing systems and their relationship to the skull-recorded auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in the unanesthetized, unrestrained rat. In the preceding paper (Brain Res., 602 (1993) 240–250) it has been shown that auditory cortex activity does not contribute significantly to the vertex maximal AEPs recorded from the dorsal skull of the rat. In the present study, mapping of the AEP skull distribution revealed two sets of components: one set maximal at the dorsal skull vertex, and another set maximal at the lateral skull over auditory cortex. Barbiturate anesthesia eliminated the dorsal skull maximal components (and later components at the lateral skull), but not the early (P7–P11, N15) lateral skull components generated in auditory cortex. Bilateral auditory cortex ablation eliminated the lateral skull maximal AEP components, but not the dorsal skull maximal components. These findings support extensive parallel processing of auditory inputs (reflected by the dorsal AEPs) in the absence of primary auditorycortex. Ablation of primary auditory cortex did result in a modulation of the dorsal skull AEPs, indicative of an interaction between the geniculocortical system and the parallel system which generates the dorsal AEPs.
Manual physical therapy Examination and intervention of a patient with radial wrist pain: A case report

Study Design Clinical case report. Objectives To describe a manual physical therapy examination and intervention approach for a patient with radial-sided wrist pain. Background A 55-year-old woman with a 2-year history of chronic right wrist and forearm pain was referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of de Quervain's disease. Her current symptoms were present for 6 weeks despite primary care management with wrist splinting and medications. Previous episodes were partially resolved following occupational therapy treatments. Methods and Measures Examination of the patient's wrist and hand revealed isolated radiocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joint dysfunctions. Evaluation of the cervical spine, shoulder, and elbow were negative. Impairment-based treatment was provided during 8 visits over a 4-week period. These treatments consisted of manual physical therapy techniques and self-mobilizations applied to the radiocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joints. Results The initial treatment s...
Nurse going native: Language and identity in letters from Africa and the British West Indies.

Colonial nurses were ideal agents of colonial medicine’s supposed beneficence: while practising and teaching “hygiene”, they also reinforced racial and cultural separation. In some cases, however, the nurses took their role as healers and teachers of local populations much more seriously than was authorized implicitly by their employer. This article analyses the circulation of original life writing materials between one nurse, CC, and the Colonial Nursing Association, in order to chart the considerable anxiety around the concept of nurses’ cross-cultural and cross-racial sympathy during the interwar period. I draw upon colonial language studies and women’s travel writing analysis in order to demonstrate that many of these concerns centred on issues of language and communication. By speaking local languages, it was feared that colonial nurses’ loyalty would shift from their employer towards their indigenous patients. This essay places the concept of “going native” within the contexts of nineteenth-century empire literature, racial anthropology and ethnology, in order to suggest that concerns about nurses “going native” were influenced by discourses of degeneration and acclimatization.
Political Contestation in Global Production Networks

I develop a critical framework on international management and production that draws from the literature on global commodity chains and global production networks, on institutional entrepreneurship, and on neo-Gramscian theory in international political economy. The framework views global production networks as integrated economic, political, and discursive systems in which market and political power are intertwined. The framework offers insights into contested political and social issues, such as sweatshops and incomes for coffee growers.
Characterization of organosolv switchgrass lignin by using high performance liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry using hydroxide-doped negative-ion mode electrospray ionization

Lignin is an aromatic biopolymer that may yield valuable chemicals currently obtained solely from petroleum. However, extraction of lignin by using traditional methods, such as organosolv extraction, produces very complex mixtures. Molecular level characterization of the major components is essential to be able to rationally tailor methodology for the conversion of these mixtures to transportation fuel and valuable chemicals. In this study, high performance liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MSn) was used to obtain molecular weight, elemental composition and structural information for the major components in an organosolv lignin sample. HPLC/MSn coupled with hydroxide-doped electrospray ionization was used to identify the structures of the major components by using a Thermo Scientific linear quadrupole ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance hybrid mass spectrometer (LQIT/FT-ICR). The results reported here demonstrate that the major products of organosolv extraction are low molecular weight compounds, including monomeric and dimeric lignin units, with various functionalities.
Prehistoric Thailand: From Early Settlement to Sukhothai

The authors interweave text and colour illustrations to trace the development of early Thai societies. They show how the early hunter-gatherers of the inland forest and the coastal waters came into contact with the first rice farmers, who expanded south from the middle Yangzi Valley, bringing with them the early Mon language. It was in these village communities, such as Ban Chiang, that the first bronzes were cast. New research into the copper mining area and in Bronze Age cemetries provides an understanding of how bronze was used and how it influenced prehistoric societies. A major change took place in Thailand from about 500 BC, when iron came into use. Chiefdoms developed and trade opened up to ideas and goods from India and China. It was these Iron Age chiefs who laid the foundations for the civilization of Angkor and Dvaravati states which contribute to the origins of the modern kingdoms of Thailand.
High-speed X-Ray imaging in high-power laser experiments

X-ray imaging is one essential tool for capturing phenomena that occur when high-irradiance lasers interact with complex, optically thick targets. We use x-ray backlighting and emission to measure the result of such interactions at experiments on the Omega laser and the Z-machine z-pinch facilities. In this presentation, we will show some of the images collected with a variety of experiments, we will discuss some of the difficulties we overcame, and look to issues that will arise with higher-energy lasers and larger objects.
Equations for measuring the rate of DNA chain growth and replicon size by density labeling techniques

Abstract The effects of initiation, termination and clustering of replicons have been considered in the development of equations which are used to measure DNA chain elongation in mammalian cells by density gradient techniques. These equations can be used to determine the average replicon size as well as the rate of chain elongation. Experimental data from WI-38 and HeLa cells are presented which show the applicability of these methods. Several models of replication initiation and termination have been developed. Some of these models can be eliminated experimentally and the experimental results are consistent with the notion that neighboring replicons are initiated simultaneously or sequentially with short (∼-0·5 min) interinitiation time.
Choline antagonism of methotrexate liver toxicity in the rat

Because of the frequent reports of hepatic toxicity associated with long-term administration of methotrexate, a rat model was developed utilizing daily methotrexate administration. This model revealed an incidence of fatty metamorphosis of over 80 percent, atrophy and necrosis of 30 percent, and fibrosis of 10 percent. Fatty liver changes did not differ substantially from control animals in those animals receiving long-term hydroxyurea, an agent which, like methotrexate, inhibits DNA synthesis but unlike methotrexate, does not impair methylation reactions. Because choline has a lipotropic effect and because its synthesis requires methylation, an attempt was made to block the liver toxicity of methotrexate by simultaneous administration of choline. Animals so treated did not show the pathologic changes in the liver characteristic of methotrexate treatment alone. Furthermore, the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which was characteristic of methotrexate administration was markedly reduced in those animals receiving choline. These data strongly suggest that, in the rat model, methotrexate produced liver toxicity by virtue of an effect other than inhibition of DNA synthesis; and that this toxicity can be blocked without impairing methotrexate effect on bone marrow by the administration of choline, a lipotropic agent requiring methylation for its synthesis. It is suggested that these results may have implications for human therapeutic situations involving long-term administration of methotrexate.
Coupled Electron/Photon Transport in Static External Magnetic Fields

The model describes coupled electron/photon transport through extended media in the presence of macroscopic magnetic fields of arbitrary spatial dependence. Collisional transport is accomplished via condensed-history electron Monte Carlo and single-scattering photon Monte Carlo. Production and transport of relevant secondary electrons and photons are included along with electron energy loss straggling. State-of-the-art differential equation solvers are employed in order to obtain the magnetic field trajectories of the electrons. Options are available which allow for transport through variable density media and for switching the field off in regions where transport is collision dominated. Results from selected model applications are also presented.
An Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of Preloaded Sliding Seals

An analysis is presented for reciprocating sliding seals and pumping rings with an arbitrary clearance between the seal and rod and preload caused by axial tightening of the gland follower. The analysis is implemented by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta technique applied to the fluid equations in combination with a simple plane strain finite-element calculation for the seal. Results are presented for a variety of pressure differentials and preloads for both outstroke and instroke and both for soft elastomers and hard-filled PTFE material. Preload and initial clearance are shown to play an important role in seal and pumping-ring performance. Presented at the 38th Annual Meeting in Houston, Texas, April 24–28, 1983
Density Functional Theory Study of Transition-Metal Compounds Containing Metal−Metal Bonds. 2. Molecular Structures and Vibrational Spectra of Dinuclear Tetracarboxylate Compounds of Molybdenum and Rhodium

Vibrational spectra have been calculated for the first time for dinuclear transition-metal compounds containing metal−metal bonds. The calculations were carried out by employing different forms of density functional theory (DFT) and basis functions of different sizes at fully optimized molecular geometry. The calculated frequencies essentially reproduced fundamentals observed in experimental infrared and Raman spectra. It is shown that DFT frequency calculations can be a very important and valuable tool to assist in analyzing and assigning measured infrared and Raman spectra and to predict vibrational frequencies for large transition-metal compounds with metal−metal bonds. The molecules included in this study were M2(O2CH)4 (M = Mo, Rh), Rh2(O2CH)4(H2O)2, and M2(O2CCH3)4 (M = Mo, Rh). Significant differences are found between the formate and acetate molecules.
Purdah: Separate Worlds and Symbolic Shelter

Purdah, meaning curtain, is the word most commonly used for the system of secluding women and enforcing high standards of female modesty in much of South Asia. Purdah is an important part of the life experience of many South Asians, both Muslim and Hindu, and is a central feature of the social systems of the area. The crucial characteristic of the purdah system is its limitation on interaction between women and males outside certain well-defined categories, which differ among Muslims and Hindus. Muslim purdah restrictions do not apply within the immediate kin unit,but only outside it, while Hindu purdah is based on a set of avoidance rules between a woman and her male affines. Muslim seclusion begins at puberty, Hindu seclusion strictly speaking begins with marriage.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy treated by electroconvulsive therapy: intractable pain, depression, and bilateral electrode ECT

An adult female patient without previous history of pain or psychiatric disorder developed reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) in her left hand and arm after 2 separate injuries, and subsequent arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery. Traditional management with systemic medications, nerve blocks, and behavioral pain management were unsuccessful. With subsequent development of depression and suicide attempt, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was administered using bilateral lead placement. Total resolution of her pain occurred for several hours after the first treatment. Over the course of the full ECT series the pain, vasculature changes of RSD, and depression resolved completely. Prominent psychiatric disturbances were complications arising after ECT and the resolution of the RSD, and during long-term follow-up. A review of the literature from the 1940s revealed numerous cases of chronic, intractable pain treated successfully by ECT, although none of the case series were controlled studies. More recent literature questions if 'modified' ECT, using unilateral lead placement, is less effective than bilateral lead placement, in treating pain syndromes. Resolution of the vascular changes of RSD after ECT raises questions of possible cerebral contributions to the pathophysiology of RSD.
The Effect of Rater Training on Reducing Social Style Bias in Peer Evaluation

This study employed a quasiexperimental control group design in a university setting to test the effect of a rater-training program on reducing social style bias in intragroup peer evaluations afte...
Determination of Soluble Species and Precipitates of Aluminum Phosphate

Abstract The interaction between aluminum(III) and orthophosphate salts was studied. The investigation involved the direct measurement of phosphate remaining in solution after precipitation with different applied concentrations of aluminum(III) at varying pH, the establishment of the pH limits of precipitation as determined from light-scattering measurements taken at varying P to Al ratios, and alkametric potentiometric titrations with subsequent computer analysis using the program SCOGS. Several soluble species and their formation constants were determined. Solid phases identified included AIP04(s), Al3(OH)3(PO4)2(s). and Na3Al5H6(P04)8(S).
DWDM: shaping the future communications network

This paper describes the increase in the number of optical carriers per single fiber, a technology known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). This successful technology takes advantage of existing glass or synthetic fiber. WDM greatly simplifies the traditional signal regeneration since optical amplification is much simpler and more cost effective than single channel amplification. However, network bandwidth elasticity is best addressed with WDM. However photonic devices performing in the low-loss spectral band have enabled more than a single wavelength in the same fiber. Thus, DWDM technology exhibits an inherent flexibility.
Tumor inhibitory agents from Vauquelinia corymbosa (rosaceae)

The chloroform extract of Vauquelinia corymbosa Correa has shown activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system. The constituents responsible for this activity were identified as uvaol, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid. Their identity was proven by melting point; mixed melting point; elemental analysis; IR, PMR, and mass spectra; and preparation of derivatives.
Diabetic ketoacidosis in toddler with a diaper rash

The term diabetes does not denote a single disease entity but rather a clinical syndrome. Fundamental to all types of diabetes is impairment of insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells. Diabetes is divided into (1) diabetes associated with certain syndromes or conditions, (2) gestational diabetes, (3) non-insulin-dependent diabetes or type 2 diabetes, and (4) insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) or type 1 diabetes. The impairment of insulin secretion seen in diabetes is due to progressive loss of pancreatic beta-cell function secondary to an autoimmune-mediated process. Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder of childhood (2). We present a patient with a common finding in children, diaper candidiasis. Surprisingly, our patient was found to have IDDM and be in diabetic ketoacidosis.
USING A SOL-GEL PROCESS FOR THE FABRICATION OF SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING ACTIVE SUBSTRATES

Abstract Silver-coated substrates have been fabricated for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by using a sol–gel process and a chemical reduction method. The sol–gel technique was applied to pre-coat titania or magnia onto glass slides for creating an appropriate uniform and rough surface structure. The number of coating layers and the chemical reduction time were optimized. The performance of the silver/titania and silver/magnia substrates has been tested using millimolar solutions of benzoic acid, p -aminobenzoic acid, p -nitrobenzoic acid, p -nitrophenol, and p -nitroaniline as samples. The possible undercoating effect on the adsorption behavior of p -aminobenzoic acid, p -nitrophenol and p -nitroaniline was also investigated.
The relative effectiveness of observing response vs predifferentiation pretraining on children’s discrimination learning

This study was designed to assess the relative effectiveness of four components of pretraining on a subsequent simultaneous discriminaton and reversal: (1) making same-different judgments about the two stimuli; (2) making a specific observing response to the critical feature of the stimuli; (3) simple familiarization with the stimui; and (4) developing a set to compare stimuli. Seventy-two first-grade children served as Ss. Two sets of stimuli were used: line drawings of cats and line drawings of children’s faces. Although none of the pretraining conditions had a facilitating effect for Ss seeing the faces, there were significant facilitative effects for Ss seeing cats. Specifically, the three pretraining conditions involving same-different judgments facilitated both learning and reversal, whereas the effect of “;observing response alone”; pretraining had no such facilitative effect.
Stable Transfection of Dihydrodiol Dehydrogenase in MCF-7 Breast Carcinoma Cells Promotes Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-O-Quinone Formation which Leads to Cell Death

Abstract PAH-trans-dihydrodiols can be activated by dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD) to form PAH-o-quinones that can modify DNA or redox cycle to generate reactive oxygen species and o-semiquinone radicals. To examine the contribution of DD to PAH activation in a biologically relevant setting, rat DD cDNA was stably transfected into MCF-7 cells. Two clones (T17; with DD activity and T8; without DD activity) were characterized for DD mRNA, protein expression, and immunotitratable enzymatic activity. HPLC separation of metabolites of 10 μM (±)-7,8-trans-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-diol) showed that the T17 clones formed benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione whereas the T8 clones did not. Transfectants exposed to 1 μM B[a]P-diol revealed that cytotoxicity, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, was a late event occurring after 16 h. At 24 h, T17 cells released 77.8 ± 9.8% LDH while the control T8 clone released only 47.8 ± 6.5% LDH. These data suggest that DD catalyzed formation of BPQ results i...
On ramsey numbers of forests versus nearly complete graphs

A formula is presented for the ramsey number of any forest of order at least 3 versus any graph G of order n ≥ 4 having clique number n - 1. In particular, if T is a tree of order m ≥ 3, then r(T, G) = 1 + (m - 1)(n - 2).
Direct physical study of kinetochore-microtubule interactions by reconstitution and interrogation with an optical force clamp.

We detail our use of computer-controlled optical traps to study interactions between kinetochore components and dynamic microtubules. Over the last two decades optical traps have helped uncover the working principles of conventional molecular motors, such as kinesin and dynein, but only recently have they been applied to study kinetochore function. The most useful traps combine sensitive position detectors and servo-control, allowing them to be operated as force clamps that maintain constant loads on objects as they move. Our instrument, which is among the simplest designs that permits force clamping, relies on a computer-controlled piezoelectric stage and a single laser for trapping and position detection. We apply it in motility assays where beads coated with pure microtubule-binding kinetochore components are attached to the tips of individual dynamic microtubules. Like kinetochores in vivo, the beads remain tip-attached, undergoing movements coupled to filament assembly and disassembly. The force clamp provides many benefits over instruments that lack feedback control. It allows tension to be applied continuously during both assembly- and disassembly-driven movement, providing a close match to the physiological situation. It also enables tracking with high resolution, and simplifies data interpretation by eliminating artifacts due to molecular compliance. The formation of persistent, load-bearing attachments to dynamic microtubule tips is fundamental to all kinetochore activities. Our direct, physical study of kinetochore–microtubule coupling may therefore furnish insights into many vital kinetochore functions, including correction of aberrant attachments and generation of the ‘wait-anaphase’ signals that delay mitosis until all kinetochores are properly attached.
Transcriptional induction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase by dexamethasone in L35 hepatoma cells requires sulfhydryl reducing agents.

It is known that hepatic levels of reduced glutathione correlate with the activity of the liver-specific enzyme cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase. We examined the possibility that sulfhydryl reducing agents activate transcription of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. Adding dithiothreitol (DTT, 1 mM) and dexamethasone to L35 hepatoma cells increased the content of 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA 3-fold above the levels observed with dexamethasone alone. Without dexamethasone, DTT had no affect. The addition of reduced glutathione to L35 cells demonstrated a similar potentiation of expression dependent on dexamethasone. Nuclear run-on assays showed that in the presence of both dexamethasone and DTT, the transcription of the 7alpha-hydroxylase gene was clearly increased. In contrast, by itself, dexamethasone did not cause a detectable increase in the transcription of the 7alpha-hydroxylase gene. Dexamethasone and DTT did not affect the transcription of beta-actin, suggesting a selective induction of the 7alpha-hydroxylase gene. DTT reversed repression of 7alpha-hydroxylase expression by insulin but not the repression by phorbol ester. Our data show for the first time that the sulfhydryl redox potential of the hepatocyte (i.e. level of reduced glutathione) has a marked influence on the transcription and expression of the liver-specific gene 7alpha-hydroxylase.
Heterogeneity of rabbit allotypy: incomplete inhibition of phage neutralizing activity by antiallotypic sera.

Abstract Excess antiallotypic sera to rabbit α-locus group (H-chain) allotypic specificity are able to inhibit partially the phage neutralizing activity of rabbit sera carrying these allotypic specificities. Inhibition is greater than 90 per cent in some cases for neutralizing sera from rabbits homozygous for that specificity. Most of the remaining neutralizing activity is apparently complexed with antiallotypic antibodies, yet retains full neutralizing activity. A small amount of the neutralizing activity does not give evidence of reactivity with antiallotypic antibodies. Thus, previously observed allotypic heterogeneity is still exhibited by the limited class of rabbit antibody molecules capable of neutralizing phage.
Mechanisms of retention loss in Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 -based Phase-Change Memory

Data retention loss from the amorphous (RESET) state over time in Phase-Change Memory cells is associated with spontaneous crystallization. In this paper, the change in the threshold voltage (VT) of memory cells in the RESET state before and after heating is used as a probe into the nature of the retention loss mechanisms. Two mechanisms for the retention loss behavior are identified, responsible for the main distribution and the tail distribution, respectively. Experimental results suggest that (i) an optimized RESET operation produces a fully amorphized Ge2Sb2Te5 (aGST) active region, with no crystalline domains inside, (ii) cells in the tail distribution fail to retain their RESET state due to spontaneous generation of crystallization nuclei and grain growth, and (iii) cells in the main distribution fail due to grain growth from the amorphous/crystalline GST boundary, instead of nucleation within the active region.
Androcentric rhetoric in sociobiology

Synopsis Androcentrism abounds in the language of sociobiology and other social sciences. I examine the language used in the book, Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Wilson claims it is a near-universal phenomenon that males are dominant over females among animals. However he does not draw out his hypothesis and defend it; instead he embeds it in the language he uses to describe the data. Thus the claim appears to be a mere summation of the data when in fact it is presupposed by his description of the data. I argue that his use of language, both semantics (e.g. his use of ‘harem’ or his equation of ‘female receptive behavior’ with ‘female submissive behavior’) and syntax (e.g. his use of the passive voice to describe female sexual activity and his use of the active voice to describe male sexual activity), sets up his claims of male dominance and forces readers to agree to stereotypic hypotheses which he never openly defends.
High-sensitivity interference-free diagnostic for measurement of methane in shock tubes

Abstract A sensitive CW laser absorption diagnostic for in-situ measurement of methane mole fraction at high temperatures is developed. The selected transitions for the diagnostic are a cluster of lines near 3148.8 cm−1 from the R-branch of the ν3 band of the CH4 absorption spectrum. The selected transitions have 2–3 times more sensitivity to CH4 concentration than the P-branch in the 3.3 μm region, lower interference from major interfering intermediate species in most hydrocarbon reactions, and applicability over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Absorption cross-sections for a broad collection of hydrocarbons were simulated to evaluate interference absorption, and were generally found to be negligible near 3148.8 cm−1. However, minor interference from hot bands of C2H2 and C2H4 was observed and was characterized experimentally, revealing a weak dependence on wavelength. To eliminate such interferences, a two-color on-line and off-line measurement scheme is proposed to determine CH4 concentration. The colors selected, i.e., for on-line (3148.81 cm−1) and off-line (3148.66 cm−1), are characterized between 0.2–4 atm and 500 K–2100 K by absorption coefficient measurements in a shock tube. Minimum detectable levels of CH4 in shock tube experiments are reported for this range of temperatures and pressures. An example measurement is shown for sensitive detection of CH4 in a shock tube chemical kinetics experiment.
Evaluation of the channelized Hotelling observer with an internal-noise model in a train-test paradigm for cardiac SPECT defect detection

The channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) has become a widely used approach for evaluating medical image quality, acting as a surrogate for human observers in early-stage research on assessment and optimization of imaging devices and algorithms. The CHO is typically used to measure lesion detectability. Its popularity stems from experiments showing that the CHO's detection performance can correlate well with that of human observers. In some cases, CHO performance overestimates human performance; to counteract this effect, an internal-noise model is introduced, which allows the CHO to be tuned to match human-observer performance. Typically, this tuning is achieved using example data obtained from human observers. We argue that this internal-noise tuning step is essentially a model training exercise; therefore, just as in supervised learning, it is essential to test the CHO with an internal-noise model on a set of data that is distinct from that used to tune (train) the model. Furthermore, we argue that, if the CHO is to provide useful insights about new imaging algorithms or devices, the test data should reflect such potential differences from the training data; it is not sufficient simply to use new noise realizations of the same imaging method. Motivated by these considerations, the novelty of this paper is the use of new model selection criteria to evaluate ten established internal-noise models, utilizing four different channel models, in a train-test approach. Though not the focus of the paper, a new internal-noise model is also proposed that outperformed the ten established models in the cases tested. The results, using cardiac perfusion SPECT data, show that the proposed train-test approach is necessary, as judged by the newly proposed model selection criteria, to avoid spurious conclusions. The results also demonstrate that, in some models, the optimal internal-noise parameter is very sensitive to the choice of training data; therefore, these models are prone to overfitting, and will not likely generalize well to new data. In addition, we present an alternative interpretation of the CHO as a penalized linear regression wherein the penalization term is defined by the internal-noise model.
United Nations Peace Missions in Africa: Transformations and Determinants

The author examines the trajectory that United Nations (UN) peace operations in Africa have taken over the past 10 years and provides an answer to the following interrelated questions: Why have UN peace missions in Africa dramatically grown in frequency and scope in the past 10 years, when Africa has become increasingly peaceful, and which variables have been critical to this dramatic growth? The author (a) empirically demonstrates the quantitative and qualitative growth of UN peace missions in Africa and (b) identifies systemic-, continental-, and individual-level variables that contributed to this growth. The author argues that the convergence of these variables at different levels has provided the conditions necessary and sufficient for changes in the frequency, nature, and scope of UN peace missions in Africa over the past 10 years.
The COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code (COSMIC) for use in data assimilation

Soil moisture status in land surface models (LSMs) can be updated by assimilating cosmic-ray neutron intensity measured in air above the surface. This requires a fast and accurate model to calculate the neutron inten- sity from the profiles of soil moisture modeled by the LSM. The existing Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) model is sufficiently accurate but too slow to be practical in the context of data assimilation. Consequently an alter- native and efficient model is needed which can be calibrated accurately to reproduce the calculations made by MCNPX and used to substitute for MCNPX during data assimilation. This paper describes the construction and calibration of such a model, COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code (COS- MIC), which is simple, physically based and analytic, and which, because it runs at least 50 000 times faster than MC- NPX, is appropriate in data assimilation applications. The model includes simple descriptions of (a) degradation of the incoming high-energy neutron flux with soil depth, (b) cre- ation of fast neutrons at each depth in the soil, and (c) scat- tering of the resulting fast neutrons before they reach the soil surface, all of which processes may have parameterized de- pendency on the chemistry and moisture content of the soil. The site-to-site variability in the parameters used in COS- MIC is explored for 42 sample sites in the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS), and the compar- ative performance of COSMIC relative to MCNPX when applied to represent interactions between cosmic-ray neu- trons and moist soil is explored. At an example site in Ari- zona, fast-neutron counts calculated by COSMIC from the average soil moisture profile given by an independent net- work of point measurements in the COSMOS probe foot- print are similar to the fast-neutron intensity measured by the COSMOS probe. It was demonstrated that, when used within a data assimilation framework to assimilate COS- MOS probe counts into the Noah land surface model at the Santa Rita Experimental Range field site, the calibrated COSMIC model provided an effective mechanism for trans- lating model-calculated soil moisture profiles into above- ground fast-neutron count when applied with two radically different approaches used to remove the bias between data and model.
New Small, Acid-Soluble Proteins Unique to Spores of Bacillus subtilis: Identification of the Coding Genes and Regulation and Function of Two of These Genes

Eleven small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP) which are present in spores but not in growing cells of Bacillus subtilis were identified by sequence analysis of proteins separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of acid extracts from spores which lack the three major SASP (α, β, and γ). Six of these proteins are encoded by open reading frames identified previously or by analysis of the complete sequence of the B. subtilis genome, including two minor α/β-type SASP (SspC and SspD) and a putative spore coat protein (CotK). Five proteins are encoded by short open reading frames that were not identified as coding regions in the analysis of the complete B. subtilis genomic sequence. Studies of the regulation of two of the latter genes, termed sspG and sspJ, showed that both are expressed only in sporulation. The sspG gene is transcribed in the mother cell compartment by RNA polymerase with the mother cell-specific sigma factor for RNA polymerase, ςK, and is cotranscribed with a downstream gene, yurS; sspG transcription also requires the DNA binding protein GerE. In contrast, sspJ is transcribed in the forespore compartment by RNA polymerase with the forespore-specific ςG and appears to give a monocistronic transcript. A mutation eliminating SspG had no effect on sporulation or spore properties, while loss of SspJ caused a slight decrease in the rate of spore outgrowth in an otherwise wild-type background.
New Criteria for New Media

ABSTRACT This paper argues for redefining evaluation criteria for faculty working in new media research and makes specific recommendations for promotion and tenure committees in U.S. universities.
DO OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS MEASURE “SALIENT” ISSUES?

Closed-ended questions dominate most interview schedules. Yet the almost exclusive use of this form did not arise because open-ended questions, its major competitor, proved to be weak indicators of public opinion. Instead, responses from open-ended questions proved more difficult and expensive to code and analyze than those from closed-ended questions. Al- though such practical concerns are important, the real task of survey researchers is to measure public opinion accurately. Us- ing an experimental design, this article tests whether open-ended questions measure the important concerns of respondents-one of the long-claimed advantages of this format. The results, on balance, show that open-ended comments reflect such concerns, suggesting that pollsters may want to include more of these ques- tions in their surveys of public opinion.
Binding characteristics of Trichoderma reesei cellulases on untreated, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), and dilute‐acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass

Studying the binding properties of cellulases to lignocellulosic substrates is critical to achieving a fundamental understanding of plant cell wall saccharification. Lignin auto-fluorescence and degradation products formed during pretreatment impede accurate quantification of individual glycosyl hydrolases (GH) binding to pretreated cell walls. A high-throughput fast protein liquid chromatography (HT-FPLC)-based method has been developed to quantify cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I or Cel7A), cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II or Cel6A), and endoglucanase I (EG I or Cel7B) present in hydrolyzates of untreated, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), and dilute-acid pretreated corn stover (CS). This method can accurately quantify individual enzymes present in complex binary and ternary protein mixtures without interference from plant cell wall-derived components. The binding isotherms for CBH I, CBH II, and EG I were obtained after incubation for 2 h at 4 °C. Both AFEX and dilute acid pretreatment resulted in increased cellulase binding compared with untreated CS. Cooperative binding of CBH I and/or CBH II in the presence of EG I was observed only for AFEX treated CS. Competitive binding between enzymes was found for certain other enzyme-substrate combinations over the protein loading range tested (i.e., 25-450 mg/g glucan). Langmuir single-site adsorption model was fitted to the binding isotherm data to estimate total available binding sites E(bm) (mg/g glucan) and association constant K(a) (L/mg). Our results clearly demonstrate that the characteristics of cellulase binding depend not only on the enzyme GH family but also on the type of pretreatment method employed.
Unification of gravitational, electrical, and strong forces by a virtual plasma theory

It was demonstrated in previous papers that a virtual plasma theory of physical forces unifies all forces as 'fluid' or 'Magnus' forces generated by vortex structures (particles) in the virtual plasma gas. The theory generates gravitational fields. It generates the electrostatic field in the atom, explains the form and action of the Schrodinger equation, and generates the appropriate Bohr orbits in the hydrogen atom. It is demonstrated that the general form of the strong nuclear forces is also generated by the theory. An extension of the concept of planetary formation to this virtual plasma also predicts the mass spectrum for the leptons and hadrons. >
Studies of immune functions of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. i. dysfunction of suppressor t‐cell activity related to impaired generation of, rather than response to, suppressor cells

T cell suppressor function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was evaluated by studying the ability of concanavalin A- (Con A) activated T cells to suppress proliferative responses by responder cells autologous with the Con A-activated T cells. Impaired suppressor T-cell activity in patients with SLE was observed with regard to three effector functions: 1) the allogeneic response of T cells, 2) the Con A response of T cells, and 3) the B cell response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM). No defect was found with regard to suppression of the T-cell response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Mixing experiments between SLE and normal cells were carried out to further define the nature of the SLE suppressor defect. When responder cells from SLE patients were cultured with Con A-activated T cells from normal controls, the normal suppressor T cells caused suppression of SLE responder cells. In contrast, Con A-activated T cells from SLE patients were incapable of exerting suppressor effects on normal responder cells. These observations indicate that the impaired suppressor activity in SLE patients resides in the generation of suppressor T cells, rather than in the response to suppressor T cell signals.
First principles of copyright for DRM design

The copyright system's legal, technological, and economic foundations define key concepts that have significant implications for digital rights management (DRM) system design. Extracting the technological, legal, and economic functions of copyright helps us identify principles that should be the basis for the design of DRM systems. However, no system currently supports that set of functions. Neither those who seek to manage authors' rights nor the defenders of access rights are entirely aligned with copy accuracy in that no system motivates and rewards authoring, filtering, and distribution. The most interesting question is how to design a system that completely fulfills the functions as copy accuracy - it would require more than secure storage.
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with prior Pneumocystis pneumonia exhibit increased serologic reactivity to several major surface glycoprotein clones.

Recombinant clones of the carboxyl terminus of the major surface glycoprotein (MsgC) of Pneumocystis jirovecii are useful for analyzing serologic responses in humans. However, there is no standardized set of antigens in general use, which could lead to conflicting results. We have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with prior Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP+) responded more frequently and more strongly to a clone of MsgC than did HIV-1-infected patients without PcP (PcP−). Here we test three new clones of MsgC to determine the effect of antigenic sequence variation on immune reactivity in blood donors and HIV-infected patients previously analyzed for reactivity to our original MsgC clone. In Western blot analyses, PcP+ patients exhibited the highest frequency of reactivity to each MsgC clone, and the frequency of reactivity with all four MsgC clones together was significantly higher in sera from PcP+ patients than in sera from the other patient groups. Furthermore, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay we found that the PcP+ population had the highest level of reactivity to two of the four clones tested. One of the new clones could distinguish between PcP+ and PcP− populations, and two MsgC clones could distinguish blood donors from the other patient populations. The results show that inherent differences in MsgC amino acid sequence can affect recognition by antibodies independently of variations in protein length or patient population, and the utility of a clone depends on its sequence and on the populations tested.
Regional brain axial and radial diffusivity changes during development.

The developing human brain shows rapid myelination and axonal changes during childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, requiring successive evaluations to determine normative values for potential pathological assessment. Fiber characteristics can be examined by axial and radial diffusivity procedures, which measure water diffusion parallel and perpendicular to axons, and primarily show axonal status and myelin changes, respectively. Such measures are lacking from wide-spread sites for the developing brain. Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired from 30 healthy subjects (age, 17.7±4.6, range 8–24 years; body-mass-index, 21.5±4.5 kg/m 2 ; 18 male) using a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. Diffusion tensors were calculated, principal eigenvalues determined, and axial and radial diffusivity maps calculated and normalized to a common space. A set of regions-of-interest were outlined from wide-spread brain areas within rostral, thalamic, hypothalamic, cerebellar, and pontine regions, and average diffusivity values were calculated using normalized diffusivity maps and these regions-of-interest masks. Age-related changes were assessed with Pearson’s correlations, and gender differences evaluated with Student’s t-tests. Axial and radial diffusivity values declined with age in the majority of brain areas, except for mid hippocampus, where axial diffusivity values correlated positively with age. Gender differences emerged within putamen, thalamic, hypothalamic, cerebellar, limbic, temporal, and other cortical sites. Documentation of normal axial and radial diffusivity values will help assess disease-related tissue changes. Axial and radial diffusivity change with age, with fiber structure and organization differing between sexes in several brain areas. The findings may underlie gender-based functional characteristics, and mandate partitioning age- and gender-related changes during developmental brain pathology evaluation.
Measures for knowledge-based economic development: Introducing data mining techniques to economic developers in the state of Georgia and the US South

Abstract The contribution of knowledge to economic growth and competitiveness has attracted increased attention. Publications with a topical focus on areas related to innovation have risen dramatically from 1963 to 2005, but more slowly in local and regional development journals. In contrast to the wide use of aggregate measures of innovation, this paper presents four cases presenting disaggregated knowledge-based approaches into the policy- and decision-making processes of economic developers in the state of Georgia and the US South. The first case uses information obtained from patents and publications to inform traditional out-of-area economic development recruitment strategies in a more knowledge-oriented direction. The second case exemplifies the use of data mining to identify top researchers as part of a strategic state economic development effort. The third case illustrates how local knowledge-based capabilities can be identified in cities not traditionally viewed as innovative. Nanotechnology-related knowledge assets in the southern United States are mapped and assessed in the fourth case. Disaggregated methods used in traditional strategies were most intuitively understood and used, but new knowledge measures were found to encourage local and state economic developers to begin to embrace new paradigms.
ATM Public Network Management in PREPARE

The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology is the basis for the Integrated Broadband Communications (IBC) environment of the envisaged information society. In this paper we present results from the application of the ITU-T TMN framework and associated ETSI standards for ATM management within the PREPARE project. In particular, we describe the design of the TMN architecture for the public ATM network part of the PREPARE 1995 Demonstrator testbed and the design and implementation of the ATM network management layer operations system (OS).