cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NOTATION OF PREVIOUS FALLS IN ADMISSION RECORD OF HOSPITALIZED ELDERLY

To test the hypothesis that a history of falling is underreported by physicians and nurses, we assessed the extent to which previous falls are noted in the admission medical history. A total of 168 community-dwelling and institutionalized elderly adults, > or = 70 years old, were evaluated in the emergency ward of a tertiary care community-based teaching hospital, and admitted to a general medical ward. Physicians' and nurses' emergency ward and admission notes were reviewed for the inclusion of "falls." Within 72 hours of admission, the information provided or omitted in the medical record was confirmed or refuted by face-to-face interview. Follow-up data were gleaned from computer-based records. The sample population consisted of 113 patients, 56% female, with a mean age of 80.7. Seventy-six patients had fallen within the past 10 years: of these, 32 (42%) were Recent Fallers, and 44 (58%) were Multiple Fallers. Review of the medical records revealed that 56 (74%) of the 76 Fallers were not noted to have fallen by the medical staff. Moreover, 15 (47%) of the Recent Fallers and 28 (64%) of the Multiple Fallers were missed. Examination of the nursing notes yielded similar results. In conclusion, elderly patients fall more frequently than recognized. Physicians and/or nurses should include a question regarding falls as part of the routine medical history.
The effect of diverticular disease on the colonic J pouch.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the diverticular disease (DD) on function and on postoperative complications of the colonic J-pouch (CJP) with pouch-anal anastomosis.
Validation and Test Characteristics of a 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement to the NEI-VFQ-25

Purpose To determine whether a 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement increases the capacity of the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) to capture self-reported visual dysfunction in patients with neuro-ophthalmologic disorders. Design A cross-sectional survey to examine the characteristics of a 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement to the 25-Item NEI-VFQ-25 in a cohort of patients with neuro-ophthalmologic disorders. Methods The 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement was designed previously by our research group by survey and focus-group methods. In the present study, the NEI-VFQ-25 and 10-Item Supplement were administered concurrently to patients and disease-free control subjects. High-contrast visual acuities with patient usual distance correction were measured with the use of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts. Results Diagnoses for patients (n = 215) included optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, ischemic optic neuropathy, stroke, ocular myasthenia gravis, ocular motor palsies, and thyroid eye disease. Scores for the 10-Item Supplement had a significant capacity to distinguish patients vs disease-free control subjects that was independent of the NEI-VFQ-25 composite score (odds ratio in favor of patient vs control status for 10-point worsening in Supplement scores: 2.7 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6, 4.6]; P P ≥ .001, linear regression). Supplement items and composite scores demonstrated appropriate degrees of internal consistency reliability. Conclusion The 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement demonstrates a capacity to capture self-reported visual dysfunction beyond that of the NEI-VFQ-25 alone, which supports validity for this new scale. The use of the 10-Item Supplement in clinical trials and epidemiologic studies will examine its capacity to demonstrate treatment effects in longitudinal cohorts.
Temporal regulation of topoisomerase IV activity in E. coli.

Abstract We isolated a mutant allele of dnaX , encoding the τ and γ subunits of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, that causes extreme cell filamentation but does not affect either cell growth or DNA replication. This phenotype results from a defect in daughter chromosome decatenation during rapid growth. In these cells, ParC, one subunit of topoisomerase IV, no longer associated with the replication factory, as occurs in wild-type cells, and was instead distributed uniformly on the nucleoid; the distribution of ParE, the other subunit of topoisomerase IV, was unaffected. In addition, the majority of topoisomerase IV activity in synchronized cell populations was restricted to late in the cell cycle, when replication was essentially complete. These observations suggest that topoisomerase IV activity in vivo might be dependent on release of ParC from the replication factory.
The Markovian Queue with Bounded Waiting time

The single-server queueing system is studied where arrivals are rejected if their waiting plus service times would exceed a fixed amount K. Applications of this model include equipment repair facilities and buffered communication devices with constant discharge rate receiving messages from a high-speed data channel. A procedure for computing the equilibrium behavior is described for the case of random arrivals and arbitrary service time requirements. Detailed analytic results and graphs are given for the case of exponentially distributed service time requirements, including the server utilization, rejection probability, mean time in system, mean server busy period, and the mean and probability density function of the virtual waiting time.
Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy

• Autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy is a newly described fundus dystrophy characterized by abnormal chorioretinal hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, usually lying between the vortex veins and the ora serrata for 360° In this zone, there are a discrete posterior boundary, preretinal punctate white opacities, retinal arteriolar narrowing and occlusion, and, in some cases, choroidal atrophy. Most affected family members have diffuse retinal vascular incompetence, cystoid macular edema, and presenile cataracts. The vitreous is characterized by fibrillar condensation and a moderate number of cells. Electroretinograms are normal in younger affected individuals and are only moderately abnormal in older ones. Preretinal neovascularization, present in the posterior pole, is progressive in the proband. There are no identifiable systemic or skeletal abnormalities, high myopia, optically empty vitreous, lattice degeneration, areas of white-without-pressure, retinal breaks, or retinal detachment; thus, previously described vitreoretinopathies can be excluded from diagnostic consideration. Progression of this disease seems to be extremely slow in most family members.
SU‐FF‐T‐158: Determination of the Energy Spectrum of Bremsstrahlung of Linear Accelerations by Monte‐Carlo Calculations and An Analysis of Depth Dose Curves

Purpose: The knowledge of the bremsstrahlung spectrum of a linear accelerator (6 MV up to 18 MV) represents the physical base of therapy planning systems. It is obtained by Monte‐Carlo calculations by taking account of the complete beam‐line (geometry/materials). It is also obtained by an analysis of depth dose curves of small fields via Laplace transform, if the electron energy Eel is known (upper limit of photon energy). Method and Materials: Monte‐Carlo calculations with EGSnrc with respect to the beam‐line of 6/18 MV (Varian 2300 C/D) and 6 MV (Varian 600C) have been performed for the AAA algorithm (Eclipse). The analysis of absorption depth dose curves in water (3×3 cm2 / 4×4 cm2 fields) of the mentioned machines has been performed for the central ray and tilted rays with the Laplace transform of a power sequence of Poisson distributions, which provide the reproducing kernel and the energy spectrum. The scatter profiles have been removed by a deconvolution.Results: Monte‐Carlo calculations and the Laplace transform method are in good agreement (standard deviation: ca. 1%) in the above cases. The formal integration of the reproducing kernel provides an analytical spectral distribution function f(E) =(1− exp (−α⋅E / E el ))⋅ exp (−βE 2 / E el 2 )⋅(1−E / E el ) q The parameter α and q depend on the radial distance of tilted rays from the central ray at surface. It is also used to fit fluctuations of Monte‐Carlo calculations. Conclusion: The Laplace transform method even works, if only Eel, the measured depth dose curves and profiles of small field sizes are known. A comparison of 6 MV (2300 C/D) with 6 MV (600C) shows that the spectral distribution of the latter case rather corresponds to the 10 MV mode of a 2300 C/D machine. This results from the Pb‐alloy of the flattening filter, whereas the 6/10 MV modes of the 2300 C/D use a Cu‐filter.
Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America*

(1979). Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-20.
The Marked Effect of Number on Subject–Verb Agreement

Abstract English speakers distinguish between one entity and more than one entity in virtually every utterance they produce. The distinction is present in the morphology of most nouns as well as in the basic grammatical dependency of subject–verb agreement. Three experiments employing a sentence production task explored the nature of the representation that underlies singular and plural count nouns in English and how that representation interacts with the processes that implement agreement during production. The results provide evidence that singular count nouns are unmarked or lack a grammatical feature for number while plural count nouns are marked or possess a feature. This asymmetry in markedness contributes to the greater incidence of plural agreement errors relative to singular errors observed in naturally occurring and experimentally elicited errors. In particular, the evidence suggests that agreement with singular count nouns is implemented by a default process whereas agreement with plural count nouns is implemented on the basis of unambiguous number information.
Computer-aided diagnosis in CT colonography: detection of polyps based on geometric and texture features

A computer-aided diagnosis scheme for the detection of colonic polyps in CT colonography has been developed, and its performance has been assessed based on clinical cases with colonoscopy-confirmed polyps. In the scheme, the colon was automatically segmented by use of knowledge-guided segmentation from 3-dimensional isotropic volumes reconstructed from axial CT slices in CT colonography. Polyp candidates are detected by first computing of 3-dimensional geometric features that characterize polyps, and then segmenting of connected components corresponding to suspicious regions by hysteresis thresholding and fuzzy clustering based on these geometric features. False-positive detections are reduced by computation of 3-dimensional texture features characterizing the internal structures of the polyp candidates, followed by application of discriminant analysis to the feature space generated by the geometric and texture features. We applied our scheme to 43 CT colonographic cases with cleansed colon, including 12 polyps larger than 5 mm. In a by-dataset analysis, the CAD scheme yielded a sensitivity of 95% with 1.2 false positives per data set. The false negative was one of the two polyps in a single patient. Consequently, in by-patient analysis, our method yielded 100\% sensitivity with 2.0 false positives per patient. The results indicate that our CAD scheme has the potential to detect clinically important polyp cases with a high sensitivity and a relatively low false-positive rate.
Race Differentials in College Selectivity, 1981-2000

We examine differences in the selectivity of the colleges and universities from which black and white students graduate. We find a racial gap in college selectivity that is growing over time, and a decrease in racial segregation between colleges during the 1980s, which reversed directions during the 1990s. Institutional characteristics are examined to explain this gap.
Detection of human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses in prostatic tissue reveals the prostate as a habitat for multiple viral infections.

BACKGROUND To determine whether human polyomavirus (hPy) genomes are present in prostate tissues, we have carried out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening in two sets of prostate samples, archival and fresh frozen, as well as performing in situ hybridization (ISH). The frozen prostate samples as well as the urine from the same patients were also screened for human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences. METHODS Highly sensitive nested-PCR assays were used. The detection of subpopulations of JC virus (JCV) -transcriptional control regions (TCRs) was also evaluated by Southern analysis and by direct DNA sequencing. An in situ hybridization technique was also used to detect JCV DNA in prostatic tissue. RESULTS The paraffin-embedded archival samples gave variable, unsatisfactory results. Results from the fresh frozen samples, however, were consistent and were frequently positive for JCV and less frequent for BK virus DNA. ISH confirmed the presence of JCV DNA in prostatic glandular epithelium. The TCR region of JCV from prostate tissue and urine from prostate cancer patients showed the presence of both archetypal and rearranged TCRs, including several new sequence variants. HPV DNA was also frequently detected and in some cases also mixed with hPy DNA from frozen tissue and urine. CONCLUSION The use of fresh frozen samples proved to be essential for consistent and reproducible detection of HPV and hPy viral DNAs. The presence of JCV DNA by ISH and the occurrence of a subpopulation of JCV TCR regions suggests that the prostate is a site for virus replication. The prostate is a complex habitat where mixed infections with oncogenic DNA viruses frequently occur and opens the discussion to the potential role of these viruses in the cancer of the prostate. Prostate 53: 263–276, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An effective convergence independent loop closure method using Forward-Backward Cyclic Coordinate Descent

Cyclic Coordinate Descent (CCD) is a popular robotic approach to generate a possible loop that closes the gap between two constrained portions of a protein chain (Canutescu and Dunbrack 2003). In this paper, we describe an effective Forward-Backward CCD (FBCCD) method to connect the two constrained portions of a protein chain without requiring the loop to converge. A test of 30 loops of length 4, 8 and 12 suggests that our method takes fewer number of cycles to produce loops of comparable accuracy and more accurate second portion of the chain, when it is compared to the CCD method.
Antibacterial mechanisms identified through structural systems pharmacology

Background: The growing discipline of structural systems pharmacology is applied prospectively in this study to predict pharmacological outcomes of antibacterial compounds in Escherichia coli K12. This work builds upon previously established methods for structural prediction of ligand binding pockets on protein molecules and utilizes and expands upon the previously developed genome scale model of metabolism integrated with protein structures (GEM-PRO) for E. coli, structurally accounting for protein complexes. Carefully selected case studies are demonstrated to display the potential for this structural systems pharmacology framework in discovery and development of antibacterial compounds. Results: The prediction framework for antibacterial activity of compounds was validated for a control set of well-studied compounds, recapitulating experimentally-determined protein binding interactions and deleterious growth phenotypes resulting from these interactions. The antibacterial activity of fosfomycin, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim were accurately predicted, and as a negative control glucose was found to have no predicted antibacterial activity. Previously uncharacterized mechanisms of action were predicted for compounds with known antibacterial properties, including (1-hydroxyheptane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) and cholesteryl oleate. Five candidate inhibitors were predicted for a desirable target protein without any known inhibitors, tryptophan synthase β subunit (TrpB). In addition to the predictions presented, this effort also included significant expansion of the previously developed GEM-PRO to account for physiological assemblies of protein complex structures with activities included in the E. coli K12 metabolic network. Conclusions: The structural systems pharmacology framework presented in this study was shown to be effective in the prediction of molecular mechanisms of antibacterial compounds. The study provides a promising proof of principle for such an approach to antibacterial development and raises specific molecular and systemic hypotheses about antibacterials that are amenable to experimental testing. This framework, and perhaps also the specific predictions of antibacterials, is extensible to developing antibacterial treatments for pathogenic E. coli and other bacterial pathogens.
A Simple Method to Grow Polymer Nanofibers from Superglue

A novel template-less method for polymerization of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate to form an intrinsically nanofibrous polymer is investigated. Effect of the anionic initiator used for polymerization is examined to explain the mechanism of formation of nanofibers or film of polymer. A suitable classification of the initiators is established based on the Hard Soft Acid Base principle to explain the mechanism. Infrared analysis, SEM and Gel permeation chromatography is utilized for characterization of the different polymer samples.
A Technique to Enhance Localization in the Presence of NLOS Errors

In a wireless network (WN), the wireless devices generally localize themselves with the help of anchors that are pre-deployed in the network. Some of the techniques commonly used for localization are time of arrival (ToA), time difference of arrival (TDoA), angle of arrival (AoA), and time of flight (ToF). In the wireless domain, measurements are susceptible to errors resulting from the nature of the medium, the relatively low precision, and the presence of obstacles, which produce non-line of sight (NLOS) errors. The NLOS errors are a major concern as they could result in significant degradation in accuracy. In this paper, we propose an efficient technique that uses the distance estimates of the device from a group of anchors to localize the device with better accuracy in the presence of NLOS errors. Our technique is based on the notion that in general, for any estimate, the proportion of the NLOS error can be upper bounded. Using this upper bound information our technique reduces the uncertainty in the position of the wireless device that is being localized. The technique is distributed and is simple. In comparison to the standard localization procedure, where localization is done independent of the presence of NLOS errors, our technique uses the information about the NLOS error bounds to improve the accuracy of estimation. Simulation results show that our technique reduces the position error of the wireless device by 40% on an average and by at least 80% in the best case. The uncertainty in localization is also reduced significantly.
Crazing and fracture in crystalline, isotactic polypropylene and the effect of morphology, gaseous environments, and temperature

Stress crazing is studied in three forms of crystalline, isotactic polypropylene (PP): (1) smectic/nonspherulitic, (2) monoclinic/nonspherulitic, and (3) monoclinic/spherulitic PP. Optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as stress—strain measurements are used to characterize crazing behavior in these three forms as a function of temperature (−210 to 60°C) and of the gaseous environment (vacuum, He, N2, Ar, O2, and CO2). Forms 1 and 2 are found to craze much like an amorphous, glassy polymer in the temperature range between −210 and −20°C, irrespective of environment. The plastic crazing strain is large close to the glass-transition range (ca. −20°C) of amorphous PP and in the neighborhood of the condensation temperature of the environmental gas. Near condensation, the gas acts as a crazing agent inasmuch as the stress necessary to promote crazing is lower in its presence than in vacuum. A gas is the more efficient as a crazing agent, the greater is its thermodynamic activity. Spherulitic PP (form 3) crazes in an entirely different manner from an amorphous, glassy polymer, showing that the presence of spherulites influences crazing behavior much more profoundly than the mere presence of a smectic or monoclinic crystal lattice. Below room temperature, crazes are generally restricted in length to a single spherulite, emanating from the center and going along radii perpendicular, within about 15°, to the direction of stress. They never go along spherulite boundaries. Gases near their condensation temperature act as crazing agents much as in nonspherulitic PP. Above room temperature the crazes are no longer related to the spherulite structure, being extremely long and perfectly perpendicular to the stress direction. Apparently the crystals are softened enough by thermally activated segmental motion to permit easy propagation of the craze. The morphology of the fracture surfaces and its dependence on temperature and environment is described and discussed. Concerning the action of gases as crazing agents it is argued that the gas is strongly absorbed at the craze tip, where stress concentration increases both the equilibrium gas solubility and the diffusion constant. Hence, a plasticized zone is formed having a decreased yield stress for plastic flow. This is considered to be the main mechanism by which the gas acts as a crazing agent. In addition, reduction of the surface energy of the polymer by the adsorbed gas eases the hole formation involved in crazing.
Assessment of Accuracy in the Mapping of Vertebrate Biodiversity

Abstract The recognition of geographic patterns in biodiversity is of considerable interest to biologists and natural resource managers. A key component is the mapping of biodiversity, which combines cartographic procedures for vegetation mapping with biological models to predict biodiversity. An important example is the gap analysis project of the National Biological Service (Scottet al., 1993), which seeks to map the spatial distribution of vertebrate species richness and to identify gaps in the protection of species richness. This paper describes cartographic and modelling features of gap analysis, and discusses some challenges that arise in assessing the accuracy of biodiversity maps. A conceptual model is given for assessment of vegetation and species richness maps produced in gap analysis. Several measures of map accuracy are identified, and their strengths and limitations are discussed. Assessment of map accuracy is described in terms of the influence of landscape heterogeneity, indistinctness of ecotones, scale dependencies and methods for atttribution of biological characteristics. Some sampling and statistical issues in the estimation of map reliability are highlighted, especially those concerning the selection of mapping units and collection of field data. Few universally applicable rules can be identified, and procedures for assessing map accuracy must be tailored to map resolution, the structure of the landscape being mapped and the intended use of the map. However, the inadvisability of validation based on patterns of occurrence for individual species is emphasized. Though difficult and expensive, the demonstration of reliability of biodiversity maps is an essential but largely unmet requirement for their scientific and management applications.
Al-Jazeera vs Al-Jazeera: A comparison of the network’s English and Arabic online coverage of the US/Al Qaeda conflict:

In light of US criticism that Al-Jazeera network is biased in its coverage against the United States by aiding the terrorist cause and the fact that most of the accusations of bias continue to be based on the claim that Arab media such as Al-Jazeera Arabic include the language of terror organizations, while its English-language counterpart, Al-Jazeera English, is being cleansed by changes and omissions, this research sought to investigate whether these claims could be validated. Examining online coverage of the US/Al Qaeda conflict in the Arabic-language Al-Jazeera website, these claims were measured against online coverage of the conflict in the English-language Al-Jazeera website. By content analyzing prominence of news stories (frequency and placement), use of sources and tone of coverage, the research demonstrates a significant difference regarding the placement of news stories between the English- and Arabic-language Al-Jazeera websites, but no further differences were found. The overwhelming majorit...
A semianalytical approach to the calibration of AVIRIS data to reflectance over water application in a temperate estuary

Abstract Calibration of at-sensor radiance to reflectance is a critical step for the use of remotely sensed hyperspectral data of water to determine the concentrations of optically active components. Because water has such a low reflectance, sources of radiance other than the water-leaving radiance contribute significantly to the at-sensor radiance and vary with wavelength and spatially. While radiative transfer models have improved significantly, there are still large uncertainties in prescribing the spatial and spectral properties of aerosol scattering. In addition, errors in the sensor calibration of radiance can lead to additional uncertainty. An atmospheric correction method based entirely on scene information, but not in situ data, is described. This approach accounts for nonuniform aerosol scattering, glint from the water surface, and reflected skylight. Normalization by an estimate of the direct solar irradiance reaching the surface, also derived from scene information, then provides an estimate of reflectance. This method is applied to AVIRIS data acquired over a temperate estuary. The resultant reflectance estimates are shown to be consistent with field observations. While the method is empirical, it is based on physical principles that allow it to be applied under a wide range of conditions.
Estimating query result sizes for proxy caching in scientific database federations

In a proxy cache for federations of scientific databases it is important to estimate the size of a query before making a caching decision. With accurate estimates, near-optimal cache performance can be obtained. On the other extreme, inaccurate estimates can render the cache totally ineffective. We present classification and regression over templates (CAROT), a general method for estimating query result sizes, which is suited to the resource-limited environment of proxy caches and the distributed nature of database federations. CAROT estimates query result sizes by learning the distribution of query results, not by examining or sampling data, but from observing workload. We have integrated CAROT into the proxy cache of the National Virtual Observatory (NVO) federation of astronomy databases. Experiments conducted in the NVO show that CAROT dramatically outperforms conventional estimation techniques and provides near-optimal cache performance.
Microsphere embolism-induced cortical cholinergic deafferentation and impairments in attentional performance

Ischemic events have been hypothesized to play a critical role on the pathogenesis of dementia and the acceleration of cognitive impairments. This experiment was designed to determine the consequences of microvascular ischemia on the cortical cholinergic input system and associated attention capacities. Injections of microspheres ( approximately 50 microm diameter; approximately 5000 microspheres/100 microL) into the right common carotid artery of rats served as a model of microvascular ischemia and resulted in decreases in the density of cholinergic fibers in the ipsilateral medial prefrontal cortex and frontoparietal areas. Furthermore, dense astrogliosis, indicated by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry, was observed in the globus pallidus, including the areas of origin of cholinergic projections to the cortex. Fluoro-Jade B staining indicated that loss of neurons in the cortex was restricted to areas of microsphere-induced infarcts. Attentional performance was assessed using an operant sustained attention task; performance in this task was previously demonstrated to reflect the integrity and activity of the cortical cholinergic input system. Embolized animals' performance was characterized by a decrease in the animals' ability to detect signals. Their performance in non-signal trials remained unaffected. The residual density of cholinergic axons in prefrontal and frontoparietal areas correlated with the animals' performance. The present data support the hypothesis that microvascular ischemia results in loss of cortical cholinergic inputs and impairs associated attentional performance. Microsphere embolism represents a useful animal model for studying the role of interactions between microvascular disorder and impaired forebrain cholinergic neurotransmission in the manifestation of cognitive impairments.
Special issue: Behaviour genetics

I can understand heritability studies on pigs' weight or cows' milk production or on human height, but what does (this cognitive process) represent that one can directly relate to biological proces...
Delayed Repair of Myelomeningoceles

Objective Myelomeningocele is a defect that typically is repaired surgically within the first few days of life in developed countries to minimize the risk of meningitis. If left unrepaired, these children may survive to have their meningocele sac epithelialize. The surgical reduction and closure of an epithelialized myelomeningocele represents a unique challenge for the neurosurgeon because it requires a modification of the typical closure technique. Methods Our 10 years' experience in 97 patients with the delayed (>6 months) repair of myelomeningoceles formed the basis of this report. Results We present repair techniques in a child with a myelomeningocele that was not repaired at birth and presented a surgical challenge. Conclusion Delayed closure of myelomeningoceles is facilitated by lessons learned from our surgical experience during a medical missions to Guatemala.
Finite difference synthesis of infrasound propagation through a windy, viscous atmosphere: application to a bolide explosion detected by seismic networks

SUMMARY A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm has been developed to model linear infrasound propagation through a windy, viscous medium. The algorithm has been used to model signals from a large bolide that burst above a dense seismic network in the US Pacific Northwest on 2008 February 19. We compare synthetics that have been computed using a G2S-ECMWF atmospheric model to signals recorded at the seismic networks located along an azimuth of 210 ◦ from the source. The results show that the timing and the range extent of the direct, stratospherically ducted and thermospherically ducted acoustic branches are accurately predicted. However, estimates of absorption obtained from standard attenuation models (Sutherland–Bass) predict much greater attenuation for thermospheric returns at frequencies greaterthan0.1Hzthanisobserved.Weconcludethateitherthestandardabsorptionmodelfor the thermospheric is incorrect, or that thermospheric returns undergo non-linear propagation at very high altitude. In the former case, a better understanding of atmospheric absorption at high altitudes is required; in the latter, a fully non-linear numerical method is needed to test our hypothesis that higher frequency arrivals from the thermosphere result from non-linear propagation at thermospheric altitudes.
Evidence that a consensus element found in naturally intronless mRNAs promotes mRNA export

We previously showed that mRNAs synthesized from three genes that naturally lack introns contain a portion of their coding sequence, known as a cytoplasmic accumulation region (CAR), which is essential for stable accumulation of the intronless mRNAs in the cytoplasm. The CAR in each mRNA is unexpectedly large, ranging in size from ∼160 to 285 nt. Here, we identified one or more copies of a 10-nt consensus sequence in each CAR. To determine whether this element (designated CAR-E) functions in cytoplasmic accumulation of intronless mRNA, we multimerized the most conserved CAR-E and inserted it upstream of β-globin cDNA, which is normally retained/degraded in the nucleus. Significantly, the tandem CAR-E, but not its antisense counterpart, rescued cytoplasmic accumulation of β-globin cDNA transcripts. Moreover, dinucleotide mutations in the CAR-E abolished this rescue. We show that the CAR-E, but not the mutant CAR-E, associates with components of the TREX mRNA export machinery, the Prp19 complex and U2AF2. Moreover, knockdown of these factors results in nuclear retention of the intronless mRNAs. Together, these data suggest that the CAR-E promotes export of intronless mRNA by sequence-dependent recruitment of the mRNA export machinery.
A novel algorithm to solve the robust DMZ equation in real time

In this note, we extend the algorithm developed in [13] to the most general settings of nonlinear filtering. We rigorously show that under very mild conditions (which essentially say that the growth of the observation |h| is greater than the growth of the drift |f|), the unique nonnegative weak solution of the robust Duncan-Mortensen-Zakai (DMZ) equation can be approximated by solving the same Kolmogorov forward equation (KFE) restricted on a large ball B R with 0-Dirichlet boundary condition on every time steps (off-line computations) and updating the initial data from the observations (on-line computations). The precise error estimates are obtained to validate the algorithm theoretically. Furthermore, we use 1D cubic sensor as an example to show the efficiency of our algorithm, where the Hermite spectral method (HSM) is adopted to compute the off-line data. The detailed formulation of HSM is illustrated.
Enhanced fertility after heat-induced hyperactivation.

Abstract Objective: To determine sperm hyperactivation, kinematic parameters, and fertilizing capacity after pretreating sperm at 40°C for 4 hours. Design: Prospective study involving pooled donor sperm that were colloid washed and incubated at either 23°C (control) or 40°C (heat-treated) for 4 hours as pretreatment. After incubation, analyses were performed with a computer-assisted sperm analyzer, whereas separate portions of sperm were evaluated with the sperm penetration assay at 37°C. Setting: Clinical and academic research environment. Patient(s): Cryopreserved-thawed sperm from different donors ( n = 5). Main Outcome Measure(s): Sperm kinematic and fertilizing parameters. Result(s): Heat pretreatment of sperm resulted in over 22 times higher hyperactive motility at hour 4 compared with the control. The other kinematic parameters were also different. The heat-pretreated sperm group had a significantly higher percent penetration of zona-free oocytes with more swollen sperm heads per oocyte and enhanced sperm binding. Conclusion(s): The results showed that hyperactivation was induced by pretreatment of sperm with 40°C heat, suggesting the involvement of heat factors in hyperactivation. The fertilizing capacity of sperm may be improved by the mild heat pretreatment when marked by the presence of heat-induced hyperactivation.
Letter to the Editor---Fuel Consumption and Right Turn on Red: Comparison between Simple Model Results and Computer Simulation

In a recent presentation, Lieberman and Cohen Lieberman, E. B., S. L. Cohen. New technique for the evaluation of urban traffic energy consumption and emissions. Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., January 20, 1976. Transportation Research Record, in press. calculated the effect on fuel economy and emissions of permitting a right turn on red at signalized intersections. They applied a detailed computer simulation to a network of streets in Washington, D.C. Fuel consumption was obtained by adding up the fuel used to execute each individual maneuver. It is the purpose of this note to point out that, once the change in the average speed in a traffic system has been determined, the change in fuel consumption can be immediately derived using a simple model of the dependence of urban fuel consumption on average traffic speed without the necessity of performing the detailed fuel summation.
Signal enhancement of Wigner-Ville time-frequency signals

A singular-valued-decomposition-based algorithmic procedure which significantly increases the signal-noise ratio (SNR) and preserves the shape of the time-frequency signal is presented. This algorithm is effective for both small and large time-bandwidth product signals. It is based on a set of Wigner distribution properties for such signals and is formulated in a time-frequency signal subspace. The results from applying the algorithm to the task of recovering wideband chirp signals in a low-SNR environment are examined. >
Project Personnel, Job Demands, and Workplace Burnout: The Differential Effects of Job Title and Project Type

As a result of the frenetic and demanding working conditions associated with projects, much research and theory has addressed the stress and burn-out propensity of members of project teams. However, research has generally not taken into consideration the differential effects of job title or types of project organizations on job demands, perhaps assuming that all levels within a project team and all project types offer similar levels of job demands. This study addresses the question of how the perception of job demands varies by job title (project manager, engineer, and project team member) and across project type (construction, research and development, and information technology). Using a sample of 208 project personnel, we examined the dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal efficacy) for the evidence of their differential impact across both job title and project type. Our findings suggest that there is no significant difference in perceived job demands across both job title and project type. However, we found that project managers have a significantly higher level of the emotional exhaustion form of burnout than other job classifications and construction project personnel suffer from a significantly higher level of emotional exhaustion than those working on other classes of project.
The Impact of User Review Volume on Consumers' Willingness-to-Pay: A Consumer Uncertainty Perspective

Numerous studies have investigated the impact of review volume and review variance on product price, but their findings are mixed. The perspective of mismatch cost framework (e.g., Sun 2012) argues that, at the market level, the impact of review variance on product price varies with review valence due to diverse product tastes across individuals. The perspective of classic expected utility framework (e.g., Wu and Ayala Gaytan 2013; Wu et al. 2013) further argues that heterogeneous risk attitudes across individuals directly drives the varying impact of both review volume and variance on willingness-to-pay, regardless of review valence. Although both frameworks have gained good empirical support, neither of them probed whether the impact of review volume or review variance varies within an individual. We extend the current research by focusing on the varying impact of review volume on consumers' willingness-to-pay. Combining economic and behavioral theories of decisions under uncertainty, we argue that consumers' preferences of uncertainty can vary both across and within individuals. The extended framework thus concludes that the impact of review volume on consumers' willingness-to-pay not only varies across individuals with different types of uncertainty preferences, but may also change with review valence within an individual of some types of uncertainty preferences. The framework is tested using an experimental study and an empirical study. Results from both studies provide good support for this broader framework.
Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations: Cinnamyl Chloride in Ethanol/Water Mixtures

Indium mediated allylation (IMA) offers a powerful tool to synthetic chemists for creating carbon-carbon bonds. However, its rate limiting step, the heterogeneous reaction of allyl halides at solid indium surfaces, is still poorly understood. For example, solvent effects, especially the presence of water, on IMA are dramatic. We report for the first time rate constants for the heterogeneous rate limiting step of IMA. The rate constant for reaction of cinnamyl chloride on indium decreases from 5.5 × 10(-4) cm/s in 80% ethanol/20% water to 1 × 10(-4) cm/s in 99.8% ethanol/0.2% water. In addition, the percent water has a dramatic effect on induction time. This study further establishes photomicroscopy as a powerful tool for the determination of heterogeneous rate constants.
A 134 GHz ${+}4$ dBm Frequency Doubler at $f_{\max}$ in 130 nm CMOS

A +4 dBm 134 GHz frequency doubler operating at the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of the technology is shown in an IBM 130 nm CMOS process. The doubler is implemented in a balanced topology, driven by a chain of stacked Class-AB amplifiers, and generates the highest reported power in 130 nm CMOS beyond 100 GHz. A theoretical study of frequency doublers is presented including scaling trends across frequency and CMOS technology nodes.
The Gray Shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi, in Los Angeles County, California

For nearly a score of years the gray shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi , has been known to occur in the fossil fauna of Los Angeles County, California (Compton, Univ. California Publ. Geol. Sci., 24:85–89, 1937). George Willett (Los Angeles Co. Mus. Sci. Ser. no. 9, Zool. no. 4:8, 1944) gave the gray shrew hypothetical listing in the recent fauna. Mr. Kenneth E. Stager of the Los Angeles County Museum has heard in recent years from his students and friends various, unofficial reports of this shrew having been seen around local wood piles and of skulls of this shrew having been found in owl pellets deposited in Los Angeles County. However, the first published record for this county recently appeared (Vaughan, Univ. Kansas Publ. Zool., 7: 532, 1954). Unfortunately, this comment on a single individual from Los Angeles County gives but little evidence of its determination and state of preservation and location of specimen. …
Leukokinetic Studies. I. A Method for Labeling Leukocytes with Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP32)

1. A method has been presented by which granulocytes can be labeled in vivo with diisopropylfluorophosphate containing radioactive phosphorus. The leukocytes are isolated from blood by dextran sedimentation of erythrocytes and are then treated with gramicidin and lysolecithin to remove remaining red cells. Platelets are removed by differential centrifugation. The isolated leukocytes are placed between two squares of scintillating plastic and counted with a scintillation counter. 2. Leukocytes essentially free of erythrocytes and platelets can be obtained by the method outlined. The efficiency of the plastic scintillation counting method for radioactive phosphorus is about 74 per cent and leukocyte samples obtained from 20 ml. samples of normal blood can be counted with a reproducibility of ±10 per cent. 3. The administration of 2 mg. of diisopropylfluorophosphate either intramuscularly or intravenously is without significant toxic side effects. 4. No evidence has been obtained that the label damages the leukocytes. 5. No evidence has been obtained that the label elutes from leukocytes under the conditions of these studies. 6. Diisopropylfluorophosphate labels granulocytes for a brief period of time following injection. The label is not reutilized after death of the cells.
Earthquakes off the coast of northern California

Summary The epicenters as located for the earthquakes of July 6, 1934, January 2, 1935, and June 3, 1936, indicate that earthquakes centering off the coast of Humboldt County do not originate on a linear extension of the San Andreas fault in Mendocino County. Figure 1 shows the epicenters of these shocks as located by two methods, and also the epicenter of the earthquake of January 31, 1922, as located by Professor Macelwane. On the basis of least square residuals alone, the epicenters located by assuming a straight-line travel-time curve for P n to Δ=18° are better than those located by the Jeffreys-Bullen curves. But for the shock of June 3, 1935, the epicenter located by the first method is inconsistent with the S-P interval at Ferndale, whereas that obtained by the second method is consistent. For the other two shocks the epicenters located by the two methods are little different in position. Whereas the July 6 shock shows a definite S n travel-time curve with an intercept approximately equal to that of the P n curve, the other two earthquakes show a marked wave preceding S n and almost masking it at the coastal stations south of the epicenter. The travel-time curve of this wave has an intercept about 15 seconds below that of P n . This wave is longitudinal and has a period of 4.35 km/sec. It is suggested that it is P in the sedimentary layer, although objections to such an interpretation are cited. The travel-time curve of P for the July 6 shock between 26° and 40° indicates that it is composed of two nearly straight branches rather than the more smooth curve of Jeffreys and Bullen.
Detection results of physical and chemical parameters in rural drinking water of Sanmenxia City in 2013

[Objective]To understand the status of physical and chemical parameters in rural drinking water of Sanmenxia City,analyze the existing hygiene problems. [Methods]120 samples of drinking water in Sanmenxia City were detected,to analyze the over-standard situation of physical and chemical parameters and regional distribution. [Results]17 of 29 physical and chemical parameters were checked out. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the means of total hardness and nitrate in Shanxian County,Mianchi County and Lushi County,the results were as follows: F = 25. 675 and F = 22. 123,P 0. 01. The paired comparison on the means of total hardness and nitrate in three areas was conducted by Bonferroni method,and the differences were statistically significant( P 0. 05). 9 water samples were unqualified with the over-standard rate of 7. 50%. [Conclusion]The physical and chemical parameters in rural drinking water are basically satisfactory in Sanmenxia City. However,the parameters in some monitoring points are unqualified,so it is necessary to strengthen the targeted monitoring and control.
Detection of stx1 and stx2 genes of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli by a real-time fluorescence polymerase chain method

Objective To establish a duplex real-time fluorescence TaqMan PCR method for the detection of stx1 and stx2 of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Methods The primers and TaqMan probes for stx1 and stx2 genes of EHEC were blasted and designed according to the gene sequences published by GenBank. The probes were labeled with reporter dye FAM or HEX. Quencher dye was BHQ1. The duplex real-time fluorescence PCR reaction was set up and conditions were modified. The sensitivity,specificity and reproducibility of the real-time PCR methods were evaluated. Results The duplex real-time fluorescence PCR method for EHEC was developed. Smooth amplification curves were observed when the strain concentrations were 102～108 cuf/ml. Both stx1 and stx2 genes were found and EHEC strains were obtained by the culture method in 30 clinical samples. The method sensitivity was 100%. DNA templates from three high, middle and low concentrations of 108,105,102 cfu/ml were tested three times. The amplification curves were obtained. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of Ct from different concentrations were less than 5% which was within acceptable error. Conclusion The developed duplex real-time fluorescence PCR method could rapidly, sensitivity, effectively and exactly detect EHEC.