cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Densities and Calculated Fractional Free Volumes of Ionic Liquids with Tri- and Tetra-substituted Imidazolium Cations

Although it has been estimated that there are at least 1 million ionic liquids (ILs) that are accessible using commercially available starting materials, a great portion of the ILs that have been experimentally synthesized, characterized, and studied in a variety of applications are built around the relatively simple 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Cnmim]) cation motif. Yet, there is no fundamental limitation or reason as to why tri- or tetra-functionalized imidazolium cations have received far less attention. Scant physical property data exist for just a few trifunctionalized imidazolium-based ILs and there is virtually no data on tetra-functionalized ILs. Thus, there are a broad experimental spaces on the “map” of ILs that are largely unexplored. We have sought to make an initial expedition into these “uncharted waters” and have synthesized imidazolium-based ILs with one more functional group(s) at the C(2), C(4), and/or C(5) positions of the imidazolium ring (as well as N(1) and N(3)). This manuscript ...
Couple stress Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a square cavity

Abstract Consistent skew-symmetric couple stress theory, which introduces an intrinsic characteristic length scale parameter l into the formulation, is applied here to model the Rayleigh–Benard convection problem. The focus is on the potential effect of size-dependency on the stability of Rayleigh–Benard convection. We consider a two-dimensional flow and study the effects of couple-stresses by developing and then applying a stream function-vorticity-temperature computational fluid dynamics formulation. Details are provided on the governing equations for size-dependent flow, based on the Boussinesq approximation. Afterwards, the formulation is applied to the Rayleigh–Benard convection problem in a square cavity to examine numerically the stability of the flow as a function of the length scale parameter l. The investigation covers a range of Rayleigh numbers, and includes an evaluation of the critical value beyond which convective instabilities start to appear, based upon an overall kinetic energy norm. The additional boundary conditions associated with consistent couple stress theory are found to play an important role in determining this critical Rayleigh number and also affect the flow patterns. Furthermore, the developments here may encourage the study of size-dependent multiphysics flow phenomena in general, which in turn may reveal new features and mechanisms of energy dissipation and storage at the smallest continuum scales.
Risk Factors for Subsidence of Modular Fluted Tapered Stems Used During Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Hip Fractures.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to review Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic hip fractures treated with uncemented modular fluted tapered stems to analyze survivorship, risk factors for stem subsidence, and clinical outcomes. Methods We identified 61 Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic hip fractures treated with modular fluted tapered implants. Survivorship, radiographic outcomes, and clinical outcomes were assessed. The mean age at the time of surgery was 72 years, mean body mass index was 30, and mean follow-up was 4.5 years (range, 2-10 years). Results Survivorship free of reoperation or implant revision at 5 years was 89% and 93%, respectively. Eight (13%) stems subsided a mean distance of 18 ± 8 mm (range, 8-28 mm). Stem subsidence was not correlated with age, gender, Vancouver fracture classification, stem bypass, stem length, or stem diameter. Subsidence was correlated with Dorr C type femora (50% vs 7%, 95% confidence interval 9%-72%; P = .007) and strut grafting (50% vs 9%, 95% confidence interval 6%-70%; P = .01). All cases of subsidence stabilized without revision. Subsidence was not correlated with nonunion, reoperation, revision, or a clinical outcome. Conclusions Modular fluted tapered stems had excellent survivorship free of reoperation and implant revision when used for the treatment of Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic femur fractures. Poor bone morphology and the use of strut grafts, both proxies for compromised bone stock and distal fracture patterns, were correlated with stem subsidence. All subsided stems stabilized, and noted subsidence did not portend a worse clinical outcome. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort.
The casino and the OODA loop: why our protocols always eventually fail (transcript of discussion)

This is joint work with Sandy, who is here, and Jonathan Smith, who's not. The title of my talk, which is a moving target, is the Casino and OODA loop, and why we are converging on failure. I want to start with a disclaimer that this talk is going to be all questions and no answers or new protocols, so I apologize for that. But I'm going to add a claimer which is that at least this year we are on the theme I think maybe more than anyone else here is, so that's enough for me.
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis of adult onset: Clinical, laboratory, and ultrastructure correlations identifying viral etiology

Abstract Clinical features and laboratory findings confirmed that twenty-five patients with acute gingivostomatitis suffered from a primary herpetic infection. Awareness of the signs and symptoms, astuteness in the differential diagnosis, and the use of certain diagnostic procedures were essential in establishing the diagnosis. There was no definitive treatment, and the infection was self-limiting within 2 to 3 weeks. Sources of infection or evidence of any contagious potential were not apparent.
Neuromuscular control training programs and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury rates in female athletes: a numbers-needed-to-treat analysis.

Objective To determine the numbers needed to treat (NNT) and relative risk reduction (RRR) associated with neuromuscular training programs aimed at preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. Data sources We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORT Discus, CINAHL, and Web of Science from 1966 through 2005 using the terms knee, injury, anterior cruciate ligament, ACL, prevention, plyometric, and neuromuscular training. Study selection Selected articles were from peer-reviewed journals written in English that described original research studies comparing neuromuscular training programs with control programs to determine the number of noncontact ACL injuries per event exposure or hours of playing time. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were independently rated by 3 reviewers using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Consensus PEDro scores ranged from 4 to 7 out of 10. Data extraction We used numbers of subjects, ACL injuries, and injury exposure rates to calculate NNT and RRR for each study. The NNT calculations from all studies were based on the number of players across 1 competitive season and were described as NNT benefit or NNT harm. Data synthesis All 5 studies demonstrated a prophylactic effect due to the neuromuscular training programs. The pooled NNT estimates showed that 89 individuals (95% confidence interval: 66 to 136) would need to participate in the prophylactic training program to prevent 1 ACL injury over the course of 1 competitive season. Pooled RRR was 70% (95% confidence interval: 54% to 80%) among individuals who participated in the intervention program. One high-quality randomized control trial and 4 medium-quality prospective cohort studies showed mostly consistent findings. Thus, a Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy level of evidence of 1 with a grade B recommendation supports the use of neuromuscular training programs in the prevention of noncontact ACL injuries in female athletes.
Academic productivity in surgical oncology: Where is the bar set for those training the next generation?

Background and objectives Promotion and tenure are important milestones for academic surgical oncologists. The aim of this study was to quantify academic metrics associated with rank in surgical oncologists training the next generation. Methods Faculty were identified from accredited surgical oncology fellowships in the United States. Scopus was used to obtain the number of publications/citations and h-index values. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORT website was used to identify funding history. Results Of the 319 surgeons identified, complete rank information was obtained for 308. The majority of faculty were men (70%) and only 11% of full professors were women. The median h-index values were 7, 17, and 39 for assistant, associate, and full professors, respectively. While 50% of full professors had a history of NIH funding, only 26% had RO1s and 20% had current NIH funding. Using multivariate analysis, years in practice, h-index, and a history of NIH funding were associated with academic rank (P Conclusion Objective benchmarks, such as the median h-index and NIH funding, provide additional insights for both junior faculty and leadership into the productivity needed to attain promotion to the next academic rank for surgical oncologists.
Cost Benefit Analysis of Technology Options for Enabling High PV Penetration

This paper provides an economic comparison of three technologies that enable high PV penetration on the distribution system: Medium voltage solid state transformer (SST), grid edge regulator and smart inverter. In order to compare these three technologies, simulations are performed on a representative utility feeder using OpenDSS. Quasi-static time series analysis over a year is used to predict the effectiveness of high PV penetration and more aggressive conservation voltage reduction enabled by each technology. Comprehensive cost benefit analyses are conducted based on these simulation results. The cost benefit analysis results indicate that the medium voltage solid state transformer (MV SST) is the most cost effective option with a 3 year payback period for utilities that are trying to accommodate high PV penetration in the distribution grid.
A Review of Bridegroom, The Loving Story, and Bachelorette, 34: Challenging Cultural Expectations of Marriage

In this review, three films are discussed which together highlight common factors maintaining the status quo and cultural expectations surrounding marriage and romantic relationships in the United States, namely that marriage is between aman and woman of the same race and that women should be married (Cruz and Berson 2001; Depaulo and Morris 2006; Herek 2006). Please note that this review was informed by studies based on U.S. data. These films may benefit viewers in understanding that people who violate the status quo and cultural expectations of marriage are stigmatized and are subjected to negative stereotypes and discrimination. These negative consequences may vary depending on context of the status quo violation (samesex relationship, interracial relationship, and no relationship or being single), may be specific to U.S. culture, and have historically varied (Cruz and Berson 2001; Depaulo andMorris 2006; Herek 2006; Pew Research Center 2013). Examining these three violations of the cultural expectations of marriage has the potential to teach important lessons about the historical context of marriage laws and how to challenge factors that maintain the status quo and cultural expectations of marriage. As such we suggest and review three films: Bridegroom (same-sex marriage), The Loving Story (interracial marriage), and Bachelorette, 34 (singlism).
An intra-individual approach for detecting evaluation with event-related potentials

Abstract The P3-based concealed information test (CIT) is an accurate indirect measure of non-evaluative memories (e.g., knowledge of an incriminating item). Less clear and established, however, is the accuracy of indirect measures that rely on the P3-like late positive potentials (LPPs) in discriminating evaluative (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant) memories. Using an LPP-based evaluative oddball paradigm in which participants were truthful on half of the trials about their evaluation toward pictures and concealed their evaluation on the other half of trials toward pictures, we applied an intra-individual Bayesian scheme to classify whether participants' evaluations were congruent or incongruent with a preceding context. LPPs were predictably larger to evaluatively incongruent than congruent pictures, and this LPP effect was reduced during misreporting presumably because of enhanced cognitive load. Notably, across two experiments the sensitivity (80%) was respectable during truth telling, but poor during concealment (sensitivity = 35%). Taken together, these data suggest that indirect measures such as the LPP-based evaluative oddball may be useful for detecting individual evaluation, but more work is warranted that explores conditions under which concealment of evaluation may be more accurately assessed.
Potential Utility of Routine Programmatic Data in Monitoring National and State-Level HIV Epidemic in Nigeria: Data Triangulation Analysis

Nigeria relies on data from periodic resource-intensive surveys such as antenatal HIV seroprevalence sentinel surveys (ANC-HSS) and population-based National AIDS and Reproductive Health Surveys (NARHS) for its HIV control efforts. Nigeria has not explored the use of readily available routine programmatic data (RPD) to easily inform and monitor epidemic control efforts at local settings in near real time. This study aimed to determine the utility of RPDs (Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission [PMTCT] and HIV Testing and Counseling [HTC]) as a proxy for monitoring HIV epidemic in Nigeria. Using World Health Organization 12 step triangulation procedures, we compared state-level seropositivity data from PMTCT and HTC programs to HIV prevalence data from NARHS and ANC-HSS reports in relevant pairs from 2010 to 2014 in Nigeria. The study population was pregnant women and general population. We abstracted relevant data from PEPFAR Nigeria data source and published national survey reports. We compared visual (scatterplots and maps) patterns and trends, and performed Pearson correlation and univariate linear regression models of the estimates for best matched/contiguous years for which data were available. Correlation between PMTCT2014 and ANC-HSS2014 was positive and significant (R=0.7,p<0.001). ANC-HSS2014 and HTC2014 were slightly correlated (R=0.4,p<0.05). Significant correlation was observed between ANC-HSS2010 and PMTCT2013 (R=0.8,p<0.001) and between ANC-HSS2010 and HTC2013 (R=0.6, p<0.001). All RPD sources and ANC-HSS indicated a decreasing trend in national HIV prevalence in Nigeria. PMTCT2014 data showed strong capability of predicting HIV prevalence in ANC-HSS2014 in regression model (B=2.09,p<0.0001). Use of routine PMTCT data in monitoring HIV prevalence among women of reproductive age could be more valid and reliable in local settings than the use of HTC data. Use of RPD to monitor national and sub-national-level HIV epidemic in between national surveys in Nigeria could maximize program resources, and promote a more responsive and efficient actions toward epidemic control.
Top-down mass spectrometry for protein molecular diagnostics, structure analysis, and biomarker discovery

Abstract Top-down mass spectrometry (TDMS) differs from the traditional bottom-up approach in that proteins are analyzed directly, rather than enzymatically digested prior to analysis. While bottom-up tends to be faster and more readily implemented, top-down has improved selectivity, enabling simultaneous characterization of dynamic and hard-to-predict events such as coding polymorphisms, alternative splicing, and posttranslational modifications. Thus, TDMS promises to provide a clearer picture of the biological variation that exists beyond gene translation. With the maturation of multidimensional sample processing procedures, data analysis tools, and “online” liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry technologies, top-down for proteomics investigations has achieved the sensitivity and dynamic range typically associated with peptide workflows. Plus, further advancements in native MS technologies have enabled TDMS to complement modern structural biology research by providing information on intact protein complexes such as subunit composition, stoichiometry, modifications, and interactions with various ligands and cofactors.
Passive non-line-of-sight imaging using plenoptic information

We present a methodology for recovering the perspective imagery of a non-line-of-sight scene based on plenoptic observations of indirect photons scattered from a homogeneous surface. Our framework segregates the visual contents observed along the scattering surface into angular and spatial components. Given the reflectance characteristics of the scatterer, we show that the former can be deduced from scattering measurements employing diversity in angle at individual surface points, whereas the latter can be deduced from captured images of the scatterer based on prior knowledge of occlusions within the scene. We then combine the visual contents from both components into a plenoptic modality capable of imaging at higher resolutions than what is allowed by the angular information content and discriminating against extraneous signals in complex scenes that spatial information struggles to discern. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach by reconstructing the imagery of test scenes from both synthetic and measured data.
Chapter 129 – Hyperparasitism

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the hymenopteran microwasps in which hyperparasitism occur. There are a variety of behaviors of hyperparasitoids depending on the species of secondary and primary microwasp parasitoids, which in turn are influenced by the species of phytophagous host, often an insect pest. In addition, there is an economic interest in hyperparasitism because if primary parasitoids are considered to be beneficial insects when used in biological control programs, it would seem that hyperparasitoids that attack primary parasitoids would be detrimental. However, hyperparasitoids may play a positive role by preventing extreme oscillations of the primary parasitoids that might reduce the numbers of the phytophagous host enough to cause the local elimination of both the insect pest and the beneficial primary parasitoid. Hyperparasitism has evolved in only three insect orders: in Hymenoptera (in 17 families) and in a few species of Diptera and Coleoptera. Its evolution was preceded by that of primary parasitism that evolved in the Hymenoptera during the Jurassic period, about 135 mya. Hyperparasitism intrigues entomologists because of its multidisciplinary relationship to evolution, ecology, behavior, biological control, taxonomy, and mathematical models.
Comparison of precision and conventional irrigation management of cotton and impact of soil texture

Soil textural variability diminishes the effectiveness of conventional irrigation management. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) can address soil variability; however, users need guidance to prepare prescriptions for optimal water application. A study was conducted at Portageville, MO, USA, in 2016 and 2017 with the objective to compare yield and irrigation water use efficiency among three water-management treatments for cotton: rainfed, irrigated based on the USDA-ARS Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system, and irrigated based on a water balance method. Sand content in the top 533 mm soil layer was estimated from apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Yield values measured near an ECa observation were averaged to create a data set containing sand content and associated yield. Although the trend was for the rainfed treatment to have the lowest yield in both years, the yield differences among all treatments were not significant when sand content was not considered. A strong effect of sand content on cotton yield was observed in both seasons, although the slopes differed among the water management treatments in 2016. The ISSCADA system tended to have a higher irrigation water use efficiency in both seasons, but the difference was not significant in 2016 when total irrigation applications were low. The study is continuing at Portageville and other locations and the ISSCADA system is constantly being improved to better meet the needs of agricultural producers.
Droplet microfluidic sequencing of HIV genomes and integration sites

Sequencing individual HIV-proviruses and their adjacent cellular junctions can elucidate mechanisms of infected cell persistence in vivo. Here, we present a high throughput microfluidic method to sequence entire proviruses in their native integration site context. We used the method to analyze infected cells from people with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, demonstrating >90% capture and sequencing of paired proviral genomes and integration sites. This method should enable comprehensive genetic analysis of persistent HIV-infected cell reservoirs, providing important insights into the barriers to HIV cure.
Rheology control of ultra-high-performance concrete made with different fiber contents

Abstract The study aims to improve flexural properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) prepared with different steel fiber volumes by controlling the rheological properties of the suspending mortar. Welan gum and high-range water reducer were incorporated to control rheology. Optimum rheological properties led to enhanced fiber distribution. Fiber distribution coefficient was proposed and considered to characterize fiber dispersion and orientation. For UHPC with 1%, 2%, and 3% fiber volumes, the highest flexural performance was obtained with mortars having plastic viscosities of 36, 52, and 66 Pa·s, respectively. Beyond these values, further increase in viscosity resulted in greater air entrapment and lower mechanical properties. Prediction model for flexural strength that considers a correlation between fiber dispersion and flexural-to-tensile strength ratio of the UHPC was developed. Viscosity of UHPC mortar was shown to be a reliable indicator to determine flexural-to-tensile strength ratio, and hence predict flexural strength of UHPC.
Bio-inspired photonics – marine hatchetfish camouflage strategies for RF steganography

Camouflage is a strategy that animals utilize for concealment in their habitat, making themselves invisible to their predators and preys. In RF systems, steganography or stealth transmission is the camouflage of information – a technology of hiding and transmitting secret messages in public media. Steganography conceals the secret message in publicly available media such that the eavesdropper or attacker will not be able to tell if there is a secret message to look for. Marine hatchetfish have two effective camouflage skills to help them hide from their predators – silvering and counterillumination. Silvering in marine hatchetfish uses its microstructured skin on its sides to achieve destructive interference at colors that could indicate the presence of the fish, while they also emit light at their bottom part to match its color and intensity to its surrounding, making it invisible from below, referred to as counterillumination. In this work, we borrow the two underwater camouflage strategies from marine hatchetfish, mimic them with photonic phenomena, and apply the camouflage strategies for physical stealth transmission of a 200 MBaud/s 16QAM OFDM secret signal at 5 GHz over a 25-km of optical fiber. The proposed bio-inspired steganography strategies successfully hid the secret signal in plain sight in temporal, RF spectral, and optical spectral domains, by blending in using counterillumination and turning invisible using silvering techniques. The stealth signal can only be retrieved with the precise and correct parameter for constructive interference at the secret signal frequency to unmask the silvering.
Five-body Calculations of D2 Fragmentation by Xe19+ Impact

A five-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo model has been developed to study fragmentation of diatomic molecules after double electron removal by highly charged ion impact. A systematic study of the final-state deuteron energy and momentum spectra has been conducted for Xe19+ + D-2 collisions at impact energies ranging from 1 eV/u to 100 keV/u. At the highest projectile energies, the fragment energies and momenta are determined by the Coulomb explosion of the doubly-ionized molecule via the known Franck-Condon transition for the isolated molecule. The deuterons are emitted back-to-hack with nearly equal energies. At the lowest projectile energies, the final state behavior is due mainly to the collisional momentum transfer from the slow-moving projectile. The deuterons are strongly scattered in the direction opposite to the transverse momentum of the projectile with energies far greater than those produced in the Franck-Condon transition. At energies around 150 eV/u, both slow and fast deuterons are predicted. This is due to the vector addition of the collisional momentum transfer to the center of mass of the molecule with that due to the two-body Coulomb breakup of the dissociating ions. [S1050-2947(99)01009-4].
On the Regularity Order of the Pointwise Uncollided Angular Flux and Asymptotic Convergence of the Discrete Ordinates Approximation of the Scalar Flux

To determine the angular discretization error asymptotic convergence rate of the uncollided scalar flux computed with the discrete ordinates (S N) method, a comprehensive theory of the regularity o...
Clinically relevant shifts in endogenous and exogenous mutational processes proximate to metastasis support local consolidative treatment in EGFR-driven non-small cell lung cancer

The progression of cancer--including the acquisition of therapeutic resistance and the fatal metastatic spread of therapy-resistant cell populations--is an evolutionary process that is challenging to monitor between sampling timepoints. Here we apply mutational signature analysis to clinically correlated cancer chronograms to detect and describe the shifting mutational processes caused by both endogenous (e.g. mutator mutation) and exogenous (e.g. therapeutic) factors between tumor sampling timepoints. In one patient, we find that cisplatin therapy can introduce mutations that increase the likelihood of genetic adaptation to subsequent targeted therapeutics. In another patient, we trace the emergence of known driver mutation CTNNB1 S37C to specific detection of defective mismatch repair associated mutational signature SBS3. Metastatic lineages were found to emerge from a single ancestral lineage arising during therapy--a finding that argues for the consideration of local consolidative therapy over other therapeutic approaches in EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Broadly, these results demonstrate the utility of phylogenetic analysis that incorporates clinical time course and mutational signature detection to inform clinical decision making and retrospective assessment of disease etiology.
A Method to Construct Low-Cost Ponds for Aquaculture

together in a circle. The construction was completed in one afternoon at a total cost of $612.00. A 100 m2 pond was constructed using a vinyl liner supported by hog wire panels shackled
Bacteriophage Mu late promoters: four late transcripts initiate near a conserved sequence.

Abstract Late transcription of bacteriophage Mu, which results in the expression of phage morphogenetic functions, is dependent on Mu C protein. Earlier experiments indicated that Mu late RNAs originate from four promoters, including the previously characterized mom promoter. S1 nuclease protection experiments were used to map RNA 5' ends in the three new regions. Transcripts were initiated at these points only in the presence of C and were synthesized in a rightward direction on the Mu genome. Amber mutant marker rescue analysis of plasmid clones and limited DNA sequencing demonstrated that these new promoters are located between C and lys, upstream of I, and upstream of P within the N gene. A comparison of the promoter sequences upstream from the four RNA 5' ends yielded two conserved sequences: the first (tA . . cT, where capital and lowercase letters indicate 100 and 75% base conservation, respectively), at approximately -10, shares some similarity with the consensus Escherichia coli sigma 70 -10 region, while the second (ccATAAc CcCPuG/Cac, where Pu indicates a purine), in the -35 region, bears no resemblance to the E. coli -35 consensus. We propose that these conserved Mu late promoter consensus sequences are important for C-dependent promoter activity. Plasmids containing transcription fusions of these late promoters to lacZ exhibited C-dependent beta-galactosidase synthesis in vivo, and C was the only Mu product needed for this transactivation. As expected, the late promoter-lacZ fusions were activated only at late times after induction of a Mu prophage. The C-dependent activation of lacZ fusions containing only a few bases of the 5' end of Mu late RNA and the presence of altered promoter sequences imply that C acts at the level of transcription initiation.
Effects of long-range correlated disorder on Dirac fermions in graphene

We study two-dimensional transport of quasirelativistic electronic excitations in graphene in the presence of Coulomb impurities and topological structural defects described by static long-range-correlated random scalar and vector potentials, respectively. Our results for the transport and cyclotron rates as well as the decay rate of the Friedel oscillations provide the means of identifying the dominant scattering mechanism in graphene. We also discuss the properties of zero-energy states and pertinent localization scenarios.
Image Sensing and Acquisition

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Light, Color, and Electromagnetic Spectrum Image Acquisition Image Digitization Problems ]]>
Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to saline soils and irrigation: II. Crop response to salinity

Abstract Safflower was grown in previously salinized plots that varied in effective EC e from 1.8 to 7.2 dS m −1 (0–2.7 m depth) and irrigated with either high quality (EC i −1 ) or saline (EC i , 6.7 dS m −1 ) water. Differences in pre-dawn and mid-day plant water potential, between saline and non-saline treatments, were significant at several dates. Leaf area index (LAI) declined by one unit over this salinity range. Plant populations were not affected, however, plant height was reduced by 32 cm between saline and non-saline plots. Seed and oil yield were not affected by increasing EC e , but oil content and 1000 seed weight increased slightly. Harvest index increased with salt stress due to a reduction in the ratio of stem to total biomass. Bud weight per m 2 was less affected by salinity. Safflower tolerated greater levels of salinity than previously reported. Below average temperatures and higher than average relative humidity in spring likely moderated the effects of salinity. Safflower is a viable alternative for use in rotations where saline soils and irrigation water limit production of non-tolerant crops.
Heart in malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma and mycosis fungoides). A study of 196 autopsy cases.

Abstract Of 196 patients with malignant lymphoma studied at autopsy, 48 (24 per cent) had lymphoma involving the heart. In 27 subjects the cardiac lymphoma was observed on gross examination, and in the other 21 it was found only on study of histologic sections. Lymphoma in the heart occurred most frequently in mycosis fungoides (33 per cent) and least frequently in Hodgkin's disease (16 per cent). Cardiac lymphoma was found in approximately 25 per cent of patients with lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma and undifferentiated or mixed cell malignant lymphoma. The cardiac metastases when observed grossly were usually firm white focal nodules located most frequently in the pericardium but also often in the walls of the chambers. In 9 patients the cardiac lymphoma extended through the wall of a cardiac chamber or septum. The incidence of dyspnea, chest pain, effusions into body cavities, precordial murmurs, ventricular gallops, edema and electrocardiographic disturbances was similar in patients with and without cardiac lymphoma, and these clinical findings most often were the result of mediastinal, pleural or pulmonary lymphoma, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, or an underlying cardiac condition. Signs or symptoms of cardiac dysfunction could be attributed to lymphomatous involvement of the heart in only 5 of the 48 patients with cardiac lymphoma. Three of them had mycosis fungoides, and 2, Hodgkin's disease.
Imaging Nervous System Activity

Optical imaging methods rely upon visualization of three types of signals: (1) intrinsic optical signals, including light scattering and reflectance, birefringence, and spectroscopic changes of intrinsic molecules, such as NADH or oxyhemoglobin; (2) changes in fluorescence or absorbance of voltage-sensitive membrane dyes; and (3) changes in fluorescence or absorbance of calcium-sensitive indicator dyes. Of these, the most widely used approach is fluorescent microscopy of calcium-sensitive dyes. This unit describes protocols for the use of calcium-sensitive dyes and voltage-dependent dyes for studies of neuronal activity in culture, tissue slices, and en-bloc preparations of the central nervous system.
A comparative study of wire bonding versus solder bumping of power semiconductor devices

Through a comparative study of wire bonding and solder bumping of power semiconductor devices, the advantages of solder bump interconnection are indicated. The fabrication process, electrical performance, thermal performance and reliability issues and results are presented and compared for these two technologies.
The Influence of Skin‐to‐Skin Contact after Cesarean on Breastfeeding Rates, Infant Feeding Responses, and Maternal Satisfaction

Paper Presentation Objective To determine whether the initiation of skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) between mothers and newborns in the operating room and thereafter would enhance infant feeding responses, decrease the time of breastfeeding initiation, increase the rates of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity, and promote maternal satisfaction with the cesarean birth process and breastfeeding practices. Design Quasi‐experimental design with convenience sampling and a mixed‐methods approach. Setting This study was implemented at the Women's Pavilion of the participating hospital, which is a private, not‐for‐profit community health care center. Sample The experimental group ( n = 25) was given SSC immediately after cesarean on the operating table and during recovery. The comparison group ( n = 16) was given routine standard care with/without delayed SSC in the recovery room. The experimental group was recruited during the preop admission period by registered nurses, whereas the comparison group was recruited during their 6‐week postpartum checkups from a large physicians’ office in Tallahassee. The same inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for both groups. Methods The outcomes measured included breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity, infant feeding responses, and maternal satisfaction. During the delivery and recovery periods, a project data sheet was completed on the experimental group and included data on breastfeeding initiation and length of time, latch quality, and infant feeding cues. Maternal satisfaction and overall breastfeeding duration and exclusivity were measured by phone survey at 4 to ‐12 weeks postpartum. Participants in the comparison group were provided with the same postpartum survey as the experimental group and were asked about SSC after cesarean and breastfeeding outcomes (e.g., initiation, duration, and exclusivity). Results The participants who experienced immediate SSC had significantly earlier breastfeeding initiation, significantly longer durations of overall breastfeeding, and significantly greater rates of exclusive breastfeeding than participants in the comparison group. The qualitative analysis of maternal satisfaction was multifactorial and influenced by several perioperative and postpartum factors. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice The findings suggest that SSC after cesarean may decrease breastfeeding initiation time, increase the rates of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity, enhance infant feeding responses, and further promote maternal satisfaction. The incorporation of SSC immediately after birth is considered beneficial for all newborns and mothers and should be implemented in all hospital environments.
Bureaucracy and the 'publicness' of local public goods

In two seminal papers in the early 1970s, Borcherding and Deacon (1972) and Bergstrom and Goodman (1973) (hereafter referred to as BDBG) attempted for the first time to estimate the exhaustibility (or rivalness) characteristics of local public goods. Their method was based upon the examination of the effects of population change on the expenditure patterns of cities. The use of this method, however, has almost uniformly resulted in the counterintuitive conclusion that local public goods are actually pure private goods with respect to their crowding behavior. Gonzalez and Mehay (1985), for example, note that in addition to the original two articles, at least six subsequent studies have come to this conclusion. Borcherding, Bush, and Spann (1977) have argued that bureaucracy is to blame for these results. Specifically, they suggest that, in order to increase their budgets, bureaucrats may use their power to alter the composition of local government spending in favor of goods and services toward the private good end of the local public good spectrum. In addition, BBS argue that if bureaucratic power is correlated with population across cities, the BDBG methodology will be biased in the direction of pure private goods. Under such a correlation, part of the extra spending in larger cities which is erroneously attributed to greater population by the BDBG approach is actually due to greater bureaucratic power in those larger cities. In a more recent paper, Gonzalez and Mehay (1985) have suggested that the presence of bureaucracy completely invalidates the BDBG approach, necessitating an alternative and less precise methodology to estimate the publicness of local public goods. In this paper I use a new, more exact model of bureaucratic influence to argue that bureaucracy cannot be responsible for the anomalous results found in the empirical literature. The paper demonstrates that: (1) if bureaucracies can alter the composition of spending in a community, they will push for local public goods which are close to the pure public good, rather than pure private good, extreme; and (2) if bureaucratic power is correlated with population, the estimated results will be biased toward the pure public good extreme. The purpose of the paper, then, is to divert study on the question of these empirical results away from bureaucracy into more fruitful lines of research. Section 1 details the model of bureaucracy used to examine these questions. Sections 2 and 3 contain proofs of the propositions listed above. Section 4 dis-
Confocal microscopy of whole mount embryonic cartilage: Intracellular localization of F-actin, chick prolyl hydroxylase and type II collagen mRNA

Abstract We show that whole mount preparations of embryonic chick sterna can be analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This technique replaces the traditional sectioning of cartilage or culturing of chondrocytes. Whole ‘chunks’ of cartilage can be stained with dyes, used for immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. Although other stains have been used, the stains presented include phalloidin and propidium iodide which stain filamentous actin (F-actin) and the DNA and RNA of cells, respectively. Collagen secreting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was localized with a primary antibody to chick prolyl hydroxylase (CPH) that was detected with a secondary antibody conjugated to FITC. The intracellular localization of type II collagen mRNA was analyzed using in situ hybridization. The cDNA probe specific for the C-propeptide region of the α1 type (II) collagen mRNA was nick translated and labeled with biotin-16-dUTP. Biotin labeled probes were visualized with avidin-FITC. Depending on the intensity of the stain, we were able to analyze approximately 3–10 layers of chondrocytes. Stains penetrated into the cartilage better than antibodies and biotin-avidin labeled cDNA probes. The F-actin was located as bands of filaments in the superficial layers of the cartilage and was associated with the membranes that marked cell boundaries as deep as 10 layers of chondrocytes. The ER stained with anti-chick prolyl hydroxylase was prominent in perinuclear regions of the cells, but the antibody was only able to penetrate 4–5 cell layers. Single label in situ hybridization studies show that chondrocytes are positive for type II collagen mRNA. Similar to the immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization probes were only able to penetrate 4–5 cell layers. The type II collagen mRNA appeared perinuclear in the chondrocytes, similar to the ER staining pattern.
Computer literacy training model for higher education faculty

Abstract Computer use in education is increasing exponentially. Almost all subject areas have found benefits in computer applications. However, there are no training models which describe how teachers and higher education faculty can be trained to deliver instruction using computer technology. This study determined the needs of the faculty and subsequently a training model was developed which can be used to provide computer literacy training to higher education faculty.
Social and genotypic aspects of open-field behavior of two lines of mice: a follow-up.

Sixty male and 60 female mice selected for high and low open-field activity were tested either alone or with a high-activity or a low-activity companion of the same sex. Independent measures of activity and of time spent in social interaction were obtained. Mice were more active when tested with a high-activity than with a low-activity companion; with the exception of high-activity females, they were more active when tested with a high-activity companion than when tested alone. These results were interpreted in terms of a socially facilitated change in activity. Nonparametric tests revealed no significant differences among groups in social interaction times.
Load-Insensitive Measurements from an Isolated Perfused Biventricular Working Rat Heart.

To determine whether a rat heart model can provide load-insensitive measurements of cardiac function, a recently developed biventricular perfused preparation was tested. Using 29 Sprague-Dawley rat hearts perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer, ventricles functioned simultaneously with adjustable independent preload (venous reservoirs) and afterload (compliance chambers). Ultrasonic crystal pairs provided continuous left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) short-axis dimensions. LV and RV pressure-length loops (loop area = work) were generated from paired intraventricular pressure and short-axis dimensions. Load-insensitive measurements were obtained from the slopes (elastance) and x-intercepts (L0) of regression lines generated from the end-systolic coordinates of these pressure-length loops over ranges of RV and LV preloads. Measurements were made after 15 min of stable function and after 20 min of warm (37°C) ischemia. During perturbations in LV afterload, there were linear changes in dP/dt, but loop work remained relatively unchanged. RV dP/dt and work varied little with physiologic ranges of afterload. Increased RV afterload had little effect on LV function. Ischemia affected LV function more than RV function using these measurements. Elastance, however, increased after ischemia with diastolic ‘creep’ (increased L0) for both ventricles. Load-insensitive and other sophisticated hemodynamic measurements are possible with this new preparation.
Validity of self-reported drug use in high risk populations: a meta-analytical review.

Research involving drug users and treatment evaluations continue to rely extensively on self-reports of drug use. This paper presents a meta-analytical review of 24 studies published since 1985 that examined the validity of drug self-reports in high risk populations. Only studies employing a biological criterion of validity (e.g., urinalysis, hair analysis) are included. Coefficients of chance-corrected agreement between self-reports and the validity criteria are calculated from published data to facilitate cross-study comparisons. The median conditional kappa (kappa c) was .42, considerably below the level of kappa c = .80 that represents acceptable reporting accuracy. The magnitude of drug use underreporting documented in this review could seriously bias prevalence estimates and treatment outcome studies.
Brain-imaging surrogate markers for detection and prevention of age-related memory loss.

Recent evidence points to the importance of neuropathological and cognitive changes preceding Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and clinical trials have begun to focus on preventive treatments designed to slow age-related cognitive decline and delay the onset of AD in people with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). Studying subjects with few deficits leads to diagnostic heterogeneity and a need for larger samples in order to detect active drug effects. In this report, I review results of recent studies designed to address such issues. Middle-aged and older adults with mild memory complaints were studied using brain imaging and measures of the major known genetic risk for AD, the apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4) allele. In a study of positron emission tomography during mental rest, glucose metabolic rates were significantly lower in APOE-4 carriers in brain regions affected by AD. Another study using functional magnetic resonance imaging showed increased brain activation during memory tasks in APOE-4 carriers in similar brain regions. Longitudinal follow-up after 2 yr indicated the potential utility of such brain-imaging measures, combined with genetic-risk information, as surrogate markers in treatment trials for AAMI to prevent further cognitive decline. Current development focuses on novel technologies using positron emission tomography to directly image the neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of AD in order to provide more specific measures of disease progression in future clinical trials.
Production planning with uncertain demands and real options

This paper proposes options based sales contracts for manufacturing enterprises to handle fluctuating demands. It presents a stochastic programming model for aggregate production planning with demands of different types such as uncertain forecasts, forward contracts and real options. Both call options by the buyers and put options by the enterprise are considered. The proposed procedure guides the selection of ‘call options’ among those offered and the quantities for new ‘put options’ along with a feasible production plan.
Charge transport in hexagonal columnar liquid crystals self-organized from supramolecular cylinders based on acene-functionalized dendrons

We report measurements of time-of-flight charge carrier mobility and thermal optical polarized microscopy on a new class of hexagonal columnar (Φ h ) liquid crystals (LC) self-organized from supramolecular cylinders self-assembled from acene functionalized dendrons. We discuss the temperature and electric field-independent high hole mobility of 1-3.5×10 - 3 cm 2 /V s of fluorinated tapered first generation dendrons that contain pyrene and naphthalene groups in their core and self-assemble into supramolecular nanocylinders. The anomalous temperature behavior of the mobility is consistent with polaron transport mechanisms. Studies of time-of-flight transients, which reveal evidence for dynamic defects with lifetimes in the range of 10 - 6 s, are presented as aspects of charge generation and recombination kinetics.