cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of PM 2.5 in October 2017 Northern California wildfire plumes

Abstract. Wildfires have become more common and intense in the western US over recent decades due to a combination of historical land management practices and warming climate. Emissions from large-scale fires now frequently affect populated regions such as the San Francisco Bay Area during the fall wildfire season, with documented impacts of the resulting particulate matter on human health. Health impacts of exposure to wildfire emissions depend on the chemical composition of particulate matter, but the molecular composition of the real biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) that reaches large population centers remains insufficiently characterized. We took PM 2.5 (particles having aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 2.5 µm ) samples at the University of California, Berkeley campus ( ∼ 60 km downwind of the fires) during the October 2017 Northern California wildfires period and analyzed molecular composition of OA using a two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC HR-ToF-MS). Sugar-like compounds were the most abundant component of BBOA, followed by mono-carboxylic acids, aromatic compounds, other oxygenated compounds, and terpenoids. The vast majority of compounds detected in smoke have unknown health impacts. Regression models were trained to predict the saturation vapor pressure and averaged carbon oxidation state ( OS c ‾ ) of detected compounds. The compounds speciated have a wide volatility distribution and most of them are highly oxygenated. In addition, time series of primary BBOA tracers observed in Berkeley were found to be indicative of the types of plants in the ecosystems burned in Napa and Sonoma, and could be used to differentiate the regions from which the smoke must have originated. Commonly used secondary BBOA markers like 4-nitrocatechol were enhanced when plumes aged, but their very fast formation caused them to have similar temporal variation as primary BBOA tracers. Using hierarchical clustering analysis, we classified compounds into seven factors indicative of their sources and transformation processes, identifying a unique daytime secondary BBOA factor. Chemicals associated with this factor include multifunctional acids and oxygenated aromatic compounds. These compounds have high OS c ‾ , and they are also semi-volatile. We observed no net particle-phase organic carbon formation, which indicates an approximate balance between the mass of evaporated organic carbonaceous compounds and the addition of secondary organic carbonaceous compounds.
An A- and B-Site Substitutional Study of SrFeO3−δ Perovskites for Solar Thermochemical Air Separation

An A‑ and B‑site substitutional study of SrFeO3-δ perovskites (A'xA1-xB'yB1-yO3-δ, where A = Sr and B = Fe) was performed for a two‑step solar thermochemical air separation cycle. The cycle steps encompass (1) the thermal reduction of A'xSr1-xB'yFe1-yO3-δ driven by concentrated solar irradiation and (2) the oxidation of A'xSr1-xB'yFe1-yO3-δ in air to remove O2, leaving N2. The oxidized A'xSr1-xB'yFe1-yO3-δ is recycled back to the first step to complete the cycle, resulting in the separation of N2 from air and concentrated solar irradiation. A-site substitution fractions between 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 were examined for A' = Ba, Ca, and La. B-site substitution fractions between 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.2 were examined for B' = Cr, Cu, Co, and Mn. Samples were prepared with a modified Pechini method and characterized with X-ray diffractometry. The mass changes and deviations from stoichiometry were evaluated with thermogravimetry in three screenings with temperature- and O2 pressure-swings between 573 and 1473 K and 20% O2/Ar and 100% Ar at 1 bar, respectively. A' = Ba or La and B' = Co resulted in the most improved redox capacities amongst temperature- and O2 pressure-swing experiments.
A nonolfactory shark adenosine receptor activates CFTR with unique pharmacology and structural features.

Adenosine receptors (ADORs) are G protein-coupled purinoceptors that have several functions including regulation of chloride secretion via cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)...
Passivity-based adaptive trajectory control of an underactuated 3-DOF overhead crane

Abstract This paper presents a robust passivity-based adaptive control method for payload trajectory tracking of a three degree-of-freedom overhead crane with a varying-length rigid hoist cable. A reformulation of the overhead crane’s equations of motion is used and an adaptive control law is developed to ensure the system has an output strictly passive (OSP) input–output mapping. The Passivity Theorem is used to prove that the closed-loop system is input–output stable when an OSP negative feedback controller is implemented. Convergence and boundedness of the payload trajectory tracking error is proven with two candidate OSP feedback controllers, including a constant gain and a strictly positive real (SPR) controller. Numerical simulations and experiments are performed with the proposed control method and two state-of-the-art control laws from the literature. The results demonstrate the practicality of the proposed control method and the improved performance of the proposed SPR controller in the experiments compared to the controllers from the literature.
Magnetic Resonance Neurography for Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) continue to present both diagnostic and treatment challenges. While nerve transections are typically a straightforward diagnosis, other types of PNIs, such as chronic or traumatic nerve compression, may be more difficult to evaluate due to their varied presentation and limitations of current diagnostic tools. As a result, diagnosis may be delayed, and these patients may go on to develop progressive symptoms, impeding normal activity. In the past, PNIs were diagnosed by history and clinical examination alone or techniques that raised concerns regarding accuracy, invasiveness, or operator dependency. Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) has been increasingly utilized in clinical settings due to its ability to visualize complex nerve structures along their entire pathway and distinguish nerves from surrounding vasculature and tissue in a noninvasive manner. In this review, we discuss the clinical applications of MRN in the diagnosis, as well as pre- and postsurgical assessments of patients with peripheral neuropathies.
Adaptivity of Mathematics Representations to Reason Scientifically Students’ Perspective

Mathematical reasoning is encoded in mathematical representations from which formulas and functions that are built of parameters and variables are the most frequently used. Analyzing graphs, formulating covariational relationships, and hypothesizing systems’ behavior have solidified as necessary actions to nurture scientific inquiry. This case study attempts to determine how high school physics students perceive formulas and algebraic functions as means to learn physics. A sample of 25 advanced high school physics students (N = 25) was taught kinematics, dynamics, and energy considering functional representations of some laws and principles included in these sections. At the concluding phase, these students were invited to contrast formulas and functions as a means of uncovering phenomena behavior. The analysis revealed that students found covariational images of formulas as richer scientific representations. It was concluded that one of the elements that can help transition mathematics structural domain to physics is presenting formulas as entities transferrable to functions.
The Residential Segregation of European Immigrant Groups in the Early Twentieth-Century United States: the Role of Natives’ Social Distance Attitudes

To what extent did U.S. natives’ social distance attitudes toward various European ancestry groups affect European immigrants’ residential segregation in the early twentieth century? Surprisingly, this question has not been directly addressed, even though it is well known that, at the time, U.S. natives’ social distance attitudes toward different racial/ethnic groups, documented by Emory Bogardus’s famous 1926 survey, were key features of a boundary separating whites into two divisions: (1) those of Southern, Central, and Eastern European ancestry, and (2) those of Northern and Western European ancestry. The present study finds that variation in natives’ expressed desires for social distance from different European ancestry groups was a decisive factor in European immigrant groups’ residential segregation from the native-born U.S. population, independently of the immigrant groups’ formal schooling and monetary assets. The results bolster claims in the residential segregation literature that majority-group prejudice plays a central role in minority groups’ spatial distance from the majority group, net of any socioeconomic inequalities.
Specters of World Literature: Orientalism, Modernity, and the Novel in the Middle East

At the heart of this book is a spectral theory of world literature that draws on Edward Said, Aamir Mufti, Jacques Derrida and world-systems theory to assess how the field produces local literature as an "other" that haunts its universalising, assimilative imperative with the force of the uncanny.
Blind Source Separation and Speech Enhancement

Humans are able to pay attention to a particular speaker in a complex auditory scene of multiple talkers. This amazing functionality has motivated the development of the blind source separation (BSS) methods that aim to recover source signals from their mixtures without detailed knowledge of the mixing process. A problem of this kind is also known as the cocktail party problem. We shall consider two scenarios, one is to recover all possible sources, and the other is to enhance one signal while suppressing the rest. Because the mixing of sound signals are nonlocal (convolutive) in time, we shall first consider the simpler instantaneous mixture problems where solutions are more explicit for better illustration of general ideas.
Administration of 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate as an Antidote for Intracranial Bleeding in Patients Taking Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors

Objective Direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban and apixaban are efficacious alternatives to warfarin and confer a lower risk of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH); however, they lack a validated reversal strategy. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) administration on rivaroxaban- and apixaban-mediated coagulopathy in patients with traumatic and spontaneous ICH. Methods Retrospective review of patients presenting with traumatic and spontaneous ICH and concurrent use of rivaroxaban or apixaban. Demographic factors, reason for anticoagulation, hemorrhage type and location, Glasgow coma scale score, and when appropriate, ICH score, were included. Patient charts were reviewed for in-hospital mortality, thromboembolic events, pulmonary complications, worsening of hemorrhage, hemorrhagic complications after neurosurgical intervention, and 90-day modified Rankin scale score. Results Eighteen patients met inclusion criteria; 16 used rivaroxaban and 2 used apixaban. Eight patients presented with traumatic ICH, 8 with hemorrhagic stroke, 1 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 patient with tumoral hemorrhage. Mean Glasgow coma scale score was 12.6 (range, 6–15) and mean ICH score was 2.3 (range, 0–4). After reversal with PCC, 1 patient (5.6%) demonstrated worsening of ICH on follow-up head computed tomography. PCCs were administered before emergent placement of an external ventricular drain in 1 individual, with no hemorrhagic complications. Six patients (33.3%) experienced in-hospital mortality: family withdrew care in 4 and 2 died due to pneumonia. There was 1 (5.6%) thromboembolic complication. Favorable outcomes at 90 days were seen in 6 patients (33.3%). Conclusions Despite no studies demonstrating the efficacy of 4-factor PCC administration for reversal of coagulopathy in patients on direct factor Xa inhibitors, our early experience demonstrates it to be safe, yet potentially reducing hemorrhagic complications and hematoma expansion in this critically ill population.
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a bubble separation tank

Abstract Flow behavior of bubbles in a continuous liquid phase is of interest in many flotation systems such as those used in mineral processing, wastewater treatment, wastepaper de-inking etc., where particles in suspension are separated as bubble-particles aggregates. The fluid dynamics modeling of these multiphase systems is a difficult task due to the complexities of momentum transfer between different phases. In this work, a general methodology for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a bubble separation tank is described. The continuous phase is modeled with the Eulerian approach while the trajectory of bubbles is computed with Lagrangian frame of reference. The motion of the carrier phase (water) and the dispersed phase (bubble) are coupled via a source term that describes the effect of bubbles on the momentum of the continuous phase. The Particle-Source-In Cell (PSI-Cell) method gives the quantitative description of this source term. With CFD simulations, the effectiveness of different tank design parameters are evaluated in terms of the extent of bubble separation.
Leader member exchange and the use of moderating conflict management styles

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the styles of conflict management and the quality of dyadic exchanges between leader and follower, controlling for age, gender, education, and organizational tenure.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology was quantitative and incorporated the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory‐II and Leader‐Member Exchange Version 7 survey instruments.Findings – There were significant findings with respect to quality of dyadic relationship and use of conflict management styles. The lower the dyadic relationship quality, the more moderating styles are introduced into the relationship.Research limitations/implications – The limitations of the study were: participants were selected by the vice president of human resources for this international company and were limited to current US employees; the study was limited to one company, thereby limiting the ability to generalize study findings; and the study focused on correlational data, and mad...
AGNs at VLTI Scales

The VLTI will be able to resolve 20 mas structure at 10 μm and 4 mas structure at 2 μm. Its resolution will be well matched to the critical regions in active galaxies where the violent environment surrounding the nucleus meets the interstellar medium of the host galaxy. With the VLTI we will be able to address how accreting matter flows towards the nucleus and whether irradiation of that matter produces the infrared continuum emission from quasars. In the more distant future, nulling interferometry might provide information about the nature of the broad line region and other structures just below the resolution limit.
A cultural-historical activity theory investigation of contradictions in open and distance higher education among alienated adult learners in Korea National Open University

Drawing upon cultural-historical activity theory, this research analyzed the structural contradictions existing in a variety of educational activities among a group of alienated adult students in Korea National Open University (KNOU). Despite KNOU’s quantitative development in student enrollment, the contradictions shed light on how the institution’s top-down, bureaucratic pedagogical system collided with individual expectations and needs. In particular, the participants’ critical viewpoints demonstrate the incompatible social roles that the open and distance higher education institution plays in Korean society. For example, while KNOU contributes to extending higher education opportunities for those who have unmet educational needs, the value of the KNOU degree has not been socially acknowledged since there is little, if any, competition in the entrance process. This study also documents how these contradictions were culturally and historically embedded in the participants’ distance higher education activities. Given the persistent contradictions, the research findings illuminate that KNOU’s efficiency-oriented model has not effectively facilitated the students’ learning as its distance higher education system is inevitably based on a compromise between a competitive, quality curriculum and the efficient extension of audiences.
Economic evaluation of vaccination: capturing the full benefits, with an application to human papillomavirus

Vaccination has been among the greatest contributors to the past century’s dramatic improvements in health and life expectancy. Recent advances in vaccinology have resulted in new vaccines that will likely lead to substantial future health gains. However, the high cost of these new vaccines, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, poses an obstacle to their widespread adoption in many countries. Economic evaluation can help to determine if investment in vaccine introduction is worthwhile. However, existing economic evaluations usually focus on a narrow set of vaccination-mediated benefits—most notably avoided medical-care costs—and fail to account for several categories of potentially important gains. We consider three sources of such benefit and discuss them with respect to HPV vaccination: (i) outcome-related productivity gains, (ii) behaviour-related productivity gains, and (iii) externalities. We also highlight that HPV vaccination protects against more than just cervical cancer and that these other health gains should be taken into account. Failing to account for these broader benefits of HPV vaccination could result in substantial underestimation of the value of HPV vaccination, thereby leading to ill-founded decisions regarding its introduction into national immunization programmes.
Developing experimental models for a bistatic subsurface radar

The letter presents preliminary results from a recent experimental investigation to characterise the electromagnetic scattering from conducting objects submerged in a dissipative half-space. The variation of the magnetic field with respect to the depth of the scattering object is discussed. Correlations are also sought between the measured field components and the size of the scattering object.
Environmentalism among nation-states

This article attempts to offer a better understanding of international environmental cooperation by measuring state environmentalism. We examine whether there is a structural response by nation-states to various international agreements on the environment. Using alpha and theta reliability scaling, we create an environmental scale that measures the propensity of a nation-state to take political action in support of the environment, as indicated by the ratification of key international treaties. Our work suggests that environmentalism is, in fact, a structural characteristic of nation-states that leads them to respond in a patterned way to environmental policies.
Educational Family Therapy for schizophrenia: a new treatment model for clinical service and research.

Abstract A new family therapy model for schizophrenia is described, Educational Family Therapy (EFT). This model employs didactic teaching methods and ‘user friendly’ educational handouts and is provided in a flexible, interactive manner. The results of pilot data show that the model is feasible and suggest family members improve in their understanding of the illness. Data are also presented demonstrating that EFT can be distinguished from another model of family therapy for schizophrenia, Behavioral Family Therapy. The need for research comparing EFT and other family therapy models for schizophrenia is discussed. Such research may have implications for the dissemination of effective family interventions, matching treatment models to family needs and understanding the mechanisms underlying the impact of family therapy on the course of schizophrenia and on family burden.
Social Expectations and Behavioral Indicators in School-Wide Positive Behavior Supports A National Study of Behavior Matrices

The three-tiered School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) model is now being implemented in more than 13,000 schools in the United States (Horner, Sugai, & Anderson, 2010). One core feature of Tier One of the SWPBIS model is the identification of social expectations and behavior indicators across all school settings. This study examined the types and frequency of schools’ social expectations and behavioral indicators as they were written into their behavior matrices. Participants from 155 schools located in 12 regionally representative states provided a sample of their behavioral matrix. Analyses of the matrices showed that three social expectations (respect, responsibility, and safety) occurred in more than 60% of behavior matrices. In addition, behavior indicators (e.g., walk to the right, quiet voices, hands to self) were identified for the four most frequent social expectations. Regional and state comparisons of social expectation frequency indicate homogeneity of categories...
Veterans Health Administration and Medicare Outpatient Health Care Utilization by Older Rural and Urban New England Veterans

ABSTRACT: Context: Older veterans often use both the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare to obtain health care services. Purpose: The authors sought to compare outpatient medical service utilization of Medicare-enrolled rural veterans with their urban counterparts in New England. Methods: The authors combined VHA and Medicare databases and identified veterans who were age 65 and older and enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service plans, and they obtained records of all their VHA services in New England between 1997 and 1999. The authors used ZIP codes to designate rural or urban residence and categorized outpatient utilization into primary care, individual mental health care, non–mental health specialty care, or emergency room care. Findings: Compared with their urban counterparts, veterans living in rural settings used significantly fewer VHA and Medicare-funded primary care, specialist care, and mental health care visits in all 3 years examined (P<.001 for all). Compared with urban veterans, veterans living in rural settings used fewer VHA emergency department services in 1998 and 1999 but more Medicare-funded emergency department visits in 1997. The authors found some evidence of substitution of Medicare for VHA emergency visits in rural veterans, but no other evidence of like-service substitution. Rural veterans were more reliant on Medicare for primary care and on VHA services for specialty and mental health care. Conclusions: These findings suggest that rural access to federally funded health care is restricted relative to urban access. Older veterans may choose different systems of care for different health care services. With poor access to primary care, rural veterans may substitute emergency room visits for routine care.
Effect of D890 on membrane properties of neocortical neurons.

D890, a derivative of the Ca2+ channel antagonist D600, was intracellularly applied from conventional microelectrodes into pyramidal neurons of neocortical slices. The effects of D890 were ascertained by evaluating alterations in membrane properties following drug administration and by comparing these neurons to untreated controls. The amplitude of action potentials (APs) evoked by depolarizing current pulses was attenuated by up to 30% within about 15 min after impalement with D890-containing electrodes. AP rate of rise was reduced by up to 80% and duration was increased. These effects were dependent upon the rate of stimulation. When depolarizing pulses were delivered at low rates of stimulation (e.g. 0.1 Hz), the overshoot of evoked APs declined by about 10%. At higher frequencies (greater than 2 Hz) the AP overshoot decreased by up to 90%. These effects were mostly reversible on decreasing the frequency of stimulation. A half maximal effect was attained at about 1 Hz, when APs of control neurons were unaltered. In neurons impaled with D890-containing electrodes, depolarizing current pulses delivered in the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and tetrodotoxin elicited high threshold calcium spikes which had a duration between 20 and 200 ms. In the early phase of D890 application, the duration of Ca2+ spikes decreased in a reversible frequency-dependent manner; after prolonged application, however, the recovery was incomplete. On the average, Ca2+ spike amplitude and duration decreased by 20% and 50%, respectively, suggesting that D890 usually produces an incomplete blockade of the underlying CA current. The duration of the slow envelope of orthodromically evoked epileptiform paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (DSs), induced by bath application of 10(-5) M bicuculline, was frequency dependent and consistently increased from about 20 ms to 150 ms (half amplitude width) at frequencies above 0.5 Hz. In the presence of D890, the action potentials superimposed on the slow envelope of the DS were attenuated, but neither the amplitude nor the frequency-dependent progressive prolongation of the DS was altered. Application of TEA in the presence of bicuculline (10(-5) M) increased the amplitude and duration of the DS in neurons impaled with D890-containing electrodes. Under these conditions, the durations of DSs evoked by low frequency orthodromic stimulation (greater than 0.5 Hz) were still progressively prolonged, while, in the same neuron, directly evoked Ca2+ spikes progressively decreased in amplitude and duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Changes in myofibrillar protein composition of human diaphragm elicited by congestive heart failure

We describe the changes in proportions of myofibrillar proteins elicited by chronic congestive heart failure in the costal diaphragm (DIA) of humans using one and two-dimensional electrophoretic techniques. Three myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were found in the DIA from control subjects: slow MHC I (43±S.E.2%), fast MHC IIa (41±2%) and fast MHC IIb (17±1%). In heart failure DIA, the percentage of MHC I was increased to 57±2%, while that of MHC IIb was decreased to 8±2 (P<0.001 for both cases). Similarly, this DIA had higher molar ratios (%) of the slow myosin light chain isoforms (i.e. 1sa, 1sb, and 2s), and lower molar ratios of the fast isoforms (i.e. 1f, 2f, and 3f ) than control DIA. Heart failure DIA also contained lower proportions of bothα-tropomyosin and fast isoforms of troponin-T, I and C than control DIA. These results indicate that heart failure elicits fast-to-slow transformations of both myosin and regulatory proteins of human costal DIA. These changes can be viewed as an increase in slow-twitch characteristics of the DIA and differ from the adaptations elicited by heart failure in limb muscles.
Coherence stabilization of a two-qubit gate by ac fields.

We consider a cnot gate operation under the influence of quantum bit-flip noise and demonstrate that ac fields can change the qubit Hamiltonian in such a way that it approximately commutes with the bath coupling. Then the noise effectively acts as phase noise which improves coherence up to several orders of magnitude while the gate operation time remains unchanged. Within a high-frequency approximation, both purity and fidelity of the gate operation are studied analytically. The numerical treatment with a Bloch-Redfield master equation confirms the analytical results.
First-Trimester Sonographic Signs of Trisomy 13

First-trimester screening with or without biochemistry is often thought of as a screening test for high-risk patients and those of advanced maternal age. It is a useful screening tool that is being offered more frequently to the low-risk population. This case demonstrates the sonographic findings associated with Trisomy 13 in a low-risk patient during her first trimester of pregnancy and the evolution of these findings throughout gestation. It also stresses the importance of evaluating fetal anatomy during scans performed in the first trimester, as the clinical management of the patient will be quite different for those with fetal anomalies than those without.
L-subshell ionization of Pr, Nd and Sm by 0.40–2.00 MeV He + ions

Abstract Subshell X-ray production cross sections of Pr, Nd and Sm were measured for incident helium ions with energies between 0.40 and 2.00 MeV. Subshell ionization cross sections (obtained from the production cross sections by the use of theoretical values of fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig transition probabilities) are compared to the predictions of the plane wave born approximation and perturbed stationary state theories (including relativistic and Coulomb deflection effects). No one theory provides the best fit for all three elements.
Validation of a risk function to predict mortality in a VA population with coronary artery disease.

Abstract A multivariate risk function based in the Cox model was developed in the VA Study of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery to predict the survival of patients with stable angina pectoris. The methods used in developing and evaluating the performance of the risk function (validation) are described. Performance was evaluated internally by the methods of resubstitution, half-sample replication, and jackknifing, and externally by use of an independent patient population.
Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Binding of Ganglioside to Integrin α5 Modulates α5β1Function

Gangliosides GT1b and GD3, components of keratinocyte membranes, inhibit keratinocyte adhesion to fibronectin. Although ganglioside sialylation is known to be important, the mechanism of inhibition is unknown. Using purified insect recombinant alpha(5) and beta(1) proteins and alpha(5)beta(1) integrin from lysed keratinocyte-derived SCC12 cells, we have shown that GT1b and GD3 inhibit the binding of alpha(5)beta(1) to fibronectin. Co-immunoprecipitation of GT1b and alpha(5)beta(1) from SCC12 cells and direct binding of GT1b and GD3 to affinity-purified alpha(5)beta(1) from SCC12 cells and insect recombinant alpha(5)beta(1), particularly the alpha(5) subunit, further suggest interaction between ganglioside and alpha(5)beta(1). The carbohydrate moieties of integrin appear to be critical since gangliosides are unable to bind deglycosylated forms of alpha(5)beta(1) from SCC12 and insect cells or poorly glycosylated recombinant alpha(5)beta(1) from Escherichia coli cells. The GT1b-alpha(5)beta(1) interaction is inhibited by concanavalin A, suggesting that GT1b binds to mannose structures in alpha(5)beta(1). The preferential binding of GT1b to high mannose rather than reduced mannose ovalbumin further implicates the binding of GT1b to mannose structures. These data provide evidence that highly sialylated gangliosides regulate alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated adhesion of epithelial cells to fibronectin through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions between GT1b and the alpha(5) subunit of alpha(5)beta(1) integrin.
Sex and seasonal changes in the rate of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult wild meadow voles

In order to study the neurobiological basis of seasonal changes in hippocampal structure and function, the rate of cell proliferation was examined in male and female wild meadow voles captured during different seasons. We found that the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells varied across the seasons and across sex in the meadow vole. Non-breeding female meadow voles had a higher rate of cell proliferation and cell death than males captured during either season or breeding females. These seasonal changes in the female meadow vole were associated with both fluctuating levels of adrenal steroids and gonadal steroids. Estradiol level was highly correlated with both the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells and the number of pyknotic cells in female meadow voles, with high levels of estradiol being associated with low levels of cell proliferation and cell death. Corticosterone level was associated with the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells in the hilus of female meadow voles. This seasonal change in the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells was also related to the overall volume of the hippocampus. At variance with past literature, there was no statistically significant sex difference favoring males in hippocampal volume, although the means were in the predicted direction. In male meadow voles, the number of pyknotic cells was related to testosterone level, with high levels of testosterone being associated with greater levels of cell death in the granular cell layer. There was also a suggestion that the number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells in the hilus varied seasonally in males, with higher rates of cell proliferation during the breeding season than during the non-breeding season. In summary, we found that there were large fluctuations across the season in the rate of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult female meadow voles. Females captured during the non-breeding season had higher rates of cell proliferation in the granule cell layer than females captured during the breeding season. This seasonal fluctuation was related to hormone levels, with high levels of corticosterone and estradiol being related to lower levels of cell proliferation. These seasonal changes in cell proliferation may be related to known changes in spatial learning in the meadow vole and provide insights into changes in the hippocampus that occur in other species, including primates.
Application of significant structure theory of liquids to critical phenomena. Calculation of critical-point exponents

Abstract Three critical-point exponents β, δ, γ and the corresponding coefficients B, D and G are calculated using significant structure theory. The results are compared with those obtained from the van der Waals equation, Berthelot's equation and the Dieterici equation. The significant structure theory and the van der Waals equation behave similarly in the critical region. All these equations of state predict a finite Cν at the critical point.
Comparisons of Uptake and Depuration of 2‐Methylisoborneol in Male, Female, Juvenile, and 3MC‐induced Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

The occurrence of off-flavors in farm-raised channel catfish is a major burden to the catfish culture industry, causing millions of dollars worth of market-ready fish to be rejected each year. Off-flavors are believed to be the result of exposure and subsequent accumulation of certain volatile microbial metabolites such as 2-methylisoborneol. In this study, the uptake and elimination of [14C]-2-methylisoborneol equivalents were examined in juvenile and mature channel catfish. The described method is presented as a simple and inexpensive procedure for comparing treatment effects on off-flavor elimination rates. In addition, the effects of the cytochrome P4501A inducing agent 3-methylcholanthrene on 2-methylisoborneol depuration was studied in juvenile fish. Uptake was determined during a 24–h static exposure to waterborne 2-methylisoborneol (7.6 ± 3.7 μg/L). Uptake equilibrium had been established in all groups by 12 h, with total uptake higher in juvenile fish. Depuration rates were not different between untreated groups (t½ a = 12.r122.4 h; t½β= 91.3–143.7 h); however, the depuration half-lives for 3-methylcholanthrene treated juveniles were significantly longer than those of controls.
How about the human side of it

With sympathetic attention and the direction of modern scientific methods toward achieving a solution of existing problems in human relationships, an ideal civilization is foreseen. This is the sixth article in The Engineering Foundation's symposium “Has Man Benefited by Engineering Progress?”
Relationship of Dynamic Seat Ratings to Real-World Neck Injury Rates

Objectives: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety assigns consumer safety ratings to passenger vehicle seats based on laboratory sled tests that simulate rear-end collisions. The purpose of this research was to determine how well these ratings correlate to driver neck injury risk in real-world crashes. Methods: Insurance claims for cars and SUVs struck in the rear by the front of another passenger vehicle were examined for evidence of driver neck injury. Logistic regression was used to compare neck injury rates for vehicles with different seat ratings while controlling for other important variables. Results: Driver neck injury rates were 15% lower for vehicles with seats rated good compared with vehicles with seats rated poor. Rates of driver neck injuries lasting 3 months or more were 35% lower for vehicles with seats rated good compared with vehicles with seats rated poor. Conclusions: Seat/head restraints that perform better in dynamic sled tests have lower risk of neck injury than seats that rate...
Architectural Support for Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems are integrations of computation, communication networks, and physical dynamics. Although time plays a central role in the physical world, all widely used software abstractions lack temporal semantics. The notion of correct execution of a program written in every widely-used programming language today does not depend on the temporal behavior of the program. But temporal behavior matters in almost all systems, and most particularly in cyber-physical systems. In this talk, I will argue that time can and must become part of the semantics of programs for a large class of applications. To illustrate that this is both practical and useful, we will describe a recent effort at Berkeley in the design and implementation of timing-centric software systems. Specifically, I will describe PRET machines, which redefine the instruction-set architecture (ISA) of a microprocessor to embrace temporal semantics. Such machines can be used in high-confidence and safety-critical systems, in energy-constrained systems, in mixed-criticality systems, and as a Real-Time Unit (RTU) that cooperates with a general-purpose processor to provide real-time services, in a manner similar to how a GPU provides graphics services.
The Kids-Palatable Eating Motives Scale: Relation to BMI and binge eating traits

Introduction Despite high rates of obesity in adolescents, little is known about their individual motives for eating caloric foods for reasons unrelated to hunger. The goal of this study was to provide a preliminary validation of the “Kids Palatable Eating Motives Scale” (K-PEMS), a self-report survey designed to identify individual motives for eating tasty foods in adolescents. The study also sought to determine if any specific motive(s) can account for variance in BMI and binge-eating disorder (BED) traits which can exacerbate obesity.
Education of wireless and ATM networking concepts using hands-on laboratory experience

Traditional computer networking courses primarily tend to provide students with hands-on software development and network performance experience with TCP/IP and Ethernet networks. Our objectives are to enhance the curriculum of networking courses and the expertise of students by introducing next-generation networks such as wireless and ATM networks. To facilitate this, we have established a wireless ATM network instructional facility (NIF) at Washington State University (WSU). Projects based on ATM networks and wireless networks have been introduced in a course on undergraduate computer networks taught at WSU during Spring 1998. This paper describes the laboratory setup, the projects and assignments, and the feedback obtained from the students.
The relationship of patient characteristics to physician delivery of advice to stop smoking

To investigate the frequency of physician delivery of advice to stop smoking and patient characteristics affecting whether physicians deliver such advice, the authors surveyed 97 current cigarette smokers seen in two specialty and one general medicine clinic at a university medical center. Approximately two thirds of the smokers reported ever having been advised to stop smoking by their current physicians. In univariate and multivariate analyses, the presence of a smoking-related illness, the number of prior attempts to quit, and the duration of cigarette smoking were significantly related to delivery of smoking cessation advice by physicians. Knowledge of factors that affect the provision of advice to stop smoking can be used to enhance the physician’s role in smoking intervention.
A submodular approach to discrete dynamic programming

Abstract Submodular functions are playing an increasing role in analyzing many discrete optimization problems. The purpose of this paper is to continue the trend by using submodular functions and their properties to develop a duality for discrete dynamic programming.
Adhesive contact of axisymmetric suspended miniature structure

Strong adhesive force between two solid surfaces is in some cases sufficient to deform a miniature structure to a substrate resulting in the stiction failure of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. Using linear elastic plate theory and considering the influence of internal tensile stresses, the deflection and adhesive contact of an axisymmetric suspended miniature structure are analyzed. The contact between the miniature structure and the substrate is divided into two separate stages: (1) without adhesion, (2) with adhesion. Without adhesion, the load required to deform the miniature structure increases with the internal tensile stresses and the contact area. For adhesive contact, a thermodynamic method is used to analytically obtain the pull-off force required to separate the miniature structure from the substrate. The pull-off force increases with the contact area and the bonding strength between two solid surfaces and decreases with the internal tensile stresses. To predict stiction, a criterion on the geometry of the miniature structure as a function of adhesion energy, internal tensile stresses and contact area between the miniature structure and the substrate is established, which can be used to improve the MEMS design and prevent the sticking failure.
Fracture mechanics of monolayer molybdenum disulfide.

Molecular dynamics (MD) modeling is used to study the fracture toughness and crack propagation path of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) sheets under mixed modes I and II loading. Sheets with both initial armchair and zigzag cracks are studied. The MD simulations predict that crack edge chirality, tip configuration and the loading phase angle influence the fracture toughness and crack propagation path of monolayer MoS2 sheets. Furthermore, under all loading conditions, both armchair and zigzag cracks prefer to extend along a zigzag path, which is in agreement with the crack propagation path in graphene. A remarkable out-of-plane buckling can occur during mixed mode loading which can lead to the development of buckling cracks in addition to the propagation of the initial cracks.
Ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysms: frequency of the nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic pattern of hemorrhage on CT scans.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of the computed tomographic (CT) pattern of nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the setting of ruptured posterior fossa aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four neuroradiologists independently and retrospectively reviewed cranial CT scans of 169 patients with ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysms (44 cases of posteroinferior cerebellar artery aneurysm, 20 cases of superior cerebellar artery aneurysm, and 105 cases of basilar-tip aneurysm). RESULTS: The mean frequency of nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic pattern of subarachnoid hemorrhage in ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysms was 7.1% (48 of 676 readings) among the four readers. The mean frequency of aneurysms with the pattern of hemorrhage for each location was as follows: basilar tip, 9.8% (41 of 420 readings); superior cerebellar artery, 5.0% (four of 80 readings); and posteroinferior cerebellar artery, 0%. In 75% (six of eight) of the cases in which the CT pattern of hemorrhage was deemed compatible b...
The northern edge of the band of solar wind variability: Ulysses at ∼4.5 AU

Ulysses observations reveal that the northern edge of the low-latitude band of solar wind variability at ∼4.5 AU was located at N30° in the latter part of 1996 when solar activity was at a minimum. This edge latitude is intermediate between edge latitudes found during previous encounters with the band edge along different portions of Ulysses' polar orbit about the Sun. Corotating interaction regions, CIRs, near the northern edge of the band were tilted in such a manner that the forward and reverse shocks bounding the CIRs were propagating equatorward and poleward, respectively, providing definite confirmation that CIRs have opposed tilts in the opposite solar hemispheres. No shocks or coronal mass ejections, CMEs, were detected during the ∼1.5 y traverse of the northern, high-latitude northern hemisphere; however, at the northern edge of the band of variability an expanding CME was observed that was driving a shock into the high-speed wind.
Septicemia and meningitis in a newborn infant

Summary A case of septicemia and meningitisin a newborn premature infant due to E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa, and associated with scleredema, erythema multiforme, leukopenia, and histiocytosis, is reported. Therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics resulted in complete recovery. The etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of meningitis in the newborn infant are reviewed briefly.
A Sequential Monte Carlo Method for Identifying Motion Parameters from Particle Tracking Trajectories

Optimal estimation of diffusion coefficients from single- and multiple-particle tracking data has undergone several breakthroughs in the past few years. Prior to these breakthroughs, the most common method for extracting motion parameters from trajectories was by fitting a curve to the mean square displacement [1]; it has been known for quite some time, however, that this a possibly inaccurate and unreliable method due to the presence of noise in the trajectory [2]. As a result, recent efforts by A. J. Berglund and X. Michalet have provided an optimal framework for trajectories corrupted by motion blur and Gaussian white noise [3]. These methods typically require that localization be performed prior to the estimation of motion parameters rather than in conjunction. These two problems, however, are dependent on each other. In this work, we present a Sequential Monte Carlo approach that utilizes the Expectation Maximization algorithm to simultaneously localize particle positions and estimate motion parameters from raw data (e.g. image sequences). The method provides a clear accuracy-vs-complexity trade-off and can be parallelized for greater efficiency. We demonstrate its effectiveness by detailing its use on arbitrary point spread functions, such as the double helix, and motion models, such as those driven by Markov jump processes.[1] M. J. Saxton. “Single-Particle Tracking: Applications to Membrane Dynamics.” Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol. 26, pp. 373-399, 1997.[2] M. J. Saxton. “Single-Particle Tracking: The Distribution of Diffusion Coefficients.” Biophysical Journal, vol. 72, pp. 1744-1753, 1997.[3] X. Michalet and A. J. Berglund. “Optimal Estimation of Diffusion Coefficients.” Physical Review E, vol. 85, 2012.