cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: From Basic Concepts to Clinical Application

Abstract Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is central to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the role of inflammation in the atherosclerotic process is becoming better understood and appreciated. Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, HIV infection, and inflammatory bowel disease have all been shown to be associated with an increased blood levels of inflammatory biomarkers and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Evidence from observational studies suggests that anti-inflammatory therapy decreases this risk in these conditions. Clinical trials [...]
Soft Tissue Tumors of the Mediastinum

Mesenchymal tumors of the mediastinum are relatively rare, yet virtually all types of mesenchymal neoplasms have been described in this location (Table 5.1).
Analysis of cooperative communication in one-dimensional dense ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we study cooperative broadcast using multiple levels of relays for high-density 1-D networks and compare its behavior with noncooperative multihop broadcast. The advantage of cooperative broadcast over multihop transmission has been well studied for both high-density and extended 2-D networks. We analyze high-density 1-D networks, and approximate them as a continuum of nodes. Our analysis shows that the broadcast behavior depends on three different regimes of the pathloss exponent and the type of transmission (being bidirectional or unidirectional). We present analytical expressions for successful broadcasting as a function of source and relay powers, decoding threshold and the noise power. We also compare cooperative and noncooperative broadcast in terms of power efficiency and show that cooperative broadcast is substantially more efficient under bidirectional transmission; however it is power inefficient if the transmission is unidirectional.
Interactions in Syntrophic Associations of Endospore-Forming, Butyrate-Degrading Bacteria and H 2 -Consuming Bacteria

Butyrate is an important intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter. In sulfate-depleted environments butyrate is oxidized to acetate and hydrogen by obligate proton reducers, in syntrophic association with hydrogen-consuming methanogens. This paper describes two enrichments of endospore-forming bacteria degrading butyrate in consortia with methanogens. The isolates are readily established in coculture with H2-consuming, sulfate-reducing bacteria by pasteurizing the culture. The two original enrichments differed in that one grew to an optically dense culture while the second grew in clumps. Examination by scanning electron microscopy showed that clumping resulted from the production of large amounts of extracellular polymer. Several H2-consuming methanogens were identified in the enrichments. Some of them grew closely associated to the butyrate degraders. This attachment to the hydrogen producer may permit some methanogens to compete for the growth substrate against other bacteria having higher substrate affinity. Images
Vida PURA: feasibility of culturally adapted screening and brief intervention for Latino day laborers

Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with Latino day laborers and social services to inform the cultural adaptation of screening and brief interventions. Interviews and focus groups were conducted by trained bilingual research staff. Recordings were transcribed; then transcripts were coded and analyzed in Atlas.ti. Each transcript was coded by two members of the research staff. Case summaries and coded quotations were reviewed for prevalent themes. Themes were used to identify sources of mismatch between traditional screening and brief intervention (SBI) and the target population. The adapted intervention was then pilot-tested to assess the feasibility and potential effectiveness. In the pilot test, 104 men were screened using the AUDIT, and men with a score ≥ 6 were offered a brief intervention (56%). Those receiving an intervention completed follow-up surveys at 2 and 8 eight weeks. Alcohol use was assessed using the AUDIT and 14 day timeline follow-back.
Incorporating the Scale-Relativity Principle in String Theory and Extended Objects

First steps in incorporating Nottale's scale-relativity principle to string theory and extended objects are taken. Scale Relativity is to scales what motion Relativity is to velocities. The universal, absolute, impassible, invariant scale under dilatations, in Nature, is taken to be the Planck scale which is not the same as the string scale. Starting with Nambu-Goto actions for strings and other extended objects, we show that the principle of scale-relativity invariance of the world-volume measure associated with the extended objects ( Lorentzian-scalings transformations with respect to the resolutions of the world-volume coordinates) is compatible with the vanishing of the scale-relativity version of the $\beta$ functions : $\beta^G_{\mu\nu}=\beta^X=0$, of the target spacetime metric and coordinates, respectively. Preliminary steps are taken to merge motion relativity with scale relativity and, in this fashion, analogs of Weyl-Finsler geometries make their appearance. The quantum case remains to be studied.
Inhibitory effects of minocycline on gliosis in the hydrocephalic H-Tx rat.

Background Persistent gliosis, if present in the hydrocephalic brain, has the potential to alter the biomechanical properties of the brain, impair cerebral perfusion, impede neuronal regeneration and affect plasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of minocycline, a specific inhibitor of glial reactivity, to reduce glial scar formation in the H-Tx rat model of congenital hydrocephalus.
SU‐C‐BRB‐01: Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (GRID) Using a TomoTherapy Unit

Purpose: To present a new technique to plan and deliver spatially‐fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) utilizing helical TomoTherapy IGRT system. Methods: In a single large dose (20 Gy), GRID offers an effective radiation therapy for bulky malignant tumors. The conventional GRID irradiation is delivered through a dedicated grid block or field intensity modulation using a multileaf collimator(MLC). However, the dose to nearby organs‐at‐risk (OAR) becomes a concern when treating deep seated bulky lesions in GRID technique. So With its capability of delivering highly conformal and multifocal dose distributions, TomoTherapy emerges as a promising radiotherapy modality for GRID therapy that delivers high single dose to deep seated tumors with excellent normal tissue sparing. It is called TOMO GRID. Planning CTimages and contours are exported from a Pinnacle3 planning workstation via DICOM connection to the in‐house developed software system, DICOMan, where Boolean operations are applied to GTV contours to create multiple parallel GRID targets. An avoidance (GTV ‐ GRID targets) structure is also created to help the inverse planning process to achieve the desired peak‐valley ratio. Those CTimages and contours will be repackaged in DICOMan and sent to TomoTherapy planning workstation.Results: TOMO GRID delivers highly non‐uniform dose distributions that resemble more or less those of breachytherapy. The TOMO GRID targets (virtual implants) can be configured in various patterns (templates), sectional shapes and sizes. At each “insert” position, the implant can be in either “needle” or “seed‐spacer” train. Tested in both phantom and real patient datasets, our results show that it is feasible to deliver GRID therapy on TomoTherapy unit for deep seated lesions Conclusions: TomoTherapy has a great potential to deliver GRID therapy with a superior quality than conventional GRID therapy. More studies need to be conducted to justify the applicability of this technology in clinics.
Influence of Microstructure and UV-Conditioning on the Mechanical Response of Polymeric Foam Under Compressive Loading

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of microstructure, specifically, variations in foam cell size and density, on the compressive stress-strain behavior of polymeric foam material. Foams with varying densities are examined under incremental loadings to different prescribed strain levels. A comparison is made of the maximum stress level attained during deformation and residual strain on complete unloading and following recovery. Additionally, the durability of the foam material on exposure to service environment, namely, exposure to ultra-violet (UV) light and humidity, is considered. Cylindrical compression samples are exposed to Xenon Arc (63°C, 18 minutes water and light/102 minutes light only) and spectral intensity of 0.3 to 0.4 watts/m2 for 288 cycles. Parameters investigated include changes in modulus, maximum stress, residual strain and linear shape recovery due to conditioning and mechanical cycling.© 2011 ASME
Margaret Mead, Reo Fortune, and Mountain Arapesh warfare

In Sex and Temperament, Margaret Mead depicted the Mountain Arapesh of New Guinea as a gentle, nurturant people among whom warfare was "practically unknown." A few years later, however, Reo Fortune, her husband and cofieldworker, was to claim that warfare was "good Arapesh custom." This article reexamines this disagreement, addressing two issues: Did the Arapesh have a tradition of warfare?, and How do we reconcile the differences in Mead and Fortune's descriptions? I conclude that, prior to pacification, the Mountain Arapesh resorted to significant levels of violence and waged war on a regular basis. Mead was drawn to a contrary conclusion because of the comparative nature of her analysis and because of covert licenses in the theoretical gestalt she had acquired from Ruth Benedict, which rendered her analysis immune to contradictory data. I suggest that Freeman overlooked the effects of this gestalt in assessing Mead's work in Samoa. [Keywords: Margaret Mead, Reo Fortune, Mountain Arapesh warfare, Derek Freeman, Samoa]
Diet palatability and amphetamine-induced anorexia

The influence of diet palatability and caloric density on amphetamine anorexia was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, rats were offered a palatable but hypercaloric high-fat diet, a chow diet, a pellet diet, or a palatable mineral-oil diet equal in caloric density to the chow and pellet diets. Although the rats displayed differential acceptance of the diets during saline intake tests, identical percent changes in intake with amphetamine treatment (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg) were observed. In a second experiment, rats were offered the chow and mineral-oil diets in a preference sequence before and after intake testing to ensure that these diets were indeed different in palatability. Although the rats displayed a considerable preference for the mineral-oil diet over the chow diet, comparable percent changes in diet intake with amphetamine (.25,.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) were observed. These data, therefore, did not support the notion that enhancement of diet palatability may offset the anorexic property of amphetamine but did support a malaise interpretation of amphetamine anorexia.
An Extension of Sidgwick's Equity Principle

I. Introduction, 454. — II. Minimizing the number of inequities, 458. — III. Effect on total revenue of giving favorable or unfavorable treatment to new taxpayers, 459.
Privatism and the Limits of Local Economic Development Policy

Contemporary local economic development policies reflect an underlying commitment to privatism—to enhancing and enlarging the role of the private sector in urban regeneration. In this study we chal...
Benzeneboronic esters of 1,6-anhydro sugars

Abstract Benzeneboronic acid reacts with 1,6-anhydro sugars to form cyclic boronic esters. The structures of these compounds have been established by chemical methods and found to be generally similar to those of the corresponding isopropylidene derivatives. However, 1,6-anhydro-β- d -glucopyranose, which lacks vicinal cis -hydroxyl groups, still forms a benzeneboronate.
Low-Density Releases of Neoseiulus Fallacis Provide for Rapid Dispersal and Control of Tetranychus Urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) on Apple Seedlings

Releases of Neoseiulus fallacis(Garman) at 1500–6000 per ha when prey were at 0.1–0.3 per leaf provided seasonal control of Tetranychus urticae Koch (all stages) at 1–2 per leaf in an apple seedling rootstock nursery. Predaceous mites (all stages) increased to 0.3–0.4 per leaf after releases and predator prey ratios of ≤ 1:3–7 provided pest regulation thereafter. Such low-density releases were thought to be effective because multiple dispersal bouts allowed predators to locate widely distributed spider mites (on 2–6% of leaves). A random-diffusion model simulating predator dispersal (incorporating wind speed and direction parameters) adequately explained movement and pest control patterns. An upright, dense, uniform planting of apple seedlings was an effective producer and recipient for dispersing predators and these attributes seemed to explain why biological control was so effective. Low-density releases of N. fallacis for control of T. urticae are predicted to be less effective on other crops with less prominent profiles and soil coverage.
A mechanism for the fuse pre-arcing period

WHEN FAULT CURRENT FLOWS in a fuse element, the temperature distribution along the fuse wire, at the instant of melting, depends upon the fault magnitude and on the dimensions of the fuse cartridge. If the current is low, and near to minimum fusing current, and the cartridge dimensions are normal, or, if the current is high and the cartridge is very short, the distribution will assume a parabolic form, and melting will occur at the center of the wire. If the current is high and the cartridge dimensions are normal, or, if the current is low and the cartridge is very long, the distribution will have a rectangular form, and most of the wire will melt at the same time. The melting depends on current density and wire parameter.
Resting in Peace or Noise : Scanner Background Noise Suppresses Default-Mode Network

Studies have identified specific brain regions that increase activation during rest relative to attention-demanding tasks; these regions subserve the "default mode of brain function". Most of these studies have been conducted in the presence of scanner background noise (SBN). This noise has been shown to lead to altered attentional demands, and thus may modulate the default-mode network. Twelve subjects were examined during a rest condition that was contrasted with an auditory task. Words were presented either with SBN employing a conventional acquisition or without SBN using a sparse sampling approach. The number of experimental and resting trials was equated between the designs. Selecting the images in the condition with SBN that corresponded in time with the images in the condition without SBN made a direct comparison of the default-mode network (rest contrasted with active task) possible. There was typical activation of the default-mode network during rest versus task for both designs. However, SBN suppressed major components of the default-mode network, including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and precuneus. Our results suggest that the default mode of brain function differs when assessed in the presence compared to the absence of scanner noise, with the presence of scanner noise perhaps adding attentional demands that diminish activation changes between rest and task in a nonlinear way within the default network. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the use of a sparse sampling technique might enhance clinical utilities that have been proposed for analysis of the default-mode network.
Initial evaluation of a duodenoscope modified to allow guidewire fixation during ERCP

Background Catheter/guidewire exchanges during ERCP require the coordinated efforts of an endoscopist and endoscopy assistant. A prototype duodenoscope was developed to improve the control of catheter/guidewire exchange by enabling fixation of guidewires at the elevator lever. Methods An initial prototype duodenoscope and a subsequent modification of this instrument were used to perform ERCP in 7 and 10 patients, respectively. The following were recorded: total procedure time, fluoros-copy time, catheter/guidewire exchange time, guidewire repositioning, loss of guidewire access, success or failure of fixation, and endoscopist satisfaction. Observations The initial and the modified prototype duo-denoscopes were used in a variety of catheter/guidewire exchanges (n=46). Guidewire fixation was achieved in 75% of catheter/guidewire exchanges with the initial prototype and in 93% with the modified prototype and was reflected in shorter exchange times. Access to the desired duct was not lost during any exchange, and the need for repositioning was eliminated. Conclusions A new prototype duodenoscope with an elevator lever that enables guidewire fixation will improve the ease and efficiency of catheter/guidewire exchange during ERCP. Modifications made to the original prototype improved reliability of guidewire fixation.
Dynamics of liquid-encapsulated czochralski growth of gallium arsenide: Comparing model with experiment

Abstract The dynamic thermal-capillary model developed previously [Derby, Atherton, Thomas and Brown, J. Sci. Computing 2 (1987) 297] is extended to model a low-pressure, liquid-encapsulated Czochralski system for growth of GaAs in an axial magnetic field that is strong enough that convective heat transport is unimportant. The model includes thermal conduction in all phases, a model for semi-transparent radiation through the B 2 O 3 encapsulant and diffuse-gray radiation between the crystal, crucible and melt. Numerical simulations of seeding and growth are compared directly to experimental growth using a Hamco CG-800 puller modified for GaAs growth and equipped with a superconducting magnet capable of producing an axial magnetic field of up to 5 kG. The crystal shape predicted by the simulations is in semiquantitative agreement with the experiment. The calculations also predict optimum operating strategies for producing constant-diameter crystals, including the transients associated with seeding and shouldering the crystal.
Exploring welfare implications of resource equivalency analysis in natural resource damage assessments

Abstract Resource equivalency analysis (REA) has become the dominant method for calculating natural resource damages for biological injuries from pollution incidents. This methodology compares resources lost as a result of an incident to benefits that can be gained from a habitat or wildlife restoration project. Compensation is evaluated in terms of resource services instead of market currency. Recently, this approach has been questioned regarding its ability to provide adequate compensation based on economic welfare principles. The following paper examines these critiques and develops a model to quantify the welfare implications of using REA when some of its implicit assumptions are violated. We focus on the situation where compensatory restoration projects provide services that are comparable to those lost as a result of an incident. We examine simulation scenarios where the public has heterogeneous preferences for resources and where resource values change over time. Using the Hicks–Kaldor criterion, we find that the traditional REA provides an acceptable approximation of aggregate compensation for a reasonably wide range of economic and biological parameter combinations.
French fry quality related to specific gravity and solids content variation among potato strips within the same tuber

The solids content of adjacent potato strips cut from known locations within the tuber was found to differ significantly. These strips were identified and processed according to commercial practice. The finish fries were subjectively scored for quality. Yield and oil uptake were calculated. The solids content of individual strips from a 20 tuber sample out of a single 100 lb. bag ranged from 12% to 29%. The whole tubers ranged from 18% to 23% solids. Strips below 17% solids were shriveled, limp and soggy after processing while strips above 22% solids were rigid and crisp with a mealy interior. Oil uptake was not related to solids content. However, yield of par-fries and to a lesser extent of finish-fries increased as solids content increased.
How estimation of drinking influences alcohol-related consequences across the first year of college

BACKGROUND: This study examined how well students estimate their overall drinker type and the relation between the accuracy of this estimation with alcohol-related consequences. The study also explored the association between psychosocial alcohol variables and underestimation or overestimation of drinker type. METHODS: College students (n = 1,895) completed questionnaires at baseline (precollege matriculation) assessing self-reported drinker types (SI), protective and risky drinking behaviors, drinking expectancies, attitudes, and norms. Postbaseline assessment occurred during the fall semester sophomore year and included the number and type of alcohol consequences experienced during the previous year. Students' SIs were coded as accurate, overestimated, or underestimated relative to their empirically derived latent class analytic drinker class. The association between drinker type accuracy and consequences and membership in the high-risk Multiple and Repeated Consequence group was assessed, as was the relationship between the psychosocial alcohol variables and accuracy. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of students underestimated and 10% overestimated their drinker type. Students who under- or overestimated their drinker type reported experiencing more consequences, even after controlling for drinking. Increases in positive alcohol expectancies, protective and risky drinking behaviors, and descriptive peer norms were positively associated with underestimation of drinker type. Only protective and risky drinking behaviors were associated with overestimation. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the importance of accurate estimation of drinker type and the risk of experiencing alcohol consequences. Future research and intervention strategies are discussed. Language: en
Isolation of reptilian calicivirus Crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds.

Ten virus isolates were obtained from three species of marine mammals sampled on San Miguel Island (California, USA) and 1,200 km north on Rogue Reef (Oregon, USA) during tagging operations in 1986–87. Seven of these 10 were derived from 30 sampled Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus pups, while two of 10 were isolated from one of 19 sampled California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus pups, and the remaining isolate was derived from 30 sampled northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pups. All 10 isolates were identified as belonging to a single serotype, reptilian calicivirus Crotalus type 1 (RCV Cro-1), previously isolated from both healthy and diseased snakes and frogs in a California zoologie collection. The marine samples also showed that nine of 30 Steller sea lion pups, one of 19 California sea lion pups and zero of 30 fur seal pups were producing type specific neutralizing antibodies to RCV Cro-1. This represents the first reported instance of the isolation from marine sources of a c...
Are the major effects of P-glycoprotein modulators due to altered pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs ?

Agents (modulators) that reverse the in vitro resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs that are substrates for P-glycoprotein (Pgp, the product of the MDR1 gene) have been given to patients concurrently with anticancer drugs in an attempt to improve therapeutic response. The vast majority of investigations into these drugs indicate that Pgp modulators decrease the systemic clearance of anticancer drugs, thus potentially nonselectively increasing exposure to normal and malignant cells and thereby potentially increasing the severity and/or incidence of adverse effects associated with the anticancer therapy. Mechanisms by which Pgp modulators could alter the pharmacokinetics of the anticancer agent include competition for cytochrome P450 intestinal or liver metabolism, inhibition of Pgp-mediated biliary excretion or intestinal transport, or inhibition of renal elimination. It is suggested that administration of Pgp modulators is unlikely to improve the therapeutic index for anticancer drugs unless agents that lack significant pharmacokinetic interactions are found. Moreover, it will likely be required that there be some cancer-tissue selectivity for modulators in order to avoid collaterally increasing the sensitivity of normal Pgp-expressing tissues to the anticancer drug.
Family Meals Among Adolescents: Findings from a Pilot Study

Abstract This study aimed to increase our understanding of family meal patterns among adolescents. A school-based survey was completed by 252 junior and senior high school students. Nearly a third (30.7%) reported that their families had eaten a meal together at least seven times over the past week, but a similar percentage (31.9%) reported two or fewer family meals over the past week. Frequent television viewing during meals was reported by about half (52.8%) of the respondents. Adolescents reported feeling more certain about making health ful food choices at family meals than in other eating situations. Findings from this pilot study indicate that further investigations of family meal patterns among youth and the associations between family meals and eating behaviors are warranted.
Visualization software for X-ray diffraction data from area detectors

Computational tools for examining data obtained from area detectors are described. These programs use a raster terminal as a frame buffer to display images helpful in the analysis of X-ray diffraction data frames and to display images diagnostic of potential problems during data collection or processing.
Heating and Ignition of Metal Particles in the Transition Heat Transfer Regime

This paper considers the heating and ignition of small metallic particles in hot gases for a range of Knudsen numbers, for which the continuum description of heat transfer is not valid. Modified Fuchs'model for the transition heat transfer analysis was adapted to treat diatomic gas with properties changing as a function of temperature. The dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, was calculated as a function of the particle diameter for the transition heat transfer regime. Heat transfer rates in the transition regime are somewhat different from one another for the cases of particle heating and cooling while the absolute values of the particle-gas temperature difference are the same. This effect does not exist for the continuum heat transfer model. It is observed that the applicability of the continuum heat transfer model for particles of different sizes depends on pressure and particle-air temperature difference. For example, for particles at 300 K heated in air at 2000 K, the continuum heat transfer model can be used for particle diameters greater than 10 μm and 1 μm at the pressures of 1 bar and 10 bars, respectively. Transition heat transfer model must be used for the analysis of heat transfer for nanosized particles. For calculating the ignition delay, the continuum model remains useful for particle diameters greater than 18 μm and 2 μm for 1 bar and 10 bars, respectively. The sensitivity of the transition heat transfer model to the accommodation coefficient is evaluated. It is found that for metallic particles, the accommodation coefficient has a relatively weak effect on the heat transfer rate.
DNA reassociation kinetics and chromosome structure in the crabs Cancer borealis and Libinia emarginata

DNA reassociation kinetics have been partly elucidated for the higher crabs C. borealis and L. emarginata, using calf thymus DNA as a standard. These crabs contain no detectable repeated DNA in the approximate multiplicity frequency range 2–100 copies, which is unusual for invertebrate DNAs. Each species contains a component renaturing at an intermediate rate, and also a very rapidly renaturing fraction. The very rapidly renaturing fraction is considerably larger than the cesium chloride-resolvable satellites of each species. The fraction reassociating at an intermediate rate includes sequences with a reiteration frequency of up to 9.0×104 copies. This is unusually high for invertebrate DNAs. The nearly exact correlation between kinetic complexity and independently determined haploid genome size leads to the conclusion that the most slowly renaturing sequences of both crab species are present only once per haploid genome. Therefore the chromatids of these species are uninemic structures, and there has been no detectable occurrence of polyploid speciation in the recent evolutionary history of either species.
Use of foil strain gauges in ice over a wide loading rate

Abstract The use of general purpose bonded resistance foil gauges has been examined for measuring small strain in both laboratory made pure ice and natural Arctic sea ice. A method for mounting the gauges on ice has been developed. Experiments were carried out under uniaxial loading conditions in a wide stress rate range of 1 × 10 −3 to 1.25 × 10 2 MN · m −2 s −1 at −20°C and the responses of the foil gauges were compared with those of a displacement gauge also mounted on the ice. Observations indicated that the foil gauges can be used reliably for stress rates less than 1 × 10 −1 MN · m −2 s −1 . Analysis of the system indicates that weak bond at the interface between the gauge carrier and the adhesive layer of ice results in damped response of the gauges and limits their use at higher loading rates. This test series has also provided, for the first time, experimental data on the dependence of effective modulus of ice on stress rate up to 1.2 × 10 2 MN · m −2 s −1 or a frequency of about 100 Hz.
Reflection of Ocean Surface Gravity Waves from a Natural Beach

Abstract The energy of seaward and shoreward propagating ocean surface gravity waves on a natural beach was estimated with data from an army of 24 bottom-mounted pressure sensors in 13-m water depth, 2 km from the North Carolina coast. Consistent with a parameterization of surface wave reflection from a plane sloping beach by Miche, the ratio of seaward to shoreward propagating energy in the swell-sea frequency band (0.044–0.20 Hz) decreased with increasing wave frequency and increasing wave height, and increased with increasing beach-face slope. Although most incident swell-sea energy dissipated in the surf zone, reflection was sometimes significant (up to 18% of the incident swell-sea energy) when the beach face was steep (at high tide) and the wave field was dominated by low-energy, low-frequency swell. Frequency-directional spectra show that reflection of swell and sea was approximately specular. The ratio of seaward to shoreward propagating energy in the infragravity frequency band (0.010–0.044 Hz) v...
Surgical management of persistent müllerian duct syndrome.

Abstract Objectives. To describe the optimal surgical management of the testes and mullerian duct structures in patients with persistent mullerian duct syndrome. Methods. We performed a comprehensive Medline literature search regarding the surgical management of persistent mullerian duct syndrome and extracted information regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disorder. We specifically assessed the risks of retained mullerian structures versus surgical excision of the infantile uterus and fallopian tubes. Using this information, we formulated a comprehensive strategy for the management of patients with persistent mullerian duct syndrome. An illustrative case is described. Results. No malignant degeneration of persistent mullerian structures has been reported. The risk of testicular neoplasia in persistent mullerian duct syndrome approximates the risk of neoplasia in other intra-abdominal gonads. Fertility has rarely been reported although virilization is unaffected. Surgical excision of the infantile uterus and fallopian tubes risks damage to vasa deferentia and the deferential blood supply to the testis. Conclusions. Surgical excision of persistent mullerian duct structures may result in ischemic and/or traumatic damage to the vasa deferentia and testes. Optimal surgical management is orchiopexy leaving the uterus and fallopian tubes in situ. Meticulous proximal salpingectomy and hysterectomy is indicated only in patients whose mullerian structures limit intrascrotal placement of the testes. Orchiectomy is indicated for testes that cannot be mobilized to a palpable location.
Kinetic effects in an optically excited gas

Abstract A resonance transition in a one-dimensional layer of gas contained between transparent parallel plates and optically excited by external radiation has been treated using kinetic theory. A perturbation method has been used to obtain the “first scattering” results for the velocity distribution and number density of excited atoms and the intensity of radiation at any point in the gas. Two special cases are discussed in detail: broad band excitation with inhomogeneous broadening and monochromatic excitation with homogeneous broadening. The effects of particle streaming and wall quenching are shown to produce boundary layer behavior in the excited level density which scales with the particle mean free path. In addition, line reversal of the radiation reemited from the gas is shown to occur and to be a direct result of particle streaming. Numerical and asymptotic results are presented which show these effects. These results should be pertinent to many laboratory and industrial devices in which the particle and photon mean free paths are comparable and to diagnostic techniques which use resonance fluorescence to infer excited level densities.
No Borders, No Nations: Making Greece in Macedonia

Macedonia's centrality to the making of Greece over the past century provides the empirical grounding for an exploration of how cultural-symbolic borrowing rather than cross-border othering has been crucial for border making in Modern Greece and, by extension, everywhere in the world. There has been a recent revival in studies of borders between states and what they mean in relation to both the history of state formation and the effects of globalization on state power. Typically, however, the borders between modern “nation-states” are seen as originating in cross-pressures between pairs of neighboring states just the same in Africa today as, say, in nineteenth-century France. The wider contemporary geographical context may be invoked in terms of the “sides” taken in particular border disputes by other nearby states or by the Great Powers. Rarely, however, is the wider historical-geopolitical context invoked as the primary source of the practices, simultaneously material and symbolic, that produce the desire for precise borders in the first place. With increased globalization, however, the making of Greece in Macedonia may become increasingly problematic because the political logic of all national border-making is increasingly in question.
Immunologic responses to Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.

Twenty-nine children with meningitis caused by H. influenzae , type b were studied for their hemagglutinating and bactericidal antibody responses. No antibody rises were observed in 22 (76 per cent), of whom 21 were under 2 years of age. Among 7 patients with fourfold or greater antibody titer increases, 6 were over 2 years of age. The mean age for antibody responders was 54 months while for nonresponders it was 11 months (p
Friendship patterns in highly intelligent children

(1985). Friendship patterns in highly intelligent children. Roeper Review: Vol. 8, Counseling Gifted Persons: A Lifelong Concern, pp. 46-49.
10-μM Images and Spectra of T Tauri Stars

T Tauri stars are young stars usually surrounded by dusty disks similar to the one from which we believe our own Solar System formed. Most T Tauri stars exhibit a broad emission or absorption band between 7.5 and 13.5 μm which is attributed to silicate grains in the circumstellar environment. We imaged three spatially resolved T Tauri binaries through a set of broadband filters which include the spectral region occupied by the silicate band. Two of these objects (T Tauri and Haro 6-10) are “infrared companion” systems in which one component is optically much fainter but contributes strongly in the infrared. Both infrared companions exhibit a deep silicate absorption which is not present in their primaries, indicating that they suffer very strong local extinction which may be due to an edge-on circumstellar disk or to a dense shell. We also took low resolution spectra of the silicate feature of two unresolved T Tauri s to look for narrow features in the silicate band which would indicate the presence of specific minerals such as olivine. We observed GK Tau, for which Cohen and Witteborn (1985) reported a narrow emission feature at 9.7 μm, but do not find evidence for this feature, and conclude that it is either time-dependent or an artifact of absorption by telluric ozone.
Tissue and cellular localization of acifluorfen-induced porphyrins in cucumber cotyledons

Abstract Photobleaching diphenyl ether herbicides such as acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} (AF) cause accumulation of high levels of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Previous ultrastructural studies indicated that the first sites of herbicidal actions are the plasmalemma, tonoplast, and plastid envelope, suggesting that the accumulated photodynamic pigments are operating primarily outside the plastid. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the tissue and cellular localization of porphyrins in acifluorfen-treated cucumber cotyledons. Yellow cotyledons, obtained by treatment with tentoxin, were used to minimize interference by chlorophyll fluorescence. Previous studies have demon-strated that tentoxin-treated cucumber tissues are highly sensitive to AF and accumulate high concentrations of PPIX. During 20 hr of dark incubation in 10 μM AF, 4-mm cotyledon discs accumulated 7nmol of PPIX/g fresh weight, whereas control discs accumulated no detectable PPIX. Control and AF-treated discs accumulated 3 and 7 nmol of protochlorophyllide (PChlide)/g fresh weight, respectively, during the 20-hr incubation. In control tissues, PChlide fluorescence could be detected only in plastids; however, in AF-treated cells, fluorescence in plastids was observable earlier than in control cells, especially in cells around the periphery of the disc and around vascular bundles. After 20 hr, fluorescence in palisade cells became intense and much of the fluorescence appeared to be in the cytoplasm, outside the plastids. Occasional mesophyll cells were also affected, whereas most mesophyll cells appeared to be completely unaffected. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the PPIX that accumulates due to photobleaching diphenyl ether herbicide treatment accumulates outside the plastid, thus affecting membranes that are relatively unprotected from toxic oxygen species.
The emotional characteristics of teaching: an ethnographic study of one teacher

Abstract This article seeks to explore the emotional characteristics of teaching through an ethnographic study. An elementary school teacher participated in a 3-year research project investigating the role of emotions in her teaching, her relationships with the students, and the political context of the school. The data sources were field observations, in-depth interviews, an “emotion diary”, and a collection of teaching documents (e.g., lesson plans, philosophy statements, etc.). From these data, three assertions were developed and evidence was provided for three major roles of emotions: evaluative, relational, and political. The findings revealed the emotional complexities, tensions, and challenges that are associated with teaching. The politics and power relations within a school influence the values, discourses, and beliefs this teacher holds and thus the experiences and emotions she reports. These findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to existing research on teacher emotions.
Staining with Fluorescein Diacetate Correlates with Hepatocyte Function

To establish the importance of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as a viability stain for cultured hepatocytes. we hypothesized that FDA staining would correlate positively with hepatocyte viability and function. Mixtures of live and dead cells were stained with FDA and scanned by flow cytometry. A close correlation was observed between the live cell fraction and percent viability as determined by FDA staining (R2 = 0.962). Hepatocytes were also sorted into low fluorescence and high fluorescence groups. Both albumin production and lidocaine metabolism (P-450 activity) were significantly increased in the high fluorescence group compared to the low fluorescence group. An automated, fluorescence-activated assay was useful for rapid assessment of hepatocyte viability. In addition. the intensity of green fluorescence following staining with FDA correlated well with two specific measures of hepatocyte function.
Anion induced adsorption of Cd(II) from acetonitrile solutions

Abstract Solutions of Cd(II) in acetonitrile show no adsorption on mercury electrodes with sodium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte but strong adsorption of Cd(II) is produced by the addition of thiocyanate anion. The stoichiometry of the adsorbed species was shown to be Cd(NCS) 2 by means of chronocoulometric measurement of the quantities of both Cd(II) and NCS − on the surface. The surface appears to reach a saturation coverage corresponding to ca. two monolayers of a tightly packed film. Speculations on the forces driving the adsorption are offered and similarities with previous results obtained in aqueous solutions are pointed out.
Pharmacy students' opinions toward active learning in the didactic curriculum

Abstract Objectives The study investigated the opinions of Appalachian College of Pharmacy (ACP) pharmacy students toward active learning (AL) in the didactic curriculum. Methods Data were collected from ACP students using a self-administered questionnaire. Students rated their opinions on a five-point bipolar scale (1 = strongly disagree, and 5 = strongly agree). Results One hundred eighty students (88%) completed the survey. About 23% of class time was devoted to AL. The mean quality score for AL was 5.80 ± 2.44 (scale: 1 = poor quality, 10 = highest quality). Students perceived AL favorably: AL was worthwhile/important (mean = 3.44 ± 1.04), not a waste of time (mean = 3.32 ± 1.18), and helped them to prepare for exams (mean = 3.42 ± 1.10). However, students thought that AL did not help them to become self-directed learners (mean = 2.90 ± 1.05). Conclusions ACP students have favorable opinions concerning AL in general. There is significant room to improve the amount of AL as well as the quality of AL at ACP for the betterment of student learning outcomes.
Iodine metabolism in hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.

ABSTRACT Thyroid function and the binding of thyroxine in serum were assessed in 2 women with choriocarcinoma and 3 with hydatidiform mole. Women with choriocarcinoma who were excreting chorionic gonadotropin did not exhibit estrogenic effects or altered binding of thyroxine by the thyroxine-binding globulin. Chorionic gonadotropin per se thus appears to play no part in the increase in serum thyroxine-binding characteristic of normal pregnancy. In women with hydatidiform moles, the production of thyroid hormone, as estimated by the thyroidal accumulation of I127 and concentrations of serum protein- bound I131, protein-bound I127 and butanol-extractable I131, reached values found in thyrotoxicosis. These parameters returned to normal in each case after removal of the pathologic conceptus.
All-optical HIPPIs using photonic switches and optical buffer memories

We propose an all-optical parallel interface based on the HIPPI-6400 protocol [1]. WDM techniques and optical switches asawellas buffers are used to implement the parallel interface. Optical switches can switch all wavelengths in one switching operation, so the switch fabrics can be simplified. Since the information is kept in the optical domain, the cost and latency can be reduced. Through the optical transparency, variable bit rates of data micropackets can be used in different connections.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Observations of Polarimetric Signatures in Supercells by an X-Band Mobile Doppler Radar

AbstractPolarimetric weather radars significantly enhance the capability to infer the properties of scatterers within a resolution volume. Previous studies have identified several consistently seen polarimetric signatures in supercells observed in the central United States. Nearly all of these studies used data collected by fixed-site S- and C-band radars. Because there are few polarimetric mobile radars, relatively little has been documented in high-resolution polarimetric data from mobile radars. Compared to S and C bands, there has been very limited examination of polarimetric signatures at X band.The primary focus of this paper is on one signature that has not been documented previously and one that has had little documentation at X band. The first signature, seen in at least seven supercell datasets collected by a mobile, X-band, polarimetric radar, consists of a narrow band of locally reduced reflectivity factor ZH and differential reflectivity, typically near the location where the hook echo “attac...
Effect of space charge and nonuniform temperature on a solid state galvanic cell

Abstract The complete set of differential equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics has been solved for a solid state galvanic cell consisting of single electrolyte sandwiched between electrodes. Electroneutrality is not assumed anywhere, and it is therefore possible to assess the effects of nonzero space charge in the electrolyte near the electrodes. A special transformation of concentration variables into a neutral part and a charge part facilitates both the analytical and the numerical solution of the mathematical problem. Formulas are obtained for the electric field, the ionic concentration, the space charge, the cell potential, and the efficiency of the cell at steady state. Inclusion of appropriate temperature gradient terms in all equations permits evaluation of the effects of nonuniform temperature on all cell properties including efficiency. For specificity, numerical results are obtained for the particular galvanic cell consisting of cerium oxide doped with calcium oxide as the electrolyte contained between oxygen electodes. Efficiency is enhanced — more current is produced with less ohmic loss — if the product Q ∗ (ΔT) is negative, with Q ∗ the heat of transport of the electrolyte and ΔT the temperature difference between the cathode and the anode.
Including Ethics in the Study of Educational Leadership

Ethics should be included within leadership preparation, argues authors Bowen, Bessette, and Chan.
A Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition for count data models

Little research has examined the factors influencing differential adoption of organic farming practices by women and men farmers, a sector where women account for a significant and rapidly growing proportion of farmers. Female organic farmers adopt more crop disease management practices than male organic farmers and use a different portfolio of techniques. Results from a count data model are used to decompose observed differences in the adoption of management practices into an endowment effect and a coefficients effect. The analysis indicates that 50% of the adoption differential is due to differences in characteristics of male vs. female farmers with percentage of vegetable acreage a key factor influencing the gap in adoption practices.