cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of ENDECO 1184C dissolved oxygen recorders for use in temperate estuaries

Abstract Pulsed Clarke-type electrodes, a relatively new type of dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor, were intended to minimize problems associated with sensitivity to flow and biofouling-problems which affect most oxygen sensors. The commercially available devices (ENDECO/YSI, Inc., Model 1184C), which include temperature and conductivity sensors and a data logger, are designed for coastal environmental monitoring at depths to 30 m. In order to evaluate their performance under field conditions, a series of field deployments and laboratory calibrations was conducted, and the instrument output was compared with precision Winkler titrations. Accuracy of reported DO concentrations varied both between instruments and with time. Errors typically ranged from 0 to 3 mg/l. Thus frequent calibration seems to be a requirement for the accurate use of these units. The recommended 1-point calibration update did not improve accuracy. In the laboratory, the response to varying DO concentrations at constant temperature was highly linear over a range of approx. 5–14 mg/l; both accuracy and response time decreased at low DO concentrations, somewhere between 0 and 1.5 mg/l. Potential sources of inaccuracy in DO measurements include (1) statistical error associated with the estimation of calibration constants, and (2) operation of the instrument near the extremes of the temperature range used to calibrate it. We found support for the claim that the instruments are relatively insensitive to fouling.
Geomagnetic pulsations associated with sudden commencements and sudden impulses

Abstract Damped-type geomagnetic pulsations associated with both storm sudden commencements (ssc's) and sudden impulses (si's) are studied for 388 events which occurred during the past 7 years from 1956 through 1962. Since the pulsations associated with ssc's and with si's usually showed very similar behavior, they are combined together under a notation, psc. These psc's are classified into four groups according to period ranges in a similar way as pc's: psc 1, 0.2–;5 sec; psc 2.3, 5–30 sec; psc 4, 30–150 sec; psc 5,150–600 sec. Predominant psc's in middle and low latitudes, sub-auroral region, and auroral zone are psc 2.3, psc 4, and psc 5, respectively. Morphological behavior of psc's, such as daily variations of their amplitudes and periods, and patterns in their dynamic spectra show a remarkable similarity to those of corresponding period-range pc's. However, the psc's show an interesting dependence on the range and duration of accompanying ssc's. A brief discussion is given on these characteristics of psc's.
End-host multicasting in support of distributed real-time simulation systems

There has recently been a tremendous level of interest in the use of end-host multicast to provide group communication within a wide area network. End-host multicast shifts the burden of group-communication support from network routers to the host. End-host multicasting is required when IP multicasting is not available. The difficulty in using this technique is that it requires additional resource consumption when compared to native IP multicasting. This work presents several novel end-host multicast algorithms designed for peer-to-peer real-time simulation systems. Our techniques utilize application level admission control in order to more fairly balance the communication load in the physical network. We propose and evaluate an adaptive routing policy to find overflow paths between end-hosts and simulation agents placed within the system. We also present several heuristics for routing tree construction, including a simulated annealing approach. We have evaluated our methods through simulation, and the results show that our methods achieve performance similar to optimal IP multicasting.
The motor inhibitory system operating during active sleep is tonically suppressed by GABAergic mechanisms during other states.

The present study was undertaken to explore the neuronal mechanisms responsible for muscle atonia that occurs after the microinjection of bicuculline into the nucleus pontis oralis (NPO). Specifica...
Thyroid hormones increase insulin-like growth factor I content in the medium of rat bone tissue.

The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones on bone is still not clear. At low concentrations, they stimulate bone formation; at high concentrations, they elicit bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. In the present study we investigated the effect of T3 and T4 as well as their active and inactive analogs (TRIAC, SKF L-94901, rT3, and DIT) on the IGF-I and TNF-α content in the medium of UMR-106 rat osteoblastic cells and fetal rat limb bones. In the dose-response studies, a biphasic increase in medium IGF-I was observed in both cells and limb bones, with peak stimulatory concentrations of 10−8 M for T3 and 10−7 M for T4 in both systems. At higher concentrations, at which thyroid hormones elicit bone resorption, the stimulatory effect diminished and finally was no longer detectable. The active analogs TRIAC and SKF L-94901 also enhanced IGF-I release in UMR-106 cells. The inactive compounds rT3 and DIT failed to increase IGF-I in these cultures. The protein content of the cell culture wells exposed to high concentrations of thyroid hormones was similar to those containing low concentrations, indicating that the decrease in IGF-I content at high doses was not due to toxic effects. This was also confirmed by trypan blue exclusion. Time course studies with UMR-106 cells revealed a significant increase in medium IGF-I after 2 days of incubation. No significant further increase was observed after this up to 5 days of culture. In contrast, the medium of limb bone cultures showed a linear increase in IGF-I content up to 7 days of culture. No TNF-α production was observed in either UMR-106 cells or fetal limb bones. Also, no increase in medium TNF-α levels was seen in response to thyroid hormones. Based on our results, we conclude that IGF-I may be responsible for some of the anabolic effects of thyroid hormones in bone tissue, but TNF-α, at least in the models we used, does not play a role in the mediation of thyroid hormone action.
Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

We present 3-dimensional volume-rendered in vivo images of developing embryos of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis taken with our new en-face-scanning, focus-tracking OCM system at 1300 nm wavelength. Compared to our older instrument which operates at 850 nm, we measure a decrease in the attenuation coefficient by 33%, leading to a substantial improvement in depth penetration. Both instruments have motion-sensitivity capability. By evaluating the fast Fourier transform of the fringe signal, we can produce simultaneously images displaying the fringe amplitude of the backscattered light and images showing the random Brownian motion of the scatterers. We present time-lapse movies of frog gastrulation, an early event during vertebrate embryonic development in which cell movements result in the formation of three distinct layers that later give rise to the major organ systems. We show that the motion-sensitive images reveal features of the different tissue types that are not discernible in the fringe amplitude images. In particular, we observe strong diffusive motion in the vegetal (bottom) part of the frog embryo which we attribute to the Brownian motion of the yolk platelets in the endoderm.
Diffraction-limited imaging with partially redundant masks: II. Optical imaging of faint sources

In a recent paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 203 (1992)] the benefits of pupil apodization were examined for the near-infrared imaging of bright sources. In the current paper we extend these considerations to optical speckle imaging, in which photon noise rather than detector readout noise is important. We demonstrate that a one-dimensional pupil geometry (i.e., a thin slit) has several advantages over an unapodized aperture when faint sources are being observed through atmospheric turbulence. The use of a slit aperture does not decrease the signal-to-noise ratios of the power-spectrum and bispectrum measurements, and in many cases it increases them, despite the large reduction in signal level. The disadvantage of this apodization is a reduction in Fourier-plane coverage, which must be compensated for by observations with the slit aligned at several position angles. The performance of many of the current generation of photon-counting imaging detectors deteriorates at the high counting rates that can be experienced even when one is observing sources that are approaching the limiting magnitude of the speckle imaging technique. Under such conditions, we recommend the use of an apodized pupil, in contrast to the current preference for employing a neutral-density filter to reduce the detector count rate.
Evidence for a defect in vitamin D metabolism in a patient with incomplete Fanconi syndrome.

Abstract A patient with incomplete Fanconi syndrome (no metabolic acidosis) presented with muscle weakness and biochemical and radiographic evidence of osteomalacia. Despite hypophosphatemia and increased PTH levels, circulating concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were inappropriately low. Treatment with the vitamin D metabolite and hydrochlorothiazide was attended by enhanced calcium and phosphorus balance. Impaired vitamin D metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteomalacia in the Fanconi syndrome.
Cryopreserved human amniotic membrane injection for plantar fasciitis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study.

Background:Treatment options for plantar fasciitis have resulted in varied patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare a novel treatment, cryopreserved human amniotic membrane (c-hAM), t...
A precorrected-FFT method for simulating on-chip inductance

The simulation of on-chip inductance using PEEC-based circuit analysis methods often requires the solution of a subproblem where an extracted inductance matrix must be multiplied by a current vector, an operation with a high computational cost. This paper presents a highly accurate technique, based on a precorrected-FFT approach, that speeds up this calculation. Instead of computing the inductance matrix explicitly, the method exploits the properties of the inductance calculation procedure while implicitly considering the effects of all of the inductors in the layout. An optimized implementation of the method has been applied to accurately simulate large industrial circuits with up to 121,000 inductors and nearly 7 billion mutual inductive couplings in about 20 minutes. Techniques for trading off the CPU time with the accuracy using different approximation orders and grid constructions are also illustrated. Comparisons with a block diagonal sparsification method in terms of accuracy, memory and speed demonstrate that our method is an excellent approach for simulating on-chip inductance in a large circuit.
Improving Throughput-delay Performance by Merged Packet Routing in Wirelessly Controlled Interactive Power Networks

Wireless networks, for distributed control systems in general and interactive power networks (IPNs) in particular, demand a fresh look to minimize communication delays and improve throughput performance, while transmitting data having size on the order of few bytes. Using variable packet length time division multiple access (TDMA) approach at the medium access control (MAC) protocol layer we propose a merged-packet routing (MPR) algorithm at the network layer for an all-to-all broadcast to improve the throughput and delay performances. Taking into account the effect of channel noise we show that the idea of packet merging provides noticeable performance gain for the throughput without compromising the delay. The delay performance is further improved by adjusting the transmitter power according to the packet length.
Affirming Psychological Science--For Students, Teachers, and the Larger World: An Interview With David G. Myers.

David G. Myers received a BA in chemistry, magna cum laude from Whitworth College and an MA and PhD in psychology from the University of Iowa. Since 1982 he has been the John Dirk Werkman Professor of Psychology at Hope College. He is best known for his authorship of Psychology (2004), now in its 7th edition, and Social Psychology (2005a), now in its 8th edition. He is also the author of The Pursuit of Happiness: Who Is Happy—and Why (1992), Intuition (2002), and What God Has Joined Together: A Christian Case for Gay Marriage (2005b). With his wife Carol, he endowed the American Psychological Society Fund for Teaching and Public Understanding of Psychological Science. Harold L. Miller, Jr. received a BS degree in psychology from Arizona State University and a PhD in experimental psychology from Harvard University. He joined the psychology faculty at Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1975, where he is professor of psychology and associate chair. He has served as dean of General and Honors education at BYU ...
One-dimensional hydrogenic atom in an electric field with solid-state applications

Abstract A Hamiltonian describing a one-dimensional Coulomb field with an electric field in the same direction is useful for the discussion of electrons outside a free surface of liquid helium [1,2] and also for the study of far-infrared emission from Si inversion layers [3]. We present both a semi-classical and a WKB solution to the problem, which exhibits many of the features found experimentally.
‘I Want Your Shower Time!’: Drowning in Work and the Erosion of Life

Meaningful work is an unspoken theme of informal discussions and formal scholarship about business ethics. However, playful metaphors and earnest truisms about shower time, corporate social responsibility, and employee values are not often translated into serious scholarship about meaningful work. This paper seeks to demonstrate the need for a theory of meaningful work in hopes of motivating more work on meaningful work by outlining connections between meaningful work theory and work motivation theory, corporate social responsibility, and other, more established areas of business ethics and management inquiry. One conventionally pessimistic line of argument it examines is that preoccupation with work might erode our capacity to experience other good things in life. More optimistically, the paper seeks to erode the barriers between meaningful work and meaningful life because work can be integral to meaningful life and human flourishing.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth seismic source: Modeling and calibration

This paper presents analyses of calibration data of the R/V Marcus G. Langseth seismic sources that were collected in 2007–2008. The analysis includes measurements of the levels and azimuthal directivity of the Langseth two-string source, which is used for 3-D seismic surveys and compares these data with multichannel seismic hydrophone array data in shallow water. The analysis also shows the important contribution of seafloor and subseafloor reflected and refracted arrivals and the associated effects of water depth and seafloor slope. As expected and predicted by modeling, azimuthal directivity depends greatly on the “footprint” dimensions of the seismic array. In shallow water, where the acoustic field is dominated by near-vertically traveling reflected and refracted waves, data recorded using a towed MCS array are a useful proxy for single hydrophone calibration data. In deeper water, the easily modeled direct arrivals are exceeded in amplitude by seafloor reflected and subseafloor refracted energy at offsets which depend upon the water depth, limiting the applicability of a priori modeling that does not include these interactions. In addition, in a seafloor sloping environment, amplitudes depend greatly on whether the receivers are upslope or downslope from the source.
Some personality correlates of external control

Abstract Measures of external control, n Ach, debilitating anxiety, facilitating anxiety, social desirability, intolerance of ambiguity, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, nonverbal ability, verbal ability, and field-independence were intercorrelated for a group of 84 male and female undergraduates (Group A). Measures of external control, n Ach, and test anxiety were intercorrelated for an older group of 199 male and female undergraduates (Group B). Results indicated a tendency for external control subjects to be relatively high in anxiety and neuroticism. Females in Group A were relatively high in external control. Sex differences were obtained in relationships between variables, particularly those involving social desirability.
Borderline personality symptomatology and sexual impulsivity.

Objective: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an Axis II phenomenon that is characterized by impulsivity, including sexual impulsivity. However, little empirical research has been undertaken to confirm and/or define the nature of sexual impulsivity in patients with BPD, which is the focus of the present study. Method: Using a cross-sectional approach and sample of convenience, we surveyed 76 women who were being seen as outpatients in an internal medicine clinic regarding: a) borderline personality symptoms using two measures (i.e., the borderline personality scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4, McLean Screening Inventory for Borderline Personality Disorder); and b) their sexual histories. Results: We found two statistically significant differences—those with borderline personality symptomatology were more likely to have an earlier onset of sexual intercourse as well as to report date rape. Conclusions: Individuals with borderline personality symptomatology report earlier sexual exposure as well
Cryptic carbon and sulfur cycling between surface ocean plankton

About half the carbon fixed by phytoplankton in the ocean is taken up and metabolized by marine bacteria, a transfer that is mediated through the seawater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. The chemical complexity of marine DOC, along with a poor understanding of which compounds form the basis of trophic interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton, have impeded efforts to identify key currencies of this carbon cycle link. Here, we used transcriptional patterns in a bacterial-diatom model system based on vitamin B12 auxotrophy as a sensitive assay for metabolite exchange between marine plankton. The most highly up-regulated genes (up to 374-fold) by a marine Roseobacter clade bacterium when cocultured with the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were those encoding the transport and catabolism of 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHPS). This compound has no currently recognized role in the marine microbial food web. As the genes for DHPS catabolism have limited distribution among bacterial taxa, T. pseudonana may use this sulfonate for targeted feeding of beneficial associates. Indeed, DHPS was both a major component of the T. pseudonana cytosol and an abundant microbial metabolite in a diatom bloom in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Moreover, transcript analysis of the North Pacific samples provided evidence of DHPS catabolism by Roseobacter populations. Other such biogeochemically important metabolites may be common in the ocean but difficult to discriminate against the complex chemical background of seawater. Bacterial transformation of this diatom-derived sulfonate represents a previously unidentified and likely sizeable link in both the marine carbon and sulfur cycles.
Association of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins with the hDlg/SAP97 tumor suppressor.

Papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses that infect epithelial tissues and cause warts. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. The E6 and E7 oncogenes are the only genes consistently expressed in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) induces papillomas and carcinomas on cottontail and domestic rabbits and provides an excellent animal model of HPV infection and vaccine development. CRPV encodes three transforming proteins; LE6, SE6, and E7. Each of these proteins is required for papilloma formation. Like HPV E7, the CRPV E7 protein binds to the tumor suppressor pRB. In contrast, unlike HPV E6, the CRPV E6 proteins do not bind the tumor suppressor p53. Although more than a dozen cellular proteins have been identified as HPV E6 interacting proteins, nothing is known about the cellular interacting proteins of CRPV E6s. Here we describe the association of CRPV E6s with hDlg/SAP97, the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. HPV E6 has previously shown to bind and target hDlg/SAP97 for degradation. Our results demonstrate that both LE6 and SE6 interact with hDlg/SAP97, although their association does not lead to the degradation of hDlg/SAP97. The PDZ domains of hDlg were shown to be sufficient for interaction with CRPV E6 proteins while the C-terminus of CRPV E6 is essential for the interaction with hDlg. The association of hDlg with SE6 may be important but not sufficient for the transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by SE6. Importantly, a CRPV SE6 mutant defective for papilloma formation did not interact with hDlg. These results suggest that interaction with hDlg/SAP97 plays a role in the biological function of CRPV E6s. J. Cell. Biochem. 94: 1038–1045, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The biogenesis of the cyanellae of Cyanophora paradoxa. I. Polypeptide composition of the cyanellae.

Based on polypeptide separation, protein purification and immunoblotting techniques using heterologous antibodies. we have been able to identify several photosynthetically important polypeptide components of the cyanellae of Cyanophora paradoxa. Cytochrome c-552 and ferredoxin have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and exhibit apparent molecular masses of 10.5 and 9.0 kDa. respectively. Cytochrome c-552 has an isoelectric point of pH 4.2 $\pm$ 0.1. Plastocyanin was immunologically and spectrally undetectable even in cells grown in the presence of Cu$^{2+}$ Polypeptides for cytochromes f, b-6 and c-552 have been located in electrophoretically resolved thylakoid samples by using the TMBZ-staining procedure. Intact phycobilisomes have been purified and characterized with respect to polypeptide composition and absorption and emission spectra. Photosystems I and II have been isolated and characterized with respect to their photochemical activities, spectral characteristics and polypeptide composition. Photochemically active PS I complexes fluoresce maximally at 720 nm at 77 K and comprise five polypeptide subunits resolved under denaturing conditions with apparent molecular masses of 66, 21, 18, 14 and 11 kDa. PS II core complexes mediate light-dependent 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-sensitive electron transfer between 1.5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP) at rates of 140-200 $\mu mol$ h$^{-1}$ mg$^{-1}$ chlorophyll. These complexes exhibit absorption maxima at 436 and 673 nm and show fluorescence emission maxima at 685 and 695 nm at 77 K. Rubisco was separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunologically characterized.
Reversing the Spirituality Lenses: Challenges and Opportunities for Strategy Research

This paper examines the potential of integrating spirituality within the field of strategy. This integration is becoming increasingly desirable because of calls for broadening explanations of firm behavior and the use of more pluralistic perspectives in strategy research. Specifically, the paper identifies challenges and opportunities for viewing strategy through the lens of the Christian faith tradition. Challenges examined include gaps in organizational levels of and the reliance upon unobservables found in both Christian scripture and some streams of strategy research. Opportunities include broadening the conception of the firm to allow easier consideration of alliances and not-for-profit settings, examining theoretical perspectives of strategy that incorporate multiple levels of analysis, and considering fields that are related closely to strategy that reflect levels of analysis directly addressed in Christian Scripture. The paper concludes by identifying several potential starting points for integrat...
GPU Accelerated Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Gravity-Assist and Impulsive V Maneuvers

A combination of multiple gravity-assist and impulsive V maneuvers are often utilized for interplanetary missions to outer planets, such as NASA’s Galileo and Cassini missions. Such complex interplanetary missions often require the optimization of more than 20 variables, making brute force and traditional NLP methods dicult, if not impossible. In this paper a genetic algorithm, which utilizes the computational power of modern GPUs, is developed to solve the problem of designing advanced mission. By using modern GPUs the computational burden for advanced mission designs can be drastically reduced over traditional CPU optimization programs, allowing the mission designer to explore multiple mission scenarios or other mission options.
Omnivorousness as the bridging of cultural holes: A measurement strategy

Recent research and theory at the intersection of cultural sociology and network analysis have converged around the notion of cultural holes: patterns of cultural choice that position the person as a bridge not between other persons but between cultural worlds. This is an approach that promises to open up new vistas in our conceptualization of the relationship between social position and cultural taste, but that so far lacks operational grounding. In this article, I draw on Breiger’s (1974) formalization of the idea of the duality of persons and groups along with classical formalizations of brokerage for sociometric networks (Burt 1992) to suggest that the “cultural ego network” of a typical survey respondent can be reconstructed from patterns of audience overlap among the cultural items that are chosen by each respondent. This leads to a formalization of the notion of omnivorousness as relatively low levels of clustering in the cultural network: namely, omnivorousness as cultural network efficiency. I show how this metric overcomes the difficulties that have plagued previous attempts to produce ordinal indicators of omnivorousness from simple counts of the number of cultural choices, while providing novel substantive (and sometime counter-intuitive) insights into the relationship between socio-demographic status markers and patterns of cultural choice in the contemporary United States.
Social Studies Instruction: Changing Teacher Confidence in Classrooms Enhanced by Technology

This study sought to determine to what extent seasoned educators' perceived confidence, competence, and resultant content-specific self-efficacy could be altered as a result of three different workshops geared toward the use of technology in social studies classrooms. Through analyses of pre- and post-test surveys, results indicated that participants gained statistically significant changes in their self-reported levels of confidence and competence using various educational technologies over a relatively brief period of time. Results are summarized in light of current empirical literature pertaining to the intersection of social studies pedagogy and technology integration specifically, and more broadly, professional development overall.
Histological studies of the glenoid labrum from fetal life to old age

To help to resolve the controversy regarding the composition of the glenoid labrum, thirty-eight shoulders from cadavera were examined grossly and histologically. We used specimens for individuals of different ages so that we could determine what changes occur as a result of aging. In children and adults, the labrum appeared to be fibrocartilaginous tissue. The labrum was a separate anatomical structure that could be distinguished from the fibrous capsule of the shoulder. Neonatal labra were composed of primitive mesenchymal tissue containing only few chondrocytes that modulated into fibrocartilage in the first few years of life. Neonatal labra contained no elastin, whereas specimens from adults had rare elastin fibers. The labrum was sparsely vascularized throughout its substance, with no particular pattern of distribution. Vascularity decreased with increasing age of the individual.
A sensitive radioimmunoassay for quantitation of igm rheumatoid factor

A solid-phase radioimmunoassay capable of detecting nanogram quantities of human IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) in biologic fluids has been developed. Binding curves for monoclonal IgM RF and polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors were similar under the conditions utilized for the assay. Human IgG did not interfere with the detection of IgM RF by this method. Small quantities (less than or equal to 0.2%) of nonspecific binding by nonRF IgM to the human IgG coated tubes utilized in the assay were corrected for by assaying samples in parallel bovine serum albumin coated control tubes. As expected, patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had significantly higher concentrations of IgM RF than seronegative RA patients (mean +/- 1 SD = 652 +/- 553 microgram/ml versus 11.3 +/- 13.3 microgram/ml, P less than 0.001). In contrast, all normal control sera assayed to date contained less than 0.1 microgram/ml of IgM RF. The capacity of the assay to detect nanogram quantities of IgM RF should permit investigation of the cellular mechanisms underlying RF production.
Neurobiological Insights from mGlu Receptor Allosteric Modulation

Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors offers a promising pharmacological approach to normalize neural circuit dysfunction associated with various psychiatric and neurological disorders. As mGlu receptor allosteric modulators progress through discovery and clinical development, both technical advances and novel tool compounds are providing opportunities to better understand mGlu receptor pharmacology and neurobiology. Recent advances in structural biology are elucidating the structural determinants of mGlu receptor–negative allosteric modulation and supplying the means to resolve active, allosteric modulator-bound mGlu receptors. The discovery and characterization of allosteric modulators with novel pharmacological profiles is uncovering the biological significance of their intrinsic agonist activity, biased mGlu receptor modulation, and novel mGlu receptor heterodimers. The development and exploitation of optogenetic and optopharmacological tools is permitting a refined spatial and temporal understanding of both mGlu receptor functions and their allosteric modulation in intact brain circuits. Together, these lines of research promise to provide a more refined understanding of mGlu receptors and their allosteric modulation that will inform the development of mGlu receptor allosteric modulators as neurotherapeutics in the years to come.
Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis

Trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite, both enhances atherosclerosis in animal models and is associated with cardiovascular risks in clinical studies. Here, we investigate the impact of targeted inhibition of the first step in TMAO generation, commensal microbial TMA production, on diet-induced atherosclerosis. A structural analog of choline, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), is shown to non-lethally inhibit TMA formation from cultured microbes, to inhibit distinct microbial TMA lyases, and to both inhibit TMA production from physiologic polymicrobial cultures (e.g., intestinal contents, human feces) and reduce TMAO levels in mice fed a high-choline or L-carnitine diet. DMB inhibited choline diet-enhanced endogenous macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein e(-/-) mice without alterations in circulating cholesterol levels. The present studies suggest that targeting gut microbial production of TMA specifically and non-lethal microbial inhibitors in general may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
THE MINIARTHROTOMY TECHNIQUE OF ANKLE ARTHRODESIS: A CADAVER STUDY OF OPERATIVE VASCULAR COMPROMISE AND EARLY CLINICAL RESULTS

We present a two-part study of the miniarthrotomy ankle fusion technique for minimally deformed joints: a laboratory investigation of ankle vascularity and a clinical review of the early results. In the laboratory portion, five pairs of cadaver legs were injected with radiographic dye, after which arthrodesis was performed via either the open technique (one leg of each pair) or the miniarthrotomy technique (the contralateral leg of each pair). Two legs in the open arthrodesis group had disruption of the peroneal arterial circulation, but no disruption was identified in the miniarthrotomy group. In the clinical portion of the study, we reviewed the results of 32 patients who had undergone ankle fusion via the miniarthrotomy technique. One patient had a nonunion and two patients had delayed union. The average time to union for the 31 patients was 8 weeks (range: 6 to 22). These results compare favorably to the arthroscopically assisted method of fusion and offers another choice for arthrodesis of minimally deformed ankles. We concluded that with minimal disruption, there is less likelihood of arterial injury and devascularization, which may indirectly have a positive effect on the rate of ankle arthrodesis.
First Measurement of the Branching Fraction of $e^+ e^- \to B^0 \overline{B}^0$

We report the first measurement of the absolute branching fraction at the ϒ(4S) resonance using data collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e+e- storage ring. The analysis is performed with partial reconstruction of the decay , where the presence of a signal decay is determined using only the lepton and the soft pion from the D* decay. By reconstructing events with one or two signal decays, we obtain a preliminary result of . Our result does not depend on branching fractions of the and the D*+ decays, on the individual simulated reconstruction efficiencies, on the ratio of the charged and neutral B meson lifetimes, or on the assumption of isospin symmetry.
Resistance of Cucurbit Varieties to the Spotted Cucumber Beetle in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina

Fifty-three varieties within the plant family Cucurbitaceae were evaluated for plant resistance to Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Varieties were tested for foliage resistance and seedling resistance. Varieties were placed in 4 groups, based on common crop names, for statistical analysis: (1) cucumbers, (2) summer squash, (3) winter squash, and (4) pumpkins, muskmelons, and watermelons, varieties were scored on the amount of damage sustained, were given a damage index rating, and were listed as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible. Pumpkins, muskmelons, and watermelons were more susceptible than the other groups. However, greater differences occurred among varieties within a group than occurred between groups in both the seedling and foliage stages. Also it was found that resistance in one stage of plant growth did not preclude varietal resistance in another stage.
Base-induced phototautomerization in 7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin.

Excited-state proton-transfer dynamics between 7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin and 1-methylimidazole base in toluene were studied using ultrafast pump–probe and time-resolved emission methods. Charge-transfer excitation of the hydroxycoumarin shifts electron density from the hydroxyl group to the carbonyl, resulting in an excited state where proton transfer to the base is highly favored. In addition to its the photoacid characteristics, the shift in the hydroxycoumarin electronic distribution gives it characteristics of a photobase as well. The result is a tautomerization process occurring on the picosecond time scale in which the 1-methylimidazole base acts as a proton-transfer shuttle from the hydroxyl group to the carbonyl.
Development of Torpedo Defence Systems of Foreign Surface Ships

The characteristics of modern torpedoes are summarized. The development status of the surface ship's torpedo defense systems in some western countries is discussed, the characteristics of the torpedo defense systems are analyzed, and their development trends are forecasted. It is suggested that the new concept defense weapons, such as anti-torpedo torpedo and supercavitating projectile, be taken as development direction of torpedo defense system of surface ship in future.
Integrating Schools for Centralized Admissions

As school districts integrate charter schools for centralized admissions in Denver, New Orleans, Newark and Washington D.C., some charter schools have stayed out of the system. This is counterintuitive as centralized clearinghouses are deemed beneficial to schools as well as students. We provide a new framework to study the incentives of a school to join a clearinghouse and we show that each school prefers to remain out of the system when others join it for the standard mechanisms used in practice for student assignment. Therefore, our analysis provides an explanation of why some charter schools have evaded the clearinghouse. To overcome this issue, we propose two schemes that can be used by policymakers to incentivize schools to join the system, which achieves the desired integration of schools to the clearinghouse.
Experience Explained: A Review of David Skeel's 'True Paradox'

This is a book review of David Skeel's True Paradox: How Christianity Makes Sense of our Complex World.
Life Cycle Analysis for Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions

Recently Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have received increased attention due to their importance in many high-tech and clean energy applications. Although production of REEs is known to be heavy polluting, very limited environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have been conducted. This is particularly true for the solvent extraction of REEs from aqueous solutions, a key step in the REE production pathway. In this study, an LCA is carried out on a typical REE solvent extraction process using P204/kerosene. The material and energy flow data were based on production information collected from several solvent extraction facilities in Inner Mongolia, China. The life cycle inventory was developed using Simapro 7.1 and Ecoinvent 3, in combination with mass/energy balance and stoichiometry. Eco-indicator 99H was used for impact assessment and LCA results were used to evaluate and identify environmental hotspots of solvent extraction process. Moreover, challenges and opportunities for improved environmental performance of solvent extraction process were discussed.
DOE: The Jewel of Quality Engineering

Design of experiments (DOE) methods are among the most complicated and useful of statistical quality control techniques. DOE methods can be an important part of a thorough system optimization, yielding definitive system design or redesign recommendations. These methods all involve the activities of experimental planning, conducting experiments, and fitting models to the outputs. An essential ingredient in applying DOE methods is the use of procedure called “randomization” which is defined at the end of this chapter. To preview, randomization involves making many experimental planning decisions using a random or unpatterned approach.
Analytical chemistry, multidimensional spectral signatures, and the future of coherent multidimensional spectroscopy

Abstract Spectroscopy is a dominant measurement methodology because it resolves molecular level details over a wide concentration range. Its limitations, however, become challenged when applied to complex materials. Coherent multidimensional spectroscopy (CMDS) is the optical analogue of multidimensional NMR and like NMR, its multidimensionality promises to increase the spectral selectivity of vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. This article explores whether this promise can make CMDS a dominant spectroscopic method throughout the sciences. In order for CMDS to become a dominant methodology, it must create multidimensional spectral fingerprints that provide the selectivity required for probing complex samples. Pump-CMDS probe methods separate the pump’s measurement of dynamics from a multidimensional and selective probe. Fully coherent CMDS methods are ideal multidimensional probes because they avoid relaxation effects, spectrally isolate the output signals, and provide unique and invariant spectral signatures using any combination of vibrational and electronic quantum states.
Case Studies in Sustainability Decision Making

Treatment of indicator data for computing sustainability footprints of systems is shown in detail in this chapter. Three representative systems have been chosen for sustainability assessment. Sustainability footprint is the Euclidean distance of a system, De, from a reference point of the same system, where De is characterized by chosen indicators . Thus for comparing different process options of a system, this distance gives an overall sustainability performance of the contending options. These three cases show how the calculations are made for obtaining the footprints. Additionally these cases also deal with statistical analysis of the covariance data of the indicator values to arrive at two important findings: first which of the indicators are necessary and sufficient for decision making and second, of the necessary indicators what are the rank orders of the indicators in terms of importance.
A Functional Analysis of Variants Associated with Therapy-Induced Second Malignancies After Hodgkin Lymphoma Identified by a Genome-Wide Scan

Abstract 3892 Survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are susceptible to radiation-induced second malignant neoplasms (SMNs). In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of patients treated for HL who did or did not develop SMNs, we identified and validated two SMN-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 6q21, intergenic between PRDM1 and ATG5 [rs4946728: P = 1.04×10-9, OR = 3.21 (95% CI = 2.37–6.42), and rs1040411: P = 4.24×10-8, OR = 2.43 (95% CI = 1.76–3.34)]. Recently, it was demonstrated that disease-associated SNPs are more likely to be expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), SNPs that regulate gene expression, than are randomly chosen SNPs matched for their population allele frequencies. Indeed, we found that the 1000 SNPs most associated with SMNs are significantly enriched for eQTLs ( P = 0.01). Exploring the processes regulated by SMN-associated SNPs can inform the mechanism by which SMNs result in patients treated with radiation therapy. As an initial investigation of the effect of these SNPs on gene expression, we studied the effect of the validated 6q21 haplotype (comprised of rs4946728 and rs1040411) on global gene expression in HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Gene set enrichment analysis of genes differentially expressed (log2>0.05) between cell lines carrying either the risk or protective haplotype revealed that carriage of the risk-associated haplotype was associated with increased expression of transmembrane proteins (enrichment P = 2.1×10-13) and immune response proteins (enrichment P = 1.2×10-6). Because the 6q21 haplotype is in close physical proximity to ATG5 and PRDM1 , we investigated its functional consequence on expression of these genes. We discovered the risk-associated haplotype was significantly associated with lower levels of PRDM1 mRNA ( P = 0.04) but not ATG5 mRNA. As exposure to radiation is the primary etiologic factor for SMNs, we assessed the effect of the risk haplotype on protein levels of PRDM1 and ATG5 in six LCLs (three with the risk haplotype and three with the protective haplotype) following 10Gy of gamma irradiation (IR). PRDM1 protein levels were significantly lower in LCLs carrying the risk-associated haplotype in the absence of IR. In all lines, PRDM1 levels increased following radiation exposure, but this effect was significantly attenuated in presence of the risk haplotype. In sum, these data suggest that SNPs associated with SMNs following HL are enriched for SNPs that regulate gene expression. We demonstrate that the validated risk alleles at 6q21 are associated with differences in PRDM1 mRNA and protein levels and response to radiation. These observations suggest a model in which PRDM1 may be a key regulator of the radiation-response that protects against the emergence of SMNs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Application of Whole-Genome Prediction Methods for Genome-Wide Association Studies: A Bayesian Approach

Data that are collected for whole-genome prediction can also be used for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This paper discusses how Bayesian multiple-regression methods that are used for whole-genome prediction can be adapted for GWAS. It is argued here that controlling the posterior type I error rate (PER) is more suitable than controlling the genomewise error rate (GER) for controlling false positives in GWAS. It is shown here that under ideal conditions, i.e., when the model is correctly specified, PER can be controlled by using Bayesian posterior probabilities that are easy to obtain. Computer simulation was used to examine the properties of this Bayesian approach when the ideal conditions were not met. Results indicate that even then useful inferences can be made.
A comparative analysis of locoregional therapy (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy [HIPEC]) and systemic chemotherapy (CT) following cytoreductive surgery in patients (pts) with disseminated mucinous appendiceal cancers (MACA).

e14169 Background: MACA are rare neoplasms with variable prognosis depending on tumor histology. Peritoneal dissemination is frequent and cytoreductive surgery is the mainstay of treatment (tx). HI...
Application of nanoindentation for uncertainty assessment of elastic properties in mudrocks from micro- to well-log scales

Uncertainty in estimates of elastic properties of soft mudrock components such as clay minerals and kerogen can influence well-log-based evaluation of effective elastic properties in organic-rich mudrocks. Existing methods, such as effective medium models for well-log-based assessment of elastic properties, assume constant stiffness and idealized shape for rock components. However, these characteristics might vary depending on the distribution and size of that particular component, as well as its adjacent components. Furthermore, there is a significant uncertainty in elastic properties of kerogen in the case of organic-rich mudrocks. The uncertainty associated with the aforementioned parameters on effective elastic properties of rocks has not been investigated in previous publications. In this paper, we quantify the variability in elastic properties of individual mudrock components caused by their spatial distribution, size, and rock fabric, at the micro-scale domain, and their impact in well-log-based ev...
Analytical Calculation of Back EMF Waveform for Linear PM Motors in Slotted and Slotless Structures

This paper presents the analytical calculation of back electromotive force (EMF) waveform for linear permanent magnet motors in either slotted or slotless structures. The predictions are based on the analysis of the 2-D magnetic field distributions and the 3-D end effects. In the slotted structure, the relative permeance function obtained by the Schwarz-Christoffel conformal mapping is used to take into account the effects of slotting and to calculate the air-gap flux density. Subsequently, to evaluate the leakage components resulting from the slot opening, slot opening factor is introduced to reflect the elements which do not follow the intended path to produce the back EMF. In the slotless structure, the effective values of the magnetic field quantities, together with the extended theory of winding factors, are employed to evaluate the back EMF waveform. For the analysis of the axial end effects, the 3-D leakage factor is incorporated into the analytical solutions by adding the end leakage permeance to the entire magnetic circuit models. The validity of the analytical results for each topology is confirmed by 2-D finite element and experimental results.