cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Efficiency Multiple Quantum Well Triple-Junction Tandem Solar Cell

This work shows the design of a high-efficiency solar cell in an indium-gallium-arsenide/–gallium-arsenide multiple quantum well (MQW) structure. The main concerns regarding the solar cell are its fabrication complexity, design complexity, and efficiency. Tandem solar cells are designed to absorb the maximum amount of solar energy. In a tandem structure, different positive-negative junctions are responsible for absorbing different portions of the solar spectrum. Besides this, the embedded MQW structure also helps to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. The maximum efficiency of the tandem solar cell in the different material structures is reported to be around 45%–46%. Proper matching of different material parameters such as the lattice-matched semiconductor and thickness of the tandem solar cell can increase the efficiency of the solar cell. This paper introduces a tandem solar cell having an efficiency of around 50%. This comparative study shows the improved performance of the proposed solar cell. A graphical user interface is also developed for solar cell simulation.
Effectiveness of beta blockers in patients with and without a history of myocardial infarction.

Studies demonstrating mortality benefit of beta blockers (BB) after myocardial infarction (MI) were conducted before the era of percutaneous intervention and widespread use of statins. Recent retrospective studies show inconsistent results regarding which subgroups of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients’ benefit. Most studies did not account for medication changes over time. We evaluated the association of time-varying BB exposure with death in CAD patients with or without a history of MI. This retrospective cohort study included all patients with MI and those with coronary disease but no MI at a single health care system who also had health insurance from January 1, 1997, to June 30, 2011. Pharmacy claims data were used to estimate BB exposure over 6-month rolling windows. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. The effect of BB exposure was tested using time-updated Cox proportional hazards models. We identified 6220 patients with MI and 21,285 patients with CAD but no MI. Among patients who suffered MI, BB exposure was associated with a 31% relative risk reduction in all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 0.69, P = 0.001). Among subjects who survived 3 years after MI, BB retained a protective association (HR 0.71, P = 0.001). Among CAD-only patients, BB exposure was also associated with risk reduction (HR 0.85, P = 0.001). Among patients with CAD, BB exposure is associated with reduced risk of death. The association is strongest among those who have suffered MI. This favorable association appears durable beyond 3 years.
Costal cartilage graft for an unstable post-traumatic trapeziometacarpal intra-articular malunion in a pediatric patient: A case report.

Abstract Trapeziometacarpal dislocation is a rare traumatic lesion, especially in the pediatric population. Various treatments have been described for acute cases. We report the case of a 15-year-old boy who was admitted in the emergency department with chronic post-traumatic trapeziometacarpal dislocation due to an untreated first metacarpal base fracture (Bennett), with complete articular destruction. The patient was treated by open reduction, interposition of a costal cartilage graft, and intermetacarpal K-wire fixation. Follow-up at 2 years after the surgery showed excellent clinical and radiological results. This surgical technique had not been described previously in the pediatric population.
Sciene Plays Defense: Natural Resource Management in the Bush Administration

The Bush administration has been heavily criticized by scientists for ils use of science in the policy arena generally, including in natural resource management. The most widely circulated criticisms have accused the administration of politicizing science. The fundamental problem, though, is the opposite, the scientizing of politics. Political actors are often tempted to describe their decisions as scientific, but science is not, and cannot be, the primary driver of most regulatory decisions. The long history of scientific leadership within the conservation community has produced a sense in that community that emphasizing the scientific aspects of natural resource management necessarily works to their advantage. The current administration, however, has shown that the rhetoric of science can also be used defensively, as a barrier to regulation. This Article details several key methods the administration has used to pursue its strategy of defensive science in natural resource management. It concludes with the suggestion that a more normatively defensible, and perhaps also a more politically effective, strategy for conservationists would emphasize the need to bring two key procedural aspects of scientific practice, transparency and a commitment to updating, more strongly into the regulatory arena.
Scanlon Against Desertist Theories of Justice

In his 2018 book Why Does Inequality Matter? T. M. Scanlon discusses the question how significant differences of economic advantage can be justified. He surveys a variety of possible justifications. In Chapter 8—‘Desert’—he focuses on the idea that a desertist theory of justice might attempt to justify such differences in certain cases by claiming that those who have more in those cases deserve to have more; while those who have less deserve to have less. Scanlon rejects this sort of attempted justification. Scanlon claims that desert ‘plays no role in distributive justice’. He seems to think that in order to explain how it could be just for people to receive unequal benefits, we will need to appeal to some conception of distributive justice that does not involve desert. In my 2016 book Distributive Justice: Getting What We Deserve from Our Country I presented what I took to be a thoroughly desertist theory of distributive justice—apparently a theory of precisely the sort Scanlon means to reject. Scanlon does not mention my theory. My aim in the present paper is to explain how my desertist theory avoids Scanlon’s objections. First I explain the conception of desert that Scanlon has in mind; then I present the core of Scanlon’s objections to desertist theories of distributive justice. Finally, I show that his objections have no application to the form of desertism that I proposed.
A Bargain, the Best I Never Had: Hypothetical Bargains and the Morality of Efficient Breach

This article defeats Shavell’s prominent view in contract theory regarding the morality of breach. His theory was at the vanguard of the current movement of economic theorists to square their approval of efficient breach with the moral intuition against it. The theory offers a bargaining-based model of the moral force of promises and concludes that efficient breaches are never immoral. I show that this model makes for a shoddy theory of contract law and promises. Further, I illustrate how the model is underdeveloped from an economic perspective. Finally, I consider the assumptions needed to develop the model while maintaining Shavell’s conclusion. I demonstrate that these assumptions are not met in the vast majority of cases. As result, the intuitive disdain laypeople have toward efficient breach remains a serious problem for economic theories of contract.
The use of social media among the pediatric colorectal community.

Pediatric colorectal conditions require complex medical care and can require lifelong support. Caregivers often seek medical information on the internet. The aim of this study was to characterize the use of three social media platforms for information sharing about pediatric colorectal conditions. A systematic study of Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter was performed using standardized search terms. Accounts with activity within the last year were included. Quantitative data were collected. Accounts were qualitatively assessed and assigned a functional category. Group differences were tested via Kruskal–Wallis test and Fisher’s exact tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. A total of 96 Instagram accounts, 57 Twitter accounts, 49 Facebook pages, and 45 Facebook groups were identified. Accounts originated from 24 countries and the greatest number of accounts was created in 2013. The most common source of information on Instagram was from personal accounts (74.0%), on Facebook was from support groups (45.7%), and on Twitter was from health care providers (35.1%), (p < 0.001). The most common functional categories on Instagram were personal story (69.8%), on Twitter were scientific information/medical research (57.9%), and on Facebook were supportive/story sharing (47.8%), (p < 0.001). Social media serves as a source for medical information and allows for supportive communities for pediatric colorectal patients and their families to exist.
Heterogenous Trajectories in Physical, Mental and Cognitive Health among Older Americans: Roles of Genetics and Earlier SES

We investigate the roles of genetic predispositions, childhood SES and adult schooling attainment in shaping trajectories for three important components of the overall health and wellbeing of older adults -- BMI, depressive symptoms and cognition. We use the Health & Retirement Study (HRS) and group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) to identify subgroups of people who share the same underlying trajectories over ages 50-94 years. After identifying common underlying trajectories, we use fractional multinomial logit models to estimate associations of (1) polygenic scores for BMI, depression, ever-smoked, education, cognition and subjective wellbeing, (2) childhood SES and (3) schooling attainment on the probabilities of trajectory group membership. While genetic predispositions do play a part in predicting trajectory group membership, our results highlight the long arm of socioeconomic factors. Schooling attainment is the most robust predictor—it predicts increased probabilities of belonging to trajectories with BMI in the normal rage, low depressive symptoms and high initial cognition. Childhood circumstances are manifested in trajectories to a lesser extent, with childhood SES only predicting the likelihood of being on the low depressive symptoms trajectory. We also find suggestive evidence that associations of schooling attainment on the probabilities of being on trajectories with BMI in the normal rage, low depressive symptoms and high initial cognition vary with genetic predispositions.
New animal phylogeny: future challenges for animal phylogeny in the age of phylogenomics

The science of phylogenetics, and specially the subfield of molecular systematics, has grown exponentially not only in the amount of publications and general interest, but also especially in the amount of genetic data available. Modern phylogenomic analyses use large genomic and transcriptomic resources, yet a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of animals, including the newest types of data for all phyla, remains elusive. Future challenges need to address important issues with taxon sampling—especially for rare and small animals—orthology assignment, algorithmic developments, and data storage and to figure out better ways to integrate information from genomes and morphology in order to place fossils more precisely in the animal tree of life. Such precise placement will also aid in providing more accurate dates to major evolutionary events during the evolution of our closest kingdom.
Effects of prenatal exposure of mice to “low-dose” diethylstilbestrol and the development of adenomyosis associated with evidence of hyperprolactinemia☆☆☆

The developing genital tract of the fetal mouse was exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the induction of noncyclic ovarian function in adult life was circumvented. Female mice of two inbred strains, BALB/c and C3H, were mated with BALB/c male mice and on the seventh day of pregnancy were fed a diet containing 0.2 micrograms of DES/gm continuously until the morning after delivery of the young. This regimen did not interfere appreciably with continuance of pregnancy, and offspring of normal body weight were delivered. When the mice reached maturity, the fertility and fecundity of the cycling exposed female mice were, however, reduced significantly. Virgin exposed BALB/c female mice, observed until 18 months of age, developed neoplasms with the same low frequency normally encountered in this strain, while the exposed hybrids developed mammary carcinomas almost twice as often as did an unexposed population. In addition, two benign lesions of the genital tract occurred frequently in the exposed hybrid female mice. The most extensive of these resembled adenomyosis as seen in the female human in that foci of nonneoplastic endometrium penetrated the muscular layers of the uterus, often forming small, fluid-filled blebs evaginating the serosal surface. This lesion was reproduced by grafting day-old female mice with a single ectopic hypophysis, indicating that chronic hyperprolactinemia was a major endocrine factor in its genesis. The second was an enlargement of the cervix with extensive mucoid alterations within the muscularis, a lesion that could be produced by the continuous estrogenization of adult animals. Both lesions occurred to a much lesser extent in BALB/c female mice, and neither was felt to contribute to the reduced fecundity noted in DES-exposed female mice.
Synaptic modification by vision

The developing visual system of animals depends on visual inputs to establish synaptic connections between neurons of the retina and later stages of the visual pathway. In their Perspective, Chiu and Weliky explain new findings revealing that synaptic connections in the developing visual system can be both established and reversed by visual inputs ( Zhou et al.).
Reversal of optical induction in transamination by regioisomeric bifunctionalized cyclodextrins

Abstract Two isomeric compounds have been synthesized carrying a pyridoxamine on C-6 of β-cyclodextrin and an imidazole unit on C-6 of the neighboring glucose residue. Each one stereoselectively transaminates phenylpyruvic acid to produce phenylalanine, and with opposite stereochemical preferences. Structure determinations by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy indicate that the imidazole units serve to block proton addition from their side, rather than acting to protonate the transamination intermediates. Related cyclodextrin–pyridoxamine compounds had been reported carrying ethylenediamine units instead of imidazoles, and high enantioselectivities in transamination were claimed. Our work indicates that these claims are incorrect, and that only poor selectivities are seen that are often unrelated to the position of the ethylenediamine units. Neither of these transaminating systems yet approaches the enantioselectivity seen with a pyridoxamine carrying a chirally mounted internal base group.
The approach to equilibrium of multilocus genotype diversity under clonal selection and cyclical parthenogenesis

Sexual generations in cyclical parthenogens are typically separated by multiple generations of clonal reproduction. In contrast to sexual reproduction, during parthenogenesis the genome of the parent is passed on to the offspring as a unit. The absence of recombination during parthenogenesis leads to differences in the action of natural selection in the two reproductive phases. In addition, since recombination is a sampling process, random genetic drift is potentially more important in sexual reproduction than in parthenogenesis. A recent development in the study of rotifer population genetics is the use of microsatellites to characterize natural populations. Microsatellites are selectively neutral, show patterns of Mendelian inheritance and tend to be much more variable than allozymes. An advantage over allozymes is that microsatellite DNA can be cloned with PCR and thus multiple loci can be assayed from a single individual. We use a new computer model in this paper to investigate the response of selectively active and selectively neutral genes to evolutionary forces during cyclical parthenogenesis. Selectively active alleles may respond differently to selection in the parthenogenetic and sexual phases of cyclical parthenogenesis. Even when strong clonal selection is acting on loci associated with adaptation, the view that emerges with microsatellites may be one of Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium. Thus studies using selectively neutral loci may fail to detect clonal selection even when it is an important feature of the rotifer population’s adaptive structure.
Some Extensions of the Open-Loop Balanced Approach for Model Reduction

This paper provides some extensions of a powerful open-loop model reduction technique called balanced realization. Developed by Moore, this approach uses concepts of controllability and observability to determine a reduced-order model. Moore's work was developed for controllable, observable, and asymototically stable systems. This paper shows that balancing techniques can be easily extended to unstable systems. Furthermore, using another model reduction method, called chained aggregation, the balanced and chained aggregation methods can be easily combined for systems that are also unobservable and uncontrollable.
Searches for SUSY at the Tevatron

This paper presents recent results on Supersymmetry searches in various channels from the CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron.
Weekend and Weekday Patterns of Physical Activity in Overweight and Normal-weight Adolescent Girls

Objective: To describe the patterns (specifically comparing weekdays and weekends classified by intensities) of physical activity (PA) measured by accelerometry in adolescent girls. Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy sixth grade girls (n = 1603), 11 to 12 years old, were randomly recruited from 36 schools participating in the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls. Age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, weight, and height were taken. PA patterns were measured for 6 days using accelerometry. Results: Adolescent girls spend most of their time in sedentary (52% to 57% of the day) and light activity (40% to 45% of the day) on weekdays and weekends. In all girls, total PA comprised 44.5% of the day (41.7% light, 2.2% moderate, and 0.7% vigorous) with sedentary activity comprising 55.4%. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was higher (p < 0.001) on weekdays than weekends in all girls, but MVPA was lower in at-risk of overweight + overweight girls (p < 0.001) on both weekdays and weekends compared with normal-weight girls. Discussion: Adolescent girls are more active at moderate and vigorous intensities on weekdays than on weekends, and at-risk of overweight and those overweight spend less time engaging in MVPA than normal-weight girls.
The effect of reticence on college students’ use of electronic mail to communicate with faculty

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether reticent and non‐reticent college students differed in their use of e‐mail, motives for employing e‐mail, and preferred channel of communication with faculty. Results indicated that, although reticent and non‐reticent students did not differ in their frequency of using e‐mail to communicate with faculty, reticent students reported greater comfort and ease in using e‐mail as opposed to oral communication channels than non‐reticents. In addition, compared to non‐reticents, reticent students expressed a greater preference for using e‐mail over speaking to faculty at their offices.
Excess molar enthalpies of (toluene + n-heptane) and (toluene + methylcyclohexane) using a new variable-volume dilution calorimeter

Abstract A new variable-volume isothermal dilution calorimeter has been designed and constructed, with the variability in volume provided by use of flexible metal bellows. A computerized control and data-acquisition system has been developed using a digital PID control algorithm to control the calorimeter heater, with temperature variations during injections held to within a few mK. This new calorimeter concept is believed to be capable of rapid and precise measurements of excess molar enthalpies H m E for both endothermic and exothermic (liquid + liquid) and (gas + liquid) mixtures over wide ranges of temperature. The performance of this calorimeter has been evaluated by employing (cyclohexane + n -hexane) as a standard test mixture at 298.15 K. Experimental H m E results agree within 0.5 J · mol −1 (0.2 per cent of H m, max E ) with the best previous results for this test mixture. New H m E s were produced for (toluene + n -heptane) and (toluene + methylcyclohexane) at the same temperature.
Computer Studies Nonasymptotic Goodness-Of-Fit Tests for Categorical Data

A FORTRAN-77 subroutine is presented to calculate two test statistics for assessing goodness-of-fit in categorical data. The test statistic inferences are based on the exact first three cumulants of the Pearson chi-square statistic and a recently published modification of the Pearson chi-square statistic.
Force-time investigations for the elastic impact between a rigid sphere and a thin layer

Abstract A quasi-static analysis is made of the impact between a rigid sphere and an elastic layer supported by a rigid substrate. Several theories are used assuming either frictionless support or complete adherence between the layer and substrate. Dimensionless force-time relationships and impact durations are obtained for the various theories. Finally, the theoretical impact durations are compared with the results of experiment.
Polymerization-Defective Fibrinogen Variant gammaD364A Binds Knob “A” Peptide Mimic

Fibrin polymerization is supported in part by interactions called "A:a". Crystallographic studies revealed gamma364Asp is part of hole "a" that interacts with knob "A" peptide mimic, GPRP. Biochemical studies have shown gamma364Asp is critical to polymerization, as polymerization of variants gammaD364A, gammaD364H, and gammaD364V is exceptionally impaired. To understand the molecular basis for the aberrant function, we solved the crystal structure of fragment D from gammaD364A. Surprisingly, the structure (rfD-gammaD364A+GP) showed near normal "A:a" interactions with GPRP bound to hole "a" and no change in the overall structure of gammaD364A. Of note, inspection of the structure showed negative electrostatic potential inside hole "a" was diminished by this substitution. We examined GPRP binding to the gamma364Asp variants in solution by plasmin protection assay. We found no protection of either gammaD364H or gammaD364V but partial protection of gammaD364A, indicating the peptide does not bind to either gammaD364H or gammaD364V and binds more weakly than normal to gammaD364A. We also examined protection by calcium and found all variants were indistinguishable from normal, suggesting the global structures of the variants are not markedly different from normal. Our data imply that gamma364Asp per se is not required for knob "A" binding to hole "a"; rather, this residue's negative charge has a critical role in the electrostatic interactions that facilitate the important first step in fibrin polymerization.
Follow-up investigation in patients with anorexia nervosa

Sixty-three female patients with anorexia nervosa were assessed for outcome, on average 27.5 months after treatment. The treatment program, in a general adolescent medical service, is multidisciplinary, stressing appropriate weight gain in conjunction with various therapeutic modalities. Half the group required at least one hospitalization; the remainder received treatment as outpatients. Mean weight of the patients was 41.8 kg at first contact, 46.2 kg at conclusion of treatment, and 52.2 kg at follow-up. Average height at the time of follow-up was in the 38th percentile. Average weight was in the 15th percentile at first contact, and in the 29th percentile at follow-up. Current weight is 8% below ideal. Ninety-three percent of the patients had amenorrhea at diagnosis, and 9.5% at follow-up. vomiting declined from 59% of patients to 16%. Vomiting was significantly associated with poor outcome. The majority function successfully, academically and vocationally. Most continue to restrict diet, and 79% consider themselves overweight. Forty percent report chronic feelings of depression, and 22% have unsatisfactory social relationships. The data suggest no difference in outcome between those receiving psychotherapy (65%) and those who did not (35%). Type and duration of therapy were also not associated with long-range improvement.
Multi-parameter harsh environment sensing using asymmetric Bragg gratings inscribed by IR femtosecond irradiation

Abstract In this paper, we review our recent work on multi-parameter harsh environment sensing using asymmetric Bragg gratings inscribed by IR femtosecond irradiation, which includes the investigations of fiber Bragg gratings inscribed by graded-index silica multimode fibers and polarization maintaining (PM) single mode fibers. The unique features of this type of grating are: (1) formed by multi-photon ionization, this kind of grating can withstand temperature as high as 1000 °C, which makes it suitable for harsh environment sensing; (2) bending (or pressure, strain) and ambient temperature fluctuations affect the shapes of multiple transmission dips in different ways, which enables multi-parameter sensing capability. The principle of multi-parameter sensing of the multimode fiber gratings is based on the fact that multimode fiber gratings have multiple resonant dips in spectrum and the change of spectral shape is different for different types of perturbations (e.g., temperature and pressure). The main challenge of sensing using multimode fiber is that the shape of spectrum also depends on the excitation condition, which makes the analysis of the sensing data complicated. On the other hand, the PM single mode fiber supports only two linearly polarized modes, which results in two resonant dips in the transmission spectrum. Since measured parameters such as the temperature and bending affect the transmission spectrum of two dips in different ways, one can implement multi-parameter sensing in harsh environment using PM fiber. Note that it is much easier to analyze the data of two dips (in the case of PM fibers) instead of multiple dips (in the case of multimode fibers). Finally, we also investigate the ultra thin multimode and PM single mode harsh environment fiber gratings for multi-parameter sensing applications. After etching the most part of the cladding, both multimode and PM single mode fiber grating spectra become sensitive to ambient refractive index changes, and their sensitivity to bending and strain is also enhanced. This enables the application for multi-parameter chemical/bio and pressure sensing.
Nanocomposite and nanostructured tribological materials for space applications

Abstract Satellites and space-born systems have a number of moveable mechanical parts, whose reliability is severely limited by degradation of lubricants and excessive wear. Many systems may remain in space for 10–30 years and, therefore, exposed to atomic oxygen, solar radiation, energetic particles, and temperature cycling from cryogenic to 400 °C. Furthermore, these systems are frequently tested on the ground and stored for many years under controlled environments before launching. Also, reusable launch vehicles are so planned that they will operate with space–terrestrial cycling and with temperature spikes in excess of 800 °C during re-entry. A “chameleon” tribological coating concept was developed to address this challenge. This approach relies on the coating to change its surface (both chemistry and structure) to self-adjust to the environment and thus achieve long durability. The first “chameleon” coatings were made of WC, WS 2 , and diamond-like carbon (DLC); they provided superior mechanical toughness and performance in space/terrestrial environmental cycling. In order to address the temperature variation, the second generation of “chameleon” coatings were made of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in a gold matrix with encapsulated nanosized reservoirs of MoS 2 and DLC. Encapsulation of MoS 2 nanoparticles into Al 2 O 3 matrix and high temperature lubrication with low melting point glassy ceramic phases were also explored. “Chameleon” coatings with various chemistries are discussed along with their characterization by various analytical, mechanical, and tribological methods. Coating toughness was remarkably enhanced by a grain boundary sliding mechanism. Unique friction and wear performance was demonstrated by testing in controlled humidity air, dry nitrogen, vacuum, 500–600 °C air, and in environmental cycling.
Bait-shyness: A test for toxicity with N = 2

Bait-shyness in rats induced by conditional pairing of a gustatory stimulus and injections of a test drug is a simple test for toxicosis requiring only a small N. Tests with injections of a nitrogen mustard derivative indicate that the slope of the acquisition curve is related to magnitude of dose and that the maximal response can be obtained most reliably after a large dose in a single trial.
The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science

Recent advances in the neurosciences offer a wealth of new information about how the brain works, and how the body and mind interact. These findings offer important and surprising implications for work in political science. Specifically, emotion exerts an impact on political decisions in decisive and significant ways. While its importance in political science has frequently been either dismissed or ignored in favor of theories that privilege rational reasoning, emotion can provide an alternate basis for explaining and predicting political choice and action. In this article, I posit a view of decision making that rests on an integrated notion of emotional rationality.
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Moduli of Na2O‐TiO2‐SiO2 Glasses

Ultrasonic interferometry was used to measure elastic-wave velocities and moduli in six Na2O-TiO2-SiO2 glasses; three glasses contained 20 mol% TiO2 and three 25 mol% TiO2. The elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives varied systematically with the SiO2/Na2O molar ratio of the glasses. In the group of glasses which contained 20 mol% TiO2, dK/dP (K=bulk modulus) decreased linearly from 4.85 to 2.59 as the SiO2/Na2O ratio increased; in the other group, dK/dP decreased from 4.00 to 3.05. Similarly, dμ/dP (μ=shear modulus) decreased with the SiO2/Na2O ratio, but somewhat non-linearly. The extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to the temperature dependencies of the elastic moduli are evaluated in light of the measured pressure dependencies of these moduli.
Synthetic Protein Maquette Design for Light Activated Intraprotein Electron Transfer

One of the best ways to understand the natural engineering of electron transfer proteins is to construct them ourselves. We design and synthesize simplified de novo synthetic redox protein, called maquettes, which seek to abstract the features essential for electron transfer function from the large and complex electron transfer proteins found in nature. With these simplified systems we can explore which properties of protein redox centers are relatively easy to reproduce, and reflect a low level of engineering, and which are more specialized and reflect an element of significant naturally selected design. We can also appreciate the physical chemical features that are essential (rather than incidental) for bioenergetic functions, including light activated electron transfer.
Technical improvements in protein microsequencing

Abstract Improved techniques for preparing samples and sequencing reagents have been developed to achieve highly sensitive protein sequencing. These improvements include a new sequencing buffer system which gives extremely low chromatographic background, a method for preparing polybrene, a key chemical in gas-phase protein microsequencing, and techniques for preparing protein samples suitable for microsequencing.
Physical Space and the Resource-Based View of the College

Space serves as a key resource for colleges and universities, and institutions exchange information about it with each other and with prospective students. Using content analysis to examine several widely circulated publications, this study looked for differences in the value attributed to space when institutional leaders present it to students and to other institutions. More broadly, I hope to suggest how differences in the presentation of space could indicate divergent priorities that can damage institutional trustworthiness.
The Stages in the Development of a Therapy Group: Tell-Tale Symptoms and Their Origin in the Dynamic Group Forces

Often the beginning or occasionally the more experienced group therapist facesasession during which unforeseen events may occur. These are not always easily explainable by either the personality dynamics of individual patients or t^y forces immediately apparent in the group process. For instance, a therapist may have trouble pushing the group past painful silences in the beginning. Another may experience some difficulty moving the group away from a discussion on politics or cake baking, or he may be flabbergasted by a sudden or unpredictable attack on him sometime after the first few relatively smooth meetings. In many of these and similar instances, we are dealing with "normal" manifestations of the phases in the group's life. These phases develop in a fairly orderly and predictable way and are dependent on vectors that are generated in every (therapy) group as these are perceived and reacted to by the members, and as they are mediated by the dynamic forces that emanate from personality structure (as we know it today). It is, therefore, helpful to reexamine the latest studies on the processes in groups that define stages in their growth. These processes are further understandable as manifestations of normal behavior patterns arising from individuals who react to the unique i ngredientsand demands of a therapy group. These patterns have their roots in the way patiertts perceive the ingredients in the group process, and they come from previously learned behavior patterns and psychodynamically influenced perceptions. A clear conceptual outline of these forces can add further understanding to the dynamic explanation one may get from individual patients. Such an outline would further provide the therapist with guidelines by which he can anticipate events in his group and facilitate the movement of his group through some of the crises points.
Is ST elevation the only electrocardiographic response of the ischemic right ventricle

Abstract Right ventricular (RV) infarction is frequently associated with transient ST elevation in right precordial leads 1,2 . Studies of patients with an inferior infarction have shown that right precordial ST elevation is predictive of a proximal right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion 3 , and that the duration of the ST elevation is predictive of the extent of early RV dysfunction 4 . The spectrum of electrocardiographic response to ventricular ischemia is well described in the left coronary distribution 5–7 but not in the RCA distribution. Stenosis of the proximal RCA before the major RV branches is uniformly associated with exercise-induced right precordial ST elevation 8–10 . Proximal RCA lesions have also been associated with a reduction in RV ejection fraction during exercise and during balloon occlusion. 11,12 Two studies of 8 and 13 patients undergoing RCA angioplasty showed right precordial ST elevation, but did not report the occurrence of right precordial ST depression 13,14 . This study was performed prospectively to determine the electrocardiographic response in V 4 R in consecutive patients undergoing coronary angioplasties, using angioplasty as a model of reversible ischemia. We hypothesized that ischemia during proximal RCA angioplasty would be similar to exercise-induced ischemia—that is, ST elevation and not ST depression would be seen in the right precordial leads.
Monotone convergence theorems for variational triples with applications to intermediate problems

The variational eigenvalue problem for a real quadratic form b with respect to a positive definite form a on a vector space V may be represented by the triple ( b , a , V ). Methods of intermediate problems provide approximations from below to the lower eigenvalues of ( b , a , V ) using monotone increasing sequences of such triples. It is shown that every such approximation method is canonically equivalent to Weinstein's method. General convergence theorems are proved for such methods. These results generalise known convergence results for increasing sequences of quadratic forms. The results are applied to some specific approximation methods and are illustrated using a differential eigenvalue problem.
Hybrid weakness in Phaseolus vulgaris L. I. Disruption of development and hormonal allocation

A reduced concentration of cytokinins may cause the abnormal growth and development found in F1 hybrids between Andean and Mesoamerican races of Phaseolus vulgaris L. In this study, concentrations of the transportable cytokinin zeatin riboside (ZR) were measured by ELISA for ZR (cross reactivities dihydrozeatin, 14%, zeatin 7.6%) in roots, stems, and leaves of a Phaseolus Mesoamerican landrace (P. vulgaris L. cv. Redkloud), an Andean landrace (P. vulgaris L. cv. Batt), and their F1 hybrids. Concentrations of ZR in roots and leaves of F1 hybrids were significantly less than that found in roots and leaves of parental cultivars. Approximately 90% of the ZR found in F1 hybrids was found sequestered in the stems, whereas cytokinins of the parental cultivars were distributed throughout the plant (roots: Batt 37%, Redkloud, 44%; stems: Batt 35%, Redkloud 42%; leaves: Batt 28%, Redkloud 14%). These results suggest that abnormal growth and development of F1 hybrids may involve interruption of the regulation of cytokinin allocation, thereby disrupting the root-shoot feedback loop between root-sourced cytokinins and putative shoot-produced factors.
Hidden one-dimensional spin modulation in a three-dimensional metal.

Applying high pressures to a crystalline material usually dramatically alters its properties. Feng et al. now demonstrate, however, that antiferromagnetism in gadolinium-silicon is robust even under pressures that are large enough to compress the volume of the crystal by one seventh.
Rotation-Electronic Deperturbation Analysis of the 4f 6s Configurational States of CeO

Abstract Rotation-electronic interactions between states of the 4 f 6 s configuration of CeO, mediated by the operator - B ( R )(Ĵ + · Ĵ − a + Ĵ − · Ĵ + a ), have been calculated. Second-order perturbation theory was used to account for the effect of heterogeneous interactions on the rotation constants within a single configuration. Eigenvectors from a ligand field theory calculation were used to evaluate these interactions. The results demonstrate the capability of the ligand field model to predict electronic-rotational interactions, and they illustrate the value of these interactions for uncovering the atomic-ion quantum numbers that are not readily determined for molecules in the strong spin-orbit coupling limit [Hund′s case ( c )].
Development of a Numerical Model to Predict In-Plane Heat Generation Patterns During Induction Processing of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Prepreg Stacks

A numerical model is proposed to describe in-plane heat generation spatial response during induction processing of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. The model is based on a unified approach that considers three possible heating mechanisms: fiber heating (Joule losses in fiber), noncontact junction heating (dielectric hysteresis), and contact junction heating (Joule losses at junctions). A lumped meshing scheme is used to construct a numerical representation for cross-ply and angle-ply orientations of 2-ply prepreg stacks. Heat generation patterns are calculated based on voltage and current conservation laws and verified with induction heating of AS4 carbon fiber-reinforced polyetherimide (AS4/PEI) prepreg stacks. Excellent agreement is found except at very low angle-ply orientations where the predicted heating patterns show significant deviations from the experiment results. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to assess the relationship between heating patterns and material and process paramete...
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF MICHIGAN DESIGN FOR DIVIDED HIGHWAYS

Multilane trunk-line (state routes other than freeways) highways in the state of Michigan typically have one of two cross sections: five-lane or boulevard. The cross section of a five-lane facility consists of four through lanes and a continuous two-way center left-turn lane. The alternative to the center left-turn lane design is a divided highway with a median. The median widths may vary from as little as 1.2 m (4 ft) to more than 30 m (100 ft). Since left turns at intersections have a major effect on limiting the capacity of the intersection, Michigan uses directional U-turn crossovers to provide for an “indirect left-turn” maneuver at signalized intersections. The alternative to this boulevard strategy is to provide for direct left turns with a left-turn phase at the intersection. It was impossible to find appropriate locations in the field to evaluate the sensitivities of these designs and operations with various traffic volumes and left-turn volumes. Thus, computer modeling, via TRAF-NETSIM, was used...
Intel's AMT enables rapid processing and info-turn for Intel's DFM test chip vehicle

Transistor dimensions are quickly approaching atomic levels. Metrology is already a challenge. Several technologies have evolved to keep pace such as scatterometry and bare wafer inspection. Lithography critical dimensions, registration and pitch are the forefront of dimensional scaling challenges. Variability at these dimensions can limit function, performance, yield and profitability with design for manufacturing (DFM) challenges. Intel's integrated device manufacturing (IDM) model has enabled many technologies and disciplines to come together to provide the most cost effective and optimal solutions to Moore's law scaling challenges. Intel's Automated Manufacturing Technology (AMT) capabilities play a significant role in enabling optimal Moore's law scaling solutions. The information turn cycle starts with the definition of the technology Test Chip and ends with the analysis of results from end of line (EOL) metrology. We will discuss the relevant DFM elements of AMT to enable: test-chip setup, computational lithography and validation, product & process modeling and setup, intelligence and control to minimize variability, rapid yield learning, and rapid product design learning.
New and improved methods to estimate day-ahead quantity and quality of solar irradiance

Abstract This paper proposes methodologies to estimate day-ahead quantity and quality of solar irradiance using the National Weather Service (NWS) sky cover forecast. The proposed methods use two parameters, the daily sky clearness index (KD) for quantity and the daily probability of persistence (POP–KD) for quality. POP–KD efficiently represents quality of daily solar irradiance. In addition, POP–KD can be applicable to indicate that solar irradiance variability is within ramp rates of common generators in power systems at a certain photovoltaic (PV) penetration level. For model development, this paper splits up a direct estimation process from cloud forecast to solar irradiance into two stages: forecast verification and cloud-to-irradiance conversion. Verification of the sky cover forecast shows an overestimation bias of approximately 20% on days with a high irradiance level. Thus, the NWS sky cover forecast needs to be adjusted based on the type of day. This paper also proposes new equations that provide accurate conversion from cloud observation to surface solar irradiance. Finally, this paper proposes a method for estimating day-ahead POP–KD and three methods for estimating day-ahead KD based on the NWS sky cover forecast. The proposed methods incorporate different schemes for dealing with the bias discovered in the cloud forecast. Estimation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods at different irradiance levels.
The Problems with Problem Solving: Reflections on the Rise, Current Status, and Possible Future of a Cognitive Research Paradigm.

This is a copy of an article published in the Journal of Problem Solving. © 2012 University of Illinois at Chicago.
Children’s use of category-size information for the retrieval of information

Both the accuracy of category-size information and its use during the retrieval of categorized materials were investigated among kindergarten and third-grade children as a function of degree of learning. Subjects receiving either one or three trials recalled items under one of three instructions: They were provided the size of the category, they were asked to estimate the size of each category, or they were given standard free recall instruction. Analysis of both the amount recalled and intercategory pause times indicated that children possess some category-size information before they spontaneously use it to guide retrieval. Also, category-size information seemed to be acquired earlier in the learning situation by third-graders than by kindergartners. Results were discussed in terms of the nonexhaustive retrieval searches typically reported for young children.
Intramolecular electron transfer in trimethylamine dehydrogenase: a thermodynamic analysis.

Within the enzyme trimethylamine dehydrogenase [TMADH], intramolecular electron transfer occurs between a fully reduced covalently bound 6-S-cysteinylflavin [FMN] cofactor, and an oxidized iron-sulfur [4Fe-4S]2+ center. When the enzyme is reduced by substrate trimethylamine, the kinetics of this intramolecular electron transfer [ET] reaction are biphasic, suggesting that ET occurs via two alternative processes [Falzon, L., & Davidson, V.L. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 2445-2452]. The formation of the FMN semiquinone was monitored by stopped-flow spectroscopy, and the two rate constants for the biphasic reaction were determined at temperatures ranging from 12 to 37 degrees C. Analysis of these rate constants by ET theory yielded values of 2.2 eV for the reorganizational energy [lambda] associated with each reaction and electronic coupling [H(AB)] of 5.9 and 47 cm-1 for the slower and faster ET reactions, respectively. The analysis also predicted average theoretical distance between the two redox centers of 12.3 A for the slower reaction and 8.1 A for the faster reaction. These predicted distances correlate well with the known crystal structure of TMADH and the most efficient pathways for ET that were predicted from the known structure using the Greenpath program. This analysis suggests that for each reaction the ET event is rate-limiting, but coupled to a highly unfavorable non-ET process, and that binding of a second molecule of substrate to reduced TMADH decreases the efficiency of the intramolecular ET.
Locus of Control and College Students' Approaches to Learning:

To predict over-all grade point average (GPA) the relationships among the students' approaches to learning as measured by the Study Process Questionnaire, Scholastic Aptitude Test, class attendance, and GPA were based on responses from 202 undergraduate students (72 men, 125 women, and 5 undefined) enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Analysis indicated that SAT scores correlated positively with over-all GPA. Scores on Achieving Approach to learning only were significantly but negatively correlated with GPA (r = −.27). Higher scores on the external locus of control measure also correlated negatively but not significantly with GPA (r = −.21). Regression analysis indicated Scholastic Aptitude Test scores were also the best predictors of overall GPA followed by class attendance. Only scores on Achieving Approach contributed to the prediction of GPA. No significant effect was noted when examining gender and Scholastic Aptitude Test scores with the Study Process Questionnaire.