cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Named Entity Recognition for Arabic Social Media

The majority of research on Arabic Named Entity Recognition (NER) addresses the the task for newswire genre, where the language used is Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), however, the need to study this task in social media is becoming more vital. Social media is characterized by the use of both MSA and Dialectal Arabic (DA), with often code switching between the two language varieties. Despite some common characteristics between MSA and DA, there are significant differences between which result in poor performance when MSA targeting systems are applied for NER in DA. Additionally, most NER systems rely primarily on gazetteers, which can be more challenging in a social media processing context due to an inherent low coverage. In this paper, we present a gazetteers-free NER system for Dialectal data that yields an F1 score of 72.68% which is an absolute improvement of 2 3% over a comparable state-ofthe-art gazetteer based DA-NER system.
Cylinders and Circular Plates

The bounded harmonic potentials of equations (24.27) in combination with solutions A, B and E provide a complete solution to the problem of a solid circular cylinder loaded by axisymmetric polynomial tractions on its curved surfaces. The corresponding problem for the hollow cylinder can be solved by including also the singular potentials of equation (24.42). The method can be extended to non-axisymmetric problems using the results of §24.7. If strong boundary conditions are imposed on the curved surfaces and weak conditions on the ends, the solutions are most appropriate to problems of ‘long’ cylinders in which L >> a, where L is the length of the cylinder and a is its outer radius. At the other extreme, where L << a, the same harmonic functions can be used to obtain three-dimensional solutions for in-plane loading and bending of circular plates, by imposing strong boundary conditions on the plane surfaces and weak conditions on the curved surfaces. As in Chapter 5, some indication of the order of polynomial required can be obtained from elementary Mechanics of Materials arguments.
Future directions in bladder cancer immunotherapy: towards adaptive immunity

The clinical management of bladder cancer has not changed significantly in several decades. In particular, intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy has been a mainstay for high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer since the late 1970s/early 1980s. This is despite the fact that bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rates of any cancer and BCG immunotherapy has not been shown to induce a tumor-specific immune response. We and others have hypothesized that immunotherapies capable of inducing tumor-specific adaptive immunity are needed to impact bladder cancer morbidity and mortality. This article summarizes the preclinical and clinical development of bladder cancer immunotherapies with an emphasis on the last 5 years. Expected progress in the near future is also discussed.
Judgment, Imagination and the Search for Justice

The multiplicity of demands and claims in ultra-pluralistic societies complicates the search for justice. Furthermore, the normative force of competing ideals gives rise to an aporia at the heart of the idea of justice’s federating force. In this article, I argue that exemplary moral and political acts evince these ideals by reason of their fittingness with respect to the demands of the situations to which they respond. As such, these acts lay claim to their normative value by exemplifying the “rule” that each act summons. Drawing upon aesthetic experience’s lateral transposition onto the planes of ethics and politics, I show how imagination is operative in practical judgments (phronesis). Accordingly, I relate the search for justice to an eschatology of non-violence, which for Paul Ricœur takes the place of the critique of ideology in its opposition to an ontology of lingual understanding.
Phospholipase C Beta 1: a Candidate Signature Gene for Proneural Subtype High-Grade Glioma

Phospholipase C beta 1 (PLCβ1) expresses in gliomas and cultured glial cells, but its expression is barely detectable in normal glial cells. We analyzed data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO-GDSxxx), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) to explore the potential role of PLCβ1 as a biomarker in high-grade glioma (HGG). PLCβ1 expression is significantly higher in grade III gliomas than that in grade IV gliomas from GDS1815 (n = 24 vs. 76), GDS1962 (n = 19 vs. 81), and GDS1975 (n = 26 vs. 59). In GDS1815, PLCβ1 expression correlates with several known proneural (PN) signature genes; its expression from PN subtype (n = 15) is significantly higher than that from mesenchymal (Mes) subtype (n = 33) HGG. In GDS1962, PLCβ1 expression is the highest in nontumor brain tissue (n = 23) and is significantly higher than its expression in grade II gliomas [astrocytomas (n = 7) and oligodendrogliomas (n = 37)]. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve from a REMBRANDT cohort demonstrates that glioma patients with intermediate PLCβ1 expression (n = 103) survived significantly longer than PLCβ1 downregulated (2X) groups (n = 226). From TCGA data, PLCβ1 RNA-Seq signal inversely correlates with the pathological grades, and PLCβ1 expression in PN (n = 8) is of significantly higher levels than that in Mes (n = 8) subtypes of glioblastoma. The top 50 % of PLCβ1 expression subgroup (n = 294) of gliomas (grades II to IV merged) survived significantly longer than the low 50 percentile of the PLCβ1 expression subgroup (n = 293). p values are less than 0.05 for all these analyses. We conclude that PLCβ1 is a candidate signature gene for PN subtype HGG, and its expression inversely correlates with glioma pathological grade and is a potential prognostic factor.
A sensitive method for detecting production of extracellular enzymes by fungi on solid media

sporium and Drepanospora. Mycologia 81: 356374. Hawksworth, D. L. 1991. Lists of names in current use: a new initiative to address a continuing problem. Mycotaxon 40: 445-458. Hughes, S. J. 1958. Revisiones hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. Canad. J. Bot. 36: 728-836. Korf, R. P. 1991. Shall we abandon the principle of priority (and other nomenclature caveats) for the sake of expediency? Mycotaxon 40: 459-468. Link, H. F. 1809. Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Mag. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3: 3-42. . 1824. Linne species plantarum (ed. 4, C. L. Willendow) 6(1): 1-160. Morgan-Jones, G., R. C. Sinclair, and A. Eicker. 1991. Notes on Hyphomycetes. LXII. Concerning Chloridium virescens var. allantosporum, a new taxon, C. virescens var. caudigerum, and Chloridium phaeosporum from southern Africa. Mycotaxon 41: 459-468. Persoon, C. H. 1794. Dispositio methodica fungorum. Romer's Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 81-128. · 1801. Synopsis methodicafungorum. H. Dieterich, Gottingen, Germany. 694 pp. · 1822. Mycologia europaea. I. Erlangen, Germany. 356 pp. Saccardo, P. A. 1886. Syllogefungorum 4: 1-807. Sivanesan, A. 1984. The bitunicate Ascomycetes and their anamorphs. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Lichtenstein. 701 pp. Streinz, W. M. 1862. Nomenclator fungorum. C. Gorischek, Vienna, Austria. 735 pp.
Factors influencing the application of child support guidelines: Are there urban and rural differences?

ABSTRACT Using 507 divorce records, this study determines whether or not factors, such as parents' socioeconomics, child custody decisions, and characteristics of the legal system, affect the manner in which child support guidelines are applied in an urban and rural courthouse in New Hampshire. Stepwise logistic regressions found individual factors within the two broad categories of socioeconomics and child custody decisions to differ in these two courthouses. Factors, such as father's income, fathers granted the marital home, fathers with solo physical custody, and parents granted joint physical custody, increased the log odds of a departure from the guidelines in the urban courthouse. While the self-employment status of fathers increased the log odds of a departure from the guidelines, mothers with solo physical custody decreased the log odds of a departure from the guidelines in the rural courthouse.
Self-Justification, Self-Control, and Credit Card Usage

Research has indicated that many households have difficulty managing their credit card debt. Although credit cards allow people to fulfill their monetary desires, credit card usage is potentially related to the problem of spending restraints, and can cause self-inflicted stress. Those with poor credit payment problems may feel stress from the pressure of wanting to achieve self-control. Self-justification, identifying themselves as the same as other people, is considered one way to relieve this stress, as social conformity theory suggests. The objectives of this study are as follows: 1) to explore the relationship between poor credit card payment history and attitudes about credit card purchases, and 2) to investigate the differences in attitudes about specific expenses of credit card usage between those with a poor credit card payment histories and those without.
Studies on a Proteolytic Enzyme System of the Blood. IV. Activation of Profibrinolysin by Serum Fibrinolysokinase.

ConclusionSerum, independent of cellular elements, contains a fibrinolysokinase which is capable of converting profibrinolysin to active fibrinolysin.
Investigation and analysis of pollution condition of Salmonella in food in Lishui

Objective:To investigate the pollution condition of Salmonella in food contamination in Lishui.Methods:The traditional separation method and cribration with Salmonella colouration flat plate.Results:106 specimens of 20 positive samples in Lishui,grand total 41 Salmonella were detected and the isolating rate was 18.9%.Conclusion:The disservice of Salmonella mainly from the meat products,through the cribration with Salmonella colouration flat plate can reduced the quantity of the work.
Determination of selenium in human hair by microwave digestion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective Research on application of microwave digestion ICP/MS method to determine the content of selenium in human hair.Methods Human hair samples were digested with microwave digestion instrument in Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide for digestion acid system.ICP/MS was applied to determine the selenium in human hair.Result Our research showed that application of this method in detecting human hair selenium content was accurate.The limit of detection was 0.2 μg/L.The relative standard deviation was 2.04%.Conclusion Application of this method in detecting human hair selenium content was accurate,rapid and effective.
Reflections and Countermeasures of the Current State and Policies of the Healthcare Personnel in the Rural Areas of Dali

From an investigation of the current state of the healthcare personnel in the rural areas of Dali, we found following problems exist: deficient number of rural healthcare personnel, irrational structure of the personnel, insufficient educational background, and challenges in recruiting and stabilizing personnel. Based on the observations above, to meet the increasing demand of rural healthcare we should implement the strategies of fostering rural healthcare workers, raise the attention to cultivating competent personnel, stabilize the rural healthcare personnel team, encourage further educate, increase policy favor for rural health workers and optimize our rural healthcare workforce.
Relationship between Chemical Composition and Hysteresis in Polyurethane Elastomers

Polyurethane elastomers have been prepared from 1,4-cyclohexane- diisocyanate, hydroxy terminated poly(tetramethylene oxide), 1,4-butanediol and trimethylolpropane. Selected sample blocks (63.5 × 63.5 × 15.9mm) have been tested for hysteretic heat build-up during compressive cycling. During 200,000 cycles at 18.5 Hertz under a maximum load of 24.5 kg and a ratio of minimum load to maximum of 0.1, the internal temperatures for different samples ranged from 50 to 160°C. Thermomechanical analysis indicates final softening values of 250°C for most samples. Mechanical properties are maintained up to at least 180°C in dynamic mechanical analysis. The samples have low weight percents of hard segment, approximately 20 percent, but have high Shore A hardness values in the 80-90 range. Trouser tear strengths range from 4kN/m for a heavily crosslinked sample to 30 kN/m for a linear sample. The low internal temperature generated during compressive fatigue testing, as well as other exceptional properties of these polyurethanes are attributed to the compact nature of the diisocyanate and its ability to form very small hard segment crystallites with melting temperatures above 200°C.
Respiratory Scores as a Tool to Reduce Bronchodilator Use in Children Hospitalized With Acute Viral Bronchiolitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adoption of clinical respiratory scoring as a quality improvement (QI) tool in bronchiolitis has been temporally associated with decreased bronchodilator usage. We sought to determine whether documented use of a clinical respiratory score at the patient level was associated with a decrease in either the physician prescription of any dose of bronchodilator or the number of doses, if prescribed, in a multisite QI collaborative. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a QI collaborative involving 22 hospitals. The project enrolled patients aged 1 month to 2 years with a primary diagnosis of acute viral bronchiolitis and excluded those with prematurity, other significant comorbid diseases, and those needing intensive care. We assessed for an association between documentation of any respiratory score use during an episode of care, as well as the method in which scores were used, and physician prescribing of any bronchodilator and number of doses. Covariates considered were phase of the collaborative, hospital length of stay, steroid use, and presence of household smokers. RESULTS: A total of 1876 subjects were included. There was no association between documentation of a respiratory score and the likelihood of physician prescribing of any bronchodilator. Score use was associated with fewer doses of bronchodilators if one was prescribed ( P = .05), but this association disappeared with multivariable analysis ( P = .73). CONCLUSIONS: We found no clear association between clinical respiratory score use and physician prescribing of bronchodilators in a multicenter QI collaborative.
Abstract P222: T-Type Calcium Channels Regulate NFAT Signaling in Cardiomyocytes and Are Expressed in Chronic Hypoxic Right Ventricle

Alterations in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) have a significant impact on Ca2+ signaling, an integral part of the cardiac response to pathological conditions. The calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway ...
Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome with Resolution After Discontinuing High Vitamin A Containing Dietary Supplement: Case Report and Review.

A 24-year-old non-obese, but slightly overweight, female presented with a two-week history of progressive severe headache associated with two days of blurry vision. Clinical exam was significant fo...
Leg: Sitting Position

The sitting position offers an opportunity to examine the legs with the force of hydrostatic pressure added to the hemodynamic pressure from myocardial activity. Here, color changes of arterial insufficiency become readily observable as does distention of superficial veins from refluxing valves. In addition, swelling, discoloration, and ulcers of the legs – fore and aft – are easily observable as are other cutaneous lesions. It is also a position that facilitates circumferential measurements of the lower legs.
Formal theories of action (preliminary report)

We apply circumscription to formalizing reasoning about the effects of actions in the framework of the situation calculus. The axiomatic description of causal connections between actions and changes allows us to solve the qualification problem and the frame problem using only simple forms of circumscription. The method is applied to the Hanks--McDermott shooting problem and to a blocks world in which blocks can be moved and painted.
Cloud-Based Intelligent Accounting Applications: Accounting Task Automation Using IBM Watson Cognitive Computing

ABSTRACT This paper presents a cognitive computing model, based on artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, supporting task automation in the accounting industry. Drivers and consequences of task...
Identification of spoilage microorganisms in blueberry juice and their inactivation by a microchip pulsed electric field system

Blueberry juice is a healthy and nutritious food that has become increasingly popular worldwide. However, little is known about the microbial groups of this juice that can cause its spoilage. This study aimed to identify the main spoilage microorganisms in blueberry juice and explore whether a microchip pulsed electric field (MPEF) can effectively inactivate them. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, as well as 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 26S rDNA gene sequence analyses. Nine species belonging to eight genera, including Pantoea, Burkholderia, Pichia, Meyerozyma, Cryptococcus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, and Penicillium were identified as spoilage microorganisms. Cryptococcus sp., Meyerozyma sp., and Pichia sp. were specific spoilage organisms (SSO) owing to their rising numbers throughout spoilage progression. The effect of MPEF on the potential inactivation of these microorganisms was to induce significant inactivation of viable Cryptococcus sp., Meyerozyma sp., and Pichia sp. This research provides a theoretical basis for the application of MPEF in improving the quality of blueberry juice.
Evaluation of an incidental cardiac finding in a patient with bronchitis

Clinical introduction A 63-year-old man with HIV presented with 1 month of dyspnoea and productive cough without orthopnoea. He was afebrile with normal blood pressure, borderline tachycardia and mild pulmonary wheezing. He had exertional hypoxia requiring 4 L per minute of oxygen. No murmurs, jugular venous distention or lower extremity oedema was noted. Clinical evaluation included transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), which showed mild left ventricular hypertrophy with normal size and systolic function. The right ventricle was normal. There was mild aortic insufficiency; other valves were normal. An abnormality was incidentally seen at the aortic root. The patient was treated for bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, while further evaluation of the incidental aortic root finding was performed with transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and cardiac MRI (CMR). Question What is the most likely diagnosis for this finding? Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. Chronic aortic dissection. Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) pseudoaneurysm. Right coronary artery aneurysm. Aortic root abscess.
Costing the PCAST Machine

In September, 1995, the Office of Fusion Energy commissioned a three month study to assess the recommendations made by President's Commission on the Advancement of Science and Technology (PCAST) fo...
Students' Beliefs About the Role of Atoms in Radioactive Decay and Half-life

Contemporary science education research emphasizes the importance of considering students pre-instructional beliefs when designing effective, learner-centered instructional strategies. When scientists teach about dating geological events, most often the concepts of radioactive decay and half-life are presented. However, the research base on student understanding of radiation and radioactivity is currently quite limited. The principal research question used to focus this investigation asked: What are the common difficulties that students experience when trying to learn about radiation and radioactivity? Our research illustrates that students bring to the classroom many inaccurate ideas and reasoning difficulties on the topics of ionizing radiation, radioactivity, and radioactive decay that are well-poised to interfere with students' understanding of how half-life is used to determine geologic time. To uncover the range and frequency of the dominant student beliefs, we performed individual demonstration int...
Motivation Modulates Brain Networks in Response to Faces Varying in Race and Status: A Multivariate Approach

Previous behavioral and neuroimaging work indicates that individuals who are externally motivated to respond without racial prejudice tend not to spontaneously regulate their prejudice and prefer to focus on nonracial attributes when evaluating others. This fMRI multivariate analysis used partial least squares analysis to examine the distributed neural processing of race and a relevant but ostensibly nonracial attribute (i.e., socioeconomic status) as a function of the perceiver's external motivation. Sixty-one white male participants (Homo sapiens) privately formed impressions of black and white male faces ascribed with high or low status. Across all conditions, greater external motivation was associated with reduced coactivation of brain regions believed to support emotion regulation (rostral anterior cingulate cortex), introspection (middle cingulate), and social cognition (temporal pole, medial prefrontal cortex). The reduced involvement of this network irrespective of target race and status suggests that external motivation is related to the participant's overall approach to impression formation in an interracial context. The findings highlight the importance of examining network coactivation in understanding the role of external motivation in impression formation, among other interracial social processes.
Abstract TMP87: Non-Invasive Respiratory Impedance Enhances Cerebral Perfusion in Acute Stroke Patients

Introduction: Optimization of cerebral blood flow is a cornerstone of clinical management in a number of neurologic diseases, most notably acute ischemic stroke. Intra-thoracic pressure influences ...
CD13 tethers the IQGAP1-ARF6-EFA6 complex to the plasma membrane to promote ARF6 activation, β1 integrin recycling, and cell migration

Cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires a balance between integrin internalization and recycling to the surface that is mediated by numerous proteins, emphasizing the complexity of these processes. Upon ligand binding in various cells, the β1 integrin is internalized, traffics to early endosomes, and is returned to the plasma membrane through recycling endosomes. This trafficking process depends on the cyclical activation and inactivation of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) by their specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and their GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this study, we found that the cell surface antigen CD13, a multifunctional transmembrane molecule that regulates cell-cell adhesion and receptor-mediated endocytosis, also promoted cell migration and colocalized with β1 integrin at sites of cell adhesion and at the leading edge. A lack of CD13 resulted in aberrant trafficking of internalized β1 integrin to late endosomes and its ultimate degradation. Our data indicate that CD13 promoted ARF6 GTPase activity by positioning the ARF6-GEF EFA6 at the cell membrane. In migrating cells, a complex containing phosphorylated CD13, IQGAP1, GTP-bound (active) ARF6, and EFA6 at the leading edge promoted the ARF6 GTPase cycling and cell migration. Together, our findings uncover a role for CD13 in the fundamental cellular processes of receptor recycling, regulation of small GTPase activities, cell-ECM interactions, and cell migration.
Hand-held dynamometer to measure pressure pain thresholds: A double-blinded reliability and validity study

Abstract Background Pain is the most common complaint reported in the musculoskeletal setting. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) assists with pain mechanism identification, although QST is typically performed in research settings. It is possible that clinical utilization of QST may improve if clinically accessible tools can be reliably and validly used. Objective To determine if a hand-held dynamometer (HHD) can be a valid and reliable assessment of pressure pain threshold (PPT). Design Double-blinded validation study. Methods Eighteen healthy subjects (25.6 ± 3.4 years old) participated in this study. Two testers independently assessed PPT using a HHD and a digital algometer. Assessments followed previously described pressure algometry protocols. Testers and subjects were each blinded to data during assessments. Results Intra- and inter-rater reliability were excellent for the foot and face for both devices (ICC's > 0.9). Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients revealed good-excellent agreement with minimal proportional bias when normalizing device force at pain threshold to the circumference of the device applicator (ICC 95%CI: 0.56–0.95). Only poor-good agreement (ICC 95% CI: 0.30–0.76) and significant proportional bias was observed when normalizing to area (pressure). Conclusions Based on the results of this study, when force is normalized by circumference of the applicator, a HHD was found to be a valid and reliable tool for measuring PPT. Clinicians may use HHD to detect relevant pain mechanisms at fault in their evaluation and treatment of pain. Additional research in various pathologic populations is warranted.
More Work to Do? Taking Stock of Latin American Labor Markets

We analyze the performance of labor markets in Latin America since the late 1990s. Strong GDP growth during the commodity boom period led to important gains in employment and a fall in the unemployment rate as labor demand outpaced an increasing labor supply. We emphasize the role of informality in the dynamics of labor markets in Latin America. A re-examination of Okun's law shows that informality dampens changes in unemployment accompanying output fluctuations. Moreover, we present some evidence that countries with higher redundancy costs and cumbersome dismissal regulations, exhibit 'excess' informality over and above what would be expected based on their income and educational levels. Labor market reforms could thus contribute to reducing informality and increasing the responsiveness of labor markets to output growth. However, looking at selected case studies of reforms using the synthetic control method, we find mixed results in terms of labor market outcomes.
Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Microwave Circuit-Analog Absorbers

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) was used to additively manufacture (3-D print) two-prototype circuit-analog (CA) absorbers. The CA absorbers consist of a lossy frequency selective surface (FSS), substrate, and ground plane. In this article, the FSS and substrate were manufactured using two different FFF materials to make a cohesive structure manufactured during a single printing procedure. To design the CA absorbers, the complex permittivity of FFF printed polylactic acid (PLA), bronze-, brass-, copper-, and iron-powder infused PLAs, and a graphite-PLA composite was measured using a free-space materials measurement system. Out of the candidate materials measured, graphite PLA and standalone PLA were selected as the FSSs and substrates, respectively. Complex permittivity data from the selected materials were input to Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio so that a genetic algorithm could optimize absorber dimensions. Reflectivity of the printed absorbers was measured using a free-space measurement setup. Measured reflectivity data were compared to that from simulations. A simulated-geometric tolerance study corroborated differences noted between ideal models and measured data. The results showed that FFF techniques can be used for CA-absorber designs and that 3-D printing settings can ultimately affect absorber performance.
Perceived Facilitators and Barriers to Participation in Community-Based Cooking Classes among Mobile Market Patrons: Exploratory Research

Food banks/pantries may improve health measures through cooking skill development. This study aimed to identify 1) levels of perceived cooking skill and enjoyment and 2) potential barriers and faci...
Housing and Dwelling: Perspectives on Modern Domestic Architecture

Housing and Dwelling collects the best in recent scholarly and philosophical writings that bear upon the history of domestic architecture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Lane combines exemplary readings that focus on and examine the issues involved in the study of domestic architecture, taken from an innovative and informed combination of philosophy, history, social science, art, literature and architectural writings. Uniquely, the readings underline the point of view of the user of a dwelling and assess the impact of varying uses on the evolution of domestic architecture. This book is a valuable asset for students, scholars, and designers alike, exploring the extraordinary variety of methods, interpretations and source materials now available in this important field. For students, it opens windows on the many aspects of domestic architecture. For scholars, it introduces new, interdisciplinary points of view and suggests directions for further research. It acquaints practising architects in the field of housing design with history and methods and offers directions for future design possibilities.
The Exclusion Principle

As was noted in the second part of this book, both anaphorically used the-phrases and anaphoric pronouns are subject to an additional restriction. The tacit quantifiers governing the choice of b in (G. he) and (G. anaphoric the) have to be understood as being partially exclusive (cf. Hintikka 1973, chap. 1). More precisely, the choice of b in (G. he) (and in (G. anaphoric the)) must be restricted by excluding all individuals whose proper names, interpreted by having had (G. name) applied to them, occur in the same clause as (i.e., are, syntactically speaking, dominated by precisely the same S-nodes as) the pronoun (or the definite description) to which a game rule is being applied, at the stage of the game when a rule is applied to it. This general principle — we shall call it the “Exclusion Principle” — can be generalized to cover expressions other than pronouns that are evaluated by applying some game rule to them.
A note on the influx of extraterrestrial dust as an energy source in the E region.

Extraterrestrial dust as possible cause of background ionization and stratification in sporadic E layer
Political Involvement and Religious Compromises

The risks of modern politics are significant enough that religious believers ought to be making greater efforts than many of them are currently doing to think soberly about the effects of their political participation. In this article I argue that Stanley Hauerwas’s most recent approach to political participation is a promising one but that there are further measures that are equally profitable as ways of facilitating the public witness of the faithful. I develop out of my discussion of Hauerwas some participatory guidelines for religious believers. First I suggest that they ought to be abiding by a worldview integrity condition, and then I argue that they ought also to be subjecting themselves to the assessments of a critical community.
The Structure and Function of Fibrillin

Fibrillin is a very large molecule whose primary structure is now known from the cloning and sequencing of 10 kb of cDNA. Immunohistochemical results suggest that one of the functions of fibrillin molecules is to contribute to the structure of the microfibril. The importance of fibrillin as a structural macromolecule has been demonstrated by the identification of the gene for fibrillin (FBN1) as the disease-causing gene in Marfan's syndrome. While it is clear that fibrillin contributes to the structure of the microfibril, it is not known whether fibrillin molecules self-assemble or whether fibrillin interacts with other molecules in order to form microfibrils. In order to investigate whether particular domains of fibrillin are important to the assembly of the microfibril and to specify domains that participate in interactions with other proteins, we have produced recombinant fibrillin 1 peptides in human cells and used them in studies described here. Additionally, new information regarding the 5' end of FBN1 has been obtained from studies investigating promoter activity, and potential proteolytic cleavage sites have been identified in the N- and C-terminal domains.
Regulation of inducible enzyme synthesis in Escherichia coli by cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate.

Abstract Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) overcomes the repression by glucose of the synthesis of the following inducible enzymes and proteins in Escherichia coli: β-galactosidase, lac permease, galactokinase, glycerokinase, l-α-glycerophosphate permease, Enzyme II for fructose of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system, l-arabinose permease, tryptophanase, d-serine deaminase, and thymidine phosphorylase. Cyclic AMP overcomes the repression by glucose of the synthesis of β-galactosidase in Serratia marcescens F lac, Salmonella typhimurium F lac, Proteus inconstans P lac, and Aerobacter aerogenes; it also overcomes the repression by glucose of galactokinase synthesis in S. typhimurium. A number of analogues of cyclic AMP failed to mimic or inhibit the action of the cyclic nucleotide on β-galactosidase synthesis. Since glucose lowers the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in E. coli, we propose that the intracellular level of cyclic AMP regulates the rate of synthesis of many inducible enzymes in E. coli and other microorganisms and that glucose lowers the rate of synthesis of these enzymes by decreasing the intracellular level of cyclic AMP.
TGF-β1 enhances contractility in engineered skeletal muscle

Scaffoldless engineered 3D skeletal muscle tissue created from satellite cells offers the potential to replace muscle tissue that is lost due to severe trauma or disease. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays a vital role in mediating migration and differentiation of satellite cells during the early stages of muscle development. Additionally, TGF-β1 promotes collagen type I synthesis in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle, which provides a passive elastic substrate to support myofibres and facilitate the transmission of force. To determine the role of TGF-β1 in skeletal muscle construct formation and contractile function in vitro, we created tissue-engineered 3D skeletal muscle constructs with varying levels of recombinant TGF-β1 added to the cell culture medium. Prior to the addition of TGF-β1, the primary cell population was composed of 75% Pax7-positive cells. The peak force for twitch, tetanus and spontaneous force were significantly increased in the presence of 2.0 ng/ml TGF-β1 when compared to 0, 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml TGF-β1. Visualization of the cellular structure with H&E and with immunofluorescence staining for sarcomeric myosin heavy chains and collagen type I showed denser regions of better organized myofibres in the presence of 2.0 ng/ml TGF-β1 versus 0, 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml. The addition of 2.0 ng/ml TGF-β1 to the culture medium of engineered 3D skeletal muscle constructs enhanced contractility and extracellular matrix organization.
Potential Sites for Star Formation in Colliding Galaxies

Interacting galaxies have a mean increase in their far infrared luminosities as detected by IRAS [1], and this observed excess in infrared luminosity has often been invoked as evidence of increased star formation [2].We have used the N-body models described in [3,5] to obtain information which is useful in probing some aspects of the relationship between galaxy collisions and star formation. The models are the result of fully self consistent calculations of spherical galaxies in which the self-gravity of each galaxy is included. The collisions are deeply interpenetrating with the galaxies initially either on parabolic or mildly hyperbolic orbits.The encounters are of equal mass galaxies or galaxies with a mass ratio of 2:1 and some include cold, thin, rotating disks.
Peer-to-peer Web caching: hype or reality?

In this paper, we systematically examine the design space of peer-to-peer Web caching systems in three orthogonal dimensions: the caching algorithm, the document lookup algorithm, and the peer granularity. Based on the observation that the traditional URL-based caching algorithm suffers considerably from the fact of cacheability decrease caused by the fast growing of dynamic and personalized Web content, we propose to use the content-based caching algorithm. In addition to compare two existing document lookup algorithms, we propose a simple and effective geographic-based document lookup algorithm. Four different peer granularities, i.e., host level, organization level, building level, and centralized, are studied and evaluated using a seven-day Web trace collected at a medium-size education institution. Using a trace-driven simulation, we compared and evaluated all design choices in terms of two-performance metrics: hit ratio and latency reduction. Finally, several implications derived from the analysis are also discussed.
Suppression of losses in negative refractive index metamaterials by means of bichromatic parametric irradiation

If two parametrically-coupled fields, with the frequency of the probe p wave twice the frequency of the support s wave, are applied to a metal plasma, the non-linearity of the Boltz- mann equation affects the permittivity. Based on the solution of the Boltzmann equation for the bichromatic problem, an analytical expression for the permittivity was derived. The amplitudes and the relative phase of the p and s waves can be adjusted to suppress the dielectric loss to almost zero within a narrow frequency band. If this frequency band overlaps with a nega- tive-refractive-index band of a composite metamaterial, which contains a metallic component, the optical losses can be reduced by a factor of ∼30, with a figure of merit exceeding 100. An isotropic metamaterial comprising spherical Au and SiC nanoparticles can show that effect. © 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10.1117/1.JNP.6.063506)
Intellectual Property and the Digital Economy

New laws are proposed or adopted frequently to strengthen intellectual property rights. Contract and technical protections are strengthening intellectual property protection as well. This past year saw adoption of new trademark domain name cybersquatter legislation, significant developments in the legal protection for the contents of databases, approval of a new licensing law for computer information, and more legislation and caselaw on digital copyright issues, not to mention endorsement of e-commerce and business method patents that will have substantial impacts on computers, freedom and privacy. Some have even proposed giving individuals property rights in their personal information as a way to protect privacy. What are the commercial imperatives seeming to drive toward ever stronger intellectual property rights? How valid are they? What price does society pay for ever stronger intellectual property rights? Is it worth it?
Red Swamp Crayfish: Short‐term Effects of Salinity on Survival and Growth

(1979). Red Swamp Crayfish: Short-term Effects of Salinity on Survival and Growth. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 156-157.
Efficient provenance storage over nested data collections

Scientific workflow systems are increasingly used to automate complex data analyses, largely due to their benefits over traditional approaches for workflow design, optimization, and provenance recording. Many workflow systems employ a simple dependency model to represent the provenance of data produced by workflow runs. Although commonly adopted, this model does not capture explicit data dependencies introduced by "provenance-aware" processes, and it can lead to inefficient storage when workflow data is complex or structured. We present a provenance model, extending the conventional approach, that supports (i) explicit data dependencies and (ii) nested data collections. Our model adopts techniques from reference-based XML versioning, adding annotations for process and data dependencies. We present strategies and reduction techniques to store immediate and transitive provenance information within our model, and examine trade-offs among update time, storage size, and query response time. We evaluate our approach on real-world and synthetic workflow execution traces, demonstrating significant reductions in storage size, while also reducing the time required to store and query provenance information.
Towards a patient-based drug discovery

Small-molecule drugs were originally discovered using compound-based drug discovery: opportunistic discovery of a biologically active compound, often a natural product (such as penicillin) followed by a search for a disease that might be treated with the compound. This remains a common approach to modern drug discovery (for example, rapamycin and analogs for use as antifungal agents, immune suppression agents, anti-cancer agents, and possibly others in the future). The advent of recombinant DNA accelerated a second approach -target-based drug discovery - where the therapeutic target is selected and subjected to methods that yield candidate drugs (mechanism-based design, structure-based design, screening). But this approach has its shortcomings - 97% of drug candidates that enter into clinical investigation eventually fail, many due to unanticipated toxicity and many others due to a lack of efficacy despite successful modulation of the target. Selecting therapeutic targets based on information derived from surrogates of patients has proved challenging. Advances in human biology, including human genetics and physiology, and in small-molecule science, including chemistry and chemical biology, are now accelerating a third approach: patient-based drug discovery. I will present examples that aim to use: 1) information from heritable or somatic human genetics in human disease, for example, in Crohn's disease and cancer, 2) advances in diversity-oriented synthetic chemistry and chemical biology to accelerate the discovery of safe and effective small-molecule therapeutics, and 3) an understanding of the relationship of human genetic variation with drug efficacy.
Stability of ADI schemes applied to convection-diffusion equations with mixed derivative terms

We consider Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) schemes for the numerical solution of initial-boundary value problems for convection-diffusion equations with cross derivative terms. We derive new linear stability results for three ADI schemes that have previously been studied in the literature. These results are subsequently used to show that the ADI schemes under consideration are unconditionally stable when applied to finite difference discretizations of general parabolic two-dimensional convection-diffusion equations. Supporting numerical evidence is included.
Ionic basis for OPC-8212-induced increase in action potential duration in isolated rabbit, guinea pig and human ventricular myocytes

Changes in transmembrane ionic currents induced by OPC-8212 (3,4-dihydro-6-[4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]- 2(1H)-quinoline), a recently introduced positive inotropic agent which lengthens cardiac action potential duration, were examined using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques in single rabbit, guinea pig and human ventricular myocytes. In rabbit, OPC-8212 (12 μmol/l) significantly increased membrane action potential duration measured at 90% of repolarization by an average of 88 ms (from 462 ± 25 to 550 ± 35 ms, n = 4; P < 0.05). In rabbit this increase in duration was not associated with significant changes in either the inward rectifier or transient outward K+ currents. The magnitude of the secondary inward current evoked from a holding potential of −50 mV was significantly increased by 97 ± 8% (n = 6; P < 0.01) while a demonstrable delayed rectifier outward current could not be identified in the rabbit myocytes examined at room temperature. In guinea pig ventricular myocytes, where the delayed rectifier was large, 12 μmol/l OPC-8212 significantly depressed the current by 58 ± 10% (n = 6; P < 0.01). The effects of OPC-8212 in human ventricular myocytes obtained from the explanted heart of a single patient having an idiopathic cardiomyopathy most closely resembled those observed in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes. Thus, in rabbit and a few human ventricular myocytes examined at room temperature, OPC-8212 appeared to lengthen cardiac membrane action potential duration primarily by increasing the amplitude of the secondary inward current believed to primarily represent current through L-type Ca2+ channels. In guinea pig preparations, OPC-8212 also decreased the delayed rectifier outward K+ current which also would account for an increase in action potential duration. OPC-8212 could not be demonstrated to affect Na+ current inactivation in a manner similar to that produced by 1 mg/l veratrine, a recognized Na + channel agonist, which dramatically slowed this process.
PmC6a. Maximal electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric ceramics—its effective exploitation in acoustic transducers

Abstract The stress patterns—two shears and one direct stress—that are maximally coupled to the electric field in piezoelectric ceramics are identified. This is achieved by a simplifying initial choice of coordinate axes in the ceramic's thermodynamic phase space and by a subsequent sequence of elementary coordinate changes—rotations and scale changes; simple physical arguments lead to the new coordinates. The utility of this perspective is pointed out in two important applications of piezoceramics in acoustic transducers: naval hydrophone sensors and pulse-echo ultrasonic transducers used in medical diagnostic imaging.
Cost effectiveness of human papillomavirus testing to augment cervical cancer screening in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Purpose To determine the cost effectiveness of incorporating molecular testing for high-risk types of human papillomavirus into a cervical cancer screening program for women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Subjects and methods We developed a Markov model to simulate the natural history of cervical cancer precursor lesions in HIV-infected women. Probabilities of progression and regression of cervical lesions were conditional on transient or persistent infection with human papillomavirus, as well as stage of HIV and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. Incorporating data from prospective cohort studies, national databases, and published literature, the model was used to calculate quality-adjusted life expectancy, life expectancy, lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for two main strategies: targeted screening—human papillomavirus testing is added to the initial two cervical cytology smears obtained after an HIV diagnosis and subsequent screening intervals are modified based on the test results; and universal screening—no testing for human papillomavirus is performed, and a single cytology screening interval is applied to all women. Results In HIV-infected women on anti-retroviral therapy, a targeted screening strategy in which cervical cytology screening was conducted every 6 months for women with detected human papillomavirus DNA, and annually for all others, cost $10,000 to $14,000 per quality-adjusted life year gained compared with no screening. A universal screening strategy consisting of annual cervical cytology for all women was 15% less effective and had a less attractive cost-effectiveness ratio. Targeted screening remained economically attractive in multiple sensitivity analyses, although when the overall incidence of cervical cancer precursor lesions was lowered by 75%, the screening interval for women with detected human papillomavirus DNA could be widened to 1 year. Conclusions Adding human papillomavirus testing to the two cervical cytology smears obtained in the year after an HIV diagnosis, and modifying subsequent cytology screening intervals based on the results, appears to be an effective and cost-effective modification to current recommendations for annual cytology screening in HIV-infected women.