cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5903: The Gene Expression Profile of Patients with New Onset Heart Failure Reveals Important Gender Differences

INTRODUCTION: It is increasingly appreciated that gender exerts crucial influences on disease presentation in cardiovascular medicine. We hypothesized that important gender differences in new onset heart failure (HF) occur at the time of disease presentation and performed transcriptomic analysis of endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) from a cohort of male and female patients with identical type and stage of cardiomyopathy, with similar age, ejection fraction and therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Within a previously described biorepository of 350 EMBs, we selected samples from male (n=29) and female patients (n=14) with IDCM and new onset HF in a case-control fashion. We used the U133 Plus 2.0 microarray (Affymetrix) and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). There were 33 overexpressed and 16 downregulated genes in male vs female patients (q 1.2). In addition to overexpression of Y-chromosome related transcripts (n=10), such as USP9Y (FC>13.1), DDX3Y (FC>11.3), RPS4Y1 (FC>9.9) and EIF1AY (FC>11.8) in males, there was overexpression of CD24 (FC>5.6), recognized for its tyrosine kinase activator potential and KCNK1 (FC>1.5), a potassium channel subfamily member. In females XIST, a transcript for X-chromosome inactivation, was highly overexpressed (FC>28.9), together with X-linked zinc finger proteins (FC>1.9), GATAD1 zinc finger domain (FC>1.6) located on chromosome 7 and phosphodiesterase 6B (FC>1.5) located on chromosome 4. Analysis of a public data set of end stage IDCM (n=15) resulted in ~85% overlap with our findings, including USP9Y, DDX3Y, RPS4Y1, EIF1AY, CD24 and XIST. CONCLUSION: Transcriptomic analysis of EMBs identified gender specific differences in new onset HF. In addition to disparities that were attributable to sex chromosomes, confirming reliability of the data, we found transcripts that may offer novel insights into gender related differences in the pathophysiology of HF.
Microbial niches in marine oxygen minimum zones

In the ocean’s major oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), oxygen is effectively absent from sea water and life is dominated by microorganisms that use chemicals other than oxygen for respiration. Recent studies that combine advanced genomic and chemical detection methods are delineating the different metabolic niches that microorganisms can occupy in OMZs. Understanding these niches, the microorganisms that inhabit them, and their influence on marine biogeochemical cycles is crucial as OMZs expand with increasing seawater temperatures.
Numerical investigation of the coupling of vibrational nonequilibrium and turbulent mixing using state-specific description

To understand the coupling between mixing and vibrational relaxation, a novel state-specific model is solved inside a direct numerical simulation of a compressible jet. It is found that gas compressibility effects trigger vibrational nonequilibrium, while turbulence affects the states' population.
A World Without Waste

Waste contributes to environmental, health, economic, and climate problems. Yet waste is not inevitable, but rather a consequence of perception. Organizing physical, biological, and social scientists, engineers, and economists around the theme of waste elimination will reap a harvest of clean energy, a more natural environment, better health outcomes at lower costs, and a more equitable society. The price of action will be high; the price of inaction will be even greater.
Improved Test of Local Lorentz Invariance from a Deterministic Preparation of Entangled States.

The high degree of control available over individual atoms enables precision tests of fundamental physical concepts. In this Letter, we experimentally study how precision measurements can be improved by preparing entangled states immune to the dominant source of decoherence. Using $^{40}{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ions, we explicitly demonstrate the advantage from entanglement on a precision test of local Lorentz invariance for the electron. Reaching the quantum projection noise limit set by quantum mechanics, we observe, for bipartite entangled states, the expected gain of a factor of two in the precision. Under specific conditions, multipartite entangled states may yield substantial further improvements. Our measurements improve the previous best limit for local Lorentz invariance of the electron using $^{40}{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ions by a factor of two to four to about $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$.
COMPUTER PROCESSING OF CHEST X-RAY IMAGES

The use of computer-aided or direct computer analysis of pictorial data has had a major impact on the medical field in recent years. This has drawn a growing interest within the medical community in which more and more major institutions as well as major research hospitals have engaged in both research and clinical diagnosis using the computer as their tool [Chien and Fu (1974a)]. This is because more and more medical data to be analyzed are in pictorial form which make the use of the computer as an aid more appealing for improving the health care of the community. The use of the computer has another advantage over human observers, who still have by far the most sophisticated and reliable vision system, in view of the following notions: 1. The rapidly growing machine capability in terms of speed and size beyond human limitations make the automated processing of pictorial data competitive with the traditional methods of picture analysis by trained human observers. 2. The machine tends to be capable of handling large amounts of data more reliably, while fatigue and boredom are the factors that degrade human performance.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses certain major aspects of the normal cerebral circulation, its control, and its relationship to cerebral metabolism. It presents a brief description of the way cerebral circulation may be affected during ischemia. The chapter also presents certain experimental approaches to the study of cerebral circulation and metabolism. The brain receives its entire blood flow from four vessels, namely, the two internal carotid arteries and the two vertebral arteries; the latter of which join to form the basilar artery. The circle of Willis provides an anastomotic connection between the carotid and basilar systems, but its degree of anatomic completeness varies considerably among individuals. The three major arteries provide blood flow to the cerebrum—the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. Anastomotic connections among the terminal portions of these vascular beds exist but are normally small until vascular occlusion within one portion of the system provides the stimulus to hypertrophy of collateral circulation via these channels. The extracranial portion of the cerebral vasculature is of particular interest to the neurologist because atherosclerosis occurs preferentially within portions of this system and serves as a major cause of stroke.
MeV photoelectron spectrometer for ultraintense laser interactions with atoms and molecules

Traditional laser-matter spectroscopy techniques fail to accurately analyze photoelectrons and ions from ultrahigh intensity studies with terawatt and petawatt laser systems. We present a magnetic deflection, photoelectron spectrometer for ultrahigh intensity laser interactions with atoms and molecules in the single atom/molecule limit. Spectrometer fabrication and calibration, and noise background are presented as well as example photoelectron spectra for argon and chloromethane over an energy range from 20 keV to 2 MeV.
Rare earth elements of fly ash from Wyoming's Powder River Basin coal

Abstract The advancement and increasing interests in green energy production and environmental protection technologies have spurred the demand for rare earth elements. On the other hand, the U.S. has to rely 100% on import of these materials as the industry was crashed because of the environmental issues associated with mining and processing, and more importantly lack competitiveness. As rare earth elements have many applications in defense and national security sectors, some of the elements were listed as strategic materials or critical materials because of the uncertainties in supply and prices. Therefore, it has become imperative in searching for alternative resources for supplying rare earth elements including unconventional resources. With the strong incentive, coal fly ash is identified as one of the candidates among them. In this study, we present rare earth element data for the 42 ash samples (all derived from Powder River Basin coal) that we collected from seven states (UT, WY, IO, WI, ND, CO, and MI) representing 158 million tons of fly ash. The results indicate scattered distributions of rare earth elements with concentration ranging from 156 to 590 ppm although all the ash samples originated from the same coal basin (Powder River Basin). The rare earth element resource in these ashes is estimated between 74000 and 106000 t. The ash samples were also characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, SEM-EDS and BET surface area. The characterizations of the ashes were discussed as they might have implications in the subsequent rare earth element extraction processes. In summary, fly ash may represent a potential resource for rare earth element production.
Color variance and achromatic settings.

The average color in a scene is a potentially important cue to the illuminant and thus for color constancy, but it remains unknown how well and in what ways observers can estimate the mean chromaticity. We examined this by measuring the variability in “achromatic” settings for stimuli composed of different distributions of colors with varying contrast ranges along the luminance, SvsLM, and LvsM cardinal axes. Observers adjusted the mean chromaticity of the palette to set the average to gray. Variability in the settings increased as chromatic contrast or (to a lesser extent) luminance contrast increased. Signals along the cardinal axes are relatively independent in many detection and discrimination tasks, but showed strong interference in the white estimates. This “cross-masking” and the effects of chromatic variance in general may occur because observers cannot explicitly perceive or represent the mean of a set of qualitatively different hues (e.g., that red and green hues average to gray), and thus may infer the mean only indirectly (e.g., from the relative saturation of different hues).
Retrieval of energy spectra for all flavours of neutrinos from core-collapse supernova with multiple detectors

We present a new method by which to retrieve energy spectrum for all flavor of neutrinos from core-collapse supernova (CCSN). In the retrieval process, we do not assume any analytic formulae to express the energy spectrum of neutrinos but rather take a direct way of spectrum reconstruction from the observed data; the Singular Value Decomposition algorithm with a newly developed adaptive energy-gridding technique is adopted. We employ three independent reaction channels having different flavor sensitivity to neutrinos. Two reaction channels, inverse beta decay on proton and elastic scattering on electrons, from a water Cherenkov detector such as Super-Kamiokande (SK) and Hyper-Kamiokande (HK), and a charged current reaction channel with Argon from the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) are adopted. Given neutrino oscillation models, we iteratively search the neutrino energy spectra at the CCSN source until they provide the consistent event counts in the three reaction channels. We test the capability of our method by demonstrating the spectrum retrieval to a theoretical neutrino data computed by our recent three-dimensional CCSN simulation. Although the energy spectrum with either electron-type or electron-type anti-neutrinos at the CCSN source has relatively large error compared to that of other species, the joint analysis with HK + DUNE or SK + DUNE will provide precise energy spectrum of all flavors of neutrinos at the source. Finally, we discuss perspectives for improvements of our method by using neutrino data of other detectors.
Abstract 4698: Increased CHST15 expression follows declines in Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) and DKK3 and disinhibition of non-canonical WNT signaling

CHST15 (carbohydrate sulfotransferase 15; chondroitin 4-sulfate-6-sulfotransferase), is the sulfotransferase enzyme which adds 6-sulfate to chondroitin 4-sulfate to make chondroitin 4,6-sulfate, known as CSE. Increased CHST15 expression has been identified in malignant pancreas, renal, colon, ovary, and prostate tissues. We now report a pathway by which expression of CHST15 is increased following decline in the enzyme ARSB (arylsulfatase B; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase), which is required for removal of 4-sulfate groups from chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S). Previous work has shown that decline in ARSB and the resulting increase in C4S leads to decline in activity of SHP2, a ubiquitous non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase, due to enhanced binding of SHP2 with C4S when ARSB is reduced. Decline in SHP2 leads to enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and subsequent downstream effects, including hypermethylation of the DKK (Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor)3 promoter and suppressed DKK3 expression. Since DKK3 acts to inhibit Wnt signaling, Wnt signaling is enhanced in prostate epithelium when ARSB is reduced. Experiments were performed to identify the pathway by which CHST15 expression is up-regulated when ARSB is reduced and to assess the role of Wnt. The impact of ARSB silencing on CHST15 expression was determined in normal and malignant human prostate cells, in normal and malignant prostate tissue obtained by laser-capture microdissection, in HepG2 cells, and in prostate tissue of the ARSB-null mouse. Effects of selective inhibitors of Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways on CHST15 expression were evaluated. CHST15 expression was increased in malignant prostate epithelial tissue, in ARSB-null mouse prostate tissue, and following ARSB silencing in human prostate epithelial cells. The activation of Wnt signaling which followed declines in ARSB and DKK3 was required for increased CHST15 expression. Inhibition of Wnt3A blocked the increase in CHST15 expression in prostate epithelial cells co-cultured with prostate stromal cells, whereas DKK3 antibody increased CHST15. Inhibition of Rac-1 GTPase and of phospho-p38 MAPK signaling blocked the observed increase in CHST15 expression, whereas inhibition of JNK, Sp1, or of Rho kinase had no effect. These results indicate that the increase in epithelial CHST15 occurred in the malignant prostate cells and tissue due to effects of non-canonical Wnt signaling leading to enhanced phospho-p38 MAPK. The resultant increase in CHST15 when ARSB activity is reduced may contribute to determination of epithelial vs. stromal characteristics. Citation Format: Joanne Kramer Tobacman, Sumit Bhattacharyya, Leo Feferman. Increased CHST15 expression follows declines in Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) and DKK3 and disinhibition of non-canonical WNT signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4698.
Understanding Listening-Related Fatigue: Perspectives of Adults with Hearing Loss.

Adults with hearing loss (AHL) often report feeling fatigued after being in situations that require prolonged listening, an experience referred to as listening-related fatigue. We conducted focus g...
Two Tools for Analysing Unemployment

Labour markets in developed economies are characterised by large flows of workers, continual job creation and job destruction. This is true of the USA where, on average, 7 per cent of the labour force goes in or out of employment each month. It is also true of Western Europe. Even during the depressed 1980s, the monthly movement in and out of unemployment has been equal on average to 4 per cent of the labour force in the UK, 2.5 per cent in France and 2 per cent in Germany.2
Two-Point Voltage Fingerprinting: Increasing Detectability of ECU Masquerading Attacks.

Automotive systems continuously increase their dependency on Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and become more interconnected to improve safety, comfort and Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) functions to passengers and drivers. As a consequence of that trend, there is an expanding attack surface which may potentially expose vehicle's critical functions to cyberattacks. It is possible for an adversary to reach the underlying Control Area Network (CAN) through a compromised node or external-facing network interface, and launch masquerading attacks that can compromise road and passenger safety. Due to lack of native authentication in the CAN protocol, an approach to detect masquerading attacks is to use ECU voltage fingerprinting schemes to verify that the messages are sent by authentic ECUs. Though effective against simple masquerading attacks, prior work is unable to detect attackers such as hardware Trojans, which can mimic ECU voltages in addition to spoofing messages. We introduce a novel Two-point ECU Fingerprinting scheme and demonstrate efficacy in a controlled lab setting and on a moving vehicle. Our results show that our proposed two-point fingerprinting scheme is capable of an overall F1-score over 99.4%. The proposed approach raises the bar for attackers trying to compromise automotive security both remotely and physically, therefore improving security and safety of autonomous vehicles.
Toward An Enhanced Understanding of HIV Patient Navigation as a Health Care Intervention: An Analysis of Navigation in Practice.

Patient navigation is a promising strategy for improving health among persons with multiple barriers to HIV care, yet little is known about navigation’s core components. From 24 systematically identified navigation studies, we abstracted navigators’ activities, grouped activities into 20 thematic activity categories, and ordered them by frequency. Subsequently, Principal Components Analysis of activity categories was used identify independent clusters. Accompaniment characterized 71% of navigation programs; ≥ half included health education (58%), collaboration/coordination (58%), linkage-to-care (54%), transportation support (54%), service referrals (50%) and instrumental support (50%). Five unique components (comprising 13 activity categories) were identified: (1) services beyond office, (2) health education and relationship building, (3) accompaniment and instrumental support, (4) locating patients and tracking information, and (5) beyond HIV care. Navigators who located patients or tracked information were less likely to provide accompaniment or instrumental support (r = − 0.60, p = 0.002). Findings can enhance precision in developing, describing, evaluating and improving navigation programs.
Antecedents of Faith Integration Self-Efficacy in PreK-12 Mennonite Schools in North America

Private Christian schools in North America endeavour to provide an educational experience that integrates religious and academic training for their preK-12 students. The integration of faith and ac...
Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Modeling for Continuous Surveillance of COVID-19 Outbreak

Using wastewater surveillance as a continuous pooled sampling technique has been in place in many countries since the early stages of the outbreak of COVID-19. Since the beginning of the outbreak, many research works have emerged, studying different aspects of viral SARS-CoV-2 DNA concentrations (viral load) in wastewater and its potential as an early warning method. However, one of the questions that has remained unanswered is the quantitative relation between viral load and clinical indicators such as daily cases, deaths, and hospitalizations. Few studies have tried to couple viral load data with an epidemiological model to relate the number of infections in the community to the viral burden. This paper proposes a stochastic wastewater-based SEIR model to showcase the importance of viral load in the early detection and prediction of an outbreak in a community. We built three models based on whether or not they use the case count and viral load data and compared their simulations and forecasting quality. Our results demonstrate that a simple SEIR model based on viral load data can reliably predict the number of infections in the future. Therefore, wastewater-based surveillance is a promising way of monitoring the spread of COVID-19 and can provide city officials with timely information about the circulation of COVID-19 in the community.
Weather Information for Garden City

Garden City, Kansas: Precipitation for 2014 totaled 23.29 in. This was 4.05 in. above the 30-year average of 19.24 in. This was the first year since 2009 with above-normal precipitation and the highest level since 24.69 in. in 2004.
Progress in the surgical management of breast cancer: Present and future

Recognition of differing risks of locoregional recurrence (LRR) in breast cancer patients based on estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 status, coupled with a reduction in LRR in patients receiving adjuvant systemic therapy, offers the opportunity to tailor surgical treatment and reduce the morbidity of therapy. New guidelines for margins in breast-conserving therapy of tumor not touching ink and avoidance of axillary dissection in sentinel node positive patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy are examples of this approach which have entered practice. Increased use of neoadjuvant therapy offers the opportunity to identify which patients are responsive to chemotherapy prior to surgery, potentially allowing further tailoring of treatment, and ongoing clinical trials will address the question of the extent of axillary surgery and radiotherapy after neoadjuvant therapy in patients with and without pathologic complete response.
From economic man to economic system : essays on human behavior and the institutions of capitalism

1. Where economic man dwells 2. Economic man's escape from Mathus's population trap 3. Protecting you from yourself 4. Rescuing economic man from the selfish gene 5. Crossing disciplinary boundaries 6. The late arrival of capitalism 7. Ownership and exchange 8. Reinterpreting the externality problem 9. Firms and households as substitutes 10. The contrast between firms and political parties 11. The public corporation: its ownership and control 12. Public policy's indirect effects on the control, organization, and importance of firms.
Polarization Characteristics of Bianisotropic Materials

A genaal analytical - numerical method is described to obtain information on the elecuomagnetic behavior (including polarization) of complex objects containing bianisotropic materials. Some specific results are mentioned.
Experimental models of NCL: the yeast model.

Publisher Summary The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is described as a model eukaryotic organism, due to the many fundamental similarities shared between itself and the cells, albeit differentiated, of higher eukaryotes, such as humans. This chapter describes yeast as a model for juvenile neuronal ceroid lypofuscinose (JNCL). The value of yeast as a tool for understanding the function of a protein relies heavily on the ease of which the specific genes from the yeast can be deleted and the effect of the absence of the gene can be assessed. The model suggests that Btn1p is a vacuolar protein, and the yeast lacking the protein have a defective vacuolar pH, or at least a defective regulation of vacuolar pH. “Batten disease yeast model” described in the chapter, is based on the fact that the whole genome of S. cerevisiae was sequenced revealing that this yeast had a protein homologous to CLN3. Recently, second yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe), has had its entire genome sequenced. This revealed that S. pombe also contains a homolog to human CLN3. In addition S. pombe contains a protein that is 32% identical and 47% similar to human CLN1, a protein thiolesterase that is associated to infantile NCL.
MOS-controlled diode (MCD) on silicon-on-insulator (SOI)

The performance of the diode is an importance factor in achieving good efficiency for a power integrated circuit. In this paper, a MOS-controlled diode (MCD) for power integrated circuits is presented. The proposed structure utilizes active control to switch the diode between unipolar and bipolar operating modes so that the device can operate at its optimum condition for both static and dynamic performances. The proposed MCD on SOI demonstrated significant advantage over a P-i-N diode or the body diode of an LDMOS. It is found that, with optimum control, it can reduce the diode reverse recovery loss by 10 times and the corresponding switch turn-on loss by a factor of 3, without sacrificing its on-state conduction voltage. The traditional trade-off between on-state voltage and reverse recovery speed can therefore be avoided and significant improvements in overall system efficiency can be achieved. Advantages of an integrated MCD over its discrete version are also discussed.
Elective participation in ad hoc networks based on energy consumption

In ad hoc networks, each node utilizes its limited resources to carry out the collective operation of the network. It is not always in the best interests of the network's nodes to demand the continuous participation of all nodes in the network operations. We propose an energy dependent participation (EDP) scheme, where a node periodically re-evaluates its participation in the network based on the residual energy in its battery. More importantly, a node gives special consideration to supporting the communication needs of its active network applications and preventing further network partitioning. EDP's localized partition checking algorithm is particularly well suited for the zone routing protocol, where the link-state information is proactively maintained within each node's local zone and routes to faraway nodes are reactively obtained via global queries. Through simulations, we evaluate the impact of our proposed scheme on battery life and network connectivity. Our results suggest that the EDP scheme can increase the usable lifetime of a battery-constraint ad hoc network by over 50%.
Generation of choline for acetylcholine synthesis by phospholipase D isoforms

This article is dedicated to the memory of Sue Kim Hanson, a graduate student in the department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine, who perished in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In cholinergic neurons, the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) by a phospholipase D (PLD)-type enzyme generates some of the precursor choline used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). We sought to determine the molecular identity of the relevant PLD using murine basal forebrain cholinergic SN56 cells in which the expression and activity of the two PLD isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, were experimentally modified. ACh levels were examined in cells incubated in a choline-free medium, to ensure that their ACh was synthesized entirely from intracellular choline. PLD2, but not PLD1, mRNA and protein were detected in these cells and endogenous PLD activity and ACh synthesis were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Introduction of a PLD2 antisense oligonucleotide into the cells reduced PLD2 mRNA and protein expression by approximately 30%. The PLD2 antisense oligomer similarly reduced basal- and PMA-stimulated PLD activity and ACh levels. Overexpression of mouse PLD2 by transient transfection increased basal- (by 74%) and PMA-stimulated (by 3.2-fold) PLD activity. Moreover, PLD2 transfection increased ACh levels by 26% in the absence of PMA and by 2.1-fold in the presence of PMA. Overexpression of human PLD1 by transient transfection increased PLD activity by 4.6-fold and ACh synthesis by 2.3-fold in the presence of PMA as compared to controls. These data identify PLD2 as the endogenous enzyme that hydrolyzes PC to generate choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic cells, and indicate that in a model system choline generated by PLD1 may also be used for this purpose.
Too Good to be “Just True”

Paraconsistent and dialetheist approaches to a theory of truth are faced with a problem: the expressive resources of the logic do not suffice to express that a sentence is just true—i.e., true and not also false—or to express that a sentence is consistent. In his recent book, Spandrels of Truth, Jc Beall proposes a ‘just true’-operator to identify sentences that are true and not also false. Beall suggests seven principles that a ‘just true’-operator must fulfill, and proves that his operator indeed fulfills all of them. He concludes that just true has been expressed in the language. I argue that, while the seven conditions may be necessary for an operator to express just true, they are not jointly sufficient. Specifically, first, I prove that a further plausible desideratum for necessary conditions on ‘just true’ is not fulfilled by Beall's proposal, namely that ‘just true’ ascriptions should themselves be just true, and not also false (or equivalently, that the ‘just true’-operator iterates). Second, I show that Beall's operator does not adequately express just true, but that it merely captures an arbitrary proper subset of the just true sentences. Further, there is no prospect of extending the proposal in order to encompass a more reasonable subset of the just true sentences without presupposing that we have antecedent means to characterize the class of just true sentences.
Detecting codimension one manifold factors with the disjoint homotopies property

Abstract Codimension one manifold factors are spaces which have the property that their product with R is a manifold. In this paper, the disjoint homotopies property (DHP) is introduced and it is shown that resolvable generalized manifolds with DHP are codimension one manifold factors. For generalized manifolds of dimensions n⩾4 it is shown that DHP is implied by the plentiful 2-manifolds property, a property satisfied by many examples. Furthermore, a new class of codimension one manifold factors, the k-ghastly spaces for k>2, is constructed.
Exchange bias in macroporous Co/CoO

The magnetic properties of new magnetic material, macroporous cobalt have been investigated. The cobalt samples studied have FCC close packed three-dimensional arrays of spherical pores (pore size roughly 300 nm). These samples were prepared by colloidal crystal templating. The hysteresis loops of the field-cooled samples of macroporous cobalt were shifted along the field axis with the shift consistent with the exchange bias phenomenon. The exchange bias is attributed to antiferromagnetic CoO, which most likely forms when the samples are exposed to the ambient atmosphere. The temperature dependence of the exchange bias and coercivity of these samples was investigated. The temperature dependence of the coercivity was found to be non-monotonic. We proposed a possible explanation of this behavior in terms of a spin-glass-like state of cobalt nanoparticles that forms below 45 K.
Applications of optically detected MRI for enhanced contrast and penetration in metal

Abstract We report quantitative measurements using optically detected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for enhanced pH contrast and flow inside porous metals. Using a gadolinium chelate as the pH contrast agent, we show the response is 0.6 s −1 mM −1 per pH unit at the ambient magnetic field for the pH range 6–8.5. A stopped flow scheme was used to directly measure T 1 relaxation time to determine the relaxivity. Flow profiles and images were obtained for a series of porous metals with different average pore sizes. The signal amplitudes and spatial distributions were compared. A clogged region in one of the samples was revealed using optically detected MRI but not optical imaging or scanning electron microscopy. These applications will significantly broaden the impact of optically detected MRI in chemical imaging and materials research.
On the Disturbance of a Thin Layer of Liquid by a Moving Obstruction

We calculate the free surface shapes upstream and downstream of an obstacle obstructing a thin liquid layer on a moving surface, taking into account gravity and surface tension. We assume low Reynolds number viscous flow, a two-dimensional layer, and small ratio of vertical to horizontal length scale. The upstream and downstream shapes are very different. The upstream liquid piles up against the obstacle to provide an overpressure sufficient to drive the Poiseuille component of the lubrication flow under the obstacle. The downstream liquid is disturbed only by surface tension.
The Church and the Social Order in the Old South as Interpreted by James H. Thornwell

The last generation of the ante-bellum South devoted its best thought to the integration of a plantation culture whose economic base was chattel slavery. Every aspect of its civilization had to make its peace with slavery or be rejected. Long before the guns fired on Fort Sumpter, southern civilization had wrought out an ideology that was as dogmatic as Marxism has ever dared to be. Those who rejected this ideology were promptly silenced or ushered into a cooler climate. The liberalism of an older revolutionary South had long ago been smothered in the atmosphere of cultural fascism.
Initial and residual activity of glyphosate and SC-0224 in a sandy soil

Abstract Initial and residual herbicide activity of glyphosate and SC-0224 (trimethylsulphonium carboxymethylaminomethylphosphonate) when applied to a sandy soil was investigated. A bioassay employing wheat ( Triticum vulgare L., cv. Mericopa) was used to determine the residual activity of the herbicides on different characteristics of plant growth. At 5 kg/ha both herbicides significantly reduced shoot length. This was observed in wheat planted immediately as well as 10 days after application. SC-0224 was more active than glyphosate, significantly reducing shoot length at the 2·5 kg/ha rate 10 days after application. Root length was reduced by both herbicides at 2·5 and 5 kg/ha in wheat planted 10 days after application. Reductions in fresh and dry weight were also observed for both shoots and roots. It is apparent that SC-0224 and glyphosate have residual herbicide activity in sandy soil, at least up to 10 days after application, and that SC-0224 has more herbicidal activity than glyphosate in this respect.
Placental transfer of thyronines and thyrotropin in sheep

Data in a number of species suggest that placental transport of thyronine is limited in extent. Data regarding placental passage of TSH is indirect but suggests little or no transfer. The present studies were conducted to quantify T4, T3 and TSH transfer directly in bothe the maternal-fetal and fetal-maternal directions. Indwelling exteriorized fetal catheters and maternal jugular vein catheters were placed in pregnant sheep. simultaneous tracer doses of 131-I-T4 and 125-I-T4 were injected into the fetus and mother, respectively, in one study (6 animals); 131-I-T3 and 125-I-T3 in another (6 animals); and 131-I-BTSH and 125-I-BTSH in a third (5 animals). Serial blood samples were collected for periods up to 96 hours. Thses were extracted with butanol (for T3 and T4) or ppt with specific BTSH antibody (for TSH), and counted in a double isotope counting system to assess placental transfer of labeled hormones. There was no significant transfer of labeled T4 or TSH. However significant transfer of labeled T3 occured in both the fetal-maternal and maternal -fetal directions. By assessing maternal and fetal T3 kinetic data and assuming exchange between two compartments it was poosible to quantify this transfer. Fractional transfer rates were 0.045 and 0.0023 hr.-1 in the fetal-maternal and maternal-fetal directions respectively. Since hormone pools and turnovers were measured it could be estimated that about 2 μg T3 were transferred daily in both directions. This approximated 0.5% and 2.0%, respectively, of total daily maternal and fetal thyronine turnover. These data further support the veiew that the fetal pituitary-thyroid axis functions autonomously of the maternal system.
Highly diastereoselective radical cyclization of a glucose-derived enol ether radical cation/phosphate anion pair

Diastereomeric 3-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-O-(diphenylphosphatoxy) β-d-gluco- and β-d-manno-pyranosyl phenylselenides were prepared and subjected to treatment with tributyltin hydride and AIBN. The gluco-compound undergoes smooth radical cyclization to a single diastereomeric product in high yield whereas the manno-isomer reacts only reluctantly to give a complex mixture. This difference in behavior is interpreted as arising from the formation of two different contact radical ion pairs in which the phosphate group shields opposite faces of the enol ether (glycal) radical cation.
Comparative Accuracy in Four Civil War Maps of the Shenandoah Valley: A GIS Analysis*

Abstract This study compares the accuracy of four maps available to Union and Confederate officers during the 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign of the American Civil War. It examines historical maps of the Valley of Virginia by the following cartographers: James W. Abert, Hermann Boye and Lewis von Buchholtz, Jedediah Hotchkiss, and Franz Kappner. Both simple and three-tiered sinuosity measures are derived for reference points along study map representations of the Shenandoah river system. These data are then statistically compared to corresponding sinuosity data from USGS topographic quadrangles to identify the relative accuracies of the historical maps. This article offers evidence to refute the common historical assumption that Hotchkiss provided Maj. Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson with terrain intelligence that was far superior to that available to his Union opponents. Evidence indicates that maps by Union cartographers as well as the prewar Boye-Buchholtz map were at least as accurate, or superior to,...
“You Want Me to Teach Him to Read?” Fulfilling the Intent of IDEA

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act has strengthened the intent of providing students with disabilities access to the general education curriculum and school settings. As a result, incr...
Statistical analysis of scale-space

Abstract The noise and clutter cause major problems in scale-space because it involves taking higher derivatives. Statistical analysis of the noise as it is reflected in the scale-space representation and its effect on any algorithm based on this representation poses an interesting topic of research. Scale-space representation involves convolving the input with a smoothing filter (typically Gaussian) of different resolutions and detecting the primitives (typically the zero crossings of the second derivative) to form the scale-space representation. Statistical analysis of the scale-space is nontrivial because of two reasons: (i) it involves a nonlinear operation namely the detection of zero crossings and (ii) the noise at different scales is correlated. In this paper we prove theorems which give the probabilities of zero-crossings in the output in the presence of noise. The theorems are then applied to the case of Gaussian smoothing. These probabilities can be used for a number of applications such as performance analysis.
Value of baseline positron emission tomography for predicting overall survival in patient with nonmetastatic esophageal or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The value of baseline positron emission tomography (PET) for predicting overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) is unclear in patients with nondistant metastatic (locoregional only) esophageal carcinoma. The authors tested the hypothesis that, in this setting, the number of PET abnormalities (NPA) would correlate with OS and DFS. METHODS The authors of the current study analyzed patients with localized esophageal carcinoma (Stages II and III) who had a baseline PET and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and were all treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. The standardized uptake value (SUV) of PET avid lesions were evaluated for: SUV of the primary, NPA, peak SUV, and total SUV. Correlations were performed with baseline EUS results, OS, DFS, and clinical and pathologic response. RESULTS Forty-seven patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery were analyzed. Most patients had clinical Stage III cancer. NPA was significantly associated with OS (Cox model, P = 0.02; log-rank test, P = 0.04) and DFS (P = 0.04). Patients with NPA > 1 had a death hazard ratio of 4.49 (reference, NPA = 1). In a multivariate analysis, NPA was independently predictive of OS (P = 0.03). Alternatively, SUV of the primary tumor, peak SUV, total SUV, and EUS clinical stage did not correlate with the type of response, OS or DFS. CONCLUSIONS Data from the current study suggest that for nondistant metastatic esophageal carcinoma, baseline PET can predict patient outcome. Baseline NPA (> 1), reflecting the regional nodal metastases, is an independent predictor of OS. Baseline PET may become a useful stratification factor in randomized trials and for individualizing therapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Plasmin induces smooth muscle cell proliferation through Gαi- and Gαq-mediated pathways

Abstract Background. Plasminogen activators are routinely used for thrombolysis. They lead to the generation of the protease, plasmin, which can induce smooth muscle cell proliferation and may promote further intimal hyperplasia in the thrombolysed vessel. The signaling pathways used by plasmin are not understood. Methods. Smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. Assays of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, MAPKK, and MAPK activation were examined in response to plasmin alone and in the presence of pertussis toxin (Gαi inhibitor, PTx), GP-2A (Gαq inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor, Wn), LY294002, (PI3K inhibitor, LY), PD98059 (MEK inhibitor, PD), and SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor, SB). Results. Plasmin produced concentration-dependent smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis and proliferation and induced MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, and MKK3/6 and p38MAPK phosphorylation. The ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD, but not the p38MAPK inhibitors, SB, blocked cell proliferation. The activation of ERK1/2 responses was both Gαi dependent (PTx-sensitive) and Gαq dependent (GP-2A-sensitive) and was blocked by both Wn and LY. PI3K activation as measured by akt phosphorylation was dependent on Gαi, but was independent of Gαq. Conclusion. Plasmin induces ERK1/2-dependent smooth muscle cell proliferation through two pathways: one which is Gαi mediated, PI3K dependent, and a second, which is Gαq mediated, PI3K independent. While activation of p38MAPKoccurs in response to plasmin, it appears not to be involved in plasmin-mediated cell proliferation. Understanding cell signaling will allow targeted therapeutics against intimal hyperplasia.
Grounding Cognitive‐Level Processes in Behavior: The View From Dynamic Systems Theory

Marr's seminal work laid out a program of research by specifying key questions for cognitive science at different levels of analysis. Because dynamic systems theory (DST) focuses on time and interdependence of components, DST research programs come to very different conclusions regarding the nature of cognitive change. We review a specific DST approach to cognitive-level processes: dynamic field theory (DFT). We review research applying DFT to several cognitive-level processes: object permanence, naming hierarchical categories, and inferring intent, that demonstrate the difference in understanding of behavior and cognition that results from a DST perspective. These point to a central challenge for cognitive science research as defined by Marr-emergence. We argue that appreciating emergence raises questions about the utility of computational-level analyses and opens the door to insights concerning the origin of novel forms of behavior and thought (e.g., a new chess strategy). We contend this is one of the most fundamental questions about cognition and behavior.
Effects of lead oxide and iron on glucose fermentation by Clostridium sp.

Lead oxide (PbO) was solubilized by a nitrogen-fixingClostridium sp. isolated from coal-cleaning waste. Dissolution of PbO was due to production of organic acids and lowering of the pH of growth medium. The solubilized lead affected the growth of the organism as well as the metabolic end products of glucose fermentation. In the normal fermentation of glucose, the bacterium produced acetic, butyric, and trace amounts of lactic acids (32∶63∶5), but in the presence of PbO, the ratio of organic acids changed (9∶38∶53), with lactic acid being the major end product. A similar shift in the fermentation pattern of glucose was also observed when the organism was grown in iron-poor medium. Lactic acid production was commensurate with an increase in concentration of soluble lead in the growth medium. Soluble lead in the culture medium interfered with the iron metabolism of the organism possibly by affecting the synthesis of iron-containing proteins involved in the electron transport system. The effect of lead, however, was reversed by the addition of excess iron to the growth medium.
19: Measuring Access to Emergency Obstetric Care in Rural Zambia

Background Global health experts identify emergency obstetric care (EmOC) as the most important intervention to improve maternal survival in low- and middle-income countries. In Zambia, 1 in 27 women will die of maternal causes, yet the level of availability of EmOC is not known at the provincial level.
Bubble driven fluid circulations

Bubble driven fluid circulations are present in bubble columns, gas lifts, pool boiling, etc. Their mechanism is shown to be quite similar to the mechanism of natural covection but with much larger driving forces. These circulations are stable in many baffled systems but unstable and rapidly changing in size, shape, and orientation in unbaffled systems. The effect of these circulations in bubble columns is to lower holdup and vapor residence time, thus decreasing the mass transfer efficiency of the column.
Dietary magnesium reduction to 25% of nutrient requirement disrupts bone and mineral metabolism in the rat

Low dietary magnesium (Mg) may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. In animals, severe Mg deficiency (0.04% of nutrient requirement [NR]) results in bone loss. We have also found that a more moderate dietary Mg restriction (10% of NR) also resulted in loss of bone. We now report the effect of Mg intake of 25% NR on bone and mineral metabolism in the rat. Serum Mg, Ca, PTH, 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and pyridinoline were measured at 2, 4, and 6 months in control and Mg-deficient animals. Femurs and tibias were collected for mineral content, micro-computerized tomography, histomorphometry, and immunocytochemical localization. Profound Mg deficiency developed as assessed by marked hypomagnesemia and 27% reduction in bone Mg content. Serum calcium was not significantly different between groups. Mg depletion resulted in a significantly lower serum PTH concentrations. Serum 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D was also significantly lower. No difference was noted in markers of bone turnover. Histomorphometry and micro-computerized tomography demonstrated decreased bone volume and trabecular thickness. No difference was observed for osteoclast or osteoblast number. Inflammatory cytokines may contribute to bone loss. We found that immunocytochemical localization of TNFalpha in osteoclasts was increased 138-150%. This increase in TNFalpha may be due to increased substance P as it was found to be elevated from 179% to 432%. These data demonstrate that Mg intake of 25% NR in the rat causes lower bone mass which may be related to increased release of substance P and TNFalpha.