cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounds and observations on the transmission of data packets with minimum energy

Transmitting bursty data energy-efficiently is of interest in emerging wireless communication systems. We observe that in the AWGN channel a finite number of bits B cannot be transmitted with finite energy per bit epsivb as the error probability goes to zero. We show, however, that any sub-linear increase of B with the blocklength suffices. We derive structural properties of the behavior of epsivb with rate for fixed B and apply classical random coding error probability bounds to obtain numerical bounds. Implications are discussed for the design of practical systems where transmission energy is not the only component of energy consumption.
Response of uncertain dynamic systems. I

This paper and its sequel deal with the characterization of the response of a structure modeled by a single-degree-of-freedom system in which the mass, stiffness, and damping parameters are only imprecisely known. Using an informationtheoretic framework, closed form expressions are developed for the probability densities of the parameters that control the characteristics of the dynamic response, namely, the natural frequency of vibration, the damped natural frequency, and the percentage of critical damping. The manner in which these closed form expressions depend on the extent and nature of our knowledge about the uncertain parameters is highlighted. Some comparisons with perturbation solutions are also presented.
Activities of branched-chain amino acid--degrading enzymes in liver from rats fed different dietary levels of protein.

The relationships among dietary protein in take, plasma branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)and keto acid (BCKA)concentrations, and liverBCAA-degradingen zyme activities were investigated in rats fed, for 5 h/d for 2,6 or 9 d, diets containing from 0 to 50% casein. Plasma, liver and muscle BCAAconcentrations were proportional to protein intake over the entire range tested; plasma BCKA concentration, however, was proportional only in the range from 0 to 20% casein, after which a plateau was reached. By d 2, liver cytosolic BCAAaminotransferase activity had increased in rats fed 50% casein; by d 9, activity had in creased in rats fed 0 or 5% casein as well. Liver mito chondria! BCAAaminotransferase activity was unrespon sive to dietary treatment. Basal liver BCKAdehydrogenase activity and the percent active complex were proportional to protein intake on d 2 and 6. On d 2, total BCKA de hydrogenase activity was the same in all groups; by d 6, total activity had increased in rats fed 30 or 50% casein. We conclude that although the adaptive changes in BCAA- degrading enzyme activities are small, they are sufficient to compensate for excessively high or low protein intakes, so that tolerable concentrations of BCAAand BCKA are maintained. J. Nutr. 119: 1203 -1212, 1989.
The Fight For the Four Freedoms: What Made FDR and the Greatest Generation Truly Great. By Harvey J. Kaye. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014. 292 pp.

The Fight For the Four Freedoms: What Made FDR and the Greatest Generation Truly Great. By Harvey J. Kaye. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014. 292 pp. Arguing for the political nature of struggles over our shared public memory, author Harvey J. Kaye's The Fight for the Four Freedoms makes the case for remembering Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) and his Four Freedoms in ways that allow them to serve as resources for reinvigorated American progressive action. Comprising 11 short chapters and toggling between FDR's rhetoric; his administration's policies; and the actions and words of unions, activists, and private individuals, Kaye presents the standard narrative of the Roosevelt administration and the years of Depression and war through a very specific ideological lens. The book's great strength is its inclusion of anecdotal evidence and first-person narratives that both capture the author's argument and provide a vivid sense of the historical moment. The author is unabashedly partisan in that he is clearly trying to mobilize FDR and his legacy for a contemporary end. But this is no political screed, nor is it a polemic. Kaye works hard to be fair in his assessment of FDR (he is considerably less so in his assessment of those who opposed the president). He presents a history of the Roosevelt years, including all the familiar elements--the crisis of the Depression, the hope surrounding the 1932 inauguration, the rush of New Deal legislation, the continued economic difficulties leading to the Second New Deal, the 1936 election, and the subsequent overreaches of Court-packing and the congressional purge. Later chapters detail the preparedness debate and the war effort and its connection to democracy at home. He concludes with a discussion of U.S. history since 1945, arguing that the progressive impulse has been furthered in some ways (movement toward racial equality) and stifled in others (economic equality, the Red Scare). The lack of attention to post-9/11 politics here is a bit puzzling. The articulation of the Four Freedoms in FDR's 1941 State of the Union address provides the analytic anchor for the book, and the fight for those freedoms, for Kaye, is what actually made the "Greatest Generation" "great" (p. 7). In Kaye's analysis, that fight was not restricted to the battlefields of World War II but was also fought on the home front, in efforts to protect and extend American democracy to all Americans. This perspective requires Kaye to reason backward, arguing chat the Four Freedoms, delineated in 1941, actually animated programs that appeared much sooner. FDR's vision, according to Kaye, "was global. But Roosevelt rooted it firmly in American experience and aspiration" (p. 73). The book makes the case by tying these ideals together with the thread of FDR's political philosophy, which, Kaye correctly notes, was largely about concern for, and care of, all the nation's citizens. …
The viability of nanotechnology-based InGaN solar photovoltaic devices for sustainable energy generation

The unrestrained combustion of fossil fuels has resulted in vast pollution at the local scale throughout the world, while contributing to global warming at a rate that seriously threatens the stability of many of the world’s ecosystems. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is a clean, sustainable and renewable energy conversion technology that can help meet the energy demands of the world’s growing population. Although PV technology is mature with commercial modules obtaining over 20% conversion efficiency there remains considerable opportunities to improve performance. The nearly global access to the solar resource coupled to nanotechnology innovation-driven decreases in the costs of PV, provides a path for a renewable energy source to significantly reduce the adverse anthropogenic impacts of energy use by replacing fossil fuels. This study explores several approaches to improving indium gallium nitride-based PV efficiency with nanotechnology: optical enhancement, microstructural optimization for electronic material quality and increasing the spectral response via bandgap engineering. The results showing multibandgap engineering with InGaN and impediments to widespread deployment and commercialization are discussed including technical viability, intellectual property laws and licensing, material resource scarcities, and economics. Future work is outlined and conclusions are drawn to overcome these limitations and improve PV device performance using methods that can scale to the necessary terawatt level.
Stem Cell Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Are Synergistic in Augmenting Committed Myeloid Progenitor Cell Growth

Stem cell factor (SCF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are hematopoietic cytokines produced by bone marrow stromal cells. It is known that, although SCF and bFGF have limited clonogenic activity on their own, they can augment colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-mediated progenitor cell growth. Because these factors are both sequestered by stromal cells, we examined their interaction on progenitor cell growth in conjunction with granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF). In this study, we show that clonogenic growth derived from low-density bone marrow cells stimulated by GM-CSF is significantly augmented (P
Graphic Feedback, Performance Feedback, and Goal Setting Increased Staff Compliance With a Data Collection Task at a Large Residential Facility

ABSTRACTBecause of budgetary constraints, human service organizations frequently expect consultants to recommend methods to enhance staff performance that require little or no additional funding. The current study utilized a multiple baseline across settings design to evaluate and compare the effects of a single intervention and a packaged intervention including graphic feedback and goal setting on approximately 200 direct care staff as a group, to improve the data collection procedure at a residential treatment facility. The single intervention showed some improvement, whereas the packaged intervention yielded substantial improvements and was maintained.
Two-Photon and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy as Probes for Structural Determination in Amyloid-β Peptides and Aggregates

The development of new sensitive methods for the detailed collection of conformational and morphological information about amyloids is crucial for the elucidation of critical questions regarding aggregation processes in neurodegenerative diseases. The combined approach of two-photon and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy described in this report interrogates the early conformational dynamics seen in soluble oligomers of amyloid-β(1–42). Concentration-dependent aggregation studies using two-photon absorption show enhanced sensitivity toward conformational changes taking place in the secondary structure of the amyloid peptide as aggregation proceeds. Fluorescence lifetimes and changes in anisotropy values indicate Forster-type energy transfer occurring as a function of aggregation state. The sensitivity of our two-photon methodology is compared to that of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and the results indicate that the two-photon absorption cross-section method exhibits superior sensitivity. A t...
Abstract 4798: Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells in a contact and antigen-dependent manner, but the interaction affects neighboring, non-target cells via interferon gamma secretion

The interaction between cytolytic T cells and antigen presenting targets involves stable intercellular contacts known as immunological synapses. It has been postulated that one function of immunological synapses might be to restrict the effector functions of the T cell to the target cell, while protecting bystanders (non-target cells). We wished to test this hypothesis in the context of an anti-tumor immune response. To model the three-way interaction between T cells, target cells and bystanders, we used OT-I ovalbumin-specific T cells, GL26 murine glioma cells expressing ovalbumin, and wild type mouse astrocytes. We confirmed the formation of immunological synapses between T cells and GL26 cells, and assessed whether two effector functions of T cells, i.e., cytolysis and cytokine action, were limited to the post-synaptic target cells. We found that cytolysis was strictly restricted to the target tumor cells, but that the effect of interferon gamma, as measured by Stat1 phosphorylation, was more pronounced on the bystander astrocytes. We conclude that a likely model of cytotoxic T cell action in tumor immunity involves direct lysis of tumor cells, and interferon gamma action on the tumor stroma. Our data has implications for the development of improved anti-tumor imunotherapies which will target both the tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. This work is supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NIH/NINDS) NIH/NINDS Grant 1R21-NS054143, 1UO1 NS052465 and 1RO1-NS057711 to M.G.C.; NIH/NINDS Grants 1 RO1 NS 054193, RO1 NS061107 and 1R21 NS047298 to P.R.L. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4798.
Aldosterone and corticosterone in maintenance of lactation in adrenalectomized rats.

SummaryLactating albino rats were adrenalectomized or adrenal-ovariectomized on day 4 of lactation and maintained on aldosterone and/or corticosterone by daily subcutaneous injection until day 20. Criteria of lactational performance, including litter weights on days 14 and 20, milk production on day 14, and litter growth index, indicated that 25 μg aldosterone acetate and 1 mg corticosterone acetate per day maintained lactation at approximately 80% of the normal level.
Interaction of astrocytes and newly formed oligodendrocytes in resolving multiple sclerosis lesions.

Cells resembling oligodendrocytes are sometimes seen within reactive astrocytes in fresh lesions in multiple sclerosis. Using immunostained paraffin and epoxy sections of fresh plaques obtained at autopsy from a series of cases of short clinical duration, it was found that small cells with round nuclei are commonly observed within reactive astrocytes in some hypercellular plaques and that these cells are phenotypically undifferentiated oligodendrocytes, i.e., nonmyelinating cells expressing intensely the oligodendrocyte determinants 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase and the carbohydrate epitope present on the family of cell adhesion molecules recognized by monoclonal antibody HNK-1. They also stain positively for IgG. This unusual astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction, which appears to be restricted to nonmyelinating oligodendrocytes in lesions of several weeks' to several months' duration, has not been described during normal oligodendrocyte differentiation or in experimental central remyelinating lesions. It bears some resemblance, however, to a pattern of slow oligodendrocyte destruction seen previously in organotypic perinatal central nervous tissue cultures exposed to multiple sclerosis serum. It is concluded that the evolution of some multiple sclerosis lesions early in the course of the disease is associated with abnormal binding and/or destruction of newly generated oligodendrocytes by reactive astrocytes. These observations raise new questions concerning mechanisms underlying failed remyelination in multiple sclerosis, including the novel possibility of an immune response directed against a developmentally restricted oligodendrocyte antigen.
Effect of Pyrazinamide and Pyrazinoic Acid on Urate Clearance and Other Discrete Renal Functions.

Summary1. The effect of pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid on the renal clearance of urate, inulin and p-aminohippurate, in some instances also TmPAH, was studied in 10 human subjects. 2. A rapid and marked reduction in urate clearance was noted, without decrease in the filtered urate load. The implications as to the renal mechanisms regulating urate excretion are discussed. 3. Data indicating that the effect of pyrazinamide is ascribable largely to the action of pyrazinoic acid are presented.
Production of 13C-labelled β-carotenefrom Dunaliella salina

A 4.5 litre photobioreactor was developed and used to produce 13 C-labelled b-carotene by feeding 13 CO2 to growing ells of the marine alga Dunaliella salina. Three runs were carried out using different feeding regimes producing b-carotene containing 40, 56 and 76 Atom% 13 C. Approximately 145 mg b-carotene was recovered from each run. Incorporation of 13 C into b-carotene ranged from 1.4 to 2.8%. The labelled b-carotene produced would allow multiple tracer experiments for the study of human carotenoid metabolism.
Optics and Renaissance Art

Recent discoveries have shown that optical projections were used in the creation of European paintings as early as 1425, well over a century before the time of Galileo (Hockney, Secret knowledge: rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters, 2001). These discoveries provide an explanation for the sudden transformation to realism that long had been noted by art historians but whose cause had not been previously understood (“It remains a source of continual astonishment that so hinfinitely complex a genre [as the portrait] should develop in so brief a space of time, indeed within only a few decades of the fifteenth century…” Schneider, Norbert (1999) The Art of the Portrait. Taschen). As shown below, these discoveries demonstrate that optical projections were incorporated in features within paintings of artists as influential as Jan van Eyck who worked at the cusp between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. As art historian Laurie Fendrich noted (Fendrich, Chron High Educ 53(36):B20, 2002), this work “shakes the foundations of much of art history, as well as realist paintings as an art form.” Here we describe in some detail some of the optical evidence exhibited within four paintings by four major artists during a period of approximately 100 years between c1425 and 1532: Jan van Eyck, Lorenzo Lotto, Hans Holbein the Younger, and Robert Campin.
Epidemiology of Seizures in Critically Ill Children and Neonates

Over the last few decades, much has been learned about the epidemiology of seizures in critically ill children and neonates. Seizures are often difficult to detect in this patient population by clinical observation alone and continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring is needed. Because cEEG monitoring is a relatively new technique and is necessary to accurately detect seizures in the intensive care unit (ICU), the data on epidemiology of seizures in critically ill children and neonates is still emerging. This topic is covered in three sections in this chapter: (1) epidemiology of seizures in children in the pediatric ICU, (2) epidemiology of seizures in children in the cardiac care unit (CCU), and (3) epidemiology of seizures in the neonatal ICU.
Preparation for the end of life and life completion during late-stage lung cancer: An exploratory analysis

Objective Our aim was to explore preparation for the end of life (EoL) and life closure among persons with advanced metastatic lung cancer. Understanding quality of life through the lens of preparation and completion is important since the trajectory of lung cancer can be relatively short, often leading to application of cancer-directed therapies near death without the opportunity for advance planning or palliative care. Clinical research is needed to understand the kinds of distress specific to older adults with advanced lung cancer that are amendable to palliative care interventions. Method We employed an exploratory cross-sectional design to examine psychosocial and existential concerns among a purposive sample (N = 30) of advanced lung cancer patients using the "end-of-life preparation" and "life completion" subscales of the Quality of Life at the End of Life (QUAL-E) questionnaire. Nonparametric methods were employed to analyze preparation, completion, global quality of life (QoL), and the associations among depressive symptoms, preparation, completion, and global QoL. Results Higher scores on life completion were associated with better global QoL, and with items related to transcendence, communicative acts, and interpersonal relationships demonstrating important contributions. The perception of being a future burden on family members was the greatest concern within the preparation domain. Depressive symptoms were not associated with preparation, completion, or global QoL. Significance of results Psychosocial and existential issues contribute to QoL at the EoL among older adults with late-stage lung cancer during cancer-directed therapy, concurrent care, and hospice. The role of preparation, especially self-perceived burden, merits further research early on in the oncological setting. The preparation and life completion subscales of the QUAL-E are feasible clinical tools for facilitating dyadic communication about sensitive topics in the palliative care setting.
Analysis of vehicle platoon movement and speed-spacing relationships during military exercises

Abstract In this study a method that identifies off-road vehicle column movement was developed and evaluated. Previous studies have revealed that multiple vehicle passes produce detrimental soil and terrain impacts. Identifying the frequency and location of this type of multi-pass impact during military maneuvers is difficult. This method will aid in the assessment of environmental impacts of off-road military vehicles by allowing land managers to characterize vehicle movement patterns, especially column movement, at military training installations during maneuvers. GPS units mounted on military vehicles collected on and off-road tracking data during a reconnaissance maneuver at Fort Lewis Military Installation, Washington. A set of data utilizing a Stryker platoon of four vehicles was used to evaluate this method. The GPS coordinates, speed, and direction of travel of each vehicle was collected at each second. A criteria to identify platoon column movement was developed based on vehicle proximity, speed and direction of travel. The results of this study show that the method can correctly identify off-road column movement for the purpose of evaluating the multi-pass impacts on the terrain. In addition, using this approach the vehicle movement patterns associated with on- and off-road platoon movement (i.e. vehicle speeds and spacing) were evaluated.
Fishing for Isotopes: Capturing Beryllium-7 from Brookhaven LINAC Isotope Producer’s 300 gallons of Cooling Water

The ability of capturing metals and/or radionuclides from large amounts of water is important for radioisotope waste treatment and environmental cleanup. We have developed an approach that rapidly optimizes the capturing of radioisotopes in large-volume aqueous environments. The approach was scaled up to capture beryllium-7 from 300 gallons of cooling water associated with a linear accelerator. Solid supports with the functional groups sulfonic acid, iminodiacetate, pyridine amine, pyridine amine acid, or quaternary amine were incubated in the cooling water for 1 week. One sulfonic acid solid support was able to capture 2.1 mCi of Be-7. Subsequent studies with the sulfonic acid solid support focused on the uptake over time of Be-7, scale-up of capturing Be-7, and subsequent purification of Be-7. The uptake over time of Be-7 was found to be linear in the first 24 h, with an equation of Y = 4.11X (% uptake/time (h)) (R2 = 0.998). The uptake of Be-7 reached the maximum at 24 h and was identical to the uptake...
DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIBERS OF HEMOGLOBIN S BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

The 20nm-diameter fibers of hemoglobin S have been studied from lysed cells, gelled hemolysates and crystalline bundles produced by stirring hemolysates. Identical fibers are obtained from all three sources, as characterized by computed Fourier transforms of electron micrographs of negatively stained fibers. The Fourier transforms display a complex, but highly reproducible pattern of reciprocal space maxima, indicating that the structure of the fibers is considerably more complicated than had been deduced earlier from simple patterns seen in optical transforms. Approximately 30 distinct reciprocal space maxima can now be resolved in the Fourier transforms, distributed over 20 layer lines. Three-dimensional reconstructions with these data reveal that the fibers are composed of a four-stranded inner core surrounded by a ten-stranded outer tube. The inner core modulates the outer tube to yield systematic perturbations in the helical lattice and an elliptical cross-section.
Dynamic Buckling of Antisymmetrically Laminated Imperfect Rectangular Plates

This chapter deals with the dynamic buckling of antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply rectangular plates with initial imperfections. Three different problems are considered. First, nonlinear response of the plate subjected to time-dependent axial loading is studied. The problem is reduced to a single differential equation which is integrated numerically. In the particular case of a perfect plate the solution of the linear problem yields the condition of dynamic buckling. The third problem considered in the chapter is the behavior of an imperfect plate initially loaded by axial static stresses. The static response is determined first and the motion of the plate is superimposed on the static displacements in the second phase of the solution.
Fast-Track Session Establishment for {TLS}

We propose a new, “fast-track” handshake mechanism for TLS. A fast-track client caches a server’s public parameters and negotiated parameters in the course of an initial, enabling handshake. These parameters need not be resent on subsequent handshakes. The new mechanism reduces both network traffic and the number of round trips, and requires no additional server state. These savings are most useful in high latency environments such as wireless networks. We include a rollback mechanism to allow a server to gracefully revert to an ordinary TLS handshake when needed. Our design is fully backwards compatible: fast-track clients can interoperate with servers unaware of fast-track and vise versa. We have implemented our proposal to demonstrate the savings in network traffic and round trips.
School Choice: The Tautology of the Market

Private think-tanks, education reform advocates, corporate foundations, and their political allies posit that the “crisis” in education would be remedied if schools were forced to operate like businesses and succeed or fail as market conditions permit. However, this chapter demonstrates that the logic and evidence for the effectiveness of market-based educational reform is highly questionable. Proponents of market-based education reform, and “free markets” in general, are instead serving up another tautology. The entire school choice concept as it is currently promoted rests upon a logical fallacy. Advocates of school choice often conflate legitimate consumer choices with false choices. Competition in a marketplace for education strengthens the link between wealth and education outcomes rather than weakens it. This leads to increased inequality. We need less of market-based economics and behaviorist business practices in education, not more. Education should be an equalizer by enabling all students, regardless of socio-economic background to reach their full potential. The “business model” many reformers advocate subverts the power of education to equalize.
Crystal structures of two thienyl analogs of benzil – 1,2-dithien-2-ylethanedione (2,2′-thenil) and 1,2-dithien-3-ylethanedione (3,3′-thenil)

2,2′-Thenil crystallizes in P21/c with a = 7.2501(12) A, b = 4.7846(8) A, c = 13.9867(23) A, β = 96.897(3)○, V = 481.67(14) A3, and Z = 2. The molecule resides on an inversion center and is planar. 3,3′-Thenil also crystallizes in P21/c with a = 3.9904(8) A, b = 21.310(4) A, c = 11.618(2) A, β = 101.83(3)○, V = 966.9(3) A3, and Z = 4. Refinement of 3,3′-thenil data indicated that 10.3(2)% of both thienyl rings are flip-disordered in this nonplanar molecule. A brief discussion of disorder in molecules containing terminal, unsubstituted 2- and 3-thienyl rings is presented.
Dynamic Human Environmental Exposome Revealed by Longitudinal Personal Monitoring

Human health is dependent upon environmental exposures, yet the diversity and variation in exposures are poorly understood. We developed a sensitive method to monitor personal airborne biological and chemical exposures and followed the personal exposomes of 15 individuals for up to 890 days and over 66 distinct geographical locations. We found that individuals are potentially exposed to thousands of pan-domain species and chemical compounds, including insecticides and carcinogens. Personal biological and chemical exposomes are highly dynamic and vary spatiotemporally, even for individuals located in the same general geographical region. Integrated analysis of biological and chemical exposomes revealed strong location-dependent relationships. Finally, construction of an exposome interaction network demonstrated the presence of distinct yet interconnected human- and environment-centric clouds, comprised of interacting ecosystems such as human, flora, pets, and arthropods. Overall, we demonstrate that human exposomes are diverse, dynamic, spatiotemporally-driven interaction networks with the potential to impact human health.
Self-stopping strategies for tractable information dissemination in dense mobile sensor networks

This paper studies a new epidemic routing problem: disseminating the information to a certain percentage of nodes in the network in a timely and predictable manner, and suppressing further spreading when the goal has been reached. We apply an accurate mathematical model to analyse and design different distributed self-stopping strategies on information dissemination in dense wireless mobile sensor networks. The probability-based self-stopping strategy adjusts the stopping probability to subdue message forwarding when a sensor node meets a neighbour already informed. Such a strategy can reach the percentage goal accurately, but does not stop timely and cannot control the dissemination under 82%. Using the message life time as a guideline, we propose two new selfstopping strategies by either setting a hop count limit or adopting a final forwarding probability. Such strategies not only stop fast and save energy, but also control the scope of message spreading to an arbitrary goal.
Motif-Preserving Dynamic Local Graph Cut

Modeling and characterizing high-order connectivity patterns are essential for understanding many complex systems, ranging from social networks to collaboration networks, from finance to neuroscience. However, existing works on high-order graph clustering assume that the input networks are static. Consequently, they fail to explore the rich high-order connectivity patterns embedded in the network evolutions, which may play fundamental roles in real applications. For example, in financial fraud detection, detecting loops formed by sequenced transactions helps identify money laundering activities; in emerging trend detection, star-shaped structures showing in a short burst may indicate novel research topics in citation networks. In this paper, we bridge this gap by proposing a local graph clustering framework that captures structure-rich subgraphs, taking into consideration the information of high-order structures in temporal networks. In particular, our motif-preserving dynamic local graph cut framework (MOTLOC) is able to model various user-defined temporal network structures and find clusters with minimum conductance in a polylogarithmic time complexity. Extensive empirical evaluations on synthetic and real networks demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our MOTLOC framework.
Reducing the Rate of Blood Culture Collection in Pediatric Patients with Uncomplicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Presenting to a Community Hospital Emergency Department

Background: Current clinical practice guidelines do not recommend routine blood culture or laboratory studies for patients with uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). Problem: We reviewed all blood cultures collected for pediatric patients presenting to our 2 community emergency department sites over an 18 month period. A total of 485 patients were included in the analysis. SSTI was a common diagnosis in patients in whom blood culture was obtained. We determined the blood culture utilization rate for patients with SSTI based on total ED …
Homeorhesis and ecological succession quantified in synthetic microbial ecosystems

The dynamics of ecological change following a major perturbation, known as succession, are influenced by random processes. Direct quantitation of the degree of contingency in succession requires chronological study of replicate ecosystems. We previously found that population dynamics in carefully controlled, replicated synthetic microbial ecosystems were strongly deterministic over several months. Here, we present simplified, two-species microbial ecosystems consisting of algae and ciliates, imaged in toto at single-cell resolution with fluorescence microscopy over a period of 1 to 2 weeks. To directly study succession in these ecosystems, we deliberately varied the initial cell abundances over replicates and quantified the ensuing dynamics. The distribution of abundance trajectories rapidly converged to a nearly deterministic path, with small fluctuations, despite variations in initial conditions, environmental perturbations, and intrinsic noise, indicative of homeorhesis. Homeorhesis was also observed for certain phenotypic variables, such as partitioning of the ciliates into distinct size classes and clumping of the algae. Although the mechanism of homeorhesis observed in these synthetic ecosystems remains to be elucidated, it is clear that it must emerge from the ways each species controls its own internal states, with respect to a diverse set of environmental conditions and ecological interactions.
A Multimodal Approach to Stratification of Patients with Dementia: Selection of Mixed Dementia Patients Prior to Autopsy.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are major causes of dementia, and when combined lead to accelerated cognitive loss. We hypothesized that biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation could be used to stratify patients into diagnostic groups. Diagnosis of AD can be made biologically with detection of amyloid and tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and vascular disease can be identified with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We recruited patients with cognitive complaints and made an initial clinical diagnosis. After one year of follow-up we made a biological diagnosis based on the use of biomarkers obtained from DTI, CSF AD, and inflammatory proteins, and neuropsychological testing. Patients with AD had primarily findings of neurodegeneration (CSF showing increased tau and reduced amyloid), while patients with neuroinflammation had abnormal DTI mean diffusion (MD) in the white matter. Using the biological biomarkers resulted in many of the clinically diagnosed AD patients moving into mixed dementia (MX). Biomarkers of inflammation tended to be higher in the MX than in either the AD or VCID, suggesting dual pathology leads to increased inflammation, which could explain accelerated cognitive decline in that group.
Integrating pharmacogenomics into the electronic health record by implementing genomic indicators

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) clinical decision support integrated into the electronic health record (EHR) has the potential to provide relevant knowledge to clinicians to enable individualized care. However, past experience implementing PGx clinical decision support into multiple EHR platforms has identified important clinical, procedural, and technical challenges. Commercial EHRs have been widely criticized for the lack of readiness to implement precision medicine. Herein, we share our experiences and lessons learned implementing new EHR functionality charting PGx phenotypes in a unique repository, genomic indicators, instead of using the problem or allergy list. The Gen-Ind has additional features including a brief description of the clinical impact, a hyperlink to the original laboratory report, and links to additional educational resources. The automatic generation of genomic indicators from interfaced PGx test results facilitates implementation and long-term maintenance of PGx data in the EHR and can be used as criteria for synchronous and asynchronous CDS.
Algorithm design strategies in CS curricula 2013: hits and misses

This paper considers the latest ACM/IEEE-CS curricula guidelines (CS 2013) for teaching major algorithm design strategies to undergraduate computer science majors. It points out both pluses and minuses of these recommendations and suggests a two-tier list of algorithm design strategies that, in the author's view, would be more appropriate as a general guideline for undergraduate computer science programs.
Condorcet’s Paradox and Ultrafilters

We prove a version of Arrow’s impossibility theorem that at its heart is essentially Condorcet’s voting paradox.
Vision loss in older veterans is greater in rural than urban areas

Purpose: Although rurality has been shown to be a risk factor for vision loss in the general population, there are no published studies to evaluate the relative risk of vision loss in older veterans (age greater than 64 years). Given that veterans have access to a separate healthcare system, the Veterans Health Administration system, this study sought to determine whether older rural veterans had a higher prevalence of vision loss than older urban veterans. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the 2016-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys. Older veteran (n = 49,697) self-reported vision loss was regressed on rural-urban area of residence in a mixed logit model, where state of residence served as a random intercept. This study model controlled for age, race, sex, income, binge drinking behavior, cigarette use, BMI, exercise, diabetes, and mental distress. Results: Analysis demonstrated that vision loss among older veterans was more prevalent in rural areas (6.73%, 95% CI = 6.27, 7.22) than in urban areas (5.89%, 95% CI = 5.57, 6.23). After controlling for all confounders previously described, rurality was independently associated with vision loss among older veterans (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.23). Conclusions: In a search of the peer-reviewed medical literature (using MEDLINE and cross-referenced literature, this study is the first to demonstrate a rural-to-urban disparity in vision loss among older veterans in the United States. The results of this study demonstrate the need for broader access to health care, including evidence-based remote or telehealth eye care screening and rehabilitation programs for rural veterans, especially within the Veterans Health Administration system.
Microturbulence studies on text

A multichannel far-infrared (FIR) scattering system has been installed on the TEXT device utilizing both heterodyne and homodyne detection techniques. The system has allowed the power spectra of microturbulence to be measured on a single tokamak discharge. The results confirm many of the characteristics observed in a number of previous experiments [1,2,3]. However, significant new results are presented for a variety of plasma conditions, thereby expanding our knowledge of transport phenomena in fusion plasmas.
Quality of Care and Outcomes Among Medicare Advantage vs Fee-for-Service Medicare Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure.

Importance Medicare Advantage (MA), a private insurance plan option, now covers one-third of all Medicare beneficiaries. Although patients with cardiovascular disease enrolled in MA have been reported to receive higher quality of care in the ambulatory setting than patients enrolled in fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare, it is unclear whether MA is associated with higher quality in patients hospitalized with heart failure, or alternatively, if incentives to reduce utilization under MA plans may be associated with worse care. Objective To determine whether there are differences in quality of care received and in-hospital outcomes among patients enrolled in MA vs FFS Medicare. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational, retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with heart failure in hospitals participating in the Get With the Guidelines—Heart Failure registry. Exposures Medicare Advantage enrollment. Main Outcomes and Measures In-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, length of stay, and 4 heart failure achievement measures. Results Of 262 626 patients hospitalized with heart failure, 93 549 (35.6%) were enrolled in MA and 169 077 (64.4%) in FFS Medicare. The median (interquartile range) age was 78 (70-85) years for patients enrolled in MA and 78 (69-86) years for patients enrolled in FFS Medicare. Standard mean differences in age, sex, prevalence of comorbidities, or objective measures on admission, including vital signs and laboratory values, were less than 10%. After adjustment, there were no statistically significant differences in receipt of evidence-based β-blockers when indicated; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blockers, or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors at discharge; measurement of left ventricular function; and postdischarge appointments by Medicare insurance type. Patients enrolled in MA, however, had higher odds of being discharged directly home (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19;P Conclusions and Relevance Among patients hospitalized with heart failure, no observable benefit was noted in quality of care or in-hospital mortality between those enrolled in MA vs FFS Medicare, except lower use of post–acute care facilities. As MA continues to grow, it will be important to ensure that participating private plans provide an added value to the patients they cover to justify the higher administrative costs compared with traditional FFS Medicare.
Effect of Trimming Process Parameters on Sheared Edge Geometry and Stretch Limit: An Experimental Investigation

The stretchability and flangeability of sheared sheet metal in stamping are directly influenced by the trimmed edge quality. In this work, the effect of the trimming parameters on the edge quality was investigated using experimental and statistical approaches. The material of study was a 6xxx-series aluminum sheet. A digital 3D optical microscope was used to assess the quality of the sheared edge geometry by measuring several distinct trimmed edge geometrical features, namely rollover, burnish, fracture, and burr. The evolution of the sheared edge geometry was studied by changing four trimming parameters, namely clearance, offal support, lower tool sharpness, and upper tool sharpness. The sheared edge’s ability to stretch was assessed by measuring both the total elongation and the local strain of trimmed half dog-bone specimens tested under uniaxial tensile loading conditions. A generalized linear model regression was used to investigate the relationship between the edge stretch, edge geometry, and trimming process parameters. The burr size was found to be the most significant factor for predicting elongation, while clearance between the upper tool and the lower tool was found to be the most significant controllable regression variable. Furthermore, the use of high support was reported to decrease the sensitivity of the trimmed edge quality to the upper and lower tool sharpness.
GOAT: GPU Outsourcing of Deep Learning Training With Asynchronous Probabilistic Integrity Verification Inside Trusted Execution Environment.

Machine learning models based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are increasingly deployed in a wide range of applications ranging from self-driving cars to COVID-19 treatment discovery. To support the computational power necessary to learn a DNN, cloud environments with dedicated hardware support have emerged as critical infrastructure. However, there are many integrity challenges associated with outsourcing computation. Various approaches have been developed to address these challenges, building on trusted execution environments (TEE). Yet, no existing approach scales up to support realistic integrity-preserving DNN model training for heavy workloads (deep architectures and millions of training examples) without sustaining a significant performance hit. To mitigate the time gap between pure TEE (full integrity) and pure GPU (no integrity), we combine random verification of selected computation steps with systematic adjustments of DNN hyper-parameters (e.g., a narrow gradient clipping range), hence limiting the attacker's ability to shift the model parameters significantly provided that the step is not selected for verification during its training phase. Experimental results show the new approach achieves 2X to 20X performance improvement over pure TEE based solution while guaranteeing a very high probability of integrity (e.g., 0.999) with respect to state-of-the-art DNN backdoor attacks.
Epidemiologic Trends in Fatal and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries in the US, 2009-2017

Importance Firearm injury research in the US has focused on fatal injuries. The incidence and epidemiologic factors associated with nonfatal firearm injuries are less understood. Objective To evaluate estimates of incidence and trends over time of fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries. Design, setting, and participants A cross-sectional, ecologic study was conducted using data throughout the US from 2009 to 2017. Data on fatal injuries from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were combined with national data on emergency department visits for nonfatal firearm injury from the Nationwide Emergency Department (ED) sample. Data analysis was conducted from August 2019 to September 2020. Exposures Firearm injuries identified with International Classification of Diseases external cause of injury codes and categorized by intent of injury, age group, and urban-rural location. Main outcomes and measures Incidence, case fatality rate, and trends over time of firearm injury according to intent, age group, and urban-rural location. Results From 2009 to 2017, there was a mean of 85 694 ED visits for nonfatal firearm injury and 34 538 deaths each year. An annual mean of 26 445 deaths (76.6%) occurred outside of the hospital. Assault was the most common overall mechanism (38.9%), followed by unintentional injuries (36.9%) and intentional self-harm (19.6%). Self-harm, which accounted for 21 128 deaths (61.2%), had the highest case fatality rate (89.4%; 95% CI, 88.5%-90.4%), followed by assault (25.9%; 95% CI, 23.7%-28.6%) and legal intervention (23.4%; 95% CI, 21.6%-25.5%). Unintentional injuries were the most common nonfatal injuries (43 729 [51.0%]) and had the lowest case fatality rate (1.2%; 95% CI, 1.1%-1.3%). Self-harm deaths, 87.8% of which occurred outside the hospital, increased in all age groups in both rural and urban areas during the study period and were most common among people aged 55 years and older. The rate of fatal assault injuries was higher in urban than in rural areas (16.6 vs 9.0 per 100 000 per year) and highest among people aged 15 to 34 years (38.6 per 100 000 per year). Rates of unintentional injury were higher in rural than in urban areas (18.5 per 100 000 vs 12.4 per 100 000). Conclusions and relevance In this cross-sectional study, suicide appears to be the most common cause of firearm injury death in the US, and most people who die from suicide never reach the hospital. These findings suggest that assaults and unintentional injuries account for most nonfatal and overall firearm injuries and for most of the injuries that are treated in hospitals.