cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon incorporation in chemical vapor deposited aluminum oxide films

Abstract We report results from an investigation into the nature and extent of carbon incorporation into aluminum oxide thin films deposited from the pyrolysis of dimethylaluminum isopropoxide via high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition. The chemical nature and distribution of carbon in films deposited in the 417–659 °C temperature range were investigated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Carbon composition increased with increasing deposition temperature, up to approximately 8 at.% at 659 °C. Carbon in films deposited at 477 °C was bonded only to oxygen or carbon, but films deposited above 538 °C also contained metal carbide-like bonding. Carbon content in films deposited on hydrogen-terminated Si (100) substrates increased toward the film–substrate interface, but no silicon–carbon bonding was observed.
Sporulation and Survival of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Different Types of Commercial Cat Litter

abstract: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are environmentally resistant and can survive outdoors for many months in dry and cold climates. In the present study, sporulation and survival of T. gondii oocysts was studied in different types of cat litters commercially available in the United States. Oocysts sporulated within 2–3 days in all types of cat litters and occasionally remained viable for 14 days. Results indicate that cat litter should be changed daily to prevent sporulation and infectivity to people.
Utility of two convulsant techniques as indicators of CNS excitability

A study was undertaken to evaluate the relative usefulness of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) versus hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFE) as chemoconvulsive agents which could be employed to quantitate CNS excitability in mice. The PTZ was given by constant i.v. infusion, whereas the HFE was administered by inhalation. Levels of excitability were altered with several doses of (+)-amphetamine and pentobarbital. The results indicate that the PTZ infusion procedure is considerably more sensitive and less variable than the HFE inhalation technique for the determination of drug-induced fluctuations in central activity.
Double bond analysis of dienoic fatty acids in mixtures

Mixtures of dienoic fatty acids such as occur in edible hydrogenated fat products cannot be analyzed by current methodology. A method of ozonization, reduction to alcohol fragments by sodium borohydride, gas chromatographic analysis for alcohol, alcohol ester, and internal dialcohol fragments, and computer resolution of a matrix of linear simultaneous equations, is described that gives the analysis of the diene isomers.
Novel inhibitors of mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is a ubiquinone-linked enzyme in the mitochondrial inner membrane best characterized as part of the glycerol phosphate shuttle that transfers reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Despite the widespread expression of mGPDH and the availability of mGPDH-null mice, the physiological role of this enzyme remains poorly defined in many tissues, likely because of compensatory pathways for cytosolic regeneration of NAD+ and mechanisms for glycerol phosphate metabolism. Here we describe a novel class of cell-permeant small-molecule inhibitors of mGPDH (iGP) discovered through small-molecule screening. Structure-activity analysis identified a core benzimidazole-phenyl-succinamide structure as being essential to inhibition of mGPDH while modifications to the benzimidazole ring system modulated both potency and off-target effects. Live-cell imaging provided evidence that iGPs penetrate cellular membranes. Two compounds (iGP-1 and iGP-5) were characterized further to determine potency and selectivity and found to be mixed inhibitors with IC50 and Ki values between ∼1–15 µM. These novel mGPDH inhibitors are unique tools to investigate the role of glycerol 3-phosphate metabolism in both isolated and intact systems.
Generalized optimum receiver for pattern recognition with multiplicative, additive, and nonoverlapping background noise

In this paper we design an optimum receiver to detect a pattern or a reference signal. We design a receiver which detects the signal distorted by a multiplicative noise on the signal itself, as well as by additive noise and by non- overlapping scene noise. We use hypothesis testing to determine the location of a target buried in multiplicative, additive, and non-overlapping background noise. We also consider the case when the reference pattern is illuminated with an unknown illumination constant. Using computer simulations we show that, for the images tested here, the optimum receiver performs better than some of the existing receivers.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surface turbulence intensity as a predictor of extrapolated wind resource to the turbine hub height

Abstract Based on power law (PL), a novel method is proposed to extrapolate surface wind speed to the wind turbine (WT) hub height, via assessment of wind shear coefficient (WSC), by only using surface turbulence intensity, a parameter actually regarded as a merely critical one in wind energy studies. A 2-year (2012–2013) dataset from the meteorological mast of Cabauw (Netherlands) was used, including 10-min records collected at 10, 20, 40, and 80 m. WT hub heights of 40 and 80 m have been targeted for the extrapolation, being accomplished based on turbulence intensity observations at 10 and 20 m. Trained over the year 2012, the method was validated over the year 2013. Good scores were returned both in wind speed and power density extrapolations, with biases within 7 and 8%, respectively. Wind speed extrapolation was better predicted 10–40 m (NRMSE = 0.16, r = 0.95) than 10–80 and 20–80 m (NRMSE = 0.20–0.24, r = 0.86–0.91), while for power density even finer scores than wind speed were achieved (r = 0.98 at 40 m, and r = 0.96 at 80 m). Method's skills were also assessed in predicting wind energy yield. Application over sites with different terrain features and stability conditions is expected to provide further insight into its application field.
Nature of the DNA associated with the nuclear envelope of regenerating liver.

Abstract Our previous study showed that shortly after administration of [3H]thymidine to partially hepatectomized rats, DNA of the highest specific activity was found in a membrane fraction derived from the inner nuclear envelope. When DNA of regenerating liver was pulse-labeled at the beginning of the S- (DNA synthesis) period, the radioactivity shifted from the inner nuclear envelope to the nuclear pellet as the pulse time was increased. When DNA was pulse-labeled at various times during the S-period and the inner nuclear envelopes isolated shortly afterward, the specific activities of all fractions remained elevated. These results were consistent with the interpretation that both initiation and replication of DNA took place while in association with the inner nuclear envelope. Most of the newly labeled DNA of the inner nuclear envelope partitioned to the water-phenol interface during phenol extraction. Treatment of the nuclear membrane fraction with pronase, phospholipase A and sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in the release to the aqueous phase of a major part of the DNA previously bound to the interface. Since these agents also disrupt lipoprotein structure, it is suggested that DNA of the inner nuclear envelope is associated in a complex which involves lipoproteins. Analysis of radioactive membrane-bound DNA by hydroxyapatite column chromatography and by filtration on nitrocellulose membrane showed that the DNA was double-stranded with significant single-stranded regions. The properties of the nuclear membrane-bound DNA in phenol extraction, hydroxyapatite chromatography and nitrocellulose membrane filtration were identical to those reported by other investigators for newly replicated DNA in mammalian cells; therefore it is suggested that the DNA associated with the nuclear membrane fraction is an intermediate in the replication of DNA in the regenerating rat liver.
Interference avoidance communications using wavelet domain transformation techniques

A wavelet domain communication system architecture is shown, capable of providing acceptable communication performance while 'avoiding' spectral regions containing interference. Demonstrated bit error rate improvement averaged 5.7 and 12.4 dB using orthogonal and antipodal data modulation, respectively, over a range of interference energy-to-signal energy (I/E) ratios of 0 to 16 dB.
Covariant closed string theory cannot be cubic

Abstract We show that no symmetric three-closed-string vertex can give dual off-shell amplitudes for four-string scattering. This implies that covariant closed string field theory cannot be cubic. We conjecture the necessity of non-polynomiality. Our result implies the uniqueness of the cubic formulation of covariant open string field theory.
Restrictive Citizenship: Civic-Oriented Service-Learning Opportunities for All Students

Citizenship education that uses service-learning continues to be implemented in a manner that may restrict many students from full, meaningful participation. The authors contend that much of the li...
Data Collection and Analysis for Masquerade Attack Detection: Challenges and Lessons Learned

Real-world large-scale data collection poses an important challenge in the security eld. Insider and masquerader attack data col- lection poses even a greater challenge. Very few organizations acknowl- edge such breaches because of liability concerns and potential implica- tions on their market value. This caused the scarcity of real-world data sets that could be used to study insider and masquerader attacks. In this paper, we present the design, technical, and procedural challenges encountered during our own masquerade data gathering project. We also share some lessons learned from this several-year project related to the Institutional Review Board process and to user study design.
How Young is "Too Young" to Start Training?

• To introduce an integrative neuromuscular training model that can be used to enhance the health, fitness, and wellness of all children and adolescents. • To understand the potential benefits associated with strength and conditioning programs implemented with youth to reduce injury risk and enhance motor skill development that will support a physically active lifestyle. • To comprehend the concept of ‘‘training age’ and the implications associated with systematic training beginning during early childhood.
Brief paper: The Zermelo-Voronoi diagram: A dynamic partition problem

We consider a Voronoi-like partition problem in the plane for a given finite set of generators. Each element in this partition is uniquely associated with a particular generator in the following sense: an agent that resides within a set of the partition at a given time will arrive at the generator associated with this set faster than any other agent that resides anywhere outside this set at the same instant of time. The agent's motion is affected by the presence of a temporally varying drift, which is induced by local winds/currents. As a result, the minimum time to a destination is not equivalent to the minimum distance traveled. This simple fact has important ramifications over the partitioning problem. It is shown that this problem can be interpreted as a Dynamic Voronoi Diagram problem, where the generators are not fixed, but rather they are moving targets to be reached in minimum time. The problem is solved by first reducing it to a standard Voronoi Diagram by means of a time-varying coordinate transformation. We then extend the approach to solve the dual problem where the generators are the initial locations of a given set of agents distributed over the plane, such that each element in the partition consists of the terminal positions that can be reached by the corresponding agent faster than any other agent.
A channelless, multilayer router

The authors have implemented a channelless, gridless, multilayer router as part of the Magic IC layout system. The router is designed to handle routing problems associated with emerging technologies such as wafer-scale integration and multilayered metal processes. Three features distinguish this router: rectilinear Steiner trees with floating segments a routing scheduler, and a corner-stitched database. >
Update on EBV monitoring, detection and therapy in PTLD after solid organ transplant

EBV remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is the most severe complication of EBV infection in SOT patients. While EBV viral load monitoring can be used to predict SOT patients at high risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (most effectively for patients who are EBV seronegative prior to transplant), interpretation and management of these results may be confusing and can be complex. Monitoring to guide preemptive reduced immunosuppression has contributed to the decreased incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in SOT recipients. For the treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, increasing evidence supports the use of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. However, experience to date suggests that use of this agent may not prevent recurrence of tumor or improve cell-mediated immune responses to EBV. Future investigation of EBV-specific T-cell responses as an ad...
Tectonic evolution of the Southwest Indian Ocean since the Mid-Cretaceous: plate motions and stability of the pole of Antarctica/Africa for at least 80 Myr

Summary. The Southwest Indian Ridge is the boundary where seafloor is being created between the African and Antarctic plates. East of the newly-recognized Du Toit Fracture Zone at 27"E it trends north-easterly and is cut by a series of six deep near north-south clefts marking transform faults. This series starts with the dual Prince Edward Fracture Zone near 35"E and includes Discovery I1 (also dual) at 42"E, Indomed at 46"E, and Gallieni at 52"E, terminating with the spectacular Atlantis I1 and Melville Fracture Zones at 57"30'E and 60"30'E respectively. The trend of these fracture zones is compatible with an instantaneous pole of relative motion for Antarctica/Africa at 8.4"N, 42.4"W. Between 35"E and 55"E the development of the Southwest Indian Ridge has separated the elevated Madagascar Ridge from the discontinuous Crozet Plateau that was contiguous to it prior to Eocene time. In this entire sector the ocean floor overall is elevated with respect to ocean floor of equivalent age elsewhere. Between these features anomalies 0-22 (0-53 Ma) have been identified north and 13-26 (35-60 Ma) south of the ridge axis. These anomalies, and 0-34 (0-80 Ma) located just to the west in the Mozambique Basin, lie at the same distance from the ridge axis as a similar sequence east of the Bouvet triple junction. The similarity in distance from the ridge axis of these anomaly sequences is evidence that Africa and East Antarctica have been separated by a single plate boundary from 80Ma to the present. The pole representing the motion of these two plates at the present has not moved in totality far from the position it occupied in the Late Cretaceous, 80 Ma. Furthermore, calculation of intermediate finite rotation poles for four intervals within this span reveals only minor (< 15") excursions from the present pole. The spatial reconstruction of the Southwest Indian Ridge at 80Ma (anomaly 34) places the ridge midway between Africa and Eastern Antarctica and lying at right angles to the north-trending Mozambique Ridge. The separation of Antarctica from Africa following initial opening in the Jurassic may have been as straightforward as it appears to have been from 80 Ma to the present.
Motivators and metrics for product development

Metrics identified in the late 1980's are shaping and driving change in design environments today. Each year the water lowers. New metrics are developed as old ones become obsolete. As progress continues, measures and metrics migrate from focusing on the back-end [results] to measuring the front-end [planning and definition]. The earlier, the more predictive. Maturity is reached when the very beginning of an activity can be metricized. Again, as with manufacturing, process monitoring will become process control and ultimately statistical process control. The implications for product development metrics are enormous.
HEAT TRANSFER AND EFFECTIVENESS FOR A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER WITH TANGENTIAL FLUID INJECTION

Experimental results are presented for the effectiveness and heat- transfer coefficient of a film cooling system in which air was used both for the film and for the freestream fluids. Injection occurred at a single tangential slot near the leading edge of the plate, and the slot size was varied. All flows were turbulent, and the injection velocities covered a range from much less to much greater than the free-stream velocity. Correlations were realized for both the effectiveness and the heat-transfer coefficient and, as in past experience with such systems, separate specifications were needed for injection velocities greater and less than the free-stream velocity. (auth)
Pitfalls and Limitations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Staging

Computed tomography (CT), 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and minimally invasive procedures such as endobronchial ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration and mediastinoscopy have increased the accuracy of clinical staging of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Typically, CT is used to assess the anatomical extent of the disease and optimally evaluate the primary tumor, FDG-PET improves the detection of nodaland extrathoracic metastatic disease, and MR imaging can be used to evaluate tumor extension into the chest wall and brachial plexus. 1 However, although the accuracy of staging is important in determining the appropriate management of patients, the performance of different imaging studies varies. For example, CT has low sensitivity and specificity to detect nodal metastatic disease, whereas FDG-PET offers limited anatomical information. These limitations can potentially affect the accuracy of the seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis staging system for NSCLC. In this article, we review potential pitfalls and limitations of imaging that can affect the accuracy of initial staging in patients with NSCLC and their implications in oncologic management.
The Role of Human Resource Management Practices in Predicting Organizational Commitment

Theoretical definitions suggest that psychological identification and exchange evaluations affect the levels of organizational commitment that managers experience. A new, more applied approach was ...
New Anticoagulants for Stroke Prophylaxis in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, is a potent risk factor for stroke and transient ischemic attack. Most patients with AF receive antithrombotic stroke prophylaxis, often in the form of a vitamin K antagonist, typically warfarin. Drug treatment with warfarin is associated with significant management issues, such as an unpredictable dose response necessitating dose adjustments, frequent laboratory monitoring, and multiple interactions with other medications, as well as foods. A new generation of novel anticoagulants has emerged that includes dabigatran etexilate, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban and apixaban, both highly selective factor Xa inhibitors. These newer agents possess a highly predictable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, allowing for fixed dosing and no necessity for routine laboratory monitoring; additionally these agents have minimal drug interactions. Dabigatran etexilate and apixaban are both twice-daily medications, whereas rivaroxaban is administered once daily for stroke prophylaxis. The impact of dosing frequency on medication adherence with these agents has not been prospectively evaluated; however, the frequency of dosing intervals has been shown to affect medication adherence, which in turn may influence patient outcomes.
Low temperature tolerance and cold acclimation for seedlings of three Mojave Desert Yucca species exposed to elevated CO2

Abstract Leaf tolerance to low temperatures, as determined by vital stain uptake and chlorophyll a fluorescence, was compared for seedlings of three Yucca species native to the south-western United States: Yucca brevifolia , which is distributed throughout the Mojave Desert; Yucca schidigera , which occurs in both coastal and desert California; and Yucca whipplei , which is primarily coastal but occurs in portions of the Mojave Desert. Seedlings maintained at day/night glasshouse air temperatures of 40/25°C or 20/5°C, and under ambient (360 μmol mol −1 ) or elevated (700 μmol mol −1 ) levels of CO 2 were compared to test the hypothesis that cold acclimation and freezing tolerance are enhanced by exposure to elevated CO 2 . Plants maintained at elevated CO 2 had greater low-temperature tolerance compared to controls, yet a larger shift in survival was attributable to the downward shift in day/night temperatures. Low-temperature tolerance was similar to extreme minimum air temperatures for the collection sites averaged over the period 1961 to 1990. For seedlings exposed to elevated CO 2 , low-temperature tolerance was −11·9°C for Yucca brevifolia , −9·6°C for Y. schidigera , and −13·5°C for Y. whipplei . Elevated CO 2 caused excitation energy transfer in Photosystem II (measured as F V /F M ) to be maintained at lower temperatures for Yucca brevifolia and Y. whipplei . ΦPSII at low temperatures was increased due to elevated CO 2 for Y. brevifolia only. The results suggest that survival during episodic sub-zero temperature events will be enhanced for seedlings of these three yucca species in a future elevated CO 2 environment.
Longitudinal dielectric behavior of a two-dimensional electron gas in a uniform magnetic field

A new exact closed-form expression is given for the random-phase-approximation longitudinal polarizability function of a two-dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field. Detailed approximations are given for several limiting cases. Static screening and the nonretarded plasmon dispersion relation are examined in detail.
Relationship of liver and skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA to plasma GH profile, production of IGF-1 by liver, plasma IGF-1 concentrations, and growth rates of cattle.

Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations in blood plasma of 18 crossbred cattle (six bulls, six steers, and six heifers) were measured over an 8-hr period. One week later at slaughter, IGF-1 production by liver slices and IGF-1 mRNA concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver were measured. Bulls had higher (P < 0.05) mean plasma GH and GH peak amplitudes (P c 0.01) than heifers, and values for steers were intermediate between bulls and heifers. Baseline GH concentrations and number of GH peaks were not significantly different for the three groups. Bulls had 1.6-fold (P c 0.01) and 3.0-fold (P C 0.01) greater liver IGF-1 mRNA concentrations than steers or heifers, respectively, whereas the steers had 1.8-fold (P c 0.05) greater IGF-1 mRNA in liver than heifers. Production of IGF-1 by liver slices was greater (P c 0.05) in bulls than steers or heifers. Bulls had 1.3-fold greater plasma IGF-1 than steers (P c 0.01), whereas steers had 1.8-fold greater plasma IGF-1 than heifers (P c 0.01). There were no significant differences in concen- trations of skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA between the three groups of animals. Liver IGF- 1 mRNA, liver IGF-1 production, and plasma IGF-1 were all significantly correlated with gain and mean GH peak amplitude, but not with GH baseline, GH peak frequency, or concentrations of T3 and T4. Concentrations of IGF-1 mRNA in skeletal muscle were not correlated to gain or any parameter of the GH profile. Plasma concentrations of T3 were significantly (P c 0.05) negatively correlated to plasma GH baseline concentrations. Muscle IGF-1 mRNA concentration was negatively related to plasma T4 and T3. The results of this study suggest that the cascade of events starting with secretion of GH from the pituitary, expression of liver IGF-1 mRNA, and secretion of IGF-1 by the liver are important phenomena for growth of cattle. (P.S.E.B.M. 1991, VoI 1961
THE ROLE OF GENES OF LARGE EFFECT ON INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN MIMULUS GUTTATUS.

Severe inbreeding depression is routinely observed in outcrossing species. If inbreeding load is due largely to deleterious alleles of large effect, such as recessive lethals or steriles, then most of it is expected to be purged during brief periods of inbreeding. In contrast, if inbreeding depression is due to the cumulative effects of many deleterious alleles of small effect, then it will be maintained in the face of periodic inbreeding. Whether or not inbreeding depression can be purged with inbreeding in the short term has important implications for the evolution of mating systems and the probability that a small population will go extinct. In this paper I evaluate the extent to which the tremendous inbreeding load in a primarily outcrossing population of the wildflower, Mimulus guttatus, is due to alleles of large effect. To do this, I first constructed a large outbred "ancestral" population by randomly mating plants collected as seeds from a natural population. From this population I formed 1200 lines that were maintained by self-fertilization and single seedling descent: after five generations of selling, 335 lines had survived the inbreeding process. Selection during the line formation is expected to have largely purged alleles of large effect from the collection of highly inbred lines. Because alleles with minor effects on fitness should have been effectively neutral, the inbreeding depression due to this class of genes should have been unchanged. The inbred lines were intercrossed to form a large, outcrossed "purged" population. Finally, I estimated the fitness of outbred and selfed progeny from the ancestral and purged populations to determine the contribution of major deleterious alleles on inbreeding depression. I found that although the average fitness of the outcrossed progeny nearly doubled following purging, the limited decline in inbreeding depression and limited increase in inbred fitness indicates that alleles of large effect are not the principle cause of inbreeding depression in this population. In aggregate, the data suggest that lethals and steriles make a minority contribution to inbreeding depression and that the increased outbred fitness is due primarily to adaptation to greenhouse conditions.
U.S. Army rehabilitation advisors in El Salvador.

U.S. Army rehabilitation personnel have served in El Salvador since 1983 as advisors with the U.S. Army Humanitarian Medical Mobile Training Team. During 6-month periods, they assisted in upgrading the rehabilitative skills and capabilities of their Salvadoran counterparts while obtaining experience in combat injuries and enhancing their own medical readiness. This article, authored by three of the physical therapists who served in this role, chronicles the challenges and successes of serving as a rehabilitation advisor in an area of low-intensity conflict and offers preparatory information and recommendations to other health care professionals interested in serving in similar nation-building roles.
Diagnostic enzymology of a-L-iduronidase with special reference to a sulphated disaccharide derived from heparin

1. Iduronosyl anhydro[1-3H] mannitol 6-sulphate (IMs), iduronosyl anhydro [1 3H] mannitol, phenyl iduronide (PhI) and 4-methylumbelliferyl iduronide have been compared as substrates for the diagnostic estimation of alpha-L-iduronidase activity present in human leucocyte and cultured skin fibroblast homogenates. The pH profile of leucocyte and fibroblast iduronidase activity was dependent on substrate structure and concentration, the ionic strength and the nature of the buffer ion used in the assay mixture. 2. NaCl, KBr and Na2SO4 were shown to be parabolic competitive inhibitors of IMs activity, the Ki with fibroblast homogenates being 34, 13.4 and 0.22 mmol/l respectively. NaCl and KBr were shown to have a primary salt effect on the interaction between enzyme and substrate but Na2SO4 appeared to have a specific ion effect at a cationic binding site. 3. NaCl inhibited the hydrolysis of IMs at all pH values studied, whereas NaCl concentrations of 0.2 mol/l inhibited the hydrolysis of PhI at pH values below 3.8 but activated the enzyme at higher incubation pH values. 4. Cu2+ was shown to be a potent non-competitive inhibitor of IMs enzyme activity with an apparent Ki of approximately 0.02 mmol/l. The enzyme activity was inhibited by Fe2+ (Ki 4 mmol/l), Hg2+ and Ag+, but has no significantly been affected by other univalent or bivalent cations. 5. The presence of solvent and salt effects on apparent Km but not the Vmax. suggest that the binding of IMs to the enzyme involved charge neutralization, and it is inferred that two cationic binding sites are present at the active site. It is postulated that one site specifically binds to the iduronic acid carboxyl group, the other to the 6-sulphate of the anhydromannitol moiety.
Case History: Composite Doubler Installation on an L-1011 Commercial Aircraft

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a series of full-scale structural and nondestructive inspection (NDI) tests that were conducted to investigate the performance of boron-epoxy composite doublers under realistic flight conditions. Full-scale tests were conducted on fuselage panels cut from retired aircraft. These full-scale tests studied stress reductions, crack mitigation, and load transfer capabilities of composite doublers using simulated flight conditions of cabin pressure and axial stress. Nondestructive inspections were conducted throughout the test series to validate appropriate techniques on actual aircraft structure. The test results showed that a properly designed and installed composite doubler is able to enhance fatigue life, transfer load away from damaged structure, and avoid the introduction of new stress risers (i.e., eliminate global reduction in the fatigue life of the structure). Aircraft repair practices must be continuously revisited and expanded to take advantage of new materials, new processes, and new techniques that offer both engineering and economic advantages. Through the steady and comprehensive introduction of test data, analyses, and in-service composite doubler installations on commercial aircraft a critical database is being assembled to accurately guide enhancements to formal maintenance programs. This is an important step in the evolution of composite doubler applications since it will eventually eliminate the need for each bonded composite repair to be preceded by a lengthy research and testing program.
Cost of Safety for Space Transportation

This paper proposes a methodology that explores the tradeoff between increasing component reliability and utilizing component redundancy as the strategy to meet space transportation reliability requirements. This technique would be employed by design engineers to make decisions about a reliability approach. The tradeoff between component redundancy and making parts more reliable warrants more investigation. System level reliability decisions are being made without a thorough exploration of cost saving opportunities. The impact of using redundancy on a system, including how it affects metrics such as development and operations cost, is presented. Additionally, there is little understood about the resources required to improve component reliability to acceptable levels. The process of making parts more reliable is studied and quantified. To incorporate the uncertainty that exists from reliability applications, a stochastic approach is used. Case studies of historical space systems are presented to demonstrate how this methodology is applicable. The findings show how a different reliability approach may have resulted in significant cost reductions. Conclusions are drawn about how to best meet reliability requirements while remaining within strict budgetary guidelines.
Religion and Alcoholism

Alcoholism is as rare in primitive societies as drunkenness is common (Mandelbaum, 1965; Marshall, 1979). Anthropologists often account for this paradox in terms of the cultural integration of drunkenness. It would appear that drunkenness, but not alcoholism, receives moral and religious approval.
Chlorinated Dehydrocurvularins and Alterperylenepoxide A from Alternaria sp. AST0039, a Fungal Endophyte of Astragalus lentiginosus.

Investigation of Alternaria sp. AST0039, an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaf tissue of Astragalus lentiginosus, led to the isolation of (−)-(10E,15S)-4,6-dichloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (1), (−)-(10E,15S)-6-chloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (2), (−)-(10E,15S)-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (3), and alterperylenepoxide A (4) together with scytalone and α-acetylorcinol. Structures of 1 and 4 were established from their spectroscopic data, and the relative configuration of 4 was determined with the help of nuclear Overhauser effect difference data. All metabolites were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity and ability to induce heat-shock and unfolded protein responses. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity to all five cancer cell lines tested and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP, but only 3 induced the heat-shock response and caused a strong unfolded protein response.
Relational Control and Dyadic Understanding: An Exploratory Predictive Regression Model

This paper attempts to explore the effects of domineeringness and dominance on spouses' ability to accurately predict each others' responses. Domineeringness and dominance are considered to be aspe...
The Relation of Childhood Abuse Experiences to Problematic Sexual Behaviors in Male Youths Who Have Sexually Offended

Psychological abuse and sexual abuse, either alone or in combination, have been implicated as developmental antecedents of problematic sexual thoughts and behaviors in studies of sexually aggressive males (Jesperson, Lalumiere, & Seto, 2009; Knight & Sims-Knight, 2011; Levenson & Grady, 2016; Seto & Lalumiere, 2010). Recently, psychological abuse perpetrated by a male caregiver has emerged as strongly associated with subsequent hypersexuality in adult males who had sexually offended. In a study of 529 adult male sexual offenders, Kingston, Graham, and Knight (2017) found that male caregiver psychological abuse was the most prominent correlate of hypersexual thoughts and behaviors in adulthood, above and beyond the effects of other abuse types, such as physical abuse and sexual abuse. Consequently, we hypothesized that, among juveniles who had sexually offended, higher self-reported levels of childhood psychological and sexual abuse, in contrast to other types of childhood maltreatment experiences, would covary with higher subsequent levels of normophilic sexualized thoughts and behaviors. Consistent with Kingston et al., Male Caregiver Psychological Abuse accounted for a significant amount of the variance in subsequent reported hypersexuality in this juvenile sample. Furthermore, this factor also emerged as a significant correlate of deviant sexual behaviors and fantasies, such as paraphilic interests and pedophilic preference. Sexual Abuse was also found to be significantly associated with hypersexuality. These findings provide additional support for the demonstrated relation between psychological abuse by a male caregiver and subsequent problematic sexual thoughts and behaviors. These data are also consistent with other research that suggests a gender symmetry effect in the impact of parental discipline and the differential effect of male caregiver abuse on male children.
High performance porous Si@C anodes synthesized by low temperature aluminothermic reaction

Abstract A low temperature (210 °C) aluminothermic reaction process using a eutectic mixture of AlCl3 and ZnCl2 as the mediator has been developed to synthesize porous silicon (Si) as an anode for lithium (Li)-ion battery applications. With carbon pre-coating on the porous SiO2 precursor, carbon coated porous Si (p-Si@C) core-shell structured anodes could be obtained with architecture and morphology similar to that of the porous SiO2 precursor. The carbon coating network not only facilitates the electron and Li+ ion transportation, but also offers good mechanical support minimizing the particle pulverization that is associated with the large volume change of Si during lithiation/delithiation. As a result, p-Si@C anode demonstrates a high specific capacity of ∼2100 mAh g−1 at the current density of 1.2 A g−1 and significantly improved capacity retention of ∼89% over 250 cycles, which is much better than that of p-Si. Therefore, p-Si@C is promising anode for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries. The similar low temperature synthesis approach can also be used to prepare other functional materials.
A Hindu Gift of Bestowal: Śankara’s Concept of Grace in a Buddhist Context

This chapter explores the possible role of grace in liberation within Indian religions that maintain a non-dualism. At first glance, grace seems to require a division between the one who bestows grace and the one who receives it. In other words, how can grace function soteriologically if reality is non-dual? In order to address this problem, Cha discusses the role of grace in the non-dual philosophy of the Hindu advaitin Śankara (eighth century C.E.), and explores how Śankara’s notion of grace can enhance the soteriology in Yogācāra Buddhism, specifically in the philosophy of the Yogācārin Vasubandhu (fifth century C.E.). Cha’s aim is to show that grace can function in a non-dualistic context when the immanent sphere of the human condition is the locus of liberation.
Pediatric Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Pediatric (congenital) nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PNLDO) is the most common cause of persistent epiphora in childhood. The incidence of PNLDO is 5–6% (ranging from 1.2 to 30%) of births. Spontaneous resolution is reported in 90% within the first year of life. Our treatments are geared to the 10% of patients that do not experience spontaneous resolution. This chapter discusses the typical presentation of the tearing patient as well as the differential diagnosis. The traditional therapeutic paradigm including primary probing, secondary probing with stent, choice of stent, and dacryocystorhinostomy is discussed with recent data to inform decision-making.
Isolation and Characterization of Human Vascular Endothelial Cells with Application to Studies of the Subendothelial Matrix

Publisher Summary The vascular endothelium is a crucial continuous monolayer that lines all blood vessels, including the conducting vessels, such as the aorta, and the micro vasculature composed of arterioles, capillaries, and venules. This endothelial cell barrier provides a nonthrombogenic interface with the blood and acts as an efficient conduit by which nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones, and blood cells are rapidly transported throughout the organism. The endothelial cell is fastidious and requires a number of unique conditions for its survival and continued proliferation. This chapter discusses the isolation and characterization of human vascular endothelial cells. The major obstacles to the culture of endothelial cells are the clean isolation of the endothelial cells free of contaminating stromal cells, the development of the unique culture conditions needed for continued survival and proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro, and the preservation in cultured cells of differentiated functions that are exhibited by their normal in vivo counterparts. The isolation of large-vessel endothelium is relatively easy and relies mainly on the selective removal of the endothelial cells without significant contamination by fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells that are mainly located in the tunica media of the vessel walls.
School Readiness among U.S. Children: Development of a Pilot Measure

No single U.S. data source supports a multidimensional, population-based assessment of young children’s readiness to start school. This changed with the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). This study provides an overview of the process by which content related to multiple domains of school readiness was identified, refined and selected for inclusion in the NSCH; describes the analytic processes and resultant outcomes associated with the development of domain-specific and summary measures of school readiness; and discusses opportunities to refine and validate these pilot measures to provide a national portrait of young children’s progress towards timely mastery of skills and competencies needed to be “Healthy and Ready to Learn.” The NSCH, an annual, address-based, self-administered survey, produces national- and state-level data on the physical and emotional health of children ages 0–17 years. In 2016, 22 items were added to assess school readiness among 3–5 year-olds and pilot summary measures of “Healthy and Ready to Learn” were developed. Four distinct domains were identified: Early Learning Skills, Self-Regulation, Social-Emotional Development, and Physical Health/Motor Development. Over four in ten children were “On Track” across all four domains while another three in ten were on track in three of the four domains. One in ten are reported to be “On Track” in ≤ 1 domain. New NSCH content and related summary measures of “Healthy and Ready to Learn” present a unique opportunity to extend what is known about young children’s school-readiness at both the national and state levels. Continued measure development and validation is required.
College Students with Disabilities Explain Challenges Encountered in Professional Preparation Programs

Throughout the United States, students with disabilities (SWD) are entering higher education in greater numbers than in the past; they also encounter barriers that negatively impact their college experience. This qualitative study explores the challenges of SWD at a public comprehensive college in the northeastern United States. Our research questions include the following: What are the internal and external challenges of college SWD in professional preparation programs? What might this mean for practice in higher education? In total, 541 participants completed an open-ended survey. Of this group, 45 participants disclosed having a disability, and 12 participated in follow-up interviews. Primary themes that emerged from this study include under- developed self-determination skills, lack of understanding (by SWD and faculty), the stigma associated with disabilities, and ineffective accommodations and support services. What follows is a review of relevant literature, discussion of findings, and presentation of implications for college SWD and professionals in higher education.
Types and factors affecting injury rates of mechanical contractors.

Background In the United States, about 38,000 cases of nonfatal workplace injuries were reported in 2015, in the category of 'mechanical work' (plumbing, heating, and air conditioning); this is nearly identical to the number of cases reported under 'building construction'. Objective This paper analyzes the types and rates of injuries and illnesses of mechanical contractors of southern Nevada, including the nature of the injuries and illnesses, body parts affected by injuries, causes of injuries, and factors affecting the injury rates. Methods To obtain data, a survey consisting of questions regarding the number of injuries and types of injuries was conducted with 31 mechanical contractors of southern Nevada involved in plumbing, piping, heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning. Results The injury rate for larger mechanical contractors (n = 16), in terms of number of employees and annual revenue, was significantly lower than for smaller mechanical contractors (n = 15). Mechanical contractors who worked on residential buildings (n = 13) had significantly higher rates of injuries than those involved with industrial (n = 7) or commercial buildings (n = 10). Results showed that sprains and strains (31%) were dominant injuries, and the major causes were from parts and materials (39%), hand tools (16%), contact with objects (14%), and falls (7%). Conclusions The study concluded that the injury rate for these mechanical contractors was found to be higher than that reported by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for specialty trade contractors.
Amygdala functional connectivity during self-face processing in depressed adolescents with recent suicide attempt

Objective Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents; however, objective biomarkers of suicide risk are lacking. Aberrant self-face amygdala activity is associated with suicide ideation, and its connectivity with neural regions that enable self-processing (eg medial prefrontal cortex) may be a suicide risk factor. Method Adolescents (aged 11−17 years; N = 120) were sorted into four groups: healthy controls (HC), depressed individuals with low suicide ideation (LS), depressed individuals with high suicide ideation (HS), and depressed suicide attempters (SA). Youth completed an emotional (Happy, Sad, Neutral) self-face recognition task in the scanner. Bilateral amygdala task-dependent functional connectivity was determined with psychophysiological interaction analysis. Connectivity was compared across groups and within Self versus Other faces across emotions and hemispheres. Voxelwise results were thresholded (p Results Both HS and SA displayed greater amygdala connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and precuneus, compared to LS, who, in turn, showed greater connectivity than HC. Greater left amygdala−rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) connectivity was observed in SA compared to all other groups, whereas right amygdala−rACC connectivity was greater in HS versus LS and HC. Conclusion Greater connectivity between amygdala and other regions implicated in self-face processing differentiated suicide ideation and suicide attempt groups. A dose-dependent response showed that greater rACC−left amygdala connectivity during self-face processing was associated with a recent suicide attempt, but that a greater rACC−right amygdala connectivity was associated with suicide ideation.
Detroit Rectifier

This paper proposes a three-phase four-level rectifier topology, which is called by Detroit rectifier. Four active switches and two diodes are utilized to develop a double T-type network in each phase leg to achieve four output voltage levels. Compared with the existing three-phase four-level rectifiers, the quantity of components and the voltage stresses across power switches are both reduced. With four output voltage levels, the Detroit rectifier could be a great candidate for not only in medium voltage applications but also low voltage applications where high power density and high efficiency is desirable.