cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of Median Voter and Political Support Maximization Models: the Case of Federal/State Welfare Programs

Empirical tests of basic formulations of a median voter approach versus a political support maximization approach to state government decision making are conducted in this article. Refutable empirical implications are rigorously developed from the theoretical models and are tested with data on welfare programs for which there is both a state and a federal component. The programs analyzed include both an in-kind program (Medicaid) and a cash transfer program (AFDC). Efficient esti mates are produced by using a systemwide approach in the estimation. The results favor the use of political support models that include altruistic motives on the part of taxpayers. Empirical estimates indicate that a state's welfare generosity per poor person falls with the total number of poor, rises with the total number of nonpoor, and rises with the strength of a relevant producer group.
Multiple receptor subtypes and multiple mechanisms of dilation are involved in vascular network dilation caused by adenosine.

Abstract We previously demonstrated a vascular network response initiated by elevated tissue concentrations of adenosine that is distinct from the dilation caused when adenosine is applied directly to the arteriole. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential mechanism(s) for the different responses. In the cheek pouch of anesthetized hamster, arteriolar responses were measured when adenosine (10 − 4 M) was applied with micropipette into the tissue 500 μm from the arteriole ( n = 67, baseline diameter 22 ± 0.6 μm) or onto the arteriole itself. Application of adenosine to the vessel or into the tissue caused arteriolar dilation with similar concentration profiles. In stark contrast, the concentration profiles were significantly different for vessel and tissue initiated dilation when either sodium nitroprusside or methacholine was tested. Arteriolar dilation was not enhanced when adenosine was simultaneously applied with two pipettes at along a single arteriole; however, the dilation doubled when adenosine was applied simultaneously at arteriole and tissue. Control dilations caused by tissue adenosine (5 ± 0.4 μm) were not altered by superfusion of the A 1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (10 − 6 M; 4.6 ± 0.3 μm), A 2B receptor antagonist alloxazine (10 − 6 M; 6 ± 0.8 μm), or A 3 receptor antagonist MRS1220 (5 × 10 − 9 M; 6 ± 0.8 μm) but were abolished by the selective A 2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 (10 − 7 M; 1 ± 0.2 μm), suggesting that activation of A 2A receptors mediates these network responses. Disruption of arteriolar endothelium and direct arteriolar application of ZM241385 (10 − 7 M; 5 ± 0.4 μm) did not alter the dilation caused by tissue adenosine. However, local application of ZM241385 into the tissue inhibited adenosine-induced network responses (2 ± 0.3 μm). Furthermore, application into the tissue of A 2A receptor agonist CGS21680 (10 − 5 M), but not A 1 (CPA; 10 − 4 M), A2b (NECA, 10 − 4 M) or A3 (IB-MECA; 10 − 4 M) receptor agonists mimicked the adenosine network response. These data demonstrate dual, complimentary, yet distinct pathways for network dilations induced by increases in tissue adenosine.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(piperazinenaminonitriles)

Poly(piperazinenaminonitriles), analogs of poly(piperazinamides), were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of piperazine or 2,5-dimethylpiperazine (cis or trans) with bis-electrophilic monomers (1,3- or 1,4-bis(1-chloro-2,2-dicyanovinyl)benzene). Because of the absence of hydrogen bonding, poly(piperazinenaminonitriles) showed limited solubility in dipolar aprotic solvents and, compared to poly(piperazinamides), gave lower molecular weight materials of lower thermal stability. The barrier to internal rotation of enaminonitrile groups, measured using dynamic NMR spectroscopy of model compounds, was comparable to the barrier to internal rotation measured for amide groups.
Recrudescent digoxin toxicity treated with plasma exchange: a case report and review of literature.

A 53-year-old woman presented with digitalis toxicity caused by acute overdose that manifested as atrial tachycardia with block, sinus pauses, and competing AV junctional rhythm with atrial fibrillation. Patient admitted to overdosing with digoxin 15–20 h before presentation with intent to commit suicide. Serum digoxin level was 35.6 ng/ml and renal function was normal. Patient was treated with 1,040 mg of digoxin-specific antibody Fab fragment with prompt resolution of arrhythmias and restoration of sinus rhythm. Four hours after digoxin antibody administration, serum digoxin level declined to 0.2 ng/ml. Eighteen hours after treatment with Fab fragment, patient developed premature ventricular complexes, atrial tachycardia with and without atrioventricular block, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia followed by ventricular fibrillation from which she was successfully resuscitated. Electrocardiogram showed no evidence of acute myocardial infarction, and emergent coronary angiogram did not reveal significant coronary artery disease. Repeat digoxin level was 20.4 ng/ml. A diagnosis of recrudescent digoxin toxicity was made and the patient was treated with one session of plasma exchange with resolution of arrhythmias. Immediately after plasma exchange, digoxin level decreased to 10.4 ng/ml, and after 10 h, the level further decreased to 6.6 ng/ml. The following day, digoxin level had decreased to 2.9 ng/ml. Our experience with this case would suggest that plasma exchange should be considered as a treatment modality for recrudescent digoxin toxicity.
Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adults: Classification, Indications, and Treatment Options

Idiopathic scoliosis that is present in childhood or adolescence and progresses into adulthood to become symptomatic represents a challenge for surgeons considering correction of the deformity to help patients with pain relief and improved function. Classifications of adult idiopathic scoliosis have helped to differentiate deformity types into categories that can be compared and analyzed both radiographically and clinically. Treatment and outcome measures are being refined to help determine the appropriate surgical management based on these radiographic and clinical parameters. Although further research is needed, the ultimate goal is to provide validated evaluation and management guidelines.
MOCVD Growth and Characterization of High-Quality ZnSe on GaAs

High-quality ZnSe epilayers on GaAs substrates have been grown by MOCVD. Diethylzinc (DEZn) and diethylselenide (DESe) were used as source materials. Growth studies were done at 400°C under different growth conditions in an atmospheric pressure MOCVD reactor. The as-grown ZnSe epilayers were characterized by a wide variety of techniques, such as double crystal x-ray diffraction, low-temperature photoluminescence (PL), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show excellent structural and optical properties of ZnSe. The best material was grown on undoped GaAs at the VI/II ratio near unity. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of ZnSe (∼0.2/μm thick) x-ray peak as low as 90 arc seconds was achieved. TEM results also show very low defect density. The density of stacking faults is less than 105/cm2 which is four orders of magnitude less than that of samples grown by conventional MBE [J. Petruzzello et al. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 2299 (1988)] and MOCVD [J.L. Batstone et al. Philos. Mag A, 66, 609, 1992]. The spacing between misfit dislocations is between 5 to 10,μm which is one order of magnitude larger than that of reported sample of comparable thickness.
Recognition of Automotive Climate Control Symbols

One Hundred Ninety Six automobile buyers were surveyed in Chicago, Illinois to determine user understanding of symbols and words commonly found on climate (heater and air conditioning) controls in today's automobiles. This survey was part of a larger market research project. Subjects were administered a paper and pencil test and were asked to identify symbols and words randomly located on a page by recording their answers on a blank line beside the symbol. They were then asked to operate climate controls labeled either with words or symbols following which they rated the ease of identifying the controls. The buyer population that was surveyed contained primarily import car buyers due to the nature of the product being researched. Recognition rates ranged from 92% to 47%, indicating that most of the symbols were relatively well understood except for the rear defrost, air conditioning, and defrost/floor air flow symbols. However, subjects also responded that words were preferred over symbols in ease of iden...
Computational investigation of the mechanical properties of nanomaterials

The mechanical responses of carbon nanotubes are examined using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Several different types of nanotubes are considered, including pristine single-walled tubes that are empty, filled with fullerenes to form peapods, filled with other nanotubes to form multi-walled tubes, or chemically functionalized. In addition, the responses of single-walled nanotubes with wall vacancies are considered. The results show how the bending force of filled nanotubes increases relative to the bending force of empty nanotubes and indicates how these increases come about. In addition, the simulations reveal the way in which the magnitude of these increases depend on the type of filling material and, in the case of multi-walled tubes, the number of inner tubes. These simulations further illustrate the way in which the inner nanotubes support higher external loads than the fullerenes in cases when the outer nanotubes are identical. The results also indicate that both the bending and buckling forces depend on temperature and the reasons for this dependence are discussed. Lastly, the simulations demonstrate the way in which the introduction of vacancy defects and covalently bound functional groups to the nanotube walls degrades the nanotubes' mechanical properties.
Exploring a Ring-Closing Metathesis Approach to the Archazolid Macrocycle.

The synthesis of a new ‘eastern domain’ of a proposed dihydroarchazolid analogue is described along with initial results from attempted macrocyclization by ring-closing metathesis. This work has revealed a competing backbiting process that may be preventable by alcohol functionalization and installation of a metathesis relay.
Sondheim's Piano Sonata

Stephen Sondheim composed a three-movement piano sonata for his thesis in music at Williams College and submitted the two outer movements upon graduation. Sondheim has since been unwilling to publish or disseminate the work, and a college stipulation has prevented reproduction of the thesis. The sonata shows the influences on Sondheim's emerging musical style – predominantly Ravel, Rachmaninov (influences previously established by scholars), Prokofiev and Hindemith (influences less well established) – and demonstrates that his compositional language was significantly developed by the time of his graduation. Similarities abound between the sonata and the mature musicals of the 1970s and beyond. In addition to providing examples from the completed movements – a feat made possible by Sondheim's decision to grant limited permission to reproduce the sonata – the article examines a two-page sketch for the second movement, a manuscript that had remained in Sondheim's sole possession until October 2000.
Cardiac manifestations of myasthenia gravis: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder targeting skeletal muscles. Striated cardiac muscle can be a target for immune attack manifesting as heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. We aimed to review cardiac manifestations of myasthenia gravis, its underlying pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Method We searched literature published from 2003 to 2013 on cardiac involvement in myasthenia gravis using PubMed, Scopus and Ovid databases using the terms ‘heart failure'; ‘cardiomyopathy'; ‘myocarditis'; ‘arrhythmia'; ‘coronary'; ‘heart' and ‘myasthenia gravis'. Forty-one articles were chosen comprising of 29 case reports, 4 review articles and 8 retrospective/prospective studies. Result Fifteen percent of myasthenia cases had thymoma. Most of them (97%) had antibodies against striated muscle (anti-titin, anti-ryanodine and anti-Kv 1.4 antibodies). Older age, severe myasthenia and myocarditis appeared to be associated with anti-striational antibodies. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was the most commonly reported cardiomyopathy. Giant cell myocarditis was a rare but fatal manifestation associated with striational antibodies however in-vitro study failed to produce their cytotoxic effects. T wave changes, QT prolongation, anticholinesterase induced atrioventricular block and sudden death were less commonly reported. Abnormal vasoconstrictive coronary response to acetylcholine, development of pericarditis and cardiac surgery leading to myasthenia gravis has been reported. Conclusion Heart muscle is a target for autoimmune inflammation in myasthenia gravis. Advancing age, thymoma, and anti-Kv1 antibodies appeared to be risk factors. Symptom overlap with myasthenia may result in failure to recognize cardiac involvement. Prospective studies are needed to establish causal link with striational antibodies and to make screening recommendations for cardiac involvement.
Yoga as an Intervention in the Treatment of Eating Disorders: Does it Help?

This article explores the uses of yoga as an experiential adjunct to other forms of therapy in the treatment of eating disorders in residential and outpatient settings. Supported by other treatment modalities, yoga can be an effective method for increasing self-awareness, reflection and the ability to self-soothe. Like other interventions, yoga has potential misuses. These misuses are uncovered with suggestions made as to how therapists can support the practice of yoga in residential and outpatient settings.
Abnormalities of taste and olfaction in patients with chromatin negative gonadal dysgenesis.

ABSTRACT Detection and recognition thresholds for each of the 4 modalities of taste and for the vapors of pyridine, thiophene and nitrobenzene were determined in 9 patients with chromatin negative gonadal dysgenesis confirmed by clinical characteristics and laboratory examinations. For taste, median detection and recognition thresholds for salt and sweet were within normal limits but median detection and/or recognition thresholds for sour and bitter were significantly elevated above normal. For olfaction, median detection and recognitionthresholds for all vapors tested were significantly elevated above normal. Treatment with gonadal steroids sufficient to induce secondary sexual characteristics did not return either taste or smell sensitivity to normal although it did produce secondary sexual changes in each patient in whom it was used. The possibility of a genetic abnormality accounting for the olfactory abnormalities is raised since each of the mothers of the patients tested demonstrated an olfactory ab...
Racial Disparities and the Use of Technology for Self-Management in Blacks with Heart Failure: A Literature Review

Heart failure is a debilitating illness that requires patients to be actively engaged in self-management. Self-management practices, including maintenance and management of an evidence-based medication regimen, are associated with improved outcomes. Yet, sustained engagement with self-management practices remains a challenge. Both self-management practices and clinical outcomes differ by race, with the poorest self-management and clinical outcomes reported in Blacks. Contemporary interventions to address self-management and reverse current trends in outcomes have evaluated the use of technology. Technological innovations, such as text messaging, social networking, and online learning platforms may provide a more accessible means for self-management of heart failure, yet these innovations have been understudied in the population at greatest risk – Blacks with heart failure. We conducted a review and discovered only four studies evaluating use of technology for self-management in Blacks. More studies are needed to close the gap on racial disparities and use of technology for self-management.
Climate versus changes in 13C content of the organic component of lake sediments during the Late Quarternary

Several factors influence the long-term 13C record of the organic component in lake sediments. Two of the more predominant ones are changes in hardness of the water and changes in organic productivity. In general, during colder climatic episodes, 13C values are lower. Of 12 lakes studied, 4 have 13C records with large changes in 13C content that are to a certain degree correlative with climatic changes.
Adaptive sharing of large resources in P2P networks

A peer-to-peer(P2P) system comprises a network of nodes that are capable of sharing and exchanging resources with one another. Recent studies of P2P networks show that many resources exchanged between users are considerably large files that require significant download times, consume the majority of the network bandwidth, and also occupy substantial storage space on the node providing the resource. In such a scenario, it would be inefficient for a node to store a large resource that is rarely, or never requested by other nodes, or, to share a large resource with a node that is already acquiring the resource from another source. These inefficiences can be mitigated if a node dynamically determines and updates its decision to store and share large resources. Here, we describe an agent enabled adaptive strategy for a node to share large resources based on the expected availability of the resource in the network. Experimental results of our adaptive sharing strategy show that a saving of 8--12 downloads/resource, accounting for 50--70 MB of saved data transfer/resource, can be achieved without performance deterioration in the P2P network.
Hepatocyte senescence in end-stage chronic liver disease: a study of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in liver biopsies as a marker for progression to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Histologic markers to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include small cell change and dysplastic nodules. Hepatocyte senescence is noted in chronic liver disease and may or may not be important in progression to HCC. Aim: The study was undertaken to compare standard histologic features of chronic liver disease as well as markers of senescence and proliferation in two groups of biopsies from patients followed for at least a year. Methods: Standard histologic evaluation of necroinflammatory activity, fibrosis, steatosis, and iron, internationally accepted criteria of dysplasia, and immunohistochemical markers for proliferation and hepatocyte senescence were compared in 47 liver biopsies from noncholestatic chronic liver disease patients who subsequently either underwent transplant (the Control group, n=19) or had biopsy-proven (HCC group, n=28) over a similar time period of 34.9 months (mean) and 42.5 months (mean) respectively. Results: Both groups were predominantly men; the MELD score was higher, and mean age was less in the Control group (46.9 vs 53.8 years, P=0.01). Small cell change was not significantly different in the biopsies between the two groups; neither were grade, stage (Ishak scores), nor presence or location of iron. Steatosis was more common in the group that subsequently developed HCC (P=0.04). The MIB-1 proliferation index was greater in the biopsies from the Control group. The senescence marker p21, and the ratio of p21:MIB-1 were not statistically different between the two groups. However, a Spearman's rank correlation showed a linear correlation of p21/MIB-1 with a greater amount of dyplasia in the explant livers of Controls. Conclusions: These findings suggested the Control groups' livers maintained effective removal of cells from the cell cycle by overexpression of p21 and, while not ‘protected’ from significant involvement by dysplasia, may have been precluded from development of HCC.
Self-Organized Distributed Sensor Network Entity Tracking

The sensor network paradigm uses multiple autonomous sensor nodes to cooperatively construct an ad hoc computational entity. The authors have implemented applications using this approach with a network of sensor prototypes. In the paper, entity tracking is described as a two-tier process: i clusters of nodes locally estimate parameters used in entity tracking i.e. time, class, position, and heading, and ii local parameter association forms inter-cluster tracks. Ad hoc routing primitives are used. This supports self-organization at all levels. Derivations of entity tracking applications are given along with preliminary results.
Organocobalt Cluster Compounds. 26. Synthesis of Methylidynetricobalt Nonacarbonyl complexes containing mercapto substituents

The reaction of bromo- and chloromethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl, XCCo3(CO)9 (X = Br, Cl) with dimethyltin bis (alkyl mercaptides), (CH3)2Sn(SR)2, in toluene solution at reflux for 20–30 min provides a useful procedure for the preparation of sulfur-substituted methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes of type RSCCo3(CO)9 (R = alkyl, aryl, acetyl, benzoyl). Also effective, but less practical, in such applications were trimethyltin alkylmercaptides and mercury bis (ethyl mercaptide). Organocobalt-Clusterverbindungen. 26. Die Darstellung von Mercaptosubstituenten enthaltenden Methylidyntricobaltnonacarbonyl-Komplexen Die Umsetzung von Bromo- und Chloromethylidyntricobaltnonacarbonyl, XCCo3(CO)9 (X = Br, Cl) mit Zinndimethylbis(alkylmercaptiden), (CH3)2Sn(SR)2 in Toluol unter Ruckflus in 20–30 min stellt eine gute Methode zur Herstellung von schwefelsubstituierten Methylidyntricobaltnonacarbonylkomplexen des Typs RSCCo3(CO)9 (R = Alkyl, Aryl, Acetyl, Benzoyl) dar. Ebenfalls effektiv, aber weniger praktisch waren Trimethylzinnalkylmercaptide und Quecksilber-bis(ethylmercaptid).
The Gregorian Mission and English Education

B EDE asserts that in the year 631 King Sigebert of East Anglia 'founded a school wherein boys should be taught letters,' and which was furnished with 'masters and teachers after the manner of the people of Kent.' 1 On this passage Leach bases his contention that, if Canterbury had a school which was a model in 631, it must have been established by St Augustine as an adjunct to the Cathedral of Christ Church in 598; 2 that the school there founded was a grammar school, modelled, not upon the schools of the Church, but upon those 'Graeco-Roman institutions in which Horace and Juvenal, Jerome and St Augustine had learnt the scansion of hexameters and the accredited methods of speech-making and argument'; I and that its purpose was the dissemination of a general linguistic and literary education, 'as much needed by the statesman, the lawyer, the civil servant, and the clerk, as by the priest or cleric.' 4 Bright also sees education and religion as distinct functions of the early English church.5 It is my belief that the available evidence does not point to any such secularity and semi-independence of English education in Augustine's day. My aims in this paper are, therefore, first to show what educational purposes, if any, may be attributed to the Gregorian mission, and then to determine the nature of the education actually imparted by the missionaries. My conclusions rest upon a careful examination of two factors the personalities involved in the mission, and the activities of Augustine and his followers after their landing in Kent. In that order I proceed.
The discovery and development of vandetanib for the treatment of thyroid cancer.

Introduction: Thyroid cancer represents over 90% of all endocrine malignancies, with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounting for 5 – 9% of them. Patients with early-stage disease have a favorable prognosis, but once distant metastasis develops, survival drops to 50% or less. Although surgery remains effective for early-stage disease, patients with advanced disease pose a challenge as traditional therapies have not provided long-term benefits. Vandetanib, initially developed to target other receptors, demonstrated anti-rearranged during transfection (anti-RET) kinase activity. This led to preclinical studies followed by recent human clinical trials, culminating in its FDA approval in April 2011 for application in the treatment of symptomatic or progressive MTC in patients with surgically unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease. Areas covered: The authors provide a review of the discovery strategy and preclinical development of vandetanib. The authors also provide some insight into the cli...
Phosphatidylinositol Depletion in GH3 Rat Pituitary Cells Inhibits Sustained Responses to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone. Reversal with myo-inositol

TRH stimulation of rat pituitary (GH3) cells causes biphasic changes in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and PRL secretion. It has been proposed, based primarily on indirect evidence, that the first phase effects are mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which releases Ca2+ from cellular stores, and the sustained effects are mediated by 1,2-diacylglycerol, which activates protein kinase C. To determine more directly if inositol lipid hydrolysis leading to protein kinase C activation is involved in the sustained effects of TRH, GH3 cells were depleted of phosphatidylinositol (Ptdlns) by prestimulation and incubation in myo-inositol-free, Li+-containing medium. Cells depleted of Ptdlns (to 53 ± 3.2% of control) had unchanged Ptdlns 4,5-bisphosphate content, and responded to TRH with a rapid elevation of inositol trisphosphate, and a first phase (or burst) elevation of [Ca2+]i and PRL secretion that was not different from that found in control cells. In contrast, in Ptdlns-depleted cells, th...
Effects of initial geometric imperfections on the non-linear response of the Space Shuttle superlightweight liquid-oxygen tank

The results of an analytical study of the elastic buckling and nonlinear behavior of the liquid-oxygen tank for the new Space Shuttle superlightweight external fuel tank are presented. Selected results that illustrate three distinctly different types of non-linear response phenomena for thin-walled shells which are subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loads are presented. These response phenomena consist of a bifurcation-type buckling response, a short-wavelength non-linear bending response and a non-linear collapse or "snap-through" response associated with a limit point. The effects of initial geometric imperfections on the response characteristics are emphasized. The results illustrate that the buckling and non-linear response of a geometrically imperfect shell structure subjected to complex loading conditions may not be adequately characterized by an elastic linear bifurcation buckling analysis, and that the traditional industry practice of applying a buckling-load knock-down factor can result in an ultraconservative design. Results are also presented that show that a fluid-filled shell can be highly sensitive to initial geometric imperfections, and that the use a buckling-load knock-down factor is needed for this case.
Characterization of the motor and enzymatic properties of smooth muscle long S1 and short HMM: role of the two-headed structure on the activity and regulation of the myosin motor.

Truncated mutants of smooth muscle myosin containing various lengths of the S2 portion were expressed in Sf9 cells and purified. Truncated myosin having a heavy chain molecular mass of 128 kDa and ...
Mechanism of C 2+ oxygenate synthesis on Rh catalysts

This paper examines the reaction pathways and the nature of active sites for CO hydrogenation in general and C2+ oxygenate synthesis over Rh catalysts in particular.
Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor as a novel marker of stem cells in treatment-resistant non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background Treatment resistance resulting from the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains a challenge in cancer treatment. Little is known about possible markers of CSCs in treatment-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We explored the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) as one such marker of CSCs in models of treatment-resistant NSCLC. Materials and methods Resistant H460 and A549 cell lines were established by repeated exposure to paclitaxel or fractionated radiation. CSC markers were measured by Western blotting and flow cytometry. We also established stable CAR-overexpressing and stable shRNA-CAR- knockdown cell lines and assessed their survival, invasiveness, and tumorigenic capabilities with clonogenic, telomerase, Matrigel, and tumor formation assays. Results CAR expression was associated with CSC phenotype both in vitro and in vivo . CAR-overexpressing cells were more treatment-resistant, self-renewing, and tumorigenic than were parental cells, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of CAR expression was sufficient to inhibit these functions. CAR expression also correlated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Conclusions We showed for the first time that CAR is a marker of CSCs and may affect the activities of CSCs in treatment-resistant NSCLC. CAR may prove to be a target for CSC treatment and a predictor of treatment response in patients with NSCLC.
Extracting constraints for process modeling

In this paper, we introduce an approach for extracting constraints on process model construction. We begin by clarifying the type of knowledge produced by our method and how one may apply it. Next, we reviewthe task of inductive process modeling, which provides the required data. We then introduce a logical formalismand a computational method for acquiring scientific knowledge from candidate process models. Results suggestthat the learned constraints make sense ecologically and may provide insight into the nature of the modeled domain. We conclude the paper by discussing related and future work.
Has modern management improved the outcome of infants with intracranial tumours

Records of 92 children were reviewed who, in the first 18 months of life had an intracranial tumour, and who were registered with the Manchester Children's Tumour Registry during the 34-year period from 1953 to 1987. The incidence of intracranial tumour was 1 in 25000 live births, and 85% of the tumours were malignant. The introduction of computed tomography (CT) in the region in 1976 improved the diagnostic accuracy and led to early diagnosis. This also coincided with refined radiotherapy and improved chemotherapy. The surgical attitude became more aggressive, and with early treatment, mortality was reduced, though the 1-month operative mortality still remains high at 15%. All survivors were available for follow-up. All children with axial tumours died within 9 years. Long-term follow-up did not suggest significant improvement in the overall survival or in the quality of life, though there was a significant improvement in the 5-year survival rate with modern management.
The Hemoglobin Content of the Blood of Laying Hens on Practical Poultry Rations

Abstract AFTER it had been established (Elvehjem and Hart, 1929) that chickens, like mammals, require both iron and copper for hemoglobin formation, Hart and associates (1930) showed that a practical baby chick ration can supply enough iron and copper to prevent anemia in chicks during the growing period. On the basis of this fact one might expect a practical laying ration to meet the iron and copper demands of the mature non-laying hen, since the mineral requirements of the mature animal are usually smaller than those of the growing organism. However, during the laying period the demands for iron and copper would be increased. The hen is subject to such increased demands for the greater part of the year. During periods of heavy laying the loss of minerals from the body assumes considerable proportions. Although the iron and copper content of eggs is comparatively small, it is conceivable that enough of . . .
Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis Following Resection of Abdominal Wall Laparoscopic Port Site Recurrence of Gallbladder Cancer

Abdominal wall port site recurrence of gallbladder cancer is well described in the literature in patients that have undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the incidental finding of a gallbladder cancer. The etiology and consequences of this type of metastatic recurrence are unclear. This report describes two cases with the unique sequelae of the interval development of nodal metastases to the axillary lymph nodes following resection of an abdominal wall laparoscopic port site recurrence of gallbladder cancer. The first case involves a patient who developed an isolated left axillary lymph node metastasis approximately 10 months after undergoing resection of a left-sided abdominal wall port site recurrence for a T2 gallbladder cancer. The original tumor had been found at laparoscopic cholecystectomy and definitively treated surgically approximately 3 years earlier. The second case involves a patient who developed isolated nodal metastases to the right axillary lymph nodes approximately 4 months after undergoing resection of right-sided abdominal wall port site recurrence, segment 4/5 hepatic resection, and portal lymphadenectomy for a T2 gallbladder cancer. This tumor had originally been found at laparoscopic cholecystectomy approximately 1 year earlier. These unique sequelae of the interval development of nodal metastases to the axillary lymph nodes demonstrated in both cases has not been previously reported.
Maintenance of ambulation in childhood muscular dystrophy.

Abstract 1. 1. Loss of independent ambulation in muscular dystrophy occurs prematurely in most patients now in wheel chairs. 2. 2. An ambulatory status may be prolonged for an average of 2 years by initiating an appropriate stretching and exercise program during the first stages of the disease. The longer one waits, the more difficult it is to derive significant benefit from such a program. 3. 3. The importance of total evaluation of the patient with muscular dystrophy as early as possible cannot be overemphasized. During such an evaluation it is essential that an accurate record of muscle tightness or contracture as well as weakness be obtained, so that any change in status can be assayed as objectively as possible. 4. 4. The principal factor in loss of independent ambulation is progressive muscle weakness. In addition there are multiple contributory factors. These include tightness and contractures, disuse atrophy, emotional elements, medical illness, injury, and obesity. Since it is not possible to influence muscle degeneration specifically, the adequate management of the secondary factors becomes increasingly important. 5. 5. These various factors involved in loss of independent ambulation can interact to perpetuate a vicious cycle of progressive deterioration. 6. 6. Tightness of the gastroc-soleus, hamstrings, and iliotibial band can usually be found before any obvious degree of weakness is seen. The joint contractures are usually more severe on one side. 7. 7. Muscular dystrophy patients had lost approximately one-half of their total muscle mass at the time bracing was required for ambulation. 8. 8. Bilateral long leg double bar braces can prolong the ambulatory status of the child with muscular dystrophy. 9. 9. Emotional factors may interfere with the dystrophic child's motivation for walking. Immobilization may be self-imposed and due to psychic causes. The resultant wheel chair status may become permanent if these factors are not recognized.
The truth about pain management: the difference between a pain patient and an addicted patient

Pain is undertreated in all parts of the world. Multiple barriers exist that prevent valid treatment of the pain patient. This paper will provide definitions of pain, addiction, physical dependence, tolerance, and pseudoaddiction that health professionals need to understand in order to treat pain. It will address how to differentiate between a pain patient and an addict when evaluating the patient for treatment. The physiological benefits of using long- versus short-acting opioids will be presented. With proper education of the medical community, patients should receive humane and compassionate treatment of their chronic pain syndromes.
Pyrimidines as cofactors for phenylalanine hydroxylase.

Abstract It has been generally assumed that a tetrahydropterin (2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-pteridinone) is essential for activity of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. In this report it is shown that appropriately substituted pyrimidines can assume the role of cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. 2,5,6-Triamino-4-pyrimidinone(V) and 5-benzylamino-2,6-diamino-4-pyrimidinone(VI) possess the same Km values (0.1 mM and 0.003 mM) and stoichiometry of tyrosine generated to cofactor consumed (0.4 and 1.0) as their corresponding pteridine analogs, tetrahydropterin(III) and 6-phenyltetrahydropterin(IV). However, the rates with pyrimidines are lower. The ratio of rates V III = 0.045 and VI IV = 0.015 . These results indicate that pteridine carbons 6 and 7 are not fundamental to cofactor binding or function, though they markedly influence the maximum velocity of hydroxylation. Pyrimidine cofactors of phenylalanine hydroxylase are valuable probes for the elucidation of the binding forces, transition states, and mechanism of oxygen activation of these hydroxylases.
The antagonism between salicylate-induced and pH-induced changes in the membrane conductance of molluscan neurons.

The membrane potential and conductance of identified invertebrate neurons decreased with decreasing pH (9.3–4.8), due primarily to a decrease in the K+ conductance of the membrane. Salicylate antagonized these effects by increasing K+ conductance and decreasing Cl− conductance. Since a local decrease in pH can evoke a painful response in animals and man, it is possible that salicylate's analgesic ability derives from its ability to antagonize the changes in membrane conductance produced by pH changes.
Rapid growth of magnesium-carbonate weathering products in a stony meteorite from antarctica.

Nesquehonite, a hydrous magnesium carbonate, occurs as a weathering product on the surface of the Antarctic meteorite LEW 85320 (H5 chondrite). Isotopic measurements of delta(C-13) and delta(O-18) indicate that the nesquehonite formed at near freezing temperatures by reaction of meteoritic minerals with terrestrial water and carbon dioxide. Results from carbon-14 dating suggest that, although the meteorite has been in Antarctica for at least 32,000 to 33,000 years, the nesquehonite formed after AD 1950.
Using the FORTH language in real-time computer applications

The FORTH computer language is described, with emphasis on aspects relevant to its use in the real-time control of psychological experiments via microcomputers. Among FORTH’s advantages are speed, compactness, and flexibility. Potential disadvantages include unusual syntax and lack of file-oriented disk access. Two sample FORTH-based systems are described.
Assembly of the peripheral domain of the bovine vacuolar H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase.

The biosynthesis and assembly of the peripheral sector (V1) of the vacuolar protontranslocating adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) was studied in a bovine kidney epithelial cell line. Monolayer cultures of cells were metabolically radiolabeled with Tran 35S-label and the V-ATPase subsequently immunoprecipitated using a monoclonal antibody raised against the bovine brain-coated vesicle proton pump. The V-ATPase immunoprecipitated from the bovine kidney cell line has a subunit composition very similar to that of the bovine brain-coated vesicle proton pump and the V-ATPase prepared from other kidney tissues. Radiolabeling the cells for increasing times showed that the V1 or peripheral portion of the V-ATPase is assembled within 10–15 min; the intact V1V0 complex is also detectable within 10–15 min. Fractionation of the cells into cytosolic and membrane components prior to immunoprecipitation revealed that there is a significant pool of V1 in the cytosol; a similar complex is also found in bovine brain cytosol. Pulse-chase studies suggest that this cytosolic pool is not an obligate precursor for membranebound V1V0 and does not exchange with the membrane V1 population at later times. No qualitative differences in assembly were observed when pulse-chase studies were performed at 15°C or in the presence of brefeldin A. This suggests that assembly of V1V0 is probably completed in the endoplasmic reticulum prior to distribution of the enzyme throughout the cell, with a cytosolic pool of V1 of unknown function existing in parallel with the fully assembled complex. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Yoga as a method of symptom management in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated process in which the body's immune system damages myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). The onset of this disorder typically occurs in young adults, and it is more common among women. Currently, there is no cure and the long-term disease progression makes symptomatic management critical for maintaining quality of life. Several pharmacotherapeutic agents are approved for treatment, but many patients seek complementary and alternative interventions. Reviews have been conducted regarding broad topics such as mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with MS and the impact of yoga on a range of neurological disorders. The objective of the present review is to examine the potential benefits of yoga for individuals with MS and address its use in managing symptoms including pain, mental health, fatigue, spasticity, balance, bladder control, and sexual function.
Hypothalamic hyperphagia produced by parasagittal knife cuts.

Abstract Parasagittal knife cuts were placed so as to sever fibers going from the ventromedial hypothalamus to the lateral hypothalamus. Rats with cuts alongside the anterior tip of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus doubled their body weight in 7 weeks. Rats with shallow, unilateral, or more posterior cuts gained only slightly more weight than did shams or unoperated controls.
Specific-locus experiments show that female mice exposed near the time of birth to low-LET ionizing radiation exhibit both a low mutational response and a dose-rate effect.

Female mice were exposed to 300 R of 73-93 R/min X-radiation either as fetuses at 18.5 d post conception (p.c.) or within 9 h after birth. Combining the similar results from these two groups yielded a specific-locus mutation frequency of 9.4 X 10(-8) mutation/locus/R, which is statistically significantly higher than the historical-control mutation frequency, but much lower than the rate obtained by irradiating mature and maturing oocytes in adults. Other females, exposed at 18.5 days p.c. to 300 R of 0.79 R/min gamma-radiation, yielded a mutation frequency that was statistically significantly lower than the frequency at high dose rates. The low-dose-rate group also had markedly higher fertility. It appears that the dose-rate effect for mutations induced near the time of birth may be more pronounced than that reported for mature and maturing oocytes of adults. A hypothesis sometimes advanced to explain low mutation frequencies recovered from cell populations that experience considerable radiation-induced cell killing is that there is selection against mutant cells. The reason for the relatively low mutational response following acute irradiation in our experiments is unknown; however, the finding of a dose-rate effect in these oocytes in the presence of only minor radiation-induced cell killing (as judged from fertility) makes it seem unlikely that selection was responsible for the low mutational response following acute exposure. Had selection been an important factor, the mutation frequency should have increased when oocyte killing was markedly reduced.
Sex Differences in Self-Confidence The Effects of Task Completion and of Comparison to Competent Others

Previous investigators have suggested that situation variables play little role in moderating sex differences in self-confidence. The validity of this suggestion is assessed in an experiment testing the effects of social comparison and task completion upon sex differences. Either before or after taking a test, undergraduates estimated their own scores (noncomparative self-evaluation) and/or compared their scores to that of a competent peer group (comparative self-evaluation). As predicted, task completion affected subjects' noncomparative more than their comparative self-evaluations. Further, social comparison affected women more adversely than men, indicating that this situation variable does moderate sex differences: First, the sex difference in comparative self-evaluation was greater than that in noncomparative self-evaluation. Also, women's actual performances were lower than men's only when comparative self-evaluations preceded the test.
Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus-containing cutaneous abscesses of patients with HIV.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to document the resistance patterns found in exudates from cutaneous abscesses of HIV-infected persons. Basic Procedures: Patient records were reviewed on 93 culture and sensitivity tests performed on exudates taken from incised and drained abscesses of HIV-infected persons. Main Findings: Of the specimens, 84.6% were Staphylococcus aureus. Of these, 93.5% were penicillin resistant, 87% oxacillin resistant, 84.4% cephazolin resistant, 84.4% erythromycin resistant, 52.2% ciprofloxacin resistant, and 15.6% tetracycline resistant. Fifty-eight specimens were tested for clindamycin with 29.3% found resistant; 85.7% were methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) (defined as resistant to both penicillin G and oxacillin). All specimens were resistant to multiple antibiotics including antimicrobials that might be considered for use in MRSA. No specimens were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, or vancomycin. Conclusions: Empiric antimicrobial therapy of HIV-infected persons with cutaneous abscesses must be tailored to the high frequency of antimicrobial drug resistance including MRSA in this population.
Improving RCA performance: the Cornerstone Award and the power of positive reinforcement

Background The Veterans Health Administration has had a comprehensive patient safety program since 1999 that includes conducting root cause analysis (RCA) of adverse medical events. Improving the quality and timeliness of the RCAs at the local level has been a continual challenge. Methods We initiated a non-monetary program called the Cornerstone Award into our patient safety reporting system to recognise facilities conducting high-quality and timely RCAs containing deterministic corrective actions that are implemented and evaluated for effectiveness. Results Since the Cornerstone Program began in 2008, the per cent of RCAs completed in a time-critical manner (≤45 days) has increased from an average of 52% pre-Cornerstone to an average of 94% post-Cornerstone. The per cent of action plans with stronger deterministic actions and outcomes has increased from an average of 34% pre-Cornerstone to an average of 70% post-Cornerstone. Discussion Implementing a non-monetary recognition award that was tied to specific improvement goals greatly improved the timeliness and quality of the RCA reports in the Veterans Health Administration System.