cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Tumors of the Cranial Bones

New growths originating in the cranial bones are uncommon, although the skull may be affected secondarily by benign or malignant conditions arising in other organs. The most common primary tumor in this region is the benign osteoma, which usually involves the frontal bones or frontal sinus. Rarefied areas in the roentgenogram, either solitary or multiple, may be due to angioma originating in the bones of the cranium or in the intracranial cavity, to cholesteatomas or to a Brodie9s abscess. Such circumscribed areas of bone destruction are more often, however, part of a generalized skeletal disease, such as parathyroidism or Schuller-Christian9s disease (xanthomatosis). Both osteogenic and Ewing9s sarcoma may affect the cranial bones. Malignant conditions producing multiple involvement of the skull along with other bones are more common. These include multiple myeloma, chloroma, and leukemia. The skull may also be involved by direct extension in cases of meningeal and pituitary tumors and in carcinoma originating in the antrum, frontal sinus, or orbit. Metastatic involvement of the skull occurs commonly, the breast, prostate, or lung being the usual seat of the primary tumor. Less frequently sarcoma from other bones (Ewing9s sarcoma), lymphosarcoma, or neuroblastoma may affect the cranium. The following table gives the incidence of the primary tumors of the skull in the series upon which this paper is based.
Filtered two‐fluid models for fluidized gas‐particle suspensions

Starting from a kinetic theory based two-fluid model for gas-particle flows, we first construct filtered two-fluid model equations that average over small scale inhomogeneities that we do not wish to resolve in numerical simulations. We then outline a procedure to extract constitutive models for these filtered two-fluid models through highly resolved simulations of the kinetic theory based model equations in periodic domains. Two- and three-dimensional simulations show that the closure relations for the filtered two-fluid models manifest a definite and systematic dependence on the filter size. Linear stability analysis of the filtered two-fluid model equations reveals that filtering does indeed remove small scale structures that are afforded by the microscopic twofluid model. 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 54: 1431–1448, 2008
Linear Functional Fixed-points

We introduce a logic of functional fixed-points. It is suitable for analyzing heap-manipulating programs and can encode several logics used for program verification with different ways of expressing reachability. While full fixed-point logic remains undecidable, several subsets admit decision procedures. In particular, for the logic of linear functional fixed-points, we develop an abstraction refinement integration of the SMT solver Z3 and a satisfiability checker for propositional linear-time temporal logic. The integration refines the temporal abstraction by generating safety formulas until the temporal abstraction is unsatisfiable or a model for it is also a model for the functional fixed-point formula.
Spatio-temporal, ontogenetic and interindividual variation of age-0 diets in a population of yellow perch

Dietary niches of fishes have traditionally been evaluated at the population level, with diet pattern central tendencies compared spatio-temporally among habitats and populations. More recently, however, studies have emphasised the importance of within-population diet variation and niche partitioning. Several studies have examined diets of young yellow perch (Perca flavescens) at the population level and have described an ontogenetic transition from zooplankton to benthic prey during the first year of life. However, independent of ontogenetic diet shifts, intrapopulation variation of young yellow perch diets remains largely unexplored. We quantified patterns of diet composition in age-0 yellow perch collected from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, USA during July-October, 2009 and 2010. We observed substantial variation in diet composition among individuals across and within sites, but found relatively weak evidence indicating an ontogenetic diet shift. Zooplankton were the dominant prey for age-0 yellow perch on most occasions, and individual diets were composed primarily of either zooplankton (e.g. Daphnia spp., Calanoida) or benthic (i.e. Chironomidae larvae, Chydoridae) prey. These patterns were not simply attributable to differences in prey availability and ontogenetic diet shifts, because a) not only diet composition, but also prey selectivity (Chesson's a) varied among sites and b) individual and spatial diet differences were evident independent of ontogeny. Within-cohort differences in diet composition may be an important, but often overlooked, phenomenon with implications for cumulative trophic interactions and intracohort growth and survival among young fish.
Tetrakis[μ-1,3-bis(4-methyl-2-pyridylimino)isoindolinato]trimercury(II) dinitrate methanol tetrasolvate

The title compound, [Hg (C H N ) ](NO ) ·4CH OH, consists of a trinuclear Hg dipositive cation, [Hg (4′-Me ) ] , two nitrate anions and four occluded methanol molecules. The Hg atoms of the cation lie on a crystallographic twofold axis and are tetrahedrally coordinated by nitrogen-donor atoms of the bridging 1,3-bis(4-methyl-2-pyridylimino)isoindoline ligands. The central Hg atom is coordinated by four pyridine N atoms, one from each of the 4′-Me ligands, while the two outer Hg atoms are each coordinated by two pyridine and two pyrrole N atoms.
Visual Sensor Systems in Space

Slow-scan television cameras have been used as visual scanners in orbiting satellite programs. The sensor, as an input device, and the associated readout or output device are the terminal parts of an orbiting television satellite system. Some of the input-output elements will be described covering visual sensors, optics, kinescope recording, and facsimile. Sample systems, such as TIROS and Essa satellite systems, will show these elements as part of the system. Trade-off parameters of resolution, light level, electronic bandwidth, frame time, and storage time will be examined to show their effects on the video transmission system.
Pole placement by performance criterion modification

A procedure in which a state weighting matrix was modified by introducing a degree of relative stability to relocate the optimal closed-loop eigenvalues of continuous time system was recently presented. This procedure is adapted to relocate the optimal poles to any desired location of a discrete time system. A sequential procedure to relocate the optimal eigenvalues to desired positions by proper modification in performance criterion is developed. The optimal solution of the resulting LQ problem determines the optimal gain, and the closed-loop system attains the desired spectrum. Thus, the desired properties of the Linear Quadratic (LQ) solution are retained, while placing the closed-loop system poles. >
Beyond Transcription: Technology, Change, and Refinement of Method

Qualitativ Forschende haben ihre Verfahren kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt, haufig infolge technologischer Neuerungen, die ihnen erlaubten, ihre Daten in verbesserter Weise zu erheben, zu analysieren und zu prasentieren bzw. die Perspektiven der Forschungsteilnehmer/innen authentischer in die Forschung und in deren Reflexion einzubeziehen. Ausgehend von historischen Situationen, in denen sich methodischer Wandel vollzogen hat, versuchen wir zu zeigen, dass sich derzeit ein neuer Wandel abzeichnet, der besonders die Transkription von Audio- und Videodaten betrifft. Wir pladieren in diesem Zusammenhang fur die Nutzung der Vorzuge neuer Technologien, die erlauben, multimediale Daten zu sammeln, zu untersuchen und in Forschungsberichte einzubinden, um so dem mit Transkriptionen verbundenen Bias und Bedeutungsverlust entgegenzuwirken. Mit Originaldaten in einem multimedialen Format (Audio oder Video) zu arbeiten, statt diese Daten zu transkribieren, erlaubt verlasslichere und genauere Ergebnisse, dichtere Beschreibungen und informativere Veroffentlichungen. Wir diskutieren auch die Herausforderungen, die derzeit noch mit einem solchen Ansatz verbunden sind und geben einige Hinweise fur kunftige Methodenentwicklung. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103216
Clinical Care Guidelines for Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a clinical practice guideline of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, endorsed by the Pediatric Endocrine Society

Cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD) is the most common comorbidity in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), occurring in ∼20% of adolescents and 40–50% of adults (1). While it shares features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, CFRD is a distinct clinical entity. It is primarily caused by insulin insufficiency, although fluctuating levels of insulin resistance related to acute and chronic illness also play a role. The additional diagnosis of CFRD has a negative impact on pulmonary function and survival in CF, and this risk disproportionately affects women (2–4). In contrast to patients with other types of diabetes, there are no documented cases of death from atherosclerotic vascular disease in patients with CFRD, despite the fact that some now live into their sixth and seventh decades. These guidelines are the result of a joint effort between the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and the Pediatric Endocrine Society (PES). They are intended for use by CF patients, their care partners, and health care professionals and include recommendations for screening, diagnosis, and medical management of CFRD. This report focuses on aspects of care unique to CFRD. A comprehensive summary of recommendations for all people with diabetes can be found in the ADA Standards of Medical Care, published annually in the January supplement to Diabetes Care (5). In 2009, CFF in collaboration with ADA and PES convened a committee of CF and diabetes experts to update clinical care guidelines for CFRD. Investigators at Johns Hopkins University conducted evidence reviews on relevant clinical questions identified by the guidelines committee. The reviews were provided to the committee to use in developing recommendations. Where possible, the evidence for each recommendation was considered and graded by the committee using the ADA (5) and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (6 …
Carbon Nanotube Modification Using BaF2 Vapor in Ultra-High Vacuum Environment

Carbon nanotubes have attracted significant attention in the scientific community due to their unique properties and potential applications. One of the most promising applications is a carbon-nanotube transistor. The motivation of this work is to find ways to connect carbon nanotubes directly to silicon using Ba as a chemical link. We studied chemical interactions between carbon nanotubes and BaF2 vapors using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surfaces of silicon wafers were chemically modified to allow the epitaxial growth of BaF2 using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Samples containing 2D single crystal islands of BaF2 were covered with carbon nanotubes with an average coverage of 10 nanotubes per um2. The samples were transferred to an outgasing station inside the MBE system and heated to 900°C for two hours in a pressure of 10-9 mbar. XPS C1s data before and after heat show a major change in the nature of the carbon nanotube electronic states. In addition XPS shows formation of a Ba-C “carbide like” bond and no presence of fluorine. AFM images of the same region taken before and after heat exposure show remarkable changes in the surface morphology of the carbon-nanotube wall.
Do Investors Under-React to ROE?

A delayed market response to public information such as P/B or P/E ratios is still of great interest to money manager in seeking deeper understanding of equity valuations. In this study, we uncovered the investors’ under-reaction to ROE (Return on Equity), which provides further evidence interoperating the P/B and P/E anomalies. We found that, over time, a quarterly rebalanced portfolio holding the top decile highest ROE stocks will earn a risk controlled annual abnormal excess return of approximately 15.2 percent due to investors’ under-reaction. We also discovered that investors’ under-reaction to ROE diminishes with decreasing ROE level and almost vanishes at the lowest two deciles of ROE ranked portfolios. More importantly, investors have been persistently under-reacting to ROE information since 1973, especially the recent period from 1980 to 2004 during which the annual abnormal excess returns stayed at over 16 percent.
Institutional Disposition and Management of End-of-Life Electronics

Institutions both public and private face a challenge to develop policies to manage purchase, use, and disposal of electronics. Environmental considerations play an increasing role in addition to traditional factors of cost, performance and security. Characterizing current disposition practices for end-of-life electronics is a key step in developing policies that prevent negative environmental and health impacts while maximizing potential for positive social and economic benefits though reuse. To provide a baseline, we develop the first characterization of quantity, value, disposition, and flows of end-of-life electronics at a major U.S. educational institution. Results of the empirical study indicate that most end-of-first-life electronics were resold through public auction to individuals and small companies who refurbish working equipment for resale or sell unusable products for reclamation of scrap metal. Desktop and laptop computers sold for refurbishing and resale averaged U.S. $20-100 per unit, with computers sold directly to individuals for reuse reaching $250-350 per unit. This detailed assessment was coupled with a benchmarking survey of end-of-life electronics management practices at other U.S. universities. Survey results indicate that while auctions are still commonplace, an increasing number of institutions are responding to environmental concerns by creating partnerships with local recycling and resale entities and mandating domestic recycling. We use the analyses of current disposition practices as input to discuss institutional strategies for managing electronics. One key issue is the tension between benefits of used equipment sales, in terms of income for the institution and increased reuse for society, and the environmental risks because of unknown downstream practices.
Further observations on mechanism of hypoglycorrhachia in experimental meningitis.

SummaryWhen dogs with aseptic meningitis were infected with pneumococci intrathecally, a profound drop in CSF glucose occurred which was not observed in control animals given pneumococci without antecedent production of aseptic meningitis, or in animals with aseptic meningitis in absence of superimposed bacterial infection. Hypoglycorrhachia also occurred when heat-killed pneumococci, India ink particles and bacterial endotoxin were administered to animals with aseptic meningitis. These data suggest that the fall in CSF glucose is dependent upon presence of leukocytes engaged in active phagocytosis.
The contemporary Christian debate over America's "mission" in world affairs

These powerful words of John Winthrop concerning the purposes of the New World experiment reflect the conviction that its mission was to be, in the words of Loren Baritz, "a moral example to all the world ... the hub of the universe, whose light and wisdom could radiate out in all directions for the utility and comfort of men and the glory of God."2 This concept of the New World's role in the divine plan for the redemption of history was the earliest manifestation of the American mission and has since been advantageously appropriated by successive generations of American political leaders from the colonial period to the present. No American leader has been more effective in identifying himself with the themes inherent in Winthrop's political theology3 than President Ronald Reagan, who emerged victorious from two election campaigns in which religious themes and issues became lightning rods for political action.4 The formation and proliferation of new
Assessing Wind Impacts on Flight Interval Management Performance

Many new air transportation system concepts require access to high quality wind information, but the relationship between performance of the concept and accuracy of wind information is often unclear. A Wind Information Analysis Framework has been applied in this work to quantify the relationship between wind information requirements and the performance of Flight Interval Management (FIM) applications. Under the FIM concept, target separation times are established between aircraft pairs to increase flow efficiency. The ability to manage trajectories to comply with target separations is dependent on the wind information quality available to the aircraft. A fast-time simulation of a candidate FIM algorithm is described, and results are presented from its initial application to determine the sensitivity of FIM performance as a function of key wind input requirements and other parameters.
THE ROLE OF PXR AND IKKβ SIGNALING IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE

OF DISSERTATION THE ROLE OF PXR AND IKKβ SIGNALING IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is partially attributed to perturbations in lipid metabolism. Xenobiotics, such as pharmaceutical drugs and environmental chemicals, have been associated with increased risk of CVD in multiple large-scale human population studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. We and others have identified several xenobiotics as potent agonists for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs as well as environmental and dietary chemicals. However, the role of PXR in mediating the pathophysiological effects of xenobiotic exposure in humans and animals remains elusive. The work herein identified several widely used pharmaceutical agents and endocrine disrupting chemicals as PXR-selective agonists such as drugs involved in HIV therapy and phthalates/phthalate substitutes, respectively. We investigated the role of amprenavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, and tributyl citrate, a phthalate substitute, on PXR-dependent alterations in lipoprotein metabolism. Acute exposure with either xenobiotic in mice elicited increases in the proatherogenic LDL-cholesterol levels in a PXR-dependent manner. PXR activation significantly induced expression of genes involved in intestinal lipid metabolism. Further, we went on to identify the intestinal cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), as a direct PXR-target gene. PXR activation also stimulated cholesterol uptake in both murine and human intestinal cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) may be a direct PXR-target gene. Taken together, these findings provide critical mechanistic insight into the role of xenobiotic-mediated PXR activation on lipid homeostasis and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating adverse effects of xenobiotics on CVD risk in humans. In addition to PXR signaling, we investigated the role of IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation, in adipocyte progenitor cells. Targeting IKKβ in adipose progenitor cells resulted in decreased high fat diet (HFD)-elicited adipogenesis, while protecting mice from inflammation and associated insulin resistance. Consistently, we discovered that IKKβ inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides ablated HFD-induced adiposity, while protecting mice against associated metabolic disorders. In conclusion, targeting IKKβ with antisense therapy may present as a novel therapeutic approach to combat obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.
The Mcintosh Fauna: Late Prehistoric Exploitation of Lake and Prairie Habitats in the Nebraska Sand Hills

A Central Plains tradition settlement (ca. AD 1300-1450) near Enders Lake in the Nebraska Sand Hills presents an opportunity to address questions about diet composition and seasonal faunal procure ment. The documented exploitation of Sand Hills lake and prairie habitats also defines a previously unexplored element of Central Plains tradition subsistence economies. The latter portion of the Central Plains tradition coincided with the cool and arid Pacific climatic episode (AD 1200-1550). The Sand Hills region is noted historically as resilient to variability in temperature and precipitation; late prehistoric groups may have occupied the Sand Hills as a response to climatic fluctuation and food resource scarcity in other areas of the Central Plains.
Nutrition and host defense mechanisms.

Malnutrition induces defects in specific and nonspecific host resistance. Effects on specific immunity are most pronounced on T lymphocytes. Nutritional repair is the cornerstone of effective therapy, but immunorestorative and immunostimulatory agents are now being investigated.
Interpreting the latrines of the Johnson's Island Civil War military prison.

Investigations of the prison compound latrines from the Johnson’s Island Civil War Military Prison site provide a unique opportunity to explore a multitude of questions related to military life and POW treatment during the American Civil War. Johnson’s Island (Ohio), a Union prison for Confederate officers, contained special use areas within the compound and their associated latrines which can be evaluated chronologically. Coupled with the extensive primary documentation existing for this prison, investigations to date have centered around how these unique latrines exhibit both the POW experience as well as changing Union policy towards prisoners. These latrines captured lost items, were the repository for primary and secondary deposits reflecting the material culture available to the prisoner at the time, and served as the staging areas for escape attempts.
Solitons, D-Branes, and Black Holes

We have seen that these BPS saturated states are essential to prove the duality relationships that we have conjectured. The important point is that it is possible to construct all of thesep-brane states as solitons, solitonlike solutions (called D-branes), or as supersymmetric actions. Solitons are a powerful way in which to probe the nonperturbative structure of a theory, so it is not surprising that solitons and solitonlike objects will play an important part in filling out the BPS states of the theory. Even if we start with a theory which consists purely of strings, we are forced to admit the presence of these membrane states because they are solutions to the classical equations of motion.
Insights into the next generation HVAC&R refrigerant future

Prospects for policy and regulatory actions to reduce, restrict, and even eliminate the use of today's hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants continue to exist and grow because of their relatively high global warming potentials and consequent impact on climate. These regulatory actions are leading to the development and investigation of a new class of refrigerants, unsaturated chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons, with lower global warming potentials. Tradeoffs between global warming potential, flammability, and specific capacity will need to be made and these tradeoffs may result in the need for changes to equipment designs. Some lower global warming potential refrigerants are beginning to be introduced in many market segments. This article provides an overview of the next generation refrigerants available or under development and presents the state of understanding and development of these alternatives by their environmental, safety, and design tradeoffs.
Impact of Prosocial Behavioral Involvement on School Violence Perpetration Among African American Middle School and High School Students.

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with school violence perpetration among African American youth. African American students in 7th through 12th grade (n = 7488) in schools within one Metropolitan area completed the Pride National Drug Survey. Chi square analyses revealed school violence perpetration significantly differed based on grade and prosocial behavioral involvement. Students in 7th–8th grade (54.7%) were more likely to engage in school violence in comparison to 9th–12th grade students (48.8%). Students with low prosocial behavior (52.8%) involvement were more likely than their counterparts (48.9%) to engage in school violence perpetration. Logistic regression also indicated females and 9th–12th students with low prosocial behavior involvement were significantly less likely than their counterparts to engage in school violence. Findings should be considered by health educators and prevention specialists when developing programs and efforts to prevent in school violence perpetration among African American students.
Near-field enhanced thermionic energy conversion for renewable energy recycling

Abstract This article proposes a new energy harvesting concept that greatly enhances thermionic power generation with high efficiency by exploiting the near-field enhancement of thermal radiation. The proposed near-field enhanced thermionic energy conversion (NETEC) system is uniquely configured with a low-bandgap semiconductor cathode separated from a thermal emitter with a subwavelength gap distance, such that a significant amount of electrons can be photoexcited by near-field thermal radiation to contribute to the enhancement of thermionic current density. We theoretically demonstrate that the NETEC system can generate electric power at a significantly lower temperature than the standard thermionic generator, and the energy conversion efficiency can exceed 40%. The obtained results reveal that near-field photoexcitation can enhance the thermionic power output by more than 10 times, making this hybrid system attractive for renewable energy recycling.
Influence of cyclobutane segments in cycloaliphatic decahydronaphthalene-containing copolyesters:

Melt transesterification polycondensation enabled the incorporation of rigid, cycloaliphatic diols (2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol) into decahydronaphthalene-containing copolyesters, which resulted in amorphous, optically clear materials. Glass transition temperatures approached 155°C and followed predictable trends using the Fox equation for randomly sequenced copolymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis identified several low-temperature relaxations attributed to the complex motions of the decahydronaphthalate and cyclohexyl rings within the polymer backbone. Furthermore, incorporating cyclobutane rings suppressed the low-temperature local mobility, revealing a strong structural dependence on these relaxations. The rheological simplicity of these nonassociating chains permitted analysis over a large frequency window using time–temperature superposition. As a result, the characteristic relaxation times provided insight into chain dynamics and the propensity for chain entanglements. Finally, positron ...
Cyber-security challenges for wireless networked aircraft

Network-enabled cloud-based services can improve flight operations, increase operation consistency, reduce need for on board software and sub-systems to reside in every aircraft, and enable optimization. The flow of information relies on a secure network connection and a timely flow of information. The cyber-physical security aspects of the aircraft determine the utility, efficiency and the cost of a network enabled aircraft. This paper will develop a taxonomy of cyber-security threats and elaborate on the consequences such threats have on aircraft systems that could rely on the wireless network for timely supply of critical information. The paper also explores existing solutions which directly translate into this domain, helping address these concerns at a lower level, as well as different original and adaptive security architecture that could to be developed to address the consequences of a compromised network.
Nouvelles strategies thérapeutiques en immunosuppression

There is a compelling need to discover clinically relevant pharmacological strategies to broaden the narrow therapeutic index of cyclosporin, or to develop a new method for nontoxic and gene-targeted immunosuppression that induces donor-specific transplantation tolerance.
Does Religiosity Predict Attrition from a Culturally-Informed Family Treatment for Schizophrenia that Targets Religious Coping?

Objective People dealing with serious mental illness frequently report turning to religion to help cope with the disorder. However, little is known about how religion impacts commitment to psychotherapy programs for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers. Method In a sample of 64 families enrolled in a culturally informed family treatment for schizophrenia that targets religiosity, we hypothesized that patients and caregivers who use high levels of adaptive religious coping and low levels of maladaptive religious coping, would be less likely to drop out of treatment than their counterparts. Results In line with hypotheses, results demonstrated that greater maladaptive religious coping was associated with fewer family therapy sessions attended. Contrary to expectations, greater adaptive religious coping was also associated with attending fewer family therapy sessions. Conclusion Results suggest that any type of religious coping may be associated with higher levels of attrition from family therapy. Perhaps spiritual/religious people are already getting support and guidance from their beliefs and practices that aid them in coping with mental illness. Results may also suggest that there is a "religiosity gap" in which religious individuals perceive a disconnect between their beliefs and the beliefs of their mental health providers. It is important to point out that in this study, of those who dropped out prematurely, nearly all did so before the religiosity segment of treatment even began. Modifying how family treatments are introduced early on in therapy to ensure they appear congruent with the beliefs and values of religious families may help to reduce attrition. (PsycINFO Database Record
Political Communication Theory and Research: An Overview

(1981). Political Communication Theory and Research: An Overview. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 5, Communication Yearbook 5, pp. 605-625.
Review: Cultures in the Crossfire: Stories from Syria and Iraq

Cultures in the Crossfire: Stories from Syria and Iraq , University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 8 April 2016–26 November 2018. On Sunday, 17 September 2017, Philadelphia's public joined Syrian artist Issam Kourbaj in launching 2,379 miniature tin-foil boats whose number commemorates the days passed since the start of the Syrian civil war. The boats resembled the crowds that filled the streets of Dara'a to protest the torture of students at the beginning of Syria's Arab Spring and consequent civil war, or the 5 million Syrians registered as refugees by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees since then. Most tragically, the boats commemorate refugees that have crossed the Mediterranean Sea on fatal rubber dinghies. Kourbaj has staged such serial performances across the world using time, water, fire, and the accumulation of miniature objects as a form of simultaneous commemoration and protest. His installation in Philadelphia directly converses with archaeology and the material culture of Late Antiquity. After we leave the fountain where the boats were launched, we enter the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, where seven of Kourbaj's installations stand next to funerary stele from Palmyra, a mosaic from Antioch, an Abbasid ceramic bowl, and other museum treasures. Kourbaj is based at the University of Cambridge, where he has already explored resonances with objects from the Fitzwilliam Museum. The 2,379 miniature boats, or Dark Water , were directly inspired by Syrian antiquities at the Fitzwilliam ( Fig. 1 ). His installation in Philadelphia is part of a most ambitious exhibition curated by the Penn Cultural Heritage Center (PennCHC), an organization founded in 2008 to address the preservation and promotion of community-based cultural heritage globally. FIG. 1. A family of visitors explores Issam Kourbaj's Dark Water, Burning World (2016), an installation of boats repurposed from old bikes’ mudguards and inspired by fifth-century BCE Syrian boats. Photo courtesy University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. The academic community has been watching from …
Late presentation of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after renal transplant: A case report

The highest risk of opportunistic infections is from 1 to 6 months post-transplant. We report a rare case of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient only on maintenance immunosuppression eleven years after transplant without concomitant CMV infection or recent episodes of graft rejection.
Urban community gardens, commons, and social reproduction: revisiting Silvia Federici’s Revolution at Point Zero

AbstractRevolution at Point Zero gathers together some of the major works written by Silvia Federici from the 1970s through the 2000s. It offers a series of incisive analyses and is replete with in...
Rapid Somatic Mutation Testing in Colorectal Cancer by Use of a Fully Automated System and Single-Use Cartridge: A Comparison with Next-Generation Sequencing.

Background: Molecular tests have been increasingly used in the management of various cancers as more targeted therapies are becoming available as treatment options. The Idylla™ system is a fully integrated, cartridge-based platform that provides automated sample processing (deparaffinization, tissue digestion, and DNA extraction) and real-time PCR-based mutation detection with all reagents included in a single-use cartridge. This retrospective study aimed at evaluating both the Idylla KRAS and NRAS-BRAF-EGFR492 Mutation Assay cartridges (research use only) against next-generation sequencing (NGS) by using colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue samples. Methods: Forty-four archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CRC tissue samples previously analyzed by targeted NGS were tested on the Idylla system. Among these samples, 17 had a mutation in KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase ( KRAS ), 5 in NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase ( NRAS ) , and 12 in B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase ( BRAF ) as determined using the Ion AmpliSeq 50-gene Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. The remaining 10 samples were wild-type for KRAS , NRAS , and BRAF . Two 10-μm FFPE tissue sections were used for each Idylla run, 1 for the KRAS cartridge, and 1 for the NRAS-BRAF-EGFR492 cartridge. All cases met the Idylla minimum tumor content requirement for KRAS, NRAS , and BRAF (≥10%). Assay reproducibility was evaluated by testing commercial controls derived from human cell lines, which had an allelic frequency of 50% and were run in triplicate. Results: The Idylla system successfully detected all mutations previously identified by NGS in KRAS (G12C, G12D, G12V, G13D, Q61K, Q61R, A146T), NRAS (G12V, G13R, Q61H), and BRAF (V600E). Compared with NGS, Idylla had a sensitivity of 100%. Analysis of the mutated commercial controls demonstrated agreement with the expected result for all samples and 100% reproducibility. The Idylla system produced results quickly with a turnaround time of approximately 2 h. Conclusion: The Idylla system offers reliable and sensitive testing of clinically actionable mutations in KRAS, NRAS , and BRAF directly from FFPE tissue sections.
Utility of PK-PD Modeling and Simulation to Improve Decision Making for Antibody-Drug Conjugate Development

Comprehension of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of Antibody-drug Conjugates (ADCs) can be challenging as it requires integration of the information stemming from various moieties (i.e. the antibody, the drug, and the conjugate). Computational modeling provides an excellent tool to overcome these challenges by providing an opportunity to integrate all the available information within a mathematical framework. With an ever-increasing pipeline of more than 60 ADC molecules currently in the clinic, plenty of resources and time are invested towards discerning some key questions associated with PK, efficacy, and toxicity of the most promising candidates. In order to streamline the process of finding the answers to these questions and to expedite the development of ADCs, mathematical modeling and simulation (M&S) can be employed at different stages of ADC development. Successful application of this tool can not only enhance the scientific understanding of the processes underlying PK-PD of ADCs but can also provide comprehensive model-derived outcomes that can help accelerate the decision-making process. Within this book chapter, we have discussed an array of different PK-PD models and modeling strategies that could be employed at discovery, preclinical, or clinical stages, to make rational decisions for the development of ADCs. In addition, suitable examples from the literature are discussed where M&S has been utilized to make key go/no-go decisions.
Adolescents at high risk of obesity show greater striatal response to increased sugar content in milkshakes.

Background Children of overweight or obese parents are at a high risk of developing obesity. Objective This study sought to examine the underlying neural factors related to parental obesity risk and the relative impact of sugar and fat when consuming a palatable food, as well as the impact of obesity risk status on brain response to appetizing food images. Design With the use of functional MRI, the responses of 108 healthy-weight adolescents [mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 20.9 ± 1.9; n = 53 who were at high risk by virtue of parental obesity status, n = 55 who were low risk] to food stimuli were examined. Stimuli included 4 milkshakes, which systematically varied in sugar and fat content, a calorie-free tasteless solution, and images of appetizing foods and glasses of water. Results High-risk compared with low-risk adolescents showed greater blood oxygen-dependent response to milkshakes (all variants collapsed) compared with the tasteless solution in the primary gustatory and oral somatosensory cortices (P-family-wise error rate < 0.05), replicating a previous report. Notably, high-risk adolescents showed greater caudate, gustatory, and oral somatosensory responses to the high-sugar milkshake than to the tasteless solution; however, no effect of risk status was observed in the high-fat milkshake condition. Responses to food images were not related to obesity risk status. Conclusion Collectively, the data presented here suggest that parental weight status is associated with greater striatal, gustatory, and somatosensory responses to palatable foods-in particular, high-sugar foods-in their adolescent offspring, which theoretically contributes to an increased risk of future overeating. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.
Effects of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Overexpression on Lipotoxic Cardiomyopathy in Mice Lacking Adipose Triglyceride Lipase

Lipotoxic cardiomyopathy, which is associated with obesity and diabetes, is characterized by intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) droplet accumulation (steatosis). The first step of TAG hydrolysis is catalyzed by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and its deficiency results in extreme cardiac steatosis in mice and humans. Although hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) functions as a diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase in the heart, we hypothesized that activated HSL might catalyze cardiac TAG hydrolysis. To test this hypothesis we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific HSL-overexpression (cHSL) and crossed them with ATGL-knockout (KO) mice. By crossing ATGL-KO and cHSL lines, we generated homozygous ATGL-KO (AKO) mice, AKO mice with cardiac HSL-overexpression (AKO/cHSL), and wild type (Wt) mice. Cardiac lipid content was measured and its function was assessed by ultrasonography. Histological investigation was performed by transmission electron microscopy. Cardiac TAG content of AKO mice was 160-fold greater than that of Wt mice, whereas that of AKO/cHSL mice was as low as that of Wt hearts. Cardiac systolic function (fractional shortening; FS) was markedly reduced in AKO mice compared to that of Wt mice (28% vs. 49%), while AKO/cHSL mice showed comparable FS to that of Wt mice (48% vs. 49%). Electron microscopy showed accumulation of huge lipid droplets, damaged mitochondria with destroyed cristae and vacuole degeneration, and disrupted intercalated discs (where gap junctions and desmosomes are localized) in the cardiomyocytes of AKO mice. In contrast, the cardiomyocytes of AKO/cHSL mice showed no such morphological characteristics. These results indicate that cardiac overexpression of HSL normalizes lipotoxic cardiomyopathy in AKO mice and suggest that activation of cardiac HSL could be a potent strategy to regulate the lipotoxic cardiomyopathies that occur in metabolic disorders. Disclosure M. Yamada: None. J. Suzuki: None. M. Hirose: None. T. Nakaya: None. M. Ichikawa: None. S. Sato: None. M. Imagawa: None. Y. Zenimaru: None. F.B. Kraemer: None. T. Konoshita: None. T. Ishizuka: None.
Terraria and Soil Microcosms

Terraria, the terrestrial equivalent of aquaria, are small containers usually containing soil materials, terrestrial plants, animals, and air. Terraria are found by the millions, self-organizing in schoolrooms, offices, and homes. Often open to external air exchange, these microcosms may dry out and become water-limited. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are maintained at external levels by air exchange. Humans occasionally add water. The simulation in Figure 2.11 represents conditions typical of those found in houses and schoolrooms. However, serious studies of typical terraria are scarce. On the other hand, considerable scientific literature exists on transplanted and recently assembled terrestrial microcosms. Gillet and Witt (1978) reviewed earlier work, especially that concerned with study of the way such.terrestrial ecosystems process chemical substances.
Analyzing fiscal policies in a heterogeneous-agent overlapping-generations economy

The overlapping generations (OLG) life-cycle model with heterogeneous agents has become the main workhorse for evaluating the welfare and macroeconomic effects of major fiscal policy changes, including reforms to tax and social insurance systems. This chapter shows how to construct and solve a OLG model with idiosyncratic shocks, which allows for analyzing the inter- and intra-generational welfare and macroeconomic impact of policy changes.
The Vanishing of Scalar Curvature on 6 Manifolds, Einstein’s Equation, and Representation Theory

Let G be a real semisimple Lie Group, which we may assume to be connected or even simply connected, and let g0 = Lie(G). The dual vector space of g0 will be denoted by g0*. Also, g and g* will denote the complexifications of g0 and g0*, respectively. We recall that the group G and the Lie algebra g operate on g by the adjoint representation and on g* by the so-called coadjoint representation. Moreover, set G ℂ = Ad(g). Since the bilinear form (x, y) = tr(ad x ady) on g × g is nonsingular, we can identify g and g*, which we shall do whenever it is convenient.
Order of the ilv genes of Salmonella montevideo.

Ilv mutants of aSalmonella typhimurium-Salmonella montevideo hybrid were used in cotransduction studies to obtain evidence for the order of theilv genes ofS. montevideo. The following order, which is the same as that previously reported forS. typhimurium, is derived:ilvE-ilvD-ilvA-ilvC.
6-Arylthio-3-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-diones potently inhibited HIV reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H with antiviral activity.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains the only virally encoded enzymatic function not targeted by current drugs. Although a few chemotypes have been reported to inhibit HIV RNase H in biochemical assays, their general lack of significant antiviral activity in cell culture necessitates continued efforts in identifying highly potent RNase H inhibitors to confer antiviral activity. We report herein the design, synthesis, biochemical and antiviral evaluations of a new 6-arylthio subtype of the 3-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (HPD) chemotype. In biochemical assays these new analogues inhibited RT RNase H in single-digit nanomolar range without inhibiting RT polymerase (pol) at concentrations up to 10 μM, amounting to exceptional biochemical inhibitory selectivity. Many analogues also inhibited integrase strand transfer (INST) activity in low to sub micromolar range. More importantly, most analogues inhibited HIV in low micromolar range without cytotoxicity. In the end, compound 13j (RNase H IC50 = 0.005 μM; RT pol IC50 = 10 μM; INST IC50 = 4.0 μM; antiviral EC50 = 7.7 μM; CC50 > 100 μM) represents the best analogues within this series. These results characterize the new 6-arylthio-HPD subtype as a promising scaffold for HIV RNase H inhibitor discovery.
Shallow landslides predisposing and triggering factors in developing a regional early warning system

Landslides are the most dangerous and common natural phenomena causing higher number of victims and damages in Piemonte (north-western Italy). An integrated statistical approach to identify the main predisposing and triggering factor causing shallow landslides occurrence based on a large dataset of historical rainfall-induced shallow landslides and a long-time series of rainfall data is presented. Historical shallow landslide events were compared with territorial and rainfall characteristics. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) has been performed in order to explore the spatial distributions of landslides with the environmental quantitative variables (morphometry and rainfall) to identify possible patterns of spatial autocorrelation. ESDA showed strong autocorrelation of landslide locations with rainfall variables, while resulting in low values for morphometric parameters at the investigated scale. Moreover, by intersecting landslides distribution with categorical land thematic parameters (land thematic maps) allowed to identify areas with different landslide density occurrence. Resulting susceptibility-related areas were used to improve the landslides regional Early Warning System of Piemonte based on refined empirical intensity vs duration (I-D) rainfall thresholds.
Methodological Intercomparisons of Station-Based Gridded Meteorological Products: Utility, Limitations, and Paths Forward

AbstractThis study presents a gridded meteorology intercomparison using the State of Hawaii as a testbed. This is motivated by the goal to provide the broad user community with knowledge of interpr...
Statistical Modeling of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel 304: Microstructure and Fatigue

Single-bead walls were fabricated using stainless steel (SS) 304 wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The primary objective is to statistically characterize critical material properties of t...
Assimilation of Remotely Sensed Leaf Area Index into the Noah-MP Land Surface Model: Impacts on Water and Carbon Fluxes and States over the Continental United States

AbstractAccurate representation of vegetation states is required for the modeling of terrestrial water–energy–carbon exchanges and the characterization of the impacts of natural and anthropogenic v...