cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Does Not Impact Mortality in Acute Ischemic Stroke at Any Time Point up to 6 Months: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

Concerns about the harms of intravenous alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) continue to deter physicians from treating patients with acute ischemic stroke with the only drug proven to positively impact outcomes and reduce disability. Recent literature indicates an increase in mortality with alteplase within 7 days, an effect that does not persist from 3 months onwards. The objective of this meta-analysis was to pool mortality estimates from randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) at 7 days, 30 days, 90 days, and 6 months after stroke onset. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CENTRAL, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched through to April 2014, using “hedges” for tissue plasminogen activator, acute ischemic stroke, and placebo. Two independent authors abstracted data and assessed study quality. Data were pooled using Dersimonian and Laird’s random effects model. Eleven RCTs (n = 6905) were included in the final analysis. Two authors independently performed study selection and data abstraction. There was no publication bias and total variance attributable to heterogeneity was not significant (I 2 < 50 %) at any time point. There was no difference in mortality between alteplase and placebo groups at any time point. Trials that randomized patients beyond 3 h (excluded patients within the 3-h window) did not drive the mortality difference seen at any time point. Exclusion sensitivity analysis revealed that exclusion of the NINDS trial rendered the 7-day difference significant towards increased mortality with alteplase. Quality adjustment did not alter the results. Intravenous alteplase did not impact mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke at any of the measured time points up to 6 months (i.e., there was no increase in the risk of death with alteplase). Therefore, intravenous alteplase should be given to all eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke to improve long-term neurologic outcomes. The effects of alteplase on early survival are more complex than previously understood.
Chilling Tolerance Improving of Watermelon Seedling by Salicylic Acid Seed and Foliar Application

Chilling temperatures lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of chilling-sensitive plants and result in chilling injury and death of tropical and subtropical plants such as watermelon. In this study, the possibility of cold stress tolerance enhancing of watermelon seedling (Citrullus lanatus) by exogenous application of Salicylic acid (SA) was investigated. SA was applied through seed soaking or foliar spray at 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM concentration. After SA treatment, the seedlings were subjected to chilling 5 h/ day at 4°C for 5 days. Statistical analysis showed significant effects of the application methods and SA concentrations on plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, proline and chilling injury index. SA application improved growth parameters and increased chlorophyll content of watermelon seedling subjected to chilling stress and provided significant protection against chilling stress compared to non-SA-treated seedlings. Although two SA application methods improved chilling stress tolerance, seed soaking method provided better protection compared to foliar spray method. SA ameliorated the injury caused by chilling stress via inhibiting proline accumulation and leaf electrolyte leakage. The highest cold tolerance was obtained with 0.5 mM SA application. Results indicate that SA could be used effectively to protect watermelon seedling from damaging effects of chilling stress at the early stages of growth.
One cause, two paths: Militant vs. adjustive strategies in the British and American women's suffrage movements

Although the suffrage movement in Britain and the United States shared a common goal and collaborated in an international effort to enfranchise women, they differed in rhetorical tone and protest tactics. This essay examines the ideological and material conditions that led to the strategic use of militancy by the British suffrage movement and non‐violence by its American counterpart. It further explores the role of class in shaping early women's movement rhetoric.
Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence Dissipation and Stochastic Proton Acceleration in Solar Flares

The Alfven and fast magnetosonic wave MHD modes can stochastically accelerate protons from super-Alfvenic to ultrarelativistic energies in solar flares. It is the Landau resonance, however, which generates most of the magnetosonic wave energy being dissipated on electron heating rather than on stochastic proton acceleration. Alfven waves are also subject to a nonlinear wave-particle interaction, and nonlinear Landau damping can selectively and efficiently heat the ambient protons to preaccelerate many to super-Alfvenic speeds. A spectrum of Alfven waves can therefore energize protons from low-temperature thermal to ultrarelativistic energies through a combination of linear and nonlinear particle-wave interactions.
Bariatric surgery history among substance abuse treatment patients: prevalence and associated features

Abstract Background In 2006, Brighton Hospital (Brighton, Michigan), a comprehensive substance abuse treatment facility, began observing increasing admissions who reported a history of bariatric surgery. Data on the magnitude of this postoperative outcome is lacking. The hospital instituted procedures to better track this variable in the electronic medical records at admission to estimate the prevalence of bariatric surgery history among substance abuse treatment admissions. Methods The data analyzed for the present report included the electronic medical record data obtained from 7199 patients admitted from 2006 to 2009 and the chart review data from 54 bariatric patients and 54 controls. Results The findings suggested that 2-6% of recent admissions were positive for a bariatric surgery history. The substance abuse treatment patients with a bariatric surgery history were significantly more likely to be women and nonsmokers. The bariatric and nonbariatric patients were equally likely to have been diagnosed with alcohol dependence; however, bariatric patients were significantly more likely to also have a diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal. Relative to the matched control cases, the alcohol-dependent bariatric patients reported consuming a significantly greater maximum quantity of drinks per drinking day. Conclusion A bariatric surgery history might be overrepresented in substance use programs and such patients' recovery efforts might pose unique challenges.
FLOODPLAIN VEGETATION AND SOILS ALONG THE UPPER SANTA ANA RIVER, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT The patterns of vegetation and soils were documented in an approximately 20 km2 area of fluvial terraces adjacent to the Santa Ana River in southwestern San Bernardino County, California. Within this area there are three terraces of differing elevations that were last disturbed during major flood events. The oldest terrace surfaces probably were last disturbed during the Agua Mansa flood of 1862, which disturbed or created many current geomorphic features of the Santa Ana River basin. The most recent disturbance of two other terraces was identified based on photographs of flooding events in 1938 and 1969. Principal component analysis identified three assemblages of species whose distribution corresponded to the three terraces that differed in elevation, soil texture, and age since last disturbance by flooding. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the assemblages identified by PCA were highly correlated with changes in soil texture and organic matter. The most reliable indicator species w...
Experimental object color unique hue data for the mean observer for color appearance modeling

Color appearance models, among other things, predict the hue of a stimulus when compared with defined stimuli that represent the four unique hues. Recent studies have indicated that the stimuli representing with high reliability unique hue (UH) percepts vary widely for different color-normal observers. The average yellow and blue UH stimuli for 102 observers, as determined in a recent experiment at medium chroma, differ considerably from the CIECAM02 defined unique hues, based on the Swedish NCS. Wide inter-observer variability precludes color appearance models from accurately predicting, for individual observers, all four unique hue stimuli. However, models should predict accurately those of a well-defined average observer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 505–506, 2008
Toward a conceptual foundation for service science: contributions from service-dominant logic

Advancing service science requires a service-centered conceptual foundation. Toward this goal, we suggest that an emerging logic of value creation and exchange called service-dominant logic is a more robust framework for service science than the traditional goods-dominant logic. The primary tenets of service-dominant logic are: (1) the conceptualization of service as a process, rather than a unit of output; (2) a focus on dynamic resources, such as knowledge and skills, rather than static resources, such as natural resources; and (3) an understanding of value as a collaborative process between providers and customers, rather than what producers create and subsequently deliver to customers. These tenets are explored and a foundational lexicon for service science is suggested.
Implications of Simultaneous Requirements for Low Noise Exchange Gates in Double Quantum Dots

Achieving low-error, exchange-interaction operations in quantum dots for quantum computing imposes simultaneous requirements on the exchange energy's dependence on applied voltages. A double quantum dot qubit, approximated with a quadratic potential, is solved using a full configuration interaction method. This method is more accurate than Heitler-London and Hund-Mulliken approaches and captures new and significant qualitative behavior. We show that multiple regimes can be found in which the exchange energy's dependence on the bias voltage between the dots is compatible with current quantum error correction codes and state-of-the-art electronics. Identifying such regimes may prove valuable for the construction and operation of quantum gates that are robust to charge fluctuations, particularly in the case of dynamically corrected gates.
GFR determined by nonradiolabeled iothalamate using capillary electrophoresis

Traditional measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinical practice include the measurement of serum creatinine or creatinine clearance. Increasing evidence concerning the limitation of these measurements in clinical practice and clinical trials has resulted in efforts to develop technologies that improve measurement of GFR. Recent efforts in that regard have used radioisotopic labeling of markers of GFR, such as 125I-iothalamate, and 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Limitations of these technologies include radiation exposure as well as cost considerations for the management of radioisotopes, including safety, disposal, mailing, and deteriorating activity that results in short shelf life. We report a test that used 0.5 mL Conray dye injected subcutaneously and subsequent measurement of the nonisotopic (cold) iothalamate by capillary electrophoresis in blood and urine. GFR using cold iothalamate compared with standard clearance using 125I-iothalamate was 0.99. The method is cost-effective and allows for avoiding exposure to isotopes, as well as problems such as the disposal and short shelf life of isotopes. This technology could allow for replacement of 125I-iothalamate as a marker for GFR.
Serotonin distribution in the nuclei of the rat hypothalamus and preoptic region

Abstract Serotonin was measured in individual nuclei of the rat hypothalamic and preoptic regions by a specific and sensitive enzymatic-isotopic technique. This amine was unevenly distributed throughout the areas examined. Highest serotonin concentrations were found in nuclei of the basal and posterior hypothalamus. The high concentration of serotonin in the hypothalamus and median eminence suggests that this amine plays a role in the regulation of neuroendocrine mechanisms.
Enophthalmos and Horner's Syndrome

To the Editor. —Although S. Weir Mitchell in 1864 1 and J. F. Horner in 1869 2 published the first descriptions of ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis, facial flushing, and enophthalmos attributed to interruption of ocular sympathetic innervation, some authors 3-4 have subsequently denied that enophthalmos is a reliable sign of Horner's syndrome, whereas others 5 have affirmed its frequent presence. To help resolve the persistent question of whether there really is a measurable enophthalmos, I studied 14 patients with acquired unilateral Horner's syndrome. Patients and Methods. •The presence of Horner's syndrome was ascertained by miosis, anisocoria greatest in the first 5 s of decreased illumination, ptosis, upsidedown ptosis of the lower lid, varying degrees of anhidrosis, and impaired dilation in response to 10% cocaine, if indicated. Localization proximal or distal to the superior cervical ganglion was established by clinical history, radiologie study if appropriate, and pupillary response to 1% hydroxyamphetamine
Lung to head ratio in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia does not predict long term pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract Purpose Lung-to-head ratio (LHR) has been used for antenatal evaluation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We hypothesized that LHR was predictive of acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension in infants with CDH. Methods Echocardiograms on all inborn infants with CDH (December 2001–March 2011) were reviewed. Echocardiograms at 1 and 3months post-repair and most recent follow-up were assessed for presence of pulmonary hypertension (PAH). LHR, gestational age, birth weight, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and death rate were obtained. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results 106 infants with CDH had LHR obtained at median 28weeks gestation (median LHR=1.25 [range 0.4–5.3]). Median follow-up was 26.6months (range 4.6–97.5). The long-term incidence of pulmonary hypertension was 16%. LHR was significantly associated with pulmonary hypertension at one month (p=0.0001) but not at 3months (p=0.22) or long-term (p=0.54). LHR was predictive of ECMO use (p=0.01) and death (p=0.001). Conclusions The overall incidence of PAH in infants with CDH decreases over time. Prenatal LHR predicts PAH at one month but not long-term in infants with CDH. The ability for LHR to predict PAH at one month but not long term may suggest remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature over time.
VHDL - Feature Description And Analysis

In the summer of 1981, the Institute for Defense Analysis arranged a workshop to initiate the development of requirements for a modern hardware description language. Much effort has since been expended developing those requirements and implementing a VHSIC hardware description language (or VHDL). VHSIC is a Department of Defense program dealing with very high speed integrated circuits. One part of this effort analyzed existing languages and their environments, extracting major advantages of each. This analysis sought to ensure that no current hardware description language capabilities had been overlooked in developing VHDL. We will present the features needed in a modern hardware description language, and describe eight hardware description languages?examining each to determine its features. We will also analyze VHDL with respect to the language features described.
Shedding light on foregrounds with new MWA and PAPER data

Significant effort has recently been turned to the problem of detecting and characterizing intergalactic hydrogen prior to its complete ionization by stars, occurring sometime before t=950Ma (z=6). The distribution of HI, visible in redshifted 21cm radio emission, is one of the few observables into the onset of non-linear structure leading to the birth of the first stars and galaxies. Before it was ionized by stellar UV radiation, HI was found throughout the universe, roughly tracing out the underlying matter distribution and temperature. HI 21cm emission from this epoch (6 < z < 12) is redshifted into the VHF radio band (100 < f < 200 MHz) and with a observer frequency depending on redshift/distance provides a fully three dimensional view. The emission is expected to have surface brightness of ∼25mK with a non-gaussian distribution and most power occurring on scales of 10cMpc.
Impact of saturn ring particles on pioneer 11.

The detection of particles near the rings of Saturn by the meteoroid detection instrument on board Pioneer 11 is discussed. The instrument consists of 234 penetration detectors, distributed between two independent data channels each of which is designed to become inhibited for a period of 77 min after the registration of a penetration event in that channel. At least four particles penetrated the detectors in the 4.5 h period around Saturn periapsis at radial distances between 1.36 and 3.1 Saturn radii, a radial distribution inconsistent with the gravitational focusing of meteoroids. The detection of particles which may have been part of the E ring before the crossing of the ring plane suggests that this ring may be 1800 km thick, with an optical thickness greater than 10 to the -8th.
Recombinant Bovine Interleukin-2 and Dry Cow Therapy: Efficacy to Cure and Prevent Intramammary Infections, Safety, and Effect on Gestation

Cows from eight commercial dairies were randomly assigned to intrammamary infusions of cephapirin or cephapirin plus interleukin-2 at the end of lactation. During the first phase of the trial, interleukin-2 was administered to 159 cows at a dose of 1 mg per gland by intracisternal infusion immediately after 300 mg of cephapirin were administered. One hundred sixty-one cows received infusions of a placebo (phosphate-buffered saline; PBS) immediately after cephapirin. In the second phase of the trial, 70 cows received 2 mg of interleukin-2 per gland, and 78 cows received the placebo. Cows were observed daily by the participating farmer for 72 h after infusion and also during routine feeding and care during the dry period and at calving. Potential side effects from udder infusions, particularly gross abnormalities of the udder and signs of systemic side effects were monitored. During the first phase, cure rates for intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus that were present at the end of lactation were 33.3% for quarters treated with cephapirin and 53.6% for quarters treated with cephapirin and interleukin-2. Cure rates did not differ between treatment groups for all other pathogens or during the second phase of the trial. The incidence of new intramammary infections during the dry period was not affected by intramammary infusion of interleukin-2. Eighteen of 229 (7.9%) cows treated with interleukin-2 aborted within 49 d of treatment compared with 4 of 239 (1.7%) cows treated with PBS. Eleven of the 18 (61.1%) abortions by cows treated with interleukin-2 occurred 3 to 7 d after infusion; none of the abortions by cows treated with PBS occurred until wk 7 after infusion.
Multivariate Discrete Hidden Markov Models for Domain-Based Measurements and Assessment of Risk Factors in Child Development

Many studies in the social and behavioral sciences involve multivariate discrete measurements, which are often characterized by the presence of an underlying individual trait, the existence of clusters such as domains of measurements, and the availability of multiple waves of cohort data. Motivated by an application in child development, we propose a class of extended multivariate discrete hidden Markov models for analyzing domain-based measurements of cognition and behavior. A random effects model is used to capture the long-term trait. Additionally, we develop a model selection criterion based on the Bayes factor for the extended hidden Markov model. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is used to illustrate the methods. Supplementary technical details and computer codes are available online.
A generalized 2D/3D progressive image coder based on 1D integer wavelet transformation

Images, 2D or 3D, are usually perceived or analyzed in their respective number of dimensions either in the spatial domain or frequency domain. 3D images such as volumetric data sets are important in many scientific and biomedical fields. To extend a 2D image compression coder to 3D, special care is often required. We are proposing a progressive lossy to lossless image coder that can be extended to multi-dimensions with minimum effort. Hilbert traversal enables us to transform a multi-dimensional signal to a 1D signal, thus 2D/3D images can be compressed in the same way. Only the traversal program needs to be modified for images in different dimensions. Hilbert traversal's locality and slow context change properties render a very compressible 1D signal. After integer wavelet transformation, the resulting wavelet coefficients are rearranged based on our new linearization algorithm. The most important information appears in the front of the data stream. Progressive image encoding/decoding, which is desired by many applications, is possible due to the linearization algorithm. The control data and wavelet coefficients are finally entropy coded to produce a compact data stream. Lossy and lossless image information is embedded in the same data stream.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Politics and Seattle's municipal light system

Movement for recall of Mayor Edwards grows from contest over Seattle's municipal light and power system. Policies regarding public ownership of other utilities are involved.
Central limit theorems of pedigrees

Two multivariate central limit theorems are proved for polygenic trait values over a pedigree or collection of pedigrees. These theorems presuppose Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium for all loci, absence of assortative mating and epistasis, and a small variance for each locus compared to the total variance over many loci. To prevent clustering of loci, an upper bound is also imposed on the number of loci per chromosome. In the case of zero dominance variance for each locus, arbitrary inbreeding is allowed. Otherwise inbreeding is not permitted. Further technical conditions are spelled out in the text.
Central and regional hemodynamic effects of oral enoximone in congestive heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Twelve patients with congestive heart failure underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled study for the purpose of examining the central and regional hemodynamic effects of first-dose (1 and 2 mg/kg) oral enoximone, a new phosphodiesterase III inhibitor. Enoximone augmented cardiac output, generally through a positive chronotropic response. Indices of left ventricular contractility, specifically stroke volume, delta P/delta t, fractional shortening rate, and the duration of the preejection period, were only modestly enhanced by enoximone. At 2 mg/kg, systemic vascular resistance fell below baseline values without affecting systemic blood pressure; these parameters were not altered by the 1 mg/kg dose. Both pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance dropped below baseline and below placebo control for the 2 mg/kg dose. Enoximone at 2 mg/kg lowered right and left heart filling pressures below baseline. Examination of regional hemodynamic responses to both doses demonstrated a reduction in limb vascular resistance and an increase in limb blood flow proportional to the concomitant increase in cardiac output. Renal and hepatic-splanchnic blood flow and vascular resistances were not altered by enoximone. First-dose oral enoximone (1 and 2 mg/kg) alters hemodynamics in heart failure by predominant vasodilatation, particularly of limb-musculoskeletal and pulmonary vascular beds, some positive chronotropism, and modest positive inotropism.
Introduction to the special section on information product markets

Advances in information technologies continue to profoundly change how information product markets are organized and how businesses and consumers interact through electronic market places. This special section offers five papers that analyze both theoretically and empirically the impact of technology change on business and consumers in the information and content goods industries.
Characteristics of swimming pools with high rates of objectively measured sunscreen use.

Background A combination of verbal reports, observations, and physical assessments can improve understanding of prevention programs. Objective Skin swabbing techniques were used to detect the presence of sunscreen as part of a sun protection measurement study at 16 swimming pools. Three pools demonstrated much higher sunscreen use (>95%) than the others (47.1%). This paper compares these three pools to the other 13 to examine whether they have common features and if different sources of data can help interpret the findings. Methods Data were collected from skin swabs detecting the presence of sunscreen; observations of participants; observations of pool environments; and surveys. Results Pool observations showed a higher use of shade structures, sun safety signs, and other supporting items at the three high–sunscreen use pools. These three pools had significantly more year-round and long-term employees than did the other 13 pools. Limitations Sunscreen characteristics could not be determined using the swabbing technique. Publicity about the study, or the weather, may have influenced behaviors at the pools. Conclusions Supportive environments were associated with consistent high levels of sunscreen use. This study also confirms the importance of using multiple data sources to interpret findings.
Bariatric Surgery: Prevalence, Predictors, and Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that can be treated with pharmacologic and/or lifestyle interventions, but in most cases it does not get cured. One of the few interventions, however, that can remit diabetes is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Approximately 63 % of patients undergoing RYGB surgery experience diabetes remission, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Some studies implicate enterohepatic pathways with bile acids, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) being the primary components. Here, we discuss these enterohepatic changes and highlight the roles of bile acids, FGF19, and GLP-1 in diabetes remission. We also describe how we can now actually predict, prior to surgery, the probability for remitting diabetes after RYGB surgery by using the DiaRem score. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms of diabetes remission by RYGB surgery could provide the basis for developing more effective interventions for curing the disease.
DASCO — a new classification method

Abstract Frank, I.E., 1988. DASCO — a new classification method. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 4: 215-222. A new classification method, called DASCO, is introduced and compared with discriminant analysis and SIMCA. After discussing the algorithmic similarities and differences of the three methods, their predictive capabilities are examined in a simulation study of 24 different data sets. Finally DASCO's performance is demonstrated on some chemical classification problems.
The influence of genetic ancestry and ethnicity on breast cancer survival associated with genetic variation in the TGF-β-signaling pathway: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation. We evaluated genetic variation in this pathway, its association with breast cancer survival, and survival differences by genetic ancestry and self-reported ethnicity. The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study includes participants from the 4-Corners Breast Cancer Study (n = 1,391 cases) and the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study (n = 946 cases) who have been followed for survival. We evaluated 28 genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway using a tagSNP approach. Adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) was used to test the gene and pathway significance by Native American (NA) ancestry and by self-reported ethnicity (non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic/NA). Genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway was associated with overall breast cancer survival (P ARTP = 0.05), especially for women with low NA ancestry (P ARTP = 0.007) and NHW women (P ARTP = 0.006). BMP2, BMP4, RUNX1, and TGFBR3 were significantly associated with breast cancer survival overall (P ARTP = 0.04, 0.02, 0.002, and 0.04, respectively). Among women with low NA, ancestry associations were as follows: BMP4 (P ARTP = 0.007), BMP6 (P ARTP = 0.001), GDF10 (P ARTP = 0.05), RUNX1 (P ARTP = 0.002), SMAD1 (P ARTP = 0.05), and TGFBR2 (P ARTP = 0.02). A polygenic risk model showed that women with low NA ancestry and high numbers of at-risk alleles had twice the risk of dying from breast cancer as did women with high NA ancestry. Our data suggest that genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway influences breast cancer survival. Associations were similar when the analyses were stratified by genetic ancestry or by self-reported ethnicity.
MSL cis-spreading from roX gene up-regulates the neighboring genes.

Abstract The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex in Drosophila melanogaster paints the male X chromosome in a manner that is both cis and trans to induce 2-fold hypertranscription of the X chromosome. To characterize the upregulation of gene expression by MSL cis -spreading, we measured the expressional change of neighboring genes by microarray when the genes were bound by MSL complexes that spread from an autosomal roX transgene. Genes within a 200 kb region that includes roX transgenes were upregulated concurrently with MSL cis -spreading. Conversely, there was almost no expressional change in genes from other regions. RT-PCR and ChIP analyses confirmed that the approximately 2-fold gene hypertranscription was due to MSL cis -spreading. We also demonstrated that upregulation of the neighboring gene could rescue haplo-insufficient phenotypes of the Minute mutant, such as short bristle, delayed adult eclosion and decreased viability. These results indicate that the hypertranscription by MSL cis -spreading is a general mechanism that occurs in several tissue types. Our molecular and genetic data suggest that cis -spreading of the MSL complex from high-affinity sites including the roX gene results in upregulation of the neighboring genes, which are targets for dosage compensation in the male X chromosome.
The Dilbert Syndrome: How Employee Cynicism about Ineffective Management is Changing the Nature of Careers in Organizations

The recent popularity of Scott Adams's “Dilbert” cartoon character highlights a phenomenon already palpably evident in business today: Many employees are highly cynical about the effectiveness of management and view large, bureaucratic organizations with disdain and contempt. This article explores the dynamics and implications of this change for how organizations and individuals manage careers. First, the article examines why individuals no longer desire organizationally based careers and why so many organizations are decreasing their number of permanent employees. Next, the chapter identifies the double binds created for individuals and organizations trying to manage careers during this transitional period. Finally, the article suggests how these short-term dislocations might resolve themselves into new models of career management for individuals and organizations alike.
A MEMS blue/green retroreflecting modulator for underwater optical communications

Short range, high bandwidth underwater optical communications links are potentially useful for retrieving stored information from underwater systems. However many underwater systems have limited power capacity or limited weight budget. The use of a modulating retroreflector eliminates the need for a transmitting laser on the data bearing platform and reduces the pointing requirements by retroreflecting the modulated light back to the interrogating source. Blue/green operation of a MEMS Fabry-Perot modulator was demonstrated at data rates of 500 kbps and 1 Mbps in a 7.7 meter tank with water conditions varied by the addition of Maalox as a scattering agent.
Materials for imaging acousto-optic tunable filters

Research and development of robust compact hyperspectral imagers that can acquire both spectral and spatial features from a scene of interest is of utmost importance for standoff detection of targets as well as chemical and biological agents and backgrounds. Hyperspectral imagers can acquire images with a large number of narrow spectral bands and take advantage of the characteristic spectral signatures of different materials making up the scene. At the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), we are developing hyperspectral imagers based on acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) that can provide adaptive no-moving-parts imagers from the ultraviolet (UV) to the long wave infrared (LWIR) to acquire a two-dimensional spectral image and build up a two-dimensional image cube as a function of time instead of using traditional grating or prism based approach that requires relative motion between sensor and scene. Here, we will review the development of different imaging AOTFs operating from the UV to the LWIR based on a variety of birefringent materials and include the spectral imaging carried out with these filters including both with single and double piezoelectric transducers. We will also include the theoretical background needed to carry out the filter design and discuss development of mercurous halide crystals that can be used to develop AOTFs operating over a wide spectral region from the visible to the LWIR.
The articulatory basis of babbling.

This article evaluates the “Frames, then Content” hypothesis for speech acquisition, which states that much of the patterning of babbling is a direct result of production of syllabic “Frames” by me...
An international accounting and auditing programme and certification in the Russian language

In the former Soviet Union (FSU), no independent professional certification of accountants and auditors existed. With the change towards a market economy, there has been an ongoing evaluation within the FSU countries regarding the need for a (Russian language) professional certification of accountants and auditors. To this extent in 2001, the International Council of Certified Accountants and Auditors (ICCAA) was formed. It is a federation of regional professional accountancy associations whose working language is Russian and whose goal is to attain the highest possible level of professionalism in its membership. The 13 founding accounting and auditing associations from Russia, Central Asia, and Ukraine agreed to adopt and mutually recognise a Russian Language Certified International Professional Accountant (CIPA) educational qualification requirement, exams, and certification. Its programme is fully compliant with IFAC, IASB/IFRS, and UNCTAD/ISAR concepts and norms, and should fill a major gap in the convergence of the former Soviet system with the international accounting and auditing system and standards.
The effect of diphenylhydantoin sodium (Dilantin) on myocardial contractility and hemodynamics

Abstract Dilantin, when administered intravenously, diluted in saline, resulted in a downward and leftward shift of the myocardial force-velocity relation, indicating depression of the myocardial contractile state. A marked fall in LV dp dt , tension time index, and peripheral vascular resistance also occurred. As a result of the opposing effects of depressed myocardial contractility and fall in peripheral resistance on ventricular ejection, fall in stroke volume and cardiac output was not significant. An increase in the dose of Dilantin from 5 to 10 mg. per kilogram resulted in a significantly greater fall in LV afterload, whereas the changes in velocity of shortening and stroke output were not significantly different. When Dilantin was injected undiluted as a bolus, the curve of fiber shortening became flat, there was a precipitate fall in LV systolic pressure, and a marked rise of LVEDP, indicating hypodynamic myocardial failure. These effects of Dilantin lasted from three to five minutes and a complete recovery was evident in 15 to 20 minutes.
Succinct certificates for the solvability of binary quadratic Diophantine equations

Binary quadratic Diophantine equations are of interest from the viewpoint of computational complexity theory. This class of equations includes as special cases many of the known examples of natural problems apparently occupying intermediate stages in the P − NP hierarchy, i.e., problems not known to be solvable in polynomial time nor to be NP-complete, for example the problem of factoring integers. Let L(F) denote the length of the binary encoding of the binary quadratic Diophantine equation F given by ax 2 +bx1x2+cx 2 +dx1+ex2+f = 0. Suppose F is such an equation having a nonnegative integer solution. This paper shows that there is a proof (i.e., “certificate”) that F has such a solution which can be checked in O(L(F) 5 logL(F)log logL(F)) bit operations. A corollary of this result is that the set � = {F : F has a nonnegative integer solution} is in
The Hippocampus in Ancient Art

REPRODUCTIONS of early figures of the common Mediterranean species of Hippocampus have been published by Prof. Raymond Osburn in the Zoological Bulletin for March, 1915, and also by the present writer in the annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for the same year.
Multiplexed Mach-Zehnder ladder array with ten sensor elements

We report the first experimental demonstration of a tenelement interferometric fibre sensor array. The system topology is based on a ladder network of Mach-Zehnder sensor elements which are time-division multiplexed. Phase shift detection sensitivities ranging from 12 to 18μrad/√Hz at a frequency of 1 kHz are reported for the array.
Equilibrium and angular momentum transfer in deeply inelastic heavy ion reactions

Abstract An equilibrium probability density for angular momentum transfer is derived by considering the microscopic degrees of freedom of two colliding heavy ions each described by a Fermi gas model. Quite different results are obtained when this density is used to predict angular momentum transfer assuming initial angular momentum fixed and final energy fixed. The predictions with final energy fixed are in good agreement with experiment. This agreement provides supporting evidence that a degree of equilibrium is established.
Acetylcholine receptor-enriched membrane vesicles in response to ethanol: Activity and microcalorimetric studies

Abstract The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-enriched membrane vesicles isolated from electric organ of Torpedo californica exhibited a biphasic response to ethanol action. Below an ethanol concentration of 35 mM, AChE activity increased with increasing concentration of ethanol. At ethanol concentrations greater than 35 mM, the activity was found to decrease montonically. In contrast, ethanol (35–400 mM) increased the activity of soluble AChE. This biphasic behavior was consistent with the proposed important role of ethanol-membrane interaction. Microcalorimetric measurements revealed that the enthalpy change in acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis reaction was 586 J/mol in association with membrane-bound AChE in AChR-enriched membrane vesicles, as compared to −544 J/mol with the isolated soluble AChE. This discrepancy was attributed to the presence of membranes. Unlike its action on the enzyme activity, ethanol did not affect the enthalpy change in ACh hydrolysis reaction catalysed by either membrane-bound or soluble AChE. Comparison of results on activity and heat measurements suggested that the interaction of ethanol with membrane vesicles was nonspecific with no ethanol-induced membrane structural or conformational change.
The Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661-1662

During 1661 and 1662 Scotland experienced one of the largest witch hunts in its history. Within the space of sixteen months no fewer than 660 persons were publicly accused of various acts of sorcery and diabolism. The hunt began to the east of Edinburgh in the villages and small burghs of Midlothian and East Lothian, where 206 individuals were named as witches between April and December 1661. The hunt did not remain restricted to that area, however, as the privy council busily issued commissions to local authorities throughout the country to try suspected witches. We do not know how many people were executed during the hunt, but the report of John Ray, the English naturalist, that 120 were believed to have been burned during his visit to Scotland suggests that the total number was substantial. It is true that some of the witches tried in the justiciary court (the central Scottish criminal court, also known as the justice court) were acquitted, and a number of those who were simply named as accomplices never actually came to trial. This should in no way, however, detract from the size and importance of the hunt. At no other time in Scottish history, with the possible exception of 1597, were so many people accused of witchcraft within such a brief period of time. Indeed, the hunt, which involved four times the number of persons accused of witchcraft at Salem in 1692, was comparable to the large witch hunts that occurred on the European continent during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
High pressure experimental studies on the mineralogical constitution of the lower crust

Abstract Diorite and gabbroic anorthosite have been proposed as two possible overall compositions constituting the lower crust. The mineral assemblages stable in these compositions under anhydrous conditions at temperatures of 900–1200 °C and pressures of up to 36 kb have been determined. The low pressure mineralogy is dominated by plagioclase, with subordinate pyroxene and minor quartz. With increasing pressure garnet appears, and garnet, quartz and clinopyroxene form at the expense of plagioclase. Finally at pressures greater than 20 kb at 900–1200 °C plagioclase disappears and the high pressure assemblage consists of clinopyroxene+quartz(coesite)+garnet+K-feldspar ± kyanite(?). Extrapolating the experimental results to P - T conditions predicted for a stable, anhydrous lower crust and calculation of compressional wave velocities for these compositions supports the models of a lower crust composed of diorite or gabbroic anorthosite, where the mineralogy of these compositions consists of clinopyroxene, sodic plagioclase and subordinate quartz, garnet.
Confocal microscopy of corneal penetration by tarantula hairs

In vivo identification of foreign bodies in the cornea may be impossible if the size and/or location precludes visualization by slit lamp biomicroscopy, which has an upper limit of magnification of 50x. These limitations became obvious when we attempted to identify the offending material in the inflamed eye of a patient who complained of foreign body sensation after contact with a pet tarantula. As a model of this clinical situation, we used a newly developed tandem scanning confocal microscope to observe and to photograph tarantula hairs as they penetrated the corneal stroma and endothelium and entered the anterior chamber in rabbit eyes. We found that, experimentally, the hairs penetrated the ocular tissues apparently without inciting inflammation or causing fibrosis. The instrument we used--a prototype with a Nipkow disk from Noran, Inc. (Middleton, Wis.) and a 25/0.8 na glycerin immersion lens (Plan-Neofluor, Zeiss)--provides magnifications of 100-500x, real-time viewing in vivo, optical sectioning, contrast control, high resolution, processing through image analysis systems, and video and hard copy output. We believe that confocal microscopy offers a new approach to the identification and localization of foreign bodies in the anterior segment, as well as to the visualization and diagnosis of ocular diseases, including bacterial, fungal, and other parasitic invasions, in the human eye. Language: en
An ACM executive committee position on the crisis in experimental computer science

The following is the text of a letter commenting on the Feldman Report sent to Dr. Richard C. Atkinson, Director of the National Science Foundation, and other Administration and Congressional officials.
The stability of the deterministic Skorokhod problem is undecidable

The Skorokhod problem arises in studying reflected Brownian motion (RBM) and the associated fluid model on the non-negative orthant. This problem specifically arises in the context of queueing networks in the heavy traffic regime. One of the key problems is that of determining, for a given deterministic Skorokhod problem, whether for every initial condition all solutions of the problem staring from the initial condition are attracted to the origin. The conditions for this attraction property, called stability, are known in dimension up to three, but not for general dimensions. In this paper we explain the fundamental difficulties encountered in trying to establish stability conditions for general dimensions. We prove the existence of dimension $$d_0$$d0 such that stability of the Skorokhod problem associated with a fluid model of an RBM in dimension $$d\ge d_0$$d?d0 is an undecidable property, when the starting state is a part of the input. Namely, there does not exist an algorithm (a constructive procedure) for identifying stable Skorokhod problem in dimensions $$d\ge d_0$$d?d0.
Factorial structure of a measure of acculturation in a Puerto Rican population

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Cultural Life Style Inventory (CLSI), a measure of acculturation administered to 402 Puerto Rican college students. The data were analyzed to examine the factorial composition and internal consistency of the CLSI, and they were compared with previous findings with Mexican Americans. Results of the factor analysis revealed high factorial stability for Puerto Rican students. Consistent with previous findings, five interpretable factors emerged with Cronbach alpha estimates for each of the factors ranging from high to moderate. The reliability coefficient for the total scale was.82. The factor structure of the CLSI in this study included some similarities and differences between this sample and the Mexican American samples used in developing the scale. The factorial structure of the CLSI provided support for the multidimensionality of the scale and the construct of acculturation. The obtained results provided evidence supporting the validity of the scale for Puerto Rican college students.