cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CDK4-6 inhibitors in breast cancer: current status and future development.

Introduction: Aberrant cellular proliferation due to dysregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) retinoblastoma (Rb)-pathway occurs in several cancers. Selective inhibition of CDK4/6 is an a...
Initial Aggregation and Ordering Mechanism of Diphenylalanine from Microsecond All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Self-assembled diphenylalanine (FF) nanostructures have recently been demonstrated to be interesting materials for antibacterial and anticancer applications. These applications, among others, seek to take advantage of the high-order and resulting appealing physical properties of FF nanostructures by modifying the peptide in some way to achieve specific functionality. To rationally design modifications to the dipeptide that allow for this behavior, the driving forces of FF self-assembly must be understood. Molecular simulations have been utilized to assess these properties but have yielded conflicting conclusions due to inconsistencies in models chosen as well as the lack of quantitative analyses on the specific driving forces. Here, we present an all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics-based study on different length scales of FF aggregation. We utilize a free energy decomposition analysis as well as a dimer cluster analysis to identify the initial aggregation driving force to be FF intermolecular electrostatics, whereas solvent-mediated forces drive crystal growth. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that all hydrophobic dipeptides will have a similar initial aggregation mechanism until a critical aggregate size is reached, at which point crystallization occurs and subsequent crystal growth is dominated by solvent-mediated forces. We demonstrate that this proposed mechanism is testable by infrared spectroscopy focusing on the blueshift of the amide I peak as well as the ordering of the carboxylate peak.
A tri-layer approach to controlling nanopore formation in oxide supports

A novel tri-layer approach for immobilizing metal nanoparticles in SiO2 supports is presented. In this work, we show that under rapid heating to temperatures of approximately 1,000 °C, metal nanoparticles less than 15 nm in size will entrench in the SiO2 layer on a silicon wafer to create pores as deep as 250 nm. We studied and characterized this entrenching behavior and subsequent nanopore formation for a wide variety of metal nanoparticles, including Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, and Cu. We also demonstrate that an Al2O3 layer acts as a barrier to such pore formation. Thus, by creating a tri-layer architecture consisting of SiO2 on Al2O3 on silicon wafers, we can control the depth to which nanoparticles entrench between 3–5 nm. This small range allows one to entrench particles for the purpose of immobilization but still present them above the surface. The two advances of moving into the sub-15 nm size regime and of controlled particle immobilization through entrenchment have important implications in studying site-isolated and stabilized metal nanoparticles for applications in sensing, separations, and catalysis.
Applying AHP in Conflict Resolution

The current failure to resolve conflicts worldwide highlights the need for a different approach to conflict resolution. A new International Center for Conflict Resolution (IC4CR), to be housed in the Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business, was funded by the University of Pittsburgh Chancellor Patrick Gallagher in response to a proposal by professors Luis Vargas and Jerry Zoffer. The mission of IC4CR is to provide decision makers with an in-depth understanding of the negotiating positions of all parties and recommend implementation guidelines, based on preferences and priorities, to facilitate resolution of otherwise intractable conflicts. We propose to implement this mission by conducting studies of diplomatic and corporate conflicts using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Standard screening methods underreport AAV-mediated transduction and gene editing

Conventional methods to discern adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector transduction patterns are based on high, stable expression of a reporter gene. As a consequence, conventionally described tropisms omit cell types that undergo transient transduction, or have low but undetectable levels of reporter expression. This creates a blind spot for AAV-based genome editing applications because only minimal transgene expression is required for activity. Here, we use editing-reporter mice to fill this void. Our approach sensitively captures both high and low transgene expression from AAV vectors. Using AAV8 and other serotypes, we demonstrate the superiority of the approach in a side-by-side comparison with traditional methods, demonstrate numerous, previously unknown sites of AAV targeting, and better predict the gene editing footprint after AAV-CRISPR delivery. We anticipate that this system, which captures the full spectrum of transduction patterns from AAV vectors in vivo, will be foundational to current and emerging AAV technologies.
The Impact of Particle Size on TCLP Extraction of Cement-Stabilized Metallic Wastes

EPA has introduced the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) in rulemakings associated with the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984. Limited ruggedness testing has evaluated the method's sensitivity to some test variables but has not addressed the effect of waste particle size. The TCLP method specifies a maximum particle size (9.5 mm sieve opening) and sets no lower limit.
Asymmetric second generation genomic incompatibility in interspecific crosses between Ciona robusta and Ciona intestinalis

Reproductive isolation is central to speciation, but interspecific crosses between two closely related species can produce viable and fertile hybrids. Two different species in the tunicate genus Ciona, Ciona robusta and Ciona intestinalis can produce hybrids. However, wild sympatric populations display limited gene flow, suggesting the existence of obstacles to interspecific reproduction that remain unknown. Here, we took advantage of a closed inland culture system to cross C. robusta with C. intestinalis and established F1 and F2 hybrid strains. We monitored post-embryonic development, survival, and sexual maturation to further probe the physiological mechanisms underlying reproductive isolation. Partial viability of first and second generation hybrids showed that both pre- and postzygotic mechanisms contributed to genomic incompatibilities in hybrids, and asymmetrical second generation inviability and infertility suggested that interspecific genomic incompatibilities involved interactions between the maternal, zygotic and mitochondrial genomes during development. This study paves the way to quantitative genetic approaches to study the mechanisms underlying genomic incompatibilities and other complex traits in the genome-enabled Ciona model.
The World Imagined: Collective Beliefs and Political Order in the Sinocentric, Islamic and Southeast Asian International Societies

Taking an inter-disciplinary approach, Spruyt explains the political organization of three non-European international societies from early modernity to the late nineteenth century. The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires; the Sinocentric tributary system; and the Southeast Asian galactic empires, all which differed in key respects from the modern Westphalian state system. In each of these societies, collective beliefs were critical in structuring domestic orders and relations with other polities. These multi-ethnic empires allowed for greater accommodation and heterogeneity in comparison to the homogeneity that is demanded by the modern nation-state. Furthermore, Spruyt examines the encounter between these non-European systems and the West. Contrary to unidirectional descriptions of the encounter, these non-Westphalian polities creatively adapted to Western principles of organization and international conduct. By illuminating the encounter of the West and these Eurasian polities, this book serves to question the popular wisdom of modernity, wherein the Western nation-state is perceived as the desired norm, to be replicated in other polities.
Abstract PR01: Novel role of ketone body metabolism in acquired gemcitabine resistance

Urinary bladder cancer accounts for 81,000 new cases per year and 4.7% of the new cancer diagnosis in the US. Even though most of the patients suffer from noninvasive lesions, around 70% will recur following surgical intervention. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin is a common treatment option for recurrent disease; however, 60% of the patients will relapse due to resistance. Gemcitabine is a synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside prodrug, without a known mechanism for resistance. In examining mechanisms of resistance, we identified ketone body metabolism to be important. OXCT1, a rate-limiting enzyme in ketone metabolism, was found to be highly associated with bladder cancer death—Hoglund et al, P = 2.3 × 10-3 and TCGA, P = 6.5 × 10-4. We measured the expression of OXCT1 in RT4, UMUC3, T24, and 5637 bladder cancer cell lines and observed that expression correlated with gemcitabine resistance. The generation of gemcitabine resistance of otherwise sensitive 5637 cells (5637GR) resulted in elevation of OXCT1 expression, as well as PGC1a and SIRT1 involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Conversely, the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of OXCT1 was able to sensitize inherently resistant UMUC3 and generated 5637GR lines. Given that OXCT1 is a rate-limiting enzyme in ketone metabolism, we evaluated oxygen consumption rate among parental and resistant cells with Seahorse. Surprisingly, resistant cells were found to be metabolically quiescent. We evaluated the role OXCT1 has on cancer stemness through sphere-forming assays (hanging drop and forced floating methods) to reveal that the OXCT1-KO lines had reduced spheres compared to their parental lines. We identified bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling to be induced in promoting SOX9 expression, in OXTC1-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis further corroborated the novel role of ketone metabolism in stemness and therapeutic resistance. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B28. Citation Format: Krizia Rohena-Rivera, Neil Bhowmick. Novel role of ketone body metabolism in acquired gemcitabine resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
A Rare Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Mutation Associated With Typical Cystic Fibrosis in an Arab Child

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive genetic disorder, inherited by the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and more frequently seen in the Caucasian population with a carrier rate of 1:29 in Caucasian-Americans. Over 1800 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations have been identified so far and the delta F 508 del mutation is the most common mutation. Gene sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis can detect mutations in 99% of people with a clinical diagnosis of CF. However, diagnostic testing can be challenging, as screening tests may be inconclusive and the routine gene mutation panel analysis may be negative due to some rare or undocumented mutations. We report a case of a two-year-old boy of Palestinian-Lebanese descent, with a history of raised immunoreactive trypsin test (IRT), positive sweat test, and phenotypical CF manifestations, found to have rare CF apparent homozygous CFTR (NM_000492.3) variant, c.3623del (p.Gly1208AlafsX3). In our case, genetic testing for 139 mutations done in Germany could not identify any defect. Only CFTR gene sequencing identified the above pathogenic variant. This reinforces the practice for a broad range of CFTR mutation analyses to detect ethnic-specific rare variants. This is the second case of this particular genetic mutation identified and the first to be reported in detail.
Lose Weight to Donate: Development of a Program to Optimize Potential Donors With Hepatic Steatosis or Obesity for Living Liver Donation.

Background Living donor liver transplantation offers an attractive option to reduce the waitlist mortality. However, in recent years, the rising prevalence of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has posed a serious threat to the donor pool while simultaneously increasing demand for liver transplant. To our knowledge, there have been no major published studies in the United States documenting a diet and exercise intervention to expand the living donor pool. Hereby, we established a pilot program called "Lose Weight to Donate" and present our initial experience. Methods Our center instituted a remotely monitored diet and exercise pilot program to increase eligibility for living liver donation. Potential donors with any of the following were included: body mass index >30 kg/m2, hepatic steatosis >5% on screening MRI, or isolated hypertension. Results Over 19 mo, 7 individuals enrolled in the program of remote monitoring for at least 6-8 wk. Initial and follow-up abdominal MRI was performed in 5 of these individuals to assess steatosis, anatomy, and volume. Initial steatosis was highly variable (fat signal fraction range, 8%-26%). Follow-up MRI fat signal fraction values and hepatic volume all decreased to varying degrees. Ultimately, 2 of 7 individuals donated, whereas a third was approved, but the intended recipient was transplanted in the interim. Conclusions These results indicate the feasibility of a remotely monitored program to expand donation in light of the rising incidence of hepatic steatosis and obesity.
Application of QP Theory to Process Control - An Example

We now present an extended example, a model of a furnace for a continuous-flow chemical process. Figure 4.1 shows a simplified chemical furnace in which reactants in particulate form enter from the left-hand top port and react when heated to the proper temperature within the furnace. The product collects in the bottom of the furnace, and an off-gas is produced as a by-product, which exits out the top right port. We can imagine for the moment that this is a batch process, and, when the furnace is full of product, it is shut down and emptied by a process not shown here. We are interested in control of industrial processes like this; in particular, we would like to determine what kinds of things might be happening in this situation and the response the furnace would make to various control actions we might take.
The fear of food measure: a novel measure for use in exposure therapy for eating disorders.

Objective Exposure therapy for mealtime anxiety has preliminarily been effective at increasing food intake and decreasing anxiety in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). To enhance our knowledge of exposure therapy for AN researchers and clinicians need a comprehensive measure that assesses outcomes relevant to exposure therapy for AN. Method In the current four studies we developed Fear of Food Measure (FOFM) that assesses three cognitive and behavioral outcomes: trait anxiety about eating, food avoidance behaviors, and feared concerns related to eating. Results In a community (N = 399) and undergraduate female sample (N = 203) the FOFM exhibited a good three-factor structure and convergent and divergent validity. In a sample of women (N = 72) we showed that the anxiety about eating subscale significantly predicted in vivo food intake over and above other established predictors of eating (e.g., restraint). In a clinical sample diagnosed with an eating disorder (N = 41) we showed that anxiety about eating was associated with food intake and anxiety during an exposure meal and that all subscales of the FOFM significantly decreased over the course of a four-session exposure intervention. Finally, we found that participants diagnosed with an eating disorder had higher levels of fear of food than did matched controls (N = 23). Discussion The FOFM is a psychometrically valid measure that can assess if patients are improving while undergoing exposure therapy and could be used to pinpoint problematic behaviors that can be addressed in exposure therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:271–283
Speed-area trade-off for 10 to 100 Gbits/s throughput AES processor

This paper explores the area-throughput trade-off for an ASIC implementation of the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Three different pipelined implementations of the AES algorithm are presented which provide a throughput range between 15.7 to 77.6 Gbits/s with an area cost of 116 to 473 Kgates. Therefore, the AES algorithm in the counter mode of operation can be used to generate cryptographically secure pseudorandom numbers at a throughput rate of multiten Gbits/s. Thus it becomes available for encryption on an optical link.
Women's Ways: The Impact of Job Status in the Organization on Women's Management Styles

We examined the degree to which differences in women's conflict styles can be attributed to status in the organization. Differential use of competing strategies was clearly linked to organizational status, while status differences in the use of accommodation, collaboration, avoidance, and compromise were less strong. Managers and women with more education preferred to compete in conflict encounters, using avoidance and collaboration much less as a strategy to resolve conflicts. Older women, nonmanagers, and women with only a high-school education used accommodating and compromising strategies, rather than competition, to resolve conflicts.
Passage repetition and presentation time in connected discourse learning

Subjects learned a 25-word passage of connected discourse. The learning conditions consisted of a factorial combination of three total presentation times (30, 45, and 60 sec) and three conditions of repetition (one, three, and five). Significant presentation time effects were produced because of the extremely rapid rate of presentation under the five-repetition condition. This condition also masked the previously found superiority of the repetition effect.
Focus on endometrial and cervical cancer

Significant progress has been made toward understanding of HPV pathogenesis, innovative screening techniques, vaccine development, and effective cervical cancer therapies. However, many challenges related to research into HPV pathogenesis remain to be addressed: (1) characterization of risk factors leading to persistent HPV infection, (2) identification of biomarkers that contribute to the risk of HPV-positive women for progression to HSIL and cervical cancer, (3) elucidation of the roles of known and suspected environmental cofactors, (4) determination of the relevance of the different strains and variants of HPV viral types, and (5) characterization of other important factors, such as the immune responses against HPV infections and the interaction between the host and virus. Regarding screening for cervical cancer, further research should be focused on determining how new cervical screening technologies (such as HPV testing and liquid based cytology) compare to conventional screening systems for reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality in multiple international settings. In terms of HPV vaccine development, more extensive prophylactic vaccine (such as VLPs) trials are necessary to confirm efficacy, duration of protection, and the possibility of crossprotection. Furthermore, therapeutic HPV vaccines should be tested in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy. Increased understanding of these issues could lead to better management of cervical cancer through control of HPV infection and HPV-associated lesions.
Internal wave variability in the Beaufort Sea during the winter of 1993/1994

[1] Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations were obtained at the Sea Ice Mechanics Initiative Ice Camp as it drifted through the Beaufort Sea over the winter of 1993–1994. In this paper, the variability of the internal wave field is examined. Initially (December 1993–January 1994), the camp drifted westward through the central Canada Basin (75°N, 139°–153°W). Numerous anticyclonic baroclinic eddies were encountered. Internal wave energy levels averaged 1/25 of the Garrett-Munk (GM) standard. Shear variance averaged 1/17 GM. During February–March 1994, the camp drifted meridionally along 156°W (near the Northwind Ridge), reversing direction several times. Large baroclinic vortices were not detected. Internal wave energy levels were significantly greater during this period, peaking at 1/6 GM. Shear variance peaked at 1/3 GM. The waves were predominantly near inertial, resulting from three distinct surface generation events. Downward vertical energy fluxes ranged from typical values of 0.02 mW/m2 to a peak value of 0.15 mW/m2. Two thirds of the downward flux was associated with waves of vertical scale greater than 55 m; the remainder with smaller-scale waves. Upward energy fluxes ranged from 0.02 mW/m2 (typical) to 0.10 mW/m2 (peak), supported almost entirely by the larger-scale waves. High ice-water relative velocities (atmospheric storms), accompanied by ice deformation, appear to be necessary, but not sufficient, to assure a downward propagating wave generation event. The highly variable mesoscale has a significant effect on the near-inertial wave field propagation. The data suggest that the vertical propagation of near-inertial waves is strongly affected by the depth variation of the vertical component of mesoscale vorticity. The large Beaufort Sea vortices appear to have a dual effect on the wave field. Enhanced vertical propagation speed (and decreased energy density) is found in the negative vorticity cores. Propagation into the positive vorticity regions surrounding the cores is inhibited. The increase in wave energy experienced as the ice camp left the central Beaufort Sea is jointly associated with the passage of storms and the absence of large baroclinic vortices over the Northwind Ridge.
The crystal structure of B 5 H 9 below the 136.7 K phase transition

Abstract On cooling through the 136.7 K phase transition the tetragonal unit cell of B 5 H 9 transforms to a tetragonal cell whose a and b axes correspond to the ab diagonals of the high temperature cell, and the c -axis is doubled. The low temperature cell contains 8 molecules, a = b =10.201(5), c =9.996(5), space group P4 1 . The crystals are twinned, with equal contributions of P4 1 and P4 3 . There are two crystallographically independent molecules, both conforming to C 4v symmetry, within experimental error.
Cervicofacial emphysema after air blown into a periodontal pocket: a case report

This paper describes an instantaneous cervicofacial emphysema after use of compressed air blown into a periodontal pocket from a standard dental unit syr­ inge. An abnormal accumulation of air or gases in lung alveoli is designated pul­ monary emphysema and in subcutaneous tissues, interstitial emphysema.1 The lat­ ter usually occurs as a result of surgery or traum a when air is forceably intro­ duced through a break in the tissues.
The sequence and structure of a new serum amyloid A gene

The acute phase response is characterized by changes in the serum concentrations of many proteins. A 1000-fold increase in the concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein occurs within 24 hours of LPS injection in the mouse. We have isolated a cDNA clone and its corresponding genomic phage for a third, previously unreported SAA protein. The sequence of the cDNA, the gene's exons and neighboring DNA are presented along with the mapping evidence supporting the gene structure.
Detection of flagellar antigen ofCampylobacter jejuni andCampylobacter coli in canine faeces with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) — New prospects for diagnosis

A new diagnostic procedure was developed to detect the flagellar antigen ofCampylobacter jejuni andCampylobacter coli in canine faecal specimens and was tested on faecal samples from random-source dogs obtained from the local dog pound. Extraction of acid-soluble proteins was performed on faecal specimens and the extracted material was evaluated using species-specific monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The assay detected allC. jejuni orC. coli infected specimens compared with direct selective faecal culture. One of 18 faecal specimens culture-negative forC. jejuni was identified as positive by the assay, i.e. a false positive rate of 1 of 18 (5.6%) and a corresponding specificity of 94.4%. These results suggest that the screening procedure developed to detect flagellar antigens ofC. jejuni andC. coli in canine faecal samples should be further investigated as a diagnostic alternative to culture.
Two examples of strains in the therapeutic alliance in an integrative cognitive therapy

Two case examples are presented to illustrate methods of recognizing and working with strains in the therapeutic alliance in an integrative cognitive therapy. I argue that developmental, personality, and therapy-readiness constructs are useful in understanding strains in the alliance and whether to confront such strains directly. Attachment theory was relevant to understanding the therapeutic alliance in the first case, when the client reacted to the possibility of termination in an insecure manner. Direct discussion of the alliance strain was useful in this case. The client in the second case was resistant to interpersonal influence. I did not address strains directly because the client would probably not have seen this work as relevant to his goals. In this case, a focus on strains could have weakened our alliance rather than strengthened it.
CO2 Absorption Rate and Solubility in Monoethanolamine/Piperazine/Water

The solubility and absorption rate of carbon dioxide into monoethanolamine/piperazine/water were measured in a wetted wall column at 40–60°C. The total amine concentration was varied from 1.0 M to 5.0 M, with monoethanolamine blends containing 0 to 1.2 M piperazine. CO2 solubility and solution speciation were simulated by nine equilibrium reactions. Two of the equilibrium constants were adjusted to match literature data. The rate of absorption was predicted by the theory of diffusion with fast chemical reaction. Piperazine at 24 mol% of the total amine decreases CO2 equilibrium pressure by 50% and enhances the CO2 absorption rate by 50% to 100%. The CO2 enhancement factor decreases by a factor of 0.6 to 2 as loading decreases from 0 to 0.5 mol CO2/mole amine.
Methodology and Application of Adaptive and Sequential Approaches in Contemporary Clinical Trials

The clinical trial, a prospective study to evaluate the effect of interventions in humans under prespecified conditions, is a standard and integral part of modern medicine. Many adaptive and sequential approaches have been proposed for use in clinical trials to allow adaptations or modifications to aspects of a trial after its initiation without undermining the validity and integrity of the trial. The application of adaptive and sequential methods in clinical trials has significantly improved the flexibility, efficiency, therapeutic effect, and validity of trials. To further advance the performance of clinical trials and convey the progress of research on adaptive and sequential methods in clinical trial design, we review significant research that has explored novel adaptive and sequential approaches and their applications in Phase I, II, and III clinical trials and discuss future directions in this field of research.
Paramyxovirus Fusion (F) Protein and Hemagglutinin–Neuraminidase (HN) Protein Interactions: Intracellular Retention of F and HN Does Not Affect Transport of the Homotypic HN or F Protein☆

To investigate a possible intracellular coassociation of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins in a living cell, without resorting to chemical crosslinking and antibody coimmunoprecipitation, we tagged the cytoplasmic N-terminus of SV5 HN with a RRRRR motif and HPIV-3 HN with a RRR motif for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention. In addition, we tagged the cytoplasmic C-terminus of SV5 and HPIV-3 F with a KK motif. The RRR- or RRRRR-tagged HN molecules were coexpressed in mammalian cells together with the homologous wt F proteins, and the KK-tagged F molecules were coexpressed with the homologous wt HN proteins, and in each case the transport of the wt F or HN molecules was investigated. The data suggest that an association of F and HN of sufficient affinity to alter the transport of the reporter molecule does not occur intracellularly in the ER or the Golgi apparatus.
Alcohol Use and Burn Injury

Charts of 108 consecutive adult patients with flame burns of 20% to 70% total body surface area were reviewed to determine the incidence of acute alcohol intoxication and the likelihood that intoxicated patients were chronic alcohol abusers, to assess morbidity and mortality in the alcoholic patient with burns, and to characterize the intervention used in postdischarge treatment of the alcoholic patient with burns who survives. Twenty-seven percent of patients were acutely intoxicated at the time of injury. Evidence for chronic alcohol abuse was apparent in 90% of intoxicated patients, compared to only 11% of nonintoxicated patients (p = 0.0001). Alcoholic patients with burns not only had an overall mortality rate three times that of nonalcoholics (p = 0.001) but also died of smaller burns (p less than 0.05). Surviving alcoholic patients with burns required significantly more intravenous antibiotics and a longer hospitalization. Social service evaluation of use of alcohol was made in 84% of the cases of surviving intoxicated burn victims. Further intervention was undertaken in two thirds of these cases, usually involving an outpatient treatment program.
Left atrial function in cats with left-sided cardiac disease and pleural effusion or pulmonary edema.

Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats with left-sided heart disease is sometimes manifest as pleural effusion, in other cases as pulmonary edema. Hypothesis Those cats with pleural effusion have more severe left atrial (LA) dysfunction than cats with pulmonary edema. Animals 30 healthy cats, 22 cats with pleural effusion, and 12 cats with pulmonary edema. All cats were client owned. Methods Retrospective study. Measurements of LA size and function were made using commercial software on archived echocardiograms. Cases were identified through searches of medical records and of archived echocardiograms for cats with these conditions. Results There was no difference (P = .3) in LA size between cats with pleural effusion and cats with pulmonary edema. Cats with pleural effusion had poorer (P = .04) LA active emptying and increased (P = .006) right ventricular (RV) diameter when compared with cats with pulmonary edema and healthy cats. Cats that exhibited LA active emptying of 3.6 mm were significantly (P < .001) more likely to manifest pleural effusion. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Poorer LA function and increased RV dimensions are associated with pleural effusion in cats with left-sided heart disease.
Optical eigenmodes of a free electron laser

Abstract This article applies results from our previously obtained exact solution [1] for optical propagation in media with focussed localized gain to the problem of optical eigenmodes in free electron lasers with prescribed gain of arbitrary strength (low field limit). Most previous work on FELs has characterized the electron distribution in the absence of wiggler fields as a zero transverse emittance, infinite β beam, with a Gaussian transverse density distribution of constant width through the gain region. In this work we consider finite β electron beams of changing cross-sectional area but do not allow for changing velocity slip between the electrons and the light wave. We indicate where an appropriate generalization of our theory could be made to include velocity slip variations. After an initial review of our previous results and their application, we identify a “low gain” regime in which the optical problem is dominated by diffraction and for which a simplified analytic “mode-matching” calculation gives numerically accurate results for the lowest order mode growth rate. For the general case of the low gain regime we derive the optimum resonator geometry and the resultant growth rate. Finally we compare the results of the low gain calculation with numerical results from the exact theory which include the effects of gain focussing.
Taxonomies by the numbers: building high-performance taxonomies

In this paper, we describe a system for the construction of taxonomies which yield high accuracies with automated categorization systems, even on Web and intranet documents. In particular, we describe the way in which measurement of five key features of the system can be used to predict when categories are sufficiently well defined to yield high accuracy categorization. We describe the use of this system to construct a large (8800-category) general-purpose taxonomy and categorization system.
Epileptogenic properties of enflurane and their clinical interpretation

Abstract Three cases of EEG changes induced by single exposure to enflurane anesthesia are reported. In one patient, enflurane administered during a donor nephrectomy resulted in unexpected partial motor seizures. Until the cause of the seizures was correctly identified, the patient was inappropiately treated with anticonvulsants. Two other patients suffered from partial, complex and generalized seizures uncontrolled by medication. Epileptic foci delineated and activated by enflurane were surgically ablated and the patients are now seizure-free. Previous exposures to enflurane have to be disclosed to avoid mistakes in clinical interpretation of the EEG. On the other hand, enflurane may prove to be a safe fast acting activator of epileptic foci during corticography or depth electrode intraoperative recordings.
A Design Framework of Unloaded Leaflet Shape for the Ovine Pulmonary Valve Single Leaflet Replacement Surgery

accepted method for reducing kidney temperature during minimally invasive surgery. A novel device has been designed, prototyped, and evaluated to perform effective renal cooling during minimally invasive kidney surgery to reduce damage due to extended ischemia. The device is a fluid-containing bag with foldable cooling surfaces that wrap around the organ like a taco shell. It is deployed through a 12 mm trocar, wrapped around the kidney and secured using bulldog clamps. The device then fills with an ice slurry and remains on the kidney for up to 20 min. The ice slurry is then removed from the device and the device is retracted from the body. Tests of the prototype show that the device successfully cools porcine kidneys from 37°C to 20°C in 5 minutes.
Long-term incidence of cervical cancer in women with human immunodeficiency virus.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and compare it with the incidence in HIV-uninfected women. METHODS: In a cohort study of HIV-infected and uninfected women who had Papanicolaou tests obtained every 6 months, pathology reports were retrieved for women who had biopsy results or a self-report of ICC. Histology was reviewed when reports confirmed ICC. Incidence rates were calculated and compared with those in HIV-negative women. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 10.3 years, 3 ICCs were confirmed in HIV-seropositive women, and none were confirmed in HIV-seronegative women. The ICC incidence rate was not found to be associated significantly with HIV status (HIV-negative women [0 of 100,000 person-years] vs HIV-positive women [21.4 of 100,000 person-years]; P = .59). A calculated incidence rate ratio standardized to expected results from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database that was restricted to HIV-infected Women's Interagency HIV Study participants was 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.27-3.85; P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: Among women with HIV in a prospective study that incorporated cervical cancer prevention measures, the incidence of ICC was not significantly higher than that in a comparison group of HIV-negative women. Cancer 2009. Published 2009 by the American Cancer Society.
Peptide growth factors in tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated preterm neonates.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are peptide growth factors (PGF) mediating normal lung development, maturation, injury, and repair. These PGF may therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We hypothesized that elevated levels of these PGF in tracheal aspirates would be associated with a) BPD and/or death; b) markers of cell injury and apoptosis; and c) chorioamnionitis, a risk factor for BPD. Tracheal aspirates collected in 29 preterm (<34 wk gestation, 500-2000 g birth weight), mechanically ventilated infants on d 1 of life were assayed for PGF and histone-associated DNA fragments by ELISA and for LDH by enzyme assay. Clinical and pathologic examination was performed for chorioamnionitis. BPD was defined as oxygen requirement/mechanical ventilation at 28 d postnatal age. The birth weight (mean ± SE) was 1009 ± 85 g and median gestational age was 26 wk (range, 22-33). Eighteen infants died or developed BPD. bFGF levels were elevated in infants who died or developed BPD [median (25%,75%) level of 36 (23, 44) pg/mL versus 14 (6, 30) in the survivors without BPD, p = 0.01]. bFGF levels correlated with apoptosis (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and LDH levels (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). VEGF and ET-1 levels were not associated with apoptosis or with BPD/death. PGF levels were not associated with chorioamnionitis. We conclude that elevated bFGF levels in the preterm trachea correlate with BPD/death and markers of cell injury and apoptosis but not with chorioamnionitis. We speculate that bFGF may play a role in the development of BPD.
Effects of a Nursing-Home Respite Admission on Veterans with Advanced Dementia

The short-term admission to a nursing home of patients with dementia represents an important respite option for their caregivers, yet little is known about how it affects the patients. Twenty-six of 39 men admitted to a Veterans Affairs dementia respite program experienced a small but statistically significant decline in self-care and behavior at 2 days after discharge, but by 14 days most had returned to their pre-respite status. Patients who deteriorated substantially had, on average, greater independence in self-care and less cognitive impairment at admission than those who improved or worsened minimally.
Long-term outcomes after maximal surgical resection and intraoperative electron radiotherapy for locoregionally recurrent or locoregionally advanced primary renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose To report outcomes of a multimodality therapy combining maximal surgical resection and intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) for patients with locoregionally (LR) recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after radical nephrectomy or LR advanced primary RCC. Methods and Materials From 1989 through 2005, a total of 22 patients with LR recurrent ( n = 19) or LR advanced primary ( n = 3) RCC were treated with this multimodality approach. The median patient age was 63 years (range 46-78). Twenty-one patients (95%) received perioperative external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with a median dose of 4,500 cGy (range, 4,140–5,500). Surgical resection was R0 (negative margins) in 5 patients (23%) and R1 (residual microscopic disease) in 17 patients (77%). The median IOERT dose delivered was 1,250 cGy (range, 1,000–2,000). Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) and relapse patterns were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results The median follow-up for surviving patients was 9.9 years (range, 3.6–20 years). The OS and DFS at 1, 5, and 10 years were 91%, 40%, and 35% and 64%, 31%, and 31%, respectively. Central recurrence (within the IOERT field), LR relapse (tumor bed or regional lymph nodes), and distant metastases at 5 years were 9%, 27%, and 64%, respectively. Mortality within 30 days of surgery and IOERT was 0%. Five patients (23%) experienced acute or late National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTCAE) Version 4 Grade 3 to 5 toxicities. Conclusions In patients with LR recurrent or LR advanced primary RCC, a multimodality approach of perioperative EBRT, maximal surgical resection, and IOERT yielded encouraging results. This regimen warrants further investigation.
Quantifying nonadditive selection caused by indirect ecological effects

In natural biological communities, species interact with many other species. Multiple species interactions can lead to indirect ecological effects that have important fitness consequences and can cause nonadditive patterns of natural selection. Given that indirect ecological effects are common in nature, nonadditive selection may also be quite common. As a result, quantifying nonadditive selection resulting from indirect ecological effects may be critical for understanding adaptation in natural communities composed of many interacting species. We describe how to quantify the relative strength of nonadditive selection resulting from indirect ecological effects compared to the strength of pairwise selection. We develop a clear method for testing for nonadditive selection caused by indirect ecological effects and consider how it might affect adaptation in multispecies communities. We use two case studies to illustrate how our method can be applied to empirical data sets. Our results suggest that nonadditive selection caused by indirect ecological effects may be common in nature. Our hope is that trait-based approaches, combined with multifactorial experiments, will result in more estimates of nonadditive selection that reveal the relative importance of indirect ecological effects for evolution in a community context.
The Transformation of the American State: The New Era-New Deal Test

Political scientists usually view the New Deal as transforming the American state. A sizable literature in economics and history, however, has cast doubt on the significance of the changes wrought by the FDR administration. In this paper we propose a model of the state, and then test important hypotheses about it. More specifically, we focus on the New Era-New Deal period to test how, if at all, the American state changed during this critical time in its history. We systematically analyze five state functions: stabilization, redistribution, regulation, police power, and administration. Within each category, quantitative policy measures are evaluated. Although the FDR administration produced many notable changes in government policy and structure, our analysis suggests that the American state, measured in these several ways, was not transformed from the New Era to the New Deal.
Nutritional quality of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and its effects on a fungal pathogen Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (Gerd.) Ostazeski

The submersed macrophyte, Hydrilla verticillata, was grown using different nutritional regimes under greenhouse conditions to obtain plants that were significantly different in percent nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, ether-extractable compounds, crude protein, and ash in shoot tissue. Shoots were then challenged by the biological control fungal pathogen, Mycoleptodiscus terrestris, to determine the effects of plant nutritional status on disease severity, growth, and reproduction. Fourteen days post-inoculation, shoots from plants grown in high-fertility sediment had significantly greater disease severity ratings than shoots from plants grown in low-fertility sediment. The nutritional status of the plants also impacted asexual reproduction of the pathogen by thin-walled conidia and melanized survival structures called microsclerotia. At 14 days post-inoculation, significantly higher numbers of conidia were produced in flasks containing hydrilla plants grown in high-fertility sediment. In contrast, microsclerotia increased almost fourfold in leaf tissues of hydrilla grown in low-fertility sediment. It appears from these studies that the nutritional condition of target plants cannot be excluded as an important factor in efficacy of pathogens used as biological control agents. The nutritional status of the host tissues influences M. terrestris ingress into host tissues, vegetative growth, production of secondary inoculum in the form of disseminative spores or conidia, and production of survival structures, the microsclerotia.
FAMILY PLOTS: BURYING SLAVES DEEP IN HISTORICAL GROUND

Despite the anthropological identification of slavery as an anti-kinship structure, some New Testament scholars have attempted to "kin-ify" the relations between slaveholders and slaves, that is, to interpret slavery as a fictive kinship structure. Commentators on Acts of the Apostles, for example, are likely to accept the patriarchal or matriarchal right of householders to enforce decisions concerning the cultic practices of household slaves. By suggesting that the Spirit responds to the invitations of slaveholders, household by patriarchal household, Acts treats enslaved members of households as dependent bodies subjected to the intellectual and spiritual authority of slaveholders. By accepting uncritically Luke's portrait of the growth of the church, household by patriarchal household, commentators unwittingly buy into a family plot that legitimates the slaveholder's preferred vision of the household. Drawing on sources as disparate as Egyptian papyri of the Roman era and personal family history, this article challenges attempts to subsume relationships of slavery within the warm circle of the family. At the same time, the article warns against sentimental depictions of maternal and other family ties. In the first century as in the twenty-first century, the family could be a locus of exploitation and alienation. The natal alienation at the heart of the ancient slave experience is ultimately intertwined with the forms of alienation inherent within families themselves. It is not that relations of slavery are warmer than we might expect, but rather that relations between even the closest of kin can be more exploitative than we want to admit.
Theoretical study of the ground and first excited singlet state potential energy surfaces of disulphur monoxide (S2O)

An extended region of the ground state potential energy surface (PES) in the vicinity of the experimentally observed isomer of disulphur monoxide (S2O) has been characterized using second-order generalized Van Vleck perturbation theory (GVVPT2) and the cc-pVDZ basis set. The corresponding region of the PES of the first excited singlet state, [Ctilde] 1A′, was analysed in order to elucidate the nature of the experimentally observed dissociation of the excited state S2O. Our calculations support experimental results suggesting the existence of several quasi-bound vibrational energy levels on the excited state PES. The second excited singlet state, [Dtilde] 1A′, was also examined. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that the cause of the predissociation of excited state S2O into its ground state dissociation products is due to the interaction of the lowest two excited state PESs at elongated S-S bond distances. Additional GVVPT2 calculations for the ground and excited state equilibrium structures were per...
Ground-based thermal infrared surveys of Mount Rainier volcano, Washington

Detailed, ground-based thermal surveys of selected slopes of Mount Rainier, Washington, utilizing a Barnes PRT-5 Radiation Thermometer have provided quantitative data for the construction of thermal contour maps of portions of the upper flanks of this volcano. The thermal imagery, done in August, 1973, did not locate any suspect thermal areas on the northwest face of Little Tahoma Peak, the site of the large 1963 rock debris avalanche. The survey did not redetect the thermal anomaly observed by the authors on the west side of Mt. Rai nier in August, 1972. This suggests that some thermally anomalous areas on the volcano may change their thermal characteristics within short periods of time.