cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bedside science reduces laboratory art. Appropriate use of physical findings to reduce reliance on sophisticated and expensive methods.

During recent decades, we have witnessed the steady downgrading of bedside cardiology as it is constantly being replaced by modern technology. Many, if not most, cardiological diagnoses could be made by use of patient history and the physical examination, supplemented by simple noninvasive procedures, such as the ECG and chest roentgenogram. Newer, increasingly complex techniques become indispensable only when the simpler methods fail or when physicians fail to use them appropriately owing to ignorance, lack of training, or atrophy of previously acquired skills. Access to more sophisticated technologies accelerates these trends in contemporary practice. Newer diagnostic technologies expanded our ability to define anatomic and physiological abnormalities. Our clinical acumen was first sharpened by the correlation between bedside cardiology and cardiac catheterization. Newer, noninvasive confirmatory techniques, such as nuclear medicine, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging should have further extended and honed our clinical capabilities. Yet these impressive opportunities ultimately weakened transmission and acquisition of physical diagnostic skills. In 300 randomized subjects autopsied in 1960, 1970, and 1980, Harvard investigators reported that 20 years of sonography, scintigraphy, and computed tomography had not reduced the frequency of misdiagnosis.1 A nationwide investigation of trainees in internal medicine and cardiology and third-year medical students demonstrated that the proficiency of bedside cardiac auscultation was seriously degraded.2 Programs with structured teaching in auscultation existed in only 27% of medicine and 37% of cardiology programs.3 Correct answers at the end of an academic year ranged from 0% to 56% for cardiology fellows (median, 21.9%) and from 2% to 36.8% for medical residents (median, 19.3%); these performances equalled those of the third-year medical students. In another survey, 124 internal medicine residents, 11 pulmonary fellows, and 63 medical students in six university-affiliated programs were never exposed to structured teaching of pulmonary auscultation. The auscultatory performance …
Histologic Findings in Rats Subjected to Prolonged Administration of Para-Aminobenzoic Acid

Summary1. In doses greatly exceeding the usual therapeutic range for man, paraminobenzoic acid is a relatively non-toxic substance for the rat. 2. Aside from histologic alterations in the thyroid gland, no significant pathologic changes were detected in the treated animals or in their offspring. 3. The thyroid changes consisted of reduction in the amount and eosinophilia of intrafollicular colloid, associated with epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia. These findings were maximal after 2 months of treatment. 4. No hepatotoxic effect was detected.
A Nd isotopic study of the Kerguelen Islands - Inferences on enriched oceanic mantle sources

The origin of the highly differentiated igneous rocks of the Kerguelen Islands and the nature of their source regions have been investigated by a Nd isotopic study. The Nd isotopic compositions of syenites and granites are identical to those of gabbros and basalts and indicate a common source. The isotopic data preclude the involvement ofold continental crustal material in the genesis of these granitic and alkalic rocks. The data from the Kerguelen samples greatly extend the Nd-Sr isotopic correlation observed for uncontaminated basalts from the oceanic mantle. The large Nd isotopic variations in the Kerguelen samples could be explained by mixing of deep mantle material brought up by a plume and the upper oceanic mantle or by heterogeneities in the lower mantle. An important finding of this study is that there are enriched mantle sources under the oceanic regions. These enriched sources may be ancient in age and are compatible with the 2-b.y. age inferred from the Pb isotope data of these samples. Earth models in future must incorporate this feature of the oceanic mantle in a consideration of mantle-crust evolutionary relationships.
Synthesis and thermal crosslinking of benzophenone‐modified poly(dimethylsiloxane)s

Dihydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium catalyzes the regiospecific anti-Markovnikov addition of an ortho CH bond of benzophenone across the CC double bonds of α,ω-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)copoly(dimethylsiloxane/vinylmethylsiloxane) (99:1), α,ω-bis(vinyldimethylsilyloxy)poly(dimethylsiloxane), and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to yield α,ω-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)copoly[dimethylsiloxane/2-(2′-benzophenonyl)ethylmethylsiloxane]), α,ω-bis[2-(2′-benzophenonyl)ethyldimethylsilyloxy]poly(dimethylsiloxane), and 1,3-bis[2-(2′-benzophenonyl)ethyl]tetramethyldisiloxane, respectively. These materials have been characterized with 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR and IR spectroscopy. Their molecular weight distributions have been determined by gel permeation chromatography. The thermal stability of the polymers has been measured by thermogravimetric analysis, and their glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The molecular weight distribution, thermal stability, and Tg's of the modified polysiloxanes are similar to those of the precursor polymers. The molecular weights of these materials can be significantly increased via heating to 300 °C for 1 h. This may be due to crosslinking, by pyrocondensation, of pendant anthracene groups, which are produced by the pyrolysis of the attached ortho-alkyl benzophenones. UV spectroscopy of the pyrolysate of 1,3-bis[2-(2′-benzophenonyl)ethyl]tetramethyldisiloxane has confirmed the presence of pendant anthracene groups. Thermal crosslinking by the pyrocondensation of pendant anthracene groups has been verified by the pyrolysis of α,ω-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)copoly[dimethylsiloxane/2-(9′-anthracenyl)ethylmethylsiloxane] (97:3). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5514–5522, 2004
Biomechanical Effects of e‐PTFE Implant Structure on Soft Tissue Implantation Stability: A Study in the Porcine Model

Successful implantation of biocompatible materials depends on physical aspects of its structure. Meshed implants are stable but cannot be easily removed. Nonporous materials are easily removed, but subject to extrusion. We hypothesized that the microporous structure of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) would permit limited fibrous ingrowth into the substance of the material, and that tubular implant shape would increase tissue integration while preserving ease of removal. A two-tailed in vivo study was done comparing implant retention, strength of fixation, and removability between tubular and solid-strip e-PTFE implants. Differences in implant retention within tissues were assessed by implanting 396 implants subcutaneously in five swine for observation periods ranging from 3 weeks to 12 months. Strength of implant attachment to host soft tissues was measured at 52 sites by extraction with a tensiometer with forces both parallel and perpendicular to the implant used. Implant porosity was assessed with scanning electron micrography of tubular and solid-strip e-PTFE implants. Measurements of the force and stress tolerances of the implant-tissue interface demonstrated significantly stronger attachment in tubular than strip-shaped implants (P < 0.005). The 11 N (2.75 lb) force sustained by the tubular implant exceeded the 3.4 N (<1 lb) force for the e-PTFE strip by a statistically significant margin on two-tailed Student's t-test (P < 0.005). Even greater forces were tolerated when applied at right angles to the axis of the tubular implant, emulating tissue suspension (21 N, 5.25 lb). The forces and stresses tolerated by both e-PTFE implants far exceeded the fracture stress measured for the implants. Implant extrusion rates were significantly smaller in tubular (0.85%) than in strip-shaped (4.4%) e-PTFE implants (P < 0.05). Standard error of the mean (SEM) demonstrated lesser porosity in tubular than strip implants, suggesting lesser direct tissue attachment. Tubular e-PTFE implant structure facilitates ingrowth of soft tissue through the tube's lumen. This increases the attachment to surrounding soft tissues, increasing fixation strength, decreasing extrusion rate, but still allowing easy removal. These properties may improve clinical applications in facial implantation.
Dependence of Periodic Activation and Inhibition of Monoaminoxidase by Aliphatic Compounds upon Chain-length

MONOAMINOXIDASE has been linked with vascular and mental activity1,3. Among the most ancient modifiers of mental status are the alcohols, which have been shown4 to modify monoaminoxidase in vitro. During our endeavours to develop this correlation further, we encountered a puzzling periodic activation and inhibition of this enzyme. For five years, the postulation of a tenable explanation has escaped not only our own interpretative capacities, but also those of the recognized specialists whom we have consulted. The recent studies of aliphatic compounds which have accompanied the discovery of irin5 have provided our experiments with added interest : it now seems possible that enzymatic modification by aliphatic compounds might constitute a regulatory mechanism in the contraction of smooth muscle.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial Comparing Clinafloxacin with Imipenem as Empirical Monotherapy for Febrile Granulocytopenic Patients

In a double-blind, multicenter trial, 541 febrile granulocytopenic patients were randomized to receive either intravenous (iv) clinafloxacin (200 mg every 12 h) or i.v. imipenem (500 mg every 6 h) as empirical monotherapy. More baseline pathogens were susceptible to clinafloxacin (259 [99%] of 262 organisms) than to imipenem (253 [95%] of 265; P=.03). Initial favorable clinical response rates for clinafloxacin (88 [32%] of 272 patients) and imipenem (89 [33%] of 269) were similar. After addition of other antimicrobial agents, overall response rates were 259 (95%) of 272 for clinafloxacin and 251 (93%) of 269 for imipenem. During the study, only 13 clinafloxacin (5%) and 18 imipenem (7%) recipients died. Both drugs were generally well tolerated. Drug-related skin rash occurred more often with clinafloxacin (11% vs. 6%; P=.07), whereas nausea (2% vs. 5%; P=.16), Clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhea (3% vs. 8%; P=.02), and seizures (0% vs. 2%; P=.06) occurred more often with imipenem. These results suggest that clinafloxacin and imipenem have similar efficacy as empirical monotherapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients.
Leukocyte deformability: Finite element modeling of large viscoelastic deformation

An axisymmetric deformation of a viscoelastic sphere bounded by a prestressed elastic thin shell in response to external pressure is studied by a finite element method. The research is motivated by the need for understanding the passive behavior of human leukocytes (white blood cells) and interpreting extensive experimental data in terms of the mechanical properties. The cell at rest is modeled as a sphere consisting of a cortical prestressed shell with incompressible Maxwell fluid interior. A large-strain deformation theory is developed based on the proposed model. General nonlinear, large strain constitutive relations for the cortical shell are derived by neglecting the bending stiffness. A representation of the constitutive equations in the form of an integral of strain history for the incompressible Maxwell interior is used in the formulation of numerical scheme. A finite element program is developed, in which a sliding boundary condition is imposed on all contact surfaces. The mathematical model developed is applied to evaluate experimental data of pipette tests and observations of blood flow.
Inheritance of cataract in the Bichon Frise

Objective To determine the mode of inheritance of cataract formation in the Bichon Frise. Materials Thirty-six closely related Bichon Frise dogs in a pedigree of 61 dogs were examined using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy over a period of 10 years. Results Of the 61 related dogs, 36 were examined repeatedly. Twelve cataractous dogs were diagnosed (three males and nine females). Cataractous dogs resulted from matings between unaffected parents, and when one parent was cataractous and the other parent was unaffected. Age at onset of cataract formation ranged from 18 to 160 months. Available information suggests that the cataracts are inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Conclusion Cataracts appear inherited in the Bichon Frise as an autosomal recessive trait. Additional cataract × cataract matings are necessary to confirm the autosomal recessive heredity.
Quandaries Created by Unlikely Numbers in Some of Grossarth-Maticek's Studies

Mumford, E., Schlesinger, H. J., Glass, G. V., Patrick, C., & Cuerdon, T. (1984). A new look at evidence about reduced cost of medical utilization following metal health treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1145-1158. Percy, C., & Muir, C. (1989). The international comparability of cancer mortality data: Results of an international death certificate study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129, 934-946. Plomin, R. (1990). The role of inheritance in behavior. Science, 248, 183188. Whitlock, F. A., & Siskind, M. (1979). Depression and cancer: A followup study. Psychological Medicine, 9, 747-752. Winokur, G., & Black, D. W. (1987). Psychiatric and medical diagnoses as risk factors for mortality in psychiatric patients: A case-control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 208-211.
Captan binding to avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and its effect on RNase H activity

The inhibitor captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexen-1,2-dicarboximide) was used to explore the ribonuclease H (RNase H) active site of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase. Gel permeation chromatography of purified enzyme showed that [l4C]captan bound to the a subunit in a ratio of 10:1 and to a 32,000 d polypeptide in a ratio of 4:1. Neither the αβ nor the β subunit bound [l4C]captan. The binding of 5 of the captan molecules was prevented by preincubating enzyme with polynucleotide. Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) protected the enzyme against the binding of 4 captan molecules. Each holoenzyme bound 2 molecules of [3H]dGTP in the absence of, and 1 molecule of [3H]dGTP in the presence of 1 mM captan. Ribonuclease H activity was inhibited when AMV reverse transcriptase was preincubated with 1 mM captan before the degradative reaction was initiated. Preincubation of enzyme with polynucleotide before exposure to captan could partially protect the RNase H activity (61 ± 2% activity remained). Deoxyguanosine triphosphate also partially protected the RNase H activity from inhibition by captan (75 ± 9% activity remained). Inhibition of the RNase H activity was completely prevented by preincubating enzyme simultaneously with polynucleotide and dGTP. When separated by glycerol gradients the α subunit and αβ dimer both exhibited RNase H activity, but only the RNase H activity of the α subunit was inhibited by captan. Activity and binding studies revealed that the RNase H and polymerase activities of the α subunit are not susceptible to the interaction of captan when this subunit is in the αβ dimer form. Thus, either β subunit, upon association with a physically blocks the captan binding sites, or the interaction of β subunit with α subunit causes a conformational change in the α subunit making it incapable of binding captan.
Spin dependent carrier localization in Fe-based semimagnetic semiconductor heterostructures

Abstract Semimagnetic (or diluted magnetic) semiconductor heterostructures offer many unique opportunities for the study of spin dependent effects, including magnetic field induced quantum confinement and carrier spin lifetimes. In diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) such as Zn 1 − x Fe x Se, strong spin exchange interactions significantly modify the band structure in the presence of an applied magnetic field. This allows one to continuously and reversibly modify the band offsets in tailored heterostructures to selectively localize carriers according to their spin state , thereby providing another degree of freedom in tuning the spatial localization and overlap of carrier wave functions after the fact of growth. We review several examples which have been recently demonstrated in Zn 1 − x Fe x Se-based heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy, including field tunable type-I–type-II transitions, the formation of a spin superlattice, and the continuous evolution of band alignment to the realization of a re-entrant type-I structure. Additional control over carrier confinement and lifetimes via carrier spin is possible in structures which consist of alternating layers of Zn 1 − x Fe x Se and Zn 1 − y Mn y Se. In such multiple quantum well systems, the heavy hole exciton simultaneously exhibits both Brillouin and Van Vleck paramagnetic behavior depending upon the spin state probed. Evidence is also observed for the formation of an electron spin population inversion which arises from the spin splitting of the electron states and the simultaneous spin separation of the holes into different layers of the structure.
PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (Ca) IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESIVENESS AND NEW STRATEGY OF FOLLOW UP

PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (Ca) IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESIVENESS AND NEW STRATEGY OF FOLLOW UP
Explanation in Scientists and Children

In this paper we provide a psychological account of the nature and development of explanation. We propose that an explanation is an account that provides a conceptual framework for a phenomenon that leads to a feeling of understanding in the reader/hearer. The explanatory conceptual framework goes beyond the original phenomenon, integrates diverse aspects of the world, and shows how the original phenomenon follows from the framework. We propose that explanations in everyday life are judged on the criteria of empirical accuracy, scope, consistency, simplicity, and plausibility. We conclude that explanations in science are evaluated by the same criteria, plus those of precision, formalisms, and fruitfulness. We discuss several types of explanation that are used in everyday life – causal/mechanical, functional, and intentional. We present evidence to show that young children produce explanations (often with different content from those of adults) that have the same essential form as those used by adults. We also provide evidence that children use the same evaluation criteria as adults, but may not apply those additional criteria for the evaluation of explanations that are used by scientists.
Gross Variations in the Physical Properties of Synthetic Crystalline Lithium Fluoride

Several important physical properties of numerous samples of crystalline lithium fluoride have been measured; and wide variations were encountered, both among samples of air-grown and of vacuum-grown crystals, and between the two types. In general, the vacuum-grown crystals demonstrate the more desirable range of values, particularly with respect to good ultraviolet transmission, freedom from absorption at 2.8μ in the near infrared, high elastic limit, and small cold flow. However, the variation is so great that average. values cannot be relied upon in critical situations where large factors of safety cannot be invoked; in such cases, individual pieces must be measured for the properties of interest.
Factor endowments and the international location of production: Econometric evidence for the OECD, 1970–1985

Abstract This paper uses data on manufacturing output and factor endowments for 20 OECD countries from 1970 to 1985 to examine the production side of the factor proportions model. Under well-known conditions, there will be a linear Rybczynski relationship between sectoral outputs and factor endowments across countries. This proposition is investigated, using the Kalman filter and maximum likelihood techniques to estimate time-varying parameter models. The results indicate that capital and unskilled labor are sources of comparative advantage for most industries, while skilled labor is a source of comparative disadvantage. Residual analysis shows that the neoclassical model has poor explanatory power.
Numerical interpretation of the concentration dependence of micelle diffusion coefficients

Abstract The numerical interpretation of the concentration dependence of the micelle mutual diffusion coefficient D in terms of intermicellar forces is discussed. The conflict in the literature between different expansions for D as D = D0(1 + ac), c being the micelle concentration, is resolved. Use of the correct form for a, rather than the forms previously used to analyze experimental data, leads to modestly different predictions for a as a function of intermicellar potential.
Processing of single-phase ceramic 123 YBaCu-oxide superconductor by hot pressing

High-quality, single-phase, polycrystalline samples of high-temperature superconducting 123 YBaCu-oxide have been processed by hot pressing of specially prepared charge material at elevated temperatures. The samples are orthorhombic with unit cell dimensionsa = 3.824(1) A,b = 3.888(1) A, andc = 11.679(2) A. They exhibit: (i) densities up to 82% of the theoretical value; (2) a sharp phase transition between the normal and superconducting states at 91.6 K; (3) a reduced dependence on thermal cycling effects and on excitation currents in resistivity measurements; and (4) a reduction in surface deterioration due to water, air, and acid attack. The hot-pressed samples supported current densities at least two orders of magnitude greater than those found in cold-pressed samples measured under similar conditions.
Relationship of coal extraction with free radicals and coal macerals

Abstract Extraction and de-ashing of coals with N -methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) under mild conditions has been reported recently. In this work, we have studied about a dozen American coals, along with some of their residues and extracts after treatment with NMP using in situ ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) spectroscopy of free radicals. At room temperature, N - 8 (number of free radials/g) decreases whereas the percentage extraction increases with atomic H/C of coals. Also N 8 for extract (residue) is lower (higher) than that for coals, ESR spectra of the extract exhibits only the single broad component and the weighted average of N 8 for the extract and the residue nearly equals that of the parent coal. These results have led to the hypothesis that the treatment with NMP is an extraction process in which exinites and to a lesser degree vitrinites are favored, whereas the inertinites are nearly rejected by NMP.
Reduced complexity decoding strategies for LDPC convolutional codes

While low-density parity-check (LDPC) convolutional codes tend to significantly outperform LDPC block codes with the same processor complexity, large storage requirements and a long initial decoding delay are two issues related to their continuous pipeline decoding architecture [A. Jimenez Feltstrom et al., (1999)]. In this paper, we propose reduced complexity decoding strategies to lessen the storage requirements and the initial decoding delay without significant loss in performance.
Bone strain and microcracks at stress fracture sites in human metatarsals

Microcracks in bone have been implicated in the development of stress fractures. The goal of this study was to evaluate bone strain and microcracks at locations where stress fractures are common (second metatarsal diaphysis) and rare (fifth metatarsal diaphysis) in an attempt to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of stress fractures. A dynamic gait simulator was used to simulate normal walking with cadaver feet. The feet were loaded over the entire stance phase of gait and diaphyseal strains were recorded in second and fifth metatarsals. Microcrack density (Cr.Dn) and surface density (Cr.S.Dn) were determined in metatarsal cross sections from the contralateral feet. Bone strain was significantly higher in second metatarsals (-1897 +/- 613 microstrain) than in fifth metatarsals (-908 +/- 503 microstrain). However, second metatarsal Cr.Dn (0.23 +/- 0.15 #/mm(2)) was not significantly different from fifth metatarsal Cr.Dn (0.35 +/- 0.19 #/mm(2)). There was also no significant difference between Cr.S.Dn in second (17.64 +/- 10.99 microm/mm(2)) and fifth (26.70 +/- 15.53 microm/mm(2)) metatarsals. There were no significant relationships between the microcrack parameters and peak strain in either metatarsal. Cracks that occurred in trabecular struts (92 +/- 33 microm) were significantly longer than those found ending at cement lines (71 +/- 15 microm) and within osteons (57 +/- 16 microm). There were no significant relationships between the microcrack parameters and age in either metatarsal. Peak strain was more than twofold greater in second metatarsals than in fifth metatarsals for simulations of normal walking; however, microcrack parameters were unable to explain the greater incidence of second metatarsal stress fractures.
Biomechanical effect of lumbar disc degeneration under flexion/extension-a finite element model study

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a progressive pathological condition observed in 60 to 80% of the population [1]. It involves changes in both the biochemistry and morphology of the intervertebral disc and is associated with chronic low back pain, sciatica and adult scoliosis [2,3]. The most accepted theory of the effects of DDD on the kinematics of the spine is that proposed by Kirkaldy-Willis and Farfan which states that the condition initiates as a temporary dysfunction, followed by instability and then re-stabilization as the disease progresses [4]. Although there is no clear relationship between disc degeneration and the mechanical behavior of the lumbar spine, abnormal motion patterns either in the form of increased motion or erratic motion have been reported from studies on human cadaveric motion segments [5,6]. To date however no study has looked at how disc degeneration affects the adjacent segment mechanics. IN vivo testing is difficult for these purposes given that specimens are generally obtained from people at the later stages of life and consequently often display multiple pathologies. A finite element model is a viable alternative to study the mechanics of the segments adjacent to the diseased disc. It is hypothesized that moderate degeneration at one level will alter the kinematics of the whole lumbar spine.© 2007 ASME
Arc-Discharge Ion Sources for Heavy Ion Fusion

A miniature multiple beamlet approach to an injector system was recently proposed in order to reduce the size, cost, and power requirements of the injector. The beamlets of very high current density are needed to meet the brightness requirement. Besides vacuum arc ion sources, cold-cathode gas ion sources are candidates for this application. Vacuum-arc metal ion sources and vacuum-arc-like gas ion sources are discussed. Experiments are presented that focus on the short-pulse plasma composition and ion charge state distribution. Mg and Sr have been identified as the most promising metals leading to mono-species beams when 20 {mu}s arc pulses are used. It is shown that the efficient production of gas ions requires the presence of a magnetic field.
People Skills: Marketing OR/MS---A People Problem

This is another in a series of articles about some of the most effective models, methods, and processes of organization development (OD), a discipline that offers much to the OR/MS practitioner determined to help clients solve real-world problems. Because it is based on a systemic view of organizations, OD includes the whole universe of ambiguous people-related issues that increasingly determine the success or failure of efforts to implement otherwise flawless technical solutions.
Standard 12-lead ECG versus special chest leads in the diagnosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction

The case of a 60-year-old woman with an acute inferior transmural myocardial infarction associated with a right ventricular myocardial infarction provided an opportunity to compare the performance of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and the right chest leads in the diagnosis of infarction of the right ventricle. While the right chest leads revealed unequivocal evidence of ischemic injury emanating from the right ventricle, the standard leads II and III showed changes compatible with inferior myocardial infarction; familiarity with vectorial interpretive concepts of ST segment deviations could provide a hint of an associated right ventricular involvement. This report is presented at a time of renewed controversy regarding the necessity of special ECG leads in the diagnosis of acute right ventricular infarction in the routine emergency department environment.
Critical Effects of the Polarity Change in Delayed States Within an LTI Dynamics With Multiple Delays

This note concerns the polarity inversion of the delayed states in linear time-invariant multiple time delay systems (LTI-MTDS). To start with, for such systems the assessment of asymptotic stability is complicated due to the infinite dimensionality introduced by the delays. It is shown that the mentioned polarity inversion influences the respective delay-dependent stability maps in interesting ways. There are some intriguing invariant characteristics and correspondences between the original and inverted systems, which form the primary contributions of this note. These findings are shown to be the enabling features to relate the stability maps of the two systems. The Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR) paradigm is utilized to identify these features. An example case study is provided to illustrate the claims.
The Impact of Competing Definitions of Quality on the Geographical Distribution of Teachers

According to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, states are required “…to ensure that poor and minority children are not taught at higher rates than other children by inexperienced, unqualified, or out-of-field teachers…” Although the NCLB law and State Education Agencies (SEAs) currently offer very clear definitions of “highly-qualified” teachers, “teacher quality” remains a contested term—particularly at local levels. Findings from this study suggest the definition of teacher quality determines, in large part, the extent to which the geographical distribution of quality is equitable. A large urban district in Los Angeles demonstrates how different the distribution appears with each definition of teacher quality. In this study, the evidence will show that the distribution is more unequal if the district uses a stronger set of criteria for teacher quality than using the weaker proxies for quality such as full-credential and NCLB definitions.
AID: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma

To combat the ever-changing pool of pathogens we face, B cells generate highly optimized antibodies in two distinct steps. A large variety of antibodies are first generated randomly by V(D)J recombination, and then, upon encountering an antigen, antibodies are fine-tuned by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination—both of which are initiated by the same protein, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). All three processes are highly mutagenic, and mistargeting of each of these has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis. We study these processes because they provide an excellent model to understand how highly mutagenic reactions are channeled into productive use by cells and the consequent risk this carries. In this review, we will discuss many of the outstanding questions in the field that we grapple with while developing a consistent model for AID action. We will also discuss the complexity added to these models by the recent finding that AID might be part of a demethylase complex.
Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle

Diarrhea in neonatal and adult cattle is common and can be caused by several etiologic agents. As diagnostic testing is not always readily available, practitioners must often decide on a course of treatment based on knowledge of the likely pathogen and their own clinical experience. Antimicrobials have long been used to treat diarrhea in adults and neonates; however, there is increased pressure to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics in food animal species. This article reviews existing data on the use of antibiotics given to cattle with enteric diseases to decide when they are necessary and which antimicrobials should be used.
Folded Floating-Gate CMOS Biosensor for the Detection of Charged Biochemical Molecules

A folded floating-gate CMOS biosensor is realized for the detection of charged biochemical molecules. The biosensor comprises a field-effect transistor with a floating-gate, a control-gate, and a sensing area. Charged biochemical molecules placed on the sensing area induce a voltage on the floating-gate and a relative shift in the threshold characteristics. Compared to conventional devices, the floating-gate here is folded to span the entire device. This allows us to place the sensing area above the field-effect transistor (FET), thus reducing the total device area. The fabricated devices show good sensitivity to the polarity and concentration of charged poly amino acids. Possible applications of the device include electronic detection of spatial and temporal charge migration such as in biological processes.
The Future of Integrated Circuits: A Survey of Nanoelectronics

While most of the electronics industry is dependent on the ever-decreasing size of lithographic transistors, this scaling cannot continue indefinitely. Nanoelectronics (circuits built with components on the scale of 10 nm) seem to be the most promising successor to lithographic based ICs. Molecular-scale devices including diodes, bistable switches, carbon nanotubes, and nanowires have been fabricated and characterized in chemistry labs. Techniques for self-assembling these devices into different architectures have also been demonstrated and used to build small-scale prototypes. While these devices and assembly techniques will lead to nanoscale electronics, they also have the drawback of being prone to defects and transient faults. Fault-tolerance techniques will be crucial to the use of nanoelectronics. Lastly, changes to the software tools that support the fabrication and use of ICs will be needed to extend them to support nanoelectronics. This paper introduces nanoelectronics and reviews the current progress made in research in the areas of technologies, architectures, fault tolerance, and software tools.
Relationships Between Psychiatric Conditions and Behavior Problems Among Adults With Mental Retardation

Adults with predominantly severe and profound mental retardation (N = 180) who lived in a developmental center were assessed with the Behavior Problems Inventory and the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II. Individuals with self-injurious, stereotyped, or aggressive/destructive behavior had generally higher psychopathology scores than individuals without, and the presence of behavior problems increased the likelihood of almost all psychiatric conditions up to three-fold. Factor analysis revealed that behavior problems tended to be associated with psychiatric conditions conventionally linked with behavior problems. A Self-Injury and Aggression/Destruction factor was related to impulse control and conduct problems, and a Stereotyped Behavior factor was linked to pervasive developmental disabilities and somewhat less so to schizophrenia. Stereotyped Behavior factor was independent of the Self-Injury/Aggression/Destruction factor.
Real time simulation of heat detection in DNA Thermosequencing

In this paper we study enzymatic and heat profile modeling for Thermosequencing [1-5], and discuss the real time 2D and 3D finite element simulation results for chemical concentrations involved in the detection system. The modeling simulates not only the heat released through the DNA polymerization reaction and its corresponding temperature change, but also the heat and sensing efficiencies of different geometries and platform structures. The thermodynamic effects of a DNA coated bead are investigated. Then, based on heat diffusion results, we recommend a modified gated structure for the microfluidic detection platform by using control valves and show how this new platform could dramatically improve the detection efficiency. Finally, we discuss potential advantages and disadvantages DNA Thermosequencing in real world applications.
Prospects for an American-Style Youth Apprenticeship System:

Tom Bailey correctly identifies the greatest challenges to successfully transforming the idea of youth apprenticeship into reality. Although his cautions are well founded, they do not justify the turn toward alternative approaches that he recommends, especially not before demonstration projects that are just now being mounted have had time to yield results. Specific components can be built into an American-style youth apprenticeship system so that it avoids the pitfalls Bailey has identified and simultaneously serves the goals of education, equality, and prosperity.
USNS Pathfinder T-AGS the first of its class

The USNS PATHFINDER (T-AGS 60) is the first of four of a new class of oceanographic survey ships being constructed for the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO). The USNS PATHFINDER is operated by the Military Sealift Command and was delivered by Halter Marine Inc., of Moss Point, MS, in December 1994. This paper discusses the ship design features, mission survey systems, and testing of mission survey capability. Future enhancements under consideration are also discussed with respect to changes in the NAVOCEANO mission requirements.
Almost decoupling of uncertain multivariable systems

An effective almost decoupling theory using an internal model reference loop is developed for linear uncertain multivariable systems. Based on non-negative matrix theory, a useful design guide is derived to achieve the generalized diagonal dominance condition for the internal model reference loop. Using a Perron root, a sufficient condition is given to guarantee the inverse transfer matrix to be generalized diagonally dominant for all plants in a given family. One of the main features of the proposed scheme is the reduction of uncertainty in the resultant compensated internal loop system, which makes the subsequent design process of the individual channels using standard SISO techniques much simpler.
Maternal cholesterol in fetal development: transport of cholesterol from the maternal to the fetal circulation

Cholesterol is required for fetal development. Data obtained from recent studies in humans, rodents, and cell cultures showed that circulating maternal cholesterol can affect fetal metabolism and sterol accretion. Recent studies in our laboratory showed that the efflux of cholesterol from the basolateral side of the placental cells and the secretion of cholesterol from endodermal yolk sac cells to the fetal circulation can be regulated. The ability to manipulate the mass of maternal cholesterol that crosses to the fetus could result in a dramatic improvement in the development of fetuses that lack the ability to synthesize cholesterol, such as those with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. On the other hand, it could also accelerate the development of various age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Generics for computable Mathias forcing

Abstract We study the complexity of generic reals for computable Mathias forcing in the context of computability theory. The n-generics and weak n-generics form a strict hierarchy under Turing reducibility, as in the case of Cohen forcing. We analyze the complexity of the Mathias forcing relation, and show that if G is any n-generic with n ≥ 2 then it satisfies the jump property G ( n − 1 ) ≡ T G ′ ⊕ ∅ ( n ) . We prove that every such G has generalized high Turing degree, and so cannot have even Cohen 1-generic degree. On the other hand, we show that every Mathias n-generic real computes a Cohen n-generic real.
Are Teacher Course Evaluations Biased against Faculty That Teach Quantitative Methods Courses

The present study investigated graduate students’ responses to teacher/course evaluations (TCE) to determine if students’ responses were inherently biased against faculty who teach quantitative methods courses. Item response theory (IRT) and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) techniques were utilized for data analysis. Results indicate students in non-methods courses preferred the structure of quantitative courses, but tend to be more critical of quantitative instructors. Authors encourage consumers of TCE results to investigate item-level results, as opposed to summative results, when making inferences about course and instructor quality.
The regularity lemma and approximation schemes for dense problems

There are two main contributions of the present paper. In the first, we use the constructive version of the Regularity Lemma to give directly simple polynomial time approximation schemes for several graph "subdivision" problems in dense graphs including the Max Cut problem, the Graph Bisection problem, the Min l-way cut problem and Graph Separator problem. Arora, Karger and Karpinski (1992) gave the first PTASs for these problems whose running time is O(n/sup o(1/e2)/). Our PTASs have running time where the exponent of n is a constant independent of e. The central point here is that the Regularity Lemma provides an explanation of why these Max-SNP hard problems turn out to be easy in dense graphs. We also give a simple PTAS for dense versions of a special case of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP).
Augmented gonadotropin response to synthetic LRF in hypogonadal state.

ABSTRACT In women with hypogonadal function, synthetic LRF (150 ug, iv) elicited a prompt and sustained increase in circulating LH and FSH concentrations. The elevated basal gonadotropin levels in these subjects were associated with a significantly greater net release in response to LRF for both LH and FSH when compared to that seen during the low estrogen phase (early follicular phase) of the menstrual cycle. These data indicate that in the absence of gonadal steroid feedback the sensitivity of pituitary gonadotrophs to LRF is enhanced which may relfect an increased pituitary storage of readily releasable LH and FSH in hypogonadal subjects.
Innovative P-wave detection for discrimination between ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia in single-chamber ICDs: is the P-wave invisible during tachycardia?

Aims Differentiation between supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) remains a substantial clinical challenge in patients with single-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) due to absence of visible P waves. Innovative optimization of intrathoracic electrogram (EGM) configuration will facilitate P-wave detection and rhythm differentiation during tachycardia. Methods and results Innovative optimization of EGM configuration was originally performed to improve patient care. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined our database for records of 140 consecutive patients undergoing single-chamber ICD implantation. During the follow-ups of 61 included patients with optimized EGM configuration, 27 patients were identified to have VT and/or SVT. EGMs in the Can (generator) to superior vena cava (Can–SVC) configuration were compared with those conventionally from the Can to right ventricular coil (Can–RV coil) source in the same patients. In Can–SVC EGMs, the ratio of P/QRS amplitude was 14-fold higher (0.57 ± 0.08 vs. 0.04 ± 0.00, P < 0.001) compared with those in Can–RV coil EGMs during sinus rhythm. With Can–SVC configuration, the odds of atrioventricular dissociation detection in patients with VT was increased 15-fold (61.9% vs. 9.5% with Can-RV coil; odds ratio, 15.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 84.7; P = 0.0009). In patients with SVT, P-waves or retrograde P-waves were markedly more identifiable in Can–SVC configuration compared with Can–RV coil (odds ratio, 40; 95% confidence interval, 3.6 to 447.1; P = 0.0010). Conclusion P-wave recognition by optimizing EGM configuration provides a novel diagnostic tool for differentiation between VT and SVT in single-chamber ICDs. A potential discrimination algorithm would provide a cost-effective approach to improving the qualitative outcomes.
Feature comparisons of vector fields using earth mover's distance

A novel approach is introduced to define a quantitative measure of closeness between vector fields. The usefulness of this measurement can be seen when comparing computational and experimental flow fields under the same conditions. Furthermore, its applicability can be extended to more cumbersome tasks, such as navigating through a large database, searching for similar topologies. This new measure relies on the use of critical points, which are a key feature in vector field topology. In order to characterize critical points, /spl alpha/ and /spl beta/ parameters are introduced. They are used to form a closed set of eight unique patterns for simple critical points. These patterns are also basic building blocks for higher-order nonlinear vector fields. In order to study and compare a given set of vector fields, a measure of distance between different patterns of critical points is introduced. The basic patterns of critical points are mapped onto a unit circle in /spl alpha/-/spl beta/ space. The concept of the "Earth mover's distance" is used to compute the closeness between various pairs of vector fields, and a nearest-neighbor query is thus produced to illustrate the relationship between the given set of vector fields. This approach quantitatively measures the similarity and dissimilarity between vector fields. It is ideal for data compression of a large flow field, since only the number and types of critical points along with their corresponding /spl alpha/ and /spl beta/ parameters are necessary to reconstruct the whole field. It can also be used to better quantify the changes in time-varying data sets.
The Determination Of The Residual Stress State And Its Effect On Peel Tests In Polyimide Coatings.

The determination of residual stresses in thin polymer coatings is crucial in the prediction of failure due to delamination and cracking. This is especially important in the electronics industry where thin polymer dielectric layers are used. The dielectric layers are often under three-dimensional constraints and have holes through which metal interconnects run. These act as locations of high stress concentration. Three complementary methods have been developed which will provide a better base for understanding the delamination and performance of thin coatings. These techniques include, a holographic interferometry method for determining the residual stresses in coatings (~10 μm thick); a deformation calorimetry technique for establishing an energy balance for peel tests; a set of experiments for measuring the nine elasticity coefficients for orthotropic films. The combination of these methods allows a comparison between the residual stresses present in coatings and the contribution of those residual stresses to the work needed for peeling. The knowledge of the stress state and elasticity coefficients is essential for determining the elastic energy in a coating. The total elastic energy which can be stored in a stressed coating increases with the coating thickness. Stressed coatings exceeding a critical thickness will spontaneously delaminate if the elastic energy in the coating is greater than the energy required for debonding. The elastic energy in the coating per unit area at the critical thickness is a measure of the interfacial strength.