cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crossroads of Equality: Race/Ethnicity and Cities in American Democracy

The establishment of Urban Affairs Quarterly/Urban Affairs Review coincided notably with significant social and political developments as well as the publication of major scholarship having to do with issues of (in)equality. The author suggests and briefly considers what he takes to be some leading examples of how questions of racial equality have been closely intertwined with urban politics and the study there of since the early 1960s. He also notes some emerging phenomena that seem likely to continue to place urban politics and research in UAR at the crossroads of equality in the United States.
Hepatic perfusion as a predictor of mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in patients with refractory ascites.

PURPOSE To determine whether hepatic perfusion patterns predict mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in patients with severe ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 22 patients who had enhanced cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging performed immediately before TIPS creation in the angled coronal plane including the left kidney, liver, and main portal vein. Regions of interest were centered over the liver and kidney, and perfusion curves were generated and reviewed before the standard TIPS procedure was performed. Four patients did not undergo TIPS creation as a result of very poor hepatic perfusion by MR. All patients were followed clinically and by ultrasound surveillance of their shunt. RESULTS Eleven patients died within 6 months, including all four patients who did not have a TIPS because of MR evidence of poor hepatic perfusion. Of these 11 patients, eight (73%) had unfavorable liver flow consisting of diminished enhancement compared to the kidney and early peak enhancement of less than 50 seconds. The surviving patients all showed a delayed peak enhancement of greater than 50 seconds. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing TIPS creation for refractory ascites, blunted arterial-type hepatic enhancement is a poor prognostic sign. Cine MR imaging with evaluation of hepatic perfusion can be performed and reviewed before the TIPS procedure. Alternative techniques for ascites reduction may be preferred for patients with unfavorable hepatic perfusion.
Effectiveness of Product Safety Warnings over Time, and the Generalization of Warning Signs:

The extent to which consumer's attention for safety signs varies over time and the extent to which consumer's impression of product safety are altered by the presence of a safety sign were investigated. A total of 60 subjects had one of two types of signs (safety message or security message) placed on the front of a VDU. Subjects were administered a questionnaire after either one or three weeks of exposure to the signs. Results indicate that safety signs can be rapidly habituated to if the sign's content is not seen as relevant to the task at hand. In addition it was found that the presence of a safety sign resulted in subjects identifying more product related safety hazards.
Offset vertical radar profiling

Microbial digestion of organic contaminants is an in situ means for bio remediation that is currently under development and evaluation. Vegetable oil has been proposed as an agent to stimulate the natural microbial community. This system becomes anaerobic as the vegetable oil is consumed providing the necessary conditions for metabolizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In order for this process to be effective in remediating groundwater contamination, the vegetable oil must be introduced into contamination either directly or by creating a “curtain” down gradient.
Development and application of patterned conducting polymer thin films as chemoresponsive and electrochemically responsive optical diffraction gratings

Abstract We describe the preparation of two-dimensionally patterned polyaniline (PANI) thin films via microtransfer molding and electropolymerization techniques. This procedure yields reproducible conducting polymer patterns with excellent feature periodicity, making them useful as diffraction gratings. The fabricated polymer gratings were characterized via tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. Spectroelectrochemistry was used to characterize the optical properties associated with various intrinsic PANI redox states. In accordance with the Kramers–Kronig relation for change-in-absorptivity and change-in-index-of-refraction, electrochemically induced changes in refractive index (detected via changes in diffraction efficiency) were observed to coincide with electrochemically-induced changes in the PANI electronic absorption spectrum. In addition, the higher oxidation states of PANI and the associated changes in refractive index proved accessible via chemical oxidation. Beyond the novelty of a chemically-switchable transmission grating, the response of this system points to the possibility of developing diffraction-based chemical sensing schemes.
Enzymic degradation of starch in cotton leaves

Abstract Starch degradation enzymes and their products were determined from chloroplasts and leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Coker 100) exposed t
Raman scattering study of the dynamics of the pressure-induced phase transition in thallium azide (TlN3)

Abstract A Raman scattering investigation of the pressure-induced phase transition in tetragonal thallium azide (TlN 3 ) is reported. The most interesting features of the Raman spectrum of TlN 3 are the anti-resonant line-shapes of two E g symmetry phonons at 35 and 50 cm −1 superimposed on a quasi-elastic wing. The scattering data is shown to be consistent with a model in which the two phonons interact via an imaginary coupling term. The phonon at 35 cm −1 (assigned to a translational shear mode of the Tl + sublattice) softens with increasing pressure and increases in linewidth as P approaches P 0 (=8 kbar) from below. At the same time, the quasi-elastic scattering component (associated with large amplitude N 3 − librational fluctuations) becomes less damped. A displacive structural transition from tetragonal to monoclinic is indicated by the eigenvector of the soft phonon.
Expression of recombination activating genes 1 and 2 in peripheral B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective To analyze immunoregulatory abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by assessing the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for types 1 and 2 recombination activating genes (RAG) in the peripheral blood of patients with active SLE. Methods We examined B cell populations and also individual B cells from patients with SLE for the expression of RAG mRNA. Results Analysis of bulk mRNA indicated that RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA were found routinely in peripheral B cells of patients with active SLE, but not in healthy subjects. When assessed on a single-cell basis, there was a 3-fold increase in the frequency of RAG1- and RAG2-expressing B cells in SLE patients compared with healthy subjects. Notably, B cells expressing both RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA expressed only IgD mRNA, but not IgG mRNA. Fifty percent of RAG-expressing B cells also expressed VpreB mRNA, whereas all expressed CD154 mRNA. Phenotypic analysis indicated that RAG-expressing B cells were activated, mature B cells. Conclusion These results indicate that RAG expression is up-regulated in peripheral IgD+ and VpreB+ B cells of patients with active SLE. These cells may contribute to the immunoregulatory abnormalities in patients with SLE.
Aromatic-histidine interactions in the zinc finger motif: structural inequivalence of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the hydrophobic core.

The classical Zn finger (Cys-X2,4-Cys-X3-Phe-X5-Leu-X2-His-X3,4-His contains [corrected] an aromatic-histidine interaction (underlined) in its hydrophobic core whose importance is suggested by the marked destabilization of a Phe-->Leu analogue [Mortishire-Smith, R.J., Lee, M.S., Bolinger, L., & Wright, P.E. (1992) FEBS Lett. 1, 11-15]. In some Zn finger sequences the central Phe is replaced [corrected] by Tyr, and when present, this substitution is generally conserved among species. To investigate whether Tyr would participate in an analogous aromatic-histidine interaction, we have determined the solution structure in a Phe-->Tyr mutant domain. Its global fold (the beta beta alpha motif) is similar to that of the Phe domain. Although the variant Tyr maintains edge-to-face packing against the proximal histidine, the phenolic ring is displaced toward solvent. Such displacement increases the solvent accessibility of the Tyr p-OH group and reduces steric overlap (and possible electrostatic repulsion) between the Tyr O zeta and His pi electrons. The Tyr analogue exhibits reduced dynamic stability (as indicated by more rapid exchange of amide protons in D2O) and may alternate in rapid equilibrium between major and minor conformers. Inequivalent Tyr-His and Phe-His interactions are likely to be general features of Zn finger architecture. Molecular modeling based on the Zif268 cocrystal structure [Pavletich, N.P., & Pabo, C.O. (1991) Science 252, 809-817] suggests that the variant Tyr p-OH group may readily be positioned to contribute a novel hydrogen bond to a DNA phosphate.
An application of stochastic languages to fingerprint pattern recognition

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a stochastic syntactic approach for representation and classification of fingerprint patterns. The fingerprint impressions are subdivided into sampling squares which are preprocessed for feature extraction. First, a brief summary of application of a class of context-free languages for recognition of fingerprints is presented. Next, using the same set of features, a class of stochastic context-free languages was used to further classify the fingerprint impressions. The recognizers using the class of context-free and stochastic context-free languages are named the first-level and second-level classifiers, respectively. Experimental results in terms of real data fingerprints are presented.
Analysis of atmospheric sesquiterpenes: sampling losses and mitigation of ozone interferences.

Atmospheric standards containing parts-per-billion levels of 14 semivolatile hydrocarbon compounds, including eight sesquiterpenes (SQTs) (longipinene, α-copaene, isolongifolene, α-cedrene, trans-c...
Script-driven packet marking for quality-of-service support in legacy applications

This paper describes the implementation of a system to deliver Quality of Service for IP flows using a DiffServ- like packet marking mechanism. The system uses an unmodified commodity operating system (Windows NT), and a policy daemon is employed to implement arbitrary policies for QoS via a scripting mechanism. By interposing an agent in the protocol stack used by the application runtime system, off-the-shelf applications can have different packet forwarding policies assigned to different flows they originate, without any need to recompile either the operating system or the application. The principle of the system can be naturally extended to implement more widely coordinated policy-based networking, and network reservations using protocols such as RSVP, without any need to recompile applications.
Funding of Research on Headache Disorders by the National Institutes of Health

Introduction Despite the high level of individual and societal burden resulting from headache disorders, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has funded relatively little research on these disorders.
Disagreement, Error, and an Alternative to Reference Magnetism

Lewisian reference magnetism about linguistic content determination [Lewis 1983 has been defended in recent work by Weatherson [2003] and Sider [2009], among others. Two advantages claimed for the view are its capacity to make sense of systematic error in speakers' use of their words, and its capacity to distinguish between verbal and substantive disagreements. Our understanding of both error and disagreement is linked to the role of usage and first order intuitions in semantics and in linguistic theory more generally. I argue, partially on the basis of these more general considerations, that reference magnetism delivers implausible results. Specifically, I argue that the proponent of reference magnetism maintains her analysis of genuinely systematic error at the cost of an empirically unjustifiable error theory regarding ordinary usage. In response, I describe an alternative view of content determination—MUMPS, or Meaning is Use Minus Pragmatics—which is not committed to such error theories. Despite this...
Variations in the acid content of rain water in the course of a single precipitation

The major acid components in the rain water collected during five different rainfall events in July and August 1977, were found to be a strong acid, the weak acid NH in4 su+ and dissolved CO2 from the atmosphere. Variations in their concentrations were determined as a function of time in the course of each of the rainfall events. Two experimental methods were used in this investigation, a microtitrim etric method and a coulometric method, and the data were analyzed by the use of modified Gran functions. Both methods gave the same results. The most significant observation was that the strong acid concentration increased from very low values to a maximum and then decreased in the course of a single rainfall event.
So Whaddya Think? Consumers Create Ads and Other Consumers Critique Them

Abstract With the availability of online creative tools, consumers create ad-like communications on their own or in response to company contests. These consumer-generated ads (CGA) are like word-of-mouth (WOM) in that they are consumer-to-consumer communications, yet they have the look and feel of traditional advertising. We examine consumer responses to both contest and unsolicited CGA and company ads using data gathered from consumers via netnography and depth interviews. Content analysis is used to compare the three ad types and reveals that the contest rules frame CGA so that they resemble company ads while unsolicited CGA differ from both ad types. Findings show that consumers respond to both types of CGA by engaging with the ad rather than the brand, much like an ad critic, while company ads elicit brand associations. Unsolicited CGA are seen as authentic, but not credible, while contest ads are seen as credible, but not authentic, revealing a boundary condition to the conventional view that authenticity leads to credibility.
Grb-IR: a SH2-domain-containing protein that binds to the insulin receptor and inhibits its function

Abstract To identify potential signaling molecules involved in mediating insulin-induced biological responses, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed with the cytoplasmic domain of the human insulin receptor (IR) as bait to trap high-affinity interacting proteins encoded by human liver or HeLa cDNA libraries. A SH2-domain-containing protein was identified that binds with high affinity in vitro to the autophosphorylated IR. The mRNA for this protein was found by Northern blot analyses to be highest in skeletal muscle and was also detected in fat by PCR. To study the role of this protein in insulin signaling, a full-length cDNA encoding this protein (called Grb-IR) was isolated and stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the human IR. Insulin treatment of these cells resulted in the in situ formation of a complex of the IR and the 60-kDa Grb-IR. Although almost 75% of the Grb-IR protein was bound to the IR, it was only weakly tyrosine-phosphorylated. The formation of this complex appeared to inhibit the insulin-induced increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of two endogenous substrates, a 60-kDa GTPase-activating-protein-associated protein and, to a lesser extent, IR substrate 1. The subsequent association of this latter protein with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase also appeared to be inhibited. These findings raise the possibility that Grb-IR is a SH2-domain-containing protein that directly complexes with the IR and serves to inhibit signaling or redirect the IR signaling pathway.
Split-step algorithm for matrix preconditioning and inversion on systolic arrays

New algorithms for preconditioning and inversion of symmetric positive-definite matrices are proposed in this paper. These algorithms have a parallel structure and are suitable for realisation on systolic arrays. The algorithms are based on the repeated use of a polynomial preconditioning technique. Matrix-matrix multiplications constitute the major computations in these algorithms. On a systolic array, the total time for either preconditioning or inversion of an (N × N) matrix is of the order of N. The implementational details of the algorithm on systolic arrays are outlined. Preliminary theoretical analysis on the convergence rate of the algorithms for a specific input parameter combination is presented along with the results of numerical experiments on several matrices.
Multigrid techniques for the solution of the passive scalar advection-diffusion equation

The solution of elliptic passive scalar advection-diffusion equations is required in the analysis of many turbulent flow and convective heat transfer problems. The accuracy of the solution may be affected by the presence of regions containing large gradients of the dependent variables. The multigrid concept of local grid refinement is a method for improving the accuracy of the calculations in these problems. In combination with the multilevel acceleration techniques, an accurate and efficient computational procedure is developed. In addition, a robust implementation of the QUICK finite-difference scheme is described. Calculations of a test problem are presented to quantitatively demonstrate the advantages of the multilevel-multigrid method.
Overview of the HST optical systems performance

Soon after first light, it was discovered that the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) could not be brought to its optimum design focus. In a brief historical review, this paper tells how the spherical aberration was uncovered and quantified by independent review teams throughout the first year of observatory operation.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mixed tumors of the parotid gland. An ultrastructural study.

Several histologic variants of parotid gland mixed tumors were examined ultrastructurally to determine the nature of the cells present within the myxoid stroma of these neoplasms. The stellate cells within the myxoid stroma of some of these cases resembled certain epithelial elements present within the glandular areas of others. In addition, the presence of desmosomal attachments further suggested an epithelial, rather than a mesenchymal, origin for these elements. No evidence was found to substantiate a myoepithelial histogenesis for these cells.
Electrocardiographic changes in the dog during hypothermia

Abstract 1. 1. Electrocardiographic observations during hypothermia are analyzed. The rate decreased proportionately to the temperature, as did prolongation of the P-R and the QRS intervals. 2. 2. Prolongation of the Q-T intervals was greater than expected by decrease in cardiac rate alone. Its lengthening during hypothermia reflects altered metabolism of the ventricular muscle. This may be due possibly to minute changes in calcium and potassium not detectable by present serum analyses. 3. 3. Various morphologic changes in P wave and the S-T segment are discussed. 4. 4. No prognostic significance as to the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation could be derived from the electrocardiogram during hypothermia.
Changes in reactive depression and sense of self in a time-limited psychodynamic therapy

Attention to the self can take place even within the context of a brief or time-limited psychodynamically oriented therapy. The case presented here demonstrates how one can, and why one should, treat the whole person and not solely the symptoms of depression following a significant loss. The aspect of the client's sense of self that was most prominent was her need to depend excessively on her boyfriend rather than being more autonomous within a mature give-and-take relationship. She was treated in a 12-session time-limited therapy developed by James Mann that deals with the human inevitability of experiencing significant interpersonal separations and losses. In line with this model, the therapy focused on the client's chronically endured emotional pain, employing an empathic, exploratory, and interpretive style. The termination stage of therapy allowed the client to reexperience feelings of loss and separation with the opportunity to come to terms with them in a new, more constructive way. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Portrait of Crime Victims Who Fight Back

Although many victims of crime apparently remain passive during criminal victimization, some choose to respond with force. In this article, the authors have used National Crime Survey data to examine this type of response to victimization. Using the NCS data, the authors have described three groups of victims: (a) those who use a gun in self-defense, (b) those who use a weapon other than a gun, and (c) those who use no weapon but fight back by kicking, hitting, or biting. Further, the authors have described some of the key aspect characteristics of the victimization incident for each of these three victim-response groups in an effort to identify differences between them.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity in premature neonatal humans.

IT has been shown1 that guinea pig embryos could be induced to develop the delayed-type of hypersensitivity1. The possibility that the premature new-born human could be similarly sensitized was therefore investigated. Successful sensitization of new-born humans to poison ivy has been reported2.
Semigroups of finite matrices

We derive, by elementary methods, some useful facts, some new, for matrix semigroups especially for compact non-negative matrix semigroups, generalizing some results of A. Gleason. These results may be applied to automata theory when input and output are sensed stochastically; we hope to write up these applications shortly. LetS be a (multiplicative) semigroup ofn×n matrices overC, compact as a subset ofC n2. LetI be the two sided ideal inS of elements of minimal rank. (I is clearly closed since rank can be expressed by vanishing of minors). We will show, among other things, thatI is precisely the minimal ideal or core ofS, generalizing a result of Gleason [2].
A broader view of trauma: A biopsychosocial-evolutionary view of the role of the traumatic stress response in the emergence of pathology and/or growth

The main goal of this paper is to articulate a biopsychosocial evolutionary approach to understanding the traumatic stress response. The secondary goal of this paper is to draw out the general clinical implications of this approach. I articulate seven interconnected and overlapping empirically grounded theoretical conclusions: (1) Stress is best understood as a prerational form of biopsychological feedback regarding the organism's relationship with its environment; (2) The normal outcome of traumatic stress is growth, rather than pathology; (3) Most psychopathology is a function of the maladaptive modulation of the stress response; (4) Trauma always leaves the individual transformed on a biological, as well as psychological, level; (5) The general biological process underlying stress responses is universal, but the specific dynamics are always a function of the unique sociocultural environment and psychological makeup of the individual; (6) The biology underlying stable psychopathological symptoms may change even as the psychological symptoms remain the same; and (7) Rationality is humanity's evolutionarily newest and most sophisticated stress-reduction behavioral mechanism, and the most important aspect of restoring psychological health to the trauma victim.
A simple non-linear shift-variant process/filter for reducing gaussian noise in impact signals

This paper presents a non-linear shift-variant process/filter that can be used on non-repeatable, time variant impact response signals to reduce the Gaussian noise introduced by the instrumentation. The process can improve the quality of the data in terms of both the time and frequency domains. The purpose of the paper is to show that, just as operations in the frequency domain can improve the quality of the signal in the time domain, this process's operations in the time domain may improve, if the noise is Gaussian, the quality of the signal in the frequency domain. The improvements in the signal quality in many cases can increase the accuracy of transfer function analysis.
A New Conducting Ternary Nitride: NaxTa3N5(0≤x≤1.4)☆

Abstract Topotactic insertion of sodium into the channel structure of Ta3N5has been accomplished by the reaction between Na and Ta3N5at temperatures between 450 and 600°C in sealed Ni tubes. The limiting stoichiometry of NaxTa3N5obtained isx≈1.4. The structure of Na1.0Ta3N5has been refined using Rietveld full-profile refinement of X-ray powder diffraction data using the Ta3N5structure as the starting model. The space group remainsCmcm(No. 63) with parametersa=3.995(1),b=10.197(2), andc=10.331(2) A. The Na atoms are shown to occupy 7-coordinate sites in the holes present in the Ta3N5framework. The weak temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility between 100 and 320 K of Na1.0Ta3N5and its small value (χmol(300 K)=6.5×10−4emu mol−1) suggest that the compound is a metallic conductor. This is supported by the moderate conduction of an unsintered pellet of Na1.0Ta3N5powder. We also report the identification of the poorly crystalline disordered rock salt phase Na2Ta3N5(a=4.47(4) A) which is obtained when the reaction temperature is between 600 and 800°C and a partly characterized hexagonal phase that results from nitrogen loss, Na1−xTa3+xN4(x≈0), which forms at temperatures above 800°C. The latter compound crystallizes inP63/mcm(No. 193) witha=5.1784(1) andc=10.3650(3) A and is analogous to previously reported Li and Mg compounds.
Alcohol and asymmetrical state-dependency: a possible explanation.

The phenomenon of alcohol-induced asymmetrical state dependency was reproduced using mice. Interference with training and facilitation at the time of retraining are offered as explanations of the data, rather than “amnesia.” It is suggested that many reported uses of drug-induced amnesia may be misinterpretations, based on general behavioral effects of the drug, rather than specific effects on memory.
Photoperiods and age as factors modifying the effects of kepone in Japanese quail.

Abstract Immature Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) of both sexes fed 200 ppm of the insecticide Kepone, when exposed to 16 hr of light per day, had significantly enlarged reproductive organs, livers and adrenal glands. After a reduction in the photoperiod high mortality occurred in only the birds previously fed Kepone. Administration of Kepone to adult females while egg-laying did not affect the weight of reproductive organs or livers. In adult males of the same age testes and livers were greatly enlarged. In both sexes of adult birds, the adrenals were enlarged. Subsequent exposure to reduced photoperiod of the Kepone-fed adult quails of both sexes produced no mortality. In males fed Kepone, testicular regression was recorded much earlier than in controls. Previous ingestion of Kepone affected neither the cessation of egg-laying nor the regression of the ovary. Kepone exerted its effects primarily on the immature quail of both sexes and to a lesser degree on adults. An estrogenic action of Kepone was indicated by increased oviduct weight of young females on a photoperiod of 6 hr light and 18 hr dark per day. In adult males the major estrogenic effect was increased liver weight.
Sentinel node biopsy prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Several studies have explored sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but false negative rates and the loss of pretreatment nodal staging are limitations. Sentinel lymph node biopsy prior to induction chemotherapy may address both. Methods Sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in clinically node negative patients prior to initiating chemotherapy. Standard level I/II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed at the time of surgery in those patients who had metastases in the sentinel lymph node (SLN). Results Twenty-five patients had 26 SLNB prior to the initiation of chemotherapy. The SLN was identified in all cases (100%). Twelve patients (48%) were found to be node negative and did not require axillary node dissection after chemotherapy. Of the patients who were SLN positive and underwent completion ALND, residual nodal disease was identified in 60%. There were no surgical complications or delay of chemotherapy. Conclusions Sentinel lymph node biopsy prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy can avoid the morbidity of ALND without compromising the accuracy of axillary staging. It allows for identification of node positive patients subsequently rendered disease free in the regional nodes, which can assist in planning additional chemotherapy or radiation.
In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy to determine transformation pathways in supported Ni nanoparticles

We have applied in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) to follow the dynamic phase transformations that take place in SiO(2) supported Ni nanoparticles during oxidation and reduction processes. The gas environments used for in situ ETEM studies were relevant to partial oxidation of methane (POM) reaction. In the presence of the CH(4)+O(2) gas mixture (in 2:1 ratio) at 400°C, Ni transforms to NiO due to the high O-chemisorption energy. NiO void structures were formed during the oxidation because of the Kirkendall type process where diffusion of Ni cations along NiO grain boundaries is eight orders of magnitude greater than the diffusion of O anions. Reduction was performed under a CO+H(2) mixture at 400°C (in 1:2 ratio) and also in the presence of CH(4) at 500°C. Particle reduction processes also takes place via the diffusion of Ni cations along the NiO grain boundaries leaving NiO on the surface of the nanoparticle. NiO is the phase that is present on the surface of the nanoparticle during the intermediate stage of reduction.
Künneth decompositions for quotient varieties

Abstract In this paper we discuss Kunneth decompositions for finite quotients of several classes of smooth projective varieties. The main result is the existence of an explicit (and readily computable) Chow-Kunneth decomposition in the sense of Murre with several pleasant properties for finite quotients of abelian varieties. This applies in particular to symmetric products of abelian varieties and also to certain smooth quotients in positive characteristics which are known to be not abelian varieties, examples of which were considered by Enriques and Igusa. We also consider briefly a strong Kunneth decomposition for finite quotients of projective smooth linear varieties.
1 year mortality after first hospital admission for heart failure was similar in patients with preserved or reduced ejection fraction

Source Citation Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:260-9. 16855266
How does a suicide attempter eat differently from others? Comparison of macronutrient intakes

Abstract Objective Issues of the subtle effects of diet and nutrition on suicidal behaviors are rarely examined. This study describes the differences in dietary intakes of macronutrients between individuals who had ever made a suicide attempt and those who never had. Methods We examined the data of 7631 non-institutionalized adults ages 17 to 39 y who completed a mental disorder diagnostic interview and a 24-h dietary recall as a part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Multivariable adjusted means of daily caloric intake and energy percentage from macronutrients were calculated for individuals who had a history of lifetime suicide attempt(s) ( n = 408) and compared with those who did not. Results After adjustment for covariates, including socioeconomic indicators, health risk factors, and history of medical and psychiatric illnesses, we observed that the means of daily caloric intake, cholesterol, and energy percentages from carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and protein did not differ significantly between attempters and non-attempters. However, energy percentage from polyunsaturated fat was lower in attempters than in non-attempters. Mean percentages ± standard error for smoking attempters, non-smoking attempters, smoking non-attempters, and non-smoking non-attempters were 5.5 ± 0.4 ( P = 0.01), 6.7 ± 0.2 ( P = 0.02), 7.5 ± 1.4 ( P = 0.78), and 7.2 ± 0.1 (reference), respectively, in men, and 6.3 ± 0.4 ( P = 0.01), 7.2 ± 0.2 ( P = 0.07), 7.3 ± 1.0 ( P = 0.89), and 7.5 ± 0.1 (reference), respectively, in women. Dietary fiber intake was also lower in attempters than in non-attempters. These differences were independent of daily caloric intake. Conclusions Individuals with a history of suicide attempt have low intakes of polyunsaturated fat and fiber. Potential deleterious effects of low intake of polyunsaturated fat and fiber among suicide attempters merit further investigation.
National Cooperative Group Trials of “High-Risk” Patients With Lung Cancer: Are They Truly “High-Risk”?

Background The American College of Surgery Oncology Group (ACOSOG) trials z4032 and z4033 prospectively characterized lung cancer patients as "high-risk" for surgical intervention, and these results have appeared frequently in the literature. We hypothesized that many patients who meet the objective enrollment criteria for these trials ("high-risk") have similar perioperative outcomes as "normal-risk" patients. Methods We reviewed a prospective institutional database and classified patients undergoing resection for clinical stage I lung cancer as "high-risk" and "normal-risk" by ACOSOG major criteria. Results From 2000 to 2010, 1,066 patients underwent resection for clinical stage I lung cancer. Of these, 194 (18%) met ACOSOG major criteria for risk (preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second or diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide ≤ 50% predicted). "High-risk" patients were older (66.4 vs 64.6 years, p = 0.02) but similar to controls in sex, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. "High-risk" patients were less likely than "normal-risk" patients to undergo a lobectomy (117 of 194 [60%] vs 665 of 872 [76%], p p = 0.59) and 30-day mortality (2 of 194 [1%] vs 14 of 872 [ 2%], p = 0.75). A regression analysis showed age (hazard risk, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.06) and coronary artery disease (hazard risk, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.40) were associated with an elevated risk of complications in those undergoing lobectomy, whereas female sex (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.91) was protective. ACOSOG "high-risk" status was not associated with perioperative morbidity. Conclusions There are no important differences in early postsurgical outcomes between lung cancer patients characterized as "high-risk" and "normal-risk" by ACOSOG trial enrollment criteria, despite a significant proportion of "high-risk" patients undergoing lobectomy.
Police and Community in Chicago: A Tale of Three Cities. By Wesley G. Skogan

Police and Community in Chicago: A Tale of Three Cities. By Wesley G. Skogan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. 360. $35.00 cloth. Few efforts at police reform can ever have been evaluated as intensively, over as many years, as community policing in Chicago. Skogan and his team of researchers began studying Chicago's community policing initiative in 1992, before it was even launched. Over the next 12 years they monitored more than one thousand neighborhood meetings, surveyed tens of thousands of police officers and residents, sat in on planning and training programs, rode along with patrol officers, and analyzed mountains of official reports. This book is the fullest account yet of what they found. Any study of this magnitude will produce a wealth of data. Thankfully, this one has also produced a book of balance and insight. The picture that emerges is decidedly mixed. Skogan gives higher marks to some components of community policing in Chicago than to others. Beat meetings-monthly open forums for residents of particular neighborhoods and officers assigned to patrol it-have been well attended and productive; District Advisory Committees-appointed panels of community leaders who meet periodically with police middle managers-have proved largely pointless. More important, Skogan argues persuasively that the successes of community policing have been racially specific. Whites did not need the program; African Americans have benefited enormously; Latinos, on average, have seen little improvement. Each of the three groups is further subdivided-by age, class, education, and so on. Skogan notes that the Latino community, in particular, "cleaved apart" during the 1990s, with "economics, language, and culture" separating Spanish-speaking immigrants from better-off, more well-established English-speakers (p. 14). But he argues persuasively that racial divisions have been paramount, and that any understanding of community policing in Chicago must begin by recognizing that there are "three Chicagos: one white, one African-American, and one Latino" (p. 12). Here and elsewhere, Skogan's nuanced analysis provides a useful corrective to extravagant claims sometimes made for community policing. He makes clear, for example, that community policing cannot usefully be understood as putting "the community" in charge. It is not just that there is no single, unified community. Community policing in Chicago, as elsewhere, has left decisionmaking and agenda-setting firmly in the hands of the police. The department runs the beat meetings, selects the topics to be addressed, and decides how to follow up. Beats are geographically compact, so the small fraction of residents who show up (typically less than half a percent of the neighborhood) generally share important concerns with their neighbors (p. 155). But this is "a 'depoliticized' version of representation," without binding votes or mechanisms of public accountability (p. …
Terahertz transmission spectroscopy of chalcogenide glasses

Terahertz transmission of a chalcogenide family of glasses is reported. The glasses were processed using established methods for non-oxide glasses. Transmission through the samples was measured using a THz spectrometer. The transmission and optical properties of the glasses are summarized. The results show promise of these glasses for application as THz windows.
Relationship between clinical efficacy and clozapine concentrations in plasma in schizophrenia: effect of smoking

Concentrations in plasma of clozapine and norclozapine, the major metabolite of clozapine, were measured in 59 treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients at a random time period during the course of treatment. A lower sum of the concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine or either alone predicted less improvement in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Total and Positive symptoms in a multivariate analysis that controlled for baseline BPRS rating and dose. The mean doses of clozapine after 6 months of treatment and at the time of blood sampling were not significantly different in 30 responders and 29 nonresponders to clozapine, on the basis of the decrease in BPRS Total scores, whereas the concentrations in plasma in clozapine of norclozapine and the sum of their concentrations were significantly higher in responders. Clozapine and norclozapine concentrations in plasma correlated both with dose at the time of sampling and with dose at 6 months. A clozapine concentration of 370 ng/ml was the optimal cutoff for distinguishing responders from nonresponders. Clozapine and norclozapine concentrations did not differ in male smokers and nonsmokers.
Differential regulation of NAB corepressor genes in Schwann cells.

Myelination of peripheral nerves by Schwann cells requires not only the Egr2/Krox-20 transactivator, but also the NGFI-A/Egr-binding (NAB) corepressors, which modulate activity of Egr2. Previous work has shown that axon-dependent expression of Egr2 is mediated by neuregulin stimulation, and NAB corepressors are co-regulated with Egr2 expression in peripheral nerve development. NAB corepressors have also been implicated in macrophage development, cardiac hypertrophy, prostate carcinogenesis, and feedback regulation involved in hindbrain development. To test the mechanism of NAB regulation in Schwann cells, transfection assays revealed that both Nab1 and Nab2 promoters are activated by Egr2 expression. Furthermore, direct binding of Egr2 at these promoters was demonstrated in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of myelinating sciatic nerve, and binding of Egr2 to the Nab2 promoter was stimulated by neuregulin in primary Schwann cells. Although Egr2 expression activates the Nab2 promoter more highly than Nab1, we surprisingly found that only Nab1 – but not Nab2 – expression levels were reduced in sciatic nerve from Egr2 null mice. Analysis of the Nab2 promoter showed that it is also activated by ETS proteins (Ets2 and Etv1/ER81) and is bound by Ets2 in vivo. Overall, these results indicate that induction of Nab2 expression in Schwann cells involves not only Egr2, but also ETS proteins that are activated by neuregulin stimulation. Although Nab1 and Nab2 play partially redundant roles, regulation of Nab2 expression by ETS factors explains several observations regarding regulation of NAB genes. Finally, these data suggest that NAB proteins are not only feedback inhibitors of Egr2, but rather that co-induction of Egr2 and NAB genes is involved in forming an Egr2/NAB complex that is crucial for regulation of gene expression.
Discovery of a distinct domain in cyclin A sufficient for centrosomal localization independently of Cdk binding

Centrosomes have recently emerged as key regulators of the cell cycle. The G1/S transition requires a functional centrosome, and centrosomal localization of numerous proteins, including cyclin/Cdk complexes, is important for the G2/M transition. Here we identify a modular centrosomal localization signal (CLS) localizing cyclin A to centrosomes independently of Cdk binding. The cyclin A CLS is located in a distinct part of the molecule compared with the cyclin E CLS and includes the MRAIL hydrophobic patch involved in substrate recognition. The cyclin A CLS interacts with p27 KIP1 , and expression of p27 KIP1 removes cyclin A but not cyclin E from centrosomes. Expression of the cyclin A CLS displaces both endogenous cyclin A and E from centrosomes and inhibits DNA replication, supporting an emerging concept that DNA replication is linked to centrosomal events. Structural analysis indicates that differences in surface charge and length of the C-terminal helix explain why the MRAIL region in cyclin E is not a functional CLS. These results indicate that the cyclin A CLS may contribute to targeting and recognition of centrosomal Cdk substrates and is required for specific effects of p27 KIP1 on cyclin A-Cdk2.
A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics , Hans-Albert Bachor. 1998. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York). 378 pp. $95.00. ISBN 3-527-29298-5.

This book succeeds in providing an experimentalist's view of quantum optics, complementing the many standard texts which take a theoretical point of view (see, e.g., M.O. Scully and M.S. Zubairy Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press, 1997). As the title indicates, the book focuses mainly on experimental efforts and the realistic conditions of experimental tests. The choice of topics was clearly the result of the author's experience in the field of experimental quantum optics and a solid understanding of the pedagogical requirements of the material.
Sexual Assault Programming for College Students

The authors discuss workshops designed to promote awareness of sexual assault and to provide education about such assault on college campuses.
Ferromagnetic Resonance Frequency Shift in Yttrium Iron Garnet

Calculations and measurements have been made of the shift of the ferromagnetic resonance frequency in the presence of excited magnons. The calculations were carried out by retaining terms in the Hamiltonian up to fourth order in the spin-wave variables and by treating these terms in a random phase approximation. The frequency shift depends linearly on the number of excited $k=0$ and $k\ensuremath{\ne}0$ magnons, with a $k$-dependent proportionality factor. Measurements of this shift therefore can be used to determine the magnon distribution at resonance, and such measurements have been used to study the effect of surface preparation of the sample on the magnon distribution. The results show considerable agreement with the surface pit model; namely, the linewidth and the number of $k\ensuremath{\ne}0$ magnons increase with increased surface roughness, the surface-induced scattering from the $k=0$ mode occurs to a localized group of degenerate $k\ensuremath{\ne}0$ spin waves, and the effective wavelength of the spin wave to which scattering occurs increases with increased surface roughness. The data are not consistent with the theory that there is a rapid equilibration of the degenerate spin waves. The frequency shift was also observed at power levels above the critical value for the onset of nonlinearities. The results cannot be explained simply by invoking the instability of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{k}=0$ spin waves. Possible alternate explanations are offered.
Existence of the solutions of fuzzy differential equations with parameters

In this paper, we study the existence of the solutions of fuzzy differential equations with parameters by the topological degree method.
Regulation and function of glycogen synthase kinase-3 isoforms in neuronal survival

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase consisting of two isoforms, alpha and beta. The activities of GSK-3 are regulated negatively by serine phosphorylation but positively by tyrosine phosphorylation. GSK-3 inactivation has been proposed as a mechanism to promote neuronal survival. We used GSK-3 isoform-specific small interfering RNAs, dominant-negative mutants, or pharmacological inhibitors to search for functions of the two GSK-3 isoforms in regulating neuronal survival in cultured cortical neurons in response to glutamate insult or during neuronal maturation/aging. Surprisingly, RNA interference-induced depletion of either isoform was sufficient to block glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, and the resulting neuroprotection was associated with enhanced N-terminal serine phosphorylation in both GSK-3 isoforms. However, GSK-3beta depletion was more effective than GSK-3alpha depletion in suppressing spontaneous neuronal death in extended culture. This phenomenon is likely due to selective and robust inhibition of GSK-3beta activation resulting from GSK-3beta Ser9 dephosphorylation during the course of spontaneous neuronal death. GSK-3alpha silencing resulted in reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of GSK-3beta, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation is also a critical autoregulatory event. Interestingly, GSK-3 inhibitors caused a rapid and long-lasting increase in GSK-3alpha Ser21 phosphorylation levels, followed by a delayed increase in GSK-3beta Ser9 phosphorylation and a decrease in GSK-3alpha Tyr279 and GSK-3beta Tyr216 phosphorylation, thus implying additional levels of GSK-3 autoregulation. Taken together, our results underscore important similarities and dissimilarities of GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta in the roles of cell survival as well as their distinct modes of regulation. The development of GSK-3 isoform-specific inhibitors seems to be warranted for treating GSK-3-mediated pathology.