cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U-Pb sphene dating of metamorphism: the importance of sphene growth in the contact aureole of the Red Mountain pluton, Laramie Mountains, Wyoming

The relative importance of thermal diffusion versus new growth or recrystallization on U-Pb isotopic data from sphene is assessed through a study of amphibolites and granite gneisses within the contact aureole of the Red Mountain pluton, Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming. Samples were collected along a traverse approximately perpendicular to the margin of the intrusion over a distance of 0.13 to 2.65 km from the contact. The 207Pb/206Pb ages of sphene from amphibolite samples range between 1.43 Ga, the intrusive age of the Red Mountain pluton, to 1.78 Ga, the age of regional metamorphism. The 207Pb/206Pb ages of sphene in rocks metamorphosed above 700° C are within error of the intrusive age of the pluton, and appear to have resulted from diffusional resetting of preexisting sphene and the metamorphic growth of additional sphene at 1.43 Ga. At greater distance from the contact the 207Pb/206Pb ages range from 1.45 to 1.72 Ga. This 300 million year spread in ages is interpreted to result from two periods of sphene growth, one produced during regional metamorphism at 1.78 Ga and another generation of newly grown or recrystallized sphene that formed during contact metamorphism at 1.43 Ga. These two age populations may be identified on the basis of petrographic textures, the morphologies and color differences of grain separates as well as by the U-Pb systematics. In rocks metamorphosed to temperatures less than 700° C, sphene growth was the dominant process controlling the response of the U-Pb isotope system to contact metamorphism. Sphene grew well outside the zone of obvious contact metamorphism. The U-Pb sphene ages were reset by diffusion only at high temperatures, supporting the experimentally determined closure temperature estimates for the U-Pb system in sphene of around 650° C (Cherniak 1993). This study demonstrates that U-Pb ages of sphene can be used to date metamorphism not only in areas with a simple geologic history, such as igneous intrusion or single metamorphic or deformational events, but also to date multiple events so long as different generations of sphene can be identified and separated.
Evidence for Magnetoconvection in a Sunspot Light Bridge

We study a time sequence of the velocity field measured in a sunspot light bridge classified as photospheric. The data provide clear evidence for a convective origin of the photospheric light-bridge phenomenon. Furthermore, the data strongly indicate that a form of oscillatory magnetoconvection is the physical process responsible for the formation of the observed light bridge. We observe umbral dots and find in them a very small upward velocity of order 50 m s-1. Both the intensity and the velocity signal vary in time. Some umbral dots fade over a period of about 15-20 minutes and then reappear at the same location. In the particular sunspot observed, umbral dots give the impression of being aligned in lanes that appear to separate individual flux fragments within the umbra.
On the occurrence of hypomyelination in a transgenic mouse model: a consequence of the myelin basic protein promoter?

Central nervous system hypomyelination is a feature common to a number of transgenic (Tg) mouse lines that express a variety of unrelated exogenous (i.e. non-central nervous system) transgenes. In this report, we document hypomyelination structurally by immunocytochemistry and functionally in the Tg line MBP-JE, which over expresses the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) within oligodendrocytes targeted by a myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter. Analysis of hypomyelinated optic nerves of Tg mice revealed progressive decrease in oligodendrocyte numbers with age (p < 0.01). Although molecular mechanisms underlying hypomyelination in this and other Tg models remain largely unknown, we present preliminary findings on oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) cultures in which, although OPC expressed CCR2, the receptor for CCL2, treatment with CCL2 had no significant effect on OPC proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. We suggest that hypomyelination in the MBP-JE model might not be due to CCL2 expression but rather the result of transcriptional dysfunction related to random insertion of the MBP promoter that disrupts myelinogenesis and leads to oligodendrocyte demise. Because an MBP promoter is a common denominator in most Tg lines displaying hypomyelination, we hypothesize that use of myelin gene sequences in the regulator region of Tg constructs might underlie this perturbation of myelination in such models.
Cardiac arrhythmia and hip fracture

In 2 patients cardiac rhythm disturbances clearly caused falls and hip fractures. This prompted us to study patients with hip fractures to determine if any combination of clinical and laboratory findings identified those with fractures due to arrhythmia.
Time-resolved pulsed spray drop sizing at elevated pressures

An experimental program was conducted to measure drop sizes in pulsed sprays for diesel and fuel-injected spark ignition engine applications. A forward-scattering unit was designed with a high-speed data acquisition system to permit the measurement of drop sizes in sprays at 0.4-ms intervals. Data were taken at elevated pressures from 0.345 to 3.45 MPa with a 0-deg pintle nozzle. The Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and size distribution were calculated using a computational method that is independent of a predetermined distribution function. Results taken at the spray centerline indicate that for most elevated pressures, the SMD in the secondary injection region tended to increase as the pressure in the fuel line decreased and tended to increase with increasing environmental pressure, both suggesting an inverse relationship between drop, size and the pressure drop across the nozzle. Also as the environmental pressure was raised, the distribution width decreased at a slower rate than the SMD increased, indicating a spreading of the drop sizes with injection time at elevated pressures. Significant cycle-to-cycle variation in both the SMD and distribution width indicate that cycle-to-cycle variations must be considered in pulsed sprays. In addition, more variation was seen between random rather than consecutive cycles.
Verapamil and myocardial preservation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

Abstract The value of verapamil hydrochloride as a myocardial preservative when administered prior to or during periods of myocardial ischemia was studied in patients with normal preoperative cardiac function during elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Myocardial protection included systemic hypothermia (28°C) and hypothermic hyperkalemic cardioplegia. Patients were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 received intravenous administration of verapamil prior to aortic cross-clamping. Group 2 received intravenous verapamil plus verapamil in the cardioplegic solution. Group 3 received verapamil in the cardioplegic solution only. Group 4 was given no verapamil. Oxygen extraction during the reperfusion period was greatest in Group 4. However, the incidence of pacing was 50 to 78% in Groups 2 and 3, who were given verapamil in the cardioplegic solution. These groups also had a greater need for inotropic agents for discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study indicates that verapamil may be a useful pretreatment prior to CPB and ischemia, but is not effective and may even be detrimental when administered during ischemic periods to patients with good myocardial function.
Injury mitigation in the collision partners of pre-collision system equipped vehicles in rear-end collisions

This study presents the estimated safety benefits of an autonomous pre-crash braking system for both the striking vehicle and collision partner, or struck vehicle, in rear-end collisions. Occupants of the striking vehicle in rear-end collisions are expected to benefit from autonomous pre-crash braking. Often overlooked, however, are the safety benefits to the collision partner of a PCS-equipped vehicle. This study is unique in that it explicitly estimates the safety benefits for not only PCS equipped vehicles, but the also the collision partner. A nationally representative set of rear-end collision was simulated as if the striking vehicle was equipped with a pre-crash braking system. The results show that the crash severity (change in velocity during the collision, ΔV) was reduced by 24% for the striking vehicle and 26% for the struck vehicle. The number of moderately to fatally injured belted drivers in the striking vehicle was reduced by 36%. The number of moderately to fatally injured drivers in the struck vehicle was reduced by 28%.
Y-scar vertical mammaplasty.

Background:Vertical mammaplasty is an effective alternative to inverted-T methods. Among other benefits, it results in a significantly reduced scar pattern. There exists a subset of patients with mild macromastia and minimal ptosis who are candidates for a scar pattern that is further reduced. These
Social Workers' Attitudes Towards Public Accountability:

The public demand for accountability of human services has been increasing in the United States. Despite the growing importance of public accountability as a special responsibility of social workers, little information is available in U.S. on how these pro fessionals react to the implementation of accountability programs.The survey reported in this paper was made to explore the attitudes of social workers in U.S. hospitals toward PSRO, a nationwide health care service review system. The paper presents a descriptive overview of significant aspects of American social workers' personal attitudes toward various issues of current concern about this accountability system.
Revolution and restoration : the rearrangement of power in Argentina, 1776-1860

The question that still engages the attention of Latin American historians is the amount of real change that occurred with the achievement of political independence from Spain in the early nineteenth century. In this collection, historians examinethe social, political, and economic history of Argentina from the onset of the Bourbon Imperial reforms of 1776 through formal independence, social disorder, and dictatorship until the foundation of the modern bourgeois democratic state in 1860. Argentina in this period was particularly influential in shaping broader Latin American political and intellectual currents, so that an examination of Argentina s situation has important implications for the Latin American republics."
From Propaganda to Scholarship: Dr Joseph Schechtman and the Origins of Israeli Polemics on the Palestinian Refugees

Abstract In 1948 an official ‘Transfer Committee’ was appointed by the Israeli Cabinet to plan the Palestinian refugees' resettlement in the Arab states. Apart from doing everything possible to reduce the Arab population in Israel, the Transfer Committee sought to amplify and consolidate the demographic transformation of Palestine by: preventing the Palestinian refugees from returning to their homes; the destruction of Arab villages; settlement of Jews in Arab villages and towns; and launching a propaganda campaign to discourage Arab return. One of the Transfer Committee's initiatives was to invite Dr Joseph Schechtman, a right-wing Zionist Revisionist leader and expert on ‘population transfer’, to join its efforts. In 1952 Schechtman published a propagandists work entitled The Arab Refugee Problem. Since then Schechtman would become the single most influential propagator of the Zionist myth of ‘voluntary’ exodus in 1948. This article examines the leading role played by Schechtman in promoting Israeli pro...
Preterm Birth: Implications for Family Stress and Coping

The event of preterm birth represents a significant risk to the equilibrium of the family, often placing the family under significant stress. This paper is intended to assist neonatal nurses in understanding factors related to a family’s appraisal of stress and strategies used for coping. Such factors are an important consideration in planning the most effective interventions to support optimal family adaptation to their preterm infant’s birth. In identifying the best clinical approaches to supporting a family coping with the event of a preterm birth, nurses need to consider levels of the evidence that supports adoption of clinical intervention strategies. Working to reduce family stress and improve family coping ensures the most optimal home environment for the preterm infant to grow and thrive in after discharge. n 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Action of topical minoxidil in the bald stump-tailed macaque

The effect of topical minoxidil (5% and 2% solutions) on hair regrowth was studied in the frontal bald scalp of 18 adolescent and adult stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). Gross observation of the hairiness and folliculogram analysis of the skin biopsy specimens have shown that (1) minoxidil induces the enlargement of vellus follicles to the size of middle to terminal follicles (regrowth of hair effect), (2) minoxidil maintains the terminal follicles in the prebald scalp of periadolescent animals (prevention of baldness effect), (3) enlarged follicles regress after minoxidil is withdrawn, and (4) hair follicular growth is once again stimulated when treatment with minoxidil is reinstituted. Hair regrowth was more prominent in the early stage of baldness among younger macaques than in baldness of longer duration in older animals. An in vitro study of 3H tbymidine uptake revealed that the hair follicles in minoxidil-treated macaque skin showed significant enhancement of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the follicular and perifollicular cells but not in the epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, the uptake of 3H minoxidil and its conversion to minoxidil sulfate (the active metabolite producing vasodilation) was relatively higher in the hair follicles than in the epidermis and dermis. Serum concentration of minoxidil was fairly constant 2, 4, 6, 15, and 24 hours after a single application (averaging 15 ng/ml with 5% minoxidil), Minoxidil's essential action in hair follicular growth may be as a potent vasodilator. However, a direct action on the hair follicle cannot be ruled out considering uptake and conversion of the drug to minoxidil sulfate within the hair follicle itself.
Disinhibited eating and weight-related insulin mismanagement among individuals with type 1 diabetes

Objective: Withholding insulin for weight control is a dangerous practice among individuals with type 1 diabetes; yet little is known about the factors associated with this behavior. Studies of nondiabetic individuals with weight concerns suggest that eating in a disinhibited manner (e.g., binge eating) predicts the use of maladaptive compensatory strategies (e.g., self-induced vomiting). The purpose of this study was to test whether individuals with type 1 diabetes are less restrained in their eating when they think their blood glucose (BG) is low and whether this contributes to insulin omission for weight control purposes and subsequently higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Methods: Two-hundred and seventy-six individuals with type 1 diabetes completed an online survey of eating behaviors, insulin dosing and most recent HbA1c. We used structural equation modeling to test the hypothesis that disinhibited eating when blood sugar is thought to be low predicts weight-related insulin mismanagement, and this, in turn, predicts higher HbA1c. Results: The majority of participants endorsed some degree of disinhibition when they think their blood glucose is low (e.g., eating foods they do not typically allow) and corresponding negative affect (e.g., guilt/shame). The frequency of disinhibited eating was positively associated with weight-related insulin mismanagement. Controlling for age, sex, education, and insulin pump use, the model explained 31.3% of the variance in weight-related insulin mismanagement and 16.8% of the variance in HbA1c. Conclusion: Addressing antecedents to disinhibited eating that are unique to type 1 diabetes (e.g., perceived BG level) and associated guilt or shame may reduce weight-related insulin omission.
Abstract 1112: Role of osteoprotegerin in inflammatory and invasive breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly aggressive and angioinvasive form of breast cancer associated with a high incidence of early nodal and systemic metastasis. A proactive, complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment of IBC adds to the grim scenario of the disease by accumulating inflammatory and angiogenic growth factors and creating a niche for the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. The secretions from the primary inflammatory ductal carcinoma of the breast (SUM149PT), and highly invasive ductal carcinoma cells (SUM1315MO2) secrete unusually high levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) as compared to those obtained from the primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). OPG, which plays a pivotal role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast formation, is a multifaceted molecule, and has been found to be involved in multiple myeloma and prostate cancers. This prompted us to examine the role of OPG in the aggressive breast cancers, which has not been deciphered till date. For a better understanding of the OPG functions, apart from using adherent cells, we used in vitro ‘sphere culture’ as our working model. We studied the functional significance of OPG in aggressive breast cancer biology by utilizing well standardized techniques such as OPG staining (immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence), OPG secretion (ELISA), angiogenesis (in vitro tube formation), proliferation (MTT), and cell cycle/aneuploidy analysis (PI staining). We demonstrated that (1) OPG secretion as well as protein level is upregulated in IBC (SUM149PT) and highly Invasive ductal carcinoma cells (SUM1315MO2), and their spheres compared to those of normal human mammary epithelial (HMEC); (2) OPG stained specifically in patient breast cancer tissue samples when compared to the uninvolved tissue from the same patient; (3) OPG rich secretions from IBC and highly invasive breast cancer were highly angiogenic; (4) OPG enriched culture medium induced proliferation of the control HMEC spheres; (5) the presence of OPG triggered the onset of aneuploidy in the control HMEC adherent cells as well as spheres. The functional studies showing the biological significance of OPG (i,e its effect on proliferation, angiogenesis, and aneuploidy) were confirmed using recombinant human OPG and OPG rich/depleted medium obtained from breast cancer cells. Overall our studies highlight the link between OPG and aneuploidy in aggressive breast cancer cells, and opens up avenues for new therapeutic targets for treating IBC. Citation Format: Sudeshna Goswami, NEELAM SHARMA-WALIA. Role of osteoprotegerin in inflammatory and invasive breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1112. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1112
The Role of Zinc in Selective Neuronal Death After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia

Zinc is present in presynaptic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian central nervous system and likely serves as an endogenous signaling substance. However, excessive exposure to extracellular zinc can damage central neurons. After transient forebrain ischemia in rats, chelatable zinc accumulated specifically in degenerating neurons in the hippocampal hilus and CA1, as well as in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, striatum, and amygdala. This accumulation preceded neurodegeneration, which could be prevented by the intraventricular injection of a zinc chelating agent. The toxic influx of zinc may be a key mechanism underlying selective neuronal death after transient global ischemic insults.
Steganalysis of block-structured stegotext

We study a detection-theoretic approach to steganalysis. The relative entropy between covertext and stegotext determines the steganalyzer's difficulty in discriminating them, which in turn defines the detectability of the stegosystem. We consider the case of Gaussian random covertexts and mean-squared embedding constraint. We derive a lower bound on the relative entropy between covertext and stegotext for block-based embedding functions. This lower bound can be approached arbitrarily closely using a spread-spectrum method and secret keys with large entropy. The lower bound can also be attained using a stochastic quantization index modulation (QIM) encoder, without need for secret keys. In general, perfect undetectability can be achieved for blockwise memoryless Gaussian covertexts. For general Gaussian covertexts with memory, the relative entropy increases approximately linearly with the number of blocks observed by the steganalyzer. The error probabilities of the best steganalysis methods decrease exponentially with the number of blocks.
Calculated geochronology and stress field orientations along the Hawaiian chain

Abstract A new method has been discovered for calculating ages of the main shield building stages of volcanoes along the Hawaiian chain from Kilauea to the Hawaiian-Emperor bend. The method is based on a graphical technique for hypothetical subtraction of distance intervals that theoretically represent regions of simultaneous volcanism along adjacent or nearly en-echelon loci of volcanism. Distances along the chain, measured from Kilauea, when progressively foreshortened by the distances of hypothetical “collapse” and plotted versus existing age data are found to give linear age-distance relationships. A calibration graph is presented that agrees closely with the measured ages in 17 of the 20 existing dated volcanoes. The criterion for simultaneous activity on different loci is based on the concept of equal azimuths of synchronous volcanic propagation within coeval segments of the chain. This is the predicted relationship when magmatic fluids inject the lithosphere along directions normal to a nearly horizontal least principal stress. It appears that the Pacific plate has been subjected to oscillatory, but principally clockwise, rotations of horizontal stress components during the last 40 m.y.
Energy-aware data prefetching for multi-speed disks

Power consumption of disk based storage systems is becoming an increasingly pressing issue for both commercial and scientific application domains. Prior work proposed several hardware based approaches to reducing disk power consumption by making use of techniques such as spinning down idle disks and rotating them at lower speeds than the maximum speed possible. While such techniques are certainly very important, it is also critical to consider the influence the software can exercise in shaping the power consumption behavior of disk-intensive application programs. Motivated by this, the main goal of this work is to study whether an optimizing compiler can be used for increasing the power benefits that could be obtained from multi-speed disks. Specifically, we propose and experimentally evaluate a compiler-directed energy-aware data prefetching scheme for scientific applications that process disk-resident data sets. This scheme automatically determines the prefetch distance for all disk access instructions, the disk speeds to be employed, and the associated disk layouts (striping parameters) in a unified setting. We implemented the proposed approach within an optimizing compiler framework and conducted experiments with several disk-intensive applications. Our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed approach brings significant reductions in disk energy consumption over a state-of-the-art software-based I/O prefetching mechanism that does not take into account energy consumption explicitly. Our results also show that the energy-aware prefetching scheme does not bring any extra performance penalties and the energy reductions achieved are consistent across a wide spectrum of values of the simulation parameters.
Molecular and serological comparisons of purified xanthine dehydrogenases from root nodules of three ureide‐producing legume species

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was immunopurified from root nodules of three legume species, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Pella], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. California Black Eye], and lima bean [Phaseolus lunatus L. Henderson]. Polyclonal antibodies raised against each enzyme and monoclonal antibodies raised against soybean XDH were used to compare the three enzymes serologically. Double diffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies showed that the cowpea and lima bean enzymes are very similar immunologically but both differ measurably from soybean. Amino acid compositions of the legume nodule XDHs are presented as well. Although relatedness between these enzymes can be detected by immunological crossreactivity, each XDH has unique epitopes that can be used to distinguish the three proteins.
Muscarinic receptors mediate enhancement of spontaneous GABA release in the chick brain.

Abstract The functional role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the lateral spiriform nucleus was studied in chick brain slices. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of neurons in the lateral spiriform nucleus revealed that carbachol enhanced GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The duration of the response to carbachol was significantly reduced after blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine. In the presence of the nicotinic receptor antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine, carbachol produced a delayed but prolonged enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents that was completely blocked by atropine. Muscarine also enhanced the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on inhibitory postsynaptic current amplitude. While 4-diphenylacetoxy- N -(2-chloroethyl)-piperidine hydrochloride, a M 3 antagonist, completely blocked muscarine's effect, telenzepine, a M 1 antagonist, and tropicamide, a M 4 antagonist, only partially decreased the response to muscarine. Pirenzepine, a M 1 antagonist, and methoctramine, a M 2 antagonist, potentiated muscarine's enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Muscarine's action was blocked by tetrodotoxin, cadmium chloride and ω-conotoxin GVIA, but was not affected by dihydro-β-erythroidine, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, d (−)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, naloxone or fluphenazine. These results demonstrate that activation of both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can enhance GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the lateral spiriform nucleus. The muscarinic response has a slower onset but lasts longer than the nicotinic effect. The M 3 receptor subtype is predominantly involved in enhancing spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These M 3 receptors must be located some distance from GABA release sites, since activation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, and consequent activation of N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, is required to trigger enhanced GABA release following activation of muscarinic receptors.
Clay tablets to micro chips: the evolution of archival practice into the twenty-first century

In the future, library applications related to traditional functions may increasingly assume some of the roles and characteristics of archives and museums. In this article, the author describes fundamental archival concepts and theories and their evolution in recent times. Basic archival functions—appraisal, arrangement, description, reference, preservation, and publication—are also introduced. Finally, early applications of automation to archives (including SPINDEX, NARS‐5, NARS‐A‐1, MARC AMC, presNET, CTRACK, PHOTO, and DIARY) and automation trends for the future are discussed. The article presents a cogent introduction to archival operations, thereby providing 1) a basis for understanding distinctions between current archival and library practices and 2) insight concerning the possible convergence of selected roles and functions.
Cycles of Genocide, Stories of Denial: Atom Egoyan's Ararat

This article focuses on Atom Egoyan's Ararat and explores how, through a convoluted narrative structure, Egoyan grapples with denial of the Armenian Genocide and the consequences of those denials for present generations—both Turkish and Armenian—illuminated in the film as an extension of the genocide. Egoyan uses a film-within-a-film to move beyond a popular definition of genocide as mass killing alone and links the understanding of stories, truths, and perspectives in everyday life to the dehumanizing acts of genocide. Employing the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas’ ethical theory of the Other (the ethical) and philosophical understandings of ontology (dehumanization) to illuminate the genocide and its ongoing denial, this article contends that Egoyan's focus on the generations of genocide survivors points to the ethical responsibility to one another that underlies everyday lives and sits at the heart of what is absent in the acts of genocide.
Surgical resident participation in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bypass: Is it safe?

Background The majority of bariatric surgeons use dedicated surgical assistants when performing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LGBP) because of the technical difficulty and steep learning curve involved in the operation. At our institution, either a senior surgical resident (SSR) or a physician assistant (PA) participates in LGBP cases. The PA's role is confined to assisting, whereas the SSR progressively acts as the operating surgeon. We were interested in evaluating patient outcomes to determine whether any differences existed between the LGBP operations in which either the PA or the SSR participated. Methods All patients undergoing LGBP between January 2007 and December 2009 in our prospectively collected bariatric database were reviewed. Demographics, baseline measures, intraoperative parameters, and outcomes were compared. Results A total of 711 patients were identified. The group involving PAs included 343 patients, and the group involving SSRs included 368 patients. Preoperative comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, asthma, sleep apnea, hyperlipidemia, musculoskeletal disability, and depression, were similar in both groups. Personal histories of venous thromboembolism were higher in the PA group (5.1% vs 2.5%; P = .075). The mean body-mass indexes (BMI) (53 ± 9 vs 51 ± 8 kg/m 2 ; P = .006) and weights (323 ± 67 vs 306 ± 59 lbs; P P = .008). The operative time was significantly shorter in the PA group (121 ± 36 vs 164 ± 30 minutes; P Conclusion SSR participation in LGBP prolongs operative time but does not increase complications, mortality rates, or length of stay. Therefore, SSR participation in LGBP is safe and produces outcomes comparable to those performed with PAs.
Catecholamines in Arteries and Veins of the Foreleg of the Dog

The catecholamine content of various blood vessels of the foreleg of the dog was measured by a fluorimetric method (48 vascular segments from 11 dogs) and also by bioassay (33 segments from 8 dogs). The results obtained by the fluorimetric method indicate that the average concentration of catecholamines in the brachial artery (0.14 µg/g of wet tissue) was significantly lower than that in the ulnar (0.70 µg/g) and metacarpal arteries (0.66 µg/g); the average concentration in the brachial vein (0.17 µg/g) was significantly lower than that in the cephalic (1.30 µg/g) and metacarpal veins (0.47 µg/g). The values obtained by bioassay were generally higher than those obtained by the fluorimetric method, but the differences between the arterial segments and between the venous segments were similar by both methods. There was a close correlation between the concentration of catecholamines in the different vascular segments and the relative responsiveness of these segments to nerve stimulation as reported previousl...
The galloyl glucose compounds in green carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua)

Abstract The phenolic compounds present in green carbo pods were separated by solvent extraction into five fractions. In addition to leucodelphinidin, nine hydrolysable tannins were found as major phenols. Among them, two galloylglucoses were isolated and crystallized. These were characterized on the basis of decomposition and detection of products by Penicillium tannase, elementary analysis of the crystalline compounds and their acetylated and methylated derivatives, u.v. and i.r. spectra, methanolysis, determination of gallic acid and glucose content and molecular-weight determination. The two compounds were identified as β- d -glucogallin and β- d -1,6-di- O -galloylglucose.
Strategic Product Choiceand Niche Markets

This paper presents a model of strategic product choice when consumer preferences combine features of both horizontal and vertical product differentiation. Consumers disagree on what amount of a “special” characteristic makes for a better product, but those who prefer more of this attribute are willing to pay more for it. Within this demand structure, I examine the advantages of first-mover firms. I find that such firms typically do best in markets where the maximum degree of product differentiation is limited by preferences rather than technology. These are “niche markets”. Follower firms do better in markets in which the range of preferences is broad relative to the span of feasible goods.
Synthesis of Dks-Vinyl Cinchonamine

Abstract Although the synthasis of the Xinor cinchoos alkaloid, cineionmaina (Ia), has been acomplished1, the poor yields reported for number of the Ateps in this synthesis made it evident that another approach to the praperation of this compound aholds be devaloped. We reporr hars a synthasis of dks-vinyl Cinchoamine (Ib).
Comparative structural and functional characterization of sorghum and maize duplications containing orthologous myb transcription regulators of 3-deoxyflavonoid biosynthesis.

Sequence characterization of the genomic region of sorghum yellow seed1 shows the presence of two genes that are arranged in a head to tail orientation. The two duplicated gene copies, y1 and y2 are separated by a 9.084 kbp intergenic region, which is largely composed of highly repetitive sequences. The y1 is the functional copy, while the y2 may represent a pseudogene; there are several sequence indels and rearrangements within the putative coding region of y2. The y1 gene encodes a R2R3 type of Myb domain protein that regulates the expression of chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and dihydroflavonol reductase genes required for the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyflavonoids. Expression of y1 can be observed throughout the plant and it represents a combination of expression patterns produced by different alleles of the maize p1. Comparative sequence analysis within the coding regions and flanking sequences of y1, y2 and their maize and teosinte orthologs show local rearrangements and insertions that may have created modified regulatory regions. These micro-colinearity modifications possibly are responsible for differential patterns of expression in maize and sorghum floral and vegetative tissues. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that sorghum y1 and y2 sequences may have arisen by gene duplication mechanisms and represent an evolutionarily parallel event to the duplication of maize p2 and p1 genes.
Gluconeogenesis during hibernation and arousal from hibernation.

Abstract 1. 1. In the ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlineatus, liver glycogen and blood glucose decreased during hibernation. Two hours after arousal, liver glycogen remained low but blood glucose was normal. 2. 2. When incubated at 6°C, kidney cortex slices from hibernating animals had a greater capacity for gluconeogenesis from α-ketoglutarate, l -glutamate, l -aspartate, glycerol, oxaloacetate, l -lactate and pyruvate than renal tissue from normothermic squirrels. At 40°C, glucose synthesis from l -aspartate, glycerol, l -lactate, oxaloacetate and pyruvate was significantly increased in renal tissue from hibernating and arousing animals. 3. 3. Hibernation and arousal were associated with significantly increased hepatic and renal lactic dehydrogenase and hepatic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities but glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities remained unchanged. 4. 4. The role of gluconeogenesis during hibernation and arousal is discussed.
Paving small matrices and the Kadison-Singer Extension Problem II—computational results

This article is part exposition of a recent rather technical paper of the last two authors on matrix pavings related to the 1959 Kadison-Singer Extension Problem and part a report on further computational results providing new bounds on the paving parameters for classes of small matrices investigated there and subsequently. A website maintained by the authors provides to all interested the matrices experimentally discovered that yield these bounds along with the proprietary MATLAB software with simple operational directions to load them, pave them, and perform paving searches. The convergence to 1 or not of the infinite sequences of these paving parameters in most cases is equivalent to the Kadison-Singer Extension Problem, and in all cases convergence to 1 negates the problem. The last two sections describe the search process and an interpretation of the data integrated with the results of the precursor to this paper.
The relationship between stimulus-response mappings and the detection of novel stimuli in a simulated luggage screening task

Automaticity research suggests that consistent mapping leads to better skill acquisition than varied mapping. Other research demonstrates that in some situations varied mapping leads to better transfer. The effect of stimulus-response mappings in complex visual inspection tasks, wherein transfer stimuli might differ from training stimuli, has seldom been studied. Therefore, the effects of consistency vs variability of practice on learning and transfer in a simulated luggage screening task were compared. Consistent mapping led to faster and more accurate initial skill acquisition. However, during transfer, varied mapping led to higher levels of sensitivities and confidence and fewer deviations from optimal response criteria. Consistent mapping assists initial skill acquisition; however, in tasks where the physical identity of transfer stimuli might differ from those used in training, varied mapping leads to more efficient transfer. The results provide an important starting point for training individuals to...
Transient Analgesia Evoked by Noxious Stimulus Offset

Pain has long been thought to wax and wane in relative proportion to fluctuations in the intensity of noxious stimuli. Dynamic aspects of nociceptive processing, however, remain poorly characterized. Here we show that small decreases (+/-1-3 degrees C) in noxious stimulus temperatures (47-50 degrees C) evoked changes in perceived pain intensity that were as much as 271% greater than those of equal magnitude increases. These decreases in perceived pain intensity were sufficiently large to be indistinguishable from those evoked by 15 degrees C decreases to clearly innocuous levels. Furthermore, decreases in pain ratings following noxious stimulus offset were significantly greater than those occurring during adaptation to constant temperature stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that an analgesic mechanism is activated during noxious stimulus offset. This analgesic phenomenon may serve as a temporal contrast enhancement mechanism to amplify awareness of stimulus offset and to reinforce escape behaviors. Disruption of this mechanism may contribute importantly to chronic pain.
Genetic variability and population structure among wild Baird’s tapirs

Baird's tapir, Tapirus bairdii, is an endangered, large, Central American mammal whose shy behaviour, solitary social structure and preference for deep tropical forests make it difficult to study using traditional field biology techniques. Despite great concern regarding its conservation status, very little is known about its population structure, mating system or dispersal patterns, information needed for designing appropriate management plans. Molecular genetic approaches can be of use in obtaining such information. In this study, we developed six polymorphic microsatellite genetic markers from genomic libraries of T. bairdii and T. terrestris. Using these markers, we completed the first assessment of genetic variability and population genetic structure in Baird's tapirs. Populations from southern Costa Rica and southern Panama were found to have low levels of genetic variability (allelic content, heterozygosity) but no indication of a recent population bottleneck. Bayesian and standard (F-statistic) analyses of genotype data indicate that the southern Costa Rican and southern Panamanian populations of Baird's tapirs were connected by some (at least one migrant per generation) gene flow prior to the destruction of intermittent habitat. These results indicate that the connection of these two populations by a MesoAmerican Biological Corridor (MBC) would be appropriate.
Derivation replay for partial-order planning

Derivation replay was first proposed by Carbonell as a method of transferring guidance from a previous problem-solving episode to a new one. Subsequent implementations have used state-space planning as the underlying methodology. This paper is motivated by the acknowledged superiority of partial-order (PO) planners in plan generation, and is an attempt to bring derivation replay into the realm of partial-order planning. Here we develop DerSNLP, a framework for doing replay in SNLP, a partial-order plan-space planner, and analyze its relative effectiveness. We will argue that the decoupling of planning (derivation) order and the execution order of plan steps, provided by partial-order planners, enables DerSNLP to exploit the guidance of previous cases in a more efficient and straightforward fashion. We validate our hypothesis through empirical comparisons between DerSNLP and two replay systems based on state-space planners.
Solving nonlinear equations from higher order derivations in linear stages

for all polynomials a ∈ R of degree less than or equal to d and all higher order derivations Eγ = Eγs · · ·Eγ1 and Fγ = Fγs · · ·Fγ1 , where γ = (γ1, . . . , γs), and 1 ≤ γi ≤M , of length s less or equal to r. The reason for wanting such derivations E1, . . . , EM is simple. Given several derivations F1, . . . , FM , it is useful to have derivations E1, . . . , EM which are good local approximations to the Fi and which are easy to compute with. Notice that since the right hand sides of Equations (∗) are known, while the left hand sides involve the unspecified coefficients of the polynomial functions, the equations are equivalent to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations involving the coefficients. It is the purpose of this paper to give an algorithm which solves such a system, when a solution exists. In fact, as the title suggests, this algorithm will work by solving a sequence of r linear systems.
Attack Rates Assessment of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A in Children and Their Contacts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background The recent H1N1 influenza A pandemic was marked by multiple reports of illness and hospitalization in children, suggesting that children may have played a major role in the propagation of the virus. A comprehensive detailed analysis of the attack rates among children as compared with their contacts in various settings is of great importance for understanding their unique role in influenza pandemics. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase for published studies reporting outbreak investigations with direct measurements of attack rates of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A among children, and quantified how these compare with those of their contacts. We identified 50 articles suitable for review, which reported school, household, travel and social events. The selected reports and our meta-analysis indicated that children had significantly higher attack rates as compared to adults, and that this phenomenon was observed for both virologically confirmed and clinical cases, in various settings and locations around the world. The review also provided insight into some characteristics of transmission between children and their contacts in the various settings. Conclusion/Significance The consistently higher attack rates of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A among children, as compared to adults, as well as the magnitude of the difference is important for understanding the contribution of children to disease burden, for implementation of mitigation strategies directed towards children, as well as more precise mathematical modeling and simulation of future influenza pandemics.
Failure of lung repair following acute lung injury. Regulation of the fibroproliferative response (Part 1).

PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; EGF=epidermal growth factor; TGF=transforming growth factor; IGF=insulin-like growth factor; IL-1 = interleukin 1; PGE=prostaglandin
Occupational Ideology and the Determinate Role

A man's occupation exerts a most powerful influence in assigning to him and his immediate family their place in society, in deciding their place of residence, and in determining the occupational status of the children when they enter employment. The work a man does to earn his livelihood stamps him with the form and level of his labor, use of his leisure, influences his political affiliations, limits his interests and the attainment of his aspirations, and tends to set the boundaries of his culture. In a word, except for those few persons whose way of life and future are secured by the inheritance of great wealth, occupation is the supreme determinant of human careers.1
VIPR: A probabilistic algorithm for analysis of microbial detection microarrays

All infectious disease oriented clinical diagnostic assays in use today focus on detecting the presence of a single, well defined target agent or a set of agents. In recent years, microarray-based diagnostics have been developed that greatly facilitate the highly parallel detection of multiple microbes that may be present in a given clinical specimen. While several algorithms have been described for interpretation of diagnostic microarrays, none of the existing approaches is capable of incorporating training data generated from positive control samples to improve performance. To specifically address this issue we have developed a novel interpretive algorithm, VIPR (V iral I dentification using a PR obabilistic algorithm), which uses Bayesian inference to capitalize on empirical training data to optimize detection sensitivity. To illustrate this approach, we have focused on the detection of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) using a custom HF-virus microarray. VIPR was used to analyze 110 empirical microarray hybridizations generated from 33 distinct virus species. An accuracy of 94% was achieved as measured by leave-one-out cross validation. Conclusions VIPR outperformed previously described algorithms for this dataset. The VIPR algorithm has potential to be broadly applicable to clinical diagnostic settings, wherein positive controls are typically readily available for generation of training data.