cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Science Should Contribute to Cultural Literacy

o be culturally literate today, every person must understand and use science and technology, inasmuch as they affect everyone in central and vital ways. Unfortunately, the typical school science program does nothing to contribute to such literacy. Most students can study science and see in it no usefulness for themselves and no significance for the resolution of societal problems. During the last five years, many studies have been conducted that illuminate basic problems with science instruction. It appears that student attitudes concerning science study, science classes, science teachers, and science careers become progressively more negative as students progress through the school program (Yager and Penick 1986). Science programs do little or nothing to stimulate or use students' creativity (Penick 1982). Cognitive science studies reveal that most students accept naive theories about natural phenomena; misconceptions seem to be more prevalent than accepted scientific explanations. Champagne and Klopfer (1984) have summarized this research and report that 80 percent of university physics majors tested had similar misconceptions of natural phenomena. This is shocking, because these students are generally classified as the most successful of the upper 1 percent of high school graduating classes. School science classes typically present "basic" concepts from various scientific disciplines, which students are to master at certain grade levels. These concepts are organized into state or local-district curriculum guides. Invariably such lists are related to the topics and chapters in textbooks. Researchers have reported that there is only 10 percent variation in the topics covered in the textbooks available for a given course at a particular grade level (Harms and Yager 1981; Hurd et al. 1981). And the typical teacher (90 percent of the sample studied) uses the textbook nearly 95 percent of the time. The science textbook represents what most people conceive science to be:
Semi-empirical model of neutron and charged particle interaction with CR-39

The theory behind track detector response to neutrons is important to the calculation of dose equivalent, and the factors involved in track formation are diverse. We have envisioned a process by which individual parameters important to track interpretation would be identified, quantified, and categorized for use in model development and Monte Carlo calculations to establish dose equivalent algorithms. This paper focuses on just a few of the interactions under investigation in pursuit of empirical model development.
Influences of Body Lean and Vision on Unperturbed Postural Sway

We examined the potentially exploratory and performatory nature of postural sway. Subjects stood upright or leaned forward, with eyes open or closed. Postural data were analyzed using a statistical mechanics analysis of center of pressure (COP) trajectories, which examines the fractional Brownian nature of postural sway. Positive correlations (persistence) over short time scales are hypothesized to reflect exploratory behavior, and negative correlations (antipersistence) over long time scales are hypothesized to reflect performatory behavior. When leaning, subjects exhibited decreased levels of persistence (decreased correlation) and increased levels of antipersistence (increased correlation) than when upright. With eyes open, subjects showed decreased levels of persistence and decreased levels of antipersistence than with eyes closed. Effects of vision were more pronounced when leaning. Evidence for direction-specific exploration (based upon root mean square variability analysis) was considered. Task-spe...
Mixed integer simulation optimization for petroleum field development under geological uncertainty

Optimal development of oil and gas fields involves determining well locations in oil reservoirs and well control through the production time. Field development problems are mixed-integer optimization problems because the well locations are dened by integer-valued block indices in the discrete reservoir model, while the well control variables such as bottom hole pressures or injection rates are continuous. Reservoir simulation software is used to evaluate production performance given a well placement and control plan. In the presence of reservoir uncertainty, we sample and simulate multiple model realizations to estimate the expected eld performance. We present a retrospective optimization using dynamic simplex interpolation (RODSI) algorithm for oil field development under uncertainty. The numerical results show that the RODSI algorithm efficiently finds a solution yielding a 20% increase (compared to a solution suggested from heuristics) in the expected net present value (NPV) over 30 years of reservoir production for the considered Brugge case.
A bid solicitation and selection method for developing a competitive spot priced electric market

The electric utility industry is in the beginning throes of a transformation from a cost-based regulated structure to a more market-based less regulated system. Traditional unit commitment and economic dispatch methodologies can continue to provide reliable least-cost solutions, providing they are modified to accommodate a larger sphere of market participants. This paper offers a method for an entity such as an independent system operator (ISO) to solicit and evaluate bids for developing a spot priced electric market by replicating existing utility practices that are effective and efficient, while creating an open and equitable competitive marketplace for electricity.
Purification and In Vitro Characterization of the Serratia marcescens NucC Protein, a Zinc-Binding Transcription Factor Homologous to P2 Ogr

NucC is structurally and functionally homologous to a family of prokaryotic zinc finger transcription factors required for late gene expression in P2- and P4-related bacteriophages. Characterization of these proteins in vitro has been hampered by their relative insolubility and tendency to aggregate. We report here the successful purification of soluble, active, wild-type NucC protein. Purified NucC exhibits site-specific binding to a conserved DNA sequence that is located upstream of NucC-dependent Serratia marcescens promoters and the late promoters of P2-related phages. This sequence is sufficient for binding of NucC in vitro. NucC binding to the S. marcescens nuclease promoter PnucA and to the sequence upstream of the P2 late promoter PF is accompanied by DNA bending. NucC protects about 25 nucleotides of the PF upstream region from DNase I digestion, and RNA polymerase protects the promoter region only in the presence of NucC. Template DNA, RNA polymerase holoenzyme, and purified NucC are the only macromolecular components required for transcription from PF in vitro.
Simultaneous diagonalization algorithm for blind source separation based on subband filtered features

Blind source separation (BSS) has received increased attention in the signal processing literature. the goal of blind source separation is signal recovery from an unknown channel through the maximization (or minimization) of some independence criterion. In our previous work, we derived a generalized criterion (simultaneous diagonalization of correlation matrices -- SDOC) for blind source separation and explored the time-frequency structure of nonstationary signals like speech. In this paper we analyze first the identifiability of sources and apply subband filters for feature extraction to improve the BSS performance of the SDOC algorithm in the realistic but difficult situation when the background noise is not negligible.
Plasma Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Increases in Humans in Response to the α2 Antagonist Yohimbine

Plasma Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Increases in Humans in Response to the α 2 Antagonist Yohimbine
In vivo and in vitro Observations of Leptospira pomona by Electron Microscopy.

Abstract Miller, Norman G. (University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha) and Richard B. Wilson. In vivo and in vitro observations of Leptospira pomona by electron microscopy. J. Bacteriol. 84:569–576. 1962.—Leptospira pomona 3341 was observed by electron microscopy, after the preparation of thin sections from culture material and from infected hamster tissue. The external membrane of low electron density envelops the entire leptospire and appears to be quite flexible, as suggested by its many folds. The spiral protoplasmic body is tubular in structure with a relatively dense wall and a central area of low electron density. Occasionally, very dark circumscribed bodies were seen imbedded in the protoplasmic wall. Detailed morphology is presented of a knoblike structure located at the end of the axial filament. Bifurcation of the axial filament could be demonstrated in leptospires from cultures. Leptospires were observed free or enclosed in vesicles within the cytoplasm of liver parenchymal and renal tubule cells. Erythrocytes located in kidney tissue also contained leptospires within the cytoplasm. The appearance of intracellular leptospires is much the same as those seen extracellularly or from culture.
An antifolate-induced lesion in newly synthesized DNA

Abstract Antifolates cause cells to accumulate exogenous UdR as dUMP in drug-treated cells. This accumulation of intracellular dUMP has no effect on inhibition of UdR incorporation into DNA. On the other hand, dUMP accumulation does result in detectable dUTP being synthesized and utilized as substrate for DNA synthesis. Although in the presence of metoprine (DDMP), dUMP is incorporated into DNA instead of TMP, the natural product of UdR substrate in the absence of the drug, DNA synthesis is equally rate limited by exogenous UdR. However, when analyzed on alkaline sucrose gradients, DNA which has incorporated exogenous UdR in the presence of antifolate sediments at 4S or less. This newly synthesized DNA accumulates preferentially while either synthesis of larger DNA is blocked, or high molecular weight DNA is preferentially broken down as a result of DNA repair. These observations further increase the metabolic complexity of pathways that must be considered as underlying the differential toxicity of antifolates.
Distance-constraint reachability computation in uncertain graphs

Driven by the emerging network applications, querying and mining uncertain graphs has become increasingly important. In this paper, we investigate a fundamental problem concerning uncertain graphs, which we call the distance-constraint reachability (DCR) problem: Given two vertices s and t, what is the probability that the distance from s to t is less than or equal to a user-defined threshold d in the uncertain graph? Since this problem is #P-Complete, we focus on efficiently and accurately approximating DCR online. Our main results include two new estimators for the probabilistic reachability. One is a Horvitz-Thomson type estimator based on the unequal probabilistic sampling scheme, and the other is a novel recursive sampling estimator, which effectively combines a deterministic recursive computational procedure with a sampling process to boost the estimation accuracy. Both estimators can produce much smaller variance than the direct sampling estimator, which considers each trial to be either 1 or 0. We also present methods to make these estimators more computationally efficient. The comprehensive experiment evaluation on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of our new estimators.
Modulation of endosomal cholesteryl ester metabolism by membrane cholesterol

Cells acquire cholesterol in part by endocytosis of cholesteryl ester containing lipoproteins. In endosomes and lysosomes cholesteryl ester is hydrolyzed by acidic cholesteryl ester hydrolase producing cholesterol and fatty acids. Under certain pathological conditions, however, such as in atherosclerosis, excessive levels of cholesteryl ester accumulate in lysosomes for reasons that are poorly understood. Here, we have studied endosomal and lysosomal cholesteryl ester metabolism in cultured mouse macrophages and with cell-free extracts. We show that net hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester is coupled to the transfer of cholesterol to membranes. When membrane cholesterol levels are low, absorption of cholesterol effectively drives cholesteryl ester hydrolysis. When cholesterol levels in acceptor membranes approach saturation or when cholesterol export is blocked, cholesterol is re-esterified in endosomes. These results reveal a new facet of cellular cholesterol homeostasis and provide a potential explanation for cholesteryl ester accumulation in lysosomes of atherosclerotic cells.
Achievements and challenges in structural bioinformatics and computational biophysics

Motivation: The field of structural bioinformatics and computational biophysics has undergone a revolution in the last 10 years. Developments that are captured annually through the 3DSIG meeting, upon which this article reflects. Results: An increase in the accessible data, computational resources and methodology has resulted in an increase in the size and resolution of studied systems and the complexity of the questions amenable to research. Concomitantly, the parameterization and efficiency of the methods have markedly improved along with their cross-validation with other computational and experimental results. Conclusion: The field exhibits an ever-increasing integration with biochemistry, biophysics and other disciplines. In this article, we discuss recent achievements along with current challenges within the field. Contact: ac.ekoorbrehSU@hcivonamjaN.leafaR
Cross-Linguistic Transfer of Phonological Processing: Development of a Measure of Phonological Processing in Spanish.

AbstractRecent research suggests that phonological processing deficits, including the awareness of sounds in words or phonemic awareness, are predictive of difficulties in learning to read and reading fluency in English. As research in this area has increased, so has the number of measures with which to measure phonological processing in English. Increasing numbers of children in schools today speak Spanish as their first or only language, and the teaching and assessment of literacy and pre-literacy skills is of concern with these children. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of phonological processing in Spanish (Conciencia Fonologica en Espanol or CFE). The measure was developed based on research that is available in English and then piloted with children in a bilingual program to examine the reliability and validity of the scores obtained on this measure. Results support the utility of the test in measuring a developmental process; internal reliability and test-retest reliability are ade...
Being Called to Account Understanding Adolescents’ Narrative Identity Construction in Institutional Contexts

With social workers’ long tradition of involvement in probation, juvenile court, and the prison system, correctional institutions are a central institutional context in which social work practice occurs. Analyzing the experiences of young women residing in a correctional facility for youth, this study applies Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory as a framework for understanding the role institutional contexts play in adolescents’ narrative identity construction. Multiple open-ended interviews were conducted with seven young women who had participated in a specialized treatment program during their residence at a correctional training school in the Midwest area of the United States; the specialized treatment program concerned the young women’s sexually abusive behaviors towards others. The process of collaborative meaning- and identity-making occurring between residents and staff at the institution can best be framed using Vygotsky’s concepts of guided learning and the development of inner speech. Penuel and We...
Public Relations Rhetoric: Criticism, Dialogue, and the Long Now:

This essay provides a response to the articles in this special issue by introducing the concepts of dialogue, groupthink, and long-term thinking. The philosophy of the Long Now Foundation (an organization devoted to sustainable development and long-term planning) is used as a frame for the essay because of its close fit with rhetoric and dialogue. The essay examines the contributions to the special issue and identifies similarities of thought and argument.
An Efficient Dynamic State Estimation Algorithm including Bad Data Processing

This paper presents a comparison between the performance of dynamic and tracking estimators, in power systems operating under quasi-static conditions, concerning their characteristics of forecasting and filtering. From this comparison a new dynamic estimator which incorporates the main advantages of the previous estimators is proposed. Also, a new scheme of detection and identification of bad data properly built for dynamic algorithms is presented. Numerical results showing the performance of the new algorithm under different operational conditions are discussed.
EXTREME SEA LEVELS ON THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA

During the winter of 1982-1983, a combination of high tides, higher than normal sea level and storm-induced waves were devastating to the coast of California. Damage estimates for public and private property destruction in the coastal counties of California total over $100,000,000. Much higher than average sea levels played a very important contributory role in the flooding damage. This report describes and examines the oceanographic and meteorological conditions prevailing during winter 1982-1983, and attempts to put them into perspective using historical information at San Diego. Emphasis is placed on the processes and forces that contribute to extreme sea levels in the hope that better understanding of these and more complete information on historical extremes will help the engineer in design and in assessment of risk. The unusually high sea levels were due to a combination of higher than normal mixed layer temperature associated with a strong, 2-year El Nino, storm surge due to low atmospheric pressure and persistent onshore winds, and the cumulative effect of steady, "global" rise in relative sea level. Higher than average high tides coincided to an unusual extent with the peak sea levels reached during the numerous storms between November 1982 and March 1983. Important cyclical variations occur in California's tide regime and the consequences of these on extreme tides have not been considered previously.
IBD and related diagnostically difficult entities of the colon

This lecture (review) summarises current diagnostic problems and advances with regard to patterns of inflammation and dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. In a small percentage of cases, a definite diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease cannot be established in which the term ‘indeterminate colitis’ has been used. Most cases of indeterminate colitis are related to fulminant colitis, a condition in which the classic features of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease may be obscured by severe ulceration with early fissuring ulceration, transmural inflammation, and relative rectal sparing. Several studies suggest that ileal/anal pouch anastomosis procedure is safe and effective in patients with indeterminate (fulminant) colitis. In biopsy studies, there are a number of exceptions to the classic principles in IBD pathology that may lead to diagnostic confusion and simulate Crohn’s-like tissue reactions in patients with ulcerative colitis. For instance, skip lesions may occur in patients with ulcerative colitis in the follow settings: long-term oral or topical therapy, and on initial presentation in paediatric patients. Patients with IBD are at increased risk for the development of dysplasia and carcinoma. Dysplasia in IBD is classified as flat or elevated, and then microscopically as negative, indefinite, low or high grade. In addition to the conventional (intestinal) type of dysplasia, other less common and more diagnostically difficult types of dysplasia, such as serrated dysplasia and mucinous hypervillous epithelium, may occur in some patients with IBD. There is recent evidence to suggest that patients with flat low grade dysplasia should also be considered strongly for colectomy. Elevated lesions in IBD (DALM) are subdivided into adenoma-like and non-adenoma-like based on their endoscopic appearance. Regardless of the grade of dysplasia, adenoma-like lesions may be treated adequately by polypectomy if there are no other areas of flat dysplasia in the patient. The surveillance and treatment options for patients with flat and elevated dysplasia in IBD will be reviewed in detail.
Nonlinear terms in the K→3π spectra

A model for the low-energy pion-pion interaction, assuming the dominance of the σ-meson and a broad e «resonance» in theI=J=1 andI=J=0 channels respectively, is used to discuss the nonlinearity in the K→3π spectra. We find that the major nonlinearity in the reduced spectra arises from the linear term in the matrix element.
Stream capture as driver of transient landscape evolution in a tectonically quiescent setting

We use unique fluvial gravel deposits preserved atop a regional drainage divide to confirm the role of stream capture in driving ∼250 m of incision in the transient Roanoke River basin of the Appalachian Mountains (United States). Gravel provenance constrains the pre-capture position of the divide, indicating that ∼225 km 2 of basin area were abruptly connected to the base level of the capturing stream. The resulting wave of incision is currently manifest as major knickzones separating adjusting reaches from relict headwaters resembling streams of the New River basin, from which the Roanoke River was captured. The unusual preservation of the unconsolidated gravels on small relict surfaces adjacent to bedrock gorges indicates extreme spatial variability in erosion rates within the Roanoke basin, which is the first documented example of a transient passive margin basin connected to a capture event by stranded fluvial debris. Our results show the potential for stream capture across an asymmetric drainage divide to drive major transient incision independent of external forcings, such as climate change or tectonic uplift. A continuation of this process will lead to eventual capture of ∼7000 km 2 of the New River basin in the relatively near geologic future.
Iatrogenic Kaposi Sarcoma in an HIV-Negative Young Man With Crohn Disease and IgA Nephropathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infections. The iatrogenic variant of KS frequently occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients receiving prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. Isolated intestinal KS in the background of Crohn disease (CD) is exceeding rare, with only 2 reported cases in the literature since 1966. Here we report a case …
Foregoing Life-Sustaining Treatment for Adult, Developmentally Disabled, Public Wards: A Proposed Statute

This Article proposes a procedure for making decisions to forego life-sustaining treatment for adult, developmentally disabled, public wards who are not competent to make health care decisions. Few commentators or cases address the special considerations involved in making life-sustaining treatment decisions for this patient population. The proposal attempts to fill this gap with a patient-centered process that allows decisionmakers, without prior judicial approval, to forego life-sustaining treatment for adult, developmentally disabled, public wards who have been reliably diagnosed with specific medical conditions.
STOCKWORK-LIKE SULFIDE MINERALIZATION IN YOUNG OCEANIC CRUST. DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT HOLE 504B

Stockwork-like metal sulfide mineralizations were found at 910-928 m below seafloor (BSF) in the pillow/dike transition zone of Hole 504B. This is the same interval where most physical properties of the 5.9-m.y.-old crust of the Costa Rica Rift change from those characteristic of Layer 2B to those of Layer 2C. The pillow lavas, breccias, and veins of the stockwork-like zone were studied by transmitted and reflected light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis. Bulk rock oxygen isotopic analyses as well as isolated mineral oxygen and sulfur isotopic analyses and fluid inclusion measurements were carried out. A complex alteration history was reconstructed that includes three generations of fissures, each followed by precipitation of characteristic hydrothermal mineral parageneses: (1) Minor and local deposition of quartz occurred on fissure walls; adjacent wall rocks were silicified, followed by formation of chlorite and minor pyrite I in the veins, whereas albite, sphene, chlorite and chlorite-expandable clay mixtures, actinolite, and pyrite replaced igneous phases in the host rocks. The hydrothermal fluids responsible for this first stage were probably partially reacted seawater, and their temperatures were at least 200-250° C. (2) Fissures filled during the first stage were reopened and new cracks formed. They were filled with quartz, minor chlorite and chlorite-expandable clay mixtures, traces of epidote, common pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and minor galena. During the second stage, hydrothermal fluids were relatively evolved metal- and Si-rich solutions whose temperatures ranged from 230 to 340° C. The fluctuating chemical composition and temperature of the solutions produced a complex depositional sequence of sulfides in the veins: chalcopyrite I, ± Fe-rich sphalerite, chalcopyrite II ( disease ), Fe-poor sphalerite, chalcopyrite III, galena, and pyrite II. (3) During the last stage, zeolites and Mg-poor calcite filled up the remaining spaces and newly formed cracks and replaced the host rock plagioclase. Analcite and stilbite were first to form in veins, possibly at temperatures below 200°C; analcite and earlier quartz were replaced by laumontite at 250°C, whereas calcite formation temperature ranged from 135 to 220°C. The last stage hydrothermal fluids were depleted in Mg and enriched in Ca and 18O compared to seawater and contained a mantle carbon component. This complex alteration history paralleling a complex mineral paragenesis can be interpreted as the result of a relatively long-term evolution of a hydrothermal system with superimposed shorter term fluctuations in solution temperature and composition. Hydrothermal activity probably began close to the axis of the Costa Rica Rift with the overall cooling of the system and multiple fracturing stages due to movement of the crust away from the axis and/or cooling of a magmatic heat source
NETs Activate Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells.

The article by Aldabbous et al1 describes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a novel feature related to the vascular pathology of both pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). NETs were originally identified as a suicide mechanism whereby neutrophil elastase degrades and releases chromatin to trap bacteria. In this article, the authors first describe biomarkers of NETs, that is, elevated circulating levels of neutrophil elastase, myeoloperoxidase, citrullinated histone 3, and DNA in PAH and CTEPH patients. Moreover, they found neutrophils, the primary source of NETs, characterized by elevated peptidylarginine deiminase 4+ in and around occlusive arterial lesions in PAH and CTEPH lungs. See accompanying article on page 2078 The release of neutrophil elastase in association with NETs is thought to produce collateral tissue damage2 as reported in other vascular pathologies, notably aneurysm formation3 and atherosclerosis.4 Neutrophil elastase, in particular, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH, by releasing of growth factors from the extracellular matrix and activating growth factor receptors, by initiating an elastin peptide mediated inflammatory response and by inducing vascular stiffening.5 Moreover, elastase inhibitors can prevent and reverse experimental pulmonary hypertension and PA occlusive lesions in human tissue.6 NETs are generally ingested by scavenging cells, such as MMP12 (matrix metalloproteinase)-producing macrophages, unless the function of those cells is compromised …
A DFT Investigation of the Mechanism of Propene Ammoxidation over α-Bismuth Molybdate

The mechanisms and energetics for the propene oxidation and ammoxidation occurring on the (010) surface of Bi2Mo3O12 were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). An energetically feasible sequence of elementary steps for propene oxidation to acrolein, propene ammoxidation to acrylonitrile, and acrolein ammoxidation to acrylonitrile is proposed. Consistent with experimental findings, the rate-limiting step for both propene oxidation and ammoxidation is the initial hydrogen abstraction from the methyl group of propene, which is calculated to have an apparent activation energy of 27.3 kcal/mol. The allyl species produced in this reaction is stabilized as an allyl alkoxide, which can then undergo hydrogen abstraction to form acrolein or react with ammonia adsorbed on under-coordinated surface Bi3+ cations to form allylamine. Dehydrogenation of allylamine is shown to produce acrylonitrile, whereas reaction with additional adsorbed ammonia leads to the formation of acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide....
Which Factors Affect Citation Rates in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Literature

Purpose Citation rate is one of several tools to measure academic productivity. The purposes of this study were to estimate and identify factors associated with citation rates in the oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) literature. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective longitudinal study of publications in the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ( JOMS ), International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ( IJOMS ), and Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology (OOOO) from January through December 2012. The predictor variables were author- and article-specific factors. The outcome variable was the citation rate, defined as the total number of citations for each article over a 4-year period. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple regression statistics were computed. Results The authors identified 993 articles published during 2012. The mean number of citations at 4 years after publication was 5.6 ± 5.3 (median, 4). In bivariate analyses, several author- and article-specific factors were associated with citation rates. In a multiple regression model adjusting for potential confounders and effect modifiers, first author H-index, number of authors, journal, OMS focus area, and Oxford level of evidence were significantly associated with citation rate ( P ≤ .002). Conclusion The authors identified 5 factors associated with citation rates in the OMS literature. These factors should be considered in context when evaluating citation-based metrics for OMS. Studies that focus on core OMS procedures (eg, dentoalveolar surgery, dental implant surgery), are published in specialty-specific journals (eg, JOMS or IJOMS ), and have higher levels of evidence are more likely to be cited.
Retracing Zika's footsteps across the Americas with computational modeling.

For much of 2016, it was hard to look at the news without seeing a headline about Zika. Images of parents holding newborn children with microcephaly grabbed the world’s attention and spurred the World Health Organization to make a rare declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (1). Despite widespread awareness of Zika and considerable will to contain its spread, data were scarce and initial predictions about Zika’s future were little more than conjectures loosely informed by historical statistics about the epidemiology of other diseases (2). A variety of issues continued to plague efforts to assess the threat posed by Zika, among them a high rate of asymptomatic infection, challenges associated with the interpretation of data on past exposure to Zika virus, and inconsistencies in case reporting (3). In PNAS, Zhang et al. (4) leverage the power of computational modeling to make the most of available data and offer new insights about what may have happened as Zika virus marched across the Americas. The power of the computational model developed by Zhang et al. (4) lies in its ability to tie together disparate empirical observations, each of which provides a glimpse into the spread of Zika virus but none of which tells the whole story. In a sense, this situation mirrors the parable of the blind men and the elephant. What Zhang et al. (4) have accomplished amounts to being provided with a description of an elephant’s trunk and tail and successfully predicting its tusks and ears. Such is the potential of a detailed computational model guided by a refined set of biological assumptions and informed with extensive data about factors deemed important by those assumptions. … [↵][1]1Email: taperkins{at}nd.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
High-dose oxygen ion implanted heterointerfaces in silicon

Abstract Emitter-base band gap differentials realized with alloys such as SixGe1−x, SiCx and μc-Si:H have been widely investigated for stretching the performance of Si bipolar transistors. We report on the properties of wide-gap surface regions generated in crystalline Si (c-Si) by high-dose oxygen ion implantation. The electrical and physical property changes of crystalline Si after substoichiometric O ion implantation have been investigated using current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, spreading resistance, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A key finding is the presence of donors in the vicinity of the implanted region, resulting in extensive counterdoping of p-type c-Si. Redistribution of the oxygen atoms during the high-temperature (1200°C) anneal results in sharp interfaces aiding the formation of the heterojunction. Mesa-type diodes on the implanted sample exhibit excellent rectification with diode ideality factor of 1.2, and a room temperature reverse saturation current density of 1 × 10−8 A/cm2 with a thermal activation energy of 0.92 eV.
Adherence to Antipsychotic Therapy: Association With Hospitalization and Medicare Spending Among Part D Enrollees With Schizophrenia

Objective:This study examined relationships among antipsychotic adherence, hospitalization, and hospital expenditures in a sample of 13,861 Medicare Part D enrollees with schizophrenia.Methods:Utilization and expenditure data were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Chronic Conditions Warehouse for 2011 and 2012. Adherence was measured with the proportion of days covered and stratified into four categories. Probit regressions and two-part generalized linear models were used to examine relationships between adherence in year 1 and outcomes in year 2.Results:Adherence to antipsychotic therapy was associated with a significantly lower probability of psychiatric hospitalization and significantly lower psychiatric hospital expenditures, with the largest effect sizes observed for the most highly adherent beneficiaries. There was no relationship between antipsychotic adherence and hospitalizations or expenditures for nonpsychiatric conditions.Conclusions:Adherence to antipsychotics among...
Reap What You Store: Side-channel Resilient Computing Through Energy Harvesting

A hidden dimension of software and hardware security is secret-revealing information disseminated through side channels. Even the most secure systems tend to reveal their secrets through secret-dependent computation. Secret-dependent computation is detectable by monitoring a system's time, power, outputs, and electromagnetic signature. Common defenses to side channel emanations include adding noise to the channel or making algorithmic changes to eliminate specific side channels. Unfortunately, existing solutions are either, not automatic, not comprehensive, and/or not practical.We propose an isolation-based approach for eliminating power and timing side-channels that is automatic, comprehensive, and practical. Our approach eliminates side channels by leveraging energy harvesting techniques to isolate trusted computation from the rest of the system. Software has the ability to request a fixed-power and fixed-time quantum of isolated computation. By discretizing power and time, our approach controls the granularity of side channel leakage; the only burden on programmers is to ensure that all secret-dependent execution differences converge within a single power/time quantum.We design and implement three approaches to power/time-based quantization and isolation: a wholly-digital version, a hybrid version that uses capacitors for time tracking, and a full-custom version. A key insight we leverage is that capacitors act as resource efficient, workload and environment independent time trackers. We explore the trade-offs of the three designs and look at the challenges ahead.
A Public Health Response to Handgun Injuries: Prescription—Communication and Education

Anything that unnecessarily contributes to human disease, injury, or death is a proper concern of public health, including firearm deaths, which now total 35,000 a year. Public health’s role is to reduce these firearm injuries and deaths. A total handgun eradication program might be useful toward this end, but this article is limited to the techniques of education and communication. Such approaches have been helpful in reducing disability and death from high blood pressure and tobacco. I suggest specific communication and education programs to reduce firearm injuries and death. Examples include school programs about alternative (to violence) dispute resolution, information regarding alternative, nonlethal weapons, and the contribution of personal weapons to injury and death.
Strike while the rebate is hot: Savvy consumers and strategic technology adoption timing

Abstract The California Solar Initiative (CSI) rebate program disbursed more than two billion dollars in incentives to install solar photovoltaics (PV) over roughly a decade while “stepping-down” rebate levels as installed capacity goals were reached. The exact dates (i.e., timing) of the stepdown events were not known, yet recent analyses find evidence of an “announcement effect” wherein consumer adoption is “pulled-forward” across these stepdown events. We analyze unique data from our recent household-level survey on the decision-making process for 194 of these very consumers within a narrow window of eight CSI rebate stepdown events, comparing the decision-making processes of pulled-forward consumers to their counterparts that adopt just after a rebate stepdown. We find evidence that a subset of pre-stepdown adopters engage in more “savvy” decision-making behaviors from their post-stepdown counterparts, including strategic adoption timing. Given these behavioral differences, we conclude that future analyses should carefully consider aspects of individual decision-making processes as potential confounders and control for them if possible. Experience is identified as a potential pathway through which this non-negligible subset of adopters may gain the ability to execute savvy decision-making behaviors; future research should assess the degree to which policy implementation can explicitly leverage this pathway.
The Surgical Pathology of Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions

Primary bone tumors, especially malignant ones, are rare and so unfamiliarity on a day-to-day basis with the various entities adds to the difficulty with their diagnosis and management within the entire clinical team including the surgeon, radiologist, pathologist, and internist or medical oncologist. This chapter takes an overview of the most important of the benign and malignant primary bone tumors. A section on differential diagnosis is included to help the surgical pathologist in diagnosis. This chapter emphasizes a good coordination with radiologists, clinicians, and pathologists to come to the correct diagnosis.
High speed coating of optical fibers

Optical fibers are used to transfer optical signals for telecommunications. From several kilometers in 1973, their production boosted to several thousand kilometers in 1983 and is expected to reach several million kilometers by 1993. On October 4, 1991 John Abbott from Corning Incorporated described how optical fibers are made, and then concentrated on the problem of coating the fibers. He presented some models and posed mathematical problems.
Evaluation of Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) surrogate sources for use in training and modeling

Abstract Surrogate radiation sources are used to test detection equipment and train security personnel in the detection and interdiction of special nuclear material (SNM). Some current surrogate sources do not accurately match SNM energy spectra, including for HEU. In this research, we propose and investigate novel source configurations for higher fidelity surrogate SNM sources using thermal neutron capture reactions that result in prompt gammas. The objective is to create a surrogate source that has a more representative spectrum, low cost, and requires minimal security, special handling, and safety precautions.
OneUp: Supporting Practical and Experimental Gamification of Learning

Gamification of education is still evolving. It lacks systematic studies assessing its effect in different learning contexts. Creating gamified courses is still difficult, since there is a lack of sufficient understanding of how to gamify learning and appropriate software support is missing. As a response to these challenges, we developed OneUp a customizable platform aimed at facilitating the process of gamifying academic courses and enabling contextual studies on educational gamification. In this paper we rationalize our approach to building OneUp and present the underlying principles and motivations guiding its design. We also describe the platform functionality which includes support for integrating game design elements in learning activities, creating dynamic problems, and visualizing student performance and progress. At the end, we present a usability study of the platform and the assessment results from an end user perspective.
Time to recovery predicted by the severity of postoperative C5 palsy

OBJECTIVE Postoperative C5 palsy affects 7%-12% of patients who undergo posterior cervical decompression for degenerative cervical spine pathologies. Minimal evidence exists regarding the natural history of expected recovery and variables that affect palsy recovery. The authors investigated pre- and postoperative variables that predict recovery and recovery time among patients with postoperative C5 palsy. METHODS The authors included patients who underwent posterior cervical decompression at a tertiary referral center between 2004 and 2018 and who experienced postoperative C5 palsy. All patients had preoperative MR images and full records, including operative note, postoperative course, and clinical presentation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate both times to complete recovery and to new neurological baseline-defined by deltoid strength on manual motor testing of the affected side-as a function of clinical symptoms, surgical maneuvers, and the severity of postoperative deficits. RESULTS Seventy-seven patients were included, with an average age of 64 years. The mean follow-up period was 17.7 months. The mean postoperative C5 strength was grade 2.7/5, and the mean time to first motor examination with documented C5 palsy was 3.5 days. Sixteen patients (21%) had bilateral deficits, and 9 (12%) had new-onset biceps weakness; 36% of patients had undergone C4-5 foraminotomy of the affected root, and 17% had presented with radicular pain in the dermatome of the affected root. On univariable analysis, patients' reporting of numbness or tingling (p = 0.02) and a baseline deficit (p < 0.001) were the only predictors of time to recovery. Patients with grade 4+/5 weakness had significantly shorter times to recovery than patients with grade 4/5 weakness (p = 0.001) or ≤ grade 3/5 weakness (p < 0.001). There was no difference between those with grade 4/5 weakness and those with ≤ grade 3/5 weakness. Patients with postoperative strength < grade 3/5 had a < 50% chance of achieving complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS The timing and odds of recovery following C5 palsy were best predicted by the magnitude of the postoperative deficit. The use of C4-5 foraminotomy did not predict the time to or likelihood of recovery.
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross as Astrophysicist: Emotional Intelligence and Resilience Unlock the Black Hole of Physician Burnout, Moral Distress, and Compassion Fatigue.

To the question that Kubler-Ross raises in her seminal text, On Death in Dying, “Are we becoming less human or more human?” (Adams 2019), Childers and Arnold highlight physician challenges in balan...
Outcomes of Refractive Surgery Consultations at an Academic Center: Characteristics Associated with Proceeding (or Not Proceeding) with Surgery.

Objective. Refractive surgery volume has not rebounded despite economic recovery and literature describing safety, efficacy, and high patient satisfaction. We sought to examine characteristics of consultation seekers and status after consultation. Methods. Charts of patients seeking refractive surgery at Johns Hopkins University from 2013 through 2016 were retrospectively reviewed for age, gender, refractive characteristics, and outcome: surgery (photorefractive keratectomy, laser in-situ keratomileusis, implantable collamer lens, or refractive lens exchange); no surgery—“lost candidate” (good candidates who were lost after consultation); noncandidates based on technological limitations or contraindications; or no surgery—possessing expectations that surgery would not meet. Associations between characteristics and status after consultation were examined. Results. Twenty percent (142/712) of all patients were “lost candidates”; 57% (408/712) completed surgery. More women (56% or 401/712) sought consultation, but a greater percentage (63% or 195/311) of men completed surgery than women did (53% or 213/401) . Of consultation seekers, 60% were low myopes, 29% were high myopes (>6 diopters of myopic spherical equivalent), and 11% were hyperopes. Surgical patients’ mean age was 34.2 ± 10.2 (standard deviation) years; for each additional year of age, patients were less likely to have surgery . Hyperopes were ≥3 times more likely than myopes to have expectations not met by surgery or to be noncandidates than to have surgery . Conclusions. Most patients seeking refractive surgery had 6 diopters or less of myopia. About 20% of patients were lost after consultation; better counseling and follow-up of candidates may be warranted. Expectations and technology limit eligibility for many, especially hyperopes. Low surgery volume may affect training of future refractive surgeons.
Empirical Model of Spring 2020 Decrease in Daily Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in King County, Washington

Projections of the near future of daily case incidence of COVID-19 are valuable for informing public policy. Near-future estimates are also useful for outbreaks of other diseases. Short-term predictions are unlikely to be affected by changes in herd immunity. In the absence of major net changes in factors that affect reproduction number (R), the two-parameter exponential model should be a standard model - indeed, it has been standard for epidemiological analysis of pandemics for a century but in recent decades has lost popularity to more complex compartmental models. Exponential model should be routinely included in reports describing epidemiological models as a reference, or null hypothesis. Exponential models should be fitted separately for each epidemiologically distinct jurisdiction. They should also be fitted separately to time intervals that differ by any major changes in factors that affect R. Using an exponential model, incidence-count half-life is a better statistic than R. Here an example of the exponential model is applied to King County, Washington during Spring 2020. The parameters and predictions of this model have remained stable for at least 45 days and the accuracy of model predictions has outperformed models with more parameters.