cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of catfish proinsulin messenger RNA and synthesis of its complementary DNA.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to obtain proinsulin mRNA from catfish pancreatic islets and synthesize its cDNA. Poly(A)-rich mRNA was electrophoresed on preparative agarose-urea gels. One RNA fraction was obtained which translated predominantly preproinsulin. This mRNA was estimated to be approx. 210 000 Mr (650 nucleotides) when electrophoresed under denaturing conditions. [3H]Proinsulin cDNA was hybridized to excess RNA to monitor purification of mRNA from total islet RNA. Greater than 94% of proinsulin messenger contained poly(A) sequences. [3H]Proinsulin cDNA hybridized to its template mRNA with a Rot 1 2 of 4.4 × 10−3 mole · sec/1. The overall purification was 80-fold by this type of analysis. Thermal denaturation studies indicated a high degree of fidelity of hybrid formation between [3H]proinsulin cDNA and proinsulin mRNA. Proinsulin comprised 20% of total islet protein when synthesis was measured in vivo (Albert and Permutt, 1979) and 12–20% when total islet mRNA was translated in a cell-free system. Using the [3H]proinsulin cDNA probe it was estimated that proinsulin mRNA accounted for approx. 15% of total islet mRNA.
Update on small cell carcinoma and its differentiation from squamous cell carcinoma and other non-small cell carcinomas

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) comprises 14% of all lung cancers, and >30,000 new cases are diagnosed per year in the United States. SCLC is one of the most distinctive malignancies in the entire field of oncology with characteristic clinical properties, responsiveness to specific chemotherapy, genetic features and a highly reliable pathological diagnosis. SCLC is defined by light microscopy, and the most important stain is a good-quality hematoxylin and eosin (HE however, in problem cases, immunohistochemistry can be very helpful in making the distinction from other tumors. Cytology is also a powerful tool, often being more definitive than small biopsies with scant tumor cells, crush artifact and/or necrosis. As virtually all SCLCs present in advanced stages, most patients are diagnosed based on small biopsy and cytology specimens. Historically, there has been significant evolution in the histological subclassification of SCLC dating from 1962 when Kreyberg proposed the oat cell and polygonal cell types. The current subclassification recognizes only two subtypes: pure SCLC and combined SCLC. Pathologists need to do their best to make a diagnosis of SCLC or other histological types of lung cancer and this can be achieved in most cases. This review will address some of the diagnostic problems that occur in the minority of cases and outline practical ways to address them. Brief reference will be made to other neuroendocrine lung tumors with an overview of the molecular pathogenesis of this spectrum of tumors.
Forced convection steam condensation experiments within thin porous coatings

Abstract This paper reports the experimental findings of forced convective condensation heat transfer on plates with a thin porous coating. The composite system consists of a relatively thin, highly conductive and permeable porous coating bonded to a cold isothermal condensing surface which is placed parallel to saturated steam flow. The porous coatings ranged in thickness from 0 to 254 μm and are used as a passive technique for heat transfer augmentation. The inclined and isothermal plates were exposed to bulk vapor velocities of 0.9–6.5 m s−1 resulting in free-steam Reynolds numbers of 5.0 × 104-2.7× 106. The forced convective heat transfer coefficients show a substantial heat transfer enhancement (250% increase) when compared to noncoated surface under the prescribed conditions. The experimental data exhibits as much as a 600% increase over previously measured free convection condensation results. The effect of subcooling temperature and plate inclination (vertical to horizontal) is also documented. The results of this study provide valuable fundamental predictions of condensation heat transfer that can be used in a number of thermal engineering applications which require heat transfer enhancement or retardation of an impermeable surface.
In-situ spectroscopic reflectometry for polycrystalline silicon thin film etch rate determination during reactive ion etching

Accurate film thickness monitors are important for the development of real-time feedback control of dry etch processes and are very useful for run-to-run process control and process diagnostics. Technologically important films such as polycrystalline Si, which can have process-dependent refractive indices and/or surface roughness, pose significant challenges for low-cost, high-speed film thickness measurement systems. We have used spectroscopic reflectometry (SR) to make accuratein-situ, high-speed film thickness measurements during plasma etching of polycrystalline Si. The SR system determines the film thickness using a least squares regression algorithm that fits the theoretical reflectance to the experimental reflectance vs wavelength data. We have included physically based models for the variation of the polycrystalline Si bulk refractive indices and surface roughness in the fitting procedure. The parameters of the refractive index models are adjusted at the beginning of each run to account for wafer-to-wafer variationswithout the use of additional ex-situ measurements. We have usedex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to validate the models used and to check the accuracy of our SR measurements. Currently, our SR system can acquire data in 40 ms and the software can calculate the polycrystalline Si thickness in less than 55 ms per measurement, so that a new film thickness and etch rate estimate can be obtained in less than 100 ms. The methods used for analysis of polycrystalline Si are also directly useful for improving the accuracy of microscope-based spectral reflection measurement systems commonly used for in-line measurements. Using similar optical modeling concepts, the SR technique can also be used to accurately measure film thicknesses and etch rates of other thin films with process-dependent optical constants, such as deposited dielectrics and compound semiconductors.
CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF STERNOCLAVICULAR INJURIES

Injuries to the sternoclavicular joint are uncommon in comparison with other shoulder girdle injuries. In a series of 1603 injuries to the shoulder girdle, sternoclavicular injuries accounted for only 3% of the total injuries, as compared with 85% for glenohumeral dislocations and 12% for acromioclavicular injuries. 7 The strong ligamentous support of the sternoclavicular joint requires a tremendous direct or indirect force to produce an injury. In addition, the sternoclavicular joint lies in close proximity to the great vessels and other important structures of the superior mediastinum. Associated neurovascular and soft tissue injuries are common. This article reviews the relevant anatomy, classification, diagnosis, and conservative management of sternoclavicular joint injuries.
Quarter-micrometer gate ion-implanted GaAs MESFET's with an f/sub 1/ of 126 GHz

The fabrication and characterization of a 0.25- mu m-gate, ion-implanted GaAs MESFET with a maximum current-gain cutoff frequency f/sub t/ of 126 GHz is reported. Extrapolation of current gains from bias-dependent S-parameters at 70-100% of I/sub dss/ yields f/sub 1/'s of 108-126 GHz. It is projected that an f/sub 1/ of 320 GHz is achievable with 0.1- mu m-gate GaAs MESFETs. This demonstration of f/sub 1/'s over 100 GHz with practical 0.25- mu m gate length substantially advances the high-frequency operation limits of short-gate GaAs MESFETs. >
Medicaid: Taking Stock

In the last few years, Medicaid has attracted more than casual attention, one reflection of which is the fact that JHPPL has published five papers on the program in its last few issues. This paper, a sixth, takes a broader view of the program than is typically the case. After a critique of the five recent articles, I discuss several questions raised by them and reach the following conclusions: First, the states do not invest enough in producing program data suitable for policy analysis and research. One lesson: Better data and analysis can help the states to avoid expensive mistakes. Second, those policy analyses that have been offered fail to give sufficient attention to the political dimension of policy. That is one reason why policy choices produce unexpected effects. Third, since Medicaid is a relatively small player in the vast medical care market, incentives adopted by Medicaid officials throughout the country rarely have the desired effects. Finally, as long as Medicaid remains the principal mechanism to provide access to health care for the poor, it must be made as efficient and effective as possible. Yet, for both political and economic reasons, Medicaid can never be what its original planners had hoped, the vehicle for providing the poor with reliable access to mainstream medical care.
Cutaneous pseudolymphoma : an unusual presentation of a deep subcutaneous thigh mass

Cutaneous pseudolymphoma is considered to be a benign (reactive) cutaneous lymphoid infiltrate; the term designates reactive diseases of the skin that histologically mimic cutaneous lymphoma. We report a case in which a 63-year-old female presented with a 5-month history of a progressive skin eruption and an enlarging subcutaneous mass following a presumed insect bite. Excisional biopsy showed this to be a pseudolymphoma extending from the dermis into the subcutaneous tissue. A number of pathological features that distinguish pseudolymphoma from cutaneous lymphoma, including histology, immunophenotype, and immunogenotype, are reviewed. The case herein challenges previous beliefs that pseudolymphoma is confined to cutaneous involvement and indicates that the process can involve deeper tissues. The final criterion for distinguishing benign from reactive processes is biological behavior. Since the depth of invasion in cutaneous pseudolymphoma has not previously been appreciated, the patient will need to be carefully examined periodically until the biological behavior of the process has been determined.
The Allocation of Investment in a Dynamic Economy

I. Introduction and summary, 592. — II. The one-sector two-capital model, 593. — III. Dynamic analysis, 597. — IV. Market structure, 603.— V. Rationality and irrationality, 607. — VI. Concluding comments, 609.
Statistical mechanics of a nonlinear model for DNA denaturation

We investigate the statistical mechanics of a simple lattice model for the denaturation of the DNA double helix. The model consists of two chains connected by Morse potentials representing the H bonds. We determine the temperature dependence of the interstrand separation and we show that a mechanism involving an energy localization analogous to self-focusing may initiate the denaturation.
On the multiple time scales of variability in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract. The spatial and temporal sea surface height energy distribution of the Northeast Pacific Ocean is described and discussed. Using an altimetric data set covering 15 years (1993–2007), the energy within the 3–9 month band is primarily located within 10° of the coast. In the Gulf of Alaska, this energy signal is on the shelf, while further south, west of the California/Oregon coast, the significant energy in this band is west of the shelf break. In both cases, it is primarily forced by the local wind. Within the 2–3 year band, the signal reflects energy generated by local changes to the wind stress from large atmospheric shifts indicated by the Pacific North American Index and by advective or propagating processes related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Over the two 4–6 year periods within this data set, the change is primarily due to the large scale shift in atmospheric systems north of about 30° N which also affect changes in current strengths. Based on the distribution of the energy signal and its variability, a set of three winter-time indices are suggested to characterize the distinct differences in the SSH anomalies in these areas.
Location of the Break in the Dark Adaptation Curve in Relation to Pre-Exposure Brightness and Pre-Exposure Time

Dark adaptation curves are obtained by presenting a 2° square test field, subdivided by vertical bars, 6° in the lateral parafovea. When pre-exposure time is constant (10 minutes), and pre-exposure brightness is progressively decreased, the cone plateau gradually drops to lower brightness levels, while the final rod level remains constant. However, when pre-exposure brightness is constant (1510 millilamberts), and pre-exposure time is varied, the cone plateau and the final rod level remain unchanged. The break in the duplex curve shifts to earlier times with decreasing pre-exposure brightness as well as with decreasing preexposure time. Linear relationships exist between time of appearance of the break (minutes) and log preexposure brightness, or log pre-exposure time. The slope constants are different, however, indicating that pre-exposure brightness and pre-exposure time are not reciprocally interchangeable as far as the location of the break is concerned.
Stable Continental Region Earthquakes in South China

— This paper reviews some remarkable characteristics of earthquakes in a Stable Continental Region (SCR) of the South China Block (SCB). The kernel of the SCB is the Yangtze platform solidified in late Proterozoic time, with continental growth to the southeast by a series of fold belts in Paleozoic time. The facts that the deviatoric stress is low, the orientations of the major tectonic features in the SCB are substantially normal to the maximum horizontal principal stress, and a relatively uniform crust, seem to be the major reasons for lack of significant seismicity in most regions of the SCB. Earthquakes in this region are mainly associated with three seismic zones: (1) the Southeast China Coast seismic zone related to Guangdong-Fujian coastal folding belt (associated with Eurasia-Philippine Sea plate collision); (2) the Southern Yellow Sea seismic zone associated with continental shelf rifts and basins; and (3) the Downstream Yangtze River seismic zone spatially coinciding with Tertiary rifts and basin development. All three seismic zones are close to one or two major economic and population centers in the SCB so that they pose significant seismic hazards. Earthquake focal mechanisms in the SCB are consistent with strike-slip to normal faulting stress regimes. Because of the global and national economic significance of the SCB and its dense population, the seismic hazard of the region is of outstanding importance. Comparing the SCB with another less developed region, a pending earthquake with the same size and tectonic setting would cause substantially more severe social and economic losses in the SCB. This paper also compiles an inventory of historic moderate to great earthquakes in the SCB; most of the data are not widely available in English literature.
Cumulative Radiation Exposure to Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Hip Preservation Surgery and Occupational Radiation Exposure to the Surgical Team.

Purpose To quantify cumulative radiation exposure in patients undergoing arthroscopic hip preservation surgery and occupational exposure to operating room (OR) personnel during such surgery; a secondary objective of this study was to identify factors affecting radiation exposure in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Methods Radiation exposure from all preoperative and intraoperative imaging studies was determined for 52 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Cumulative and effective radiation doses were calculated and correlated with pathology and body mass index (BMI). Badge dosimeters were worn by OR personnel to measure cumulative occupational exposure. A highly sensitive portable ion chamber was used to evaluate the radiation scatter during surgery performed on a high-BMI patient and a low-BMI patient to reflect a "worst-case scenario" and "best-case scenario," respectively. Results Forty-three patients underwent procedures for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and 9 underwent procedures for soft-tissue pathologies (ST). The median cumulative exposure was 8.6 mGy and 5.0 mGy for FAI patients and ST patients, respectively ( P = .01). The cumulative effective radiation dose was 490 mrem and 350 mrem for FAI patients and ST patients, respectively ( P = .47). BMI significantly correlated with cumulative exposure ( P = .0004) and trended toward significance with cumulative effective dose ( P = .073). OR staff cumulative occupational exposure was low (9 mrem for the surgeon). Ion chamber data showed that increasing patient BMI resulted in increased occupational exposure. Conclusions The median cumulative effective radiation dose to patients undergoing arthroscopic hip preservation surgery is 490 mrem and results in an excess lifetime risk of death from cancer of 0.025%. Greater BMI correlates with increased cumulative radiation exposure and may increase risk to OR personnel. Occupational exposure to the surgical team from hip arthroscopy ranges from 7 to 9 mrem per 50 hip arthroscopies (+0.0005% excess lifetime risk of death from cancer). Level of Evidence Level IV, diagnostic.
Leptin inhibitor as a novel therapeutic for osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive disorder characterized by articular cartilage attrition and metabolic changes in the subchondral bone and the synovium. Recently, leptin was shown to be elevated in synovial fluid of patients with OA. Here, we propose to use leptin inhibitor as intraarticular injections to slow/prevent OA progression.
Organisation of the Escherichia coli chromosome between genes glnS and glnU, V.

Analysis of bacteriophage λ DNA and of subcloned plasmid DNA has allowed the localisation of the following genes, located at 16 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome, within a restriction map of the region: glnS, nagE, nagB, nagA, asnB, metT, leuW, glnU, glnU, metT, glnV, glnV.
What does ratemyprofessors.com actually rate

This research looks closely at claims that ratemyprofessors.com creates a valid measure of teaching effectiveness because student responses are consistent with a learning model. While some evidence for this contention was found in three datasets taken from the site, the majority of the evidence indicates that the instrument is biassed by a halo effect, and creates what most accurately could be called a ‘likeability’ scale.
Secular Evolution in Disk Galaxies

Disk galaxies evolve over time through processes that may rearrange both the radial mass profile and the metallicity distribution within the disk. This review of such slow changes is largely, though not entirely, restricted to internally driven processes that can be distinguished from evolution driven by galaxy interactions. It both describes our current understanding of disk evolution and identifies areas where more work is needed. Stellar disks are heated through spiral scattering, which increases random motion components in the plane, while molecular clouds redirect some fraction of the random energy into vertical motion. The recently discovered process of radial migration at the corotation resonance of a transient spiral mode does not alter the underlying structure of the disk, since it neither heats the disk nor causes it to spread, but it does have a profound effect on the expected distribution of metallicities among the disk stars. Bars in disks are believed to be major drivers of secular evolution through interactions with the outer disk and with the halo. Once the material that makes up galaxy disks is converted into stars, their overall angular momentum distribution cannot change by much, but that of the gas is generally far more liable to rearrangement, allowing rings and pseudobulges to form. While simulations are powerful tools from which we have learned a great deal, those of disks may suffer from collisional relaxation that requires some results to be interpreted with caution.
EFFECTS OF ALPHA-METHYL-META-TYROSINE INTRAVENOUSLY IN MAN.

Abstract Alpha-methyl-meta-tyrosine (αMMT), a non-catechol analogue of alpha-methyl-dopa (αMD), has been shown to lower blood pressure in man. Doses of 0.5 or 1.0 Gm of αMMT intravenously produced average decreases of blood pressure of 26/16 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic) in the recumbent position and 26/13 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic) in the standing position in six patients with essential hypertension. The hypotensive effects of αMMT were enhanced if doses were given 48 hours after single 1.0 Gm intravenous doses of D L αMD or when the patient was receiving non-hypotensive oral doses of αMD. Under these circumstances the average response to seven 0.5 Gm intravenous doses of D L αMMT was a reduction of blood pressure of 41/18 mm Hg (S/D) in the recumbent position and 47/19 mm Hg (S/D) while standing. Both sedation and stimulation were seen after αMMT, with sedative effects predominating at lower dose levels. The findings extend the correlation of chemical effects with ability to lower blood pressure in the class of α-methyl amino acids and show that a catechol structure is not crucial for effectiveness.
Good code sets

Good code sets have autocorrelation functions ACF with small sidelobes, and also have small crosscorrelations. In this work, two distinct classes of good code sets are introduced. the first is a class of good ternary code sets. A mutually orthogonal vectors are selected, then they are spread via a Golomb ruler. This is shown to result in such a good set. If the mutually orthogonal vectors have entries in {−1, 1} or {−1, 0, 1}, then a ternary code set result. While there are methods of generating ternary codes, and complementary ternary codes [1–7], there is no method in prior publications of generating mutually orthogonal ternary code sets. That is one of the contributions of this work. If complex numbers with unity magnitudes are allowed, then we obtain codes with magnitudes in {0, 1}. If the vectors are obtained from matrices with mutually orthogonal rows and columns, as in Hadamard matrices, or DFT matrices, then longer codes can be obtained via spreading the obtained good set via a Golomb ruler a second time. Using existing codes, such as Barker codes, and spreading them via a Golomb ruler, then compounding them with the elements of a good set, results in a new good set with higher mainlobes. The spreading could be induced via any array of any dimension with elements of magnitudes in {0, 1} that have autocorrelation with unity peak sidelobes. This includes Costas arrays, in addition to Golomb rulers. The second class of good code sets is a new class of sparse mutually orthogonal optical codes, based on defining the separation between nonzero elements via logarithms of powers of prime numbers. They are particularly suited for soliton based optical codes.
Feeding motor program in Limax. I. Neuromuscular correlates and control by chemosensory input.

The feeding motor program (FMP) of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus was examined in vivo and in vitro. The feeding pattern of intact animals shows an initial increase in bite frequency followed by a plateau phase. Recordings obtained from semi-intact preparations of the lips, brain, and buccal mass established the correlation of activity in buccal ganglion nerve roots with the protraction-retraction bite cycle. A preparation of the lips, cerebral ganglia, and buccal ganglia was developed, such that, repetitive chemostimulation of the lips yields reproducible bouts of FMP. Sources of proprioceptive feedback from buccal muscles were demonstrated. The feasibility of computer scoring of the FMP is documented. These results demonstrate that aspects of in vivo feeding behavior are retained and identifiable in highly dissected, in vitro preparations.
The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation. By Gary L. Francione and Robert Garner

The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation. By Gary L. Francione and Robert Garner (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), xii + 273 pp. $79.50/£55.00 cloth. Gary L. Francione, distingu...
Causal analysis of academic performance

Maximum likelihood methods are presented to test for the relations between causes and effects in linear path diagrams, without assuming that estimates of causes are free of error. Causal analysis is illustrated by published data of the Equal Educational Opportunity Survey, which show that American schools do not significantly modify socioeconomic differences in academic performance and that little of the observed racial difference in academic performance is causal. For two races differing by 15 IQ points, the differential if social class were randomized would be only about 3 points. The principle is stressed that a racial effect in a causal system may be environmental and that its etiology can be studied only by analysis of family resemblance in hybrid populations.
High-performance pen + touch modality interactions: a real-time strategy game eSports context

We used the situated context of real-time strategy (RTS) games to address the design and evaluation of new pen + touch interaction techniques. RTS play is a popular genre of Electronic Sports (eSports), games played and spectated at an extremely high level. Interaction techniques are critical for eSports players, because they so directly impact performance. Through this process, new techniques and implications for pen + touch and bi-manual interaction emerged. We enhance non-dominant hand (NDH) interaction with edge-constrained affordances, anchored to physical features of interactive sur- faces, effectively increasing target width. We develop bi-manual overloading, an approach to reduce the total number of occurrences of NDH retargeting. The novel isosceles lasso select technique facilitates selection of complex object subsets. Pen-in-hand interaction, dominant hand touch interaction performed with the pen stowed in the palm, also emerged as an efficient and expressive interaction paradigm.
Proficiency based agent scheduling to maximize infrastructure utilization in call-centers

We consider the issue of call-center scheduling coupled with capacity planning of both service agents (servers) and physical seats (space) in an environment where call arrival rates are highly variable and the call center is subjected to a global service level constraint. The paper is motivated by the work with the business process outsourcing unit providing technical support services from growth markets like India where real-estate is one of the major cost drivers along with human capital. Our paper has two distinctive features. Firstly, we model capacity planning problem for seats and scheduling of agents as one single optimization problem leveraging variable service rates of human agents; information which is ignored by workforce planning teams while modeling. Secondly, we formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem which is not trivial given the non-linear nature of service level constraint. We show that the set of linear inequalities required to represent service level constraint for each period can be generated cheaply. We conduct extensive experimentation to compare solutions of the MILP formulation recognizing variability in service rate with the traditional formulation based on mean valued service rates. We find that, in general, our formulation provides a significant reduction in space requirement and the solution minimizes the over-achievement of service level requirement.
The influence of desire and knowledge on perception of each other and related mental states, and different mechanisms for blame

Abstract Two experiments (Experiment 1 N = 350; Experiment 2 N = 153), used relatively simple (Experiment 1) and complex (Experiment 2) vignettes to investigate whether two ostensibly distinct mental states that underlie intentionality judgments influence each other, related mental states, and agent morality, and also whether they affect blame through different routes. Knowledge (that a particular action can lead to a particular outcome) affected perceptions of an agent's desire by first increasing blame, which increased perceptions that the agent was aware of acting, while acting. Desire (for a particular outcome) affected blame and perceptions of agent knowledge by increasing perceptions that the agents were immoral (measured after knowledge and desire were described, but before the agents' action and the harmful outcomes were described), which influenced perceptions of the agents' awareness. The importance of these findings for mental state perception research, including the relationship of mental states to blame, is discussed.
Terminal Stages in the Biosynthesis of Tylosin

Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, was co-produced with four structurally similar antibiotics in fermentation cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. Macrocin, desmycosin, lactenocin, and relomycin were found to be components of a common pathway that functions in tylosin biosynthesis. Data obtained by the addition of the purified (14)C-labeled antibiotics to cultures of S. fradiae revealed that macrocin and desmycosin were direct precursors of tylosin, whereas lactenocin was an immediate precursor of both macrocin and desmycosin. Incubation of these cultures with [(14)C]tylosin resulted in an equivalent distribution of radioactive label between relomycin and an unidentified component. The kinetics of incorporation of label into the two species were similar, suggesting that both were derived directly from tylosin. A system that supported that methylation of macrocin to tylosin by cell-free extracts of S. fradiae was developed. A proposed scheme defining the terminal stages of tylosin biosynthesis is presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF FRACTAL KINETIC THEORY FOR ENZYME-CATALYSED REACTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS

Abstract Recent evidence has shown that elementary bimolecular reactions under dimensionally-restricted conditions, such as those that might occur within cells when reactions are confined to two-dimensional membranes and one-dimensional channels, do not follow traditional mass-action kinetics, but fractal kinetics. The power-law formalism, which provides the context for examining the kinetics under these conditions, is used here to examine the implications of fractal kinetics in a simple pathway of reversible reactions. Starting with elementary chemical kinetics, we proceed to characterise the equilibrium behaviour of a simple bimolecular reaction, derive a generalised set of conditions for microscopic reversibility, and develop the fractal kinetic rate law for a reversible Michaelis–Menten mechanism. Having established this fractal kinetic framework, we go on to analyse the steady-state behaviour and temporal response of a pathway characterised by both the fundamental and quasi-steady-state equations. These results are contrasted with those for the fundamental and quasi-steady-state equations based on traditional mass-action kinetics. Finally, we compare the accuracy of three local representations based on both fractal and mass-action kinetics. The results with fractal kinetics show that the equilibrium ratio is a function of the amount of material in a closed system, and that the principle of microscopic reversibility has a more general manifestation that imposes new constraints on the set of fractal kinetic orders. Fractal kinetics in a biochemical pathway allow an increase in flux to occur with less accumulation of pathway intermediates and a faster temporal response than is the case with traditional kinetics. These conclusions are obtained regardless of the level of representation considered. Thus, fractal kinetics provide a novel means to achieve important features of pathway design.
Effect of age, diet, diapause and juvenile hormone on oogenesis and the amount of vitellogenin and vitellin in the twospotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (Heteroptera: pentatomidae).

Abstract Vitellogenic oocytes from Perillus bioculatus have two native vitellins, Vt1 and Vt2, with molecular masses of 553 and 228 kDa, respectively. The hemolymph contains a major vitellogenin, Vg, with a molecular mass of 528 kDa that consists of three apoproteins with masses of 177, 84 and 59 kDa, respectively. Antibodies to purified Vt2 reacted with ovary extracts, egg extracts and female hemolymph, but not with male hemolymph in immunodiffusion tests. Western blots showed that anti Vt2 reacted with both Vt1, Vt2 and with Vg. Vitellogenesis starts at an ovarian score of 12 at 2.4 days after emergence. The first cycle of egg development is completed in ovaries with a score of 112 at 7.7 days. During this 5.3 day period, the ovaries of a single female incorporated 1833 μg of protein to form vitellin. Vitellogenin levels start to increase in females 2.5 days after emergence and reached 17.8 μg/μl by 5.5 days. After 5.5 days vitellogenin levels fluctuated between 9.7 and 19.9 μg/μl. Most diapausing females contained no ovarian follicles in the vitellarium and their hemolymph contained less than 1 μg/μl of vitellogenin. Treating diapausing females with 1 μg of JH III increased vitellogenin levels over 120-fold. Insects maintained on a liver-based artificial diet had lower vitellogenin levels than the controls at all sample times and did not show an increase in vitellogenin concentration until 11.5 days. Treating insects on the artificial diet with 10 μg of JH III elevated vitellogenin levels to about a fourth of that found in prey-fed insects of a comparable age. This suggests that females fed the artificial diet have low levels of essential materials needed for vitellogenin production.
Effective Transfer of Research Results: Human Element for Successful Transfer

New technology is used in transportation to preserve competitiveness and maintain operational efficiency and effectiveness. Technology transfer is the medium for introducing a new technology into an organization: the missing link between research and operations and the bridge between theoretical knowledge and its practical application. Whether the product of an agency's own research or the research of others, technology will not be successfully transferred through the mere delivery of reports. That is but one step in the transfer process, yet it is often mistakenly considered to signal completion of the process. Experience has proved that relying solely on report delivery to transfer research products is bound to yield unsuccessful transfer. That passive mode of communication, with the human element almost absent, has proved futile. The effective transfer of technology entails the dedication and commitment of specialists, time, and funds, along with report delivery. An organizational climate conducive to successful technology institutionalization in public transportation agencies was examined with emphasis on the often-overlooked human element. This focus acknowledges that an active interaction between technology provider and receiver greatly facilitates a successful transfer. Components were developed of an effective framework for technology transfer consisting of two fundamental elements: a solid foundation and an effective transfer infrastructure. A solid foundation is established when (a) top management commits the organization to transfer efforts, (b) human and financial resources are committed to such efforts, and (c) the organizational culture embraces change and works to dissolve resistance to new technology introduction. An effective transfer infrastructure uses seamless communication among all parties involved, to avert problems before they arise and strengthen performance at each step.
Newport Submarine Canyon, California: An example of the effects of shifting loci of sand supply upon canyon position

Abstract Newport Submarine Canyon, located off Newport Beach, California, is typical of the small shelf canyons of the California continental borderland. The canyon has formed at a point where the shelf is narrow and sand moved by waves in longshore drift is concentrated at a convergence zone. This situation has apparently existed for much of the Pleistocene although the loci of sand concentration have shifted in response to changes in position of stream input, or local coastal configuration due either to sea level changes or as a result of coastal erosion or deposition. The present topographic expression of the submarine canyon represents its most recent position, but one that is now in process of abandonment as a result of shifts in loci of sand input. The Santa Ana River is the principal local sand source. Changes in the location of the river mouth during the past century have shifted the point of longshore drift convergence and sand concentration approximately one kilometer northwest of the present canyon head. The canyon head is now receiving only fine organic-rich sediments that are building an apparently stable deposit that will ultimately fill the head. The sand deposition necessary for canyon development is now being distributed as a lobe over the shelf north of the canyon and this lobe is just beginning to extend over the local shelf edge. Thus, the locale illustrates the process of canyon origin, development and ultimate abandonment. Evidence from local bathymetry and sedimentary distributions on the shelf and slope suggest that the cycle also occurred in Holocene and Late Pleistocene time and that the canyon has shifted laterally several times in response to the changing point of input of sand to the canyon system. Newport Canyon is therefore an exception that proves the rule for the current theories regarding small coastal submarine canyon development by mass movements of sand as described by Dill, Chamberlain and others over the past five years.
Adjudicated adolescent males: measures of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and reactive hypoglycemia

Abstract A psychological model identified as the ‘low serotonin syndrome’ has been posited to explain the associated between certain biological characteristics such as low levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and reactive hypoglycemia; and aggressive, violent, or impulsive behavior. Thirty-seven male adolescents adjudicated for violent offenses were compared with 37 middle school adolescents on the following measures: urinary 5-HIAA levels, response to the glucose tolerance test (GTT), and scores on the Impulsive Sensation Seeking (ImpSS) and Aggression-Hostility (AGG-Host) subscales of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). The mean urinary 5-HIAA value in the adjudicated subjects was significantly lower than the 5-HIAA mean for the middle school controls. In response to the GTT, the mean blood glucose nadir recorded for the adjudicated group was also significantly lower than the glucose nadir mean obtained from the control subjects. Scores on the ImpSS subscale did not differ significantly whereas the adjudicated adolescents scored significantly higher on the Agg-Host subscale than did the control subjects.
Nash equilibrium seeking with finitely- and infinitely-many players

Abstract We introduce a non-model based approach for stable attainment of Nash equilibria in noncooperative games. Unlike classical game theory, which requires some amount of modeling information, this approach employs deterministic extremum seeking to enable the players to maximize their payoff functions without knowing the underlying model of the game. The players only need to measure their own payoff values. We present results for games for some basic models of economic competition with two players, N players, and infinitely-many players.
Necessary Condition for Local Quantum Operations and Classical Communication with Extensive Violation by Separable Operations

We give a conceptually simple necessary condition such that a separable quantum operation can be implemented by local operations on subsystems and classical communication between parties (LOCC), a condition which follows from a novel approach to understanding LOCC. This necessary condition holds for any number of parties and any finite number of rounds of communication and as such, also provides a completely general sufficient condition that a given separable operation cannot be exactly implemented by LOCC. Furthermore, it demonstrates an extremely strong difference between separable operations and LOCC, in that there exist examples of the former for which the condition is extensively violated. More precisely, the violation by separable operations of our necessary condition for LOCC grows without limit as the number of parties increases.
Knowledge Capital and Cost Structure in the U.S. Food and Fiber Industries

We explore the existence and extent of scale economies arising from three different external “knowledge capital” factors—investments in R&D, high-tech, and human capital. These relationships are evaluated for the (two- and three-digit level) food and fiber processing industries from the 1960s through the 1980s. The results generate strong evidence of scale economies but also suggest that the three knowledge capital factors have tended to reduce input use (and thus costs) for all privately demanded factors. The impacts on private capital are particularly large, although human capital appears to have a relatively large impact on labor use in the textiles industry.
A model of visual masking for computer graphics

In this paper we develop a computational model of visual masking based on psychophysical data. The model predicts how the presence of one visual pattern affects the detectability of another. The model allows us to choose texture patterns for computer graphics images that hide the effects of faceting, banding, aliasing, noise and other visual artifacts produced by sources of error in graphics algorithms. We demonstrate the utility of the model by choosing a texture pattern to mask faceting artifacts caused by polygonal tesselation of a flat-shaded curved surface. The model predicts how changes in the contrast, spatial frequency, and orientation of the texture pattern, or changes in the tesselation of the surface will alter the masking effect. The model is general and has uses in geometric modeling, realistic image synthesis, scientific visualization, image compression, and image-based rendering. CR Categories: I.3.0 [Computer Graphics]: General;
Source proximity reflected in spatial and temporal variability in particle and vapor phase Hg concentrations in Detroit, MI

Vapor-phase Hg, particulate Hg, and total suspended particulate matter were collected from 1 April 1996–31 October 1996 at two sites located in industrial areas of northeast and southwest Detroit, at a suburban residential site 2 km west of Detroit, and at a rural site 60 km west of Detroit as part of a larger study designed to assess the Hg cycling within the urban area. Near-source short-range transport can cause large differences in pollutant concentration and deposition within a small geographic area. Hg deposition and the resulting impact on the local environment is a result not only of the ambient concentrations present, but of the chemical form and physical properties of the pollutant. All site-to-site differences in vapor phase Hg concentration were statistically significant (p<0.05) with mean concentrations ranging from 1.6–2.8 ng m−3. The mean particulate Hg concentrations ranged from 12.0–54.0 pg m−3 with concentrations at the less industrialized sites significantly lower than those at the industrialized sites (p<0.05). Hg associated with coarse particles (diameter⩾2.5 μm) had a median daily contribution of 37% to the total (range 4–68%) in south–west Detroit vs. a median daily contribution of 20% at the rural sampling site (range 6–37%).
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons in aging female rhesus macaques.

Abstract Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) elements were demonstrated immunocytochemically in coronal sections of a portion of the left hypothalamus in twenty female rhesus macaques ranging in age from just over two years to over 21 years. This time period includes the juvenile preovulatory phase. The region studied included the retrochiasmatic region as far dorsally as the superior extent of the optic tract and as far posteriorly as the mammillary body. There was a range in total LHRH neurons per animal from 55 to 470. No trends in cell number as a function of age was observed. The range in cell number among the youngest animals (two year olds) was about the same as that in adult (6–15 year olds) and older (20+ year olds) animals. These results suggest that there is no age-related decline in the potential for manufacture of LHRH, at least into the pre-menopausal period, in the female rhesus macaque.
Predicted lifetimes, oscillator strengths, and wavelengths of highly ionized many-electron heavy atoms (P XI to Sn XLVI), with both relativistic and correlation effects

Wavelengths and oscillator strengths of in‐shell transitions in highly ionized heavy atoms are treated including both relativistic and correlation effects. The 2s22p→2s2p2 transitions reported in the boron isoelectronic sequence for atomic numbers up to 50 (Sn), typify these four to nine electron heavy ions. The results indicate that nonrelativistic orbital theory (RHF) results for these transitions may be significantly in error for atomic numbers as low as 14 (Si). The predicted lifetimes are found to be in the range measurable using beam foil spectroscopy coupled with modern heavy ion accelerators.
Optimal Actuator Failure Control Using a Homotopy Method

Most spacecraft are designed to be maneuvered to achieve pointing goals. This is generally accomplished by designing a three-axis control system, which can achieve arbitrary maneuvers, where the goal is to repoint the spacecraft and achieve a desired attitude and angular velocity at the end of the maneuver. New control laws are required, however, if one of the three-axis control actuators fails. The nonlinear failed actuator control problem is addressed by computing an optimal open-loop solution. This approach ensures that controllability is maintained throughout the three-dimensional maneuver. This work develops a Davidenko-like homotopy algorithm to achieve the optimal nonlinear maneuver strategies. The control torque is minimized by introducing quadratic torque penalties for large-angle three-axis spacecraft reorientation maneuvers. The innovation of the proposed approach is that the controllability of the spacecraft is continuously altered until, at the end of the homotopy method, only two of the thre...
Genomic profiling of mixer and Sox17β targets during Xenopus endoderm development

The transcription factors Mixer and Sox17beta have well-characterized roles in endoderm specification during Xenopus embryogenesis. In order to more thoroughly understand the mechanisms by which these endodermal regulators act, we expressed Mixer and Sox17beta in naive ectodermal tissue and, using oligonucleotide-based microarrays, compared their genomic transcriptional profile to that of unaffected tissue. Using this approach, we identified 71 transcripts that are upregulated by Mixer or Sox17beta, 63 of which have previously uncharacterized roles in endoderm development. Furthermore, an in situ hybridization screen using antisense probes for several of these clones identified six targets of Mixer and/or Sox17beta that are expressed in the endoderm during gastrula stages, providing new and regional markers of the endoderm. Our results contribute further insight into the functions of Mixer and Sox17beta and bring us closer to understanding at the molecular level the pathways that regulate endoderm development.
Central administration of motilin stimulates feeding in rats

Abstract Peripheral administration of motilin has been found to stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Since motilin immunoreactivity has been found in discrete brain sites, we tested the effect of motilin administered intracer-ebroventricularly on feeding in rats. Injection of 1 μg of motilin significantly increased food consumption at 2 hours, 22 hours, and at 24 hours in animals tested either at or 2 hr prior to lights out. Motilin also significantly increased food consumption in animals maintained under continuous lights-on at 2 hours (488% of control), 22 hours (128% of control), and at 24 hours (140% of control).