cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olfactory bulbectomy increases basal suprachiasmatic cyclic AMP levels in male rats.

For further characterization of the olfactory bulb's role in the mediation of chronobiological phenomena, we examined basal cyclic- 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and lateral hippocampus (LHIP) following bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) to assess the effects of olfactory bulb removal on the biological clock. Two groups of adult Long-Evans rats underwent OBX or sham control surgery (SHAM). Eight weeks postoperative, the animals were decapitated at the time of maximal cAMP accumulation (circadian time 9–11 h), brains were removed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned on a cryostat. Individual brain nuclei (SCN and LHIP) were microdissected using the Palkovits punch technique and analyzed by scintillation proximity assay for cAMP. We report a 83.6% increase in basal cAMP levels in the SCN following OBX (OBX = 63.7 pmol cAMP/mg protein, SHAM = 34.7 pmol cAMP/mg protein, p < 0.01). No significant differences in LHIP cAMP levels were found. This specific increase in SCN cAMP, at the time of maximum cAMP accumulation, may give insight into the biochemical basis for altered activity levels following OBX.
The synthesis and molecular structure of η6-carbidohexadecacarbonylhexaruthenate(-2): a high yield route into Ru6C chemistry[1]

Abstract Ru6C(CO)162- is produced in reproducibly high yield by the reduction of Ru312 with Mn(CO)5 in refluxing diglyme. 13C NMR evidence identifies carbon monoxide as the source of the encapsulated carbon atom. The facile prototype synthesis of an organometallic derivative of the Ru6C core is described.
Instantaneous release of broadband terahertz radiation trapped by periodic arrays of split-ring resonators

We demonstrate that broadband terahertz radiation can be trapped by periodic arrays of split-ring resonators and released instantaneously by means of optical absorption. Such phenomena can open up novel applications.
Reducing Infection Risk in Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is a well recognized diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Endoscope reprocessing must be done correctly every time; a breach of protocol leading to transmission of infection has the potential to bring endoscopy to a halt. Standards exist that guide the practitioner in all health care settings to minimize the chance of transmission of infection. Safe injection practices and reprocessing of endoscopes using high-level disinfection and sterilization methods may help avert the risk of contracting possible infections during colonoscopy procedures.
Design of optimum acoustic treatment for rectangular ducts with flow

A design optimization technique for acoustic treatment in rectangular ducts with uniform mean flow is presented. The technique is based on the acoustic wave solution in terms of series of characteristic duct modes. The analysis allows multiple axial treatment sections along the length of the duct and requires a known modal characterization of the sound source. Conditions of acoustic pressure and acoustic velocity continuity are used to match modal solutions at planes of impedance discontinuity in the duct. Experimental techniques for obtaining this modal characterization are presented. Using duct modes measured at the source plane, the optimization technique is exercised to design an optimized single element liner in a case without mean flow, and optimized single and dual element liners in cases with mean flow. The validity of the program for predicting noise suppression is demonstrated by comparing analytical predictions with measured data for several (non-optimum) cases. Application to treatment design in turbomachinery exhaust ducts is considered.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
A susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis is linked to the T cell receptor β chain complex

Abstract Inheritance of T cell receptor β chain (TCRβ) genes was analyzed in families of 40 sibling pairs concordant for the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (MS). TCRβ haplotypes were determined by segregation analysis of polymorphic markers within the TCRβ complex. The mean proportion of TCRβ haplotypes identical by descent (IBD) inherited by MS sibling pairs was significantly increased compared with expected values (means test, p
Dietary Renaissance in IBS: Has Food Replaced Medications as a Primary Treatment Strategy?

The medical community has only recently started to focus attention on the role of food in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), though the association between food and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms has been recognized by patients for decades. Health care providers receive little formal training in the dietary management of IBS and have traditionally viewed dietary interventions with skepticism. There is mounting evidence that links food to changes in motility, visceral sensation, microbiome, permeability, immune activation, and brain–gut interactions—all key elements in the pathogenesis of IBS. The role of specific dietary modification in the management of IBS has not been rigorously investigated until recently. There is now credible evidence suggesting that targeted dietary carbohydrate exclusion provides clinical benefits to IBS patients. There is emerging evidence to suggest that proteins such as gluten, as well as food chemicals, may play a role in IBS.
Reducts of (c, +, ⋅) which contain +

We show that the structure (C, +, •) has no proper non locally modular reducts which contain +. In other words, if X⊂C n is constructible and not definable in the module structure (C, +, λ a ) a∈C (where λ a denotes multiplication by a) then multiplication is definable in (C, +, X)
P-450 Level and Taurochenodeoxycholate 6β-Hydroxylase System of Rat Liver Microsomes

SummaryThe level of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of taurochenodeoxycholate 6β-hydroxylase of rat liver microsomes were determined after the administration of phenobarbital, cholestyramine, thyroxine and chenodeoxycholate. Treatment with phenobarbital caused increases in both the 6β-hydroxylase activity and P-450 level, while the other compounds caused decreases in both. Quantitatively there was a lack of parallelism between the hydroxylase activity and the level of P-450, indicating that P-450 is not a rate-limiting factor in the 6β-hydroxylase system. An extract of the microsomes was prepared in 1.0 M phosphate (pH 7.6) as previously described. The extract was active in 6β-hydroxylation, with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant towards taurochenodeoxycholate of 1.2 × 10-4M, and a maximum rate of hydroxylation of approximately 1 nmole/min/mg protein. The ratio of P-450 to protein of the extract was 2 to 2.5 times greater than that in the microsomes.
Use of first-principle numerical models to enhance the understanding of the CERES point spread function

NASA's clouds and the Earth's radiant energy system (CERES) program is a key component of the Earth observing system (EOS). The CERES proto-flight model (PFM) instrument is to be launched on NASA's tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) platform on 1 November 1997. Each CERES instrument contains three scanning thermistor bolometer radiometers to monitor the longwave and visible components of the Earth's radiative energy budget. An integral part of analyzing these measurements will be the use of high-resolution cloud imager data in conjunction with data from the CERES instruments. The use of high-resolution cloud imager data requires that the point spread function (PSF), or the dynamic response of the radiometric channels as they scan across a far-field point source, be well characterized. The PSF is determined by the field-of-view of the radiometric channel, its optical geometry, and the time response of the thermistor bolometer and its associated signal conditioning electronics. The PSF of the CERES instruments is measured in the laboratory using a state of the art radiometric calibration facility (RCF) developed by TRW. Intrinsic difficulties in making this measurement suggest that a better understanding of the data could be obtained by the use of an independent instrument model. High-level first-principle dynamic electrothermal models of the CERES radiometric channels have been completed under NASA sponsorship. These first-principle models consist of optical, thermal and electrical modules. Accurate optical characterization of the channels is assured by Monte-Carlo- based ray-traces in which tens of millions of rays are traced. Accurate thermal and electrical characterization is assured by transient finite-difference formulations involving thousands of nodes to describe thermal and electrical diffusion within the thermistor bolometer sensing elements and the instrument mechanical structure. The signal conditioning electronics are also included in the models. Numerical simulations of the PSF's of the CERES proto-flight model (PFM) radiometric channels have been completed. This paper presents a comparison between the measured PSF and the independent numerically predicted PSF for the CERES proto-flight model total channel. Agreement between the measured and predicted PSF's is excellent. The result of this agreement is a high confidence in the model to predict other aspects of instrument performance. For example, the model may now be used to predict channel PSF's for elevation scan rates different from the nominal Earth scan rate.
A redundancy check for ALGOL programs

In using ALGOL, or any other common language for communicating among computers with different input-output media, one or more human beings is normally present in the communication channel. In the otherwise convenient method of communication by published algorithms, at least three humans are directly involved: a typist to prepare the manuscript in reference or publication language, a typesetter, and a keypunch operator to prepare the program for the computer in its hardware language. In spite of checking by authors, proof readers, editors, and verifiers, this process is a noisy one, involving as it does not only copying a synthetic (and therefore unfamiliar) language, but also translation to and from the publication dialect. The number of minor typographical errors which have been detected and reported in published algorithms confirms this observation. Clearly some check of the accuracy with which an algorithm has been transmitted through this noisy channel would be desirable. The solution which we propose is directed particularly to ALGOL 60, but the same problems exist with other common languages, and the principles which we use could be readily adapted to them.
Intact capture of hypervelocity projectiles

The ability to capture projectiles intact at hypervelocities opens new applications in science and technology that would either not be possible or would be very costly by other means. This capability has been demonstrated in the laboratory for aluminum projectiles of 1.6 mm diameter, captured at 6 km/s, in one unmelted piece, and retaining up to 95% of the original mass. Furthermore, capture was accomplished passively using microcellular underdense polymer foam. Another advantage of capturing projectiles in an underdense medium is the ability of such a medium to preserve a record of the projectile's original velocity components of speed and direction. A survey of these experimental results is described in terms of a dozen parameters which characterize the amount of capture and the effect on the projectile due to different capture media.
Effect of enteral administration of insulin on intestinal development and feeding tolerance in preterm infants: a pilot study.

Objective: To determine in a pilot study whether enteral administration of insulin to preterm infants (26–29 weeks of gestational age) would enhance gastrointestinal development and reduce feed intolerance without adverse effects. Design: Eight preterm infants were given 4 U/kg/day insulin enterally from 4 to 28 days of age. Lactase activity was measured at 28 days of age, while measures of feed intolerance were made throughout the hospital stay. The results were compared with those of a matched historical cohort of 80 preterm infants. Setting: Tertiary care, university affiliated hospital. Main outcome measures: Lactase activity and feed intolerance. Results: No adverse effects, such as hypoglycaemia, were observed after administration of insulin. The infants who received insulin had higher lactase activity and less feed intolerance than the controls (30% shorter time to full enteral feeds; fewer gastric residuals per infant). Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that enteral insulin administration may be of benefit in reducing feed intolerance in preterm infants. A randomised, blinded trial is warranted.
Thrombin mimetic effects of estrogen: I. Estrogen induced glycine-1-C14 ethyl ester labeling of soluble fibrin☆

Abstract Ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and Premarin, when incubated with plasma or chromatographically purified fibrinogen, induce the formation of a fibrinogen derivative which exhibits a property of reacting with glycine-1-C 14 ethyl ester in the presence of activated Factor XIII. The level of uptake of isotope is equivalent to that observed when similar levels of fibrinogen are exposed to low levels of thrombin. Purified fibrinogen, in the absence of thrombin or estrogen, does not significantly react with the ester. However, estrogen or thrombin will induce a 38 to 42 fold increase in the level of response of fibrinogen to the ester. The derivative fulfills certain criteria previously established for soluble fibrin (Fs).
Na+-dependent transport of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by renal brush border membranes. Effects on fluorescence of a potential-sensitive cyanine dye

The effect of the transport of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates on the membrane potential of renal brush border vesicles was studied using fluorescence of the cyanine dye, 3,3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide. The behavior of the dye in the preparation was established with valinomycin-induced K+-diffusion potentials; increases in fluorescence were associated with depolarizing conditions. Addition of 1 mM succinate or citrate to membrane/dye suspensions produced transient increases in fluorescence, indicative of a depolarizing event(s) associated with the transport of these substrates. The transient response in fluorescence was Na+ dependent, of greater magnitude under Na+-gradient as compared to Na+-equilibrium conditions, and was a saturable function of substrate concentration. The specificity of the fluorescence response was identical to that obtained from studies of the competitive inhibition of succinate transport by tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and analogs. We conclude that the major tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates are transported via a common Na+-dependent transport system in renal brush border membranes.
Flavor partition and fat reduction in cheese by supercritical fluid extraction: processing variables

Developing low-fat cheese with flavor to match that of full-fat cheese has been a chal- lenge in the dairy industry. The objective of this investigation was to develop lower fat Cheddar and Parmesan grated cheese using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and characterize its flavor profile comparative to a full-fat product. Specifically, enabling flavor compound partition between the matrices of cheese and extracted lipids. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was the supercritical fluid for fat extraction. Extraction took place in a 500 mL SFE vessel using 100 g of grated cheese. Frac- tional factorial design was utilized to investigate two levels of treatment for each pressure (200 and 350 bar), temperature (35 and 40 ◦ C) and CO2 level (500 and 1000 g) for each extraction trial. The most efficient parameters for lipid removal resulted in 51.00% fat reduction (wet basis) for Cheddar extracted at 200 bar, 40 ◦ C, 1000 g CO2, and 55.56% fat reduction for Parmesan extracted at 350 bar, 35 ◦ C, 1000 g CO2. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was utilized to assess the lipid composition of each cheese and the lipids extracted by SFE. TLC analysis for Cheddar and Parmesan cheeses showed only nonpolar lipids (triaclyglycerides and free fatty acids) in the recovered lipids extracted by SFE; indicating that polar lipids such as phospholipids are being retained in the cheese matrix. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize volatile flavor com- pounds for each cheese sample. SFE treatment of the cheeses altered the ability to detect flavor compounds and allowed partitioning of those compounds, which varied with the type of cheese. This study suggests that SFE technology can be used in the dairy industry to develop cheese prod- ucts lower in fat, which retain flavor compounds that may not be typically fully developed with alternative methods of low-fat cheese processing. supercritical fluid extraction / carbon dioxide / Parmesan cheese / Cheddar cheese / fat
Connecting with e-Learners Through Podcasting

In an online learning community where interaction occurs primarily through reading and writing, podcasting is an ideal way for instructors to better connect with their students. Podcasting can enhance instructor-student relationships, and provide an avenue for instructors to speak to the students whenever it is most convenient for them, even repeatedly. Heather Zink explains why adding this on-the-go content is invaluable.
Inhibition of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1–Transcription Coactivator Interaction by a Hydrogen Bond Surrogate α-Helix

Designed ligands that inhibit hypoxia-inducible gene expression could offer new tools for genomic research and, potentially, drug discovery efforts for the treatment of neovascularization in cancer...
Rufous-tailed jacamars and aposematic butterflies: do older birds attack novel prey?

Although avian predators are thought to drive the evolution of warning-color mimicry in butterflies, few empirical studies directly address this assumption from the predator’s perspective. Heliconius butterflies are textbook examples of Mullerian mimicry, with perhaps the most remarkable example being the Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene mimicry complex. Rufous-tailed jacamars, Galbula ruficauda (Galbulidae), are well-known butterfly predators and provide an excellent study organism to investigate patterns of attack behavior in warning-colored butterflies. I investigated patterns of attack behavior by presenting three aposematic butterflies to wild-caught jacamars in a cage trial in Venezuela. I presented 80 jacamars with three Heliconius butterflies: an unaltered wing pattern (local morph) and two altered wing patterns (novel morphs). Twenty-one of 40 males and 8 of 40 females attacked a butterfly with a novel wing pattern. Of the morphological variables measured, tail length was the only significant predictor of attack behavior. Individuals with relatively longer tails attacked novel butterflies more frequently than shorter tailed individuals. Because tail length tended to increase between seasons, results suggest that older birds are more likely to attack novel aposematic prey than are young birds, contrary to the expectations that younger adult birds (i.e., more likely to be naive) would attack novel Heliconius more frequently than older birds. Overall results support the role of specialized avian predators, like jacamars, as important agents in the evolution of warning-color mimicry in butterflies and the need to investigate different age classes of birds in mimicry studies. Key words: aposematism, Galbula ruficauda, Heliconius, jacamar, Mullerian mimicry. [Behav Ecol]
Accurate permittivity and permeability measurement of composite broadband absorbers at microwave frequencies

This paper presents complex permittivity and permeability measurements of iron-loaded materials. These materials are found to be useful as microwave absorbers for application in electromagnetic interference reduction. A transmission reflection based waveguide measurement technique has been used for accurately characterizing the materials in the 2 to 40 GHz microwave frequency range. The precise frequency dependence of the constitutive material properties has been determined. The reflection spectrum has been studied to determine the absorption properties of each sample. The materials were combined to form a composite structure that maintained good absorption over a wide range of frequencies. A detailed error analysis has been presented to discuss the sources of errors in the experimental set-up and how these have been minimized in the measurements.
Recognition of Prey by Suctoria: The Role of Cilia

. The interaction between the predator, Discophrya collini, and the prey, Tetrahymena pyriformis, was investigated in order to determine what prey factors(s) may be recognized, facilitating the feeding response of the suctorian predator. When viable, deciliated T. pyriformis were offered to starved D. collini, only 12% of the suctoria captured a ciliate compared to 98% when presented with ciliated T. pyriformis. Starved suctoria were also offered three types of tanned sheep erythrocytes used as artificial prey. After exposure to erythrocytes coated with sonicates of T. pyriformis, 16% of the D. collini displayed one or more attached erythrocytes but after incubation with erythrocytes coated with T. pyriformis cilia, 72% of the suctoria had tentacles with attached cells. No untreated, tanned erythrocytes were captured. When T. pyriformis were treated with ciliary antiserum and then offered to starved D. collini, the resulting capture rate was low (13%), but T. pyriformis treated with normal rabbit serum were captured at a rate comparable to controls (92%). These results suggest that the prey's cilia and/or their surface macromolecules may facilitate prey capture.
Concurrent Administration of Sexual Assault Prevention and Risk Reduction Programming: Outcomes for Women

The present study describes the 4- and 7-month postintervention outcomes of a sexual assault risk reduction program for women, which was part of an evaluation that included a prevention program for men. Relative to the control group, participants evidenced more relational sexual assertiveness and self-protective behavior, and were more likely to indicate that they utilized active verbal and physical self-defense strategies. Whether or not women experienced subsequent victimization did not differ between groups. Relative to control group women who were victimized, program participants who were victimized between the 4- and 7-month follow-up blamed the perpetrator more and evidenced less self-blame.
Optimal Sequential Exploration: A Binary Learning Model

In this paper, we develop a practical and flexible framework for evaluating sequential exploration strategies in the case where the exploration prospects are dependent. Our interest in this problem was motivated by an oil exploration problem, and our approach begins with marginal assessments for each prospect (e.g., what is the probability that the well is wet?) and pairwise assessments of the dependence between prospects (e.g., what is the probability that both wells i and j are wet?). We then use information-theoretic methods to construct a full joint distribution for all outcomes from these marginal and pairwise assessments. This joint distribution is straightforward to calculate, has many nice properties, and appears to provide an accurate approximation for distributions likely to be encountered in practice. Given this joint probability distribution, we determine an optimal drilling strategy using an efficient dynamic programming model. We illustrate these techniques with an oil exploration example and study how dependence and risk aversion affect the optimal drilling strategies. The information-theory-based techniques for constructing joint distributions and dynamic programming model for determining optimal exploration strategies could be used together or separately in many other applications.
Developing physician-scientists in the fields of neonatology and pediatric critical care medicine: an effort to formulate a departmental policy.

Both patient care and research are fundamental to the missions of academic pediatric medical centers in the US. The value of training physicians to perform basic science, clinical, and translational research is well recognized, and it is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through several mechanisms, including mentored career development awards (K awards). These awards most often are used to provide physicians the opportunity to develop their scientific skills under the supervision of a mentor at the start of their academic careers. Such time, protected from the burden of clinical duties, is invaluable, given the increasing competition for extramural research funding and the requirements for academic promotion. At the same time, this early career stage comes with the challenge of transitioning to the role of attending physician.
Estimating exponential polynomial signals

In this paper we approximate arbitrary complex signals by modeling both the logarithm of the amplitude and the phase of the complex signal as finite-order polynomials in time. We present a computationally efficient algorithm that estimates the unknown parameters by successively solving a series of optimization problems that are only a function of a single unknown complex parameter. At high signal-to-noise ratios, the mean-squared error of the estimates are shown to be close to the Cramer-Rao bound for a particular example by using a Monte Carlo simulation. >
Diversification rates have declined in the Malagasy herpetofauna

The evolutionary origins of Madagascar's biodiversity remain mysterious despite the fact that relative to land area, there is no other place with consistently high levels of species richness and endemism across a range of taxonomic levels. Most efforts to explain diversification on the island have focused on geographical models of speciation, but recent studies have begun to address the island's accumulation of species through time, although with conflicting results. Prevailing hypotheses for diversification on the island involve either constant diversification rates or scenarios where rates decline through time. Using relative-time-calibrated phylogenies for seven endemic vertebrate clades and a model-fitting framework, I find evidence that diversification rates have declined through time on Madagascar. I show that diversification rates have clearly declined throughout the history of each clade, and models invoking diversity-dependent reductions to diversification rates best explain the diversification histories for each clade. These results are consistent with the ecological theory of adaptive radiation, and, coupled with ancillary observations about ecomorphological and life-history evolution, strongly suggest that adaptive radiation was an important formative process for one of the most species-rich regions on the Earth. These results cast the Malagasy biota in a new light and provide macroevolutionary justification for conservation initiatives.
Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles

Many low-elevation dry forests of the western United States contain more small trees and fewer large trees, more down woody debris, and less diverse and vigorous understory plant communities compared to conditions under historical fire regimes. These altered structural conditions may contribute to increased probability of unnaturally severe wildfires, susceptibility to uncharacteristic insect outbreaks, and drought-related mortality. Broad-scale fuel reduction and restoration treatments are proposed to promote stand development on trajectories toward more sustainable structures. Little research to date, however, has quantified the effects of these treatments on the ecosystem, especially delayed and latent tree mortality resulting directly or indirectly from treatments. In this paper, we explore complex hypotheses relating to the cascade of effects that influence ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mortality using structural equation modeling (SEM). We used annual census and plot data through six growing seasons after thinning and four growing seasons after burning from a replicated, operational-scale, completely randomized experiment conducted in northeastern Oregon, USA, as part of the national Fire and Fire Surrogate study. Treatments included thin, burn, thin followed by burn (thin + burn), and control. Burn and thin + burn treatments increased the proportion of dead trees while the proportion of dead trees declined or remained constant in thin and control units, although the density of dead trees was essentially unchanged with treatment. Most of the new mortality (96%) occurred within two years of treatment and was attributed to bark beetles. Bark beetle-caused tree mortality, while low overall, was greatest in thin + burn treatments. SEM results indicate that the probability of mortality of large-diameter ponderosa pine from bark beetles and wood borers was directly related to surface fire severity and bole charring, which in turn depended on fire intensity, which was greater in units where thinning increased large woody fuels. These results have implications when deciding among management options for restoring ecosystem health in similar ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests.
An evaluation of communication protocols for star-coupled multidimensional WDM networks for multiprocessors

The relatively mature fiber optic technology, enhanced by the use of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), provides a solution for surmounting the problems associated with copper based interconnections for multiprocessors as the CPU clock frequencies increase. We undertake a trace driven simulation study of the performance of several fast channel access schemes for WDM channels that are appropriate for multi dimensional interconnections for multiprocessors with thousands of nodes. We show that the protocols that employ tunable components cannot provide adequate performance unless the tuning times improve to 500 nanoseconds. The main conclusion of our study is that a simple WDM channel access protocol, called CLUSTER, based on the use of fixed tuned optical transmitters and receivers, is the protocol of choice for building multidimensional WDM interconnections. The recent advent of single chip laser and receiver arrays for WDM links. Employing fixed tuned components, provides an added incentive for using the CLUSTER protocol for multidimensional WDM interconnections for multiprocessors.
Approximate system relationships

The similarity relationships introduced in Chapter 4 provided the framework upon which most of the abstraction techniques in Part III relied. In this chapter, we take an important conceptual step forward by abandoning the exact nature of these relationships.
Staying Young at Heart: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adolescents and Young Adults

Approaches to the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often too narrow in scope and initiated too late. While the majority of adolescents are free of CVD, far fewer are free of CVD risk factors, especially lifestyle factors such as poor exercise and dietary habits. Most clinicians are familiar with behavioral and pharmacologic strategies for modifying these and other traditional CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. In this review, we highlight those strategies most applicable to teens and also propose fundamental reframing that recognizes the importance of early choices and life experiences to achieving cardiovascular health. Population- and individual-level approaches that support the establishment of positive health behaviors early in life are the foundation of preserving ideal cardiovascular health and promoting positive cardiovascular outcomes. The Positive Youth Development movement supports a frame shift away from seeing young people as merely the sum of their risk factors and instead as developmentally dynamic youth capable of making healthy choices. Informed by the Positive Youth Development framework, our approach to cardiovascular prevention among adolescents is both broad based and proactive, paying heed as early as possible to social, familial, and developmental factors that underlie health behaviors and employing evidence-based behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical treatments when needed.
Who Needs Individual Responsibility? Audience Race and Message Content Influence Third-Party Evaluations of Political Messages

The present research examined the idea that people believe Black Americans think society is less fair than members of other racial groups (Study 1a), that these beliefs are out of touch with realit...
Dental Hygienist Providers in Long-Term Care: Meeting the Need.

Abstract Dental hygienists with expertise in the policies, protocols, and practices of long-term care settings can provide oral health care services that complement the health complexities of residents. Background Adults in the United States are living longer and retaining more teeth, creating an increased demand for oral health care within long-term care facilities. Oral health has, in the past, been perceived as less important than other aspects of daily care and focused more on comfort than control of potential pathogens of oral origin. The concept in medicine of a care continuum from cradle to grave has not generally included provisions for oral health because historically few private dental practices have had provisions for continuation of care once an individual is unable to access the private office. This article supports the inclusion of dental hygienist care team members in long-term care settings. Methods The author has provided oral health care services in long-term care for many years, modeling this important career path for dental hygienists. Examples of the personal contributions of the dental hygienist author in helping to meet the extreme needs of this population illustrate this viable career option for dental hygienists. Resources used include federal and state health care publications, data from the American Dental Hygienists Association and selected state dental hygiene associations, published literature, and interviews with dental hygiene business owners, as well as the author's years of expertise. Conclusion Oral health is a significant health concern for elders and others in long-term care settings. Daily oral care practices and optimal oral health are related to the well-being and quality of life that long-term care residents deserve. Pathways to providing preventive oral health services will gain momentum as dental hygienists become an integral part of the long-term care setting health care team.
Survey on KAP and intervention effect of welding operators in Shanghai City

[Objective]To evaluate the effectiveness of propaganda and education of occupational hazards and protection knowledge on welding operators in 2 mechanical steel structure enterprises in Shanghai City with BOHS method.[Methods]All welding operators were surveyed by welding health KAP questionnaires before and after propaganda and education of safety knowledge respectively.[Results] After propaganda and education,the average score of health and safety knowledge was significantly increased from(17.1±5.3) to(23.8±3.8)(P0.01),and the average score of health and safety practice was significantly increased from(5.1±1.9) to(7.9±1.8)(P0.01).Also the rates of awareness and scientific behaviors increased remarkably.[Conclusion]The propaganda and education of occupational hazard factors and protection knowledge for welding operates significantly improves workers' health and safety knowledge.
The Joy of Grandparenting: A Qualitative Analysis of Grandparents

ABSTRACTAccording to Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen, 1995), people become emotionally selective as they grow older and therefore choose to sustain primarily their closest relationships (i.e., family relationships), including their grandparent-granchild relationships. Thus, to provide practical suggestions for grandchildren and parents of grandchildren, the purpose of this study was to examine what grandparents (N = 104) find most rewarding about being grandparents. The participants completed a survey in which they were asked to answer the question: “In your experience, what are the best parts of being a grandparent?” The 586 responses were coded in accordance with Braun and Clarke’s (2006) recommendations for thematic analyses, which resulted in five distinct themes: maturation, mutual affection, pride, shared activities, and teaching and learning.
Magnetism in Small Antiferromagnetic Clusters

The effect of size and geometry on the magnetic behavior of systems with antiferromagnetic interactions has been studied. Our studies based on clusters containing between 13 and 561 atoms model them as Ising spins located at the atomic sites, interacting via a nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic coupling. The magnetic moments of these Ising clusters at various temperatures and magnetic fields have been calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. We have studied clusters having icosahedric and cuboctahedric geometries and different sizes. For icosahedric clusters, the calculated behavior as a function of magnetic field and temperature indicates that the clusters have free spins and behave as frustrated paramagnets. On the other hand, cuboctahedric clusters show well defined ground states indicating that the finite size quenches the frustration inherent in the FCC lattice. The theoretical predictions will be compared with recent measurements.
Global Observing Systems: Conventional vs Novel

This essay is a brief and rather general survey of various global meteorological observing systems, both existing and proposed, which differ in one or more of the following respects: 1) Information content of variables measured. 2) Accuracy of measurements, made either remotely or in situ. 3) Horizontal and vertical resolution. 4) Frequency of measurement. 5) Character of the sensor-bearing platform or vehicle. 6) Cost per observation. The relative merits and disadvantages of the various systems will be weighed in the context of the projected Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) and a prototype World Weather Watch (WWW) that is assumed to depend on existing or currently emerging technology.
Religion in the Modern American West

When Americans migrated west, they carried with them not only their hopes for better lives but their religious traditions as well. Yet the importance of religion in the forging of a western identity has seldom been examined. In this first historical overview of religion in the modern American West, Ferenc Szasz shows the important role that organized religion played in the shaping of the region from the late-nineteenth to late-twentieth century. He traces the major faiths over that time span, analyzes the distinctive response of western religious institutions to national events, and shows how western cities became homes to a variety of organized faiths that cast only faint shadows back east. While many historians have minimized the importance of religion for the region, Szasz maintains that it lies at the very heart of the western experience. From the 1890s to the 1920s, churches and synagogues created institutions such as schools and hospitals that shaped their local communities; during the Great Depression, the Latter-day Saints introduced their innovative social welfare system; and in later years, Pentecostal groups carried their traditions to the Pacific coast and Southern Baptists (among others) set out in earnest to evangelize the Far West. Beginning in the 1960s, the arrival of Asian faiths, the revitalization of evangelical Protestantism, the ferment of post-Vatican II Catholicism, the rediscovery of Native American spirituality, and the emergence of New Age sects combined to make western cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco among the most religiously pluralistic in the world. Examining the careers of key figures in western religion, from Rabbi William Friedman to Reverend Robert H. Schuller, Szasz balances specific and general trends to weave the story of religion into a wider social and cultural context. Religion in the Modern American West calls attention to an often overlooked facet of regional history and broadens our understanding of the American experience.
Colony Lift Colorimetric Assay for β-Galactosidase Activity

In this protocol, we present a qualitative assay for monitoring the level of expression of β-galactosidase, an enzyme encoded by the LacZ gene, in yeast. This is useful both for determining autoactivity of LacZ expression in yeast DNA "bait" strains and for assessing LacZ reporter gene activation mediated by a transcription factor "prey" interaction with a DNA bait of interest in yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays. In this colorimetric assay, yeast are lysed in liquid nitrogen and then assayed for β-galactosidase expression using the colorless compound X-gal, which turns blue in the presence of this enzyme.
Synthesis of polyethylene-based proton exchange membranes containing PE backbone and sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) side chains for fuel cell applications

This paper discusses a new class of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) that are based on a well-controlled polyolefin graft copolymer containing a polyethylene (PE) backbone and several sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (s-PAES) side chains. The chemistry involves a graft-onto reaction between high molecular weight PE with few pendent benzyl bromide groups and poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) with two terminal phenol groups. The resulting PE-g-PAES graft copolymer, with predetermined backbone molecular weight, graft density, and graft length, was solution-cast into uniform film (thickness 20–40 μm), followed by a heterogeneous sulfonation reaction of PAES side chains to obtain the desired PE-g-s-PAES PEMs with a high sulfonation level. The unique combination of hydrophobicity, semicrystallinity, and high molecular weight of the PE backbone offers PEM with a stable (nonswellable) matrix. The embedded hydrophilic s-PAES proton-conductive domains show only moderate water uptake, even with a high ion exc...
Smartphone Display Size Influences Attitudes Toward Information Consumed on Small Devices

Previous research has suggested that differences in the size of extremely large displays can change how individuals perceive and react to the displayed content. However, are such effects also observed on small screen devices (i.e., smartphones)? Participants read a news article on either a small or a large smartphone display and rated their attitudes toward the material before and after reading. Results indicated that although participants remembered information equally well across the different smartphone displays, the larger smartphone display did produce a larger change in attitude toward the material. These results suggest that characteristics of smartphone design can impact perceptions of the content being viewed, fundamentally changing how one views some information that has been gathered on these mobile devices.
Examining differences between P1 versus P2 students as teaching assistants in a P1 skills-based course

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess differences between the use of first-year (P1; "peer") versus second-year (P2; "near-peer") students as teaching assistants (TA) in a first-year, skills-based course. Methods The practicum course assesses competence in the provision of screening services and patient counseling. TAs review weekly material followed by a one-on-one assessment of each student using a grading rubric. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed to determine if there was a difference in performance between the peer and near-peer teaching assistants. Results Sixteen peer and 33 near-peer TAs were evaluated by 210 students for six different skill assessments in practicum. There was no significant difference between peer and near-peer TAs in both student perception of TA performance and in TA grading of student performance. Conclusions There is no difference in the use of peer versus near-peer TAs in evaluating first-year pharmacy students in the skills-based course. Using peer TAs over near-peer TAs can be useful when faced with scheduling and other resource conflicts.
Stroop, Cocaine Dependence, and Intrinsic Connectivity

Abstract The Stroop is one of the most widely used neurocognitive tasks. Difficulties with cognitive interference and response inhibition are observed in a variety of psychopathological conditions, including addictions. Recent advances in imaging techniques and analyses have allowed for insight into the underlying neural mechanisms of cognitive control. The increasing body of literature covering such topics has begun to suggest that distinct networks relating to cognitive control are altered in cocaine dependence and associated with treatment outcome. Understanding the brain circuitry underlying cognitive control as measured by Stroop in the context of cocaine-use disorder may provide insights into the development of novel treatment options.
Housing Unit Method

The housing unit method is based on the fact that almost everyone lives in some type of housing structure, whether a single family unit, an apartment, a mobile home, a college dormitory, or a state prison. Recall that the demographic balancing equation is an exact identity of population change (see Chapter 3). In a similar vein, the housing unit method provides an exact determination of the total population; any error is due to inaccuracies in estimates of its elements, not an inherent flaw in the method itself (Lowe, Pittenger, and Walker 1977; Swanson, Baker, and Van Patten 1983). It is one of the most widely used techniques for subnational population estimates (Bryan 2004b: 550; Byerly 1990). One reason for the wide spread use of the housing unit method is it can be applied at virtually any level of geography, especially at detailed spatial resolutions (Jarosz 2008; Tayman 1994). Second it can accommodate a variety of data sources and application techniques (Lowe, Myers, and Weisser 1984; Smith and Cody 2004). Finally, the housing unit method can produce estimates that are at least as accurate as other post-censal estimation techniques (Hoque 2010; Smith 1986; Smith and Mandell 1984; Starsinic and Zitter 1968).
Differences in lumbar spine and lower extremity kinematics in people with and without low back pain during a step-up task: a cross-sectional study

Low back pain (LBP) affects more than one third of the population at any given time, and chronic LBP is responsible for increased medical costs, functional limitations and decreased quality of life. A clear etiology is often difficult to identify, but aberrant posture and movement are considered contributing factors to chronic LBP that are addressed during physiotherapy intervention. Information about aberrant movement during functional activities in people with LBP can help inform more effective interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in lumbar spine and lower extremity kinematics in people with and without LBP during a step-up task. A convenience sample of 37 participants included 19 with LBP and 18 without a history of LBP. All participants were between the ages of 18 and 65, and controls were matched to participants with LBP based on age, gender and BMI. A motion capture system was used to record spine and lower extremity kinematics during the step-up task. ANOVA tests were used to determine differences in three-dimensional kinematics between groups. Participants with LBP displayed less lower lumbar motion in the sagittal plane (P = 0.001), more knee motion in the coronal plane (P = 0.001), and more lower extremity motion in the axial plane (P = 0.002) than controls. People with LBP display less lower lumbar spine motion in the sagittal plane and more out-of-plane lower extremity motion. Clinically, the step-up task can be used to identify these aberrant movements to develop more focused functional interventions for patients with LBP. Not applicable.