cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-Efficient Statistical Live Virtual Machine Placement for Big Data Information Systems in Cloud Computing Environments

With the increasing applications of big data computing on large scale cloud platforms, virtual machines (VM) are utilized to provide flexibility and availability for big data information systems. Energy efficient VM management and distribution on cloud platforms has become an important research subject. Mapping VMs "correctly" into PMs (Physical Machines) requires knowing the capacity of each PM and the resource requirements of the VMs. It must also take into accounts VM operation overheads, the reliability of PMs, Quality of Service (QoS) in addition to energy efficiency. However, the current VM placement approaches are mostly built in a server cluster with homogeneous nodes. Moreover, those approaches are not effective for live migrations with multiple considerations at the same time. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient statistical live VM placement scheme in a heterogeneous server clusters. Our scheme supports VM requests scheduling and live migration to minimize the number of active servers in order to save the overall energy in a virtualized server cluster. Specifically, the proposed VM placement scheme incorporates all the VM operation overheads in the dynamic migration process. In addition, it considers other important factors in relation to energy consumption, and it is ready to be extended with more considerations on users demand. We conduct extensive evaluations based on HPC jobs in a simulated environment. The results prove the effectiveness of our scheme.
Mixed Field Dosimetry of Neutron Beams for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

An epithermal neutron beam has been developed1,2 for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor (MITR-II). The neutron beam has been used to treat two patients as part of a Phase I clinical trial for subcutaneous melanoma of the extremities. The clinical dosimetry of epithermal neutron beams for BNCT is considerably different from that of fast neutron beams used for fast neutron therapy. In BNCT, the incident radiation field consists primarily of neutrons in the 0.5 eV to ≈20 keV range; higher energy neutrons, with energies up to 15 MeV, and photons of 0–10 MeV, are present as contaminants. Therefore, separate macroscopic doses, including those from thermal and fast neutrons, photons, and the B-10(n,α)Li-7 reaction, need to be determined.
Methods for culturing retinal pigment epithelial cells: a review of current protocols and future recommendations

The retinal pigment epithelium is an important part of the vertebrate eye, particularly in studying the causes and possible treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium is difficult to access in vivo due to its location at the back of the eye, making experimentation with age-related macular degeneration treatments problematic. An alternative to in vivo experimentation is cultivating the retinal pigment epithelium in vitro, a practice that has been going on since the 1970s, providing a wide range of retinal pigment epithelial culture protocols, each producing cells and tissue of varying degrees of similarity to natural retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with a ready list of retinal pigment epithelial protocols, their effects on cultured tissue, and their specific possible applications. Protocols using human and animal retinal pigment epithelium cells, derived from tissue or cell lines, are discussed, and recommendations for future researchers included.
Women in the Ministry of Jesus: Women and their Roles in Palestine

Jesus’ view of women has become in the last two decades a subject of increased discussion both inside and outside the Church community. The better part of this discussion has been purely on a non-technical level, and there still seems to be a need for a detailed exegetical treatment of the relevant Gospel material. This monograph attempts to meet that need. It should be said at the outset that my discussion will be limited to the material dealing with Jesus' words and deeds during His earthly ministry. Thus, the material in the Birth and Resurrection narratives will not be treated. There will be some attempt, however, to deal with the Evangelists' perspectives on women as a secondary area of interest as it is reflected in the pericopes that will be examined. Since our main focus is on Jesus' view of women, our discussion of the relevant background material will be limited to an examination of women and their roles in Palestine. Background material on other areas in the Mediterranean will be referred to in passing where it seems to bear on the Gospel material under examination (e.g., Mk 10). Finally, our investigation of background material must also be limited in scope to certain major issues or areas that shed light on the portion of NT material under discussion – (1) women and their roles in marriage and the family; (2) women and their roles in religion; and (3) women and their roles as witnesses, teachers and leaders.
Minutewomen, Victims, and Parasites: The Discursive and Performative Construction of Women by The Minuteman Civil Defense Corps

This study uses data from 40 interviews and 80 hours of participant observation to examine the discursive and performative (embodied, enacted, and nonverbal) position of women in twenty-first-century militia–nativist organizations, using the case study of the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps (MCDC). The case of the MCDC demonstrates that the organization produces competing narratives for understanding the role of white and migrant women in U.S. society. White American women are constructed as victims of immigration, while white women within the organization are viewed as capable colleagues. Migrant women are produced as both parasites on American society and victims of Mexican male sexuality. As this article shows, women's demands for agency, their political drives, their ascribed race, and their intentions shape their discursive production.
How territoriality affects the density of an egg predator: Habitat renovation and reintroduction as a method of conserving two endangered desert spring fish

Conservation of endangered sympatric species must be carefully executed to ensure that the protection of one species does not negatively impact the survival of another. Critically endangered Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis and Leon Springs pupfish Cyprinodon bovinus , which are endemic to a threatened desert spring habitat, exemplify one such scenario. Recently, this habitat has been expanded, and captively bred C. bovinus were released to repopulate an area historically known to contain this species. A previous study suggested that G. nobilis are detrimental to C. bovinus populations, due to their tendency to congregate near spawning pairs and feed on their eggs. Whether G. nobilis are attracted to territorial C. bovinus , regardless of spawning behavior, remains unclear. To determine this, the number of G. nobilis in occupied and unoccupied breeding territories of both wild and captively bred C. bovinus was measured. Gambusia nobilis densities were similar between unoccupied and occupied territorial sites, suggesting that they do not show a preference for C. bovinus territories. Regardless of habitat location or prior captivity, territorial C. bovinus significantly excluded G. nobilis within their direct vicinity (5 cm), but not from their entire territory. Decreased G. nobilis density within the habitat may allow C. bovinus to defend their breeding territories more readily during the summer spawning season. This study provides empirical evidence of captively raised individuals behaving similarly to wild individuals upon reintroduction to their natural habitat and support for conservation methods that focus on common limiting factors between endangered species [ Current Zoology 60 (4): 527–533, 2014].
Vigilance and Confidence: Jeremy Bentham, Publicity, and the Dialectic of Political Trust and Distrust

Distrust of public authorities is a mainstay of democratic politics. In recent decades, however, concern with surging civic suspicion has led political scientists to emphasize the value of trust for good government. This article advances a novel reading of Jeremy Bentham's political theory to shed light on the promise and perils of these two dispositions. Trust and distrust go together, in Bentham's account. In making this case, I reexamine Bentham's reflections on publicity, and distinguish between two perspectives implicit in his theory—the perspective of institutional design, and the perspective of popular oversight. This distinction brings clarity to Bentham's surprising recommendation: sober distrust toward public authorities generally, together with particularized trust in those (and only those) institutions or officials who prove themselves worthy of it.
RNA editing-dependent epitranscriptome diversity in cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can regenerate all facets of a tumour as a result of their stem cell-like capacity to self-renew, survive and become dormant in protective microenvironments. CSCs evolve during tumour progression in a manner that conforms to Charles Darwin's principle of natural selection. Although somatic DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations promote evolution, post-transcriptional RNA modifications together with RNA binding protein activity (the 'epitranscriptome') might also contribute to clonal evolution through dynamic determination of RNA function and gene expression diversity in response to environmental stimuli. Deregulation of these epitranscriptomic events contributes to CSC generation and maintenance, which governs cancer progression and drug resistance. In this Review, we discuss the role of malignant RNA processing in CSC generation and maintenance, including mechanisms of RNA methylation, RNA editing and RNA splicing, and the functional consequences of their aberrant regulation in human malignancies. Finally, we highlight the potential of these events as novel CSC biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets.
Mycorrhizae, invasions, and the temporal dynamics of mutualism disruption

Summary An increasingly recognized impact of plant invaders is the disruption of positive interactions between native plants and their belowground mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi. We reviewed 112 studies from 61 publications that report invader impacts on mycorrhizal fungi. We describe emerging patterns on the frequency of negative, neutral and positive invader effects on mycorrhizal fungal abundance, richness and community composition, and we evaluate how these outcomes vary with invasion age. We also describe the evidence for three mechanisms of disruption: (1) plant-plant competition that alters host quantity or quality (2) changes in soil properties such as nutrient availability and (3) allelopathy. Invaders can disrupt native mutualisms if they are non-mycorrhizal, associate with a different type of mycorrhiza, or associate with different taxa of the same type of mycorrhiza as the native plants. Invaders that enrich soil nutrients can cause declines in mycorrhizal abundance, shifts in fungal community composition, and cause native plants to reduce their dependence on mycorrhizas. Invaders that produce allelopathic compounds cause mycorrhizal abundance to decrease and alter community composition because of variation in the sensitivity of different fungi to toxins. While the evidence for disruption of the mycorrhizal mutualism with invasion is strong, temporal patterns have not yet emerged from the literature. Invasion age was not clearly associated with extent of disruption, and the timing of recovery following invader removal was highly variable. Differences in the biology of native and invasive plants, their interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and the surrounding landscape contributed to this variation. Synthesis. Our systematic review suggests that invaders frequently decrease mycorrhizal abundance and alter fungal community composition while only occasionally affecting fungal species richness. The development of invader impacts, as well as the restoration of native communities after invader removal, are influenced by a suite of plant, fungal and environmental traits that change over time. However, few studies have examined the temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal disruption, and results are variable. Future research should focus on the temporal scale of mutualism disruption while considering plant phylogenetics and demography, fungal functional traits such as spore longevity and dispersal, and soil chemistry.
Down Syndrome-Associated Diabetes Is Not Due To a Congenital Deficiency in β Cells.

Author(s): Butler, Alexandra E; Sacks, Wendy; Rizza, Robert A; Butler, Peter C | Abstract: Aims/hypothesisWe sought to establish whether the increased incidence of diabetes associated with Down syndrome was due to a congenital deficit in β cells.MethodsThe pancreas was obtained at autopsy from nondiabetic subjects with Down syndrome (n = 29) and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects without Down syndrome (n = 28). The pancreas sections were evaluated for the fractional β-cell area.ResultsNo difference was found in the fractional β-cell area between the subjects with Down syndrome and the control subjects.Conclusions/interpretationsThe increased incidence and prevalence of diabetes in individuals with Down syndrome is not due to an underlying congenital deficiency of β cells.
Emerging Trends in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services

Child mental health service delivery systems in the United States are in the midst of change. Child advocates have decried the sad state of the service systems and have called for sweeping and fundamental reforms. Mental health professionals and policy makers have endorsed that call and are actively supporting reform initiatives across the country. In this chapter, we describe briefly some of the major historical events in the field of child mental health, summarize the trends emerging from the reform initiatives, and anticipate the direction in which the field is likely to evolve. Before beginning, we note that this chapter will follow the convention of using the terms “child,” “children,” and “youth” to refer to children and adolescents under the age of 18 years.
Singularity Structure of Møller–Plesset Perturbation Theory

Abstract Moller–Plesset perturbation theory expresses the energy as a function E(z) of a perturbation parameter, z. This function contains singular points in the complex z-plane that affect the convergence of the perturbation series. A review is given of what is known in advance about the singularity structure of E(z) from functional analysis of the Schrodinger equation, and of techniques for empirically analyzing the singularity structure using large-order perturbation series. The physical significance of the singularities is discussed. They fall into two classes, which behave differently in response to changes in basis set or molecular geometry. One class consists of complex-conjugate square-root branch points that connect the ground state to a low-lying excited state. The other class consists of a critical point on the negative real z-axis, corresponding to a dissociation phenomenon. These two kinds of singularities are characterized and contrasted using quadratic summation approximants. A new classification scheme for Moller–Plesset perturbation series is proposed, based on the relative positions in the z-plane of the two classes of singularities. Possible applications of this singularity analysis to practical problems in quantum chemistry are described.
Fast, Accurate, and Practical Identity Inference Using TV Remote Controls

Non-invasive identity inference in the home environment is a very challenging problem. A practical solution to the problem could have far reaching implications in many industries, such as home entertainment. In this work, we consider the problem of identity inference using a TV remote control. In particular, we address two challenges that have so far prevented the work of Chang et al. (2009) from being applied in a home entertainment system. First, we show how to learn the patterns of TV remote controls incrementally and online. Second, we generalize our results to partially labeled data. To achieve our goal, we use state-of-the-art methods for max-margin learning and online convex programming. Our solution is efficient, runs in real time, and comes with theoretical guarantees. It performs well in practice and we demonstrate this on 4 datasets of 2 to 4 people.
Removal of comfort pads underneath babies: a method of reducing radiation exposure to neonates.

Rationale and Objectives The recent increasing utilization of imaging has increased the population exposure to ionizing radiation. With increasing knowledge of the potential harm of radiation exposure, efforts should be made to minimize patient radiation whenever possible, especially in young children. The purpose of this study was to use the exposure index (EI) standard to assess the potential for reducing radiation dose to babies by removing a soft comfort pad, often placed underneath the baby. The pad is located between the baby and the image detector plate. As such it absorbs x-rays that have already passed through the baby but have not yet reached the imaging detector plate. Materials and Methods Using a thoracic infant phantom and fixed exposure factors, we measured the percentage of the radiation exiting a neonatal chest phantom that was absorbed/attenuated by the comfort pad, before it hit the detector to create the image. We studied comfort pads of 4 different thicknesses, ranging from 0.5″ to 8″. Results Radiation beam attenuation, ranging from 12% to 72.1%, was found with all comfort pads, with increased x-ray beam attenuation occurring with increasing pad thickness. Conclusions The study shows that comfort pads cause a high attenuation of the radiation beam, after it exits the chest phantom. As such, removal of the pads prior to radiographic exposure of babies is a method of potentially reducing patient radiation exposure in the newborn nursery.
Challenging Child Exclusion in California State Court

This article contends that California's child exclusion policy, which prevents children from receiving CalWORKS funds if their mothers received cash assistance for ten months prior to giving birth, runs afoul of the unconstitutional conditions doctrine as interpreted by the California Supreme Court. After examining the historical underpinnings and current impact of the child exclusion policy, the author argues that California's expansive view of the unconstitutional conditions doctrine, as articulated in the analogous context of abortion funding, renders California courts uniquely amenable to a legal challenge of the child exclusion policy. INTRODUCTION 2 I. THE HISTORICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF CHILD EXCLUSION . 4 II. THE IMPACT OF CHILD EXCLUSION 7 III.LEGAL CHALLENGES TO CHILD EXCLUSION IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 8 IV.FERTILE GROUND: THE CALIFORNIA STATE CONSTITUTION AND THE MYERS FRAMEWORK 9 V. CHALLENGING FAMILY CAPS UNDER THE MYERS FRAMEWORK 11 A. The Insufficiency of Childbirth Subsidies 11 B. Conditioning Per Capita Benefits on the Waiver of a Constitutional Right 13 C. Challenging Child Exclusion under Strict Scrutiny 13 VI.COLLAPSING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PENALTIES AND NONSUBSIDIES 15 CONCLUSION ...... 17 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF GENDER, LAW & JUSTICE 1 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF GENDER, LAW & JUSTICE
Abstract 5856: Identification and validation of Nrf2 inhibitors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background: The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is critical for human cells to respond to oxidative stress. In basal conditions the Keap1 homodimer is bound to Nrf2 in the cytoplasm. When stressed, Keap1 releases Nrf2 which translocates into the nucleus, binds the antioxidant response element, and activate antioxidative genes. Somatic mutations of Nrf2 or Keap1 gene can cause constitutive activation of this pathway, and thus results in chemoradioresistance and poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Our goal is to identify chemical Nrf2 inhibitors for targeted therapy of Nrf2high ESCC in the future. Methods: Possible Nrf2 inhibitors were identified using high throughput screening of 1,280 compounds in the Prestwick library, and 35,000 compounds in the Asinex library with Nqo1-EGFP H1299 cells stimulated by an Nrf2 activator (CDDO). Nrf2 activity was monitored via Incucyte by measuring the total normalized green fluorescence divided by the total normalized red fluorescence (tagged nuclear cherry marker). The red channel assessed cell viability and cytotoxicity of compounds. Inhibitors were identified if they met a threshold of >50% inhibition. Lead compounds will be further validated in vitro with KYSE 450 (Nrf2low+Keap1 knockdown) and KYSE 70 (Nrf2high) by examining their effects on expression of nuclear Nrf2 and its downstream target gene (Nqo1). These compounds will also be validated in vivo using Sox2CreER;Nrf2Ki/Ki mice. Results: We successfully established the in vitro assay with Nqo1-EGFP H1299 cells for high throughput screening of Nrf2 inhibitors. Eight lead compounds were identified from the Prestwick library and validated as Nrf2 inhibitors via a dose-response experiment (IC50 Conclusion: We have identified Nrf2 inhibitors through high-throughput screening and will test them in vitro and finally in vivo. Citation Format: Seth Weir, Xiaoxin Chen, Chorlada Paiboonrungruan. Identification and validation of Nrf2 inhibitors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5856.
Risk assessment communication difficulties: An empirical examination of the effects of categorical versus probabilistic risk communication in sexually violent predator decisions

Expert testimony concerning risk and its communication to the trier of fact has important implications for some of the most significant legal decisions. In a simulated sexual violent predator hearing, we examined how mock jurors interpret and use recidivism risk expert testimony communicated either categorically, using verbal labels, or probabilistically, using numeric values. Based upon the STATIC-99R, we compared mock jurors' decision-making and verdicts when we manipulated the style of risk communication across four different risk levels. In terms of verdict decisions, we found that higher risk levels were associated with more commitment decisions, but that this relationship only existed for the categorical risk-communication format. We also replicated previous research demonstrating that participants overestimate recidivism risk in general, especially when higher risk is communicated categorically. Finally, our participants did not differentiate well between the four levels of risk offered, instead apparently employing a more simplistic dichotomy between "low" or "high" risk for both their verdict decisions and their thresholds for commitment. The legal and policy implications of our findings are discussed, as well as suggestions for more effective presentation of expert risk testimony.
Inertial Confinement Fusion at Los Alamos–The Pursuit of Ignition and Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship

Los Alamos National Laboratory is contributing to the core science and technology of the inertial confinement fusion program leading to the National Ignition Facility. Short summaries of a sample o...
Function-on-Function Regression for Trajectory Prediction of Small-Scale Particles towards Next-generation Neuromorphic Computing

Precise and efficient motion prediction and manipulation of micro- and nanoparticles in a complex fluid suspension system under external electric fields has the potential to revolutionize the manufacture of scalable functional nanodevices. However, the physical motion model of the particle based on physical simulation does not consider the effects in the complex fluid suspension system, e.g., boundary conditions, fluid motion, and particle interactions, and often results in imperfect prediction of particle trajectories under the coupled global field. This study proposes a data-driven approach for small-scale particle trajectory prediction by leveraging both physical simulation model and experimental data. Historical function-on-function regression is used to predict experimental trajectories from corresponding simulation trajectories. A gradient boosting algorithm is used for model estimation. Our study is the first-of-its-kind that uses historical function-on-function regression to demonstrate the efficacy of predicting experimental trajectories from simulation trajectories in small-scale particle manipulation under electrical fields, which eventually leads to the design of new automated processes for efficient and smart manufacturing of functional nanodevices towards next-generation neuromorphic computing.
Britten's Unquiet Pasts: Sound and Memory in Postwar Reconstruction

Introduction 1. Music and cultural renewal 2. 'Today on Earth the Angels Sing': carols in wartime 3. Realizing Purcell 4. Gloriana and the 'new Elizabethans' 5. Noye's Fludde and the rituals of lost faith 6. Ghosts in the ruins: the War Requiem at Coventry.
Normalization of NEXRAD antenna gain for overlapping radars

The NOAA National Weather Service operates a network of NEXRAD Doppler meteorological radars to measure severe weather, and precipitation is inferred from the volume scattering from hydrometeors. The NEXRAD, WSR-88D radar, is a calibrated system that measures absolute volume reflectivity (dBZ). A geophysical algorithm is used to relate rainfall intensity to the measured dBZ. The NEXRAD system comprises overlapping radars to provide nearly complete coverage over the continental US. After installation and certification, absolute radar calibration for the NEXRAD is maintained by a loop-back calibration that samples the transmitter through a known attenuation into the receiver and processor; however there is no provision to recalibrate the antenna gain and radome losses. Without an external calibration any NEXRAD may have biases that can cause significant errors in the precipitation products. The problem of combining multiple radars to provide extended coverage is not new. This paper presents an improved method that uses low-elevation radar reflectivity scans of precipitation events taken asynchronously in time. It is applied to two NEXRAD radars located in Melbourne (KMLB) and Miami (KAMX), Florida. Reflectivity data analyzed for two precipitation events indicate consistent, time-invariant dBZ biases.
Divide and prosper: comparing models of customer behavior from populations to individuals

This paper compares customer segmentation, 1-to-1, and aggregate marketing approaches across a broad range of experimental settings, including multiple segmentation levels, marketing datasets, dependent variables, and different types of classifiers, segmentation techniques, and predictive measures. Our experimental results show that, overall, 1-to-1 modeling significantly outperforms the aggregate approach among high-volume customers and is never worse than aggregate approach among low-volume customers. Moreover, the best segmentation techniques tend to outperform 1-to-l modeling among low-volume customers.
The Caloric Calculator Average Caloric Impact of Childhood Obesity Interventions

Background The childhood obesity epidemic reflects the daily accumulation of an “energy gap”—excess calories consumed over calories expended. Population-level interventions to reverse the epidemic can be assessed by the degree to which they increase energy expenditure and/or reduce caloric intake. However, no common metric exists for such comparative assessment. Purpose To develop a common metric, the Average Caloric Impact (ACI), for estimating and comparing population-level effect sizes of a range of childhood obesity interventions. Methods An iterative, collaborative process was used to review literature from 1996 to 2012 and select illustrative interventions showing effects on youth diet and/or activity levels, energy balance, and weight. The ACIs of physical activity interventions were estimated based on program reach, frequency, duration, and intensity and mean body weight of the targeted age and gender group from the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ACIs of dietary interventions were based on reach and changes in foods and/or beverages consumed. Results Fifteen interventions informed by 29 studies were included, ranging from individual behavioral to population-level policies. A web tool, the Caloric Calculator, was developed to allow researchers and policymakers to estimate the ACIs of interventions on target populations with reference to energy gap reductions required to reach the nation’s Healthy People childhood obesity goals. Conclusions The Caloric Calculator and ACIs provide researchers and policymakers with a common metric for estimating the potential effect sizes of various interventions for reducing childhood obesity, providing a platform for evidence-based dialogues on new program or policy approaches as data emerge.
Bioengineering strategies for regeneration of craniofacial bone: a review of emerging technologies

Although advances in surgical techniques and bone grafting have significantly improved the functional and cosmetic restoration of craniofacial structures lost because of trauma or disease, there are still significant limitations in our ability to regenerate these tissues. The regeneration of oral and craniofacial tissues presents a formidable challenge that requires synthesis of basic science, clinical science, and engineering technology. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of study that addresses this challenge by applying the principles of engineering to biology and medicine toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, and improve normal function. This review will explore the impact of biomaterials design, stem cell biology and gene therapy on craniofacial tissue engineering.
Higher performance and lower power enhancements to VLIW architectures

Summary form only given. Architecture enhancements to the C6000 architecture have improved performance, reduced code size, lowered power, and increased compiler efficiency. Benchmarks of DSP kernels and typical DSP applications are used to compare commercially available DSP in terms of cycle count, power, and compiler efficiency. The C6000 VLIW family is an 8-issue instruction architecture that has four execution units for each of the two register banks. The C62x, first-generation processor runs at 300 MHz, has 2 multipliers, and dual 32-bit read/write ports. The 64x, second-generation processor extends the performance by increasing the speed to 600 MHz, adding 2 more multipliers and increasing the load/store width to 64-bits. In addition, the 64x adds SIMD operations to support packed data operations. The 62x is an excellent compiler target due to deterministic order and time of instruction execution, a general purpose 32-word register file, simple independent instructions, and no special modes or status bits. The 64x has improved the compiler efficiency by increasing the register file to 64 words, increasing the number of common instructions that will execute on each unit, and providing for non-aligned loads of packed data. The 64x reduces code size by decreasing the number of NOP with non-aligned program memory fetches and by adding complex instructions that combine several RISC instructions into one 32-bit opcode. The 64x reduces power by adding a 2-level on-chip cache, thereby enabling most of the memory accesses to hit the smaller first level cache. In addition, a reduction in code size decreases the number of first-level instruction fetches and the larger register file decreases the number of data memory accesses. The second-generation processor has been optimized for image, graphics, and telecommunication applications. For 2D algorithms such as 30 correlation, median filtering, motion estimation and polyphase filter, the cycle count improvements for the kernels range from 2.3x to 7.6x. For communication algorithms such as Reed Solomon decoding, Viterbi decoding and FFT, the cycle count improvements of the kernels range from 2.1 x to 3.5x.
rII cistrons of bacteriophage T4: DNA sequence around the intercistronic divide and positions of genetic landmarks☆

Abstract An 873 base-pair DNA sequence from the rII region of bacteriophage T4 is presented. The sequence encodes 139 carboxyl-terminal amino acids of rIIA and the amino-terminal 146 amino acids of rIIB. Eleven base-pairs separate the rIIA stop codon (UAA) and the rIIB AUG. An extensive genetic map is superimposed on the DNA sequence, showing the deduced locations of many of the mutations (base-pair substitutions, frameshifts, deletions) found in previous rII genetic studies.
Two dimensional echocardiography in mitral, aortic and tricuspid valve prolapse. The clinical problem, cardiac nuclear imaging considerations and a proposed standard for diagnosis

The mitral valve prolapse syndrome may present with a variety of clinical manifestations and has proved to be a common cause of nonspecific cardiac symptoms in clinical practice. Primary and secondary forms must be distinguished. Myxomatous degeneration appears to be the common denominator of the primary form. The diagnostic standard of this form has not previously been defined because the detection of mitral leaflet tissue in the left atrium (prolapse) on physical examination or angiography is nonspecific. M mode echocardiography has greatly enhanced the recognition of this syndrome but has not proved to be the best diagnostic standard because of its limited view of mitral valve motion. The advent of two dimensional echocardiography has provided the potential means for specific identification of the mitral leaflet motion in systole and can be considered the diagnostic standard for this syndrome. Primary myxomatous degeneration with leaflet prolapse is not localized to the mitral valve. Two dimensional echocardiography has detected in preliminary studies tricuspid valve prolapse in up to 50 percent and aortic valve prolapse in about 20 percent of patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse.
Culturing, Storage, and Quantification of Rotaviruses

Group A rotaviruses (RVs) infect the young of numerous animal species and cause acute gastroenteritis. Cultivation of animal and human RVs in cells requires proteolytic activation of the viral attachment protein using trypsin. Continuous cell lines, such as rhesus monkey kidney cells, as well as primary monkey kidney cells, are routinely used for the growth and characterization of RVs. Isolation and cultivation of human RVs from clinical fecal specimens is difficult and adaptation to growth in vitro requires multiple rounds of passage in primary cells. Following growth, RV stocks can be purified by centrifugation, if required, and quantified using plaque assay or fluorescence focus assay. This unit describes easily applicable procedures for the culturing, storage, and quantification of RVs.
Shaping the Future of Business Education: Relevance, Rigor, and Life Preparation

In a world where there is great uncertainty, especially within a very competitive global business system, the challenges of providing meaningful business education are immense. Hardy and Everett, t...
Childhood social inequalities influences neural processes in young adult caregiving

Childhood poverty is associated with harsh parenting with a risk of transmission to the next generation. This prospective study examined the relations between childhood poverty and non-parent adults' neural responses to infant cry sounds. While no main effects of poverty were revealed in contrasts of infant cry versus acoustically matched white noise, a gender by childhood poverty interaction emerged. In females, childhood poverty was associated with increased neural activations in the posterior insula, striatum, calcarine sulcus, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus, while, in males, childhood poverty was associated with reduced levels of neural responses to infant cry in the same regions. Irrespective of gender, neural activation in these regions was associated with higher levels of annoyance with the cry sound and reduced desire to approach the crying infant. The findings suggest gender differences in neural and emotional responses to infant cry sounds among young adults growing up in poverty.
Association of Escherichia coli with the Small Intestinal Epithelium I. Comparison of Enteropathogenic and Nonenteropathogenic Porcine Strains in Pigs

Two enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (EEC) differed from a nonenteropathogenic strain of E. coli (NEEC) in their association with porcine small intestinal epithelium. The EEC characteristically were found along villi from tip to base and contiguous to the brush border. They were not in crypts. In contrast, the NEEC characteristically remained in the central lumen near the tips of villi and was only occasionally contiguous to the brush border. No organisms were detected within epithelial cells. The difference in distribution between EEC and NEEC was apparent in ligated jejunal loops 45 min postexposure. The association between host and bacterial cells was most consistently demonstrated on frozen sections of intestine, as other histological techniques removed many bacteria. However, cellular details of the association were best demonstrated in chemically fixed tissues.
Determination of phenylbutazone in plasma.

The permanganate oxidation method for the spectrophotometric determination of phenylbutazone has been modified and optimized to permit precise assays of phenylbutazone in small plasma samples. The assay is not affected by the presence of p -hydroxyphenylbutazone, the major metabolite of phenylbutazone. Weak bases are removed in the initial extraction procedure, and weak acids such as phenobarbital, warfarin, diphenylhydantoin, salicylic acid, and sulfadiazine do not interfere in the assay.
Wetting of fiber mats for composites manufacturing: II. Air entrapment model

In this work the experimental observations are explained with the aid of a simple air-entrapment model based on the concept of two levels of porosity of fiber mats. A simple model that includes liquid bypassing with initial air trapping, subsequent capillary invasion of regular fiber bundles with air compression, and finally mobilization is proposed to explain air-entrapment phenomena. The simple model successfully rationalizes the observed air trapping and compression during initial liquid–fiber contact. An empirical equation for the mobilization efficiency is adapted to the model to estimate void content. The velocity dependence of the trapped void content predicted by the model is in good agreement with observations.
Invasive therapy along with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and intracoronary stents improves survival in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis and review of the literature

Current evidence suggests that routine invasive therapy in the setting of unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) reduces the incidence of composite end points (i.e., death, myocardial infarction, or angina.). The 2002 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend invasive therapy in high-risk patients, although it is unknown if such an approach improves survival. We conducted a meta-analysis on 5 studies in 6,766 UA/NSTEMI patients who were randomized to either routine invasive versus conservative therapy in the era of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and intracoronary stents. Compared with conservative therapy, an invasive approach suggested a reduction in mortality at 6 to 12 months (risk ratio [RR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63 to 1.03) and at 24 months (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99). The composite end point of death or myocardial infarction was reduced throughout all periods of follow-up: at 30 days (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.84), at 6 months (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.89), and at 12 months (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92). For the same composite end point at 6 to 12 months, men benefited from invasive therapy (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.81), as did troponin-positive patients (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.94). The results for women (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.41) and troponin-negative patients (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.14) were equivocal. Routine invasive therapy in UA/NSTEMI patients along with adjunctive use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and intracoronary stents improves survival. Enhanced risk stratification is needed in women and troponin-negative patients so that invasive therapy may be more effectively recommended in these groups.
Evaluation of the research version TMPA three-hourly 0.25° × 0.25° rainfall estimates over Oklahoma

[1] This study involves the extensive evaluation of six years (January 1998–December 2003) of the research-version TMPA three-hourly 0.25° × 0.25° rainfall product over a pixel containing 23 rain gauges from the Micronet network in Oklahoma, United States. The network average rainfall is characterized by small (2%) error. The authors consider three seasons i.e. cold, warm, and hot, and the evaluation is based on scatterplots, comparison of the tail of the distributions, and different types of statistical measures of agreement, bias, disagreement, and categorical evaluation. Overall, the best agreement is for the hot season. This study reveals that the TMPA should be considered as a 100-minute accumulation product, with the accumulation starting between 90 and 30 minutes before its nominal time, depending on the season.
Some regulatory properties of phospho-2-keto-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase from the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans☆

Abstract 1. 1. The activity of phospho-2-keto-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase (7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy- d - arabino -heptonate d -erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate phosphorylating), EC 4.1.2.15, also known as DAHP synthetase) in crude extracts of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was feedback inhibited by l -tyrosine and l -phenylalanine. At a concentration of 2 mM tyrosine produced greater than 90% inhibition; phenylalanine usually produced 10–20% inhibition. On a molar basis tyrosine was at least 100 times more inhibitory than phenylalanine. 2. 2. Partial purification of the enzymatic activity by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and Sephadex G-100 filtration failed to resolve isoenzymes. The 14-fold purified preparation retained full sensitivity to both tyrosine and phenylalanine. 3. 3. Kinetic studies carried out with the partially purified enzyme suggest that the presence of tyrosine promotes cooperative interactions in the binding of molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate but only weakly affects the binding of d -erythrose 4-phosphate. 4. 4. Inhibition by tyrosine appears to be of the mixed type with regard to both substrates.
The Yang-Mills collective-coordinate potential

The potential of the pure Yang-Mills theory when quantized on the space of gauge fields modulo gauge transformations is computed. The large-N behaviour is given in terms of the Green's function for a scalar field in the adjoint representation.
Time-dependent HF approach to SHE dynamics

Abstract We employ the time-dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF) method to study various aspects of the reactions utilized in searches for superheavy elements. These include capture cross-sections, quasifission, prediction of P CN , and other interesting dynamical quantities. We show that the microscopic TDHF approach provides an important tool to shed some light on the nuclear dynamics leading to the formation of superheavy elements.
Variability in averaged evoked response audiometry

Abstract Average evoked response technique was presented as a method useful in the diagnosis of disorders of hearing and language. The variation of the individual evoked responses concealed in the average is a possible limitation of the method's continued clinical acceptability. Characteristics of this variability and three methods amenable for clinical assessment were discussed. It was concluded that average evoked response measurements are inadequate without variance measurements.
In situ oxygen isotope analysis of feldspar and quartz by Nd:YAG laser microprobe

Abstract In situδ18O analyses have been reproducibly obtained±0.5‰ (1σ) on 400–1200-μm diameter spots of plagioclase using a Nd:YAG laser microprobe system and BrF5. Over 100 analyses if plagioclase megacrysts from a single sample of Marcy Anorthosite were made to determine the optimum analytical conditions. The best results are obtained on 400–800-μm-thick wafers; less accurate and less precise results were obtained on centimeter-thick slabs. Analyses on some individual wafers display very high precision (below±0.2‰, 1σ) that are nearly as good as the precision of conventional analyses. However, such high precision cannot yet be systematically obtained in situ, and it is certain whether it results from especially homogeneous domains within the sample or from differences in operating conditions. Oxygen-leaching and isotope fractionation along the edges of the laser-heated reaction pits may have a minor effect on precision. The combination of sub-millimeter spatial resolution and±0.5‰ precision has not previously been ohbtained on feldspar, and provides the means to investigate fluid-rock interactions in a variety of geologic environments. The plagioclase in this study is the first sample for which oxygen isotope homogeneity has been evaluated in situ. The absence of isotopic zonation restricts theories on the roles of fluids associated with the Marcy Anorthosite Massif, New York, U.S.A. In contrast, replicateδ18O analyses in quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclase grains in granite from the Siljan Ring astrobleme, Sweden, vary by > 1‰, suggesting the existence of intragranular isotopic heterogeneity resulting from interaction with late meteoric fluids.
Unintended Effects of Health Communication Campaigns

Health communication campaigns, as an outcome of and an input into the social process, can create unintended as well as intended effects. The present paper represents an initial conceptual treatment of the unintended effects, the less studied of the two. It suggests that unintended effects can manifest in multiple dimensions, including those of time lapse, levels of analysis, audience types, content specificity, and valence. On these dimensions, a typology organizes available evidence to offer an outlook on 11 types of unintended effects, including obfuscation, dissonance, boomerang, epidemic of apprehension, desensitization, culpability, opportunity cost, social reproduction, social norming, enabling, and system activation. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Gold Nanoparticles as a Matrix for Visible-Wavelength Single-Particle Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Small Biomolecules

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are used as the matrix for visible-wavelength matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (VIS-MALDI) of individual aerosol particles containing ∼50 attomole of a small pe...
The effects of stressor predictability on lymphocyte proliferation in humans.

Abstract To demonstrate the effects of predictable and unpredictable stressors on immune function, 36 male subjects were randomly assigned to complete ten trials of either a predictable or unpredictable cold pressor task or a non-stressful warm pressor control task. The predictable and no-stressor groups were given information about the duration of each pressor trial and a countdown of seconds passed from beginning to end of each trial. The unpredictable stressor group received no information. Self-report, cardiovascular, and biochemical measures were taken throughout the tasks in order to ascertain the effectiveness of the predictability and stressor manipulations. Lymphocyte proliferation to concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were measured before, during and after the tasks. Lymphocyte proliferation to Con A (10/μg/ml) was significantly reduced only in response to the unpredictable stressor suggesting that predictability buffered the effect of the stressor on immune function. Proliferatio...