cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Chemical Warfare: How Urbanization and Proliferation of Delivery Mechanisms Create the Need for In-Situ Defense

A future increase in chemical warfare is a likely possibility due to advancements in delivery mechanisms, new urban battle fronts, and population growth. Chemical warfare agents have the potential to be more lethal and effective than they have throughout history. It is suggested that two well established technologies, adsorbents and non-woven fibers should be further investigated to create an affordable and scalable protective wear that can be easily deployed in the field for rapid protection.
Ultrasound in Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic disease affects multiple tissue targets from the skin to nails to joints as well as soft tissue structures. Clinical examination may not appreciate the assorted underlying pathologies. Ultrasound is eminently suited to the evaluation of peripheral joints and entheseal structures since most of these are superficial and have good sonographic windows. There is increasing recognition that enthesitis may be the initiating event in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). High-fidelity imaging such as ultrasound has helped change the view of enthesitis as just an insertional pathology to inflammation affecting mechanical stress dissipation structures. This chapter will begin by evaluating the pathophysiology of enthesitis, leading to currently available sonographic outcome tools, and discuss their emerging limitations. Ultrasonographic manifestations of dactylitis and articular disease will highlight the involvement of extra-articular structures.
A Theory of the Boundary-Spanning Marketing Organization

The theory of the firm (Coase 1937) provides the theoretical underpinnings for the firm as an integrated and defined unit based on four basic themes: (1) the reason for the existence of the firm, (2) the logical boundaries of the firm, (3) the organization of the firm, and (4) the heterogeneity of the firm’s actions. For example, the basic issues regarding the firm’s existence include: why do firms emerge, and why are not all transactions mediated by the marketplace? Boundary issues include: why is the boundary between the firm and the marketplace defined as it is (which transactions should reasonably be performed internally, and which should be performed externally)? The notion of the firm’s organization addresses: why are firms structured in a boundary-defining way, and what are the roles of formal and informal relationships? The heterogeneity of the firm captures questions such as: what drives the actions by the firm and the firm’s resulting performance?
Enhanced control of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurophysiology with real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback training and working memory practice

Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback can be used to train localized, conscious regulation of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals. As a therapeutic technique, rt-fMRI neurofeedback reduces the symptoms of a variety of neurologic disorders. To date, few studies have investigated the use of self-regulation training using rt-fMRI neurofeedback to enhance cognitive performance. This work investigates the utility of rt-fMRI neurofeedback as a tool to enhance human cognition by training healthy individuals to consciously control activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). A cohort of 18 healthy participants in the experimental group underwent rt-fMRI neurofeedback from the left DLPFC in five training sessions across two weeks while 7 participants in the control group underwent similar training outside the MRI and without rt-fMRI neurofeedback. Working memory (WM) performance was evaluated on two testing days separated by the five rt-fMRI neurofeedback sessions using two computerized tests. We investigated the ability to control the BOLD signal across training sessions and WM performance across the two testing days. The group with rt-fMRI neurofeedback demonstrated a significant increase in the ability to self-regulate the BOLD signal in the left DLPFC across sessions. WM performance showed differential improvement between testing days one and two across the groups with the highest increases observed in the rt-fMRI neurofeedback group. These results provide evidence that individuals can quickly gain the ability to consciously control the left DLPFC, and this training results in improvements of WM performance beyond that of training alone.
Management of animal feed safety in the USA

Abstract: The US regulatory system for animal feed and pet food safety is made up of programs and policies addressing specific, identified hazards. In general, the system has worked well, but challenges have come from unexpected sources. The Food and Drug Administration has established the Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) Initiative to analyze the feed safety regulatory system and developed recommendations to address ‘gaps’ in the current system. Meanwhile, the melamine contamination crisis highlighted the evolving nature of international commerce in food and animal feed, and the need for a review of the policies used to protect animals and humans against feed-borne risks. And, in 2011, the Food Safety Modernization Act became law, bringing additional changes to the rules applying to feed safety.
Integrating WebCT into the computer science curriculum

Course Management Systems (CMS), such as WebCT, are becoming increasingly popular for presenting and managing web-based courses. These CMSs are used fairly extensively in disciplines outside of computer science. However, they are also being used in the computer science discipline to enhance course presentation and otherwise manage courses. At this institution, WebCT is being used significantly in the Introduction to Information Processing Systems course. This course has been structured such that even the most techno-phobic student begins to utilize WebCT on the first day. However, we are also experimenting with the use of WebCT in some of the introductory programming and upper-level computer science courses in an attempt to enhance student motivation and learning.
Scaling Up ILP: Experiences with Extracting Relations from Biomedical Text

We have been applying Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) to the task of learning how to extract relations from biomedical text (specifically, Medline abstracts). Our primary focus has been learning to recognize instances of “this protein is localized in this part of the cell” from labeled training examples. ILP allows one to naturally make use of substantial background knowledge (e. g., biomedical ontologies such as the Gene Ontology – GO – and MEdical Subject Headings – MESH) and rich representations of the examples (e. g., parse trees). We discuss how we formulated this task for ILP and describe our methods for scaling ILP to this large task. We conclude with a discussion of some of the major challenges that ILP needs to address in order to scale to large tasks.
Patterns of electromagnetic response in topological semimetals

Topological semimetals are gapless states of matter which have robust and unique electromagnetic responses and surface states. In this paper, we consider semimetals which have pointlike Fermi surfaces in various spatial dimensions $D=1,2,3$ which naturally occur in the transition between a weak topological insulator and a trivial insulating phase. These semimetals include those of Dirac and Weyl types. We construct these phases by layering strong topological insulator phases in one dimension lower. This perspective helps us understand their effective response field theory that is generally characterized by a 1-form $b$ which represents a source of Lorentz violation and can be read off from the location of the nodes in momentum space and the helicities/chiralities of the nodes. We derive effective response actions for the two-dimensional (2D) and 3D Dirac semimetals and extensively discuss the response of the Weyl semimetal. We also show how our work can be used to describe semimetals with Fermi surfaces with lower codimension as well as to describe the topological response of 3D topological crystalline insulators.
One-way and one-return approximations (de wolf approximation) for fast elastic wave modeling in complex media

The De Wolf approximation has been introduced to overcome the limitation of the Born and Rytov approximations in long range forward propagation and backscattering calculations. The De Wolf approximation is a multiple-forescattering-single-backscattering (MFSB) approximation, which can be implemented by using an iterative marching algorithm with a single backscattering calculation for each marching step (a thin-slab). Therefore, it is also called a one-return approximation. The marching algorithm not only updates the incident field step-by-step, in the forward direction, but also the Green's function when propagating the backscattered waves to the receivers. This distinguishes it from the first order approximation of the asymptotic multiple scattering series, such as the generalized Bremmer series, where the Green's function is approximated by an asymptotic solution. The De Wolf approximation neglects the reverberations (internal multiples) inside thin-slabs, but can model all the forward scattering phenomena, such as focusing/defocusing, diffraction, refraction, interference, as well as the primary reflections. In this chapter, renormalized MFSB (multiple-forescattering–single-backscattering) equations and the dual-domain expressions for scalar, acoustic and elastic waves are derived by using a unified approach. Two versions of the one-return method (using MFSB approximation) are given: one is the wide-angle, dual-domain formulation (thin-slab approximation) (compared to the screen approximation, no small-angle approximation is made in the derivation); the other is the screen approximation. In the screen approximation, which involves a small-angle approximation for the wave-medium interaction, it can be clearly seen that the forward scattered, or transmitted waves are mainly controlled by velocity perturbations; while the backscattered or reflected waves, are mainly controlled by impedance perturbations. Later in this chapter the validity of the thin-slab and screen methods, and the wide-angle capability of the dual-domain implementation are demonstrated by numerical examples. Reflection coefficients of a plane interface, derived from numerical simulations by the wide-angle method, are shown to match the theoretical curves well up to critical angles. The methods are applied to the fast calculation of synthetic seismograms. The results are compared with finite difference (FD) calculations for the elastic French model. For weak heterogeneities ( ± 15 % perturbation), good agreement between the two methods verifies the validity of the one-return approach. However, the one-return approach is about 2–3 orders of magnitude faster than the elastic FD algorithm. The other example of application is the modeling of amplitude variation with angle (AVA) responses for a complex reservoir with heterogeneous overburdens. In addition to its fast computation speed, the one return method (thin-slab and complex-screen propagators) has some special advantages when applied to the thin-bed and random layer responses.
Process Modelling and Control in Metal Forming

In this paper, the state space modelling of metal forming and off-line design of process variables are addressed. A reduced order approach is used to develop state equations for the non-linear finite element model of deformation processes. The influence of optimally designed process variables is studied using the variance in strain-rates and input power as performance measures. The state variables include the forging die contact nodal velocities and nodal velocities of selected elements within the billet. The control input is the ram velocity which is found using the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory to maintain desired strain-rates in the selected finite elements. The condensation techniques required to build the state space model and the results obtained from controlling various bulk deformation processes are discussed with examples.
Modeling Evolution in the Classroom: The Case of Fukushima's Mutant Butterflies

New science standards and reform recommendations spanning grades K–16 focus on a limited set of key scientific concepts from each discipline that all students should know. They also emphasize the integration of these concepts with science practices so that students learn not only the “what” of science but also the “how” and “why.” In line with this approach, we present an exercise that models the integration of fundamental evolutionary concepts with science practices. Students use Avida-ED digital evolution software to test claims from a study on mutated butterflies in the vicinity of the compromised Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex subsequent to the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. This exercise is appropriate for use in both high school and undergraduate biology classrooms.
Regulation of Chromosome Replication in Bacillus subtilis: Effects of Amino Acid Starvation in Strain 168

Amino acid starvation allows limited synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Bacillus subtilis strain W23. DNA synthesis increased by about 30% after leucine starvation and by about 60% after histidine starvation. Genetic analysis on the DNA synthesized after amino acid starvation showed that all genetic markers examined have replicated, regardless of which amino acid was starved for. Initially, all markers replicated equally, but upon further replication, the thr cysB and the argA to lys regions replicated ahead of their neighboring, proximal regions. This could indicate that preferred stopping sites exist in these regions or additional sites from which replication can originate reside there. The results suggest that chromosome replication continues from those sites where it had stopped during amino acid starvation.
The double-diffusive modon

Fully developed two-dimensional salt-finger convection is characterized by the appearance of coherent dipolar eddies which carry relatively fresh and cold fluid upward and salty and warm fluid downward. Such structures - the double-diffusive modons - are prevalent in the regime in which density stratification is close to neutral and the salt-finger instability is extremely vigorous. The structure and translation velocities of modons are discussed in terms of the asymptotic expansion in which the background density ratio approaches unity. It is argued that the vertical salt flux is driven primarily by double-diffusive modons, which makes it possible to derive explicit expressions for the mixing rates of temperature and salinity as a function of their background gradients. Predictions of the proposed mixing model are successfully tested by direct numerical simulations.
Supramolecular Aggregation of Pd6Cl12, a Cluster of Comparable Size to a Fullerene, with Aromatic Donors and with C60

Molecular solids comprised of octahedra, hexagonal plates, and truncated icosahedra result from the co-crystallization of Pd6Cl12, benzene and its methylated derivatives, and C60. Solutions of bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) dichloride in benzene deposit deep red crystals of solvate-free Pd6Cl12, 1, while solutions of bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) dichloride in the following solvents or solutions produce binary or ternary compounds as follows: from mesitylene, Pd6Cl12·(CH3)3C6H3 (2); from mesitylene/benzene, Pd6Cl12·(CH3)3C6H3·0.5C6H6 (3); from durene/benzene, Pd6Cl12·(CH3)4C6H2 (4); from benzene/hexamethylbenzene, Pd6Cl12·1.5(CH3)6C6 (5); from benzene/biphenyl, Pd6Cl12·(C6H5)2 (6); and from benzene/fullerene C60, Pd6Cl12·0.5C60·1.5C6H6 (7). The geometric structures of each of these seven compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography, and the electronic structure of Pd6Cl12 has been probed with SCF−Xα−SW calculations. In each crystalline compound the structure of the Pd6Cl12 unit is virtually i...
Genetic networks of cooperative redox regulation of osteopontin.

Abstract Osteopontin is a primary cytokine and matrix-associated protein involved in medial thickening and neointima formation. Osteopontin binds integrin receptors, activates cell migration and matrix metalloproteinases, and mediates arteriosclerotic lesion formation and vessel calcification. To understand the complex biology of osteopontin, computational methodology was employed to identify sets of genes whose transcriptional states were predictive of osteopontin gene expression based on the transcriptional states of 12,400 genes and ESTs across 235 independent Affymetrix Murine Genome Array MG_U74Av2 hybridizations. Arginase [GenBank: U51805 ] and Mac-2 antigen [GenBank: X16834 ] were identified as primary attractors within the gene–gene interaction network of osteopontin. Resolution of molecular interactions among these genes indicated that the majority of predictor genes could be linked through redox regulated transcription by nuclear factor kappa-B and transforming growth factor β inducible early gene 1 regulatory elements. Subsequent molecular analyses established redox sensitivity of a 200 bp region within the 5′ UTR of opn promoter and implicated nuclear factor kappa-B and transforming growth factor β inducible early gene 1 cis -acting elements in the regulation of osteopontin.
Insights into MHC class I peptide loading from the structure of the tapasin-ERp57 thiol oxidoreductase heterodimer.

Summary Tapasin is a glycoprotein critical for loading major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with high-affinity peptides. It functions within the multimeric peptide-loading complex (PLC) as a disulfide-linked, stable heterodimer with the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57, and this covalent interaction is required to support optimal PLC activity. Here, we present the 2.6 A resolution structure of the tapasin-ERp57 core of the PLC. The structure revealed that tapasin interacts with both ERp57 catalytic domains, accounting for the stability of the heterodimer, and provided an example of a protein disulfide isomerase family member interacting with substrate. Mutational analysis identified a conserved surface on tapasin that interacted with MHC class I molecules and was critical for peptide loading and editing functions of the tapasin-ERp57 heterodimer. By combining the tapasin-ERp57 structure with those of other defined PLC components, we present a molecular model that illuminates the processes involved in MHC class I peptide loading.
A FOURTH ORDER DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS ON YEE GRID

The Maxwell equations are solved by a long-stencil fourth order finite difference method over a Yee grid, in which different physical variables are located at staggered mesh points. A careful treatment of the numerical values near the boundary is introduced, which in turn leads to a "symmetric image" formula at the "ghost" grid points. Such a symmetric formula assures the stability of the boundary extrapolation. In turn, the fourth order discrete curl operator for the electric and magnetic vectors gives a complete set of eigenvalues in the purely imaginary axis. To advance the dynamic equations, the four-stage Runge–Kutta method is utilized, which results in a full fourth order accuracy in both time and space. A stability constraint for the time step is formulated at both the theoretical and numerical levels, using an argument of stability domain. An accuracy check is presented to verify the fourth order precision, using a comparison between exact solution and numerical solutions at a fixed final time. In addition, some numerical simulations of a loss-less rectangular cavity are also carried out and the frequency is measured precisely.
Computer software for load-deformation and geothermal analyses in problems involving geosynthetics

Abstract Software for analyzing two classes of problems, with each incorporating one or more types of geosynthetic products, is discussed. The classes of problems are the load-deformation behavior of earthworks and retaining structures and thermal analysis of soil masses. Comments on actual use of the software as well as sources for purchase are included.
Patterning and Templating for Nanoelectronics

The semiconductor industry will soon be launching 32 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology node using 193 nm lithography patterning technology to fabricate microprocessors with more than 2 billion transistors. To ensure the survival of Moore's law, alternative patterning techniques that offer advantages beyond conventional top-down patterning are aggressively being explored. It is evident that most alternative patterning techniques may not offer compelling advantages to succeed conventional top-down lithography for silicon integrated circuits, but alternative approaches may well indeed offer functional advantages in realising next-generation information processing nanoarchitectures such as those based on cellular, bioinsipired, magnetic dot logic, and crossbar schemes. This paper highlights and evaluates some patterning methods from the Center on Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics in Los Angeles and discusses key benchmarking criteria with respect to CMOS scaling.
Learning deficits and brain monoamines in rats with congenital hyperbilirubinemia

Abstract At 28 days of age, rats with congenital hyperbilirubinemia (homozygous Gunn strain) were submitted to an active learning task (two-way shuttlebox avoidance) and a passive learning task (step-down avoidance) and the results compared with controls (heterozygous littermates). Jump thresholds to painful footshock were used as measures of pain sensitivity. After testing, the concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine was measured in eight brain regions. The jaundiced Gunn rat demonstrated significant learning retardation on both avoidance tasks compared with their controls. Because jump thresholds to shock were similar in hyperbilirubinemic animals and their controls, these differences in learning performance could not be attributed to differences in sensitivity to footshock. Norepinephrine concentrations in hypothalamus and hippocampus were elevated in jaundiced rats compared with controls. In jaundiced rats, dopamine concentrations in striatum and pons-medulla were diminished. Cerebella in jaundiced rats were significantly smaller, and total content of both dopamine and norepinephrine significantly lower in jaundiced rats compared with controls. Learning deficits in young jaundiced Gunn rats may be associated with the changes in brain catecholamine concentrations found in these animals. To determine whether or not any recovery from hyperbilirubinemia occurs, similar behavioral and biochemical testing could be applied to homozygous Gunn rats at different stages in development.
Membrane-bound 3D structures reveal the intrinsic flexibility of annexin VI.

Several quasi-ordered arrays and three two-dimensional crystal forms of annexin VI were obtained on artificial lipid monolayers. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the crystal forms exhibit marked differences in the orientations of the two lobes, revealing flexibility of the linker between the two lobes of annexin VI. Evidence is presented that the lobes may bind the monolayer in a parallel orientation, or an antiparallel orientation, in which the second lobe is turned away from the monolayer. It is hypothesized that annexin VI may also adopt several conformations in vivo, underlying different functional roles.
Water-use patterns of tall fescue and hybrid bluegrass cultivars subjected to ET-based irrigation scheduling

In turf industry, the ability of a cultivar to use less water is an important consideration, especially where rainfall and irrigation water are insufficient. Knowledge of turf grass water-use patterns is therefore important for developing efficient water management practices and also for selection of drought-resistant cultivars. We evaluated the soil water‐use patterns of tall fescue and hybrid bluegrasses cultivars irrigated at different rates. Field experiments were conducted at the Turfgrass Research Facility, Auburn University, AL, in 2005 and 2006. Two tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars (‘Kentucky 31’ and ‘Green Keeper’) and four hybrid bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. × Poa arachnifera Torr.) cultivars, viz., HB 129 [‘Thermal Blue’], HB 130 (Experimental line), HB 328 (Experimental line) and HB 329 [‘Dura Blue’] were included in this study. Plots were irrigated based on the potential evapotranspiration, viz., 100% ET, 80% ET and 60% ET replacements. Tensiometers were installed at 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30 m depths, and their readings used to calculate the matric head, water content and water-use values. Turf color quality was determined from turf canopy digital images. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a random complete block design (RCBD) was conducted for available water, water-use and turf color quality values. Hybrid bluegrasses revealed significantly (P = 0.05) higher turf color indices compared to the tall fescue cultivars, but there was no indication of differential responses to irrigation among cultivars. Based on water-use data, hybrid bluegrass cultivars revealed significantly (P = 0.05) lower water-use compared to tall fescue cultivars.
Research in the Army

The ultimate goal of research in the Army is to improve, through knowledge, the effectiveness of its operational forces. It depends upon contributions from all the scientific disciplines in a mutual effort carried out by in-house scientists and those in the universities and non-profit and industrial organizations of the nation. The growing power of electronics in the solution of a broad class of problems is pointed out, and its relationship to other areas requiring support by the Army is indicated. A distinction between the research and exploratory development programs of the Army is drawn, showing the contract funding levels and relative emphasis among the scientific disciplines. Some characteristics of the transition between the two are expressed. A brief description is given of the Army's organization and management for research, and some selected areas of important electronics research are cited.
Harry Hooper: An American Baseball Life

Through the figure of Harry Hooper (1887-1974), star of four World Series championship teams and a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, Paul Zingg describes baseball's transformation from an often unsavory sporting spectacle to a respectable career choice and entertainment institution. Hooper's diaries (including his unique account of his 1909 rookie season with the Boston Red Sox), written and taped memoirs, and letters spanning six decades allow rich and colorful commentary on the evolution of the modern professional game. Scores of letters between Hooper and his wife shed light on the tensions between a player's public and private lives. Zingg chronicles Hooper's rise from a sharecropper background in California's Santa Clara Valley to college and then to the pinnacle of his sport. Boston's leadoff hitter and right fielder from 1909 to 1920, Hooper later played for the Chicago White Sox, managed in the Pacific Coast League, and coached Princeton's team. A keen student of the game, it was Hooper who convinced the Red Sox manager to pull Babe Ruth off the pitcher's mound and make him an outfielder, thereby allowing him more at bats. Possessing neither the crafted appeal of Christy Mathewson nor the raw excitement of Babe Ruth, Hooper was more Everyman than Superman - but when he retired in 1925, he held every major fielding record for an American League right fielder. His records for assists and double plays still stand. Baseball legends Babe Ruth and John McGraw both placed Hooper in right field on their all-time all-star teams. According to Ruth, "Hooper's instinct for knowing where the ball was going to be hit was uncanny. I'm sure, too, that he made more diving catches than anyother outfielder in history. With most outfielders the diving catch is half luck; with Hooper it was a masterpiece of business." Harry Hooper is the story of a man who practiced his profession quietly but with consummate skill - a man who actively participated in the key events shap
Two-dimensional crystallization and projection structure of KcsA potassium channel.

Abstract Potassium channels are integral membrane proteins that play a crucial role in regulating diverse cell functions in both electrically excitable and non-excitable cells. Molecular cloning has revealed a diverse family of genes that encode these proteins, and a variety of experimental strategies have defined functional domains. We have cloned, over-expressed and purified the KcsA potassium channel to homogeneity and reconstituted this channel protein with phospholipids to form two-dimensional crystals. The crystals belong to plane group p4 and have unit cell dimensions of a = b = 48 A. A projection map at 6 A resolution has been obtained by electron crystallography. The map shows that the protein is a homotetramer, having a low-density region on the 4-fold axis that is the site of the ion conduction pathway. Each monomer contains density features that are consistent with the molecular model of a truncated form of KcsA recently determined by X-ray crystallography.
An evaluation of statistical software for research and instruction

A variety of microcomputer statistics packages were evaluated. The packages were compared on a number of dimensions, including error handling, documentation, statistical capability, and accuracy. Results indicated that there are some very good packages available both for instruction and for analyzing research data. In general, the microcomputer packages were easier to learn and to use than were mainframe packages. Furthermore, output of mainframe packages was found to be less accurate than output of some of the microcomputer packages.
Minimum altitude visibility diagram —MAVD:

An essential part of almost all air-defense computer simulation models is the visibility subroutine. This subroutine performs the necessary computations and provides the data required to determine whether enemy aircraft or missiles may be detected by stationary ground-based air-defense system sensors- that is, whether they are within sensor range and whether their visibility is obstructed by terrain irregularities and/or the curvature of the earth. This paper presents a new approach to the visibility subroutine, entitled MAVD (Minimum AltitudeVisibi Zi ty Diagram). MAVD provides a visibility subroutine which could be incorporated into existing models relatively easily. The authors believe that it would result in a more realistic simulation and provide a significant reduction in computer time, in comparison with other simulation methods with which the authors are familiar.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of durum wheat gliadins: Relationships to durum wheat quality

Durum wheat gliadins have been analyzed by RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) for the first time. Gliadins extracted from each particular durum variety were resolved to give a complex chromatographic pattern that was unique to that variety. However, four chromatographic fractions, which were eluted under hydrophobic conditions (45·2, 45·6, 47·4 and 49·1% acetonitrile, respectively), could be used to classify durum varieties into two groups. Proteins in these fractions were purified by preparative RP-HPLC and analyzed by aluminium lactate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AL—PAGE), which indicated that two of these fractions contained gliadin bands 45 or 42 that have been shown previously to be correlated closely with gluten strength and weakness, respectively. Therefore, RP—HPLC can be used also to screen for gluten quality characteristics in durum varieties in a way analogous to that in which electrophoresis may be used. A rapid, highly-automated RP-HPLC analytical procedure was developed to screen for durum varieties with unacceptably weak gluten characteristics. Each determination takes less than 10 min, permitting approximately 200 analyses per 24 h. Because of its convenience and rapidity, RP-HPLC of durum wheats has considerable potential as an alternative to electrophoresis as an analytical tool for screening for gluten traits when large numbers of samples must be screened, as in early generation of wheat breeding.
Principles of emergent design in online games: Mermaids phase 1 prototype

This paper outlines the first phase prototype of Mermaids, a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) being developed by Georgia Tech's Emergent Game Group {EGG}. We describe Mermaids in the context of the group's research mission, to develop specific games, techniques and design features that promote large-scale emergent social behavior in multiplayer games. We also discuss some of the innovative design features of the Mermaids game, and describe the rapid prototyping and iterative development process that enabled us to create a working prototype in a relatively short period of time on a zero budget project using a student-based development team. We also discuss the special challenges encountered when trying to develop a nontraditional game, one of whose stated research goals is to interrogate MMOG conventions, using a relatively conventional game engine.
An Introduction to Coding Theory and the Two‐Part Minimum Description Length Principle

Summary This article provides a tutorial introduction to the so-called two-part minimum description length (MDL) principle proposed by Rissanen. This two-part MDL principle is a powerful methodology for solving many statistical model selection problems. However, it seems that this powerful methodology is only adopted by a small number of statisticians to tackle a small number of problems. One plausible reason for this is that the coding theory results required by the MDL principle are somewhat new to most statisticians, and that there are not many readily accessible articles introducing these results appearing in the statistical literature. The first part of this article is devoted to a discussion of such coding theory results. Then, in the second part of the article, the two-part MDL principle is introduced and explained. In doing so, only those coding theory results that are presented in the first part of the article are used. Finally, the applicability of the two-part MDL principle is demonstrated by applying it to tackle four different statistical problems. Resume Cet article prevoit une introduction d' instruction au principe minium de la longueur de description (MDL) propose par Rissanen. Ce principe de MDL est une methodologie puissante pour resoudre beaucoup de problemes modeles statistiques de selection. Cependant, il semble que cette methodologi puissante est seulement adoptee par un nombre restreint de statisticiens pour aborder un nombre restreint de problemes. Une raison plausible de ceci est que les resultats de theorie de codage exigement accessibles presentant ces resultats apparaissant dans la littestatistique. La premiere partie de cet article east consacree a unediscussion de tels resultats de theorie de codage. Puis, dans la deuxieme partie de I'article,leprinciple de MDL est pre sente et expliquee.De cette maniere, sculement ceux des resultants de theorie de codage presentes dans la premiere partie de I' artical sont utilises. En conclusion, I applicabilite du principe de MDL est deen s' montre en s' appliquant I' aux probleemes statistiques differents de I' artical quatre.
Performance, Analysis, and Repair of Ultrathin and Thin Whitetopping at Minnesota Road Research Facility:

Thin and ultrathin whitetopping overlays are becoming a more common method of pavement rehabilitation. It is important to gain information on the types of distresses that occur in the overlays and effective repair techniques. In 1997 the Minnesota Department of Transportation constructed several thin and ultrathin whitetopping test cells at the Minnesota Road Research (Mn/ROAD) facility. Typical distresses included corner breaks, transverse cracks, and reflective cracks. The finite element program ISLAB2000 was used to investigate stress patterns and their relation to the distresses. Different techniques for repairing ultrathin whitetopping were investigated. Various techniques were also used to deter reflective cracking, including various bond-breaking materials and full-depth sawing at strategic locations along the longitudinal joint to prevent cracks from propagating into adjacent panels at misaligned transverse joints. Four of the six sections had present serviceability indexes (PSIs) greater than 3.5...
840 mW continuous-wave Fe:ZnSe laser operating at 4140 nm

We report the demonstration of high-power (840 mW) continuous-wave laser oscillation from Fe2+ ions in zinc selenide. The output spectrum of the Fe:ZnSe laser had a line-center near 4140 nm with a linewidth of 80 nm. The beam quality was measured to be M2≤1.2 with a maximum slope efficiency of 47%. Small shifts observed in output wavelength with increased output power were attributed to thermal effects. No thermal roll-off of slope efficiency was observed at the maximum of output power.
Time course of permeability changes and PMN flux in rat trachea following O3 exposure.

Abstract Changes in rat tracheal epithelial permeability and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) populations during a 24-hr time period following a 3-hr exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone (O 3 ) were investigated. An increase in permeability to 99m Tc-diethylenetraminepentaacetate (DTPA) occurred immediately after the exposure, peaked at the 8-hr time point and decreased to control level by 24 hr. For correlation with tracheal permeability, tracheal cross sections were stained with naphthol AS-D chloroacetate and PMNs were scored by their location as well as staining characteristics (positive or negative). The total PMN population remained at the control value at the 0-, 4-, and 8-hr time points, and increased at 12 hr, followed by a rapid decline to below the control value for the remaining time points. There was a shift at the 8-hr time point in the population location, from the vasculature to the interstitium, which returned to control values at 12 hr. The percentage stained PMNs increased significantly at 16 hr while remaining at control values for all other time points. The data reveal that there is a significant increase in tracheal epithelial permeability immediately after the exposure, but the overall increase in the PMN population is preceded by a lag phase. A decrease in the vascular pool of PMNs concomitant with an increase in the interstitial pool of PMNs suggests their migration from blood to the interstitium after ozone exposure. These data indicate that while PMNs may play a role in permeability changes of tracheal epithelium, the initiation is most likely due to other factors.
THEORY OF INELASTIC SCATTERING OF SLOW ELECTRONS BY LONG-WAVELENGTH SURFACE OF OPTICAL PHONONS: MULTIPHONON PROCESSES.

We describe a quantum-mechanical theory of the inelastic scattering of low-energy electrons by multiphonon processes, from the surface of a semi-infinite crystal. A model introduced in an earlier paper is also employed in this work. The model describes the interaction of an incident low-energy electron with surface optical phonons by means of the macroscopic electric field set up outside the crystal by the ion motion. The model may be used to describe scattering either from ionic crystals, such as ZnO, or from nonionic crystals. In this paper, we find an explicit expression for the wave function of the outgoing electron, and we obtain an expression for the probability that $n$ phonons are created or absorbed in the scattering process. Two cases are considered. First we examine the cross section for scattering off thermal phonons, and second from a coherent surface wave excited by external means. For the first case, our result agrees with the earlier semiclassical theory of Lucas and Sunjic. However, the model here is more general than theirs, since it is fully quantum mechanical. We show explicitly that the energy-loss cross section is proportional to the intensity of the specular beam, for scattering off both ionic and covalent crystals. For the second case (scattering from surface optical phonons generated coherently by an external source), we obtain a closed expression for the cross section. The physical origin of differences between the expressions is discussed.
Preservation of DNA integrity in human and mouse leukemic cells induced to terminally differentiate by chemical agents.

Abstract Human promyelocytic (HL60) and proerythrocytic (K562) leukemic cells were induced to terminally differentiate into mature myeloid and erythrocyte-like cells by dimethylsulfoxide and sodium butyrate, respectively. Similarly, Friend (mouse) erythroleukemic cells were converted to erythrocyte-like cells by dimethylsulfoxide. No DNA breaks and no evidence for DNA-protein crosslinks were detected at any time of the differentiation process, as monitored by the alkaline elution method. The results indicate that in vivo differentiation of human and mouse cells induced by chemical agents does not involve detectable scission of the genomic DNA.
Influence of dietary protein on hydrocortisone-mediated adaptive enzymatic changes in rat liver.

Abstract Evaluation was made of the influence on the hepatic activities of adaptive enzymes and other constituents both of varying the protein content of the diet and administering hydrocortisone. The following enzymes were studied: serine dehydrase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, tyrosine transaminase, glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, malic dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. The extent of most hydrocortisone-mediated adaptations were positively correlated with the level of protein in the diet. After cortisol administration the activities of amino acid metabolizing enzymes increased as the level of dietary protein is increased. The activities of the two phosphatases and two dehydrogenases were unaffected by the dietary protein level after cortisol. Serine dehydrase was the only enzyme which did not respond to cortisol in the absence of dietary protein. The cortisol-produced increase of tyrosine transaminase in absolute units was independent of the protein content of the diet. The activities of all enzymes examined were dependent on the protein content of the diet. Several of these protein-activity relationships disappeared after cortisol administration. Therefore, no given corticoid-altered parameter can be evaluated properly without taking into consideration the diet.
Interaction of Hydrogen with Metal Sulfide Catalysts - Direct Observation of Spillover

A combination of controlled-atmosphere electron microscopy and in-situ electron diffraction techniques have been used to study the manner by which certain metal sulfides interact with 0.2 Torr hydrogen. In these experiments single crystal graphite was used as a probe material since its reactivity in both molecular and atomic hydrogen is well characterized. When the metal sulfide was in direct contact or physically separated from the graphite probe, pitting of the basal plane regions was observed even at room temperature. This unusual behavior is believed to result from the action of atomic hydrogen which is produced via reversible dissociation of molecular hydrogen on the metal sulfide particles. These species are extremely reactive towards the π-electrons present on the graphite basal planes and this action leads to the creation of pits. At the low pressures used in this work, it is clear that the atomic species can migrate not only by surface diffusion processes (spillover) but also by transport through the gas phase.
Medially posted insoles consistently influence foot pronation in runners with and without anterior knee pain

Anterior knee pain (AKP) is a common injury among runners and effectively treated with posted insoles and foot orthotics. While clinically effective, the underlying biomechanical mechanisms that bring about these improvements remain debatable. Several methodological factors contribute to the inconsistent biomechanical findings, including errors associated with removing and reattaching markers, inferring foot motion from markers placed externally on a shoe, and redefining segmental coordinate systems between conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of medially posted insoles on lower extremity kinematics in runners with and without AKP while trying to limit the influence of these methodological factors. Kinematics of 16 asymptomatic and 17 runners with AKP were collected while running with and without insoles. Reflective markers were attached to the surface of the calcaneus and kept in place (as opposed to detached) between conditions, eliminating the error associated with reattaching markers and redefining segmental coordinate systems. Using these methods, no significant interactions between insole and injury and the main effect of injury were detected (p>0.05); therefore, means were pooled across injury. Insoles, on average, reduced peak eversion by 3.6° (95% confidence interval -2.9° to -4.3°), peak eversion velocity by 53.2°/s (95% confidence interval -32.9 to -73.4) and eversion range of motion by 1.33 (95% confidence interval -0.8 to -1.9). However, while insoles systematically reduced eversion variables, they had small influences on the transverse plane kinematics of the tibia or knee, indicating that they may bring about their clinical effect by influencing other variables.
The Maturation of Rabbit Epididymal Spermatozoa in Organ Culture: Inhibition by Antiandrogens and Inhibitors of Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis*

Infertile spermatozoa from the proximal corpus epididymidis will become fertile when this epididymal segment is cultured 24 h in vitro with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT). The effect of antiandrogens and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis upon this 5alpha-DHT-induced sperm maturation was investigated. The response to 5alpha-DHT was abolished by cyproterone acetate, SKF 7690, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, puromycin, and the aminonucleoside analog of puromycin. Addition of cyproterone acetate or actinomycin D to a suspension of distal corpus spermatozoa did not change their fertilizing ability. Culture of segments of the distal corpus for 24 h with the same antiandrogens and RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors did not change the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. These results indicate that the development of the sperm-fertilizing ability observed in the proximal corpus epididymidis in vitro in response to 5alpha-DHT is dependent upon binding of 5alpha-DHT and synthesis of new RNA and protein molecules by the target cell. They also indicate that antiandrogen and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis do not have a nonspecific toxic effect on spermatozoa during the time period studied. It is likely that the target cells are the epididymal epithelial cells rather than the spermatozoa themselves.
Discipline, Moral Development, and Levels of Schooling

(1980). Discipline, Moral Development, and Levels of Schooling. The Educational Forum: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 57-67.
The role of auxiliary assumptions for the validity of manipulations and measures

Psychologists are rightly concerned with validity of their manipulations and measures but it is far from clear what it means for these to be valid. Psychologists and philosophers who are interested...
Evolving feature selection

Data preprocessing is an indispensable step in effective data analysis. It prepares data for data mining and machine learning, which aim to turn data into business intelligence or knowledge. Feature selection is a preprocessing technique commonly used on high-dimensional data. Feature selection studies how to select a subset or list of attributes or variables that are used to construct models describing data. Its purposes include reducing dimensionality, removing irrelevant and redundant features, reducing the amount of data needed for learning, improving algorithms' predictive accuracy, and increasing the constructed models' comprehensibility. This article considers feature-selection overfitting with small-sample classifier design; feature selection for unlabeled data; variable selection using ensemble methods; minimum redundancy-maximum relevance feature selection; and biological relevance in feature selection for microarray data.