cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of revisions in vitamin a content data on estimates of nutrient intake

Abstract We have assessed the implications for epidemiological investigations of replacing old USDA Handbook 8 values by the new ones. Using food frequency data on 34 foods rich in vitamin A from 1252 subjects, indices of average daily intake of retinol, carotene and total vitamin A were calculated using the old and new contents. The carotene and total vitamin A indices based on the new data were significantly increased whereas the retinol index decreased slightly. However, the relative intakes among the subjects for all three nutrients were stable. Spearman rank correlation coefficients between old and new indices were all above 0.90. Agreement of old and new index terciles was 77% for total vitamin A, 79% for carotene, and 89% for retinol. Implications for nutritional research are discussed.
Computer-Aided Detection in the Mammographic Detection of Breast Cancer: Where, Why, and How With Screen-Film, Computed Radiography, and Full-Field Digital Mammography

Mammography remains the mainstay for screening for breast cancer. However, screen-film mammography (SFM) is an imperfect examination with 10% to 35% of breast cancers not mammographically visible. A recently developed and implemented approach to the improved diagnosis of breast cancer is computer-aided detection (CAD), where computer algorithms and neural networks are used to mark potential areas of abnormalities on the mammogram for the radiologist to evaluate and determine whether additional workup is indicated. CAD has been extensively studied retrospectively and prospectively and has demonstrated a 7% to 20% improvement in breast cancer detection. This manuscript will review the current literature of CAD, the principles of computer assessment of mammograms, and where the state of the art is going in this transitional time from SFM to full-field digital mammography (FFDM) as well as computed radiography for mammography. CAD implemented with mammography has demonstrated improvements in breast cancer detection for SFM, computed radiography, and FFDM. This manuscript will review the state of the art of CAD for the detection of breast cancer.
Optimization of AICu Wiring Delay in Advanced CMOS Technology

Fluorinated high-density plasma and plasma-enhanced CVD SiO2 inter-metal dielectrics have been evaluated for 0.50- through 0.25- μm generation CMOS. Several integration issues are discussed, including the impact of fluorine-doped SiO2 on the yield, reliability, and RC delay of 0.7 - 1.8 μm pitch back-end-of-the-line AlCu/tungsten-stud wiring.
Pacing and Systematization

struction have brought a welcome focus on the role of affective goals and motivation to the literature on foreign language acquisition. With our basis of discussion thus enriched, it is perhaps timely to return to a problem in foreign language learning which does not appear to be solved by motivation alone. Carroll noted, prior to the last decade of interest in cognitive models of learning, that one could expect motivation to become increasingly significant the more selfpacing is introduced into an instructional strategy.
Is Salmonella Food Poisoning Caused by Living Bacilli or by Thermostabile Toxic Products

The possibility that Salmonella organisms produce toxic substances and that these substances, accumulating in a food, may cause typical "food poisoning" when the food is ingested has been the subject of considerable experimentation.1 Some published work has been thought to support the hypothesis that thermostabile substances are the cause of gastro-enteritis.2 On the other hand, in many carefully conducted feeding experiments with human volunteers,3 as well as with laboratory animals,4 no symptoms of food poisoning have followed the swallowing of large quantities of sterile filtrates or heat-killed cultures of either Salmonella aertrycke or S. enteritidis. Living organisms of the same strains of Salmonella, however, may cause definite intestinal irritation when fed to monkeys and rats. Positive results are obtained more uniformly with monkeys than with rats. There are many factors that might conceivably influence Salmonella food poisoning. It seems possible that different strains of Salmonella vary in their ability to produce substances that are poisonous when swallowed. Moreover, the environment of an organism might affect its possible toxicity. Freshly isolated strains might produce illness more readily than strains kept on simple mediums for months after isolation. Smooth variants might possess more irritating properties, as well as greater virulence, than rough variants of the same strain. Along these lines a series of feeding experiments has been undertaken with two strains of S. enteritidis, the characteristics of which have been studied and the environment controlled. Custard has been used as
Is Islam a Cure for Ethnic Conflict? Evidence from Turkey

Turkish Islamists have long attributed the root causes of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey to the anti-religious Turkish nationalism promulgated by the secular Kemalist republican elite in the 1920s. As a result, they lay emphasis on “Islamic brotherhood” as the glue that holds numerous ethnic nationalities together. This article examines this claim and argues that Islam's role as a peacemaker has been overstated. The data from in-depth interviews with dozens of Kurdish Islamists in Turkey conducted in the summer of 2013 indicate that Kurdish Islamists in principle agree with the peacemaking potential of Islam. Distrustful of the “Islamic brotherhood” discourse however, they describe this allegedly new policy as yet another tactic to undermine the Kurdish struggle for equal rights
Ethanol interferes with regeneration-associated changes in biotransforming enzymes: a potential mechanism underlying ethanol's carcinogenicity?

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on enzyme systems involved in carcinogen activation and detoxification were studied in a rat model of liver regeneration. In control rats, steady-state messenger RNAs of cytochrome P450j decreased 12 to 24 hr after partial hepatectomy but were fully recovered by 48 to 72 hr. In contrast, messenger RNA levels of cytochrome P450b and P450d did not vary significantly during that period. Steady-state messenger RNA levels for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase decreased within 30 min after partial hepatectomy but fluctuated until levels returned to normal by 48 hr. Preliminary nuclear run-on analyses suggest that the regulation of cytochrome P450j and the placental form of glutathione S-transferase messenger RNA levels involves posttranscriptional control in these animals. In ethanol-fed rats, as in controls, expression of cytochrome P450j and the placental form of glutathione S-transferase decreased transiently after partial hepatectomy. However, compared with control values, messenger RNA levels for cytochrome P450j were greater in ethanol-fed rats at each time point. Similar results were noted for placental glutathione S-transferase levels from 12 to 48 hr after partial hepatectomy. Ethanol feeding had no apparent effect on steady-state messenger RNA levels of cytochrome P450d, P450b or the multidrug-resistant gene. In both ethanol and control rats, only prehepatectomy levels of cytochrome P450 transcripts correlated with levels of the respective P450 isoenzymes. These data indicate that liver regeneration selectively decreases the steady-state messenger RNA expression of certain isoenzymes of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase. Chronic ethanol consumption induces basal messenger RNA expression of cytochrome P450j and blunts regeneration-associated decreases in cytochrome P450j and glutathione S-transferase expression. These alterations may be involved in ethanol's ability to function as a co-carcinogen in liver. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:722–727.)
Wiki trust metrics based on phrasal analysis

Wiki users receive very little guidance on the trustworthiness of the information they find. It is difficult for them to determine how long the text in a page has existed, or who originally authored the text. It is also difficult to assess the reliability of authors contributing to a wiki page. In this paper, we create a set of trust indicators and metrics derived from phrasal analysis of the article revision history. These metrics include author attribution, author reputation, expertise ratings, article evolution, and text trustworthiness. We also propose a new technique for collecting and maintaining explicit article ratings across multiple revisions.
Vilazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects 121 million people globally and is one of the leading causes of functional disability worldwide. As a recurrent disorder, MDD is associated with significant morbidity and functional disability as well as high direct and indirect costs to the health care system. Although several drug therapies are available for treating MDD, many patients do not achieve a sustained remission. Vilazodone was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2011 and has a distinctive pharmacology profile, as the drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist. In two 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, vilazodone's overall rate of response was similar to other antidepressants for the treatment of MDD. Compared with placebo, remission rates were not significantly different in one trial and were not reported in the second trial. Vilazodone was generally well tolerated, with nausea and diarrhea being the most frequent adverse events reported. Postmarketing studies and further active comparative studies will provide additional insight to the potential benefits and safety of this novel drug.
Redefining the community: a species‐based approach

We propose that effective community size can be defined on the basis of the web of indirect interactions experienced on average by each individual species. Indirect interaction chains are composed of links provided by direct interactions. We analyzed previously published data on 20 assemblages of species. Chain strengths were estimated by the weakest link and by the product of link strength. The average strength of the interaction chain decreased with increasing numbers of links with both models. Positive indirect interactions in chains with an even number of links offset negative direct interactions. We set the community size by the chain length where 95% of the indirect interactions are weaker than 10% of the mean of the absolute value of direct interaction strength. Using the multiplicative model, seven assemblages had a community size (web of interaction length) of three links, one of four links, and the remainder of communities were too small to set community size. The analysis suggests that communities of effective size are rarely investigated in ecological experiments.
Cyclin-specific control of ribosomal DNA segregation.

Following chromosome duplication in S phase of the cell cycle, the sister chromatids are linked by cohesin. At the onset of anaphase, separase cleaves cohesin and thereby initiates sister chromatid separation. Separase activation results from the destruction of its inhibitor, securin, which is triggered by a ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). Here, we show in budding yeast that securin destruction and, thus, separase activation are not sufficient for the efficient segregation of the repetitive ribosomal DNA (rDNA). We find that rDNA segregation also requires the APC-mediated destruction of the S-phase cyclin Clb5, an activator of the protein kinase Cdk1. Mutations that prevent Clb5 destruction are lethal and cause defects in rDNA segregation and DNA synthesis. These defects are distinct from the mitotic-exit defects caused by stabilization of the mitotic cyclin Clb2, emphasizing the importance of cyclin specificity in the regulation of late-mitotic events. Efficient rDNA segregation, both in mitosis and meiosis, also requires APC-dependent destruction of Dbf4, an activator of the protein kinase Cdc7. We speculate that the dephosphorylation of Clb5-specific Cdk1 substrates and Dbf4-Cdc7 substrates drives the resolution of rDNA in early anaphase. The coincident destruction of securin, Clb5, and Dbf4 coordinates bulk chromosome segregation with segregation of rDNA. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) determine the order of cell cycle events by phosphorylating different substrates at different points in the cell cycle. The temporal control of substrate phosphorylation is made possible by the periodic synthesis and destruction of multiple cyclin cofactors that bind and activate the Cdk (17). Different cyclins have different functional capac
Overcoming MSW Students’ Reluctance to Engage in Research

Social work students are typically reluctant to engage in research. The research partnership model takes a service-learning approach, allowing students to work with data from a community agency and resulting in a final paper with all the sections of an empirical journal article. Use of this model in teaching social work research enhances student motivation, learning, and skills through hands-on activities within an authentic context, and by using group support with individual accountability, structured and incremental learning opportunities, and teaching from a strengths-based perspective.
Nox4 Oxidase Overexpression Specifically Decreases Endogenous Nox4 mRNA and Inhibits Angiotensin II–Induced Adventitial Myofibroblast Migration

The vascular adventitia is emerging as an important modulator of vessel remodeling. Adventitial myofibroblasts migrate to the neointima after balloon angioplasty, contributing to restenosis. We postulated that angiotensin II (Ang II) enhances adventitial myofibroblast migration in vitro via reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-derived H(2)O(2) and that Nox4-based oxidase promotes migration. Ang II increased myofibroblast migration in a concentration-dependent manner, with a peak increase of 1023+/-83%. Rat adventitial myofibroblasts were cotransfected with human Nox4 and human p22-phox plasmids or an empty vector. PCR showed an 8-fold increase in human Nox4 and human p22-phox plasmid expression. Using RT-PCR with primers specifically designed for rat reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, endogenous Nox levels were determined. Ang II decreased endogenous Nox4 and Nox1 mRNA to 41% and 27% of control, respectively, but had no effect on Nox2. Cotransfection with human Nox4 and human p22-phox plasmids combined with Ang II reduced endogenous Nox4 mRNA levels (37+/-5% of control; P<0.05), whereas it had no significant effect on Nox1 or Nox2. In empty vector-transfected cells, Ang II increased myofibroblast migration by 192+/-32% versus vehicle (P<0.01) while increasing H(2)O(2) (473+/-22% versus control; P<0.001). Cotransfection with human Nox4 and human p22-phox plasmids decreased Ang II-induced migration (46+/-6%; P<0.001) in parallel with attenuation of H(2)O(2) production (23+/-8% versus empty vector; P<0.05). Our data suggest that Nox4 promotes Ang II-induced myofibroblast migration via an H(2)O(2)-dependent pathway. The data also suggest that Nox4 causes feedback inhibition of its own expression in adventitial myofibroblasts.
Characterization of the horseweed (Conyza canadensis) transcriptome using GS‐FLX 454 pyrosequencing and its application for expression analysis of candidate non‐target herbicide resistance genes

BACKGROUND:Thedenovotranscriptomesequencingofaweedy plantusingGS-FLX454technologiesisreported.Horseweed (Conyza canadensis L.) was the first broadleaf weed to evolve glyphosate resistance in agriculture, and also is the most widely distributedglyphosate-resistantweedintheUnitedStatesandtheworld.However,availablesequencedataforthisspeciesare scant.Thetranscriptomicsequenceshouldbeusefulforgenediscovery,andtohelpelucidatethenon-target-basedglyphosate resistance mechanismand the genomic basis of weediness. RESULTS: Sequencing experiments yielded 411962 raw reads, an average read length of 233 bp and a total dataset of 95.8 Mb (NCBI accession number SRA010952). After trimming and quality control, 379152 high-quality sequences were retained and assembled into contigs. The assembly resulted in 31783 unique transcripts, including 16102 contigs and 15681 singletons. The average coverage depth for each contig and each nucleotide position was 22-fold and 12-fold respectively. A total of 16306 unique sequences were annotated by searching a custom plant protein database. The utility of the transcriptome data was demonstratedby further explorationof ABC transporters,which were previously hypothesized to play a role in non-target glyphosate resistance. Real-time RT-PCR primers were designed from the transcriptome data, which made it possible to assess expression patterns of 17 ABC transporters from resistant and susceptible horseweed accessions from Tennessee, with and without glyphosate treatment. CONCLUSION:Theseresultsshow thatGS-FLX454sequencingisapowerful andcost-effective platform forthedevelopmentof functional genomic tools for a weed species. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry Supportinginformationmaybefoundintheonlineversionofthisarticle.
Some like it hot – Evolution and ecology of novel endosymbionts in bat flies of cave-roosting bats (Hippoboscoidea, Nycterophiliinae)

We investigated previously unknown associations between bacterial endosymbionts and bat flies of the subfamily Nycterophiliinae (Diptera, Streblidae). Molecular analyses revealed a novel clade of Gammaproteobacteria in Nycterophilia bat flies. This clade was not closely related to Arsenophonus-like microbes found in its sister genus Phalconomus and other bat flies. High population infection rates in Nycterophilia across a wide geographic area, the presence of the symbionts in pupae, the general codivergence between hosts and symbionts, and high AT composition bias in symbiont genes together suggest that this host-symbiont association is obligate in nature and ancient in origin. Some Nycterophilia samples (14.8%) also contained Wolbachia supergroup F (Alphaproteobacteria), suggesting a facultative symbiosis. Likelihood-based ancestral character mapping revealed that, initially, obligate symbionts exhibited association with host-specific Nycterophilia bat flies that use a broad temperature range of cave environments for pupal development. As this mutualism evolved, the temperature range of bat flies narrowed to an exclusive use of hot caves, which was followed by a secondary broadening of the bat flies' host associations. These results suggest that the symbiosis has influenced the environmental tolerance of parasite life history stages. Furthermore, the contingent change to an expanded host range of Nycterophilia bat flies upon narrowing the ecological niche of their developmental stages suggests that altered environmental tolerance across life history stages may be a crucial factor in shaping parasite-host relationships.
Dynamic analysis and control of cancer

A knowledge-based mathematical model is proposed for the interaction between tumor cells and the immune system. Parametric control variables relevant to the latest experimental data, i.e. sigmoidal dose-response relationship and Michaelis-Menten dynamics, are also considered. A model is composed of 12-state, first-order, nonlinear differential equations based on the cellular kinetics. Each of the states can be modeled as bilinear. The preliminary results show that the parametric control variable is important in the destruction of tumors. In addition, the exacerbation theory is a good method for tumor control. >
Coherent optical information systems

Coherent optical beams are used to communicate, store, and process information in a growing number of applications. The availability of coherent laser sources is of critical importance for the realization of such optical information systems. An incoherent source randomly populates the available temporal and spatial channels of the optical system, making it difficult to represent information. Coherent laser sources provide a stable carrier on which to encode information, making it possible to realize powerful information-processing techniques such as wavelength division multiplexing in fiber networks, gated holographic imaging, and three-dimensional optical data storage.
Architecture of explanatory inference in the human prefrontal cortex.

Causal reasoning is a ubiquitous feature of human cognition. We continuously seek to understand, at least implicitly and often explicitly, the causal scenarios in which we live, so that we may anticipate what will come next, plan a potential response and envision its outcome, decide among possible courses of action in light of their probable outcomes, make midstream adjustments in our goal-related activities as our situation changes, and so on. A considerable body of research shows that the lateral PFC is crucial for causal reasoning, but also that there are significant differences in the manner in which ventrolateral PFC, dorsolateral PFC, and anterolateral PFC support causal reasoning. We propose, on the basis of research on the evolution, architecture, and functional organization of the lateral PFC, a general framework for understanding its roles in the many and varied sorts of causal reasoning carried out by human beings. Specifically, the ventrolateral PFC supports the generation of basic causal explanations and inferences; dorsolateral PFC supports the evaluation of these scenarios in light of some given normative standard (e.g., of plausibility or correctness in light of real or imagined causal interventions); and anterolateral PFC supports explanation and inference at an even higher level of complexity, coordinating the processes of generation and evaluation with further cognitive processes, and especially with computations of hedonic value and emotional implications of possible behavioral scenarios – considerations that are often critical both for understanding situations causally and for deciding about our own courses of action.
Inability of Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay To Detect Subtype H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Wild Birds

We report a failure of the real-time reverse transcriptase PCR H7 subtyping protocol currently used in national avian influenza surveillance programs. Significant substitutions in primer and probe target sequences were identified, especially in wild bird viruses. The protocol, originally designed for detecting H7 influenza viruses in poultry, is not reliable for wild bird surveillance.
Activated Ras as a Therapeutic Target: Constraints on Directly Targeting Ras Isoforms and Wild-Type versus Mutated Proteins

The ability to selectively and directly target activated Ras would provide immense utility for treatment of the numerous cancers that are driven by oncogenic Ras mutations. Patients with disorders driven by overactivated wild-type Ras proteins, such as type 1 neurofibromatosis, might also benefit from progress made in that context. Activated Ras is an extremely challenging direct drug target due to the inherent difficulties in disrupting the protein:protein interactions that underlie its activation and function. Major investments have been made to target Ras through indirect routes. Inhibition of farnesyl transferase to block Ras maturation has failed in large clinical trials. Likely reasons for this disappointing outcome include the significant and underappreciated differences in the isoforms of Ras. It is still plausible that inhibition of farnesyl transferase will prove effective for disease that is driven by activated H-Ras. The principal current focus of drugs entering clinic trial is inhibition of pathways downstream of activated Ras, for example, trametinib, a first-in-class MEK inhibitor. The complexity of signaling that is driven by activated Ras indicates that effective inhibition of oncogenic transduction through this approach will be difficult, with resistance being likely to emerge through switch to parallel pathways. Durable disease responses will probably require combinatorial block of several downstream targets.
Specificity of Associations between Bacteria and the Coral Pocillopora meandrina during Early Development

Relationships between corals and specific bacterial associates are thought to play an important role in coral health. In this study, the specificity of bacteria associating with the coral Pocillopora meandrina was investigated by exposing coral embryos to various strains of cultured marine bacteria, sterile seawater, or raw seawater and examining the identity, density, and location of incorporated cells. The isolates utilized in this experiment included members of the Roseobacter and SAR11 clades of the Alphaproteobacteria, a Pseudoalteromonas species of the Gammaproteobacteria, and a Synechococcus species of the Cyanobacteria phylum. Based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of small-subunit rRNA genes, similarities in bacterial communities associated with 170-h-old planulae were observed regardless of treatment, suggesting that bacteria may have been externally associated from the outset of the experiment. Microscopic examination of P. meandrina planulae by fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacterial and Roseobacter clade-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed differences in the densities and locations of planulae-associated cells. Planulae exposed to either raw seawater or strains of Pseudoalteromonas and Roseobacter harbored the highest densities of internally associated cells, of which 20 to 100% belonged to the Roseobacter clade. Planulae exposed to sterile seawater or strains of the SAR11 clade and Synechococcus did not show evidence of prominent bacterial associations. Additional analysis of the raw-seawater-exposed planulae via electron microscopy confirmed the presence of internally associated prokaryotic cells, as well as virus-like particles. These results suggest that the availability of specific microorganisms may be an important factor in the establishment of coral-bacterial relationships.
Antimicrobial Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Survivability and Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni on Poultry Products

Three types of poultry products representing differences in skin coverage were tested to determine the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to inhibit growth of Campylobacter jejuni. Processed ready-to-cook poultry carcasses were obtained from the Poultry Research Unit at Auburn University and were not subjected to any treatment to reduce or eliminate the native microflora on the carcasses. Carcasses were cut into wing sections (drumette, flat, tip), split breast pieces (with and without bone), and boneless, skinless breast pieces. Equal numbers of the 3 product types were subjected to 1 of 6 treatments: 1) uninoculated, 2) C. jejuni only, 3) P. aeruginosa type 1 only, 4) P. aeruginosa type 2 only, 5) C. jejuni + P. aeruginosa type 1, or 6) C. jejuni + P. aeruginosa type 2. Products were inoculated at 10(4) to 10(5) cfu. Postinoculation, equal numbers of product type were also subjected to the following: 1) aerobic or vacuum packaging, 2) storage temperature of 4 or 10 degrees C, and 3) storage of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 d. Products were sampled after storage duration to determine the population of C. jejuni and P. aeruginosa. Individual pieces were rinsed with 50 mL of buffered peptone water. The recovered rinse was used to make appropriate dilutions and spiral plated onto Campy-Cefex and Pseudomonas P agars. Campy-Cefex plates were incubated microaerophilically at 42 degrees C for 48 h, whereas Pseudomonas P plates were incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C for 24 to 48 h. Random suspect colonies on Campy-Cefex plates were confirmed by cell morphology when viewed under microscopic examination. Suspect colonies on Pseudomonas P plates produced a blue color in the medium indicative of glycerol reduction. At both 4 and 10 degrees C, neither type of P. aeruginosa inhibited the growth or survival of C. jejuni compared to plates that were inoculated with C. jejuni only.
Are School Uniforms a Good Fit?: Results From the ECLS-K and the NELS

One of the most common proposals put forth for reform of the American system of education is to require school uniforms. Proponents argue that uniforms can make schools safer and also improve school attendance and increase student achievement. Opponents contend that uniforms have not been proven to work and may be an infringement on the freedom of speech of young people. Within an econometric framework, this study examines the effect of school uniforms on student achievement. It tackles methodological challenges through the use of a value-added functional form and the use of multiple data sets. The results do not suggest any significant association between school uniform policies and achievement. Although the results do not definitely support or reject either side of the uniform argument, they do strongly intimate that uniforms are not the solution to all of American education’s ills.
Usability of the Massachusetts Prescription Drug Monitoring Program in the Emergency Department: A Mixed‐methods Study

Objectives Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are underutilized, despite evidence showing that they may reduce the epidemic of opioid-related addiction, diversion, and overdose. We evaluated the usability of the Massachusetts (MA) PDMP by emergency medicine providers (EPs), as a system's usability may affect how often it is used. Methods This was a mixed-methods study of 17 EPs. We compared the time and number of clicks required to review one patient's record in the PDMP to three other commonly performed computer-based tasks in the emergency department (ED: ordering a computed tomography [CT] scan, writing a prescription, and searching a medication history service integrated within the electronic medical record [EMR]). We performed semistructured interviews and analyzed participant comments and responses regarding their experience using the MA PDMP. Results The PDMP task took a longer time to complete (mean = 4.22 minutes) and greater number of mouse clicks to complete (mean = 50.3 clicks) than the three other tasks (CT-pulmonary embolism = 1.42 minutes, 24.8 clicks; prescription = 1.30 minutes, 19.5 clicks; SureScripts = 1.45 minutes, 9.5 clicks). Qualitative analysis yielded four main themes about PDMP usability, three negative and one positive: 1) difficulty accessing the PDMP, 2) cumbersome acquiring patient medication history information within the PDMP, 3) nonintuitive display of patient medication history information within the PDMP, and 4) overall perceived value of the PDMP despite an inefficient interface. Conclusions The complicated processes of gaining access to, logging in, and using the MA PDMP are barriers to preventing its more frequent use. All states should evaluate the PDMP usability in multiple practice settings including the ED and work to improve provider enrollment, login procedures, patient information input, prescription data display, and ultimately, PDMP data integration into EMRs.
Governmentality, Biopolitical Control, and a Value Pluralist Perspective of Wellness Programs: Creating Utopian Employees

The craze for wellness programs and the healthism paradigm have led to a need to better understand their complexity and the desired result: the creation of utopian employees. This understanding can benefit from a theoretical discussion of governmentality and biopower that combines the perspectives of employer and employee in the framework of value pluralism. The employer perspective hinges on value monism, which prescribes that healthcare costs must be controlled. Employees would like to be healthy, but may be conflicted by organizational pressures. These pressures are highlighted by the discussion of value pluralism, which includes hierarchical obedience, productivity, fairness, privacy, and economics. The article differentiates utopian and nonutopian employees and discusses the workplace dystopias that can result from the adoption and implementation of wellness programs.
Composite Catalytic-Permselective Membranes: A Strategy for Enhancing Selectivity and Permeation Rates via Reaction and Diffusion

This manuscript presents a new strategy for enhancing permselective films via the addition of a porous, catalytically active layer in a composite catalytic-permselective membrane design. A general ...
Does the Matrix Multiplier Oscillate

The question is: does the multiplier process as worked out by Kahn and Clark, but expanded to include inter-firm and government payments, give rise to cycles? The answer is certainly yes, but, as Mr Chipman shows, there is a special case in which it does not, and it is exactly this special, and unrealistic case which multiplier theorists usually talk about. The correct statement is that there is latent in the transactions structure of society the possibility of oscillation, but that this may or may not be brought out according to the circumstances.
Race, Space, and Electric Power: Jim Crow and the 1934 North Carolina Rural Electrification Survey

Some scholars have recently put forward the concept of energopower—the harnessing of electricity and fuel—as a way to rethink the energetic basis of biopower. In this article, I refine this idea by tracing the use of race in rural electrification planning in North Carolina during the New Deal 1930s. Drawing on archival fieldwork that examines and reconstructs the 1934 North Carolina Rural Electrification Survey, I chart the ways in which race was used to readjust and reshape projections of electricity consumption and the planning of electricity distribution line construction. This is particularly clear in the use of a metric called the correction factor that allowed electricity planners to negotiate the contradictions between the materiality of networked electricity service, based on connections, and the prevailing attitudes toward race, which were built around disconnection. Although the overall influence of the 1934 Survey on the location of electricity distribution in North Carolina remains an open que...
Distribution of Phosphorus in the Starch Granule

Gelatinized root-starch granules possess a peripheral membrane containing phosphoric-acid ester. This has led some investigators to infer that the natural ungelatinized granule also possesses such a membrane. If this be so, it follows that the P2O5 percentage in the small granules of a given sample should be greater than in the large granules, provided the thickness of the hypothetical membrane of the two sorts of granules is about the same.There are two pertinent observations in the literature. Fernbach1 found the small-sized granules to contain decidedly more P2O5 than the large-sized ones in the same sample of potato starch. He concluded, however, that the granule consists of a nucleus rich in phosphorus upon which are superimposed layers of phosphorus-free material. Kavcic2 determined the P2O5 content of starch from 4 potato varieties with granules of different average diameters. While his figures indicate a tendency for the P2O5 percentage to increase as the average granule size decreases, the differ...
Helminths of the southwestern toad, Bufo microscaphus, Woodhouse's toad, Bufo woodhousii (Bufonidae), and their hybrids from central Arizona

The gastrointestinal tracts, lungs and urinary bladders from 77 Bufo microscaphus , 61 Bufo woodhousii , and 8 of their hybrids were examined for helminthes. One species of trematode ( Glypthelmins quieta ), 1 species of cestode ( Distoichometra bufonis ), and 5 species of nematodes ( Aplectana incerta, A. itzocanensis, Rhabdias americanus, Physaloptera sp., and Physocephalus sp.) were found. The greatest prevalence (41%) and mean intensity (231.7) were recorded for Aplectana incerta in Bufo woodhousii . It appears hybrids harbor fewer parasites than either parent species.
Lasermeßtechnik in Verbindung mit anderen Meßtechniken. Instrumentarium zur Reduzierung von Geräuschproblemen

Bei Schwingungs- und Gerauschproblemen handelt es sich in der Regel um komplexe Vorgange. Zur Losung dieser Probleme sind umfangreiche Testprogramme mit aufwendiger Mestechnik notwendig. Anhand des Beispieles “Bremsenquietschen” sollen die Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Mesmethoden sowie eine kurze Beschreibung des Verfahrens aufgezeigt werden.
Aortic and Mitral Heart Valves for Computational and Experimental Analysis

Modern heart valve replacements can usually be problematic for the patients that receive them. The two main valve designs that are used for heart valve replacements are mechanical valves and bioprosthetic, or tissue valves. Both of these options have their own respective problems. While the bioprosthetic valves are more natural, they lack structural integrity and can deteriorate. The mechanical valves have a strong structural integrity, but this can be the cause of other problems e.g. blood clots, flow disturbances. In the pursuit of in vitro testing of different types of valve designs in differing heart conditions, I reverse-engineered and designed anatomical designs of both the aortic valve and the mitral valve to produce models for evaluation and testing. The first step in designing the valve was to reverse engineer similar tissue valves, which was completed in the form of a parent part. A stress analysis in SolidWorks was run on the valve design to determine if any changes needed to be implemented in the design before in vitro testing occurs. Using 3D printed molds, it was found that compression molding was preferable to injection molding. Through several iterations, the design was modified to suit the mold compression method. These results can advance research for testing heart valves in a laboratory, with differing flow conditions and implications of using medical devices that may interfere with valve function.
Thoracic manifestations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome is characterized by the development of multiple recurrent opportunistic infections or unusual neoplasms in individuals with no prior history of immune suppression. This report summarizes the thoracic diseases encountered in such patients before after death and the role of diagnostic techniques currently used in the evaluation of thoracic disease in 15 patients with this syndrome. Efficacy of treatment was determined by correlation with postmortem findings in all patients. Pulmonary disease was present in all 15 patients and necessitated 23 transbronchial biopsies in 11 patients. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus pneumonia were the most common findings. Nine open lung biopsies in eight patients disclosed either Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or Kaposi's sarcoma. Esophageal disease was present in four patients, and endoscopic evaluation demonstrated Candida esophagitis (two), esophageal Kaposi's sarcoma (one), and cytomegalovirus esophagitis and Kaposi's sarcoma (one). Mean time to death from diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome was 7.7 months, with respiratory insufficiency being the most common cause of death (9/15,60 %). Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was successfully eradicated in 70 % of the patients. Candida esophagitis was ameliorated in both patients with the disease. Unsuspected pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma, cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, and other infectious pathogens were documented at autopsy. These data reveal that Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Candida esophagitis can be managed successfully in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome if appropriately diagnosed. The major cause of death in this series was pulmonary insufficiency, often the result of severe cytomegalovirus infection. Thoracic surgeons must continue to play an aggressive and important role in the early diagnosis and management of potentially treatable pulmonary and esophageal disease in these patients.
Who's who in the Kenai River Fishery SES: A streamlined method for stakeholder identification and investment analysis

Abstract The Kenai River Fishery is a unique social–ecological system (SES) with nearly 50 federal, state, local, and nonprofit groups influencing its political, ecological, and social structure. While ecological data exists for this fishery, the complexity of its stakeholder relationships has not been investigated. Stakeholder interactions can directly influence how science is integrated into management decisions and therefore affect the adaptive capacity of SES, such as the Kenai River Fishery. Drawing from the existing stakeholder literature, this methods identifies and ranks the key SES stakeholders and describes their roles. This study approached the question of which stakeholders should be included in a future SES adaptive capacity study by (1) identifying the key stakeholders within the Kenai River Fishery, (2) ranking each stakeholder’s investment within the fishery using eleven categories of interaction, and (3) using these eleven categories to characterize each stakeholder's role within the SES. The largest number of stakeholders fall into the secondary investment category, showing that a relatively small number of resource managers are interacting with a large number of diverse nonprofit organizations. The top ranking stakeholders in this study will be invited to attend participatory scenarios workshops that will build the foundation for a deeper scenarios-based analysis of SES adaptive capacity.
Orbital mapping of energy bands and the truncated spin polarization in three-dimensional Rashba semiconductors

Associated with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and inversion symmetry breaking, Rashba spin polarization opens an avenue for spintronic applications that was previously limited to ordinary magnets. However, spin-polarization effects in actual Rashba systems are far more complicated than what conventional single-orbital models would suggest. By studying via density functional theory and a multiorbital $k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p$ model a three-dimensional bulk Rashba system (free of complications by surface effects), BiTeI, we find that the physical origin of the leading spin-polarization effects is SOC-induced hybridization between spin and multiple orbitals, especially those with nonzero orbital angular momenta. In this framework we establish a general understanding of the orbital mapping, common to the surface of topological insulators and the Rashba system. Consequently, the intrinsic mechanism of various spin-polarization effects---which pertain to all Rashba systems, even those with global inversion symmetry---is understood as a manifestation of the orbital textures. This finding suggests a route for designing high-spin-polarization materials by considering the atomic-orbital content.
Structure-Based Design of 3-(4-Aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-Biphenyl Derivatives as P2Y14 Receptor Antagonists

UDP and UDP-glucose activate the P2Y14 receptor (P2Y14R) to modulate processes related to inflammation, diabetes, and asthma. A computational pipeline suggested alternatives to naphthalene of a previously reported P2Y14R antagonist (3, PPTN) using docking and molecular dynamics simulations on a hP2Y14R homology model based on P2Y12R structures. By reevaluating the binding of 3 to P2Y14R computationally, two alternatives, i.e., alkynyl and triazolyl derivatives, were identified. Improved synthesis of fluorescent antagonist 4 enabled affinity quantification (IC50s, nM) using flow cytometry of P2Y14R-expressing CHO cells. p-F3C-phenyl-triazole 65 (32) was more potent than a corresponding alkyne 11. Thus, additional triazolyl derivatives were prepared, as guided by docking simulations, with nonpolar aryl substituents favored. Although triazoles were less potent than 3 (6), simpler synthesis facilitated further structural optimization. Additionally, relative P2Y14R affinities agreed with predicted binding of a...
Democracy, Participation, and Communication at Work: A Multidisciplinary Review

This review essay examines a broad multidisciplinary literature on democracy and work, highlighting issues of theory and practice of special interest to communication scholars. The essay treats relevant and selective research from the following fields (in addition to communication studies): the sociology of organizations, political science and public administration, comparative and labor economics, management and organizational behavior, cultural anthropology and organizations, industrial and organizational psychology, labor and industrial relations, and feminist studies of organizations. The following communication-related themes are used to organize the essay and to derive conclusions from the relevant literatures: (a) the boundary-spanning potential of organizational democracy, (b) multiple rationalities and motivations in employee participation programs, (c) the microprocess features of workplace democratization, (d) the structural aspects of participation and democracy at work, (e) the issue of “voic...
Simulations of Endplate AChRs: Agonist Site β-Sheet and M1 π-Helix

Fetal AChRs have agonist binding-sites at α-δ and α-γ subunit interfaces. Four residues in the complimentary (non-α) subunit were shown previously to determine α-δ (low affinity; LA) vs. α-γ (high-affinity; HA) ACh-binding properties, one in the β5- β5’ linker and 3 in loop E. We performed MD simulations of AChBP-based homology models of LA and HA binding sites to investigate structural differences that make these residues influence affinity. Orientation of the linker residue, hydrogen bond patterns and the dynamics of the complimentary subunit backbone were different in LA vs. HA structures. The RMSF of the β5’ linker and loop E were smaller in LA vs. HA, but those in the bottom half of the β hairpin, near the agonist, were larger (W55, a structural water and the agonist itself). LA was associated with a straighter hairpin, a less-dynamic β5’ linker, a shorter and less-dynamic loop E and a more-dynamic backbone near the core. We also used simulations to investigate a conserved proline kink in the M1 transmembrane helix that separates π- and α-helical segments (Purohit et al. 2015, J. Physiol. 593: 2851). A combination of all-atom and coarse-grained simulations were used to study C vs. O structures in related receptors (GluCl, GLIC and GlyR). In all three of these, the kink angle is shallower (∼7o in GLuCl) and the backbone energy more stable in O compared to C. Normal mode analyses suggest that straightening of the M1 kink is coupled with a bending motion in M2 that has been associated with channel-opening. The M1 π-helix appears to be an important, spring-loaded moving element in AChR gating.
Non-Isothermal Non-Newtonian Analysis of Flow in a Modular List/Buss Kneader:

Non-isothermal and non-Newtonian simulations of flow in a combined Kneader and crosshead screw extruder system which yields pressure profiles, fill factor profiles and temperature profiles through both machines are described. The results are compared with experimental studies on a commercial Kneader manufactured by Buss AG.
The Political Economy of Performance Standards: Automotive Industrial Policy in Comparative Historical Perspective

ABSTRACTA substantial body of literature holds that industrial policies work best when their beneficiaries are subject to demanding performance standards. By conditioning access to their low-cost loans and lucrative markets on foreign sales and local content, for example, East Asian officials forced their manufacturers to improve quality, cut costs, and develop linkages to allied industries – that generated jobs and foreign exchange revenues of their own – in the so-called miracle years. But the politics of performance standards are themselves unclear. Why are they more common in some countries than others? Are they more likely to be imposed by autocratic than democratic regimes? And, if so, why? I address these questions by examining cross-national data on export and local content requirements in the auto industry in 1980; find that they all but presupposed autocracy in labour-surplus – but not labour-scarce – countries; explore the interactions of political regimes, productive assets, and performance st...