cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of fluorine and chlorine between apatite and aqueous fluids at high pressure and temperature: implications for the F and Cl content of highP-T fluids

Abstract Experiments in a piston-cylinder apparatus equilibrated natural fluorapatite with aqueous HCl, NaCl, NaOH, Na2CO3 and CO2 H2O mixtures at 1–2.0 GPa and 950–1050°C. Post-experiment apatite compositions were determined by electron microprobe and fluid compositions were calculated from mass-balance. This enabled calibration of the fluorine and chlorine contents of apatite coexisting with a variety of fluids at highP andT, and provides better constraints on the halogen composition of aqueous fluids which may exist in the deep crust and upper mantle. Results obtained at 2.0 GPa and 1050°C indicate that the ratioXClAp/XOHAp in apatite (XFAp,XClAp andXOHAp are the mole fractions of fluor-, chlor- and hydroxyapatite) is proportional to the chlorine content of the fluid up to ∼ 1 (H2O CO2), ∼ 5 (H2O HCl) and ∼ 15 (H2O NaCl) wt% Cl. In contrast, the ratioXFAp/XOHAp was found to vary in proportion to the fluorine content of the fluid only at concentrations of ≤ 0.15 (H2O HCl) and ≤ 0.4 (H2O NaCl) wt% F. Arising from changes in the activities of aqueous HCl and HF, the results of this study demonstrate that fluid composition, in addition to the absolute abundances of F and Cl in the fluid, will determine the amounts of these elements incorporated into coexisting apatite. Specifically, relatively low Cl and F concentrations in acidic (H2O HCl) fluids are required to obtain high ratios ofXClAp/XOHAp andXFAp/XOHAp in apatite, whereas much higher abundances of Cl and F in basic fluids (i.e., Na-bearing) are required to achieve the same result. In addition, resulting from dilution of the aqueous phase with CO2 and the subsequent reduction in the activity of H2O, apatites with high ratios ofXClAp/XOHAp andXFAp/XOHAp may be produced by CO2 H2O fluids with relatively low levels of Cl or F. Application of these results to apatites from a suite of ultramafic xenoliths from southeastern Australia indicates chlorine abundances of 500–3500 ppm in the fluid phase and points to chlorine as a potentially important component of some mantle fluids.
Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress: I. Carbon assimilation and biomass production.

The interactive influences of elevated carbon dioxide, water stress, and ontogeny on carbon assimilation and biomass production were investigated in northern red oak, a species having episodic shoot growth characteristics. Seedlings were grown from acorns through three shoot-growth flushes (8–11 wk) in controlled-environment chambers at 400, 530 or 700 μmol mol−1 CO2 and under well watered or water-stressed soil-moisture regimes. Increasing CO2 growth concentration from 400 to 700 μmol mol−1 resulted in a 34% increase in net assimilation rate (A), a 31% decrease in stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) and a 141% increase in water use efficiency (WUE) in well watered seedlings. In contrast, water-stressed seedlings grown at 700 μmol mol−1 CO2 demonstrated a 69% increase in A, a 23% decrease in gs, and a 104% increase in WUE. However, physiological responses to increased CO2 and water stress were strongly modified by ontogeny. During active third-flush shoot growth, A in first-flush and second-flush foliage of water-stressed seedlings increased relative to the quiescent phase following cessation of second-flush growth by an average of 115%; gs increased by an average of 74%. In contrast, neither A nor gs in comparable foliage of well watered seedlings changed in response to active third-flush growth. Whereas seedling growth was continuous through three flushes in well watered seedlings, growth of water-stressed seedlings was minimal following the leaf-expansion stage of the third flush. Through three growth flushes total seedling biomass and biomass allocation to root, shoot and foliage components were very similar in water-stressed seedlings grown at 700 μmol mol CO2 and well watered seedlings grown at 400 μmol mol−1 CO2. Enhancement effects of elevated CO2 on seedling carbon (C) assimilation and biomass production may offset the negative impact of moderate water stress and are likely to be determined by ontogeny and stress impacts on carbon sink demand.
A Ricoeurian Approach to Rhetorical Criticism.

This essay proposes an approach to rhetorical criticism which features the relationship between a message and a culturally‐distanced interpreter or critic. Paul Ricoeur's approach is applied to an interpretation of the Gettysburg Address to illustrate how henneneutics reveals the underlying meaning and cultural significance of enduring texts.
Effect of phenobarbital on cortical after-discharge and overt seizure patterns in the cat.

Abstract The effect of phenobarbital on the duration of cortical after-discharge and the overt seizure patterns was evaluated in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. In addition, the effect of paralyzation on the after-discharge duration as well as the effects of phenobarbital in the paralyzed state were measured. The cats were separated into two groups on the basis of the severity of the overt component of the seizure. The overt seizures of the Group I animals were more severe than those of the Group II animals. In Group I cats, the duration of cortical after-discharge was significantly prolonged after 10 mg kg of phenobarbital, although the overt component of the seizure was depressed. After 20 mg kg, both the overt and electrical patterns were depressed. In Group II, only a depression of both the seizure duration and overt component was observed (after 10mgkg of phenobarbital). In all cats, the after-discharge duration was significantly longer when the animals were paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide. Such an increase was not observed when succinylcholine was used as the paralyzing agent. In the paralyzed (gallamine triethiodide) state, 10 mg kg of phenobarbital significantly depressed the after-discharge duration in the Group I animals. In Group II, 5 mg kg of phenobarbital had no effect in the paralyzed state.
An Exploration of the Independent Contributions of Genetics, Shared Environment, Specific Environment, and Adult Roles and Statuses on Perceived Control

Perceived-control ‘describes individuals’generalized beliefs about their abilities to influence their life courses and circumstances. Most research concerning this construct has viewed perceived control as a developmentally acquired, stable personality characteristic. Others argue that perceived control is determined by current social status, with more privileged social positions contributing to increased control over life circumstances. This study analyzes data from the Virginia Twin Registry to determine the independent contributions of genetics, shared environment, and nonshared environment, including adult roles and statuses, on women's perceived control. Findings from latent variable twin models suggest that there are modest but significant effects of shared environment and genetics on perceived control but that the majority of individual variation in perceived control is due to nonshared environmental factors on perceived control among adult women. Analyses of measured individual-level variables indicate significant effects from education, income, earnings, marital quality, age, and single-parent status.
Text messaging, personality, and the social context

The purpose of this research was to undertake some analyses of how the language used in text messaging varies as a function of personality traits and the interpersonal context. After completing personality questionnaires, participants provided their most recent text messages and indicated their relationship with the message recipient on several dimensions. Correlations between Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) categories and personality traits and relationship status were examined. There were significant correlations between certain LIWC categories and extraversion (e.g., personal pronouns), neuroticism (e.g., negative emotion words) and agreeableness (e.g., positive emotion words), suggesting that personality traits are displayed in how one texts. One of the defining features of texting – linguistic alterations (e.g., abbreviations) – varied as a function of both personality traits and relationship status. Overall, the results provide a snapshot of what text messages look like, and how they reflect the texter’s personality and the interpersonal context.
Core-induced chaos in diamagnetic lithium.

We present a theoretical study of the connections between quantum and classical descriptions of lithium in a magnetic field. We find that the localized nature of the ionic core causes a breakdown in the generic connections between energy-level statistics and classical motion: classical chaos is observed in a regime where the energy-level distribution is Poissonian. The breakdown arises because the source of chaos is localized on a node of the odd-parity wave function. In addition, we employ the principles of periodic-orbit theory to identify classical trajectories with spectral periodicities. We identify a series of core-scattered recurrences in the Fourier transform of the spectrum and quantitatively describe them by a simple model. Finally, we introduce recurrence counting and demonstrate how it can help relate the classical dynamics to the quantum spectrum. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A topological model for metallic glass formation

A topological model for metallic glass formation is proposed. A critical feature of this model is that a solute occupying either substitutional or interstitial sites in the host crystalline lattice can destabilize the lattice by producing a critical internal strain and changing the local coordination number. Further, the element may partition between these two types of site and the relative site frequency is a function of the strain energy associated with each site. According to the model, the critical concentration of a solute required to amorphize the alloy decreases, reaches a minimum and then increases as the atomic size of the solute decreases relative to the size of the matrix atom.
The Rough-Terrain Problem: Accurate Foot Targeting as a Function of Visual Information Regarding Target Location

ABSTRACT The authors examined step-cycle regulation to accurately land on a single target. They also examined the effect of decreasing and increasing visual information regarding target location. Visual information was decreased with goggles that obstructed the lower visual field, removing information of the target and foot relative to target in the two steps before the target. Visual information was increased by adding 4 vertical poles (2.1 m tall) around the target location. A total of 14 participants landed with 1 foot on a flat target placed halfway down a walkway and continued walking. During target approach, step length variability increased and foot placement variability decreased. The final stride onto the target was longer and smoother than the penultimate stride, which may reflect that modifications were made earlier to reduce modifications needed in the final stride. Foot-target accuracy was reduced by lower visual-field obstruction. In the steps preceding the target, the presence of poles desc...
Optimal Sequential Grain Marketing Decisions under Risk Aversion and Price Uncertainty

A method is developed to find sequences of expected utility maximizing decisions under risk aversion when random elements are time-dependent and additive separable utility of income is implausible. A Taylor-series approximation to expected utility is used. In an application to marketing stored wheat, expected seasonal sales patterns, early fractional sales of total inventory for risk reduction, and negative skewness in resulting income distributions are noted. Sensitivity to the number of income distribution moments used to approximate expected utility is examined. Six moments produce a good approximation. Use of only mean and variance can give doubtful results.
Temperature-jump FT-IR time-resolved spectrometry

A system for performing gas-phase rapid scanning Fourier transform infrared time-resolved Spectrometry (FT-IR/TRS) has been evaluated. This technique can be applied to the study of the lifetimes and reactivity of transient species and can provide detailed information regarding reaction rate constants. Temperature-jump experiments have been initiated and preliminary results are presented.
[Remodeling annuloplasty using a prosthetic ring designed for correcting type-IIIb ischemic mitral regurgitation]

Introduction and objectives The most common mechanism underlying ischemic mitral regurgitation is restricted leaflet motion during systole (Carpentier's type IIIb). Annuloplasty is the preferred technique for surgical repair. The new Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR Etlogix(r) prosthetic annuloplasty ring was designed specifically to address the particular peculiarities of this condition, principally asymmetric annular dilatation. The aims of this study were to review the rationale underlying the creation of the ring and to report our early clinical experience. Methods The study included 40 patients with type-IIIb ischemic mitral regurgitation (grade 3+/4+) who underwent mitral value reconstruction using the new prosthetic ring between December 2003 and June 2005. Their mean age was 68(10) years. Concomitant procedures included coronary artery bypass grafting (n=27, 68%), tricuspid valvuloplasty (n=10, 25%), and a modified Maze procedure (n=9, 22%). The mean predicted EuroSCORE mortality for surgery was 17%(11). Results In-hospital mortality was 2.5% (n=1). Major postoperative morbidities included one case of stroke (2.5%), one renal failure (2.5%), and four respiratory failures (10%). Predischarge echocardiography revealed no mitral regurgitation in 36 patients (92%) and mild regurgitation in three (8%). Long-term follow-up echocardiography was carried out in 36 patients (92%) after 15-34 months, and showed that the rate of recurrence of (grade ≥ 2+) mitral regurgitation was 3% (n=1). Conclusions The Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR Etlogix(r) annuloplasty ring was effective in correcting type-IIIb ischemic mitral regurgitation. Its novel three-dimensional asymmetric shape is designed to deal with the anatomical and pathological characteristics of the condition and its use may, therefore, result in an excellent long-term outcome.
Computer Model for Dynamic Skyline Behaviour

The development and experimental verification of a numerical model for the dynamic behavior of a cable logging system skyline is discussed. The model is intended to simulate the skyline behavior after a turn of logs breaks out of a "hang-up" on the ground. Output from the model may be used as a forcing function for a dynamic load on the tailspar or other component of the cable logging system. The numerical model uses finite difference and Runge-Kutta techniques. Output from the model consists of time-histories of the fluctuations in skyline tensions. From this output the frequencies of the skyline vibrations may be determined. The model was verified by experimental data collected while operating a small cable logging system in Oregon State University's McDonald Research Forest.
Utilizing compliance to manipulate doors with unmodeled constraints

Increasingly, robots are being applied to challenges in human environments such as soldier and disability assistance, household chores, and bomb disposal. To maximize a robot's capabilities within these dynamic and uncertain environments, robots must be able to manipulate objects with unknown constraints, including opening and closing doors, cabinets, and drawers. Practicality suggests that these tasks be done at or near human speed. A simple and low cost method is proposed to achieve these ends - utilizing joint compliance to resolve forces non-tangent to the path of travel. In this paper, joint compliance is achieved by means of a clutch mechanism located in line with the manipulator joint motors. When an object is to be moved, the motors are disengaged from the joints using the clutch, thus allowing the joints to move freely with the object while force is applied by the mobility platform. This enables the robot to move an object within its constraints without the need for a precise forcing vector, minimizing sensing needs as well as computation time. Other implementations of the technique are also possible, including use of inverse dynamics, back-drivable motors, and/or actively controlled slip clutches for gravity and friction compensation. The effectiveness and robustness of this approach are demonstrated through kinematic analysis, dynamic simulation, and physical experimentation on three differently sized doors and a drawer.
Examining the Relationship Between Action Video Game Experience and Performance in a Distracted Driving Task

We conducted two experiments to assess the hypothesis that experienced action video game players will exhibit superior performance in a distracted driving task. In the first experiment, experienced gamers and controls drove in a driving simulator, with and without distraction. Experienced AVG players exhibited fewer lane deviations during driving as compared to non-gamers; however, video game experience was not associated with fewer lane deviations while distracted. These results showed evidence for the video game experience effect however, no evidence of improved cognitive ability was found. In the second experiment, we informed participants of the hypothesis to replicate the methods of studies that do not mask the purpose of the research. We found video game experience again was associated with fewer driving errors, but was still not associated with better driving performance while distracted; however, gamers recalled more details of the distracting conversation and reported lower workload while driving than non-gamers. We use these results to argue for caution in interpreting research with experienced gamers and increased replication with attention paid to recruitment methodology within this research domain. Finally, our results indicate that understanding the nature of AVG experience on task performance requires careful attention to motivational factors.
Remnants of Bose condensation and off-diagonal long range order in finite systems

The author briefly reviews some general aspects of Bose condensation and off-diagonal long range order in infinite bulk systems and then discusses to what extent these features might be manifested in finite systems with free surfaces such as droplets of liquid [sup 4]He at low temperature. The author focuses on the structure of the one-body density matrix and the macroscopic wave function in the surface region, and notes the possibility of a surface condensate.
Complete inhibition of mouse leukaemia L1210 by 5(or 4)-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]imidazole-4(or 5)-carboxamide (NSC-82196).

IT has been shown that 5(or 4)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazo]e-4(or 5)-carboxamide (NSC-45388) and related triazenoimidazoles inhibit the growth of experimental neoplasma1. The triazenoimidazoles were prepared by-reaction of various amines with 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide2,3. This investigation has been extended to embrace a variety of substituted triazene derivatives. We now report the synthesis of one of these, 5(or 4)-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl) -1 - triazeno ] imidazole - 4 (or 5) - carboxamide (NSC-82196), and its inhibitory action in preventing the development of mouse leukaemia -L1210.
Recent advances in Doppler radar sensors for pervasive healthcare monitoring

This paper reviews recent advances in technologies using Doppler radar to detect heartbeat and respiration of a human subject. With contributions from many researchers in this field, new detection methods and system architectures have been proposed to improve the detection accuracy and robustness. The advantage of noncontact/covert detection has drawn interests on various applications. While many of the reported systems are bench-top prototypes for concept demonstration, several portable systems and integrated radar chips have been demonstrated. This paper reviews different architectures and discusses their potentials for integrated circuit implementation. Integrating the radar sensor on a chip allows the function of noncontact vital sign and vibration detection to be embedded in portable electronic equipment, like many other radio frequency (RF) devices. A radar sensor network is then feasible for pervasive monitoring in healthcare applications.
6Li-15N heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) spectroscopy :application to the structure determination of lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide mixed aggregates

A heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) experiment was used to correlate the 6Li and 15N chemical shifts of mixed aggregates of [6Li, 15N]lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide with [6Li]LiBr, [6Li]LiCl, and [6Li]lithium cyclohexenolate. Optimization of the experiment to spin systems containing more than one weak spin is discussed. The two-dimensional correlations represent a substantial improvement in sensitivity and resolution relative to one-dimensional methods.
Family Members' Uses of Religion in Post-Coming-Out Conflicts With Their Gay Relative

Religion often creates cultural meaning for interpersonal relations as individuals and societies develop interactively (Etengoff & Daiute, 2013). Religious tools, such as God and texts, have reportedly been used in both relationally adaptive and maladaptive ways (Brelsford & Mahoney, 2009; Brelsford, 2011). Extant research regarding relational uses of religion largely focuses on Christian dyads’ general conflicts, as opposed to conflicts related to religious prohibitions. This study expands the current research regarding theistic triangulation (i.e., God/faith positioned as an ally against other party) and mediation (i.e., God/faith invoked constructively to mediate conflict), by focusing on gay men and their Jewish and Christian relatives’ accounts of relational religious tool use (Brelsford & Mahoney, 2009; Brelsford, 2011). 23 gay men (10 Jewish backgrounds, 13 Christian backgrounds) and 15 of their religious family allies (7 Jewish, 8 Christian) completed semistructured interviews focusing on the quality of their post– coming-out relationships and how they use religion to negotiate associated conflicts. Interviews were analyzed utilizing an applied cultural historical analysis (Etengoff & Daiute, 2013). 74% (17/23) of gay men reported that their religious relatives utilized theistic triangulation in post– coming-out conflicts. 65% (15/23) of gay participants reported that theistic triangulation negatively impacted their familial relationships. Alternatively, 69% (16/23) of gay participants also spoke highly of religious family allies that navigated post– coming-out issues and conflicts effectively. These findings illuminate the necessity of including socioreligious contexts in our study and treatment of gay men and their religious families.
Always on: Libraries in a world of permanent connectivity

Mobile communication has been more widely adopted more quickly than any other technology ever (Castells, et al., 2007). It represents a diffusion of communications and computational capacity into a growing part of our research, learning and social activities. It has resonated with emerging youth behaviors, providing support for distinctive patterns of social interaction and group formation, information use and personal expression. Diffuse networking changes how we coordinate our resources to achieve goals. For example, our use of time and space changes. Timeshifting is routine as students may listen to or watch lectures in the gym or on the train. The use of space to support ad hoc rendezvous and social learning is becoming more important. As networking spreads, we have multiple connection points which offer different grades of experience (the desktop, the cell phone, the xBox or Wii, the GPS system, the smartphone, the ultra-portable notebook, and so on). While these converge in various ways, they are also optimized for different purposes. A natural accompaniment of this mesh of connection points is a move of many services to the cloud, available on the network across these multiple devices and environments. This means that an exclusive focus on the institutional website as the primary delivery mechanism and the browser as the primary consumption environment is increasingly partial. Students are results-oriented and value convenience. This emphasis coupled with the design constraints on some devices promotes a need to get to relevance quickly. Socialization, personalization and location awareness become very important. Libraries have been working to develop network-ready services. Mobile communication intensifies this activity and adds new challenges as they look at what it means to be mobile-ready. This has organizational implications as a shift of emphasis towards workflow integration around the learner or researcher creates new relationships with other service organizations on campus. It also has implications for how space is used, for library skills, and for how collections are developed. We can see the impact of mobile communication on services in two ways. First, services may be made mobile-ready, as with special mobile interfaces for library services, alerting services, and so on. Second, mobilization continues the restructuring of services, organizations and attention that networking has brought about. Think here of how to socialize and personalize services; how to adapt to collection and service use which spans personal, institutional, and cloud environments; how to position and promote the library ‘brand’ as services become atomized and less ‘visible’ on the network; and more complex questions about what best to do locally and what to source with collaborative arrangements or third parties.
Bismuth-Ruthenate-Based Cathodes for IT-SOFCs

New cathode materials with high performance are required to realize efficient solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at intermediate temperatures (IT) of 500-700°C. Bismuth ruthenate is known to be catalytically active toward oxygen reduction and to have high electronic conductivity (∼300 S/cm) in the temperature range of interest, making it a prospective cathode material for IT-SOFCs. In this work, the performance of bismuth ruthenate pyrochlore (Bi 2 Ru 2 O 7 ) electrodes was studied using impedance spectroscopy. Symmetrical cells were fabricated on gadolinium-doped ceria electrolytes and studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure in the temperature range 400-700°C. Bismuth ruthenate electrodes showed an area specific resistance (ASR) of 1.45 Ω cm 2 at 700°C and 55.64 Ω cm 2 at 500°C in air. The change in ASR with oxygen partial pressure suggests that the rate-limiting step for oxygen reduction is the surface diffusion of dissociatively adsorbed oxygen at the electrode surface to the triple-phase boundaries.
Capitalizing on the autophagic response for treatment of liver disease caused by alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and other genetic diseases.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) is one of the most common genetic causes of liver disease and is a prototype of liver diseases caused by the pathologic accumulation of aggregated mutant alpha-1-antitrypsin Z (ATZ) within liver cells. In the case of ATD-associated liver disease, the resulting “gain-of-function” toxicity can lead to serious clinical manifestations, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the only definitive therapy for ATD-associated liver disease is liver transplantation, but recent efforts have demonstrated the exciting potential for novel therapies that target disposal of the mutant protein aggregates by harnessing a cellular homeostasis mechanism called autophagy. In this review, we will summarize research advances on autophagy and genetic liver diseases. We will discuss autophagy enhancer strategies for liver disease due to ATD and another genetic liver disease, inherited hypofibrinogenemia, caused by the proteotoxic effects of a misfolded protein. On the basis of recent evidence that autophagy plays a role in cellular lipid degradation, we also speculate about autophagy enhancer strategies for treatment of hepatic lipid storage diseases such as cholesterol ester storage disease.
Bloodstream Infection due to Trichosporon beigelii in a Burn Patient: Case Report and Review of Therapy

Trichosporon beigelii is a yeast that has recently been increasingly associated with systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. Few cases have been reported in nonleukopenic patients. We describe what we believe to be the first report of a bloodstream infection due to T. beigelii in a burn patient. Our patient was successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the T. beigelii isolate showed that the organism was inhibited but not killed by amphotericin B. Burn patients are known to have a transient defect in neutrophil function that can predispose them to some infections. We review the English-language literature of recently reported cases of trichosporonosis and review the various therapies for T. beigelii infection.
The use of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology

Mitoxantrone is the first drug approved for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) in the United States. This assessment considers use of mitoxantrone in the treatment of MS. Mitoxantrone probably reduces the clinical attack rate and reduces attack-related MRI outcomes in patients with relapsing MS (Type B recommendation). Also, mitoxantrone may have a beneficial effect on disease progression in patients with MS whose clinical condition is worsening (Type B recommendation). The potential for serious toxicity of mitoxantrone, however, must be taken into account when considering this therapy in individual patients. Moreover, because the potential clinical benefits on disease progression appear to be only modest, the results of the single phase III trial should be replicated in another (and hopefully much larger) clinical study before this agent is widely recommended for the treatment of patients with MS.
Survival and site fidelity of Piping Plovers on Long Island, New York

The threatened Atlantic Coast population of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) has not increased in recent years and remains 332 pairs short of the recovery goal of 2000 pairs. Habitat loss to development is a major threat to the population, and there has been interest in restoring nesting and foraging habitat. However, the demographic response of coastal Piping Plovers to either habitat loss or creation has not been documented. We estimated survival rates and site fidelity of a declining Piping Plover population on Long Island, New York, from 2001 to 2005 on a beach subject to human development and recreation. The mean annual adult survival was 0.703 ± 0.032 (SE) and was similar among years. Site fidelity during the period of territory establishment averaged 0.827 ± 0.069 (SE). Given this high site fidelity, ensuring the survival of adults is important for maintaining local populations. Although the 2002-2004 average was high, site fidelity was apparently lower in 2003 than in 2002. This decrease in site fidelity may have been related to several years of habitat loss and increasing predation of nests or chicks, as reported in a partly concurrent long-term study at our site. The species-level effect of local dispersal due to anthropogenic habitat loss depends on the fitness of dispersers, and is currently unknown for Piping Plovers. SINOPSIS. Sobrevivencia y fidelidad a una localidad en Long Island, New York por parte de Charadrius melodus La poblaci´ on de la costa del Atldel amenazado Charadrius melodus no ha incrementado en n´ umeros en los ´ ultimos a˜ nos y se mantiene en 332 parejas, ncorto de las metas de recobro de 2000 parejas. La pde ha manos del desarrollo se considera una de las amenazas principales. Hay interen restaurar el hde alimentaci´ on y reproduccidel ave. Sin embargo, no se ha documentado la respuesta demogr´
Recovery of inclusion separations in strongly heterogeneous composites from effective property measurements

￻An effective property of a composite material consisting of inclusions within a host matrix depends on the geometry and connectedness of the inclusions. This dependence may be quite strong if the constituents have highly contrasting properties. Here, we consider the inverse problem of using effective property data to obtain information on the geometry of the microstructure. While previous work has been devoted to recovering the volume fractions of the constituents, our focus is on their connectedness—a key feature in critical behaviour and phase transitions. We solve exactly a reduced inverse spectral problem by bounding the volume fraction of the constituents, an inclusion separation parameter and the spectral gap of a self-adjoint operator that depends on the geometry of the composite. We present a new algorithm based on the Mobius transformation structure of the forward bounds whose output is a set of algebraic curves in parameter space bounding regions of admissible parameter values. These results advance the development of techniques for characterizing the microstructure of composite materials. As an example, we obtain inverse bounds on the volume fraction and separation of the brine inclusions in sea ice from measurements of its effective complex permittivity.
Protection against Rectal Transmission of an Emtricitabine-Resistant Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV162p3M184V Mutant by Intermittent Prophylaxis with Truvada

Daily preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with Truvada (emtricitabine [FTC] and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF]) is a novel HIV prevention strategy recently found to reduce HIV incidence among men who have sex with men. We used a macaque model of HIV transmission to investigate if Truvada maintains prophylactic efficacy against an FTC-resistant isolate containing the M184V mutation. Five macaques received a dose of Truvada 3 days before exposing them rectally to the simian/human immunodeficiency virus mutant SHIV162p3 M184V, followed by a second dose 2 h after exposure. Five untreated animals were used as controls. Virus exposures were done weekly for up to 14 weeks. Despite the high (>100-fold) level of FTC resistance conferred by M184V, all five treated animals were protected from infection, while the five untreated macaques were infected (P 0.0008). Our results show that Truvada maintains high prophylactic efficacy against an FTC-resistant isolate. Increased susceptibility to tenofovir due to M184V and other factors, including residual antiviral activity by FTC and/or reduced virus fitness due to M184V, may all have contributed to the observed protection. Oral administration of antiretroviral drugs before human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure (preexposure prophylaxis [PrEP]) is a promising intervention to protect high-risk HIV-1-negative people from becoming infected (5, 12, 14). A recently completed trial with daily Truvada (a combination of emtricitabine [FTC] and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF]) among HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men (MSM) has provided the first indication that oral PrEP is protective (15). In this trial, the incidence of HIV-1 was reduced by 44% among participants that took Truvada; efficacy was substantially higher (73%) for study participants who reported 90% adherence (15). Ongoing clinical trials with different high-risk populations will soon inform if PrEP may also prevent HIV acquisition by other routes of transmission (12). In areas with widespread access to antiretroviral therapy, drug-resistant viruses are prevalent and frequently transmitted (13). Exposure to an HIV-1 strain that is already resistant to FTC or tenofovir (TFV) is a potential threat for the success of PrEP with Truvada. TDF, FTC, and the closely related drug lamivudine (3TC) are important components of first-line therapy and have been extensively used for treatment. The overall prevalence of the TFV resistance reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation K65R in patients failing antiretroviral treatment has remained low (3%) and relatively stable during the past few years, although long duration of suboptimal therapy with TDF or stavudine (d4T) has been associated with higher frequencies of K65R (20, 21). In contrast, the M184V mutation, associated
Reduced cannabinoid CB 1 receptor binding in alcohol dependence measured with positron emission tomography

tomography and [ 18 F]FMPEP-d2, a radioligand for CB1 receptors. We scanned 18 male in-patients with alcohol dependence twice, within 3--7 days of admission from ongoing drinking, and after 2--4 weeks of supervised abstinence. Imaging data were compared with those from 19 age-matched healthy male control subjects. Data were also analyzed for potential influence of a common functional variation (rs2023239) in the CB1 receptor gene (CNR1) that may moderate CB1 receptor density. On the first scan, CB1 receptor binding was 20--30% lower in patients with alcohol dependence than in control subjects in all brain regions and was negatively correlated with years of alcohol abuse. After 2--4 weeks of abstinence, CB1 receptor binding remained similarly reduced in these patients. Irrespective of the diagnostic status, C allele carriers at rs2023239 had higher CB1 receptor binding compared with non-carriers. Alcohol dependence is associated with a widespread reduction of cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in the human brain and this reduction persists at least 2--4 weeks into abstinence. The correlation of reduced binding with years of alcohol abuse suggests an involvement of CB1 receptors in alcohol dependence in humans.
The Future Similarity Objection Revisited

David Lewis has long defended an analysis of counterfactuals in terms of comparative similarity of possible worlds. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate Lewis's response to one of the oldest and most familiar objections to this proposal, the future similarity objection.
Markov chain modelling of bioassay toxicity procedures

Many bioassay procedures to test a new substance for toxicity, like some phase I clinical trials, can be modelled as first-order Markov chains with absorbing states. We provide a general framework for such procedures. We show how one may calculate under any dose response curve assumption final absorption probabilities, and a number of total average costs such as time required until trial completion, number of subjects treated, number of subjects exhibiting unaceptable levels of toxicity, and amount of medication administered. One may use the above information associated with the trial for an a priori comparison between competing designs under consideration. We provide an example of such a comparison.
Immigration's Enigma Principle: Protection and Paradox

This paper, the keynote address at a conference hosted by the Center for Migration Studies in late October 2015, reflects on lessons from the current European refugee drama and more broadly on the realistic but paradoxical constraints that inherently apply to the use of protection mechanisms. It begins by drawing a set of lessons about structural protection limits from the movie The Imitation Game, which depicted dilemmas faced by the team that cracked the codes used in the Nazis’ Enigma Machine. It then ties those lessons to remarks by David Miliband, former Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom and now head of the International Rescue Committee, emphasizing the need for both compassion and competence in responding to refugee crises. Using that framework, it analyzes modern Germany’s August policy announcing acceptance of Syrian refugees on strikingly generous terms. Chancellor Merkel genuinely deserves high marks for compassion, but much more should have been done to think through likely consequences and to provide competently for the flow. Europe’s rather automatic and unreflective choice to address the crisis largely within the classic continental model of spontaneous asylum seeking has meant that applicants must make their own way to the destination country, often on foot – a method that imperils asylum-seekers, alienates transit countries, and fuels anti-immigrant backlash. A different model, orderly departure as part of a facilitated resettlement regime, coupled with a reversal of deep budget shortfalls for sustenance and shelter in the region of origin, deserved attention as an alternative – and may well ultimately become the framework for a more realistic Syrian refugee program. The migration system will eventually find a new equilibrium, but the current strains, including unrealistically ambitious legal doctrine, may produce long-term setbacks for refugee protection and European unity.
Using Discrete Event Simulation to Model Attacker Interactions with Cyber and Physical Security Systems

Abstract The number of connections between physical and cyber security systems is rapidly increasing due to centralized control from automated and remotely connected means. As the number of interfaces between systems continues to grow, the interactions and interdependencies between them cannot be ignored. Historically, physical and cyber vulnerability assessments have been performed independently. This independent evaluation omits important aspects of the integrated system, where the impacts resulting from malicious or opportunistic attacks are not easily known or understood. We describe a discrete event simulation model that uses information about integrated physical and cyber security systems, attacker characteristics and simple response rules to identify key safeguards that limit an attacker's likelihood of success. Key features of the proposed model include comprehensive data generation to support a variety of sophisticated analyses, and full parameterization of safeguard performance characteristics and attacker behaviours to evaluate a range of scenarios. We also describe the core data requirements and the network of networks that serves as the underlying simulation structure.
When the Rubber Hits the High Road: Labor and Community Complexities in the Greening of the Garden State:

This article is an exploration of challenges faced by building and construction trade unions as they seek to enter the green jobs sector through the lens of the Eastern Region of the Laborers Union. This article is also motivated by an interest in extending the literature on community unionism by asking how and in what ways specifically coalition participation impacts labor’s ability to organize and in this case enter the green jobs sector successfully. Although this work is not a full matched pair analysis, the author contrasts the Laborers’ strategy to the efforts of Community Labor United in Massachusetts. While organizations in both states were responding to a similar set of conditions, they ended up choosing divergent paths. The author concludes that much of the failure of the Laborers strategy in New Jersey is due to the union’s decision to go it alone in their efforts to organize the residential weatherization sector.
Micellar properties of sodium fusidate, a steroid antibiotic structurally resembling the bile salts.

The properties of sodium fusidate micelles were determined by a spectral shift technique, surface tension measurements, and ultracentrifugal analysis. The critical micellar concentrations, mean molecular areas, and apparent aggregation numbers were estimated as a function of the concentration of counterion (0.001-1.0 M Na+) at 20°C. The critical micellar concentrations were studied over a tempera- ture range of 10°C to 40°C at one counterion concentration (0.001 M Na+), and from these data the standard thermo- dynamic functions of micellization were calculated. The ability of sodium fusidate solutions to solubilize the insoluble swelling amphiphiles, lecithin and monoolein, was investi- gated, and the results were compared with the solubilizing properties of sodium taurocholate. The critical micellar concentrations of sodium fusidate approximated those of sodium taurocholate. The values fell in the range of 1.44-4.56 mM, varying with the technique used, counterion concentration, and temperature. The per- centage of counterions bound to fusidate micelles in water, calculated from the log critical micellar concentration-log Na+ curve, was estimated to be negligible, which compares with sodium taurocholate micelles. The critical micellar concentra- tion of sodium fusidate exhibited a minimum at 2OoC, a phe- nomenon observed with other ionic detergents and with bile salts. Micelle formation in sodium fusidate solutions was shown to be primarily entropy-driven at 10" and 2OoC, whereas at 30° and 40°C the enthalpy factor predominated. From the sur- face tension measurements the molecular areas of sodium fusi- date and sodium taurocholate were calculated. The mean mole- cular area of fusidate was 101 A*, whereas sodium taurocholate possessed a molecular area of 88 A2. It was demonstrated that the sodium fusidate molecule, like a bile salt molecule, lies with its longitudinal axis horizontal at an air-water interface. The apparent aggregation number of sodium fusidate micelles in- creased from 5 to 16 as the concentration of counterion in- creased from 0.01 to 0.60 M Na+. These values are slightly larger than the corresponding aggregation numbers of sodium tauro- cholate micelles. Sodium fusidate is thus similar to the bile salt sodium tauro- cholate in its micellar properties. Furthermore, saturation ratios similar to those found with bile salt solutions were obtained when liquid crystalline suspensions of lecithin or monoglyceride were solubilized by sodium fusidate solutions. As excretion of orally administered fusidate occurs mainly via the biliary tract, this finding may prove to be of considerable biological importance. A model of the fusidate micelle similar to that previously proposed for the bile salt micelle is suggested.
The Polynomial Technique

One way of understanding the computational flexibility inherent in a complexity class, C, is to determine the closure properties the class possesses and lacks. Under which operations is the class closed: complementation? union? intersection? symmetric difference? And under which reducibilities is the class closed? That is, for a class C, we may naturally ask: For which reductions ≤ r , does it hold that R r (C) ⊆ C? Answering such a question can give insight not just into the computational flexibility of a class but also into the identity of the class. If C is closed? under some operation and D is not, then C D. And, more typ ic ally in the world of complexity, if C is closed under some operation and D has to date defeated dall effort s to prove it closed under that operation, then we may take this as one piece of evidence that may suggest that the classes may differ.
A space–time statistical climate model for hurricane intensification in the North Atlantic basin

Abstract. Climate influences on hurricane intensification are investigated by averaging hourly intensification rates over the period 1975–2014 in 8° × 8° latitude–longitude grid cells. The statistical effects of hurricane intensity and sea-surface temperature (SST), along with the climatic effects of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), are quantified using a Bayesian hierarchical model fit to the averaged data. As expected, stronger hurricanes tend to have higher intensification rates, especially over the warmest waters. Of the three climate variables considered, the NAO has the largest effect on intensification rates after controlling for intensity and SST. The model shows an average increase in intensification rates of 0.18 [0.06, 0.31] m s−1 h−1 (95 % credible interval) for every 1 standard deviation decrease in the NAO index. Weak trade winds associated with the negative phase of the NAO might result in less vertical wind shear and thus higher mean intensification rates.