cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Being Bad Isn't Always Good: Affective Context Moderates the Attention Bias Toward Negative Information

Research has demonstrated that people automatically devote more attention to negative information than to positive information. The authors conducted 3 experiments to test whether this bias is attenuated by a person's affective context. Specifically, the authors primed participants with positive and negative information using traditional (e.g., subliminal semantic priming) and nontraditional (e.g., social interactions) means and measured the amount of attention they allocated to positive and negative information. With both event-related brain potentials (Experiment 1) and the Stroop task (Experiments 2 and 3), results suggest that the attention bias to negative information is attenuated or eliminated when positive constructs are made accessible. The implications of this result for other biases to negative information and for the self-reinforcing nature of emotional disorders are discussed.
Cache-collision timing attacks against AES

This paper describes several novel timing attacks against the common table-driven software implementation of the AES cipher. We define a general attack strategy using a simplified model of the cache to predict timing variation due to cache-collisions in the sequence of lookups performed by the encryption. The attacks presented should be applicable to most high-speed software AES implementations and computing platforms, we have implemented them against OpenSSL v. 0.9.8.(a) running on Pentium III, Pentium IV Xeon, and UltraSPARC III+ machines. The most powerful attack has been shown under optimal conditions to reliably recover a full 128-bit AES key with 213 timing samples, an improvement of almost four orders of magnitude over the best previously published attacks of this type [Ber05]. While the task of defending AES against all timing attacks is challenging, a small patch can significantly reduce the vulnerability to these specific attacks with no performance penalty.
Damping enhancement by TCSC in the Western US Power System

This paper presents a case study of inter-area oscillation damping enhancement in the Western US Power System (WSCC) by a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC). First, siting of the TCSC is investigated, and then a robust damping controller, i.e. a controller that operates at various loading conditions, is designed. The proposed methodologies are based on transfer function residues. An index is given to identify the most effective signal to feedback, and a condition to guarantee control robustness is derived based on the phases of the residues. A reduced order model of the WSCC system is used to demonstrate the proposed techniques Specifically, a TCSC is recommended to dampen the WSCC near 0.7 Hz inter area modes.
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: An evolving disease

This article reviews the changing epidemiology of HIV-associated dementia, current concepts of the different patterns of dementia under the influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and reviews therapeutic aspects.
A quasi-periodic oscillation in the blazar J1359+4011

The Owens Valley Radio Observatory 40-m telescope has been monitoring the 15-GHz radio flux density of over 1200 blazars since 2008. The 15-GHz light curve of the flat spectrum radio quasar J1359+4011 shows a strong and persistent quasi-periodic oscillation. The time-scale of the oscillation varies between 120 and 150 d over an ∼4 year time span. We interpret this as the active galactic nucleus mass-scaled analogue of low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations from Galactic microquasars or as evidence of modulation of the accretion flow by thermal instabilities in the ‘inner’ accretion disc.
The slippery slope: what predicts math grades in middle and high school?

For middle and high school girls in high-ability math classes, interest and self-concept made a difference for school grades, and for all adolescents, maternal expectations were influential in predicting math grades over time.
Motor planning: An architecture for specifying and controlling the behaviour of virtual actors

As virtual worlds become increasingly complex, task level interaction with virtual actors becomes correspondingly important. The control problem simply becomes unmanageable if we try to interact with synthetic agents at the wrong level of abstraction. However, it is not sufficient merely to implement a set of behaviours for a virtual actor; we require some mechanism for selecting and sequencing motor skills appropriate to the current behavioural goals and the states of other objects and actors in the virtual environment. In this paper we will describe a mechanism for linking perception and action to generate routine behaviours in a process we call motor planning. We present our implementation of the skill network, in which motor skills are the nodes and the arcs represent inhibitory and excitatory connections, including extensions to this architecture based on recent work in robotics. We characterize the domain of motor planning, i.e. what kinds of behaviour can it account for, and when will it fail? We close with a discussion of the limits of our current implementation and work that remains to be done.
A Quantitative Assessment of Lareau’s Qualitative Conclusions About Class, Race, and Parenting:

The authors used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999, to test ideas from Lareau’s qualitative study of social class differences in parenting. Consistent with Lareau, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the general concerted cultivation construct—a parenting strategy that subsumes parents’ school engagement, children’s participation in extracurricular activities, and the amount of educational materials in the home. The authors also found that socioeconomic status (SES) was the major correlate of parents’ use of concerted cultivation. Contrary to Lareau, however, the authors found that racial/ethnic differences in concerted cultivation are moderately strong, even with SES controlled. Finally, this study identified a variety of other family characteristics that are related to concerted cultivation, net of SES. The findings suggest the utility of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to understand the intergenerational transmission of social status.
Mechanism of Rectification in Inward-rectifier K+ Channels

▪ Abstract Inward rectifiers are a class of K+ channels that can conduct much larger inward currents at membrane voltages negative to the K+ equilibrium potential than outward currents at voltages positive to it, even when K+ concentrations on both sides of the membrane are made equal. This conduction property, called inward rectification, enables inward rectifiers to perform many important physiological tasks. Rectification is not an inherent property of the channel protein itself, but reflects strong voltage dependence of channel block by intracellular cations such as Mg2+ and polyamines. This voltage dependence results primarily from the movement of K+ ions across the transmembrane electric field along the pore, which is energetically coupled to the blocker binding and unbinding. This mutual displacement mechanism between several K+ ions and a blocker explains the signature feature of inward rectifier K+ channels, namely, that at a given concentration of intracellular K+, their macroscopic conductance ...
Kir1.1 (ROMK) and Kv7.1 (KCNQ1/KvLQT1) are essential for normal gastric acid secretion: importance of functional Kir1.1

Potassium channels comprise the apical leak pathway supplying extracellular K+ for exchange with protons by the gastric H+, K+-ATPase and provide potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting gastric acid secretion. The Kir1.1 (ROMK) potassium channel mediates the high capacity K+ recycling necessary for NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the kidney, and this channel exhibits functional and regulatory characteristic well suited for K+ recycling by gastric parietal cells. We report here that Kir1.1 channels are required for gastric acid secretion and that this channel participates with Kv7.1 (KCNQ1/KvLQT1) in the potassium recycling process. We show that Kir1.1 colocalizes with the β-subunit of H+, K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells of Kir1.1 wild-type mice. In Kir1.1-deficient mice, gastric mucosal morphology, as well as parietal cell number, proliferation index, and ultrastructure were normal but secretagogue-stimulated gastric acid secretion in whole stomach and perfused gastric glands was absent. Luminal application of potassium-restored acid secretion in perfused gastric glands from Kir1.1-deficient as well as barium-blocked wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, both luminal Tertiapin-Q, an inhibitor of Kir1.1, as well as XE991, an inhibitor of Kv7.1, reduced proton secretion. We propose that Kir1.1 and Kv7.1 channels collaborate in potassium and current recycling across the apical pole of parietal cells.
Multiple model adaptive estimation of satellite attitude using MEMS gyros

Recently, MEMS gyroscopes are receiving attention for future use attitude determination systems in microsatellites, because of advantages of light weight, low cost, and low power consumption. However, the high noise levels and bias drifts of these sensors currently limits use for highprecision applications. A multiple model adaptive estimation algorithm is employed to estimate the magnitudes of noise variances in a gyroscope model. The estimated values are used in an extended Kalman filter for attitude estimation. It is demonstrated through simulations and experiments that the adaptive estimation of noise parameters improves attitude estimation performance.
Search for resonances decaying to $e^+$-jet in $e^+p$ interactions at HERA

The $e^+$ -jet invariant mass spectrum produced in the reaction $e^+ p \rightarrow e^+ X$ has been studied at a center-of-mass energy of 300 GeV. The data were collected using the ZEUS detector operating at the HERA collider, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of $47.7$ pb $^{-1}$ . The observed mass spectrum is in good agreement with Standard Model expectations up to an $e^+$ -jet mass of $210$ GeV. Above this mass, some excess is seen. The angular distribution of these events is typical of high- $Q^2$ neutral current events and does not give convincing evidence for the presence of a narrow scalar or vector state. Limits are presented on the product of cross section and branching ratio for such a state and are interpreted as limits on leptoquark or R-parity-violating squark production. Specific leptoquark types are ruled out at 95% confidence level for coupling strength $\lambda=0.3$ for masses between 150 and 280 GeV.
Teaching NeuroImages: Incidental retroclival mass in a patient with headache

A 46-year-old woman presented with chronic headaches and facial numbness. Her clinical examination was unremarkable. MRI demonstrated a nonenhancing retroclival mass with intermediate T1-weighted and hyperintense T2-weighted signal (figure, A–C). While chordoma, …
Case presentation: A gastroventricular fistula resulting from peptic ulcer disease

Gastroventricular fistula is rarely entertained in the differential diagnoses of gastrointestinal bleeding. In fact, most diagnoses are made during postmortem examinations. This article presents a patient who had a gastroventricular fistula develop, and with prompt surgical intervention, had a successful outcome. This patient also may be the only known survivor of such a catastrophic event. This article also discusses the predisposing factors that, when combined with uncontrollable gastrointestinal hemorrhage, suggest a diagnosis of gastroventricular fistula. A high degree of suspicion is required for early diagnosis, prompt surgical repair, and survival.
The Wigner transform and semi-classical approximations

The Wigner transform provides a reformulation of quantum mechanics in terms of classical concepts. We present some properties of the Wigner transform of the density matrix which justify its interpretation as the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical phasespace distribution function. Considering some applications, we demonstrate that the Wigner distribution function serves as a good starting point for semi-classical approximations to properties of the (nuclear) manybody system.
Toward Picard-Lefschetz Theory of Path Integrals, Complex Saddles and Resurgence

We show that the semi-classical analysis of generic Euclidean path integrals necessarily requires complexification of the action and measure, and consideration of complex saddle solutions.We demonstrate that complex saddle points have a natural interpretation in terms of the Picard–Lefschetz theory. Motivated in part by the semi-classical expansion of QCD with adjoint matter on $\mathbb{R}^3 \times S^1$, we study quantum-mechanical systems with bosonic and fermionic (Grassmann) degrees of freedom with harmonic degenerate minima, as well as (related) purely bosonic systems with harmonic nondegenerate minima. We find exact finite action non-BPS bounce and bion solutions to the holomorphic Newton equations. We find not only real solutions, but also complex solution with non-trivial monodromy, and finally complex multi-valued and singular solutions. Complex bions are necessary for obtaining the correct nonperturbative structure of these models. In the supersymmetric limit the complex solutions govern the ground state properties, and their contribution to the semiclassical expansion is necessary to obtain consistency with the supersymmetry algebra. The multi-valuedness of the action is either related to the hidden topological angle or to the resurgent cancellation of ambiguities. We also show that in the approximate multi-instanton description the integration over the complex quasi-zero mode thimble produces the most salient features of the exact solutions. While exact complex saddles are more difficult to construct in quantum field theory, the relation to the approximate thimble construction suggests that such solutions may be underlying some remarkable features of approximate bion saddles in quantum field theories.
Acute coronary syndromes, plaque vulnerability,and carotid artery disease: The changing role ofatherosclerosis imaging

The introduction of selective coronary angiography by Mason Sones in the late 1950s revolutionized clinical cardiology. Angiography, by allowing in vivo identification of focal coronary stenoses in patients presenting with stable and unstable coronary syndromes, has been the basis for the enormous
Multiple Diastereomers of [M n+ (α m -P 2 W 17 O 61 ) 2 ] (20−n)− (M=U IV , Th IV , Ce III ; m =1, 2). Syn - and Anti -Conformations of the Polytungstate Ligands in α 1 α 1 , α 1 α 2 , and α 2 α 2 Complexes

Several examples of the complexes, [M(P2W17O61)2] n− (M=UIV, ThIV, CeIII), containing both α 1 (C 1) and α 2 (C s ) isomers of the tungstophosphate ligands, have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography and 31P NMR spectroscopy. In every case the heteroatom M has the anticipated square antiprism coordination. When both ligands are α 2 (the UIV and CeIII complexes) the solid state structure adopts a syn-conformation of the ligands, as had been previously demonstrated for M=CeIV and LuIII; in solution a single set of P-NMR lines is observed, consistent with a single unique structure or rapid interconversion of syn- and anti-forms. When one or both ligands are α 1 (Uα 1 α 1, Uα 1 α 2, Thα 1 α 1, Ceα 1 α 2) multiline P-NMR spectra reveal the presence of two major diastereomers in solution, presumably the syn- and anti-forms. In the solid state, crystals of ammonium or potassium salts of the U and Ce complexes contain anti-conformers, while the Th complex proves to be syn. Variable temperature (∼25–∼60°C) P-NMR spectroscopy of solutions of the Uα 1 α 1 complex reveals the onset of syn-anti interconversion together with the irreversible formation of minor amounts of other diastereomers generated by dissociation and scrambling of the enantiomers of the polytungstate ligands.
The Autism Revolution by Martha Herbert

In this well-researched and carefully-crafted book, The Autism Revolution, Martha Herbert takes a whole-body approach to teach parents of children with autism spectrum what they can do to help thei...
Counter-current exchange gone wild

![Graphic][1] Studying counter-current heat exchange is akin to a right of passage for budding young physiologists. After all, counter-current exchange systems are the quintessential example of an anatomical solution to a physiological challenge: elegant networks of interwoven vasculature
The Deductive-Nomological Account of Metaphysical Explanation

The paper explores a deductive-nomological account of metaphysical explanation: some truths metaphysically explain, or ground, another truth just in case the laws of metaphysics determine the latter truth on the basis of the former. I develop and motivate a specific conception of metaphysical laws, on which they are general rules that regulate the existence and features of derivative entities. I propose an analysis of the notion of ‘determination via the laws’, based on a restricted form of logical entailment. I argue that the DN-account of ground can be defended against the well-known objections to the DN-approach to scientific explanation. The goal of the paper is to show that the DN-account of metaphysical explanation is a well-motivated and defensible theory.
Interrelationships of a Parasitic Turbellarian, (Paravortex sp.) (Graffillidae, Rhabdocoela) and its Marine Fish Hosts

A new species of turbellarian, provisionally placed in the genus Paravortex (Graffillidae, Rhabdocoela) is a parasite of marine tropical fishes and has become a conspicuous problem in saltwater aquaria. The worm infects fishes in several families and is most often seen on the yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens, which is the principal host in this study. Worms increase in length and then leave the host. Off-host worms continue to grow and as many as 160 young develop within them. Ciliated young discharged from a rupture in the body wall of the adult quickly reinfect available hosts, and this alternate on and off-host pattern results in a periodicity of infections. The life cycle requires about 10 days at 24.5°C, with infections of as many as 4500 worms per fish after three generations. Heavily infected fish, with worms concentrated on the body, develop an acute focal dermatitis with an associated Vibrio infection. A formalin bath was effective in eradicating the parasite, but neon gobies (Gobiosoma oceanops) were ineffective as cleaner fish and they became infected as well.
Naltrexone use for self-injurious behavior in patients with developmental disabilities

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a serious problem seen in individuals with developmental disabilities (DD). Evidence-based options for the treatment of SIB in patients with DD are limited and no medication is approved for this indication. Non-pharmacotherapeutic options including environmental change and behavioral therapy are generally recommended for use as first line therapy. However, these options are sometimes inadequate. Despite lack of strong evidence, a variety of medications are used for SIB in DD. These include: antipsychotics (typical and atypical), antiepileptic drugs (e.g. divalproex, carbamazepine, etc.), lithium, and antidepressants (particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). First line agents include atypical antipsychotics (e.g. risperidone, olanzapine) and mood stabilizers (e.g. divalproex, carbamazepine). However, if a patient fails to respond to these agents or has contraindications to these options, other agents may occasionally be utilized. One such agent is the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Using naltrexone for the treatment of SIB comes from the theory that SIB is influenced by the release of endogenous opioids. Therefore, blocking the effects of these opioids could attenuate these behaviors. This article briefly summarizes the evidence for safety and efficacy of naltrexone for SIB in DD.
Sequences containing the second-intron enhancer are essential for transcription of the human apolipoprotein B gene in the livers of transgenic mice

Abstract To identify DNA sequence elements from the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene required for high-level, correct tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice, we made several constructs that included one or more of the key regulatory elements that were previously characterized with cultured liver-derived and intestine-derived cell lines. Our data show that the apoB promoter alone (-898 to +121) is not sufficient to direct transcription in transgenic mice. An enhancer located in the second intron is absolutely required to specify transcription by the homologous apoB promoter in the livers of transgenic mice; this enhancer does not direct transcription in the small intestines. Thus, the elements controlling transcriptional activation of the apoB gene in the liver and the intestine in vivo are distinct and separable. Analysis of the DNase I hypersensitivity of the integrated human transgenes in various lines of expressing and nonexpressing mice suggests that the formation of DH4, a strong hypersensitive site in intron 2, may be a prerequisite for hepatic expression of the apoB gene. Nuclear matrix association regions (MARs) of the apoB gene may play a role in transgene expression. Constructs including MAR sequences displayed higher levels of expression than those lacking them. However, these MARs did not completely insulate the associated transgenes from position effects.
Land Animals, Origins of

The emergence of plants and animals from the sea onto land – terrestrialization – was one of the major advances in the history of life on Earth. Evidence for early colonization is poor, but the fossil record reveals that, by mid-Paleozoic times, complex terrestrial ecosystems had become established. The earliest evidence of excursions onto land by animals comes from trace fossils of arthropods crossing damp sediment in the late Cambrian. These animals were unlikely to have been truly terrestrial. The first animals onto land were probably those capable of being blown by the wind from the sea into damp habitats (i.e., possibly tardigrades), but there is no fossil evidence for this. The earliest body fossil evidence of land animals comes from millipedes from the Silurian of Scotland (ca. 428 Ma). Early terrestrial ecosystems were dominated mainly by detritivorous and predatory arthropods. Tetrapods appeared in the late Devonian, and were terrestrial by early Carboniferous times. It was not until the latest Paleozoic that modern-type terrestrial ecosystems, with abundant herbivores in the food chain, had evolved.
Estimating Lightning from Microwave Remote Sensing Data

AbstractThis study evaluates a method for estimating the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash rate from microwave remote sensing data. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites have been in operation since 1987 and include global-viewing microwave sensors that capture thunderstorms as brightness temperature depressions. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) has monitored CG lightning in the United States since 1997. This study investigates the relationship between CG lightning and microwave brightness temperature fields for the contiguous United States from April to September for the years 2005–12. The findings suggest that an exponential function, empirically fit to the NLDN and SSM/I data, provides lightning count measurements that agree to within 60%–70% with NLDN lightning, but with substantial misses and false alarms in the predictions. The discrepancies seem to be attributable to regional differences in thunderstorm characteristics that require a detailed study at smaller spatial...
The Integration of Short and Long Range Planning for Retailers through Expanded Point-of-Sale Based Information Systems

Over the last several years there has been a substantial increase in the use of electronic point-of-sale (POS) systems. At the present stage of development, these systems are used primarily to monitor product turnover and for re-ordering purposes at the operational or tactical levels in the short run.
Behavioral observations of positive and negative valence systems in early childhood predict physiological measures of emotional processing three years later.

Abstract Background The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs of Positive Valence Systems (PVS) and Negative Valence Systems (NVS) are presumed to manifest behaviorally through early-emerging temperamental negative affectivity (NA) and positive affectivity (PA). The late positive potential (LPP) is a physiological measure of attention towards both negative and positive emotional stimuli; however, its associations with behavioral aspects of PVS and NVS have yet to be examined. Methods In a community sample of children (N = 340), we examined longitudinal relationships between observational measures of temperamental PA and NA assessed at age 6, and the LPP to both pleasant and unpleasant images assessed at age 9. Results Lower PA at age 6 predicted reduced LPP amplitudes to pleasant, but not unpleasant, images. NA as a composite measure was not related to the LPP, but specific associations were observed with facets of NA: greater fear predicted an enhanced LPP to unpleasant images, whereas greater sadness predicted a reduced LPP to unpleasant images. Limitations We were unable to evaluate concurrent associations between behavioral observations of temperament and the LPP, and effect sizes were modest. Conclusions Results support correspondence between behavioral and physiological measures of emotional processing across development, and provide evidence of discriminant validity in that PA was specifically related to the LPP to pleasant images, while facets of NA were specifically linked to the LPP to unpleasant images. Distinct associations of temperamental sadness and fear with the LPP highlight the importance of further evaluating subconstructs of NVS.
Sartre’s Dialectical Methodology

ABSTRACTSartre’s intention in the Critique of Dialectical Reason is to establish the heuristic value of the dialectical method when applied to the social sciences. Toward this end, he furnishes an account of how, on the basis of natural needs, rational choices, burgeoning social ensembles, natural and social contingencies and unintended consequences, human beings make their history. I shall argue that his dialectical method, especially when modified, opens up interesting possibilities for clarifying the two most important and enduring meta-issues in the philosophy of social science: (1) whether social phenomena should be explained in terms of the beliefs, desires and actions of individuals or the rules and practices of social institutions (“Methodological Individualism” or “Methodological Holism”) and (2) whether social phenomena should be explained in terms of causes, as in the natural sciences, or in terms of what they mean in their social contexts, as in hermeneutics and other interpretive approaches (...
Management of pancreatic trauma: a literature review

Abstract Pancreatic injury is an uncommon event often difficult to diagnose at an early stage. After abdominal trauma, the surgeon must always be aware of the possibility of pancreatic trauma due to the complications associated with missed pancreatic injuries. Due to its retroperitoneal position, associated organs and vascular injuries are almost always present, which along with frequent extra abdominal injuries explain the high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to present a concise description of the incidence of these injuries, lesional mechanisms, recommended diagnostic methods, therapeutic indications including nonoperative management, endoscopy and surgery, and an analysis of pancreas-specific complications and mortality rates in these patients based on a 60-year review of the literature, encompassing 6364 patients. Due to pancreatic retroperitoneal position, associated organs and vascular injuries are almost always present, which along with frequent extraaabdominal injuries explain the high morbidity and mortality of these patients.
Data-driven fusion of multi-camera video sequences: Application to abandoned object detection

Due to the potential for object occlusion in crowded areas, the use of multiple cameras for video surveillance has prevailed over the use of a single camera. This has motivated the development of a number of techniques to analyze such multi-camera video sequences. However, most of these techniques require a camera calibration step, which is cumbersome and must be done for every new configuration. Additionally, these techniques fail to exploit the complementary information across these multiple datasets. We propose a data-driven solution to the problem by making use of the inherent similarity of temporal signatures of objects across video sequences. We introduce an effective solution for the detection of abandoned objects using this inherent diversity based on the transposed independent vector analysis (tIVA) model. By taking advantage of the similarity across multiple cameras, the new technique does not require any calibration and thus can be readily applied to any camera configuration. We demonstrate the superior performance of our technique over the single camera-based method using the PETS 2006 dataset.
IMPACTS OF THE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN ON SOLAR ECONOMICS

ABSTRACT The National Energy Plan (NEP) sets as a goal the use of solar energy in two and a half million homes in 1985. A key provision of the NEP (as well as congressional alternatives) provides for the subsidization of solar equipment. The extent to which these subsidies (income tax credits) might offset the impact of continued energy price control is examined. Regional prices and availability of conventional energy sources (oil, gas, and electricity) were compiled to obtain a current and consistent set of energy prices by state and energy type. These prices are converted into equivalent terms ($10 6 Btu) that account for combustion and heat generation efficiencies. Projections of conventional fuel price increases (or decreases) are made under both the NEP scenario and a projected scenario where all wellhead price controls are removed on natural gas and crude oil production. The economic feasibility (life cycle cost basis) of solar energy for residential space heating and domestic hot water is examined on a state-by-state basis. Solar system costs are developed for each state by fraction of Btu heating load provided. The total number of homes, projected energy savings, and sensitivity to heating loads, alternative energy costs and prices are included in the analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE.

The size, shape, position, and orientation of the tissues of the vertebrate eye relative to each other fall within the narrow geometric tolerances compatible with the optical function of this organ. During embryonic development the establishment and maintenance of appropriate relationships among the several ocular tissues remit from an orderly complex of specific interactions among the tissues. Each tissue may be studied as a source of influence on other tissues or, alternatively, as a target of influences arising from other tissues. This paper focuses attention on the lens. The lens may be considered as a target of influences which emanate from the eyecup and neural retina and which are involved in lens induction, lens fiber differentiation, lens suture orientation, lens growth, and the orientation of the lens relative to the optic axis. The lens, in its turn, is a source of influence in the induction of corneal anterior epithelium from ectoderm and in the control of the accumulation of the vitreous substance. The accumulation of vitreous substances importantly influences the size and shape of the pigmented epithelium, choroid coat, and sclera. The analysis of each tissue as both a source and a target of influences permits the construction of flow sheets of tissue interactions in the developing eye. These floio sheets provide a rational basis for understanding the teratology of this organ and represent causal chains which must connect at many points with events at the molecular and chromosomal levels.
Social Class Fragility and College Students’ Career Decision-Making at a Private University:

The present study examined the role of social class in the career decision-making of undergraduate students attending a private university. Grounded theory was used to describe the process of socia...
Cytology of Endometrial Cells and Lesions

Accurate diagnosis of endocervical preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions requires the ability to distinguish endocervical lesions from the spectrum of endometrial cells that can appear in cervical cytology samples. In this chapter cytologic features of benign, reactive, atypical, and malignant endometrial cells are discussed and illustrated.
Test of the antiorthostatic suspension model on mice - Effects on the inflammatory cell response

The antiorthostatic suspension model was tested for use as a 1G model to study the effects of factors that will be encountered during space travel on inflammation. No differences were found in inflammatory cells induced in antiorthostatically suspended mice. However, the superoxide response (used for oxidative killing of bacteria such as S. aureus) was impaired in antiorthostatically oriented mice compared to control mice. Elevated corticosterone levels were found in antiorthostatically suspended mice, indicating that stress may be a factor in the model. If the stress factor of the model correlates with the physiological stress of space flight, antiorthostatic suspension may be an acceptable model for studying inflammatory responses in mice.
Real-Time Measurement of Particulate Levels in Gases in a Production Diffusion Environment

It has been shown that the contamination levels of the process fluids have a direct impact on production yield and system performance. It has also been shown that filtration of such fluids can be an effective means of quality and performance improvements. However, no comprehensive study has been performed to characterize system performance and the extent of improvements for a properly maintained fluid distribution system.
Assessment of the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System for Thyroid Nodule Malignancy Risk Stratification in a Pediatric Population.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to assess the diagnostic performance of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) for malignancy risk in ped...
7 Personnel Selection and Employee Performance

Personnel selection is one of the cornerstones of I-O psychology. In the first edition of this volume in the Handbook of Psychology, Schmitt, Cortina, Ingerick, and Weichmann published a comprehensive review of the existing personnel selection literature. In this second edition update, which includes approximately 240 new references, we sought to achieve several goals. One was to integrate into the first edition model the variables and processes that have received recent attention. A second goal was to forecast the future by suggesting variables, processes, and issues that deserve attention over the next 10 years. Among the topics that we emphasize in the present chapter (as opposed to the previous version) are knowledge and skill predictors of contextual performance, personality predictors of performance, predictors of team performance, intraindividual variability, faking in personality assessment, implicit measurement, fairness, motivation, counterproductive work behaviors, withdrawal, citizenship, diversity, workplace safety, innovation, customer service, and expatriate/cross-cultural issues. Keywords: performance prediction; personnel selection; team performance; workplace issues
Slope efficiency of integrated external cavity hybrid lasers: A general model and analysis

The integrated tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) plays an important role in many emerging applications, such as LiDAR, integrated free-space optical communication, integrated nonlinear optics, quantum information processing, and data center optical interconnects. Based on the III-V/silicon or III-V/silicon nitride hybrid integration, chipscale tunable ECDL could achieve a broad wavelength tuning range (>100nm) and very narrow linewidth (<10kHz) with the help of micro-ring resonators. However, most hybridly integrated ECDLs exhibit a low slope efficiency (<0.1W/A), which severely limits the laser performance. We have developed a general numerical model for the hybrid laser and investigated several methods to improve its slope efficiency. We show that the slope efficiency of the hybrid laser can be efficiently increased by controlling the external cavity phase, improving the coupling between the laser chip and passive chip, using optimized anti-reflection and high reflection coatings, and reducing the laser intrinsic loss. We have also experimentally built an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) based hybrid laser and shown that the numerical simulation results match well with the experimental results.
Patent Licensing and Secondary Markets in the Nineteenth Century

The selling, buying and licensing of patents is controversial today. Inventors, companies, and universities who license their patents are labeled with the “patent troll” epithet, and academics, judges, lobbyists and others have decried this commercial activity as a new, harmful phenomenon. This historical claim, though, is profoundly mistaken. This essay contributes to the ongoing academic and policy debates by presenting new historical data and summarizing preexisting historical scholarship on the hoary practice in America’s innovation economy of both patent licensing and the buying and selling of patents in what economists call a “secondary market.” Famous inventors, such as Thomas Edison and Charles Goodyear, used this business model, as did many other inventors and companies. In sum, patent licensing and secondary markets have long been a key part of America’s innovation economy since the early nineteenth century.
Space-Time Parallel Cancellation Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing in Power Line Communications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission technique is an effective method to mitigate frequency selective multipath characteristic of PLC channel. It is used for data communication in Power Line systems. However, OFDM is susceptible to lack of orthogonality between its subcarriers. Inter-carrier interference (ICI) cancellation technique was introduced in wireless communication to address that issue. Parallel Cancellation (PC) scheme is one method proposed for mitigating ICI in wireless systems. In this paper, Space-Time Parallel Cancellation (STPC) with OFDM is applied to PLC. Linear time variant (LTV) 15-path PLC channel model is employed to investigate BER performance of the 2x1 and 2x2 ST-OFDM versus 2x2 STPC-OFDM systems in Additive Impulsive Gaussian Noise (AIGN) via computer simulations.
Preoperative imaging in staghorn calculi, planning and decision making in management of staghorn calculi.

Abstract Objective Staghorn calculi present a particular and challenging entity of stone morphology. Treatment is associated with lower stone-free rates and higher complication rates compared to non-staghorn stones. In this review we looked for the most relevant data on preoperative imaging and access planning to help decision making for percutaneous surgery with this complex condition. Methods We conducted a PubMed search of publications in the past 2 decades that include relevant information on the planning for management of staghorn stones. Non-contrast computerized tomography (NCCT) is indeed the standard imaging tool for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), additional tools such as (three-dimensional) computed tomography (CT) reconstruction of the staghorn calculus may help plan access in complex cases. Ultrasound guided percutaneous access may be considered for staghorn stones when planning upper pole access in kidney malposition or complex intrarenal anatomy or with complex body habitus. Wideband doppler ultrasound and real-time virtual sonography can assist. New technologies to improve kidney access such as Uro Dyna-CT or electromagnetic sensor have been reported, but have not shown utilization in staghorn cases. Staghorn morphometry-based prediction algorithms may predict the number of tract(s) and stage(s) for PCNL monotherapy. Lower pole access can be equally effective as upper pole when planning for staghorn and complex stones, with significantly less complications rate; Stone-Tract length-Obstruction-Number of involved calyces-Essence of stone density (STONE) nephrolithometry seems to be the best system to predict outcomes of PCNL in staghorn cases. There is a growing trend of endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS)in concordance with PCNL to treat larger stones. Conservative management of staghorn calculi is an undesired option, but can be an alternative for a carefully selected group of high-risk patients. Conclusion Staghorn stones may lead to deterioration of renal function and life-threatening urosepsis. This entity should be managed aggressively with planning ahead for surgery using the different tools available as the cornerstone for a successful outcome.
The Value Potential of New Business Models

One attempt to regain the ground that strategy has recently lost, which was described in the first article, has been the introduction of “business models” as the precursor to competitive positioning within an industry. Understanding a business model provides a shorthand description of how value is created - although the business model, by itself, does not determine how profitable it will be for any firm: for that we need to examine the complete strategy landscape.
Comparison of Outcomes Post Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (ASCT) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM) Based on Dosage of Melphalan (mel) As Part of Conditioning Therapy: Single Institutional Experience of a Large Study Group

Introduction High dose chemotherapy followed by ASCT is the standard of care in the treatment of eligible patients with MM. Melphalan has been the drug of choice for conditioning therapy at a dose of 200 mg/m2 (mel 200). However, for elderly patients (older than 65 years) and renal dysfunction (serum creatinine>2), a reduced dose of 140 mg/m2 (mel 140) is commonly used based on a prior retrospective study. We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing the outcomes of patients with MM who underwent ASCT at our institution at the standard dose of melphalan versus reduced dose. Objectives 1) Compare efficacy of melphalan 200mg/m2 versus 140mg/m2 for ASCT in MM. 2) Assess impact of age and renal dysfunction on the outcome in MM. 3) Compare the clinical characteristics of patients who underwent ASCT. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 1002 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed MM who underwent ASCT at The Ohio State University between 1992 through 2016. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, disease characteristics, therapy received, dose of melphalan conditioning and clinical outcomes. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined from time of transplantation to disease progression or death, censoring those alive without progression at the last contact. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the time of transplantation to death, censoring those alive at last contact. PFS and OS were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank tests were used to compare PFS and OS between the groups, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR). Results 946 patients received high dose melphalan conditioning prior to ASCT, of which 807 patients received mel 200 while 126 patients received mel 140. Thirteen patients were excluded due to alternate dosing. Around 16% of patients in the mel 200 group were older than 65 years compared to 42.1% in the mel 140 group. More patients in the mel 140 group had ISS stage 3 MM compared to mel 200 (64.7% vs 24.6%). Renal dysfunction was seen in 69.8% of patients in the mel 140 group while 15.5% had it in the mel 200 group. PFS of patients who received mel 140 was not inferior to those who received mel 200 (p=0.29, figure 1). Overall survival of patients who received mel 200 was better than those who got mel 140 by univariate analysis (p=0.048, figure 1). However, after adjusting for age, ISS staging and renal dysfunction, the difference in OS was not significant. Conclusion Patients who got mel 140 did no worse than those who received mel 200 in terms of disease outcome as assessed by PFS and OS.
Old Hickory's Violent Past Medical History.

The past medical history (PMH) of Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) reflects one of the emblematic nicknames in Americana, “Old Hickory.” As a 14-year-old Rebel volunteer in the Revolutionary War, he surv...
Association Between the Functional miR-146a SNP rs2910164 and Risk of Digestive System Cancer: Updated Meta-analysis.

Background/aim Previous association studies have linked the functional miR-146a SNP rs2910164 with risk of digestive system cancer; however, the results of these studies are inconclusive and inconsistent. The objective of the following study is to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive meta-analysis of the association of miR-146a rs2910164 and digestive system cancer risk. Patients and methods We searched the PUBMED/MEDLINE and Cochrane/EBM databases. The following inclusion criteria were used for the study selection: i) Case-control studies; ii) studies with reported allelic frequency/genotype data; and iii) studies with reported association with risk of a digestive system cancer. The following exclusion criteria were used: Review article, meta-analysis, case report and case series; studies evaluating relationships of miR-146a rs2910164 with outcomes other than cancer incidence, such as cancer morbidity or mortality. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and publication bias assessed graphically and numerically using Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test and rank test. Outcome measure was the pooled odds ratios under the allelic frequency, dominant, recessive, and over-dominant models. Subgroup analysis was conducted for country of study origin. Results No association of miR-146a rs2910164 with overall risk of digestive system cancer was identified. However, subgroup analysis showed an association with overall risk in the European population in the over-dominant model. Furthermore, miR-146a rs2910164 was associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer in the dominant model (pooled odds ratio=0.91, 95% confidence intervaI=0.83-0.99), increased risk of colorectal cancer under the recessive model and reduced risk of colorectal cancer under the over-dominant model in the European population. No significant within-study or publication biases were detected. Conclusion miR-146a rs2910164 was not associated with overall risk of digestive system neoplasms. However, the GG genotype and the CC genotype may be linked to higher risk of gastric cancer and colorectal cancer, respectively; and the CG genotype may be protective against digestive system neoplasms overall in the European population, especially for colorectal cancer.
Decision-Making in Financial Markets

Finance does not represent the desirability of a gamble in terms of a score on a unidimensional scale, but rather in terms of the trade-off or conflict between various statistical features of the payoff. The approach facilitates computations and dramatically simplifies learning. In addition, because it often changes erratically in a financial context, prediction risk is central to finance. Evidence is reviewed here that suggests that the brain analyzes gambles in terms of the statistical language of finance, and that the brain tracks prediction risk like in finance, using prediction risk estimates to optimally update predictions.