cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IHI ID 12 Patient ratings of discharge information and care transition in HCAHPS survey predict 30-day CABG mortality and readmissions

Background Improved discharge planning has been implicated in reducing post-operative complications. Readmissions and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are two procedure-specific complications Medicare publicly reports. While patient assessments of discharge planning within Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys factor into Medicare hospital reimbursement, their association with outcomes after CABG is unknown. Objectives We evaluated relationships between HCAHPS patient ratings of care transition and discharge information on 30 day CABG readmissions and mortality. Methods Data were extracted from Medicare Hospital Compare (July 2018). Pearson and partial correlations measured associations between HCAHPS ratings (percent top-box responses) and morbidity-adjusted CABG mortality and readmissions, controlling for procedure volume. Independent t-tests compared complication rates between hospitals scoring in the top and bottom half on discharge planning ratings. Results Our analysis included 1017 hospitals with available CABG data. Adjusted for procedure volume, discharge information and care transition ratings negatively correlated with 30 day readmissions (r=−0.24, p Conclusions HCAHPS discharge information and care transition ratings have significant inverse relationships with 30 day CABG mortality and readmissions, even after adjusting for morbidity and volume. Our analysis suggests health literacy at discharge serves as an important benchmark in improving surgical outcomes.
Crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 follistatin domain reveals insight into how it inhibits growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and GDF11

Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8; also known as myostatin) and GDF11 are closely related members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family. GDF8 strongly and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth, and GDF11 has been implicated in various age-related pathologies such as cardiac hypertrophy. GDF8 and GDF11 signaling activities are controlled by the extracellular protein antagonists follistatin; follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3); and WAP, follistatin/kazal, immunoglobulin, Kunitz, and netrin domain–containing (WFIKKN). All of these proteins contain a follistatin domain (FSD) important for ligand binding and antagonism. Here, we investigated the structure and function of the FSD from murine WFIKKN2 and compared it with the FSDs of follistatin and FSTL3. Using native gel shift and surface plasmon resonance analyses, we determined that the WFIKKN2 FSD can interact with both GDF8 and GDF11 and block their interactions with the type II receptor activin A receptor type 2B (ActRIIB). Further, we solved the crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 FSD to 1.39 Å resolution and identified surface-exposed residues that, when substituted with alanine, reduce antagonism of GDF8 in full-length WFIKKN2. Comparison of the WFIKKN2 FSD with those of follistatin and FSTL3 revealed differences in both the FSD structure and position of residues within the domain that are important for ligand antagonism. Taken together, our results indicate that both WFIKKN and follistatin utilize their FSDs to block the type II receptor but do so via different binding interactions.
Miniaturization and batch fabrication of two-axis water-immersible scanning mirrors

This paper reports a new micromachined two-axis water-immersible micro scanning mirror using BoPET (biaxiallyoriented polyethylene terephthalate) hinges. A new fabrication process based on lithography, wafer-bonding, and reactive ion etching on a hybrid silicon-polymer substrate was developed to enable high-resolution patterning, miniaturization and also batch fabrication capability. For demonstration, a prototype scanning mirror was designed, fabricated and tested. Its overall size was reduced to 5×5×5 mm3, which is comparable to that of a typical siliconbased micro scanning mirror. The testing results show good raster scanning performance. This approach could enable the miniaturization and batch fabrication of water-immersible scanning mirrors for different scanning optical and acoustic imaging applications in liquid environments.
The MSM (Non)Identity: Toward Understanding Sexual Behavior and Identity in Health Research and Practice with Straight Men Under the Umbrella

Men who have sex with men (MSM) that identify as straight/heterosexual are frequently grouped into a general and indiscriminant category based solely on their sexual behavior. Though from a purely epidemiological view such an approach may be justified, it strips cultural context from these men’s risky sexual behavior. Simultaneously and conversely, clinical professionals may be underestimating the importance of screening for risky behavior among men who report an ostensibly less-than-risky identity. The present article discusses literature on sexual identity and sexual behavior as it pertains to straight-identifying MSM. Themes of wholistic sexuality and social determinants of health are presented as considerable adjuncts to present conceptualizations of the lived experiences of these men. Recommendations are provided for public health researchers and for health clinicians to better integrate the understanding of identity, behavior, and their intersection.
Impact of Donor Brain Death Duration on Outcomes After Lung Transplantation

Background Donor brain death duration (BDD) may impact posttransplant graft function and survival in lung transplant. Methods We queried the 2007 to 2018 United Network for Organ Sharing Registry for adult recipients undergoing first-time isolated lung transplant. Cox proportional hazard modeling with splines enabled identification of 3 donor brain death intervals for subsequent analysis: short ( 60 hours). The primary outcome was posttransplant survival. Results In total, 19,721 donors and recipients met inclusion criteria. Median time from donor brain death until cross-clamp was 36.6 hours (interquartile range, 19.5). Unadjusted overall survival between cohorts was equivalent (log-rank P = .42); however, longer BDD was associated with improved bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS)-free survival (log-rank P .05). Similarly, logistic regression did not identify an independent association between BDD and primary graft dysfunction (P > .05). Increased BDD was, however, associated with a decreased risk of acute rejection (long vs reference; adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.94) and improved BOS-free survival (long vs reference; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.96). Conclusions Donor BDD is not associated with posttransplant survival or primary graft dysfunction. Long donor BDD, however, is associated with a decreased risk for acute rejection and improved BOS-free survival. Therefore, lung allografts from donors with a prolonged length of time from brain death until explant should not be viewed less favorably by donor selection centers.
Hygrothermal conditioning of wet-layup CFRP-concrete adhesive joints modified with silane coupling agent and core-shell rubber nanoparticles

Abstract The adhesive bond between externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) repairs and the concrete substrate can significantly deteriorate under hygrothermal conditions. The present study evaluated the epoxy adhesive toughening with core–shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles and concrete surface functionalization with an epoxy-functional silane coupling agent as a means of improving the bond durability under hygrothermal exposure. To determine the effect of environmental degradation, beam bond test specimens were subjected to control conditions (standard laboratory conditions: 23 ± 2 °C and RH 50 ± 10%) and a hygrothermal accelerated conditioning protocol (ACP) (water immersion at 45 ± 1 °C) for 8 weeks. Bond test results indicate that CSR toughening and silane coupling agent can improve FRP-concrete adhesive bond strength retention following accelerated conditioning by up to 15% over that of neat epoxy. Following accelerated conditioning, CFRP coupons prepared with CSR-modified epoxy retain their mechanical properties, while the CFRP prepared with the neat epoxy exhibited a significant reduction in strength (40%) and elongation (54%). CSR nanoparticles demonstrated good compatibility with the base epoxy resin, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) glass transition temperature measurements.
Lessons From the Long and Winding Road to Medicare for All.

Recently there has been a surge in political attention to Medicare for all, the latest chapter in a long history of conflict over national health insurance in the United States. This essay places t...
Recontacting patients for multigene panel testing in hereditary cancer: Efficacy and insights.

In hereditary cancer, multigene panel testing is currently replacing older single-gene approaches. Patients whose tests were previously uninformative could benefit from updated testing. Research suggests that patients desire to be recontacted about updated genetic testing, but few studies have tested the efficacy of recontact efforts. This study investigated the outcomes of a recontact effort in a hereditary cancer clinic and explored the impact of four different recontact letters, randomized in a 2X2 factorial design. Patients who had negative genetic testing for single genes or conditions were mailed letters inviting them to schedule an appointment to discuss updated testing. Patients were randomized to receive one of four letters and each letter emphasized different implications of updated multigene genetic testing: (a) personal medical management implications, (b) implications for family members, (c) both personal and family implications or (d) a control letter. The proportion of patients who arrived for appointments was assessed approximately 7 months after mailing along with associations with patient demographics and type of letter received. Letters were mailed to 586 patients who had initial testing between 2001 and 2015. Most patients were white (78%) and female (97%) with private insurance (65%). At 7 months, 25 patients (4.3%, 95% CI: 2.6% to 5.9%) had arrived for an appointment. Older age was significantly associated with response rate (p = .01), while type of recontact letter was not (p = .54). This study suggests that recontacting patients about updated genetic testing by mail does not yield a large response. It also suggests that personal and/or familial implications do not seem to be significant factors that determine response rate. Nevertheless, results provide meaningful information for cancer clinics about the outcomes of recontact efforts via informational letter.
Urinary Markers of Mast Cell Disease and Their Role in Diagnosis and Management

A clinical laboratory’s ability to routinely measure products resulting from increased number of mast cells or from degranulation by mast cells is severely limited. Although measured excessive levels of histamine, prostaglandin, and leukotriene metabolites are not currently included among the criteria for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis, the ability to quantitate mast cell mediator metabolites can substantiate the presence of excessive numbers of these cells and support the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis. Moreover, when samples are obtained contemporaneously to acute symptoms of mast cell activation, increased levels of these metabolites above baseline serve to corroborate mast cell contribution to clinical symptoms. Noninvasive urine specimens easily obtained from the patient at the time of presenting symptoms can be used to simultaneously measure metabolites from histamine, prostaglandin, and leukotriene pathways. These results can subsequently provide evidence-based targets for medication treatment to prevent symptomatic re-occurrence.
Submodular Point Processes with Applications to Machine Learning

We introduce a class of discrete point processes that we call the Submodular Point Processes (SPPs). These processes are characterized via a submodular (or supermodular) function, and naturally model notions of information, coverage and diversity, as well as cooperation. Unlike Log-submodular and Log-supermodular distributions (Log-SPPs) such as determinantal point processes (DPPs), SPPs are themselves submodular (or supermodular). In this paper, we analyze the computational complexity of probabilistic inference in SPPs. We show that computing the partition function for SPPs (and Log-SPPs), requires exponential complexity in the worst case, and also provide algorithms which approximate SPPs up to polynomial factors. Moreover, for several subclasses of interesting submodular functions that occur in applications, we show how we can provide ecient closed form expressions for the partition functions, and thereby marginals and conditional distributions. We also show how SPPs are closed under mixtures, thus enabling maximum likelihood based strategies for learning mixtures of submodular functions. Finally, we argue how SPPs complement existing LogSPP distributions, and are a natural model for several applications.
Barrier-intrinsic-N + (BIN) diodes for near-millimeter wave generation

A novel class of structures which exhibit a highly nonlinear capacitance-voltage characteristic is introduced for application in the near-millimeter wave region.
Disclosure to friends or family and consequences after interpersonal violence: intersections of sexual identity and race

This study’s purpose was to examine whether disclosures to friends or family post-victimization was associated with emotional and academic consequences (e.g. feeling detached from others, getting w...
Social-psychological correlates of personal-sphere and diffusion behavior for wildscape gardening

Abstract Achieving conservation outcomes requires concerted engagement from many people across diverse societies. However, many conservation practitioners struggle to engage new audiences. Research suggests one effective strategy to reach nonengaged individuals is to encourage interested conservation actors to share information, provide resources and assistance, and organize local events to recruit others; we call these “diffusion behaviors.” Previous studies suggest few conservation actors who engage in personal-sphere PEB also engage in diffusion PEB, potentially because these behaviors have unique barriers which have yet to be identified. We investigated if there are different psychosocial drivers of diffusion and personal-sphere PEB by surveying residents in Colorado, USA about their personal-sphere wildscape behaviors (e.g. planting native plants) and diffusion wildscape behaviors (e.g. helping a friend plant native plants). Including diffusion-specific psychosocial variables led to better predictions of both personal-sphere and diffusion PEB. Diffusion-specific self-efficacy, social and environmental response efficacy, and reputational concerns about perceived competence were significant predictors of diffusion behavior. Diffusion-specific environmental response efficacy and injunctive norms enforced through sanctioning significantly predicted personal-sphere behavior. Personal-sphere self-efficacy and dynamic norm beliefs predicted both behavior types. Our findings suggest that research should consider personal-sphere and diffusion PEB as distinct domains and should investigate the power of diffusion-specific perceptions. Conservation outreach programs seeking to encourage diffusion of PEB may benefit from designing programming to try to change these perceptions.
Assessing febrile neutropenia outcomes in patients receiving primary versus secondary prophylactic G-CSF treatment therapy with intermediate neutropenic risk chemotherapy regimens.

BACKGROUND Prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) reduce the severity and duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Currently, the use of G-CSF prophylactic treatment to prevent neutropenia and its complications varies widely in clinical practice with no standardization for intermediate-risk chemotherapy regimens. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess neutropenic outcomes in patients receiving intermediate-risk chemotherapy regimens who receive primary versus secondary prophylactic G-CSFs. Methods: This is a retrospective, multicenter cohort study of patients who received intermediate risk chemotherapy regimens and at least one dose of G-CSF therapy. 121 patients were included and were divided into primary (n = 76) or secondary prophylaxis (n = 45) groups. The primary outcome for this study was the incidence of neutropenic episodes per course of treatment. The secondary outcomes included the percentage of patients who experienced delays in chemotherapy doses, the number of chemotherapy dose reductions, and the number of subsequent treatment delays. Results: The incidence of neutropenic episodes over the course of therapy was 0.42 episodes in the primary group compared to 1.52 episodes in the secondary group (p < 0.05). 10.5% of patients in the primary group versus 54.3% of patients in the secondary group experienced chemotherapy dose delays (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in chemotherapy dose reductions or in the average number of FN risk factors between groups. Conclusion: This retrospective, cohort study determined that patients receiving intermediate risk chemotherapy regimens should receive primary prophylaxis, regardless of risk factors in order to decrease episodes of neutropenia and chemotherapy dose delays.
EQUIPMENT FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENT

The role of the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project is historic in the studies of (1) The equipment for measurement and analysis of sediment discharge; (2) the mechanics of sediment transportation; and (3) the design and development of improved equipment for the measurement and analysis of fluvial sediment discharge. The article presents the titles of the 14 reports published as a part of the project activity that cover the studies of equipment used prior to 1940 and the design and development of new equipment. Mention is made that the requirement of Environmental Impact Statements for proposed water-related project has emphasized the need for the measurement of both suspended and bedload. Information on equipment furnished to Federal agencies and photographs of major equipment now in current use together with current studies now in progress is also outlined. /ASCE/
Androgen receptors and androgen-dependent initiation of protein synthesis in the prostate.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the androgen receptors and androgen-dependent initiation of protein synthesis in the prostate. The cytosol fraction of ventral prostate contains at least two proteins that bind DHT preferentially over other natural steroid hormones. The low-affinity protein also binds estradiol but not cortisol. These two types of complexes can be separated easily by ammonium sulfate fractionation or by Sephadex gel chromatographic techniques. The prostate cell nuclei of castrated rats contain very few proteins that can bind steroid hormones specifically and tightly. A DHT–protein complex can be detected in the cell nuclei shortly after testosterone or DHT is injected into the castrated rats. The DHT-dependent translocation of the cytoplasmic receptor protein to the prostate cell nuclei is temperature dependent. The prostate ribosomes isolated from androgen-injected rats have higher protein-synthesizing activity than those from the control castrates. This effect can be attributed to the androgen-dependent increase in the mRNA content of the ribosomal fractions.
The non-existence of desarguesian -parallelisms, an odd prime

In this article, it is shown that when is a prime, partial Desarguesian -parallelisms in of -spreads are equivalent totranslation nets of order and degree . Thus, abound is established for the \ number of -spreads in partial Desarguesian -parallelisms, when is an odd prime. This also shows that therecannot be Desarguesian -parallelisms when is an odd prime.
Psychological Implications of Breast-Feeding for the Mother

In this chapter, we explore the psychological factors that confront women as they decide how they will feed their infants, as well as the emotional issues that surround the experience of breast-feeding. We view motherhood as a developmental stage that provides a woman the opportunity to master issues in her own development at the same time that she is nurturing her infant. We will review the research literature on attitudes of breast- and bottle-feeding mothers, mother—infant attachment, and support systems for nursing women, and explore the literature on the interaction of emotion and neurohormonal processes in lactation.
How to Use This Book

Our goal is to make evidence-based medicine—even with its heavy reliance on data, statistics, and analyses of clinical trials—as straightforward as possible for the average busy clinician or trainee. Therefore, we provide concise, consistently formatted synopses to maximize rapid accessibility of our systematic reviews. This format usually takes the form of a two-part layout: 1) The first part of this layout consists of a concise text explanation (usually 1–2 pages) that describes the data that is relevant to each clinical question. Within this description, there are three sections that describe: a) the methods of the systematic review, b) the results, and c) the clinical significance and suggested future reach directions. A summary statement begins each section on, the clinical significance and future research. 2) The second part of this layout consists of tables that break down and highlight the key points of the relevant studies. The length of the data in tabular format depends on the number of studies that are relevant to each review.
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference

It is a great pleasure to welcome you to the 48th edition of the Design Automation Conference in San Diego. In the age of web-conferencing DAC is changing its format to provide the maximum opportunity for multi-way interaction at the conference. In addition to the kickoff reception on Sunday, DAC will feature a reception at the end of each day to stimulate intermingling of all DAC participants from the exhibit floor to the technical sessions. In the technical program, all paper presentations are shortened and immediately followed by a poster session where a dialogue can take place between the author and the audience. At the Wednesday reception the Work In Progress (WIP) session will take place. This new initiative will provide a forum for new ideas, not yet fully ready for a publication, to be exchanged with other experts in the field.
Temperature-sensitive conditional-lethal mutants of reovirus 3. I. Isolation and characterization.

Abstract Six temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus 3 have been identified among 162 plaque isolates tested. Two of these ts mutants arose spontaneously, two from virus exposed to nitrous acid, and two from virus grown in the presence of 5-fluorouracil. Optimal temperature of growth for four of the ts mutants was 30°, and for two was 33°. The optimal temperature for growth of wild-type virus, 37°, was nonpermissive for all of the six ts mutants. The temperature sensitivity was found not due to inactivation at 37° of the ts mutant virus particles, but was due to some temperature-sensitive step occurring late in viral growth. On the basis of differential thermosensitivity at 52°, the ratio of infectivity to hemagglutinating activity, and responses in temperature-shift experiments, the six ts mutants have been classified in two groups.
Process knowledge transfer: a unique media-based training program at Intel

The authors describe the development and proliferation of a complete process training program that was implemented at Intel during process transfers. Since 1983, ten programs have been developed, with each successive program refined on the basis of experience. The process training program is now the primary means of knowledge transfer from technology development to manufacturing. Its design includes a slide/tape or video section, a study session, and a lecture class; learning is facilitated and enhanced with visual aids, including three-dimensional models generated with advanced computer-aided tools. Pre- and post-test results indicate that knowledge has at least doubled for most groups. The program has been well received at Intel and is used at both its domestic and international sites, where more than 4000 employees have been trained. >
Murder and capital punishment: some further evidence.

The literature relating homicide and capital punishment is reviewed briefly. Despite the "presumed conclusiveness" of the evidence against the death penalty, most studies are shown to suffer from a number of theoretical and methodological shortcomings. To provide a more theoretically sound and comprehensive examination of the question, this paper analyzes alternative data for first and second degree murder and homicide in death penalty and abolition states. Results are essentially consistent with those of earlier investigations. Language: en
Contribución del pensamiento amerindio a una cosmopolítica americana

El extractivismo como proceso de saqueo irreparable de la naturaleza ha llegado a sus limites. El pensamiento animista amerindio, en especial amazonico, postula ontologias de la actividad vital colectiva que ofrecen alternativas a la ley del valor y a sus corolarios del productivismo y la acumulacion infinita, consustanciales a la civilizacion moderno-capiltalista.
Assessment of management and basic beef quality assurance practices on Idaho dairies

In 2004 a mail-in survey was conducted to establish a baseline level of awareness and knowledge related to dairy beef quality assurance (BQA) issues in Idaho. A 30-question survey was mailed to every (n = 736) registered Idaho dairy. Two-hundred seventy-three (37%) dairies participated and were categorized as small (n 1,000 cows; 19.4%). The majority of respondents were dairy owners (83%). Eighty-nine percent of respondents indicated they followed BQA recommendations for animal care. The neck region in cows was used by 68% of respondents for i.m. injections and by 80% for s.c. injections. In calves, the values were 61 and 78%, respectively. Seventy-four percent of respondents indicated they had been trained for injections. Training methods cited included veterinarians (19.8%), dairy owners (16.8%), experience (9.9%), and BQA events or schools (4.5%). The importance of BQA in the dairy industry was rated 2.6 on a 5-point scale (0 = low; 4 = high). Participants rated the effect of dairy animals on the beef industry at 2.5. Plastic ear tags were the preferred method of animal identification, with 100% of large dairies, 97.3% of medium-sized dairies, and 84% of small dairies citing their use. Less than 10% used electronic identification for their animals. Almost half (48%) of large and medium-sized (49%) dairies and 32% of small dairies supported a national animal identification program. A mandatory identification program was supported by 41, 69, and 59% for small, medium-sized, and large dairies, respectively. The percentage of dairies keeping records was similar between small (93%), medium-sized (99%), and large (100%) dairies. Most small dairies (58%) used some form of paper records, whereas most medium-sized (85%) and large (100%) dairies used computers for record keeping. The preferred method to market cull cows by Idaho dairies was the auction market (64%), followed by order buyers (17%), direct to the packer (17%), private treaty sales (16%), and forward contracts (1%). To market calves, dairies used private treaty sales (52%), auction markets (42%), order buyers (14%), and forward contracts (1%). The results of this study will be used by University of Idaho Extension faculty in the design, development, and delivery of dairy BQA program information and materials.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Acute Inflammatory polyneuropathies are an important group of neuromuscular disorders and are referred to collectively as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Our knowledge regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis and management continues to expand, resulting in improved opportunities for identification and treatment. These autoimmune processes cause neuropathy by affecting various structures (myelin or axons), at different locations (nerve root, nerve cell bodies or peripheral nerve) with a variety of patterns. Most clinical neurologists will be involved in the management of patients with these disorders, and there are now a variety of reasonable therapies available for acquired demyelinating neuropathies. In this report, we review the distinctive clinical, laboratory and electro-diagnostic features that aid in their diagnosis, with emphasis on clinical characteristics that are of paramount importance in diagnosing specific conditions and determining the most appropriate therapies, and helpful in determining long-term prognosis.
Design and Implementation of an Emergency Response Team in the Ambulatory Setting

Abstract The advances in care delivery in the ambulatory setting have created the need for emergency interventions prior to the arrival of any organized medical responders such as local EMS providers. This session included the identification of the need for a response team and the process of securing administrative support for such a program. The development and implementation of the emergency response team were outlined, along with the necessary tools for a successful program. The regulatory aspects, both federal and local, that must be considered in the development of the response team were explored.
SPLENECTOMY IN BILE FISTULA DOGS BILE PIGMENT OVERPRODUCTION, ANEMIA AND INTOXICATION

A splenectomized dog can be kept anemic for months or years in perfectly good condition. A renal bile fistula dog on a suitable diet can be kept in perfect health and activity with normal weight for years. When we combine splenectomy and the bile fistula, after a latent period, we invariably observe a striking reaction with enormous over-production of bile pigment, a definite anemia and finally death from anemia or tissue hemorrhage. The spleen is essential for life in the bile fistula animal and this suggests some contribution from the spleen to body internal metabolism. The spleen and bile together are essential for the normal metabolism of pigment. The bile salts are suspected of playing some obscure role in this reaction. It seems difficult to explain all this great excess of bile pigment as coming from hemoglobin built up from the usual diet factors which in these experiments are well standardized. It is suggested that the body can synthesize the pyrrol aggregate (four pyrrol rings). There is some evidence that the liver can build up bile pigment direct from "building stones." It seems necessary to postulate one or the other mechanism and they do not seem unlike in the final analysis as both bile pigment and the pyrrol aggregate contain four pyrrol rings. Possibly both reactions may take place under these conditions.
Adaptive inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease

A significant obstacle to the efficacy of drugs directed against viral targets is the presence of amino acid polymorphisms in the targeted molecules. Amino acid polymorphisms may occur naturally due to the existence of variations within and between viral strains or as the result of mutations associated with drug resistance. An ideal drug will be one that is extremely effective against a primary target and maintains its effectiveness against the most important variations of the target molecule. A drug that simultaneously inhibits different variants of the target will lead to a faster suppression of the virus, retard the appearance of drug-resistant mutants and provide more efficacious and, in the long range, more affordable therapies. Drug molecules with the ability to inhibit several variants of a target with high affinity have been termed adaptive drugs (Nat. Biotechnol. 20 (2002) 15; Biochemistry 42 (2003) 8459; J. Cell. Biochem. S37 (2001) 82). Current drug design paradigms are predicated upon the lock-and-key hypothesis, which emphasizes shape complementarity as a way to attain specificity and improved binding affinity. Shape complementarity is accomplished by the introduction of conformational constraints in the drug molecule. While highly constrained molecules do well against a unique target, they lack the ability to adapt to target variations like those originating from naturally occurring polymorphisms or drug-resistant mutations. Targeting an array of closely related targets rather than a single one while still maintaining selectivity, requires a different approach. A plausible strategy for designing high affinity adaptive inhibitors is to engineer their most critical interactions (for affinity and specificity) with conserved regions of the target while allowing for adaptability through the introduction of flexible asymmetric functionalities in places facing variable regions of the target. The fundamental thermodynamics and structural principles associated with this approach are discussed in this chapter.
Planning a cost-effective cellular manufacturing process—a case study

Abstract The drive key is one of the most important high-precision components of aircraft braking systems. In this paper, a cost-effective drive key manufacturing process is developed. This proposed manufacturing process makes use of near net shape manufacturing, CNC machining, and cellular manufacturing methods. To make the proposed process a reality, proper engineering changes of the parts along with group technology are applied to the product design, in conjunction with the pro posed manufacturing methods. In addition, a general spread sheet program is developed for each style of fixture module to assist in part program coding. Moreover, statistical process control (SPC) is implemented to verify product quality and accept the product at the point of manufacture. It is observed that the implementation of the proposed drive key cellular manufacturing process results in a tremendous improvement in quality, throughput and productivity as well as a drastic reduction in manufacturing operations, workholding ...
Managerial Networking Issues of Measurement and Research Design

The study of networks is a growth area in public management. This article argues that small studies of networks need to be supplemented with large n studies that permit one to include more theoretically relevant control variables and to deal with issues of causality. Using survey data from several hundred agency heads, this article presents a reliable measure of management network activities that has demonstrated substantial empirical import. If the right network nodes are selected, contact information on only a limited number of nodes is needed. Who initiates contacts within the network is also shown to be important.
A combined single sideband hybrid AM-PM signal

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Charge storage in flower-like ZnS electrochemically deposited on TiO2 nanotube

Abstract A composite electrode comprising of flower-like zinc sulfide/titania nanotube has been synthesized through an electrodeposition technique for supercapacitor application. The morphology and phase evolution of the electrode were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The cyclic voltammetry studies of the electrode indicated that a high specific capacitance (226 F g−1) can be achieved in the electrode together with high stability during large charging conditions.
Distributed speculative execution for reliability and fault tolerance: an operational semantics

This paper examines the use of speculations, a form of distributed transactions, for improving the reliability and fault tolerance of distributed systems. A speculation is defined as a computation that is based on an assumption that is not validated before the computation is started. If the assumption is later found to be false, the computation is aborted and the state of the program is rolled back; if the assumption is found to be true, the results of the computation are committed. The primary difference between a speculation and a transaction is that a speculation is not isolated—for example, a speculative computation may send and receive messages, and it may modify shared objects. As a result, processes that share those objects may be absorbed into a speculation. We present a syntax, and an operational semantics in two forms. The first one is a speculative model, which takes full advantage of the speculative features. The second one is a nonspeculative, nondeterministic model, where aborts are treated as failures. We prove the equivalence of the two models, demonstrating that speculative execution is equivalent to failure-free computation.
The Work of Art

This essay considers the significance of numerous story forms for engaged communication scholarship. I demonstrate the value of creative analytic practices in two interwoven ways. To begin, I draw on the work of John Dewey to position interpretive inquiry as the work of art. Meanwhile, I reflect on my experiences co-producing an ethnographic documentary on pediatric cancer care to illustrate the methodological strengths of audio-visual storytelling. The essay closes with a call to broaden interpretive inquiry to include more tangible sounds and visions in our attempts to understand all-too-human predicaments.
Cytoplasmic localization of transcripts of a complex G+C-rich crab satellite DNA

The primary sequence and higher order structures of a G+C-rich satellite DNA of the Bermuda land crab Gecarcinus lateralis have been described previously. The repeat unit of the satellite is approximately 2.1 kb. In exploring a possible function for this satellite, we asked whether it is transcribed. As a probe for transcripts, we used a segment of DNA amplified from a 368 bp EcoRI fragment from the very highly conserved 3′ end of the satellite DNA. During polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, the probe was simultaneously either radiolabeled or biotinylated. Tissue- and stage-specific transcripts were observed when blots of poly(A)+ mRNAs recovered from polysomes isolated from crab tissues [including midgut gland (hepatopancreas), limb bud, and claw muscle] were probed with the satellite DNA fragment. The presence of satellite transcripts in polysomal mRNAs is strong evidence that the transcripts had reached the cytoplasm. To corroborate the presence of transcripts in the cytoplasm, we investigated in situ hybridization of satellite probes with RNAs in tissue sections. Biotinylated satellite DNA probes were applied to sections of midgut gland, limb bud papilla, ovary, or testis of anecdysial crabs. Retention of RNAs in tissue sections was improved by UV-irradiation prior to hybridization. Transcripts were abundant in the cytoplasm of all tissues except testis. Sections of crab midgut gland treated with RNase A prior to hybridization and sections of mouse pancreatic tumor served as controls; neither showed any signals with the probe.
Factor payments, resource‐based bargaining, and the creation of firm wealth in technology‐based ventures

A central tenet of resource-based logic is that undervalued resources utilized by firms organized to exploit them will produce superior economic performance over the long run. Yet when young technology-based ventures pursuing new opportunities do not possess full property over these resources, input providers retain the right to bid up factor prices to match each resource's marginal productivity. In response to these limitations in extant resource-based logic, we apply and extend Lippman and Rumelt's full payments and bargaining perspectives and propose an alternative method by which entrepreneurs can generate firm wealth through the unique bundling of cospecialized resources. Both theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed as well. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
General Image-Quality Equation: GIQE

A regression-based model was developed relating aerial image quality, expressed in terms of the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS), to fundamental image attributes. The General Image-Quality Equation (GIQE) treats three main attributes: scale, expressed as the ground-sampled distance; sharpness, measured from the system modulation transfer function; and the signal-to-noise ratio. The GIQE can be applied to any visible sensor and predicts NIIRS ratings with a standard error of 0.3 NIIRS. The image attributes treated by the GIQE are influenced by system design and operation parameters. The GIQE allows system designers and operators to perform trade-offs for the optimization of image quality.
Active length-tension relation and the effect of muscle pinnation on fiber lengthening

The active length-tension relation was determined for the left digastric muscle of seven New Zealand White rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital. Measurements of muscle length and fiber architecture were made from photographs of resting and actively contracting muscle. There was a marked difference between length-tension curves based upon resting as compared to active muscle length. The active length-tension relation had a longer descending limb than ascending limb, whereas the length-tension relation based on passive muscle length tended to be symmetrical around optimum length. On the average, muscle fibers lengthened 0.77 mm for each 1 mm of extension of the muscle belly. Since the rabbit digastric muscle is unipinnate, this suggests that pinnation serves to enhance the range of muscle excursion in this muscle.
Nonplanar interface morphologies during unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy

Abstract During directional solidification of a binary alloy, a planar solid-liquid interface may become unstable and develop into a cellular non-planar interface, exhibiting periodic structure transverse to the growth direction. Steady state two-dimensional temperature, solute concentration, and interface shapes are calculated numerically and the solute inhomogeneity (microsegregation) in the solidified material obtained. Specific results are presented for an aluminum alloy containing silver for solidification velocities of 0.01 and 1.0 cm/s, which correspond to the constitutional supercooling and absolute stability regimes, respectively.
The absolute concentration of OH(X²π) in the Earth's stratosphere

The letter reports two recent in-situ measurements of OH in the stratosphere between altitudes of 29 and 43 km using a resonance fluorescence technique that was previously employed for the measurement of ground-state atomic oxygen. The experimental technique is described in detail along with the photon detector and the absolute-calibration procedure. The results are found to indicate OH concentrations that approach the maximum predicted by current stratospheric photochemical theory.
Accelerated Angina Pectoris: Clinical, Hemodynamic, Arteriographic, and Therapeutic Experience in 85 Patients

Eighty-five patients with accelerated (preinfarction) angina are reported. Six suffered acute myocardial infarction awaiting catheterization and coronary angiography, so were not studied. Seventy-nine had coronary arteriography and other angiographic and hemodynamic studies. Fifteen of these 79 patients had normal coronary arteriograms; 64 had significant coronary artery obstruction. The clinical manifestations in 64 abnormal patients did not differ from those with normal arteriograms. Hemodynamic abnormalities correlated with the severity of arteriographic abnormalities. Of 70 patients with coronary artery disease, including the six not studied because of infarction, 48 were treated surgically with a mortality of 12.5%. Mortality for those 22 patients treated without surgery was 27%. Mortality could be correlated with certain risk factors: (1) congestive heart failure; (2) more than three-vessel coronary disease; (3) left ventricular end-diastolic pressure > 12 mm Hg; (4) cardiac index 2 ; (5) stroke index 2 ; (6) estimated cardiac work (mean aortic pressure x cardiac index)
InfoMapper: information resource inventory tool

InfoMapper provides a framework, complete with forms and reports, for gathering and organizing an inventory of an organization's information resources. InfoMapper Release 1.2 is for use with IBM/PCs, ATs, and compatible computers with at least 640 kb of memory (1 or 2 Mb preferred) and a hard disk with at least 3 Mb available. The package sells for $595. The vendor is Information Management Press, PO Box 19166, Washington DC 20036, USA. Tel: +1 (202) 293 5519.
Differential effect of distractor timing on localizing versus identifying visual changes

Abstract When visual changes are accompanied by visual transients, such as in the case of saccades, eye blinks, and brief flickers, they often go unnoticed; this phenomenon is called change blindness (Rensink, R. A. (2002). Change detection. Annual Review of Psychology 53, 245; Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1, 261). Change blindness occurs even when the position of visual transients does not cover the location of the change (as in the ‘mudsplash’ paradigm) (O'Regan, J. K., Rensink, R. A., & Clark, J. J. (1999). Nature 398, 34). By using a simplified mudsplash display, the present study investigated whether change blindness depends on (a) the timing of visual transients, and (b) the task that observers perform. Eight Gabor elements with random orientations were presented. One element (target) was rotated 45 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise without a temporal gap. High contrast visual transients, not overlapping with the elements, appeared at various times with respect to the target change. Observers reported where the change was (change localization), or in which direction the target rotated (change identification). Change localization was impaired primarily when the onset of the transient was at or after the change. In contrast, change identification was impaired mainly when the transient preceded the change. These results suggest that change localization and change identification are mediated in part by different mechanisms.