cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dead Shells Bring to Life Baselines for Conservation, Revealing Invisible Biodiversity Loss †

We are living in a time of rapid biodiversity loss. Numerous studies have shown that modern extinction rates are higher than pre-human background rates. However, these biodiversity studies almost exclusively focus on large vertebrates: mammals, birds, fish and reptiles. We lack sufficient long-term records for many invertebrate taxa to track biodiversity loss. Aquatic, benthic, calcareous invertebrates, however, have the advantage of leaving a long-term record that can readily be sampled along with living communities. They leave easily-fossilized remains in the form of mineralized skeletons that accumulate in the very same sediments in which they live. These so called “death assemblages” contain an underutilized record for long-term monitoring. Here, we leverage calcareous micro- and macro- faunal remains from three aquatic environments spanning a two-dimensional gradient from freshwater to fully marine and polluted to remediated. We find death assemblages of lacustrine, calcareous microcrustaceans (Ostracoda) faithfully record human impacts, both pollution and remediation, across a fresh to hypersaline environmental gradient today. Death assemblages from calcareous marine, macrofauna (Bivalvia) also faithfully reconstruct temporal variation in human impact encompassing pristine, polluted, and successful remediation. We thus establish that death assemblages can act as useful gauges of changes in community assembly and population structures at local and regional scales which would be impossible with only contemporaneous monitoring of the living communities. These examples demonstrate that death assemblages from easily-fossilized taxa represent an effective tool for environmental managers to establish baselines for conservation targets and identify when community assembly approaches natural conditions in remediated ecosystems, rendering previously unrecognized biodiversity loss visible.
Whisper Forecasts of Earnings Per Share: Is Anyone Still Listening?

Whisper numbers - unofficial forecasts of earnings per share - were widely reported alongside analyst forecasts and actual earnings in the late 1990s. Bagnoli et al (1999) showed that whispers appeared to be more accurate than analyst earnings forecasts for a small sample of high-tech firms. We extend their study and investigate whether the superior accuracy of whisper numbers extends to a broader sample, whether whispers have incremental information vis-a-vis analyst forecasts and whether the market rationally uses the information available in whispers. We find that analyst forecasts are more accurate than whispers; however, whisper forecasts contain value-relevant information incremental to analyst forecasts. We also find that the incremental information in whispers is fully incorporated into share price. Lastly we find that whispers are common for firms with lower forecast accuracy, and also that the presence of whispers improves the information environment of firms. Our findings imply that while analyst forecasts are the more accurate expectation of earnings, whispers play a complementary role in providing information about the firm. To the extent that managers convey information to the market in the form of whispers, this study shows that the private information is captured in the share price.
An Elicitation Study on Potential Users’ Salient Beliefs of Using Future City Light Rail Transit

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been widely used to explore behavioral intention in many disciplines including future travel mode choice. LRT construction in Medan city is due to commence in 2020. We are interested in exploring its potential users’ salient beliefs that will drive psychological factors, which eventually generate future intention to use LRT for daily trip. An elicitation study is recommended to first identify the salient beliefs that potential users hold toward the future LRT. Using semi-structured interviews consisting of 9 open-ended questions, we interviewed and obtained data from 150 respondents. In general, the result shows that the potential users dominantly hold positive belief, for example, the ability to improve travel time efficiency and help with congestion. Whereas difficult access to station and possibly stuck in crowding are believed to be negative drive.
Hexa-μ-acetato-chlorido-(μ-N,2-dioxodo-benzene-1-carboximidato)-μ3-oxido-tetra-iron(III)-water (1/1) and hexa-μ-acetato-(μ-N,2-dioxodo-benzene-1-carboximidato)fluorido-μ3-oxido-tri-pyridine-tetra-iron(III)-pyridine-water (1/1/0.24).

The title compounds, [Fe4(C2H3O2)6(C7H4O3)FO(C5H5N)3]·C5H5N·0.24H2O (1-F) and [Fe4(C2H3O2)6(C7H4O3)ClO(C5H5N)3]·H2O (1-Cl) were synthesized using a self-assembly reaction in methanol and pyridine with stoichiometric addition of salicyl­hydroxamic acid (H3shi), acetic acid (HOAc), and the appropriate ferric halide salt. The compounds crystallize as solvates, where 1-F has one pyridine mol­ecule that is disordered about a twofold axis and one water mol­ecule with an occupancy of 0.24 (2); and 1-Cl has one water mol­ecule that is disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.71 (1) and 0.29 (1). The space groups for each analog differ as 1-F crystallizes in Fdd2 while 1-Cl crystallizes in P21. The difference in packing is due to changes in the inter­molecular inter­actions involving the different halides. The two mol­ecules are mostly isostructural, differing only by the torsion of the pyrine ligands and slight orientation changes in the acetate ligands. All of the iron(III) ions are in six-coordinate octa­hedral ligand field geometries but each one exhibits a unique coordination environment with various numbers of O (four to six) and N (nought to two) atom donors. Bond-valence sums confirm each iron is trivalent. The hydroximate ligand is bound to three iron(III) ions using a fused chelate motif similar to those in metallacrown compounds.
Pharmacodynamics of zoxazolamine and chlorzoxazone in rats.

Zoxazolamine is used for the pharmacologic assessment of possible changes in oxidative enzyme activity (paralysis time test) in rodents, whereas one of its metabolites, chlorzoxazone, is used clinically as a skeletal muscle relaxant. In this investigation, the pharmacodynamics of the two compounds were characterized in normal adult rats to determine their suitability for studies of the kinetics of drug action in disease states. Upon i.v. infusion 5 min beyond the onset of loss of the righting reflex (LRR) and concomitant blood sampling, serum concentrations of either drug were higher at the onset than at the offset of LRR, suggestive of a distribution disequilibrium. When Zoxazolamine was infused at three different rates to onset of LRR, the pharmacologic end point was reached in 10 to 53 min. Drug concentrations in serum and brain at onset of LRR increased with increasing infusion rate, whereas drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were infusion rate independent and essentially identical to CSF concentrations at offset of LRR. Similar experiments (five infusion rates) with chlorzoxazone revealed drug infusion rate dependence even of CSF concentrations at the onset of LRR; only at very slow infusion rates (onset of effect in ≥50 min) were onset concentrations in CSF essentially equal to offset concentrations. Neither drug produced measurable metabolite concentrations in the CSF. It is concluded that zoxazolamine but not chlorzoxazone distributes rapidly between CSF and the biophase, metabolites of either drug do not contribute measurably to the pharmacologic effect, and neither drug is subject to development of functional tolerance under the experimental conditions. Zoxazolamine is the more suitable agent for subsequent pharmacodynamic studies of disease effects in rats.
Wolpe, Joseph (1915–97)

Joseph Wolpe (1915–97) is recognized as one of the founding fathers of behavior therapy. While obtaining his medical degree in South Africa, he conducted animal research that involved reciprocal inhibition and systematic desensitization. This pioneering research established the groundwork for behavior therapy as we know it today. In 1966 Wolpe founded the Behavior Therapy Unit at Temple University, which served as a research and training center for other behavior therapists. He played a crucial role in the foundation of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapies (now the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies) and the journal Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Wolpe was a prolific writer and advocate for behavior therapy, and his work includes the books Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition (1958) and The Practice of Behavior Therapy (1969), as well as hundreds of articles. Keywords: behavior therapy; classical conditioning; desensitisation; extinction
Optimal wake-up scheduling for energy efficient fixed-rate wireless transmissions with real-time constraints

This paper studies the wake-up scheduling problem for fixed-rate wireless transmissions with real-time constraints. Our goal is to minimize the overall energy costs, including the operating cost and wake-up cost, while still guaranteeing the deadline of each individual task. In particular, we consider the homogeneous case in which it takes the same amount of time to serve each task and each task needs to be served by d seconds upon arrival. In this paper, we focus on both off-line and online control problems and determine the right time (a control variable) to wake up the system. For off-line control, we use sample path analysis to discover that the best time to wake up the system can be calculated based on task arrival information. For online control, we propose an iterative algorithm that dynamically adjusts the system wake-up time based on newly available and backlogged task information. We show that the online control and the off-line control return the same optimal wake-up time.
Stellar Radio Emission

From O stars to M dwarfs, radio observations are beginning to play a significant role in the understanding of the outer stellar atmospheres. Discoveries of new classes of objects are becoming a relatively routine event, with large surveys complementing detailed studies of individual sources. Combined with recent advances in instrumental and observational techniques, these studies have spurred new theoretical work. This paper presents an overview of the various radiation mechanisms believed to play a role in stellar radio emission, followed by a review of the status of observational stellar radio astronomy and focuses on the advances that have been made in the last several years.
Characterization of the integrin alpha v beta 6 as a fibronectin-binding protein.

Integrins are a complex family of divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion receptors composed of one alpha and one beta subunit noncovalently bound to one another. A subset of integrins contains the alpha v subunit in association with one of several beta subunits (e.g. beta 3, beta 5, beta 1). We have recently identified a novel integrin beta subunit, beta 6, that is present in a number of epithelial cell lines. Using a polyclonal antibody raised against the carboxyl-terminal peptide of beta 6, we have now identified the integrin heterodimer, alpha v beta 6, on the surface of two human carcinoma cell lines. Using affinity chromatography of lysates from the pancreatic carcinoma cell line, FG-2, we demonstrate that alpha v beta 6 binds to fibronectin, but not to vitronectin or collagen I. In contrast, the alpha v beta 5 integrin, which is also expressed on FG-2 cells, binds exclusively to vitronectin. Immobilized collagen I does not interact with alpha v integrins, but binds beta 1-containing integrins. Both alpha v beta 6 and alpha v beta 5 are eluted from their respective immobilized ligands by a hexa-peptide containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). RGD is highly effective in the presence of Ca2+, somewhat less effective in Mg2+, and virtually inactive in Mn2+. These results suggest that alpha v beta 6 functions as an RGD-dependent fibronectin receptor in FG-2 carcinoma cells. In agreement with this notion, cell adhesion assays show that FG-2 cell attachment to fibronectin is only partially inhibited by anti-beta 1 integrin antibodies, implying that other fibronectin receptors may be involved. Taken together with recent reports on the vitronectin receptor function of alpha v beta 5, our results suggest that the previously described carcinoma cell integrin, alpha v beta x (Cheresh, D. A., Smith, J. W., Cooper, H. M., and Quaranta, V. (1989) Cell 57, 59-69), is a mixture of at least two different receptors: alpha v beta 5, mediating adhesion to vitronectin, and alpha v beta 6, mediating adhesion to fibronectin.
Circuit Stability of DC Operating Points

The sections in this article are 1 Fundamental Definitions 2 How to Identify Unstable DC Operating Points 3 Modeling Requirements for Reactive Elements 4 General Properties of Operating Point Stability in Eventually Passive Circuits 5 Identifying Unstable Operating Points Using Spice 6 Application of Operating Point Stability to Nonlinear One-Ports 7 Conclusion
CP violation in the six-quark model

We construct a Weinberg-Salam-type gauge theory of a weak interaction with $\mathrm{CP}$ violation based on the six-quark model. Under the assumption of the validity of the Zweig-Iizuka rule and ${(\frac{\mathrm{quark}\mathrm{mass}}{W\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{meson}\mathrm{mass}})}^{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ this leads to the superweak theory of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation for both uncharmed and charmed hadrons. We also propose a new assignment for the $J$ and other $\ensuremath{\psi}$ particles, which predicts the existence of a 3.5-GeV ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson using the 2.85-GeV ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state as input.
Where Have All Our Naps Gone? Or Nathaniel Kleitman, the Consolidation of Sleep, and the Historiography of Emergence

In this article, I focus on two moments of Nathaniel Kleitman's career, specifically that of his Mammoth Cave experiment in the 1930s and his consultation with the United States military in the 1940s–1950s. My interests in bringing these two moments of Kleitman's career together are to examine the role of nature and the social in his understanding of human sleep and the legacies these have engendered for sleep science and medicine in the present; more specifically, I am interested in Kleitman's disallowance of napping in his scientific protocols, which may seem incidental until one apprehends the lack of napping as therapeutic treatment in modern sleep medicine. By forwarding a conception of historiography building on Raymond Williams’ “structures of feeling” and Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's philosophy of immanence, I show how the work of William Dement in the 1970s to found a medicine of sleep and the eclipse of biphasic sleeping patterns as a biological and social possibility is indebted to Kleitman's scientific work. The modification of sleep is also the modification of society itself; and, as Kleitman argued, the harnessing of nature can lead to the finer entrenchments of human nature and society.
5-Fluorouracil preferentially sensitizes mutant KRAS non-small cell lung carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.

Mutations in the KRAS gene are very common in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but effective therapies targeting KRAS have yet to be developed. Interest in tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a potent inducer of cell death, has increased following the observation that TRAIL can selectively kill a wide variety of human cancer cells without killing normal cells both in vitro and in xenograft models. However, results from clinical trials of TRAIL-based therapy are disappointingly modest at best and many have demonstrated a lack of therapeutic benefit. Current research has focused on selecting a subpopulation of cancer patients who may benefit from TRAIL-based therapy and identifying best drugs to work with TRAIL. In the current study, we found that NSCLC cells with a KRAS mutation were highly sensitive to treatment with TRAIL and 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Compared with other chemotherapeutic agents, 5FU displayed the highest synergy with TRAIL in inducing apoptosis in mutant KRAS NSCLC cells. We also found that, on a mechanistic level, 5FU preferentially repressed survivin expression and induced expression of TRAIL death receptor 5 to sensitize NSCLC cells to TRAIL. The combination of low-dose 5FU and TRAIL strongly inhibited xenograft tumor growth in mice. Our results suggest that the combination of TRAIL and 5FU may be beneficial for patients with mutant KRAS NSCLC.
Axioms for the "gergonne"-relations

Independence of axioms was not investigated in [Faris]. We show that this quality is lacking, since 2 can be derived from the rest, which without it constitute an independent set. In the proofs of independence it is clearly more informative to decompose 9, C1abKN2abKN3abN5ab and 10 , C3abKN2abN5ab into three and two propositions respectively.
Commodification and contradiction in academic research

Despite the growing interest in participatory research forms and collaboration around community action, and social justice-oriented public service, academics in the U.S. are caught in a dilemma. While U.S. academics increasingly desire to work in community and participatory work, they face contradictions in the form of institution of higher education reward systems, merit pay structures, and promotions and tenure requirements tied to a system of science which fosters the classification of knowledge as a product, or commodity. Commodification pressures cannot be entirely eliminated, but five resistance strategies for faculty members are discussed.
An examination of differential item and test functioning across personality judgments

Abstract Recent research in the field of person perception suggests that the task of rating others’ personality traits is more difficult for traits reflecting inner states than for traits reflecting overt behaviors. In this study, 305 college undergraduates used a Big Five instrument to provide personality ratings of themselves and their roommates. Analyses of the subsequent ratings used item response theory methods to address whether observed self-other differences in personality judgments could be interpreted as true differences in person perception (as opposed to differences resulting from statistical artifact). As predicted, mean differences in traits reflecting inner states (“low visibility” traits) did not reflect true differences, whereas mean differences in “moderate visibility” traits did reflect true differences.
Emission of low molecular mass hydrocarbons from plants

The emission of low molecular mass hydrocarbons by many plants has long been recognized, particularly through effects on atmospheric chemistry. However, until recently the reasons why the plants produced these compounds and how the production was achieved had remained unclear. Studies of specific hydrocarbons — leaf alcohol, methanol, acetone and isoprene — are now resolving some of the synthetic pathways involved and elucidating possible functions. Although some of the hydrocarbons may simply be by-products of normal metabolism, or for the removal of waste, others may have highly specific physiological roles.
Myocardial uptake and fractional distribution of palmitate-1 C14 by the ischemic dog heart.

The left coronary artery of the dog heart was perfused in vivo with oxygenated whole blood containing physiologic concentrations of glucose and FFA labeled with palmitate-C14. Experiments were done at control and ischemic coronary flow rates. During ischemia, myocardial oxygen extraction rapidly became maximal and oxygen consumption fell 34 per cent. There was marked depression of myocardial contractility, elevation of filling pressure, and reversal of the normal pattern of lactate extraction. Extraction of palmitate label was inversely reiated to the coronary flow rate, increasing 97 per cent and maintaining consumption near control levels. The fractional distribution of extracted palmitate-1-C14 showed a significant shift with a decrease of label in tissue FFA and an increase in the triglyceride fraction. It is suggested that the histologic evidence of myocardial lipid accumulation noted, in association with hypoxia, is due to a stimulation of triglyceride synthesis from exogenous sources of FFA via the phosphatidic acid pathway. The increase in glycolysis associated with myocardial ischemia is the most likely source of the α-glycerophosphate needed for esterification.
A Defining Moment in Civil Rights History? The Employment Non-Discrimination Act, Trans-Inclusion, and Homonormativity

This article traces the history of the struggle for trans-inclusion in the federal Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), focusing in on the decision to take gender identity protections out of the 2007 ENDA. It situates this struggle in the larger histories of the national mainstream gay and lesbian movement and the emergence of visible trans activism in the 1990s. The author argues that the decision to take gender identity protections out of the 2007 ENDA should be understood as part of the wider record of compromises and alterations made to the bill, which must be contextualized alongside the move within the national mainstream gay and lesbian movement toward homonormative politics and strategies.
ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells

Endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) has been described as an inducible endothelial cell-adhesion molecule for neutrophils, and is believed to have a key role in the extravasation of these cells at sites of acute inflammation. Here we report that ELAM-1-transfected COS cells also bind a unique skin-associated subset of circulating memory T cells defined by the expression of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. T cells expressing this antigen bind at least as well as neutrophils to expressed ELAM-1, whereas other lymphocytes in the peripheral blood bind poorly, or not at all. Immunohistological survey of chronically inflamed tissue specimens revealed that vascular expression of ELAM-1 occurs at cutaneous sites in preference to noncutaneous sites. We conclude that at sites of chronic inflammation, ELAM-1 may function as a skin vascular addressin, a tissue-selective endothelial cell-adhesion molecule for skin-homing memory T lymphocytes.
Evidence of low dimensional chaos in renal blood flow control in genetic and experimental hypertension

Abstract We applied a surrogate data technique to test for nonlinear structure in spontaneous fluctuations of hydrostatic pressure in renal tubules of hypertensive rats. Tubular pressure oscillates at 0.03–0.05 Hz in animals with normal blood pressure, but the fluctuations become irregular with chronic hypertension. Using time series from rats with hypertension we produced surrogate data sets to test whether they represent linearly correlated noise or ‘static’ nonlinear transforms of a linear stochastic process. The correlation dimension and the forecasting error were used as discriminating statistics to compare surrogate with experimental data. The results show that the original experimental time series can be distinguished from both linearly and static nonlinearly correlated noise, indicating that the nonlinear behavior is due to the intrinsic dynamics of the system. Together with other evidence this strongly suggests that a low dimensional chaotic attractor governs renal hemodynamics in hypertension. This appears to be the first demonstration of a transition to chaotic dynamics in an integrated physiological control system occurring in association with a pathological condition.
Frontline Employee Involvement and the Mystery of the Missing Performance Effects

This study employs a multi-method, “critical case” approach to offer an institutional explanation for the “missing” empirical link between employee involvement (EI) and organizational performance. ...
An Improved Autonomous DNA Nanomotor

DNA nanomotors are synthetic biochemical devices whose motion can be controlled at the molecular scale. Some DNA devices require several exogenous additions of different types of fuel to operate, which limits their potential uses. However, several devices that operate autonomously have recently been described. One such DNA nanomotor, based on a 10−23 DNA enzyme (DNAzyme), was introduced by Chen, Wang, and Mao (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3554). Although this DNAzyme nanomotor operates autonomously, its performance degrades over time in experiments. In this paper, we describe a mathematical model that predicts this degradation by accounting for the gradual accumulation of waste in the system. We also introduce and experimentally demonstrate two improved versions of the DNAzyme nanomotor. In particular, the new nanomotor systems use the enzyme ribonuclease H to selectively digest waste, resulting in nanomotors whose performance does not degrade significantly over time.
Quantitative Photothermal Deflection Measurement Of Thermal Diffusivity In A Hot Gas

Recently it was pointed out that photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is an important tool capable of measuring either very small absorption coefficients or low sample concentrations 1-5. In this method, two laser beams are focused in an interaction region of the sample. One laser, a pump laser which has relatively high power is pulsed and can be tuned to an absorption of the gaseous sample. The advantages of using pulsed laser are that much higher power is available and also measurements related to a transient effect can be made. The other laser, a probe laser, has a lower power, low divergence and high stability. When the pump laser is turned on, the temperature of the gas begins to increase, initially having the same spatial profile as the pump laser, resulting in a temperature gradient. This temperature gradient causes a gradient in the index of refraction due to the density gradient. The index gradient bends the probe laser beam and the deflection is measured by a position sensitive detector.
Evidence for Radiation-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation as a Major Cause of Radiation-Induced Death in Ferrets

Purpose The studies reported here were performed as part of a program in space radiation biology in which proton radiation like that present in solar particle events, as well as conventional gamma radiation, were being evaluated in terms of the ability to affect hemostasis. Methods and Materials Ferrets were exposed to 0 to 2 Gy of whole-body proton or gamma radiation and monitored for 30 days. Blood was analyzed for blood cell counts, platelet clumping, thromboelastometry, and fibrin clot formation. Results The lethal dose of radiation to 50% of the population (LD 50 ) of the ferrets was established at ∼1.5 Gy, with 100% mortality at 2 Gy. Hypocoagulability was present as early as day 7 postirradiation, with animals unable to generate a stable clot and exhibiting signs of platelet aggregation, thrombocytopenia, and fibrin clots in blood vessels of organs. Platelet counts were at normal levels during the early time points postirradiation when coagulopathies were present and becoming progressively more severe; platelet counts were greatly reduced at the time of the white blood cell nadir of 13 days. Conclusions Data presented here provide evidence that death at the LD 50 in ferrets is most likely due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). These data question the current hypothesis that death at relatively low doses of radiation is due solely to the cell-killing effects of hematopoietic cells. The recognition that radiation-induced DIC is the most likely mechanism of death in ferrets raises the question of whether DIC is a contributing mechanism to radiation-induced death at relatively low doses in large mammals.
How I got over the Christmas flu

Half-way through his reading of the CMAJ holiday issue the doctor developed fatigue and muscle aches. Not enough to exclude work and pre-Christmas parties, but enough to concede, miserably, that the whole season might be a little overdone. The children, all attending university and busy with end-of-
The mystic chords of separation: decorum and Jefferson Davis's resignation from the Senate

In this essay, I argue that Jefferson Davis utilized decorum surrounding the epideictic nature of the occasion and the timing of the event to circumvent the debate over the legitimacy of secession. Davis's resignation constituted the occasion as epideictic, which enabled him to cite decorum as a justification for circumventing the historical debates over the constitutionality of secession while simultaneously thwarting the justifications for using force against seceding states. I conclude that Davis's resignation highlights the enabling functions of decorum that are overlooked by a narrow interpretation of the concept.
Injuries to staff from implementation of physical interventions: could poor manual handling be at fault?

This paper addresses increasing concern about the physical consequences for both staff and patients following implementation of physical interventions (PI), with particular attention to injuries to staff and patients. The literature to date suggests that staff have consistently been injured more than patients. Future research is needed to establish clearly what proportion of staff injuries can be attributed to the potential causes outlined in this article.
Enzyme biosensor for determination of organophosphates

A potentiometric enzyme biosensor for the direct measurement of organophosphate pesticides was developed. The basic element of this enzyme biosensor was a pH electrode modified with an immobilized organophosphorus hydrolase layer formed by cross-linking OPH with bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde. Organophosphorus hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosporus pesticides to release protons, the concentration of which is proportional to the amount of hydrolyzed substrate. The organophosphate enzyme biosensor had a response time of less than 3 min, a useful operating range of 0.002–0.4 mM for paraoxon and parathion, and a long-term stability of over a month when stored in pH 8.5, 1 mM HEPES + 100 mM NaCl buffer at 4 °C. The effects of various parameters, buffer concentration, pH, temperature and enzyme loading are described. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 2: 363–369, 1998
Therapy of Murine Aspergillosis with Amphotericin B in Combination with Rifampin or 5-Fluorocytosine

Suboptimal doses of amphotericin B in combination with either rifampin or 5-fluorocytosine were better than single-drug therapy in the treatment of disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice. Despite the increased effectiveness of combination therapy, none of the therapeutic regimens we used completely eradicated infections in the mice when evaluated by mycological culture, even in long-term survivors.
Inside the APL2 workspace

With the advent of IBM's APL2 Program Product (5668-899) which includes nested arrays and new internal types of data, the physical layout of the workspace has been redesigned. This paper presents the general workspace layout, gives details on the more important entries in the workspace, and discusses the philosophy behind changes made from VS APL.
Biochemical modulation of cytosine arabinoside.

Abstract 1-β- d arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) is an analog of the naturally occuring nucleoside 2′-deoxycytidine which is a potent antileukemic agent in man. Because the metabolism (and, ultimately, the effectiveness) of this agent is regulated by multiple processes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis, attempts to improve its efficacy through biochemical modulation have been the focus of intense interest. These approaches have included combination of ara-C with inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, deaminase inhibitors, nucleoside transport blockers, nucleosides, and more recently, hematopoietic growth factors. Although potentiation of ara-C metabolism and cytotoxicity has been documented in multiple experimental in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, clinical studies in humans have thus far failed to document definitive improvements in ara-C selectivity and efficacy through biochemical modulation. It is likely that such improvements will require the identification of more optimal schedules, sequences and dose relationships, and possibly combined modality approaches.
The Compressible Calibration of Miniature Multi-Hole Probes

We present the development of a data reduction algorithm for non-nulling, multihole pressure probes in compressible, subsonic flowfields. The algorithm is able to reduce data from any 5- or 7-hole probe and generate very accurate predictions of the velocity magnitude and direction, total and static pressures, Mach and Reynolds number and fluid properties like the density and viscosity. The algorithm utilizes a database of calibration data and a local least-squares interpolation technique. It has been tested on four novel miniature 7-hole probes that have been calibrated at NASA Langley Flow Modeling and Control Branch for the entire subsonic regime. Each of the probes had a conical lip with diameter of 1.65 mm
On the determination of thermal phenomena during drilling—Part I. Analytical models of twist drill temperature distributions

Abstract Analytical temperature distributions along the cutting edge and on the flank face of a twist drill are described. The analysis is based on the assumption that the material being machined by the drill lips can be represented by a series of concentric elements. Jaeger's classical technique was used to obtain a steady state solution while a transient solution evolved from a closed-form approach to a semi-infinite solid having a constant surface heat flux. The theoretical approach also identified important physical quantities, such as the absorption coefficient of the work material, which affect the cutting temperatures. Experimental data are presented in Part II of this paper and are compared with other results that appear in the literature.
Testing Algorithms for Finite Temperature Lattice QCD

We discuss recent algorithmic improvements in simulating finite temperature QCD on a lattice. In particular, the Rational Hybrid Monte Carlo(RHMC) algorithm is employed to generate lattice configurations for 2+1 flavor QCD. Unlike the Hybrid R Algorithm, RHMC is reversible, admitting a Metropolis accept/reject step that eliminates the O ( δ t 2 ) errors inherent in the R Algorithm. We also employ several algorithmic speed-ups, including multiple time scales, the use of a more efficient numerical integrator, and Hasenbusch pre-conditioning of the fermion force.
Effects of military activity on breeding birds

United States military bases provide habitat for a diverse suite of wildlife species despite intense anthropogenic disturbance inherent in training activities. Little research has examined how military activity affects wildlife reproduction. We compared parental investment, reproductive success, offspring and adult quality, and stress hormone concentrations of northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) breeding in areas that differed 10-fold in levels of on-ground military activity. We found no evidence of direct impacts of military activity on cardinals, nor did the reproductive success of several other passerine species appear to be affected. However, we observed American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) much less frequently in areas of high military activity, and cardinals nesting in those areas were less responsive to crow models. The apparent displacement of this nest predator suggests that military activity could indirectly benefit some wildlife. Although these results are promising for the conservation of birds that depend on military bases for breeding habitat, further assessment of direct and indirect effects of military training on a wider array of species is required before concluding that such activity is benign. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Allergic management of Meniere's disease: An outcome study:

The effect of allergy immunotherapy and elimination of suspected food allergens was evaluated in patients with Meniere's disease. A total of 137 patients with Meniere's disease for whom allergy treatment had been recommended were identified and were mailed and returned a symptoms questionnaire. One hundred thirteen had received allergy treatment; 24 did not have treatment and served as a control group. Information regarding history, signs and symptoms, allergy test results, and audiologic data were obtained by chart review. The 113 patients treated with desensitization and diet showed a significant improvement from pretreatment to posttreatment in both allergy and Meniere's symptoms. Ratings of frequency, severity, and interference with everyday activities of their Meniere's symptoms also appeared better after allergy treatment than ratings from the control group of untreated patients. Vertigo control results, by use of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery classification, categorized 47.9% as class A or B. Hearing was stable or improved in 61.4%. Patients with Meniere's disease can show improvement in their symptoms of tinnitus and vertigo when receiving specific allergy therapy. The inner ear may be the target, directly or indirectly, of an allergic reaction.
Bilingual Intercultural Teacher Education: Nuevos Maestros Para Bolivia

Educational reform efforts in Bolivia have created possibilities for teacher-training institutions to focus on bilingual intercultural education. How teacher trainers and future teachers embark upon this endeavor differs somewhat depending on the sociolinguistic, historical, and institutional contexts of each community. This article reports observed challenges and successes related to bilingualism and biliteracy development within the context of a sample of normal schools in Bolivia specializing in bilingual intercultural education. Through the framework of sociocultural theory and the use of ethnographic methods, Hornberger's (1989) Continua of Biliteracy is employed to examine the complexities of literacy practices observed in these schools.
Rational risk valuation given sequential reduction opportunities

Abstract We design experimental auctions with sequential risk reduction opportunities between private and collective self-protection or self-insurance. We reject two hypotheses of rational risk valuation—individuals do not prefer self-protection to self-insurance, and the sequencing of private and collective mechanisms matters.
The urban subsistence labor force: Toward a policy-oriented and empirically accessible taxonomy

Abstract This paper responds to recent arguments that the informal sector is an extremely fuzzy concept and that the formal/informal dichotomy does not serve as a useful description of welfare or income. A taxonomic system is proposed that is intended to supplement but not replace the long-accepted formal/informal system. By focusing on labor force units rather than firms, the proposed system provides an analytical category that is equivalent to the urban working poor and thus has significant advantages for the study of such topics as income distribution, rural-urban migration, and poverty.
Fimbria-fornix lesions do not block sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine

The repeated, intermittent administration of amphetamine produces a long-lasting sensitization to its behavioral activating effects. Excitatory amino acid receptors in the striatum have been implicated in the development of amphetamine sensitization, and one source of excitatory amino acid input to the striatum is the hippocampus. The purpose of this experiment, therefore, was to determine if an intact hippocampal system is necessary for either the development or expression of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine. Rats received either fimbria-fornix lesions or sham lesions and approximately 2 weeks later received 10 injections of 3.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine or saline (IP) every other day. Rotational behavior was quantified as an index of amphetamine's psychomotor stimulant effects. Animals with a fimbria-fornix lesion were hyperresponsive to an acute injection of amphetamine, but animals with a fimbria-fornix lesion and control animals did not differ in the development of sensitization (i.e., the rate of sensitization). Furthermore, both groups expressed comparable sensitization (relative to their respective saline-pretreated control groups) when given a challenge injection of amphetamine. These results suggest an intact hippocampal system is not necessary for the development or expression of amphetamine sensitization.
THE ASSAY OF ANTIDIURETIC MATERIAL IN BLOOD AND URINE

IN A STUDY of the nervous and hormonal control of urine formation, we have encountered the need of a method for detecting and, in some cases, estimating the amount of pituitrin in urine, blood and tissue extracts. Aqueous extracts of the neurohypophysis can beassayed by the method of Burn (1931), or one of its many modified forms, but the pituitrin content of blood and urine is so low that injection of the fresh material into rats is impracticable, and extraction of the hormone is a necessary preliminary to the assay. The antidiuretic material in urine can be isolated by dialysis or adsorbed onto a cellophane membrane and recovered by elution with acid (Gilman and Goodman, 1937; Martin, Herrlich and Fazekas, 1939;Walker, 1939; Ingram, Ladd and Benbow, 1939; Robinson and Farr, 1940; Ham and Landis, 1942; Frankel and Wakerlin, 1943)
QUALITY OF LIFE IN PERSONS WITH NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER : A CONCEPT ANALYSIS

Quality of life, as a concept, has received increased attention in recent years. In fact, issues related to quality of life have been identified as among the top three priorities for research by the Oncology Nursing Society. Several nurse investigators have underscored the importance of quality of life research as an outcome measure to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Given its significance in contemporary nursing practice, a clear understanding of the definition and dimensions of quality of life is essential for future development of an empirical knowledge base for practice. This article presents a concept analysis of quality of life as it relates to the health care of individuals with non-small cell lung cancer. An evolutionary method of concept analysis is used as a guide for examining the historical context of the concept, defining the concept, identifying antecedents, recognizing consequences, and distinguishing related concepts. A theoretical model of health-related quality of life is proposed on the basis of this analysis, and future directions for research in this population are discussed.
Nano-Mechanical Properties of Human Meniscal Surfaces

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a crippling disease in humans that deteriorates the articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone. Research has shown AC preservation is most important for halting the initiation of OA, in the human knee joint, and this defense is contingent on the structural integrity of the menisci [1, 2]. The menisci are fibrocartilaginous structures which are crucial for proper load distribution in the knee [3–5]. The menisci are specifically designed to fit the contour of the femoral condyles, aiding to disperse the stresses on the tibial plateau and in turn safeguarding the underlying AC. Circumferentially aligned collagen fibers help to support the menisci while in tension, while a proteoglycan and water matrix reinforce the menisci during compressive loads [2, 6].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Capacitance Voltage Characteristics of Neutron Irradiated n+ pp+ and p+ nn+ Junctions

The small signal capacitance-voltage characteristics of neutron irradiated p+ nn+ and n+ pp+ diodes are described. The capacitance characteristics were measured at frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz and 1 MHz for five neutron fluences. A qualitative difference in the effect of neutron fluence on the capacitance characteristics of p+ nn+ and n+ pp+ diodes is described. A computer aided device model which is based on an equivalent circuit representation of two deep defect levels is described. The capacitance characteristics of neutron irradiated pR+ nn+ diodes with three different pre-radiation resistivities were computed using the device model representation of two deep acceptor levels. The computed curves are in good agreement with the measured characteristics.
The use of radiographs to evaluate shoulder pain in the ED

This study was conducted to describe the utilization of plain radiography in the initial evaluation of shoulder pain in the emergency department (ED) and assess the feasibility of developing guidelines for the selective use of shoulder radiographs by determining whether clinical variables are able to discriminate between subjects having therapeutically informative versus uninformative X-rays. The study was a chart review of all adult ED patients presenting to the Boston University Medical Center Hospital (Boston, MA) between January 1994 and January 1996 with a chief complaint that included shoulder pain. Subjects with X-rays were classified into two groups, those with therapeutically informative X-rays (ie, identified conditions requiring specific therapy) and those with therapeutically uninformative X-rays (ie, did not result in specific therapy). Recursive partitioning techniques were then used to identify clinical variables that best distinguished between therapeutically informative and uninformative radiographs. Three hundred twelve patients were included in the analysis, of whom 185 (59%) had shoulder X-rays performed. Thirty-seven (20%) radiographs were therapeutically informative, including 13 glenohumeral dislocations, 3 acromioclavicular joint separations, and 21 fractures. Deformity present on shoulder examination was the strongest discriminating variable and correctly classified 21 of 23 subjects as having informative X-rays. Of the remaining patients (n = 162), only those older than 43.5 years with a history of a precipitating fall (n = 40) had a high likelihood of having therapeutically informative X-rays. No patients without a deformity or precipitating fall (n = 90) had an informative X-ray. These data show that X-rays for the initial evaluation of shoulder pain in the ED are overutilized. This preliminary model suggests that clinical variables are able to distinguish between patients with informative versus uninformative X-rays. Prospective studies are needed to derive valid decision rules for selective use of shoulder radiographs in the ED.
Defection and Hierarchy in International Intelligence Sharing

Intelligence sharing among countries with different technical capabilities and local knowledge is particularly valuable for countering terrorism, transnational organized crime, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. States participating in intelligence-sharing arrangements must balance the benefits of more and better intelligence against the possibility that their partners will withhold or distort the information they share or will pass along to others the information they receive. Participants can balance these benefits and risks by introducing elements of hierarchy into their sharing agreements. Hierarchical arrangements allow a state to monitor more effectively for defection and to reassure others of its own commitments to the terms of their sharing arrangement. I evaluate this argument by analyzing intelligence sharing between the United States and Britain and West Germany during the early cold war, and conclude with some insights the approach sheds on contemporary sharing arrangements and problems.