cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attending to Aesthetics: The Art of Revision

At times, poems written as part of inquiry remain private; at other times, though, they may seek a wider audience. In the shift from poetry as process to poetry as product, attending to aesthetics—that is, to poetic craft—is a crucial step, since inquiry poems should be, first and foremost, defensible poetically. Laura Apol shares her own revision (re-envisioning) practices as she turns what were essentially private writings in Rwanda into poems that could be shared more publicly, noting that her own sense of the “poetic” needed to be reshaped as she gave close and careful attention to the particulars of her experience and the potential audiences for the work. The chapter includes early drafts of poems, along with revisions and the rationale for the changes that are made.
“I Chose Math Because…”: Cognitive interviews of a motivation measure

Abstract The ability to accurately measure academic motivation is important to its value as a predictive variable for learning, achievement, and other outcomes. Although measures of motivation are frequently subject to quantitative validation (e.g., Appleton, Ntoumanis, Quested, Viladrich, & Duda, 2016; Gagne et al., 2015; Pekrun, Goetz, Frenzel, Barchfeld, & Perry, 2011), the establishment of cognitive validity is more rare. By conducting cognitive interviews with a sample of elementary-aged children, we explored the cognitive validity of a novel motivation (expectancy–value and academic emotions) survey embedded in an educational technology. Children were largely able to accurately interpret questions, elaborate on their reasoning for answers, and choose answers congruent with those reasons. Challenges to cognitive validity fell under varied and underdeveloped interpretations of expectancy–value concepts; misunderstandings related to available response choices; and discrepancies between younger and older children’s abilities to judge their perceived competencies and values. Insights from these interviews can be applied to interpretation of the immediate survey, but also to design and interpretation of motivation surveys beyond the current measure.
Saul Brusilow: Understanding and treating diseases of ammonia toxicity.

Abstract This article reviews the scientific career and accomplishments of the late Dr. Saul Brusilow, Professor of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Brusilow's career was focused on diseases involving hyperammonemia. He and his colleagues developed a set of drugs that could lower ammonia levels in patients with genetic disorders of the urea cycle by providing alternative pathways for the synthesis of excretable nitrogenous molecules. Those drugs and their derivatives represent one of the earliest and most successful drug therapies for genetic diseases. Turning their attention to brain swelling caused by liver disease, Dr. Brusilow and colleagues developed the Osmotic Gliopathy Hypothesis to help explain the mechanism of ammonia toxicity, postulating that high ammonia drives glutamine synthetase in astrocytes to produce elevated levels of glutamine that act as a potent osmolyte, drawing water into the cell and causing cerebral edema. This hypothesis suggests that inhibiting glutamine synthetase with its well-characterized inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine, might prove therapeutic in cases of hepatic encephalopathy, a conclusion supported by their subsequent studies in animals. But although the drugs developed to treat hyperammonemia resulting from urea cycle disorders were successfully developed and approved by the FDA, the compound suggested as a treatment for hepatic encephalopathy was unable to attract sufficient interest and investment to be tested for use in humans.
Conceptualizing factors influencing the perception of barriers to mental health treatment and help-seeking behaviors among Chinese Americans

Current literature: Despite being one of the fastest growing ethnic minority populations in the U.S., research shows that Asian Americans as a whole underutilize mental health treatment. Disaggregation of ethnic subgroups is imperative to identify within and between group differences in intentions to seek help and barriers to treatment. Study aims: This study examined selected personal and cultural factors hypothesized to influence attitudes towards professional mental health treatment among Chinese Americans. This study employed an experimental component with mixed qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the effectiveness of alleviating practical and cultural barriers to treatment. Results: Results of this study indicated that varied dimensions of culture (i.e., ethnic identity, acculturation, Asian values) were significantly related to different components of respondents’ attitudes toward mental health treatment. Results of the experimental manipulation in which practical and cultural barriers were alleviated were related to an increased likelihood to endorse seeking professional mental health treatment. Specifically, a significant experimental group by ethnic identity interaction was found, in that groups with high ethnic identity who had cultural barriers alleviated reported the highest intention to seek psychological help. Discussion: Findings of the current study highlight that the information presented about psychological treatment to minority populations can make a difference in influencing intentions to seek help. Clinical implications include the importance of improving therapists’ awareness of the types of barriers to treatment clients may perceive and how professionals can make therapy more accessible and comfortable for certain minority populations.
IMPLEMENTING THE CAPACITY BUILDING FOR CHANGE MODEL WITH SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION COALITIONS

Community prevention coalitions are a commonly utilized mechanism for supporting community-based prevention efforts. The effectiveness of community coalitions to foster change and improvements in outcomes is inconclusive and often influenced by other factors such as community readiness and coalition capacity. Limited studies have examined the effects of technical assistance (TA) models on coalition and community capacity to facilitate change and improvements in outcomes. The present study analyzed the effects of a capacity-building TA model on the implementation of both key coalition processes (e.g., strategic planning) and the facilitation of community changes (i.e., program, policy, and practice changes) by prevention coalitions. A between-group randomized controlled trial, with a delayed intervention control group design, was used with eight coalitions in the Midwest. The results suggest that although internal coalition capacity increased, it did not immediately result in greater facilitation of external community changes by the community prevention coalitions.
Association between Cerebral Palsy or Death and Umbilical Cord Blood Magnesium Concentration

Objective This study aims to evaluate whether magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) infusion at the time of delivery or magnesium cord blood concentration is associated with cerebral palsy (CP) or death diagnosed by the age of 2 years. Methods Secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial of MgSO 4 versus placebo for prevention of CP or death among offspring of women with anticipated preterm delivery. This study cohort included singleton, nonanomalous fetuses, whose mothers received MgSO 4 as neuroprophylaxis. The primary outcomes were CP or death diagnosed by the age of 2 years. Results A total of 936 neonates (93 with CP or death, 843 controls) were included in the analysis. Infants in the group with CP or death had MgSO 4 infusing at delivery at a similar frequency to that of controls (49 [52.7%] vs. 463 [54.9%], p = 0.68). Mean concentrations of cord blood magnesium, available for 596 neonates, also were not different between the two groups (2.7 ± 0.9 vs. 2.6 ± 0.9 mEq/L, p = 0.66, respectively). Multivariable analyses did not alter these findings. Conclusion Among the offspring of women exposed to MgSO 4 , in utero, neither MgSO 4 infusion at the time of delivery nor magnesium cord blood concentration is associated with CP or death.
Long-term (12-month) improvement in meibomian gland function and reduced dry eye symptoms with a single thermal pulsation treatment

Purpose To determine the 1-year post-treatment dry eye status of subjects with meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye symptoms after receiving a single LipiFlow Thermal Pulsation System treatment. Design Single-centre, prospective, observational, open-label, 1-month-registered clinical trial with a 1-year follow-up examination. Participants Patients with evaporative dry eye disease with meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye symptoms who had participated in the registered 1-month clinical trial. Methods Eighteen of 30 subjects initially enrolled were able to return for a 1-year follow-up. Both eyes of all patients were treated with a single 12-min treatment using the LipiFlow Thermal Pulsation System. Meibomian gland function, tear break-up time and dry eye symptoms were measured. Data are presented for pretreatment (baseline), and 1-month and 1-year post-treatment. Main Outcome Measures Meibomian gland secretion scores, and tear break-up time and dry eye symptoms. Results Significant improvement in meibomian gland secretion scores from baseline measurements (4.0 ± 3.4) to 1-month post-treatment (11.3 ± 4.7; P < 0.0005) was maintained at 1-year (7.3 ± 4.6; P < 0.05). Baseline tear break-up time (4.9 ± 3.0) was significantly increased at 1-month (9.5 ± 6.9; P < 0.05); however, this improvement was no longer evident at 1-year post-treatment (6.0 ± 4.4). The significant improvement in symptom scores on Ocular Surface Disease Index and Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness questionnaires observed at 1-month (P < 0.0005) was maintained at 1-year (Ocular Surface Disease Index [P < 0.05]; Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness [P < 0.0005]). Conclusion A single 12-min treatment with the Lipi Flow Thermal Pulsation System offers an effective treatment for evaporative dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction resulting in significant and sustained improvement in signs and symptoms for up to 1 year.
Consultative issues in surgical neuropathology: a retrospective review of the rationale for submitting cases for expert review.

Objectives: Second opinions on neuropathology cases are sought for a variety of reasons. We investigated the rationales for seeking expert neuropathologic review. Methods: A retrospective review was done of the correspondence accompanying neuropathology cases submitted over a 5-year period. The review used a taxonomy of referral reasons, the submitting diagnoses, and requests for ancillary tests. Results: In total, 508 adult cases were submitted, including glioblastoma (n = 94), anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 49), low-grade glioma (n = 49), oligodendroglioma (n = 48), and pituitary adenoma (n = 12). Thirty-nine cases submitted requested ancillary testing. A taxonomy of four categories revealed the following: preliminary diagnosis (n = 228 cases) was the most common reason for requesting review, followed by no diagnosis rendered (n = 183 cases), second opinion (n = 53), and confirmation/quality assurance (n = 43); the remaining case was “other.” Overall, 456 cases were submitted by pathologists, 40 by clinicians and 12 by patients. Conclusions: Pathologists who predominately submit cases with a preliminary diagnosis rendered seek expert consultation while clinicians seek a second opinion.
6. Prospects for future applications of cellulose acetate

The prospects for future applications of cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose esters (CE) were assessed via an analysis of literature data. An examination of more than 50,000 citations in the published literature with relevance to CA and CE has shown that, while the RD more publications now originate in Southeast Asian countries; and most current journal articles deal with specialty products, such as membranes, controlled release agents, and biopolymers. The prospects for future applications are viewed as being related to the ability to add new performance features to CA, particularly thermal processability, water-dispersibility, and the ability to interact with other polymers on the molecular level. This can be achieved by such secondary modifications as the introduction of plasticizing (mixed) ester substituents, carboxyl groups, and the use of (monofunctional) oligomers in block copolymers, respectively. In addition, the adoption of acetylation technology to lower grade pulps and even wood and wood fibers may result in new business opportunities in thermoplastic and soluble wood esters, or in acetylated solid wood products with superior dimensional, biological and light-stability characteristics.
Discrimination and the Political Economy of Environmental Inequality

Over the last decade there has been a surge in academic and scientific inquiry into disparities in environmental hazards among diverse communities. Much of the evidence points to a general pattern of disproportionate exposures to toxics among communities of color and the poor, with racial differences often persisting across economic strata. Although results have implications for the politics of environmental decisionmaking, most of these analyses are limited to illustrating how inequities in exposures and health risks are spread across the landscape, while shedding little light on their origins or the reasons for their persistence. Previous attempts to theorize the causes of environmental inequality have focused on procedural justice in the regulatory arena, emphasizing civil rights jurisprudence and social theories on individual and institutional discrimination. Although these approaches offer insights into the epistemology of environmental inequality, they fail adequately to account for the political ec...
Abstract P4-06-11: Gene Expression Profiling Identifies Potential Precursor Genes in Lobular Carcinoma In Situ

INTRODUCTION: Historically lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) has been considered a risk marker but not a true precursor of invasive breast cancer. Emerging evidence of clonal relatedness between LCIS and synchronous invasive lobular cancers (ILC) has reopened this debate. We hypothesized that gene expression profiling of LCIS and synchronous ILC could identify genes that confer precursor potential in LCIS. METHODS: Patients with LCIS +/− ILC undergoing mastectomy were prospectively identified. Mastectomies were sampled to collect fresh frozen normal epithelium (N), LCIS and ILC. Laser Capture Microdissection was used to isolate purify cell populations and total mRNA was subject to Affymetrix HU133 2.0 gene expression array. Transcript abundance was compared across samples in a paired analysis (P RESULTS: Patient matched triplets (N, LCIS, ILC) were available from 23 mastectomies. 206 probe sets (178 genes) fit the PPG definition, 154 probe sets (130 genes) displayed monotonically decreasing expression and 52 probe sets (48 genes) displayed monotonically increasing expression. The table shows the top five cellular functions and canonical pathways related to the (PPG). The candidates PPGs are distributed across all chromosomes, with the highest frequencies on 1 q (9.6%), 16q (7.3%), 2q (5.06%), 5q (5.06%) and 4q (4.49%). All 13 potential precursor genes identified on 16q and the 9 PPG identified on 5q showed monotonically decreasing expression while 13/17 PPGs identified on 1q showed monotonically increasing expression. Among all upregulated PPG, 27.1% are located at 1q while 10% of all downregulated PPGs are located at 16q. CONCLUSIONS: Gene expression profiling identified 178 candidate genes with monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing expression across patient matched samples of N-LCIS-ILC. Top cellular functions and canonical pathways represented by the candidate genes are known to be associated with carcinogenesis, suggesting that dysregulation of these candidate genes may confer precursor potential in LCIS. The abundance of potential precursor genes on chromosomes 1 q and 16q is also consistent with the model of lobular carcinogenesis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-11.
Relativistic astrophysics explorer

Abstract The great success of the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) has shown that X-ray timing is an excellent tool for the study of strong gravitational fields and the measurement of fundamental physical properties of black holes and neutron stars. Here, we describe a next-generation X-ray timing mission, the Relativistic Astrophysics Explorer (RAE), designed to fit within the envelope of a medium-sized mission. The instruments will be a narrow-field X-ray detector array with an area of 6 m 2 equal to 10 times that of RXTE and a wide-field X-ray monitor. We describe the science made possible with this mission, the design of the instruments, and results on prototype large-area X-ray detectors.
Why Enron's Auditors Failed

Abstract The intent of this article is to list some of the problems that are systemic to the audit profession and to recommend several possible solutions. During the coming months, the news media will highlight reasons for Enron's failure and reasons specific to the Enron case as to why auditors did not detect Enron's financial problems. The audit profession will attempt to make changes to methodologies specific to Enron and energy trading, but will either consciously choose to avoid the real issues or fail to recognize the systemic problems.
Broadband spectrally dynamic solid state illumination source

Solid state lighting has done well recently in niche markets such as signage and displays, however, no available SSL technologies incorporate all the necessary attributes for general illumination. Development of a novel solid state general illumination source is discussed here. Two LEDs emitting at two distinct wavelengths can be monolithically grown and used to excite two or more phosphors with varied excitation spectra. The combined phosphorescence spectrum can then be controlled by adjusting the relative intensities of the two LED emissions. Preliminary phosphor analysis shows such a scheme to be viable for use in a spectrally dynamic broadband general illumination source. A tunnel junction is envisioned as a means of current spreading in a buried layer for three terminal operation. However, tunnel junction properties in GaN based materials are not well understood, and require further optimization to be practical devices. Preliminary results on GaN tunnel junctions are presented here as well. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
BUB3 that dissociates from BUB1 activates caspase-independent mitotic death (CIMD)

The cell death mechanism that prevents aneuploidy caused by a failure of the spindle checkpoint has recently emerged as an important regulatory paradigm. We previously identified a new type of mitotic cell death, termed caspase-independent mitotic death (CIMD), which is induced during early mitosis by partial BUB1 (a spindle checkpoint protein) depletion and defects in kinetochore-microtubule attachment. In this study, we have shown that survived cells that escape CIMD have abnormal nuclei, and we have determined the molecular mechanism by which BUB1 depletion activates CIMD. The BUB3 protein (a BUB1 interactor and a spindle checkpoint protein) interacts with p73 (a homolog of p53), specifically in cells wherein CIMD occurs. The BUB3 protein that is freed from BUB1 associates with p73 on which Y99 is phosphorylated by c-Abl tyrosine kinase, resulting in the activation of CIMD. These results strongly support the hypothesis that CIMD is the cell death mechanism protecting cells from aneuploidy by inducing the death of cells prone to substantial chromosome missegregation.
THICKNESS OF ZENITHAL AURORAL ARC OVER ALASKA

Abstract The thicknesses of the auroral arcs were measured on thirty, twenty-four and six independent homogeneous auroral arcs which respectively occurred during 1958 directly above three I.G.Y. stations in Alaska: College, Kotzebue and Farewell. The measured thicknesses over the three Alaskan stations were in the range from 1·7 to 23·1 km; the average was 8·8 km. The thicknesses were related to the geomagnetic and earth-current activities. No significant daily, seasonal or latitudinal variation of thickness was found.
Detection and analysis of gene expression during infection by in vivo expression technology

Many limitations associated with the use of in vitro models for study of bacterial pathogenesis can be overcome by the use of technologies that detect pathogen gene expression during the course of infection within an intact animal. In vivo expression technology (IVET) accomplishes this with versatility: it has been developed with a variety of reporter systems which allow for either in vivo selection or ex vivo screening. Selectable gene fusion systems generally allow for the complementation of a bacterial metabolic defect that is lethal in vivo, or for antibiotic resistance during the course of in vivo antibiotic challenge. In contrast, the screenable gene fusion system uses a site-specific DNA recombinase that, when expressed in vivo, excises a selectable gene cassette from the bacterial chromosome. Loss of this cassette can then be either screened or selected for ex vivo. The recombinase-based IVET can be used to detect genes that are transcriptionally induced during infection, including those expressed transiently or at low levels and, in addition, can be used to monitor the spatial and temporal expression of specific genes during the course of infection.
Oxidation of Borneol to Camphor Using Oxone and Catalytic Sodium Chloride: A Green Experiment for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory.

A new green oxidation procedure was developed for the undergraduate organic teaching laboratories using Oxone and a catalytic quantity of sodium chloride for the conversion of borneol to camphor. This simple 1 h, room temperature reaction afforded high quality and yield of product, was environmentally friendly, and produced negligible quantities of hazardous waste. The experiment was performed using (1S)-borneol providing large quantities of the less prevalent (1S)-camphor, which is useful in a research setting. A survey of the students indicated a high level of satisfaction in the green qualities of the reaction and the use of their collected product in fundamental research. This new experiment proved superior to the former bleach oxidation procedure previously used as an illustrative green reaction in these labs.
Thermally activated escape from a Lennard-Jones potential well

Abstract The Kramers theory of chemical kinetics is modified in order to describe the escape of particles from a potential well of the Lennard-Jones type, for which there is no well-defined barrier position or curvature. Approximate analytical methods are used to derive from the Fokker-Planck equation two distinct formulas for the escape rate, each valid in a different regime of the friction constant β. The large-β result is seen to be consistent with that obtained from the Smoluchoeski equation, and it shows that the resistance to escape is dominated by a purely diffusive component that causes nonequilibrium effects to be felt well down into the reactant region. On the other hand, the small-β result describes a situation in which diffusional resistance is of minor importance, and the escape rate is determined largely by the characteristics of the well itself. The approximate formulas give a reasonably good picture of the transition between the two kinds of limiting behavior.
Gender-Specific Effects of Social Influences and Competence on Lifetime Poly-Drug Use Among Inner-City Adolescents

This study examined the relationship of social influences to use drugs and competence variables with lifetime poly-drug use for adolescents residing in inner-city regions. The same model was tested separately for boys and girls. Sixth- and seventh-graders (N = 2400) in inner-city schools self-reported substance use, social influences to use drugs (e.g., friends' substance use), and competence skills (i.e., refusal assertiveness, decision-making). Logistic regressions indicated that friends' smoking and drinking habits, and permissive/ambivalent parental attitudes toward respondents' drinking, were associated with poly-drug use. High self-efficacy and more frequent refusal assertiveness were related to less poly-drug use for the overall sample. Ambivalent/permissive attitudes of friends toward the respondents' smoking were related to greater poly-drug use for girls, but not boys. Perceptions of higher prevalence norms for peer smoking and less frequent refusal assertiveness each were associated with more p...
Reproductive activation of virgin female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) by paired and unpaired males.

Virgin female Microtus ochrogaster were exposed to paired and unpaired unfamiliar adult males in semi-natural arenas. Although females were reproductively activated by both types of males, more than twice as many were activated by unpaired (51.6%) as by paired (18.2%) males. Our results suggest that, in natural populations of prairie voles, the proportion of philopatric females becoming reproductive is related to the abundance of unpaired males within the population.
Reliability of the Modified Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development: a cognitive assessment battery for severe dementia.

Two reliability studies were performed on a recently developed cognitive assessment battery for severe dementia. The method, the Modified Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development (M-OSPD), is based on the Piagetian developmental model of sensorimotor functions. Procedures have been adapted from this test battery, which was originally applied to infants and small children, for the assessment of remaining cognitive capacity in severe dementia. Two independent interrater reliability studies were conducted. In these studies, two different raters simultaneously evaluated patients with severe dementia. One interrater reliability study was performed in a nursing home setting (Study 1), and the other reliability study consisted of a sample of community-residing patients (Study 2). The Global Deterioration Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination were used to assess dementia severity. Study 1 (N = 22) resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of .99 (p < .01) for the M-OSPD total score. Study 2 (N = 19) resulted in an ICC of .96 (p < .01) for the M-OSPD total score. The M-OSPD proved to be a reliable instrument in these studies. This cognitive assessment measure can provide meaningful information regarding the cognitive abilities of late-stage dementia patients. Until recently, these late-stage dementia patients had been considered untestable in studies that utilized conventional psychometric and mental status evaluation measures.
A three-dimensional steady-state atmospheric dispersion-deposition model for emissions from a ground-level area source

Abstract An analytical solution to the steady-state three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion equation has been developed for the transport of non-buoyant emissions from a continuous ground-level area source. The model incorporates power law profiles for the variation of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity with height, represents the lateral eddy diffusivity as a function of wind speed and the crosswind dispersion coefficient, and includes dry deposition as a removal mechanism. The model is well suited for accurate prediction of emission concentration levels in the vicinity of an area source, as well as farther downwind, under neutral or stable atmospheric conditions. The impact of the important model parameters on contaminant dispersion is examined. The results from several simulations, compared with point and line sources of equivalent source strength, indicate that at short downwind distances, predictions of contaminant concentrations emitted from area sources may be unacceptably inaccurate unless the structure of the source is properly taken into account.
Pigment cell migration in piebald mice.

Abstract White-spotting patterns in mice have been attributed alternatively to a selective migration of melanoblasts into certain regions of the skin, or to a failure of the melanoblasts to differentiate in the areas that remain pigment free. These two alternatives were tested experimentally in a series of grafting experiments in which embryonic 11-day mouse skin and 9-day neural tubes were grafted in combination to White Leghorn chick embryos. In one grafting series pigment production after 15 days of incubation was examined, and in the second series the migration of neural tube cells was followed using tritiated thymidine and autoradiographic techniques. Grafts of normal skin and normal neural tubes produced pigmented hair, and the tissues of the host were colonized by melanocytes in the operated region. The combination of piebald skin-piebald tube did not produce pigment in the host tissues, and a large majority of the grafted skin cases produced pigment-free hair. The fate of the melanoblasts in both grafting combinations was followed by labeling the neural tube cells prior to grafting. The pattern of migration of the labeled cells in the normal and in the piebald combination grafts was identical following incubation of 4 days. Labeled cells from normal neural tubes were identified in the same tissue environments where pigment was observed after 15 days of incubation. Piebald labeled cells were present in these same tissue locations, but the correlation with pigment development as in the normal series did not exist. These results favor the conclusion that the development of pigment-free areas under the conditions of these experiments may be attributed to a failure of melanoblasts to differentiate in certain tissue environments, not to a defect in migration. The hypothesis that white-spotting patterns of piebald mice develop by a similar mechanism preventing melanoblast differentiation in the prospective white-spotted regions is thereby supported.
Noninvasive photoacoustic computed tomography of mouse brain metabolism in vivo

Abstract We have demonstrated the feasibility of imaging mouse brain metabolism using photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), a fast, noninvasive and functional imaging modality with optical contrast and acoustic resolution. Brain responses to forepaw stimulations were imaged transdermally and transcranially. 2-NBDG, which diffuses well across the blood–brain-barrier, provided exogenous contrast for photoacoustic imaging of glucose response. Concurrently, hemoglobin provided endogenous contrast for photoacoustic imaging of hemodynamic response. Glucose and hemodynamic responses were quantitatively decoupled by using two-wavelength measurements. We found that glucose uptake and blood perfusion around the somatosensory region of the contralateral hemisphere were both increased by stimulations, indicating elevated neuron activity. While the glucose response area was more homogenous and confined within the somatosensory region, the hemodynamic response area had a clear vascular pattern and spread wider than the somatosensory region. Our results demonstrate that 2-NBDG-enhanced PACT is a promising tool for noninvasive studies of brain metabolism.
Use of Benzyl Mercaptan for Direct Preparation of Long Polypeptide Benzylthio Esters as Substrates of Subtiligase

Abstract Subtiligase, a double mutant of subtilisin, has been shown to be capable of joining together two unprotected peptide fragments, namely an activated peptide ester and a second peptide with a free N-terminal amino group. Inside cells, inteins are know to join peptide chains (exteins) by self-extrusion. The SC VMA1 intein was modified to undergo only in vitro N-terminal cleavage in the presence of small nucleophilic compounds, releasing the N-terminal extein. With a proper choice of the nucleophilic compounds it is shown that it is possible to generate long polypeptides, by molecular biology expression, with such an attached reactive ester which is an excellent substrate of the enzyme, subtiligase. This approach can successfully extend the current limit of the subtiligase-catalyzed fragment condensation method as well as provide another application of the recently discovered intein chemistry.
Hypocholesterolemia in childhood

Apoproteine B (apo B) et lipoproteine, renfermant de l'apo B. Troubles associes a des taux basiquese VLDL ou LDC et une diminution de la synthese ou de la secretion de l'apo B. troubles associes a une diminution du bon cholesterol. Hypocholesterolemie secondaire: abord diagnostique des enfants atteints d'hypocholesterolemie
Current source-density analysis of light-evoked field potentials in rabbit retina.

Abstract The technique of current source-density analysis was applied to several components of the light-evoked field potentials (electroretinogram) from the retina of the superfused eyecup of rabbit. The depth distributions of the major current sources and sinks were: b-wave--sink at outer plexiform layer, source at inner plexiform layer; M-wave--sink at inner plexiform layer, source at retinal surface; and slow PIII--source near outer plexiform layer, sink at retinal surface. These distributions, along with the sensitivities of these responses to certain pharmacological agents, support earlier studies that Muller cells generate the M-wave and slow PIII, but that depolarizing bipolar cells directly generate the b-wave.
Development Of Transparent Lsco and Lscno Conductors for Optical Shutter Systems

Abstract : We have prepared lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide La(0.50)50Sr(0.50)Co(0.50)Ni(0.50)O3; LSCNO 50/50 and lanthanum strontium cobalt nickel oxide La(0.50)Sr(0.50)Co(0.50)Ni(0.50)O3; LSCNO as candidate transparent electrodes for use in a shutter-based infrared sensor protection device. The shutter device requires that the electrode be transparent (80% transmission) and have moderate sheet resistance (300 ohms/sq.). Because of the effects of film thickness on intrinsic material properties, such as resistivity and extinction coefficient, and simple engineering issues (i.e., the relationship between film thickness, resistance and transmission), films of various thicknesses were prepared to achieve an optimal balance of electrical and optical performance. van der Pauw measurements and FTIR spectroscopy were used to study thin film properties. The best LSCO films prepared demonstrated electrical (438 ohms/sq.) and optical (68% transmission at 8 micrometers) properties that did not meet the target property goals for this application. However, the LSCNO films (of optimal thickness) offered performance (323 ohms/sq. and 73% transmission) close to the device requirements.
A hyperCard tutorial that accommodates different learning styles

The University is overwhelmed with documents, films, videotapes, cassettes, manuals, and free classes, but not everybody who wants to learn is reading, watching, listening or attending. In a study titled Learning to Use a Word Processor: By Doing, by Thinking, and by Knowing, John Carroll and Robert Mack noticed that some people trying to learn word processing “are so busy trying things out, thinking things through, and trying to relate what they already know (or believe they know) to what is going on that they often do not notice the small voice of structured instruction crying out to them from behind the manual and the system interface.”1Different people have different learning styles. Learners who are too busy to listen probably learn best through active experimentation. They won't bother showing up for class. Instead, they'll get the software, start it up, experiment, explore, and putter.One way to reach out to active learners is to adapt the instructional materials. Instead of giving the active learner a painstaking tutorial or a cumbersome reference manual, let her explore the word processor guided only by a few brief pages.2Unfortunately, “word processing” is not an intuitive concept. Most word processors are more powerful than helpful. Microsoft Word is a popular word processor for the Macintosh computer. Imagine me the novice confronting the Microsoft Word screen. I want to write my thesis, today. But I can't figure what the margins are or even where the page is, I don't know what to do, I don't know what I should be doing, and when I do something anyway, I don't know what I did, or how to undo it.
Prevention and Intervention of Depression in Asian-American Adolescents.

Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders experienced by adolescents. Research has shown depression rates are higher in Asian-American adolescents when compared to their European-American counterparts. This paper will investigate possible programs for preventing and responding to Asian-American youths’ depression through a three-tier model.
Pre-exposure effects of morphine, diazepam and delta 9-THC on the formation of conditioned taste aversions.

Prior to taste aversion conditioning with morphine, diazepam or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinnol (Δ9-THC), rats received pre-exposures to the vehicle or one of the three drugs. Morphine pre-exposures blocked the aversion normally induced by morphine, but not by Δ9-THC or diazepam. Diazepam pre-exposures attenuated both the morphine- and diazepam-induced taste aversions to a significantly greater degree than the taste aversion induced by Δ9-THC. As a result of Δ9-THC pre-exposures, the aversions induced by diazepam and Δ9-THC were attenuated as well as the morphine-induced aversion, which was the most greatly attenuated. These results demonstrate that pre-exposure effects are not necessarily bi-directional and, moreover, they are inconsistent with current hypotheses which attempt to account for the attenuating effect of drug pre-exposures on taste-aversion conditioning.
Two elements of the rat prolactin 5' flanking region are required for its regulation by estrogen and glucocorticoids

The 5'-flanking region of the rat prolactin gene contains two DNase I-hypersensitive (HS) sites. We used gene transfer experiments to determine the nucleotide (nt) sequences within and around these two HS sites that may contain the information necessary for regulation of prolactin gene expression by estrogens and glucocorticoids. A chimeric gene construct (pPRL.CAT) was prepared by covalently linking the sequence of the rat prolactin gene to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-coding gene, cat. Rat GH3 cells were transfected with pPRL.CAT and six mutants that possess deletions within and around the two HS sites. Incubation of such transfectants with estrogen or dexamethasone indicated the existence of two functionally important elements within the 5'-flanking region of the rat prolactin gene. The element required for estrogen up-regulation of the prolactin gene is located between nt residues -1530 through -1950. The glucocorticoid down-regulatory element is located between nt -200 and +75.
Suppression of human thyroid function by antibodies to bovine thyrotropin.

ABSTRACT Bovine thyrotropin (TSH), in the minimal dose which increased thyroidal 132I uptake, was given repeatedly to 2 normal young men. Both subjects developed resistance to TSH effects, which was only temporarily overcome by doubling the dose. As resistance occurred, their serum acquired hemagglutinating antibodies to bovine TSH and neutralizing antibodies to both bovine and human TSH. Rapidity of the occurrence of TSH resistance and the speed and intensity of antibody formation were considerably greater in Subject D than in Subject S. After a series of 22 or 23 TSH injections (maximal dose of each injection 100 mU/kg), PBI values had decreased compared to pretreatment controls in both subjects, and Subject D's 132I uptake had decreased. After a recovery period of 8 months, plasma, which had been collected by plasmaphoresis at the end of the series of TSH injections, was reinfused into the same subjects (17% plasma volume for Subject S and 24% for Subject D). Passive transfer of hemagglutinating antibo...
Assay of Nematicidal and Nematistatic Chemicals Using Axenic Cultures of Aphelenchoides Rutgersi

Axenic culturing of Aphelenchoides rutgersi in an aqueous diet containing nematicidal and nematistatic chemicals appears to be a useful technique for toxicological and mode of action studies. Reproduction was significantly retarded or totally stopped at 10 ppm (w/v) in a 7-day test that is applicable for screening chemicals potentially useful for controlling nematodes. During test periods lasting up to 21 days, reproduction was unaffected when 1 ppm Nemafos, Aldicarb or DuPont 1410 were added to the diet of this nematode; slightly retarded when Furadan was used; but severely retarded when Dasanit or Nemacur was included. However, stimulation of reproduction occurred when Aldicarb, Nemacur, or DuPont 1410 were incorporated at 0.1 ppm. The effects of these chemicals on total numbers, number of eggs, percent adult females, and percent mortality were determined.
190 PREVALENCE, SPECTRUM AND PATHOGENESIS OF EKG EVIDENCE OF CONDUCTION SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN DUCHENNE'S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD)

Twelve-lead electrocardiograms were analyzed in 50 boys, 5 to 18 years of age, with clinical, biochemical and muscle biopsy evidence of DMD. Cardiac conduction system abnormalities were noted in 27 patients (54%). Intra-atrial conduction abnormalities were most common and included: abnormal PV1 index in 14 patients, a short P-R interval in 11 and coronary sinus rhythm in 2. Intraventricular conduction abnormalities were noted in 5 patients: right bundle branch block in 2, left anterior hemiblock in 2 and bifascicular block in 1. First-degree atrioventricular block was seen in 1 patient. Seven patients had more than one type of condution defect. Serial follow-up observations disclosed that the conduction abnormalities were progressive. Morphology of the cardiac conduction system was studied systematically in 4 patients. In each case, within 1-2 hours of death, hearts were perfused at 4°C for four hours either with 2.5 glutaraldehyde or with 10% formalin. By contrast to age and sex-matched normal controls, DMD hearts showed multi-focal areas of degenerative changes characterized by vacuolozation, fatty infiltration, and nuclear pyknosis. Other changes included variation in size and staining of myofibers, splitting and loss of myofibers and moderate-to-severe fibrosis. These dystrophic changes at the cellular level were similar in each patient and involved, with varying degrees of severity, the sino-atrial node, atrial preferential pathways, the atrioventricular node, bundle of His and subendocardial as well as intraventricular right and left bundle branches. Our observations indicate a high prevalence of cardiac conduction abnormalities in patients with DMD and establish that the EKG abnormalities result from dystrophic involvement of the cardiac conduction system.
Equivariance and imprimivity for discrete Hopf C*-coactions

Let U, V, and W be multiplicative unitaries coming from discrete Kac systems such that W is an amenable normal submultiplicative unitary of V with quotient U. We define notions for right-Hilbert bimodules of coactions of SV and ŜV, their restrictions to SW and ŜU, their dual coactions, and their full and reduced crossed products. If N (A) denotes the imprimitivity bimodule associated to a coaction δ of SV on a C*-algebra A by Ng's imprimitivity theorem, we prove that for a suitably nondegenerate injective right-Hilbert bimodule coaction of SV on AXB, the balanced tensor products and are isomorphic right-Hilbert A×ŜV×rSU − B × ŜW bimodules. This can be interpreted as a natural equivalence between certain crossed-product functors.
Role of Bcl-xL/Beclin-1 in interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in oxaliplatin and bortezomib-induced cell death.

Recent studies indicate that a complex relationship exists between autophagy and apoptosis. In this study we investigated a regulatory relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells utilizing molecular and biochemical approaches. For this study, human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 and CX-1 cells were treated with two chemotherapeutic agents—oxaliplatin, which induces apoptosis, and bortezomib, which triggers both apoptosis and autophagy. A combinatorial treatment of oxaliplatin and bortezomib caused a synergistic induction of apoptosis which was mediated through an increase in caspase activation. The combinational treatment of oxaliplatin and bortezomib promoted the JNK-Bcl-xL-Bax pathway which modulated the synergistic effect through the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. JNK signaling led to Bcl-xL phosphorylation at serine 62, oligomerization of Bax, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and subsequent cytochrome c release. Overexpression of dominant-negative mutant of Bcl-xL (S62A), but not dominant-positive mutant of Bcl-xL (S62D), suppressed cytochrome c release and synergistic death effect. Interestingly, Bcl-xL also affected autophagy through alteration of interaction with Beclin-1. Beclin-1 was dissociated from Bcl-xL and initiated autophagy during treatment with oxaliplatin and bortezomib. However, activated caspase 8 cleaved Beclin-1 and suppressed Beclin-1-associated autophagy and enhanced apoptosis. A combinatorial treatment of oxaliplatin and bortezomib-induced Beclin-1 cleavage was abolished in Beclin-1 double mutant (D133AA/D149A) knock-in HCT116 cells, restoring the autophagy-promoting function of Beclin-1 and suppressing the apoptosis induced by the combination therapy. In addition, the combinatorial treatment significantly inhibited colorectal cancer xenografts’ tumor growth. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy will support the application of combinatorial treatment to colorectal cancer.
Generating monomials in dimensions three and four

Abstract We introduce a technique to determine a lower bound on the number of monomials of degree d − 1 in n variables needed to generate all monomials of degree d . For n = 3, this gives a new proof of a result by Curtis and for n = 4, it improves the lower bound of Geramita et al. (1986). We also give a cover for the dimension four case that improves the upper bound given in the paper by Geramita and others.
A prospective study of ocular hypertension and glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery

Background: Late-onset glaucoma can occur after pediatric cataract surgery. However, no large prospective study of the prevalence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery has been performed. Methods: A prospective glaucoma evaluation was offered to all eligible subjects at least 5 years after automated lensectomy and vitrectomy for pediatric cataracts. Results: Sixty-two (58%) of 107 eligible subjects received a glaucoma evaluation. One (4.5%) of 22 patients with bilateral cataracts had glaucoma, and a much higher percentage (45%) had ocular hypertension. Five (12.5%) of 40 patients with unilateral cataracts had glaucoma, and an additional 32.5% had ocular hypertension. For patients with monocular cataracts, the age and corneal diameter at the time of cataract surgery were related to the subsequent development of ocular hypertension or glaucoma. The majority of subjects were able to cooperate with a comprehensive glaucoma examination that included cycloplegic refraction, determination of intraocular pressure, examination of the optic nerve, and fundus photography, without requiring sedation. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of ocular hypertension after pediatric cataract surgery. Children who are 5 years of age and older usually are able to cooperate with a glaucoma evaluation. The natural history of ocular hypertension after pediatric cataract surgery will be determined with longitudinal studies in the future.