cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of guiding layer topography on chemoepitaxially directed self-assembly of block copolymers for pattern density multiplication

Chemoepitaxy is often used to induce pattern density multiplication in the directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) by using a chemically patterned guiding underlayer. This underlayer is often viewed as being a flat underlayer composed of a pinning stripe region and a neutral stripe region, where the pinning stripe is a region highly preferential to one phase of the BCP and the neutral stripe is a region that is slightly preferential to the other phase of the BCP that is not attracted by the pinning stripe. However, in producing these chemoepitaxial patterns, it is likely that unexpected topography might be introduced into the system, which may adversely affect the ability for the underlayer to guide the phase separation of the BCP film, and may deform any resulting lamellae. The current work presented in this paper explores the effect that topography in these chemoepitaxial underlayers has on the alignment of the BCP film. These underlayer effects have been evaluated using detailed mesoscale molecular dynamics simulations.
Nutrition and bone: it is more than calcium and vitamin D

Unlike pharmacological agents that are taken for proscribed periods of time, food and nutrient intakes have the possibility of affecting bone health over the entire lifespan. While deficiencies or excesses of individual nutrients have been shown to affect bone, it is likely that individual foods or dietary patterns have important effects related to skeletal health. While biochemical mechanisms exist to relate a deficiency of vitamin K to altered bone metabolism, clinical trials related to supplementation of this nutrient have been confusing. It is likely that these disparate results are related to the fact that interactions of nutrients have not been considered or the possibility that suboptimal nutrient status is a marker of poor nutritional status. Vitamin A excess has been postulated to be related to high fracture risk; however, it is likely that retinol is not the best marker for the proposed interaction. Altering whole food patterns, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, have demo...
Grashof-type movability conditions of spatial RSRC mechanisms with transmission angle control

Abstract Geometrically justifiable approximations of Grashof-type movability conditions are derived for closed-loop spatial RSRC mechanisms. The conditions for the existence of fully rotatable cranks, and for drag link type mechanisms are derived in the presence or absence of transmission angle limitations. The mechanism can be closed with two different configurations. In the presence of transmission angle limitations, the movability conditions are in general different for each of the two configurations of the mechanism. The movability conditions are otherwise identical. Changeover possibilities and partial mobility are discussed.
The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law

This exploration of Chinese law studies the views held throughout the centuries on the role of law in government, the relationship between law and morality, and the purpose of punishment. Other topics examined include conservatism, symbolism and the technical construction of the codes.
Accelerated Pavement Testing of Warm-Mix Asphalt for Heavy-Traffic Airfields

The results from accelerated pavement testing on warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures designed for airfield pavements are presented. Three WMA mixtures and one hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture produced in an asphalt plant were evaluated under simulated heavy aircraft traffic. The evaluation was conducted at extreme traffic conditions, including heavy aircraft loading, high tire pressure, and high pavement temperature. Pavement structural response and rutting were evaluated to assess the susceptibility to permanent deformation of WMA mixtures compared with that of HMA produced with the same aggregate blend. Test results indicated that WMA was a viable product for surface mixtures on airfield pavements.
An investigation of lateral transistors -d.c. characteristics

Abstract The d.c. characteristics of the lateral transistor are examined in detail. The theory presented accounts for the observed dependences of collector and base currents on emitter-base bias. Two-dimensional geometrical effects are included, and various components of base recombination current are discussed separately. For the experimental devices studied in this work, high-level injection in the base was found to be chiefly responsible for the decreasing current gain at high currents.
Bias in risk-benefit analysis

Abstract Risk-benefit analysis has become popular in the past decade as a means of improving decision-making, especially in the area of technology policy. Here risk-benefit analysis is compared to other (equally defensible) approaches to decision-making, showing how it favors some political interests more than others, and suggesting why it has recently come to the fore as a tool of politicaL analysis.
Analysis of Optimal Cable Configurations in the Design of a 3-DOF Cable-Driven Robot Leg

The operational workspace of a cable-driven serial robot is largely dictated by the choice of cable placement and routing. As robot complexity increases with additional cables and degrees of freedom, the problem of designing a cable architecture can quickly become challenging.This paper builds upon a previously described methodology to identify and analyze optimal cable configurations, expanding the approach to a 3-DoF robot leg driven by four cables. The methodology is used to analyze configuration trends in the routing and placement of the cables which achieve the desired range of motion for the robot. The results of the analysis are used to inform the design of a cable architecture which is shown to be capable of controlling the robot through the desired task.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Thermal and photochemical reduction of aqueous chlorine by ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes.

Studies are reported on the reactions of aqueous chlorine with a series of substitution-inert, one-electron metal-complex reductants, which includes [Ru(bpy)3]2+, [Ru(4,4‘-Me2bpy)3]2+, [Ru(4,7-Me2phen)3]2+, [Ru(terpy)2]2+, and [Fe(3,4,7,8-Me4phen)3]2+. The reactions were studied by spectrophotometry at 25 °C in acidic chloride media at μ = 0.3 M. In general the reactions have the stoichiometry 2[ML3]2+ + Cl2 → 2[ML3]3+ + 2Cl-. In the case of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, the reaction is quite photosensitive; the thermal reaction is so slow as to be practically immeasurable. The reactions of [Ru(4,4‘-Me2bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(4,7-Me2phen)3]2+ are also highly photosensitive, giving pseudo-first-order rate constants that depend on the monochromator slit width in a stopped−flow instrument; however, the thermal rates are fast enough that they can be obtained by extrapolation of kobs to zero slit width. The reactions of [Ru(terpy)2]2+ and [Fe(3,4,7,8-Me4phen)3]2+ show no appreciable photosensitivity, allowing direct determination of...
Nonlinear Tuning Regulator for the Control of Lightly Damped Structures

This paper deals with the control of lightly damped flexible structures under plant uncertainty. The control objectives are 1) closed loop stability and 2) asymptotic regulation of the amplitude of each resonant mode of the flexible structure. Furthermore, it desired to conserve control bandwidth so as to minimize implementation costs. Since the dynamics of a flexible structure can be decomposed into N resonant subsystems whose energy is mainly distributed in the passband, frequency translation technique based on the Hilbert transform is first applied to the nominal plant to obtain a low frequency equivalent model that also includes various filter dynamics. Analysis and design are then carried out in the baseband to obtain the necessary bandwidth-conservative controller. The resultant control system is modular, consisting of N structurally identical modules. The controller parameters are derived by the on-line tuning method [3] together with an estimate of the resonant frequencies of the flexible structure. No other plant information is required. The proposed controller does not suffer from spillover effects that sometimes occur in conventional designs. A synthesis procedure is outlined in this paper to summarize the design steps in a systematic manner. Finally, a numerical example based on the control of a stainless steel flexible beam is also provided to illustrate the design steps.
Half-Duplex Fiber-Optic Data Transmission With A Semiconductor Junction Transceiver

Much of the data transfer in computer and process control systems takes place by half duplex data transmission. Conventional approaches to implementation of half duplex fiber optic links use a separate fiber for each transmission direction or a single fiber for both directions and a Y branch. If an LED is used as a semiconductor junction transceiver (SJT) for both emission and detection of optical signals, half duplex data transmission links can be implemented with a single fiber and a single optoelectronic device at each end of the fiber. Investigation of the suitability of reverse biased LED's for use as detectors shows that responsivities higher than 1/5 that of a PIN diode can be achieved. Although the reverse biased capacitance of the LED is larger than the PIN diode, rise times as short as 3 nanoseconds have been measured for LED's used in the detector mode. Comparison of Burrus, edge emitting and large area surface emitting diodes shows that the Burrus and large area surface emitting diodes offer the best detector performance. Experimental results for a half duplex transceiver using an SJT will be presented.
Patient and Physician Satisfaction with Telemedicine for Monitoring Vital Signs

We evaluated user satisfaction with realtime telemedicine for monitoring vital signs. Over eight weeks, 20 patients and 12 residents in family medicine participated in the study. At the end of the ...
Outcomes in work-related upper extremity and low back injuries: results of a retrospective study.

Background The outcomes of treatment for work-related injuries and illnesses are multidimensional and complex, but have rarely been explored in detail. This study was intended to provide information on a sample of workers representing a range of jobs and employers typical of the workers compensation system. Method A mailed, self-report survey measuring multiple dimensions was conducted. Identified through the New Hampshire Division of Workers’ Compensation First Report of Injury database, a sample of workers with injuries to their lower back (60%) or upper extremities (40%) a year prior to the study were surveyed. Response rate was 80% (Na 169; upper extremity casesa 70; low back casesa 99). Results Most (82.8%) were working one year post-injury. Over half reported residual effects of the injury on work or activities of daily living. Many working subjects reported persistent injury-related anxiety and pain at the end of the work day, worse in those with low back pain compared to those with upper extremity injuries. Almost 40% of those who returned to work suffered a reinjury. Forty-four percent of respondents suffered significant injury-related financial problems, which were worse in those who had been out of work for longer periods. Conclusion Occupational musculoskeletal injuries do result in significant, long-term adverse physical, economic, and psychological consequences, as demonstrated in selfreported surveys. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:400‐409, 2000. fl 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research Article Electronic Media Variety and Virtual Team Performance: The Mediating Role of Task Complexity Coping Mechanisms

Research problem: Much of the research on electronic communication media so far has been characterized by a focus on the impact that specific media may have on individuals and teams, as opposed to the impact that multiple media, when used in combination, may have on individuals and teams. Research questions: (1) Does a high degree of media variety facilitate the implementation of team mechanisms for coping with task complexity? (2) Does the degree of implementation of team mechanisms for coping with task complexity positively influence team performance? Literature review: Based on a focused literature review, we develop a new set of propositions relating media variety and team performance, which we tested in the context of teams engaged in new product development. Methodology: Data from 290 new product development teams in 66 organizations located in the Northeastern US were analyzed through partial least squares-based structural equation modeling. The analysis was conducted with the software WarpPLS 2.0. Results and discussion: The results of the analysis suggest that a high degree of electronic communication media variety facilitates the implementation of task complexity coping mechanisms, such as coordination activities, in new product development teams. This, in turn, seems to lead to significant gains in team efficiency and effectiveness in those teams. The results also suggest that while electronic communication media variety plays an important facilitation role, by facilitating coordination activities, it has a much less pronounced direct effect on team efficiency and effectiveness. In other words, in the absence of task complexity coping mechanisms, such as coordination activities, a high degree of media variety may not be very useful for teams carrying out complex tasks such as new product development.
Influence of organic solvents in the capillary zone electrophoresis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites

A rapid capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed using a 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPS) buffer for the compound-class separation of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites including tetrols, benzo[a]pyrene diols, and hydroxyl aromatics. In addition, the effects of two organic solvents (methanol and acetonitrile) on the electroosmotic flow and electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes were studied. Separation of nine PAH metabolites was ultimately achieved within 24 min with a 100 mM CAPS buffer with 40% (v/v) MeOH at an apparent pH of 10.4. In addition, it was possible to partially resolve the parent PAH compounds from the metabolites with the previous buffer system. The simple CZE methods developed would be useful for the rapid separation and characterization of several important biomarkers.
Soil CO2 dynamics and fluxes as affected by tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem

[1] Soil CO2 production is a key process in ecosystem C exchange, and global change predictions require understanding of how ecosystem disturbance affects this process. We monitored CO2 levels in soil gas and as bicarbonate in drainage from an experimental red pine ecosystem, for 1 year before and 3 years after its aboveground biomass was removed. Lack of physical disturbance, strict prevention of plant regrowth, and a comparison ecosystem without rooted plants facilitated isolation of the microclimatic and biochemical effects of instantaneous canopy removal and cessation of photosynthesis. Preharvest gas-phase CO2 levels fluctuated with growing-season soil temperature but reached their greatest levels (up to 10,000 ppmV) during late winter beneath snow and ice cover. This pattern, and the annual CO2 efflux of ∼500 g C m−2 yr−1, continued for 2 years following harvest; the efflux declined by half in the third year. The surprising continuity of preharvest and postharvest rates of soil CO2 production reflects the replacement of root respiration with microbial respiration of root and litter substrates of declining lability, but boosted by soil temperature increases. Mass balance is consistent with a bulk root+litter exponential decay time (−1/k) of 4–6 years, such that most of the subsurface biomass accumulated over 15 years of tree growth would be lost in a decade after the harvest. The preharvest bicarbonate C efflux, which was less than 0.1% of the gas-phase efflux, trebled after the harvest owing to elimination of evapotranspiration and consequent increases in drainage while soil CO2 levels remained high. A large fraction of this “hydrospheric” sink for atmospheric CO2 is attributed to weathering under high soil CO2 levels before spring snowmelt and soil-water flushing. These observations suggest that disturbance may enhance long-term chemical-weathering CO2 sinks.
An individual-based model of canid populations: modelling territoriality and social structure

Abstract The management of canid populations has been at the forefront of wildlife management worldwide for much of the last century. Effective management depends on the ability to integrate species biology, the environmental aspects upon which those populations depend, and the factors controlling species abundance. Further, managing canid populations requires consideration of territoriality and dominance, which may have a significant effect on population dynamics. To better understand the effect of social structure on canid populations, we developed an individual-based computer model using Swarm to mimic natural coyote population dynamics. We selected the Swarm simulation environment because it is ideally suited for creating a system of multiple interacting agents with variable schedules and hierarchies. Swarm was a software platform that allows the user to describe generic individuals and behaviours, link those behaviours in each concurrent time step, and assemble behaviours and objects in a hierarchical framework. This model stands apart from previous modelling efforts because it explicitly incorporates behavioral features, such as dominance and territoriality, as major determinates of species demography into a simple model. Individual variation, such as status within territorial social groups and age-based reproduction are incorporated, but assumptions typically associated with most demographic models are not needed. The simple population model with few parameters not only closely resembled ‘real world’ populations but also helped us understand population dynamics that emerged from model. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the model was largely insensitive to individual parameter estimates and could be used to guide management of territorial animal populations with social structure. The model output variables closely matched the mean and range of values reported in the literature of wild populations for population size, proportion of females breeding, offspring survival and litter size. The variation of model output was similar to the variation recorded in field studies. Further, population dynamics reported from field studies emerged from the model and may help to explain the mechanisms responsible for this variation. This type of model could also provide insights into potential management alternatives for other canid species or other species with similar social structure.
Efferent projections of the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus in the monkey

Efferent projections of the ventral anterior (VA) thalamic nucleus were investigated in 20 monkeys. In half of these animals degeneration was traced following stereotaxic lesions in the magnocellular (VAmc) or parvocellular (VApc) portions of the nucleus. Chronic cell changes in the VA nucleus were studied following various cortical ablations in the remaining animals. Stereotaxic lesions in the VA nucleus produced extensive subcortical degeneration (Nauta or Marchi stains). Within the VA nucleus was a dense pattern of degenerated fibers, largely oriented in the sagittal plane. Fibers from the VAmc nucleus projected laterally into the VApc nucleus. Numerous caudally directed fibers arose in the VA nucleus and projected intrathalamically to the rostral intralaminar and parafascicular nuclei. Fibers also entered portions of the centromedian and dorsomedial nuclei. Rostrally directed fibers from the VA nucleus entered the anterior limb of the internal capsule and were distributed widely to the frontal lobe cortex. Rostral projections from the medial VA (VAmc) nucleus were, in part, localized to a portion of the orbitofrontal cortex. Degeneration was absent or sparse in other ventral tier thalamic nuclei, and no degeneration was seen in the striatum, pallidum or insular cortex. Restricted cortical lesions in area 4, area 6, orbital cortex, medial frontal cortex, or insular cortex produced no cellular alteration in the VA nucleus. Large lesions involving several frontal cortical areas resulted in cellular changes, which were not as severe as in the adjacent ventrolateral nuclei; after extensive ablations approximately half of the VA cells remained normal. The VA nucleus appears to be an important link in the thalamic nonspecific system. Efferent projections reach both the nonspecific thalamic nuclei and widespread areas of frontal cortex.
Membrane protein structure determination by electron crystallography

During the past year, electron crystallography of membrane proteins has provided structural insights into the mechanism of several different transporters and into their interactions with lipid molecules within the bilayer. From a technical perspective there have been important advances in high-throughput screening of crystallization trials and in automated imaging of membrane crystals with the electron microscope. There have also been key developments in software, and in molecular replacement and phase extension methods designed to facilitate the process of structure determination.
Enzymatic synthesis of the 2′,5′-A4 tetramer analog, 2′,5′-ppp3′dA(p3′dA)3, by rabbit reticulocyte lysates: Binding and activation of the 2′,5′-An dependent nuclease, hydrolysis of mRNA, and inhibition of protein synthesis

Summary The structurally modified 2′,5′-pppA(pA) 3 (tetramer) analog, 2′,5′-ppp3′ dA(p3′dA) 3 (referred to as p 3 3′dA 4 ), synthesized by 2′,5′-A n synthetase from cordycepin 5′-triphosphate (3′dATP) in lysates from rabbit reticulocytes has the same structure as chemically synthesized p 3 3′dA. Under our assay conditions, when the 14 C-amino acid concentration is ≥ 50 μM, p 3 3′dA 4 (enzymatically or chemically synthesized) is the most potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in lysates from rabbit reticulocytes reported to date (61% inhibition at 6.7 × 10 −10 M). p 3 3′dA 4 binds to and activates the 2′,5′-A n dependent of nuclease to hydrolyze VSV [ 3 H]mRNA. The 3′-hydroxyl groups of the adenylate of the p 3 A 4 are not required to activate the 2′,5′-A n dependent nuclease in lysates from rabbit reticulocytes.
The effect of varying AI, Ti,and Nb content on the phase stability of INCONEL 718

The effects of varying the strengthening alloying elements on the microstructural stability of the superalloy INCONEL 718 have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray and synchrotron diffractometry. Time-temperature-transformation curves were determined for the embrittling σ-phase using conventional and synchrotron X-ray diffractometry. Increasing the Al/Ti ratio and the Al + Ti concentration in the alloy decreases the driving force both to form σ phase and coarsen γ". Abbreviated mechanical tests also indicate that the alloys with the highest Al + Ti content and Al/Ti ratio are more stable than the commercial “SUPER” IN718 after long times at elevated temperatures.
The interference of various word parts on color naming in the Stroop test

This study compared the interfering effects of various word parts on performance of the Stroop task. In different conditions, the first, middle, and last two letters of a color word formed color patches. In other conditions, random letters were attached to these word parts. In a control condition, entire words formed the color patches. While no condition produced as much interference as the control condition, the first part of a color word interfered with color naming more than other word parts. The addition of unrelated letters had little or no effect on the interference produced by the first part of a word. The results are consistent with suggestions that word perception often involves the activation of an articulatory motor program which is initiated by the first part of the word.
A study on synthesis and characterization of the core–shell materials of Mn1−xZnxFe2O4–polyaniline

Abstract Microwave absorbents with core–shell structure of Mn1−xZnxFe2O4–polyaniline have been synthesized by the polymerization of aniline in the aqueous solution of aniline in the presence of surfactant NaDS and the nano-particle size powder of Mn1−xZnxFe2O4. The nano-particle size of Mn1−xZnxFe2O4 was prepared with the method of self-propagation combustion of the aqueous sol–gel. X-ray powder diffraction of ferrites indicated that the structure of core materials is spinel structures with lattice constants around 8.44–8.40 A. SEM and TEM photographs show that the particle size of core material are around 100–200 nm. After coating with polyaniline, the particle size of the core–shell of ferrite–polyaniline has grown up to 400–800 nm. The conductivity of the core materials ferrites and of the core–shell materials of the ferrite–polyaniline measured by the four-point probe resistivity are 10−5 Ω−1 cm−1 and 10−1 Ω−1 cm−1, respectively. The conductivity of the core–shell materials increase with the increasing of the amount of polyaniline in the resulting products. The magnetic hysteresis loops of materials investigated with VSM indicate that the saturated magnetization (Ms) of pure spinel ferrites of Mn1−xZnxFe2O4 increase with the x value up to 47.01 emu/g for Mn0.50Zn0.50Fe2O4, but the Ms values of the core–shell materials decrease with the amount of polyaniline (PAN) in the core–shell ferrite–polyaniline materials. The composite specimens of the core–shell ferrite–polyaniline and epoxide resin have bandwidth microwave absorption of the reflection lose −5 dB to −10 dB at the frequency between 4.5 GHz and 6.8 GHz were also observed by the network analyzer.
The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality By Tali Mendelberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 320p. $52.50 cloth, $17.95 paper. -

Tali Mendelberg's The Race Card offers a methodologically rich and convincing account of the impact of subtle race cues in contemporary American politics. Although her thesis is a controversial one, Mendelberg develops a careful and cogent argument that racial attitudes can have a substantial effect on candidate evaluations—provided that candidates craft a racial appeal that appears to be about something other than race. She argues that the success of implicit antiblack appeals, ones juxtaposing visual references to race with ostensibly nonracial verbal messages on issues such as crime or welfare, are due to four “A” factors: ambivalence about racial stereotypes, accessibility and priming, awareness of one's reliance on racial attitudes, and the ambiguity of the racial cue.
L-Asparaginase-Deficient Mutants of Yeast

Yeast L-asparaginase is a multimeric enzyme for which only a single structural gene has been found. Fourteen mutants deficient in L-asparaginase have been isolated, and they have been located at one site on the genetic map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The L-asparaginase gene (aspl) is located about 18 centimorgans from a gene governing tryptophan synthesis (trp4) on fragment 2 of the map.
pH Equilibration in Human Erythrocyte Suspensions

A stopped-flow rapid reaction apparatus was used to study the rate of pH equilibration in human red cell suspensions. Flux of OH− or H+ was determined over a wide range of extracellular pH (4–11) in CO2-free erythrocyte suspensions. In these experiments, an erythrocyte suspension at pH 7.3 is rapidly mixed with an equal volume of NaCl solution at 3.0>pH>11.5. The pH of the extracellular fluid of the mixture changes rapidly as OH− or H+ moves across the red cell membrane. Flux and velocity constants can be calculated from the initiald pH/dt using the known initial intra- and extracellular pH. It was found that the further the extracellular pH is from 7.3 (in either direction from 4–11), the greater the absolute value of total OH− and/or H+ flux. Pretreatment with SITS (4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid), a potent anion exchange inhibitor, greatly reduces flux over the entire pH range, while exposure to valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, has no measurable effect. These data suggest that (i) both H+ and OH− may be moving across the red cell membrane at all pH; (ii) the species dominating pH equilibration is probably dependent on the extracellular pH, which determines the magnitude of the driving gradient for each ion; and (iii) the rapid exchange pathway of the erythrocyte membrane may be utilized for both H+ and OH− transport during CO2-free pH equilibration.
Optimal management strategies for HIV-infected patients who present with cough or dyspnea

Objective:To determine the effectiveness and costs of alternative management strategies for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who present with pulmonary symptoms.
A consistent value for games with n players and r alternatives

In Bolger [1993], an efficient value was obtained for a class of games called games with n players and r alternatives. In these games, each of the n players must choose one and only one of the r alternatives. This value can be used to determine a player’s “a priori” value in such a game. In this paper, we show that the value has a consistency property similar to the “consistency” for TU games in Hart/Mas-Colell [1989] and we present a set of axioms (including consistency) which characterizes this value.
ICI: A New Approach to Explore Between-Cluster Relationships with Applications to Gene Expression Data

Clustering methods are typically used to group objects with similar patterns into one of k sets. In the case of gene expression data, genes clustered into the same set tend to have similar expression profiles. However, clustering techniques lack a mechanism to quantify the between-cluster relationship. We propose a method called ICI (Inter-Cluster Investigator) to ascertain the between-cluster and between-gene relationships and establish the amount of co-regulation between clustered sets of genes. This will yield an alternative way of characterizing the between-gene relationship that builds upon the existing structure obtained from clustering. A procedure is proposed to allow the identification of negatively and positively correlated sets of genes, which may indicate repression or regulation in gene expression data. It is illustrated with the analysis of yeast cell-cycle data.
The Effects of Scattering and Ground Reflection on the Solar Energy Absorbed by Ozone in a Rayleigh Atmosphere

Abstract The effects of Rayleigh scattering and Lambert ground reflection on the solar energy absorbed by ozone in the earth's molecular atmosphere are evaluated on the basis of a complete solution of the transfer equation. The results show that these processes increase the following over that for a purely-absorbing atmosphere: 1) the total solar energy absorbed by ozone in a unit atmospheric column, 2) the energy absorbed per unit mass of air at all levels (except below 100 mb at low sun), and 3) the heating rates due to the absorption of solar energy by ozone. In each case, the magnitude of the increase can vary considerably depending on the solar zenith angle and the reflectivity of the underlying surface.
Sociodemographic Characteristics, Health Beliefs, and the Accuracy of Cancer Knowledge

Background. Recent studies have found that knowledge about cancer prevention and treatment differs across ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, which could directly impact our decisions to engage in protective health behaviors. In this study, we examined sociodemographic-based differences in cancer knowledge and health beliefs and examined differences in the accuracy of the cancer knowledge based on health beliefs. Methods. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted between July 1995 and March 2004 on adult, healthy, cancer-free control participants (N=2074; 50% male) enrolled into a molecular epidemiological case-control study. Most were non-Hispanic white, 14% were African American, and 8% were Hispanic. Participants were personally interviewed on 6 items assessing health beliefs and 10 items assessing cancer knowledge. Results. Unadjusted differences in cancer knowledge were observed by gender, age, ethnicity, household income, educational attainment, and smoking status. After adjusting for the other sociodemographic characteristics, women had more accurate knowledge than men, the accuracy of knowledge increased with higher educational attainment and annual household income, and never smokers had more accurate knowledge than ever smokers (P<.01 for all). Moreover, accurate cancer knowledge was associated with protective health beliefs; eg, the belief that changing health habits was worthwhile was associated with more accurate knowledge. Conclusions. Results emphasize the need to develop health education programs that enhance cancer knowledge among individuals of low SES and foster protective health beliefs.
Computer Processing of Plasma Data Utilizing a Fast-Fourier-Transform-Generated Spectral Analysis Approach

This paper describes a method of plasma wave diagnostics using digitally computed power spectral density functions. The process involves application of the fast Fourier transform algorithm to digitally converted analog plasma data in order to generate the standard auto-and cross-power density spectra as well as other useful spectral functions. The system employs a 7 channel, 1.5 MHz, analog instrumentation type, tape recorder to record the plasma data signals (e.g. density or potential fluctuations monitored by Langmuir probes). The recorded signals are digitized by an XDS930 computer and the digital output is stored on magnetic tape for subsequent analysis on a CDC6600 computer. The output of the CDC6600 computer analysis consists of autopower density, cross-power density (both magnitude and phase spectra), and coherence functions . The details of the instrumentation and implementation of the system as well as considerations necessary to achieve valid results are described. Examples of the computer generated spectral functions for plasma data are shown. Finally a description of the interpretation of the data analysis and some proposed applications are presented.
Reaction between Copper and Solid Oxygen condensed at Very Low Temperatures from a Gas Discharge

Reaction between Copper and Solid Oxygen condensed at Very Low Temperatures from a Gas Discharge
Abnormal Body Composition Phenotypes in Older Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Association With Disease Characteristics and Pharmacotherapies

Objective To compare measures of body fat and lean mass and the prevalence of abnormal body composition phenotypes (sarcopenia, overfat, and sarcopenic obesity) in men and women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) versus matched controls, and to explore the disease-related predictors of abnormal body composition in patients with RA. Methods A total of 189 men and women with RA and 189 age-, sex-, and race-matched non-RA controls underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for measurement of total and regional body fat and lean mass. Continuous and categorical measures of body composition were compared between RA and control subjects by sex and according to categories of body mass index (BMI). Within the group of RA patients, demographic, lifestyle, and RA disease and treatment characteristics were compared for RA patients with healthy body composition versus those with abnormal body composition phenotypes. Results Compared with non-RA controls, RA status was significantly associated with greater odds of sarcopenia, overfat, and sarcopenic obesity in women, but not in men. Relative differences in body composition phenotypes between RA and control subjects were greatest for patients in the normal weight BMI category (<25 kg/m2). Among RA characteristics, increasing joint deformity, self-reported disability scores, C-reactive protein levels, rheumatoid factor seropositivity, and a lack of current treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were significantly associated with abnormal body composition. Conclusion Abnormal body composition phenotypes are overrepresented in patients with RA, particularly in those in the normal weight BMI range. RA-associated disease and treatment characteristics contribute to this increase in abnormal body composition.
Antigen receptor signaling in the rheumatic diseases

Antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes has been clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of the rheumatic diseases. Here, we review evidence from mouse models in which B-cell and T-cell signaling machinery is perturbed as well as data from functional studies of primary human lymphocytes and recent advances in human genetics. B-cell receptor hyper-responsiveness is identified as a nearly universal characteristic of systemic lupus erythema-tosus in mice and humans. Impaired and enhanced T-cell receptor signaling are both associated with distinct inflammatory diseases in mice. Mechanisms by which these pathways contribute to disease in mouse models and patients are under active investigation.
The Mark Coventry Award: Diagnosis of Early Postoperative TKA Infection Using Synovial Fluid Analysis

Background Synovial fluid white blood cell count is useful for diagnosing periprosthetic infections but the utility of this test in the early postoperative period remains unknown as hemarthrosis and postoperative inflammation may render standard cutoff values inaccurate.
Salvage central lymphatic irradiation in follicular lymphomas following failure of chemotherapy: a feasibility study.

Abstract Purpose: Management of follicular lymphoma after chemotherapy failure has been controversial and has ranged from watchful waiting to high-dose chemotherapy. High-dose chemotherapy with bone marrow reconstitution may produce clinical and molecular complete responses at the risk of serious morbidity and mortality. It has been previously reported that central lymphatic irradiation (CLI) can achieve long-term relapse-free survival in patients with Stage I, II, or III follicular lymphoma. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of treating patients in whom front-line chemotherapy failed with salvage CLI instead of instituting more intensive chemotherapy. Methods and Materials: Salvage CLI with curative intent for patients with follicular lymphoma was started at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in 1992. Eleven patients whose disease showed poor response to or relapsed after chemotherapy were managed with this approach. The median age of the patients was 61 years. Criteria for exclusion included bone marrow involvement or other evidence of Ann Arbor Stage IV disease at any time during the course of the disease. Overall survival and relapse-free survival were calculated from the first day of CLI. Results: Ten patients were alive at a median follow-up of 25 months (range 9–73 months). The treatment was well tolerated in general. Two patients could not complete CLI: one 75-year-old patient owing to prolonged platelet count depression and deterioration in general medical condition, and a 66-year-old patient because of exacerbation of preexisting pancytopenia and worsening of heart disease. Everyone who completed CLI remains in remission at the time of this report, except for one patient who had a relapse in the right lacrimal gland at 32 months. This patient was treated with local radiation therapy and is free of disease. Eventual recovery of the blood counts was observed for the patients who completed CLI. Conclusion: These results demonstrate for the first time that with CLI, it is possible to achieve complete remission of acceptable quality in follicular lymphoma patients who experience a chemotherapy failure. The main toxicity is limited to transient depression in hematological profiles. The treatment is fairly well tolerated and seems to carry little risk compared with high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow rescue. Salvage CLI may not necessarily compromise future treatment with chemotherapy, including autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, because the patients' blood counts recover.
Recurrent osseous metaplasia of the cervix after loop electrosurgical excision.

Abstract BACKGROUND: %Osseous metaplasia of the uterus is a rare pathologic entity usually affecting the endometrial cavity without cervical extension. It has been reported after abortion, in cases of chronic endometritis, and as a result of metabolic disorders as hypervitaminosis D, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. CASE: A woman developed osseous metaplasia of the cervix shortly after loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for severe cervical dysplasia. Normal transvaginal ultrasonograms before the LEEP, and failure to detect osseous metaplasia after histologic review of the tissue obtained from that procedure indicate that the osseous metaplasia had been induced by the LEEP. The heterotopic bone formation rapidly recurred after initial removal. Her serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels were normal. CONCLUSION: LEEP may result in healing with metaplastic bone formation.
An Experimental Analysis of the Affective Dimensions of Deep Vocabulary Knowledge Used in Inferring the Meaning of Words in Context

This paper examines an under-studied component of deep vocabulary knowledge, affective meaning, which is used to convey attitudes. Two affective dimensions, evaluation and potency, are examined to determine whether they influence the vocabulary choices of native speakers of American-English in describing interpersonal interactions. In Experiment 1, 44 college students read sentences containing verbs that varied in class (experiencer or action), evaluation (positive or negative), and potency (high or low). These students were asked to choose adjectives to describe nouns filling the sentence thematic roles. In Experiment 2, 30 students chose sentence verbs, given sentences containing agents or stimuli and patients or experiencers with different levels of evaluation and potency. Students systematically used the evaluation and potency of the words to constrain their vocabulary choices. Results suggest that deep vocabulary knowledge includes subtle, affective aspects of word meaning, at least in some knowledge domains. These affective components are measurable, but they have not been systematically incorporated into assessment instruments that tap vocabulary depth. Affective components of vocabulary deserve more systematic attention in applied linguistics, because vocabulary depth is important for understanding the nature of vocabulary networks and for its contribution to proficiency in advanced L2 learners.
Carolina in the Carolines: A Survey of Patterns and Meanings of Smoking on a Micronesian Island

Tobacco use--especially smoking industrially manufactured cigarettes--kills nearly 5 million people annually and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Tobacco is a widely used global commodity embedded in cultural meanings, and its consumption involves a set of learned, patterned social behaviors. Seemingly, then, tobacco offers a most appealing anthropological research topic, yet its study has been relatively ignored by medical anthropologists when compared to research on alcoholic beverages and illegal drugs. To help fill this gap, this article sketches the historical background of tobacco in Micronesia, presents the results of a cross-sectional smoking survey from Namoluk Atoll, and describes contemporary smoking patterns and locally understood symbolic associations of tobacco. Intersections among history, gender, local meanings, the health transition, and the transnational marketing of tobacco are addressed, and cigarette smoking is seen as part of a new syndemic of chronic diseases in Micronesia.
Projection of diffraction patterns for use in cold-neutral-atom trapping

Scalar diffraction theory is combined with beam-propagation techniques to investigate the projection of near-field diffraction patterns to spatial locations away from the aperture for use in optically trapping cold neutral alkali-metal atoms. Calculations show that intensity distributions with localized bright and dark spots usually found within a millimeter of the diffracting aperture can be projected to a region free from optical components such as a cloud of cold atoms within a vacuum chamber. Calculations also predict that the critical properties of the optical dipole atom traps are not only maintained for the projected intensity patterns but also can be manipulated and improved by adjustment of the optical components outside the vacuum chamber.
On the accuracy of approximate plate theories for wave field calculations in composite laminates

Abstract Approximate plate theories have been extremely useful in providing analytical solutions to problems involving static and dynamic loadings of uniform or laminated plates of finite dimensions. The approximate theories can also be used for solving wave propagation problems in laminates of finite thickness and large lateral dimensions. We have recently developed a multiple transform technique coupled with a numerical evaluation scheme to calculate the resulting double integral expressions for the displacements and stresses produced in a composite laminate subjected to dynamic loads. This technique is used to determine the wave field in the laminate due to a concentrated or distributed dynamic surface load with and without the thin plate approximation. The accuracy of the approximate solution is shown to depend upon the pulse width of the forcing function, the plate thickness, as well as the distance between the source and the field points. For a given force time history, the range of validity of the approximate solution is determined through comparison with the exact solution.
Rethinking families of models and games for new circumstances

Analytical organizations have long recognized the desirability of hierarchical families of models. Although good model hierarchies have existed from time to time, practice has often fallen short of the ideal. Further, given changes in the nature of warfare, as well as the advent of new theories and technologies, it is time to rethink the entire issue of model families, to set fresh ambitions, and to go about constructing good mutually informed families of both models and analytically structured human war games. The paper offers initial suggestions about how to do so. It is intended, however, as a starting point for a fresh look by the community-i.e., as a stimulus to a more extended debate.
Rapid two-stage arterial switch operation : evaluation of left ventricular systolic mechanics late after an acute pressure overload stimulus in infancy

BACKGROUNDBanding of the pulmonary artery to induce left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy followed by arterial switch operation (ASO) within 2 weeks has been performed when a primary ASO was considered high risk because of inadequate LV hypertrophy.METHODS AND RESULTSPotential adverse myocardial effects of the two-stage procedure were examined by comparing outcome in 18 patients after a rapid two-stage ASO with 33 patients after a primary ASO. Regional wall motion was assessed. Echocardiographic and noninvasive pressure data were combined to obtain LV dimension, wall thickness, mass, fractional shortening, rate-corrected mean velocity of shortening, and end-systolic wall stress. Afterload-adjusted velocity of shortening was obtained as a load-independent index of contractility. In the two-stage ASO group, the magnitude and rate of hypertrophy after pulmonary artery banding were measured serially. No wall motion abnormalities were seen in either group. Systolic dysfunction due to higher afterload and lower con...