cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A magnetic torsional wave near the Galactic Centre traced by a ‘double helix’ nebula

The magnetic field in the central few hundred parsecs of the Milky Way has a dipolar geometry and is substantially stronger than elsewhere in the Galaxy, with estimates ranging up to a milligauss (refs 1-6). Characterization of the magnetic field at the Galactic Centre is important because it can affect the orbits of molecular clouds by exerting a drag on them, inhibit star formation, and could guide a wind of hot gas or cosmic rays away from the central region. Here we report observations of an infrared nebula having the morphology of an intertwined double helix about 100 parsecs from the Galaxy's dynamical centre, with its axis oriented perpendicular to the Galactic plane. The observed segment is about 25 parsecs in length, and contains about 1.25 full turns of each of the two continuous, helically wound strands. We interpret this feature as a torsional Alfven wave propagating vertically away from the Galactic disk, driven by rotation of the magnetized circumnuclear gas disk. The direct connection between the circumnuclear disk and the double helix is ambiguous, but the images show a possible meandering channel that warrants further investigation.
Evaluating the importance of phytoplankton community structure to the optical properties of the Santa Barbara Channel, California

Observations from the Santa Barbara Channel, California, were used to evaluate relationships among optical properties and phytoplankton community structure. Phytoplankton community structure was determined by statistically analyzing 10 diagnostic phytoplankton pigment concentrations using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first four EOF modes explained 82% of phytoplankton community structure variability and were interpreted as a mixed community mode composed mostly of nanoplankton, a mode dominated by microplankton (diatoms and dinoflagellates), a mode describing alternating diatom and dinoflagellate dominance, and a mode reflecting picoplankton presence. Variations in colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and phytoplankton absorption spectra were related to changes of the mixed microplankton modal amplitudes. Characteristics of the CDOM spectrum were further dependent on whether diatoms or dinoflagellates were dominant. The particle backscattering coefficient was significantly correlated with EOF modes describing the mixed microplankton and the picoplankton communities. The influence of phytoplankton community structure was also seen in the performance of standard ocean color algorithms using the in situ data set. The present results demonstrate that many optical characteristics vary significantly with changes in phytoplankton community structure and suggest that improvements in remote-sensing algorithms will require model coefficients to vary accordingly. Further, changes in phytoplankton community composition affect both dissolved and particle absorption and scattering properties, not simply the phytoplankton-specific properties, creating challenges for the development of algorithms aimed at assessing phytoplankton community structure from satellite observations.
Fracture scaling relations for scratch tests of axisymmetric shape

Abstract Scratch testing and scratch test analysis continues to gain momentum in Applied Mechanics, due to the possibility offered by this method to assess fracture properties at very fine scales. In this paper, we derive general scratch force scaling relations for axisymmetric scratch probes defined by single variable monomial functions. These relations are used to define fracture criteria with and without consideration of the development of shear stresses at the probe–material interface. The approach is illustrated for common scratch probe geometries: conical probe, flat punch, and hemi-spherical probe. Application of the proposed method to micro-scratch tests on two materials (an aluminum alloy and a thermoplastic polymer) using a Rockwell probe (a conical probe ending in a hemi-spherical shape) illustrates the versatility of the approach: First, the scratch force-depth scaling relations provide a means to determine the degree of the homogeneous function characterizing the scratch probe. Second, the fracture criteria enable an experimental assessment of the fracture toughness. The good agreement between the fracture toughness determined by scratching and values reported in the open literature show the potential of the proposed method for determining fracture properties of materials at even smaller scales.
Simultaneous modeling of thermopower and electrical conduction in olivine

Measurements of conductivity and thermopower as a function of oxygen fugacity (ƒO 2) are used to derive a model for conduction in olivine. Thermopower at 1000–1200 °C is between 50 and 400 μV/K and has a positive ƒO 2 dependence, and electrical conductivity exhibits approximately a 1/11 power dependence on ƒO 2. However, small polarons, considered to be the conducting defect in olivine at these temperatures, would produce a larger thermopower than observed, with a negative ƒO 2 dependence, as well as 1/6 power dependence of conductivity on ƒO 2. At least one other conducting defect species must be invoked to explain the observed magnitude and ƒO 2 dependence of thermopower. An electron/polaron model cannot be made to fit the conductivity and thermopower data well, but a polaron/magnesium vacancy model fits the data if a constant polaron or magnesium vacancy term is included. Concentrations from our fits are consistent with predictions from theoretical models, and our analysis predicts a transition from polaron dominance in conduction to magnesium vacancy dominance at around 1300 °C, as has been previously inferred from other data.
Government Policy, the Local State, and Gentrification: The Case of Prenzlauer Berg (Berlin), Germany

Since reunification, Berlin planners have sought to find a niche for a post-industrial New Berlin integrated into Europe. While great scholarly attention has focused on the grand projects that have...
Why are large cities faster? Universal scaling and self-similarity in urban organization and dynamics

Cities have existed since the beginning of civilization and have always been intimately connected with humanity's cultural and technological development. Much about the human and social dynamics that takes place is cities is intuitively recognizable across time, space and culture; yet we still do not have a clear cut answer as to why cities exist or to what factors are critical to make them thrive or collapse. Here, we construct an extensive quantitative characterization of the variation of many urban indicators with city size, using large data sets for American, European and Chinese cities. We show that social and economic quantities, characterizing the creation of wealth and new ideas, show increasing returns to population scale, which appear quantitatively as a power law of city size with an exponent β≃ 1.15 > 1. Concurrently, quantities characterizing material infrastructure typically show economies of scale, namely β≃ 0.8 < 1. The existence of pervasive scaling relations across city size suggests a universal social dynamics common to all cities within an urban system. We sketch some of their general ingredients, which include the acceleration of social life and a restructuring of individual social networks as cities grow larger. We also build simple dynamical models to show that increasing returns in wealth and innovation can fuel faster than exponential growth, which inexorably lead to crises of urban organization. To avoid them we show that growth may proceed in cycles, separated by major urban adaptations, with the unintended consequence that the duration of such cycles decreases with larger urban population size and is now estimated to be shorter than a human lifetime.
Sotalol: A new β-adrenergic blocker for ventricular arrhythmias

Sotalol is a water-soluble, nonselective, beta-adrenergic blocker that was recently approved in oral form in the United States for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias that are judged to be life-threatening. As a beta-blocker, sotalol is unique in having additional class-III antiarrhythmic activity. It is still not resolved whether sotalol is more effective than other beta-blockers in managing arrhythmias, but there are suggestions that it might possess greater antiarrhythmic and life-protecting activities than other types of antiarrhythmic drugs. The drug is well tolerated, but, because of its electrophysiologic activity, there is a small risk of proarrhythmia, specifically the development of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and torsade de pointes.
Zinc causes loss of membrane potential and alters production of reactive oxygen species in isolated brain mitochondria

Excessive accumulation of intracellular free zinc is lethal to neurons. The precise mechanism by which zinc kills neurons remains unclear, however, a number of reports suggest that zinc may impair neuronal metabolism. The present study examined how zinc affects the activity of isolated rat brain mitochondria. Using spectrofluorometry and polarography, we determined the effects of zinc on mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and respiration. In mitochondria respiring on either glutamate + malate (G + M), succinate, or glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P), addition of submicromolar levels of zinc caused dissipation of delta psi. Zinc-induced depolarization was rapidly reversed by the addition of the membrane-impermeant metal chelator EGTA. In all three substrate conditions, ruthenium red (200 nm) partially protected mitochondria from zinc-induced depolarization, suggesting that the calcium uniporter may mediate mitochondrial zinc uptake. Conversely, addition of cyclosporin A (1 µM) afforded no protection, arguing against zinc-induced permeability transition. ROS production was enhanced by zinc in mitochondria fueled by either G + M or G3P, but zinc inhibited succinate-driven ROS production. Zinc inhibited respiration in phosphorylating mitochondria regardless of substrate conditions, and zinc also inhibited respiration in uncoupled mitochondria using G + M. Together, these results suggest that zinc has several deleterious effects on mitochondria that could contribute to neuronal injury. Acknowledgements: Supported by NS34138 and the American Heart Association.
Characterization of two highly phosphorylated cytoskeleton-associated proteins, pp58 and pp60, in tumoricidal murine peritoneal macrophages and their comparison with vimentin

Two TX-insoluble cytoskeleton-associated proteins, pp58 and pp60, become highly phosphorylated in tumoricidal murine peritoneal macrophages. Results suggest that pp58 (pI 5.00) is phosphovimentin because it is highly insoluble in TX, shares the same mol. wt as vimentin, has a more acidic isoelectric point than vimentin, is phosphorylated primarily at serine, and generates the same V-8 protease peptide map as vimentin. pp60 generates at slightly different peptide map than pp58 and has a slightly less acidic isoelectric point (pI 5.02) than pp58 (pI 5.00), but is similar to pp58 by being highly insoluble in TX and being phosphorylated primarily at serine residues. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate that pp58 is not a precursor to or breakdown product of pp60, or vice versa because they show similar rates of [32P]-phosphate incorporation and turnover.
Word graph based speech rcognition error correction by handwriting input

We propose a convenient handwriting user interface for correcting speech recognition errors efficiently. Via the proposed hand-marked correction on the displayed recognition result, substitution, deletion and insertion errors can be corrected efficiently by rescoring the word graph generated in the recognition pass. A new path in the graph that matches the user's feedback in the maximum likelihood sense is found.With the aid of language model and hand corrections part in the best decoded path, rescoring the word graph can correct more errors than user provides. All recognition errors can be corrected after finite number of corrections. Experimental results show that by indicating one word error in user feedback, 33.8% of the erroneous sentences can be corrected; while by indicating one character error, 12.9% of the erroneous sentences can be corrected.
Photoemission study of Pb on Ge(111).

Photoemission spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation, Auger electron spectroscopy, and high-energy electron diffraction have been used to study the Pb-induced reconstructions of the Pb/Ge(111) system. The Ge 3[ital d] and Pb 5[ital d] core levels and valence bands are analyzed as a function of Pb coverage and annealing temperature. We have observed three ([radical]3 [times] [radical]3 )[ital R]30[degree] reconstructions with ideal Pb coverages of 1/6, 1/3, and 4/3 monolayer (in substrate units), the latter being the completion coverage for the first two-dimensional adlayer following the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. The band bending for this system will be discussed in the monolayer regime. Surface core levels and surface states were observed which suggest a simple [ital T][sub 4] adatom geometry for the lower coverage ([radical]3 [times] [radical]3 )[ital R]30[degree] reconstructions.
Characterization and enzymatic degradation of a cross-linked bacterial polyester

The bacterial polyester, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V), was cross-linked with 1, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30 wt% benzoyl peroxide by thermal decomposition reactions. Solvent extractions were carried out to determine the cross-linked fractions of the films. The sol/gel data were used to estimate cross-link densities. Films of PHB/V cross-linked with 10% benzoyl peroxide were placed in contact with purified depolymerase A secreted byP. lemoignei. These samples exhibited weight loss rates which were half that of un-cross-linked PHB/V, but the network was degraded completely by the enzyme. The results of this study suggest that anendo-type enzymatic degradation may occur, in addition to theexo-type activity, which is normally presumed to occur with theP. lemoignei depolymerase system.
Localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor and thyrotroph embryonic factor on mouse chromosome 15.

We report the localization of two genes expressed in anterior pituitary thyrotrope cells, thyrotropin- releasing hormone receptor (Trhr) and thyrotroph em- bryonic factor (Tey'), on mouse Chr 15. Trhr is a G-pro- tein-coupled receptor that activates the inositol phos- pholipid-calcium-protein kinase C transduction pathway upon the binding of the hypothalamic factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; Straub et al. 1990). TRH increases the production and secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by anterior pitu- itary thyrotrope cells. TSH is necessary for growth because of its role in the development of the thyroid gland and the production of thyroid hormone. Tefis a leucine zipper transcription factor that is related to the bZIP family (Drolet et al. 1991). While Tefis expressed broadly in the adult, expression in the embryo is con- fined to the developing thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary (Drolet et al. 1991). This expression follows the same temporal and spatial pattern of the beta sub- unit of TSH (Tshb). Moreover, Tefhas been shown to bind three sites in the mouse TSHb promoter and stim- ulate Tshb promoter activity in transiently transfected CV-1 cells (Drolet et al. 1991). Using an interspecific backcross provided by The Jackson Laboratory, (C57BL/6J x M. spretus)F1 x M. spretus, we localized Trhr and Tel on mouse Chr 15. We first linked Trhr and Tefto mouse Chr 15 by hap- lotype analysis with two simple sequence repeat mark- ers that were previously characterized on this cross, D15Mit3 and D15Mit16 (The Jackson Laboratory, un- published results). We then confirmed the localization of Trhr and Tef with D15Mit10. Trhr and Tef were typed with RFLPs that were detected by Southern blot analysis, performed as pre- viously described (Lossie et al. 1993). A 980-bp EcoRV to BstXII fragment, which corresponds to amino acids 371 to 393 plus 900 bp of 3' untranslated
A computer study of the experimental feasibility of observing the nuclear excitation of 7Li by reactor antineutrinos

Abstract A computer study of the feasibility of observing the 0.478 MeV γ-ray following the antineutrino excitation of 7Li has been carried out in a simple geometry involving two large Ge detectors placed on the axis inside a 20 kg target of natural lithium. The background γ-ray flux was assumed to be that observed by Fiorini and his co-workers in their search for neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge. The target was assumed to be inside a rectangular live shield of NaI(Tl) which has a wall thickness of 10.16 cm. The results for the Weinberg-Salam model clearly show that the direct observation of this reaction is feasible even if the background is almost two orders of magnitude more intense than the background observed by Fiorini et al. This conclusion was found to be valid even if most of the background originates inside the cryostat itself. If the background is no more than three times as intense as that observed by Fiorini et al., the excitation can at least be observed with a larger target and with no NaI(Tl) annulus.
Characterization of virgin and postconsumer blended high‐impact polystyrene resins for injection molding

This article focuses on the mechanical and rheological properties of virgin and recycled high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) materials and describes our progress in evaluating the viability of reusing postconsumer and virgin polymer blends of HIPS from electronics equipment housings. Plastics reuse challenges are briefly reviewed, and experimental results, such as the rheological properties, mechanical properties, molecular weight, and morphology of different blends, are summarized and discussed for reuse of HIPS from printer and monitor housings. It is found that all blends have similar molecular weight and polydispersity. Furthermore, the recycled resin and virgin resin consist of almost the same components. However, the morphology of the rubber phases is different. The mechanical properties are similar for the ASTM specimens molded with either set of blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1–8, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.2339
De novo assembly of a transcriptome for Calanus finmarchicus (Crustacea, Copepoda)--the dominant zooplankter of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Assessing the impact of global warming on the food web of the North Atlantic will require difficult-to-obtain physiological data on a key copepod crustacean, Calanus finmarchicus. The de novo transcriptome presented here represents a new resource for acquiring such data. It was produced from multiplexed gene libraries using RNA collected from six developmental stages: embryo, early nauplius (NI-II), late nauplius (NV-VI), early copepodite (CI-II), late copepodite (CV) and adult (CVI) female. Over 400,000,000 paired-end reads (100 base-pairs long) were sequenced on an Illumina instrument, and assembled into 206,041 contigs using Trinity software. Coverage was estimated to be at least 65%. A reference transcriptome comprising 96,090 unique components (“comps”) was annotated using Blast2GO. 40% of the comps had significant blast hits. 11% of the comps were successfully annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms. Expression of many comps was found to be near zero in one or more developmental stages suggesting that 35 to 48% of the transcriptome is “silent” at any given life stage. Transcripts involved in lipid biosynthesis pathways, critical for the C. finmarchicus life cycle, were identified and their expression pattern during development was examined. Relative expression of three transcripts suggests wax ester biosynthesis in late copepodites, but triacylglyceride biosynthesis in adult females. Two of these transcripts may be involved in the preparatory phase of diapause. A key environmental challenge for C. finmarchicus is the seasonal exposure to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense with high concentrations of saxitoxins, neurotoxins that block voltage-gated sodium channels. Multiple contigs encoding putative voltage-gated sodium channels were identified. They appeared to be the result of both alternate splicing and gene duplication. This is the first report of multiple NaV1 genes in a protostome. These data provide new insights into the transcriptome and physiology of this environmentally important zooplankter.
Why the Blind Can′t Lead the Blind: Dennett on the Blind Spot, Blindsight, and Sensory Qualia

Abstract In Consciousness Explained Dan Dennett proposes a deflationary treatment of sensory qualia. He seeks to establish a continuity among both the neural and the conscious phenomena connected with the blind spot and with the perception of repetitive patterns on the one hand and the neutral and conscious phenomena connected with blindsight on the other. He aims to analyze the conscious phenomena associated with each in terms of what the brain ignores . Dennett offers a thought experiment about a blindsight patient who has the sensory information that normals do, but who seems not to have their sensory qualia.What is it that normals know that this blindsight patient does not? Dennett′s answer is "nothing." Dennett′s denial of "filling-in" accounts of repetitive patterns and the blind spot constitute a Rylean intuition pump for this thought experiment. Research by Ramachandran raises important problems for Dennett′s account. Moreover, Dennett′s attempt to discount the significance of "artificial scotomas" inadvertently employs a principle that undermines his case for establishing the continuity between the phenomena in question.
First-order phase transitions in ferromagnet/superconductor layered structures

We study the thermodynamics of clean structures composed of superconductor (S) and ferromagnet (F) layers and consisting of one or more SFS junctions. We use fully self-consistent numerical methods to compute the condensation free energies of the possible order parameter configurations as a function of temperature $T$. As $T$ varies, we find that there are phase transitions between states characterized by different junction configurations (denoted as ``0'' or ``$\ensuremath{\pi}$'' according to the phase difference of the order parameter in consecutive S layers). We show that these transitions are of first order. We calculate the associated latent heats and find them to be measurable.
Efficacy of rituximab in acute refractory or chronic relapsing non-familial idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review with pooled data analysis

Idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) occurs primarily due to the formation of autoantibody against ADAMTS13, a specific von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease, resulting in low ADAMTS13 activity and subsequent accumulation of large vWF multimers, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in the microvasculature of tissues. Limited clinical data suggest that the administration of anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) may be useful in treating acute refractory or chronic relapsing idiopathic TTP. We carried out a systematic review with pooled data analysis using individual patient data to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab in these settings. Fifteen case series and 16 case reports comprising 100 patients were eligible for the study. Median age was 39 years. Male constituted 31 % and female 69 %. Complete remission was seen in 98 %, non-response in 2 % and relapse after complete remission in 9 %. For patients with complete remission, median follow-up was 13 months. Median platelet recovery from the first dose of rituximab was 14 days. ADAMTS13 inhibitor positivity and severe ADAMTS13 deficiency were highly predictive of the response to rituximab, implying that these can be useful markers in predicting response to rituximab in acute refractory or chronic relapsing idiopathic TTP.
Source Of Digital High-Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar Aerial Imagery For Digital Processing Investigations

Digital data recorded in-flight on wideband magnetic tapes during a recently concluded flight test of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are available to qualified members of the technical and scientific community. These data were gathered during a 72-flight USAF-sponsored program making use of real-time digital signal processing in a forward looking advanced multimode radar (F LAM R). For the purpose of making the data available to qualified users a F LAM R SAR data bank is maintained for the U. S. Air Force Avionics Laboratory by Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin. The data bank, its contents, and its facilities are briefly discussed. The digital data formats and features are identified and illustrations are presented. Examples of the four resolutions of imagery available, together with aerial photographs to approximately the same scale for several of the scenes, are presented.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF FORCE ON RECTANGULAR CYLINDERS IN OSCILLATING VISCOUS FLOW

Abstract Numerical results are presented for an oscillating viscous flow past a square cylinder with square and rounded corners and a diamond cylinder with square corners at Keulegan–Carpenter numbers up to 5. This unsteady flow problem is formulated by the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in vorticity and stream-function form on body-fitted coordinates and solved by a finite-difference method. Second-order Adams-Bashforth and central-difference schemes are used to discretize the vorticity transport equation while a third-order upwinding scheme is incorporated to represent the nonlinear convective terms. Since the vorticity distribution has a mathematical singularity at a sharp corner and since the force coefficients are found in experiments to be sensitive to the corner radius of rectangular cylinders, a grid-generation technique is applied to provide an efficient mesh system for this complex flow. Local grid concentration near the sharp corners, instead of any artificial treatment of the sharp corners being introduced, is used in order to obtain high numerical resolution. The elliptic partial differential equation for stream function and vorticity in the transformed plane is solved by a multigrid iteration method. For an oscillating flow past a rectangular cylinder, vortex detachment occurs at irregular high frequency modes at KC numbers larger than 3 for a square cylinder, larger than 1 for a diamond cylinder and larger than 3 for a square cylinder with rounded corners. The calculated drag and inertia coefficients are in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated vortex patterns are used to explain some of the force coefficient behavior.
Production of erythroid cells in phenylhydrazine-treatedRana catesbeiana tadpoles

The production of red blood cells in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles was examined following the induction of complete anemia by phenylhydrazine treatment. Initial destruction of circulating red blood cells is followed in several days by the appearance of proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts first in the tadpole liver and subsequently in the peripheral circulation. These continue to increase greatly in number and to mature in subsequent days. By 16 days after the beginning of phenylhydrazine treatment, a population of uniformly immature erythrocytes (polychromatophilic erythroblasts) is evident in the peripheral circulation. All these cells contain hemoglobin, and many well hemoglobinized cells are undergoing mitosis. By ultrastructural criteria, this latter cell type contains an abundance of polyribosomes, mitochondria, and other cytoplasmic organelles. Heterochromatization of the nucleus appears distinctly less than in controls. Polyribosomes could be isolated from these erythroid cells only after the removal of leukocytes by filtration of peripheral blood through lamb's wool columns; polyribosomal profiles on sucrose gradients demonstrate that erythroid cells produced in response to phenylhydrazine treatment possess high synthetic activity. In addition, they contain hemoglobin identical to that found in normal tadpole erythrocytes.
Modal Choice in a World of Alliances: Analyzing Organizational Forms in the International Hotel Sector

In the new management landscape, where interfirm collaborations are common, international companies today have fully owned operations and equity joint ventures, as well as non-equity alliances, which in the service sector include franchising and management service agreements. What determines the optimum choice of organizational mode? The new syncretic theory developed in this paper combines concepts from transaction costs theory, agency theory, corporate knowledge and organizational capability theories to answer this question. The paper then tests these concepts to explain the incidence of these modes in the international hotel business, using canonical discriminant analysis, as well as logistical regression using a generalized LOGIT model. The choice of “entry mode” is shown to be determined by both country or environmental variables, as well as firm-specific variables.
Effect of calcium and fatty acids on the isolation of stallion spermatozoa in BSA.

Fifty ejaculates, ten from each of 5 mature stallions, were utilized to study the effects of calcium and fatty acids on equine spermatozoa which were isolated in 3% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The ejaculates were evaluated for percent motile spermatozoa, rate of forward movement, debris, primary abnormalities and secondary abnormalities. The isolation procedure consisted of layering 2 ml of diluted semen (100 × 106 spermatozoa/ml) over 6 ml of 3% BSA in 13 × 125 mm columns in a water bath (37°C). After 30 min., the top semen layer and upper half of the BSA layer were withdrawn from all columns and the lower half of the BSA was re-evaluated. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized with either the inclusion or omission of calcium or fatty acids in the BSA isolation media. The percent motile spermatozoa and rate of forward movement were increased (P<.01) when fatty acids were included in the isolation media but decreased (P<.01) when they were omitted. The highest percent motile spermatozoa and rate of forward movement were observed with BSA in the presence of fatty acids and omission of calcium. The calcium by fatty acid interaction, stallion effect and stallion by treatment interaction were significant for percent motile spermatozoa. Less debris was observed in all samples of isolated spermatozoa when compared with the initial estimate. Isolation resulted in a reduction of (P<.01) the primary abnormalities. Also, fewer (P<.01) secondary abnormalities were observed after isolation in all treatments except 4 (-FA+Ca) than were found in the ejaculate sample.
Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Enhanced Thermal Interfaces to Thermoelectric Modules

Thermoelectric materials exploit the Seebeck effect in which an electric potential is generated from a supplied temperature gradient. High thermal conductance through the interfaces between the thermoelectric module and its heat source and sink is crucial for generating maximum power. Primarily due to increased surface contact area and inherently low diffusive thermal resistance, carbon nanotube arrays can provide low thermal interface resistance. Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays are synthesized on one or both sides of copper foil by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Growth of similar structures on graphitic foil resulted in carbon nanofiber arrays. The products become insertable thermal interface materials. The thermal interface materials are evaluated by measuring the efficiency of a standard bismuth-telluride thermoelectric module with the thermal interface materials applied. Experiments indicate that a copper foil coated on both sides with carbon nanotubes increases thermoelectric p...
A semi-parametric approach to estimate the family-wise error rate in fMRI using resting-state data

One of the most important considerations in any hypothesis based fMRI data analysis is to choose the appropriate threshold to construct the activation maps, which is usually based on p-values. However, in fMRI data, there are three factors which necessitate severe corrections in the process of estimating the p-values. First, the fMRI time series at an individual voxel has strong temporal autocorrelation which needs to be estimated to obtain the corrected parametric p-value. The second factor is the multiple comparisons problem arising from simultaneously testing tens of thousands of voxels for activation. A common way in the statistical literature to account for multiple testing is to consider the family-wise error rate (FWE) which is related to the distribution of the maximum observed value over all voxels. The third problem, which is not mentioned frequently in the context of adjusting the p-value, is the effect of inherent low frequency processes present even in resting-state data that may introduce a large number of false positives without proper adjustment. In this article, a novel and efficient semi-parametric method, using resampling of normalized spacings of order statistics, is introduced to address all the three problems mentioned above. The new method makes very few assumptions and demands minimal computational effort, unlike other existing resampling methods in fMRI. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that the correction for temporal autocorrelation is not critical in implementing the proposed method. Results using the proposed method are compared with SPM2.
Acquisition of foraging competence in wild brown capuchins ( Cebus apella ), with special reference to conspecifics' foraging artefacts as an indirect social influence

[Wild brown capuchins (Cebus apella) in Raleighvallen, Suriname forage on larvae hidden inside bamboo stalks via searching and extractive behaviours. We found that developing proficiency at obtaining larvae from bamboo stalks extends through several years of juvenescence. Older juveniles pass through a transition from a juvenile pattern to an adult pattern of foraging efficiency and diet selection. Whereas most studies have investigated the contribution of direct interactions between a naive individual and a competent forager on the acquisition of foraging expertise, we focused on indirect social influence through foraging artefacts left in the habitat by conspecifics. Young individuals foraged at bamboo stalks more often shortly after than shortly before encountering bamboo segments previously opened by foragers to extract larvae. We discuss this result in terms of stimulus enhancement and social facilitation. In capuchins, learning how to forage on difficult foods does not necessarily occur in the presence of other group members, and social influences can be delayed in time and separate in space from others. This study provides an original view on how the gradual acquisition of foraging competence in brown capuchins is aided jointly by physical maturation and indirect social input that provides opportunities to practice appropriate foraging actions., Wild brown capuchins (Cebus apella) in Raleighvallen, Suriname forage on larvae hidden inside bamboo stalks via searching and extractive behaviours. We found that developing proficiency at obtaining larvae from bamboo stalks extends through several years of juvenescence. Older juveniles pass through a transition from a juvenile pattern to an adult pattern of foraging efficiency and diet selection. Whereas most studies have investigated the contribution of direct interactions between a naive individual and a competent forager on the acquisition of foraging expertise, we focused on indirect social influence through foraging artefacts left in the habitat by conspecifics. Young individuals foraged at bamboo stalks more often shortly after than shortly before encountering bamboo segments previously opened by foragers to extract larvae. We discuss this result in terms of stimulus enhancement and social facilitation. In capuchins, learning how to forage on difficult foods does not necessarily occur in the presence of other group members, and social influences can be delayed in time and separate in space from others. This study provides an original view on how the gradual acquisition of foraging competence in brown capuchins is aided jointly by physical maturation and indirect social input that provides opportunities to practice appropriate foraging actions.]
Quantum loops and dynamical breaking of supersymmetry in locally supersymmetric guts

Abstract The one-loop effective potential of a locally supersymmetric grand unified theory is obtained. It is shown that local supersymmetry does not break perturbatively with loop corrections. When tree level breaking of supersymmetry is introduced at a mass scale mS ∼ 1TeV, quantum corrections are shown to protect this scale. A mechanism for generation of mS in terms of the GUT mass M and the Planck mass is discussed.
Increasing the transverse mode coupling instability threshold by RF quadrupole

Transverse mode coupling instability is one of the major limitations of a single bunch current in storage rings. Until now it has appeared in large electron-positron machines, while its presence in proton colliders has not been observed. This paper describes a theoretical analysis of the effect of longitudinal variation of the betatron tune on the transverse mode coupling instability. This variation can be introduced by an RF quadrupole. In the result, the instability threshold could be significantly increased when a modulation of the betatron frequency is comparable with the synchrotron tune.
Pulsed positive ion negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric applications to environmental and hazardous waste analysis

The simultaneous acquisition of both positive ion and negative ion data under chemical ionization mass spectrometric conditions can aid in the confirmation of assignments made by electron impact gas chromatography mass spectrometry or electron capture gas chromatography. Pulsed positive ion negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry coupled with fused-silica capillary column gas chromatographic methods is shown to be useful in environmental and hazardous waste sample analysis. The chemical ionization conditions which maximize sensitivity and the amount of molecular ion information for the priority pollutants are presented. Replicates of response factors for these compounds show good precision. Saturation is observed about 10 ng for those pesticides which give linear responses from 50 pg to 1–10 ng.
Ultra-low capacitance and high speed germanium photodetectors on silicon

We demonstrate waveguide integrated germanium detectors with capacitance as small as 2.4 fF and directly recorded impulse response as fast as 8.8 ps. Based on such detectors and cascaded silicon microring resonators we also demonstrate a highly scalable wavelength division demultiplexing system that can potentially provide tera-bit/s (Tbps) bandwidth over a small area.
Intestinal bypass operations for obesity

Summary Ninety jejunoileal bypass procedures were performed in eighty-six patients to control morbid obesity. The 15 and 10 inch anastomosis does not assure adequate weight loss but it is relatively free of complications. The 14 and 4 inch bypass produces better weight loss but has many complications. The 15 and 5 inch jejunoileal bypass seems to give adequate weight reduction and is relatively free of complications. Although diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, progressive liver disease, and an occasional death are seen, end to side jejunoileal bypass produces adequate weight reduction and prevents death from the complications of morbid obesity.
Application of the theory of constraints to a bottleneck operation in a manufacturing plant

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a study of the successful application of the theory of constraints (TOC) to a manufacturing plant operations problem. The TOC application required the identification of a bottleneck constraint in the manufacturing process which limited through‐put and thus negatively affected plant productivity and efficiency.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used was a detailed case study of the bottleneck in the manufacturing process. The bottleneck in this case was the mold‐changing operations, consisting of a plastic injection process for heavy‐duty truck‐lighting systems components.Findings – It was found that to eliminate the bottleneck four separate solution approaches were applied to the problem, and these four solutions collectively eliminated the bottleneck constraint.Research limitations/implications – The limitation of this approach is that the application of the TOC method is highly specific to the particular operation.Originality/value – On compl...
The Role of CD40-CD154 Interactions in the Regulation of Cell Mediated Immunity

CD40 is expressed on a diverse array of cell types from the hematopoeitic and non-hematopoeitic compartments. Within the hematopoeitic compartment, CD40 is found constitutively expressed on B cells, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. The function of CD40 in B cells has been documented as being essential in the control of humoral immunity. In DCs and macrophages, CD40 has been shown to be important in the induction of antigen-presenting cell (APC) maturation and effector function. CD40 is also expressed on non-hematopoeitic cells like keratinocytes, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells and has been shown to be functionally important on these cell types.CD 154, the ligand for CD40, is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein of the TNF family. The human protein consists of a 22 aa cytoplasmic tail, a single 24 aa transmembrane domain and a 215 aa extracellular region (214 aa in the mouse), and human CD154 is 83% identical to murine CD154 at the nucleotide level. It is predominantly expressed on m...
Fatal cryptosporidiosis complicating Kaposi's sarcoma in an immunocompromised man

Abstract Fatal cryptosporidiosis in a bisexual immunosuppressed man with disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma and intractable diarrhea is described. Cryptosporidium sp. was isolated from the stool antemortem by Sheather’s floation technique. This parasite should be considered in immunosuppressed hosts with chronic diarrhea when routine methods fail to demonstrate etiologic agent. Since this organism is already infectious when passed, stool precautions should be maintained.
Chemical imaging using infrared photothermal microspectroscopy

There is a growing need for new characterization techniques that can provide information about the chemical composition of surfaces and bulk materials with spatial resolution in the range of 1-10 microns. While FTIR microspectroscopy addresses this problem, the practical resolution limit is still only about 20 microns. Other well-established techniques at the nanometer are impractical at the micro-scale. Raman micro-spectroscopy provides adequate spatial resolution (~1 micron), but may not always be useful due to its low throughput and for samples with strong fluorescence. We are developing a non-contact and non-destructive technique that provides similar information as IR or Raman spectroscopy. It involves photo-thermal heating of the sample with a tunable quantum cascade laser (or other suitable infrared laser) and measuring the resulting increase in thermal emission by either an infrared detector or a laser probe in the visible spectral range. The latter case allows for further increase of the spatial resolution from ~10 microns to ~1 micron, at the right experimental conditions. Since the thermal emission signal from the surface is directly proportional to the absorption coefficient, by tuning the laser wavelength we directly measure the IR spectrum of the sample. By raster-scanning over the surface of the sample we can obtain chemical composition maps. We demonstrate this technique by imaging the surface of several different materials. We analyze the spatial resolution of our photo-thermal imaging system as well as discuss the conditions under which the spatial resolution can be further increased from the infrared far-field diffraction limit.
Is there a cultural psychiatry? If so, what is it and how does it relate to anthropology?

Edward F. Foulks, Ronald M. Wintrob, Joseph Westermeyer, and Armando R. Favazza, eds. Current Perspectives in Cultural Psychiatry. New York: Spectrum Publications (distributed by Halsted Press), 1977. 275 pp. $20.00.
Three recency effects at the same time

Lists of 15 items of a given category (e.g., riddles) were presented either by themselves or interwoven with 15 items of each of two other categories (e.g., sounds obtained from sound effect records and objects shown and named by the experimenter), and subjects recalled as many items as they could without regard to presentation order. Although presenting three categories of items together in this way reduced the proportion of items recalled, it had little effect on the shape of the serial position function. In particular, recall of each of the three categories showed a recency effect that closely resembled the effect obtained when the category was presented alone: in both cases, the effect was pronounced and spanned about seven positions. The implications of such category-specific recency effects are discussed.
A History and Analysis of Mapping Urban Expansion in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

AbstractThere have been numerous efforts over many years to map or delineate urban locations and features in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. This study acquired 27 land useland cover maps for the Valley or the urban portions of the Valley. Those maps vary greatly in their mapping parameters. The objectives of this study were to first conduct a cartographic comparison of the differences in the creation and content of the maps and then do an analysis of the urban changes in the Valley based upon the maps. The maps for the Valley have differed in their source materials, the amount of field work involved, scale and minimum mapping units, classifications used, definitions of classes and coordinate systems. Source materials have included various scales and formats of aerial photography and different satellite systems. The most difficult issue in comparing the maps is the varied classification systems and definitions. The same feature will be classified differently from map to map. This is particularly an issue f...
Estimating the prediction mean squared error in gaussian stochastic processes with exponential correlation structure

Given one or more realizations from the finite dimensional marginal distribution of a stochastic process, we consider the problem of estimating the squared prediction error when predicting the process at unobserved locations. An approximation taking into account the additional variability due to estimating parameters involved in the correlation structure was developed by Kackar & Harville (1984) and was revisited by Harville & Jeske (1992) as well as Zimmerman & Cressie (1992). The present paper discusses an extension of these methods. The approaches will be compared via an extensive simulation study for models with and without random error term. Effects due to the designs used for prediction and for model fitting as well as due to the strength of the correlation between neighbouring observations of the stochastic process are investigated. The results show that considering the additional variability in the predictor due to estimating the covariance structure is of great importance and should not be neglected in practical applications.
The effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on operant behavior in squirrel monkeys.

Five squirrel monkeys were trained to stable levels of performance on fixed ratio schedules of food reinforcement. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was then injected intramuscularly prior to fixed ratio testing and the behavioral effects observed. The determination of dose-response relationships with doses of 0.0, 5.4 and 10.8 Μmoles/kg indicated that latencies to initiate responding were an increasing function of the dose, while overall response rates, as measured from the first to the last response of the session were unaffected. When a dose of DMT which initially disrupted operant behavior was administered once daily for 36 to 38 consecutive days, tolerance was not observed to occur.