cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An improved method for evaluation of blood coagulation in heparinized blood.

Cowan, Joseph F., Khan, Mohammed B., Vargo, John, and Joist, J. Heinrich: An improved method for evaluation of blood coagulation in heparinized blood. Am J Clin Pathol 75: 60-64, 1981. A simple method designed to allow coagulation studies in heparinized blood was evaluated. Citrated plasma containing heparin was incubated with an anion-exchange resin commercially available in tablet form (Heparsorb®). After ceritrifugation of the mixture, coagulation studies were carried out on the supernatant plasma. One heparin neutralizer (HN) tablet was capable of removing as much as 43 units of heparin from 1 ml plasma within 10 min of incubation. When normal plasma was exposed to the heparin neutralizer, little or no change in the activities of clotting factors XII, XI, VIII, VII, X, V, and II was observed. However, the resin caused a substantial (44%) loss of factor IX-activity from normal plasma. This loss of factor IX-activity was not observed with plasma from patients receiving Coumadin therapy. The results of co­ agulation tests (aPTT, PT, TT) and determination of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products performed with HN-treated plasmas from nine patients receiving heparin therapy for thromboembolic disease and seven patients undergoing cardio­ pulmonary bypass operations were virtually identical to those obtained for the same persons before heparin was administered. The method, which is suitable for the routine clinical labora­ tory, may be useful in the hemostatic evaluation of critically ill patients who experience bleeding complications while re­ ceiving heparin therapy, in the laboratory control of Coumadin therapy during the heparin-coumadin overlap period, and in the rapid identification of heparin contamination of blood specimens as a cause of an unexplained aPTT prolongation. (Key words: Heparin; Heparsorb; Coagulation screening tests; Clotting factors; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Heparin therapy.)
Galectins are human milk glycan receptors

The biological recognition of human milk glycans (HMGs) is poorly understood. Because HMGs are rich in galactose we explored whether they might interact with human galectins, which bind galactose-containing glycans and are highly expressed in epithelial cells and other cell types. We screened a number of human galectins for their binding to HMGs on a shotgun glycan microarray consisting of 247 HMGs derived from human milk, as well as to a defined HMG microarray. Recombinant human galectins (hGal)-1, -3, -4, -7, -8 and -9 bound selectively to glycans, with each galectin recognizing a relatively unique binding motif; by contrast hGal-2 did not recognize HMGs, but did bind to the human blood group A Type 2 determinants on other microarrays. Unlike other galectins, hGal-7 preferentially bound to glycans expressing a terminal Type 1 (Galβ1-3GlcNAc) sequence, a motif that had eluded detection on non-HMG glycan microarrays. Interactions with HMGs were confirmed in a solution setting by isothermal titration microcalorimetry and hapten inhibition experiments. These results demonstrate that galectins selectively bind to HMGs and suggest the possibility that galectin-HMG interactions may play a role in infant immunity.
Clinical and gender differences in heart transplant recipients in the NEW HEART study.

Background:Little attention has focused on gender differences in cardiac comorbidities and outcomes in patients undergoing orthotropic heart transplant.Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate gender differences at baseline and during follow-up among heart transplant patients.Methods:An observational cohort within the NEW HEART study was evaluated to determine gender differences in relation to age, coexisting cardiac comorbidities, and outcomes. Differences were assessed by t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression analysis.Results:Male transplant recipients (n = 238) were significantly older than female recipients (n = 92), with a greater percentage over 60 years of age (45% vs. 24%, p = 0.0006). Males were more likely to have hypertension (63% vs. 49%, p = 0.034), dyslipidemia (62% vs. 45%, p = 0.006), a history of smoking (52% vs. 35%, p = 0.009), and diabetes (42% vs. 21%, p = 0.0002). Analysis of endomyocardial biopsies obtained during the 1-year follow-up period demonstrat...
Growth and differentiation of tracheal epithelial progenitor cells

The purpose of these studies was to determine whether both basal and secretory rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells served as multipotent epithelial progenitors and whether both cell types gave rise to a similar "poorly differentiated" cell during the early phase of epithelial regeneration in denuded tracheal grafts. Griffonia simplicifolia I (GSI) lectin and flow cytometry were used for cell sorting. More than 98% of GSI-positive cells expressed plasma membrane alpha 1-3 terminal galactose (Gal), and 95% contained keratin 14 (K14), phenotypic markers for basal cells; < 1% were secretory or ciliated cells. Less than 2% of the GSI-negative cells expressed Gal or K14, but this fraction contained 16% ciliated cells and 54-79% secretory cells, dependent on whether periodic acid-Schiff staining or binding of an anti-secretory cell monoclonal antibody (RTE 12) was used as the criterion. Equal numbers of viable cells from either fraction were inoculated into denuded tracheal grafts, which were studied on days 1-14. At 24 h, greater numbers of GSI-negative than -positive cells were found attached to the graft wall; the keratin staining pattern of the attached cells was similar to that of the parent cell populations, but monoclonal antibody-detectable secretory and ciliated cell epitopes, originally present in the GSI-negative fraction, were lost. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake was not seen at 24 h, but by 48 h all epithelial cells from both fractions entered the cell cycle. From 48 to 96 h, cells derived from either fraction were ultrastructurally indistinguishable; they were poorly differentiated and highly proliferative, and all expressed Gal and K14. A mature epithelium evolved from the poorly differentiated cells in both sets of grafts, but secretory and ciliated cells appeared earlier in grafts inoculated with GSI-negative cells. The results strongly suggest that in this model of tracheal epithelial regeneration both basal and secretory cells "dedifferentiated" into a similar highly proliferative phenotype from which a mucociliary epithelium "redifferentiated."
YEB3/VAC8 encodes a myristylated armadillo protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar membrane that functions in vacuole fusion and inheritance

Armadillo (Arm) repeat proteins such as beta-catenin and alpha-karyopherin (importin) are thought to mediate the docking of cargo at membrane-associated cytoskeletal elements. YEB3 encodes an uncharacterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein that contains eleven tandem Arm repeats. While YEB3 is nonessential for growth, yeb3delta cells accumulated numerous small vacuoles and are defective in vacuolar inheritance. A functional Yeb3p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimera localized to vacuolar membranes. Confocal microscopy revealed that Yeb3p-GFP is localized over the surface of the vacuole, but is concentrated approximately 5- to 7-fold in bands located between clustered vacuoles. N-terminal myristylation of Yeb3p is required for vacuolar localization. The first 69 amino acids of Yeb3p were sufficient to target a GFP reporter protein to the vacuolar membrane; however, this fusion protein also localized to the plasma membrane, indicating that additional sequence is required for exclusive steady state vacuolar localization. By analogy to the function of beta-catenin in cell-cell adhesion, alpha-karyopherin in nuclear transport, and smgGDS in the control of ras-like GTPases, Yeb3p may provide a link between vacuoles and the actin cytoskeleton during vacuolar inheritance and fusion and perhaps mediate the assembly of a GTPase regulated docking complex.
Abstract 930: Combined inhibition of pan-RAF and VEGFR-2 mediates antitumor activity in KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through enhanced inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. MAPK activation via KRAS mutation is present in up to 30% of lung cancer patients. NSCLC patients with KRAS mutation is associated with poor prognosis and represents an unmet medical need. LY3009120, a pan-RAF and RAF dimer inhibitor which is in phase I clinical trial, was previously demonstrated to have anti-tumor activities in BRAF or RAS mutant tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Ramucirumab, a fully-human antagonist monoclonal antibody to human VEGFR-2 was recently approved as an anti-angiogenic treatment for several cancer indications including second-line NSCLC. Combination strategies in cancer including targeting both tumor cells and the surrounding stroma cells have been shown to be effective in various disease subtypes. In this study, the combination effect of LSN3074753 (a surrogate and an analogue of LY3009120) with VEGFR-2 inhibitor DC101 (a monoclonal antibody specific for murine VEGFR-2 and a surrogate for ramucirumab) were evaluated in KRAS mutant NSCLC models, including NCI-H2122 (G-12C), A549 (G-12S) and NCI-H441 (G-12V). LSN3074753 treatment alone resulted in 66.9% and 82.4% tumor growth inhibition in H2122 and A549 xenograft tumors, respectively; and 41.4% tumor regression in H441 xenograft tumors. DC101 treatment alone resulted in 64.5%, 75% and 102.2% tumor growth inhibition in H2122, A549 and H441, respectively. The combination of LSN3074753 and DC101 led to more significant tumor growth inhibition (87.2% of tumor growth inhibition for H2122, p Citation Format: Wenjuan Wu, Julie Stewart, Constance King, Bonita Jones, Robert Flack, Susan Pratt, Randi Berryman, Michelle Swearingen, Diane Bodenmiller, Xi Lin, Mark Uhlik, Beverly Falcon, Anthony Fischl, Jason Manro, Ramon Tiu, Sudhakar Chintharlapalli, Bronislaw Pytowski, Shripad V. Bhagwat, Sean Buchanan, Sheng-Bin Peng. Combined inhibition of pan-RAF and VEGFR-2 mediates antitumor activity in KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through enhanced inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 930.
Corrosion protection of aluminum alloy substrate with nano-silica reinforced organic–inorganic hybrid coatings

Organic–inorganic hybrid (OIH) thin films derived from the sol–gel process have emerged as sustainable metal pretreatment alternatives to toxic heavy metal-based systems. In recent years, such OIH systems based on Si, Zr, and Ti have been successfully developed and commercialized for pretreatment of aluminum alloys, galvanized steel, cold-rolled steel, and many other metals and alloys, for improving adhesion and corrosion resistance performance. A variety of approaches are being used to further enhance performance of such OIH systems to match or surpass that obtained from chromate-based systems. In the present study, a novel bis-silane compound has been synthesized and used as a primary sol–gel precursor for OIH coatings. In order to further improve their mechanical and corrosion resistance performance, colloidal nanoparticles have been incorporated. The microstructure of the deposited films as a function of their composition and formation of Si–O–Si structural network has been studied by Confocal Raman spectroscopic technique. The chemical structure of the OIH films has been characterized by FTIR analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, DC polarization measurements, and accelerated neutral salt-fog test (ASTM B117) have been used to evaluate corrosion resistance performance of coatings on industrial aluminum alloy AA 3003 H14. Nano-indentation tests of these OIH films have been performed to study the effect of colloidal nanoparticles on coating micro/nano structure and their mechanical properties. The study reveals that colloidal nanoparticles improve the corrosion resistance of OIH coatings by formation of a protective barrier to diffusion of corrosive species to the metal surface. The optimum content of colloidal nanoparticles that can provide best corrosion protection has been determined. Electrochemical study provides useful insight into the significance of interaction between the sol–gel hybrid and silica particles in the corrosion protection mechanism.
The Ethics of God-Relationships

In this chapter, drawing upon but going beyond Kierkegaard’s thinking about individual faith relationships, I intend to provide the general outline of an ethics of God-relationships, that is, of an ethics of faith relationships to God. While there are types of God-relationships that are not defined by faith (as we shall see when we turn to the concerns of the second part of this book), my contention that there is an ethics of God-relationships relates specifically to faith relationships. My effort in this chapter will have two main thrusts. First I shall try to show that such an ethics is understandable on analogy with the ethics of human relationships. This I shall do in the first section. Then, in the second and third sections, I shall try to bring into relief the character of an ethics of God-relationships by contrasting it with two other forms of morality that have been identified, namely guilt and shame morality.
Interpreting Film: The Case of Casablanca

The sociological approach to the analysis of film is demonstrated in this paper. The sociology and socio-logic of film is explicated by using the example of one particular film, Casablanca.
Characterization of Photonic Waveguides Using Fourier Analysis

In this work, several characteristics of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-­‐film waveguides are analyzed. The simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics is used to create two waveguide models, one with a single 400 nm diameter hole, and one with two 400 nm diameter holes. A 410 nm light source is incident upon the models at an angle of 60° from the normal. Fourier analysis performed upon the normalized electric field at the surface led to effective indices in the waveguide of about 1.76 and 2.05.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the risk of fatigue and pain among patients with metastatic solid tumors treated with cabozantinib.

214Background: Fatigue and pain notably contributed to the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Cabozantinib inhibits the activity of VEGFR, AXL, MET and other receptor tyros...
Mental Health Clinicians' Perceived Competence for Affirmative Practice with Bisexual Clients in Comparison to Lesbian and Gay Clients

There is limited research on working affirmatively with bisexual clients in psychotherapy. The present study contrasted mental health clinicians' perceived affirmative counseling competence with bi...
Chromatin interaction data visualization in the WashU Epigenome Browser

Motivation: Long-range chromatin interactions are critical for gene regulations and genome maintenance. HiC and Cool are the two most common data formats used by the community, including the 4D Nucleome Consortium (4DN), to represent chromatin interaction data from a variety of chromatin conformation capture experiments, and specialized tools were developed for their analysis, visualization, and conversion. However, there does not exist a tool that can support visualization of both data formats simultaneously. Results: The WashU Epigenome Browser has integrated both HiC and Cool data formats into its visualization platform. Investigators can seamlessly explore chromatin interaction data regardless of their underlying data format. For developers it is straightforward to benchmark the differences in rendering speed and computational resource usage between the two data formats. Availability: http://epigenomegateway.wustl.edu/browser/.
The Effects of Marital Disruption on the Intergenerational Transmission of Religious Values

This study sought to investigate the relationship between adolescent religiosity and parental religiosity between families where marriages were intact and those that were disrupted. It was hypothesized that adolescents who come from disrupted families, regardless of the level of discord in that family, would not reflect the religious values of their parents as well as their peers who come from intact families. The subjects for this study were 244 high school students who completed a questionnaire assessing their own religiosity, the perceived religiosity of their parents, and the perceived level of conflict between their parents. The results supported the main hypothesis. The results also showed a significant correlation between adolescent religiosity and perceived parental religiosity, and that adolescents are significantly less religious as a group from their mothers, but are more religious than their fathers. Finally, the results indicated that adolescents coming from disrupted families are less religi...
Wearable electrochemical alcohol biosensors

The rapid development of wearable sensing platforms in recent years has led to an array of viable monitoring applications for various target analytes. As a significant biomarker with high impact in diverse areas, the reliable on-body detection and continuous monitoring of alcohol has become a focus of many such systems. Currently, several commercial sensing platforms are available that are capable of transdermal monitoring of alcohol consumption using insensible sweat. Drawbacks of existing alcohol sensing platforms that apply this sensing strategy have led to efforts in developing wearable biosensors capable of real-time alcohol detection in sampled biofluids such as sensible sweat and skin interstitial fluid. This review discusses the current trends in wearable electrochemical alcohol biosensing and highlights recent advances in such systems toward continuous, real-time monitoring of alcohol consumption. Our perspective on this important field is given with an outlook on the future of wearable electrochemical alcohol biosensors.
Ex vivo effects of insulin on the structural integrity of equine digital lamellae

Background Laminitis has a considerable impact on the equine industry. Endocrinopathic laminitis is the most common form and affected horses often have hyperinsulinaemia due to an underlying metabolic disorder. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if insulin weakens the structural integrity of digital lamellae and to develop an ex vivo model for the study of hyperinsulinaemia-induced lamellar failure. Study design Ex vivo experiment. Methods Biomechanical testing was used to assess the structural integrity of lamellar explants exposed to either medium alone (control) or medium supplemented with insulin. Lamellar explants comprised of hoof wall, lamellar tissue and distal phalanx were harvested from four adult horses with no evidence of inflammatory disease or pre-existing disease of the digit. Following an equilibration period, explants were incubated in medium or medium supplemented with insulin (2.5 μg/ml) for 8 h prior to biomechanical testing to obtain load (N), stress (MPa), elongation to failure (mm), and Young's modulus (MPa) for each explant. Significant differences were assessed using a mixed linear model with horses as a random factor and control or insulin-treated group as a fixed factor. Results Lamellar explants incubated in medium supplemented with insulin failed at significantly lower load (P = 0.0001) and lower stress (P = 0.001) and had greater elongation to failure (P = 0.02). Main limitations In addition to the ex vivo nature of the study, location-dependent variability in explant structural integrity and variable diffusion of nutrients due to explant size may have been limitations. However, the study design attempted to account for these limitations through random assignment of explants to treatment groups independent of location and by evaluating stress to failure. Conclusions Insulin weakens the structural integrity of equine lamellar explants and an ex vivo model for evaluation of hyperinsulinaemia-induced lamellar failure was established. The summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting Information.
Lower Extremity Tibial Plateau Fractures

Tibial plateau fractures are seen in both young patients with high-energy mechanisms and older patients with lower energy mechanisms. They may involve one or both sides of the tibial plateau and can extend into the metaphysis separating the articular surface from the tibial shaft. They can be associated with meniscus tears, compartment syndrome, and even vascular injuries. Displaced fractures of the tibial plateau are often treated with open reduction and internal fixation.
Decision Support in Enterprise Analysis

This chapter discusses the application of decision support systems principles to an ill-structured problem—the planning of organizational information systems. It is difficult to separate the high-level information strategic planning process from the detailed determination of requirements specifications necessary for design and implementation of information systems. Both offer dilemmas in the determination of conduct and establishment of process objectives. As these are important steps in the information systems development process, it would be useful to offer computer-aided support wherever necessary in support of these activities.
An Analog VLSI, Scale Invariant Method for Edge Detection

A simple technique for detecting adjustable contrast in a visual scene is presented. The circuit elements can be used to detect contrast in any array of sensors or processing elements where spatial relationships among neighboring elements define contrast or the presence of an edge. This technique eliminates the need for a differential pair, thereby allowing more than two inputs to be compared for contrast in a single processing step. The circuit elements first smooth erroneous edges in the array through the use of a resistive network, then, the mean (scaled by an adjustable amount) of a pixel and its neighbors is compared to the harmonic mean of the same pixels to detect the presence of contrast within the pixel neighborhood. Comparison between the mean and harmonic mean allows the detection of contrast to be scale-invariant as long as the transistors remain in subthreshold operation. This circuit offers the massively parallel processing inherent to focal plane processing within an 18% fill factor in a 2 μm process, 6.8 μW typical power dissipation per element, and 0.67 ms response time at low power subthreshold operation. Results for a proof of concept, 8\times8 array of pixels with light inputs, as well as a purely electronic input, 4\times4 array are presented.
Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) with Multifocal Subcortical Infarcts, A New Imaging Phenotype

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy of unknown etiology which occurs predominantly in school-aged children, following a febrile illness. The term FIRES was first proposed in 2010 by van Baalen et al. The etiology of FIRES remains elusive, although most believed that it is likely related to inappropriate activation of the innate immune system. It is often a diagnosis of exclusion as it lacks specific clinical criteria and/or confirmatory tests. Familiarity with the range of imaging phenotypes associated with FIRES is crucial as this will assist timely recognition and institution of appropriate treatment plan. With this in mind, the author would like to present a rare case of FIRES with extensive subcortical infarcts, predominantly in the temporo-occipital lobes. This has never been reported before and may represent a new imaging phenotype of FIRES. A detailed literature review, focusing on the various pattern of imaging phenotypes, in relation to patients' age and clinical outcome, will also be included.
A Systematic Account of Machine Moral Agency

In this paper, I develop a preliminary framework that permits groups (or ‘systems’) to be moral agents. I show that this has advantages over traditional accounts of moral agency when applied to cases where machines are involved in moral actions. I appeal to two thought experiments to show that the traditional account can lead us to counterintuitive consequences. Then I present what I call the ‘systematic account’ which I argue avoids these counterintuitive consequences. On my account, machines can be partial moral agents currently fulfilling some but not all of the conditions required for moral agency. Thus, when a machine is part of a group of agents, it can be part of a system that is a moral agent. This framework is a useful starting point as it preserves aspects of traditional accounts of moral agency while also including machines in our moral deliberations.
Does the Solar Wind Electric Field Control the Reconnection Rate at Earth's Subsolar Magnetopause?

We demonstrate that the reconnection rate at the subsolar magnetopause is stronglycontrolled by the solar wind electric field and depends weakly on the local properties of the dissipationregion. Our approach is to match the solar wind and magnetospheric states in an internal boundarylayer described by the Cassak and Shay (2007, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2795630) expression fortwo-dimensional asymmetric reconnection. Faraday's law along the Sun-Earth line determinesthe variation of the solar wind electric field from the bow shock to the magnetopause. While themagnetospheric plasma exerts some control over the reconnection rate, magnetic flux pileup in the sheathpartially compensates for any local reduction in the reconnection rate. For a fixed magnetospheric state,the reconnection rate is shown to be directly proportional to the solar wind electric field, thus explainingwhy the solar wind electric field correlates well with geomagnetic indices.
A MYTH IN BETTER PATIENT CARE: STUDY OF TRENDING TROPONIN

t is estimated that 5-8 million patients present to the emergency department annually for chest pain and a differentiating acute coronary syndrome from non-cardiac chest pain is the primary diagnostic challenge. Serial cardiac troponins are measured to aid the diagnosis. Low-risk patients (TIMI
Comparing the Safety and Outcome of Simultaneous and Staged Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty in Contemporary Practice: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Abstract Background Although a variety of studies have assessed the outcomes of simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (BTKA) and staged BTKA, there remains no definitive conclusion regarding the superiority of one technique in terms of safety. Methods The US National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried utilizing keywords pertinent to BTKA, simultaneous and staged, and clinical or functional outcomes. In order to examine the contemporary relevant literature, studies published prior to 2009 were excluded from our search. Results In total, 19 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. The overall quality of the studies included in this review was rated as moderate. Seven of the 19 studies reported no significant differences between the 2 groups in regards to baseline clinical and demographic characteristics (comorbidity index, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, preoperative clinical subjective scores). Nearly all from these 7 studies with comparable initial characteristics documented no significant differences in the overall complication rates between the 2 groups in addition to no difference in mortality rate, cardiac complications, revision rate, thromboembolic events, and functional outcomes. Conclusion In contemporary studies involving comparable baseline demographics (including comorbidity index, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade), there was moderate evidence to show that simultaneous BTKA is as safe as the staged BTKA.
Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Pullout Strength Following Midline Tendon-Splitting and Endoscopic Approaches for Calcaneoplasty.

Background:Calcaneoplasty is a common procedure performed for the management of Haglund’s syndrome when nonoperative management fails. Midline tendon-splitting and endoscopy are 2 common approaches...
Designing the “Good Citizen” through Latina Identity in USCIS’s Virtual Assistant “Emma”

Virtual assistants are increasingly integrated as “user-friendly” interfaces for e-government services. This research investigates the case study of the virtual assistant, “Emma,” that is integrate...
Differential motor learning via reward and punishment.

Visuomotor adaptation involves multiple processes such as explicit learning, implicit learning from sensory prediction errors, and model-free mechanisms like use-dependent plasticity. Recent findin...
Examining HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma at Play: Power, Structure, and Implications for HIV Interventions.

Drawing on critical theoretical perspectives and ethnographic field research related to HIV/AIDS in northern India, this paper argues for a cultured-centered approach to stigma reduction interventi...
Cortical atrophy accelerates as cognitive decline worsens in multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine which pathologic process could be responsible for the acceleration of cognitive decline during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS), using longitudinal structural MRI, which was related to cognitive decline in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and progressive MS (PMS). METHODS: A prospective cohort of 230 patients with MS (179 RRMS and 51 PMS) and 59 healthy controls was evaluated twice with 5-year (mean 4.9, SD 0.94) interval during which 22 patients with RRMS converted to PMS. Annual rates of cortical and deep gray matter atrophy as well as lesion volume increase were computed on longitudinal (3T) MRI data and correlated to the annual rate of cognitive decline as measured using an extensive cognitive evaluation at both time points. RESULTS: The deep gray matter atrophy rate did not differ between PMS and RRMS (-0.82%/year vs -0.71%/year, p = 0.11), while faster cortical atrophy was observed in PMS (-0.87%/year vs -0.48%/year, p < 0.01). Similarly, faster cognitive decline was observed in PMS compared to RRMS (p < 0.01). Annual cognitive decline was related to the rate of annual lesion volume increase in stable RRMS (r = -0.17, p = 0.03) to the rate of annual deep gray matter atrophy in converting RRMS (r = 0.50, p = 0.02) and annual cortical atrophy in PMS (r = 0.35, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that cortical atrophy and cognitive decline accelerate together during the course of MS. Substrates of cognitive decline shifted from worsening lesional pathology in stable RRMS to deep gray matter atrophy in converting RRMS and to accelerated cortical atrophy in PMS only.
Ruptured Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Dural Fistula After Vestibular Schwannoma Resection.

A 50-year-old man with a history of left-sided retrosigmoid craniotomy for vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection 19 years prior presented with severe headache and left cerebellopontine angle subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated a dissected, nonfunctional left posterior inferior cerebellar artery with direct fistulization at the left transverse sinus ( Video 1 ). The lesion was treated with endovascular Onyx embolization. The patient recovered without neurologic deficit. Five additional cases of new dural arteriovenous fistula arising after VS resection have been described; we report the first such case presenting with SAH, suggesting that postoperative magnetic resonance angiography may be of value in long-term VS follow-up imaging protocols.
Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders.

Neurological disease is killing us. While there have long been attempts to develop therapies for both acute and chronic neurological diseases, no current treatments are curative. Additionally, therapeutic development for neurological disease takes 15 years and often costs several billion dollars. More than 96% of these therapies will fail in late stage clinical trials. Engineering novel treatment interventions for neurological disease can improve outcomes and quality of life for millions; however, therapeutics should be designed with the underlying physiology and pathology in mind. In this perspective, we aim to unpack the importance of, and need to understand, the physiology of neurological disease. We first dive into the normal physiological considerations that should guide experimental design, and then assess the pathophysiological factors of acute and chronic neurological disease that should direct treatment design. We provide an analysis of a nanobased therapeutic intervention that proved successful in translation due to incorporation of physiology at all stages of the research process. We also provide an opinion on the importance of keeping a high-level view to designing and administering treatment interventions. Finally, we close with an implementation strategy for applying a disease-directed engineering approach. Our assessment encourages embracing the complexity of neurological disease, as well as increasing efforts to provide system-level thinking in our development of therapeutics for neurological disease.
Solve for Good: A Data Science for Social Good Marketplace

Solve for Good is a platform for social good organizations to pose their problems that need data intensive help, and for volunteers to help solve those problems. Once the projects are submitted by the organization, they go through a scoping process (done by scoping volunteers and guided by our Data Science Scoping Process). Once a project scope is finalized, it becomes available for data science volunteers to start working on. The finished work is reviewed by a QA team consisting of volunteers and staff of the organization that submitted the project. Solve for Good comes out of our experience working with government agencies, non-profits, universities, volunteers, professionals, students, and the private sector over the last several years. We repeatedly get contacted by governments, non-profits, and other social good organizations asking for help with data projects. We also have smart, passionate individuals who contact us offering their help, often in a volunteer capacity, on weekends, evenings, or for a few days or weeks. Solve for Good is our attempt at linking these two. We are just starting out, and looking for help in doing this better, and getting feedback from you. Join us at http://www.solveforgood.org as a volunteer to help solve problems, as an organization to submit problems, as partners to help us expand the platform and provide resources to run it, and as corporations or foundations to loan volunteers and donate resources used in solving these problems.
Multidisciplinary Treatments of True Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms: Single-Center Retrospective Study and Treatment Algorithm.

Background True posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms outside the vertebral artery−PICA region are rare, with approximately 30 cases reported in just a few papers; no treatment paradigm has been advocated. The objective of this study was to present detailed clinical features and outcomes for several treatments for true PICA aneurysms and suggest an algorithm for treatment strategies. Methods We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of patients treated for PICA aneurysms with microsurgical and endovascular treatments. We also investigated the influence of several factors on the modified Rankin Scale score. Results Cases with PICA aneurysms (n = 36) outside the vertebral artery−PICA region were identified angiographically. Aneurysm locations included anterior medullary (n = 7), lateral medullary (n = 10), tonsillomedullary (n = 4), telovelotonsillar (n = 12), and cortical (n = 3) segments of the PICA. Aneurysm morphology was as follows: dissecting: 22; fusiform: 6; and saccular: 8. On multivariate analysis, age (P = 0.028) and lack of vermian infarction (P =0.037) were associated with a significantly better prognosis. Prognosis was not significantly different for the 5 aneurysm locations and among the 4 treatment groups: clipping/coiling, trapping/parent artery occlusion, trapping/parent artery occlusion + bypass, and observation including external ventricular drainage. Conclusions This study suggests that factors associated with significantly better prognosis include age, clip/coil treatments, and no vermian infarction complication. A treatment algorithm for true PICA aneurysms was supported according to pretreatment H and K grade, PICA segments, aneurysm morphology, and 3 types of ischemia linked to the brainstem, cerebellar hemisphere, or vermis.
Radiation pressure-induced nonlinearity in a micro-droplet

In recent years, some of the most interesting discoveries in science and engineering emerged from interdisciplinary areas that defy the traditional classification. One recent and extensively studied example is the advent of optomechanics that explores the radiation pressure-induced nonlinearity in a solid micro-resonator. Instead of using a solid resonator, we studied a liquid droplet resonator in which optical pressure could actively interact with the fluid interface. The droplet resonator supported high-quality whispering gallery modes along its equatorial plane, which produced a radiation pressure that counterbalances the interfacial tension, resulting in a droplet with damped harmonic oscillation. A major goal of this study was to demonstrate that such a novel and all-liquid platform could lead to a single-photon-level nonlinearity at room temperature. If successful, such a highly nonlinear system may lead to new research paradigms in photonics, fluid mechanics, as well as quantum information science.
Pathologic Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Injury in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.

Context.— Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors and the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)...
Longitudinal B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predict Outcome in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

Objective To evaluate B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a longitudinal biomarker of clinical outcome in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Study design We conducted a retrospective study of 49 infants with CDH, classifying the cohort by respiratory status at 56 days, based on a proposed definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for infants ≥32 weeks’ gestation: good outcome (alive with no respiratory support) and poor outcome (ongoing respiratory support or death). BNP levels were available at age 1-5 weeks. Longitudinal BNP trends were assessed using mixed-effects modeling. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to identify BNP cutoffs maximizing correct outcome classification at each time point. The time to reach BNP cutoff by outcome was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves for weeks 3-5. Results Twenty-nine infants (59%) had a poor outcome. Infants with a poor outcome were more likely than those with a good outcome to have liver herniated into the thorax (90% vs 50%; P = .002) and to undergo nonprimary repair (93% vs 35%; P Conclusions Elevated BNP accurately predicts poor outcome in infants with CDH at age 3-5 weeks, with declining cutoffs over 3-5 weeks of age.
Distribution of volumes and coordination numbers in jammed matter: Mesoscopic ensemble

We investigate the distribution of the volume and coordination number associated to each particle in a jammed packing of monodisperse hard spheres using the mesoscopic ensemble developed in Song et al (2008 Nature 453 606). Theory predicts an exponential distribution of the orientational volumes for random close packings (RCP) and random loose packings (RLP). A comparison with computer generated packings reveals deviations from the theoretical prediction in the volume distribution, which can be better modeled by a compressed exponential function. On the other hand, the average of the volumes is well reproduced by the theory, leading to good predictions of the limiting densities of RCP and RLP. We discuss a more exact theory to capture the volume distribution in its entire range. Finally, we consider an extended ensemble to calculate the coordination number distribution which is shown to be of an exponential and inverse exponential form for coordinations larger and smaller than the average, respectively, in reasonable agreement with the simulated data.
TSC/MTOR-mutated eosinophilic renal tumors are a distinct entity that is CK7+/CK20-/vimentin-: a validation study

Summary Unclassified renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for ∼10% of renal tumors, and the most common histologic finding in these cases is eosinophilic cytoplasm. We previously demonstrated that a subset of eosinophilic renal tumors with heterogeneous morphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining harbored pathogenic mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) as the primary defining mutation. We identified an additional 8 cases of eosinophilic tumors with unusual morphology that were originally diagnosed as chromophobe RCC (CHRCC) or CHRCC, eosinophilic variant. As a comparison, we included four classic CHRCC cases and one CHRCC, eosinophilic variant case. Gross examination revealed solid or solid and cystic patterns. The solid areas were composed of eosinophilic tumor cells divided by congested vessels, whereas the cystic areas were lined by cytologically bland eosinophilic cells with septae containing nests, ribbons, and single eosinophilic tumor cells. The tumor cells had abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli. IHC analysis demonstrated diffuse staining for CK7 and negative staining for CK20 and vimentin. Next-generation sequencing identified pathogenic variants in three genes: TSC1, TSC2, and MTOR. They also lacked significant copy number variations in contrast to our control cases. We have demonstrated with our expanded study that cases previously diagnosed as CHRCC or CHRCC, eosinophilic variant with discordant histology and IHC staining patterns may represent a separate subtype of RCC characterized by mutations in the TSC/MTOR pathway.
Dyslipidemia Management for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Guidelines from the VA/DoD.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense have updated recommendations for evaluation and management of dyslipidemia to prevent cardiovascular disease.
State Violence and Weaving: implications of Aristophanes’ Lysistrata for Plato’s Statesman

This paper uses Aristophanes' Lysistrata to draw out the central violent tension of the weaving paradigm in Plato's Statesman. In the Lysistrata, weaving is offered as a metaphor for a tyrannical refashioning of the polis. In strikingly similar terms, the Eleatic Stranger of the Statesman proposes weaving as a metaphor for the best form of government. What is laughed off in the play, the characters of Plato's dialogue seem to take seriously. Through a comparative reading, I argue that the interpretations of the Statesman that take weaving as a paradigm for the best government of state, not only miss the comedy in the Stranger's discussion of statesmanship, but also the tragic allusions to tyranny. Furthermore, by drawing out the dialogue’s resonance with comedy, I conclude that the weaving paradigm succeeds in giving us a means for identifying tyranny in the Statesman; even when tyranny appears dressed up in a political science ostensibly formulated with the best of intentions.
The Economic Effects of Domestic Search Engines on the Development of the Online Content Market

Although a few global search engine platforms, notably Google and Yahoo!, have achieved worldwide dominance in the search engine market, some domestic search engine platforms — defined as a search engine using domestic search technology and a domestic language, such as Naver in South Korea and Baidu in China — have come to dominate their domestic markets in competition with global search engine platforms. Domestic vs. Global search engines compete with one another in terms of search quality in order to attract more users: the higher the quality, the more users it will attract and thus the more valuable it will become to content providers and advertisers. Unlike a global search engine, a domestic search engine usually connects users with localized content written in a domestic language, resulting in higher search relevance. It also generates private databases with more localized content, such as knowledge-sharing services that are better suited to local consumers. In this study, we quantified the economic contributions made by domestic search engines to the expansion of the online content market. We hypothesized that the domestic Internet user base could increase as a result of the improvements in search quality made possible by domestic search engine(s), which in turn may lead to an increase in the size of the domestic paid online content market. A domestic search engine that provides more localized content will attract more domestic users, and thus the size of the paid online content market can be expected to increase. We constructed a country-level dynamic panel of 51 countries using data from 2009 to 2013 taken from industry and government sources. The data includes the economic and cultural status of each country along with trends in online content markets, broadband Internet penetration, and other indices indicating the development of information and communication technologies. We then investigated the change in the size of the online content market in countries possessing domestic search engines. The dependent variable, the relative size of an online content market (online content revenue divided by Gross Domestic Product) is regressed on a set of control variables, including the existence of a domestic search engine and a lagged dependent variable. We estimated our results using linear generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators which allowed us to use internal instruments and to control for autocorrelation, unobserved heterogeneity, and the endogeneity of some control variables. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the development of a domestic search engine leads to an increase in online content revenue: A country with its own domestic search engine platform(s) has an average of a 0.12% larger online content market (measured by a proportion of GDP) than one without such a platform. This finding confirms the hypothesis that a domestic search engine has a positive effect on the development of a country’s domestic online content market. The reasons behind this trend and its policy implications are also discussed.
Robustness with respect to class imbalance in artificial intelligence classification algorithms

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, such as deep learning and XGboost, are used in numerous applications including autonomous driving, manufacturing process optimization and medical diagnostic...
Exploring rate-based congestion control in NDN

We report our work-in-progress in designing a rate-based congestion control for NDN networks. We first explain why rate-based approach represents a more promising direction compared to the existing window-based congestion control solutions, and then provide a sketch of our initial design, together with a few lessons we have learned and some preliminary results in pursuing this new direction.