cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FMRFamide-related peptides in Hymenolepis diminuta: immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay.

The localization of FMRFamide-related peptide (FaRP) immunoreactivity was determined during different stages of development of the rat tapewormHymenolepis diminuta. In the adult worm (14 days old), FaRP immunostaining was most intense in the scolex and concentrated in the central nervous system (cerebral ganglia and transverse commissures) and around the lips of the suckers. In the strobila, medial and lateral longitudinal nerve cords (LNCs) and ladder-like connecting commissures were the only tissue stained. Immunoreactivity in the medial LNCs of the adult tapeworms extended only to and included proglottides containing developing testis and seminal receptacle but disappeared in proglottides in which primordial ovaries were first detected. Radioimmunoassay confirmed that FaRPs were concentrated in the scolex/neck region of the adult worm (3.9±1.5 pmol mg protein−1), whereas the lowest concentrations (0.2±0.19 pmol mg protein−1) were recovered from the regions of the strobila containing shelled eggs. The pattern of FaRP immunoreactivity observed in 5- and 7-day-old worms was similar to that seen in adult worms, but in 2- and 3-day-old worms the pattern of immunoreactivity observed in the cerebral ganglia, transverse commissures, and LNCs differed significantly as compared with that seen in older worms. These results indicate differential utilization and/or roles for FaRPs during development and suggest both central and sensory roles in this tapeworm.
Energy and economic growth in a developing country: the case of Peru to the year 2000

We have only recently become aware of the critical role that energy plays in our modern economic system. The crucial event was the 1973 OPEC embargo, and the subsequent jump in oil prices;There is a real possibility that energy, which we have come to depend upon for our life styles and wealth, may become the limiting factor in economic growth. For developing nations, like Peru, the prospects do not look bright. Sound government policies must be based on studies that analyze from different points of view the energy situation, from the demand side as well as the supply side;A general survey of energy demand estimation is presented here, and one is selected that best suits the particular characteristics of Peru. The main economic and demographic variables are identified and predicted for the year 2000. From there, a number of key inputs and intermediate factors are derived, from which calculations are made to obtain energy consumption by end-use. The total energy demand is the sum of the energy demands in each end-use class;The energy resources are discussed and an estimation of their production levels in 2000 is obtained. By comparing supply and demand projections we can fix the energy position of Peru in 2000, and discuss a series of policy implications that follow from our study.
Momentum-space solution of a bound-state nuclear three-body problem with two charged particles

Momentum-space wave function equations are derived for the three-body system of one neutral and two charged particles where the separable interaction is spin and charge independent. The three-body wave function is decomposed so that the equations for the "pure" nuclear components contain the two-nucleon $t$ matrix, as usual, but the equation for the additional Coulomb component is formulated in terms of the Coulomb potential rather than introducing the Coulomb $t$ matrix. The relationship of these equations to the scattering-amplitude equation of Veselova, in which the Coulomb $t$ matrix appears explicitly, as applied to the same problem by Kok et al., is given. After partial-wave decomposition, the wave function equations are solved numerically with partial waves through $l=4$ retained. The logarithmic singularity that appears when the Coulomb potential is expressed in momentum space is handled for each $l$ by a subtraction technique originated by Lande. Because of the symmetry of the problem, only even values of $l$ arise throughout and only the $l=0$ and $l=2$ partial-wave contributions are required to predict the binding energy (and wave-function components) to four significant figures. An order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ (fine-structure constant) approximation (i.e., decoupling the Coulomb wave function component from itself) is made to check its validity. It is shown that this $O(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ approximation is equivalent to replacing the Coulomb $t$ matrix by the Coulomb potential in the Veselova equations. The wave functions without Coulomb effects and with Coulomb effects [exact and $O(\ensuremath{\alpha})$] are used to calculate the expectation value of the Coulomb operator to examine perturbation theory, cross check the numerical results, and to clarify the physics. We conclude that the Coulomb interaction can be incorporated easily into momentum-space three-nucleon, bound-state calculations.
The muscle silent period and spindle function in man

Abstract The present study in man involves the elimination or reduction of inhibition in eliciting the muscle silent period so that events related to spindle function become evident. These events are considered to be: 1. 1. EMG silence during isometric and isotonic twitches which are sub-threshold for Golgi tendon endings. 2. 2. An EMG burst which terminates the silent period and is followed by a series of tension and EMG oscillations. 3. 3. Additional recruitment of motor units in the EMG burst at the end of the silent period in isotonic contraction.
Renorming of ℓ1 and the fixed point property

Abstract For any k ∈ N , let P k denote the natural projections on l 1 . Let | | | ⋅ | | | be an equivalent norm of l 1 that satisfies all of the following four conditions: (1) There are α > 4 and a positive (decreasing) sequence ( α n ) in ( 0 , 1 ) such that for any normalized block basis { f n } of ( l 1 , | | | ⋅ | | | ) and x ∈ l 1 with P k − 1 ( x ) = x and | | | x | | | α k , lim sup n → ∞ | | | f n + x | | | ⩽ 1 + | | | x | | | α . (2) There are two strictly decreasing sequences { β k } and { γ k } with lim k → ∞ β k = 0 and lim k → ∞ γ k = 1 such that for any normalized block basis { f n } of ( l 1 , | | | ⋅ | | | ) and x with ( I − P k ) ( x ) = x , lim inf n → ∞ | | | f n + x | | | ⩾ 1 − β k + γ k − 1 | | | x | | | . (3) For any k ∈ N , ‖ I − P k ‖ = 1 . (4) The unit ball of ( l 1 , | | | ⋅ | | | ) is σ ( l 1 , c 0 ) -closed. In this article, we prove that the space ( l 1 , | | | ⋅ | | | ) has the fixed point property for the nonexpansive mapping. This improves a previous result of the author.
A UNIFIED APPROACH TO LINEAR EQUATING FOR THE NON‐EQUIVALENT GROUPS DESIGN

This paper describes a new, unified framework for linear equating in a Non-Equivalent-groups Anchor Test (NEAT) design. We focus on three methods for linear equating in the NEAT design—Tucker, Levine observed-score, and chain—and develop a common parameterization that allows us to show that each particular equating method is a special case of the linear equating function in the NEAT design. We use a new concept, the Method Function, to distinguish among the linear equating functions, in general, and among the three equating methods, in particular. This approach leads to a general formula for the standard error of equating for all equating functions in the NEAT design. We also present a new tool, the standard error of equating difference, to investigate if the observed difference in the equating functions is statistically significant.
Computational Design of Virus-Like Protein Assemblies on Carbon Nanotube Surfaces

There is a general need for the engineering of protein-like molecules that organize into geometrically specific superstructures on molecular surfaces, directing further functionalization to create richly textured, multilayered assemblies. Here we describe a computational approach whereby the surface properties and symmetry of a targeted surface define the sequence and superstructure of surface-organizing peptides. Computational design proceeds in a series of steps that encode both surface recognition and favorable intersubunit packing interactions. This procedure is exemplified in the design of peptides that assemble into a tubular structure surrounding single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The geometrically defined, virus-like coating created by these peptides converts the smooth surfaces of SWNTs into highly textured assemblies with long-scale order, capable of directing the assembly of gold nanoparticles into helical arrays along the SWNT axis.
I. From Revenue to Civil List, 1689–1702: The Revolution Settlement and the ‘Mixed and Balanced’ Constitution*

In a theoretical sense it may be said that the Revolution of 1688–9 established the supremacy of Parliament in the English constitution, but from a practical point of view the result of the Revolution was a –mixed and balanced’ constitution, in which power was shared between Crown and Parliament, and exercised within a framework of law. Although the doctrine of a ‘mixed and balanced’ constitution was an old one, the Revolution made clear the need for Crown and Parliament to work together, and in the reign of William III a new definition of their relationship was achieved. In this process the question of finance was crucial, for Parliament saw in control of finance the most effective instrument to limit the power of the Crown, while the Crown insisted that monarchy could not maintain its proper place in the constitution without some degree of fiscal independence. The outcome was, like most aspects of the Revolution Settlement, a compromise, in which the Crown received an independent income for the Civil List, while Parliament assumed responsibility for the military forces and the debt. The Civil List compromise of the reign of William III resolved the conflict between the Stuarts and their Parliaments for control of finance, and was an important step in the achievement of political stability within the ‘mixed and balanced’ constitution.
An Energy-Efficient Optically Connected Memory Module for Hybrid Packet- and Circuit-Switched Optical Networks

Demands on future data centers and high-performance computing systems will require processor-memory interconnects with greater performance and flexibility than can be provided by existing electronic interconnects. The bandwidth density and bit-rate transparency offered by optical systems are uniquely suited to address these challenges facing memory interconnects. We, thus, investigate a hybrid packet- and circuit-switched optical interconnection network linking microprocessors with their associated main memory, which can simultaneously reduce memory access latency and improve energy efficiency performance. This novel hybrid approach allows low-bandwidth memory control data and small memory transactions to be efficiently transmitted as wavelength-striped optical packets, while long bursts of memory accesses are optically circuit switched. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate an optically connected memory system in which a microprocessor accesses multiple 80-Gb/s memory modules all-optically across a hybrid packet- and circuit- switched optical network. Error-free communication between the microprocessor and main memory is confirmed (bit-error rates less than 10-12) with the optical network providing low-memory access latencies. The overall memory system reduces energy consumption by 28%.
CR functions vanishing on open sets (almost) complex structures and Cohen's example

Abstract This paper deals with (non-)uniqueness in the Cauchy problem, for functions annihilated by a complex vector field. (Do Lu ≡ 0 and the Cauchy data u = 0 on some non characteristic hypersurface imply u ≡ 0, in a neighborhood of the hypersurface?) Most of the results are more or less well known. But the proofs/constructions are mostly new, using very elementary considerations on (almost) complex structures. Hopefully this makes the topic more accessible, in particular to complex analysts. The failure of uniqueness in the Cauchy problem provides a striking example of non embeddable strictly pseudoconvex CR structure.
Orientation of DNA molecules in agarose gels by pulsed electric fields.

Abstract The electric birefringence of DNA restriction fragments of three different sizes, 622,1426, and 2936 base pairs, imbedded in agarose gels of different concentrations, was measured. The birefringence relaxation times observed in the gels are equal to the values observed in free solution, if the median pore diameter of the gel is larger than the effective hydrodynamic length of the DNA molecule in solution. However, if the median pore diameter is smaller than the apparent hydrodynamic length, the birefringence relaxation times increase markedly, becoming equal to the values expected for the birefringence relaxation of fully stretched DNA molecules. This apparent elongation indicates that end-on migration, or reptation is a likely mechanism for the electrophoresis of large DNA molecules in agarose gels. The relaxation times of the stretched DNA molecules scale with molecular weight (or contour length) as N2.8, in reasonable agreement with reptation theories.
Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Other Additives in Aircraft Deicers, Antiicers, and Waters Receiving Airport Runoff

Samples of nine different formulations of aircraft deicer and antiicer fluids (ADAF) were screened for the presence of selected surfactants. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) were identified in three ADAF formulations, octylphenol ethoxylates were identified in two formulations, and six formulations contained alcohol ethoxylates. A preliminary field study was conducted at General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, WI, to quantify NPnEO (n = 1-15) and one of its byproducts, nonylphenol (NP), in airport runoff. Samples were collected from two airport outfalls, from the receiving stream, and from an upstream reference site during intensive ADAF application events. NPnEO was measured at concentrations up to 1190microg/L in airport outfall samples, up to 77 ug/L in samples from the receiving stream and less than 5.0 microg/L from the upstream reference. Concentrations of glycol and other ADAF-related constituents, including NPnEO, were reduced by approximately 1 order of magnitude between the outfall sites and the receiving stream site; however, concentrations of NP in the receiving stream remained similar to those from the outfalls (< 0.04 microg/L at the upstream reference, 0.98 and 7.67 microg/L at outfalls, and 3.89 microg/L in the receiving stream). The field data suggest that NP is generated through degradation of NPnEO from airport runoff.
Defibrination in normal and abnormal parturition.

Summary Studies of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in women undergoing uncomplicated single delivery showed a significant fall in plasma fibrinogen and factor VIII. The levels were lowest 1–4 hr postpartum and returned to pre-existing or higher levels within 24 hr. A significant fall in fibrinogen also occurred in women with twin delivery or caesarean section without labour. Similar changes were noted in factors V and VIII. Fibrinolytic activity was markedly decreased during delivery but increased rapidly thereafter in women with a single birth or caesarean section without labour. In women with twin delivery, it remained low. No consistent changes in the level of fibrinolytic inhibitors or plasminogen were noted. Mean levels of fibrinolytic degradation products (FDP) were in the upper level of the normal range and increased in the first 1–4 hr postpartum. These changes were even more marked in twin delivery. In women with abruptio placentae or prolonged intrauterine death (IUD), levels of fibrinogen, factors V and VIII and blood platelets were markedly reduced and generally dropped even lower during the first 4 hr after delivery, returning within 24 hr to the levels found in nonpregnant women. Levels of plasminogen and factor X were also reduced. High levels of FDP were found during labour, returning within 24 or 48 hr to the range observed in women 24 hr after normal delivery. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of serum in agar gel disclosed abnormal double or split precipitin lines. Sequential changes in these precipitin lines pointed to a continuing process which started before delivery, reached a maximum shortly thereafter, disappearing within the next 10–24 hr. The changes found in early (vs. late) labour, or during uterine surgery not associated with pregnancy, did not uphold the supposition that similar changes observed during normal or abnormal parturition might be due to the stresses of labour or surgery. The findings reported herein suggest that a minor degree of physiological defibrination develops during normal labour which is qualitatively similar to, but of much lesser magnitude than, the pathological defibrination syndrome (with local lysis of fibrin) commonly associated with abruptio placentae or prolonged intrauterine death.
Development of sulforaphane-encapsulated microspheres for cancer epigenetic therapy

Even though conventional chemotherapeutic management of cancer has reduced morbidity and mortality to a great extent, virtually all chemotherapeutic agents cause damage to healthy cells, necessitating exploration of novel anticancer agents that exert their effects through an alternate mode of action. Objectives of our research were twofold. First, we explored the promising potential of histone deacetylase inhibitor sulforaphane for epigenetic therapy for cancer as this therapeutic approach aims to reverse aberrant epigenetic modifications that affect gene expression. In vitro cell culture studies performed using B16 and S91 melanoma cells showed that sulforaphane inhibited growth and proliferation of cancer cells by downregulating deacetylation enzymes. The second part of our research investigated polymeric drug delivery systems to increase therapeutic efficacy and to minimize potential side effects of R,S-sulforaphane. Albumin microspheres encapsulating sulforaphane were developed by spray drying. Microspheres were characterized for their morphology, size and zeta potential. Cell culture studies using melanoma cells and in vivo studies in melanoma tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice demonstrated that albumin based polymeric delivery system was efficacious and has the potential to enhance the therapeutic effect and anticancer activity of sulforaphane.
The Economics of Access Versus Ownership: The Costs and Benefits of Access to Scholarly Articles via Interlibrary Loan and Journal Subscriptio

Contents Introduction * The Economic Model of Access Versus Ownership * Survey and Data Collection * Use of, Satisfaction With, and Performance of Interlibrary Loan * Financial and Time Costs of Interlibrary Loan * Costs of Journal Subscriptions to Libraries and Patrons * Decision Rules for Access * Methods of Delivery and Consortium Analysis * Extenuating Circumstances: The Framework of Factors Influencing Cost Effectiveness Within the SUNY Express Network * Appendix I: Cover Letter, Survey, and Survey Instructions for Interlibrary Loan Staff * Appendix II: Calculating Present Value of Use * Index * Reference Notes Included
Ego-state therapy for eating disorders.

Abstract The author elaborates on the uses of ego-state therapy for patients with eating disorders. The concept of ego states and their origins is reviewed. Methods for the activation of ego states using hypnotic and nonhypnotic techniques are presented in detail. This is followed by a clear and specific elaboration on the therapeutic communication with hidden ego states. The goals of ego-state therapy for patients with eating disorders are: 1) change in the patient's eating behavior, that is, replacing the abnormal eating pattern with a healthy eating behavior; 2) freedom from the obsessive preoccupation with food; 3) relief from body-image distortion. All of these are accomplished by allowing for greater permeability and flexibility of the ego-state boundaries, eliminating dissociative amnesias, and creating a state of greater internal harmony.
Reconstitution of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity: interactions of solubilized components with receptor-replete membranes.

Abstract Membranes of mouse L cells that contain adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] but lack beta-adrenergic receptors have been solubilized with Lubrol 12A9. Addition of such adenylate cyclase-containing extracts to beta-adrenergic receptor-replete membranes from adenylate cyclase-deficient S49 lymphoma cells results in the production of a catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. The effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the reconstituted system reproduce those that are characteristic of the wild-type S49 lymphoma cell. The uncoupled variant of the S49lymphoma contains adenylate cyclase, but donor extracts from this clone fail to reconstitute the hormone-sensitive enzyme activity when added to adenylate cyclase-deficient membranes. Thus, the uncoupled and adenylate cyclase-deficient variants of the S49 cell are not complementary.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM : EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRODUCED DIRECTLY INTO THE LUMEN OF THE INTESTINE BELOW THE POINT OF OBSTRUCTION.

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction. Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia. 1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days. Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia. 10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period. Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.
Electrolyte‐ and pH‐responsive polyampholytes with potential as viscosity‐control agents in enhanced petroleum recovery

Low-charge-density amphoteric copolymers and terpolymers composed of AM, the cationic comonomer (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride, and amino acid derived monomers (e.g., N-acryloyl valine, N-acryloyl alanine, and N-acryloyl aspartate) have been prepared via free-radical polymerization in aqueous media. These terpolymers with random charge distributions have been compared to terpolymers of like compositions containing the anionic comonomer sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate. Terpolymer compositions determined by 13C- and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, terpolymer molecular weights and polydispersity indices obtained via size exclusion chromatography/multi-angle laser light scattering, and hydrodynamic dimensions determined via dynamic light scattering have allowed a direct comparison of the fundamental parameters affecting the behavioral characteristics. The solution properties of low-charge-density amphoteric copolymers and terpolymers have been studied as functions of the solution pH, ionic strength, and polymer concentration. The low-charge-density terpolymers display excellent solubility in deionized water with no phase separation. The charge-balanced terpolymers exhibit antipolyelectrolyte behavior at pH values greater than or equal to 6.5 ± 0.2. As the solution pH decreases, these charge-balanced terpolymers become increasingly cationic because of the protonation of the anionic repeat units. The aqueous solution behavior (i.e., globule- to-coil transition at the isoelectric point in the presence of salt and globule elongation with increasing charge asymmetry) of the terpolymers in the dilute regime correlates well with that predicted by the polyampholyte solution theories. An examination of the comonomer charge density, hydrogen-bonding ability, and spacer group (e.g., the moiety separating the ionic group from the polymer chain) indicates that conformational restrictions of the sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate and N-acryloyl valine segments result in increased chain stiffness and higher solution viscosities in deionized water and brine solutions. On the other hand, the terpolymers with N-acryloyl alanine and N-acryloyl aspartate segments are more responsive to changes in the salt concentration. An assessment of the effects of the terpolymer structure on the viscosity under specified conditions of the ionic strength and pH from these studies should allow for rational design of optimized systems for enhanced petroleum recovery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007.
Bayesian Selection of Non-Faulty Sensors

The identification of sensors returning unreliable data is an important task when working with sensor networks. The detection of these unreliable sensors while in the field can cue human involvement in repairing problem sensors. This ensures that meaningful data is collected throughout the entire length of a sensor deployment. We present a detection based method of identifying faulty and non-faulty sensors from a given set of sensors that are expected to behave similarly. We use a Bayesian detection approach to select a subset of sensors which give the best probability of being correct given the data. This gives us a model from which we can determine whether sensors' readings fall out of a reasonable range for the sensor set. We apply our method to simulated data and actual environmental data collected in the forest.
Localization of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene (SCYA2) to human chromosome 17q11.2-q21.1.

Abstract Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a member of the small inducible gene (SIG) family. It has been shown to play a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites of injury and infection. By analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrids, we have localized the MCP-1 gene, designated SCYA2, to human chromosome 17. In situ hybridization confirmed this assignment and further localized the gene to 17q11.2–q21.1.
The efficiency of skilled performance.

The observed ease or effort of performance has traditionally been considered an integral part of any definition of skill (e.g., Guthrie, 1935). Empirical investigations of skill learning and performance have, however, largely ignored the effort or efficiency with which the movement is performed. This situation has arisen despite the fact that in many skills, particularly athletic endurance events or industrial work tasks, efficiency of performance may be essential to the goal of the task. This paper focuses on the energy demand of various skills and its relationship to issues of learning, performance, and individual differences in preferred rhythm. It is shown that across a variety of tasks the individual's freely chosen work-rate is the most efficient. The significance of preferred rhythm to theoretical perspectives on rhythmic activity is discussed.
Detection of double-stranded PCR amplicons at the attomole level electrosprayed from low nanomolar solutions using FT-ICR mass spectrometry

An 82-base-pair polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product was amplified from the tetranucleotide short tandem repeat locus within the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene. PCR amplification was carried out using 100 ng of human nuclear DNA obtained from an individual who is homozygotic for the 9.3 allele resulting in a 50.5 kDa amplicon. To generate sufficient material for these investigations, several reactions were pooled and subsequently purified and quantified using UV-vis spectrophotometry. A serial dilution was carried out from a 2 μM stock solution providing solution concentrations down to 5 nM. Measurements were made using hexapole accumulation and gated trapping strategies in a 4.7 Telsa Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) which facilitated detection of the amplicon at the attomole level when electrosprayed from a 5 nM solution with a single acquisition! The signal-to-noise ratio was determined to be 8.3 for the spectrum derived from the 5 nM solution using the magnitude-mode mass spectral peak height for the most abundant charge-state. This remarkable sensitivity for large PCR amplicons will dramatically improve the ability of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to address important genetic questions for low copy number genes or when the amount of initial template is limited; the latter issue is commonly encountered in DNA forensics. Furthermore, these data represents over 2 orders of magnitude decrease in detection limits over other existing ESI-MS reports concerning PCR products, including those conducted using FTICR-MS.
A probability model of medical reasoning and theMYCIN model

Abstract A simple probability model of medical reasoning with strong assumptions of independence of evidence is reviewed. It is shown that a portion of the model used in the MYCIN system of Shortliffe and Buchanan is equivalent to and can be derived from this probability model. Serious limitations of both models are identified.
Uterine rupture during extradural blockade

A multiparous woman, permitted to deliver vaginally two years after a Caesarean section, had complete relief of the pain of the first stage of labour provided by continuous lumbar extradural block for over one hour. When she began to experience diffuse abdominal pain, more local anaesthetic was injected and the catheter was repositioned. However, the pain persisted. Following delivery of the infant, incomplete rupture of the uterus was discovered.
Correlates of mental retardation and structural changes of the brain

Neuropathological findings are analyzed in 299 cases from 3 state institutions for mental retardation (MR) with or without cerebral palsy or seizures. Major lesions were found in 127 patients (42.5%): various forms of post-hypoxic encephalopathy, developmental anomalies, degenerative and metabolic diseases and post-infectious encephalopathy, all showing good clinicopathological correlations. Ninety-seven patients (32.5%) showed minor or non-specific lesions which could not be used to make a specific etiopathogenetic diagnosis and which appeared not concordant with the magnitude of the functional deficiency but nevertheless demonstrated structural imperfection of the brain. This group included subtle developmental anomalies, such as focal heterotopia, polymicrogyria, abnormal convolutional patterns and disproportionate subunits as in Down syndrome (45 cases; 15%) and subependymal germinolysis in which the etiology is varied. The most baffling and elusive group consisted of 75 cases (25%) showing no significant morphological abnormalities. Thirty-six of these had a history of seizures but 39 did not. The causes of MR in this group are heterogenous as in the group with major morphological lesions and may include unrecognized biochemical abnormalities, ultrastructural lesions, psychiatric disorders or cultural factors, but many still remain conjectural It appears that a morphologically normal brain provides a potential for but does not ensure average functional development, but the reverse is not always true.
A high efficiency rare earth-free orange emitting phosphor

Abstract This communication provides a brief summary on rare earth (RE)-based and RE free-based nitrides and oxynitride phosphors reporting for the first time the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of a highly emissive AlN:Mn2+ obtained at relatively low temperatures. The PLQY of the AlN:Mn emitter was measured to be 82%, a value among the highest measured for non-RE phosphors. Though the AlN matrix shows an emission peak at a similar position to the emission peak observed for AlN:Mn product, the Mn-containing species generates orange emission by a different mechanism, which was supported by the emission life time studies and in accordance with previous reports on this material.
Infrared Studies of the Isomerization of cis-Pd(NH 3 ) 2 X 2

Palladium complexes of the type cis-PdL2X2 have been found to be unstable at room temperature and isomerize to the corresponding trans isomers. Neglecting lattice interactions, symmetry considerations would predict two Pd–N stretching vibrations. These vibrations have been observed at 495 and 476 cm−1 for the cis-chloride isomer and at 480 and 460 cm−1 for the cis-bromide isomer. The trans isomer, by the same considerations, should have but one Pd–N stretching vibration. This vibration was observed for the trans-chloride isomer at 496 cm−1 and for the trans-bromide isomer at 490 cm−1. It has been found that as isomerization proceeds, from the cis to the trans forms, the lower Pd-N stretching vibration decreases in intensity and eventually disappears. The intensity changes for these vibrations over a period of 72 h indicated that the reaction follows a first-order rate law. A reaction mechanism has been proposed.
The effect of caffeine on pregnancy outcome variables.

The American public consumes a wide array of caffeinated products as coffee, tea, chocolate, cola beverages, and caffeine-containing medication. Therefore, it seems of value to inform both the scientific community and the consumer about the potential effects of excessive caffeine consumption, particularly by pregnant women. The results of this literature review suggest that heavy caffeine use (≥ 300 mg per day) during pregnancy is associated with small reductions in infant birth weight that may be especially detrimental to premature or low-birth-weight infants. Some researchers also document an increased risk of spontaneous abortion associated with caffeine consumption prior to and during pregnancy. However, overwhelming evidence indicates that caffeine is not a human teratogen, and that caffeine appears to have no effect on preterm labor and delivery. More research is needed before unambiguous statements about the effects of caffeine on pregnancy outcome variables can be made.
Attributing causes for one's own performance: The effects of sex, norms, and outcome

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sex of subject, stated sex linkage of task, and task outcome on causal attributions of an actor's performance. Results from both studies showed that: (1) males evaluate their performance more favorably than do females, despite equivalent objective scores; (2) males claim greater ability than do females following task performance; and (3) females are more prone to use luck to explain performance. The evidence also suggests that the difference between males and females in performance evaluation and self-attribution occurs most strongly in response to failure and on masculine tasks. The results are interpreted in terms of a general expectancy model.
Matching by Weight in Married Couples: A Life Cycle Perspective

Abstract This study used the matching hypothesis of attraction to determine whether American men and women of the same weight classification are attracted to each other as romantic partners. The subjects were 330 married couples randomly selected and interviewed who represented four different life cycle stages. Their relative weight was determined by weight, height, frame size, and sex. For younger couples, there was a pattern of matching by weight that may reflect initial decisions based on attraction. Retired couples also had significant intracouple correlations for weight, which may reflect the shared lifestyle of the elderly. However, matching by weight did not occur for middle-age couples. An explanation based on a proposed norm of appropriateness is used to discuss the findings.
Age Determination of the Yellow Irish Lord: Management Implications as a Result of New Estimates of Maximum Age

Abstract The yellow Irish lord Hemilepidotus jordani is an abundant, large sculpin found in the eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, where it is one of the most commonly caught sculpins. Interest in ecosystem-based fisheries management has increased, prompting the need to collect life history information from nontarget or incidental bycatch species. Sagittal otoliths were used to age 776 yellow Irish lords sampled during 2005 and 2006 in summer bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center in the eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands regions. Annuli viewed on otolith surfaces and thin sections were enumerated to arrive at estimates of age. Specimens ranged from age 1 to a maximum of age 28, more than doubling the previously published estimate of longevity for this species. Age estimates from both regions were used to calculate separate sex-specific total mortality rates for yellow Irish lords based on catch-curve analysis. These new age estimates have resulted in potential ch...
Definition of a beta-adrenergic receptor population in skeletal muscle: [125I]hydroxybenzylpindolol binding

1. 1. The ligand [125I]hydroxybenzylpindolol has been used to characterize a set of binding sites in rat skeletal muscle. 2. 2. The binding assay described is linear to 70 μg of protein and maintains equilibrium for several hours. 3. 3. A Scatchard analysis indicates an interaction between a homogeneous ligand and a single set of identical, independent binding sites. 4. 4. The number of binding sites is 8.7 × 10−14mols/mg protein with a first thermodynamic association constant of 1.83 × 1010 M−1. 5. 5. A stereospecific interaction is seen between the natural ligand and the binding sites. 6. 6. The data suggests that this set of sites represent the beta-adrenergic receptor of skeletal muscle.
New complexities for BRCA1 and BRCA2

A large number of diverse functions have been attributed to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer susceptibility genes. Here we review recent progress in the field.
Non-Gaussian random processes in ocean engineering

Abstract This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on stochastic analysis and probabilistic prediction of non-Gaussian random processes in ocean engineering. The derivation of probability density functions which constitute the basis for stochastic analysis of non-Gaussian processes is discussed in detail, and then the probability distributions of peaks and troughs of non-Gaussian random process is discussed to provide information necessary for engineering design. As an example of application of these probability distribution functions, the procedure for predicting responses of an offshore structure which has substantial non-linear characteristics in random seas is presented.
Synthetic scanner arrays in tomographic reconstructions from fan- and cone-beam projections

A deterministic method for artifact-free reconstruction from truncated sets of fan-beam projections that extends the artifact-free zone of fan-beam scanners is presented. Truncated partial sets of projections are merged into a complete virtual set of projections before reconstruction through synthetic scanner arrays. The reconstruction from the virtual set of projections yields the artifact-free representation of the whole object needed for evaluation of its global structure. The extent of the artifact-free zone in reconstructions from cone-beam projections is evaluated. The concept of synthetic linear and circular scanner arrays for reconstruction from truncated sets of projections is extended to cone-beam geometry. It is shown that linear scanner arrays are not directly applicable to cone-beam geometry but yield reasonable approximations if the partial sets of projections are resorted into a virtual set of wedge-beam projections before reconstruction. The presented solution constitutes a practical and exact deterministic method of horizontally extending the artifact-free zone in cone-beam geometry. The extension of the vertical limits of the artifact-free zone is discussed. The proposed methods provide a practical low-cost approach to artifact-free reconstruction of large objects. Illustrative examples are provided.
Level-crossing effects and spin-dependent decay of circularly polarized photon echoes in ruby

Abstract Three independent photon-echo systems based on the 4 A 2 → E( 2 E) transition in ruby are observed using circularly polarized laser pulses. Photon-echo decay is observed to be strongly dependent on the spin change of each Cr transition. The unusual signals observed at the 2.06 kG level crossing arise from modified decay rates and are interpreted on the basis of spin dependence near the crossing.
Low numeracy skills are associated with higher BMI.

Low numeracy skills and obesity are both common. Numeracy skills are used in healthy weight management to monitor caloric intake. The relationship between obesity and numeracy skills in adult primary care patients is unknown. A cross-sectional study enrolled adult, English-speaking primary care patients. BMI was assessed by self-report; numeracy and literacy skills were measured with the Wide Range Achievement Test, 3rd Edition (WRAT-3) and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), respectively. The relationship between numeracy and BMI was described with Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analyses. In 160 patients, the mean (s.d.) age was 46 (16) years, 66% were white, 70% were female, and 91% completed high school. The mean BMI was 30.5 (8.3) kg/m2. Less than 9th grade numeracy skills were found in 66% of the participants. Participants with numeracy skills <9th grade had a mean BMI of 31.8 (9.0) whereas those with numeracy skills ≥9th grade had a mean BMI of 27.9 (6.0), P = 0.008. Numeracy was negatively and significantly correlated with BMI (ρ = −0.26, P = 0.001). This correlation persisted after adjusting for age, sex, race, income, years of education, and literacy (β coefficient = −0.14; P = 0.010). Literacy skills were not associated with BMI. We found a significant association between low numeracy skills and higher BMI in adult primary care patients. A causal relationship cannot be determined. However, numeracy may have important clinical implications in the design and implementation of healthy weight management interventions and should be further evaluated to determine the magnitude of its effect.
A user-centered design for a spatial data warehouse for data exploration in environmental research

Abstract The integration of data from diverse fields of ecological research is paramount in the discovery of new ecological patterns and processes. The spatial exploration of an integrated dataset that spans multiple studies and disciplines can allow researchers to gain unforeseen insight into their data, spawn new research questions and hypotheses and identify data gaps. A user-centered approach was taken to design a spatial data warehouse and online analytical processing (OLAP) tools for data exploration in ecological research. The users in this study had diverse needs and current methods of data management do not easily allow for integration and exploration of data in multidimensional space. A generalizable data warehouse design methodology was created based on the results of a user study. This methodology was then demonstrated in the design of a data warehouse for data exploration in stream ecology resulting in a multidimensional data model with a fact table representing biological stream survey measurements and dimension tables representing spatial and categorical site and landscape variables. A generalizable extraction transformation and loading (ETL) workflow was created to integrate data across spatial dimensions before it was loaded into the data warehouse. A prototype data warehouse was implemented using biological stream survey, hydrologic, and vegetation data to observe spatial patterns in biological community distributions. Based on the exploration requirements identified in the user study, prototype OLAP queries were designed to facilitate spatial data cube exploration. Finally, a web-based interface was implemented to allow for multidimensional spatial visualization of biological stream survey data. The data warehouse and interface will allow researchers to explore biological assessment data at multiple spatial scales across many dimensions.
Statistical modeling and post manufacturing configuration for scaled analog CMOS

Process variations in advanced CMOS process nodes limit the benefits of scaling for analog designs. In the presence of increasing random intra-die variations, mismatch becomes a significant design challenge in circuits such as comparators. In this paper we describe and demonstrate the details of a statistical element selection (SES) methodology that relies on choosing a subset of selectable circuit elements (e.g., input transistors in a comparator) to achieve the desired specification (e.g., offset). Silicon results from a 65nm test chip demonstrate that SES can achieve an order of magnitude better matching than both redundancy and Pelgrom-model sizing given the same core circuit area.
Effects of monovalent cations on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in rat brain slices.

Abstract The influence of monovalent cations on membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was estimated in vitro in intact cells from the oxygen consumption of rat brain cortical slices. High concentrations of K+, Rb+ or Cs+ stimulated the respiration in the presence of Na+. This stimulation was antagonized by ouabain in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, only combinations of monovalent cations, that stimulate (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, increased oxygen consumption, indicating that the stimulated portion of respiration is related to the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Low concentrations of Rb+ and Cs+, however, failed to affect oxygen consumption. Li+ slightly and transiently stimulated oxygen uptake at low concentrations and inhibited it at higher concentrations. Low concentrations of Tl+ also stimulated respiration in a K+-free medium. However, the inhibitory effects of Tl+ were predominant at higher concentrations or in the presence of K+. Thus, monovalent cations can alter (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. While Rb+ and Li+ produce opposite effects on this enzyme system under certain conditions, these actions do not seem to be related to the antidepressant action of Rb+ and the antimanic action of Li+
The evolution of storage structures

Data base management systems have grown rapidly in their power and complexity over the 15-year history of data processing on commercially available computers. The original concepts have split, and new terms have been adopted to name and refer to these concepts. The Data Structure Diagram graphic technique is used to illustrate the splitting of the concepts and the structural relations which exist between these concepts at each point in the evolution.
Modeling Synergy and Learning under Multiple Advanced Manufacturing Technologies

The advent of the wide variety of new, highly integrated, advanced manufacturing technologies available for acquisition by a firm's managers has brought to light an accompanying set of unexpected issues. These issues include expectations for the benefits and costs of these technologies, determining the appropriate order of implementation and finding a way to justify acquisition when many of the benefits are a function of the technology's learning and synergistic effects on other operations and technologies. We present here a model that captures the interaction effects of these highly integrated technologies and discuss the data requirements for application of the construct. We then illustrate the model's workings with a number of multitechnology examples and show the danger of ignoring the synergistic and learning effects of these technologies when considering their acquisition.