cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Model of Supply Support for Space Operations

This paper develops a methodology to evaluate various aspects of logistics supply support of space bases. It is assumed that there exists at the space base a schedule of operations that reflects the day-to-day living, build-up, and scientific experimental activities that are to be carried on. These activities, in turn, set a series of demands or requirements for products over a time spectrum. The supply system must deliver products so as to meet the amounts and times of the product requirements. Each product or module has an earliest and latest time by which it must be delivered. A mathematical model is developed that plans a series of trips, the dates at which each is to be sent, and the composition of the cargoes on each trip that satisfy the series of requirements over a time spectrum imposed by the activities at the space base. The series of trips are an expression of an efficient plan that simultaneously considers demands for different products at different future times and observes the various constraints of the system e.g., cargo capacity of spaceships. The mathematical formulation of this scheduling problem is a simple nonlinear discrete programming problem. An algorithm has been developed for its solution, and a description thereof is presented. The model is illustrated by showing how it would supply a long-term lunar base. Various uses of the model are described.
Representations of Solutions of Laplacian Boundary Value Problems on Exterior Regions

This paper treats the well-posedness and representation of solutions of Poisson's equation on exterior regions UR N with N ≥ 3. Solutions are sought in a space E 1 (U ) of finite energy functions that decay at infinity. This space contains H 1 (U ) and existence-uniqueness theorems are proved for the Dirichlet, Robin and Neumann problems using variational methods with natural conditions on the data. A decomposition result is used to reduce the problem to the evaluation of a stan- dard potential and the solution of a harmonic boundary value problem. The exterior Steklov eigenproblems for the Laplacian on U are described. The exterior Steklov eigenfunctions are proved to generate an orthogonal basis for the subspace of har- monic functions and also of certain boundary trace spaces. Representations of solu- tions of the harmonic boundary value problem in terms of these bases are found, and estimates for the solutions are derived. When U is the region exterior to a 3-d ball, these Steklov representations reduce to the classical multi-pole expansions familiar in physics and engineering analysis.
Intrasire and Intracow Regressions of Lactation Records on Herdmate Performance: Use, Estimators, and Biases

Abstract Herd-year-season effects are not individually adjustable and yet contribute nearly 50% of the total variation in production. Herdmate comparison method was designed to adjust records for this major source of environmental differences without knowledge of individual influences. Essentially, in evaluating sires the sire of a daughter group is the genetic unit, and daughter averages are regressed on their adjusted herdmate averages. In cow evaluation, however, the genetic unit is a cow; therefore, an intracow regression of her performance on her adjusted herdmate averages is pertinent. Intracow regression coefficient (b c ) is difficult to estimate, since only those cows making records in more than one herd contribute anything to the estimation. Estimates for intrasire regression coefficient (b s ) are available. The relationship between b c and b s is b c = 2b s −1 which provides a consistent estimator for b c with the bias factor being simply the inverse of the sample size for estimating b s . The value .9 is commonly used for bs in the sire proofs. The value for b c in cow index procedure for the similar purpose is then .8.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Progression of Colorectal Cancer

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. These receptors are also ligand-dependent transcription factors responsible for the regulation of cellular events that range from glucose and lipid homeostases to cell differentiation and apoptosis. The importance of these receptors in lipid homeostasis and energy balance is well established. In addition to these metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties, emerging evidence indicates that PPARs can function as either tumor suppressors or accelerators, suggesting that these receptors are potential candidates as drug targets for cancer prevention and treatment. However, conflicting results have emerged regarding the role of PPARs on colon carcinogenesis. Therefore, further investigation is warranted prior to considering modulation of PPARs as an efficacious therapy for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and treatment.
Attrition and Adherence Rates of Sustained vs. Intermittent Exercise Interventions

Background No conclusions have been drawn regarding the relative attrition and adherence rates associated with sustained vs. intermittent exercise programs.
Shock High-Energy Emission Mechanisms Applied to SGRs and GRBs

We briefly discuss possible applications of the mechanism of relativistic shock emission to soft-gamma-ray repeaters and gamma-ray burst sources.
Simultaneous Determination of Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine in Organic Materials

A simple method is described for the simultaneous determination of chlorine, bromine, and iodine when present together in an organic material. The sample is combusted in a closed flask containing hydrazine sulfate, and contents transferred quantitatively to a volumetric flask. One aliquot is titrated directly for iodide content. Another equal aliquot is treated with acidic K2Cr2O7 and boiled to remove I2; the remaining contents are then titrated for chloride and bromide. An accuracy of ±0.33% was obtained for Cl, ±0.39% for Br, and ±0.26% for I. Binary mixtures can be sequentially titrated without pretreatment.
What Mathematical Knowledge Could Be

Many anti-realists think that the message of Benacerraf's "Mathematical Truth" (1973) is that mathematical knowledge could not be knowledge of abstract objects because spatio-temporal creatures like ourselves can have no contact with what has no spatio-temporal location. Two such anti-realists are Gottlieb (1980, p. 11) and Field (1980, p. 98). Benacerraf himself is not prepared to go that far. Although, because of the impossibility of contact with abstract objects, he thinks that the realist's chances of coming up with a satisfactory epistemology are not very good, he is unwilling to put as much weight on the causal theory of knowledge as is necessary to conclude that mathematical knowledge could not be knowledge of abstract objects. He does not argue that realism, or any of the other philosophies that he criticizes, should be rejected. Rather, he argues that no philosophy of mathematics, as it now stands, can be accepted. None has both a satisfactory semantics for mathematical language and a satisfactory epistemology for mathematical knowledge. Benacerraf's message,
Optimal aerodynamic control by matched asymptotic expansions

Abstract This paper presents the solution for the optimal lift and bank modulation of a reentry vehicle using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The solution, which contains all effects of aerodynamic, gravitational, and centrifugal forces, is uniformly valid everywhere. The solution for the outer region, where gravitational force is predominant is obtained in closed form. To date, for the inner region, only four of the five adjoint equations for the free time problem have been integrated in closed form. The fifth equation has been integrated by considering the free range problem, or by using a linear approximation of the drag polar near the optimal lift control. By a new invariant relation, and a transformation of the fifth adjoint variable, it will be shown in this paper that, for the most general drag polar, the fifth equation can be integrated by quadrature. The equation will be completely integrated for a generalized drag polar. The inner solution will be matched with the outer solution providing a composite solution uniformly valid everywhere.
An experimental study of acoustically enhanced NAPL dissolution in porous media

The effects of acoustic waves on the dissolution of dense nonaqueous phase liquids in water saturated porous media are investigated. Experiments of trichloroethylene (TCE) ganglia dissolution within a water saturated column, packed with glass beads, are conducted. Acoustic waves with pressure amplitudes ranging from 0 to 1625 Pa and frequencies ranging from 0 to 285 Hz are employed to the interstitial fluid at the inlet of the packed column. Effluent dissolved TCE concentrations are observed to increase up to 120% in the presence of acoustic pressure waves compared to the case where TCE dissolution without acoustic waves is monitored. The observed effluent dissolved TCE concentration increase is attributed to enhanced mass flux at the TCE-water interface, caused by acoustic waves. Highest dissolution rates occur at discrete frequencies suggesting resonance effects or the presence of standing waves. Although acoustic waves enhance TCE dissolution, they dissipate almost exponentially with distance from the acoustic source. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3271–3280, 2004
A Comprehensive Undergraduate Application Security Project

The importance of teaching application security at an undergraduate level is well-understood. However, comprehensive coverage of application security must cover a vast range of topics from system administration to secure software development. In our experience, providing students with hands-on experience poses a challenge: either the entire project is limited to a specific area, such as system administration, or the project consists of disconnected assignments each covering one area. Neither option is satisfactory as both fail to address an important learning outcome of any security course: securing computing infrastructure requires a comprehensive approach. In this paper, we describe a semester-long project for an undergraduate application security course that (a) provides students with a comprehensive view of security and (b) reinforces the theoretical skills with intensive hands-on experience. The project consists of several independent assignments that enable students to accomplish smaller tasks as they implement a fully integrated solution. The project requires limited laboratory facilities and utilizes software tools and and technologies that are freely available to academic institutions.
High β-Secretase Activity Elicits Neurodegeneration in Transgenic Mice Despite Reductions in Amyloid-β Levels IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE

Amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta) are widely presumed to play a causal role in Alzheimer disease. Release of Abeta from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) requires proteolysis by the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1). Although increased BACE1 activity in Alzheimer disease brains and human (h) BACE1 transgenic (tg) mice results in altered APP cleavage, the contribution of these molecular alterations to neurodegeneration is unclear. We therefore used the murine Thy1 promoter to express high levels of hBACE1, with or without hAPP, in neurons of tg mice. Compared with hAPP mice, hBACE1/hAPP doubly tg mice had increased levels of APP C-terminal fragments (C89, C83) and decreased levels of full-length APP and Abeta. In contrast to non-tg controls and hAPP mice, hBACE1 mice and hBACE1/hAPP mice showed degeneration of neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus and degradation of myelin. Neurological deficits were also more severe in hBACE1 and hBACE1/hAPP mice than in hAPP mice. These results demonstrate that high levels of BACE1 activity are sufficient to elicit neurodegeneration and neurological decline in vivo. This pathogenic pathway involves the accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments but does not depend on increased production of human Abeta. Thus, inhibiting BACE1 may block not only Abeta-dependent but also Abeta-independent pathogenic mechanisms.
Unusually high concentrations of cTnI and cTnT in a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Abstract Background: We present a case of a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with unusually high concentrations of cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac Troponin T (cTnT). Troponins are sensitive and specific markers of myocardial injury. The degree of their elevation, in the context of the chronic autoimmune condition of the patient, elicited a thorough investigation for the presence of interfering antibodies. Methods: Cardiac markers, including total CK, CK-MB, cTnI, and cTnT, were measured in this patient over a period of 14 days after the onset of symptoms. In order to rule out a possible interference, serum samples were subjected to serial dilutions and were incubated with a blocking reagent (HBR) prior to analysis. Results: The time release of the cardiac markers into the systemic circulation of this patient followed the typical pattern after a myocardial infraction. Serial dilutions of the samples, and incubation with the blocking reagent revealed no indication of the presence of interfering antibodies. Conclusions: The results strongly suggest that the extremely high concentrations of cTnT and cTnI in this patient were real and indicative of a massive myocardial infarction (MI). These may be the highest concentrations of cTnI and cTnT reported in the systemic circulation of a single patient.
Some multi-dimensional branching processes as motivated by a class of problems in mathematical genetics II.

In this paper a class of branching processes applicable to populations reproducing by some asexual means or by a simple selfing system of mating is studied. The paper is divided into three parts. In part one the mathematical model is introduced, part two is a mathematical analysis of the model, and in part three concrete applications and examples are given. Many of the proofs of the theorems in part two are omitted but will appear in a subsequent issue of theBulletin.
CBM Integrated Maintenance Scheduler

Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) is a key technology enabling facility maintenance cost reduction. The CBM approach to maintenance replaces rigid time-based maintenance schedules with the “right maintenance at the right time” identified by real-time equipment health monitoring. This approach creates a new requirement for determining the best time to schedule newly identified critical maintenance actions in light of the real world constraints of available labor and resources. One of the major challenges encountered when attempting to optimize a maintenance schedule is related to the resolution of the many and often complex interdependencies or constraints present throughout the maintenance process. This paper presents a CBM decision support software tool that leverages real-time current and future health condition information to optimize maintenance resources, tasking, and planning in order to maximize the system readiness. Over the past year Impact Technologies, under contract by NAVSEA, has been developing technologies that will provide the necessary decision support tools to address this dynamic maintenance environment. The software scheduling tool utilizes an Open Systems Architecture for Condition-Based Maintenance (OSA-CBM) architecture to facilitate implementation into new or legacy systems. The tool employs a generic maintenance model that accounts for equipment reliability attributes, maintenance task material and labor requirements, system dependencies, and subsystems relationships. The focus of the development has been on Naval Ship maintenance, but the model inputs can be adapted to a variety of applications including power generators, aircraft, ships, and production facilities. The core of the decision support tool is a multi-sweep optimization algorithm that is tuned to the maintenance scheduling problem. The algorithm has been designed to achieve the best computational speed. Benefits and risks of maintenance decisions have been quantified in risk, which can be defined in terms of readiness or financial. The probability and consequence of each system failure are considered in light of the complex system interdependencies, such as dependant and redundant systems, to achieve the best overall system readiness. Novel post-processing steps identify the active solution constraints further enhancing the user’s ability to understand the issues that affect system availability.© 2008 ASME
Interactive effects of resource enrichment and resident diversity on invasion of native grassland by Lolium arundinaceum

Resident diversity and resource enrichment are both recognized as potentially important determinants of community invasibility, but the effects of these biotic and abiotic factors on invasions are often investigated separately, and little work has been done to directly compare their relative effects or to examine their potential interactions. Here, we evaluate the individual and interactive effects of resident diversity and resource enrichment on plant community resistance to invasion. We factorially manipulated plant diversity and the enrichment of belowground (soil nitrogen) and aboveground (light) resources in low-fertility grassland communities invaded by Lolium arundinaceum, the most abundant invasive grass in eastern North America. Soil nitrogen enrichment enhanced L. arundinaceum performance, but increased resident diversity dampened this effect of nitrogen enrichment. Increased light availability (via clipping of aboveground vegetation) had a negligible effect on community invasibility. These results demonstrate that a community’s susceptibility to invasion can be contingent upon the type of resource pulse and the diversity of resident species. In order to assess the generality of these results, future studies that test the effects of resident diversity and resource enrichment against a range of invasive species and in other environmental contexts (e.g., sites differing in soil fertility and light regimes) are needed. Such studies may help to resolve conflicting interpretations of the diversity–invasibility relationship and provide direction for management strategies.
Enhanced dielectric standoff and mechanical failure in field-structured composites

We report dielectric breakdown experiments on electric-field-structured composites of high-dielectric-constant ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ particles in an epoxy resin. These experiments show a significant increase in the dielectric standoff strength perpendicular to the field structuring direction, relative to control samples consisting of randomly dispersed particles. To understand the relation of this observation to microstructure, we apply a simple resistor-short breakdown model to three-dimensional composite structures generated from a dynamical simulation. In this breakdown model the composite material is assumed to conduct primarily through particle contacts, so the simulated structures are mapped onto a resistor network where the center of mass of each particle is a node that is connected to neighboring nodes by resistors of fixed resistance that irreversibly short to perfect conductors when the current reaches a threshold value. This model gives relative breakdown voltages that are in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, we consider a primitive model of the mechanical strength of a field-structured composite material, which is a current-driven, conductor-insulator fuse model. This model leads to a macroscopic fusing behavior and can be related to mechanical failure of the composite.
Orientation Tuning—A Crooked Path to the Straight and Narrow

Neurons in visual cortex are selective for the orientation of a visual stimulus, while the receptive fields of their thalamic input are circular. Cortical orientation selectivity arises from the organization of both thalamic input and local cortical circuits. In this issue of Neuron, Schummers and colleagues provide evidence that the local circuit mechanisms contributing to orientation selectivity differ depending on the local organization of the orientation map.
What Is Reasonable Suspicion of Child Abuse

This study examined how Pennsylvania pediatricians characterized reasonable suspicion of child abuse, using their own words in open-ended queries. Content analysis and an iterative process identified themes, which then served as the dependent variable for analysis. 1,249 pediatricians returned the survey (61% response rate), of whom 1,012 answered the open-ended question (49% response rate). Content analysis identified 4 distinct theme categories and significant correlations with age, gender, frequency of reporting, prior education, and current position, but not expertise with child abuse or board certification. These findings add new, qualitative data to arguments for re-examining the threshold for mandated reporting.
Livedo reticularis due to catastrophic cholesterol embolization.

A 55-year-old man was admitted for severe bilateral lower extremity claudication with diminished peripheral pulses. An abdominal aortogram revealed severe atherosclerosis, primarily involving the right-sided external iliac, femoral and popliteal arteries. The condition was treated with endovascular stenting. Twelve hours after the procedure, the patient developed severe bilateral buttock, thigh and calf pain with profound mottling and purple skin discolouration (livedo reticularis) of the thigh (Figure 1). He also developed severe rhabdomyolysis, followed by a compartment syndrome that necessitated fasciotomy followed by bilateral, below-the-knee amputation. Biopsy of the gangrenous portions revealed intra-arterial cholesterol crystals (black arrow) and clefts (white arrow) (Figure 2), which resulted from cholesterol washout during histological processing. This finding confirmed cholesterol crystal embolization induced by the endovascular intervention. Atheromatous embolization is a multisystem disease complicating advanced atherosclerosis. It occurs most often as a complication of angiography, an endovascular procedure or cardiovascular surgery (1). Figure 1 Figure 2
On-Line for the Ancestors The Importance of an Anthropological Sensibility in Information Superhighway Policy Design

Critically important cultural issues often are submerged topics in policy discussions surrounding the National Information Infrastructure (NII) and its political and economic implications for the 21stcentury United States. Academics, policymakers, and communications industry leaders mustrecognize the importance of profession as well as of gender, class, age, and geography when suggesting models for NII design and implementation. Of particular importance is respect for the multiple identities of potential NII users and the roles played by self-identified affinity groups and institutional culture in decisions regarding technology acceptance or rejection.
Real time measurements of methanol crossover in a DMFC

Methanol crossover is a serious problem in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which causes significant voltage loss and waste of fuel. Due to methanol crossover, most DMFCs must operate on a fuel with a very low methanol concentration; yet very low methanol concentration also causes a poor cell performance. Thus, it is very important to find the optimal operating conditions of methanol concentration and other operating parameters. In this research, methanol crossover rate in a DMFC is determined by measuring the carbon dioxide concentration at the cathode exit in real time. By measuring methanol crossover and cell performances at different inlet methanol concentrations and various operating conditions three types of characteristics are identified in the relationships between methanol crossover and cell current density. Further analysis of these relationships between methanol crossover and cell performances reveals the optimal methanol concentration and other operating parameters, at which the cell reaches optimal performance without incurring excessive methanol crossover. Furthermore, transient peaks of methanol crossover have been identified when the cell voltage suddenly changes. Analyses of these peaks show that they are caused by the hysteresis of methanol concentration at the interface between the anode catalyst layer and the membrane.
Aqueous microsolvation of mercury halide species.

The effects of aqueous solvation on the thermochemistry of reactions between mercury and small halogen molecules has been investigated by the microsolvation approach using ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The structures, vibrational frequencies, and binding energies of 1, 2, and 3 water molecules with mercury-halide (HgBr2, HgBrCl, HgCl2, HgBr, and HgCl) and related mercury and halogen species (Br2, BrCl, Cl2, Cl, Hg, and Br) have been computed with second order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and the B3LYP density functional method. Accurate incremental water binding energies have been obtained at the complete basis set (CBS) limit using sequences of correlation consistent basis sets, including higher order correlation effects estimated from coupled cluster calculations. The resulting energetics were used to calculate the influence of water molecules on the thermochemistry of a number of reactions between mercury and small halogen-containing molecules. In general, the ...
A Scale of Compatibility and Incompatibility of Pairs of Needs

It is not unusual, during the development of a research study in the area of motivation, that two needs are judged to be similar (or contrascing) for the purpose of using similar (or contrasting) needs as independent or dependent variables. A perusal of the literature, however, indicates that no atcempt has been made to obtain standardized judgments of similarity and contrast for a large number of need pairs. The purpose of this arcicle is to present such scandardized judgments together with pertinent reliability data and to describe some properties of the scale. METHOD The 15 needs (abasement, achievement, affiliation, aggression, autonomy, change, deference, dominance, endurance, exhibition, heterosexuality, intraception, nurturance, order, succorance), which are represented in the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) (Edwards, 1959), were combined to form 105 pairs. Each pair was typed on a separate index card with one order typed on one side and che ocher order typed on the other side. This procedure provided for easy randomization of pairs of needs and of the order of the needs In a pair by shuffling the deck and &ting. The judges2 were instructed to "Please rate the following need pairs as ro compatibility or incompatibility of the goal responses associated with these needs. By 'compatibility or incompatibility of goal responses' is meant the effect of each goal in relation to the effect of the other goal." It was emphasized to each judge that a rationally derived judgment, as compared with an estimate of actual joint occurrence in one or another population, was desired. It was further stated that, alchough judgments which are rationally derived may not be completely separated from judgments of empirical origin, the emphasis in all cases and insofar as possible should derive from the judge's own rational frame of reference. The judges were provided with Edwards' description of the 15 needs on the EPPS for use in whatever manner was desired. The ratings were made on a nine-point scale ranging from + 4 to - 4. The description of each point was typed on a separate index card. The rating cards were ordered on a cable from + 4 to - 4 or from - 4 to + 4 and the judges placed the need pairs next to the appropriate rating. The descriptions
Heat transfer through a thin rotating nuclear target

Abstract The approximate time-dependent steady-state temperature of a thin rotating nuclear target system is found by solving the differential equation for a corresponding one-space-dimensional heat transfer problem in terms of an eigenfunction series. The series obtained can be evaluated numerically to necessary design accuracy with use of only a small amount of computer time. The results are given for a typical problem, for which the solution is depicted graphically.
Effects of BMI on the risk and frequency of AIS 3+ injuries in motor‐vehicle crashes

Objective: Determine the effects of BMI on the risk of serious-to-fatal injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale � 3 or AIS 3+) to different body regions for adults in frontal, nearside, farside, and rollover crashes. Design and Methods: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to a probability sample of adult occupants involved in crashes generated by combining the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS-CDS) with a pseudoweighted version of the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network database. Logistic regression models were applied to weighted data to estimate the change in the number of occupants with AIS 3+ injuries if no occupants were obese. Results: Increasing BMI increased risk of lower-extremity injury in frontal crashes, decreased risk of lower-extremity injury in nearside impacts, increased risk of upper-extremity injury in frontal and nearside crashes, and increased risk of spine injury in frontal crashes. Several of these findings were affected by interactions with gender and vehicle type. If no occupants in frontal crashes were obese, 7% fewer occupants would sustain AIS 3+ upper-extremity injuries, 8% fewer occupants would sustain AIS 3+ lower-extremity injuries, and 28% fewer occupants would sustain AIS 3+ spine injuries. Conclusions: Results of this study have implications on the design and evaluation of vehicle safety systems.
The Michigan Autism Spectrum Questionnaire: A Rating Scale for High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders

Although the DSM-5 has recently created a single category of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), delineation of its putative subtypes remains clinically useful. For this process, screening instruments should ideally be brief, simple, and easily available. The aim of this study is to describe the validity of one such instrument. We administered the Michigan Autism Spectrum Questionnaire (MASQ), a 10-item questionnaire, to 42 patients with ASD (age range 6-13 years, mean 9.7 years, SD 2.5, one female) and 18 patients with other psychiatric disorders (age range 6-17 years, mean 11.7 years, SD 3.8, 6 females). Responses to each item were scored from 0 to 4 yielding a total score of 30. Patients with intellectual disability were excluded. As a group, patients with ASD scored higher than those with other psychiatric disorders (Chi-square test with 1 df = 16.019, P < 0.0001). Within the ASD group, a linear discriminant analysis found that the best cut-off points were 22 or above for Asperger syndrome, 14 to 21 for autism/PDDNOS, and less than 14 for those with other psychiatric disorders. We propose that the MASQ can be used as a brief measure to screen high-functioning ASD from other psychiatric disorders and to identify its possible subtypes.
Comparative morphometrics of echinoderm larvae. I. Some relationships between egg size and initial larval form in echinoids

Abstract Egg protein content, and presumably total organic content (parental investment), was linearly related to egg volume among seven species of echinoids with planktotrophic larval development: Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Muller), S.purpuratus (Stimpson), S.franciscanus (A. Agassiz), Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz), Heterocentrotus mammillatus (Klein), Colobocentrotus atratus (Linnaeus), and Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Initial larval size and feeding capability, at the 2-armed and 4-armed pluteus stages, were positively correlated with egg size. The complexity of larval shape, as ciliated band length or total arm length relative to body length, was independent of egg size. Initial feeding efficiency, defined as the ratio of feeding capability to larval respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity, was inversely related to egg size. This was the result of a strong dependence of metabolism on body size. Important differences in the egg size and larval form relationships were observed among the different echinoid families and between geographic regions. It is predicted that species with larger eggs and larger initial larvae will either remain larger at each stage of development or develop to a given stage faster than species with small eggs. These relationships between egg size and larval form may constrain selection for certain reproductive or larval traits such as egg size, fecundity, larval form, development rate, total development period, and size at metamorphosis, thereby limiting the evolutionary flexibility of reproductive pattern.
Asymptotic solution of the Dirac equation and the inertial mass of an electron

The asymptotic ($h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$) limit of Dirac's single-electron theory is discussed with the magnetic field strength formally regarded as a quantity of order $\frac{1}{h}$. The main new result is that the phase function for the asymptotic series is to be calculated from the relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation with the orientation energy of the magnetic moment added to the electron's rest mass. This is the mechanism by means of which Hamilton's equations contain the Stern-Gerlach force when the phase function is interpreted as a classical generating function. An attempt is made to clarify the physical significance of this result.
Transcatheter embolization of an internal mammary artery bypass graft sidebranch causing coronary steal syndrome

We describe a 66-yr-old man with angina after internal mammary artery-coronary bypass grafting due to coronary artery steal by a sidebranch of the mammary artery. Myocardial ischemia was successfully treated by transcatheter embolization of the sidebranch.
A small inexpensive scattering chamber constructed from commercially available components

A 6-way Dependex(tm) multicross with four 6-in. and two 4-in. ports serves as the basis for a “home-built” scattering chamber. A target assembly ladder, mounted vertically, can accommodate up to five targets. These can be aligned at angles ranging from 0 to 75° with respect to the incident beam. Both particles and photons can be measured with the appropriate solid state detectors. Special attention has been focused on the problems of accurate and reproducible charge collection. The chamber is suitable for PIXE, PIGE, RBS, atomic and nuclear cross-section determinations.
Thermochemical nonequilibrium analysis of O2+Ar based on state-resolved kinetics

Abstract The thermochemical nonequilibrium of the three lowest lying electronic states of molecular oxygen, O2( X 3 Σ g - , a 1 Δ g , b 1 Σ g + ), through interactions with argon is studied in the present work. The multi-body potential energy surfaces of O2+Ar are evaluated from the semi-classical RKR potential of O2 in each electronic state. The rovibrational states and energies of each electronic state are calculated by the quantum mechanical method based on the present inter-nuclear potential of O2. Then, the complete sets of the rovibrational state-to-state transition rate coefficients of O2+Ar are calculated by the quasi-classical trajectory method including the quasi-bound states. The system of master equations constructed by the present state-to-state transition rate coefficients are solved to analyze the thermochemical nonequilibrium of O2+Ar in various heat bath conditions. From these studies, it is concluded that the vibrational relaxation and coupled chemical reactions of each electronic state needs to be treated as a separate nonequilibrium process, and rotational nonequilibrium needs to be considered at translational temperatures above 10,000 K.
Scheduling delay protocols integrating voice and data on a bus LAN

Two new protocols integrating voice and data on a multiaccess broadcast bus LAN with reverse round robin service are presented. The protocols are based on a collision free scheduling delay access mechanism. According to this mechanism, each station computes its transmission time relying on the activity of the bus. In the first protocol, we use this mechanism for both voice and data traffic. In the second protocol, the data traffic is based on the above mechanism, while, for the voice traffic, we additionally exploit the periodicity of voice. Separation of the two traffic types is achieved by the requirement for sharing the channel alternately in voice and data rounds. The transmission of data packets and voice call packets for setting up calls is assigned to the data round while the transmission of voice packets is assigned to the voice round. The proposed protocols were studied via simulation tools. They satisfy the delay constraint of voice traffic and, at the same time, guarantee a sufficient bandwidth for data traffic. Results obtained under various traffic conditions are given.
Effectiveness of implantable defibrillators in octogenarians and nonagenarians for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death.

Given their advanced age and frequent co-morbidities, it is unclear whether octogenarians and nonagenarians with decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) derive a survival benefit from implantable cardioverter–defibrillators (ICDs) in the primary prevention setting. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ICDs, age, and multiple co-morbidities on survival in elderly patients who otherwise meet implantation criteria for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Patients ≥80 years of age who received an ICD for LVEF ≤35% at our institution from 2001 through 2008 (n = 99) were compared to a cohort of patients ≥80 years of age with similarly low LVEF who did not receive an ICD (n = 53). Co-morbid conditions were assessed using the Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI). The overall cohort (n = 152, 84 ± 4 years old, 72% men, 87% with ischemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF 25 ± 7%, CCI 5.9 ± 3.2) was followed for 2.3 ± 2.0 years. Patients with ICDs were younger (82 ± 3 vs 86 ± 4 years, p
Lung function and biomarkers of airway inflammation during and after hospitalization for acute exacerbations of childhood asthma associated with viral respiratory symptoms

Abstract Background There are limited data assessing relationships between biomarkers of inflammation and lung function after hospitalization for asthma exacerbations in children. Objective To assess the associations in asthmatic children among changes in lung function, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) after hospitalization for acute asthma. Methods Spirometry and FENO were measured and EBC collected for CysLT measurement from 40 children during and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after hospitalization for an asthma exacerbation and during a single-study visit for 40 healthy children. Results Enrollment FENO and EBC CysLT concentrations were higher in the children with asthma than in healthy individuals (mean FENO, 31.6 vs 7 ppb; P P = .03). Among children with asthma, improvement in lung function reached a plateau within 2 weeks after hospital discharge. The EBC CysLT concentrations were not associated with changes in lung function, use of albuterol, or use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Among asthmatic children enrollment FENO was not associated with changes in lung function during follow-up. However, among children who had an elevated enrollment FENO (≥25 ppb), patients who did not use ICSs after hospital discharge had lower end-of-study lung function than those who used ICSs. At 2 and 4 weeks after hospital discharge, FENO was higher among patients who reported albuterol use more than twice weekly and among patients who reported no ICS use. Conclusion FENO measured at hospital discharge among children hospitalized with acute asthma may be useful in identifying patients who will respond to ICS therapy.
Use of the SPA in assessing toxic effects on male fertilizing potential

Abstract The sperm penetration assay (SPA), which involves the use of zona-free hamster eggs to assess fertilizing potential of human spermatozoa, has the capability of evaluating the functional capacity of sperm. If men are exposed to a toxic insult that could result in impaired fertility, this has been monitored historically by determining the routine semen parameters of concentration, motility, and morphology. The lack of availability of the SPA for evaluating toxic exposure in field studies has hampered its utilization. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of the SPA in a specific field study and to describe to recent innovations in the SPA that make its use more accessible for field studies. These two innovations are shipping semen samples in TEST-yolk buffer by overnight express to a central laboratory for testing and using frozen hamster eggs in the test. The report is divided into the following three major sections: I. Kunia study; II. TEST-yolk buffer modifications of SPA; and III. Use of frozen eggs in SPA.
Evidence from Hole 504B for the origin of dipping events in oceanic crustal reflection profiles as out-of-plane scattering from basement topography

Dipping reflectors in oceanic crustal seismic reflection profiles have been attributed to either faults cutting through the crustal section or magmatic layering in the mid- to lower crust. Using closely spaced (
Li, Sr, Mg, and Na in foraminiferal calcite shells from laboratory culture, sediment traps, and sediment cores

Abstract Constant-temperature laboratory culture experiments of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) suggest that the ratios of Li and Sr to Ca in the shells are a function of these ratios in the culture solutions. Mg Ca and Na Ca in the shells did not vary with changes of these ratios in the culture solution. These are the first direct determinations of the relationship between foraminiferal shell chemistry and solution composition. The possibility of temperature dependence for the minor elemental composition of foraminiferal shells was also investigated in the laboratory and by analysis of several planktonic and one benthic foraminiferal species from sediment trap and sediment core samples. The Sr Ca , Mg Ca , and Na Ca ratios in the natural samples roughly correlate with calcification temperature, whereas differences in the Li/Ca ratios are small and not systematically related to temperature. However, laboratory culture experiments at 20°C and 30°C showed no variation in the Li Ca , Sr Ca , Mg Ca , and Na Ca ratios with calcification temperature for the planktonic foraminifera G. sacculifer and Orbulina universa. Therefore, observed differences in the Sr Ca , Mg Ca , and Na Ca ratios for the sediment trap and core foraminiferal samples cannot be ascribed to direct effects of calcification temperature, but may be due to some other environmental factor which is correlated with temperature.
Effects of Particle Size and Formaldehyde Treatment of Soybean Meal on Milk Production and Composition for Dairy Cows

Twenty-four lactating dairy cattle were used to study the effects of formaldehyde treatment and reduction of particle size of soybean meal on milk production and composition. Cows were fed diets containing one of the following soybean meals: 1) untreated, coarse; 2) untreated, fine; 3) formaldehyde-treated, fine. Formaldehyde reduced the solubility of soybean meal protein from 22.7 to 2.9%. Grinding soybean meal reduced particle size from 842 to 249 micron. Formaldehyde treatment did not affect intake or milk production but resulted in higher efficiency of milk production (1.43 versus 1.46 kg fat-corrected milk/kg dry matter intake). Milk protein (3.08 versus 2.85%) and solids-not-fat (8.51 versus 8.35%) contents were reduced by formaldehyde. Cows fed fine soybean meal had higher dry matter intakes (22.0 versus 20.8 kg dry matter/day) and gained more body weight; however, milk production was not affected by particle size. Grinding soybean meal reduced production efficiency (1.47 versus 1.42 kg milk/kg dry matter intake) and milk fat (3.70 versus 3.33%). Lack of production response and reduced milk protein from formaldehyde treatment suggests possible overprotection of protein. Fine grinding of soybean meal appeared to favor body weight gain rather than milk production.
Tol2 Gene Trap Integrations in the Zebrafish Amyloid Precursor Protein Genes appa and aplp2 Reveal Accumulation of Secreted APP at the Embryonic Veins

Background: The single spanning transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic product, amyloid-beta (Ab) peptide, have been intensely studied due to their role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the biological role of the secreted ectodomain of APP, which is also generated by proteolytic cleavage, is less well understood. Here, we report Tol2 red fluorescent protein (RFP) transposon gene trap integrations in the zebrafish amyloid precursor protein a (appa) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (aplp2) genes. The transposon integrations are predicted to disrupt the appa and aplp2 genes to primarily produce secreted ectodomains of the corresponding proteins that are fused to RFP. Results: Our results indicate the Appa-RFP and Aplp2 fusion proteins are likely secreted from the central nervous system and accumulate in the embryonic veins independent of blood flow. Conclusions: The zebrafish appa and aplp2 transposon insertion alleles will be useful for investigating the biological role of the secreted form of APP. Developmental Dynamics 241:415–425, 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Juveniles, Illicit Drug Activity, and Homicides against Law Enforcement Officers

Juvenile involvement in homicides increased dramatically during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Juvenile involvement in illicit drug markets is one of the proposed reasons for this increase. Building from Goldstein’s systemic model, this article argues that if juvenile participation in illicit drug markets was a cause of increased homicides by juveniles, then there should be a connection between juvenile involvement in the killing of police officers during the time period 1986 to 1991. This hypothesis is tested using the Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted records of police homicides during the 1980s and 1990s. The article finds that drug activity is an important predictor of whether a juvenile was involved in a police killing throughout the time period. Drug activity, however, is not any stronger during the late 1980s and early 1990s as the authors had hypothesized it would be. Follow-up analyses of those cases in which juveniles were involved failed to find substantive support for the systemic model. Implications for delinquency research are discussed.
Plume structures in the hard‐turbulent regime of three‐dimensional infinite Prandtl number convection

Numerical simulations of three-dimensional infinite Prandtl number thermal convection with Rayleigh number (Ra) up to 10 exp 8 are reported. Convection with Ra higher than 10 exp 7 is characterized by the appearance of disconnected thermal plumes. The smaller plumes are detached by the currents produced by the larger plumes. The low wavenumber portion of a thermal power spectrum near the boundary layer becomes flat at high Ra, while the spectrum measured in the interior shows a positive slope for low wavenumbers. Differences are found in the thermal spectra between 2D and 3D models.