cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can sudden, severe emotional loss be a traumatic stressor?

Aspects of the stressor criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been controversial since its inception, and the theoretical or empirical reasons for decisions about it have not been clear. To investigate whether sudden events involving severe emotional loss have the potential to precipitate PTSD, we assessed exposure to Criterion A stressors, sudden abandonment, sudden move or loss of home, and symptoms of PTSD and dissociation in a community sample of 427 adults. In regression analyses, models that included a severe emotional loss stressor accounted for a significant amount of additional variance in PTSD and dissociation symptoms beyond that accounted for by a model including only Criterion A stressors. The findings suggest that limiting Criterion A1 to events involving actual or threatened death or injury may be overly restrictive. Future research is needed to replicate these findings in a clinical sample and to prospectively examine the conditional probability of PTSD following these ev...
On the pair correlation for fractional parts of vector sequences

We study the pair correlation for fractional parts of vector sequences and provide a sufficient condition for being poissonian. As a consequence, a large class of sequences of fractional parts of integer polynomials in several variables, lacunary integer sequences and linear combinations between them are shown to have poissonian pair correlation.
Population dynamics of inducible nitric oxide synthase production by LPSand LPS/IFNγ-stimulated mouse macrophages

The reactive nitrogen intermediate, nitric oxide (NO) is important in host defense against both NO-sensitive microorganisms and tumor cells. Macrophages are one of the chief inflammatory sources, especially when stimulated with the combination of LPS and interferonγ (IFNγ). It is not known, however, whether IFNγ-mediated augmentation of LPS-induced production of NO is the result of greater production by all cells or to the recruitment of more producer macrophages within a given population. This question was addressed, first, by stimulating mouse macrophages (either bone marrow culture-derived, inflammatory peritoneal or those of the cell line, RAW 264.7) with up to 10 U/ml IFNγ for as long as 24 h. Under these conditions, there was little or no production of NO and rare or no cells were immunocytochemically positive for the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which catalyzes the production of NO. Populations similarly exposed to 1 ng/ml LPS were low producers of NO and contained somewhat more,...
Abstract: A Meta-Analysis of the Autocorrelation in Single Case Designs.

Single case design (SCD) experiments in the behavioral sciences utilize just one participant from whom data is collected over time. This design permits causal inferences to be made regarding various intervention effects, often in clinical or educational settings, and is especially valuable when between-participant designs are not feasible or when interest lies in the effects of an individualized treatment. Regression techniques are the most common quantitative practice for analyzing time series data and provide parameter estimates for both treatment and trend effects. However, the presence of serially correlated residuals, known as autocorrelation, can severely bias inferences made regarding these parameter estimates. Despite the severity of the issue, few researchers test or correct for the autocorrelation in their analyses. Shadish and Sullivan (in press) recently conducted a meta-analysis of over 100 studies in order to assess the prevalence of the autocorrelation in the SCD literature. Although they f...
From developmental genes to dysmorphology: human development at its best

To give you the bottom line first: this book is a masterpiece written by numerous masters who are able to `speak different languages' and who bridge disciplines from developmental biology, normal and abnormal morphogenesis, and molecular biology, to clinical genetics and dysmorphology. Understanding
A Protocol Using Retrovirally Introduced Multiple Oncogenes for Producing Neuron-like Cell Lines from the Murine Central Nervous System

Abstract A useful approach to molecular biologic studies of complex mammalian systems is the judicious use of clonal cell lines. For studies on neuronal populations of the central nervous system, useful cell lines are lacking. A general protocol that produces clonal lines by retroviral infection in vivo followed by in vitro infection with an additional oncogene-containing virus is detailed. The lines produced express several neuronal markers but not glial fibrillary acidic protein. The lines are phenotypically stable, freezable, and transfectable by standard methods. Retroviral combinations that have produced stable lines using this protocol are large T with v- src and v- myc , and large T with v- ras . Other oncogenic combinations may produce different, useful phenotypes for studies on the molecular development and function of CNS neurons.
Influence of Muzzle Brakes upon the Trajectory of Fin-Stabilized Projectiles

Abstract : The dispersion of groups of fin-stabilized projectiles fired from high velocity cannon was measured for cases with and without a muzzle brake in place. The data clearly show degradation in precision due to the presence of the device. Diagnostic experiments and analyses were performed which indicate that the difficulties arise mainly due to gasdynamic loads within the muzzle device influencing both the projectile motion and sabot discard. Muzzle device design modifications are suggested to solve the problems. (Author)
Anion-selective membrane electrodes based on metalloporphyrins: The influence of lipophilic anionic and cationic sites on potentiometric selectivity.

The role of lipophilic anionic and cationic additives on the potentiometric anion selectivities of polymer membrane electrodes prepared with various metalloporphyrins as anion selective ionophores is examined. The presence of lipophilic anionic sites (e.g. tetraphenylborate derivatives) is shown to enhance the non-Hofmeister anion selectivities of membranes doped with In(III) and Sn(IV) porphyrins. In contrast, membranes containing Co(III) porphyrins require the addition of lipophilic cationic sites (e.g. tridodecylmethylammonium ions) in order to achieve optimal anion selectivity (for nitrite and thiocyanate) as well as rapid and reversible Nernstian response toward these anionic species. These experimental results coupled with appropriate theoretical models that predict the effect of lipophilic anion and cation sites on the selectivities of membranes doped with either neutral or charged carrier type ionophores may be used to determine the operative ionophore mechanism of each metalloporphyrin complex within the organic membrane phase.
Bcl-2 and N-Myc Coexpression Increases IGF-IR and Features of Malignant Growth in Neuroblastoma Cell Lines

The bcl-2 and c-myc oncogenes cooperate to transform multiple cell types. In the pediatric malignancy NB(2), Bcl-2 is highly expressed. In tumors with a poor prognosis, N-Myc, a protein homologous to c-Myc, is overexpressed as a result of gene amplification. The present study was designed to determine whether Bcl-2 cooperates with N-Myc to bestow a tumorigenic phenotype to neuroblastoma (NB) cells. NB cell lines that at baseline express neither Bcl-2 nor N-Myc were stably transfected to express these gene products. In this model, we found Bcl-2 rescues N-Myc-expressing cells from apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. Coexpression of Bcl-2 and N-Myc supports growth in low serum conditions and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Similarly, in vivo tumorigenic and angiogenic activity was dependent on coexpression. Our data further suggests that the mechanism underlying these changes involves the receptor for insulin growth factor type I (IGF-IR).
Late‐onset X‐linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

A family is described in which five males have late-onset facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and slowly progressive proximal weakness. Electrodiagnostic studies and muscle biopsy were compatible with spinal muscular atrophy. This family appears quite similar to several previously reported families with late-onset X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Because of the relative homogeneity of this particular phenotype of spinal muscular atrophy, a single metabolic derangement was sought. Three obligate carriers were studied, and no abnormality was detected. A further family with this condition is briefly discussed.
Absolute Conduction- and Valence-Band Positions for Ge from an Anisotropic Model of Photoemission

An anisotropic direct-transition model for single-crystal semiconductors is shown to predict the direct-transition features seen in experimental photoemission spectra for Ge(111) for $h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lesssim}20$ eV. By comparing theory with experiment, all the conduction and valence bands at $L$ and $X$ within 1 Ry of the gap are determined. Comparison of experiment with current band models suggests that an \ensuremath{\sim} 10% self-energy correction may be needed to describe high-energy optical transitions.
Gender Differences in Coronary Artery Diameter Involve Estrogen, Nitric Oxide, and Ca2+-Dependent K+ Channels

During their reproductive years, women have a much lower incidence of coronary heart disease compared with men of similar age. Estrogen appears to be largely responsible for this decrease in cardiovascular mortality in women. In the present study, isolated pressurized coronary arteries from rats were used to assess the role of gender and circulating estrogen on coronary vascular function. Pressure-induced constrictions ("myogenic tone") were greater (approximately 2-fold) in isolated coronary arteries from estrogen-deficient male or ovariectomized (OVX) rats compared with similar arteries obtained from female rats or OVX rats receiving physiological levels of estrogen replacement (OVX+E group). These differences in coronary artery diameter were abolished by removal of the vascular endothelium or chemical inhibition of NO synthase. The anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, increased pressure-induced constrictions of coronary arteries from female and OVX+E rats. Dilations of pressurized coronary arteries from female and OVX animals to sodium nitroprusside, a nitrovasodilator that generates NO, were reduced by > 50% by iberiotoxin (IBTX), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ (KCa) channels. Sodium nitroprusside (10 mumol/L) hyperpolarized coronary arteries by 13 +/- 2 mV, an effect that was greatly diminished (approximately 80%) by IBTX. Coronary arteries isolated from female rats produced greater constrictions in response to IBTX and KT 5823, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, compared with coronary arteries from OVX rats. cGMP-dependent protein kinase increased the activity of KCa channels 16.5 +/- 5-fold in excised membrane patches from smooth muscle cells enzymatically isolated from these small coronary arteries. We propose that physiological levels of circulating 17 beta-estradiol elevate basal NO release from the endothelial cells, which increases the diameter of pressurized coronary arteries. Further, our results suggest that part of the effect of this NO is through activation of KCa channels in the smooth muscle cells of the coronary arteries.
Impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy.

Background:Peripheral neuropathy is common. Diabetes is the most common cause, accounting for approximately half of cases, but up to 1/3rd of neuropathy patients have no identifiable etiology. Among this population, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT or “prediabetes”) is observed in approximately 40%.
Using evolutionary computation as models/tools for human decision making and creativity research

This paper presents a review of our recently completed interdisciplinary research project “Evolutionary Perspective on Collective Decision Making” that was conducted through close collaboration between computational, organizational and social scientists at Binghamton University. In this project, we utilized Evolutionary Computation in several non-traditional ways-(l) as a theoretical framework for reinterpreting the dynamics of collective human decision making processes, (2) as a computational simulation model of idea generation and selection, and (3) as a research tool for collecting high-resolution experimental data of actual collaborative design and decision making from human subjects.
Finite element analysis of nonlinear flutter of composite panels

A finite element formulation is developed to analyze large-amplitude panel flutter of arbitrary laminated plates. The plates considered are anisotropic composite, thin rectangular panels. The equations of motion for an oscillating plate are determined and solved by linearizing the nonlinear stiffness matrices. The solution procedure is presented to determine the limit-cycle motions which are caused by the large deflections and vibrations induced by the areodynamic load. The aerodynamic load is defined by the first-order piston theory. Examples studied include cross-ply laminates with various numbers of layers and three-layer angle-ply laminates with different lamination angles. The effects of simply supported and clamped boundary conditions of a cross-ply laminate are also examined.
Communicating bronchopulmonary pancreatic foregut malformation

Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations include intralobar and extralobar pulmonary sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, and communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations (CBPFM). These malformations, formes frustes, originate as developmental abnormalities of ventral foregut budding of the tracheobronchial tree or the gastrointestinal tract. The communication's patency with the parent viscus determines if a contained malformation occurs, or if an abnormal communication persists as a CBPFM. This case demonstrates a unique example of a CBPFM in which the main pancreatic duct communicated with pulmonary parenchyma through a retroperitoneal fistula.
Cyber Rebellion: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Struggle to Break the Power of Secrecy in the Global War on Terror

AbstractFollowing the release of thousands of diplomatic cables which revealed the human rights abuses and networks of corruption that sustain the US-sponsored global war on terror, the US Justice Department has invoked the 1917 Espionage Act to indict both Bradley Manning, the US soldier who released the classified documents to WikiLeaks, and Julian Assange, the editor and publisher of WikiLeaks. While censorship serves as an economic signal, as Assange asserts, how does the torture and prosecution of Pvt. Bradley Manning serve as a cultural signal which reveals the ­lessons of a patriotism that promotes a dystopic democracy? This article examines the spatio-temporal predicament of secrecy, surveillance, and censorship in the face of cyber rebellion.
Severe digital arterial occlusive disease and acute parvovirus B19 infection

Summary We report a case of arterial occlusive disease and digital ischaemia associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection. Treatment with intravenous epoprostanol improved her symptoms.
Uncuffed endotracheal tubes should not be used in seriously burned children.

Objective:To document a complication associated with placement of uncuffed endotracheal tubes in seriously burned children.Design:Retrospective review.Setting:Verified pediatric burn center.Patients/Subjects:Acutely burned children requiring urgent replacement of uncuffed endotracheal tubes with cuf
The DDC and OCLC

ABSTRACT This article highlights key events in the relationship between OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. and the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system. The formal relationship started with OCLC's acquisition of Forest Press and the rights to the DDC from the Lake Placid Education Foundation in 1988, but OCLC's research interests in the DDC predated that acquisition and have remained strong during the relationship. Under OCLC's leadership, the DDC's value proposition has been enhanced by the continuous updating of the system itself, development of interoperable translations, mappings to other schemes, and new forms of representation of the underlying data. The amount of categorized content associated with the system in WorldCat and elsewhere has grown, as has worldwide use of the system. Emerging technologies are creating new opportunities for publishing, linking, and sharing DDC data.
Cell Signalling: Receptor orphans find a family

A family of ligands has been identified for the largest group of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases--the hitherto 'orphan' EPH receptor subfamily--and the functions of these receptors and ligands are starting to be elucidated.
STUDIES OF PURINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN CHINESEHAMSTER CELL MDTANTS DEFICIENT IN ADENYLOSUCCINASE: 108

Purine biosynthesis and growth rate studies were carried out on a mutant of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO-Ade I) deficient in the adenylate biosynthetic enzyme Adenylosuccinase (ASase). The ratio of the rate of adenylate to guanylate synthesis are altered in CHO-Ade I (3:88) compared to the nearly equal distribution of these nucleotides (49:51) in the wild type parent line CHO-K1. The decrease in the ratio of adenylates to guanylates results from an apparent stimulation in the rate of guanylate synthesis in addition to the expected reduced rate of adenylate synthesis. In comparison to the wild type CHO cells the ASase deficient cells show an increased accumulation of hypoxanthine-containing compounds in both the cell and media (excreted) fractions. CHO-Ade I cells display a marked elevation in the activity of the branch point enzyme adenylosuccinate synthetase suggesting a direct regulation of this enzyme by either adenylosuccinate or the ultimate product adenylates. Similar to patients with a deficiency of this enzyme SAICA riboside and succinyladenosine are excreted into the medium by CHO-Ade I cells.
Chemical taggant detection and analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A commercially available chemical identification taggant that imparts a unique elemental fingerprint to any object and can be analytically distinguished from billions of possible combinations has been developed. The liquid tag is easily applied and, once dry, can be removed and analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to determine the combination of elements present in the sample. The current study investigates the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative, and perhaps more practical, analysis scheme to LA-ICP-MS for this taggant. LIBS provides excellent discrimination potential, sensitivity, and repeatability of analysis for up to 17 rare-earth elements using a Nd:YAG 266 nm or 1064 nm laser and an intensified CCD detector.
Proteoglycans and Cutaneous Vascular Defense and Repair

Proteoglycans are hybrid molecules composed of a core protein and covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chain(s). The structure, location, and processing of these molecules enables them to encode specific information that is used in multiple physiologic processes. Endothelial cells in the skin are influenced by proteoglycans through binding interactions between glycosaminoglycans and extracellular matrix, growth factors, cytokines, adhesion receptors, enzymes, and enzyme inhibitors. In wound repair, proteoglycans such as the syndecans are induced by antimicrobial peptides and can control growth factor responsiveness. The glycosaminoglycans further signal endothelial cells to increase expression of ICAM-1 and other molecules important for leukocyte adhesion. Thus, proteoglycans represent a powerful central regulatory element in skin that influences a wide variety of events and participates in host defense and tissue repair.
Paleomagnetism and potassium-argon ages of the Sonoma Volcanics, California

Paleomagnetic data and potassium-argon ages indicate that the Sonoma Volcanics was erupted during the Pliocene Gilbert reversed and Gauss normal polarity epochs. The Gilbert reversed epoch is represented in the Howell Mountains east of Napa and east of St. Helena, in the mountains immediately east of the Valley of the Moon, and on the hill just north of Santa Rosa. The Gauss normal epoch is represented by the rocks from Mount St. Helena and possibly by the flows from the upper part of Sonoma Mountain and the rhyolite flows north of Sonoma. The age of the volcanic rocks ranges from 5.3 m.y. to about 2.9 m.y. Volcanic rocks approximately 11.8 m.y. old occur at Burdell Mountain northwest of Novato. This volcanic sequence is probably part of the Tolay Volcanics of the Petaluma area.
Effect of a 1.5 T static magnetic field on body temperature of man.

Reports in the literature concerning the effect of static magnetic fields on the body temperature of mammals have been contradictory and confusing. A significant increase in body temperature in human subjects exposed to the static magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would have important safety implications. Therefore, in two separate studies we determined body temperature in 20 subjects exposed to a 1.5 T static magnetic field. One group of subjects (Group I, N = 9) had sublingual pocket temperature measured immediately before and after a 60 min exposure, while another group of subjects (Group II, N = 11) had esophageal temperature determined at 2 min intervals during a 20 min exposure. No statistically significant changes in body temperatures were observed in either Group I or II subjects during exposure to the 1.5 T static Magnetic field. We conclude that a relatively intense static magnetic field has no effect on body temperature of normal human subjects. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Ethanol and some tetrahydroisoquinolines alter the discharge of cortical and hippocampal neurons: Relationship to endogenous opioids

The activity of single neurons in rat cortex or hippocampus (HPC) was recorded to test two hypotheses: (1) neuronal effects of ethanol are mediated by an endogenous opiate-like mechanism (for example, by release of an endogenous opioid peptide), and; (2) ethanol-induced formation of aldehyde-catecholamine condensation products (tetrahydroisoquinolines; TIQs) might contribute to some acute actions of ethanol. Ethanol and all TIQs were applied to single neurons from multibarrel micropipettes by electroosmosis or pressure. Ethanol most often inhibited neurons of the parietal cortex, while activating most HPC pyramidal neurons. Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) most often inhibited the spontaneous and glutamate- or acetylcholine (ACh)-induced firing of neurons in both these regions, although some excitations were also seen. In contrast, salsolinol and 7-O-methyl-salsolinol predominantly excited HPC pyramidal neurons, but depressed most parietal cortical neurons. Iontophoretic or SC naloxone usually antagonized the excitatory actions of ethanol, salsolinol and methionine5-enkephalin on HPC pyramidal cells; however, ACh-induced speeding also was antagonized occasionally. Conversely, the antimuscarinic agent scopolamine antagonized the excitatory actions of salsolinol, but not those of met-enkephalin, in some HPC pyramidal cells. These results and those of previous studies show that acutely applied ethanol or salsolinol elicits a region-specific pattern of neuronal effects in brain similar to that previously described for opiates: activity is inhibited in several tested brain areas but excited in hippocampus. Furthermore, these excitatory effects are antagonized by naloxone. However, because of the occasional apparent non-specific effects of naloxone and the puzzling antagonism of the salsolinol-induced excitations by scopolamine, some doubt remains whether the opiate-like actions of these substances can be completely attributed to mediation by opiate receptors.
Extractives of jack pine bark: Occurrence of cis- and trans-pinosylvin dimethyl ether and ferulic acid esters

Abstract A new natural product, cis -pinosylvin dimethyl ether (3,5-dimethoxy- cis -stilbene) has been isolated from the benzene extract of the bark of jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ). The only other nonpolar benzenoid extractives isolated were trans -pinosylvin dimethyl ether, was alcohol esters of ferulic acid, dehydroabietic acid and related diterpenes, and phlobatannin esters. Data are given also on the wax alcohols, free and esterified wax acids, and n -paraffins.
New experimental evidence on charitable gift restrictions and donor behaviour

Gift restrictions are a common tool used by donors to ensure charitable intent. Owing to increased monitoring costs and the loss of flexibility, gift restrictions are costly to the recipient nonprofit organizations. Using an economic experiment, we studied the impact of offering donors the option to restrict their charitable gift. Our primary finding demonstrates that allowing the option to restrict a charitable gift increases the average gift size, whether or not the donor chooses to exercise that option. This result implies that restricted gifts both are an important tool for increasing donations and may be less costly to the nonprofit organizations than originally believed. We further demonstrate that high levels of religious attendance are associated with an increased use of gift restrictions and an increased responsiveness to those restrictions.
Design of a two degree of freedom shape memory alloy actuator for mirror positioning

Due to improvements in material properties through research, actuation mechanisms utilizing shape memory alloys (SMA) have been attracting more attention. Many actuation mechanisms have utilized the phase transformation of SMA's to generate motion. One new arena for the application of the alloys is the automotive industry, where they can reduce size and cost of the actuator in current models. The three major types of actuators employing SMA wires will be discussed. One such type, the antagonistic actuator, has begun to find applications where position can be controlled through the use of SMA wire. Based on this antagonistic actuator, a novel two degree of freedom SMA actuator is proposed which controls the position of an external rear view mirror. This design would replace the current DC motor design with a cheaper and more compact mechanism. The prototype concept is implemented using an antagonistic actuator based on an SMA wire, a joystick and a microcontroller.
Studies on type II progesterone receptor in MCF-7 cells.

Abstract These experiments demonstrate for the first time the existence of a Type II progesterone receptor (RpII) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. RpII was shown to have a lower affinity for tritiated progesterone ([ 3 H]Pg) (Kd ≥ 13 nM) than classical Rp (Kd ≤ 3 nM). RpII was detected by cytosolic, nuclear, and whole cell assays of MCF-7 cells. Scatchard analysis of [ 3 H]Pg binding data revealed that classical Rp but not RpII could be recompartmentalized from the cytosolic to the nuclear pool by treating cells 1 h at 37°C with 1 μM Pg. RpII levels were shown to be increased more than two-fold by growing MCF-7 cells for 4 days in 10 nM estradiol (E 2 ) plus 100 nM Pg when compared to either untreated cells or to cells treated with only E 2 .
Secondary succession and indigenous management in semideciduous forest fallows of the Amazon Basin

To the discussion on secondary succession in tropical forests, we bring data on three under-addressed issues: understory as well as overstory changes, continuous as opposed to phase changes, and integration of forest succession with indigenous fallow management and plant uses. Changes in vegetation structure and species composition were analyzed in secondary forests following swidden agriculture in a semideciduous forest of Bolivian lowlands. Twenty-eight fallows, stratified by four successional stages (early = 1?5 yr, intermediate = 6?10 yr, advanced = 12?20 yr, and older = 22?36 yr), and ten stands of mature forests were sampled. The overstory (plants ?5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) was sampled using a 20 × 50 m plot and the understory (plants
A methodology for the systematic and quantitative study of cell contact guidance in oriented collagen gels. Correlation of fibroblast orientation and gel birefringence

Despite the likely role of contact guidance in every physiological process involving cell migration, its study in a three-dimensional tissue-equivalent environment has been precluded, heretofore, by inherent difficulties in systematically preparing well-defined contact guidance fields and quantifying the resultant contact guidance. Here, we describe a novel use of a magnetic field to orient collagen fibrils during fibrillogenesis, entrapping cells dispersed in the collagen solution. Using computer-controlled staging and image analysis, we show from automated birefringence measurements of the resultant slab of cell-populated gel contained in a specially designed observation chamber that the fibril orientation is biased along the long axis of the chamber uniformly throughout the chamber. Further, we show that the degree of fibril orientation, and consequently the elicited contact guidance, can be controlled by independently varying the magnetic field strength or temperature during fibrillogenesis. We characterize the contact guidance response to the imposed contact guidance field by measuring cell orientation relative to the axis of fibril orientation from still images obtained in time-lapse via automated image analysis. We present the first quantitative correlation of contact guidance (based on cell orientation) with collagen fibril orientation (based on birefringence) for human foreskin fibroblasts cultured in a collagen gel, by using gels of varying orientation resulting from different magnetic field strengths and temperatures during fibrillogenesis, and by using sufficiently low cell concentrations and early observation times.
Chronic marrow failure, myelosclerosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Thirty cases, including 20 autopsied, of chronic bone marrow failure, myelosclerosis and osteosclerosis have been presented and compared with similar reports in the literature. The bone marrow histopathologic sequence observed involved repeated necrobiosis of maturing hematopoietic cells, followed by overgrowth of marrow reticulum and frequent ossification. Immature erythrocytes and leukocytes were often found in the circulation, and extrameduallary hematopoiesis was characteristic. One case was complicated by leukemia. Etiologic factors implicated included exogenous toxic chemicals, liver dysfunction, endocrine abnormalities, blood loss or destruction and cardiovascular disease. Suspicion was directed toward the pathogenetic importance of protracted bone marrow exposure to certain substances normally conjugated rapidly in the liver and excreted.
Prolonged-fresh preservation of intact whole canine femoral condyles for the potential use as osteochondral allografts

Defects in articular cartilage are often repaired with fresh osteochondral grafts. While fresh allografts provide viable chondrocytes, logistic limitations require surgical implantation within seven days of graft harvest. Here, we provide information on cold preservation of whole intact osteochondral materials that retains cartilage cell viability and function, and histologic and biochemical integrity for 28 days. Canine femoral condyles were obtained and stored at 4 degrees C for 14, 21 or 28 days. At the end of the storage period, cartilage was assessed for cell viability, 35S uptake, proteoglycan content and histologic parameters. The most noticeable histologic change was reduced Safranin-O near the cartilage surface with 14 days of cold preservation, but had recovered with 21 and 28 days. Cartilage thicknesses did not vary significantly. Cell viability was >95% at 14 days, 75-98% at 21 days and reduced to 65-90% at 28 days. Cell function measures showed that the level of 35SO4 incorporation was suppressed in samples stored at 4 degrees C. However, no significant differences were seen among groups at 14, 21 or 28 days of cold preservation. This data has implications for tissue banking protocols for osteochondral allograft material obtained for transplantation suggesting that cold preserved allograft material be implanted within 28 days.
The Murine Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Gene Is a Determinant of Virulence

The murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59, causes acute encephalitis and chronic demyelinating disease as well as hepatitis in mice. The JHM strain (also called MHV-4 or JHM.SD) causes fatal encephalitis and only minimal hepatitis. Previous analysis of chimeric recombinant MHVs in which the spike gene, encoding the protein that mediates viral entry and cell-to-cell fusion, was exchanged between JHM and A59 showed that the spike plays a major role in determining organ tropism and neurovirulence but that other genes also play important roles in pathogenic outcome. Here, we have investigated the role of the nucleocapsid protein in MHV-induced disease. The multifunctional nucleocapsid protein is complexed with the genomic RNA, interacts with the viral membrane protein during virion assembly, and plays an import role in enhancing the efficiency of transcription. A pair of chimeric recombinant viruses in which the nucleocapsid gene was exchanged between JHM and A59 was selected and compared to wild-type parental strains in terms of virulence. Importantly, expression of the JHM nucleocapsid in the context of the A59 genome conferred increased mortality and spread of viral antigen in the mouse central nervous system compared to the parental A59 strain, while having little effect on the induction of hepatitis. While the JHM nucleocapsid did not appear to enhance neuron-to-neuron spread in primary neuronal cultures, the increased neurovirulence it conferred may be due in part to the induction of a less robust T-cell response than that induced by strain A59.
Size and shape: the developmental regulation of static allometry in insects.

Summary Among all organisms, the size of each body part or organ scales with overall body size, a phenomenon called allometry. The study of shape and form has attracted enormous interest from biologists, but the genetic, developmental and physiological mechanisms that control allometry and the proportional growth of parts have remained elusive. Recent progress in our understanding of body-size regulation provides a new synthetic framework for thinking about the mechanisms and the evolution of allometric scaling. In particular, insulin/IGF signaling, which plays major roles in longevity, diabetes and the regulation of cell, organ and body size, might also be centrally involved in regulating organismal shape. Here we review recent advances in the fields of growth regulation and endocrinology and use them to construct a developmental model of static allometry expression in insects. This model serves as the foundation for a research program that will result in a deeper understanding of the relationship between growth and form, a question that has fascinated biologists for centuries. BioEssays 29:536‐548, 2007. ! 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Self-Aligned Silicide Process for Thin Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs and Bulk MOSFETs with Shallow Junctions

We discuss a modified self-aligned silicide (salicide) process that uses a silicon cap to reduce the substrate silicon consumption by 50% as compared with a conventional salicide process. We have used a metal-silicon mixture to form the metal-rich phase reliably in the first anneal. After etching the unreacted mixture we deposit a silicon cap. This forces the metal to react with the silicon cap as well as with the substrate during the second anneal, thus minimizing silicon consumption from the substrate. The unreacted portion of the silicon cap is selectively etched, leaving a structure with a raised source and drain. We expect this process to be useful for forming silicide on shallow junctions and thin SOI films, where silicon consumption is constrained.
Lethal and genetic effects of radiophosphorus decay in bacteriophages SP82G and T7.

SummaryLethal and genetic effects from the decay of incorporated 32P and 33P were compared in bacteriophages SP82G (B. subtilis) and T7 (E. coli) stored at −196°C or 4°C during decay. Both phages are substantially less sensitive to the lethal effects of 33P than to 32P. Because 33P has a much lower nuclear-recoil energy, the results suggest that nuclear recoil is an important cause of 32P lethality for each phage. Lethal 32P decays in SP82G at either storage temperature appear to correspond to double-strand breaks in DNA. Marker suicide experiments with temperature-sensitive mutants of SP82G indicate two distinct types of lethal lesion resulting from 32P decays: one causes differential interruption of genetic transfer into the infected cell; the second causes interference with the transfer or expression of all genetic markers equally. Similar radiophosphorus experiments with amber mutants of T7 indicate the occurrence of the same two types of genetic lesion. The existence of the first type provides additi...
Glutathione turnover in cultured astrocytes: Studies with [15N]glutamate

: The incorporation of [15N]glutamic acid into glutathione was studied in primary cultures of astrocytes. Turnover of the intracellular glutathione pool was rapid, attaining a steady state value of 30.0 atom% excess in 180 min. The intracellular glutathione concentration was high (20–40 nmol/mg protein) and the tripeptide was released rapidly into the incubation medium. Although labeling of glutathione (atom% excess) with [15N]glutamate occurred rapidly, little accumulation of 15N in glutathione was noted during the incubation compared with 15N in aspartate, glutamine, and alanine. Glutathione turnover was stimulated by incubating the astrocytes with diethylmaleate, an electrophile that caused a partial depletion of the glutathione pool(s). Diethylmaleate treatment also was associated with significant reductions of intraastrocytic glutamate, glycine, and cysteine, i.e., the constituents of glutathione. Glutathione synthesis could be stimulated by supplementing the steady-state incubation medium with 0.05 mM L-cysteine, such treatment again partially depleting intraastrocytic glutamate and causing significant reductions of 15N labeling of both alanine and glutamine, suggesting that glutamate had been diverted from the synthesis of these amino acids and toward the formation of glutathione. The current study underscores both the intensity of glutathione turnover in astrocytes and the relationship of this turnover to the metabolism of glutamate and other amino acids.
Vaccinia virus A12L protein and its AG/A proteolysis play an important role in viral morphogenic transition

Like the major vaccinia virus (VV) core protein precursors, p4b and p25K, the 25 kDa VV A12L late gene product (p17K) is proteolytically maturated at the conserved Ala-Gly-Ala motif. However, the association of the precursor and its cleavage product with the core of mature virion suggests that both of the A12L proteins may be required for virus assembly. Here, in order to test the requirement of the A12L protein and its proteolysis in viral replication, a conditional lethal mutant virus (vvtetOA12L) was constructed to regulate A12L expression by the presence or absence of an inducer, tetracycline. In the absence of tetracycline, replication of vvtetOA12L was inhibited by 80% and this inhibition could be overcome by transient expression of the wild-type copy of the A12L gene. In contrast, mutation of the AG/A site abrogated the ability of the transfected A12L gene to rescue, indicating that A12L proteolysis plays an important role in viral replication. Electron microscopy analysis of the A12L deficient virus demonstrated the aberrant virus particles, which were displayed by the AG/A site mutation. Thus, we concluded that the not only A12L protein but also its cleavage processing plays an essential role in virus morphogenic transition.
Hydrologic variation of stemflow yield across co‐occurring dominant canopy trees of varying mortality

Concern over forest dieback due to environmental change and the long residence times of standing dead trees necessitates understanding the impact of forest health on the redistribution of precipitation by forest canopies. Stemflow represents a critical point source input of water and nutrients to forest ecosystems. We investigate the variation in water storage capacity, stemflow volume and stemflow funnelling ratios from two co-occurring dominant canopy species, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) and Liriodendron tulipifera L. (yellow poplar), across three different mortality classes: live, stressed (girdled) and standing dead. Over 25 rainfall events, interspecific differences in stemflow volume distributions were significant over all (U = 45 881, p < 0·0001), leaf-off (U = 11 285, p < 0·0001) and leaf-on (U = 11 582, p < 0·0001) events. Stemflow funnelling ratios were greater in F. grandifolia (26·0 ± 1·2) compared with L. tulipifera (4·9 ± 0·4). Minimum precipitation threshold amounts required to initiate stemflow were lower for F. grandifolia compared with L. tulipifera, and lower for live and stressed compared with dead. Mean stemflow volume from both species was 1·5 ± 0·2 l stem−1 event−1 from dead stems, 89·2 ± 7·7 l stem−1 event−1 from stressed stems and 91·3 ± 8·9 l stem−1 event−1 from live stems. The results of this study improve our understanding of the influence of mortality on rainfall partitioning and stemflow fluxes and may give insight into how mortality generating factors such as pest defoliation and climate change may alter stemflow relationships in forested ecosystems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heart Failure in Addison's Disease with Myocardial Changes of Potassium Deficiency

THE hearts of persons dying of Addison's disease usually show no pathologic change beyond small size and brown atrophy. Clinically, however, it is well recognized that patients suffering with severe adrenal cortical deficiency have very poor cardiac reserve. They suffer dyspnea upon mild exertion. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial damage is present in a large percentage of cases (1, 2). In untreated Addison's disease the weakened state of the myocardium may be due to one or more of a number of factors. Among these must be considered: a) lack of a specific influence of one or more cortical hormones directly upon the myocardium; b) hemo-concentration; c) low blood volume and perhaps consequent poor coronary flow; d) poor alimentation and exhausted glycogen reserves; and e) disturbances in electrolyte balance. The usual circulatory collapse in Addisonian crisis is characterized by extreme dehydration and a falling blood pressure. The changes in electrolytes as reflected in the serum reveal low sodi...
Portable Head Computed Tomography Scanner–Technology and Applications: Experience with 3421 Scans

OBJECTIVE The use of head computed tomography (CT) is standard in the management of acute brain injury; however, there are inherent risks of transport of critically ill patients. Portable CT can be brought to the patient at any location. METHODS We describe the clinical use of a portable head CT scanner (CereTom: NeuroLogica: Danvers, MA) that can be brought to the patient's bedside or to other locations such as the operating room or angiography suite. RESULTS Between June of 2006 and December of 2009, a total of 3421 portable CTs were performed. A total of 3278 (95.8%) were performed in the neuroscience intensive care unit (ICU) for an average of 2.6 neuroscience ICU CT scans per day. Other locations where CTs were performed included other ICUs (n= 97), the operating room (n= 53), the emergency department (n= 1), and the angiography suite (n= 2). Most studies were non-contrasted head CT, though other modalities including xenon/CT, contrasted CT, and CT angiography were performed. CONCLUSION Portable head CT can reliably and consistently be performed at the patient's bedside. This should lead to decreased transportation-related morbidity and improved rapid decision making in the ICU, OR, and other locations. Further studies to confirm this clinical advantage are needed.
Preliminary Design of Nuclear Electric Propulsion Missions to the Outer Planets

*† * ‡ Nuclear electric propulsion is expected to open new doors in deep space exploration. We study direct rendezvous missions to the outer planets which employ a constant-thrust, constant specific-impulse engine. We also consider how gravity assist can augment the capability of nuclear electric propulsion. We present numerical examples of gravity-assist missions to the outer planets, which use an engine similar to that of the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter. For example, in an Earth-Venus-Earth-Jupiter-Pluto mission, the spacecraft launches with a V∞ of 2.2 km/s and rendezvous with Pluto in 10.5 years, with a propellant mass fraction of 50%. We demonstrate the benefit of using intermediate gravity-assist bodies (e.g. Venus, Earth and Mars) to decrease both mission duration and propellant cost.
Spinal Cord Monitoring Data in Pediatric Spinal Deformity Patients With Spinal Cord Pathology

Abstract Study Design Retrospective. Objectives The purpose of this study is to review the efficacy of monitoring data and outcomes in pediatric patients with spinal cord pathology. Summary of Background Data The incidence of spinal cord pathology in pediatric patients with scoliosis has been reported between 3% and 20%. Previous studies demonstrated that intraoperative spinal cord monitoring (IOM) during scoliosis surgery can be reliable despite underlying pathology. Methods A single-center retrospective review of 119 spinal surgery procedures in 82 patients with spinal cord pathology was performed. Diagnoses included Arnold-Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, myelomeningocele, spinal cord tumor, tethered cord, and diastematomyelia. Baseline neurologic function and history of prior neurosurgical intervention were identified. Outcome measures included ability to obtain reliable monitoring data during surgery and presence of postoperative neurologic deficits. Results were compared for 82 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Results Usable IOM data were obtained in 82% of cases (97/119). Twenty-two cases (18%) had no lower extremity data. Patients with Arnold-Chiari malformation or syringomyelia pathologies, in isolation or together, had a significantly higher rate of reliable data compared to other pathologies (p Conclusions Spinal cord monitoring is a valuable tool in pediatric patients with spinal cord pathology undergoing spinal deformity surgeries. When obtained, data allow to detect changes in spinal cord function. Patients with a diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari or syringomyelia have monitoring data similar to those patients with AIS. Patients with other spinal cord pathologies have less reliable data, and surgeons should have a lower threshold for performing wake-up tests to assess spinal cord function intraoperatively.
Genetic toxicity of malathion: A review

Mammalian in vivo and in vitro studies of technical or commercial grade malathion and its metabolite malaoxon show a pattern of induction of chromosome damage, as measured by chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronuclei. Experiments with purified (> 99%) malathion gave weak or negative results. In contrast to the cytogenetic effects of technical grade malathion, responses in gene mutation assays were generally negative except for malaoxon, which was positive for mammalian gene mutations in both tested instances. This result also could be a consequence of chromosome level changes, however. Dermal exposure, a common human route, caused cytogenetic damage in test animals at doses near those producing positive results by intraperitoneal injection. Workers who apply technical grade malathion and other pesticides have higher levels of chromosomal damage than unexposed individuals. Because of the inactivity of malathion mixtures in gene mutation assays, malathion has been thought to be of little genotoxic concern. However, the pattern of chromosome damage in animals and mammalian cells in culture (including human) indicates that technical grade malathion and its components have not been adequately studied for genotoxic potential in humans.