cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.
Development of the cranium and paired fins in Betta splendens (Teleostei: Percomorpha): Intraspecific variation and interspecific comparisons.

The development of the chondrocranium and the relative timing of ossification of the osteocranium is described in the teleost fish Betta splendens from a large series of cleared and differentially stained specimens. General trends in ossification patterns are examined from developmental, phylogenetic, and functional contexts. As in many other vertebrates, dermal bones form before cartilage bones. Ossification sequence conforms to functional need in a very general way, but there are many inconsistencies in the details of order. For example, some bones that are directly involved in feeding ossify no earlier than bones more indirectly involved. Comparisons of ossification sequence within specific cranial regions are made among Betta splendens, Oryzias latipes (Atherinomorpha), and Barbus barbus (Ostariophysi) within a phylogenetic framework. Many evolutionary changes in relative sequence of ossification are evident within regions among these taxa, yet many other sequences are conserved. The logistic difficulty of comparing entire cranial ossification sequences (vs. regional sequences) makes evident the need for new methods for identifying and quantifying sequence changes. Intraspecific variation in order of ossification is described for the first time in teleost fishes. To the extent that ossification sequence varies intraspecifically, conclusions drawn from previous interspecific comparisons are compromised. Understanding the importance of changes in ossification order within and among taxa will require experimental, functional, and evolutionary work. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Admission control of voice/data integration in an ATM network

Suitable voice traffic characterization and a novel two-queue model for the analysis of ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks with voice/data integrated traffic are proposed. Voice is given a higher priority than data, and data traffic is a combination of single cells (packets) and bursts. The voice and data arrival processes are characterized by a Markov chain and mixed Poisson process (a combination of pure Poisson and compound Poisson processes), respectively. Finite and infinite data queue cases are analyzed along with a finite voice queue. The performance measures, mean waiting times, and blocking probabilities are derived, and the effects of the number of accepted calls on the performance measures are portrayed. Numerical results are provided, and two other related models are also evaluated for comparison purposes. >
Bone fragility in transgenic mice expressing a mutated gene for type I procollagen (COL1A1) parallels the age-dependent phenotype of human osteogenesis imperfecta

An inbred strain of transgenic mice that expressed a mutated gene for type I procollagen and that developed spontaneous fractures was used to study the effects of age on the phenotype of fragile bones. The mutated gene has been shown to cause depletion of type I collagen in the transgenic mice because it generated shortened pro alpha 1(I) chains that bound to and produced degradation of normal pro alpha 1(I) chains synthesized from the endogenous mouse COL1A1 gene. For this study, femurs from transgenic mice ranging in age from 0.5-24 months were examined. The results demonstrated that the level of expression of the transgene was independent of age. Femurs from the transgenic mice were more fragile than controls at 0.5 and 1.5 months, they were biomechanically normal at 6 months, and then they were more fragile at 24 months. The normal biomechanical properties of the bones from the transgenic mice at 6 months were accompanied by periosteal thickening of the bones together with an increase in the collagen content that was not associated with a proportional increase in mineral content. The results indicated that the effects of age, mechanical stress, and hormonal action produced a biological compensation for the mutated gene by either increasing collagen synthesis of bone, decreasing collagen degradation, or both. The biological compensation was apparently lost by 24 months when the outer diameters of the femurs were again less than in controls, the cortical thickness was about the same as in controls, and both the collagen and mineral contents were less than controls. The results demonstrated that bone fragility in the transgenic mice paralleled the age-dependent phenotype of human osteogenesis imperfecta. Therefore the transgenic mice appeared to be useful models for osteogenesis imperfecta. They also may be useful models for some forms of osteoporosis.
Fine-Needle Aspiration in the Work-Up of Thyroid Nodules

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the crucial diagnostic test used for the evaluation of patients with a thyroid nodule. The result of an FNA determines if a patient can be followed with repeated examinations or referred for surgery. The value of FNA can be enhanced by attention to technical details. Communication between operator and pathologist is essential. A pathologist's interpretation is aided if essential clinical information is provided on a requisition form. Although reporting terminology has been varied and confusing in the past, a proposal for a uniform reporting system provides 6 clearly defined and clinically relevant reporting categories and promises to standardize the reporting of thyroid FNA results.
Effect of Filler Size and Matrix Properties on Fracture Toughness of Particulate Composites

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of filler size and matrix ductility on fracture toughness of particulate composites. For this purpose, two sand/polyester composite systems were studied. In the first system, three types of polyester with different ductility were used with a constant sand particle size. In the second system, the matrix was the same but sand particle size was changed. Fracture toughness tests were conducted using single-edge notch beam specimen. The fracture toughness of the tested particulate composites was not directly related to the filler size, however it was directly influenced by matrix ductility. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces confirmed that crack pinning mechanism is an active fracture process in par ticulate composites.
Genetic, physical, and transcript map of the Ltxs1 region of mouse chromosome 11.

Lethal factor (LF) is a toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of anthrax. Intoxication with LF results in a macrophage-specific cytolysis that is not well understood. Interestingly, inbred mouse strains exhibit dramatic differences in the susceptibility of their cultured macrophages to killing by LF, and a gene that influences this phenotype, called Ltxs1, has been mapped to mouse chromosome 11. Here we report a high-resolution genetic map that confines the Ltxs1 region to a 0.51-cM interval between D11Mit90 and D11Die37/D11Die38. We have also constructed a complete physical map of YAC and BAC clones covering the Ltxs1 region. In conjunction with synteny homology searching, BLAST searches of sequences obtained from the clones in the physical map have revealed 14 known genes and five ESTs that reside in the critical interval. Additionally, a region of 100 kb or more is deleted in the Ltxs1 interval of some strains. Our genetic, physical, and transcript map provides an important resource for the molecular cloning of Ltxs1.
Checking experiments to test latches

Necessary and sufficient conditions for exhaustive functional tests (checking experiments) of 2-state latches are derived. These conditions are used to derive minimum-length checking experiments. The checking experiment for the D-latch is simulated using an HSpice implementation of the transmission gate latch. All detectable shorted interconnects, open interconnects, short-to-power, short-to-ground, stuck-open, and stuck-on faults are detected. A pin fault test set and a multiplexer-based test set are also simulated. These tests miss some faults detected by the checking experiment.
Engaging Students in Qualitative Research Through Experiential Class Activities

Experiential activities help psychology students experience firsthand the richness and depth of meaning of qualitative data. Through these activities students grapple with pragmatic, philosophical, and ethical questions like those facing researchers in the field. These activities concern focus groups, observation, data collection, cultural sensitivity, ethnomethodology, data analysis, and ethics. In a final exercise students develop answers to the common challenges posed by skeptics of qualitative methodology. Instructors can select single exercises for broad psychology courses or use all of them, as we do, in a course dedicated to qualitative research in psychology.
Mobile storm: Distributed real-time stream processing for mobile clouds

Recent advances in mobile technologies have enabled a plethora of new applications. The hardware capabilities of mobile devices, however, are still insufficient for real-time stream data processing (e.g., real-time video stream). In order to process real-time streaming data, most existing applications offload the data and computation to a remote cloud service, such as Apache Storm or Apache Spark Streaming. Offloading streaming data, however, has high costs for users, e.g., significant service fees and battery consumption. To address these challenges, we design, implement and evaluate Mobile Storm, the first stream processing platform for mobile clouds, leveraging clusters of local mobile devices to process real-time stream data. In Mobile Storm, we model the workflow of a real-time stream processing job and decompose it into several tasks so that the job can be executed concurrently and in a distributed manner on multiple mobile devices. Mobile Storm was implemented on Android phones and evaluated extensively through a real-time HD video processing application. The result shows that Mobile Storm effectively processes HD Video Stream in a mobile cloud, which would be impossible on a single mobile device.
AN INTERPRETATION OF LIVINGSTON'S RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT FOR CRITERION‐REFERENCED TESTS

An alternative interpretation of Livingston's reliability coefficient is based on the notion of the relation of the size of the reliability coefficient to the range of talent. It is shown that the (generally) larger Livingston coefficient does not imply a smaller standard error of measurement and consequently does not imply a more dependable determination of whether or not a true score falls below (or exceeds) a given criterion value.
Tracking temporal evolution of nonlinear dynamics in hippocampus using time-varying volterra kernels

Hippocampus and other parts of the cortex are not stationary, but change as a function of time and experience. The goal of this study is to apply adaptive modeling techniques to the tracking of multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) nonlinear dynamics underlying spike train transformations across brain subregions, e.g. CA3 and CA1 of the hippocampus. A stochastic state point process adaptive filter will be used to track the temporal evolutions of both feedforward and feedback kernels in the natural flow of multiple behavioral events.
Hepatitis C in African Americans: summary of a workshop.

CHARLES HOWELL,* LENNOX JEFFERS,‡ and JAY H. HOOFNAGLE§ *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ‡Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami School of Medicine, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, Florida; and §Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Endoscopic Management of Obstruction due to an Acquired Bronchial Web

Bronchial webs are thin, membrane-like diaphragms that may obstruct the airway. Several congenital cases have been reported. Though rare, the true incidence of these lesions is probably underestimated because many of them are unrecognized. The case of a 71-year-old woman with an acquired bronchial web causing right main stem bronchus obstruction that went unrecognized for 47 years post-trauma is reported. The lesion was successfully treated using rigid bronchoscopy with laser therapy, balloon dilation and stent placement. This is the first reported case of an acquired bronchial web formation. It is also the first reported case that was successfully treated with this technique.
Removing ballistocardiogram (BCG) artifact from full-scalp EEG acquired inside the MR scanner with Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP)

Ballistocardiogram (BCG) artifact remains a major challenge that renders electroencephalographic (EEG) signals hard to interpret in simultaneous EEG and functional MRI (fMRI) data acquisition. Here, we propose an integrated learning and inference approach that takes advantage of a commercial high-density EEG cap, to estimate the BCG contribution in noisy EEG recordings from inside the MR scanner. To estimate reliably the full-scalp BCG artifacts, a near-optimal subset (20 out of 256) of channels first was identified using a modified recording setup. In subsequent recordings inside the MR scanner, BCG-only signal from this subset of channels was used to generate continuous estimates of the full-scalp BCG artifacts via inference, from which the intended EEG signal was recovered. The reconstruction of the EEG was performed with both a direct subtraction and an optimization scheme. We evaluated the performance on both synthetic and real contaminated recordings, and compared it to the benchmark Optimal Basis Set (OBS) method. In the challenging non-event-related-potential (non-ERP) EEG studies, our reconstruction can yield more than fourteen-fold improvement in reducing the normalized RMS error of EEG signals, compared to OBS.
Dipole Models for Forward/Inverse Torque Computation of a Spherical Motor

This paper presents an alternative method to model a multilayer voice coil or an air-cored electromagnet as an equivalent permanent magnet (ePM) such that its magnetic field can be characterized by a distributed set of multipoles model. We validate the ePM model by comparing the computed results against exact solutions and illustrate its effectiveness in computing the magnetic force using the dipole force equation. Unlike methods that are based on the Lorentz force equation or the Maxwell stress tensor, which require computing the volume or surface integrals to derive the forces, the closed-form dipole force method that replaces integrations with summations dramatically reduces computation time. We compare the dipole force computation against results of the Lorentz force equation and the Maxwell stress tensor method, and validate the comparisons against published experimental data. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we compute the inverse torque model of a 3-DOF orientation stage operated on the principle of a spherical motor that has more controlling inputs than its mechanical DOF.
A Risk-Based Model For Retirement Planning

This paper presents the use of @RISK simulation to estimate the value of a long-term investment in a diversified portfolio along with the risk associated with that investment. A number of possible investment scenarios in fixed income and equity securities are presented. Each simulation considers a possible set of portfolio weights for combinations of the different securities. The initial constraint is that the sum of the investment weights is equal to one. The simulation model creates future scenarios by randomly choosing past scenarios, giving higher probability weights to more recent years. The estimated future value of the investment is deflated to determine the amount in today’s dollars. Finally, for each portfolio scenario, the model determines the value at risk VAR, which captures the maximum possible expected portfolio value.
Sensor network devolution and breakdown in survivor connectivity

As batteries fail in wireless sensor networks there is an inevitable devolution of the network characterised by a breakdown in connectivity between the surviving nodes of the network. A sharp limit theorem characterising the time at which this phenomena makes an appearance is derived.
An Automated Near-Infrared System for Selecting Individual Kernels Based on Specific Quality Characteristics

ABSTRACT An automated sorting system was developed that nondestructively measured quality characteristics of individual kernels using near-infrared (NIR) spectra. This single-kernel NIR system was applied to sorting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels by protein content and hardness, and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) into amylose-bearing and amylose-free fractions. Single wheat kernels with high protein content could be sorted from pure lines so that the high-protein content portion was 3.1 percentage points higher than the portion with the low-protein kernels. Likewise, single wheat kernels with specific hardness indices could be removed from pure lines such that the hardness index in the sorted samples was 29.4 hardness units higher than the soft kernels. The system was able to increase the waxy, or amylose-free, millet kernels in segregating samples from 94% in the unsorted samples to 98% in the sorted samples. The portion of waxy millet kernels in segregating samples was increased from 32% in t...
Disrupted cerebral metabolite levels and lower nadir CD4 + counts are linked to brain volume deficits in 210 HIV-infected patients on stable treatment.

Cognitive impairment and brain injury are common in people with HIV/AIDS, even when viral replication is effectively suppressed with combined antiretroviral therapies (cART). Metabolic and structural abnormalities may promote cognitive decline, but we know little about how these measures relate in people on stable cART. Here we used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to reveal the 3D profile of regional brain volume variations in 210 HIV + patients scanned with whole-brain MRI at 1.5 T (mean age: 48.6 ± 8.4 years; all receiving cART). We identified brain regions where the degree of atrophy was related to HIV clinical measures and cerebral metabolite levels assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Regional brain volume reduction was linked to lower nadir CD4 + count, with a 1–2% white matter volume reduction for each 25-point reduction in nadir CD4 +. Even so, brain volume measured by TBM showed no detectable association with current CD4 + count, AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) stage, HIV RNA load in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), duration of HIV infection, antiretroviral CNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) scores, or years on cART, after controlling for demographic factors, and for multiple comparisons. Elevated glutamate and glutamine (Glx) and lower N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the frontal white matter, basal ganglia, and mid frontal cortex — were associated with lower white matter, putamen and thalamus volumes, and ventricular and CSF space expansion. Reductions in brain volumes in the setting of chronic and stable disease are strongly linked to a history of immunosuppression, suggesting that delays in initiating cART may result in imminent and irreversible brain damage.
In vitro fertilization of goat oocytes.

Experiments were carried out to achieve fertilization (IVF) and initial embryonic development of goat oocytes in vitro. Oocyte/cumulus complexes were recovered from large follicles (greater than 7 mm) of hormonally treated doses and from 1-6-mm follicles of ovaries from hormonally superstimulated and nontreated goats. Three different sperm treatment/IVF media were used: defined medium (Brackett and Oliphant, Biol Reprod 1975; 12:260-274) with modifications (mDM); TALP (Bavister and Yanagimachi, Biol Reprod 1977; 16:228-237), as modified by Parrish et al. (Theriogenology 1986; 25:591-600), i.e. modified TALP (mTALP); and HEPES-buffered M199 with modifications (mH-M199). Immature oocytes (from 1-6 mm, small antral follicles) were cultured for in vitro maturation (IVM) in M199 buffered with bicarbonate and with modifications including supplementation with 20% (v/v) goat serum (mB-M199) with either (a) 100 micrograms LH/ml, (b) 5 micrograms FSH/ml, or (c) no added gonadotropin control. Insemination of (in vivo or in vitro) matured oocytes was performed with swim-up separated and heparin-treated freshly ejaculated sperm; additionally, caffeine was included in the mDM treatment. Use of mDM yielded better results than mTALP or mH-M199 (p less than .05). Results with oocytes after IVM were significantly better than those obtained with oocytes matured in vivo (68.4% vs. 45.5%, p less than 0.05). Presence of LH or FSH during oocyte maturation improved both the IVM and IVF results over those of the control (p less than 0.05). The highest proportion of fertilized oocytes (fertilization rate) was achieved by combining the use of mDM for sperm and IVF with IVM in the presence of LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 antibody treatment on murine corneal allograft survival.

Purpose. To examine the effect of anti-LFA-1 and anti-ICAM-1 antibody treatment on orthotopic corneal graft survival in a mouse model. Methods. Anti-LFA-1 and anti-ICAM-1 antibodies were administered intraperitoneally before and shortly after orthotopic corneal transplantation. Grafts were observed by biomicroscopy, and survival times were determined. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to donor alloantigens were assessed at selected times after grafting. Results. Administration of anti-LFA-1 antibody reduced the incidence of graft rejection from 90% in untreated donors to 47% in anti-LFA-1 treated mice. By contrast, treatment with anti-ICAM-1 antibody alone did not reduce the incidence of rejection, although it prolonged graft survival time. Both CTL and DTH responses to donor alloantigens were severely depressed in hosts treated with either anti-LFA-1 or anti-ICAM-1 antibody. However, neither anti-ICAM-1 nor anti-LFA-1 antibody treatment prevented the rejection of orthotopic corneal grafts in previously immunized mice. Conclusions. Anti-ICAM-1 antibody does not promote graft survival even though it impairs CTL and DTH responses to donor alloantigens. By contrast, anti-LFA-1 antibody can significantly reduce the incidence of orthotopic corneal graft rejection and prevent the induction of normal allospecific CTL and DTH responses. Although anti-LFA-1 antibody is effective if given prophylactically, it is ineffective at preventing corneal graft rejection in previously immunized hosts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35:3218-3225.
Simulated Transmission of Renal Tumors in Oocytes and Embryos of Rana pipiens

The susceptibility of the frog embryo to infective transmission of the renal adenocarcinoma was shown following inoculation of R. pipiens embryos with subcellular fractions and filtrates from inclusion body tumors (1). The cytoplasmic fractions injected were rich in the herpes-like virus also seen in the source tumor. Induction of renal carcinomas, identical to spontaneous actively growing primary adenocarcinomas occurred in 66% to over 90% of the hosts. Tumors were found in both pronephric and mesonephric kidneys and were palpable prior to or during metamorphosis. While the success of the injections depended upon the embryonic stage, all recipients from the blastula through hatching stage were inducible. Subsequently, Mulcare (2, 3) has found that similar fractions will transmit renal tumors through the embryos of a closely related species Rana palustris.
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: correlation between expanded plasma volume and increased serum viscosity.

In 17 patients with Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia, total chromium space, red cell mass, plasma volume and relative serum viscosities were determined; aldosterone excretion was determined in 12. Ten of the 15 patients who manifested elevated serum viscosity at some time during the course of study presented signs and symptoms of hyperviscosity syndrome. All patients had increased total blood volume. Fifteen had moderate decreases in red cell mass but all had elevations of plasma volume far in excess of that required to compensate for the lowered cell mass. The degree of the increase in plasma volume correlated ( r = 0.74) with the degree of abnormality in relative serum viscosity. Aldosterone excretion in such patients was normal to low. It is concluded that the plasma volume increase is correlated with serum viscosity and is mediated by sodium retention mechanisms not involving modification of aldosterone secretion.
Prospective Clinical and Radiographic Study of Alveolar Ridge Preservation Combining Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft With Two Xenogeneic Collagen Matrices.

Background: Tooth extractions are followed by significant dimensional changes in the alveolar crest that may preclude implant placement. This randomized, controlled, prospective compares the preservation of soft and hard tissue dimensional changes after alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) using two membranes consisting of collagen matrix (CM) or extracellular matrix (ECM) as barriers over freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA).Methods: Standardized clinical and radiographic measurements of soft and hard tissues were recorded by means of a stent before and 4 months after ARP. The surgery entailed sulcular incisions with minimal flap elevation and repositioning without advancement.Results: Of 11 patients in the CM group and 12 in the ECM group who completed the study, gingival thickness (GT) increased from 0.1 to 0.2 mm for both groups along with a 0.5-mm decrease in the width of keratinized tissue after healing. Reductions in ridge width were most pronounced on the coronal aspect, 1.8 mm for CM and 2.0 mm for EC...
Rotatory atlanto-axial dislocation associated with ossiculum terminale and mongolism. A case report.

The ossiculum terminale, derived from the basi-occiput and corresponding to the pro-atlas in some animals, is an anomalous ossicle at the apex of the odontoid process. In our patient, a monogoloid female, it permitted the gradual development of an anterior and rotatory dislocation of the atlas. This deformity was first recognized when the child was six years old. It subsequently progressed producing cord compression and death when the girl was eighteen years old. Autopsy findings confirmed the nature of the lesion and the fact that the transverse ligament of the atlas had displaced into the defect making the dislocation irreducible.
Logics for Dynamic Epistemic Behavioral Strategies

This paper shows how the probabilistic logic of communication and change can be used to reason about finite extensive-form games with incomplete or imperfect information and with probabilistic nature moves. The results of probabilistic behavioral strategies can be expressed, as well as the results of strategies that are sensitive not also just to the history of the game, but also to the beliefs of agents. Using this logic, game-theoretic concepts, such as best response, Nash equilibrium, and rationality can be expressed with respect to a finite set of possible strategies. Extensions to the logic are also proposed to allow for the comparison between one strategy and infinitely many others, thus providing less restricted expressions for best response, Nash equilibrium, and rationality.
The comparative demography of reciprocally sown populations of Phlox drummondii Hook. I: Survivorships, fecundities, and finite rates of increase

Comparative demography of reciprocally sown populations for all stages of the life cycle of the winter annual, Phlox drummondii, was recorded for two seasons in natural sites. The sites investigated covered the natural range of the species and were separated by linear distances ranging from 10 to over 500 kilometers. Interpopulational variation was observed in all stages of the life cycle. Prereproductive survivorship ranged from 0 to 92 percent. Fecundity per plant ranged from 0 to 81 seeds. Finite rates of increase ranged from 0 to 34.1 yr-1 . The experimental populations with low values were growing in sites that received little rainfall or had experienced an insect or fungal infestation. The populations with high growth rates occurred in the northern sites which received greater rainfall. The relative fitness of individuals from the alien populations was compared to the local populations for all stages of the life cycle. The alien relative fitness for survivorship averaged 0.72. The average relative fitness of aliens for fecundity was 0.71 and that for finite rate of increase was 0.57. The life history parameters found in Phlox populations differ from one part of the range to another so that aliens have lower relative fitnesses than individuals indigenous to the site.
Self, Relationship, Positionality, and Politics: A Community Autoethnographic Inquiry Into Collaborative Writing

In 2009, Toyosaki, Pensoneau-Conway, Wendt, and Leathers developed a collaborative writing method called community autoethnography (CAE). Participants dialogically collaborate through writing in or...
Specificity of auto-antibodies in hemolytic anemia.

The facts that an individual may produce antibodies against his own red blood cells and that such hemolyzing and agglutinating antibodies may be responsible for hemolytic anemia have been known since the beginning of the century. Donath and Landsteiner described in 1904 hemolysins for the patient's own red cells in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Soon afterward, Widal, Abrami and Brul6,' " Chauffard and Troisier, and Chauffard and Vincent incriminated so-called auto-antibodies for some hemolytic anemias. A review of the literature during 30 years following the significant observations of the French investigators reveals only occasional reports on the role of auto-antibodies in hemolytic anemia. The difficulty in demonstrating these antibodies seems to have been the reason. The subject remained dormant until Dameshek and Schwartz revived it by their ingenious experimental studies. They produced hemolytic anemia in guinea pigs with a rabbit immune serum containing hemolytic antibodies against guinea-pig red cells. From these results and from clinical observations, Dameshek and Schwartz postulated the responsibility of an antigen-antibody reaction for certain forms of hemolytic anemia in man. The next important event was the discovery in the middle forties by workers in the Rh field of so-called incomplete antibodies capable of reacting demonstrably only in a favorable environment, provided by a suitable diluent and temperature of incubation. Clumping of red cells becomes manifest in the presence of large molecular diluents (albumin, serum, certain synthetic compounds such as dextran and polyvinylpyrrolidone), but not when one employs physiologic solution of sodium chloride, the time-honored reagent for dilution of antibody containing serum and for suspension of red blood cells. Most significant for the study of auto-antibodies in hemolytic anemia was the introduction by Coombs of the antiglobulin test, the principle of which was discovered by Friedberger and Moreschi.' Another step forward was the demonstration of increased sensitiveness of test red blood cells treated with proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, papain, etc.). The various methods for detection of auto-antibodies are listed in Table 1.
Analysis of predominant pathogen and drug resistance of neonatal pneumonia in the second-level hospital

Objective To explore the predominant pathogen and drug resistance of neonatal pneumonia to guide clinical practice.Methods Etiology and drug resistance from sputum specimens in neonatal community acquired pneumonia and neonatal hospital acquired pneumonia of were detected.Results 1.The pathogenic features of neonatal community acquired pneumonia and neonatal hospital acquired pneumonia bacterial infections were more than viral infection.2.The pathogenic bacteria of neonatal hospital acquired pneumonia was single.3.Gram-positive bacteria was resistant to penicillin,but sensitive to cloxacillin sodium,and Gram-negative bacteria was sensitive to Ceftriaxone.Conclusion The pathogenic bacteria of neonatal hospital acquired pneumonia was single with low drug resistance.
Effects of Emotional Prosody and Attention on Semantic Priming.

We use an auditory-visual semantic priming paradigm to investigate the effect of phonetically-cued emotional information (emotional prosody) on semantic activation of a lexical carrier. In two experiments, we show that words uttered in emotional prosody, although infrequent and atypical, do not necessarily hinder lexical access nor hamper subsequent semantic spreading, and that effects of emotional prosody on word processing crucially depend on the global context in which different types of prosody are presented. These results illustrate the complex nature of spoken word recognition and raise questions about how listeners incorporate multi-faceted information from spoken words.
Development and Testing of a Personalized Hazard-Recognition Training Intervention

AbstractUnrecognized or unmanaged hazards can expose workers to unanticipated safety risk and can potentially result in catastrophic safety incidents. Unfortunately, recent research has demonstrate...
Structure and Regulation of AMPK

AMP-activated protein kinase is a family of heterotrimeric serine/threonine protein kinases that come in twelve different flavors. They serve an essential function in all eukaryotes of conserving cellular energy levels. AMPK complexes are regulated by changes in cellular AMP:ATP or ADP:ATP ratios and by a number of neutraceuticals and some of the widely-used diabetes medications such as metformin and thiazolinonediones. Moreover, biochemical activities of AMPK are tightly regulated by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation by upstream kinases and phosphatases respectively. Efforts are underway in many pharmaceutical companies to discover direct AMPK activators for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and diabetic nephropathy. Many advances have been made in the AMPK structural biology arena over the last few years that are beginning to provide detailed molecular insights into the overall topology of these fascinating enzymes and how binding of small molecules elicit subtle conformational changes leading to their activation and protection from dephosphorylation. In the brief review below on AMPK structure and function, we have focused on the recent crystallographic results especially on specific molecular interactions of direct synthetic AMPK activators which lead to biased activation of a sub-family of AMPK isoforms.
Analysis of the throughput capacity and delay in a wireless sensor network with multiple sinks

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications such as environment monitoring, building monitoring, etc., sensor nodes collect data and send it to the base stations or sinks for analysis. As the networks grow in scale, it necessitates using multiple sinks in the network. In here, throughput capacity and the average delay of WSN with multiple sinks, which are two main quantity of interest, has been investigated. To the best of our knowledge, such network has not been studied, yet. Assuming a cell-partitioned network and using a two-hop relay algorithm, we find that there is an optimal node density to achieve throughput capacity. We show that the optimal delay/throughput ratio in a multi-hop multi-sink WSN is O(N) (N is the number of nodes in the WSN).
Differences in Kindergartners’ Participation and Regulation Strategies Across Time and Instructional Contexts

ABSTRACTThis study addressed questions about the function of children’s various participation and regulation strategies in different instructional contexts and at different points in time in school. The developmental trajectories of kindergartners’ academic participation and regulation strategy selection and use across the school year in teacher-directed and child-centered instructional contexts were investigated. Sixty-eight children participated in the study. To assess academic participation and regulation strategies, the children were observed in their kindergarten classrooms during teacher-led and child-directed activities on four occasions throughout the school year. At the start of kindergarten, the young children participated more frequently during teacher-directed activity than during student-centered activity; however, the children used deeper-level participation strategies and regulated more frequently in student-centered activities than in teacher-directed activities. Additionally, there were u...
Accommodating religion to modern neuroscience

ABSTRACTScience and religion commonly reside in either an awkward peaceful co-existence or in bitter conflict. That conflict emerges especially in college students as they acquire knowledge about physical, biological, and social sciences. Most college students bring their shallow childhood religious instruction to their college classes. Neuroscience can help students realise how their religious views are affected by their biology, conditioning, experiences, culture, education, emotions, and cognitive processes. In turn, religion can provide world views that challenge neuroscience and remind us of how much remains unknown and may even be unknowable. This report summarises the author’s three semesters’ experience of teaching an upper-division undergraduate essay and discussion course in which students discover how neuroscience and religion inform each other.
Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production

Once referred to as ‘materials of 1,000 uses’, plastics meet demands in everything from clothing and automotive sectors to the manufacturing of medical equipment and electronics. Concomitant with usage, worldwide generation of plastic solid waste increases daily and is currently around 150 million tonnes per annum. Although recycled materials may have physical properties similar to those of virgin plastics, the resulting monetary savings are limited and the properties of most plastics are significantly compromised after a number of processing cycles. An alternative approach to processing plastic solid waste is chemical recycling, the success of which relies on the affordability of processes and the efficiency of catalysts. In this Review, we describe technologies available for sorting and recycling plastic solid waste into feedstocks, as well as state-of-the-art techniques to chemically recycle commercial plastics. These evaluations are followed by a survey of recent advances in the design of new high-performing recyclable polymers. Many methods exist for the recycling of plastic solid waste. Chemical recycling, which can take many forms from high-temperature pyrolysis to mild, solution-based catalytic depolymerization, can afford enormous economic and environmental benefits. This Review covers the state of the art in chemical recycling and the design of high-performance polymers amenable to such processes.
Effect of ultraviolet light, organic acids, and bacteriophage on Salmonella populations in ground beef.

Abstract This study investigated individual and combined effects of organic acids, bacteriophages, and ultraviolet light interventions on Salmonella populations in ground beef. Beef trim was inoculated with four Salmonella strains to result in a contamination level of 3.5 log CFU/g after grinding. Lactic (LA) and peroxyacetic (PAA) acids, bacteriophages (S16 and FO1a) (BA), and ultraviolet light (UV) were applied on fresh trim prior to grinding. Applications of individual or combined organic acids did not significantly decrease Salmonella populations in ground beef. Individual applications of BA and UV light decreased approximately 1 log CFU/g (P
Clinical Factors Contributing to the Pace of Engraftment After Allogeneic and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

Previously, we have shown that a number of clinical factors contributed to the pace of recovery of granulocytes (>500/uL) and platelets (>20,000/uL) after high dose therapy when followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation or when followed by autologous peripheral blood cell transplantation (where hematopoietic progenitor cells had been “mobilized” by a variety of regimens). Recently, we evaluated two additional patient populations to determine whether such clinical factors remained important determinants regulating recovery of blood counts after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The first population was 164 consecutive recipients of allogeneic, unstimulated, unmanipulated bone marrow from healthy donors. The second population was 276 consecutive recipients of autologous peripheral blood cells collected after mobilization with cyclophosphamide based chemotherapy and granulocyte- colony stimulating factor. Using time dependent, censored data, multivariate analyses, we found a number of clinical factors made significant contributions to engraftment (two tailed values of P < 0.05). After allogeneic bone marrow transplant: 1) for granu- locyte recovery—patient diagnosis, degree of HLA match between donor and patient, high dose regimen, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor use after transplant, and acute
Renate Weller, President of the British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA), responds.

BEVA shares both Ronald Jones’ recognition of the importance of a good vet-farrier relationship and the client’s recognition that good communication is likely to provide the best chance of a positive outcome. We have worked hard in recent years to foster the relationship …
In vitro reduction of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by Artemisia spp. tea infusions

Abstract In this study, we showed in vitro evidence that supports the efficacy of A. annua and A. afra tea infusions used in a 2015 clinical trial not only for clearing asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites, but also for eliminating sexual gametocytes. P. falciparum NF54 was grown in vitro, synchronized, and induced to form gametocytes using N-acetylglucosamine. Cultures during asexual, early, and late stage gametogenesis were treated with artemisinin, methylene blue, and Artemisia annua and A. afra tea infusions (5g DW/L) using cultivars that contained 0-283 μM artemisinin. Asexual parasitemia and gametocytemia were analyzed microscopically. Gametocyte morphology was also scored. Markers of early (PfGEXP5) and late stage (Pfs25) gametocyte gene expression were also measured using RT-qPCR. Both A. annua and A. afra tea infusions reduced gametocytemia in vitro, and the effect was mainly artemisinin dependent. Expression levels of both marker genes were reduced with the effect mainly attributed to artemisinin content of the our tested Artemisia cultivars. Tea infusions of both species also inhibited asexual parasitemia and although mainly artemisinin dependent, there was a weak antiparasitic effect from artemisinin-deficient A. afra. These results showed that A. annua and to a lesser extent, A. afra, inhibited parasitemia and gametogenesis in vitro, and results are consistent with earlier observed clinical results.
k -NN regression on functional data with incomplete observations

In this paper we study a general version of regression where each covariate itself is a functional data such as distributions or functions. In real applications, however, typically we do not have direct access to such data; instead only some noisy estimates of the true covariate functions/distributions are available to us. For example, when each covariate is a distribution, then we might not be able to directly observe these distributions, but it can be assumed that i.i.d. sample sets from these distributions are available. In this paper we present a general framework and a k-NN based estimator for this regression problem. We prove consistency of the estimator and derive its convergence rates. We further show that the proposed estimator can adapt to the local intrinsic dimension in our case and provide a simple approach for choosing k. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of our framework with numerical experiments.
impact of a Pharmacy-Led Transitions of Care Program Within a Primary Care-Based Accountable Care Organization.

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of pharmacist-led transitions of care program on 30-day readmission rates in the accountable care organization (ACO) primary care setting. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Two primary care provider (PCP) offices with an ACO in South Florida. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS Adult Medicare patients who completed a post-discharge follow-up visit at two primary care offices within an ACO from July to December 2017. INTERVENTIONS To supplement postdischarge visits with a PCP, the pharmacy services were also provided two days per week with a PCP. The comparator groups were patients who only saw a PCP or those who saw a PCP and pharmacist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was hospital readmission or emergency department visit within 30 days. RESULTS A total of 190 subjects were included. There were 113 patients in the PCP group and 77 patients in the PCP/pharmacist group. There was a reduction in the primary outcome when comparing the PCP-only versus PCP/pharmacist groups (6.2% versus 3.9%; P = 0.74). CONCLUSION Involving pharmacists in patient transitions of care in the primary care setting may be beneficial as previous studies have demonstrated. Further studies evaluating pharmacy services in emerging health care models are needed in order to most effectively utilize the expertise of the pharmacy team.
Measurements of Turbulent Friction on a Smooth Flat Plate in Supersonic Flow

Direct measurements of supersonic local skin friction, using the floating-element technique, are presented for Mach Numbers from 2.0 to 4.5 and Reynolds Numbers from 3 X 10^5 to 9 X 10^6. Turbulent flow and transition are emphasized, although some measurements in the laminar regime are included. The observed effect of compressibility is to reduce the magnitude of turbulent skin friction by a factor of two at a Mach Number of 4.5 and a Reynolds number of about 10^7. The boundary-layer momentum-integral equation for constant pressure is verified within a few per cent by two experimental methods. Typical static pressure measurements are presented to show that transition can be detected by observing disturbances in pressure associated with changes in displacement thickness of the boundary layer. It is found that the turbulent boundary layer cannot be defined experimentally for values of u_1 θ/v_1 less than about 2,000, where θ is the momentum thickness. For larger values of u_1 θ/v_1, there is a unique relationship between local friction coefficient and momentum-thickness Reynolds Number at a fixed Mach Number. The Appendix compares the present measurements at M = 2.5 with experimental data from other sources.