cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How popular am I outside my own community: a mixed Regression model for mapping technological innovation in the US green energy sector

While patent citations provide a powerful way of identifying the process of knowledge transfer, the question is: are future citations by patents within the same community better drivers of knowledge flow than patent citations from a different community? In this paper, the authors present a mixed regression model to study the differential effect of these two classes of patent citations as an influencing factor for future innovations. The study involves analysis of patents within the green energy sector in the US during the timeframe 1976 to 2008. The empirical results suggest that there is a positive relationship between both of these classes of citations and the creation of new patents. Furthermore, it shows that the citations from a different community would be a better driving factor behind new innovations than citations from within the same community.
Ultrastructure of sickling and unsickling in time-lapse studies.

Summary. The denser subpopulation of erythrocytes from patients with sickle cell anaemia was deoxygenated to a pO2 of 4.7 kPa or reoxygenated to a pO2 of 12 kPa with a continuous-flow apparatus. Samples were collected into modified Karnovsky's fixative at intervals between 0.5 and 15 s. The earliest event after deoxygenation was aggregation of haemoglobin followed by the formation of fibres of 160–200 A diameter. These polymers were always randomly distributed in a loose network. A highly ordered, close packing of fibres characteristic of the nematic liquid crystal was not achieved within 15 s. Depolymerization involved a shortening of fibres followed by aggregation similar to that observed early in the polymerization process and prior to the return to the unperturbed state. Irreversibly sickled cells were the first to demonstrate polymers following deoxygenation and the last to lose polymers after reoxygenation. Polymerization of the haemoglobin preceded the appearance of the sickled deformity of reversibly sickled cells and, following reoxygenation, the return to the discoid shape lagged behind the disappearance of polymers. These studies, carried out under physiologic conditions, have demonstrated intracellular changes during time intervals that correspond to the normal venous and arterial circulation that may contribute to the pathophysiology of sickling disorders.
Evaluation of caspofungin or micafungin as empiric antifungal therapy in adult patients with persistent febrile neutropenia: a retrospective, observational, sequential cohort analysis.

Abstract Background: Caspofungin is approved in the United States for empiric antifungal therapy for persistent febrile neutropenia (FN). There are limited data about the use of other echinocandins in this setting. Objective: After a formulary change, we retrospectively evaluated the safety and effectiveness of caspofungin and micafungin as empiric antifungal therapy for FN at Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts). Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, sequential cohort study. We identified patients who had received ≥2 doses on concurrent days of either caspofungin (between November 2005 and October 2006) or micafungin (between November 2006 and October 2007) for empiric FN therapy. Patients were included for analysis if they were neutropenic (absolute neutrophil count Results: Three hundred twenty-three patients met inclusion criteria (caspofungin, n=149; micafungin, n=174). Median age was 49 years in both the caspofungin and micafungin groups; 80 (53.7%) and 99 (56.9%) patients in each group, respectively, were men. Fluconazole prophylaxis had been administered to 30 patients (20.1%) treated with caspofungin and 21 patients (12.1%) treated with micafungin. Caspofungin was administered at 70 mg for one dose, followed by 50 mg daily; micafungin was administered at 100 mg daily. The median duration of therapy and of hospitalization were 10 days and 29 days, respectively, with caspofungin, and 9 days and 28 days with micafungin (both, P = NS between groups). Twelve patients (8.1%) in the caspofungin cohort and 13 (7.5%) in the micafungin cohort died during the study period ( P = NS). There were 3 cases (2.0%) of baseline IFD in the caspofungin cohort and 6 (3.4%) in the micafungin cohort ( P = NS); 6 were successfully treated (caspofungin, 2 [1.3% of entire group]; micafungin, 4 [2.37% of entire group]; P = NS). Breakthrough IFD was diagnosed in 16 patients (10.7%) receiving caspofungin and 21 (12.1%) receiving micafungin ( P = NS). AEs requiring echinocandin discontinuation were uncommon (caspofungin, 2 cases of rash and 1 anaphylactoid infusion reaction [2.0%]; mica-fungin, 1 liver function test elevation ≥5 times the upper limit of normal and 1 maculopapular rash [1.1%]; P = NS). Conclusion: Micafungin, as empiric antifungal therapy for persistent FN, did not appear to differ significantly from caspofungin in terms of safety profile or efficacy in the adult patients included in this sequential cohort analysis at one institution.
The aftermath of a fall.

My grandfather, like many, endures the indignity of falling apart. I am powerless and cannot prevent him from falling further. I can only prevent him from falling alone.
Child Well-Being: The Intersection of Schools and Child Welfare:

this chapter, we argue for closer collaboration between public schools and the public child welfare system, on behalf of children placed at risk, with respect to whether they will do as well in school as their abilities suggest they might, all else being equal. The need for closer collaboration is tied to two developments affecting schools and the child welfare system. First, both systems, as the result of relatively recent federal, state, and local initiatives, are focused on accountability as never before. For schools, accountability fostered by the No Child Left Behind act means that educators have to pay closer attention to children placed at risk who may fall behind in school if their educational needs are not addressed. In this context, the overall well-being of children involved in the child welfare system poses particular challenges because the incidence of cognitive, social, and behavioral impairment is substantially higher than the rates found in the general population. From the perspective of the child welfare system, public agencies are starting to look at school success as a measure of child well-being and as an indicator of their own service quality, an expanded view of responsibility that was introduced in the wake of the Adoption and Safe Families Act passed in 1997. As a consequence, advocates are pushing child welfare agencies to consider placing foster children within their own home school districts in an effort to preserve educational continuity and minimize disruption in the children's lives. In turn, the new wave of accountability has focused attention on the shear magnitude of the dually involved population. According to the most recent national data, of the more than 3 million reports of child maltreatment received annually, about 610,000 school-age children (4to 17-year-olds) are involved in a substantiated allegation of maltreatment each year, a figure that represents about 70% of all official maltreatment
Styles and Types of North American Architecture : Social Function and Cultural Expression

Discussing North American buildings, this book relates them to time and place, defining and identifying central characteristics, explaining social function and cultural expression. It integrates interior design and social and cultural history from the 17th century to the present.
Implicit Measures Reveal Evidence of Personal Discrimination

A well-known result, the person–group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD), shows that members of disadvantaged groups believe that other members of their social groups are discriminated against, but that they themselves are not. In this paper, we test whether this explicit self-protective strategy is also obtained on indirect measures of personal discrimination. Three experiments, using both explicit (self-report) and implicit (IAT) measures of discrimination showed that although members of disadvantaged groups do not explicitly report self-discrimination (replicating previous research), they do reveal self-discrimination on the implicit measure. That the PGDD effect is bound to explicit measurement should be recognized both when implementing research protocols and when understanding the effects of discrimination whether it is consciously recognized or not.
Random Routing of Tasks in Hypercube Architectures

We propose a general technique to study the perfor mance of random routing in a hypercube system. The proposed method is a based on association schemes in stead of using representation theory.
Assessment of secondary organic carbon in the Southeastern United States: a review

Organic carbon (OC) is one of the major components of ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter [PM] < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) and a significant portion of OC is from secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the southeastern United States. Various approaches (based on measurement and modeling results) are applied to estimate secondary organic carbon (SOC) and its origins in the region. SOC estimates by various methods are consistent as to clear seasonal variation (i.e., relatively higher SOC in summer) and little spatial variability (i.e., a regional characteristic of SOC). However, there are differences as to the origins of SOC. SOA organic tracer and emission-based modeling studies indicate that the biogenic origin of SOC is dominant in the Southeast, showing that biogenic-origin SOC accounts for 90% of SOC in summer and more than 70% even in other seasons. However, results from other studies suggest that the anthropogenic origin of SOC is dominant, significant amounts of anthropogenic-origin SOC, or important roles of anthropogenic pollutants for SOA formation, especially at urban areas, as strong correlations between water-soluble OC (an indicator of SOC) and anthropogenic pollutants, considerable amounts of fossil water-soluble OC, and significant contributions of fossil SOC (37-52% in summer months, 70-73% in winter months) are observed. Therefore, more studies are needed to reconcile the differences in the source attribution of SOC measurements.
The Surprising Incidence of Tax Credits for the Toyota Prius

Federal and state governments in the United States have responded to rising concerns about the consequences of petroleum consumption in part by introducing tax subsidies for new vehicles that feature fuel-efficient technologies, including gas-electric hybrids. These policies aim to reduce oil consumption in the personal transportation sector, which accounts for 40 percent of gasoline consumption and 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2007). At the federal level, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 introduced a substantial personal income tax credit for hybrids. At the state level, thirteen states have passed tax incentives for hybrids, and many others have considered similar actions. In this paper, I determine who benefits from tax incentives for hybrids using transaction level microdata to estimate the incidence of existing subsidies for the Toyota Prius. I find that consumers capture nearly all of the benefits of tax subsidies. Transaction prices for the Prius did not change following changes of up to $2,650 in subsidy value. Since consumers receive the subsidy directly from the government after their purchase, constant transaction prices imply that consumers captured the benefits of government intervention. This finding has implications for the evaluation of existing and future policies. It also has broader implications for the study of tax incidence
Meta-analysis of the effects of canopy removal on terrestrial salamander populations in North America

Abstract Terrestrial salamander abundance in North American forests is closely associated with forest characteristics, and salamander populations typically decline following timber removal. However, salamander responses to timber harvest vary considerably from one study to the next – some studies have shown limited or no effects whereas others have found harvest-related declines of up to 95%. To estimate overall effect sizes of timber harvest on salamander populations and to examine factors that contribute to variation in salamander responses to harvest, we carried out a meta-analysis of published studies of the effects of timber harvesting on terrestrial salamander abundance. Based on 108 salamander species/treatment combinations from 24 studies, we found mean harvest-related declines ranged from 29% (95% CI = −2% to 51%) for long-term responses to partial canopy removal to 62% (95% CI = 29% to 80%) for short-term responses to clearcutting. Multivariate mixed models suggested that clearcutting had a modestly greater impact on salamander populations than partial harvest and that decreases following harvest were more pronounced at sites with warmer summer high temperatures. In addition, active sampling of salamanders (e.g., surface counts) led to greater apparent effects of timber harvest than passive sampling (e.g., cover boards or pitfall traps), suggesting that sampling methodology influenced the perceived effects of harvest. In the studies evaluated, salamander numbers almost always declined following timber removal, but salamanders were never extirpated and populations typically increased as forests regenerated.
Using projection and 2D plots to visually reveal genetic mechanisms of complex human disorders

Gene mapping is a statistical method used to localize human disease genes to particular regions of the human genome. When performing such analysis, a genetic likelihood space is generated and sampled, which results in a multidimensional scalar field. Researchers are interested in exploring this likelihood space through the use of visualization. Previous efforts at visualizing this space, though, were slow and cumbersome, only showing a small portion of the space at a time, thus requiring the user to keep a mental picture of several views. We have developed a new technique that displays much more data at once by projecting the multidimensional data into several 2D plots. One plot is created for each parameter that shows the change along that parameter. A radial projection is used to create another plot that provides an overview of the high dimensional surface from the perspective of a single point. Linking and brushing between all the plots are used to determine relationships between parameters. We demonstrate our techniques on real world autism data, showing how to visually examine features of the high dimensional space.
Avian superior olivary nucleus provides divergent inhibitory input to parallel auditory pathways.

The avian auditory brainstem displays parallel processing, a fundamental feature of vertebrate sensory systems. Nuclei specialized for temporal processing are largely separate from those processing other aspects of sound. One possible exception to this parallel organi- zation is the inhibitory input provided by the superior olivary nucleus (SON) to nucleus angularis (NA), nucleus magnocellularis (NM), and nucleus laminaris (NL) and contralateral SON (SONc). We sought to determine whether single SON neurons project to multiple targets or separate neuronal populations project independently to individual target nuclei. We introduced two different fluorescent tracer molecules into pairs of target nuclei and quanti- fied the extent to which retrogradely labeled SON neurons were double labeled. A large proportion of double-labeled SON somata were observed in all cases in which injections were made into any pair of ipsilateral targets (NA and NM, NA and NL, or NM and NL), suggesting that many individual SON neurons project to multiple targets. In contrast, when injections involved the SONc and any or all of the ipsilateral targets, double labeling was rare, suggesting that contralateral and ipsilateral targets are innervated by distinct popu- lations of SON neurons arising largely from regionally segregated areas of SON. Therefore, at the earliest stages of auditory processing, there is interaction between pathways special- ized to process temporal cues and those that process other acoustic features. We present a conceptual model that incorporates these results and suggest that SON circuitry, in part, functions to offset interaural intensity differences in interaural time difference processing.
The effect of method of presentation, set, and stimulus dimensions on “same”-“different” reaction times

“Same”-“different” reaction times (RTs) to random shapes varying independently in either brightness, size, or form were studied in an investigation of visual encoding and comparison processes. The comparison process was investigated by having the varying dimension either cued in advance (set) or not cued (no set). The encoding process was investigated by varying stimulus onset asynchronies. No significant difference was found for the set/no-set variables, providing some evidence for an integrality interpretation. However, the serial and parallel models would still hold if the set variable does not affect either dimensional processing rate or order. The significant difference found between the various stimulus onset asynchronies was interpreted as evidence for a limited-capacity encoding mechanism. The results were also consistent with a two-process model of comparison processes.
Using sparse regression to learn effective projections for face recognition

We explore sparse regression for effective feature selection and classification in face identity and expression recognition. We argue that sparse regression in pixel space is inappropriate. We propose instead a method which combines the virtues of sparse regression with projection methods such as PCA and FDA. The method can learn a sparse set of discriminative projections and increase recognition accuracy beyond that achievable by FDA.We demonstrate this by performance comparisons on three face data sets.
Improving Formulation of Marine Stable Boundary Layers Using CBLAST Weak Wind Data

Abstract : The long-term goals are to better understand air-sea exchange of momentum, heat and moisture and its impact on the marine boundary layer and to better understand the influence of SST variations on the area-averaged (grid-averaged) flux-gradient relationship. Substantial modification of the formulation of the surface moisture flux for all conditions and the boundary layer for very stable conditions are also long term goals.
Note on a problem of M. Talagrand

Answering a question of M. Talagrand, we show that there is a fixed L with the following property. For positive integers and , if is the set of subgraphs of Kn containing at least copies of Kk, then there is a set of subgraphs of Kn such that (i) each member of contains a member of and (ii) (where means number of edges). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 47, 663–668, 2015
Fracture characteristics of acrylic bone cements. I. Fracture toughness

The vital first phase of the overall materials study to protract the life of the total joint replacements is the identification of the fracture toughness and fatigue properties of bone cements. Information gained from fatigue testing, performed in a manner which simulates in vivo conditions, and fracture toughness, which is a measure of the propensity of a crack to propagate, is the first step towards the prediction of the life of the total joint replacement. This study is concerned with the fracture toughness of Zimmer and Simplex-P cold-curing bone cements. Following cement fabrication conditions which closely approximate clinical procedures, fracture toughness testing was conducted on cement specimens which were immersed in bovine serum at 37°C in order to simulate in vivo conditions. In addition, a similar study was completed on specimens, tested in air at ambient temperature for purposes of comparison. Results of this procedure, when analyzed by a Student's t-test at the 95% confidence level with eight degrees of freedom, indicate that both Zimmer and Simplex-P exhibit a higher fracture toughness in the simulated physiological environment. In order to determine whether the addition of barium sulfate to these cements compromises the fracture toughness, the above described testing rationale was repeated, indicating the existence of a complicated relationship between the different testing environments and barium sulfate. The importance of these results lies in the fact that an increased fracture toughness indicates that a cement will inherently exhibit a greater degree of resistance to the propagation of cracks, which could contribute to the ultimate failure of the total joint replacement.
Kinship and Culture in the Mobilization of Colonial Massachusetts

(1994). Kinship and Culture in the Mobilization of Colonial Massachusetts. The Historian: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 291-302.
What Sunshine Is to Flowers: A Literature Review on the Use of Emoticons to Support Online Learning

Abstract The effective use of electronically mediated communication (EMC) is fundamental to digital literacy and, therefore, a high-demand competency in professional communities of practice, business, society, and online education. However, the use of EMC can be challenging in educational contexts; given that EMC tends to rely heavily on text-based formats, meaning and intent may be lost in translation from thought to posted message. Thus, online educators value techniques that have the potential to improve the quality and effectiveness of text-based communication. One such technique is the use of emoticons to represent emotional and personality nuances present in face-to-face communication. In this chapter, we present a review of the literature on emoticons used in support of online learning—with the goal of improving future practice and research of online teaching and learning—and then provide some specific instructional recommendations for online educators.
Life History of the Western Pine Shoot Borer (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) and Effects on Lodgepole Pine in Central Oregon

The biology of the western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, was investigated on young lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.) from 1987 through 1989 in central Oregon. In the stands studied, 65-80% of the terminals were infested. Attacks were common on trees as small as 0.5 m tall, and infestation levels were high through the seedling and sapling stages. About 50% of the infested terminals contained two or more larvae. Symptoms of attack on lodgepole pine (short needles, short terminal shoots, dead shoots, and exit holes) were similar to those on ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa Douglas ex Laws.), but they were more subtle. Our observations suggest that exclusion of shoot borers increased the average height growth in two young lodgepole pine stands by ≈24% per year. At intermediate elevations for lodgepole pine (1,340-1,370 m), moth flight and oviposition began in April with the accumulation of 55 degree-days (DD) above5.5°C and before terminal growth on lodgepole pine had begun. The first larvae appeared in May at 240 DD, when moth flight and 75% complete and terminal growth on lodgepole pine was 40% complete. Larvae began leaving terminals for winter hibernation in early July at 600 DD, when terminal growth was 99% complete; the last larvae left in mid-August at 940 DD.
On the Ductile-Brittle Transition in Lath Martensitic Steel

The inherent brittle mode in dislocated lath martensitic steel is cleavage on {100} planes in the microstructure. The transition to {100} cleavage fracture on cooling determines the minimum value of the ductiule-brittle transition temperature. A half-century of research on the microstructure and toughness of lath martensitic steels has produced a semi-quantitative understanding of the brittle transition to cleavage. The results identify the crystallographic “block” of lath martensite as the effective grain size that controls cleavage, and clarify why the internal structure of a block has the microstructure it adopts. The ductile-brittle transition temperature is strongly affected by the block size. Several effective metallurgical processes are now available to refine the block size without excessive strengthening, leading to martensitic structural steels that combine high strength with good low-temperature toughness.
Some Product-Sum Identities

(1978). Some Product-Sum Identities. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 85, No. 7, pp. 570-572.
Ascorbic acid depletion activity of the pituitary of the female anole.

SummaryOvarian ascorbic acid depletion activity was detected in adenohypophyses of sexually mature female green anoles in April, May, and June. The equivalent of five April glands from anoles lacking oviducal eggs, but with heavily yolked, unovulated eggs, evoked depletion approaching that evoked by 0.31 μg of LH.
The effect of smoking and age on the response to first-line therapy of hidradenitis suppurativa: An institutional retrospective cohort study

Background Treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa is often empiric and inadequate, and determining which patients will respond is difficult. Objective We sought to determine which patient factors are associated with a positive response to first-line medical therapy. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study of all patients with hidradenitis suppurativa seen between January 1, 1992, and October 1, 2014, was conducted. Response to first-line medical therapy (oral/topical antibiotics, intralesional corticosteroids, and topical washes) was examined at follow-up within 6 months of initiating therapy. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was built examining response to treatment and the interplay of patient factors and treatment initiated. Results In all, 198 patients were included in the final model. Nonsmokers (odds ratio 2.634, 95% confidence interval 1.301-5.332, P = .007) and older individuals (odds ratio 1.046 for each additional year, 95% confidence interval 1.020-1.072, P Limitations The retrospective nature of this study is a limitation, as is relying on classification of disease severity from physical examination findings in some patients. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that clinicians may be able to more accurately predict which patients with hidradenitis suppurativa will respond to first-line medical therapy, and which patients may require therapy escalation.
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: extra-nodal Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting as a rare aetiology of a large intracardiac mass.

A 64-year-old female with no significant cardiovascular history presented to an outside emergency department with atypical chest pain and dyspnoea. Workup including computed tomography (CT) revealed a large mediastinal mass adjacent to her right atrial (RA). Subsequent echocardiography ( Panels B , C ; Supplementary material online, V ideo ) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Panels D –F) revealed a large (4 × 5 × 9 cm) paracardiac mass involving the RA with a component surrounding the atrial side of the tricuspid valve (TV; Panel E ). Positron emission tomography (PET) demonstrated fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity of the mass ( Panel A ) as well as mild perinephric and perihepatic involvement. She was also noted to have a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with inducible right to left atrial shunting, and further workup revealed an associated polyclonal hypergammaglobinemia and lupus …
Reception of DPSK signals by a DMSK demodulator

When implementing differential minimum shift keying (DMSK) satellite communications services, it is desirable to remain compatible with existing differential phase shift keyed (DPSK) services. The use of DMSK demodulators to receive DPSK signals is investigated. It is shown that a correctly designed DMSK demodulator is capable of demodulating DPSK signals at one half the DMSK channel rate. Expressions are presented for bit error rate (BER) performance of DMSK demodulators with DMSK and DPSK signals in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). It is shown that using DPSK cross support reduces the power efficiency of DPSK channels by 2 to 4 dB relative to DPSK demodulators, depending on required BER. For a small penalty in DMSK performance ( approximately=0.2 dB), the cross support penalty on the BER range 0.05 10/sup -5/ can be reduced to 1.5 to 2 dB. >
Digest: Climate Effects on Chipmunk Cranial Morphology†

The threat of rapid climate change raises questions not only about species’ survival and global biodiversity, but also about how climate impacts morphological evolution. Many studies have sought answers by studying climatic shifts in geologic history, and they have produced mixed results. Renaud et al. (2005), for example, showed how the drying and cooling climate between the late Miocene and Pliocene promoted the dental evolution of two genera of rodents, one a diet generalist and the other a specialist, from the same phylogenetic lineage. In contrast, both Alroy et al. (2000) and Faith and Behrensmeyer (2013) found little evidence that climate fluctuations directly promoted mammalian evolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Mitotic figures and the evolving staging of melanoma.

The seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)’s staging manual identified tumor thickness, ulceration, and mitotic figures as important adverse prognostic factors for survival. Identification of a single mitosis prompted staging of a tumor as T1b and prompted consideration of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Careful review of survival data has shown that the identification of mitotic figures in melanoma is not an independent variable but linked to thickness and ulceration. The updated eighth edition of the AJCC’s cancer staging manual reflects this understanding by stratifying thin melanomas by depth of invasion and ulceration rather than including mitotic rate.
Neural Mechanisms of Anorexia

Studying the neural mechanisms that underlie anorexia presents an important opportunity for approaching two significant problems. First, this work should delineate how ingestive behaviors are controlled at a neural systems level. Because there is clear evidence for distinct circuits that are responsible for inhibiting and stimulating feeding behavior, experimental anorexias like those associated with DE, locomotor activity, or cytokines can be used as tools to probe the organization of the neural networks that control feeding. Second, as we have seen, anorexia is a significant complication to many clinical conditions. Although determining the etiologies of clinically important anorexias using animal models presents a significant challenge, we are making significant progress toward understanding how feeding is compromised in some instances, for example, cancer cachexia, (Lechan & Tatro, 2001). But understanding the mechanisms responsible for AN is proving to be particularly challenging. Perhaps this stems from the fact that AN is a wholly human disease, perhaps even a disease of our time. In this way it is, like schizophrenia, difficult and perhaps even impossible to approach in its entirety using experimental animal models. This is particularly apparent if we consider that most studies attempt to use the rat or mouse to model AN. These animals, when compared to humans, have a less complex cortical organization and quite different social structures making comparisons difficult. But despite these problems, the significant clinical and social cost of anorexia should provide us with adequate motivation to increase our understanding of the neural bases of anorexia.
Piperidin-4-Ylidene Substituted Tricyclic Compounds

This chapter describes methods of synthesis, pharmacological properties and use of derivatives of piperidin-4-ylidene substituted tricyclic compounds such as cyproheptadine, azatadine, loratadine, rupatadine, ketotifen, pizotifen, alcaftadine, and ritanserin.
Intermediality and the Diffusion of Innovations

Interpersonal and mediated communication both play important roles in the diffusion of innovations, as part of the process, as well as the content, of diffusion. Yet the diffusion of new media has blurred the boundaries across interpersonal and mediated communication, and emphasized the decoupling of media from their attributes, summarized in the concept of intermediality. This article briefly considers implications of this intermediality for new media as process and content in five major components of the diffusion perspective: sources, rate and categories of adoption, attributes, communication networks, and consequences.
Weight-Bearing Cone-Beam CT Scan Assessment of Stability of Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures in a Cadaver Model.

Background:The utility of computed tomography (CT) for measuring medial clear space (MCS) for determination of the stability of supination external rotation (SER) ankle fractures and in comparison to standard radiographs is unknown. We compared MCS on gravity stress (GS) radiographs to GS and weight bearing (WB) cone-beam CT (CBCT).Methods:An AO SER 44B3.1 ankle fracture was simulated in 10 human cadavers, also serving as controls. MCS was measured on GS radiographs, GS CBCT, and a simulated WB CBCT scan. Specimens were stable if MCS was <5 mm and unstable if MCS was ≥5 mm. Paired t tests were used to compare MCS from each imaging modality for controls versus SER injuries and stable versus unstable specimens.Results:Compared with controls assessed by GS radiographs, MCS was greater for an SER injury when assessed by GS radiograph and GS CBCT scan within the stable group. Compared with controls assessed by GS radiographs, MCS was greater for SER injuries when assessed by GS radiograph, GS CBCT scan, and WB...
sppmix: Poisson point process modeling using normal mixture models

This paper describes the package sppmix for the statistical environment R. The sppmix package implements classes and methods for modeling spatial point patterns using inhomogeneous Poisson point processes, where the intensity surface is assumed to be a multiple of a finite additive mixture of normal components and the number of components is a finite, fixed or random integer. Extensions to the marked inhomogeneous Poisson point processes case are also presented. We provide an extensive suite of R functions that can be used to simulate, visualize and model point patterns, estimate the parameters of the models, assess convergence of the algorithms and perform model selection and checking in the proposed modeling context. In addition, several approaches have been implemented in order to handle the standard label switching issue which arises in any modeling approach involving mixture models. We adapt a hierarchical Bayesian framework in order to model the intensity surfaces and have implemented two major algorithms in order to estimate the parameters of the mixture models involved: the data augmentation and the birth–death Markov chain Monte Carlo (DAMCMC and BDMCMC). We used C++ (via the Rcpp package) in order to implement the most computationally intensive algorithms.
Waiting and Disenchantment: Kourouma's 'Les Soleils des Indépendances' and Oupoch's 'En attendant la Liberté'

Like Samuel Beckett's characters in En attendant Godot, the protagonists of Ahmadou Kourouma's Les Soleils des Independances and Gnaoule Oupoh's En Attendant la Liberte wait for something to happen to change their lives. As they wait, they ascribe to the object of waiting an absolute certainty translated in terms of recognition, realization of the promises of independence, continuity of dynasty, freedom, and other good life-values. Ultimately, disenchantment displaces hope; the object of waiting eludes them and their general condition either worsens or, at best, remains static. Paradoxically, the characters continue to wait in anticipation of a turn-around in their destiny. Waiting thus becomes a type of imprisonment. To break the impasse, Oupoh seems to advocate continued struggle and a timely confrontation to effect change. Kourouma, on the other hand, appears to endorse existential revolt and self-abnegation; in his estimation, any change that does not liberate man from his Self merely perpetuates self-imprisonment. But for both the waiting game continues, and so does the paradox.KEYWORDS : West Africa, Kourouma, literature, motives, Oupoh
Journey as Metaphor

Inspire us, O Muse, my students and I, with the exploits of Odysseus’ journey; transform us with tales of the intrinsic challenges he endured; and guide us, O Muse, as we, like Odysseus, attempt to transcend mind and body toward greater selfrealization and illumination of ourselves as teachers – and as human beings.
EFFECTS OF MeV ION IRRADIATION ON CRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS Ge FILMS

Heteroepitaxial crystallization of a-Ge films deposited on CaF 2 (111) substrate induced by 1.8 MeV Si ion beam irradiation has been studied by using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) combined with channeling technique as an in situ monitor for the crystallization process. Parameters for irradiation were direction ( -aligned and random: 5° off ), ion dose and ion current intensity (Ic). Samples were heated only by beam heating and sample temperature (Ts) was varied with Ic. It was found that pronounced epitaxial crystallization of Ge films occured at Ts ≥ about 200°C (where Ic ≥ 2 μA/cm 2 ). However, the defects still remained at any Ts (or Ic) in current experiment. The crystallization appeared to be saturated at high ion dose. In addition, the Ge films crystallized at high Ts (large Ic) were peeled in air probably due to internal stress induced by irradiation. The crystallization rate for aligned irradiation was slightly lower than that for random irradiation.
Intracranial Stenting for Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis

Intracranial stenting presents an option for the treatment of symptomatic intracranial stenosis refractory to medical treatment. Intracranial stenosis accounts for up to 10 % of ischemic strokes and represents a very morbid disease, with an expected 1-year stroke or death rate in excess of 12 % and as high as 23 %, despite medical treatment with appropriate antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication. Surgical treatment with extracranial-to-intracranial bypass, although technically successful in restoring blood flow to a diseased vessel, has not been shown to effectively reduce ischemic events. Endovascular treatment with intraluminal revascularization has been shown to be an effective alternate technique for such lesions.
Nuevas interpretaciones del populismo latinoamericano y el caso del gaitanismo en Colombia

Este articulo discute la figura de Jorge Eliecer Gaitan y el gaitanismo dentro del contexto del populismo latinoamericano en el segundo tercio del siglo XX. El autor argumenta que el gaitanismo tuvo importantes elementos como un movimiento autonomo de clases medias, obreras y campesinas (lo que se calificaba como pueblo, en contraste con la oligarquia. De esta forma, el gaitanismo no fue simplemente una manipulacion "desde arriba" de movimientos de caracter popular en Colombia. El articulo representa una sintesis del trabajo del autor en su tesis de Ph. D. presentada al Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Texas. Para ese trabajo mas amplio, Green exploro diferentes archivos en Colombia y en los Estados Unidos, incluida la correspondencia de Gaitan. El autor enmarca su discusion en el debate sobre el populismo y los movimientos sociales en America Latina, debate planteado por diferentes cientificos sociales tales como Paul Drake, John French, Daniel James y Ernesto Laclau, entre otros.
Chromoanasynthesis is a common mechanism that leads to ERBB2 amplifications in a cohort of early stage HER2+ breast cancer samples

HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancers involve chromosomal structural alterations that act as oncogenic driver events. We interrogated the genomic structure of 18 clinically-defined HER2+ breast tumors through integrated analysis of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, coupled with clinical information. ERBB2 overexpression in 15 of these tumors was associated with ERBB2 amplification due to chromoanasynthesis with six of them containing single events and the other nine exhibiting multiple events. Two of the more complex cases had adverse clinical outcomes. Chromosomes 8 was commonly involved in the same chromoanasynthesis with 17. In ten cases where chromosome 8 was involved we observed NRG1 fusions (two cases), NRG1 amplification (one case), FGFR1 amplification and ADAM32 or ADAM5 fusions. ERBB3 over-expression was associated with NRG1 fusions and EGFR and ERBB3 expressions were anti-correlated. Of the remaining three cases, one had a small duplication fully encompassing ERBB2 and was accompanied with a pathogenic mutation. Chromoanasynthesis involving chromosome 17 can lead to ERBB2 amplifications in HER2+ breast cancer. However, additional large genomic alterations contribute to a high level of genomic complexity, generating the hypothesis that worse outcome could be associated with multiple chromoanasynthetic events.
Millimeter-wave interferometry and far-forward scattering for density fluctuation measurements on LTX-β.

The λ ≈ 1 mm (f = 288 GHz) interferometer for the Lithium Tokamak Experiment-β (LTX-β) will use a chirped-frequency source and a centerstack-mounted retro-reflector mirror to provide electron line density measurements along a single radial chord at the midplane. The interferometer is unique in the use of a single source (narrow-band chirped-frequency interferometry) and a single beam splitter for separating and recombining the probe and reference beams. The current work provides a documentation of the interferometry hardware and evaluates the capabilities of the system as a far-forward collective scattering diagnostic. As such, the current optical setup is estimated to have a detection range of 0.4 ≲ k⊥ ≲ 1.7 cm-1, while an improved layout will extend the upper k⊥ limit to ∼3 cm-1. Measurements with the diagnostic on LTX are presented, showing interferometry results and scattered signal data. These diagnostics are expected to provide routine measurements on LTX-β for high frequency coherent density oscillations (e.g., Alfvenic modes during neutral beam injection) as well as for broadband turbulence.
Cardiac effects of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in children.

10531Background: Treatment with CAR T-cells targeting CD19 for pediatric leukemia has demonstrated significant efficacy with the principal toxicity being cytokine release syndrome (CRS). However, t...
Decoding motion direction using the topography of sustained ERPs and alpha oscillations.

Abstract The present study sought to determine whether scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals contain decodable information about the direction of motion in random dot kinematograms (RDKs), in which the motion information is spatially distributed and mixed with random noise. Any direction of motion from 0 to 360° was possible, and observers reported the precise direction of motion at the end of a 1500-ms stimulus display. We decoded the direction of motion separately during the motion period (during which motion information was being accumulated) and the report period (during which a shift of attention was necessary to make a fine-tuned direction report). Machine learning was used to decode the precise direction of motion (within ±11.25°) from the scalp distribution of either alpha-band EEG activity or sustained event-related potentials (ERPs). We found that ERP-based decoding was above chance (1/16) during both the stimulus and the report periods, whereas alpha-based decoding was above chance only during the report period. Thus, sustained ERPs contain information about spatially distributed direction-of-motion, providing a new method for observing the accumulation of sensory information with high temporal resolution. By contrast, the scalp topography of alpha-band EEG activity appeared to mainly reflect spatially focused attentional processes rather than sensory information.
Nursing students' perceptions of faculty trustworthiness: Thematic analysis of a longitudinal study

Abstract Background Although trust and perceived trustworthiness have been studied for decades, few studies have examined nursing students' perceptions of faculty trustworthiness. Objectives To uncover the characteristics and behaviors of faculty members that lead nursing students to trust them. Design A longitudinal, qualitative study using focus group data. Setting A baccalaureate nursing school at a state university in the southeastern United States. Participants Two cohorts of nursing students (starting in the Fall of 2015 or Spring of 2016) during the beginning, middle, and end of their advancement through the nursing school curriculum. Methods Eleven focus groups were held with a total of 77 participants from a purposeful sample of two cohorts. Thematic analysis was conducted on the focus group data. Results Three core themes emerged regarding the characteristics and behaviors of faculty members that lead nursing students to trust them: Giving of Oneself, Being Competent, and Having Integrity. The study findings provide guidance to nursing faculty regarding how to be perceived as trustworthy by students and how to avoid being perceived as untrustworthy. Conclusions Upon examining their personal traits, words and behaviors, nursing educators may choose to change aspects of their demeanor to foster a student-faculty relationship built on trust.
An objective method to evaluate radiation dose distributions varying by three orders of magnitude

PURPOSE Modern radiotherapy practices typically report the absorbed dose (D) within the 5% relative isodose volume (i.e., the therapeutic dose region) to an accuracy of 3%-5%. Gamma-index analysis, the most commonly used method to evaluate dosimetric accuracy, has low sensitivity to discrepancies that occur outside of this region. The objective of this study was to develop an evaluation method with high sensitivity across dose distributions spanning three orders of magnitude. METHODS We generalized the gamma index to include an additional criterion, the absolute absorbed dose difference, specifically for the low-dose region (i.e., D ≤ 5%). We also proposed a method to objectively select the appropriate magnitudes for relative-dose-difference, absolute-dose-difference, and distance-to-agreement criteria. We demonstrated the generalized gamma-index method by first finding the appropriate generalized gamma-index agreement criteria at an interval of specified passing rates. Next, we used the generalized gamma index to evaluate one-, two-, and three-dimensional absorbed dose distributions in a water-box phantom and voxelized patient geometry. RESULTS Generalized gamma-index passing rates for one-, two-, and three-dimensional dose distributions were 55.4%, 44.5%, and 8.9%, respectively. Traditional gamma-index passing rates were 100%, 97.8%, and 96.4%, respectively. These results reveal that the generalized method has adequate sensitivity in all regions (i.e., therapeutic and low dose). Additionally, the algorithmic determination of triplets of agreement criteria revealed that they are strong functions of the specified passing rate. CONCLUSIONS The major finding of this work is that the proposed method provides an objective evaluation of the agreement of dose distributions spanning three orders of magnitude. In particular, this generalized method correctly characterized dosimetric agreement in the low-dose region, which was not possible by traditional methods. The proposed algorithmic selection of agreement criteria decreased subjectivity and requirements of user judgment and skill. This method could find utility in a variety of applications including dose-algorithm development and translation.