cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of morphologic, hemodynamic, and biochemical changes in lungs of rats given monocrotaline pyrrole.

Abstract A single, intravenous administration of a low dose of monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP), a derivative of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline (MCT), induces progressive pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in rats. The temporal relationship between morphologic alterations, biochemical markers of lung injury, and the development of pulmonary hypertension was determined during the developing pulmonary disease. Three days after a single iv injection of 3.5 mg/kg MCTP, small increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and accumulation in the lungs of intravenously administered 125 I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) were associated with minimal to mild interstitial edema around large airways and blood vessels. By Day 5, BAL fluid LDH activity and 125 I-BSA accumulation had increased further, and lung weight/body weight ratio and BAL fluid protein concentration were greater than those of control. Interstitial edema was more pronounced and involved patches of alveolar septal walls. A mild increase in numbers of mononuclear cells, including hypertrophied interstitial cells, was evident in these areas. Walls of pulmonary arteries less than 60 μm in diameter were mildly thickened. By Day 8, scattered clusters of alveolar sacs contained serous exudate, and interstitial mononuclear infiltrates were more pronounced. Mild to moderate thickening of arterial walls was apparent in small and large vessels. By Day 14, pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated and RVH was evident. Arterial walls were thickened and had hypertrophy of medial smooth muscle cells and intercellular edema, which was particularly prominent in areas with perivascular interstitial inflammation. Large patches of lung interstitium and alveolar lumens contained serous or fibrinous exudate. In summary, a single, intravenous administration of MCTP induced a delayed and progressive pulmonary microvascular leak, interstitial inflammation, and alterations in muscular blood vessels which resulted in pulmonary hypertension within 14 days. These morphologic, biochemical, and hemodynamic changes are nearly identical to alterations induced by the parent alkaloid. MCT.
A NOTE ON TRANSIT TIME AND RELIABILITY FOR REGULAR-ROUTE TRUCKING

Abstract This paper describes the development of an empirical model for predicting transit time and reliability for regular-route LTL trucking. It is postulated that the distribution of transit time of a city-pair is a Gamma function with parameters determined by the length of haul. Parameters for a family of shifted Gamma distributions have been estimated using the travel time information from seven regular-route motor common carriers of general freight. Transit time and reliability are two of the most important level of service measures for any mode. The model developed is a level of service model from the “shipper's view” of the carrier's operation. It can be used in many of the partial equilibrium analyses of the transportation market. To model the intercity freight demand is a typical example. The procedures for applying the transit time model developed in the paper are outlined.
Tumor cells, but not endothelial cells, mediate eradication of primary sarcomas by stereotactic body radiation therapy

Cancer clinics currently use high-dose stereotactic body radiation therapy as a curative treatment for several kinds of cancers. However, the contribution of vascular endothelial cells to tumor response to radiation remains controversial. Using dual recombinase technology, we generated primary sarcomas in mice with targeted genetic mutations specifically in tumor cells or endothelial cells. We selectively mutated the proapoptotic gene Bax or the DNA damage response gene Atm to genetically manipulate the radiosensitivity of endothelial cells in primary soft tissue sarcomas. Bax deletion from endothelial cells did not affect radiation-induced cell death in tumor endothelial cells or sarcoma response to radiation therapy. Although Atm deletion increased endothelial cell death after radiation therapy, deletion of Atm from endothelial cells failed to enhance sarcoma eradication. In contrast, deletion of Atm from tumor cells increased sarcoma eradication by radiation therapy. These results demonstrate that tumor cells, rather than endothelial cells, are critical targets that regulate sarcoma eradication by radiation therapy. Treatment with BEZ235, a small-molecule protein kinase inhibitor, radiosensitized primary sarcomas more than the heart. These results suggest that inhibiting ATM kinase during radiation therapy is a viable strategy for radiosensitization of some tumors.
Isolation and mapping of cDNA hybridization probes specific for ecotropic and nonecotropic murine leukemia proviruses.

Abstract To study the structure of murine leukemia proviruses in AKR mice by Southern hybridization, we have isolated and mapped ecotropic AKV and nonecotropic MCF-derived cDNA restriction fragments. The ecotropic-specific probes originate from four regions of the AKV genome which include the corresponding recombinant region of two MCF viruses (V1–36 and 247). We also isolated two nonecotropic probes from the recombinant region of MCP V1–36. The probes were characterized by (i) mapping of restriction fragments at the 3′ end of AKV and MCF V1–36 by a two-dimensional gel strategy, (ii) hybridization of restriction fragments to the related viral RNA genomes followed by electrophoresis, (iii) two-dimensional fingerprinting of single-stranded restriction fragments, and (iv) DNA sequence analysis of the ecotropic probes. The ecotropic AKV and nonecotropic MCF probes discriminate between two populations of endogenous murine leukemia viruses and show that the MCF viruses are not present in the germ line of AKR mice.
A New Frontier in Ultralow Power Wireless Links: Network-on-Chip and Chip-to-Chip Interconnects

This paper explores the general framework and prospects for on-chip and off-chip wireless interconnects implemented for high-performance computing (HPC) systems in the context of micro power wireless design. HPC interconnects demand very high (≥ 10 Gb/s) transmission rates using ultraefficient ( $\sim ~1$ pJ/bit) transceivers over extremely short (≤ 100 cm) ranges. In an attempt to design such wireless interconnects, first a model for the wireless communication channel properties is developed. The use of CMOS-based energy-efficient on–off keying (OOK) transceiver architectures operating in the 60–90 GHz bands is considered as a practical solution. In order to address strict performance requirements of wireless HPC interconnects, and taking advantage of the recent developments in device scaling, compact low-power and innovative circuits based on novel double-gate MOSFETs (DG-MOSFETs) are proposed in the implementation of the architecture. The performance of a compact low-noise amplifier (LNA) design using common source (CS) inductive degeneration with 32 nm DG-MOSFETs is investigated by quantitative analysis and simulation. The proposed inductor-less two-stage cascode cascade LNA is optimized for 90 GHz operation and has the advantage of gain switching over its CMOS counterpart without the use of additional switching transistors, which makes it remarkably power efficient and faster. As further examples of efficient and compact DG-MOSFET circuits for OOK transceiver design, a three-stage CS 5 dB tunable power amplifier operating up to 90 GHz, and a novel 90 GHz voltage controlled oscillator are also presented. This is followed by the proposal of an array of four monopole antennas studied using full-wave EM solver.
Early sonographic diagnosis of intrauterine device migration to the adnexa.

Uterine perforation is an uncommon complication of intrauterine devices (IUDs). Perforating IUDs can migrate to various locations but paradoxically are rarely found in ovaries or broad ligament. We describe an unusual case of a 23-year-old woman 1-month postpartum with an IUD translocation to the right adnexa. The IUD was inserted only 1 week prior to presentation, and she experienced pain on insertion. After visualization by ultrasound, the IUD was laparoscopically removed. We suggest early use of ultrasound in cases of potential IUD migration, particularly in high-risk patients and when IUD insertion causes pain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Behavior of negative parity spin modes as a function of the strength of the tensor interaction: Shell model vs one particle one hole (or random-phase approximation).

We consider negative parity excitations in [sup 4]He, [sup [pi]]=0[sup [minus]], 1[sup [minus]], and 2[sup [minus]] with isospin [ital T]=0 and 1. In a one-particle one-hole calculation the unnatural parity states, [ital J]=0[sup [minus]] and 2[sup [minus]] come down in energy linearly with the increasing strength of the tensor interaction, ultimately coming below the original [ital J]=0[sup +] ground state. However in a shell model diagonalization in a sufficiently large space, although the states may start to come down, there is a turnaround so that the excitation energies of these states thereafter increases with increasing tensor strength, and there is no energy inversion with the [ital J]=0[sup +] state.
Patrick Chamoiseau: a critical introduction

Wendy Knepper’s thoroughly researched and comprehensive volume delivers on its promise to introduce readers to the impressive, impactful and, at times, contentious body of work by the Martinican wr...
Experimental comparison of binary joint transform correlators used for fingerprint identification

We compare the experimental performance of 12 variations of the binary joint transform correlator (BJTC) when used for fingerprint identification. Three hardware architectures were used: a single spatial light modulator (SLM) BJTC, a BJTC using two input SLMs, and a chirpencoded BJTC using two input SLMs. These correlators were implemented on the same hardware setup with minor modifications. With each hardware configuration, four binarization techniques were implemented: global threshold, Fourier plane windowing, frame subtraction, and frame subtraction followed by windowing. A set of 10 experiments was used to characterize the output peak intensity, peak-to-noise ratio, and discrimination ratio. The same set of experiments was run on each of the 12 correlator variants.
Characters of commutative semigroups

The study of the algebraic theory of characters of commutative semigroups was initiated by Schwarz [8, 9, IO] and Hewitt and Zuckerman [#, 51. The theory has been further developed and expanded by Clifford and Preston [I] and several other authors [3,6, 7, II]. A character of a semigroup S is simply a homomorphism of S into the multiplicative semigroup of complex numbers. The collection of all characters of a semigroup S is a semigroup with respect to pointwise multiplication. We denote the semigroup of characters of S by V(S) and we define
Transatlantic Fate: Emerson, Cavell, and Beautiful Necessity

Emerson was always in a bind, for the romantic ethos he admired in figures like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Kant struck him as precariously outdated by the time he started writing his own essays. This predicament is particularly evident in “Fate,” a late essay that considers how nature and its necessity could curtail not just free agency but the freedom implicit in artistic creation. “Fate” has also been a touchstone of Stanley Cavell's engagement with Emerson. I argue that for all of Emerson's Cavellian skepticism, “Fate” looks past Kant in an attempt to ground the ethical in the aesthetic, finding in art a model for the moral agent who must blend free activity with an inscrutable fate. A central node in transatlantic romantic aesthetics, “Fate” also speaks to our current critical moment, highlighting both the possibilities and the pitfalls of a return to the aesthetic after a skeptical interval.
Initial-growth modes of nucleation droplets.

Using the theoretical formulation of Cahn and Hilliard and of Langer, we study the initial growth of nucleation droplets in systems with no conservation law for various dimensions and for an arbitrary distance from the coexistence curve. In the vicinity of the coexistence curve the nucleating droplets are compact at the center and growth occurs only at the droplet surface. Close to the classical spinodal the nucleating droplets are ramified and the growth occurs preferentially at the droplets' center. The growth is always maximum where the second derivative of the free-energy density is negative, i.e., at unstable concentrations. The droplet profile for any specified field tends to a universal tanh(x) profile for large dimension. We argue that certain aspects of the droplet depend only on a single scaling field that combines dimensions and quench depth.
Enhancing therapeutic efficacy of the MEK inhibitor, MEK162, by blocking autophagy or inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling in human lung cancer cells

Human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) displays activated MEK/ERK signaling due to a high frequency of K-Ras mutation and is thus a potential candidate for MEK-targeted therapy. The current study focuses on demonstrating the activity of MEK162 (binimetinib), a MEK inhibitor under clinical testing, against NSCLC and exploring possible mechanism-driven strategies to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. MEK162 inhibits the growth of human NSCLC cell lines with varied potencies through induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, it induces autophagy and accordingly the combination of MEK162 with the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, synergistically inhibits the growth of NSCLC cells and enhances apoptosis. MEK162 activates Akt signaling while effectively inhibiting MEK/ERK signaling. Accordingly, the combination of MEK162 and BKM120 (buparlisib), a pan-PI3K inhibitor, abrogates induced Akt activation and significantly augments therapeutic efficacy against the growth of NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Hence our findings warrant further evaluation of these rational combinations in the clinic.
Electric field-induced coherent control in GaAs: polarization dependence and electrical measurement [Invited]

A static electric field enables coherent control of the photoexcited carrier density in a semiconductor through the interference of one- and two-photon absorption. An experiment using optical detection is described. The polarization dependence of the signal is consistent with a calculation using a 14-band k · p model for GaAs. We also describe an electrical measurement. A strong enhancement of the phase-dependent photocurrent through a metal-semiconductor-metal structure is observed when a bias of a few volts is applied. The dependence of the signal on bias and laser spot position is studied. The field-induced enhancement of the signal could increase the sensitivity of semiconductor-based carrier-envelope phase detectors, useful in stabilizing mode-locked lasers for use in frequency combs.
Soft X-Ray Spectra of the Lithium Halides and Their Interpretation

The photoabsorption of LiF, LiCl, and LiBr has been investigated with high resolution at quantum energies from 60 to 230 eV using synchrotron radiation from an electron storage ring. It is found that the spectra can be understood largely in terms of transitions from the various core levels to the final-band density of states as obtained from recent band calculations. Features are found which may possibly be due to replication of the edge with the emission of one or more collective excitations.
The variability of the Kahn reaction in children

Summary Infants and children suffering from acute or chronic infection with or without fever may in isolated instances give temporary positive serologic reactions. Serologic tests should therefore be repeated for a sufficiently long period of time to eliminate the possibility of fluctuating type of reactions.
Deviations from proportionality and survival in new parliamentary democracies

Abstract This article builds on the work of Stepan and Skach (1993, World Politics 46(1), 1–22) who find that new parliamentary democracies are more likely to survive than new presidential democracies. They argue that parliamentary systems are more inclusive and promote problem solving. However, Stepan and Skach do not explore differences within parliamentary systems, such as the presence of proportional representation (PR) or plurality electoral rules. Disaggregating new parliamentary democracies by their deviations from proportionality reveals that less proportional systems are more likely to survive than those with highly proportional outcomes. Hence, the kind of electoral system within parliamentary systems appears to be an important factor for new democracies.
Student Computer Skills and Attitudes toward Internet-Delivered Instruction: An Assessment of Stability Over Time and Place:

With the expansion of Internet-based instruction, research-based guidelines are needed to support faculty decision making during course design to ensure student success and satisfaction with instruction incorporating new delivery technologies. This investigation consisted of two phases. In Phase One, computer skills and attitudes toward Internet-delivered instruction of geographically dispersed students were assessed and those components of an Internet course considered important based on students' demographics including computer experience, computer skills, and prior Internet-delivered course experience were identified. Results revealed shallow levels of computer skills with significant differences by geographic location. Additionally, while students overall were generally neutral toward Internet-based instruction, those with prior Internet-based experience regarded such instruction more positively. Phase Two of this research concerned the rate of change in students' computer skills and attitudes toward ...
Measurement of GFR with non-radioisotopic radio contrast agents

The clearance of creatinine has been shown to overestimate GFR in patients with renal disease and in kidney transplant recipients. Alternate means for measuring GFR involve the use of constant infusion and, frequently, of radioisotopes. We report herein the measurement of GFR with the use of a radiocontrast agent (diatrizoate meglumine) injected subcutaneously with a small amount of epinephrine (0.05 ml of 1:1000). The concentrations of this marker of glomerular filtration in blood and in urine were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. The results demonstrate that with this method of administration stable blood levels are observed for at least three hours. Furthermore, creatinine clearance overestimated GFR by 50% and by 68% in patients with renal disease and in renal transplant recipients, respectively. This method offers several advantages: 1) the use of commonly available and inexpensive materials; 2) obviates the need for the use of constant infusions; and 3) avoids the use of radioisotopes.
Aspects of the baroclinic boundary layer

Abstract The Ekman-Taylor boundary layer model is solved for the case of a linear variation of the geosptophic wind with height. The two-layer model couples a Monin–Obukhov similarity layer to an Ekman layer with a vertically constant eddy diffusivity. The presence of the thermal wind contributes both an along-isotherm and a cross-isotherm component to the boundary layer flow. The along-isotherm flow is supergeostrophic and results from the net downward transport of geostrophic momentum by the eddies. The cross-isotherm flow is toward the warm air and results from the Coriolis deflection of the geostrophic momentum-rich air aloft that has been mixed downward. The effect of the baroclinity (i.e., the thermal wind shear) on the wind field is conveniently summarized geometrically. The model predicts that the surface vorticity increases in regions of cyclonic thermal vorticity (i.e., the vorticity of the thermal wind). However, anticyclonic thermal vorticity produces convergence of the low-level warmward flow...
Independent roles of methionine sulfoxide reductase A in mitochondrial ATP synthesis and as antioxidant in retinal pigment epithelial cells

The antioxidant enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a support tissue for neighboring photoreceptors. MsrA protein levels correlate with sensitivity of RPE in culture to experimental oxidative stress. To investigate whether and how MsrA affects RPE functionality regardless of oxidative stress, we tested the effects of acute silencing or overexpression of MsrA on the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment fragments (POS), a demanding, daily function of the RPE that is essential for vision. Endogenous MsrA localized to mitochondria and cytosol of rat RPE in culture. RPE cells manipulated to express higher or lower levels of MsrA than control cells showed no signs of cell death but increased or decreased, respectively, POS binding as well as engulfment. These effects of altered MsrA protein concentration on phagocytosis were independent of the levels of oxidative stress. However, altering MsrA expression had no effect on phagocytosis when mitochondrial respiration was inhibited. Furthermore, ATP content directly correlated with MsrA protein levels in RPE cells that used mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP synthesis but not in RPE cells that relied on glycolysis alone. Overexpressing MsrA was sufficient to increase specifically the activity of complex IV of the respiratory chain, whereas activity of complex II and mitochondrial content were unaffected. Thus, MsrA probably enhances ATP synthesis by increasing complex IV activity. Such contribution of MsrA to energy metabolism is independent of its function in protection from elevated oxidative stress but contributes to routine but vital photoreceptor support by RPE cells.
In-situ pH measurement of selected liquid foods under high pressure

Abstract The efficacy of high pressure treatments in food processing is often attributed to the pressure induced pH change. However, knowledge of in-situ pH values of foods subjected to high pressure is scarce, because of obvious limitations of existing pH measurement methods. In this work, pH (25 °C) of some select liquid foods was measured in-situ under high hydrostatic pressure up to 800 MPa using our previously validated high pressure pH sensor. Our measurements show an increase of acidity in all tested food and water samples with increasing pressure. In general, food samples exhibit a buffering action under pressure resisting changes in pH. Furthermore, the pressure-dependent pH change is apparently independent of the concentration of added antimicrobial acids. Thus, any potential strategy of increasing the level of antimicrobial acid addition for enhancement of process pH effects is of dubious efficacy. Industrial relevance High pressure treatments in food processing require better understanding of in-situ pH values of foods subjected to high pressure. This paper describes in-situ pH measurement of some select liquid foods under high pressure using our high pressure pH sensor (Sastry & Samaranayake, 2009). The results of this study will assist product and process development in the food industry.
Hospitalizations in the United States among HIV-Infected Individuals in Short-Stay Hospitals, 1982 to 2010

Objective:To estimate trends in hospitalizations and days of care of HIV-infected individuals in US hospitals from 1982 to 2010.Methods:Secondary data analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Su...
Modeling Serial Arguments in Close Relationships: The Serial Argument Process Model

Though an emerging research area, serial argumentation has yet to be cohesively explored from a theoretical lens. The current project thus extends and updates Trapp and Hoff’s (1985) original serial argument model by explicating and testing a theoretical process an individual goes through immediately before, during, and after a serial argument episode. Specifically, perceived resolvability, serial argument goal importance, conflict tactics, rumination, and motivation to achieve goals are examined across romantic and family relationships in the serial argument process model. The proposed paths emerged generally as predicted and the model fit the data. The serial argument process model thus allows for a preliminary theoretical depiction of a serial argument episode enacted in a variety of close relationship contexts.
Dissociative adsorption of PH3 on Si(111)-(7 × 7): a high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy study

Abstract Dissociative adsorption of PH 3 on Si(111)-(7 × 7) has been observed at 80 K. The Si-H species is observed to be produced upon PH 3 adsorption. Depending upon the PH 3 surface coverage, PH 3 (a) (minority species) and PH 2 (a) species are found on the surface. The thermal dissociation of the surface PH 2 species occurs between 450 and 500 K, resulting in the capture of hydrogen and phosphorus on the surface.
Determination of vehicle behavior based on distributed sensor network data

Vehicle tracking can be done automatically based on data from a distributed sensor network. The determination of vehicle behavior must currently be done by humans. Behaviors of interest include searching, attacking and retreating. The purpose of this paper is to show an approach for the automatic interpretation of vehicle behaviors based on data from distributed sensor networks. The continuous dynamics of the sensor network are converted into symbolic dynamics by dividing its phase space into hypercubes and associating a symbol with each region. When the phase-space trajectory enters a region, its corresponding symbol is emitted into a symbol stream. Substrings from the stream are interpreted as a formal language defining the behavior of the vehicle. The formal language from the sensor network is compared to the languages associated with known behaviors of interest. Techniques for performing quantitative comparisons between formal languages are presented. The abstraction process is shown to be powerful enough to distinguish two simple behaviors of a robot based on data from a pressure sensitive floor.
Dendritic cell-tumor cell fusion and staphylococcal enterotoxin B treatment in a pancreatic tumor model.

Background. Surgical resection of pancreatic tumors removes gross disease but not metastases. Adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy and radiation treatment is of little value in metastatic pancreatic cancer. The hypothesis of this investigation is that specific and effective immunotherapeutic vaccine (dendritic/tumor cell fusion) will activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), leading to the eradication of spontaneous pancreatic cancer. Methods. We have developed a double transgenic mouse model (MET) that forms spontaneous pancreatic tumors and expresses the human MUC1 antigen. Seven-week-old MET mice (n = 8) were treated every 3 weeks with the vaccine. In addition, these mice received 50 μg of superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a known T cell stimulant, prior to the first vaccination. A second treatment group received SEB alone (n = 8) and controls received no treatment (n = 9). MUC1-specific CTLs were measured by chromium release assay. At 10 weeks of age and at necropsy, MUC1 serum levels were measured using a MUC1-specific ELISA. Results. Mice were known to harbor microscopic foci of cancer at birth. Survival was enhanced in vaccine as well as SEB-treated mice (75% CI ± 0.42) compared to controls (11% CI ± 0.28) and both groups of treated mice exhibited mature CTLs without in vitro stimulation. MUC 1 serum levels of the vaccine group were 50% less than that of control (P < 0.04) at 10 weeks. MUC1 serum levels directly correlated with tumor weight at necropsy (r = 0.86). Conclusions. This is the first evidence that MUC1-specific CTLs can be stimulated to enhance survival in a spontaneous tumor model.
Orthodox Dissidence as De-Atomization: Father Dmitrii Dudko and His Battle with Razobshchennost’

On June 20, 1980, after more than five months of imprisonment, grueling interrogation, and emotional anguish, Fr. Dmitrii Dudko appeared on Soviet television and disavowed his earlier “anti-Soviet” statements. Dudko’s televised repudiation of his activities appeared to put the last nail in the coffin of an Orthodox dissident movement, which had shown promise as a political opposition to the Soviet state. Based on the case of Fr. Dmitrii, this article advances the idea that the characterization of the movement in political terms misrepresents the motives of its participants. Far from dismissing the political implications of the churchmen’s actions, the article, building on Fr. Dmitrii’s expressed struggle with razobshchennost’ (social atomization or isolation), explains his “dissidence” on its own terms, while considering its consequences and potential threat to the Soviet state. Seeking to grasp some of the nuance of the Orthodox dissident movement in the Soviet Union, this article employs the paradigm of atomization, de-atomization, and re-atomization to connect the religiously motivated activities of Fr. Dmitrii Dudko with the political implications of his actions for the Soviet state.
Effect of power variation on thermal plasma optical diagnostic data

Abstract The effect of sinusoidal power variations on emissivity and line-shape measurements of Ar I transitions and the Hβ transition are examined, both by a computer simulation and with experiments. The average over substantial power variation (20–50%) for both total emissivity and transition half-width data is shown to agree, within data-processing errors, with results obtained from pure d.c. operation.
Use of latching transistors for power control and conversion

The General Electric G64LS latching transistor combines the advantages of the asymmetric thyristor with those of the power darlington transistor. Device operation and its specification sheet are explained. The device may be connected in series and/or parallel. Various base drive circuits are presented, along with its use in representative circuits for AC and DC motor control and high frequency power supplies.
Perceived effects of gender, family structure, and physical appearance on career progression in public accounting: A research note

Abstract This study measured whether gender, family structure, and physical appearance are perceived to influence future career success in public accounting. Practicing auditors indicated perceptions of success for 16 hypothetical audit seniors on three separate measures of career potential. Data were analyzed with repeated-measure ANOVAs. Peers who were described as female, married with children, and poor in physical appearance were generally perceived as less likely to succeed. Implications of these findings for both auditors and public accounting firms are discussed.
Assessing Regional Crop Irrigation Requirements and Streamflow Availability for Irrigation Development in Saginaw Bay, Michigan

Spatial and temporal variability of soil, crop, and climate significantly affects the estimates of regional irrigation requirements. This paper incorporates soil association data and multiple-station, multiple-year climate data into four simulation models, CERES-MAIZE, SOYGRO, BEANGRO, and YIELD to account for the spatial and temporal variability of the input parameters in estimating the evapotranspiration rates and irrigation requirements of corn, drybean, soybean, and sugarbeet production in the Saginaw Bay basin, Michigan. The Thiessen method was used to delineate the spatial coverage of the weather stations in the study watershed. The results of the simulated crop irrigation requirements at the soil association level were multiplied by the weights of each soil association area to derive regional irrigation requirements. The availability of streamflow at different exceedence probabilities was evaluated to determine the maximum irrigation area the stream is able to sustain without causing water quality degradation. Through a case study of the Saginaw Bay irrigation development, this paper demonstrates that the spatial and temporal variability of soil, crop, and climate can be well represented in the simulation models to provide more realistic simulation results in support of irrigation decision making.
The pathogenesis of virulent and avirulent avian infectious bronchitis virus.

This study compared the infections of chickens with virulent and avirulent strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Sixty 3-week-old chickens were infected by aerosol with a virulent strain of IBV and 60 with an avirulent strain. Immunofluorescent staining of impression smears and cryostat sections of the trachea revealed that the virulent IBV infected and destroyed the ciliated epithelial cells lining the trachea. The virus then became localized in subepithelial cells and was detectable for 21 days. The avirulent IBV infected only a few ciliated epithelial cells and there was no significant desquamation of the epithelium. The avirulent IBV, like the virulent, became localized in subepithelial cells and was detectable for 24 days. The immunologie response to virulent and avirulent IBV, as measured by virus neutralization titers, was similar at 19 days post infection. After this time, there was a divergence of the responses, with the virulent virus inducing ascending antibody titers while the antibody titers descended with the avirulent virus.
Behavior of Adult Rats Is Modified by the Experiences Their Mothers Had as Infants

Some rat pups were handled for 20 days in infancy, while others were not. When the rats reached adulthood the females were bred. Some of the offspring were left with their natural mothers, others were fostered to mothers of the same background (handled/nonhandled) as that of their natural mothers, while still others were fostered to mothers with a different background from that of their natural mothers. The offspring were weaned and weighed at 21 days; at 50 days, activity and defecation scores were obtained in the open field. The weights at weaning and the defecation scores at 50 days were significantly influenced by the experience in infancy of the "postnatal" mother, whether she was the natural mother or a foster mother. The natural mother and the foster mother jointly affected the open-field activity of the offspring.
Educating Academic Emergency Physicians

The ACGME and RRCs help to establish and maintain a fertile environment for scholarly activity in residency programs. A role in education of academicians is a byproduct of the requirements describing characteristics of educational institutions and residency programs. The decision of an individual graduate of a program to enter an academic or other career is the outcome of a multifactorial process involving individual preferences, environment, mentoring, experiences, and opportunity. The RRC-EM is happy to play a part in this complex process.
Dynamics of rapid vertical climbing in cockroaches reveals a template

Rapid, vertically climbing cockroaches produced climbing dynamics similar to geckos, despite differences in attachment mechanism, ;foot or toe' morphology and leg number. Given the common pattern in such diverse species, we propose the first template for the dynamics of rapid, legged climbing analogous to the spring-loaded, inverted pendulum used to characterize level running in a diversity of pedestrians. We measured single leg wall reaction forces and center of mass dynamics in death-head cockroaches Blaberus discoidalis, as they ascended a three-axis force plate oriented vertically and coated with glass beads to aid attachment. Cockroaches used an alternating tripod gait during climbs at 19.5+/-4.2 cm s(-1), approximately 5 body lengths s(-1). Single-leg force patterns differed significantly from level running. During vertical climbing, all legs generated forces to pull the animal up the plate. Front and middle legs pulled laterally toward the midline. Front legs pulled the head toward the wall, while hind legs pushed the abdomen away. These single-leg force patterns summed to generate dynamics of the whole animal in the frontal plane such that the center of mass cyclically accelerated up the wall in synchrony with cyclical side-to-side motion that resulted from alternating net lateral pulling forces. The general force patterns used by cockroaches and geckos have provided biological inspiration for the design of a climbing robot named RiSE (Robots in Scansorial Environments).
M. E. Bloch's Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Fische: a study

In the literature of ichthyology, Bloch's descriptive and richly illustrated Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Fische is one of the high points, both graphically and taxonomically. "Bloch's work is unique, and probably will for ever remain so ," were the words used by Gunther (1880 : 14) to describe it. Cuvier stated (1828) that Bloch had probably done more than any other worker of that period to stimulate a liking for ichthyology. For Francis Day (1875—88 : ii) , Bloch's work marked the begin­ ning point for the study of Indian fishes.
Structure and Mechanism of MbtI, the Salicylate Synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis†

MbtI (rv2386c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes the initial transformation in mycobactin biosynthesis by converting chorismate to salicylate. We report here the structure of MbtI at 2.5 A resolution and demonstrate that isochorismate is a kinetically competent intermediate in the synthesis of salicylate from chorismate. At pH values below 7.5 isochorismate is the dominant product while above this pH value the enzyme converts chorismate to salicylate without the accumulation of isochorismate in solution. The salicylate and isochorismate synthase activities of MbtI are Mg2+-dependent, and in the absence of Mg2+ MbtI has a promiscuous chorismate mutase activity similar to that of the isochorismate pyruvate lyase, PchB, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MbtI is part of a larger family of chorismate-binding enzymes descended from a common ancestor (the MST family), that includes the isochorismate synthases and anthranilate synthases. The lack of active site residues unique to pyruvate eliminating members o...
Foreword: Symposium on Vice and the Criminal Law

An obvious, if somewhat perverse, attraction of criminal law for those who study it is that it involves the regulation of some of the darkest and most disturbing aspects of human behavior. If one is interested in observing the most wrongful, harmful, and anti-social kinds of conduct in which people are capable of engaging, the criminal law offers as promising a place as any to start. Moral philosophy offers another body of work we might look to for insight into the evil that men do. Although moral philosophers have traditionally been interested more in the right and the good than the wrong and the bad, there is nevertheless a significant body of scholarship focused on the latter. This is true even, or perhaps especially, in the case of virtue theory, which, owing to its late twentieth century revival, can now plausibly claim to be the third major stream of Western moral theory, along with utilitarianism and Kantianism (see Anscombe 1958; Foot 1978; MacIntyre 1985). While much of this literature has focused on the ways in which our private and public lives are supposedly enhanced by the development of virtue, there is also an interesting, if modest, body of scholarship focused on how our lives are degraded by what is normally characterized as its opposite—namely, vice (see Skhlar 1984; Schimmel 1997; Taylor 2006). So, the question arises: what exactly is, or should be, the relationship between vice and the criminal law? The six papers included in this symposium—written by leading scholars in law, philosophy, and the social sciences—are each, in their own way, addressed to this question. This brief introduction offers a roadmap to these papers and a highly preliminary framework for thinking about the vice/crime connection.
Hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structures, and properties of two 3-D network nickel nicotinate coordination polymers: [Ni4(μ-H2O)2(nicotinate)8 · 2H2O] and [Ni2(H2O)2(nicotinate)4(4,4′-bpy)]

Abstract The three-dimensional coordination polymers [Ni4(μ-H2O)2(nic)8 · 2H2O] (nic = nicotinate, 3-pyridylcarboxylate) (1) and [Ni2(H2O)2(nic)4(4,4′-bpy)] (2) were prepared by the hydrothermal reaction of nickel(II) chloride, nicotinic acid, sodium hydroxide and an organoimine (several choices for 1, 4,4′-bipyridine for 2). The non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of 1 is constructed from binuclear [Ni2(μ-H2O)(μ3-nic)2]2+ subunits joined into 3-D via μ2- and μ3-nicotinate ligands, forming “bird”-shaped cavities that contain water molecule dimers. The crystal structure of 1 is compared and contrasted to two previously reported nickel(II) nicotinate phases. In contrast, the crystal structure of 2 is assembled from neutral [Ni(H2O)(μ2-nic)2] layers, connected into 3-D via tethering 4,4′-bpy moieties. 1 exhibits weak antiferromagnetic coupling across its binuclear subunits (J = −1.61(2) cm−1 for g = 2.233(2)), although anisotropy due to single-ion zero-field-splitting (D) cannot be excluded. The 3-D structures of 1 and 2 remain stable above 300 °C and 200 °C, respectively.
Predicting Phase Diagram of the CaCl2-H2O Binary System from the BET Adsorption Isotherm

Abstract The statistical mechanical description of multilayer adsorption culminating in the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm for aqueous electrolytes as developed by Ally and Braunstein [M.R. Ally and J. Braunstein, Fluid Phase Equilibria. 87 (2) (1993) 213–236] is used to predict the liquidus behavior of CaCl2·H2O across the entire composition range (from the melting point of pure water to the melting point of anhydrous calcium chloride), including possible metastable crystalline phases. The method requires as input the two BET parameters r, the statistically averaged number of adsorption sites and ɛ, the energy of adsorption of water in excess of the energy of condensation of pure water. Usually it suffices to keep r and ɛ constant, typically evaluated at 298.15 K, but in the case of CaCl2·H2O, it is found that both r and ɛ must be considered temperature dependent in order to predict the liquidus curve, eutectic and peritectic points with reasonable accuracy over the large temperature and compositional range for this binary system. The theory and methodology in this paper enables detailed predictions of liquidus curves over much wider temperature and composition ranges than that reported by an alternate method [D. Zeng, H. Zhou,W. Voigt, Fluid Phase Equilibria 253 (2007) 1–11].
Demonstration of Cystine-Containing Protein in Keratohyalin Granules of the Epidermis

Incorporation of cystine - 3 H into keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis was studied by autoradiography, Sulfhydryl and disulfide groups were tested both in situ and in isolated keratohyalin granules by the use of the DDD reagent. Labeled granules appeared in significant numbers in skin specimens taken 6 and 24hr after injection of cystine- 3 H, indicating that cystine-containing protein had been incorporated. Granules in situ gave a negative test whereas isolated granules gave a positive test with the DDD reagent for both sulfhydryl and disulfide groups. The negative reaction obtained in situ was attributed to blocking of the histochemical reaction rather than to the absence of cystine-containing protein in keratohyalin granules as proposed by previous investigators.
Deskilling and adaptation among primary care physicians using two work innovations.

Background The U.S. health care system has innovated over the past decade in ways aimed at improving quality of care while increasing managerial control over how medicine is practiced. Two key issues in examining innovation implementation is the extent to which physicians may experience deskilling as part of innovation use and to what extent they actively participate in this deskilling through adaptations they make to accommodate and take advantage of the innovations in their everyday work. Methodology Interviews with 78 U.S. primary care physicians were conducted. Data were transcribed and computer analyzed through an interactive process of open coding, theoretical sampling, vignette construction, and pattern recognition that proceeded in several stages. The two innovations examined were the use of electronic medical records and clinical guidelines. Findings Primary care physicians perceive and experience the use of electronic medical records and clinical guidelines in ways that indicate deskilling outcomes. The deskilling outcomes identified include decreased clinical knowledge, decreased patient trust, increased stereotyping of patients, and decreased confidence in making clinical decisions. Physicians are actively involved in the deskilling process through the adaptive choices made when incorporating the innovations into their everyday work. The existing primary care business model exacerbates the deskilling effects of the two innovations examined in the study. Practice implications Primary care physicians perceive and experience deskilling as a tangible outcome of using particular health care innovations. However, such deskilling is, in part, a function of physicians' own actions as well as extant pressures in the surrounding work context. Health care organizations and managers have a productive role to play in attempting to mitigate these pressures and lessen the deskilling outcomes associated with them. This study supports closer examination of the total costs and benefits deriving from using different health care innovations while portraying innovation use as a negotiated set of outcomes.
Conditional entropy and error probability

Fano's inequality relates the error probability and conditional entropy of a finitely-valued random variable X given another random variable Y. It is not necessarily tight when the marginal distribution of X is fixed. In this paper, we consider both finite and countably infinite alphabets. A tight upper bound on the conditional entropy of X given Y is given in terms of the error probability and the marginal distribution of X. A new lower bound on the conditional entropy for countably infinite alphabet is also found. The equivalence of the reliability criteria of vanishing error probability and vanishing conditional entropy is established in wide generality.
Faster Event Forwarding in a Content-Based Publish-Subscribe System through Lookup ReuseEvent

Event forwarding in a content-based publish-subscribe system is an expensive task due to the need to match an events content against registered subscriptions at every router. We introduce lookup reuse, a novel approach to improve the efficiency of event forwarding. Lookup reuse enables faster event forwarding through reusing matching results computed by upstream routers in making forwarding decisions at downstream routers. In many cases, this lets downstream routers replace an expensive content-match with a much cheaper hash-table lookup. We investigate the integration of lookup reuse into existing content-based event forwarding algorithms. Our simulations show that lookup reuse reduces the event processing overhead on average by 40 to 55 percent, when used with existing content-based event forwarding algorithms.