cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction optimization for combined metabolomics, peptidomics, and proteomics analysis of gut microbiota samples

Multiomic studies are increasingly performed to gain a deeper understanding of molecular processes occurring in a biological system, such as the complex microbial communities (i.e., microbiota) that reside the distal gut. While a combination of metabolomics and proteomics is more commonly used, multiomics studies including peptidomcis characterization are less frequently undertaken. Here, we investigated three different extraction methods, chosen for their previous use in extracting metabolites, peptides, and proteins, and compared their ability to perform metabolomic, peptidomic, and proteomic analysis of mouse cecum content. The methanol/chloroform/water extraction performed the best for metabolomic and peptidomic analysis as it detected the largest number of small molecules and identified the largest number of peptides, but the acidified methanol extraction performed best for proteomics analysis as it had the highest number of protein identifications. The methanol/chloroform/water extraction was further analyzed by identifying metabolites with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis and by gene ontology analysis for the peptide and protein results to provide a multiomics analysis of the gut microbiota.
Abstract 6360: Development of a new substituted 1,3-dioxoisoindoline series that are RPS6K1 protein kinase inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutics

The 40S ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, is the principal kinase effector downstream of the PI3K/mTOR regulatory signaling pathway. Over-expression of RPS6K1 has been associated with cell transformation and elevated proliferation rates in tumors, poor prognosis and an increased risk of local recurrence. RPS6K1 has been found to play an important role in the progression of ER-positive breast cancer, HER2 positive breast cancer and node-negative premenopausal breast cancer. Overexpression of RPS6K1 is closely correlated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Inhibition of this kinase can prove to be beneficial for the treatment of several types of cancer including breast cancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, etc. Our laboratory has identified 7-amino-5-amido-1,3-dioxoisoindolines as S6K1 inhibitors with low micromolar IC50 values (2-5 μM). These compounds also inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells DU-145 and breast cancer cells MCF-7 (ER-positive) and SKBR3 (HER2-positive). The IC50 values of growth inhibition of SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines by the compounds RJ19, RJ22 and RJ28 are 3.3, 1.9 and 4.7 μM, respectively. The core structure 5,7-diamino-1,3-dioxoisoindoline was found to selectively inhibit RPS6K1 over 99 other oncologic protein kinases. This series of compounds have the potential to become viable therapeutics for many types of cancer. The results from the synthesis of 7-amino-5-amido-1,3-dioxoisoindoline derivatives, the structure activity studies, and their efficacy studies will be presented. Citation Format: Jayalakshmi Sridhar, Rajesh Komati, Melyssa Bratton. Development of a new substituted 1,3-dioxoisoindoline series that are RPS6K1 protein kinase inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6360.
Medical Segment Coloring of Clinical Notes.

This paper proposes a deep learning-based method to identify the segments of a clinical note corresponding to ICD-9 broad categories which are further color-coded with respect to 17 ICD-9 categories. The proposed Medical Segment Colorer (MSC) architecture is a pipeline framework that works in three stages: (1) word categorization, (2) phrase allocation, and (3) document classification. MSC uses gated recurrent unit neural networks (GRUs) to map from an input document to word multi-labels to phrase allocations, and uses statistical median to map phrase allocation to document multi-label. We compute variable length segment coloring from overlapping phrase allocation probabilities. These cross-level bidirectional contextual links identify adaptive context and then produce segment coloring. We train and evaluate MSC using the document labeled MIMIC-III clinical notes. Training is conducted solely using document multi-labels without any information on phrases, segments, or words. In addition to coloring a clinical note, MSC generates as byproducts document multi-labeling and word tagging -- creation of ICD9 category keyword lists based on segment coloring. Performance comparison of MSC byproduct document multi-labels versus methods whose purpose is to produce justifiable document multi-labels is 64% vs 52.4% micro-average F1-score against the CAML (CNN attention multi label) method. For evaluation of MSC segment coloring results, medical practitioners independently assigned the colors to broad ICD9 categories given a sample of 40 colored notes and a sample of 50 words related to each category based on the word tags. Binary scoring of this evaluation has a median value of 83.3% and mean of 63.7%.
Ordinary Differential Equations

Although the fundamental equations governing the evolution of geophysical fluids are partial differential equations, ordinary differential equations arise in several contexts. The trajectories of individual fluid parcels in an inviscid flow are governed by simple ordinary differential equations, and systems of ordinary differential equations may describe chemical reactions or highly idealized dynamical systems. Since basic methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations are simpler than those for partial differential equations, and since the time-differencing formulae used in the numerical solution of partial differential equations are closely related to those used for ordinary differential equations, this chapter is devoted to the analysis of methods for the approximate solution of ordinary differential equations (ODE solvers). Nevertheless some approaches to the solution of partial differential equations, such as Lax–Wendroff and finite-volume methods, arise from fully discretized approximations in both space and time that cannot be correctly analyzed by considering the spatial and temporal differencing in isolation. These fully discretized approaches will be discussed in subsequent chapters.
Serum Albumin Modifies the Effect of Peripheral Blood Monocytes on Severity of Diabetic Nephropathy in an Adult Population.

Abstract Background Our aim in this study was to characterize clinical associations between peripheral blood immune populations and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods We queried hospital records from an outpatient diabetes primary care clinic between 2018 and 2019 for clinical and laboratory data, including complete blood counts with differentials, serum albumin and globulin, glycated hemoglobin (A1C) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. One hundred ninety-eight patients had complete cross-sectional data with temporally proximate complete blood counts and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios. After univariable correlation assessment, we used a forward multivariable linear regression model to test the hypothesis that higher numbers of circulating innate immune populations would be associated with DKD, while accounting for known demographic, clinical and laboratory risk factors. We defined DKD as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of >3 mg/mmol or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of Results Adjusted analyses demonstrated significant (p Conclusions Circulating monocytes and serum albumin are significantly associated with albuminuria, but not eGFR in DKD. These results support the potential role of the innate immune system in diabetic microvascular end-organ damage and urinary protein loss, and may be readily translatable clinical markers to incorporate into risk-assessment models for prognostication in diabetes.
Research Programs, Model-Building and Actor-Network-Theory: Reassessing the Case of the Leontief Paradox

Methodology of scientific research programs (MSRP), model-building and actor-network-theory (ANT) are woven together to provide a layered study of the Leontief paradox. Neil De Marchi's Lakatosian account examined the paradox within an Ohlin-Samuelson research program. A model-building approach rather highlights the ability of Leontief's input-output model to mediate between international trade theory and the world by facilitating an empirical application of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem. The epistemological implications of this model-building approach provide an alternative explanation of why Samuelson and other prominent economists ignored the paradox. By focusing on the network in which input-output analysis evolved, Bruno Latour's ANT further explains the response of international trade theorists.
Iatrogenic Injuries in Manual and Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

PurposeMechanical chest compression has been shown to be equivalent to manual chest compression in providing survival benefits to patients experiencing cardiac arrest. There has been a growing need...
Selection of a Proper Prodrug for Penetration Enhancement

A penetration enhancer is by definition anything that is used to improve the delivery of a chemical substance across some biological/biochemical barrier. For the present purposes, we are interested in chemical-, as opposed to, physical-, electrical-, or mechanical-based approaches to improving the delivery of a drug into or through the skin barrier by improving dermal or transdermal delivery, respectively, or collectively by improving the topical delivery of a drug. Enhanced topical delivery using chemical approaches can be achieved by making transient derivatives of drugs, prodrugs, that exhibit optimized (a balance of) lipid and aqueous solubilities that increase their solubility in the first few layers of the skin. Increased lipid and aqueous solubilities of drugs containing polar functional groups can usually be accomplished by making a prodrug to mask the polar functional group. Increased water solubility of more lipid soluble drugs can be accomplished by using promoieties that contain water solubilizing functional groups. These same chemical-based approaches could also be used to improve the delivery of cosmeceuticals, but there the task would be specifically only for improving their dermal delivery.
Of Surfing, Searching, And Newshounds: A Typology Of Internet Users' Online Sessions

ABSTRACT This study seeks to explore relationships between online-user motivations and the types of activities and applications in which users participate during individual online sessions. Thirty-one internet users completed journals of their online usage for a on-week period. The journals allowed users to identify the gratifications sought online and to report on the activities undertaken during each online session. Cluster analysis of the 244 sessions indicated 7 types undertaken by the panelists. Three types of sessions had as single focus (email, entertainment, and news) and four types were multi-purpose sessions where users accessed a variety of internet offerings. These sessions were characterized by different gratifications sought for the sessions. Data suggest the types of sessions that are most likely to result in exposure to online advertising.
Cigarette smoking and military deployment: a prospective evaluation.

Background The stress of military deployment may compound occupational stress experienced in the military and manifest in maladaptive coping behaviors such as cigarette smoking. The current study describes new smoking among never-smokers, smoking recidivism among past smokers, and change in daily smoking among smokers in relation to military deployment. Methods The Millennium Cohort is a 21-year longitudinal study. The current analysis utilized participants (N=48,304) who submitted baseline data (July 2001–June 2003) before the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and follow-up data (June 2004–January 2006) on health measures. New smoking was identified among baseline never-smokers, smoking recidivism among baseline past smokers, and increased or decreased daily smoking among baseline smokers. Analyses were conducted March 2007–April 2007. Results Among never-smokers, smoking initiation was identified in 1.3% of nondeployers and 2.3% of deployers. Among past smokers, smoking resumption occurred in 28.7% of nondeployers and 39.4% of those who deployed. Smoking increased 44% among nondeployers and 57% among deployers. Those who deployed and reported combat exposures were at 1.6 times greater odds of initiating smoking among baseline never-smokers (95% CI=1.2, 2.3) and at 1.3 times greater odds of resuming smoking among baseline past smokers when compared to those who did not report combat exposures. Other deployment factors independently associated with postdeployment smoking recidivism included deploying for >9 months and deploying multiple times. Among those who smoked at baseline, deployment was not associated with changes in daily amount smoked. Conclusions Military deployment is associated with smoking initiation and, more strongly, with smoking recidivism, particularly among those with prolonged deployments, multiple deployments, or combat exposures. Prevention programs should focus on the prevention of smoking relapse during or after deployment.
A Study of Animals and Law in the American City

Whereas a large and growing scholarly literature is dedicated to studying human populations in the city, not much has been written about nonhuman animals in this space. This essay explores the presence of nonhuman animals in the American city through a legal lens. I begin with a few general contemplations about the legal classification of animals in American cities, and then move to explore specific legal classifications of animals in cities: domestic and companion animals, agriculture or livestock animals, wild animals, and pests. I argue that such animal classifications are not as fixed and static as they present themselves to be. For example, a pig or a horse may be a companion animal under anti-cruelty provisions or livestock under provisions regulating agribusiness. Studying various examples of animal reclassification, this essay demonstrates the inherent messiness of the legal ordering of animals and reveals the legal struggles to redefine such ordering. The honeybee in particular demonstrates the fluidity between various animal classifications and the ways in which animals are subject to, and themselves affect, legal and administrative practices. Alongside the attempt to classify animals, a considerable effort also goes into keeping animals confined within their particular classifications. The prohibitions from keeping wild and farm animals as pets, and those that prohibit treating pets as pests or pests as pets — all point to the desire of lawmakers to place and keep animals within their classifications so as to ensure that cities are safe, sanitized, and free of animal nuisances. At the same time, human and nonhuman animals also express their own, sometimes conflicting, trajectories that transgress and challenge their black-boxing within legal classifications, forcing lawmakers and enforcers to adapt or develop new legal ways to organize disorderly nature so as to redefine, reestablish, and reinforce order. My reading of animal laws thus illuminates the dynamic and often conflicted human-animal existence in the city and its translation and reiteration by legal texts and practices.
Improving service to small communities

The National Research Council recently published a report calling for a three-part strategy to improve the quality of water service in small communities. The strategy, outlined in this article, involves improving the sustainability of financing and management of small water systems, enhancing the training of small system operators, and reducing duplication of costly pilot testing efforts for small system technologies. These steps correlate to key provisions of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments and should assist the US Environmental Protection Agency, states, and water utilities with implementing those amendments.
Maintaining safety in interdomain routing with hierarchical path-categories

The stable-paths problem is an abstraction of the basic functionality of the Internet's BGP routing protocol. It has received considerable attention due to instabilities observed in BGP. In this abstraction, each node informs its neighboring nodes of its current path to the destination node. From the paths received from its neighbors, each node chooses the best path according to some local routing policy. However, since routing policies are chosen locally, conflicts may occur between nodes, resulting in unstable behavior. Deciding if a set of routing policies is stable is NP-hard. Thus, current solutions involve restricting routing policies to avoid instabilities, while maintaining enough flexibility for the routing policies to be useful. Recently, path-categories have been introduced. E.g., a simple system consists of a category of regular paths, and a category of backup paths. By combining path-categories into a total order (regular paths have higher priority than backup paths), it has been shown that the resulting system is stable if each category by itself is stable. In this paper, we relax the total-order of categories into a partial-order, and thus provide greater flexibility of routing choices at each node. We extend the definition of the stable-paths problem to allow such flexibility, and show that if each category is stable in itself, then the whole system is stable. In addition, we show an upper bound on the convergence time of the whole system provided each category in itself has a bounded convergence time.
Dendritic cell-intrinsic expression of NF-κB1 is required to promote optimal Th2 cell differentiation

A number of receptors and signaling pathways can influence the ability of dendritic cells (DC) to promote CD4(+) Th type 1 (Th1) responses. In contrast, the regulatory pathways and signaling events that govern the ability of DC to instruct Th2 cell differentiation remain poorly defined. In this report, we demonstrate that NF-kappaB1 expression within DC is required to promote optimal Th2 responses following exposure to Schistosoma mansoni eggs, a potent and natural Th2-inducing stimulus. Although injection of S. mansoni eggs induced production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the draining lymph node of wild-type (WT) mice, NF-kappaB1(-/-) hosts failed to express Th2 cytokines and developed a polarized Ag-specific IFN-gamma response. In an in vivo adoptive transfer model in which NF-kappaB-sufficient OVA-specific DO11.10 TCR transgenic T cells were injected into OVA-immunized WT or NF-kappaB1(-/-) hosts, NF-kappaB1(-/-) APCs efficiently promoted CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma responses, but failed to promote Ag-specific IL-4 production. Further, bone marrow-derived DC from NF-kappaB1(-/-) mice failed to promote OVA-specific Th2 cell differentiation in in vitro coculture studies. Last, S. mansoni egg Ag-pulsed NF-kappaB1(-/-) DC failed to prime for Th2 cytokine responses following injection into syngeneic WT hosts. Impaired Th2 priming by NF-kappaB1(-/-) DC was accompanied by a reduction in MAPK phosphorylation in Ag-pulsed DC. Taken together, these studies identify a novel requirement for DC-intrinsic expression of NF-kappaB1 in regulating the MAPK pathway and governing the competence of DC to instruct Th2 cell differentiation.
A Critical Role for Murine Complement Regulator Crry in Fetomaternal Tolerance

Complement is a component of natural immunity. Its regulation is needed to protect tissues from inflammation, but mice with a disrupted gene for the complement regulator decay accelerating factor were normal. Mice that were deficient in another murine complement regulator, Crry, were generated to investigate its role in vivo. Survival of Crry-/- embryos was compromised because of complement deposition and concomitant placenta inflammation. Complement activation at the fetomaternal interface caused the fetal loss because breeding to C3-/- mice rescued Crry-/- mice from lethality. Thus, the regulation of complement is critical in fetal control of maternal processes that mediate tissue damage.
More Evidence for a Solar Latitude Dependent Limb Temperature Variation

A preliminary analysis of solar limb data obtained during 1983, 1984 and 1985 supports the observation that the sun has a 0.6°K effective limb temperature variation with a temperature minimum near 50° North and South latitude and no detectible solar cycle time scale variability.
Cell Behavior on Surface Modified Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Designing complex tissue culture systems requires cell alignment and directed extracellular matrix (ECM) and gene expression. Here, a micro-rough, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface, that also integrates a micro-pattern of 50 µm wide lines of fibronectin (FN) separated by 60 µm wide lines of bovine serum albumin (BSA), is developed. Human fibroblasts cultured on the rough, patterned substrate have aligned growth and a significant change in morphology when compared to cells on a flat, patterned surface. The rough PDMS topography significantly decreases cell area and induces the upregulation of several ECM related genes by two-fold when compared to cells cultured on flat PDMS. This study describes a simple surface engineering procedure for creating surface architecture for scaffolds to design and control the cell-surface interface.
Effects of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) treatment on coupled activities of vanadate-sensitive ATPase from plasma membrane of maize roots.

The presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited the activities of vanadate-sensitive H+ -ATPase in both native and reconstituted plasma membrane of maize (Zea mays L. cv. WF9 × Mo 17) roots. Concentration dependence of DCCD inhibition on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis of native plasma membrane vesicles suggested that the molar ratio of effective DCCD binding to ATPase was close to 1. The DCCD inhibition of ATP hydrolysis could be slightly reduced by the addition of ATP, Mg:ATP, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Mg:AMP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). More hydrophilic derivatives of DCCD such as l-ethyl-N?-3-trimethyl ammonium carbodiimide (EDAC) or 1-ethyl-3-3-dimethyl-aminopropyl carbodiimide (EDC) gave no inhibition, indicating that the effective DCCD binding site was located in a hydrophobic region of the protein. The proton transport activity of reconstituted plasma membrane at a temperature below 20°C or above 25°C was much sensitive to DCCD treatment. Build-up of the proton gradient was analyzed according to a kinetic model, which showed that proton leakage across de-energized reconstituted plasma membranes was not affected by DCCD, but was sensitive to the method employed to quench ATP hydrolysis. Reconstituted plasma membrane vesicles treated with DCCD exhibited a differential inhibition of the coupled H+-transport and ATP hydrolysis. The presence of 50 μM DCCD nearly abolished transport but inhibited less than 50% of ATP hydrolysis. The above results suggest that the link between proton transport and vanadate-sensitive ATP hydrolysis is indirect in nature.
Strategies for drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier

Traditional approaches to circumventing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) involve intrathecal administration of neuropharmaceuticals; however, this results in drug distribution only to the surface of the brain. Another approach to circumventing the BBB involves drug latentiation or the conversion of water soluble substances to lipid soluble compounds. This approach portends a vast promise for the neuropharmaceutical industry, which has yet to be realized for a wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents. However, studies with the lipid soluble peptide, cyclosporin, indicate that drug latentiation may not be a particularly promising approach for the delivery of systemically administered neuropeptides to brain. A new strategy, called transport-directed drug delivery to brain, involves coupling of the neuropharmaceutical agent to a peptide (e.g., insulin) that is normally transported through the BBB by a peptide specific transport system.
Optical-fiber arrays for vapor sensing

Abstract This paper reviews the use of optical fibers as a platform to fabricate vapor sensitive arrays that have been developed in the authors’ laboratory in recent years. Two types of fluorescence-based optical-fiber array systems are described: polymer-coated single core optical fibers and imaging fiber-optic bundles incorporating functionalized microspheres. Each system responds to an analyte vapor in a cross-reactive manner generating a multi-dimensional signal that can be used to train a pattern recognition program to identify subsequent exposures of the array to learned vapors. Several applications are described including explosives and nerve agent detection as well as the detection of several volatile organic compounds and ignitable liquids.
Zebrafish cdc25a is expressed during early development and limiting for post-blastoderm cell cycle progression

Cdc25 phosphatases are required for eukaryotic cell cycle progression. To investigate mechanisms governing spatiotemporal dynamics of cell cycle progression during vertebrate development, we isolated two cdc25 genes from the zebrafish, Danio rerio, cdc25a and cdc25d. We propose that Zebrafish cdc25a is the zebrafish orthologue of the tetrapod Cdc25A genes, while cdc25d is of indeterminate origin. We show that both genes have proliferation promoting activity, but that only cdc25d can complement a Schizosaccharomyces pombe loss of function cdc25 mutation. We present expression data demonstrating that cdc25d expression is very limited during early development, while cdc25a is widely expressed and consistent with the mitotic activity in previously identified mitotic domains of the post-blastoderm zebrafish embryo. Finally, we show that cdc25a can accelerate the entry of post-blastoderm cells into mitosis, suggesting that levels of cdc25a are rate limiting for cell cycle progression during gastrulation.
Incidence and outcomes of the peripheral T-cell lymphoma subtypes in the United States

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) represent a small subgroup of non-Hodgkin lymphomas historically difficult to diagnose. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of 3287 PTCL cases diagnosed from 1992 to 2005 in 13 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries. Incidence trends, age-adjusted incidence rates and relative survival rates were compared across the study period, and by sex, race and age groups. From 1992 to 2005, PTCL incidence increased by 280%. Age-adjusted incidence rates were higher in males (Male/Female incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.8) and in Blacks (Black/White IRR 1.2). Asian predominance was pronounced for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Whites had higher 5-year survival than other racial groups for most histologic subtypes; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The variance in incidence rates and outcomes across PTCL subtypes support the pursuit of ongoing research to identify the etiology, pathophysiology, treatment patterns and differences in treatment response for PTCL subsets.
On the optimum polarizations of incoherently reflected waves

In radar imaging, the scattered waves are usually partially polarized. Accordingly, the concept of optimum polarization must be extended to the case of incoherent scattering where the scattered waves are partially polarized. Here, it will be shown that the Stokes scattering operator is the most suitable characterization of incoherent scattering. The problem of finding the polarization that would yield an optimum amount of power received from the scatterer is solved by assuming a knowledge of the Stokes scattering operator instead of the 2 \times 2 scattering matrix with complex elements. The advantage of this method is that it may be used to find the optimum polarizations for the case wherein the scatterers can only be fully characterized by their Stokes scattering operator (incoherent scattering) and the case wherein the scatterer can be fully characterized by the complex 2 \times 2 scattering matrix (coherent scattering). In this report, it will he shown that the optimum polarizations reported thus far in the literature, i.e., when the problem is solved by using a knowledge of the 2 \times 2 scattering matrix, form the solutions for a subset of a more general class of problems. When the solution of the problem is based on a knowledge of the Stokes scattering operator, it is found that for incoherent scattering six optimum polarizations can exist, whereas when the solution is based on the 2 \times 2 scattering matrix, the number of optimum polarizations is necessarily limited to four.
Onshore propagation of a buoyant ocean front observed using a shore-based marine radar

An analysis is presented of a 2-h-long time series of X-band marine radar images, collected at Duck, North Carolina (USA), that captured the evolution of a buoyant ocean front as it propagated onshore, following a period of upwelling-favorable winds. In plan view, the front exhibits a scallop-shaped structure similar to that previously observed along strongly convergent fronts. This alongshore structure consists of broad frontal crests (a few hundred meters in length) alternating with sharply angled troughs, or frontal cusps. The evolution of these frontal shapes is explored using a reduced-gravity model (Cooper et al., J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans 106 (2001) 16887) that allows for nonlinear self-interaction of a propagating front. A model simulation shows cusps that develop quickly from initially broad troughs and that point toward the buoyant water, features resembling the observations. However, the simulation also shows a continuous oscillation of frontal shapes, while the observed front reaches a quasi-steady plan form. We attribute this difference in behavior to the gradual shoaling of the observed front as it steadily advances, ultimately reaching water depths of less than 2 m, which is comparable to the thickness of the buoyant layer. As a consequence of the shoaling, we suggest the cusps become sites of enhanced mixing, where water inshore of the front is also accelerated seaward.
Solvolytic behavior of -dimethylamino--bromostyrene in water solutions

Nmr and UV studies show that p-dimethylamino-α-bromostyrene, I, undergoes SNl reaction in H2O and HClO4 (kSNl = 6 × 10−1sec.−1 at 25°). The vinyl cation has an extraordinary selectivity for capture by aromatic amines relative to H2O, including I itself to give the dimer II.
Immunophysiological studies of interleukin-2 and canine lymphocytes

Interleukin-2-dependent pathways of lymphocyte activation were investigated in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) following stimulation with T-cell mitogens including phytohemagglutinin, phorbol ester (TPA), calcium ionophore (ionomycin), and human recombinant interleukin-2 (hrIL-2). The ability of the stimulated cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) was determined using murine indicator cell lines. IL-2 receptor expression by mitogen-stimulated canine PBL was confirmed by the binding of hrIL-2 with high affinity, and with characteristics comparable to those of the human and murine IL-2 receptor. Examination of serum and PBL from two dogs that were treated with hrIL-2 and human recombinant tumor necrosis factor for systemic mast cell tumors showed that in one dog, IL-2 could be measured in the serum. Concurrently, the in vitro mitogenic response of this dog's PBL to hrIL-2 occurred earlier, possibly reflecting an increase in the relative number of IL-2-responsive cells within the PBL population.
High-speed nanometer-resolved imaging vibrometer and velocimeter

Conventional laser vibrometers are incapable of performing multidimensional vibrometry at high speeds because they build on single-point measurements and rely on beam scanning, significantly limiting their utility and precision. Here we introduce a laser vibrometer that performs high-speed multidimensional imaging-based vibration and velocity measurements with nanometer-scale axial resolution without the need for beam scanning. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate real-time microscopic imaging of acoustic vibrations with 1 nm axial resolution, 1200 image pixels, and 30 ps dwell time at 36.7 MHz scan rate.
Active α-macroglobulin is a reservoir for urokinase after fibrinolytic therapy in rabbits with tetracycline-induced pleural injury and in human pleural fluids.

Intrapleural processing of prourokinase (scuPA) in tetracycline (TCN)-induced pleural injury in rabbits was evaluated to better understand the mechanisms governing successful scuPA-based intrapleur...
In situ feldspar dissolution rates in an aquifer

Abstract In situ silicate dissolution rates within the saturated Navajo sandstone, at Black Mesa, Arizona were determined from elemental fluxes in the aquifer. The mass transfer between groundwater and mineral matrix along flow paths was calculated from inverse mass balance modeling. The reaction time is bound by 14C-based travel time. BET surface areas were measured with N2 gas adsorption. Dissolution rates for K-feldspar and plagioclase are 10−19 and 10−16 mol (feldspar) m−2 s−1, respectively, which are ∼105 times slower than laboratory experiment-derived rates under similar pH and temperature but at far from equilibrium conditions. The rates obtained in this study are consistent with the slower field rates found in numerous watershed and soil profile studies. However, these rates are from saturated aquifers, overcoming some concerns on estimated rates from unsaturated systems. The Navajo sandstone is a quartz-sandstone with a relatively simple and well-studied hydrogeology, groundwater geochemistry, and lithology, a large number of groundwater analyses and 14C groundwater ages, groundwater residence times up to ∼37 ky, groundwater pH from ∼8 to 10, and temperature from ∼15 to 35°C.
Factors Influencing the Responses of Crisis Intervention Team–Certified Law Enforcement Officers

Research indicates that Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs, a police response to citizens with mental illness (consumers), are beneficial; however, much of it is qualitative and limited to assessing the impact of the training CIT officers receive without considering other factors affecting consumer dispositional outcomes. It also is unclear whether the observed benefits persist over time. The purpose of this research is to use empirical data to address some of these unanswered questions, especially as they surround officer behavior. This study found differences between large and small law enforcement agencies and changes in dispositions of consumers over time. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Incidence of Complications After Achillon® Mini-Open Suture System for Repair of Acute Midsubstance Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review

The most appropriate operative treatment of acute midsubstance Achilles tendon ruptures is controversial. One approach uses a mini-open, device-assisted suture system (Achillon(®) System(™), Integra LifeSciences Corp, Plainsboro, NJ) that has been generally available since 2002. To date, the incidence of complications with this system has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of electronic databases and relevant peer-reviewed sources as outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for the preparation of systematic reviews. Studies that reported acute (injury to surgery interval ≤ 10 days) midsubstance Achilles tendon ruptures repaired with the Achillon(®) mini-open suture system, provided a detailed description of all complications encountered, and a mean follow-up period of 12 months or more and 15 repairs or more were included. A total of 33 studies were identified, of which 8 (24%) met our inclusion criteria involving 253 repairs. Four studies were prospective and involved 169 repairs. The weighted mean age for the entire cohort was 39.5 (range 22 to 82) years, and the weighted mean follow-up period was 19.2 (range 5 to 44) months. The incidence of complications was 8.3% (21 of 253) and included 8 (3.2%) repeat ruptures, 5 (2%) incision problems, 3 (1.2%) sural nerve injuries, 3 (1.2%) suture reactions or irritations, and 2 (0.8%) infections. Our systematic review revealed that this mini-open, device-assisted suture system provides a safe and reproducible technique to repair acute midsubstance Achilles tendon ruptures with an acceptable incidence of complications.
The Reliability and Validity of the Outcome Questionnaire

With the rise in efforts to evaluate the quality of mental health care and its outcomes, the measurement of change has become an important topic. This paper tracks the creation of a new instrument designed to assess psychotherapy outcome. The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ) was designed to include items relevant to three domains central to mental health: subjective discomfort, interpersonal relations, and social role performance. This study describes the theoretical development and psychometric properties of the OQ. Psychometric properties were assessed using clinical, community, and undergraduate samples. The OQ appears to have high reliability and evidence to suggest good concurrent and construct validity of the total score. The data presented show that it distinguishes patient from non-patient samples, is sensitive to change, and correlates with other measures of patient distress.
Sensations, Bodies, and the ‘Spirit of a Place’: Aesthetics in Residential Organizations for the Elderly

This article uses data collected in the 1970s and 1980s from old people’s homes (OPHs) in the United Kingdom to explore how aesthetics are organized in residential organizations for the elderly. The analysis reviews the sensations to which OPH members are subjected and reveals the role of power in organizing aesthetic experiences. Paradoxes associated with framing residential organizations as homes and with controlling residents’ bodies are explored. I focus on the senses of smell, sight, touch, and sound with attention to staff and residents’ views of residents’ bodily messes and their constructions of residents’ death and dying. In exploring the ‘spirit of a place,’ I differentiate homey from institutional facilities (as ideal types) by noting their physical, cultural, and social attributes. In a section on socially constructing residents’ bodies, I explore how homey (more than institutional) OPHs use power to enhance residents’ dignity and rights. Conclusions affirm the value of placing the ethnographe...
Interaction of chemical cues from fish tissues and organophosphorous pesticides on Ceriodaphnia dubia survival

Cladocera are frequently used as test organisms for assessing chemical and effluent toxicity and have been shown to respond to stimuli and cues from potential predators. In this study, the interactive effects of visual and chemical cues of fish and two organophosphorous pesticides on survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia were examined. A significant chemical cue (homogenized Pimephales promelas) and malathion interaction was observed on C. dubia survival (P = 0.006). Chemical cue and 2.82 microg/L malathion resulted in a 76.0% reduction in survival compared to malathion alone (P < 0.01). Furthermore, potentiation of malathion toxicity varied based on the source of chemical cues (i.e., epithelial or whole body). It is unclear in this study whether these chemical cues elicited a predation-related stress in C. dubia. Future research should examine the mechanism of this interaction and determine what role, if any, stress responses by C. dubia might play in the interaction.
Dr. Jonas Salk

Jonas Salk began his career in microbiology working with the inactivated influenza vaccine. He would later use the formalin inactivation process to create the poliomyelitis vaccine. Using a newly created modern cell culture technique, Salk was able to mass produce vaccines for the large-scale polio vaccine field trial. Under the direction of Thomas Francis, Jr., the field trial utilized both a double-blinded placebo-controlled trial and an observational study, and included almost 2 million American schoolchildren as subjects. The vaccine proved to be both safe and effective. Although later replaced by the Sabin oral vaccine, the Salk inactivated vaccine played a large part in the eventual eradication of polio from the Western Hemisphere. After his work on the polio vaccine, he created the Salk Institute, a private institution dedicated to research. Subsequently, until his death in 1995, Salk conducted research on an HIV vaccine.
COMPARISONS OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN CANINE HEARTWORM DISEASE

Thoracic radiographs and electrocardiograms from 137 dogs with heartworm infection were independently evaluated and comparisons were made of (1) the presence or absence of right ventricular enlargement as assessed by these two diagnostic tests and (2) the presence or absence of right-sided congestive heart failure relative to the degree of right ventricular enlargement and ECG criteria of RVH. Radiographic evidence of severe, but not moderate, right ventricular enlargement was associated with right-sided congestive heart failure. Similarly the presence of three or more, but not fewer than three, ECG criteria of RVH were associated with right-sided congestive heart failure. If either the thoracic radiographs or the ECG indicated that severe right ventricular enlargement was absent, right-sided congestive heart failure was seldom present. The most accurate correlation of the radiographic evaluation of severe right ventricular enlargement was afforded by the presence of three or more ECG criteria of RVH. ECG criteria of RVH such as R/Sv4, + Tv10 MEAx, and S11 are highly specific tests; while SV2 is a highly sensitive but not highly specific test. The ECG is a good confirmation test of the presence of severe right ventricular enlargement and is a good exclusion test for the absence of right-sided congestive heart failure.
On primal causes in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract A theory on the nature and pathogenesis of a disease without a logical hypothesis as to etiology is a jig-saw puzzle with half the pieces missing.
Functional characterization of p53 molecules expressed in human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck

Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been demonstrated in a large proportion of human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) and has been assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of these tumors, although no formal evidence of functional aberration has been demonstrated. In this study, we isolated cDNA clones encoding the entire p53 coding region from six human HNSCC cell lines that showed aberrant patterns of p53 expression in the parental cells, analyzed their nucleotide sequences, and characterized their function in vivo. cDNAs cloned from four cell lines harbored alterations within the p53 coding sequence (one missense mutation, one missense mutation plus in-frame deletion, one splice donor mutation, and a 1-nt insertion). HN30 cells, which contained wild-type p53 nucleotide sequences, showed a high constitutive level of protein expression. HN26 cells contained wild-type coding sequences but did not express the 53-kDa protein, although the mRNA was transcribed and a molecule of increased molecular mass (70 kDa) was observed by western blotting. Functional studies revealed that none of the four proteins encoded by mutant cDNAs were able to transactivate expression of a reporter plasmid containing a wild-type p53 consensus binding site when cotransfected into p53-null cells, whereas molecules encoded by wild-type p53 cDNAs increased reporter gene expression about a hundredfold over uninduced levels. Co-expression of each mutant cDNA with wild-type p53 cDNA and a wild-type p53-responsive reporter gene demonstrated that each of the proteins encoded by mutant cDNAs harbored some degree of inhibitory activity that varied depending on the mutation present. Thus, aberrant p53 function as a result of mutation or altered expression characterizes oral squamous cell carcinomas. The inhibitory activity of these molecules may be a mechanism for deregulation of the function of co-expressed wild-type p53 that may be of importance during the early stages of tumor development. Mol. Carcinog. 18:89–96, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Raymond lindeman and the trophic-dynamic concept in ecology.

Lindeman9s classic paper on energy flow in ecosystems was initially rejected for publication in Ecology. Reviewers felt there were insufficient data to support the theoretical model and that theoretical essays were inappropriate for Ecology. The paper was subsequently accepted by Thomas Park, the zoological editor, after correspondence with G. Evelyn Hutchinson who indicated the importance of theory in the development of ecology.
Parts Feeding on a Conveyor with a One Joint Robot

This paper explores a method of manipulating a planar rigid part on a conveyor belt using a robot with just one joint. This approach has the potential of offering a simple and flexible method for feeding parts in industrial automation applications. In this paper we develop a model of this system and of a variation which requires no sensing. We have been able to characterize these systems and to prove that they can serve as parts feeding devices for planar polygonal parts. We present the planners for these systems and describe our implementations.
Text analysis and knowledge mining system

Large text databases potentially contain a great wealth of knowledge. However, text represents factual information (and information about the author's communicative intentions) in a complex, rich, and opaque manner. Consequently, unlike numerical and fixed field data, it cannot be analyzed by standard statistical data mining methods. Relying on human analysis results in either huge workloads or the analysis of only a tiny fraction of the database. We are working on text mining technology to extract knowledge from very large amounts of textual data. Unlike information retrieval technology that allows a user to select documents that meet the user's requirements and interests, or document clustering technology that organizes documents, we focus on finding valuable patterns and rules in text that indicate trends and significant features about specific topics. By applying our prototype system named TAKMI (Text Analysis and Knowledge Mining) to textual databases in PC help centers, we can automatically detect product failures; determine issues that have led to rapid increases in the number of calls and their underlying reasons; and analyze help center productivity and changes in customers' behavior involving a particular product, without reading any of the text. We have verified that our framework is also effective for other data such as patent documents.
The Case of the Brick Huggers: The Practice of an Online Community

A hybrid community is one that exists simultaneously in the online and the offline environments. in such a community, the online world and the offline world can spill onto each other in ways that s...