cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Guide to the Seaweeds of Florida

A review of Florida seaweeds indicates a highly diverse flora within a large coastal zone (over 700 km) spanning more than 7° of latitude, containing tropical, subtropical, and temperate communities. Surprisingly, there have been relatively few detailed floristic studies of Florida seaweeds, except for the Florida Keys and on the east coast. The patterns are a reflection of the early predominance of winter visitors and lack of resident phycologists. The seaweeds of the west coast of Florida were virtually ignored until the 1950s. We estimate that the state's seaweed flora consists of at least 670 taxa including 219 green, 97 brown, 349 red algae, and at least 3 species of Vaucheria. Such a compilation is significantly higher than the numbers of taxa recorded for Florida by Taylor (1960), as well as those for North Carolina (i.e. Schneider & Searles, 1991), and Caribbean reefs (Littler & Littler, 2000). The majority of Florida seaweeds have tropical/Caribbean affinities, although a significant temperate component also occurs, presumably reflecting the influence of the northern floras of the Gulf of Mexico and south-eastern coast of the US. The tropical nature of the state's flora is supported by the R/P and R + C/P indices of Feldman (1937) and Cheney (1997) with these ratios being 3.6 and 5.8, respectively. Florida's seaweed diversity is enhanced by the extensive salt marsh and seagrass communities of the west coast, plus the coral reef habitats of the Florida Keys. The present review summarizes several important historical studies, conspicuous geographic patterns, the type of communities, and the structure of a guide to the seaweeds of Florida. The guide will also serve as a historical reference for possible anthropogenic impacts in the future.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for youth with anxiety disorders at risk for bipolar disorder: a pilot trial

Aim Children and adolescents with bipolar parents have an elevated risk for anxiety disorders. However, antidepressant medications commonly used to treat symptoms of anxiety may accelerate the onset of mania in these already at-risk youth. Therefore, studies evaluating innovative non-pharmacologic treatments for anxiety in this population are urgently needed. Methods Subjects participated in 12 weekly sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children (MBCT-C), a manualized group psychotherapeutic intervention utilizing cognitive behavioural principles and mindfulness exercises to increase regulation of attention and non-judgmental acceptance of present moment thoughts, emotions and experiences. Independent raters administered symptoms rating scales prior to each treatment session. Spearman correlations and paired-samples signed rank tests were used to examine outcomes. After-intervention surveys and session transcripts were reviewed to assess feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Results Participants included 10 youth (meanage = 13.2; 80% girls; 40% biracial) with generalized, social and/or separation anxiety disorders, and a parent with bipolar disorder. Clinician-rated anxiety was significantly reduced after intervention (meanbefore = 11.1; meanafter = 4.3; P < 0.01), as well as youth-rated trait anxiety (P = 0.03). Parent-rated emotion regulation significantly increased from before to after intervention (P = 0.05). Increases in mindfulness were associated with decreases in anxiety (P = 0.03). Finally, children and parents/guardians reported high levels of feasibility, acceptability and usefulness of the intervention. Conclusion Findings support the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of MBCT-C for treating anxiety in youth at risk for bipolar disorder. Future controlled and larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Asymptotic coupled-mode expressions for multiplet amplitude anomalies and frequency shifts on an aspherical earth

Summary. We present an asymptotic method, called the subspace projection method, for representing the effect of weak multiplet—multiplet coupling on the amplitudes and frequency shifts of the Earth's seismic free-oscillations. We use a basis set of normal modes of a terrestrial monopole to calculate the coupling interaction matrices for rotation, asphericity, and dissipation. Rather than decompose this matrix into the hybrid singlets of the perturbed earth model, we use an iterative technique to decompose the interaction matrix into block diagonal form, with the central block corresponding to a ‘target’ multiplet. If the coupling among multiplets is weak, the first term in this iteration contains most of the physics of the problem. We obtain the first-order approximation to the ‘target’ hybrid multiplet. the formulation can incorporate the effects of coupling among free oscillations with different attenuation rates. We derive subspace-projection estimates of the zeroth and first multiplet moments μ0 and Re μ1. the multiplet amplitude is measured by μ0, and the ratio of the two moments along any instrument component direction corresponds to multiplet frequency shift. For the important special case of coupling along a single modal dispersion branch, we find that the subspace-projection estimates for μ0 and Re μ1 reduce asymptotically to a set of path integrals of δωlocal and its transverse derivatives along the great circle connecting source and receiver. the largest perturbation to multiplet amplitude can be related to a WKBJ-style spatial phase shift of the modal radiation pattern. the largest perturbations are typically near the source antipode and are dominantly caused by odd-order asphericity. However, the source antipode is a caustic for the path integral approach and comparison with the subspace projection algorithm (which does not specify a single path as its kernel) reveals significant discrepancies. the effect of coupling on the first multiplet moment Re μ1 is non-linear in the model perturbation. In the case of coupling along a single dispersion branch, the lowest-order WKBJ-style asymptotic for the multiplet location parameter predicts zero bias from the isolated-multiplet prediction δωlocal. Subspace-projection examples exhibit small (∼ 1 μHz) bias, but considerable scatter, in the multiplet peak shifts. This result is consistent with recent observational studies of spheroidal fundamental-mode frequency shifts.
Radiant Flux from a Cylindrical Distributed Source

Of the total radiant flux produced in a right-circular cylindrical cell containing a uniformly distributed isotropic source of radiant energy, the fraction emanating from the end window is computed both for a cell with ideal, perfectly reflecting mirror surfaces and for a cell with ideal, totally absorbing surfaces. Graphs are presented of the calculated radiant-flux fractions from the cylinder as a function of the absorbance of the contents. Also presented are results of measurements of the radiant flux emitted from a cylindrical cell containing an externally excited scintillating solution when the inner reflecting surfaces of the cell are (1) polished aluminum, (2) aluminum evaporated on glass, (3) aluminum oxide, and (4) Teflon. These results are expressed relative to the radiant flux emitted by the same cell-solution combination with blackened inner cell surfaces. The actual radiant-flux fractions emitted by the cells are estimated by using the calculation for a cell possessing ideal, totally absorbing surfaces.
Serial test interface: a novel architecture for self-tests of ASICs

The manufacturing cost per transistor has decreased exponentially for the last decade. The test cost however, has been decreasing at a much slower rate and now occupies a major portion in total cost of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Recent advances with VLSI technology now enable microprocessors and ASICs to be packaged into fine pitch, high count packages, posing numerous testing challenges. In this paper a generic test interface for testing IP-modules within an ASIC is presented. This eliminates the need for customizing testing modules. The proposed architecture is also shown to test multiple IP-modules within an ASIC. The paper further shows the possibility of testing selected IP-modules within an ASIC. Addition of a single design enables testing of all modules within the chip. The test interface is common to all digital ASICs and packages itself on the outside of the ASIC to form boundary scan architecture. This module is called serial test interface. Five new pins are added for user interface to enable testing. The serial test interface is designed to test all kinds of IP-modules simultaneously bypassing desired IP-modules in the test mode. The paper presents an alternative approach to IEEE 1149.1 in implementing boundary scan. The simplicity of the design presented in the paper makes this idea novel.
Designing antioxidant peptides

AbstractBackgroundIonizing radiation causes the generation of damaging reactive oxygen species that lead to cellular damage and death. Organisms such as Deinococcus radiodurans have evolved mechanisms for extreme resistance to ionizing radiation, and resistance has been shown to be a consequence of protection of critical proteins from oxidative inactivation.ObjectivesD. radiodurans accumulates high levels of manganese and of small peptides that together are protective. Our aim was to rationally design antioxidant peptides.MethodsAmino acid analysis was utilized to determine the rates of loss of the 20 amino acids exposed to varying doses of irradiation. The activity of glutamine synthetase and methionine sulfoxide reductase was assayed to follow their inactivation by irradiation.ResultsThe ability of an amino acid to protect enzymes from inactivation by ionizing radiation paralleled its sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Based on this observation and the ability of histidine to confer water solubility, we...
Gonococcal Perihepatitis: Diagnosis and Management in a College Population

Abstract Although gonococcal perihepatitis is not a common clinical problem, it should be in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with right upper quadrant pain and a subsequent positive gonorrhea culture. With the increasing incidence of venereal disease, more cases of gonococcal perihepatitis are anticipated, and an awareness of its protean manifestations should be known and considered by all health care providers. This is especially true for physicians treating college students, as the sequelae of pelvic infection can be severe tissue injury to the reproductive organs with resultant involuntary infertility. This paper presents three cases of diagnosed gonococcal perihepatitis in a college population with a complete literature review of this disease entity.
Higher education's future

Technology and globalization have the potential to make higher education more affordable and accessible. In practice, however, rising costs limit educational access, and competition threatens the sustainability of many colleges and universities (Grummon, 2009). With the relevance of traditional curricula in question and the demand for alternate delivery methods expanding, many higher learning institutions face a challenge to reinvent themselves (Barnatt, 2008; Grummon, 2009; Lee, Brennan, & Green, 2009). We asked four higher education leaders from demographically and structurally diverse institutions to address the question, “How will colleges and universities serve the global knowledge economy in the coming decades?” Our respondents represent perspectives from multiple educational paradigms—public and private, local and international, for-profit and nonprofit, brick-and-mortar and online. George Mihel, president of Sauk Valley Community College in Illinois, offers a position paper on the need to transform some of higher education’s deep-rooted institutional traditions. George Miller, chancellor of American InterContinental University, teams with Caroline Molina-Ray, a University of Phoenix faculty member, to address how higher education can foster both technological competency and critically reflexive thinking. Naana J. S. Opoku-Agyemang, vice chancellor of the University of Cape Coast in Ghana, offers insight into the unique challenges and accomplishments of higher education in Africa. Finally, Vicki T. Purslow, associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Southern Oregon University, and Christine Cook Florence, a higher education marketing consultant, present a commentary synthesizing the symposium contributions and issuing a call to action for higher education leaders. Together, these diverse perspectives offer a glimpse into the higher education of the future.
Stability of behavioral syndromes but plasticity in individual behavior: consequences for rockfish stock enhancement

This study investigated behavioral syn- dromes, which are defined as correlations between behaviors. Behavioral syndromes can lead to the unintentional alteration of a wide range of behavioral traits of hatchery fish if unintentional selection on one behavior leads to selection on a correlated behavior. Specifically, this study used brown rockfish, Sebastes auriculatus, to test the hypothesis that a fish that feeds at high rates in the absence of a predator also takes more risks when a predator is present, and that through such a correlation, unintentional hatchery selection for high feeding rates may also lead to changes in risk taking behavior (here defined as behavior that increases predation risk). Behavioral syndromes were found—feeding behavior in the absence of a predator tended to correlate positively with both feeding behavior in the presence of a predator model and time near the model. These syndromes were stable through time—that is, the same correlations appeared 10 days later when the behavioral assays were repeated. However individual behavior was inconsistent (plas- tic). A fish could both feed and take risks at high rates on Day 1, but then both feed and take risks at low rates on Day 10. Thus, while behavioral syndromes were stable (i.e. present in both rounds 1 and 2), individuals were plastic in their behavior (i.e. inconsistent between rounds 1 and 2). After 16 weeks of hatchery rearing, neither growth nor survival were predicted by behav- ior. It is suggested that the behavioral plasticity within individuals through time makes consistent selection for strong feeders less likely, and that species with more plastic behavior may be less susceptible to uninten- tional selection on behavioral syndromes than species with behavior that is more fixed.
To come to a correct understanding of Buddhism: A case study on spiritualizing technology, religious authority, and the boundaries of orthodoxy and identity in a Buddhist Web forum

This study examines the Buddhist message forum, E-sangha, to analyze how this forum’s founder and moderators ‘spiritualized the Internet’ (Campbell, 2005a, 2005b) using contemporary narratives of the global Buddhist community, and in doing so, provided these actors with the authority to determine the boundaries of Buddhist orthodoxy and identity and validate their control of the medium through social and technical means. Through a structural and textual analysis of E-sangha’s Web space, this study demonstrates how Web producers and forum moderators use religious community narratives to frame Web environments as sacred community spaces (spaces made suitable for religious activities), which inherently allows those in control of the site the authority to set the boundaries of religious orthodoxy and identity and hence, who can take part in the community.
Effect of asthma management education program on stress and compliance of patients with allergic asthma to house dust mite.

Purpose. This study was designed to examine the effect of asthma management education program applied to allergic asthma patients receiving immunotherapy due to house dust mite on their stress and compliance with health care regimens. Methods. A quasi experimental design with non-equivalent control group and non-synchronized design was used. The subjects of this study were 61 patients who were receiving immunotherapy at intervals of a week after their symptoms were diagnosed as house dust mite allergic asthma at the pulmonary department of a university hospital in Seoul. They were divided into an experimental group of 29 patients who received asthma management education and a control group of 32 patients. The asthma management education program was composed of group education (once) and reinforcement education (three times) with environmental therapy and immunotherapy to house dust mite. Results. Stress significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to that in the control group. Compliance with health care regimens significantly increased in the experimental group compared to that in the control group. Conclusions. The results suggested that the asthma management education program is effective for the management of stress and the improvement of compliance in patients with allergic asthma to house dust mite.
Feeding Substrates and Behaviors of Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A study was conducted to determine the abundance of potential foods and the feeding substrates and behaviors of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), in 2005, 2006, and 2007 in central Washington state. Aphid colonies with honeydew, a presumed food source for flies, were not seen on randomly selected branches of sweet cherry trees, Prunus avium L., but leaves with cherry juice, fruit that were damaged, and leaves with bird feces were commonly seen, especially later in the season. Grazing, a behavior in which the mouthparts rapidly move up and down and touch plant surfaces without discrete substances visible to the human eye, was seen more frequently in flies on leaves than on fruit. Grazing occurred more frequently than feeding on extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on leaf petioles, cherry juice on leaves, and bird feces on leaves. The percentages of females and males that grazed on leaves were not different in 2 of 3 yr, but the percentage of females that grazed was higher in a third year. Percentages of female and male flies that fed on EFNs, cherry juice, and bird feces did not differ. More flies grazed the tops than bottoms of leaves. Flies also grazed on leaves of apple, pear, and grape. The results support the hypotheses that R. indifferens feeds mostly on leaves rather than fruit and that leaf surfaces may be the main feeding substrates for R. indifferens throughout the season.
Determining the IC50 Values for Vorozole and Letrozole, on a Series of Human Liver Cytochrome P450s, to Help Determine the Binding Site of Vorozole in the Liver

Vorozole and letrozole are third-generation aromatase (cytochrome P450 19A1) inhibitors. [11C]-Vorozole can be used as a radiotracer for aromatase in living animals but when administered by IV, it collects in the liver. Pretreatment with letrozole does not affect the binding of vorozole in the liver. In search of finding the protein responsible for the accumulation of vorozole in the liver, fluorometric high-throughput screening assays were used to test the inhibitory capability of vorozole and letrozole on a series of liver cytochrome P450s (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4). It was determined that vorozole is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A1 (IC50 = 0.469 μM) and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 (IC50 = 24.4 and 98.1 μM, resp.). Letrozole is only a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 (IC50 = 69.8 and 106 μM) and a very weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 (<10% inhibition at 1 mM). Since CYP3A4 makes up the majority of the CYP content found in the human liver, and vorozole inhibits it moderately well but letrozole does not, CYP3A4 is a good candidate for the protein that [11C]-vorozole is binding to in the liver.
Pulmonary IgG4‐related disease and colon adenocarcinoma: possible paraneoplastic syndrome

Malignancy has a complicated association with immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) both being an item in the differential diagnosis as well as malignancy occurring in the background of IgG4-RD in the same organ. However, recently there is evidence of higher rates of distant malignancy in patients with IgG4-RD. Here we report a case of pulmonary IgG4-RD potentially consistent with a paraneoplastic phenomenon which improved with treatment of the underlying colon adenocarcinoma.
The Psychedelic Renaissance: Horizons, the Fifth Annual Conference on Psychedelic Research

In the spring of 1943, a 37-year-old Swiss chemist named Albert Hofmann had “a peculiar presentiment.” He believed that he had missed something in 1938, the year when he first synthesized the twenty-fifth compound of the lysergic acid diethylamide series, LSD-25. For eight years at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, Hofmann was in charge of the ergot project, which involved synthesizing ergotamine molecules for the treatment of migraines. On April 16, 1943, guided by a premonition, Hofmann synthesized and ingested a crystalline water-soluble batch of LSD25. Shortly thereafter, Hofmann experienced “an uninterrupted stream of fantastic images of extraordinary plasticity and vividness . . . accompanied by an intense kaleidoscopic play of colors” (Stevens, 1987).
Theorems of the Alternative for Linear Systems

We now turn to an assortment of theorems which are generally characterized as “theorems of the alternative” or, in particular instances, so-called “transposition theorems.” Specifically, a theorem of the alternative involves two mutually exclusive systems of linear inequalities and/or equalities denoted simply as (I), (II). Moreover, it asserts that either system (I) has a solution or system (II) has a solution, but never both. A transposition theorem, which is a special type of theorem of the alternative, asserts for systems (I), (II) the disjoint alternatives of solvability or contradiction given that in one system a particular vector (usually the null vector) is a linear combination of vectors from the other.
The Competitive Analysis Method for Evaluating Water Level Visualization Tools

This paper reports on the competitive analysis of water level visualization tools that support adaptive management in response to global climate change. A competitive analysis study is a theory-based usability engineering method administered to critically compare a suite of related applications according to their relative merits, to the end of revealing best practices and unmet opportunities. The competitive analysis was conducted to inform design and development of the U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Lake Level Viewer, a map-based visualization tool supporting adaptive coastal management of hazards related to future water level change across the Great Lakes (USA). Twenty-five (n = 25) water level visualization tools were compared across two broad themes in cartography: (1) representation, or the graphic encoding of information in the map display, and (2) interaction, or the means by which the user is able to manipulate the map display. The competitive analysis of water level visualization tools serves as a case study that can be extended to other mapping and visualization contexts.
Soft Biometrics from Face Images Using Support Vector Machines

Soft biometrics, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, are useful for many applications in practice. For instance, in business intelligence, it is helpful to automatically extract and compute the statistics of potential customers, such as the number of males and females; the number of young, adult, and senior people; or the number of Caucasian, African American, or Asian people. It is also helpful to use soft biometrics to improve the performance of traditional biometrics for human identification, such as face recognition. Different methods can be developed to recognize the soft biometric characteristics from face images. In this chapter, we present the application of the support vector machines (SVM) to learn an estimator or recognizer to extract these soft biometrics. We will mainly focus on age estimation, while the gender and ethnicity classification will also be discussed. Both classification and regression will be considered. The combination of regression and classifiers based on the SVM will also be described which is useful especially for age estimation.
NH2-Terminal Sequence of the Clostripain and NBS Peptides of Streptococcal M5 Protein Purified in One Step by HPLC

M protein, the antiphagocytic surface molecule of the Group A streptococcus is a type specific, imiriuno logic ally diverse molecule. We have shown that the molecular characteristics of M proteins and the seven residue periodicity within their partial sequences are similar to those found in tropomyosin suggesting an alpha-helical coiled-coil structure for these molecules (1, 2). To determine if the seven residue periodicity extends throughout the molecule, sequence studies have been undertaken on a biologically active 19,000 dalton M protein fragment, namely Pep M5, isolated by limited proteolysis of the type 5 streptococci with pepsin (3).
Civil war and economic growth: the case for a closer look at forms of mobilization

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the idea that the lack of robust evidence on the growth impact of civil war could partially be a consequence of considering civil war as a unified conceptual category, regardless of the ordinate of group identity invoked in mobilizing for war. To do so, we distinguish explicitly between episodes of internal conflict where contestants mobilized along the lines of ethnicity and ones where mobilization occurred along other markers of group identity. Using alternative definitions of civil war and System GMM estimation to address the endogeneity of conflict and per capita income, we obtain a negative contemporaneous impact of non-ethnic civil war on economic growth over the period 1975–2005. By contrast, the impact of ethnic war is statistically insignificant.
Dysfunctional representation of expected value is associated with reinforcement-based decision-making deficits in adolescents with conduct problems.

Background Previous work has shown that patients with conduct problems (CP) show impairments in reinforcement-based decision-making. However, studies with patients have not previously demonstrated any relationships between impairment in any of the neurocomputations underpinning reinforcement-based decision-making and specific symptom sets [e.g. level of CP and/or callous-unemotional (CU) traits]. Methods Seventy-two youths [20 female, mean age = 13.81 (SD = 2.14), mean IQ = 102.34 (SD = 10.99)] from a residential treatment program and the community completed a passive avoidance task while undergoing functional MRI. Results Greater levels of CP were associated with poorer task performance. Reduced representation of expected values (EV) when making avoidance responses within bilateral anterior insula cortex/inferior frontal gyrus (AIC/iFG) and striatum was associated with greater levels of CP but not CU traits. Conclusions The current data indicate that difficulties in the use of value information to motivate decisions to avoid suboptimal choices are associated with increased levels of CP (though not severity of CU traits). Moreover, they account for the behavioral deficits observed during reinforcement-based decision-making in youth with CP. In short, an individual's relative failure to utilize value information within AIC/iFG to avoid bad choices is associated with elevated levels of CP.
Study on Surface Fluorination Technology of Macromolecule Polymers

The theory of surface fluorination technology of macromolecule polymers was expatiated,and it's reasons of many excellent properties were explained,including thermal stability,chemical inertia,barrier property and water and oil repellency;fluorination technology modified by gaseous fluorine and surface modifier of fluorocarbon were separately reviewed and analyzed in detail in this paper.Finally it pointed out that surface fluorination technology of macromolecule polymers would be applied to each domain more and more extensively.
Application of RBF Neural Network to Ultrasonic Holdup Measurement for Water-Oil Two Phase Flow

A new method of holdup measurement for water-oil two phase flow is introduced, i.e. ultrasonic diffusion. The method uses the effect of ultrasonic diffusion to measure holdup of discrete phase. Then the discrete phase holdup can be measured by non-packer without changing flow state. Because of the nonlinear effect caused by flow pattern, oil diameter and absorption coefficient etc, it is difficult to establish the measurement model. The paper establishes RBF neural network to predict water holdup, and the measurement precision can be improved.
The Utility of Cerebral Blood Flow Assessment in TBI

Over the past few decades, intracranial monitoring technologies focused on treating and preempting secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI) have experienced considerable growth. A physiological measure fundamental to the management of these patients is cerebral blood flow (CBF), which may be determined directly or indirectly. Direct measurement has proven difficult previously; however, invasive and non-invasive CBF monitors are now available. This article reviews the history of CBF measurements in TBI as well as the role of CBF in pathologies associated with TBI, such as cerebral autoregulation, hyperemia, and cortical spreading depression. The limitations of various CBF monitors are reviewed in order to better understand their role in TBI management.
Spectroscopic Properties of Phase-Pure and Polytypic Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Wires

We report ensemble extinction and photoluminesence spectra for colloidal CdTe quantum wires (QWs) with nearly phase-pure, defect-free wurtzite (WZ) structure, having spectral line widths comparable to the best ensemble or single quantum-dot values, to the single polytypic (having WZ and zinc blende (ZB) alternations) QW values, and to those of two-dimensional quantum belts or platelets. The electronic structures determined from the multifeatured extinction spectra are in excellent agreement with the theoretical results of WZ QWs having the same crystallographic orientation. Optical properties of polytypic QWs of like diameter and diameter distribution are provided for comparison, which exhibit smaller bandgaps and broader spectral line widths. The nonperiodic WZ–ZB alternations are found to generate non-negligible shifts of the bandgap to intermediate energies between the quantum-confined WZ and ZB energies. The alternations and variations in the domain sizes result in inhomogeneous spectral line width br...
Unlimited Supplies of Labor

This chapter lays out Arthur Lewis’ framework for economic growth with unlimited supplies of labor to explain the development of the global economy. The implication of “unlimited” supplies of labor is that the capitalist sector can hire even more workers without the need to raise wages. All that employers have to pay is a wage slightly higher than the subsistence wage that keeps its workers alive. Any gains in labor productivity do not translate into higher wages, as the mainstream economic theory has it, but in higher profits instead. If the profits, in turn, are reinvested in productive capacity, profits will grow continuously as a share of national income. Although more workers are put to work in the capitalist sector, labor’s share of GDP declines.
Post-Conflict Education in BiH—Education for Democracy?

This chapter will focus on issues specifically related to education in post-conflict Bosnia as it attempts to become a democracy and simultaneously both ‘reform and reconstruct’ (World Bank, 2005) after the war. As discussed in Chap. 2, how education is rebuilt in post-conflict societies is largely a theoretical field (INEE, 2011), and case studies are limited to help fill the ‘gap between broad concepts and practice in the field’ (Weinstein, Warshauer, & Hughson, 2007, p. 43). This book in general and this chapter in particular is an attempt to fill this gap and analyze if education in post-conflict era BiH has assisted in healing the psychosocial wounds of war, building peace, and promoting economic and social development and training of democratic citizens. In particular, this chapter addresses the role of education, democratic citizenship education, democratic pedagogy and curriculum, and quality of education in post-conflict BiH.
The globalization of Song lixue

When writing or speaking about Confucian values it is almost always useful (if not necessary) to specify just what school, linage or branch of the vast tradition of East Asian Confucian we seek engage. Moreover, it is also necessary, however briefly, to describe what is meant by the globalization of Chinese philosophy, and in this case, most specifically the tradition of Song dynasty lixue 理學.
Plastic potential: how the phenotypes and adaptations of pathogens are influenced by microbial interactions within plants

Predicting the effects of plant-associated microbes on emergence, spread, and evolution of plant pathogens demands an understanding of how pathogens respond to these microbes at two levels of biological organization: that of an individual pathogen and that of a pathogen population across multiple individual plants. We first examine the plastic responses of individual plant pathogens to microbes within a shared host, as seen through changes in pathogen growth and multiplication. We then explore the limited understanding of how within-plant microbial interactions affect pathogen populations and discuss the need to incorporate population-level observations with population genomic techniques. Finally, we suggest that integrating across levels will further our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary impacts of within-plant microbial interactions on pathogens.
Performance of glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in a community-based sample of Blacks and Whites: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis

Background The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations are recommended for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation in the general population. They have not been evaluated in community-based populations, including Blacks at higher levels of GFR, but are commonly applied in such populations. Methods In an ancillary study of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis conducted at one site, we evaluated the performance of the CKD-EPI equations for creatinine (eGFRcr), cystatin C (eGFRcys) or the combination (eGFRcr-cys) compared with GFR measured as plasma clearance of iohexol. Results Among 294 participants, the mean age was 71 (SD 9) years, 47% were Black, 48% were women and the mean measured GFR (mGFR) was 72.6 (SD 18.8) mL/min/1.73 m2. The CKD-EPI equations overestimated mGFR with a larger median bias for eGFRcr and eGFRcr-cys than eGFRcys [-8.3 (95% confidence interval -9.7, -6.5), -7.8 (-9.2, -6.2) and -3.7 (-5.0, -1.8) mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively], with smaller bias for those with lower compared with higher eGFR and by race compared with sex. Conclusion The small differential bias of the CKD-EPI equation between races suggests that they can be used in Blacks as well as Whites in older community-based adults. The large differential bias in women versus men in all equations is in contrast to other studies and is unexplained. Further studies are required in multiracial and multiethnic community-based cohorts, taking into account differences in GFR measurement methods.
Local Institutions and Heterogeneity in Emerging Fields: The Case of Slow Money

This paper considers the role of local context in shaping micro- level interactions among a field’s actors, which ultimately affects heterogeneity in emerging fields. Analysis of the Slow Money mov...
Subsurface flow in lowland river gravel bars

Geomorphic and hydraulic processes, which form gravel bars in large lowland rivers, have distinctive characteristics that control the magnitude and spatial patterns of infiltration and exfiltration between rivers and their immediate subsurface environments. We present a bedform-infiltration relation together with a set of field measurements along two reaches of the San Joaquin River, CA to illustrate the conditions required for infiltration and exfiltration of flow between a stream and its undulating bed, and a numerical model to investigate the factors that affect paths and residence times of flow through barforms at different discharges. It is shown that asymmetry of bar morphology is a first-order control on the extent and location of infiltration, which would otherwise produce equal areas of infiltration and exfiltration under the assumption of sinusoidal bedforms. Hydraulic conductivity varies by orders of magnitude due to fine sediment accumulation and downstream coarsening related to the process of bar evolution. This systematic variability not only controls the magnitude of infiltration, but also the residence time of flow through the bed. The lowest hydraulic conductivity along the reach occurred where the difference between the topographic gradient and the water-surface gradient is at a maximum and thus where infiltration would be greatest into a homogeneous bar, indicating the importance of managing sand supply to maintain the ventilation and flow through salmon spawning riffles. Numerical simulations corroborate our interpretation that infiltration patterns and rates are controlled by distinctive features of bar morphology.
The Leader’s Own Conflict

The goals of this chapter are to: Discuss the relationship between the leader’s own conflict involving issues related to change and the impact of this conflict on the potential for change in the organization as a whole Discuss the impact that conflict about change may have on the leader, personally, on other organizational members, and on the relationships between the leader and other organizational members Describe approaches leaders can take to address conflicts about organizational change in themselves and in other organizational members
Geographically coordinated frequency control

Primary Frequency Control (PFC) is a fast acting mechanism used to ensure high-quality power for the grid that is becoming an increasingly attractive option for load participation. Because of the speed requirement, PFC requires distributed control laws to be used instead of a more centralized design. Current PFC designs assume that costs at each geographic location are independent. Unfortunately for many networked systems such as cloud computing, the decisions made among locations are interdependent and therefore require geographic coordination. In this paper, distributed control laws are designed for geo-distributed loads such as data centers in PFC. The controlled frequencies are provably stable, and the final equilibrium point is proven to strike an optimal balance between load participation and the frequency's deviation from its nominal set point. We evaluate the proposed control laws with realistic numerical simulations. Results highlight significant cost savings over existing approaches under a variety of settings.
Thru-hiking the John Muir Trail as a modern pilgrimage: implications for natural resource management

In many religions, the simple act of walking from one point to another, sometimes over great distances, becomes a life-changing event, often undertaken only once in a lifetime at great financial an...
Lifting the veil on stroke outcomes: revisiting stroke centers’ transparency through public reporting of metrics

Public reporting of healthcare metrics provides transparency that allows patients and emergency medical providers to make informed decisions about where patients should receive care. Most previous reports about public reporting of health metrics have demonstrated significant improvements in outcome metrics after implementation. However, no mechanism exists, voluntary or otherwise, for the public reporting of outcomes of stroke care. We review the components of public reporting of health outcomes data and its limited history in stroke outcomes. We summarize the literature on public reporting in cardiovascular interventions, particularly percutaneous coronary interventions, as a close corollary to mechanical neurothrombectomy. The benefits, limitations, and controversies associated with reporting of cardiovascular outcomes are reviewed with a focus on the development of risk-avoidant behaviors. This article serves as a primer for discussion of the potential benefits, limitations, and unintended consequences of public reporting of stroke data.
Developmental Robotics: A New Approach to the Specification of Robot Programs

This paper describes the beginning steps towards a new approach to the specification of robotic programs. The primary goal of this work is to explore the computational issues involved in constructing a learning system that frees the programmer from thinking at the level of the robot, and instead allows her to work in a more intuitive domain. In this initial work, we examine techniques used to train primates in the laboratory. From these, we derive inspiration from behavioral observations and neural recording studies, as we work towards the development of neural algorithms for motor skill learning.
Some Algebraic Aspects of Fuzzy Set Theory

A fuzzy subset of a set X is a function A : X → [0, 1]. This generalizes the notion of a subset of X which may be considered as a function A : X → {0, 1}, with the subset corresponding to the elements that go to 1. This notion of fuzzy subset was introduced by Zadeh in [4]. The gist of it is that if one has in mind that the elements of X have some property, more or less, one may express via a function A : X → [0, 1] a degree to which an element x ∈ X has that property, namely by the image A(x) of the element x. Suffice it to say that this basic notion has led to the emergence of fuzzy set theory as an important tool in practical applications. Our main interest in this topic is the underlying mathematics, and in particular in various algebraic objects that arise in its application and in its study in general. Our own work in the various mathematical areas of fuzzy theory has been motivated by the development and applications of fuzzy sets. In the following, we will comment briefly on only one aspect of the underlying mathematics of fuzzy theory, that of truth-value algebras of fuzzy sets.
Designing a 21st Century Taxing Threshold: Some International Implications of South Dakota vs. Wayfair

On June 21, 2018, the US Supreme Court decided South Dakota vs. Wayfair. It overruled its previous precedents to hold that US states can require remote sellers to collect sales tax when they ship items to in-state purchasers. This decision has some implications for the EU’s current struggle with taxing the digital economy, as well as for the broader international effort to update the international tax rules for the 21st century. Specifically, the decision bolsters the argument for dispensing with the 19th century permanent establishment concept.
Towards learning-augmented languages

Reinforcement learning (RL) has seen tremendous success at solving a variety of problems ranging from industrial automation to games. This paper describes how existing programming languages can be augmented with new features so as to allow developers to exploit the power of modern RL algorithms and implementations.
Frozen in Transcription: Cryo-EM Structures of Pol II Transcribing through a Nucleosome.

In a recent publication in Science, Kujirai et al. (2018) use single-particle cryo-EM to resolve several Pol II-nucleosome interactions, shedding new light on transcription elongation in a native chromatin environment.
Chapter 15 – Memory changes with age: Neurobiological correlates

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights selected domains of cognition that can be studied across mammalian species and that have known age-related neurobiological underpinnings. Research aimed at understanding the aging process, including the change of learning and memory processes with respect to age, provides the basis for the development of better preventative strategies and treatment strategies for successful ageing (particularly older population). In the general field of aging research, the focus has been on the pathological aging that may be associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many people do not develop dementing conditions such as AD with age; instead, most people develop mild memory deficits known as age-associated memory impairment (AAMI).There is a large literature that has examined the impact of aging process on learning and memory function. Tasks in which age-related impairments have been found include classical conditioning, such as eyeblink and heart rate conditioning, conditioned taste aversion, fear conditioning, operant tasks such delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks, and instrumental tasks such as active avoidance, passive avoidance, and maze learning tasks. The studies discussed in the chapter focus on the form of learning and memory that involves the ability of an organism to acquire and retain information that is critical for successful navigation through space. The discussion includes the process of learning and memory with respect to both humans and rodents, the involvement of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory, and normal brain aging outside the hippocampus.
The Quantitative Implications of Definitions of Giftedness.

Educational psychology is replete with verbal or qualitative definitions through which students can be considered members of categories, such as learning disabled, autistic, or gifted. These concep...
Characteristics and Trends of Emergency Department Visits in the United States (2010-2014).

Abstract Background It is important that policy makers, health administrators, and emergency physicians have up-to-date statistics on the most common diagnoses of patients seen in the emergency department (ED). Objectives We sought to describe the changes that occurred in ED visits from 2010 through 2014 and to describe the frequency of different ED diagnoses. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of ED visit data from the National Emergency Department Sample from 2010 through 2014. Visits were stratified by age, sex, insurance status, disposition, diagnosis, and diagnostic category. We calculated the total annual ED visits and the ED visit rates by diagnoses and diagnostic categories. Results Between 2010 and 2014, the number of U.S. ED visits increased from 128.9 million to 137.8 million. The rate of ED Visits per 1000 persons increased from 416.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 399.47–434.37) in 2010 to 432.51 (95% CI 411.51–453.61) in 2014 (p = 0.0136). ED visits grew twice as quickly (1.7%) as the overall population (0.7%). The most common reason for an ED visit was abdominal pain (11.75% [95% CI 11.61–11.89]). This was followed by mental health problems (4.45% [95% CI 4.19–4.72]). Conclusion The number of ED visits in the United States continues to increase faster than the rate of population growth. Abdominal problems and mental health issues, including substance abuse, were the most common reasons for an ED visit in 2014.
Becoming a Microsurgeon

The experience of reattaching a wood chopper’s hand being reattached leads to a choice of specialty. Animal studies are essential to surgical skill and progress. At one point, we worked with pigs’ feet.
True Random Number Generator using Solar Output Characteristics

In this paper we introduce a new design concept for true random number generator using the inherent variation in the output characteristics of a solar panel. The proposed technique is experimentally demonstrated and evaluated using a series of solar panels with Arduino microcontroller platform. The evaluation shows that it enables extraction of moderate-throughput random sequences that pass most of the NIST statistical tests. The proposed concept can be very useful to mitigate cyber-threats in many wireless applications with minimal redesign cost and performance penalty.