cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Democratic Critics: An Alternative American Rhetorical Tradition of the Nineteenth Century

istorians often describe nineteenth-century American rhetoric as a classical tradition derived primarily from ancient Greek and Roman sources. This tradition is also depicted as a continuous thread, surviving without a break from ancient to contemporary times. For example, Marie Hochmuth [Nichols] and Richard Murphy sketch a scenario in which rhetoric changes, shifts, but grows ever "stronger" throughout the nineteenth century: "Through the age, now swift flowing, now quiescent, continued the main channel of classical rhetoric. Many tributaries fed it, and at times, indeed, rivaled the main stream in size and momentum—the science of voice, the quasi-scientific elocutionary system . . . the Delsartian systems. But the stream flowed on, and gathering by volume and momentum, at the end of the century cascaded into what we now know as the modern department of speech."' More recent scholarship argues that a "severe eclipse"
Using Testimonial Response to Frame the Challenges and Possibilities of Risky Historical Texts

Literature that vividly and explicitly describes (often in the form of testimonies from one or more characters) traumatic and/or catastrophic events of human history poses particular challenges for readers. This article proposes testimonial response as one approach to responding to these “risky historical texts.” By way of introducing testimonial response, the article outlines a three-part framework. After considering how testimonial response extends and complements other traditional approaches to literature response to give readers a fuller experience of risky historical literature, the article applies the framework of testimonial response to the picture book, From Slave Ship to Freedom Road. The article concludes with implications for bringing risky historical literature and testimonial response into the classroom.
DNA assembly from paired reads as 2-D jigsaw puzzles

We study the information theoretic limits of DNA assembly from paired reads. Each paired read consists of two subsequences of the DNA separated by a certain genomic distance. We show that this problem can be naturally cast as assembly of 2-D jigsaw puzzles. Using this representation, a necessary condition for assembly is derived and is shown to be nearly achieved on several probabilistic genome models.
Configuration interaction effects on the odd parity levels of SI

The odd parity levels in SI contain two related major anomalies, a bound (3s)1(3p)5 3P term, with very small oscillator strengths to the (3s)2(3p)4 3P ground-state term. Configuration interaction calculations, with a discretized continuum model, by Cowan, Radziemski, and Kaufman predict a bound (3s)1(3p)5 3P term as a result of its strong interaction with the continuum. It is shown that the discretized continuum model is in error in its treatment of the continuum, and that an exact solution to an approximate model shows that the energy shift due to interaction with the continuum is weak. Hansen has treated the comparable strong perturber problem in the halogens as a two-level interaction problem between (n s)1(n p)6 2S and (n s)2(n p)4 1D (n d)2S, using a term-dependent Hartree-Fock wave function for the latter level. Hansen’s results are in reasonable agreement with the discretized continuum model. It is shown that this agreement is fortuitous, as the two approaches treat different continuum interactions. In addition it is shown that Hansen’s two-level treatment is not generalizable. For SI both (3s)2(3p)3 2D (3d)3P and (3s)2(3p)3 2P (4s)3P must be included in the calculation even though (3s)2(3p)3 2P (4s)3P interacts weakly with (3s)1(3p)5 3P. Discrete CI calculations indicate that one can find reasonable overall agreement with the observed SI odd parity energy levels with J = 1 if the initial energy of the (3s)1(3p)5 3P is treated as a free parameter. Calculated level widths are in reasonable agreement with experiment, indicating no need to rescale calculated nondiagonal matrix elements. The calculated (3s)1(3p)5 3P–(3s)2 (3p)4 3P oscillator strengths are large, in contradiction to experiment. This fact and the need to use an adjustable (3s)1(3p)5 3P initial energy suggests a source of strong CI, not included in the basis set used. It is hypothesized that the missing strong source is the (3s)1(3p)4(4p) configuration.
Effect of Turfgrass on Soil Mobility and Dissipation of Cyproconazole

Previous studies of pesticide fate in turfgrass have found less mobility and more rapid dissipation compared with studies using the same pesticide applied to bare soil. Few direct comparisons of pesticide mobility and dissipation in turfgrass vs. bare soil have been conducted. The mobility and persistence of cyproconazole [α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol] on bare soil (Flanagan silt loam; fine, smectitic, mesic Aquertic, Argiudoll) and turf containing varying levels of organic matter was examined under field conditions. Twenty-centimeter-diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders were installed in either creeping bentgrass turf (Agrostis palustris Huds.), or in turf in where either 33, 67, or 100% of the thatch and plant material had been removed. Cyproconazole was applied at 403 g a.i. ha ' on 15 July 1996 and 8 July 1997. Replicate sampling cylinders were removed 2 h after treatment (HAT) and 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 d after treatment (DAT). Cylinder cores were sectioned into depths and assayed for cyproconazole by gas chromatography, On all sampling days, increasing the amount of surface organic matter decreased the amount of cyproconazole in the 0- to 1-, 1- to 3-, 3- to 5-, and 5- to 15-cm core sections. The amount of cyproconazole detected in the soil under a full stand of turf at 4 and 32 DAT was 1 and 11%, respectively, of that detected in bare soil. Cyproconazole residues never exceeded 20 μg kg 1 in the 15- to 30-cm core section of any treatment. The half-life of cyproconazole decreased from 129 d in bare soil to 12 d in a full bentgrass turf. Cyproconazole movement below 5 cm in the soil was reduced with increasing amounts of turfgrass thatch, and as little as one-third of a full stand of turf greatly decreased the half-life of cyproconazole. Application of cyproconazole to turfgrass results in less mobility and more rapid dissipation than is typically reported in other agronomic crops.
Reanimating the paralyzed face

Facial animation is an essential part of human communication and one of the main means of expressing emotions, indexing our physiologic state and providing nonverbal cues. The loss of this important human quality due to facial paralysis can be devastating and is often associated with depression, social isolation and poor quality of life. Interruption of the neuromuscular pathway from the facial motor cortex to the facial muscles is the common causative factor in facial paralysis resulting from various etiologies. Restoring tone, symmetry and movement to the paralyzed face requires timely nerve grafting intervention in cases of reversible paralysis and the transfer of functional muscle units in irreversible paralysis. We review recent advances in these techniques.
Electrotransport of solutes in rare earth metals

Abstract There has been considerable activity in recent years in the study of the electrotransport behavior of solute atoms in the rare earth metals. This effort appears to derive from two main objectives: 1. (1) a better understanding of the transport behavior of solutes in metals 2. (2) the preparation of high purity rare earth metals. The common interstitial impurities and many metallic impurities exhibit high electrotransport mobilities in the metals of the group. Thus, electrotransport promises to be an effective technique for ultrapurifying the rare earths, not only with respect to oxygen, carbon and nitrogen, but also with respect to iron, nickel, copper and other metallic impurities. This paper summarizes past and current work on the electrotransport of solutes in the rare earth metals.
A Comparative Clinical Evaluation of HAA Detection

Tests for hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) of blood donor sera were performed by conventional counter-immunoelectrophoresis and by a new complete test system devoid of wicks, buffers, or complicated power supply. An over-all correlation of 93 per cent was obtained between the two counter-immunoelectrophoretic methods.
THE SECONDARY B CELL LINEAGE FOR PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE IS CONSERVED IN CBA/CAHN-XID/J MICE

Abstract In order to determine the mechanism of generation of immunological memory, we used the splenic focus assay to analyze primary and in vitro generated secondary phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cell precursors in CBA/CaHN-xid/J mice (CBA/N) expressing an X-linked immune defect (xid). A quantitative analysis of the kinetics of the appearance of these precursors over the time of the culture period was performed. The precursors were analyzed for TEPC 15 idiotype expression and epitope specificity. We found that there was a significantly reduced total frequency of PC-specific precursors in CBA/N female and (CBA/CaHN-xid/J♀ × BALB/cRos♂)F1 (NBF1) male mice (xid phenotype), relative to BALB/c and NBF1 female mice (normal phenotype). Memory precursors representing a distinct lineage of B cells, however, were present at normal levels in CBA/N female and NBF1 male mice. These results help explain the reported characteristics of the serum antibody responses induced in these mice and also better our understanding of the mechanism of B cell memory generation.
Self-Reported Control over Decision-Making and its Relationship to Intimate Relationships

After making decisions designed to prime perceptions of interpersonal control, data from 178 heterosexual couples indicated that intimates classified as having unequal control blamed their partners more for conflicts and reported less trust and satisfaction than those intimates reporting equal control.
Effect of hydrocortisone on oxygen free radical generation by mononuclear cells

Corticosteroids are known to exert antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce tissue damage and inflammation and since mononuclear cells (MNCs) generate ROS, we investigated whether corticosteroids inhibit ROS generation by MNCs when given systemically. A single dose of either 300 mg (n = 8) or 100 mg (n = 6) of hydrocortisone (HC) was injected intravenously into eight and six subjects, respectively. Blood samples were obtained before and sequentially after the injection. Following 300 mg HC, N-formylmethionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced ROS generation, assayed by measuring chemiluminescence with luminol, decreased significantly at 0.5 hours and reached a nadir at 2 hours (8% of basal, P < .001); thereafter, it gradually recovered, but was still below baseline at 24 hours. Following the dose of 100 mg HC, ROS generation decreased significantly at 1 hour (nadir, 30% of basal; P < .01) and gradually recovered to near basal level at 8 hours. Serum cortisol concentrations were markedly elevated over basal and remained elevated throughout the first 8 hours of the experiment, returning to baseline at 24 hours. This inhibition of ROS generation by HC (and other glucocorticoids) may have a role to play in mediating the antiinflammatory action of corticosteroids.
A comparison of AUV navigation performance: a system approach

This paper addresses the technical challenges in underwater navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in terms of selecting an appropriate combination of navigation system and software processing. There are many existing systems that can be used onboard an AUV with different costs and capabilities. It is not immediately clear to ocean scientists which system is appropriate for a given set of navigation requirements. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel metric called navigation efficiency which is intended to provide a framework with which the navigation performance can be related directly to a given sensor suite and survey requirements. Three basic survey patterns are considered although more complicated survey patterns can be created using these basic patterns, and the navigation efficiency modified accordingly. To address the limitation in software processing for vehicle motion in the presence of wave disturbances, this paper provides new insights into how the existing error state Kalman filtering techniques can be used to attenuate the effect of wave disturbances. To substantiate the insights, an error state filter is applied to estimating the bias in gyro measurements although the basic idea can be extended to estimating other motion variables. The main contribution of this paper is twofolded. Firstly, it provides ocean scientists an easily understood framework with which to size and specify the needed navigation systems. Secondly, it provides navigation engineers a new appreciation of the use of error state filters to characterize complicated vehicle motion.
On 3-D reconstruction from stereo FS sonar imaging

New generation of 2-D sonar cameras operating at 1–2 MHz provide images with enhanced target details in highly turbid waters, although range is reduced by one to two orders of magnitude compared to traditional low-/mid-frequency systems. Therefore, they are suitable imaging systems for the short-range inspection of underwater structures. As for 2-D optical images, multiple object images from nearby viewing positions may be utilized for 3-D shape reconstruction based on similar visual cues as the motion parallax. In this paper, we address the reconstruction of 3-D points from two sonar views, acquired either simultaneously by two cameras, or from a single camera at two known relative positions. We investigate a number of linear algorithms for 3-D reconstruction from matches in two views, and examine some degenerate configurations. While these do not provide an optimal solution, e.g., in the Maximum Likelihood sense, they can offer a good initial condition to ensure effective convergence of the ML estimate. We present results of experiments with synthetic and real data in support of our theoretical contributions.
Solid Hydrogen Experiments for Atomic Propellants: Particle Formation, Imaging, Observations, and Analyses

This report presents particle formation observations and detailed analyses of the images from experiments that were conducted on the formation of solid hydrogen particles in liquid helium. Hydrogen was frozen into particles in liquid helium, and observed with a video camera. The solid hydrogen particle sizes and the total mass of hydrogen particles were estimated. These newly analyzed data are from the test series held on February 28, 2001. Particle sizes from previous testing in 1999 and the testing in 2001 were similar. Though the 2001 testing created similar particles sizes, many new particle formation phenomena were observed: microparticles and delayed particle formation. These experiment image analyses are some of the first steps toward visually characterizing these particles, and they allow designers to understand what issues must be addressed in atomic propellant feed system designs for future aerospace vehicles.
Multilingual noise-robust supervised morphological analysis using the WordFrame model

This paper presents the WordFrame model, a noise-robust supervised algorithm capable of inducing morphological analyses for languages which exhibit prefixation, suffixation, and internal vowel shifts. In combination with a naive approach to suffix-based morphology, this algorithm is shown to be remarkably effective across a broad range of languages, including those exhibiting infixation and partial reduplication. Results are presented for over 30 languages with a median accuracy of 97.5% on test sets including both regular and irregular verbal inflections. Because the proposed method trains extremely well under conditions of high noise, it is an ideal candidate for use in co-training with unsupervised algorithms.
Conformational stability from variable temperature infrared spectra of xenon solution, r0 structural parameters, and vibrational assignment of fluorocyclohexane

Abstract The infrared spectra (3500–300 cm−1) of the gas and xenon solutions of fluorocyclohexane have been recorded. By the utilization of nine different temperatures of nine conformer pairs the enthalpy difference between the more stable chair-equatorial conformer and the chair-axial form was determined to be 48 ± 5 cm−1 (137 ± 14 cal/mol). The ab initio predicted values ranged from 121 cm−1 with the chair-axial conformer more stable from the MP2(full)/6-311G(d,p) calculations to 24 cm−1 with the chair-equatorial form more stable with diffuse functions. The r0 structural parameters have been obtained from predicted parameters from ab initio MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations adjusted to fit the previously reported microwave determined rotational constants. The determined heavy atom structural parameters for the equatorial[axial] conformer are: the distances (A) C1–C7,8 = 1.533(3)[1.531(3)], C7,8–C13,14 = 1.543(3)[1.538(3)], C4–C13,14 = 1.518(3)[1.520(3)], C4–F6 = 1.404(3)[1.410(3)] and angles in degrees ∠C1C7,8C13,14 = 111.0(5)[111.2(5)], ∠F6C4C13,14 = 108.7(5)[107.9(5)] and τC8C1C7C13 = 55.9(10)[55.9(10)]. The harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and vibrational frequencies have been obtained for both conformers from MP2(full)/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations. With two scaling factors of 0.88 for the C–H stretches and 0.9 for the remaining ones, the fundamental wavenumbers have been predicted and along with the depolarization values and infrared band contours (B-type for A″ modes) a complete vibrational assignment has been made for both conformers. The results are discussed and compared to the corresponding properties of some similar molecules.
Electronic spectroscopy of the Al+–Ar complex

Abstract The laser fluorescence excitation spectrum of the Al + –Ar complex near the Al + ion 3s3p 1 P ← 3s 2 1 S resonance transition is reported. An excited-state ( v ′, 0) progression and the (0, 1) hot band were observed. Rotational analysis revealed that these bands involve an electronic transition from the Al + –Ar X 1 Σ + ground state to the 1 Σ + state correlating with the Al + ( 1 P )+Ar asymptote. Rotational constants and upper-state vibrational constants and the dissociation energy were determined. The spectroscopic constants of the two observed Al + –Ar electronic states are compared with those for neutral AlAr states.
Identification op a human hepatocellular carcinoma-associated tumor suppressor gene by differential display polymerase chain reaction

Differential gene expression between the normal human liver and a cell line derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was studied using the differential display polymerase chain reaction technique. One gene (mitochondria proteolipid like gene, MPL), whose expression was found to be repressed in the HCC cell line compared to normal liver, was cloned and sequenced. Amino acid sequence translated from the nucleotide sequence had a 73% homology with the carboxyl terminus of a mitochondria proteolipid (MPLP) isolated from beef heart. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of the 3 kb MPL transcript was undetectable in 20 of 45 (44%) of human hepatocellular carcinomas, whereas only 1 of 14 (17%) of cirrhotic livers without HCC had undetectable expression when compared to normal livers. Hence MPL may be a candidate tumor suppressor gene for human HCC. This decrease in MPL expression was not due to gross alteration of its genomic DNA.
A test battery for measuring nicotine effects in mice

A test battery consisting of measurement of respiration, startle response, Y-maze activity, heart rate, and body temperature has been developed to assess the effects of nicotine on the mouse. Results obtained using the test battery were compared to those obtained with each test individually in four inbred strains of mouse (BALB, C57BL, DBA and C3H). No significant differences between the results obtained using the test battery and those obtained with individual tests were found. The results did demonstrate, however, that the genotype of the mouse strongly influenced the responses in several of the tests.
Battery cycle life balancing in a microgrid through flexible distribution of energy and storage resources

Abstract In this paper, a microgrid consisting of four fuel cell-battery hybrid Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is devised for an industrial crusher–conveyor load. Each fuel cell was accompanied by a Li-ion battery to provide energy storage support under islanded condition of the microgrid since the fuel cells typically have poor transient response characteristics. After carrying out extensive modeling and analysis in MATLAB®, the battery utilization was found to vary significantly based on the DER's ‘electrical’ placement within the microgrid. This paper presents, under such conditions, a variety of battery life balancing solutions through the use of the new framework of Flexible Distribution of EneRgy and Storage Resources (FDERS). It is based on an in-situ reconfiguration approach through ‘virtual’ reactances that help in changing the ‘electrical’ position of each DER without physically displacing any component in the system. Several possible approaches toward balancing the battery utilization are compared in this paper taking advantage of the flexibility that FDERS offers. It was observed that the estimated battery life is dependent on factors such as cycling sequence, pattern, and occurrence.
Micro studies lead to macro understanding

In response to renewed interest in studying processes in porous and fractured media at the microscale, 30 researchers from universities, national laboratories, and industry gathered recently for a workshop. The group presented, discussed, debated, and brainstormed ideas to encourage interdisciplinary communication and foster new collaboration among researchers. Current microscale research is driven by our limited ability to reliably measure and describe fluid movement, chemical reactions, and other porous media phenomena at the macroscopic (or continuum) scale level. Real breakthroughs that rigorously translate a knowledge of fundamental fluid behavior, complex mineral surface chemistry, or bacterial activity at the pore scale into better models of processes on a macroscopic scale are lacking. Rather than extending traditional models and approaches, researchers are considering how fundamental pore-scale processes and physical properties are manifested at the continuum scale. Technological advances are allowing us to visualize, measure, simulate, and analyze processes within the pore spaces and discover their intrinsic relationships to macroscopic behavior.
Predicting the masses of heavy hadrons without an explicit Hamiltonian.

There are striking regularities in the masses and mass differences of known hadrons. Some of these regularities can be understood from known general properties of the interactions of quarks without a need to specify the explicit form of the Hamiltonian. The Feynman-Hellmann theorem is one of the tools providing this understanding. If the mass regularities are exploited, predictions can be made of the masses of as yet undiscovered hadrons. In particular, it is found that the mass of the ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is 6320\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 MeV. Predictions concerning (i) excited vector mesons, (ii) pseudoscalar mesons, (iii) P-wave mesons, and (iv) ground-state spin-1/2 and -3/2 baryons are also made.
Growth effect of taxes in an endogenous growth model: to what extent do taxes affect economic growth?

Abstract This paper presents an endogenous growth model comprising of financial, human and physical capital and incorporating major features of a general tax system. Technology and preference parameter values in the model are chosen to fit the actual growth experiences of the United States and a rapidly growing East Asian NIC. Using the calibrated model, I assess the role of differences in taxes and other variables in explaining the difference in growth rates. The main findings are: (i) the difference in tax systems across countries explains a significant proportion (around 30%) of the difference in growth rates; (ii) the difference in preferences explains at most 4%; and (iii) differences in labor income tax, debt-equity ratio and inflation can be important in explaining the growth difference. Further, I evaluate the contribution of the monetary factor to the growth rate gap, and the growth effect of US tax reforms, e.g., revenue-neutral changes in relative tax structure.
Batched searching in database organizations

Savings in the number of page accesses due to batching on sequential, tree-structured, and random files are well known and have been reported in the literature. This paper asserts that substantial savings can also be obtained in database organizations by batching the requests for records (in queries), and also by batching intermediate processing requests while traversing the database. A simple database having two interrelated files is used to demonstrate such savings. For the simple database, three variations on batching are reported and compared with the case of unbatched requests. New mathematical expressions have been developed for the batched cases as well as for the unbatched case, and the savings are demonstrated with some example problems. As an extension, larger databases will enjoy even greater savings due to batching. The paper also discusses several strategies for applying the batching approach to current databases, and the advantages of emerging very large main memories for the batching approach.
A systematic methodology for constructing high-order energy stable WENO schemes

A third-order Energy Stable Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (ESWENO) finite difference scheme developed by the authors of this paper [N.K. Yamaleev, M.H. Carpenter, Third-order energy stable WENO scheme, J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 3025-3047] was proven to be stable in the energy norm for both continuous and discontinuous solutions of systems of linear hyperbolic equations. Herein, a systematic approach is presented that enables ''energy stable'' modifications for existing WENO schemes of any order. The technique is demonstrated by developing a one-parameter family of fifth-order upwind-biased ESWENO schemes including one sixth-order central scheme; ESWENO schemes up to eighth order are presented in the Appendix. We also develop new weight functions and derive constraints on their parameters, which provide consistency, much faster convergence of the high-order ESWENO schemes to their underlying linear schemes for smooth solutions with arbitrary number of vanishing derivatives, and better resolution near strong discontinuities than the conventional counterparts.
An analysis of mutual assistance

Why should community psychology be interested in mutual assistance? Mutual assistance organizations represent not an alternative to professional care by an addition to resources in the community of a kind that makes for a more competent community (Iscoe, 1974). Mutual assistance also reflects the values of empowerment that many community psychologists accept as primary (Rappaport, 1981). For those persons who suffer with conditions that may be attributed to oppressive social environments, there is no alternative to collective political and social action to produce change. The developing mutual assistance movement provides an unparalleled opportunity to enhance our understanding of the meaning and significance of social support and the conditions under which people change. Those of us in the field have every reason to embrace this movement for it is truly in keeping with the vision of community psychology.
Asymptotic interface corner solutions for butt tensile joints

In previous work, the intensity of the stress singularity of type rδ (δ < 0) found at the interface corner between a thin elastic adhesive layer and one of a pair of rigid adherends was fully determined for a butt tensile joint. This stress intensity factor, referred to here as the free-edge stress intensity factor Kf, can be applied to both plane strain and axisymmetric geometries. This study investigates the potential application of a Kf-based failure criterion to butt tensile joints. Detailed elastic-plastic finite element calculations for adhesive properties representative of a high strength epoxy indicate that when residual cure stress can be neglected (1) the region dominated by the interface corner singularity is reasonably large relative to adhesive layer thickness, (2) the plastic yield zone is contained within the singular field at nominal failure loads, and (3) the plastic zone size is characterized by kf and displays the expected load level and layer thickness dependence. The way uniform adhesive shrinkage (thermal contraction) during cure alters interface corner stress fields is also discussed. When adhesive shrinkage is present, both constant and singular terms must be included in the asymptotic solution to get good agreement with full field finite element results. In general, there is no unique relation between the size of the interface corner yield zone and Kf, although for a prescribed shrinkage strain, Kf does characterize the extent of plastic yielding. Calculated results suggest that the presence of residual stress can have a considerable effect on the relation between bond thickness and joint strength.
Psychophysics of reading--XIII. Predictors of magnifier-aided reading speed in low vision.

Abstract A key clinical problem in low-vision assessment is finding simple measures that are predictive of real-world performance. Our purpose was to determine whether a set of clinical variables could predict how well low-vision subjects read with their magnifiers. The variables were Snellen acuity, presence/absence of central scotomas, clear/cloudy ocular media, age, magnifier type, and score on a standardized test of reading speed (Minnesota Low-vision Reading Test). Forty low-vision subjects identified the magnifier they most “preferred” to use, based on the frequency and length of time used, ease of use, or any other factor considered important by each subject. All subjects were highly experienced with their magnifier (3 months to 21 yr of use). We classified the magnifiers into five categories: (1) standard correction only; (2) hand-held magnifier; (3) spectacle-mounted magnifier; (4) closed-circuit TV; and (5) stand magnifier. Subjects used their preferred magnifiers to read aloud printed paragraphs of about 150 words from which their reading speeds were calculated. By far the best predictor of the magnifier-aided reading speed was the score on the standardized reading test which accounted for 79.7% of the variance. 43.7% of the variance was accounted for by age, and 42.3% by magnifier type. Snellen acuity, central visual field status, and ocular media status were not significantly correlated with magnifier-aided reading speed. We conclude that a standardized clinical reading test can give a valid prediction of the reading speed a low-vision patient is likely to achieve with a magnifier.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATIONS USING SWEEPING FIELDS

Sweeping-field electrophoresis is investigated as a method for increasing the resolution of low-voltage slab gel separations. In this technique a low direct current (DC) voltage is time multiplexed to an array of periodically spaced electrodes placed along the length of the slab in a manner that follows the band migration. Because the electrode spacing is smaller than the slab length, a larger field is generated, yielding an improved separation. The effect of the nonuniform electric field on band distortion is studied in some detail. Experimental band distortion results showed good agreement with theoretical predictions in a macroscopic sweeping-field electrophoresis system. Both analytical and numerical results show that band distortion can be effectively minimized when an appropriate sweep rate is selected for a narrow band range. Using this scheme we have achieved the same number of theoretical plates as a DC-driven system with one third of the drive voltage.
Effects of lidocaine on axonal morphology, microtubules, and rapid transport in rabbit vagus nerve in vitro.

Treatment with lidocaine, at exposures which completely block impulse conduction and rapid axonal transport, resulted in a sequence of morphological effects on rabbit vagus never in vitro. Low exposures (0.3% for 90 min, 0.4% for 45 min, 0.6% for 25 min) caused a reorientation and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); the number of axonal microtubules either remained normal or was increased. Intermediate exposures (0.4% for 90 min, 0.6% for 45 min) Produced a similar effect on the SER, as well as causing a 50% reduction in microtubule number and some swelling of axons and Schwann cells. The highest exposure (0.6% for 75 min) caused over 90% reduction in microtubule number, a partial loss of neurofilaments, and severe swelling of axons, Schwann call, and mitochondria. Reversibility of these effects was tested in lidocaine-treated nerves that had been washed with fresh culture medium. There was good recovery of nerve exposures. After intermediate exposures, there was only partial return of rapid transport, even though imposures, there was morphological, and no recovery occured throughout the excised vagus nerve in efferent and afferent axons as well as Schwann cells, and these events did not coincide with changes in the functional state of rapid axonal transport.
The exact-display approach for online catalog subject searching

Abstract When public catalog users enter queries that exactly match the catalog's controlled vocabulary, online systems should respond with browsing lists of alphabetically arranged subject headings, because such displays guide users to retrievals based on the assignment of the matched subject headings to bibliographic records. Unfortunately, studies of online catalog searching demonstrate that alphabetical displays are no longer capable of managing large numbers of subdivided forms of subject headings, because searchers exhibit low levels of perseverance when faced with large numbers of retrievals. This paper introduces a new approach to displaying retrieved subject headings in subject searching—the exact-display approach—designed to encourage users to browse bibliographic information. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the exact-display approach by showing how many user queries would be candidates for this approach, demonstrate an implementation of the exact-display approach in an experimental online catalog, and feature end-user experiences with this approach as implemented in the experimental catalog. End-user experiences gave the authors the opportunity to make several recommendations for enhancing the original design of the exact-display approach so that future implementations of this approach in operational online catalogs are responsive to the needs of online catalog users.
Lung Glutamine Metabolism

The role of the lungs in maintaining amino acid homeostasis has only recently been studied. The data suggest that the lungs play a key role in glutamine flow in both normal and catabolic states. Further studies are necessary to clarify the regulation of lung glutamine at the whole organ and cellular level.
Protection against cis-dichlorodiammine Pt (II) cytotoxicity in vitro by cysteamine.

EMT6/SF cells exposed to cis-dichlorodiammine Pt (II) (DDP) for 1 hr in the presence of 10 mM cysteamime (MEA) survived better than cells treated with DDP alone (DMF-3.1). MEA added to cultures after removal of DDP also protected, even when the two exposures were separated by as long as 4 hr. Protection by MEA was concentration dependent: no significant protection was observed below 1 mM and maximum protection required 5 mM. When cells were incubated with 10 mM MEA immediately after removal of DDP, survival increased as a function of the length of exposure to MEA, reaching a maximum at 2 hr.
DYADIC GREEN'S FUNCTION FOR A RADIALLY INHOMOGENEOUS SPHERICAL MEDIUM

The general expression for the dyadic Green's function in a radially inhomogeneous dielectric medium is obtained. It is then applied to the problem of radiation from an electric dipole in such a medium. Possible applications to electromagnetic scattering problems and to elementary particle scattering problems are noted.
Saccadic localization in the presence of cues to three-dimensional shape

Saccades directed to simple two-dimensional (2D) target shapes under instructions to look at the target as a whole land near the center of gravity (COG) of the shape with a high degree of precision (He & Kowler, 1991; Kowler & Blaser, 1995; McGowan, Kowler, Sharma, & Chubb, 1998; Melcher & Kowler, 1999; Vishwanath, Kowler, & Feldman, 2000). This pattern of performance has been attributed to the averaging of visual signals across the shape. Natural objects, however, are three-dimensional (3D), and the shape of the object can differ dramatically from its 2D retinal projection. This study examined saccadic localization of computer-generated perspective images of 3D shapes. Targets were made to appear either 2D or 3D by manipulating shading, context, and contour cues. Average saccadic landing positions (SD approximately 10% eccentricity) fell at either the 2D or 3D COG, and occasionally in between, depending on the nature of the 3D cues and the subject. The results show that saccades directed to objects are not compelled to land at the 2D COG, but can be sensitive to other visual cues, such as cues to 3D structure. One way to account for these results, without abandoning the averaging mechanism that has accounted well for performance with simple 2D shapes, is for saccadic landing position to be computed based on averaging across a weighted representation of the shape in which portions projected to be located at a greater distance receive more weight.
Schottky barrier height reduction for holes by Fermi level depinning using metal/nickel oxide/silicon contacts

We report the experimental demonstration of Fermi level depinning using nickel oxide (NiO) as the insulator material in metal-insulator-semiconductor (M-I-S) contacts. Using this contact, we show less than 0.1 eV barrier height for holes in platinum/NiO/silicon (Pt/NiO/p-Si) contact. Overall, the pinning factor was improved from 0.08 (metal/Si) to 0.26 (metal/NiO/Si). The experimental results show good agreement with that obtained from theoretical calculation. NiO offers high conduction band offset and low valence band offset with Si. By reducing Schottky barrier height, this contact can be used as a carrier selective contact allowing hole transport but blocking electron transport, which is important for high efficiency in photonic applications such as photovoltaics and optical detectors.
Evolutionary and neurobiological implications of selective phonotaxis in the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea

An extensive series of two-speaker and four-speaker playback experiments using synthetic advertisement calls identified acoustic criteria that may be used by females of the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea, in choosing a mate. At a sound pressure level (SPL) of 75 dB (decibels re 20 μPa) females preferred signals which had a low-frequency spectral peak in the range 0·8–1·0 kHz and a high-frequency spectral peak in the range 2·4–3·6 kHz. Some frequency preferences were reduced or abolished by changing the absolute or relative SPLs of the experimental stimuli. Frequency selectivity in the low-frequency range decreased with playback level; selectivity in the high-frequency range increased with playback level. Females were less selective with respect to variation of the low-frequency peak in four-speaker experiments than in two-speaker experiments. Frequency preferences were independent of female body size. Females responded selectively to signals that differed in call duration and relative SPL; some preferences depended on absolute SPL. Females preferred signals with higher (15–100%) than average repetition rates to those with average rates, but did not respond at all to calls repeated at about four times the normal rate. These results are discussed in terms of current knowledge on auditory physiology and recent data on patterns of call variation and mating success among male green treefrogs.
Effect of Purified Ovine Pituitary Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (NIH-FSH-S-1) on the Urinary Estrogen Output of Normal Menstruating Women

ABSTRACT The effect of administering the purified ovine pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone preparation (NIH-FSH-S-1) on the urinary excretion of estrogens was studied in 10 normal menstruating women, 5 in the proliferative phase and 5 in the secretory phase of the cycle. During the proliferative phase, a significant increase in urinary estrogens was observed in 3 of the 5 cases. In the remaining 2 cases, no significant rise occurred, and in these cases there was a significant depression below the expected values after the discontinuance of FSH. Similar results were obtained during the secretory phase. Therefore, this FSH preparation could be considered to be active in the human, in terms of alterations (increase or decrease) in the urinary estrogen output. In those cases in which the urinary estrogen output was decreased, the exogenous FSH may have caused an unphysiologic alteration in the FSH:LH ratio, with possible suppression of ovarian estrogen production. Significant antihormone formation was con...
Effects of habitat destruction and resource supplementation in a predator-prey metapopulation model.

Abstract We developed a mean field, metapopulation model to study the consequences of habitat destruction on a predator–prey interaction. The model complements and extends earlier work published by Bascompte and Sole (1998,J. theor. Biol.195 , 383–393) in that it also permits use of alternative prey (i.e., resource supplementation) by predators. The current model is stable whenever coexistence occurs, whereas the earlier model is not stable over the entire domain of coexistence. More importantly, the current model permits an assessment of the effect of a generalist predator on the trophic interaction. Habitat destruction negatively affects the equilibrium fraction of patches occupied by predators, but the effect is most pronounced for specialists. The effect of habitat destruction on prey coexisting with predators is dependent on the ratio of extinction risk due to predation and prey colonization rate. When this ratio is less than unity, equilibrial prey occupancy of patches declines as habitat destruction increases. When the ratio exceeds one, equilibrial prey occupancy increases even as habitat destruction increases; i.e., prey “escape” from predation is facilitated by habitat loss. Resource supplementation reduces the threshold colonization rate of predators necessary for their regional persistence, and the benefit derived from resource supplementation increases in a nonlinear fashion as habitat destruction increases. We also compared the analytical results to those from a stochastic, spatially explicit simulation model. The simulation model was a discrete time analog of our analytical model, with one exception. Colonization was restricted locally in the simulation, whereas colonization was a global process in the analytical model. After correcting for differences between nominal and effective colonization rates, most of the main conclusions of the two types of models were similar. Some important differences did emerge, however, and we discuss these in relation to the need to develop fully spatially explicit analytical models. Finally, we comment on the implications of our results for community structure and for the conservation of prey species interacting with generalist predators.
Osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine; current options and considerations for treatment.

Abstract Background context Vertebral compression fractures affect at least one-fourth of all postmenopausal women. The most significant risk factor is osteoporosis, most commonly seen among Caucasian women a decade or so after menopause. Osteoporosis typically results from inadequate accumulation of bone mass during childhood and early adulthood followed by rapid resorption after menopause. Primary treatment of osteoporosis includes consideration of underlying metabolic abnormalities and provision of supplemental calcium/vitamin D in conjunction with bisphosphonates or calcitonin, or both. Routine hormone replacement therapy has fallen out of favor because of concerns regarding adverse effects identified in long-term follow-up studies. Acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture management includes bracing, analgesics, and functional restoration. Patients with chronic pain beyond 2 months may be appropriate candidates for vertebral body augmentation, ie, vertebroplasty or balloon tamp reduction. Open surgical management with decompression and stabilization should be reserved for the rare patient with neural compression and progressive deformity with neurologic deficits. Purpose To review current principles in the evaluation and treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine. Study design/setting A literature review on management of the osteoporotic spine. Methods MEDLINE search of all English-language literature published between 1981 and 2005 on surgical and nonsurgical treatment of the osteoporotic spine. The references selected for listing at the conclusion of this review are those containing specific information cited within the text. Results Over 200 separate scientific and clinical studies addressing the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were reviewed. Conclusions Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are a common presenting complaint to spinal care specialists. Thorough differential diagnosis should be considered before attributing fractures to osteoporosis. Appropriate evaluation and medical treatment of underlying osteoporosis should be recommended or instituted. Nonsurgical management of the spinal fracture should focus on pain control and maximizing functional outcome. The role of surgical treatment remains controversial and should be reserved for patients who fail initial nonsurgical management options.
Performance characterization of a small form-factor 100X micro-optic concentrator

Optical performance of micro-concentrator optics developed under the Microsystems-Enabled Photovoltaics (MEPV) program is investigated experimentally. The second generation prototype module is designed to have a 100X geometric concentration ratio, ±2.5° acceptance angle and a lens “sandwich” thickness of 5.30mm. Indoor experimental measurements with simulated light sources on optical modules without AR coatings show a focused transmission of ∼76% (air-optics-air) across 400–1127nm for the current prototype, with losses due to interface reflection, scattering, material absorption and imperfect optical edge effects. With appropriate AR coatings and solar cells immersed in the optics, it is projected that a fully assembled module will achieve a focused optical transmission of over 84%. Outdoor characterization of the optical modules under natural sunlight is being performed.
Knowledge Distribution, Embodiment, and Insulation*

This article looks at how parts of a social stock of knowledge can become insulated from each other via their uneven distribution both "horizontally" across time and space, and "vertically" with respect to degrees of embodiment in unconscious habits and routines. It uses ideas from Alfred Schutz, Peter Berger, Thomas Luckmann, Michael Polanyi, and others to argue that this insulation can produce a highly dynamic structuring of knowledge, awareness of which has the potential to help explain the existence of ignorance, misperception, and multiple interpretations in different social settings. This potential is illustrated with examples taken from a study of American economists, showing how an approach considering insulation can improve understanding of at least one currently influential branch of knowledge. The article also suggests briefly how such an approach might augment recent theories of habitual action by accounting for both stability and change, and even help with some longstanding epistemological problems in social theory.