cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sony-W sharing of cadaver kidneys for transplantation.

Abstract A regional network composed of 12 major medical centers has been organized in southern Ontario, Canada, and upstate New York. During the first four years of experience over 85 cadaver kidneys have been transported to the institution of the waiting recipient. The majority of kidneys were judged to be functioning at thirty days. Simple flushing of the kidney with 500 ml. of Ursol (University of Rochester Solution) is effective in preserving the kidney for fifteen hours.
Accelerator mass spectrometry: A versatile tool for research

Abstract A review of measurements with accelerator mass spectrometry is presented. Emphasis is placed on the use of long-lived radioisotopes and the versatility of the method. Although necessarily incomplete, this paper is intended to convey some feeling for the enormous breadth of AMS measurements and its prospects for future research.
THE ROLE OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN ‘NATURAL’ WATER PURIFICATION

Abstract— The concentration of Escherichia coli in the input and output of a tertiary wastewater system (4 lagoons) has been monitored over an 11 month period. The integrated flux of biologically active solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation was measured during this period. By also determining (1) the effective temperature in the system, (2) the growth rate of E. coli at the effective temperature, (3) the penetration of the solar UV into the lagoons, (4) the dose-response relation for killing of E. coli by UV and (5) the retention time of water in the system, it is possible to compare the ‘die off’ expected from solar UV exposure to the actual ‘die off’ observed for different batches of water. The observed killing of E. coli was quite close to the values calculated, considering the numerous factors involved. Solar UV light would thus seem to be a very important factor in the natural purification of water. Because each successful species must possess characteristics (physiological or behavioral) which provide adequate resistance to solar UV, the ecological role of solar UV radiation has not been widely appreciated.
A note on finite twisting and transverse bending of shear deformable orthotropic plates

Abstract In generalization of earlier results for non-shear deformable plates, this note obtains a system of linear ordinary differential equations for a problem of finite twisting and bending based on an intrinsic version of the equations for finite deflections of shear deformable plates. The differential equations of the system have constant coefficients for uniform plates, with this offering the possibility of an explicit determination of the effect of shear deformability on the stability characteristics of this non-linear structural problem.
Ca2+ and Phytochrome Action in Plants

Red light initiates many important morphogenetic responses in plants through the mediation of the pigment, phytochrome. How phytochrome promotes photomorphogenesis is unknown. The evidence that photoactivated phytochrome initiates calcium fluxes in cells is reviewed and how these fluxes could regulate several known red-light induced effects in plants is discussed.
Further issues in determining the readability of self-report items: comment on McHugh and Behar (2009).

OBJECTIVE Issues regarding the readability of self-report assessment instruments, methods for establishing the reading ability level of respondents, and guidelines for development of scales designed for marginal readers have been inconsistently addressed in the literature. A recent study by McHugh and Behar (2009) provided new findings relevant to these issues. McHugh and Behar calculated indices of readability separately for the instructions and the item sets of 105 self-report measures of anxiety and depression. Results revealed substantial variability in readability among the measures, with most measures being written at or above the mean reading grade level in the United States. These results were consistent with those reported previously by Schinka and Borum (1993, 1994) in analyses of the readability of commonly used self-report psychopathology and personality inventories. In their discussion, McHugh and Behar addressed implications of their findings for clinical assessment and for scale development. METHOD I expand on their comments by addressing the failure to consider vocabulary difficulty, a major shortcoming of readability indices that examine only text complexity. I demonstrate how vocabulary difficulty influences readability and discuss additional considerations and possible solutions for addressing the gap between scale readability and the reading skill level of the self-report respondent. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The work of McHugh and Behar clearly demonstrates that the issues of reading ability that arise in collecting self-report data are neither simple nor straightforward. Comments are offered to focus attention on the problems identified by their work. These problems will require additional effort on the part of researchers and clinicians in order to obtain reliable, valid estimates of clinical status.
MARFE stability and movement in an ELMy H-mode NSTX discharge

The results of a comparison of Multifaceted Asymmetric Radiation From the Edge (MARFE) theory with experiment in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) are presented. A variety of MARFE behavior was observed using a fast-framing camera. A basic MARFE theory was applied to NSTX Multi-Pulse Thomson scattering (MPTS) and charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CHERS) data. MARFE theory showed some limited agreement with experiment, but uncertainty in the separatrix location constrained the analysis. A method based on shifting iso-Te flux surfaces was used to estimate the separatrix location. The movements of MARFEs in NSTX are interpreted to result from diamagnetic heat flux driven drifts relative to the background plasma velocity and imply slowing edge poloidal rotation and/or changing edge profiles before a large ELM.
Climatic determinants of irrigated rice performance in the Sahel : II. Validation of photothermal constants and characterization of genotypes

Abstract Genetic diversity in Sahelian rice systems is very limited with more than 90% of the irrigated rice area planted to only three varieties. Recent liberalization and intensification of production require varieties that are better adapted to climatic constraints associated with evolving rice-rice and alternative rice-based cropping systems. Forty nine locally grown or introduced genotypes were characterized for their photothermal response in the field using a model described in a previous paper. Varietal constants Tbase, Topt, Tsum, BVP and CPP characterized thermal and photoperiodic effects on flowering and were validated using literature and field data from independent experiments. Photothermal constants were associated with seasonspecific, agronomic performance. Short-duration types with high plasticity of duration performed best in the dry season, and medium-duration types with high plasticity in the wet season. Short-duration types with low plasticity of duration performed well in both seasons. Locally grown varieties were mostly medium duration and comparatively thermo- and photoperiod-insensitive. Researchers' selections were markedly different from locally used materials. We conclude that photothermal response of phenology is an important character for breeding improved irrigated rice in arid environments.
Shell flashes in planetary nuclei

THE central stars of planetary nebulae may be the ancestors of some of the white dwarfs1–3, and the magnetic white dwarfs in particular may have originated in this way4,5. There seem to be no mechanisms in the white dwarfs themselves capable of producing fields of the strengths observed, and the magnetic field must therefore be a fossil remnant of an earlier phase of evolution. The hypothesis that a high internal field is exposed by the ejection of the nebular shell has an appealing simplicity.
Separation of uranium from nitric and hydrochloric acid solutions with extractant-coated magnetic microparticles.

The magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS) process utilizes selective magnetic microparticle composites to separate dissolved metals from solution. In this study, MACS particles were coated with neutral and acidic organophosphorus extractants,octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO), tributyl phosphate (TBP), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), and bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA or HDEHP) and were evaluated for the separation of uranyl ions from nitric- and hydrochloric-acid solutions. The results suggest that a synergistic interaction between the particle surface and solvent coating may explain why the particles display, in some cases, orders of magnitude of higher partitioning coefficients than are estimated from solvent-extraction measurements. Particles coated with TBP and those coated with a combination of TOPO and D2EHPA displayed the most desirable characteristics for removing uranium from dilute acid environments typical of contaminated groundwater. Urani...
Neutronics and thermal–hydraulics analysis of a liquid metal fast reactor for expandable lunar surface power

Abstract This paper presents a liquid NaK-78 cooled, fast spectrum nuclear reactor for lunar surface power. The reactor nominally operates at 500 kW th –1000 kW th and same inlet and exit temperatures of 850 and 900 K, but different coolant circulation rates. Depending on the type of energy conversion technology employed, the power system could generate 30–270 kW e for operation lives of 20–40 years. The reactor core is comprised of 6 hydraulically independent, but thermally and neutronically coupled sectors loaded with highly enriched UN fuel pins in a triangle lattice. Each sector has a separate pair of primary loop with energy conversion unit(s) and secondary loop with heat rejection radiator panels. The liquid metal coolant is circulated through the primary and secondary loops using separate electromagnetic pumps powered with separate thermoelectric conversion assemblies. The pumps continue to operate after reactor shutdown, effectively and safely removing the decay heat. Presented are the results of a multi-physics neutronics and 3-D thermal–hydraulic design optimization analysis performed to satisfy launch safety subcriticality requirement, determine beginning-of-life excess reactivity and the reactor full power operation lives, and ensure proper coolant distribution in the reactor core sectors and mixing in the upper plenums.
Electron spin-lattice relaxation rates for high-spin Fe(III) complexes in glassy solvents at temperatures between 6 and 298 K.

Abstract The temperature dependence of spin–lattice relaxation rates was analyzed for four high-spin nonheme iron proteins between 5 and 20 K, for three high-spin iron porphyrins between 5 and 118 K, and for four high-spin heme proteins between 5 and 150 to 298 K. For the nonheme proteins the zero-field splittings, D , are less than 0.7 cm −1 , and the relaxation is dominated by the Orbach and Raman processes. For the iron porphyrins and heme proteins D is between 4 and 12 cm −1 and the relaxation is dominated by the Orbach process between about 5 and 100 K and by a local mode at higher temperatures. The relaxation rates for the heme proteins in glassy matrices extrapolated to values at room temperature that are similar to values obtained by NMR relaxivity in fluid solution. This similarity suggests that for high-spin Fe(III) heme proteins with effective intramolecular spin–lattice relaxation processes, the additional motional freedom gained when a relatively large protein goes from glassy solid to liquid solution at room temperature has little impact on spin–lattice relaxation.
Management of microinvasive cervical cancers.

The management of microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix (MIC) has been ill-defined in the past and is a persistent focus of controversy. MIC with </= 3 mm of invasion—without lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI)—can be treated conservatively. In the presence of LVSI and invasion of up to 5 mm, a hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy are recommended. These recommendations may be modified in individual patients who are concerned about fertility conservation. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 16:228–231, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Liberating the City: Between New York and New Orleans

The paper develops a critical analysis of the intellectual project of the "new urban right," highlighting the role of conservative and free-market think tanks in the formation, elaboration, and diffusion of market-oriented or "neoliberal" urban policy in the period since the late 1970s. The discussion is organized around a comparative analysis of the right's narration of urban crises in post-1975 New York City and post-Katrina New Orleans, during which time welfarist modes of urban governance have increasingly given way to an alternative—but hardly stable—regime, based on the invasive moral and penal regulation of the poor, together with state-assisted efforts to reclaim the city for business, the middle classes, and the market. But there is a complex geography to this process of ideological diffusion and transformation. If the shift in the ideational climate was, for all intents and purposes, a slow, incremental, and somewhat endogenous one in New York City, it roared in from out of town, with violent in...
Intracranial suppuration: a clinical comparison of subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses.

Background We compared the clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of intracranial suppurations (IEs) caused by sub-dural empyema (SDEs) and epidural abscesses (EAs). Methods Twenty-four patients with IE were retrospectively identified at our institution over a period of 14 years. Therapeutic outcomes at 6 months were determined using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Results Among them, 15 had SDE and nine had EA with or without SDE. The three most frequently encountered clinical features Included fever (79%), disturbed consciousness(58%), and seizures (54%). Postneurosurgical or posttraumatic states (42%) and complication after meningitis (38%) were the two most common modes of infection. The overall mortality rate was 8% (2/24). However, if mortality and severe neurologic sequelae were included in the poor outcome group, then 29% (7/24) of our patients would be considered treatment failures. Conclusion In this study, SDE commonly arose following bacterial meningitis with a more fulminant course, but no deaths occurred. In contrast, EA commonly has a more Indolent course and is postoperatively or post-traumatically related, and therefore may have a higher mortality rate based on primary brain pathophysiology alone. Inpatients with meningitis or who undergo postneurosurgical procedures and develop fever, progressive disturbed consciousness, seizures, and focal neurologic signs, immediate neuroimaging studies should be per-formed to determine whether IE is present. Early surgical drainage and aggressive antimicrobial therapy are necessary.
Characteristics and operating history of Toray spiral-wound cellulose acetate memrane elements

Abstract Cellulose acetate membranes in which performances and durability were improved by using new additives has been commercially prepared. The membrane consists of asymmetric structure being reinforced by fabric, and is wound in spiral type configuration which is different from another type of spiral-wound elements. This Toray spiral-wound cellulose acetate membrane elements have been used worldwidely for the production of ultra pure water for electronics industries, and for brackish and double-stage seawater desalination plants since 1977. The characteristics of the membrane and the elements are discussed, an some of operating history of the RO unit are reviewed.
On ill-posedness of truncated series models for water waves

The evolution of surface gravity waves on a large body of water, such as an ocean, is reasonably well approximated by the Euler system for ideal, free-surface flow under the influence of gravity. The well-posedness theory for initial-value problems for these equations, which has a long and distinguished history, reveals that solutions exist, are unique, and depend continuously upon initial data in various function–space contexts. This theory is subtle, and the design of stable, accurate, numerical schemes is likewise challenging. Depending upon the wave regime in question, there are many different approximate models that can be formally derived from the Euler equations. As the Euler system is known to be well-posed, it seems appropriate that associated approximate models should also have this property. This study is directed to this issue. Evidence is presented calling into question the well-posedness of a well-known class of model equations which are widely used in simulations. A simplified version of these models is shown explicitly to be ill-posed and numerical simulations of quadratic- and cubic-order water-wave models, initiated with initial data predicted by the explicit analysis of the simplified model, lends credence to the general contention that these models are ill-posed.
Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase/Akt Signaling Impairs DNA Repair in Glioblastoma Cells following Ionizing Radiation

Radiation therapy is a mainstay in the treatment of glioblastomas, but these tumors are often associated with radioresistance. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which occurs frequently in glioblastomas due to inactivation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), correlates with radioresistance. To directly test the link between Akt activation and radioresistance, we utilized PTEN-deficient U251 glioblastoma cells engineered to inducibly restore PTEN upon exposure to doxycycline. These cells showed high basal levels of Akt activation (i.e. high levels of phospho-Akt), but induction of PTEN led to substantially decreased phospho-Akt and was associated with radiosensitization. To investigate whether the PTEN-induced radiosensitization was attributable to impaired sensing versus repair of DNA damage, we assessed levels of γ-H2AX after ionizing radiation in U251 cells induced for PTEN. Initial post-radiation levels of γ-H2AX foci were not decreased in PTEN-induced cells; however, the resolution of these foci was significantly delayed. In contrast to these results, induction of phosphatase-dead PTEN showed no appreciable effect. Finally, exposure of cells to the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 did not decrease the occurrence of γ-H2AX foci after irradiation but did markedly delay their resolution. These results together support a direct link between Akt activation, repair of DNA damage, and radioresistance in glioblastoma. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway may modulate DNA repair to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy.
Murine Colitis is Mediated by Vimentin

Vimentin, an abundant intermediate filament protein, presumably has an important role in stabilizing intracellular architecture, but its function is otherwise poorly understood. In a vimentin knockout (Vim KO) mouse model, we note that Vim KO mice challenged with intraperitoneal Escherichia coli control bacterial infection better than do wild-type (WT) mice. In vitro, Vim KO phagocytes show significantly increased capacity to mediate bacterial killing by abundant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxides, likely due to interactions with the p47phox active subunit of NADPH oxidase. In acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), Vim KO mice develop significantly less gut inflammation than do WT mice. Further, Vim KO mice have markedly decreased bacterial extravasation in the setting of DSS-induced acute colitis, consistent with decreased intestinal disease. Our results suggest that vimentin impedes bacterial killing and production of ROS, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of acute colitis.
OPTIMIZATION OF CONCRETE DRYING TEMPERATURE FOR MONOMER IMPREGNATION

The optimum drying temperature of concrete prior to monomer impregnation was investigated. Mortar cubes were cast, dried at different temperatures between room temperature and 316°C (600°C), and impregnated with monomer and polymerized in situ. The cubes were then vacuum-saturated and their resistivities were measured. The cubes were cut and dried to 104°C (220°F), and the influence of drying temperature on the degree of impregnation was evaluated using a mercury porosimeter and a scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive spectroscope. Companion cubes were subjected to ponding-drying cycles in a sodium chloride solution, and the ingress of chloride was determined from powdered samples. Results were used to optimize the drying temperature of concrete for monomer impregnation. The results demonstrated that monomer impregnation of concrete to a desired depth can be achieved at a lower temperature than previously believed.
Utilization of mismatched initiator termini by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase

Abstract DNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus was studied using poly(C) as template and modified oligo(dG) as primer. The addition of one noncomplementary base to the 3′-end of the primer has no important effect on synthesis. The mispaired base is incorporated into the product and the apparent K m (for primer) and the V of the reaction remain unchanged. This confirms the absence of a 3′ → 5′-exodeoxynuclease activity using a template that is transcribed faithfully rather than one that can undergo a slippage reaction.
Abstract 4238: Azadirachta indica leaf extract inhibits mammary carcinogenesis by altering key signaling pathways

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL It is estimated that 20-60% of cancer patients utilize some form of alternative medicine. Plant products play a major role in complimentary medicine. Azadirachta indica tree commonly known as neem has been known for centuries to possess medicinal properties like immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic. We have previously shown that A. indica leaf extract has potent anticarcinogenic capabilities in N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (MNU)-induced mammary cancer model. The aim of our study is to explore the molecular pathways through which A. indica induces mammary tumor regression. Seven week old female Lewis rats were administered MNU. On the appearance of the first palpable tumor the rats were divided into groups receiving different doses of ethanolic A. indica leaf extract (ALE): group 1 control, no treatment; group 2 0.125mg/day; group 3: 0.250mg/day; group 4: 0.500mg/day; group 5: 1mg/day. Treatment was daily for 4 weeks intraperitoneally. The animals were euthanized 12 weeks after the termination of treatment and mammary tumor tissue samples were snap frozen and also fixed in formalin. To analyze key gene expression changes we performed pathway focused PCR microarrays for apoptosis, PI3-Kinase, and angiogenesis signaling pathways. Our results show that ALE induces tumor regression, decreases tumor volume, and inhibits mammary tumor growth by altering specific molecular pathways, linked to the stimulation (Bax, caspases) and inhibition (Bcl-2, CDC42)of apoptosis, up-regulation of tumor suppressor genes (PTEN), down-regulation of proto-oncogene Jun, and inhibition of cell survival (Foxg1, BTK, Akt). ALE treatment down-regulated genes fundamental to migration, adhesion and proliferation of tumor cells (EFNA1, Hif1a). Timp1 (TIMP family matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor) and cyclin D1 expression exhibited a clear dose response. Our data indicates that ALE treatment inhibits mammary tumor development by altering apoptosis, PI3-Kinase and angiogenesis pathways. In conclusion, ALE could be used as a novel complimentary agent that offers anticarcinogenic effects against breast cancer and could also be used along with the current standard treatment options. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4238. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4238
Enrichment and isolation of Bacillus beveridgei sp. nov., a facultative anaerobic haloalkaliphile from Mono Lake, California, that respires oxyanions of tellurium, selenium, and arsenic.

Mono Lake sediment slurries incubated with lactate and tellurite [Te(IV)] turned progressively black with time because of the precipitation of elemental tellurium [Te(0)]. An enrichment culture was established from these slurries that demonstrated Te(IV)-dependent growth. The enrichment was purified by picking isolated black colonies from lactate/Te(IV) agar plates, followed by repeated streaking and picking. The isolate, strain MLTeJB, grew in aqueous Te(IV)-medium if provided with a small amount of sterile solid phase material (e.g., agar plug; glass beads). Strain MLTeJB grew at high concentrations of Te(IV) (~8 mM) by oxidizing lactate to acetate plus formate, while reducing Te(IV) to Te(0). Other electron acceptors that were found to sustain growth were tellurate, selenate, selenite, arsenate, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate and oxygen. Notably, growth on arsenate, nitrate, nitrite and fumarate did not result in the accumulation of formate, implying that in these cases lactate was oxidized to acetate plus CO2. Strain MLTeJB is a low G + C Gram positive motile rod with pH, sodium, and temperature growth optima at 8.5–9.0, 0.5–1.5 M, and 40°C, respectively. The epithet Bacillus beveridgei strain MLTeJBT is proposed.
Manipulation of small-molecule inhibitory kinetics modulates MCH-R1 function

The capacity of novel benzopyridazinone-based antagonists to inhibit MCH-R1 function, relative to their affinity for the receptor, has been investigated. Three compounds that differ by the addition of either a chlorine atom, or trifluoromethyl group, have nearly identical receptor affinities; however their abilities to inhibit receptor elicited signaling events, measured as a function of time, are dramatically altered. Both the chlorinated and trifluoromethyl modified compounds have a very slow on-rate to maximal functional inhibition relative to the unmodified base compound. A similar impact on inhibitory capacity can be achieved by modifying the side-chain composition at position 2.53 of the receptor; replacement of the native phenylalanine with alanine significantly reduces the amount of time required by the chlorinated compound to attain maximal functional inhibition. The primary attribute responsible for this alteration in inhibitory capacity appears to be the overall bulk of the amino acid at this position-substitution of the similarly sized amino acids leucine and tyrosine results in phenotypes that are indistinguishable from the wild type receptor. Finally, the impact of these differential inhibitory kinetics has been examined in cultured rat neurons by measuring the ability of the compounds to reverse MCH mediated inhibition of calcium currents. As observed using the cell expression models, the chlorinated compound has a diminished capacity to interfere with receptor function. Collectively, these data suggest that differential inhibitory on rates between a small-molecule antagonist and its target receptor can impact the ability of the compound to modify the biological response(s) elicited by the receptor.
Definition of tumor antigens suitable for vaccine construction.

The treatment of cancer with tumor vaccines has been a goal of physicians and scientists ever since effective immunization against infectious disease with vaccines was developed. In the past, major tumor antigens had not been molecularly characterized. Recent advances are, however, beginning to define potential molecular targets and strategies and this had evolved with the principle that T-cell mediated responses are a key target for approaches to cancer immunization. In addition, these antigens are not truly foreign and tumour antigens fit more with a self/altered self paradigm, compared to a non-self paradigm for antigens recognized in infectious diseases. Potential antigens include the glycolipids and glycoproteins (e.g. gangliosides), the developmental antigens (e.g. MAGE, tyrosinase, melan-A and gp75) and mutant oncogene products (e.g. p53, ras, and HER-2/neu). Innovations for construction of cancer vaccines are emerging from these advances in molecular immunology and cancer biology. While vaccines against infectious agents are models for vaccine development, there are clearly distinct considerations and problems associated with cancer vaccines. One of the focal issues in designing active cancer immunotherapy is that cancer cells are derived from normal host cells. Thus, the antigenic profile of cancer cells closely mimics that of normal cells. How the immune system identifies and destroys cancer cells is therefore crucial. Clearly, the ultimate goal of tumor vaccine design is the generation of antigen-specific vaccines. The recent success identifying molecularly defined tumor antigens opens up potentially novel strategies for this approach. Vaccine possibilities include purified proteins and glycolipids, peptides, cDNA expressed in various vectors, and a range of immune adjuvants. The molecular and structural definition of tumor antigens provides an opportunity for cautious optimism that we are entering an era when we will soon begin to recapitulate the success of immunization against infectious disease.
Evidence that sister chromatid exchanges and chromatid breaks are two independent events.

The relative frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromatid breaks in BrdU (5-bromodeoxyuridine) — sensitive site (lq22→ lq23) in Chinese hamster cells after BrdU incorporation were studied. The results show that chromatid breaks do not follow the “exchange hypothesis” and provide evidence that chromatid breaks and SCEs are two independent events despite some common features.
Egocentric Interpretations of Fairness and Interpersonal Conflict

Abstract Two experiments tested the hypothesis that egocentric interpretations of fairness are an important cause of unnecessary and costly settlement delays in bargaining. Subjects engaged in an interactive, dynamic bargaining task in which their objective was to reach an agreement with an opponent. If negotiators failed to settle, a strike ensued which was costly for both parties. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that negotiators' judgments of fair outcomes were biased in an egocentric direction. Further, the magnitude of the parties' biases strongly predicted the length of strikes. Experiment 2 examined the role of situational complexity as a cause of egocentric interpretations of fairness. Two forms of complexity were examined: complexity created by background information concerning the dispute and complexity associated with asymmetries in negotiators' strike costs. Background information concerning the dispute and asymmetric costs exacerbated egocentric interpretations of fairness. Egocentric interpretations of fairness were greatest when measured before negotiation and were mitigated following bargaining. Negotiators showed biased recall of information concerning the dispute, remembering more information that favored their own position. The magnitude of bias was positively related to egocentric interpretations of fairness. We conclude that egocentric interpretations of fairness hinder conflict resolution because people are reluctant to agree to what they perceive to be an inequitable settlement.
Compression factors and second virial coefficients of CO2, CO, and {xCO+ (1 − x)CO2}☆

Abstract An isochoric-isothermal Burnett apparatus was used to measure the (p, Vm, T) values of CO2, CO, and (0.4268CO + 0.5732CO2). Measurements were made in the temperature range 323 to 423 K and pressures up to 6.5 MPa. The experimental results were appropriately treated to extract compression factors and second virial coefficients.
Hydrogen-induced strengthening in V-Ti alloys

Abstract The results of this study show that hydrogen increases the yield strength and decreases the work hardening behavior in the low temperature region where embrittlement occurs in both hydride (vanadium and V-1%Ti) and non-hydride (V-5%Ti and V-10%Ti) forming V-Ti alloys. Solid solution softening as a result of additions of titanium is observed in non-hydrogenated V-1%Ti and V-5%Ti but it is not apparent in hydrogenated V-Ti alloys. Analysis of the strengthening in the hydrogenated V-Ti alloys shows that the predominant effect of hydrogen is to increase the thermally activated component of the yield stress. It appears that a mechanism based on stress-induced ordering of interstitial atoms around dislocations predicts strengthening behavior in reasonable agreement with the evperimental results.
Genetic and environmental influences on cognition during childhood

The basic methodology of behavior genetics is described in the context of the twin and sibling/adoption design. Results of applying this model to cross-sectional data on cognitive development throughout the lifespan are presented. Results from a large longitudinal twin and adoption study of general intelligence are presented to illustrate the use of the basic behavior genetic model in studying the causes of continuity and change in development. A special model is presented for the study of abnormal behavior occurring at the extremes of the distribution and an adaptation of the model is discussed for the study of genetic linkage or the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL). Results of applying this model to a sample of twins and kindred siblings indicated the presence of a major QTL for dyslexia on chromosome 6. The purpose of the paper is to illustrate the scope of behavior genetic methodology in studying individual differences in behavior in a biosocial context.
Urban legends of chemistry.

Michelle Francl reminds us that even a rigorous scientific discipline such as chemistry has its own myths and legends — and explains why this isn't such a bad thing.
Longwave infrared absorption and scatter properties of ZnS and ZnSe

ZnS and ZnSe are two of the most extensively used longwave infrared optical window materials. Standard grade ZnS exhibits excellent transmittance properties from the 7-12 micrometer region. Post-deposition hot-isostatic pressing converts the standard grade ZnS to multispectral ZnS. Multispectral ZnS is transparent from the ultraviolet to the longwave region. ZnSe is optically superior to any grade of ZnS, but significantly weaker. In this paper, the experimental characterization of the multiphoton absorption edge in standard and multispectral grade ZnS and ZnSe as a function of temperature and frequency is presented. A broadband FTIR transmissometer is used to acquire data at temperatures ranging from 10 to 800 K for both materials. The frequency range is from 600 to 5000 cm-1 for ZnS and 400 to 5000 cm-1 for ZnSe. Using this experimental data set a multiphonon absorption model is developed that represents the experimental data over all temperatures and frequencies.
Performance's influence on strategic change: A longitudinal assessment

Abstract This study examines the effect that business performance has on the likelihood that top executives will pursue a strategic change in subsequent years. Poor performing businesses in the study were more likely than high performers to change strategies. Businesses which changed strategies experienced revenue declines in the following two years and were still outperformed by those which maintained their strategies. Results question the viability of strategic change and suggest that strategies appear to be more transitory and fluid in nature than depicted in previous studies.
Use of the FDTD method in the design of microstrip antenna arrays

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a widely used numerical technique for computer-aided design (CAD) of printed antennas and arrays. This technique can accurately predict performance characteristics of complex microstrip antennas, including the effects of parasitic elements and aperture-coupled feeds. In the case of arrays, mutual coupling effects between closely packed elements can also be modeled. This article will examine the advantages and limitations of the FDTD method for CAD of microstrip arrays. Calculated results are compared with experiment for a 3-patch coplanar parasitic patch array.
The Effect of the Interface Velocity on the Plateau Pressure of Intermetallic Compound Hydrides. Theoretical Interpretation

It has been observed that when an intermetallic compound-H system is in its two-solid-phase coexistence region, the addition or removal of small aliquots of hydrogen (small driving forces) leads to larger and smaller values of μH respectively, than do large aliquots (large driving forces). It is proposed that the origin of this phenomenon is due to the effect of the interface velocity on the metal atom pile-up at the interface between the dilute and hydride phases. Large aliquots of hydrogen lead to rapid initial interface velocities which can result in the destruction of the pile-up (metal atom equilibrium) at the interface. When the driving pressure during the large aliquot falls below the value needed to maintain v ≥ vc, the pile-up builds up again but does not reach the composition characteristic of small aliquots. It is shown that the chemical potential of hydrogen will be lower during hydriding for the large aliquot case than for the small aliquot case because the hydrogen chemical potential is a function of the metal atom composition at the interface.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON FRONTAL EEG ASYMMETRY: A TWIN STUDY

Research suggests that frontal EEG asymmetry (FA) is a relatively stable trait associated with individual differences in dispositional affect (affective style) and liability to mood disorders. If FA is genetically determined, it can potentially serve as an endophenotype in genetic studies of temperament and mood disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess heritability of FA as well as alpha band EEG power measured at different frontal recording sites. Resting EEG data from a population-based sample of 246 young adult female twins including 73 monozygotic (MZ) and 50 dizygotic (DZ) pairs were analyzed using linear structural equation modeling. FA measured at mid-frontal locations (F3 and F4) showed low but significant heritability, suggesting that 27% of the observed variance can be accounted for by genetic factors. There was no evidence for genetic influences on FA measured at lateral-frontal (F7 and F8) locations. In contrast, alpha band power was highly heritable at all four frontal sites (85-87%). These findings suggest that: (1) genetic influences on FA are very modest and therefore FA has a limited utility as an endophenotype for genetic studies of mood disorders and (2) prefrontal neural circuitry underlying individual differences in affective style is characterized by high developmental plasticity.
Balloon photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer: effect of increasing balloon size.

Background and Objective Photodynamic therapy is currently being used to treat various malignancies including esophageal cancer. The effect of photodynamic therapy depends upon the concentration of photosensitizing drug, light energy delivered to tissue, and the presence of oxygen in the targeted tissue. We have found that an esophageal centering balloon improves light delivery to esophageal mucosa. However, balloon pressure on esophageal mucosa could possibly reduce mucosal blood flow and oxygenation, therefore reducing the effect of photodynamic therapy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of balloon pressure on the esophageal wall during photodynamic therapy in the canine esophageal model. Study Design/Materials and Methods Studies were performed in the canine esophagus of ten animals to investigate whether increasing the size of the centering balloon, and hence the pressure on esophageal mucosa, would alter the tissue effect of PDT. Porfimer sodium 4 mg/Kg was administered and 630 nm light was delivered via a 1 cm diffuser located in the center of a 360° 2 cm windowed balloon. Mucosal light measurements were made to ascertain equivalent mucosal light dosing of ∼25 J/cm2. Endoscopic and necropsy findings obtained following photodynamic therapy with 25 mm, 33 mm, and 35 mm balloons were compared. Results In larger dogs (groups A and B), increasing the size of the esophageal centering balloon from a 25–33 mm size did not result in an overly tight fit nor was the increase associated with significant change in the PDT effect. In contrast, increasing the balloon size to 35 mm in smaller dogs (group C) resulted in a tight fit of the balloon in the esophagus and in significant reduction in the PDT effect on mucosal damage when mucosal equivalent light dose was administered during photodynamic therapy in the canine esophageal model. Conclusion Increasing centering balloon size resulted in reduced tissue damage when mucosal equivalent light dose was administered during photodynamic therapy in the canine esophageal model. Proper sizing of centering balloons will be necessary for balloon PDT of esophageal mucosal dysplasia or cancer in humans. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inspection Visits in Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly The Effects of a Policy Change in California

This study investigated the effects of a policy change in California that decreased annual state inspections of residential care facilities for the elderly to once every 5 years. Data collection in...
Outcomes of off-pump aortic valve bypass surgery for the relief of aortic stenosis in adults.

Background Elderly patients with aortic stenosis presenting for an aortic valve replacement with a hostile ascending aorta remain a challenging patient cohort. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes after the use of an aortic valve bypass performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 21 high-risk patients who underwent primary, isolated aortic valve bypass from September 2004 to June 2009 at Emory Healthcare Hospitals. Aortic valve bypass was used for a porcelain aorta alone in 6 (28.6%) patients, previous coronary artery bypass grafting in 4 (19.0%), or both in 10 (47.6%). One patient (4.8%) was thought not to be a candidate for cardiopulmonary bypass secondary to a severe cirrhosis. Results Mean age was 73.9 ± 7.0 years (median, 75.0 years), and 15 patients (71.4%) were male. Mean New York Heart Association classification was 3.0 ± 1.0 (median, 3.0), and preoperative ejection fraction was 0.460 ± 0.163 (median, 0.500). Preoperative comorbidities included peripheral vascular disease (n = 10; 47.6%), chronic lung disease (n = 16; 76.2%), diabetes mellitus (n = 10; 47.6%), and dialysis-dependence (n = 2; 9.5%). Either an 18-mm (n = 11; 52.4%) or 20-mm (n = 10; 47.6%) conduit was used, with an interposed Freestyle 21 porcine root in all patients. All operations were performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no intraoperative mortalities. The mean intensive care unit stay was 133.7 ± 161.3 hours (median, 80.2 hours), and overall postoperative length of stay was 12.9 ± 10.8 days (median, 9.0 days). In-hospital mortality occurred in 3 patients (14.3%). Mid-term follow-up shows an additional 4 patients died at a median follow-up of 1.3 years. Conclusions Aortic valve bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass is a feasible alternative for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis with acceptable short-term morbidity and minimal mortality in this extremely high-risk surgical population.
Signal detection in passive wireless sensor networks based on back-propagation neural networks

Passive wireless sensors with no onboard power source, enable a myriad of embedded sensor applications in hard to reach areas, rotating or moving objects and harsh environments. Structural monitoring, weight-limited aerospace vehicles, smart homes and smart grids are some examples in which usage of wireless sensors are ideal. However, power consumption requirements for active wireless sensors is a limiting factor in wide usage of wireless sensing applications. Passive wireless sensors aim at addressing this shortcoming by eliminating the power source and shifting the complexity to the reader side. In most embedded sensor applications, several sensors are placed in close proximity of each other posing new challenges in the multiuser interference domain. In this study, neural networks are used for signals detection in a multiple-access passive wireless sensor network. In a multiuser system, conventional receivers are based on matched filters suffering severe performance degradation as the relative powers of the interfering signals become large. Despite prior research works in active sensor networks, where channel, code and power control is easy to perform, in this study, passive wireless sensors are considered where there is no control at the node level making signal detection a challenging problem. A novel method for passive wireless sensing employing back-propagation neural network is proposed. A conventional receiver is used as a benchmark to compare the performance of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm demonstrates near-optimum performance in side-lobe suppression, while requiring a much lower implementation complexity compared to conventional receivers.
Patterns of Shear and Turbulence across the Florida Current

Abstract Measurements by the Multi-Scale Profiler (MSP) at seven stations spanning the Straits of Florida characterize levels and patterns of internal wave activity and mixing in this vertically sheared environment. Contrasting properties suggest five mixing regimes. The largest and most vast is the interior regime, where the background flow has an inverse Richardson number (Ri−1) ranging up to 0.55, shear is dominated by fluctuations that are 1–4 times stronger than in the open ocean, and turbulent diffusivities are similarly moderate at (1–4) × 10−5 m2 s−1. The high-velocity core of the current, near the surface at midchannel, is associated with weak mixing. To its west is a zone of high mean shear, where strong stratification results in background Ri−1 of only 0.4, fluctuations are weak, and diffusivity is moderate. Intermittent shear features beneath the core have mean Ri−1 > 1 and strong turbulence. Two regimes are related to channel topography. Adjacent to the steep eastern slope, finescale shear is...
Classified variable rate residual vector quantization applied to image subband coding

The linear growth with the dimension-rate product of RVQ computation and memory requirements permits practical implementations of RVQs with large dimensions or high rates. This feature is exploited by quantizing low-resolution subbands with small-dimension high-rate RVQs, and high-resolution subbands with large-dimension low-rate RVQs. The RVQ vector sizes vary by a factor of four in parallel with the decimation and up-sampling processes from one resolution level to the next. Two forms of rate allocation are achieved with the RVQ subband system. A type of concentric shell partitioned vector classifier with side information is used to separate noise-like subband vectors from structured subband vectors. For the large-dimension low-rate RVQs, variable rate RVQ with side information permits different numbers of RVQ stages to be used on different vectors within a concentric shell partition class. >
High School Religious Context and Reports of Same-Sex Attraction and Sexual Identity in Young Adulthood.

The objectives of this study are to understand the association between high school religious context in adolescence and the reporting of same-sex attraction and sexual identity in young adulthood and how these associations vary by gender. Previous studies have considered how high school contexts shape the well-being of sexual minority youth, yet few have examined the extent to which these contexts shape sexual desire and identity. We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and find that among women, school religious context is negatively associated with the likelihood of reporting same-sex attraction in young adulthood. We also find a negative association between school religious context and reporting a bisexual or flexible sexual identity among men and women. Finally, we find a positive association between mean school religious attendance and reporting a homosexual identity among men and women.