cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in division arrested, G0/G1 phase Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of X-irradiation was determined with Chinese hamster ovary cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle through 9 days incubation in serum-free medium. In comparison with exponential phase cultures, the arrested cells showed increased cytotoxicity and mutation induction over the dose range of 50-800 rad. Exponential cultures showed a linear mutant frequency-survival relationship while the arrested cells showed a biphasic linear relationship. A post irradiation holding period of 24 h does not result in any change in the mutant frequency. The increased sensitivity of the arrested cells to the mutagenic effects of X-rays appears to be a cell-cycle phase phenomenon. Upon readdition of serum, the arrested cells re-enter the cell cycle in a synchronous manner, reaching S phase at 10-12 h. Cells irradiated at 5 h after serum addition, i.e. in G1, show a similar dose response for mutant frequency, while those irradiated at 10 h or later, i.e. in late G1, S or G2, show lower mutation induction. These observations are consistent with a chromosome interchange mechanism of mutation induction by X-rays, possibly through interactions between repairing regions of the DNA. Irradiation of cells in the G0/G1 phase allow more time for such interactions in the absence of semiconservative DNA replication.
Triplet carbenes and cyclooctatetraene. 1,4-addition is more common than we thought

Abstract Almost thirty years after the first (and only) description of 1,4-addition of a carbene to cyclooctatetraene, we report that direct photolysis of ethyl diazomalonate in cyclooctatetraene leads to 13% of the product of 1,4-addition. When the decomposition of the diazo compound is photosensitized by benzophenone, 1,4-addition becomes virtually the sole reaction pathway.
Firm‐level Intermediate Demand for Pacific Whiting Products: A Multi‐attribute, Multi‐sector Analysis

Variation in seafood prices resulting from differences in product characteristics are often obscured by highly aggregated data or data representing only upstream sectors. This can lead to myopic commodity-based analysis that fails to identify how changes in public and private fisheries management may impact product characteristics, market development, and long-run social benefits. Given these problems, alternative methods are needed to complement traditional demand, supply and cost-benefit analysis. Mail and personal surveys of seafood wholesalers were conducted to determine preferences for Pacific whiting products. The relative importance of fillet and headed and gutted product characteristics are determined using conjoint analyses and factorial-based market experiments. Estimation of relative profitability, probability of purchase and short-run “conditional” demand models reveal the importance of wholesaler characteristics, physical product characteristics and contractural arrangements. Marketing margins and demands for improved products are also estimated. Implications for private and public resource management are discussed. Les variations des prix des produits de la mer resultant des differences entre les caracteres des produits particuliers sont souvent masquees par le degreeleve d‘agregation des donnees ou par le fait que les donnees ne concement que les segments d'amont. On risque ainsi d'arriver a une analyse a courte vue, basee sur le produit, qui n'explique pas comment la gestion des peheries des secteurs public et prive peut influer sur la nature du produit, sur le developpement du marche, et sur les avantages a long terme pour la societe. Pour ces raisons, d'autres methodes s'imposent en complement de l'analyse traditionnelle de la demande, de l'offre et des rapports couts-benefices. Des enquetes postales et personnelles ont ete menees aupres de groissistes en fruits de mer afin d'etablir leurs preferences a l'egard de divers produits du merlu du Pacifique. L'importance relative accordee aux qualites du_filet et du Poisson etete et eviscere a ete mesuree au moyen d analyses conjointes et d'experiences de marche factorielles. L'estimation de la rentabilite relative, des probabilites d'achat et les modeles de demande « conditionnelle » de courte duree ont permis de mettre en evidence l'importance des caracteristiques du groissiste (taille de l'entreprise) et de la presentation physique du produit, ainsi que des dispositions contractuelles. On a egalement calcule les marges commerciales et la demande darts le cas de produits ameliores. Les auteurs examinent les implications de ces resultats pour la gestion des ressources halieutiques privees et publiques.
Ancient Agricultural Soils in the Andes of Southern Peru

Knowledge about soil changes resulting from long-term agriculture is important because agricultural influences on soil continue to increase in extent, intensity, and duration. Agricultural terraces in the Colca Valley, Peru, present an opportunity to study soils that have been cultivated for at least 15 centuries. Physical and chemical properties of soils were determined to explore possible effects of traditional agricultural practices on soils. Relative to nearby uncultivated Mollisols, agricultural A horizons are commonly 0.3 to 1.3 m thicker, contain buried organic-matter-enriched horizons, and are lower in bulk density. They also have more organic C and N and lower pH. Cultivated A horizons, particularly in agricultural terraces that have been abandoned for about four centuries, are enriched in P. Data suggest that P applied as fertilizer has been translocated deeply into soils during centuries of agriculture and accumulated in physically undisturbed B horizons. Agricultural practices inferred to be causal factors in changing these soils include terracing, tillage, fertilization, and irrigation. These ancient agricultural soils contain features characteristic of anthropic and plaggen epipedons and agric horizons
Criminology and the Eye of the Spirit An Introduction and Application of the Thoughts of Ken Wilber

The purpose of this article is to introduce the thoughts of Ken Wilber to the disciplines of criminology and criminal justice. There are two central messages from the work of Wilber that are emphasized in this article. The first message is that the current view of most phenomena, including crime and justice, is imbalanced or skewed toward focusing on exterior aspects. Interior components like awareness, intention, and meaning get the short shrift in contemporary descriptive and explanatory models. The second message is that there are levels of understanding beyond those reflected in our contemporary models and that there are methods that make these advanced levels accessible.
Influence of Ionic Strength, pH, and Cation Valence on Aggregation Kinetics of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

The extensive use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in many consumer products has raised concerns about possible risks to the environment. The magnitude of the threat may depend on whether nano-TiO2 remains dispersed in the environment, or forms much larger-sized aggregates or clusters. Currently, limited information is available on the issue. In this context, the purpose of the present article is to report initial measurements of the morphology and rate of formation of nano-TiO2 aggregates in aqueous suspensions as a function of ionic strength and of the nature of the electrolyte in a moderately acid to circumneutral pH range typical of soil and surface water conditions. Dynamic light scattering results show that 4−5 nm titanium dioxide particles readily form stable aggregates with an average diameter of 50−60 nm at pH ∼4.5 in a NaCl suspension adjusted to an ionic strength of 0.0045 M. Holding the pH constant, but increasing the ionic strength to 0.0165 M, leads to the formation of micron-si...
Characterization of debris particles recovered from wearing systems

Abstract Studies have been conducted on wear debris collected from various systems involving both sliding and rolling contacts. Results of size, shape and chemical composition analyses of typical debris particles are presented. Different techniques for debris recovery and analysis are discussed. Some results are presented on electron transmission studies of individual debris particles. The effect of small particle size on X-ray emission microanalysis is also described.
Glucose response to bursting-spiking pancreatic β-cells by a barrier kinetic model

A mathematical model of the pancreatic β-cell electrical activity was developed using a barrier kinetic model. Our model incorpolates the glucose sensitive channel which is known to conduct K+ in the absence of glucose. The model also incorporates Ca i sensitive K+ channels which are inhibited by intracellular H+ ions. It is described by three non-linear simultaneous differential equations. Numerical integration of these equations allowed us to examine the effect of glucose and of external Ca2+ ions on the electrical and cellular activity of the β-cell. Our results show that the contribution of glucose-sensitive channel activity, if not completely inhibited, plays a very important role in determining the bursting periodicity. Our results also shows that even a small decrease in pH i is sufficient to change a bursting β-cell to a spiking one. The voltage dependence of calcium sensitive K+ channels, however, affects little to the bursting mode of the electrical activity. Our simulation supports an incomplete selectivity of the voltage dependent calcium channel for calcium ions with low external [Ca2+]. It also supports the role of [Ca] i as an inhibitor of this channel when [Ca] i becomes unusually high.
Preparation and structures of the binuclear vanadium(II) complexes [L3V(μ-Cl)3VL3]BPh4 (L = tetrahydrofuran or 3-methyltetrahydrofuran)

Abstract Two compounds of the general formula [L3V(μ-Cl)3L3]BPh4 [L = tetrahydrofuran (1) or 3-methyltetrahydrofuran (2)] were prepared and investigated via single-crystal X-ray studies. Compound 1, tris(μ-chloro)hexakis(tetrahydrofuran)divanadium(II) tetraphenylborate, crystallizes in space group P21/c with unit-cell dimensions: a = 16.636(6) A, b = 16.771(5) A, c = 19.158(5) A, β = 110.71(4)°, V = 5000(6) A3, Z = 4. Compound 2, tris(μ-chloro)hexakis(3-methyltetrahydrofuran)divanadium(II) tetraphenylborate, forms monoclinic crystals (space group Cc) with a = 18.376(5) A, b = 10.843(3) A, c = 29.317(6) A, β = 103.02(2)°, V = 5691(5) A3, Z = 4. Refinement, by least-squares methods using a data to parameter ratio of 6.1 for 1 and 9.1 for 2, converged with an unweighted discrepancy index of 7.46 and 5.31 % for 1 and 2, respectively. The V—V′ distances are: 2.978(3) A for 1 and 2.976(1) A for 2. The use of 3-methyltetrahydrofuran as a supporting ligand is discussed since such substituted THF molecules reduce the tendency to disorder in the [V2(μ-Cl)3(THF)6]+ cations.
Transport and cathode deposition of reducible impurities during electrorefining with nonpolarizable electrodes

A general equation for cathode impurity concentration is developed for steady-state electrorefining with an impurity that is more readily reduced than the primary metal. The results depend on the equilibrium cathode/electrolyte distribution coefficient and the transport properties of the electrolyte. Applicability is restricted to situations where electrode kinetics are not rate limiting, such as most fused salt systems. Experimental results for copper impurity in a Sn/fused SnCl2/Sn system are compared with calculated cathode impurities as a function of cell voltage.
Kin Marriage and Exogamy

(1939). Kin Marriage and Exogamy. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 181-228.
Effect of Somatomedin-C/Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Growth Hormone on Cultured Growth Plate and Articular Chondrocytes

To determine whether growth hormone has a direct effect on skeletal tissues not mediated by somatomedins, and to better define the role of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) in skeletal development, bovine growth plate, and rabbit articular and growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture were evaluated under a variety of experimental conditions designed to elicit growth hormone and Sm-C/IGF-I stimulation. Under none of these conditions did bovine growth plate chondrocytes respond to either homologous bovine growth hormone or heterologous hGH. Under the same conditions, these cells were highly responsive to human Sm-C/IGF-I with respect to both [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate incorporation, indices of mitotic and differentiated cell functions, respectively. Similarly, both rabbit articular and growth plate chondrocytes showed enhanced incorporation of [3H] thymidine and [35S]sulfate in the presence of Sm-C/IGF-I, but did not respond to either native or recombinant hGH. Cells at different stages of maturation within the bovine growth plate differed in their reaction to Sm-C/IGF-I with proliferative zone cells manifesting a greater response to the peptide than cells of the reserve zone. These results suggest that the action of Sm-C/IGF-I on growth plate and articular chondrocytes is direct and that the effect of GH on these cells is indirect. The data further suggest that within the growth plate, the transition from reserve to proliferative status is associated with an increased Sm-C/IGF-I responsiveness, a change which may contribute to the functional differences in these cells.
Effects of magnetic tapering and tapered tubes on long-pulse, intense e-beam GYRO-BWO microwave emission

Summary form only given, as follows. We summarize the results of a research program to determine the effects of magnetic and tube tapering on the microwave power, pulselength, energy, and frequency spectrum of an intense e-beam gyrotron-backward-wave-oscillator. The electron beam driver is the Michigan Electron Long Beam Accelerator (MELBA) at parameters: V=-0.7 to -0.8 MV, I/sub diode/=1-10 kA, I/sub tube/=1-4 kA, and /spl tau//sub e-beam/=0.4-1 /spl mu/s. Tapering trim coils and interaction regions have been constructed to concentrate experimental efforts within a parameter space of -15%</spl Delta/B/B/sub 0/<+15% and -10%</spl Delta/r/r/sub 0/<+10%, where B/sub o/=4-6 kG and r/sub o/=1.9 cm. Results show peak microwave power of /spl sim/6.5 MW extracted, /spl sim/60 MW internal tube power. Improvements in total extracted energy have been experimentally measured. Effects on the frequency spectra from the combinations of field and tube tapering will also be presented. Measured frequencies are in the range from 4.8 to 5.2 GHz in the TE/sub 11/ mode fundamental. MAGIC Code simulations have been run for the GYRO-BWO with a scaled TE/sub 01/ mode to model various magnetic and radial tapering combinations.
Post-Soviet Pop Goes Gay: Russia's Trajectory to Eurovision Victory

Russia's participation in the Eurovision Song Contest confirms the popular music extravaganza's ability to create a Europe that bears an eccentric yet powerful relationship to the geopolitical entity that this word usually describes. Since Russia's debut in 1994 through 2008, when pop star Dima Bilan took Eurovision's Grand Prix, Russian acts leveraged the contest's appeal to an LGBT audience, camp esthetic, and ability to construct a queer European identity by incorporating Russian constructions of Western homosexuality in an increasingly evident manner. This gay trajectory to Eurovision victory produced a mixed message that struck an uneasy balance between Russia's historic homophobia and Eurovision's gay identity politics. Although Russia's gay trajectory to Eurovision victory began unintentionally, Bilan's two acts established his mastery of the contest's camp esthetic by blurring the lines between hetero- and homosexual romance in 2006 and expressing homoeroticism via metrosexuality in his winning performance of the ballad “Believe” in 2008. However, after reaching its zenith in 2008, this gay trajectory came to a homophobic halt in Moscow's own production of Eurovision 2009. In addition to televising a heteronormative spectacle, officials banned the first ever pan-Slavic Pride parade timed to coincide with the contest's finals. Subsequent Eurovision acts from Russia show that Russia's gay trajectory to Eurovision victory had nothing to do with entering the Western European arena of accepting and protecting LGBT subjects and instead has resulted in new forms of camp that distance themselves from the contest's gay fan base.
Floating-zone melting of CdTe

Abstract To produce superior crystals of CdTe, floating-zone melting in space has been proposed. Techniques required for floating-zone melting of CdTe have been developed. CdTe has been successfully float zoned using square feed rods and resistance heating. The maximum zone length in a 3.5 mm wide square CdTe rod on Earth was about 5 mm. Evaporation of the CdTe melt was controlled by adding excess cadmium to the growth ampoule combined with heating of the ampoule wall. The temperature of the ampoule wall was the primary factor in determining the deposit-free time. Slow rotation of the growth ampoule was necessary to achieve a complete, symmetric molten zone. The maximum zone travel rate, considered from the heat transfer standpoint only, was experimentally determined to be 6 mm h−1. Most of the resultant cylindrical rods were single crystals with twins. Rods grown at a cooling rate of 40°C h−1 yielded a much lower etch pit density (EPD), ranging from 2.2 × 10 3 to 8.2 × 10 2 cm −2 , than those grown by quenching, which had EPD values ranging from 5.4 × 10 4 to 8.7 × 10 4 cm −2 . The pits formed in these rods were randomly distributed, which was different from the cellular structure observed in CdTe produced by the vertical Bridgman technique. A lower EPD was obtained at the periphery of our rods. An approximate radiation model was developed to predict the heater power requirement. For CdTe molten zones, the power requirement predicted by the model differed by 5% to 30% from that measured in the experiments. The model predicts that the power requirement for the zone heater to maintain a static zone varies with the rod radius, R 1 in the range from R 1 1.5 to R 1 1.9 . This relationship is affected by various factors, such as the ampoule wall temperature and the gap between the rod and the zone heater.
Prostate cancer diagnosis using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning algorithms

We report, for the first time, the use of Quantitative Phase Imaging (QPI) images to perform automatic prostate cancer diagnosis. A machine learning algorithm is implemented to learn textural behaviors of prostate samples imaged under QPI and produce labeled maps of different regions for testing biopsies (e.g. gland, stroma, lumen etc.). From these maps, morphological and textural features are calculated to predict outcomes of the testing samples. Current performance is reported on a dataset of more than 300 cores of various diagnosis results.
Fracture Toughness of Ferritic Steels: Lower Bounds and their Implications on Testing and Application

Abstract For physical reasons fracture toughness K Jc of ferritic steels in the brittle-to-ductile transition regime is affected by a pronounced scatter, which requires statistical methods to be applied for evaluation of test results as well as for application in safety analysis of structures. For this purposes the probabilistic Master-Curve-approach according to ASTM E1921 is often used. However, for engineering purposes like a screening safety analysis of a defect-containing component it is usually preferable to use a deterministic lower bound. However, within the framework of ASTM-standards there is no possibility to determine K Ic experimentally. So K Ic needs to be determined indirectly from the reference temperature T 0 . In the present paper it is shown how lower bounds of fracture toughness – either plane strain K Ic for large components or thickness-dependent K Jc for smaller ones - can be derived from T 0 , and how the latter can be determine with sufficient accuracy from one or a few K Jc values.
Silencing BMI1 eliminates tumor formation of pediatric glioma CD133+ cells not by affecting known targets but by down-regulating a novel set of core genes

Clinical outcome of children with malignant glioma remains dismal. Here, we examined the role of over-expressed BMI1, a regulator of stem cell self-renewal, in sustaining tumor formation in pediatric glioma stem cells. Our investigation revealed BMI1 over-expression in 29 of 54 (53.7%) pediatric gliomas, 8 of 8 (100%) patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models, and in both CD133+ and CD133− glioma cells. We demonstrated that lentiviral-shRNA mediated silencing of suppressed cell proliferation in vitro in cells derived from 3 independent PDOX models and eliminated tumor-forming capacity of CD133+ and CD133− cells derived from 2 PDOX models in mouse brains. Gene expression profiling showed that most of the molecular targets of BMI1 ablation in CD133+ cells were different from that in CD133- cells. Importantly, we found that silencing BMI1 in CD133+ cells derived from 3 PDOX models did not affect most of the known genes previously associated with the activated BMI1, but modulated a novel set of core genes, including RPS6KA2, ALDH3A2, FMFB, DTL, API5, EIF4G2, KIF5c, LOC650152, C20ORF121, LOC203547, LOC653308, and LOC642489, to mediate the elimination of tumor formation. In summary, we identified the over-expressed BMI1 as a promising therapeutic target for glioma stem cells, and suggest that the signaling pathways associated with activated BMI1 in promoting tumor growth may be different from those induced by silencing BMI1 in blocking tumor formation. These findings highlighted the importance of careful re-analysis of the affected genes following the inhibition of abnormally activated oncogenic pathways to identify determinants that can potentially predict therapeutic efficacy.
Phase transition behavior of an amphoteric polymer gel

In order to characterize the deformation behavior of polymer gels for actuators, spatial distribution of deformation of anionic, cationic and amphoteric gels under the electric field was measured. Amphoteric gel was found to be a promising material for inducing symmetric deformation, compared with anionic and cationic gels. It was also found that the deformation of electro-active gels was mainly attributed to interfacial phenomenon between gel-electrode. It can be concluded that by the use of as many amphoteric gel-electrode interfaces as possible will provide us with electro-active polymer gels that are fast responsive, largely deformable with symmetric deformation mode.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Angiography in blunt thoracic aortic injury.

Purpose: Recent studies have suggested that transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can be used as the primary imaging method in patients suspected of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. A segment of the aorta and the aortic arch branches cannot be adequately evaluated in all patients by TEE. To assess the impact of these limitations of TEE, this retrospective study examined the aortographic features of traumatic aortic or great vessel injuries in a large number of patients. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and imaging features of 89 patients with a history of blunt chest trauma and angiographic evidence of traumatic injury to the thoracic aorta or to its branches. Results: Of these 89 patients, 72 had aortic rupture alone. One (1%) of these ruptures occurred at the distal ascending aorta, a potential blind spot for TEE. Seventeen patients (19%) had 24 injuries to the aortic arch branches: in 14 of these 17 patients, the aorta was intact, whereas three patients also had aortic rupture. Seventy percent of the injuries to the aortic arch branches were not suspected on physical examination. Conclusion: Twenty percent of patients in our retrospective series had traumatic involvement of aortic arch branches or the distal ascending aorta. These vascular injuries may be suboptimally assessed or overlooked if TEE is used as the sole imaging modality in the evaluation of patients with blunt chest trauma.
Abscisic acid and mefluidide in the regulation of cold hardiness development in Solanum tuberosum L. potato

Plants of Solanum tuberosum L. potato do not cold acclimate when exposed to low temperature such as 5°C, day/night. When ABA (45 μM) was added to the culture medium, stem-cultured plantlets of S. tuberosum, cv. Red Pontiac, either grown at 20°C/15°C, day/night, or at 5°C, increased in cold hardiness from −2°C (killing temperature) to −4.5°C. The increase in cold hardiness could be inhibited in both temperature regimes if cycloheximide (70 μM) was added to the culture medium at the inception of ABA treatment. Cycloheximide did not inhibit cold hardiness development, however, when it was added to the culture medium 3 days after ABA treatment. When pot-grown plants were foliar sprayed with mefluidide (50 μM), ABA content increased from 10 nmol to 30 nmol g−1 dry weight and plants increased in cold hardiness from −2°C to about −3.5°C. The increases in free ABA and cold hardiness occurred only in plants grown at 20°C/15°C; neither ABA nor cold hardiness increased in plants grown at 5°C. The results suggest that an increase in ABA and a subsequent de novo synthesis of proteins are required for the development of cold hardiness in S. tuberosum regardless of temperature regime, and that the inability to synthesize ABA at low temperature, rather than protein synthesis, appears to be the reason why S. tuberosum does not cold acclimate.
Effects of Age on Ca2+ Currents in Small Mesenteric Artery Myocytes From Wistar-Kyoto and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that differences in voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels increase with age during the development of sustained hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Using patch-clamp methods, we measured whole-cell Ca 2+ currents in freshly isolated myocytes from small mesenteric arteries of juvenile (5 to 7 weeks), young (10 to 12 weeks), and mature (19 to 23 weeks) Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. Indirect tail artery systolic pressure increased progressively with age in SHR (from 125±5 to 159±5 to 192±5 mm Hg) but only in the younger WKY (from 107±6 to 130±4 to 136±4 mm Hg). Peak Ca 2+ current density (current per cell capacitance) was larger in SHR than WKY myocytes at all ages (at 6 weeks, 3.5±0.4 versus 2.3±0.2 pA/pF; at 12 weeks, 3.8±0.2 versus 3.1±0.2; at 20 weeks, 4.9±0.4 versus 3.3±0.4). Cell capacitance (surface area) was significantly smaller in 12-week-old SHR than WKY (25.2±1.1 versus 31.8±1.6 pF), but no differences were found in the 6- or 20-week-old groups. There were significant differences in Ca 2+ current with strain, age, and voltage but no significant age-strain interactions. The ratio of peak Ca 2+ current for SHR to that of WKY declined linearly with voltage at all ages, suggesting differences in the voltage dependence of Ca 2+ current activation. The voltage dependence of Ca 2+ current was shifted to the left in SHR compared with WKY at all ages. Activation curves were shifted significantly in the negative voltage direction only in 20-week-old SHR myocytes. We have found differences with age in Ca 2+ current density and its voltage dependence in SHR compared with WKY during the phase of development in which blood pressure becomes established in the SHR. The net effect of these differences predicts a larger Ca 2+ current in SHR at voltages in the physiological range of membrane potential.
Enrichment of PrPSc in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues prior to analysis by Western blot

Diagnosis of prion disease is primarily through immunodetection of the infectious agent. Typically, 2 distinct procedures are recommended for a definitive diagnosis, with immunohistochemistry and Western blot providing the most information as to the specific isolate in question. In the past, these approaches required formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and fresh or frozen tissue, respectively; however, methods have been developed that allow for use of fixed tissue for Western blot. The present study describes a method of enriching PrPSc in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues prior to Western blot analysis for the detection of PrPSc. With this modified procedure, 5 times the previously reported sample size may be used for analysis, greatly enhancing the sensitivity of this procedure.
Evaluation of Size-Selective Presamplers II. Efficiency of the 10-mm Nylon Cyclone

The 10-mm nylon Dorr-Oliver cyclone is assumed to perform according to the Los Alamos respirable mass sampling criteria used in the ACGIH TLV for quartz at some flow rate. The present study determines the validity of this assumption and the flow rate at which the cyclone best approximates the Los Alamos criteria. Monodis-perse particles generated by a spinning disk are tagged with 113In to permit short sampling periods at low particle concentrations. To avoid uncertainties connected with aerodynamic size measurements based on diameters taken from electron micrographs and particle density assumptions, a photographic adaptation of the Millikan apparatus is used to measure falling speed directly. The relationships of present results to previous work are discussed.
Antioxidant Activity of Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, and γ-Oryzanol Components from Rice Bran against Cholesterol Oxidation Accelerated by 2,2‘-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) Dihydrochloride†

The antioxidant activities of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol) and γ-oryzanol components (cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and campesteryl ferulate) purified from rice bran were investigated in a cholesterol oxidation system accelerated by 2,2‘-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. All components exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the inhibition of cholesterol oxidation. The highest antioxidant activity was found for 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and all three γ-oryzanol components had activities higher than that of any of the four vitamin E components. Because the quantity of γ-oryzanol is up to 10 times higher than that of vitamin E in rice bran, γ-oryzanol may be a more important antioxidant of rice bran in the reduction of cholesterol oxidation than vitamin E, which has been considered to be the major antioxidant in rice bran. The antioxidant function of these components against cholesterol oxidation may contrib...
Surface Order and Stability of Langmuir-Blodgett Films

Angstrom-resolution atomic force microscope images of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers and multilayers of cadmium arachidate in air and under water show a dramatic change from a disordered arrangement to a crystalline lattice by the addition or removal of a single layer of molecules. The disordered surface is less stable than the ordered one to mechanical stresses such as atomic force microscopy tip forces or at the air-water contact line during contact angle measurements. The difference in the degree of order in the alkyl chains is attributed to the strong attractive interaction between headgroups in the presence of the divalent cation.
Effects of run-training and swim-training at similar absolute intensities on treadmill VO2max

Thirty-seven sedentary males, aged 28-35 yr, were either run-trained, swim-trained, or served as controls in an 11 1/2-wk training study. Runners and swimmers exercised once a d, 3 d.wk, at a heart rate (HR) intensity equivalent to 75% of their treadmill VO2max. Treadmill maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), submaximal cardiorespiratory response, and body composition parameters were measured before and following the training period. Runners, swimmers, and controls experienced a significant increase in treadmill VO2max over the 11 1/2-wk study period. The 28 and 25% increases observed for the runners and swimmers, respectively, were significantly greater than the 5% increase observed for the controls (P less than 0.0001). Runners and swimmers did not differ significantly from each other with respect to this increase in VO2max; nor did they demonstrate significant changes in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at VO2max between tests. The run-trained and swim-trained groups both experienced a decrease in HR at a standard submaximal walking workload but did not differ significantly from each other. Controls showed no significant change in submaximal exercise response. A significant difference was observed among groups (P less than 0.01) for change in percent body fat. Changes in lean and fat weight over the training period were significant for both the runners (P less than 0.002) and swimmers (P less than 0.03) but not for the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sex Roles and Intimacy in Same Sex and Other Sex Relationships

In a survey of sex roles and intimacy in ongoing, close relationships it was hypothesized that the androgynous would have higher intimacy scores. The androgynous and sex-typed persons did not differ from each other but both were higher on intimacy than the undifferentiated. The only sex role independently related to intimacy was femininity. Based on the patterns of intimacy scores found for different types of relationships, sex-role stereotyping was implicated in the intimacy levels of women and men. The significant role of men's self-esteem in male-female relationships requires further investigation as do the contextual manipulations through which intimates may reduce the negative impact of sex-role stereotyping.
Evaluation of radiofrequency safety by high temperature resolution MR thermometry using a paramagnetic lanthanide complex.

Purpose The current practice of calculating the specific absorption rate (SAR) relies on local temperature measurements made using temperature probes. For an accurate SAR measurement, a temperature imaging method that provides high temperature sensitivity is desirable, because acceptable levels of SAR produce small temperature changes. MR thermometry using paramagnetic lanthanide complexes can be used to obtain absolute temperature measurements with sub-degree temperature and sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a high temperature resolution MR technique to determine SAR. Methods MR thermometry using a paramagnetic lanthanide complex thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis (methylene phosphonate) (TmDOTP5−), which has an almost 102 times stronger chemical shift temperature dependence than water, was used to develop a novel method for SAR measurement. Three-dimensional temperature and SAR images were calculated using MR images acquired with a conventional gradient recalled echo sequence and SAR-intensive T1ρ sequence. Effects of the presence of conducting wire and increasing T1ρ spin-lock pulse duration were also examined. Results SAR distribution could be visualized clearly and surges associated with conducting wires and increasing pulse duration were identified clearly in the computed high spatial resolution SAR images. Conclusion A novel method with high temperature sensitivity is proposed as a tool to evaluate radiofrequency safety in MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computation of Some Hodge Numbers

The Hodge numbers of a smooth projective algebraic variety are very useful invariants. By Hodge theory, these determine the Betti numbers. In this chapter, we turn to the practical matter of actually computing these for a number of examples such as projective spaces, hypersurfaces, and double covers. The GAGA theorem, Theorem 16.4.1, allows us to do this by working in the algebraic setting, where we may employ some of the tools developed in the earlier chapters.
Covert pharmaceutical promotion in free medical journals

The influence of the promotional practices of pharmaceutical manufacturers on the prescribing behaviour of physicians has long been recognized. Since the early 1980s, studies of this phenomenon have repeatedly shown that physicians’ knowledge of drug properties is more consistent with sales
Genetic Variation in Cholesterol Absorption Efficiency among Inbred Strains of Mice

The initial study utilized the outbred Black Swiss, the inbred 129/SvEv and their hybrid mice to test for possible genetic difference in cholesterol absorption efficiency. Female mice (10-12 wk old) were fed a lipid test meal containing [ 3 H]cholesterol and β-[ 14 C]sitosterol by stomach tube. The amount of [ 3 H]cholesterol excreted in the feces was determined as nonabsorbed cholesterol and was normalized based on the recovery of the nonabsorbable β-[ 14 C]sitosterol. The Black Swiss mice absorbed significantly less cholesterol than the 129/SvEv mice within a 24-h period. Cholesterol absorption efficiency of the hybrid mice varied widely and did not segregate with either parental group. Differences in cholesterol absorption efficiency were also observed among six different inbred strains of mice fed either a basal low fat diet or a high fat/high cholesterol diet for 3 wk. Cholesterol absorption efficiency did not differ among DBA/2, C57BL/6, C3H/He, BALB/c and AKR/J mice under basal dietary conditions. However, cholesterol absorption was significantly lower in the DBA/2 mice than in C57BU6 and C3H/ He mice after mice were fed a high fat/high cholesterol diet. Cholesterol absorption by the C57L/J mice did not differ from that of C57BL/6, C3H/He, BALB/c and AKR/J mice under basal diet conditions, but was significantly lower when mice were fed a high fat/high cholesterol diet. Cholesterol absorption efficiency differed between DBA/2 and C57L/J mice under both dietary conditions. These results suggest that cholesterol absorption is controlled by multiple genetic factors.
Tuberculosis screening and prevention in new immigrants 1983-88.

Although only 11 cases of active tuberculosis in new immigrants were found, 29·9% of those aged under 30 were tuberculin negative on entry and were given BCG vaccination. In addition 12·8% of children aged under 16 were strongly tuberculin positive and were given chemoprophylaxis. The defects of the official Port of Arrival system for reporting new immigrants are discussed. Entry screening of new immigrants allows worthwhile preventive action, BCG vaccination or chemoprophylaxis, in a substantial proportion of those screened.
DETERMINANTS OF FIRM PERFORMANCE: THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS

We decompose the inter-firm variance in profit rates into economic and organizational components. Using a representative model from each paradigm we find that both sets of factors are significant determinants of firm performance. Further findings are that the two effects are roughly independent and that organizational factors explain about twice as much variance in profit rates as economic factors.
Domain-oriented interface metaphors: designing Web interfaces for effective customer interaction

Although interface metaphors are used extensively in user interface design, there is an increasing need to identify and develop more effective metaphors. This need arises from the fact that information technology is being utilized by a wide variety of users (e.g., customers) who interact in a number of different domains (e.g., electronic commerce arena). The literature for this study includes metaphor theory, metaphorical design, interface metaphor usability, and mental model theory. This experimental study consisted of two factors: mode of interface and mental model type. Three types of information retention were measured: texturally explicit, graphically explicit, and graphically implicit. The results from the study indicate that a significant difference exists between the two interface types while mental model type did not stimulate a significant difference. Lastly, theoretical contributions and pragmatic implications are discussed.
Energy-Aware Task Assignment and Data Aggregation Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

In a typical sensor network environment, sensor energy is considered a precious resource that must be used wisely and only if necessary. Energy-unaware task assignment protocols can deplete the energy of some sensors much more than they do for others. This results in reducing network density around those heavily loaded sensors and eventually creates energy holes that isolate the network into separated islands. These problems have negative impacts on network durability and reliability. To avoid these problems, we propose and evaluate a lightweight management protocol that assigns tasks to sensors based on their energy so that energy consumption is almost even among network sensors. In addition, we propose another mechanism to aggregate data collected by sensors before sending them back to the base station. Our aggregation mechanism supports different aggregation functions including exact evaluation of the minimum, the maximum, and the logical OR and an approximation of the average of the collected sensory data. Using simulation, we compare the lifetime achieved by assigning tasks to network sensors using the proposed protocol against another energy-neutral protocol. Simulation results verified that the proposed approach increases network durability by balancing task load among sensors. Also simulation shows that, under reasonable parameters, the error in the approximated value of the average is less than %3.
Chronic Tumor Necrosis Factor Alters T Cell Responses by Attenuating T Cell Receptor Signaling

Repeated injections of adult mice with recombinant murine TNF prolong the survival of NZB/W F1 mice, and suppress type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. To determine whether repeated TNF injections suppress T cell function in adult mice, we studied the responses of influenza hemagglutinin-specific T cells derived from T cell receptor (HNT-TCR) transgenic mice. Treatment of adult mice with murine TNF for 3 wk suppressed a broad range of T cell responses, including proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, T cell responses of HNT-TCR transgenic mice also expressing the human TNF-globin transgene were markedly reduced compared to HNT-TCR single transgenic littermates, indicating that sustained p55 TNF-R signaling is sufficient to suppress T cell function in vivo. Using a model of chronic TNF exposure in vitro, we demonstrate that (a) chronic TNF effects are dose and time dependent, (b) TNF suppresses the responses of both Th1 and Th2 T helper subsets, (c) the suppressive effects of endogenous TNF produced in T cell cultures could be reversed with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to TNF, and (d) prolonged TNF exposure attenuates T cell receptor signaling. The finding that anti-TNF treatment in vivo enhances T cell proliferative responses and cytokine production provides evidence for a novel regulatory effect of TNF on T cells in healthy laboratory mice. These effects are more pronounced in chronic inflammatory disease. In addition, our data provide a mechanism through which prolonged TNF exposure suppresses disease in animal models of autoimmunity.
Interval analysis for computer graphics

This paper discusses how interval analysis can be used to solve a wide variety of problems in computer graphics. These problems include ray tracing, interference detection, polygonal decomposition of parametric surfaces, and CSG on solids bounded by parametric surfaces. Only two basic algorithms are required: SOLVE, which computes solutions to a system of constraints, and MINIMIZE, which computes the global minimum of a function, subject to a system of constraints. We present algorithms for SOLVE and MINIMIZE using interval analysis as the conceptual framework. Crucial to the technique is the creation of “inclusion functions” for each constraint and function to be minimized. Inclusion functions compute a bound on the range of a function, given a similar bound on its domain, allowing a branch and bound approach to constraint solution and constrained minimization. Inclusion functions also allow the MINIMIZE algorithm to compute global rather than local minima, unlike many other numerical algorithms. Some very recent theoretical results are presented regarding existence and uniqueness of roots of nonlinear equations, and global parameterizability of implicitly described manifolds. To illustrate the power of the approach, the basic algorithms are further developed into a new algorithm for the approximation of implicit curves. CR Categories: I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling; G.4 [Mathematical Software]: Reliability and Robustness Additional
A perisinusoidal niche for extramedullary haematopoiesis in the spleen

Haematopoietic stresses mobilize haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the bone marrow to the spleen and induce extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH). However, the cellular nature of the EMH niche is unknown. Here we assessed the sources of the key niche factors, SCF (also known as KITL) and CXCL12, in the mouse spleen after EMH induction by myeloablation, blood loss, or pregnancy. In each case, Scf was expressed by endothelial cells and Tcf21(+) stromal cells, primarily around sinusoids in the red pulp, while Cxcl12 was expressed by a subset of Tcf21(+) stromal cells. EMH induction markedly expanded the Scf-expressing endothelial cells and stromal cells by inducing proliferation. Most splenic HSCs were adjacent to Tcf21(+) stromal cells in red pulp. Conditional deletion of Scf from spleen endothelial cells, or of Scf or Cxcl12 from Tcf21+ stromal cells, severely reduced spleen EMH and reduced blood cell counts without affecting bone marrow haematopoiesis. Endothelial cells and Tcf21(+) stromal cells thus create a perisinusoidal EMH niche in the spleen, which is necessary for the physiological response to diverse haematopoietic stresses.
Synthesis, characterization and photoactivity of bi-crystalline mesoporous TiO 2

Mesoporous titania (meso-TiO2) has received extensive attention owing to its versatile potential applications. This paper reports a low-temperature templating approach for the fabrication of meso-TiO2 using the peroxo titanic acid (PTA) sol as precursor and Pluronic P123 as nonionic template. The TGA, XRD, N2 sorption, FE-SEM and HRTEM were used to characterize the obtained samples. The results showed that meso-TiO2 with high surface area up to 163 m2·g–1 and large pore volume of 0.65 cm3·g–1 can be obtained. The mesopore sizes can be varied between 13 and 20 nm via this synthesis approach. The amount of P123 and the calcination conditions were found to have great influence on the mesoporous and crystalline structures of meso-TiO2. The photocatalytic activity testing clearly shows that the high surface area and bi-crystallinity phases of meso-TiO2 play important roles in enhancing photocatalytic properties of meso-TiO2 in photo-decomposing Rhodamine B in water.
Full Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Human G9P[4] Rotavirus Strain.

ABSTRACT This is a report of the complete genomic sequence of a reassortant rotavirus group A G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2 strain designated RVA/Human-wt/USA/ LB1562/2010/G9P[4].
The 22nd annual prostate cancer foundation scientific retreat report

The 22nd Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was convened in Washington, D.C. from October 8 to 10, 2015. This event is the foremost scientific conference in the world focusing on basic, translational, and clinical prostate cancer research with the highest potential for accelerating the understanding of prostate cancer biology and improving the lives and outcomes of prostate cancer patients. Topics highlighted during the 2015 Retreat included: (i) new strategies and treatments for localized high-risk, hormone-naive, oligometastatic, castrate-resistant, and treatment-refractory prostate cancer settings; (ii) the biology and genomics of tumor heterogeneity and tumor evolution; (iii) new understandings on the mechanisms and targeting of oncogenic drivers of prostate cancer; (iv) bioengineering of novel therapies and drug delivery methods; (v) innovative approaches to tumor immunotherapy; (vi) emerging molecular imaging technologies with improved sensitivity and specificity; and (vii) advancements in prognostic and predictive biomarkers and precision medicine strategies. Prostate 76:1037-1052, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.