cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term potentiation: studies in the hippocampal slice

Abstract Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an example of activity-dependent plasticity that was discovered in the hippocampal formation. There is growing evidence that LTP not only is a useful model for mnemonic processes, but also may represent the cellular substrate for at least some kinds of learning and memory. The hippocampal slice preparation has proven exceptionally useful in pharmacological studies of possible mechanisms of LTP. A slice remains viable and stable for several hours, and known concentrations of drugs in the bathing medium can be added and then washed out. Drugs can also be applied under visual guidance from micropipettes to discrete neuronal regions, an accomplishment that is aided by the lamellar organization of the hippocampus. Electrical stimulation of the perforant path (PP) in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus produces a monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and action potential, which can be recorded extracellularly as a population EPSP and population spike, respectively. Presentation of a high-frequency train (HFT; 100 Hz × 1 s to the PP results in a long-lasting (> 30 min) potentiation of the maximal EPSP slope and of the population spike amplitude. Similarly, exposure of the slice to norepinephrine (e.g. 20 μM for 30 min) results in a long-lasting potentiation (LLP) of both EPSP and population spike (Stanton and Sarvey (1987) Brain Res. Bull., 18: 115). No such LLP was seen in field CA1 following NE application (Stanton and Sarvey (1985) Brain Res., 361: 276). β-Adrenergic antagonists, such as propranolol, inhibit both LTP and NE-induced LLP in dentate (Stanton and Sarvey, J. Neurosci., 5: 2169 (1985); Stanton and Sarvey (1985) Brain Res., 361: 276). Cyclic AMP levels are increased by either an HFT or NE (Stanton and Sarvey (1985) Brain Res., 358: 343). Thus, NE, acting through a β-receptor, appears to be both necessary and sufficient to produce long-lasting enhancement of synaptic responses. Finally, inhibitors of protein synthesis, such as emetine, also block both LTP and NE-induced LLP (Stanton and Sarvey, J. Neurosci., (1984) 4: 3080; Stanton and Sarvey (1985) Brain Res., 361: 276). The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitatory amino acid receptor subtype appears to play a role in a number of forms of neuronal plasticity. Bath-application of a 1 μM concentration of the NMDA antagonists D-2-amino-5-phosphonavaleric acid (AVP) or 3-((±)2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) blocked both LTP and NE-induced LLP in the dentate gyrus. Thus, it would appear that production of both LTP and NE-induced LLP in the dentate gyrus requires activation of NMDA receptors.
Image Deconvolution And Correlation By A Multifunction Nonlinear Signal Processor

We describe a multifunction nonlinear optical processor that can perform various types of operations such as image deconvolution and nonlinear correlation. This processor is joint power spectrum based and does not use any filters. In this technique both the input signal and the processing function are displayed side by side at the input plane of the processor. The joint power spectrum of the input signals is thresholded with varying nonlinearity to produce the specific operation. In image deconvolution the joint power spectrum is modified and hard clipped thresholded to remove the amplitude distortion effects and to restore the correct phase of the original image. An amplitude mask averaged over an ensemble of images is assigned to the thresholded power spectrum to provide the amplitude magnitude of the restored image. In optical correlation, the Fourier transform interference intensity is thresholded to provide higher correlation peak intensity and better defined correlation spot. We show that various types of correlation signals can be produced simply by varying the severity of the nonlinearity and without the need to synthesize the specific matched filter. For example, a phase-only correlation signal is produced by selecting the appropriate nonlinearity. An analysis of the nonlinear processor for image deconvolution is presented. Computer simulation of the proposed technique for a linearly smeared image is provided.
Preference for NaCl solutions in sham drinking Sprague-Dawley rats: water deprivation, sodium depletion, and angiotensin II.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with closable gastric fistulas and were then tested under closed fistula (real intake) and open fistula (sham intake-fluids drain from the stomach without appreciable absorption) conditions in one of three states: fluid deprivation, sodium depletion, and infusion of angiotensin (Ang) II. Water and various concentrations of NaCl were offered to drink in 1-h one- or two-bottle intake tests. In Experiment 1, water-deprived rats with closed fistulas drank more 0.15 M NaCl than either water or 0.3 M NaCl, offered in one-bottle tests. In sham drinking tests, the intake decreased monotonically as NaCl concentration increased. In two-bottle tests, water was greatly preferred over NaCl solutions. In Experiment 2, sodium-depleted rats preferred NaCl over water, again demonstrating a peak intake at 0.15 M in closed fistula conditions. However, with the fistula open the intakes of 0.05 and 0.15 M were similar, and 0.45 M considerably lower. In Experiment 3, Ang II-infused rats consumed both water and NaCl in two-bottle tests in both open and closed fistula trials. The quantity ingested on sham trials was only modestly elevated over real intake trials with Ang lI compared with sham tests in Experiments 1 and 2.
Distribution and characterization of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the rat brain

Acid-ethanol extracts of various regions of the rat brain were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for α-MSH. The highest concentrations of α-MSH in the brain, exluding the pituitary, were found in the pineal gland (163 ± 44 pg/mg, mean ± SE) and hypothalamus (143 ± 22 pg/mg). The levels in the thalamus, brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum were 25 ± 2.7, 11 ± 0.9, 5.7 ± 0.7, and 2.3 ± 0.6 pg/mg, respectively. However, these values were much lower than those in the posterior pituitary (1.1 ± 0.12 μg/mg) and anterior pituitary (4.5 ± 0.83 ng/mg). Immunoreactive α-MSH extracted from the rat brain and synthetic α-MSH 1), react similarly with a specific antiserum to synthetic α-MSH; 2), are equally susceptible to degradation by plasma enzymes; 3), have similar chromatographic properties; and 4), possess comparable electrophoretic mobilities. When unpurified extracts from various regions of the brain were assayed for MSH-like activity by using the skin of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, no activity was detected. How...
Mechanical behaviour of snake skin

Forty-nine samples of skin from the mid-ventral, ventrolateral and mid-dorsal regions of six species of snakes were mechanically tested in uniaxial extension at 0.05 strain/sec. The species of snakes studied ranged from generalists to specialists for arboreal or aquatic habitats. Analysis of the loading curves revealed substantial variation in loads and maximum stiffnesses among samples from different dorsoventral regions within an individual and among homologous samples from different species. Skin thickness varied by a factor of more than five, but this only partially accounts for the differences in the force per width of sample at a given extension. Qualitative differences in the dermal collagen fibres are implied by the shapes of the loading curves and the terminal elastic modulus which varied from about 15 to 585 MN/m2. The strain at beginning of failure ranged from 0.12 to 0.60. The size of the scales within a skin sample was not a reliable predictor of the loading behaviour of the sample. Correlations between the mechanical behaviour of skin and specializations in locomotion and associated musculature are discussed.
“You know it when you see it:” the rhetorical hierarchy of race and gender in rhinelander v. rhinelander

Kenneth Burke places order and hierarchy at the heart of his rhetorical theory. The impulse to order creates categories of terms used by cultures to construct social orders based on race, gender, class and economic status. These lead to a “paradox of purity” wherein individuals are evaluated substantively from that category despite their individual motivations. In 1925, a woman of mixed blood was accused of defrauding her husband by “passing” as white. Her white lawyers were required to maintain the racist social structure while simultaneously freeing their client from the strictures of that structure. The paradox of purity was resolved through a transformation of terms until an ultimate order was recreated that retained the hierarchy, yet placed another collective category, gender, at the pinnacle.
Generating a complete disassembly-to-order plan

Abstract We introduce techniques used to generate a complete disassembly-to-order (DTO) plan. DTO is a system where a variety of returned products are disassembled to fulfill the demand for specified numbers of components and materials. Complete DTO plan includes the optimal number of take-back products which maximize profit and minimize costs of the DTO system, the number of products to be sent through each disassembly station (non-destructive, destructive and mixed disassembly) including the type of disassembly to be performed (viz., complete or selective) and the optimal disassembly sequence of each product type to help minimize the complexities and the total disassembly time. Techniques implemented to solve the problem are Genetic Algorithm, Linear Physical Programming and refining algorithm. In this paper, we describe how these techniques can be combined to solve for a complete DTO plan. A numerical example is considered to illustrate the methodology.
Seismic Cycles and Earthquake Predictability on East Pacific Rise Transform Faults

The concept of a seismic cycle, where the stress on a fault repeatedly builds up over a long period of time and then is rapidly released in a large earthquake, influences studies of both the basic physics of faulting and applied research aimed at estimating earthquake hazards. This hypothesis suggests that large earthquakes might be quasi periodic and that the probability of a particular portion of a fault rupturing twice in quick succession should be low. However, this basic hypothesis has been difficult to verify owing to the long repeat times of the largest earthquakes on most faults. East Pacific Rise (EPR) transform faults are an advantageous location to evaluate the seismic cycle hypothesis owing to their fast slip rates and the moderate size (∼ M w 6) of their largest earthquakes. Using surface-wave based determinations of the relative separations between earthquake centroids, I document 16 pairs of M w≥5.5 events that had overlapping ruptures. The distribution of interevent times for these pairs is tightly clustered around 5 yr (with a coefficient of variation ∼0.2) indicating that quasi periodicity may be prevalent for the largest events on these faults. Moreover, I find no pairs of overlapping M w 5.5–6.2 earthquakes separated by less than 50 cm of elapsed plate motion, indicating that the two basic features of the seismic cycle hypothesis are evident in the timing of large EPR transform mainshocks. I have also confirmed earlier results demonstrating a high degree of short-term predictability of EPR mainshocks by combining teleseismic and hydroacoustic earthquake catalogs. Thus, there appears to be a high degree of both short and long-term predictability on EPR transforms.
Controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension: A personal review of JNC V

Abstract In January 1993 the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure published its fifth report (JNC V). The report highlighted the importance of systolic hypertension and recommended that hypertension should be diagnosed—regardless of age—when systolic blood pressure readings are consistently ≥140 mm Hg. JNC V reflected the opinion In JNC IV that several drug classes—including diuretics, β blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and α blockers—are suitable for initiating antihypertensive therapy. However, JNC V gave preference to diuretics and β blockers because these drug classes have been shown to reduce the incidence of stroke and cardiovascular events in clinical trials; similar studies with the newer drug classes have not yet been completed. This recommendation is highly controversial because the benefits of diuretic and β-blocker use are most evident in the elderly, and the beneficial effects of these drugs on the incidence of coronary events are relatively modest. Further, growing experience with ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists shows that these agents lack the metabolic disadvantages of older agents and can exhibit antiatherosclerotic and antihypertrophic vasoactivity. Although to date the clinical benefits of the newer agents have been documented in conditions other than hypertension, the data are persuasive and indicate a probability that these drugs will improve prognosis in hypertensive patients. JNC V also emphasized lifestyle modifications; however, even when they decrease blood pressure, dietary and other nonpharmacologic strategies have not been shown to lower the incidence of clinical events. Despite its controversial recommendations, JNC V has provoked a debate that should refocus attention on fundamental questions in hypertension.
Gut motility and transit changes in patients receiving long-term methadone maintenance

This study was conducted to survey gut motility and transit in 19 volunteers receiving methadone maintenance who were opioid-dependent, and to measure the oral-cecal transit time in these individuals using the lactulose hydrogen breath test. None of these patients reported constipation problems before use of illicit drugs. During current long-term methadone therapy, 58% of patients experienced some degree of constipation, and two of these 19 patients reported that constipation was a very serious problem. Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) oral-cecal transit time in these individuals was 159+/-49.2 minutes, which is significantly longer than the transit time recorded in two previous studies of healthy volunteers (P < 0.01). These results indicate that tolerance to opioids does not appear to extend to gastrointestinal motility and transit. It seems that patients receiving long-term methadone therapy are a good model for use in evaluating gastrointestinal effects of opioid antagonists.
Ischemia-induced changes in human endocardial electrograms during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

The electrophysiologic sequelae of acute reversible transmural myocardial ischemia in humans are poorly understood. Experimental models have demonstrated slowing of conduction in ischemic myocardium, but similar evidence in humans is lacking. We used percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty as a model for reversible ischemia to (1) analyze the regional endocardial electrogram response to ischemia and (2) determine whether an initial episode of ischemia may mitigate the effects of a subsequent bout of ischemia (preconditioning). We recorded bipolar left ventricular endocardial electrograms during elective angioplasty in 11 patients and examined changes in amplitude and duration on the electrogram. Each of the 11 patients underwent two to seven balloon inflations. The electrogram amplitude at 90 seconds of balloon occlusion fell to 86% ± 17% of the control value, and the electrogram duration increased to 109% ± 12% of the control value. These variables returned to baseline values by 30 and 120 seconds, respectively, after balloon deflation. Among the six patients in the preconditioning protocol, the electrogram duration at 90 seconds was less with the second inflation (106% ± 7%) than with the first (115% ± 17%, p < 0.05). The difference in electrogram amplitude between the first and the second inflation was not significant (88% ± 17% vs 85% ± 13%, p = NS). At 60 seconds of ischemia there was no difference between normal sinus rhythm and paced complexes in the magnitude of change in electrogram amplitude or duration. We conclude that acute transmural myocardial ischemia in humans is associated with a decrease in local bipolar endocardial electrogram amplitude and an increase in electrogram duration. These findings are consistent with slowed conduction in the ischemic zone and are in agreement with experimental findings in animals. Furthermore, a preconditioning effect on electrogram duration suggests a possible protective effect for repeated bouts of ischemia.
Bone turnover markers in primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated or inappropriate normal levels of parathyroid hormone in a setting of hypercalcemia. The inclusion of calcium on the basic metabolic bone panel has allowed this disorder to be diagnosed even in the absence of symptoms. Nevertheless, the skeleton can be a target of excess parathyroid hormone activity even during its asymptomatic presentation. Bone turnover markers a surrogate index of the process of the remodeling process at the level of bone, and thus can be useful to monitor skeleton involvement in primary hyperparathyroidism.
Observations on sex attraction and mating behaviour of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank.

Laboratory and field investigations into sex attraction and mating behaviour of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank have been described. Male flies were not attracted to volatile and soluble compounds from two- to three-day-old mature virgin females, or to virgin females in a simple olfactometer. Removal of antennae from either sex did not appreciably reduce insemination rates after 24–48-h mating periods compared with normal flies. Similar numbers of wild male flies were caught off oxen baited or non-baited with mature virgin females. G. m. orientalis probably does not produce a pheromone.Male flies appeared to be sexually activated only after movement by the female. Mating success was reduced in the dark and when the male's eyes were painted, but blinding the female fly did not reduce insemination. Mating was similar with or without wings and halteres and the sounds produced by them.Time between pairing the sexes and the start of mating tended to increase, and the percentage of inseminated females accepting two or more matings decreased, after the first copulation. Female flies rarely re-mated within a day. Virgin female flies accepted males passively with partly open wings, and mated females rejected further copulation with closed wings, activity to shake the male off, and primarily a downward-curved abdomen. Virgin female flies mated for periods of 1–45 min did not receive sperm but successful ad libitum mating was reduced a day later. Insemination rates decreased with females older than seven days and reached zero 28–83 days after eclosion, while 37-day-old males inseminated 93% of young females.
Bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in fiddler crabs (Uca minax) exposed to weathered MC-252 crude oil alone and in mixture with an oil dispersant.

Abstract The Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in a sustained release of crude oil, and weathered oil was reported to have washed onto shorelines and marshes along the Gulf coast. One strategy to minimize effects of tarballs, slicks, and oil sheen, and subsequent risk to nearshore ecosystem resources was to use oil dispersants (primarily Corexit® 9500) at offshore surface and deepwater locations. Data have been generated reporting how Corexit® 9500 and other dispersants may alter the acute toxicity of crude oil (Louisiana sweet crude) to marine organisms. However, it remains unknown how oil dispersants may influence bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in nearshore crustaceans. We compare bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in fiddler crabs ( Uca minax ) from exposures to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil (~ 30 d post spill) and chemically-enhanced WAF when mixed with Corexit® EC9500A. Whole body total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations were greater than background for both treatments after 6 h of exposure and reached steady state at 96 h. The modeled TPH uptake rate was greater for crabs in the oil only treatment ( k u = 2.51 mL/g/h vs. 0.76 mL/g/h). Furthermore, during the uptake phase TPH patterns in tissues varied between oil only and oil + dispersant treatments. Steady state bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were 19.0 mL/g and 14.1 mL/g for the oil only and oil + Corexit treatments, respectively. These results suggest that the toxicokinetic mechanisms of oil may be dependent on oil dispersion (e.g., smaller droplet sizes). The results also indicate that multiple processes and functional roles of species should be considered for understanding how dispersants influence bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons.
Saturation-Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity Anisotropy for Multifluid Systems in Porous Media

The hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated anisotropic soils has recently been described with a tensorial connectivity-tortuosity (TCT) concept. We extend this concept to unsaturated porous media with two or three immiscible fluids. Mathematical expressions to describe the conductivity of each fluid in anisotropic porous media under unsaturated condition are derived in the form of symmetric second order tensors. The theory is applicable to the combination of any type of saturation-pressure formulation and a generalized hydraulic conductivity model. The extended model shows that the anisotropic coefficient of a fluid is independent of the saturation of other fluids. Synthetic Miller-similar soils having hypothetical anisotropy were defined by allowing the saturated hydraulic conductivity to have different correlation ranges for different directions of flow. The extended TCT concept was tested using synthetic soils with four levels of heterogeneity and four levels of anisotropy. Numerical experiments of infiltration of two liquid phases, i.e., water and the nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) carbon tetrachloride, were carried out to test the extended model. The results show that, similar to water in a two-fluid (air-water) system, NAPL retention curves in a three-fluid (air-NAPL-water) system were independent of flow direction but dependent on soil heterogeneity, while the connectivity-tortuosity coefficients are functionsmore » of both soil heterogeneity and anisotropy. The extended TCT model accurately describes unsaturated hydraulic functions of anisotropic soils and can be combined into commonly used relative permeability functions for use in multifluid flow and transport numerical simulations.« less
Gaseous mercury fluxes from the forest floor of the Adirondacks.

Abstract The flux of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) from the forest floor of the Adirondack Mountains in New York (USA) was measured numerous times throughout 2005 and 2006 using a polycarbonate dynamic flux chamber (DFC). The Hg flux ranged between −2.5 and 27.2 ng m −2 h −1 and was positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation. The measured Hg emission flux was highest in spring, and summer, and lowest in winter. During leaf-off periods, the Hg emission flux was highly dependent on solar radiation and less dependent on temperature. During leaf-on periods, the Hg emission flux was fairly constant because the forest canopy was shading the forest floor. Two empirical models were developed to estimate yearly Hg 0 emissions, one for the leaf-off period and one for the leaf-on period. Using the U.S. EPA's CASTNET meteorological data, the cumulative estimated emission flux was approx. 7.0 μg Hg 0 m −2 year −1 .
Counter hegemony, newspapers and the origins of anti-colonialism in French India

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal the contribution of counter‐hegemonic communications towards the origins of anti‐colonialism in French India during the years 1935‐1937 and thereby to illuminate the relationship between press, economics and ideology in a colonial context.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a qualitative study of local archives in Tamil and French, including indigenous print communications such as the workers' paper Swandanthiram. These are used as a prism for analysis of the development of a workers' public voice during major textile strikes, and assessed in the light of John Downing's definitions of advocacy journalism.Findings – Communications were directly connected to disempowerment and lack of civil, political and economic rights. The formation of legal worker organisations for the first time and a new political party provided the context in which activist leaders adopted a twofold vertical and lateral strategy in their publications, to promote their form...
Ranolazine Treatment for Myocardial Infarction? Effects on the Development of Necrosis, Left Ventricular Function and Arrhythmias in Experimental Models

Ranolazine, an inhibitor of the late current of the cardiac action potential (late INa), is a well established clinical treatment for chronic angina. The late INa in cardiac myocytes also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, and thus is a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate consequences of myocardial infarction. In experimental animal models, ranolazine has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size, improve left ventricular function, decrease ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and improve outcome in heart failure. Here we focus specifically on data from in vivo animal studies of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
Electro Optical Shaft Angle Encoder Utilizing Laser Interferometry

Sperry Rand CorporationElectro-Optics GroupGreat Neck, New YorkAbstractA newly developed electro-optical shaft angle encoder is described and the theory developed for a technique using laser interferometry to eliminate error sources and improve the resolution and accuracy of an encoder.The technique described in this paper utilizes a cw laser to illuminate the outer­ most high-density tracks on a code disk made up of alternately opaque lines and transparent spaces. By focusing the laser beam to a small spot incident on the center of the track, a diffraction pattern is formed as the light passes through the code disc.By properly combining a given pair of order contributions by means of small plane mirrors, an interference pattern is formed at the input of a detector. As the disc is rotated, the radially formed line pattern on a given track will result in a continuous phase shift between diffracted orders which gives rise to a sine-wave variation in intensity of the interference pattern at the detector input. Counting this signal cyclically at the detector output will result in a direct count of the number of lines on the track that corresponds to a given angle of rotation. With this tech­ nique, a 20-bit encoder has been developed on an Air Force Contract AF33(615)-3092, using a 2.5-inch-diameter code disc. The simplicity and basic stability of this approach are described along with the resolving capability of the encoder in relation to the available energy in the diffraction orders.IntroductionThe needs for measuring rotation angle precisely have greatly increased in the past few years. Precise measurement of the shaft angle of rotating members are required for star tracker telescopes, long range optical trackers, missile and rocket launch optical monitors and a host of other such systems. There are at present requirements for measuring absolute rota­ tion angles to accuracies of better than ±1 arc second. There is also a strong impetus for miniaturization of the angle sensor package.Advantages of Electro-Optical EncodersElectro-optical shaft angle encoders have realized perhaps the greatest success in the high precision applications. This form of encoder generally uses a code disc mounted on a shaft which is coupled directly to the rotating member to be measured. A series of concentric tracks on the code disc generally have alternate black and clear spaces with spacings characterizing a given angular range. The angle is then read out by illuminating one side of the disc from a light source with a detector and input slit located on the reverse side of each track for detection of angle signal. As the disc is rotated, a modulated light signal is detected by the detectors and fed into appropriate proc­ essing electronics, whereby the decoded angle is displayed or recorded.However, there are significant limita­ tions such as the fact that for a device to read angles to a resolution of several
Genome‐wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence

Alcohol dependence is a leading cause of morbidity and premature death. Several lines of evidence suggest a substantial genetic component to the risk for alcoholism: sibs of alcoholic probands have a 3-8 fold increased risk of also developing alcoholism, and twin heritability estimates of 50-60% are reported by contemporary studies of twins. We report on the results of a six-center collaborative study to identify susceptibility loci for alcohol dependence. A genome-wide screen examined 291 markers in 987 individuals from 105 families. Two-point and multipoint nonparametric linkage analyses were performed to detect susceptibility loci for alcohol dependence. Multipoint methods provided the strongest suggestions of linkage with susceptibility loci for alcohol dependence on chromosomes 1 and 7, and more modest evidence for a locus on chromosome 2. In addition, there was suggestive evidence for a protective locus on chromosome 4 near the alcohol dehydrogenase genes, for which protective effects have been reported in Asian populations.
Comparison of hypopnea definitions in lean patients with known obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)

In the interest of improving inter-rater reliability and standardization between sleep laboratories, hypopnea definitions were recently changed to place less emphasis on arousal scoring and more emphasis on oxygen desaturations. We sought to determine whether these changes would affect detection and treatment of OSAHS in lean patients—a group known to desaturate less-than-obese patients. Thirty-five lean subjects (15 male, 20 women, five post-menopausal) diagnosed OSAHS and a documented benefit from treatment had diagnostic polysomnograms (PSG) originally scored using the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) rule from 1999 (referred to as “Rule C”). These patients had appropriate clinical care based on those results. PSG records were then re-scored in a randomized and blinded fashion utilizing hypopnea Rule A and B of the 2007 AASM guidelines. Baseline mean (SD) apnea hypopnea indices (AHI) for rules A, B, and C were 6.4 (3.1), 20.6 (8.2), and 26.9 (7.3), respectively (p < 0.0001). Mean (SD) BMI was 24.4 (1.0). By design, all subjects were treatment responders. Eighty-six percent with CPAP, 83% with oral appliance, and 100% with surgical intervention reported resolution of their initial daytime or sleep complaint. Post-treatment AHIs for rules A, B, and C were 0.8 (0.9), 1.8 (1.2) and 2.3 (1.6; p < 0.001). In all three scoring conditions, the AHI was reduced significantly with treatment (p < 0.001). A repeated measures ANOVA of the difference between scoring methods indicated statistically significant differences between all three strategies at both pre- and post-treatment (p < 0.001). Sleepiness on the Epworth sleepiness scale decreased from a mean of 10.9 (2.3) to 5.7 (1.3) with treatment (p < 0.001). This change in subjective rating of sleepiness was more strongly correlated with rules B and C (r = 0.6) and more modestly correlated with Rule A scoring (r = 0.4). Response to treatment was more tightly correlated with arousal based scoring rules B and C in this group of lean subjects. The1999 hypopnea rule was used at baseline to detect this cohort of patients with OSAHS that ultimately benefitted from treatment. Rule B detected OSAHS and correlated well with response to treatment, but many more were categorized as mild (5 < AHI < 15) at baseline. Since 40% of the subjects had an AHI less than 5 with Rule A, lack of sensitivity should be considered before applying Rule A to the scoring of sleep studies in lean patients.
Using input-output analysis to estimate tax exporting and tax pyramiding in Hawaii

An input-output model was used to estimate the degree of tax pyramiding and exporting in the State of Hawaii. Tax exporting is an important political objective in export-based economies. The concern of tax pyramiding arises from Hawaii's multi-stage, multi-rate gross receipts tax. This paper briefly describes how the State Input-Output model was modified and used to analyze these two issues. Given specific assumptions on tax shifting by industry and by type of tax, reasonable estimates can be made of the amount of taxes paid by out-of-state consumers (tax exporting) and pattern of price increases across industries and commodities caused by taxes levied on businesses at all stages of production (tax pyramiding). Empirical results are presented for the simplest case analyzed, that of full forward shifting of all taxes.
p300 does not require its acetylase activity to stimulate p73 function.

Abstract We previously reported that p73, like p53, utilizes p300 or cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein as its coactivator. Here, we extended this work by further examining whether the intrinsic acetylase activity of p300 is necessary for stimulating p73 function. Although p300 acetylated the C-terminal fragment of p73 (amino acids 311–636) in vitro, it was unable to efficiently acetylate the full-length p73. Consistently, p300 did not acetylate p73 in vivo when both the proteins were overexpressed in cells. Also, an acetylase-defective mutant p300 named p300AT2 was able to elevate p73-dependent transcription in cells. p300 associated with p73 when forming DNA-protein complexes and stabilized p73 proteins. These results demonstrate that p300 does not need its acetylase activity to be a coactivator of p73.
C2 deficiency in man. genetic relationship to a mixed lymphocyte reaction determinant (7a

Three unrelated individuals with, respectively, lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and totally deficient in the second component of complement are demonstrated to be mutually poorly reactive in mixed lymphocyte culture and homozygous for the mixed lymphocyte reaction determinant (MLR-S or LD) short 7a (7a*). The gene controlling the elaboration of C2 in man is shown to be separate from, and probably to map outside of, the second locus ofHL-A and theMLR-S locus. Genetic linkage disequilibrium is strongly suggested between HL-A 10, W18, 7a*, and C2 deficiency.
Further numerical experiments on tropical waves

A series of experiments, designed to study single level predictions with a barotropic and a primitive equation (PE) model, essentially following Krishnamurti et al. (1980), has been carried out for June to September 1979 utilizing the FGGE (First GARP Global Experiment) data sets. The level chosen for this study is the 700 mb. covering a domain extending from 100° W to 38° E and 25° S to 45° N. Most of the waves of 1979. identified by Frank and Clark (1980), were investigated. Because these waves were not always well defined in the analysis at 700 mb, a wave anomaly pattern, prepared from Reed et al.'s (1977) composite African wave model, was carefully inserted in the respective locations of the waves. Major improvement in the tracking and passage of waves resulted from the merging of the African and easterly wave models into the broadscale flow patterns defined by the FGGE data sets. This study includes an analysis of the prediction errors. In this context the root mean square vector wind errors and the anomaly correlations are presented. The results of some 52 experiments show that the simple model based on the conservation of vorticity, performs better than persistence up to 2 days, while the next model, which is based on the conservation of potential vorticity, performs better than persistence up to 4 days. In general, very useful forecasts up to 2 days are possible with the single level PE model. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1983.tb00215.x
Circadian clock gene Bmal1 is not essential; functional replacement with its paralog, Bmal2.

Summary Most of the central circadian clock genes in the mouse exist as paralog pairs ( Per1 and Per2 , Cry1 and Cry2 , Clock and Npas2 ) in which each gene of the pair must be knocked out to confer arrhythmicity [1–3]. The only exception to this pattern is Bmal1 (also known as Mop3 ), the single knockout of which confers arrhythmicity, despite the presence of its paralog, Bmal2 (also known as Mop9 ) [4]. The knockout of Bmal1 also has significant effects on longevity, metabolism, etc. [5, 6]. These results have led to the conclusion that Bmal1 is a singularly essential clock gene and that Bmal2 has a minimal role in the clock system. In contrast, we find that expression of Bmal2 from a constitutively expressed promoter can rescue the clock and metabolic phenotypes of Bmal1 -knockout mice, including rhythmic locomotor activity, rhythmic metabolism, low body weight, and enhanced fat deposition. Combined with the data of Bunger and colleagues, who reported that knockout of Bmal1 downregulates Bmal2 [4], we conclude that Bmal1 and Bmal2 form a circadian paralog pair that is functionally redundant and that, in the mouse, Bmal2 is regulated by Bmal1 such that knockout of Bmal1 alone results in a functionally double Bmal1 and Bmal2 knockout. Therefore, the role(s) of Bmal2 may be more important than has been appreciated heretofore.
Sequence of a human kidney cDNA clone encoding thymosin β10

Summary We have isolated a cDNA clone encoding the 43 amino acid protein, thymosin β 10 , from an adult human kidney cDNA library. A comparison of human and rat thymosin β 10 cDNA sequences revealed 100% identity for the deduced amino acid sequence and 95% nucleotide identity for the coding region. The thymosin β 10 cDNA clone was used to probe RNA isolated from monkey kidney epithelial cells of the BSC-1 line. The probe recognized 850 bp and 2.4 kb transcripts in quiescent cells which indicates that the gene is constitutively expressed. The abundance of the 2.4 kb transcript was markedly increased one hour after serum stimulation and declined progressively to a basal value at 24 hours.
The incidence of psychogenic fever in a university hospital.

Abstract 1. 1. Previous limited studies of the incidence of psychogenic fever are reviewed. The charts of alternate first admissions to a university hospital were examined, and all patients with any possible organic or drug factors modifying their temperatures were excluded. 2. 2. The incidence of an initial temperature elevation of 0.8 ° F. or greater occurring immediately following first admission in patients without discernible cause for fever was found to be 3.6 per cent of all first admissions. The incidence of initial temperature elevation, as defined above, among all patients without discernible reason for fever was 27.2 per cent. The true incidence of this phenomenon is probably greater than 3.6 per cent and less than 27.2 per cent. 3. 3. The incidence on medicine and psychiatry was slightly higher i.e., 31.7 per cent and 29.9 per cent, respectively, and on the other services was lower, i.e., surgery, 21.4 per cent; obstetrics, 0.0 per cent and pediatrics, 17.9 per cent. The over-all proportion of first admissions to the hospital without discernible reasons for fever was 13.2 per cent, but on psychiatry this proportion was 47.2 per cent, and there were lower proportions on other services, i.e., medicine, 11.0 per cent, surgery, 9.2 per cent, obstetrics, 0.9 per cent, and pediatrics, 13.0 per cent. 4. 4. The incidence of an initial temperature elevation in patients without discernible reasons for fever among all first admissions to psychiatry was 14.4 per cent or four times greater than the incidence of this initial temperature elevation on all other services, i.e., medicine, 3.5 per cent, surgery 2.0 per cent, obstetrics, 0.0 per cent, pediatrics, 2.3 per cent, and for all first admissions, 3.6 per cent. Psychiatrists see more patients with an unexplained initial temperature elevation than do internists. 5. 5. The phenomenon of an initial unexplained temperature elevation is much more frequently observed in men in the age group 21 to 40 than in other population groups. 6. 6. The recognition of a characteristic spontaneous fall of temperature after a day or two in the hospital without evidence of organic disease or the administration of a drug should suggest the possibility that the patient has “psychogenic fever” and associated underlying emotional problems.
Presynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission in the mouse dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

Activity of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) is closely regulated by synaptic input, and regulation of that input by glutamate receptors on presynaptic terminals has bee...
A tracer study of the distribution of iodine between carbon disulphide and aqueous solutions

Abstract The distribution of iodine between carbon disulphide and water at 25°C has been studied as a function of concentration between 0·1 and 10 −6 M, and at pH values of about 7, 5, 3, and 1, using 8-d I 131 as tracer. Below total iodine concentrations of 0·1M (corresponding to about 2 × 10 −4 M in the aqueous phase) experimental values of the distribution coefficient are much lower than values calculated from the equilibrium constants for the known reactions of iodine in water.
The Effects of Contracts on Interpersonal Trust

This paper uses two laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of contracts on interpersonal trust. We predict that the use of binding contracts to promote or mandate cooperation will lead interacting parties to attribute others' cooperation to the constraints imposed by the contract rather than to the individuals themselves, thus reducing the likelihood of trust developing. We also predict that, although non-binding contracts may not generate as much initial cooperation as binding contracts, they will generate personal rather than situational attributions for any cooperation that results and will therefore not interfere with trust development. Two experiments investigated the effects of the use and removal of binding and non-binding contracts. When binding contracts that were previously allowed were no longer allowed or no longer chosen, trust dropped significantly. In contrast, non-binding contracts led to considerable cooperation, and their removal reduced trust less than removing binding contra...
ACCELERATED WEAR TESTS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MACHINING MODELS CALIBRATION DATA

This paper documents the release of the accelerated wear tests for the Assessment of Machining Models (AMM) calibration data set, including some brief background material and a summary of previously published results. Measurements and results for the accelerated wear tests are summarized and a representative plot is given. Sources of uncertainty associated with the accelerated wear test measurements are discussed. The paper closes with a brief discussion of the wear test data and the complete data files, which are available through the project web site athttp://www.nist.gov/amm/. *Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States.
OCCURRENCE OF ORD'S KANGAROO RAT (DIPODOMYS ORDII) ALONG ITS EASTERN DISTRIBUTIONAL LIMIT IN NEBRASKA

Changes in land use continue to alter habitats throughout Nebraska, and few studies have examined how such changes affect distributional limits of mammals. The distribution of Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) was last exam- ined in eastern Nebraska about 4 decades ago. We examined the current eastern distributional limits of D. ordii to see whether its range had expanded, contracted, or remained constant in the state since the 1960s. Based on our study, kangaroo rats have experienced little change in distribution during recent decades. Herein, we report on data for 8 counties without prior records and a marginal range extension, as well as comment on habitat, reproduction, and taxonomic status of kangaroo rats in eastern Nebraska.
Patient Simulator for Teaching Heart and Lung Assessment Skills to Advanced Practice Nursing Students

Abstract Background Patient simulators are becoming an integral component in the education of nurses because they provide a unique opportunity to practice skills without the anxiety and pressure of a real clinical experience. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of simulation among advanced practice nursing students. Objective This study's objective is to determine whether the use of an intermediate-fidelity manikin simulator could affect student confidence, knowledge, and satisfaction with physical assessment skills. Method Advanced practice nursing students were randomly assigned to receive either a 1-hour simulator session and the usual teaching and learning strategy of didactic lecture and laboratory practice or only the usual teaching and learning strategy. Following the Nursing Education Simulation Framework, the outcomes of confidence, knowledge, and satisfaction were measured. Results and Conclusions Students in the simulation group had significantly greater ( t (26) = −2.068, p
Influence of dissolved oxygen on aggregation kinetics of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles

Aggregation, an important environmental behavior of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) influences their bioavailability and cytotoxicity. The work studied the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) or the redox potential on the stability of AgNPs in aqueous environments. This study employed time-resolved dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS) to investigate the aggregation kinetics of citrate-coated AgNPs. Our results demonstrated that when DO was present, the aggregation rates became much faster (e.g., 3-8 times) than those without DO. The hydrodynamic sizes of AgNPs had a linear growth within the initial 4-6 h and after the linear growth, the hydrodynamic sizes became random for AgNPs in the presence of DO, whereas in the absence of DO the hydrodynamic sizes grew smoothly and steadily. Furthermore, the effects of primary particles sizes (20, 40, and 80 nm) and initial concentrations (300 and 600 μg/L) of AgNPs on aggregation kinetics were also investigated.
Structure of RPE65 isomerase in a lipidic matrix reveals roles for phospholipids and iron in catalysis

RPE65 is a key metalloenzyme responsible for maintaining visual function in vertebrates. Despite extensive research on this membrane-bound retinoid isomerase, fundamental questions regarding its enzymology remain unanswered. Here, we report the crystal structure of RPE65 in a membrane-like environment. These crystals, obtained from enzymatically active, nondelipidated protein, displayed an unusual packing arrangement wherein RPE65 is embedded in a lipid–detergent sheet. Structural differences between delipidated and nondelipidated RPE65 uncovered key residues involved in substrate uptake and processing. Complementary iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy data established that RPE65 as isolated contained a divalent iron center and demonstrated the presence of a tightly bound ligand consistent with a coordinated carboxylate group. These results support the hypothesis that the Lewis acidity of iron could be used to promote ester dissociation and generation of a carbocation intermediate required for retinoid isomerization.
Local elastic constants for the Al(001) surface

Restoring forces have been calculated for displacements of a single surface atom of a five-layer Al(001) film using the first-principles scattering-theory method and the local-density-functional approximation. For displacement along the surface normal, the calculated force constant is k/sub z//sub z/ = -0.88 eV/bohr/sup 2/, while for motion in the surface layer along an Al-Al bond it is k/sub x//sub x/ = -0.94 eV/bohr/sup 2/. As one would expect, these results are in approximate agreement with corresponding force constants calculated by Ho and Bohnen for periodic disturbances of the same surface.