cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coding across unicast sessions can increase the secure message capacity

This paper characterizes the secret message capacity of three networks where two unicast sessions share some of the communication resources. Each network consists of erasure channels with state feedback. A passive eavesdropper is assumed to wiretap any one of the links. The capacity achieving schemes as well as the outer bounds are formulated as linear programs. The proposed strategies are then numerically evaluated and shown to achieve higher rate performances (up to a double single- or sum-rate) with respect to alternative strategies, where the network resources are time-shared among the two sessions. These results represent a step towards the secure capacity characterization for general networks. They also show that, even in configurations for which network coding does not offer benefits in absence of security, it can become beneficial under security constraints.
Successful Aging Among Older Hispanics

Author(s): Garcia, Marlen; Paredes, Alejandra Morlett; Jeste, Dilip; Moore, Alison; Marquine, Maria J | Abstract: Abstract Successful Aging has been defined as the absence of objective physical, cognitive, and social difficulties. More recently, self-rated successful aging (SRSA) has been recognized as an important outcome in its own right. The purpose of this study was to assess SRSA and its correlates among older Hispanics/Latinos. Seventy-four Hispanic/Latino adults age 50+ (31.9% primarily Spanish-speaking; 62.5% women, mean age=69.6±12.2, mean years of education=14.3±3.3) completed a measure of SRSA (scaled from 1 [lowest] to 10 [highest]), and self-report measures of hypothesized correlates, including culturally-relevant factors (language use, acculturation, fatalism, familism, perceived discrimination and frame of reference), as well as physical (perception of physical health and physical performance), cognitive (perception of cognitive problems), and psychosocial correlates (social functioning and resilience). Fifty-five percent of the participants reported SRSA of 8 or above (mean=7.99±, range: 3-10). Factors that were significantly associated with SRSA in univariable models, were entered into a multiple linear regression on SRSA. The final multivariable model explained 58.5% of the variance on SRSA (F(3,54)=27.8, pl.001) and showed that social functioning (B=.21; p=.031), resilience (B=.34; p=.002), and perception of physical health (scaled from 1 [highest] to 5 [lowest]), (B=-.43; pl.001) were independent predictors of SRSA. Culturally-relevant factors were not independently associated with SRSA in the multivariable model. While future longitudinal studies would be better suited to address causality, the present cross-sectional findings indicate psychosocial correlates of SRSA are as important as physical correlates among older Latinos. Future studies might examine whether culturally relevant factors modify these associations.
The incidence of venous thromboembolism following surgical resection of intracranial and intraspinal meningioma. A systematic review and retrospective study.

Abstract Introduction Historically, the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) was cited as a higher post-operative risk for patients harboring meningiomas. However, recent literature has suggested that there may be no elevated risk for VTE among these patients. The authors perform both a retrospective review of their own cases as well as a systematic review of the literature in order to determine the frequency of the VTE and rate of post-operative hemorrhage in this patient population. Methodology Patients undergoing surgery for intracranial and spinal meningioma from 2012 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and post-operative complications. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for the development of VTE. Additionally, a PubMed search was performed to identify patients addressing this topic. Results Our retrospective review included 189 patients who underwent 197 operations. The rate of VTE for patients receiving LMWH was 3.55 % vs. 4.06 % for those not receiving LMWH. There were no observed hemorrhages after initiation of LMWH. Multivariate analysis found tumor volume, history of DVT, and length of hospital stay as independent risk factors for VTE. In the systematic review, 11 papers describing 28,954 patients were included. The risk of developing a VTE with or without LMWH was 2.71 % versus 4.07 %, respectively. The hemorrhage risk was 2.23 % on LMWH versus 4.20 % not on LMWH. Discussion In several heterogeneous series of all types of neurosurgical procedures, the reported rate of VTE was 11.1 %. In our review of the literature, the VTE rate of 2.71 % was similar to our cohort's rate of 3.55 %, for patients administered LMWH postoperatively. Higher rates of VTE with meningiomas may not be the case as once thought. Regular use of LMWH appears to be a safe, but it also did not necessarily lower the rates of VTE in our cohort. The use of routine lower-extremity duplex ultrasound, mechanical prophylaxis, and early mobilization, may have contributed to these lower rates of VTEs in patients with meningiomas.
Angina relates to coronary flow in women with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease

Abstract Background Women with suspected ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) as measured by impaired coronary flow reserve (CFR), which is associated with angina and adverse cardiovascular events. CFR is a ratio of hyperemic to baseline average peak velocity (bAPV), and the relation of baseline flow to angina is not understood. Methods We evaluated 259 women enrolled in the WISE-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD) project with suspected CMD who underwent invasive coronary functional testing. We analyzed variables stratified by high (e.g. ≥22 cm/s) vs low ( Results Women with high bAPV had worse Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) angina frequency (58 ± 26 vs 67 ± 25, p = 0.005) and SAQ-7 scores (57 ± 22 vs 62 ± 21, p = 0.03), with higher nitrate (p = 0.02) and ranolazine use (p = 0.03). The high bAPV subgroup also had lower CFR (p Conclusions Among women with suspected INOCA, angina relates to high bAPV, a result supported by the concomitant greater use of anti-anginal drugs. These results suggest that high bAPV contributes to impaired CFR and may represent a specific pathophysiologic contributor to CMD and may be a treatment target in INOCA subjects.
Toward a Social Psychoanalysis: Culture, Character, and Normative Unconscious Processes: Toward a Social Psychoanalysis: Culture, Character, and Normative Unconscious Processes Lynne Layton and Marianna Leavy-Sperounis (ed), Routledge, 2020. ISBN 9780367902049

This review has been thought through, worked and reworked, and ultimately written on the stolen land of the Pamunkey Confederacy. This statement may seem hollow when written, but, in fact, in the b...
Chronic, Episodic Nicotine Alters Hypoglossal Motor Neuron Function at a Critical Developmental Time Point in Neonatal Rats.

Abstract Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE), alters brainstem neurons that control breathing, including hypoglossal motor neurons (XIIMNs), which innervate the tongue. Here, we tested the hypothesis that chronic, episodic DNE (eDNE), which mimics nicotine replacement therapies such as e-cigarettes or nicotine gum, alters the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), XIIMN intrinsic properties, and tongue muscle function in vivo similar to what we have observed with a chronic, sustained exposure model. We delivered nicotine to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats through drinking water and studied pups of either sex in two age groups: postnatal day (P)1–P5 and P10–P12, which encompasses a critical period in brain development. At P1–P5, eDNE was associated with delayed recovery of nAChRs from desensitization; however, there were no changes in the magnitude of desensitization, XIIMN intrinsic properties, or tongue muscle function in vivo. By P10–P12, eDNE XIIMNs had lower peak firing frequencies in response to depolarizing current injection, larger delayed rectifier potassium currents, and continued to exhibit delayed nAChR recovery. Moreover, this age group exhibited a blunted and delayed tongue muscle response to nasal occlusion in vivo, indicating that changes to XIIMN intrinsic properties is an important mechanism behind this effect, as it is not produced by altered nAChR function alone. Together, these results show that eDNE alters XIIMNs and tongue muscle function during a critical period in brain development and that the specific effects of chronic nicotine exposure may be pattern dependent.
Intraoperative Cochlear Nerve Monitoring for Vestibular Schwannoma Resection and Simultaneous Cochlear Implantation in Neurofibromatosis Type 2: A Case Series.

Background Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) often results in profound hearing loss and cochlear implantation is an emerging hearing rehabilitation option. However, cochlear implant (CI) outcomes in this population vary, and intraoperative monitoring to predict cochlear nerve viability and subsequent outcomes is not well-established. Objective To review the use of intraoperative electrically evoked cochlear nerve monitoring in patients with NF2 simultaneous translabyrinthine (TL) vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection and cochlear implantation. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 3 patients with NF2 that underwent simultaneous TL VS resection and cochlear implantation with electrical auditory brainstem response (eABR) measured throughout tumor resection. Patient demographics, preoperative assessments, surgical procedures, and outcomes were reviewed. Results Patients 1 and 3 had a reliable eABR throughout tumor removal. Patient 2 had eABR pretumor removal, but post-tumor removal eABR presence could not be reliably determined because of electrical artifact interference. All patients achieved auditory percepts upon CI activation. Patients 1 and 2 experienced a decline in CI performance after 1 yr and after 3 mo, respectively. Patient 3 continues to perform well at 9 mo. Patients 2 and 3 are daily users of their CI. Conclusion Cochlear implantation is attainable in cases of NF2-associated VS resection. Intraoperative eABR may facilitate cochlear nerve preservation during tumor removal, though more data and long-term outcomes are needed to refine eABR methodology and predictive value for this population.
Nanophotonic integrated circuits with 1% single-photon nonlinearity

We realize nanophotonic integrated circuits in thin-film InGaP with a record- high second-order optical nonlinearity over 1%, measured by the ratio between single- photon coupling rate (g/2π = 8.3 MHz) and intrinsic cavity photon loss rate.
La religión y su efecto motivante en el aula L2

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/01234870.42folios179.187 There are some L2 educators who say that motivation is the most important factor that influences student learning and the successful acquisition of a foreign language. As a result, a study regarding motivation in L2 students is crucial because it allows researchers to explore reasons for success (or failure) in learning a foreign language. A study of this nature also allows greater insight into the ways that different types of motivation can help teachers and students alike in energizing the process of learning a language, which can bring greater success to the pedagogical process. The present study suggests that religion is a motivating factor for many students. Students in the foreign language classroom who have religious goals may benefit from incorporating religious ideals and making connections with sacred texts. With these concepts in mind, instructors could design an L2 curriculum with religious tenets that implements the “Five Cs” of foreign language instruction. Teachers can engage their students in the larger questions of cultural and linguistic identity, ultimately pointing the students toward a consideration of their own identities. The result is a more successful L2 instruction, in addition to well-rounded students.
Determination of Wood Properties to Be Used in a Tree Improvement Program

Discussions as to which wood properties should be included in a breeding program occur in a number of places in this book. Some are repeated and summarized in this chapter; this is especially true of Chapter 13 (for example see Chap. 13.2.1). The summary, and thus the repetition, has been done purposely because we wanted to bring together in one place ideas and examples of how to choose wood properties for a genetics program, which characteristics that should be included, and, briefly, why they are chosen, although this aspect has been covered in the chapters dealing with specific wood properties. Once a determination is made as to what wood will be used, it is not easy to change. Choosing wood properties for a breeding program must therefore be done very carefully, using all information available (Fig. 12.1).
Estimating Intensive and Extensive Tax Responsiveness

Influential literatures have exploited tax policy changes to estimate the effects of income taxes on either intensive or extensive margin decisions. We extend this quasi‐experimental approach to jointly estimate intensive and extensive margin tax elasticities to address selection issues that have hindered consistent estimation of labor supply effects. The extensive margin equation provides a way to control for selection in the intensive margin equation while consistent estimation of the intensive margin provides estimates of after‐tax returns to working for nonworkers, a necessary input to study extensive behavioral responses. We apply this approach to study the tax responsiveness of older workers. (JEL C33, H24, J20, J26)
NSA's role in the development of DES

38 years ago, NIST put out a call for submissions of candidates for data encryption standard to address the needs of encryption for the commercial world. Of the submissions, the IBM submission stood out as arguably the best candidate. However, before the algorithm was ready to be chosen as the Data Encryption Standard (DES), some changes were required. The National Security Agency (NSA) worked with IBM on the modification of the submitted algorithm. This talk will discuss what role NSA played in this effort, the rationale for the changes that were made, and the impact that DES had at that time.
Body Mass Index and Risk of Mortality in Older Adults

Abstract Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of the most commonly used assessment tools for measuring nutritional status in adults beginning with Andres' re-analysis of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data (1985). There is, however, some controversy over the relative risk of elevated or very low BMI and some controversy over what BMI range would include the lowest level of risk of mortality. Manson, et al., in a study of nurses over 15 years concluded that, among non-smokers who were weight stable, the lowest risk was associated with the lowest BMI category (1995). This study did not include any women over the age of 70. The Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) implicitly recognizes increased risk for both elevated and low BMI; the cutoffs for risk on both the Level 1 and Level 2 screening instruments are for BMIs below 24 or above 27 (1993). Allison, et al., using the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA), found that the BMI associated with minimum risk was 27-30 for men and 30-35 for women (1997). However, Allison did not use information about functional limitations present in the subjects at the beginning of the study. Clearly, more work is needed to clarify these issues. In this study, I also used the Longitudinal Study of Aging as a starting point. Mortality, within the 6 year period, was the end-point for a maximum likelihood logit analysis in this study. Covariates included markers for diseases, poverty status, ADLs and IADLs, age in 1984. Dummy variables for BMI categories corresponding to those used in Manson's study were also created. In the analysis, the lowest BMI category, BMI less than 19, was used as the reference category and all other categories were included in the analysis. Our results confirmed that functional limitations, presence of disease and increasing age were associated with increased risk of dying. Poverty status was not. In this analysis, holding all other variables constant, the lowest mortality was associated with the heaviest BMI category and all categories showed lower risk of mortality than did the reference category. This study tends to confirm Allison's work and to raise questions about the applicability of Manson's findings to this older group.
Fibre-optic PSK subcarrier transmission at 35 GHz using a resonantly enhanced semiconductor laser

The authors investigate the characteristics of directly modulated semiconductor lasers using a 35 GHz subcarrier. They have achieved bit error rates of 10 -10 for for data transmission over short optical fibre links with a 35 GHz subcarrier
Retrieving Storm Electric Fields from Aircraft Field Mill Data. Part II: Applications

The Lagrange multiplier theory developed in Part I of this study is applied to complete a relative calibration of a Citation aircraft that is instrumented with six field mill sensors. When side constraints related to average fields are used, the Lagrange multiplier method performs well in computer simulations. For mill measurement errors of 1 V m(sup -1) and a 5 V m(sup -1) error in the mean fair-weather field function, the 3D storm electric field is retrieved to within an error of about 12%. A side constraint that involves estimating the detailed structure of the fair-weather field was also tested using computer simulations. For mill measurement errors of 1 V m(sup -l), the method retrieves the 3D storm field to within an error of about 8% if the fair-weather field estimate is typically within 1 V m(sup -1) of the true fair-weather field. Using this type of side constraint and data from fair-weather field maneuvers taken on 29 June 2001, the Citation aircraft was calibrated. Absolute calibration was completed using the pitch down method developed in Part I, and conventional analyses. The resulting calibration matrices were then used to retrieve storm electric fields during a Citation flight on 2 June 2001. The storm field results are encouraging and agree favorably in many respects with results derived from earlier (iterative) techniques of calibration.
‘The power of geek’: fandom as gendered commodity at Comic-Con

San Diego Comic-Con (SDCC) has become one of the most important venues for direct interaction between the entertainment industry and audiences. Every July, the four-day convention offers the comic,...
Synergistic action of phorbol esters in mitogen-activated bovine lymphocytes.

Abstract Phorbol esters act synergistically with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A to promote DNA synthesis in bovine lymphocytes. Studies of this response indicate that phorbol esters are useful tools for elucidating the cellular processes that are related to the action of mitogens.
MO‐G‐BRB‐02: Commissioning a Small Animal Irradiator Using 2D and 3D Dosimetry Techniques

Purpose: To commission and characterize a novel small animal irradiator, the XRad225cx from Precision X‐Ray Inc. This system is capable of delivering both square and circular fields ranging in size from 1mm to 40mm. The combination of very small field size and relatively low energy (225kV) represents a substantial challenge in acquiring accurate dosimetry beam data. This work reports on commissioning studies using 2 independent dosimetry systems: EBT2 radiochromic film and PRESAGETM /optical‐CT 3D dosimetry. Methods: Initial measurements were made with 6×8cm pieces of EBT2 radiochromic film. Output factors were determined at 3 depths (0, 0.5 and 2cm) from films irradiated normally resting on the surface or sandwiched in solid water. Percent‐depth‐dose (PDD) measurements were made from films also sandwiched in solid water and irradiated edge on. Independent 3D dosimetrymeasurements were obtained using PRESAGETM radiochromic dosimeters and imaged with the Duke Large field‐of‐view Optical‐CT Scanner (DLOS). Output factors and PDD's were obtained using a combination of small fields. Results: The relative output factors and PDD's obtained from EBT2 and PRESAGETM showed agreement below 1 cm depth. For field sizes >1cm, relative output factors were found to be stable (∼1.00) with differences between PRESAGETM and EBT2 <6%. At smaller field sizes the output relative to the 20 mm cone decreased substantially, down to ∼0.5 for the smallest 1 mm cone. A slightly greater drop was observed in the PRESAGETM measurements, which is currently being investigated. Conclusions: Output factors and PDD curves were successfully obtained for all cones using a combination of EBT2 and PRESAGETM. Consistency was observed between both independent measurements after correcting for the lack of exact water equivalence of both the solid water and PRESAGETM. The 3D dosimetry system has potential advantages in terms of convenience, efficiency and comprehensiveness when commissioning small fields. Funded by NIH R01CA100835 and NIH S10‐3034539
Helping students build a mental model of computation

Introductory computer science classes are known for having a high attrition rate. Some authors believe this is due to students' difficulties in establishing a mental model of computation. We present a tool designed to assist students in actively building a mental model of computation, and evaluate its use in an introductory programming class. We show use of the tool leads to 40% increase in course completion and that the students believe the tool helps them understand programming.
A dilemma‐centered analysis of Clinton's August 17th apologia: Implications for rhetorical theory and method

In his apologia following a day of grand jury testimony on August 17th, 1998 President Clinton faced a number of rhetorical dilemmas stemming from his illicit relationship with Monica Lewinsky and his subsequent, ill‐fated attempts at covering it up. This essay offers a dilemma‐centered analysis of Clinton's rhetorical situation and provides an assessment of the strategic appropriateness of the speech in light of a theory of the rhetorical event. In so doing it makes frequent reference to the extensive CRTNET commentary on the speech, this both for purposes of assisting in the assessment and for illuminating problems with rhetorical theory and method.
Stage-specific antigens of Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract Antisera were prepared in isogenic F 1 hybrid rats against three amoebal strains and against two genetically related plasmodial strains of Physarum polycephalum . Differences in specificities between the antisera were studied using immunofluorescence tests and Ouchterlony double diffusion tests. There were no strain-specific differences between any of the three anti-amoebal sera, nor were any strain-specific differences found between the two anti-plasmodial sera. However, both ubiquitous and stage-specific antigens were detected.
Individual Subunits of Heterodimers Comprised of Retinoic Acid and Retinoid X Receptors Interact with Their Ligands Independently

The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a member of a family of transcription factors, known as hormone nuclear receptors, that mediate the effects of hydrophobic hormones on gene transcription. RXR, which is activated by 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), can modulate several signaling pathways by virtue of its ability to form heterodimers with other members of the receptor family, as, for example, the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). The roles of the individual receptors within heterodimers are not clear as yet. It was recently reported that heterodimerization inhibits transcriptional activation by RXR, an effect that was attributed to an inability of RXR within heterodimers to bind its ligand. This inhibition was reported to depend on the association of heterodimers with cognate DNA and on the level of saturation of the RAR subunit within the heterodimers. In the present work, the ligand-binding characteristics of RXR and RAR individually and within heterodimers were examined by fluorescence-based methods. The results indicate that heterodimerization with RAR does ot alter the ligand-binding capacity of RXR nor the rate of dissociation of the ligand from this receptor. The ligand-binding capacity of RXR also was not affected by association of heterodimers with cognate DNA nor by the level of saturation of the RAR subunit. The data indicate further that the affinity of RAR for 9cRA is considerably higher as compared to RXR and that this differential affinity is retained within RAR-RXR heterodimers. Thus, binding of ligands by subunits within RAR-RXR heterodimers proceeds independently.
Eating disorders and sexual abuse: Lack of confirmation for a clinical hypothesis

Undocumented clinical reports have suggested that, among women in psychotherapy, women who have been sexually abused manifest an increased prevalence of eating disorders. The relationship between these two phenomena was investigated in a sample of women (N = 87) who were receiving group psychotherapy. Individual interviews were used to document the presence of a sexual abuse history. Diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and bulimia were based on DSM-III criteria. Rates of abnormal eating patterns in the absence of a fully diagnosable syndrome were also assessed. The following rates of eating disturbance were found in the total sample: 21% bulimic, 1% anorexic, and 82% with at least moderately abnormal eating patterns. Comparisons of women with and without histories of sexual abuse suggested no association between the occurrence of eating disturbance and a history of sexual abuse. The frequent cooccurrence of these two phenomena in female therapy clients may be sufficiently explained by their high base rates in this population but may have led clinicians to perceive a relationship where none exists.
Kinetics of coarsening by the ledge mechanism

A theoretical study has been made of the coarsening kinetics of an ensemble of cubes by the ledge mechanism. In addition to the usual capillarity variables, these kinetics were found to vary with the inter-ledge spacing and with the Jones-Trivedi parameter, α, which varies with the concentration gradient in front of a ledge. Considerable manipulation is required to effect a reasonable accounting of the effects upon coarsening kinetics of the variation of α with average particle size, ā, because of the complicated nature of this dependency. It is found that an a2~ t dependence is approximated at small particle sizes and an a3~ t relationship develops at larger sizes. These relationships are the same as those obtained by Wagner and by Lifshitz and Slyozov for quite different coarsening mechanisms. The present analysis was shown to be consistent with the detailed experimental data of Ardell and Nicholson on the coarsening kinetics of Ni3Al cubes.
Intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

Purpose of review Myocardial contrast echocardiography is a recently developed technique that permits the noninvasive assessment of myocardial perfusion. Myocardial contrast enhancement from microbubbles characteristically reflects the myocardial blood volume. The analysis of microbubble kinetics using quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography permits the evaluation of myocardial blood flow both at rest and during pharmacological stress. Recent findings Myocardial contrast echocardiography has been shown to have good concordance with single photon emission computed tomography for the localization of perfusion abnormalities. As a result of its better spatial resolution and the fact that it tracks myocardial blood flow changes, it seems to have higher sensitivity for the detection of angiographically significant coronary artery disease, while maintaining similar specificity to single photon emission computed tomography. Low mechanical index imaging techniques (real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography) have the advantage of permitting simultaneous analysis of wall motion and perfusion, which is particularly important during dobutamine stress. Myocardial perfusion analysis using real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography has been shown to have higher sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy than wall motion analysis for the detection of coronary artery disease. Quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography seems to overcome the expertise requirements for appropriate interpretation of myocardial perfusion images, and may have been demonstrated to be an accurate supplemental technique for estimating the severity of coronary artery disease. Summary Recent technological advances have positioned myocardial contrast echocardiography as a safe and feasible technique for the evaluation of myocardial perfusion. The analysis of myocardial perfusion using myocardial contrast echocardiography has higher diagnostic accuracy than wall motion analysis for detecting coronary artery disease.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the methane monooxygenase hydroxylase protein from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)

Abstract Methane monooxygenase is a multicomponent enzyme system that catalyzes the conversion of methane to methanol in methanotrophic bacteria. Catalysis occurs at non-heme dinuclear iron centers contained in the hydroxylase component of the system, a dimer of composition α 2 β 2 γ 2 . The hydroxylase protein from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) has been crystallized from aqueous solutions containing polyethylene glycol, lithium sulfate, and ammonium acetate. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , with one dimer of relative molecular mass M r = 252,000 in the asymmetric unit. The unit cell dimensions are a = 62.6 A, b = 110.1 A, c = 333.5 A . The crystals diffract uniformly beyond 2.5 A resolution. Crystals of the related hydroxylase from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b have also been obtained.
Electron hopping dynamics in monolayer-protected au cluster network polymer films by rotated disk electrode voltammetry.

Electrons are transported within polymeric films of alkanethiolate monolayer-protected Au clusters (MPCs) by electron hopping (self-exchange) between the metal cores. The surrounding monolayers, the molecular linkers that generate the network polymer film, or both, presumably serve as tunneling bridges in the electron transfers. This paper introduces a steady-state electrochemical method for measuring electron hopping rates in solvent-wetted and swollen, ionically conductive MPC films. The films are network polymer films of nanoparticles, coated on a rotated disk electrode that is contacted by a solution of a redox species (decamethylferrocene, Cp*Fe). Controlling the electrode potential such that the film mediates oxidation of the redox probe can force control of the overall current onto the rate of electron hopping within the film, which is characterized as the apparent electron diffusion coefficient DE. DE is translated into an apparent electron hopping rate kET by a cubic lattice model. The experiment...
Patient-specific anatomic models from three dimensional medical image data for clinical applications in surgery and endoscopy

Virtual surgery and endoscopy use computer-generated volume renderings and/or models created from 3D medical image scans (CT or MRI) of individual patients. The patient’s anatomy, including organs and other internal structures of interest, are then traversed in a virtual “fly-through,” giving nearly the same visual impression as if the corresponding real organ was being examined intraoperatively, or as if an actual video or fiberoptic endoscopic procedure was being performed. Such virtual examinations may provide capabilities and information not possible or available in physical examinations. The potential is to provide a noninvasive computer-aided treatment plan or diagnostic screening procedure to augment or replace conventional invasive procedures. With sophisticated image processing and computational analysis, it is possible to perform realistic and useful simulations of surgical and endoscopic procedures, including “virtual dissection and resection” and “virtual biopsy.” Surgical margins can be accurately assessed and differential tissue diagnoses made based upon spectral or other information contained in the patient-specific images and models.
Probabilistic Performance Analysis of Moving Target and Deception Reconnaissance Defenses

Deception and moving target reconnaissance defenses are techniques that attempt to invalidate information an attacker attempts to gather. Deception defenses attempt to mislead attackers performing network reconnaissance, while moving target defenses seek to make it more difficult for the attacker to predict the state of their target by dynamically altering what the attacker sees. Although the deployment of reconnaissance defenses can be effective, there are nontrivial administration costs associated with their configuration and maintenance. As a result, understanding under the circumstances these defenses are effective and efficient is important. This paper introduces probabilistic models for reconnaissance defenses to provide deeper understanding of the theoretical effect these strategies and their parameters have for cyber defense. The models quantify the success of attackers under various conditions, such as network size, deployment of size, and number of vulnerable computers. This paper provides a probabilistic interpretation for the performance of honeypots, for deception, and network address shuffling, for moving target, and their effect in concert. The models indicate that a relatively small number of deployed honeypots can provide an effective defense strategy, often better than movement alone. Furthermore, the models confirm the intuition that that combining, or layering, defense mechanisms provide the largest impact to attacker success while providing a quantitative analysis of the improvement and parameters of each strategy.
Optimal allocation of time in resource harvesting

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to determine the optimal allocation of time in resource harvesting. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of search time and competition on optimal niche width. Increased search time and intraspecific competition are shown to favor broader niches. Increased interspecific competition places opposing demands on a species, favoring broader niches due to increased search time and narrower niches to overcome diffuse competition.
Drug addiction: its effects on mother and baby

Abstract A review of the last 15 years' literature related to drug abuse, its effects on the mother, pregnancy and the baby is presented. This article concludes that drug addiction in pregnancy is a serious, continuously escalating health care problem, with detrimental effects on the health of future generations if a means of prevention cannot be found.
Production technology of large-area multicrystalline silicon solar cells

Abstract In 1996 a conversion efficiency of 17.1% had been obtained on 15 cm×15 cm mc-Si solar cell. In this paper, large-scale production technology of the high-efficiency processing will be discussed. Enlarging reactive ion etching (RIE) equipment size, technology of passivation, and fine contact grid with low resistance by screenprinted metallization, which is firing through PECVD SiN, have been investigated.
High-numerical-aperture I-line stepper

I-line stepper technology is described which features a new generation high NA lens and an improved implementation of a phase grating alignment system. Combining the high NA lens with high contrast resist processing enables O.5um processing to be supported with good process latitude and CD control without adverse effects due to lens heating. Alignment technology compatible with advanced processing is described. Overlay data taken from several steppers shows less than lOOnm capability which is sufficient to support O.5um design rules. Further advancements in Iline processing technology to O.41um are described which allows this technology to be used in developing advanced products.
Differences in matrix accumulation and hypertrophy in superficial and deep zone chondrocytes are controlled by bone morphogenetic protein.

Despite the knowledge that superficial zone chondrocytes (SZC, located within 100 μm of the articular surface) and deep zone chondrocytes (DZC, located near the calcified zone) have distinct phenotypes, previous studies on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have not differentiated its effects on SZC versus DZC. Using a pellet culture model we have compared phenotype, morphology and matrix accumulation in SZC and DZC with or without adenovirus-mediated overexpression of BMP2 or -7 or the BMP antagonist Noggin. Greater accumulation of proteoglycan (PG)-rich matrix in the untreated DZC was associated with a hypertrophic phenotype with large cell diameters and high gene expression levels of runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) as well as higher endogenous BMP activity. Noggin overexpression decreased matrix accumulation and cell diameters in SZC and DZC, confirming a role for endogenous BMP in both processes. In DZC, overexpression of either BMP2 or -7 increased cell diameter without increasing PG-rich matrix accumulation. In contrast, in SZC, BMP overexpression increased matrix accumulation and type II collagen gene expression without increasing cell diameter. These data indicate that differences in endogenous BMP activity level and responsiveness to BMPs define, in part, the differences between the SZC and DZC phenotype. They also suggest that SZC may be a more appropriate target for BMP therapy than DZC.
Carbonate orientational order and superlattice structure in vaterite

Abstract Vaterite is considered to play an important role as a precursor phase in the formation of calcium carbonate phases, including those related to biomineralization. An accurate description of vaterite׳s structure associated with the order of carbonate groups is essential to understanding the formation, stabilization, and functionality of vaterite in organisms. Molecular dynamics simulations, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy have been combined in order to investigate the structure of vaterite. The electrostatic interactions between Ca and neighboring CO3 groups promote local and long-range ordering of CO3 groups, which may result in a superstructure of vaterite. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the superstructure (P6522) with ordered carbonate ions has a relatively lower energy than the disordered structure. The kinetics of the disorder-to-order transition suggests that the transition is rapid and that the superstructure is expected to form. X-ray diffraction data confirm the presence of the P6522 superstructure. The measured diffraction peaks are consistent with the calculated diffraction peaks, especially those weak peaks predicted as a result of the superstructure. Transmission electron microscopy also reveals minor satellite electron diffraction peaks with the more intense peaks of the primary pattern, suggesting a superlattice structure resulted from ordering in both crystallographic ab plan and c direction, which is consistent with the proposed superstructure.
Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in five kindreds with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Recently, two families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have been shown to have mutations in the cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain gene (beta-MHC) located on the long arm of chromosome 14. METHODS AND RESULTS We have performed linkage analysis of five newly ascertained pedigrees with more than 50 chromosomal markers detecting polymorphisms. Our findings confirm the linkage to beta-MHC gene locus on chromosome 14 in one family (LOD score, 4.50) and suggest linkage to the same gene in another kindred. Chromosome 14 markers were not linked to the disease gene in the other three kindreds, however, and a test for genetic heterogeneity was statistically significant. Moreover, markers for the beta-MHC gene identified affected individuals who were recombinants with respect to this gene and the disease phenotype in these three kindreds. CONCLUSIONS These results provide conclusive evidence that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in separate families is caused by mutations in disease genes at two or more locations in the genome.
Nonlinear Response of Airfoil Section with Control Surface Freeplay to Gust Loads

A nonlinear response analysis of a typical airfoil section with control surface freeplay excited by periodic gust loads in low subsonic flow is presented along with a companion wind-tunnel test program. The analytical model uses Peters's finite state model for the two-dimensional aerodynamic flow over the airfoil (Peters, D. A., Finite-State Airloads for Deformable Airfoils on Fixed and Rotating Wings, Symposium on Aeroelasticity and Fluid/Structure Interaction, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Nov. 1994, rev. 3, May 1996). Results for a single harmonic gust and a continuous frequency sweep gust have been computed and measured for flow velocities below the flutter speed. A theoretical and experimental chaotic response phenomenon for the nonlinear structural model was observed. These results further confirm some conclusions about limit cycle oscillations and complement our earlier theoretical and experimental studies of self-excited oscillations. The experimental investigation has been carried out in the Duke University wind tunnel using a rotating slotted cylinder gust generator. The fair to good quantitative agreement between theory and experiment verifies that the present analytical approach has reasonable accuracy and good computational efficiency for nonlinear gust response analysis in the time domain.
The permeability of the guinea pig parietal yolk sac placenta to peroxidase and ferritin.

The permeability of the guinea pig parietal yolk sac placenta late in gestation was investigated by means of electron microscopy using the tracer proteins ferritin and peroxidase. The parietal yolk sac consists of a layer of trophoblast, a thick extracellular lamina (Reichert's membrane) and a layer of endoderm. After injection into the maternal vascular system, the proteins crossed the trophoblast by means of small pinocytotic vesicles. Both proteins readily permeated Reichert's membrane and then moved by an intercellular pathway between endoderm cells to reach the uterine lumen. After injection of ferritin into the uterine lumen, the protein was observed between endoderm cells and throughout Reichert's membrane. Presumably the marked permeability of the endodermal epithelium to the tracer molecules is due to the absence of zonulae occludentes around the endoderm cells. Parietal endoderm cells exhibited limited pinocytotic activity regardless of the site of injection. The results indicate that the parietal yolk sac placenta of the guinea pig is permeable to relatively large molecules and therefore it may be an important pathway in overall maternal-fetal exchange in this species.
High-Resolution Imaging Techniques for the Assessment of Osteoporosis

The importance of assessing the bone's microarchitectural make-up in addition to its mineral density in the context of osteoporosis has been emphasized in several publications. The high spatial resolution required to resolve the bone's microstructure in a clinically feasible scan time is challenging. At present, the best suited modalities meeting these requirements in vivo are high-resolution peripheral quantitative imaging (HR-pQCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Whereas HR-pQCT is limited to peripheral skeleton regions like the wrist and ankle, MRI can also image other sites like the proximal femur but usually with lower spatial resolution. In addition, multidetector computed tomography has been used for high-resolution imaging of trabecular bone structure; however, the radiation dose is a limiting factor. This article provides an overview of the different modalities, technical requirements, and recent developments in this emerging field. Details regarding imaging protocols as well as image postprocessing methods for bone structure quantification are discussed.
Quantum-Mechanical Description

It is pointed out that, by removing a single quantum-mechanical postulate commonly accepted, several conceptual difficulties in quantum-mechanical description can be eliminated.
Chain of events in papanicolaou smear testing: Impact on quality assurance

Quality assurance is defined in this article as a comprehensive program aimed at preventing and controlling errors from the time a test is ordered until test results are reported and utilized in the care of the patient. Quality control is only one facet of a total quality assurance program. Recently, the general public, professional organizations, and regulatory agencies have scrutinized the standards and practice of Papanicolaou smear testing. The components of quality assurance for gynecologic cytology are reviewed, and the chain of events in performing effective cytologic testing is described. The impact of various events on the outcome of Papanicolaou smear testing is thoroughly discussed.
Interactions with native mosquito larvae regulate the production of Aedes albopictus from bromeliads in Florida

1. Immatures of the invasive container mosquito Aedes albopictus occur in water-holding tanks and axils of ornamental bromeliads in Florida, where this species established and became abundant in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 2. The numbers of A. albopictus in bromeliads in gardens vary geographically in Florida, being significantly higher in northern sites where two species of Wyeomyia mosquitoes, native specialists of this microhabitat, are absent. 3. Causes of the negative relationship between abundances of A. albopictus and Wyeomyia spp. were investigated experimentally using Billbergia pyramidalis, an introduced bromeliad popular in Florida gardens. 4. Egg laying by A. albopictus in B. pyramidalis confined in a large outdoor cage was unaffected by the presence or absence of Wyeomyia spp. fourth instars, indicating that immatures of the native bromeliad mosquito species do not deter oviposition by the invasive species in this microhabitat. 5. Growth and survivorship of A. albopictus first instars in tanks of B. pyramidalis were negatively affected by the presence of fourth instar, but not first instar, Wyeomyia spp. larvae at natural densities. Stimulative effects of leaf litter on A. albopictus growth and survivorship in this microhabitat were independent of the presence or absence of Wyeomyia spp. immatures. 6. These results demonstrate that interspecific larval interactions regulate the production and explain the geographic patterns in abundance of A. albopictus from ornamental bromeliads in Florida.
Identification of Children with and without Cleft Palate from Tape-Recorded Samples of Early Vocalizations and Speech

Thirty judges (5 speech pathologists, 10 mothers of children with cleft palate, and 15 mothers of noncleft children) listened to 90 tape-recorded samples of early vocalizations/speech obtained from noncleft babies and babies with cleft palate. Each sample was classified by the judges as normal or abnormal. As a group, the speech pathologists classified only 60% of the cleft samples as abnormal and 59% of the normal samples as normal. The cleft and noncleft mother groups, on the other hand, classified 37% and 25% of the cleft samples as abnormal and 59% and 73% of the normal samples as normal. Poor interjudge agreement was evident within and across the three groups of judges. The poor reliability demonstrated by the speech pathologists in identifying babies with unrepaired clefts appeared related more to a difference in interpretation of the perceptual data than an inability to hear salient information.
FACTIVITY WITHOUT SAFETY

: I summarize Timothy Williamson's theory of knowledge, construct some counterexamples to it, and try to diagnose the problem in virtue of which those counterexamples arise. Then I consider possible responses. It turns out that only one of those responses is tenable, and that that response renders Williamson's theory a continuous piece of, rather than a radical paradigmatic break from, recent mainstream work in the theory of knowledge.