cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Psychological Firewall? Risk Perceptions and Public Support for Online Censorship in Russia*

Objective Authoritarian regimes commonly justify Internet censorship by framing the Internet as a threat to their citizens that must be tightly controlled for their own protection. This threat rhetoric underpins government censorship and creates a “psychological firewall” driving public support for a censored Internet. Methods Based on risk and decision-making scholarship, we evaluate how mass media and partisan regime support promulgate these threat perceptions, and in turn how they influence citizen attitudes about censorship. Employing Russia as a case study, we tested our hypotheses with a national survey (N = 1,600) conducted in May 2014. Results We found that reliance on Russian national TV news predicted greater Internet threat perceptions, and in turn these threat perceptions significantly increased support for online political censorship. Conclusion Approval of the Putin government further amplified the impact of these threat perceptions on support for censorship. Implications for understanding psychological foundations for support for censorship in authoritarian contexts are discussed.
The importance of sourcing enzymes from non-conventional fungi for metabolic engineering and biomass breakdown

A wealth of fungal enzymes has been identified from nature, which continue to drive strain engineering and bioprocessing for a range of industries. However, while a number of clades have been investigated, the vast majority of the fungal kingdom remains unexplored for industrial applications. Here, we discuss selected classes of fungal enzymes that are currently in biotechnological use, and explore more basal, non-conventional fungi and their underexploited biomass-degrading mechanisms as promising agents in the transition towards a bio-based society. Of special interest are anaerobic fungi like the Neocallimastigomycota, which were recently found to harbor the largest diversity of biomass-degrading enzymes among the fungal kingdom. Enzymes sourced from these basal fungi have been used to metabolically engineer substrate utilization in yeast, and may offer new paths to lignin breakdown and tunneled biocatalysis. We also contrast classic enzymology approaches with emerging 'omics'-based tools to decipher function within novel fungal isolates and identify new promising enzymes. Recent developments in genome editing are expected to accelerate discovery and metabolic engineering within these systems, yet are still limited by a lack of high-resolution genomes, gene regulatory regions, and even appropriate culture conditions. Finally, we present new opportunities to harness the biomass-degrading potential of undercharacterized fungi via heterologous expression and engineered microbial consortia.
Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle.

More diverse crop rotations have been promoted for their potential to remediate the range of ecosystem services compromised by biologically simplified grain-based agroecosystems, including increasing soil organic carbon (SOC). We hypothesized that functional diversity offers a more predictive means of characterizing the impact of crop rotations on SOC concentrations than species diversity per se. Furthermore, we hypothesized that functional diversity can either increase or decrease SOC depending on its associated carbon (C) input to soil. We compiled a database of 27 cropping system sites and 169 cropping systems, recorded the species and functional diversity of crop rotations, SOC concentrations (g C kg soil−1), nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications (kg N ha−1 yr−1), and estimated C input to soil (Mg C ha−1 yr−1). We categorized crop rotations into three broad categories: grain-only rotations, grain rotations with cover crops, and grain rotations with perennial crops. We divided the grain-only rotations into two sub-categories: cereal-only rotations, and those that included both cereals and a legume grain. We compared changes in SOC and C input using mean effect sizes and 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals. Cover cropped and perennial cropped rotations, relative to grain-only rotations, increased C input by 42 and 23% and SOC concentrations by 6.3 and 12.5%, respectively. Within grain-only rotations, cereal + legume grain rotations decreased total C input (-16%), root C input (-12%), and SOC (-5.3%) relative to cereal-only rotations. We found no effect of species diversity on SOC within grain-only rotations. N fertilizer rates mediated the effect of functional diversity on SOC within grain-only crop rotations: at low N fertilizer rates (<= 75 kg N ha−1 yr−1), the decrease in SOC with cereal + legume grain rotations was less than at high N fertilizer rates. Our results show that increasing the functional diversity of crop rotations is more likely to increase SOC concentrations if it is accompanied by an increase in C input. Functionally diverse perennial and cover cropped rotations increased both C input and SOC concentrations, potentially by exploiting niches in time that would otherwise be unproductive – that is, increasing the “perenniality” of crop rotations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Ocean and Ice Shelf Tides from CryoSat-2 Altimetry

AbstractA new empirical model of ocean tides has been developed for the Weddell Sea, south of 66°S, between 90°W and 0°, using six years of radar altimeter data from the CryoSat-2 satellite mission...
The Future of Central European Studies

It is obviously difficult to envision the future of Central European studies with any precision. The broader context that surrounds historians, as well as scholars in other disciplines, influences the topics and methodologies they choose. In recent years (i.e., the post-1990, neoliberal era), transnational, global, and imperialism studies have had a significant impact on the historical profession at large. As David Blackbourn observed in a 2013 address to the German Studies Association, ambitious “deep history” projects that cut across multiple cultures and historical periods have recently thrived, prompting him to encourage historians of Germany to push beyond their narrow graduate training and embrace such undertakings. To be sure, historians of Central Europe have adapted to prevailing trends in the discipline (discussed later), but concerns about the chronological, spacial, methodological, and topical limitations of the field have arisen. Even if scholars of Central Europe utilize different methodologies and approaches, they rarely pioneer. Rather, they latch onto the innovations that other fields have spawned instead of breaking new ground.
Correlates of HPV vaccine initiation and provider recommendation among male adolescents, 2014 NIS-Teen

Vaccination is a safe and effective way to prevent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related cancers; however, HPV vaccine uptake remains low in the US. After the 2011 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation for routine HPV vaccination of adolescent males, several studies have examined predictors for initiating the vaccine series in this population of interest, particularly with regard to provider recommendations. This study examined racial and ethnic differences for HPV vaccine initiation and provider recommendation in male adolescents. Based on prior HPV vaccine uptake estimates and healthcare utilization data, we hypothesized that minority adolescents would be more likely to initiate HPV vaccines, but less likely to receive a provider recommendation compared to white counterparts. We analyzed the 2014 National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen), which included 10,753 male adolescents with provider-verified vaccination data in 50 US states, using multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in HPV vaccine initiation and provider recommendation. The odds of HPV vaccine initiation were 76 percent higher for Hispanic adolescents and 43 percent higher for non-Hispanic Other or Multiple race adolescents compared to white adolescents. Approximately half of parents reported receiving a provider recommendation for vaccination, with no significant difference in the odds of receiving a provider recommendation across racial/ethnic groups. Despite similar frequency of recommendations across racial and ethnic groups, male adolescents who are racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to initiate vaccination. Future research should focus on developing tailored interventions to increase HPV vaccine receipt among males of all racial/ethnic groups.
Eleventh Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: April 22, 1994

The Olympiad season began on April 18, 1994, when the Gazette Telegraph published the article “Olympiad Showcases Math’s Beauty, Elegance” by Teresa Owen-Cooper.
Motion Diagnosis of a Mobile Platform by Impedance Transduction

This paper presents a new technology of impedance transduction applied to motion detection of an Omni-directional mobile platform without implementing conventional mechanical sensors. Since the experimental platform is driven by four DC motors, the electro-mechanical transduction of a DC motor is identified by both theoretical derivation and experimental evaluation. Also, the motion modeling of the mobile platform is presented. Based on the evaluation of mechanical impedance, an experimental example demonstrates that the platform has the function of road surface detection, which can be used to be a base of controlling the motion of the platform.
Financial Service Networks: Access, Cost Structure and Competition

Customer access is an intrinsic aspect of all services, since services involve processes that are initiated by customer requests. Financial services are no exception; in making contact with a service provider, customers must access the provider at some point. Access may occur physically, as when a customer visits a bank branch, or through some information channel, as when a customer executes an on-line transaction with a brokerage. In either case, of course, the nature of the transaction is that it involves the exchange of information. New information technologies are thus changing not only the “back room” in the financial service sector, but more recently, the “front office” as well. There are many facets to these changes, ranging from simple issues of higher processing capability, to strategic questions involving new service designs and even new industries.
Squirrels’ Avoidance of Predator Odors

This second experiment with predator odors deals with day-active mammals whose behavior can be observed directly and readily. Small mammals such as squirrels are prey to many predatory birds and mammals. Vigilance vis-a-vis predators encompass all major senses: smell, vision, and hearing. In the chemical sphere, predators leave signals from scent marks, droppings, and urine in the environment. Squirrels as typical rodents have a keen sense of smell capable of detecting such predator odors and extracting information such as how recent the “sign” is.
Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochars Derived From Corn, Hardwood, Miscanthus, and Horse Manure Biomasses

ABSTRACTBiochar, a carbon-rich by-product of biomass pyrolysis, is widely recognized as a potential ingredient for soil amendment, fertility, and carbon sequestration owing to its favorable physico...
Prevalence of comorbidities in heart failure patients and those treated with cellular therapeutics

Introduction: Changes in our daily living, particularly in work routines, diet, and physical exercise, have influenced a worldwide crisis for life-threatening comorbidities and the likelihood of cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Cardiovascular regenerative medicine researchers continue to investigate new therapeutic approaches and reexamine completed clinical trials to design more effective future studies. As the frequency of cardiovascular disease diagnosis continues to rise, investigations of how to repair and regenerate the failing myocardium remains an essential mission for human health. Areas covered: This review first examines the aging process, the rising rate of comorbidities, and the likelihood of developing heart disease. In the ongoing efforts to recapitulate human health needs in clinical trials, a review of clinical trials involving cellular therapeutics for cardiac repair, with a focus on the patient population and patients' complex medical records, is presented. Expert opinion: The expert opinion first draws attention to the changing demographics of patients diagnosed with diseases that lead to heart failure and focusing on obesity as a primary driver for increased cardiovascular disease. The opinion focuses on the importance of designing preclinical models and experimentation that better mimic the patient population and clinical situations to evaluate the effectiveness of potential future therapeutic interventions.
An Unsupervised Approach to Identify Location Based on the Content of User’s Tweet History

We propose and evaluate an unsupervised approach to identify the location of a user purely based on tweet history of that user. We combine the location references from tweets of a user with gazetteers like DBPedia to identify the geolocation of that user at a city level. This can be used for location based personalization services like targeted advertisements, recommendations and services on a finer level. In this paper, we use convex hull and k-center clustering, to identify the location of a user at a city level. The main contributions of this paper are: (i) reliability on just the contents of a tweet, without the need for manual intervention or training data; (ii) a novel approach to handle ambiguous location entries; and (iii) a computational geometric solution to narrow down the location of the user from a set of points corresponding to location references. Experimental results show that the system is able to identify a location for each user with high accuracy within a tolerance range. We also study the effect of tolerance on accuracy and average error distance.
Behavioral Reactions of Naturalized Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) to Native Owl Vocalizations

During routine surveys of owl distributions on St. Catherines Island, we observed naturalized ring-tailed lemurs displaying antipredator responses to owl auditory cues. In the 32 y since the introduction of ring-tailed lemurs to the island, two successful depredation events by two different owl species have been documented. We investigated the behavioral response of ring-tailed lemurs to determine if they responded consistently to social calls from all three owl species present on St. Catherines Island despite size differences among the owl species that could affect the likelihood of them serving as predators on ring-tailed lemurs. We observed while ring-tailed lemurs responded to all the auditory owl calls, they exhibited more intense, longer and more consistent responses to the two larger owl species – the barred owl and great horned owl – relative to the small Eastern screech owl. These data suggest naturalized species are capable of learning threat-sensitive antipredator behaviors to novel predator communities.
The Influence of Meltwater on Phytoplankton Blooms Near the Sea-Ice Edge

Annual sea-ice edge phytoplankton blooms occur throughout the Arctic during the spring melt period. Our study considers how phytoplankton spring blooms may depend on sea-ice meltwater. We extend th...
The aesthetics and multiple origin stories of climate activism

The goal of climate activism is to tell the story about the connections between the local and planetary effects of climate change on people. Ethnography of its narrative devices and visual images helps get after the struggles and sometimes missed opportunities in making these connections possible. Such analyses are only more critical in a moment when what looks and feels like climate inaction has been recalibrated by unanticipated risks such as pandemics. While early Covid-19 travel bans and quarantines provided a well of antidotes and images of 'nature coming back and recolonising human environs', they also revealed the systematic ways in which climate activism is linked to health, food and housing activism. The political potential of climate activism may therefore be in its capacity to tell stories that emphasise those earthly politics and its gatherings, once seemingly on the fringe but central to its future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Demographic Factors Associated With Successful Telehealth Visits in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated synchronous audiovisual telehealth and audio-only visits for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to determine frequency of successful telehealth visits and determine what factors increase the likelihood of completion. METHODS Data were collected from March to July 2020 in a tertiary care adult IBD clinic that was transitioned to a fully telehealth model. A protocol for telehealth was implemented. A retrospective analysis was performed using electronic medical record (EMR) data. All patients were scheduled for video telehealth. If this failed, providers attempted to conduct the visit as audio only. RESULTS Between March and July 2020, 2571 telehealth visits were scheduled for adult patients with IBD. Of these, 2498 (99%) were successfully completed by video or phone. Sixty percent were female, and the median age was 41 years. Eighty six percent of the population was white, 8% black, 2% other, and 4% were missing. Seventy-five percent had commercial insurance, 15% had Medicare, 5% had Medicaid, and 5% had other insurance. No significant factors were found for an attempted but completely failed visit. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, increasing age (odds ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.55-2.08; P < 0.05), noncommercial insurance status (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.61-2.21; P < 0.05), and black race (odds ratio, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.38-3.08; P < 0.05) increased the likelihood of a video encounter failure. CONCLUSIONS There is a high success rate for telehealth within an IBD population with defined clinic protocols. Certain patient characteristics such as age, race, and health insurance type increase the risk of failure of a video visit.
Alcohol and drug offenses and suicide risk among men who purchased a handgun in California: A cohort study.

Abstract Firearm access is a risk factor for firearm suicide; substance use may confer additional risk. In this retrospective cohort study, we estimated the associations between prior alcohol and drug charges at the time of handgun purchase and subsequent suicide among men in California. The sample comprised all men who legally purchased a handgun in California in 2001 and who were age ≥ 21 at the time of acquisition (N = 101,377), identified in the California Department of Justice (CA DOJ) Dealer's Record of Sale database. Exposures included alcohol and drug criminal charges and convictions accrued January 1, 1990 until the first (‘index’) handgun acquisition in 2001, recorded in the CA DOJ Criminal History Information System. Outcomes included suicide and firearm suicide occurring after the index purchase and before January 1, 2016. A total of 1907 purchasers had alcohol charges, 1248 had drug charges, and 304 had both; 594 purchasers died by suicide (516 by firearm suicide). Compared with those with neither alcohol nor drug charges, those with alcohol charges had 2.20 times the hazard of suicide (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39–3.46) and 2.22 times the hazard of firearm suicide (95% CI, 1.36–3.62). Risk was most elevated among those with more recent charges and those with 2 or more charges, and in the time period closest to the purchase. The associations for drug charges and the combination of alcohol and drug charges were not distinguishable from the null. Firearm owners with alcohol offenses may benefit from intervention to reduce firearm access and alcohol use.
Increased short-term mortality among patients presenting with altered mental status to the emergency department: A cohort study.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the short-term mortality of adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with altered mental status (AMS) as compared to other common chief complaints. Methods Observational cohort study of adult patients (age ≥ 40) who presented to an academic ED over a 1-year period with five pre-specified complaints at ED triage: AMS, generalized weakness, chest pain, abdominal pain, and headache. Primary outcomes included 7 and 30-day mortality. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, acuity level, and comorbidities. Results A total of 9850 ED visits were included for analysis from which 101 (1.0%) and 295 (3.0%) died within 7 and 30 days, respectively. Among 683 AMS visits, the 7-day mortality rate was 3.2%. Mortality was lower for all other chief complaints, including generalized weakness (17/1170, 1.5%), abdominal pain (32/3609, 0.9%), chest pain (26/3548, 0.7%), and headache (4/840, 0.5%). After adjusting for key confounders, patients presenting with AMS had a significantly higher risk of death within 7 days of ED arrival than patients presenting with chest pain (HR 3.72, 95% CI 2.05 to 6.76, p Conclusion Patients presenting with AMS have worse short-term prognosis than patients presenting to the ED with chest pain or headache. AMS may indicate an underlying brain dysfunction (delirium), which is associated with adverse outcomes and increased mortality.
NASA Earth Remote Sensing Programs: An Overview with Special Emphasis on the NASA/Jaxa Led Global Precipitation Measurement Mission

This slide presentation gives an overview of NASA's operations monitoring the earth from space. It includes information on NASA's administrative divisions and key operating earth science missions with specific information on the Landsat satellites, Seastar spacecraft, and the TRMM satellite.
MO-B-BRB-03: Systems Engineering Tools for Treatment Planning Process Optimization in Radiation Medicine

The radiotherapy treatment planning process has evolved over the years with innovations in treatment planning, treatment delivery and imaging systems. Treatment modality and simulation technologies are also rapidly improving and affecting the planning process. For example, Image-guided-radiation-therapy has been widely adopted for patient setup, leading to margin reduction and isocenter repositioning after simulation. Stereotactic Body radiation therapy (SBRT) and Radiosurgery (SRS) have gradually become the standard of care for many treatment sites, which demand a higher throughput for the treatment plans even if the number of treatments per day remains the same. Finally, simulation, planning and treatment are traditionally sequential events. However, with emerging adaptive radiotherapy, they are becoming more tightly intertwined, leading to iterative processes. Enhanced efficiency of planning is therefore becoming more critical and poses serious challenge to the treatment planning process; Lean Six Sigma approaches are being utilized increasingly to balance the competing needs for speed and quality. In this symposium we will discuss the treatment planning process and illustrate effective techniques for managing workflow. Topics will include: 1. Planning techniques: (a) beam placement, (b) dose optimization, (c) plan evaluation (d) export to RVS. 2. Planning workflow: (a) import images, (b) Image fusion, (c) contouring, (d) plan approval (e) plan check (f) chart check, (g) sequential and iterative process 3. Influence of upstream and downstream operations: (a) simulation, (b) immobilization, (c) motion management, (d) QA, (e) IGRT, (f) Treatment delivery, (g) SBRT/SRS (h) adaptive planning 4. Reduction of delay between planning steps with Lean systems due to (a) communication, (b) limited resource, (b) contour, (c) plan approval, (d) treatment. 5. Optimizing planning processes: (a) contour validation (b) consistent planning protocol, (c) protocol/template sharing, (d) semi-automatic plan evaluation, (e) quality checklist for error prevention, (f) iterative process, (g) balance of speed and quality Learning Objectives: 1. Gain familiarity with the workflow of modern treatment planning process. 2. Understand the scope and challenges of managing modern treatment planning processes. 3. Gain familiarity with Lean Six Sigma approaches and their implementation in the treatment planning workflow.
Discussion of the distribution of serotonin in the nervous system of various animal species.

Publisher Summary Serotonin, like the catecholamines, is present in all vertebrates and many prevertebrate species. In prevertebrates, 5-HT appears as a constituent of toxins, possibly for maiming other organisms for food or protection. 5-HT at an early stage in evolution became associated with certain structures of the nervous system, for example, the ganglia of annelids and mollusks. High concentrations of 5-HT are also present in the intestinal tract of all species for controlling peristalsis. The interpretation of studies on 5-HT levels is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of the fluorometric assay. This chapter discusses the levels of 5-HT and catecholamines in a large number of species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, various species of amphibia-frog, toad, salamander, and several fish species. High levels of 5-HT are present in the brains of amphibia. Serotonin is also found in high levels in the brains of several reptile species and in moderate levels in chicken and pigeon brain. The chapter explores the possible relationship between temperature regulation and 5-HT turnover and the behavioral responses of various species to reserpine.
Decision-based neural network for face recognition system

This paper proposes a face recognition system based on decision-based neural networks (DBNN). The DBNN adopts a hierarchical network structure with nonlinear basis functions and a competitive credit-assignment scheme. The face recognition system consists of three modules. First, a face detector finds the location of a human face in an image. Then an eye localizer determines the positions of both eyes to help generate size-normalized, reoriented, and reduced-resolution feature vectors. (The facial region proposed contains eyebrows, eyes, and nose, but excluding mouth. Eye-glasses will be permissible.) The last module is a face recognizer. The DBNN can be effectively applied to all the three modules. The DBNN based face recognizer has yielded very high recognition accuracies based on experiments on the ARPA-FERET and SCR-IM databases. In terms of processing speeds and recognition accuracies, the performance of DBNN is superior to that of multilayer perceptron (MLP). The training phase for 100 persons would take around one hour, while the recognition phase (including eye localization, feature extraction, and classification using DBNN) consumes only a fraction of a second (on Sparc10).
Sporulation in Bacillus brevis: Studies on Protease and Protein Turnover

Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 sporulated without the production of extracellular protease when grown and allowed to sporulate on nutrient agar plates containing either azo-albumin, casein, or gelatin. Intracellular protease could not be detected in extracts of cells grown in nutrient broth-salts media. However, approximately one-fifth of the level of protease activity in extracts of B. subtilis SB 19 was found in extracts of B. brevis ATCC 9999 grown in minimal media. When protein turnover studies were performed by chasing previously incorporated (14)C-l-phenylalanine with a large excess of unlabeled phenylalanine, no protein turnover could be detected if the excess phenylalanine was added at T(0) and only a small amount of turnover (1 to 1.6% per hr) was detected if the excess phenylalanine was added at T(2.5-2.7). This compares with a measured turnover rate of 8.5% per hr in B. subtilis SB 19 under similar conditions.
RF radiation hazard analysis at Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center

On-site high power radiation is an essential component of the active-array transmit-channel testing and antenna burn-in. Computer modeling is well-suited to approximate near-field and far-field power densities of microwave radiation around antenna arrays. Because of safety considerations involving such emissions, an accurate representation of RF field strengths at critical locations was needed. The investigators used the MATLAB programming language to model the radiation field characteristics and RF power densities. Results from the computer-models, an essential part of this hazard analysis, were used to assess the risks the safety hazards presented. Two methods were used to generate power density models. The first, an exact theoretical approach, modeled the radiating elements as simple electric dipoles. The second was a simplified approach using estimates of the element pattern. >
A Critical Assessment of Multireference-Fock Space CCSD and Perturbative Third-Order Triples Approximations for Photoelectron Spectra and Quasidegenerate Potential Energy Surfaces

Abstract Equations for the Fock space coupled cluster method, including all single, double, and triple excitations (FSCCSDT) for ionization potentials [(0,1) sector], are presented in both operator and spin orbital form. Two approximations to the full FSCCSDT equations are described, one being the simplest perturbative inclusion of triple excitation effects, FSCCSD + T(3), and a second that indirectly incorporates certain higher-order effects, FSCCSD + T*(3). The performance of these approximations, along with FSCCSD, has been studied in comparison with single reference coupled cluster (CC) methods and with experiment for a variety of ionization potential (IP) and potential energy surface (PES) problems. (CH 2 , CH 2 NH, CH 2 PH, O 2 , H 2 CO, N 2 , ketene, and diazomethane for IPs and CO 2 , NO 3 , and C 3 + for PES.) For ionization potentials, the FSCCD and FSCCSD + T*(3) methods are generally found to perform comparably to single reference CC with perturbative inclusion of triple excitations overall, while for the more demanding application to potential energy surfaces, FSCC methods with the current perturbative triple corrections do not appear to match the high-quality single reference CC results. But because of the speed and ease of use compared to single reference CC methods, FSCC methods, including triple excitation effects, are sufficiently accurate to be extremely useful tools when used with care. Unlike most single reference methods, Fock space CC methods are also particularly suited to “final state” studies of quasidegenerate potential energy surfaces. Several examples of this type (CO 2 , NO 3 , and C 3 + ) are analyzed. 1. Introduction 2. Fock Space Coupled Cluster Theory 3. Effect of Changes in the Active Space on Approximations to FSCCSDT 4. Ionization Potentials 5. Potential Energy Surfaces and Related Properties Acknowledgments References
Bridging Study versus Prespecified Regions Nested in Global Trials

Ethnic sensitivity to drug treatment has received worldwide attention since the development of the ICH E-5 guidance. The concept of a bridging study was first introduced in the 1990s. The informativeness of statistical inference from small bridging clinical trials with a study size as small as 40 patients is often questionable. In addition, statistical metrics for evaluating the consistency of region-specific treatment effects to global treatment effects have been controversial. Since 1998, the evolution of the approaches to ethnic sensitivity of a drug effect has ranged from criteria to accept foreign clinical data to partnership in harmonization for global drug development. We consider and compare an indirect method and a direct method to evaluate the treatment effect in a bridging study by borrowing the strength of effect observed in the foreign trial. When a multiregional clinical trial is the drug development approach, we consider a prospectively planned evaluation of global treatment effect without sacrificing the opportunity to also evaluate a prespecified region-specific treatment effect that has a reasonable number of patients and under the same common protocol. We discuss the similarities and the differences between the bridging study problem and the noninferiority study problem. Concerns with extrapolating the results of the study to other regions are raised in regard to the bridging approach that prompts consideration of streamlining clinical trials. When the intrinsic versus extrinsic factors may not be well understood, one approach to addressing heterogeneity issues is a two-stage adaptive test that not only builds in an additional region-specific treatment effect hypothesis, but also addresses potential ethnic sensitivity to overall multiregional treatment effects. The two-stage adaptive test provides flexibility to assess variance using the blinded data at the late stage of the trial, and thus has the potential to withdraw the region-specific hypothesis due to large variability in the clinical endpoint, eliminating an uninformative region-specific effect assessment.
Polarization Green's function with multiconfiguration self‐consistent‐field reference states

The polarization Green's-function formalism in the superoperator notation of Goscinski and Lukman is re-derived using a multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (MC-SCF) reference state to establish the superoperator metric. The potential advantages of employing this more general reference state in Green's-function theories and certain inherent weaknesses associated with the traditional Hartree–Fock or Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory reference state choices are briefly discussed. The Hermiticity of the superoperators is analyzed within the framework of the MC–SCF reference state. Using a concept of order appropriate for this reference state choice, explicit formulas and computational procedures for the implementation of this Green's-function theory are presented and specialized to include terms consistent through second order. Le formalisme des fonctions de Green de polarisation dans la notation utilisant les superoperateurs de Goscinski et Lukman a ete reetabli avec un etat de reference MC–SCF pour obtenir le metrique des superoperateurs. Les avantages potentiels de cet etat de reference plus general ainsi que certains points faibles inherents associes aux etats de reference utilises traditionnellement dans les theories de perturbation Hartree–Fock ou Rayleigh–Schrodinger sont discutes brievement. L'hermiticite des superoperateurs est analysee dans le cadre des etats de reference MC–SCF. Utilisant une notion d'ordre propre a cet etat de reference on presente des formules explicites et des procedes de calcul pour la realisation de cette theorie des fonctions de Green, qui sont specialises pour inclure des termes consistants jusqu'au second ordre. Der Formalismus fur Green'sche Funktionen von Polarisierungstyp in der Superoperatorbezeichnung von Goscinski und Lukman wird mittels eines MC–SCF-Referenzzustands hergeleitet. Die moglichen Vorteile mit diesem allgemeineren Referenzzustand und gewisse mit den in den traditionellen Hartree–Fock- oder Rayleigh–Schrodinger-Storungstheorien verwendeten Referenzzustanden verbundene eigene Schwachen werden kurz diskutiert. Die Hermitizitat der Superoperatoren wird im Rahmen des MC–SCF-Referenzzustands analysiert. Mittels eines fur diesen Referenzzustand geeigneten Ordnungsbegriffs werden explizite Formeln und Rechnungsverfahren fur die Implementierung dieser Theorie von Green'schen Funktionen vorgelegt und spezialisiert um Glieder bis zur zweiten Ordnung einzuschliessen.
Spitzer Space Telescope mission design

This paper gives a description of the mission design, launch, orbit, and navigation results for the Spitzer space telescope mission. The Spitzer telescope was launched by the Delta II Heavy launch vehicle into a heliocentric Earth trailing orbit. This orbit is flown for the first time and will be used by several future astronomical missions such as Kepler, SIM, and LISA. This paper describes the launch strategy for a winter versus a summer launch and how it affects communications. It also describes how the solar orbit affects the design and operations of the Observatory. It describes the actual launch timeline, launch vehicle flight performance, and the long term behavior of the as flown orbit. It also provides the orbit knowledge from in-flight navigation data.
Seed-mediated synthesis of shape-controlled CeO2 nanocrystals

We report the effect of varying the starting materials and experimental conditions on the shape control of CeO2 nanocrystals using hydrothermal methods, including using different cerium precursors (Ce3+: Ce(NO3)3 and Ce4+: Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6), stirring treatment, and oxidation of cerium(III) hydroxide. It was demonstrated that the formation of Ce(OH)3 nuclei is a key step to growth of different morphological CeO2 nanocrystals.
The origin of the term `electronics'

A historian of the technology reviews the beginnings and changing meanings of the term ``electronics.'' He points out that it goes back to the adjective ``electronic,'' and even further to the name ``electron,'' which was first proposed in 1891. In its modern context, the origin of the word ``electronics'' has been ascribed to the first appearance of the magazine of that name, in 1930, although there is some contention that it was already in use in Great Britain. In any event, its definition has broadened through the years and the future may see even further changes.
Somatostatin analogues in the prevention of pancreas-related complications after pancreatic resection

Background/Purpose The Achilles' heel of operative pancreatectomies is the pancreaticoenterostomy for proximal resections and the pancreatic parenchymal closure for distal resections. Inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretions by somatostatin analogues has been suggested to decrease pancreas-specific complications, but this topic remains controversial.
Protein degradation and amino acid metabolism in autolyzing rabbit myocardium

Abstract Proteolysis and intermediary amino acid metabolism were assessed in autolyzing rabbit left ventricular myocardium. Tissue slices were incubated in a moist chamber at 37°C for up to 24 hours, and free acidic, neutral and basic amino acids and related compounds were determined by ion exchange chromatography. In control samples, free amino acids accounted for less than half of the ninhydrin positive material. No significant increase in free tissue amino acid concentration was noted before 12 hours of autolysis. Accumulation of phenylalanine was used to estimate proteolysis. There was a linear increase in phenylalanine content for up to 6 hours followed by a fourfold augmentation between 6 and 24 hours. In contrast, a rapid rise in tissue alanine content was noted early in the course of autolysis. This was paralleled by a rise in tissue lactate and blunted by an inhibitor of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase. It is suggested that active amino acid metabolism and delayed accumulation of products of proteolysis are characteristic findings in autolyzing heart tissue.
An Examination of Anxiety Sensitivity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Smoking Level and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Trauma-Exposed Adults

The present investigation tested the prediction that global and lower-order factors of anxiety sensitivity (AS) would moderate the relationship between cigarette smoking level and posttraumatic stress symptom levels among 78 (59 female) traumatic event-exposed adults. Consistent with prediction, global levels of AS and levels of AS mental incapacitation and physical concerns moderated the association between smoking level and posttraumatic stress symptoms; the combination of high levels of AS and greater number of cigarettes smoked per day was associated with higher symptom levels than any other combination of these factors. In a test of specificity, these three aspects of AS did not moderate the relation between smoking level and depressive symptoms. These findings increase our understanding of the association between smoking and posttraumatic symptoms by integrating cognitive factors, such as AS, into current models of this common overlap. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed.
Involvement of nitroxyl (HNO) in the cyanamide-induced vasorelaxation of rabbit aorta.

Abstract Relaxation of precontracted rabbit aortic rings in vitro by cyanamide, a clinically used alcohol deterrent drug, required catalase and H 2 O 2 , suggesting that a bioactivation mechanism was involved. Since the oxidation of cyanamide by catalase/H 2 O 2 had been shown previously to lead to nitroxyl (HNO) generation via the intermediate N -hydroxycyanamide, and aortic ring relaxation was inhibited by the catalase inhibitor, 3-aminotriazole, HNO appears to be responsible for the vasorelaxation mediated by cyanamide. This was further supported by the observation that N , O -dibenzoyl- N -hydroxycyanamide (DBHC), a derivative of N -hydroxycyanamide that releases HNO in the absence of catalase/H 2 O 2 , was a potent vasorelaxant, with an ec 50 of 4.2±1.3×10 −6 M.
Pyloric Stenosis in Pediatric Surgery : An Evidence-Based Review

Pyloric stenosis is a common pediatric surgical problem that requires a combination of both medical and surgical attention. This article reviews the classical elements necessary to care for the patient in a safe and effective manner. A well-tested management approach that can be applied to the general surgical environment is described. Perioperative management of the patient is discussed and the currently used techniques are reviewed. Current recommendations include the routine use of ultrasonography for diagnosis, attention to the preoperative correction of electrolytes, and the use of minimally invasive techniques for treatment.
Cold rearing improves cold-flight performance in Drosophila via changes in wing morphology.

SUMMARY We use a factorial experimental design to test whether rearing at colder temperatures shifts the lower thermal envelope for flight of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen to colder temperatures. D. melanogaster that developed in colder temperatures (15°C) had a significant flight advantage in cold air compared to flies that developed in warmer temperatures (28°C). At 14°C, cold-reared flies failed to perform a take-off flight∼ 47% of the time whereas warm-reared flies failed ∼94% of the time. At 18°C, cold- and warm-reared flies performed equally well. We also compared several traits in cold- and warm-developing flies to determine if cold-developing flies had better flight performance at cold temperatures due to changes in body mass, wing length, wing loading, relative flight muscle mass or wing-beat frequency. The improved ability to fly at low temperatures was associated with a dramatic increase in wing area and an increase in wing length (after controlling for wing area). Flies that developed at 15°C had∼ 25% more wing area than similarly sized flies that developed at 28°C. Cold-reared flies had slower wing-beat frequencies than similarly sized flies from warmer developmental environments, whereas other traits did not vary with developmental temperature. These results demonstrate that developmental plasticity in wing dimensions contributes to the improved flight performance of D. melanogaster at cold temperatures, and ultimately, may help D. melanogaster live in a wide range of thermal environments.
The large-scale turbulent structure of nonpremixed planar jet flames

A comparative study was conducted of the large-scale turbulent structure of nonpremixed planar jet flames and nonreacting planar jets of varying density. The diagnostic techniques used included planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH and planar laser Mie scattering (PLMS) from alumina particles seeded into the jet fluid. The PLMS imaging shows that the nonreacting jets at all density ratios studied exhibit large-scale organized motions as observed in previous studies at a density ratio of unity. Such organized structures are not nearly as dominant in the jet flames at comparable local Reynolds numbers. To quantitatively investigate the large-scale motions, ensembles of PLMS images were used to compute root-mean-square (RMS) intermittency fields. The RMS intermittency profiles (normalized by the local jet width) are very similar for all of the nonreacting cases, while the flame profile was considerably narrower. Furthermore, plan view PLMS images reveal quasi-two-dimensional organization for the nonreacting case, but more random three-dimensional structure for the flame. These differences argue for the substantial modification of the large-scale turbulent structure owing to the presence of the flame, and do not appear to be due to global Reynolds number effects or global density changes resulting from heat release.
Evaluation of a simplified gross thrust calculation method for a J85-21 afterburning turbojet engine in an altitude facility

A simplified gross thrust calculation method was evaluated on its ability to predict the gross thrust of a modified J85-21 engine. The method used tailpipe pressure data and ambient pressure data to predict the gross thrust. The method's algorithm is based on a one-dimensional analysis of the flow in the afterburner and nozzle. The test results showed that the method was notably accurate over the engine operating envelope using the altitude facility measured thrust for comparison. A summary of these results, the simplified gross thrust method and requirements, and the test techniques used are discussed in this paper.
ANATOMIC STUDY OF THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN FOR RADIOFREQUENCY NEUROTOMY OF THE INFRAORBITAL NERVE

OBJECTIVE: To examine the anatomy of the infraorbital canal and foramen and the angles at which a radiofrequency probe must be directed to enter the infraorbital foramen and canal, as a guide to performing radiofrequency ablation of the infraorbital nerve in patients with relative or absolute contraindications to lesions of the trigemi- nal ganglion or posterior root. METHODS: Eleven cadaveric skulls were studied. The infraorbital nerve, after passing through the infraorbital foramen, enters the infraorbital canal and groove in the floor of the orbit before reaching the foramen rotundum. Small probes were placed through the foramen into the infraorbital canal, and pictures were taken in the anteroposterior and sagittal planes. The pictures were analyzed using the ImageTool program (University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX) to calculate the anteroposterior and sagittal angles of the probe. The distances of the foramen from the midline, lateral edge of the anterior nasal aperture, and inferior orbital rim were examined. RESULTS: A probe introduced through the cheek from below and medial to the foramen and directed upward and laterally at an angle of approximately 22 degrees in the coronal plane and 120 degrees in the sagittal plane toward a point approximately 26 mm from the midline and 8 mm below the inferior orbital rim will penetrate the infra- orbital foramen for placement of the probe's tip in the infraorbital canal. CONCLUSION: The coordinates for placement of the radiofrequency probe through the infraorbital foramen and into the infraorbital canal are reviewed, along with a discussion of pitfalls in radiofrequency ablation of the nerve.