cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-Bandage Pressure in the Canine Forelimb after Rigid Splint Application by Surgeons and Veterinary Students

Objective The aim of this study was to measure and compare sub-bandage pressures after a rigid splint was applied to the forelimb of a dog by surgeons and veterinary students. Animals One, adult, Labrador Retriever. Methods Sub-bandage pressure was measured at five locations on the limb of a dog using a previously validated pneumatic compression measurement system over a 4-hour period after splint application. All participants received the same instructions and the same dog was used for each splint application. Results Across time and location, mean sub-bandage pressures from the experienced group were significantly greater than those from the inexperienced group at all transducer locations and at all time points. People from the inexperienced group recorded the greatest range in sub-bandage pressures and had significantly higher-pressure differences across the five locations sub-bandage pressure was measured. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Surgeons applied their splint bandages with approximately 50% greater pressure and 50% less variability between locations. The large range in sub-bandage pressures found may suggest that decreased and/or increased sub-bandage pressure may predispose to bandage complications.
Amyloid-β and Tau at the Crossroads of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized neuropathologically by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Early breakthroughs in AD research led to the discovery of amyloid-β as the major component of senile plaques and tau protein as the major component of NFTs. Shortly following the identification of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide was the discovery that a genetic mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a type1 transmembrane protein, can be a cause of autosomal dominant familial AD (fAD). These discoveries, coupled with other breakthroughs in cell biology and human genetics, have led to a theory known as the "amyloid hypothesis", which postulates that amyloid-β is the predominant driving factor in AD development. Nonetheless, more recent advances in imaging analysis, biomarkers and mouse models are now redefining this original hypothesis, as it is likely amyloid-β, tau and other pathophysiological mechanism such as inflammation, come together at a crossroads that ultimately leads to the development of AD.
Fear of the Unknown: Examining Neighborhood Stigma’s Effect on Urban Greenway Use and Surrounding Communities:

Neighborhood stigma, founded on the idea that individuals avoid and denigrate spaces occupied by residents of color due to perceptions of crime and disorder, can influence travel patterns, impact h...
Hardware Assisted Buffer Protection Mechanisms for Embedded RISC-V

RISC-V is a promising open-source architecture that targets low-power embedded devices and system-on-chips (SoCs). However, there is a dearth of practical and low-overhead security solutions in the RISC-V architecture. Programs compiled using RISC-V toolchains are still vulnerable to code injection and code reuse attacks, such as buffer overflow and return-oriented programming (ROP). In this article, we propose two hardware-implemented security extensions to RISC-V that provides a defense mechanism against such attacks. We first employ a physically unclonable function (PUF)-based randomized canary generation technique that removes the need to store the sensitive canary words in memory or CPU registers, thereby being more secure, while incurring low overheads. We implement the proposed Canary Engine in RISC-V RocketChip with rocket custom coprocessor (RoCC). The simulation results show 2.2% average execution overhead with a single buffer protection, while a $10\times $ increase in buffer count only increases the overhead by $1.5\times $ when protection is extended to all buffers. We further improve upon this with a dedicated security coprocessor flow integrity extensions for embedded RISC-V (FIXER), implemented on the RoCC. FIXER enforces fine-grained control-flow integrity (CFI) of running programs on backward edges (returns) and forward edges (calls) without requiring any architectural modifications to the processor core. Compared to software-based solutions, FIXER reduces energy overhead by 60% at minimal execution time (1.5%) and area (2.9%) overheads.
Examination of 189 Campylobacter Species Isolates from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study.

ABSTRACT We have examined the draft genomes of 189 Campylobacter species isolates from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, in which Campylobacter species were identified as significant pathogens.
Biomechanical Analysis of Retrograde Superior Ramus Screw Fixation Constructs

Objective To investigate the biomechanical performance of different size and length retrograde superior ramus screws. Materials and methods A vertical superior ramus fracture was created in osteoporotic composite hemipelvis bone models (Sawbones, Vashon Island, WA). After reduction, four fixation groups were created by inserting either a solid 4.5 mm (Depuy Synthes, Paoli, PA) or cannulated 7.0 mm screw (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) of either 80 mm (short) or 140 mm (long) in length. An intact and an unstabilized osteotomy group were also created. Samples underwent cyclic loading for 5000 cycles with data acquisition at regular intervals. At the end of cyclic loading, load to failure was performed. Results The displacement after 5000 cycles for 4.5 mm short screws was significantly greater than 4.5 mm long and 7.0 mm short screws. At 5000 cycles, the 4.5 mm short screws had a significantly lower stiffness and lower load to failure than all other screws and was not different from the osteotomy model. Conclusion Short 4.5 mm screws demonstrated increased displacement, lower stiffness, and decreased load to failure compared to all other screws. The biomechanical performance of 4.5 mm short screws was no different than unstabilized controls. Longer bicortical screw fixation is suggested when possible. Additional biomechanical and clinical studies are needed to fully understand the significance of these findings.
Fine Particulate Matter and Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology at Autopsy in a Community-Based Cohort.

Background Evidence links fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but no community-based prospective cohort studies in older adults have evaluated the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and markers of AD neuropathology at autopsy. Objective Using a well-established autopsy cohort and new spatiotemporal predictions of air pollution, we evaluated associations of 10-year PM2.5 exposure prior to death with Braak stage, Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD (CERAD) score, and combined AD neuropathologic change (ABC score). Methods We used autopsy specimens (N = 832) from the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, with enrollment ongoing since 1994. We assigned long-term exposure at residential address based on two-week average concentrations from a newly developed spatiotemporal model. To account for potential selection bias, we conducted inverse probability weighting. Adjusting for covariates with tiered models, we performed ordinal regression for Braak and CERAD and logistic regression for dichotomized ABC score. Results 10-year average (SD) PM2.5 from death across the autopsy cohort was 8.2 (1.9) μg/m3. Average age (SD) at death was 89 (7) years. Each 1μg/m3 increase in 10-year average PM2.5 prior to death was associated with a suggestive increase in the odds of worse neuropathology as indicated by CERAD score (OR: 1.35 (0.90, 1.90)) but a suggestive decreased odds of neuropathology as defined by the ABC score (OR: 0.79 (0.49, 1.19)). There was no association with Braak stage (OR: 0.99 (0.64, 1.47)). Conclusion We report inconclusive associations between PM2.5 and AD neuropathology at autopsy among a cohort where 94% of individuals experienced 10-year exposures below the current EPA standard. Prior studies of AD risk factors and AD neuropathology are similarly inconclusive, suggesting alternative mechanistic pathways for disease or residual confounding.
Modeling of Eutrophication in Estuaries

The purpose of this paper is to present a review, summary and evaluation of nutrient-phytoplankton models which have been used in water quality management studies of estuaries. The basic concepts of eutrophication are first reviewed. These are incorporated in the conservation of mass relationship with estuarine transport equations to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of the relevant constituents. The application of these equations to eutrophication problems in various estuaries is demonstrated, particularly by studies which include both field and modeling activities. Similarly, those models whose development has been motivated by management questions are emphasized. Concluding remarks in the Applications section relate to an appraisal of the state of the art of estuarine eutrophication models and to their strengths, deficiencies, and future prospects with respect to both the scientific bases as well as engineering applications in the management context.
A permanência da religião

Aparentemente, religiao e espiritualidade soam distante da administracao. De fato, a administracao esforca-se por parecer cientifica, e como tal esperase que tome como base os principios da razao. Contudo, o artigo mostra que gestao e espiritualidade nao sao aspectos necessariamente dissociados entre si, e que, mesmo hoje, encontramos praticas de gestao influenciadas pelo pensamento religioso.
Cephalometry in adults and children with neurofibromatosis type 1: Implications for the pathogenesis of sphenoid wing dysplasia and the “NF1 facies”

Abstract Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common, autosomal dominant tumor-predisposition disorder that arises secondary to mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF1. Cephalometry is an inexpensive, readily available and non-invasive technique that is under-utilized in studying the NF1 craniofacial phenotype. An analysis of NF1 cephalometry was first published by Heerva et al. in 2011. We expand here on that first investigation with a larger cohort of adult and pediatric patients affected with NF1 and sought objective insight into the NF1 facies, said to feature hypertelorism and a broad nasal base, from cephalometric analysis. Methods We obtained cephalograms from 101 patients with NF1 (78 adults and 23 children) from two NF1 protocols at the National Institutes of Health. Each subject had an age-, gender- and ethnicity-matched control. We used Dolphin software to make the cephalometric measurements. We assessed the normality of differences between paired samples using the Shapiro–Wilk test and evaluated the significance of mean differences using paired t-tests and adjusted for multiple testing. We explored the relationship between the cephalometric measurements and height, head circumference and interpupillary distance. Results In this dataset of American whites with NF1, we confirmed in a modestly larger sample many of the findings found by Heerva et al. in an NF1 Finnish cohort. We found a shorter maxilla, mandible, cranial base, (especially anteriorly, p = 0.0001) and diminished facial height in adults, but not children, with NF1. Only one adult exhibited hypertelorism. Conclusions The cephalometric differences in adults arise in part from cranial base shortening and thus result in a shorter face, mid-face hypoplasia, reduced facial projection, smaller jaw, and increased braincase globularity. In addition, we suggest that NF1 sphenoid bone shortening, a common event, is consistent with an intrinsic NF1 bone cell defect, which renders the bone more vulnerable to a random “second hit” in NF1, leading to sphenoid wing dysplasia, a rare event.
Common Factors and Causal Networks

The target article touches upon some of the most difficult and essential questions in personality psychology. Questioning the notion of a common factor as an as–yet–unobserved common cause of a beh...
4-Uloses as Intermediates in Enzyme-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-mediated Oxidoreductase Mechanisms I. URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-GALACTOSE-4-EPIMERASE

Abstract UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and TDP-glucose-oxidoreductase are shown to have analogous reaction mechanisms. TDP-glucose is a substrate for both enzymes, and when labeled with tritium at carbon 4 it displayed an isotope effect for both enzymes. Neither enzyme exhibited an isotope effect with the 3-tritiated substrate. The value of the isotope effect for the 4-tritiated substrate was identical for both enzymes within the limits of error. Consistent with these findings, TDP-[4-3H]glucose donated tritium to enzyme-bound NAD+, leading to formation of enzyme-[3H1]NADH. This suggests that a nucleoside diphospho-4-ulose (of the configuration d-xylo-4-hexosulose) is an intermediate in the reactions catalyzed by UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and TDP-glucose-oxidoreductase.
Effect of NO2 on Airborne Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) on aerosol survival and biological decay rate of Venezulean equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus and spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger. The NO(2) concentrations used in the experiments were 0.5, 5, and 10 ppm at 24 C and 85% RH. The survival of airborne VEE virus disseminated as particles 1 to 5 mum in diameter was significantly influenced by the presence of 5 ppm of NO(2). At this concentration, the biological decay rate increased threefold and the aerosol recovery and aerosol survival of the VEE virus were significantly lower than at 0.5 ppm or in the absence of NO(2). Airborne spores of B. subtilis were not significantly affected by as much as 10 ppm of NO(2).
Treatment of COPD: A matrix perspective

Fundamental physical properties, such as the intrinsic recoil of the lung, are governed by the extracellular matrix. The prototypical roles of the matrix proteins, collagen and elastin, in pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema have long been recognized, and much research effort has been devoted to understanding mechanisms of extracellular matrix synthesis and turnover in the lung. Yet, despite extensive knowledge of the biochemical properties of collagen and elastin, none of the present clinical strategies for treating COPD directly target the extracellular matrix. From a matrix perspective, therapeutic interventions that limit elastic fiber destruction and/or restore function to damaged alveolar units merit particular consideration as clinical strategies for treating the emphysema component of COPD. Effective treatment of the bronchiolar component of COPD requires a better understanding of the relationship between airway fibrosis and airflow obstruction. Translating basic knowledge of extracellular matrix biology into the clinical venue will be essential in the development of new approaches to COPD treatment.
Stochastic Programming Models: Wait-and-See Versus Here-and-Now

We introduce a number of stochastic programming models via examples and then proceed to derive one of the fundamental theorems in the field that brings to the fore the constrast between wait-and-see and here-and-now formulations.
A Rapid Molecular Approach for Chromosomal Phasing

Determining the chromosomal phase of pairs of sequence variants – the arrangement of specific alleles as haplotypes – is a routine challenge in molecular genetics. Here we describe Drop-Phase, a molecular method for quickly ascertaining the phase of pairs of DNA sequence variants (separated by 1-200 kb) without cloning or manual single-molecule dilution. In each Drop-Phase reaction, genomic DNA segments are isolated in tens of thousands of nanoliter-sized droplets together with allele-specific fluorescence probes, in a single reaction well. Physically linked alleles partition into the same droplets, revealing their chromosomal phase in the co-distribution of fluorophores across droplets. We demonstrated the accuracy of this method by phasing members of trios (revealing 100% concordance with inheritance information), and demonstrate a common clinical application by phasing CFTR alleles at genomic distances of 11–116 kb in the genomes of cystic fibrosis patients. Drop-Phase is rapid (requiring less than 4 hours), scalable (to hundreds of samples), and effective at long genomic distances (200 kb).
Effect of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmia following coronary occlusion.

Abstract Release of thromboxane (TXA 2 ) during acute myocardial infarction may be an important contributing factor in the genesis of ventricular fibrillation (VF). We assessed the effect of selective TXA 2 inhibition on vulnerability to VF after total occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Animals were pretreated with vehicle or with CGS-13080, a TXA 2 synthetase inhibitor, 3.0 or 9.0 mg/kg intravenously. There was an apparent dose-dependent protective effect following CGS-13080 administration, in which the decrease in VF threshold following coronary occlusion was attenuated. Also, the incidence of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in the first 30 minutes after occlusion was reduced by two thirds in the 9.0 mg/kg CGS-13080 group compared to the vehicle-treated animals. This protective effect does not appear to be due to a change in hemodynamics, effective refractory periods, or extent of ischemia. TXA 2 released during coronary occlusion appears to be arrhythmogenic, and inhibiting its synthesis may be protective.
Evidence for the existence of [2Fe-2S] as well as [4Fe-4S] clusters among FA,FB and FX. Implications for the structure of the photosystem I reaction center

Abstract Core extrusion of the bound iron-sulfur centers from spinach Photosystem I showed the presence of [2Fe-2S] clusters as well as [4Fe-4S] clusters among FA, FB and FX. Extrusion of the iron-sulfur ensemble was not quantitative; however, the presence of [2Fe-2S] clusters correlated with higher concentration of unfolding solvent. Since FX is highly resistant to denaturation, and since FA and FB are known to contain [4Fe-4S] clusters, the [2Fe-2S] clusters are assigned to FX. The presence of [2Fe-2S] clusters in Photosystem I has significance in the structure and organization of FX on the reaction center. Since four cysteinyl ligands are assumed to hold an iron-sulfur cluster, a Photosystem I subunit may consist of two approx. 64-kDa proteins bridged by a single [2Fe-2S] cluster. The complete reaction center would consist of two subunits positioned so that two [2Fe-2S] clusters are in magnetic interaction, thereby constituting FX.
The human gynome.

Abstract This year marks the 50th anniversary of the identification of the 3-dimensional structure of the DNA double helix and the completion of the US Human Genome Project. Now that we have completed the human genome sequence, what have we learned? How will this information benefit humankind? And, what are the implications for our patients in obstetrics and gynecology? Perhaps the biggest surprise is that there are only approximately 30,000 human genes, far fewer than earlier estimated. I propose the term “gynome” to describe that part of the human genome that is unique to women. We have learned that manifestations of diseases and therapeutic response can be gender specific. A major challenge is to define the interplay of the genetic variations of women with variations in their environment and lifestyle. Ultimately, this should lead to improved diagnosis of disease, earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease, the design of more effective drugs, and gene therapy.
Short- and long-term follow-up of treatment for lymphocytic and collagenous colitis.

Collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis cause chronic watery diarrhea. Multiple therapies have been found to improve symptoms but there have been few long-term follow-up studies. Our goal was to obtain long-term clinical follow-up on a cohort of patients with independently confirmed typical histopathologic changes. Pathology slides from 32 cases of collagenous or lymphocytic colitis patients from 1988–1992 were independently reviewed. Twenty-five cases were confirmed by both groups of pathologist as collagenous or lymphocytic colitis. For these 25 patients, charts were reviewed and telephone follow-up interviews were performed in 1992 and 1995. Seven of 32 (22%) of the original cases were not confirmed on independent pathologic interpretation. A 15.8% discordance rate was found between the different groups of pathologists. Patient demographics were similar to previously published reports except one-half of our patients had diarrhea of only 6 months or less. Eighty-one percent of patients receiving 5-ASA agents reported improvement as well as 100% of those receiving prednisone. At 23 month follow-up 86% of patients reported improvement in diarrhea and only 32% required routine medications. At 47 month follow-up all patients reported improved diarrhea and only 29% required routine medications. Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis can sometimes be identified in patients with relatively brief duration diarrhea. Clinical parameters and response to therapy are similar for collagenous or lymphocytic colitis. Most patients with lymphocytic and collagenous colitis improve with therapy such as 5-ASA preparations or steroids. Over a follow-up period of several years, most patients have improvement in diarrhea and generally do not require maintenance medications. Independent pathologic confirmation of the diagnosis should be obtained in patients not responding to therapy.
Couplet Periodic Breathing Response to High Carbon Dioxide and High and Low Oxygen

A breathing pattern is described which is characterized by a grouping of two breaths followed by a prolonged apnea and which may involve a mechanism different from at least one type of Cheyne-Stokes breathing. The pattern can be eliminated by breathing 9 percent O 2 or 10 percent CO 2 . However, the pattern frequently persists during breathing of high oxygen.
Tip-link protein protocadherin 15 interacts with transmembrane channel-like proteins TMC1 and TMC2

The tip link protein protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) is a central component of the mechanotransduction complex in auditory and vestibular hair cells. PCDH15 is hypothesized to relay external forces to the mechanically gated channel located near its cytoplasmic C terminus. How PCDH15 is coupled to the transduction machinery is not clear. Using a membrane-based two-hybrid screen to identify proteins that bind to PCDH15, we detected an interaction between zebrafish Pcdh15a and an N-terminal fragment of transmembrane channel-like 2a (Tmc2a). Tmc2a is an ortholog of mammalian TMC2, which along with TMC1 has been implicated in mechanotransduction in mammalian hair cells. Using the above-mentioned two-hybrid assay, we found that zebrafish Tmc1 and Tmc2a can interact with the CD1 or CD3 cytoplasmic domain isoforms of Pcdh15a, and this interaction depends on the common region shared between the two Pcdh15 isoforms. Moreover, an interaction between mouse PCDH15-CD3 and TMC1 or TMC2 was observed in both yeast two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. To determine whether the Pcdh15–Tmc interaction is relevant to mechanotransduction in vivo, we overexpressed N-terminal fragments of Tmc2a in zebrafish hair cells. Overexpression of the Tmc2a N terminus results in mislocalization of Pcdh15a within hair bundles, together with a significant decrease in mechanosensitive responses, suggesting that a Pcdh15a–Tmc complex is critical for mechanotransduction. Together, these results identify an evolutionarily conserved association between the fish and mouse orthologs of PCDH15 and TMC1 and TMC2, supporting the notion that TMCs are key components of the transduction complex in hair cells.
Distinguishing multiple chemotaxis Y protein conformations with laser-polarized 129Xe NMR.

The chemical shift of the 129Xe NMR signal has been shown to be extremely sensitive to the local environment around the atom and has been used to follow processes such as ligand binding by bacterial periplasmic binding proteins. Here we show that the 129Xe shift can sense more subtle changes: magnesium binding, BeF3− activation, and peptide binding by the Escherichia coli chemotaxis Y protein. 1H-15N correlation spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography were used to identify two xenon-binding cavities in CheY that are primarily responsible for the shift changes. One site is near the active site, and the other is near the peptide binding site.
Origin of the SN2 Benzylic Effect: Contributions by π Delocalization and Field/Inductive Effects

Historically, the SN2 benzylic effect is attributed to a conjugative stabilization between the phenyl ring and the reaction center in the transition state. However, recent papers have cast doubt on this explanation. We have therefore investigated the origin of the SN2 benzylic effect for two different gas-phase SN2 reactions, F– + C6H5CH2F and Cl– + C6H5CH2Cl, by carrying out two separate computational methodologies on each system – a vinylogue extrapolation (VE) methodology and a block-localized wavefunction (BLW) methodology. The contributions we examined were (1) delocalization involving the ring's π system, and (2) field/inductive effects of the ring. For the fluoride and chloride reactions, the VE methodology suggests that delocalization contributes to a lowering of the reaction's energy barrier by 3.1 and 1.7 kcal/mol, respectively, and the BLW calculations suggest that delocalization contributes to lowering the barrier by 3.65 and 5.47 kcal/mol, respectively. Both methodologies therefore agree that π delocalization is a significant contributor to the benzylic effect. Furthermore, the VE methodology indicates that field/inductive effects also contribute to lowering the barriers by 2.2 and 3.2 kcal/mol, suggesting that a separate repulsive interaction serves to increase the barrier by 1.5 and 3.3 kcal/mol, respectively.
The flavoheme reductase Ncb5or protects cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced lipotoxicity.

NCB5OR is a novel flavoheme reductase with a cytochrome b5-like domain at the N-terminus and a cytochrome b5 reductase-like domain at the C terminus. Ncb5or knock-out mice develop insulin deficient diabetes and loss of white adipose tissue. Ncb5or−/− mice have impairment of Δ9 fatty acid desaturation with elevated ratios of palmitate to palmitoleate and stearate to oleate. In this study we assess the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in mediating lipotoxicity in Ncb5or−/− mice. The ER stress response was assessed by induction of BiP, ATF3, ATF6, XBP-1, and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Exposure to palmitate, but not oleate or mixtures of oleate and palmitate induced these markers of ER stress to a much greater extent in Ncb5or−/− hepatocytes than in wild-type cells. In contrast, Ncb5or−/− and Ncb5or+/+ hepatocytes were equally sensitive to ER stress imposed by increasing concentrations of tunicamycin. In order to assess the role of ER stress in vivo, we prepared mice that lack both NCB5OR and CHOP, a proapoptotic transcription factor important in the ER stress response. Onset of hyperglycemia in the Chop−/−;Ncb5or−/− mice was delayed two weeks beyond that observed in Chop+/+;Ncb5or−/− mice. Taken together these results suggest that ER stress plays a critical role in palmitate-induced lipotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo.
The effect of microstructure on the erosion of Ti-6Al-4V by spherical particles at 90° impact angles

Abstract Ti-6A1-4V alloy in two microstructural forms, equiaxed α + β and a basketweave α + β structure, was eroded. The erosion conditions utilized were an impact angle of 90°, spherical silica particles 210 μm in diameter and a velocity of 61 m s−1. Examination of the eroded surfaces indicated that both microstructures were extensively covered by a layer of glass approximately 2 μm thick prior to the onset of steady state erosion. Thermal softening and plastic flow of erodent on impact formed the glass layer. In this way a large area of the target was protected from direct impact. Consequently little evidence of subsurface damage during erosion was found for either structure. Material loss during steady state erosion was possible only at discontinuities in the glass layer or when it was removed to reveal a fresh metallic surface. The primary mechanism of metal removal was found to be the same in incubation and steady state irrespective of the microstructure. Small platelets were formed from overlapping strain fields by several individual impacts. Other operating mechanisms were cutting due to fractured or preexisting irregular erodent and removal of lips from oblique impacts.
A parallel study of enalapril and captopril and 1 year of experience with enalapril treatment in moderate-to-severe essential hypertension☆

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, enalapril (5 to 20 mg twice daily) or captopril (25 to 100 mg thrice daily) and matching ACE inhibitor placebos were given to 32 moderate-to-severe essential hypertension patients who were already on 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide daily. Alpha-methyldopa (250 to 500 mg twice daily) was given to 16 patients following 6 weeks of ACE inhibitor therapy. Both enalapril and captopril significantly ( p p p p
Simultaneously Targeting Multiple Drug-Resistant Variants with Optimally Small Drug Cocktails: Application and Analysis of Novel Methods

Target mutation is a key problem in drug design. High mutational variation of a drug target leads to resistance: drugs which may have originally functioned as inhibitors lose potency because structural changes in the target lead to losses in binding affinity. One way to approach this problem is through the use of drug cocktails. Using integer-programming and physics-based energy functions, we can select an optimally small cocktail from the combinatorial space of possible drugs built from molecular fragments. This computational framework has been presented in previous work by Radhakrishnan and Tidor (J. Chem. Inf. Model., 2008). Current investigations involve analyzing and improving the efficiency of this method and applying it to rapidly varying targets in the HIV-1 system.
The slot impedance: experimental verification

Computational cost is high in eddy-current finite-element solutions because the magnetic vector potential A varies exponentially, resulting in fine meshes. The surface-impedance boundary condition can be used to eliminate eddy-current parts without external current sources. In slots, however, the variation of A is very rapid even in the air, and modeling these parts in electric machinery is very costly. The authors introduce the slot impedance, which is very similar to the surface impedance, and show how to remove the slots using the slot impedance as a boundary condition. Laboratory verification of the model is described. >
The Economics of Entropy

In a recent article, "Radical Economics and Resource Scarcity," John Gowdy criticizes the neoclassical response to the second law of thermo? dynamics (the law of entropy) by making five points: (1) the conditions for optimal resource allocation through market forces are violated, (2) "natural resources in situ cannot be 'produced,' thus cannot have a true cost of production on which their price can be calculated," (3) irre? ducible pollution cannot be priced, (4) "future generations cannot present their bids for irreplaceable resources to Walras' auctioneer," and (5) a confusion regarding the market's ability to allocate resources is due to the failure of the model to define explicitly the time horizon. All of these objections are spurious and illustrate a fundamental igno? rance of even the simplest of neoclassical propositions. First, Mr. Gowdy argues that several conditions must be satisfied for the market to optimally allocate resources and quotes Paul Davidson's conclusion that,
Hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome.

We report on a 4-year-old girl with hyponatremic-hypertensive syndrome (HHS), a rare entity in childhood. The girl was referred to us from a local hospital with a history of recurrent fever, vomiting, and seizures. On admission she was markedly dehydrated. Initial investigations revealed severe hyponatremia (serum Na 120 mmol/l), hypochloremia (serum Cl 68 mmol/l), and mild hypokalemia (serum K 3.3 mmol/l), while serum calcium and magnesium were normal. Serum urea was 5 mmol/l and serum creatinine was 62 µmol/l. Despite hyponatremic dehydration, her urine output was high (2050 ml/24 h), as was her urinary sodium (168 mmol/24 h). She had massive transient proteinuria (maximal 1642 mg/24 h) while being severely hypertensive (blood pressure 210/160 mmHg). Further investigations revealed right kidney scarring, hyper-reflexive bladder dysfunction, massive brain infarcts, and myocardial left ventricular hypertrophy. Renal arteries were normal on arteriography. Blood pressure control resulted in normalization of serum and urinary electrolytes and decrease of proteinuria. Hyponatremia and transient massive proteinuria in this patient seem to be caused by high-pressure-forced diuresis due to malignant renoparenchymal hypertension.
Extinguishing Egr-1-dependent inflammatory and thrombotic cascades after lung transplantation

SPECIFIC AIMSExperiments tested the hypothesis that lung transplantation triggers early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression and nuclear DNA binding activity corresponding to Egr-1, leading to increased expression of downstream target genes such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tissue factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and accompanying vascular stress. Furthermore, experiments tested the hypothesis that the devastating functional consequences of Egr-1 up-regulation can be prevented using a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) directed against the Egr-1 translation initiation site in order to block expression of Egr-1 and its gene targets.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Expression of Egr-1 in an isogeneic orthotopic rat lung transplant modelAlthough hypothermic preservation did not increase Egr-1 expression measurably, there was a rapid and striking increase in Egr-1 mRNA levels after reperfusion, which peaked at 30 min of reperfusion and subsequently tapered off. A rapid increase in...
The N Terminus of a Schistosome β Subunit Regulates Inactivation and Current Density of a Cav2 Channel

Abstract The β subunit of high voltage-activated Ca2+ (Cav) channels targets the pore-forming α1 subunit to the plasma membrane and tunes the biophysical phenotype of the Cav channel complex. We used a combination of molecular biology and whole-cell patch clamp to investigate the functional role of a long N-terminal polyacidic motif (NPAM) in a Cavβ subunit of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni (βSm), a motif that does not occur in other known Cavβ subunits. When expressed in human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing Cav2.3, βSm accelerates Ca2+/calmodulin-independent inactivation of Cav2.3. Deleting the first 44 amino acids of βSm, a region that includes NPAM, significantly slows the predominant time constant of inactivation (τfast) under conditions that prevent Ca2+/CaM-dependent inactivation (βSm: τfast = 66 ms; βSmΔ2–44: τfast = 111 ms, p < 0.01). Interestingly, deleting the amino acids that are N-terminal to NPAM (2–24 or 2–17) results in faster inactivation than with an intact N terminus (τfast = 42 ms with βSmΔ2–17; τfast = 40 ms with βSmΔ2–24, p < 0.01). This suggests that NPAM is the structural determinant for accelerating Ca2+/calmodulin-independent inactivation. We also created three chimeric subunits that contain the first 44 amino acids of βSm attached to mammalian β1b, β2a, and β3 subunits. For any given mammalian β subunit, inactivation was faster if it contained the N terminus of βSm than if it did not. Co-expression of the mammalian α2δ-1 subunit resulted in doubling of the inactivation rate, but the effects of NPAM persisted. Thus, it appears that the schistosome Cav channel complex has acquired a new function that likely contributes to reducing the amount of Ca2+ that enters the cells in vivo. This feature is of potential interest as a target for new antihelminthics.
Impact of a Kinematic Link with MATLAB and SolidWorks

The elastic impact of a free kinematic link with a surface is studied using MATLAB and SolidWorks. The differential equations of motion are developed using an elastic nonlinear contact force and a frictional force. The nonlinear equations of motion are written in an external m-file and are solved using numerical techniques. The results are checked using a simulation in SolidWorks. For the SolidWorks simulation a specific force is defined for the the elastic impact. The numerical results are obtained with the two methods are compared. The vertical elastic displacement during impact has lower values less for the frictional case.
Analytical chemistry: Virulence caught green-handed

Many of us eat mushrooms, but few of us have probably ever thought about — let alone witnessed — the epic battle of kingdoms that can occur between this delicacy and its bacterial pathogens. Now, imaging mass spectrometry has enabled the identification of a bacterium's potent antifungal weapon of choice.
The potentiation of ototoxicity when aminooxyacetic acid and kanamycin are co-administered

Abstract Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) has been shown to confer protection against noise-induced cochlear trauma [3]. We, therefore, decided to study the possible protective effect of AOAA against kanamycin (KM) ototoxicity and found, instead, that AOAA potentiated the toxicity. To produce ototoxicity in guinea pigs, KM is usually given in 10–14 daily doses of 400 mg/kg s.c. However, when combined with a single dose of AOAA (8, 11, 15, or 25 mg/kg) a single 400 mg/kg dose of KM is sufficient to cause cochlear damage. Such animals show a negative Preyer's reflex between 1 to 3 days post injection. 21 days later hearing thresholds as detected electrocochleographically at 2, 4, 8,12 and 16 kHz have changed drastically sometimes to the point of being undetectable. The damage seen histologically at this time is destruction of both inner and outer hair cells. A pharmacokinetic analysis of this potentiation revealed a slight prolongation of KM's sojourn in the inner ear. The possible mechanisms of this unexpected, marked potentiation are discussed but remain unknown.
Aviation Infrastructure Taxes and Fees in the United States and the European Union

The impact of infrastructure-related add-on taxes and fees on the cost of domestic U.S. air travel and of domestic and intraregional EU air travel is estimated. For the United States, an analysis of the Origin and Destination Data Bank 1A Ticket Dollar Value database shows that the average effective tax rate increased from 10.9% in 1993 to 16.1% in 2004. A large portion of the increase is due to a striking 25% decline in the real average base fare. The relative impact of taxes and fees is greatest on the least expensive tickets. The effective tax rate for low-cost carriers is moderately greater than for legacy carriers. For the European Union, a sample of about 335,000 tickets from January 13 and 14, 2004, was used, with the effective tax rate estimated at 12.5%. However, EU taxes and fees do not cover the cost of air navigation services, and thus the 12.5% effective tax rate should not be compared with the 16.1% U.S. rate. A preliminary correction for this difference suggests that the true effective tax ...
CEREBRAL AUTOREGULATION IN PRETERM INFANTS

Cerebral autoregulation has been demonstrated in newborn animals. We studied the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in 90 stable preterm infants ≤32 weeks gestation. Mean (SD) gestational age was 28.9 (1.9) wks, birth weight 1,128 (230) grams, 5 min Apgar score 7.4 (0.9), and initial pH 7.36 (.08). All infants had been normoxic and normocarbic from birth onwards. Intracranial hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus were excluded. CBFV was determined at MAPs ranging from 27-50 mm Hg. Using 2-D/Doppler ultrasound, we obtained CBFV waveforms from the pericallosal (PCA), internal carotid (ICA), and basilar (BA) arteries between 12-72 hours of age. Peak systolic, end diastolic, and mean (MFV) flow velocities were derived from 3 consecutive cardiac cycles. A linear relationship between MAP and MFV was found in all 3 arteries: r=.76 in the PCA, r=.73 in the ICA, and r=.70 in the BA (p<.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that the MFV was solely determined by MAP and not by PaCO2, PaO2, heart rate or mean airway pressure. We conclude that between 27-50 mm Hg MAP a linear relationship between MAP and MFV exists in 3 major intracranial arteries. These data raise questions about the ability of the very preterm infant to regulate cerebral blood flow.
Hyperoxemia improves cerebral autoregulation in severe traumatic brain injury

The intrinsic autoregulation mechanisms of the cerebral vessels that normally maintain a constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) relatively independently from the cerebral perfusion pressure variations are frequently impaired in the severely traumatized. It has been shown that hyperventilation can restore the cerebral autoregulation and controlling intracranial pressure, but much less attention has been given to the effects of the hyperoxic state in the restoration of cerebral autoregulation. The purpose of the study was to compare the autoregulatory response to hyperventilation vs hyperoxia in severe traumatic brain injury. We prospectively examined 186 (aged 34.4 ± 14.99 years) patients with severe traumatic brain injury (postresuscitation GCS 5.98 ± 3.0957) following admission to the neurosurgical ICU of a level one trauma hospital. Hyperventilation and hyperoxia studies were conducted, recording middle cerebral artery flow velocity and the autoregulation index (ARI) bilaterally and simultaneously at baseline and posthyperventilation (CO2 reactivity = %ΔCBF/ΔpCO2)/hyperoxia (O2 reactivity = ΔPbtO2/ΔpO2). Continuous multimodal neuromonitoring, intracranial pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), PbtiO2, and SjvO2, was recorded. The ARI (normal 5 ± 1) in these head-injured patients averaged 2.2 ± 1.5 on day 1 and gradually improved over the 10 days of monitoring. The ARI significantly improved with hyperoxemia, during the first 6 days after injury when compared with the ARI measured at normoxemia. The mean left ARI difference during hyperoxia was 0.4069 ± 1.7948 while the right ARI difference was 0.4708 ± 1.8413. The average change in pCO2 during hyperoxia was 35.6468 ± 5.8778. These changes in the ARI during hyperoxia were smaller than those observed during hyperventilation. Hyperventilation increased the ARI by average 0.8519 ± 0.2310 on the left and 1.0833 ± 0.4654 on the right. Pressure autoregulation was impaired in these head-injured patients. Hyperoxia significantly improved pressure autoregulation. The very small change in pCO2 induced by hyperoxia does not seem to explain this improvement in pressure autoregulation. Vasoconstriction induced by hyperoxia may partially contribute to the improved pressure autoregulation.
Regions of polynomial root clustering

Abstract A criterion for root exclusion from a region composed as a union of elemental regions—discs and halfplanes—is established. Associated with each elemental region is a derived polynomial which must be by the criterion a strictly Hurwitz polynomial. The criterion is the basis for a root exclusion test, obtained by invoking the equivalence of the strict Hurwitz property of a polynomial and the positivity of a set of inners [equivalently, Hurwitz] determinants associated with the polynomial.
Synthesis of SV40 capsid antigen(s) in heterokaryocytes formed by fusion of nonpermissive with permissive cells.

Abstract Heterokaryocytes formed by fusion of mouse or hamster cells with green monkey kidney cells were infected with SV40 and 60 hr later tested for appearance of SV40 capsid antigen. Ninety-seven percent of heterokaryocytes supported the replication of SV40. Cytochalasin B-induced multinucleated SV40-transformed mouse cells were fused with mononucleated monkey kidney cells; a predominance of nonpermissive nuclei in the heterokaryocytes did not reduce the percentage of heterokaryocytes which produced SV40.
Structure−Performance Correlations in Vapor Phase Deposited Self-Assembled Nanodielectrics for Organic Field-Effect Transistors

Organic field-effect transistor (OFETs) are fabricated using thin, vapor-deposited films of both the gate dielectric (vapor-deposited self-assembled nanodielectric, v-SAND) and the organic semiconductor. The nanoscopic self-assembled gate dielectrics are structurally organized via molecular precursor hydrogen-bonding interactions, followed by planarization with a vapor-deposited inorganic SiOx film. It is shown here that the metal−insulator−semiconductor (MIS) and OFET device electrical properties are sensitive to the v-SAND molecular dipolar orientation. In addition, alternating (organic/inorganic/organic/...) and nonalternating (1 organic layer + 1 inorganic layer) v-SAND microstructural arrangements are investigated, and the microstructures are correlated with MIS and OFET device characteristics. Films with alternating microstructures have larger capacitances than nonalternating films of the same thickness. However, they also have larger leakage currents, associated with the enhanced polarization of we...
The antagonism of IAA‐induced hydrogen ion extrusion and coleoptile growth by diclofop‐methyl

Diclofop-methyl (DM) (ester) was readily absorbed by peeled and unpeeled coleoptiles of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. cv. Waldron, and oat, Avena sativa L. cv. Garry. Substantial absorption of diclofop (acid) occurred only in peeled coleoptiles of the two species. IAA-induced acidification in peeled coleoptiles of both species was inhibited by 100 μM DM or diclofop (acid) during a 3 to 4 h period. There was no recovery of acidification after DM or diclofop inhibition in oat coleoptiles; however, acidification in wheat coleoptiles recovered from inhibition by DM but not from diclofop. The recovery from DM inhibition may be due to a reduction in the diclofop pool derived from DM by efflux and metabolism (detoxification) in peeled wheat coleoptiles. Diclofop was not detoxified in oat coleoptiles. IAA-induced elongation of unpeeled oat coleoptiles was inhibited totally by 100 μM DM but not by 100 μM diclofop after 3.3 h of treatment. Wheat coleoptile elongation was relatively unaffected by either DM or diclofop. Basal elongation (no IAA) of both wheat and oat coleoptiles was inhibited by DM and diclofop. The inhibition by DM appeared to be irreversible, whereas the inhibition by diclofop was overcome by the addition of 10 μM IAA.
Insights into the Martian mantle: The age and isotopics of the meteorite fall Tissint

The recent witnessed fall of the meteorite Tissint represents the delivery of a pristine new sample from the surface of Mars. This meteorite provides an unprecedented opportunity to study a variety of aspects about the planet's evolution. Using the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systems, we determined that Tissint, a depleted shergottite, has a crystallization age of 574 20 Ma, an initial e 143 Nd =+ 42.2 0.5, and an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.700760 11. These initial Nd and Sr isotopic compositions suggest that Tissint originated from a mantle source on Mars that is distinct from the source reservoirs of the other Martian meteorites. The known crystallization ages, geochemical characteristics, ejection ages, and ejection dynamics of Tissint and other similarly grouped Martian meteorites suggest that they are likely derived from a source crater up to approximately 90 km in diameter with an age of approximately 1 Ma that is located on terrain that is approximately 600 million years old.