cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of immunomagnetically captured 4',6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI)-labeled Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by fluorescent microscopic imaging

Live cells of E. coliO157:H7 were captured by goat anti-E. coliO157 serum coated on the surface of polystyrene based immunomagnetic beads (IMB). The captured bacteria were labeled by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), a nucleic acid stain, for observation by epifluorescent microscopy. The beads with captured bacteria were then concentrated by magnetic separators. The efficiency of this magnetic concentration step was less than that of using high speed centrifugation. The antibody-captured and IMB-immobilized bacteria were then applied on HF-treated, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated microscope slides mounted on an automated stage, and magnetically aligned before fluorescence distribution was measured by a cooled CCD attached to an inverted microscope. Since the beads were concentrated and linearly aligned along the edge of the magnetic field, image capture along the edge for a few field widths was sufficient to account for most of captured bacteria. We applied this approach to determine the bacterial counts in spiked beef hamburger patties. The results showed that after a 6-hour enrichment, sufficient number of the bacteria could be detected from the samples spiked with 1 CFU of E. coliO157:H7 per gram of the hamburger.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Full coverage: The provisional and final restorations made easier

Abstract A method for making single or multiple temporary crowns of fast-curing autopolymerizing acrylic resin has been described. Synchronization of the procedures used at the chair and the utilization of the setting time of materials for other operations enables more to be accomplished in a given time and, thereby, it reduces the number of visits for the completion of treatment. The construction of an accurate master cast which minimizes time spent in adjusting occlusion and contact points of the finished restorations has been described. The possibility of eliminating transfer copings and time-consuming plaster impressions without loss of accuracy can result in a reduction in the number of patient visits and a saving of valuable chair time.
Natural carcinogens and dioxin

Toxicology studies of synthetic chemicals at high doses must be viewed in the context of the world of natural chemicals, which make up the vast bulk of the chemicals to which humans are exposed. In tests at near toxic doses (e.g., the maximum tolerated dose), one-half of all chemicals, whether synthetic or natural, are carcinogens; one-third are teratogens, and about half are clastogens. Natural and synthetic chemicals are similar in their toxicology, and at the low doses of most human exposures where cell-killing does not occur, the hazards may be much lower than are commonly assumed and often will be zero. It is shown that the comparative hazards of dioxin at the levels that are causing concern appear insignificant.
Autonomic actions of cocaine

The development of our knowledge of the physiological, pharmacological, and biochemical actions of cocaine has in essence occurred in parallel with the development of our knowledge about the function of the autonomic nervous system. Cocaine is a sympathomimetic compound with potent local anesthetic properties. The principal hypothesis accepted to date to explain the sympathomimetic effects of cocaine is that this drug inhibits neuronal monoamine neurotransmitter reuptake by binding to a transporter or uptake site thereby increasing the effective concentration of neurotransmitter at adrenergic receptor sites. Much of the available evidence for this hypothesis has come from studies utilizing in vitro or in situ techniques. There have been relatively fewer studies examining the impact of cocaine on the autonomic nervous system in the intact animal. In addition, few studies have examined the effects of cocaine on central autonomic function. Past studies concerning the mechanism of action of cocaine are reviewed and recent data addressing the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central autonomic effects of cocaine are discussed.
2 A Requirements Driven Approach to Synthesis of Military Satellite Communications Payloads

This paper presents a structured approach to synthesizing communications payloads based on expressed requirements of a military client. The approach stresses the functions performed by a communications payload rather than technologies that facilitate their implementation. Benefits of a structured approach include increased focus on client requirements, timely development of realistic payload concepts, enhanced acceptability of those concepts, and a more robust design relative to technology driven designs. A process model is developed. Payload synthesis models are presented.
Type of admission is associated with outcome of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

BackgroundAdmitting facility may significantly affect outcome for spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. We assessed outcomes of patients admitted directly to a comprehensive stroke center w...
CCN1 contributes to skin connective tissue aging by inducing age-associated secretory phenotype in human skin dermal fibroblasts

Dermal connective tissue collagen is the major structural protein in skin. Fibroblasts within the dermis are largely responsible for collagen production and turnover. We have previously reported that dermal fibroblasts, in aged human skin in vivo, express elevated levels of CCN1, and that CCN1 negatively regulates collagen homeostasis by suppressing collagen synthesis and increasing collagen degradation (Quan et al. Am J Pathol 169:482–90, 2006, J Invest Dermatol 130:1697–706, 2010). In further investigations of CCN1 actions, we find that CCN1 alters collagen homeostasis by promoting expression of specific secreted proteins, which include matrix metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines. We also find that CCN1-induced secretory proteins are elevated in aged human skin in vivo. We propose that CCN1 induces an “Age-Associated Secretory Phenotype”, in dermal fibroblasts, which mediates collagen reduction and fragmentation in aged human skin.
Augmented coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy linewidth parameter from laser-mode structure

Because the modes of the pump, Stokes, and anti-Stokes spectra in even low-intensity multimode coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) experiments do not have the same widths, the relation among the spectral profiles with unresolved modes differs from the relation among the exact spectra by having a linewidth parameter for the third-order susceptibility that is augmented by the sum of the laser-mode widths. For gaseous media, whose Raman bands have closely spaced lines with widths comparable to some laser-mode widths, this parameter can be determined primarily by the apparatus, simplifying interpretation of CARS spectra.
The Fundal Pile: Bleeding Gastric Varices

Bleeding from esophageal varices is a common cause of major upper gastrointestinal tract blood loss in children with portal hypertension but usually ceases spontaneously or is satisfactorily managed by nonoperative measures. Massive hemorrhage from gastric fundal varices may be difficult to control with compression and sclerotherapy; in these cases, a direct surgical approach may be indicated. Since 1984, 27 children have undergone aggressive injection sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal/gastric varices. Nine (6 with portal vein thrombosis) bled from gastric fundal varices. In 5 of these, medical management and sclerotherapy failed to control the acute bleed. In all 5 there was "rupture" of a large gastric fundal varix or "pile" and bleeding was controlled at emergency laparotomy by underrunning the varices through a high anterior gastrotomy. Four have subsequently been successfully managed by continued sclerotherapy and one patient with cirrhosis has died of liver failure. In 3 of the survivors both esophageal and gastric fundal varices have been completely obliterated. No further life-threatening hemorrhage has occurred in any case during a follow-up period of 1 to 5 years. Bleeding from gastric varices is more common than previously recorded and more difficult to control by nonoperative management, including injection sclerotherapy. In uncontrolled hemorrhage from gastric varices, surgical underrunning offers a means of providing initial control. Thereafter, the inevitable variceal recurrence may be successfully treated with sclerotherapy.
Arcing and its role in PFC erosion and dust production in DIII-D

Abstract Two types of arc tracks are observed on the plasma-facing components (PFCs) in DIII-D. “Unmagnetized” random walk tracks are produced during glow discharges; they are rare and have no importance for PFC erosion but may degrade diagnostic mirrors. “Magnetized” scratch-like type II tracks are produced by unipolar arcs during plasma operations; they are formed by “retrograde BxJ” motion of the cathode spot and are roughly perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Type II arcs cause measurable erosion of graphite, but based on the evidence available they are relatively small contributors to the total erosion of carbon in DIII-D compared to other mechanisms such as physical and chemical sputtering and ablation from leading edges. Erosion by arcing of tungsten films deposited on graphite samples was observed in Divertor Material Evaluation System (DiMES) experiments. New DiMES experiments aimed at time-resolved arc measurements are proposed.
Biological nitrogen fixation: A scientific perspective

The discoveries of Hellriegel and Wilfarth ended the period of controversy about the existence of biological N2 fixation and launched a period featuring the agronomic application of the inoculation of legumes. Serious studies of the biochemistry of N2 fixation started in the late 1920's, and defined some of the basic properties of the N2-fixing system. Application of15N as a tracer gave definitive evidence for the role of ammonia as the key intermediate in biological N2 fixation. It was demonstrated in the 1950's and 1960's that nitrogenase could reduce substrates other than N2. With the achievement of consistent cell-free N2 fixation it was possible to resolve the nitrogenase system into two proteins, electron donors, and ATP-hydrolyzing and regenerating systems. The sequence of electron transfer was established. Recently, studies of the genetics of the nitrogenase system have defined in detail how the system is assembled and controlled.
Representation of anisotropic phase morphology

A quantitative measure of anisotropic phase connectivity is investigated. The isotropic stereological parameter, contiguity, is extended to characterize the anisotropic phase connectivity. Two mathematical representations for characterizing the anisotropic contiguity are presented, one based on C0 piecewise polynomials and the other on tensorial expansions. The anisotropic contiguities for several virtual specimens having different phase morphologies are investigated with the aid of a numerical probe that collects statistical data on phase connectivity. The mechanical responses of different specimens with the same phase volume fraction but different contiguity distributions are contrasted. Finally, contiguity changes due to the mechanical deformation are presented.
When democracies kill: Reflections from the US, India, and Northern Ireland:

Existing research, social movements, nongovernmental organizations, and many national governments herald democracy as a, or perhaps the, resolution to state repression. Interestingly, very little attention has been given to the topic of when democracies kill their citizens for political reasons. Drawing upon insights derived from research in three countries (the United States, India, and Northern Ireland), I focus on three strategies that democratic governments use to facilitate their use of violent repressive behavior. These highlight not only areas for subsequent investigation as the world turns to political democracy as the dominant form of regime type but also have implications for those calling for democratic governments as well. Indeed, it may be useful to develop a new phrase as everyone’s political dreams/aspirations come true: ‘Caveat Civis’ – citizens beware.
CP Violation and Coherent Decays of Kaon Pairs

The possible experimental use of correlations between two neutral-kaon decays is discussed. Kaon pairs produced either in proton-antiproton annihilation from an $s$ state or in $\ensuremath{\phi}$ decay are in a $p$ wave, which is forbidden by Bose statistics for identical bosons. The observance of a particular decay mode, i.e., ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, for one kaon implies that the other kaon is forbidden to decay at the same time in this mode. Thus a kaon beam can be constructed that is just that coherent linear combination of ${K}_{S}$ and ${K}_{L}$ whose amplitudes for decay into this mode cancel one another. The existence of $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{3}{2}$ transitions leading to the $I=2$ final state in ${K}^{0}$ decay can be tested by looking for double decays where one of the kaons decays into ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and the other into ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. This double decay is allowed at the same time only if both $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{3}{2}$ amplitudes are present in the kaon decay. Detailed calculations and experimental implications are discussed.
The Prodrome of Bullous Pemphigoid

: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune bullous dermatosis that can be preceded by a prodromal phase, usually lasting weeks to months, during which the cutaneous changes are dermatitic rather than bullous. Two cases of unusually long prodromal periods, 18 months and 6 years, are reported.
Genome evolution of tobacco mosaic virus populations during long-term passaging in a diverse range of hosts

The effects of host changes on plant virus genome evolution was studied by nucleotide sequencing. A single tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) plant was inoculated with in vitro transcripts from a plasmid clone of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV). This initial viral population was then transferred 11–12 times in parallel populations in 7 plant host species (1–4 replicates each) over a period of 413–515 days. Virion RNA was then isolated, reverse transcribed, amplified, cloned in bacteria, and sequenced. Portions of the coat protein, movement protein, and replicase genes were sequenced. Fourteen unique mutations were detected from a total of 188 clones (35,607 bases) sequenced, indicating a relatively small overall mutation rate of 3.1 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions/base-year. A small Ka/Ks value of 0.09 was also found, indicating selection against amino acid changes. Eighty-five percent of the substitutions were transitions. A G’ST value of 0.7 for the coat protein gene suggested that host type affected sequence changes in this region of the genome, but χ2 analysis did not support this conclusion. This is the first study using sequencing to compare representative sample sections of a plant viral genome following a major selective disturbance such as extended passaging in an alternate host.
Special Paper for Beginning Handwriting An Unjustified Practice

AbstractA comparison was made of the handwriting of kindergarten children who used four different kinds of paper for handwriting lessons. Results indicated that the width of the writing space lone inch or Vi inch) had no differential effect on the quality of beginning handwriting. Furthermore, paper with writing spaces with closed ends did not improve the placement of letters in the writing space. This study gives no justification for requiring beginners in handwriting to use paper which is different from the kind they will use as adults.
Assessment of three way interaction in 2 x J x K tables

Abstract The power of a test for no three way interaction in 2 × J × K tables, performed by partitioning the K strata into two groups was investigated by simulation. Mantel-Haenszel estimation techniques were used to calculate the test statistic. The power was compared with that of Pearson's X 2 and the likelihood ratio G 2 . The partition test had substantially greater power than either X 2 or G 2 in cases most favorable to the partition test and somewhat greater power for cases moderately favorable to it. The greater power can be explained by the smaller degrees of freedom for the partition test ( J − 1 vs ( J − 1)( K − 1) for X 2 and G 2 ). The results also suggest that the distribution of the test statistic more closely follows a non-central chi square distribution in non-null cases for the partition test. If an appropriate partitioning of the strata can be made, the partitioning test would be preferable to the widely used X 2 and G 2 tests.
Effect of organic modifiers on dynamic and static nanomechanical properties and crystallinity of intercalated clay–polycaprolactam nanocomposites

Polymer clay nanocomposites (PCN) of Polyamide6 and sodium montmorillonite are prepared using different organic modifiers (12-aminolauric acid, n-dodecylamine, and 1,12-diaminododecane) to study effect of organic modifiers on structure and nanomechanical properties of PCN. Using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, crystalline nature of PCNs are evaluated. Nanoscale viscoelastic properties of PCNs are evaluated using nanodynamic mechanical analyzer (NanoDMA). Nanoscale elastic modulus and hardness of PCNs are evaluated using nanoindenter. PCNs show enhancement in elastic modulus, storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor by maximum amount of 62.88%, 56.38%, 145.74%, and 71.43%, respectively, and decrease in percentage crystallinity by 16.52% compared to pure polymer. This result indicates that organic modifiers have effect on crystallinity and nanomechanical properties of PCN. To evaluate effect of clay loading on nanomechanical properties of PCN, PCN containing 12-aminolauric acid is synthesized with different weight percent (3, 6, and 9% of weight of polymer) of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), which shows that nanomechanical properties of PCN improves with increase in clay loading. Our study reveals that change in crystallinity of polymer in PCN may have role in the enhancement of nanomechanical properties of PCNs in comparison to pristine polymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Utilization of Advanced Working Fluids in Heat Pipes

A novel fluid for use as a working fluid in a heat pipe has been tested at UCLA. The fluid was discovered originally in use with a device consisting of a metal tube charged with the patented inorganic aqueous solution (IAS) which is evaporated when the tube is evacuated before use. According to the patent, this evaporation leaves a thin film which allows the tube to carry high heat flux loads with low temperature drop across the tube in a solid state mode. However, various experiments with these tubes have produced inconsistent results and there is some question as to whether the fluid is completely evaporated. The research on which this work is based, is focused on testing whether the charging fluid will operate as the working fluid in a heat pipe, in order to determine the nature of the IAS fluid. We charged a heat pipe apparatus with a biporous wick in order to investigate if the fluid plays a role in heat transfer. We have extensive data for this experiment using water as the working fluid which will use to compare the two sets of results. Testing has shown positive results in the reduction of the superheat required to drive heat fluxes through a wick compared to water. Some experiments have shown that the operating (temperature) range of the IAS is much larger than a standard heat pipe. It is theorized that the increase in performance of the IAS is due to an increased heat of vaporization. If this fluid is proven to be effective, it would lead to more effective and tunable heat transfer devices.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
On an integral equation approach for the exterior Robin problem for the Helmholtz equation

Abstract A boundary integral equation for the exterior Robin problem for Helmholtz's equation is analyzed in this paper. This integral operator is not compact. A proof based on a suitable regularization of this integral operator and the Fredholm alternative for the regularized compact operator was given by other authors. In this paper, we will give a direct existence and uniqueness proof for the boundary non-compact integral equation in the space settings C 1, λ ( S ) and C 0, λ ( S ), where S is a closed bounded smooth surface.
ACTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR. I. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGICAL "INDICANTS" OF ACTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE DURING MEMORIZATION OF NONSENSE SYLLABLES USING DIFFERING INDUCED TENSION CONDITIONS.

Sun~vlary.-This is the first of a series of studies orientetl towarcl determining what physiological variables constitute the most reliable and valicl indices of activation level; what is the minimal number of variables required to estimate accurately general activation level as well as patterns of activation, taking into account the activity of both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems; and how each variable relates to performance under specified conditions. The primary purpose of this srudy was to ascertain how four differenr "indicants" of activation level relate to one another and to verbal performance under different inducecl tension conditions. Sixteen Ss memorized 16 5-syllable lists of 3-letter nonsense syllables under 16 conditions in a single experimenral session, using a balanced Latin square to control for order effects. The conditions were generated by various combinations of three independent variables: (1) mode of syllable presentation (visual vs auditory); (2) method of inducing tension (lifting weights vs squeezing hand dynamomerer); and (3) amount of induced tension (5, 10, 15, and 20 Lbs.). Each trial was 2 min. long, being followed by 2 min. of rest. Orderly within- and between-trial changes were noted in skin conductance, heart rate, and neck and forearm flexor tension level, but the changes varied, respectively, among the four variables from decreasing to increasing functions. This gradual transition was explained in terms of the relative degree of control the autonomic and somatic nervous systems exerted on each of the variables. The decreasing functions probably reflect a gradual reduction in the degree of anxiety or apprehensiveness experienced by Ss; the increasing functions probably reflect an increase in the amount of muscular effort exerted by Ss in order to maintain a specified amount of force on a hand grip device. Increasing amounts of induced tension caused performance to deteriorare and caused heart rate and forearm flexor tension level to increase. The manner in which rhe syllables were presented and method of inducing rension significantly affected performance but not the physiological variables.
Structure and crystallography of curved Al-Al 3 Ni and Al-CuAl 2 directionally solidified eutectic alloys

Curved ingots of Al, Al-6.1 pct Ni, and Al-33.2 pct Cu were grown by rotating a mold on a radius arm through an induction coil. The specimens were examined to determine their microstructural morphology and crystallography. In both eutectic alloys the minor phase (Al3Ni or CuAl2) curves to follow the shape of the mold. The lamellae in Al-CuAl2 and the fibers in Al-Al3Ni are morphologically identical to those in linearly grown samples. In both cases preferred orientations develop between the phases early in the growth process and remain nearly unchanged at various angular positions. In Al-CuAl2 rotations at sub-grain-like faults allow the crystallographic curvature, but no mechanism could be identified in Al-Al3Ni. Observations of the detailed crystallographic relations suggest that a boundary-coincidence model provides a useful description of the Al-CuAl2 interfaces.
Dose-effect approaches to risk assessment.

Risk assessment is the attempt to characterize the chance of obtaining an adverse effect after exposure to an agent. Traditionally, high levels of an agent have been used to estimate the likelihood a lower dose might have an effect either by using low-dose extrapolation models or by attempting to establish a dose with no observable effects (NOEL). Low-dose extrapolation models yield estimates for small effects, but these estimates may vary by orders of magnitude depending upon the function chosen to represent the data. NOEL's are imprecise because a true no-effect level is indeterminant and the inability to determine an observable effect depends primarily on background variability. Newer methods use data from portions of the dose-effect function where error is smaller to estimate risks. Risk estimates using two of these approaches are compared for two different sample sizes. Each method produced the same estimate with the larger sample at low risk, but with increasing levels of risk and smaller samples the estimates obtained using these methods diverged.
Binary and Ratio Time-frequency Masks for Robust Speech Recognition

A time-varying Wiener filter specifies the ratio of a target signal and a noisy mixture in a local time-frequency unit. We estimate this ratio using a binaural processor and derive a ratio time-frequency mask. This mask is used to extract the speech signal, which is then fed to a conventional speech recognizer operating in the cepstral domain. We compare the performance of this system with a missing-data recognizer that operates in the spectral domain using the time-frequency units that are dominated by speech. To apply the missing-data recognizer, the same binaural processor is used to estimate an ideal binary time-frequency mask, which selects a local time-frequency unit if the speech signal within the unit is stronger than the interference. We find that the performance of the missing data recognizer is better on a small vocabulary recognition task but the performance of the conventional recognizer is substantially better when the vocabulary size is increased.
Coeliac disease with primary cutaneous amyloidosis.

SUMMARY A case is described where the patient suffered from coeliac disease, and a widespread eczema which was succeeded by lichen amyloidosus.
Relation between dynamic transport properties and static topological structure for the lattice-animal model of branched polymers

Relation directe pour des polymeres ramifies dans n'importe quel nombre d de dimensions de l'espace
Transport and dispersion of a conservative tracer in coastal waters with large intertidal areas.

In late December 1991, an accidental release of 5,700 CI of tritiated water (HTO) from the Savannah River Site was transported via site streams into the Savannah River where it was carried downstream to the coastal zone. HTO released into a semitropical Georgia estuary was forced into the tidal marshes surrounding the estuary as well as discharged directly into the Atlantic Ocean. The spreading of HTO was studied with a 3D hydrodynamic model (ALGE) that includes flooding and draining of intertidal areas. Comparisons of model simulations to measured HTO concentration showed that ALGE simulated well the general increase and decrease of HTO as its plume passed a given area. The “sheet flow” approximation for marsh and small tidal creek flow largely compensated for lack of model resolution and accurate bathymetry in areas with numerous small to medium-sized tidal creeks. The water volume of the unresolved tidal creeks had to be accounted for in the simulations by increasing the initial water depth over the marshes. ALGE and a simple box model both reproduced the trapping of HTO in intertidal areas. The time scale over which intertidal areas import and export HTO back to the tidal channels varies between 10 and 30 days.
Disarming the paradox of sublethal plant defense against insects: Trirhabda virgata larval development time and leaf tissue loss on Solidago altissima

Although the fitness benefits of traits that kill herbivores are obvious, the contention that sublethal antiperformance traits have evolved as plant defenses has proved more controversial. Traits that slow herbivore development seem particularly paradoxical, given the common assumption that a protracted feeding period will lead to greater total consumption. Whereas this assumption is superficially reasonable, there is very little evolutionarily relevant evidence to suggest that plants on which larval development is slower actually lose more tissue. For the assumption underlying the sublethal-defense paradox to be valid, plant traits that affect larval development time and tissue loss must be positively correlated genetically within natural plant populations. In this study, we examined the relationship between larval development time of the beetle Trirhabda virgata LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and plant tissue loss by its host plant Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae). Plant genets on which the larval development time was longer ended up losing less leaf area than plant genets that allowed quicker larval development. This negative genetic correlation contradicts the common assumption that greater sublethal resistance leads to increased tissue loss. Combined with other hypothesized benefits of sublethal resistance, this result suggests that antiperformance traits may constitute a more potent form of resistance than is generally acknowledged.
Angular momentum in n-dimensional spaces

Abstract The matrix elements of the square of the generalized, n-dimensional angular momentum tensor have been obtained by an extension of Dirac's method. These were found to be h 2 j(j + n − 2) , in agreement with the results of Narumi and Nakau. The representation displayed is one appropriate to the consideration of spaces of even and odd dimensionality separately. Values of elements of nondiagonal matrices have been determined for spaces of 3, 4, 5, and 6 dimensions.
Structure and decomposition pathways of vinyl acetate on Pd(1 1 1)

The surface chemistry of vinyl acetate on clean Pd(1 1 1) is explored experimentally in ultrahigh vacuum using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The relative intensities of the vibrational features of a vinyl acetate overlayer are in good agreement with the structure calculated by DFT. Furthermore, the calculated heat of adsorption of vinyl acetate (63.4 kJ/mol) is in excellent agreement with the measured desorption activation energy (65 ± 7 kJ/mol). The thermal decomposition pathways of adsorbed vinyl acetate are relatively complex involving initial cleavage of the O-acetyl or O-vinyl bonds to form either vinyloxy and acetyl, or acetate and vinyl species, respectively on the surface. The acetate thermally decomposes to desorb methane at � 260 K, while the acetyl and vinyloxy species isomerize and react to form acetaldehyde or methane. Ethylidyne is formed, and adsorbed CO either desorbs or oxidizes to CO2 at � 450 K. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Theoretical Basis for Anti-Governmentalism in Virginia, 1789-1836

The political theory of Virginia is a product principally of the efforts of two major factions, each representing different geographical divisions of the state, to justify either a pro or an anti-governmental approach to the problem of a more equal distribution of society's income. The fundamental consideration in the great volume of theory associated with the Old Dominion was not the right of an individual to enjoy freedom of speech, press, and religion and other personal liberties. These were relatively minor considerations and frequently subsidiaries to the main issue; that is, the extent to which government should use, if at all, its taxing power to promote public welfare. Since those favoring the anti-governmental approach to this commonly accepted aim of political economy controlled the state and had considerable influence in directing the policy of the nation during the early nineteenth century, it is the primary purpose of this article to consider the theoretical justifications offered by them in support of their restrictive policies. The theories involved such subjects as executive power, patronage, political parties, the promotion of the general welfare by government, suffrage, majority rule, distribution of income and the right to property.
In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin

Background: Recent open label studies have suggested that dosing amphotericin B (AMB) by continuous infusion (Cl) may reduce drug-associated infusion reactions and nephrotoxicity. In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) data, however, do not consistently support the concept of Cl dosing based on the concentration-dependent activity of this agent and in vitro studies with AMB rarely account for the drug's high degree of protein binding. Therefore, we compared the PD activity of simulated continuous versus rapid infusion strategies of AMB in killing of AMB-susceptible and -resistant Candida species using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Methods: Time-kill curves were performed with Candida albicans (Etest MIC 0.38 mg/L) and Candida lusitaniae (MIC 1.5 mg/L) at AMB concentrations between 0 and 16 mg/L in the absence and presence of 4 and 8% human serum albumin (HSA). A one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate the steady-state PK parameters of bolus and Cl AMB. Results: The fungicidal activity of AMB was attenuated by the presence of HSA for both Candida species tested. The EC 50 for each isolate significantly increased in the presence of 4% HSA (P< 0.05), and fungicidal activity was completely abated for C. lusitaniae when HSA concentrations were increased to 8%. No substantial differences in the rate or extent of AMB killing were observed between rapid infusion or Cl dosing and neither regimen produced fungicidal activity in the presence of HSA. Conclusions: The presence of HSA changes the in vitro PD of AMB. In our model, Cl and rapid infusion dosing of AMB exhibited similar activity when attempts were made to correct for protein binding that is likely to occur in vivo.
The pigeon retina: quantitative aspects of the optic nerve and ganglion cell layer.

Studies of electron micrographs of pigeon optic nerve showed numerous unmyelinated fibers (29% of total) and more than twice as many total fibers as previously reported. The 2.4 million axons had a mean diameter below 1 μ, close to the limit of resolution of light microscopy. This probably accounts for the large discrepancy between light and electron microscopic counts. Studies of retinal whole mounts showed an irregular distribution of cells in the ganglion cell layer including a minor posterior fovea and an area of increased density in the posterior-superior quadrant. Sample counts produced an estimate of over 4.8 million cell bodies in this layer. Cytological investigation indicated that over 85% of these cells were neuronal. The considerable excess of neuron cell bodies over axons in thought to be explained by the presence of large numbers of amacrine cells, cells which do not project axons into the optic nerve.
Simplified model to describe the dissociative recombination of linear polyatomic ions of astrophysical interest

We present results of a theoretical study on dissociative recombination of the HCNH+ , HCO+ and N2 H+ linear polyatomic ions at low energies using a simple theoretical model. In the present study, the indirect mechanism for recombination proceeds through the capture of the incoming electron in excited vibrational Rydberg states attached to the degenerate transverse modes of the linear ions. The strength of the non-adiabatic coupling responsible for dissociative recombination is determined directly from the near-threshold scattering matrix obtained numerically using the complex Kohn variational method. The final cross sections for the process are compared with available experimental data. It is demonstrated that at low collision energies, the major contribution to the dissociative recombination cross section is due to the indirect mechanism.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS : I. PRODUCTION OF PEROXIDE BY ANAEROBIC CULTURES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS ON EXPOSURE TO AIR UNDER CONDITIONS NOT PERMITTING ACTIVE GROWTH.

1. Anaerobically grown pneumococci rapidly form peroxide upon exposure to molecular oxygen. 2. The peroxide-forming activity of pneumococci varies with different strains, and with the age of the cell. 3. Peroxide production by pneumococcus can proceed under conditions of reaction and temperature that do not permit active growth and multiplication of the cell.
Micro-fabricated fluorescence-activated cell sorter

We demonstrate a high sensitivity, high throughput microfabricated cell sorting device with the integrated piezoelectric actuator and optofluidic waveguide on a chip. For automated sorting, field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) embedded real time control loop system is built. The sorting is performed under high flow rate (~10 cm/sec), and the sorting system can achieve a high throughput (> 1kHz) with high purity. Moreover, to enhance its sensitivity, Teflon AF coated liquid core waveguide (LCW) structure is demonstrated. Teflon AF has a lower refractive index (n=1.31) than water (n=1.33) and forms the cladding layer of the LCW. Incident light is confined and guided along the Teflon AF coated fluidic channel, and interact with samples flowing along the same channel. This enables flexible device design and gives high sensitivity to the fluorescence detection system. The preliminary results demonstrate sorting fluorescent beads at a sorting efficiency of ~70% with no false sorting.
Desynchronized Pfair scheduling on multiprocessors

Pfair scheduling, currently the only known way of optimally scheduling recurrent real-time tasks on multiprocessors, imposes certain requirements that may limit its practical implementation. In this paper, we address one such limitation - which requires processor time to always be allocated in units of fixed-sized quanta that are synchronized across processors - and determine the impact of relaxing it. We show that if this requirement, which may lead to wasted processor time, is relaxed, then under an otherwise-optimal Pfair scheduling algorithm deadlines are missed by at most one quantum only, which is sufficient to provide soft real-time guarantees. This result can be shown to extend to most prior work on Pfair scheduling: in general, tardiness bounds guaranteed by previously-proposed suboptimal Pfair algorithms are worsened by at most one quantum only.
Identification of Dual α4β1 Integrin Binding Sites within a 38 Amino Acid Domain in the N-terminal Thrombin Fragment of Human Osteopontin

Previous work from our laboratory demonstrates that the α4β1 integrin is an adhesion receptor for OPN and that α4β1 binding site(s) are present in the N-terminal thrombin fragment of osteopontin (OPN) (Bayless, K. J., Meininger, G. A., Scholtz, J. M., and Davis, G. E. (1998) J. Cell Sci. 111, 1165–1174). The work presented here identifies two α4β1 binding sites within a recombinantly produced N-terminal thrombin fragment of human OPN. Initial experiments, using wild-type OPN containing an RGD sequence or an OPN-RGE mutant, showed identical α4β1-dependent cell adhesive activity. A strategy to localize α4β1binding sites within the thrombin fragment of osteopontin involved performing a series of truncation analyses. Removal of the last 39 amino acids (130) completely eliminated adhesion, indicating all binding activity was present within that portion of the molecule. Combined mutation and deletion analyses of this region revealed the involvement of dual α4β1 binding sites. Synthetic peptides for both regions in OPN, ELVTDFPTDLPAT (131) and SVVYGLR (162), were found to block α4β1-dependent adhesion. The first peptide when coupled to Sepharose bound the α4β1 integrin directly whereas a mutated ELVTEFPTELPAT peptide showed a dramatically reduced ability to bind. These data collectively demonstrate that dual α4β1 integrin binding sites are present in a 38 amino acid domain within the N-terminal thrombin fragment of OPN.
A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitation of CIobenzorex

Drugs metabolized to amphetamine or methamphetamine are potentially significant concerns in the interpretation of amphetamine-positive urine drug-testing results. One of these compounds, clobenzorex, is an anorectic drug that is available in many countries. Clobenzorex (2-chlorobenzylamphetamine) is metabolized to amphetamine by the body and excreted in the urine. Following administration, the parent compound was detectable for a shorter time than the metabolite amphetamine, which could be detected for days. Because of the potential complication posed to the interpretation of amphetamine-positive drug tests following administration of this drug, the viability of a current amphetamine procedure using liquid-liquid extraction and conversion to the heptafluorobutyryl derivative followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was evaluated for identification and quantitation of clobenzorex. Qualitative identification of the drug was relatively straightforward. Quantitative analysis proved to be a far more challenging process. Several compounds were evaluated for use as the internal standard in this method, including methamphetamine-d 11 , fenfluramine, benzphetamine, and diphenylamine. Results using these compounds proved to be less than satisfactory because of poor reproducibility of the quantitative values. Because of its similar chromatographic properties to the parent drug, the compound 3-chlorobenzylamphetamine (3-Cl-clobenzorex) was evaluated in this study as the internal standard for the quantitation of clobenzorex. Precision studies showed 3-Cl-clobenzorex to produce accurate and reliable quantitative results (within-run relative standard deviations [RSDs] < 6.1%, between-run RSDs < 6.0%). The limits of detection and quantitation for this assay were determined to be 1 ng/mL for clobenzorex.
Nd and SR Isotopic Evidence for the Origin of Tektite Material from DSDP Site 612 off the New Jersey Coast

Late Eocene tektite material from DSDP site 612 is composed of angular to spherical tektites and microtektites containing abundant vesicles and a few unmelted to partially melted mineral inclusions. The major element compositions of the 612-tektites are generally comparable to those of North American tektites, but the physical features suggest that the DSDP-612 tektites were formed by less severe shock melting. The ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr and ^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd compositions of 612-tektites: a) show much wider ranges than the tightly constrained group of North American tektites and microtektites, and b) are significantly different from those of other groups of tektites. The existence of large isotopic variations in tektites from DSDP site 612 requires that they were formed from a chemically and isotopically heterogeneous material in a regime that is distinctive from that of other groups of tektites. T^(ND)_(CHUR) and T^(Sr)_(UR) model ages of the 612-tektites indicate that they were formed from a crustal source of late Precambrian mean age (800–1000 Ma) which in middle Palaeozoic time (≅400 Ma) was further enriched in Rb/Sr during sedimentary processes. These source characteristics suggest that the impact which produced the 612-tektites occurred in rocks of the Appalachian orogeny or sediments derived from this orogenic belt. Potential source materials for both 612-tektites and North American tektites are present on the eastern and southeastern part of the North American continent and its adjacent shelf. The distinct isotopic differences between 612-tektites and North American tektites indicate that the two groups of tektites were either formed by the impact of more than one bolide in the same general area, or by a single impact event that sampled different layers.
First generation college students in engineering: A qualitative investigation of barriers to academic plans

While understanding factors that relate to the recruitment and retention of engineering students has garnered much attention in recent literature, little is known about the educational experiences of first generation college (FGC) students majoring in engineering. This work employed a social cognitive theoretical framework to qualitatively investigate the educational experiences of FGC engineering students at an urban research university. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight participants in this pilot study. Interview data were coded and content analyzed using NVivotrade software. Nearly sixty emergent themes were identified, including six major barriers: 1) lack of understanding of the college admissions process, 2) financial constraints, 3) difficulty of coursework, 4) lack of engineering role models, 5) role conflicts and 6) lack of parental understanding about higher education and/or engineering. These barriers are discussed in terms of developing effective recruitment and retention interventions for first generation college students majoring in engineering, and recommendations for future work are offered.
Mutants of Actinomyces viscosus T14V lacking type 1, type 2, or both types of fimbriae.

Abstract Mutants of Actinomyces viscosus T14V lacking type 1 or type 2 fimbriae or both were selected by their failure to react with rabbit antibodies against either or both fimbrial antigens. Immunospecific double labeling with iron dextran and ferritin-conjugated antibodies showed two types of fimbriae on individual cells of the parent organism, a single type on mutant strains with type 1+2- and type 1-2+ fimbriae and no labeled or unlabeled fimbriae on a type 1-2- fimbria-deficient strain. The mutational loss of one fimbrial antigen did not appear to affect expression of the other, since bacteria with one or two types of fimbriae bound similar amounts of a monoclonal antibody directed against the fimbrial antigen present on both bacterial phenotypes. The strong adsorption of strains with type 1+2+ or 1+2- fimbriae to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite and weak adsorption of those with type 1-2+ or no fimbriae was consistent with the known involvement of type 1 fimbriae in this attachment process. Similarly, the A. viscosus lectin was clearly associated with the expression of type 2 fimbriae, since only the strains with type 1+2+ or 1-2+ fimbriae participated in lactose-sensitive coaggregations with Streptococcus sanguis 34. Further studies using the fimbria-deficient mutant strains showed that aggregation of A. viscosus T14V in the presence of sialidase-treated human saliva involved both types of fimbriae, whereas neither type was required for the lactose-resistant coaggregation of the organism with certain streptococcal strains.
The Legal Environments of Organizations

Sociology has recently witnessed a rapprochement between research on organizations and research on law. This essay reviews a number of central developments and tendencies in this emerging literature, with a particular emphasis on the characteristics of law as an element of the organizational environment. We begin by distinguishing two metatheoretical perspectives on law and organizations: the materialist perspective, which portrays organizations as rational wealth-maximizers and sees the law as a system of substantive incentives and penalties; and the cultural perspective, which portrays organizations as cultural rule-followers and sees the law as a system of moral principles, scripted roles, and sacred symbols. Within each of these traditions, we examine three distinct facets of organizations' legal environments: the facilitative environment, in which law passively provides an arena for organizational action; the regulatory environment, in which law actively seeks to control organizational behavior; and ...