cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, consequences, and experience : The social construction of environmental problems

Perhaps one of the most obvious yet difficult questions confronting sociologists concerned with large-scale environmental problems is an epistemological one: How do we know what we know about the state of the environment? This paper explores the realist and constructionist approaches to environmental-social problems and finds both inadequate as currently formulated. A case is made for a phenomenological constructionism that moves beyond relativism and simple definitional constructionism by exploring how we actually experience the world. This approach recognizes the existence of a natural world independent of our constructions, yet suggests that our knowledge of it is always mediated, indirect, and pragmatically motivated.
Quality assessment, verification, and validation of modeling and simulation applications

Many different types of modeling and simulation (M&S) applications are used in dozens of disciplines under diverse objectives including acquisition, analysis, education, entertainment, research, and training. M&S application verification and validation (V&V) are conducted to assess mainly the accuracy, which is one of many indicators affecting the M&S application quality. Much higher confidence can be achieved in accuracy if a quality-centered approach is used. This paper presents a quality model for assessing the quality of large-scale complex M&S applications as integrated with V&V. The guidelines provided herein should be useful for assessing the overall quality of an M&S application.
THE FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOUR FOR PHRYNOSOMA (HORNED LIZARD; CONE RETINA)

The lizard Phrynosoma, with purely cone retina, provides a simplex flicker response contour (log critical flash intensity as a function of flash frequency). It is well described as a normal probability integral (F - log I). The Phrynosoma curve differs markedly, in higher slope and in higher median intensity level, from that obtained under the same conditions for the turtle Pseudemys, also with entirely cone retina. Other comparisons having a bearing on the duplexity doctrine are discussed.
A hybrid predictive control approach for output feedback stabilization of constrained linear systems

This work proposes a hybrid control approach, uniting bounded control with model predictive control (MPC), for the stabilization of constrained linear systems under output feedback. The approach is predicated upon the idea of switching between a bounded controller, for which a region of closed-loop stability under constraints is explicitly characterized, and a predictive controller that minimizes a quadratic performance objective subject to constraints. The state-feedback controllers are combined with a Luenberger state observer that guarantees arbitrarily fast decay of the state estimation error. Switching laws that monitor the evolution of the closed-loop state estimates are derived to orchestrate the transition between the two controllers, in a way that guarantees asymptotic closed-loop stability for all initial conditions within arbitrarily large compact subsets of the bounded controller's state-feedback stability region, provided that the observer gain is sufficiently large. The hybrid control scheme is shown to provide a safety net for the practical implementation of MPC under output feedback, by providing a fall-back controller for which there exists a priori knowledge of a large set of initial conditions for which closed-loop stability is guaranteed.
SMAD proteins of oligodendroglial cells regulate transcription of JC virus early and late genes coordinately with the Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

JC virus (JCV) is the aetiological agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal, demyelinating disease of the brain affecting people with AIDS. Although immunosuppression is involved in infection of the brain by JCV, a direct influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has also been established. The Tat protein of HIV-1 has been implicated in activation of the cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in HIV-1-infected cells and in stimulating JCV gene transcription and DNA replication in oligodendroglia, the primary central nervous system cell type infected by JCV in PML. This study demonstrated that Tat can cooperate with SMAD proteins, the intracellular effectors of TGF-β, at the JCV DNA control region (CR) to stimulate JCV gene transcription. Tat stimulated JCV early gene transcription in KG-1 oligodendroglial cells when expressed via transfection or added exogenously. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, it was shown that exogenous Tat enhanced binding of SMAD2, -3 and -4 and their binding partner Fast1 to the JCV CR in living cells. When SMAD2, -3 and -4 were expressed together, Tat, expressed from plasmid pTat, stimulated transcription from both early and late gene promoters, with the early promoter exhibiting stimulation of >100-fold. Tat, SMAD4 and JCV large T-antigen were all visualized in oligodendroglial cells at the border of an active PML lesion in the cerebral frontal lobe. These results revealed a positive reinforcement system in which the SMAD mediators of the TGF-β system act cooperatively with Tat to stimulate JCV gene transcription.
Unequal error protection for OFDM systems in time-varying channels

Time-varying channel causes intercarrier interference (ICI) and impairs the orthogonality among subcarriers in wireless mobile Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The ICI and loss of carrier orthogonality degrade the bit error rate (BER), and thus results in intolerable loss of quality especially in applying multimedia data transmission. In this paper, we propose an unequal density of pilot placement for OFDM systems in time-varying channel, which provides Unequal Error Protection (UEP) for important multimedia transmission. A dynamic image data assignment (DIDA) scheme for UEP utilizing visual saliency is presented to reallocate image data in OFDM symbol for the UEP transmission. Simulation results show substantial improvements of quality in the region of interest in the image by using proposed method.
BBN TC2000 architecture and programming models

The BBN TC2000 is a scalable general-purpose parallel architecture capable of efficiently supporting both shared memory and message passing programming paradigms. The TC2000 machine architecture and the programming models that have been implemented on it are described. In particular, the split-join model, its memory model, and the message passing model are described. Specifics on how the implementation of these models take advantage of the architecture are included. The synchronization primitives offered in PCP (parallel C processor) and PFP (parallel Fortran preprocessor) are discussed, the debugging and performance monitoring abilities within the models are considered. The time and space scheduling mechanism used on the machine is described. >
Optimizing Communication Scheduling Using Dataflow Semantics

We show how coarse grain dataflow semantics (CGD) applied to SPMD algorithms makes application development and design space exploration simpler compared to message passing, at the same time providing on par performance. CGD applications are specified as dependencies between computation modules and data distributions. Communication and synchronization are added automatically and optimized for specific architectures, relieving programmers of this task. Many high level algorithm changes are easy to implement in CGD by redefining data distributions. These include exposing communication overlap by decreasing task grain, and aggregating communication by replicating data and computation. We briefly present a coordination language with dataflow semantics that implements the CGD model. Our implementation currently supports MPI, SHMEM, and pthreads. Results on Altix 4700 show our optimized CGD FT is 27% faster than original NPB 2.3 MPI implementation, and optimized CGD stencil has a 41% advantage over handwritten MPI.
Influence of rootstock variety on Huanglongbing disease development in field-grown sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) trees

Huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease of citrus, is causing substantial economic losses to the citrus industry worldwide. Sweet oranges are highly susceptible to the disease, and account for nearly 90% of all varieties grown in Florida. Rootstock is an important component of commercial citrus production, and tolerance to HLB has been reported for some rootstock varieties. Our objective was to investigate if rootstock selection has an effect on HLB disease development under natural conditions in the field. Four field trials with sweet orange scion on 15 different rootstocks were evaluated for incidence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), the suspected causal agent of HLB, as well as incidence of foliar disease symptoms, canopy damage, and stem growth during the first years after Las began to spread into the trials. Trials ranged from two to nine years in age and included hybrids of trifoliate orange along with other rootstocks standard for citrus production in Florida. Fruit yield and soluble solids content were analyzed for the oldest trial. Our study showed that rootstock did not affect disease incidence and that trees on all rootstocks were considerably damaged by HLB. However, tolerance to HLB was higher in trees grafted on some rootstock selections. In the youngest trial, stem diameters on Volkamer lemon increased 53% while trees on US-852, Benton citrange and Swingle citrumelo grew the least at 21–26% from 2008 to 2010. Depending on trial and time of observation, foliar HLB symptoms on US-897 were less than on many other rootstocks, with ranks of 3.3–4.0 compared with 4.5–4.9 observed for US-812, US-852, Carrizo citrange and Kinkoji. Canopy damage ranks were 1.4–2.6 for trees on US-802 compared with 3.9–4.1 for trees on US-812, U-852, Sour orange, and Swingle in the oldest trial. In the youngest trials, trees on Volkamer showed least canopy damage while trees on US-852 and Benton were more affected. Highest fruit yields of 30–64 kg/tree were obtained from trees on US-802 and Carrizo. In 2010, highest juice soluble solids content of 2.8–2.9 kg was observed for trees on US-897 and US-812. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Regulation of intracellular trafficking of human CD1d by association with MHC class II molecules

CD1 family members are antigen-presenting molecules capable of presenting bacterial or synthetic glycolipids to T cells. Here we show that a subset of human CD1d molecules are associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, both on the cell surface and in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments where class II molecules transiently accumulate during transport. The interaction is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum with class II–invariant chain complexes and appears to be maintained throughout the class II trafficking pathway. A truncated form of CD1d which lacks its cytoplasmic YXXZ internalization motif is transported to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments in the presence of class II molecules. Furthermore, the same CD1d deletion mutant is targeted to lysosomal compartments in HeLa cells expressing class II molecules and invariant chain by transfection. The deletion mutant was also found in lysosomal compartments in HeLa cells expressing only the p33 form of the invariant chain. These data suggest that the intracellular trafficking pathway of CD1d may be altered by class II molecules and invariant chain induced during inflammation.
Regulation of the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from high density lipoproteins by sphingomyelin.

Although sphingomyelin (SM) is a major phospholipid in lipoproteins as well as in the membrane rafts where the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is localized, its possible role in the selective uptake of cholesteryl ester (CE) by the SR-BI-mediated pathway is unknown. We investigated the effect of SM in lipoproteins and cell membranes on the selective uptake in three different cell lines: SR-BI-transfected CHO cells, hepatocytes (HepG2), and adrenocortical cells (Y1BS1). Incorporation of SM into recombinant high density lipoprotein (rHDL) containing labeled CE resulted in up to 50% inhibition of the selective uptake of CE in all three cell lines. This inhibition was completely reversed by treatment of rHDL with sphingomyelinase (SMase). Selective uptake from plasma HDL was activated by 22–72% after treatment of HDL with SMase. In addition, pretreatment of the cells with SMase resulted in stimulation of CE uptake from rHDL by CHO and Y1BS1, although not by HepG2. Incorporation of ceramide into rHDL resulted in up to 2-fold stimulation of CE uptake, although pretreatment of cells with egg ceramide had no significant effect. These results show that SM and ceramide in the lipoproteins and the cell membranes regulate the SR-BI-mediated selective uptake of CE, possibly by interacting with the sterol ring or with SR-BI itself.
Oxygen Transfer to Blood Flowing in Round Tubes

A mathematical and experimental study of processes for oxygenating through membranes, and the transfer of oxygen to blood flowing through tubes with oxygen permeable walls are presented. The increase in average oxygen saturation of blood is dependent upon the flow rate, the tube length, and the diffusion coefficient and independent of the tube diameter. The solution parametrically depends on the velocity profile, the total hemoglobin in the blood, and the initial oxygen saturation, but not on the shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in any appreciable way. The average saturations predicted by the analytic solution were verified by a series of experiments using cattle blood flowing in tubes 2 ft to 6 ft long, with internal diameters ranging from 0.025 in. to 0.25 in. The average diffusivity of blood was found to be 5.3 x 10\U-4\N cm\U2\N per min. The flow rates used in the experiments were between 7.0 cc per min and 0.25 cc per min. Within the normal ranges for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, it was shown that the CO\D2\N removal does not determine the necessary tube length. Oxygenation requires a longer length than the length required for CO\D2\N removal.
Convex Sets in R n

Let x1, x2 be points or vectors in R n and λ a scalar in R. The closed line segment joining x1 and x2 is the set [x1, x2] = {x|x=λx1 + (1−λ)x2, 0≤λ≤1}.
Risk-Averse Multi-Armed Bandit Problems Under Mean-Variance Measure

The multi-armed bandit (MAB) problems have been studied mainly under the measure of expected total reward accrued over a horizon of length $T$ . In this paper, we address the issue of risk in MAB problems and develop parallel results under the measure of mean-variance, a commonly adopted risk measure in economics and mathematical finance. We show that the model-specific regret and the model-independent regret in terms of the mean-variance of the reward process are lower bounded by $\Omega (\text{log}\, T)$ and $\Omega (T^{2/3})$ , respectively. We then show that variations of the UCB policy and the DSEE policy developed for the classic risk-neutral MAB achieve these lower bounds.
2011 AERA Presidential Address: Designing Resilient Ecologies: Social Design Experiments and a New Social Imagination

This article is about designing for educational possibilities—designs that in their inception, social organization, and implementation squarely address issues of cultural diversity, social inequality, and robust learning. I discuss an approach to design-based research, social design experiments, that privileges a social scientific inquiry organized around a new sociocultural imagination, with an expansive understanding of how people can learn resonantly, as they live together productively and interculturally. I present a case of a postindustrial mining town to illustrate what can be learned from ecological approaches to help us design, sustain, and re-mediate vulnerable ecologies. I also present an educational case from my work and one from architecture as arguments for consequential design interventions for nondominant communities.
Discussion on composition changes during rice wine fermentation

This paper introduced the changes of starch, protein, fat and other main compositions during rice wine fermentation, and the function of cooperative fermentation by yeast and Lactobacillus .
Discussion on the "Spirit and Form" in Tableware Design for Sichuan Cuisine

People didn't pay enough attention to "Spirit and Form" in tableware design of Sichuan Cuisine.Focusing on what "Spirit and Form" of tableware design,proposed the idea that in the modern tableware design,the "Spirit" and "Form" design should be integrate in order to better promote the development of Sichuan Cuisine brands,and carry forward the essence of Bashu culture.situation of light design.
Synthetic Studies in Carbohydrates. Part 46. Synthesis of Some D-Mannosyl-disaccharides Containing D-Mannose 6-Phosphate Residues.

The disaccharides mentioned in the title are prepared by two methods: 1. condensation of a phosphorylated bromide, e.g. (II), with a glycosyl acceptor such as (III) yields the target compound (IV), 2. direct phosphorylation of the disaccharides (V) produces the monophosphorylated derivatives (VI).
Critical and Poststructural Perspectives on Sexual Identity Formation

This chapter explores collegians’ sexual identity formation through the lenses of feminist theory, intersectionality, poststructuralism, and queer theory.
A Study on the Effect of Abrasive Filament Tool on Performance of Sliding Guideways for Machine Tools

Abstract Sliding guideways for machine tools require smooth, consistent surface texture for optimal performance. An excessively smooth surface causes adhesion between the moving components, while a rough surface accelerates wear. Conventional guideway fabrication uses large, expensive grinding machines. To reduce manufacturing costs while maintaining functional performance, cubic boron nitride (CBN) milling followed by abrasive surface polishing has been proposed. This study investigates the use of an abrasive filament tool to correlate the effect of polishing with lubricated static/dynamic friction coefficients. The results are compared with the sliding performance of milled and ground hardened grey cast iron samples. It was found that polishing had the largest effect on surfaces that were previously milled at higher feed rates and, if realized by industry, could increase productivity.
BOOLEAN NOTIONS EXTENDED TO HIGHER DIMENSIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Boolean notions extended to higher dimensions. Boole was concerned with sets of dimension or rank 1 and operations on these. Peirce's calculus of binary relations and the classical predicate calculus are sometimes regarded as extensions of Boole's work to dimension 2 and to higher dimensions, respectively. These two calculi fail to distinguish operations with a certain simple kind of behavior from others which involve (at least more strongly) the totality of objects in the given universe A. Now the Boolean operations, i.e., those generated by substitution from complementation and intersection applied to sets of dimension 1. A more cautious extension of the notion of a relation is the notion of a set of sequences whose length does not exceed a finite bound. Indeed, since the symmetric difference of bounded sets is bounded (as has been stressed to me by William Hanf), the extension is minimal for embedding the IL R -semialgebras in Boolean rings.
Using the Periscope Live Video-Streaming Application for Global Pathology Education: A Brief Introduction

Periscope is a live video-streaming smartphone application (app) that allows any individual with a smartphone to broadcast live video simultaneously to multiple smartphone users around the world. The aim of this review is to describe the potential of this emerging technology for global pathology education. To our knowledge, since the launch of the Periscope app (2015), only a handful of educational presentations by pathologists have been streamed as live video via Periscope. This review includes links to these initial attempts, a step-by-step guide for those interested in using the app for pathology education, and a summary of the pros and cons, including ethical/legal issues. We hope that pathologists will appreciate the potential of Periscope for sharing their knowledge, expertise, and research with a live (and potentially large) audience without the barriers associated with traditional video equipment and standard classroom/conference settings.
Parsimonious, Simulation Based Verification of Linear Systems

We present a technique to verify safety properties of linear systems (possibly time varying) using very few simulations. For a linear system of dimension n, our technique needs \(n+1\) simulation runs. This is in contrast to current simulation based approaches, where the number of simulations either depends upon the number of vertices in the convex polyhedral initial set, or on the proximity of the unsafe set to the set of reachable states. At its core, our algorithm exploits the superposition principle of linear systems. Our algorithm computes both an over and an under approximation of the set of reachable states.
No problem, I'll just return it! Purchase effort, product returns, and cognitive dissonance

As the benefits of liberal product return policies on sales and profitability are recognized, retailers are balancing the loss from product returns with loosening return policies to encourage buying. Although returning products is part of the consumption process, most studies have been from economic and logistical perspectives; only a few studies on the psychological impact of returning products can be found and similar research on apparel product returns is limited. Based on the theory of cognitive dissonance, this study examines the influence of product purchase and return effort on cognitive dissonance. In addition, as shopping interest strongly corresponds to sensitivities related to the overall shopping experience, this study also examines how recreational shopping influences feelings of cognitive dissonance.
Benefits of Campus Outdoor Recreation Programs: A Review of the Literature

Campus outdoor recreation programs and facilities have faced a number of public attacks questioning their value for students. Climbing walls in particular have become, to some, emblematic of waste and financial excess in higher education. Despite these claims, this literature review uncovers numerous benefits for participants and schools provided by campus outdoor recreation specifically and campus recreation more generally. For colleges and universities, these benefits include positive effects on student recruitment, retention, and satisfaction and the opportunity for recreation programs to support academic programs directly. For students, benefits include increased academic success, smoother transitions to college, better mental and physical health, lower levels of stress and anxiety, better and more numerous social connections, better intra- and interpersonal skills, increased environmental sensitivity, and better connectedness to nature and to place. Subscribe to JOREL.
DNA DISPLAY OF FOLDED RNA LIBRARIES ENABLING RNA-SELEX WITHOUT REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION

A method for the physical attachment of folded RNA libraries to their encoding DNA is presented as a way to circumvent the reverse transcription step during systematic evolution of RNA ligands by exponential enrichment (RNA-SELEX). A DNA library is modified with one isodC base to stall T7 polymerase and a 5′ “capture strand” which anneals to the nascent RNA transcript. This method is validated in a selection of RNA aptamers against human α-thrombin with dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range. This method will be useful in the discovery of RNA aptamers and ribozymes containing base modifications that make them resistant to accurate reverse transcription.
Direct current stimulation boosts synaptic gain and cooperativity in vitro

Key points Direct current stimulation (DCS) polarity specifically modulates synaptic efficacy during a continuous train of presynaptic inputs, despite synaptic depression. DCS polarizes afferent axons and postsynaptic neurons, boosting cooperativity between synaptic inputs. Polarization of afferent neurons in upstream brain regions may modulate activity in the target brain region during transcranial DCS (tDCS). A statistical theory of coincident activity predicts that the diffuse and weak profile of current flow can be advantageous in enhancing connectivity between co-active brain regions. Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces sustained and diffuse current flow in the brain with effects that are state dependent and outlast stimulation. A mechanistic explanation for tDCS should capture these spatiotemporal features. It remains unclear how sustained DCS affects ongoing synaptic dynamics and how modulation of afferent inputs by diffuse stimulation changes synaptic activity at the target brain region. We tested the effect of acute DCS (10–20 V m−1 for 3–5 s) on synaptic dynamics with constant rate (5–40 Hz) and Poisson-distributed (4 Hz mean) trains of presynaptic inputs. Across tested frequencies, sustained synaptic activity was modulated by DCS with polarity-specific effects. Synaptic depression attenuates the sensitivity to DCS from 1.1% per V m−1 to 0.55%. DCS applied during synaptic activity facilitates cumulative neuromodulation, potentially reversing endogenous synaptic depression. We establish these effects are mediated by both postsynaptic membrane polarization and afferent axon fibre polarization, which boosts cooperativity between synaptic inputs. This potentially extends the locus of neuromodulation from the nominal target to afferent brain regions. Based on these results we hypothesized the polarization of afferent neurons in upstream brain regions may modulate activity in the target brain region during tDCS. A multiscale model of transcranial electrical stimulation including a finite element model of brain current flow, numerical simulations of neuronal activity, and a statistical theory of coincident activity predicts that the diffuse and weak profile of current flow can be advantageous. Thus, we propose that specifically because tDCS is diffuse, weak and sustained it can boost connectivity between co-active brain regions.
Hartree-Fock treatment of Fermi polarons using the Lee-Low-Pine transformation

We consider the Fermi polaron problem at zero temperature, where a single impurity interacts with noninteracting host fermions. We approach the problem starting with a Fr\"ohlich-like Hamiltonian where the impurity is described with canonical position and momentum operators. We apply the Lee-Low-Pine (LLP) transformation to change the fermionic Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian into the fermionic LLP Hamiltonian, which describes a many-body system containing host fermions only. We adapt the self-consistent Hartree-Fock (HF) approach, first proposed by Edwards, to the fermionic LLP Hamiltonian in which a pair of host fermions with momenta $\mathbf{k}$ and ${\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ interact with a potential proportional to $\mathbf{k}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathbf{k}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. We apply the HF theory, which has the advantage of not restricting the number of particle-hole pairs, to repulsive Fermi polarons in one dimension. When the impurity and host fermion masses are equal our variational ansatz, where HF orbitals are expanded in terms of free-particle states, produces results in excellent agreement with McGuire's exact analytical results based on the Bethe ansatz. This work raises the prospect of using the HF ansatz and its time-dependent generalization as building blocks for developing all-coupling theories for both equilibrium and nonequilibrium Fermi polarons in higher dimensions.
The Use of Aversives in Special Education: Legal and Practice Considerations for School Principals:

The use of aversives as a method for behavioral intervention in U.S. public schools has been a persistent concern and often subject to litigation, particularly among students with disabilities. The...
False positive rates in surface-based anatomical analysis.

Abstract The false positive rates (FPR) for surface-based group analysis of cortical thickness, surface area, and volume were evaluated for parametric and non-parametric clusterwise correction for multiple comparisons for a range of smoothing levels and cluster-forming thresholds (CFT) using real data under group assignments that should not yield significant results. For whole cortical surface analysis, thickness showed modest inflation in parametric FPRs above the nominal level (10% versus 5%). Surface area and volume FPRs were much higher (20–30%). In the analysis of interhemispheric thickness asymmetries, FPRs were well controlled by parametric correction, but FPRs for surface area and volume asymmetries were still inflated. In all cases, non-parametric permutation adequately controlled the FPRs. It was found that inflated parametric FPRs were caused by violations in the parametric assumptions, namely a heavier-than-Gaussian spatial correlation. The non-Gaussian spatial correlation originates from anatomical features unique to individuals (e.g., a patch of cortex slightly thicker or thinner than average) and is not a by-product of scanning or processing. Thickness performed better than surface area and volume because thickness does not require a Jacobian correction.
The Role of Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer

Androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone-dependent transcription factor, involved in male dimorphism from embryogenesis to adulthood and highly expressed in the prostate. Upon activation by androgen binding, AR translocates to the nucleus, homodimerizes, and activates the transcription of specific androgen-responsive genes. This signaling pathway is subject to regulation by numerous factors such as AR transcriptional cofactors and co-regulators, posttranslational AR modifications, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Androgen signaling is required for the development and maintenance of normal prostate but also plays a key role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Therefore, targeting the AR pathway is the first line of intervention for treating this disease. Unfortunately, most treated patients develop resistance through a variety of mechanisms that, for the most part, reactivate AR signaling. These mechanisms involve alterations of AR itself (amplification, mutation, alternative splicing, and posttranslational modifications), alterations of co-regulators, and/or activation through crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Although newer AR-directed strategies are being developed and tested in the clinical setting, the most effective approach in treating lethal prostate cancer remains an active area of research.
GIANT CORONARY ANEURYSMS IN A PATIENT WITH NOONAN SYNDROME

Coronary artery aneurysm is defined as localized luminal dilation of 1.3 to 2 times the diameter of an adjacent reference artery. Giant coronary artery aneurysms (GCAA) are rare (0.02-0.2%) and defined as dilation of the artery greater than 4 times the reference diameter. A 35-year-old man with
Phenomenology of signals degraded by phase noise

This paper presents an overview of phase noise sources and propagation along with the impact component-level phase noise has on observable characteristics of radio frequency (RF) signals. Phase noise is typically a design parameter that is specified to meet RF system performance requirements. This paper describes how differences in component-level phase noise properties can degrade transmitted signals. Phase noise is a controllable characteristic only during the component and system design stage; its attributes typically cannot be changed after implementation. This implies that there is some amount of transmitter uniqueness due to component and system architecture, which can enable differentiation of transmitters that are intended to generate nominally identical waveforms. In this paper we demonstrate that multiple transmitters producing nominally identical signals can be discriminated based on their underlying component variations, via phase noise measurements of their transmitted signals.
Xenophilic spectacle in films about sex slavery

This article considers how films about sex slavery produce the figure of a foreigner as commodity in both the sex trade and the humanitarian rescue industry. The author compares contemporary sex sl...
Economic Capital and Creative Empowerment

We often hear the basic question: “Why some countries are rich and others are poor”. This has been one of the major questions of political economy (and even long before) its more formal or scientific formulation in the late 18th century. Most prominently and especially England, at a time when Western Europe, was experiencing an economic upheaval, disruptions that would totally transform the lives of its inhabitants. Over the last two hundred years, economic development has been rather uneven1. Some countries have witnessed steady growth, year after year, while others stagnated. Some have become rich and then declined. After WWII, the world became divided into three areas: Western countries, the Eastern block, and the South. The first two fought a battle of ideas over a most fundamental question — that of the nature of human societies and the role of freedom. They also fought to impose their respective model over the South — the developing world — and to control its natural resources. After more than half a century of a destructive approach to development, things are now changing and we may have reasons to be optimistic for the next twenty years.
Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and obstructive sleep apnea have increased paroxysmal limb movement.

Background:Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) frequently experience sleep disruption and are at a higher than normal risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The purpose of this study was to...
Is intelligence equivalent to executive functions

espanolAntecedentes: desde mediados del siglo XIX las neurociencias cognitivas y comportamentales han intentado hallar las bases neurologicas de las habilidades intelectuales. A comienzos del siglo XX se acuna el concepto psicometrico de “inteligencia”; y hacia finales del siglo XX se introduce el concepto neuropsicologico de “funciones ejecutivas”. Sin embargo, continuan existiendo controversias acerca de la unidad o heterogeneidad de las llamadas funciones ejecutivas. Metodo: se propone que es posible distinguir dos funciones ejecutivas basicas: metacognitivas –o intelectuales– y emocionales/motivacionales. Diversos autores han propuesto una distincion similar. Las definiciones estandar de inteligencia implicitamente asumen que las funciones ejecutivas representan los componentes fundamentales de la inteligencia. Resultados: la investigacion ha demostrado que, consideradas en conjunto, las funciones ejecutivas corresponden solo en forma parcial al concepto psicometrico de inteligencia; en tanto que algunas funciones ejecutivas claramente corresponden a inteligencia, otras no se asocian con la inteligencia. Conclusiones: utilizando la distincion entre funciones ejecutivas metacognitivas “o simplemente “intelectuales” –y funciones ejecutivas emocionales/motivacionales “o simplemente “no intelectuales”–, se hace evidente que la inteligencia general se puede equiparar con las funciones ejecutivas metacognitivas, pero no con las funciones ejecutivas emocionales/motivacionales. EnglishBackground: Since the mid 19th century, cognitive and behavioral neurosciences have attempted to find the neurological bases of intellectual abilities. During the early 20th century the psychometric concept of “intelligence” was coined; and toward the end of the 20th century the neuropsychological concept of “executive functions” was introduced. Controversies, however, remain about the unity or heterogeneity of so-called executive functions. Method: It is proposed that two major executive functions could be separated: metacognitive –or intellectual– and emotional/motivational. A similar distinction has been suggested by several authors. Standard definitions of intelligence implicitly assume that executive functions represent the fundamental components of intelligence. Results: Research has demonstrated that, if considered as a whole, executive functions only partially correspond to the psychometric concept of intelligence; whereas some specific executive functions clearly correspond to intelligence, some others do not involve intelligence. Conclusions: If using a major distinction between metacognitive –or simply “intellectual”—executive functions, and emotional/ motivational – or simply non-intellectual—executive functions, it becomes evident that general intelligence can be equated with metacognitive executive functions but not with emotional/ motivational executive functions.
Characterization of Smartphone Governor Strategies

The voltage and frequency of the various components of a smartphone processor such as CPU cores, graphics, multimedia and display units can be independently controlled by their own dynamic voltage and frequency (DVFS) governors to fit the requirement of the workload. The dynamic change of the voltage and frequency performed by governors is targeted either towards achieving the optimal performance with the minimum energy consumption or choosing a mode which requires minimum supervision of workload and minimal change of DVFS modes (since changes in modes are accompanied by overheads of switching).
Stratified steam explosion energetics

Abstract Vapor explosions can be classified in terms of modes of contact between the hot molten fuel and the coolant, since different contact modes may affect fuel-coolant mixing and subsequent vapor explosion energetics. It is generally accepted that most vapor explosion phenomena fall into three different modes of contact; fuel pouring into coolant, coolant injection into fuel and stratified fuel-coolant layers. In this study, we review previous stratified steam explosion experiments as well as recent experiments performed at the KTH in Sweden. While experiments with prototypic reactor materials are minimal, we do note that generally the energetics is limited for the stratified mode of contact. When the fuel mass involved in a steam explosion in a stratified geometry is compared to a pool geometry based on geometrical aspects, one can conclude that there is a very limited set of conditions (when melt jet diameter is small) under which a steam explosion is more energetic in a stratified geometry. However, under these limited conditions the absolute energetic explosion output would still be small because the total fuel mass involved would be limited.
The Role of Peer Effects in Natural Resource Appropriation – The Case of Groundwater

Spatially mediated peer effects are increasingly recognized as an important driver of technology adoption. In this paper, we isolate the role of peer effects from environmental factors in the acquisition of groundwater rights for agricultural irrigation in Kansas. We find strong evidence of peer effects influencing farmers’ decisions to adopt groundwater irrigation. Using a rich dataset on groundwater rights for the period 1943–2014 and a nearest neighbor peer group definition, we find that one additional neighbor adopting groundwater for irrigation increases groundwater adoption by an average of 0.25 percentage points. We also find that the average marginal effect of one additional peer is reduced by distance and diminishes as the total number of neighbors adopting groundwater increases. Using our model estimates to simulate a counterfactual without peer effects, we find that water rights appropriation stemming from peer effects accounted for about 11 million acre-feet of extraction from the Kansas High Plains Aquifer. This amounts to about three years of typical annual extraction. Our results provide evidence that peer effects can “speed up” resource extraction and can help inform policy makers in designing exploitation control rules.
Task-shifting to improve the reach of mental health interventions for trauma patients: findings from a pilot study of trauma nurse training in patient-centered activity scheduling for PTSD and depression

ABSTRACTDespite high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among traumatically injured patients, engagement in session-based psychotherapy early after trauma is limited due t...
Narrative review of therapies for chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats.

Background The optimal medical treatment for chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs and cats is controversial. Sequential treatment using diet, antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive drugs is the most common strategy used by clinicians. Objectives To review the evidence for the effectiveness of dietary, drug, and alternative health interventions for inducing clinical remission in dogs and cats with CE. Animals Retrospective study of dogs and cats with a diagnosis of chronic enteropathy. Methods MEDLINE and Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) databases (1950 to March 2017) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case series. The primary outcome was induction of clinical remission. All studies were evaluated using the quality of evidence grading guidelines (I-IV), which assign a score defining the strength and quality of the evidence. Results Twenty-two studies (11 RCTs in dogs and 2 in cats and 9 cohort studies or case series) met the inclusion criteria for inducing remission of gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Of the 13 RCTs achieving grade I scores, 10 studies (totaling 218 dogs and 65 cats) compared single treatment: diet (n = 3), immunosuppressives (n = 3), antimicrobials (n = 2), anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 1), and probiotics (n = 1). Three case series (grade III) reported clinical remission using an elimination diet fed to 55 cats and use of enrofloxacin to induce remission in dogs with granulomatous colitis (2 studies totaling 16 dogs). Conclusions and clinical importance The current evidence for treatment of CE is much greater in dogs than in cats. There is sufficient strong evidence to recommend the use of therapeutic GI diets, glucocorticoids, enrofloxacin, or some combination of these in dogs with CE. Therapeutic GI diets and glucocorticoids are most useful in cats with CE.
Comparison of Propagation Models for the Characterization of Sound Pressure Fields

This paper aimed at comparing different propagation models for the calculation of sound pressure fields in the ocean as well as sound exposure levels. The chosen models are freely available and commonly used by the general underwater acoustics community when sound propagation losses need to be predicted in an ocean environment. The models used were Ocean Acoustics and Seismic Exploration Synthesis (OASES), RAM, Bellhop, and Kraken, which are all based on different approximations of the wave equation. The comparison exercise was carried out by calculating propagation loss, sound pressure waveforms, and sound exposure levels produced by a modeled air gun source. Calculations were performed for a simple range-independent problem of a Pekeris waveguide and produced insights into applicability of each model with regards to near- and far-fields, as well as low and high frequencies for example. Two of the models, RAM and Bellhop, which are suitable to range-dependent problems, were also used to solve a slightly complex case having a sloping bottom. It is hoped that the results presented here will be particularly useful to those who need to use propagation models for marine environmental and bioacoustics studies.
Study of trap levels in β-Ga2O3 by thermoluminescence spectroscopy

Electronic defects with shallow and deep levels in β-Ga2O3 single crystals were investigated by thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy. Undoped, Fe-doped, Sn-doped, and Mg-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by different methods were studied, and thermal activation energies of defects were calculated using the initial rise method. Hall-effect measurements and optical absorption spectroscopy were performed to determine the electrical transport properties and optical bandgaps. It was found that the dopants do not have any effect on the bandgap energy, which is important for comparing the trap levels in the samples. Three deep trap levels were found in the undoped crystals; the activation energy, ED, and concentration of defect centers for all of them have slightly changed after doping with Fe and Mg. Fe doping induced an additional defect center with activation energy of 0.62 eV. The measurements revealed the absence of TL emission in Sn doped crystals indicating that Sn doping may quench luminescence centers or modified some original electronic defects to inactive electron traps. The second interpretation “decrease of traps” may align with the successful incorporation of Sn as a donor and the high conductivity of Sn doped crystals revealed from Hall-effect measurements. This work also illustrates that the semi-insulating characteristics of Fe and Mg doped Ga2O3 are associated with the increase of the concentration of original traps in the crystal as well as the formation of new electron traps acting as deep acceptors. Recombination centers in all crystals are assumed to be associated with iron impurities.
Are There Enough Inpatient Psychiatric Beds

In this chapter, we examine key issues and controversies surrounding whether the current psychiatric inpatient bed supply is adequate or alternatively whether more psychiatric beds are needed. Fueled by changes in federal and state mental health policy, insurance reimbursement practices, the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of mental health treatments, and care management practices, psychiatric service systems are constantly changing in ways that can affect overall psychiatric bed need within a region. Consequently, to assess whether the current bed supply is adequate in relation to the population need for psychiatric beds, it is essential to both compare local information regarding the capacities of the various types of inpatient psychiatric facility providers and consider the impacts of regional use of community mental health services and supports that may diminish the need for inpatient beds. It is also important to consider the effects of professional shortages, which may increase the overall costs of additional psychiatric inpatient beds. Well-designed inpatient capacity simulation models that take into account the complexity and dynamics of psychiatric inpatient utilization and sources of payment for psychiatric inpatient care may help fill gaps in our current understanding of the need for added bed capacity.
TRICARE For Children: Between Medicaid And Marketplace Plans For Comprehensiveness And Cost Sharing.

TRICARE provides health care benefits to nearly two million children of active duty, retired, National Guard, and reserve service members. Child health advocates and congressional reports have rais...