cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When prolonged exposure fails: Adding an imagery-based cognitive restructuring component in the treatment of industrial accident victims suffering from PTSD

Prolonged exposure (PE) is a widely promulgated treatment modality for PTSD. While successful with many subjects, PE also has a significant failure rate (i.e., dropouts, nonimprovement, symptom exacerbation). To date, outcome research has not examined why PE at times appears to be the treatment of choice for PTSD and why it sometimes needs to be combined with cognitive restructuring interventions to be effective. This study presents a detailed cognitive-behavioral analysis of two industrial victims suffering from PTSD who failed to benefit from PE alone, but who subsequently made a quick and lasting recovery when an imagery-based, cognitive restructuring component was added to their exposure treatment. A comparative analysis is presented of the theoretical underpinnings and treatment components of the behavioral and cognitive treatments used with the subjects in this study—PE and imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy (IRRT). PE is a behavioral treatment based upon theories of classical conditioning that relies on exposure, habituation, desensitization, and extinction to facilitate emotional processing of fear. By contrast, IRRT is cognitive therapy applied in the context of imagery modification. In IRRT, exposure is employed not for habituation, but for activating the trauma memory so that the distressing cognitions (i.e., the trauma-related images and beliefs) can be identified, challenged, modified, and processed.
TOWARD TRANSFORMATIVE DIALOGUE

Drawing from a social constructionist theoretical orientation, and a range of congenial practices, we propose the concept of transformative dialogue which stresses relational responsibility, self-expression, affirmation, coordination, reflexivity, and the co-creation of new realities. We see conversational moves that accomplish these aims as highly promising; at the same time there is no attempt in the present article to suggest these as ultimate solutions to employ in situations of conflict. The present is an attempt to generate a potentially useful vocabulary rather than a strict set of rules for negotiating among incommensurate realities.
Assessment of pain during medical procedures: a comparison of three scales.

Abstract:Objective:Pain assessment is crucial to pain research. Knowledge about the strengths and weaknesses of pain measures is important to the continued advancement of our understanding of pain. The purpose of the present study was to compare the validity and utility of three measures of pain int
Structural optimization of a retrograde trafficking inhibitor that protects cells from infections by human polyoma- and papillomaviruses

Human polyoma- and papillomaviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that cause severe pathologies and mortalities. Under circumstances of immunosuppression, JC polyomavirus causes a fatal demyelinating disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and the BK polyomavirus is the etiological agent of polyomavirus-induced nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. Human papillomavirus type 16, another non-enveloped DNA virus, is associated with the development of cancers in tissues like the uterine cervix and oropharynx. Currently, there are no approved drugs or vaccines to treat or prevent polyomavirus infections. We recently discovered that the small molecule Retro-2(cycl), an inhibitor of host retrograde trafficking, blocked infection by several human and monkey polyomaviruses. Here, we report diversity-oriented syntheses of Retro-2(cycl) and evaluation of the resulting analogs using an assay of human cell infections by JC polyomavirus. We defined structure-activity relationships and also discovered analogs with significantly improved potency as suppressors of human polyoma- and papillomavirus infection in vitro. Our findings represent an advance in the development of drug candidates that can broadly protect humans from non-enveloped DNA viruses and toxins that exploit retrograde trafficking as a means for cell entry.
HEAD INJURY AND MALINGERING : CURRENT RESEARCH

Expert witnesses and attorneys, involved in head injury cases wherein malingering is suspected, rely on current research findings from the scholarly literature. This article presents a multidatabase search strategy for a successful review of research articles in this area. Language: en
The CPA Exam as a Postcurriculum Accreditation Assessment

Business schools often attain accreditation to demonstrate program efficacy. J. A. Marts, J. D. Baker, and J. M. Garris (1988) hypothesized that candidates from Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB)-accredited accounting programs perform better on the CPA exam than do candidates from non-AACSB-accredited programs. However, relatively few business schools (only 168 at the time of the present study) had separate accounting accreditation. The authors compared CPA exam performance of candidates from AACSB-accredited business-only programs with that of candidates from nonaccredited programs. The authors also compared candidate performance from programs accredited by 2 alternative business-school-accrediting organizations with nonaccredited programs. Last, the authors explored whether the 1994 CPA exam's change in format represents a regime change in pass-rate data.
Germination and outgrowth of single spores of Clostridium botulinum and putrefactive anaerobes

Single spores of putrefactive anaerobes (PAs) germinated more slowly than those of Clostridium botulinum types A & B, with calculated times for 10% germination from 2 to 302 d. If PA spores were used in inoculated pack studies to simulate the response of Cl. botulinum, the likelihood of growth of Cl. botulinum would be underestimated.
Material Damping of Simple Structures in a Simulated Space Environment

The need for accurate, quantitative knowledge of the vibration dissipation of large space structures is explained. The sources of experimental error in vibrational measurements are detailed. A new method for such testing based on the use of a miniature telemetry system is presented, which allows the testing of structures in a simulated space environment consisting of free-fall inside of a vacuum chamber. Theoretical relations are given for the damping ratios of metals and composites. Measured damping ratios for both aluminum and composite beams and plates, and aluminum planar trusses, are presented. Experimental results are used to evaluate the theoretical damping relations.
Part 3: Design and synthesis of proline-derived α2δ ligands

Abstract A potent series of substituted (2 S ,4 S )-benzylproline α 2 δ ligands have been designed from the readily available starting material (2 S ,4 R )-hydroxy- l -proline. The ligands have improved pharmacokinetic profile over the (4 S )-phenoxyproline derivatives described previously and have potential for development as oral agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Compound 16 has been progressed to clinical development.
Enzyme Inhibitors I: Inhibition of Adenosine Deaminase by Isosteric Nucleosides

A series of isosteric nucleosides has been evaluated as inhibitors of adenosine deaminase in an attempt to determine which sites of adenosine are important for binding to the enzyme. The 6-amino group in the purine nucleus makes a strong contribution to binding, and the enzyme appears to be specific for amino since other groups (SH, OH, NHNH 2 , Cl, H) at the 6-position were noninhibitory. For effective inhibition the purine must be substituted in the 9-position; the effect of the stereochemistry of a 2′-hydroxyl group on certain cyclic substituents at the 9-position of the purine nucleus has been measured.
RNA polymerase subunit requirements for activation by the enhancer-binding protein Rhodobacter capsulatus NtrC.

Rhodobacter capsulatus NtrC is an enhancer-binding protein that activates transcription of the R. capsulatus σ70 RNA polymerase, but does not activate the Escherichia coli σ70-RNA polymerase at the nifA1 promoter. We utilized R. capsulatus:E. coli hybrid RNA polymerases assembled in vitro to investigate the subunits required for protein-protein interaction with RcNtrC at the nifA1mut1 promoter. Assembly of core Rcαββ′ or hybrid RNA polymerases containing the Rcββ′ subunits absolutely require the inclusion of an ω subunit, with the Ecω subunit only partially promoting RNA polymerase assembly. The RcαEcββ′ RNA polymerase is not activated by RcNtrC. Moreover, a mutant form of the Rcα lacking the α C-terminal domain, when assembled with the Rcββ′ω and σ70 subunits, is activated by RcNtrC. These results suggest that the R. capsulatus α subunit is not important for RcNtrC interaction. All hybrid RNA polymerases that contained the Rcβ′ were activated by RcNtrC, suggesting that the Rcβ′ subunit plays an important role. It is proposed that RcNtrC recruits R. capsulatus σ70-RNA polymerase to the promoter through interaction with Rcβ′. RcNtrC interacts with RNA polymerase from a unique position, with dimers centered at –118 bp from the start site. Placing the RcNtrC tandem binding sites on the opposite face of the helix (–113 bp) completely abolished transcription activation. Moving the RcNtrC tandem binding sites 20 bp closer to or further from the promoter significantly reduced activation, again suggesting unique spatial constraints on how RcNtrC interacts with the R. capsulatus RNA polymerase.
Tubal metaplasia of the endocervix

Metaplasia is a reversible reprogramming of stem cells of the epithelium. Usually, squamous metaplasia is observed in the endocervix. However, less frequently, tubal metaplasia may develop, replacing nonciliated columnar cells by ciliated columnar cells, similar to fallopian tube epithelium. Here we present a case of tubal metaplasia of the endocervical canal. A 40 year-old female presented with postcoital bleeding; her uterus was retroverted, normal-sized and the fornices were free. Erosion was seen around the external os with ulceration. The clinical diagnosis was chronic cervicitis. Cytobrush sampling showed abundant endocervical columnar cells. A distinct morphological variation showing apical ciliary plates with distinct cilia were noticed in many columnar cells. Mucoid, neutrophil-rich secretions were seen in the background but no malignant cells were seen, resulting in a diagnosis of tubal metaplasia of the endocervical epithelium. There was no Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Tubal metaplasia should be identified as a unique benign identity and should not be confused with early endocervical glandular neoplasia of the cervix. Cytobrush technique for endocervical smears helps detect such uncommon metaplastic changes.
INS AIDING USING BEARINGS-ONLY MEASUREMENTS OF KNOWN GROUND OBJECTS

Abstract The INS aiding action of passive bearings-only measurements of ground objects is investigated. This paper carefully derives the equations needed to synthesize an Extended Kalman Filter in order to incorporate these measurements online into an INS and achieve INS aiding action using optical, bearings-only measurements of ground objects. Most importantly, the observability of this measurement arrangement is analyzed with a view to assessing the INS aiding action. The goal of this paper is to elucidate and demonstrate the true aiding strength provided by passive bearings-only measurements of ground objects, as well as provide insight into, and analytical tools for the design of such systems. It is shown that optically tracking two known ground features suffices to guarantee observability, and consequently, full INS aiding.
Trends in Self-Reported Sleep Duration among US Adults from 1985 to 2012.

STUDY OBJECTIVE The trend in sleep duration in the United States population remains uncertain. Our objective was to examine changes in sleep duration from 1985 to 2012 among US adults. DESIGN Trend analysis. SETTING Civilian noninstitutional population of the United States. PARTICIPANTS 324,242 US adults aged ≥ 18 y of the National Health Interview Survey (1985, 1990, and 2004-2012). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Sleep duration was defined on the basis of the question "On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-h period?" The age-adjusted mean sleep duration was 7.40 h (standard error [SE] 0.01) in 1985, 7.29 h (SE 0.01) in 1990, 7.18 h (SE 0.01) in 2004, and 7.18 h (SE 0.01) in 2012 (P 2012 versus 1985 < 0.001; P trend 2004-2012 = 0.982). The age-adjusted percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 h was 22.3% (SE 0.3) in 1985, 24.4% (SE 0.3) in 1990, 28.6% (SE 0.3) in 2004, and 29.2% (SE 0.3) in 2012 (P 2012 versus 1985 < 0.001; P trend 2004-2012 = 0.050). In 2012, approximately 70.1 million US adults reported sleeping ≤ 6 h. CONCLUSIONS Since 1985, age-adjusted mean sleep duration has decreased slightly and the percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 h increased by 31%. Since 2004, however, mean sleep duration and the percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 h have changed little.
New Absorption Spectra of the Alkaline Earth Fluorides

Investigation of the absorption spectra of the alkaline earth fluorides under high dispersion reveals several new band systems in the ultraviolet region as far as $\ensuremath{\lambda}1950$. Vibrational analyses of these systems give the vibration frequencies and electronic terms of one new state of MgF, three of CaF, four of SrF, and four of BaF. Some changes in the previous analyses of the $A\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}X$ system of MgF and the $C\ensuremath{\rightleftarrows}X$ system of CaF are made. An increased binding in all of these higher energy states as indicated by the values of the constants is discussed with regard to the probable electron configurations.
Effects of omalizumab and budesonide on markers of inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Background Many patients with asthma have an IgE-mediated allergic component to the disease. Omalizumab, a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with allergic asthma. The effects of omalizumab on inflammation in asthma are not completely understood. Objectives To evaluate the effects of omalizumab on allergen- and growth factor-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) production in human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) and to compare them to the effects of budesonide, a corticosteroid with known anti-inflammatory properties. Methods Human BECs were stimulated in duplicate with interleukin 1β (IL-1β), 100 U/mL; ragweed, 10 μg/mL; dust mite, 1,000 AU; and epithelial growth factor, 40 ng/mL; and either 10 −7 M budesonide or 0.1 μg/mL of omalizumab in a 4% dust mite atopic serum medium for 6 and 24 hours in 5% carbon dioxide at 37°C. Tumor necrosis factor α and transforming growth factor β expression and production and IL-4, IL-13, and NO production were assayed using gene-specific messenger RNA or sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Omalizumab inhibited the expression and of production proinflammatory cytokines and growth factor in antigen-stimulated BECs at 6 and 24 hours. Production of NO was inhibited at 6 hours and increased at 24 hours by omalizumab and budesonide. Conclusions The effects of omalizumab were similar to those of budesonide. These results, consistent with previously reported evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of omalizumab, demonstrate that omalizumab may reduce airway inflammation and probably contributes to decreased airway remodeling in patients with asthma.
Template Synthesis of One-Dimensional Au, Au−Poly(pyrrole), and Poly(pyrrole) Nanoparticle Arrays

New strategies are reported for assembling Au nanoparticles into coupled 1D arrays. The mehods employ porous filtration membranes as templates to entrap and align particles along the long axis of the pores. Following alignment, nanoparticles were linked by 1,6-hexanedithiol to make shorter linear nanoparticle arrays (e.g., (Au particle)n, n ≤ 5) or with the organic conductive polymer polypyrrole to make longer 1D arrays. These methods provide new opportunities for characterizing the electronic and optical properties of coupled nanoscopic solid-state materials.
Effect of Euro–American Settlement on an Insect Fauna: Paleontological Analysis of the Recent Chitin Record of Beetles (Coleoptera) from Northeastern Iowa

The effects of Euro–American settlement and associated agricultural activities on a native insect fauna are analyzed through the recent fossil record of beetles in the Roberts Creek drainage basin of northeastern Iowa. Euro–American settlement of this region began in the 1840s, and by 1880 it was under intensive cultivation. The presettlement beetle fauna is characterized by a diverse assemblage of carabids, with species representative of grassland (prairie), woodland, and water-marginal environments. Rich numbers of elmid remains indicate that the presettlement waters of Roberts Creek were clear and cool. As Euro–Americans initiated landscape modification, carabids were replaced as dominant upland elements by weed- and crop-associated weevils and by cattle-associated dung beetles. Synanthropic beetle species, particularly those associated with stored products, and immigrant beetle species, many of which are associated with immigrant host-plant species, now appear in the fossil record. Populations of elmid beetles sharply decline upon settlement, signaling the rapid degradation of Roberts Creek to a polluted, turbid stream. The changes recorded in fossil assemblages at Roberts Creek parallel those at British sites of late Bronze Age, where 2,100 yr ago insect faunas were similarly affected upon transformation of a natural landscape to one of agrarian use.
The synaptic vesicle : cycle of exocytosis and endocytosis

Synaptic vesicles are clustered at the presynaptic terminal where they fuse and recycle in response to stimulation. Vesicles appear to be sorted into pools, but we do not yet understand how physiologically defined pools relate to morphological pools. The advent of dynamic imaging approaches has led to an appreciation of the regulation of vesicle mobility. Newly endocytosed vesicles are highly mobile but appear to become transiently trapped as they re-enter the recycling pool. Recent experiments indicate that endocytosis might have a constant rate, but limited capacity. How endocytosis is linked to exocytosis remains unclear, although calcium emerges as an important player.
Double electron layer tunnelling transistor (DELTT)

We demonstrate the double electron layer tunnelling transistor (DELTT), based on the gate control of two-dimensional-two-dimensional tunnelling in a double quantum well. Unlike previously proposed resonant tunnelling transistors, the DELTT is entirely planar and can be easily fabricated in large numbers. At 1.5 K we demonstrate peak-to-background ratios of :1 in source-drain conductance versus gate voltage and peak-to-valley ratios of :1 in the source-drain current versus source-drain voltage. Using a single DELTT in series with a load resistor, we demonstrate low-power bistable memories at 1.5 K. We also demonstrate a unipolar complementary static RAM by connecting two DELTTs in series.
Combination of Neuronal Signals Representing Object-Centered Location and Saccade Direction in Macaque Supplementary Eye Field

Neurons in the macaque supplementary eye field (SEF) fire at different rates in conjunction with planning saccades in different directions. They also exhibit object-centered spatial selectivity, firing at different rates when the target of the saccade is at the left or right end of a horizontal bar. To compare the rate of incidence of the two kinds of signal, and to determine how they combine, we recorded from SEF neurons while monkeys performed a task in which the target (a dot or the left or right end of a horizontal bar) could appear in any visual field quadrant. During the period when the target was visible on the screen and the monkey was preparing to make a saccade, many neurons exhibited selectivity for saccade direction, firing at a rate determined by the direction of the impending saccade irrespective of whether the target was a dot or the end of a bar. On bar trials, many of the same neurons exhibited object-centered selectivity, firing more strongly when the target was at the preferred end of the bar regardless of saccade direction. The rate of incidence of object-centered selectivity (33%) was lower overall than that of saccade-direction selectivity (56%). Signals related to saccade direction and the object-centered location of the target tended to combine additively. The results suggest that the SEF is at a transitional stage between representing the object-centered command and specifying the parameters of the saccade.
Comparison of Parenting Stress in Different Developmental Disabilities

Research has shown that parents of children with special health care needs experience more parenting stress than parents of typically developing children, but the relation between the type of disability and parenting stress is far from clear (Stein 1988; Tew and Lawrence 1975; Breslau et al. 1982; Miller et al. 1992). To explore the relation between the type of disability and parenting stress, parenting stress data on the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (Abidin 1995) and demographic information were collected from convenience samples of parents of four cohorts of children: children with ADHD, children with developmental disabilities, children with HIV infection and children with asthma, and typically developing children. Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) reported higher total stress than parents of HIV-infected, asthmatic, and typically developing children. Ethnicity did not explain any of the group differences, but caregiver’s language, education, employment status, and overall life stresses explained some of the group differences in parent-related domains. Level of stress in parents of children with special needs is determined by overall nature of the disorder, with the parents of children with ADHD and developmental disorders reporting higher levels of parenting stress than children with HIV infection, asthma, and healthy controls.
Positive interpersonal relationships mediate the association between social skills and psychological well-being

Abstract This study examined the association between social skills and psychological well-being, operationalized through a variety of positive psychological states. It was hypothesized that positive relations with other people would mediate the association between social skills and psychological well-being. A community based sample of 703 adults, aged 18–87 completed measures of social skills, positive relations with others, and the following indicators of psychological well-being: life satisfaction, environmental mastery, self-efficacy, hope, happiness, and quality of life. Results indicate that social skills were consistently and positively associated with all indicators of psychological well-being. Social skills were also strongly associated with positive relations with others. Positive relations with others proved to mediate the association between social skills and all measures of psychological well-being.
A comparison of results with eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy from the Vascular Quality Initiative and the Mid-America Vascular Study Group

Objective Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is usually performed with eversion (ECEA) or conventional (CCEA) technique. Previous studies report conflicting results with respect to outcomes for ECEA and CCEA. We compared patient characteristics and outcomes for ECEA and CCEA. Methods Deidentified data for CEA patients were obtained from the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative (SVS VQI) database for years 2003 to 2013. Second (contralateral) CEA, reoperative CEA, CEA after previous carotid stenting, or CEA concurrent with cardiac surgery were excluded, leaving 2365 ECEA and 17,155 CCEA for comparison. Univariate analysis compared patients, procedures, and outcomes. Survival analysis was also performed for mortality. Multivariate analysis was used selectively to examine the possible independent predictive value of variables on outcomes. Results Groups were similar with respect to sex, demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative neurologic symptoms, except that ECEA patients tended to be older (71.3 vs 69.8 years; P P P P = .86) and any ipsilateral stroke (ECEA, 0.8% vs CCEA, 0.9%; P = .84) were uncommon in both groups. ECEA tended to take less time (median 99 vs 114 minutes; P P = .002), a difference that logistic regression analysis showed was only partly explained by differential use of protamine. Life-table estimated 1-year freedom from any cortical neurologic event was similar (96.7% vs 96.7%). Estimated survival was similar comparing ECEA with CCEA at 1 year (96.7% vs 95.9%); however, estimated survival tended to decline more rapidly in ECEA patients after ∼2 years. Cox proportional hazards modeling confirmed that independent predictors of mortality included age, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking, but also demonstrated that CEA type was not an independent predictor of mortality. The 1-year freedom from recurrent stenosis >50% was lower for ECEA (88.8% vs 94.3%, P P = .67). Conclusions ECEA and CCEA appear to provide similar freedom from neurologic morbidity, death, and reintervention. ECEA was associated with significantly shorter procedure times. Furthermore, ECEA obviates the expenses, including increased operative time, associated with use of a patch in CCEA, and a shunt, more often used in CCEA in this database. These potential benefits may be reduced by a slightly greater requirement for early return to the operating room for bleeding.
Measurements of shear stress in a square array rod bundle

Abstract A flush-mounted hot film sensor was used to determine the shear stress distribution on the centrally located rod in a 1.4 pitch to diameter ratio square array, nine rod bundle with axial flow. The film sensor was calibrated in a concentric annulus flow geometry. Shear stress measurements were made at a position 65 hydraulic diameters from the flow entrance for Reynolds numbers from 12 000 to 32 000. The circumferential variation of the shear stress was nearly sinusoidal around the central rod and the maximum and minimum values occurred at the maximum and minimum subchannel spacing. The peak to peak variation of the sinusoidal shear stress distribution is about 4 to 6% of the mean value.
Economic and dynamic impact of the use of excess reactant in reactive distillation systems

Reactive distillation columns are sometimes operated with an excess of one of the reactants, but this mode of operation may have the disadvantage of requiring the recovery and recycle of the reactant that is in excess. The flowsheet typically consists of a two-column system: a reactive column and a recovery column. An alternative is to use a single reactive column that is operated “neat” (exact stoichiometric amounts of the reactants fed and consumed). The one-column process has lower capital investment and energy costs than the two-column system. However, Al-Arfaj and Luyben1 recently explored the control of a one-column “neat” system and demonstrated that a composition analyzer may be required to detect the inventory of one of the reactants so that the fresh feed can be adjusted. Because composition analyzers are expensive and sometimes unreliable, the economic advantages of the single-column system need to be assessed. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively compare the single-column (neat oper...
Personality stability and its implications for clinical psychology

Abstract Over the past decade, a series of longitudinal studies have demonstrated that personality traits are stable in adulthood: There are no age-related shifts in mean levels, and individuals maintain very similar rank ordering on traits after intervals of up to 30 years. These findings should be of interest to clinicians because they point to important similarities between normal personality and personality disorders, facilitate research on the psychological processes that maintain both adaptive and maladaptive traits, serve as a reminder that current problems in functioning may be the expression of enduring personality patterns, and foster more realistic expectations about how much therapeutic change is possible.
Consuming Entertainment Media: How Media Effects Can Vary by Users’ Controllability

Previous communication studies have focused on how media content influences human aggression. Few studies, however, have been conducted regarding the influence of situational variables on human aggression. Regarding online gaming, the present study examines how game users’ aggression is influenced by two idiosyncratic situational variables: “degree of control” (playing vs. watching) and “degree of interaction” (alone vs. together). The feeling of presence is also examined as a mediator to explicate the mechanism through which these situational variables influence the game users’ levels of aggression. The results demonstrate that degree of control significantly affects users’ aggression. Aggression is increased when players actively participate in the game versus simply watching; situational factors that are associated with the way people engage in interactive media cause short-term shifts in players’ aggression. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Successful Treatment and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmation of Tyzzer's Disease in a Foal and Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of 6 Additional Foals (1986–2005)

Background:Tyzzer's disease is a rapidly progressive and highly fatal hepatitis of foals caused by Clostridium piliforme. Survival of a confirmed case has not been reported previously. Hypothesis:Successful therapy of C piliforme infection in foals is possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to diagnose Tyzzer's disease antemortem or postmortem. Animals:Seven foals were included in the study. Methods:Retrospective study was made to evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of foals with Tyzzer's disease. Medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at University of California Davis were reviewed. Foals <3 months old were included in the study if typical clinical signs were present and histologic examination identified multifocal coagulative necrosis and hepatitis with intracytoplasmic filamentous bacilli, consistent with C piliforme. A real-time TaqMan assay was developed to detect C piliforme gene sequences in liver tissue from affected foals. Results:Median survival time from onset of disease in nonsurviving foals was 30 hours (mean 34.5 ± 20.1; range, 16–62 hours). Common clinical findings included lethargy, recumbency, seizures, and fever. Laboratory findings included metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia and increased activity of hepatobiliary enzymes. Treatment consisted of IV fluids, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory drugs, and parenteral nutrition. One filly survived, whereas 6 died. Postmortem examination of the 6 foals that died disclosed hepatomegaly with multifocal necrosis. Liver tissue from 4 foals was positive for C piliforme gene sequences using PCR. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Although the mortality rate of Tyzzer's disease is high, successful outcome is possible if intensive care is initiated promptly. PCR can be used for early and specific diagnosis.
Lamb-shift calculations for non-Coulomb potentials

QED effects associated with the electron self-energy and vacuum polarization are calculated in non-Coulomb potentials for atomic states with principal quantum numbers 1 and 2. We consider the Coulomb potential with finite nuclear size incorporated and using the core-Hartree potential, a local version of the Hartree-Fock potential. The calculations are carried out for ions with nuclear charges in the range [ital Z]=60--90. For the Coulomb potential with finite nuclear size, substantial discrepancies with an earlier tabulation are found. Radiative corrections are calculated for lithiumlike uranium using the core-Hartree potential and comparison with experiment is made.
A generalized harmonic balance method for forced non-linear oscillations: the subharmonic cases

Abstract This paper summarizes and extends results in two previous papers, published in conference proceedings, on a variant of the generalized harmonic balance method (GHB) and its application to obtain subharmonic solutions of forced non-linear oscillation problems. This method was introduced as an alternative to the method of multiple scales, and it essentially consists of two parts. First, the part of the multiple scales method used to reduce the problem to a set of differential equations is used to express the solution as a sum of terms of various harmonics with unknown, time dependent coefficients. Second, the form of solution so obtained is substituted into the original equation and the coefficients of each harmonic are set to zero. Key equations of approximations for a subharmonic case are derived for the cases of both “small” damping and excitations, and “Large” damping and excitations, which are shown to be identical, in the intended order of approximation, to those obtained by Nayfeh using the method of multiple scales. Detailed numerical formulations, including the derivation of the initial conditions, are presented, as well as some numerical results for the frequency-response relations and the time evolution of various harmonic components. Excellent agreement is demonstrated between results by GHB and by integrating the original differential equation directly. The improved efficiency in obtaining numerical solutions using GHB as compared with integrating the original differential equation is demonstrated also. For the case of large damping and excitations and for non-trivial solutions, it is noted that there exists a threshold value of the force beyond which no subharmonic excitations are possible.
Similarities Between Near-Death Experiences and Multiple Personality Disorder

In this paper I compare the phenomenology of near-death experiences to that of multiple personality disorder. The comparison reveals a number of similarities, including out-of-body experiences, the transcendental environment, encounter with the higher self, possible temporal lobe involvement, and antecedent child abuse. Rather than being disparate and unrelated experiences, I suggest that the near-death experience and multiple personality disorder may be variants of the same basic phenomenological pattern.
Pain Intensity, Emotional State, and Personality Trait: Which Comes First?

What is chronic pain? Readers of Pain Medicine frequently explain both the construct and the experience of chronic pain to persons who are not suffering in pain, to families in clinic, to audiences at lectures, or to courtrooms in testimony. Why does it persist? We usually point to an injury or disease—a nociceptive stimulus, a damage nerve—that generates pain. Sensitization is more difficult to explain, but most complex and challenging is the relationship of pain, suffering and impairment to emotions, behavior and personality. Unless a clinician understands these phenomena and is able to explain them clearly, the take home message may become something like—“the reason you hurt so much is because of your mind, there is nothing wrong with your body”—the implication being that the patient exaggerates the pain. How many of our referrals have been told, “I can't understand why you have so much pain,” usually as a way of trying to explain why the clinician's treatment has not helped. In fact, this does drive patients “crazy”—repeated encounters of this type create increased risk for depression [1]. We can proudly claim that the “pain literature” has proportionally more to say about disease-body-mind-brain relationships than any other disease literature. We had a head start. Our clinical scientists, confronted by the enormous public health challenge of chronic low back pain disability in the 1970s and 1980s …
CHANGES OF BODY COMPOSITION IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING RENAL TRANSPLANTATION (TX)

We have recently demonstrated the validity of bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis for assessing body composition in healthy and diseased children (Ped Res 29:350A). In order to study the effects of renal Tx and corticosteroid treatment on the body composition of children with chronic renal failure, we followed up 15 patients aged 3.2 to 18.5 (mean 11.4) years for the first 12 months after Tx. Measurements of height, weight and BI were taken at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, and 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months after Tx. Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated from BI, according to a formula derived from previous validation studies using 40K plethysmography as reference standard. An age- and sex-independent analysis was achieved by transformation of the raw data to standard deviation scores (SDS) based on regional standards for height, weight and body composition. To allow for the non-Gaussian distribution of weight and fat mass (FM), separate SD values were calculated for subjects above and below the 50th percentile.
A novel protein kinase D inhibitor attenuates early events of experimental pancreatitis in isolated rat acini.

Novel protein kinase C isoforms (PKC δ and e) mediate early events in acute pancreatitis. Protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) is a convergent point of PKC δ and e in the signaling pathways triggered throug...
Spatial frequencies and the cerebral hemispheres: Contrast sensitivity, visible persistence, and letter classification

The hypothesis that the two cerebral hemispheres are specialized for processing different visual spatial frequencies was investigated in three experiments. No differences between the left and right visual fields were found for: (1) contrast-sensitivity functions measured binocularly with vertical gratings ranging from 0.5 to 12 cycles per degree (cpd); (2) visible persistence durations for 1- and 10-cpd gratings measured with a stimulus alternation method; and (3) accuracy (d’) and reaction times to correctly identify digitally filtered letters as targets (L or H) or nontargets (T or F). One significant difference, however, was found: In Experiment 3, a higher decision criterion (s) was used when filtered letters were identified in the right visual field than when they were identified in the left. The letters were filtered with annular, 1-octave band-pass filters with center spatial frequencies of 1,2,4,8, and 16 cpd. Combining four center frequencies with three letter sizes (0.5°, 1°, and 2° high) made some stimuli equivalent in distal spatial frequency (cycles per object) and some equivalent in proximal spatial frequency (cycles per degree). The effective stimulus in the third experiment seemed to be proximal spatial frequency (cycles per degree) not distal (cycles per object). We conclude that each cerebral hemisphere processes visual spatial frequency information with equal accuracy but that different decision rules are use
Synergistic induction of interleukin 2 receptor (TAC) expression on YT cells by interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor α in combination with cAMP inducing agents

Abstract This study demonstrates synergistic effects on Tac expression by interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in combination with the adenylate cyclase stimulator, forskolin (FK), as well as by IL-1 with TNF α in the human NK-like leukemic cell line YT. The maximal expression level (>;80% positive cells) obtained with FK plus IL-1 of FK plus TNFα could not be obtained by increasing the concentration of either agent alone. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Tac protein expression is correlated with increased steady-state Tac mRNA levels. Other agents that increase intracellular cAMP, such as prostaglandin E (PGE) or isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX), also synergized with IL-1 or TNFα (but not with FK). The findings suggest that cAMP plays a role in regulating Tac expression in YT cells, and that IL-1, TNF, and FK use distinct signal transduction mechanisms, all resulting in the same end point effect, namely, induction of Tac mRNA and cell surface protein expression.
Reinterpretation of the Wisconsinan Mammalian Fauna and Paleoenvironment of the Edwards Plateau, Texas

Paleoenvironmental implications of Wisconsinan mammalian faunas of the Edwards Plateau in central Texas are reevaluated following reassignment of fossil jumping mice ( Zapus ) from Schulze Cave to the eastern species, Zapus hudsonius . In contrast to previous interpretations, influences of western alpine-meadow associations are viewed as minor, represented by only one species, Sorex vagrans . Instead, the fauna was heavily influenced by eastern mesic-adapted species that retreated north and east during post-Wisconsinan desiccation of the region.
Communication for safety's sake: visual communication materials for pesticide users in Latin America.

Abstract The dramatic increase in the use of pesticides has led to increasing political, social, human health, and environmental concerns. Accidents due to misuse among users have risen dramatically and speak to the need for the development of practical and useful communication programs and materials, particularly with small farmers. Three studies were designed to research and test the comprehensibility of sets of pictographs, pictures, and symbols depicting proper and improper procedures for using agricultural pesticides. Field testing was conducted with Mexican farm workers in California and small farmers and farm workers in Ecuador South America. Results indicate that, like language, the meaning of symbols and visual literacy will have to be taught if the goal of perfect comprehensibility is to be achieved. Furthermore, research on visual communication materials and information systems in this area must become an integral part of formal and nonformal educational efforts. These efforts must be undertake...
African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA

The proposal that all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) types in contemporary humans stem from a common ancestor present in an African population some 200,000 years ago has attracted much attention. To study this proposal further, two hypervariable segments of mtDNA were sequenced from 189 people of diverse geographic origin, including 121 native Africans. Geographic specificity was observed in that identical mtDNA types are shared within but not between populations. A tree relating these mtDNA sequences to one another and to a chimpanzee sequence has many deep branches leading exclusively to African mtDNAs. An African origin for human mtDNA is supported by two statistical tests. With the use of the chimpanzee and human sequences to calibrate the rate of mtDNA evolution, the age of the common human mtDNA ancestor is placed between 166,000 and 249,000 years. These results thus support and extend the African origin hypothesis of human mtDNA evolution.
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy of cyclohexa(p-phenylene sulfide) and the polymer obtained therefrom

Abstract The cyclic hexamer of phenylene sulfide (CHPS) is studied as a precursor of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS). The CHPS is one of the soluble components obtained by the extraction of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) with tetrahydrofuran (THF). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is used to verify the purified cyclic compound. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy are also employed. The spectra of the CHPS are compared with those of PPS and interpreted based on the symmetry of the molecules. Specifically, the C–H out-of-plane bending modes (840–800 cm−1) are indicative of the crystal structure and are utilized to identify two crystalline forms, α and β, of the CHPS. The spectrum of the polymer obtained from the CHPS is also reported.
True-temperature determination of geothermal reservoirs

Abstract Parameters governing the resistivity in geothermal areas are analyzed. A method for the calculation of the true temperature of geothermal reservoirs is explained, and the effectiveness of the method is evidenced.
Characterization of Individual Threading Dislocations in GaN Using Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy

Threading dislocations (TDs) of molecular beam epitaxy grown GaN film were studied with ultrahigh vacuum ballistic electron emission microscopy in order to quantify any fixed negative charge at identifiable TDs, with $\ensuremath{\sim}3\mathrm{nm}$ spatial and $\ensuremath{\sim}10\mathrm{meV}$ local barrier resolution. In contrast to several prior studies, we find no indication of fixed negative dislocation charge at specific TD structures, with a conservative upper limit of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.25{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ per $c$-axis unit cell. We do observe evidence of positive surface charge at TDs and at GaN step edges, which may be due to local piezoelectric fields.
Nesting of a single shape on a strip

This paper presents three approaches to minimize and eliminate scrap from stamping a single shape arranged in a single row or double rows on strip raw materials. In the first approach, interlocking shapes are generated. Although such shapes are scrap-free, they require congruent lines in the design. At the early stages of the design process, a skilful designer can compromise between functional features and symmetric features to improve nesting. The second approach is to characterize a shape by parallel lines bounding it. Specifically, the method to find a minimum area parallelogram that encloses a given convex shape is discussed. The result gives the optimum arrangement of a convex shape in single row. The third approach involves the nesting of a given shape in a specified pattern. Three computational algorithms for the single and double row arrangements are given. The double row arrangement includes a half-turn or a mirror reflection. The three approaches are all based on the concept of interlocking shap...
The role of type III secretion System 2 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenicity

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Gram-negative marine bacterial pathogen, is emerging as a major cause of food-borne illnesses worldwide due to the consumption of raw seafood leading to diseases including gastroenteritis, wound infection, and septicemia. The bacteria utilize toxins and type III secretion system (T3SS) to trigger virulence. T3SS is a multi-subunit needle-like apparatus used to deliver bacterial proteins, termed effectors, into the host cytoplasm which then target various eukaryotic signaling pathways. V. parahaemolyticus carries two T3SSs in each of its two chromosomes, named T3SS1 and T3SS2, both of which play crucial yet distinct roles during infection: T3SS1 causes cytotoxicity whereas T3SS2 is mainly associated with enterotoxicity. Each T3SS secretes a unique set of effectors that contribute to virulence by acting on different host targets and serving different functions. Emerging studies on T3SS2 of V. parahaemolyticus, reveal its regulation, translocation, discovery, characterization of its effectors, and development of animal models to understand the enterotoxicity. This review on recent findings for T3SS2 of V. parahaemolyticus highlights a novel mechanism of invasion that appears to be conserved by other marine bacteria.
Oxytocin-Receptor Binding: Why Divalent Metals Are Essential

Biologists have observed that the presence of divalent metal is essential for the binding of the hormone oxytocin (OT) to its cellular receptor. However, this interaction is not understood on the molecular level. Because conformation is a key factor controlling ligand binding in biomolecule systems, we have used ion mobility experiments and molecular modeling to probe the conformation of the oxytocin-zinc complex. Results show that Zn2+ occupies an octahedral site in the interior of the OT peptide that frees the N-terminus and creates a structured hydrophobic binding site on the peptide exterior; both factors are conducive to binding oxytocin to its receptor.
Verifying intercalibration of solar proton sensors

Energetic protons emitted in bursts from the Sun pose a potential hazard for spacecraft, satellites, humans in space, and aircraft at high latitudes. Researchers have now verified that a set of sensors used to measure solar proton events are correctly intercalibrated to provide early warning of the events.