cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating knowledge maps by exploiting dependent relationships

Knowledge is an interesting concept that has attracted the attention of philosophers for thousands of years. In more recent times, researchers have investigated knowledge in a more applied way with the chief aim of bringing knowledge to life in machines. Artificial Intelligence has provided some degree of rigour to the study of knowledge and Expert Systems are able to use knowledge to solve problems and answer questions. Current business, social, political and technological pressures have forced organisations to take greater control of the knowledge asset. Software suppliers and others offering valuable solutions in this area have unfortunately clouded the issue of knowledge. Information and data control are seen as implicit knowledge management tools and many have abandoned the search for explicit knowledge management methods. Knowledge representation schemes help to identify knowledge. They allow for human understanding and machine application and they can support the automated use of knowledge in problem solving. Some of these representation methods also employ spatial techniques that add an extra dimension to human understanding. Knowledge mapping defined in this work uses learning dependency to organise the map and draws on the ideas of what knowledge is and on spatial representation structures. Knowledge maps can support metrics that provide information about the knowledge asset. Knowledge maps create a visible knowledge framework that supports the explicit management of knowledge by organisation managers and directors. Knowledge maps also offer other advantages to the organisation, the individual and to educational institutions.
THE LIPOLYTIC RESPONSE TO CORTICOTROPIN

Exposure of isolated rat adipose tissue to small concentrations of corticotropin (.001 μg/ml.) caused accumulation of free fatty acid in tissue and medium, a finding previously reported by others. The effect of corticotropin was inhibited by glucose and insulin, presumably due to promotion of esterification of the free acids. Corticotropin was also found to be active in vivo; intravenous administration of this hormone to acutely adrenalectomized rats produced rapid increase of free fatty acids in adipose tissue and plasma. The lipolytic activity of homogenates of rat adipose tissue was increased by brief exposure of the intact tissue to corticotropin and epinephrine. The activity affected by ACTH differed from that of lipoprotein lipase in pH optimum. These results suggest that corticotropin may produce its adipokinetic effect by directly activating a lipase in adipose tissue.
Free vibrations of a loaded rubber string

Abstract The problem of the finite amplitude, free vertical oscillatory motion of a massattached to a neo-Hookean rubberlike string is solved exactly in terms of elementary functions and the Heuman lambda function, which is related to the elliptic integral of the third kind. Hence, the period of the oscillations for the various possible motions may be computed from tables of values of the complete lambda function. It is shown that the results differ significantly from those obtained elsewhere for a string having linearly elastic behavior; and all of the results are described graphically.
Sustainability of bean production systems on steep lands in Costa Rica

Abstract Responding to changes in rural-urban linkages and government policies, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production systems in Costa Rica are undergoing transitions. Impacts of changes in bean production systems on environmental and economic sustainability were analysed at the field, farm and policy levels. A combination of interviews, agronomic surveys, on-farm experiments, and secondary information was used. Changes in agronomic and economic conditions over time were assessed by conducting agronomic surveys and experiments on farms representing a range of land-use intensities. Trade-offs between productivity and stability were quantified using Modified Stability Analysis. The adoption of land and agrochemical-intensive methods by resource-poor farmers cultivating steep lands resulted in decreased environmented and economic sustainability. Farmers with adequate resources were able to maintain economic viability by transferring land out of beans and into other commodities, particularly cattle. However, this shift in resource use decreased social equity by decreasing farm labour opportunities for smallholders and landless farmers and diminishing land available for tenants. These studies indicate that the impact of technology introduction on farming system sustainability can be assessed effectively by conducting integrated socioeconomic and agronomic analyses across farms representing various land-use practices and intensities.
Schwannoma of the suprascapular nerve: A case report

d b t t u t s he suprascapular nerve enters the supraspinatus fossa hrough the suprascapular notch before passing through he spinoglenoid notch and entering the infraspinatus ossa. Entrapment of the suprascapular nerve under the ransverse scapular ligament and the spinoglenoid ligaent has been well documented in the literature. In ddition, suprascapular nerve compression has been eported as a result of posterior labral tears, glenoid ysts, or repeated traction in throwing athletes. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with a -year history of right shoulder pain and weakness onsistent with suprascapular nerve compression. Imagng revealed a solid mass within the suprascapular otch, and a biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a benign chwannoma of the suprascapular nerve.
Comparison of the conductivity properties of the tetrabutylammonium salt of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion with those of traditional supporting electrolyte anions in nonaqueous solvents.

Cyclic voltammetry experiments at minielectrodes exhibit less ohmic error for lower polarity solvents when the supporting electrolyte anion is [B(C6F5)4]- rather than one of the smaller traditional anions such as [BF4]-, [PF6]-, or [ClO4]-. Conductance measurements have been performed for [NBu4][B(C6F5)4] in tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, benzotrifluoride, and acetonitrile and compared with results for [NBu4]+ salts of several traditional anions in the same solvents. In solvents with dielectric constants of 10 or less, ion association constants, KA, are as much as 2 orders of magnitude lower with [B(C6F5)4]-, TFAB, as the electrolyte anion and the degree of this lowering is related to the acceptor property of the solvent. Analyses carried out on the basis of a Fuoss model attribute this fact to differences in concentrations of contact ion pairs rather than of solvent-separated ion pairs. The greater dissociation of the TFAB ion is attributed to its highly delocalized charge.
Organizational learning in novel policy situations: two cases of United States communications regulation

During the last three and a half decades, a growing body of scholarship has characterized policy-making as a process of ‘learning’. Recent scholarship has further suggested that a more narrow focus on organizational learning – learning within specific types of governing bodies – might provide greater analytical and methodological precision. While scholars of organizational learning disagree about some of the specifics, most agree that organizations learn when they successfully acquire and use knowledge to alter policy outputs, worldviews, or both. Thus, a major goal of recent learning scholarship has been to better understand the factors that shape knowledge acquisition and utilization under a variety of circumstances. The purpose of this article is to build on the literature by further clarifying the factors that facilitate organizational learning under conditions of policy novelty and scientific uncertainty. It is argued that three principal factors – analogical reasoning, knowledge acquisition strategi...
Scientists’ Ethical Obligations and Social Responsibility for Nanotechnology Research

Scientists’ sense of social responsibility is particularly relevant for emerging technologies. Since a regulatory vacuum can sometimes occur in the early stages of these technologies, individual scientists’ social responsibility might be one of the most significant checks on the risks and negative consequences of this scientific research. In this article, we analyze data from a 2011 mail survey of leading U.S. nanoscientists to explore their perceptions the regarding social and ethical responsibilities for their nanotechnology research. Our analyses show that leading U.S. nanoscientists express a moderate level of social responsibility about their research. Yet, they have a strong sense of ethical obligation to protect laboratory workers (in both universities and industry) from unhealthy exposure to nanomaterials. We also find that there are significant differences in scientists’ sense of social and ethical responsibility depending on their demographic characteristics, job affiliation, attention to media content, risk perceptions and benefit perceptions. We conclude with some implications for future research.
A hearing loss-associated myo1c mutation (R156W) decreases the myosin duty ratio and force sensitivity

myo1c is a member of the myosin superfamily that has been proposed to function as the adaptation motor in vestibular and auditory hair cells. A recent study identified a myo1c point mutation (R156W) in a person with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. This mutated residue is located at the start of the highly conserved switch 1 region, which is a crucial element for the binding of nucleotide. We characterized the key steps on the ATPase pathway at 37 °C using recombinant wild-type (myo1c(3IQ)) and mutant myo1c (R156W-myo1c(3IQ)) constructs that consist of the motor domain and three IQ motifs. The R156W mutation only moderately affects the rates of ATP binding, ATP-induced actomyosin dissociation, and ADP release. The actin-activated ATPase rate of the mutant is inhibited >4-fold, which is likely due to a decrease in the rate of phosphate release. The rate of actin gliding, as measured by the in vitro motility assay, is unaffected by the mutation at high myosin surface densities, but the rate of actin gliding is substantially reduced at low surface densities of R156W-myo1c(3IQ). We used a frictional loading assay to measure the affect of resisting forces on the rate of actin gliding and found that R156W-myo1c(3IQ) is less force-sensitive than myo1c(3IQ). Taken together, these results indicate that myo1c with the R156W mutation has a lower duty ratio than the wild-type protein and motile properties that are less sensitive to resisting forces.
Polyacrylamide brush layer for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography of intact glycoproteins.

A chromatographic column of nonporous silica particles with a bonded phase of linear polyacrylamide chains is evaluated for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) of intact glycoproteins. The column is shown to retain glycoproteins significantly more strongly than non-glycoproteins. A particle diameter of 700 nm gives two-fold higher resolution than does a 1.4 μm particle diameter, and the column efficiency is found to be mostly limited by packing heterogeneity. LCMS is able to resolve the five glycoforms of ribonuclease B and give high quality mass spectra, but there is loss of resolution of the isomers of glycoforms due to the lower amount of TFA. Compared to two leading commercial HILIC columns operated at 60 °C, the polyacrylamide column operated at 30 °C provided at least two-fold higher resolution for intact ribonuclease B, and showed peaks for glycoforms of prostate specific antigen, although not resolved.
Inclusive π0 and η production in the all neutral mode from 100 GeV/c π−p collisions☆

Results are givenfor π0 and η production in 100 GeV/c π−p collisions, summed over all final states with no charged particles present (the all neutral final states). The data are fitted for x≳0.6 to a modification of triple Regge theory suggested by the multiperipheral model. We find good agreement between the values of the ϱ and A2 trajectories determined in the all neutral process, the full inclusive mode, π−p → (π0, η)X, and the exclusive reactions, π−p → (π0, η)n. The ϱ exchange residue function shows evidence for a dip at t ≈ −0.5 (GeV/c)2 (the ϱ wrong signature nonsense zero), whereas the η data are quite smooth in this region. These successful predictions for both the trajectory and residue function are striking evidence for the validity of triple Regge theory.
Cyclic AMP and thyroglobulin biosynthesis in the experimental rat thyroid tumor

Abstract The cyclic AMP content and its relationship with thyroglobulin biosynthesis is determined in the experimental transplantable tumor (Wollman Line 1-1C2) in which it was previously shown a lack of sialic acid incorporation into thyroglobulin. The tumor has lower cyclic AMP content than the thyroid. The impaired thyroglobulin biosynthesis and the defective incorporation of N-acetylmannosamine into thyroglobulin is restored towards normal by the cyclic AMP analogous dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The in vitro addition to tumor slices of dibutryl cyclic AMP enhances leucine and restores to normal level sialic acid incorporation into thyroglobulin. These results indicate that the defective thyroglobulin biosynthesis is related to the low cyclic AMP content of the thyroid tumor tissue.
Activated protein C concentrate for the treatment of meningococcal endotoxin shock in rabbits

To evaluate the effects of activated protein C therapy in a rabbit model of meningococcal endotoxin-induced shock, we performed a prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled animal trial. Forty New Zealand White rabbits were challenged with intravenous meningococcal endotoxin (lipooligosaccharide) 100 microg/kg. Ten minutes before endotoxin challenge, animals were administered either activated protein C 1600 microg/mL (n = 20) or an equal volume of saline (n = 20) as an initial bolus. After endotoxin challenge, activated protein C treated animals were administered a continuous infusion of activated protein C 160 microg/kg/h and saline-treated animals were administered an equal volume infusion of saline. Both activated protein C treated and saline control animals demonstrated evidence of shock after endotoxin challenge; mean arterial pressure and serum bicarbonate significantly (p < .01) declined, and heart rate significantly (p < .01) increased from baseline. In activated protein C treated animals, mean plasma activated protein C activity was 5.69 microg/mL (+/- 3.2) 1 h after challenge, whereas plasma protein C activity was not detected in controls. Mean prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were significantly (p < or = .01) prolonged compared with saline-treated controls. Other hematologic and chemical measurements did not differ between groups. Fifteen of 20 (75%) animals treated with activated protein C concentrate survived to 24 h, while 9 of 20 (45%) control animals survived to 24 h (p = .05). Those animals treated with activated protein C had improved survival, which corroborates the findings of early clinical studies in which replacement of protein C improved outcome.
Latina and European American Girls’ Experiences with Academic Sexism and their Self-Concepts in Mathematics and Science During Adolescence

The study investigated Latina and European American adolescent girls’ (N = 345, M = 15.2 years, range = 13 to 18) experiences with academic sexism in mathematics and science (M/S) and their M/S perceived competence and M/S value (liking and importance). M/S academic sexism was based on girls’ reported experiences hearing sexist comments about girls’ abilities in math and science. Older European American adolescents, and both younger and older Latina adolescents, who experienced several instances of academic sexism felt less competent in M/S than girls who experienced less sexism (controlling for M/S grades). In addition, among older girls (regardless of ethnicity), those who experienced several instances of academic sexism valued M/S less than girls who experienced less sexism.
Orientation invariant ECG-based stethoscope tracking for heart auscultation training on augmented standardized patients

Auscultation, the act of listening to the heart and lung sounds, can reveal substantial information about patients' health and other cardiac-related problems; therefore, competent training can be a key for accurate and reliable diagnosis. Standardized patients (SPs), who are healthy individuals trained to portray real patients, have been extensively used for such training and other medical teaching techniques; however, the range of symptoms and conditions they can simulate remains limited since they are only patient actors. In this work, we describe a novel tracking method for placing virtual symptoms in correct auscultation areas based on recorded ECG signals with various stethoscope diaphragm orientations; this augmented reality simulation would extend the capabilities of SPs and allow medical trainees to hear abnormal heart and lung sounds in a normal SP. ECG signals recorded from two different SPs over a wide range of stethoscope diaphragm orientations were processed and analyzed to accurately distinguish four different heart auscultation areas, aortic, mitral, pulmonic and tricuspid, for any stethoscope's orientation. After processing the signals and extracting relevant features, different classifiers were applied for assessment of the proposed method; 95.1% and 87.1% accuracy were obtained for SP1 and SP2, respectively. The proposed system provides an efficient, non-invasive, and cost efficient method for training medical practitioners on heart auscultation.
Reachability analysis based transient stability design in power systems

This paper provides a systematic framework to determine switching control strategies to stabilize the system after a fault if the stabilization is possible. A method to compute the stability region of a stable equilibrium point with the purpose of power system stability analysis is proposed and the validity of discrete controls in transient stability design is studied. First, a Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaas (HJI) partial differential equation (PDE) is constructed to describe the set of backward reachable states as a function of time starting from a target set of states. The backward reachable set of a stable equilibrium point is computed by numerically solving the HJI PDE backwardly in time using level set methods. This backward reachable set yields the stability region of the equilibrium point. Based on such reachability analysis, a transient stability design method is presented. The validity of a discrete control is determined by examining the stability region of the power system with the said control on. If a post-fault initial state is in the stability region of the system with a control on, the control is valid. A control strategy is provided based on the validity of controls. Finally, this method is illustrated by applying to a single machine infinite bus system with the compensation of shunt and series capacitors.
Physical problems of computerized tomography

A cross-sectional image of an object can be accurately reconstructed if its projections or line integrals are known at all angles. This fundamental and exciting property has been applied to a variety of applications, primarily in the area of medical imaging. In many cases, however, the physical measurements fail to accurately define the complete set of line integrals. This leads to inaccuracies and distortions in the resultant reconstruction. The physical measurements can be inadequate in a number of ways. These include nonlinearities, noise, and insufficient data. The nonlinearities can arise from a nonlinear detector process, or the inability to accurately extract the information in the exponent by taking logs. The noise can be the usual statistical uncertainty of the measurement or an interfering component such as scatter. The data can be insufficient in a number of ways including inadequate sampling or regions of missing data. Also, the measurements of a source distribution can be distorted by an unknown attenuation distribution, resulting in errors in the reconstruction.
Traditional Chinese medicine: potential for clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease affecting people worldwide. Increasing numbers of RA patients in the west are resorting to various complementary and alternative medicine modalities for relief of symptoms and well-being. Herbal products and acupuncture representing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are two of the most commonly used forms of complementary and alternative medicine. Frequently, their efficacy against RA and safety have been inferred from anecdotal experience or pilot testing on a relatively small number of patients following inadequate study designs. Accordingly, significant efforts need to be invested in objectively testing TCM in clinical trials that are sufficiently powered, randomized, blinded, possess appropriate controls and follow standard criteria for assessment of the outcomes. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and other antiarthritic activities of TCM modalities need to be better defined. These efforts would help validate the scientific rationale for the use of TCM for the management of RA.
2*2 quasi-optical power combiner array at 20 GHz

The design concept and the experimental results for a power combiner made of two strongly coupled FET oscillators use in a quasi-optical array are reported. To demonstrate the approach, a 2*2 planar array has been fabricated using a direct connection through a microstrip line. Taking the input impedance of the slot radiator into account, circuit the passive part of the array is investigated. The length of the microstrip feed lines are regulated to achieve the desired sum radiation pattern. At an operating frequency of 20 GHz, sum radiation patterns have been observed in both the H-plane and the E-plane. >
Exploitation of genetic and physiological determinants of embryonic resistance to elevated temperature to improve embryonic survival in dairy cattle during heat stress

Heat stress causes large reductions in fertility in lactating dairy cows. The magnitude and geographical extent of this problem is increasing because improvements in milk yield have made it more difficult for cows to regulate body temperature during warm weather. There have been efforts to improve fertility during heat stress by exploiting determinants of oocyte and embryonic responses to elevated temperature. Among these determinants are genotype, stage of development, and presence of cytoprotective molecules in the reproductive tract. One effective strategy for increasing pregnancy rate during heat stress is to use embryo transfer to bypass effects of elevated temperature on the oocyte and early embryo. Pregnancy success to embryo transfer in the summer can be further improved by exposure of embryos to insulin-like growth factor-I during culture before transfer. Among the cytoprotective molecules that have been examined for enhancing fertility during heat stress are bovine somatotropin and various antioxidants. To date, an effective method for delivery of these molecules to increase fertility during heat stress has not been identified. Genes in cattle exist for regulation of body temperature and for cellular resistance to elevated temperature. Although largely unidentified, the existence of these genes offers the possibility for their incorporation into dairy breeds through crossbreeding or on an individual-gene basis. In summary, physiological or genetic manipulation of the cow to improve embryonic resistance to elevated temperature is a promising approach for enhancing fertility of lactating dairy cows.
Generalization of the direct sky component calculation to openings of arbitrary tilt angle

AbstractAmong the three components of daylight affecting a surface's illumination inside a room, the direct component, due to light flux reaching the surface element directly from the sky, (also called sky factor) is the most significant one. Its estimation must therefore be as accurate as possible when assessing the daylighting performances of a building.To estimate its value for a given surface, analytical methods can be employed, based on the luminance distribution of the sky and the window's geometric properties: dimensions and position in regard to the surface element. However, such methods have always been restricted to vertical and horizontal windows, requiring heavy approximations to be applied whenever a tilted rectangular opening was considered.A generalized method for assessing the sky component is proposed here, extending it to rectangular windows of any tilt angle. As a purely analytical result could not be derived, it is based on an optimized combination of vertical and horizontal windows si...
Clinical Reasoning: A 35-year-old man with 2 episodes of meningoencephalitis associated with flu-like illnesses

A 33-year-old man with an unremarkable medical history presented to an outside hospital emergency department (ED) in January 2011 with altered mental status and a seizure. Four days prior to his admission, his children experienced fevers and body aches that self-resolved. The patient developed similar symptoms 3 days later that he treated with acetaminophen and ibuprofen. On the morning of admission, he became disoriented and unable to answer simple questions. Paramedics were called, and he had a witnessed generalized tonic-clonic seizure on their arrival. He had a second witnessed generalized seizure in the ED and was intubated for airway protection.
Solving the general consistent labeling (or constraint satisfaction) problem: two algorithms and their expected complexities

The Consistent Labeling Problem is of considerable importance in Artificial Intelligence, Operations Research and Symbolic Logic. It has received much attention, but most work has addressed the specialized binary form of the problem. Furthermore, none of the relatively few papers that treat the general problem have dealt analytically with the issue of complexity. In this paper we present two algorithms for solving the general Consistent Labeling Problem and for each of these the expected complexity is given under a simple statistical model for the distribution of problems. This model is sufficient to expose certain interesting aspects of complexity for the two algorithms. Work currently in progress will address more subtle aspects by extension to more refined satistical models.
OsHf isotopic insight into mantle plume dynamics beneath the East African Rift System

Abstract We report new Os and Hf isotopic data on mafic lavas from several key portions of the East African Rift System (EARS) with the goal of determining how contributions from various source domains influence volcanism in the evolving rift system. Our study uses picrites and basalts associated with the Afar plume in NW Ethiopia and with prolonged extension in Turkana, N Kenya, as well as mafic lavas from Kivu and Rungwe in the Western Branch of the EARS. Basalts from NW Ethiopia and Turkana have low Os concentrations (9–22 ppt) and display a range of 187 Os/ 188 Os (0.1239–0.4366). The 30 Ma high-TiO 2 picrites from NW Ethiopia and 20–23 Ma picrites from Turkana have higher Os concentrations (579–1120 ppt) than associated basalts. Picrites from NW Ethiopia have initial 187 Os/ 188 Os = 0.1239–0.1311 and e Hf = 12.0–13.4, consistent with derivation from a mantle source common to global OIB (i.e. “C”). In contrast, 20–23 Ma Turkana picrites have more radiogenic initial 187 Os/ 188 Os (0.1450–0.1483). None of the picrites display convincing evidence for crustal or subcontinental lithospheric mantle input. Instead, the data are consistent with geochemical and geophysical models that demonstrate early evolution of the EARS was supported dynamically by geochemically distinct regions of mantle upwelling. Specifically, NW Ethiopian lavas are chemically analogous to the “C”-like Afar plume while Miocene Turkana lavas display HIMU-like geochemical features. The HIMU component in Turkana lavas can be generated by mixing ~ 30% ancient (1.7–2 Ga) hydrothermally altered subducted oceanic crust with ~ 70% “C”-like mantle material (i.e. 187 Os/ 188 Os (0.1615–0.3610) that appear to be dominated by contributions from metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Seismological observations indicate that there are thermochemical heterogeneities within the deep-seated African superplume; these heterogeneities are a plausible source for the ancient recycled oceanic crust contributing to Miocene volcanism in Turkana. We propose that mafic magmatism in both the Afar region and northern Kenya are derived from different portions of this long-lived thermochemical feature.
A 3-D Channel Model for Distributed MIMO Satellite Systems

This paper proposes a three dimensional channel model for the study of distributed MIMO communication systems, where the transmit antennas may be at different directions when viewed from the receiver. Examples of such systems include cooperative satellites and air based base stations. Both line of sight and multipath signal components are considered. A common difficulty of such channel models is that there are too many geometric parameters to produce analytical correlation functions of the antennas in order to gain insight on how the channel depends on those parameters. The difficulty is solved here by identifying a single key parameter, the projected distance, to summarize the effect of all the geometric parameters, and thus, the model is simple enough to be useful for system designers. Analytical correlation functions are provided, which is used to compare the rate of the MIMO and SIMO systems in order to demonstrate that with high probability, significant rate gain can be obtained by the distributed MIMO systems.
Rainfall and crop residue effects on soil dispersion and Beauveria bassiana spread to corn

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassianainfects a wide range of insects and survives as a soil saprophyte and a plant endophyte. The objective of our study was to determine the role of rainfall in dispersing B. bassiana(Balsamo) Vuillemin to the surface of corn (Zea mays) from soil with different levels of crop residue. Laboratory studies which simulated field tillage systems, had levels of crop residue which covered 0.53 (control), 34, 59 and 84% of the soil surface. Simulated rainfall in a raindrop tower at an intensity of 73 mm/h caused a significant increase in the mean number of B. bassianacolony forming units (CFU) isolated from the surface of corn plants. Plants receiving rain had a mean (±S.E.M.) of 8.8 ± 2.8 CFU per plant; controls had a mean of 0.03 ± 0.01 CFU per plant. The mg of soil collected from the surface of plants also was significantly influenced by rainfall. Plants receiving rain had a mean of 15 .7 ± 1.7 mg of soil per plant while controls had a mean of 3.4 ± 0.4 mg of soil per plant. Linear regression revealed highly significant negative relationships between the mean mg of soil and the mean number of CFU per plant, over the four levels of crop residue. The amount of soil and number of CFU per plant decreased significantly with increasing levels of crop residue. In field studies with conservation- and no-till systems, results were similar to those recorded in the raindrop tower. The mean number of CFU and mg of soil per plant were both higher in conservation-till plots than in no-till plots, where surface residue averaged 45 and 95%, respectively. Rainfall plays an active role in the dispersal of B. bassianafrom the soil environment to the surface of whorl-stage corn. Increased levels of crop residue reduce the amount of soil and fungal transfer to the surface of young corn. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ruptures of deep-focus earthquakes in the north-western Pacific and their implications on seismogenesis

SUMMARY The high resolution of broad-band seismic data is highly effective in studying ruptures associated with deep-focus earthquakes. In this study, we report results from an analysis of P and SH waveforms from eight of the largest deep-focus earthquakes that occurred between 1987 and 1992 along the north-western Pacific. In this region, broad-band data recorded at close-in distances, directly above the source zone, offer an unusual source-receiver geometry that complements observations at teleseismic distances. Among the eight earthquakes studied, six showed clear indications of directivity. The best constraint on the extent of rupture came from the steeply dipping Izu-Bonin Wadati-Benioff zone, where subhorizontal ruptures typically originate in the interior of subducted slab and propagate toward the top at high angles. In particular, rupture of the 1988 September 7 event consists of two en echelon line sources. At a depth of approximately 480 km, the overall rupture length of this earthquake constrains the minimum thickness of the seismogenic zone to be 27 ± 12 km. At this depth, our estimated thickness of the seismogenic zone seems remarkably close to the maximum thickness (˜35 km) predicted by the metastable olivine wedge model of seismogenesis. This model interprets deep-focus earthquakes as a result of transformational faulting within a region bounded approximately by the 700°C isotherm. The extent of rupture during the largest events in this region seems to be only slightly larger than the 20-25 km spacing between the two layers of a double seismic zone, found at depths between 300 and 400 km in the same general area. Beneath the Island of Sakhalin, a rupture speed greater than that of the shear wave is not required for the large, deep-focus earthquake (˜615 km) of 1990 May 12. Almost all complexity in observed waveforms for this event can be explained by a northward propagating, subhorizontal rupture composed of only two subevents.
PI3 kinase/AKT pathway as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma

The development of novel therapies for multiple myeloma depends on a comprehensive understanding of the events leading to cellular proliferation and survival. Controlling pathways that regulate growth signals is an emerging and complementary approach to myeloma treatment. The PI3K/Akt pathway is a central gatekeeper for crucial cellular functions including adhesion, angiogenesis, migration and development of drug resistance. Established proteins and genes such as mTOR, p53, NF-kappaB and BAD are all regulated through PI3K and Akt activation, making them attractive targets for broad downstream effects. Direct PI3K inhibition has demonstrated impressive tumor inhibition and regression in cell-line and animal models, and multiple agents including SF1126 are currently in clinical trials. Drugs such as perifosine that are specific for Akt are also in development. Combinations of these agents with existing therapies are rational approaches on the path to improving myeloma treatment.
The Characterization of Scintillons: Bioluminescent particles from the marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra

A new type of biological particle, isolated from the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra, has been partially purified and characterized. When the pH is lowered, the particle emits light in vitro in a fashion closely mimicking the flash of the living cell, and it is referred to as a scintillon (flashing unit). Scintillons are obtained by breaking the cells in buffer at pH 8.2 and purifying by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The particle has a density of about 1.23 g cc-1, and activity is quantitatively correlated with the number of crystal-like birhombohedral structures. These have been found to contain guanine, but since the density of authentic guanine is about 1.73 g cc-1, the scintillon is believed to comprise additional but as yet unidentified components. The properties of the scintillon and the effects of various physical and chemical treatments are described. The reasons for believing that this particle is responsible for the flash of the intact cell are discussed.
Navigation of spacecraft on deep space missions

The control of deep mission spacecraft by computing and signaling to the spacecraft a series of propulsive, velocity correction commands which maneuver the craft to its desired course is examined. The technical elements of the global navigation system (measurement, communications, computation, and propulsion) are described. The ground-computing facilities used to navigate spacecraft on deep space missions consist of computer and software systems used to compute orbits from radio tracking and on-board optical image data (radio, Doppler, and VLBI measurements). The accuracy of these measurements is evaluated, and the modeling of the data is discussed. Examples concerned with the navigation of Voyager and Galileo are presented.
Visualization by Proxy: A Novel Framework for Deferred Interaction with Volume Data

Interactivity is key to exploration of volume data. Interactivity may be hindered due to many factors, e.g. large data size,high resolution or complexity of a data set, or an expensive rendering algorithm. We present a novel framework for visualizing volumedata that enables interactive exploration using proxy images, without accessing the original 3D data. Data exploration using directvolume rendering requires multiple (often redundant) accesses to possibly large amounts of data. The notion of visualization by proxyrelies on the ability to defer operations traditionally used for exploring 3D data to a more suitable intermediate representation forinteraction - proxy images. Such operations include view changes, transfer function exploration, and relighting. While previous workhas addressed specific interaction needs, we provide a complete solution that enables real-time interaction with large data sets andhas low hardware and storage requirements.
Thermal Response and Decoupling of Excitations at Low Temperatures

The manner in which the interactions (‘coupling’) between excitations in solids (for example, phonons and electrons) vary with parameters such as temperature or magnetic field not only gives information on the density of states, but can also provide for novel measurements of specific heat of a single set of excitations. The particular example of a two-dimensional electron gas confined to a GaAs-AlGaAs single quantum well is discussed, along with preliminary measurements on the decoupling of electrons and phonons in magnetic field at low temperatures.
Geology of the Inyo Mountains Volcanic Complex: Implications for Jurassic paleogeography of the Sierran magmatic arc in eastern California

An ∼3.1-km-thick volcanic complex exposed in the southern Inyo Mountains, east-central California, records Jurassic subaerial depositional environments along the east flank of the Sierran arc. This complex, which we name the Inyo Mountains Volcanic Complex, is subdivided into lower, middle, and upper stratigraphic intervals. The 200–580-m-thick lower interval comprises predominantly epiclastic strata deposited on alluvial fans and adjacent river flood plains that were inclined northeast. Mafic lava flows and rare reworked tuff in this interval record the onset of Jurassic(?) volcanism in this part of the arc. The 300–700-m-thick middle interval is composed predominantly of intermediate to silicic lava flows and tuffs representing a major episode of volcanism ending at ca. 169 Ma that is contemporaneous with emplacement of numerous plutons in the region. The >2260-m-thick upper interval is composed of epiclastic strata with minor intercalations of volcanic rock. Most of this interval accumulated on low-gradient flood plains that hosted evaporative lakes and that were episodically invaded by alluvial fan complexes. Three new U-Pb age determinations constrain the lower half of the upper interval to have been deposited during the interval from ca. 169 Ma to 150 Ma. The uppermost part of the complex remains undated but probably accumulated prior to 140 Ma. The Inyo Mountains Volcanic Complex is part of a belt of volcanic complexes that are the easternmost preserved Jurassic complexes of the Sierran arc. These complexes share sufficient similarities to suggest that they represent a distinctive arc-flank depositional province significantly different from that represented by coeval volcanic complexes preserved in roof pendants farther west, closer to the magmatic axis of the arc. Similarities among arc-flank complexes include predominantly to exclusively subaerial settings, substantial (>30%) portions of epiclastic strata, and existence at times of north- to northeast-inclined paleoslopes. We infer on the basis of the varying types and amounts of volcanic rocks that whereas most complexes in the arc-flank province were rarely if ever proximal to major eruptive centers, complexes in two areas (White Mountains and eastern Mojave Desert) were at times located in or adjacent to such centers. These differences lead us to speculate that the east flank of the Jurassic arc consisted of eastward-projecting volcanic salients separated by arc recesses—typified by the Inyo Mountains area—in which epiclastic deposition was dominant.
Sequential test generation at the register-transfer and logic levels

The problem of test generation for non-scan sequential VLSI circuits is addressed. A novel method of test generation that efficiently generates test sequences for stuck-at faults in the logic circuit by exploiting register-transfer-level (RTL) design information is presented. Our approach is targeted at chips with data-path like STG.The problem of sequential test generation is decomposed into three subproblems of combinational test generation, fault-free state justification and fault-free state differentiation. Standard combinational test generation algorithms are used to generate test vectors for stuck-at faults in the logic-level implementation. The required state corresponding to the test vector is justified using a fault-free justification step that is performed using the RTL specification. Similarly, if the effect of the fault has been propagated by the test vector to the flip-flop inputs alone, the faulty state produced is differentiated from the true next state by a differentiation step that uses the RTL specification.New and efficient algorithms for fault-free state justification and differentiation on RTL descriptions that contain arithmetic as well as random logic modules are described. Unlike previous approaches, this approach does not require the storage of covers or a partial STG and can be used to generate tests for entire chips without scan. Exploiting RTL information, together with a new conflict resolution technique results in improvements of up to 100X in performance over sequential test generation techniques restricted to operate at the logic level. We have successfully generated tests for the viterbi speech processor chip [18].
Abstraction and representation of continuous variables in connectionist networks

A method is presented for using connectionist networks of simple computing elements to discover a particular type of constraint in multidimensional data. Suppose that some data source provides samples consisting of n-dimensional feature-vectors, but that this data all happens to lie on an m-dimensional surface embedded in the n-dimensional feature space. Then occurrences of data can be more concisely described by specifying an m-dimensional location on the embedded surface than by reciting all n components of the feature vector. The recoding of data in such a way is a form of abstraction. This paper describes a method for performing this type of abstraction in connectionist networks of simple computing elements. We present a scheme for representing the values of continuous (scalar) variables in subsets of units. The backpropagation weight updating method for training connectionist networks is extended by the use of auxiliary pressure in order to coax hidden units into the prescribed representation for scalar-valued variables.
LANGUAGE AND ONTOLOGY: on construing a universe

This chapter presents the evidence from human language, concerning the way the human organism construes its universe. It is a preliminary investigation, focusing primarily on some of the fundamental parameters of the cognitive map of the universe of individuals, nouns, and actions-events, verbs. Much of the factual foundation on which an attempt is made to construct the ontological conclusions is neither new nor original, but the juxtapositions are, and the various suggestions as to what it may all mean. There is a wide range of facts from human languages which suggest that the semantic features by which the noun universe are classified are hierarchically arranged in a fashion that yields an implicational scale. What the implicational hierarchy means is that what exists in space must perforce also exist in time, but not vice versa. What exists in time must also perforce exist, but not vice versa. When entities are related to each other via an implicational hierarchy, it is appropriate to ascribe to them the set-theoretical relation of inclusion.
National Resources Defense Fund (a)

An initial test of NRDF's proposed 1994 campaign has been disappointing. Should the agency test the campaign one more time or abandon it? If a test is proposed, what site sample should be taken. The case provides a meaningful managerial context in which to address questions about sample size.
ANTAGONISTIC PLEIOTROPY: AN INTERSPECIFIC DROSOPHILA COMPARISON

Wild-type flies of 12 Drosophila species and semispecies were examined to determine whether correlation patterns between early- and late-life fitness characters predicted for individuals within a population by the antagonistic-pleiotropy hypothesis are reflected in comparisons of related species and semispecies that are known to differ in lifespan. Our goal was to determine whether the hypothesis is relevant to the evolution of life-history differences beyond the population level. Two fitness traits, egg production and percentage mating success, were observed at three ages: onset of reproductive age, one week later, and one month later. Age-dependent patterns of these traits do not consistently conform to predictions of the hypothesis. Species or semispecies that show reproductive vitality early in life need not be short-lived, and long lifespan need not be accompanied by a cost in early reproductive vitality, as measured by mating success and egg production. The two fitness traits can show different age-dependent patterns in the same species or semispecies. Potential explanations for the frequent inconsistency of the data with predictions of the hypothesis are discussed. Results support the idea that the hypothesis is only relevant to the evolution of life-history differences among individuals in the same breeding population confronted by the same environmental constraints.
Elliptical Erythrocytes in Human Blood

Aside from the poikilocytosis of anemias, the erythrocytes of man exhibit such remarkable constancy of shape that individuals showing oval and elliptical erythrocytes rather than the normal circular biconcave discs interest the observer. With the exception of the terrestrial family, Camelidae, the erythrocytes of all mammals are circular. Conversely, amongst the lower vertebrates the cells are elliptical with the single exception of the marine family, Cyclostomata. Dresbach in 1902 observed the first recorded case of elliptical erythrocytes in man and to date, 75 authentic and 25 doubtful cases have been reported in the literature. The majority have been seen in normal healthy persons without an anemia, although attention has been drawn to the person or family by hospitalization of a member for another malady. Associated conditions have ranged from mere malaise to malignancy and treatment varied from symptomatic medication to splenectomy, none of which have affected the phenomenon. Anemia present was usually accounted for by the concurrent disease. Males and females are equally affected. The age varied from 82 years to 11 months.' It is not confined to those of negro blood or ancestry as is sickle cell anemia, f but has been observed in Americans of Dutch, Italian, Scotch Irish, Spanish, Jewish, and Russian Jewish, and Negro descent from divergent portions of