cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red blood cell-hitchhiking boosts delivery of nanocarriers to chosen organs by orders of magnitude

Drug delivery by nanocarriers (NCs) has long been stymied by dominant liver uptake and limited target organ deposition, even when NCs are targeted using affinity moieties. Here we report a universal solution: red blood cell (RBC)-hitchhiking (RH), in which NCs adsorbed onto the RBCs transfer from RBCs to the first organ downstream of the intravascular injection. RH improves delivery for a wide range of NCs and even viral vectors. For example, RH injected intravenously increases liposome uptake in the first downstream organ, lungs, by ~40-fold compared with free NCs. Intra-carotid artery injection of RH NCs delivers >10% of the injected NC dose to the brain, ~10× higher than that achieved with affinity moieties. Further, RH works in mice, pigs, and ex vivo human lungs without causing RBC or end-organ toxicities. Thus, RH is a clinically translatable platform technology poised to augment drug delivery in acute lung disease, stroke, and several other diseases.
Ecological Constraints on Nitrogen Fixation in Agricultural Ecosystems

Recent years have witnessed striking discoveries in the genetics and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, and it is likely that new and exciting findings will be forthcoming in the next decade. Nevertheless, it is my contention that, notwithstanding the far greater understanding that we now have about certain traits of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), research is moving in a direction that will have only a modest impact on increasing the amount of nitrogen that is fixed in agricultural land. These studies are largely concerned with the genetics and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation and those ancillary physiological processes that have an effect on the fixation, such as energetics and enzyme regulation. However, nitrogen fixation in agricultural ecosystems is rarely limited because of the absence of highly active nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. This point has often been stressed by individuals concerned with the practical aspects of nitrogen fixation, but it seems to have been forgotten under the weight of the voluminous literature on the biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen-fixing organisms.
Supporting Inclusive Campus Communities: A Student Development Perspective

Bethany R. Keller examines how student life programming can contribute to creating a more welcoming, inclusive, and culturally aware campus that supports student success. This chapter draws from important lessons learned within the Multicultural Center and International Student Affairs (MCISA) at Webster University. The importance of cultural programming, specialized orientation, strategic collaborations, and effective support services cannot be overstated in creating a culture of inclusion for meeting diverse student needs. Keller argues that the most successful programs are those designed to engage throughout the intellectual network of campus. She further contends that building intentional opportunities for diverse student groups to engage with one another through programs with cultural and human rights themes can advance intercultural learning.
Forensic mental health in corrections.

This chapter reviews the distinctions between correctional and forensic mental health treatment, with emphasis on basic versus rehabilitative mental health services. Forensic and correctional interventions are both focused on persons who are criminal justice-involved; nevertheless, they involve different populations and aims. Correctional interventions are typically focused on facilitating change such that an offender is less likely to reoffend, and thus public safety is enhanced. Competency to stand trial (CST) is related to a defendant's current mental state and ability to participate in legal proceedings. Criminal responsibility is a legal issue focused on the defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime. Correctional scholars continue to strive to identify the most effective correctional philosophies for reducing suffering, institutional misconduct, crime, and criminal recidivism. Although recent statistics demonstrate that the rate of juvenile arrests has decreased since the early 2000s, efforts to reduce criminal activity among delinquent youth continue to be of vital importance within the juvenile justice system.
Human Cumulative Cultural Evolution as a Form of Distributed Computation

Cumulative culture is the engine that drives the remarkable power of the global human computer. It enables societies to act as extremely powerful computers by ratcheting up technological and other cultural innovations. Once culture can accumulate, the ability of a society to maintain and spread complex technologies is directly related to the size of the population and its connectivity with other populations, finessing the strict limits on individual intelligence. Larger and more connected societies can maintain more complex technologies. This also means that sudden isolation or a drop in population size can lead to a loss of technology. In this chapter we first discuss how cumulative culture increases the evolutionary fitness of a population of social learners. We then focus on complex technology as a marker of cumulative cultural evolution, and discuss how technological complexity increases when cultures are both more populous and more connected. We discuss the fragility of our modern complex societies in response to disasters that may shrink the population or isolate groups. We end with a discussion of how our cultural norms and institutions shape the problems tackled by the global human computer.
Defining and strengthening child well-being in child protection

Although the goals of safety and permanency for children continue as critically important mandates in child protection, the field has witnessed an increased focus on child well-being in recent years. Whereas safety and permanency have been well operationalized, child well-being appears to be a much more complex and daunting concept to define and measure. Current federal guidelines require child protective agencies to improve outcomes in the area of child well-being, and although federal regulations offer some direction on interpreting this concept, the definition and operationalization remain vague. As leaders in the field have attempted to provide language by which to talk about and measure child well-being, a number of key frameworks have emerged. In this paper, we present a conceptual map that provides a visual overlay of these existing frameworks that can help guide child protection policy-makers, administrators, and practitioners toward a fuller understanding of the complexities of child well-being. While this conversation on child well-being is not new, this paper aims to add to the national discussion and deepen the understanding and conceptualization of child wellbeing within the context of child protection.
Effect of high concentrations of dietary vitamin D3 on pullet and laying hen performance, skeleton health, eggshell quality, and yolk vitamin D3 content when fed to W36 laying hens from day of hatch until 68 wk of age

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of various dietary concentrations of vitamin D3 (D3) on pullet and laying hen performance, eggshell quality, bone health, and yolk D3 content from day of hatch until 68 wk of age. Initially, 440 Hy-line W36-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments: 1,681 (control); 8,348; 18,348; 35,014; 68,348 IU D3/kg. At 17 wk of age, pullets were assigned to experimental diets with 12 replicate groups of 6 birds. At 17 wk of age, pullets fed diets containing 8,348 and 35,014 IU D3/kg had an increased bone mineral density in comparison to the control fed birds (P ≤ 0.01). Body weights of pullets fed the diet with 68,348 IU D3/kg were lower than other treatments (P ≤ 0.01). Hen-housed egg production (HHEP) of hens fed the 35,014 IU D3/kg diet was increased in comparison to control-fed hens (P ≤ 0.01), whereas HHEP of those fed 68,348 IU D3/kg diet was reduced in comparison to all other treatments (P ≤ 0.01). Shell breaking strength of eggs from hens fed 8,348, 35,014 and 68,348 IU D3/kg was increased in comparison to eggs from control-fed birds (P ≤ 0.01). Fat-free tibia ash content of hens fed any of the diets supplemented with D3 (8,348 to 68,348 IU D3/kg) was increased in comparison to control-fed hens (P ≤ 0.05). Yolk D3 content increased linearly with dietary D3 and the D3 transfer efficiency for the control, 8,348 IU, 18,348 IU, 35,014 IU, and 68,348 IU D3 treatments were 8.24, 10.29, 11.27, 12.42, and 12.06%, respectively. These data suggest that supplementation of dietary D3 up to 35,014 IU D3/kg feed maintained if not increased laying hen performance and enhanced pullet and laying hen skeletal quality as well as yolk D3 content and eggshell quality. Feeding pullets at a higher level 68,348 IU of D3 resulted in reduced growth and ultimately decreased performance of laying hens.
Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques in Assessing Cognitive Workload

Cognitive workload refers to the amount of mental capacity that is stored in working memory and remains a vital yet challenging aspect of many human factors applications. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of alternatives for different machine learning techniques used for assessing mental workload. This methodology consists of five techniques and four datasets. Each dataset consists of physiological factors such as electrodermal activity (EDA) or heart rate data as well as subjective factors. When evaluating our techniques, we compare accuracy, runtime, and F1 score across multiple different method-specific experimental parameters. Ultimately, the results indicate that ANNs perform best on datasets with large numbers of inputs and classification options, while decision trees are most ideal under a lower number of output possibilities. By understanding these individual strengths and weaknesses, we can ultimately improve the balance of ideal human performance through early detection of cognitive overload or underload.
Completeness of salpingectomy intended for ovarian cancer risk reduction.

Abstract Background Prophylactic salpingectomy has been heavily promoted based on the theory that serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is a precursor lesion for serous ovarian carcinoma. However, the validity of prophylactic salpingectomy has yet to be proven through adequate research. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the completeness of salpingectomy intended for ovarian cancer risk reduction. Materials and methods Women without a history of ovarian cancer who were undergoing salpingoophorectomy at a single institution in Honolulu, Hawaii were enrolled in this study. Salpingectomy was performed prior to oophorectomy. A blinded pathologist then examined the ovaries for the presence of residual salpingeal tissue. Data collected included type of surgery (minimally invasive or laparotomy) and level of surgeon (attending or resident). Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results A total of 107 ovaries were examined. Following salpingectomy, 5.6% (n = 6/107) of ovaries had residual salpingeal tissue present and 94.4% (n = 101/107) of ovaries were absent of salpingeal tissue. Of the ovaries with residual salpingeal tissue, there was no difference in level of surgeon (attending n = 3/107, resident n = 3/107, p = 1.0) or type of surgery (minimally invasive n = 5/107, laparotomy n = 1/107, p = 0.42). Discussion This is the largest blinded study ever conducted to examine ovaries for residual salpingeal tissue after salpingectomy. In addition, this is the only study to compare learner versus attending outcomes in this setting. This study found that over 94% of salpingectomies resulted in complete removal of salpingeal tissue. Of the ovaries with residual salpingeal tissue, there wasn't a difference among surgeon level and surgery type, but the study was not powered to detect this. This study supports the continued clinical practice of prophylactic salpingectomy for ovarian cancer risk reduction.
Education and learning: electronic books or traditional printed books?

This paper investigates the usage of e-books versus traditional books in terms of academics and education and compares each version's popularity based on their usefulness, accessibility, memorability, and usability. The participants were exposed to both e-book reading and printed reading for two subject areas and were later tested on the reading materials to gauge their memory retention from the readings. The results of this study suggest that the usefulness and usage of electronic and printed textbooks can differ from person to person based on individual preferences and the subject matter being studied. While traditional printed books took longer to read, the research subjects who used e-books scored 9--10% higher on post-reading assessments.
Evidence for contrasting roles of dimethylsulfoniopropionate production in Emiliania huxleyi and Thalassiosira oceanica.

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a globally abundant marine metabolite and a significant source of organic carbon and sulfur for marine microbial ecosystems with the potential to influence climate regulation. However, the physiological function of DMSP has remained enigmatic for >30 yr. Recent insight suggests that there are different physiological roles for DMSP based on the cellular DMSP concentrations in producers. Differential production of DMSP was tested with multiple physiological experiments that altered nitrate availability, salinity and temperature to create stressed growth and target different metabolic conditions in Emiliania huxleyi, a high DMSP producer and Thalassiosira oceanica, a low DMSP producer. Emiliania huxleyi intracellular DMSP did not respond to metabolically imbalanced conditions, while Thalassiosira oceanica intracellular DMSP was significantly correlated to stressed growth rate across all conditions tested and exhibited a plastic response on a timescale of hours in nonsteady-state. The previous assumption that proposed DMSP mechanism(s) can be universally applied to all producers is shown to be unlikely. Rather, two distinct ecological roles for DMSP likely exist that differ by producer type, where: (1) the primary role of DMSP in high producers is a constitutive compatible solute; and (2) DMSP production in low producers is a finely tuned stress response.
A Numerical Investigation of Parachute Deployment in Supersonic Flow

A validated computational fluid-structure interaction method applied to supersonic parachute inflation is extended to consider a unique, parallel self-contact algorithm, porosity interface conditions on the canopy, improved flow field sampling procedures for obtaining quality loading on the parachute canopy, adaptive mesh refinement, and improved treatment of thin geometries in an immersed boundary framework. These extensions are discussed in detail and demonstrated individually on test problems. Finally, the developments are brought together for demonstration on a sub-scale MSL parachute geometry.
The contribution of systems science to Industry 4.0

Industrie 4.0, also called Industry 4.0, represents the current trend of manufacturing industry characterized by high level of automation, industrial integration, and industrial information integration. It mainly includes enabling technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cyber‐physical systems (CPS), cloud computing, industrial integration, industrial information integration, and other technologies. Systems science has been emerged and well developed since the second half of the twentieth century. From 1940s until now, systems science has been called systems science, systems engineering, systems theory, cybernetics, systems analysis, systems methodology, systems approach, and systems thinking. Since its emergence, a wealth of research has produced an astonishing array of theoretical results and empirical insights, and a large suite of methods and techniques. Systems science has been continuously, widely, and successfully applied to many subjects in natural science and social sciences. This paper aims at discussing the potential contribution of systems science to Industry 4.0. As we approach the era of Fourth Industrial Revolution, this paper points out that systems science is a necessity to deal with the overwhelming systems complexity in Industry 4.0 and the surrounding industrial ecosystem.
Same-Sex Attraction Disclosure and Sexual Communication Topics within Families.

Few studies compare family communication about sex and relationships for sexual minority youth versus hetero-sexual teenagers. Further, existing studies often focus on mothers, overlooking fathers ...
Schizophrenia-linked protein tSNARE1 regulates endolysosomal trafficking in cortical neurons

Abstract TSNARE1, which encodes the protein tSNARE1, is a high-confidence gene candidate for schizophrenia risk, but nothing is known about its cellular or physiological function. We identified the major gene products of TSNARE1 and their cytoplasmic localization and function in endolysosomal trafficking in murine cortical neurons. We validated four primary isoforms of tSNARE1 expressed in human brain, all of which contain a syntaxin-like Qa SNARE domain. RNA-sequencing data from adult and fetal human brain suggested that the most abundant isoforms lack a transmembrane domain that is thought to be necessary for membrane fusion. Live-cell imaging demonstrated that brain tSNARE1 isoforms localized to compartments of the endolysosomal network. The most abundant brain isoform, tSNARE1c, localized most frequently to Rab7+ late endosomal compartments. Expression of either tSNARE1b or tSNARE1c, which differ only in their inclusion or exclusion of a Myb-like domain, delayed the trafficking of known endosomal cargo, Neep21, into late endosomal and lysosomal compartments. These data suggest that tSNARE1 regulates endolysosomal trafficking in cortical neurons, likely through negatively regulating endocytic trafficking or maturation of early endosomes to late endosomes.
Heparin-mediated antibiotic delivery from an electrochemically-aligned collagen sheet

Background Implantable medical devices and hardware are prolific in medicine, but hardware associated infections remain a major issue. Objective To develop and evaluate a novel, biologic antimicrobial coating for medical implants. Methods Electrochemically compacted collagen sheets with and without crosslinked heparin were synthesized per a protocol developed by our group. Sheets were incubated in antibiotic solution (gentamicin or moxifloxacin) overnight, and in vitro activity was assessed with five-day diffusion assays against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic release over time from gentamicin-infused sheets was determined using in vitro elution and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results Collagen-heparin-antibiotic sheets demonstrated larger growth inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa compared to collagen-antibiotic alone sheets. This activity persisted for five days and was not impacted by rinsing sheets prior to evaluation. Rinsed collagen-antibiotic sheets did not produce any inhibition zones. Elution of gentamicin from collagen-heparin-gentamicin sheets was gradual and remained above the minimal inhibitory concentration for gentamicin-sensitive organisms for 29 days. Conversely, collagen-gentamicin sheets eluted their antibiotic load within 24 hours. Overall, heparin-associated sheets demonstrated larger inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa and prolonged elution profile via HPLC. Conclusion We developed a novel, local antibiotic delivery system that could be used to coat medical implants/hardware in the future and reduce post-operative infections.
A Non-Iterative Greedy Algorithm for Multi-frame Point Correspondence

This paper presents a framework for finding point correspondences in monocular image sequences over multiple frames.The general problem of multi-frame point correspondence is NP Hard for three or more frames. A polynomial time algorithm for a restriction of this problem is presented, and is used as the basis of proposed greedy algorithm for the general problem. The greedy nature of the proposed algorithm allows it to be used in real time systems for tracking and surveillance etc. In addition, the proposed algorithm deals with the problems of occlusion, missed detections, and false positives, by using a single non-iterative greedy optimization scheme, and hence, reduces the complexity of the overall algorithm as compared to most existing approaches, where multiple heuristics are used for the same purpose.While most greedy algorithms for point tracking do not allow for entry and exit of points from the scene, this is not a limitation for the proposed algorithm. Experiments with real and synthetic data show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing techniques and is applicable in more general settings.
HowDIY: Towards Meta-Design Tools to Support Anyone to 3D Print Anywhere

The promise of anyone being able to 3D print anywhere relies on both technological advances and incremental shifts in social organizations to trigger changes in human behavior. While much research has focused on how people learn aspects of predefined printing processes, such as expressively utilizing particular design-software (e.g. CAD) and fabrication-machinery (e.g. 3D Printers), this work explores how anyone may gain an understanding of what can be 3D printed through dynamic-processes in computationally-guided exploration of online resources and 3D printing facilities. Investigations surrounding online printing services reveal accessible 3D printing processes that do not require end-users to have experience with design-software or fabrication-machinery, only requiring end-users to specify printable ideas. We present these accessible printing processes alongside associated technologies in a meta-design framework for supporting end-users’ specification of 3D printing ideas. Informed by this framework and a series of formative studies, we designed the website HowDIY to introduce anyone to 3D printing by encouraging and facilitating the intelligent exploration of various online resources. HowDIY was deployed over several weeks with diverse newcomers to 3D printing, validating that intelligent user interfaces can support anyone to participate in the utilization and design of 3D printing tools and processes.
Pulmonary Infection Induces Scarred Lipidome Influencing Trained Immunity

Resolution of infection results in development of trained innate immunity which is typically beneficial for the host in defense against unrelated secondary infection. Epigenetic changes underlie the establishment of trained innate immunity therefore host metabolism and this response are intimately linked. However, little is known regarding the influence of lipids on the development and function of trained immunity. Utilizing two models of pulmonary bacterial infection combined with multi-omic approaches, we identified persistent, pathogen-specific changes to the lung lipidome that correlated with differences in the trained immune response. Further, we establish the specific cellular populations in the lung that contribute to this altered lipidome. Together these results expand our understanding of the pulmonary trained innate immune response and the contributions of host lipids in informing that response.
Likelihood of being Physically Inactive from a Nationally Representative sample of Autistic Children

Despite the many health risks of physical inactivity, studies have demonstrated individual, family, and environmental determinants of inactivity for autistic children. However, these studies never examined these correlates at the same time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore these ecological domains concurrently when examining physical inactivity correlates for autistic children. This study used data from the 2016-2020 National Survey of Childrens Health. The authors predicted physical inactivity while controlling for child, parental/household, and neighborhood correlates with autism status as the comparison group. When controlling for covariates, children with co-occurring autism and intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36-2.68) or ASD only (aOR = 1.91, CI: 1.48-2.48) were significantly more likely to be inactive when compared to children without autism or IDD. However, autism medicine and autism severity were not predictors for obese autistic children. These findings indicate that it is important to take a holistic, ecological approach when exploring the correlates of inactivity for autistic children.
Effects of muscle damage on 31 phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy indices of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity in young mdx mice.

31 Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-MRS) has been shown to detect altered energetic status (e.g. the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine: Pi/PCr), intracellular acid-base status, and free intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+ ]) in dystrophic muscle compared with unaffected muscle; however, the causes of these differences are not well understood. The purposes of this study were to examine 31 P-MRS indices of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity in young mdx mice compared with wild-type and to evaluate the effects of downhill running to induce muscle damage on 31 P-MRS indices in dystrophic muscle. In vivo 31 P-MRS spectra were acquired from the posterior hindlimb muscles in young (4-10 weeks of age) mdx (C57BL/10ScSn-DMDmdx) and wild-type (C57BL/10ScSnJ) mice using an 11.1-T MR system. The flux of phosphate from PCr to ATP was estimated by 31 P-MRS saturation transfer experiments. Relative concentrations of high-energy phosphates were measured, and intracellular pH and [Mg2+ ] were calculated. 1 H2 O-T2 was measured using single-voxel 1 H-MRS from the gastrocnemius and soleus using a 4.7-T MR system. Downhill treadmill running was performed in a subset of mice. Young mdx mice were characterized by elevated 1 H2 O-T2 (p < 0.01), Pi/PCr (p = 0.02), PCr to ATP flux (p = 0.04) and histological inflammatory markers (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.01) [Mg2+ ] compared with wild-type. Furthermore, 24 h after downhill running, an increase (p = 0.02) in Pi/PCr was observed in mdx and wild-type mice compared with baseline, and a decrease (p < 0.001) in [Mg2+ ] and a lower (p = 0.048) intracellular [H+ ] in damaged muscle regions of mdx mice were observed, consistent with impaired sarcolemma integrity. Overall, our findings demonstrate that 31 P-MRS markers of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity are altered in young mdx compared with wild-type mice, and these indices are exacerbated following downhill running.
The reversible and irreversible autophosphorylations of insulin receptor kinase.

When the catalytically active, tyrosyl-phosphorylated form of insulin receptor was isolated from human placenta and treated with ADP, only partial dephosphorylation was observed. This observation suggests the existence of two distinct classes of phosphotyrosyl residues of the phosphorylated insulin receptor: one in which the phosphoryl groups undergo reversible transfer to ADP and one in which they do not. There were 8.8 +/- 2.2 phosphorylation sites per tetrameric insulin receptor, of which 2.4 +/- 0.5 were irreversible (mean +/- S.D., n = 6). The reversible sites were determined to be equivalent and noninteracting and to have an equilibrium constant for the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a site of reversible phosphorylation of 8.7. Surprisingly, both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at the reversible sites were relatively insensitive to the presence of insulin. Since only minimal autophosphorylation of insulin receptor was detected in the absence of insulin, the results suggest that the incorporation of phosphate into the two to three irreversible phosphorylation sites is insulin dependent. Phosphorylation of the irreversible phosphorylation sites then renders the insulin receptor relatively insensitive to the continued presence of insulin and facilitates rapid reversible phosphorylation of a second group of tyrosyl residues. The dependence of the degree of phosphorylation of insulin receptor on the ATP:ADP ratio may provide a mechanism for modulating the cellular response to insulin.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in a Dual Solid Organ Transplant Recipient

Clostridium difficile infection is one of the most frequent causes of healthcare-associated infections, and its rates are also increasing in the community. Mounting evidence suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be effective; however, as there is paucity of data regarding the use of FMT in patients with solid organ transplants, we present a case of successful FMT in a patient with dual solid organ transplant.
Lagrangian simulation of multidimensional anomalous transport at the MADE site

[1] Contaminant transport through regional-scale natural geological formations typically exhibits several “anomalous” features, including direction-dependent spreading rates, channeling along preferential flow paths, trapping of solute in relatively immobile domains, and/or the local variation of transport speed. Simulating these plume characteristics can be computationally intensive using a traditional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) because anomalous features of transport generally depend on local-scale subsurface properties. Here we develop an alternative simulation approach that solves the full nonlocal, multidimensional, spatiotemporal fractional-order ADE with variable coefficients in a Lagrangian framework using a novel non-Markovian random walk method. This model allows us to simulate anomalous plumes without the need to explicitly define local-scale heterogeneity. The simple model accurately simulates the tritium plume measured at the extensively characterized MADE test site.
Are you cup of joking? The “latte salute”, American President Barack Obama’s Visual Rhetoric

The “latte salute” as it has been coined is a highly publicized image taken in 2014 made popular by media outlets ranging from big news stations to online social media blogs. Depicting United States President Barack Obama exiting Air Force One, the presidential plane, the “latte salute” entered media channels and quickly became a social media phenomenon. It has been mentioned on television by Sarah Palin, Hannity and Colmes, Bill O'Reilly and Rosie O’Donnell. The incident has been popularized again and again by political cartoonists, activists, and artists. Backlash has ranged from social media outrage to creation of websites petitioning for public support to rise against the President’s actions in the photo. This research seeks to address the visual rhetoric of the latte salute photograph. The rhetorical implications of the presidency's visual spectacle deserve elucidation.
The active-zone protein Munc13 controls the use-dependence of presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels

Presynaptic calcium channel function is critical for converting electrical information into chemical communication but the molecules in the active zone that sculpt this function are poorly understood. We show that Munc13, an active-zone protein essential for exocytosis, also controls presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) function dictating their behavior during various forms of activity. We demonstrate that in vitro Munc13 interacts with voltage-VGCCs via a pair of basic residues in Munc13's C2B domain. We show that elimination of this interaction by either removal of Munc13 or replacement of Munc13 with a Munc13 C2B mutant alters synaptic VGCC's response to and recovery from high-frequency action potential bursts and alters calcium influx from single action potential stimuli. These studies illustrate a novel form of synaptic modulation and show that Munc13 is poised to profoundly impact information transfer at nerve terminals by controlling both vesicle priming and the trigger for exocytosis.
Quantifying the sensitivity of wind farm performance to array layout options using large-eddy simulation

[1] This paper attempts to quantify the effects of array layout on the performance of offshore wind farms. Array layout is characterized by the spacing between wind turbines (along and across the prevailing wind direction) and by their alignment (aligned or staggered). A large-eddy simulation code is utilized to create a turbulent boundary layer and is coupled with an actuator line model to simulate the effects of the rotating wind turbine blades. A control case (simulating the Lillgrund farm) and sensitivity runs are performed with various combinations of increased spacing, with and without staggering. Staggering every second row was found to be the simplest method to improve the capacity factor from 0.3 to 0.34 and array losses from 36% to 27%. The highest capacity factor (0.4) and the lowest array losses (14%) were obtained with a staggered layout with spacing across the prevailing wind direction that was twice the original. Smart layout choices can improve the array performance by 13%–33%.
Expression of Stimulator of Fe Transport Is Not Enhanced in Hfe Knockout Mice

Hfe knockout (-/-) mice recapitulate many of the biochemical abnormalities of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), but the molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of iron overload in HH remain poorly understood. It was found previously that livers of patients with HH contained 5-fold higher SFT (stimulator of Fe transport) mRNA levels relative to subjects without HH. Because this observation suggests a possible role for SFT in HH, we investigated SFT mRNA expression in Hfe(-/-) mice. The 4- and 10-wk-old Hfe(-/-) mice do not have elevated levels of hepatic SFT transcripts relative to age-matched Hfe(+/+) mice, despite having 2.2- and 3.3-fold greater hepatic nonheme iron concentrations, respectively. Northern blot analyses of various mouse tissues revealed that SFT is widely expressed. The novel observation that SFT transcripts are abundant in brain prompted a comparison of SFT transcript levels and nonheme iron levels in the brains of Hfe(+/+) and Hfe(-/-) mice. Neither SFT mRNA levels nor nonheme iron levels differed between groups. Further comparisons of Hfe(-/-) and Hfe(+/+) mouse tissues revealed no significant differences in SFT mRNA levels in duodenum, the site of increased iron absorption in HH. Important distinctions between Hfe(-/-) mice and HH patients include not only differences in the relative rate and magnitude of iron loading but also the lack of fibrosis and phlebotomy treatment in the knockout animals.
Responsiveness of three Patient Report Outcome (PRO) measures in patients with hand fractures: A preliminary cohort study

Abstract Study design Clinical measurement. Introduction Few studies describe the responsiveness of functional outcomes measures in patients sustaining hand fractures. Purpose 1 – To explore the responsiveness of three function-oriented Patient Report Outcome (PRO) measures with a cohort of hand fracture patients. 2 – To examine patients' PRO preference. Methods 60 participants with 74 hand fractures at an outpatient hospital-based hand therapy clinic consented to participate in this study. They completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ), and Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) at three trials: T1 (evaluation), T2 (one month later), and T3 (two months later). Participants also identified which PRO they felt best reflected their hand use and which was easiest to complete. Descriptive statistics, analyses of variance (ANOVA), effect size, and standardized response mean (SRM) were employed to describe participants, determine functional change between trials, and examine and compare PRO responsiveness. Questionnaire preference at T1 was reported. Results Participants demonstrated functional improvement, as measured by the DASH, PRWHE, and MHQ. T1 scores: DASH = 41.85 (SD ± 22.78), MHQ = 50.13 (SD ± 18.36), and PRWHE = 48.18 (SD ± 22.07). T2 scores: DASH = 22.11 (SD ± 18.18), MHQ = 69.89 (SD ± 15.93), and PRWHE = 22.62 (SD ± 18.15). T3 scores: DASH = 17.56 (SD ± 18.01), MHQ = 75.37 (SD ± 19.19), and PRWHE = 22.40 (SD ± 19.04). Each PRO demonstrated significant test score differences between trials ( p Conclusions DASH, MHQ, and PRWHE were each able to describe functional limitations in this cohort of patients with hand fractures. In capturing improvement over time they demonstrated comparable responsiveness in assessing change in patients with hand fractures. Level of evidence 2c.
Preoperative factors predict mortality after major lower-extremity amputation.

Background The objective was to develop a preoperative mortality risk stratification tool for patients facing major amputation. Methods Patients who underwent above-knee (AKA) or below-knee amputation (BKA) from 2005 to 2010 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of preoperative factors with 30-day mortality. Multivariable models were used to create a computerized prediction tool. Results Of 9,368 patients, 4,032 underwent AKA and 5,336 BKA. The 30-day mortality rate after AKA was 12.8%, almost double that of BKA (6.5%, P P = .020), whereas the rate of reoperation was substantially greater after BKA (22.7% vs 11.7%, P Conclusion Preoperative factors predict mortality after major amputation, and the risk calculator that we have developed may facilitate informed decision-making and provide realistic expectations for surgeons and patients faced with limb-threatening disease.
Family Ties, Co-Ethnic Bonds, and Ethnic Entrepreneurship

Past studies have corroborated the hypothesis asserting that family ties and co-ethnic bonds are instrumental in the growth of ethnic enterprise. Many of these studies, however, can be challenged on methodological grounds. This article uses data from two samples of Cuban exiles to test the hypothesis in a manner which addresses the challenges. Results offer minor support for the hypothesis. Because our test has dealt with methodological uncertainties that previous research overlooked, the negative nature of our results raises questions about the explanatory power of the family ties/co-ethnic bond hypothesis.
Quality of fruit and oil of black-ripe olives is influenced by cultivar and storage period

Black-ripe olives (Olea europaea cv. Ascolano, Manzanillo, Mission, and Sevillano), intended for oil extraction, were stored at 5 °C for 6-8 weeks to evaluate their postharvest physiology and quality changes. Also, samples of olives were placed at 20 °C for 2 weeks to determine the deterioration rate of four cultivars at ambient temperature. Fruit quality evaluations included color, visual quality, fruit firmness, mass loss, and water and oil content. Decay incidence, physiological disorders, and respiration and ethylene production rates of the olives were also recorded. Olive oil quality was determined by analysis of titratable acidity, peroxide value, K232 and K270 coefficients, and fatty acid composition of the olives. Fruit and oil quality of Ascolano and Manzanillo cultivars deteriorated more rapidly than that of Mission and Sevillano olives. Black-ripe Manzanillo and Ascolano olives could be stored with good air circulation at 5 °C for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, whereas Mission and Sevillano cultivars could be stored for 6-8 weeks at 5 °C with maintenance of good fruit and oil quality.
The Revival of a Great German Library

Detailed detective work reconstructs the book and manuscript collection of town clerk Konrad Peutinger from Augsburg. A contemporary of Luther, he set up one of the most important humanist libraries of his time
Little groups, discrete symmetry, and an Sp(4) × U(1) theory of the weak and electromagnetic interactions

We introduce a graphical method for determining the little groups of vacuum expectation values of Higgs mesons in $G\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge theories. This method is particularly useful when rank $G=2$. A general method for natural suppression of intramultiplet mixings of equally charged fermions using discrete symmetries is given. For concreteness we develop these methods using the gauge group Sp(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) and present a quasivectorlike theory of the weak and electromagnetic interactions based on this group. This theory insures $e\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}$ and Cabibbo universality, the absence of right-handed currents in neutron, hyperon, and muon decay, suppression of flavor-changing neutral currents and suppression of untenably large contributions to various weak processes such as the ${K}_{L}{K}_{S}$ mass difference and lepton-number-nonconserving decays. Discrete symmetries are used to discuss the fermion mass spectrum of this theory and, finally, to predict Cabibbo type mixing angles in terms of ratios of fermion masses.
Diagnosis of ectopic pancreas by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration.

AIM: To study the clinical, endoscopic, sonographic, and cytologic features of ectopic pancreas (EP). METHODS: This was a retrospective study performed at an academic referral center including two hospitals. Institutional review board approval was obtained. Patients referred to the University Hospital or Denver Health Medical Center Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Lab for gastroduodenal subepithelial lesions (SEL) with a final diagnosis of EP between January 2009 and December 2013 were identified. Patients in this group were selected for the study if they underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or deep biopsy. A review of the medical record was performed specifically to review the following information: presenting symptoms, endoscopic and EUS findings, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging findings, pathology results, procedure-related adverse events, and subsequent treatments after EUS-FNA. EUS with FNA or deep submucosal biopsy was performed in all patients on an outpatient basais by one of two physicians (Attwell A, Fukami N). Review of all subsequent clinic notes and operative reports was performed in order to determine follow-up and final diagnoses. RESULTS: Between July 2009 and December 2013, 10 patients [3 males, 7 females, median age 52 (26-64) years] underwent EUS for a gastroduodenal SEL and were diagnosed with EP. One patient was symptomatic. Six (60%) lesions were in the antrum, 3 (30%) in the body, and 1 (10%) in the duodenum. A mucosal dimple was noted in 6 (60%). Mean lesion size was 17 (8-25) mm. Gastrointestinal wall involvement: muscularis mucosae, 10%; submucosa, 70%; muscularis propria, 60%; and serosa, 10%. Nine (90%) lesions were hypoechoic and 5 (50%) were homogenous. A duct was seen in 5 (50%). FNA was attempted in 9 (90%) and successful in 8 (80%) patients after 4 (2-6) passes. Cytology showed acini or ducts in 7 of 8 (88%). Superficial biopsies in 7 patients (70%) showed normal gastric mucosa. Deep endoscopic biopsies were taken in 2 patients and diagnostic in one. One patient (10%) developed pancreatitis after EUS-FNA. Two patients (20%) underwent surgery to relieve symptoms or confirm the diagnosis. The main limitation of the study was the fact that it was retrospective and performed at a single medical center. CONCLUSION: EUS features of EP include antral location, mucosal dimple, location in layers 3-4, and lesional duct, and FNA or biopsy is accurate and effective.
Configurations in manufacturing strategy: a review and directions for future research

Abstract Configuration models have generated a great deal of interest in the business strategy area, as witnessed by a recent special issue in The Academy of Management Journal (Meyer et al., 1993). Despite this, there has been no effort to examine the current state or future role of configurational research in the manufacturing strategy area. This paper attempts to fill this gap. The first half positions configurations as a unique way of studying strategic fit issues. The second half of the paper examines the current state of configurational research in the manufacturing strategy area. We compare and contrast existing typologies and taxonomies, identify trends, and highlight possible gaps in the literature. Finally, we discuss how configuration models can play an important role in the study of dynamic manufacturing issues; specifically, the development, implementation, and change of manufacturing strategies.
Improve storage IO performance by using 85Ohm package and motherboard routing

For high speed signaling, 100Ohm differential impedance has been commonly used for decades. In recent years, 85Ohm differential impedance has been adopted for PCIE Gen2 and Gen3 for better signal integrity performance and routing consideration. However, for storage IOs such as SATA and SAS, buffer, cable, and connector, etc, are 100Ohm design. It is not clear whether we still have better signal integrity performance using 85 ohm package and motherboard routing. In this paper, we will report simulation and measurement results for 3Gbps and 6Gbps SATA and SAS links, by comparing 85Ohm package and mother routing with 100Ohm routing. Results show that 85Ohm package and motherboard routing have better signal integrity performance than 100Ohm even if cable, connector, hard disk driver and buffer, etc, are all designed at 100Ohm. Our conclusion is very meaningful in defining interconnect impedance for new generation of storage IO specification such as SAS 12Gbps.
Assay for valproic acid and its E-Δ2 metabolite in rat plasma by capillary gas chromatography without prior derivatization

Abstract A new and improved gas chromatographic assay method for valproic acid and a metabolite, E - Δ 2 valproic acid, in rat plasma has been developed. The assay has sufficient sensitivity to measure free levels of the parent drug and metabolite. By employing a Stabilwax-DA capillary column, symmetrical chromatographic peaks were obtained without the need for prior derivatization. Standard curves for valproic acid were linear from 0.1 to 640 μg/ml. Standard curves for the metabolite were linear from 0.1 to 556 μg/ml.
A Nucleophilic Chromium(V) Dioxo Radical Anion.

Treatment of Cr(NRAr)3 (R = C(CD3)2CH3 or tert-butyl, Ar = 2,5-C6H3FMe) with oxygen gives the purple chromium(VI) complex O2Cr(NRAr)2 in 83% purified yield. Upon one-electron reduction with cobaltocene, the d1 dioxo cobaltocenium salt [CoCp2][O2Cr(NRAr)2] was isolated in 89% yield. The dioxo anion displays solid-state magnetic behavior consistent with a Curie−Weiss paramagnet with one unpaired electron. The chromium(V) dioxo [CoCp2][O2Cr(NRAr)2] acts as a nucleophile toward ClSiPh3, ClC(O)Ph, and MeOTf to afford the monooxo complexes OCr(OSiPh3)(NRAr)2 (86% yield), OCr[OC(O)Ph](NRAr)2 (34% yield), and OCr(OMe)(NRAr)2 (76% yield), respectively. Two of these rare examples of monooxo chromium(V) derivatives, OCr(OSiPh3)(NRAr)2 and OCr[OC(O)Ph](NRAr)2, were structurally characterized and display Cr−Ooxo distances of 1.611(6) and 1.588(3) A, respectively. The benzoate complex features an η1-carboxylate ligand. All of the monooxo complexes show three peaks in their 2H NMR spectra consistent with isomers arising...
Implications of Social Class for Public Health

This paper will consider three areas in which social class and status have important implications for public health: 1) The differential distribution of disease and consequent evaluations of appropriate foci of public-health interest and activity; 2) The functioning of interpersonal relations within the health team and between team and public; 3) The congruence between public-health precepts and felt needs of the public at whom these precepts are directed.