cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO IV. CONDITIONS FOR COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NONRESPONDER PARENTAL B CELLS AND PRIMED (RESPONDER x NONRESPONDER) F1 T CELLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANTIBODY RESPONSE UNDER Ir GENE CONTROL IN VITRO

The conditions for cooperative interactions between nonresponder B10.S B cells and GAT-primed irradiated (C57BL/6 x SJL)F1 T cells in the response by cultures of mouse spleen cells to GAT were investigated. GAT-specific antibody responses could be elicited by soluble GAT in cultures of GAT-primed irradiated (C57BL/6 x SJL)F1 T cells with C57BL/6 B cells but not with B10.S B cells. In contrast, when GAT was presented to the cultures on F1 macrophages or as aggregates of GAT with MBSA, GAT-specific PFC responses were observed with both B10.S or C57BL/6 B cells. Irradiated GAT-primed T cells were nevertheless essential for the development of these responses. The GAT-specific response of B10.S B cells in these cultures was inhibited by the addition of soluble GAT at culture initiation. These results indicate that genetic disparity at Ir loci is not an absolute barrier to T-B-cell cooperative interactions in the response to antigens under Ir gene control. The significance of these data for the function of Ir gene products in immunocompetent cells is discussed.
The effect of fluorescent tracers on droplet spectrum, viscosity, and density of pesticide formulations

The most important factor affecting efficacy and drift of pesticide applications is the droplet spectrum. To measure pesticide drift, researchers utilize fluorescent tracers to rapidly quantify spray deposition. Although fluorescent tracers have been used for more than 50 years, no experiments have been performed on the effect they have on the properties of pesticide formulations (density and viscosity) or droplet spectrum, which affect the drift of pesticides. Therefore, we examined the effect of an oil- and water-based tracer on the volume median diameter (VMD), viscosity, and density of oil- and water-based pesticide formulations. In addition, we experimentally fit and demonstrate the utility of using distributions to characterize pesticide droplet spectra. The addition of tracers to both water- and oil-based formulations did not significantly alter the VMD, viscosity, and density. Lognormal distributions provided the best fit for the water- and oil-based formulations with and without tracer. Our results demonstrated that the addition of oil- and water-based tracers do not significantly alter pesticide formulations properties and droplet spectrum, and most likely do not alter the movement of pesticide droplets in the environment.
Fast collision detection between massive models using dynamic simplification

We present a novel approach for collision detection between large models composed of tens of millions of polygons. Each model is represented as a clustered hierarchy of progressive meshes (CHPM). The CHPM is a dual hierarchy of the original model: it serves both as a multiresolution representation of the original model, as well as a bounding volume hierarchy. We use the cluster hierarchy of a CHPM to perform coarse-grained selective refinement and the progressive meshes for fine-grained local refinement. We present a novel conservative error metric to perform collision queries based on the multiresolution representation. We use this error metric to perform dynamic simplification for collision detection. Our approach is conservative in that it may overestimate the set of colliding regions, but never misses any collisions. Furthermore, we are able to generate these hierarchies and perform collision queries using out-of-core techniques on all triangulated models. We have applied our algorithm to perform conservative collision detection between massive CAD and scanned models, consisting of millions of triangles at interactive rates on a commodity PC.
On the critical group of the n-cube

Abstract Reiner proposed two conjectures about the structure of the critical group of the n -cube Q n . In this paper we confirm them. Furthermore we describe its p -primary structure for all odd primes p . The results are generalized to Cartesian product of complete graphs K n 1 ×⋯× K n k by Jacobson, Niedermaier and Reiner.
A Re-Configurable Reduced-Bus Multiprocessor Interconnection Network

Multiple-bus multiprocessor interconnection networks are still considered as a cost effective and easily expandable processor-memory interconnection. But, a fully connected multiple bus network requires all busses to be connected to each processor and memory module thus increasing the physical connection and the bus load on each memo y. Reduced-bus connections with different connection topology such as rhombus, trapezoidal etc., were presented in [l]. In this paper a general single network topology has been presented that can be reconfigured to any one of the reduced-bus connection schemes. The re-configurability is achieved through the arbitration of combinations of simple link switches in a ring structure. The motive behind developing this reconfigurable structure is to offer a flexibility in matching the reduced-bus connection schemes to structure of parallel algorithms. The paper presents a mapping scheme to arbitrate the link switches for various connection pattems. Also, a comparison of effective memoy bandwidth of each connection scheme is shown. Expandability of the system to larger sizes are addressed.
Genetic divergence between transposable elements.

The probabilities of genetic identity between different members of the same family of transposable elements in a randomly mating host population are determined, under the assumption of statistical equilibrium between neutral mutations, random genetic drift, transposition and unbiased gene conversion. The method allows for variation in numbers of copies of the element between individuals within the host population, and for dependence of the probability of identity between a pair of elements on the frequencies of elements at the sites from which they were drawn. It is shown that, for the range of parameters under which the approximations used are valid, the effects of gene conversion on identity probabilities are relatively small, as are the effects of copy number variation and variation between sites in element frequencies.
Stokes phenomenon and schwinger vacuum pair production in time-dependent laser pulses.

The Schwinger effect, the non-perturbative production of electron-positron pairs from vacuum in an external electric field, is a highly non-trivial prediction of QED [1– 3], but the physical scales are such that it is so weak that it has not yet been directly observed. Recent experimental advances [4] have raised hopes that lasers may achieve fields just one or two orders of magnitude below the critical field strength of Ecr ∼ 10 16 V/cm, either in optical high-intensity laser facilities such as HiPER (Rutherford Lab.) and the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI), or in X-ray free electron laser facilities. Theoretically, recent analyses suggest that the non-perturbative Schwinger effect may be observable at these lower field strengths, by careful shaping and combining of laser pulses leading to a ”dynamically assisted Schwinger mechanism” enhancement [5–10]. The most important message is that the detailed shape of the laser pulse is significant, which motivates the extension presented here of the standard WKB approach to include more realistic laser field profiles. Observation of the Schwinger effect in the nonperturbative domain has the potential to yield valuable insight into analogous gravitational effects [11, 12], such as Unruh and Hawking radiation, where direct experiments are not feasible, and where issues such as backreaction and out-of-equilibrium physics are poorly understood. The basic physics is also relevant for atomic, molecular, astro- and plasma physics with ultra-high intensity lasers, where non-perturbative effects are crucial [13, 14], for heavy ion collisions [15], and for the LandauZener effect.
High Throughput Substrate Specificity Profiling of Serine and Cysteine Proteases Using Solution-phase Fluorogenic Peptide Microarrays

Proteases regulate numerous biological processes with a degree of specificity often dictated by the amino acid sequence of the substrate cleavage site. To map protease/substrate interactions, a 722-member library of fluorogenic protease substrates of the general format Ac-Ala-X-X-(Arg/Lys)-coumarin was synthesized (X = all natural amino acids except cysteine) and microarrayed with fluorescent calibration standards in glycerol nanodroplets on glass slides. Specificities of 13 serine proteases (activated protein C, plasma kallikrein, factor VIIa, factor IXaβ, factor XIa and factor α XIIa, activated complement C1s, C1r, and D, tryptase, trypsin, subtilisin Carlsberg, and cathepsin G) and 11 papain-like cysteine proteases (cathepsin B, H, K, L, S, and V, rhodesain, papain, chymopapain, ficin, and stem bromelain) were obtained from 103,968 separate microarray fluorogenic reactions (722 substrates × 24 different proteases × 6 replicates). This is the first comprehensive study to report the substrate specificity of rhodesain, a papain-like cysteine protease expressed by Trypanasoma brucei rhodesiense, a parasitic protozoa responsible for causing sleeping sickness. Rhodesain displayed a strong P2 preference for Leu, Val, Phe, and Tyr in both the P1 = Lys and Arg libraries. Solution-phase microarrays facilitate protease/substrate specificity profiling in a rapid manner with minimal peptide library or enzyme usage.
Appropriated Interaction Surfaces

We can make small devices easier to use by enabling them to "steal" surface area from the environment.
Basis of LSFEM

In this chapter an attempt is made to present a unified theory and formulation of the least-squares finite element method for multi-dimensional problems so that in principle, it is not necessary to repeat the same argument in different instances. In the following chapters, these theorems, inequalities and formulations will be extensively utilized. The mathematics is kept as simple as possible, since our purpose is to become familiar with certain modern concepts that will help readers understand the basic theory, formulation and properties of the least-squares method.
Absorption and Emission Fine Structure in ScBO3: Cr3+

SCBO3: Cr3+ has recently been found to lase between 778 and 892nm.1 The broadband fluorescence originates from the radiative decay of the lowest excited 4T2 state. Because the Cr3+ ion sits in a nearly perfect octahedron of oxygen atoms, the transition from 4T2 to 4A2 is parity forbidden so the radiative lifetime is 118µs.
The Lawrence Reader: Standhardt and Lewis on Women in Love

In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court held that adult, consensual, same-sex relations are constitutionally protected. In his dissent, Justice Scalia suggested that Lawrence had important implications for the right to marry a same-sex partner. This article analyzes two post-Lawrence decisions involving challenges to same-sex marriage bans - Standhardt v. Superior Court and Lewis v. Harris. The article suggests that neither decision offers a plausible reading of either Lawrence or state law and concludes that the courts might well have reached much different conclusions had they been willing to take Lawrence or local law more seriously.
Multi-wavelength radar target detection in an extreme advection duct event

Near sea surface radio frequency (RF) refraction is four dimensional (4D) and can significantly impact the performance of radar systems. The refractivity field is dictated by the vertical thermodynamic structure of the constantly evolving marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). Logistical and budgetary restraints on meteorological measurements over water to capture the spatio-temporal structure of refractivity fields influencing radar performance have limited the knowledge of how and why radar performance is azimuth, range, and time dependent. Rapidly increasing computer processing speeds and decreasing memory capacity costs have supported the horizontal and vertical resolution requirements for mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models to resolve the thermodynamic structure in the MABL. Once modeled, refractivity structure is easily calculated from the thermodynamic structure. Mesoscale NWP models coupled with modern parabolic equation radar performance models can support the prediction of 4D radar performance in challenging non-homogeneous, near surface refractivity fields at the time and location of the modeler's choice. The NWP modeling presented in this paper demonstrates how large-scale offshore flow of warm and dry air over colder seas produces strong near surface RF trapping. Large land-sea temperature differences can produce near shore sea breezes and surface-based ducts. This paper describes modeled radar performance in such a complex ducting structure over the Persian Gulf during large-scale northwest atmospheric flow. The refractivity field was resolved by the Coupled Ocean/ Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS® is a registered trademark of the Naval Research Laboratory) and the notional radar performance was modeled by the advanced refractive effects prediction system (AREPS). The results indicate strong spatial and wavelength-dependent enhancements and degradations in radar performance relative to a standard atmosphere.
A 10-year randomized controlled trial of the Early Risers conduct problems preventive intervention: Effects on externalizing and internalizing in late high school

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of the Early Risers "Skills for Success" Conduct Problems Prevention Program (ER; August, Bloomquist, Realmuto, & Hektner, 2007), a multifaceted program targeting social, emotional, behavioral, and academic risk and protective factors to promote adaptive psychological development. METHOD Based on the random assignment of their school, 245 kindergartners (mean age = 6.6 years, SD = 0.57; 68.6% male) with elevated teacher-rated aggressive behavior either participated in ER for 3 intensive years plus 2 booster years or served as controls. Participants were assessed annually during the intervention with teacher and parent reports and at 2 follow-up points. In the current study, 129 of the original participants were reassessed with diagnostic interviews in late high school (mean age = 16.3, SD = 0.52), and multiple imputation was used to deal appropriately with missing data. RESULTS Program participants had significantly fewer symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and major depressive disorder than did controls. The program's effect on increasing social skills and parent discipline effectiveness by Grade 3 mediated these effects. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide further evidence of the long-term positive effects of multicomponent, elementary-age, targeted conduct problems prevention programs. Training children in social skills and parents in effective discipline are possible mechanisms to divert maladaptive developmental cascades.
Biosynthetic incorporation of [3H]ethanolamine into protein synthesis elongation factor 1α reveals a new post-translational protein modification

Biosynthetic incorporation of [3H]ethanolamine into proteins was assessed in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. A single predominant labeled protein of about 50 kDa was observed following electrophoresis of cell extracts on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Subcellular fractionation showed this protein to distribute similarly to a 46-kDa [3H]ethanolamine-labeled protein reported previously (Tisdale, E. J., and Tartakoff, A. M. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8244-8252). In particular, the protein was enriched in cytosolic and microsomal fractions relative to plasma membrane and thus did not appear to correspond to the class of proteins with glycoinositol phospholipid anchors, the only post-translational protein modification involving ethanolamine that had been described previously. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis involving isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the protein was very basic, and nitrocellulose blots of one- and two-dimensional gels subjected to 3H autoradiography and immunostaining with antisera to purified rabbit elongation factor (EF) 1 alpha revealed that the protein was EF-1 alpha. Copurification of rabbit EF-1 alpha and the [3H]ethanolamine-labeled protein from K562 cells further supported this identification. Analysis of tryptic fragments produced from the copurified proteins by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography showed two radiolabeled peptides. Amino acid analysis demonstrated 1 residue of ethanolamine in each peptide, and peptide sequencing revealed that the ethanolamine-containing component(s) was attached to Glu301 and Glu374 in the EF-1 alpha protein sequence deduced from a human EF-1 alpha cDNA. These data confirm a new class of post-translational protein modifications involving ethanolamine.
The role of the endocrine system in temperature-controlled reproductive cycling in the estuarine gobiid fish, Gillichthys mirabilis.

Abstract 1. 1. In the estuarine goby, Gillichthys mirabilis , acetone dried homoplastic pituitaries from animals with thermally regressed gonads and pituitaries from animals in phases of active spermatogenesis were equally potent in stimulating spermatogenesis and testicular weight increases when assayed in hypophysectomized fish. 2. 2. Thermally induced gonadal regression in this species is not due simply to a complete cessation of gonadotropin secretion since, at a temperature which is sufficiently high to induce gonadal regression, testicular weights decrease more rapidly in hypophysectomized fish than in sham operated fish. 3. 3. High temperatures reduce the responsiveness of the gonads in Gillichthys since human chorionic gonadotropin and ovine lutenizing hormone stimulate spermiation only at low temperatures. Also, testosterone accelerates spermatogenesis at low temperatures, but not at high temperatures. 4. 4. High temperatures do not completely block the gonadal response in Gillichthys since salmon gonadotropin and homoplastic pituitaries maintain spermatogenesis under these conditions.
Movement as the Discriminative Stimulus Dimension in Several Conditional Discriminations

Two pigeons were trained to observe and peck whichever of eight illuminated keys presented a moving hue stimulus (SD). The SD moved in a clockwise direction every 2 seconds (t = 2 s). Pecks to the dynamic SD produced 3-s access to grain, a 3-s intertrial interval, and the next trial. Pecks to SΔ, static hue stimuli, produced a 5-s timeout. During Phase 2, t was decreased to .1 s. Pecks to a ninth key increased t. Several sessions presented novel hue and form stimuli in order to ascertain the controlling stimulus dimensions. The birds maintained 56% to 81% accuracy levels (chance = 12.5%). Both birds lengthened t. Data from sessions with novel dynamic and static stimuli suggested that the visual nature of the stimuli, color or forms, and movement as a superordinate SD dimension contributed to the discriminations.
Software — Aided robotics education and design

Robotics is a multi-disciplinary branch of science and technology. It is concerned with the study of multiple bodies in coordinated and controlled motion in space. As such it is inherently 3-dimenstional and requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines a variety of technologies, engineering disciplines, and advanced mathematics. Teaching robotics requires a solid understanding of the kinematics, dynamics, and control of solids in motion. This work described a set of software tools designed and developed to facilitate the teaching of robotics by offering an interactive interface for visualization, symbolic equations generation, and numerical computation. The visualization section creates 3-D virtual models of robotic mechanisms from mathematical descriptions of the mechanisms based on the popular Denavit-Hartenberg modeling method. This article describes the software and provides examples of its uses in robotics education.
MIMO Repetitive Control of an Active Magnetic Bearing Spindle

Abstract: We present the identification and control of an open loop unstable MIMO Active Magnetic Bearing Spindle (AMBS) for machining applications. A 20th order model is obtained from reducing a higher order model identified by the ARX method. For verification purposes, the model is compared to the system’s frequency responses obtained by the frequency sweep method. The model is used to design a linear quadratic optimal controller, where the weighting gains are tuned by simulation and experiment. A plug-in repetitive controller for asymptotic regulation and tracking of signals synchronous to the spindle rotation is designed by formulating the control design as a model matching filter design problem. The model matching’s optimal solutions for the non-minimum phase MIMO stabilized system are obtained respectively for H ∞ and H 2 norm minimizations. Simulation and experimental results are presented to compare the proposed MIMO repetitive control design methods and demonstrate the control performance.
Charge Density in the Gallium Arsenide Crystal

Approximating the charge density in crystalline gallium arsenide by a spatial superposition of self-consistent charge densities of gallium and arsenic atoms, we have calculated several contours of constant charge density and examined the three-dimensional character of these contours. A novel feature of the present work is that computer graphics techniques have been used to present the results in the form of three short color movies.
Moving From Efficacy to Effectiveness

Research Summary In 2012, the editors of CPP published an exchange about the Drug Market Intervention (DMI) in High Point, NC, concluding that it may be a promising approach to crime control but questioning whether it could be implemented across different settings. In this effectiveness study, we followed a cohort of seven sites that participated in a Bureau of Justice Assistance–sponsored DMI training to assess implementation and outcomes. Three sites were not able to implement, and implementation fidelity varied across the four sites that did implement. Of the four sites that held at least one call-in, only one was successful at reducing overall and drug crime (by 28% and 56%, respectively). This works out to an implementation rate of 57% with an average overall crime reduction of 16% (treatment-on-the-treated) or 4% (intent-to-treat). The results of this study demonstrate the importance of replication and the careful study of implementation fidelity prior to wide dissemination. Policy Implications When the findings of an evaluation reveal an effective crime reduction program, particularly when it garners significant public attention, it is not uncommon to rush to judgment that it should be widely implemented. DMI is a perfect illustration of this shortsighted approach to evidence-based crime prevention—multiple trials across a variety of contexts are necessary to understand whether a program is ready for broad dissemination and scale-up. The DMI program was challenging for sites to implement and resulted in significant reductions in crime in the site with the implementation fidelity that was highest and most similar to the original site. Our findings echo earlier concerns that the approach may be less effective across diverse settings and illustrate why effectiveness studies are vital in the development of evidence-based policy.
Study on the effect of laser pulse energy on the geometric quality of the laser machined parts

The direct write laser-machining process is based on CNC technology and therefore it is assumed that the laser beam focal spot scans the workpiece surface in conformance with the predetermined tool path. However, laser- machining experiments indicate that the geometric quality of the machined part is not only defined by the pre- determined tool path but is also largely influenced by the dynamics of the laser-material interactions. The geometry and surface profile of the machined part is the result of a combined effect of the complex dynamic processes accompanying the machining process. All laser-machining systems have unique dynamic characteristics, represented by random variations of process parameters, e.g., pulse energy, travel speed, etc. Thus, accurate prediction of part quality becomes very difficult, requiring a systematic experimental study for each specific material and the laser-machining system. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the effect of variations in laser pulse energy on the geometric quality of the machined parts in terms of accuracy, precision, and surface quality.
Investigating the effects of noise on a cell-to-cell communication mechanism for structure regeneration

In this paper we modified a previous cell-cell communication mechanism of dynamic structure discovery and regeneration to account for the presence of noise that could alter the route of messages transmitted across cells. We report results from a large number of simulation runs where noise was applied to the distance and direction of messages dispatched by cells. Based on our analysis of the results, we proposed an “activation” mechanism where missing cells need to receive a certain number of messages first before they divide and recreate missing cells. We then show that, due to the inherent message redundancy in the organism this mechanism improved the performance of the model even when noise is present on packets.
Indigenous Images of Democracy on City Streets: Native Representations in Contemporary Chilean Graffiti and Muralism

This chapter will center on works by Chilean street artists who have turned to Andean native cultures as a source of decolonial visions. Their indigenous images in murals and graffiti have emerged as significant components of a larger project seeking to democratize public space. These native figures on street walls operate as powerful allegories of greater inclusion within democratic institutions. I will argue that these artists invoke the iconographies of pueblos originarios (“original peoples”) as a way to redefine not only their own identities but also that of the nation as a whole. Through their work, these artists recognize and celebrate the current and past challenges to colonization posed by native peoples of the Americas, casting them as models for resistance to the Chilean neoliberal state.
Visual Text Mining: Discovery of Incongruity in Humor Modeling

This chapter presents a visual text mining approach to modeling humor within text. It includes algorithms for visualizing and discovering shifts in text interpretation as intelligent agents parse meaning from garden path jokes. Three successful text visualization methods are described to identify discrimination features for humorous and non-humorous texts. These visualization methods include Collocated Paired Coordinates, Heat maps, and two-dimensional Boolean plots. ﻿﻿
The Captive's Quest for Freedom: Fugitive Slaves, the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, and the Politics of Slavery

This magisterial study, ten years in the making by one of the field's most distinguished historians, will be the first to explore the impact fugitive slaves had on the politics of the critical decade leading up to the Civil War. Through the close reading of diverse sources ranging from government documents to personal accounts, Richard J. M. Blackett traces the decisions of slaves to escape, the actions of those who assisted them, the many ways black communities responded to the capture of fugitive slaves, and how local laws either buttressed or undermined enforcement of the federal law. Every effort to enforce the law in northern communities produced levels of subversion that generated national debate so much so that, on the eve of secession, many in the South, looking back on the decade, could argue that the law had been effectively subverted by those individuals and states who assisted fleeing slaves.
An introduction to the special issue on emotion regulation and eating disorders.

Despite an ever-growing literature identifying important psychological, biological, and social factors involved in eating disorders, our understanding of the onset and maintenance of these serious ...
Reliability of Die-Level Interconnections

At the die level, solder interconnections can fail by a number of failure mechanisms if the stress conditions are severe; i.e., fatigue, corrosion, metal migration, electromigration, creep, and thermomigration. Under normal field conditions, non-encapsulated open-array flip chip solder joints attached to alumina chip carriers exhibit the best reliability in the field among all interconnect methods. This, of course, is the result of following established design rules, process parameters and having a firm understanding of the reliability factors associated with flip chip interconnects. Many of these reliability factors are discussed in this chapter. It is necessary to establish an accelerated test capability so that a relatively long life in the field can be predicted on the basis of short term tests. The validity of the tests is achieved by verifying established semi-empirical models and characteristic parameters, and then are employed to predict the field life of joints.
Case 18-2018: A 45-Year-Old Woman with Hypertension, Fatigue, and Altered Mental Status

A Woman with Hypertension, Fatigue, and Altered Mental Status A 45-year-old woman presented with hypertension, fatigue, and episodic confusion. After medications were administered, the blood pressu...
Large-Scale Nonlinear Programming for Multi-scenario Optimization

Multi-scenario optimization is a convenient way to formulate design optimization problems that are tolerant to disturbances and model uncertainties and/or need to operate under a variety of different conditions. Moreover, this problem class is often an essential tool to deal with semi-infinite problems. Here we adapt the IPOPT barrier nonlinear programming algorithm to provide efficient parallel solution of multi-scenario problems. The recently developed object oriented software, IPOPT 3.1, has been specifically designed to allow specialized linear algebra in order to exploit problem specific structure. Here, we discuss the high level design principles of IPOPT 3.1 and develop a parallel Schur complement decomposition approach for large-scale multi-scenario optimization problems. A large-scale example for contaminant source inversion in municipal water distribution systems is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, and parallel results with up to 32 processors are shown for an optimization problem with over a million variables.
Microwave Applications of Photonic Crystals

This paper reviews three applications we have investigated using conventional (i.e., all dielectric) photonic crystals at frequencies up to about 30 GHz: (1) microwave mirrors, (2) substrates for planar antennas, and (3) photonic-crystal heterostructures. In each case, an important characteristic of the photonic crystal is that the reflection at frequencies in the stop band is distributed over at least one lattice constant in depth. Thus, the heat generated by residual dielectric absorption is distributed over a much larger volume than the heat generated by surface losses in a metal mirror, enabling a lower operating temperature. An additional characteristic of the photonic crystal, essential to the antenna application, is that its stop band is three-dimensional and thus rejects the majority of power radiated by an antenna mounted on its surface. This makes the planar antenna much more efficient than the same antenna placed on a homogeneous substrate made from the same dielectric material as the photonic crystal. A key factor in the ultimate practicality of these applications is the development of new types of photonic crystals that are superior structurally to conventional crystals or that display enhanced stop-band characteristics. To widen the stop band, we have studied a photonic-crystal heterostructure consisting of a stack of monoperiodic sections having different lattice constants. The resulting structure is shown to have a stop band of nearly one octave.
The Role of Rodent Models in Dyslexia Research: Understanding the Brain, Sex Differences, Lateralization, and Behavior

Developmental dyslexia, a reading disorder that piggybacks on some of the highest human cognitive functions, can be studied in animal models. This is because dyslexia can be decomposed into endophenotypes, some of which are present in one form or another in non-human animals, and because dyslexia has a developmental trajectory beginning at a time when the human being is not predominantly a cognitive being. In this chapter I provide four examples of animal research where insights about the pathophysiology of dyslexia can be obtained. The first one concerns cortical abnormalities initially reported in autopsied dyslexic brains and modeled in rodent brains. The second one models brain lateralization, considered to be abnormal in dyslexia, the role of cilia in somatic lateralization, and possible roles of dyslexia susceptibility genes in cilia structure and function. The third example considers sex differences in dyslexia and reports sex-differences in developmental plasticity in subcortical structures and in behavior in rodents after induction of cortical malformations. Finally, the fourth example deals with the dichotomy of cortical versus subcortical involvement in dyslexia by showing developmental interactions of cortical and subcortical structures in early cortical and genetic manipulations in rats and mice.
Specialized Machine Learning Topics

This chapter presents some technical details about data formats, streaming, optimization of computation, and distributed deployment of optimized learning algorithms. Chapter 22 provides additional optimization details. We show format conversion and working with XML, SQL, JSON, 15 CSV, SAS and other data objects. In addition, we illustrate SQL server queries, describe protocols for managing, classifying and predicting outcomes from data streams, and demonstrate strategies for optimization, improvement of computational performance, parallel (MPI) and graphics (GPU) computing.
Haptic explorers: Supporting science journaling through mobile haptic feedback displays

Abstract Mobile devices are promising for enabling young children to document and reflect on science-related phenomena in their world. Yet, tactile information, which is central to early science learning, is lost when interacting with traditional mobile devices. We present Haptic Explorers, an application for the TPaD Phone that allows learners to capture and annotate images with audio and haptic feedback. We describe the design of this application and an evaluation with 35 children (aged 5–7) during a science summer camp. We found that children using haptic devices included more tactile descriptors when reflecting on the contents of their notebook and were on-task more often than their peers in the non-haptic group. Our results also suggest that haptic feedback is relevant for learning activities that involve concrete observation and when tactile sensory information aids in making descriptive comparisons. We discuss the potential for mobile haptic feedback displays to support early science inquiry and multimodal science talk.
Predictors of Biliary Strictures After Liver Transplantation Among Recipients of DCD (Donation After Cardiac Death) Grafts.

Biliary strictures are a common complication among donation after cardiac death (DCD) liver transplantation (LT) recipients and may require multiple endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures. We evaluated the risk factors associated with development of biliary strictures in DCD LT recipients. DCD LT recipients who underwent transplantation from 2012 to 2017 were divided into 2 groups: (a) those with anastomotic or non-anastomotic biliary strictures who required ERCP (“stricture group”) and (b) those who did not require ERCP or had cholangiograms without evidence of biliary strictures (“non-stricture group”). Clinical data, cholangiograms and laboratory values at day 0 and day 7 after LT were compared between the two groups. Forty-nine of the 100 DCD LT recipients underwent ERCP. Thirty-four of these 49 LT recipients had evidence of anastomotic or non-anastomotic biliary strictures (stricture group), while the remaining 66 LT recipients comprised the non-stricture group. Donor age was significantly higher in stricture group compared to non-stricture group (49.2 ± 1.8 vs 42.8 ± 1.57 years, respectively; p = 0.01). The stricture group had a significantly higher total bilirubin at day 0 (3.5 ± 0.37 vs 2.6 ± 0.21 mg/dL; p = 0.02) and INR at day 7 (1.24 ± 0.06 vs 1.13 ± 0.01; p = 0.048) compared to the non-stricture group. Multi-variate analysis demonstrated significant association between biliary strictures and total bilirubin at day 0 of LT and age of donor. Biliary strictures occur frequently in DCD LT recipients and may be associated with older age of donor. Hyperbilirubinemia immediately after transplant and higher INR in the first 7 days after transplant may predict subsequent development of biliary strictures.
Tracking Transformative Transitions: From CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals to Bulk Perovskite Films

The control of grain size and surface properties is an important parameter in controlling the optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of metal halide perovskites. When CsPbBr3 nanocrystal (∼10 nm in diameter) films were annealed at 100–125 °C, they grow in size to produce ∼400 nm diameter crystallites while transforming into bulk perovskite films. Characteristic changes in the optical properties were noted when such transformation occurred from nanocrystals into bulk. By tracking absorbance and emission spectra and morphological changes of CsPbBr3 films at different annealing times and temperature, we were able to establish the mechanism of particle growth. The presence of nanocrystals and larger crystals during the intermediate annealing steps and narrowing size distribution confirmed the Ostwald ripening mechanism for the crystal growth. The energy of activation of crystal growth as determined from the temperature dependent optical properties was estimated to be 75 kcal/mol.
A 16-Year-Old Softball Pitcher with a Sore Shoulder

Windmill softball pitchers with shoulder pain present similar challenges to diagnosis and management as to overhead throwing athletes. However, there are unique aspects to these athletes given the windmill pitching motion and its biomechanical effects on the shoulder. We present a case of a 16-year-old windmill softball pitcher with anterior shoulder pain. We will provide the reader approaches to the examination of this type of athlete, discuss the importance of a kinetic chain assessment, and review possible imaging modalities and when to obtain them. The importance of understanding the biomechanics of the windmill pitch will further provide details to practitioners that care for this type of an athlete. Finally, treatment, return to play algorithms, and methods to reduce future injury risk will be presented.
In Situ Surface Tension Measurements of Hanging Droplet Methylglyoxal/Ammonium Sulfate Aerosol Mimics under Photooxidative Conditions

Dark-chemistry products of ammonium sulfate (AS) and methylglyoxal (MG) have been observed to be surface-active, resulting in changes to solution surface tension with relatively small amounts of or...
Reactive flash spark plasma sintering of high-entropy ultrahigh temperature ceramics

Abstract A new Reactive Flash Spark Plasma Sintering (ReaFSPS) method has been developed to synthesize high-entropy ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs), using (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 and (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)C as examples. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction collectively show the formation of a single high-entropy phase within ~2 min. Notably, adding 3 wt.% of carbon can promote the formation and homogenization of a high-entropy diboride phase without aggressive mechanical alloying, achieving a >99% relative density. This work has established a new rapid and potentially scalable method to use ReaFSPS to synthesize homogenous high-entropy UHTCs from commercial powders of individual constituents.
Improving Male Genital Examinations in Adolescent Patients: Creation and Preliminary Validation of an Assessment Tool

Providers cite lack of training and knowledge as reasons for omitting male genitourinary (GU) examinations. Also, no standard tools exist for assessment of male GU exams despite instruments for female pelvic exams. The objective of this project was to create and validate a male GU assessment instrument to evaluate trainee skill level. A first-author created 18-item assessment instrument (addressing preparation, exam, communication) was reviewed by a seven-member expert panel of adolescent medicine providers who reviewed items using a 4-point Likert scale. Adolescent medicine faculty completed the instrument (n = 48) for trainees, and differences in assessments were analyzed utilizing chi-square (SPSS, v. 24.0 p 2 times inspected the glans/meatus (p = .045), palpated the inguinal canals (p = .02), and informed of exam steps (p = .04) well compared to their first assessment. There were differences between provider assessments washing hands (p = .001); inspecting pubic hair (p = .000), glans (p = .001), and penis shaft (p = .002); palpating inguinal canals (p = .000); explaining exam steps (p = .000); being professional (p = .000); and explaining exam findings (p = .000). Excluding the creator, only professionalism was rated differently among providers (p = .023). The male genital exam assessment tool was preliminarily validated as highly relevant to the male GU exam, was not affected by learner gender, and showed learner improvement over time. There are differences between faculty, indicating individual perception of exam items and need for increased discussion before implementing the assessment instrument into practice.
Current evaluation and management of plastic bronchitis in the pediatric population.

Abstract Objective To describe a multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of plastic bronchitis (PB) in children. Methods Retrospective chart review of children with PB between 1997 and 2017. Data regarding clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes were analyzed. Results Of 34 patients presenting with PB, 24 had single ventricle (SV) heart disease, 9 had pulmonary disease, and one had no underlying disease. Median (IQR: interquartile range) age at the time of PB diagnosis was 5.5 years (IQR: 9.0). Presenting symptoms included cough productive of casts (n = 27, 79%), wheezing (n = 5, 15%), dyspnea (n = 18, 53%), hypoxia (n = 31, 91%), and respiratory failure (n = 9, 26%). Diagnosis was made based on clinical evaluation, bronchoscopy findings, and/or pathology of casts. Treatment methods included bronchoscopy for cast removal (25% of SV patients, 91% of non-SV patients), chest physiotherapy (SV: 92%, non-SV: 45%), albuterol (SV: 79%, non-SV: 73%), inhaled steroids (SV: 75%, non-SV: 18%), nebulized hypertonic saline (SV: 29%, non-SV: 9%), nebulized heparin (SV: 8%, non-SV: 55%), nebulized tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; SV: 33%, non-SV: 9%), inhaled Dornase Alfa (SV: 54%, non-SV: 9%), antibiotics (SV: 46%, non-SV: 45%), systemic steroids (SV: 13%, non-SV: 45%), and lymphatic embolization (SV: 8%, non-SV: 45%). Of SV patients, 11 had no recurrence, 5 underwent heart transplantation, one awaits transplant, and 3 died due to cardiac disease. Three patients with respiratory disease had recurrent PB and one died from MRSA pneumonia. Conclusion PB is a highly morbid disease with limited treatment options. Bronchoscopy and chest physiotherapy for airway clearance are among the most-utilized therapies.
Microscopic origins of the swim pressure and the anomalous surface tension of active matter

The unique pressure exerted by active particles-the "swim" pressure-has proven to be a useful quantity in explaining many of the seemingly confounding behaviors of active particles. However, its use has also resulted in some puzzling findings including an extremely negative surface tension between phase separated active particles. Here, we demonstrate that this contradiction stems from the fact that the swim pressure is not a true pressure. At a boundary or interface, the reduction in particle swimming generates a net active force density-an entirely self-generated body force. The pressure at the boundary, which was previously identified as the swim pressure, is in fact an elevated (relative to the bulk) value of the traditional particle pressure that is generated by this interfacial force density. Recognizing this unique mechanism for stress generation allows us to define a much more physically plausible surface tension. We clarify the utility of the swim pressure as an "equivalent pressure" (analogous to those defined from electrostatic and gravitational body forces) and the conditions in which this concept can be appropriately applied.
Patient-nephrologist prognostic awareness and discordance in end stage renal disease on renal replacement therapy.

The 1-year mortality rate of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on renal replacement therapy (RRT) is 20–25% comparable to many cancers. Studies have shown that cancer patients commonly overestimate their likelihood of survival relative to their physicians. It is unclear if this translates into other terminal illnesses. Adult and elderly patients with ESRD on RRT without cognitive defect were interviewed to evaluate their prognostic estimates at 1 and 5 years. Past medical history and demographic data was abstracted from their medical charts. Each patient’s proper nephrologist was then interviewed regarding his proper prognostic estimate for this patient. Both the patient and the nephrologist’s estimates were compared and a difference of greater than 20% was defined as the threshold for prognostic concordance. 77% of patients were found to be in prognostic discordance with their nephrologists. This group was older, had more comorbidities, a lower albumin level and a poorer prognosis. The majority of patients were in disagreement with their nephrologists regarding whether a discussion about prognosis had taken place. The choice of end of life care for 55% of patients was focused on relieving pain and discomfort. Communication of prognosis and discussions related to life expectancy and end of life care are lacking in the routine care of ESRD patients. ESRD patients therefore tend to overestimate their prognosis which might lead to overutilization of invasive procedures with increased acute healthcare costs as well as a delay in instigation of palliative or hospice measures.
High-pressure torsion processing of Zn–3Mg alloy and its hybrid counterpart: A comparative study

Abstract Processing of metal hybrid nanocomposites have emerged in the recent years by means of solid-state reactions through severe plastic deformation techniques, resulting in heterogenous microstructures and mechanical properties. Despite the increased scientific interest in these unusual materials, little is known regarding their comparative attributes with respect to a homogeneous material having equivalent nominal composition. This work provides a direct comparison of the microstructure and the hardness evolution between a Zn–3Mg (wt.%) alloy and its hybrid counterpart, after high-pressure torsion (HPT) and after HPT followed by a post-deformation annealing (PDA) treatment. Experimental results indicate that both the alloy and the hybrid reach a similar level of grain refinement after HPT processing, however, grain growth follows different trends after PDA. The HPT-processed alloy exhibits clusters of Mg2Zn11 nanocrystalline domains that coalesce into coarser grains maintaining a unimodal GS distribution after PDA. On the other hand, the hybrid after PDA displays a multimodal GS distribution consisting of ultrafine Mg-rich grains containing MgZn2 and Mg2Zn11 nanoscale intermetallics, in a matrix of coarser dislocation-free Zn grains. These observations were supported by kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps and pole figures obtained through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis.