cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light-evoked changes in extracellular pH in frog retina.

Abstract Light-induced changes in extracellular H+ concentration (ΔpH0) were studied with intraretinal H+-sensitive double-barreled microelectrodes in frog eyecup and isolated retina preparations. The most prominent ΔpH0 were found in the inner plexiform layer, as pH increases (alkalinizations) at light onset and offset. With a small-spot stimulus (0.3 mm dia.), 30 sec in duration, the ΔpH0 were relatively small (0.03 pH units), and long lasting (peak at 25–30 sec). They were enhanced by flicker (0.3 Hz). Depth profiles paralleled those of the field potentials (PNR/M-wave), the ON ΔpH0 peaking 40 μm more proximal than the OFF response. The ΔpH0 exhibited surround antagonism, which was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX), indicating an independence from action potentials. The mechanism for these pH increases in proximal retina is not yet understood. In the subretinal space diffuse retinal illumination produced a small pH increase, consistent with a presumed decrease in photoreceptor lactate production. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) with acetazolamide or methazolamide increased both the proximal and distal retinal ΔpH0, suggesting that CA is involved in buffering retinal pH.
The thermodynamic design of heat and mass transfer processes and devices

Abstract This review article places in perspective the new work devoted both to the analysis of the thermodynamic irreversibility of heat and mass transfer components and systems and to the design of these devices on the basis of entropy generation minimization. The review focuses on the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the generation of entropy in heat and fluid flow and on the design tradeoff of balancing the heat transfer irreversibility against the fluid flow irreversibility. Applications are selected from the fields of heat exchanger design, thermal energy storage, and mass exchanger design. This article provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of second-daw analyses published in the heat and mass transfer literature during the last decade.
A Peak Amplitude Selector for Electrophysiological Data Analysis

This paper describes a peak amplitude selector designed to analyze electrophysiological phenomena ranging from slow (0.1 to 1 Hz) EEG to fast (up to 200 kHz) multiple neuronal units. The selector's minimum window height of 10 mV, when used on input signals of 0.5 to 1 volt allows the selection of interesting impulses out of a group of impulses with nearly the same amplitude. To increase the selector's usefulness, four data outputs are provided: for use with a paper recorder, two low speed outputs are available? one giving a pulse out for every impulse in the window, and one giving a pulse out for every 10 pulses in the window (to overcome the problem of losing counts when a fast pulse train is processed by a slow system); a high speed output giving one pulse for every impulse in the window is available; finally, an analog output proportional to rate of arrival of impulses in the window is provided. In addition, reference outputs are supplied to display the upper and lower thresholds relative to the signal, so that the window is clearly defined. The circuit is designed to use low cost components.
Successful Communications for School Leaders

Communication effectiveness is a prime indicator of a professional who is well trained and willing to continue working toward being an excellent school leader. The awareness of our current state of training, the knowledge of what we should do to improve, and the desire to make that improvement defines an educated individual who has the potential to be an outstanding school leader.
The Hypermetabolic Response to Burn Injury and Interventions to Modify This Response

Severe burn injury is followed by a profound hypermetabolic response that persists up to 24 months after injury. It is mediated by up to 50-fold elevations in plasma catecholamines, cortisol, and inflammatory cells that lead to whole-body catabolism, elevated resting energy expenditures, and multiorgan dysfunction. All of these metabolic and physiologic derangements prevent full rehabilitation and acclimatization of burn survivors back into society. Modulation of the response by early excision and grafting of burn wounds, thermoregulation, early and continuous enteral feeding with high-protein high-carbohydrate feedings, and pharmacologic treatments have markedly decreased morbidity.
Effect of Friction on Ultrasonic Consolidation

Friction and plastic flow at the bond interface are believed to be the most fundamental phenomena in ultrasonic consolidation. This paper focuses on friction’s contribution to bonding mechanism in ultrasonic welding. Based on a 3-D thermo-mechanical dynamic FEM model, the distributions of temperature and plastic deformation caused by the friction stress are presented. Temperature and plastic deformation are found to vary with vibration cycles. A saturation phenomenon is identified that after certain number of vibration cycles, the plastic deformation at the bond interface reaches a “steady-state”.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Interception of Deaminatively Generated Benzyl Carbenium Ions by Acetone.

Essentially free benzyl carbenium ions were generated via protonation of phenyldiazomethane with benzoic acid in acetone. Interestingly, no proton transfer occurred below −20 °C. After protonation ...
Migrants, Servants, and Slaves: Unfree Labor in Colonial British America . By Russell R. Menard. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate/Variorum, 2001. Pp. xiv, 302. $105.95.

Quantitative economic history has enjoyed substantial successes in the field of early American history. A distinguishing characteristic of scholars of the early American economy has been their ability to reach a broad readership. Their work speaks to both mainstream and economic historians, which is no small achievement.
Epeirogenic uplift discussed at meeting

A surprisingly large region of the western United States, far from the edges of the continent, has been uplifted by 2 km or more sometime since the Cenomanian stage of the Cretaceous period, nearly 100 million years ago, according to a paper presented at the 1985 AGU Fall Meeting by Dork Sahagian of the University of Chicago. In fact, most of this epeirogenic uplift may well have occurred in the last 5–15 million years. Epeirogenic motions are predominantly vertical movements that produce broad features of continents and oceans (for example, plateaus and basins). Epeirogeny is usually contrasted with orogeny, the more localized and generally horizontal processes involved in the formation of mountain chains near plate margins. Since the advent of plate tectonic theory, horizontal motions have received more attention than have vertical motions like those studied by Sahagian, according to Bradford Hager of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who served as tectonophysics program cochairman for the Fall Meeting.
Effects of timing of prescribed fire on the demography of an invasive plant, spotted knapweed Centaurea maculosa

Summary 1 Prescribed burning is a key tool used in prairie and savanna restoration projects. The timing and frequency of prescribed fires are important variables to consider because they can differentially affect the survival of individual plant species, including noxious exotic species. 2 We used annual censuses and population matrix analysis to evaluate the demographic consequences of burning on populations of the invasive species spotted knapweed Centaurea maculosa in a Michigan, USA, prairie restoration experiment. We compared spring, summer and autumn burns at two frequencies: annually (2000–03) and in alternate years (2001, 2003). We examined the effects of different seasons and frequencies of prescribed fire on the survival, growth and reproduction of C. maculosa populations, and used life-table response experiments and elasticity analyses to determine how season of fire affects population growth rates. 3 We found that annual summer burning was the only treatment that significantly reduced overall population growth rates. 4 The life-table response experiment analysis indicated which life stages contributed the most to changes in population growth rates under the different treatments. The summer burn treatments reduced population growth by reducing reproduction. 5 The different burn treatments altered the elasticity structure of populations, but in general reproduction of adults as well as survival of non-reproductive adults and juveniles remained important in all treatments. This indicates that future attempts to control C. maculosa should focus on combinations of treatments targeting these life stages. 6 Synthesis and applications. Management decisions regarding prescribed burning in grassland restoration projects should consider the responses of individual species already present in the system. In particular, it is important to consider the effects of burning on noxious invasive species that may or may not have different life histories and responses to fire compared with native species. Population matrix modelling provides a more complete picture of the effects of management on population responses compared with other measures based only on community composition and relative abundance. Depending on the goals of a restoration, non-traditional management options, such as summer burning in mid-west USA prairies, may be effective management tools for the control of invasive species.
A comparison of 4 methods of data presentation for lysosomal enzyme activity in gingival crevicular fluid.

Abstract In previous studies, we have emphasized the importance of considering the methods used for analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This study evaluated 4 different approaches for data presentation of lysosomal enzyme activity in GCF. GCF was collected from patients displaying at least 2 mm of clinical attachment loss at a minimum of 3 sites in the mouth (DA), and patients who did not display clinical attachment loss of 2 mm or more at any site in the mouth (DI), during a 3-month interval following entry into a longitudinal trial. GCF was collected by the timed intrasulcular placement of precut filter paper strips. 16 to 28 individual GCF samples were collected from each patient. The lysosomal enzymes studied were B-glucuronidase (BG) and arylsulfatase. The mean values for the DA and DI groups at baseline and 3 months are reported. The results indicate that when the data is expressed as total enzyme activity (unit activity) per 30-s collection (UA) or UA x GCF volume (μl) per mm of probing depth, the DA group demonstrated significantly greater mean values than the DI group at baseline and 3 months. In contrast, when the data was expressed as concentration (UA/μl), or UA per mm of probing depth, differences between the DA and DI groups were observed only at the 3-month evaluation. The difficulty in using concentration when reporting GCF lysosomal enzyme activity is emphsized by comparison of the data from the DA group and the high and low enzyme activity subsets of the DI group. At baseline, the DA group had a significantly lower BG concentration than the DI high enzyme subset, but a significantly higher BG concentration compared to the DI low enzyme subset. In addition, determination of true volume presents a potential source of error in the calculation of concentration of any factor in GCF. When GCF is collected for diagnostic purposes with a timed insertion of a precut filter strip, our data indicates that the preferred method of presentation for lysosomal enzyme activity is UA.
Toward Pentecostal Prolegomena II: A Rejoinder to Andrew Gabriel

This rejoinder responds to the recent exchange begun by Andrew Gabriel concerning the viability of divine impassibility within Pentecostal circles. The article hopes to make clearer the guiding assumptions and ends that drove the original article in question, particularly in terms of how the witness and reception of Christian tradition and the explicit and ongoing recognition of the analogical constitution of God-talk can further serve the efforts of constructive Pentecostal theology, particularly as they relate to the doctrine of God and divine attribution.
Growth and characterization of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 heterostructures for three-dimensional circuit studies

The structural and electronic properties of epitaxial colossal magnetoresistive oxide (CMR) / ferroelectric / CMR trilayers have been examined to investigate the feasibility of building all-oxide three-dimensional (3D) circuits. Epitaxial Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 (PZT) films sandwiched by ultrathin La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSMO) layers have been fabricated using off-axis magnetron sputtering, with high crystalline quality and smooth surfaces having been obtained. Both the top and bottom layers of LSMO exhibit CMR behavior.
Parasexual fusion products in green algae: Enteromorpha and Ulvaria (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)

Enteromorpha linza and Ulvaria oxysperma in North Carolina reproduce exclusively by asexual zoospores. Calcofluor white staining indicated that newly released zoospores lack significant cellulose cell wall material, making them suitable for treatment as protoplasts in a parasexual fusion process using high pH-Ca2+, PEG and centrifugation. Presumptive fusion products were identified by their larger size, twin chloroplasts and eyespots, and presence of fluorescence labelled and unlabelled portions. Parasexual fusion and karyogamy were confirmed by elevated levels of nuclear DNA in fusion cell germlings. In addition, aceto-orcein staining of fusion cell products revealed a diploid chromosome complement of 2N = 20 in Enteromorpha linza. Fusion cells were isolated by killing the more numerous adjacent unfused zoospores with 2–3 min exposure to blue light (410–490 nm). Unexposed fusion cells could be readily distinguished and recovered by micropipette at the 10-day stage.
On the systematics of high Tc in transition metal materials

Abstract A theory which expresses the electron-phonon interaction in transition metals in terms of an atomic parameter η and a mean phonon stiffness is reviewed. In this theory, the elecrtronic density of states at the Fermi energy is not a relevant parameter in transition metals as long as it is large. Illustrative examples are given in Nb-Ta and La-Y alloys, for which T c is correctly interpolated by the present theory, and does not correlate well with γ. The pressure coefficient of T c in transition metals can be understood if (d ln η/d ln V ) ≈-3.5 in all transition metals. In view of these systematics, the most likely materials for higher T c are compounds whose volume/atom is unusually low. Of such materials, those with abnormally low interatomic force constants (considering the volume/atom) will be good superconductors. The relation between the high T c A 15 structure transition metal compounds and the T c of transition metals is clear in this scheme. The role of violations of the model (which ignores most details due to crystal structure) in searching for higher T c is briefly discussed.
Representation of structured events and efficient procedures for their recognition

Abstract Structured events are configurations of objects in logical, spatial, temporal or activity relations. A parameterized structural representation system for this class of events is discussed. Parameters in such representations are arbitrarily chosen symbols used to insure consistent references to the same object in diverse relations. All-or-none matching of two representations is the basis for pattern recognition. In this framework, descriptions of pattern or concept prototypes act as structural templates for stimuli. As a result, recognition can be performed in a natural and structural way and is unaffected by manipulations of irrelevant variables. Typical recognition procedures are reviewed and a variety of alternative approaches are considered in light of the potential combinatorial explosions which might arise in applications of these procedures. One alternative is proposed which can exploit both redundancy among partially matching templates and computational parallelism in exhaustive search (recognition) problems. Another possibility considered is to find special recognition procedures for particular recognition problems. For example, to accomplish word recognition in speech understanding systems, highly practical techniques exist to match many templates in parallel (simultaneously) using only simple bit string operations. In addition, both the possibility of additional heuristic approaches to general recognition procedures and the use of less general relational representations are also considered in this paper.
ASDA: Organic Growth of a Retailer in the United Kingdom?

This article analyzes the role of glocalization in Wal-Mart's venture in the United Kingdom. In 1999, Wal-Mart acquired ASDA, a British food retailer. Glocalization refers to strategies adopted by multinational corporations to cater to local tastes and differences after entering a foreign market. The authors' main argument is the following: after Wal-Mart acquired ASDA, it did not manage to successfully impose its Wal-Martization strategies because they consisted mainly of “organic growth” strategies. Organic growth is a practice whereby a corporation overpoweringly imposes its home-based blueprint of product consumption and corporate culture on foreign cultures. As demonstrated in this analysis, Wal-Mart had to drop its Bentonville-based shopping and corporate formula and, instead, adopt the principles of glocalization.
Abstract 2613: Assessment of pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics and antitumor activities of hydroxamate- and mercaptoacetamide-based histone deacetylase inhibitors

Structurally diverse histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have emerged as chemotherapeutic agents and have shown to cause differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. As an initial step in identifying a clinically applicable HDACI, we evaluated the in vitro and the in vivo properties of two mercaptoacetamide (6MAQH and 5MABMA) and a hydroxamate (H6CAHA)-based HDACIs: 1) The growth inhibitory activities of these inhibitors were evaluated and compared against a subset of prostate cancer and non-malignant epithelial cell lines. 2) The in vitro permeability, solubility and lipophilicity properties of the HDACIs were assessed. 3) In vivo, the antitumor activities were determined following i.p. administration of the inhibitors (0.4 mg/Kg) using mice bearing PC3 tumor xenografts (n = 10). 4) The plasma pharmacokinetics of the HDACIs and their effect on the acetylation of histone H4 in tissues were determined in nude mice. The data demonstrated that mercaptoacetamides preferentially inhibited the growth of cancer than nonmalignant cells, whereas the hydroxamate showed toxicity at higher concentrations in both cancer and normal cells. The mercaptoacetamides also conferred higher solubility under the acidic environment of the stomach (pH 1.2) and lower under the neutral of the small intestine (pH 7.4) than the hydroxamate. All the HDACIs exhibited high permeability as well as lipophilicity values. In vivo, HDACIs treatment led to tumor growth inhibition (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2613.
Subcutaneous administration of midazolam: A comparison of the bioject jet injector with the conventional syringe and needle

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare jet injection to a syringe and needle in terms of the difference in discomfort and pharmacokinetics after the subcutaneous administration of midazolam. Patients and Methods: Using a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study design, 14 subjects were administered midazolam on two separate occasions (at least 2 weeks apart). The subjects were randomly distributed into two groups: syringe and needle (saline)/jet injector (midazolam) or syringe and needle (midazolam)/jet injector (saline). The subjects were randomly assigned to receive either EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthesics) or a placebo at the injection site for the first administration and the other topical agent on the second visit. Each subject received one subcutaneous injection in the deltoid region per arm per day. Each injection contained the same volume of solution. Subjects completed visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires assessing the discomfort of the injection. Blood samples were taken at specified intervals over 2 hours for determination of midazolam levels. Results: The discomfort associated with the injection was less with the Biojector 2000 (Bioject Inc, Portland, OR) although this was not statistically significant. However, persistent discomfort was significantly greater at the needle site. The mean peak plasma level of midazolam was achieved more rapidly with the Biojector 2000 than with the syringe and needle (P < .05). However, the peak plasma level after jet injection or injection with a syringe and needle was not statistically different. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the Biojector 2000 is a needle-free injection system that can be used for the administration of a premedicant before induction of anesthesia. It has several advantages, including the potential reduction of anxiety associated with the “fear of needles” and occupational injuries.
A test of the spine resistance hypothesis for LTP expression.

Abstract Long-term potentiation (LTP) consists of an enhanced response to released transmitter by the quisqualate/AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors with little change in the slower currents generated by the NMDA receptor subclass. Recent computer simulations suggest that a decrease in the resistance of dendritic spines would selectively augment fast synaptic currents and this could produce the pattern of results found with LTP. The present experiments tested this hypothesis by asking whether non-NMDA responses slowed by low temperature to resemble NMDA responses could express LTP. Slow non-NMDA responses recorded at 25 °C did express LTP, indicating that the time courses of NMDA responses cannot explain why they do not express LTP. The results, therefore, do not support the hypothesis that spine resistance changes are responsible for the enhanced transmission.
Marketing in Moderation- The Marketing Concept and the Organization's Structure

Abstract This paper discusses the marketing concept and its impact on the strategy and structure of the business organization. The popular dictum that every firm should implement the marketing concept in its extreme form is challenged. Considerations of the overall structure of the firm, the time period in question, the amount of resources available are included in the determination of the degree of implementation which should be made. Finally, the conclusion indicates that the popular view that a change in environment necessitates a change in the organizational structure should be modified. The cost may be too great for the benefits derived.
The Novikov conjecture and low-dimensional topology

It is well known that many interesting manifolds can be obtained by cutting some standard manifold along a separating codimension-one submanifold and glueing the pieces together by a homeomorphism (or diffeomorphism) homotopic to the identity. (These manifolds will be simple homotopy equivalent.) For instance, in dimension at least five, all smooth homotopy spheres can be obtained from the standard sphere in this fashion. In [We 1] we studied the question of identifying those homotopy equivalences that can be so produced as well as related problems. In high dimensions, e.g. dimension at least five, a complete solution is often possible. Through dimension three, the result is trivial, no "new" homotopy equivalences are obtainable since for surfaces homeomorphisms homotopic to the identity are in fact isotopic to the identity. Thus, a gap is left in our knowledge in dimension four. It is known that for a large class of three-manifolds, homotopy implies isotopy for homeomorphisms, and no example is known of this failing for any threemanifold. This suggests that the situation for four-manifolds should be no different from that for three manifolds and should therefore be very different from the higher dimensional theory. Most of this paper is devoted to studying homotopy equivalences h : S 1 x L1 S~ where L1 and L2 are classical lens spaces. In w we review enough of [We 1] to get the flavor of the high dimensional theory and see why it would be anomalous for h not to be obtainable by cutting and pasting. (In fact, h x Is, : T 2 x Lx---~ T2xL2 can be obtained in such a manner.) In w we show by low dimensional techniques that if the codimension-one (three-) manifold cut along lies in the Poincar6 category then h cannot result. In w we remove this restriction by an algebraic technique that also shows that many other homotopy equivalences are not cut-pastable. It is in this algebra (w that the Novikov conjecture enters as an ingredient in calculating the image of the L-theory of three-manifold groups in the L-theory of a certain class of groups. This paper is an extension of part of the author's thesis. It is a pleasure to
In-the-Know: Recommendation Framework for City-Supported Hybrid Cloud Services

Hybrid cloud architectures are particularly attractive to leverage city-level investments for building customized clouds, and for extending them to leverage public clouds. A successful design of the hybrid cloud architecture should facilitate the provisioning of scalable and secure services suited to a variety of communities such as residential homes and high-tech business incubators. In this paper, we present a novel "In-the-know" recommendation framework for provisioning of cloud resources in the form of 'on-demand contracts' to address the challenges in delivering the hybrid service variations for different community and individual needs. Our recommendation framework uses knowledge of the city's socio-economic goals/values as well as user preferences in terms of cost, performance and mobility. Using such knowledge, it recommends dynamic decisions by choosing from various provisioning alternatives in order to: (a) ensure optimal user Quality of Experience (QoE) in service delivery, and (b) effective utilization of hybrid cloud resources. We validate our recommendation framework using service composition experiments to satisfy an exemplar collaboration use case in an actual city-supported hybrid cloud test bed involving citizen consumers.
T helper 17 cells: discovery, function, and physiological trigger.

In the few years since their discovery, T helper 17 cells (TH17) have been shown to play an important role in host defense against infections, and in tissue inflammation during autoimmunity. TH17 cells produce IL-17, IL-21, IL-10, and IL-22 cytokines, and thus have broad effects on a variety of tissues. Notably, the requirement for the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β along with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 for TH17 differentiation supports the intimate relationship between the TH17 subset and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Here, we discuss current knowledge on effector functions and differentiation of the TH17 lineage. Furthermore, we now know of a physiological stimulus for TH17 differentiation: innate immune recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis as a direct result of infection induces unique development of this subset. As our knowledge of TH17 and T regulatory cells grows, we are building on a new framework for the understanding of effector T cell differentiation and the biology of CD4+ T cell adaptive immune responses.
Phencyclidine suppresses plasma prolactin levels.

Abstract Phencylidine greatly decreases plasma prolactin levels in rats. This decrease in dose-dependent and can be completely reversed by haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist.
Strength development in magnesium oxysulfate cement

Abstract Modulus of elasticity and microhardness measurements were made on magnesium oxysulfate systems (paste and compacted) having a wide range of porosity. Three sets of compacts were made; each set was made with particles having a different size range (5 to 150 μm; 150 to 300 μm; 300 to 600 μm). The log mechanical property versus porosity curves for paste samples were linear. The curves for compacted samples had a change in slope at 7.5 per cent porosity. At porosities less than 7.5 per cent, the data for paste and compacted samples were on the same curve. Tat higher porosities microhardness values for compacted samples were greater than those for paste samples; modulus of elasticity values were less. Compacted samples made with finest particles had higher values for mechanical properties at a given porosity. The mechanical behaviour of these systems was explained on the basis of the relative contribution of porosity, pore size distribution, interparticular bonds and strength of the solid phase.
On Objective Priors for Testing Hypotheses About Some Poisson Models

In the absence of prior information, use of non-informative proper priors is often crucial for testing hypotheses, when using the Bayesian approach. In this context, the use of objective priors such as intrinsic priors and Zellner’s g-priors have gained much interest. In this paper, we consider the use of these priors for testing hypotheses about means and regression coefficients when observations come from Poisson distributions. We first derive an intrinsic prior for testing the equality of several Poisson means. We then focus on g-priors, giving a new motivation, based on shrinkage and minimal training sample arguments, for a mixture g-prior recommended by Liang, Paulo, Molina, Clyde and Berger (2008) for normal linear models. Using the same motivation, we propose a mixture g-prior for Poisson regression model. While the proposed g prior is similar to the one used by Wang and George (2007), it is also different in certain aspects. Specifically, we show that the Bayes factor derived from the proposed prior is consistent. We also provide examples using simulated and real data.
Alternatives to the Use of Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women

I. Introduction II. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease A. Estrogens and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease B. Comparison of statins with estrogens for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease C. Effects of statins on new coronary events and survival D. Other agents with potential for prevention of cardiovascular disease E. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease III. Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis A. Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis B. Bisphosphonates for prevention of osteoporosis C. Nasal calcitonin for osteoporosis D. SERMs for prevention of osteoporosis E. Comparison among therapeutic agents for treatment of osteoporosis IV. Urogenital Atrophy V. Vasomotor Instability A. Alternative/herbal therapy VI. Central Nervous System (CNS) Symptoms VII. Safety and Side Effects of Alternatives to Estrogen VIII. Conclusions
Dimensionality crossover of the 4 He superfluid transition in a slab geometry

The superfluid density of liquid4He is computed from vortex renormalization theories for the case of a slab geometry with a slab height L. With increasing temperature there is a crossover from three dimensions to two as the size of the largest vortex rings approaches L and they intersect with the walls, forming vortex pairs. The superfluid density becomes anisotropic, with the component parallel to the slab undergoing the universal Kosterlitz-Thouless jump, while the perpendicular component remains finite. The results are in agreement with both finite-size scaling and Monte-Carlo simulations.
An educational intervention using the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Depression Guidelines among internal medicine residents.

Objective:To determine if a brief educational intervention utilizing the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Depression Guidelines would effect improved recognition of depressed patients, as well as improved attitudes and knowledge, among Internal Medicine housestaff.Method:This was a randomized trial of an educational intervention for Internal Medicine residents. All patients attending the resident clinics were screened using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Persons scoring greater than 16 constituted the prospective cohort. Three hundred eighty-four patients were screened for entry into the study. Of 160 persons meeting the entry criteria, follow up was available on seventy-two (60%). Residents were randomly assigned to receive the educational intervention which consisted of three sessions where the residents received copies and instructions about the AHCPR depression guidelines and the use of a case-finding instrument for depression.Results:Non-recognized patients h...
The healing foods pyramid: an integrative nutrition tool.

4 O H A c c p c d s t rt his article presents The Healing Foods Pyramid, a nutrition education tool for personal and professional use. In addition to offering utrient guidance to prevent and treat onventional diagnoses, this tool considrs the connections between food, envionment, health, and mindful eating. This nformation is an asset to those of us who ave received little, if any, formal training n nutrition, yet serve patients with a keen nterest in learning how food choices afect wellness.
Annexin VI is required for budding of clathrin-coated pits

Abstract Isolated plasma membranes attached to a solid substratum at 4°C have numerous clathrin-coated pits. These pits initially are flat but become deeply invaginated after warming to 37°C. The pits remain tethered to the membrane in this rounded condition unless supplied with ATP, Ca 2+ , and cytosol. We now show that when cytosol is treated to remove the Ca 2+ -dependent, phospholipid-binding protein annexin VI, coated pit budding no longer takes place. Addition of purified annexin VI back to the annexin VI-depleted cytosol restores budding activity to normal. Purified annexin VI alone shows only a modest budding activity, suggesting that the cytosol contains a factor(s) in addition to annexin VI that is required for full activity. Cytosol-dependent activation of annexin VI requires both ATP and Ca 2+ . Annexin VI appears to be not only an active component in the detachment of coated pits from the membrane but also a site for regulating the formation of coated vesicles.
Widely tunable continuous-wave Raman laser in diatomic hydrogen pumped by an external-cavity diode laser.

What is to the authors’ knowledge the first experimental demonstration of a nonresonant cw Raman laser pumped by a tunable external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) is presented. The ECDL is phase-frequency locked to a high-finesse Raman laser cavity containing diatomic hydrogen H2 by the Pound–Drever–Hall locking technique. The Stokes lasing threshold occurs at a pump power of 400±30 µW, and a maximum photon conversion efficiency of 12.0±1.3% is achieved at 1.6 mW of pump power. A 40-nm tuning range of the cw Stokes emission, 1174–1214 nm, is obtained by tuning of the wavelength of the ECDL pump source.
Aerodynamic Applications of Underexpanded Hypersonic Viscous Jets

Nomenclature A = constant, Eq. (7) C = constant, Eq. (10) cf = friction coefficient cv = drag coefficient cv = lift coefficient ER = rotational energy G = transformed temperature function / = concentration of heavy component h — plate thickness / = Bessel function / = Bessel function K = hypersonic similarity parameter, M.^ sin a K2 = similarity parameter, Re*(p(llps)' Kff = relaxation parameter, p*u*r*/(pTR)* I = length of model M = Mach number M, = molecular weight of / species m — relaxation parameter, Eq. (10) n = exponent in the viscosity law JUL — T" (Pr.r 2) = average transition probability per one gas-kinetic collision for y* rotational level Pr = Prandtl number p = pressure q = dynamic pressure, {pyul_ R = asymptotic parameter, 0.75/te*,Rej = Reynolds number calculated by flow parameters in the nozzle exit cross section, p*u*rj/fj,j Re() = Reynolds number and the main similarity parameter, pyuJ,l[Ls Re* = Reynolds number calculated by flow parameters at the critical sphere, p*u*r*/iJi* r = distance from a nozzle exit along the ray rtl = location of the shock wave ("Mach disk") on the jet axis r,f = radius of spherical source Sc = Schmidt number s = exponent in the molecular interaction law T = temperature / = dimensionless temperature function, TIT^ tw = temperature factor, TJTS u = radial velocity component V = transformed velocity function, Eqs. (4) and (6) v' = tangential velocity component, Eq. (1) v = dimensionless velocity, M/M*,-, Eqs. (6) and (8) W = transformed velocity function, Eqs. (4) and (8) X = transformed coordinate, Eqs. (4) and (6) X = drag force x = inverse dimensionless radius, r^/r Y = lift force Z = transformed coordinate, Eq. (8) a = angle of attack /3 = thermal diffusion ratio y = ratio of specific heats 8 = dimensionless plate thickness, hll e = ratio of molecular weights, M1Ie/MAr 77 = argument for Bessel functions, Eq. (7) 0 = transformed temperature function, Eq. (8) 0 = angle between the body generatrix and the freestream flow A = expansion parameter, 2w(y 1), Eq. (4) fji = viscosity coefficient £ = deformable coordinate, Eq. (4) p = density r = relaxation time = transformed concentration function, Eq. (6) tp = angle between the ray from a nozzle exit and symmetry axis ^ = transformed concentration function, Eq. (8) a) = expansion parameter, l/[2y 1 2(y l)/i], Eq. (4)
The control of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocytes.

The control of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocytes or lysates is mediated by the formation of a high molecular weight protein inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation termed the hemin-controlled translational repressor (HCR). HCR becomes activated in the absence of hemin from a presynthesized precursor (prorepressor) in a manner that is still unclear but appears to involve a series of discrete conformational changes in a single protein. At a very early stage of activation, HCR (reversible) can be inactivated by hemin, at a somewhat later stage (intermediate HCR) it can still be inactivated in a GTP-dependent reaction by a soluble lysate protein termed the supernatant factor, and after more than several hours of warming, HCR (irreversible) can no longer be inactivated. Formation of HCR involves no detectable change in molecular size but may involve, directly or indirectly, disulfide bond formation or interchange, since activation occurs very rapidly in the presence of such sulfhydryl reagents as N-ethylmaleimide. Once activated, HCR (all three forms) acts by phosphorylating the 35,000 Mr (α) subunit of eIF-2, the initiation factor that mediates binding of Met-tRNAf to 40 s ribosomal subunits. The protein kinase action of HCR is relatively specific for eIF-2α, although HCR also autophosphorylates a 90–100,000 Mr component of itself. While most of the protein synthsized by rabbit reticulocytes is globin, the synthesis, at low levels, of other reticulocyte proteins is also reduced by HCR, consistent with its action on eIF-2, a factor that acts in initiation before mRNA is bound. At present, the mechanism by which phosphorylation of eIF-2α by HCR causes inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation is only partially understood. There is general agreement that the binding of Met-tRNAf to 40 s ribosomal subunits is reduced, perhaps due to impaired interaction of eIF-2α-P with other ribosomal protein components. There is also evidence that HCR causes the accumulation of 48 s intermediate initiation complexes, containing a 40 s ribosomal subunit, mRNA, and tRNAf met that is largely deacylated. This suggests that the joining of 48 s complexes with 60 s subunits to form 80 s initiation complexes is also blocked and results in the deacylation of subunit-bound Met-tRNAf. Additional work will be required to delineate the precise molecular mechanisms by which HCR becomes activated in the absence of hemin and how the phosphorylation of eIF-2α interrupts the process of polypeptide chain initiation.
Playful handling by caretakers reduces fear of humans in the laboratory rat

Abstract Handling of laboratory rats can increase physiological and emotional stress, leading to a fearful relationship with humans. We hypothesized that the affective quality of handling techniques used during routine care influences the animals’ fear of humans. We assessed responses of male Sprague-Dawley rats ( N = 32) to four handling treatments provided by caretakers from 57 to 74 days of age: (1) Minimal handling once weekly during cage cleaning (this handling was common to all treatments); (2) Exposed to a Passive hand for 2 min daily; (3) Tickled for 2 min daily, mimicking social play; (4) Restrained on back for 2 min daily, intended to mimic unreciprocated pinning by a dominant rat. Behaviour was assessed on days 77–87 during a Human Approach test of attraction to a human hand (HA; 2 min without hand, followed by 3 min with a familiar or unfamiliar passive hand), Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) and Cat Odour (CAT) tests of anxiety, and weighing and injection procedures (to assess ease of handling). In the HA test, Tickled rats reared (interpreted as non-fearful monitoring behaviour) more often than Restrained rats prior to hand presentation ( P P P P N = 16) were tickled by one handler, and restrained by another, for 2 min daily over 15 days. When preference for the two handlers was compared, rats spent similar time near, and in contact with, both handlers, but nibbled their tickler's hand (interpreted as play solicitation) more often than the hand of their restraint handler ( P
Epidural anesthesia-analgesia shortens length of stay after laparoscopic segmental colectomy for benign pathology.

Abstract Background. Aggressive postoperative care plans after open colectomy may allow earlier discharge, especially in conjunction with preoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia-analgesia using a local anesthetic and narcotic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of thoracic epidural anesthesia-analgesia using bupivacaine and fentanyl citrate in reducing lengths of stay after laparoscopic colectomy (LAC). Methods. A consecutive cohort of patients who underwent LAC and who received perioperative thoracic epidural anesthesia-analgesia (TEG) was compared with a standard group of patients (STD) undergoing LAC during the 2 months preceding the implementation of the epidural management protocol. Patients with TEG received 6 to 8 mL bupivacaine (0.25%) and fentanyl citrate (100 μg) through a T8-9 or a T9-10 epidural catheter before the incision was made and a postoperative infusion of bupivacaine (0.1%) and fentanyl citrate (5 μg/mL) at 4 to 6 mL/h for 18 hours. STD patients had supplemental intravenous morphine. The postoperative care plan was otherwise identical between the 2 groups. Patients were matched by sex, age, and type of segmental resection. Discharge criteria included tolerance of 3 general diet meals, passage of flatus or stool, and adequate oral analgesia. Length of stay was defined as the time from admission for the surgical procedure to discharge from the hospital. Statistical analysis included a Student t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, chi-square trend test, and Fisher exact test where appropriate. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Results. Procedures performed were: right hemicolectomy-ileocolectomy (TEG, n = 5; STD, n = 5); or sigmoid colectomy-rectopexy (TEG, n = 17; STD, n = 17). There was no significant difference with respect to operating room (OR) time (TEG, 102 ± 12 minutes; STD, 87 ± 17 minutes), body mass index (TEG, 26 ± 2; STD, 26 ± 2), or American Society of Anesthesiologists class (I-III) distribution (TEG, 3/12/10; STD, 4/11/7), or mean incision length (TEG, 3.5 ± 0.4 cm; STD, 3.7 ± 0.3 cm.) No postoperative complications or readmissions occurred in either group. The length of stay decreased in the TEG group (TEG, 2.8 ± 0.2 days; STD, 3.9 ± 0.3; P
Pharmacokinetics of 5‐Carboranyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine in Rats

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 5‐carboranyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (CDU) after intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg was investigated in rats. The uptake of CDU into brain was also examined. Concentrations of CDU in plasma, urine, and brain were measured by reverse phase HPLC. Plasma concentrations of CDU declined in a biexponential fashion with a terminal half‐life of 1.26 ± 0.28 h. The plasma protein binding of CDU was linear and the average fraction bound to plasma proteins was 0.95 ± 0.02. The total clearance of CDU was 0.69 ± 0.20 L/h/kg whereas clearance of unbound drug was much greater (15.33 ± 4.44 L/h/kg). Thus, the total clearance of the drug is limited, in part, by the high degree of plasma protein binding, resulting in a moderate total clearance. No unchanged CDU was detected in urine. Furthermore, there was no trace of CDU glucuronide in urine samples. The steady‐state volume of distribution of CDU was 0.70 ± 0.23 L/kg. The brain:total plasma CDU concentration ratios determined in two rats were 0.47 and 0.36, while the brain:unbound plasma CDU concentration ratios were 10.26 and 7.87. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to achieve significant levels of CDU in brain. The high degree of plasma protein binding restricted extensive distribution of this lipophilic compound. The results of this study suggest further investigations of CDU as a neutron sensitizer for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) are warranted.
What do psychiatric emergency patients really want and how do they feel about what they get

Psychiatric emergency patients range along a continuum from persons who present to the service with specific requests for help, to individuals who are brought to the service in handcuffs against their will for reasons they do not understand. In addition, studies suggest that psychiatric emergency patients' wishes and expectations often fall outside the traditional framework of psychiatric assessment (1), are not straightforward or concrete (2) or are not accurately perceived by the clinicians who see them (3). How these factors impact on patient satisfaction with the treatment they have received is not well-understood, because the manner in which specific patient variables and treatments might relate to patient satisfaction among the psychiatric emergency service population has not been systematically studied (4) (5) (6). In contrast, psychiatric inpatients and outpatients (7) (8) (9) usually express positive attitudes about their mental health care, although this finding may be skewed by a lack of real anonymity (10). Chronic patients tend to express less satisfaction with their treatment programs than do others, and patient satisfaction in some studies has been related to patient demographics, diagnoses, treatment histories (11) and patients' global rating of treatment outcome (12).
Production process for recombinant human angiostatin in Pichia pastoris

A pilot-scale production method of recombinant human angiostatin, a 38-kD fragment of plasminogen which has been reported to have antiangiogenic activity, has been successfully established by expressing the protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The secreted protein inhibited cultured endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and Lewis lung carcinoma growth in mice. The fermentation process was carried out using an on-line methanol controller, administering methanol to the growing culture and keeping its concentration under 2 g L−1. The fermentation lasted 90 h, of which 70 h were growth on methanol. During growth on methanol the culture volume increased 64%, from 7 L to 11.5 L, producing 200 mg angiostatin and 5 kg of biomass. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 31–35.