cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PC-Based Simulator/Controller/Monitor Software for a Generic 6-DOF Manipulator

General form application is a very important issue in industrial design. Prototyping a design helps in determining system parameters, ranges and in structuring better systems. Robotics is one of the industrial design fields in which prototyping is crucial for improved functionality. Developing an environment that enables optimal and flexible design using reconfigurable links, joints, actuators and sensors is essential for using robots in the education and industrial fields. We propose a PC-based software package to control, monitor, and simulate a generic 6-DOF (six degrees of freedom) robot including a spherical wrist. This package may be used as a black box for the design implementations or as a white (detailed) box for learning about the basics of robotics and simulation technology.
Effect of a dementia care management intervention on primary care provider knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of quality of care.

Objectives To evaluate the effect of a multicomponent dementia care management program on primary care provider knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of quality of dementia care. Design A clinic-level randomized, controlled trial of a comprehensive care management program for patients with dementia and their nonprofessional caregivers. The program included provider education and protocols for care managers to communicate with patients' medical providers. Setting Eighteen clinics (nine intervention, nine [corrected] usual care) in three healthcare systems in San Diego, California. Participants Two hundred thirty-two medical providers; 129 from nine [corrected] intervention clinics; 103 from nine [corrected] usual-care clinics. Measurements Providers were surveyed 9 months after intervention onset on knowledge (five items on four topics), attitudes about dementia (three items), and perception of quality of dementia care in their practice setting (three items). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the differences between intervention and usual-care providers, adjusting for covariate effects across groups and clustering by clinic. Results One hundred sixty-six of 232 (72%) providers responded. Intervention providers had better knowledge about assessing decision-making capacity than usual-care providers (adjusted difference in percentage correct = 12%; adjusted odds ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-4.8). Intervention providers viewed dementia patients as more difficult to manage in primary care than usual-care providers (P = .03). There were no other differences in knowledge, attitudes, or care quality perceptions across intervention and usual-care providers. Conclusion A comprehensive dementia care management model resulted in few differences in provider knowledge or attitudes favorable to dementia care, suggesting that this care model's effects on quality were primarily mediated through other components of the care management program.
Chapter One: Introduction - The Future of Democratic Equality: Rebuilding Social Solidarity in a Fragmented United States

This draft intro to The Future of Democratic Equality: Reconstructing Social Solidarity in a Fragmented United States (Routledge, 2009) explores why over the past thirty years political theorists largely failed to address the emergence of neoliberal capitalism and the debilitating effects of growing inequality on the lives of ordinary people and on the nature of democracy. The essay argues that the predominant focus of political theory from the 1980s onwards on the role of group identity in political action and on epistemological questions of the nature of the self, while having the positive effect of helping theorists to interrogate forms of domination that cannot be reduced to class, also led many “radical” political theorists to downplay how the macro-structural workings of late capitalism – and the neoliberal erosion of social rights -- limit the possibilities for human freedom. The chapter concludes by arguing that if radical political theory is to inform political practice it must revitalize a theoretical understanding of social solidarity and of democratic equality.
Tryptophan pyrrolase of liver. II. The activating reactions in crude preparations from rat liver.

Abstract The activation of the apoenzyme of tryptophan pyrrolase in preparations from hydrocortisone-induced rats was shown to consist of two separate, sequential steps, only the second of which is necessary to activate preparations from tryptophan-induced rats. These reactions are as follows. (a) Conjugation of the apoenzyme to the oxidized holoenzyme with hematin supplied by added methemoglobin, a reaction which requires the presence of l-tryptophan or certain analogues and which is inhibited by thiol reagents as well as by globin. (b) Reduction of the oxidized holoenzyme, a reaction which is promoted by l-tryptophan specifically and by ascorbate. It is reversed by oxidation in air in the absence of l-tryptophan. Conjugation is the more rapid of the two reactions, especially at lower temperatures. The over-all activation is, therefore, limited by the rate of reduction. The sites on the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme that react with l-tryptophan for conjugation and catalysis, respectively, are different. They are distinguished by the wider specificity and higher affinity of the site on the apoenzyme involved in conjugation.
An Apparent Change of Incidence in Cancer of the Stomach

Cancer today presents a medical problem of increasing magnitude and importance. Despite intensive and rigorous attempts at control by present known and accepted measures, the disease remains the cause of wideI)ing concern. One indication of this is that about 530,000 new cases were diagnosed for the first time last year. Estimates of the lifetime probability of developing cancer range from 1 in 5 to 1 in 3. On the basis of the more conservative estimate, 32,000,000 Americans now living will at some time develop cancer; the less conservative estimate leads to a figure of 50,000,000. The mortality rate from cancer is also on the increase, having more than doubled between 1900 and 1950. The actual increase was from 64 deaths per 100,000 in 1900 to 139.8 in 1950. Nearly one-half of the increase may be accounted for by the change in proportion of elderly people in the popUlation (1) (fig. 1). Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are saving approximately 25 per cent of all persons now afflicted with cancer. We can hope that by most efficient utilization of the knowledge available today an additional 25 per cent may be saved. Cancer of the digestive system accounted for 81,726 deaths in the United States in 1950. This is approximately two-fifths of all cancer deaths. Of these, 24,258 or one-third were due to cancer of the stomach. These are more deaths than occurred from cancer in any other part of the digestive system and gives to the stomach the unenviable distinction of being the cause of one-ninth of all cancer deaths. We believe compilation of all cancer data is important in that any demonstrable trends of the disease, whatsoever their form, may ultimately focus on its cause. While undeniable progress has been made in the treatment of cancer of the stomach, it has been gained at great physical sacrifice by the patient and always in complete ignorance of the cause of the disease. Until the latter is known, treatment in this, as in any other disease, can never be completely satisfying to the physician.
Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis and Intussusception Complicating an Intraluminal Duodenal Diverticulum

A patient is presented who exhibited recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis as well as intermittent intussusception. It is felt that both of these abnormalities are due to an intraluminal duodenal diverticulum. The developmental theories of the intraluminal duodenal diverticulum are discussed. Early recognition of intraluminal duodenal diverticulum is aided by the awareness of its existence and the characteristic appearance on upper gastrointestinal barium examination. Surgery is curative.
Social Psychology of Culture

About the Authors. Preface. Chapter 1 What Is Culture? Culture in the News. The Concept of Culture in Historical Context. Categories of Culture. Definition of Culture. Organization of the Book. What is Social about Social Psychology of Culture? Chapter 2 Strategies for Describing Culture. Culture in the News ! and Fairy Tales. Describing Cultural Variations. The Global Approach. The Focal Approach. Summary and Conclusion. Chapter 3 Psychological Foundation of Human Culture. Culture in the News. Ape Cultures. Human Cultures. Cognitive Foundation of Human Cultures. Social Psychological Foundation of Human Culture. Nature, Culture, and Mind. Chapter 4 What is Culture For? Fact or Hoax? Biological and Cultural Evolution. What Does Culture Do for the Survival of the Species? What Does Culture Do for a Society? What Does Culture Do for the Individual? Conclusion . Chapter 5 Culture as Mental Habits: Shared Unintended Thoughts. Culture Travelers' Journal. Taxonomy of Knowledge. Interpretive Cautions. Mental Habits as Procedural Knowledge. The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Conclusion. Chapter 6 Culture, Self, and Others: Who Am I and Who Are They? Culture and Architecture. Person Representations. Representations of Other People. Representations of the Self . Representations of Groups. Conclusion. Chapter 7 Events and Norms: How Events Unfold and What We Should Do. Cultural Psychology in Public Bathrooms. Event Representations. Norm Representations. Conclusion. Chapter 8 Organization and Application of Cultural Knowledge. Cultural Icons. Organization of Cultural Knowledge: Is Culture a Coherent Meaning System? Multiple Determinants of Cultural Behavior. Relative Influence of Different Determinants. The Context of Cultural Knowledge. Conclusion. Chapter 9 Reproduction of Culture and Cultural Change. Cultural Change across the Globe. Media of Cultural Transmission. How are Shared Representations Constructed and Reproduced? Cultural Change. Conclusion. Chapter 10 Intercultural Contacts: Implications for Cultural Competence. The Rice Storm and the Butterfly Effect. Nature of Cultural Competence. Psychological Benefits of Intercultural Contacts. Psychological Costs of Intercultural Contacts. Conclusion. Chapter 11 Globalization and Multicultural Identities. Tsunami and Globalization. Migration and Globalization. Will Globalization Lead to Homogenization of Cultures? Globalization and Cultural Diversity. Migration and Management of Multicultural. Identities. Colonization and Identity Negotiation. Conclusion. Chapter 12 Scientific Study of Cultural Processes. Studying Culture in Coffee Shops. Beyond Description of Cultural Differences. Explaining Cultures. Psychic Unity and Cultural Relativity. What is Social about Social Psychology of Culture? References. Author Index . Subject Index
Photothermal therapy of vascular lesions and cancer

Heat can be used to kill cells. For example, the visible or infrared radiant energy produced by lasers can be used to coagulate and ablate tissue. In the near future, procedures such as laser induced photocoagulation of such diseases as cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia will be commonplace. Consequently, accurate optical and thermal dosimetry will be of paramount importance as will a good understanding of the response of cells to heat. The author discusses these three topics. With such information, it will be possible to answer the pragmatic questions posed by the surgeons using lasers; namely what time-temperature history is required to treat particular lesions, and how is it possible to prevent damage to healthy tissue proximal to the targeted tissue?. >
The Effect of Local Life Circumstances on Victimization of Drug‐Involved Women

While numerous studies have examined female victimization in the general population, fewer studies have focused specifically on high‐risk populations such as drug‐involved females. Of the existing literature, the Lifestyle Exposure and/or Routine Activities theory is frequently used to examine the antecedent conditions and correlates of female victimization. This study employs a dynamic modeling approach to examine the effect of short‐term change (i.e., monthly) in local life circumstances on female victimization within a criminogenic population. Results demonstrated that risk of victimization increased in months a woman was in a relationship, lived with a significant other and/or her children, engaged in criminogenic behavior, or lived in an transitory situation. Contrary to traditional theoretical expectations, conventional employment did not reduce a women’s likelihood of victimization.
A 19-Month-Old Girl of South Indian Parents Presented to a General Pediatric Clinic for Evaluation of Global Developmental Regression

A19-month-old girl of South Indian parents presented to a general pediatric clinic for evaluation of global developmental delay. The infant's father was the maternal uncle of the infant's mother; the maternal greatgrandparents were uncle and niece. The child was delivered at term by cesarean for fetal heart decelerations following an uneventful pregnancy to her primiparous 27-year-old mother. The perinatal course was unremarkable. The infant was able to roll at 3 months of age, but she did not sit independently until 10 months. At 9 months, she had axial hypotonia. By 15 months, she could wave, pull to a stand, and walk with both hands held. She used a pincer grasp at 9 months and ate finger foods at 15 months. At 19 months, she was not walking, even with support, and had stopped sitting, standing, or waving. She started saying
Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses

In addition to the previously characterized viruses BK and JC, three new human polyomaviruses (Pys) have been recently identified: KIV, WUV, and Merkel Cell Py (MCV). Using an ELISA employing recombinant VP1 capsid proteins, we have determined the seroprevalence of KIV, WUV, and MCV, along with BKV and JCV, and the monkey viruses SV40 and LPV. Soluble VP1 proteins were used to assess crossreactivity between viruses. We found the seroprevalence (+/- 1%) in healthy adult blood donors (1501) was SV40 (9%), BKV (82%), JCV (39%), LPV (15%), KIV (55%), WUV (69%), MCV strain 350 (25%), and MCV strain 339 (42%). Competition assays detected no sero-crossreactivity between the VP1 proteins of LPV or MCV or between WUV and KIV. There was considerable sero-crossreactivity between SV40 and BKV, and to a lesser extent, between SV40 and JCV VP1 proteins. After correcting for crossreactivity, the SV40 seroprevalence was approximately 2%. The seroprevalence in children under 21 years of age (n = 721) for all Pys was similar to that of the adult population, suggesting that primary exposure to these viruses likely occurs in childhood.
Retinene1 and indicator yellow.

Ball, Collins, Morton and Stubbs1 have found that retinene1 may combine with various proteins and amino-acids to give compounds with the properties of Lythgoe‘s indicator yellow. This is an interesting advance in the chemistry of vision ; but, as stated by Dartnall2, does not prove that indicator yellow is a "fortuitous artefact having no direct relevance to visual chemistry".
Cell model of aerosol collection by fibrous filters in an electrostatic field

Abstract The difficulty in collecting fine particles (0.1 to 1 μm range) may require the use of fibrous filters with gas velocity of only a few centimeters per second. Kuwabara's cell model has been quite successful in the determination of the viscous flow field in aerosol filtration by fibrous filters where the Reynolds number is less than one. In this paper, Kuwabara's cell model is extended to the electrostatic filtration in a viscous flow field for both charged and dielectric spherical particles. The particles are assumed to be large enough to allow diffusion to be neglected. The utilized model takes into account the interference effects, namely the influence of neighbouring fibers on the flow field, in a more effective way than the single and three fiber models. A formula relating theoretical filter efficiency to a deposition coefficient is proposed. The filter efficiency obtained using this formula is compared to that given by the single fiber theory.
Developmental changes in head-circumference and mental-performance growth rates: a test of Epstein's phrenoblysis hypothesis

Epstein's phrenoblysis hypothesis states that brain growth and mental growth occur in correlated spurts at 3-10 months and 2-4, 6-8, 10-12 or 13, and 14-16 or 17 years of age. The present study was the first to test statistically such spurts in head-circumference and mental-age growth rates and to assess any correspondence in individual differences between spurts in the two variables in a single sample of children measured serially between 2.5 and 17 years of age. While the statistically significant spurts observed in each variable did fall within the hypothesized age periods, the chance rate for such theoretical concordance was high and several hypothesized spurts were not supported. Moreover, no relationship existed within individuals between head-circumference and mental-age growth-rate patterns.
Rekhti: Impersonating the feminine in Urdu poetry

(2001). Rekhti: Impersonating the feminine in Urdu poetry. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 24, Sexual sites, seminal attitudes: Sexualities, masculinites and culture in South Asia, pp. 75-90.
Abstract 2654: 5-Fluorouracil increases and decreases proteins involved in oncogenic pathways

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Cancer cells are remarkably adaptive to treatments. 5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU, is a pyrimidine analogue, that is widely used for treatment of solid tumors1. It interferes with nucleoside metabolism and is incorporated into RNA and DNA, leading to cell death1. Its use, however, has been associated with increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels in breast, ovarian, esophageal, and colon cancers2 that could lead to the emergence of a more aggressive phenotype3. Here we have determined the effect of 5-FU in the expression of oncogenic molecules that are involved in phospholipid metabolism (choline kinase (Chk) and phospholipase D1 (PLD1)), inflammation (cyclooxygenase (COX)-2), and hypoxia response (hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α) in order to facilitate a rational therapeutic design. Two triple negative breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and SUM-149, were investigated. Cells were treated with 5-FU at various concentrations (1-25 μg/mL) and protein levels were examined at 24 and 48 hrs post treatment. Both HIF-1α and PLD1 levels decreased in a dose dependent manner following 5-FU treatment. In contrast, COX-2 level increased in response to 5-FU treatment together with an increase in Chk. Increased expressions of HIF-1α, PLD1, COX-2, and Chk have been associated with increased invasion and metastasis3-6. Our data suggest that in addition to its ability to interfere with DNA/RNA synthesis, 5-FU inhibits HIF-1α and PLD1 but increases the expression of two enzymes associated with invasive metastatic cancers. Importantly, while the mechanism by which 5-FU elevates COX-2 and Chk levels in these cancer cells remains to be investigated, these results provide a molecular basis for the combinational treatment of 5-FU with COX-2 and/or Chk inhibitors in cancer therapy. References (1) Arias J. Molecules, 2008. (2) Mercer S.J., et al. Anticancer Drugs, 2005. (3) Stasinopoulos I, et al. Neoplasia, 2008. (4) Pai J.K., et al. Anticancer Drug Des, 1994. (5) Shah T., et al. NMR Biomed, 2010. (6) Lu X and Kang Y. Clin Cancer Res, 2010 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2654. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2654
Autumn Populations of Green Peach Aphid on Peach Trees and the Role of Syrphid Flies in Their Control

To determine the trends in populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the aphid forms present on peach trees in September and October before leaf fall, the arrival of 2 winged forms of the aphid and the buildup of the wingless female populations were investigated in the Yakima Valley, Washington, in 1965. In addition, the role that predaceous insects play in suppressing the aphid populations was observed. Results indicated that after the winged gynoparae arrived on the peach trees, the oviparous population rapidly increased and that male arrival was synchronized with maturing of oviparae. Syrphids were the only predators that effectively suppressed the aphids. Evidence of feeding activity by syrphid larvae was found on more than half the aphid-infested leaves. Maximum stimulus for egg deposition by syrphids was about 30–40 aphids per leaf.
Recurrence relations based on minimization and maximization

Abstract Explicit and asymptotic solutions are presented to the recurrence M(1) = g(1), M(n + 1) = g(n + 1) + min1 ⩽ t ⩽ n(αM(t) + βM(n + 1 − t)) for the cases (1) α + β log 2 α log 2 β is rational, and g(n) = δnI. (2) α + β > 1, min(α, β) > 1, log 2 α log 2 β is rational, and (a) g(n) = δn1, (b) g(n) = 1. The general form of this recurrence was studied extensively by Fredman and Knuth [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 48 (1974) , 534–559], who showed, without actually solving the recurrence, that in the above cases M(n) = Ω(n 1 + 1 γ ) , where γ is defined by α−γ + β−γ = 1, and that lim n → ∞ M(n) n 1 + γ does not exist. Using similar techniques, the recurrence M(1) = g(1), M(n + 1) = g(n + 1) + max1 ⩽ t ⩽ n(αM(t) + βM(n + 1 − t)) is also investigated for the special case α = β
Boundary perturbation methods for high-frequency acoustic scattering: Shallow periodic gratings

Despite significant recent advances in numerical methodologies for simulating rough-surface acoustic scattering, their applicability has been constrained by the limitations of state-of-the-art computational resources. This has been particularly true in high-frequency applications where the sheer size of the full-wave simulations render them impractical, and engineering processes must therefore rely on asymptotic models [e.g., Kirchhoff approximation (KA)]. However, the demands for high precision can make the latter inappropriate, thus efficient, error-controllable methodologies must be devised. This paper presents a computational strategy that combines the virtues of rigorous solvers (error control) with those of high-frequency asymptotic models (frequency-independent computational costs). These methods are based on high-order “boundary perturbations,” which display high precision and unparalleled efficiency. This is accomplished by incorporating asymptotic phase information to effect a significant decrease in computational effort, simultaneously retaining the full-wave nature of the approach. The developments of this contribution are constrained to configurations that preclude multiple scattering; it is further explained how the schemes can be made applicable to general scattering scenarios, though implementation details are left for future work. Even for single-scattering configurations, the approach presented here gives significant gains in accuracy when compared to asymptotic theories (e.g., KA) with modest additional computational cost.
Variation in Spore Polypeptides from Four Species of Vairimorpha

Spore polypeptides from four species of Vairimorpha were separated with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for identification and classification. The spore profile for each Vairimorpha species is unique and reproducible. The unweighed pair-group method with arithmethic means is used to construct a phenogram to summarize the relationship of the Vairimorphe species.
Biocompatible Surfaces for Specific Tethering of Individual Protein Molecules

We have characterized the biocompatibility of glass surfaces that were modified by protein layers or linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes with the aim of determining the optimal treatment for the immobilization of single biomolecules by specific attachment, which was done here using a streptavidin−biotin linkage. We have investigated the surface homogeneity by atomic force microscopy and the resistance to nonspecific binding by single-molecule detection of fluorescently labeled RNase H in a scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. The resistance to nonspecific binding of the surfaces was simply examined by omitting the biotin-streptavidin linkage in the surface preparation. We have also carried out fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments to examine the ability of the surfaces to preserve the native state of specifically attached proteins via streptavidin−biotin linkage. Chemisorption and crosslinking of BSA or streptavidin to amino-functionalized glass yields excellent surface homogenei...
Absolute rate constants for the reaction of O(3P) aroms with n-butane and NO(M Ar) over the temperature range 298–439 K

Abstract Absolute rate constants for the reaction of O(3P) atoms with n-butane (k2) and NO(M  Ar)(k3) have been determined over the temperature range 298–439 K using a flash photolysis-NO2 chemiluminescence technique. The Arrhenius expressions obtained were k2 = 2.5 × 10−11exp[-(4170 ± 300)/RT] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, k3 = 1.46 × 10−32 exp[940 ± 200)/ RT] cm6 molecule−2 s−1, with rate constants at room temperature of k2 = (2.2 ± 0.4) × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k3 = (7.04 ± 0.70)×10−32 cm6 molecule−2 s−1. These rate constants are compared and discussed with literature values.
Liver cell-specific transcriptional regulation of connexin32

Gap junctional intercellular communication facilitates liver homeostasis and growth control in the liver. The major gap junction protein expressed by hepatocytes is connexin32 (Cx32) and non-parenchymal hepatic cells do not express this gene. We investigated the regulation of Cx32 transcription by trans-activating factors in liver cells. Transient transfection assays using deletions of the rat Cx32 promoter (nt -753 to -33) linked to the luciferase gene were performed in MH1C1 rat hepatoma cells that express endogenous Cx32 compared with WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells that do not. The basal promoter element was located within nt -134 to -33 and was 1.4-fold more active in MH1C1 cells than WB-F344 cells whereas the entire promoter fragment (nt -754 to -33) was four-fold more active in MH1C1 cells. Specific nuclear protein-DNA complexes that bound to Sp1 consensus sites within the basal promoter were formed using nuclear extracts from both types of cells. Additional promoter sequences increased promoter activity more strongly in MH1C1 cells than WB-F344 cells and this was correlated with the binding of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1) to two HNF-1 consensus sites centered at -187 and -736. Expression of HNF-1 and binding to these elements was only observed with MH1C1 cells. Other specific protein-DNA complexes were formed, however, that included YY-1- and NF-1-containing complexes, but these were not related to promoter activity. Dexamethasone increased Cx32 promoter activity and expression in MH1C1 cells, but had little effect in WB-F344 cells and did not alter protein-DNA complex formation. These data suggest that Sp1 is responsible for Cx32 promoter basal activity, that HNF-1 determines the cell-specific expression of Cx32, and that dexamethasone increases Cx32 expression through other mechanisms.
Narrowing of protein NMR spectral lines broadened by chemical exchange.

Broadening of spectral lines is a signature of chemical exchange phenomena on microsecond to millisecond time scales but has deleterious effects on spectral resolution and sensitivity. A multipulse method based on chemical shift scaling that reduces chemical exchange broadening during frequency-encoding periods of liquid-state multidimensional NMR experiments is described. The proposed scheme utilizes low-power radiofrequency pulses, which offer the advantages of short cycle times and minimal sample heating. The method is suitable for biological macromolecules, as relaxation not resulting from chemical exchange is reduced by placing the magnetization along the z axis for part of the evolution trajectory. The resolution and sensitivity enhancement for resonances broadened by chemical exchange is demonstrated on the protein ribonuclease A. The work demonstrates the feasibility of applying coherent averaging techniques, which were originally developed in solid-state NMR spectroscopy, to biological NMR spectr...
Extracorporeal life support in the management of severe respiratory failure.

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a safe and effective means to keep patients alive during severe respiratory failure that otherwise would be fatal. In addition to direct and indirect treatment of the lungs during ECLS, the technique allows days of time for study and treatment of other conditions and other organ failure. The technique has been refined in newborn infants and children, in whom survival rates are high and the technology is proven by prospective randomized trials. ECLS usually is applied to adults with respiratory failure when the mortality risk is over 80%, and, with these indications, the survival rate in experienced centers is 50% to 60%. A new, prospective randomized trial is underway in the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, intensivists who are charged with the management of moribund patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome who fail to respond to other methods of therapy should consider the risks versus benefits of transferring such patients to an ECLS center.
Preparation, ignition, and combustion of mechanically alloyed Al-Mg powders with customized particle sizes

Adding aluminum to propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives is a common way to boost their energy density. A number of approaches have been investigated that shorten aluminum ignition delay, increase combustion rate, and decrease the tendency of aluminum droplets to agglomerate. Previous work showed that particles of mechanically alloyed Al-Mg powders burn faster than similarly sized particles of pure aluminum. However, preparation of mechanically alloyed powders with particle sizes matching those of fine aluminum used in energetic formulations was not achieved. This work is focused on preparation of mechanically alloyed, composite Al-Mg powders in which both internal structures and particle size distributions are adjusted. Binary powders with compositions in the range of 50 - 90 at. % Al were prepared and characterized. Milling protocol is optimized to prepare equiaxial, micron-scale particles suitable for laboratory evaluations of their oxidation, ignition, and combustion characteristics. Quantitative particle size analyses are done using low-angle laser light scattering. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction are used to examine particle morphology and phase makeup, respectively. Combustion of aerosolized powder clouds is studied using a constant volume explosion setup. For all materials, ignition and combustion characteristics are compared to each other and to those of pure Al. Compositions with improved performance (i.e., shorter ignition delay and faster pressurization rate) compared to pure Al are identified.
Simpler images, better results

The very rapid development of optical technology has followed a pattern similar to that of nuclear magnetic resonance: first, spectroscopy and then imaging. The accomplishments in spectroscopy have been significant--among them, early detection of hematomas and quantitative oximetry (assuming that time and frequency domain instruments are used). Imaging has progressed somewhat later. The first images were obtained in Japan and USA a few years ago, particularly of parietal stimulation of the human brain. Since then, rapid applications to breast and limb, together with higher resolution of the brain now make NIR imaging of functional activation and tumor detection readily available, reliable and affordable devices. The lecture has to do with the applications of imaging to these three areas, particularly to prefrontal imaging of cognitive function, of breast tumor detection, and of localized muscle activation in exercise. The imaging resolution achievable in functional activation appears to be FWHM of 4 mm. The time required for an image is a few seconds or even much less. Breast image detection at 50 microsecond(s) ec/pixel results in images obtainable in a few seconds or shorter times (bandwidths of the kHz are available). Finally, imaging of the body organs is under study in this laboratory, particularly in the in utero fetus. It appears that the photon migration theory now leads to the development of a wide number of images for human subject tissue spectroscopy and imaging.
Phase transformations in alloy and bilayer thin films of vanadium and silicon

Phase transformations in coevaporated amorphous vanadium‐silicon thin alloy films and bilayer vandium/silicon films have been studied as a function of heat treatment by in situ electrical resistivity measurement together with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Seeman–Bohlin glancing angle incidence x‐ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the as‐deposited state the amorphous alloy films were silicon rich, having an atomic ratio of 1:3 for vanadium and silicon, respectively. Upon heat treatment a sharp decrease in resistivity occurs at approximately 250 °C, which has been determined to be a transformation from the amorphous to crystalline VSi2 phase. The kinetics of the transformation have been obtained by isothermal treatment over the temperature range of 184–220 °C. The transformation is described by a Johnson–Mehl–Avrami‐type equation with an apparent activation energy of 1.30±0.06 eV. Subsequent heat treatment causes a gradual decrease in resistivity up to 850 °C. U...
Single-and multi-velocity formulations for impact and pulverization

Abstract Material interaction is often numerically modeled using a single-velocity field, if material pulverization or the subsequent debris flow is not a concern. To consider pulverization and the subsequent debris flow, one needs to switch to a multi-velocity or multi-phase formulation at some point in the numerical process because of the scale of the debris particles. But when and how to switch are significant issues. This paper shows that a combination of a multi-velocity formulation based on an ensemble averaging method and the material point method can be used to describe the entire material interaction process and to avoid the switching of the descriptions. Although physical models for the multi-velocity formulation are still subjects of active research, this paper shows a set of impact and pulverization problems that can be studied with a simple multi-velocity model. This paper also examines the differences between the material interface treatments in the single and multi-velocity formulations, while comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the formulations. Numerical results obtained from single and multi-velocity formulations are in good agreement with experimental data. The numerical examples show that the combination of the multi-velocity formulation and the recently improved material point method has significant advantages in numerical simulations of impact and pulverization problems. It is hoped that this new capability will help and encourage the development of high fidelity material interaction models.
Continuous sample paths in quantum field theory

Nelson's free Markoff field on ℝ l+1 is a natural generalization of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process on ℝ1, mapping a class of distributions φ(x,t) on ℝ l ×ℝ1 to mean zero Gaussian random variables φ with covariance given by the inner product $$\left( {\left( {m^2 - \Delta - \frac{{\partial ^2 }}{{\partial t^2 }}} \right)^{ - 1} \cdot , \cdot } \right)_2 $$ . The random variables φ can be considered functions φ〈q〉=∝ φ(x,t)q(x,t)d x dt on a space of functionsq(x,t). In the O.U. case,l=0, the classical Wiener theorem asserts that the underlying measure space can be taken as the space of continuous pathst →q(t). We find analogues of this, in the casesl>0, which assert that the underlying measure space of the random variables φ which have support in a bounded region of ℝ l+1 can be taken as a space of continuous pathst →q(·,t) taking values in certain Soboleff spaces.
On construals and vantages

Vantage Theory (VT) and Cognitive Grammar (CG) both rely crucially on the cognitive phenomenon of categorization as well as on the semantic/pragmatic notion of participant point of view in making claims about human linguistic production and perception. In this paper these commonalities of commitment are explored, as are the differences in the ways VT and CG apply these notions in analyzing diachronic data. For this latter goal I use a well-known development from later Old English to Middle English, the change from dative experiencers (of the kind found in the now fixed expression me thinks but also some 40 other verbs of cognition and emotion) to either nominatives (I like) or impersonal expressions headed by it (it seems to me). The analysis will be on two levels. First, diachronic work now in progress on the construction itself will be presented, with emphasis on the change in construal/vantage which must be delineated in order to make sense, within either of these theories, of the changes in the construction. On a more abstract level, the paper considers the interaction of the theories and explores how the differences between them with regard to the place of viewpoint in linguistic analysis should be reconciled.
Enterokinase, the initiator of intestinal digestion, is a mosaic protease composed of a distinctive assortment of domains

Enterokinase is a protease of the intestinal brush border that specifically cleaves the acidic propeptide from trypsinogen to yield active trypsin. This cleavage initiates a cascade of proteolytic reactions leading to the activation of many pancreatic zymogens. The full-length cDNA sequence for bovine enterokinase and partial cDNA sequence for human enterokinase were determined. The deduced amino acid sequences indicate that active two-chain enterokinase is derived from a single-chain precursor. Membrane association may be mediated by a potential signal-anchor sequence near the amino terminus. The amino terminus of bovine enterokinase also meets the known sequence requirements for protein N-myristoylation. The amino-terminal heavy chain contains domains that are homologous to segments of the low density lipoprotein receptor, complement components C1r and C1s, the macrophage scavenger receptor, and a recently described motif shared by the metalloprotease meprin and the Xenopus A5 neuronal recognition protein. The carboxyl-terminal light chain is homologous to the trypsin-like serine proteases. Thus, enterokinase is a mosaic protein with a complex evolutionary history. The amino acid sequence surrounding the amino terminus of the enterokinase light chain is ITPK-IVGG (human) or VSPK-IVGG (bovine), suggesting that single-chain enterokinase is activated by an unidentified trypsin-like protease that cleaves the indicated Lys-Ile bond. Therefore, enterokinase may not be the "first" enzyme of the intestinal digestive hydrolase cascade. The specificity of enterokinase for the DDDDK-I sequence of trypsinogen may be explained by complementary basic-amino acid residues clustered in potential S2-S5 subsites.
Boundary element methods for transient convective diffusion. Part III: Numerical examples

Abstract Higher-order boundary element methods (BEM) for transient convective diffusion phenomena presented in Parts I and II of the paper are implemented numerically to examine their performance for a series of model problems. In order to highlight the importance of proper resolution in time and space for the transient problems, we consider both the one- and two-dimensional formulations in this paper. We utilize an implicit time-recurring formulation to advance in the time domain. The use of higher-order time interpolation functions facilitates extremely high resolution with respect to time step sizes, and thus necessitates similar levels of spatial resolution. In this paper, linear, quadratic and quartic boundary elements as well as bi-linear, bi-quadratic and bi-quartic volume cells are implemented to ensure a desired high level of accuracy both in time and in space. In order to investigate the performance of the BEM formulations, we introduce five problems of unsteady convection–diffusion that possess exact solutions. For all five numerical examples considered in this paper, the higher-order BEM demonstrate an extremely high level of accuracy even for predominantly convective flows. It is shown that the use of the convective kernels provide an analytical upwinding for any Peclet number and any mesh orientation with respect to the flow direction. The introduction of the kernel influence domains facilitates a very efficient and robust algorithm for integration over boundary elements and volume cells. Due to the nature of the convective kernels, the resulting global matrix is sparse with the non-zero elements localized around the main diagonal. The preconditioned bi-conjugate gradient method utilized in the paper allows very efficient factorization of the global sparse matrix. Moreover, the efficiency of the BEM formulations increases dramatically with the increase of the Peclet number of the flow.
Measurement of the frequency response of a diaphragm-based pressure sensor by use of a pulsed excimer laser

We present a novel method for measuring the frequency response of a diaphragm-based optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric pressure sensor. The impulse response of the sensor to the radiation pressure generated by an excimer laser pulse is measured. The Fourier transform of the impulse response yields the frequency response of the pressure sensor. Experimental results show that it is a convenient and efficient method for measurement of the frequency response of diaphragm-based pressure sensors.
The Rise and Fall of Eastside Community Investments, Inc.: The Life of an Extraordinary Community Development Corporation

This article presents a case study of the rise and fall of Eastside Community Investments (ECI) of Indianapolis, Indiana—one of the largest, best known, and highly regarded community development co...
Basophils: in the spotlight at last.

Basophils have long been suspected to be potent inducers of T helper type 2 differentiation. Sokol and colleagues now demonstrate that basophils are required for adoption of the T helper type 2 fate in vivo in response to allergens with protease activity.
Sparse array of RF sensors for sensing through the wall

In support of the U.S. Army's need for intelligence on the configuration, content, and human presence inside enclosed areas (buildings), the Army Research Laboratory is currently engaged in an effort to evaluate RF sensors for the "Sensing Through The Wall" initiative (STTW).Detection and location of the presence of enemy combatants in urban settings poses significant technical and operational challenges. This paper shows the potential of hand held RF sensors, with the possible assistance of additional sources like Unattended Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS), etc, to fulfill this role. In this study we examine both monostatic and multistatic combination of sensors, especially in configurations that allow the capture of images from different angles, and we demonstrate their capability to provide comprehensive information on a variety of buildings. Finally, we explore the limitations of this type of sensor arrangement vis-a-vis the required precision in the knowledge of the position and timing of the RF sensors. Simulation results are provided to show the potential of this type of sensor arrangement in such a difficult environment.
Searches for Rare Leptonic and Semileptonic Charm Decays at BABAR

Recent results from leptonic and semi-leptonic charm decays at the BABAR B-factory are presented. The measurement of f{sub D{sub s}} from the D{sub s}{sup +} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{nu} channel is presented. Form-factor studies from the D{sup 0} {yields} K{sup +}e{sup -}{bar {nu}}{sub e} channel are described along with a search for flavor-changing neutral-current X{sub c}{sup +} {yields} h{sup +}{ell}{sup +}{ell}{prime}{sup -} decays.
Lingual Nerve Repair: To Graft or Not to Graft?

Purpose Since no studies have compared direct and graft repair of the lingual nerve, we examined the subjective and objective outcomes of lingual nerve repair by direct epineurial repair and indirect graft repair, assessed the effect of other confounding variables, and compared the outcomes of autograft and allograft repairs. Patients and Methods All patients who had undergone microneurosurgical repair of the lingual nerve from 2000 to 2012 by 1 surgeon (M.M.) were asked to complete an online questionnaire regarding their current neurosensory status at least 2 years after nerve repair. A direct comparison was made between patients who had undergone direct epineurial repair and those who had undergone interpositional nerve graft repair. Student's t test and χ 2 test were used to determine whether a significant difference existed in the success between the 2 techniques and whether age, gender, race, delay from injury to repair, or degree of initial nerve deficit influenced the success of nerve repair. Results Of the 72 patients identified, 43, who had undergone 47 nerve repairs (18 direct, 29 indirect graft repairs [4 bilateral]; 28 female and 19 male patients; mean age 28.3 years), were interviewed. The objective results of functional sensory recovery, defined by a Medical Research Council Scale grade of S3, S3+, or S4, was 89% for the graft repairs and 85% for the direct repairs ( P = .01). The subjective patient satisfaction score (0 to 10 scale) was 8.9 for the graft repairs and 8.1 for the direct repairs ( P = .02). The autograft and allograft repairs performed comparably, and the other variables (ie, age, gender, race, delay from injury to nerve repair, gap length, and initial Sunderland grade injury) were not found to be significant ( P > .05). Conclusion Graft repair of the lingual nerve provides superior long-term (>2 years) objective and subjective outcomes compared with direct repair. This might be because of the lack of tension at the repair site, more freedom with nerve stump preparation, and the addition of neurotropic and neurotrophic factors from the donor nerve graft at the site of injury to augment neurosensory recovery.
1217 DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN (RB) BINDS MONOIODINATED INSULIN ISOMERS SIMILAR TO OTHER EXTRAHEPATIC TARGET TISSUES

Considerable interest in the relationship between insulin and the brain has developed since Havrankova et al reported insulin and insulin receptors in RB in 1978. There is evidence that insulin may be synthesized in RB, and that the insulin/insulin receptor system in RB is functionally separate from that in the periphery. Recently, we documented that insulin stimulates protein and nucleic acid synthesis in glia from newborn RB, and established that the developing RB is a target tissue for insulin. We studied the relative binding of monoiodinated insulin isomers (826 and A14) to determine if membranes and cells from newborn RB showed relative binding characteristics which were similar to other extrahepatic insulin target tissues. RB membranes, neurons and glia bound B26 better than A14, whereas liver plasma membranes bound both equally. Competition-inhibition curves were generated using homologous 127 I-insulin isomers. Binding of B26 was greater than A14 at all concentrations. The relative maximal binding of B26 compared to A14 was 1.35. Scatchard plots of the data were curvilinear, which is characteristic of other insulin target tissues. Receptor concentrations for each isomer were similar, but affinities for B26 were greater than for A14 at all points, suggesting that the entire differences in relative binding could be accounted for by differences in receptor affinity for the two isomers. This is in agreement with the findings in other insulin target tissues.