cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and some properties of a cytosol and a mitochondrial malic enzyme from bovine brain.

Abstract Two distinct isozymes of malic enzyme from bovine brain have been separated and purified partially. By preparing homogenates in solutions of different ionic strength and by extracting isolated mitochondria, it has been established that one isozyme (B I) is located in the cytosol and the other in the mitochondria (B II). The isozymes differ not only in their electrophoretic and chromatographic mobilities, but also in their kinetic properties, since only the mitochondrial variant shows cooperativity at low concentrations of l (−)malate. The isozymes also show a marked difference in their capability to catalyze the reductive carboxylation of pyruvate to malate, since the carboxylation rate approaches 1 5 that of the decarboxylation velocity for the cytosol enzyme, and only 1 100 for the mitochondrial isozyme.
Influence of Reproductive and Environmental Factors on Population Size of Wild Hyacinth [Camassia angusta (Engelm. and A. Gray) Blank. (Liliaceae)], an Illinois Endangered Species

Abstract Wild hyacinth (Camassia angusta) is a perennial species native to mesic prairies of the midwestern and south-central United States. In Illinois, the only extant population of this state-endangered species is in a small section of degraded black-soil prairie along a railroad track right-of-way south of Elwin, Macon County. The objectives of this study were to determine the population status, seed production, and effects of scarification and stratification on germination of C. angusta. The population was surveyed from 1990 to 2007. A survey of other plant species present was conducted in 1999. The site consisted of approximately 75% native and 25% exotic species. The number of flowering stems of Camassia angusta fluctuated significantly (28 to 169 plants) during the course of this study. Prescribed spring burns and a construction equipment disturbance may be partially responsible for these fluctuations. A large percentage of undeveloped fruit, resulting in low seed production (<3,000), as well as l...
Managing Asylum and European Integration: Expanding Spheres of Exclusion?

During the last decade, thhe European Union intensified its efforts to define its external borders in conjunction with its efforts to evolve into a coherent, frontier-free political territory. European policy-makers slowly shaped new norms and rules pertaining to asylum, with increasingly stronger mechanisms to enforce the policy decisions. In the case of asylum and refugee protection, Europe's efforts are nested in the broad global institutional framework negotiated through and carried out by international organizations. However, these developments raise the specter of deteriorating refugee protection in Europe and beyond. This article reviews the norms and rules on which the post–World War II refugee protection regime rests and then points to the recent developments in refugee protection in Europe, which might undermine the goals of the global refugee protection.
Learning the dynamics of reaching movements results in the modification of arm impedance and long-latency perturbation responses.

Some characteristics of arm movements that humans exhibit during learning the dynamics of reaching are consistent with a theoretical framework where training results in motor commands that are gradually modified to predict and compensate for novel forces that may act on the hand. As a first approximation, the motor control system behaves as an adapting controller that learns an internal model of the dynamics of the task. It approximates inverse dynamics and predicts motor commands that are appropriate for a desired limb trajectory. However, we had previously noted that subtle motion characteristics observed during changes in task dynamics challenged this simple model and raised the possibility that adaptation also involved sensory-motor feedback pathways. These pathways reacted to sensory feedback during the course of the movement. Here we hypothesize that adaptation to dynamics might also involve a modification of how the CNS responds to sensory feedback. We tested this through experiments that quantified how the motor system's response to errors during voluntary movements changed as it adapted to dynamics of a force field. We describe a nonlinear approach that approximates the impedance of the arm, i.e., force response as a function of arm displacement trajectory. We observe that after adaptation, the impedance function changes in a way that closely matches and counters the effect of the force field. This is particularly prominent in the long-latency (> 100 ms) component of response to perturbations. Therefore, it appears that practice not only modifies the internal model with which the brain generates motor commands that initiate a movement, but also the internal model with which sensory feedback is integrated with the ongoing descending commands in order to respond to error during the movement.
Use of mathematically enhanced spectral analysis and spectral contrast techniques for the liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic detection and identification of pharmaceutical compounds.

The use of mathematically enhanced ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorbance spectral analysis and spectral contrast software techniques in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECC) as an aid for the determination of peak homogeneity, identification, and tracking during method development was investigated. Various structurally similar pharmaceutical compounds, and compounds present as either cis/trans isomers, diastereomers, or enantiomers were used as test compounds to probe the limits of this technique. Two tricyclic antidepressants, nortriptyline and imipramine, were employed to study the effects of HPLC mobile phase composition and pH on the ability to identify and track peaks during method development. It was found that method changes altered the spectral matches used for identification, but not enough to cause incorrect peak identification. It was also shown using HPLC that the cis/trans isomers of doxepin and the diastereomers ephedrine and pseudoephedrine could be distinguished. The mathematically enhanced spectral analysis and spectral contrast software techniques were also employed with MECC. Peaks tracking during method development as pH and the concentration of surfactant changes is shown for a separation of various penicillin type antibiotics. It was shown that during chiral MECC (CMECC) analyses ephedrine/pseudoephedrine diastereomers as well as ephedrine enantiomers could be distinguished. The determination of enantiomers is possible in CMECC since enantiomers are eluted as diastereomeric complexes, as opposed to HPLC where they are eluted in their native state. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acute exposure to difficult (but not violent) video games dysregulates cognitive control

We examined the effects of game difficulty and game violence on cognitive control.Game difficulty and game violence were orthogonally manipulated using custom games.Game difficulty reduced cognitive control for people who found the games difficult.Violent game content had no effect on post-game cognitive control. Recent research has suggested that acute exposure to violent video games inhibits the capacity for self-control across neurological, cognitive, and behavioral domains. However, the games used in previous research to reach these conclusions often confound violence with other game features, such as game difficulty. Here, participants were randomly assigned to play one of four versions of a video game, wherein content (violent or not) and difficulty (easy or difficult) were orthogonally manipulated, prior to completing a cognitive control task. Results showed that playing a difficult video game produced decrements in cognitive control, but only if the game was perceived to be difficult, and that perceptions of game difficulty may mediate this relationship. Game content, by comparison, had no effect on cognitive control. Findings are discussed in terms of understanding effects of difficult games on cognitive processes that have important implications for social behavior.
Repeated solid-phase fermentation and extraction for enzyme production.

Solid-phase fermentation has been found to have a much higher productivity than the popular liquid submerged fermentation in producing cellulase enzymes. The highest reported productivity in the literature for cellulases by Trichoderma cultures in submerged fermentation is 158 filter paper units (FPU) / (h·L) of fermenting liquid. From preliminary experiments of solid-phase fermentation in 1000-mL flasks, a productivity of 234 FPU of cellulases/(h·L) of solid-bed volume was obtained. When two novel techniques—pressure pulsation and repeated extraction—were applied, a productivity of 806 FPU/(h·L) was achieved. The same techniques also greatly enhanced the productivity of other enzymes by fungal cultures in solidphase fermentation.
Density per particle as a descriptor of Coulombic systems

Abstract It is shown that for finite Coulombic systems the density per particle, σ ≡ ρ/N, determines the value of any observable quantity. The associated variational principle is derived.
Automated indexing of the hazardous substances data bank

The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), a factual data file produced and maintained by the Specialized Information Services (SIS) Division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), contains over 4600 records on potentially hazardous chemicals. To improve information retrieval from HSDB, SIS has undertaken the development of an automated indexing protocol in collaboration with NLM's Indexing Initiative group. The Indexing Initiative investigates methods whereby automated indexing may partially or completely substitute for human indexing. Three main methodologies are applied: the MetaMap Indexing method, which maps text to concepts in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus; the Trigram Phrase Matching method, which uses character trigrams to match text to Metathesaurus concepts; and a variant of the PubMed Related Citations method to find MeSH terms related to input text. The UMLS concepts generated by the first two methods are mapped to MeSH main headings through the Restrict-to-MeSH algorithm. The resulting MeSH terms are then clustered into a ranked list of recommended indexing terms. The purpose of the poster is to present our experience in applying these automated indexing methodologies to a large data file with highly structured records, a variety of text and data formats, and complex technical and biomedical terminology.
Sustainability Efforts of One Oil Company in Niger Delta of Nigeria

The purpose of this explanatory qualitative case study was to explore the subject oil company's leaders sustainability practices in the Niger Delta Region (NDR) of Nigeria and the derivative effects, and thereby provide the oil company's leadership with information for improving their sustainability program and to gain increased support for its continuing operations. The recommendations from the study provided a holistic framework to help oil companies' executives increase economic, social, and environmental performance in the NDR. The oil companies' leaders could improve business practices by reducing the impact of oil production on the environment and social imbalance without compromising profitability (Hart & Milstein, 2003; Stocchetti, 2012). The oil industry may benefit from the findings by implementing the recommendations to address the socioeconomic and environmental concerns to increase citizens' support for their sustainability projects and continuing operations within the region.
Thioredoxin Reductase Is Essential for Thiol/Disulfide Redox Control and Oxidative Stress Survival of the Anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis

Results of this study showed that the anaerobic, opportunistic pathogen Bacteroides fragilis lacks the glutathione/glutaredoxin redox system and possesses an extensive number of putative thioredoxin (Trx) orthologs. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed six Trx orthologs and an absence of genes required for synthesis of glutathione and glutaredoxins. In addition, it was shown that the thioredoxin reductase (TrxB)/Trx system is the major or sole redox system for thiol/disulfide cellular homeostasis in this anaerobic bacterium. Expression of the B. fragilis trxB gene was induced following treatment with diamide or H(2)O(2) or exposure to oxygen. This inducible trxB expression was OxyR independent. Northern blot hybridization analysis showed that the trxB mRNA was cotranscribed with lolA as a bicistronic transcript or was present as a monocistronic transcript that was also highly induced under the same conditions. The role of LolA, a prokaryotic periplasmic lipoprotein-specific molecular chaperone in the thiol/disulfide redox system, is unknown. A trxB deletion mutant was more sensitive to the effects of diamide and oxygen than the parent strain. In addition, the trxB mutant was unable to grow in culture media without addition of a reductant. Furthermore, the trxB mutant was not able to induce intraabdominal abscess formation in a mouse model, whereas the parent strain was. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that TrxB/Trx is the major, if not the sole, thiol/disulfide redox system in this anaerobe required for survival and abscess formation in a peritoneal cavity infection model.
Daptomycin-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute liver injury

Daptomycin use is a known cause of rhabdomyolysis; its role in liver injury is less certain. We report a case of daptomycin-induced rhabdomyolysis with liver injury. This report indicates a role for liver function monitoring while receiving daptomycin, as well as the importance of promptly considering drug toxicities in acute and emergency care settings.
Cabinet Collapses and Currency Crashes

Asset market performance conditions the strategic context of cabinet terminations. In turn, information about cabinet terminations shapes how market actors evaluate the government's commitment to specific policies, affecting overall economic performance. To understand how the economy affects cabinet terminations, therefore, we must account for the endogeneity between cabinet outcomes and market performance. In this article, we model both cabinet terminations and speculative currency attacks. We argue that changes in the probability of different types of cabinet ends condition the probability that currency traders will sharply shift their assets out of a country. In turn, the probability of a speculative attack influences the probabilities of different types of cabinet ends—for instance, the higher the likelihood of speculative attack, the lower the chance of an early strategic election. We connect separate models of cabinet termination and speculative attacks using an instrumental-variables framework.
A Framework for Resource Allocation in a Cognitive Digital Home

The advances in radio design and wireless networking, along with the growth of multimedia home entertainment technologies, is creating the concept of a cognitive digital home requiring spectrum coexistence of various devices and networks of networks. In this paper, we introduce a framework for resource allocation in a cognitive digital home with a multiplicity of radio access technologies such as cognitive radios and legacy technologies supporting heterogeneous applications. A spectrum manager, named the home genie node, is introduced to coordinate spectrum coexistence across different services, with degrees of freedom ranging from transmission parameters such as frequency, bandwidth, and power, to the choice of radio access technology itself. We study problems of sum rate maximization as well as maxmin rate allocation which are mixed integer nonlinear programs, and propose simple heuristic solutions for the same.
Quantitative contrast enhanced ultrasound and ct assessment of tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy in rats

Abstract Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and contrast-enhanced destruction-replenishment subharmonic ultrasound (CEDRSU) were used to quantify blood flow and tumor viability during antiangiogenic therapy. SU11657 or placebo was administered to R3230AC tumor-baring rats over a two-week period. CEDRSU vascular volume (ASI) and volume flow (VF) and CECT perfusion (PR) and permeability (PM) measurements were made on day 0, 7 and 14. The percent change in imaging parameters was calculated between day 0 and 7 and 14. Serum drug level (SDL) was compared with imaging parameters. Imaging estimates of tumor viability were compared with histology images on day 14. The percent change in imaging measures for control and treated groups were significantly different on day 7(ASI, p = 0.02; VF, p = 0.008, PR, p = 0.0007; PM, p = 0.003) and 14 (ASI, p = 0.0004; VF, p = 0.002, PR, p = 0.003; PM, p = 0.005). Imaging identified animals with lower SDLs as having higher tumor vascularity and flow. Spatial estimates of tumor viability correlated with histology (CEDRSU, r 2 = 0.92, p ≪ 0.001; CT, r 2 = 0.86, p ≪ 0.001). CEDRSU and CECT provide measures of blood flow and viability in tumors during antiangiogenic therapy. Tumors with higher flow were identified in animals with lower SDL. SU11657 treatment results in decreased tumor flow and viability. (E-mail: repollard@ucdavis.edu )
An Uncertain Future for Soil Carbon

A detailed knowledge of how carbon cycles through soils is crucial for predicting future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Robust and adaptive boundary control of a stretched string on a moving transporter

Suppression of vibration is an important engineering problem. In this note, control problem of a flexible system that includes a stretched string supported on a transporter is defined and solved. Such a system may be encountered in device manufacturing and process automation. Robust and adaptive control is designed to damp out transverse oscillation of the string via compensating for possible uncertainties in string dynamics and transporter motion. Standard robust control design based on a straightforward Lyapunov argument commonly seen in control design for rigid-body systems is extended to the flexible system. Asymptotically/exponentially and robustly stabilizing controls are found.
PTEN and p53 cross-regulation induced by soy isoflavone genistein promotes mammary epithelial cell cycle arrest and lobuloalveolar differentiation

The tumor suppressors phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and p53 are closely related to the pathogenesis of breast cancer, yet pathway-specific mechanisms underlying their participation in mediating the protective actions of dietary bioactive components on breast cancer risk are poorly understood. We recently showed that dietary exposure to the soy isoflavone genistein (GEN) induced PTEN expression in mammary epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, consistent with the breast cancer preventive effects of soy food consumption. Here, we evaluated PTEN and p53 functional interactions in the nuclear compartment of mammary epithelial cells as a mechanism for mammary tumor protection by GEN. Using the non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells MCF10-A, we demonstrate that GEN increased PTEN expression and nuclear localization. We show that increased nuclear PTEN levels initiated an autoregulatory loop involving PTEN-dependent increases in p53 nuclear localization, PTEN-p53 physical association, PTEN-p53 co-recruitment to the PTEN promoter region and p53 transactivation of PTEN promoter activity. The PTEN-p53 cross talk induced by GEN resulted in increased cell cycle arrest; decreased pro-proliferative cyclin D1 and pleiotrophin gene expression and the early formation of mammary acini, indicative of GEN promotion of lobuloalveolar differentiation. Our findings provide support to GEN-induced PTEN as both a target and regulator of p53 action and offer a mechanistic basis for PTEN pathway activation to underlie the antitumor properties of dietary factors, with important implications for reducing breast cancer risk.
The doula: an essential ingredient of childbirth rediscovered.

Eleven randomized control trials examined whether additional support by a trained lay person (called a doula), student midwife or midwife, who provides continuous support consisting of praise, encouragement, reassurance, comfort measures, physical contact and explanations about progress during labor, will affect obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. The women were healthy primigravidas at term. Meta-analysis of these studies showed a reduction in the duration of labor, the use of medications for pain relief, operative vaginal delivery, and in many studies a reduction in caesarian deliveries. At 6 weeks after delivery in one study a greater proportion of doula-supported women were breastfeeding, reported greater self-esteem, less depression, a higher regard for their babies and their ability to care for them compared to the control mothers. Observations during labor showed that fathers remained farther away from mothers than doulas, talked and touched less. When the doula was present with the couple during labor the father offered more personal support. The father-to-be's presence during labor and delivery is important to the mother and father, but it is the presence of the doula that results in significant benefits in outcome.
Phylogeography of Asparagopsis Taxiformis (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta) in the Hawaiian Islands: Two Mtdna Markers Support Three Separate Introductions

Abstract Fifty-six samples of the gametophyte stage of Asparagopsis taxiformis, principally from the Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, were obtained from field collections and archived herbarium material. Of these, 36 were successfully sequenced for the cox2-3 spacer region, and 42 for the COI gene. Parsimony analyses of both regions for the Hawaiian collections revealed relationships that were consistent with those previously published for global A. taxiformis samples, which also included a number from the Hawaiian Islands. The Main Hawaiian Islands are dominated by lineage 1, which is known from the Pacific coast of Central America and Hawai‘i. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with one exception, contain a single widespread lineage (2) that is known from the Indo-Pacific, central Mediterranean and southern Portugal. A third lineage (4) is present in Hawai‘i only along a localized region of the south shore of O'ahu, but is widespread in tropical and subtropical waters outside of the Hawaiian Isla...
Vitamin D Is Associated With Cognitive Function in Elders Receiving Home Health Services

VITAMIN D status has implications that extend beyond the well-known effects on bone mineralization. New research suggests that vitamin D has beneficial effects on muscle function (1), cardiovascular health (2), diabetes (3), and cancer prevention (4). More recently, clinical studies have suggested a potential beneficial role of vitamin D for cognitive function (5,6). A growing body of evidence suggests that the active form of vitamin D is involved in development and adult brain function (7,8). Metabolic pathways for vitamin D have been found in the hippocampus and cerebellum (7), suggesting that vitamin D may be active in areas of the brain involved in planning, processing, and formation of new memories. Dementia is cognitive decline resulting in memory loss and impairment of normal daily function. The pathology of dementia in the elderly is complex and multifactorial. Alzheimer's type dementia, the most common form of age-associated dementia, affects approximately 10% of adults more than the age of 65 years and 47% of adults more than 85 years in the United States (9). Vascular dementia, the second most common form of age-associated dementia, is estimated to account for more than 17% of dementia in the United States (9). Vitamin D may help in the prevention of these neurodegenerative diseases of aging through protection against comorbidities such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (35), by modulation of oxidation and inflammation (8,10) and by protection of nerve conduction (8,11). The global population is rapidly aging, and those aged ≥85 years represent the fastest growing segment (12,13). This demographic shift marks an increase in the number of elders requiring homecare services. These elders bear a disproportionate burden of disease and are more likely to have cognitive impairment. Estimates reveal that more than 40% of US and European elderly adults are deficient in vitamin D. Elders requiring homecare are particularly at risk for vitamin D insufficiency because of sunlight deprivation, inadequate nutriture, age-related dermatological changes, and impairments in renal function. These risks may be further exacerbated in certain racial or gender groups due to excess comorbidities, differences in nutritional requirements, and variation in dietary intakes. Identifying nutritional factors that may mitigate cognitive dysfunction and help preserve independent living has a significant economic and public health benefit. This study was designed to evaluate associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, concentration and cognitive function, specifically aspects of executive function, memory, and attention/processing speed, in an urban dwelling, racially diverse elderly population in need of homecare services in Boston, MA.
The Role of Inhibitory Control in Forgetting Semantic Knowledge

Previous research has shown that episodic retrieval recruits inhibitory processes that impair memory for related events. We report two experiments examining whether inhibitory processes may also be involved in causing semantic memory lapses. In a semantic retrieval-practice paradigm, subjects were given trials presenting a cue (a homograph in Experiment 1, a category in Experiment 2) linked to many different items in semantic memory. For each cue, subjects used general knowledge to generate no (baseline), one, four, or eight different items of semantic knowledge. Afterward, we determined through an apparently unrelated free-association test whether a critical nonpracticed concept associated to the cue had been inhibited. Both experiments found that generating items from semantic memory suppressed competing concepts, and that this impairment was cue independent. These findings show that inhibitory control processes overcome interference during semantic retrieval and that recruitment of these processes may ...
Integration-Valuation Nexus in Invasive Species Policy

This paper reviews recent work examining two topics of economic research vital for invasive species policy—integration and valuation. Integration requires bioeconomic models that blend invasive biology with economic circumstances and the feedback loops between the two systems. Valuation requires nonmarket valuation associated with human and environmental damages posed by invasive species. We argue for a second-level of integration in invasive species economics—valuation based on integration models. Policy prescriptions based on integration models need valuation work; valuation surveys need integration models—the two are complements. Valuation could be enhanced with integration in mind; integration could be made better with valuation in mind. An example from blending the two research areas is presented and its merits demonstrated.
A systematic review of outcomes reporting for brachial plexus reconstruction.

Purpose To better understand the manner in which outcomes are reported after brachial plexus reconstruction, we conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature. Methods We included English-language articles describing treatment of brachial plexus injuries to restore motor function of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and/or wrist with nerve repair, nerve graft, and/or nerve transfer. We recorded the anatomical location of injury, the treatment used, and the manner in which motor function, active and passive range of motion, pain, quality of life, function or disability, patient satisfaction, and psychosocial health was reported. Results In reviewing 88 papers with outcomes for 5,189 patients, 83 (94%) of the papers reported postoperative motor function. Of these, 49 (59%) did not include any other measures of patient outcome. Active range of motion was reported in 24 (27%) studies, pain was reported in 15 (17%) studies, quality of life was reported in 4 (5%) studies, function or disability was reported in 5 (6%) studies, patient satisfaction in 3 (3%) studies, and psychosocial health in 1 study. Conclusions To date, outcome reporting for brachial plexus surgery has largely centered on motor recovery and typically has not included measures of function or nonmusculoskeletal recovery. Incorporating currently used measures of physical recovery with patient-derived outcomes measures such as quality of life, function, pain, and satisfaction will likely help provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of brachial plexus reconstruction surgery. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
Dispersal of an introduced larval cohort in a coastal lagoon

Patterns of larval dispersal influence the structure of marine biological communities, but many aspects of larval dispersal remain poorly understood. For example, much of our present understanding of larval dispersal is based on models that integrate aspects of physical oceanography and larval biology, but the predictions of those models are generally not tested because we lack the methodology for real-time larval tracking. In the present study, we used both modeled and measured data to track an introduced larval cohort essentially from fertilization to presumed settlement. Larvae of the hard clam Mercenaria were released into a labeled water parcel in the Banana River Lagoon, Florida, within 8.5 h of nursery production and then were tracked for the duration of their estimated 8-d pelagic life span. Comparisons of modeled versus measured larval distribution indicate that the fate of the larvae as predicted by a tracer model and by the concentration of coincidentally released sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) did not agree with the fate of the larvae as predicted by the path of subsurface drifters and by a particle trajectory model. Thus, modeled predictions of larval dispersal must be interpreted with care. Additionally, one component of larval dispersal that was observed in the study but that was not accounted for in the model was the spread of larvae along the path of advection. That trail of larvae may have important consequences for patterns of recruitment and resultant community structure, but it is not considered in most treatments of larval dispersal.
Can Kosmotropic Salt/Chaotropic Ionic Liquid (Salt/Salt Aqueous Biphasic Systems) be Used to Remove Pertechnetate From Complex Salt Waste?

Abstract Aqueous solutions of water‐structuring, kosmotropic salts (e.g., salts of PO4 3−, HPO4 2−, CO3 2−) will salt‐out water‐destructuring chaotropic ionic liquids (ILs) (e.g., 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, ([C4mim]Cl)) forming salt/salt aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). The chaotropic pertechnetate (TcO4 −) anion will partition without the use of an extractant into the IL‐rich phase. These complex salt/salt ABS are not unlike the complex and salt‐rich Hanford tank waste, and thus have been used here as a simple model to show effectiveness in the partitioning of TcO4 − from such tank waste into an IL‐rich phase.
The material culture of military medicine.

If we associate any American portraitist with scientific and medical subjects, that artist is Thomas Eakins (1844–1916). Ultimately regarded as one of America’s finest realist painters, Eakins revealed personalities so committed to their intellectual and professional endeavors that he chose to portray them with the esoteric tools of their trade—Washington University engineering professor William D. Marks with his chronograph in 1886, or Johns Hopkins physics professor Henry Rowland with his ruling engine for diffraction gratings and spectroscopy in 1897. Eakins is probably best known and most revered for his fierce portraits of surgeons and their patients in heroic settings, those of the Dr. Samuel Gross Clinic (1875) and the Dr. D. Hayes Agnew Clinic (1889). In each case, the tool of choice was a scalpel, poised for demonstration by the portrait’s principal individual subject. Instead of choosing such a symbol for Dr. John Hill Brinton (1832–1907), Eakins relied on the image of finely rendered books to complement his portrait of the Philadelphia physician (Fig. 1). His allusion was to teacher and academic physician—a rarified scholar whose garb and tools failed to betray his military medical background, which had been steeped both in the sinews of Civil War battle and in the impulse to foster this nascent national medical museum. Brinton joined the Army in 1861, leaving his position at Jefferson Medical College. Recognized for his organizational ability and collecting impulses, Surgeon General William Hammond charged Brinton
Depression, Compulsive Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Urban Young Gay and Bisexual Men: The P18 Cohort Study

Young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at increased likelihood of experiencing depression and engaging in condomless sexual behaviors. The goal of the current investigation was to examine the relationship between negative mood and compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) and to assess for their individual and combined influence on sexual risk-taking behavior among a diverse sample of YMSM in New York City (the P18 Cohort Study). We first analyzed sociodemographic, depressive symptoms, CSB, and sexual risk-taking from the cross-sectional data of 509, 18- or 19-year-old YMSM recruited using non-probability sampling. We found a significant positive correlation between CSB and depression and between CSB and frequency of condomless anal sex acts reported over the last 30 days. Multivariate results found that the presence of both depression and CSB contributed to elevated sexual risk-taking among these urban YMSM. Clinical implications include the importance of assessing for CSB when depression is present and vice versa in order to improve HIV prevention. Informed by minority stress theory and syndemic theory, our results suggest that interventions focused on the health of YMSM recognize that mental health and social context all interact to increase physical health vulnerability vis-a-vis sexual behaviors, depression, and CSB. Thus, HIV prevention and intervention programs need to incorporate mental health components and services that address these needs.
Empowering Minority Students Through the Use of Critical Educational Technology

Recently, cultural studies scholars have been researching the role of Latino students at schools and strategies to empower them. Nevertheless, there is little research regarding Latino empowerment through educational technologies, especially in new Latino states.
Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, Duration, Intensity, and Cost of Chronic Disability Among the U.S. Elderly

Abstract The objective of this paper is to estimate the burden of chronic disability on the U.S. elderly population, using unisex and sex-specific measures of long-term care (LTC) service use, intensity, and costs. Multistate life-table analysis was performed of adjacent rounds of the National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) from 1984, 1989, and 1994, using criteria introduced in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 to stratify the disabled population according to level of disability based on ADL and cognitive impairment criteria. Rates of transition to and from nondisabled to disabled states and from all states to death were computed and analyzed for differences by age and sex. Rates of service use, intensity, and costs were computed conditional on age and sex. It was found that approximately 20% of the residual life expectancy at age 65 for males and 30% for females were spent in a state of chronic disability. For both sexes, the years of chronic disability above age 65 ...
Dynamic Response of Market Dividend Yield and Price-to-Earnings Ratio to Corporate Profit Growth Shock

This study examines the dynamic response of S&P 500 dividend yield (DY) and S&P 500 price-to-earnings ratio (PE) to corporate profit growth (CP) shock. Using the VAR model to analyze quarterly data from 1951Q4 to 2012Q4, the results show that both DY and PE significantly drop immediately following the shock to the CP. The Granger-causality Wald tests show that CP Granger-causes DY and PE. There is no response feedback from DY and PE to CP. The results from variance decomposition analysis show that CP contributes around 1.28% and 7.34% to the PE forecast errors at the respective two- and four-quarter horizons. In addition, CP contributes about 5.25% and 5.44% to the DY forecast errors at the respective two- and eight-quarter horizons.
When Freedom is Not an Endless Meeting: A New Look at Efficiency in Consensus-Based Decision Making

It is axiomatic among scholars of participatory democracy that consensus-based decision making is inefficient, yet no study has systematically assessed that claim. This article examines the efficiency of consensus decision making in 12 social movement groups from the German autonomous and nonviolence movements. Data were analyzed from 62 semistructured interviews regarding how long it took each group to make a typical decision and what types of decisions were the easiest and most difficult to make. A measure of inclusiveness was included to determine whether efficiency was attained by silencing dissent. Most decisions were made in less than two hours. Factors were identified that distinguished more and less efficient groups.
Medicolegal Issues in Breast Reduction

Areas of general risk are discussed with patients before surgery. Procedure-specific risks inherent in each technique are a key part of informed consent. Issues related to insurance coverage must be settled preoperatively to decrease litigation risk. Protection of patient information has become a key part of the overall treatment process and this information must be protected.
Apical acidification by rabbit papillary surface epithelium

The rabbit papillary surface epithelium (PSE) is a simple cuboidal epithelium that covers the outer surface of the renal papilla and has an apical surface that faces the urinary space. We studied acid-base transport in this epithelium by dissecting it from the papilla, mounting it in a modified Ussing chamber, and following pH changes in the apical bathing solution. The experiments demonstrated that the PSE is capable of acidifying the apical solution at a substantial rate. The acidification rate was similar with 100% nitrogen and 100% oxygen (with and without 10 microM antimycin A), ruling out a dependence on oxidative metabolism. Addition of 1 mM iodoacetate decreased apical acidification by 55%, suggesting a dependence on glycolysis. The net rate of lactate secretion was only 17% of the total acid secretion rate, indicating that apical acidification was not directly caused by secretion of lactic acid alone. Removal of sodium or potassium from the apical solutions or the addition of 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide failed to eliminate the apical acidification. Although the rate of PSE apical acidification is comparable to that of the rabbit outer medullary collecting duct (on a unit surface area basis), its contribution to urinary net acid excretion is likely to be small, owing to the small relative surface area of the PSE. However, by altering the pH of urine locally within the pelvic recesses, the PSE has the potential of modifying the formation of renal stones within the pelvic recesses.
Robust Model Predictive Control with a Safety Mode: Applied to Small-Body Proximity Operations

Safe and robust GC (II) safety mode, if activated, maintains the spacecraft near a safety reference for all time. The algorithm utilizes separate feedforward and feedback components. In standard mode, the feedforward guidance solutions come from a way-point generation algorithm that uses a discrete linear-time-varying dynamics model. This approach provides a convex formulation of the problem (solvable onboard as a second-order cone program) that includes control and state constraints; the safety-mode availability adds a constraint in this standard-mode formulation as well. The feedback guarantees standard-mode resolvability to update the guidance prole in a robust, model-predictive manner. In safety mode, an oine-designed feedforward policy with the added feedback maintains the spacecraft in a hovering state in the proximity of its position at safety-mode activation time; this provides robustness to unexpected stateconstraint changes such as unexpected ground proximity during landing operations. A simulation demonstrating both the standard and safety modes is provided for a spacecraft autonomous-descent scenario toward a small asteroid with an uncertain gravity model and errors in the surface altitude constraint.
Exploration of the Topology of Chemical Spaces with Network Measures

Discontinuous changes in molecular structure (resulting from continuous transformations of molecular coordinates) lead to changes in chemical properties and biological activities that chemists attempt to describe through structure–activity or structure–property relationships (QSAR/QSPR). Such relationships are commonly envisioned in a continuous high-dimensional space of numerical descriptors, referred to as chemistry space. The choice of descriptors defining coordinates within chemistry space and the choice of similarity metrics thus influence the partitioning of this space into regions corresponding to local structural similarity. These are the regions (known as domains of applicability) most likely to be successfully modeled by a structure–activity relationship. In this work the network topology and scaling relationships of chemistry spaces are first investigated independent of a specific biological activity. Chemistry spaces studied include the ZINC data set, a qHTS PubChem bioassay, as well as the sp...
Exploring Interaction in a Marketing Situation

This article presents findings of an exploratory field study of the relationship between the sales success of businesses in marketing activities and certain interaction characteristics of their personnel. Specifically, the article studies the significance of certain behavioralattitudinal traits of dealers and attendants in gasoline service stations in determining sales success. Interpretation of the relative success of a specific service station depends on which point of view is considered. To the oil company, success is directly related to the gasoline and accessories sold. However, some operators of service stations are more repair oriented and consider selling gasoline and accessories to be secondary to the operation of their garages. In this study, however, success is determined by the station's gasoline sales. The potential interaction situations that arise in the operation of a gasoline service station are: (a) between the dealer or attendant and the customer, (b) between the dealer and his attendants, (c) among the attendants. Each of these interactions plays a large role in de
Idarucizumab, a Humanized, Monoclonal Antibody Fragment for Immediate Reversal of Dabigatran.

Objective:To evaluate the role of idarucizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment, as a specific reversal agent for the anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and to review the pharmacology, p...
Analysis of food poisoning in Haizhu District of Guangzhou City from 2004 to 2007

Objective To anlayze food poisoning events in Haizhu Sistrict of Guangzhou from 2004 to 2007.Methods The data of food poisoning events reported from 2004 to 2007 were analyzed.Results There were 49 food poisoning events and 582 suffers were reported in Haizhu district from 2004 to 2007.The most of food poisoning events occurred from April to September(81.63%),the mainly due to bacteria infection(77.55%)and the mainly occurred in beverage and food service institutions(42.86%).Conclusion The capabilities of enhancement of ealy warning and emergency management, supervision,monitoring of food poisoning be strengthened to controlling the occurrence of food poisoning in Haizhu Sistrict.
Recent advances in the management of diabetic pregnant women.

This article discusses metabolic control in pregnancy, outlines the management protocol for diabetic pregnancy currently in use at Yale-New Haven Medical Center, and describes some of the more promising innovations in the field.
Platelet activating factor causes relaxation of isolated pulmonary artery and aorta.

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a lipid chemical mediator produced by a variety of activated cells, including basophils, eosinophils, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils (Tamura, 1987; Vercellotti, 1988). A number of pathophysiological responses, such as inflammatory and allergic reactions, bronchoconstriction, platelet aggregation, pulmonary hypertension, anaphylactic shock, endotoxic shock, and systemic hypotension are mediated by PAF (Benveniste and Vargaftig, 1983; Heffner, 1983a; 1983b; Terashita, 1985; 1987; Hanahan, 1986; Barnes, 1988). These pathological conditions are linked to changes in smooth muscle tone. For example, bronchoconstriction is due to the increase in tone of airway smooth muscle and hypotension is due to the decrease in tone of vascular smooth muscle.
Adapting DFT+U for the Chemically Motivated Correction of Minimal Basis Set Incompleteness

Recent algorithmic and hardware advances have enabled the application of electronic structure methods to the study of large-scale systems such as proteins with O(103) atoms. Most such methods benefit greatly from the use of reduced basis sets to further enhance their speed, but truly minimal basis sets are well-known to suffer from incompleteness error that gives rise to incorrect descriptions of chemical bonding, preventing minimal basis set use in production calculations. We present a strategy for improving these well-known shortcomings in minimal basis sets by selectively tuning the energetics and bonding of nitrogen and oxygen atoms within proteins and small molecules to reproduce polarized double-ζ basis set geometries at minimal basis set cost. We borrow the well-known +U correction from the density functional theory community normally employed for self-interaction errors and demonstrate its power in the context of correcting basis set incompleteness within a formally self-interaction-free Hartree–F...
Ammonia and Manganese Increase Arginine Uptake in Cultured Astrocytes

Recent work has suggested a possible role for nitric oxide (NO) in the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). In this study, we examined the effect of ammonia and manganese, factors implicated in the pathogenesis of HE, on the transport of arginine (a precursor of NO) into primary cultures of astrocytes. Treatment with 5 mM ammonia for 1-4 days produced a maximal (53%) increase in L-arginine uptake at 3 days when compared to untreated cells. Kinetic analysis following 4-day treatment with 5 mM ammonia revealed an 82% increase in the Vmax and a 61% increase in the Km value. Similar analysis with 100 microM manganese showed a 101% increase in Vmax and a 131% increase in the Km value. These results suggest that both manganese and ammonia alter L-arginine uptake by modifying the transporter for arginine. A decrease of 32% in the non-saturable component of L-arginine transport was also observed following treatment with ammonia. When cultures were treated separately with 5 mM ammonia and 100 microM manganese for 2 days, the uptake of L-arginine increased by 41% and 57%, respectively. Combined exposure led to no further increase in uptake. Our results suggest that ammonia and manganese may contribute to the pathogenesis of HE by influencing arginine transport and thus possibly NO synthesis in astrocytes.