cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of sediment transport modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aquaculture raceways

Abstract A simulation model to analyze the water flow and sediment transport in aquaculture raceways was developed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. The simulation was used to evaluate the efficiency of solids settling in the quiescent zone of existing trout raceways. This efficiency was based on the percentage of solids removed, which corresponds to the percentage of solids introduced into the raceway that settle in it, with settling taking place primarily in the quiescent zone. The raceway selected for model validation was a rectangular concrete raceway 30.0 m long, 3.0 m wide, 0.9 m deep, with a slope of 0.01. The raceway included a quiescent zone of approximately 5.3 m in length, which was separated from the rearing area by a screen. The water flow rate through the raceway was approximately 0.058 m 3 /s. Velocity measurements were recorded at 230 stations along the raceway using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, for comparison with the results obtained from the simulations. For the purpose of simulating sediment transport, six groups of particles were used to account for the total suspended solids. The sizes of the particles selected were based on an experimentally determined distribution for solids from a similar raceway, and were 692, 532, 350, 204, 61, and 35 μm for Groups 1–6, respectively. The particle density for each size was assumed to be 1150 kg/m 3 . Values of the percentage of solids removed for the different particle sizes were 100.0% for the largest particles, and 54.7, 0.9, and 0.1% for the three smallest particles, respectively. This methodology of analyzing the raceway sediment transport in terms of its percentage of solids removed based on CFD simulations can also be used to examine raceway design alternatives for improving the particle removal efficiency.
Piezoceramic Telescopic Actuator Quasi-Static Experimental Characterization

Piezoceramic telescopic actuators capitalize upon an internally-leveraged amplification technique consisting of interconnected concentric, cascaded cylinders that telescope out when activated. The building-block nature of the telescopic design makes it an efficient, densely packed actuator that yields high work output for a given volume. As with any actuator, once fabricated, there are factors that lead to losses in performance that are not captured in most predictive models. To identify these and gain insight into the overall device behavior, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the quasi-static force-deflection performance. For a broader perspective, three unique telescopic prototypes were fabricated and experimentally tested, each manufactured using different techniques, materials, and geometries. As expected, discrepancies between the experimental and modeled behavior were observed. Therefore, to accurately predict the observed behavior of this architecture, a full three-dimensional nu...
A Tn3 derivative that can be used to make short in-frame insertions within genes.

Abstract A Tn3 derivative was constructed to make small in-frame insertions within genes. The transposon contains the URA3 gene, the tetA gene, a truncated lacZ, and phage P1 loxP recombination sites at either end. Insertions that have fused lacZ to an open reading frame are lac+ because they express the truncated lacZ. In the presence of the phage P1 cyclization recombinase cre, the transposon can delete the URA3, tetA, and lacZ genes between the two loxP sites. The remaining short imperfect palindrome contains the ends of Tn3 and a loxP site and does not contain a translational termination codon in the correct reading frame. We have analyzed several insertions within the yeast HO gene. Several insertions inactivate HO and prohibit initiation of mating-type switching. In contrast, an epitope inserted in the central portion encodes a functional HO endonuclease.
Computer graphics instruction in VizClass

VizClass is a university classroom environment designed to offer students in computer graphics and engineering courses up-to-date visualization technologies. Three digital whiteboards and a three-dimensional stereoscopic display provide complementary display surfaces. Input devices include touchscreens on the digital whiteboards, remote keyboards, data gloves, and hand-position sensors.We use observations, interviews, and surveys to examine the pedagogical impacts of VizClass for teaching and learning computer graphics and virtual reality. Preliminary findings include positive student and teacher attitudes and greater learner engagement in after-class collaborations.
The dynamics of repeated impacts with a sinusoidally vibrating table

A deceptively simple difference equation is derived which approximately describes the motion of a small ball bouncing vertically on a massive sinusoidally vibrating plate. In the case of perfect elastic impacts, the equation reduces to the “standard mapping” which has been extensively studied by physicists in connection with the motions of particles constrained in potential wells. It is shown that, for sufficiently large excitation velocities and a coefficient of restitution close to one, this deterministic dynamical system exhibits large families of irregular non-periodic solutions in addition to the expected harmonic and subharmonic motions. The physical significance of these and other chaotic motions which appear to occur frequently in non-linear oscillations is discussed.
Polar Anisotropy and Inter-Ferroelectric Transitions in Barium Titanate and its Solid Solutions

A particular form of the Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire theory of weak first-order transitions is applied to barium titanate and its solid solutions. The theory places emphasis on the crystallographic anisotropy of polarization and its relation to the inter-ferroelectric transitions between proper symmetry phases. It is shown that the dependences of the quartic anisotropy energy on external parameters of temperature and composition play dominant roles in controlling the phase diagram topologies of barium titanate-based systems. The theory is also applicable to morphotropic diagrams, and it provides a unified parameterization scheme useful for constructing constitutive models, phase field simulations, and first-principles derived thermodynamic theories.
Susceptibility to Superinfection of Hybrids between Polyoma “Transformed” BHK and “Normal” 3T3 Cells

Polyoma transformed BHK cells do not seem to synthesize an immunity substance comparable with a bacteriophage repressor.
New Educational Video Series From AGU

A new video series entitled Live Education Activity Resource Network (LEARN) With AGU was recently launched. This series of short Earth and space science–related videos is designed to give K–12 formal and informal educators the tools they need to try new hands-on activities with their students. Research indicates that hands-on learning and problem solving are important ways for students to learn, but educators do not always know where to begin or think that they need a lot of materials to do a hands-on activity (which often is not the case).
Pricing and QoS of information services in a competitive market [Extended Abstract]

Design of e-commerce services that are competitive in a quickly responding market requires the analyses of prices and price structures. We develop a general model of an e-commerce market that allows us to analyze optimal price structures, both flat and usage-based. Based on the price structure of a major web hosting provider, we consider single-tier and two-tier (burst-rate) pricing, and our result suggests that the more complex two-tier structure may not be worth the marketing effort, as the firm's equilibrium profits will not increase through the use of this structure. An essential feature of our approach is that we model explicitly the spread of price-QoS tradeoffs across the end-user population.
Determination of cell line suitability for rapid isolation of herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most commonly identified viruses in the clinical laboratory. HSV is of clinical consequence because of its ability to produce such life-threatening infections as encephalitis and neonatal disease. A variety of cell lines are currently being used for detection of HSV in cell culture. This study compared several cell lines simultaneously in a 96-well cell culture system to determine which lines demonstrated viral CPE most quickly following infection. In considering speed at which viral CPE is demonstrated, our results showed that primary rabbit kidney cells surpassed all other cell lines at 48 h post-viral infection. Alternative cell lines demonstrated to be suitable by this study were human fetal foreskin, human embryonic lung, and Vero cells.
A diurnal fluctuation in medial basal hypothalamic-preoptic area cytosol estrogen receptors in ovariectomized hamsters.

Abstract Cytosol estrogen receptors (CER) were measured in ovariectomized hamsters, kept in a light:dark schedule of 14:10. Significant diurnal fluctuations in CER occured in medial basal hypothalamus-preoptic area, but not in amygdala, anterior pituitary or uterus. Highest levels of CER in medial basal hypothalamus-preoptic area occurred 22h before lights went out, and lowest levels 1 h after lights went out.
Early Post-Pneumonectomy Bronchial Stump Fistula

Bronchial stump fistula occurred on the seventh postoperative day in a 45-year-old man who underwent right pneumonectomy for T2N2M0 adenocarcinoma of the lung. It was attributable to ventilator-related barotrauma during treatment of ARDS from multiple pulmonary emboli. A frequently lethal complication, its presentation, management and prevention in the early postoperative period are discussed.
Electron beam patterned Nafion membranes for DMFC applications

Abstract Patterned Nafion 212 membrane prepared by electron beam lithography (EBL) coupled with dry etching was tested for DMFC applications. Pristine, O 2 blanket-etched, and electron beam exposed Nafion 212 test cells were also prepared and compared. Several parameters including in-plane conductivity, methanol crossover, I – V characteristics, and through-plane ohmic resistance were evaluated. The patterned membrane had the best combination of properties, benefiting from the exposure to electron beam and interfacial area enlargement as evidenced by its superior power density. The maximum power densities were 29.3, 32.5, 48.2, and 63.1 mW cm −2 for the pristine, exposed, O 2 blanket-etched, and patterned membrane respectively. A Nafion 117 membrane test cell was also compared. While it exhibited reduced methanol crossover, it also had higher ohmic resistance and Tafel slope. The patterned Nafion 212 provided a 25% increase in power density compared to the N117 membrane.
Attitude distribution change as a marketing approach to action/sales maximization

Abstract In finance and economics, maximization strategies commonly proceed by selecting outcome distribution. In contrast, marketing strategies attempt to change distributions in some optimal manner. A model is presented for such a strategy--maximizing the chances of achieving some uncertain action such as purchasing a particular product or voting for a particular candidate. The probability that a member of some population will perform this action is maximized by changing the distribution of the attitude toward the action. The model is constructed using the framework of classical economic production theory. The expected probability of the action is maximized under a promotional budget constraint. The decision variables considered are the moments of the attitude distribution and an attitude/action threshold.
The analysis of macroalgae biomass found around Hawaii for bioethanol production.

Macroalgae commonly found in the ocean around Hawaii were collected from near shore locations and their potential as biomass feedstock for fermentative ethanol was investigated. A green alga, Ulva reticulata, was selected for further analysis. This species forms large complex structures that grow quickly and has high dry biomass percentage (20%), soluble carbohydrates (18%), and high total carbohydrates along with low quantities of lignin (13%). During acid saccharification, it was determined that 49% of the total mass was observed as sugars in the hydrolysate; however, fermentation was problematic. Enzymatic saccharification using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei was attempted which recovered a measured maximum of 20% glucose based on the initial dry mass. Fermentation successfully converted all the glucose to ethanol. The measured ethanol yield corresponded to approximately 90 L per tonne of dried macroalgae.
Why moral commitments matter: mapping the ethics and politics of responsible and accountable global governance

Much of the scholarly attention on commitments in international relations (IR) has remained narrowly framed, focusing on how states and other actors make strictly strategic calculations to comply with international norms and/or treaties. The trouble with this rationalist approach is that it oversimplifies the moral basis of commitments. This article offers a deeper analysis of this moral basis as well as the positive ethical values that help to direct and shape the content of the moral commitments of agents in IR. The article argues that the ethical values of sincerity, empathy and sacrifice play a dynamic yet under-studied meta-level role in helping one to interpret and explain the transformative dimensions of moral commitments in IR. The article first develops a meta-level theoretical approach to commitment in international theory and then applies this approach to two particular emergent discourses in international politics: the responsibility to protect and moral criminal accountability.
Intentional versus unintentional use of contingencies between perceptual events.

In three experiments we studied human ability to use statistical contingencies between visual stimuli (flankers and targets) to improve performance in a letter-digit classification task. We compared the performance of explicitly informed subjects with that of subjects who were told nothing of the contingencies. Simultaneous presentation of flankers and targets (Experiment 1) produced evidence of unintentional contingency use by both informed and uninformed subjects. When stimuli on trial n predicted target stimuli on trial n + 1 (Experiment 2) there was no evidence of unintentional processes, but informed subjects showed strong evidence of using intentional prediction strategies. When flanker onset preceded target stimuli presentation (Experiment 3), evidence of contingency use by both informed and uninformed subjects was found, but the data illustrated qualitative differences in response style (e.g., speed-accuracy tradeoffs) between the two groups. Intentional and unintentional uses of contingencies between perceptual events are qualitatively distinct with respect to the time frame in which they can be applied and the performance patterns they produce. Finally, we argue that the unintentional processes studied here are implicit in nature.
The effect of Eimeria acervulina infection on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in young broiler chicks.

Abstract In young broiler chicks inoculated with 2×106 sporulated oocyts of Eimeria acervulina per bird, total plasma lipids were significantly depressed compared with controls in the first week after inoculation. The lowest level observed was at 5 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.), at which time the chick host is known to experience malabsorption in the chick host (Ruff and Wilkins, 1980). Analysis of plasma components of infected at 4 and 7 d.p.i. showed that triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, pigments and total protein were significantly decreased compared with controls. At 7 d.p.i., reduction of total cholesterol reflected mainly reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. However, the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total plasma cholesterol was not significantly different from the control ratio. Density gradient ultracentrifugation of chick plasma separated lipoproteins into three main fractions: portomicrons plus very low density lipoproteins (PM + VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and HDL. These fractions were analyzed for lipid content. Infection with E. acervulina caused (1) significant reduction in the triglyceride and cholesterol contents of the PM+VLDL fraction at 3 and 5 d.p.i. (2) significant reduction of LDL cholesterol at 9 d.p.i. and LDL phospholipid at 5–9 d.p.i., and (3) significant reduction of HDL cholesterol at 3–9 d.p.i. and HDL phospholipid at 5–9 d.p.i. Starvation of uninfected chicks for 48 h caused reduction in plasma triglycerides and phospholipids, but an increase in total cholesterol. Density gradient ultracentrifugation showed that the changes in these components reflected mainly reduction of the lipids in the PM+ VLDL fraction. The LDL fractions, however, appeared more intense than those of the controls and contained more cholesterol and phospholipids. These results suggests that changes at 3 and 5 d.p.i. in the plasma lipoprotein pattern of chicks infected with E. acervulina most closely resemble changes seen in chicks starved for 48 h as far as PM+VLDL fraction is concerned. However, changes seen from 7 to 9 d.p.i. involve the LDL and HDL fractions and may reflect alterations in lipid/or lipoprotein synthesis in the liver and intestine.
Organic matter from a sediment trap experiment in the equatorial north Atlantic: wax esters, steryl esters, triacylglycerols and alkyldiacylglycerols☆

Abstract The vertical flux and composition of wax esters, steryl esters, triacylglycerols, and alkyldiacylglycerols in particulate matter was determined in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean by deploying sediment traps at 389, 988, 3,755 and 5,068 m. Detailed compositional analyses of these lipids were carried out by high temperature glass capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The distributions of these lipids are discussed in terms of potential biological sources. Zooplankton fecal matter and intact zooplankters may represent the most important input of these compounds to the shallower two traps, while the material in the deeper two traps appears to have been biogeochemically altered. The finding of these biochemically important compounds, often unsaturated, indicates that particle transit through the water column must be relatively fast. Wax esters were most abundant in the 389 m sediment trap and decreased with increasing trap depth. Compounds ranging from C28–C44 were present at all depths. The major homologs were C32, C34 and C36, most often monounsaturated. The dominant alcohol/acid combinations in the 389 m trap were C 18:1 C 14:0 and C 18:1 C 16:0 , but in the 988 m sample, C 16:0 C 18:1 was the major wax ester. A flux maximum was observed for steryl esters at 988 m. Cholesteryl esters of C14:0, C16:1 and C16:0, and C 18:1 C 18:0 fatty acids were the dominant steryl esters. For triacylglycerols, fluxes in the 389 and 988 m traps were similar, while the deeper pair of traps contained much less triacylglycerol. C46, C48, C50 and C52 compounds were the major triacylglycerols. Constituent fatty acids in the 389 m and 988 m samples were mainly C14:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0. In the 988 m material, C20:5 and C22:6 were also dominant. A homologous series of alkyldiacylglycerols was abundant in the 389 m trap material. The alkyldiacylglycerols consisted of C46–C56 compounds composed of C16:0 alkyl moieties and C14:0, C16:0, C18:1, and C18:0 fatty acids.
A COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION TO THE LAGEOS GRAVITOMAGNETIC EXPERIMENT: FROM THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GRAVITOMAGNETIC FIELD IN PHYSICS TO PRELIMINARY ERROR ANALYSIS AND ERROR BUDGET

The existence of the gravitomagnetic field. generated by mass currents according to Einstein geometrodynamics, has never been proved. The author of this paper, after a discussion of the importance of the gravitomagnetic field in physics, describes the experiment that he proposed in 1984 to measure this field using LAGEOS (Laser geodynamics satellite) together with another non-polar, laser-ranged satellite with the same orbital parameters as LAGEOS but a supplementary inclination. The author then studies the main perturbations and measurement uncertainties that may affect the measurement of the Lense-Thirring drag. He concludes that, over the period of the node of ~3 years, the maximum error, using two nonpolar laser ranged satellites with supplementary inclinations, should not be larger than ~10% of the gravitomagnetic effect to be measured.
Selective Use of Peri-Operative Steroids in Pituitary Tumor Surgery: Escape from Dogma

Objective: Traditional neurosurgical practice calls for administration of peri-operative stress-dose steroids for sellar-suprasellar masses undergoing operative treatment. This practice is considered critical to prevent peri-operative complications associated with hypoadrenalism, such as hypotension and circulatory collapse. However, stress-dose steroids complicate the management of these patients. It has been our routine practice to use stress steroids during surgery only if the patient has clinical or biochemical evidence of hypocortisolism pre-operatively. We wanted to be certain that this practice was safe. Methods: We present our retrospective analysis from a consecutive series of 114 operations in 109 patients with sellar and/or suprasellar tumors, the majority of whom were managed without empirical stress-dose steroid coverage. Only patients who were hypoadrenal pre-operatively or who had suffered apoplexy were given stress dose coverage during surgery. We screened for biochemical evidence of hypoadrenalism as a result of surgery by measuring immediate post-operative AM serum cortisol levels. Results: There were no adverse events related to the selective use of cortisol replacement in this patient population. Conclusions: Our experience demonstrates that selective use of corticosteroid replacement is safe; it simplifies the management of the patients, and has advantages over empiric “dogmatic” steroid coverage.
Plasma Concentrations, Renal Excretion, and Tissue Release of Prostaglandins in the Rat with Dexamethasone-Induced Hypertension

This study was designed to investigate whether the hypertension produced by dexamethasone in the rat is associated with a deficit in circulating and renal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGI2, PGs that are presumed to contribute to antihypertensive mechanisms. The administration of dexameth-asone (2.5 mg kg–1 week–1,sc) increased systolic blood pressure by 41 ± 6 mm Hg (P < 0.05) after 14 days of treatment, associated with elevations of urine volume and fluid intake and loss of body weight. The glucocorticoid, however, had no effect on the plasma concentration, urinary excretion, or vascular and renal tissue release of immunoreactive 6-keto-PGFlα,a PGI2 metabolite. In contrast, dexamethasone increased (P < 0.05) the plasma PGE2 concentration by 157% and PGE2 urinary excre-tion by 134% after 14 days of treatment. However, the basal release of immunoreactive PGE2 as well as the angiotension II-induced release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid and PGs from renal medulla slices incubated in Krebs solution were dim...
Implication of mismatch between stress and strain-rate in turbulence subjected to rapid straining and destraining on dynamic LES models

Planar straining and destraining of turbulence is an idealized form of turbulence-meanflow interaction that is representative of many complex engineering applications. This paper studies experimentally the response of turbulence subjected to a process involving planar straining, a brief relaxation and destraining. Subsequent analysis quantifies the impact of the applied distortions on model coefficients of various eddy viscosity subgrid-scale models. The data are obtained using planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a water tank, in which high Reynolds number turbulence with very low mean velocity is generated by an array of spinning grids. Planar straining and destraining mean flows are produced by pushing and pulling a rectangular piston towards and away from the bottom wall of the tank. The velocity distributions are processed to yield the time evolution of mean subgrid dissipation rate, the Smagorinsky and dynamic model coefficients, as well as the mean subgrid-scale momentum flux during the entire process
Fuel Properties and Emissions of Soybean Oil Esters as Diesel Fuel

The effects of using blends of methyl and isopropyl esters of soybean oil with No. 2 diesel fuel were studied at several steady-state operating conditions in a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel blends that contained 20, 50, and 70% methyl soyate and 20 and 50% isopropyl soyate were tested. Fuel properties, such as cetane number, also were investigated. Both methyl and isopropyl esters provided significant reductions in particulate emissions compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. A blend of 50% methyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel provided a reduction of 37% in the carbon portion of the particulates and 25% in the total particulates. The 50% blend of isopropyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel gave a 55% reduction in carbon and a 28% reduction in total particulate emissions. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons also were reduced significantly. Oxides of nitrogen increased by 12%.
Is dopamine involved in the hyperactivity produced by injections of muscimol into the median raphe nucleus

Many studies have shown that experimental manipulations of the median raphe nucleus are able to produce profound effects on locomotor activity. Other data indicate that the raphe nuclei may exert an inhibitory influence over dopamine systems projecting to the forebrain. These results raise the possibility that the median raphe's influence over locomotion may be mediated through alterations in forebrain dopamine release. We examined this possibility in the current report by studying the role of dopamine in the hyperactivity produced by microinjections of the GABA agonist muscimol into the median raphe. Muscimol injections resulted in pronounced hyperactivity which was accompanied by a decrease in serotonin metabolism within the hippocampus and an increase in dopamine metabolism within the nucleus accumbens. Systemic injections of high doses of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol, however, were not able to attenuate muscimol's effect on activity. These results suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms do not play an essential role in mediating the effects of intraraphe muscimol on locomotor activity.
Influence of food restriction on mammalian immunity

There is often an imbalance between the intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Oxidative damage and the production of reactive oxygen species by various immune cells follow during the ageing process. Caloric restriction induces a transcriptional response of the genes known to inhibit oxidative stress, tumourigenesis, splicing mRNA and inflammation. On the other hand, calorie malnutrition causes the depression of many immune functions. The accessibility of nutritional factors seems to be an important cause of circannual rhythms. Lowered food intake as an adverse effect of chemotherapy may be why the immune system is altered. Nutrients influence several diseases including diabetes, obesity, inflammatory immune dysfunctions, and neuropathies as well as behavioural characteristics and life span.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of MyoD1 in muscle biopsies of primary myopathies and neurogenic atrophy

The expression of the myogenic determination gene MyoD1 plays a primary role in the commitment of primitive mesenchymal cells to a striated muscle lineage and is down-regulated during later stages of differentiation. To determine the potential role of this gene in myopathic conditions, we examined its expression by means of immunohistochemical analysis, using a series of muscle biopsies from 14 patients with a variety of primary myopathies and neurogenic disorders. Utilizing the avidin-biotin-complex technique, cryostat sections were stained with monoclonal antibody 5.8 A, which we have previously described as having a high level of specificity for tumors with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Of special interest was the observation in 4 of 8 cases of neurogenic atrophy of varying levels of cytoplasmic positivity of muscle fibers, appearing to correlate with their degree of atrophy, in addition to weak nuclear staining. Muscle biopsies from 2 patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and 2 patients with autoimmune inflammatory myopathies demonstrated various levels of nuclear positivity in scattered foci that appeared to correlate with areas of regeneration. A biopsy from a single case of neurogenic atrophy secondary to infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease) demonstrated diffuse but relatively weak staining of myofiber nuclei, in contrast to sections of normal striated muscle and muscle biopsies from patients with unexplained myoglobinuria, which exhibited only minimal amounts of staining. These data are compatible with observations that MyoD1 expression is related to electrical activity and muscle regeneration.
The Puzzle of Weak Pocketbook Voting

This article investigates why predominantly self-interested voters exhibit weak pocketbook voting. Focusing on the USA, it estimates partisan government’s impact on household income and, based on the Permanent Income Hypothesis, models the conversion of that income into consumption, the source of voters’ utility in the model. The analysis implies that pocketbook voting is weak because anticipated policy is already incorporated in household consumption plans. Sociotropic variables are more powerful because they determine the relative value of partisan policies in the longer term. Using PSID data, estimates of the US parties’ impact on income generate a measure of partisan utility differences. This measure enters into a probit analysis using 1952—2000 ANES presidential election data. The pocketbook measure performs as predicted both independently and in relation to sociotropic variables.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY

One of the earliest empirical studies of sex differences in eyewitness behavior was that of William Stern (1903-1904). Stern's research furnished evidence in approbation of the long-held opinion that women's eyewitness testimony was less accurate and less resistant to the influence of misleading information than men's; however, Stern's 2 groups were not comparable in age. Other studies by Bringmann and colleagues in 1986 did not replicate Stern's findings using comparable age groups. The present investigation examined eyewitness behavior using two stimulus presentations of dissimilar content and complexity and tests for significance of gender differences. Subjects were 20 male and 20 female college students. No significant gender differences were found between groups on accuracy of recall or resistance to false information on the short-term memory task.
Effect of Some Benzimidazoles on a Vitamin B 12 -requiring Alga

THE identification of 5 : 6-dimethyl benzimidazole (I) as an acid degradation product of vitamin B12 was made in 1949 by Brink and Folkers1 and independently by Holiday and Petrow2. The latter authors also speculated on the biogenesis of vitamin B12 and riboflavin, and suggested the possibility of their common derivation from 4 : 5-dimethyl-o-phenylenediamine (II)—a chemical precursor of (I). Furthermore, both these compounds were shown by Emerson et al. 3 to possess vitamin B12-like activity in the rat. McNair Scott, Rogers and Rose4 tested 49 substituted benzimidazoles on several bacterial systems—including the vitamin B12-requiring E. coli 113-3. In particular, they found that—SH and — NO2 substitution in the 4-position was associated with competitive vitamin B12 antagonism. More recently, Timmis and Epstein5 demonstrated that 4,5,6-trichloro benzimidazole and its corresponding 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl were non-competitive and competitive antagonists respectively in the highly sensitive vitamin B12-dependent flagellated green alga Euglena gracilis var. z.
Dual-inflow great vessel aneurysm: Delayed presentation after penetrating trauma

Aneurysms constitute uncommon sequelae of injuries to the thoracic outlet. Most such aneurysms are secondary to blunt trauma and usually involve the great vessels at their take-off from the aortic arch. Penetrating injuries are more often identified in the more distal vessels and only very rarely present as pseudoaneurysms. Reported here is a single case of a chronic posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm arising from both the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. The workup and surgical approach provide practical lessons, complemented with illustrations that aid in the understanding of the case. It is an unusual case because of the dual-inflow nature of the aneurysm.
Distributed battery control for peak power shaving in datacenters

Datacenters are large cyber-physical systems with continuous performance and power measurements, and real-time control decisions related to workload placement, cooling and power subsystems etc. In our work we focus on the non-ideal UPS system used to shave peak power demands. Our novel distributed battery control design has no performance impact, reduces the peak power needs, and accurately estimates and maximizes the battery lifetime. We demonstrate that models which do not take into account physical characteristics of batteries overestimate their lifetime by 2.4x. In contrast, our design is within 3.3% of the centralized battery control in terms of battery lifetime with 10x reduction in the communication costs, while shaving 23MWhrs/week of energy in a 10MW datacenter, equivalent to adding 8760 more servers at no additional power cost.
Potential application of antenna-pair coupled micro-bolometers in whole complex field sensing

Abstract This presentation explores potential application of antenna-pair coupled micro-bolometers in IR beam wavefront metrology. It describes an array configuration of such bolometers and a method for extracting a 1-D whole complex field information from its response. In addition, it discusses the requirements on the antenna-pair spacing and the spacing between the pair elements of the array configuration for extracting the complex field information. A numerical simulation based on the transmission line theory shows the effectiveness of such an array in recording the complex field spatial information of incident radiation; especially, it shows that the wavefront phase information can be extracted without the knowledge of the single antenna pattern. The discussions here should also be valid for antenna-pair coupled bolometers working at longer wavelengths.
Higher-order fractional quantum Hall effect.

The Hamiltonian describing interacting two-dimensional electrons in a high magnetic field is diagonalized numerically for a small number of particles to obtain the low-lying excitation spectra. The results include estimates of energy gaps for values of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ (the lowest-Landau-level filling factor) equal to certain multiples of $\frac{1}{5}$, $\frac{1}{7}$, $\frac{1}{9}$, and $\frac{1}{11}$. These $\ensuremath{\nu}'\mathrm{s}$ are characterized by the existence of periodic rigid parent states which generate maximum phase space. The even-denominator cases are markedly different.
Effects of bovine platelet-poor plasma on the proliferation of normal and transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells.

Platelet-poor plasma, as well as autologous platelet-rich serum, was prepared from freshly-drawn bovine blood. Bovine platelet-poor plasma had properties similar to those previously described for human platelet-poor plasma; e.g., it would (a) support the growth of virally transformed but not normal BALB/c 3T3 cells, (b) act synergistically with either partially purified platelet-derived growth factor or fibroblast growth factor to initiate cell replication in quiescent 3T3 cells, and (c) act sequentially with platelet-derived growth factor to initiate 3T3 replication. It appears that bovine serum contains both competence and progression factors and that stimulation of fibroblasts with bovine serum involves at least two sequential stages analogous to those described for stimulation with human serum.
Brief paper: A linear programming approach to routing control in networks of constrained linear positive systems

We study routing control in dynamic continuous-time networks in which each node is described by a linear internally positive system. We derive a linear programming (LP) characterization of optimal constant routing policies for the infinite-horizon routing problem under weighted l"1 constraints and objective. For finite horizon problems with piecewise constant state constraints, we provide sufficient feasibility conditions, which also take the form of an LP problem. We illustrate the solution for the finite horizon problem in an application example.
The Importance of Subjective Norms for a Minority of People: between Subjects and within-Subjects Analyses

Intentions to perform most behaviors are more controlled by attitudes than by subjective norms. Yet subjective norms typically account for a significant, albeit small, proportion of unique variance in intentions. To explore the hypothesis that this effect can be explained largely by individual differences in the degree to which some people are apt to be more under normative control, subjects were asked to indicate their intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms toward performing 30 behaviors. Between-subjects and within-subjects analyses were performed. The within-subjects analyses revealed important differences in whether subjects are under attitudinal or normative control across the behaviors. Further, when "normatively controlled" subjects were excluded from the sample, the significant effects of subjective norms on intentions that were obtained in previous between-subjects analyses were eliminated, and the attitudinal effects were augmented. Finally, this individual difference was associated with th...
2004 SUMATRA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI SURVEYS IN THE COMORO ISLANDS AND TANZANIA AND REGIONAL TSUNAMI HAZARD FROM FUTURE SUMATRA EVENTS

We present a total of 59 new data points of run-up of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami in the Comoros and Tanzania, surveyed in 2006 to 2008 by International Tsunami Survey Teams. Run-up along the northeastern coast of Grande Comore reached 6.9 m, surpassed only in the western Indian Ocean by the catastrophic values in Somalia (9 m). Tsunami inundation in Mayotte, and to a lesser extent Zanzibar, show considerable variations (from 1 to 4 m), attributed to the influence of the local structure of the reef surrounding these islands. By contrast, the unreefed islands of Anjouan and Moheli, and the mainland coast of Tanzania around Dar-es-Salaam, feature more consistent values in the 2 to 3 m range. The death toll in Tanzania is revised upwards to an estimate of at least 20. This new dataset complements the ones previously published for other western Indian Ocean shores, from Oman to South Africa. We then use the MOST code to simulate the propagation on the high seas of both the 2004 tsunami, and of potential future tsunamis under scenarios of mega-earthquakes rupturing in the South Sumatra region; in particular, we consider the case of the great 1833 Mentawai earthquake, and of a probable future event releasing the strain accumulated on the 1833 rupture area but not released during the 2007 Bengkulu earthquake. While these studies are not carried to the full extent of run-up calculations at individual sites, they give a general estimate of expectable hazard, relative to 2004, under the relevant scenarios, at 19 offshore virtual gauges strategically located from Oman to South Africa. In general, the fragmentation of rupture expressed by the relatively moderate 2007 Bengkulu event leads to wave amplitudes smaller than in 2004 under the most probable future scenario, but at specific sites, including Port Elizabeth, unfavourable conditions such as a high tide could bring run-up to higher levels, with potential for serious destruction. Under the worst-case scenario of a rupture extending southeast of the 1833 fault zone, run-up greater than in 2004 could be expected at all sites south of the Comoros.
Inhibitory Effect of Dibenarnine on Vasoconstrictor Substances

Summary1. Dibenzyl - β - chloroethyl amine hydrochloride (dibenamine) inhibits the vasoconstrictor action of epinephrine, as tested in the Laewen-Trendelenburg preparation in the frog. Its adrenolytic action is very potent, for it blocks even large amounts of epinephrine (50-1000 γ). 2. When the action of large amounts of epinephrine is completely inhibited by dibenamine, both hypertensin and nicotine still exhibit a marked vasoconstrictor activity. 3. The peripheral locus of action of dibenamine seems to be at the neuroeffector cells or between the postganglionic nerve endings and the latter.
Random sampling in cut, flow, and network design problems

We use random sampling as a tool for solving undirected graph problems. We show that the sparse graph, or skeleton, that arises when we randomly sample a graph's edges will accurately approximate the value of all cuts in the original graph with high probability. This makes sampling effective for problems involving cuts in graphs. We present fast randomized (Monte Carlo and Las Vegas) algorithms for approximating and exactly finding minimum cuts and maximum flows in unweighted, undirected graphs. Our cut-approximation algorithms extend unchanged to weighted graphs while our weighted-graph flow algorithms are somewhat slower. Our approach gives a general paradigm with potential applications to any packing problem. It has since been used in a near-linear time algorithm for finding minimum cuts, as well as faster cut and flow algorithms. Our sampling theorems also yield faster algorithms for several other cut-based problems, including approximating the best balanced cut of a graph, finding a k-connected orientation of a 2k-connected graph, and finding integral multicommodity flows in graphs with a great deal of excess capacity. Our methods also improve the efficiency of some parallel cut and flow algorithms. Our methods also apply to the network design problem, where we wish to build a network satisfying certain connectivity requirements between vertices. We can purchase edges of various costs and wish to satisfy the requirements at minimum total cost. Since our sampling theorems apply even when the sampling probabilities are different for different edges, we can apply randomized rounding to solve network design problems. This gives approximation algorithms that guarantee much better approximations than previous algorithms whenever the minimum connectivity requirement is large. As a particular example, we improve the best approximation bound for the minimum k-connected subgraph problem from 1.85 to 1 + O(V/log n)lk).
Argon isotope and halogen chemistry of phlogopite from South African kimberlites: a combined step-heating, laser probe, electron microprobe and TEM study

Abstract Argon isotopic analyses were undertaken on phlogopite from the Swartruggens kimberlite dyke and a Premier kimberlite (1200 Ma) peridotite xenolith. Groundmass phlogopite from Swartruggens yields a plateau age of 145.0± 0.4 Ma, consistent with previous age determinations. Phlogopite phenocrysts from Swartruggens and macrocrysts from the Premier xenolith yield complex age spectra, with anomalously old ages, attributed to incorporation of excess radiogenic argon. Laser probe analyses on single phlogopite grains reveal systematic zonations in excess Ar and CI concentrations across (001) cleavage surfaces. One Premier macrocryst exhibits ages in excess of 2.3 Ga and CI levels of 1600 ppm at its centre. These values decrease systematically to 1.2 Ga and 1300 ppm Cl along grain margins. Similar results were obtained from a single Swartruggens phenocryst, which exhibits a range in values of 340—800 Ma and 300—1300 ppm Cl. A second Swartruggens phenocryst is characterised by smaller variations in age (140–230 Ma) and CI content (390–470 ppm ). Fluorine concentrations, determined by electron microprobe, are relatively constant or increase slightly towards grain edges. The laser probe profiles cannot be reconciled with the step-heating results, probably due to phlogopite degradation during invacuo furnace heating. Transport of Ar and CI in kimberlitic phlogopite appears to be dominated by radial diffusion (cylindrical geometry). The variety of laser probe profiles obtained suggests that Ar and Cl diffusion is governed by factors such as lattice diffusion, diffusion anisotropy, and structural defects, which reduce the effective radii of diffusion and may impart a component of pipe diffusion. It is suggested that the xenolith phlogopite entrapped excess 40Ar and halogens in the mantle lithosphere, in response to elevated Ar and halogen fluid pressures. Swartruggens phenocrysts appear to have crystallised from a volatile-rich kimberlite melt. Subsequent magma devolatilisation prior to emplacement reduced Ar partial pressure and CI content. Possible reasons for enhanced F levels after devolatilisation include increased F solubility in the kimberlite melt, extraction of F from infiltrating hydrothermal fluids and local heterogeneities in fluid composition. The final distributions of Ar, Cl and F in kimberlitic phlogopite are variably dependent on several parameters, including local fluid composition, timing of melt devolatilisation, diffusion/ exchange mechanisms, and mineral composition.
On the lysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes by complement: dual role of C3b.

The efficiency of cytolysis by the terminal complement proteins C5b-9 can be markedly enhanced by C3b molecules bound on the target cell membrane (Hammer et al. 1976). This enhancement was shown to be proportional to the number of C3b molecules on the cell membrane. The present experiments have shown that the hemolytic efficiency of the complement membrane attack system is two to five times greater on paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobulinuria erythrocytes (PNHE) than on normal human E. This difference is attribut to a derivative of C3, probably C3b, on PNHE since it was abolished by anti-C3 but not by anti-C2. The efficiency of C5b-9 to lyse PNHE was only partially decreased by C3b inactivator and β 1H, indicating that the C3b on PNHE is not readily inactivated by its regulatory proteins. Furthermore, cells from a single severely affected patient consumed 3-fold more C5b6 than normal human E yet concommitantly measured membrane fluidity was normal. From these observations we conclude that cell-bound C3b on PNHE serves two functions: (a) it increases the hemolytic efficiency of membrane attack components of the complement system; and (b) it provides sites for assembly of the alternative pathway convertases.
The sources of leader violence: A comparison of ideological and non-ideological leaders

Recent events have called attention to the potential of ideological leaders to incite violence. The present study examined 80 historically notable leaders. Violent and non-violent leaders were compared to violent and non-violent ideological leaders in a historiometric analysis examining individual, group, organization, and environmental variables that might predispose ideological leaders to violence. When criteria examining different manifestations of violence were regressed on the discriminant function scores resulting from this comparison of leader types, it was found that attributes of ideological leadership influenced the amount of violence, and the occurrence of institutional and cultural violence — accounting for variance in institutional and cultural violence above and beyond characteristics of leaders, in general, found to contribute to violence. The implications of these observations for understanding the sources of leader violence and the origins of violence among ideological leaders are discussed.
The Balance Scale: Factor Analysis and Reliability

The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and reliability of the Balance Scale. This scale consisted of eight stances: bipedal stance with eyes open and closed, monopedal st...