cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of composition and process parameters on the erosion resistance of sputtered Ni-TiB2 coatings

Abstract Sputtered Ni-TiB 2 coatings have been found to protect Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V substrates from solid particle erosion. In order to optimize the erosion resistance of Ni-TiB 2 coatings on these substrates, the influence of coating composition, substrate surface preparation and sputtering process parameters was characterized. Brittle coatings were found to react to their erosion environment in the same manner as brittle bulk materials with the maximum erosion rate occurring at a 90° impingement angle. The erosion resistance of Ni-TiB 2 coatings is strongly influenced by the presence of surface defects such as craters, loosely bonded nodules and areas of poor coating adhesion. The density of surface defects is related to the sputtering process parameters and substrate surface topography.
Stability of long temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia in mice.

Mice were given a single training trial and then received a series of four electroconvulsive shocks (ECS), 1 h apart, at one of several times after training (1–180 days). Retention was then tested at one of three times after ECS: 7, 14, or 28 days. Control animals that received sham treatment exhibited gradual forgetting with increasing training—retention intervals. Mice given ECS exhibited temporally graded retrograde amnesia, which affected memories acquired up to about 14 days before treatment. The retrograde amnesia was relatively stable, maintaining its temporally graded appearance for at least 28 days after ECS. Some recovery may have occurred in the case of memories acquired 7 days or longer before ECS, but memories acquired only 1 or 5 days before ECS did not recover. These findings extend the parallel between experimental amnesia in laboratory animals and human amnesia.
Normal bronchial healing without bronchial wrapping in canine lung transplantation.

The deleterious effect of steroids on bronchial healing in lung transplantation has led to the development of techniques to protect the anastomosis and to the exclusion of steroid-dependent patients from transplantation. The effect of steroids on bronchial healing was tested in a canine single-lung allotransplantation model. Twenty size-matched mongrel dogs (20 to 30 kg) underwent left lung transplantation without anastomotic wrap or direct revascularization. Postoperatively, all received daily doses of cyclosporine (15 mg/kg) and azathioprine (1 mg/kg) and were subdivided into three steroid dosage groups. Group A (n = 10) animals received 1.5 mg/kg of prednisone per day whereas groups B (n = 5) and C (n = 5) received 5.0 mg/kg of prednisone per day for 28 postoperative days. In addition, group C received prednisone (5.0 mg.kg-1.day-1) for 1 month preoperatively. In group A, 8 of 10 dogs survived 28 days without evidence of respiratory compromise, with anastomotic bursting pressure greater than 510 mm Hg. In group B, all 5 dogs survived to 28 days without evidence of respiratory compromise and with intact bronchial anastomoses (bursting pressures greater than 510 mm Hg). In group C, 3 of 5 animals survived to 28 days with intact anastomoses. Histological examination demonstrated normal bronchial healing in all anastomoses. These data suggest that preoperative steroid dependence should not be a contraindication to lung transplantation and that bronchial anastomotic wrapping with vascular tissue may not be essential.
Conformational cycle and ion-coupling mechanism of the Na+/hydantoin transporter Mhp1.

Ion-dependent transporters of the LeuT-fold couple the uptake of physiologically essential molecules to transmembrane ion gradients. Defined by a conserved 5-helix inverted repeat that encodes common principles of ion and substrate binding, the LeuT-fold has been captured in outward-facing, occluded, and inward-facing conformations. However, fundamental questions relating to the structural basis of alternating access and coupling to ion gradients remain unanswered. Here, we used distance measurements between pairs of spin labels to define the conformational cycle of the Na+-coupled hydantoin symporter Mhp1 from Microbacterium liquefaciens. Our results reveal that the inward-facing and outward-facing Mhp1 crystal structures represent sampled intermediate states in solution. Here, we provide a mechanistic context for these structures, mapping them into a model of transport based on ion- and substrate-dependent conformational equilibria. In contrast to the Na+/leucine transporter LeuT, our results suggest that Na+ binding at the conserved second Na+ binding site does not change the energetics of the inward- and outward-facing conformations of Mhp1. Comparative analysis of ligand-dependent alternating access in LeuT and Mhp1 lead us to propose that different coupling schemes to ion gradients may define distinct conformational mechanisms within the LeuT-fold class.
Culture-Free or Culture-Bound? A Boundary Spanning Perspective on Learning in Knowledge Management Systems

Knowledge management systems (KMSs) have been criticized as having a North American bias. The cultural dimension of KMSs, particularly the relationship of learning and culture in KM projects, are rarely discussed. This paper addresses these concerns in a review of the conceptual foundations for KM and by examining implementations of KM projects. Despite the evolutionary changes in how KM is viewed, KMSs, as they have been designed, implemented, and reported, do not appear to provide for cultural diversity among users. Instead, the reports of KMSs indicate that such systems seek to create and maintain a homogeneous organizational culture, and the adoption of such a shared culture appears to be a prerequisite for success. The paper discusses KMSs as systems that exhibit boundary spanning objects and processes in three different categories, and an analysis of reported projects reveals that boundary spanning across national and ethnic boundaries is rare.
Official Reactions to Social Problems: Police Decisions in Sexual Assault Cases

Responsibility for arrest and charging makes police influential agents in the offical processing of sexual-assault cases. Recent research offers three competing models of police decisions: the legal model suggests that police do not discriminate between victims on the basis of extralegal attributes; the extralegal model suggests that police do discriminate; and the change model suggests that reliance on extralegal determinants declines with growing awareness of rape as a social problem. These models were tested on 905 sexual-assault complaints to police in a large, midwestern city over six years. The data showed that the most important determinants of arrest, charge seriousness and felony screening were legal. Suspects received more serious outcomes when: (1) the victim was able to identify a suspect, (2) the victim was willing to testify, (3) the incident included sexual penetration, (4) charges were more serious, and (5) the incident included a weapon. Extralegal variables had less effect than legal variables on all three police decisions. Also, reorganization of the police department did not change arrest and felony filing rates or, for the most part, criteria used for making processing decisions.
Factors governing the epidemiology of Histoplasma capsulatum in soil.

The growth ofH. capsulatum in soil is markedly affected by soil pH above 10 and below 5. No growth was observed on soil cultures outside these values. There was no definite pH range within these values in which the fungus grew more abundantly. A chemical analysis of natural soils from whichH. capsulatum had been isolated failed to show any common chemical factors that would explain the presence of the fungus in the soils.
Flexible casting of modular self-aligning microfluidic assembly blocks.

The recent shift among developers of microfluidic technologies toward modularized “plug and play” construction reflects the steadily increasing realization that, for many would-be users of microfluidic tools, traditional clean-room microfabrication is prohibitively complex and/or expensive. In this work, we present an advanced modular microfluidic construction scheme in which pre-fabricated microfluidic assembly blocks (MABs) can be quickly fashioned, without expertise or specialized facilities, into sophisticated microfluidic devices for a wide range of applications. Specifically, we describe three major advances to the MAB concept: (1) rapid production and extraction of MABs using flexible casting trays, (2) use of pre-coated substrates for simultaneous assembly and bonding, and (3) modification of block design to include automatic alignment and sealing structures. Finally, several exemplary applications of these MABs are demonstrated in chemical gradient synthesis, droplet generation, and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
Tropical Circulation in a Time-Integration of a Global Model of the Atmosphere

Abstract An analysis is made of the structure and energetics of the tropical circulation which emerged from a numerical time integration of a global circulation model with realistic orography. Near the earth's surface, the general features of the time mean flow field and the location of the inter-tropical convergence zone of the model compare favorably with those of the actual atmosphere. Along the convergence zone or shear line, disturbances with a characteristic scale of 2000–3000 km develop and cause heavy precipitation. They tend to develop in the geographical areas where the formation of actual tropical storms is most probable. In the upper troposphere of the model tropics, disturbances with planetary scale develop and are responsible for the maximum of eddy kinetic energy there. In general, both the kinetic energy of the tropical cyclones and that of the planetary-scale disturbances in the model tropics are chiefly maintained by the conversion of available potential energy generated by the heat of c...
Nanoimprinted substrates for high-yield production of topological insulator nanoribbons

We present a growth process mediated by nanoimprinted nanostructures specifically for producing bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) topological insulator nanoribbons with a high yield. In this process, topological insulator nanostructures are grown on nanoimprinted gratings by using a nanoparticle-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. In comparison with the growth processes performed on flat and randomly rough substrates, such a nanograting-mediated growth method produces topological insulator nanoribbons with a higher yield (∼15 000 nanoribbons/mm2), a narrower average ribbon width (w avg<60 nm), and a higher uniformity in ribbon width (σ<30 nm); effectively suppresses the formation of other unwanted morphologies; and also results in the axial growth of nanoribbons along specific in-plane directions relative to pre-structured gratings. Such technical merits of nanograting-mediated growth are attributed to the preferential nucleation of Bi2Se3 crystal seeds and the concomitant pinning of catalytic nanoparticles at ordered grating edges. Finally, Aharonov–Bohm interference oscillations in the magnetoresistance were observed and demonstrated the coherent transport of electrons through topological surface states of Bi2Se3 nanoribbons. This growth process in combination with large-area nanoimprint lithography could serve as an important foundation for nanomanufacturing topological insulator nanoribbons with controllable feature size, large-area uniformity, and ordering, suitable for applications in future low-dissipation nanoelectronics.
The X-ray Crystallographic Structure and Specificity profile of HAD Superfamily Phosphohydrolase BT1666: Comparison of Paralogous Functions in B. thetaiotaomicron

Analysis of the haloalkanoate dehalogenase superfamily (HADSF) has uncovered homologues occurring within the same organism that are found to possess broad, overlapping substrate specificities, and low catalytic efficiencies. Here we compare the HADSF phosphatase BT1666 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 to a homologue with high sequence identity (40%) from the same organism BT4131, a known hexose-phosphate phosphatase. The goal is to find whether these enzymes represent duplicated versus paralogous activities. The X-ray crystal structure of BT1666 was determined to 1.82 A resolution. Superposition of the BT1666 and BT4131 structures revealed a conserved fold and identical active sites suggestive of a common physiological substrate. The steady-state kinetic constants for BT1666 were determined for a diverse panel of phosphorylated metabolites to define its substrate specificity profile and overall level of catalytic efficiency. Whereas BT1666 and BT4131 are both promiscuous, their substrate specificity profiles are distinct. The catalytic efficiency of BT1666 (k(cat) /K(m) = 4.4 × 10(2) M(-1) s(-1) for the best substrate fructose 1,6-(bis)phosphate) is an order of magnitude less than that of BT4131 (k(cat) /K(m) = 6.7 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) for 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate). The seemingly identical active-site structures point to sequence variation outside the active site causing differences in conformational dynamics or subtle catalytic positioning effects that drive the divergence in catalytic efficiency and selectivity. The overlapping substrate profiles may be understood in terms of differential regulation of expression of the two enzymes or a conferred advantage in metabolic housekeeping functions by having a larger range of possible metabolites as substrates.
On the Height of the Tropopause and the Static Stability of the Troposphere

Abstract Speculative arguments are, presented that describe how radiative and dynamical constraints conspire to determine the height of the tropopause and the tropospheric static stability in midlatitudes and in the tropics. The arguments suggest an explanation for the observation that climatological isentropic slopes in midlatitudes are close to the critical slope required for baroclinic instability in a two-layer model.
Neurotrophin-3 Augments Steroid Secretion by Hamster Ovarian Follicles In Vitro

Abstract Innervation of the ovary is known to be affected by neurotrophic factors; mRNA for some of these molecules and their low-affinity receptors have been identified in ovarian follicular tissue. We attempted to determine whether neurotrophin (NT-3) exerts a non-neuronal impact on the ovary, affecting follicular estradiol secretion via a possible humoral action. Ovaries were excised from mature Golden Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and large preovulatory follicles were removed by microdissection. Follicles were incubated for 72 hr in control medium, or medium containing 10 ng, 100 ng, or 1000 ng/ml NT-3. After culture, medium samples were assayed for estradiol content. NT-3 exerted dichotomous effects, depending on concentration: NT-3 augmented mean estradiol output two-fold at 100 ng/ml, while 1000 ng/ml NT-3 decreased estradiol secretion back to control levels. By 48–72 hr in culture, all groups exhibited a significant decline in mean estradiol secretion due presumably to diminished viabilit...
Education in the Context of Structural Injustice: A symposium response

What an honor to have political and educational theorists of such caliber take up ideas from my work! What a daunting task to try to respond! My remarks will touch on the following questions: What are some key issues of distributive justice in education today? Why does defining justice in terms of oppression and domination imply that issues of justice cannot be reduced to distribution? How does normalization constitute a major process enacting oppression, and what does this imply for education? What does it mean to include marginalized groups in economic opportunity and democratic process, and how can educational institutions foster such inclusion? Why do issues of religion and other forms of cultural expression belong to a distinct category of justice? Are values of freedom of expression and tolerance in tension with the project of democratic inclusion? How shall we consider transnational issues of educational justice?
A Rheological Technique for Extracting Dynamic Moduli From Creep Testing of Pediatric Porcine Vitreous

An advanced rheological technique was used to estimate the dynamic material properties of pediatric porcine vitreous. Validation of the technique was performed with two simulant materials. Interconversion of time-dependent data to frequency-dependent data resulted in good approximation of storage and loss modulus for a primarily viscous material, but resulted in an erroneous loss modulus for a primarily elastic material. This can likely be overcome by utilizing free oscillations resulting from creep testing. Porcine storage modulus was significantly lower in older animals, but additional testing is necessary to completely characterize the material properties of pediatric vitreous over a wide range of frequencies.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Septic shock and adequacy of early empiric antibiotics in the emergency department.

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern for Emergency Physicians. Objectives To examine whether empiric antibiotic therapy achieved appropriate antimicrobial coverage in emergency department (ED) septic shock patients and evaluate reasons for inadequate coverage. Methods Retrospective review was performed of all adult septic shock patients presenting to the ED of a tertiary care center from December 2007 to September 2008. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Suspected or confirmed infection; 2) ≥ 2 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria; 3) Treatment with one antimicrobial agent; 4) Hypotension requiring vasopressors. Patients were dichotomized by presentation from a community or health care setting. Results Eighty-five patients with septic shock were identified. The average age was 68 ± 15.8 years. Forty-seven (55.3%) patients presented from a health care setting. Pneumonia was the predominant clinically suspected infection (n = 38, 45%), followed by urinary tract (n = 16, 19%), intra-abdominal (n = 13, 15%), and other infections (n = 18, 21%). Thirty-nine patients (46%) had an organism identified by positive culture, of which initial empiric antibiotic therapy administered in the ED adequately covered the infectious organism in 35 (90%). The 4 patients who received inadequate therapy all had urinary tract infections (UTI) and were from a health care setting. Conclusion In this population of ED patients with septic shock, empiric antibiotic coverage was inadequate in a small group of uroseptic patients with recent health care exposure. Current guidelines for UTI treatment do not consider health care setting exposure. A larger, prospective study is needed to further define this risk category and determine optimal empiric antibiotic therapy for patients.
Netilmicin Therapy of Gentamicin-Sensitive and -Resistant Gram-Negative Infections

Abstract Netilmicin, a semisynthetic analog of gentamicin C1a, was administered to 24 patients for treatment of serious gram-negative infections. Among organisms isolated, 45% were gentamicin-resistant and 55% were gentamicin-sensitive. Cure was achieved in 7 of 8 bacteremias, 13 of 18 urinary tract infections, 2 of 3 wound infections, 0 of 3 pulmonary infections (two had bronchogenic carcinoma), and one infected ascites. In two patients, bacteremias were eradicated, but bacteremia due to a sensitive organism persisted in the presence of high urinary concentrations of netilmicin. The clinical and bacteriologic cure rate was 66%. Effective drug concentrations were demonstrated in serum, pleural fluid, and ascitic fluid. The drug also penetrated bile, although in lower concentrations. Serum creatinine elevations ≥ 0.5 mg/dl occurred in five patients (21 %) during treatment. Changes of 15 db or greater in two or more frequencies were noted in three of 13 patients with serial audiograms (23%). Reversible vestibular toxicity occurred in one patient who had prior gentamicin treatment, a single kidney, and peak serum netilmicin level of 18.5 μg/ml. Netilmicin is an effective aminoglycoside in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections, including many that may be due to gentamicin-resistant organisms. Both ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity occur under those circumstances predisposing to toxicity of other aminoglycosides.
Defining recovery in chronic fatigue syndrome: a critical review.

In chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), the lack of consensus on how recovery should be defined or interpreted has generated controversy and confusion. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review, compare, and evaluate the definitions of recovery reported in the CFS literature and to make recommendations about the scope of recovery assessments. A search was done using the MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases for peer review papers that contained the search terms “chronic fatigue syndrome” and “recovery,” “reversal,” “remission,” and/or “treatment response.” From the 22 extracted studies, recovery was operationally defined by reference with one or more of these domains: (1) pre-morbid functioning; (2) both fatigue and function; (3) fatigue (or related symptoms) alone; (4) function alone; and/or (5) brief global assessment. Almost all of the studies measuring recovery in CFS did so differently. The brief global assessment was the most common outcome measure used to define recovery. Estimates of recovery ranged from 0 to 66 % in intervention studies and 2.6 to 62 % in naturalistic studies. Given that the term “recovery” was often based on limited assessments and less than full restoration of health, other more precise and accurate labels (e.g., clinically significant improvement) may be more appropriate and informative. In keeping with common understandings of the term recovery, we recommend a consistent definition that captures a broad-based return to health with assessments of both fatigue and function as well as the patient’s perceptions of his/her recovery status.
Suppressed development of mammary tumorigenesis in R III mice treated neonatally with BCG.

SummaryThe effects of Bacillus Calmette Guerin on the development of spontaneous virus induced mammary adenocarcinomas in the mammary tumor prone R III strain of mice was investigated. A single injection of 1 × 106 infectious units of living BCG administered to mice between 3 to 4 weeks of age was found to significantly inhibit the rate of development of mammary adenocarcinoma as compared to control mice receiving a placebo injection of medium only. The incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors was essentially identical in both groups (96 vs 98%). However, mammary tumors developed at a consistently later time in the BCG treated animals as compared to the appearance of tumors in the control mice. Mice injected with BCG during the 2nd and 3rd month of life showed a moderately slower rate of development of tumors as compared to animals injected during the 3rd and 4th weeks of life. The possible role of BCG in nonspecific stimulation of resistance to the tumor virus mediated by immunologic factors seems likely.
EFFECTS OF EXTINCTION ALONE AND EXTINCTION PLUS FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING ON COVARIATION OF PROBLEM BEHAVIORS

In this investigation, extinction (EXT) was applied alone or in combination with functional communication training (FCT) to less severe topographies of problem behavior while more severe topographies continued to be reinforced. EXT alone decreased less severe and increased more severe topographies of problem behavior (i.e., response covariation), whereas EXT with FCT reduced all topographies of problem behavior to near-zero levels.
Detection and Isolation of Single Tumor Cells Containing Mutated DNA Sequences

ABSTRACTOne ofthe problems in treating breast cancer patients is discovering the gene rearrangements that areoccurring while the patient is in apparent remission. Spontaneous mutations in DNA sequences, particularly intumor suppressor genes, can lead to the evolution ofnew clones oftumor cells that may be able to evade bothclinical treatments and the patient's immune surveillance system.Isolation ofthese tumor clones is extremely difficult. Rare-event analysis and single-cell sortingtechniques must be used to successfully detect and isolate these tumor clones. PCR amplification ofselected genesequences followed by TA cloning techniques can then be used to perform single-cell DNA sequencing in thosegene regions.In this paper we present preliminary data showing successful detection and single-cell sorting of rare ( I Ofrequency) tumor clones from defined cell mixtures. Using TA cloning techniques and PCR we have been able todetect a single base-pair mutation in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in single cells from a breast cancer cell line.Thus, while extremely difficult, it should in the future be possible to isolate tumor clones from a patient forsubsequent molecular analyses of DNA mutations in critical gene regions.Keywords: flow cytometry cell sorting: rare-event analysis; gene rearrangements; tumor clones;single-cell DNA sequencing; tumor suppressor genes; DNA mutations; TA cloning2. INTRODUCTION
Introducing Professionalism and Ethics in Engineering Curriculum

A number of educators have recently called for increased emphasis in the engineering curriculum on the relationship between technology and social, political, economic, ethical, and legal concerns. ...
Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy

1. Historical background and general introduction 2. Physical principles of field ion microscopy 3. FIM image interpretation and application 4. Physical principles of atom probe interpretation 5. Statistical analysis of atom probe data 6. Metallurgical applications 7. Atom probe studies of non-metallic materials, thin films and surface phenomena Epilogue: future directions
Sprum dopamine-β-hydroxylase: Constancy of levels in normotensive adults and decreases with development of blood pressure elevation

Abstract Dopamine-β-hydroxylase is stable in serum frozen for several years and in the same normotensive white males studied over 3–7 years, levels of this enzyme in serum usually remained relatively constant. In four of nine patients in whom there was an increase in blood pressure, serum DBH levels decreased to a greater extent than in any of the 13 subjects in whom there was no significant change in blood pressure. Normal blood donors with systolic blood pressures less than 110 had higher levels of serum DBH than did donors with blood pressures over 130. The relationship of serum DBH changes to sympathetic neuronal function in patients with elevated blood pressure is discussed.
Stereoselectivity in micellar and vesicular reactions

Abstract The diastereoselectivity of esterolytic cleavage of certain dipeptide and tripeptide activated esters is lower in thiol-functionalized vesicles than in comparable micelles. This is thought to be a mechanism-specific effect related to the greater molecular ordering in vesicular systems.
The control of pigment migration in isolated erythrophores of holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck). II. The role of calcium

Abstract The integumental pigment cells (erythrophores) of the squirrel fish, Holocentrus ascensionis, are specialized for rapid radial transport of the pigment granules contained within their cytoplasm. Pigment granules in isolated denervated erythrophores alternate spontaneously between a centrally aggregated state and a radially dispersed state. In the absence of external calcium, pigment aggregation does not occur spontaneously and cannot be induced by the aggregating agents epinephrine or high concentration of external K + . Pigment aggregation is also impaired in the presence of D600 or papaverine, compounds reported to antagonize calcium influx into the cell. Pigment aggregation can be induced by experimental elevation of the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca 2+ , with a Ca-EGTA buffer system in conjunction with ionophore A23187. The threshold concentration of Ca 2+ required to produce this effect is 5 × 10 −5 M. These results suggest that cytoplasmic free Ca 2+ is involved in mediating pigment aggregation and that some, if not all, the Ca 2+ is supplied by influx from the extracellular space.
The Power and Energy Initiative at the University of Pittsburgh: Addressing the aging workforce issue through innovative education, collaborative research, and industry partnerships

The Power & Energy Initiative in the Swanson School of Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) is partnering with regional industry to provide innovative education and collaborative research programs in the areas of electric power, nuclear, and mining engineering. Working together with industry, along with strong government sponsorship and other constituency support, Pitt is contributing to solutions that address the aging workforce issue in the power and energy sector, as well as to advances in technology development, research transition, and outreach. Industry champions include Eaton Corporation, Westinghouse Electric Co., and CONSOL Energy. In addition, Pitt is playing an active role nationally through leadership involvement in the IEEE PES Power & Energy Engineering Workforce Collaborative, and is establishing a model program for the resurgence and sustainability of university based electric power and energy programs.
Discussion of ‘The antecedents of the use of continuous auditing in the internal auditing context’

Abstract Gonzalez et al. (2012) apply the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT, Venkatesh et al., 2003) to the issue of adoption of continuous auditing (CA) by internal auditors. The authors make a very convincing case for the slow evolution of CA and propose that this can be explained by the four factors contained in the UTAUT as well as annual sales and voluntariness of use. They find, in their revised model, that effort expectancy and social influence directly impact intentions to use the technology, while performance expectancy is moderated by annual sales and social influence is moderated by voluntariness of use. Interestingly, the authors also identify geographical differences in these influences. I offer commentary on these findings and suggest avenues for future research in the domain of technology adoption and use in accounting.
THE CORPORATE ROLE OF LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES

This study has three purposes. The first is to determine, for the 30 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980. the relationship among population size, the number of major corporations headquartered in these centers, and the number of subsidiaries located there. The expectation is that there will be positive relationships in all cases. Second, this study, based on variations in the relationships examined above, sets forth a corporate classification of the 30 metropolitan areas and identifies common characteristics and locations among six categories of centers. Finally, using the six-fold classification of centers, metropolitan employment growth between 1980 and 1986 is analyzed, especially job growth in services and in finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE). The six-fold classification proves useful in understanding employment growth in these 30 centers during the 1980s and, with modifications, perhaps beyond.
The terrestrial plasma source: A new perspective in solar-terrestrial processes from Dynamics Explorer

The geospace environment has been viewed as a mixing bowl for plasmas of both solar and terrestrial origin. The present perspective on the nature of the supply mechanisms has undergone a radical evolution over the past decade, particularly during the five years of the Dynamics Explorer mission. During this period, the terrestrial source has increased in importance in both magnitude and character of ionospheric outflow. These outflows include the classical polar wind, the cleft ion fountain, the auroral ion fountain, and the polar cap. The earth can be envisioned as a multifaceted fountain which ejects particles from different spatial locations spread around the globe. These particles exhibit a range of masses from 1 to 32 amu and a range of energies from 1 eV to 10 keV. The total flux of this ionospheric outflow is very large: adequate to supply the entire magnetospheric particle population. And the implications of the outflow are significant across a broad spectrum of solar-terrestrial processes ranging from sources of magnetospheric plasmas, to influences on ionospheric density and temperature structure, to energy transfer in phenomena such as stable auroral red arcs. The Dynamics Explorer mission has made a major contribution in the characterization of the terrestrial plasma source.
Tangential load sharing among fingers during prehension

The goal of the study was to examine the force sharing among the fingers during static prehension under systematic loading and postural changes. A custom-built handle was constructed that allowed for bi-directional loading (upward and downward) with different load magnitudes (250, 750 and 1250 g). Five- and three-digit grasps were tested. The fingers were spaced 2, 3 or 6 cm apart. The handle was oriented vertically such that the tangential forces acted parallel to the applied load. There were no differences in tangential sharing patterns between males and females. The factors that did affect the sharing pattern (ranked from the smallest to the largest effect) were: TRIAL (i.e., inter-trial variability), LOAD MAGNITUDE, SUBJECT, HAND POSTURE and LOAD DIRECTION. Normal force sharing accounted for much but not all of the variability in tangential sharing. The results suggest that loading direction should be considered when designing tools that require functional tangential forces for successful task completion (e.g., screwdrivers, jar lids, etc.). A hypothesis to account for the directional changes based on the passive properties of the fingers is proposed.
Ergonomics of electronic mail address systems: related literature review and survey of users

The paper reviews the cognitive ergonomics literature related to electronic mail (e-mail) address design. Based on this information, a survey of 160 users of current e-mail address system was conducted. The aim was to obtain information on likes, dislikes and difficulties associated with e-mail address and to obtain users' suggestions and input for improving the current e-mail address system. The survey results indicated that users want an improved e-mail address system with regard to shorter length, useful information and appropriate presentation of information.
The emergence of entrepreneurship as an academic field: A personal essay on institutional entrepreneurship

Abstract The academic field of entrepreneurship research has grown from groups of isolated scholars doing research on small businesses to an international community of departments, institutes, and foundations promoting research on new and high-growth firms. Growth has produced increasingly systematic and interconnected knowledge and growing numbers of knowledge producers and knowledge users share core concepts, principles, and research methods, and a handful of highly cited scholars have emerged as thought leaders within research subfields. The field is increasingly formalized and anchored in a small set of intellectual bases, although there are also some signs of differentiation and fragmentation. Using an institutional theory perspective and drawing upon my experience in the field, I explore six forces creating the institutional infrastructure. First, social networking mechanisms have created a social structure facilitating connections between researchers. Second, publication opportunities have increased dramatically. Third, training and mentoring has moved to a collective rather than individual apprenticeship model. Fourth, major foundations and many other smaller funding sources have changed the scale and scope of entrepreneurship research. Fifth, new mechanisms have emerged that recognize and reward individual scholarship, reinforcing the identity of entrepreneurship research as a field and attracting new scholars into it. Sixth, globalizing forces have affected all of these trends. I conclude with some thoughts about the consequences of these developments with regard to the giving of practical and timely advice to entrepreneurs, the effects of American hegemony on choices of research topics and methods, and the possible loss of theoretical eclecticism.
Chloracne from pentachlorphenol ‐preserved wood

A patient is presented who developed chloracne after exposure to lumber which was pressure-treated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). It was presumed that his disease arose via percutaneous absorption of polychlorinated aromatic compounds (dioxins and furans) which are known to contaminate technical grade PCP. The patient's condition improved after treatment with oral isotretinoin.
Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein; myths and mysteries.

Although it is the major soluble protein component of the extracellular matrix bathing the photoreceptors, little is known about the structure and function of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). The critical anatomic compartment it occupies cannot be overemphasized as through the involution of the optic vesicle, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) comes in contact with the neural retina.1 The zonula occludens and adherens of the RPE and external limiting membrane respectively restrict the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) to the “subretinal space”. Given its presence at this interface and early expression patterns, IRBP could have a function in retinal development,2,3 and recent studies point to a role in eye growth4. Early studies assumed that IRBP does not interact with components of the IPM or retina, as it is easily extracted from detached retinas by only gentle saline wash. This notion, recently revisited experimentally,5 has shown not to be completely true as saline wash leaves behind IRBP tightly bound to specific regions, particularly a domain surrounding the cone outer segments, presumably the cone matrix sheath (Fig. 1). An important question, which has received insufficient attention, is what are the binding partners that IRBP interacts with in the IPM and/or on the cell surface?
Facilitating match-making service in ad hoc and sensor networks using pseudo quorum

In a match-making system, sources (producers) advertise generated data without any particular destination in mind. Destinations (consumers) are determined based on their interests (via subscriptions) in receiving the produced data. Advertisements and subscriptions are matched by the underlying network service, so that routing is based on the content of messages. We propose to facilitate a match-making capability in ad hoc and sensor networks by adapting the idea of a quorum system. A quorum system is formed by organizing nodes into subsets called quorums, where every two quorums intersect and no quorum includes another quorum. To accommodate node mobility and network scale, we propose that producers and consumers systematically forward their advertisement and subscription messages to form 'pseudo' quorums, where they are matched at intersecting nodes. Simulation results show that the pseudo quorum based matchmaking system achieves a very high matching rate with much less messaging overhead as compared to that of event and query flooding.
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS IN DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTAL HEART FAILURE

SUMMARY 1. This study in the canine arteriovenous (AV) fistula model of high-output heart failure (HOHF) evaluated the chronic temporal changes in plasma ANF and pro ANF 31–67 and their relationship to body-fluid balance and the renin-aldosterone axis. In addition, the haemodynamic, hormonal and renal excretory effects of synthetic pro ANF 31–67 infusions were examined in normal and AV fistula dogs with compensated HOHF. 2. Following the construction of the AV fistula, the dogs exhibited chronic parallel elevations in right atrial pressure and the plasma concentrations of ANF and pro ANF 31–67. The gradual increases in the two peptides were associated with a gradual decrease in plasma renin activity and the re-establishment of sodium balance. 3. In normal and compensated AV fistula dogs, synthetic pro ANF 31–67 produced similar significant reductions in arterial blood pressure, right atrial pressure and elevations in urinary sodium excretion. These effects were not associated with increases in plasma or urinary cyclic GMP (cGMP). 4. These results suggest that the elevation in the endogenous circulating levels of pro ANF 31–67 in the AV fistula dogs may represent one chronic adaptive mechanism to achieve body fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, via potentially different mechanisms of action, ANF and pro ANF 31–67 may coordinate and contribute to the regulation of haemodynamic and renal function during physiological and pathophysiological situations.
Gender and Spondyloarthropathy-Associated Uveitis

Spondyloarthropathies encompass a group of inflammatory diseases with arthritis and other features such as enthesitis and dermatologic and gastrointestinal involvement. Up to 37% of spondyloarthropathy patients may develop uveitis which is typically bilateral asynchronous acute anterior uveitis. Spondyloarthropathies with and without uveitis are more prevalent among males; the reasons for gender imbalance are unclear. This review will focus on gender differences in the prevalence, incidence, clinical manifestations, and prognosis of uveitis associated with spondyloarthropathies.
Nonlinear intersymbol destruction versus linear intersymbol interference on high density disk drives

The nonlinear behavior of the hard disk recording channel is described using a simple theoretical model. According to this model, linear superposition applies only when the transition spacing is greater than about 3.5a, where a is the transition width parameter. Two methods to increase density are examined. First, the system variables determining the transition width are identified. Of these the magnetic moment is unique in that its value is not fixed by the level of technology; that is, it can be chosen to optimize channel characteristics. Second, an advanced model is described that abandons linearity in favor of a simple nonlinear channel model. This model applies when the transition spacing is greater than 2.5a. Both of these techniques result in more severe signal roll-off than a hypothetical linear superposition channel. >
Development of monoclonal antibodies and quantitative ELISAs targeting insulin-degrading enzyme.

Background Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a widely studied zinc-metalloprotease implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease (AD) and varicella zoster virus infection. Despite more than six decades of research on IDE, progress has been hampered by the lack of well-characterized reagents targeting this biomedically important protease. To address this important need, we generated and characterized new mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting natively folded human and rodent IDE.
Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of ND and PH

The infrared vibration–rotation bands of ND in theX3Σ−state were recorded using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The bands were observed in a microwave discharge of a mixture of N2and D2in the presence of He. The rotational structure of six bands, 1–0, 2–1, 3–2, 4–3, 5–4, and 6–5, has been observed in the 1800–2600 cm−1region. The analysis of these bands provides an independent determination of the ground state vibrational con- stants in addition to an improved set of rotational constants. The principal molecular constants for the ground state are[formula]The molecular constants for PH have also been refined by combining the previous infrared [J. Mol. Spectrosc.122,275–281 (1987)] and the recent submillimeter-wave [Chem. Phys. Lett.211,443–448 (1993)] measurements.
Decomposition of plankton-derived dissolved organic matter in permeable coastal sediments.

We tested the hypothesis that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is degraded when filtered through permeable shelf sediments. In a laboratory flume experiment the concave shape of DOC profiles observed in the upper 10 cm of Gulf of Mexico sublittoral sands was reproduced by the combination of DOC filtration and production in the sediment surface layer and mineralization and adsorption in the subsurface layer. Six percent to 14% of 13Clabeled, highly degradable DOC was mineralized during filtration through 5.8-cm–long sand-filled column reactors, up to nine times more than in dark, water-filled column reactors. Filtration through 50-cm–long sand columns removed all highly degradable DOC pumped through the sediment, translating to fluxes of up to 379 mmol DOC m22 d21, corresponding to DOC removal from an approximately 1-m–deep water layer each day. Bacterial incorporation of 13C identified a diverse group of sedimentary aerobic and anaerobic microbes processing DO13C filtered through sand columns, dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy analysis of chromophoric dissolved organic matter contained in diatom-derived DOC indicated that microbes preferentially removed components around the fluorescence peak of tryptophan or protein-like substances, which may have the highest nutrient value. Mass spectra analysis revealed that filtration through sand also removes a broad spectrum of substances from less degradable humic and fulvic acid–like DOC and produces new DOC components. The flushed sand layer between the water column and deeper anoxic sediment layers acts as an effective DOC filter, with subsurface horizontal pore-water flows promoting decomposition of DOC.
Calcium-Binding Protein Phenotype Defines Metabolically Distinct Groups of Neurons in Barrel Cortex of Behaving Hamsters ☆

Abstract Physiological/anatomical studies of rat frontal cortex in vitro have distinguished subpopulations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing inhibitory interneurons defined by expression of the calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CA). Using a novel 2DG/immunostaining technique to double-label hamster barrel cortex for metabolism and phenotype, we have recently shown that while many GABAergic neurons are heavily 2DG labeled during normal exploratory behavior, a subset of GABAergic cells shows relatively sparse 2DG labeling. For this study we used the 2DG/immunostaining technique to test whether, in awake behaving animals, calcium-binding protein expression in a given cell in barrel cortex (as indicated by immunohistochemistry for PV or CA) was related to the degree of 2DG labeling. We found that most PV+ cells were moderately to heavily 2DG labeled, while most CA+ cells were lightly 2DG labeled. Our data indicate that the PV+ and CA+ cells represent metabolically distinct subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in barrel cortex. This distinction corresponds well with the in vitro physiological and anatomical data from frontal cortex and suggests functional implications for the expression of PV and CA, or other colocalized factors, in normally functioning cortical circuitry.