cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the choice between laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

While laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) continues to be the most commonly performed bariatric operation, several variables influence surgeons’ practice patterns and patients’ decision-making in the type of bariatric procedure to perform. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient factors that influence the decision between laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) versus LSG. The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database was queried for patients undergoing LSG and LRYGB between 2015 and 2017. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate factors associated with performing LRYGB compared to LSG. A total of 252,117 (72.3%) LSG and 96,677 (27.7%) LRYGB cases were identified. Patients undergoing LSG were younger (44.3 ± 12.0 vs 45.2 ± 11.8 years; p 3, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. However, patients with kidney disease, black race, chronic steroid use, age ≥ 60 years, recent smoking history, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and coronary artery disease were more likely to undergo LSG. The decision to perform LRYGB is primarily driven by obesity-associated comorbidities and higher BMI, whereas LSG is more likely to be performed in higher risk patients.
Developing an Inner Witness to Notice for Equity in the Fleeting Moments of Talk for Content Learning.

Many teachers enter teacher education programs expecting to develop tools and ways of thinking necessary to cultivate educational equity in their classrooms. Trends for teacher learning and develop...
Embedding Research Directly into the Chemistry Curriculum with an Organic to Analytical Sequence

This manuscript describes the implementation of a Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) sequence in chemistry that uses research to link a lower division, organic chemistry course to an upper-division, analytical chemistry course. In the CURE sequence, students created a library of modified sugar molecules during CURE-1, Organic, and then evaluated the behavior of those molecules within membranes during CURE-2, Analytical. In order to ascertain the causal mechanisms underlying the effectiveness and sustainability of CUREs within the standard chemistry curriculum, we conducted research on students in CURE laboratories and Standard Instruction (SI) laboratories. Results from the Classroom Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) Survey, the Laboratory Course Assessment Survey (LCAS), and an end-of-course assessment are presented. Equivalency of the CURE and comparison groups was established based on demographic factors, reported gender and minority status, expected major, and grade in the prerequisite course. A direct comparison of this nature revealed the benefits of the CURE sections and equality in assessment performance regardless of the instructional method.
Affection deprivation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A panel study

This study examined the longer-term effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns on relational communication and mental health. Specifically, the study used the theoretic premises of Affection Exchange Theory...
Improving the Van de Vel Root-Finding Method*

The Van de Vel Method for solving a single nonlinear equation consists in a succession of quasi-Newton steps, each with a coefficientm* that approximates the multiplicitym. Before every other step,m* is extrapolated by a δ2-process to a better estimate ofm. In the improved method,m* is extrapolated each and every step after the first; as a result, the efficiency is improved from 1.554 to 1.618. It is also shown that convergence of Van de Vel's Method is actually of order\(\left( {1 + \sqrt 2 } \right)\) instead of the presumed value 2.
The Retention Capacity of Insurance Markets in Developing Countries

In the past, many developing countries have considered financial institutions locally incorporated or even State-owned monopolies, an essential element of their economic and political independence. At the same time, structural, financial and technical constraints such as the small size of the markets and the lack of sufficient experience have limited the retention capacity of these markets. Reliance on foreign reinsurance has remained an important policy issue. The purpose of this cross-sectional study of developing countries is to present some empirical tests of the relationship between insurance development and socio-economic characteristics of these countries.
The accumulation and selective detachment of mitotic cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the accumulation and selective detachment of mitotic cells. The sequence of events required for mitosis in a synchronous population must be comparable to the sequence observed in randomly dividing cells. Thus, the need for normalcy in the resulting population limits the synchrony technique employed. Synchronized populations of mammalian cells are frequently established by the selective harvest of mitotic figures from monolayer cultures. This approach avoids the problem of unbalanced growth reported for other procedures involving inhibitors of DNA synthesis. However, its application is restricted in two ways. First, the yield of mitotic cells is low since a small percentage of most asynchronous populations are dividing at any one time. Second, cells which demonstrate great cell-to-cell adhesion or enhanced attachment to culture vessels may have little advantage for selection at mitosis. Increased agitation of the culture fluids to displace mitotic cells may also remove loosely attached cells in interphase. Thus, only a few of the established lines of cells are routinely utilized in cell cycle studies and rarely are reports found using diploid cell strains. Preliminary attempts to obtain synchronous populations of a simian virus 40 transformed human cell line by selective harvest following incubation in Colcemid were not consistent owing to the detachment of interphase cells.
Clinical implications from monitoring fetal activity

The monitoring of fetal motion in high-risk pregnancies has been shown to be worthwhile in predicting fetal distress and impending fetal death. The maternal recording of perceived fetal activity is an inexpensive surveillance technique which is most useful when there is chronic uteroplacental insufficiency or when a stillbirth may be expected. The presence of an active, vigorous fetus is reassuring, but documented fetal inactivity required a reassessment of the underlying antepartum complication and further fetal evaluation with real-time ultrasonography, fetal heart rate testing, and biochemical testing. Fetal distress from such acute changes as abruptio placentae or umbilical cord compression may not be predicted by monitoring fetal motion. Although not used for routine clinical investigation, electromechanical devices such as tocodynamometry have provided much insight into fetal behavioral patterns at many stages of pregnancy and in pregnancies with an antepartum complication.
Aluminum Interactions with Voltage-Dependent Calcium Transport in Plasma Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Roots of Aluminum-Sensitive and -Resistant Wheat Cultivars.

The role of Al interactions with root-cell plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+ channels in Al toxicity and resistance was studied. The experimental approach involved the imposition of a transmembrane electrical potential (via K+ diffusion) in right-side-out PM vesicles derived from roots of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Al-sensitive Scout 66 and Al-resistant Atlas 66). We previously used this technique to characterize a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel in the wheat root PM (J.W. Huang, D.L. Grunes, L.V. Kochian [1994] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 3473-3477). We found that Al3+ effectively blocked this PM Ca2+ channel; however, Al3+ blocked this Ca2+ channel equally well in both the Al-sensitive and -resistant cultivars. It was found that the differential genotypic sensitivity of this Ca2+ transport system to Al in intact roots versus isolated PM vesicles was due to Al-induced malate exudation localized to the root apex in Al-resistant Atlas but not in Al-sensitive Scout. Because malate can effectively chelate Al3+ in the rhizosphere and exclude it from the root apex, the differential sensitivity of Ca2+ influx to Al in intact roots of Al-resistant versus Al-sensitive wheat cultivars is probably due to the maintenance of lower Al3+ activities in the root apical rhizosphere of the resistant cultivar.
Thai Women's Experiences with HIV/AIDS: Perspectives on Coping

This qualitative study is based on interviews with 10 Thai women living with HIV/AIDS in northern Thailand. It is an attempt to learn how individuals who have no access to mental health facilities ...
Discussion article: Discourse markers, modal particles, and contrastive analysis, synchronic and diachronic

En aquest article discutim tres elements comuns a les contribucions d’Aijmer, Bazzanella et al., i Waltereit i Detges a aquest volum de CatJL. Un es els usos modals dels marcadors del discurs i les distincions entre marcadors del discurs i particules modals. El segon son les proves que els articles aporten per al canvi diacronic que han patit els marcadors concrets que s’hi estudien, en relacio amb la distincio entre gramaticalitzacio i pragmaticalitzacio. Finalment, plantegem algunes questions relatives a la metodologia de seleccio de dades en estudis contrastius.
Neutron Radiographic Inspection of Radioactive Irradiated Reactor Fuel Specimens

A method for nondestructive inspection of highly radioactive, irradiated reactor fuel specimens is described. The method is a neutron radiographic technique which employs image detectors of metal s...
Autonomous rhythmic drug delivery systems based on chemical and biochemomechanical oscillators

While many drug delivery systems target constant, or zero-order drug release, certain drugs and hormones must be delivered in rhythmic pulses in order to achieve their optimal effect. Here we describe studies with two model autonomous rhythmic delivery systems. The first system is driven by a pH oscillator that modulates the ionization state of a model drug, benzoic acid, which can permeate through a lipophilic membrane when the drug is uncharged. The second system is based on a nonlinear negative feedback instability that arises from coupling of swelling of a hydrogel membrane to an enzymatic reaction, with the hydrogel controlling access of substrate to the enzyme, and the enzyme's product controlling the hydrogel's swelling state. The latter system, whose autonomous oscillations are driven by glucose at constant external activity, is shown to deliver gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in rhythmic pulses, with periodicity of the same order as observed in sexually mature adult humans. Relevant experimental results and some mathematical models are reviewed.
PepsiAmericas: Building an Information Savvy Company

In 2009 PepsiAmericas was learning how to leverage an information backbone designed to provide information to the firm’s decision makers at all levels of the organization. The firm had built this information backbone — and the business capability to use it effectively — over an 8-year period beginning in 2001. This case describes how business and IT leaders worked together to create an information savvy organization. It describes the stream of IT investments, organizational changes, and metrics that helped PepsiAmericas evolve from a regional business that shipped truckloads of Pepsi and Mountain Dew to an enterprise that delivered hundreds of SKUs as needed to powerful national retailers. PepsiAmericas’ IT- enabled capabilities helped the firm respond to drastic market changes and enhance business competitiveness. The question PepsiAmericas management faced going forward was how to leverage its information-based business capabilities in a global market.
The thromboxane A2 mimetic U-46619 inhibits somatomotor activity via a vagal reflex from the lung

Vagal reflexes from the heart and lungs elicit autonomic as well as somatomotor responses. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether the inflammatory mediator thromboxane A2 inhibits the knee-jerk reflex via a vagally mediated reflex from either the heart or the lung. The thromboxane A2 mimetic U-46619 (0.8 ± 0.08 μg/kg) was injected through a catheter placed near the right atrium ( n = 11), near the aortic arch ( n = 7), or into the pericardial sac ( n = 4) in 11 chloralose-anesthetized cats. The knee-jerk reflex, elicited by striking the patellar tendon with a solenoid-driven hammer, was used to evaluate somatomotor activity. The mean maximum tension produced by the knee-jerk reflex was 306 ± 21 g (range 154–471 g). Intravenous U-46619 injection inhibited the knee-jerk reflex by 25 ± 6% and increased peak systolic pressure 53 ± 7 mmHg on average. Bilateral cervical vagotomy abolished the somatomotor inhibition but did not reduce the pressor response. Intra-arterial U-46619 injection inhibited the knee-jerk reflex in two of seven cats and increased peak systolic pressure by 41 ± 11 mmHg. Vagotomy abolished the inhibition in one of the two cats but did not reduce the pressor response. Intrapericardial U-46619 injection did not affect the knee-jerk reflex nor blood pressure. The results indicate that U-46619 inhibited the knee-jerk reflex via a vagal reflex from the lung because the inhibition predominated after intravenous injection and was abolished by vagotomy. Speculation is made that the inflammatory mediator thromboxane A2 may contribute via a vagal reflex to the depression of motor activity associated with sickness behavior.
Brain and Central Nervous System Cancer Mortality in U. S. Rubber Workers

Since 1963 the observed mortality experience of BCNS cancers among rubber workers appears to be very comparable to that expected. A possible exception to this statement is the experience of one plant in Akron, Ohio, reported by Monson and Nakano. Excesses in earlier years may also be localized to one or two companies. The results of a case-control study did not support a hypothesized association of elevated BCNS cancer risk with exposures in the tire building/tire assembly segments of the rubber tire manufacturing process. The direction of future epidemiologic studies would benefit by the assembly of as large a number of cases as possible and should focus on calendar periods of exposure, make allowance for a latent period, and include retrospective industrial hygiene assessments of the specific exposures.
Three-Dimensional Stacked Nanophotonic Network-on-Chip Architecture with Minimal Reconfiguration

As throughput, scalability, and energy efficiency in network-on-chips (NoCs) are becoming critical, there is a growing impetus to explore emerging technologies for implementing NoCs in future multicore and many-core architectures. Two disruptive technologies on the horizon are nanophotonic interconnects (NIs) and 3D stacking. NIs can deliver high on-chip bandwidth while delivering low energy/bit, thereby providing a reasonable performance-per-watt in the future. Three-dimensional stacking can reduce the interconnect distance and increase the bandwidth density by incorporating multiple communication layers. In this paper, we propose an architecture that combines NIs and 3D stacking to design an energy-efficient and reconfigurable NoC. We quantitatively compare the hardware complexity of the proposed topology to other nanophotonic networks in terms of hop count, network diameter, radix, and photonic parameters. To maximize performance, we also propose an efficient reconfiguration algorithm that dynamically reallocates channel bandwidth by adapting to traffic fluctuations. For 64-core reconfigured network, our simulation results indicate that the execution time can be reduced up to 25 percent for Splash-2, PARSEC, and SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks. Moreover, for a 256-core version of the proposed architecture, our simulation results indicate a throughput improvement of more than 25 percent and energy savings of 23 percent on synthetic traffic when compared to competitive on-chip electrical and optical networks.
The Hidden Potential of “Managerial Macroeconomics” for CEO Decision Making in MBA Programs

Macroeconomics has profound strategic and tactical implications for CEO decision making, yet many top-ranked business schools do not offer this subject in its appropriately integrative and applied management context. I illustrate how the careful cultivation of “macroeconomic literacy” in the MBA classroom using four innovative instructional strategies can improve CEO decision making across all functional areas of the firm while helping to meet important AACSB learning goals, including curriculum integration, application of interactive teaching strategies, soft skills enhancement, and promoting a global perspective.
Microdetermination of o-aminophenol and some substituted o-aminophenols using a copper ion-selective electrode

Abstract The compound o -aminophenol and some substituted o -aminophenols were determined on the microscale by potentiometric titration with standard cupric sulfate or nitrate in aqueous or partially methanolic medium. Emf's were monitored with a copper ion-selective electrode and a single-junction reference electrode. The o -aminophenols reacted on a 2:1 amine:Cu basis. The m - and p -isomers cannot be determined with cupric ion.
RNA-DNA hybrid formation with methyl-deficient and mature ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli.

The effect of the presence of methylated bases in ribosomal RNA on the efficiency with which the RNA forms hybrid complexes with complementary DNA has been investigated. A comparison between methyl-deficient ribosomal RNA, from methionine-deprived and from chloramphenicol-treated Escherichia coli , and mature ribosomal RNA from untreated cells, showed no differences in hybridization efficiency. Evidence for the accumulation of messenger RNA in both methionine-deprived and chloramphenicol-treated cells was obtained.
Metabolism of arachidonic acid in neutrophils from alloxan-diabetic rabbits

The production of 5-lipoxygenase products from arachidonic acid was investigated in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) isolated from non-diabetic and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits: (i) production of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene B4, and the two 6-trans-leukotriene B4 isomers were significantly decreased in the PMNL of diabetic rabbits when compared to non-diabetic rabbits; (ii) production of LTB4 and 5-HETE from diabetic PMNL required the addition of Ca2+ and A23187 to a greater degree than control incubations; and (iii) the availability of substrate in the PMNL of diabetics was not a limiting factor for 5-lipoxygenase product formation. Alternative pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism were also evaluated: the recovery of exogenous leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid were identical using PMNL from control and diabetic rabbits and peptido-leukotrienes were not detected by radioimmunoassay. The data suggest that the activity of 5-lipoxygenase and the production of 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the diabetic PMNL may be limiting factors since the formation of leukotriene B4, leukotriene B4 isomers, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid are depressed in PMNL of diabetic rabbits. Alternative pathways do not account for the conversion of arachidonic acid to other products nor are the elimination pathways for LTB4 and 5-HETE different. Decreased formation of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4 could predispose diabetic subjects to infection due to a decrease in mediators leading to the local accumulation of PMNL in the inflammatory response.
Coronary MR angiography: current status.

Since first described in the early 1990s, coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has evolved as a promising noninvasive modality for imaging of the coronary arteries and evaluation of coronary artery disease. Despite technical limitations, coronary MRA has established value for imaging of anomalous coronary artery and assessment of bypass graft patency. Current research focuses on the development of optimal respiratory compensation strategies, improved spatial and temporal resolution and faster acquisition of image data. The accurate detection of stenoses and assessment of the severity of coronary atherosclerosis is presently being evaluated with large multicenter studies. With further technique enhancements and more clinical experience, coronary MRA is likely to become the dominant noninvasive modality in clinical cardiology.
A monument to Lazarus: the leprosy hospital of Rio de Janeiro

Soon after the Portuguese made landfall in 1500, Europeans and, later, African slaves introduced leprosy, and Saint Lazarus, the patron saint of its victims, into Brazil. Social and political pressure mounted by the middle of the eighteenth century in the city of Rio de Janeiro to remove those unfortunates from the city's streets even before the move of Brazil's capital in 1763. Frei Antonio, the bishop of Rio, founded the venerable hospital that year in the neighborhood of Sao Cristovao. He requested that the Irmandade do Santissimo Sacramento da Candelaria provide oversight and administration. The brotherhood continues to honor its covenant of 239 years ago. The history of this hospital provides insight into the complex relationships that existed between the citizenry and church and state. Rio's leprosy hospital, now the Hospital Frei Antonio, had an important role in the evolution of the health care professions, progress in medical science, and the genesis of the hygienic movement in Brazil. This study also contributes to the history of a disease that persists in 2002 Brazil as a public health issue.
Adverse and favorable mixed convection heat transfer in a two-side heated square channel

Abstract Experimental heat transfer measurements and analysis for mixed convection in a vertical square channel are presented. Water flow directions are selected such that buoyancy assists or opposes the bulk flow pressure gradient. Unlike most previous experiments with symmetrically heated circular tubes, the present configuration uses an asymmetric heating condition (two sides heated and two sides insulated) and shows significant increase in the Nusselt number for both assisted and opposed flow conditions. Observed heat transfer coefficient distributions are different from the symmetrically heated channels; and this difference in heat transfer coefficient is attributed to the formation of buoyancy driven large-scale flow structures. In general, opposed flow shows higher heat transfer coefficients, and the Nusselt number ratio is observed to increase as Gr/Re or Gr/Re 2 ratios increase for both assisted and opposed flow conditions. A correlation based on the buoyancy parameter predicts the heat transfer pattern well in both assisted and opposed mixed convection. The range of Reynolds numbers discussed (Re=400–10,000) is of importance for direct numerical simulations and the details provided here can serve as the benchmark data required for complicated buoyancy affected turbulence simulations.
Lymphotoxin Plays a Crucial Role in the Development and Function of Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue through Regulation of Chemokines and Peripheral Node Addressin

The mechanism of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) development is incompletely understood with regard to the roles of cytokines, chemokines, and vascular addressins. Development of the wild-type NALT continued in the immediate postnatal period with gradual increases in cellularity, compartmentalization into T- and B-cell zones, and expression of lymphotoxin (LT)-α, LT-β, and lymphoid chemokines (CCL21, CCL19, CXCL13). High endothelial venules (HEVs) developed that expressed GlyCAM-1, HEC-6ST [an enzyme crucial for expression of luminal peripheral node addressin (PNAd)], and PNAd itself. LT-β −/− and LT-α −/− NALTs had fewer cells than those of wild-type mice, reduced (LT-β −/− ) or absent (LT-α −/− ) lymphoid chemokines, and no T- and B-cell compartmentalization. LT-β −/− HEVs expressed only abluminal PNAd and no HEC-6ST or GlyCAM-1. LT-α −/− HEVs had no PNAd, HEC-6ST, or GlyCAM-1. Because intranasal immunization gives rise to vaginal IgA, immunization of LT-β −/− mice, which retain cervical lymph nodes, might generate such a response. Intranasal immunization with ovalbumin and cholera toxin revealed lower cytokine levels in the LT-α −/− and LT-β −/− NALTs, and undetectable vaginal IgA. In contrast, splenic cytokines and serum IgG titers, although reduced, were detectable. These data indicate that LT-α 3 and LT-α 1 β 2 cooperatively contribute to NALT development and function through regulation of lymphoid chemokines and adhesion molecules; they are the first to implicate LT-α 1 β 2 in GlyCAM-1 regulation in NALT HEV development.
Microscale Transport Processes in the Evaporator of a Constrained Vapor Bubble

Microgravity experiments on a constrained vapor bubble heat exchanger (CVB) are being developed for the space station. Results are presented of precursory experiments and modeling on microscale transport processes in the evaporator of the vertical constrained vapor bubble in the Earth's environment. A nonisothermal experimental setup was designed and built to study heat transfer and fluid flow in an ethanol/quartz vertical CVB system. Temperature profiles were measured using an in situ Labview® data acquisition system via thermocouples. Film thickness profiles were measured using image analyzing interferometry. A mathematical model was developed to yield the liquid film curvature profile in the evaporator. Experimentally measured curvature profiles were in good agreement with modeling results. A theoretical relation between the curvature and temperature profiles in the Earth's environment was developed. Under microgravity conditions, an analytical expression that reveals an inherent relation between temperature and liquid film curvature profiles was derived for the first time.
“For Skin That's Us, Authentically Us”: Celebrity, Empowerment, and the Allure of Antiaging Advertisements

This article examines current nuances of the “beauty myth” by analyzing a series of advertisements for antiaging products aimed at women in their 40s and 50s. These advertisements feature popular aging celebrities, Andie MacDowell and Diane Keaton, who assume a supposedly “authentic” voice within the advertisements. We argue that this “code of authenticity” operates within the visual and textual constraints of beauty advertising which undermine the potentially liberating message of authenticity, which, according to Taylor (1991), can be understood as discovering and defining one's true self. While advertisers have shifted ground by hiring aging celebrities, celebrities over 40, the advertisers also appropriate messages of power feminism or what Foss and Foss (2009) refer to as “repowered feminism,” and through “strategic juxtaposition,” continue to reinforce enduring codes of beauty such as the necessity of appearing youthful, thin, able-bodied, White, and middle class.
The self in self-handicapping: Differential effects of public and private internal audiences

People self-handicap to satisfy both self-presentational and self-protective motives. The cognitive salience of a public or private audience, as well as the objective public or private situation, determines when each motive dominates. To show this, we manipulated the objective situation separately from the cognitive salience of public and private internal audiences. We hypothesized that in the objectively public situation, people would self-handicap more when focused on a public audience than when focused on a private audience; whereas in the objectively private situation, the reverse would occur. Two studies using different manipulations of audience salience supported the hypothesis. For self-presentational motives to foster self-handicapping, then, the person must not only be in public but must be cognitively focused on the public audience; and for self-protective motives to foster self-handicapping, the person must both be in private and cognitively focused on the private audience.
Textual Entailment Through Extended Lexical Overlap and Lexico-Semantic Matching

This paper presents two systems for textual entailment, both employing decision trees as a supervised learning algorithm. The first one is based primarily on the concept of lexical overlap, considering a bag of words similarity overlap measure to form a mapping of terms in the hypothesis to the source text. The second system is a lexico-semantic matching between the text and the hypothesis that attempts an alignment between chunks in the hypothesis and chunks in the text, and a representation of the text and hypothesis as two dependency graphs. Their performances are compared and their positive and negative aspects are analyzed.
Factors controlling aldosterone secretion during hypoxemia in fetal lambs

Summary: Factors modulating the fetal aldosterone response to hypoxemia were studied in three groups of chronically catheterized fetal lambs between 131 and 143 days of gestation (term, 145 days). One group (control group) received an infusion of 5% dextrose in water; the second group (captopril-treated group) was given captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme; the third group (captopril plus dexamethasone-treated group) received dexamethasone in addition to captopril. In all groups of fetuses, hypoxemia was associated with a significant increase in plasma K+ concentration (+0.7 ± 0.1 meq/liter). In control fetuses, changes in plasma aldosterone concentration during hypoxemia correlated closely with changes in plasma K+ concentration r = 0.79; P 0.1) in captopril-treated fetuses. Administration of dexamethasone to fetuses receiving captopril completely inhibited the rise in plasma aldosterone associated with hypoxemia. Taken together, the present results suggest that the rise in plasma aldosterone during hypoxemia is not related to the level of activity of the renin-angiotensin system but depends probably on the increased secretion of adrenocorticotrophin by the fetus. It is also suggested that maternal placental transfer of aldosterone is not an important factor controlling the rise in fetal plasma aldosterone concentration during hypoxemia.
VENTILATION/PERFUSION SCINTIGRAPHY

a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch. Regions of the lung with decreased ventilation because of airway disease have reflex vasoconstriction, to prevent shunting of unoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation, giving a V/Q match. The region of altered physiology is much larger than the embolus itself and thus is easily visualized using the relatively low resolution of scintigraphy. Furthermore, evaluation of the altered physiology can provide useful information about the severity of the process. Lung scintigraphy is not always able to identify uniquely the pathologic process from evaluation of the physiologic effects of the process, however. For example, regions where the chest x-ray, perfusion scan, and ventilation scan are all abnormal (sometimes called a triple match) can be due to either a primary pulmonary process or to an embolus with infarction. After describing the relevant lung physiology, this article explains how the findings on lung scintigraphy are interpreted and used to provide information about the diagnosis of PE. HISTORY The first nuclear medicine studies of the lung used radioactive gas to assess regional ventilation in lung ~ancer.~ Taplin et a1 developed
Propulsion opportunities for future commuter aircraft

Circa 1990 propulsion improvement concepts are discussed for 1000 to 5000 SHP conventional turboprop powerplants including engines, gearboxes, and propellers. Cycle selection, power plant configurations and advanced technology elements are defined and evaluated using average stage length DOC for commuter aircraft as the primary merit criterion.
Effect of cholera toxin on intramembranous particles of a murine lymphoid cell line.

Abstract Freeze fracture studies have been performed on a murine lymphoblastid cell line treated with cholera toxin. A significant increase in intramembranous particles (IMP) present on the B fracture face was observed for cells incubated with 10 μg/ml cholera toxin for 3 h, as compared with control cells or cells incubated with 10 ng/ml toxin. Cholera toxin at 10 ng/ml causes elevation in levels of intracellular cAMP. This change in IMP was no longer present after 24 h incubation. The observed increase in the number of IMP on the B fracture face demonstrates an alteration of membrane components by cholera toxin.
Fluctuations in Sleep Duration are Correlated with Salience of Stressful Experience

A total of 863 reports of sleep periods collected from 82 university undergraduates over 14 days were classified as either periods of short sleep, mid-range sleep, or long sleep. Responses to the Hassles and Uplifts Scale on the days following these sleep period classifications indicated that there was an overall significant inverse relation between these sleep-duration classifications and the number of hassles experienced. In addition, there was a significant inverse relation between these sleep duration periods and rated coping on four dimensions of coping style measured by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. These data suggest that fluctuations in sleep duration may be associated with the salience of subsequent stress-related experiences.
Systems Development of Synchronized Network of Autonomous Positioning Satellites (SNAPS)

Synchronized Network of Autonomous Position Satellites (SNAPS) is a research test platform at San Jose State University for developing guidance, navigation and controls systems for microsatellites. SNAPS devices are 3 degree-of-freedom nanosatellites which are able to position themselves using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and an electromagnetic navigation system that has been developed known as the Electromagnetic Orientation System, or EMOS. SNAPS incorporates an inexpensive modular design that has numerous applications including microsatellite arrays or “swarm” configurations, and malfunctioning satellite recovery. The SNAPS Program is broken into six modular subsystems. It is developed that each subsystems is modular so that it can be improved upon individually. These subsystems include Guidance, Navigation, Controls, Propulsion, Electronics, and Structures. Each system is integrated into one another and functionality is determined. Results of the development of the SNAPS program shows precise autonomous movements in the rendezvous of multiple SNAPS devises. The SNAPS program has developed crucial subsystems. These include the development of the EMOS navigation system which is described in detail in “Electromagnetic Orientation System for Nanosatellite Navigation”, a fully developed cold gas micro thruster propulsion system that is designed for efficient and precise movement, a responsive guidance and controls system, and a modular structure system which provides easy access to each subsystem. With these developed subsystems, SNAPS can be used as a fully functioning test bed for further nanosatellite research. SNAPS will be used in the future to develop joint dynamics and formation flying between other SNAPS devices and unknown space objects. SNAPS can also be used to incorporate other technologies along with further development of the “swarm” concept.
Sex-role stereotyping of nurses and physicians on prime-time television: A dichotomy of occupational portrayals

Utilizing the methodology of content analysis, this study investigates the sexrole variables in prime-time television portrayals of nurses and physicians from 1950 to 1980. A 20% sample of 28 relevant series yielded 320 individual episodes, 240 nurse characters, and 287 physicians characters. Results show extreme levels of both sexual and occupational stereotyping. Television nurses are 99% female, and television physicians are 95% male. The cluster of sex and occupational role characteristics, personality attributes, primary values, career orientation, professional competencies, and the tone of nurse-physician relationships converge to yield an image of the female professional nurse as totally dependent on and subservient to male physicians. The development of this dichotomous sex and occupational role imagery has resulted in male television physicians who not only have outstanding medical competencies but also embrace all the attractive competencies of professional nurses. Television nurses largely serve as window dressing on the set and have little opportunity to contribute to patient welfare. Action is needed to improve the quality of nurse portrayals by making them more congruent with the real world of work in health care.
Computational and Experimental Infrared Spectra of 1,4-Dinitropiperazine and Vibrational Mode Assignment

The IR spectra of both solid and matrix-isolated 1,4-dinitropiperazine (p-DNP) were obtained. The results indicate that 1,4-dinitropiperazine at 11 K is a mixture of three chair conformer structure...
Specific heat of vitreous systems: Temperature dependence near absolute zero

Unlike the low temperature heat capacities (L.T. CV) of crystals, those of vitreous substances near T = 0 K require the formula CV/3R = C1T+C2T2+C3T3+C5T5+…, where the constants C1 and C2 represent the anomalous excess characteristic of vitreous systems. The C3 and C5 represent, respectively, Debye and dispersion terms as for crystals. Recent literature confirms C1 ≠ 0 for various glasses and offers diverse theoretical justifications for this. The C2T2 term has been proposed but not evaluated by Leadbetter. As shown here, it is required to represent the experimental CV of vitreous silica at T < 2 K, is inferred from its Raman spectrum and is supported by theoretical calculations.
Social justice in the large and small

Social justice is an issue at both the large or even whole-society level and the very small group or dyadic level. If it is an issue in distribution of resources or welfare, rather than an issue of procedure, it requires very strong interpersonally comparable value judgments. This generally distinguishes it from other small and large group moral and political problems, which can often be resolved satisfactorily without such a strong value theory, in particular without interpersonal comparisons of welfare, because their resolution can yield mutual advantage to all concerned. At the dyadic and small-group level social justice is the philosopher's problem of beneficence; at the large level it is the problem of distributive justice. Much of the social-psychological literature on social justice deals with the small-scale problem; political theory is generally concerned with the large-scale problem. Yet, strategically and in their value theory requirements, the two problems are in many ways analogous. In both variants of social justice the core problem is a pure conflict interaction in which one party or group must bear a cost in order that another party or group may benefit.
Electrical and optical characterization of InAs/GaSb-based nBn IR detector

Over the last several years the development of type-II Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS) infrared photodetectors has yielded devices that may offer plausible alternative technology to conventional mercury cadmium telluride (MCT)-based photodetectors. Prevailing theory predicts that SLS-based detector technologies will have several potential advantages over MCT technologies, including lower dark currents and higher operating temperatures. However, experimentally it has been found that conventional p-on-n and n-on-p SLS detectors have high dark current and thus, do not reach theoretically predicted performance benchmarks. The two prevailing contributors to this high dark current are the generation-recombination (GR) current and surface leakage currents, the latter resulting from the mesa sidewall exposure. A recently emerging technology that utilizes a uni-polar barrier design nBn has been shown to reduce dark current, while keeping the inherent advantages of SLS. Specific advantages of SLS over MCT include wavelength tunability, improved uniformity, and operability potentially at a reduced manufacturing cost. This report presents some recent experimental findings for the electrical and optical response of an nBn detector composed of an InAs/GaSb SLS absorber (n) and contacts (n) with an AlGaSb barrier (B). Results include the intrinsic determination of the diffusion current, and the GR current for the nBn device. Also presented is the optical response of the InAs/GaSb nBn detector at 77K over a broad range of operating biases. Dark current measurements over the 10K-300K temperature range were undertaken to extract the activation energies in the heterostructure.
Comparison of the internal defibrillation thresholds for monophasic and double and single capacitor biphasic waveforms

Abstract Implantable cardiac defibrillators are now an accepted form of therapy for patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias that cannot be controlled by antiarrhythmic drugs. These devices could be made even more acceptable if they were smaller, had increased longevity and the surgical procedure for implantation was less invasive. Reducing the energy requirements for internal defibrillation with use of a nonthoracotomy lead system would make all of these goals achievable. Monophasic and double and single capacitor biphasic waveforms were compared in 14 anesthetized dogs (25.5 ± 2.2 kg) with use of a nonthoracotomy lead system that has previously been shown to distribute the delivered voltage throughout the heart more equally. Cathodal catheter electrodes were placed in the right ventricular apex and outflow tract. The anodal electrode was a large cutaneous R2 patch placed over the left side of the chest. The mean energy requirement for defibrillation when a single capacitor biphasic waveform was used was significantly less (6.4 ± 2.6 J) than that for either the double capacitor biphasic or the monophasic waveform (18.0 ± 8.0 and 17.4 ± 8.0 J, respectively) of the same duration. Unexpectedly, the leading edge voltage for the phase I of the single capacitor biphasic waveform was significantly less (266 ± 51 V) than that for either the double capacitor biphasic or the monophasic waveform (336 ± 76 and 427 ± 117 V, respectively). In conclusion, in large dogs, defibrillation is possible at low energy levels with a single capacitor biphasic waveform.
Chemical behavior of short-lived tin fission products

Abstract The fractions of 40 min 123 Sn, 9·6 min 125 Sn, 4·4 min 127 Sn, 7·4 min 129 Sn and 40 sec 132 Sn formed as Sn(II) in aqueous 1 M HCl from thermal-neutron-induced fission of 235 U have been determined to be 0·50 ± 0·05, 0·69 ± 0·06, ∼0·7, ∼0·7, and ∼0·65, respectively. The fraction as Sn(II) from β-decay increases with mass number, possibly because of increasing recoil energy, and overlaps the fraction as Sn(II) of 0·6-∼ 0·7 for independently formed tin fission products. Thus, oxidation states are not useful measures of fractional independent yields for tin fission products. The fraction as Sn(II) for a number of the longer-lived tin fission products is essentially independent of temperature in the range of ∼0° to ∼25°C.
Simulation of high‐field transport in GaAs using a Monte Carlo method and pseudopotential band structures

We have performed a Monte Carlo simulation of high‐field transport in GaAs using a realistic band structure obtained by the empirical pseudopotential method. On this basis, a detailed study of the band structure dependence of impact ionization in GaAs is given. Our method avoids the use of the effective mass theorem or the Kane model of nonparabolicity, which are no longer accurate at high electron energies. We show (i) that the orientation dependence of the impact ionization rate is negligibly small, (ii) that the saturation velocity of electrons in GaAs is close to 6×106 cm/s at extremely high fields (this value is determined to a large extent by the band structure, and (iii) that the previous theories of impact ionization as given by Wolff, Shockley, and Baraff have numerous limitations.
Two-photon interference from separate quantum dots

We use strain to tune into resonance two different, remote quantum dots and show that the emitted photons will produce Hong-Ou-Mandel interference.
A dynamic inline sample thermoregulation unit for flow cytometry.

Background Flow cytometry is a valuable tool for the study of cellular and molecular interactions. We sought to develop instrumentation that would allow accurate and precise inline dynamic temperature control of flow cytometry samples in order to expand the analytical capabilities of flow cytometry. Methods Using a temperature controller, DC power supply, and a Peltier module, we designed a temperature control circuit that regulates the temperature of a heat transfer block. The heat transfer block surrounds the sample line to efficiently heat and cool the sample. We attached DNA oligomers to microspheres and observed the denaturation of fluorescently labeled complementary oligomers to verify that the sample was achieving the desired temperature. Results The inline thermoregulation unit can ramp between 30 and 95°C (>2°C per second) within 30 s repeatedly. The accuracy of the instrument was verified by comparing the observed melting temperatures of the oligomer sets to the predicted values. These values varied within 6% of the predicted and were reproducible over a variety of conditions. Conclusions The apparatus we constructed accurately and dynamically controls the sample temperature of inline samples. Flow cytometers equipped with our inline thermoregulation unit will be able to conveniently use temperature as a robust experimental parameter. Cytometry 43:23–30, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relationship between confabulation and measures of memory and executive function

Confabulation has traditionally been attributed to a combination of memory impairment and executive dysfunction, but recent models propose that confabulation can result from executive dysfunction alone. One hundred and ten patients with diverse neurologic and psychiatric diagnoses were subdivided into high-, low-, and non-confabulator groups based upon the ratio of confabulations to total responses produced during story recall. Consistent with the combined deficit model, high-confabulators performed significantly worse than the low- and non-confabulators on measures of memory and measures of executive function that assess sustained attention, mental tracking, and set-shifting ability. However, there were no differences between groups on measures of problem-solving, concept formation, and verbal fluency, suggesting a dissociation in executive functions that contribute to confabulation.
New evidence concerning fatal crashes of passenger vehicles before and after adding antilock braking systems

Fatal crash rates for passenger cars and vans were compared for the last model year before four-wheel antilock brakes were introduced and the first model year for which antilock brakes were standard equipment. A prior study, based on fatal crash experience through 1995, reported that vehicle models with antilock brakes were more likely than identical but 1-year-earlier models to be involved in crashes fatal to their own occupants, but were less likely to be involved in crashes fatal to occupants of other vehicles. Overall, there was no significant effect of antilocks on the likelihood of fatal crashes. Similar analyses, based on fatal crash experience during 1996-98, yielded very different results. During 1996-98, vehicles with antilock brakes were again less likely than earlier models to be involved in crashes fatal to occupants of other vehicles, but they were no longer overinvolved in crashes fatal to their own occupants.