cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midinfrared power delivery through chalcogenide glass-clad optical fibers

Chalcogenide glass cladded optical fibers of As-S-Se core/As-S cladding compositions are being developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. Results of testing these fibers for high power transmission in the 2 - 6 micrometers wavelength region using various laser sources are presented. These sources include a CW CO laser (5.4 micrometers ) and a pulsed OPO (2 - 4 micrometers ). In addition, telluride glass fibers (transmission from 3 - 12 micrometers ) have been tested with CW CO 2 laser input. Power handling capability has been assessed during laser irradiation by both visual observation of fiber endfaces using a microscope/camera apparatus and by measuring any reduction in power transmission.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF APPLE PHENOLICS FROM POSTHARVEST STAGES FOR POTENTIAL TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT USING IN VITRO MODELS

ABSTRACT An increasing number of studies indicate that regular intake of fruits and vegetables have clear links to reduced risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effects in many cases have been attributed to the phenolic and antioxidant content of the fruits and vegetables. Apples are a major source of fiber and contain good dietary phenolics with antioxidant function. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that intake of apples reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Our studies indicate that this reduced risk is potentially because of the modulation of postprandial glucose increase by phenolics present in apples via inhibition ofα-glucosidase. Phenolic content was evaluated during 3 months of postharvest storage of four varieties of apples and results indicated positive linkage to enhanced postharvest preservation andα-glucosidase inhibition. These in vitro results along with existing epidemiological studies provide strong biochemical rationale for further animal or human clinical studies. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The understanding of phenolic-linked antioxidant enzyme responses during postharvest storage of apples has implications for using the same phenolic functional ingredients toward health benefits such as α-glucosidase inhibition linked to glycemic index control associated with type 2 diabetes. Therefore strategies to understand phenolic-linked postharvest preservation and natural treatments to extend this preservation in selected varieties, such as McIntosh and Cortland in this study, can be basis for food ingredient design for health benefits. These strategies can then be extended to prolong postharvest preservation and enhance phenolic linked human health benefits of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.
p/sup +/-AlInAs/InP junction FETs by selective molecular beam epitaxy

p/sup +/-AlInAs/InP junction field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated in semi-insulating InP:Fe using ion implantation and a selective molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) technique. Current-voltage measurements on 4.0- mu m gate-length devices show a zero-gate-bias transconductance of 41 mS/mm, and RF measurements indicate a unity-power-gain frequency of 3.2 GHz. These results indicate that the selective growth method is a viable technique for fabricating high-frequency, high-power junction FETs in the InP-based materials system. >
Automated Scoring of Teachers’ Open-Ended Responses to Video Prompts: Bringing the Classroom-Video-Analysis Assessment to Scale

In this study, we explored the potential for machine scoring of short written responses to the Classroom-Video-Analysis (CVA) assessment, which is designed to measure teachers’ usable mathematics t...
The properties of antisera to bovine testicular hyaluronidase.

Abstract Bovine testicular hyaluronidase contained a minimum of seven antigenic components, one or more of which was present on the head portion of bovine sperm. This accounted for the sperm agglutination in a head to head manner by the antiserum. Hyaluronidase can be purified by column chromatography to a single antigenic component. The possibility of fertility control by hyaluronidase immunization is discussed.
Inertial collection of fine particles using a high-volume rectangular geometry conventional impactor

Abstract This paper presents the development and evaluation of a high-volume rectangular geometry conventional impactor. Operating with a preselective inlet that removes particles larger than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic size, the impactor has been designed to sample ambient fine particles in the accumulation mode range (0.1
A very thin thick superatomic Boolean algebra

The existence of a very thin thick superatomic Boolean algebra is consistent with the axioms of set theory.
The effects of brain bilirubin deposition on auditory brain stem evoked responses in rats

Auditory brain stem evoked responses (ABR) in newborn infants are altered by elevated serum bilirubin levels and may be used as an indicator of bilirubin toxicity. The hypothesis of our study was that hyperbilirubinemia may affect ABR's because of bilirubin deposition in the brain stem. We examined this hypothesis by studying 21 male adult rats divided into three groups: group A, control (n = 8); group B, low bilirubin (n = 6); and group C, high bilirubin (n = 7). Each experimental group was studied over 150 min. The control group received a buffer solution. The low bilirubin group received a low dose bilirubin bolus of 50 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion of 20 mg/kg/h. The high bilirubin group received a bolus of 100 mg/kg bilirubin followed by continuous infusion of 40 mg/kg/h. All groups received sulfisoxazole (50 mg/kg X 3) during the second hour of the study. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded at 0 and 150 min. At the end of the study, the brains were analyzed for bilirubin content. Bilirubin deposition in the 3 groups was 0.6 +/- 0.28 micrograms/g, 0.93 +/- 0.07 micrograms/g and 3.2 +/- 2.2 micrograms/g for the control, low bilirubin and high bilirubin groups, respectively. Bilirubin deposition in the brain was associated with a significant amplitude reduction of Wave I and III, but had no effect on absolute latencies and interpeak latencies. Very high brain bilirubin concentrations were associated with absence of Waves I and IV. Wave I was also significantly reduced in the low bilirubin group where there was slightly increased bilirubin deposition in the brain. We conclude that ABR changes in the form of wave amplitude reduction were associated with brain stem and cerebellum bilirubin deposition. We speculate that previously reported observations of abnormal ABR changes in hyperbilirubinemic newborn infants are associated with bilirubin deposition.
D:B-friedoolean-3,5-oxide in Rhododendron macrophyllum☆

Abstract The triterpenoid epoxide present in the title plant has been isolated previously from species of Dendropanax and other Rhododendrons and given different names, i.e. epoxyglutinane, dendropanoxide, and possibly campanulin. Previously conflicting evidence regarding the position of the epoxide group and the nomenclature of the compound have now been clarified.
The posterior cruciate ligament arthroscopic evaluation and treatment

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is an anatomically and biomechanically complex structure. PCL injuries are reported to occur in 1-40% of acute knee injuries, with isolated PCL tears less common that PCL tears combined with other ligament injuries. Diagnosis of PCL injuries requires a high index of suspicion, careful physical examination, imaging studies, and systematic arthroscopic evaluation. Surgical reconstruction is recommended for acute PCL tears combined with other ligament or structural injuries, and when there is a negative tibial step off in an isolated PCL tear. Isolated acute PCL tears with a positive tibial step off or flat tibial step off may be treated with rehabilitation and observation and reconstructed later if symptomatic. Arthroscopic techniques of PLC reconstruction are becoming more refined and reproducible and may increase the predictability of this surgery. Carefully documented pre- and postoperative evaluations are required to judge the effectiveness of PCL reconstructive procedures.
The French National Front: A Comparison between Elected Officials' Assessments of Popular Support for the French National Front and Public Opinion Polls

Abstract Many studies on right-wing extremist parties have focused on socio-economic and structural factors to determine why citizens vote for the extreme right. However, no analysis has yet solicited the opinions of elected officials of non-far-rightist parties on relevant factors related to support for extremist parties. Based on a survey of 30 members of the National Assembly, the Senate and the European Parliament, this paper engages in this quest and compares politicians' opinions on indicators such as a (perceived) loss of French national identity, immigration and variables related to the presence of foreigners such as crime and unemployment, with those of the general public. This research goal is to find out whether there are discrepancies between elected politicians of non-rightist parties and the general public. The results highlight some contradictions. Politicians perceive, on average, a loss of national identity as the least important indicator and illegal immigration as the most pressing fact...
SCVIR Annual Meeting Film Panel Session: Diagnosis and Discussion of Case 7

A 74-year-old man underwent Dacron tube graft surgical repair of a large infrarenal aortic aneurysm. Eleven months thereafter, he presented with weight loss, anorexia, and left sciatic pain. Physical examination demonstrated a tender, pulsatile, midabdominal mass. Laboratory studies revealed a leukocytosis of 18,000 L. Images from abdominal computed tomography (CT) (Fig 1) and frontal and lateral abdominal aortography (Fig 2) are presented.
Existe uma terceira via? uma resposta à "terceira via" de Giddens

The book by Anthony Giddens proposing a "third way" to be adopted by contemporary societies is discussed, it is hold that Giddens' positions are less original than he supposes, and at several points are similar to well-established proposals of the continental Christian Democracy.
Bangladesh pharmaceutical policy and politics

An analysis of the politics of Bangladesh pharmaceutical policy in the 1980s shows how significant health policy reforms in developing countries depend on political conditions both inside and outside the country. Bangladesh's drug policy of 1982 illustrates that governments can sometimes change public policy in ways unfavourable to multinational corporations, while the failed health policy reform of 1990 shows that reforms unfavourable to powerful domestic interest groups can be more difficult to achieve, even contributing to a government's downfall. The case provides evidence of basic changes in how the international agenda for health policy is set, especially the growing role of non-governmental organizations in international agencies and national policy debates. Understanding the political patterns of policy reform in Bangladesh has important implications for strategies to affect health policy in developing countries.
The Failings of Argentina’s Reform Program: A View from the Municipal and Housing Sectors

Abstract The reform program implemented in Argentina a decade ago became emblematic of how neo-liberal policies could bring about miraculous economic recovery. Thus, the recent collapse of Argentina’s economy has called into question the sustainability of the neo-liberal development model adopted by most Latin American countries during the 1990s. By examining Argentina’s municipal and housing policies during the past decade, this paper brings some insights into the failings of Argentina’s reform program. The analysis indicates that, as a result of a narrow focus on economic growth and macroeconomic performance, Argentina’s reform program failed to address the challenges faced within individual sectors. The paper also indicates that poverty alleviation and other social objectives were relegated to less importance than economic objectives, and were not purposely sought in the context of sector policies. The downfall of Argentina’s economy is particularly grim in view of mounting unemployment, increased income disparities, and other social costs resulting from the reform program, and should reminds us of the risks of forgoing social objectives for the sake of macroeconomic performance.
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING'S “FAMILY DISEASE”: ANOREXIA NERVOSA

What was Elizabeth Barrett Browning's mysterious and variously diagnosed “disease”? This study reviews biographical material in the light of modern family systems theory and develops a hypothesis that Elizabeth Barrett lived with her family of origin in “anorectic transaction”, and that chronic anorexia nervosa was embedded in the Victorian poet's lifestyle. The characteristics of anorectic families: enmeshment, overprotection, rigidity, and lack of conflict resolution, are shown to have been abundantly present in Barrett family patterns. Robert Browning is compared with a family therapist whose interventions restructure a system and free the anorectic from her dysfunctional symptom.
Overtaking & receding vehicle detection for driver assistance and naturalistic driving studies

Although on-road vehicle detection is a well-researched area, overtaking and receding vehicle detection with respect to (w.r.t) the ego-vehicle is less addressed. In this paper, the authors present a novel appearance-based method for detecting both overtaking and receding vehicles w.r.t the ego-vehicle. The proposed method is based on Haar-like features that are classified using Adaboost-cascaded classifiers, which result in detection windows that are tracked in two directions temporally to detect overtaking and receding vehicles. A detailed and novel evaluation method is presented with 51 overtaking and receding events occurring in 27000 video frames. Additionally, an analysis of the detected events is presented, specifically for naturalistic driving studies (NDS) to characterize the overtaking and receding events during a drive. To the best knowledge of the authors, this automated analysis of overtaking/receding events for NDS is a first of its kind in literature.
RISE: Relational-Integrity-Sensitive-Encoding and data aggregation for intrusion detection

Attacks aim at exploiting vulnerabilities of a program to gain control over its execution. By analyzing the program semantics, relational integrity, and execution paths, this paper presents a relationalintegrity approach to enhance the effectiveness of intrusion detection and prevention systems for malicious program traits. The basic idea is to first identify the main relational properties of program statements with respect to variables and operations like load and store and, then, to decide which relations could be checked through program statements or the guards inserted at the vulnerable points of program. These relational statements are represented by ordered binary decisions diagrams that are constructed for the entire program as well as the overlapping code partitions. When a host-based intrusion detection system monitors the execution of a program by checking the system calls of a process or the function calls of a driver, it may generate alerts for potential exploits. This paper also addresses data aggregation of alerts by considering their attributes and various probability distribution functions, where the Dempster's rule of combination is extended to aggregate data for dependent evidences as well.
Dramatic end to Galileo mission to Jupiter

Galileo, a workhorse NASA spacecraft that overcame numerous technical difficulties to provide important discoveries about the Jovian system, ended its 14-year, 4.6 billion-km mission by plunging into Jupiter's atmosphere on 21 September. With the 5.3-m-high spacecraft running low on propellant, navigators set its final trajectory to avoid any potential impact or contamination of Europa, a Jovian moon that was found during the mission to likely harbor a sub-surface ocean.
Corruption and Investment Choices: A Panel Data Study

SUMMARY There is evidence in the literature that corruption lowers the level of investment and the productivity of capital stock in an economy. This paper extends the literature by presenting evidence that investment allocation decisions are affected in a significant way by corruption. The most commonly used measure of the efficiency of overall investment in an economy is the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR), measured by the ratio of gross investment to the change in the gross domestic product. The inverse of the ICOR measures the productivity of investment in an economy. When the known explanatory factors for inter-country variation in the ICOR are taken into account, the incidence of corruption has a statistically significant negative effect on the efficiency of investment for a panel of 90–140 countries during 1995–2004. The strength of this effect increases with the incidence of corruption. The econometric model used is robust to unobserved and time-invariant country fixed effects, feedbacks from current stochastic shocks to subsequent values of the determinants of investment efficiency, and the persistence of efficiency.
Narcolepsy: New Understanding of Irresistible Sleep

Recently, low levels of a newly identified neuropeptide, hypocretin 1, were described in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy. This neurochemical finding furthers our understanding of this enigmatic sleep disorder typically characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Narcolepsy appears to be fundamentally related to abnormally regulated rapid eye movement sleep. The diagnosis of this disorder remains challenging because of multiple other conditions that can cause daytime sleepiness and the difficulties in recognizing cataplexy based on patient report. The role of hypocretins in narcolepsy is unclear but intriguing because the cell bodies are restricted to the lateral hypothalamus, a brain region long associated with sleep regulation, with neuronal widespread projections to areas including the locus ceruleus, ventral tegmental area, amygdala, and dorsal raphe. Hypocretins potentially modulate the activity of monoamines and acetylcholine, and therefore their absence leads to the multiple symptoms of narcolepsy. This article reviews the current understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy and discusses the possible implications of the hypocretin discovery.
FISSION CROSS SECTION OF URANIUM-234

The neutron-induced fission cross section of ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$ has been measured from threshold to 4-Mev neutron energy, using the $T(p, n)$ reaction with a tritium gas target, and the Oak Ridge 5-Mev Van de Graaff. The curve rises from threshold at 350 kev to 1.3 barns at 4 Mev. There is a minimum at 1.08 Mev and another at 2.30 Mev. These dips are about 13 percent and 7 percent, respectively, of the cross section at these points. Statistics in these regions are sufficient to establish the fact that the minima are real to a probability of ${10}^{9}$ relative to a "best fit" curve with no extrema.
Deficits in luminous flux discrimination by cats with lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum

Abstract (1) Intact cats and cats relearning or initially learning after bilateral ablation of the superior colliculus-pretectum were trained on a simple flux discrimination in a straight maze where the stimuli were either immediately side by side at the end of the runway or were separated by an opaque barrier. (2) After ablation of the superior colliculus-pretectum, each preoperatively trained cat had a significant deficit in retention of the luminous flux discrimination regardless of whether or not the stimuli were separated by a barrier or whether the correct stimulus was darker or lighter than the incorrect stimulus. (3) Under each of the different training conditions, every cat learning the flux discrimination initially after ablation of the superior colliculus-pretectum was retarded in comparison with intact cats. (4) The severity of the postoperative learning deficit correlated highly with the total extent of the lesion in the superior colliculus and pretectum.
Significance of a negative exercise thallium test in the presence of a critical residual stenosis after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUNDAfter thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction, increasing emphasis is placed on early submaximal exercise testing, with further intervention advocated only for demonstrable ischemia. Although significant residual coronary artery lesions after successful thrombolysis are common, many patients paradoxically have no corresponding provokable ischemia.METHODS AND RESULTSThe relation between significant postthrombolytic residual coronary artery disease and a negative early, submaximal exercise thallium-201 tomogram was studied among 101 consecutive patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction and at least 70% residual stenosis of the infarct artery. A negative test occurred in 49 (48.5%) patients with a mean 88% residual infarct artery stenosis. Further characteristics of the group were as follows: mean time to treatment was 3.1 hours; mean age was 54 +/- 10 years; 80% were male; 47% had anterior infarction; 39% had multivessel disease; mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 53 ...
A Biomechanical Study of Periacetabular Defects and Cement Filling

Abstract Periacetabular bone metastases cause severe pain and functional disability in cancer patients. Percutaneous acetabuloplasty (PCA) is a minimally invasive, image-guided procedure whereby cement is injected into lesion sites. Pain relief and functional restoration have been observed clinically; however, neither the biomechanical consequences of the lesions nor the effectiveness of the PCA technique are well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate how periacetabular lesion size, cortex involvement, and cement modulus affect pelvic bone stresses and strains under single-legged stance loading. Experiments were performed on a male cadaver pelvis under conditions of intact, periacetabular defect, and cement-filling with surface strains recorded at three strain gage locations. The experimental data were then employed to validate three-dimensional finite element models of the same pelvis, developed using computed tomography data. The models demonstrated that increases in cortical stresses were highest along the posterior column of the acetabulum, adjacent to the defect. Cortical stresses were more profoundly affected in the presence of transcortical defects, as compared to those involving only trabecular bone. Cement filling with a modulus of 2.2 GPa was shown to restore cortical stresses to near intact values, while a decrease in cement modulus due to inclusion of BaSO(4) reduced the restorative effect. Peak acetabular contact pressures increased less than 15% for all simulated defect conditions; however, the contact stresses were reduced to levels below intact in the presence of either cement filling. These results suggest that periacetabular defects may increase the vulnerability of the pelvis to fracture depending on size and cortical involvement and that PCA filling may lower the risk of periacetabular fractures.
Reduction of the body burden of PCBs and DDE by dietary intervention in a randomized trial

Serum polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Anniston, AL, residents have been associated with hypertension and diabetes. There have been no systematic interventions to reduce PCB body burdens in Anniston or other populations. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of 15 g/day of dietary olestra to reduce PCBs in Anniston residents. Blood PCBs and 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene were measured at baseline and 4-month intervals in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 1-year trial. Participants with elevated serum PCBs were randomized into two groups of 14 and received potato crisps made with olestra or vegetable oil (VO). Elimination rates during the study period were compared with 5-year prestudy rates. Eleven participants in the olestra group and 12 in the VO group completed the study. Except for one participant in the VO group, reasons for dropout were unrelated to treatments. The elimination rate of 37 non-coplanar PCB congeners during the 1-year trial was faster during olestra consumption compared to the pretrial period (-0.0829 ± 0.0357 and -0.00864 ± 0.0116 year(-1), respectively; P=.04), but not during VO consumption (-0.0413 ± 0.0408 and -0.0283 ± 0.0096 year(-1), respectively; P=.27). The concentration of PCBs in two olestra group participants decreased by 27% and 25% during the trial. There was no significant time by group interaction in change from baseline. However, group main effects for total PCBs and PCB 153 were of borderline significance. This pilot study has demonstrated that olestra can safely reduce body burdens of PCBs and supports a larger intervention trial that may also determine whether reduction in PCBs will reduce the risk of hypertension and diabetes.
Monolayers with One Component of Variable Solubility: Studies of Lysophosphocholine/DPPC Mixtures

We have examined the effects of lysophosphocholines on dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) monolayers compressed through the liquid-expanded/liquid-condensed coexistence region. Isotherms and the shapes of liquid-condensed domains revealed three consistent behavioral regimes based on lysolipid chain length. Group I lysolipids (C8 through C12) desorb readily from the interface upon compression, as shown by isotherm results, and produce little effect on DPPC domain shape. Group II lysolipids (C14 and C16) remain kinetically trapped at the interface upon compression and show hints of line activity toward DPPC domains. Both group II and group I lysolipids exhibit a high-pressure transition in domain shape reported previously for mixtures of DPPC and charged surfactants. Finally, group III lysolipids (C18 through C22), which are insoluble, strongly affect DPPC isotherms as well as domain shapes; the lysolipid exhibits significant line activity, resulting in noncompact, extended domains. All of these results are d...
The Rate of Machine Milking of Dairy Cows. II. Effect of Vacuum and Pulsation Rate

Summary Eighteen randomly selected slow-milking cows were milked with a machine operated at various vacuum levels (10, 12.5, and 15) and pulsation rates (20, 50, and 80) for a 27-day experimental period. The nine treatments were assigned at random at the start of each of the three replications included in the above experimental period. Increasing the vacuum level increased the speed of milking and the effect was greater from 10 to 12.5 than from 12.5 to 15 in. Increasing the pulsation rate increased the speed of milking, but the magnitude of its effect was much less than that of increasing the vacuum. Most of the effect of pulsation on increasing the speed of milking occurred from 20 to 50. Increasing the pulsation rate appeared to be more important at low levels of vacuum than it was at high-vacuum levels. Most of the effects of vacuum and pulsation on increasing milking rate were additive. A few treatment interaction terms were significant. In these cases the increases in milking rate expected, had the effects of vacuum and pulsation been additive, were not obtained as a result of this interaction. Changing the vacuum level or pulsation rate affected the cows differently. In general, increasing the vacuum or pulsation caused greater increases in milking rate, percentage-wise, for the slowest-milking group of cows than it did for the fastest-milking group of cows.
A PDGF-regulated immediate early gene response initiates neuronal differentiation in ventricular zone progenitor cells

When exposed to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), uncommitted neuroepithelial cells from the developing cortex of embryonic day 14 (E14) rats develop into neurons. Outward signs of the neuronal phenotype are not observed for 4 days following exposure to PDGF. However, only a brief (2-3 hr) period of PDGF receptor activation is required to initiate neuronal development. During the window of receptor activation, RNA synthesis is essential, but protein synthesis is not. These observations indicate that specification of neuronal fate is mediated by an immediate early gene response.
The computer industry in the third world: Policy options and constraints

Abstract The paper examines the conditions for the development of an indigenous computer industry in Third World countries. It argues that, within the existing international division of labor in the industry, the opportunities for local computer production are limited for most developing countries. Increasing levels of automation are likely to result in diminished competitiveness for any but the largest manufacturers. Only countries with large internal markets can expect to sustain an integrated computer manufacturing base. For most countries, a niche-oriented approach concentrating on the development of software and the configuration of systems for local and possibly regional vertical markets is apt to be the most viable entry strategy. Selective backward integration into hardware manufacture may be possible, but the types of equipment manufactured locally must be carefully selected with a view not only to the potential domestic market, but also to the suitability of the existing infrastructure and supplier networks to support cost-effective manufacture. For the establishment of an industry which is at least semi-autonomous technologically, policymakers need to take measures to strengthen the R&D infrastructure, to upgrade scientific and technical education, and to induce those nationals working for computer multinationals, whether at home or abroad, to start up their own local computer ventures. Skilled and experienced computer specialists as well as a computer literate population are perhaps the two most valuable assets for the development of an indigenous computer industry.
Grid generation by elliptic partial differential equations for a tri-element Augmentor-Wing airfoil

The Augmentor-Wing is a promising new development in airfoils for transport aircraft. It consists of a main airfoil with a slotted trailing-edge for blowing, and two smaller airfoils shrouding the blowing jet. Impressive short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) results have been observed in flight, and both wind-tunnel tests and computational studies predict remarkably low drag in the cruise configuration. Two separate efforts to numerically simulate the flow about this airfoil in the cruise configuration are being pursued. One uses an unsteady viscous flow-solver, and the other a transonic full-potential approach. The inviscid full-potential approach will be used as a preliminary design tool to test a variety of configurations because of its relatively high speed; the viscous flow-solver will be used as a design verification tool to supplement experimental testing. The grid-generation program GRAPE has been adapted to satisfy the significantly different needs of these two studies. The flow field is divided into zones, and continuity of grid lines and their slopes across zonal boundaries is assured. In addition, grid cell size and skewness at the body boundaries is controlled. This new application of grid generation by elliptic partial differential equations for this ''real-world,'' multielement problem is described.
Convective heat transfer at a stretching sheet

Analysis of convection flow and heat transfer of a viscous heat-generating fluid near an infinite vertical stretching surface is carried out. The effects of free convection and the presence of heat generation/absorption on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are considered. The equations of conservation of momentum, mass, and energy, which govern the flow and heat transfer problem, are solved numerically by using a variable order, variable step size finite-difference method. The numerical results obtained for the flow and heat transfer characteristics reveal many interesting behaviors. These behaviors warrant further study of the effects of free convection on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.
Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Work

This article examines the short- and long-term consequences of working during adolescence. Negative short-term effects are found in the domains of school, family and friend bonding, beliefs, and substance use. A few of these effects persist into adulthood. Those who work more years during adolescence report higher rates of alcohol and marijuana use and less conventional beliefs at ages 27 and 28. A long-term beneficial effect is that the duration of early work is positively related to employability in adulthood.
PROMOÇÃO DE INTERVENÇÕES NÃO-FARMACOLÓGICAS PARA TRATAR HIPERTENSÃO ARTERIAL

In the first part of this review, definition, prevalence, historical evolution and general principles of nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertesion are discussed. Then, rational basis and behavioural strategies to relieve reduction of obesity, ingestion of salt or alcohol, sedentarism, emotional stress and smoking are presented. Finally, the role of other dietary factors and combined therapy is considered, specially the integration of these therapies in a multidisciplinary approache to the patient with high blood pressure.
Diet of Burbot in Green Bay and Western Lake Michigan With Comparison to Other Waters

We determined foods eaten and factors influencing the diet of burbot (Lota lota) and compared our results with those of other studies to help assess the role of burbot in the fish community of Lake Michigan. We examined stomachs of 3,570 burbot of 215–845 mm total length caught by 10 methods from 5 areas of Green Bay and western Lake Michigan in depths of 1 to 160 m during September 1986 to November 1988. Fish composed 94% of the volume of the diet; percent volumes of fish identifiable to genus or species were alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), 31; rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), 25; bloater (Coregonus hoyi), 13; sculpins of the genus, Cottus, 11; deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), 8; yellow perch (Perca flavescens), 8; other fish, 5. Cottus spp. were more important than their volume indicated because they were the most frequently occurring fish. Important invertebrates were Mysis relicta, found in 26% of the burbot containing food, and Pontoporeia hoyi. The diet varied with size of burbot, i.e., invertebrates were more important for the smaller burbot, and with area and depth of capture. Alewives were more important at depths of 20–39 m than at shallower and deeper depths. In waters exceeding 40 m depth the diet of burbot in Lake Michigan seemed to have changed little since the 1930s, and it was similar to the diet of burbot in Lake Superior in the 1960s. Foods commonly important for burbot in many waters in North America are sculpins, coregonids other than lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), Pontoporeia spp., M. relicta, and yellow perch, and crayfish outside of the Great Lakes. Trout and salmon (Salmo spp., Salvelinus spp., Oncorhynchus spp.) and suckers (Catostomus spp.) were inconsequential in the diet of burbot in Lake Michigan, and they have not been found to be important in the diet of burbot in other studies.
The influence of season, photoperiod, and pineal melatonin on immune function.

In addition to the well-documented seasonal cycles of mating and birth, there are also significant seasonal cycles of illness and death among many animal populations. Challenging winter conditions (i.e., low ambient temperature and decreased food availability) can directly induce death via hypothermia, starvation, or shock. Coping with these challenges can also indirectly increase morbidity and mortality by increasing glucocorticoid secretion, which can compromise immune function. Many environmental challenges are recurrent and thus predictable; animals could enhance survival, and presumably increase fitness, if they could anticipate immunologically challenging conditions in order to cope with these seasonal threats to health. The annual cycle of changing photoperiod provides an accurate indicator of time of year and thus allows immunological adjustments prior to the deterioration of conditions. Pineal melatonin codes day length information. Short day lengths enhance several aspects of immune function in laboratory studies, and melatonin appears to mediate many of the enhanced immunological effects of photoperiod. Generally, field studies report compromised immune function during the short days of autumn and winter. The conflict between laboratory and field data is addressed with a multifactor approach. The evidence for seasonal fluctuations in lymphatic tissue size and structure, as well as immune function and disease processes, is reviewed. The role of pineal melatonin and the hormones regulated by melatonin is discussed from an evolutionary and adaptive functional perspective. Finally, the clinically significance of seasonal fluctuations in immune function is presented. Taken together, it appears that seasonal fluctuations in immune parameters, mediated by melatonin, could have profound effects on the etiology and progression of diseases in humans and nonhuman animals. An adaptive functional perspective is critical to gain insights into the interaction among melatonin, immune function, and disease processes.
Germanimum: Organometallic Chemistry

This article provides an overview of germanium organometallic chemistry from 1994 to 2007. Major advances in the formation and breaking of GeC bonds are discussed as are advances in the physical characterization of these compounds. Recent advances in the formation of organogermanium species containing multiple bonds to germanium and the formation of germanium-centered radicals and cations are delineated. Applications to the synthesis of germanium-containing polymers are overviewed. Keywords: organogermanium; organogermane; germane; germylene; germylyne
SEAS: A Secure and Efficient Anonymity Scheme for Low-Cost RFID Tags

In this paper, we propose SEAS, a novel privacy preserving, anonymous authentication scheme for RFID tags, which allows the tags to use pseudonyms instead of their true identity for authentication. Using SEAS, a tag generates random numbers and uses them to create a pseudonym as its identity for authentication. The pseudonym does not reveal the identity of the tag and the pseudonyms of multiple authentications appear random and uncorrelated to the adversary. A pseudonym can only be deciphered by the back-end authentication authority to identify the tag. No other entity in the network can link the pseudonym to the identity of the tag. Our scheme is efficient, with a tag needing to perform only simple operations such as XOR, bits shifting, bits concatenation, and random number generation. We perform security analysis of our scheme to show its effectiveness against different forms of attacks. We also perform comparison of our scheme with existing schemes in terms of efficiency in the use of resources. Our scheme performs effectively, while at the same time being better than the other popular schemes in the literature in terms of cost and computation efficiency.
Physical characterisation of the wheat protein purothionin

The α- and β-purothionins, which differ slightly in amino acid composition and have slightly different mobilities in gel electrophoresis, were not different in other physical properties. Molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium were 5100 and 5300, respectively, by osmotic pressure, 6100, and by gel permeation chromatography, about 7500. Circular dichroism (c.d.) spectra were compatible with about 40% α-helical structure for the purothionins. An unusually strong negative band near 268 nm was found in the near-u.v. region of the c.d. spectrum. The optical activity in this region may be attributed primarily to the high disulphide content of the molecule, since the purothionins contain no tryptophan and only a single tyrosine residue which appears to contribute some fine structure in the 270 to 290 nm region of the c.d. spectrum. The u.v.-fluorescence spectrum was characteristic of tyrosine, but the low quantum yield was indicative of quenching by disulphide or other groups in the protein. An intrinsic viscosity of 2.7 cc/g suggests a compactly folded, globular structure for the purothionins. Mobilities of 11 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 at pH 3.1 and 7.2 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 at pH 8.6 were obtained from free-boundary electrophoresis.
Accuracy of Electronic Surveillance of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection at an Academic Medical Center

Objective. To develop and validate a methodology for electronic surveillance of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).Design. Diagnostic accuracy study.Setting. A 425-bed university hospital.Subjects. A total of 1,695 unique inpatient encounters from November 2009 through November 2010 with a high clinical suspicion of CAUTI.Methods. An algorithm was developed to identify incident CAUTIs from electronic health records (EHRs) on the basis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance definition. CAUTIs identified by electronic surveillance were compared with the reference standard of manual surveillance by infection preventionists. To determine diagnostic accuracy, we created 2 × 2 tables, one unadjusted and one adjusted for misclassification using chart review and case adjudication. Unadjusted and adjusted test statistics (percent agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV], and κ) were calculated.Results. Ele...
Chemical studies on a skin-reactive fraction from short ragweed pollen.

Abstract 1.1. The preparation of a heat-stable, skin reactive substance from a water extract of short ragweed pollen is described. The method utilizes the following principles: (a) heating at pH 4.0–4.1, (b) adsorption on Al(OH) 3 cream, (e) release by a pH 7.4 M/15 phosphate buffer, and (d) precipitation by alcohol at 0° C. 2.2. The substance contains a protein component. Fourteen amino acids were quantitatively determined in fraction AA. 3.3. The substance contains a carbohydrate component. It is a polysaccharide containing hexose, pentose, hexuronic acid, but no hexosamine. 4.4. Spectrophotometric analysis in the ultraviolet shows the presence of small amounts of a flavanol pigment. 5.5. This substance is more skin reactive than whole ragweed pollen solutions of the same nitrogen concentration. 6.6. The skin-reactive principle is a protein-carbohydrate complex.
An Adaptive LQ Controller for Tracking and Disturbance Rejection

A parameter estimator for discrete-time systems which utilizes known bounds on the system parameters is described. The algorithm is applied to an adaptive LQ controller for tracking and disturbance rejection based on the internal model principle.
New Toys for Nuclear Cardiologists

Gordon Liljestrand is credited with establishing modern nuclear cardiology as a noninvasive imaging modality in 1939.1 Table summarizes major technological advancements in myocardial perfusion imaging over the past 70 years that have led to more accurate assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Most of these technical advances have involved radioisotopes and computer software. Camera hardware has undergone relatively little change since the introduction of the gamma camera, also commonly referred to as the scintillation camera, by Hal Anger in 1958.2 The gamma camera has performed admirably as the workhorse for myocardial perfusion imaging over the years but has several limitations. Sensitivity and resolution are modest. Imaging is inefficient as the heart occupies only a small portion of the field of view. Imaging places several demands on the patient, requiring relatively long imaging times (8 to 12 minutes) while lying motionless on a narrow, hard table with one or both arms fully abducted to minimize the distance between the patient's chest and the rotating detectors. The relatively long imaging times require administration of fairly high doses of radioisotopes with attendant higher radiation exposure, an issue of increasing medical and societal concern.3 View this table: Table. Developments in Nuclear Cardiology Article see p 51 In the past few years, there have been tremendous advances in gamma camera technology due to the replacement of the conventional sodium iodide (NaI)-based systems with solid-state detectors using cesium iodide coupled to photodiodes or novel semiconductor-based detectors using cadmium zinc telluride (CZT). The most promising of these new technologies is the CZT detector, which directly converts gamma radiation to an electronic pulse and thereby eliminates the need for a scintillating crystal and photomultiplier tubes. The CZT detector is substantially smaller than a NaI-based detector. In addition, the CZT detector offers substantially better energy resolution and spatial resolution than …
Ukranian Liquid Crystal Society

Abstract The Third Ukrainian Liquid Crystal Conference, was held in Kiev, at the Institute of Physics, 10 and 11 January, 1995. More than 50 delegates, representing 12 liquid crystal scientific and industrial groups working in the Ukraine, discussed the latest achievements in physics, chemistry and application of liquid crystals.
Global gene expression and the role of sigma factors in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in interactions with epithelial cells.

Like many bacterial pathogens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae must adapt to environmental changes in order to successfully colonize and proliferate in a new host. Modulation of gene expression in response to environmental signals is an efficient mechanism used by bacteria to achieve this goal. Using DNA microarrays and a tissue culture model for gonococcal infection, we examined global changes in gene expression in N. gonorrhoeae in response to adherence to host cells. Among those genes induced upon adherence to human epithelial cells in culture was rpoH, which encodes a homolog of the heat shock sigma factor, σ32 (RpoH), as well as genes of the RpoH regulon, groEL and groES. Attempts to construct an rpoH null mutant in N. gonorrhoeae were unsuccessful, suggesting that RpoH is essential for viability of N. gonorrhoeae. The extracytoplasmic sigma factor, RpoE (σE), while known to regulate rpoH in other bacteria, was found not to be necessary for the up-regulation of rpoH in gonococci upon adherence to host cells. To examine the role of RpoH in host cell interactions, an N. gonorrhoeae strain conditionally expressing rpoH was constructed. The results of our experiments showed that while induction of rpoH expression is not necessary for adherence of gonococci to epithelial cells, it is important for the subsequent invasion step, as gonococci depleted for rpoH invade cells two- to threefold less efficiently than a wild-type strain. Taken together, these results indicate that σ32, but not σE, is important for the response of gonococci in the initial steps of an infection.
Measurement Methods of Moisture in Building Envelopes - A Literature Review

This article reviews the methods, principles, and performances of moisture measurement in building envelopes with a focus on continuous monitoring applications. It compiles an extensive list of closely related literature. Brief examples are presented to demonstrate measurement values and a presentation approach for measured electric-resistance data. Moisture measurement methods have various capabilities. Some methods can quantify moisture content for some building materials such as timber, while also providing comparative values or changes in wetness conditions for other building materials. Other methods are used to warn of excessive wetness conditions in the envelope, particularly in hidden or difficult-to-access areas. Reviewed methods are grouped according to the measurement principle: for example, resistance, voltage, and thermal-based methods. Resistance and voltage-based sensors are most suitable for continuous monitoring applications as they can be readily connected to a data logging system. Voltag...