cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilingual self: Inspired by a recent trip to Peru

Funded by GATESOL, I had the privilege of presenting at the 2016 Peru TESOL conference in Arequipa. In this poem, I write about my inspiration of becoming fluent in Spanish by drawing on my interactions with and observations of locals and backpackers, non-native speakers of Spanish, in Cusco, Machu Picchu, Lima, and Ollataytambo beyond Arequipa during my extended 10-day stay in Peru. I describe how exhilarating it was to try out my limited Spanish and to watch crosslinguistic influences at work. In this poem, I write in all four languages of which I have varying proficiencies: Korean, English, Farsi, and Spanish in hopes to encourage teachers to allow multilingual students to draw on all linguistic repertories when learning in school (please see Ofelia Garcia and her colleagues’ work on translanguaging). Reference Garcia, O. Wei, L. (2015). Translanguaging, bilingualism and bilingual education. In W. E. Wright, S. Boun, & O. Garcia (Eds). The handbook of bilingual and multilingual education (pp. 223-240).
Comparative analysis of viral entry for Asian and African lineages of Zika virus

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen with global health and economic impacts. ZIKV circulates as two major lineages, Asian or African. The Asian lineage has recently been associated with significant disease in humans. Numerous studies have revealed differences between African and Asian ZIKV strains with respect to cellular infectivity, pathogenesis, and immune activation. Less is known about the mechanism of ZIKV entry and whether viral entry differs between strains. Here, we characterized ZIKV entry with two Asian and two African strains. All viruses exhibited a requirement for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Rab5a function. Additionally, all ZIKV strains tested were sensitive to pH in the range of 6.5-6.1 and were reliant on endosomal acidification for infection. Finally, we provide direct evidence that ZIKV primarily fuses with late endosomes. These findings contribute new insight into the ZIKV entry process and suggest that divergent ZIKV strains enter cells in a highly conserved manner.
Thyroglossal duct cyst: Factors affecting cosmetic outcome and recurrence.

BACKGROUND Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is the most common congenital abnormality in the neck in children. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of all cases of TDC surgically treated at a single institution and to evaluate the factors that influence the rate of recurrence, and the aesthetic outcome of the surgery on follow up. METHODS All cases of TDC surgically treated at the Department of Pediatric Surgery at Meyer Hospital from January 2005 to December 2016 were selected. Charts from 248 patients were reviewed and risk factors for recurrence evaluated. A questionnaire was submitted to the patients' parents to determine if postoperative complications were present and standardized neck pictures were requested, to evaluate the cosmetic result . Microsoft Office Excel 2007 for Windows and Graphpad Prism 6 were used for data management and statistical analysis. RESULTS Simple cyst excision and post-inflammatory fibrosis (P < 0.05) were assessed as important risk factors for the recurrence of TDC. Recurrence rate on Sistrunk procedure was 5%. Variables such as post-inflammatory fibrosis before surgery (P < 0.001), the positioning of a drain (P < 0.01) and the development of recurrence (P < 0.001), negatively influenced the cosmetic result. No thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma and no long-term postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS Recurrence rates were higher in patients who underwent simple cyst excision instead of the Sistrunk procedure, as already reported in literature. Presence of post-inflammatory fibrosis and positioning of the drain at surgery were associated with higher rates of recurrence, as well as worse cosmetic outcome.
Stochastic radionuclide distributions after a basaltic eruption for performance assessments of Yucca Mountain

The assessment of long-term isolation performance for a geologic repository requires the use of mathematical models that consider the probability and consequences of postulated disruptive scenarios...
Analyzing the Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Anti-platelet Therapy in Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Decision Analysis.

Current pretreatment guidelines for coronary angiography in unstable angina (UA) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) involve the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT: aspirin + adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12 inhibitor), whereas the use of triple antiplatelet therapy (TAPT: aspirin + ADP P2Y12 inhibitor + GpIIb/IIIa inhibitor) has limited data due to the increased bleeding risk. However, a study directly comparing the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of DAPT vs. TAPT has not been done. A decision analysis was constructed to determine the ideal pretreatment antiplatelet regimen for UA/NSTEMI patients. The parameters were calculated based on published randomized clinical trials. They consisted of probabilities based on a pretreatment strategy (DAPT, TAPT), interventions (percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), medical management), and 30-day outcomes (no event, bleeding, vascular event, death). A 10,000 run Monte Carlo simulation provided two outputs: estimated life-years extended and costs for each treatment modality. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were taken into consideration using calculated coefficients from the literature. The cost/QALY ratio was $1,923/QALY for DAPT vs. $4,734/QALY for TAPT. The use of DAPT for pretreatment was favored (2.46 more cost-effective than TAPT). These results will aid clinicians in providing the most clinically sound and fiscally responsible care for UA/NSTEMI patients.
The Biopolitics of Role Playing Disabled Making

To explore disability and participatory design practices, the article reviews curriculum for pre-service art education courses that utilizes design thinking and 3D printing to create DIY prosthetic...
How do CS/IS departments respond to decline in interest in the computing professions?: panel discussion

We have all experienced a drop in enrollments for CS and IS majors. This drop seems to be related to a dip in industry hiring that occurred in about 2001--2003. During the recent election, there was a lot of discussion about outsourcing and its' impact on the US job market. There may be factors other than outsourcing effecting enrollments.
Penalty enforcement or cost reduction - which approach better improves supplier process yield?

Retailers have been increasing standards for suppliers in regard to demand-fulfillment performance. To discourage partial deliveries due to unacceptable, defective products, retailers can unilaterally back-charge the supplier a penalty or collaboratively improve the supplier’s production process yield and reduce the supplier’s quality investment expenditure. In this study, we create an analytical model that compares the retailer’s penalty-enforcement and cost-reduction approaches in which the supplier must optimize its production process yield to minimize the total expected cost. The findings indicate that using either approach can induce the supplier to improve process yield. The simulation results show that the cost-reduction approach may require less effort than the penalty-enforcement approach to attain the same level of quality improvement.
Discrete Fiber Structures Dictate Human Gut Bacteria Outcomes

Supplementation with resistant starches of different structures led to divergent shifts in key bacterial taxa abundance and distinct butyrate or propionate outcomes. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) reported by Deehan et al. showed similar responses within treatment groups and dose-response plateauing at 35 g/d. These results support a proposed alignment of discrete dietary fiber (DF) structures with gut bacteria.
Atomic force microscopy imaging for nanoscale and microscale assessments of extracellular matrix in intervertebral disc and degeneration.

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a condition that is often associated with debilitating back pain. There are no disease-modifying treatments available to halt the progression of this ubiquitous disorder. This is partly due to a lack of understanding of extracellular matrix (ECM) changes that occur at the micro- and nanometer size scales as the disease progresses. Over the past decade, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been utilized as a tool to investigate the impact of disease on nanoscale structure of ECM in bone, skin, tendon, and dentin. We have expanded this methodology to include the IVD and report the first quantitative analysis of ECM structure at submicron size scales in a murine model for progressive IVD degeneration. Collagen D-spacing, a metric of nanoscale structure at the fibril level, was observed as a distribution of values with an overall average value of 62.5 ± 2.5 nm. In degenerative discs, the fibril D-spacing distribution shifted towards higher values in both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (NP) (P < .05). A novel microstructural feature, collagen toroids, defined by a topographical pit enclosed by fibril-forming matrix was observed in the NP. With degeneration, these microstructures became more numerous and the morphology was altered from circular (aspect ratio 1.0 ± 0.1) to oval (aspect ratio 1.5 ± 0.4), P < .005. These analyses provide ECM structural details of the IVD at size scales that have historically been missing in studies of disc degeneration. Knowledge gained from these insights may aid the development of novel disease-modifying therapeutics.
Enhanced design considerations on the buckling and dynamics of Gannet-inspired systems during water entry.

To provide a more complete analysis of Gannet birds and Gannet-inspired drones during diving, this work considers an improved beam model to describe the static and dynamic characteristics of Gannet and Gannet-like drones at impact. The beam model consists of two different geometric and material property beams under continuity conditions to better understand the geometrical and material parameters' influence on the structural statics and dynamics of these kinds of systems. Using Hamilton's principle, the equations of motion, continuity, and boundary conditions considering Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko theories are derived. Then, applying the continuity and boundary conditions, the static and dynamic analyses are conducted to examine the impact buckling speeds, the buckled shapes, the natural frequencies at different impact velocities for bioinspired drone design. The buckled configurations suggest that the body of the Gannet most likely has a different bending and torsional stiffness than the neck. The results indicate that the amount of softening in the joints contributes significantly to not only the speed at which the bird will buckle, but also the buckling profile of the bird. To obtain a physical buckling profile of the Gannet, a stiffer boundary condition at the end of the bird body model is needed due to the increased bending stiffness properties of the body compared to the neck as well as the position of the wings and feet surpassing the end of the body. The results also demonstrate that to build a bioinspired diving drone that falls within a smaller air-vehicle range, the amount of error between theories in predicting the static and dynamic buckling behavior of the system becomes significantly more evident. The dynamic characteristics and mode shapes of the Gannet-like systems are provided for further drone design insight on the impact speeds the drone can achieve without responding to an external excitation.
Applications of Telemedicine in Child Abuse Pediatrics

Abstract Child abuse is a common and morbid condition that is frequently identified in the emergency department, but emergency departments far outnumber specialized child abuse pediatricians. The small size and slow growth of child abuse as a specialty requires innovative approaches to ensure that specialized services are available to all children who may have been abused. This review covers the history and core concepts of telemedicine in child abuse pediatrics, highlighting services including live patient visits, advice and consultation, and retrospective peer review. We describe a deliberate approach to establishing a telemedicine program. Training and practice help establish new competencies in this form of medicine. Evaluation and sound business planning lead to sustainable and positive change. We also discuss challenges unique to child abuse telemedicine including confidentiality, security, provider engagement, and specialized training. Child abuse is a common and pervasive problem whereas child abuse pediatricians are both few and far between. Telemedicine may provide a solution to problems of availability and distribution within our specialty.
Application of dorsal foot hexagonal flap for reconstruction of web space in fourth and fifth toe syndactyly combined with polydactyly

Objective To explore the application of the dorsal foot hexagonal flap for reconstruction of the web space in the fourth and fifth toe syndactyly combined with polydactyly. Methods Between May 2016 and October 2019, 27 patients (34 feet) with the fourth and fifth toe syndactyly combined with polydactyly were treated, including 12 males and 15 females with an average age of 22.8 months (range, 10 months to 8 years). There were 7 bilateral feet and 20 unilateral foot. Twenty-four of which were incomplete and 10 were complete syndactyly of the fourth and fifth toes, and the fifth toes showed various degrees of fibular deflection. All the 34 feet were treated with one-stage reconstruction of the toe web with the dorsal foot hexagonal flap, and the correction of the fibular deviation of the fifth toe was made by removing the tibial polydactyly and using the articular surface dressing or wedge osteotomy. Results All wounds healed by first intention without skin-frafting. All patients were followed up 6-36 months (mean, 18 months). There was no flexion contracture and obvious scar hyperplasia in all the patients, and the width and slope of the toe webs were normal. Three of the 34 webs developed web creep, and the rest of the toe webs were normal in depth. All 34 feet were corrected with peroneal fibular deviation, and the function of toe flexion was good. All parents of the children were satisfied with the outcome. Conclusion The reconstruction of toe webs with dorsal foot hexagonal flaps for the treatment of the fourth and fifth toes syndactyly combined with polydactyly requires no skin graft. The operation is simple with high survival rate of the flap, the appearance and function of the toes are good, and the effectiveness is satisfactory.
Parkinson's Disease - What's the FUS?

Parkinson’s disease causes progressive motor and cognitive dysfunction. Medications aim to replace deficient dopamine in the brain and reduce the characteristic slowness, stiffness, and tremor. How...
“Clocks Must Always Be Turned Back”: Brown v. Board of Education and the Racial Origins of Constitutional Originalism

The Republican Party has adopted constitutional “originalism” as its touchstone. Existing accounts of this development tell either a teleological story, with legal academics as the progenitors, or deracialized accounts of conservatives arguing first principles. Exploiting untapped archival data, this paper argues otherwise. Empirically, the paper shows that the realigning GOP’s originalism grew directly out of political resistance to Brown v. Board of Education by conservative governing elites, intellectuals, and activists in the 1950s and 1960s. Building on this updated empirical understanding, the theoretical claim is that ideologically charged elite legal academics and attorneys in Departments of Justice serve more of a legitimating rather than an originating role for American constitutional politics upon a long coalition’s electoral success. Finally, by showing the importance of race to constitutional conservatism’s development, this article posits that the received understanding of a “three-corner stool” of social, economic, and foreign policy conservatism needs revision.
Susceptibility of the Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities to External Supply Shocks: VAR Analysis

This paper estimates a VAR model to assess the sensitivity of U.S. Treasury yields to supply shocks that may be triggered by massive sell-offs of Treasury securities by foreign holders. The results suggest that the Treasury yield was not very susceptible to changes in supply and that if China, currently holding $1.3 trillion of these assets, decided to sell off about half of the holdings, it would raise the 6-month and 1-year yield by only about 10 and 7 basis points respectively. The results also suggest that once the Treasury yields are pushed up by supply shocks, it would take about 3 years for interest rates to return to their pre-shock levels.
Towards a genome sequence for every animal: where are we now?

Abstract In less than 25 years, the field of animal genome science has transformed from a discipline seeking its first glimpses into genome sequences across the Tree of Life to a global enterprise with ambitions to sequence genomes for all of Earth’s eukaryotic diversity (1). As the field rapidly moves forward, it is important to take stock of the progress that has been made to best inform the discipline’s future. In this perspective, we provide a contemporary, quantitative perspective on animal genome sequencing. We identified the best available genome assemblies on GenBank, the world’s most extensive genetic database, for 3,278 unique animals across 24 phyla. We assessed taxonomic representation, assembly quality, and annotation status for major clades. We show that while tremendous taxonomic progress has occurred, stark disparities in genomic representation exist, highlighted by a systemic overrepresentation of vertebrates and underrepresentation of arthropods. In terms of assembly quality, long-read sequencing has dramatically improved contiguity and, on average, gene annotations are available for just 34.3% of taxa. Furthermore, we show that animal genome science has diversified in recent years with an ever-expanding pool of researchers participating. However, the field still appears to be dominated by institutions in the Global North, which have been listed as the submitting institution for 77% of all assemblies. We conclude by offering recommendations for how we can collectively improve genomic resource availability and value while also broadening representation worldwide. Significance statement The field of animal genome science is rapidly developing, and efforts are underway to sequence genomes for all of Earth’s eukaryotic biodiversity. Here, we provide a contemporary overview of animal genome sequencing, with emphases on taxonomic representation, assembly quality, and geographic representation. We show that while a staggering 3,278 unique animals have had their genomes sequenced, massive disparities exist in terms of the taxonomic groups receiving attention, the quality of the resources being produced, and the institutions driving the field. We highlight areas where improvements can be made, notably by continuing to increase the quality of genome assemblies, including by improving metadata and voucher specimen associations, and actively developing meaningful collaborations between researchers form the Global North and South.
4 Specific Models: 4.1 Murine Model of Tuberculosis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of the murine model of tuberculosis. The cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in laboratory begins with the receipt of clinical isolates from other research institutions or hospitals. It is essential that stock cultures of M. tuberculosis used in research experiments should be standardized in terms of the culture medium and the culture conditions. This is important because it ensures that each individual isolate has been cultivated under similar physiological conditions during growth, which is critical for comparing data between strains and experiments. The first step in the subculture of clinical isolates is the preparation of the work area within a biological safety cabinet. The cells from which the culture supernatant has been decanted are collected by centrifugation at 3000g. The proper handling and restraining techniques for mice should be mastered prior to any attempt at intravenous inoculation with virulent strains of M. tuberculosis. The in vitro infection of murine bone marrow derived macrophages is routinely used in laboratory to evaluate the macrophage response to different clinical isolates and also to determine the efficacy of various novel antibiotic compounds on the intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis.
Microanalyzing Discourse in the Second and Foreign Language Classrooms: A Review of the Literature

Classroom interaction has long been a rich site for scholarly research, as attested by the sizable body of literature surrounding classroom discourse. This paper reviews three frameworks currently informing the analysis of classroom talk, or more specifically, the qualitative microanalysis of the turn-by-turn talk that occurs in naturally-occurring unfolding exchanges between teachers and students, and amongst students themselves. Findings from studies working within (1) language socialization, (2) critical discourse analysis, and (3) conversation analysis are explored, with particular attention paid to the ways in which these frameworks complement and complicate one another. The paper also attempts to identify areas of classroom discourse that have yet to be fully explored, and highlights the need for further research along those lines.
Clinical Decision-Making for a Person Centered Medicine: the necessity of casuistic reasoning

In their call to develop a consistent, coherent and comprehensive notion of person-centered medicine, Miles and Mezzich have elucidated several specific challenges that need to be urgently addressed. One of these foundational tasks is the development of a more complete understanding of person-centered clinical decision-making. Miles and Mezzich note that while the emphasis on clinical research in evidence-based medicine has served to de-emphasize the importance of the individual patient, the alternative of patient-centered medicine has the potential to de-emphasize the judgment of the clinician by making unfettered patient choice paramount. A practice of medicine that reduces professional healers to an informational role only, one where they lay out potential interventions devoid of context and allow patients to choose from amongst them, undervalues clinical expertise and will clearly not lead to better outcomes. Person-centered medicine (PCM), then, must be able to develop and defend a model of clinical judgment and practice that strikes the correct balance between the science of medicine and the personal experience of the individual in search of care.
The polarisation of the anteroposterior axis in Drosophila.

The polarisation of the embryonic anteroposterior (AP) axis requires the establishment of positional cues with spatial information, and often involves complex intercellular communications, cell adhesion and cell movement. Recent work on several fronts has begun to shed light on how the initial asymmetries are established and maintained. In this review, I discuss the polarisation of the AP axis during Drosophila oogenesis, focusing on the function of the Notch signalling pathway and its relationship to the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. I make special reference to some aspects of Notch activity regulation during oogenesis that appear to depart from the canonical pathway. Finally, I hypothesise on possible similarities between these activities of Notch signalling during Drosophila oogenesis and vertebrate somitogenesis.
Connectivity-through-time protocols for dynamic wireless networks to support mobile robot teams

Mobile robot teams are increasingly deployed in various applications involving remote operations in unstructured environments that do not support wireless network infrastructures. We propose a class of protocols based on the connectivity-through-time concepts that exploit the robot movements to extend the traditional notions of network connectivity. These protocols enable the formation of adhoc networks of mobile robots without the infrastructure of access points by utilizing the robots as routers. These protocols are implemented as a collection of daemons that track connectivity changes, compute single and multiple hop connectivity, route the packets via robots with suitable buffering, and adapt the transport parameters to the connection characteristics. The implementation employs UDP with window-based flow control that is tuned to the nature of connections. We present experimental performance results based on our implementation on robot teams to illustrate the salient features of this approach.
Numerical Solutions of Three-Dimenstional MHD Flows in Strong Non-Uniform Transverse Magnetic Fields

Magnetohydrodynamic flows of liquid metals in thin conducting ducts of various geometries in the presence of strong nonuniform transverse magnetic fields are examined. The interaction parameter and Hartmann number are assumed to be large, whereas the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small. Under these assumptions, viscous and inertial effects are confined in very thin boundary layers adjacent to the walls. At walls parallel to the magnetic field lines, as at the side walls of a rectangular duct, the boundary layers (side layers) carry a significant fraction of the volumetric flow rate in the form of high velocity jets. This paper describes the analysis and summarizes the numerical methods for obtaining 3-D solutions (core solutions) for flow parameters outside these layers, without solving explicitly for the layers themselves.
Studies on the Interaction of Carbon Monoxide with Tryptophan Oxygenase of Pseudomonas

Abstract 1. The inhibition of Pseudomonas tryptophan oxygenase by carbon monoxide is competitive with respect to oxygen and is photodissociable. The photochemical action spectrum, with a maximum at 421 mµ, is identical with the Soret absorption spectrum of the tryptophan-carboxyferroprotoporphyrin-enzyme complex. Thus both carbon monoxide and oxygen bind to the heme moiety of tryptophan oxygenase. 2. Equilibrium studies indicate that the affinity of carbon monoxide for the ferroprotoporphyrin of the enzyme is markedly enhanced by the presence of the substrate, tryptophan. The augmentation in binding of carbon monoxide to the enzyme is a sigmoidal function of the tryptophan concentration. α-Methyltryptophan, a nonmetabolizable noninhibitory substrate analogue, which binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme, also enhances the affinity of the enzyme for carbon monoxide. The facilitation of carbon monoxide binding to the enzyme by the combined action of low levels of tryptophan and α-methyltryptophan is synergistic, suggesting an interaction between the catalytic and allosteric sites. 3. Chemically reduced enzyme is only slowly reoxidized in the absence of tryptophan, without the spectral appearance of an oxygenated intermediary. 4. Freshly generated ferriprotoporphyrin enzyme is as catalytically active as ferroprotoporphyrin enzyme in both the absence and the presence of ascorbic acid.
The Effects of Motor and Vocal Response Interruption and Redirection on Vocal Stereotypy and Appropriate Vocalizations

Stereotypy has been defined as repetitive vocal or motor behaviors that are noncontextual with invariant topographies. One intervention to reduce vocal stereotypy and increase appropriate vocalizations is response interruption and redirection (RIRD). Previous research has suggested that RIRD's behavioral mechanism consists of punishment. The purpose of this study was to extend this research by comparing two procedures, namely, vocal and motor RIRD contingent upon the occurrence of vocal stereotypy and to evaluate concomitant increases in appropriate vocalizations. A multiple treatment reversal design was used to compare the effectiveness of both interventions on five children diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Results suggested that both demand topographies were equally effective in reducing vocal stereotypy and increasing appropriate vocalizations. This research replicates previous findings that have suggested that RIRD is a punishment procedure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shift work and cancer screening: Do females who work alternative shifts undergo recommended cancer screening?

Background Alternative shift work is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Certain cancer screening tests reduce cancer mortality. Methods The 2010 National Health Interview Survey was used to examine associations between adherence to breast, cervical, and colon cancer screening recommendations and alternative shift work among female workers. Results Workers on alternative shifts, compared to workers on daytime shifts, were more likely to be non-adherent to screening recommendations for breast (34% vs. 23%) and colorectal (55% vs. 48%) cancer (P < 0.05). Workers on alternative shifts in two industries (“Manufacturing” and “Accommodation/Food Services”) and three occupations (“Food Preparation/Serving,” “Personal Care Services,” and “Production”) were more likely to be non-adherent to screening recommendations for at least two cancers (P < 0.05). Conclusions The Affordable Care Act eliminates out-of-pocket screening expenses for these three cancers. Greater efforts are needed to promote this benefit, particularly among workers with demonstrated non-adherence. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:265–275, 2014. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
First-principles investigations of Ti-substituted hydroxyapatite electronic structure

The electronic structure of Ti-substituted hydroxyapatite is investigated using density functional theory within a periodic slab model. Two sorption mechanisms have been considered: i.e., Ti4+ and Ti(OH)22+ as the likely species to exchange with Ca2+. Ti4+ has a small ionic radius compared to Ca2+ and can dope into both distinct sites, showing no site preference; however, when two H were removed from the OH channel to obtain charge compensation, preferential site II substitution appears, accompanied with a large O shift forming a strong Ti–O bond. The species Ti(OH)22+ displays a strong site preference: substitution by Ti(OH)22+ on the hydroxyl channel (site II) is exothermic and favored strongly over the Ca column (site I). Ti(OH)22+ substitution for Ca2+ induces a large geometry relaxation and distortion, especially within the OH channel and Ca2+ column, with a considerable shift of Ti compared to the Ca sites in pure HA. These results are consistent with the experimental observation that material synthesis with high Ti doping (atomic ratio > 0.1) shows irregular particles formation with reduced crystallinity. The calculated cell shape and volume relaxations indicate that the volume and cell parameters both expand in all the substituted HA models. The site preference and volume expansion differences found are attributed to the metal ion shift caused in meeting the requirement of strong Ti–O coordination in site I and site II polyhedra.
Comprehensive modeling of turbulent particulate flows using Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes

This paper addresses turbulent particle dispersion and modulation effects in dilute gas-particle turbulent flows using the Eulerian and Lagrangian modeling approaches. Gradient diffusion approximations are employed in the Eulerian formulation, while a stochastic procedure is utilized to simulate turbulent dispersion in the Lagrangian formulation. The k-epsilon turbulence model is used to characterize the time and length scales of the continuous phase turbulence. For the particle size and loading considered, the turbulence transport equations must be modified to account for the modulation effects. Models are proposed for both Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes. Comparisons and predictions are made in fully developed gas-solid pipe flow and confined coaxial jets laden with particles. For the monodispersed system investigated, Eulerian approach is less expensive and gives more consistent results than the Lagrangian approach. The Lagrangian technique should be further developed to eliminate current inherent inconsistencies especially with regard to the symmetry boundary condition.
Legionella jordanis in hematopoietic SCT patients radiographically mimicking invasive mold infection

Opportunistic pulmonary infections are a major cause of post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Among these infections, Aspergillus is a common cause of fatal pneumonia. Owing to the precarious clinical condition of many patients who acquire invasive mold infections, clinicians often treat them on the basis of radiographic findings, such as the halo sign. However, in patients who do not respond to treatment or who have uncommon presentations, bronchoscopy or lung biopsy looking for other pathogens should be considered. This study describes two cases in which the radiographic halo signs characteristic of Aspergillus were in fact due to Legionella jordanis, a pathogen that has been culture proven only in two patients previously (both of whom had underlying lung pathology) and diagnosed by serologic evidence in several other patients. In immunocompromised patients, Legionella can present as a cavitary lesion. Thus, presumptive treatment for this organism should be considered in post-transplant patients who do not have a classic presentation for invasive fungal infection and/or who fail to respond to conventional treatment. These cases illustrate the importance of obtaining tissue cultures to differentiate among the wide variety of pathogens present in this patient population.
Rapid Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Material Parameters Using Computational Intelligence Methods

Shape memory alloys are capable of delivering advantageous solutions to a wide range of engineering-based problems. Implementation of these solutions, however, is often complicated by the hysteretic, non-linear, thermo-mechanical behavior of the material. Although existing shape memory alloy constitutive models are largely accurate in describing this unique behavior, they require prior characterization of the material parameters. Consequently, before thorough modeling and simulation can occur for a shape memory alloy-based project, one must first go through the process of identifying several material parameters unique to shape memory alloys. Current characterization procedures necessitate extensive experimentation, data collection, and data processing. As a result, these methods simultaneously create a high barrier of entry for engineers new to active materials and impede the advanced study of shape memory alloy material parameter evolution. This paper develops a novel method in which computational intelligence methods are used to rapidly identify shape memory alloy material parameters. Specifically, an artificial neural network is trained to identify transformation temperatures and stress influence coefficients of given shape memory alloy specimens using strain-temperature coordinates as inputs. After generating training data through the use of a constitutive model, the resulting trained artificial neural network was used to identify parameters for a number of randomly generated theoretical shape memory alloys. Results presented in the paper show that the artificial neural network was able to rapidly identify both transformation temperatures and stress influence coefficients with satisfactory accuracy. The generation of training data was then repeated using Taguchi methods. Further results presented in the paper show that the artificial neural network trained with the Taguchi-based training data yielded improved characterization accuracy while using less training data.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Bulk CMOS Device Optimization for High-Speed and Ultra-Low Power Operations

Interest in subthreshold design has increased due to the emergence of systems that require ultra-low power and the ever increasing leakage currents (now used to drive logic). Subthreshold sacrifices speed for power creating a clear divide between designing for high speed and ultra-low power. It might be beneficial to allow subthreshold circuits to operate in super-threshold, depending on processing needs. In this paper, the feasibility of optimizing device sizes for both subthreshold and above threshold operations is considered. In addition body biasing techniques that could facilitate bridging the speed gap are presented Device sizing for circuits of the subthreshold region is examined with the view that these circuits could be optimized for subthreshold but also operate effectively in super-threshold. In an effort to attain optimal performance (speed-power), an operating region is identified in terms of the energy-delay product. To enhance the operating speed of both subthreshold and super-threshold circuits, a novel body biasing technique termed tunable body biasing (TBB), is introduced This approach leads to increased operating frequencies particularly in subthreshold operation and shows no performance degradation at voltages above threshold, hence bridging of the speed gap. Post layout simulations of circuits ranging from simple to more complex ones enable for effective evaluation of optimal device sizing and identifying the optimal power-speed operational region. Simulations have been performed at a modest 180 nm technology node and circuits show optimal operating regions ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 V. Further more results indicate that the TBB approach for an inverter triples speed and has a 60 percent lower EDP while dissipating just 28 percent more energy than a traditionally biased approach (pMOS bulk at VDD and nMOS bulk at Vss).
Corrigendum to “Similarity in the fatigue behavior of trabecular bone across site and species”

Corrigendum to ‘‘Similarity in the fatigue behavior of trabecular bone across site and species’’ [Journal of Biomechanics (2004) 181–187] Sean M. Haddock, Oscar C. Yeh, Praveen V. Mummaneni, William S. Rosenberg, Tony M. Keaveny Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, 6175 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA www.JBiomech.com
A survey of GPU accelerated SVM

Support Vector Machines (SVM) is a set of machine learning algorithms that have been widely used in diverse domains. As the volume of data generated by humans and machines increases year by year, the traditional training algorithms for SVM become infeasible for large scale datasets. Mathematical optimization approaches and computing parallel techniques are two popular strategies to accelerate the training process of SVM. Among those parallel approaches, implementing SVM on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has become new research and application interest. General used GPUs have been widely adopted to accelerate a lot of traditional algorithms, including SVM and achieved high performance and speedup. In this work, we survey the mathematical optimization algorithms of SVM training process, as well as GPU accelerated implementations of SVM.
The Status of the ‘Red-Listed’ Bombus occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in Northeastern Oregon

Abstract The western bumble bee, Bombus occidentalis, is included on the red list of bees by The Xerces Society. It was once a common bumble bee west of the Cascades but in the late 1990s it experienced a dramatic decline along coastal regions. The cause was speculated to be due to the introduction of pathogens from captive-bred bumble bees used for pollination of greenhouse crops. In extensive surveys conducted in western and southern Oregon, 10 individuals have been recorded since 2000. In this note, we report the collection of 49 individual B. occidentalis over two years in the Zumwalt Prairie Preserve of northeastern Oregon. This finding shows that B. occidentalis persists in northeastern regions of the Pacific Northwest, either because of geographic isolation from or potential resistance to the pathogens that decimated populations in the western part of the region. Further research is needed to determine its occurrence in other regions of its historical range to assess the extent of its decline. In a...
Injury, condition, and mortality of Pacific halibut bycatch following careful release by Pacific cod and sablefish longline fisheries

Abstract Pacific halibut caught as bycatch or intended for discard by longline vessels in US and Canadian waters of the north Pacific must be removed from the hook using careful release techniques required by regulation. In many fisheries, trained observers subsample the released halibut for fish condition. These condition codes are used to track cumulative bycatch mortality in these fisheries. Tag return rates of halibut released from longline gear near Kodiak Island, Alaska, are used to estimate relative and absolute mortalities of fish by release method, hook removal injury, and condition code. Generally, the proper application of the careful release techniques results in only minor hook removal injuries. Survival rates of moderately and severely injured halibut are 1.5–2 times higher than previously assumed. One result of our study is the finding that not all fish judged at tagging as likely to die actually die. We recommend a reworking of the condition code methodology.
Defective Fluid Secretion from Submucosal Glands of Nasal Turbinates from CFTR-/- and CFTRΔF508/ΔF508 Pigs

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF), caused by reduced CFTR function, includes severe sinonasal disease which may predispose to lung disease. Newly developed CF pigs provide models to study the onset of CF pathophysiology. We asked if glands from pig nasal turbinates have secretory responses similar to those of tracheal glands and if CF nasal glands show reduced fluid secretion. Methodology/Principal Findings Unexpectedly, we found that nasal glands differed from tracheal glands in five ways, being smaller, more numerous (density per airway surface area), more sensitive to carbachol, more sensitive to forskolin, and nonresponsive to Substance P (a potent agonist for pig tracheal glands). Nasal gland fluid secretion from newborn piglets (12 CF and 12 controls) in response to agonists was measured using digital imaging of mucus bubbles formed under oil. Secretion rates were significantly reduced in all conditions tested. Fluid secretory rates (Controls vs. CF, in pl/min/gland) were as follows: 3 µM forskolin: 9.2±2.2 vs. 0.6±0.3; 1 µM carbachol: 143.5±35.5 vs. 52.2±10.3; 3 µM forskolin + 0.1 µM carbachol: 25.8±5.8 vs. CF 4.5±0.9. We also compared CFΔF508/ΔF508 with CFTR-/- piglets and found significantly greater forskolin-stimulated secretion rates in the ΔF508 vs. the null piglets (1.4±0.8, n = 4 vs. 0.2±0.1, n = 7). An unexpected age effect was also discovered: the ratio of secretion to 3 µM forskolin vs. 1 µM carbachol was ∼4 times greater in adult than in neonatal nasal glands. Conclusions/Significance These findings reveal differences between nasal and tracheal glands, show defective fluid secretion in nasal glands of CF pigs, reveal some spared function in the ΔF508 vs. null piglets, and show unexpected age-dependent differences. Reduced nasal gland fluid secretion may predispose to sinonasal and lung infections.
Event-based suspended sediment dynamics in a central New York watershed

Abstract Using discharge and sediment data collected from 23 events between 2008 and 2010 in a 311-km2 watershed of central New York, we investigated event sediment dynamics of the studied watershed. After showing the statistical difference of the data in different seasons, we examined the detailed hysteresis patterns of all events. Spring events had figure eight with anticlockwise (figure-8/AC), clockwise (C), anticlockwise (AC), and complicated patterns. Summer events had C, AC, figure-8/AC, figure-8/C, and complicated patterns. Fall and winter events had the same patterns as those in summer, as well as a weak loop pattern. The diversity of patterns within and between seasons suggests that detailed processes of sediment transport were not only complicated during one event but also varied from season to season. Although hysteresis analysis failed to identify these detailed processes and the associated sediment sources in such a relatively large watershed, it successfully revealed a common feature dominating the transport processes: event sediment transport was generally supply limited. Further analysis on the correlation between event sediment yield (SSYe) and event peak discharge (Qpeak) indicated that (i) events with clockwise patterns tended to have more SSYe than those with other patterns for the same Qpeak and (ii) data from all events may be statistically well described by a single SSYe–Qpeak equation, regardless of hysteresis patterns. This equation (i) reveals that complicated event transport processes may be lumped into a simple process over events and (ii) reflects the general supply-limited nature identified by hysteresis analysis. Using this equation and the magnitude–frequency analysis, we further discovered that in the past 21 years, sediment was mainly transported by more frequent but relatively small discharges with the recurrence interval no more than 0.5 year.
Simulating uncertainty in climate-pest models with fuzzy numbers.

Abstract Inputs in climate–pest models are commonly expressed as point estimates (‘crisp’ numbers), which implies perfect knowledge of the system in study. In reality, however, all model inputs harbor some level of uncertainty. This is particularly true for climate change impact assessments where the inputs (i.e., climate projections) are highly uncertain. In this study, uncertainties in climate projections were expressed as ‘fuzzy’ numbers; these are uncertain numbers for which one knows that there is a range of possible values and that some values are ‘more possible’ than others. A generic pest risk model incorporating the combined effects of temperature, soil moisture, and cold stress was implemented in a fuzzy spreadsheet environment and run with three climate scenarios: (1) present climate (control run); (2) crisp climate change; and (3) fuzzy climate change. Under the crisp climate change scenario, winter and summer temperatures and precipitation were altered using best estimates (averaged predictions from the 1995 assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]). Under the fuzzy scenario, climate changes were expressed as triangular fuzzy numbers, utilizing the extremes (lowest and highest predictions from the IPCC report) in addition to the best estimates. Under each scenario, environmental favorability was calculated for six locations in two geographical regions (Central North America and Southern Europe) with two hypothetical pest species having temperate or mediterranean climate requirements. Simulations with the crisp climate change scenario suggested only minor changes in overall environmental favorability compared with the control run. When simulations were conducted with the fuzzy climate change scenario, however, important changes in environmental favorability emerged, particularly in Southern Europe. In that region, the possibility of considerably increased winter precipitation led to increased values of environmental favorability. However, the simulations also showed that this result harbored a very broad range of possible outcomes. The results support the notion that uncertainty in climate change projections must be reduced before reliable impact assessments can be achieved.
Posterior parietal cortex: not just where, but how.

Posterior parietal cortex is critical for spatial processing. Calton et al. show that this area also represents the intention to make a certain type of movement, independent of its spatial target.