cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal shape-deformation invariant 3D surface matching using 2D principal component analysis

This paper describes a method that overcomes the problem of internal deformations in three-dimensional (3D) range image identification. Internal deformations can be caused by several factors including stereo camera-pair misalignment, surface irregularities, active vision methods' incompatibilities, image imperfections, and changes in illumination sources. Most 3D surface matching systems suffer from these changes and their performances are significantly degraded unless deformations' effect is compensated. Here, we propose an internal compensation method based on the two-dimensional (2D) principal component analysis (PCA). The depth map of a 3D range image is first thresholded using Otsu's optimal threshold selection criterion to discard the background information. The detected volumetric shape is normalized in the spatial plane and aligned with a reference coordinate system for rotation-, translation- and scaling-invariant classification. The preprocessed range image is then divided into 16x16 sub-blocks, each of which is smoothed to minimize the local variations. The 2DPCA is applied to the resultant range data and the corresponding principal vectors are used as the characteristic features of the object to determine its identity in the database of pre-recorded shapes. The system's performance is tested against the several 3D facial images possessing arbitrary deformation. Experiments have resulted in 92% recognition accuracy for the GavaDB 3D-face database entries and their Gaussian- or Poisson-type noisy versions using the minimum Euclidean-distance classification strategy in an optimally constructed eigen-face feature space.
Retention of indocyanine green as a potential marker for optical detection of blood brain barrier disruption

Preliminary studies have shown that there is great variability in the degree of disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBBD) after the intraarterial injection of mannitol in rabbit models. The disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) is affected by a number of factors, and the variations could have a profound impact on regional delivery of chemotherapeutics. Optically measured brain tissue concentrations of indocyanine green (ICG) and Evan's blue (EB) enable the quantification of BBBD after intraarterial administration of mannitol. Using the optical pharmacokinetics technique, a variation of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, we are able to track in vivo brain tissue concentrations of ICG and EB in rabbits, before and after barrier disruption. This study shows the feasibility of optical monitoring of BBBD, a method that can help improve intraarterial delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Numerical calculations of multiple Coulomb excitation probabilities for odd-mass nuclei

Abstract Alder and Winther's theoretical predictions of excitation probabilities for multiple E2 Coulomb excitation of rotational states in odd-mass nuclei have been evaluated on a high speed computer. For ground state spin 1 2 , it is shown that the excitation probabilities are related in a very simple manner to the excitation probabilities for even nuclei.
The effect of a No. 2 fuel oil and a South Louisiana crude oil on the behavior of the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria L.

Winter temperatures were chosen because spills are more likely to occur during the inclement winter weather. The oils were added in an emulsified form to simulate a potential naturally occurring condition. Behavioral observations were recorded during bioassay tests. The tactile responses of the clams were examined by lightly tapping the shell with a glass stirring rod. An experimental concentration at which 50 percent of the experimental animals survived (LC/sub 50/) was determined during a 96 hr exposure period. At low oil concentrations (50 ppM) mucus was given off by the clam out the pedal opening and siphon. Higher oil concentrations resulted in proportionally higher mucus secretion. All effects appeared to be both time and dose related. A decrease in irritability and contractibility of the siphon was noticeable at 50 ppM. At concentrations greater than 100 ppM, the pedal opening musculature rapidly became totally relaxed and did not contract. The adductor muscles simultaneously lost the ability to contract rapidly. At concentrations greater than 400 ppM, the adductors began to relax in less than 15 to 20 sec and the animal consequently ''gaped''. It appeared that the anterior adductor was affected first, then the posterior. The general relaxation of the musculature (adductors,more » siphon, pedal aperture) occurred at all oil concentrations. The intensity varied with time and dose. At 14/sup 0/C, two 96 hour LC/sub 50/ values for No. 2 fuel were obtained. These were 475 ppM and 535 ppM.« less
Utility of Rapidly Matured Oocytes as Recipients for Production of Cloned Embryos from Somatic Cells in the Pig

The present study was conducted to examine the utility of rapidly matured oocytes as recipients for production of porcine embryos reconstituted with adult skin fibroblasts and whether arrest of meiotic resumption of recipient oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) improves in vitro developmental rates after reconstruction. At 24 h of maturation in the medium, 36.3% of oocytes reached the metaphase II (MII) stage. At 30 h of maturation, the percentage (71.4%) of MII oocytes did not significantly differ from that (78.0%) at 42 h of maturation. When MII oocytes recovered at 24 h of maturation were used as recipients, 22/156 (14.1%) cloned embryos developing to the blastocyst stage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of embryos reconstituted with oocytes collected at 30 h (5/168; 3.0%) and 42 h (13/217; 6.0%) of maturation. Culture of oocytes in medium containing 1 mM dbcAMP for 20 h maintained 72.9% in the GV stage, whereas only 15.0% of nontreated oocytes were in the GV stage (P < 0.05). The effect of dbcAMP was reversible. However, the treatment of recipient oocytes with dbcAMP did not affect the development of reconstructed embryos when compared with nontreated oocytes. These results indicate that rapidly matured oocytes are superior in their ability to support development of porcine reconstructed embryos; however, arrest of meiotic resumption of recipient oocytes at the GV stage by dbcAMP does not improve reconstructed embryo developmental rates.
Treatment of extrahepatic portal hypertension following a whipple procedure with a rex shunt: Report of a case

The Rex shunt is a mesenteric vein to left portal vein decompressive shunt used for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension. Its use has been reported primarily in the pediatric population where portal vein thrombosis occurs with some frequency. The shunt is thought to represent a more physiologic shunt, since it restores hepatopedal blood flow through the liver. This report describes the use of this shunt in an adult who had frequent gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis, which occurred as a complication after a pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Growth and Contaminant Dynamics of Lake Superior Lake Trout

Abstract Lean lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) and the endemic siscowet are ecologically distinct phenotypes of char inhabiting Lake Superior. To examine growth and contaminant concentration dynamics of these fishes, and to assess their utility as indicators of environmental contamination, length, weight, estimated age, and muscle tissue lipid and organochlorine (OC) chemical concentration data were analyzed. Lean lake trout grew faster in length and weight than siscowet. Siscowet muscle tissue lipid concentrations were on average greater than in lean lake trout and increased with length and age, while lean lake trout muscle tissue lipid concentrations decreased in larger, older fish. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the most often detected contaminant, found in 95% of the lean lake trout analyzed and 100% of the siscowets. PCBs attained the highest concentration of the OC compounds quantified, followed by p,p’-DDE, dieldrin, and trans-nonachlor, respectively. Siscowet had greater total concentrations of PCBs at length than lean lake trout, but siscowet and lean lake trout had similar concentrations of PCBs at age. Based on 1990s growth and contaminant data, it is estimated that an 88 cm total length (16-year-old) lean lake trout and a 62 cm total length (15-year-old) siscowet from Lake Superior will exceed the 2.0 mg/kg “Action Level” for total concentrations of PCBs set by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Study results show phenotypic differences in growth and contaminant dynamics between lean lake trout and siscowet, findings that may improve our understanding and management of Lake Superior's aquatic resources.
Suicide Determination and the Professional Authority of Medical Examiners

Since Durkheim's pioneering study, official suicide statistics have been suspected of underreporting the true suicide rate. A majority of researchers asserts that mistakes are minimal and not syste...
Aerobic Biodegradation of Hopanes and Other Biomarkers by Crude Oil-Degrading Enrichment Cultures

The degradation of petroleum biomarkers was examined using mixed cultures of microorganisms enriched from surface soils at four different hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. These cultures degraded C30 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane and the C31−C34 extended hopanes in Bonny Light crude oil after 21 days of incubation at 30 °C. The C35 extended hopanes were conserved, and no 25-norhopanes were detected during the incubation. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the enrichment cultures demonstrated distinct microbial community profiles. Additional studies with the LC culture demonstrated a consistent biomarker degradation pattern after growth on three crude oils: a Nigerian Bonny Light crude, a Venezuelan crude oil, and Alaskan North Slope 521. The onset of biomarker degradation was observed between days 14 and 21 but only at 30 °C and at oil concentrations below 6 mg/mL. The biomarker profiles following degradation by these enrichment cultures are similar to numerous field observations and may rep...
Is D 0 →φK ¯ 0 really a clear signal for the annihilation diagram?

It is shown that rescattering effects required by unitarity can produce the reaction ${D}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\varphi}K${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}^{0}$, even when the ``W-exchange'' or ``annihilation'' diagram is not present. This is addressed both in a general context and a specific model. In the latter, it is the mode ${D}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${K}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\eta} which plays the major role in generating the \ensuremath{\varphi}K final state, as the ${K}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\eta} state is produced using the u\ifmmode \bar{u}\else \={u}\fi{} component of the \ensuremath{\eta}, and scatters, ${K}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\varphi} by quark exchange, utilizing the ss\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} component of the \ensuremath{\eta}. .AE
Identity Politics and Student Resistance to Inner-City Public Schooling

Investigating the conditions that foster organized expressions of power and the circumstances that students exploit to engage in political, collective forms of resistance warrants researchers' serious attention. Inner-city schools are uniquely situated as changing demographics and global and national migration continue to reconstruct schools as host sites of identity politics. In this article, the authors investigate the sites of inner-city schools where contests over identity are waged. Their findings indicate that the experience of being African American in the neighborhood school, where students feel stuck “back here,” is vastly different from the experience of being African American in the citywide school where the all African American population feels a part of its cultural community and the wider society. Denied equality and difference in both school settings, students from the same neighborhood and students from various neighborhoods demand their equal rights with varying degrees of intensity.
Monitoring compound integrity with cytochrome P450 assays and qHTS

The authors describe how room temperature storage of a 1120-member compound library prepared in either DMSO or in a hydrated-DMSO/water (67/33) mixture affects the reproducibility of potency values as monitored using cytochrome P450 1A2 and 2D6 isozyme assays. The bioluminescent assays showed Zfactors of 0.71 and 0.62, with 17% and 32% of the library found as active against the CYP 1A2 and 2D6 isozymes, respectively. The authors tested the library using quantitative high-throughput screening to generate potency values for every library member, which was measured at 7 time intervals spanning 37 weeks. They calculated the minimum significant ratio (MSR) from these potency values at each time interval and found that for the library stored in DMSO, the CYP 1A2 and 2D6 assay MSRs progressed from approximately 2.0 to 5.0. The hydrated conditions showed similar performance in both MSR progression and analytical quality control results. Based on this study, the authors recommend that DMSO samples be stored in 1536-well plates for <4 months at room tem- perature. Furthermore, the study illustrates the degree and time scale of apparent compound potency changes due to sample storage. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening XXXX:xx-xx)
1H‐Imidazole‐1‐carbodithioic Acid, Methyl Ester

[74734-11-5] C5H6N2S2 (MW 158.2) InChI = 1S/C5H6N2S2/c1-9-5(8)7-3-2-6-4-7/h2-4H,1H3 InChIKey = ZSKBYJIWBCCFMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (thiocarbonyl transfer reagent) Physical Data: mp 30–31 °C. Solubility: sol in most common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: yellow crystals. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, mp. Preparative Methods: commercially available. Can be easily prepared by treatment of imidazole with sodium hydride in THF1 or DMSO2 followed by addition of carbon disulfide and iodomethane1 (or dimethyl sulfate).2 Alternatively, potassium phosphate and acetone can be substituted for sodium hydride and THF/DMSO.3 Purification: silica gel column chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 80/20); recrystallization (petroleum ether/EtOAc). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: this reagent should be handled in a fume hood.
Coding Sequence Rare Variants Identified in MYBPC3, MYH6, TPM1, TNNC1, and TNNI3 From 312 Patients With Familial or Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background— Rare variants in >30 genes have been shown to cause idiopathic or familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the frequency of genetic causation remains poorly understood. We have previo...
Tricks of Perspective: Insights and Limitations to the Study of Macroscopic Currents for the Analysis of nAChR Activation and Desensitization

Activation, inactivation, and desensitization are key features of ion channel behavior. We endeavor to understand these processes at the level of the single molecules and extrapolate from such microscopic models the behavior of ion channels in contexts of cellular physiology and therapeutics. In the case of ligand-gated ion channels, such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), it is also important to consider the nature of the dynamic changes in the chemical stimulus required for activation. The amplitude and time course of the agonist pulse provided to nAChR at a fast synapse will be vastly different from those of the ACh stimulus presented to presynaptic receptors in the brain and neither of these physiological processes will resemble the stimuli presented by nicotine self-administration or with systemic delivery of a therapeutic agent. Likewise, specific experimental protocols will provide unique stimulus profiles, which will impact the relationship between the macroscopic data and the underlying molecular processes. In this work, ion channel simulations intended to model heteromeric neuronal nAChR are conducted under varying conditions of agonist presentation, and the impact of a key microscopic process, desensitization, is studied on the macroscopic responses. With instantaneous jumps in agonist concentrations, the microscopic desensitization rate impacts essentially all aspects of the macroscopic responses, rise rates, decay rates, and both peak and steady-state currents. In contrast, with an agonist pulse like that used in Xenopus oocyte experiments, microscopic desensitization rates have a profound impact on peak current amplitude and very little effect on the kinetics of the macroscopic responses.
Application of an SMA‐based hybrid control device to 20‐story nonlinear benchmark building

SUMMARY This paper investigates the seismic response control of a 20-story nonlinear benchmark building with a new recentering variable friction device (RVFD). The RVFD combines energy dissipation capabilities of a variable friction damper (VFD) with the recentering ability of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The VFD that is the first subcomponent of the hybrid device consists of a friction generation unit and piezoelectric actuators. The clamping force of the VFD can be adjusted according to the current level of ground motion by adjusting the voltage level of piezoelectric actuators. SMA wires that exhibit a unique hysteretic behavior and full shape recovery after experiencing large strains is the second subcomponent of the hybrid device. Numerical simulations of a seismically excited 20-story benchmark building are conducted to evaluate the performance of the hybrid device. A continuous hysteretic model is used to capture frictional behavior of the VFD and a neuro-fuzzy model is employed to describe highly nonlinear behavior of the SMA components of the hybrid device. A fuzzy logic controller is developed to adjust the voltage level of VFDs for favorable performance in an RVFD hybrid application. Results show that the RVFD modulated with a fuzzy logic control strategy can effectively reduce interstory drifts and permanent deformations without increasing acceleration response of the benchmark building for most cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a conjecture regarding the synchronization in an array of linearly coupled dynamical systems

In this letter, we give supporting evidence for a conjecture regarding the amount of coupling needed to synchronize an array of linearly coupled dynamical systems. Roughly speaking, the conjecture says that the coupling needed to synchronize an array of coupled systems is inversely proportional to the nonzero eigenvalue of the coupling graph that is smallest in magnitude. The conjecture implies that the coupling needed to synchronize an array can be derived from the coupling topology and the coupling needed to synchronize two coupled dynamical systems.
Non-Pressure Therapies for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Surgery and Oral Appliances

The first-line treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is positive airway pressure (PAP). If PAP fails to adequately treat the OSA, oral appliances that enlarge the airway (mandibular advancement devices primarily, or the tongue retaining device if the patient has no dentition) are the next line of therapy. The third-line treatment of OSA is surgery. Surgeries that have been used to treat OSA include septoplasty, tonsillectomy adenoidectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, mandibular advancement procedures, tongue reduction surgery, hyoid bone suspension, maxillofacial surgery, and bariatric procedures. There are scant data to support or compare the various procedures.
Extraction of color features in the spectral domain to recognize centroblasts in histopathology

In this paper, we are proposing a novel automated method to recognize centroblast (CB) cells from non-centroblast (non-CB) cells for computer-assisted evaluation of follicular lymphoma tissue samples. The method is based on training and testing of a quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) classifier. The novel aspects of this method are the identification of the CB object with prior information, and the introduction of the principal component analysis (PCA) in the spectral domain to extract color texture features. Both geometric and texture features are used to achieve the classification. Experimental results on real follicular lymphoma images demonstrate that the combined feature space improved the performance of the system significantly. The implemented method can identify centroblast cells (CB) from non-centroblast cells (non-CB) with a classification accuracy of 82.56%.
Contested Terrain: A History of Education Research in the United States, 1890–1990

During the last 100 years, the history of education research has been marked by continuing contests among different groups, especially scholars of education, scholars in other fields and disciplines, school administrators, and teachers. To make sense of these contests, it is useful to understand them from a “system-of- professions” perspective in which professionalization is seen as an ongoing competition to secure jurisdiction in particular domains of human service. Viewed this way, the history of education research suggests that the development of wide support for education research will depend on surmounting the jurisdictional challenges that have heretofore precluded sustained agreement about the methods and focus of the field.
Playout buffer and rate optimization for streaming over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

Most streaming rate selection and buffer optimization algorithms are developed for wired networks and can perform poorly over wireless networks. Wireless MAC layer behavior, such as rate adaptation, retransmissions, and medium sharing, can significantly degrade the effectiveness of current streaming algorithms. This article presents the Buffer and Rate Optimization for Streaming (BROS) algorithm to improve streaming performance. BROS uses a bandwidth estimation tool designed specifically for wireless networks and models the relationship between buffer size, streaming data rate, and available bandwidth distribution. BROS optimizes the streaming data rate and initial buffer size, resulting in a high data rate but with few frame losses and buffer underflow events, while still keeping a small initial buffer delay. BROS is implemented in the Emulated Streaming (EmuS) client-server system and evaluated on an IEEE 802.11 wireless testbed with various wireless conditions. The evaluation shows that BROS can effectively optimize the streaming rate and initial buffer size based on wireless network bandwidth conditions, thus achieving better performance than static rate or buffer selection and jitter removal buffers.
Spy1 Interacts with p27Kip1 to Allow G1/S Progression

Progression through the G1/S transition commits cells to synthesize DNA. Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is the major kinase that allows progression through G1/S phase and subsequent replication events. p27 is a CDK inhibitor (CKI) that binds to CDK2 to prevent premature activation of this kinase. Speedy (Spy1), a novel cell cycle regulatory protein, has been found to prematurely activate CDK2 when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes and when expressed in mammalian cells. To determine the mechanism underlying Spy1-induced proliferation in mammalian cell cycle regulation, we used human Spy1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify interacting proteins. One of the proteins isolated was p27; this novel interaction was confirmed both in vitro, using bacterially expressed and in vitro translated proteins, and in vivo, through the examination of endogenous and transfected proteins in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that Spy1 expression can overcome a p27-induced cell cycle arrest to allow for DNA synthesis and CDK2 histone H1 kinase activity. In addition, we utilized p27-null cells to demonstrate that the proliferative effect of Spy1 depends on the presence of endogenous p27. Our data suggest that Spy1 associates with p27 to promote cell cycle progression through the G1/S transition.
Analytical solutions for a three‐invariant Cam clay model subjected to drained loading histories

Analytical solutions are derived for a three-invariant Cam clay model subjected to proportional and circular drained loading histories. The solutions are presented for a specific volume, and volumetric and generalized shear strains. In the case of a proportional loading only straight effective stress paths are considered while in the case of a circular loading the maximum possible change in Lode's angle is π/3 due to plastic isotropy. Additionally, a concept of deviatoric stiffness is devised and an analytical expression for the generalized hardening modulus is derived. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are carried out in the form of direct comparisons between analytical solutions for drained and undrained loading histories thus offering an improved understanding of the three-invariant model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Base-Pair Interaction on Vibrational Spectrum of a Poly-dG Molecule Bonded to Si Substrates

A theoretical investigation is presented that characterizes the interaction dynamics of a double deoxyguanonsine molecular system, where two guanine bases are coupled via a sugar-phosphate backbone that is bound to the surface of silicon. Molecular dynamical simulations show that the influence of the coupling between the guanine bases (i.e., as compared with individual deoxyguanonsine molecules) leads to a significant increase of the absorption intensity from microwave to infrared (IR) frequencies. Furthermore, these results show that the strong coupling between the guanine bases leads to a much larger number of distinguishable vibrational modes at frequency below the IR at ~ 1350 cm-1. These effects also produce double-peak features in the Far-IR absorption intensity, which represent a splitting of the individual peaks associated with a single deoxyguanonsine molecule. Guanine base coupling also leads to a general shifting of all the absorption peaks towards the terahertz frequency regime (i.e., ~10 THz and below), which is also accompanied by a reduction of the absorption intensity as one progresses to longer wavelengths. Most importantly, this interaction phenomenon creates additional spectral features, which may be useful in a long-wavelength optics-based technique for DNA sequencing.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyroglutamate Natural Product Analogs from α- Aminoacids and their Anti-Cancer Evaluation

Alkylation of α-amino acid derived iminoesters with Baylis-Hillman (BH) reaction template based allyl bromides/allyl acetates followed by acidic hydrolysis furnished α-methylene-β-substituted-pyroglutamates and α-alkylidene pyroglutamates respectively. Application of these methodologies has been demonstrated in the synthesis of fused [3.2.0]-γ-lactam-β-lactones. Further, substrate controlled stereoselective alkylation of L-threonine derived oxazoles with BH reaction based allyl bromides and acetates yielded optically pure α-methylene-β-substituted pyroglutamates, and α-alkylidene pyroglutamates. These methodologies have been applied in the preparation of chiral [3.2.0] heterobicyclic pyroglutamates containing hydroxyethyl side chain. All the synthesized pyroglutamates have been evaluated for their anti-cancer and enzyme proteasome inhibition activity.
Oncogenic microRNAs in Cancer

MicroRNAs are a class of naturally occurring small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression as negative regulators at the post-transcriptional level. Since the discovery of microRNAs, the number of microRNAs has kept growing over the past years. To date over 1,000 human microRNA precursors have been identified and registered (www.miRBase.org). MicroRNAs exert their gene silencing function, usually by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target genes through partial sequence homology, and thus, multiple protein-coding genes can be targeted by a given microRNA. Accordingly, microRNAs play a fundamental role in normal cell growth and disease processes. Particularly in cancer, microRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In this chapter, we will discuss our current understanding of a group of oncogenic microRNAs, focusing on miR-21 and the miR-17~92 cluster and their role in gene silencing, tumor growth and metastasis.
Considering ‘post‐democracy’

Andre C Willis introduces our short section of papers on the meanings and implications of ‘post-democracy’, a watchword of contemporary British political debates. How does this concept contrast, he asks, with many scholars' ‘romantic’ view of American democracy?
Composition of the human placenta

Summary From analyses of nine human placentas, values are given for wet weight, total solids, water content, nitrogen, protein (nitrogen multiplied by 6.25), fat (ether-soluble), ash, and energy. The water content was high and variable, averaging 87 per cent, while the dry weight averaged 13 per cent of the fresh weight. Protein averaged 77 per cent of the dry weight; fat, 3.8 per cent, and ash, 8.6 per cent. The average energy value of the placenta tissue was 5 calories per grain dry weight.
The Social Structure of Criminalized and Medicalized School Discipline.

In this article, the author examines how school- and district-level racial/ethnic and socioeconomic compositions influence schools’ use of different types of criminalized and medicalized school discipline. Using a large data set containing information on over 60,000 schools in over 6,000 districts, the authors uses multilevel modeling and a group-mean modeling strategy to answer several important questions about school discipline. First, how do school- and district-level racial and ethnic compositions influence criminalized school discipline and medicalization? Second, how do levels of school and district economic disadvantage influence criminalized school discipline and medicalization? Third, how does district-level economic disadvantage moderate the relationship between school racial/ethnic composition and criminalized school discipline and medicalization? The results generally support hypotheses that schools and districts with relatively larger minority and poor populations are more likely to implement...
THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF INTERACTING PARTNERS OF ZXD FAMILY PROTEINS

We have identified several protein-protein interactions amongst the members of the zinc finger, X-linked (ZXD) family of proteins (ZXDA, ZXDB, ZXDC and ZXDC2) that have important roles in the regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II and several myeloid-specific genes. The ZXDC and ZXDA proteins share significant nucleotide sequence homology and each contain ten C2H2 zinc fingers and a transcription activation domain. In addition, ZXDC has a C-terminal region that is necessary to interact with a key cofactor, CIITA (Class II transactivator) and activate Major histocompatibility complex class II and class I (MHC II and MHC I respectively) genes. In chapter II we demonstrate that the ZXDC and ZXDA proteins can selfassociate, as well as, hetero-associate. Moreover, in vitro studies in our lab revealed that the association of ZXDC with ZXDA is necessary and self-association of neither protein was sufficient to interact with CIITA and thereby activate MHC II gene transcription. In addition to CIITA, we found that ZXDC interacted with two other components of the regulatory factor X complex, namely, RFX5 and RFX-ANK (RFX having ankyrin repeats) which are components of the MHC II enhanceosome. The RFX heterotrimeric complex consisting of RFX5, RFX-AP (RFX-associated protein), RFX-ANK binds to the
Intellectual Property and Copyright

Legal protections for intellectual property have a rich history that stretches back to ancient Greece and before. As different legal systems matured in protecting intellectual works, there was a refinement of what was being protected within different areas. Over the same period several strands of moral justification for intellectual property were offered: namely, personality-based, utilitarian, and Lockean. This essay will discuss all of these topics, focusing on Anglo-American and European legal and moral conceptions of intellectual property.
The End of H-2

Mta, the maternally transmitted antigen of mice, was discovered and its analysis was pursued because it seemingly had nothing to do with H-2. Immunization of NZB/B1NJ mice with H-2-compatible BALB/c cells gave rise to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that killed target cells of more than eighty strains of mice, independent of their H-2 type. Cold target competition showed that they all shared one antigen, and it was hard to find a strain whose cells were not lysed (Fischer Lindahl et al. 1980). Mta was thus a clear exception to the rule that CTL are H-2-restricted, i.e. recognize their target antigens in association with one of the class I major histocompatibility antigens (MHC I), H-2K, H-2D and H-2L. Obviously, we were not dealing with a rare case of MHC II-restricted CTL either.
Trisodium phosphate in the diagnostic culture of tubercle bacilli.

Three decades of persistent experiment and trial have firmly established the practical value of the cultural method for disclosing the presence of small numbers of mammalian tubercle bacilli in pathologic materials. I t now supersedes, in most respects, the more costly animal test which challenged the cultural method because of the high susceptibility of the guinea pig to small numbers of virulent human and bovine tubercle bacilli. The cultural method, however, proved superior in disclosing not only small numbers of virulent mammalian bacilli but also tubercle bacilli of low or moderate virulence and in being free from many uncertainties of the animal test. The most difficult problem to overcome, which the animal method surmounted easily, was the elimination of undesirable contaminating organisms without injury to the virulent tubercle bacilli. The early use of hypochlorites and, later, of the quickly acting caustic alkalies, despite their tissue-softening and solvent properties, left much to be desired in obtaining successful cultures in the presence of sparse numbers of bacilli. The desire for speed and for pure reagents led, in 1930, to the successful use of certain acids and to the recommendation of a pure crystalline simple acid, oxalic acid. The disadvantage of the acid, however, was that in spite of its suitable sterilizing effect on contaminants when properly used, it did not possess the liquefying or solvent properties of the strong alkalies, which, therefore, limited its usefulness when thick bulky specimens, such as sputum, were tested. Sodium hydroxide proved more satisfactory in this respect, but still possessed a number of undesirable features. The latter were obviated by the use of another weaker alkali, trisodium phosphate. Trisodium phosphate, which is also a tissue softener and penetrant, can be obtained in stable, pure crystalline form and can be maintained without deterioration for indefinite periods of time in suitable solution for use in destroying contaminants in tuberculous materials. In a previous communication it was pointed out that in 10 per cent solution (23 per cent Na3P04-12 H2O), trisodium phosphate can remain in contact with tubercle bacilli for up to one week at room temperature without destroying small numbers of tubercle bacilli, but it destroys the undesirable contaminants in sputum within twenty-four hours at 37 C , or within a period varying from several days to one week at room temperature. I t may also be placed in the receptacles used for collecting the specimen; this immediately prevents the development of molds and undesired contaminants. In ordinary specimens, such as sputum, urine, gastric washings and pus, the time required for destroying contaminants by
Antigen Detection with Monoclonal Antibodies for the Diagnosis of Adenovirus Gastroenteritis

A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for direct detection of enteric adenoviruses in stool specimens from individuals with gastroenteritis. Tests specific for each of the enteric adenoviruses, adenovirus type 40 (Ad 40) and type 41 (Ad 41), were designed. The sensitivity of the assay was determined by comparing the results of the EIA with isolation of virus in Graham 293 cells from stools that contained particles having adenovirus morphology. The standard for specificity was analysis of adenovirus genome profiles after digestion with Smal endonuclease. The sensitivity was 95.8*70 (23 of 24) for Ad 40 and 97.1^0 (34 of 35) for Ad 41. The specificity was 95.7*7o (45 of 47) and 97.2^0 (35 of 36), respectively. The two type-specific monoclonal antibodies could be mixed in an EIA for identification of enteric adenoviruses in stools without loss of reactivity in either type. The EIA permits rapid diagnosis and type-specific identification of enteric adenoviruses in gastroenteritis.
Highly sensitive multiplexed heavy metal detection using quantum-dot-labeled DNAzymes.

We developed highly sensitive and specific nanosensors based on quantum dots (QDs) and DNAzyme for multiplexed detection of heavy metal ions in liquid. The QDs were coated with a thin silica layer for increased stability and higher quantum yield while maintaining a relatively small size for highly efficient energy transfer. The QD−DNAzyme nanosensors were constructed by conjugating quencher-labeled DNAzymes onto the surface of carboxyl-silanized QDs. In the presence of metal ions, the emission is restored due to the cleavage of DNAzymes. The detection could be completed within 25 min with a single laser excitation source. The detection limit of 0.2 and 0.5 nM was experimentally achieved for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively, which is a 50- and 70-fold improvement over the recent results obtained with dye molecules. Multiplexed detection was also demonstrated using two different colors of QDs, showing negligible cross-talk between the Pb2+ detection and Cu2+ detection.
The Renal Transplant Patient—Updates for the Pediatrician

Kidney transplantation remains superior to chronic dialysis as the treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children and adults. Recent refinements in pediatric kidney transplantation have mainly sharpened our focus on the major cardiovascular (CV) morbidity risk for children with kidney transplants, unfortunately including our recognition of how poorly we are managing this risk, and on new approaches to gauge and manage immunological risk, specifically monitoring our patients for evidence of too much (BK virus) or not enough (donor-specific antibodies, DSAs, and antibody-mediated rejection, AMR) immunosuppression.
Role of NF-kappa B in the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in an MTAL cell line.

The effects of cytokines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP), and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa ...
Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of injury surveillance cases from 2006 to 2011 in Yinchuan Ningxia

Objective The aim of this study was to learn the epidemiological distribution and trends of injury from the surveillance data in Yinchuan Ningxia from 2006 to 2011, in order to provide scientific basis for the development of injury prevention and control strategies. Methods Information on national injury surveillance report card from three injury surveillance sentinel hospitals in Yinchuan from 2006 to 2011 was collected, and the information was classified according to the WHO classification criteria for injury surveillance guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using the national injury management software and Excel 2010. Results From 2006 to 2011, 70404 cases of injury were collected, and the male to female ratio was 2.17: 1. The age group of 25 to 44 took the highest proportion of the cases(42.93%). The corresponding careers were mainly commerce personnel, service personnel and students at school. The top three causes for injury were road traffic injuries(33.30%), tumble / fall(22.30%) and blunt trauma(16.46%). Injuries occurred mainly on highway / street(38.36%), home(21.33%) and public living spaces(14.09%). The injury cases were mainly unintentional injuries(94.95%) and mild injuries(71.55%). Historical data showed that the number of injuries reported each year increased steadily, while distribution characteristics of injury cases had no significant change each year.Conclusion Data analysis showed that injuries in Yinchuan occurred mainly among young people, took place mainly for highway /street. The main causes for the injury cases was road traffic injuries. This study provided scientific basis for developing targeted injury prevention and control strategies.
Defining Menopause: What Is Early, What Is Late?

The normative range of age for menopause is 45–54 years. Menopause occurring before age 45 is considered “early,” whereas menopause prior to age 40 is designated as “premature.” The prevalence of these two entities is about 5 % and 1–2 %, respectively, reflecting the relative rarity of cessation of menses prior to age 40. Environmental (cigarette smoking and other exposures), lifestyle (poverty and socioeconomic status), immunological (autoimmunity), and a variety of genetic factors are all known to influence the timing of menopause. Early and premature menopauses are related to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, part of which is attributable to early interruption of estrogen production. This chapter reviews these aspects of POF/POI and identifies the areas needed for further research.
Enter Populists. Enter Progressives. Enter Social Workers. Enter Frances Perkins

This chapter contextualizes the progressives role in shaping social work, dating back to America’s founding. The Constitutional franters implicitly anticipate economic rights. However, Perkins and FDR must draw our their implications so as to account for an American antipathy towards targeted rights.
Alcohol-Related Neurobehavioral Disabilities: Need for Further Definition and Common Terminology.

* Abbreviations: ARND — : alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder DSM-5 — : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition FAS — : fetal alcohol syndrome FASD — : fetal alcohol spectrum disorders IOM — : Institute of Medicine ND-PAE — : neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure PFAS — : partial fetal alcohol syndrome The adverse effects of alcohol on the developing human comprise a continuum of disabilities termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In the current issue of Pediatrics , Hagan et al1 discuss the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), of the American Psychiatric Association’s suggestion for inclusion of a new mental health diagnosis as part of this continuum; that is, neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE).2 The present commentary addresses the definition of ND-PAE, how it intersects with the existing diagnostic categories of FASD (fetal alcohol syndrome [FAS], partial fetal alcohol syndrome [PFAS], alcohol-related birth defects, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder [ARND]),3 and the need for ongoing research and development of common terminology for FASD. ND-PAE is listed in DSM-5 as an experimental “Condition for Further Study,” and thus currently cannot be diagnosed. However, the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are also included under “Other Specified Neurodevelopmental Disorder” (315.8) with a slightly different definition.2 In both cases, this category is intended for use by mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and counselors who cannot make a diagnosis using medical codes.4 DSM-5 codes trigger payment for behavioral health services and can help direct referral of … Address correspondence to H. Eugene Hoyme, MD, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Sanford Health, PO Box 5039, Sioux Falls, SD 57117-5039. E-mail: gene.hoyme{at}sanfordhealth.org
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves glucose homeostasis, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in livers of obese rats and in Kupffer cells via an AMPK-dependent pathway.

Background Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. We hypothesize that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of obese rats via activation of AMPK-α. Methods Obese Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent either sham operation or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Hepatic TNF-α, NF-κB, IRS-2, PI3 kinase, PKC-ζ, NOX2, and AMPK-α were measured. Mechanistic studies were done in a rat Kupffer cell line (RKC1) that was treated with free fatty acids to mimic lipotoxicity and then transfected with AMPK-α siRNA. Reactive oxygen species, TNF-α, NF-κB, AMPK-α, p-AMPK-α, PPAR-γ, and NOX2 were measured. A t test was used. Results Roux-en-Y gastric bypass lowered nonfasting serum glucose, improved the glucose tolerance test, and induced IRS2/PI3 kinase interaction. Additionally, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass decreased hepatic NOX2, PKC-ζ, TNF-α expression and activation of NF-κB. Free fatty acids increased reactive oxygen species, TNF-α protein, NOX2 protein, and activated NF-κB. Rosiglitazone attenuated the free fatty acids–induced increase in reactive oxygen species, TNF-α, NOX2, and NF-κB; blocking AMPK-α by siRNA abolished the effects of rosiglitazone. Conclusion Roux-en-Y gastric bypass exhibits antidiabetic properties and is associated with downregulation of proinflammation genes and oxidative stress in the liver and within Kupffer cells via activation of AMPK-α.
Problem-oriented charting: A review

Problem-oriented charting is form of medical documentation that organizes patient data by a diagnosis or problem. In this review, we discuss the history and current use of problem-oriented charting by critically evaluating the literature on the topic. We provide insights with regard to our own institutional use of problem-oriented charting and potential opportunities for research.
One Thousand and One Erotic Nights (Edwin Brown, 1982)

ABSTRACTEdwin and Summer Brown’s One Thousand and One Erotic Nights, distributed by Essex in 1982, was one of the most successful adult films in the pre-video ‘star vehicle’ production trend of 1982–1984. In many respects, the film is a parable of the career of its female lead, Annette Haven. The figure of Scheherazade, who is initially a doomed and disposable member of the Sultan’s harem but who repeatedly forestalls her execution through storytelling skills and sexual wiles, replays Haven’s own legend as a female porn star who rose from a member of porn’s faceless repertory talent pool to a box-office power eventually able to seize control of both her public image and the artistic direction of her films. In its recasting of Scheherazade as a supposed reframer of erotic spectacle through a feminine lens, her own manipulation of porn ‘viewer’ Sultan Chaka Khan (John Leslie) through both narrative and sexual skills, and its linking of disparate sexual numbers through its portmanteau structure, One Thousand...