cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INSURGENT STATE: TERRITORIAL BASES OF REVOLUTION

ABSTRACT For contemporary national revolutions, the capture and control of territory has virtually become a “territorial imperative.'’Control of a geographic part of the state is a manifesto proclaiming: “We have arrived. We are ready to replace the existing government.'’Each stage of a guerrilla war has its basis in geographic as well as political circumstances. “Mobile war'’is required when the insurgent is unable to establish a base in the cities and must continually move to avoid capture by government troops. Once a base area is established, it is possible to enter the stage of “guerrilla war.'’If a system of guerrilla base areas evolves, then a parallel state (insurgent state) is formed. It is the continual effort to create an insurgent state, complete with the elements of power, a raison d'etre, core areas, and administrative units that is the manifestation of the insurgent's territorial imperative.
Proceedings from the "Third International Conference on Mechanism of Action of Nutraceuticals".

Abstract The “Third International Conference on Mechanisms of Action of Nutraceuticals” (ICMAN 3) was held to bring investigators from around the world together to find answers and share experience relevant to the role of nutraceuticals in health and disease. Dietary supplements are currently receiving recognition as being beneficial in coronary heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis and other chronic and degenerative diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. This gave impetus to investigate the mechanisms of action of nutraceuticals and related bioactive compounds in disease pathologies. Many lines of evidence indicate that the mechanistic actions of natural compounds involve a wide array of biological processes, including activation of antioxidant defenses, signal transduction pathways, cell survival-associated gene expression, cell proliferation and differentiation and preservation of mitochondrial integrity. Furthermore, many of these compounds exert anti-inflammatory actions through inhibition of oxidative stress-induced transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1), cytotoxic cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2. It appears that these properties play a crucial role in the protection against the pathologies of numerous age-related or chronic diseases. This review summarizes the latest research finding in functional foods and micronutrients in the promotion of health and reduction of risk for major chronic diseases as presented in this symposium.
A fluorescent oligopeptide energy transfer assay with broad applications for neutral proteases.

A fluorescent peptide substrate to explore the protease specificity for the amino acid regions C- and N-terminal to the cleavage site has been designed. Intramolecular quenching of indole fluorescence by an N-terminal dansyl group separated by six amino acid residues forms the basis of this assay. For a particular enzyme, specificity can be designed into the peptide sequence by means of the number of residues that separate the two chromophores. In the present instance, the heptapeptide Dns-Gly-Lys-Tyr-Ala-Pro-Trp-Val is used to assay angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Astacus protease, carboxypeptidase A, α-chymotrypsin, and trypsin, all of which cleave the peptide in accord with their known specificity: Trypsin and Astacus protease hydrolyze only the Lys-Tyr and Tyr-Ala bonds, respectively. α-Chymotrypsin primarily cleaves the Tyr-Ala bond while ACE makes three successive dipeptidyl cleavages from the C-terminus. Carboxypeptidase repidly hydrolyzes first the Trp-Val and then the Pro-Trp bond. For all of the enzymes, catalytic activity (kcatKm) is in the range from 105 to 106m−1 s−1. Hydrolysis causes a fluorescence increase in the 310 to 410 nm region of 8.6- to 13.6-fold depending on the enzyme that is assayed. Assays can be designed based on the increase in tryptophan fluorescence or by individual product analyses using thin-layer or high-performance liquid chromatography. The specificity and sensitivity of such internally quenched fluorescent oligopeptides would seem to be ideal for the assay of specific endoproteases.
2-Aminopurine: a probe of structural dynamics and charge transfer in DNA and DNA:RNA hybrids.

Spectroscopic techniques are employed to probe relationships between structural dynamics and charge transfer (CT) efficiency in DNA duplexes and DNA:RNA hybrids containing photoexcited 2-aminopurine (Ap*). To better understand the variety of interactions and reactions, including CT, between Ap* and DNA, the fluorescence behavior of Ap* is investigated in a full series of redox-inactive as well as redox-active assemblies. Thus, Ap* is developed as a dual reporter of structural dynamics and base−base CT reactions in nucleic acid duplexes. CD, NMR, and thermal denaturation profiles are consistent with the family of DNA duplexes adopting a distinct conformation versus the DNA:RNA hybrids. Fluorescence measurements establish that the d(A)−r(U) tract of the DNA:RNA hybrid exhibits enhanced structural flexibility relative to that of the d(A)−d(T) tract of the DNA duplexes. The yield of CT from either G or 7-deazaguanine (Z) to Ap* in the assemblies was determined by comparing Ap* emission in redox-active G- or Z-containing duplexes to otherwise identical duplexes in which the G or Z is replaced by inosine (I), the redox-inactive nucleoside analogue. Investigations of CT not only demonstrate efficient intrastrand base−base CT in the DNA:RNA hybrids but also reveal a distance dependence of CT yield that is more shallow through the d(A)−r(U) bridge of the A-form DNA:RNA hybrids than through the d(A)−d(T) bridge of the B-form DNA duplexes. The shallow distance dependence of intrastrand CT in DNA:RNA hybrids correlates with the increased conformational flexibility of bases within the hybrid duplexes. Measurements of interstrand base−base CT provide another means to distinguish between the A- and B-form helices. Significantly, in the A-form DNA:RNA hybrids, a similar distance dependence is obtained for inter- and intrastrand reactions, while, in B-DNA, a more shallow distance dependence is evident with interstrand CT reactions. These observations are consistent with evaluations of intra- and interstrand base overlap in A- versus B-form duplexes. Overall, these data underscore the sensitivity of CT chemistry to nucleic acid structure and structural dynamics.
Economical high performance parallel simulations of wind instruments

A performance-price ratio of 2.2 Gflops per million dollars is demonstrated in simulations of wind instruments using a cluster of 20 non-dedicated Hewlett-Packard workstations and a shared-bus Ethernet network (the performance-price ratio is calculated assuming that the workstations were dedicated). The present simulations of wind instruments are based on the compressible Navier Stokes equations, and have only recently become possible through the use of parallel computing and through developments in numerical methods. The distributed simulation system has been built directly on top of UNIX and TCP/IP, and includes automatic process migration from busy workstations to free workstations.
Monte carlo simulation of multicomponent system by macro state markov chain model

Abstract The Macro State Markov Chain Model (MSMCM) is useful in developing parallel Monte Carlo simulation schemes to dramatically reduce computer simulation time (Chen, A. Hirtzel, C. S. Molecular Physics 1993, submitted; Chen, A.; Ph.D. diss., 1993). In this article, some special issues are addressed to apply the MSMCM to multicomponent system. A fourth type of transition, “replacement,” in addition to the conventional “move,” “add” and “remove” transitions, is introduced to guarantee the reachability of all states in a macro state. Adsorption of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen in zeolite 5A is studied using the MSMCM model
IMPACT OF GROUP WORK AND EXTENDED ESSAY WRITING ON ONLINE ADVANCED PLACEMENT PROGRAM® STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Online high schools are growing significantly in number, popularity, and function. However, little empirical data has been published about the effectiveness of these institutions. This research examined the frequency of group work and extended essay writing among online Advanced Placement Program® (AP®) students, and how these tasks may have impacted their AP exam performance. Hierarchical, set-wise regression models found little to no impact of group work or extended essay writing on multiple-choice, free response, or composite scores across 9 AP exams administered from 2003–2005. These models included student sex, race, and year in school as independent variables; covariates were the number of previous AP exams taken by the student and PSAT/NMSQT® scores. Implications for online providers and for future research of online high schools are discussed.
Energetics of dissolution of Gd2O3 and HfO2 in sodium alumino-borosilicate glasses

Abstract In addition to their industrial and consumer-oriented applications, sodium alumino-borosilicate glasses are leading candidates for encapsulation of reprocessed commercial and defense-related nuclear waste. Quantification of the thermochemical and physical properties of these glasses is necessary for a complete understanding of processes occurring in these systems. In this study, 16 glass samples were studied including the base glass (20Na 2 O–15B 2 O 3 –5Al 2 O 3 –60SiO 2 ), six Gd-doped glasses (0.45, 0.92, 1.72, 3.25, 4.74, 7.67, 10.53 mol% Gd 2 O 3 ) and eight Hf-doped glasses (0.15, 0.38, 0.77, 1.57, 3.27, 5.09, 7.06, 11.53 mol % HfO 2 ). Drop solution calorimetry using lead borate solvent at 976 K indicates that these glasses are energetically stable with respect to their binary crystalline oxides. There is a sharp change in the enthalpy of formation between glasses with more than 1.6 mol % Gd 2 O 3 or HfO 2 addition and glasses of lower Gd 2 O 3 or HfO 2 content. At higher doping levels, the apparent partial molar enthalpy of solution of HfO 2 in the glass is close to zero, consistent with the formation of nanometer-sized heterogeneities. A possible explanation is that glasses with more than 1.6 mol% added oxides consist of regions of Gd 2 O 3 or HfO 2 -rich glass perhaps containing regions of medium-range order dominated by Gd 2 O 3 or HfO 2 and/or their nanocrystals and regions of Gd 2 O 3 or HfO 2 poor glass. Glass transition temperatures from DSC experiments indicate similar trends with a change in slope near 1.6 mol % Gd 2 O 3 or HfO 2 . These data are consistent with structural and spectroscopic studies that suggest the onset of clustering and related changes in structure in this composition range.
Internal Medicine Residents Reject “Longer and Gentler” Training

Increasing complexity of medical care, coupled with limits on resident work hours, has prompted consideration of extending Internal Medicine training. It is unclear whether further hour reductions and extension of training beyond the current duration of 3 years would be accepted by trainees. We aimed to determine if further work-hour reductions and extension of training would be accepted by trainees and whether resident burnout affects their opinions. A postal survey was sent to all 143 Internal Medicine residents at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in May 2004. The survey contained questions related to opinions on work-hour limits using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, organized into three subscales: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment, with burnout defined as high EE or DP. Seventy-four percent (106/143) of residents returned the survey. The vast majority (84%) of residents disagreed or strongly disagreed with extending training to 4 or 5 years. Burnout residents were less averse to extending training (strongly agree or agree, 18.9% vs 4.3%, P = .04). The majority of residents (68.9%) disagreed or strongly disagreed with establishing a 60-hour/week limit. Residents who met the criteria for burnout were more likely to agree that a 60-hour limit would be better than an 80-hour limit (strongly agree or agree, 22% vs 8%, P = .02). In this program, most Internal Medicine residents are strongly opposed to extending their training to 4 or 5 years and would prefer the current 80 hours/week cap. A longer, less intense pace of Internal Medicine training seems to be less attractive in the eyes of current trainees.
Custom software development for use in a clinical laboratory

In-house software development for use in a clinical laboratory is a controversial issue. Many of the objections raised are based on outdated software development practices, an exaggeration of the risks involved, and an underestimation of the benefits that can be realized. Buy versus build analyses typically do not consider total costs of ownership, and unfortunately decisions are often made by people who are not directly affected by the workflow obstacles or benefits that result from those decisions. We have been developing custom software for clinical use for over a decade, and this article presents our perspective on this practice. A complete analysis of the decision to develop or purchase must ultimately examine how the end result will mesh with the departmental workflow, and custom-developed solutions typically can have the greater positive impact on efficiency and productivity, substantially altering the decision balance sheet. Involving the end-users in preparation of the functional specifications is crucial to the success of the process. A large development team is not needed, and even a single programmer can develop significant solutions. Many of the risks associated with custom development can be mitigated by a well-structured development process, use of open-source tools, and embracing an agile development philosophy. In-house solutions have the significant advantage of being adaptable to changing departmental needs, contributing to efficient and higher quality patient care.
SURVEY OF SWIMMING POOL ALGAE OF THE PHOENIX, ARIZONA, METROPOLITAN AREA1

Thirteen genera of algae were collected and identified from 110 swimming pools in the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. They included seven cyanophytes (Calothrix, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Phormidium, Plectonema, Pleurocapsa), four chlorophytes (Chlamydomonas, Diogenes, Oocystis, Roya), and two chrysophytes (Pleurochloris, Nitzschia). Pleurochloris pyrenoidosa Pascher was the most common swimming pool alga, occurring in 67% of the pools sampled. Species of Phormidium and Plectonema were the next most abundant, with species of Chlorophyta least common, occurring in less than 5% of the swimming pools surveyed. Algae occurred in swimming pools under a wide range of physicochemical conditions. A correlation between physicochemical parameters monitored and the appearance of a particular algal species was not evident.
Regulation of proteasome activity in health and disease.

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the primary selective degradation system in the nuclei and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, required for the turnover of myriad soluble proteins. The hundreds of factors that comprise the UPS include an enzymatic cascade that tags proteins for degradation via the covalent attachment of a poly-ubiquitin chain, and a large multimeric enzyme that degrades ubiquitinated proteins, the proteasome. Protein degradation by the UPS regulates many pathways and is a crucial component of the cellular proteostasis network. Dysfunction of the ubiquitination machinery or the proteolytic activity of the proteasome is associated with numerous human diseases. In this review we discuss the contributions of the proteasome to human pathology, describe mechanisms that regulate the proteolytic capacity of the proteasome, and discuss strategies to modulate proteasome function as a therapeutic approach to ameliorate diseases associated with altered UPS function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin–Proteasome System. Guest Editors: Thomas Sommer and Dieter H. Wolf.
Identification of Three Classes of Heteroaromatic Compounds with Activity against Intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi by Chemical Library Screening

The development of new drugs against Chagas disease is a priority since the currently available medicines have toxic effects, partial efficacy and are targeted against the acute phase of disease. At present, there is no drug to treat the chronic stage. In this study, we have optimized a whole cell-based assay for high throughput screening of compounds that inhibit infection of mammalian cells by Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. A 2000-compound chemical library was screened using a recombinant T. cruzi (Tulahuen strain) expressing β-galactosidase. Three hits were selected for their high activity against T. cruzi and low toxicity to host cells in vitro: PCH1, NT1 and CX1 (IC50: 54, 190 and 23 nM, respectively). Each of these three compounds presents a different mechanism of action on intracellular proliferation of T. cruzi amastigotes. CX1 shows strong trypanocidal activity, an essential characteristic for the development of drugs against the chronic stage of Chagas disease where parasites are found intracellular in a quiescent stage. NT1 has a trypanostatic effect, while PCH1 affects parasite division. The three compounds also show high activity against intracellular T. cruzi from the Y strain and against the related kinetoplastid species Leishmania major and L. amazonensis. Characterization of the anti–T. cruzi activity of molecules chemically related to the three library hits allowed the selection of two compounds with IC50 values of 2 nM (PCH6 and CX2). These values are approximately 100 times lower than those of the medicines used in patients against T. cruzi. These results provide new candidate molecules for the development of treatments against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis.
Epidemiology and Food Safety

With the introduction of the Food Safety Initiative in 1997, food safety activities and research funding have increased dramatically. Advances in microbiological methods and epidemiologic research have provided significant progress in our understanding of foodborne diseases and in our implementation of control programs. This article highlights some of those food safety activities and epidemiologic research programs. This article also describes potential future research areas and activities.
Inflammation and microalbuminuria in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

Inflammation and microalbuminuria in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Background Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the underlying pathomechanisms are still poorly understood. A relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation, and atherosclerotic disease has been reported recently. Methods We hypothesized that microalbuminuria might be associated with chronic inflammation and investigated the relationship of urinary albumin excretion, as assessed from the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), in an untimed morning urine specimen, and two inflammatory markers (CRP and fibrinogen) in the large, triethnic population of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). After exclusion of subjects with macroalbuminuria, 1481 subjects were studied. Results Both inflammatory markers were related to urinary ACR ( r = 0.17 for CRP and r = 0.14 for fibrinogen, both P = 0.0001), an association that remained significant after adjustment for demographic variables, diabetic status, smoking, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( P N = 262) versus normoalbuminuric ( N = 1219) subjects (5.37 ± 0.47 vs. 3.80 ± 0.15 mg/L and 295.7 ± 4.0 vs. 278.2 ± 1.6 mg/dL, both P P = 0.047), along with hypertension, female gender, waist circumference, and fasting blood glucose, while CRP was not independently related to microalbuminuria in this model ( P = 0.26). Conclusion We have shown an association of CRP and fibrinogen with urinary albumin excretion in the microalbuminuric range in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Chronic inflammation therefore emerges as a potential mediator between microalbuminuria and macrovascular disease.
A Computer Model For Assessing The Potential Of Rare-Earth Screens In Magnification Angiography

It is shown that the level of magnification which is optimal is similar for both high speed rare-earth intensifying screens and medium-speed calcium-tungstate screens. The amount of perceivable information obtained with calcium-tungstate screens is, however, higher than that obtained with rare-earth screens. This difference is attributed to the increased radiographic mottle in the rare-earth screens.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improving laboratory data entry quality using Six Sigma

Purpose – The Uganda Makerere University provides clinical laboratory support to over 70 clients in Uganda. With increased volume, manual data entry errors have steadily increased, prompting laboratory managers to employ the Six Sigma method to evaluate and reduce their problems. The purpose of this paper is to describe how laboratory data entry quality was improved by using Six Sigma.Design/methodology/approach – The Six Sigma Quality Improvement (QI) project team followed a sequence of steps, starting with defining project goals, measuring data entry errors to assess current performance, analyzing data and determining data‐entry error root causes. Finally the team implemented changes and control measures to address the root causes and to maintain improvements. Establishing the Six Sigma project required considerable resources and maintaining the gains requires additional personnel time and dedicated resources.Findings – After initiating the Six Sigma project, there was a 60.5 percent reduction in data e...
An ironic reductio for a 'pro-life' argument: Hurlbut's proposal for stem cell research.

William Hurlbut, a Stanford University bioethicist and member of the President's Council on Bioethics, recently proposed a solution to the current impasse over human embryonic stem cell research in the United States. He suggested that researchers could use genetic engineering and somatic cell nuclear transfer (i.e. cloning) to develop human ‘pseudo-embryos’ that have no potential to develop fully into human persons. According to Hurlbut, even thinkers who typically ascribe high moral status to human embryos could approve of destroying these ‘pseudo-embryos’ for the sake of harvesting human embryonic stem cells. This essay argues, first, that an argument based on the ‘paradox of the heap’ (an argument that many ‘pro-life’ thinkers employ in order to defend the notion that human embryos have high moral value from the moment of conception) challenges the ethical legitimacy of Hurlbut's proposal. Second, the paper argues that this conflict may illustrate a reductio ad absurdum for this ‘pro-life’ argument itself rather than being a problem for Hurlbut's proposal. As a result, the paper challenges the ‘pro-life’ strategy of arguing that one should respond to uncertainty about the moral status of developing embryos by being morally ‘cautious’ and granting all human embryos full moral status from the moment of conception. It appears that one is faced with a complex series of choices (about where to draw the moral line between entities that are human persons and entities that are not), and a strict moral ‘cautiousness’ about this series of choices may ultimately lead to absurdity.
Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Reveals a Stepwise Unfolding of Caenorhabditis elegans Giant Protein Kinase Domains

Myofibril assembly and disassembly are complex processes that regulate overall muscle mass. Titin kinase has been implicated as an initiating catalyst in signaling pathways that ultimately result in myofibril growth. In titin, the kinase domain is in an ideal position to sense mechanical strain that occurs during muscle activity. The enzyme is negatively regulated by intramolecular interactions occurring between the kinase catalytic core and autoinhibitory/regulatory region. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that human titin kinase acts as a force sensor. However, the precise mechanism(s) resulting in the conformational changes that relieve the kinase of this autoinhibition are unknown. Here we measured the mechanical properties of the kinase domain and flanking Ig/Fn domains of the Caenorhabditis elegans titin-like proteins twitchin and TTN-1 using single-molecule atomic force microscopy. Our results show that these kinase domains have significant mechanical resistance, unfolding at forces similar to those for Ig/Fn beta-sandwich domains (30-150 pN). Further, our atomic force microscopy data is consistent with molecular dynamic simulations, which show that these kinases unfold in a stepwise fashion, first an unwinding of the autoinhibitory region, followed by a two-step unfolding of the catalytic core. These data support the hypothesis that titin kinase may function as an effective force sensor.
Principles and challenges of genome-wide DNA methylation analysis

Methylation of cytosine bases in DNA provides a layer of epigenetic control in many eukaryotes that has important implications for normal biology and disease. Therefore, profiling DNA methylation across the genome is vital to understanding the influence of epigenetics. There has been a revolution in DNA methylation analysis technology over the past decade: analyses that previously were restricted to specific loci can now be performed on a genome-scale and entire methylomes can be characterized at single-base-pair resolution. However, there is such a diversity of DNA methylation profiling techniques that it can be challenging to select one. This Review discusses the different approaches and their relative merits and introduces considerations for data analysis.
Galactorrhea and Parkinson-like syndrome: An adverse effect of α-methyldopa

Abstract Methyldopa induced galactorrhea and a Parkinson-like syndrome in a 15-year-old girl with chronic glomerulonephritis. On discontinuation of the drug, the adverse effects disappeared and did not recur. Dopamine and/or norepinephrine deficiency induced by methyldopa is proposed as a probable central mechanism for these adverse effects.
8 ADOLESCENT SECONDARY AMENORRHEA: ASSOCIATION WITH HYPOTHALAIC HYPIOTHYROIDISM

In adolescent girls, secondary amenorrhea can result from a variety of physiologic and psychologic disturbances. Previous reports associating amenorrhea and primary hypothyroidism have not distinguished between the alternative etiologic roles of thyroxine deficiency and hyperprolactinemia. We have evaluated two girls with secondary amenorrhea who had clinical and chemical evidence of hypothyroidism. Both had low basal T4's (0.8 and 3.8 μg%), calculated free T4's (0.1 and 0.7 μg%), and T3's (51 and 81 ng%). Both had undetectable basal TSH with normal TSH response to TRH. Basal FSH and LH were normal, as was the response to LHRH. Basal prolactins were 6 and 14 ng/ml, and both girls had growth hormone responses of ≥15 ng/ml in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Pituitary-adrenal function and reserve were also normal. In neither case were there any historical, physical, or laboratory features compatible with anorexia nervosa. After treatment with 1-thyroxine, both girls had a resumption in menses. These two adolescent girls thus appear to have isolated hypothalamic hypothyroidism. The associated secondary amenorrhea demonstrates that thyroid deficiency alone, without hyperprolactinemia, can interfere with normal hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function. (Supported by grant RR-125)
Measurement of change in surface contour by computer graphics.

Abstract Change in anatomic contour due to wear is an important criterion in the evaluation of new restorative materials. This report describes a method of capturing and displaying anatomic surface contours using a combination of computer graphics and servohydraulics. The method can be used to measure the volume change following a change in surface contour. The accuracy of the method was assessed using a sample containing two small depressions of volumes 0.006 mm 3 and 0.0281 mm 3 . The recorded accuracies of the method were 12% and 2.5% respectively. A useful feature of the method is that the graphics enable the operator to visualize the wear in relation to the surface anatomy in addition to quantitatively measuring it.
Bending Mode Instabilities and Fragmentation in Interstellar Cloud Collisions: A Mechanism for Complex Structure

A fundamental problem in interstellar gasdynamics is the collision between two interstellar clouds. We present high-resolution two-dimensional results of this interaction using Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) hydrodynamics with a Godunov scheme for accurate shock tracking in multidimensions. These results are at a resolution that is significantly higher than has been previously achieved by other methodologies such as smoothed particle hydrodynamics. We have studied the collisions between homogeneous clouds with an adiabatic equation of state, isothermal clouds, radiatively cooling clouds, and clouds with initial surface perturbations. In all instances, the collision is complex, resulting in flows that are strongly influenced by Kelvin-Helmholtz and nonlinear thin shell bending mode instabilities. In particular we find that the early evolution of homogeneous cloud collisions initially produces a cold dense disk in the collision midplane. A low mass jet propagates outward with characteristics of dense protostellar jets in a low-density medium. Once the clouds have been compressed by strong shocks, pressure gradients drive the dense disk to re-expand along the symmetry axis. This reexpansion overshoots, resulting in a pressure deficit in the interior of the merged cloud system and a collapse back onto the symmetry axis. If the colliding clouds are initially smooth, the end result of the collision is a large aspect ratio filament with a homogeneous interior and an irregular surface. If the clouds have finite surface perturbations, a bending mode instability renders the merged cloud system asymmetrical and highly inhomogeneous with islands of high density surrounded by low density regions throughout the interior. These results have implications for coelescence models of star formation. The appearance of the merged system is that of a clumpy filamentary structure with a large aspect ratio. This instability is shown to occur for both isothermal shocks, as well as shocks with radiative cooling. The instability occurs in adiabatic shocks for compressions greater than 10. The bending mode instability increases the vorticity of the merged cloud system, resulting in an axial velocity that is twice as large as in the smooth cloud case. Recent observations show an abundance of elongated clumpy filaments in the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC-1). Our calculations of cloud-cloud collisions undergoing the bending mode instability provide a new mechanism for for generating inhomogeneous filamentary structures which appear to be common in the interstellar medium.
Localized lifetime control in insulated-gate transistors by proton implantation

The application of localized carrier lifetime control to power devices is explored. A new type of power device, the insulated-gate transistor, was chosen for this study. Proton implantation was used as an agent of lifetime control by varying energy (1 to 3.8 MeV) and dose. Most of the proton damage in silicon, and therefore most of the lifetime reduction, occurs near the proton end-of-range, resulting in a localized band of low lifetime. Proton energy determines the depth at which the region of minimum lifetime is placed within the device structure. The effect of localized lifetime reduction on forward voltage, turn-off time, and leakage current was studied. The results lead to an understanding of the proper choice of depth at which to place a region of low lifetime, and illustrate the advantages of localization. With this choice, a significantly better tradeoff curve of forward voltage versus turn-off time is shown to be realized with proton implantation compared to the unlocalized but common technique of electron irradiation.
Temperature dependence of the chemical shifts of commonly employed proton n.m.r. reference compounds

The temperature dependence of the chemical shifts of ten commonly employed 1H n.m.r. reference compounds of interest to both organic and biological workers was determined using the temperature independent standard ethane at low density. The water soluble standards sodium 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate and sodium 3-trimethylsilylpropionate-d6 exhibited very small chemical shift changes over the range of 20–65 °C. Outside of this temperature interval the chemical shift is distinctly nonlinear, but still is sufficiently small to be neglected for many n.m.r. studies. In contrast, the temperature dependence of seven neat organic liquid reference standards was observed to be linear over a significant temperature range with slopes varying between 0.0009 and 0.0023 ppm °C−1. Only tetramethylammonium chloride (in 2H2O) exhibited a small but pronounced nonlinear temperature dependence over the full range investigated.
A Critical Moral Analysis of Reverse Discrimination in Light of the Natural Law: The Allan Bakke Case

Abstract Reverse discrimination continues to remain a significant issue in America. In this paper I will present the case of Allan Bakke. First, I will give a factual account of Bakke's effort to gain admission into medical school. Second, I will examine the issue of reverse discrimination in light of the moral virtues. Third, I will discuss the relationship between the "right and the good" as related to Bakke. Fourth, I will apply the principle of subsidiarity to Bakke's case. Fifth, I will examine Bakke's reverse discrimination in regard to the two species of justice.
The clash of government structure and racial politics in the City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson

Abstract Drawing on a qualitative case study of the political actors who authorized Richmond, Virginia's minority contractor ordinance, this article analyzes the discontinuity between their efforts to redistribute political resources into the black community and the municipal government structure established by the progressive reform movement and reinforced by the Supreme Court ruling in the City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson. It argues that the specific points of contention are the progress reforms that eliminated political patronage and required parsimonious tax structures. Pervious research noted the benefits and/or constraints on the redistributive efforts of black politicians/ regimes arising from coalitions in governments structured by progressive reforms. This research, in contrast, argues that we must look to the political structure itself as a source of constraints also. Thus, as affirmative action policies like the one in the City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson are outlawed, racial minorities will find their efforts to achieve social, and especially economic, equality limited by the dictates of the political system itself.
The role of affect in learning Real Analysis: a case study

This paper presents a description of the interaction between one student's emotional states and mathematical learning during an introductory Real Analysis course. This case study illustrates the important influence affect can have on a student's success or failure in learning Real Analysis. In particular, it shows how frustration and anxiety led the observed student to place more emphasis on rote learning strategies and avoid engaging in the course material. The case study also describes how the student's small gains in her understanding provided her with feelings of pleasure and encouragement, which in turn motivated her to seek out opportunities to study the material further.
Regression models relating soil nutrients and growth of Eucalyptus gummifera and Eucalyptus maculata seedlings.

Growth of Eucalyptus gummifera and E. maculata seedlings is statistically correlated with the concentrations of a number of soil nutrients. Step—wise multiple linear regression models of seedling growth are presented with soil nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and aluminum as independent variables. Regression models with soil calcium and phosphorus as independent variables give the best estimates of seedling growth. See full-text article at JSTOR
Sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide inhibits ethanol consumption in the rat.

Abstract Twenty-three hr water deprived rats received access to 5% ethanol solution for 30 min daily. Intraperitoneal injection of sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 2.0–16.0 μg/kg) significantly inhibited ethanol consumption, but injection of desulphated CCK-8 did not affect ethanol consumption. These results confirm a previous report that CCK-8 suppresses ethanol intake, and indicate that inhibition of ethanol consumption by CCK-8 depends on sulphation of its tyrosyl residue. This chemical specificity of action of CCK-8 is also characteristic of other known behavioral and physiological effects of peripherally-administered cholecystokinin-like peptides.
Modeling of transformers operating in saturation

The objective of this paper is to present a straightforward approach to modeling transformers operating in saturation. The approach uses standard magnetic analysis and proceeds in a clear manner to create a nonlinear model. The resulting model can be used for simulation and educational purposes.
The Human MLH1 cDNA Complements DNA Mismatch Repair Defects in Mlh1-deficient Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

The DNA mismatch repair gene hMLH1 is reported to function in mutation avoidance, cell cycle checkpoint control, the cytotoxicity of various DNA-damaging agents, and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. Formal proof of the involvement of hMLH1 in these processes requires single gene complementation. We have stably expressed hMLH1 from a transfected cDNA in Mlh1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Expression of hMLH1 restored normal levels of mPMS2 protein, reduced spontaneous base substitution and microsatellite mutations, increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of 6-thioguanine (6-TG), and restored 6-TG-induced cell cycle arrest. Our studies confirm that hMLH1 has an essential role in the maintenance of genomic stability and the potentiation of 6-TG cytotoxicity and provide a system for detailed structure/function analysis of the hMLH1 protein.
ON THE USE OF THE RING TEST FOR DETERMINING RATE SENSITIVE MATERIAL CONSTANTS

An explosive-ring test is reappraised in light of recently developed material-behavior models and analytical predictive techniques. It is demonstrated in complete detail how this test may be utilized to determine the uniaxial flow laws of rate-sensitive perfectly plastic and strain-hardening materials.
On the Computational Utility of Consciousness

We propose a computational framework for understanding and modeling human consciousness. This framework integrates many existing theoretical perspectives, yet is sufficiently concrete to allow simulation experiments. We do not attempt to explain qualia (subjective experience), but instead ask what differences exist within the cognitive information processing system when a person is conscious of mentally-represented information versus when that information is unconscious. The central idea we explore is that the contents of consciousness correspond to temporally persistent states in a network of computational modules. Three simulations are described illustrating that the behavior of persistent states in the models corresponds roughly to the behavior of conscious states people experience when performing similar tasks. Our simulations show that periodic settling to persistent (i.e., conscious) states improves performance by cleaning up inaccuracies and noise, forcing decisions, and helping keep the system on track toward a solution.
Cutting Edge: Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Activated NK T Cells Does Not Require Inflammatory Cell Recruitment to the Liver

We have previously reported that intrahepatic NK T cells activated by α-galactosylceramide inhibit hepatitis B virus replication noncytopathically in the liver of transgenic mice. This effect is mediated by antiviral cytokines directly produced by activated NK T cells and/or by other cytokine-producing inflammatory cells that are recruited into the liver. In this study, we demonstrated that IFN-γ produced by activated NK T cells induced parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells of the liver to produce high levels of CXC chemokine ligands 9 and 10, which mediated the intrahepatic recruitment of lymphomononuclear inflammatory cells. Recruitment of these cells was not necessary for the antiviral activity, indicating that direct activation of the intrahepatic resident NK T cell is sufficient to control viral replication in this model.
First biologic and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Kenya).

The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus) is a good indicator of the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in the soil because chickens feed from the ground. In the present study, prevalence of T. gondii in chickens from Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Kenya is reported. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in sera of 50 free-range chickens from Congo was 50% based on the modified agglutination test (MAT); antibody titers were 1: 5 in 7, 1:10 in 7, 1:20 in 6, 1:40 in 1, and 1:160 or more in 4 chickens. Hearts, pectoral muscles, and brains of 11 chickens with titers of 1:20 or more were bioassayed individually in mice; T. gondii was isolated from 9, from the hearts of 9, brains of 3, and muscles of 3 chickens. Tissues of each of the 14 chickens with titers of 1:5 or 1:10 were pooled and bioassayed in mice; T. gondii was isolated from 1 chicken with a titer of 1:10. Tissues from the remaining 25 seronegative chickens were pooled and fed to 1 T. gondii...
MMAE/MMAC techniques applied to large space structure bending with multiple uncertain parameters

A moving-bank multiple model estimator/controller (MMAE/MMAC) based on linear system, quadratic cost, and Gaussian noise (LQG) assumptions is used to quell unwanted vibrations in a large flexible space structure. The structure, known as the Space Integrated Controls Experiment, or SPICE, exists at Phillips Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. The structure consists of a large platform and a smaller platform connected by a tripod of flexible legs. The purpose of the control system is to maintain a very precise line-of-sight vector through the center of the spacecraft Kalman filtering, used to estimate the position and velocity of the bending modes of the structure, and LQG control techniques are the primary design tools used in the MMAE/MMAC algorithms. Implementing a parallel bank of filters increases robustness when uncertainties exist in the system model, here specifically allowing adaptation to uncertain and changing undamped natural frequencies of the bending modes of the structure. A moving-bank algorithm is utilized to reduce the computational loading. The MMAE/MMAC design provides an excellent method of estimating variations in the vector of undamped natural frequencies and quelling vibrations in the structure. The MMAE/MMAC was able to track numerous parameter changes and jumps while providing adequate control for the structure.
Traditional Gender Roles: Do They Make, and Then Break, our Relationships?

Despite societal pressure for change in traditional gender roles, the coevolution of genes and culture may still lead us to be attracted to potential mates whose appearance and behavior is stereotypically masculine or feminine. This attraction is ironic in light of a growing body of research evidence indicating that the relationships of men and women with traditional gender roles are far from optimal—and are generally worse than those of androgynous men and women. These seemingly paradoxical findings may reflect the conflict between what our genes and past culture dispose us to do and what our present culture prescribes.
The black student athlete: The colonized black body

This article views the black student athlete as colonized Black Body. It uses an internal colonial model to place the experiences black student athletes encounter at predominantly white National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Institutions into a broader theoretical framework. This theoretical approach draws upon the similarities that exist between black student athletes and internally colonized people. The conclusion of this article is that the Black Body is again internally colonized by these institutions for physical exploitation.
A Re-Analysis of "Lord's Paradox":

"Lord's Paradox" is a term applied to a hypothetical situation illustrated by Frederic M. Lord in which Gain Score Analysis (GSA) and the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) yield conflicting results in testing differential treatment effects for natural groups. This paper demonstrates that GSA and ANCOVA will always yield conflicting results unless the slopes of within group regression lines of posttest on pretest equal one. It is also pointed out that in Lord's specific hypothetical example, trait instability accounts for regression line slopes not equaling one and invalidates the ANCOVA. An analysis that corrects for this problem is demonstrated.
Adult Presentation of Metanephric Stromal Tumor

A 53-year-old woman presented with right upper quadrant pain and biliary colic. Ultrasound showed multiple gallstones and a solid cystic mass in the right kidney. Computerized tomography of the abdomen confirmed the presence of a central contrast enhancing mixed solid cystic mass with mural calcifications (fig. 1). No adenopathy was noted. The patient denied a history of flank pain, nephrolithiasis, gross hematuria, voiding symptoms, bone pain, fever, chills or weight loss. Medical history was negative for hypertension, and family history was negative for renal disease. Bone scan, chest x-ray, urine cytology and urinalysis were negative. Excretory urography demonstrated no filling defects in the collecting system. Given the solid nature of the tumor, its central location and the presence of a normal contralateral kidney, right laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and concomitant laparoscopic
Role of the His273 located in the sixth transmembrane domain of the angiotensin II receptor subtype AT2 in ligand-receptor interaction.

Abstract Angiotensin II receptor subtypes AT1 and AT2 are proteins with seven transmembrane domain (TMD) topology and share 34% homology. It was shown that His256, located in the sixth TMD of the AT1 receptor, is needed for the agonist activation by the Phe8 side chain of angiotensin II, although replacing this residue with arginine or glutamine did not significantly alter the affinity binding of the receptor. We hypothesized that the His273 located in the sixth transmembrane domain of the AT2 receptor may play a similar role in the functions of the AT2 receptor, although this residue was not identified as a conserved residue in the initial homology comparisions. Therefore, we replaced His273 of the AT2 receptor with arginine or glutamine and analyzed the ligand-binding properties of the mutant receptors using Xenopus oocytes as an expression system. Our results suggested that the AT2 receptor mutants His273Arg and His273 Glu have lost their affinity to [ 125 I-Sar 1 -Ile 8 ]Ang II, a peptidic ligand that binds both the AT1 and AT2 receptors and to 125 I-CGP42112A, a peptidic ligand that binds specifically to the AT2 receptor. Thus, His273 located in the sixth TMD of the AT2 receptor seems to play an important role in determining the binding properties of this receptor. Moreover, these results along with our previous observation that the Lys215 located in the 5th TMD of the AT2 receptor is essential for its high affinity binding to [ 125 I-Sar 1 -Ile 8 ]Ang II indicate that key amino acids located in the 5th and 6th TMDs of the AT2 receptor are needed for high affinity binding of the AT2 to its ligands.