cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum dots as mineral- and matrix-specific strain gages for bone biomechanical studies

We report the use of quantum dots (Qdots) as strain gages in the study of bone biomechanics using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We have developed solid state NMR sample cells for investigation of deformations of bone tissue components at loads up to several Mega Pascal. The size constraints of the NMR instrumentation limit the bone specimen diameter and length to be no greater than 2-3 mm and 30 mm respectively. Further, magic angle spinning (MAS) solid state NMR experiments require the use of non-metallic apparatus that can be rotated at kilohertz rates. These experimental constraints preclude the use of standard biomechanical measurement systems. In this paper we explore the use of quantum dot center of gravity measurement as a strain gage technology consistent with the constraints of solid state NMR. We use Qdots that bind calcium (625 nm emission) and collagen (705 nm emission) for measurement of strain in these components. Compressive loads are applied to a specimen in a cell through a fine pitch screw turned with a mini-torque wrench. Displacement is measured as changes in the positions of arrays of quantum dots on the surface of a specimen. Arrays are created by spotting the specimen with dilute suspensions of Qdots. Mineral labeling is achieved with 705 nm carboxylated dots and matrix labeling with 565 nm quantum dots conjugated to collagen I antibodies. After each load increment the new positions of the quantum dots are measured by fluorescence microscopy. Changes in Qdot center of gravity as a function of applied load can be measured with submicron accuracy.
An empirical analysis of open source software developers' motivations and continuance intentions

We investigated open source software (OSS) developers' intentions to continue their involvement in future projects. The research goal was to analyze the motivations of OSS developers systematically and identify those factors that influenced their continuation. A work motivation model for OSS developers was proposed and a research model was empirically validated using data from a field survey of 148 OSS participants. The results showed that OSS developers' feelings of satisfaction and their intentions to continue with OSS development was influenced by both helping behavior and economic incentives and also that adequate motivators existed, though OSS developers did not benefit equally and there was substantial room to improve their experiences as OSS developers.
HIV in China.

A team of American nurse and physician educators collaborated with the Nursing Department of the Hunan Medical University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China, to develop a "train-the-trainer" program for Chinese nurses. The program included didactic and experiential learning activities intended to increase Chinese nurses' level of comfort when discussing culturally sensitive issues such as sexual behavior and drug use. The program emphasized collaborative development of educational materials that reflected the local cultural content. Chinese nurses responded enthusiastically but remained uncomfortable with sexual information after an initial workshop. Follow-up training programs are essential. Successful HIV/AIDS education requires teachers and students to examine personal and cultural values to address the affective learning domain.
PEACE AS SOCIAL DUMPING IN THE MIDDLE EAST? PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FROM ISRAEL, EGYPT AND JORDAN

One of the celebrated rewards of a comprehensive peace settlement in the currently stalled Arab-Israeli Peace Process is the peace dividend: economic development through intra-regional trade and capital investment. The peace dividend is also positioned by its enthusiasts as a process that will reinforce peace while delivering economic benefits to all of the parties involved. Regionally integrated Middle Eastern markets for goods, capital, services and labor will bind the region together and will, in turn, reinforce the Peace Process itself, the peacemakers claim. However, what has been absent from discussions of the economic dimension of peace are the potential effects of increased intra-regional integration on workers, wages and labor standards. Using a model developed by Erickson and Kuruvilla, this paper determines that between 1965 and 1997 the possibility that the peace dividend will have a negative impact on wages and jobs in the region increased substantially, a process known as social dumping. Increased incentives for Israeli manufacturers to relocate to Jordan and Egypt to exploit growing labor-cost differentials is argued to have potentially severe consequences for workers in the three countries and may ultimately erode support for the Peace Process itself.
How Does Direct to Consumer Advertising Affect the Stigma of Mental Illness

Stigma interferes with life goals of people with mental illness. Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) may impact stigmatizing attitudes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of psychiatric medication DTCA on the stigmatizing and affirming attitudes of the general population versus individuals self-identified with mental illness. Participants (n = 272) were randomly assigned to watch a DTCA about Cymbalta, an antidepressant, embedded in two other advertisements for non-pharmaceutical products. Participants completed measures of stigmatizing and affirming attitudes before and after viewing this DTCA. Results indicate that the Cymbalta DTCA worsened the attitudes of the general public. These participants were less likely to offer help, endorse recovery, and agree with self-determination attitudes towards people with mental illness following viewing the DTCA. The self-identified group reported less blame, less dangerousness, less social avoidance, more pity, and greater willingness to help after viewing the DTCA. Moreover, there was significant improvement in their endorsement of recovery. Results suggest that DTCAs about psychiatric medication may increase the public's stigma towards people with mental illness but reduce stigma among individuals who identify as having a mental illness. Findings are somewhat limited by selection biases and self-report. Implications for further development of DTCAs are considered.
Is it time for timetrees

Anchoring phylogenies to absolute time has been a major goal of systematists since Darwin, and efforts to do so have exploded with the rise of molecular phylogenetics. Unfortunately, numerous factors complicate these efforts, including how to model changes in the rate of molecular evolution [1,2] and how to incorporate fossil data [3], which constitute the primary bases of rate calibrations. Substantial progress has been made on these fronts recently, and the development of ‘relaxed clock’ methods has been particularly important.
Literate Lives in the Information Age. Cynthia L. Selfe and Gail E. Hawisher. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. 259 pp

Literate Lives in the Information Age profiles technological literacy autobiographies of boys, girls, men, and women of various ethnic, educational, social, economic, technological, and geographica...
New Analysis and Design Technique for Analog Circuits

Desirable biasing of nonlinear devices in an analog circuit is an essential step and often difficult. The difficulty comes from the fact that for biasing nonlinear devices we need to go through an iteration procedure that is usually timely and may end up with divergence. A new methodology is presented here that completely removes the nonlinearity of the biasing in a design procedure. The method also simplifies the analysis by using the "additivity" property, typically used in linear circuits. The method focuses on local biasing using a port nullification technique that isolates the nonlinear devices from the linear portion of the circuit. This method allows a circuit designer to select his/her desired operational regions for the nonlinear devices, and start working on the rest of the (linear) circuit avoiding biasing iterations or even a possible divergence.
High concentrations of naloxone attenuate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.

Abstract (−)-Naloxone, 1 mM, partially reduced neuronal loss induced by exposure of murine cortical cell cultures to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quinolinate, but produced little or no attenuation of kainate or quisqualate neurotoxicity. Antagonism of NMDA neurotoxicity was (−)-naloxone concentration-dependent between 100 μM and 3 mM. (+)-Naloxone produced a slightly greater reduction of NMDA neurotoxicity, arguing against mediation by opioid receptors. Although this novel neuron-protective action of (−)-naloxone was weak, it may contribute to reported beneficial effects in CNS ischemia.
Computation of cross coupling stiffness in a whirling pump

Abstract In this analysis, a two-dimensional fluid flow in a centrifugal pump is modelled by finite elements. Unsteady whirling effects are incorporated through the boundary conditions to include unsteady effects and the unsteady Bernoulli equation is used for pressure calculations. Computed forces are compared with Stepanoff's empirical formula and with experimental results for two different geometries. Forces agreed with experiments for near design flow rates and the stiffness matrix was found to be approximately linear skew symmetric for small whirl ratios.
An optical tomography method that accounts for a titled chest-wall in breast imaging

The chest-wall underneath the breast tissue distorts the diffused near infra-red light measured at distant source-detector pairs. Common image reconstruction method consider the media as homogeneous and applying the semi-infinite model. In this paper, we have compared the performance of our two-layer model with semi-infinite model by simulation and a clinical case. The results show that when the chest wall has significant effect on the measurement data, a benign lesion with low absorption can be misled as a malignant case with high absorption by using semi-infinite model. We have also shown the influence of mismatch geometry of breast tissue and chest-wall at lesion and reference sides on the reconstructed image and a correction method has been introduced to reduce these effects. With the assistance of two orthogonal co-registered ultrasounds, the geometry of the breast tissue and chest wall interface can be determined and modeled as a two-layer medium with 3D finite element mesh. Since numerical algorithms based on finite element methods (FEM) are suitable for complex geometry and boundary conditions, this method is adapted to model the chestwall. Four parameters of bulk absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the first and second layers are estimated and used to characterize the optical properties of the medium. We used a finite element model based on modified born approximation for image reconstruction. A mismatch correction algorithm has been applied to compensate the mismatch geometry of the breast tissue and chest-wall interface at the reference and the lesion side.
NONLINEAR RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR STRONG GROUND MOTION RECORDS FROM THE 2004 NIIGATA-KEN CHUETSU EARTHQUAKES

ABSTRACT: A sequence of destructive earthquakes struck mid-Niigata prefecture in central Japan during late October 2004. This paper examines some of the characteristics of the strong ground motions recorded during the main shock and aftershocks of the earthquakes, and the effects of these records on the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of single-degree-of-freedom systems. The studies suggest that a ground motion recorded close to the epicenter of the main shock produce larger response than those of the current design codes up to natural period of 2 seconds.
Gravity with extra gauge symmetry

Abstract In addition to the tangent space Lorentz gauge invariance, we introduce an extra gauge principle in the gauge formulation of gravity, in any dimension. The connection ω ij μ , which starts out as an elementary field, undergoes a gauge transformation which mixes tangent space indices ( i , j ) with base indices ( μ ). The equations of motion determine ω ij μ as the sum of usual riemannian connection and a completely antisymmetric torsion piece. In 11 dimensions our theory reproduces the bosonic sector of supergravity if we identify torsion with the 3-index gauge potential A μυλ . This generalizes Englert's recent observation, since in our formulation torsion = A μυλ for any field configuration, not just a solution.
Burn wounds: microbiology, local host defenses, and current therapy.

(1973). Burn Wounds: Microbiology, Local Host Defenses, and Current Therapy. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 61-100.
Staged program development

A major issue facing software development and maintenance is the sheer complexity of programs. Even software designs that start off simple often evolve into programs that are both brittle and hard to understand. In this talk, I advocate programming in stages, where the programming language allows the program design to be described at varying levels of abstraction. Higher levels of abstraction focus on the intent of the design, whereas lower levels of abstraction introduce optimizations and other details. Since the layering is expressed in the programming language, the stages are preserved as part of the program text. Therefore, the stages help break down the program's complexity not only during development but also during maintenance.I will describe some language features, both old and new, that encourage staged development. To help communicate the vision, I will demonstrate Dafny, a research programming system whose language blends specifications, imperative programming, and staged program refinements and whose development environment is powered by an automatic program verifier that constantly analyzes the program to help the programmer get details right.Joint work with Jason Koenig.
An ab initio study of vibrational corrections to the electrical properties of ethylene

Accurate SCF and MP2 quartic property hypersurfaces have been computed for the energy, quadrupole moment and polarizability tensor of ethylene to obtain zero-point vibrational corrections to the properties. Coupled with accurate electrical properties computed at a high level correlated r e geometry, using a range of correlated methods, especially BD and BD(T), along with a number of purpose-built polarized basis sets, definitive estimates have been made of these properties that incorporate the effects of vibrational averaging. The effect of deuterium substitution on the properties was investigated, and the frequency dependence of the polarizability tensor was studied also. Careful attention has been paid to a critical comparison between these theoretical estimates and experimental measurements, and agreement between the two is shown to be exceptionally good. In particular, it is possible to resolve the disagreement between recent theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of the Cotton–Mouton ...
Catalytic Activity of Supported Au Nanoparticles Deposited from Block Copolymer Micelles

Quasi-ordered, highly dispersed, gold nanoclusters of tightly controlled particle size were synthesized by dip-coating substrates with gold precursors encapsulated by block-copolymer micelles. By this method, gold particles (4.8 ± 1.3 nm) were deposited on ITO-coated glass and shown to be catalytically active for electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide. XPS confirmed the catalytically active particles were predominantly Au0; however, a large fraction existed as Au3+. Whereas bulk gold is inert, these results demonstrate that catalytically active Au nanoparticles can be derived from micelle encapsulation.
Simplified Biot-Savart Law for Planar Circuits

A simplified formula for the magnetic fields of line currents is obtained for the special case when the line currents and the observation point are confined to a plane. Its application is demonstrated by several examples.
The Nature and Time Course of Cognitive Side Effects During Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Elderly

Cognitive and clinical changes during hospitalization were examined in 48 elderly patients with major depression treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and 55 elderly depressed patients not treated with ECT. Cognitive changes with ECT involved orientation, attention and calculation, and recall. The maximal decrement during ECT averaged 3 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination and occurred after two thirds of the treatments were administered. Baseline cognitive values returned by time of discharge. The affective symptoms improved throughout the course of treatment and remained improved while cognition returned to normal. Patients not receiving ECT showed slightly improved cognitive performance during hospitalization and small, gradual, clinical improvement.
A Difference of Convex Functions Approach to Large-Scale Log-Linear Model Estimation

We introduce a new class of parameter estimation methods for log-linear models. Our approach relies on the fact that minimizing a rational function of mixtures of exponentials is equivalent to minimizing a difference of convex functions. This allows us to construct convex auxiliary functions by applying the concave-convex procedure (CCCP). We consider a modification of CCCP where a proximal term is added (ProxCCCP), and extend it further by introducing an l1 penalty. For solving the ` convex + l1' auxiliary problem, we propose an approach called SeqGPSR that is based on sequential application of the GPSR procedure. We present convergence analysis of the algorithms, including sufficient conditions for convergence to a critical point of the objective function. We propose an adaptive procedure for varying the strength of the proximal regularization term in each ProxCCCP iteration, and show this procedure (AProxCCCP) is effective in practice and stable under some mild conditions. The CCCP procedure and proposed variants are applied to the task of optimizing the cross-entropy objective function for an audio frame classification problem. Class posteriors are modeled using log-linear models consisting of approximately 6 million parameters. Our results show that CCCP variants achieve a much better cross-entropy objective value as compared to direct optimization of the objective function by a first order gradient based approach, stochastic gradient descent or the L-BFGS procedure.
Neocolonialism, queer kinship, and diaspora: contesting the romance of the family in Shani Mootoo's Cereus Blooms at Night and Edwidge Danticat's Breath, Eyes, Memory

This essay asks how configurations of family and kinship are rendered particularly queer in the context of diaspora, both for those who are part of the diaspora and for those left behind. It argues that the question of queer diaspora must develop a critical language for resisting the romance of family that subtends the liberal humanist paradigms of citizenship and activism; more specifically, it aims to expand the notion of queer diaspora beyond the specific conditions of same-sex desire in the framework of relocation, immigration, and exile, to suggest that queer diaspora provides a framework for thinking through the complicity of state policy, global neoliberal corporate regimes of exploitation and accumulation, and intimate mechanics of desire and attachment. In looking at Mootoo's and Danticat's work, I explore how the narratives of diaspora reveal a complicity between state violence and sexualized discipline – or rather, how ‘home’ and family become sites for the reproduction of state violence, episo...
Qualitative structure of (CO2)2 and (OCS)2

Abstract Molecular beam deflection studies on (CO 2 ) 2 and (OCS) 2 indicate that both these species are polar molecules. Structural implications of this are explored in light of previous studies of these systems.
Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse of community women: mediated effects on psychological distress and social relationships.

UNLABELLED Possible mediators of sexual abuse severity were tested on the basis of D. Finkelhor and A. Browne's (1985) traumagenic dynamics model with 178 low-income African American, European American, and Mexican American community women interviewed for Project HOW Health Outcomes of Women. This subsample reported contact sexual abuse before the age of 18 years. Severity was level of force, number of perpetrators, relationship to perpetrator, and age at first assault. As expected, structural equation modeling showed powerlessness, and stigmatization largely mediated the effects of sexual abuse severity on women's psychological distress in adulthood. Powerlessness also mediated the effects of severity on maladaptive social relationships. The expected path from betrayal to relationships was nonsignificant. Overall, the results support extension of D. Finkelhor and A. Browne's model. Possible interventions are addressed.
Update and Review on the Surgical Management of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma

The surgical management of malignant melanoma historically called for wide excision of skin and subcutaneous tissue for any given lesion, but has evolved to be rationally-based on pathological staging. Breslow and Clark independently described level and thickness as determinant in prognosis and margin of excision. The American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) in 1988 combined features from each of these histologic classifications, generating a new system, which is continuously updated and improved. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has also combined several large randomized prospective trials to generate current guidelines for melanoma excision as well. In this article, we reviewed: (1) Breslow and Clark classifications, AJCC and NCCN guidelines, the World Health Organization's 1988 study, and the Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial; (2) Experimental use of Mohs surgery for in situ melanoma; and (3) Surgical margins and utility and indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and lymphadenectomy. Current guidelines for the surgical management of a primary melanoma of the skin is based on Breslow microstaging and call for cutaneous margins of resection of 0.5 cm for MIS, 1.0 cm for melanomas ≤1.0 mm thick, 1-2 cm for melanoma thickness of 1.01-2 mm, 2 cm margins for melanoma thickness of 2.01-4 mm, and 2 cm margins for melanomas >4 mm thick. Although the role of SLNB, CLND, and TLND continue to be studied, current recommendations include SLNB for Stage IB (includes T1b lesions ≤1.0 with the adverse features of ulceration or ≥1 mitoses/mm²) and Stage II melanomas. CLND is recommended when sentinel nodes contain metastatic deposits.
Pillbox: A Solid Dosage Medication Identification Tool

Pillbox is a tool that can be used to rapidly identify solid dosage medications. The database, created and maintained by the National Library of Medicine with the support of the Food and Drug Administration, seeks to enhance patient safety through the identification of solid dosage medication. Users enter physical characteristics of a medication, possible matches are provided, and links to additional resources are offered. A comparison with comparable resources was conducted, and future enhancements to Pillbox are discussed.
Socket cells mediate spicule morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans males.

Caenorhabditis elegans male spicule morphogenesis requires the coordinated cellular behaviors of several types of cells. We found that the spicule neurons and sheath cells, although important for spicule function, are dispensable for spicule morphology. In contrast, the spicule socket cells are essential for both spicule elongation and formation of spicule cuticle. The socket cells are not only necessary but also sufficient to produce spicule cuticle. This functional aspect of socket cells is genetically separable from their function in mediating spicule elongation: elongated spicules with defective spicule cuticle can be formed. During spicule morphogenesis, the expression of an egl-17::GFP reporter gene is found in the spicule socket cells and its expression appears to be regulated in the socket cells. Mutants defective in TGF-beta signaling display a crumpled spicules phenotype as a result of failure of socket cell movement during spicule morphogenesis. These observations suggest that both the FGF and the TGF-beta signaling pathways might be involved in spicule elongation.
Comparison of the genetic activity of dimethylnitrosamine, ethyl methanesulfonate, 2-acetylaminofluorene and ICR-170 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains D3, D4 and D5 using in vitro assays with and without metabolic activation.

Summary Three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3, D4 and D5, routinely employed in assays to evaluate the genetic properties of chemicals were compared for their ability to respond to four known mutagens. The comparisons were conducted using in vitro assays with and without the incorporation of hepatic metabolic enzyme fractions from mice. Two of the mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(ethyl-2-chloroethyl) aminopropyl-aminolacridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170) are directly active in vitro and were shown to induce mitotic events in all three strains. At a 1.0% concentration, EMS exhibited greatest activity against strain D3 followed by D5 and D4 respectively. ICR-170 at a dose of 10 μg/ml demonstrated similar levels of activity in strains D3 and D5 with only slightly lower activity in strain D4. The remaining two compounds dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) require metabolic activation to genetically active intermediates which necessitated the addition of an enzyme system to the assay. DMNA at 77.0 ηmoles/ml was most active against strain D4 with strains D3 and D5 responding approximately equal to each other. AAF did not demonstrate any genetic activity in any of the strains. Sensitivity and utility of the three yeast strains are discussed.
A quantitative approach to the Pruitt and Doorenbos version of the Penman equation

The Pruitt and Doorenbos version of the Penman equation developed from information given in Appendix II of FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24 is calculated mainly from tables and is based on measurements made over a grass surface. Procedures are presented here to quantify these relationships, such as the calculation of net radiation, and to extend this approach to measurements made over alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.). The latter was achieved by using a wind function that takes into account the height of the alfalfa and the use of mean rather than maximum relative humidity to calculate the correction factor used to take into account day and night weather conditions on calculated reference crop evapotranspiration. Using the above procedures, calculated values of evapotranspiration overestimated measured values from alfalfa by 13%. From data collected with an automated weather station near Broadwater, Nebraska, a much better agreement was obtained between these general procedures and a Penman equation with a locally derived- wind function. With greater utilization of low cost, automated weather stations for agricultural use, the procedures given for calculating reference crop evapotranspiration can easily be implemented in irrigation scheduling programs.
Changing rates of histone mRNA synthesis and turnover in Drosophila embryos

The rates of synthesis and turnover of histone mRNA in Drosophila embryos were determined by hybridization of in vivo and in vitro labeled embryonic RNA to Drosophila histone DNA of the recombinant plasmid cDm500. There is a large store of maternal histone mRNA, equivalent to at least 7 X 10(7) copies of each of the five classes of histone mRNA per embryo. Embryonic synthesis of histone mRNA begins at 90 min after oviposition, making the histone genes among the first to be transcribed by embryonic nuclei. Embryonic histone mRNA accumulates rapidly during the blastoderm and gastrula stages. The peak in the rate of histone mRNA synthesis per embryo coincides with the peak in the rate of DNA synthesis per embryo, which occurs at 6 hr after oviposition. After 6 hr, as the rate of DNA synthesis per embryo decreases, the rate of histone mRNA synthesis and the total mass of histone mRNA per embryo both drop sharply. The rate of histone mRNA synthesis per gene falls more than 60 fold in the first 13 hr after oviposition, from 1.3 -2.5 copies per gene-min at 2 hr to 0.02-0.03 copies per gene-min at 13 hr. From measurements of the mass of histone mRNA per embryo and of the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized histone mRNA at a number of stages of early embryogenesis we determined that the cytoplasmic half-life of histone mRNA decreases approximately 7 fold during early Drosophila development, from 2.3 hr at blastoderm to 20 min by the end of gastrulation. Thus the level of expression of histone genes in Drosophila development is controlled not only by the size of the maternal mRNA pool and changes in the rate of histone mRNA synthesis, but also by changes in the rate of histone mRNA turnover.
Comparing interventions to motivate work-site collection of home-generated recyclables

Compared the efficacy of eight different intervention strategies to increase the work-site delivery of employees' home-generated recyclables. The interventions incorporated appeals, reciprocity, goals plus feedback, and raffles. Results indicated that relatively few employees participated during any phase of the 25-week program. Raffles of prizes donated by community businesses were the only effective intervention, motivating substantial deliveries of aluminum cans. This suggests that low-cost, impersonal interventions targeting employees' delivery of recyclables to work are not effective. Reasons for the low participation rates are discussed as well as suggestions for improving future corporate-based recycling programs.
Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation at maximal exercise: the effect of clamping carbon dioxide.

During exercise, as end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2 ) drops after the respiratory compensation point (RCP), so does cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) and cerebral oxygenation. This low-flow, low-oxygenation state may limit work capacity. We hypothesized that by preventing the fall in PETCO2 at peak work capacity (Wmax) with a newly designed high-flow, low-resistance rebreathing circuit, we would improve CBFv, cerebral oxygenation, and Wmax. Ten cyclists performed two incremental exercise tests, one as control and one with PETCO2 constant (clamped) after the RCP. We analyzed , middle cerebral artery CBFv, cerebral oxygenation, and cardiopulmonary measures. At Wmax, when we clamped PETCO2 (39.7 ± 5.2 mmHg vs. 29.6 ± 4.7 mmHg, P < 0.001), CBFv increased (92.6 ± 15.9 cm/s vs. 73.6 ± 12.5 cm/s, P < 0.001). However, cerebral oxygenation was unchanged (� TSI −21.3 ± 13.1% vs. −24.3 ± 8.1%, P = 0.33), and Wmax decreased (380.9 ± 20.4 W vs. 405.7 ± 26.8 W, P < 0.001). At Wmax, clamping PETCO2 increases CBFv, but this does not appear to improve Wmax.
Spontaneous Dissection of the Ascending Aorta Diagnosed by Two-dimensional Echocardiography

In two patients with acute dissection of the ascending aorta, the diagnosis was made with two-dimensional echocardiography and confirmed by aortography. The echocardiograms localized the intimal flap and false channel in both cases. Although clinical evaluation and indicated radiologic studies remain the primary modalities of diagnosis in acute aortic dissection, two-dimensional echocardiography may be a useful additional diagnostic technique.
Columbia Literary History of the United States

PrefaceGeneral IntroductionNote on the TextAcknowledgmentsPart One. Beginnings to 1810I. A Key into the Languages of AmericaII. The Prose and Poetry of Colonial AmericaIII. America in TransitionIV. The Literature of the New RepublicPart Two. 1810-1865I. The Age in PerspectiveII. Cultural Diversity and Literary FormsIII. Intellectual Movements and Social ChangeIV. The American RenaissancePart Three. 1865-1910I. Signs of the TimesII. Genre DeliberationsIII. Literary DiversitiesIV. Major VoicesPart Four. 1910-1945I. Contexts and BackgroundsII. Regionalism, Ethnicity, and Gender: Comparative Literary CulturesIII. FictionIV. Poetry and CriticismPart Five. 1945 to the PresentI. The Postwar EraII. Forms and GenresIII. The PresentNotes on ContributorsIndex
Adolescents' pain experiences following acute blunt traumatic injury: struggle for internal control.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Although blunt trauma injury is a common cause for adolescent pain, little is known about the experience of pain as perceived by adolescents. DESIGN AND METHOD. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 adolescents following blunt trauma injury. Two age-appropriate valid measures (i.e., Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool and Temporal Dot Matrix) were incorporated into the interviews to elaborate their pain experiences. Grounded theory method was used to analyze data and build substantive theory. RESULTS. Adolescents’ behavioral and cognitive actions (i.e., “internal control”) to manage and endure pain were influenced by their pain perceptions, physical losses, and clinicians’ actions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Nurses, family members, and peers have a crucial role in alleviating adolescents’ distress and pain.
HUMAN ROBOT INTERACTION THROUGH SEMANTIC INTEGRATION OF MULTIPLE MODALITIES, DIALOG MANAGEMENT, AND CONTEXTS

Our research goal is to prove the hypothesis that using multiple modalities, dialog management, context, and semantics improves HRI over using a single modality by testing the hypothesis using a single implementation and application. We tested the hypothesis by simulating a domestic robot that can be taught to clean a house using a multi-modal interface. The multi-modal interface included speech, pointing, field of vision, and head nodding. The contexts included real world context and dialog history. We tested three different dialog-grounding strategies: optimistic, cautious, and pessimistic. We measured the learning process in two ways: dialog succinctness and learning accuracy. Experimental evidence shows that: multiple modalities and contexts improve HRI over speech by itself for various ratios of accuracy to succinctness; the dialog grounding strategy that improves HRI the best depends on the desired ratio of accuracy to succinctness, with optimistic grounding being the best for ratios ≤0.8, and pessimistic grounding being the best otherwise; and the Pareto principle applies to which grounding strategy is the best.
FISH diagnosis of partial trisomy 13 and tetrasomy 13 in a patient with severe trigonocephaly (C) phenotype

An infant girl with manifestations resembling Opitz trigonocephaly (C) syndrome who died at age 6 days was found to have a complex chromosome abnormality with t(13;18)(q22;q23) and a recombinant chromosome 13 involving duplicated segments of 13q. Precise characterization was possible with the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome specific probes. The patient`s phenotype is compared to that of other syndromes involving trigonocephaly. 20 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
NARROW HYBRID ZONE BETWEEN TWO SUBSPECIES OF BIG SAGEBRUSH (ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA: ASTERACEAE). IV. RECIPROCAL TRANSPLANT EXPERIMENTS

Does endogenous or exogenous selection stabilize the big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) hybrid zone? After two years of study, our reciprocal transplant experiments showed significant genotype by environment interactions for a number of fitness components, including germination, growth, and reproduction. Hybrids were the most fit within the hybrid garden. In the parental gardens, the native parental taxon was more fit than either the alien parental or hybrids. These results are consistent with the bounded hybrid superiority model, which assumes exogenous selection, but are clearly at odds with the dynamic equilibrium model, which assumes endogenous selection and universal hybrid unfitness.
Analog computer studies of subharmonic steps in superconducting weak links

Abstract Microwave radiation applied to certain types of Josephson junctions produces steps in the V-I curve at voltages corresponding to subharmonics of the applied radiation. Analog studies show the existence of these steps to be strongly dependent on reactive elements connected to the junction.
Beyond usual care: the economic consequences of expanding treatment options in early pregnancy loss

Objective The objective of this study was to estimate the economic consequences of expanding options for early pregnancy loss (EPL) treatment beyond expectant management and operating room surgical evacuation (usual care). Study Design We constructed a decision model using a hypothetical cohort of women undergoing EPL management within a 30 day horizon. Treatment options under the usual care arm include expectant management and surgical uterine evacuation in an operating room (OR). Treatment options under the expanded care arm included all evidence-based safe and effective treatment options for EPL: expectant management, misoprostol treatment, surgical uterine evacuation in an office setting, and surgical uterine evacuation in an OR. Probabilities of entering various treatment pathways were based on previously published observational studies. Results The cost per case was US $241.29 lower for women undergoing treatment in the expanded care model as compared with the usual care model (US $1033.29 per case vs US $1274.58 per case, expanded care and usual care, respectively). The model was the most sensitive to the failure rate of the expectant management arm, the cost of the OR surgical procedure, the proportion of women undergoing an OR surgical procedure under usual care, and the additional cost per patient associated with implementing and using the expanded care model. Conclusion This study demonstrates that expanding women's treatment options for EPL beyond what is typically available can result in lower direct medical expenditures.
Functional Expression of House Fly (Musca domestica) Cytochrome P450 CYP6D1 in Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Cytochrome P450 CYP6D1 from the house fly is important in the detoxication of xenobiotics and in resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. In house fly microsomes CYP6D1 requires cytochrome b5 for the metabolism of some substrates, such as benzo[a]pyrene, but does not require cytochrome b5 for the metabolism of other substrates such as methoxyresorufin. To examine the molecular mechanisms involved in its metabolism of pyrethroids and other substrates, a system for the heterologous expression of CYP6D1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed. Heterologous CYP6D1 can be inducibly expressed by culture in media with galactose as the sole carbon source, and is successfully inserted into the yeast microsomes. CYP6D1 is enzymatically active, as measured by methoxyresorufin-O-demethylation, indicating that CYP6D1 is able to interact with yeast P450 reductase. However, CYP6D1 expression did not result in measurable benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation, suggesting that CYP6D1 cannot interact with yeast cytochrome b5, or that there is insufficient cytochrome b5 in the yeast microsomes to support this CYP6D1-mediated activity. Some suggestions are made for improving the yeast microsomal oxidoreductase environment in order to optimize CYP6D1 function.
High-Temperature Illumination-Induced Metastability in Undoped Semi-Insulating GaN Grown by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

High-temperature (high-T) illumination-induced metastability in undoped semi-insulating (SI) GaN grown on a-plane sapphire by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has been studied using thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy, photocurrent (PC) and persistent photocurrent (PPC) measurements. The metastability can be induced by illumination at 390>T>300K (using either white or 360-nm light), followed by cooling the sample to 83 K in the dark. Without high-T illumination, the SI-GaN sample stays in its normal state (“off” state), and shows at least six TSC traps, B (0.63 eV), Bx (0.51 eV), C1 (0.44 eV), C (0.32 eV), D (0.23 eV), and E (0.16 eV). However, after high-T illumination the sample goes into a metastable state (“on” state), and shows a strong increase in both the PC at 83 K and the TSC of traps D, C, and E, accompanied by significant change in their relative densities. PPC at 83 K in the “on” state lasts much longer than that in the “off” state. Association of possible point defects and dislocations with the metastability behavior will be discussed.
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Sodium Butyrate Interacts Synergistically with Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) to Induce Mitochondrial Damage and Apoptosis in Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells through a Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Mediated Process

Interactions between the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (SB) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were examined in human myeloid leukemia cells (U937 and HL-60). Exposure of U937 cells to 1 mM SB and 1 nM PMA (24 h) markedly induced caspase activation and apoptosis, events accompanied by impaired differentiation induction (e.g., reduced plastic adherence and diminished expression of CD11b) as well as reduced clonogenic survival. The PKC inhibitor GF109203X blocked SB-/PMA-mediated apoptosis. Comparable results were obtained in HL-60 cells. Apoptosis was associated with early procaspase 8 activation and Bid cleavage, accompanied by pronounced mitochondrial damage (e.g., loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and cytochrome c release). Neutralization of endogenous TNFalpha by a human soluble TNF receptor substantially blocked SB-/PMA-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Consistent with this, ectopic expression of a mutant dominant-negative caspase 8 or CrmA resulted in a significant decrease in SB-/PMA-induced apoptosis, whereas Bcl-2 overexpression did not. SB/PMA treatment also triggered a decline in the S and G(2)M populations, and dephosphorylation of p34(cdc2). These results indicate that SB interacts with low concentrations of PMA to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells and that this process proceeds through a PKC-/TNFalpha-dependent pathway in which procaspase 8 and Bid activation play key roles.
Increasing nitrogenase catalytic efficiency for MgATP by changing serine 16 of its Fe protein to threonine: Use of Mn2+ to show interaction of serine 16 with Mg2+

MgATP-binding and hydrolysis are an integral part of the nitrogenase catalytic mechanism. We are exploring the function of MgATP hydrolysis in this reaction by analyzing the properties of the Fe protein (FeP) component of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase altered by site-directed mutagenesis. We have previously (Seefeldt, L.C., Morgan, T.V., Dean, D.R., & Mortenson, L.E., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6680-6688) identified a region near the N-terminus of FeP that is involved in interaction with MgATP. This region of FeP is homologous to the well-known nucleotide-binding motif GXXXXGKS/T. In the present work, we examined the function of the four hydroxyl-containing amino acids immediately C-terminal to the conserved lysine 15 that is involved in interaction with the gamma-phosphate of MgATP. We have established, by altering independently Thr 17, Thr 18, and Thr 19 to alanine, that a hydroxyl-containing residue is not needed at these positions for FeP to function. In contrast, an hydroxyl-containing amino acid at position 16 was found to be critical for FeP function. When the strictly conserved Ser 16 was altered to Ala, Cys, Asp, or Gly, the FeP did not support N2 fixation when expressed in place of the wild-type FeP in A. vinelandii. Altering Ser 16 to Thr (S16T), however, resulted in the expression of an FeP that was partially active. This S16T FeP was purified to homogeneity, and its biochemical examination allowed us to assign a catalytic function to this hydroxyl group in the nitrogenase mechanism. Of particular importance was the finding that the S16T FeP had a significantly higher affinity for MgATP than the wild-type FeP, with a measured Km of 20 microM compared to the wild-type FeP Km of 220 microM. This increased kinetic affinity for MgATP was reflected in a significantly stronger binding of the S16T FeP for MgATP. In contrast, the affinity for MgADP, which binds at the same site as MgATP, was unchanged. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of S16T FeP was found to be 5.3-fold higher than for the wild-type FeP, with the S16T FeP supporting up to 10 times greater nitrogenase activity at low MgATP concentrations. This indicates a role for the hydroxyl group at position 16 in interaction with MgATP but not MgADP. The site of interaction of this residue was further defined by examining the properties of wild-type and S16T FePs in utilizing MnATP compared with MgATP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An electronic method of controlling multiple reignition switching transients in vacuum contactors

An electronic method of controlling the contact tip opening of a vacuum contactor in such a way that the probability of transient overvoltages caused by multiple reignitions during load switching is minimized is discussed. A description of the multiple reignition transient problem is provided, and the electronic hardware utilized to control the vacuum contactor is described. Tests of the effectiveness of the system were performed, and a brief description of the test procedure and results is provided. It was confirmed that control of the tip opening point on the load current waveform prevents vacuum contactors from producing multiple reignition transients even under severe conditions such as jogging duty. By varying the tip opening angle of the contactors under test, a range of arc angles was found where multiple reignitions did not occur. Other functions that can be provided by the microprocessor-based electronic control are also discussed. It is concluded that the utilization of this technique when vacuum contactors are applied to motor loads should result in reduced stress levels on motor windings and may lead to longer machine life. >
Why Did Universities Start Patenting?: Institution-building and the Road to the Bayh-Dole Act

This paper draws on institutional theory to explain the rise of university patenting in the USA. While observers have traditionally attributed this development to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, recent research has shown that university patenting was increasing throughout the 1970s and argued that the Act's impact was less than has generally been assumed. This paper attempts to reconcile these opposing positions by explaining the rise of university patenting as a process of institution-building. Beginning in the 1960s, a skilled actor within the federal bureaucracy created a proto-institution that simplified university patenting and encouraged the development of a community of university patent administrators. In the 1970s, that community in turn allied itself with government proponents of patent policy liberalization and representatives of small business in a successful effort to pass the Bayh-Dole Act. The Act itself should be seen not as creating modern technology transfer, but rather as a final step in a state-driven process of institutionalization that was already well under way by 1980. The case is used to discuss how an institutional approach, which is infrequently seen in STS, can sometimes be useful to it.
Multimember Districts' Effect on Collaboration between U.S. State Legislators

In this article, I demonstrate that multimember districts form a basis for collaboration between two legislators. In order to maximize the limited incumbency advantages they possess, legislators from multimember districts form coalitions in an effort to generate greater credit-claiming opportunities and policy benefits for their district. In order to test this conception, I utilize a natural experiment and an opportunity to observe institutional change in North Carolina's elimination of multimember districts during the 2000–2002 redistricting cycle. Coupled with cross-sectional analysis of several states that use both single-member and multimember districts, empirical evidence strongly corroborates my conception of multimember districts as a basis for collaboration between representatives.
Public Opinion Toward Immigration in the European Union: Does It Matter?

The literature on immigration has been divided with regard to the constraints, particularly of public opinion, on EU policy cooperation. Analysts have suggested that there is a disjuncture between ...