cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Perfect and Imperfect Information in a Two-Action Risk-Sensitive Problem

The ability to value information is a central feature of decision analysis and one of its most interesting areas of application. Unfortunately, general assertions regarding the drivers of information value or its properties have been difficult to formulate or have been disproved by counterexample. In this paper, we investigate the value of imperfect information relative to perfect information (RVOI). Within the context of a two-action decision problem with normal priors and exponential utility, we derive a closed-form solution for the value of information and demonstrate that the RVOI is maximal when the decision maker is indifferent between the two alternatives. In addition, we determine when the value of an information system providing a normally distributed signal with correlation coefficient ρ is equal to ρ × 100% or ρ2 × 100% of the value of perfect information. These results deepen our understanding of information value and enable practitioners to estimate the value of imperfect information in particular settings.
PPARδ regulates satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle regeneration

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of nuclear receptors that play important roles in development and energy metabolism. Whereas PPARδ has been shown to regulate mitochondrial biosynthesis and slow-muscle fiber types, its function in skeletal muscle progenitors (satellite cells) is unknown. Since constitutive mutation of Pparδ leads to embryonic lethality, we sought to address this question by conditional knockout (cKO) of Pparδ using Myf5-Cre/Pparδ flox/flox alleles to ablate PPARδ in myogenic progenitor cells. Although Pparδ-cKO mice were born normally and initially displayed no difference in body weight, muscle size or muscle composition, they later developed metabolic syndrome, which manifested as increased body weight and reduced response to glucose challenge at age nine months. Pparδ-cKO mice had 40% fewer satellite cells than their wild-type littermates, and these satellite cells exhibited reduced growth kinetics and proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, regeneration of Pparδ-cKO muscles was impaired after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Gene expression analysis showed reduced expression of the Forkhead box class O transcription factor 1 (FoxO1) gene in Pparδ-cKO muscles under both quiescent and regenerating conditions, suggesting that PPARδ acts through FoxO1 in regulating muscle progenitor cells. These results support a function of PPARδ in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and they establish a novel role of PPARδ in muscle progenitor cells and postnatal muscle regeneration.
The Call to Social Justice A Multidiscipline Agenda

The theories and tenets of multiculturalism and feminism require psychologists to extend awareness, knowledge, and skills for competent practice, research, and teaching. In addition, these theories and tenets challenge us to become social change agents. In the article “Training Counseling Psychologists as Social Justice Agents: Feminist and Multicultural Principles in Action,” Goodman, Liang, Helms, Latta, Sparks, and Weintraub have carefully crafted an experience-informed template that will assist training programs in becoming active agents for social justice. This commentary raises questions and challenges that extend collaboration across and within disciplines to achieve a broader platform to support specific social justice agendas. Questions are raised and explored regarding the engagement and retention of student interest in engaging in social justice activism.
Pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease: cytokines and cellular effectors.

The pathogenesis of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) is multistep process. This review considers acute GVHD in three sequential steps: conditioning regimen, donor T cell activation, and effec...
Microgravity Isolation System Design: A Modern Control Synthesis Framework

Manned orbiters will require active vibration isolation for acceleration-sensitive microgravity science experiments. Since umbilicals are highly desirable or even indispensable for many experiments, and since their presence greatly affects the complexity of the isolation problem, they should be considered in control synthesis. A general framework is presented for applying extended H2 synthesis methods to the three-dimensional microgravity isolation problem. The methodology integrates control and state frequency weighting and input and output disturbance accommodation techniques into the basic H2 synthesis approach. The various system models needed for design and analysis are also presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of a general design philosophy for the microgravity vibration isolation problem.
Nanotechnology based point-of-care diagnostics and therapeutics for neurological and cardiovascular disorders

Nanotechnology has been broadly defined as the one for not only the creation of functional materials and devices as well as systems through control of matter at the scale of 1–100 nm, but also the exploitation of novel properties and phenomena at the same scale. Growing needs in the point-of-care (POC) that is an increasing market for improving patient's quality of life, are driving the development of nanotechnologies for diagnosis and treatment of various life threatening diseases. This talk addresses the recent development of nanodiagnostic sensors and nanotherapeutic devices with functionalized nanowire on a flexible polymer based thin film electronics to monitor and control of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The sensors developed include implantable and biocompatible devices, light weight wearable devices in hats, shoes and clothes. Many of these sensors are integrated with the wireless systems for the remote physiological monitoring.
Market Share and Diffusion Models

We are now departing from the treatment involving Standard topics in research in marketing such as advertising, pricing, promotion and personal selling in order to explore managerial implications of risk-taking behavior and market uncertainty within certain integrative contexts. Our focus in the previous chapters was on each of the marketing decision variables mostly in isolation and to the extent that certain theoretical frameworks were used to allow for minimum marketing interactions, the latter classification is of secondary importance. On the other hand, in this chapter as well as in the remaining chapters of the book, we will concentrate mainly on the contexts and treating the various decision tools as secondary. Thus we will encounter often theoretical structures in which one or two or more decision variables may enter and thus interact among themselves. In Chapter 6, we will be dealing with market share models as well as diffusion models. Specific interactions between production processes and marketing variables will be highlighted and analyzed in Chapter 7. We then turn our attention in Chapter 8 to the issue of competition under uncertainty in oligopolistic markets and Chapter 9 will address adaptive behaviors in marketing together with a number of empirical result.
A study of the Appearance of Altered Sulfobromophthalein Human Serum

Summary An extraction procedure was used for studying sulfobromophthalein sodium conjugation in the serum of normal human subjects and patients with hepatic disease. Altered sulfobromophthalein sodium appeared quite rapidly and in high concentrations during the first 15 minutes after sulfobromophthalein sodium administration in normal subjects. This substance was markedly decreased in certain patients with liver disease. Multiple sulfobromophthalein sodium clearances were obtained in 3 patients during the course of their hepatic disease. Progression of the curves was strikingly similar in all 3 patients despite dissimilar etiologies for their hepatic disease.
Comparative OHD-RIKES Study of the Low-Frequency (0–250 cm–1) Vibrational Dynamics of Dibenzyl- and Monobenzyl-Substituted Imidazolium Ionic Liquids and Benzene/Dimethylimidazolium Mixtures

The low-frequency (0–450 cm–1) Kerr spectra of 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]amide ([BnzC1im][NTf2]) and 1,3-dibenzylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]amide ([(Bnz)2im][NTf2]) and 2:1 and 1:1 mixtures of benzene in 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]amide ([C1C1im][NTf2]) were measured by the use of optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES). Surprisingly, the line-shape of the intermolecular part of the height-normalized Kerr spectrum is the same for both the 1:1 and 2:1 C6H6/[C1C1im][NTf2] mixtures, which may be a signature of the local liquid structure being characterized by π-stacked benzene–cation complexes. The intermolecular part of the Kerr spectrum of [BnzC1im][NTf2] is lower in intensity, higher in frequency, and broader than that of the 1:1 C6H6/[C1C1im][NTf2] mixture. Similarly, the intermolecular part of the Kerr spectrum of [(Bnz)2im][NTf2] is lower in intensity, higher in frequency, and broader th...
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Applying Rawlsian Ethics in Data Mining Marketing

Using a Rawlsian approach to analyze the ethical implications of data mining within three major codes of ethics used by American marketing firms, the author argues that marketers should re-conceptualize their business conduct, as defined in their individual codes of ethics, to incorporate a Rawlsian concern for society's least advantaged members. Rawls's concept of primary goods provides the framework for the argument that anonymity, a component of privacy, is vital for consumers whose autonomy is affected by data mining. A combination of practical measures, ethical guidelines, and legislative protections are recommended for minimizing concerns about data mining, while still allowing for commercial advantages provided by the practice.
Chapter 12 – Global Applied General Equilibrium Analysis Using the Global Trade Analysis Project Framework

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the first two decades of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) – an effort to support a standardized database and computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling platform for international economic analysis. It characterizes GTAP in four different dimensions: institutional innovation, a network, a database and a standardized modeling platform. Guiding principles for the GTAP modeling framework include flexibility, ease of use, transparency, and symmetric treatment of production and utility fundamentals across regions. The chapter reviews core modeling assumptions relating to the regional household, private consumption behavior, welfare decomposition, the “Global Bank,” treatment of the international trade and transport sector, and imports. Model validation and sensitivity analysis, as well as software issues receive attention as well. The chapter also offers brief overviews of the two major areas of application: international economic integration and global environmental issues. It closes a discussion of future directions for the Project.
Solving Simple Kinetics without Integrals

The solution of simple kinetic equations is analyzed without referencing any topic from differential equations or integral calculus. Guided by the physical meaning of the rate equation, a systematic procedure is used to generate an approximate solution that converges uniformly to the exact solution in the case of zero, first, and second order kinetics. The approximate solution is shown to have unequivocally the same form as the exact solution, except for an effective parametric rate constant that turns into the actual rate constant of the process at the appropriate limit. The use of simple algebraic methods makes the analysis elementary and its generalization to processes with fractional order kinetics straightforward. We discuss the educational value of this approach while highlighting its use for introducing chemical kinetics and related topics to high school and first-year students. Furthermore, instructors and students already familiar with the main results derived here will also benefit from this pre...
Skull fractures in infancy and childhood

Skull fractures may be divided into the three following general categories: linear fracture of the cranial vault, depressed fractures, and basilar skull fractures. Neurologic care of infants and children should be based on neurologic condition rather than the presence or absence of a fracture. In other words, decisions regarding hospitalization should be based on the history and examination rather than the presence or absence, for example, of a linear calavarial vault fracture. Linear Fracture of the Cranial Vault Linear calavarial vault fractures in infants may be somewhat less common than in older children, but they occur with similar force because of the flexibility of the thinner bone. When fractures do occur, a sufficiently large loss of blood due to significant subgaleal or intracranial bleeding may cause shock. Hence, hematocrits need to be measured frequently in minor head injuries in infants who have skull fractures; other assessments of blood volume may need to be made as indicated clinically. Depressed Fractures The flexibility of the skull also leads to a higher incidence of depressed fractures or so called "ping pong" fractures, where the normal convex contour of the cranial vault is reversed in the presence of minimal or no break. Some ping pong fractures may elevate spontaneously, but the majority will remain depressed unless elevated surgically.
A spectroscopic refractometer based on plasmonic interferometry

We describe the design, fabrication, and testing of a spectroscopic refractometer that employs plasmonic interferometry to measure the optical dielectric functions of materials in the visible range. The proposed device, dubbed a plasmonic refractometer, consists of an array of slit-groove plasmonic interferometers etched in a ∼300 nm-thick metal film (silver or gold) with arm lengths varying in steps of 25 nm up to ∼8 μm. The nano-groove in each interferometer is able to generate propagating surface plasmon polaritons efficiently in a broad wavelength range, without requiring prism- or grating-coupling configurations. An integrated microfluidic channel ensures uniform delivery of dielectric materials in liquid phase. Spectrally resolved plasmonic interferograms are generated by measuring light transmission spectra through the slit of each slit-groove plasmonic interferometer and plotting the normalized intensity as a function of arm length (0.26–8.16 μm) and incident wavelength (400–800 nm) for various co...
Gate-first high-k/metal gate DRAM technology for low power and high performance products

It is the first time that the high-k/metal gate technology was used at peripheral transistors for fully integrated and functioning DRAM. For cost effective DRAM technology, capping nitride spacer was used on cell bit-line scheme, and single work function metal gate was employed without strain technology. The threshold voltage was controlled by using single TiN metal gate with La2O3 and SiGe/Si epi technology. The optimized DRAM high-k/metal gate peripheral transistors showed current gains of 65%/55% and DIBL improvements of 52%/46% for nMOSFET and pMOSFET, respectively. The results in process yield, performance, and reliability characteristics of the technology on 4Gb DRAM have shown that the gate-first high-k/metal gate DRAM technology can be regarded as one of the major candidates for next-generation low power DRAM products.
Source Shape Estimation in Partially Coherent Phase Imaging with Defocused Intensity

We propose an optimization method to recover the 2D source shape for partially coherent phase recovery from intensity images taken through-focus with (Kohler) illumination.
Delayed Heritable Damage and Epigenetics in Radiation-Induced Neoplastic Transformation of Human Hybrid Cells

The HeLa x skin fibroblast human hybrid cell system has proven to be an excellent model system for quantitative studies of radiation-induced neoplastic transformation in vitro. A unique aspect of this system is the reexpression of a cell surface protein p75/150 with tumorigenicity. The identification of p75/150 as intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) allowed for the recent development of a more simplified, rapid, and sensitive screening method than the previous p75/150 antibody-based staining procedure. The new method directly detects neoplastically transformed, IAP-expressing cells by staining with the alkaline phosphatase chromogenic substrate, Western Blue (WB). Earlier studies with the antibody-based immunoperoxidase assay indicated that, while no foci with tumor-associated antigen (p75-positive) were evident 15 days after irradiation, the number of foci rose quickly and leveled off between Day 19 and Day 23. This late appearance of the IAP-positive foci suggested that the neoplastic transformation process was not an immediate consequence of radiation damage. The mechanism underlying this observation was unknown. The possibility existed that very small foci and/or foci expressing a low level of IAP were being missed at earlier expression times. The increased sensitivity of the WB staining technique has allowed for the reinvestigation of the kinetics of induction of radiation-induced foci in this system. Experiments were performed where parallel groups of transformation flasks were stained at Days 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 days after irradiation. The data clearly indicate that the radiation induction of IAP-positive foci is indeed delayed in this system with the vast majority of the foci beginning to appear after Day 9 after irradiation. The delay is not the result of a lack of ability to detect small IAP-positive foci since foci with as few as 15 IAP-positive cells were discernible. We have reported previously that under identical experimental conditions both the establishment of plateau phase and the onset of the expression of lethal mutations also occur after Day 9. We therefore propose that radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of HeLa x skin fibroblast hybrid cells is a consequence of the delayed expression of heritable damage under epigenetic control with a resultant loss of tumor-suppressor function.
Aerobic metabolism of niridazole by rat liver microsomes.

The metabolism of the anthelmintic nitroheterocyclic compound niridazole by rat liver was studied under aerobic conditions in vitro . Metabolism was localized to the microsomal fraction. Four metabolites of niridazole were isolated from these microsomal systems by high pressure liquid chromatography. The metabolites were characterized by mass spectrometry and 1 H Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as the 4-hydroxy, 5-hydroxy, 4,5-dihydroxy and the 4,5-dehydro derivatives of the imidazolidinone ring; the nitrothiazole portion of niridazole apparently was unaltered. The aerobic metabolism was shown to require O 2 and exogenous reducing equivalents (NADPH was more effective than NADH), and to be inhibited by CO, suggesting a cytochrome P-450 catalyzed reaction. Inducers of microsomal cytochrome P-450, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, were found to enhance niridazole metabolism. Metabolite profiles varied quantitatively with different inducers. Experiments with individual aerobic metabolites showed precursor-product relationships that are consistent with formation of an epoxide intermediate in the overall metabolic sequence.
C-Glycosylflavones Alleviate Tau Phosphorylation and Amyloid Neurotoxicity through GSK3β Inhibition.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common brain disorder worldwide. Aberrant tau hyperphosphorylation and accumulation play critical roles in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles highly associated with neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment in AD pathogenesis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a key kinase responsible for tau hyperphosphorylation. Selective inhibition of GSK3β is a promising strategy in AD therapy. Corn silks (CS, Zea mays L.) have been traditionally used as a medicinal herb and recently noted for their potentially cognitive benefits. However, the neuroprotective components of CS and their molecular mechanism have received little attention to date. As part of our effort screening phytochemicals against a broad panel of kinases targeting AD tauopathy, we found inhibition of GSK3β by CS extracts. Subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation and identification of two 6-C-glycosylflavones, isoorientin (1) and 3′-methoxymaysin (2), with selective inhibition a...
Diagnosis and treatment of substance users with HIV infection

SUMMARY Drug users with HIV infection pose an important clinical challenge for primary care practitioners, the provider group that is particularly well situated to supply comprehensive care both for HIV-related conditions and substance-abuse problems. It is important for primary care clinicians to be familiar with the full spectrum of HIV-related disease in drug users, especially concerning bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases, and with the medical complications of drug use, which may mimic, mask, be obscured by, or simply coexist with HIV-specific conditions. Primary care providers must also be familiar with screening, diagnosis, and treatment of substance-use disorders, and can play a critical role in the identification of drug-use problems and the initiation of drug treatment. An understanding of the special issues of drug interactions, self-medication, and pain management is also important for the care of drug-using patients with HIV infection. Most importantly, providers’ awareness of certain common behavioral patterns, problems, and shared concerns among drug users will also help to promote favorable patient outcomes and to minimize frustration and dissatisfaction among clinical staff.
Muscle wasting and protein metabolism

Accelerated muscle proteolysis is the primary cause of muscle wasting in many catabolic dis- eases such as diabetes mellitus, renal and liver failure, HIV infection and AIDS, and cancer. In individuals with catabolic diseases, as is the case with fasting states (anorexia and starvation), protein breakdown increases while protein synthesis declines, resulting in negative muscle protein balance. The pathway responsible for accelerated proteolysis in catabolic conditions is the ubiquitin-proteosome-dependent system. Muscle prote- olysis increases under conditions of acidosis, up-regula- tion of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, the
Materials Recycling is a Marketing Problem

This article examines the special case of materials recycling and places it in the context of the traditional marketing process as well as the broader concept of resource recovery. Several currently operating materials recycling systems are examined for their marketing implications.
The Civil War Collections at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania

The sesquicentennial commemoration of the American Civil War is drawing deserved attention to Pennsylvania’s and Pennsylvanians’ involvement in and connection to this tumultuous period, as academics and the general public explore the diverse contributions and experiences of the state and its residents from scholarly or familial perspectives. Of the twenty-one million manuscripts, seven hundred thousand publications, and over five hundred thousand graphic items housed at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, a significant portion are primary and secondary sources pertaining to the Civil War.
Long sheath use in femoral artery catheterizations in infants <15 kg is associated with a higher thrombosis rate: Proposed Protocol for Detection and Management.

Objectives To examine the factors contributing to arterial thrombosis after catheterization, particularly the use of long vs. short introducer sheaths, and propose a new protocol to address risks. Background Post-procedure arterial compromise is an important concern in pediatric cardiac catheterizations. For certain interventional procedures, the use of a long sheath is necessary, however, the incidence of complications when using such sheaths has not yet been studied. Methods This retrospective review includes patients <15 kg who underwent femoral artery catheterization at our institution from Feb 2006 to June 2014. The study examined 29 long sheath and 40 matched interventional short sheath cases. Data collected included age, weight, time to arterial access, total sheath duration, and arterial complications. The long sheath and short sheath groups, and confounding factors, were compared for complication rate. Results The incidence of arterial compromise was 38% (11/29) in the long sheath group compared to 15% (6/40) for short sheaths (P = 0.029). Arterial thrombosis was documented by ultrasound, CT, or angiography in 71% (12/17) patients. Time to arterial access and total sheath duration were not statistically significant factors. Weight was an independent risk factor, with infants 5 kg at 38.2% (13/34) and 11.4% (4/35), respectively (P = 0.004). Sheath length remained statistically significant after taking weight and age into account (P = 0.011). Conclusion The use of a long sheath in infants <15 kg is a significant risk factor for arterial compromise compared to short sheaths. Lower patient weight is also a contributing factor to increased incidence of complication, particularly in those <5 kg. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost-effectiveness of Low-dose Submicron Diclofenac Compared With Generic Diclofenac.

Abstract Purpose NSAIDs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Despite the effectiveness of NSAIDs, concerns exist regarding their tolerability. Worldwide health authorities, including the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, and the US Food and Drug Administration, have advised that NSAIDs be prescribed at the lowest effective dosage and for the shortest duration. Effective lowering of NSAID dosage without compromising pain relief has been demonstrated in randomized, controlled trials of the recently approved NSAID lower-dose submicron diclofenac. Building on previously published work from an independently published systematic review and meta-analysis, a linear dose–toxicity relationship between diclofenac dose and serious gastrointestinal (GI) events was recently demonstrated, indicating that reductions in adverse events (AEs) may be seen even with modest dose reductions in many patients. The objective of the present study was to estimate the potential reduction in risk for NSAID dose–related AEs, corresponding savings in health care costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness of submicron diclofenac compared with generic diclofenac in the United States. Methods Our decision-analytic cost-effectiveness model considered a subset of potential AEs that may be avoided by lowering NSAID dosage. To estimate the expected reductions in upper GI bleeding/perforation and major cardiovascular events with submicron diclofenac, our model used prediction equations estimated by meta-regressions using data from systematic literature reviews. Utilities, lifetime costs, and health outcomes associated with AEs were estimated using data from the literature. The face validity of the model structure and inputs was confirmed by clinical experts in the United States. Results were evaluated in 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Findings The model predicted that submicron diclofenac versus generic diclofenac could reduce the occurrence of modeled GI events (by 18.0%), cardiovascular events (by 6.9%), and acute renal failure (by 18.8%), leading to a 9.8% reduction in costs of treating AEs. Submicron diclofenac was predicted to be cost-saving, with results relatively insensitive to parameter uncertainty. Implications Submicron diclofenac has the potential to provide clinical and economic value to patients using NSAIDs in the United States. Further investigation regarding the potential effects of submicron diclofenac on the risks for additional NSAID dose-related toxicities should be explored.
Using composite sinusoidal patterns in structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) for enhanced detection of apple bruise ☆

Abstract Structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) provides a new means for enhanced detection of defects in horticultural products. Implementing the technique relies on retrieving amplitude images by illuminating the object with sinusoidal patterns of single spatial frequencies, which, however, are limited in interrogating the tissues at different depths. This study presented a first exploration of using composite sinusoidal patterns that integrated two and three spatial frequencies of interest, in SIRI for enhanced detection of defects in food (e.g., bruises in apples). Three methods based on Fourier transform were proposed to retrieve amplitude images at different frequencies by using either phase shifting with or without spiral phase transform (SPT) or frequency-domain filtering. The phase-shifting method involves solving a linear system that is composed of multiple phase-shifted pattern images in the Fourier space, and SPT that acts as a two-dimensional quadrature transform operator is used to reduce the images needed for amplitude retrieval; while the filtering-based method directly extracts different frequency components from only one pattern image that are then subjected to SPT processing. The three methods were tested for dual-frequency and triple-frequency patterns through numerical simulations and experiments on the detection of fresh bruises in apples by SIRI. The phase-shifting methods showed good performance in terms of small demodulation errors and strong image contrast for bruise detection; the filtering-based method, although viable in numerical simulation, needed improvement due to the worst practical performance. In addition, more frequency components introduced in the pattern would deteriorate the performance of these methods, and grid composite patterns were superior over the fringe ones due to reduced interactions between different frequency components.
The First Case of HER2+ Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Arising From a Breast Hamartoma and Literature Review.

Carcinomas arising from breast hamartomas are exceedingly rare. We present the first reported case of an African-American female presenting with a right breast lump and a subsequent mammogram suggestive of a hamartoma. She later underwent lumpectomy and was found to have HER2+ invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) arising from a hamartoma. She was amenable to HER2-targeted trastuzumab, hormone therapy and adjuvant radiation but declined chemotherapy. In a review of the literature, IDC is the predominant neoplastic type found in hamartomas. The average hamartoma size at time of neoplasm diagnosis is 6.0 cm. Patients with hamartomas greater than 6.0 cm, with changes in calcification pattern; new nodules or asymmetry should be considered for additional evaluation with ultrasound, MRI and/or biopsy. HER2 status is under-reported among cases and should be evaluated in any malignancy found within hamartomas as HER-2 therapy has improved overall survival and recurrence free survival in HER2+breast cancer patients.
‘Theory’ in Ecomonic Development

What is the appropriate method to use in an applied, interdisciplinary subject such as Economic Development? We want to be able to make correct predictions and justify the predictions as being based on science. Since we want to apply our ideas, the method must give us definite answers, and the interdisciplinary nature of the subject matter suggests that the fewer the prerequisites for a clear understanding, the better. Partial Equilibrium analysis fulfils both criteria: most of us can still recall how the Demand-Supply diagram of our first economics course made so much sense in explaining the effect of a tax and how the variety of backgrounds or interests of the class did not affect the joy of comprehension. Perhaps words and pictures suffice for an applied, interdisciplinary subject! Those who wish to complicate analysis must meet at least at least the first, indispensable criteria of providing clear-cut answers. The desire to extend the applications beyond the one parameter, one industry limitations of partial equilibrium naturally leads us to consider more complicated cases, first to changes involving multiple variable models and eventually to changes in the economy as a whole. However, this ambition, so natural in any scientist, is also deadly. It so happens that, even if the scientific status of economics be granted, there are very few cases of interest where economics can make definite predictions. This failure to predict, so commonplace a joke in popular news, is even taken by some as grounds for refusing economics any scientific pretensions.1
The Marginalisation of Religion in International Relations: Deconstructing Secular IR Theories

This article aims to address why religion has been marginalised in international relations (IR) and discusses its implications. The first section examines the literature on the secular roots of the...
Peak shifting and cross-class subsidization: The impacts of solar PV on changes in electricity costs

Abstract The expansion of distributed solar necessitates additional research into the impacts on both utilities and their customers. In this paper we use New Jersey solar data, PJM market data, and demand profiles from a PJM utility to investigate rate and bill impacts of large-scale solar penetration. In addition to the subsidization of solar adopters by non-participants, we highlight the channels through which cross-subsidization of rate classes can arise in practice. The results of our study indicate that the fear of a utility “death spiral” may be exaggerated. Significant solar can be incorporated with only a 2% increase in non-participant bills. At high levels of penetration, distributed solar has the potential to alter the system peak hour which affects the allocation of costs across rate-classes. As the peak hour shifts to the evening when solar production diminishes, residential customers face higher distribution costs. Policy makers and utilities need to be aware of these challenges in designing the next generation of rates that are better aligned with cost causality.
The Oncologic Pathology Report

Abstract Objective.—To review tenets of basic quality assurance and identify opportunities for quality improvement in the laboratory assessment of prognostic factors. Design.—College of American Pa...
Characterizing Regional and Behavioral Device Variations Across the Twitter Timeline: A Longitudinal Study

Physical devices, such as smartphones and laptops, provide the key interface through which users engage with the social media world. Yet despite the broad range of devices used on social media platforms, relatively little is known about how usage varies on a device to device level. In this work, we use a 10 sample of Twitter data spanning two consecutive years and encompassing 365.98 million users to perform a longitudinal, measurement-driven analysis of five prevalent device types - Android, iPhone-iOS, BlackBerry, other mobile devices, and nonmobile devices - across the time period. We study the global and regional usage patterns, as well as the regional distribution, of devices; investigate differences and similarities in behavioral patterns across devices with respect to tweet sentiment, daytime usage patterns, and feature usage (such as mentions, URLs, hashtags) over time; and quantify the level of "device homophily" (i.e., assortativity) within the Twitter device network. Our results reveal that key variations exist among these device groups, in addition to notable similarities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale longitudinal analysis of various distinct Twitter devices.
Proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors repress ErbB2 transcript levels and additively inhibit breast cancer growth.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2447 We have reported on the development of a high-throughput tumor cell screening platform employing MCF-7 sublines bearing chromatin-integrated promoter-reporters (luciferase) capable of identifying from chemical libraries drug-like small molecules with tumor cell permeability and specific oncogene promoter-inhibiting potential. Among the structurally diverse lead compounds emerging from a screen to identify inhibitors of the ErbB2 promoter were a hydroxamic acid inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), trichostatin, further verified using more potent analogs now under clinical development including SAHA and LAQ824; and a synthetic peptide inhibitor of the proteasome, MG-132, further verified using the more potent and clinically approved dipeptidyl boronate, PS-341/bortezomib. Mechanistically, in addition to repressing ErbB2 promoter activity, both the HDAC and proteasome inhibitors destabilize mature cytoplasmic ErbB2 transcripts, inducing rapid (5 hr) declines in ErbB2 mRNA and protein levels as measured by Northern and Western blots of treated ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells (MDA-453, SKBr3, BT-474). By comparison, proteasome and HDAC inhibitors show opposing effects on the expression of such other breast cancer gene products as ER and ESX. Investigations are currently underway to determine if proteasome inhibitors destabilize ErbB2 transcripts by the same 3’UTR-dependent and HuR-associated mechanism as shown for HDAC inhibitors. During 7-day culture growth assays, breast cancer cells exposed to growth-inhibiting concentrations of PS-341 (>1 nM) and LAQ824 (>5 nM) show at least additive growth suppression in combination as compared to their single agent activity. These findings suggest that proteasome and HDAC inhibitors may have clinical utility against breast cancers, especially those overexpressing ErbB2, thus warranting further preclinical evaluation of combined proteasome and HDAC inhibitor therapy.
Adhesion force and attachment lifetime of the KIF16B-PX domain interaction with lipid membranes.

KIF16B is a motor that binds early endosomes and controls the recycling of receptors. It has a PX domain that binds PI(3)P, which has been proposed to mechanically link motor to cargo. We determine...
A GPS-Based Classification of Visitors’ Vehicular Behavior in a Protected Area Setting

As tourism and visitation increases to parks and protected areas worldwide, concerns regarding degradation of natural resources and visitor experiences also increase. As such, understanding visitor use patterns and spatial characteristics is important for better management of social and ecological resources. In many parks and protected areas, transportation systems (including park roads, parking lots, personal vehicles, public transit services, bicycle and/or pedestrian paths, and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that help deliver visitors to their destinations within parks) are a primary way for tourists and visitors to interact with and experience natural environments. Transportation systems designed with visitor use patterns in mind can both provide a positive experience for tourists as well as minimize impacts to natural resources within parks and protected areas. Our research used Global Positioning System (GPS)-based technology and a statistical classification procedure to examine spatial and temporal patterns of vehicular visitation in the Moose-Wilson corridor of Grand Teton National Park. While GPS-based technology has been used in parks and protected areas to study the spatial behavior of hikers and bikers, it has not been widely utilized to study the spatial behavior patterns of visitors travelling in vehicles to park destinations. Similarly, statistical classifications have been used to understand visitor behavior patterns in parks and protected areas, but are rarely applied to spatial data such as GPS tracks of visitor spatial movements. This classification based on spatial behavior resulted in the categorization of visitors into three types: Opportunistic Commuters, Wildlife/Scenery Viewers, and Hikers. These results expand existing literature suggesting that interpretable patterns of visitor spatial movements can result from classification studies using GPS-based collection of visitor behavior data. Understanding these patterns of visitor behavior is important for the management of social and natural resource conditions at park destinations as well as visitor experiences within the transportation corridor, as different types of visitors often exhibit different spatial behavior patterns. The classification and associated patterns of visitor behavior have important implications for managers of parks and protected area as different types of visitors may require different transportation and information needs in order to achieve their desired experience and minimize ecological impacts. Subscribe to JPRA
Fatigue analysis of sign-support structures during transportation under road-induced excitations

Abstract Dynamic Message Signs (DMSs) are increasingly used in highways as an effective means to communicate time-sensitive information with motorists. To ensure the long-term performance of DMSs, it is critical to ensure that the truss structures that hold them can resist not only extreme loading events, but also fatigue induced by service loads. The existing studies, however, are primarily focused on the loads that DMS-support structures experience during their service life and neglect the potential contribution of stresses induced during the transportation of them from the fabrication site to the location of installation. As a result, the potential damage that this important category of structures may sustain during transportation had remained largely unknown. To investigate this aspect, a comprehensive field test and numerical study were conducted. For field investigation, one span of a four-chord, overhead sign-support structure was instrumented to perform a short-term structural health monitoring. In addition, detailed finite element simulations were conducted to obtain an in-depth understanding of the potential modes of damage under the excitations induced by the road profile. The outcome of this study is expected to contribute to evaluating the extent of fatigue and structural vulnerability of DMS-support structures during transportation.
Transient Recombinant Protein Production in Glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana Cell Suspension Culture.

Transient recombinant protein production is a promising alternative to stable transgenic systems, particularly for emergency situations in which rapid production of novel therapeutics is needed. In plants, Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used as a gene delivery vector for transient expression. A potential barrier for plant-based production of human therapeutics is that different glycosylation patterns are found on plant and mammalian proteins. Since glycosylation can affect the efficacy, safety and stability of a therapeutic protein, methods to control glycan structures and distributions in plant-based systems would be beneficial. In these studies, we performed Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in glycoengineered plant cell suspension cultures. To reduce the presence of plant-specific glycans on the product, we generated and characterized cell suspension cultures from β-1,2-xylosyltransferase and α-1,3-fucosyltransferase knockdown Nicotiana benthamiana. An anthrax decoy fusion protein was transiently produced in these glycoengineered plant cell suspension cultures through co-culture with genetically engineered Agrobacterium. The mass ratio of Agrobacterium to plant cells used was shown to impact recombinant protein expression levels. N-glycosylation analysis on the anthrax decoy fusion protein produced in glycoengineered N. benthamiana showed a dramatic reduction in plant-specific N-glycans. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of a simple, rapid and scalable process for transient production of recombinant proteins without plant-specific glycans in a glycoengineered plant cell culture host.
Logical argument mapping: A method for overcoming cognitive problems of conflict management

A crucial problem of conflict management is that whatever happens in negotiations will be interpreted and framed by stakeholders based on their different belief–value systems and world views. This problem will be discussed in the first part of this article as the main cognitive problem of conflict management. The second part develops a general semiotic solution of this problem, based on Charles Peirce’s concept of “diagrammatic reasoning.” The basic idea is that by representing one’s thought in diagrams, the conditions that determine interpretations can become visible, we can “experiment” with them, and we can change them eventually. The third part, finally, focuses on a concrete tool, called Logical Argument Mapping (LAM), that can be used in conflict management to perform such diagrammatic reasoning and to cope with the cognitive problems discussed in the first part. The Israeli–Palestin-ian conflict on the sovereignty over Jerusalem will be used as an exam-ple to show how LAM could work in practice.
Evolution of Life Histories

We have looked at the role of births and deaths at different ages in determining the dynamics of a population. The schedule of births, deaths, and emigration/immigration is known as the life history of a species. In addition to looking at the effect of the life history on the dynamics of a population, we can also ask how this life history arose. You are probably already familiar with plants and animals having wildly different life histories — some species are much longer lived and reproduce many more times than others.
Complete Genome Sequences of Historic Clostridioides difficile Food-Dwelling Ribotype 078 Strains in Canada Identical to That of the Historic Human Clinical Strain M120 in the United Kingdom.

ABSTRACT Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that causes severe intestinal diseases in humans. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the first C. difficile foodborne type strain (PCR ribotype 078) isolated from food animals in Canada in 2004, which has 100% similarity to the genome sequence of the historic human clinical strain M120.
Wire Bond Qualification Challenges and Development of First Stacked Die on Copper Clip for Multi-Die Controller MOSFET Package

Seremban QFN line has enjoyed continuous growth of production volume for Multi-die Driver/Controller MOSFET (DrMOS) package. Current production DrMOS device integrates a Driver/Controller, high-side MOSFET and low-side MOSFET into a 6 mm × 6 mm 40-pin QFN packaging. To be able to continue our fair share on the market though, new package and new case outline which comes into a 5 mm × 5 mm QFN32 project was recently developed for production. The new package consists of a FET die, Copper Clip and Controller die which are stacked to reduce the overall solution size. This paper elaborates specifically the wire bond challenges and corresponding improvements executed addressing the issues, hence making this package the reference for subsequent DrMOS with Stacked Controller Die on Copper Clip. To be able to define the allowable maximum loop height that can consistently meet the minimum stacked Controller die to Top Package clearance and marking depth requirements, package stack-up worst case analysis and loop height robustness study that can meet up to +6 sigma were evaluated. Since the Controller die is sitting on top of the FET die and Copper Clip, simulation on worst Controller die displacement scenario from different directions was also assessed to guarantee enough bonding wire to Copper Clip edge clearance. Reliability, bondability, wire bonding parameters characterization and cliff experiments were studied as well to ensure critical responses are well within pre-defined specification after implementation of new package design.