cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predatory investment U.S. vs. IBM

Abstract This paper examines the most likely example of anticompetitive behavior uncovered in the U.S. vs. IBM antitrust suit: the introduction by IBM of its 360/90 ‘super computer’ in response to the introduction of a similar machine by a competitor. The two leading competing hypotheses are examined — that IBM introduced its system as a weapon of predation, and that IBM expected the system to be profitable — and both are found wanting. The paper concludes that IBM almost certainly knew that the system would be unprofitable, but that the hypothesis of predation is less appealing than that of product-market signaling.
Theory of vanadium dioxide

Abstract A spin-Peierls theory is presented for vanadium dioxide (VO2) below the metal-insulator transition temperature using a Peierls-Hubbard model. We find that VO2 is in the intermediate-to-strong-coupling regime by performing an exact numerical diagonalization on a finite-size chain. We also find a spectrum of low-lying, magnetic excitations in the strong-coupling regime corresponding to topological defects analogous to those in the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model for polyacetylene [1]. These defects can be probed by multi-photon absorptions. For depoed VO2, there are in addition charged topological defects in the single-photon spectrum.
BiDi screen: depth and lighting aware interaction and display

We present a BiDirectional screen capable of both imaging and display, that uses an LCD as a spatial light modulator to support seamless transition from on-screen multi-touch interactions to off-screen hover-based gestures.
A CONVERGENT ORGANOIRON APPROACH TO STEROID SYNTHESIS

Abstract The reaction of tricarbonyl (4-methoxy-1-methylcyclohexadienyl)iron hexafluorophosphate (1) with the keto ester nucleophile 5 to give complexes 6 and 7, and conversion of 6 in eight steps, via the enone 8a, to a D-homosteroid 11 is described.
Rheumatic fever in the perspective of public health.

Abstract Dr. Taran : Rheumatic fever was discussed in the perspective of public health. It was pointed out that the obvious criteria which shape public health practice are mortality, morbidity and the age group in which morbidity and mortality tend to focus themselves. Applying these criteria to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, this disease becomes evident as a most burdensome public health problem. Factors which shape public health practice in rheumatic fever as in other diseases were described in detail. The relatively scant scientific knowledge available for the prevention or control of the disease, the difficulties in applying scientific knowledge at hand, legal-sociologic deterrents and prohibitions and lack of public interest and support may be factors responsible for influencing the official and voluntary public agencies from mobilization of their forces in the combat of rheumatic disease. Yet, viewing rheumatic fever in perspective with other public health problems, it was concluded that quantitatively and qualitatively it is one of the most serious; that it does not receive from society attention comparable to its importance; that the public's interest and support is not likely to be aroused without a careful development and maintenance of a program of health education and publicity nation wide in coverage under the expert guidance of professionals in the field of public relations. The education of the public must guard against the creation of hysteria. The aim is to develop in the public not proficiency in diagnosis of rheumatic disease, but rather an understanding of the measures which are necessary to control this illness.
Infrared interferogram analysis for ammonia detection with passive FTIR spectrometry

The detection of gaseous ammonia with open-path Fourier transform spectrometry furnishes a means of accessing fugitive emissions from various industrial production processes by stack and site monitoring. This study relies on direct interferogram analysis of passive infrared data from open-air industrial and controlled laboratory environments. Direct interferogram analysis permits the identification of ammonia emissions by detection of the (nu) 2 spectral bands in the interferogram time domain.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structures of R‐ and T‐state hemoglobin Bassett: elucidating the structural basis for the low oxygen affinity of a mutant hemoglobin

The crystal structures of R- and T-state hemoglobin (Hb) Bassett have been determined to 2.15 and 1.80 A resolution, respectively. Physiologically, Hb Bassett (αAsp94→Ala) is characterized by a low affinity for oxygen, a reduced Bohr effect and low cooperativity, as well as being slightly unstable (compared with normal adult hemoglobin; HbA). Comparisons between the Hb Bassett structures and previously determined R- and T-state HbA structures revealed that this mutant shares similar tertiary and quaternary structures with other Hbs. However, this analysis did identify localized structural differences between R-state Hb Bassett and R-state HbA at the α1β2 (α2β1) dimer interface and at the β-cleft. Specifically, the β-FG corner has shifted closer to the α-C helix in the mutant R structure. In addition, four intersubunit hydrogen bonds found at the α1β2 interfaces of native R-state Hb structures are abolished or weakened and subsequently replaced by two new intersubunit hydrogen bonds in R-state Hb Bassett. Remarkably, the newly formed hydrogen bonds in the R-state mutant structure are also observed in T-state Hb structures. At the β-cleft, βHis46, which is known to contribute to the Bohr effect in Hb, makes a unique hydrogen-bonding interaction with βAsn139 in the R-state Hb Bassett. Unlike the R-state mutant, the T-state Hb Bassett structure does not display any significant structural changes at both the α1β2 (α2β1) dimer interface and the β-cleft. Quite significantly, the mutation has led to removal of an interdimer repulsion involving α1Asp94 and β2Asp99. The R- and T-state structures of Hb Bassett suggest a stereochemical basis for the observed functional properties of this mutant.
N-(polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether)-N-methylmorpholinium-based background electrolytes in capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A homologous series of N-(polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether)-N-methylmorpholinium hydroxides has been synthesized, characterized and used as the source of cationic co-ions in mobility-matching background electrolytes designed to eliminate the efficiency-degrading effects of electromigration dispersion. The mobilities of the new cationic co-ions vary in the 6·10 −5 to 35·10 −5 cm 2 /V s range in 25 m M mobility-matching background electrolytes, prepared from phosphoric acid and the respective N-(polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether)-N-methylmorpholinium hydroxide. It is demonstrated experimentally that electromigration dispersion-related peak broadening can be minimized and difficult electrophoretic separations can be realized without significant alteration of the separation selectivity when these N-(polyethyleneglycol monomethyl ether)-N-methylmorpholinium cations are used as co-ions in mobility-matching background electrolytes.
Bioactivation of fluorinated 2-aryl-benzothiazole antitumor molecules by human cytochrome P450s 1A1 and 2W1 and deactivation by cytochrome P450 2S1

Both 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203) and 5-fluoro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-benzothiazole (GW 610) contain the benzothiazole pharmacophore and possess potent and selective in vitro antitumor properties. Prior studies suggested the involvement of cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A1 and 2W1-mediated bioactivation in the antitumor activities and P450 2S1-mediated deactivation of 5F 203 and GW 610. In the present study, the biotransformation pathways of 5F 203 and GW 610 by P450s 1A1, 2W1, and 2S1 were investigated, and the catalytic parameters of P450 1A1- and 2W1-catalyzed oxidation were determined in steady-state kinetic studies. The oxidations of 5F 203 catalyzed by P450s 1A1 and 2W1 yielded different products, and the formation of a hydroxylamine was observed for the first time in the latter process. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis with the synthetic hydroxylamine and also a P450 2W1/5F 203 incubation mixture indicated the formation of dGuo adduct via a putative ni...
Excitation transfer in the in-vitro reaction of photobacterium luciferase bioluminescence

Fluorescence dynamics methods are used to probe the mechanism by which the chemi- energized intermediates of the bacterial luciferase catalyzed oxidation of FMNH2 and tetradecanal are able to excite the ligand of lumazine protein to its first excited singlet state. A fluorescence dynamics study of the effect of lumazine protein on the reaction of several types of luciferase has recently been published (Biochemistry 30 6825, 1991). This present report examines the case of the Photobacterium leiognathi luciferase reaction in more detail. The fluorescence anisotropy of a mixture of this luciferase fluorescent transient mixed with lumazine protein decays rapidly with a correlation time of 5 ns, interpreted as due to energy transfer. There is no sign of a longer time corresponding to the rotation of the proteins themselves. No rise time of the lumazine (acceptor) fluorescence on exciting into the fluorescent transient (donor) absorption is measureable, so that no straightforward estimate of the energy transfer rate can be made.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comments on' Retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean using multispectral and multiangle photopolarimetric measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter

A recent paper [Chowdhary et al., 2001] (hereafter CCM&T) presents an aerosol retrieval case study using airborne RSP (Research Scanning Polarimeter) data over dark water to demonstrate the contribution polarization measurements can make to passive aerosol remote sensing. The paper also suggests that instruments such as MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) [Barnes et al., 1998], MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) [Diner et al., 1998], and POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances) [Deschamps et al., 1994], provide only a subset of the retrieval capabilities that would be available from EOSP (Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter) [Travis, 1993], a satellite version of RSP. In this response, we argue that EOSP is not a replacement but a valuable complement to other measurement approaches. We also contend that MISR is significantly more capable than CCM&T imply. very tight constraints on this parameter Kahn et al. [2001]. The other metrics, which include spectral and angular ratios, provide additional sensitivity to particle microphysical properties because their accuracy over dark targets such as clear ocean (• 2%) is much better than the absolute radiometric accuracy (• 6%). Simulations show that MISR is sensitive to the difference between mono-modal and bimodal
Load Management Implementation: Decisions, Opportunities and Operation

Wisconsin Electric began its investigation of a load Management System in the last quarter of 1973. The primary emphasis at that time was strictly direct control of customer loads. This investigation resulted in a test installation of 450 points using a two-way power line system to remotely control water heaters and remotely read the electric service meters. This test ran from summer of 1976 to the fourth quarter of 1977. After a successful test, we applied to the Public Service Commission of Wisconsin (PSCW) early in 1978 to install a system-wide communication system to control residential and farm water heaters, remotely read meters for T-O-U billing for some commercial customers, perform load survey data gathering, and some limited distribution switching functions. This paper will outline our reasons for getting into this program, the current status and benefits of the program and what we expect out of it in the next few years.
High-resolution electron microscopy of montmorillonite and montmorillonite/epoxy nanocomposites.

With the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy the structure and morphology of montmorillonite (MMT), a material of current interest for use in polymer nanocomposites, was characterized. Using both imaging theory and experiment, the procedures needed to generate lattice images from MMT were established. These procedures involve careful control of the microscope's objective lens defocus to maximize contrast from features of a certain size, as well as limiting the total dose of electrons received by the sample. Direct images of the MMT lattice were obtained from neat Na+ MMT, organically modified MMT, and organically modified MMT/epoxy nanocomposites. The degree of crystallinity and turbostratic disorder were characterized using electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Also, the extent of the MMT sheets to bend when processed into an epoxy matrix was directly visualized. A minimum radius of curvature tolerable for a single MMT sheet during bending deformation wa...
Changes in Nuclear Dry Mass, Area and Structure in Living Onion Epidermal Cells During Observation

Changes in nuclear dry mass (NDM), nuclear area (NA), and nuclear structure in outer epidermal cells of white onion were determined at 15-min intervals during 45 min in distilled water. Three pretreatments of onion leaf bases were used: no exposure, exposure to ambient atmosphere for 24 hr, and exposure for 48 hr. Non-exposed epidermal cells mounted in distilled water lost NDM during the first 15 min, but NDM in cells of leaf bases exposed for 24 and 48 hr remained unchanged. With all three treatments, NA decreased significantly during 45 min; moreover, the nuclear outline underwent striking changes involving the formation of perinuclear vacuoles and pycnosis. Prior exposure of a leaf base resulted in an increase in the number of perinuclear vacuoles initially and a more rapid disappearance of these vacuoles after 30 and 45 min in distilled water.
Improving surveillance of intimate partner violence by use of multiple data sources.

Abstract Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem in the United States. Estimates of incidence and prevalence vary widely, depending on the data source used. Combining information from different sources can enhance our understanding of IPV. Methods: In this paper, we used 1998 data from the Rhode Island (RI) Department of Health Violence Against Women Public Health Surveillance System to describe the prevalence of IPV reported to police, the demographic characteristics and help-seeking efforts of women reporting IPV, and characteristics of IPV incidents. We used data from the 1998 RI Department of Health Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey to examine associations between health care use and health outcomes of victims and nonvictims of IPV, and to explore the correlates of IPV. We also discuss the use of both narrow and broad definitions of IPV. Results: Our findings show that the definition of IPV and the source used to identify IPV victims can produce a markedly different picture of IPV victims, and that combining information from different data sources can enhance our understanding of IPV. An important finding for health care providers is that IPV victims do not appear to be significantly different from nonvictims in their access to and utilization of routine health care, and that more than 60% of victims at highest risk for injury reported seeing a health care provider because of IPV. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of health care providers addressing IPV and its consequences among their patients.
VEGF/Flk1 Signaling Cascade Transactivates Etv2 Gene Expression

Previous reports regarding the genetic hierarchy between Ets related protein 71 (Er71/Etv2) and Flk1 is unclear. In the present study, we pursued a genetic approach to define the molecular cascade between Etv2 and Flk1. Using a transgenic Etv2-EYFP reporter mouse, we examined the expression pattern of Etv2 relative to Flk1 in the early conceptus. Etv2-EYFP was expressed in subset of Flk1 positive cells during primitive streak stages, suggesting that Flk1 is upstream of Etv2 during gastrulation. Analysis of reporter gene expression in Flk1 and Etv2 mutant mice further supports the hypothesis that Flk1 is necessary for Etv2 expression. The frequency of cells expressing Flk1 in Etv2 mutants is only modestly altered (21% decrease), whereas expression of the Etv2-EYFP transgenic reporter was severely reduced in the Flk1 null background. We further demonstrate using transcriptional assays that, in the presence of Flk1, the Etv2 promoter is activated by VEGF, the Flk1 ligand. Pharmacological inhibition studies demonstrate that VEGF mediated activation is dependent on p38 MAPK, which activates Creb. We identify the VEGF response element in the Etv2 promoter and demonstrate that Creb binds to this motif by EMSA and ChIP assays. In summary, we provide new evidence that VEGF activates Etv2 by signaling through Flk1, which activates Creb through the p38 MAPK signaling cascade.
What could be causing chronic abdominal pain? Anything from common peptic ulcers to uncommon pancreatic trauma.

PREVIEWEstablishing a reasonable diagnosis and treatment plan in patients with chronic abdominal pain can be difficult and frustrating. Most cases involve a common and readily identified condition (eg, gallbladder disease, GERD, irritable bowel syndrome). Other cases, however, resist ready diagnosis because they offer no intra-abdominal explanation. In this article, the authors summarize several diverse possibilities as the source of the pain, and they describe how to approach evaluation to avoid unnecessary testing.
On the buckling property of inviscid jets and the origin of turbulence

Abstract This letter outlines the analogy which exists between inviscid jets and elastic columns in axial compression. It is shown that straight inviscid jet columns possess the property of sinusoidal infinitesimal buckling. The buckling wavelength scales with the transversal dimension of the jet. The repeated buckling and breakup of the jet column is responsible for the observed whiplash motion of turbulent jets. The buckling theory predicts correctly the natural frequency of the whiplash motion and the Reynolds number for the laminar-turbulent transition in free jet flow.
Nonlinear quantum optics in a waveguide: distinct single photons strongly interacting at the single atom level.

We propose a waveguide-QED system where two single photons of distinct frequency or polarization interact strongly. The system consists of a single ladder-type three level atom coupled to a waveguide. When both optical transitions are coupled strongly to the waveguide’s mode, we show that a control
Effect of Phytic Acid on Flotation of Talc Impurity

This study investigated the flotation in sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate system, the effects of phytic acid on talc flotation mechanism, then proposed a new flowsheet to handle this kind talc ore, namely “one roughing-three cleaning-one scavenging’’. The closed-circle flotation test in laboratory can obtain a concentrate with the SiO2 and CaO grade of the concentrate is 61.87% and 0.60%, the SiO2 recovery is 72.59%, removal rate of tremolitei is 95.85%. This paper improved the economic value of the talc containing asbestos, laid the foundation of industrial applications.
Fish cage and mooring system dynamics using physical and numerical models with field measurements

Abstract As wild fish stocks decline, marine aquaculture is expected to play an increasing role in satisfying the global need for seafood. Since the expansion of near-shore aquaculture is becoming more difficult because of multi-use issues and environmental impact concerns, the feasibility of moving aquaculture into the open ocean is being studied. To enable the optimum design and evaluation of fish cage and mooring performance in the energetic open ocean, physical and numerical modeling techniques are being utilized. To validate these methods, the dynamics of a fish cage and mooring system deployed in the Gulf of Maine are simulated with physical and numerical models and compared with field observations. Assuming that the system can be modeled as a linear system, a stochastic approach was used to analyze the motion response (heave, surge and pitch) characteristics of the fish cage and the load (tension) response in an anchor line to wave forcing. Transfer functions were calculated from field observations for storm events and used to understand the system dynamics and to validate the models for the deployed system. Fish cage heave and surge motions were found to be overdamped, while pitch exhibited a resonance at low frequencies (less than 0.1 Hz). Transfer functions for anchor line tension were consistent with observations over most of the wave frequencies. The physical model clearly revealed the pitch resonance, while the numerical model was better at predicting mooring line tension. Results also provided insight concerning dynamical processes that require further study, including fluid–net panel interaction, transfer function amplitude dependence and the nonlinear relationship between steady current and wave fluid velocity on drag and its effect on system geometry and therefore response.
Development and characterization of an anthropomorphic breast software phantom based upon region-growing algorithm

Purpose: We present a novel algorithm for computer simulation of breast anatomy for generation of anthropomorphic software breast phantoms. A realistic breast simulation is necessary for preclinical validation of volumetric imaging modalities.Methods: The anthropomorphic software breast phantom simulates the skin, regions of adipose and fibroglandular tissue, and the matrix of Cooper’s ligaments and adipose compartments. The adipose compartments are simulated using a seeded region-growing algorithm; compartments are grown from a set of seed points with specific orientation and growing speed. The resulting adipose compartments vary in shape and size similar to real breasts; the adipose region has a compact coverage by adipose compartments of various sizes, while the fibroglandular region has fewer, more widely separated adipose compartments. Simulation parameters can be selected to cover the breadth of variations in breast anatomy observed clinically.Results: When simulating breasts of the same glandularity with different numbers of adipose compartments, the average compartment volume was proportional to the phantom size and inversely proportional to the number of simulated compartments. The use of the software phantom in clinical image simulation is illustrated by synthetic digital breast tomosynthesis images of the phantom. The proposed phantom design was capable of simulating breasts of different size, glandularity, and adipose compartment distribution. The region-growing approach allowed us to simulate adipose compartments with various size and shape. Qualitatively, simulated x-ray projections of the phantoms, generated using the proposed algorithm, have a more realistic appearance compared to previous versions of the phantom.Conclusions: A new algorithm for computer simulation of breast anatomy has been proposed that improved the realism of the anthropomorphic software breast phantom.
Vesnarinone: A New Inotropic Agent for Treating Congestive Heart Failure

Vesnarinone is a new and novel inotropic drug that has unique and complex mechanisms of action. It inhibits phosphodiesterase, thereby leading to increased intracellular calcium, and also affects numerous myocardial ion channels, resulting in the prolongation of the opening time of sodium channels and the decrease in the delayed outward and inward rectifying potassium current. In vitro, it has also demonstrated significant effects on cytokine production, which may account for some of its observed clinical benefits. Hemodynamic studies in humans with congestive heart failure reveal that vesnarinone can improve ventricular function. Placebo-controlled studies in large numbers of patients with heart failure have suggested a morbidity and mortality benefit with a 60 mg daily dose. There is increased mortality with vesnarinone at the 120 mg daily dose, however, suggesting a narrow therapeutic window for the drug. Its predominant toxic side effect is a 2% incidence of reversible neutropenia.
Evolution, multiple acquisition, and localization of endosymbionts in bat flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea: Streblidae and nycteribiidae)

Bat flies are a diverse clade of obligate ectoparasites on bats. Like most blood-feeding insects, they harbor endosymbiotic prokaryotes, but the origins and nature of these symbioses are still poorly understood. To expand the knowledge of bacterial associates in bat flies, the diversity and evolution of the dominant endosymbionts in six of eight nominal subfamilies of bat flies (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) were studied. Furthermore, the localization of endosymbionts and their transmission across developmental stages within the family Streblidae were explored. The results show diverse microbial associates in bat flies, with at least four ancestral invasions of distantly related microbial lineages throughout bat fly evolution. Phylogenetic relationships support the presence of at least two novel symbiont lineages (here clades B and D), and extend the geographic and taxonomic range of a previously documented lineage (“Candidatus Aschnera chinzeii”; here clade A). Although these lineages show reciprocally monophyletic clusters with several bat fly host clades, their phylogenetic relationships generally do not reflect current bat fly taxonomy or phylogeny. However, within some endosymbiont clades, congruent patterns of symbiont-host divergence are apparent. Other sequences identified in this study fall into the widely distributed, highly invasive, insect-associated Arsenophonus lineage and may be the result of symbiont replacements and/or transient infections (here clade C). Vertical transmission of endosymbionts of clades B and D is supported by fluorescent signal (fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH]) and microbial DNA detection across developmental stages. The fluorescent bacterial signal is consistently localized within structures resembling bacteriomes, although their anatomical position differs by host fly clade. In summary, the results suggest an obligate host-endosymbiont relationship for three of the four known symbiont clades associated with bat flies (clades A, B, and D).
Characterization of thin oxide films for FET applications

Abstract Electronic transport in thin silicon dioxide films used for field effect transistor (FET) devices is controlled by the metal-oxide barrier height rather than by bulk defect centers. The presence of charged ions (i.e., sodium) or interface states at the injecting electrode can lower the barrier height and thereby increase the electronic conduction. In addition, the transport of sodium ions is generally believed to be emission-limited from traps located at the metal-oxide interface. When present in large concentrations (>10 12 /cm 2 ), Na ions can alter the internal space charge field, markedly enhance the current, and even lead to dielectric breakdown. Instabilities in the current at high electric fields (∼10 7 V/cm) as a result of ionization processes were observed prior to breakdown. The degradation of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors as a result of electrothermal stressing can be retarded by the incorporation of hydrogen in the SiO 2 .
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Dependent Phosphoproteins in Human Placenta

cAMP modulates estrogen, hCG, and lactate syntheses by the human placenta. The major effects of cAMP are presumably mediated through the phosphorylation of specific regulatory phosphoproteins after cAMP activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent phosphoproteins have not been identified in the placenta. Homogenates and cytosol from term human placenta were subjected to an endogenous protein phosphorylation assay using [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence and absence of 1.0 microM cAMP. Protein phosphorylation was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. cAMP stimulated 32P incorporation into proteins with mol wt of 25,000, 27,000, 39,000, 45,000, 52,000, 58,000, and 73,000 (P less than 0.02). Half-maximal 32P incorporation was observed with 1.0 X 10(-7) M cAMP, which was similar to the concentration required for half-maximal histone kinase activity (8.5 +/- 2.9 X 10(-8) M). cGMP induced 32P incorporation into the same placental proteins as cAMP, but 2 orders of magnitude greater cGMP concentrations were required to achieve phosphorylation levels similar to those caused by cAMP. cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor completely blocked cGMP-induced phosphorylation, even when histone protein was added. Therefore, no evidence of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase or specific cGMP-dependent phosphoproteins were detected. CaCl2 (10(-8) - 10(-4) M) had no effect on cAMP-induced 32P incorporation into the seven cAMP-dependent phosphoproteins. However calcium induced 32P incorporation into four other proteins (mol wt, 97,000, 90,000, 20,000, and 19,000). Regulation of placental metabolism by catecholamines and other hormones known to mediate intracellular cAMP or calcium levels may be accomplished by phosphorylation of these phosphoproteins.
Effects of trout bradykinin on the motility of the trout stomach and intestine: evidence for a receptor distinct from mammalian B1 and B2 subtypes

Trout bradykinin ([Arg0,Trp5,Leu8]-bradykinin; trout BK), recently isolated from kallikrein-treated trout plasma, produced sustained and concentration-dependent contractions of isolated longitudinal muscle from rainbow trout stomach (pD2=7.01±0.03) and proximal small intestine (pD2=7.37±0.07). The maximum responses were 85±2% (stomach) and 101±35% (intestine) of the corresponding responses to 10−5 M acetylcholine. Strips of circular smooth muscle from trout stomach and intestine did not contract in response to trout BK. The potency of trout BK on gastric smooth muscle motility was significantly (5 fold; P<0.01) reduced in the presence of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (10−5 M) and by 4 fold (P<0.05) in the presence of the lipoxygenase inhibitor, MK-886 (10−6 M), but there was no effect on the maximum response. Potency was also significantly reduced in the presence of 10−6 M methysergide (3 fold; P<0.02) and 10−6 M tetrodotoxin (2 fold, P<0.05) but atropine was without effect. [Tyr0,Trp5,Leu8]-BK was a full agonist but was approximately 50 fold less potent (pD2=5.35±0.08) than trout BK, [Arg0,Trp5,Leu8]des-Arg9-BK was a partial agonist (pD2=6.80±0.03; 56±7% of the maximum response to trout BK) but [Trp5,Leu8]-BK, [Trp5,Leu8]-des-Arg9-BK and mammalian BK produced no, or only very weak, contractions of the trout stomach. The mammalian B1 receptor antagonist, [Leu8]des-Arg9-BK was without effect on the response of the trout stomach to trout BK. The potent mammalian B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 was a partial agonist (pD2=7.44±0.12; 57±15% of the maximum response to trout BK). We conclude that the effects of trout BK on the motility of rainbow trout gastric smooth muscle are mediated through interaction with a receptor that has appreciably different ligand-binding properties than the mammalian B1 and B2 receptor subtypes. An involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic nerves in the mechanism of action of the peptide is suggested.
Rods are selectively altered by lead: II. Ultrastructure and quantitative histology.

Electroretinographic and cyclic nucleotide metabolism studies have established that low-levellead exposure during early postnatal development results in long-term selective rod deficits. To determine whether there was a corresponding selective rod photoreceptor cell degeneration we examined retinas of adult rats exposed to low-level lead during development using light and electron microscopy. In all retinal regions, a rod but not cone cell degeneration was observed. Overall, 20% of the rod cells were lost. Moreover, two specific regional differences were found. Degeneration was much greater in the inferior (−25%) than superior (−15%) retina and greater in the posterior (−22%) than peripheral (−17%) retina. The latter pattern indicates a central-peripheral gradient of degeneration. Total retinal thickness decreased 15–20%, which reflects cell loss in the outer and inner nuclear layers. Ultrastructurally, the most obvious lead-induced alterations were swollen and disorganized rod outer segments and large accumulations of beta-glycogen particles in rod photoreceptor mitochondria. Glycogen accumulations were heaviest in rod inner segment mitochondria followed by rod axon and synaptic terminal mitochondria. Possible cellular mechanisms of action responsible for these lead-induced retinal alterations include an inhibition of retinal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and the resultant elevation of cyclic GMP, an inhibition of intermediary metabolism, and/or an alteration in calcium metabolism. In addition, the thinning of the inner nuclear layers could be due to transneuronal degeneration. As noted in our preceding paper, the first possibility has been demonstrated in rats similarly exposed to lead. These quantitative histological results, in combination with the ERG and biochemical results in the preceding paper, demonstrate that low-level lead exposure during early postnatal development produces long-term selective rod functional deficits and degeneration.
Electrical properties of back-gated n -layer graphene films

We present results of room temperature studies of the electrical characteristics of back-gated ultrathin graphite films prepared by mechanical transfer of thin sections of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) to a Si/SiO 2 substrate. The films studied were quite thin, exhibiting only a few graphene layers ( n ). Films with thickness in the range 1 n n has been deduced by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) z-scans. The n value deduced by AFM z-scan data was correlated with the n value deduced by Raman scattering data. We discuss at some length, the issue of whether or not Raman scattering can provide a standalone measure of n . Electrical contacts were made to a few of the low n ( n = 1,2,3) graphene films. Most graphene films exhibited a nearly symmetric resistance (R) anomaly vs. gate voltage (V G ) in the range 25 G < 110 V; some films exhibited as much as a factor of ~50 decrease in R (relative to the maximum R) with changing VG. An interesting low bias shoulder on the negative side of the resistance peak anomaly was also observed. The devices were fabricated with a lithography free process.
Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome

This chapter summarizes the clinical, genetic, and biochemical features of recognized Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) types, provides a summary of the details of collagen structure, biosynthesis, and tissue distribution that serves as the basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of some of these disorders, and discusses recent findings that expand the clinical and molecular realms of EDS.
Aqueous aldehyde (FAGLU) histofluorescence for catecholamines in 2 μm sections using polyethylene glycol embedding

Abstract A technique is described which couples the aqueous aldehyde fluorescence (Faglu) method [5,6] with polyethylene glycol (PEG) embedding to obtain sections of brain as thin as 2 μm for light microscopic examination. Blocks from rat brains perfused with Faglu solution were embedded in PEG, sectioned on a rotary microtome and examined for amine fluorescence. Both catecholaminergic perikarya and their terminal arborizations were observed with high resolution in 2 μm sections. Single neurons could be traced in serial sections and varicosities as well as intervaricose segments were visible in terminal regions. This technique offers the further advantage of fixation compatible with electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and other neuroanatomical methods. PEG-embedding of Faglu-fixed tissue thus provides a useful addition to existing fluorescence histochemical techniques for the visualization of catecholamines.
An Introduction to Harmonic Analysis

1. Fourier series on T 2. The convergence of Fourier series 3. The conjugate function 4. Interpolation of linear operators 5. Lacunary series and quasi-analytic classes 6. Fourier transforms on the line 7. Fourier analysis on locally compact Abelian groups 8. Commutative Banach algebras A. Vector-valued functions B. Probabilistic methods.
Current algebras in $d+1$-dimensions and determinant bundles over infinite-dimensional Grassmannians

We extend the methods of Pressley and Segal for constructing cocycle representations of the restricted general linear group in infinite-dimensions to the case of a larger linear group modeled by Schatten classes of rank 1≦p<∞. An essential ingredient is the generalization of the determinant line bundle over an infinite-dimensional Grassmannian to the case of an arbitrary Schatten rank,p≧1. The results are used to obtain highest weight representations of current algebras (with the operator Schwinger terms) ind+1-dimensions when the space dimensiond is any odd number.
A pediatric urological problem important to the general practitioner

Abstract Any male child with a persistent urinary problem which fails to respond to the usually enuresis regimes in a reasonable period of time should not be cast aside as a behavior problem but should be given the benefit of a urological investigation. The fact that over half of the 130 cases of urethral valve reported in the literature were not diagnosed ante-mortem emphasizes the fact that this pathological entity is not as widely known as it should be. In general the symptoms are diurnal as well as nocturnal and not unlike the course of events seen in the elderly male with obstructive prostatic hypertrophy. The rapidity of renal destruction depends directly upon the degree of urethral obstruction. The etiology is not clear-cut; the anatomical structure generally conforms to one of the three types described by Young. The history and physical findings will often make the diagnosis whereas cystopyelography and panendoscopy will definitely confirm it. Rapid decompression is to be discouraged. The valves may be destroyed either transvesically or endoscopically using either a cutting current or a cold punch. The prognosis depends on the amount of renal damage done prior to diagnosis, the preoperative care and the operative and postoperative management.
From Logocentrism to Ethocentrism: Historicizing Critiques of Writing Research

Since the 1960s, attitudes toward empirical research on writing, including research on technical/professional writing, have shifted from encouragement to resistance. This essay traces these shifts in light of changes in writing research, psychology, and the rhetoric of science. In composition studies, an initial mild uneasiness about “scientism”; intensified with the rise of process models, suggesting a Romanticist defense of the mystique of creativity. More recent post‐modernist denunciations of scientific methods as immoral have other Romanticist overtones. In technical communication, a long‐standing interest in workplace writing practices allowed a smoother integration of empirical analysis with descriptive studies of writing contexts. However, as in composition, recent critiques in technical communication suggest that empirical methods should not be employed. These critiques too tightly circumscribe the values that may be considered humanist and cut off important avenues of inquiry and critique that h...
Evaluation of Physician Competency and Clinical Performance in Emergency Medicine

This article (1) provides the background history of assessing health care quality; (2) presents an overview of current interest and importance of measuring physician competency and performance, including requirements related to certifying bodies and those integral to pay-for-performance programs; (3) describes some of the current methods of evaluating the practice performance of emergency physicians, including peer review and use of health care quality measures; and (4) discusses the state of the literature as it pertains to health care quality and individual emergency physician performance.
Recent Developments on Applying Biometrics in Cryptography

Biometrics is an identification technology widely used in physical access control and forensics. Cryptography is the science for information security. People generally agreed that biometric information needs to be protected with cryptography. Many researchers also believe that biometrics can enhance the security of cryptography. In this article I have surveyed recent developments on applying biometrics in cryptography, focusing on binding and generating a cryptographic key. The security of these proposals is briefly analyzed. Additionally I have reviewed some other developments, such as matching without removing chaff points, encrypted templates matching, symmetric hashing, and biometric random number generation.
A study of the synthesis and interrelationships of ribonucleic acids in duck erythrocytes

Abstract Duck erythrocytes have served as a source for a number of RNA fractions. In addition to ribosomal and soluble RNA, five RNA fractions have been prepared from a 15 000 ×g residue, containing nuclei and cell membranes. Three of the fractions, constituting about 10 % of the total cellular RNA, exhibited a rapid uptake of labeled precursors. Studies to evaluate the possible role of the rapidly labeled fractions as cytoplasmic RNA precursors by chase and actinomycin-inhibition experiments suggest that a simple nuclear to cytoplasmic relationship may not exist in the duck erythrocyte.
Associations between the distance traveled from sale barns to commercial feedlots in the United States and overall performance, risk of respiratory disease, and cumulative mortality in feeder cattle during 1997 to 2009

Most beef cattle are transported at least once during their lives, and this potentially stressful practice may affect subsequent health and performance. Limited research is available quantifying the effects of transport on feedlot performance and health, and particularly the risk of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD), which is the most common disease of weaned calves after arrival to the feedlot. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine potential associations between distance traveled (DTV) during transportation with health (cumulative BRD morbidity and mortality of all causes) and performance (ADG and HCW) parameters in cattle cohorts (n = 14,601) that arrived to 21 U.S. commercial feedlots from 1997 to 2009. Multivariable mixed-effects negative binomial and linear regression models were employed to determine associations between health and performance outcomes with DTV and other cohort-level demographic variables. Cattle were transported a median of 552 km from origin to feedlot with a mean (± SEM) of 698 ± 4.4 km. The mean (±SEM) cumulative BRD morbidity was 4.9% ± 0.01% (median = 1.1%; range: 0 to 100%) whereas the mean (±SEM) cumulative mortality due to all causes was 1.3% ± 0.01% (median = 0.8%; range: 0 to 28.7%). Distance traveled was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with BRD morbidity, overall mortality, HCW and ADG, and its effects were modified by demographic characteristics (i.e., cohort region of origin, mean arrival BW, gender, and the season of the year) of the cohort. Knowledge of the distance traveled during transportation could allow a more precise prediction of cattle feedlot health and performance.
Dissection of a malting quality QTL region on chromosome 1 (7H) of barley

Malting and brewing are major uses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide, utilizing 30–40% of the crop each year. A set of complex traits determines the quality of malted barley and its subsequent use for beer. Molecular genetics technology has increased our understanding of genetic control of the many malting and brewing quality traits, most of which are quantitatively inherited. The objective of this study was to further dissect and evaluate a known major malting quality quantitative trait locus (QTL) region of about 28 cM on chromosome 1 (7H). Molecular marker-assisted backcrossing was used to develop 39 isolines originating from a ‘Steptoe’ / ‘Morex’ cross. Morex, a 6–row malting type, was the donor parent and Steptoe, a 6–row feed type, was the recurrent parent. The isolines and parents were grown in four environments, and the grain was micro-malted and analyzed for malting quality traits. The effect of each Morex chromosome segment in the QTL target region was determined by composite interval mapping (CIM) and confirmed and refined by multiple interval mapping (MIM). One QTL was resolved for malt extract content, and two QTLs each were resolved for α-amylase activity, diastatic power, and malt β-glucan content. One additional putative malt extract QTL was detected at the plus border of the target region by CIM, but not confirmed by MIM. All QTLs were resolved to intervals of 2.0 to 6.4 cM by CIM, and to intervals of 2.0 cM or less by MIM. These results should facilitate marker-assisted selection in breeding improved malting barley cultivars.
The euro versus the dollar: not a zero sum game

Abstract The introduction of the euro provides an improved public good that will prove beneficial both within the euro area and to external users of the new monetary unit, including virtually all those doing business in and with the euro area. The rest of the world will also likely benefit indirectly from the euro’s effect in improving the economic performance of the euro area and, more broadly, from the cooperative and peaceful integration that the new currency symbolizes.
The Effects of Branching on Item Nonresponse

THE effect of branching on item nonresponse is an important research issue, in that it deals with an aspect in the design of mail questionnaires which is, in some situations, discretionary on the part of the researcher. There are many situations in which a researcher may choose between asking a two-step question with a branch and asking a single question with an expanded list of responses. For example, an ''own" versus "rent" question might be followed by a question for "owners" only on type of housing. Renters would be instructed to branch around the second question. Alternatively, these two questions could be combined into a single more complex question with responses of: own-single-family house; own-other type of dwelling; and rent. While this eliminates the branch, it correspondingy increases the complexity of the question, thereby creating the potential for ambiguity. This apparently leaves the researcher with a choice between the two approaches. However, the literature on item nonresponse does not indicate whether branching actually reduces item response rates, and, if it does, under what conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of branching on item nonresponse.
Nutrient recycling in closed ecosystem models

Abstract A plant-herbivore system which exhibits periodic behavior in the Lotka-Volterra sense is made more realistic by introducing one nutrient as a third dynamic variable. If this system is closed with respect to the nutrient, asymptotic stability is expected.