cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTOR IN ANCHORAGE, ALASKA BASED ON LONG PERIOD MICROTREMORS

Long period microtremors with periods ranging from 0.5 to 10 seconds were measured in the Anchorage metropolitan area. Two horizontal components of motion were recorded at 81 sites uniformly distributed throughout the basin with spatial resolution of about 2 km. Recording at each site was done for 300 seconds with a sampling rate of 20 Hz. Repeated measurements were performed at a bedrock reference site simultaneously with the measurements in the field. The measurements were completed in six days. In addition, multiple recordings were obtained concurrently at the reference bedrock site and a sediment site. Based on these measurements the Fourier spectra were calculated for each of the site. Ground motion amplification is determined in terms of spectral ratio of horizontal spectral amplitudes at a sediment site and the reference bedrock site. Mean spectral ratio contours were evaluated for different period bands. The results show that for period band 3 to 5 seconds the spectral ratio contours agree well with the ground failure susceptiblity map of Anchorage.
Electrical stimulation-induced contraction to reduce blood stasis during arthroplasty

Deep venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism due to venous pooling/stasis commonly occur in patients during hip and/or knee arthroplasty (i.e., replacement). This problem may be alleviated by using techniques to promote lower limb blood flow. Electrical stimulation-induced contractions have been shown to activate the skeletal muscle pump, promote limb blood flow, and may be effective for reducing venous pooling/stasis and edema. Therefore, electrical stimulation may reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) during and following surgery. The overall goal of this project was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of sequential electrical stimulation-induced leg muscle contractions on the venous blood flow during surgery. The degree of venous pooling/stasis was monitored via electrical impedance changes in the thorax. The changes in the patient's central hemodynamics were then calculated. Thirty patients were recruited and randomly assigned to either a control group (n=15, mean age=66.4/spl plusmn/7.3) or experimental group (n=15, age 60.7/spl plusmn/9.7). Both groups received the standard medical treatment for prevention of DVT (i.e., coumadin, heparin, etc.) and compression stockings (TED, Kendall). The control group used the sequential compression device (SCD+TED) and the experimental group used electrical stimulation (ES+TED). Electrical stimulation was applied via surface electrodes to the lower-limb muscles (tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius) and upper limb muscles (quadriceps femoris and hamstrings). These muscles contracted sequentially, using an 8-channel electrical stimulator. Four seconds of calf (contraction/compression) were followed by 7-s of calf and thigh (contraction/compression) interspersed by 60-s rest period during both electrical stimulation or sequential compression device. This cycle continued throughout the surgery (60-75 min) for both groups. At 15 min intervals, venous return was monitored by impedance cardiograph. Physiologic responses including ventricular stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), total peripheral resistance (TPR), as well as mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored. These responses were statistically analyzed and compared throughout the surgery within each group and between the 2 groups. The results show stroke volume and cardiac output to be higher throughout surgery in the electrical stimulation group as compared with the sequential compression device group. The heart rate was consistently lower during electrical stimulation for both groups. Total peripheral resistance did not change in the electrical stimulation group; but increased in the sequential compression device group.
Comparison of E. coli Infiltration between New Synthetic Absorbable Sutures

Purpose: The proper selection of suture is very important to minimize infection after gastrointestinal anastomosis and closure, which is one of the causes of postoperative complications such as leakage and stricture, etc, in the surgical field. Thus this study focuses on which suture can reduce bacterial infection after surgical operation by comparing in vitro microbial infiltration rates of three synthetic absorbable sutures and that of silk - a relatively absorbable material, using E. coli. Methods: Four different, sterilized kinds of absorbable sutures were used for two experiments. In experiment 1, the cut-off suture was directly applied to the standard method agar plate and cultured for observation. In experiment 2, the cut-off suture was diluted with 1 ml of tryptic soy broth to be smeared and cultured in the standard method agar plate and counted using a spectrophotometer. Results: The first experiment revealed that bacterial growth was not observed in the monofilament and antibiotic-coated multifilament sutures, while the other sutures of multifilament structure were invaded by bacteria. In the second experiment, counting and averaging the colony from five plates of each test showed that the number of E. coli of monofilament suture, antibiotics-coated polyglactin, polyglactin and silk were 0±0, 39.3±14.4, 208.6±76.6, 59.4±26.7, respectively. Conclusion: Sutures of monofilament structure are believed to be a relatively safe material that can be used for gastrointestinal anastomosis and closure since it has lower bacterial infiltration rates than sutures of multifilament structure.
A model of broker's trading, with applications to order flow internalization $

Abstract Although brokers' trading is endemic in securities markets, the form of this trading differs between markets. Whereas in some securities markets, brokers may trade with their customers in the same transaction (simultaneous dual trading or SDT), in other markets, brokers are only allowed to trade after their customers in a separate transaction (consecutive dual trading or CDT). We show theoretically that informed and noise traders are worse off and brokers are better off while market depth is lower in the SDT market. Thus, given a choice, traders prefer fewer brokers in the SDT market compared to the CDT market. With free entry, however, market depth may be higher in the SDT market provided its entry cost is sufficiently low relative to the CDT market. We study order flow internalization by broker-dealers, and show that, in the free entry equilibrium, internalization hurts retail customers and market quality.
Electromagnetic forces on point dipoles

The forces exerted on classical electric and magnetic dipoles by externally applied electromagnetic fields are derived from first principles. It is found, in accordance with Penfield and Haus (1967) and De Groot and Suttorp (1972), that the force on a magnetic dipole is the same for a perfectly conducting electric-current (Amperian) model and for a magnetic-charge model of the magnetic dipole, provided the sources of the externally applied field lie outside the dipole. However, if the dipoles lie within the polarization densities of the externally applied field, the force they experience depends on the model chosen for the dipoles (and for the polarization densities of the externally applied fields). The difference between the forces on point Amperian and magnetic-charge magnetic dipoles within the polarization densities of an external field has been used to demonstrate experimentally that neutrons scattered by the fields in ferromagnetic materials act like Amperian rather than magnetic-charge magnetic dipoles.
Understanding Abrupt Wing Stall with CFD

This paper describes the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) efforts and lessons learned during the four-year Abrupt Wing Stall national research program. The paper details the complex nature of the transonic flows encountered by modern U.S. fighter and attack aircraft during transonic maneuvering conditions. Topics include grid resolution, computational memory and CPU requirements, turbulence modeling, steady and unsteady calculations, and Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes solutions compared with Detached Eddy Simulations for this highly complex, viscously-dominated, shock-induced, massively-separated class of flow. Examples include results obtained for F/A-18C, AV-8B, pre-production F/A-18E, and F-16N aircraft undergoing transonic maneuvering conditions. Various flap settings have been modeled and the CFD results compared with extensive wind tunnel data. The comparisons illustrate the results obtained from both structured and unstructured CFD codes. The utility and accuracy of the various computational solvers is evaluated by qualitative comparisons of surface oil flow and pressure sensitive paint results obtained in wind tunnels for some of the models as well as by detailed quantitative pressure coefficient data where experimental results exist. Static lift coefficients are compared between CFD codes as well as the experimental data for each of the aircraft considered in this study.
The kinetic behaviour of transfused donor bone marrow neutrophils and their precursors in neutropenic patients.

Summary. Six neutropenic patients (eight studies) with hypo- or aplastic bone marrow (BM) received 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) and/or 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) labelled donor BM cells intravenously. The donor-recipient leucocyte histocompatibility (HL-A) match was A in three studies, B in one study and C in another four studies. Leucocyte specific activity (LSA) and autoradiography of serial blood and BM specimens were used to follow the behaviour of the labelled donor neutrophilic cells in the recipient. In two patients (three studies), who received HL-A A and B matched cells, the donor neutrophil precursors were shown to divide and feed mature cells into the circulation for 10–11 days. The pattern of the entry of labelled segmented neutrophils into the blood was similar to the patterns noted after the i.v. injection of these isotopes in normal individuals except for the rapid emergence of the 3H-TdR labelled cells into the blood and shortening in all the three phases of the DF32P LSA curves. Studies of this type can be used as an aid in the rapid evaluation of the fate of the donor's transplanted mitotable granulocytic cells in the recipient. Labelled donor cells did not survive in the other patients. Repopulation of the BM did not ensue in the two patients (three studies) with ideal donor-recipient pairing (identical twins, negative serum cytotoxicity tests), perhaps due to persisting infectious hepatitis virus or effects therefrom in one patient whose BM aplasia followed infectious hepatitis.
For better, for worse: Life satisfaction consequences of migration

This study explores the extension of microeconomic and migrant network theoretical frameworks for explaining perceived post-migration life satisfaction of repeat (temporary) and more permanent labo...
Myxoma Virus Induces Ligand Independent Extrinsic Apoptosis in Human Myeloma Cells

Abstract Introduction Multiple myeloma is a clonal malignancy of plasma B cells. Although recent advances have improved overall prognosis, virtually all myeloma patients still succumb to relapsing disease. Therefore, novel therapies to treat this disease remain urgently needed. We have recently shown that treatment of human multiple myeloma cells with an oncolytic virus known as myxoma results in rapid cell death even in the absence of viral replication; however, the specific mechanisms and pathways involved remain unknown. Materials and Methods To determine how myxoma virus eliminates human multiple myeloma cells, we queried the apoptotic pathways that were activated after viral infection using immunoblot analysis and other cell biology approaches. Results Our results indicate that myxoma virus infection initiates apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through activation of the extrinsic initiator caspase-8. Caspase-8 activation subsequently results in cleavage of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential causing secondary activation of caspase-9. Activation of caspase-8 appears to be independent of extrinsic death ligands and instead correlates with depletion of cellular inhibitors of apoptosis. We hypothesize that this depletion results from virally mediated host-protein shutoff because a myxoma construct that overexpresses the viral decapping enzymes displays improved oncolytic potential. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that myxoma virus eliminates human multiple myeloma cells through a pathway unique to oncolytic poxviruses, making it an excellent therapeutic option for the treatment of relapsed or refractory patients.
Clinical signs in functional (psychogenic) gait disorders: a brief survey

Clinical signs are critical in ascertaining the functional nature of a gait disorder. Four signs of gait impairment have been documented in the course of examining patients with clinically definite functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: “huffing and puffing” during standing and walking, manipulation-resistance dorsiflexion of the first toe, fixed plantar flexion and inversion, and marked discrepancy between ambulation with and without swivel chair assistance. While large studies are needed to ascertain their prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity, the identification of these signs may help elevate the diagnostic certainty of functional gait disorders.
The Business of Missing Children

No pediatric issue has so captured the attention of the American public during the past year as that of missing children. It is impossible to escape the haunting faces who peer out at us from television screens, milk cartons, breakfast cereal boxes, grocery sacks, bus posters, and business envelopes. Corporations vie with each other over sponsorship of public service campaigns to "publicize the plight of missing children," while television stations compete with a whole variety of specials. Naturally, whenever emotional concerns of such magnitude are raised, politicians are sure to become involved with stern demands for "immediate action." In May 1985, no less than three separate congressional committees held hearings on missing children all in the same week.
Design and Benefits of a Hidden-Identifier Network Architecture

All currently-implemented and proposed future architectures assume a layered design wherein the identifiers used by a particular layer are propagated up the stack and exposed to higher layers. We argue that these higher-layer exposures and bindings are the root of a large number of problems today, and present significant roadblocks to the evolution and deployment of future network architectures tomorrow. We address these problems by proposing a novel network architecture based around identifier indirection and translation between layers of the stack, and show how such an architecture (1) provides an attractive solution to problems today such as mobility and multihoming by injecting additional flexibility into the existing network stack, (2) can be used to support the goals of future internet architecture (i.e. service-or information-centricity) within the existing network stack, and (3) relieves the ossification of the network stack and enables the incremental deployment of new protocols and layers.
Calcium segregation at antiphase boundaries in pigeonite

Over the past 30 years the cooling rates of terrestrial and extraterrestrial basaltic rocks have commonly been inferred from the size of antiphase domains (APDs) in pigeonite. However, the coarsening rate of APDs has been observed to deviate substantially from an ideal rate. It is believed that this deviation is caused by Ca segregation to the antiphase boundaries (APBs) of domains, since Ca is expected to substantially slow boundary migration rates due to solute drag. This letter presents direct experimental evidence of Ca segregation to APBs in pigeonite. The local atomic structure and chemistry of APBs in pigeonite were examined using high-resolution and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy. High-resolution images show that APBs in pigeonite have a structure similar to that of augite, and energy-filtered compositional images reveal that Ca segregates to APBs. These results have direct ramifications for the use of antiphase domain (APD) size as a marker for the thermal history of the rocks in which pigeonite crystallizes.
A 50-year Revisit of the Initiation and Associations of Hashimoto’s Disease: Might Findings Conform to a Concept of Multifactorial Physiopathologic Transitions?

Tagoe, et al have comprehensively reviewed rheumatic disorders associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in The Journal 1. The spectrum of AITD was defined as including Graves’ disease and chronic (nonfocal) lymphocytic thyroiditis, which incorporates Hashimoto’s disease (HD)2. The review1 rekindled long-past memories, and this commentary offers a personal historical perspective on some complex research questions and challenges persisting in HD and its associated conditions. Such issues had been posed some 2 generations ago2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 (Table 1), but have not yet been adequately resolved. View this table: Table 1. The 1912 report of Hakaru Hashimoto (1881–1934) and mid-20th century articles on this disease*. Basic questions remain in interpreting the root of AITD. First, is a primary immunological dysregulation from genetic predisposition or environmentally related processes the cause of the observed antibodies and thyroid pathology as well as associated hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism? Alternatively, is a primary thyroid cellular dysfunction from as-yet undiscovered physiological insufficiencies the cause of increased or modified cellular antigenic release, leading to secondary autoimmune serological and tissue reactions? Likely, the primary and secondary biological mechanisms are integrated in a complex way and are not clearly separated from each other. Nevertheless, evidence for the alternative initiation pathways can be investigated by their sequences of events, like genetic predisposition, initiation following triggering mechanisms, or whether particular early alterations (mild thyroid dysfunction vs minor elevated antibodies) are necessary in the beginning process or must progress for the disease to become manifest. In the course of disease development, function may become disturbed before evidence of serological abnormalities or tissue pathological changes are manifest. A physiopathologic interpretation of disease focuses upon altered body function as related to the course of pathological alterations and mechanisms. In multifactorial … Address correspondence to Dr. Masi; E-mail: amasi{at}uic.edu
Synthesis and Reactivity of the Osmium(III) Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Complex (C5Me5)2Os2Br4. X-ray Crystal Structures of (C5Me5)2Os2Br4, (C5Me5)2Os2(μ-O)Br4, and (C5Me5)2Os2(μ-NPh)2Br2

Treatment of H2OsBr6 with C5Me5H in tert-butyl alcohol affords the dinuclear osmium(III) species (C5Me5)2Os2Br4, a mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex that serves as the key synthetic entry i...
Experimental investigation of a directionally enhanced DHX concept for high temperature Direct Reactor Auxiliary Cooling Systems

Abstract The use of Direct Reactor Auxiliary Cooling Systems (DRACSs) as a safety-related decay heat removal system for advanced reactors has developed historically through the Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) community. Beginning with the EBR-II, DRACSs have been utilized in a large number of past and current SFR designs. More recently, the DRACS has been adopted for Fluoride Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Reactors (FHRs) for similar decay heat removal functions. In this paper we introduce a novel directionally enhanced DRACS Heat Exchanger (DHX) concept. We present design options for optimizing such a heat exchanger so that shell-side heat transfer is enhanced in one primary coolant flow direction and degraded in the opposite coolant flow direction. A reduced-scale experiment investigating the hydrodynamics of a directionally enhanced DHX was built and the data collected is presented. The concept of thermal diodicity is expanded to heat exchanger technologies and used as performance criteria for evaluating design options. A heat exchanger that can perform as such would be advantageous for use in advanced reactor concepts where primary coolant flow reversal is expected during Loss-of-Forced-Circulation (LOFC) accidents where the ability to circulate coolant is compromised. The design could also find potential use in certain advanced Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) designs utilizing fluidic diode concepts.
Dynamic interplays during rhinoplasty

An essential and critical step in procuring more successful and predictable rhinoplasty results is an understanding of the dynamics of this procedure; that is, knowing what part of the nasal frame controls each zone of the nose. Furthermore, it is crucial to be familiar with the interactions that exist between different zones of the nose and how the features of the face are affected by the nose alterations. In this article, these points and the different ways in which the intended goals can be obtained are reviewed. Finally, the nuances that may be observed on the ultimate result using seemingly equal techniques are appraised.
Effects of mobility patterning techniques upon selected motor skills of primary school educable mentally retarded children.

Abstract This study compared the effects of mobility patterning techniques to the effects of special physical education activities upon selected motor skills of primary school educable mentally retarded children. The experimental group received the appropriate mobility patterns in creeping, crawling, and walking, which later were practiced in game situations. The control group received special physical education activities. Both groups received daily 30-minute classes, Monday through Friday, from September 1966 to December 1966. Based on the differences in leg power as measured by the hurdle jump and the standing broad jump, it appeared that the special physical education activities contributed more to the development of the subjects. However, neither program was more effective than the other in terms of dynamic balance, agility, or fine manual motor coordination.
Liberties and Claims — Rights and Duties

What Hobbes says about the rights of subjects has been shown to have, at least on face value, similarities to the pronouncements of the parliamentarians and even the Levellers. He makes certain rights inalienable and so subjects retain those rights into the commonwealth. This sets him apart from the royalists who insist that all natural rights are given up to the king in exchange for his protection. But what significance do these observations have for an assessment of Hobbes’s theory of rights?
Food Redistribution Among Prehistoric Pueblo Groups

ABSTRACTThe redistribution of food is viewed as one behavioral strategy that minimized the risk of resource uncertainty in the prehistoric Southwest. This paper discusses food redistribution among the prehistoric people of the Mogollon Rim and Colorado Plateau and considers the maximum distances over which food could have been efficiently redistributed on a regular basis. The efficiency of moving food over different distances by foot is determined through a transportation efficiency ratio. This ratio provides an index of cost/efficiency by dividing the caloric yield of food transported by the transportation costs. The maximum size of a redistribution network is determined by comparing the transportation efficiency ratio with the techno-environmental efficiency ratio (Harris 1971). An estimate of the maximum range of a prehistoric Southwestern redistribution network is provided.
Topographic Anatomy of the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery: Relation to the Posterior Approach for Hip Resurfacing

Introduction The debate regarding the importance of preserving the blood supply to the femoral head (FH) and neck during hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) is ongoing. Several surgeons continue to advocate for the preservation of the blood supply to the resurfaced heads for both the current HRA techniques and more biologic approaches for FH resurfacing. Despite alternative blood-preserving approaches for HRA, many surgeons continue to use the posterior approach (PA) due to personal preference and comfort. It is commonly accepted that the PA inevitably damages the deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA). This study seeks to evaluate and measure the anatomical course of the ascending and deep branch of the MFCA to better describe the area in danger during the posterior approach. Methods In 20 fresh-frozen cadaveric hips, we cannulated the MFCA and injected a urethane compound. The Kocher-Langenbeck approach was used in all specimens. The deep branch of the MFCA was identified at the proximal border of the QF and measurements were taken. The QF was incised medially and elevated laterally, maintaining the relationship of the ascending branch and QF, and distances from the lesser trochanter were measured. The deep branch was dissected and followed to its capsular insertion to assess the course and relation to the obturatur externus (OE) tendon and the conjoint tendon (CT) of the short external rotators. Results Gross dissection revealed that the transition point from transverse to ascending branch of the MFCA at the anterior surface of the QF was at an average distance of 2.2 cm (range 2–2.3 cm) proximal and 1.2 cm (range 0.5–1.9 cm) medial to the lesser trochanter. The ascending branch runs caudally within fat tissue that divides the QF and OE at an average distance of 1.5 cm (range 0.7–2.3 cm) from the QF greater trochanter insertion. At the superior border of the QF, the MFCA continues as the deep branch posterior to the OE tendon at an average distance of 1.3 cm (range 0.6–1.9 cm) from the OE femoral insertion. The deep branch was noted to enter the capsule at an average distance of 0.3 cm (range 0–0.5 cm) from the distal border of the CT and 1.2 cm (range 0.6–1.9 cm) from the CT femoral insertion. Discussion and Conclusion The ascending branch of the MFCA runs in the anterior surface of the QF at a distance of 1.5 cm from the femoral insertion. When the QF myotomy is performed, commonly 0.5–0.8 cm from the insertion to the femur, the vessel get disrupted or stays medial to the myotomy and can stretch/disrupt when the femur is dislocated and translated anteriorly. Tenotomies of the OE and CT should stay at least 1.5 cm from the femoral insertion to preserve the deep branch of the MFCA. This study provides unreported topographic anatomy of the ascending and deep branch of the MFCA, which can help develop an improved blood-preserving posterior approach for HRA.
Oil Spill Impacts: Taxonomic and Ontological Approaches: edited by Yeju Wu. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016. xv, 288 p. ISBN 978-1-4987-1214-9. $103.96.

The subtitle, “Taxonomic and Ontological Approaches,” is the reason for this review in CCQ. Three information organization tools are in this publication. They were created by four contributors, thr...
A plasma deflagration accelerator as a platform for laboratory astrophysics

Abstract The replication of astrophysical flows in the laboratory is critical for isolating particular phenomena and dynamics that appear in complex, highly-coupled natural systems. In particular, plasma jets are observed in astrophysical contexts at a variety of scales, typically at high magnetic Reynolds number and driven by internal currents. In this paper, we present detailed measurements of the plasma parameters within deflagration-produced plasma jets, the scaling of these parameters against both machine operating conditions and the corresponding astrophysical phenomena. Using optical and spectroscopic diagnostics, including Schlieren cinematography, we demonstrate the production of current-driven plasma jets of ∼100 km/s and magnetic Reynolds numbers of ∼100, and discuss the dynamics of their acceleration into vacuum. The results of this study will contribute to the reproduction of various types of astrophysical jets in the laboratory and indicate the ability to further probe active research areas such as jet collimation, stability, and interaction.
Latin squares with disjoint subsquares of two orders

Let $n_1,\ldots,n_k\in\mathbb{Z}^+$ and $n_1+\cdots+n_k=n$. The integer partition $(n_1,\ldots,n_k)$ of $n$ is said to be realized if there is a latin square of order $n$ with pairwise disjoint subsquares of order $n_i$ for each $1\leq i\leq k$. In this paper we construct latin squares realizing partitions of the form $(a^s,b^t)$; that is, partitions with $s$ parts of size $a$ and $t$ parts of size $b$, where $a<b$.Heinrich [1] showed that (1) if $s\geq3$ and $t\geq3$, then there is a latin square realizing $(a^s,b^t)$, (2) $(a^s,b)$ is realized if and only if $(s-1)a\geq b$, and (3) $(a,b^t)$ is realized if and only if $t\geq3$.In this talk we resolve the open cases, as outlined in a recently accepted paper [2].We show that $(a^2,b^t)$ is realized if and only if $t\geq3$ and $(a^s,b^2)$ is realized if and only if $as\geq b$. Bibliography [1] {\sc Katherine Heinrich}, Disjoint subquasigroups, {\em Proc. London Math. Soc.}, 45 (1982) 3, 547--563. [2] {\sc Jaromy Kuhl and Michael Schroeder}, Latin squares with disjoint subsquares of two orders, {\em J. Combin. Des.}, accepted.
Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectromicroscopy of Co(II)-Tetraphenylporphyrin on Au(111): Toward the Chemists' Microscope

Atomically terminated and nanoscopically smooth silver tips effectively focus light on the angstrom scale, allowing tip-enhanced Raman spectromicroscopy (TER-sm) with single molecule sensitivity and submolecular spatial resolution. Through measurements carried out on cobalt-tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) adsorbed on Au(111), we highlight peculiarities of vibrational spectromicroscopy with light confined on the angstrom scale. Field-gradient-driven spectra, orientational fingerprinting, and sculpting of local fields by atomic morphology of the junction are elucidated through measurements that range from 2D arrays at room temperature to single molecule manipulations at 5 K. Notably, vibrational Stark tuning within molecules, reflecting intramolecular charge distributions, becomes accessible when light is more localized than the interrogated normal modes. The Stark images of CoTPP reveal that it is saddled, and the distortion is accompanied by charge transfer to gold through the two anchoring pyrroles.
Harvest of Despair: Using the ABCX Model for Farm Families in Crisis:

The current farm crisis is having a devastating impact on farmers, their families, and others who depend on the agricultural economy. The author uses the ABCX family-crisis model to identify needs ...
Quickening: Translational design of resorbable synthetic vascular grafts

Abstract Traditional tissue-engineered vascular grafts have yet to gain wide clinical use. The difficulty of scaling production of these cell- or biologic-based products has hindered commercialization. In situ tissue engineering bypasses such logistical challenges by using acellular resorbable scaffolds. Upon implant, the scaffolds become remodeled by host cells. This review describes the scientific and translational advantages of acellular, synthetic vascular grafts. It surveys in vivo results obtained with acellular synthetics over their fifty years of technological development. Finally, it discusses emerging principles, highlights strategic considerations for designers, and identifies questions needing additional research.
Every rose has its thorn: secondary teachers’ reasoning about statistical models

Statistical modeling is a core component of statistical thinking and has been identified by several countries as a curricular goal for secondary education. However, many secondary teachers have minimal preparation for teaching this topic. The goal of this research study is to learn about teachers’ perceptions of the role statistical models play in statistical inference and how these perceived purposes affect their reasoning about statistical models and inference. Problem-solving interviews were conducted with four in-service teachers who had recently taught a modeling and simulation-based introductory statistics course. Teachers’ responses suggest they may not see modeling variation as the primary purpose of statistical modeling and instead substitute two other purposes: making a decision and replicating the data collection process. Suggestions for how to build on teachers’ transitional conceptions and refocus attention on modeling variation are discussed.
Meta-analysis evaluating resting laryngeal endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the equine athlete.

Background Resting endoscopy has commonly been used as a method to predict laryngeal function at exercise. Objectives To perform a meta-analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity of resting laryngeal endoscopy to predict clinical recurrent laryngeal neuropathy at exercise. Study design Meta-analysis. Methods Manuscripts were included if data were available for both resting and exercising airway function on all or a subset of horses. Normal resting endoscopy was defined as laryngeal grades 1 or 2 on a 4-/7-point scale or 1, 2 or 3 on a 5-point scale and normal dynamic endoscopy as a dynamic laryngeal grade A. Results Twelve studies including 1827 horses were evaluated. A small proportion of horses with grade 1 or grade 2 laryngeal function at rest, 3.5 and 11.9%, respectively, were identified as having abnormal laryngeal function at exercise. Within the horses with grade 3 laryngeal function at rest, 16% were classified as grade A, 26.4% as grade B and 57.6% as grade C at exercise. Worsening subgrades within resting grade 3 demonstrated an increasing proportion of complete or partial paralysis at exercise. The sensitivity and specificity of resting endoscopy was 74.4 and 95.1%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 85.6 and 90.5% respectively. Main limitations Use of two separate grading systems for evaluating resting laryngeal function. Other forms of dynamic airway collapse were not evaluated. Conclusions Resting endoscopy is sensitive and highly specific for predicting laryngeal function at exercise. Dynamic endoscopy is important to assess multiple causes of airway collapse.
Cutaneous Metastasis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-Nets).

Background Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are neoplasms commonly found within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that originate from endocrine cells. These are slow progressive tumors and often metastasize to other elements of the GIT including the liver. Consequently, these tumors release hormones including serotonin and/or histamine that are responsible for the symptoms including intermittent flushing and diarrhea. Metastasis of GEP-NETs, although rare, is possible and may extend to local lymph nodes and viscera. Case report Our patient was a 69-year-old female who initially presented with postprandial abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and later was diagnosed with GEP-NETs following surgical resection in 2014. Restaging after surgery showed regional lymph node involvement and hepatic metastasis. Of note she did not have a pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scan. She was started on octreotide, and later switched to lanreotide. In the interim, she did not have any positive findings on serial octreoscans depicting the skin lesion that was performed in the interim period every six months. However, she noticed a cutaneous mass in the upper right flank mass in 2016, which was followed up by a dermatologist. In 2017, the mass grew in size and hence biopsied which showed NET consistent with her primary tumor. Discussion GEP-NETs often metastasize to lymph nodes and liver but rarely can involve the skin and present as firm papules as found in our patient. Cutaneous metastasis of GEP-NETs often has high morbidity and mortality and is usually associated with a primary lesion in the bronchopulmonary system. However, as demonstrated in this case report, cutaneous metastasis can originate from the GIT, including the small intestine as well.
Strain-induced changes in AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas structures with low surface state densities

We report on the effects of applied external strain on AlGaN/GaN two dimensional electron gas structures exhibiting a negative strain dependence of the sheet carrier density (ns). Flexible AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions, grown on two-dimensional boron nitride (BN)-on-sapphire templates, were released from the substrate via strain-induced separation at the weak BN van der Waals interface and then transferred to flexible substrates. By releasing the AlGaN/GaN layer from the substrate, residual strain was removed which allowed for isolation and study of the effects of the externally applied strain. By bending samples, uniaxial strain up to 0.15% was applied as measured by the shifts in the GaN E2H Raman mode. Hall effect measurements revealed a 2.5% decrease in ns with 0.11% applied tensile strain, which is contrary to the increase expected from the piezoelectric effect. The observed decrease in ns is attributed to a relatively large increase in the AlGaN surface barrier height. This effect, which is rarely reported, is observable due to a low surface state density (2.2 × 1012 cm−2 eV–1) in the samples. Illumination was found to dramatically alter the ns-strain dependence, an effect potentially related to detrapping of electrons in the GaN buffer.
Down syndrome mouse models have an abnormal enteric nervous system

Children with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome [DS]) have a 130-fold increased incidence of Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR), a developmental defect where the enteric nervous system (ENS) is missing from distal bowel (i.e., distal bowel is aganglionic). Treatment for HSCR is surgical resection of aganglionic bowel, but many children have bowel problems after surgery. Post-surgical problems like enterocolitis and soiling are especially common in children with DS. To determine how trisomy 21 affects ENS development, we evaluated the ENS in two DS mouse models, Ts65Dn and Tc1. These mice are trisomic for many chromosome 21 homologous genes, including Dscam and Dyrk1a, which are hypothesized to contribute to HSCR risk. Ts65Dn and Tc1 mice have normal ENS precursor migration at E12.5 and almost normal myenteric plexus structure as adults. However, Ts65Dn and Tc1 mice have markedly reduced submucosal plexus neuron density throughout the bowel. Surprisingly, the submucosal neuron defect in Ts65Dn mice is not due to excess Dscam or Dyrk1a, since normalizing copy number for these genes does not rescue the defect. These findings suggest the possibility that the high frequency of bowel problems in children with DS and HSCR may occur because of additional unrecognized problems with ENS structure.
Teaching Emotional Self-Awareness and What to Do with It in Patient Encounters

Effective treatment depends on effective relationships. Effective relationships must be tended. This tending requires attention to everyone involved. When we pay attention to our own experience, we become more aware of it. When we are aware of how we feel and what we do (including what we say and how we say it), we can begin to question how we are feeling and what we are doing; what is making us feel and behave this way with our patient. This is useful when things are not working, and we have to change what we are doing, but do not know what change to make or how to make it. When things work, it can help us recognize what makes them work. In this chapter, we describe ways to teach clinicians to become aware of their emotional responses to their patients and how to make good use of them. When empathy is understood as a relational process that aims to produce mutual recognition, the capacity to be aware of our own emotions can be seen as critical to empathic engagement; by seeing ourselves more clearly, we can better see our patients also.
The Present and Future of Optical Imaging Technologies in the Clinic: Diagnosis and Therapy

Medical techniques based upon optical imaging technologies are important tools in clinical practice. The use of optical imaging in medical diagnosis is well established, and a large array of techniques are in current use, such as white light endoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and optical coherence tomography. The applications of these techniques are expanding, and newer imaging technologies are becoming available to address problems and limitations associated with existing methods. Beyond diagnostics, optical imaging is increasingly a useful component of interventional medical procedures, such as image-guided surgery. In procedures such as surgical tumor resection, fluorescence imaging can aid surgeons in improving both accuracy and completeness of removal. Relevant to both diagnostic and therapeutic applications, Cerenkov luminescence imaging is a potential clinical technique which relies upon generation of visible-spectrum light by beta particles in a dielectric medium; this method could allow for coupling of a multimodal optical component to existing molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography, and also provide a means of monitoring distribution of administered clinically relevant radionuclides such as lutetium-177.
Robust Empirical Bayes Confidence Intervals

We construct robust empirical Bayes confidence intervals (EBCIs) in a normal means problem. The intervals are centered at the usual empirical Bayes estimator, but use a larger critical value to account for the effect of shrinkage. We show that in this setting, parametric EBCIs based on the assumption that the means are normally distributed (Morris, 1983) can have coverage substantially below the nominal level when the normality assumption is violated, and we derive a simple rule of thumb for gauging the potential coverage distortion. In contrast, while our EBCIs remain close in length to the parametric EBCIs when the means are indeed normally distributed, they achieve correct coverage regardless of the means distribution. If the means are treated as fixed, our EBCIs have an average coverage guarantee: the coverage probability is at least $1-\alpha$ on average across the $n$ EBCIs for each of the means. We illustrate our methods with applications to effects of U.S. neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility, and structural changes in factor loadings in a large dynamic factor model for the Eurozone. Our approach generalizes to the construction of intervals with average coverage guarantees in other regularized estimation settings.
A conjugated tetracarboxylate anode for stable and sustainable Na-ion batteries

A conjugated tetracarboxylate, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate sodium salt (Na4C10H2O8), was designed and synthesized as an anode material in Na-ion batteries (NIBs). This organic compound shows low redox potentials (∼0.65 V), long cycle life (1000 cycles), and fast charging capability (up to 2 A g-1), demonstrating a promising organic anode for stable and sustainable NIBs.
Heterogeneity of fetal hemoglobin production in adult red blood cells.

Purpose of review Small amounts of fetal hemoglobin can be expressed in a subset of adult red blood cells called F-cells. This review examines the potential mechanisms and clinical implications of the heterogeneity of fetal hemoglobin expression. Recent findings Although the heterocellular nature of fetal hemoglobin expression in adult red blood cells has been noted for over 70 years, the molecular basis of this phenomenon has been unclear. Recent discoveries of novel regulators of fetal hemoglobin as well as technological advances have shed new light on these cells. Summary Fetal hemoglobin reactivation in adult red blood cells through genetic or pharmacological approaches can involve both increasing the number of F-cells and cellular fetal hemoglobin content. New technologies enable the study and eventually the improvement of these parameters in patients with sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia.
Laterality in Parkinson's disease: a neuropsychological review.

Laterality of motor symptom onset in Parkinson's disease is both well-known and under-appreciated. Treatment of disorders that have asymmetric pathological features, such as stroke and epilepsy, demonstrate the importance of incorporating hemispheric lateralization and specialization into therapy and care planning. These practices could theoretically extend to Parkinson's disease, providing increased diagnostic accuracy and improved treatment outcomes. Additionally, while motor symptoms have generally received the majority of attention, non-motor features (e.g., autonomic dysfunction) also decrease quality of life and are influenced by asymmetrical neurodegeneration. Due to the laterality of cognitive and behavioral processes in the two brain hemispheres, analysis of hemibody side of onset can potentially give insight into expected symptom profile of the patient and allow for increased predictive accuracy of disease progression and outcome, thus opening the door to personalized and improved therapy in treating Parkinson's disease patients. This review discusses motor and non-motor symptoms (namely autonomic, sensory, emotional, and cognitive dysfunction) of Parkinson's disease in respect to hemispheric lateralization from a theoretical perspective in hopes of providing a framework for future research and personalized treatment.
Simultaneous measurements of tissue blood flow and oxygenation using a wearable fiber-free optical sensor.

Significance: There is an essential need to develop wearable multimodality technologies that can continuously measure both blood flow and oxygenation in deep tissues to investigate and manage various vascular/cellular diseases. Aim: To develop a wearable dual-wavelength diffuse speckle contrast flow oximetry (DSCFO) for simultaneous measurements of blood flow and oxygenation variations in deep tissues. Approach: A wearable fiber-free DSCFO probe was fabricated using 3D printing to confine two small near-infrared laser diodes and a tiny CMOS camera in positions for DSCFO measurements. The spatial diffuse speckle contrast and light intensity measurements at the two different wavelengths enable quantification of tissue blood flow and oxygenation, respectively. The DSCFO was first calibrated using tissue phantoms and then tested in adult forearms during artery cuff occlusion. Results: Phantom tests determined the largest effective source–detector distance (15 mm) and optimal camera exposure time (10 ms) and verified the accuracy of DSCFO in measuring absorption coefficient variations. The DSCFO detected substantial changes in forearm blood flow and oxygenation resulting from the artery occlusion, which meet physiological expectations and are consistent with previous study results. Conclusions: The wearable DSCFO may be used for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation variations in freely behaving subjects.
Using Technology to Facilitate Monitoring of Transplant Patients

Health information technology (HIT) has emerged as an invaluable tool in the care of transplant patients. In this review, the recent developments in technology and monitoring of transplant patients are described. HIT in the form of electronic medical records (EMR) has played a significant role in the care and monitoring of transplant patients to date. However, with the relatively recent adoption of personal smart mobile phones and devices, the utilization of mobile health (mHealth), telemedicine, and electronic alert systems has transformed the care of transplant patients. Technology in transplant patient monitoring has been shown to improve patient outcomes by increasing medication adherence, improving patient satisfaction and quality of life, and by decreasing cost of care. Recent literature has shown the benefit of technology in the care and monitoring of transplant patients. As the prevalence and affordability of these technologies increase, larger studies examining the impact of HIT on long-term outcomes of transplant patients will be useful in promoting the widespread use of this valuable resource.
A Conjecture Equivalent to the Collatz Conjecture.

We present a formulation of the Collatz conjecture that is potentially more amenable to modeling and analysis by automated termination checking tools.