cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications . By Ivan Ermakoff. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008. 440p. $99.95 cloth, $27.95 paper.

“Why would a group legitimize its own subservience and, in doing so, abdicate its capacity for self-preservation?” is the question asked at the start of Ruling Oneself Out (p. xi). Focusing on the Center Party's vote for the enabling act of March 1933, which gave Hitler the right to amend the Weimar constitution, and on the Vichy parliament's vote to grant full powers to Marshal Philippe Petain in 1940, Ivan Ermakoff studies how these decisions looked to the actors themselves, and finds that the pervasive uncertainty that characterized the situation leading up to each vote, and the actors' tendency to look to their peers for guidance, complicate monocausal accounts of groups marching to their death. Many prevalent attempts to explain these seemingly inexplicable collective actions tend to emphasize coercion, miscalculation, and collusion. Each of these explanations has its merits, and some are more persuasive than others. Yet each has its problems. Coercion, for example, which is the most compelling explanation of the lot, might lead one to expect those threatened to submit, yet fear just as often causes consolidation and vigorous collective resistance to the challenger.
Schistosoma mansoni Hexokinase: CDNA Cloning and Immunogenicity Studies

Abstract DNA encoding a Schistosoma mansoni hexokinase (SHEX) was amplified from cDNA by the polymerase chain reaction using opposing oligonucleotide primers designed to hybridize with two short segments of hexokinase coding sequences that an well-conserved through evolution. The resulting DNA fragment was then used as a probe to identify a full-length hexokinase cDNA clone. SHEX cDNA encodes a 50-kDa protein that is approximately 46% homologous to rat hexokinase, 40% to rat glucokinase, and 34% to yeast hexokinase A. SHEX coding DNA was expressed within Escherichia coli cells and the 50-kDa recombinant product (rSHEX) was partially purified. Mice repeatedly immunized with rSHEX produced antibodies which recognize rSHEX but this offered no significant protection against subsequent cercarial challenge. On Western blots, rSHEX is weakly recognized by antisera against rat brain hexokinase but not by sera from three strains of mice experimentally infected with S. mansoni parasites or from numerous human schistosomiasis patients. Thus, unlike other reported S. mansoni glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase appears to be poorly immunogenic during schistosome infection and of limited potential as a vaccine candidate.
Importance of by-products on the economics of alcohol production from corn.

Abstract Alcohol may be produced from corn using one of several alternative processes. In this economic analysis, two processes, each with a somewhat different mix of by-product residues, are compared. They are the conventional distillery process and a milling process. The milling process has higher capital and start-up costs, but these are more than offset by lower operating costs and higher by-product values. From a broader societal view the milling process is also favored since its by-products: corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, fodder yeast, and corn oil, are better feed and food substitutes for soybean products than the distillers' dried grain and solubles produced from the conventional distillery process. This allows greater land substitution between soybeans and corn which results in somewhat lower food price increases at given levels of alcohol production.
Richard Nixon's April 30, 1970 address on Cambodia: The “ceremony” of confrontation

This essay examines President Nixon's April 30, 1970 address announcing the American incursion into Cambodia. Examining the perceptual patterns of the speech, the authors found that Nixon's remarks led to a climax which justified the war on ritualistic rather than Cold War premises. The last third of the speech was content analyzed. The resulting term clusters were then interpreted for their symbolic significance. The authors found the President's remarks in conformity with the potlatch ceremony of the Kwakiutl Indians. The essay concludes by relating the perceptual patterns and analogical matrix of the potlatch to trends which may be developing on the international scene, and calls for the rhetorical critic to become aware of ritualistic elements in public communication.
Reanalysis of the hydrodynamic theory of fluid, polar-ordered flocks.

I reanalyze the hydrodynamic theory of fluid, polar-ordered flocks. I find new linear terms in the hydrodynamic equations which slightly modify the anisotropy, but not the scaling, of the damping of sound modes. I also find that the nonlinearities allowed in equilibrium do not stabilize long-ranged order in spatial dimensions $d=2$, in accord with the Mermin-Wagner theorem. Nonequilibrium nonlinearities $do$ stabilize long-ranged order in $d=2$, as argued by earlier work. Some of these were missed by earlier work; it is unclear whether or not they change the scaling exponents in $d=2$.
An Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Target Image Tracking

A simple extended Kalman filter has been designed to track targets using outputs from a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor as measurements. It exploits knowledge unused by current correlation trackers ? size, shape, and motion characteristics of target, and atmospheric jitter spectral description ? to yield enhanced performance. In order to track air-to-air missiles at close range, it incorportateson-line adaptation to target shape effects, changing target motion characteristics, and maximum signal intensity. It is shown to possess considerable performance potential for highly maneuverable targets despite background clutter.
Oregon's recent experience with a party convention

Because of death of a candidate for election as governor it was necessary to resort to a party convention to nominate a successor. The conduct of the convention did not inspire confidence in this method of making nominations.
Study of the isospin response of the 4He continuum using the 4He(p,p'X) reaction.

Cross sections for the {sup 4}He({ital p},{ital p}{sup {prime}}{ital t}) and ({ital p},{ital p}{sup {prime}}{ital h}) reactions have been measured at a bombarding energy of 101.2 MeV. Interpreted within a resonance excitation and decay model, the measurements permit a study of charge-symmetric single-nucleon decays of {sup 4}He resonances. Measured angular correlations indicate that most of the yield arises from the excitation of the generalized dipole response. The results are consistent with minimal isospin mixing in the region of the dipole resonance.
Human Melanoma Cells Over-Express Extracellular Matrix 1 (ECM1) Which Is Regulated by TFAP2C

Extracellular matrix 1 (ECM1) is over-expressed in multiple epithelial malignancies. However, knowledge regarding the expression of ECM1 in melanomas and the mechanisms of ECM1 regulation is limited. In this study, we found that ECM1 is over-expressed in several melanoma cell lines, when compared to primary melanocytes, and furthermore, that ECM1 expression paralleled that of TFAP2C levels in multiple cell lines. Knockdown of TFAP2C in the A375 cell line with siRNA led to a reduction in ECM1 expression, and upregulation of TFAP2C with adenoviral vectors in the WM793 cell line resulted in ECM1 upregulation. Utilizing 5’ RACE to identify transcription start sites (TSS) and luciferase reporter assays in the ECM1-overexpressing A375 cell line, we identified the minimal promoter region of human ECM1 and demonstrate that an approximately 100bp fragment upstream of the TSS containing a TATA box and binding sites for AP1, SP1 and Ets is sufficient for promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and direct sequencing (ChIP-seq) for TFAP2C in the A375 cell line identified an AP2 regulatory region in the promoter of the ECM1 gene. Gelshift assays further confirmed binding of TFAP2C to this site. ECM1 knockdown reduces melanoma cell attachment and is consistent with findings that ECM1 overexpression has been associated with a poor prognosis. Our investigations show an as yet unrecognized role for TFAP2C in melanoma via its regulation of ECM1.
Synthesis of neurotensin(9–13) analogues exhibiting enhanced human neurotensin receptor binding affinities

Abstract Recent evidence is consistent with neurotensin (NT)(8–13) adopting a Type I β-turn conformation while binding the NT receptor, which would place the cationic side-chains of Arg(8) and Arg(9) in close proximity. This was the basis for the design, synthesis and analysis of truncated NT(9–13) analogues Figure 1 , Scheme 1 with dicationic position 9 side-chains to emulate the functions of the 8 and 9 side-chains of NT(8–13).
Age-Related Changes in Activities of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Complexes in Various Tissues of the Mouse

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of mitochondria in the aging process by determining whether the activities of various electron transport chain oxidoreductases are deleteriously affected during aging and whether the hypothesized age-related alterations in different tissues follow a common pattern. Activities of respiratory complexes I, II, III, and IV were measured in mitochondria isolated from brain, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney of young (3.5 months), adult (12-14 months), and old (28-30 months) C57BL/6 mice. Activities of some individual complexes were decreased in old animals, but no common pattern can be discerned among various tissues. In general, activities of the complexes were more adversely affected in tissues such as brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, whose parenchyma is composed of postmitotic cells, than those in the liver and kidney, which are composed of slowly dividing cells. The main feature of age-related potentially dysfunctional alterations in tissues was the development of a shift in activity ratios among different complexes, such that it would tend to hinder the ability of mitochondria to effectively transfer electrons down the respiratory chain and thus adversely affect oxidative phosphorylation and/or autooxidizability of the respiratory components.
A 53-Year-Old Stem Cell Transplant Recipient with Meningitis and Bacteremia

A 53-year-old woman with a history of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was admitted to an outside hospital in Florida. She had received a matched unrelated donor allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant 13 months prior and was on steroid treatment for graft-versus-host disease involving skin
Shift in Sensitivity of Alternaria solani in Response to QoI Fungicides.

ABSTRACT Isolates of Alternaria solani, cause of potato early blight, collected in 1998 through 2001 from various potato growing areas across the midwestern United States, were tested for sensitivity to azoxystrobin. Isolates collected in 1998, prior to the introduction of azoxystrobin, were tested to establish the baseline sensitivity of the fungus to this fungicide. Isolates collected in subsequent years, not necessarily from the same sites as baseline isolates, were tested to determine if populations of A. solani had become less sensitive to azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin sensitivity was determined utilizing an in vitro spore germination assay. The effective fungicide concentration that inhibited spore germination by 50% (EC50) was determined for each isolate. There was no significant difference in mean EC50 values between baseline isolates and all other isolates collected through 1999. Mean azoxystrobin EC50 values of A. solani isolates collected in 2000 and 2001 were significantly higher compared with me...
Preservation of Tissue-Fixed Immunoglobulins in Skin Biopsies of Patients with Lupus Erythematosus and Bullous DISEASES—Preliminary Report

Demonstration of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins in skin biopsies in a useful diagnostic procedure in lupus erythematosus and bullous diseases. The main limitation of the procedure has been the need for frozen tissue. A solution containing ammonium sulfate, N-ethyl maleimide, and magnesium sulfate in citrate buffer has been developed for the preservation of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins. Preserved specimens can be mailed to laboratories and the need for frozen sections is removed in most cases. Matched frozen and fixed specimens from 13 patients yielded comparable results. Freezing and thawing before fixation resulted in decreased or complete loss of fluorescence. Fixed sections could also be stained with horseradish peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulins with good results. The remaining tissue could be fixed subsequently in 10% formalin for routine histologic examination with satisfactory results. The fixative should make the demonstration of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins a readily available clinical test.
Solubility of Benzoic and Salicylic Acids in Subcritical Water at Temperatures Ranging from (298 to 473) K

The solubility of benzoic acid and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) in water was determined at temperatures ranging from (298 to 473) K under a constant pressure of 5 MPa. The mole fraction solubility of these acids was enhanced by about two orders of magnitude when the water temperature was raised from (298 to 423) K. A new approximation model was developed to predict the solubility of solid organic acids in subcritical water at elevated temperatures. Our new model gives a better prediction for the solubility of the two acids than the approximation models reported in the literature.
A general approach to categorical data analysis with missing data, using generalized linear models with composite links

A general approach for analyzing categorical data when there are missing data is described and illustrated. The method is based on generalized linear models with composite links. The approach can be used (among other applications) to fill in contingency tables with supplementary margins, fit loglinear models when data are missing, fit latent class models (without or with missing data on observed variables), fit models with fused cells (including many models from genetics), and to fill in tables or fit models to data when variables are more finely categorized for some cases than others. Both Newton-like and EM methods are easy to implement for parameter estimation.
Global Temperature Effects of the Use of Fusion Energy and the Fusion Torch

Per capita energy requirements for the world are projected for 2000 AD and 2020 AD, The release of this energy will cause the surface temperature of the earth to rise. This places a limit on world population in terms of standard of living and increase in surface temperature.
IGF-I polymorphism is associated with lean mass, exercise economy, and exercise performance among premenopausal women.

Background We undertook this study to investigate the association of a genetic polymorphism of the insulin-like growth factor, IGF-I 189 , on body composition, exercise performance and exercise economy, after controlling for the independent effect of race as assessed by African genetic admixture (AFADM). Methods A total of 114 premenopausal sedentary women were genotyped for IGF-I 189 , obtaining measures of fat mass, lean body mass, VO 2 during cycling and stairclimbing, time on treadmill and leg strength. A quantitative value for AFADM was derived from genotypic information of approximately 40 ancestry informative markers and used as covariate in statistical models. Results After adjusting for AFADM, IGF-I 189 was negatively associated with lean body mass ( p = 0.029) and lean leg mass ( p = 0.050). Leg strength was not associated with the presence/absence of IGF-I 189 ( p = 0.380), but carriers of the allele demonstrated a longer time on the treadmill ( p = 0.015) after adjusting for AFADM. There was also a negative relationship between oxygen uptake during cycling and presence of the IGF-I 189 independent of AFADM ( p = 0.010). Conclusions Independent of AFADM, individuals with IGF-I 189 are more likely to have low leg lean mass and to perform better in activities requiring exercise economy and endurance performance.
Stressing the (Other) Three Rs in the Search for Empirically Supported Treatments: Review Procedures, Research Quality, Relevance to Practice and the Public Interest

The Society of Clinical Psychology's task forces on psychological intervention developed criteria for evaluating clinical trials, applied those criteria, and generated lists of empirically supported treatments. Building on this strong base, the task force successor, the Committee on Science and Practice, now pursues a three-part agenda: (a) evolution of review and classification procedures with an emphasis on reliability across reviewers, (b) an active role as gadfly in promoting improved research, and (c) a dissemination program (with an evolving web site) to make our process, findings, and data base accessible to practitioners, researchers, policy makers, and the public. We seek to link practitioners and researchers in the shared goal of improving mental health care by encouraging evidence-based practice and training.
The international telecommunications environment

The use of international telecommunications services involves a complex of the carrier organizations which provide the services, the governmental agencies which regulate the services, and the standards bodies which produce the technical specifications that make interconnection possible. This article surveys these organizations and their activities, with emphasis on data‐communications services. © 1986 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pollen grain size in four ploidy levels of genus Avena

Pollen grain size in many genera positively correlated with chromosome number. In this study, oat (Avena) pollen grain size was examined in diploids (2×=14, one species, for accessions), tetraploids (4×=28, five species, 20 accessions), hexaploids (6×=42, one species, eight cultivars), and in 10 octoploid (8×=56) accessions. Mature anthers ready to dehisce pollen were sampled from one to six plants per accession, and pollen grains were squeezed out of the anther with tweezers. Oat pollen grains are slightly elliptical, and the length of the major axis was found to be highly correlated with the minor axis width (r=0.94**). Pollen grain length, 39.3 μm for diploids, 41.3 μm for tetraploids, 47.0 μm for hexaploids, and 48.8 μm for octoploids, was positively correlated (r=0.86**) with ploidy level. No genomic or species effects appeared to influence this trait. Only tetraploidAvena vaviloviana accession PI 412767 produced two distinct class sizes of pollen grains, 99% normal (43.0 μm) and 1% large (52.7 μm).
Secrecy and reliable Byzantine detection in a Gaussian untrusted two-hop link

We consider a Gaussian two-hop link where the source and the destination can communicate only via a relay node who is both an eavesdropper and a Byzantine attacker. Both the source and the destination have transmission capability, and the relay node receives a superposition of their transmitted signals plus noise. The proposed coding scheme ensures that the probability of an undetected Byzantine attack decreases exponentially fast with respect to the number of channel uses N T while the loss in the secrecy rate can be made arbitrarily small. This improves our previous result where this probability only decreased exponentially with respect to √N T
Retinal ligand mobility explains internal hydration and reconciles active rhodopsin structures.

Rhodopsin, the mammalian dim-light receptor, is one of the best-characterized G-protein-coupled receptors, a pharmaceutically important class of membrane proteins that has garnered a great deal of attention because of the recent availability of structural information. Yet the mechanism of rhodopsin activation is not fully understood. Here, we use microsecond-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, validated by solid-state 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to understand the transition between the dark and metarhodopsin I (Meta I) states. Our analysis of these simulations reveals striking differences in ligand flexibility between the two states. Retinal is much more dynamic in Meta I, adopting an elongated conformation similar to that seen in the recent activelike crystal structures. Surprisingly, this elongation corresponds to both a dramatic influx of bulk water into the hydrophobic core of the protein and a concerted transition in the highly conserved Trp2656.48 residue. In addition, enh...
Explaining Variation in How Classroom Communities Adapt the Practice of Scientific Argumentation

Research and practice has placed an increasing emphasis on aligning classroom practices with scientific practices such as scientific argumentation. In this paper, I explore 1 challenge associated with this goal by examining how existing classroom practices influence students' engagement in the practice of scientific argumentation. To do so, I present discourse data from 2 middle school classes engaged in argumentation activities. For each class, I compare existing classroom practices to a discussion designed to facilitate argumentation. My analysis reveals that the existing classroom practices influenced the way in which students responded to the disparate ideas being discussed and that the immediate learning environment influenced the frequency with which students justified their ideas and directly responded to one another. This study suggests that the goal structures that aligned with the existing classroom practices carried over to students' argumentative interactions, influencing how they responded to...
Comparison of Sexual Fantasies of Homosexuals and of Heterosexuals

The intent of this study was to obtain data on the incidence and types of sexual fantasies of homosexuals and heterosexuals as identified by an original Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire. Participants were 142 subjects, 72 heterosexual college students (39 men and 33 women) and 70 homosexuals (39 men and 31 women) associated with gay students' organizations. Analysis of responses to the 34 sexual fantasies led to conclusions that the 10 most common sexual fantasies differed between heterosexual and homosexual men more than between heterosexual and homosexual women. Fifteen sexual fantasies were significantly different between the groups of men, with 7 fantasies reported more often by the homosexual men. Only 8 fantasy items were significantly different between the groups of women, with 2 fantasies reported more often by the homosexual women.
Emotions as Natural and Normative Kinds

In earlier work I have claimed that emotion and some emotions are not ‘natural kinds’. Here I clarify what I mean by ‘natural kind’, suggest a new and more accurate term, and discuss the objection that emotion and emotions are not descriptive categories at all, but fundamentally normative categories.
Hierarchically penalized Cox regression with grouped variables

SUMMARY In many biological and other scientific applications, predictors are often naturally grouped. For example, in biological applications, assayed genes or proteins are grouped by biological roles or biological pathways. When studying the dependence of survival outcome on these grouped predictors, it is desirable to select variables at both the group level and the within-group level. In this article, we develop a new method to address the group variable selection problem in the Cox proportional hazards model. Our method not only effectively removes unimportant groups, but also maintains the flexibility of selecting variables within the identified groups. We also show that the new method offers the potential for achieving the asymptotic oracle property.
Mode matched harmonic generation in plasmonic nanostructures

Nonlinear emission from plasmonic nanostructures is studied by measuring the second harmonic and third harmonic emission as a function of geometry. An overlap integral and mode-matching considerations accurately predict the optimal geometry.
Regularizing Shear Layer for Adaptive Optics Control Applications

*** † ‡ § This paper uses a discrete-vortex code to examine a shear layer’s response to forcing at its origin. The code and its thermodynamic overlay have been used in previous studies to predict the optically-aberrating characteristics of relatively-high-Mach-number, subsonic shear layers that can be classified as weakly compressible. The results reported in this study are again directed toward the shear layer’s optical characteristics; however, the intent was to use forcing to create periodic aberrating fields, referred to as “regularized” shear-layer aberrations. The study shows that the use of single-frequency forcing produces a regularized shear layer for distances preceding the point where the unforced shear layer’s natural frequency occurs. In the case of the forced shear layer, a greater thickness is produced closer to its point of origin until collapsing onto the unforced shear layer thickness past the point of regularization. The aberration periodicity is shown to have lower robustness toward the furthest downstream extent of regularization due to uncontrolled pairing. This region is made more regular by applying both fundamental and subharmonic forcing at the shear layer’s origin; however, such subharmonic forcing is sensitive to the phasing of the fundamental to that of the subharmonic.
Psychological limits on animal innovation

Innovation is a way by which animals adopt a new behaviour or apply a current behaviour to a novel situation. Although exploring a new behaviour is itself risky for the animal, a growing body of research indicates that it is fairly widespread across animal species. While there have been explorations of when innovation is most likely and which individuals are most likely to innovate, less has been explored about the psychological mechanisms underlying innovation. Here we consider some psychological limits on innovation. We focus on five factors that my limit the invention of novel behaviours (neophobia, conservatism, conformity, functional fixedness and the endowment effect). The feature common to each of these is that individuals tend to stick with existing behaviours, or the existing uses of those behaviours, rather than exploring novel options. This in turn limits animals' willingness to try less common behaviours unless they are forced through circumstances to explore alternate strategies. Despite the similar functional outcomes, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms present in different situations in order to make strong predictions about when innovation is, or is not, expected to emerge. We then consider how transmission biases and social learning mechanisms influence and limit the spread of inventions among individuals. Of course, these ‘limits’ are beneficial in other circumstances, and throughout this review we consider the trade-offs for these psychological mechanisms.
Quality and quantity goals in a complex decision task: Strategies and outcomes.

Issues related to quality goals, quantity goals, and strategy development were examined in a complex decision task. 160 undergraduates used a computer program to select stocks for investments. Manipulated variables included task difficulty, quantity-goal difficulty, and quality-goal difficulty. Differences among participants'information-search strategies were identified and analyzed. A quantity-goal effect on performance quantity, a 3-way interaction on performance quality, and a number of effects for search-strategy variables were found. Implications and future research directions are presented and discussed
Isolated choroid plexus cyst or echogenic cardiac focus on prenatal ultrasound: is genetic amniocentesis indicated?

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not genetic amniocentesis is warranted when isolated choroid plexus cysts (CPC) or echogenic cardiac foci (EF) are noted on prenatal ultrasound. Study Design We performed a retrospective analysis on patients from our perinatal database. All obstetric patients with CPC or EF noted on second-trimester perinatology ultrasound from April, 1998 to November, 2004 were included. Information regarding ultrasound findings and neonatal outcome were analyzed. Results During the study period, 515 patients with CPC or EF were evaluated. Of these, 429 (83.3%) had isolated CPC or EF and 86 (16.7%) had additional risk factors. The incidence of abnormal karyotype was 0 versus 2.3%, respectively ( P = .03). The additional risk factors considered were: advanced maternal age, abnormal serum triple marker screening, and/or other abnormal ultrasound findings. Furthermore, during the study period there were 20,122 live births and 27 (0.1%) cases of aneuploidy diagnosed postnatally. Of these, none had isolated CPC or EF on prenatal ultrasound. Conclusion CPC or EF noted on prenatal ultrasound warrants referral for careful consultative ultrasound evaluation. In the absence of other risk factors, however, genetic amniocentesis for isolated CPC or EF does not appear to be necessary.
Recent Results Obtained by Use of Accelerators on Plasma Edge Properties in Controlled Fusion Devices and on Properties of High Power Neutral Beams

The study of plasma-wall interactions is of primary importance in present fusion devices. Measurements of incident fuel and impurity fluxes, retention and release of fuel atoms, and erosion of internal components are of particular interest. Accelerators in the megaelectronvolt range are being used both to measure the depth profile of fuel atoms implanted in samples placed in the plasma edge by use of nuclear reactions and to measure impurities and film thicknesses by use of elastic scattering reactions. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to determine flux and energy distributions of fuel atoms and to measure species composition and impurities in the beams of high power neutral beam injectors. Recent results obtained with these techniques are presented and areas of future study are discussed.
Neutrino mass from cosmological 21 cm observations

The best current constraints on the sum of neutrino masses comes from cosmology. Here, we detail the prospects for future mass constraints from cosmological 21 cm observations of the epoch of reionization. We show that future instruments such as SKA and FFTT should be capable of constraining the total mass in neutrinos at the level of the minimum mass allowed by the observed mass splittings.
L’héritage institutionnaliste de la science politique au Canada anglais

L’article explore la tradition institutionnaliste du Canada anglais et presente un bref historique de sa montee et de son developpement a la lumiere de documents cles propres a differentes periodes historiques. L’article compare l’evolution de cette tradition au Canada anglais a celle qui s’est manifestee dans le cadre plus large de l’institutionnalisme historique en politique comparee. On y fait valoir que l’institutionnalisme du Canada anglais constitue une riche tradition, particulierement en ce qui a trait a ses dimensions descriptive et normative. L’institutionnalisme du Canada anglais s’est articule autour du remaniement de l’Etat canadien dans le cadre des defis poses par le probleme de l’« unite nationale ». A l’heure actuelle, les ouvrages continuent d’etre axes sur la dimension descriptive de ce courant, bien que l’institutionnalisme historique en tant que programme intellectuel exerce une influence considerable dans le domaine de l’etude des politiques.
The integrity of oil and gas wells.

Public concerns about oil and natural gas extraction these days inevitably turn to hydraulic fracturing, where millions of gallons of water, sand, and chemicals are pumped underground at high pressures to crack open rocks. Hydraulic fracturing often occurs a mile or more down, far from the water we drink or the air we breathe. The focus for safety and environmental stewardship should often be somewhere else—nearer the surface—emphasizing risks from spills, wastewater disposal, and the integrity of oil and natural gas wells passing through drinking-water aquifers (1⇓⇓–4). In PNAS, Ingraffea et al. (5) examine one of these factors, well integrity, across the Marcellus region of Pennsylvania, using inspection records from the state Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). In a technical sense, “well integrity” refers to the zonal isolation of liquids and gases from the target formation or from intermediate layers through which the well passes. In a practical sense, it means that a well doesn’t leak. Drilling companies emphasize well integrity because a faulty well is expensive to repair and, in the rarest of cases, costs lives, as in the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. Drillers use steel casing (pipes), cement between nested casings and between the outside casing and rock wall, and mechanical devices to keep fluids inside the well. Faulty casing and cementing cause most well integrity problems. Steel casing can leak at the connections or corrode from acids. Cement can deteriorate with time too, but leaks also happen when cement shrinks, develops cracks or channels, or is lost into the surrounding rock when applied. If integrity fails, gases and liquids can leak out of the casing or, just as importantly, move into, up, and out of the well through faulty cement between the casing and the rock wall. Much is … [↵][1]1Email: rob.jackson{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Carbide-Treated Graphite Cuvettes for Electrothermal Atomization Prepared by Impregnation with Metal Chlorides

In order that carbide coatings could be prepared, graphite cuvettes were (1) placed in liquid TiCl4, MoCl5, or WCl6 under reduced pressure to fill the void space in the graphite with metal chloride; (2) allowed to soak for 24 h in water to hydrolyze the metal chloride; (3) heated for 1200 s at 120°C and 10 s at 500°C in an electrothermal atomizer to dry the metal hydroxide and form the oxide; and (4) heated to 1800°C for 30 s to form the carbide. The formation of metal carbide was confirmed by gravimetry and x-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction also indicated the presence of oxide on Ti- and W-treated cuvettes and of multiple metal carbide species on Mo- and W-treated cuvettes. Scanning electron microscopy of Ti-treated cuvettes showed the presence of small particles of a discrete carbide phase. The carbide-treated cuvettes last longer than conventional graphite and show enhanced sensitivities for carbide-forming elements determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption. Their analytical characteristics do not differ significantly from carbide-treated cuvettes prepared by other procedures. It is hypothesized that the primary effect of the metal carbide is to seal the graphite, causing it to be less porous.
Ongoing Clinical Research Explores Partnering New Method with EFM

A new method of assessing fetal status during labor— fetal oxygen saturation (Fsa0 2 ) monitoring via fetal pulse oximetry—may provide more objective data and give those who care for women during labor more accurate information about fetal oxygen status. This technology is currently under investigation in a multicenter randomized U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved clinical trial (Dildy, Clark, & Loucks, 1996; Lien & Garite, 1997).
Towards a framework for source code instrumentation measurement validation

Ignoring monitoring overhead and not validating measurements are two common mistakes in benchmarking. We extend, apply and evaluate for a practical FFT library our own methodologies for overhead compensation and over-all validation. The overhead and error sources we address include the source instrumentation and separate activities unrelated to the phenomena under study. We are able to quantify the differences with simpler compared with more portable probe technology and relate them to compiler optimization effects. Finally we formulate our framework for validating performance measurement using software accessible counters within existing framework for general software measurements.
Exploiter-victim relationships of major plant diseases: Implications for biological weed control

Abstract The most serious or threatening plant diseases were generally found to involve pathogens originating from another host in a different geographical area, rather than from the cultivated crop plant within its native area. A crop-wise assessment similarly showed that of the important diseases of coffee > 60%, of maize > 40%, and of cassava > 25% do not even occur in the native continent of the crop plant. Lack of evolved interspecific homeostasis between the host plant and its newly-acquired pathogen appears to explain the destructive nature of these exploiter-victim relationships. Evolutionarily new relationships could be utilized in biological weed control to improve the present success rates and also to increase the array of possible control agent species, particularly for the control of pests within their native area.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulates expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme genes in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) elevates levels of the mRNAs encoding the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamineN-methyltransferase (PNMT) in primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. PACAP potently (in nanomolar concentrations) increases the amount of mRNA for each of the three catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. At 10 nM PACAP, TH and DBH mRNA levels increase approx 10-fold; 1 nM PACAP produces an approx 2.5-fold elevation of PNMT mRNA. In contrast to depolarizing or cholinergic stimuli, PACAP does not enhance expression of 5′ upstream regions of the PNMT gene transiently transfected into chromaffin cells. Nor does PACAP stimulate the rate of PNMT gene transcription, thereby indicating that the effects of this neuropeptide do not involve enhanced transcription of this gene. However, after 16 h in the presence of transcriptional inhibitors, more PNMT mRNA is present in cultures treated with PACAP relative to control cultures, whereas amounts of TH and DBH mRNAs are not changed. PACAP likely elevates PNMT mRNA levels posttranscriptionally, possibly by stabilizing this message against degradation. Thus, although PACAP is an effective regulator for expression of all three catecholamine enzyme genes, its mechanism of action on PNMT mRNA appears to be distinctive from its effects on TH and DBH gene transcription.
Edge-compensated wavelet analysis of irregularly supported fields

Though wavelets have been used extensively for image coding, compression,and denoising, they are also gaining popularity in the geophysical sciences as an analysis tool. Capitalizing on the wavelet's relatively tight localization in both the time and frequency domains, the wavelet transform of a data field can yield significant information about the localized frequency content of the underlying process. As an analysis technique, though, standard wavelet transforms suffer from some of the real work constraints that data sets often impose. Primary among these is the fact that the data set is not typically supported on a standard rectangular grid. We investigate the application of a boundary-compensated wavelet transform supported on an arbitrarily-shaped region. Applications to satellite-based altimetry of ocean basins are presented.
A two-step method for analysis of linear systems with uncertain parameters driven by Gaussian noise

Abstract A two-step method is proposed to find state properties for linear dynamic systems driven by Gaussian noise with uncertain parameters modeled as a random vector with known probability distribution. First, equations of linear random vibration are used to find the probability law of the state of a system with uncertain parameters conditional on this vector. Second, stochastic reduced order models (SROMs) are employed to calculate properties of the unconditional system state. Bayesian methods are applied to extend the proposed approach to the case when the probability law of the random vector is not available. Various examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the method, including the random vibration response of a spacecraft with uncertain damping model.
The Tale of the Long Tail: the Cytoplasmic Domain of HIV-1 gp41

Envelope glycoproteins (Env) of lentiviruses typically possess unusually long cytoplasmic domains, often 150 amino acids or longer. It is becoming increasingly clear that these sequences contribute a diverse array of functional activities to the life cycle of their viruses. The cytoplasmic domain of gp41 (gp41CD) is required for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in most but not all cell types, whereas it is largely dispensable for replication of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Functionally, gp41CD has been shown to regulate rapid clathrin-mediated endocytosis of Env. The resultant low levels of Env expression at the cell surface likely serve as an immune avoidance mechanism to limit accessibility to the humoral immune response. Intracellular trafficking of Env is also regulated by gp41CD through interactions with a variety of cellular proteins. Furthermore, gp41CD has been implicated in the incorporation of Env into virions through an interaction with the virally encoded matrix protein. Most recently, the gp41CDs of HIV-1 and SIV were shown to activate the key cellular-transcription factor NF-κB via the serine/threonine kinase TAK1. Less well understood are the cytotoxicity- and apoptosis-inducing activities of gp41CD as well as potential roles in modulating the actin cytoskeleton and overcoming host cell restrictions. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the cytoplasmic domains of HIV-1 and SIV and attempt to integrate the wealth of information in terms of defined functional activities.
C. R. Henderson: contributions to the dairy industry.

Abstract Through C. R. Henderson's position and the application of his knowledge, he had a major influence on genetic improvement in dairy cattle beginning in the 1950s. He developed herdmate comparisons in the United States. The fist extensive program using pedigree selection and progeny testing of sires for use in AI was because of his suggestion. This program established the direction of dairy cattle improvement that still continues. He developed BLUP and discovered how to write the inverse of an additive genetic relationship matrix, A –1 , without inverting the matrix. These accomplishments had a major impact on evaluation methods of dairy cattle and other livestock species. Use of BLUP and A –1 are standards for evaluation of breeding values all over the world. His pioneering work in estimation of components of variance and analyses of unbalanced data were also of primary importance for animal evaluation and many other applications. Henderson made a major contribution to mankind.
Estrogen receptor mutations

The purpose of this paper is to review potential novel functional pathways by which estradiol and estrogenic compounds elicit biological responses in mammals. We will limit our approach to those novel functions suggested by phenotypes associated with estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) gene mutations and polymorphisms. The study of these pathways has been greatly aided by the availability of ERα-minus mice, which lack classic biological responses to estradiol. In addition, the availability of an ERα-minus human family, aromatase-minus human families, and in the near future an aromatase-minus mouse model will allow correlations of novel phenotypes with the lack of active ERα protein. The ERα-minus mice can potentially be used to characterize in depth novel clinical phenotypes that link the functions of estrogens with sexual maturation, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, and cancer.
Virtual MISO triggers in Wi-Fi-like networks

Virtual Multiple-Input Single-Output (vMISO) systems distribute multi-antenna diversity capabilities between a sending and a cooperating node. vMISO has the potential to vastly improve wireless link reliability and bit error rates by exploiting spatial diversity. In this paper, we present the first design and experimental evaluation of vMISO triggers (when to invoke vMISO rather than traditional transmission) in Wi-Fi networking environments. We consider the joint effect of gains obtained at the physical layer with MAC and network-scale factors and show that 802.11 MAC mechanisms represent a major bottleneck to realizing gains that can be attained by a vMISO PHY. In contrast, we show how vMISO alters node interconnectivity and coordination and therefore can vastly transform the network throughput distribution in beneficial ways that are not described merely by vMISO link gains. Moreover, we show how to avoid triggering vMISO when the increased spatial footprint of the new cooperator would excessively hinder other flows' performance. In this paper, we build the first multi-flow vMISO testbed and explore the trigger criteria that are essential to attain substantial gains in a fully integrated vMISO system. We find that the largest gains are achieved by a largely isolated flow (gains of 110%) whereas cooperator interference and contention effects are pronounced in larger topologies, limiting typical gains to 14%.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases the liberation of arachidonate from anterior pituitary cells in vitro

Several secretagogues increase prolactin (PRL) release from anterior pituitary cells through biochemical pathways that involve the liberation of arachidonate from cellular phospholipids. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increases PRL release from anterior pituitary cells through a mechanism involving the generation of cAMP. In this study, we determined whether VIP increases the liberation of arachidonate from anterior pituitary cells. Primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells were prepared from the anterior pituitary gland of female Sprague-Dawley rats. After four to five days in culture, the incubation medium was replaced with [3H] arachidonate containing medium, and the cells incubated for 90 min. The cells were then extensively rinsed with incubation medium without [3H] arachidonate to remove the [3H] fatty acid not associated with cellular phospholipids. The pituitary cells were then incubated with medium containing various concentrations of VIP and the release of [3H] arachidonate and PRL into the incubation medium determined. VIP (500 nM) significantly increased [3H] arachidonate liberation from primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells at 30 min (p < 0.5) and 60 min (p < 0.01), but had no significant effect on the liberation of this fatty acid at 15 or 120 min. PRL release was significantly increased by VIP at 30, 60, and 120 min. VIP (60 min exposure) at concentrations of 100 and 500 nM significantly increased PRL release and arachidonate liberation in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, VIP increased [3H] arachidonate liberation from a preparation of anterior pituitary cells enriched in lactotropes. Since the increment in [3H] arachidonate liberation was greater in the lactotrope-enriched population than in the anterior pituitary cell preparation, it is highly probable that the lactotropes are the primary source of [3H] arachidonate liberated by VIP. These experiments provide evidence that [3H] arachidonate liberation may play a role in VIP-stimulated PRL release.
Cotranscription of the large and small subunit genes of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in Cyanophora paradoxa

The region of the cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa which codes for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBis-CO) has been cloned and partially characterized. The large subunit gene (rbcL) is located adjacent to, and upstream from the small subunit gene (rbcS). The rbcS, containing 318 nucleotides, codes for a polypeptide that exhibits greater homology to small subunits of cyanobacteria than to those of angiosperms. Immediately downstream from the rbcS termination codon is an apparent transcription termination site consisting of an inverted repeat followed by a T cluster. The spacer region separating rbcL and rbcS is 105 nucleotides in length and lacks an obvious RNA polymerase promoter sequence suggesting that the genes are cotranscribed. Northern blot analysis has confirmed the cotranscription of both genes as a single transcript of approx. 2500 nucleotides.