cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinic- and Community-Based National Diabetes Prevention Programs in Los Angeles:

Clinics and community-based organizations (CBOs) are priority settings for implementing the evidence-based National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Both program settings present theoretical advantages and disadvantages for engaging and helping populations most at risk for diabetes achieve lifestyle change goals. To date, few studies have compared implementation across them. The present study describes participant characteristics and lifestyle change outcomes across a sample of clinic- and community-based National DPPs which delivered services in Los Angeles during 2015 to 2018 (two clinics, two CBOs, combined n = 265 participants). Analyses examined participant gender, age, race/ethnicity, baseline body mass index, and program attributes such as screening method and language of instruction. Negative binomial regression models tested for differences in program attendance, mean weekly physical activity, and percent change in body weight by setting. Overall, participants were largely Hispanic/Latinx (81.51%) and female (90.19%). Programs operated by CBOs engaged other race/ethnic groups including Black participants more frequently than those operated by clinics (20.56% vs. 0%); the latter engaged more men (15.29% vs. 7.22%). Few participants in any setting met the National DPP's weight loss goal (clinic: 15.29%, CBO: 20.00%). Participating in a community-based program was initially associated with higher attendance and mean weekly physical activity, but associations were not significant after adjusting for covariates. Study results have practice implications for National DPP implementation and can help inform future efforts to scale and spread the program in Los Angeles and nationally.
Beyond neutralization for BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination.

Mounting a robust immune response against SARS-CoV-2 requires neutralization as well as effector T cell functions. In this issue of Cell Host Microbe, Tauzin et al. characterize the humoral and T cell responses after a single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals with or without previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
Yttrium Oxide-Catalyzed Formation of Electrically Conductive Carbon for Supercapacitors

The development of electrically conductive and high surface area carbon is important for the improvement of supercapacitor energy densities. Yttrium hydroxide microspindles were prepared and shown ...
Recovery of vascular smooth muscle relaxation from nitroglycerin-induced tolerance following a drug-free interval. A time-course in vitro study.

Abstract Hemodynamic tolerance occurs upon continuous exposure of vascular tissues to nitrogelycerin (NTG). This phenomenon is believed to be due to the depletion of the tissue sulfhydryl (SH) group, which is essential for NTG-induced increase in tissue cyclic GMP and vasorelaxation. To determine the effect of an NTG-free interval on recovery of tissue cyclic GMP accumulation and vasorelaxation following development of NTG tolerance, isolated rat aortic rings were kept in Krebs physiologic buffer at 37°, precontracted with epinephrine, and exposed to NTG. The mean concentration of NTG, which relaxed the rings by 50% ( ec 50 ) upon first exposure, was 1.1 × 10 −7 M (N = 20), and vascular cyclic GMP levels after NTG increased from 21 to 46 fmol/mg (P −4 M and cyclic GMP levels did not change (P ec 50 , such that at 120 min the ec 50 of NTG was 0.4 × 10 −7 M (P = NS vs first NTG exposure). Tissue cyclic GMP levels increased from 14 to 71 fmol/mg (P = NS vs first NTG exposure). These data confirm development of tolerance to the vasorelaxant effects of NTG following initial exposure. An interval of 2 hr between multiple exposures of tissues to NTG results in preservation of the smooth muscle relaxation and an increase in tissue cyclic GMP in response to NTG.
Relationship between cell-mediated and humoral immune attack on tumor cells. I. Drug and hormone effects on susceptibility to killing and macromolecular synthesis.

Abstract The effect of metabolic inhibitors and hormones on the susceptibility of P815 murine mastocytoma cells to antibody-C and cell-mediated killing, and on the ability of the cells to synthesize DNA, RNA, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid was tested. Pretreatment of the cells with adriamycin, actinomycin D, and puromycin increased the sensitivity of the cells to killing by rabbit anti-P815 antibody plus guinea pig C, but not by allogeneic P815-sensitized spleen cells. Conversely, mitomycin C treatment enhanced the cells' sensitivity to cell-mediated, but not antibody-C, killing. Insulin and hydrocortisone, but not epinephrine, were effective in decreasing the susceptibility of the cells to killing by both antibody-C and cell-mediated attack systems. The kinetics of the drug-induced increase and the hormone-induced decrease in susceptibility of the cells to antibody-C killing correlated with a decrease and increase, respectively, in the ability of the cells to incorporate fatty acid into complex cellular lipid. No such correlation was found between cellular lipid synthesis and tumor cell susceptibility to cell-mediated killing. The ability of the cells to resist either form of immune attack was not dependent on the ability of the cells to synthesize DNA, RNA, protein, or complex carbohydrate. These results suggest that the susceptibility of these tumor cells to antibody-C vs cell-mediated killing may be linked to different metabolic properties of the cells, and may reflect differences in the mechanisms of humoral vs cellular immune attack.
"Genre, reception, and adaptation in the 'Twilight' series," edited by Anne Morey

Review of Anne Morey, ed., Genre, Reception, and Adaptation in the "Twilight" Series. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2012. $99.95 (236p) ISBN 978-1-4094-3661-4.
GREENING CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

While scholars have expended great effort analyzing environmental discourse and applying a critical lens to environmental law, scant work has used critical discourse analysis (CDA) to study environmental law. This is surprising given the rising prominence of CDA and the continued development of critical environmental law scholarship. The present article seeks to correct for this oversight by highlighting the particularities of environmental law which compel the use of CDA, and outlining a method by which social science researchers can use CDA to understand the role of power in the domain of environmental law.
Slappability: A New Metaphor for Human Computer Interaction

I present Slappability, a new metaphor for Human-Computer Interaction. I suggest that the common unidimensional approach taken by user-environments is undesirable, and that various views and techniques need to be unified, in order to yield more comprehensive and comprehensible software systems. The approach is demonstrated by reference to a system for manipulating music and sound on a computer.
Tracker : security and privacy for RFID-based supply chains

The counterfeiting of pharmaceutics or luxury objects is a major threat to supply chains today. As different facilities of a supply chain are distributed and difficult to monitor, malicious adversaries can inject fake objects into the supply chain. This paper presents TRACKER, a protocol for object genuineness verification in RFID-based supply chains. More precisely, TRACKER allows to securely identify which (legitimate) path an object/tag has taken through a supply chain. TRACKER provides privacy: an adversary can neither learn details about an object’s path, nor can it trace and link objects in the supply chain. TRACKER’s security and privacy is based on an extension of polynomial signature techniques for run-time fault detection using homomorphic encryption. Contrary to related work, RFID tags in this paper are not required to perform any computation, but only feature a few bytes of storage such as ordinary EPC Class 1 Gen 2 tags.
Kinetics of the inactivation of trypsinogen by methanesulfonyl fluoride in the pH-stat.

Abstract Equations are derived describing the pseudo first-order inactivation of trypsinogen by excess methanesulfonyl fluoride in the pH-stat. From this analysis, the second-order rate constant for the reaction of trypsinogen and methanesulfonyl fluoride has been determined. The method described is widely applicable for the kinetic analysis of pseudo first-order reactions of enzymes and zymogens with hydrolyzable inhibitors in the pH-stat.
Providing Data Structure Animations in a Lightweight IDE

This paper presents the data structure animation tool jGRASP, which can automatically generate multiple synchronized views while the underlying code is being developed. The seamless integration of the the IDE with pedagogically effective software visualizations makes jGRASP an interesting tool for both educators and students.
Flicker noise in Gunn diodes

Abstract The low frequency noise of Gunn diodes fabricated by either a planar technique or a mesa technique on a GaAs substrate was measured. The existence of 1/ƒ noise was demonstrated. We were unable to discriminate between the number fluctuation model and the mobility fluctuation model of 1/ƒ noise. It seems from the data that Hooge's parameter α, if present, is not field dependent as in Si. Independent α ( E ) measurements might allow us to discriminate between the two models.
Perceived Discrimination and Self-Reported Quality of Care Among Latinos in the United States

BACKGROUND Given the persistence of health and health-care disparities among Latinos in the United States and evidence that discrimination affects health and health care, an investigation of the relationship between perceived discrimination and quality of health care among Latinos is warranted.
Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? A Federal Analysis

Many theories have been offered to explain the absence of socialism as a significant political force in the United States. Although no theory will satisfactorily explain a "non-happening," this art...
Functions of intermediate filaments.

Intermediate filaments (IFs) are the most enigmatic component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. IFs are often a major component of the cell and are most prominent in the cells of vertebrates. Ultrastructurally similar cytoplasmic filaments have been found in many metazoan phylla and some protists and homologous proteins form the nuclear lamina, a fibrous structure present within the nuclei of most, if not all, eukaryotic cells [see Franke, 19871. However, defining the functions of IFs has been quite difficult due in large measure to the absence of membrane-permeable drugs that spec$cally disrupt IF organization. At present, the only means of disrupting IF organization specifically appears to be through either the analysis of genetic mutations in IF subunit proteins or the intracellular injection of anti-IF antibodies (see below). Whereas nuclear IFs (nIFs) appear to play a key role in nuclear organization [see Benavente and Krohne, 19861, the absence of significant changes in cellular behavior following the disruption of cytoplasmic IF (cIF) organization in cultured cells, together with the identification of a number of mammalian cell lines [see Paulin-Levassear et al., 1988, and references therein] and normal cell types [see Bartnik et al., 1986, 19871 that lack cIFs, indicates that cIFs are not critical to the viability of eukaryotic cells. Nevertheless, homologous IF gene structure, protein sequence, and patterns of cell-type expression are highly conserved [see particularly Hermann et al., 1989a,b], a fact that implies that IF proteins perform important functions, if not within the isolated cell then at the level of tissues, organs, and the organism. In the first part of this review, we discuss what an IF is and the basic patterns of IF assembly, dynamics, and organization. In the second part, we examine how these aspects of IF cell biology have informed our thinking on IF functions. Finally, we summarize the methods currently available for the experimental study of IF function. We will not discuss the complex question of IF gene
A comprehensive study of hardware/software approaches to improve TLB performance for java applications on embedded systems

The working set size of Java applications on embedded systems has recently been increasing, causing the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) to become a serious performance bottleneck. From a thorough analysis of the SPECjvm98 benchmark suite executing on a commodity embedded system, we find TLB misses attribute from 24% to 50% of the total execution time. We explore and evaluate a wide spectrum of TLB-enhancing techniques with different combinations of software/hardware approaches, namely superpage for reducing TLB miss rates, two-level TLB and TLB prefetching for reducing both TLB miss rates and TLB miss latency, and even a no-TLB design for removing TLB overhead completely. We adapt and then in a novel way extend these approaches to fit the design space of embedded systems executing Java code. We compare these approaches, discussing their performance behavior, software/hardware complexity and constraints, especially the design implications for the application, runtime and OS.We first conclude that even with the aggressive approaches presented, there remains a performance bottleneck with the TLB. Second, in addition to facing very different design considerations and constraints for embedded systems, proven hardware techniques, such as TLB prefetching have different performance implications. Third, software based solutions, no-TLB design and superpaging, appear to be more effective in improving Java application performance on embedded systems. Finally, beyond performance, these approaches have their respective pros and cons; it is left to the system designer to make the appropriate engineering tradeoff.
Equivalent Circuit Models for Three-Dimensional Multiconductor Systems

Multiconductor or multiwire arrangements find many applications in electronic systems. Examples are interconnections between digital circuits or integrated microwave circuits. Equivalent circuit models are derived here from an integral equation to establish an electrical description of the physical geometry. The models, which are appropriately called partial element equivalent circuits (PEEC), are general in that they include losses. Models of different complexity can be constructed, to suit the application at hand.
Relationship of Intimate Partner Violence to Health Status, Chronic Disease, and Screening Behaviors

While victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) have increased risk of chronic disease, little is known about their preventive screening behaviors. The objective of this study was to relate IPV to health status, chronic disease, and preventive screening behaviors. We hypothesized that women who reported poorer health statuses, higher rates of HIV, no primary care, and less-frequent HIV testing, breast exams, and Pap smears would be more likely to experience IPV. Adult females who presented to three Emergency Departments (EDs) on weekdays from 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. over a 14-month period were asked to participate in a computerized survey. Women were excluded if they were critically ill, did not speak English, intoxicated, or psychotic. Validated measures were used, including the Universal Violence Prevention Screen and the Short Form-12. Patients were asked about their health statuses, HIV statuses, and testing, if they had a regular doctor, and how often they had received pap smears and breast exams. Logistic regression modeling was used to test associations between IPV and the predictor variables, adjusting for age, employment, and education. Out of 3,381 approached, 1,474 women (43.6%) agreed to be surveyed. Age averaged 39 years ± 12.3 (range = 18-65), and most participants were Black (n = 722, 86.8%). One hundred and fifty-three out of 832 women (18.4%) who had been in a relationship the previous year had experienced IPV. Compared with HIV-negative women, those with HIV were 5 times more likely to suffer IPV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.113, p = .001), and women who were not sure of their HIV status were 9 times more likely to experience IPV (AOR = 8.818, p < .001). Women who performed monthly self-breast exams were 53% less likely to experience IPV as those who rarely examined themselves (AOR = 0.470, p = .010). Women who have HIV or are unsure of their status and those who rarely perform self-breast exams are at increased risk of IPV.
Histologic predictors of fibrosis progression in liver allografts in patients with hepatitis C virus infection.

Background & Aims Recurrent hepatitis C with ensuing fibrosis is the leading cause of liver allograft loss. We investigated whether histologic features in early posttransplant liver biopsies could predict the rate of fibrosis progression in this population. Methods From 1999 to 2007 there were 476 liver transplants performed for hepatitis C at our center. We reviewed all available posttransplant biopsies for these patients; patients were categorized as rapid, intermediate, or slow fibrosers based on their METAVIR fibrosis score at 24 months. Stage F0 biopsies for rapid and slow fibrosers were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. Results We identified 52 rapid fibrosers and 61 slow fibrosers in our cohort. There was a significant increase in the fibrosis progression rate in the group transplanted between 2003 and 2007 compared with between 1999 and 2002. The course of fibrosis progression was determined early in the posttransplant period and the rate was constant. Rapid fibrosers had more hepatocyte apoptosis than slow fibrosers (P = .001), but no difference in hepatitis activity on stage F0 biopsies. Rapid fibrosers also experienced more episodes of acute rejection after transplantation (P Conclusions CK19, vimentin, and hepatocellular apoptosis are promising early markers of rapid fibrosis progression in patients transplanted for hepatitis C. The rate of fibrosis progression is established early in the posttransplant period; this initial rate dictates long-term outcome.
Ptosis, blepharospasm, and apraxia of eyelid opening secondary to putaminal hemorrhage

Eyelid abnormalities, including bilateral and unilateral ptosis, blepharospasm, and apraxia of eyelid opening (AEO), are known to occur following cerebral vascular events, and have been reported with bilateral or nondominant hemisphere vascular lesions.1,2 These abnormalities have rarely been reported with deeper-seated vascular lesions. We present a left-handed hypertensive woman with a left-sided putaminal hemorrhage in whom these three abnormalities were present together. A 60-year-old left-handed hypertensive woman without any history of neurologic events was admitted with acute onset of right-sided weakness. She was alert and oriented with fluent but dysarthric speech. She had no evidence of orofacial or limb apraxia. She had a central right-sided facial weakness and a right hemiparesis. There was no neglect or sensory loss. The pupils were 3 mm, symmetrical, and reactive. Extraocular movements were full, including vertical saccades. There was no local corneal disease. During the first 2 days, she rarely opened her eyes spontaneously even when engaged in conversation. She …
Developing an energy-saving and case-based reasoning information agent with Web service and ontology techniques

Web service and ontology techniques are presented herein for supporting an energy-saving and case-based reasoning information agent. The proposed system is the first energy-saving and case-based reasoning information agent with Web service and ontology techniques in a cloud environment; the proposed architecture is also the first multi-agent structure of an energy-saving information system in a practical environment. Not only can it explore related technologies to establish a Web service platform, but it can also study how to construct cloud interactive diagrams to employ Web service techniques for extensively and seamlessly integrating energy-saving and a case-based reasoning information agent on the Internet. The complete in depth system development, display, and corresponding experiments and comparisons show that the research results not only attest to the feasibility of the proposed architecture, but are also highly successful; on average, 40% of the data queries can be answered by the proposed system, and its rate of correct data solutions is around 85.1%, leaving about 60% of the queries for the backend system to take care of, which can effectively alleviate the overloading problem usually associated with a backend server. Finally, the system is put into a practical environment; after 8 months of experiments, the total energy-saving is 22.44%.
Heterogeneity of conductance states in calcium channels of skeletal muscle

The single channel conductance of the dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive calcium channel from rabbit skeletal muscle transverse tubules was analyzed in detail using the planar bilayer recording technique. With 0.1 M BaCl2 on both sides of the channel (symmetrical solutions), the most frequent conductance is 12 pS, which is independent of holding potential in the range of -80 to +80 mV. This conductance accounts for approximately 80% of all openings analyzed close to 0 mV. Two additional channels of conductance 9 and 3 pS are also present at all positive potentials, but their relative occurrence close to 0 mV is low. All channels depend on the presence of agonist Bay K 8644 and are inhibited by the antagonist nitrendipine. The relative occurrence of 9 and 3 pS can be increased, and that of 12 pS decreased, by several interventions such as external addition of cholesterol, lectin (wheat germ agglutinin), or calmodulin inhibitor R24571 (calmidazolium). The 9- and 3-pS channels are also conspicuous at positive potentials larger than +40 mV. We suggest that 9- and 3-pS channels are two elementary conductances of the same DHP-sensitive Ca channel. Under most circumstances, these two conductances are gated in a coupled way to generate a channel with a unitary conductance of 12 pS. Interventions tested, including large depolarizations, probably decompose or uncouple the 12-pS channel into 9 and 3 pS.
Kink-Antikink Collisions in the phi^4 Equation: The n-Bounce Resonance and the Separatrix Map

We provide a detailed mathematical explanation of a phenomenon known as the two-bounce resonance observed in collisions between kink and antikink traveling waves of the $\phi^4$ equations of mathematical physics. This behavior was discovered numerically in the 1980s by Campbell and his collaborators and subsequently discovered in several other equations supporting traveling waves. We first demonstrate the effect with new high-resolution numerical simulations. A pair of kink-like traveling waves may coalesce into a localized bound state or may reflect off each other. In the two-bounce resonance, they first coalesce, but later escape each other's embrace, with a very regular pattern governing the behaviors. Studying a finite-dimensional ``collective coordinates' model, we use geometric phase-plane based reasoning and matched asymptotics toexplain the mechanism underlying the phenomenon, including the origin of several mathematical assumptions needed by previous researchers. We derive a separatrix map for th...
Computed tomography of high density renal cysts.

Abstract: Eleven patients are described whose computed tomography (CT) examinations showed homogeneous, high density (62–76 Hounsfield units) renal masses. In two patients a hemorrhagic benign cyst was found at surgery. In the remaining nine patients the constellation of CT and clinical findings supported the benign nature of this lesion. Index Terms: Kidney, cysts—Kidney, hemorrhage—Computed tomography.
Microcalorimetric study of DNA–Cu(II)TOEPyP(4) porphyrin complex

The influence of new water soluble cationic metalloporphyrin Cu(II)TOEPyP(4) (meso-tetra-(4-N-oxyethylpyridyl)), analogue of Cu(II)TMPyP(4), on thermodynamic stability of DNA at various molar ratios of r = porphyrin/DNA b.p. (0 < r < 0.12) has been studied. It has been shown that Cu(II)TOEPyP(4) is a strong stabilizing agent for calf thymus DNA increasing its melting temperature from 75.5 to 99.5 °C, in the range 0 < r < 0.06. The melting enthalpy (∆H m) does not change in the range 0.002 0.07, ∆H m and T m decrease, and at r = 0.12 they equal to 6.4 ± 0.6 cal/g and 92.5 °C, accordingly. We suggest that such centers of binding are the well documented 5′CG3′ sites and G-quadruplex at r 0.01. On the basis of ∆H m invariability with simultaneous increase of T m in the range 0.002 < r < 0.06, it is shown that the DNA-Cu(II)TOEPyP(4) complex melting is not of an enthalpic nature but of an entropic one. The two-phase helix–coil transition of DNA at r < 0.01 is considered as a result of porphyrin redistribution in the melting process.
Antarctic sea ice variations and seasonal air temperature relationships

Data through 1987 are used to determine the regional and seasonal dependencies of recent trends of Antarctic temperature and sea ice. Lead-lag relationships involving regional sea ice and air temperature are systematically evaluated, with an eye toward the ice-temperature feedbacks that may influence climatic change. Over the 1958-1087 period the temperature trends are positive in all seasons. For the 15 years (l973-l987) for which ice data are available, the trends are predominantly positive only in winter and summer, and are most strongly positive over the Antarctic Peninsula. The spatially aggregated trend of temperature for this latter period is small but positive, while the corresponding trend of ice coverage is small but negative. Lag correlations between seasonal anomalies of the two variables are generally stronger with ice lagging the summer temperatures and with ice leading the winter temperatures. The implication is that summer temperatures predispose the near-surface waters to above-or below-normal ice coverage in the following fall and winter.
Treatment planning issues related to prostate movement in response to differential filling of the rectum and bladder.

Abstract Conventional simulation for patients with localized prostatic carcinoma often includes opacification of the dose limiting adjacent normal tissues. However, CT-based treatment planning is performed with the bladder and the rectum naturally filled or emptied. These latter conditions more closely approximate those in place at treatment. Comparison of these CT-based treatment plans to simulator films taken with the rectum and bladder opacified yielded indirect evidence of movement of the prostate gland by 0.5 cm or more in 31 of 50 consecutive patients. The range of motion was 0 to 2 cm with an average of 0.5 cm (1.0 cm in the 31 patients). Six additional patients (five with local recurrence following I-125 seed implantation) were analyzed separately using CT scans. Registered CT images (3 mm slices) taken with the rectum and bladder full and/or empty provided direct evidence of prostate movement in 3 of the 6 patients. The dosimetric consequences of this movement are demonstrated using 3-dimensional dose distributions.
Cellular distribution, levels, and function of the diazepam-binding inhibitor/acyl-CoA-binding protein in last instar Manduca sexta midgut

The diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) was originally isolated as an endogenous competitor of diazepam for mammalian central nervous system binding sites. Later DBI was found to be identical with an intracellular medium-long chain acyl-CoA-ester-binding protein (ACBP). Its phylogenetic distribution was also extended outside vertebrates to insects and fungi. We studied DBI/ACBP biochemistry and ultrastructural distribution to learn more about the potential role(s) of the insect protein in lipid transport in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. We expressed and purfied the M. sexta DBI/ACBP from E. coli for the production of specific polyclonal antisera. We also showed specific binding of [14C]-oleoyl-CoA to the purified protein, supporting its evolutionarily conserved role as an acyl-CoA-binding protein. With the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Northern analysis, it was determined that the M. sexta ACBP is expressed highest during times of active feeding and lipid transport by the larval midgut. Study of the ultrastructural distribution, by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, of ACBP in larval midgut showed that acyl-CoA transport is localized throughout the M. sexta columnar cell.
Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) of Micelles and Vesicles Formed in Water by Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Block Copolymers

We investigated the micellar polymorphism of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based block copolymers to illustrate the possibility of a rational control of the aggregation structure through synthetic manipulation of the molecular characteristics. Boundaries for the micellar shape transitions from bilayers to cylinders to spheres with increasing PEO composition were determined with direct cryogenic transmission electron microscopic (cryo-TEM) imaging of the microstructures in the form of thin vitreous hydrated specimens. Analyses of cryo-TEM images lead to determination of the packing properties of the hydrophobic block in terms of the interfacial area per chain and the degree of chain stretching. Also, the micellar phases of the block copolymers are characterized by anomalous structural behaviors such as coexistence of different structures and formation of exotic compound structures, which are discussed in terms of metastability inherent in the system comprising polymeric materials.
Correct Production Rates Eliminate Sand Production In Directional Wells

This paper shows how rock strength analysis can be utilized in preventing wellbore collapse and sand control problems during production of directional wells. From this study it is seen that selecting the correct production rate can avoid wellbore collapse which cause sand production. When the production rate is increased the reservoir drawdown near the wellbore cause an increase in the effective wellbore wall rock stresses. Using the von Mises rock failure criteria for wellbore stability analysis, the maximum production rate without formation collapse and sand production can be estimated. The parameters that effect the rock stresses at the borehole wall are the in-situ stresses, wellbore inclination and direction, and fluid pressure in the rock which is a function of the production rate. If the decrease in the near wellbore fluid pressure due to high production rate causes the effective stresses to exceed the failure criteria the wellbore will collapse to a certain new diameter. After the new diameter is estimated the volume of produced sand is calculated. The study concludes that possible sand production should be carefully analyzed in all directional wells. The wellbore sand production is a much more severe problem in directional wells and might limit the productionmore » rate. The maximum production rates with no sand production can be obtained using the approach in this paper.« less
Molecular size effects on carboxyl acidity: Implications for humic substances

Abstract Models of carboxyl acidity frequently applied to humic substances (HS) are examined by potentiometric titrations of polycarboxylic acids of intermediate size (N = numberofacidgroups = 3–70). The unique properties of these acids are not well described by extrapolation from small (N = 1 or 2) or large (N > 100) acids. The intrinsic acidity constant, pKint, varies with N, reaching a minimum in the intermediate size range (N = 4 to 14). The site interaction parameter Φ contains a large non-electrostatic term for the smaller acids, even though site heterogeneity is minimal. Models of HS acidity must explicitly consider (1) the size domain of the humic mixture, rather than relying on small- or large-acid models and (2) the polar effects of uncharged polar groups.
Is a surface-water market physically feasible in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System?

This paper argues that a water market is physically feasible in the existing reality of Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System at the watercourse and distributary levels. The paper starts by describing the existing system and contrasts it with ideal economic management of surface water. It then lays out the degree and extent of modification to outlet structures that would be needed to enable trading based on structure type and the scale of the water-trading region, along with a first glance at the relative costs of those modifications. The ongoing decentralization of irrigation management should support water-trading efforts.
Tests of a family of trip table refinements for long-range, quick-response travel forecasting

This paper addresses the problem of using traffic counts to ascertain zonal trip generation characteristics when performing quick-response travel forecasts. A family of origin-destination (O-D) trip table estimation methods containing three unexplored members (biproportional, uniproportional, and dynamic biproportional) is proposed to solve this problem. The family is tested on static planning networks for Tallahassee, Florida; Northfield, Minnesota; and Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. Results indicate that travel forecasting models can be made to match ground counts better by a simple factoring of origins, destinations, or both. The three methods that directly solve for origin or destination factors have computational and statistical advantages over full-matrix O-D trip table estimation procedures, and the results are qualitatively and quantitatively interpretable.
LED light fixture for parking garages

A study was conducted to determine the viability of an LED-based parking garage light. The requirements for this light were based on the Illumination Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) enclosed parking/driving lanes specifications. Three basic optical designs were compared. The first used no secondary optic, the second used a reflector optic, and the third used a lens optic. Based on the findings herein, the IESNA requirements could be met using approximately 121 1-watt LEDs of typical performance today. Compared to metal halide, high pressure sodium, and fluorescent lights the LED fixture would have a longer lifetime as well as equal or better color rendering index and energy efficiency. Although the energy consumption and the re-lamping frequency could be significantly less for an LED fixture, currently the initial cost of a fixture meeting the IESNA requirements would be more than several times higher than that of existing fixtures. LED cost per lumen is decreasing rapidly, however, it will likely take several years before a cost effective LED light can provide the same performance as metal halide, high pressure sodium, and fluorescent lighting in parking garage applications.
Forests of citation: concluding unauthorized postscript to figured fragments of Bernard S. Cohn's `History and Anthropology: the State of Play'

This text represents an exploration of the possible significance of Bernard S. Cohn's 1980 essay, `History and Anthropology: The State of Play', for understanding the present of historical anthropology and its futures. My discussion has two aims: (1) to reflect on both Bernard S. Cohn's pedagogy and mode of inquiry; and (2) to explore the complexity and nuance of citationality as a generative principle within the constitution of historical anthropology's subject. Toward this, I examine Cohn's notion of `the colonial situation' and reflect on how the emergence of the human sciences is intertwined with the proliferation of colonialism's enduring legacy within postcoloniality.
Increased number of NADPH-d-positive neurons within the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease

NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry labels neurons containing nitric oxide synthase, the synthesizing for nitric oxide within the central nervous system. Quantitation revealed a statistically significant increase in the density of intensely (type 1) and moderately (type 2) but not lightly (type 3) NADPH-diaphorase stained neurons within the substantia innominata in AD as compared with age-matched controls. Increased numbers of NADPH-diaphorase neurons suggest excess nitric oxide production which may be neurotoxic to surrounding cholinergic neurons within the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease.
Fracture Analysis on the Input Shaft of Coal Pulverize of Supercritical Unit

The input shaft of coal pulverize reducer happened fracture after 3 months in operation. The metallographic examination, composition of chemical elements, mechanical properties, macroscopic examination and SEM of the fractured shaft were investigated. The result showed the metallographic and composition of chemical elements of input shaft complied with relative technique requirements. The fracture was typical brittle fracture; the fracture mode was low cycle fatigue brittle fracture. As the input shaft of surface was not required for carburization, the surface hardness was low; extension strength and yield strength were below the requests of product quality certificate, the crack source generated in the stressed side of keyway. The position design of keyway was not suitable which accelerated the fracture.
Hydrophobic core of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein for cholesterol transport.

The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), the first family member of START (StAR-related lipid transport) proteins, plays an essential role by facilitating the movement of cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane. Wild-type and mutant StAR binds cholesterol with similar intensity, but only wild-type StAR can transport it to mitochondria. Here, we report that the hydrophobic core is crucial for biological activity of proteins with START domains. Wild-type StAR increased steroidogenic activity by 7−9-fold compared to mutant R182L StAR, but both of them showed similar near-UV CD spectra. The fluorescence maximum of wild-type StAR is red shifted in comparison to mutant StAR under identical urea concentration. TFE increased the α-helical contribution of wild-type StAR more than the mutant protein. Acrylamide quenching for the wild-type protein (KSV = 12.0 ± 0.2−11.2 ± 0.5 M−1) exceeded that of the mutant protein (KSV = 4 ± 0.2 M−1). Consistent with these findings, the hydrophobic pro...
l-Cycloalkyl-2-aminopropanes and Ethanes

Abstract A number of cycloalkylacetones were prepared by treatment of a cydoalkylacetyl chloride with dimethylcadmium. The acetones were converted into formamido derivatives from which, by simple operations, primary, secondary and tertiary aminopropanes were obtained. From l-cycloheptyl-2-aminoethane the corresponding N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl derivatives were synthesized.
Modularity of a certain Calabi-Yau threefold and combinatorial congruences

We prove a certain Calabi-Yau threefold is modular in the sense that the number of points on its reduction modulo p is expressed in terms of the pth coefficient of a weight 4 newform in S4(Γ0(6)). We also give a mod p2 combinatorial expression for these coefficients.
Rehabilitation research: the new focus of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.

A S PRESIDENT OF the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, and on behalf of the 11 other Board members, I welcome you to the 74th annual meeting of the ACRM. This has been a year of huge steps for ACRM, and it has been a privilege to serve as your President. In this Presidential address I will do two things: 1. Bring you up to date on what has been happening with our organization since we were last together at the annual meeting in Chicago, and 2. Challenge you with some possible actions to begin to take during this meeting. On the update, I ask the indulgence of those of you who have read the Open Line to the President column in the last three Rehabilitation Outlook newsletters and the letter that was mailed to each member last month. As I begin, I want you to know that throughout every action and decision made this year, it was clear that there was a background commitment shared by each individual member of the ACRM Board-that our purpose was and is to improve the lives of people with chronic disabling conditions. Now, for a review of some of the issues of the past 3 years.
Principles and requirements of external beam dosimetry

The aim of this lecture is to (1) review the basic concepts and principles of external beam dosimetry for radiation therapy; (2) provide a glimpse of the current state of art in external beam dosimetry practice; and (3) discuss the external beam dosimetry requirements relevant to the application and development of solid-state dosimetry.
An experimental comparison of two USV trajectory tracking control laws

This paper describes development and testing of two trajectory tracking control algorithms for an unmanned surface vehicle (USV): a cascade of proportionalderivative controllers and a nonlinear controller obtained through backstepping. The control laws are designed to force the vehicle trajectory to converge to a reference trajectory generated using an experimentally identified dynamic model of the USV. Experimental results indicate that the backstepping controller is much more effective at tracking trajectories that involve large variations in speed and course angle. The backstepping control law is extended to accommodate a constant ambient flow. Simulations of the reformulated backstepping controller in a flow field further illustrate its effectiveness.
Failure Properties and Material Characterization of Human Meniscal Attachments

Menisci are C-shaped fibrocartilage structures that play an important role in supporting loads in the knee joint. The meniscal attachments anchor to the tibia by means of a ligamentous structure at the anterior and posterior horns. It has been shown that the meniscal attachments are important for restoring functionality to the knee [2].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Learning correlations using the mixture-of-subsets model

Using a mixture of random variables to model data is a tried-and-tested method common in data mining, machine learning, and statistics. By using mixture modeling it is often possible to accurately model even complex, multimodal data via very simple components. However, the classical mixture model assumes that a data point is generated by a single component in the model. A lot of datasets can be modeled closer to the underlying reality if we drop this restriction. We propose a probabilistic framework, the mixture-of-subsets (MOS) model, by making two fundamental changes to the classical mixture model. First, we allow a data point to be generated by a set of components, rather than just a single component. Next, we limit the number of data attributes that each component can influence. We also propose an EM framework to learn the MOS model from a dataset, and experimentally evaluate it on real, high-dimensional datasets. Our results show that the MOS model learned from the data represents the underlying nature of the data accurately.
Real-Time Soil Compaction Monitoring Through Pad Strain Measurements: Modeling to Inform Strain Gage Placement

Soil compaction monitoring is critical to earthwork projects, including roadways, earth dams, and levees. Current methods require a halt of production, and provide at best sparse coverage. A system is proposed for static pad foot soil compaction to provide real-time feedback at higher spatial resolutions through machine integrated sensors. The system is composed of pad sensors that measure total normal force and contact stress distribution (CSD), laser sensors that measure soil deflection, and GPS to spatially reference measurements. By combining these measurements, soil stiffness and potentially modulus can be determined. This paper discusses the development of the force and CSD sensing pad. The concept is to instrument individual pads with strain gages to determine loading conditions. Modeling is used to inform strain gage positioning through pad strain behavior analysis of different simulated soil conditions. The finite element analysis (FEA) of a Caterpillar pad is discussed, including formulation and rationale for the various model parameters. The loading parameters are explained, including the range of force magnitudes experienced throughout compaction and the CSD elicited by various soils. The results of this analysis are presented, and show that pad strain is sensitive to both force magnitude and CSD. Specific strain trends are identified in the sidewall and bottom face of the pad which are particularly sensitive to the loading variables. Strain gage placements are proposed that capture the identified trends, thereby providing definitive information on total normal force and CSD.
Simplified limit solutions for the capacity of suction anchors under undrained conditions

Upper bound plastic limit analyses (PLA) can provide a useful framework for estimating the load capacity of suction caisson anchors in purely cohesive soils. Since arbitrary assumptions regarding the soil stress state are not required in the PLA formulation, it may be used with greater consistency compared to other simplified approaches such as limit equilibrium methods. While PLA methods do not attempt to include all of the complexities of anchor behavior, they can provide a relatively simple framework for visualizing anchor kinematics leading to an understanding of the relative importance of various parameters on suction anchor load capacity. The most rigorous PLA formulations involve postulating a three-dimensional anchor-soil failure mechanism and deriving expressions for internal energy dissipation throughout the mechanism. This approach can involve extensive numerical integrations and a relatively complex scheme for optimizing the failure mechanism to obtain a least upper bound collapse load. Considerable simplification is possible if the problem is formulated in terms of ultimate unit resistances (lateral, axial, and their interaction) that can be exerted by the soil on the caisson. In this case, the caisson failure mechanism can be characterized in terms of one or two optimization variables. Simple expressions for the ultimate unit resistances acting on the caisson can be obtained from several sources including rigorous PLA solutions, finite element techniques, or experimental measurements. General expressions are possible by limiting consideration to common, idealized strength profiles such as uniform or constant gradient. Such simplified formulations are particularly valuable for providing an analysis tool accessible to practicing engineers. Suction caisson anchors can be subjected to a variety of load orientations including nearly vertical uplift forces imposed by the vertical tendons of tension leg platforms, horizontal loads imposed by catenary mooring systems, and inclined loads imposed by taut moorings. Recently, PLA methods have been applied to the analysis of suction caissons subjected to this range of loading conditions. This paper reviews the formulation of these analyses and summarizes the most significant findings.
What Do These Memories Do? Civil Rights Remembrance and Racial Attitudes

Scholarly inquiry into collective memory has fostered a host of innovative questions, perspectives, and interpretations about how individuals and communities are both constituted by the past and mobilize it for present-day projects. Race is one of the more important current issues demonstrating how the presence of the past is both potent and sorrowful in the United States. It is therefore critical to examine how memories of racial oppression, conflict, and reconstruction shape race relations. Studies of race relations, however, generally ignore collective memory's role in shaping racial norms and attitudes. This article uses the 1993 General Social Survey to address the silences in the collective memory and race relations literatures by examining how Americans' recollections of the civil rights movement influence their racial attitudes and racial policy preferences. Although we find that Americans' opinions about government programs targeting African Americans are unrelated to civil rights memory, respond...