cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning-based Cognitive Radio Access via Randomized Point-Based Approximate POMDPs

In this paper, a novel spectrum sensing and access strategy based on approximate Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) is proposed, wherein a cognitive radio learns the time-frequency correlation model defining the occupancy behavior of incumbents, via the Baum-Welch algorithm, and concurrently devises an optimal strategy to perform spectrum sensing and access that exploits this learned correlation model. To ameliorate the complexity of the POMDP optimization, the PERSEUS algorithm, a randomized point-based value iteration method, is designed, with fragmentation and Hamming distance state filters. Evaluating the cognitive radio throughput against incumbent interference, we demonstrate that, with sensing restrictions, our framework achieves a 6% performance gain over that attained by a maximum a-posteriori (MAP) state estimator with prior model knowledge, and outperforms correlation-coefficient based clustering algorithms by an average of 60%; additionally, it surpasses a Neyman-Pearson Detector that assumes independence among channels with no sensing restrictions, by an average of 25%. Furthermore, unlike state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed design facilitates the regulation of the trade-off between cognitive radio throughput and incumbent interference via a penalty parameter in the underlying MDP.
Bleeding in Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancer Compared With Nongastrointestinal Cancer Treated With Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, or Enoxaparin for Acute Venous Thromboembolism.

Abstract Objective To compare the bleeding risk in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer with that in patients with non-GI cancer treated with anticoagulation for acute cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (Ca-VTE). Patients and Methods Consecutive patients with Ca-VTE seen at the Mayo Thrombophilia Clinic between March 1, 2013, and April 20, 2020, were observed prospectively to assess major bleeding and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (CRNMB). Results In the group of 1392 patients with Ca-VTE, 499 (35.8%) had GI cancer including 272 with luminal GI cancer (lower GI, 208; upper GI, 64), 176 with pancreatic cancer, and 51 with hepatobiliary cancer. The rate of major bleeding and CRNMB in patients with GI cancer was similar to that in 893 (64.2%) patients with non-GI cancer treated with apixaban, rivaroxaban, or enoxaparin. Apixaban had a higher rate of major bleeding in luminal GI cancer compared with the non-GI cancer group (15.59 vs 3.26 per 100 person-years; P=.004) and compared with enoxaparin in patients with luminal GI cancer (15.59 vs 3.17; P=.04). Apixaban had a lower rate of CRNMB compared with rivaroxaban in patients with GI cancer (3.83 vs 9.40 per 100 person-years; P=.03). Patients treated with rivaroxaban in the luminal GI cancer group had a major bleeding rate similar to that of patients with non-GI cancer (2.04 vs 4.91 per 100 person-years; P=.37). Conclusion Apixaban has a higher rate of major bleeding in patients with luminal GI cancer compared with patients with non-GI cancer and compared with enoxaparin in patients with luminal GI cancer. Rivaroxaban shows no increased risk of major bleeding in patients with GI cancer or luminal GI cancer compared with patients with non-GI cancer. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03504007 .
Palliative Care in the Newborn Nursery: lessons learned and changes made

Background: Pediatric palliative care is a rapidly growing area of healthcare that is quickly becoming available throughout the nation. As prenatal testing becomes more sophisticated, many parents learn of potentially lethal anomalies prior to delivery. Palliative care teams are increasingly involved in prenatal consultations and assist many families in developing birth plans, detailing the care they would like their infant to receive after delivery. Due to the unpredictability of childbirth coupled with the small size of many pediatric palliative care teams, it often becomes the responsibility of …
Aging Back Into the Closet: Community Planning for Older LGBTQ + Adults:

This article illuminates the unique experiences of older LGBTQ + adults in cities based on intersectionality theory. The main themes that emerged from the review of the literature were fear and iso...
Radial base-pressure gradients in laminar flow.

I emphasis during the past few years has been placed upon finding solutions to the laminar-flow basepressure problem. Experimental techniques have been developed by many ground test facilities to obtain interference free base-pressure data ranging from sophisticated freeflight telemetry techniques to models supported by thin wires, trailing wire techniques and various strut designs. A fair amount of laminar-flow base-pressure data are in existence for supersonic Mach numbers of approximately 12 and below, utilizing the aforesaid techniques. However, only limited data are available for hypersonic Mach numbers (near 20) such as the free-flight telemetry data of lannuzzi and Weddington, Griffith and Weddington,. and the trailing wire data of Softley and Graber. The purpose of this note is to present some additional hypersonic base-pressure results derived from full-scale reentry vehicle (R/V) flight data and to show some radial base-pressure gradient trends derived from this data. The flight data were obtained at M « 20 on a sharp 10° cone having a flat base. Data were reduced only for that portion of the flight trajectory where the measured base-pressure levels (Pb) exceeded 10% of full scale of the pressure sensor range to insure data validity. The base-pressure measurements have a tolerance level estimated to be ±25% for the low Reynolds number data (ReL ~ 5 X 10) to ±6% for the high Reynolds number data (ReL « 7 X 10). A radar tracking trajectory and a measured/extrapolated atmosphere were utilized to obtain the ambient pressure (pm). It should be noted that the R/V experienced slight angle-of-attack oscillations ranging from zero to a few degrees during the low Reynolds number portion of the flight; however, the angle of attack oscillations were damped to less than a degree for
Taking Capital Jurors Seriously

I want to begin this Commentary by acknowledging my admiration for the scholars whose research is reflected in the articles appearing in this Symposium. The data now being collected by the Capital Jury Project reflect an enormous amount of very difficult work, the mastery of many complicated methodological problems, and a subtle and sophisticated grasp of the numerous, thorny legal issues that surround capital litigation. It can be said, without a hint of exaggeration, that what Kalven and Zeisel did for the American jury in their classic study,' William Bowers and his colleagues are doing for the American capital jury, only better-better because they are concentrating on the words of actual jurors, sampling more systematically and from a broader frame, and posing highly focused, detailed, and legally sophisticated questions to all of their respondents. We will all be learning from their data for years to come. Two overarching issues-one primarily legal and one primarily psychological or social-scientific in nature-subsume the many important topics illuminated by these early publications of the Capital Jury Project. The legal or constitutional issue concerns whether and in what ways the various Furman2-inspired and Gregg-approved capital sentencing reforms operate to guide the discretion of the juries that the Supreme Court has authorized to make life-and-death decisions in courtrooms across the country. Statistical analyses of actual capital verdict patterns have for some time suggested that the Court's leap of faith in Gregg and its companion cases4 (to the effect that the capital jury's "unbridled discretion" could be fairly and meaningfully regularized and controlled in ways that would eliminate arbitrary and discriminatory decision-making)5 was unjustified.6 But this new generation of studies gets beneath these statistical patterns to look at what actually goes on during the capital decision-making process. What is emerging from this and other research is not, in constitutional and other terms, a pretty picture.
Neonatal screening for dependents of active-duty military personnel.

To the Editor.— In the February issue of Pediatrics the Committee on Genetics issued their most recent statement and recommendations on newborn screening for metabolic/inherited disorders.1 Within the text of this statement there is incorrect information concerning newborn screening for dependents of active-duty military personnel. In the commentary on universal screening (Goal 21p346) the Committee reports: The absence of a standardized neonatal screening policy or program for dependents of the United States Uniformed Services also placed them at increased risk for failure to be screened, particularly those born outside the US.
Risk of Reinjury or Subsequent Injury After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most common injuries seen by orthopaedic surgeons. The standard of care following an ACL tear in a physiologically young, active patient is an ACL reconstruction. This can be accomplished with one of a variety of grafts through a multitude of techniques. With the growing number of ACL tears that are treated with reconstruction, the number of failures, including both graft rerupture and functional instability, is increasing. Reinjury following an ACL reconstruction places a significant physical and physiological burden on the patient, but also creates a societal burden with lost time at work as well as use of health care resources. To better educate patients and to prevent subsequent ACL injuries, it is imperative that orthopaedic surgeons understand the risk factors for reinjury or an injury to the contralateral knee. These include patient-related factors such as age, gender, and activity level, as well as technical considerations such as graft type, size, and position. Furthermore, treating physicians must be able to council patients on ways to avoid a reinjury through rehabilitation, functional sports assessments, and others.
A robust hybrid multilevel rectifier with adjustable output voltage and variable load

In order to obtain synergic benefits by using two different semiconductors such as thyristors and IGBTs, hybrid multilevel converters have been studied recently in the literature. In a grid connected application, unity power factor (PF) control and load voltage control should be achieved. The proposed hybrid multilevel rectifier consists of a main neutral point clamped (NPC) and cell cascaded H-bridges (CHB). Each CHB has a floating capacitor. Therefore, in order to reduce costs, the system regulates the floating capacitor voltages without using independent DC power sources. Additionally, a control strategy concerning the voltage unbalance problem on the main NPC is also considered. Under load resistance changes, the hybrid multilevel rectifier accomplishes unity PF and load voltage control as well as the regulation of CHB capacitor voltages. Experimental results combining all mentioned technologies show verification of the robust hybrid multilevel rectifier in a grid connected application.
Towards understanding user perceptions of authentication technologies

Digital identities are increasingly being used to facilitate the execution of transactions in various domains. When developing and analyzing digital identity technologies, it is important to consider the perceptions and responses of end users. Users are typically concerned about privacy and security, but do not necessarily understand how these issues are impacted by the use of digital identities. In this paper, we discuss preliminary results of a survey regarding authentication technologies used to generate digital identities. Most respondents were unfamiliar with a majority of the technologies in question (e.g. hand geometry scans), and expressed uncertainty about their use. Perceptions were more positive for the use of authentication technologies in the financial domain, and more negative for their use in the retail domain. The results may inform the design of future systems.
Toxic shock syndrome

Abstract Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute febrile illness accompanied by watery diarrhea, sunburn rash, vomiting, hypotension, and multiple organ involvement. When it was initially recognized 20 years ago, TSS was primarily associated with menstruation. Since then, the frequency of menstrual TSS has decreased dramatically. Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of menstrual TSS and is also responsible for about half of all cases of nonmenstrual TSS. Since the late 1980s, Streptococcus pyogenes has been shown to cause a nonmenstrual TSS-like illness, with a higher mortality rate. The mechanism of TSS is attributable to bacterial endotoxins that impede the body’s immune system and cause the release of cytokines, which are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Early recognition and treatment of TSS are important factors in improving patient survival. Patients should be treated with parenteral antibiotics that are highly effective against staphylococci and streptococci. They should also receive fluid resuscitation and vasopressors. Some patients require intubation, dialysis, or immunoglobulin therapy.
The CARE heuristic for addressing burnout in nurses

This paper provides a heuristic for addressing the pressing problem of burnout in nurses. Following a literature review about the causes and symptoms of burnout, a case will be made that the problem is best addressed from a variety of perspectives using different modalities. These are summarized under the different headings of Compassion, Awareness, Resilient Responding and Empowerment which together from the CARE heuristic. An explanation and justification for each of these different approaches is provided, along with practical exercises that nurses might practice in order to build capacity in each of these domains and protect themselves against or treat existing symptoms of burnout.
Adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate and coenzyme A--effects on platelet function.

Abstract The effects in vitro of adenosine-3′5′-diphosphate and coenzyme A on human platelet aggregation and [14C]hydroxytryptamine release were studied. Whereas coenzyme A, at concentrations between 0.06 and 0.24 mM, inhibited the aggregation of platelets induced by ADP, adenosine-3 ′, 5 ′-disphosphate, which is part of the coenzyme A molecule, blocked both ADP- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. The ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited at a lower adenosine-3′, 5′-diphosphate (10–20μM) concentration than was thrombin-induced aggregation (60–200 μM). Adenosine-3′,5′-diphosphate also inhibited [14C]adenosine uptake by platelets in a concentration-dependent manner (20–200 μM), but only to a maximum of 40 per cent of total [14C]adenosine radioactivity incorporated into the platelets. The inhibitory effect of adenosine-3′,5′-diphosphate and coenzyme A on the release reaction was further documented by the decrease in aggregation-induced release of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine from prelabeled platelets into the medium. The extent of inhibition caused by coenzyme A and adenosine-3′,5′-diphosphate was found to depend upon the concentration of inhibitor and incubation time. If these agents are indeed inhibitors of platelet aggregation, then they may serve as valuable tools to study platelet function.
A block iterative algorithm for 3-D electromagnetic modeling using integral equations with symmetrized substructures

The integral equation method is in many cases a cost effective way of modeling the electromagnetic response of 3-D conductivity structures. Yet the requirements on computer storage and on computation time in forming and inverting the scattering matrix limit its applications for large structures.
Differences in the plasma transport and tissue concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols : observations in humans and hamsters

Certain aspects of tocopherol and tocotrienol absorption, plasma transport, and tissue distribution were examined in humans and hamsters. Plasma transport differed in that tocopherols were found primarily in low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein in association with plasma surface components, whereas tocotrienols disappeared from plasma with chylomicron clearance. In keeping with transport by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, tocotrienols were deposited in conjunction with triglycerides in the adipose tissue of hamsters. In hamsters, tocopherols were the only tocol readily detected in all tissues, except adipose during tocotrienol supplementation. In fasting humans, the plasma tocotrienol concentration was not significantly increased after tocotrienol supplementation, whereas the platelet concentration of delta-tocotrienol doubled. Furthermore, tocotrienol intake did not appear to modulate the plasma cholesterol concentration in normolipemic hamsters. Thus, the transport, tissue concentration, and relative biologic function of tocopherol and tocotrienol appear somewhat disparate and possibly unrelated.
Early stages of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ epitaxial growth on MgO and SrTiO 3

The initial stages of epitaxial growth of c-axis-perpendicular laser-ablated ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (YBCO) thin films on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ and MgO substrates were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface images of films grown on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ with a sequential thickness variation reveal a transition from layerlike to island growth between 8 and 16 unit cells thickness, i.e., YBCO grows on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ by a Stranski-Krastanov mechanism. Evidence also points to the existence of a slightly larger critical thickness for the introduction of screw dislocations into those films. In contrast, even the thinnest (\ensuremath{\sim}8 cells thick) YBCO films were found to grow on MgO by an island mechanism, with screw-growth features clearly present.
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of cyanase from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Cyanase, an oligomeric enzyme of Escherichia coli that catalyzes the decomposition of cyanate to ammonia and bicarbonate, crystallizes in the space group P1 with unit cell parameters a = 85.96 A , b = 83.17 A , c = 83.28 A , α = 110.29 °, β = 118.29 ° and γ = 72.40 ° . Crystals diffract to a resolution of at least 2.5 A. The crystal data, in conjunction with a subunit molecular weight of 17,008, suggest that two oligomers are in the asymmetric unit of the crystal and that eight subunits comprise a single oligomer.
Development of cholinergic inhibitory capacities in the hyperthyroid mouse.

Abstract The ontogeny of behavioral arousal and inhibition, as measured by spontaneous locomotor activity, was compared in four experiments for controls and mice injected with thyroxine as neonates. Mice treated with thyroxine at 1–3 days of age had higher activity levels at 10–15 days of age than controls, suggesting potentiation of arousal systems by the hormone treatment. Although thyroxine-accelerated development had no reliable effect upon the age at which peak activity occurred, scopolamine injections increased activity as early as 15 days of age in thyroxine-treated mice, whereas saline-treated or unhandled controls did not show a similar increase until 16–17 days of age. The findings were interpreted as indicating both a potentiation of arousal and a compensatory acceleration of cholinergic inhibitory capacities as a result of the neonatal hyperthyroidism. In addition, the importance of the behaviorally suppressive effects of a novel injection experience in the neonatal mouse was demonstrated.
Applications of the Barnes Objective Analysis Scheme. Part II: Improving Derivative Estimates

Abstract Two recently published objective analysis schemes improve derivative estimates obtained from observed field variables. Achtemeier proposed a hybrid successive-correction scheme that uses a very low pass Gaussian weight function on the first pass through the observations, followed by two correction passes with a higher-pass, fixed-weight function. His experiments demonstrated better separation of short, but resolvable, wavelengths from noise components than does the widely used two-pass Barnes scheme. Both schemes produce derivative estimates using conventional second-order finite-difference formulas. The generality of Achtemeier's improvement over two-pass schemes is demonstrated in an experiment similar to that designed by Achtemeier. It is found that the amount of improvement diminishes the closer the two-pass convergence parameter is to 1. Considering other three-pass scheme designs, it is found that Achtemeier's is not necessarily the “best” design. A three-pass “fixed” scheme that uses but o...
Admissibility in Criminal Proceedings of Third Party and Real Evidence Obtained by Methods Prohibited by UNCAT

This article is about the admissibility in criminal proceedings of evidence which is directly or indirectly the product of torture or ill-treatment of a third party who is not available to give oral evidence. The focus is the consistency between public international law, particularly the little-studied Article 15 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment and Punishment (UNCAT), and English domestic law in the immediate aftermath of the Court of Appeal's decision in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No. 2).
On understanding the transition between spherical and deformed odd-A gadolinium nuclei☆

Abstract A combination of two different potential systems involving prolate deformations is proposed to explain the intensity and energy systematics of the Nilsson states populated in 155, 157, 159 Gd by (d, p) and (d, t) reactions. In the group of states associated with the more nearly spherical potential,the absence of regular rotational patterns is attributed to the mixing of principal harmonic oscillator shells and to severe Coriolis coupling.
Modeling lithium diffusion in nickel composite graphite

A simple theoretical model is presented to simulate the galvanostatic discharge behavior of the Ni-composite graphite electrode. The discharge profiles predicted by using a constant diffusion coefficient (CDC) and by a varied diffusion coefficient (VDC) are compared in this paper. The results show that, the VDC model can be simplified to the CDC for discharge rates less than 2C for a 5 μm particle. Also, an approximate analytical solution is presented for VDC model, which is found to be valid for discharge rates up to 6C. Exchange current and diffusion coefficient for the lithium-diffusion are predicted.
Patterns of upstream antiplatelet therapy use before primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from the CRUSADE National Quality Improvement Initiative).

We sought to determine the usage patterns and impact of upstream glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and clopidogrel in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We studied trends in the use of upstream glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel in 3,895 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI at 124 hospitals in the United States participating in the CRUSADE initiative from March 2005 to December 2006. Administration of these agents >15 minutes before PCI was considered pre-PCI use, and administration ≤15 minutes before, during, and after PCI was considered peri-PCI use. A total of 3,566 patients (91.6%) received glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors within 24 hours of presentation, of whom 1,225 (34.4%) received this medication before PCI. Similarly, 3,785 patients (97.2%) received clopidogrel within 24 hours of presentation, of whom 1,029 (27.2%) received this medication before PCI. From 2005 to 2006, pre-PCI glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use decreased from 43.4% to 33.5%, whereas pre-PCI clopidogrel use increased from 21.2% to 31.5%. Clinical characteristics, risk of adverse outcomes, and bleeding events were similar in the pre- versus peri-PCI glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and clopidogrel cohorts, respectively. In conclusion, most patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI receive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel, but only ⅓ are treated upstream with these agents and this upstream use does not have a significant impact on outcomes. These results indicate that further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing and timing of antiplatelet therapies for patients undergoing primary PCI.
Development and Validation of a Smoking Expectancies Measure for Adolescents Seeking to Quit Smoking

ABSTRACTBackground: A more comprehensive understanding of factors that affect smoking cessation outcomes among adolescents may help enhance treatment interventions. One promising but underexplored factor that may influence cessation success is teens’ specific expectancies or beliefs about smoking outcomes. The present study evaluated the validity and reliability of a new measure of expectancies and its association with cessation outcomes among 762 adolescent smokers participating in studies of the American Lung Association's Not On Tobacco cessation program. Methods: Self-report questionnaires were collected prior to and following participation in a smoking cessation program. Self-reported cigarette use was verified with expired-air carbon monoxide. A multistep exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity analyses were performed. Results: Four theoretically related yet empirically independent factors were identified by the Smoking Expectancies Questionnaire (SEQ): (1) Positive...
What Went Wrong with NATO

This article provides a perspective on strategic trends in the NATO alliance and the broader transatlantic relationship. It evaluates the extent of NATO's successes and failures over the last 15 years in the areas of the Balkans, NATO enlargement, and the international campaign against terrorism. The central conclusion is that, while NATO's members have significant technical reforms available that could help to reinvigorate the institution, none is likely to come to fruition without a major change in strategic concepts on both sides of the Atlantic.
Defect-free sintering of two material powder injection molded components. Part II: Model

A defect-free, two-material component can be obtained via co-sintering by suitably altering the powder characteristics or compositions, as demonstrated in Part I. In this paper, a model to ascertain the suitability of material systems to be co-sintered without defects such as delamination or interface pores is presented. The model is based on the management of the stress induced due to the difference in shrinkage and an analysis of the in situ strength of the weaker material during sintering. Tool steel in combination with stainless steel admixed with boron and Fe-2Ni admixed with boron are two systems used to validate the model. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the observations.
Biocidal efficacy, biofilm-controlling function, and controlled release effect of chloromelamine-based bioresponsive fibrous materials

In this study, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine (ACHT) was synthesized through controlled hydrolysis of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine (ADCT). A simple pad-dry-cure approach was employed to immobilize ACHT onto cellulosic fibrous materials. After treatment with diluted chlorine bleach, the covalently bound ACHT moieties were transformed into chloromelamines. The structures of the samples were fully characterized with NMR, UV/VIS, DSC, TG, iodometric titration and elemental analyses. The chloromelamine-based fibrous materials provided potent, durable, and rechargeable biocidal functions against bacteria (including multi-drug resistant species), yeasts, viruses, and bacterial spores. SEM studies demonstrated that the new fibrous materials could effectively prevent the formation of biofilms, and controlled release investigations in vitro suggested that the biocidal activities were bioresponsive. Biocidal mechanisms of the chloromelamine-based fibrous materials were further discussed.
Habitat and landscape correlates of southern flying squirrel use of red‐cockaded woodpecker clusters

Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) can have significant negative impacts on red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) reproductive success and group size. Although direct control of southern flying squirrels may be necessary in small red-cockaded woodpecker populations (<30 groups), creation of high quality habitat through landscape management is the preferred method for managing larger woodpecker populations. Thus, we determined the habitat and landscape factors within 100 m, 400 m, and 800 m of cluster centers that were related to southern flying squirrel use of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities at the Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina. At all spatial scales, the number of cavities in the cluster was the most influential variable determining use by southern flying squirrels. At the 400-m and 800-m scales, the amount of stream length was also positively associated with the presence of flying squirrels. The proximity and amount of hardwoods surrounding clusters were not related to southern flying squirrel use at any spatial scale; thus, removal or conversion of hardwood stands surrounding red-cockaded woodpeckers may not be necessary for reducing cavity kleptoparasitism by flying squirrels. However, when establishing recruitment clusters, areas with streams should be avoided and addition of artificial cavities to existing clusters should be done judiciously to minimize the number of excess cavities. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
An exploration of expertise of knowledge workers: towards a definition of the universe of discourse for knowledge acquisition

. Knowledge systems development and use have been significantly encumbered by the difficulties of eliciting and formalizing the expertise upon which knowledge workers rely. This paper approaches the problem from an examination of the knowledge competencies of knowledge workers in order to define a universe of discourse for knowledge elicitation. It outlines two categories and several types of knowledge that could serve as the foundations for the development of a theory of expertise.
Relationship Between Mobility and Student Performance and Behavior

ABSTRACT The authors investigated the relationship between student mobility and student performance and behavior. The authors used criterion-referenced test (CRT) and norm-referenced test (NRT) data indexes from the 1998-1999 school year. Results showed that as the mobility of students increased within the school year, their test performance on the CRT and the NRT decreased. Also, suspension rates were high for students who had changed schools within a school year. As a practical solution, students who experience single or multiple transfers within a school year should receive particular attention because they are likely to have discipline and performance problems. Also, the K-12 grade structure appears to be much more appropriate for students than is the traditional K-5, 6-8, and 9-12 structure.
The neuropathology of leptophos in the hen: a chronologic study

Recent investigation into a possible association between exposure to Leptophos and neurological symptoms in insecticide factory workers makes study of the neurological effects of Leptophos in the experimental situation particularly important. The present study utilizes a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg of Leptophos in 20 chickens which are sacrificed in pairs to define the temporal sequence of changes in the sciatic nerve, its major branches, and the spinal cord and to correlate these findings with the clinical symptoms of the animals. At this dose Leptophos produces degeneration of the spinal cord in a pattern similar to that seen with tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). The ataxia seen in these birds is probably due to the posterior and lateral column involvement. At this dose onset of paralysis correlates roughly with both the degeneration of the anterior descending tract of the spinal cord and degeneration of the peripheral nerve. The minimal degree of nerve involvement suggests that the cord lesion is more significant at this dose in the hen. Using TOCP, spinal cord lesions predominate in the hen while the peripheral nervous system appears more sensitive in the human and non-human primate. Assuming that Leptophos resembles TOCP in this regard, peripheral nerve damage would be the expected earliest change, especially in the low-dose situation in the human.
Internet-Assisted Real-Time Experiments Using the Internet--Hardware and Software Considerations.

: The spectacular increase in Internet-based applications during the past decade has had a significant impact on the education delivery paradigms. The user interactivity aspect of the Internet has provided new opportunities to instructors to incorporate its use in developing new learning systems. The use of the Internet in carrying out live experiments has been a subject of interest that shows considerable promise. Using the common Internet browsers, it has become possible to develop engaging laboratory exercises that allow the user to operate experimental equipment from remote locations. To increase the availability of such experiments on the Internet, it would be beneficial to share methods employed in developing software and hardware of Internet-assisted experiments… among interested instructors. The objective of this paper is to present a description of the hardware and software required to create Internet-assisted laboratories.
Genetics may have a significant contribution to dental caries while microbial acid production appears to be modulated by the environment

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Dental caries and microbial acid production in twins. Bretz WA, Corby PM, Hart TC, Costa S, Coelho MQ, Weyant RJ, et al. Caries Res 2005;39(3):168-72. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose/Question To determine the genetic and environmental contributions to the occurrence of dental caries and microbial acid production in a cohort of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Source of Funding Government – NIH/NIDCR Type of Study/Design Cohort study
Collision-induced dissociation of protonated guanine

Abstract Guanine and its naturally or xenobiotically modified derivatives occur widely in nucleic acids and other natural products, yet the potential applications of tandem mass spectrometry in structural studies is limited by the complexity of dissociation pathways of the guanine nucleus. The low energy-collision induced dissociation (CID) of protonated guanine has been studied using analogs independently labeled with 15 N at each of the five nitrogen atoms and by 18 O at position 6. Following activation under multi-collision conditions, protonated guanine dissociates along two major pathways starting with expulsion of either NH 3 or cyanamide. The reactions are rationalized in terms of initial opening of the pyrimidine ring, which results in loss of identity of ring atom N-1 and exocyclic N 2 . The equivalence of N-1 and N 6 is retained under low energy (single collision) conditions, and upon methyl substitution at either nitrogen atom. Other reactions show the pyrimidine ring rather than the imidazole moiety to be the principal site of reactivity, analogous to the dissociation chemistry of protonated adenine.
Patriarchal ideology and wife-assault: A meta-analytic review

Using the framework of patriarchal theory, the present meta-analytic review examined the predicted relation between wife assault and the maintenance of a patriarchal ideology. This relationship was evaluated using three measures of patriarchal ideology: (1) attitudes toward violence, (2) gender attitudes, and (3) gender schemas. Overall, assaultive husbands reported more positive attitudes toward marital violence and lower scores on masculine and feminine gender schema scales than nonassaultive husbands. Methodological factors accounted for the significant heterogeneity among the gender attitude effect estimates for men. A nonsignificant average effect in the males' gender attitude emerged in studies which used husbands' self-report data and case-control comparison groups. In contrast to men, assaulted wives held more feminine gender schema and tended to exhibit more liberal gender attitudes than nonassaulted wives across studies. These meta-analytic findings offer limited support for the ideological component of the patriarchal theory of wife assault and are discussed with respect to their theoretical and methodological implications.
The Fastest Global Events in RNA Folding: Electrostatic Relaxation and Tertiary Collapse of the Tetrahymena Ribozyme ☆

Large RNAs can collapse into compact conformations well before the stable formation of the tertiary contacts that define their final folds. This study identifies likely physical mechanisms driving these early compaction events in RNA folding. We have employed time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering to monitor the fastest global shape changes of the Tetrahymena ribozyme under different ionic conditions and with RNA mutations that remove long-range tertiary contacts. A partial collapse in each of the folding time-courses occurs within tens of milliseconds with either monovalent or divalent cations. Combined with comparison to predictions from structural models, this observation suggests a relaxation of the RNA to a more compact but denatured conformational ensemble in response to enhanced electrostatic screening at higher ionic concentrations. Further, the results provide evidence against counterion-correlation-mediated attraction between RNA double helices, a recently proposed model for early collapse. A previous study revealed a second 100 ms phase of collapse to a globular state. Surprisingly, we find that progression to this second early folding intermediate requires RNA sequence motifs that eventually mediate native long-range tertiary interactions, even though these regions of the RNA were observed to be solvent-accessible in previous footprinting studies under similar conditions. These results help delineate an analogy between the early conformational changes in RNA folding and the "burst phase" changes and molten globule formation in protein folding.
Detection of genomic-length soybean mosaic virus RNA on polyribosomes of infected soybean leaves

Abstract Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)-related RNAs were examined in both polyribosomal and nonpolyribosomal fractions of systemically infected soybean leaves. Viral RNAs were detected by Northern blot hybridization analysis using two cloned SMV-cDNAs representing different regions of the viral genome as hybridization probes. Genomic length SMV-RNA ( M r of 3.3 × 10 6 ) was found in specific association with EDTA-sensitive polyribosomes of infected leaves, indicating that it functions as a messenger RNA in these cells. A smaller SMV-related RNA ( M r of 1.6 × 10 6 ) was sometimes detected in the polyribosomal fraction; however, reconstruction experiments indicate that this RNA is a breakdown product of the genomic-length RNA, generated during cell fractionation or RNA extraction. Two other SMV-related RNAs with M r of 2.0 and 0.78 × 10 6 were sometimes detected in infected cells and were not generated from genomic SMV-RNA or intact virus particles in reconstruction experiments. However, these RNA$ were exclusively associated with the EDTA-resistant, nonpolyribosomal fraction of infected cells. These data suggest that genomic-length SMV-RNA is the only viral RNA which is translated in these infected plants.
Gradient language dominance affects talker learning.

Traditional conceptions of spoken language assume that speech recognition and talker identification are computed separately. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies imply some separation between the two faculties, but recent perceptual studies suggest better talker recognition in familiar languages than unfamiliar languages. A familiar-language benefit in talker recognition potentially implies strong ties between the two domains. However, little is known about the nature of this language familiarity effect. The current study investigated the relationship between speech and talker processing by assessing bilingual and monolingual listeners’ ability to learn voices as a function of language familiarity and age of acquisition. Two effects emerged. First, bilinguals learned to recognize talkers in their first language (Korean) more rapidly than they learned to recognize talkers in their second language (English), while English-speaking participants showed the opposite pattern (learning English talkers faster than Korean talkers). Second, bilinguals’ learning rate for talkers in their second language (English) correlated with age of English acquisition. Taken together, these results suggest that language background materially affects talker encoding, implying a tight relationship between speech and talker representations.
Risk and Protective Factors for Sexual and Dating Violence Victimization: A Longitudinal, Prospective Study of Latino and African American Adolescents

Teen dating violence and sexual victimization are serious public health concerns. Although research has highlighted the correlates and consequences of such abuse, little is known about early antecedents. The current study sought to identify the risk and protective factors evident in early adolescence that are associated with sexual and dating violence victimization in late adolescence. The sample involved 236 (52% female) low-income Latino (69%) and African American (31%) youth, their older sisters, and their mothers who were studied when youth were, on average, ages 13 and 18 years. The results indicated that early indicators of a risky lifestyle (e.g., getting drunk, having sex) and having deviant friends and siblings were associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent victimization. Mothers' early strictness, monitoring, and conservative sexual attitudes predicted a lower likelihood of subsequent assault and served as significant buffers given specific risks, particularly for girls and Latinos. The findings suggest that behavior and social network patterns established relatively early in life increase one's vulnerability to victimization later in life, as well as point to aspects of parenting that serve a protective function against such outcomes.
Interactions Among Actual Ease-of-Movement Determinants and Job Satisfaction in the Prediction of Voluntary Turnover

Emphasizing that both general job availability and individual attributes determine actual ease of movement in the job market, I propose a voluntary turnover model that combines aspects of signaling...
Pouch polyposis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis: report of a case.

PURPOSE: A case of a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is reported, in whom adenomas developed in an ileal pelvic pouch six years after it was made. This case is reported to serve as a warning that restorative proctocolectomy, a relatively recent addition to surgical options for FAP, does not remove the risk of metachronous intestinal neoplasia; it merely defers it. METHODS: Case of a patient with pouch polyposis was reviewed, and patient was prospectively studied after three months of sulindac therapy. RESULTS: Polyps not removed at first examination became much less prominent. Literature review reveals only one study of adenomas in pelvic pouches, with 7 cases of 38. CONCLUSION: Proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis does not cure FAP, and multiple polyps can occur in the ileal pouch.
Techniques for estimating uncertainty in climate change scenarios and impact studies

Methodology for quantifying uncertainty in global climate change studies is reviewed. The focus is on recent developments in statistics, such as hierarchical modeling and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques, that could enable more full-fledged uncertainty analyses to be performed as part of integrated assessments of climate change and its impacts. First an overview of uncertainty analysis, including its sources and how it propagates, is provided. Presently employed techniques in climate change assessments, such as sensitivity, scenario, and Monte Carlo simulation analyses, are then surveyed. Next alternative approaches, based on more formal statistical theory (especially the Bayesian statistical paradigm), are described. Finally, some tentative recommenda- tions on strategies for achieving the goal of more reliably quantifying uncertainty in global climate change are made.
A Descriptive Inquiry of the Definitions of Critical Thinking and Enhancers and Barriers Reported by Nurses Working in Long-Term Care Facilities

Critical thinking has been an outcome of nursing education since the 1980s. There remains a lack of agreement on definitions, methods of teaching, and methods of evaluation among practicing nurses. This study asked practicing nurses to define critical thinking. It also asked nurses to describe what work-related factors enhanced or posed barriers to the use of critical thinking in practice. Elements of the definitions presented were found to be consistent with current nursing definitions of critical thinking. Enhancers and barriers overlapped and were found to be consistent among the nurses at all facilities studied, with implications for continuing education and staff development.
Plenary talk solving linear inverse systems with graphcuts

Ill-conditioned linear inverse systems, which arise in many applications, are ambiguous problems that cannot be solved without some form of prior. Convex minimization methods can solve these problems efficiently, but only by making the unrealistic assumption that images are globally smooth. A more reasonable assumption, such as piecewise smoothness, results in an intractable optimization, that requires minimizing a highly non‐convex function in a space with many thousands of dimensions. I will describe how graph cuts can be used to solve this problem, and demonstrate some applications to an important medical imaging problem. This is joint work with Ashish Raj (Cornell Radiology).
Optically responsive switchable ionic liquid for internally-referenced fluorescence monitoring and visual determination of carbon dioxide

Modulation in the local viscosity and polarity within a reversible carbamate ionic liquid system forms the basis for the fluorescence excimer-based estimation of CO2. Inherently self-referencing, the photonic response to CO2 recognition shows excellent sensitivity and complete reversibility, making possible a striking visual display discernible to the naked eye.
Reflections on Elections: Scot‐Nat Fizz, Lib‐Dem Dregs

Alec Salmond's SNP, old politics and fingertips, won a landslide. The Lib Dems, free to confine the Tory plurality, chose the wooden spoon of office.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Control for a Structurally Nonlinear Aeroelastic System

This paper studies the stability properties of a class of nonlinear controls derived via feedback linearization techniques for a structurally nonlinear prototypical wing section. In the case in which the wing section has a single trailing edge control surface, the stability of partial feedback linearization to achieve plunge primary control is studied. It is shown that the zero dynamics in this case associated with the closed loop system response is locally asymptotically stable for a range of flow speeds and elastic axis locations. However, there exist locations of the elastic axis and speeds of the flow for which this simple feedback strategy exhibits a wide range of bifurcation phenomena. Both Hopf and pitchfolk bifurcations evolve parametrically in terms of the flow speed and elastic axis location. In the case in which the wing section has two control surfaces, the global stability of adaptive control techniques derived from full feedback linearization is studied. In comparison to partial or full feedback linearization techniques, the adaptive control strategies presented do not require explicit knowledge of the form of the structural nonlinearity.