cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular pathology endpoints useful for aging studies

The first clinical trial aimed at targeting fundamental processes of aging will soon be launched (TAME: Targeting Aging with Metformin). In its wake is a robust pipeline of therapeutic interventions that have been demonstrated to extend lifespan or healthspan of preclinical models, including rapalogs, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and senolytics. This ensures that if the TAME trial is successful, numerous additional clinical trials are apt to follow. But a significant impediment to these trials remains the question of what endpoints should be measured? The design of the TAME trial very cleverly skirts around this based on the fact that there are decades of data on metformin in humans, providing unequaled clarity of what endpoints are most likely to yield a positive outcome. But for a new chemical entity, knowing what endpoints to measure remains a formidable challenge. For economy's sake, and to achieve results in a reasonable time frame, surrogate markers of lifespan and healthy aging are desperately needed. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular endpoints that are currently being used as indices of age-related phenomena (e.g., morbidity, frailty, mortality) and proposes an approach for validating and prioritizing these endpoints.
Quantification of optical turbulence in the ocean and its effects on beam propagation.

The influence of optically active turbulence on the propagation of laser beams is investigated in clear ocean water over a path length of 8.75 m. The measurement apparatus is described and the effects of optical turbulence on the laser beam are presented. The index of refraction structure constant is extracted from the beam deflection and the results are compared to independently made measures of the turbulence strength (Cn2) by a vertical microstructure profiler. Here we present values of Cn2 taken from aboard the R/V Walton Smith during the Bahamas optical turbulence exercise (BOTEX) in the Tongue of the Ocean between June 30 and July 12, 2011, spanning a range from 10-14 to 10-10 m-2/3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such measurements are reported for the ocean.
Studying HBV Infection and Therapy in Immune-Deficient NOD- Rag1−/−IL2RgammaC-null (NRG) Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase (Fah) Knockout Mice Transplanted with Human Hepatocytes

Chimeric mouse models with a humanized liver provide a unique tool to study hepatic virus diseases, including viral infection, viral pathogenesis, and antiviral therapy. Here we describe a detailed protocol for studying hepatitis B infection in NRG-derived fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) knockout mice repopulated with human hepatocytes. The procedures include (1) maintenance and genotyping of the homozygous NRG-fah/fah mutant mice (NRG/F), (2) intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes, (3) NTBC drug reduction cycling to improve human hepatocyte repopulation, (4) human albumin detection, and (5) HBV infection and detection. The method is simple and allows for highly reproducible generation of NRG/F-hu Hep mice for studying HBV infection and therapy.
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy/Serpiginous Choroiditis

Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is an inflammatory choroidal disease that is included in the differential diagnosis of the white dot syndromes. This condition is usually bilateral and characterized by creamy-yellow or white subretinal lesions at the level of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) and choriocapillaris that mostly involve the posterior pole. It has a predilection for young, healthy adults and has been associated with many infectious and non-infectious etiologies. The fluorescein angiography (FA) pattern of APMPPE characteristically shows early hypofluorescence and late staining. The exact pathophysiology of APMPPE is unknown, but the disease is usually self-limited, with improvement of visual acuity and no need for treatment. Often the diagnosis of APMPPE may be confused with serpiginous choroiditis, a rare, chronic disease that also affects the RPE and choriocapillaris, but manifests differently. The pattern of the lesions in the majority of patients follows a serpiginous or pseudopodial fashion extending from the optic disk. The diagnosis is based on the physical exam, and assisted by angiographic studies that also show early hypofluorescence with late hyperfluorescence of the borders of the lesions. The disease onset may be insidious, with some patients noticing vision loss from macular involvement, resulting in poor prognosis and higher risk of developing Choroidal Neovascular Membranes (CNVM). For this reason, treatment should be aggressive and can involve the use of immunosuppressive therapy to control disease progression and reduce rates of recurrence.
Overcoming the Constitution

Implementing the Constitution' is Professor Richard Fallon's sophisticated, fair-minded, and engaging attempt to disabuse those who mistakenly believe that the written Constitution is the only legitimate source of our constitutional law. Fallon claims that descriptively and normatively, constitutional law is not just about reading the Constitution, discerning its meaning, and then applying that meaning to concrete situations. Instead, he argues that contemporary constitutional law more accurately consists of "implementing" the Constitution by considering various factors that do not emerge from the Constitution's text (hence the book's title). Fallon asserts that when we describe the constitutional law that emanates from the courts, we should not overlook the significance of seemingly "incorrect" precedent, entrenched historical practices, and other adjudicative norms such as the use of value judgments.2 Furthermore, Fallon notes that judges endeavor to render practical, easily administrable decisions that reflect the reasonable disagreements that exist in society and amongst the government's branches about the Constitution's meaning and how it ought to be implemented. After Part I recounts the basic details of Fallon's book, the rest of the Review makes four general points. Part II contends that Fallon must articulate a much more comprehensive account of what constitutes "acceptance" if that concept is to legitimate the unwritten constitution. Otherwise, we have very little reason to reject the sensible intuition that the legitimate Constitution consists of the written Constitution only. Part III briefly highlights some problems with the Fallonian Constitution. Specifically, it considers whether fidelity to both the written and the unwritten constitutions is possible, whether the Fallonian Constitution is desirable, and whether the Fallonian Constitution counts as a constitution at all (as Fallon describes the latter term). Part IV argues that Fallon's criticisms of originalism are generally wrong-headed or unfair. Most of Fallon's critique is better leveled against the written Constitution itself and not originalism as an interpretive methodology. Finally, Part V makes some brief comments meant to clear up common confusion about originalism as an interpretive theory.
GELL: Automatic Extraction of Epidemiological Line Lists from Open Sources

Real-time monitoring and responses to emerging public health threats rely on the availability of timely surveillance data. During the early stages of an epidemic, the ready availability of line lists with detailed tabular information about laboratory-confirmed cases can assist epidemiologists in making reliable inferences and forecasts. Such inferences are crucial to understand the epidemiology of a specific disease early enough to stop or control the outbreak. However, construction of such line lists requires considerable human supervision and therefore, difficult to generate in real-time. In this paper, we motivate Guided Epidemiological Line List (GELL), the first tool for building automated line lists (in near real-time) from open source reports of emerging disease outbreaks. Specifically, we focus on deriving epidemiological characteristics of an emerging disease and the affected population from reports of illness. GELL uses distributed vector representations (ala word2vec) to discover a set of indicators for each line list feature. This discovery of indicators is followed by the use of dependency parsing based techniques for final extraction in tabular form. We evaluate the performance of GELL against a human annotated line list provided by HealthMap corresponding to MERS outbreaks in Saudi Arabia. We demonstrate that GELL extracts line list features with increased accuracy compared to a baseline method. We further show how these automatically extracted line list features can be used for making epidemiological inferences, such as inferring demographics and symptoms-to-hospitalization period of affected individuals.
Deep learning binary neural network on an FPGA

As a popular deep learning technique, convolutional neural network has been widely used in many tasks such as image classification and object recognition. Convolutional neural network exploits spatial correlations in the images by performing convolution operations in local receptive fields. Convolutional neural networks are preferred over fully connected neural networks because they have fewer weights and are easier to train. Many research works have been conducted to reduce the computational complexity and memory requirements of convolutional neural network, to make it applicable to the low-power embedded applications with limited memories. This paper presents the architecture design of convolutional neural network with binary weights and activations, also known as binary neural network, on an FPGA platform. Weights and input activations are binarized with only two values, +1 and −1. This reduces all the fixed point multiplication operations in convolutional layers and fully connected layers to 1-bit XNOR operations. The proposed design uses only on-chip memories. Furthermore, an efficient implementation of batch normalization operation is introduced. When evaluating the CIFAR-10 benchmark, the proposed FPGA design can achieve a processing rate of 332,158 images per second with with accuracy of 86.06% using 1-bit quantized weights and activations.
Nosocomial amplification of MERS-coronavirus in South Korea, 2015.

Background Nosocomial amplification resulted in nearly 200 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) during the 2015 South Korean MERS-coronavirus outbreak. It remains unclear whether certain types of cases were more likely to cause secondary infections than others, and if so, why. Methods Publicly available demographic and transmission network data for all cases were collected from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and the likelihood of human-to-human transmission. Findings from the statistical analyses were used to inform a hypothesis-directed literature review, through which mechanistic explanations for nosocomial amplification were developed. Results Cases that failed to recover from MERS were more likely to cause secondary infections than those that did. Increased probability of direct, human-to-human transmission due to clinical manifestations associated with death, as well as indirect transmission via environmental contamination (e.g., fomites and indoor ventilation systems), may serve as mechanistic explanations for nosocomial amplification of MERS-coronavirus in South Korea. Conclusions In addition to closely monitoring contacts of MERS cases that fail to recover during future nosocomial outbreaks, potential fomites with which they may have had contact should be sanitized. Furthermore, indoor ventilation systems that minimize recirculation of pathogen-bearing droplets should be implemented whenever possible.
The association between adaptive functioning and parents’ attributions for children’s emotions

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that adaptive functioning influences parents’ attributions for children’s social behaviours. However, the influence of adaptive functioning on parents’ attributions for ch...
Factors influencing siderophore-mediated biocontrol activity of rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp.

Variable efficacy of biological control agents between different sites of application poses a significant obstacle to agronomic application of biocontrol strategies. Theoretically, any factor influencing the activity or establishment of a biocontrol agent will influence its field performance. The sensitivity of the indigenous pathogen population to a biocontrol agent may be one factor varying among agricultural fields. Certain Pseudomonas spp. strains control potato seed piece decay and soft rot diseases caused by Erwinia carotovora, due to the production of fluorescent siderophore(s). Sensitivity to biocontrol by Pseudomonas spp. varies among the target E. carotovora strains evaluated (Xu and Gross, 1986b). Studies were initiated to identify the siderophores produced by E. carotovora and their potential roles in interactions with Pseudomonas spp. All of 23 E. carotovora strains tested produced a catechol siderophore but only strain W3C105 produced the hydroxamate siderophore, aerobactin. We postulate that iron-acquisition systems of target E. carotovora strains may influence their sensitivities to siderophore-mediated biocontrol by Pseudomonas spp.
Demographic, social, economic and geographic factors associated with long-term outcomes in a cohort of cardiac arrest survivors.

Abstract Background Demographic, social, economic and geographic factors are associated with increased short-term mortality after cardiac arrest. We sought to determine if these factors are additionally associated with long-term outcome differences using a detailed clinical database linked to state-wide administrative data. Methods We included cardiac arrest patients surviving to hospital discharge from five hospitals in the United States from 2005 to 2013, with follow-up through 2015. We obtained information on sex, race, arrest location, initial rhythm, median ZIP code income, post-arrest illness severity, cardiac catheterization, internal cardioverter-defibrillator insertion, rural residence and drive time from residence to the nearest acute care hospital. We used Cox proportional hazard models identify predictors of mortality. Results We included 891 patients followed for 2081 patient-years. There were 340 deaths with median survival 6 years. In adjusted models we identified an interaction effect between median ZIP code income and cardiac catheterization. Among patients who had cardiac catheterization there was an attenuated benefit from cardiac catheterization at progressively lower neighborhood incomes (adjusted HR: 0.21 to 0.46 to 0.56). Residence more than 20 min from the nearest acute care hospital was associated with increased hazard of death (adjusted HR: 1.48; 95%CI: 1.35–1.62), after controlling for rural residence and residence in a Medically Underserved Area/Population. Female patients showed less benefit following ICD placement (male adjusted HR: 0.49; female adjusted HR: 0.66). Conclusions There are persistent long-term outcome differences in cardiac arrest survival based on sex, income, and geographic access acute care.
Sampling Extremal Trajectories for Planar Rigid Bodies

This paper presents an approach to finding the time-optimal trajectories for a simple rigid-body model of a mobile robot in an obstacle-free plane. Previous work has used Pontryagin’s Principle to find strong necessary conditions on time-optimal trajectories of the rigid body; trajectories satisfying these conditions are called extremal trajectories. The main contribution of this paper is a method for sampling the extremal trajectories sufficiently densely to guarantee that for any pair of start and goal configurations, a trajectory can be found that (provably) approximately reaches the goal, approximately optimally; the quality of the approximation is only limited by the availability of computational resources.
Potential metabolism of pharmaceuticals in radish: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro exposure.

Metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plants is important to evaluate their fate and accumulation in vegetables, and subsequently the risks to human health. However, limited knowledge is available to evaluate metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plants due to the lack of appropriate research approaches. In this study, radish was selected as a model plant to investigate metabolism of pharmaceuticals in intact plants (in vivo) growing in hydroponic solution and in plant tissue enzyme extracts (in vitro). For caffeine, six phase-I demethylation metabolites identified in the intact radish plant were also found in the plant enzyme extracts. After 7 days of in vivo exposure, the amount of the identified metabolites was about 5.4 times greater than the parent compound caffeine in radish roots. Furthermore, the metabolism potential of fifteen pharmaceuticals in radish was evaluated on the basis of mass balance. After 7 days of hydroponic exposure, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, carbamazepine, lincomycin, monensin and tylosin manifested relatively less extent of metabolism with the mass recoveries ranging from 52.3 to 78.2%. In contrast, 17 β-estradiol, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, estrone, triclosan, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbadox and lamotrigine underwent extensive metabolism with only 3.0 to 32.1% of the parent compound recovered. In the in vitro system, 17 β-estradiol, estrone, triclosan, oxytetracycline, acetaminophen, sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were readily metabolized in radish root enzyme extracts with 1.8 to 34.0% remaining after 96-h exposure. While in the leaf enzyme extracts, only triclosan was rapidly metabolized with 49.2% remaining, and others pharmaceuticals were ≥60%, indicating that the varying extents of metabolism occurred in different plant parts. This study highlights the importance of pharmaceutical metabolism in plants, and suggests that plant tissue enzyme extracts could serve as an alternative tool to assess pharmaceutical metabolism in plants.
THE GRAVID ATRIUM: AN UNCOMMON CAUSE OF SHORTNESS OF BREATH IN PREGNANCY AND THE EXPANDING ROLE OF CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF CARDIAC MASSES

A 23 year-old woman who was 14 weeks pregnant presented with progressive dyspnea. Physical exam was notable for peripheral edema and an intermittent low pitched diastolic murmur. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed a left atrial mass creating moderate functional mitral stenosis (mean
Hyperkalemia in women with acne exposed to oral spironolactone: A retrospective study from the RADAR (Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports) program

Purpose The necessity of serum potassium monitoring for healthy women who are prescribed spironolactone for acne has been debated. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of hyperkalemia in women 18 to 45 years of age to that in women 46 to 65 years of age, when treated with oral spironolactone for acne. Methods and materials Data for all women 18 to 65 years of age who were prescribed oral spironolactone by a dermatologist for acne between January 2006 and October 2016 were extracted for analysis. Retrospective data were included for women who exhibited baseline serum potassium within the normal limits and who had repeat serum potassium monitoring within 12 months after initiation of spironolactone. The rate of incident hyperkalemia was determined. Results Of 618 women who received spironolactone for acne, 133 had serum potassium monitoring both before and after spironolactone initiation. Nine were excluded due to confounding comorbidities. Of the remaining 124 women, the mean age at initiation of spironolactone was 32 years (range, 18-57 years); 112 women were in the 18 to 45 years age group, and 12 were in the 46 to 65 years age group. All women had serum potassium within normal limits at baseline. Women in the 46 to 65 years age group had a significantly higher rate of incident hyperkalemia after spironolactone initiation compared with women 18 to 45 years of age (2 of 12 women [16.7%] vs. 1 of 112 women [ Conclusions Although controversy surrounds the clinical utility of serum potassium monitoring in healthy women exposed to spironolactone for acne, based on the findings from this large patient population, monitoring of serum potassium is warranted for women over 45 years of age given an age-related greater risk of hyperkalemia.
Cytologic features of aggressive variants of follicular-derived thyroid carcinoma

Certain carcinomas of the thyroid gland behave aggressively resulting in increased patient morbidity and poor patient prognosis. The diagnosis of these aggressive thyroid cancer subtypes is sometimes challenging and subject to increased interobserver variability. This review deals with the cytological features of such tumors including aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. These malignancies fall into 2 groups based on their cytomorphology: those that exhibit distinct microscopic features (eg, nuclear findings typical of classical papillary thyroid carcinoma or marked anaplasia) and those that present with more subtle cytologic features (eg, nuclear pseudostratification, "soap bubble" nuclei, supranuclear or subnuclear cytoplasmic vacuoles, rosette-like structures, hobnail cells). We review the literature regarding these aggressive thyroid cancers and highlight important phenotypic characteristics that can be useful for their diagnosis based on fine needle aspiration.
A Scalable and Reliable Model for Real-time Air Quality Prediction

Air pollution has become a concern for people in California. Predictions of Air Quality Index are, on one hand, benefit by the high frequency, the large number of sampling stations, and the substantial size of relevant data. On the other hand, it is challenging to effectively store, manage, and process a vast amount of data in real-time. In this research, we explore a pipeline to store, process, and make predictions applying machine learning models to the air quality datasets. The pipeline was built using Apache Spark SQL and Spark machine learning libraries (MLlib) on AWS Elastic MapReduce (EMR). Using a 10-year air quality dataset of California, we developed Logistic Regression and Random Forest Classification machine learning models on a local machine as well as on a distributed system. We found that employing Amazon S3, MongoDB and Apache Spark, the distributed setting on a cluster achieved better computational performance than a non-distributed setting.
Privacy apps for smartphones: An assessment of users’ preferences and limitations

Smartphones are becoming our most trusted computing devices for storing and dealing with highly sensitive information which makes smartphones an essential platform to take under control utilizing privacy-preserving applications (apps). There exists a variety of privacy preserving apps on the mobile platform which claims to offer a potential way for people to protect data on their mobile phone. However, there has been no systematic study of these apps and what features and functionalities they offer or what may contribute to their under-utilization by mobile users. In this study, we analyzed the general functionalities of iOS privacy preserving apps by examining features designed to support user engagement and their privacy preserving functionalities. In addition, we examined user experiences, through a thematic analysis of publicly available user reviews of sampled apps. Our findings provide insight from users’ reviews and their usability challenges in use of these privacy apps as well as the fundamental privacy features they are seeking. We believe these findings will guide privacy application developers in building appropriate functionalities that is more realistic and relevant to mobile users’ daily life. In addition, this study provides the preliminary steps towards a comprehensive and actionable privacy tools/architecture for mobile phones that is human centered.
Densely packed hollow structured carbon with graphene-like shells on carbon cloth for high power supercapacitors

Supercapacitors are effective energy storage devices for electronics, with a prominent characteristics of high power density. Electrode design is an essential topic in the research of supercapacitors. In this study, we demonstrate a new type of supercapacitor electrodes and their fast charging/discharging application potential. Specifically, (1) Co-based compound nanowire arrays were first grown onto the carbon cloth by a facile hydrothermal route. (2) A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was subsequently performed, involving the in-situ thermal transformation of Co-based compound nanowire arrays to densely packed metallic sub-micron Co particles, and the following metallic cobalt catalyzed growth of nano-carbons onto the Co particles. (3) An acid etching process was finally carried out to remove the Co particles, leading to the formation of hollow structured carbon electrode materials on carbon cloth substrate. High magnification scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and element mapping technologies revealed the clear graphene-like carbon shells, and the intriguing hollow structure. Benefiting from the porous framework of carbon cloth for favorable accommodation of electrode materials, and the new type CVD produced hollow structured carbon particles with graphene-like shells for superior electronic and ionic conductivity, the electrode performance in three-electrode measurement indicates an successful electrode design.
Demand for collective goods in private nonprofit markets: Can fundraising expenditures help overcome free-rider behavior?

Abstract Economic theory ascribes the primary role in the provision of public goods to government. This emphasis on government overlooks the role of the not-for-profit sector in providing collective-type goods. In this paper we seek to determine the factors influencing charitable contributions to private nonprofit organizations by estimating a demand function for the output of these collective-good providers. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that voluntary giving is responsive to conventional market variables such as advertising expenditures, price, and quality. Overall, the results are strongly supportive.
Assessing the Validity of Self-rated Health Across Ethnic Groups: Implications for Health Disparities Research.

This study examines the association between morbidity (i.e., chronic health conditions) and self-rated health (SRH) with the aim of testing the within-group and across-group validity of SRH across nine ethnic groups: non-Latinx White, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, African American, Afro-Caribbean, Chinese, Filipino, and Vietnamese Americans. In addition, we assess whether acculturation (i.e., nativity, years of US residency, language of interview) and health-related factors (e.g., mental disorder) account for ethnic distinctions in SRH. Data are from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) and the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) (N = 8338). Weighted proportions and means for SRH and chronic conditions are reported. Ordered logistic regression analysis is used to determine ethnic group patterns in SRH. Despite evidence of within-group validity of SRH for each ethnic group, our results seriously challenge the across-group validity of SRH. For example, Chinese and Vietnamese respondents report lower SRH despite having fewer chronic conditions relative to non-Latinx Whites. Moreover, Mexican Americans report fewer chronic health problems but lower SRH compared to non-Latinx Whites. Acculturation factors (e.g., language of interview) partially explain the Mexican–White difference in SRH. Among Chinese Americans, completing an interview in English is associated with higher SRH relative to those who completed an interview in Chinese. These findings have implications for health disparities research that uses SRH as the dependent measure. Studies that compare the health profiles of diverse ethnic groups should use the SRH measure with caution, as SRH does not align with ethnic patterns of morbidity.
A New Method for Tuning Transistor-Based Non-Foster Negative Impedance Circuits for Low-Frequency Antennas

In this paper, a new method for tuning a transistor-based non-Foster circuit is introduced. Traditional non-Foster circuits invert a load impedance to create a negative impedance slope. Adjustments are made by modifying the load impedance. Previous work has added tunability by replacing the load with a varactor. This paper presents a new method of creating a tunable non-Foster circuit that does not rely on modifying the load.
Systems Development Process Improvement: A Knowledge Integration Perspective

Although organizations have applied a variety of practices and tools to address information systems development (ISD) performance problems, most of these approaches have focused on controlling and improving predictability of the development process. There is growing recognition that ISD is a knowledge-intensive process that requires the integration of specialized stakeholder knowledge. We develop the perspective that integration of this specialized knowledge across knowledge boundaries in the ISD process drives ISD performance. We theorize that formal and informal organizational integrative practices influence ISD performance, because they facilitate the development of boundary objects that effectively span knowledge boundaries. Results from a field study of 110 firms provide considerable support for the proposed model. The paper makes three novel contributions to the technology management literature. First, it demonstrates that integrating knowledge across knowledge boundaries through boundary objects improves ISD performance. Second, it shows how formal and informal organizational integrative practices enhance the integration of specialized knowledge within and across organizational subunits. Third, it shows that the positive influence of formal and informal organizational integrative practices on ISD performance is partially mediated by knowledge integration. For engineering and technology managers, the results highlight the centrality of knowledge integration for the management of technology development. Collectively, these findings offer a novel knowledge integration-based perspective that complements prior research on systems development and new product development.
Using P. Samuelson’s 1952 Assessment of the Role of Mathematics in Economics To Evaluate Keynes’s Is-Lm Model in Part IV on Pp. 298–299 in Chapter 21 of the General Theory

P. Samuelson showed clearly in 1952 that a mathematical economics analysis using abstract symbols can be written out in clear English(or any other language) as well. Samuelson’s assessment of the interchangeability of a correctly translated mathematical analysis into English was clearly accomplished by Keynes in the presentation of his IS-LM model in Part IV on pp.298-299 in Chapter 21 of the General Theory. The only two possible conclusions that explain the total failure of macroeconomists since 1936, excluding D. Champernowne, Keynes’s best student, to understand Keynes’s IS-LM model as presented in Part IV on pp.298-299 in Chapter 21 of the General Theory is (a) that they are either very poor applied mathematicians or (b) they have been misled by the Pseudo Keynesians, identified by Terrence Hutchison as consisting of Joan Robinson, Austin Robinson, Richard Kahn, and Roy Harrod in a 1977 Hobart study.
Analysis of a Co-57 flood source

2136 Objectives : Daily extrinsic quality control (QC) is performed on gamma cameras every morning to assure that they are working efficiently. For the last year, a 20 mCi Co-57 flood source (Isotope Products, Valencia, CA) has been used for QC on one of our dual head cameras (Philips Axis, Bothell, WA). Recently a new 20 mCi flood source was received from the same company. Upon trying to map the new flood source on the gamma camera, it saturated the crystal and sent the photomultiplier tubes (PMT) out of balance. There have been no changes in either the camera or departmental QC procedures within the past two years. We propose to determine why the previous 20 mCi Co-57 flood source worked for QC and the new one does not. Methods : Using the new flood source, the first step was to determine at what distance from the camera head crystal saturation was achieved. This was done by slowly advancing the flood source towards the camera until the counts fell off. Next, the flood source was placed on the camera face with the camera heads at maximum distance from one another (~30 in). Using a pulse height analyzer (PHA) with a 50 % window, the spectrum was viewed to determine the presence of impurities in the flood source. A small peak was detected at ~ 680 keV. Counts were then taken weekly over this peak in order to determine if it was decaying. Results : Crystal saturation was initially achieved at roughly 15 inches from the camera face. After completing 3 months of counts, the 20 mCi flood source was still saturating the crystal at the camera face. It was thought that the 680 keV peak was originally an impurity, when in actuality, it is a minor Co-57 peak (692 keV). Conclusions : Upon completion of the impurity analysis, it was concluded that there were no additional impurities besides Co-56 and Co-58. Therefore, the quality control problems that we have been experiencing appear to be with the Co-57 flood source itself. We will continue to conduct additional testing on the flood source prior to returning it to the company. Isotope Products will perform further testing and provide us with a final report.
Evolutionarily conserved sequences of striated muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms. Epitope mapping by cDNA expression

A cDNA expression strategy was used to localize amino acid sequences which were specific for fast, as opposed to slow, isoforms of the chicken skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) and which were conserved in vertebrate evolution. Five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), termed F18, F27, F30, F47, and F59, were prepared that reacted with all of the known chicken fast MHC isoforms but did not react with any of the known chicken slow nor with smooth muscle MHC isoforms. The epitopes recognized by mAbs F18, F30, F47, and F59 were on the globular head fragment of the MHC, whereas the epitope recognized by mAb F27 was on the helical tail or rod fragment. Reactivity of all five mAbs also was confined to fast MHCs in the rat, with the exception of mAb F59, which also reacted with the beta-cardiac MHC, the single slow MHC isoform common to both the rat heart and skeletal muscle. None of the five epitopes was expressed on amphioxus, nematode, or Dictyostelium MHC. The F27 and F59 epitopes were found on shark, electric ray, goldfish, newt, frog, turtle, chicken, quail, rabbit, and rat MHCs. The epitopes recognized by these mAbs were conserved, therefore, to varying degrees through vertebrate evolution and differed in sequence from homologous regions of a number of invertebrate MHCs and myosin-like proteins. The sequence of those epitopes on the head were mapped using a two-part cDNA expression strategy. First, Bal31 exonuclease digestion was used to rapidly generate fragments of a chicken embryonic fast MHC cDNA that were progressively deleted from the 3' end. These cDNA fragments were expressed as beta-galactosidase/MHC fusion proteins using the pUR290 vector; the fusion proteins were tested by immunoblotting for reactivity with the mAbs; and the approximate locations of the epitopes were determined from the sizes of the cDNA fragments that encoded a particular epitope. The epitopes were then precisely mapped by expression of overlapping cDNA fragments of known sequence that covered the approximate location of the epitopes. With this method, the epitope recognized by mAb F59 was mapped to amino acids 211-231 of the chicken embryonic fast MHC and the three distinct epitopes recognized by mAbs F18, F30, and F47 were mapped to amino acids approximately 65-92. Each of these epitope sequences is at or near the ATPase active site.
Chemistry in the ISM: the ALMA (r)evolution The cloudy crystal ball of one astrochemist

Increases in knowledge in various subfields of galactic astrochemistry that will ensue as ALMA becomes operational are discussed. A distinction is made between evolutionary and revolutionary changes. It is proposed that the most revolutionary enhancements will occur in our knowledge of small-scale structure and the attendant need for more complex chemical models that contain spatial inhomogeneities and dynamics as well as chemical processes.
Feedback control of rat liver tryptophan pyrrolase. I. End product inhibition of trytophan pyrrolase activity.

Abstract The enzyme tryptophan pyrrolase, which catalyzes the first irreversible step in the degradative metabolism of tryptophan in mammalian liver, has been purified by a new procedure which is simple and affords relatively high yields. The highly purified enzyme has been found to be strongly inhibited by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which may be considered as the ultimate distal product of the conversion of tryptophan to functional nicotinyl derivatives. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of tryptophan pyrrolase by NADPH indicates a type of "allosteric" inhibition. Other nicotinyl derivatives such as NADH, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide, or nicotinic acid, are inhibitory to the enzyme, but only at considerably higher concentrations. Mild heating of purified tryptophan pyrrolase in the presence of tryptophan results in an enzyme which is no longer inhibited by NADPH but which still possesses a significant degree of tryptophan pyrrolase activity. Two fractions of tryptophan pyrrolase have been separated from each other on Sephadex G-200 columns. The highly active form of the enzyme, which is eluted with the void volume, is sensitive to NADPH inhibition, whereas the relatively inactive form, eluting well after the void volume, appears to be virtually insensitive to this inhibitor. On the basis of these studies the effect of NADPH upon tryptophan pyrrolase is postulated as conversion of a polymeric form of the enzyme to the monomeric, or relatively inactive, form by its action at a specific inhibitory site on the enzyme.
Ab initio studies of structural features not easily amenable to experiment: The molecular structures of two low-energy forms of unionized serine

Abstract The structures of two unionized conformations of serine were refined without geometrical constraints using standard single determinant ab initio procedures on the 4-21G level. The results represent the best now available estimate for the unobserved equilibrium geometry of this system.
Insulin receptor autophosphorylation in cultured myoblasts correlates to glucose disposal in Pima Indians

In a previous study [Youngren, J. F., I. D. Goldfire, and R. E. Pratley. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (Endocrinol. Metab. 36): E276–E283, 1997] of skeletal muscle biopsies from insulin-resistant, nondiabeti...
Urinary 17-Ketosteroids in Various Endocrine Disorders

On the basis of all that has been said, it is possible to state that the clinical determination of the 17-ketosteroids and their fractions (αand β) is very valuable for the diagnosis of disorders of the endocrine glands. However, in evaluating the data from these analyses, it is necessary to take into consideration the clinical picture and the results of other studies: pneumoadenography, the peripheral blood picture, biochemical data, characteristic changes in metabolism, etc.
Measurements of Abundances and Ages of Old Disk Clusters

The old disk clusters represent a striking contrast to the globular clusters which will be discussed extensively at this meeting in that the disk clusters show few anomalies. This makes a discussion of their abundance measurements of particular interest at this meeting, and may shed some light on the cause of the peculiar behavior of the halo objects. It is also appropriate to discuss the ages of the clusters since the HR diagram is a major tool for obtaining the ages of stars. A complete sequence of stars of one age in a cluster can be fitted to the ZAMS of theoretical models, and accurate abundances averaged over numerous stars in the cluster can be estimated. We will discuss the ages and abundances of 11 disk clusters for which UBV and DDO photometry are available in the literature. This limits the sample to those for which good color-magnitude (C-M) diagrams exist. In addition we present the C-M diagrams of two clusters that we have studied and that are not yet published elsewhere. We will use these clusters to illustrate our procedures.
The crystal structure of β-BaFe2S4: The first member in the infinitely adaptive series Bap(Fe2S4)q

Single crystals of the compound β-BaFe2S4, the first member in the infinitely adaptive series of compounds Bap(Fe2S4)q, were synthesized in a solid-state reaction by heating 1 BaS and 2Fe at 800±3°C and 6.7 atm sulfur vapor pressure. The 108 nonequivalent X-ray diffraction intensities were collected with an automatic single-crystal diffractometer. The compound is tetragonal, I4/m, a=b=7.678(2) , c=5.292(4) , z=2. The structure was refined with anisotropic temperature factors to R=wR=0.031. The (FeS2)∞ framework is formed by isolated columns of edge-sharing FeS4 tetrahedra with Ba location between the columns at z=0 and 1/2. The Ba is in 12-fold coordination at the center of a capped tetragonal prism.
On The Ethical Significance Of The Ti–Yong Distinction

Etude de la signification ethique de la distinction ti-yong (substance-fonction) dans la pensee neoconfuceenne. Soulignant la dimension relative et contextuelle des deux notions, l'A. montre que leur sens respectif oscille entre l'abstrait et le concret, la theorie et la pratique, la connaissance et l'action, designant a la fois les principes et la pratique de la vertu, les regles et le sens de la vie, la tradition et la modernite de la culture chinoise.
Use of an Online Simulation to Promote Content Learning

Educators seek effective methods of teaching concepts in ways that engage the learner. One potential method involves the use of simulations, including online simulations. In this exploratory study, researchers examined the pretest and posttest written products of 30 preservice social studies teachers to determine the amount and depth of knowledge before and after taking part in an online simulation. Results indicated that gains in knowledge from the pretest to the posttest were statistically significant, but that the depth of knowledge gained was rather limited in scope. Findings have implications for those considering using or designing online or other simulations as content learning tools in the social sciences and other educational fields.
Induced cell aggregation and mating in Streptococcus faecalis: evidence for a bacterial sex pheromone

Abstract Recipient strains of Streptococcus faecalis produce a trypsin sensitive, heat resistant, nuclease resistant factor, designated clumping-inducing agent (CIA) which causes strains carrying certain conjugative plasmids to aggregate. RNA and protein synthesis but not DNA synthesis are required for aggregation to occur. Recipient filtrates that contain CIA activity also induce donors to mate at high frequencies. Introduction of a transferable plasmid into strains producing CIA dramatically reduces the amount of CIA activity produced by the strain but allows the strain to respond to exogenously added CIA. Our data suggest that CIA represents a bacterial sex hormone (pheromone).
Methodological Considerations in Cross-national Consumer Research

The field of consumer behavior has evolved rapidly in a relatively brief perod of time. The depth as well as the breadth of the research on consumer behavior has been impressive. However, most of the research in the area has one common limitation: it is culture bound. Nearly all consumer studies have been conducted in the United States. Thus, the principles which have been developed are associated only with U.S. consumer behavior; the theories which have been derived can legitimately be used to describe, predict, or understand consumer behavior only in the United States.
Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with a combination of intranasal salmon calcitonin and oral calcium and thiazide.

The purpose of this study was to establish the smallest dose of nasally administered salmon calcitonin (SCT) which, if given in conjunction with a previously published calcium/thiazide treatment, would be as effective as parenteral SCT in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Forty patients suffering from symptomatic Paget's disease were treated with 0.5 g calcium three times daily, 10 mg/day clopamide, and 400 IU nasally administered salmon calcitonin given once or twice weekly. This regimen was given for 5 months, after which all treatment was ceased for 4 months. Parenteral SCT (100 IU) was then given three times weekly for 5 months to 25 of the patients. With the oral/nasal treatment, the plasma alkaline phosphatase level (AP) decreased by 30±15 (SD) % when the SCT was given once weekly and by 39±11% (P<0.05) when the SCT was given twice weekly. There were similar decreases in the fasting urinary hydroxyproline: creatinine ratios. The parenteral SCT reduced the AP by 33±23%. Though reduction in bone pain was similar with both treatments, most patients preferred the oral/nasal treatment. It is concluded that the oral/nasal treatment, when the SCT is given twice weekly, has similar efficacy to parenteral SCT, and is a well tolerated, effective initial treatment for Paget's disease of bone.
Labor market polarization in South Korea: The role of policy failures in growing inequality

This study provides a complement to the structural understandings of labor market polarization in South Korea by highlighting its policy-related aspects. It argues that there have been considerable policy failures by the Korean government, which have offset any possible positive effects of new redistributive and anti-poverty policy measures.
A Simplified Catalytic Converter Model for Automotive Coldstart Control Applications

More than three-fourths of the unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions in a typical drive cycle of an automotive engine are produced in the initial 2 minutes of operation, commonly known as the coldstart period. Catalyst light-off plays a very important role in reducing these emissions. Model-based paradigm is used to develop a control-oriented, thermodynamics based simple catalyst model for coldstart purposes. It is a modified version of an available model consisting of thermal dynamics and static efficiency maps, the critical modification being in the thermal sub-model. Oxygen storage phenomenon does not play a significant role during the warm-up of the engine. The catalyst is modeled as a second-order system consisting of catalyst brick temperature and temperature of the feedgas flowing through the catalyst as its states. Energy balance of an unsteady flow through a control volume is used to model the feedgas temperature, whereas energy balance of a closed system is used to model the catalyst brick temperature. Wiebe profiles are adopted to empirically model the HC emissions conversion properties of the catalyst as a function of the catalyst temperature and the air-fuel ratio. The static efficiency maps are further extended to include the effects of spatial velocity of the feedgas. Experimental results indicate good agreement with the model estimates for the catalyst warm-up. It is shown that the model represents the system more accurately as compared to the previous model on which it is based and offers a broader scope for analysis.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Instrument breakage associated with arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint: Report of a case

A case is reported in which instrument breakage occurred in the temporomandibular joint during arthroscopic surgery. The technique used for removal of the broken metal fragment is described.