cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multimethod investigation of the impact of attentional control on a brief intervention for anxiety and depression.

Objective Anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety) is a malleable risk factor for anxiety and depression. Brief computerized interventions, including elements of psychoeducation, interoceptive exposure, and cognitive bias modification (CBM) can reduce anxiety and depression through AS reductions. These interventions are not equally efficacious for all who receive them, suggesting the need to explore moderators. Attentional control (AC), the ability to regulate attentional processes by focusing and shifting attention as needed, has been linked to AS, anxiety, and depression suggesting that it may moderate treatment efficacy. The moderating effects of self-report and neurophysiological (i.e., theta/beta ratio, occipital alpha power) indices associated with AC processes on a brief AS-focused intervention were examined. Method Participants (M age = 36.43, SD = 16.47; 57.5% female) were randomized to cognitive AS treatment (n = 67) or a repeated contact control (n = 60). Results Occipital alpha power moderated the rate of change in AS across three weekly treatment sessions as well as the effects of the intervention on anxiety and depression symptoms at the 1-month follow-up. Lower alpha power was associated with a swifter reduction in AS symptoms and marginally lower levels of anxiety and depression at follow-up. AC indices were not correlated with each other. Conclusions These findings present a novel hypothesis that lower AC as indexed by occipital alpha power might increase treatment gains in the context of a brief transdiagnostic treatment for anxiety and depression. These findings also highlight the need for external validity studies of AC indices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Introduction "Iberia, the Mediterranean and the larger world in the late medieval and early modern periods"

Introduccio al dossier "Iberia, the Mediterranean and the larger world in the late medieval and early modern periods".
Resilience-based Recovery Scheduling of Transportation Network in Mixed Traffic Environment: A Deep-Ensemble-Assisted Active Learning Approach

Abstract Devising effective post-hazard recovery strategies is critical in enhancing the resilience of transportation networks (TNs). However, existing work does not consider the multiclass users’ travel behavior in network functionality quantification and the metaheuristic solution procedures often suffer from extensive computational burden due to the exploration need in large solution space and the expensive functionality quantification. This study develops a bilevel decision-making framework for the resilience-based recovery scheduling of the TN in a mixed traffic environment with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and human-driven vehicles (HDVs). The lower level quantifies the TN's functionality over time considering different travel behavior of CAV and HDV users arisen from their different levels of information perception. The upper level presents a novel deep-ensemble-assisted active learning approach to balance optimization performance and computational cost. This framework can help decision makers better quantify the TN's functionality to support effective recovery scheduling of TN with different mixed traffic scenarios ranging from HDV-only to future CAV-dominant traffic. The optimization approach bears the potential to be extended to solving general large-scale network recovery scheduling problems effectively and efficiently. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a real-world traffic network in Southern California under earthquake considering deterministic and stochastic repair durations.
Análisis de la conducta temporal de los ADRs latinoamericanos

This paper investigates the time series properties of the return of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) issued by Latin American companies. Specifically, we examine the presence of nonlinear trends and chaos. The motivation of the paper is twofold: First, we use a micro data set, wich can avoid the problems encountered by previous research of nonlinearity an chaos in micro financial data. Second, we choose returns of Latin American ADRs because of its unique characteristics, which might make them to behave differently from the U.S. capital market as a whole. Even though the powerful BDS statistic strongly suggests the presence of nonlinearity in the Latin American ADRs returns. The BDS statistics, applied to the standardized residuals of the EGARCH model, rejects heteroskedasticity as the cause of nonlinearity. On the other hands, the locally weighted regression indicates the presence of chaos in the Latin American ADRs returns. Our results are relevant because previous research has failed to report evidence of chaos in stock returns.
Fatal hit-and-run crashes: Factors associated with leaving the scene

Abstract Introduction: Hit-and-run crashes are a criminal offense that leave the victim without prompt medical care or the ability to receive financial compensation. Method: The purpose of the current study was to quantify the factors associated with the probability that a driver leaves the scene of a fatal crash, using multiple imputation to incorporate information from drivers who were never apprehended and thus whose characteristics were unknown. Results: The results of this study show that in addition to driver, vehicle, and environmental factors having significant impacts on the likelihood of a driver fleeing the scene, economic and demographic factors are important as well. Practical Applications: This analysis allows for a more holistic understanding of hit-and-run crashes and informs potential countermeasures and future research.
Piston Fuel Films as a Source of Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Wall-Controlled Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Engine

Thin films of liquid fuel can form on the piston surface in spark-ignited direct-injection (SIDI) engines. These fuel films can result in pool fires that lead to deposit formation and increased hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions. Previous investigations of the effects of piston fuel films on engine-out HC and smoke emissions have been hampered by their inability to measure the fuel-film mass in operating direct-injection engines. In this paper, a recently developed high-speed refractive-index-matching imaging technique is used for quantitative time- and space-resolved measurements of fuel-film mass on a quartz piston window of an optically-accessible direct-injection engine operating over a range of fully-warmed-up stratified-charge conditions with both a high-pressure hollow-cone swirl-type injector and with a high-pressure multihole injector. Measured fuel-film mass is a small percentage of the total fuel injected with the high-pressure swirl injector (maximum of ∼1% with gasoline fuel and ∼0.1% with isooctane fuel). Most of the piston fuel-film mass evaporates during the cycle and burns as a pool fire. These pool fires are observed by endoscopic and through-the-piston imaging, and the occurrence and location of the pool fires are consistent with the measured piston fuel films. The fuel-film data are also correlated with engine-out HC and smoke emissions measurements from a conventional all-metal single-cylinder engine of the same design. Smoke emissions from the engine with a high-pressure swirl injector increase linearly with the measured fuel-film mass. Fuel films are found to be the dominant source of smoke emissions with the swirl injector in this engine, with ∼10% of the wall-film mass converted to emitted smoke mass. Smoke emissions from the engine with a high-pressure multihole injector are very small or zero, consistent with the much smaller measured fuel-film mass (∼0.05% of the injected gasoline fuel volume). In contrast, engine-out HC emissions do not correlate with fuel-film mass. For optimum injection timings, the measured fuel-film mass is so small that even in the unlikely event that all of the fuel film mass was converted to engine-out HC emissions, fuel films could account for less than 15% of the total HC emissions for the swirl injector and less than 2% for the multihole injector. For off-optimum injection timings, the HC emissions are significantly larger, but wall films can account for at most 35% of the unburned HC emissions. This is contrary to some previous studies that claimed fuel films were the largest contributor to HC emissions (∼80%) in stratified SIDI engines. The data from this engine support overmixing as the dominant source of HC emissions for optimum engine operating conditions. However, fuel films may be a significant source of HC emissions for cold start or low-speed engine-operating conditions.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of competitive exclusion products for use in poultry

Aims: Phenotypic and genotypic bacteria identification methods were compared for their efficacy in determining the composition of competitive exclusion (CE) products. Methods and Results: Phenotypic methods used for bacterial identification were fatty acid methyl ester profiles, biochemical assays and carbohydrate utilization profiles. Genotypic methods were MicroSeq16S rRNA sequence analysis and BLAST searches of the GenBank sequence database. Agreement between phenotypic and genotypic methods for identification of bacteria isolated from the Preempt CE product was 20%. A defined test mixture of bacteria was identified to the species level 100% by BLAST analysis, 64% by MicroSeq and 36% by phenotypic techniques. Conclusions: The wide range of facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria present in a CE product are more accurately identified with 16S rRNA sequence analyses than with phenotypic identification techniques. Significance and Impact of the Study: These results will provide guidelines for manufacturers of CE products to submit more reliable product information for market approval by regulatory agencies.
Characterization of Egg Yolk Antibodies for Detection and Quantification of Selenomonas ruminantium by Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.

The specificity of polyclonal antibodies prepared against strains of Selenomonas ruminantium, the effect of assay conditions, and quantification of individual strains in mixed-cell suspensions of selenomonad strains were examined in this study. Whole-cell suspensions were prepared with pure cultures of S. ruminantium PC18, HD4, GA192, and D. Each cell suspension was injected into a Leghorn laying hen, and polyclonal antibodies were harvested from eggs laid in week 3 or 7 following initial immunization. Antibodies made to the S. ruminantium strains readily discerned the homologous strain from the heterologous strains. Cross-reactivity among antibodies and the heterologous S. ruminantium strains ranged from 5 to 26%. Among non-S. ruminantium species, cross-reactivity of S. ruminantium antibodies was greatest with Selenomonas sputigena (3 to 34%) and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens (0 to 37%). Antibodies made to strains GA192 and D were used to quantify a mixture of the two strains. Both antibodies responded to graded concentrations of the homologous antigen in the biculture mixtures in accord with the change in the direct cell counts for each strain (strain D, R2 = 0.92; strain GA192, R2 = 0.90). This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay enabled concurrent and accurate quantification of two strains of S. ruminantium subsp. ruminantium in a mixed-cell suspension with a precision of much less than 1 order of magnitude.
EFFECTS OF AN EMPHASIS ON CONCEPTUALIZING TECHNIQUES DURING EARLY LEARNING OF A GROSS MOTOR SKILL.

Abstract Six randomly selected groups of 20 male college students with a right hand preference were studied to determine the effects of varying emphasis on conceptualizing and manual practice during the early learning of a novel ballistic gross motor skill. Variance analysis and an examination of learning curves indicated that five conceptualizing and manual practice methods were more effective in changing human performance than was practice limited to taking the three tests which were given to the control group at the beginning, middle, and conclusion of the four-week period. It was also found that alternating periods of emphasis on conceptualizing and manual practice was as effective as successive periods emphasizing manual practice.
Liquid chromatographic procedure for fermentation product analysis in the identification of anaerobic bacteria.

High-performance liquid chromatography with a cation-exchange resin-packed column was used to determine fermentation products of several known and unknown Clostridium species. The column was operated at 30°C, and isocratic elution was done with 0.013 N H2SO4. Sample preparation for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis required only membrane filtration. Glucose and formate were readily determined. Quantitative results were easily obtained. Chromatograms of eight unknown strains could be matched with chromatograms of at least one of the type culture strain chromatograms. In some cases, additional testing was necessary before identification could be made. The same conclusions were reached by parallel testing with gas chromatography to determine fermentation products. High-performance liquid chromatography is simple to apply and, under some conditions, is faster than gas chromatography for fermentation product analysis.
Simulation and testing of temperature distribution and resistance versus power for SWEAT and related Joule-heated metal-on-insulator structures

Standard wafer-level electromigration acceleration test (SWEAT) structures show a critical current for imminent thermal runaway for good metal films even within a linear resistance-versus-power relationship. Consideration of heat sinking and lateral thermal conduction along the metal gives a better knowledge of the origin of this critical current. This permits greater speed and stability of control in testing Joule-heated electromigration (SWEAT) structures, as well as improved understanding of the temperature profile associated with a given fractional resistance change during the accelerated life testing. >
The Third Degree and the Origins of Psychological Interrogation in the United States

On August 1, 1930, Christine Colletti was murdered and left lying on the side of an abandoned road with five bullet wounds (e.g., Leo, 1994). Shortly after learning of his wife’s death the next day, Tony Colletti, an 18-year-old Cleveland resident, accompanied plainclothes detectives to police headquarters for what he was told would be routine questioning. During the car ride to the station, Detectives Corso and Welch told Colletti that they knew “what really happened,” instructing Colletti to “come clean” and tell them about the murder. Colletti responded, as he would continue to do many times over the next two days, that he did not know what the detectives were talking about, explaining that he had last seen his wife the night before and was as surprised as everyone else to learn of her murder.
Effects of near infrared sensor distribution upon reconstructed optical properties of simultaneous ultrasound and NIR imaging

We have developed a combined ultrasound and near infrared imaging system for breast cancer detection. Since the combined imaging requires both ultrasound array and NIR sensors be deployed on the same probe for co-registration, the effects of missing optical sensors in the middle of the probe upon the accuracy of the reconstructed optical properties have been evaluated and the optimal distribution of near infrared (NIR) sensors for the combined ultrasound and optical imaging has been demonstrated. The simulation results have shown that the accuracy of optical reconstruction can be achieved as long as the missing optical sensor area is less than 2 cm by 2 cm. The simulation results will be verified by experiments.
Poly(oxyethylene)–cation interactions in aqueous solution: a molecular dynamics study

Abstract We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of a poly(oxyethylene) (POE) chain with 15 ethylene oxide units in an aqueous solution in the presence of potassium cations for 1 ns. The effect of the potassium ions on the POE aqueous solution characteristics are examined for the energetics, the hydration, the chain conformation and dynamics, and the solvent structure in comparison to those in the absence of cations. The POE's helical conformation is considerably distorted by complex formations with K+, and a significant perturbation of the POE hydration by K+ is observed. The competition between the K+–water and the K+–POE associations is found to be heavily shifted toward the latter. Furthermore, the POE–water pair interaction energy drastically decreases upon addition of K+. The observations, along with the decreased chain flexibility, point to the salting-out of POE salt aqueous solutions.
Design and Validation of a GPS Logger System for Recording Aerially Deployed Herbicide Ballistic Technology Operations

Herbicide ballistic technology (HBT) is an electro-pneumatic delivery system designed for administering 17.3-mm herbicide-filled projectiles (e.g., paintballs) to visually acquired weed targets. Currently, HBT is being deployed from a Hughes 500D helicopter platform in aerial surveillance operations to eliminate satellite invasive weed populations in remote natural watershed areas of Maui (HI, USA). In an effort to improve operations, we have integrated GPS and other sensor hardware into the electropneumatic device for instantaneous recording of time, origin, and trajectory of each projectile discharged by the applicator. These data are transmitted wirelessly to a custom android application that displays target information in real time both textually and graphically on a map.
From the Editor: Final Words

After serving as the editor for Journal of Family Economic Issues since 2001, I will step down by the end of 2011. The new editor will be Elizabeth Dolan at the University of New Hampshire. I believe she will be an excellent editor and bring more successes for JFEI in her term. For the past 11 years, I enjoyed working with the authors, reviewers, editorial board members, associate editors, guest editors, and production editors in Springer. I am gladly seeing that JFEI is growing from a smaller size journal that used to publish about 12 papers per year to now a journal with a larger size publishing over 40 papers per year. The authorship and readership have also been expanding to many other countries besides its traditional American bases. Since August 2008, we started to use the online editorial management system that increased greatly the efficiency and accuracy of manuscript management and effectively facilitated communications between editors, reviewers and authors. I would like to thank the University of Rhode Island for providing a supportive environment for me as the editor in the past years. I also thank production editors in Springer, Jennifer Hadley, Sharon Panulla, Priya Sambandam and Latha Kalyanaraman, for providing guidance and assistance promptly and ably when needed. In my term as the editor, I encouraged submissions of original empirical, conceptual, and review papers on important family economic issues from diverse academic fields and from diverse regions around the world. More importantly, I encouraged original papers written by interdisciplinary teams. I asked authors to discuss how the family economic issues focused in their papers are related to family well-being. I let authors beware that the readers of this journal are from diverse disciplines and asked the authors to make their writing accessible to this diverse readership. In addition, I also asked authors of papers using a specific country data not only to convey unique information about that country but also discuss its contributions to the general, family economic literature. I hope JFEI will continue its tradition of being an interdisciplinary and international forum for researchers who are interested in important family economic issues worldwide.
Treatment of children with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: safety and efficacy of low-density lipoprotein apheresis.

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of dextran sulfate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis in the treatment of three children (aged 6, 7, and 10 years) with severe familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia and undetectable LDL receptor activity. A total of 35 double plasma volume procedures were performed. The ranges of the mean decreases of the three patients in plasma lipid concentrations after LDL apheresis ( p r values) for preapheresis total cholesterol values ( r =0.70; p r =0.61; p
HYDRIDE ABSTRACTION REACTIVITY OF HALORUTHENOCENIUMS AND HALOOSMOCENIUMS

[Cp2RuCl]PF6 reacts with benzylruthenocene in acetonitrile with a 1:1 stoichiometry to produce Cp2Ru and phenylruthenocenyl methylium cation. Similar hydride abstraction reactivity has also been ob...
Tumor specific response to photodynamic therapy

The exact mechanism by which photodynamic therapy (PDT) causes tumor destruction has not been elucidated. Early reports indicated that PDT causes direct cellular effects probably mediated by unstable oxygen species, resulting in cellular oxidation and death. More recently, PDT effects on tumor blood flow have been implicated, and there are questions as to whether the PDT response is specific to tumor tissue. Rats were implanted with a window chamber containing either a mammary adenocarcinoma or a piece of inert surgical sponge. After growth of the tumor was ascertained, all rats were given 5 mg/kg Photofrin intraperitoneally, and then were irradiated with 630 nm light 24 hours post-injection. Caliper thickness and reflectance measurements were performed before and after irradiation; all animals were sacrificed 72 hours post-PDT and the chambers submitted for histologic analysis. Animals implanted with tumors demonstrated marked edema of the chamber with an associated decrease in reflectance. No edema response was noted in the chambers containing inert sponge, or in any controls. Nonselective PDT effects (characterized by a marked foreign body response) in chambers containing sponge was not seen. Histologic analysis of treated specimens corroborate the above data. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Proteolytic Activity and Calcium Effect in Dark–firm–dry and Pale–soft–exudative Meat

Changes in myofibrillar proteins and pH in dark–firm–dry (DFD) and normal beef, and in pale–soft–exudative (PSE), normal and DFD pork were monitored duringpost mortemstorage (2 °C). The DFD beef exhibited an overall increase in pH during storage; the pH changes in other muscle samples were inconsistent. No detectablepost mortemproteolysis was observed in myosin and actin from the SDS-PAGE analysis. In beef, the gradual appearance of a 30 kDa component after day 3 was the only definitivepost mortemproteolytic change in both DFD and normal muscle. This proteolytic change was more pronounced in DFD and normal pork than in beef, and in pork, the occurrence of the 30 kDa polypeptide coincided with the disappearance of troponin-T/tropomyosin. The rate of these changes was generally greater in DFD than in normal pork. Compared with DFD and normal pork muscle, PSE pork had a delayed emergence of the 30 kDa component. Injection of CaCl2solution (0.3 mol/L, at 5 g solution per 100 g muscle) did not appreciably alter proteolysis in all pork samples. Differences observed in the 30 kDa polypeptide between normal, PSE and DFD pork may be part of the reason why the anomalous pork differs from normal pork in textural quality.
Psoriasis Is Not a Useful Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Since Gelfand's 2006 publication, the hypothesis that psoriasis is a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has drawn substantial attention (Gelfand et al., 2006). Makers of biologic therapies for psoriasis, whose products cost $15,000 to $25,000 per patient treated per year, are prominent sponsors of symposia and publications that have advanced this hypothesis (Strober et al., 2008; Friedewald et al., 2008). A company-supported clinical trial testing the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy of psoriasis may also reduce cardiovascular risk is under way (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2007). In this issue, Wakkee et al. provide additional evidence that it is unlikely that either psoriasis or severe psoriasis is a relevant risk factor for MI. Even if--after accounting for confounding and bias--psoriasis is significantly associated with CVD risk, psoriasis is unlikely to be a clinically useful independent risk factor for CVD.
Soluble Sulfatase in Growing Bone of Rats

Soluble sulfatase has been found in epiphyseal, articular, and rib cartilages and in metaphysis and bone marrow of the rat. The greatest activity in young rats is in the metaphysis. Young rats had higher levels of activity in epiphyseal and articular cartilage and in the metaphysis than did the older rats.
Cluster synthesis—XX. The synthesis and crystal and molecular structure of Ru6(CO)17(μ4-η2-HC2Ph)(μ4-S)

Abstract The reaction of Ru5(CO)15(μ4-S) with HC2Ph at 68°C has resulted in the formation of the complex Ru5(CO)13(μ-CO)(μ4-η2-HC2Ph)(μ4-S), 1 in 60% yield. Compound 1 was found to react with Ru(CO)5 at 80°C to yield the enlarged cluster Ru6(CO)17(μ4-η2-HC2Ph)(μ4-S), 2 in 53% yield. Compound 2 was characterized structurally. Crystal data : Ru6SO17C25H6, M = 1216.80, monoclinic, P21/c (No. 14), a = 11.050(2), b = 22.503(5), c = 29.26(1) A, β = 90.80(3)°, V = 7276(4) A3, Dc = 2.27 g cm−3, Z = 8, λ(Mo-Kα) = 0.71073 A (graphite monochromator) μ = 24.9 cm−1. Methods: MITHRIL difference Fourier, full-matrix least-squares. Refinement of 4647 reflections (F2 ⩾ 3σ(F2)), (1°
THE CHINESE LOOK TO WORLD MARKETS

Only in recent years has China been concerned about participating in the world economy. Thus far her international marketing has been limited in volume and elementary in nature. Currently China is relying primarily on her foreign partners and customers to do her international marketing as she lacks the know‐how and contacts to do an effective job herself. This will change as China moves down the learning curve. Indeed, China could become a major international marketing power before the end of this century if economic liberalisation is not stopped or reversed.
Magnetic resonance angiography of vascular lesions causing neuro-ophthalmic deficits

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a noninvasive, rapidly evolving technique for imaging the intra- and extracranial carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations. It may in some circumstances obviate conventional angiography and the accompanying risks associated with catheterization and contrast injection. MRA exploits the different physical properties between moving protons and stationary tissue to yield flow sensitive data in the form of anatomic images or velocity and flow measurements. Since patients with various vascular disorders may present exclusively with ophthalmologic signs and symptoms, it is expected that MRA will become more frequently utilized by ophthalmologists. The exact role of MRA in the workup of vascular disorders remains to be more precisely defined, pending the performance of additional well-controlled standardized studies. At present, MRA is utilized to complement the conventional spin-echo studies of patients with arterial and venous occlusion, vascular malformations, intracranial aneurysms, and neoplastic vascular invasion. With further refinements, it is expected that MRA will become a standard diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with vascular disorders.
Enhancing Chinese tone recognition by manipulating amplitude envelope: Implications for cochlear implants

Tone recognition is important for speech understanding in tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese. Cochlear implant patients are able to perceive some tonal information by using temporal cues such as periodicity-related amplitude fluctuations and similarities between the fundamental frequency (F0) contour and the amplitude envelope. The present study investigates whether modifying the amplitude envelope to better resemble the F0 contour can further improve tone recognition in multichannel cochlear implants. Chinese tone and vowel recognition were measured for six native Chinese normal-hearing subjects listening to a simulation of a four-channel cochlear implant speech processor with and without amplitude envelope enhancement. Two algorithms were proposed to modify the amplitude envelope to more closely resemble the F0 contour. In the first algorithm, the amplitude envelope as well as the modulation depth of periodicity fluctuations was adjusted for each spectral channel. In the second algorithm, the overall amplitude envelope was adjusted before multichannel speech processing, thus reducing any local distortions to the speech spectral envelope. The results showed that both algorithms significantly improved Chinese tone recognition. By adjusting the overall amplitude envelope to match the F0 contour before multichannel processing, vowel recognition was better preserved and less speech-processing computation was required. The results suggest that modifying the amplitude envelope to more closely resemble the F0 contour may be a useful approach toward improving Chinese-speaking cochlear implant patients' tone recognition.
Electrophilic cyclopentenone isoprostanes in neurodegeneration.

Although oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions, the precise mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce neuronal death are still being explored. The generation of reactive lipid peroxidation products is thought to contribute to ROS neurotoxicity. Isoprostanes (IsoPs), prostaglandin-like molecules formed in vivo via the ROS-mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid, have been previously demonstrated to be formed in increased amounts in the brains of patients with various neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have identified a new class of IsoPs, known as A2- and J2-IsoPs or cyclopentenone IsoPs, which are highly reactive electrophiles and form adducts with thiol-containing molecules, including cysteine residues in proteins and glutathione. Cyclopentenone IsoPs are favored products of the IsoP pathway in the brain and are formed abundantly after oxidant injury. These compounds also potently induce neuronal apoptosis by a mechanism which involves glutathione depletion, ROS generation, and activation of several redox-sensitive pathways that overlap with those involved in other forms of oxidative neurodegeneration. Cyclopentenone IsoPs also enhance neurodegeneration caused by other insults at biologically relevant concentrations. These data are reviewed, whereas new data demonstrating the neurotoxicity of J-ring IsoPs and a discussion of the possible role of cyclopentenone IsoPs as contributors to neurodegeneration are presented.
High-Resolution Reflection Seismics at Potential In-Situ Coal Gasification Test Site: ABSTRACT

Figure Sandia National Laboratories is the technical manager for a Department of Energy project directed toward selection and characterization of a potential in-situ coal gasification site in the State of Washington. Prior geophysical investigations at this site in the Centralia-Chehalis coal district included in-line and broadside refraction surveys, VLF and Turam electromagnetic surveys, in-seam seismic wave propagation, and geophysical logging of exploratory boreholes. The results of these surveys, presented at last year's SEG meeting, indicated several anomalous features which we interpreted as faulting. Detailed description of the existing structure, however, could not be determined from the earlier surveys. A high-resolution, seismic reflection survey, reported here, was later conducted to detail the site geologic structure and, thereby, determine areal continuity of objective coal seams. Approximately 12,000 ft (3,658 m) of survey line was obtained over this 62-acre (25 ha.) site, seeking to define the first 1,000 ft (305 m) of the subsurface. A 30-ft (9 m) receiver interval was employed; a portable "shotgun" source supplied seismic energy yielding a net stack of 1,200% at 15 ft (4.6 m) CDP spacing. Analysis of the resulting reflection data verifies the existence of faulting across the site as interpreted from earlier geophysical and borehole data. However, the geologic structure is found to be more complex than indicated by the earlier data above. A sample reflection record section is given in the figure. Here, faulting of the "Big Dirty" seam (approximately 170 msec) is evident as are offsets in both deeper and shallower seam. Correlation of prior data and those most recent lead to total site characterization. End_of_Article - Last_Page 896------------
Quantifying Cloud-Induced Shortwave Absorption: An Examination of Uncertainties and of Recent Arguments for Large Excess Absorption

Abstract The quantification of cloud-induced shortwave atmospheric absorption is a painstaking task and often the subject of contention. Several analytical methods previously used for this purpose are examined in detail applying each method to a set of collocated satellite and surface measurements of radiant fluxes taken in April of 1994 in Oklahoma. It is demonstrated that, if care is not taken, conclusions regarding cloud-induced absorption can be as much a function of the chosen analytical methods as they are of the data themselves. It is argued that the best method for determining the cloud radiative forcing ratio is from the slope of a plot of the cloud radiative forcing ratio at the surface versus the cloud radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and/or a normalized analog. Application of this method shows that clouds in Oklahoma, on average, induced an absorption of 4% more of the solar insulation than did clear sky. An examination is made of three recent papers that have reported cloud-indu...
Enforcing Security and Safety with Proof-Carrying Code

Abstract In an environment where more and more code cannot be trusted to behave safety it is becoming necessary to employ mechanisms for detecting and preventing unsafe program behavior. This paper first reviews various such mechanisms and then focuses on static mechanisms with an emphasis on Proof-Carrying Code and its expressiveness. Proof-Carrying Code is a technique that allows a code receiver to verify statically that the code has certain required properties, which are stated in the form of a safety policy. To make this possible the code is accompanied by a representation of an easily checkable formal proof of compliance with the safety policy. This paper discusses first the general properties of the Proof-Carrying Code technique and then explores a particular implementation of the idea using verification condition generators. As a surprising result we prove that by adopting such an implementation choice we limit ourselves to safety properties, which constitute but a subset (albeit a very important one) of all the interesting program properties. We further speculate on what it takes to extend Proof-Carrying Code to handle more that safety properties.
Blood Pressure Usually Considered Normal Is Associated with an Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Purpose Research on the risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals with prehypertension (blood pressure 120/80 to 139/89 mm Hg) is incomplete. Additional information among individuals with a high risk of cardiovascular disease complications may help to focus current and future efforts. Subjects and methods We performed a prospective cohort analysis among 8960 middle-aged adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. The exposure variables were blood pressure levels: high normal blood pressure, systolic blood pressure 130-139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 85-89 mm Hg; and normal blood pressure, systolic blood pressure 120-129 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 80-84 mm Hg. The outcome was incident cardiovascular disease defined as fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease, cardiac procedure, silent myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. Subgroup analysis was performed among blacks, diabetics, individuals aged 55-64 years, individuals with renal insufficiency, and among individuals with varying levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and body mass index (BMI). Results Compared with optimal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 30 kg/m 2 : RR for high normal blood pressure was 3.56 (95% CI, 1.99-6.35); and among individuals with LDL >160 mg/dL, RR for high normal blood pressure was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.26-2.72). Conclusions Individuals with prehypertensive levels of blood pressure have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease relative to those with optimal levels. The association is pronounced among blacks, among individuals with diabetes mellitus, and among those with high BMI.
Forest vegetation and origin of some spodic horizons, Michigan☆

Abstract Three well-drained soils that differ in Bs horizon properties occur on sandy, glacial deposits in northern Michigan, U.S.A. Each horizon was sampled and analyzed for chemical and physical properties in order to examine B horizon formation. Extractable C, Al and Fe were found to increase from the lightest to the darkest colored B horizons. Differences in B horizon properties could not be explained by elemental composition of the C horizons, particle size distribution, topography or climate. Formation of the B horizons appears to be a function of forest vegetation. We conclude that fire frequency played a role in the formation of the B horizons by influencing forest successional events.
The Effect of Humorous and Musical Distraction on Preoperative Anxiety

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of humorous and musical distraction on preoperative anxiety among 46 patients scheduled for same day, elective, nondiagnostic surgery. Preoperative anxiety was measured with a horizontal visual analog scale after treatment group subjects listened to either a humorous audiotape or a tranquil music audiotape for 20 minutes and control group subjects received no intervention. Results show no significant difference between the group anxiety means. This study provides no evidence that humor or music decreases preoperative anxiety, but it also shows no evidence that perioperative nurses should avoid using humor or music as nursing interventions. AORN J 62 (Nov 1995) 784-791.
Optimal dynamic routing in Markov queueing networks

Abstract Markov decision theory is applied to general Markov queueing networks with finite buffer capacity. Existence of optimal dynamic routing policies is proved for the long-run average and infinite-horizon discounted cases. With the aid of a process that is equivalent to the state process, the subordinated process, fast algorithms are derived for locating an optimal routing policy. A numerical example is given and the application of the theory to computer communication networks is discussed.
Fault-tolerant variable fiber-optic attenuator using three-dimensional beam spoiling

A variable fiber-optic attenuator (VFOA) in a compact folded optical structure is introduced using the basic principles of optical beam misalignment via three-dimensional (3-D) beam spoiling. Key features include high resolution of control, the ability to tune the attenuation response, and the fault tolerant attenuator design. Experimental proof of concept demonstration using one dual fiber collimator and a three-axis controlled mirror as a 3-D beam spoiling element shows a high 52.4 dB dynamic range and a very low optical loss of 0.12 dB at 1550 nm wavelength. The measured polarization dependent loss is 0.02 dB. In addition, multiwavelength VFOA performance indicates an average 52.4 dB maximum optical attenuation with a ±0.04 dB fluctuation over a 70 nm bandwidth. A wavelength dependent loss of 0.10 dB is also measured with a fluctuation of ±0.04 dB.
Reduction in alveolar macrophages attenuates acute ventilator induced lung injury in rats.

Alveolar macrophages are the sentinel cell for activation of the inflammatory cascade when the lung is exposed to noxious stimuli. We investigated the role of macrophages in mechanical lung injury by comparing the effect of high-volume mechanical ventilation with or without prior depletion of macrophages. Randomized sham-controlled animal study in anesthetized rats. Lung injury was induced by 15 min of mechanical ventilation (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) using high peak pressures and zero end-expiratory pressure. The mean tidal volume was 40 ± 0.7 ml/kg. One group of animals was killed immediately after this period of volutrauma (HV), while in a second group normoventilation was continued for 2 h at a tidal volume less than 10 ml/kg (HV-LV). One-half of the animals were depleted of alveolar macrophages by pretreatment with intratracheal liposomal clodronate (CL2MDP). Arterial blood gas, blood pressure. After kill: lung static pressure volume curves, bronchoalveolar fluid concentration for protein, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, tumor necrosis factor α, and wet/dry lung weight ratio (W/D). During HV and HV+LV oxygenation, lung compliance, and alveolar stability were better preserved in animals pretreated with CL2MDP. In both groups W/D ratio was significantly greater in ventilated than in nonventilated animals (4.5 ± 0.6), but the increase in W/D was significantly less in CL2MDP treated HV and HV-LV groups (6.1 ± 0.4, 6.6 ± 0.6) than in the similarly ventilated nontreated groups (8.7 ± 0.2 and 9.2 ± 0.5). Alveolar macrophages participate in the early phase of ventilator-induced lung injury.
Galerkin projections for some wave and plate boundary control problems

In this paper we describe a method for projecting the solutions of a wide class of wave and plate control problems with one active boundary control. These projections are reduced to solving completely controllable finite dimensional linear control problems with a scalar control where the control is introduced through a fixed function defined on the boundary of the wave or plate.
The indentation size effect and the hardness of single crystal diamond on the (001) 〈110〉

Abstract The hardness of single-crystal diamond is addressed through the analysis of independent Knoop and Vickers indentation microhardness data on the (001) 〈110〉. A proportional specimen resistance model is applied to separate the hardnesses into two components, one representative of the indentation size-load effect (ISE) and the other the load-independent hardness. The analysis yields a load-independent Knoop hardness of 4411 kg mm −2 and a Vickers hardness of 9158 kg mm −2 . These values are compared with similar analyses for sapphire and silicon carbide and are related to the Plendl-Gielisse volumetric lattice energy concept of hardness. The extraordinarily high hardnesses which have been reported for diamond, values in excess of 10 000 kg mm −2 , are attributed to the elastic modulus and friction contributions to the ISE.
The productivity of research effort in the US pharmaceutical industry: a statistical approach

Abstract The relationship between the organizational size and the research productivity of major US pharmaceutical firms was examined. The measure of organizational size was the research budget in dollars, and the measure of research production was the number of drugs introduced during hte 1960's judged be “important therapeutic advances” by a Food and Drug Administration study. Productivity, as distinct from production, was defined as research production per unit of R&D money spent. The conclusions are that research production appears to increase linearly with research budget. There seems to be no linear relationship between productivity and size, but quadratic techniques do give some evidence fro economies of scale in productivity.
Phosphonium lipocations as antiparasitic agents

Phosphonium lipocations were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of the development of Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agents of malaria and Chagas disease, respectively. Optimal phthalimides and 1,4-naphthoquinone-based lipocations were active in vitro at mid-high nM concentrations against P. falciparum and low μM concentrations against T. cruzi.
Persistence pays off for γδ T-cell therapies.

Human gd T cells have been shown to kill a variety of tumor cells, but until more recently their practical applicationincancertherapyhasbeenslowtoevolve.In this issue of Cytotherapy, Takamichi et al. (1) report the sequential monitoring of the fate of ex vivo expanded and activated autologous gd T cells over multiple infusions in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. In the study, the authors activate and expand Vg9Vd2 T cells using a method designed to inhibit the mevalonate pathway in cultured mononuclear cells, resulting in the accumulation of metabolites such as isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The combination of the aminobisphosphonate zoledronate with interleukin (IL)-2 results in the stimulation of Vg9Vd2 T cells, which subsequently undergo selective proliferation in culture. The method is straightforward, uses pharmaceutical grade reagents and can easily be applied in any standard cell manufacturing facility with current Good Manufacturing Practices capability. This therapeutic approach has been used in earlier small clinical trials and has been shown to be safe (2) but with questionable clinical benefit. In their report, Takamichi et al. meticulously track the phenotype and function of circulating Vg9Vd2 þ T cells to determine the activity and persistence of the therapeutic cell product. In doing so, they show that Vg9Vd2 þ T cells increase over the course of therapy and maintain effector function even without pre-conditioning therapy such as lymphodepletion or ongoing cytokine support. However, Takamichi
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist increases expression of osmotic response genes in leiomyoma cells.

Objective To characterize hyperosmolarity-responsive genes in leiomyoma cells and determine whether gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist treatment altered their expression. Design Laboratory study. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Cell culture under hypertonic conditions and with GnRH agonist treatment, RNA isolation, and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Main Outcome Measure(s) Expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), aldose reductase (AR), and sodium myo-inositol transporter 1 (SMIT) messenger RNA (mRNA) in immortalized leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrial cells. Result(s) Leiomyoma cells had increased basal expression of NFAT5 mRNA (1.7 ± 0.08-fold) compared with myometrial cells. The NFAT5 increased further in leiomyoma cells cultured under hyperosmolar conditions (3.0 ± 0.46-fold at 50 mM NaCl and 3.3 ± 0.48-fold at 100 mM NaCl). The NFAT5-regulated mRNA transcripts for AR and SMIT were increased in untreated leiomyoma cells compared with myometrial cells and further increased in leiomyoma cells exposed to osmotic stress. The NFAT5 transcripts were decreased with low-dose GnRH agonist treatment but increased with supraphysiologic doses. Conclusion(s) Expression of hyperosmolarity genes was increased in leiomyoma cells relative to myometrial cells. Pharmacologic concentrations of GnRH agonist decreased NFAT5 expression, suggesting that water flows out of leiomyoma cells at pharmacologic doses.
An approach to airway management in the acutely head-injured patient

Abstract The rapid and safe establishment and maintenance of an adequate airway in patients with acute, severe head injuries is of central importance in the “ABC” approach to the trauma victim. It is also necessary before hyperventilation can be instituted as a means of controlling intracranial pressure. A method of establishing an airway in a manner that best protects the patient from unnecessary elevations in intracranial pressure with the least possible risk is presented. This method can be applied in virtually all emergency departments, from community hospitals to teaching centers, using materials and expertise currently available.