cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Disability Assessment: Clarification of Problems

Abstract The cost of psychiatric disability is not only millions of dollars in benefits but, more important, an enormous amount of suffering and waste of life. In spite of the vastness of the problems, few psychiatrists have a sense of professional competence and most avoid this field. This avoidance is quite understandable considering the complexities, ambiguities, and downright frustration involved in psychiatric disability assessment, not to mention the problems of treatment. The object of this paper is not to tell the psychiatrist how to do a disability assessment, although a few suggestions are offered, but rather to clarify the nature of the anxiety-provoking questions asked of the psychiatrist. Once the psychiatrist understands the source of these anxieties his avoidance behavior may diminish and he may do more and better disability assessments. Once the quality of assessment improves, more rational and effective treatment plans will follow.
Opportunities for Public Health to Increase Physical Activity Among Youths

Despite the well-known benefits of youths engaging in 60 or more minutes of daily physical activity, physical inactivity remains a significant public health concern. The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (PAG) provides recommendations on the amount of physical activity needed for overall health; the PAG Midcourse Report (2013) describes effective strategies to help youths meet these recommendations.Public health professionals can be dynamic change agents where youths live, learn, and play by changing environments and policies to empower youths to develop regular physical activity habits to maintain throughout life.We have summarized key findings from the PAG Midcourse Report and outlined actions that public health professionals can take to ensure that all youths regularly engage in health-enhancing physical activity.
A rapid assay for collagen proline hydroxylase

Abstract A method for the assay of collagen proline hydroxylase is presented. Hydroxyproline-deficient protein, which serves as substrate, is prepared by incubating minces of chick embryo with 3,4-T- l -proline in the presence of α,α′-dipyridyl. Following extraction and partial purification, the substrate is incubated with proline hydroxylase, which converts some of the 3,4-T- l -proline residues to 3-T- l -hydroxyproline. The tritium atom which is released from carbon 4 equilibrates with water and the resulting tritiated water is assayed following vacuum distillation. It was shown that tritiated water release is entirely dependent on enzymic hydroxylation and that equivalent amounts of 3-T- l -hydroxyproline and tritiated water are formed. This method is much more rapid and accurate than previously described methods.
Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) mediates juvenile hormone action during metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.

Juvenile hormone (JH) given at pupariation inhibits bristle formation and causes pupal cuticle formation in the abdomen of Drosophila melanogaster due to its prolongation of expression of the transcription factor Broad (BR). In a microarray analysis of JH-induced gene expression in abdominal integument, we found that Kruppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) was up-regulated during most of adult development. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that Kr-h1 up-regulation began at 10h after puparium formation (APF), and Kr-h1 up-regulation occurred in imaginal epidermal cells, persisting larval muscles, and larval oenocytes. Ectopic expression of Kr-h1 in abdominal epidermis using T155-Gal4 to drive UAS-Kr-h1 resulted in missing or short bristles in the dorsal midline. This phenotype was similar to that seen after a low dose of JH or after misexpression of br between 21 and 30 h APF. Ectopic expression of Kr-h1 prolonged the expression of BR protein in the pleura and the dorsal tergite. No Kr-h1 was seen after misexpression of br. Thus, Kr-h1 mediates some of the JH signaling in the adult abdominal epidermis and is upstream of br in this pathway. We also show for the first time that the JH-mediated maintenance of br expression in this epidermis is patterned and that JH delays the fusion of the imaginal cells and the disappearance of Dpp in the dorsal midline.
Petrochemistry of Mafic Granulite Xenoliths from the Chantaburi Basaltic Field: Implications for the Nature of the Lower Crust beneath Thailand

Mafic granulite-facies xenoliths in alkali basalts from Chantaburi province represent the only known lower-crustal material in Thailand. Most xenoliths contain garnet (or its secondary product—kelyphite), plagioclase, and clinopyroxene, ± traces of corundum, and are grouped into garnet-rich and clinopyroxene-rich granulites (Groups 2 and 3, respectively). One sample is classified as olivine-garnet clinopyroxenite (Group 1), reflecting the presence of olivine and spinel and the absence of plagioclase. Whole-rock chemistry suggests that the protoliths of these granulite xenoliths have high normative olivine, plagioclase, and diopside, and, in most cases, low abundances and generally flat REE profiles with positive Eu anomalies. These characteristics indicate that the protoliths originated as basaltic cumulates, similar to troctolite and olivine-gabbro. On cooling, cumulate protoliths transformed to granulite-facies assemblages, mainly by the reaction: Pl + Ol = Gt + Cpx. Interestingly, some granulite xenoli...
Age, Region, and Marriage in Post-Famine Ireland: An Empirical Examination

T THIS article examines the connexions between conditions in the rural economy of Ireland and marriage during the post-famine period from I 85 I to I9 I1. A number of previous studies have posited such connexions in several Western agrarian societies.1 Kennedy has noted, however, that because changes in marriage variables during the post-famine period were so dramatic there, Ireland can serve as a test case for hypotheses with more general, though less extreme, relevance.2 Such an orientation is adopted in the following examination of factors affecting marriage in Ireland, which attempts to use more systematic analytical techniques than most previous work on the problem.
Situations and Processes

Typical methods for representing business engineering and manufacturing processes represent process information by means of rather restricted often graphical languages These languages are often fine as far as they go, but for many purposes—information sharing, in particular—much more precise, detailed representations of enterprise processes are required In this paper, we develop an approach to the rigor ous representation of process information based on situation theory We begin with an informal account of the semantic categories of the ap proach including situations, infons types activities, and processes, as well as the central relations that can hold between them A frame work—known as ST based roughly on the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is introduced for expressing information in these terms The use of ST is then illustrated in detail by means of a series of examples Finally the formal semantics for ST is sketched and the language and basic logic of ST is formally defined
Nitrogen partitioning and blood meal utilization by Aedes aegypti (Diptera Culicidae)

Abstract The utilization of the blood meal by mosquitoes was investigated by first feeding females quantities of blood ranging from 1 to 5 mg, and then analyzing the faeces for the various by-products of protein catabolism that were subsequently eliminated. The nitrogeneous waste products in order of importance were uric acid, histidine, ammonia and arginine. Only traces of the other amino acids were excreted. The total amount of each faecal substance varied linearly with the quantity of blood ingested, however their relative proportions did not change. Regardless of blood meal size the quantily of uric acid and ammonia produced indicates that about 80% of the non-histidine and arginine amino acids are deaminated and utilized for metabolic purposes other than egg protein synthesis. Most of the histidine and about one half of the arginine content of the blood were excreted as free amino acids, but the other amino acids were lost in trace amounts. Nineteen per cent of the total ingested amino acids was incorporated into soluble yolk proteins and this proportion was constant even for small blood meals that result in a reduction in the numbers of eggs produced. The comparative aspects of nitrogen partitioning and blood meal utilization by haematophagous insects, as well as the factors that affect blood meal utilization and fecundity in A. aegypti are discussed.
Quality of dental care programs: Summary of annotated bibliography

The purposes of compiling a bibliogra­ phy1 on the quality of dental care pro­ grams were to review that part of the literature that pertains to the subject, to present the philosophies of various indi­ viduals and groups that have an interest in dental care programs and to provide interested research workers, individuals and organizations with a guide to the lit­ erature. Eighty-three references were classified into five groups in which the concern for quality took slightly different forms. Quo­ tations were used frequently in the anno­ tations in order to maintain objectivity in condensing viewpoints. The five groups were: evaluation of the quality of dental care programs; dental service corpora­ tions; methods of financing dental care; group practice, open and closed panels, and general background information.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy: A novel treatment modality

Stereotactic body radiation therapy has emerged as a novel cancer therapy in the past 10–15 years This review article gives an overview of the background, radiobiologic, technical and clinical aspects of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) involves the delivery of a small number of ultra-high doses of radiation to a target volume using very advanced technology and has emerged as a novel treatment modality for cancer. The role of SBRT is most important at two cancer stages—in early primary cancer and in oligometastatic disease. This modality has been used in the treatment of early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, renal-cell carcinoma, and liver cancer, and in the treatment of oligometastases in the lung, liver, and spine. A large body of evidence on the use of SBRT for the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors in various sites has accumulated over the past 10–15 years, and efficacy and safety have been demonstrated. Several prospective clinical trials of SBRT for various sites have been conducted, and several other trials are currently being planned. The results of these clinical trials will better define the role of SBRT in cancer management. This article will review the radiobiologic, technical, and clinical aspects of SBRT.
A stability indicating HPLC assay for prednisolone sodium phosphate in implantable infusion pumps

Abstract A stability indicting assay for prednisolone sodium phosphate (PSP) in solutions for implantable infusion pumps was developed. PSP and its major breakdown product, prednisolone, were separated from formulation excipients by reverse phase chromatography on a phenyl-bonded phase column using an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer mobile phase. Detection was by ultraviolet absorbance at 243 mm. Recovery from a synthetic formulation was 101.0 ± 0.4% (n=6). The method was used to monitor the stability of PSP solutions in implantable infusion pumps maintained at 37°C over a 21 day period.
Effects of crystallographic orientation on the early stages of oxidation in nickel and chromium

Surface orientation plays an important role in the oxidation behavior of single crystals where studies have found the relative oxidation rates for surfaces with different orientations. However, most materials are polycrystalline and contain myriad orientations that contribute to the overall oxidation process. Here, we determine the effects of orientation on the early stages of oxidation behavior as a function of surface orientation for polycrystalline nickel (face-centered cubic) and chromium (body-centered cubic). After high temperature oxidation, the oxide topography is characterized using optical profilometry and the underlying microstructure is characterized with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). By correlating results from EBSD and optical profilometry, the oxide height is determined for each crystallographic orientation. In both Ni and Cr, a strong relationship is observed between the oxidation rate and direction of the surface normal; for Ni, (111) surfaces oxidize slowest, while (100) surfaces in Cr have the lowest oxidation rates. Although orientation-dependent oxidation rates are observed at short times, the effect is diminished at longer oxidation times.
Adaptive robust control of artificial swarm systems

We consider an artificial swarm system consisting of multi-agents. The agents may interact with each other based on their relative positions. Each agent exhibits a repulsion/attraction behavior toward another agent, which mimics some biological swarm systems. The performance of each individual agent is the accumulation of these respective considerations toward other agents. The overall performance of the artificial swarm system mimics the aggregation and formation in biological systems. We propose an adaptive robust control for each agent toward achieving the performance. The control can withstand uncertainty, which is time-varying, nonlinear, and without known bound. The controlled system converges to the desirable swarm system performance regardless of the uncertainty.
Perturbed angular correlations: Perturbation factor for arbitrary correlation time

Abstract An expression is derived relating the angular correlations as affected by time-dependent perturbations to those resulting from static interactions. The derivation is based on a model of Scherer, and an error in his theory is corrected. The result is valid for all correlation times, and is convenient for numerical evaluation. The limits of applicability of the theory, which is based on a random-phase approximation and which is a special case of a more elaborate theory recently presented, are considered.
Calreticulin on the mouse egg surface mediates transmembrane signaling linked to cell cycle resumption.

Calreticulin, a protein best known as an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, also is found on the extracellular plasma membrane surface of many cell types where it serves as a mediator of adhesion and as a regulator of the immune response. In this report, we demonstrate that calreticulin is present on the extracellular surface of the mouse egg plasma membrane and is increased in the perivitelline space after egg activation. The extracellular calreticulin appears to be secreted by vesicles in the egg cortex that are distinct from cortical granules. An anticalreticulin antibody binds to extracellular calreticulin on live eggs and inhibits sperm–egg binding but not fusion. In addition, engagement of cell surface calreticulin by incubation of mouse eggs in the presence of anticalreticulin antibodies results in alterations in the localization of cortical actin and the resumption of meiosis as indicated by alterations in chromatin configuration, decreases in cdc2/cyclin B1 and MAP kinase activities, and pronuclear formation. These events occur in the absence of any observable alterations in intercellular calcium. These data demonstrate that calreticulin functionally interacts with the egg cytoskeleton and can mediate transmembrane signaling linked to cell cycle resumption. These studies suggest a role for calreticulin as a lectin that may be involved in signal transduction events during or after sperm–egg interactions at fertilization.
Galactose content of baby food meats: Considerations for infants with galactosemia

Abstract Treatment of galactosemia requires a galactose-restricted diet. Although meats are not traditionally thought of as a dietary carbohydrate source, small amounts may be present in free form and/or bound to proteins or lipids. The purpose of this study was to determine the free and bound galactose contents of baby food meats. Galactose was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The free galactose content of baby food meats ranged from 0 to 0.031 mg/100 g. No statistically significant differences in free galactose content were found among the meats. Bound galactose was found in all analyzed baby food meats, ranging from 0.065 to 0.148 mg/100 g. The mean galactose content of BeechNut chicken (St. Louis, MO) was significantly less than that found in Gerber (Fremont, MI) and Heinz (Pittsburgh, PA) brands of chicken, beef, and turkey, and Gerber lamb and veal. Based on current recommendations, all examined baby food meats would be acceptable for infants with galactosemia. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:373-375.
Taking the itch out of poison ivy. Are you prescribing the right medication

(1999). Taking the itch out of poison ivy. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 69-70.
Variational phase unwrapping and wavelet denoising of interferometric SAR data using Mumford-Shah framework

We introduce a variational approach to wavelet denoising and phase unwrapping of interferometric SAR data using the Mumford-Shah framework. The Mumford-Shah variational framework can handle discontinuities in the scene besides unifying the phase unwrapping and denoising in one mathematical formalism.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in anterolateral impingement of the ankle.

Objective. To demonstrate the MR imaging findings of anterolateral impingement (ALI) of the ankle. Design and patients. Nine patients with a history of ankle inversion injury and chronic lateral ankle pain were imaged with MR imaging, and the findings correlated with the results of arthroscopy. Three additional patients with clinically suspected ALI of the ankle were also included. Ankle MR imaging studies from 20 control patients in whom ALI was not suspected clinically were examined for similar findings to the patient group. Results. MR imaging findings in the patients with ALI included a soft tissue signal mass in the anterolateral gutter of the ankle in 12 of 12 (100%) cases, corresponding to the synovial hypertrophy and soft tissue mass found at arthroscopy in the nine patients who underwent arthroscopy. Disruption, attenuation, or marked thickening of the anterior talofibular ligament was seen in all cases. Additional findings included signs of synovial hypertrophy elsewhere in the tibiotalar joint in seven of 12 patients (58%) and bony and cartilaginous injuries to the tibiotalar joint in five of 12 (42%). None of the control patients demonstrated MR imaging evidence of a soft tissue mass in the anterolateral gutter. Conclusions. ALI of the ankle is a common cause for chronic lateral ankle pain. It has been well described in the orthopedic literature but its imaging findings have not been clearly elucidated. The MR imaging findings, along with the appropriate clinical history, can be used to direct arthroscopic examination and subsequent debridement.
Describing Baseline Conditions: Suggestions for Study Reports.

Experimental research involves comparing two or more conditions. One of those conditions in single subject research is often the baseline. Adequate description of the baseline conditions is necessary for evaluating the effects of independent variables, drawing generalizations from studies, and providing information for subsequent replication studies. Suggestions are made about the types of information to include when describing baseline conditions in research reports.
Effect of some properties of aluminosilicate refractories on their glass resistance

The glass resistance of aluminosilicate blocks with similar porosity values depends mainly on the quantitative ratios of crystalline and glassy phases, their chemical composition, and the grain size of the mullite. The higher the crystalline phase concentration in the refractory (mullite and mullite+ corundum) the fewer the impurities (oxides of iron, titanium, calcium, sodium, potassium, etc.), and the coarser the grains of mullite, then the lower their corrosion by molten glass.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XX. The relation of dipole moment to molecular structure

Dipole moments were measured for three bicyclic thienopyridines and three tetracyclic diben-zothienopyridines in benzene solution at 25°. Results agreed closely with predicted values based on vector addition of dipole moments for reference constituent compounds.
Has the problem of heart failure been solved

Emphasis on the management of heart failure has shifted from attempts to alter hemodynamics and symptoms to attempts to interfere with the natural history of the disease. This shift in emphasis has been stimulated by the recognition that heart failure progresses despite therapy and that shortened life expectancy makes the disease as lethal as most cancers. Most recent trials have therefore focused on mortality and have evaluated therapies designed to impact on progression of the syndrome. In this article the results of several recent trials are discussed, as well as the future of effective therapy.
Partial near supercompactness

Abstract A cardinal κ is nearly θ-supercompact if for every A ⊆ θ , there exists a transitive M ⊨ ZFC − closed under A , κ , θ ∈ M , a transitive N, and an elementary embedding j : M → N with critical point κ such that j ( κ ) > θ and j ″ θ ∈ N . 2 This concept strictly refines the θ-supercompactness hierarchy as every θ-supercompact cardinal is nearly θ-supercompact, and every nearly 2 θ κ -supercompact cardinal κ is θ-supercompact. Moreover, if κ is a θ-supercompact cardinal for some θ such that θ κ = θ , we can move to a forcing extension preserving all cardinals below θ + + where κ remains θ-supercompact but is not nearly θ + -supercompact. We will also show that if κ is nearly θ-supercompact for some θ ⩾ 2 κ such that θ θ = θ , then there exists a forcing extension preserving all cardinals at or above κ where κ is nearly θ-supercompact but not measurable. These types of large cardinals also come equipped with a nontrivial indestructibility result. A forcing poset is γ κ in the sense of Jech (2003) [13, Def. 21.6] . We will prove that if κ is nearly θ-supercompact for some θ ⩾ κ such that θ θ = θ , then there is a forcing extension where its near θ-supercompactness is preserved and indestructible by any further θ ⩾ κ + for which θ θ = θ , then AD holds in L ( R ) . In particular, if κ is nearly κ + -supercompact and 2 κ = κ + , then AD holds in L ( R ) .
An analysis of the coma of comet Bennett 1970 II

Brightness profiles for emission features of H2O(+) in comet Bennett 1970 II are analyzed, taking into account the role of chemical reactions in the coma. By comparing the rates of transport processes derived from the brightness profile with known chemical rate constants, upper limits on the abundances and production rates of H2O, CH4, NH3, and other possible coma constituents are found. The derived upper limit on the H2O production rate inside 10 to the 4th power km is less than the observed OH production rate averaged over the coma of this comet. It is concluded that the brightness profiles of H2O(+) and OH in comet Bennett 1970 II which are presently available are inconsistent with production of OH primarily by photodissociation of H2O molecules sublimating from the nucleus. The existence of an extended source of H2O is not ruled out.
Paradoxical Effects of Exogenous Proteins on Lung Function in Surfactant-Deficient Rats 1771

Paradoxical Effects of Exogenous Proteins on Lung Function in Surfactant-Deficient Rats 1771
Protection of a single-cysteine redox switch from oxidative destruction: On the functional role of sulfenyl amide formation in the redox-regulated enzyme PTP1B.

Model reactions offer a chemical mechanism by which formation of a sulfenyl amide residue at the active site of the redox-regulated protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B protects the cysteine redox switch in this enzyme against irreversible oxidative destruction. The results suggest that ‘overoxidation’ of the sulfenyl amide redox switch to the sulfinyl amide in proteins is a chemically reversible event, because the sulfinyl amide can be easily returned to the native cysteine thiol residue via reactions with cellular thiols.
Ionoregulatory and endocrine responses to disturbed salt and water balance in Mozambique tilapia exposed to confinement and handling stress.

Abstract This study assessed the endocrine and ionoregulatory responses by tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) to disturbances of hydromineral balance during confinement and handling. In fresh water (FW), confinement and handling for 0.5, 1, 2 and 6 h produced elevations in plasma cortisol and glucose; a reduction in plasma osmolality was observed at 6 h. Elevations in plasma prolactins (PRL 177 and PRL 188 ) accompanied this fall in osmolality while no effect upon growth hormone (GH) was evident; an increase in insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I) occurred at 0.5 h. In seawater (SW), confinement and handling increased plasma osmolality and glucose between 0.5 and 6 h; no effect on plasma cortisol was seen due to variable control levels. Concurrently, both PRLs were reduced in stressed fish with only transient changes in the GH/IGF-I axis. Next, the branchial expression of Na + /K + /2Cl − cotransporter (NKCC) and Na + /Cl − cotransporter (NCC) was characterized following confinement and handling for 6 h. In SW, NKCC mRNA levels increased in stressed fish concurrently with elevated plasma osmolality and diminished gill Na + , K + -ATPase activity; NCC was unchanged in stressed fish irrespective of salinity. Taken together, PRL and NKCC participate in restoring osmotic balance during acute stress while the GH/IGF-I axis displays only modest responses.
CacheLeakage: A leakage aware cache simulator

In very deep submicron technologies, limiting the growing on-chip power consumption in memories is a major challenge for SoC designers. Accurate modeling of power, early in the design stage is thus crucial for system level power estimation. In this paper, we present an enhanced cache memory simulator that models leakage reduction techniques such as the dual-Vt, dual-Tox, NC-SRAM, and gated-Vdd techniques which can be applied to the SRAM cell structure to reduce the overall leakage power. We also examine the power/speed trade-offs associated with each leakage reduction technique, at the system level using a cycle-accurate processor simulator. CacheLeakage thus helps in choosing the right memory configurations. Simulation results show a trade-off between power and performance and we see upto 60% reduction in leakage power, at low performance overhead.
The effects of public school choice on those left behind: Evidence from Durham, North Carolina

Using student-level data from Durham, North Carolina, we examine the potential impact of school choice programs on the peer environments of students who remain in their geographically assigned schools. We examine whether the likelihood of opting out of one's geographically assigned school differs across groups and compare the actual peer composition in neighborhood schools to what the peer composition in those schools would be under a counterfactual scenario in which all students attend their geographically assigned schools. We find that many advantaged students have used school choice programs in Durham to opt out of assigned schools with concentrations of disadvantaged students and to attend schools with higher achieving students. Comparisons of actual peer compositions with the counterfactual scenario indicate only small differences in peer composition for nonchoosers on average. More substantial differences in peer environment emerge, however, for students in schools with concentrations of disadvantag...
The study of trigonally distorted low spin iron (III) systems using magnetically perturbed Mössbauer spectra

Abstract Mossbauer spectra of Fe(bipyridine) 3 (ClO 4 ) 3 have been determined in longitudinal fields of 6 and 17 kG at 4.2°K. The sign of the V zz is positive corresponding to a negative trigonal field and an orbital doublet ground level. Similar results were obtained for the compound Fe(ethylenediamine) 3 Cl 3 .
In Immunization with Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1, the Specificity of Antibodies Depends on the Species Immunized

At least a million people, mainly African children under 5 years old, still die yearly from malaria, and the burden of disease and death has increased. Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1) is one of the most promising blood-stage malarial vaccine candidates. However, the allelic polymorphism observed in this protein is a potential stumbling block for vaccine development. To overcome the polymorphism- and strain-specific growth inhibition in vitro, we previously showed in a rabbit model that vaccination with a mixture of two allelic forms of PfAMA1 induced parasite growth-inhibitory antisera against both strains of P. falciparum parasites in vitro. In the present study, we have established that, in contrast to a single-allele protein, the antigen mixture elicits primarily antibodies recognizing antigenic determinants common to the two antigens, as judged by an antigen reversal growth inhibition assay (GIA). We also show that a similar reactivity pattern occurs after immunization of mice. By contrast, sera from rhesus monkeys do not distinguish the two alleles when tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by GIA, regardless of whether the immunogen is a single AMA1 protein or the mixture. This is the first report that a malarial vaccine candidate induced different specificities of functional antibodies depending on the animal species immunized. These observations, as well as data available on human immune responses in areas of endemicity, suggest that polymorphism in the AMA1 protein may not be as formidable a problem for vaccine development as anticipated from studies with rabbits and mice.
The New Fisheries Economics: Incentives Across Many Margins

New research in fisheries economics addresses incentives across many margins. These margins include within-season effects, incentives to harvest different ages and sizes of fish, responses to ecological disturbances, spatial choices, and multispecies interactions. Even developments in global seafood markets are relevant for understanding contemporary fisheries management. What connects this diverse literature is the attempt to align incentives of harvesters with the objectives of optimal management and reflections on when delineating policy instruments along particular margins is worthwhile. This theme echoes the older fisheries bioeconomic literature that first identified the commons problem and proposed solutions to it using an elegant but now principally metaphorical model of a single stock.
Immunomodulatory Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Tested by the Popliteal Lymph Node Assay

Drugs and other chemicals that have the potential to induce or exacerbate systemic autoimmune diseases in humans are of great concern. The aim of this study was to examine the immune-disregulating potential of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) by using the popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) was used as a reference compound for 2 reasons: (a) CPZ is known to elicit a positive response in this assay, and (b) CPZ is a structural analogue of TCDD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with either TCDD or CPZ into the right hind footpad, whereas vehicle alone was injected into the contralateral footpad. Control rats were injected with vehicle in both hind footpads. Animals were sacrificed on day 7, and their PLNs were removed, weighed, and immersed in 10% formalin. The PLN weight index (the weight ratio of right PLN over left PLN) was significantly higher in both CPZ- and TCDD-treated rats than in controls. Histological examinations of PLNs in the CPZ- and TCDD-treated rats revealed similar morphological changes in both groups (e.g., mild follicular hyperplasia with no evidence of an acute inflammatory response). These results indicate that TCDD has the potential to induce or exacerbate autoimmune-like reactions. Results also suggest that drugs may be useful surrogates to study the mechanism of toxicity of environmental chemicals that cannot be administered to humans.
A Comparative Study of Monitoring Tools for Pattern-Centric Behavior

The benefits of design patterns in the design phase are well-established. We claim that patterns can --and should-- play equally important roles in later stages of the lifecycle. But to make this feasible, we need to develop suitable ways to precisely specify the requirements associated with the use of specific patterns, and runtime monitoring tools to identify any violations of these requirements. We summarize a specification and monitoring approach focused on pattern-centric behavior that we developed previously, evaluate alternative ways to monitor systems based on the formalism, and discuss the overall utility of the specification and monitoring approach in the context of a case study.
The Impact Of Ethnic Background On Perceptions Of Homeownership

This study sought to address this issue by measuring factors like responsible financial performance, financial knowledge, product expertise, and purchase intentions to determine if ethnic background significantly impacted one’s progression towards homeownership. This study sampled college students since the majority of these students currently do not own a home and have lower personal incomes.
Optimal 3-D traveltime tomography

We propose a practical new method for 3-D traveltime tomography. The method combines an efficient approximation to the extended Kalman filter for rapid, accurate, nonlinear tomography, with the concept of data‐driven zonation, in which the dimensionality and geometry of the parameterization are dynamically determined using cluster analysis and region merging by random field union. The Bayesian filter uses geostatistics as it recursively incorporates measurements in an optimal (minimum‐variance) manner. Geologic knowledge is introduced through a priori estimates of the parameter field and its spatial covariance. Conditional estimates of the parameter number, geometry, value, and covariance are evolved. An initial decomposition of the 3-D domain into 2-D slices, the simplified filter design, and the data‐driven reduction in parameter dimensionality, all contribute to make the method computationally feasible for large 3-D domains. The method is verified by the inversion of crosswell seismic traveltimes to 3-...
Stakeholder perspectives on national policy for regulating the school food environment in Mexico

In Mexico, the school environment has been promoting sale of unhealthy foods. There is little empirical evidence on multi-stakeholder perspectives around national school food policy to regulate this. We studied stakeholders' perspectives on the proposed regulation for school sale of unhealthy foods. Comments about the regulation were available from an open consultation process held in June 2010 before the approval and implementation of the regulation. To examine perspectives, we coded 597 comments for beliefs, expectations and demands in NVivo. We created matrices by actors: academics, parents, citizens, health professionals and food industry. For academics, citizens and health professionals, the primary issue regarding the regulation was obesity, while for parents it was health of children. Academics, citizens, health professionals and parents believed that government was responsible for health of citizens, expected that this regulation would improve eating habits and health (i.e. less obesity and chronic diseases), and demanded that unhealthy foods be removed from schools. Parents demanded immediate action for school food policy that would protect their children. Citizens and health professionals demanded nutrition education and healthy food environment. Food industry opposed the regulation because it would not solve obesity or improve diet and physical activity behaviours. Instead, industry would lose income and jobs. Food industry demanded policy aimed at families that included nutrition education and physical activity. There was substantial consensus in narratives and perspectives for most actor types, with the primary narrative being the food environment followed by shared responsibility. Food industry rejected both these narratives, espousing instead the narrative of personal responsibility. Consensus among most actor groups supports the potential success of implementation of the regulation in Mexican schools. With regard to addressing childhood obesity, sound government policy is needed to balance different perspectives and desired outcomes among societal actors, particularly in Mexico between food industry and other actors.
An unequal error protection method for progressively compressed 3-D meshes

In this paper, we present a packet-loss resilient 3-D graphics transmission system that is scalable with respect to both channel bandwidth and channel error characteristics. The algorithm trades off source coding efficiency for increased bit-stream error resilience to optimize the decoded mesh quality on the client side. It uses the Compressed Progressive Mesh (CPM) algorithm to generate a hierarchical bit-stream representing different levels of details (LODs). We assign optimal forward error correction (FEC) code rates to protect different parts of the bit-stream differently. These optimal FEC code rates are determined theoretically via a distortion function that accounts for: the channel packet loss rate, the nature of the encoded 3-D mesh and the error protection bit-budget. We present experimental results, which show that with our unequal error protection (UEP) optimal approach, the decoded mesh quality degrades more gracefully (compared to either no error protection (NEP) or equal error protection (EEP) methods) as the packet loss rate increases.
IBIS modeling using latency insertion method (LIM)

This paper presents an approach for the transient simulation of I/O buffers described by IBIS models. Using the latency insertion method a formulation can be obtained for the transient behavior of IBIS models and external circuitry. The formulation offers better convergence than traditional Newton-Raphson methods and is therefore more robust. Several computer simulations are performed to validate the method.
Interference model for ad hoc DS/CDMA packet radio networks with variable coherent modulation

This paper presents a model for the multiple access interference (MAI) in an ad hoc DS/CDMA packet radio network in which multiple modulation schemes are used. One application of this model is in the performance analysis of ad hoc networks using adaptive modulation, where each node may be using a different modulation scheme depending on channel conditions or rate requirements. Previous work has shown that the MAI in a random access packet radio network can be characterized by an /spl alpha/-stable distribution. This model is extended to account for systems using two-dimensional constellations and is compared with simulation results to validate the model. In particular, the accuracy of the model is examined for low processing gain, and a previously used assumption of independent shadowing on different links is tested in a correlated shadowing environment.
Nonlinear tracking controllers for brushless DC motors

This paper summarizes recently developed nonlinear controllers designed to yield high-performance position tracking control of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor driving a mechanical load. The design procedure centers on the use of the integrator backstepping technique to extend nonlinear control design techniques to include the BLDC electrical dynamics. Six controllers are presented that represent a range in modeling and state measurement assumptions. A full state feedback controller, a partial state feedback controller, and an output feedback controller are discussed under the assumption of exact-model knowledge. An adaptive full state feedback, a robust full state feedback, and an adaptive partial state feedback controller are discussed for the case of parametric uncertainty in the electromechanical model. Five of the controllers have been successfully implemented on a state-of-the-art DSP based mechatronics testbed. The experimental results verify that a nonlinear model-based controller can exhibit greatly improved position tracking performance over that of a standard linear controller. >
Designing efficient online trading systems

In many online domains, agents share goods or services that are both cheap to provide and valuable to receive. Examples include ratings in a recommender system, forwarding a message to node closer to its destination in a mobile ad-hoc network, and uploading a file in a P2P system. Existing systems in these domains often rely on agents to voluntarily provide goods. Despite the low cost of doing so, many agents instead choose to free-ride, leading to a loss in social efficiency. We present an initial step towards addressing this problem in the context of an abstract, extremely simplified model, where we identify more efficient mechanisms, including one that is provably optimal. Of course, we are not the first to consider this problem, or to offer a solution (see, e.g., [1] for recommender systems, [3] for ad-hoc networks, and [2] and [4] for P2P systems).
Multiple‐dose acetaminophen pharmacokinetics

Four different treatments of acetaminophen (Tylenol) were administered in multiple doses to eight healthy volunteers. Each treatment (325, 650, 825, and 1000 mg) was administered five times at 6-h intervals. Saliva acetaminophen concentration versus time profiles were determined. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared to determine whether acetaminophen exhibited linear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. For doses less than or equal to 18 mg/kg, area under the curve (AUC), half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), and ratio of AUC to dose for the first dose were compared with the last dose. No statistically significant differences were observed in dose-corrected AUC for the first or last dose among subjects or treatments. Half-lives and MRT were not significantly different among treatments for the first or the last dose. Statistically significant differences in t1/2 and MRT were noted (p less than 0.05) among subjects for the last dose. A plot of AUC versus dose for the first and the last doses exhibited a linear relationship. Dose-corrected saliva concentration versus time curves for the treatments were superimposable. Thus, acetaminophen exhibits linear pharmacokinetics for doses of 18 mg/kg or less. Plots of AUC versus dose for one subject who received doses higher than 18 mg/kg were curved, suggesting nonlinear behavior of acetaminophen in this subject.
Effect of Temperature and Crack Tip Velocity on the Crack Growth in Functionally Graded Materials

The stress-fields near the crack tip for mixed-mode thermo-mechanical loading in functionally graded material (FGM) are developed using displacement potentials in conjugation with an asymptotic approach. The shear modulus, mass density and coefficient of thermal expansion of the FGM are assumed to vary exponentially along the gradation direction. Using insulated crack face boundary condition and steady state heat conduction assumption, the temperature field near to the crack tip is developed. By incorporating the developed temperature field equations with the displacement potentials, asymptotic thermo-mechanical stress field equations are derived. Finally, utilizing the minimum strain energy density criterion and the maximum circumferential stress criterion, the crack growth direction for various crack-tip speeds, non-homogeneity coefficients and temperature fields are determined.
Nanostructured materials for ocular delivery: nanodesign for enhanced bioadhesion, transepithelial permeability and sustained delivery

Effective drug delivery to the eye is an ongoing challenge due to poor patient compliance coupled with numerous physiological barriers. Eye drops for the front of the eye and ocular injections for the back of the eye are the most prevalent delivery methods, both of which require relatively frequent administration and are burdensome to the patient. Novel drug delivery techniques stand to drastically improve safety, efficacy and patient compliance for ocular therapeutics. Remarkable advances in nanofabrication technologies make the application of nanostructured materials to ocular drug delivery possible. This article focuses on the use of nanostructured materials with nanoporosity or nanotopography for ocular delivery. Specifically, we discuss nanotopography for enhanced bioadhesion and permeation and nanoporous materials for controlled release drug delivery. As examples, application of polymeric nanostructures for greater transepithelial permeability, nanostructured microparticles for enhanced preocular retention time and nanoporous membranes for tuning drug release profile are covered.
Integration of Wachovia and Golden West (a)

In July 2007, Wachovia Corporation's CEO is pleased with a report that shows the firm's record-setting second quarter results. In the past three months, Wachovia has doubled its earnings and posted record revenues, mostly attributable to the large consumer real-estate loans related to the Golden West Financial acquisition that has contributed to the bank's growth. The transition of Golden West into Wachovia's platform had been quick and smooth, despite their cultural, geographic, and product-offering differences. The CEO was excited that the acquisition provided new opportunities for lending in what were perceived as less risky markets, particularly single-family home mortgages with adjustable rates. But he wondered if there were any adjustments necessary to extract ultimate value from Golden West.
Management of the Prominent Eye

A number of congenital and acquired conditions can cause a prominent eye. This anatomic variation places patients at higher risk of complications after eyelid surgery. These risks include poor lid closure, ocular exposure, lid retraction, and poor cosmetic outcome. It is important for the cosmetic lid surgeon to perform a thorough preoperative assessment of these patients and identify those factors which place the patients at higher risk of complications. These findings include eyelid retraction, a negative vector eyelid, and bone or soft tissue deficiency (poor support). Surgical strategies exist to directly address and reduce the prominent eye or treat the associated eyelid retraction. These include orbital decompression, orbital rim implants, and lid recession surgery. These procedures are more complex than standard blepharoplasty, but must be considered before proceeding with cosmetic lid surgery. When blepharoplasty surgery is performed in patients with prominent globes, special attention to specific surgical details is needed to minimize risk. These include variations in eyelid crease placement, skin/muscle and fat excision, and lid tightening. It is important for the cosmetic eyelid surgeon to identify the physical findings which are red flags to performing surgery in this setting, and to have experience with the necessary steps required to prevent complications. Late repair of the patient who has undergone inappropriate surgery can be impossible or very challenging to perform.