cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pilot project to study the use of ultrasonography for teaching physical examination to medical students

The purpose of this study was to study the use of ultrasound as an aid to teaching physical examination. Five medical students were given a 1-week course in ultrasound, and were then assigned to clinical rotations to perform ultrasound and physical examinations on patients. Basic ultrasound skills were assessed by having each student scan the same normal model at the conclusion of the first week and at the conclusion of the project. Clinical cases were presented to a preceptor, and the ultrasound images were graded on a five-point scale. At the end of the first week, the mean grade of ultrasound examinations performed on the control model was 3.2, improving to 4.4 at the end of the project. Grading of ultrasound exams performed during the first clinical week averaged 4.1, improving to 4.5 at the end of the project. An exit survey indicated a favorable response to using ultrasound as an educational tool.
HSST crack-arrest studies overview

Abstract An overview is given of the efforts underway in the Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program as of October 1985 to better understand and model crack-arrest behavior in reactor pressure vessel steels. The efforts are both experimental and analytical. The experimental work provides K Ia data from laboratory-sized specimens, from thick-wall cylinders which exhibit essentially-full restraint and from nonisothermal wide-plate specimens. These data serve to define toughness-temperature trends and to provide validation data under prototypical reactor conditions. The analytical efforts interpret and correlate the data, plus provide LEFM, elastodynamic and viscoplastic analysis methods for analyzing crack run-arrest behavior in reactor vessels. The analysis methods are incorporated into finite element computer programs which are under development at three separate laboratories.
Surface studies with the vacuum microbalance

Abstract This paper is generally concerned with presenting a broad overview of the capabilities, limitations, and potential uses of the vacuum ultramicrobalance for Surface studies. Determination of micromass changes of samples in vacuum and controlled gaseous environments at various temperatures is one of the powerful methods for studying surfaces. The traditional application of the vacuum microbalance and accompanying theoretical foundation for obtaining surface areas, activation energies of adsorption and desorption, the heat of adsorption, and the initial stages of oxidation are reviewed. As with most physical measurements, the simultaneous measurement of mass change and other parameters greatly increases the ability to understand physical and chemical processes. Examples of the combined measurement of residual gases, infrared spectroscopy, and electrical properties as well as the mass change are presented. Recent progress in developing an automated ultramicrobalance for operation in a UHV system combined with RGA and AES is discussed. Information about specific gas-solid systems is presented to illustrate the utility of the microbalance.
Fluorescent protein complementation assays: new tools to study G protein-coupled receptor oligomerization and GPCR-mediated signaling

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is mediated by protein-protein interactions at multiple levels. The characterization of the corresponding protein complexes is therefore paramount to the basic understanding of GPCR-mediated signal transduction. The number of documented interactions involving GPCRs is rapidly growing, and appreciating the functional significance of these complexes is clearly the next challenge. New experimental approaches including protein complementation assays (PCAs) have recently been used to examine the composition, plasma membrane targeting, and desensitization of protein complexes involved in GPCR signaling. These methods also hold promise for better understanding of drug-induced effects on GPCR interactions. This review focuses on the application of fluorescent PCAs for the study of GPCR signaling. Potential applications of PCAs in high-content screens are also presented. Non-fluorescent PCA techniques as well as combined assays for the detection of ternary and quaternary protein complexes are briefly discussed.
Bona fide groups: A reconceptualization of groups in context

This study culminates in the identification of what can be called “bona fide groups,” a theoretical category proposed for future small group research. In some respects an answer to the various calls and critiques in the previous papers, the article begins with an examination of differing research approaches to naturalistic groups, including discussions of groups in field settings, the use of descriptive‐exploratory designs, full‐fledged and intact groups, and naturally emergent groups. Next, a review of the literature on naturalistic groups provides both a framework for identifying bona fide groups and a rationale for future research to focus on such groups.
Fate of Nasally Instilled Poliomyelitis Virus in Normal and Convalescent Monkeys with Special Reference to the Problem of Host to Host Transmission.

With a method of intranasal instillation of poliomyelitis virus that brings about infection of all M. rhesus monkeys subjected to it, a study was undertaken of the fate of nasally instilled virus in normal and convalescent, immune animals. Control experiments revealed that nasal mucosa of normal monkeys contained no observable antiviral factors and that when five or ten minimal cerebral infective doses were added to the mucosa, virus could be detected by the employed procedure. In the olfactory bulbs even a single infective dose could be recovered, since suspensions of both bulbs could be transferred to the brain of a monkey without any loss of material. After nasal instillation of virus in normal monkeys, it disappeared quickly (4 hours or less) and could be recovered neither from the excised nasal mucosa nor from the olfactory bulbs during the first 48 hours. At 72 hours, just before or coincident with the first rise of temperature, virus was found in very small amounts in the nasal mucosa and for the first time also in the olfactory bulbs. At 96 hours, at least 3 days before the appearance of nervous signs, and later, while virus continued to be present in considerable amounts in the olfactory bulbs (and presumably elsewhere in the central nervous system), none was detected in the nasal mucosa. In convalescent, immune animals receiving the same strain of virus intranasally which caused the original infection, none could be recovered from the nasal mucosa or central nervous system at 4 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 days. The bearing of these observations on the problem of host to host transmission of poliomyelitis virus is discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nafion Oligomer Solvation in Equimolar Methanol−Water Mixture

The solvation of Nafion oligomer in equimolar water−methanol solution was studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The skeleton in water−methanol system was found to be substantially folded; its geometry was close to that in pure water. Pronounced flexibility of the skeleton was observed. At the same time, the side chains turned out to be very stiff. No conformation transitions in the side chains were monitored. The skeleton was mostly solvated by methanol. A minor preference for water in the vicinity of the sulfate group was observed. The lifetime of the hydrogen bonds of water and methanol were estimated. The lifetimes for the two components were very close to each other and several times longer than rotational correlation times of individual solute molecules in the bulk.
Adsorption of water on JSC‐1A (simulated moon dust samples)—a surface science study

JSC-1a (a simulated lunar dust sample) supported on a silica wafer (SiO 2 /Si(111)) has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The adsorption kinetics of water has been studied primarily by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and in addition by collecting isothermal adsorption transients. Blind experiments on the silica support have been performed as well. JSC-1 a consists mostly of aluminosilicate glass and other minerals containing Fe, Na, Ca, and Mg, as characterized in detail in prior studies, for example, at NASA. The particle sizes span the range from a few micrometers up to 100 μm. At small exposures, H 2 O TDS is characterized by broad (100-450) K structures; at large exposures, distinct TDS peaks emerge, which are assigned to amorphous solid water (ASW) (145 K) and crystalline ice (Cl) (165 K). Water dissociates on JSC-1a at small exposures but not on the bare silica support. Coadsorption TDS data (alkane-water mixtures) indicate that rather porous condensed ice layers form at large exposures, with the mineral particles acting most likely as nucleation sites. At thermal impact energies, the initial adsorption probability amounts to 0.92 ± 0.05. It is evident that the drop-and-dry technique, developed in studies about nanoparticles/tubes, can be extended to obtain samples for surface science studies based on powders consisting of particles with rather large diameters.
Weather Changes and the Appearance of Scum on Ponds

SOME years ago I also observed the phenomenon of a sudden appearance of scum on the surface of a pond similar to that mentioned by “Platanus orientalis” in NATURE, November 5.
Kinetics of chlorotetracycline permeation in fragmented, ATPase-rich sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Conditions are defined under which the fluorescent chelate probe chlorotetracycline (CTC) may be quantitatively used as a kinetic indicator of CA2+ transport by the membranes of the ATPase-rich fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. The fluorescence enhancement accompanying Ca2+ transport results from binding of Ca-CTC complexes to the inside surface, a process requiring transport of CTC across the membrane.Slow permeation of the dye results in a time course of fluorescence mat is slower than the transport reaction. When the probe was added after attainment of maximally-accumulated Ca2+ the rate of fluorescence rise (t1/2 ≈ 30 sec) was on the same order as the rate when added before Ca2+ uptake had begun (t1/2 ≈ 35 sec). In both cases, the rate of the fluorescence was limited by the rate of transport of the probe. However, when A23187 was added to the SR following active Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of CTC, decreases in fluorescence with 1/2 values less than 3 s...
Clock rate versus IPC: the end of the road for conventional microarchitectures

The doubling of microprocessor performance every three years has been the result of two factors: more transistors per chip and superlinear scali ng of the processor clock with technology generation. Our results show that, due to both diminishing improvements in clock rates and poor wire scaling as semiconductor devices shrink, the achievable performance growth of conventional microarchitectures will slow substantially. In this paper, we describe technology-driven models for wire capacitance, wire delay, and microarchitectural component delay. Using the results of these models, we measure the simulated performance—estimating both clock rate and IPC —of an aggressive out-of-order microarchitecture as it is scaled from a 250nm technology to a 35nm technology. We perform this analysis for three clock scaling targets and two microarchitecture scaling strategies: pipeline scaling and capacity scaling. We find that no scaling strategy permits annual performance improvements of better than 12.5%, which is far worse than the annual 50-60% to which we have grown accustomed.
Model investigations of inland migration of fast-flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams

Recent observations of increased discharge through fast-flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams motivate questions concerning the inland migration of regions of fast flow, which could increase drawdown of the ice-sheet interior. To investigate one process that could lead to inland migration we conduct experiments with a two-dimensional, full-stress, transient ice-flow model. An initial steady state is perturbed by initiating a jump in sliding speed over a fraction of the model domain. As a result, longitudinal-stress gradients increase frictional melting upstream from the slow-to-fast sliding transition, and a positive feedback between longitudinal-stress gradients, basal meltwater production and basal sliding causes the sliding transition to migrate upstream over time. The distance and speed of migration depend on the magnitude of the perturbation and on the degree of non-linearity assumed in the link between basal stress and basal sliding: larger perturbations and/or higher degrees of non-linearity lead to farther and faster upstream migration. Migration of the sliding transition causes the ice sheet to thin over time and this change in geometry limits the effects of the positive feedback, ultimately serving to impede continued upstream migration.
Volatility Forecast of Construction Cost Index Using General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic Method

AbstractThe Engineering News-Record (ENR) publishes the Construction Cost Index (CCI) monthly, which is a composite index of 20-city average price of construction activities in the United States. Cost estimators use this index frequently to estimate the cost of construction projects. The CCI forecast provides contractors with more accurate bids. It also helps owners with their projects’ budgeting. Previous studies have forecasted this index via multivariate and univariate techniques. Homogeneity of variance is assumed on these techniques, however the CCI shows periods of substantial volatility. So far the standard tools used to address volatility on time series have been the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. In this study, a seasonal historical data set of ENR Construction Cost Index is analyzed in order to extract and forecast volatilities of the CCI in the short term. Results of this study show high and pers...
The Methods behind the Madness: Presidential Electoral College Strategies, 1988-1996

The prevailing conventional wisdom in political science is that presidential candidates behave strategically and systematically. This study posits that we have not had adequate empirical information to judge how much strategic planning goes on, how these plans are derived, or how systematically they are realized. The analysis examines actual electoral college strategies from the 1988, 1992, and 1996 presidential elections and judges them against state-by-state allocations of television advertising purchases and candidate appearances. The data show that candidates devised and acted upon electoral college strategies, which were largely symmetrical across elections and party lines. The data also show, however, that strategies were neither perfectly symmetrical nor static, raising the possibility that presidential campaigning is less predictable than previously assumed.
A new technique for totally self-checking CMOS circuit design for stuck-on and stuck-off faults

Presents a new technique for designing single stage fully complementary metal oxide semiconductor (FCMOS) and CMOS domino logic circuits so that they are totally self checking for all single s-off and s-on faults. It involves the encoding of the output of the circuit in an error detecting code. CMOS circuits designed using the technique have two outputs. Two of the combinations (01,10) are considered to be valid code-words. The circuit is augmented such that any stuck-off (stuck-on) fault in the modified circuit produces a non-valid output 11(00), thus ensuring automatic fault detection. >
An Examination of Selective Achievement in Gifted Males

Selective achievers are intrinsically motivated individuals whose performance matches ability only in specific areas that satisfy their interests and personal goal orientations. Through a qualitative research design, this study investigated the phenomenon of selective achievement by examining the experiences of 2 gifted university males. The findings indicated that strong intrinsic motivation, combined with independence and resistance to conformity, played important roles in shaping who these young men were as gifted selective achievers. These gifted males demanded serious intellectual challenges associated with acquiring practical knowledge that could assist them in reaching their personal goals. In addition, the young men identified educators’ personalities and teaching styles as critical in determining whether or not they would put forth effort. Implications of the findings are presented along with recommendations for educators, counselors, and parents struggling to understand gifted young people who are selective in their approach to academic achievement.
An Object Oriented Approach to Content Planning for Text Generation

Abstract : This paper describes GENIE, an object-oriented architecture that generates text with the intent of extending user expertise in interactive environments. Such environments present three interesting goals. First, to provide information within the task at hand. Second to both respond to a user's task related question and simultaneously extend their knowledge. Third, to do this in a manner that is concise, clear and cohesive. Instead of generating text based solely on either discourse goals, intentions, or the domain, we found a need to combine techniques from each. We have developed an object oriented architecture in which the concepts about which we talk (domain entities), the goals that may be accomplished with them (intentions), end the rhetorical acts through which we express them (discourse goals) are represented as objects with localized knowledge end methods. This paper describes how current text planning methods were insufficient for our needs, and presents our object-oriented method as an alternative.
Stimulus control of schedule-induced aggression in the pigeon

Two male homing pigeons were food deprived and placed on a multiple FR2-FR66 schedule with target birds present in the chamber. For both birds, a red and a green houselight signaled FR66 and FR2 components, respectively. As the birds learned the discrimination, as indicated by longer postreinforcement pauses in the red relative to the green light, aggressive behavior toward the target bird came under the control of the discriminative stimuli, i.e., occurred only in the postreinforcement interval of the red light. When the multiple schedule was reversed (FR66 = green, FR2 = red) postreinforcement pausing and aggressive attack also reversed.
On the Rotational Intergrowth of Hierarchical FAU/EMT Zeolites

A structural study of a hierarchical zeolite X, which is similar to the one first synthesized by Inayat et al.,12 was performed using transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction. Evidence is provided, by comparison to simulations, that this material is an intergrowth of FAU and EMT and a conceptual model is presented for the growth of the FAU material with a small fraction of EMT in an atypical morphology of assembled sheets with well-defined intersection angles.
Correction for Unreliability of Multifactor Measures: Comparison of Alpha and Parallel Forms Approaches

Coefficient alpha is a widely used and useful index of reliability, but it provides an inappropriate estimate of reliability when used with multidimensional composites. The problematic nature of this inappropriate usage varies primarily as a function of the prominence of distinct factors in a composite and to a lesser extent as a function of the length of the measure. Implications for use of coefficient alpha estimates of reliability as the basis for correcting observed correlations for unreliability are described for a variety of levels of multidimensionality and measure length. Researchers should correct for unreliability to estimate construct interrelationships but must exercise care as to how they conceptualize errors of measurement and how they estimate reliability.
On powers associated with Sierpiński numbers, Riesel numbers and Polignac's conjecture

We address conjectures of P. Erd˝os and conjectures of Y.-G. Chen concerning the numbers in the title. We obtain a variety of related results, including a new smallest
Some Two-Cardinal Results for O-Minimal Theories

We examine two-cardinal problems for the class of O-minimal theories. We prove that an O-minimal theory which admits some (; ) must admit every ( 0 ; 0 ). We also prove that every \reasonable" variant of Chang’s Conjecture is true for O-minimal structures. Finally, we generalize these results from the two-cardinal case to the -cardinal case for arbitrary ordinals .
MICROSCALE EMISSION MODELS INCORPORATING ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION

Even though the MOBILE5 model has been widely used in air-quality analysis, it cannot be used in the evaluation of transportation improvements that result in a reduction of vehicle acceleration or deceleration. In this study, least-square regression models were developed to take into account the effect of acceleration or deceleration. To fully capture the dynamics of acceleration or deceleration, the value of acceleration or deceleration in the current period and those in previous periods were included. In addition, the durations of acceleration or deceleration were also considered. Grade was incorporated into the models by using it to adjust the values of acceleration or deceleration. In addition to these independent variables, variables that represent tractive power were also introduced into the models. The results from the calibration of the models indicated that most of the coefficients can be reasonably explained. The emissions model developed in this study was evaluated from microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. The results show that the emissions model developed in this study performs better than two other existing emissions models.
Approximating probabilistic inference in Bayesian belief networks

A belief network comprises a graphical representation of dependencies between variables of a domain and a set of conditional probabilities associated with each dependency. Unless rho =NP, an efficient, exact algorithm does not exist to compute probabilistic inference in belief networks. Stochastic simulation methods, which often improve run times, provide an alternative to exact inference algorithms. Such a stochastic simulation algorithm, D-BNRAS, which is a randomized approximation scheme is presented. To analyze the run time, belief networks are parameterized, by the dependence value D/sub xi /, which is a measure of the cumulative strengths of the belief network dependencies given background evidence xi . This parameterization defines the class of f-dependence networks. The run time of D-BNRAS is polynomial when f is a polynomial function. Thus, the results prove the existence of a class of belief networks for which inference approximation is polynomial and, hence, provably faster than any exact algorithm. >
An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to the Proximal and Distal Etiology of Sexual Offending

Emerging from social psychology, the theory of planned behavior offers a potentially useful theoretical framework for research into the etiology of sexual offending in adults and adolescents. The theory of planned behavior-a cognitive-affective theory about the role of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on behaviors-may provide a means by which to link distal etiological factors into proximal ones involved in the offense process, providing greater specificity to the ‘‘abused- abuser’’ hypothesis. The theory of planned behavior also provides a theoretical framework with which to specify mechanisms involved in the proximal offense cycle. Important new directions for research resulting from this conceptual advance are presented, along with limitations of the theory in its application to the etiology of sexual offending. This theoretical framework directs practitioners to classify sexual offenders’ cognitive distortions by whether they involve behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, ...
Clipping of previously coiled aneurysms: a challenge for the new generation.

The significant technological advances madeduringthe past decade in the fields of endovascular surgery have revolutionized the approach to cerebrovascular disease. Neurointerventionalists no longer have to restrict their tools to devices designedforcoronaryvessels,butinsteadenjoyanarmamentarium of increasingly diverse and specialized instruments customized to accommodate the brain’s vasculature (10) .I n parallel to these technical advances, the short-term results of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (6, 7) (ISAT) established equipoise between surgical clipping and endovascular coiling for intracranial aneurysmsinwhich thetreatingphysician thoughteithertreatment was a good option. Thus, the number of aneurysms treated by
Potential Benefits of Cinnamon in Type 2 Diabetes

Long known as a spice, cinnamon’s potential efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has been gaining interest. Evidence from animal models shows efficacy as an insulin mimetic and insulin sensitizing agent, in addition to other potential mechanisms of action. Human clinical data regarding its efficacy have shown inconsistent results but may be related to differentials in baseline glucose control, type of cinnamon used, and duration of study. Overall, a significant number of trials have shown cinnamon to be an effective option for lowering blood sugar in uncontrolled type 2 diabetics. Cinnamon’s reasonable cost, over-the-counter availability, and safety profile make it a relatively low-risk option for this population.
Glycogen accumulation in Reissner's membrane following chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine.

Rats were chemically sympathectomized by injecting them with 6-hydroxydopamine repeatedly during early postnatal development. Litter mates left untreated or injected with the vehicle only were used as controls. Inner ear tissues from a series of treated and control rats 11-72 days of age were fixed, then microdissected and prepared by usual methods for transmission electron microscopical study. Control rats 11 days of age showed accumulation of glycogen particles in Reissner's membrane, particularly in the epithelial cell layer near its attachment to the spiral limbus. The epithelial cells in that region also had rough endoplasmic reticulum with greatly widened cisternae containing a granular substance. The glycogen was not present after 11 days and the cisternae diminished in size with further postnatal development. The epithelial cells of the membrane in controls of all ages had intercellular clefts that were closed at the endolymphatic surface by zonulae occludentes, open narrowly at their basal end, a...
Enhancing the Social Supports of Teenage Mothers

Although social supports provide numerous advantages for teenage parents and their children, many young mothers lack the skills and knowledge to use them. The group training program described here ...
Computer Hardware and Software for Controlling Restaurant Operations

This paper presents the results of a survey on computer hardware/software use administered to over 100 restaurant operators in three states. It describes and analyzes recent trends in software practice by Wisconsin, Minnesota and Illinois restaurant operators using personal computers to control operations and perform accounting duties.
Metaphors, hybridity, failure and work: a sympathetic appraisal of Transitional Design

AbstractThis paper attempts to provide a sympathetic and productive critique of the program of transition design as is. Notably, four issues are pressed. (1) To what extent can complex systems theory help designers understand the irreducibly political and historical features of our socio-ecological worlds? (2) How can designers follow the injunction to recover "authentic" communal relations in a world that is co-extensively hybrid in form and creation? (3) What can be learn from the history of radical design as a history of failure? (4) Where does work and production fit into a transition design imaginary that is primarily focused on civil society and everyday life?
Crystal structure of a new (21)-clinopyribole synthesized at high temperature and pressure

A (21)-clinopyribole with the composition K 1.10 Na 2.32 Ca 1.52 Mg 5.85 Al 1.23 Si 12.04 O 34 (OH) 2 has been synthesized at 10 GPa and 1250 °C in a multi-anvil apparatus. The unit-cell parameters are a = 9.8390(9), b = 26.6471(6), c = 5.2665(5) A, β = 106.25(5)°, and V = 1325.6(4) A 3 . The structure (space group A 2/ m ) consists of an alternating arrangement of single- and double-chain silicate slabs along the b axis, with a + + + + configuration. This phase possesses all the features predicted by Veblen and Burnham (1978b) for a mixed-chain silicate intermediate between pyroxenes and amphiboles. The single-chain portion of the structure corresponds to a clinopyroxene with the omphacite composition Di 55 Jd 45 , whereas the double chain portion is essentially a potassic richterite. The MS2 cation in the single-chain portion occupies a coordination environment that is similar to the M4 site in richterite, whereas the MD4 cation coordination in the double-chain portion is comparable to the M2 site in C 2/ c omphacite. The observed unit-cell volume is 1.5% smaller than the equivalent mixture of Di 55 Jd 45 + richterite, accounting, in part, for its high-pressure stability relative to its pyroxene and amphibole components.
Prehospital physiologic data and lifesaving interventions in trauma patients.

ABSTRACT Background: The ability to accurately triage trauma patients can be difficult in the prehospital environment. Prehospital trauma scoring systems have been developed with a goal of determining which patients should be transported immediately to a trauma center, thus benefiting from critical personnel and resource-intensive lifesaving interventions (LSIs). A resource-based endpoint, LSIs, therefore might be the optimal endpoint of prehospital triage scoring and could be used to determine where patients are transported. We hypothesized that simple physiologic data available immediately upon scene arrival would prove predictive of the need for a LSI. Methods: Trauma patients transported from the injury scene by helicopter were eligible for entry into the study. Prehospital physiologic data and interventions were timed and recorded by flight medical personnel, whereas hospital vital signs, injuries, and interventions were prospectively recorded from the inpatient records. The motor component of the Gl...
Abstract 1676: Cytotoxicity of fenretinide and its metabolite 4-oxo-4-HPR in malignant lymphoid cells can be dependent and independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a cytotoxic retinoid that increases ROS and ceramides and has shown clinical activity against neuroblastoma and lymphoid malignancies. We compared the cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and sphingolipid synthesis of 4-oxo-4-HPR (a recently identified 4-HPR metabolite) with 4-HPR in malignant lymphoid cells. Cytotoxicity of 4-oxo-4-HPR and 4-HPR was measured in 14 malignant lymphoid cell lines using a DIMSCAN system. Median concentrations cytotoxic for 90% of cells (IC 90 ) were 2.1 µM (range: 1.1 − 15.9) for 4-oxo-4-HPR and 4.4 µM (range: 0.7 − 29.2) for 4-HPR. In 2 of 3 cell lines tested, ROS generation (DCFDA by flow cytometry) was higher with 4-HPR vs. 4-oxo-4-HPR (table). Ascorbic acid (AA) abrogated ROS generation and significantly attenuated cytotoxicity of 4-oxo-4-HPR and 4-HPR in CCRF-CEM and COG-LL-317 cells. However, in GA-10 cells AA completely abrogated ROS generation, but not cytotoxicity, for both 4-oxo-4-HPR and 4-HPR. Intracellular sphingolipid (SL) changes, another suggested mechanism for 4-HPR cytotoxicity, were measured by tandem mass spectrometry in GA-10 cells at 48-hours, and both 4-oxo-4-HPR and 4-HPR treatment increased SL, with significantly higher (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1676.
The Dilemma of the Traditional Virtue Ethics and its Solution

The ethical problems in applied ethics are beyond the theoretical domain of the traditional virtue ethics,which has partly caused the marginalization of the traditional virtue ethics.The future development of the traditional virtue ethics should rely on the following: a new interpretation of virtue in the perspective of the phenomenon and nature of virtue and applied ethics,the transition from the traditional virtue ethics to applied ethics and a further study of human rights as the nature and value standard.
College (Un)Bound: The Future of Higher Education and What It Means for Students

AbstractJeffrey Selingo argues that the problems that plague contemporary American higher education are exacerbated by missed opportunities to plan strategically. He also outlines the development of numerous disruptive forces, including significant economic challenges and the emergence of educational technology, which fosters innovative means to provide education and related services. Of particular interest to higher education professionals may be Selingo’s minimal but meaningful attention to issues of developing the whole student, which he discusses primarily as a luxury in which primarily elite colleges can invest. The book calls for faculty, administrators, and others concerned about developing students to engage significantly in the contemporary conversation shaping the educational institutions of our future.
Risk-Adjustment Simulation: Plans May Have Incentives To Distort Mental Health And Substance Use Coverage

Under the Affordable Care Act, the risk-adjustment program is designed to compensate health plans for enrolling people with poorer health status so that plans compete on cost and quality rather than the avoidance of high-cost individuals. This study examined health plan incentives to limit covered services for mental health and substance use disorders under the risk-adjustment system used in the health insurance Marketplaces. Through a simulation of the program on a population constructed to reflect Marketplace enrollees, we analyzed the cost consequences for plans enrolling people with mental health and substance use disorders. Our assessment points to systematic underpayment to plans for people with these diagnoses. We document how Marketplace risk adjustment does not remove incentives for plans to limit coverage for services associated with mental health and substance use disorders. Adding mental health and substance use diagnoses used in Medicare Part D risk adjustment is one potential policy step tow...
Managing wickedness in the Niger Delta: Can a new approach to multi-stakeholder governance increase voice and sustainability?

Abstract Recent efforts by the largest oil companies in Nigeria have shifted their corporate social responsibility to reflect more bottom-up participatory approaches to development and environmental conflict management in the Niger Delta. The newest approach, the Global Memorandum of Understanding, is a model of network governance, clustering groups of communities together into representative boards that make decisions on local development projects. This model could prove to be an important tool for managing conflicts over resources and revenues in Nigeria's main oil producing region. However, the legacy of violent conflicts within and between indigenous groups, militias and the military, government and oil companies amid ongoing environmental devastation from destructive oil extraction practices, makes trust and cooperation difficult, at best. In this context, where conflict runs deep and power is asymmetrical, developing an effective model of local governance for sustainable development is a wicked planning problem. This paper traces the gradual shift from competition to collaboration among stakeholders through the Pan Delta movement for social and environmental justice, which has introduced new voices and values to the debate over the region's future. Qualitative content analysis of secondary data is used to apply the wicked problems framework to the problem of local governance amid the political ecology of social and natural resource conflicts and increasing expectations for public involvement in resource allocation decisions. Similar fundamental political transitions are happening in other African countries. The Niger Delta presents a model case from a region that has been under-studied in the wicked problems literature and discourse.
Platelet function during cardiac operation: comparison of membrane and bubble oxygenators.

The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass with bubble and membrane oxygenator systems on platelet function were studied in 26 patients who had elective coronary arterial bypass grafts. Fourteen patients were perfused with spiral coil membrane oxygenator systems, 12 with bubble oxygenator systems. During and after bypass, platelet counts decreased in both groups; however, when corrected for dilution, platelet counts did not change significantly in patients perfused with membrane oxygenators and increased slightly but significantly in those perfused with membrane oxygenators and increased slightly but significantly in those perfused with bubble oxygenator systems. During and 1 hour after bypass, the concentration of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) required to cause complete aggregation increased in both groups. Plasma low affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4) increased significantly during and after bypass in both groups. However, the concentration of platelet adenine nucleotides and LA-PF4, measured only in patients perfused with membrane oxygenator systems, did not change. Bleeding times increased postoperatively in both groups and 18 hour blood losses were similar. Cardiopulmonary bypass with membrane and bubble oxygenator systems causes qualitatively similar losses in sensitivity to ADP and similar increases in bleeding times. The mechanism by which platelets are altered during cardiopulmonary bypass is obscure but is not due to partial depletion of granule contents in patients perfused with membrane oxygenators.
Fractional charge pumping of interacting bosons in one-dimensional superlattice

Motivated by experimental realizations of integer quantized charge pumping in one-dimensional superlattices [Nat. Phys. 12, 350 (2016); Nat. Phys. 12, 296 (2016)], we generalize and propose the adiabatic pumping of a fractionalized charge in interacting bosonic systems. This is achieved by dynamically sweeping the modulated potential in a class of one-dimensional interacting systems. As concrete examples, we show the charge pumping of interacting bosons at certain fractionally occupied fillings. We find that, for a given ground state, the charge pumping in a complete potential cycle is quantized to the fractional value related to the corresponding Chern number, characterized by the motion of the charge polarization per site. Moreover, the difference between charge polarizations of two ground states is quantized to an intrinsic constant revealing the fractional elementary charge of quasiparticle.
Well-preserved fungal spores from Jurassic rocks of Hells Canyon on the Idaho-Oregon border

Palynoflorules containing sparse but regularly occurring chitinous-walled fungal, probably ascomycete, spores have been obtained from silty limestone nodules in the Jurassic Coon Hollow Formation in the Wallowa terrane in Hells Canyon, Idaho. The fungal spores are associated with moderately abundant embryophytic spores and pollen that suggest late Early Jurassic to early Middle Jurassic age, which agrees with dating provided by marine animals stratigraphically just above. The fungal spores constitute the most diverse such assemblage of robust-walled spores described from pre-Cretaceous rocks. Two new species of the fossil fungal spore form-genus Diporicellaesporites, D. idahoensis and D. serratulus, and one new species of form-genus Fractisporonites, F. pittsburgensis, are described.
The Rise and Fall of Delaware's Takeover Standards

The takeover standards that we learn and teach in law school, Revlon, Unocal, Weinberger, and Blasius, appear to be in decline. In this chapter for the book The Corporate Contract In Changing Times: Is the Law Keeping Up? (eds. William Savitt, Steven Davidoff Solomon, Randall Thomas), we attempt to explain the rise and fall of jurisprudential takeover standards in Delaware. We theorize that these standards were created by Delaware courts in the mid-1980s to rectify a perceived failure in the corporate governance system, principally the apparent failure of directors to act responsibly in the corporate governance eco-system. These new standards successfully channeled takeovers into certain preferred forms, but also helped ameliorate the problematic practices of that period. These new standards collectively had another effect: encouraging the rise of private enforcement activities, initially by the raiders themselves, but once hostile transactions became a less significant force, through expanded shareholder litigation. In this new environment, private litigation became increasingly unnecessary, a fact which became quite apparent with the rise in litigation rates to 96% of all takeovers. At the same time, the rise of institutional investors, coordinating bodies such as proxy solicitors, hedge fund activism and corporate governance movements, as well as the expansion of federal securities law into areas like executive compensation and board independence/monitoring, occurred. The consequence was a largely justifiable relaxation of these standards.
Quality Changes of Beef Steaks Stored in Controlled Gas Atmospheres Containing High or Low Levels of Oxygen 1,2.

Steaks from bovine Longissimus and Semimembranosus muscles were used to determine the influence of gas atmospheres on beef color, microbial growth and shrinkage during 9 days of retail display in two separate experimental trials. Steaks were displayed in one of four gas mixtures and were compared to steaks packaged under conventional vacuum and in a film wrap. Gas mixtures containing O2 levels of 10% (one-half ambient) did not maintain a bright red color, but those with 40-75% O2 (more than twice ambient) maintained acceptable color for 9 days of storage. Atmosphere stored steaks lost more moisture (P<0.05) than vacuum-packaged steaks. Psychrotrophic and mesophilic microbial counts from steaks stored 9 days in atmospheres containing 15% CO2 were lower (P<0.05) than the counts for the control steaks.
Visual sensitivity and object recognition

The limits to human visual sensitivity can be factored into equivalent input noise, mostly due to unreliable communication, and efficiency, mostly due to suboptimal algorithms.
Thomas Mann’s Die Betrogene

(1963). Thomas Mann’s Die Betrogene. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 91-120.
Discharge Teaching, Readiness for Discharge, and Post-discharge Outcomes in Parents of Hospitalized Children

Abstract Purpose This study explored the sequential relationships of parent perceptions of the quality of their discharge teaching and nurse and parent perceptions of discharge readiness to post-discharge outcomes (parental post-discharge coping difficulty, readmission and emergency department visits). Design/methods In this secondary analysis of data from a longitudinal pilot study of family self-management discharge preparation, the correlational design used regression modeling with data from a convenience sample of 194 parents from two clinical units at a Midwest pediatric hospital. Data were collected on the day of discharge (Quality of Discharge Teaching Scale; Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale), at 3weeks post-discharge (Post-Discharge Coping Difficulty Scale), and from electronic records (readmission, ED visits). Results Parent-reported quality of discharge teaching delivery (the way nurses teach), but not the amount of content, was positively associated with parent perception (B=0.54) and nurse assessment (B=0.16) of discharge readiness. Parent-reported discharge readiness was negatively associated with post-discharge coping difficulty (B=−0.52). Nurse assessment of discharge readiness was negatively associated with readmission; a one point increase in readiness (on a 10 point scale) decreased the likelihood of readmission by 52%. Conclusion There is a sequential effect of quality of discharge teaching delivery on parent discharge readiness, which is associated with parent coping difficulty and child readmission. Practice Implications Efforts to improve discharge outcomes should include strategies to build nurse teaching skills for high-quality delivery of discharge teaching. In addition, routine nurse assessment of discharge readiness can be used to identify children at risk for readmission and trigger anticipatory interventions.
Orthopteran populations at Lick Creek Park in College Station, Texas

Many orthopteran species are pest that cause considerable crop damage, so a generalized survey of this insect order is beneficial for agricultural businesses. Orthopterans were collected at Lick Creek Park in College Station, Texas because this area is adjacent to farmland. The collected orthoptha were separated and categorized into suborders, families, and subfamilies by using the books as a key. They were also separated into matures and nymphs and by sex. Most of the Orthopterans collected were from the subfamily Melanoplinae. Surveillance of the Orthopteran population during the harvest season in agriculturally active area is imperative because Melanoplinae is one of the largest subfamilies and contains several of the worst orthopteroid crop and grassland pests.
Measurement of dN/dη and dET/dη in PbPb collisions with CMS☆

Abstract The charged particle multiplicity and transverse energy in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy ( s NN ) has been measured over a broad range of pseudorapidity ( η ) and collision centrality using the CMS detector at the LHC. The transverse energy density per unit pseudorapidity ( d E T / d η ) increases faster with collision energy than the charged particle multiplicity d N / d η . This implies that the mean energy per particle is increasing with collision energy. At all pseudorapidities the multiplicity and transverse energy per participating nucleon increases with the centrality of the collision. The ratio of transverse energy per unit pseudorapidity in peripheral to central collisions varies significantly as the pseudorapidity increases from η = 0 to | η | = 5.0 .
A comprehensive model for miscellaneous mass transfer mode in gas metal arc welding

Welding is an operation that aims to join two or more pieces, holding that on combination of these parts there will has no discontinuity of physical, chemical and metallurgical properties for its use and performance. This work deals with the modeling of this system. For this, two models are presented: one represents the dynamic of drop formation on electrode tip and the second model represents mass transfer dynamic when a short circuit occurs.