cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community-acquired Pneumonia Caused by Mixed Aerobic Bacteria

Mixed bacterial pneumonia caused by organisms other than anaerobes has been infrequently reported. We describe six cases and review the literature. Two patients had coinfection with S pneumoniae and L pneumophila . Two were infected with S pneumoniae and K pneumoniae and the others simultaneously harbored M tuberculosis and N asteroides . The first two sets of patients had bacteria isolated from usually sterile sites (blood and lung), while the latter harbored repeatedly isolated organisms not usually felt to be part of the normal respiratory flora. Mixed infection may help explain the substantial mortality still seen from pneumonia. This is especially true if Legionella, mycobacteria, or Nocardia species are encountered where routine smears and cultures may not aid in the diagnosis. Poor clinical response to specific antibacterial therapy in pneumonia should trigger further investigation for other potential pathogens.
A Coordination Model of Whole-plant Carbon Allocation in Relation to Water Stress☆

Abstract Although water is an important determinant of the allocation of material between roots and shoots during growth, and often parallels the effects of nitrogen, few models have explicitly considered allocation in relation to water supply. We use coordination theory to develop a simple exponential model that considers allocation of dry matter between shoots and roots during growth in relation to carbon and watersupplies, and accounts for the effects of water stress on growth. We compare coordination vs. optimization (global and local) versions of the exponential model by examining similarities and differences in model behaviour obtained under constant and variable environmental conditions, and with drastically changing conditions (mild, moderate and severe water stress). The greatest differences between coordination and optimization exist in the drastically changing conditions. In a second version of the model, we remove the restriction of exponential growth and show how coordination principles can be extended to a more complicated structure. The non-exponential model is used to analyse experimental data on the effects of different pot sizes (and hence water availability) on root restriction and plant growth as reported by Thomas and Strain ( Plant Physiology 96 : 627–634, 1991). With further refinements, the coordination model has potential as a tool to model plant growth in relation to water supply under various environmental conditions.
Teaching Parents of Children with Autism to Evaluate Interventions

Children with autism are participating in a variety of interventions that are believed to be effective by their parents; however, a majority of these interventions are not empirically supported. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a parent education program to teach parents of children with autism to evaluate their child’s interventions. Parents’ acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of evaluation behaviors were examined. Additionally, we looked at parents’ understanding of information regarding evaluating interventions and decision-making patterns regarding treatments in comparison to controls. A multiple baseline design across parent participants was used to assess parents’ evaluation skills. After completion of a parent education program, parents increased in their evaluative behaviors relative to individual baseline measures. In addition, parents in the experimental group increased their understanding of information regarding evaluating interventions and empirically based decisions regarding treatments in comparison to controls.
Recognition without face identification

Recognition without identification is the finding that participants can recognize recognition test items as having been previously studied when the test items themselves are presented in such a way that their identification is hindered. The present study demonstrates this phenomenon in face recognition. Participants studied names of celebrities before receiving a recognition test containing pictures of celebrity faces. Half of the pictures were of celebrities whose names were studied; half were of celebrities whose names were not studied. Participants attempted to identify each face on the test and also rated the likelihood that each person’s name was studied. Among the faces that went unidentified, ratings discriminated between celebrities whose names were studied and celebrities whose names were not studied. This recognition without face identification effect is dependent upon the sense of being in a tip-of-the-tongue state for a particular name. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Response entrainment of movement fibers in the optic tract of crayfish

The response properties of jittery movement fibers (JMF) in the crayfish optic tract reacting to a non-moving temporally patterned light were analyzed. The JMFs usually show no response during the regular flickering of stationary light with a flash duration of less than 50 msec when the stimulus frequency is between 4 and 20 per second; however they do respond when the flickering stops if a certain number of flashes have been given. The response appears about 50 msec after the first missing flash, i.e., the latency of the response after the last flash of the train changed from 100 to 300 msec. Thus, the "off" response at the end of the flicker is entrained to the stimulus repetition interval and locked onto the time of the first missing flash. The response of a sustaining fiber to an identical stimulus has quite different features as illustrated in Fig. 2. Some of the fibers show responses to the beginning part of the flicker but not necessarily to each flash, and habituate after several flashes. When a single flash longer than 250 msec is given, the fiber shows an "off" response with about 50 msec latency, as it does to sustained light. Some fibers show a double burst of "off" discharge to single flashes; the first at 50 msec is followed after 120 msec by the second one. However, when the flash duration is between 250 and 50 msec, a single flash elicits little or no response. The latency of the "off" response is as much as 300 msec for short single flashes less than 50 msec. An "on" response to flashes of light is observed when the inter-stimulus interval is more than 5 sec. The responses to the beginning part of flicker train are not simply locked to the just preceding flash except the "on" response to the very first one, but they can be the long latency responses to the flash before that. This response is modified in latency by the succeeding flashes in flicker trains and becomes entrained to the missing flash. Four types of entrainment are classified on the basis of the change in latency from the missing flash with regard to the number of flashes in a train. In most cases, 10 flashes are sufficient to entrain the response to the first missing flash. Non-resposiveness, i.e., habituation, during a regular flicker, may be due to an active inhibitory process, initiated by each succeeding light pulse. The response to the missing flash, therefore results from a disinhibited modified response to the last flash. Some JMFs continue to respond to the flicker even after a considerable number of flashes but only when the repetition interval is about 120 msec corresponding well to the interval of the double burst "off" discharge, thus the JMF has a resonant frequency of about 8 Hz. The JMFs appear to be acting as an irregularity detector in temporal sequence.
A criterion for instability of flow in steep channels

We say that the flow in an open channel is unstable if conditions are such that a disturbance of the free surface increases in magnitude as it moves downstream. A simple criterion for instability can be derived from Boussinesq's equation for the velocity of propagation of a volume-element of a wave, and a suitable formula for the variation of channel-resistance with depth. For mathematical simplicity we assume a wide rectangular channel and a wave-profile which is everywhere above the undisturbed surface. The notation is illustrated in Figure 1.
Thin filament changes during in vivo rat heart development.

ABSTRACT: Developmental differences in myocardial performance are known to exist. It is likely that the profile of protein isoforms present on the developing thin filament contributes to these observed differences. We have prepared thin filaments from developing and mature rat hearts by using an immunoprecipitation procedure developed in our laboratory. Analysis of these isolated thin filaments by Western immunoblots and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrates troponin I and troponin T isoform switching on the developing thin filament. Troponin I isoform switching begins by embryonic d 18 and is complete before the 3rd postnatal wk. Troponin T isoform switching begins between embryonic d 18 and birth and is complete between the 2nd and 3rd postnatal wk. The degree of phosphorylation of tropomyosin in thin filaments appears to be developmentally regulated, decreasing with advancing age. Nonmuscle isoforms of tropomyosin are also detectable in thin filaments from developing and mature rat hearts. These phenomena (troponin isoform switching, the degree of phosphorylation of tropomyosin, and the presence of nonmuscle isoforms of tropomyosin on cardiac thin filaments) likely play a role in the function of immature thin filaments and in the assembly of mature thin filaments.
The risk of orthodontic treatment for producing temporomandibular mandibular disorders: a literature overview.

T h e benefits of orthodontic treatment in the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is questionable, since the occlusion is considered as having a limited role in the cause of TMD as recently stated by Seligman and Pullinger t after an extensive review of the literature. However, the potential detrimental effects of orthodontic treatment has captured the attention of the orthodontic community over the last decade. Several studies have been published previously addressing the question of a possible functional risk or benefit of orthodontic treatment on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory musculature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a somewhat detailed review of those studies in which samples of orthodontically treated patients have been evaluated. In addition to the six studies referenced by Reynders 2 in a recent review of the literature from 1966 to 1988, eight more studies will be reviewed to provide the reader with specific information as background with which to compare future studies (Table I).
Impact of Hurricane Belle on Assateague Island washover

The occurrence of Hurricane Belle on August 9, 1976 supplied additional data on the role of overwash on Assateague Island. Approximately 19m 3 of sand per metre of washover centerline (oriented normal to shoreline) was deposited at the survey site as a result of the storm. The major source of sand appears to be the beach and near-shore regions as opposed to the foredunes adjacent to the washover throat, because there is a lack of measured dune erosion. Unlike most winter storms, there was no concurrent offshore wind to deflate this deposit as the storm subsided. However, strong offshore winds in January 1977 eroded some 16 m 3 /m from this centerline and redeposited this sand on the beach. This study suggests that overwash of the magnitude experienced during storms of less than major proportions may not be processes for significant long-term sand accumulation to this barrier island.
A case for catastrophic early degassing of the earth.

Evidence is given for the occurrence in early earth history of massive escape of volatiles from the interior of the earth to its surface, which must have had catastrophic proportions. The mechanism and time of this event are inferred from the abundances and distribution of volatiles in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and crust, and from meteorite studies, and geophysical and astronomical observations. This event is linked to the melting of the earth during accretion which resulted in the concentration of U, Th, K and Pb in the outermost portion of the earth and in virtually complete expulsion of nonradiogenic Ar, Ne and Kr from its interior.
Variation in Journal Peer Review Systems: Possible Causes and Consequences

To investigate disciplinary differences in how scientific journals evaluate submissions, I collected data from the Astrophysical Journal, Physiological Zoology , and the American Sociological Review . Referees' evaluations of submissions to these journals differed strikingly: nearly half of the referee reports for American Sociological Review recommended outright rejection, while the corresponding proportions for the other two journals were about one fourth and one tenth. Final dispositions show even greater variation, with Astrophysical Journal accepting 91% of submissions, Physiological Zoology 59%, and American Sociological Review 13%. The journals also differed substantially in the average number of revisions of eventually accepted papers and the average time lags between submission and final editorial decisions. Such differences conform to claims that disciplinary differences in consensus on research priorities and procedures contribute to variation in typical journal peer review systems. Review systems, in turn, influence authors' experiences in the peer review process. ( JAMA . 1990;263:1348-1352)
Chlorination of Pyridinium Compounds: POSSIBLE ROLE OF HYPOCHLORITE, N-CHLORAMINES, AND CHLORINE IN THE OXIDATION OF PYRIDINOLINE CROSS-LINKS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE COLLAGEN TYPE II DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Abstract Reactive oxygen species produced by activated neutrophils and monocytes are thought to be involved in mediating the loss of collagen and other matrix proteins at sites of inflammation. To evaluate their potential to oxidize the pyridinoline (Pyd) cross-links found in collagen types I and II, we reacted hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl−), and singlet oxygen (O2(1Δg)) with the Pyd substitutes, pyridoxamine dihydrochloride and vitamin B6, which share the same chemical structure and spectral properties of Pyd cross-links. Neither H2O2 (125–500 μm) nor O2(1Δg) (10–25 μm) significantly changed the spectral properties of pyridoxamine or vitamin B6. Reaction of HOCl/OCl− (12.5–50 μm) with pyridoxamine at pH 7.2 resulted in a concentration-dependent appearance of two new absorbance peaks and a decrease in fluorescence at 400 nm (excitation 325 nm). The new absorbance peaks correlated with the formation of anN-chloramine and the product of its subsequent reaction with pyridoxamine. In contrast, the extent to which HOCl reacted with vitamin B6, which lacks a primary amine group, was variable at this pH. At lysosomal pH 5.5, Cl2/HOCl/OCl− reacted with both pyridoxamine and vitamin B6. Four of the chlorinated products of this reaction were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and included 3-chloropyridinium, an aldehyde, and several chlorinated products with disrupted rings. To evaluate the effects of Cl2/HOCl/OCl− on Pyd cross-links in collagen, we exposed bone collagen type I and articular cartilage type II to HOCl. Treatment of either collagen type with HOCl at pH 5.0 or 7.2 resulted in the oxidation of amine groups and, for collagen type II, the specific decrease in Pyd cross-link fluorescence, suggesting that during inflammation both oxidations may be used by neutrophils and monocytes to promote the loss of matrix integrity.
Nanocrystallinity in heat-treated calcium aluminate fibers

Abstract Nanocrystallinity in heat-treated, eutectic-composition (46.5 wt.% CaO–53.5 wt.% Al2O3) calcium aluminate fibers produced by the Inviscid Melt Spinning process is indicated through analysis of XRD patterns. Crystallite sizes in the heat-treated fibers range from 25 to 46 nm for two calcium aluminate phases, Ca12Al14O33 and CaAl4O7. Elastic moduli in heat-treated fibers tend to increase with increasing grain size and development of Ca12Al14O33 phase. The formation of nanocrystallinity and its effect on modulus has implications in the optimization of fiber properties and processing parameters for the Redrawn Inviscid Melt Spinning process.
Polymer colloids in photonic materials

Abstract Exciting materials known as photonic band-gap materials have come upon the materials science scene and are being studied by many research groups around the world. These new materials operate on light in a way very analogous to the way semiconductors operate on electrons to produce very fast electronic switching and computing circuits. It is imagined that the successful fabrication of these materials will lead to computing machines operating on light and yielding the ultimate speeds in information processing, as electrons typically move only at about one tenth to one half the speed of light. Such devices will require much less heat dissipation and may lead to further miniaturization of computing circuits. New applications in diverse chemical and biochemical sensing are also emerging from these photonic materials. Separation and filtration materials and diverse mesoporous materials and composites are also being developed that rely on such photonic arrays and assemblies as fabrication templates. Polymer colloids in the size range of tens of nm to tens of microns are key components in such new materials and processes. A major limitation in the production of such new materials and devices is that fabrication of such arrays and assemblies is extremely slow and unsuitable for practical manufacturing. Crystallization of charged colloidal suspensions, annealing of core–shell particle arrays, epitaxial growth of crystals from two–dimensional templates, and annealing of thermoreversible gel particle arrays are being explored to ameliorate these limitations. To cite this article: J. Texter, C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).
Experimental Determination of Atmospheric Infra-red Radiation

MUCH attention has centred on the radiative heat transfer properties of the atmosphere since about 1900, especially with regard to the infra-red absorption of certain atmospheric constituents such as water vapour, carbon dioxide and ozone, the spectral characteristics of which are presumably better known from the application of quantum mechanical methods to the problem. Actual results in terms of atmospheric behaviour, however, are necessarily arrived at by devious methods, usually involving some sort of radiation chart, such as Elsasser's1. The experimental confirmation of these methods is almost completely lacking, except at the surface of the Earth, where conditions are similar to those reproducible in the laboratory.
Critical review of coupled flux formulations for clay membranes based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics

Article history: Extensive research conducted over the past several decades has indicated that semipermeable membrane behavior (i.e., the ability of a porous medium to restrict the passage of solutes) may have a significant influence on solute migration through a wide variety of clay-rich soils, including both natural clay formations (aquitards, aquicludes) and engineered clay barriers (e.g., landfill liners and vertical cutoff walls). Restricted solute migration through clay mem- branes generally has been described using coupled flux formulations based on nonequilibrium (irreversible) thermodynamics. However, these formulations have differed depending on the assumptions inherent in the theoretical development, resulting in some confusion regarding the applicability of the formulations. Accordingly, a critical review of coupled flux formulations for liquid, current, and solutes through a semipermeable clay membrane under isothermal conditions is undertaken with the goals of explicitly resolving differences among the formulations and illustrating the significance of the differences from theoretical and practical perspectives. Formulations based on single-solute systems (i.e., uncharged solute), single-salt systems, and general systems containing multiple cations or anions are presented. Also, expressions relating the phenomenological coefficients in the coupled flux equations to relevant soil properties (e.g., hydraulic conductivity and effective diffusion coefficient) are summarized for each system. A major difference in the formulations is shown to exist depending on whether counter diffusion or salt diffusion is assumed. This difference between counter and salt diffusion is shown to affect the interpretation of values for the effective diffusion coefficient in a clay membrane based on previously published experimental data. Solute transport theories based on both counter and salt diffusion then are used to re-evaluate previously published column test data for the same clay membrane. The results indicate that, despite the theoretical inconsistency between the counter-diffusion assumption and the salt-diffusion conditions of the experiments, the predictive ability of solute transport theory based on the assumption of counter diffusion is not significantly different from that based on the assumption of salt diffusion, provided that the input parameters used in each theory are derived under the same assumption inherent in the theory. Nonetheless, salt-diffusion theory is fundamentally correct and, therefore, is more appropriate for problems involving salt diffusion in clay membranes. Finally, the fact that solute diffusion cannot occur in an ideal or perfect membrane is not explicitly captured in any of the theoretical expressions for total solute flux in clay membranes, but rather is generally accounted for via inclusion of an effective porosity, ne, or a restrictive tortuosity factor, τr, in the formulation of Fick's first law for diffusion. Both ne and τr have been correlated as a linear function of
A study of group dynamics in educational leadership cohort and non-cohort groups.

The purpose of this study was to examine group dynamics of educational leadership students in cohorts and make comparisons with the group dynamics characteristics of non-cohort students. Cohorts have emerged as dynamic and adaptive entities with attendant group dynamic processes that shape collective learning and action. Cohort (n=42) and non-cohort (n=51) students were surveyed on group variables of participation, communication, influence, trust, cohesiveness, empowerment, collaboration, and satisfaction. Descriptive statistics and effect size analyses were used for data analysis. Significant differences were identified in trust, cohesiveness, and satisfaction. However, findings show little effect on cohort structures in the areas of participation, communication, influence, empowerment, and collaboration.
Water Infrastructure Interdependencies

In addition to direct threats from natural and human-caused sources, water system managers must plan for interdependencies in their water supply chains and in their relationships with other infrastructure systems such as electric power and transportation. Supply chain interdependencies include integration issues such as a utility's dependence on raw water inputs and shared responsibility to protect water quality in river basins. These interdependencies require water system managers to recognize internal and external supply chain relationships and to coordinate their security plans. Coordination is more difficult with other types of infrastructures, and water system managers must consider failures in them as uncontrolled threats. When failures in their own systems threaten others, water system managers must inform the other system managers and prepare coordinated plans. Whether threats from failures arise from within or outside of the water industry, they can be included in vulnerability analyses. Keywords: water management; security; interdependencies; risk assessment; electric power; transportation; critical infrastructure; utilities; vulnerability analysis; failures
Cardiovascular Function in a Rat Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

The obesity-prone/obesity-resistant rat model has been used to study mechanisms responsible for obesity-related abnormalities in renal function and blood pressure, but whether this model exhibits c...
An Introduction to Cryptography

As Julius Caesar surveys the unfolding battle from his hilltop outpost, an exhausted and disheveled courier bursts into his presence and hands him a sheet of parchment containing gibberish:
Quantitative analysis of RNA solvent accessibility by N-silylation of guanosine.

An important unmet experimental objective is to analyze local RNA structure in a way that is strictly governed by solvent accessibility. Essentially all chemical probes currently used to evaluate RNA (and DNA) structure via formation of stable covalent adducts employ carbon-based electrophiles, which undergo nucleophilic attack from limited spatial orientations and via highly polar transition states. Reaction by these classical electrophiles is therefore gated by both solvent accessibility and additional electrostatic factors. In contrast, silicon electrophiles react via their d-orbitals and consequently can undergo nucleophilic attack from many spatial orientations. In this work, we explore the use of silanes to react indiscriminately with RNA such that the primary factor governing reactivity is solvent accessibility. We show that N,N-(dimethylamino)dimethylchlorosilane (DMAS-Cl) reacts at the guanosine N2 position to yield a near-perfect measure (r ≥ 0.82) of solvent accessibility in an RNA with a compl...
Distributed chance-constrained task allocation for autonomous multi-agent teams

This research presents a distributed chance-constrained task allocation framework that can be used to plan for multi-agent networked teams operating in stochastic and dynamic environments. The algorithm employs an approximation strategy to convert centralized problem formulations into distributable sub-problems that can be solved by individual agents. A key component of the distributed approximation is a risk adjustment method that allocates individual agent risks based on a global risk threshold. The results show large improvements in distributed stochastic environments by explicitly accounting for uncertainty propagation during the task allocation process.
The Effects of an Adapted Interactive Writing Intervention on Kindergarten Children's Phonological Awareness, Spelling, and Early Reading Development: A Contextualized Approach to Instruction.

Using a pretest-posttest comparison-group design, this 16-week study investigated the effects of 2 instructional approaches on the phonological awareness, alphabetic knowledge, and early reading of kindergarten children. The primary goal was to compare a form of contextualized instruction based on an adapted interactive writing program with a field-tested program of metalinguistic games. For instructional purposes, the children in each treatment group were divided into small intervention classes, with groupings based on children's common strengths and needs. Each week, these classes met with trained literacy tutors for 4 20-min lessons. Pretest and posttest measures provided data on children's phonological awareness, spelling, and reading development. Statistical analyses of the data indicated no between-groups differences with regard to phonological awareness and spelling achievement. In contrast, results revealed statistically significant differences between the 2 groups on word identification, passage comprehension, and word reading development measures, with the adapted interactive writing group demonstrating greater achievement. These findings verify that the children participating in a contextualized program matched or exceeded the achievement of the children participating in a structured program of metalinguistic games.
Transcription factor RFX2 is abundant in rat testis and enriched in nuclei of primary spermatocytes where it appears to be required for transcription of the testis-specific histone H1t gene.

Previous work in our laboratory revealed upregulated transcription of the testis-specific linker histone H1t gene in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. Using the H1t X-box as an affinity chromatography probe, we identified Regulatory Factor X2 (RFX2), a member of the RFX family of transcription factors, as a nuclear protein that binds the probe. We also showed that RFX2 activated the H1t promoter in transient expression assays. However, other RFX family members have the same DNA-binding domain and they also may regulate H1t gene expression. Therefore, in this study we examined the distribution of RFX2 and other RFX family members in rat testis germinal cells and in several tissues. Among tissues examined, RFX2 is most abundant in testis. Testis RFX2 is most abundant in spermatocytes where transcription of the H1t gene is upregulated and the steady-state H1t mRNA level is high. RFX2 levels decrease but RFX1 levels increase in early spermatids where H1t gene transcription is downregulated. Antibodies against RFX2 generate a shifted band in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using H1t or testisin X-box DNA probes with nuclear proteins from spermatocytes. These data support the hypothesis that RFX2 expression is upregulated in spermatocytes where it participates in activating transcription of the H1t gene and other testis genes. These data also support the possibility that other RFX family members may bind to the H1t promoter in other testis germinal cell types and in nongerminal cells to downregulate H1t gene transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 735–746, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DSP architecture optimization in Matlab/Simulink environment

An automated architecture optimization for DSP algorithms within graphical Matlab/Simulink environment is proposed. The optimization uses Integer Linear Programming for scheduling and retiming of hardware blocks. The high-level block-diagram based Simulink model maps to FPGA or ASIC. Users can control the tuning range of architecture parameters and select solutions from energy-area-performance tradeoff space. The hierarchical method produces optimal architectures with energy efficiency of 5GOPS/mW in a 90 nm CMOS technology.
Downward Migration of Carotid Stent on 8 Months Follow‐Up Imaging: Possible Stent “Watermelon‐ Seeding” Effect

BACKGROUND One method used to treat atherosclerotic carotid disease is carotid artery stenting (CAS). A rarely encountered limitation of this technique is stent migration. Here, we present a rare case of carotid stent downward migration found on follow-up imaging 8 months post operation. METHOD/RESULT A 70-year-old man presented with aphasia and right-sided weakness secondary to high-grade (99%) proximal left internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis that was treated with CAS. Stent apposition distally was achieved as well as proximally at the carotid bulb without crossing the bifurcation and without going distally beyond the ICA angulation to avoid kinking. Eight months follow-up computerized axial angiogram showed downward migration of the stent into the common carotid with restenosis distal to the stent. A 6—8 × 40 mm stent was deployed and the stenosed area restented with good results to overlap with the older stent and landed distal to the ICA angulation. CONCLUSION Interventionalists should be aware of the rare possibility of migrating downward “watermelon-seeding” of carotid stents. This report may generate the hypothesis that the stent watermelon-seeding effect may be related to proximal placement of a short stent below the ICA angulation and at the carotid bulb in severely stenotic lesion. J Neuroimaging 2011;21:395-398.
Remodeling of yeast CUP1 chromatin involves activator-dependent repositioning of nucleosomes over the entire gene and flanking sequences.

The yeast CUP1 gene is activated by the copper-dependent binding of the transcriptional activator, Ace1p. An episome containing transcriptionally active or inactive CUP1 was purified in its native chromatin structure from yeast cells. The amount of RNA polymerase II on CUP1 in the purified episomes correlated with its transcriptional activity in vivo. Chromatin structures were examined by using the monomer extension technique to map translational positions of nucleosomes. The chromatin structure of an episome containing inactive CUP1 isolated from ace1Δ cells is organized into clusters of overlapping nucleosome positions separated by linkers. Novel nucleosome positions that include the linkers are occupied in the presence of Ace1p. Repositioning was observed over the entire CUP1 gene and its flanking regions, possibly over the entire episome. Mutation of the TATA boxes to prevent transcription did not prevent repositioning, implicating a chromatin remodeling activity recruited by Ace1p. These observations provide direct evidence in vivo for the nucleosome sliding mechanism proposed for remodeling complexes in vitro and indicate that remodeling is not restricted to the promoter but occurs over a chromatin domain including CUP1 and its flanking sequences.
Neonatal epididymo-orchitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report

Epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis are an uncommon causes of acute testicular pain in neonatal boys, epididymo-orchitis is infection or inflammation of epididymis and testis it's may be associated with urinary tract infections or reflux of urine predisposed by an underlying vasal anomaly. Pediatricians should examine the testicles meticulously after a baby is born.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF RATING-SCALE ITEMS ON THE TEST ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRE.

A principal components analysis and a varimax rotation were applied to scores on 34 items of the Test Anxiety Questionnaire (TAQ) obtained on 202 upperclassmen. 7 factors were extracted and interpreted as (a) confidence about individual intelligence testing, (b) perspiring about testing, (c) confidence during course examinations, (d) confidence about group intelligence testing, (e) heartbeat about testing, (f) confidence before course examinations, and (g) avoidance of intelligence testing. Factors or subtests of the TAQ when scored separately may provide more clear-cut relationships with intelligence, achievement, and learning measures.
Phylogenetic analysis of ambrosial species in the genus Raffaelea based on 18S rDNA sequences

Cladistic analysis of characters derived from nuclear-encoded 18S rDNA sequences was used to infer the phylogenetic placement of ambrosial species of the anamorph genus Raffaelea among perithecial ascomycetes. Of eight species in the genus investigated, seven resolve as a monophyletic lineage that forms a sister group to the sexual genus Ophiostoma. Raffaelea hennebertii, the single species excluded from this lineage, appears to be allied phylogenetically with species of Melanospora. These data are discussed in relation to the monophyly of Raffaelea and its relationship with other sexual and asexual fungal associates of wood-boring Coleoptera. In addition, we report the presence of significant length variation in PCR-amplified 18S rDNA fragments for three of the Raffaelea species studied.
Ligand connected metal clusters. The molecular structures and solid state packing of {Ru3(CO)11}2(bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and {Ru3(CO)11}2(1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene)

Abstract The preparation and structural characterization of {Ru3(CO)11}2(1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene), a modified synthesis of 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, and the structural characterization of {Ru3(CO)11}2(bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) are reported. In both compounds two metal cluster units are connected through ditertiary-phosphine ligands. Both molecules consist of centrosymmetric units in which the diphosphine ligands are largely covered by the triangular ruthenium clusters. No direct interaction between the two cluster units occurs within individual molecules. Molecular packing in the solid state is dominated by interactions between sets of carbon monoxide ligands in motifs that were previously identified in the solid state structure of the parent cluster, Ru3(CO)12.
Negotiated control between the manual and visual systems for visually guided hand reaching movements

Control of reaching movements for manual work, vehicle operation, or interactions with manual interfaces requires concurrent gaze control for visual guidance of the hand. We hypothesize that reaching movements are based on negotiated strategies to resolve possible conflicting demands placed on body segments shared by the visual (gaze) and manual (hand) control systems. Further, we hypothesize that a multiplicity of possible spatial configurations (redundancy) in a movement system enables a resolution of conflicting demands that does not require sacrificing the goals of the two systems. The simultaneous control of manual reach and gaze during seated reaching movements was simulated by solving an inverse kinematics model wherein joint trajectories were estimated from a set of recorded hand and head movements. A secondary objective function, termed negotiation function, was introduced to describe a means for the manual reach and gaze directing systems to balance independent goals against (possibly competing) demands for shared resources, namely the torso movement. For both systems, the trade-off may be resolved without sacrificing goal achievement by taking advantage of redundant degrees of freedom. Estimated joint trajectories were then compared to joint movement recordings from ten participants. Joint angles were predicted with and without the negotiation function in place, and model accuracy was determined using the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) and differences between estimated and recorded joint angles. The prediction accuracy was generally improved when negotiation was included: the negotiated control reduced RMSE by 16% and 30% on average when compared to the systems with only manual or visual control, respectively. Furthermore, the RMSE in the negotiated control system tended to improve with torso movement amplitude. The proposed model describes how multiple systems cooperate to perform goal-directed human movements when those movements draw upon shared resources. Allocation of shared resources can be undertaken by a negotiation process that is aware of redundancies and the existence of multiple solutions within the individual systems.
The Dual Journal Concept

About 18 months ago, the American Chemical Society received a grant from the National Science Foundation to undertake an experiment concerning the so-called dual journal.
Obesity decreases B cell responses in young and elderly individuals.

Objective To evaluate the effects of obesity-associated inflammation on influenza vaccine responses. Methods In young and elderly individuals, both lean and with obesity, antibody responses to influenza vaccination were measured. Results A decrease in in vivo vaccine responses, circulating switched memory, and transitional B cells and an increase in pro-inflammatory late/exhausted memory B cells were found. In vitro B cell function was measured by activation-induced cytidine deaminase and E47, markers of optimal antibody responses. Moreover, IL-6 production was increased, whereas IL-10 production was decreased in cultures of B cells from individuals with obesity. Markers of immune activation (TNF-α, TLR4, micro-RNAs) in unstimulated B cells were also found increased and were negatively correlated with B cell function. In order to reveal potential mechanisms, we stimulated B cells from lean individuals in vitro with leptin, the adipokine increased in obesity. Leptin increased phospho-STAT3, crucial for TNF-α production, and decreased phospho-AMPK, the energy sensing enzyme upstream of phospho-p38 MAPK and E47. Leptin-induced phospho-STAT3 and phospho-AMPK levels were similar to those in B cells from individuals with obesity. Conclusions These results demonstrate that leptin can be responsible for decreased B cell function in obesity.
Pleomorphic plasma cell leukemia

![Figure][1] This peripheral blood smear is from a 72-year-old woman, taken several hours before she died of recurrent plasma cell myeloma and newly developed secondary plasma cell leukemia. Her white blood cell count increased from 39.5 × 103/μL to 233.2 × 103/μL in 28 hours. The
Aerosolized Silver Nanoparticles in the Rat Lung and Pulmonary Responses over Time

Silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) production methods are being developed and refined to produce more uniform Ag NPs through chemical reactions involving silver salt solutions, solvents, and capping agents to control particle formation. These chemical reactants are often present as contaminants and/or coatings on the Ag NPs, which could alter their interactions in vivo. To determine pulmonary effects of citrate-coated Ag NPs, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed once nose-only to aerosolized Ag NPs (20 nm [C20] or 110 nm [C110] Ag NPs) for 6 hr. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were obtained at 1, 7, 21, and 56 days postexposure for analyses. Inhalation of Ag NPs, versus citrate buffer control, produced significant inflammatory and cytotoxic responses that were measured in BALF cells and supernatant. At day 7, total cells, protein, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated in BALF, and peak histopathology was noted after C20 or C110 exposure versus control. At day 21, BALF polymorphonuclear cells and tissue inflammation were significantly greater after C20 versus C110 exposure. By day 56, inflammation was resolved in Ag NP-exposed animals. Overall, results suggest delayed, short-lived inflammatory and cytotoxic effects following C20 or C110 inhalation and potential for greater responses following C20 exposure.
A widespread eruption with sloughing

From Harvard Medical School and the Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Funding sources: None. Conflicts of interest: None declared. Correspondence to: Daniela Kroshinsky, MD, MPH, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail: dkroshinsky@mgh.harvard.edu. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;74:e87-8. 0190-9622/$36.00 a 2015 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.10.017
Transfusion management of factor V deficiency: three case reports and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Factor V (FV) deficiency may be inherited as an autosomal recessive disease or acquired as a result of autoantibody formation, either spontaneously or secondary to exposure to bovine thrombin or medications. Congenital FV deficiency has traditionally been treated with plasma transfusions. However, recent evidence has suggested that platelet (PLT) transfusions may be a better alternative as FV stored within PLT alpha granules has greater procoagulant potential and is released locally at sites of vascular injury. We report three cases of FV deficiency, one congenital and two acquired, and emphasize the different management approaches. CASE REPORTS Patient 1 was a 30-year-old man with congenital FV deficiency who presented with a trauma-induced hematoma of his lower extremity. He was treated with 5 PLT units over 48 hours. Patient 2 was a 64-year-old woman who presented with an upper-extremity thrombus and was discovered to have a FV inhibitor, likely secondary to antibiotics. Patient 3 was a 75-year-old woman with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who presented with minor ecchymosis and was found to have a FV inhibitor secondary to either HCV or antibiotic exposure. Corticosteroids alone were able to eradicate the inhibitors in both patients with acquired inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS FV deficiency can present with a diverse range of symptoms. For bleeding patients, PLT transfusions should be the initial therapy. In patients with thrombosis, the risks and benefits of anticoagulation must be carefully assessed before treatment. For patients with minor bleeds, transfusions may be withheld, and elimination of the inhibitor should be the primary objective.
EBSD CHARACTERIZATION ON ZONE-MELTED NdBaCuO SUPERCONDUCTOR

Electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD) technique has been introduced to REBaCuO(RE=rare earth element) texture analysis. Orientation discrimination on REBaCuO pseudo-cubic structure has been established. Automated orientation mapping has been performed on NdBaCuO zone-melted samples using tetragonal symmetry. The results were presented in the form of local orientation maps,revealing distribution of misorientations and certain characterization of crystal growth in zone-melted NdBaCuO samples.
Treating atrial fibrillation. What is the consensus now

PREVIEWAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia, especially in elderly persons. Current recommendations outline pharmacologic and interventional therapies designed to minimize the risk of stroke and other morbidities that can accompany this condition. In this article, Drs Basu Ray and Heist review treatment options for cardioversion and control of rate and rhythm and make suggestions for best management in patients with chronic or intermittent AF.
Immunosuppression and Treatment of Rejection

The introduction in the 1980s of cyclosporine and monoclonal antibodies represented a major therapeutic advance in solid organ transplantation. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) has recently released the 1- and 2-year graft and patient survival rates for solid organ transplants (1). These survival rates are illustrated in Table 1. Currently, there are a number of promising new immunosuppressive agents on the horizon, and it appears likely that further advances will be made in our ability to control the immune response (2,3). A dynamic interaction exists between basic immunology and clinical transplantation. Advances in immunobiology have resulted in a better understanding of the immunological events involved in the recognition of and response to transplant antigens and have led to a better understanding of the action of various immunosuppressive agents. This chapter reviews the mechanisms involved in the immune response, how currently used immunosuppressive agents act, the possible role for future immunosuppressive drugs, the current approach to clinical immunosuppressive therapy, and the diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection.
The Impact of Undergraduate Research in STEM at Morgan State University on the Production of Doctoral Degrees in Engineering and the Sciences

Abstract Morgan State University (Morgan) is a leading undergraduate institution for black science and engineering doctoral degree recipients. Morgan also is a leader in the production of black engineering degree recipients in the United States. This chapter provides a historic overview of the major programs with a tie to the impact on the institutional metrics, a discussion of the process for developing researchers in science and engineering, and alumni perspectives. The undergraduate research development models used in engineering at Morgan are compared and contrasted with the life sciences and physical sciences. The programs focus on developing communities of engineering practice and communities of science, thereby enhancing students’ self-efficacy and resilience, shaping disciplinary identity, and creating learning communities. These approaches are critical for the success of minority students and are supported by the social science literature. Best practices have been adopted at varying levels by the School of Engineering, the School of Computer Mathematics and Natural Science and the Behavioral Science departments that have netted these Ph.D. outcomes including multiyear mentored research, research training courses, and participation in professional meetings. Multiple approaches to student development, when matched with the disciplinary culture, are shown to result in national impact.
Single-mode cylindrical graphene plasmon waveguide

A cylindrical graphene plasmon waveguide (CGPW) which consists of two rolled graphene ribbons, a dielectric core and a dielectric interlayer is proposed. An analytical model for the single-mode condition and cutoff frequency of high-order graphene surface plasmon (GSP) modes is presented and verified by finite element method (FEM) simulations. Single-mode operation region of CGPW is identified in the frequency–radius space. By varying the separation between two graphene sheets and the Fermi level of graphene, a large tunability of the mode behavior is also demonstrated. The proposed structure may provide a new freedom to manipulate GSPs, and would lead to novel applications in optics.