cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes with age in two components of visual search speed

Abstract Subjects aged 8, 10, 12, and 18 years participated in two visual search tasks. In one task the rate of visual search reflected the speed of preattentive localization processes, and in the other task it additionally reflected letter identification process speeds. The data revealed that localization processes become faster from ages 8 to 12 and remain stable thereafter, and that identification processes increase in speed primarily from ages 8 to 10. Performance on a subsequent recognition task indicated that subjects of all ages were employing a similar encoding strategy during visual search. Furthermore, subjects retained general information about the features of irrelevant background letters even though recognition accuracy for more specific information about letter names was not high. The finding that localization and identification processes have different rates of development confirms the hypothesized distinction between the two and implies that developmental studies of visual scanning speed must focus upon changes in the relationships among various processes or component skills throughout development.
Three-Electrode Probe for Catheter-Type Blood Flowmeters

A three-electrode probe is described which eliminates the major problem, the transformer EMF, of the present-day ac electromagnetic blood flowmeters.
Active control of transition to turbulence in the wake of a cylinder

Abstract This paper presents experimental observations of two-dimensional air flows with a Reynolds number of 170 passing a stationary circular cylinder and its active control of transition to turbulence. One of the potentials of this research application is in aircraft design. A hot-wire sensor was located in the upper shear layer of the cylinder at about 0.9 d streamwise and about 0.8 d above the cylinder axis. After the phase of the feedback signal shifted 180°±2° and the amplifier gain was adjusted, perturbations were imposed at vortex-shedding frequency on the wake of the cylinder on both sides of the wind tunnel. The induced perturbations were significant and the Karman vortex street responded vigorously to the feedback of the signal from the hot-wire sensor in the wake of the cylinder at vortex-shedding frequency. Thereafter, the amplitudes of velocity fluctuations were significantly reduced in the Karman vortex street. The Karman vortex street was studied at various locations spanwise to examine the extent of the response of the longitudinal components of velocity fluctuations in the wake. The amplitude of velocity fluctuations was measured with the hot-wire probe positioned at x / d =2 off the center about 1/2 diameter spanwise in the wake of the cylinder. Finally, the vortex street was studied at various locations to examine variability of the longitudinal components of the velocity fluctuations. The free stream velocity of the wind tunnel maintained uniformly at U ∞ =80.4 cm/s during the experiment.
Role annotations and adaptive aspect frameworks

This paper presents a model for improving the adaptiveness of AOP frameworks. While a metadata pointcut can be an effective tool for encapsulating and consuming the program events related to a crosscutting concern, AOP languages do not provide a succinct mechanism for binding certain types of crosscutting object references used in advice. We present a design pattern for writing adaptive aspects that consume role-based annotations, enabling a framework to be written in a manner that diminishes the occurrence of the fragile pointcut problem.
Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing

This book is a collection of papers that presents results of the analysis by European scientists of data from the Seasat mission. Sea-sat, launched in 1978, was the first satellite dedicated to microwave remote sensing of the oceans. The spacecraft carried a suite of four microwave sensors, includng a radar altimeter, a synthetic aperture radar, a windfield scatterometer, and a scanning multi-channel microwave radiometer. These microwave sensors were supported by a visible and infrared radiometer.
Long-term silencing of intersectin-1s in mouse lungs by repeated delivery of a specific siRNA via cationic liposomes. Evaluation of knockdown effects by electron microscopy.

Previous studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, induced apoptotic cell death, a major obstacle in developing a cell culture system with prolonged ITSN-1s inhibition1. Using cationic liposomes as carriers, we explored the silencing of ITSN-1s gene in mouse lungs by systemic administration of siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Cationic liposomes offer several advantages for siRNA delivery: safe with repeated dosing, nonimmunogenic, nontoxic, and easy to produce2. Liposomes performance and biological activity depend on their size, charge, lipid composition, stability, dose and route of administration3Here, efficient and specific KDITSN in mouse lungs has been obtained using a cholesterol and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide combination. Intravenous delivery of siRNAITSN/cationic liposome complexes transiently knocked down ITSN-1s protein and mRNA in mouse lungs at day 3, which recovered after additional 3 days. Taking advantage of the cationic liposomes as a repeatable safe carrier, the study extended for 24 days. Thus, retro-orbital treatment with freshly generated complexes was administered every 3rd day, inducing sustained KDITSN throughout the study4. Mouse tissues collected at several time points post-siRNAITSN were subjected to electron microscopy (EM) analyses to evaluate the effects of chronic KDITSN, in lung endothelium. High-resolution EM imaging allowed us to evaluate the morphological changes caused by KDITSN in the lung vascular bed (i.e. disruption of the endothelial barrier, decreased number of caveolae and upregulation of alternative transport pathways), characteristics non-detectable by light microscopy. Overall these findings established an important role of ITSN-1s in the ECs function and lung homeostasis, while illustrating the effectiveness of siRNA-liposomes delivery in vivo.
The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive

Abstract Three hypotheses as to the motivation of empathic helping were tested against each other. The Empathy-Altruism hypothesis suggests that empathy motivates helping that is truly altruistic; the Empathy-Specific Punishment hypothesis suggests that the motive is based on the desire to avoid empathy-specific self-sanctions; and the Negative State Relief hypothesis suggests that empathy leads to a depressed mood which in turn leads to a motivation to alleviate the sadness through helping. Subjects who took either an empathic or nonempathic orientation toward the plight of a needy other were led to expect that one of three events would follow the opportunity to help the victim: exposure to neutral information, exposure to humorous, mood-enhancing information, or the chance to help a different individual. Each of the three hypotheses predicts a different pattern of helping responses within the design. The results showed that empathic subjects demonstrated enhanced helping, except when they anticipated the onset of an alternative event that was likely to restore their mood, a pattern consistent with the predictions of the Negative State Relief hypothesis.
Casualty Collection Points Optimization: A Study for the District of Columbia

A casualty collection point CCP is a single, predetermined location that is organized, staffed, and equipped to provide decontamination if required, emergency medical assessment, treatment, and, where necessary, onward transportation of victims of a mass casualty incident. Emergency planners in the District of Columbia have recognized the desirability of developing a tool to assist planners in selecting CCPs within the affected area following a major incident. We develop a CCP optimization model CCPOM that provides planners and policymakers with strategic and operational insights into the complex problem of selecting optimal CCP locations to maximize casualty throughput for a range of incident parameters. Even more relevant, the CCPOM determines the utilization of personnel, decontamination units, and ambulances, providing planners with a general structure for resource allocation and signaling shortfalls that may lead to bottlenecks in casualty processing at the CCPs. District planners found many nonintuitive CCPOM results to be significant to their planning, programming, and budgeting efforts, and now consider the model's categorized resource utilization to be an integral part in updating District plans for both national special security event planning and everyday events.
Assisted reproduction in patients with early-stage ovarian malignancies

Abstract Objective To determine the outcome of women with early-stage ovarian malignancies who subsequently underwent assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Design Retrospective study. Setting Academic assisted reproductive technology program. Patient(s) Four infertile women who were previously diagnosed with early-stage ovarian malignancies. Intervention(s) Controlled ovulation hyperstimulation, IVF, and/or gamete intrafallopian transfer treatments using clomiphene citrate and/or gonadotropins. Main outcome measure(s) Development of tumor recurrence and disease-free interval. Result(s) All four women remain free of disease for up to 15 years after treatment. Three of the four women achieved pregnancy. Conclusion(s) In patients with early-stage ovarian malignancies, conservative therapy followed by ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction is an acceptable strategy.
The short-run asymmetry of pollution subsidies and charges

This paper is an extension of the literature on the asymmetry of pollution bribes and charges and, in particular, that part dealing with short-run asymmetry attributable to Kamien, Schwartz, and Dolbear (KSD) (Water Resour. Res., 2; 147-157(1966)). The source of asymmetry described by KSD results from the inability of pollution control authorities to determine the level of pollution that would have been emitted in the absence of any form of regulation. This means that the base-point from which the subsidy is calculated cannot, for all practical purposes, be treated as a constant and hence, any theoretical short-run symmetry between a bribe and a charge is lost. The present paper provides a more general approach to this problem. In addition, at least one of the results presented here is inconsistent with those presented in KSD. In particular, it is shown that if a firm can influence the level of its subsidy payment by controlling base-point emissions through the manipulation of its output, then under certain conditions, a unit subsidy for the abatement of emissions will induce more abatement than an effluent charge of equal magnitude. This possibility is demonstrated. 12 references.
Ricinoleic acid causes secretion in autotransplanted (extrinsically denervated) canine jejunum.

To examine the role of extrinsic nerves and hormones in intestinal secretion of fluid, we studied the effect of ricinoleic acid on absorption by isolated, autotransplanted jejunal loops in four dogs. Compared to perfusion with control solution, the addition of ricinoleic acid caused reversible secretion of water and electrolytes and inhibition of glucose absorption, as previously described in the innervated intestine. In contrast, oral castor oil caused diarrhea but had no effect on absorption from the denervated loop. Thus, the secretory action of ricinoleic acid is maintained without the influence of extrinsic nerves; in addition, further support is added to the proposal that hormones do not mediate secretion, in this model. These findings support a local mechanism for the secretion induced by ricinoleic acid.
Metabolic abnormalities of 2,6-diaminopurine-resistant mutants of Salmonella typhimurium.

SummaryResistance to 2,6-diaminopurine in Salmonella typhimurium resulted in 2 phenotypically distinguishable mutants. The mutant dap-r-3 differed from the mutant dap-r-6 in its cross-resistance to other purine analogues and also in its ability to allow the satellite growth of the parent sensitive strain LT-2 when plated in presence of inhibitory concentrations of adenine or DAP. The satellite phenomenon could be explained by the fact that adenine and uracil, which were excreted by the mutant dap-r-3, prevented the inhibition of the wild type by DAP and adenine respectively. Excretions of these compounds were not directly responsible for the resistance to DAP, since the dap-r-3 type mutation could also be demonstrated in auxotrophic strains incapable of synthesizing adenine or uracil de novo. The mutation to a dap-r-3 type in a purine requiring auxotroph resulted in an additional defect characterized by poor growth response to all the purines.
A recombinant C-terminal toxin fragment provides evidence that membrane insertion is important for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin cytotoxicity.

Summary Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is believed to be involved in several important gastrointestinal illnesses. Recent studies have identified a number of distinct molecular events which occur after CPE treatment of eukaryotic cells or isolated membranes. Additional studies are underway to determine the temporal order and intrinsic importance of each CPE event for cytotoxicity. We now demonstrate that a truncated CPE fragment binds to membranes, but is unable to Insert into membranes or cause any other subsequent post-insertion event. This is the first experimental evidence supporting the importance of membrane insertion for CPE cytotoxicity. Binding of the CPE fragment is also shown to be irreversible, strongly suggesting that the irreversible binding of wild-type CPE is not due solely to insertion of CPE into membranes.
Full 3D process/device simulations re-using 2D TCAD knowledge for optimizing N and P-type FinFET transistors

3D TCAD process and device simulations are used to gain physical understanding and to optimize the performance of bulk-FinFETs. The channel profile was determined so as to realize higher drive current as well as lower punch-through current. For the first time, the full FinFET process flow simulation was performed using diffusion. activation and segregation models identical to those used in planar technology nodes. Thus, all the calibration methodologies and results gained previously in 2D TCAD could be re-used for the 3D FinFET process calibration. The simulated 3D doping and stress profiles are integrated as input to the device simulations. In this work, the 3D simulation results show good agreement with experimental data in terms of Vth and Ion/Ioff, considering lateral dopant diffusion and activation.
A comparison of the Minerva and halo jackets for stabilization of the cervical spine

The motion at each intervertebral level permitted by the halo jacket and the thermoplastic Minerva body jacket was compared in 10 ambulatory patients with an unstable cervical spine. The thermoplastic Minerva body jacket is a new lightweight modification of a Minerva jacket which is fabricated from Polyform (a splinting material made of a polyester polycaprolactone) and Polycushion (a closed-cell foam for padding). Each patient served as his/her own control. The average movement from flexion to extension at each intervertebral level was significantly less in the thermoplastic Minerva body jacket (2.3 degrees +/- 1.7 degrees) than in the halo jacket (3.7 degrees +/- 3.1 degrees) (p less than 0.0025). This difference is attributable to the "snaking phenomenon" encountered with halo jacket immobilization and should be taken into account when considering an external splint for an unstable cervical spine. The thermoplastic Minerva body jacket also offered a substantial improvement in comfort for the patient over that experienced in the halo jacket. The apparent advantage with respect to stability and comfort of the thermoplastic Minerva body jacket over the halo jacket suggests that the former device is the orthosis of choice for ambulatory stabilization of most patients with an unstable posttraumatic cervical spine injury.
QUDeX-MS: hydrogen/deuterium exchange calculation for mass spectra with resolved isotopic fine structure

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled to mass spectrometry permits analysis of structure, dynamics, and molecular interactions of proteins. HDX mass spectrometry is confounded by deuterium exchange-associated peaks overlapping with peaks of heavy, natural abundance isotopes, such as carbon-13. Recent studies demonstrated that high-performance mass spectrometers could resolve isotopic fine structure and eliminate this peak overlap, allowing direct detection and quantification of deuterium incorporation. Here, we present a graphical tool that allows for a rapid and automated estimation of deuterium incorporation from a spectrum with isotopic fine structure. Given a peptide sequence (or elemental formula) and charge state, the mass-to-charge ratios of deuterium-associated peaks of the specified ion is determined. Intensities of peaks in an experimental mass spectrum within bins corresponding to these values are used to determine the distribution of deuterium incorporated. A theoretical spectrum can then be calculated based on the estimated distribution of deuterium exchange to confirm interpretation of the spectrum. Deuterium incorporation can also be detected for ion signals without a priori specification of an elemental formula, permitting detection of exchange in complex samples of unidentified material such as natural organic matter. A tool is also incorporated into QUDeX-MS to help in assigning ion signals from peptides arising from enzymatic digestion of proteins. MATLAB-deployable and standalone versions are available for academic use at qudex-ms.sourceforge.net and agarlabs.com . Isotopic fine structure HDX-MS offers the potential to increase sequence coverage of proteins being analyzed through mass accuracy and deconvolution of overlapping ion signals. As previously demonstrated, however, the data analysis workflow for HDX-MS data with resolved isotopic fine structure is distinct. QUDeX-MS we hope will aid in the adoption of isotopic fine structure HDX-MS by providing an intuitive workflow and interface for data analysis.
Modeling arbuscular mycorrhizal infection: is % infection an appropriate variable?

Several available models of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection are based on fitting % infection to a logistic curve and then relating the various parameters to biological functions. I suggest here that this direction is misleading. Percent infection is a value derived from the growth of two interdependent but distinct organisms, each of which is seeking to maximize its own growth and survival. I suggest that two-organism models, such as those derived from Lotka-Volterra equations, are more useful for understanding the biology and functioning of mycorrhizae.
Informed consent: Legal, behavioral, and educational issues

The doctrine of informed consent is examined from legal, behavioral, and educational perspectives. A brief legal history of the doctrine is presented along with a discussion of contemporary standards of disclosure and the emerging right of the patient to understand informed consent disclosures. Behavioral and educational issues include the relationship between disclosure and patient anxiety, patient recall of disclosures, readability of consent forms, and alternatives to the traditional doctor-patient disclosure model. A role for the patient-health educator in strategies to improve both the consenting and informing processes of the informed consent requirement is suggested.
Endogenous cyclo-oxygenase activity regulates mouse gastric surface pH.

In the stomach, production of prostaglandins by cyclo-oxygenase (COX) is believed to be important in mucosal defence. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous COX activity is required for protective gastric surface pH control. Intact stomachs of anaesthetized mice were perfused with a weakly buffered solution (150 mM NaCl + 4 mM Homopipes) at pH values from 2.5 to 7.0. Gastric effluents were collected to measure pH and estimate amounts of acid or alkali secretion in nanomoles secreted per minute. A switch from net acid to net alkali secretion was seen in response to acidifying luminal pH with an apparent ‘set point’ between pH 4 and 5. At luminal pH 3, the net alkali secretion (12.7 ± 2.8 nmol OH _ equivalents min _1 ) was abolished (2.2 ± 1.7 nmol OH _ min _1 ) by the non-specific COX inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg kg _1 I.P.). Similar inhibition was observed using a COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560; 10 mg kg _1 I.P.), but not a COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398; 10 mg kg _1 I.P.). Subsequent treatment with 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm-PGE2 ; 1 mg kg _1 I.P.) rescued the alkali secretion (21.8 ± 2.7 nmol OH _ min _1 ). In either the absence or presence of the H + ,K + ATPase inhibitor omeprazole (60 mg kg _1 I.P.), indomethacin blocked similar amounts of net alkali secretion (10.5 ± 2.7 and 16.4 ± 3.4 nmol OH _ min _1 , respectively). We also used in vivo confocal microscopy to examine pH near the mucosal surface. The gastric mucosal surface of anaesthetized mice was exposed and mucosal surface pH was imaged using the fluorescence intensity ratio of Cl-NERF as a pH indicator. Results showed a switch from a continuous net acid to net alkali secretion by the stomach in response to changing superfusate pH from 5 to 3. At luminal pH 3, the relatively alkaline surface pH (4.3 ± 0.1) was acidified (3.6 ± 0.2) by indomethacin, and subsequent dm-PGE2 restored surface pH (4.2 ± 0.2). We conclude that the pre-epithelial alkaline layer is regulated by endogenous COX activity.
Stresses near a flat inclusion in bonded dissimilar materials

The plane elastostatic problem for bonded materials containing a flat inclusion is considered. It is assumed that the inclusion is located parallel to or on the interface and may be rigid or elastic with negligible bending rigidity. The integral equations for various cases are derived and their solutions are described. The stress state around the singular points are investigated and a pair of stress intensity factors similar to that for crack problems are defined. A series of numerical examples for two bonded half planes and for a half plane is worked out. The stress intensity factors are presented as functions of the ratio of the distance from the interface to the length of the inclusion.
Ultrathin optomechanical SiN x nanomembranes with photonic crystal fano resonances for enhanced radiation pressure

We fabricate 50-nm-thick SiN x photonic crystal nanomembranes for cavity quantum optomechanics, supported by complete ab-initio numerical simulations. Broadband normal incidence transmission measurements demonstrate Fano-type guided resonances near 1064-nm for enhanced reflectivity and radiation pressure effects.
Pathology and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Expression in Placentas of Seropositive Women

The pathology of term placentas from seropositive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and seronegative women was investigated by routine histologic, immunocytochemical, and in situ hybridization techniques. Placentas were evaluated for evidence of villitis, chorioamnionitis, and funisitis. Membranes, trophoblast, and decidua were also examined by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal HIV p24 antibody. Twenty placentas were evaluated by combined immunochemical and in situ hybridization techniques, using a 35S-labeled RNA probe complementary to the 3' long terminal repeat and envelope region of HIV-1. HIV-seropositive placentas did not show significant villitis; however, the incidence of chorioamnionitis increased (P less than .01). HIV antigens and nucleic acids were identified in the trophoblast of 10% of the placentas that also showed chorionitis. Term HIV-positive placentas may show histologic changes that may or may not be directly related to the virus. Analysis of tissues from earlier gestational placentas may prove more informative in clarifying the mechanism of maternal-fetal HIV transmission.
Protein Covalent Dimer Formation Induced by Reversed-Phase HPLC Conditions

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), which is routinely used to detect and quantitate levels of protein oxidation, was used to analyze a free cysteine-containing protein. However, the RP-HPLC method appeared to induce dimerization of the oxidized protein. The purpose of this study was to understand the role of RP-HPLC conditions in inducing protein dimerization. Samples were also analyzed by orthogonal size-based analytical methods such as size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These methods indicated the presence of dimer and confirmed that the acidic solvent conditions induced the dimer formation of the oxidized protein. Furthermore, the dimerization was observed only when the protein was mildly oxidized and not when the protein was severely oxidized or in its native form. The sulfenic acid form of cysteine is a likely precursor to the disulfide formation. The amount of dimers increased with increasing concentration of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or formic acid is in the range of 0%-0.3%. The effect of the organic solvent was less than the effect of TFA/formic acid on dimer formation. Given that RP-HPLC is typically run with low-pH mobile phase containing an ion-pairing acid for improved resolution, its potential for inducing artifacts needs to be taken into consideration during method development.
Reformas Liberalizantes e Aprovação Presidencial: A Politização dos Debates da Política Econômica no Brasil

ABSTRACT Free-Market Reform and Presidential Approval: The Politicization ofEconomic Policy Debates in Brazil To date, political scientists have argued that Brazilians’ attitudes aboutneoliberal reforms play no role in mass political behavior or politicalassessments. In this paper, I provide evidence that Brazilians do politicizeeconomicpolicydebates.DatafromaJanuary1998surveydemonstratethatmass attitudes about privatization, foreign direct investment and free tradeinfluenced citizens’ evaluations of the Fernando Henrique Cardosopresidency. Moreover, there is no evidence to support the conventionalwisdom that less educated Brazilians are less rational and coherent when itcomes to evaluating their president. Key words: economic policy; neoliberal reforms; political assessments;political behavior; electorate RESUME Reformes Liberalisantes et Approbation Presidentielle: La Politisation desDebats de la Politique Economique au Bresil Jusqu’anosjours,lesexpertspolitiquessoutiennentquel’avisdesBresiliensausujetdesreformesneoliberalesn’ontpasd’influencesurlecomportementpolitique ni sur l’evaluation politique de la part des electeurs. Dans cetarticle, l’auteur veut montrer que, au contraire, les Bresiliens politisent lesdebats sur la politique economique. Les donnees d’un
Colonization and Internalization of Salmonella enterica in Tomato Plants

The consumption of fresh tomatoes has been linked to numerous food-borne outbreaks involving various serovars of Salmonella enterica. Recent advances in our understanding of plant-microbe interactions have shown that human enteric pathogenic bacteria, including S. enterica, are adapted to survive in the plant environment. In this study, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) grown in sandy loam soil from Virginia's eastern shore (VES) were inoculated with S. enterica serovars to evaluate plausible internalization routes and to determine if there is any niche fitness for certain serovars. Both infested soil and contaminated blossoms can lead to low internal levels of fruit contamination with Salmonella. Salmonella serovars demonstrated a great ability to survive in environments under tomato cultivation, not only in soil but also on different parts of the tomato plant. Of the five serovars investigated, Salmonella enterica serovars Newport and Javiana were dominant in sandy loam soil, while Salmonella enterica serovars Montevideo and Newport were more prevalent on leaves and blossoms. It was also observed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium had a poor rate of survival in all the plant parts examined here, suggesting that postharvest contamination routes are more likely in S. Typhimurium contamination of tomato fruit. Conversely, S. Newport was the most prevalent serovar recovered in both the tomato rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Plants that were recently transplanted (within 3 days) had an increase in observable internalized bacteria, suggesting that plants were more susceptible to internalization right after transplant. These findings suggest that the particular Salmonella serovar and the growth stage of the plant were important factors for internalization through the root system.
Cross-cultural patterns in mobile phone use: public space and reachability in Sweden, the US, and Japan

Contemporary mobile-phone technology is becoming increasingly similar around the world. However, cultural differences between countries may also shape mobile-phone practices. This study examines a group of variables connected to mobile-phone use among university students in Sweden, the USA and Japan. Key cultural issues addressed are attitudes towards quiet in public space, personal use of public space and tolerance of self-expression. Measures include the appropriateness of using mobiles in various social contexts and judgments of what respondents like most and like least about having a mobile phone. Analysis revealed a number of culturally associated differences, as well as a shared conflicting attitude towards the advantages and disadvantages of reachability by mobile phone.
Generating velocity tuning by asymmetric recurrent connections

Asymmetric lateral connections are one possible mechanism that can account for the direction selectivity of cortical neurons. We present a mathematical analysis for a class of these models. Contrasting with earlier theoretical work that has relied on methods from linear systems theory, we study the network's nonlinear dynamic properties that arise when the threshold nonlinearity of the neurons is taken into account. We show that such networks have stimulus-locked traveling pulse solutions that are appropriate for modeling the responses of direction selective cortical neurons. In addition, our analysis shows that outside a certain regime of stimulus speeds the stability of this solutions breaks down giving rise to another class of solutions that are characterized by specific spatio-temporal periodicity. This predicts that if direction selectivity in the cortex is mainly achieved by asymmetric lateral connections lurching activity waves might be observable in ensembles of direction selective cortical neurons within appropriate regimes of the stimulus speed.
A New Sessile-Flowered Trillium Species from Tennessee

ABSTRACT Trillium tennesseense is described as a newly discovered member of Trillium subgen. Phyllantherum. The new species resembles the recently described T. oostingii but differs from it by having a shorter ovary, relatively longer staminal filaments and stigmas, and crested-undulate stigmatic surfaces. A chromosome count of 2n = 10 was obtained for it, which agrees with other members of the genus and subgenus. Sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and the plastid trnH-psbA spacer regions provided further evidence of the distinctiveness of T. tennesseense. A phylogeny estimate based on these markers is presented for T. subgen. Phyllantherum which agrees well with the major species groups that have been previously recognized in the subgenus. Trillium tennesseense and T. oostingii were placed in the molecular-based phylogeny in a clade with T. lancifolium and T. recurvatum, two species that formed a previously recognized species group. Trillium tennesseense is currently k...
On small deformation interfacial debonding in composite materials containing multi-coated particles

This paper presents an integrated theoretical and computational investigation into the macroscopic behavior of composite materials containing multi-phase reinforcing particles with simultaneous nonlinear debonding along the microconstituent interfaces. The interfacial debonding is characterized by the nonlinear Park–Paulino–Roesler potential-based cohesive zone model. The extended Mori–Tanaka method is employed as the basis for the theoretical model, which enables micromechanical formulations for composite materials with high particle volume fractions. The computational analysis is performed using a three-dimensional finite element-based cohesive zone model with intrinsic cohesive elements. To place the generality and robustness of the proposed technique in perspective, we consider several examples of composite materials with single or double separation along the interfaces of coated particles. The effects of many microstructural parameters, such as the geometry of the microstructure, the location of debonding, the material properties of the coating layer (i.e. homogenous and functionally graded coatings), and the fracture parameters, are comprehensively investigated by both theoretical and numerical approaches. We verify that both theoretical and numerical results agree well with one another in estimating the macroscopic constitutive relationship of corresponding composite materials. The strong dependence of the overall response of composite materials on their microstructure is well recognized for all hardening, snap-back, and softening stages.
Apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of low and ultra-low oligosaccharide soybean meals fed to broiler chickens1

Four experiments were conducted using 1,992 Ross × Ross 708 male broilers to determine AME(n) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of low-oligosaccharide (LOSBM), ultra-low oligosaccharide (ULSBM), and control soybean meal (CSBM) fed to broilers from 20 to 31 d of age. An AME(n) assay was conducted in experiments 1 and 2, whereas AIAAD was determined in experiments 3 and 4. Chicks were randomly assigned to 3, 4, 2, or 3 dietary treatments, respectively, for experiments 1, 2, 3, or 4. The additional treatment in experiments 2 and 4 was to evaluate ULSBM. In the AME(n) assays, treatments were fed from 20 to 29 d of age and a 48-h excreta collection period was conducted from 27 to 29 d of age. Treatment 1 consisted of a basal diet and treatments 2, 3, and 4 consisted of 70% of the basal diet plus 30% CSBM, LOSBM, or ULSBM, respectively. The difference method was used to determine AME(n) utilizing an N correction factor to account for N retention. To determine AIAAD, broilers were fed semi-purified diets with CSBM, LOSBM, or ULSBM as the sole source of amino acids (AA) from 26 to 31 d of age with digesta collection occurring at 31 d of age. In experiment 1, LOSBM had 194 kcal/kg more AME(n) compared with CSBM (P = 0.011). Apparent ME(n) value of LOSBM was 141 and 134 kcal/kg higher (P = 0.012) compared with CSBM and ULSBM, respectively, in experiment 2. Digestible Lys, Met, Ile, and Val concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) for LOSBM vs. CSBM in experiment 3 even though digestibility coefficients were lower (P < 0.001) for LOSBM. In experiment 4, higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of digestible Met, Lys, Thr, Val, and Ile were observed for ULSBM and LOSBM compared with CSBM. In conclusion, genetically selected soybean meals with reduced stachyose and raffinose concentrations had higher AME(n) and AIAAD values compared with CSBM.
Persistence vectors and higher moment tensors of polyoxyalkanes

Statistical mechanical averages of vectors and tensors characterizing the spatial configurations of polyoxymethylene (POM) and polyoxyethylene (POE) chains, i.e., the chain vector r connecting the ends of the chain and the tensors formed from this vector, are evaluated in internal reference frames attached to the first two bonds of each chain as functions of its length. Convergences of the persistence vectors a ≡ 〈r〉 with chain length to their limits a∞ are delineated. For POE, the orientation of a∞ with respect to the X1 axes (the direction of the first bond) depends markedly on the choice of the initial bond and hence also on the internal frame of reference. Cartesian tensors up to fourth rank formed from the displacement vector ρ = r − a are evaluated for n = 4–1922 bonds for POM and n = 3–300 bonds for POE. The second moment tensor 〈ρρT〉 calculated for POM is nearly cylindrically symmetric about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the first two bonds. Corresponding symmetry is absent in POE. Correlation with the freely jointed chain is investigated for the components of the tensors of fourth rank formed from the reduced vector . Use of the equivalent chain model for this purpose is validated for POE but not for POM, even at n = 2000 bonds. At the limit 1/n = 0, the parameter m, representing the number of bonds of the real chain equivalent to one of the model, is estimated to be ca. 31 for POM. For POE a value of m = 10.3 ± 1.3 holds for n > 20 for all components. Results are compared with those calculated previously for polymethylene, poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polypeptides. The fact that values of m derived by analysis of moments are larger than those obtained in the usual manner by fitting the model chain to 〈r2〉0 and rmax for the real chain demonstrates the inadequacy of artificial models for the representation of the real chain.
Loss of chromosome 18q and DPC4 ( Smad4 ) mutations in appendiceal adenocarcinomas

Appendiceal adenocarcinomas are uncommon, and the genetic alterations present in these tumors are not well characterized. We studied genetic alterations including loss of chromosome 18q (location of DCC, DPC4, and JV-18 genes), and mutations of the DPC4 (SMAD4) and β-catenin genes in 28 appendiceal adenocarcinomas, consisting of 17 mucinous and 11 nonmucinous carcinomas. Chromosome 18q loss was present in 57% (12/21) of appendiceal carcinomas including 54% (7/13) of mucinous and 63% (5/8) of nonmucinous carcinomas. Mutation of the DPC4 gene was present in 14% (three of 22) of the carcinomas occurring in one tumor with chromosome 18q loss and in two with unassessed chromosome 18q status. β-catenin gene mutation was present in 0% (0 of 25) of the carcinomas. Chromosome 18q loss status was not associated with any clinicopathological features. The presence of chromosome 18q loss and DPC4 mutations in appendiceal adenocarcinomas suggests involvement of DPC4 and nearby genes on chromosome 18q (DCC and/or JV-18) in the pathogenesis of appendiceal adenocarcinomas.
Coupling of large fire phenomenon with object geometry and object thermal response

The effect of an object in or near a large fire on the physical pro cesses which result in the heat flux from the fire is defined by the object geometry and temperature, and therefore the fire phen...
State Tax Actions 2002

The author reviews the state tax legislation that passed in 2002. Twenty-nine states imposed net tax increases in 2002. Cigarette and tobacco taxes were the main focus of state tax increases.
Abdominal Wall Hernias

Abdominal wall hernia repair is one the most common groups of major operations in acute care surgery, with more than a million hernia repairs performed annually in the United States alone [1]. The latest understanding of hernia epidemiology in the United States comes from studies performed in 1996 by the National Center for Health Statistics [2]. Abdominal wall hernias can be classified broadly into two groups: ventral hernias (including flank and lumbar) and groin hernias. The most common abdominal hernia operation performed is groin herniorrhaphy, totaling more than 75 % of the abdominal wall hernia repairs. Ventral hernia repairs comprise the remaining 25 % [1].
Beyond "Brown": Empirical Research on Diverse Learners with or At-Risk for Specific Learning Disabilities from 1994-2012.

We conducted a literature review to determine the presence of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners in research on specific learning disabilities (SLD) from 1994–2012. We believed that disaggregation of results by category might identify nuances that will guide future policies, research, and practice. We deemed it logical to begin with SLD because it is the largest population of students in the high-incidence categories. Our search yielded 52 articles for review. Results indicated primary foci on assessment, instructional and behavioral interventions, academic achievement, and disproportionality. In addition, we found that very little research has addressed contextual factors, beyond student characteristics, that affect or predict achievement. Implications for future research are provided within the context of the Brown decision.
Use of Organic Acids for the Differentiation of Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum.

Brown, Duncan and Henry1 demonstrated that the sodium salts of 4 organic acids, tartaric, mucic, fumaric and citric, were utilized as food by some members of the paratyphoid group, thus making it possible to separate certain members of this group through the use of this agency. The utilization of the acids as foods was measured in a liquid medium by precipitation of the residual acid by lead acetate. Using this procedure they were able to separate Salmonella aertrycke and Sal. schotmulleri. In a personal communication, Henry and Duncan2 reported the separation of Sal. pullorum and Sal. gallinarum as follows:Jordan and Harmon3 demonstrated that sodium tartrate peptone medium containing phenol red separated Sal. aertrycke and Sal. schotmulleri by a color change due to difference in pH.Using a method of procedure similar to that of Jordan and Harmon, the writer tested the sodium salts of citric, d-tartaric, fumaric and mucic acids on Sal. pullorum and Sal. gallinarum together with a few closely related organ...
Taphonomic Signature of Petroleum Seep Assemblages on the Louisiana Upper Continental Slope: Recognition of Autochthonous Shell Beds in the Fossil Record

Chemoautotrophically-based benthic communities on the Louisiana continental slope are currently producing the only significant localized, autochthonous shell accumulation in the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf and slope region. These sites are well below storm wave base and are not subject to anthropogenic disturbance. Five distinctive biofacies are associated with petroleum seepage, dominated respectively by vestimentiferan tubeworms, lucinid, thyasirid and vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels. The taphonomy of petroleum seeps includes dissolution as the most pervasive mode of shell alteration throughout all the biofacies
The Use of Pooled Antibody Screening Red Cells During Pretransfusion Compatibility Testing

A recent proposal in the Federal Register would prohibit the use of pooled reagent antibody screening red cells for pretransfusion compatibility testing within the United States. To evaluate the appropriateness of this proposal, 206 fresh serum samples known to contain potentially clinically significant red cell antibodies with Rh, Kidd, Kell, and/or Duffy blood group specificity were tested with pooled reagent antibody screening red cells; 9.7% of the sera that reacted with unpooled reagent antibody screening red blood cells failed to react with pooled screening cells. On the basis of these findings, pooled reagent antibody screening red blood cells should not be used for the pretransfusion compatibility testing of serum samples.
297 COMPONENTS OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN A HISPANIC POPULATION OF SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN.

Hispanic adults have the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, which imposes a substantial risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Identification of Hispanic children at risk for the metabolic syndrome is critical for prevention of these chronic illnesses. The purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors that can be used in the primary care setting to identify Hispanic children who have multiple metabolic syndrome components. Eighty-six elementary school students (5-12 years of age; 96% Hispanic) from a school-based health screening program were evaluated for family history of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the first- or second-degree relative, body mass index (BMI), acanthosis nigricans (AN), and the following metabolic syndrome components: impaired fasting glucose (glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL), hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 110 mg/dL), low HDL cholesterol (≤ 40 mg/dL), and high blood pressure (systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile). Associations between the above risk factors and components of the metabolic syndrome were examined. Among the 86 children, 23% had a BMI ≥ 95th percentile, 22% had AN, 7% had impaired glucose tolerance; 22% had hypertriglyceridemia; 42% had low HDL cholesterol; and 17% had hypertension. The presence of zero, one, two, and three or more features of the metabolic syndrome was 44, 33, 15, and 8%, respectively. As BMI increased, the number of metabolic syndrome components increased (Mantel-Haenszel Χ2 = p
Medical Device Security: The First 165 Years

Today, it would be difficult to find medical device technology that does not critically depend on computer software. Network connectivity and wireless communication has transformed the delivery of patient care. The technology often enables patients to lead more normal and healthy lives. However, medical devices that rely on software (e.g., drug infusion pumps, linear accelerators, pacemakers) also inherit the pesky cybersecurity risks endemic to computing. What's special about medical devices and cybersecurity? What's hype and what's real? What can history teach us? How are international standards bodies and regulatory cybersecurity requirements changing the global manufacture of medical devices? This talk will provide a glimpse into the risks, benefits, and regulatory issues for medical device cybersecurity and innovation of trustworthy medical device software.
Application of positively-charged ethylenediamine-functionalized graphene for the sorption of anionic organic contaminants from water

Abstract Graphene materials represent a new carbonaceous sorbent for the removal of organic micropollutants from water, and most applications of graphene utilize an oxidized, negatively-charged surface to improve dispersibility. However, classes of anionic micropollutants may undergo less sorption than cationic or neutral compounds on graphene oxide due to electrostatic repulsion forces. This work seeks to improve the sorptive capability of graphene for anionic micropollutants through amending surfaces with positive charges. Graphene oxide was functionalized with ethylenediamine (ED-G) through an acyl chlorination and amidation process that allows a net positive surface charge at pH
Finance, Anthropology of

The anthropology of finance is composed of an interdisciplinary set of approaches for analyzing the mechanisms, worldviews, networks, and far-reaching socioeconomic effects of finance. Given the influence of financial values and practices, not to mention the tendency for academic and public approaches to finance to further obscure its workings, anthropology's ethnographic toolkit has a crucial role to play in unpacking the cultural specificities and underpinnings of finance. Indebted to and in conversation with many subfields, from economic sociology to political economy, the anthropology of finance navigates the theoretical and methodological challenges of abstraction and old binaries of economy and society to investigate the contours and consequences of finance and financialization.