cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Molecular Orbital Study of Tambjamine E and Analogues

Hartree-Fock (HF/6-31G*), electron correlation (MP2/6-31G*, B3LYP/6-31G*, B3LYP/6-31G*(d,p)), and semiempirical (AMI, AM1/SM5.4) calculations were carried out on the DNA AT-specific intercalator tambjamine E in order to investigate the effect of protonation, side chains, electron correlation, and solvent on the inter-ring NCCN rotational barrier and relative planarity of the A and B rings. These properties relate to the flexibility of tambjamine and the ease by which it could adjust its inter-ring twist angle to adopt the propeller twist of DNA in order to form a nonclassical intercalation complex. The E configuration of protonated tambjamine was found to be more stable than the Z due to solvent stabilization and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Inclusion of electron correlation increased the NCCN rotational barrier by about 2 kcal/mol. Solvent and the presence of the enamine side chain were shown to have a significant effect in lowering the NCCN rotational barrier. For the E configuration of protonated tambjamine, both the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) methods predicted nonplanar minima around 20°, whereas DFT calculated the global energy minimum (GEM) to be planar (180°) in contrast to the HF nonplanar GEM (166°). However, both the HF and DFT results showed that there are broad regions (NCCN = 0-30° and 150-180°) in which there is a minimal energetic cost for the E configuration of protonated tambjamine to adopt a nonplanar conformation. Such flexibility of tambjamine around the inter-ring bond could allow the molecule to adjust its NCCN angle to fit the propeller twist of the DNA base pair in order to form a nonclassical intercalation complex.
Measurement of the properties of a CO2 laser induced air-plasma by double floating probe and spectroscopic techniques

Abstract The laser-induced breakdown spark has recently been advanced as a method for real-time, in-situ spectrochemical analysis of gases. Many of these analyses take place in ambient air. To better characterize this source, we have measured the temporal variation of temperature and electron density in an air plasma induced by a CO 2 laser operating at 0.5 and 0.8 J/pulse. The electron temperature was measured by the double floating-probe technique (DFP). An excitation temperature for oxygen atoms was determined spectroscopically by Boltzmann plots. Electron density in the plasma was measured from the Stark broadening of the 715.6-nm line of 01. At 0.5 J/pulse, the DFP temperature ranged from 175000 K at 5 μs to less than 10000 K at 25 μs, while the 01 excitation temperature ranged from 19000 K at 1 μs to above 11 000 K at 25 μs. The excitation temperature and electron density agree with values calculated by others from local thermodynamic equilibrium models of an air plasma. While the electron temperature from the DFP method is much higher than the excitation temperature at 5 μs, at times greater than 25 μs the two have converged, implying thermodynamic equilibration between the species.
Peripheral collisions at ultra-high energies

The « effective target-mass » distribution in nucleon-nucleon interaction has been obtained for a sample of 18 events of primary energy ∼1012 eV where the data on the momenta of almost all the shower particles were known. A method has also been devised, for ultra-high-energy nucleon jets, to calculate approximately the « effective target-mass » from the angular distribution of the shower particles. In both cases the « effective target-mass » distribution indicates the predominace of interactions of the incoming nucleon with an effective mass close to a π-meson.
New approach for studying slow fragmentation kinetics in FT-ICR: Surface-induced dissociation combined with resonant ejection

Abstract We introduce a new approach for studying the kinetics of large ion fragmentation in the gas phase by coupling surface-induced dissociation (SID) in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with resonant ejection of selected fragment ions using a relatively short (5 ms) ejection pulse. The approach is demonstrated for singly protonated angiotensin III ions excited by collisions with a self-assembled monolayer of alkylthiol on gold (HSAM). The overall decomposition rate and rate constants of individual reaction channels are controlled by varying the kinetic energy of the precursor ion in a range of 65–95 eV. The kinetics of peptide fragmentation are probed by varying the delay time between ion activation by collision and short (5 ms) resonant ejection of selected fragment ions at a constant total reaction time of 150 s. RRKM modeling indicates that the shape of the kinetics plots is strongly affected by the shape and position of the energy deposition function (EDF) describing the internal energy distribution of the ion following ion-surface collision. Modeling of the kinetics data provides detailed information on the shape of the EDF and energy and entropy effects of individual reaction channels.
Relative impact of surgeon and center volume on early mortality after the Norwood operation.

Background Previous studies suggest center volume is associated with outcome after the Norwood operation; however, the impact of surgeon volume is less clear. We evaluated the relative impact of surgeon and center volume on mortality in a large Norwood cohort. Methods Patients in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database undergoing the Norwood operation (2000 to 2009) were included. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated the relationship between in-hospital mortality and annual center and surgeon volume, adjusting for patient factors. Results A total of 2,555 patients were operated on at 53 centers by 111 surgeons. Overall unadjusted mortality was 22.1%. When analyzed individually, both lower center and surgeon volume were associated with higher mortality (odds ratio for centers with 0 to 10 vs >20 cases per year 1.56 [95% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.31]; odds ratio for surgeons with 0 to 5 vs >10 cases per year 1.60 [95% confidence interval 1.12 to 2.27]). When analyzed together, the addition of surgeon volume to the center volume models attenuated but did not completely mitigate the association of center volume with outcome (relative attenuation of odds ratio=34%). Adjusted mortality rates in low, medium, and high volume centers were 25.6%, 22.3%, and 17.7%, respectively. Across all center volume strata, lower volume surgeons had higher adjusted mortality rates. Conclusions Both center and surgeon volumes appear to influence Norwood outcomes. These data suggest outcomes may potentially be improved through strategies that take advantage of the positive influence of both of these variables. This could include further investigation into the feasibility of regional collaborations, and the development of quality improvement initiatives within and across centers.
The Development of Health Care Data Warehouses to Support Data Mining

Clinical data warehouses offer tremendous benefits as a foundation for data mining. By serving as a source for comprehensive clinical and demographic information on large patient populations, they streamline knowledge discovery efforts by providing standard and efficient mechanisms to replace time-consuming and expensive original data collection, organization, and processing. Building effective data warehouses requires knowledge of and attention to key issues in database design, data acquisition and processing, and data access and security. In this article, the authors provide an operational and technical definition of data warehouses, present examples of data mining projects enabled by existing data warehouses, and describe key issues and challenges related to warehouse development and implementation.
Use of long-term data and multivariate ordination techniques to identify environmental factors governing estuarine phytoplankton species dynamics

A continuous, 13-yr record of environmental data and phytoplankton species and assemblage structure in the mesohaline Neuse River Estuary (biweekly, April-October; monthly, November-March) was used to evaluate phytoplankton assemblage responses to changing environmental conditions. Ordination techniques including nonmetric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis, and BIO-ENV software were used to investigate potential environmental predictors of phytoplankton assemblage patterns under chronic eutrophication. Phytoplankton assemblages were strongly related to temperature and total nitrogen: total phosphorus ratios, with expected seasonal changes in species composition. Interannual changes in river discharge influenced whether phytoplankton assemblages were dominated by diatoms and phototrophic flagellates or by mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Increasing ammonium concentrations also have been an important influence on phytoplankton assemblages. Raphidophytes (including the potentially toxic species Heterosigma akashiwo), haptophytes, chlorophytes, and the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Heterocapsa rotundata have increased in more recent years (2000-2006), concomitant with increasing ammonium concentrations. Abundance of the potentially toxic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and the grouping Pfiesteria spp., "pfiesteria-like" dinoflagellates, and Karlodinium veneficum remained stationary over time and rarely exceeded 10 3 cells mL -1 . Abundance of P. minimum was positively related to dissolved organic nitrogen and suspended solids concentrations, whereas the highest abundance of the grouping Pfiesteria spp., "pfiesteria-like" dinoflagellates, and K. veneficum occurred during summer and fall, related to high total phosphorus concentrations, temperature, and salinity. Overall, this study provides new species-level insights to advance understanding about anthropogenic influences on phytoplankton assemblages. The data suggest an increasingly important role of ammonium in controlling phytoplankton assemblage structure, including increased abundance of some harmful species, in eutrophic estuaries.
Constitutive Protection of E2F Recognition Sequences in the Human Thymidine Kinase Promoter during Cell Cycle Progression

The sequences responsible for S phase-specific induction of the human thymidine kinase (TK) gene have been mapped to a small region that contains putative E2F binding sites. We have analyzed protein-DNA interactions at the TK promoter during cell cycle progression in human fibroblasts using an in vivofootprinting approach. We found 14 protein binding sites that were occupied in vivo. All of the sites (among them two inverted CCAAT boxes and several Sp1 sites) bound transcription factors constitutively throughout the cell cycle, i.e. none of the factor binding was cell cycle-dependent. An E2F-like site located between nucleotides −97 and −89 relative to the major transcription start site was protected in G0, G1, S, and G2 phases. This cell cycle-independent protection of E2F sequences in the TK promoter differs from the G0/G1-restricted binding of E2F complexes observed for genes in which the E2F sites function as repressor elements (Tommasi, S., and Pfeifer, G. P. (1995)Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6901–6913; Zwicker, J., Liu, N., Engeland, K., Lucibello, F. C., and Muller, R. (1996)Science 271, 1595–1597). A comparison of several genes containing E2F motifs indicates that E2F sites located in proximity to the transcription initiation site (−50 to +20) in TATA-less promoters predominantly function as repressor elements, while in other genes constitutively bound E2F complexes located further upstream mediate activation presumably in conjunction with a functional TATA box.
BMY 21502 and piracetam facilitate performance of two-choice win-stay water-escape in normal rats.

Sprague-Dawley rats given either 5 or 10 mg/kg of a new compound, BMY 21502, 150 mg/kg of piracetam or a dose of methylcellulose vehicle (p.o.) daily for 38 days beginning two days before training were compared on performance of a win-stay water-escape task in a circular water maze requiring the use of working memory. The task involved giving the rats pairs of trials in which the location of a submerged escape platform remained the same within a pair of trials but changed semirandomly across pairs. Rats receiving either 5 mg/kg BMY 21502 or piracetam made more correct choices than did rats receiving only the vehicle (p less than 0.05 in each case). The facilitated performance was associated with making fewer perseverative responses that resulted in errors.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Relaxation With Educational Support for Medication-Treated Adults With ADHD and Persistent Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Context Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is a prevalent, distressing, and impairing condition that is not fully treated by pharmacotherapy alone and lacks evidence-based psychosocial treatments. Objective To test cognitive behavioral therapy for ADHD in adults treated with medication but who still have clinically significant symptoms. Design, Setting, and Patients Randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for 86 symptomatic adults with ADHD who were already being treated with medication. The study was conducted at a US hospital between November 2004 and June 2008 (follow-up was conducted through July 2009). Of the 86 patients randomized, 79 completed treatment and 70 completed the follow-up assessments. Interventions Patients were randomized to 12 individual sessions of either cognitive behavioral therapy or relaxation with educational support (which is an attention-matched comparison). Main Outcome Measures The primary measures were ADHD symptoms rated by an assessor (ADHD rating scale and Clinical Global Impression scale) at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. The assessor was blinded to treatment condition assignment. The secondary outcome measure was self-report of ADHD symptoms. Results Cognitive behavioral therapy achieved lower posttreatment scores on both the Clinical Global Impression scale (magnitude −0.0531; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.01 to −0.05; P = .03) and the ADHD rating scale (magnitude −4.631; 95% CI, −8.30 to −0.963; P = .02) compared with relaxation with educational support. Throughout treatment, self-reported symptoms were also significantly more improved for cognitive behavioral therapy (β = −0.41; 95% CI, −0.64 to −0.17; P Conclusion Among adults with persistent ADHD symptoms treated with medication, the use of cognitive behavioral therapy compared with relaxation with educational support resulted in improved ADHD symptoms, which were maintained at 12 months. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00118911
Modeling and Analysis for Active Control of Circular Saw Vibrations

Addressed in this paper is modeling and analysis for active control of circular saw vibrations. A method is put forward based on finite element modeling. It starts with modeling of a circular saw in the body- fixed frame, where vibration analyses including natural frequencies and modes can be readily obtained by a standard finite element analysis package. To consider the rotation of a circular saw, the finite element model is transformed to the space-fixed frame, where vibration mode shapes remain the same while natural frequencies are affected by the product of the rotation speed and the order of the mode shape. Upon normalization, the vibration equations can be expressed in terms of natural frequencies and modes, from which a state-space control model can be obtained. The model developed has shown a good agreement between simulation and experimental results. Furthermore, the model is used to design an online state estimator using the Kalman filter as well as an active vibration controller-based linear-q...
Band versus bypass: influence of an educational seminar and surgeon visit on patient preference

Abstract Background Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding are 2 common weight loss procedures. This investigation examined the effect of a preoperative educational seminar (ES) and surgeon visit (SV) on patients' choice of bariatric procedure. Methods In our practice, patients choose their procedure. New patients receive an overview of both procedures in an ES, including the risks and benefits, and then meet individually with a surgeon (SV) to answer any additional questions. Three identical surveys (before the ES, after the ES, and after the SV) were given to new patients who voluntarily participated in this study. The survey queried procedure choice and influencing factors. Results A total of 47 patients participated. Of these 47 patients, 31 had researched the procedures before the ES and 13 were unsure of the differences between laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding before the ES, 4 were after the ES, and 1 was after the SV. Also, 11% of patients changed their procedure choice as a result of attending the ES and SV; 15%, 13%, and 13% of patients were willing to be randomized to either procedure before the ES, after the ES, and after the SV, respectively. Conclusions Only 11% of patients changed their procedure choice as a result of attending the ES and SV. Thus, patient decisions are usually made before meeting the surgeon, and the information provided at the ES and SV simply reinforced those decisions. Only 13% of patients were willing (4% very willing and 9% somewhat willing) to be randomized to either procedure (laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding). It is likely that patients had confidence in, and were comfortable with, 1 procedure over the other, and therefore were unwilling to undergo the other procedure.
For Better or Forever: Formal versus Informal Enforcement

This article contrasts supporting partnerships through relational contracting and supporting partnerships through formal legal institutions. A large population of players interact in bilateral relationships. Efficiency requires cooperation, but cheating yields a higher short‐term payoff. There is a positive probability that the maximum feasible payoff available to a partnership decreases. Opportunistic behavior makes it impossible to realize the efficient outcome. A legal system can lead to efficient contracting. Without such a system, productive relationships arise in equilibrium if it is costly to initiate new relationships. This type of relational contracting tends to make partnerships last longer than is efficient.
A Monte Carlo study of three odds ratio estimators and four tests of association in several 2x2 tables when the data are sparse

Epidemiologic data are often summarized in the form of several 2x2 tables where it is of interest to estimate the odds ratio for each 2x2 table. More importantly these estimators are often combined into a single estimator and a test statistic for the hypothesis of no association computed. The performance of three such combined odds ratio estimators and four tests of association was studied using Monte Carlo methods. The results of these studies are described in this paper. For the Monte Carlo studies, a constant odds ratio was used with equal numbers of cases and controls. A wide range of odds ratios, probabilities of exposure, number of cases, and number of strata were used. For each of the 1000 Kx2x2 tables used in one simulation, the Mantel-Haenszel (1959), maximum conditional likelihood (Gart, 1971), and weighted least squares (Woolf, 1955) estimators of the odds ratio were computed along with the likelihood-ratio (Bishop et al., 1975), Mantel-Haenszel, Pearson, and weighted least squares tests of ass...
Frequency Conversion by Third Class Conductor and Mechanism of the Arcing Ground and other Cumulative Surges

In high-voltage power circuits, such as transmission lines and the high-voltage coils of large power transformers, not infrequently disturbances are observed of a frequency differing from, and usually very much higher than that of the power supply, and differing from the typical transient of energy readjustment, in that they do not gradually die out, but increase in intensity until either destruction occurs, or they finally limit themselves. Such cumulative oscillations or arcing grounds derive their energy from the machine power of the system, and so constitute a frequency transformation, of which the mechanism has been little understood. Physically they may be derived from the typical condenser discharge by the conception of a negative resistance, in combination with a source of power, which supplies the energy given out by the negative resistance. Attention is drawn to a class of conductors — to which arcs and gas discharges belong — the so-called “third-class conductors,” in which the voltage decreases with increase of current, and it is shown that these conductors can be considered as a combination of a negative resistance with a source of power, and as such are capable of transforming the low machine frequency into a high oscillation frequency of alternating currents, and their presence in an electric system thereby may produce cumulative oscillations. The general equations are then derived of a system comprising a third-class conductor shunted by an inductive circuit containing capacity, and supplied with voltage over an inductive circuit from an alternating low-frequency source, and it is shown that in such a system currents and voltages of two distinct frequencies may continuously exist, of which the one is the machine frequency, the other a high oscillation frequency. It is further shown that the voltage of the latter is limited only by the resistance of the oscillating circuit, and in low-resistance circuits may build up to very high values. Furthermore, the high oscillation frequency is essentially limited to the circuit shunting the third-class conductor and but little of it enters the supply circuit, while the supply frequency enters the shunt circuit to a limited extent only, and both frequencies are superimposed in the third-class conductor as the frequency converter.
Enhanced venous thrombus resolution in plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 deficient mice.

Summary Background The resolution of deep vein thrombosis requires an inflammatory response and mobilization of proteases, such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), to degrade the thrombus and remodel the injured vein wall. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) with unique immunosuppressive and cell survival properties that was originally identified as an inhibitor of uPA. Objective To investigate the role of PAI-2 in venous thrombus formation and resolution. Methods Venous thrombus resolution was compared in wild-type C57BL/6, PAI-2−/−, and PAI-1−/− mice using the stasis model of deep vein thrombosis. Formed thrombi were harvested, thrombus weights were recorded, and tissue was analyzed for uPA and MMP activities, PAI-1 expression, and the nature of inflammatory cell infiltration. Results We found that the absence of PAI-2 enhanced venous thrombus resolution, while thrombus formation was unaffected. Enhanced venous thrombus resolution in PAI-2−/− mice was associated with increased uPA activity and reduced levels of PAI-1, with no significant effect on MMP-2 and -9 activities. PAI-1 deficiency resulted in an increase in thrombus resolution similar to PAI-2 deficiency, but additionally reduced venous thrombus formation and altered MMP activity. PAI-2–deficient thrombi had increased levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL2, which was associated with early enhanced neutrophil recruitment. Conclusions These data identify PAI-2 as a novel regulator of venous thrombus resolution, which modulates several pathways involving both inflammatory and uPA activity mechanisms, distinct from PAI-1. Further examination of these pathways may lead to potential therapeutic prospects in accelerating thrombus resolution.
Efficient light collection in gas Čerenkov counters

Abstract The author presents general formulae and two computer ray-tracing programs to simplify design of threshold Cerenkov detectors. It is assumed that directional light is reflected from curved mirrors into photubes or into additional conical reflectors which act as high transmission lenses. Given a mirror shape, the programs find position of the off-axis “focus” and optimum shape of secondary reflector.
Elastic scattering of 0.8 GeV protons from the non-zero-spin nuclei C13 and N14

Angular distributions are reported for 0.8 GeV proton elastic scattering from /sup 13/C and /sup 14/N. Included are differential cross sections for p+/sup 13/C carried out to large momentum transfer (5 fm/sup -1/) using a highly enriched target (99%), and differential cross sections and analyzing powers for p+ /sup 14/N using a gas target. Spherical Woods-Saxon optical potentials are obtained from chi-squared searches on these data and are compared to the potential obtained from fitting existing /sup 12/C data.
Chandigarh: A planned city

A planned city presupposes the existence of an authority or an organisation sufficiently effective to secure the site, marshal1 resources for its growth, and exercise continued control until the city reaches a viable size. After that, the maintenance of a planned city is also on a regulated basis. Different from an ‘organic city’, which has developed and grown without benefit of centralised planning, a planned city is attractive as a policy tool precisely because it provides the creator with the opportunity to restructure society in accordance with his or her understanding of society. At its core, therefore, the creation of a new city is a moral and social act to improve the urban condition. Its origins are in social reform and its objectives are to restructure urban form and life to achieve more balanced growth among nature, technology, and economic and social classes. In Chandigarh, India, these objectives were defined by architect-planner Le Corbusier and endorsed by Prime Minister Nehru. The two men shared a common vision of building a city that would serve as the model for the nation, if not for the world, in city planning. That these objectives have not been fully accomplished in Chandigarh can be attributed to the absence of local authority, to a lack of understanding of the local culture and values on the part of the planners, and to the subsequent history of the region. In the development of Chandigarh, authorit~~ relations, lines of accountability, and decision-making structures never became clear and, with the subsequent bifurcation of the Punjab in 1966, have become even more blurred. When it became clear to the planners of Chandigarh that the Capital Project Office had limited political autonomy. and when faced with the challenge of building an innovative community with superior services and facilities within the confines of a tradition-bound, rural, and financially conservative system of government, they learned to appeal to the Office of the Prime Minister for implementation of their goals. When P.N. Thapar, for example, was temporarily removed from the Chandigarh project in 1951, Maxwell Fry complained to Prime Minister Nehru that there was “no unity of administrative control” remaining, which promptly brought back Thapar to Chandigarh.’ This practice intensified the involvement of the central government in Chandigarh, thereby further eroding local involvement and authority. Because power distribution structure changes with time, and because in Chandigarh no provision was made to facilitate orderly and adaptive changes in power structure, much of the legislatioI1 passed to ensure planned growth of the city has remained ineffective. Recent behaviour-modification and learning research suggests that positive reinforcement from the environment, rather than punishment, is a more powerful determinant of behaviour. This has led to the conclusion that new town designs that provide positive reinforcement for desired behaviour rather than punitive controls are more successful.’ The question of authority is
Therapeutic Uses of the WebCam in Child Psychiatry.

Objective The authors provide examples for the use of the WebCam as a therapeutic tool in child psychiatry, discussing cases to demonstrate the application of the WebCam, which is most often used in psychiatry training programs during resident supervision and for case presentations.
Toward fundamental primitives and infrastructure enhancements for distributed Web object coordination and workflows

We envision users discovering suitable Web objects and configuring them on-the-fly with their desired high-level application logic, with the programming and deployment carried out entirely on the Web. Easy configurability and interplay of Web entities implies evolution of a few common sense, yet powerful set of core primitives for effective coordination, akin in simplicity and strength to the HTTP protocol. Current Web services technology lacks Infrastructure support, theoretical sound fundamental framework for Web services coordination and composition, and easy use tools for Web application development. Our Web coordination bond system gears towards finding solutions to aforementioned research challenges.
Phase transitions and ion currents in a model ferroelectric channel unit

The hypothesis of ferroelectric electrodiffusion is examined mathematically. A thermodynamic potential, the elastic Gibbs function, written in polynomial form, provides the dielectric equation of state for the model. The other equations of electrodiffusion theory complete the model. This system reduces to a second-order partial differential equation, which is formally solved by the phase-plane method. This solution, applied to the Na channel, leads to a propagating phase-transition wave accompanied by movement of ionic charge. This may be readily interpreted as a transmembrane wave traveling along a ferroelectric unit within, and transporting ions through, the channel. Comparison of the temperature dependence of axonal conduction velocity with that of the spontaneous polarization of Rochelle salt suggests that the Na channel of squid axon contains a ferroelectric unit having a lower Curie point, but decomposing before reaching its upper Curie point. Comparison with data from reconstitution experiments suggests that the ferroelectric unit is a carbohydrate enclosed in an intrinsic protein structure to form a glycoprotein channel. The value experimentally estimated for the surface charge of the Na channel is within the range of spontaneous polarizations of typical ferroelectric crystals. It is argued that the ferroelectric probably is a single crystal of the order-disorder type, which undergoes a first-order transition between a ferroelectric and a paraelectric state during excitational activity. The hypothesis of ferroelectric channel units is consistent with the existence and directionality of the observed “gating” currents.
Engineering altruism: a theoretical and experimental investigation of anonymity and gift giving

Three double blind treatments of a US$ 10 dictator game are used to examine the role of anonymity and perceptions of anonymity in pro-social behavior. One treatment has dictators viewing pictures of recipients, the second has recipients receiving pictures of dictators and the third is a pictureless control. In each treatment, more than 50 percent of dictators give US$ 0. For those dictators who give positive amounts, the modal gift is US$ 5 in each photograph treatment versus US$ 2 in the control. Twenty-five percent of subjects in each photograph treatment give at least US$ 5 versus 4 percent of subjects in the control. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
NMR studies of superfluid in low density silica aerogels

Abstract Continuous wave NMR studies of superfluid 3 He in 99.4%, 98.7% and 98.3% porosity silica aerogels show similar phase diagrams, with an equal spin pairing (ESP) A-like state stable near Tc,a, and a B-like phase stable at lower temperatures. On cooling through Tc,a, the sample magnetization and frequency shift show substantial supercooling of the A-like phase, with discontinuous changes to B-like behavior seen at about 0.64Tc,b (bulk) for all samples. On warming, both the frequency shift and magnetization change continuously as the sample enters an ESP state. This suggests that this phase transition is broadened by pinning of the A–B interface on density fluctuations in the aerogel, even very close to Tc,a.
Unanticipated Diagnoses Found at Autopsy in an Urban Public Teaching Hospital

The authors set out to evaluate the use of the autopsy in an urban public teaching hospital setting during the AIDS era. Demographic and length of hospital stay data were obtained from weekly mortality review reports on all patients dying on the medicine service between 1/1/92 and 12/31/93. Clinical and autopsy diagnoses were compared for those patients who had autopsies. The autopsy rate was 16% (152/974). Significant, unsuspected diagnoses were found in 35% (53/152) of the cases, with infections, pulmonary emboli, and myocardial infarctions being most common. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients had a greater percentage of unsuspected findings (55%, 23/42), and many of these also were from an infectious etiology. The authors conclude that valuable, unsuspected information frequently can be obtained from autopsies in this clinical setting.
Rat CINC (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant) is the homolog of the human GRO proteins but is encoded by a single gene.

Abstract Human GRO and rat CINC proteins are members of the pro-inflammatory "chemokine" superfamily of chemotactic cytokines which includes IL-8. We have used Northern and Southern blot analyses to compare the expression of CINC-related and GRO transripts in human cells and to compare the hybridization patterns of CINC and GRO probes in human and rat genomic DNA. Our data indicate that rat CINC is encoded by a single gene unlike GRO-alpha, -beta and -gamma which are encoded by three distinct genes and that they are the nearest hontologs to each other from their respective species.
Abstract 2075: Overexpression of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant proteins in MCF7 breast cancer cells and investigation of possible regulatory mechanisms

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Peroxiredoxins are thiol-specific antioxidant proteins that protect cells from oxidative stress. There are six different peroxiredoxin proteins expressed in mammalian cells, and these proteins have been implicated in the regulation of cell signaling, proliferation and apoptosis. Many recent studies have found elevated peroxiredoxin levels in cancer, suggesting that cancer cells may upregulate peroxiredoxin expression as an adaptation to the cancerous state. We compared the expression of all six peroxiredoxins between MCF7 breast cancer cell line and the non-cancerous MCF-10A cell line. We found significant overexpression of five of the six peroxiredoxins (PrdxI-V) at both the mRNA and protein level. To explore possible mechanisms of peroxiredoxin upregulation, we first compared the lines for levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of particular kinases implicated in cancer biology. We found that MCF-7 cells express markedly higher levels of ROS, and increased activity of ERK 1/2 and JNK 1/2, as compared to MCF-10A cells. We hypothesized that elevated ROS and/or enhanced activity of these signal transduction pathways may mediate peroxiredoxin induction in these cells. MCF-7 cells were cultured under conditions of serum deprivation, ROS reduction, or kinase inhibition to examine the effects on peroxiredoxin expression. After 48 hours of serum deprivation, the expression of Prdx2 was reduced. Using NAC treatment, we inhibited ROS accumulation in MCF-7 cells and found a decrease in expression of both Prdx2 and Prdx3. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 activity by the inhibitor PD 98,059 resulted in little to no change in peroxiredoxin levels. Finally, treatment of MCF-7 cells with hydrogen peroxide led to a transient increase in Prdx1 at 4 hours, which returned to basal levels by 24 hours. Together, these data reveal overexpression of the peroxiredoxin family in MCF-7 cancer cells, and suggest that oxidative stress and redox-sensitive kinases may play a role in mediating the upregulation of particular peroxiredoxins. Studies examining the role of JNK and p38 in peroxiredoxin induction, as well as cell line differences in multimeric Prdx complexes, are currently underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2075. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2075
Naming, Reading, and the Dyslexias: A Longitudinal Overview.

In research in the cognitive and neurosciences, a co-occurrence between naming and reading disorders has been found in children and aphasic adults. Evidence from a completed cross-sectional study will be briefly summarized and an ongoing longitudinal study will be presented to suggest that factors disrupting specific stages of the naming process can impede the development of children’s reading in particular, perhaps predictable, ways. Based on the components of a neurolinguistic model of naming, a battery of naming and reading tests was administered to a longitudinal sample of 115 children before, during, and after reading acquisition. Preliminary trends indicate that poor readers are significantly different (p<.001) from average readers on all naming tests except those emphasizingreceptive vocabulary perception. Tests emphasizing retrieval rate are best able to predict patterns of naming performance and errors characterize specific subgroups of the dyslexias.
Mg- and Si-doped iron oxides for the photocatalyzed production of hydrogen from water by visible light (2.2 eV ≤ hv ≤ 2.7 eV)

Abstract Connected polycrystalline discs of Mg-doped (p-type) and Si-doped (n-type) iron oxides produced hydrogen from water using light in the solar range (2.2 eV ≤ hv ≤ 2.7 eV) and in the absence of any external potential. In 0.1 M Na2SO4 or in 0.01 N NaOH solutions the device produces hydrogen catalytically with rates of 1–2 H2 monolayers per minute.
Mechanisms of Disease: fibroblasts—a new look at an old problem

Fibroblasts are one of the most important and episodically active cell types in the kidney. Under normal conditions, these cells provide a delicate collagenous matrix that partitions the interstitial spaces between nephrons, blood vessels and the renal capsule. Fibroblasts also remodel the interstitium as kidneys grow with age. This episodic activity of various fibroblast populations has a biological basis. Most fibroblasts are created locally through a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and, once formed, they can proliferate in response to local mitogens. EMT is driven by an alteration in the balance of local cytokine concentrations that reverses the differentiation of selected epithelia along tubular nephrons. During persistent injury and inflammation, fibroblasts further increase their numbers and secrete excess interstitial collagens, and EMT is particularly aggressive in this setting. The mechanisms by which fibroblasts simultaneously destroy normal interstitial architecture and disable epithelial nephrons are more comprehensible today. Recent therapeutic clues for attenuating fibroblast formation during renal fibrogenesis also suggest an advantage in shifting local cytokine balance to favor mesenchymal-epithelial transition. This review examines these issues and identifies new targets for the treatment of one of the most difficult problems facing clinical nephrology.
The Hippocampus and Parahippocampus in Schizophrenic, Suicide, and Control Brains

Recent postmortem studies in schizophrenia have shown abnormalities in medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus and parahippocampus. We tried to replicate previous studies and to explore the specificity of this finding to schizophrenia. The anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex were evaluated for area and shape in postmortem tissue from 12 schizophrenic, 17 nonschizophrenic suicide, and 10 nonpsychiatric control brains. No significant differences were found in hippocampal area, but the parahippocampal cortex was significantly smaller in the schizophrenic group than in the control group. When parahippocampi from right and left sides were analyzed separately, both the suicide and schizophrenic groups had smaller parahippocampi on the right side than did the controls [corrected]. The suicide group exhibited greater parahippocampal areas in the left than in the right tissue samples within the group, while such a difference did not exist in the schizophrenic or control groups. This study demonstrated changes in temporal lobe structures in both schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic suicide groups.
Effect of Fiber Anisotropy on Thermal Stresses in Fibrous Composites

An elasticity solution is utilized to analyze an orthotropic fiber in an isotropic matrix under uniform thermal load. The analysis reveals that stress distributions in the fiber are singular in the radial coordinate when the radial fiber stiffness (C-rr) is greater than the hoop stiffness (C-theta-theta). Conversely, if C-rr is less than C-theta-theta the maximum stress in the composite is finite and occurs at the fiber-matrix interface. In both cases the stress distributions are radically different than those predicted assuming the fiber to be transversely isotropic (C-rr = C-theta-theta). It is also shown that fiber volume fraction greatly influences the stress distribution for transversely isotropic fibers, but has little effect on the distribution if the fibers are transversely orthotropic.
Alamouti-type polarization-time coding in coded-modulation schemes with coherent detection.

We present the Almouti-type polarization-time (PT) coding scheme suitable for use in multilevel (M≥2) block-coded modulation schemes with coherent detection. The PT-decoder is found it to be similar to the Alamouti combiner. We also describe how to determine the symbols log-likelihood ratios in the presence of laser phase noise. We show that the proposed scheme is able to compensate even 800 ps of differential group delay, for the system operating at 10 Gb/s, with negligible penalty. The proposed scheme outperforms equal-gain combining polarization diversity OFDM scheme. However, the polarization diversity coded-OFDM and PT-coding based coded-OFDM schemes perform comparable. The proposed scheme has the potential of doubling the spectral efficiency compared to polarization diversity schemes.
The 2015 Standards for Diabetes Care: Maintaining a Patient-Centered Approach

This commentary highlights 3 topics in the American Diabetes Association's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes that are relevant to nonendocrinologists who care for patients with diabetes: ethnic...
Oscillatory Landé factor of two-dimensional electrons under high magnetic fields.

Using resonant-tunneling spectroscopy in magnetic fields up to 30 T, we have shown that the Land\'e factor g of two-dimensional electrons oscillates with field between its three-dimensional value and a value strongly enhanced by many-body effects. The experiments were carried out at 1.4 K in GaSb-AlSb-InAs-AlSb-GaSb type-II heterolayers, in which holes tunnel resonantly between two GaSb electrodes through magnetic states in the conduction band of an InAs quantum well. The density of these two-dimensional electrons was controlled by the application of external hydrostatic pressure. For the largest electron density (${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{s}}$=1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$) the g factor oscillated with field between a minimum value of 8 and a maximum of 15. Variations of the same order were observed for lower densities, down to ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{s}}$=5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. This large enhancement is explained by the exchange interaction between electrons with the same spin.
Undertreatment of symptoms in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Abstract Context Hemodialysis patients suffer a large symptom burden, and little is known about how effectively symptoms are treated. Objectives To assess the management of treatable symptoms in hemodialysis patients, we administered a 30-item questionnaire on physical and emotional symptoms to patients receiving outpatient hemodialysis at the University of Virginia. Methods We asked patients whether they were prescribed therapy for potentially treatable symptoms and assessed who prescribed the therapy. By means of chart review, we also documented whether medications were prescribed for these symptoms. Results We approached 87 patients and enrolled 62 (71%). The most commonly reported, potentially treatable symptoms included bone/joint pain, insomnia, mood disturbance, sexual dysfunction, paresthesia, and nausea. Only 45% of patients with bone/joint pain reported receiving an analgesic medication. Twenty-three percent of patients with trouble falling asleep and 53% of patients with nausea reported receiving a medication to alleviate this symptom. Chart review revealed that 58% of patients who reported the presence of bone/joint pain were prescribed an analgesic, 23% of patients with trouble falling asleep were prescribed a sleep aid, and 42% of patients with nausea received an antiemetic. Primary care providers were more likely than nephrologists to provide for all symptoms except nausea and numbness or tingling in the feet, and this difference was significant for the treatment of worrying (3/3 vs. 0/3, P=0.05) and nervousness (4/5 vs. 0/5, P=0.02). Conclusion Potentially treatable symptoms in hemodialysis are undertreated. Pharmacologic therapy, particularly for emotional symptoms, was more commonly prescribed by primary care providers than nephrologists. Additional study of the barriers to symptom treatment and interventions that increase nephrologist and primary care provider symptom management are needed.
Finite-size effects in Heisenberg antiferromagnets

A system which exhibits antiferromagnetic order in the thermodynamic limit will, generically, have a symmetric ground state when the volume is finite. In this case the leading size dependence of various observables is controlled by soft magnons. The precise form of the finite-size corrections is worked out, and it is claimed that the expressions so obtained will be useful for the analysis of results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations or by exact diagonalization.
Proofs for large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators

Abstract I present proofs for the consistency of generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators presented in Hansen (1982) . Some basic approximation results provide the groundwork for the analysis of a class of such estimators. Using these results, I establish the large sample convergence of GMM estimators under alternative restrictions on the estimation problem.