cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “Forgotten Years” of the Negro Revolution

A RECENT president of the American Sociological Society addressed himself to a puzzling question about what we know as the Civil Rights Revolution: "Why did social scientists-and sociologists in particular-not foresee the explosion of collective action of Negro Americans toward full integration into American society?" He pointed out that "it is the vigor and urgency of the Negro demand that is new, not its direction or supporting ideas."' Without arguing the point further, the lack of knowledge can be attributed to two groups-the ahistorical social scientists, and the historians who, until recently, have neglected modern Negro history. The search for a "watershed" in recent Negro history ends at the years that comprised World War II, 1939-1945. James Baldwin has written of this period: "The treatment accorded the Negro during the Second World War marks, for me, a turning point in the Negro's relation to America. To put it briefly, and somewhat too simply, a certain hope died, a certain respect for white Americans faded."'2 Writing during World War II, Gunnar Myrdal predicted that the war would act as a "stimulant" to Negro protest, and he felt that "There is bound to be a redefinition of the Negro's status in America as a result of this War."3 The Negro sociologist E. Franklin Frazier states that World War II marked the point where "The Negro was no longer willing to accept discrimination in employment and in housing without protest.' '4 Charles E. Silberman writes that the war was a "turning point" in American race relations, in which "the seeds of the
Meals of differing caloric content do not alter physical activity behavior during a subsequent simulated recess period in children

Objective Research on adults and animals has demonstrated that chronic and acute overfeeding can alter physical activity behavior. However, there are no assessments of the acute effects of high-calorie (HC) meals on physical activity behavior in children. This is of importance as a typical school lunch is HC. If this type of meal negatively impacts subsequent physical activity behavior, the ability of post-lunch recess periods as a means to increase energy expenditure may be lessened.
Blood Coagulation and Vascular Integrity: Effects of Heparin

The administration of large and repeated doses of heparin to normal rats resulted in increased output of red blood cells into the lymph, comparable to that associated with x-ray induced thrombocytopenia. A considerable lapse of time was observed between the inhibition of blood coagulation and the increase of vascular permeability to red blood cells. The latter was not decreased by return of the blood clotting to normal.
Construction of G1 planar Hermite interpolants with prescribed arc lengths

The problem of constructing a plane polynomial curve with given end points and end tangents, and a specified arc length, is addressed. The solution employs planar quintic Pythagorean-hodograph (PH) curves with equal-magnitude end derivatives. By reduction to canonical form it is shown that, in this context, the problem can be expressed in terms of finding the real solutions to a system of three quadratic equations in three variables. This system admits further reduction to just a single univariate biquadratic equation, which always has positive roots. It is found that this construction of G 1 Hermite interpolants of specified arc length admits two formal solutions - of which one has attractive shape properties, and the other must be discarded due to undesired looping behavior. The algorithm developed herein offers a simple and efficient closed-form solution to a fundamental constructive geometry problem that avoids the need for iterative numerical methods. An algorithm to construct interpolants to planar G1 Hermite data, with exact prescribed arc lengths, is presented.The problem admits a closed-form solution, requiring little more than the solution of a quadratic equation.There exist two formal solutions, the "good" solution corresponding to the least value for the absolute rotation index.The algorithm accommodates the special cases of parallel or symmetric end tangents.
Pathways linkingl-phenylalanine and 2-phenylethylamine withp-tyramine in rabbit brain

Abstract Concentrations of labeled p -tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were measured in rabbit brain 10 min after the intraventricular administration of either radioactive amine. In both cases the recoveries of the newly synthesized amine and of the unchanged precursor were significantly increased in animals pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline. Significant amounts of both amines were present in rabbit brain 10 min after the intraventricular injection of labeled l -phenulalanine. Pretreatment with pargyline increased their recoveries, whereas α-methyldopa (an l - aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzyme inhibitor, l -AAADI) decreased them considerably, and no significant alteration was found in l -α-methyldOpa hydrazine (a peripheral l -AAADI) pretreated animals. These results provide evidence for a new biochemical pathway in brain for p -tyramine biosynthesis, with l -phenylalanine (bypassing the formation of l -tyrosine) or 2-phenylethylamine as precursors. The significance and implications of these metabolic routes are discussed, especially considering that p -tyramine itself can be coverted to catecholamines.
Ethical Leadership Perceptions: Does It Matter If You’re Black or White?

Ethical scandals in business are all too common. Due to the increased public awareness of the transgressions of business executives and the potential costs associated with these transgressions, ethical leadership is among the top qualities sought by organizations as they hire and promote managers. This search for ethical leaders intersects with a labor force that is becoming more racially diverse than ever before. In this paper, we propose that the ethical leadership qualities of business leaders may be perceived differently depending upon the race of the leader. Using two experimental studies in the USA, we examine the difference in ethical leadership perceptions between a Black (White) hypocritical CEO and an ethical CEO (Study 1). Next, we consider a Black (White) ethically ambiguous CEO and an ethical CEO (Study 2). The findings indicate that a Black leader faces larger negative impact in hypocritical and ambiguous conditions than a similar White leader. There were no significant race effects in the ethical conditions in which a leader demonstrated a personal commitment to ethics through words or actions. We discuss the implications of these findings.
A qualitative assessment of West Virginia pharmacist activities and attitude in diabetes management.

Aims and objectives The role of pharmacists in chronic disease state management has been shown to significantly improve patient health outcomes and reduce overall health care costs. The current study is designed to assess the roles and attitudes of West Virginia (WV) pharmacists toward diabetes, evaluate services provided, address pharmacist clinical understanding and training, and demonstrate the challenges that limit pharmacists ability to deliver an efficient disease state management. Methods We invited 435 preceptors affiliated with the University of Charleston School of Pharmacy to participate in the study using Qualtrics online survey software. The survey was divided into sections related to pharmacists, practice environment, pharmacist's roles in diabetes management, and challenges faced that limit their ability to deliver effective care to diabetic patients. Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance, and a P value ≤.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of all eligible invited preceptors, 104 accessed the online survey based on the Qualtrics tracking tool, while 58 participated in the survey with a 56% response rate. Generally, WV pharmacists have positive attitudes regarding the provision of primary activities related to drug use and its associated problems. However, we report that WV pharmacists are less involved in providing education or recommendations regarding diabetes-associated risk factors such as nephropathy, retinopathy, foot care, and gastroparesis. In addition, the majority of pharmacists indicated that they face many challenges related to patient and the practice site environment that limit their ability to provide optimum diabetes patient care services. Conclusion Despite the mounting evidence that pharmacists can improve diabetic patient outcomes while significantly reducing overall costs, WV pharmacists are less involved in providing education or counseling in a variety of areas related to disease state management. In addition, identifying pharmacist challenges provides significant information for future planning toward improving diabetic patient care.
A Possible Association of Diindolylmethane with Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis.

Introduction. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane is available as a supplement in the United States for “cancer prevention” and “augmentation of physical fitness.” A derivative of indole-3-carbinol found in plants, diindolylmethane, binds to receptors associated with the sex steroid pathways and has unclear effects on estrogen and androgen physiology. We present a patient who had been taking diindolylmethane and developed right lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and bilateral pulmonary embolism. Case Presentation. A 65-year-old man presented with swelling, erythema, and warmth of his right lower extremity for three to four weeks. He had been taking diindolylmethane one tablet daily for three to four months. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism included tobacco use, personal history of possible pulmonary embolism, body mass index, and age. Imaging studies found extensive deep venous thrombosis in his right lower extremity and bilateral pulmonary embolism with probable right middle lobe infarction. Follow-up imaging showed chronic deep venous thrombosis in his right lower extremity. Discussion. As suggested in this single case, patients who take diindolylmethane may be at greater risk for venous thromboembolism. Further reports and studies are necessary in order to elucidate this possible association. Clinicians should question patients about supplements in the setting of venous thromboembolism.
A 4-fJ/b Delay-Hardened Physically Unclonable Function Circuit With Selective Bit Destabilization in 14-nm Trigate CMOS

This paper describes a full-entropy 128-b key generation platform based on a 1024-b hybrid physically unclonable function (PUF) array, fabricated in 14-nm trigate high-k/metal-gate CMOS. Delay-hardened hybrid PUF cells use differential clock delay insertion to favor circuit evaluation in the desired direction while leveraging burn-in-induced aging for selective bit destabilization enabling quick identification and masking of unstable cells, and subsequent temporal-majority-voting with soft dark-bit masking to reduce PUF bit error by 3.9 times to 1.45% resulting in ~5 ppb failure probability. A stable full-entropy 128-b key is finally generated from the 1024 raw PUF bits using BCH error correction and AES-CBC-based entropy extraction. An all-digital design with compact PUF cell layout occupying $1.84~\mu \text{m}^{2}$ achieves: 1) 4-fJ/b energy-efficiency with 3-μW leakage at 0.65 V, 70 °C; 2) peak operating frequency of 1 GHz resulting in 1.2-μs key generation latency; 3) robust operation with stable key generation across 0.55–0.75 V, and 25 °C–110 °C; 4) 14 times separation between intra/inter-PUF hamming distances with 0.99993 entropy ensuring cryptographic quality randomness and uniqueness; 5) 48% higher PUF stability with long-term aging by leveraging transistor degradation to reinforce favorable cell bias; and 6) resiliency to power cycling attacks with common centroid clock routing measured from 49.5% hamming distance between array’s evaluation and wake-up states.
An Examination of Medieval Trade: Interorganizational Relationships and the Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a prominent commercial federation of guilds and cities in the Baltic region of northern Europe from approximately 1150-1650. At its peak, it linked traders and market towns...
Civil Liberties and Security

Determining the proper balance between citizens’ rights, civil liberties, and concerns for security is a particularly vexing problem for democratic societies. It has long been understood that civil liberties are neither absolute nor unequivocal and that there is normally tension between the support for democratic values and the desire to live in safety and security. Citizens’ rights frequently collide with the rights of others and with governments’ ability to provide for the safety and security of its citizens. Ironically, citizens in democratic societies have always had to sacrifice a measure of freedom to be free and secure. As it turns out, freedom of speech for one person, such as racist, sexist, or homophobic expressions though constitutionally protected, often translates into a form of harassment and intimidation for another person. While the protection against self-incrimination and the rights of habeas corpus can potentially free the guilty, such protections have the potential to heighten the threat and anxiety for others in society. Still, citizens’ rights to privacy and freedom from unwarranted searches and seizures may provide cover for criminal activity and people seeking to do harm to others. Thus, the uncomfortable decision involved in civil liberties tradeoffs does not just arise during crisis events, but instead individual citizens and political authorities are frequently faced with tradeoff decisions in many different situations.
The Correlation between Multicultural Leadership and the Standard of Higher Educational Institution, Thailand

The Correlation between the Multicultural Leadership and the Standard of Higher Educational Institution has the purpose of studying the levels of multicultural leadership of the administrators of the private institution of higher education, to study the standard levels of private institution of higher education and to study the correlation levels between the multicultural leadership and the standard of the private institution of higher education, Thailand. The sample group consisted of 370 teachers of higher education institutions in and around Bangkok area. Tools are from questionnaires, statistic is by mean, t-Test, pearson’s simple correlation moment. It is found that the levels of multicultural leadership of the administrators of the private institution of higher education, are at high levels, the standard levels of the private institution of higher education are also high. It is also found that there is a high correlation level between multicultural leadership and the standard of the private higher education institution, with statistic significant at .01, coefficient correlation .834.
Regional Differences in HD in Women

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in women worldwide. In the United States (U.S.) disparities in CVD exist for women living in rural areas as compared to those in urban areas as well as for women of color as compared to White women. The risk factor burden varies by geographic location, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. There is also wide variation in CVD mortality rates according to specific geographic location, which may be reflected in significant differences in overall mortality rates. This chapter explores the disparities in CVD risk factors, access to care, and outcomes among women with an emphasis on rural/urban and racial/ethnic differences. Methods: The authors conducted a search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Medline to identify the pertinent articles related to women’s CVD geographic and racial/ethnic disparities. Keywords used in the search are: cardiovascular disease, rural, urban, African American, Hispanics, neighborhood and women. Results: CVD health disparities among women and minorities persist despite comprehensive educational campaigns to improve CVD outcomes. Women have higher CVD mortality rates than men in rural and urban areas but the highest mortality rates are among women in rural areas, especially in women of color. The existing literature supports that minority women, most notably Hispanics and Blacks living in rural areas as compared with White urban women, have: higher CVD mortality rates; higher incidence of diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and obesity; and are less knowledgeable about CVD risk factors. Additionally, they have more poverty, decreased education, lack of access to health care, and are more likely to live in unsafe neighborhoods, further impeding their ability to alter lifestyle to decrease CVD risk factors. Therefore, the gender/geographic disparity in CVD mortality rates may be partially due to increased risk factors in women as compared with men, especially in rural areas, but further research is necessary to examine causes of this disparity. Conclusion: There is a scarcity of research that investigates CVD disparities in women according to geographic location and race/ethnicity. This knowledge is essential in order to develop tailored interventions to reduce CVD burden in rural minority women who are most at risk for developing CVD.
Communicating grief and loss online: Evaluating person-centered support messages

ABSTRACTThis single-class activity expands current literature on person-centered messages by providing attention to message quality in mediated contexts. Students begin the activity by reviewing a hypothetical scenario in which a friend has posted about a family death loss on social media. After reviewing this scenario, students then create sample supportive messages that they could share with a grieving friend. Students are also asked to apply their knowledge about person-centered messages to evaluate other fictional support messages. Students who participate in this activity will be provided with additional skills for comforting grieving friends effectively.Courses: This single-class activity can be implemented in several courses, including interpersonal communication, the dark side of interpersonal communication, and family communication.Objectives: Students who complete this activity should be able to: (1) outline what qualities comprise a person-centered support message; (2) discuss why highly person...
Hardware virtualization for protection against power analysis attack

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are being increasingly used in diverse Internet of Things (IoT) application space. Poor programmability of FPGAs compared to their processor counterparts remains an important challenge amidst their wide-spread usage. On the other hand, security of FPGA-based systems against physical attacks, in particular, side-channel attacks (SCAs) has emerged as a critical concern. Hardware virtualization, where instead of directly mapping a design to FPGA, it is mapped on top of a generic architecture, called overlay, has been shown to address the programmability challenge, leading to significantly higher productivity and several orders of magnitude reductions in compile time as well as bitstream size. However, unlike software or network virtualization, FPGA virtualization has not been studied with respect to its security benefits. In this paper, for the first time to our knowledge, we propose to utilize the properties of virtualization to address the FPGA security issues against a dominant mode of SCA, namely, power analysis attack. We note that while virtualization shows many intrinsic security benefits, we can efficiently implement masking approaches in novel ways onto this architecture to achieve high level of protection. Extensive security analysis is done to show large side-channel resistance improvement for a set of evaluation metrics.
Mechanisms of mediator release from neutrophils.

The encounter of neutrophils with immune complexes and complement components — in the bulk phase or on a surface — leads to their secretion of lysosomal hydrolases, especially neutral proteases, which provoke tissue injury. Secretion of lysosomal enzymes and generation of reactive oxygen species (e.g., O2p2212; generation are stimulus-specific and can be dissected to establish cause and effect relationships by means of: a) kinetic analysis, b) variations in the stimulus, and c) use of impermeant reagents to block discrete responses. Neutrophils also generate products of 11-cyclooxygenase (e.g., PGE2, TxA2) and of the 5- and 15-lipoxygenases (mono-, di-, and tri-HETEs, LTB4, and their isomers). But the cyclooxygenase products (save TxA2) are not phlogistic by themselves: they inhibit the functions of neutrophils, platelets, macrophages, and mast cells. The most potent pro-inflammatory agent yet identified as a product of arachidonate is LTB4. LTB4 is a potent Ca ionophore, constricts airways, is a potent chemoattractant, and induces local inflammation.
Emotion Appears To Be Generated in REM Sleep in the Absence of Sensory Input. How Does This Finding Fit with Your Stimulus-Response Model of Emotion?

Emotions are generally thought of as states of the brain and body elicited by specific stimuli. Fear occurs when we encounter something threatening or dangerous. Rotten food elicits disgust. Sexual arousal occurs in the presence of appropriate partners. Stimuli that elicit emotions are said to have emotional potency or emotional competence. While it is easiest to study emotions elicited by stimuli in the external environment, emotions can also be elicited internally by thoughts and images, and presumably by such internal stimulation during dreams as well.
Brücke, Ernst (1819–1891)

Ernst Brucke was a physiologist who used his expertise to develop a system for the description of speech sounds put forth in Grundzuge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute fur Linguisten und Taubstummenlehrer (1856). His work laid the foundation for future work on the physiology of speech among linguists, influencing Sievers, among others.
The System Approach: Introduction and Examples

Life in society is organized around complex systems in which, and by which, man tries to bring some semblance of order to his universe. Life is organized around institutions of all sorts: some are man-made, others have developed, it seems, without concerted design. Some institutions, such as the family, are small and tractable; others, like politics or industry, are national in scope and becoming more complex every day. Some institutions are privately owned, and others belong in the public domain. In every walk of life, whatever our job or our intent, we have to come to grips with organizations and with systems.
Silent progression in disease activity-free relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Author(s): University of California, San Francisco MS-EPIC Team; Cree, Bruce AC; Hollenbach, Jill A; Bove, Riley; Kirkish, Gina; Sacco, Simone; Caverzasi, Eduardo; Bischof, Antje; Gundel, Tristan; Zhu, Alyssa H; Papinutto, Nico; Stern, William A; Bevan, Carolyn; Romeo, Andrew; Goodin, Douglas S; Gelfand, Jeffrey M; Graves, Jennifer; Green, Ari J; Wilson, Michael R; Zamvil, Scott S; Zhao, Chao; Gomez, Refujia; Ragan, Nicholas R; Rush, Gillian Q; Barba, Patrick; Santaniello, Adam; Baranzini, Sergio E; Oksenberg, Jorge R; Henry, Roland G; Hauser, Stephen L | Abstract: ObjectiveRates of worsening and evolution to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) may be substantially lower in actively treated patients compared to natural history studies from the pretreatment era. Nonetheless, in our recently reported prospective cohort, more than half of patients with relapsing MS accumulated significant new disability by the 10th year of follow-up. Notably, "no evidence of disease activity" at 2 years did not predict long-term stability. Here, we determined to what extent clinical relapses and radiographic evidence of disease activity contribute to long-term disability accumulation.MethodsDisability progression was defined as an increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 1.5, 1.0, or 0.5 (or greater) from baseline EDSS = 0, 1.0-5.0, and 5.5 or higher, respectively, assessed from baseline to year 5 (±1 year) and sustained to year 10 (±1 year). Longitudinal analysis of relative brain volume loss used a linear mixed model with sex, age, disease duration, and HLA-DRB1*15:01 as covariates.ResultsRelapses were associated with a transient increase in disability over 1-year intervals (p = 0.012) but not with confirmed disability progression (p = 0.551). Relative brain volume declined at a greater rate among individuals with disability progression compared to those who remained stable (p l 0.05).InterpretationLong-term worsening is common in relapsing MS patients, is largely independent of relapse activity, and is associated with accelerated brain atrophy. We propose the term silent progression to describe the insidious disability that accrues in many patients who satisfy traditional criteria for relapsing-remitting MS. Ann Neurol 2019;85:653-666.
Dimension-Free Properties of Strong Muckenhoupt and Reverse Hölder Weights for Radon Measures

In this paper, we prove self-improvement properties of strong Muckenhoupt and Reverse Holder weights with respect to a general Radon measure on $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ . We derive our result via a Bellman function argument. An important feature of our proof is that it uses only the Bellman function for the one-dimensional problem for Lebesgue measure; with this function in hand, we derive dimension-free results for general measures and dimensions.
A Closed-Form Representation of Piecewise Defined Systems and their Integration with Iterative Learning Control

Hybrid dynamical systems have steadily grown in popularity over the last few decades because they ease the task of modeling complicated nonlinear systems. However, it can be challenging to apply pre-existing control strategies to hybrid systems. This is in part because hybrid systems have been difficult to represent in closed-form, which is necessary for executing the operations required for many controllers' synthesis. The primary contribution of this work is a general closed-form state space representation of piecewise defined systems, a class of hybrid systems. The utility of this representation is demonstrated via the first-ever application of iterative learning control to a hybrid system, which is accomplished without modifying the controller design to account for the system model's hybrid nature. Secondary contributions unrelated to system's hybrid nature, however, are made to the controller itself, formalizing it for application to systems of any relative degree, and enabling the direct application of Newton's method in the controller by using automatic differentiation in the learning function derivation.
A multi-method and multi-informant approach to assessing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children.

Trauma exposure is highly prevalent among children globally, and is associated with elevated rates of PTSD. The goal of this study was to systematically evaluate the effects of multiple informants ...
Adenovirus-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A 21-year-old previously healthy Caucasian female presented to the emergency department (ED) in the pre-COVID-19 era for evaluation of thrombocytopenia after a flu-like illness. The patient reported fever, cough, headache and myalgias for one week. She was on oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) for five years but discontinued one week ago. She was found to be in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and her hospital course was complicated by intraparenchymal hemorrhage, deep vein thrombus (DVT) in the right arm veins, bilateral pulmonary embolus (PE) and multiple splenic infarcts. An extensive workup was negative but nasopharyngeal swab came back positive for adenovirus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Advanced maternal age and critical congenital cardiac malformations in Nevada

Abstract Our purpose was to undertake a retrospective, multi-year review of critical congenital heart disease in Nevada to investigate a possible association with advanced maternal age. We identified all those prenatally and postnatally diagnosed between September 2012 and August 2020. For each identified case, we tabulated each pregnant woman's age at the estimated date or actual date of delivery. Using Nevada population demographic data, we calculated the percentages of pregnant women ≥35 years old (defined as advanced maternal age) and of pregnant women
The Doctor Faustus Dossier: Arnold Schoenberg, Thomas Mann, and Their Contemporaries, 1930–1951: edited by E. Randol Schoenberg, introduction by Adrian Daub, translated by Adrian Feuchtwanger and Barbara Zeisl Schoenberg, Oakland, University of California Press, 2018, xx + 349 pp., $45.95/£27.00 (paper)

Literary controversies are instructive both in themselves and by illuminating the historical contexts that surrounded them. The Zurich dispute between Johann J. Bottmer, Johann J. Breitinger, and J...
823-P: Insulin Pump Use and Glycemic Control among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Trends from the T1DX-QI Cohort

Background: The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), or insulin pump therapy, has been shown to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), however, there is limited real-world evidence on the rates of insulin pump use and impact on glycemic control across age groups in the U.S. This study aims to examine A1c trends among insulin pump users in one of the largest U.S. based population-based cohorts of people with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The analysis included 15,113 patients in the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement (T1DX-QI) database for whom electronic medical record data was available from eight endocrinology clinics participating in the T1DX-QI collaborative. Patients with at least one completed clinic encounter from 2017-2020 were included in this analysis. Results: In this population, 73% (N=11,046) of T1D patients were insulin pump users, whereas 27% (N=4,067) were non-users. Insulin pump use during the years of 2017 through 2020 remained constant in the range of 74%-76%. Mean Hba1c among insulin pump users was lower than for non-users (Mean [SD]: 8.0 [1.7] vs. 8.6 [1.8] (p Conclusions: This study highlights the benefit of uptake of insulin pump therapy to achieve better glycemic control across all groups using one the largest real-world databases for people with T1D. Disclosure N. Noor: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. O. Ebekozien: None. S. Corathers: None. R. Mcdonough: None. E. Carlson: None. A. B. Mekhoubad: None. S. Hsieh: None. C. Demeterco-berggren: None. S. Majidi: Advisory Panel; Self; Companion Medical. M. Desimone: None. K. Obrynba: None.
U.S. Ban on Huawei: Superpowers’ Insecurities and Nightmares

This essay analyzes the implications of the US ban on Chinese tech giant Huawei on US-China tech conflict, trade war, and broader bilateral and international relations.
TLR4 involvement in COVID-19 predicts a seasonal risk of Aspergillus superinfection: A call for vigilance.

Aspergillus superinfection often accompanies severe COVID-19, even in immunocompetent individuals [1]. An inverse relationship between the incidence of COVID-19 and seasonal pollens [2] and mold spores [3] has recently been demonstrated. The relationship appears to be due to competition between airborne bioaerosols and SARS-CoV-2 virions, for a shared receptor on pulmonary epithelial cells [3]. As the shared receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated because: 1) it accounts for the inflammatory signaling characteristic of severe COVID-19 [4], [5], 2) it is intimately involved in the inflammation elicited both by sharply seasonal respiratory viruses and by multiple species of fungi, 3) COVID-19 prognosis correlates with radiographic involvement of alveoli, the epithelial cells of which are rich in TLR4, 4) age-dependent hyper-responsiveness of TLR4, especially in the context of interactions with TLR5, can account for the age-dependent severity of COVID-19, and 5) fibrinogen D-dimers, composites of TLR4 ligands [6], are markedly elevated in persons with severe COVID-19. That TLR4 be involved in the processing of bioaerosols like respiratory viruses and mold spores is also expected on phylogenetic grounds: the receptor is retained by fish that breathe air, but lost by those that do not, and the eponymous Toll receptor controls the antifungal response of Drosophila. Engagement of TLR4 by bioaerosols is imagined to occur akin to the engagement of hook-and-loop adhesives. Instead of loops, however, spinous processes of the bioaerosols engage TLR4 ‘hooks,’ effecting an innate immune response. If TLR4 is inundated with SARS-CoV-2 virions, the immune response against airborne spores of Aspergillus is abated, rendering the spores free to grow and propagate on pulmonary epithelium. Early in the spring, when the dynamic equilibrium between airborne species of virions and spores is in transition, spores will accumulate within airways, unattended by TLR4. This will be especially true in environments in which contaminated organic materials and decaying vegetation are prevalent, including farms, wood and food industries, waste handling plants and slaughterhouses. Given this new appreciation of the interplay between respiratory viruses and mold spores, it behooves those tending patients with severe COVID-19 to be especially vigilant for Aspergillus co-infection during the spring, when mold spore counts are on the rise.
Barriers to Receiving Necessary Hearing Care Among US Children.

ObjectiveWe aim to clarify the national scope of unmet pediatric hearing care needs and identify specific barriers to hearing care.Study DesignCross-sectional study of a nationally representative d...
Hierarchical Propositions

The notion of a proposition is central to philosophy. But it is subject to paradoxes. A natural response is a hierarchical account and, ever since Russell proposed his theory of types in 1908, this has been the strategy of choice. But in this paper I raise a problem for such accounts. While this does not seem to have been recognized before, it would seem to render existing such accounts inadequate. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to provide a new hierarchical account that solves the problem.
Abstract 425: Development of a Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Targeted Esterase Nanofiber that Binds Activated Endothelial Cells

Introduction: Novel therapies capable of directly targeting and regressing atherosclerotic plaques would provide tremendous benefit to patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Molecular imaging studies have shown the feasibility of targeting vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) for non-invasive atherosclerosis imaging. Histidine contains an imidazole ring with esterase activity that can convert cholesterol esters to free cholesterol. Thus, we hypothesize that a peptide amphiphile (PA) functionalized with a VCAM-1 binding peptide and histidine will spontaneously form a targeted nanofiber that binds activated endothelium and liberates free cholesterol from cholesterol esters. Methods: PAs were synthesized by solid phase methods and purified by reversed phase HPLC. Three different VCAM-1 binding peptide sequences were conjugated to the PAs (free N-terminus, free C-terminus, and cyclic). To assess 3-dimensional structure of the co-assembled PAs, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used. To assess targeting of the VCAM-PAs (50μM), human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with TNFα (10ng/ml). To assess the ability of the histidine-PA to liberate free cholesterol, a modified Amplex Red Cholesterol Assay was used. Results: Using TEM, we demonstrated that the co-assembled VCAM- and histidine-PAs formed characteristic nanofibers with diameters of 5-8nm and lengths ranging from 300nm to 1μm. TNFα-activated HUVECs were confirmed to express VCAM-1 protein by Western blot analysis. Confocal imaging revealed that the VCAM-1 binding peptide with a free N-terminus conjugated to the PA had the greatest binding affinity to the TNFα-activated HUVECs. Co-incubation of the histidine-PA with cholesterol esters demonstrated that free cholesterol was liberated from cholesterol esters in a concentration-dependent manner with a five-fold increase in free cholesterol release with 25μM of PA versus 1μM. Conclusion: We have designed and characterized a VCAM-1 targeted nanofiber that successfully binds activated endothelium and generates free cholesterol from cholesterol esters. This novel therapeutic nanotechnology has the capacity to target and regress atherosclerotic plaques.
Regulation of Adaptive Immunity in Health and Disease by Cholesterol Metabolism

Four decades ago, it was observed that stimulation of T cells induces rapid changes in cellular cholesterol that are required before proliferation can commence. Investigators returning to this phenomenon have finally revealed its molecular underpinnings. Cholesterol trafficking and its dysregulation are now also recognized to strongly influence dendritic cell function, T cell polarization, and antibody responses. In this review, the state of the literature is reviewed on how cholesterol and its trafficking regulate the cells of the adaptive immune response and in vivo disease phenotypes of dysregulated adaptive immunity, including allergy, asthma, and autoimmune disease. Emerging evidence supporting a potential role for statins and other lipid-targeted therapies in the treatment of these diseases is presented. Just as vascular biologists have embraced immunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis, so should basic and clinical immunologists in allergy, pulmonology, and other disciplines seek to encompass a basic understanding of lipid science.
Validation of Software Testing Results for Real-Time Vehicle Control Software

In this paper, an approach, based on Monte Carlo black-box testing, is presented to test the California Partner for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program's lateral control system software. The paper concludes with a report on the validation of the results obtained from the software testing experiment.
Credits, Curriculum, and Control in Higher Education: Cross-National Perspectives.

Through an examination of the higher education systems in threecountries (Indonesia, Nicaragua, and Vietnam), the authors explore howthe use of academic credits for monitoring student progress has been andcontinues to be linked to policies and institutions associated withcapitalist, market-driven economic systems. The recent histories ofthese countries and their current social and political contexts areanalyzed in relation to three interrelated themes that have emerged fromthe analysis of the three cases. These themes are: (1) Linkages topolitical and economic systems: higher education as vocationaltraining, (2) Standardization, efficiency, andtechnocracy, and (3) Who controls the curriculum? Inconclusion, the authors suggest that the academic credit system,embedded within a network of other educational practices, hastransformed the university into an institution focused on relativelynarrow, utilitarian aims rather than a more universal pursuit ofknowledge.
Cocaine-Induced Acute Fatal Basilar Artery Thrombosis: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.

Background Cocaine use is a well-known contributing factor for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; however, basilar artery thrombosis due to cocaine use is a rare entity with few cases reported in the literature. Case report A 75-year-old African-American man with history of hypertension and cocaine use presented to the emergency room with coma. Neurological examination revealed asymmetrical dilated pupils and preserved oculocephalic and gag reflexes. The patient was noted to have semi-rhythmic jerking movement of the right arm and extensor posturing in response to noxious stimuli. Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed hyperdense basilar sign consistent with acute thrombosis. On brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), he was found to have bilateral pons acute ischemic stroke with early petechial hemorrhagic conversion. His laboratory work-up was unremarkable except for positive cocaine in the urine toxicology screen test. Conclusions Cocaine is a common global illicit drug that may trigger acute basilar artery thrombosis leading to a catastrophic neurological outcome.
Network training for continuous speech recognition

The standard training approach for a hidden Markov model (HMM) based speech recognition system uses an expectation maximization (EM) based supervised training framework to estimate parameters. EM-based parameter estimation for speech recognition is performed using several complicated stages of iterative reestimation. These stages are heuristic in nature and prone to human error. This paper describes a new training recipe that reduces the complexity of the training process, while retaining the robustness of the EM-based supervised training framework. This paper show that the network training recipe can achieve comparable recognition performance to a traditional trainer while alleviating the need for complicated systems and training recipes for spoken language processing systems.
Kinetic advantages of hetero-enzyme complexes with glutamate dehydrogenase and the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract We have found previously (Fahien, L.A., Kmiotek, E.H., MacDonald, M. J., Fibich, B., and Mandic, M. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10687-10697) that glutamate-malate oxidation can be enhanced by cooperative binding of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The present results demonstrate that glutamate dehydrogenase, which forms binary complexes with these enzymes, adds to this ternary complex and thereby increases binding of the other enzymes. Kinetic evidence for direct transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate and NADH, within these complexes, has been obtained by measuring steady-state rates of E2 when most of the substrate or coenzyme is bound to the aminotransferase or glutamate dehydrogenase (E1). Rates significantly greater than those which can be accounted for by the concentration of free ligand, calculated from the measured values of the E1-ligand dissociation constants, require that the E1-ligand complex serve as a substrate for E2 (Srivastava, D. K., and Bernhard, S. A. (1986) Curr. Tops. Cell Regul. 28, 1-68). By this criterion, NADH is transferred directly from glutamate dehydrogenase to malate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate is channeled from the aminotransferase to both glutamate dehydrogenase and the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Similar evidence indicates that GTP bound to an allosteric site on glutamate dehydrogenase functions as a substrate for succinic thiokinase. The potential physiological advantages to channeling of activators and inhibitors as well as substrates within multienzyme complexes organized around the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are discussed.
An unprecedented two-fold interpenetrated heterometallic 4664 network constructed by five-connected copper metal nodes

Hydrothermal reactions making use of dichromate metal anion as a secondary ligand yielded a novel three dimensional, bimetallic copper(II)–chromium(VI) network with an unprecedented 4664 topology consisting of Cu(II) ions as five-connected nodes; two such networks, completely identical, interlock to generate a two-fold interpenetrated structure.
Planar, single-feed, circularly polarized microstrip antenna with enhanced bandwidth

The most common circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antennas are made by using a splitting network that feeds the two adjacent sides of a square patch with signals of equal magnitude and 90/spl deg/ phase difference. This splitting network becomes cumbersome especially in large arrays. Single-feed CP microstrip antennas have been investigated by a number of authors eliminating the need for a complex splitting network. Unfortunately these antennas have very narrow CP bandwidth. In the proposed antenna, a double layer microstrip is used. The two orthogonal modes occupy different cavities and the 90/spl deg/ phase difference between the modes is achieved by coupling holes between the two resonant cavities. The coupling hole concept was first introduced by Bethe (1944), and further refined by Collins (1966). In an earlier paper by Lee et al. (1996) each cavity had two side walls in order to suppress any unwanted modes. Unfortunately, side walls make fabrication difficult, especially in array structures. In this paper the side walls are eliminated and the CP bandwidth is substantially increased. In addition, the CP axial ratio does not degrade near the horizon.
Bronchoconstriction in asthmatics exposed to sulfur dioxide during repeated exercise.

Young male volunteers with mild asthma and hypersensitivity to methacholine were exposed for 75 min with natural breathing to 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm SO2. Each exposure included three 10-min periods of moderate treadmill exercise (minute ventilation 21 l . m-2 . min-1, O2 consumption 25 ml . kg-1, and heart rate 120/min). Specific airway resistance (sRaw) was not significantly increased after exercise in 0.25 ppm SO2, relative to the control exposure (clean air). In 0.5 and 1.0 ppm SO2, sRaw was increased twofold and threefold above preexposure levels, respectively, corresponding to increases of 3.2 and 9.2 cmH2O . s in excess over the increases seen in clean air (P less than 0.001). There was a broad range of responses to exercise and SO2. The increases in sRaw after the second and third exercises were significantly less than after the first exercise. Respiratory impedance measured by forced random noise suggests that the induced bronchoconstriction was primarily associated with peripheral airways. These results confirm that mild asthmatics selected for methacholine sensitivity have as a group significant bronchoconstriction in response to short-term moderate exercise with natural breathing in 1.0 and 0.5 ppm SO2. In addition, the induced bronchoconstriction is decreased after short-term repeated exercise in SO2.
Incompressibility of neutron-rich nuclear matter.

The asymmetry dependence of the incompressibility at fixed density, the density at fixed pressure, and the isobaric incompressibility are studied for neutron-rich nuclear matter at arbitrary densities. Simple expressions valid to all orders in density and to second order in asymmetry are derived involving the density derivatives of the Landau parameters of the symmetric system. Illustrative calculations are performed with different equations of state.
B74-45 Computer-Communication Networks

The objective of this reference book is to familiarize computer and communications specialists with the increasingly important aspects of the connection of remote computing components. The chapters from 13 author teams contain sufficient key material to warrant the book's being in the library of any worker in the computer-communications area. The important topics in this relatively new technical area are adequately covered, and references provide contact with germane literature.
Inexpensive female-baited trap for the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae).

A trap for Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) that uses live virgin female L. lineolaris as bait was developed. The adult females maintained viability and attractiveness in the field for at least 2 weeks without special attention. Males of Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) and Stenotus binotatus (F.) were also captured in traps baited with L. lineolaris females.
Vague terms, indexicals, and vague indexicals

Jason Stanley has criticized a contextualist solution to the sorites paradox that treats vagueness as a kind of indexicality. His objection rests on a feature of indexicals that seems plausible: that their reference remains fixed in verb phrase ellipsis. But the force of Stanley’s criticism depends on the undefended assumption that vague terms, if they are a special sort of indexical, must function in the same way that more paradigmatic indexicals do. This paper argues that there can be more than one sort of indexicality, that one term might easily have both sorts, and that therefore, and despite Stanley’s worries, vagueness might easily be assimilated to one form.