cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latent inhibition from context-dependent retrieval of conflicting information

Rats were trained to lick and were tested for lick suppression to a tone in one apparatus/context. They were conditioned (tone-shock) in a different apparatus/context. Prior to conditioning, they received unreinforced preexposure to the tone (PCE) in the lick test box (Group A), in the conditioning box (Group X), or in a box different from both the test and conditioning boxes (Group B), or they received no PCE (Group N). In both Experiments 1 and 2, Group A was the only group to show latent inhibition (i.e., to show less conditioned lick suppression than did Group N). Context-dependent retrieval of “this CS signals nothing” information acquired during PCE reduces lick suppression when PCE and test contexts match, but not when PCE and conditioning contexts match.
Normal Closure of Secondary Palate in Paralyzed Mouse Embryos

Muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and central nervous system depressants administered to pregnant mice before and during the critical period of palate closure showed no teratogenic effects on palate formation. These findings indicate that muscular activity is not essential for normal palate closure.
Propofol compared with general anesthesia for pediatric GI endoscopy: is propofol better?

Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of propofol and general anesthesia in children undergoing elective GI endoscopy. Methods: The study design was prospective, randomized, and open label. Pediatric patients aged 2 to 21 years in whom elective GI endoscopy under general anesthesia was required were randomized to receive propofol or standard inhalational anesthesia. The parameters monitored in the 2 groups were (1) time until wake-up after completion of the procedure, and (2) total time for anesthesia and recovery. Adverse events during the procedures were noted with each agent. Results: Fifty pediatric patients were recruited, 25 in each group. The mean (SD) time until wake-up in the propofol group was 29.92 (16.01) minutes and 18.52 (10.03) minutes in the anesthesia group, ( p = 0.002). With stratification into 4 age groups, it was noted that the youngest children, those 2 to 5 years of age, took the longest to awaken with propofol compared with inhalational anesthesia, whereas in the other age groups the differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, the mean total time for anesthesia and recovery in the propofol group was 107.4 (30.14) minutes and 139 (7.61) minutes in the inhalational anesthesia group ( p p p = 0.001). Conclusions: Propofol, administered by an anesthesiologist, is an excellent and safe intravenous anesthetic agent for pediatric GI endoscopy. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:27-32.)
Localization and quantum Hall effect in a two-dimensional periodic potential

A numerical study has been made of two-dimensional electrons in the lowest Landau level in the presence of a periodic potential and a random potential. The Hall conductance, density of states and density of current-carrying states are calculated when disorder is varied. The results show that the states in a subband carrying quantized Hall conductance t (t>1 for example, and similarly t<-1) are split into two carrying unit conductance and t-1, respectively, as disorder is introduced. The states carrying unit Hall current will merge and annihilate with that carrying -1 in the neighbouring subband separated by a small gap when disorder is increased and the gap vanishes. Based on this, a diagram of current-carrying states against disorder has been proposed. There is also a calculation on the localization length, and it is found that extended states appear at singular energies under certain conditions. Furthermore, it has been shown that a plateau in the Hall conductance, rather than a rapid oscillation, can be measured as a function of magnetic field for one-third-filled Landau bands. Similar results have been obtained for tight-binding electrons in a magnetic field with random site energies.
Phase-amplitude method for calculating resonance energies and widths for one-dimensional potentials

We present a method for evaluating resonances and bound states present in any one-dimensional potential. Semiclassical theory (WKB) provides a fast estimate of resonance positions, but it can be off in calculating resonance lifetimes. Conversely, there are a multitude of numerical techniques, solving the one-dimensional Schr{umlt o}dinger equation, that give precise resonance energies and widths, but they are much more difficult to apply. The phase-amplitude method presented here yields accurate resonance energies and widths and is as easy to apply as semiclassical theory. Long-lived vibrational states of He{sub 2}2+ and CO{sup 2+} molecular ions are computed for demonstration. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Standards Are Coming

Abstract The Standards are coming! The Standards are coming! Like Paul Revere riding through every middlesex, village, and farm, this article is written to alert you. The Geography Standards will be published in October 1994. Unlike Paul Revere's, this alarm is not to incite you to bear arms against an approaching enemy. Rather, it is to exhort you to embrace the Standards and to provide you with some hints about how to use them to enhance your geography teaching.
An approach for verifying biogenic greenhouse gas emissions inventories with atmospheric CO2 concentration data

Verifying national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories is a critical step to ensure that reported emissions data to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are accurate and representative of a country’s contribution to GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. Furthermore, verifying biogenic fluxes provides a check on estimated emissions associated with managing lands for carbon sequestration and other activities, which often have large uncertainties. We report here on the challenges and results associated with a case study using atmospheric measurements of CO2 concentrations and inverse modeling to verify nationally-reported biogenic CO2 emissions. The biogenic CO2 emissions inventory was compiled for the Mid-Continent region of United States based on methods and data used by the US government for reporting to the UNFCCC, along with additional sources and sinks to produce a full carbon balance. The biogenic emissions inventory produced an estimated flux of −408 ± 136 Tg CO2 for the entire study region, which was not statistically different from the biogenic flux of −478 ± 146 Tg CO2 that was estimated using the atmospheric CO2 concentration data. At sub-regional scales, the spatial density of atmospheric observations did not appear sufficient to verify emissions in general. However, a difference between the inventory and inversion results was found in one isolated area of West-central Wisconsin. This part of the region is dominated by forestlands, suggesting that further investigation may be warranted into the forest C stock or harvested wood product data from this portion of the study area. The results suggest that observations of atmospheric CO2 concentration data and inverse modeling could be used to verify biogenic emissions, and provide more confidence in biogenic GHG emissions reporting to the UNFCCC.
Equity Theory in Action: Examples from the World of Sports:

This article examines equity theory using examples from the sports world. The publicity that surrounds contract negotiations in sports provides real-life examples of equity theory in action. Examples from football, baseball, and basketball are used. An in-depth discussion of Eric Dickerson's negotiations with the Los Angeles Rams is used to illustrate the role of equity theory in salary issues. The application of these examples for use in the classroom is discussed. Additionally, managerial implications of equity theory are addressed.
New Therapeutic Strategies Involving Radiation Therapy for Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Recent notable developments have occurred involving radiation therapy (RT) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For patients with good performance status with unresected thoracic tumors, induction cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by RT has resulted in a significant survival advantage over RT alone in two North American trials. However, the best sequence of administration of these two modalities in NSCLC remains to be determined. For palliation of tumor-related symptoms, efforts under way to improve control of brain metastases include the use of twice-daily cranial RT to a higher total dose, the use of focused radiation boost techniques like stereotactic radiosurgery to small metastatic deposits, and increased use of neurosurgical extirpation. For patients with NSCLC with symptomatic bone metastases, use of wider-field irradiation may benefit selected patients. Metastases to the adrenal gland, liver, and subcutaneous tissues can be palliated successfully by brief courses of RT. Intrathoracic tumor symptoms are well palliated by brief courses of thoracic RT. As adjuvant therapy following curative surgery, RT reduces the intrathoracic tumor recurrence rate among patients with metastatic tumor foci in hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes.
Modelling deep penetration laser welding using a BEM sensitivity scheme

Abstract The process of deep penetration welding is modelled by dividing the problem into three sub-regions: solid, liquid and vapor. Each of these sub-regions are analyzed individually by the most suitable method. By matching these three solutions with appropriate boundary conditions, a complete model is obtained. The boundary element method (BEM) is used to simulate the heat transfer within the solid region. Lubrication theory is applied to model the heat transfer within the liquid. The non-equilibrium vaporization and subsequent gas dynamics are modelled by a one-dimensional model. This paper presents a BEM formulation for three-dimensional steady-state convection-conduction problems and a BEM sensitivity formulation for the determination of sensitivities of temperature and heat flux due to a boundary shape parameter. The BEM sensitivity formulation is based on the direct differentiation approach (DDA). These formulations are applied to simulate deep penetration welding. It is found that the BEM and the sensitivity formulation are very efficient and robust in the determination of the solid-liquid interface in a workpiece.
Antitrust, dynamic competition, and business ethics

The American Antitrust Institute, a Washington, D.C. think tank, recently completed a study that concludes that competition law and policy plays little if any role in business ethics courses taught in U.S. business schools. To fill this intellectual void, this article makes a case for the development of a business ethics sub-field of antitrust ethics that is synonymous with the ethics of competitive strategy. After reviewing Paine's Five Principles of Positive Competition and Boatright's and Hendry's views on the Moral Manager Model and Moral Market Model, the need for ethical decision-making in a dynamic, innovative environment is explained through a Federal Trade Commission antitrust case involving the Dell Computer Corporation. The author argues that the contributions of Paine, Boatright, and Hendry provide an initial foundation for further research concerning the moral theories, principles, and rules pertaining to antitrust ethics, especially as it pertains to dynamic competition and "fair and competitive" executive behavior.
Hot dogs: Comestible Canids in Preclassic Maya Culture at Cuello, Belize

Abstract The contribution of animal protein to the ancient Maya diet, and its means of procurement, can be assessed more accurately on the basis of systematic faunal recovery from recent excavations. We evaluate the presence of dog ( Canis familiaris ) remains in Preclassic (1200 BC-AD 250) deposits from the Maya site of Cuello, Belize, and conclude that the animals were raised for food and killed at the end of their first year of life. The frequency and distribution of canid bones suggest a significant but not dominant contribution to the meat supply throughout the Preclassic period.
The effect of cortisone on glucose-6-phosphatase during development.

Abstract Using the salivary glands of normal and cortisone-fed 4th instar Sciara coprophila larvae, a study was made of G-6-P'ase activity. Glucose-6-phosphatase is an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing G-6-P, sensitive to actinomycin D, and whose pattern of synthesis and activity is altered by cortisone administration. The activity of G-6-P'ase was measured in a fraction sedimenting at 20,000 g (heavy microsomes) and in the supernatant from this centrifugation (light microsomes). Concomitant measurements were made of the RNA content of these fractions. When cortisone was fed from day 11 through day 20 to Sciara coprophila larvae the normal G-6-P'ase activity was either increased or decreased in the light microsomal fraction of the salivary gland cells during the 4th instar. Specific RNA content increased and decreased in this fraction in parallel with G-6-P'ase activity in both normal and cortisone-fed larvae. In the heavy microsome fraction, however, not only did increased G-6-P'ase activity occur in the cortisone-fed larvae, but the increase in enzymatic activity began earlier and lasted longer than normally. The sensitivity of the increased G-6-P'ase activity to actinomycin D suggested that the increase was mediated through a DNA-dependent RNA.
Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide

Several observations suggest interactions between the immune and nervous systems. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis may worsen with anxiety and have been associated with anomalous neuropeptide regulation. Neurotransmitters affect lymphocyte function and lymphoid organs are innervated. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide and vasodilator that modulates some macrophage functions, including antigen presentation in vitro. CGRP is associated with Langerhans cells (LC) in oesophageal mucosa, particularly during inflammation, is present in epidermal nerves and is associated with Merkel cells. We examined the ability of CGRP to modulate LC antigen-presenting function and asked if CGRP-containing nerves impinge on LC. We report here that CGRP-containing nerve fibres are intimately associated with LC in human epidermis and CGRP is found at the surface of some LC. In three functional assays CGRP inhibited LC antigen presentation. These findings indicate that CGRP may have immunomodulatory effects in vivo and suggest a locus of interaction between the nervous system and immunological function.
A Clinical Evaluation of Proplast as a Periodontal Implant Material

Five patients received a Proplast implant in combination two- and three-wall osseous defects. In four of the cases the implant material was removed within 6 weeks due to failure to maintain primary closure over the Proplast and subsequent inflammation. One implant remained in place for 6 months with no apparent visual signs of inflammation. However, an 8 mm pocket remained, the area was reentered, and histologie sections made. The histologic sections revealed Proplast intermixed with bone, and the presence of foreign body giant cells.
Photoemission from Yb: Valence-change-induced Fano resonance

Photoemission and photon-absorption results on clean and oxidized Yb are presented that clearly reveal a difference in $4f$ occupancy between the clean ($4{f}^{14}$) and oxidized ($4{f}^{13}$) case. For the oxidized metal a resonance enhancement of the $4f$-electron emission is observed at the $4d$ threshold. The enhancement arises from autoionization decay following $4d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4f$ absorption transitions. The resulting line profile is shown to be well described by Fano's theory of interaction between a discrete and continuum state.
Parkinson's Disease α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice Develop Neuronal Mitochondrial Degeneration and Cell Death

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is enriched in nerve terminals. Two mutations in the α- Syn gene (Ala53→ Thr and Ala30→ Pro) occur in autosomal dominant familial Parkinson9s disease. Mice overexpressing the human A53T mutant α-Syn develop a severe movement disorder, paralysis, and synucleinopathy, but the mechanisms are not understood. We examined whether transgenic mice expressing human wild-type or familial Parkinson9s disease-linked A53T or A30P mutant α-syn develop neuronal degeneration and cell death. Mutant mice were examined at early- to mid-stage disease and at near end-stage disease. Age-matched nontransgenic littermates were controls. In A53T mice, neurons in brainstem and spinal cord exhibited large axonal swellings, somal chromatolytic changes, and nuclear condensation. Spheroid eosinophilic Lewy body-like inclusions were present in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and spinal motor neurons. These inclusions contained human α-syn and nitrated synuclein. Motor neurons were depleted (∼75%) in A53T mice but were affected less in A30P mice. Axonal degeneration was present in many regions. Electron microscopy confirmed the cell and axonal degeneration and revealed cytoplasmic inclusions in dendrites and axons. Some inclusions were degenerating mitochondria and were positive for humanα-syn. Mitochondrial complex IV and V proteins were at control levels, but complex IV activity was reduced significantly in spinal cord. Subsets of neurons in neocortex, brainstem, and spinal cord ventral horn were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling, cleaved caspase-3, and p53. Mitochondria in neurons had terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-positive matrices and p53 at the outer membrane. Thus, A53T mutant mice develop intraneuronal inclusions, mitochondrial DNA damage and degeneration, and apoptotic-like death of neocortical, brainstem, and motor neurons.
Effect of chemicals, heat, and histopathologic processing on high-infectivity hamster-adapted scrapie virus.

High-titered (greater than 10(10) LD50 [50% lethal dose[/g) preparations of scrapie virus-infected hamster brain were subjected to inactivation by various chemicals, autoclaving, and histopathologic processing. Sodium hypochlorite, which reduced infectivity by approximately 4 log LD50/g of brain (99.99%), was somewhat superior to sodium metaperiodate and clearly superior to chlorine dioxide, Lysol (National Laboratories, Montvale, N.J.), iodine, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide. Most inactivation occurred within 15-30 min of exposure to a chemical, and little if any additional inactivation occurred after 1 hr. Brains processed for histopathologic examination (formalin fixation followed by dehydration in methanol, clearing in chloroform, and embedding in paraffin) retained greater than or equal to 6.8 log LD50/g of the infectivity present in unprocessed control tissues (9.6 log LD50/g). One hour in an autoclave at 121 C reduced the titer of scrapie virus by approximately 7.5 log LD50/g of brain but left 2.5 log LD50/g of residual infectivity. A combination of exposure to chemicals and autoclaving may be necessary to sterilize high-titered scrapie virus-infected tissue.
Rearrangements of 3-heterobicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-enes

Abstract Studies directed at a synthesis of dihydrothiepin 1b have resulted in the elucidation of several factors which effect cyclobutene ring opening in the 3-heterobicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene ring system. We report the unexpected rearrangement of 4a , 4b , 13b and 13c to the synthetically useful a -vinyl-2,5-dihydrothiophenes 7a , 7b , 15a and 15b , respectively. Conversion of 4a to 6 is suggested to occur by a 1,3-rearrangement of 4a to isomeric 3-thiabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene 19 followed by cyclobutene ring opening in 19 .
Multi-Session Partitioning for Parallel Timing Optimization

In this paper a new partitioning algorithm for parallelization of post-placement VLSI procedures is presented. The partitioning technique divides problem tasks into multiple sessions of parallel processes, so that interprocessor communication is entirely removed during each session. Communication is performed only in the end of each session. The algorithm is especially useful for parallelizing processes whose tasks are heavily connected to each other and may result in high communication overhead in parallel processing. Post-placement optimization of electrical violations represents such a task and was implemented in our experiments to validate the partitioning and parallelization techniques. On industry ASIC designs ranging in size from 300K to 1M gates, our partitioning scheme speeds up the execution time of this optimization by up to 2.5x over serial processing by dynamically utilizing 1-6 processors.
Inhibition of VEGF- and NO-dependent angiogenesis does not impair liver regeneration

Angiogenesis occurs through a convergence of diverse signaling mechanisms with prominent pathways that include autocrine effects of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS)-derived NO and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the redundant and distinct roles of NO and VEGF in angiogenesis remain incompletely defined. Here, we use the partial hepatectomy model in mice genetically deficient in eNOS to ascertain the influence of eNOS-derived NO on the angiogenesis that accompanies liver regeneration. While sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) eNOS promotes angiogenesis in vitro, surprisingly the absence of eNOS did not influence the angiogenesis that occurs after partial hepatectomy in vivo. While this observation could not be attributed to induction of alternate NOS isoforms, it was associated with induction of VEGF signaling as evidenced by enhanced levels of VEGF ligand in regenerating livers from mice genetically deficient in eNOS. However, surprisingly, mice that were genetically heterozygous for deficiency in the VEGF receptor, fetal liver kinase-1, also maintained unimpaired capacity for liver regeneration. In summary, inhibition of VEGF- and NO-dependent angiogenesis does not impair liver regeneration, indicating signaling redundancies that allow liver regeneration to continue in the absence of this canonical vascular pathway.
Differential expression of Salmonella type III secretion system factors InvJ, PrgJ, SipC, SipD, SopA and SopB in cultures and in mice

The type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) is important for the invasion of epithelial cells during development of Salmonella-associated enterocolitis. It has been suggested that the level and timing of the expression of the SPI-1 T3SS proteins and effectors dictate the consequences of bacterial infection and pathogenesis. However, the expression of these proteins has not been extensively studied in vivo, especially during the later stages of salmonellosis when the infection is established. We have constructed recombinant Salmonella strains that contain a FLAG epitope inserted in-frame to genes invJ, prgJ, sipC, sipD, sopA and sopB, and investigated the expression of the tagged proteins both in vitro and in vivo during murine salmonellosis. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or intragastrically with the tagged Salmonella strains. At different time points post-infection, bacteria were recovered from various organs, and the expression of the tagged proteins was determined. Our results provide direct evidence that PrgJ and SipD are expressed in Salmonella colonizing the liver and ileum of infected animals at both the early and late stages of infection. Furthermore, our study has shown that the InvJ protein is expressed preferentially in Salmonella colonizing the ileum but not the liver, while SipC is expressed preferentially in Salmonella colonizing the liver but not the ileum. Thus, Salmonella appears to express different SPI-1 proteins and effectors when colonizing specific tissues. Our results suggest that differential expression of these proteins may be important for tissue-specific aspects of bacterial pathogenesis such as gastroenterititis in the ileum and systemic infection in the liver.
Plant foods, fiber, and rectal cancer

Background Associations between colon and rectal cancer and intakes of vegetables, other plant foods, and fiber have stimulated much debate. Objective We examined the association between rectal cancer and plant food and fiber intakes. Design Data from 952 incident cases of rectal cancer were compared with data from 1205 population-based controls living in Utah or enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in northern California Results Rectal cancer was inversely associated with intakes of vegetables (odds ratio: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.98), fruit (0.73; 0.53, 0.99), and whole-grain products (0.69; 0.51, 0.94), whereas a high intake of refined-grain products was directly associated with an increased risk of rectal cancer (1.42; 1.04, 1.92). Similarly, relative to low fiber intakes, high intakes of dietary fiber reduced the risk of rectal cancer (0.54; 0.37, 0.78). The reduced risk of rectal cancer associated with vegetable (0.48; 0.29, 0.80), fruit (0.63; 0.38, 1.06), and fiber (0.40; 0.22, 0.71) intakes was strongest for persons who received the diagnosis after age 65 y. A threshold effect at approximately 5 servings of vegetables/d was needed to see a reduced risk of rectal cancer. Conclusions The results suggest that plant foods may be important in the etiology of rectal cancer in both men and women. Age at diagnosis appears to play an important role in the association.
‘Seeing-as' in religion: discovery and community

Seeing-as', or aspect seeing, is generally recognized as having significance for religion, especially so since Wittgenstein. Two questions arise regarding religiously seeing the world as God's creation: have the religious seen the world aright, and does the world religiously require a community that uses religious concepts I argue that a particular strain of religious tradition provides us with a way to understand the issue of discovery, and that a traditional understanding of the power of God requires that a religious seeing of the world as God's creation, or a place of God's presence, can occur without there being a community that uses such religious concepts.
Long‐term probabilistic forecast of climate impact on air quality: Model development and t* distribution

[1] Models are great tools to test ideas. Their usefulness, however, depends on their ability to simulate the current reality and to predict the future. In this study, I have derived a new t* distribution. I show that a statistical model based on the t* distribution of station temporal data is capable of predicting the probability of any future outcome to exceed a specific value using only the currently available sample statistics assuming a normal random variable. In an air quality management application the model has demonstrated categorically an average success rate of over 80% both in simulating the current ozone nonattainment areas and in forecasting the rate of future violation of the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards in the United States for up to 12 years. While the predictability of deterministic climate models is still limited by large uncertainties, the probabilistic forecast by this model provides a promising alternative in assessing the climate impact on environment for decades.
Compressive coded aperture video reconstruction

This paper concerns compressive sensing methods for overcoming the pixel-limited resolution of digital video imaging systems. Recent developments in coded aperture mask designs have led to the reconstruction of static images from a single, low-resolution, noisy observation image. Our methods apply these coded mask designs to each video frame and use compressive sensing optimization techniques for enhanced resolution digital video recovery. We demonstrate that further improvements can be attained by solving for multiple frames simultaneously, even when the total computation time budget is held fixed.
Electrostatic contributions to heat capacity changes of DNA-ligand binding.

Abstract Significant heat capacity changes ( ΔC p ) often accompany protein unfolding, protein binding, and specific DNA-ligand binding reactions. Such changes are widely used to analyze contributions arising from hydrophobic and polar hydration. Current models relate the magnitude of ΔC p to the solvent accessible surface area (ASA) of the molecule. However, for many binding systems—particularly those involving non-peptide ligands—these models predict a ΔC p that is significantly different from the experimentally measured value. Electrostatic interactions provide a potential source of heat capacity changes and do not scale with ASA. Using finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann methods (FDPB), we have determined the contribution of electrostatics to the ΔC p associated with binding for DNA binding reactions involving the ligands DAPI, netropsin, lexitropsin, and the λ repressor binding domain.
Evaluation of the Monotonic Lagrangian Grid and Lat-Long Grid for Air Traffic Management

The Air Traffic Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (ATMLG) is used to simulate a 24 hour period of air traffic flow in the National Airspace System (NAS). During this time period, there are 41,594 flights over the United States, and the flight plan information (departure and arrival airports and times, and waypoints along the way) are obtained from an Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS) dataset. Two simulation procedures are tested and compared: one based on the Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (MLG), and the other based on the stationary Latitude-Longitude (LatLong) grid. Simulating one full day of air traffic over the United States required the following amounts of CPU time on a single processor of an SGI Altix: 88 s for the MLG method, and 163 s for the Lat-Long grid method. We present a discussion of the amount of CPU time required for each of the simulation processes (updating aircraft trajectories, sorting, conflict detection and resolution, etc.), and show that the main advantage of the MLG method is that it is a general sorting algorithm that can sort on multiple properties. We discuss how many MLG neighbors must be considered in the separation assurance procedure in order to ensure a five-mile separation buffer between aircraft, and we investigate the effect of removing waypoints from aircraft trajectories. When aircraft choose their own trajectory, there are more flights with shorter duration times and fewer CD&R maneuvers, resulting in significant fuel savings.
Microwave radio reflection from ground and water surfaces

Reflection of microwaves from ground and water surfaces for a number of wavelengths between 0.86 and 26.5 centimeters have been measured over paths of a few thousand feet and grazing angles of the reflected ray up to 5 degrees. Antennas with comparable patterns large enough to illuminate a large surface area were used. A variety of surface conditions including bare ground and smooth and choppy water were studied. For the particular overland path used, the ground appeared smooth at 26.5 and 9 centimeters wavelength, evidenced considerable roughness to 3.2 centimeters and appeared very rough to 0.86 centimeters. The mean reflection coefficient decreased with decreasing wavelength. For the overwater paths, the reflection for all wavelengths was that associated with a smooth surface when the conditions were calm. For a choppy surface, the millimeter signal showed large time variations and its apparent reflection coefficient decreased.
An empirical study of executive option grants around initial public offerings

Abstract From insider trading filings, we compile a comprehensive sample of executive options granted to executives and board members around initial public offerings (IPOs) from 1996 to 2008 and find a spike of option grants around IPOs. Using this sample, we investigate the determinants of IPO options and their effects on IPO pricing and long term performance. We find that granting IPO options is correlated with insiders selling secondary shares and reducing ownership stake in the offering. This evidence suggests that IPO options are likely substitutes for insiders’ diluted ownership due to IPOs. IPO options, however, are not a management self-serving mechanism as we find no significant relation between IPO options and underpricing, nor do they align executive interest with shareholders for better performance as we find that IPOs with IPO options do not have better long-run stock returns or operating performance than IPOs without IPO options.
Public administration and modernism revisited: a maquette of narrative construction

Twenty years ago, Hindy Schachter (1989) posed a question about the foundation we use to structure the Public Administration theory narrative. Would an approach based on an art model, rather than the more common science model, produce a narrative with less distortion? This essay employs a definition of modernism developed by Thomas Vargish and Delo Mook outside the purview of public administration and a famous M. C. Escher lithograph as a basis for proposing an alternate way to construct the narrative. It then applies the alternative approach to Frederick Taylor and Elton Mayo.
THE USE OF SULFONAMIDES IN COMPOUND FRACTURES

1. The records of 166 compound fractures occurring in the long bones have been studied. 2. All of these fractures were treated by primary suture, following debridement and irrigation. Forty-two of the total number had one of the sulfonamides applied locally in the wound, and thirty of these received systemic treatment in addition. 3. Definite infection occurred in 19.3 per cent. of the wounds treated without the drug. Infection developed in 19.0 per cent. of the wounds in which the sulfonamide drug was implanted. 4. We have not attempted to classify the infections as trivial or serious. However, the percentage of serious infection, as evidenced by osteomyelitis, was about the same in the two series. 5. We cannot show that the local use of sulfonamide in these cases altered the incidence of infection. 6. In our two series of cases, early and careful debridement and irrigation were apparently the most important factors in preventing infection.
Summary of the CSRI Workshop on Combinatorial Algebraic Topology (CAT): Software, Applications, & Algorithms

This report summarizes the Combinatorial Algebraic Topology: software, applications & algorithms workshop (CAT Workshop). The workshop was sponsored by the Computer Science Research Institute of Sandia National Laboratories. It was organized by CSRI staff members Scott Mitchell and Shawn Martin. It was held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, August 2930. The CAT Workshop website has links to some of the talk slides and other information, http://www.cs.sandia.gov/CSRI/Workshops/2009/CAT/index.html. The purpose of the report is to summarize the discussions and recap the sessions. There is a special emphasis on technical areas that are ripe for further exploration, and the plans for follow-up amongst the workshop participants. The intended audiences are the workshop participants, other researchers in the area, and the workshop sponsors.
Direct Search Optimization of a Flapping Micro Air Vehicle Wing

This research addresses the optimization of an engineered flapping micro air vehicle wing. The engineered wing was developed using a finite element model of a Manduca Sexta forewing. A full factorial design was used to determine a representative model of the natural system. From this baseline wing, a constrained response surface was coupled with a Latin hypercube of the design space. Results from this provide an initial vector for a mesh adaptive direct search algorithm. Further investigation of the design space was carried out using a blind search approach. Initial results demonstrate significant reduction in mass, while maintaining features which are representative of the biological wing. A test article based on the optimized design will be fabricated and tested.
Monotherapy with minocycline or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections

Objectives Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacillus intermittently isolated from hospitalized patients. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is considered the treatment of choice for S. maltophilia infections, though limited by toxicities. Minocycline is utilized at our institution for S. maltophilia infections due to its improved tolerability and in vitro susceptibility rates. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of minocycline monotherapy compared with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole monotherapy for treatment of S. maltophilia infections. Methods Patients were identified via microbiology laboratory data and those with at least one positive culture for S. maltophilia were cross-referenced with pharmacy data to detect patients who received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or minocycline. Patients initially receiving combination therapy were excluded. Our primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as receipt of alternative antibiotics with in vitro activity against S. maltophilia, isolation of S. maltophilia on repeat culture or death within 30 days of treatment. Results Forty-five patients were evaluated. Overall mortality rate was 9% and equal between groups; 41% of patients (9/22) who received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 30% (7/23) of patients who received minocycline experienced treatment failure (P = 0.67). Patients who received minocycline were more likely to have had a recent acute kidney injury (AKI) (43.5% versus 9%; P = 0.017) or chronic lung disease (52% versus 9%; P = 0.003). Logistic regression showed consistent results of non-inferiority of the primary outcome when controlling for rates of underlying lung pathology and recent AKI (P = 0.728). Conclusions Treatment failure did not differ between patients receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or minocycline monotherapy for treatment of S. maltophilia infections.
Type 2 Diabetes: Updated Evidence Requires Updated Decision Making.

Clinicians need to consider the best available research findings, their own experience, and their patients' needs and values.
Differentially-Private Mining of Representative Travel Patterns

Mobile users participate in numerous social media applications that revolve around user locations, and receive customized services and recommendations tailored to their whereabouts. Large amounts of trajectory data become available as a byproduct of such services. Studying such data reveals travel patterns which can benefit transportation planning, public safety, etc. However, disclosing such data may lead to serious breaches of privacy. We propose a privacy-preserving approach to mining representative travel patterns using differential privacy (DP). Our solution consists of a sampling algorithm based on the exponential mechanism (EM) of DP which uses public road network information to increase sanitization accuracy. Extensive experimental results on realistic workloads show that the proposed protection technique preserves data precision and is computationally efficient.
Block Conjugate Gradient algorithms for least squares problems

Abstract In this paper, extensions for the Conjugate Gradient Least Squares (CGLS) algorithm in block forms, so-called Block Conjugate Gradient Least Squares (BCGLS), are described. Block parameter matrices are designed to explore the block Krylov subspace so that multiple right-hand sides can be treated simultaneously, while maintaining orthogonality and minimization properties along iterations. Search subspace is reduced adaptively in case of (near) rank deficiency to prevent breakdown. A deflated form of BCGLS is developed to accelerate convergence. Numerical examples demonstrate effectiveness in handling rank deficiency and efficiency in convergence accelerations in these BCGLS forms.
Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation

After an initial period of recovery, human neurological injury has long been thought to be static. In order to improve quality of life for those suffering from stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury, researchers have been working to restore the nervous system and reduce neurological deficits through a number of mechanisms. For example, neurobiologists have been identifying and manipulating components of the intra- and extracellular milieu to alter the regenerative potential of neurons, neuro-engineers have been producing brain-machine and neural interfaces that circumvent lesions to restore functionality, and neurorehabilitation experts have been developing new ways to revitalize the nervous system even in chronic disease. While each of these areas holds promise, their individual paths to clinical relevance remain difficult. Nonetheless, these methods are now able to synergistically enhance recovery of native motor function to levels which were previously believed to be impossible. Furthermore, such recovery can even persist after training, and for the first time there is evidence of functional axonal regrowth and rewiring in the central nervous system of animal models. To attain this type of regeneration, rehabilitation paradigms that pair cortically-based intent with activation of affected circuits and positive neurofeedback appear to be required – a phenomenon which raises new and far reaching questions about the underlying relationship between conscious action and neural repair. For this reason, we argue that multi-modal therapy across disciplines will be necessary to facilitate a truly robust recovery, and that the success of investigational microscopic techniques may depend on their integration into macroscopic frameworks that include task-based neurorehabilitation. We further identify critical components of future neural repair strategies and explore the most updated knowledge, progress, and challenges in the fields of cellular neuronal repair, neural interfacing, and neurorehabilitation, all with the goal of better understanding neurological injury and how to improve recovery.
Optimal Control of Connected Vehicle Systems With Communication Delay and Driver Reaction Time

In this paper, linear quadratic regulation is used to obtain an optimal design of connected cruise control (CCC). We consider vehicle strings where a CCC vehicle receives position and velocity signals through wireless vehicle-to-vehicle communication from multiple vehicles ahead. Communication delay, driver reaction time, and heterogeneity of vehicles are considered. The optimal feedback law is obtained by minimizing a cost function defined by headway and velocity errors and the acceleration of the CCC vehicle on an infinite horizon. We show that, by decomposing the optimization problem, the feedback gains can be obtained recursively as signals from vehicles farther ahead become available, and that the gains decay exponentially with the number of cars between the source of the signal and the CCC vehicle. Such properties allow graceful degradation of CCC performance under imperfect communication. The effects of the cost function on the head-to-tail string stability are also investigated and the robustness against variations in human parameters is tested. The analytical results are verified by numerical simulations at the nonlinear level. The results allow us to significantly reduce the complexity of CCC design.
Survey on energy-efficient hard drive disks

Energy consumption has been brought to the forefront in the past decade. Energy efficiency is being considered in all phases of hardware and software design and implementation. High energy consumption is becoming an increasingly large burden for organizations and institutions hosting large-scale computing systems. The major problem with I/O systems is that hard drive disk consumes a large amount of energy. Many ideas have been proposed and implemented to make storage systems energy efficient with minor performance degradation. This paper presents some of these ideas and analyzes the concepts. The main focus is on the architecture or design of the suggested solutions. Several existing implementations and designs will be briefly introduced and discussed in this paper.
Clustering potential phishing websites using DeepMD5

Phishing websites attempt to deceive people to expose their passwords, user IDs and other sensitive information by mimicking legitimate websites such as banks, product vendors, and service providers. Phishing websites are a pervasive and ongoing problem. Examining and analyzing a phishing website is a good first step in an investigation. Examining and analyzing phishing websites can be a manually intensive job and analyzing a large continuous feed of phishing websites manually would be an almost insurmountable problem because of the amount of time and labor required. Automated methods need to be created that group large volumes of phishing website data and allow investigators to focus their investigative efforts on the largest phishing website groupings that represent the most prevalent phishing groups or individuals. An attempt to create such an automated method is described in this paper. The method is based upon the assumption that phishing websites attacking a particular brand are often used many times by a particular group or individual. And when the targeted brand changes a new phishing website is not created from scratch, but rather incremental upgrades are made to the original phishing website. The method employs a SLINK-style clustering algorithm using local domain file commonality between websites as a distance metric. This method produces clusters of phishing websites with the same brand and evidence suggests created by the same phishing group or individual.