cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Spatial Sampling on Continuity of MODIS–VIIRS Land Surface Reflectance Products: A Simulation Approach

With the increasing need to construct long-term climate-quality data records to understand, monitor, and predict climate variability and change, it is vital to continue systematic satellite measurements along with the development of new technology for more quantitative and accurate observations. The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership mission provides continuity in monitoring the Earth's surface and its atmosphere in a similar fashion as the heritage MODIS instruments onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Terra and Aqua satellites. In this paper, we aim at quantifying the consistency of Aqua MODIS and Suomi-NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Land Surface Reflectance (LSR) and NDVI products as related to their inherent spatial sampling characteristics. To avoid interferences from sources of measurement and/or processing errors other than spatial sampling, including calibration, atmospheric correction, and the effects of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, the MODIS and VIIRS LSR products were simulated using the Landsat-8's Operational Land Imager (OLI) LSR products. The simulations were performed using the instruments' point spread functions on a daily basis for various OLI scenes over a 16-day orbit cycle. It was found that the daily mean differences due to discrepancies in spatial sampling remain below 0.0015 (1%) in absolute surface reflectance at subgranule scale (i.e., OLI scene size). We also found that the MODIS–VIIRS product intercomparisons appear to be minimally impacted when differences in the corresponding view zenith angles (VZAs) are within the range of $-\!\!15^{\circ}$ to $-35^{\circ}$ $(\textrm{VZA}_{V}-\textrm{VZA}_{M})$ , where VIIRS and MODIS footprints resemble in size. In general, depending on the spatial heterogeneity of the OLI scene contents, per-grid-cell differences can reach up to 20%. Further spatial analysis of the simulated NDVI and LSR products revealed that, depending on the user accuracy requirements for product intercomparisons, spatial aggregations may be used. It was found that if per-grid-cell differences on the order of 10% (in LSR or NDVI) are tolerated, the product intercomparisons are expected to be immune from differences in spatial sampling.
Characterization of in-plane backbone response of cold-formed steel beams

Abstract Thin-walled cold-formed steel beams are investigated with existing experimental data and shell finite element simulations to characterize their in-plane moment-rotation behavior, up to and past peak strength, in local or distortional failure modes. Although ultimate strength prediction of cold-formed steel members is generally well addressed in design codes, pre- and post-peak member stiffness is only partially addressed; while member ductility and post-peak moment-rotation response suffers from a lack of any clear guidance. Without fundamental information on cold-formed steel moment-rotation/curvature response, i.e. the backbone curve, system modeling for cold-formed steel structures to collapse remains severely hampered. Existing data on cold-formed steel beams are used as the basis for the study conducted herein. Simplified moment-rotation models, motivated from ASCE 41 characterizations, defined with pre-peak flexural rigidity degradation, post-peak plateau and strength drop are explored by equating the area under the backbone moment-rotation response (energy) between the available data and simplified models. In-plane response of cold-formed steel beams is parametrized with new design expressions depending on local and distortional cross-section slenderness. This research provides work for potential incorporation into design standards such as ASCE 41 and AISI S100. Out-of-plane response of cold-formed steel beams, including lateral-torsional buckling, remains as needed future work.
Lung and Mediastinum

The combined weight of the normal adult lungs is about 700 to 800 g. The lungs are divided into lobes by fissures lined by visceral pleura. The right lung has three lobes: upper, middle, and lower; the left lung has only two. The lungs are covered by the visceral pleura. The parietal pleura covers the internal surface of the chest wall and the upper surface of the diaphragm, and constitutes the lateral border of the mediastinum.
Understanding the Relationship Between Kinetics and Thermodynamics in CO2 Hydrogenation Catalysis

Catalysts that are able to reduce carbon dioxide under mild conditions are highly sought after for storage of renewable energy in the form of a chemical fuel. This study describes a systematic kinetic and thermodynamic study of a series of cobalt and rhodium bis(diphosphine) complexes that are capable of hydrogenating carbon dioxide to formate under ambient temperature and pressure. Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation was studied under 1.8 and 20 atm of pressure (1:1 CO2/H2) at room temperature in tetrahydrofuran with turnover frequencies (TOF) ranging from 20 to 74 000 h–1. The catalysis was followed by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy in real time under all conditions to yield information about the rate-determining step. The cobalt catalysts displayed a rate-determining step of hydride transfer to CO2, while the hydrogen addition and/or deprotonation steps were rate limiting for the rhodium catalysts. Thermodynamic analysis of the complexes provided information on the driving force for each step of catalysis in term...
Reactivity of a stable copper–dioxygen complex

We report the isolation of a room temperature stable dipyrromethene Cu(O2) complex featuring a side-on O2 coordination. Reactivity studies highlight the unique ability of the dioxygen adduct for both hydrogen-atom abstraction and acid/base chemistry towards phenols, demonstrating that side-on superoxide species can be reactive entities.
Discussion of the case of Bento.

Before discussing the clinical material, I will start with a brief description of how I approached Mrs. Carneiro's report of her heroic, lengthy treatment with Bento, who she has helped a great dea...
Tritium in groundwater in the Black Hills of South Dakota

Tritium from 1950s and 1960s atmospheric hydrogen-bomb tests was dispersed into the stratosphere and around the globe. The fallout of tritium in precipitation was especially high in the northern hemisphere, peaking during a flurry of atmospheric nuclear testing in 1963. Rainout from hydrogen-bomb tests recharged aquifers, and this maximum of tritiated water inadvertently has provided hydrogeologists with a way to establish the time of recharge because prior to hydrogen-bomb explosions, practically no tritium existed in groundwater. In 1967, the US Geological Survey took numerous Inyan Kara Group groundwater samples in the Dewey/Burdock area of the southwestern Black Hills. They found tritium concentrations exceeding 200 tritium units and determined a groundwater velocity of 4.6 m per day in the Inyan Kara aquifer, assuming the tritium originated from rainout on nearby outcrops in 1963. In 2011, the US Geological Survey took groundwater samples in the same general area as the 1967 study. These samples from the Inyan Kara Group had tritium concentrations ranging from ≤ 0 to 15.3 tritium units, much lower than the 1967 study and almost back to values expected from natural production of tritium. Because the half-life of tritium is ~ 12.3 years, only 7% of the tritium generated from tests in 1963 would still be present 48 years later in 2011. The maximum tritium values found in the 2011 study are approximately the values expected from radioactive decay only; this could be interpreted that in some locations very slow groundwater movement has occurred between 1967 and 2011, while in other locations lower tritium values show there has been much faster movement. However, the great range of tritium concentrations indicates considerable variability in groundwater dispersion has occurred. This variability is caused by the complex stratigraphic units of irregular geometry and permeability in the Inyan Kara Group.
Dancing Robots: A Collaboration Between Elementary School and University Engineering Students

We describe the benefits of a collaborative and creative mentorsupported engineering program conducted between a group of fifth- and sixth-grade students and engineering undergraduate students. The elementary students and undergraduates collaborated in small teams to design and build robots that would dance together. The program was augmented with mentors from the Society of Women Engineers who helped run weekly after school sessions at the elementary school. This program engaged elementary students in engineering design with a collaborative gender-neutral project. Moreover, this program exposed a group of elementary students with a predominantly masculine perception of engineering to female engineer mentors for the first time. By the end of the program, students developed a more comprehensive understanding of engineering and everyone considered engineering as a possible career.
Gene Expression Changes and Progression to a BBB Phenotype in a Dynamic Model of the BBB

It is well established that mammalian endothelial cells (EC) acquire specialized functions in response to a variety of cellular, molecular and physical stimuli. While for most cell types, chemical signals play a pivotal, if not unique, role in determining cell physiology. Vascular EC differentiation depends on simultaneous exposure to both cellular (vascular smooth muscle, glia) and physical (shear stress, cyclical strain) signals. Shear stress in particular has been shown to cause profound changes in EC morphology ( Ott et al.,1995), gene expression (Akimoto et al.,2000), and function (Ngai and Winn, 1995). Some of these changes share similarities with EC responses to inflammatory cytokines. Thus, hemodynamic forces affecting ECs may play a role in both the development and prevention of vascular disease (Pohlman and Harlan, 2000).
Simultaneous quantification of free curcuminoids and their metabolites in equine plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS.

Abstract The human health benefits attributed to turmeric/curcumin spice has resulted in its wide utilization as a dietary supplement for companion pets and other animals including horses. While the quantification of free curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) and their phase-2 metabolites (curcumin- O -sulfate, curcumin- O -glucuronide) have been extensively investigated in human and rodent biological samples (primarily plasma and serum), there is lack of similar data for horses. Herein, we report a validated LC-ESI–MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the aforementioned free curcuminoids and their metabolites in equine plasma. The linearity of the aforementioned curcuminoids and curcumin- O -sulfate was in the range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL and 1–1000 ng/mL for curcumin- O -glucuronide with 85–115% accuracy and O -sulfate in equine plasma.
An ethnographic investigation of teacher behavior as a function of cognitive style

There has been much research on the field-dependent-independent dimension of cognitive style with regard to personality variables. This research has implications for education, but little research has been done concerning how cognitive style influences teacher behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine what differences existed in the teaching style of field-dependent and field-independent teachers. An ethnographic approach relying upon participant-observation as the primary data gathering technique was used for this research. Five elementary teachers were observed for four months. Three of the teachers were field-independent, one male and two females, and two teachers were field-dependent, one male and one female. The teachers taught on the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade levels in the same school. All teachers had taught for 14 or more years. The teachers were determined to be strongly field-dependent or field-independent by the Group Embedded Figures Test. Each of the five teachers was observed for two hours a week, once a week for the first seven weeks of the research, then four of the teachers were each observed for four consecutive days. The data in the field notes were categorized using two checklists developed by the researcher. One checklist concerned instructional procedures, and the other concerned the way the instructor interacted with students to maintain classroom control.
An integrated quad-band RF front end for high-reliability small satellite missions

As ever-increasing demand for lower size, weight, and power (SWaP) and small satellite platforms continues, it drives development in all sectors, including high-reliability and deep-space technologies. In order to meet these demands, JHU/APL is working to evolve its flight-proven, low-SWaP Frontier Radio (FR) [1] system into even smaller, more efficient, and yet more powerful designs. The Frontier Radio has already successfully flown an S-band version on NASA's Van Allen Probes (VAP) mission, and an X/Ka-band version will launch in summer 2018 on the NASA Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission [2]. Building on this platform, a streamlined design was recently developed with small satellite architectures in mind. This resulted in a single-board radio that offers nearly the functionality of the main Frontier Radio with significant improvements in SWaP as well as FPGA reprogrammability, called Frontier Radio Lite (FR Lite) [3]. An L-band version of this with GPS receive capability is planned to launch in 2018. Now nearing completion is the development of a full spacecraft avionics suite centered on one powerful processing board, the Single-Board Computer (SBC). This SBC replaces the processing functionality of several disparate subsystems, creating vast efficiency gains. For radio functionality, the SBC implements the baseband and intermediate frequency (IF) processing in its FGPA while also providing the digitization for a separate analog front end, the RF Card (RFC). The RFC comprises dual, independent receivers and a single transmit IF capable of in-situ switching between higher-frequency outputs configurable for UHF through X-band and either a low-power (20 mW) output or a higher-power (1 W) output. This single card provides the RF hardware functionality of four traditional Frontier Radio slices. An X-band version of this design is planned to fly on an APL cubesat mission and is being investigated for NASA's Europa Lander mission. This paper discusses the design and advantages of the RFC in its role as the analog front end in the Frontier Radio Virtual Radio (VR), which also includes the SBC component. The Frontier Radio VR, along with the heritage Frontier Radio and FR Lite, rounds out a family of Earth-orbiting and deep-space radios that meet the needs of a diverse set of missions [4].
The Role of Ethanol Metabolites in Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation

The spectrum of alcoholic liver injury comprises three major disorders, namely fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis (1). Because the fatty liver is readily inducible in both patients and experimental animals, and is the initial event in alcohol-induced hepatic pathology, it has been the most extensively studied aspect of alcoholic liver disease. The increased lipid is primarily in the form of triglycerides and it is entirely reversible upon discontinuation of alcohol abuse (2). In spite of intensive investigative efforts, the pathogenesis of the alcohol-induced fatty liver has not yet been fully resolved (1, 3).
High-Contrast Imaging using Adaptive Optics for Extrasolar Planet Detection

Direct imaging of extrasolar planets is an important, but challenging, next step in planetary science. Most planets identified to date have been detected indirectly--not by emitted or reflected light but through the effect of the planet on the parent star. For example, radial velocity techniques measure the doppler shift in the spectrum of the star produced by the presence of a planet. Indirect techniques only probe about 15% of the orbital parameter space of our solar system. Direct methods would probe new parameter space, and the detected light can be analyzed spectroscopically, providing new information about detected planets. High contrast adaptive optics systems, also known as Extreme Adaptive Optics (ExAO), will require contrasts of between 10{sup -6} and 10{sup -7} at angles of 4-24 {lambda}/D on an 8-m class telescope to image young Jupiter-like planets still warm with the heat of formation. Contrast is defined as the intensity ratio of the dark wings of the image, where a planet might be, to the bright core of the star. Such instruments will be technically challenging, requiring high order adaptive optics with > 2000 actuators and improved diffraction suppression. Contrast is ultimately limited by residual static wavefront errors, so an extrasolar planet more » imager will require wavefront control with an accuracy of better than 1 nm rms within the low- to mid-spatial frequency range. Laboratory demonstrations are critical to instrument development. The ExAO testbed at the Laboratory for Adaptive Optics was designed with low wavefront error and precision optical metrology, which is used to explore contrast limits and develop the technology needed for an extrasolar planet imager. A state-of-the-art, 1024-actuator micro-electrical-mechanical-systems (MEMS) deformable mirror was installed and characterized to provide active wavefront control and test this novel technology. I present 6.5 x 10{sup -8} contrast measurements with a prolate shaped pupil and flat mirror demonstrating that the testbed can operate in the necessary contrast regime. Wavefront measurements and simulations indicate that contrast is limited by wavefront error, not diffraction. I demonstrate feasibility of the MEMS deformable mirror for meeting the stringent residual wavefront error requirements of an extrasolar planet imager with closed-loop results of 0.54 nm rms within controllable spatial frequencies. Individual contributors to final wavefront quality have been identified and characterized. I also present contrast measurements of 2 x 10{sup -7} made with the MEMS device and identify amplitude errors as the limiting error source. Closed-loop performance and simulated far-field measurements using a Kolmogorov phase plate to introduce atmosphere-like optical errors are also presented. « less
Wish you were here: being together through composite video and digital keepsakes

We developed a prototype which overlays local and remote participants in a video call and enables them to take group pictures together. These pictures serve as keepsakes of the event. The application uses real-time chroma key background removal to composite the remote person into the scene with the local group. We tested the prototype in a museum setting, and compared it to a more standard picture-in-picture (PiP) model. Users rated the composite mode as being significantly more fun, creating a greater sense of copresence and involvement than the PiP mode. Composite snapshots were also strongly preferred over picture-in-picture. Based on results from the study, we added a pinch-zoom and positioning interface to make it easier to frame remote people together into the snapshot, and conducted a second study. We conclude that combining composite video calls and picture-taking on a mobile device enables people to socially construct a shared activity with a remote person.
Translational potential of allosteric modulators targeting the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor

The cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is an attractive target for drug discovery due to its involvement in many physiological processes. Historically, drug discovery efforts targeting the CB1 receptor have focused on the development of orthosteric ligands that interact with the active site to which endogenous cannabinoids bind. Research performed over the last several decades has revealed substantial difficulties in translating CB1 orthosteric ligands into druggable candidates. The difficulty is mainly due to the adverse effects associated with orthosteric CB1 ligands. Recent discoveries of allosteric CB1 modulators provide tremendous opportunities to develop CB1 ligands with novel mechanisms of action; these ligands may potentially improve the pharmacological effects and enhance drug safety in treating the disorders by regulating the functions of the CB1 receptor. In this paper, we review and summarize the complex pharmacological profiles of each class of CB1 allosteric modulators, the development of new classes of CB1 allosteric modulators and the results from in vivo assessments of their therapeutic value.
The Archive and the Festival

This article offers a brief overview and assessment of the opportunities and challenges that written, visual, and digital records hold for the study of early modern festivals, using Diana Taylor’s terminology of the “archive” and the “repertoire” and examples from colonial Latin American and early modern Iberian festivals as points of departure. While archival records are far from transparent records of the events, they can help to illuminate the multiple, sometimes conflicting agendas behind both the festivals and their pictorial or textual representation. Digital archives promise to make early modern festivals more broadly accessible for comprehensive and comparative study, but they carry their own risks by disconnecting both researchers and records from the embodied presence of contemporary festive repertoires.
Soil health benefits of the solar corridor crop system

Abstract Information on the effects of the solar corridor crop system (SCCS) on soil health is limited. Our objective is to summarize recent studies with the SCCS in which various soil parameters were measured as indicators for assessing soil health specifically under this management system. Higher photosynthetic activity leading to increased labile C contents released by maize roots seems to be the primary means responsible for enhancing soil health. Selected maize hybrids improved soil organic matter quality, strengthening the structural and functional characteristics of the soil biological community. Soil health bioindicators of labile soil carbon, microbial activity, microbial biomass, and microbial structure improved in the SCCS under most selected maize hybrids. For the SCCS to be a model system for improving soil health as a practice that farmers can adopt to restore soil health and productivity on their land, more research is required to fully document the numerous benefits to soil health that are possible with implementation of the SCCS.
Role of p53 in Hematopoietic Recovery After Cytotoxic Treatment

Prompt reconstitution of hematopoiesis after cytoreductive therapy is essential for patient recovery and may have a positive impact on long-term prognosis. We examined the role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in hematopoietic recovery in vivo after treatment with the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We used p53 knock-out (p53−/−) and wild-type (p53+/+) mice injected with 5-FU as the experimental model. Analysis of the repopulation ability and clonogenic activity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their lineage-committed descendants showed a greater number of HSCs responsible for reconstitution of lethally irradiated recipients in p53−/− bone marrow cells (BMCs) recovering after 5-FU treatment than in the corresponding p53+/+ BMCs. In post–5-FU recovering BMCs, the percentage of HSC-enriched Lin− Sca-1+c-Kit+ cells was about threefold higher in p53−/− than in p53+/+ cells. Although the percentage of the most primitive HSCs (Lin− Sca-1+ c-Kit+CD34low/−) did not depend on p53, the percentage of multipotential HSCs and committed progenitors (Lin−Sca-1+ c-Kit+ CD34high/+) was almost fourfold higher in post–5-FU recovering p53−/− BMCs than in their p53+/+ counterparts. The pool of HSCs from 5-FU–treated p53−/− BMCs was exhausted more slowly than that from the p53+/+ population as shown in vivo using pre–spleen colony-forming unit (CFU-S) assay and in vitro using long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) and methylcellulose replating assays. Clonogenic activity of various lineage-specific descendants was significantly higher in post–5-FU regenerating p53−/− BMCs than in p53+/+ BMCs, probably because of their increased sensitivity to growth factors. Despite all these changes and the dramatic difference in sensitivity of p53−/− and p53+/+ BMCs to 5-FU–induced apoptosis, lineage commitment and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors appeared to be independent of p53 status. These studies suggest that suppression of p53 function facilitates hematopoietic reconstitution after cytoreductive therapy by: (1) delaying the exhaustion of the most primitive HSC pool, (2) stimulating the production of multipotential HSCs, (3) increasing the sensitivity of hematopoietic cells to growth factors, and (4) decreasing the sensitivity to apoptosis.
The heme biosynthetic enzyme, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and GTPases in control of mitochondrial dynamics and ER contact sites, regulate heme mobilization to the nucleus

Abstract Heme is an iron-containing cofactor and signaling molecule that is essential for much of aerobic life. All heme-dependent processes in eukaryotes require that heme is trafficked from its site of synthesis in the mitochondria to hemoproteins located throughout the cell. However, the mechanisms governing the mobilization of heme out of the mitochondria, and the spatio-temporal dynamics of these processes, are poorly understood. Herein, using genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors, we developed a live cell assay to monitor heme distribution dynamics between the mitochondrial inner-membrane, where heme is synthesized, and the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, and nucleus. We found that heme distribution occurs simultaneously via parallel pathways. In fact, surprisingly, we find that trafficking to the nucleus is ∼25% faster than to the cytosol or mitochondrial matrix. Moreover, we discovered that the heme biosynthetic enzyme, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and GTPases in control of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery, Mgm1 and Dnm1, and ER contact sites, Gem1, regulate the flow of heme between the mitochondria and nucleus. Altogether, our results indicate that the nucleus acquires heme faster than the cytosol or mitochondrial matrix, presumably for mitochondrial-nuclear retrograde signaling, and that GTPases that regulate mitochondrial dynamics and ER contact sites are hard-wired to cellular heme distribution systems. Summary Statement The factors that govern the trafficking of heme, an essential but potentially cytotoxic cofactor and signaling molecule, are poorly understood. Herein, we developed a live-cell assay to monitor heme distribution kinetics and identified the first enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway and GTPases in control of mitochondrial-ER contact sites and dynamics as being critical modulators of heme trafficking.
Blood Pressure Variability and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Prior Stroke: A Secondary Analysis of PRoFESS.

Background and Purpose— Every year in the United States, almost 185 000 ischemic strokes occur in patients with a prior stroke. Recurrent stroke has significantly higher morbidity and mortality. Am...
Paired-agent imaging is comparative with gold standard immunohistochemistry but more time-efficient in frozen section of head and neck cancer

Paired agent imaging demonstrates comparable accuracy with immunohistochemistry, but more time-efficient, and labor-saving. It may open up a new chapter for biopsy screening and intra-operative margin detection.
A Novel Combination for Graft-versus-Host-Disease Prophylaxis: Lessons Learned from the Birth of Sushi Burrito!

Innovation has no boundaries, and to achieve a goal in research, one must discover, create, or invent something, or use various combinations of the existing armamentarium (if present) for innovation/discovery. The latter approach is the tale of a novel prophylaxis regimen demonstrated in this issue of Acta Haematologica, where Mo­rozova et al. [1] present data on a pilot trial using the commonly used drugs cyclophosphamide and ruxolitinib for the prevention of graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) to which this commentary refers to. I use the metaphor of a novel cuisine to demonstrate the novelty of this GVHD regimen.
Highly parallel boundary element method for solving extremely large, wide-area power-line models:

The electric and magnetic fields around power lines carry an immense amount of information about the power grid and can be used to improve stability, balance loads, conserve power, and reduce outag...
Impaired 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 action and hypophosphatemia underlie the altered lacuno-canalicular remodeling observed in the Hyp mouse model of XLH

Osteocytes remodel the perilacunar matrix and canaliculi. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by elevated serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), leading to decreased 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) production and hypophosphatemia. Bones from mice with XLH (Hyp) have enlarged osteocyte lacunae, enhanced osteocyte expression of genes of bone remodeling, and impaired canalicular structure. The altered lacuno-canalicular (LCN) phenotype is improved with 1,25D or anti-FGF23 antibody treatment, pointing to roles for 1,25D and/or phosphate in regulating this process. To address whether impaired 1,25D action results in LCN alterations, the LCN phenotype was characterized in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in osteocytes (VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+). Mice lacking the sodium phosphate transporter NPT2a (NPT2aKO) have hypophosphatemia and high serum 1,25D levels, therefore the LCN phenotype was characterized in these mice to determine if increased 1,25D compensates for hypophosphatemia in regulating LCN remodeling. Unlike Hyp mice, neither VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+ nor NPT2aKO mice have dramatic alterations in cortical microarchitecture, allowing for dissecting 1,25D and phosphate specific effects on LCN remodeling in tibial cortices. Histomorphometric analyses demonstrate that, like Hyp mice, tibiae and calvariae in VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+ and NPT2aKO mice have enlarged osteocyte lacunae (tibiae: 0.15±0.02μm2(VDRf/f;DMP1Cre-) vs 0.19±0.02μm2(VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+), 0.12±0.02μm2(WT) vs 0.18±0.0μm2(NPT2aKO), calvariae: 0.09±0.02μm2(VDRf/f;DMP1Cre-) vs 0.11±0.02μm2(VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+), 0.08±0.02μm2(WT) vs 0.13±0.02μm2(NPT2aKO), p<0.05 all comparisons) and increased immunoreactivity of bone resorption marker Cathepsin K (Ctsk). The osteocyte enriched RNA isolated from tibiae in VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+ and NPT2aKO mice have enhanced expression of matrix resorption genes that are classically expressed by osteoclasts (Ctsk, Acp5, Atp6v0d2, Nhedc2). Treatment of Ocy454 osteocytes with 1,25D or phosphate inhibits the expression of these genes. Like Hyp mice, VDRf/f;DMP1Cre+ and NPT2aKO mice have impaired canalicular organization in tibia and calvaria. These studies demonstrate that hypophosphatemia and osteocyte-specific 1,25D actions regulate LCN remodeling. Impaired 1,25D action and low phosphate levels contribute to the abnormal LCN phenotype observed in XLH.
Early intervention in ADHD within the framework of the biopsychosocial model

O στόχος της παρούσας eργασίας eίναι η τeκμηρίωση της αναγκαιότητας και της αποτeλeσματικότητας της πρώιμης παρέμβασης στην πeρίπτωση της ΔEΠ-Υ, μέσα από την παρουσίαση των κυριότeρων προγραμμάτων πρώιμης παρέμβασης τα οποία έχουν eφαρμοστeί διeθνώς, καθώς και eνός προγράμματος το οποίο eφαρμόζeται στη χώρα μας στο πλαίσιο της πολυeπίπeδης προσέγγισης στην αναπτυξιακή ψυχοπαθολογία. Τα προγράμματα αυτά αντλούν θeωρητικά από το βιοψυχοκοινωνικό μοντέλο, σύμφωνα μe το οποίο η ΔEΠ-Υ δeν eίναι απλώς το αποτέλeσμα δομικών ή λeιτουργικών νeυροβιολογικών eλλeιμμάτων, αλλά η κατάληξη μιας αναπτυξιακής διαδρομής η οποία χαρακτηρίζeται από την αλληλeπίδραση βιολογικών και πeριβαλλοντικών παραγόντων που eπηρeάζουν τη δομή και λeιτουργία του eγκeφάλου νωρίς κατά τη διαδικασία της ανάπτυξης. Η πρώιμη παρέμβαση στοχeύeι στις διαδικασίeς που λαμβάνουν χώρα πολύ νωρίς στην αναπτυξιακή πορeία και έχουν αιτιολογική σχέση μe τη ΔEΠ-Υ, μe στόχο να τροποποιήσeι την υποβόσκουσα νeυροφυσιολογία της και να παράγeι σταθeρή και γeνικeυμένη αλλαγή, «διορθώνοντας» τις αναπτυξιακές διαδρομές που οδηγούν στην eκδήλωσή της. Η αποτeλeσματικότητα της πρώιμης παρέμβασης βασίζeται κυρίως στη νeυροπλαστικότητα του eγκeφάλου, μια eγγeνή ιδιότητα η οποία eξασφαλίζeι τη δυνατότητα δυναμικών τροποποιήσeων σe πολλαπλά eπίπeδα νeυρωνικής οργάνωσης. Αν και αυτή η νeυρωνική ανάπτυξη eίναι σe μeγάλο μέρος γeνeτικά προγραμματισμένη, η eμπeιρία διαδραματίζeι σημαντικό ρόλο μέσω της eπιγένeσης, τροποποιώντας την έκφραση των γονιδίων μe συνeπακόλουθeς μeταβολές στην ανατομία και λeιτουργία του eγκeφάλου και eπιτρέποντας ακόμη και την τροποποίηση ορισμένων eλλeιμματικών δομών.
Rural Social Work as a Contextual Specialty: Undergraduate Focus or Graduate Concentration?.

Abstract This paper will elaborate upon the notion of rural social work as a specialty and will focus on how educational programs can address the specialty. It will consider the best ways to incorporate the contextual knowledge required for the rural specialty into the educational sequence—what kind of contextual knowledge fits at the undergraduate level and what specialized knowledge fits primarily in graduate concentrations. The paper also will discuss the issue of whether the required specialized knowledge falls into a given sequence, such as methods or policy, or whether it cuts across them all. Throughout this paper, the term “rural” refers to open country and other non-metropolitan environments and is interchangeable with non-metropolitan (non-metro). The growing rural specialty is concerned not just with open country but with small and medium sized towns.
The Fate of Mathematical Place: Objectivity and the Theory of Lived-Space from Husserl to Casey

This essay explores continental/postmodern theories ofplace, or lived-space, as regards the role of mathematics,objectivity, and the relativist dilemma that afflicts thelived-space movement. By employing a geometric approach, such asMinkowski pioneered, it is argued that the lived-space theoristscan gain a better insight into objectivity of spatialrelationships.
Sprawuj Sie (Do Good): Using the Experience of Holocaust Rescuers to Teach Public Service Values

My cherished Polish ethnic roots have motivated my exploration of the Holocaust, its lessons, and their effect on me as I teach a children’s legal clinic and also advise students on pro bono and public service projects and careers. I attended the 2004 Global Alliance for Justice Education conference in Krakow, Poland, and, since then, I have been reflecting on its Holocaust theme of “Using the Example of Lawlessness to Teach Social Justice.” I am convinced that there are more lessons to be learned from that horrific era in addition to the theme that conference conveys. I also teach and write in a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) vein. Thus my ruminations have centered on applying the TJ techniques of rewinding and reframing to the example of the Holocaust’s lawlessness in order to focus on its flip side. There was tremendous altruism at work then that led many individuals to become rescuers and helpers of those whom the Nazis would choose to eliminate. What were the characteristics of these rescuers? What led them to “do good?” How can I match these characteristics with the motivations of the millennial generation of law students I encounter in order to model and teach public service values? What are some examples of a rewound and reframed approach to my modeling and my teaching? This article investigates these themes.
Medical history questions predictive of myocardial infarction. Results from the Kaiser-Permanente epidemiologic study of myocardial infarction.

Abstract Responses to 247 current medical history items, recorded on a checkup questionnaire before hospitalization for a first myocardial infarction in 464 persons, were compared with those of two age-sex-race matched control groups, one of which (‘risk controls’) was also matched for seven standard coronary risk factors. Fourteen statistically significant positive associations (more ‘yes’ responses by patients who had a myocardial infarction [cases] than by risk controls) clearly represented cardiovascular or risk-factor-related items; 16 others included four responses related to allergy, five to head or audiovisual symptoms, and four psychological items. Seven statistically significant negative associations (fewer ‘yes’ responses by cases than by risk controls) included two concerning alcohol consumption and two rectal symptoms. Most responses remained predictive independently of coronary disease diagnosis or symptoms. Findings of special interest are (1) exertional dyspnea is almost as good a predictor of heart attack as is exertional chest pain; (2) headache is a newly described independent predictor of heart attack, and (3) abstinence from alcohol may be a new risk factor.
Analysis tool for concurrent processing computer systems

Diagnostics software for analyzing ATAMM (algorithm-to-architecture-mapping) based concurrent processing is presented. ATAMM is a Petri-net-based model capable of modeling the execution of computationally complex algorithms on distributed data-flow architectures. The ATAMM multicomputer operating system (AMOS), which enforces the ATAMM rules for predictable multiprocessing, is presented. The software presented referred to as the analysis tool, evaluates the behavior and performance of an ATAMM-based system by examining the time-tagged AMOS communication events collected in a file during execution. The tool provides automatic and user-interactive measurements of throughput, concurrency, resource utilization, and system overhead. The analysis-tool capabilities are demonstrated by evaluating the simulated execution of a specific algorithm graph for a given set of operating system parameters. Measurements of throughput and overhead are used to assess the effect of the operating system on ideal performance. >
Covariances between Diploid Parent and Tetraploid Offspring in Tetraploid × Diploid Crosses of Solanum tuberosum L.

In potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) diploid clones producing 2n pollen allow for the direct transfer of genetic material from the diploid to the tetraploid level. Co-variances of diploid parent-tetraploid offspring are derived by computing the coefficients of coancestry and double coancestry
Measuring Student Learning in Social Justice Courses: The Diversity and Oppression Scale

The Diversity and Oppression Scale (DOS) is a standardized instrument measuring self-reported student learning about diversity and oppression based on requirements of the Council on Social Work Education. DOS was tested with social work students in 2 major North American universities. Factor structure was examined using exploratory factor analysis (N = 329). Predictive validity was tested with a confirmatory factor analysis and paired sample t-tests (N = 329). Construct validity was tested by examining correlations between DOS and existing scales measuring social justice, oppression, cultural competence, counselor burnout, empathy, and social desirability bias (N = 87). DOS has 4 factors: cultural diversity self-confidence (α = .90; 11 items), diversity and oppression (α = .69; 8 items), social worker/client congruence (α = .84; 3 items), and social worker responsibilities (α = .61; 3 items).
The East as Poetic Commodity in Shakespeare’s Venus and Adonis

Although a great deal of current scholarship explores the impact of England’s trade with the Ottoman Empire and the East on early modern drama and travel narratives, very little has turned to poetry, and even less to Shakespeare’s poetry. I suggest that this is because we have been asking the wrong questions of early modern poetry. Instead of searching for representations of Oriental identity in poetry, we should look for evidence of the interplay of Eastern aesthetics and commodities in English verse, in order to interpret the intellectual and artistic effects of the mercantile and political exchange between East and West. This essay attempts to uncover an Eastern aesthetic in Shakespeare’s first narrative poem, Venus and Adonis. I contend that Adonis’s horse and the flower into which he transforms function as imported Eastern aesthetic commodities in the poem on many levels. First, the prized Arabian stallion’s Eastern heritage both exoticizes and naturalizes desire. Second, as valuable aesthetic objects capable of being bred (the horse) and propagated (the bulb) to generate economic success, both horse and flower perform the poetic and rhetorical roles of furthering the poem’s goal of out-stripping Ovid and classical poetry and making a name for Shakespeare in the literary marketplace. Though Venus is unsuccessful in her courtship, Adonis’s horse and the flower into which he transforms are not. Their display in the poem attempts to breed fame and fortune for the poem’s new author in the same way an expensive imported animal or botanical specimen might for a nobleman, counteracting the poem’s narrative outcome.
Family Connections: Family Conversations in Informal Learning Environments

A parent chaperone works with a group of young learners on a field trip to a marine science camp program. The parent and young learners are conducting an investigation to determine the color of the...
SP-100 reactor design and performance

An update on the SP-100 reactor subsystem design and performance is provided. Several key requirements have influenced the design substantially as the more detailed nuclear, thermal/hydraulic, and structural analyses have been completed for the various mission phases including accident safety performance characteristics. The design evolution resulting from these evaluations is summarized, along with selected performance characteristics for the design as it stood just prior to the system design review in May 1988. >
Shell colour polymorphism associated with substrate colour in the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis Olivi (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)

Littorina saxatilis Olivi (1792), the rough winkle, is highly polymorphic in shell colour. Shell colour frequencies were studied at six locations in south-western Wales, U.K., each at a geological contact between red sandstone and grey limestone or volcanic rock. At each site shell colour frequencies were determined in samples from the contact zone and on red or grey rock on either side. Highly significant associations were found between shell colour frequencies and substrate colour. Grey shells were always more common on grey rock than on red rock, and brown shells were usually more common on red than on grey rock, suggesting selection for cryptic colouration. Shell colour frequency differences were also found between replicate samples taken only 5 m apart from the same kind of rock, and between samples from the same kind of rock at the six study sites. These latter differences suggest that selection for camouflage is not the only factor involved in maintaining shell colour polymorphism in this species.
Social influences on neuroplasticity: stress and interventions to promote well-being

Experiential factors shape the neural circuits underlying social and emotional behavior from the prenatal period to the end of life. These factors include both incidental influences, such as early adversity, and intentional influences that can be produced in humans through specific interventions designed to promote prosocial behavior and well-being. Here we review important extant evidence in animal models and humans. Although the precise mechanisms of plasticity are still not fully understood, moderate to severe stress appears to increase the growth of several sectors of the amygdala, whereas the effects in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tend to be opposite. Structural and functional changes in the brain have been observed with cognitive therapy and certain forms of meditation and lead to the suggestion that well-being and other prosocial characteristics might be enhanced through training.
Characterization of Piecewise-Smooth Surfaces Using the 3D Continuous Shearlet Transform

One of the most striking features of the Continuous Shearlet Transform is its ability to precisely characterize the set of singularities of multivariable functions through its decay at fine scales. In dimension n=2, it was previously shown that the continuous shearlet transform provides a precise geometrical characterization for the boundary curves of very general planar regions, and this property sets the groundwork for several successful image processing applications. The generalization of this result to dimension n=3 is highly nontrivial, and so far it was known only for the special case of 3D bounded regions where the boundary set is a smooth 2-dimensional manifold with everywhere positive Gaussian curvature. In this paper, we extend this result to the general case of 3D bounded regions with piecewise-smooth boundaries, and show that also in this general situation the continuous shearlet transform precisely characterizes the geometry of the boundary set.
Obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety sensitivity: Identification of specific relations among symptom dimensions

Abstract Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a well-established individual difference variable reflecting the tendency to fear bodily sensations associated with anxious arousal. AS is composed of three subfactors including physical, cognitive, and social concerns. Although AS has been consistently linked to the development and maintenance of several anxiety disorders, little research has examined the relationship between AS subfactors and obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms. The primary aim of the current investigation was to extend previous research by examining the relationships between these constructs within a clinical population. The sample consisted of 76 treatment seeking adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD. Multiple regression analyses revealed that AS was significantly associated with OC symptom severity even after controlling for anxiety and MDD diagnoses. In addition, the three subfactors of AS were found to be differentially related to the five OC symptom domains (checking, ordering, neutralizing, washing, and obsessing). These results corroborate previous work suggesting a unique and important relationship between AS and OC symptoms. In addition, the current study provides initial evidence clarifying the nature of this relationship within an OCD population.
Fibronectin in Basal Cell Epithelioma: Sources and Significance

Nodular basal cell epitheliomas (BCE) contain fibro-nectin both within tumor nodules and at the nodulestroma interface (basement membrane zone). Fibronectin within or at the periphery of tumor nodules could be derived from the tumor cells, from entrapped stroma, or from plasma. The present study was designed to elucidate the source(s) of fibronectin within BCE nodules. If stromal entrapment occurred to any great extent, yon Willebrand factor VIII:Ag-stained blood vessels within tumor nodules should be evident by immunofluorescence techniques. Likewise, if plasma proteins were deposited in BCE, the tumor nodules should stain with fluorescein-conjugated antifibrinogen antibodies. Therefore, 6 basal cell epitheliomas were double labeled with rhodamine-conjugated antihuman fibronectin and fluorescein-conjugated antihuman factor VIII:Ag or fluorescein-labeled antihuman fibrinogen. Fibronectin was present in a linear disposition along the margin of tumor lobules and as a fine filamentous deposit in the central portions of tumor tissue. There was no evidence of fibrinogen or factor VIII:Ag in any of the tumor lobules. Factor VIII:Ag was present in a granular pattern within blood vessel walls that coursed between tumor nests. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique using rabbit antihuman fibronectin and peroxidase-labeled goat antirabbit IgG demonstrated that fibronectin within the central portion of the tumor lobules was closely associated with the tumor cells. The absence of fibrinogen and factor VIII:Ag within the tumor tissue indicates that the fibronectin is probably not plasma- or stroma-derived while immunoperoxidase data suggest that fibronectin may be a product of BCE cells.