cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circuit activity underlying a distinct modulator of prepulse inhibition.

Abstract Prepulse inhibition (PPI), the diminished eye blink response to a startling pulse induced by a prepulse, is regulated by brainstem, and modulated by cerebral, processes. Attentional modulation by the prepulse (AMP), a potential biomarker of psychotic disorders, differs from other modulatory processes because it only occurs if the interval between the prepulse and pulse exceeds 100 ms (>PP100). Videotaped eye blinks were measured during fMRI scanning in 15 healthy subjects hearing 64 pulse alone, 64 PP60 and 64 PP120 trials in a rapid event-related design. Because attentional influences on PPI vary spontaneously, we posited AMP could be isolated by comparing eye blink and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent covariation during the two PP trial types. Behavioral regressor coefficients reflecting significant covariation covered the insula and auditory cortices during PP120 but not PP60 trials. Clusters within the right anterior insula and auditory cortex were specific to AMP. Functional connections (FCs) between cerebral ROIs implicated in PPI were stronger during PP120 trials. The four FCs that were individually stronger during PP120 trials involved the right insula or auditory cortex and three were not present during PP60 trials. Converging evidence indicates the right insula is the hub of a network underlying AMP.
Basis Set Superposition Errors in the Many-Body Expansion of Molecular Properties.

The underlying reasons for the poor convergence of the venerated many-body expansion (MBE) for higher-order response properties are investigated, with a particular focus on the impact of basis set superposition errors. Interaction energies, dipole moments, dynamic polarizabilities, and specific rotations are computed for three chiral solutes in explicit water cages of varying sizes using the MBE including corrections based on the site–site function counterpoise (or “full-cluster” basis) approach. In addition, we consider other possible causes for the observed oscillatory behavior of the MBE, including numerical precision, basis set size, choice of density functional, and snapshot geometry. Our results indicate that counterpoise corrections are necessary for damping oscillations and achieving reasonable convergence of the MBE for higher order properties. However, oscillations in the expansion cannot be completely eliminated for chiroptical properties such as specific rotations due to their inherently nonad...
The Use of Measures of Psychopathy in Violence Risk Assessment

Perhaps in part because of dissatisfaction with the more recent (and behaviorally based) DSM conceptualizations of what constitutes a psychopath, since the 1980s the construct of psychopathy has been operationalized-at least among research psychologists-primarily using instruments developed by Robert Hare and his colleagues. ese instruments include the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) (Hare, 1980), the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Hare, 1991, 2003), and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) (Hart, Cox, & Hare, 1995). Additionally, an instrument with highly similar item content domains, the Psychopathy20 Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) (Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003), was developed specically for use with adolescents.
What controls the extreme flow through the Kerama Gap: a global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis point of view

The temporal variability of volume transport from the North Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea (ECS) through the Kerama Gap (between Okinawa Island and Miyakojima Island—a part of Ryukyu Island Arc) is investigated using a 20-year global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis with the Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation from 1993 to 2012. We study the causes of extreme flow events defined as the volume transport through the Kerama Gap exceeding one standard deviation (4.50 Sv) above (inflow, from the North Pacific into the ECS) or below (outflow, from the ECS to the North Pacific) the mean volume transport (1.95 Sv). In our results, the impinging mesoscale eddies from the Pacific Ocean are the most important factor in controlling the extreme flow occurrence, explaining 70% (68%) of the mean extreme inflow (outflow)-mean volume transport anomaly. Extreme inflow (outflow) through the Kerama Gap is associated with the impinging anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies along the eastern side of Okinawa and/or cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies to the southwest of the gap. The Kuroshio frontal meanders cause the mean Kuroshio axis to shift away from (toward) the Kerama Gap during the extreme inflow (outflow)-mean events and play a secondary role in determining the extreme flow occurrence, representing 15% (14%) of the mean extreme inflow (outflow)-mean volume transport anomaly. The interannual variability of the flow through the gap also plays a subsidiary role, explaining another 13% (14%) of the mean extreme inflow (outflow)-mean volume transport anomaly.
A Systematic Investigation of State-of-the-Art SystemC Verification

The growing complexity of System-on-a-Chips (SoCs) and rapidly decreasing time-to-market have pushed the design abstraction to the electronic system level in order to increase design productivity. ...
A Bayesian analysis of non-significant rehabilitation findings: Evaluating the evidence in favour of truly absent treatment effects.

Abstract Background Relying solely on null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) to investigate rehabilitation interventions may result in researchers erroneously concluding the absence of a treatment effect. Objective We aimed to distinguish between truly null treatment effects and data that are insensitive to detecting treatment effects by calculating Bayes factors (BF01s) for non-significant findings in the rehabilitation literature. Additionally, to examine associations between BF01, sample size, and observed P-values. Method We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for meta-analyses with “rehabilitation” as a keyword that clearly evaluated a rehabilitation intervention. We extracted means, standard deviations, and sample sizes for treatment and comparison groups for individual findings within 175 meta-analyses. Two independent investigators classified the interventions into 4 categories using the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System. We calculated t-statistics and associated P-values for each finding in order to extract non-significant results (P > 0.05). We calculated BF01s for 5790 non-significant results and classified BF01s based on the strength of evidence in favour of the null hypothesis (i.e., anecdotal, moderate, and strong) across and within intervention types. We examined correlations between BF01, sample size, and P-values across and within intervention types. Results Across all intervention types, most (71.9%) findings were deemed anecdotal, and this pattern remained within distinct intervention types (58.4–76.0%). Larger sample sizes tended to be associated with greater strength in favour of the null hypothesis, both across and within intervention types. Larger P-values were not associated with greater strength in favour of the null hypothesis; this finding was present both across and within intervention types. Conclusion Our findings indicate that most non-significant rehabilitation findings are unable to distinguish between the true absence of a treatment effect and data that are merely insensitive to detecting a treatment effect. Findings also suggest that rehabilitation researchers may improve the strength of their statistical conclusions by increasing sample size and that Bayes factors may offer unique benefits relative to P-values.
Lyapunov-Net: A Deep Neural Network Architecture for Lyapunov Function Approximation.

We develop a versatile deep neural network architecture, called Lyapunov-Net, to approximate Lyapunov functions of dynamical systems in high dimensions. Lyapunov-Net guarantees positive definiteness, and thus it can be easily trained to satisfy the negative orbital derivative condition, which only renders a single term in the empirical risk function in practice. This significantly reduces the number of hyper-parameters compared to existing methods. We also provide theoretical justifications on the approximation power of Lyapunov-Net and its complexity bounds. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method on nonlinear dynamical systems involving up to 30-dimensional state spaces, and show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Genetic defects in vitamin utilization. Part I: General aspects and fat-solumbe vitamins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the general aspects of genetic defects in vitamin utilization. Geneticists approach the general subject of nutrition and the specific requirement for vitamins with the view that there are no generalized standards by which minimum or recommended daily allowances (RDA) for essential nutrients can be established for everyone. Vitamins can be defined as organic compounds required in trace amounts in the diet for health, growth, and reproduction of one or more species. The vitamins are natural materials that can be isolated from organisms capable of synthesizing these compounds. Only small amounts of vitamins are required for the functional, often catalytic roles their products serve in contrast to the relatively large amounts of macronutrients such as protein, lipid, and carbohydrate which constitute the bulk of the ingesta and serve primarily as sources for energy and reconstitution of body mass. The acquired or inherited disorders impairing bile secretion may cause malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins and a requirement for parenteral administration of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Some pharmacological agents can alter vitamin requirements.
Development and preliminary evaluation of an online educational video about whole-genome sequencing for research participants, patients, and the general public

Development and preliminary evaluation of an online educational video about whole-genome sequencing for research participants, patients, and the general public
Budget spillovers and fiscal policy interdependence: Evidence from the states

Abstract This paper formalizes and tests the notion that states' expenditures depend on the spending of similarly situated states. We find that even after allowing for fixed state effects, year effects, and common random shocks among neighbors, a state government's level of per capita expenditure is positively and significantly affected by the expenditure levels of its neighbors. Ceteris paribus, a one dollar increase in a state's neighbors' expenditures increases its own expenditure by over 70 cents.
Speed is more powerful than clairvoyance

We consider the problem of preemptive non-clairvoyant scheduling on a single machine. In this model a scheduler receives a number of jobs at different times without prior knowledge of the future jobs or the required processing time of jobs that are not yet completed. We want to minimize the total response time, i.e. the sum of times each job takes from its release to completion.One particular algorithm, Balance, always schedules the job that is least processed so far. A comparison of an on-line scheduler running Balance against the optimal off-line shows a very large competitive ratio if both algorithms use machines of the same speed. However, it has been shown that if Balance is run on a υ times faster machine than its clairvoyant competitor, then the competitive ratio drops to υ/(υ - 1) at most. This result showed that speed can be almost as good as clairvoyance.We show for υ ≥ 2 the competitive ratio of Balance is 2/υ. In other words, sufficiently high speed is more powerful than clairvoyance.
Intrauterine extra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2α for therapeutic abortion

Abstract A method of administering prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) solutions at various intrauterine extra-amniotic sites to induce abortion and to study the effect of PGF 2α on the myometrium is described. Three observations were noted during the study of 7 women between 8 and 20 weeks' gestation: (1) Injection of PGF 2α in the fundus resulted in a greater myometrial response when compared to the response elicited by the same dose injected at lower uterine sites; (2) the sensitivity of the myometrium to PGE 2α appeared to be greater in early pregnancies as compared to later pregnancies; (3) the myometrium responded to PGF 2α by increasing the basal tonus more in early pregnancy than it did in later pregnancies.
Achondrite ALHA77005: Alteration of Chromite and Olivine

The high concentration of rare earth elements (REE) in primitive CaS suggests that the REE along with the other normally lithophile elements form stable sulfides under the unusual conditions which existed during the formation of enstatite chrondites. In order to acquire a more quantitative framework in which to interpret these data, the behavior of the REE in systems with solar, or slightly fractionated solar, composition is being studied. These new data introduce modest changes in the behavior of some of the REE when compared to previous studies. For example, the largest differences are in the stabilities of the gaseous monoxides of Ce, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm, all of which now appear to be less stable than previously thought, and YbO(g) which is somewhat more stable. Much more significant are the changes in REE distribution in the gas phase in fractionated systems, especially those made more reducing by changing the C/O ratio from the solar value of 0.6 to about 1.0. In almost all cases, the exceptions being Eu, Tm and Yb whose elemental gaseous species dominate, the monosulfides become more abundant. Moreover, the solid oxides of Eu, Tm and Yb become less stable under more reducing conditions which, in effect, should reduce the condensation temperature of all REE in more reduced systems.
Intrauterine diagnosis and management of genetic defects.

Abstract Amniotic fluid samples were obtained at early stages of pregnancy (56 before 20 weeks), when therapeutic termination of pregnancy could be performed should a genetic error be documented. Tissue culture growth was obtained in 62 of 74 samples with chromosomal analysis and established cell lines produced for genetic counseling. Sex chromatin was shown to be correlated with karyotypic and phenotypic sex when limited to the midgestational stage (10 to 34 weeks). A classification of the clinical conditions exhibiting a genetic risk of sufficient magnitude to warrant intrauterine analysis is given.
The highly conserved N-terminal domains of histones H3 and H4 are required for normal cell cycle progression.

Abstract The N-terminal domains of the histones H3 and H4 are highly conserved throughout evolution. Mutant alleles deleted for these N-terminal domains were constructed in vitro and examined for function in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells containing a single deletion allele of either histone H3 or histone H4 were viable. Deletion of the N-terminal domain of histone H4 caused cells to become sterile and temperature sensitive for growth. The normal cell cycle progression of these cells was also altered, as revealed by a major delay in progression through the G2 + M periods. Deletion of the N-terminal domain of histone H3 had only minor effects on mating and the temperature-sensitive growth of mutant cells. However, like the H4 mutant, the H3 mutants had a significant delay in completing the G2 + M periods of the division cycle. Double mutants containing N-terminal domain deletions of both histone H3 and histone H4 were inviable. The phenotypes of cells subject to this synthetic lethality suggest that the N-terminal domains are required for functions essential throughout the cell division cycle and provide genetic evidence that histones are randomly distributed during chromosome replication.
You’re so Vain You Probably Think this Keynote is about You: Expanding Art and Music in Criminal Justice

Criminal justice has long been recognized as an interdisciplinary field of study. When cross disciplines are considered, attention is often given to closely related social science disciplines such as sociology and political science. A closer look, however, reveals that criminal justice overlaps with numerous arts-oriented disciplines including art and music. This article highlights the overlap between criminal justice and these disciplines and makes a case for greater collaboration between these disciplines. Barriers to cross-disciplinary work are addressed along with strategies to promote collaboration.
Solid Polymer Single-Ion Conductors: Synthesis and Properties

Optimal battery electrolyte materials provide for high transport of a single ionic species. Here we report solid single-ion conductors (SICs) based on composite polymer electrolytes consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and an organic−inorganic component (OIC) formed in situ. The resulting solid films showed transport properties with conductivity as high as 10-4 S/cm at room temperature and a cation transference number of 0.9. The materials were characterized using solid-state NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and impedance spectroscopy. The OIC was formed by sol−gel reaction of the three precursors: the sodium salt of 3-trihydroxysilylpropylmethylphosphonate (SPMP), (3-glycidylopropyl)trimethoxysilane (GLYMO), and tetramethoxysilane, resulting in a high degree of three-dimensional network character of OIC within SIC solid polymer electrolytes as indicated by solid-state NMR. TEM examination of calcined OIC shows that the silicate parti...
Feasibility of performing chemoprevention trials in women at elevated risk of ovarian carcinoma: Initial examination of celecoxib as a chemopreventive agent

Abstract Background. A pilot study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of examining a COX-2 inhibitor (Celecoxib) as a chemopreventive agent in women at increased risk of ovarian cancer undergoing risk reducing salpingoophorectomy. Methods. Women at elevated inherited risk of ovarian carcinoma pursuing risk reducing salpingoophorectomy were eligible for this trial. Ten patients were assigned to a control group while 10 patients were administered Celecoxib (400 mg/day) for 3 months prior to surgery. Demographic data at enrollment was collected. Serum, urine, peritoneal fluid, and resected tissues were obtained for correlative laboratory study. Evaluation of serum VEGF alterations was examined using an ELISA-based assay. Results. Enrollment of patients was completed in 16 months. Of 29 eligible patients, 20 enrolled onto the study. One patient from each group did not complete surgical intervention. No significant differences were observed in the enrollment characteristics between the groups. No occult cases of ovarian cancer were identified and no differences in the presence of follicular cyst, hemorrhagic cysts, or inclusion cysts were noted on initial pathologic review. While the mean serum VEGF levels obtained following the administration of a COX-2 inhibitor were lower than the pre-administration in 5 of 6 patients, statistical significance in this difference was not observed ( P = 0.359). However, this is most likely due to the small number of serum samples available. Conclusion. These results would suggest that chemoprevention trials in ovarian cancer will be eagerly embraced by this patient population. (Study supported by NIH 5P50CA83591.)
Biological Applications of Expanded Genetic Codes

Substantial efforts in the past decade have resulted in the systematic expansion of genetic codes, allowing for the direct ribosomal incorporation of ∼100 unnatural amino acids into bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and animals. Here, we illustrate the versatility of expanded genetic codes in biology and bioengineering, focusing on the application of expanded genetic codes to problems in protein, cell, synthetic, and experimental evolutionary biology. As the expanded genetic code field continues to develop, its place as a foundational technology in the whole of biological sciences will solidify.
Analysis of the Murine Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Promoter in H441 Cells Exposed to TNF-α † 1775

ICAM-1 expression contributes to lung inflammation in animals exposed to hyperoxia and endotoxin, and the details of ICAM-1 regulation are not elucidated. Previously, we cloned and sequenced 2.5 kb of the 5' flanking sequence of murine ICAM-1 and carried out a computer search for known cis elements and found a concentration of elements within 400 bp of the start site. However, transient transfection studies and gel mobility shift assays did not reveal signficant regulation of the gene within this 400 bp sequence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was regulation of the murine ICAM-1 promoter from -400 to -2500 in the 5' flanking sequence. We created serial deletion constructs ligated to the luciferase gene, and transfected cells with these deletion constructs. After transfections, we exposed cells to TNF-α and measured luciferase activity after the exposures. We found that the region of the 5' flanking sequence from -2454 to-1462 had more than double the luciferase activities in transfected cells exposed to TNF-α, whereas the -1406 promoter construct did not induce luciferase activity in transfected cells exposed to TNF-α. In conclusion, the TNF-α inducibility of the -1462-luciferase construct with the lack of inducibility in the -1406-luciferase construct suggests that the DNA sequence between these two constructs contains elements crucial for the regulation of ICAM-1 gene, although the precise nature the regulation is not known at this time.
The Barbecho Crisis, La Plaga del Banco, and International Migration Structural Adjustment in Ecuador's Southern Amazon

Structural adjustment policies have had devastating effects on segments of Latin America's population, especially when environmental degradation has added to the squeeze. In Ecuador's Southern Amazonian region, the withdrawal of public subsidies for agricultural loans coincided with productivity declines related to environmental degradation. As oil wealth in the 1960s gave way to financial crisis, interest rates for agricultural loans to colonists were changed from fixed to floating rates, ending a tacit subsidy in an inflationary economy. At the same time soil fertility declines and pests reduced agricultural production. Unable to recover from economic losses through commercial crops, cattle ranching, or access to credit, colonists (especially young men) are leaving the community to seek work in Ecuador's cities or in the United States and Europe.
Accounting for Bias from Sequencing Error in Population Genetic Estimates

Sequencing error presents a significant challenge to population genetic analyses using low-coverage sequence in general and single-pass reads in particular. Bias in parameter estimates becomes severe when the level of polymorphism (signal) is low relative to the amount of error (noise). Choosing an arbitrary quality score cutoff yields biased estimates, particularly with newer, non-Sanger sequencing technologies that have different quality score distributions. We propose a rule of thumb to judge when a given threshold will lead to significant bias and suggest alternative approaches that reduce bias.
Eighteen-dimensional unification

The space-time and the internal symmetries of four generations of quarks and leptons are unified in an 18-dimensional Einstein-Dirac theory. Certain presumptions regarding an ultraviolet cutoff, the disappearance of extra dimensions at relatively low energies, the torsional origin of strong and weak interactions, and the geometric confinement of quarks are discussed.
Environmental persistence of vaccinia virus on materials.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, and ranks as one of the most serious diseases that could originate from a biological weapon. However, limited data exist on the persistence of variola and related viruses (such as vaccinia, an established surrogate) on materials that may act as fomites. Persistence data are also inadequate for these viruses under controlled environmental conditions. The results from this study will fill some of these data gaps and may aid those responsible for infection control to make informed decisions regarding the need for decontamination after the release of a biological agent such as variola.
Smoking behavior and interest in quitting among homeless smokers.

Objectives: To examine smoking behavior in homeless persons, including the impact of self-reported tobacco-related health problems and drug and alcohol abuse on readiness to quit and interest in smoking cessation counseling. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of outpatients and inpatients on the homeless service at Massachusetts General Hospital. Results: Among 98 homeless smokers with a mean age of 44 years, tobacco-related medical diagnoses and symptoms and psychiatric illnesses were common, as were drug and alcohol abuse. One third of the smokers in this sample intended to quit smoking within the next 6 months, including 19% who planned to quit in the next 1 month. Forty-four percent of the participants were somewhat or very interested in smoking cessation counseling. In multivariate analyses, significant (P<.05) predictors of readiness to quit smoking were greater confidence in one's ability to quit (self-efficacy) and more social support for quitting. Multivariate predictors of interest in smoking cessation counseling were smoking-related symptoms and higher self-efficacy for quitting. Conclusions: Homeless smokers recruited from the inpatient and outpatient services of a large, urban teaching hospital reported interest in both stopping tobacco use and receiving assistance to quit smoking. Having an illness that a smoker believes is tobacco-related, having greater confidence in the ability to quit, and having more social support for quitting were associated with greater readiness to quit and more interest in smoking cessation counseling. Alcohol and drug abuse were not associated with reduced interest in quitting smoking. These findings suggest that homeless smokers may benefit from smoking cessation programs that are colocated in medical or drug treatment settings.
And what about exercise? Fitness and risk of death in "low-risk" adults.

Leafing through this morning's Sunday paper, I could not help but feel a sense of unease about our current state of preventive medicine. A lead article in the opinion section argued that most of the elements of the “annual physical exam” are “in many ways pointless or (worse) dangerous.”[1][
Microbial contamination in four commercially available denture adhesives.

Four brands of commercially available powder denture adhesives were tested for microbial contamination. Sterile Petri plates that contained either brain-heart infusion (BHI) or Sabouraud's (SAB) agar were inoculated with 0.5 gm samples of each adhesive. The BHI plates were incubated aerobically and anaerobically at 35 ° C and the SAB plates aerobically at 30 °C for 2 weeks. The sterility of these procedures was confirmed by incubating uninoculated control plates. All bottles of powder denture adhesive tested contained microorganisms. Both bacterial and fungal growth were noted. The containers of adhesive were then subjected to 10 minutes of microwave energy (650 W) to sterilize the adhesive material. After retesting, any bottles still contaminated were subjected to additional 10 minutes of microwave exposure and then retested. Seven of 24 bottles still showed evidence of microbial contamination after exposure to microwave energy. Of the seven bottles, five were of one brand. A Fisher's exact test showed significant differences in the percentage of contaminated samples between that and the other brands ( p
An analysis of rare carcinoid tumors: clarifying these clinical conundrums.

Carcinoid tumors are distinct neuroendocrine neoplasms with characteristic histological, clinical, and biological properties. Though commonly associated with the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system, a substantial number of these tumors originate in less common anatomical sites and can range from indolent, unrecognized entities to highly active, metastatic secretory tumors. Their presentation within unfamiliar locations often results in clinical confusion, and they persist as unrecognized lesions, subjecting patients to delayed, inappropriate, or ineffective treatment. The authors reviewed 13,715 carcinoid tumors identified by three consecutive registries of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) from 1950 to 1999, focusing on the anatomic sites accounting for less than one percent of all carcinoids. In addition, data from the world’s literature published on carcinoid tumors within these particular anatomic locations were then analyzed with respect to incidence, clinical presentation, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings, treatment strategies, and prognosis. The primary organs in which carcinoids are most commonly mistaken for some of the more conspicuous endemic tumors include the esophagus, pancreas, liver, biliary tract, gallbladder, and Meckel’s diverticulum, as well as within the pelvic and otolaryngeal organs and the breast. In general, the highest proportion of “rare” carcinoids was identified in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the ovary as the single most affected extra-GI site. Tumors with the worst prognosis were those that involved the pancreas (37.5%: 5-year survival) and those in the cervix (12-33%: 3-year survival). While gastrointestinal carcinoids have become a more recognized entity and thus more amenable to identification, similar lesions are often not considered in other sites and have often either been overlooked or misdiagnosed. Widespread reports of their occurrence in rare locations warrants attention. The diminution of the likelihood of inadvertently neglecting these often benign, indolent neoplasms that are well known to metastasize if unaddressed would represent an important advance. Familiarity with such unusual sites of origin will facilitate appropriate recognition and characterization of such tumors, allowing for timely intervention.
Numerical integration of ordinary differential equations based on trigonometric polynomials

There are many numerical methods available for the step-by-step integration of ordinary differential equations. Only few of them, however, take advantage of special properties of the solution that may be known in advance. Examples of such methods are those developed by BROCK and MURRAY [9], and by DENNIS Eg], for exponential type solutions, and a method by URABE and MISE [b~ designed for solutions in whose Taylor expansion the most significant terms are of relatively high order. The present paper is concerned with the case of periodic or oscillatory solutions where the frequency, or some suitable substitute, can be estimated in advance. Our methods will integrate exactly appropriate trigonometric polynomials of given order, just as classical methods integrate exactly algebraic polynomials of given degree. The resulting methods depend on a parameter, v=h~o, where h is the step length and ~o the frequency in question, and they reduce to classical methods if v-~0. Our results have also obvious applications to numerical quadrature. They will, however, not be considered in this paper. 1. Linear functionals of algebraic and trigonometric order In this section [a, b~ is a finite closed interval and C ~ [a, b~ (s > 0) denotes the linear space of functions x(t) having s continuous derivatives in Fa, b~. We assume C s [a, b~ normed by s (t.tt IIxll = )2 m~x Ix~ (ttt. a=0 a~t~b
On the properties of porcine elastase released from its complex with human alpha-1-antitrypsin by alkaline cleavage.

Abstract These investigations were made to determine how the elastase released from its complex with alpha-1-antitrypsin at high pH is modified. Most of the elastase component precipitates on returning the pH to neutral. The elastase component and the native enzyme subjected to the same conditions of pH and temperature reacted to approximately the same extent with radio-actively labeled diisopropyl fluorophosphate. There were about two moles of dehydroalanine per mole of enzyme either in the presence or absence of complex formation. Thus, the enzyme is either still capable of reacting with diisopropyl fluorophosphate or it is denatured and thus inactivated by partial conversion of cystine residues to dehydroalanine. Anhydroelastase is apparently not formed during cleavage of the complex.
Seasonal and local time variations in the O(1S) green line, O2 atmospheric band, and OH Meinel band emissions as measured by the High Resolution Doppler Imager

The High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) has been collecting nearly simultaneous altitude profiles of the O(1S), O2(1Σ), and OH (9-4) Meinel band emissions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region during the nighttime portion of the satellite orbit since March of 1994. The length of the data record permits seasonal variations of the emissions to be examined and correlated with seasonal changes in the tidal influence of the wind field. The UARS spacecraft precesses in local time so that all nighttime hours are covered every 36 days. The volume emission rate profile can therefore be mapped as a function of local time and latitude approximately every month. This paper discusses the retrievel method, presents the height and brightness variations of the three emissions for one year of data and shows the local time variation of the OH (9-4) emission during March–April, 1994.
Vegetarianism, morality, and science revisited

Professor Kathryn George's “Use and Abuse Revisited” does not contain an accurate assessment of my “On Vegetarianism, Morality, and Science: A Counter Reply.” I show that she has misrepresented my moral and empirical argumentation.
Retinoblastoma and Chromosome Abnormality: Partial Deletion of the Long Arm of Chromosome 13

A 7-year-old girl with retarded physical and mental development was found, on chromosome determination, to have deletion of a segment of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13 q—). A precise chromosome identification was made on peripheral leukocytes by using a quinacrine banding technique. Because of previous reports of an association of the 13 q—chromosomal abnormality with retinoblastoma, an ophthalmologic examination was carried out. The patient was found to have bilateral microphthalmia, and multifocal, moderately well-differentiated retinoblastoma in the left eye.
Charles H. House on instrumentation: A marriage of computers and test equipment

Electronics is at a watershed in terms of both useful performance and impact upon society. As a consequence, the design process for electronic products is undergoing substantial revision. This revision is exciting, even awesome, in its implication for productivity. And the implications for test instrumentation ? in terms of quality of product design, merged synthesis-analysis requirement, and reliability and supportability of the delivered product ? are profound. Indeed the ultimate use of much of the new electronics capability will be in ?instrumentation for society.?
Unearthing the Historical Reader, or, Reading Girls' Reading

SUMMARY This study presents an interpretive picture of young female readers of mass-marketed girls'-series fiction in the first decades of the 20th century. In opposition to some book historians who argue that by the late 19th and early 20th centuries reading had become a private and passive rather than a public activity, this study provides documentation of the ways in which girls' engagement with this mass-marketed fiction was intensely public and meaningful. Inscriptions in over 200 series books give some indication of the ways in which the books were acquired, circulated and valued. Fan letters, written by girls to their favorite authors, offer compelling evidence of the collective nature of series book reading. Finally, this study argues that the study of girls' series books and their readers is important for what they reveal about a distinctively new female culture of reading in the early part of the century.
Nuclear rings and gas-liquid phase transitions

Abstract Ring-shaped nuclei which are hydrodynamically stable are predicted by microscopic simulation (BUU) for 208 Pb + 208 Pb for beam energies of about 50 A MeV. From 30 to 100 A MeV the initial disk of nuclear vapor, formed in near-central collisions, condenses by means of spinodal instabilities into a number of protospheres, some of which fuse to form heavier objects. The prediction of 13 intermediate mass fragments for central collisions of 100 A MeV Au + Au is in good agreement with experimental measurements. For higher energies the code provides a microscopic, three-dimensional picture of the process by which the maximum number of fragments are produced at intermediate impact parameters. The code also predicts toroidal vortex nuclei, “smoke rings”, for 0.4 to 4.0 A GeV 12 C + Au .
The influence of impingement mixing on striation thickness distribution and properties in fast polyurethane polymerization

Impingement mixing in a polyether polyol/butanediol/MDI, thermoplastic urethane system was evaluated using measurements of striation thickness distribution, adiabatic temperature rise, and molecular weight. Adiabatic temperature rise was less sensitive to mixing quality for this system than for the crosslinking ones previously studied. The average of the distribution of striation thickness as measured by optical microscopy on the resultant polymer decreased with increasing nozzle Reynolds numbers, Re. Molecular weight increased and its polydispersity decreased with increasing Re. Morphological data indicate better phase separation in the poorly mixed samples. These results are consistent with relatively slow diffusion for the polyol and thus the preferential formation of unattached hard segments at lower Re.
Primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung in children. Report of two cases presenting with spontaneous pneumothorax.

This report describes two cases of pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in children, ages 21 and 30 months at diagnosis. Both patients presented with spontaneous pneumothorax and had cystic changes in the affected lung by chest x-ray. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies supported the myogenic phenotype of these neoplasms. The authors were unable to confirm that either of these tumors had unequivocally originated in a congenital cyst although previous authors have reported this association. An apparent morphologic spectrum of embryonic appearing neoplasms including pulmonary blastoma and a malignant mesenchymoma have been observed in the lungs of children. Cancer 59:1005-1011, 1987.
Acquiring a mnemonic: Age and category knowledge effects

Abstract Fourth- and seventh-grade children received four free-recall trials on lists comprising typical and atypical items derived either from their own typicality ratings (self-generated lists) or the ratings of adults (adult generated). Levels of recall and clustering increased with age, were greater for typical than atypical items, with list effects (self- vs adult generated) being limited to atypical items. Subjects were classified as using an organizational strategy, separately for the typical and atypical items, based on the combined criteria of (a) at least one long intracategory cluster, and (b) faster within-category than between-category interitem latencies. The percentage of subjects classified as strategic was greater for the older children and typical items and increased over trials. By Trial 4, all seventh-graders were classified as strategic for either typical or atypical items, with 74% of fourth-graders so classified. Further analyses indicated that strategies were limited to a few categories on the early trials for both age groups, but generalized to most list categories on the later trials for the seventh-graders only. The results were interpreted in terms of the role that knowledge base and age differences in processing efficiency play in the development of memory strategies.
Identification of a novel silencer that regulates the myelin basic protein gene in neural cells.

Abstract The myelin basic protein gene produces two families of proteins, the golli proteins and the ‘classic’ myelin basic proteins from three transcription start sites (tsp). The golli proteins are expressed from the first tsp, and little is known about genetic elements that control its activity. We have examined elements that may regulate the expression of the golli products produced from this promoter in neural cell lines with constructs containing upstream portions of the first tsp by transient transfection assays. Three putative regulatory elements were identified, among them a 345 bp novel silencer region, termed the golli silencer region (GSR), which was characterized in detail. This silencer was responsible for a significant (approx. 60%) inhibition of luciferase expression in PC12 cells. It was orientation-dependent and a double dose of this GSR completely abolished expression of the luciferase reporter activity. Transfections with deleted constructs identified three critical sites that bind at least two repressor proteins. We postulate that the silencer activity is the result of synergistic interactions between these repressor proteins and might involve the formation of a high-ordered protein–DNA structure.
The structure of infant cognition at 1 year

Abstract The present study explored the dimensionality of cognition at 12 months by factor analyzing data from a large cohort of preterm and full-term infants (N=182). Two analyses were done. In the first, using only measures used earlier, when the infants were 7 months of age, the same three factors emerged at 12 months as at the earlier age—namely, Attention (look duration and shift rate), Speed (reaction time), and Recognition Memory (novelty responses). Together, they accounted for 36% of the variance. Loadings for all three factors closely resembled those from the 7-month solution, and individuals showed cross-age stability on factor scores, r=0.24–0.51. The second analysis used an expanded battery of tasks, including some capturing higher order cognitive abilities. The same three factors emerged, along with two new ones—Recall (reproduction of event sequences) and Representational Competence (performance on cross-modal transfer and object permanence) with the five together accounting for 42% of the variance. The results support the idea that discrete cognitive abilities can be detected early in infancy and that these abilities show continuity over the first year.
Determination of oxidation and spin states of heme iron. Resonance raman spectroscopy of cytochrome c, microperoxidase, and horseradish per oxidase

Summary Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome c in solution are compared with those of lyophilized cytochrome c, a heme undecapeptide from cytochrome c, and horseradish peroxidase. Spectral lines sensitive to iron oxidation state and spin state are identified. The spectra are not noticeably influenced by the protein environment of the heme chromophore.
Optical Reflection Measurement System Using A Swept Modulation Frequency Technique

A measurement system has been developed capable of mea-suring reflected optical power as low as 0.0025% with a spot size diam-eter of 24 Am. One application for this system is the characterization of small-area photodetectors. The operation of the measurement system is simple, allowing the operator to quickly make multiple reflection measurements, and it does not require a darkroom. The measurement system merges a microscope, for visual alignment and focusing of the laser beam, with a lightwave component analyzer using modulation vec-tor error correction. A measurement comparison between the analyzer-based system and a power-meter-based system showed that each sys-tem can measure reflections as low as 0.0025%. However, the analyzer-based system offers the advantage of identifying the location and magnitude of system reflections. The system operates at a wavelength of 1310 nm.
Novel liquid crystalline structures of a chiral side chain polymer and its phase transitions

Abstract Two novel smectic bilayer structures have been identified in an enantiomerically enriched chiral side chain polymer containing the highly dipolar nitrile group at stereocentres. The structures were characterized by electron diffraction, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In both phases each smectic layer has a bilayer structure with backbones and spacers confined in a thin disordered region between two sublayers of mesogenic segments. One of the structures which we denote as CrE∗ has the unusual feature of having its side chains arranged parallel to the layer normal in spite of its enantiomeric bias and twisted nature. In the second structure side chains are tilted by 34.8° with respect to the layer normal and we denote this phase as CrH∗c In both structures each sublayer contains three different orientations of orthorhombic (CrE) or monoclinic (CrH∗c) lattices which are related to one another by rotations of ± 60° about the c-axis. In both the CrH∗c and the CrE∗ phases, lattices in each...
Ultrastructure and electrical activity in embryonic and adult heart cells of the cricket

Abstract 1. 1. Embryonic and adult hearts of the house cricket Acheta domesticus were studied in the electron microscope and with intracellular microelectrodes. 2. 2. Autorhythmic activity and synchronized heartbeat were observed in the embryo at 6 days postoviposition (dpo). 3. 3. Intercalated discs were not observed in the embryonic heart, nor were neural elements. 4. 4. Embryonic heart cells (6 dpo) averaged 3.5 μm in diameter, with a single nucleus, a single myofibril, closely apposed mitochondria and complete sarcomeres. 5. 5. Adult cricket heart cells averaged 6.8 μm in diameter with tortuous intercalated discs and numerous neurosecretory axons in which three types of intra-axonal granules were identified. 6. 6. Electrical potentials rise and fall smoothly with no overshoot. Discrete background activity appears to be postsynaptic in nature.
Diffraction dissociation contributions to two-nucleon knockout reactions and the suppression of shell-model strength

The contributions to the cross sections of intermediate energy two-nucleon knockout reactions from events in which one nucleon is removed by the stripping (inelastic breakup) mechanism and a second by the diffraction (elastic breakup) mechanism are discussed. The small additional contributions from two-nucleon diffraction events are also estimated. The approach used combines the eikonal reaction and shell model structure theory frameworks. For reactions involving the removal of two well-bound like nucleons, at incident energies of order 100 MeV per nucleon, the additional cross sections are shown to be of approximately the same size as those from events in which both nucleons are stripped in inelastic interactions. These more complete dynamical calculationsnowpermitaquantitativecomparisonofthetheoreticalcrosssectionswithrecentpartialcross-section measurements of the two-neutron (two-proton) removal reactions from neutron-deficient (neutron-rich) nuclei. As has been observed in both nuclear- and electron-induced single-nucleon knockout reaction analyses, the theoretical two-nucleon knockout cross sections overestimate the measured values, requiring a suppression of the two nucleon shell-model transition strengths. The deduced two-nucleon suppression factors, Rs(2N), are consistent with a value of 0.5 for each of the five reactions considered.
Reoperative coronary grafting: Changing patient profiles, operative indications, techniques, and results☆

Abstract To assess the changing trends in patient profiles, operative indications and techniques, and their impact on the results of reoperative myocardial revascularization, we reviewed the records of 750 consecutive patients who had an isolated first reoperation for coronary artery disease at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1977 to 1992. The patients were chronologically grouped into three equal cohorts of 250 patients. Our assessment over time revealed a significantly ( p p