cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution of Macrocystis pyrifera nutrient exposure in southern California

Abstract We examined water column temperature time series profiles for several years at two locations in a single kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forest to characterize the alongshore variability of the nutrient climate that giant kelp is exposed to and compare it to the response of giant kelp. The differences in nutrient climate are due to differential alongshore vertical variations in temperature, a well-established proxy of nitrate, due to the topographically induced internal wave dynamics within the kelp forest. We observed the greatest temperature variability during summer and most of this variability occurred near the surface. The 14.5 °C isotherm, indicating the presence of nitrate, ranged the entire vertical extent of the water column, and was shallowest during the winter and in the southern portion of the kelp forest. Predicted water column integrated nitrate varies from 0 μmol NO3−/m2 to 431 μmol NO3−/m2 yielding a time series daily average of 0.12 gN/m2day (North La Jolla) and 0.18 gN/m2day (South La Jolla). Redfield conversion of these values puts the time series daily average for carbon production (upper limit) between 0.8 and 1.2 gC/m2day for the north and south parts of the bed respectively, and shows considerable variation at several time scales. Giant kelp in the southern portion of the forest exhibited greater stipe densities (a proxy for kelp production) than individuals in the northern portion, corresponding with the alongshore nutrient climate variability. The depth of the nutricline varied by up to 10 m over time scales as short as hours. Variability was greatest at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, with shallower water column depths showing greatest variability. These depth-specific variations in temperature and nutrient exposure may have biologically important consequences for M. pyrifera especially during low nutrient seasons.
Learning diphone-based segmentation.

This paper reconsiders the diphone-based word segmentation model of Cairns, Shillcock, Chater, and Levy (1997) and Hockema (2006), previously thought to be unlearnable. A statistically principled learning model is developed using Bayes’ theorem and reasonable assumptions about infants’ implicit knowledge. The ability to recover phrase-medial word boundaries is tested using phonetic corpora derived from spontaneous interactions with children and adults. The (unsupervised and semisupervised) learning models are shown to exhibit several crucial properties. First, only a small amount of language exposure is required to achieve the model’s ceiling performance, equivalent to between 1 day and 1 month of caregiver input. Second, the models are robust to variation, both in the free parameter and the input representation. Finally, both the learning and baseline models exhibit undersegmentation, argued to have significant ramifications for speech processing as a whole.
Estrogen replacement therapy: effects on the cognitive functioning and clinical course of women with Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract This study examined the effects of unopposed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on the cognition and clinical course of women who have been diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s disease. The records of 99 women diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s disease according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, and in some cases autopsy confirmed as well, were analyzed. Depression, education, and age were all considered in the analysis. Results suggest that after an average of four years after symptoms appeared, women on ERT at the time of their diagnoses had similar cognitive functioning compared to those who are not on ERT. There were, however, significant differences in the clinical course of the illness between the two groups, with the non-ERT group reporting more “non-memory” problems as initial symptoms in addition to a having greater degree of overall behavioral deficit in activities of daily living.
Nonlinear Thinking in Mechanics and Design

While the spread of computer aided design tools in the last two decades has been revolutionary, much of its analytical basis in elasticity, vibrations, thermal systems etc, rests on linear models. These new ideas have found application in many areas of applied science and are now just beginning to find their ways into practical devices. (See eg, Moon (1992)). As these ideas mature, it is natural to ask if they can be introduced into the undergraduate curriculum. The Author argues that creative solutions to design problems often result from using nonlinear models and concepts. Nonlinearity, often seen as something to be avoided, can sometimes offer alternative solutions that linear models cannot do. The Author also argues the case for introducing nonlinear thinking into the engineering curriculum in mathematics, mechanics of materials and dynamics using both computational and experimental laboratories. This paper describes a program at Cornell University to introduce nonlinear dynamics concepts to mechanical engineering undergraduates through an NSF sponsored grant for curriculum development.
Comparison of two methods for time delay estimation of sinusoids

This note concerns the time delay estimation of a sinusoid in the absence of noise. It is shown that the smoothed coherence transform (SCOT) method performs much better than the standard cross-correlation (SCC) method, in that the former greatly reduces the ambiguity in determining the peak of the related cross-correlation function.
Divalent sulfate ion pairs in aqueous solutions at pressures up to 2000 atm

Electrical conductance measurements have been made at various temperatures and at concentrations from ca. 0.00005 to ca. 0.01M in aqueous solutions of MgSO4, CaSO4, CoSO4 and NiSO4 at pressures up to 2000 atm. The data have been analyzed with the Fernandez-Prini modification of the Fuoss-Hsia conductance equation to obtain the molal dissociation constants K m at each pressure. The results for V°, obtained from the pressure dependence ofK m,are compared with other experimental data and with values calculated from acoustically derived multistate dissociation models.
A 55-V, 0.2-m Omega -cm/sup 2/ vertical trench power MOSFET

Experimental results that demonstrate trench power MOSFETs with a specific on-state resistance of 0.2 m Omega -cm/sup 2/ and capable of sustaining 55 V across drain-source terminals in the off state are discussed. This performance was achieved by using an improved silicon trench processing technology. The forward conductivity reported is the highest ever obtained for a silicon power device. >
How Child Protection Workers Support or Further Victimize Battered Mothers

This study explored battered mothers' perceptions of their interactions with child protectiv services (CPS) workers to increase understanding about how child welfare workers and pol cies can have n...
Accelerated Relearning After Retrieval-Induced Forgetting: The Benefit of Being Forgotten

Research on retrieval-induced forgetting has demonstrated that retrieving some information from memory can cause the forgetting of other information in memory. Here, the authors report research on the relearning of items that have been subjected to retrieval-induced forgetting. Participants studied a list of category–exemplar pairs, underwent a series of retrieval-practice and relearning trials, and, finally, were tested on the initially studied pairs. The final recall of non-relearned items exhibited a cumulative effect of retrieval-induced forgetting such that the size of the effect increased with each block of retrieval practice. Of most interest, and very surprising from a common-sense standpoint, items that were relearned benefited more from that relearning if they had previously been forgotten. The results offer insights into the nature and durability of retrieval-induced forgetting and provide additional evidence that forgetting is an enabler—rather than a disabler—of future learning.
Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of aggression

The aim of this paper is to clarify how neural mechanisms at the molecular level, specifically the serotonergic (5-HT) system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis system (HPA) in conjunction with early life stress may contribute to the emergence of aggression, self-directed and otherwise, in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Chronic dysregulation of these biological systems, which function to regulate stress and emotion, may potentiate the development of impulsive aggression in borderline personality conditions. Our central premise in this paper is that brain development, stress regulation, and early pathonomic experience are interactive and cumulative in their mutual influence on the development of impulsive aggression in BPD. We review the parameters of impulsive aggression in BPD, followed by a discussion of the neurobiological and neuroendocrine correlates of impulsive aggression with and without BPD. We then focus on the developmental continuities in BPD with attention to brain maturation of 5-HT and HPA axis function during the life span and the influence of early adverse experiences on these systems. Finally, we comment on the data of the relative stability of aggression in BPD, adolescence as a developmental stage of potential vulnerability, and the course of aggressive behavior during the life span.The authors thank Caroline Cozza, Michael McCloskey, and Kurt Knoblett for their comments during the preparation of this manuscript. This research was supported by research funding from the American Foundation of Suicide Prevention (J.K.G.), Grant MH066888-01 (R.L.), and the Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation (E.F.C.).
Interpreting epithelial cancer biology in the context of stem cells: tumor properties and therapeutic implications.

Abstract Over 90% of all human neoplasia is derived from epithelia. Significant progress has been made in the identification of stem cells of many epithelia. In general, epithelial stem cells lack differentiation markers, have superior in vivo and in vitro proliferative potential, form clusters in association with a specialized mesenchymal environment (the ‘niche’), are located in well-protected and nourished sites, and are slow-cycling and thus can be experimentally identified as ‘label-retaining cells’. Stem cells may divide symmetrically giving rise to two identical stem cell progeny. Any stem cells in the niche, which defines the size of the stem cell pool, may be randomly expelled from the niche due to population pressure (the stochastic model). Alternatively, a stem cell may divide asymmetrically yielding one stem cell and one non-stem cell that is destined to exit from the stem cell niche (asymmetric division model). Stem cells separated from their niche lose their stemness, although such a loss may be reversible, becoming ‘transit-amplifying cells’ that are rapidly proliferating but have a more limited proliferative potential, and can give rise to terminally differentiated cells. The identification of the stem cell subpopulation in a normal epithelium leads to a better understanding of many previously enigmatic properties of an epithelium including the preferential sites of carcinoma formation, as exemplified by the almost exclusive association of corneal epithelial carcinoma with the limbus, the corneal epithelial stem cell zone. Being long-term residents in an epithelium, stem cells are uniquely susceptible to the accumulation of multiple, oncogenic changes giving rise to tumors. The application of the stem cell concept can explain many important carcinoma features including the clonal origin and heterogeneity of tumors, the occasional formation of tumors from the transit amplifying cells or progenitor cells, the formation of precancerous ‘patches’ and ‘fields’, the mesenchymal influence on carcinoma formation and behavior, and the plasticity of tumor cells. While the concept of cancer stem cells is extremely useful and it is generally assumed that such cells are derived from normal stem cells, more work is needed to identify and characterize epithelial cancer stem cells, to address their precise relationship with normal stem cells, to study their markers and their proliferative and differentiation properties and to design new therapies that can overcome their unusual resistance to chemotherapy and other conventional tumor modalities.
Adenoviral short hairpin RNA therapy targeting phosphodiesterase 5a relieves cardiac remodeling and dysfunction following myocardial infarction

We previously showed that treatment with tadalafil, a long-acting phosphodiesterase-5a (PDE5a) inhibitor, effectively prevented adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling of the infarcted heart. We hypothesized that short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) therapy targeting PDE5a would simulate the effects of pharmacological intervention for treatment of postinfarction LV remodeling and dysfunction. Experimental model of myocardial infarction was developed in female mice by permanent ligation of left coronary artery. Immediately after that, an adenoviral vector encoding for shRNA sequence targeting PDE5a (Ad-shPDE5a) was injected intramyocardially, which specifically inhibited PDE5a in the heart. Four weeks later, Ad-shPDE5a treated mice showed significant mitigation of the left ventricle (LV) dilatation and dysfunction as indicated by smaller LV cavity and more preserved ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Infarction size and fibrosis were significantly reduced in Ad-shPDE5a-treated mice. Additionally, more salvaged cardiomyocytes, significantly reduced collagen contents, and higher blood vessel density were observed in Ad-shPDE5a-treated mice. The cytoprotective effects of Ad-shPDE5a were demonstrated in vitro in Ad-shPDE5a transfected cardiomyocytes cultured under oxygen glucose deprivation. Among downstream mediators of PDE5a signaling, cyclic GMP (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) were activated with concomitant reduction in caspase-3 activity. However, no significant change in PKA and cAMP activities were observed in Ad-shPDE5a-treated hearts. Inhibition with shRNA improved cardiac remodeling and dysfunction by reducing infarction size and cardiac fibrosis and increased cGMP and PKG activity. These findings suggest that PDE5 inhibition with Ad-shPDE5a is a novel approach for treatment of myocardial infarction.
Effects of Organized Turtle Watches on Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Nesting Behavior and Hatchling Production in Florida

To evaluate the effects of organized turtle watches on female sea turtles and their eggs, we quanti- fied nesting behavior and hatchling production of loggerihead turtles (Caretta caretta) in south Brevard Coun- try, Florida, US.A. We compared the duration offive phases of nesting behavior, the directness of the turtle's return path, rate of travel during return crawl, hatching stuccess, and hatchling emergence success between experimental and control turtles. Experimental turtles nested while observed by an organized turtle watch group consisting of at least 15 people; control turtles were not observed by a turtle watch group. Experimental turtles spent significantly less time camouflaging nest sites than did control turtles. The duration of the other four phases of nesting behavior were not significantly different between the two groups. Experimental turtles also traveled less-direct paths during return crawls, although their rates of travel were not significantly differ- entfrom those of control turtles. Hatching success and hatchling emergence success were not significantly dif- ferent between experimental and control turtle nests in either year. Although turtle watch groups influenced nesting behavior, they were not found to be detrimental to hatchling production. Florida's turtle watch pro- gram is a means for garnering public support for sea turtle conservation through education, and it should continue.
More on Putnam’s models: a reply to Belloti

In an earlier paper, I claimed that one version of Putnam's model- theoretic argument against realism turned on a subtle, but philosophically significant, mathematical mistake. Recently, Luca Bellotti has criticized my argument for this claim. This paper responds to Bellotti's criticisms.
Finding relevant information of certain types from enterprise data

Search over enterprise data is essential to every aspect of an enterprise because it helps users fulfill their information needs. Similar to Web search, most queries in enterprise search are keyword queries. However, enterprise search is a unique research problem because, compared with the data in traditional IR applications (e.g., text data), enterprise data includes information stored in different formats. In particular, enterprise data include both unstructured and structured information, and all the data center around a particular enterprise. As a result, the relevant information from these two data sources could be complementary to each other. Intuitively, such integrated data could be exploited to improve the enterprise search quality. Despite its importance, this problem has received little attention so far. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of leveraging the integrated information in enterprise data to improve search quality through a case study, i.e., finding relevant information of certain types from enterprise data. Enterprise search users often look for different types of relevant information other than documents, e.g., the contact information of per- sons working on a product. When formulating a keyword query, search users may specify both content requirements, i.e., what kind of information is relevant, and type requirements, i.e., what type of information is relevant. Thus, the goal is to find information relevant to both requirements specified in the query. Specifically, we formulate the problem as keyword search over structured or semistructured data, and then propose to leverage the complementary unstructured information in the enterprise data to solve the problem. Experiment results over real world enterprise data and simulated data show that the proposed methods can effectively exploit the unstructured information to find relevant information of certain types from structured and semistructured information in enterprise data.
Late Holocene Eolian Activity in the Mineralogically Mature Nebraska Sand Hills

Abstract The age of sand dunes in the Nebraska Sand Hills has been controversial, with some investigators suggesting a full-glacial age and others suggesting that they were last active in the late Holocene. New accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages of unaltered bison bones and organic-rich sediments suggest that eolian sand deposition occurred at least twice in the past 300014C yr B.P. in three widely separated localities and as many as three times in the past 80014C yr at three other localities. These late Holocene episodes of eolian activity are probably the result of droughts more intense than the 1930s “Dust Bowl” period, based on independent Great Plains climate records from lake sediments and tree rings. However, new geochemical data indicate that the Nebraska Sand Hills are mineralogically mature. Eolian sands in Nebraska have lower K-feldspar (and K2O, Rb, and Ba) contents than most possible source sediments and lower K-feldspar contents than dunes of similar age in Colorado. The most likely explanation for mineralogical maturity is reduction of sand-sized K-feldspar to silt-sized particles via ballistic impacts due to strong winds over many cycles of eolian activity. Therefore, dunes of the Nebraska Sand Hills must have had a long history, probably extending over more than one glacial–interglacial cycle, and the potential for reactivation is high, with or without a future greenhouse warming.
Pickups, Volume and Tone Controls

A pickup is an example of what an engineer would call a transducer. A transducer is a device that transforms a non-electrical quantity (temperature, strain, pressure, velocity, etc.) into an electrical signal. Of course, here we are interested in converting the vibration of a string into a corresponding electrical signal.
Kinetics and energetics of specific intermolecular interactions.

Taking into account the energy vs. distance functions of the aspecific (macroscopic) repulsion that usually prevails between antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) molecules in polar media, as well as the specific (microscopic) attraction between epitope and paratope of Ag and Ab, it proved possible to determine the kinetic constants (von Smoluchowski, 1917; Hammes, 1978) of Ag-Ab interactions, from the surface properties of Ag, Ab and the aqueous medium. The kinetic constants thus found correlate well with experimentally determined kinetic constants in comparable systems, and confirm the importance of the influence of the concentration of one of the reagents (e.g. the Ab) on the kinetic association constant (Van Regenmortel et al., 1994), which is largely due to steric hindrance. Applying the same energy vs. distance approach to the influence of temperature (T) on Ag-Ab reactions, it ensues that the familiar occurrence of an apparent 'enthalpy-entropy compensation' in aqueous media is in fact the relatively gratuitous outcome of a complex set of effects caused by an increase in T, on the total free energy, the hydration energy and, as a result, on the inter-epitope-paratope distance. A close correlation exists between the outcome of these surface-thermodynamic analyses and experimental results.
Multivalent Inactivated Virus Oil Emulsion Vaccines in Broiler Breeder Chickens. III. Trivalent Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease, and Arthritis/Tenosynovitis Viruses Vaccine in Primed Breeders

Inactivated Newcastle disease (NDV), infectious bursal disease (IBDV), and viral arthritis/tenosynovitis (VA) viruses were incorporated into water-in-oil emulsion vaccines, either alone, in bivalent combinations, or in a trivalent vaccine. Twenty-week-old broiler breeder chickens that had received previous live virus vaccination with NDV, IBDV, and VA were injected intramuscularly with the monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent vaccines. The antibody titers to the antigens contained in the monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent vaccines increased rapidly and peaked 4 to 8 weeks postvaccination. The titers declined during the next 3 months and increased to levels equal to or higher than the initial peak values. The titers remained high through 10 months postvaccination. Progeny hatched at intervals throughout the 40-week trial possessed detectable antibody titers to the appropriate antigens incorporated into the breeder vaccine through 21 days of age.
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF LONGAN GROWN ON AN ACID ULTISOL

SUMMARY Little is known about the adaptability of longan (Dimocarpus longan) to acidic soils high in aluminum (Al). A two-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, plant growth and nutrient content in shoots of four cultivars of longan. Soil Al and cultivars were statistically different for all variables measured in the study. Total leaf, petiole, stem and root dry weights significantly decreased at soil Al concentrations ranging from 5.1 to 12.1 cmol kg −1 but this reduction was of a smaller magnitude in roots than in other organs. Increments in soil Al resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of leaf Ca and a significant increase in leaf Al in all cultivars. Shoot content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Al declined with increase in soil Al. The result of this study demonstrates that longan is highly susceptible to acid soils.
Foundational History: An Integrated Approach to Basic Design, History, and Theory

History and theory often become disconnected from the studio sequence and isolated within the larger scope of a young designer’s education. In this article, I discuss the development of a design foundation course that provides beginning students experience with history, theory, and design, treated not as individual topics, but as interrelated activities. The course is grounded in Martin Heidegger’s critique of Western thought’s isolating tendencies, and his development of a foundational concept of history, in which it is not the objects of history that matter but the relationships and interactions that occur between them that are truly instructive and enlightening.
Bromocriptine for Cocaine Dependence

On the basis of the dopamine depletion theory, bromocriptine has been tested to treat cocaine withdrawal and dependence. The authors conducted a 6-week study with 1 week of pretreatment observation and 5 weeks of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of bromocriptine for DSM-III-R-defined cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained male patients. The bromocriptine group (n = 24) did not differ from the placebo group (n = 26) in self-reported cocaine use, proportion of positive urine toxicology samples, craving for cocaine, resistance to cocaine use, or mood symptoms between the pretreatment baseline and the last week of the clinical trial. Both groups showed significant reduction in self-reported frequency of cocaine use, resistance to craving, and mood symptoms during participation in the protocol. The results of this study are consistent with recent clinical and laboratory findings in primary cocaine users. Despite initially promising pilot studies, recent evidence does not support the efficacy of bromocriptine to reduce cocaine use or craving.
A new power law for determination of total 125I seed activity for ultrasound-guided prostate implants: clinical evaluations

Abstract Purpose: The intraoperative planning with peripheral loading approach is an important technique for ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate implant. In this paper a sphero-cylindrical dose model is described to generate a new power law or a look-up table for determination of the total 125 I activity required to deliver a prescription dose to a given prostate volume. Methods and Materials: Dose calculations were based on the new standards for 125 I seeds (model 6711) implemented by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1999. Using the sphero-cylindrical dose model with peripheral loading approach, a new power law for calculating total activity of radioactive iodine required to deliver a prescribed dose for the target volume was developed. Accounting for random variation of the seed positioning in the prostate and the current air-kerma strength standard of 125 I seeds, this new power law is formulated as follows: A (mCi) = 2.15 d (cm) 2.00 where A is apparent activity in mCi, or A (U) = 1.69 d (cm) 2.00 where A is air-kerma strength in U, required to deliver a cumulative dose of 145 Gy to a prostate gland with an average dimension, d , in centimeters. Results: The efficacy of using the new power law in prostate implants was demonstrated. For clinical evaluations of this new power law, 40 patients were chosen in 1998. The average D 90 of these 40 patients was 172.0 Gy (SD ± 29 Gy). This means that on the average, 90% of the target volume received was 172.0 Gy. The average coverage index (CI) in this study was 94.7 (SD ± 4.7). As a result, 94.7% of the target volume received the prescription dose. The dose homogeneity index (HI) which measured the degree of the dose inhomogeneity was 0.38 (SD ± 0.21). Conclusion: This new and simple power law or a new mCi-volume look-up table for 125 I seed prostate implantation has been developed and formulated for clinical use. Clinical evaluations expressed in quantitative parameters such as D 90 , CI, and HI in prostate implants have been thoroughly analyzed and clearly demonstrated the efficacy of this approach.
Reduction of Noise‐Induced Bias in Displacement Estimation by Linear Off‐Pixel Digital Image Correlation

: A linear digital image correlation algorithm is proposed to eliminate noise-induced bias in one-dimensional translation estimation using noisy images. The algorithm uses linear interpolation for both initial and current images at off-pixel positions and solves directly the displacement parameter by minimizing a sum-of-squared-differences coefficient. Both analytical results and numerical simulations using synthetic image sets show that there is indeed no noise-induced bias in the displacement estimation using the proposed algorithm if the off-pixel positions in both images are chosen properly according to the relative displacement between two images. When the displacement is only known initially within a range of ±0.5 pixels from the actual displacement, an iterative procedure using the algorithm is able to obtain the displacement estimation with a residual bias that converges to the noiseless subpixel approximation bias. A further refinement of the off-pixel analysis algorithm will be needed so the remaining residual bias due to subpixel approximation can also be significantly reduced.
Security metrics and security investment models

Planning information security investment is somewhere between art and science. This paper reviews and compares existing scientific approaches and discusses the relation between security investment models and security metrics. To structure the exposition, the high-level security production function is decomposed into two steps: cost of security is mapped to a security level, which is then mapped to benefits. This allows to structure data sources and metrics, to rethink the notion of security productivity, and to distinguish sources of indeterminacy as measurement error and attacker behavior. It is further argued that recently proposed investment models, which try to capture more features specific to information security, should be used for all strategic security investment decisions beneath defining the overall security budget.
Molecular markers that predict response to colon cancer therapy.

Progress in the treatment of colon cancer depends on the development of target-based molecules built on an improved understanding of the molecular biology of the disease. Defining end points for chemotherapy resistance is needed as drug resistance develops quickly and patients demonstrate variation in response to chemotherapy. Many techniques that measure a marker’s preponderance have been developed including biochemical, immunohistochemical, genomics, proteomics or a combination thereof. However, standardization of these techniques that measure either genes or their protein products is urgently needed. This article reviews several markers (TS,TP, DPD, FT, EGFR, VEGF, CD44v6, TRAIL, microsatellite instability, allelic deletions, oncogenes and suppressor genes [c-myc, Ki-Ras, p53, p21, Topo I, Topo IIα, Fos, hMLH1, Bcl-2/Bax and MDR1], MDR-related proteins [Pgp, MRP and LRP], genomic polymorphisms [XPD, ERCC1, GSTP1 and TS 3´-UTR] and COX-;2) that influence DNA metabolism, DNA damage, programmed cell death...
Life cycle comparison of hydrothermal liquefaction and lipid extraction pathways to renewable diesel from algae.

Algae biomass is an attractive biofuel feedstock when grown with high productivity on marginal land. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) produces more oil from algae than lipid extraction (LE) does because protein and carbohydrates are converted, in part, to oil. Since nitrogen in the algae biomass is incorporated into the HTL oil, and since lipid extracted algae for generating heat and electricity are not co-produced by HTL, there are questions regarding implications for emissions and energy use. We studied the HTL and LE pathways for renewable diesel (RD) production by modeling all essential operations from nutrient manufacturing through fuel use. Our objective was to identify the key relationships affecting HTL energy consumption and emissions. LE, with identical upstream growth model and consistent hydroprocessing model, served as reference. HTL used 1.8 fold less algae than did LE but required 5.2 times more ammonia when nitrogen incorporated in the HTL oil was treated as lost. HTL RD had life cycle emissions of 31,000 gCO2 equivalent (gCO2e) compared to 21,500 gCO2e for LE based RD per million BTU of RD produced. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increased when yields exceeded 0.4 g HTL oil/g algae because insufficient carbon was left for biogas generation. Key variables in the analysis were the HTL oil yield, the hydrogen demand during upgrading, and the nitrogen content of the HTL oil. Future work requires better data for upgrading renewable oils to RD and requires consideration of nitrogen recycling during upgrading.
Navigation of the Galileo Spacecraft

Galileo’s journey began on October 18, 1989, when the combined Orbiter/Probe spacecraft was launched from Earth onto its Jupiter transfer trajectory by the Space Shuttle Atlantis and a Boeing two-stage Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). The 3.7-billion-kilometer, six-year transfer to Jupiter (see Figure 1) included three planetary gravity-assist flybys, one with Venus (1990) and two with Earth (1990 and 1992) to gain the energy necessary to reach Jupiter. The interplanetary trajectory also included close flybys of two main-belt asteroids: 951-Gaspra (1991) and 243-Ida (1993). On December 7, 1995, the Probe and Orbiter arrived at Jupiter on separate, but precisely coordinated, trajectories. The Probe, which had been released from the Orbiter five months earlier, plunged into Jupiter’s atmosphere to conduct its scientific measurements. The Probe had been precisely targeted to the desired atmospheric entry conditions prior to its release from the Orbiter. The Orbiter encounter with Jupiter included three mission-critical events, all occurring within about eight hours. First, the Orbiter flew by Io at an altitude of about 900 km for a gravity assist to reduce its speed in order to lower the ΔV required for Jupiter orbit insertion (JOI). Then the Orbiter performed the Probe relay, receiving and storing science and engineering data transmitted from the Probe as it overflew the Probe during its descent through Jupiter’s atmosphere. Finally, the large JOI burn (645 m/s) was performed to slow the Orbiter to achieve a capture orbit about Jupiter.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS OF AEDES MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): TRANSPLANTATION STUDIES

In Aedes aegypti, the ’matrone’ substance which caused mating inhibition and stimulated oviposition in females, was present in the anterior secretory region of the male accessory glands. In the divided accessory glands of male A. triseriatus, however, it was present in the posterior glands. The posterior gland substance in A. triseriatus was not species specific. It stimulated oviposition in A. aegypti and caused mating inhibition in A. atropalpus. The secretory substance of the posteriormost region in the glands of both species of mosquitoes was mucin in nature. This mucin substance effectively glued the secretory granules of the anterior region(s).
Fabrication of Axially Symmetric Long-Period Gratings With a Carbon Dioxide Laser

We demonstrate a simple but effective method of creating an axially symmetric refractive index change in an optical fiber using the infrared beam from a carbon dioxide laser. Symmetric exposure of the fiber is achieved by using a single incident laser beam and placing a special reflector behind the fiber. Long-period gratings produced with this method exhibit clean spectra and very low insertion loss (<0.1 dB), similar to those induced by ultraviolet light
Municipal Water Planning—Mixed Integer Approach

The mixed integer programming approach to selection of municipal water source-facility combinations overcomes many of the limitations of linear programming. The mixed integer concept allows separation of capital investment and operating costs for detailed analysis of the least cost of insuring desired level of service. Standard of pipe and equipment require discrete, not continuous variables. Chance constrained programming allows uncertainty in both supply and demand to be considered in the model. An optimizing algorithm based upon the Branch Bound concept of mixed integer programming selects the optimum combination of source-facilities from all possible alternatives. The procedure is demonstrated by developing a model for an example problem and the optimum solution is given.
Effects of cations and organic compounds on inactivation of poliovirus with urea, guanidine, and heat.

SummaryCations stabilized poliovirus against inactivation by urea (0.5-4.5 M) and heat (45°) but to sensitize it to inactivation by guanidine, indicating that urea and heat affect the same structure on the virion which is different from those affected by guanidine. Choline, methionine, betaine, and even guanidine had similar effects as cations. However, certain low concentrations of choline and methionine were also able to partially prevent guanidine inactivation. The action of these compounds on the reactivity of po-liovirion is discussed in terms of induced conformational changes of the viral capsid protein.
Beyond the Elliptical Span Load: Optimizing Minimum Induced Drag Using Enhanced Leading Edge Suction

The elliptical spanwise lift distribution is widely regarded as being the most aerodynamically efficient for any planform. Many studies conclude that introducing nonplanar geometry, such as winglets, C-wings, box-wings, etc., may increase the efficiency of a given, base planform. We conducted configuration design studies considering aerodynamic effects in an incompressible, inviscid flow to investigate the influence of basic geometric parameters on induced drag. Planar and non-planar configurations were simulated and compared using a vortex-lattice method CFD code to solve the potential flow. Planar configurations, with varying sweep angles, taper ratios, and aspect ratios, supported conventional belief that elliptical loadings are the most aerodynamically efficient. Nonplanar studies, incorporating both spanwise geometric twist and dihedral angles, revealed the theoretical existence of non-elliptical span loads of much greater efficiency. These span loads exploit the combined effects of sweep, taper, dihedral, twist (geometric and aerodynamic), and leading edge suction. Analysis of high efficiency configurations revealed further reductions in induced drag are possible using airfoil sections that enhance the effects of leading edge suction. The most efficient planar and non-planar configurations are compared, leading to the realization that spanwise twist must be incorporated into the planform preliminary design phase if maximum aerodynamic efficiency is to be achieved. Physically feasible planform configurations and design guidelines for optimal aerodynamic span loads are proposed.
Detection of Cancer-Specific Proteases Using Magnetic Relaxation of Peptide-Conjugated Nanoparticles in Biological Environment.

Protease expression is closely linked to malignant phenotypes of different solid tumors; as such, their detection is promising for diagnosis and treatment of cancers, Alzheimer’s, and vascular diseases. Here, we describe a new method for detecting proteases by sensitively monitoring the magnetic relaxation of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS). In this assay, tailored peptides functioning as activatable nanosensors link magnetic nanoparticles and possess selective sites that are recognizeable and cleaveable by specific proteases. When these linker peptides, labeled with biotin at N- and C-terminals, are added to the neutravidin functionalized IONPs, nanoparticles aggregate, resulting in well-defined changes in the MPS signal. However, as designed, in the presence of proteases these peptides are cleaved at predetermined sites, redispersing IONPs, and returning the MPS signal(s) close to its preaggregation state. These changes observed in all aspects of ...
Lattice Thermal Resistivity due to Point Defects

Scattering of phonons by point defects can be studied in the long-wave limit by measuring the thermal conductivity of dielectric solids at low temperatures where it first departs from the Casimir T3 dependence, and by measuring the first departure of the lattice thermal conductivity of metallic alloys from Makinson’s T2 dependence. At high temperatures the long wavelength limit is still a fair approximation provided the defect concentration is high. Scattering of phonons by point defects can be expressed in terms of a local change in the phonon velocity at the defect. The scattering cross-section as function of frequency is proportional to the density of states. In the absence of dispersion this results in a fourth-power dependence. Strong dispersion can simulate resonance effects. The case of the vacancy is considered. The vacancy has no low-lying resonances; apparent resonances due to vacancies in KCl are traced to a strongly dispersed TA branch. A simple model of the vacancy yields scattering cross-sections in rough agreement with experiments for KCl, for SnTe and for ZnC.
High performance polyethylene fibers

Abstract High performance PE fibers are found in a wide variety of commercial and defense applications today. They represent the highest tensile strength to mass ratio of any known fiber material. The evolution of this class of fibers from a scientific curiosity in the first half of the 20 th century to the high performance ballistic grade materials in use today represents a significant portion of the history of polymer science as a whole. Each stage in the development of PE fiber processing, from Melt spinning to Solution spinning to finally Gel-spinning has provided key insights into fundamental behavior of linear, flexible polymer molecules in the melt state and in solution. Current research in employing sophisticated scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopic techniques are being used to map the interior structure of single PE filaments in great detail, providing insight into how processing history influences the sub-filament structure and the manner in which load is translated through the fiber. What follows is a brief history of this evolution of PE fibers and a discussion of the current areas of relevant research. A key challenge for investigators new to this topic is sorting through the vast amount of published work generated over the last 50+years. It is hoped that the information in the following chapter will serve as a starting point and provide both historical context and a solid foundation from which new threads of research into the processing and properties of high performance PE fibers can be initiated.
Sociotechnical stewardship in higher education: a field study of social media policy documents

Social media use has risen in higher education, as campus stakeholders frequently access these technologies for teaching, learning, research, communication, and information sharing. With these connected, digital technologies, our colleges and universities understand there are both opportunities and threats that social media affords. Higher education has increasingly witnessed a number of challenging incidents and abuses online. As a result, a number of institutions are evaluating policies and practices to regulate online behavior and establish community standards for students, staff, and faculty. Using latent semantic analysis, 36 universal topics are extracted from the 250 policy documents. This study not only establishes reference database of social media policy documents representing ten countries, it also forms the ontology to develop the framework foundation of sociotechnical stewardship to support strategic, long-term technology planning for organizations and their stakeholders.
The Old Church Slavonic Conjugation (With an Appendix on the Old Russian Conjugation)

(1951). The Old Church Slavonic Conjugation (With an Appendix on the Old Russian Conjugation) WORD: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 155-167.
Epitomic Image Super-Resolution

We propose Epitomic Image Super-Resolution (ESR) to enhance the current internal SR methods that exploit the self-similarities in the input. Instead of local nearest neighbor patch matching used in most existing internal SR methods, ESR employs epitomic patch matching that features robustness to noise, and both local and non-local patch matching. Extensive objective and subjective evaluation demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of ESR on various images.
SMALL BONE GRAFTS

When small fragments of the bones of young dogs are used as autogenous grafts, there is a considerable tendency to form new bone. New bone formation is very much less marked when the experiment is carried out on adult dogs. The tendency to proliferate and form new bone in these small grafts appears to be dependent upon the presence of living osteogenic cells in the grafts. Osteogenic cells in small numbers are distributed throughout the cortex of the graft, as well as in the cambium layer of periosteum and endosteum, and they get sufficient nutrition to survive. Boiling for ten minutes kills these cells and prevents osteogenesis. The general principle is laid down that it is fallacious to fragment a bone graft more than is necessary for the technique of the operation, since minute fragmentation lowers both its supporting and its osteogenic functions. It is emphasized that the intact blood supply of the bed of the graft and the cambium layer of the periosteum are as important for regeneration as is the density of the graft for supportive purposes. There is no evidence in these experiments that metaplasia of other connective-tissue cells to bone-forming cells plays any part in the new bone formation associated with bone grafting.
Environmental indicators of oyster norovirus outbreaks in coastal waters

This paper presents an artificial intelligence-based approach to identifying environmental indicators of oyster norovirus outbreaks in coastal waters. It was found that oyster norovirus outbreaks are generally linked to the extreme combination of antecedent environmental conditions characterized by low water temperature, low solar radiation, low gage height, low salinity, strong wind, and heavy precipitation. Among the six environmental indicators, the most important three indicators, including water temperature, solar radiation and gage height, are capable of explaining 77.7% of model-predicted oyster norovirus outbreaks while the extremely low temperature alone may explain 37.2% of oyster norovirus outbreaks. It is, therefore, recommended that water temperature in oyster harvesting areas be monitored in the cold season and particularly the extremely low temperature during a low gage height be used as the primary indicator of oyster norovirus outbreaks. The findings are of profound significance to reducing the public health risk of norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of oysters.
Adsorption and Oxidation of Ethylene on the Stoichiometric and O-Rich RuO2(110) Surfaces

We investigated the adsorption and oxidation of ethylene (C2H4) on stoichiometric and oxygen-rich RuO2(110) surfaces using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We find that C2H4 binds strongly on the coordinatively-unsaturated (cus) Ru sites of RuO2(110), and desorbs in a peak at ~315 K during TPRS. According to DFT, C2H4 initially adsorbs in a π-bonded configuration on atop Rucus sites but converts to a more stable di-σ species of the form C2H4O, prior to desorbing or reacting. Our TPRS results show that the stoichiometric RuO2(110) surface exhibits limited reactivity toward C2H4, whereas the O-rich surface is highly active toward promoting the extensive oxidation of C2H4. We find that the absolute yield of reacted C2H4 increases to a maximum with increasing initial coverage of on-top O-atoms (Oot) on RuO2(110), and show that this behavior is accurately described by a model that assumes unit reaction probability of C2H4 molecules adsorbed a...