cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixing studies in the single screw extruder

Laminar mixing in a single screw extruder between two miscible liquids is considered. Studies are presented which examine the mixing performance in single screw extruders with mixing sections, variable geometry screws, and multi-viscosity mixtures. Model extruders, set up on engine lathes, were used to mix colored silicone rubber which eventually cured in the screw channel. The cured silicone was then removed and sliced to measure the mixing. Results show mixing as a function of both down channel location and total average strain. For the mixing section study, results support the theory of interfacial area reorientation as the key mechanism in mixing section performance. Increasing viscosity ratio for the multi-viscosity study showed a decrease in mixing rate.
Hamiltonian stationary tori in Kähler manifolds

A Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifold of a Kahler manifold is a Lagrangian submanifold whose volume is stationary under Hamiltonian variations. We find a sufficient condition on the curvature of a Kahler manifold of real dimension four to guarantee the existence of a family of small Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian tori.
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Inhibits Differentiation and Increases Apoptotic Cell Death of Precursor T-Cells in the Fetal Mouse Thymus.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes thymic atrophy as well as alterations in thymocyte maturity in mice. Multiple mechanisms for thymic hypocellularity have been suggested, and include an increase in thymocyte apoptosis, a maturation arrest of thymocyte development, inhibited thymocyte proliferation, and a diminution of seeding of the thymus by the hematopoietic progenitors in the fetal liver or adult bone marrow. Fetal mice are highly sensitive to hypocellularity induction by TCDD when the chemical is administered during the window of thymic development, between days 10 and 18 of gestation. Treatment of pregnant C57Bl/6 mice in the present experiments with doses of 5 or 10 μ g/kg TCDD by oral gavage on gestation days 14 and 16 severely depressed day 18 thymic cellularity. Histopathologic evaluation of day 18 fetal thymi showed disruption of the normal organ architecture with loss of clear distinction between cortical and medullary regions after TCDD. A decrease in thymocyte density was note...
On White Coats and Professional Development: The Formal and the Hidden Curricula

White coat ceremonies are a recent phenomenon in medical education. Selected as a symbol by the Arnold P. Gold Foundation to impress upon medical students the importance of compassion and humility, the white coat has had a long association with all things medical, scientific, and healing. It is also associated with the attributes of purity and goodness traditionally symbolized by the color white. Thus, its selection as the material focus of the white coat ceremony seems natural. This article situates the white coat ceremony as a curricular event and suggests that, in addition to having the meanings cited above, the white coat has other meanings that fall into the realm of the hidden curriculum--it can symbolize caregiving hierarchies and spheres of practice, the social and economic privilege of physicians, and medicine's well-established practices of determining membership in the profession. Finally, this paper suggests several other ceremonies or rituals that may be better than the white coat ceremony for encouraging compassion and humility in medical students.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura

Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP) is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin which can grow to a large size and present with symptoms of cough and pleuritic chest pain. No specific etiological factors for SFTPs are known and they may grow undetected for several years. These tumors are usually benign and may mimic a variety of malignancies. SFTPs are often detected as peripheral opacities on chest X-ray. Unfortunately, fine needle aspiration rarely provides adequate information for a definitive diagnosis. Imaging with computed tomography provides details about the size and extent of any invasion into adjacent tissues. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, and immunohistochemistry of the resected tumor often provides confirmation of the diagnosis. Some SFTPs have been observed to be malignant, and surgical intervention is often lifesaving. There is no adequate data to support the usage of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of SFTPs. This tumor exemplifies malignancies which require surgical resection to preempt worse outcomes. Awareness of their presentation and clinical course may help the clinician provide a prompt referral to the thoracic surgeon for resection.
A bookmarking service for organizing and sharing URLs

Web browser bookmarking facilities predominate as the method of choice for managing URLs. In this paper, we describe some deficiencies of current bookmarking schemes, and examine an alternative to current approaches. We present WebTagger(TM), an implemented prototype of a personal bookmarking service that provides both individuals and groups with a customizable means of organizing and accessing Web-based information resources. In addition, the service enables users to supply feedback on the utility of these resources relative to their information needs, and provides dynamically-updated ranking of resources based on incremental user feedback. Individuals may access the service from anywhere on the Internet, and require no special software. This service greatly simplifies the process of sharing URLs within groups, in comparison with manual methods involving email. The underlying bookmark organization scheme is more natural and flexible than current hierarchical schemes supported by the major Web browsers, and enables rapid access to stored bookmarks.
Comparison of methods for measurement of cooling tower drift

Abstract An international comparison of methods for measurement of cooling tower drift has been performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Participants from Belgium, the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany participated in measurements of a spectrum of test environments, which span the range of cases which would typically be encountered in operating cooling towers. The environments differed according to droplet mass flux, droplet size distribution and gas speed. A wind tunnel was built to provide the various test environments, and a special optical drift measurement system was built to permit simultaneous monitoring of the environment sampled in the tests. Cases tested included both mechanical and natural draft cooling tower environments. Among the types of instruments tested are the pulsed laser light scattering system (PILLS), sensitive paper and other sensitive surface droplet impaction systems, isokinetic drift mass flux measurement systems and photographic systems. The results indicate that the instruments tested vary widely in their capabilities, with droplet sizing instruments being more effective in low load, small droplet size spectrum situations, and isokinetic mass and chemical assay techniques being most accurate in high load, large droplet distribution cases. Instruments relying upon thermodynamic state measurements in most cases agreed mutually within an order of magnitude. Their major source of error is believed to arise in the measurement of the gas stream relative humidity. This quantity is necessary for inferring the drift mass flux from the measurement provided by such instruments, which is the mixture saturation deficit or excess. For these tests the relative humidity was typically ⩽ 98%.
PVTx Measurements and Crossover Equation of State of Pure n-Hexane and Dilute Aqueous n-Hexane Solutions in the Critical and Supercritical Regions

The PVTx relationship of aqueous n-hexane solutions (0.0201, 0.082, and 0.8500 mole fraction of n-hexane) has been measured in the near-critical and supercritical regions with a constant-volume piezometer. Measurements were made on the critical isotherm of pure water 647.1 K with pressures ranging from 8 to 33 MPa. The total uncertainties of density, pressure, temperature, and composition measurements are estimated to be less than 0.16%, 0.05%, 15 mK, and 0.001 mole fraction, respectively. The Krichevskii parameter was estimated (124.4 ± 20 MPa) from direct measurements of the P−x dependence along the critical isotherm-isochore of pure water. The measured PVTx data were used to calculate partial molar volumes at infinite dilution for n-hexane in near-critical water. The asymptotic behavior of the partial molar volume along the solvent's (pure water) critical isotherm-isobar was studied. The molar volume values for the dilute H2O + n-C6H14 mixture along the critical isotherm-isochore of pure water were als...
Thermophysical properties of the Isidis basin, Mars

[1] We investigated the thermal properties of the Isidis basin in order to understand the high values (>450 J m -2 K -1 s -1/2 ) located in the southern region of the basin. Thermal inertia data were compared to a variety of complementary data sets, including radar, visible, and results from mesoscale atmospheric simulations. We considered four mechanisms for creating the high thermal inertia, including (1) the thinning of a dust mantle, (2) the presence of unconsolidated, coarse-grained material, (3) high rock abundance, and (4) a high degree of induration. Induration is the scenario most consistent with the data, although we cannot rule out unconsolidated materials and it is likely that rocks contribute to values of thermal inertia to a lesser degree. We also investigated three mechanisms for controlling the geographical distribution of the high thermal inertia values, including (1) the influence of topography, (2) the role of surface morphology, and (3) present aeolian processes. Topography plays a significant role along the southern boundary of the basin but not within the basin itself. THEMIS data show a complex relationship between the thermal inertia and morphology. The wind patterns modeled by the Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) are not fully consistent with the wind directions implied by streaks in the thermal data but are consistent with a second group of streaks observed in the visible data. This suggests that small-scale (tens of kilometers) streaks observed in the thermal data did not form under present-day, nominal winds.
Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms

The normative approach can be a useful tool for managers in setting standards for acceptable conditions when there is substantial agreement among recreationists. However, recent research has raised questions about whether norms are present universally. The question of the relationship between the presence of norms and other variables has not been investigated in detail. This study uses a sample of hikers and stock users from the Eagle Cap Wilderness in Oregon to investigate the relationships between variables including mode of travel, destination (high or low‐use), past wilderness experience, attitudes toward impacts, attitudes toward management practices, and the presence of individual norms for encounters. Approximately 44% of respondents reported a norm for encounters with others, 29% said encounters matter but could not give a number, and 28% said that encounters do not matter to them. Residence, trailhead use level, and past wilderness experience were related to the presence of norms. Those with norm...
INTERFERENCE FRAGMENTATION FUNCTIONS AND THE NUCLEON'S TRANSVERSITY ∗

We introduce twist-two quark interference fragmentation functions in helicity density matrix formalism and study their physical implications. We show how the nucleon's transversity distribution can be probed through the final state interaction between two mesons ($\pi^+\pi^-$, $K\bar K$, or $\pi K$) produced in the current fragmentation region in deep inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized nucleon.
Effect of experimentally altered occlusal vertical dimension on temporomandibular articulation

Abstract The occlusal relations of the teeth of monkeys were experimentally altered to increase the vertical dimension of occlusion for a period of 90 days. This procedure resulted in pathologic changes in the temporomandibular articulation which included extensive resorption of bone in the subchondral regions as well as of the bone along the anterior and posterior borders of the neck of the condyle and along the floor of the glenoid fossa. The articular cartilage of the condyle became thickened, and the condyle appeared to have been flattened.
Evaluation Of The RCA 512X320 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Imagers For Astronomical Use

Because the astronomical performance capabilities of solid state imaging devices are generally beyond the manufacturer's testing interest, Kitt Peak National Observatory has undertaken a program to do this testing. This paper deals with the evaluation of the RCA 512 x 320 bulk (buried) channel CCD (SID 53601) and, to a more limited extent, the thinned version of the same device (SID 53612). The emphasis of the evaluation involved optimization of performance and performance parameters such as noise, linearity, quantum efficiency, and cosmic ray response. The results indicate that the devices can be useful in many astronomical applications, especially those requiring good blue response, but noise and low level transfer efficiency may limit its use in some spectroscopic uses.
Consumer-oriented social data fusion: controlled learning in social environments, social advertising, and more

This paper explores the current practices in social data fusion and analysis as it applies to consumer-oriented applications in a slew of areas including business, economics, politics, sciences, medicine, education and more. A categorization of these systems is proposed and contributions to each area are explored preceded by a discussion of some special issues related to social data and networks. From this work, future paths of consumer-based social data analysis research and current outstanding problems are discovered.
Estimating the chiral-symmetry-restoration temperature in two-flavor QCD.

We combine measurements of the chiral-symmetry--restoration transition temperature and hadron masses in lattice QCD with two flavors of light quarks to estimate the transition temperature in megaelectronvolts. We compare this estimate to results of ``quenched'' QCD to estimate the effects of our large lattice spacing on the results. We find that the dynamical quarks lower the temperature of the phase transition relative to the pure gauge theory.
Is "Man" Still the Subject of Administration?

Scientific advances are radically changing the relationship between government, knowledge, and citizens, thereby putting into question the content of the central subject/object of public administration—"humans." This article analyzes three interrelated problematizations in order to illuminate important aspects of this issue. The first, antihumanism, calls into question the plausibility of a universal, shared essence of humanity and "Man," Foucault's empirico-transcendental doublet. The second, transhumanism, concerns the question of whether new biotechnologies enable humans to overcome the determinism of their biological inheritance and actively participate in its expression. The third problematization revives Redford's formulation of "Man as the subject of administration." This is justaposed with antihumanism to describe anthropocentric administration, which historically presumed a passive relationship with objects of knowledge and, by extension, a certain mode of relating with citizens. The insights of ...
Energetics of steps on Pt(111)

First-principles local-density approximation optimizations for Pt(331), Pt(221), Pt(211), and Pt(533) slabs, the surfaces of which are vicinal to Pt(111), are used to extract approximate theoretical energies per unit length for the two varieties of unkinked step on Pt(111). As expected on the basis of bond counting, the calculated energies of the (111)-type and (100)-type steps are nearly equal, about 0.46--0.47 eV per step-edge atom. Near equality of the step-formation energies does not agree with Michely and Comsa`s finding that (111)-type edges are about 50% longer than (100) edges for islands on Pt(111) equilibrated at 700 K, corresponding to a formation free energy that is 13% lower.
DEUTERIUM AND BERYLLIUM (n,2n) CROSS SECTIONS BETWEEN 6 AND 10 MEV

The ($n, 2n$) cross sections of deuterium and beryllium have been measured for incident neutron energies in the range from 6 to 10 Mev using a large liquid scintillator. The cross sections in barns obtained for deuterium were 0.067\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 at 6.11 Mev, 0.073\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 at 6.55 Mev, 0.088\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009 at 7.32 Mev, 0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 at 8.26 Mev, and 0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 at 10.2 Mev. The beryllium cross sections were 0.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 at 6.55 Mev, 0.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 at 7.32 Mev, and 0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 at 8.26 Mev.
Partitioning of multivariate phenotypes using regression trees reveals complex patterns of adaptation to climate across the range of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa).

Local adaptation to climate in temperate forest trees involves the integration of multiple physiological, morphological, and phenological traits. Latitudinal clines are frequently observed for these traits, but environmental constraints also track longitude and altitude. We combined extensive phenotyping of 12 candidate adaptive traits, multivariate regression trees, quantitative genetics, and a genome-wide panel of SNP markers to better understand the interplay among geography, climate, and adaptation to abiotic factors in Populus trichocarpa. Heritabilities were low to moderate (0.13 to 0.32) and population differentiation for many traits exceeded the 99th percentile of the genome-wide distribution of FST, suggesting local adaptation. When climate variables were taken as predictors and the 12 traits as response variables in a multivariate regression tree analysis, evapotranspiration (Eref) explained the most variation, with subsequent splits related to mean temperature of the warmest month, frost-free period (FFP), and mean annual precipitation (MAP). These grouping matched relatively well the splits using geographic variables as predictors: the northernmost groups (short FFP and low Eref) had the lowest growth, and lowest cold injury index; the southern British Columbia group (low Eref and intermediate temperatures) had average growth and cold injury index; the group from the coast of California and Oregon (high Eref and FFP) had the highest growth performance and the highest cold injury index; and the southernmost, high-altitude group (with high Eref and low FFP) performed poorly, had high cold injury index, and lower water use efficiency. Taken together, these results suggest variation in both temperature and water availability across the range shape multivariate adaptive traits in poplar.
Form factors for charmed baryon decays at order 1mc in the HQET limit

Abstract We study the vector and axial vector form factors in the heavy to light transitions in charmed baryons decays using HQET. We calculate the 1 m c corrections to the form factors and show that these corrections can be significant. The inclusion of the 1 m c corrections increases the number of form factors from the original number of six to eight; HQET analysis does not have sufficient predictive power to be interesting phenomenologically. We make some reasonable assumptions about these form factors, and we are able to express the orginal six form factors in terms of only two form factors. We then consider applications to semi-leptonic and hadronic decays of charmed baryons.
A Model of Factors That Influence Global Product Standardization

The need to maximize long-term profits is causing companies to globalize markets for their products, and evaluate the role that global product standardization plays in the achievement of strategic cost advantage. The literature proposes a number of factors to be associated with global product standardization. In this paper, the background of global product standardization is reviewed, and the factors associated with global product standardization are identified. This paper also presents a model showing the relationships between these factors and the dimensions of global product standardization, and provides suggestions for future research on the topic.
Cellular distribution of a human I-A-like (DS/DC) antigen on normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells

Abstract Previous biochemical studies have shown that B cell specific, monoclonal antibody, McAb 33.1, reacts with a class II antigen that represents a human analogue of murine I-A (DS/DC) antigens (J. Exp. Med. 158:1924, 1983). McAb 33.1 recognizes a polymorphic human B lymphocyte specific antigen present on μ + , B 1 + peripheral B cells, B lymphoid cell lines, activated B cells, and neoplastic B lymphoid cells. Of 100 HLA-D/DR typed EBV-transformed lympho-blastoid cell lines tested, only those from DR3,3 and DR7,7 individuals failed to react with McAb 33.1. The 33.1 antigen is present at lower concentrations on B cells from blood, tonsil, spleen, and lymph node when compared to B cell lines. By contrast, the antigen is not detectable on blood T lymphocytes, T cell lines, or mitogen activated T cells and it is absent on monocytes of some individuals or is present only on a minor subpopulation (∼20%). McAb 33.1 should facilitate the functional, structure, and molecular dissection of the human Ia system.
Volcanism and siliceous microfaunal 'diversity' in the southwest Pacific during the pleistocene period

Abstract Correlation between atmospherically transported volcanic dust and the ‘diversity’ of siliceous microfauna in a subantarctic deep-sea sedimentary core provides support for the concept of volcanic enhancement of organic activity, probably as the result of corresponding micronutrient and trace metal increases.
Postoperative estradiol levels associate with development of primary graft dysfunction in lung transplantation patients.

Abstract Background Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) frequently complicates lung transplantation in the immediate postoperative period. Both female gender and estradiol modulate the body's response to injury and can influence the rate of alveolar fluid clearance. Objective We hypothesized that female gender and higher estradiol levels would be associated with a lower risk of PGD after lung transplantation. Methods We measured plasma estradiol levels preoperatively, 6 hours postoperatively, and 24 hours postoperatively in a cohort of 111 lung transplant recipients at 2 institutions. Results Mean age was 57 years (12.5) and 52% were female. Median postoperative estradiol level was 63.9 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.8−154.3 pg/mL) in male and 65.1 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.4−217.2 pg/mL) in female patients. Contrary to our hypothesis, higher estradiol levels at 24 hours were associated with an increased risk of PGD at 72 hours in male patients ( P = 0.001). This association was preserved when accounting for other factors known to be associated with PGD. However, there was no relationship between gender and risk of PGD or between estradiol levels and PGD in females. Conclusion These findings suggest that there might be different biologic effects of estrogens in males and females, and highlight the importance of considering gender differences in future studies of PGD.
Molecular cloning of a Coxiella burnetii gene encoding a macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) analogue

Summary: The gene encoding a protein that reacted with antibodies specific for Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (LpMip) was cloned from Coxiella burnetii, the obligate intracellular rickettsia that causes Q fever in humans. Nucleotide sequencing analysis revealed an ORF encoding a gene product of 230 amino acids with a molecular mass of 25-5 kDa and a predicted pI of 10-7. The predicted amino acid sequence from the ORF shows similarity with Mip/Mip-like proteins of Legionella (46%) and Chlamydia (30%). Moreover, like LpMip, the amino acid sequence of the C terminus of this protein has over 35% identity to prokaryotic and eukaryotic FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) that belong to a superfamily of immunophilins and are peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPlases). When overproduced in Escherichia coli, the C. burnetii protein also exhibited PPlase activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that C. burnetii encodes a Mip analogue (CbMip). A putative leader peptide at the N terminus of CbMip was detected by computer analysis. Furthermore, TnphoA mutagenesis demonstrated that in E. coli CbMip was secreted. In view of the role of Mip/Mip-like proteins in the pathogenesis of Legionella and Chlamydia, CbMip may be a C. burnetii virulence factor.
Determination of submicrogram quantities of osmium by catalysis

The osmium catalysis of the Ce(IV)-As(III) reaction is made the basis of a general method for the determination of 0.001 to 0.2μg Os per milliliter. The rate of reaction can be determined photometrically or potentiometrically.
Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthers

In populations or species with low fitness (high genetic load), a new management strategy called genetic rescue has been advocated to help avoid extinction. In this strategy, unrelated individuals from another population are introduced into the population with low fitness in an effort to reduce genetic load. Here we present ten guidelines that can be used to evaluate when genetic rescue is a good management option, the appropriate procedures for genetic rescue planning and management, and the potential negative genetic consequences of genetic rescue. These guidelines are then used to evaluate the genetic rescue aspects of the recovery programs for the Mexican wolf and the Florida panther.
Do p+p Collisions Flow at RHIC? Understanding One-Particle Distributions, Multiplicity Evolution, and Conservation Laws

Abstract Collective, explosive flow in central heavy ion collisions manifests itself in the mass dependence of p T distributions and femtoscopic length scales, measured in the soft sector ( p T ≲ 1 GeV/c ). Measured p T distributions from proton-proton collisions differ significantly from those from heavy ion collisions. This has been taken as evidence that p+p collisions generate little collective flow, a conclusion in line with naive expectations. We point out possible hazards of ignoring phase-space restrictions due to conservation laws when comparing high- and low-multiplicity final states. Already in two-particle correlation functions, we see clear signals of such phase-space restrictions in low-multiplicity collisions at RHIC. We discuss how these same effects, then, must appear in the single particle spectra. We argue that the effects of energy and momentum conservation actually dominate the observed systematics, and that p + p collisions may be much more similar to heavy ion collisions than generally thought.
Minority Vote: At-Least-N Voting Improves Recall for Extracting Relations

Several NLP tasks are characterized by asymmetric data where one class label NONE, signifying the absence of any structure (named entity, coreference, relation, etc.) dominates all other classes. Classifiers built on such data typically have a higher precision and a lower recall and tend to overproduce the NONE class. We present a novel scheme for voting among a committee of classifiers that can significantly boost the recall in such situations. We demonstrate results showing up to a 16% relative improvement in ACE value for the 2004 ACE relation extraction task for English, Arabic and Chinese.
A Needle in the Haystack—Finding that First Academic Serials Job and Advancing to the Next Level

You just finished grad school and are eager for that first academic serials position. What improves your chances of getting an interview and job offer? What should you avoid doing that will kill any chance of getting your foot in the door? After you have successfully worked in a position for a while, how do you advance in your career? What opportunities exist for you to become a contributor to the larger serials community? These questions and more are answered.
Effect of age on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic hormones in man.

The effect of age and adiposity on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (hPP), glucagon (IRG), insulin (IRI) and glucose was examined in 263 healthy subjects between the ages of 20–69 yr. Mean plasma levels of hPP rose continuously from the third through the seventh decades. Mean plasma levels of IRG rose within the third and fourth decades but failed to rise further thereafter. Mean plasma levels of IRI did not change with age. Mean plasma levels of glucose rose by approximately 2 mg/dl decade. The correlations of age with hPP, IRG, glucose, and adiposity were 0.47, 0.35, 0.25 (all P < 0.01) and 0.15 (P < 0.05), respectively. When adjustments were made for adiposity, the correlations of age with hPP, IRG, and glucose remained. Adiposity correlated with IRI, IRG, and glucose but when age correction was made, only the correlation of adiposity with IRI persisted. We conclude that: 1) age has a significant effect on fasting plasma levels of hPP and IRG; 2) the patterns of the age-related changes i...
An approximate method for computation of probability intervals for the top-event probability of fault trees

Abstract This paper proposes a procedure for obtaining the probability intervals for the top-event probability of a fault tree by exploiting an empirical linear relationship between the logarithm of the top-event probability and the logarithms of the basic event probabilities. The procedure is computationally fast, and several examples indicate that they yield reasonably accurate results.
Cultural Relativism and the Future of Anthropology

Unlike old generals, the debate regarding cultural relativism neither dies nor fades away, as a spate of recent publications indicates (for example, Brown 1984; Geertz 1984; Gellner 1985; Hatch 1983; Hollis and Lukes 1982; Jarvie 1984; Lloyd and Gay 1981; Meiland and Krausz 1982; Shweder 1984). If the present contribution to this debate is not entirely redundant, it is because it has somewhat different aims.
Does Intelligence Cause Achievement?: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

The literature of cognitive development has produced two opposing models of mental growth. One holds that the acquisition of concrete mental skills causes the later development of higher order organizational schema or rules. The contrasting model postulates a progression in which the initial acquisition of larger schema results in the increased capacity to acquire new concrete skills. While both probably operate to some extent, an attempt was made in this research to determine the preponderant developmental sequence. The scores of 5,495 students who had taken intelligence and achievement, tests in both fourth and sixth grades were analyzed through the use of the cross-lagged panel correlation technique. For students of suburban schools (N = 3,994), the abstract-to-concrete causal sequence predominated, while among inner-city school children, the opposite held. The specific causal relationships between skills assessed on the various subscales of the tests employed, the value of the cross-lagged panel correlation technique in causal analysis, and an extensive methodological examination and qualification of this analytic model are presented.
FROM FEDERALISM TO FRANCOPHONIA: SENGHOR'S AFRICAN POLICY

The passing of the colonial order from much of Africa left a complex geopolitical environment within which to confront the problems of modernization. Since 1960 African states have had to cope with a confused mosaic of competing sovereignties bequeathed by the colonial scramble and the breakup of the colonial federations. In spite of the appeal of pan-Africanism to many African intellectuals, diversity and differentiation rather than unity have been the rule in the post-colonial era, both within most African states and in their international relations. Despite similar legacies and many common problems, African governments have found it difficult to transcend their colonial boundaries either in the name of political ideology or apolitical efficiency. A number of African leaders have devoted considerable effort to changing this situation. Seme, of whom Kwame Nkrumah is perhaps the most familiar example, have stressed the achievement of continental political unity as the most effective approach to reorganizing the inter-African system. Others, of whom Leopold Senghor is a prime example, have emphasized regional projects based on cooperation in economic and technical domains without regard to political unity. Senghor's approach reflects the functionalist notion that there are relatively noncontroversial matters which provide a foundation for the gradual development of international institutions. Senegal's inter-African diplomacy under Senghor, therefore, provides a framework within which to evaluate functionalism as a strategy of international organization in the context of contemporary Africa.
Professional development for practicing mathematics teachers: a critical connection to English language learner students in mainstream USA classrooms

This article examines the effects of changing teacher self-efficacy on student achievement. Results from a quantitative study of mathematics teachers in a USA mid-Atlantic state showed that teachers experienced reduced self-efficacy when working with English language learner students (ELLs) relative to non-ELLs. Further, the article explores professional development opportunities for strengthening teachers’ effectiveness with ELLs. The study utilized a four-part survey instrument based on the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES). All participants (n = 181) were mathematics educators from the highlighted state, and 94 % of them were preK-12 public school practicing classroom teachers. Study results indicate that teachers’ participation in professional development on ELL instruction is positively correlated to their heightened sense of self-efficacy. This finding points to continuing education as a potentially viable approach to reducing academic challenges for ELL students in mainstream mathematics classrooms by developing ever more effective practicing teachers.
Recognition of ERK MAP kinase by PEA-15 reveals a common docking site within the death domain and death effector domain

PEA-15 is a multifunctional protein that modulates signaling pathways which control cell proliferation and cell death. In particular, PEA-15 regulates the actions of the ERK MAP kinase cascade by binding to ERK and altering its subcellular localization. The three-dimensional structure of PEA-15 has been determined using NMR spectroscopy and its interaction with ERK defined by characterization of mutants that modulate ERK function. PEA-15 is composed of an N-terminal death effector domain (DED) and a C-terminal tail of irregular structure. NMR ‘footprinting’ and mutagenesis identified elements of both the DED and tail that are required for ERK binding. Comparison of the DED-binding surface for ERK2 with the death domain (DD)-binding surface of Drosophila Tube revealed an unexpected similarity between the interaction modes of the DD and DED motifs in these proteins. Despite a lack of functional or sequence similarity between PEA-15 and Tube, these proteins utilize a common surface of the structurally similar DD and DED to recognize functionally diverse targets.
Association between fire-safe cigarette legislation and residential fire deaths in the United States

Cigarettes and other tobacco-related smoking products have traditionally been a major ignition source for residential fire deaths. In the United States, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have passed laws requiring that cigarettes self-extinguish if they are not being smoked (so-called fire-safe cigarette laws). The purpose of this study was to quantify the association between state-level implementation of fire-safe cigarette legislation and the rate of residential fire death. Poisson regression was used to analyze state-years data. Main intervention: Implementation dates for fire-safe cigarette legislation in each state. Outcome: Residential fire mortality rate. Implementation of fire-safe cigarette legislation was associated with a 19% reduction in overall residential fire mortality rates, adjusted for demographic differences between states (rate ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.79, 0.84). This is approximately similar to the estimated proportion of residential fire deaths in which smoking materials are an ignition source (23%). Legislation implementation was associated with a protective effect for every age, sex, race, and ethnicity strata that we examined. State-specific residential fire mortality death rates decreased (defined as a drop of at least 5%) in 32 states after fire-safe cigarette legislation was implemented. In 12 states there was either less than a 5% decrease or an increase, and seven states had insufficient deaths to evaluate state-level changes. Implementation of fire-safe cigarette is associated with reductions in residential fire mortality rates.
Clinical Importance of a Unilateral Striated Pattern Seen on Sonography of the Testicle

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical importance of a unilateral striated pattern seen on high-resolution sonography of a testicle on the basis of follow-up imaging.CONCLUSION. In the absence of relevant clinical findings or an abnormal signal on color-flow or power Doppler sonography, a striated pattern of a testicle appears to have no clinical importance. It is presumed to represent fibrosis, and the patient most likely can be followed up clinically and sonographically rather than having to undergo surgical exploration.
Bicrystalline TiO2 with controllable anatase–brookite phase content for enhanced CO2 photoreduction to fuels

Among the three naturally existing phases of TiO2, brookite is the least studied as a photocatalyst. In this study, single-phase anatase and brookite, and mixed-phase anatase–brookite TiO2 nanomaterials were synthesized through a hydrothermal method. The anatase–brookite phase content was controlled by adjusting the concentration of urea in the precursor solution. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution TEM were used to confirm the crystal structures. SEM and TEM analyses demonstrated that anatase TiO2 were nearly spherical nanoparticles while brookite TiO2 were rod-shaped nanoparticles. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed a blue shift in absorption spectra with increasing brookite content. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared bicrystalline TiO2 were evaluated for CO2 photoreduction in the presence of water vapor for production of solar fuels (CO and CH4). The activities were compared with those of pure anatase, pure brookite, and a commercial anatase–rutile TiO2 (P25). The results showed that bicrystalline anatase–brookite was generally more active than single-phase anatase, brookite, and P25. The bicrystalline mixture with a composition of 75% anatase and 25% brookite showed the highest photocatalytic activity, likely due to the enhanced interfacial charge transfer between anatase and brookite nanocrystals. In situ DRIFTS analysis showed that CO2− and HCO3− species were active reaction intermediates for CO2 photoreduction while the accumulation of non-reactive CO32− species on the TiO2 surface may be detrimental.
Computer simulation of U.S. Army officer professional development

On January 1, 1992 the grandfather period ended for waiving the legal prerequisites for promoting Army officers to the rank of brigadier general that were imposed by Title IV of the Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. Title IV requires, among other things, that military officers in the armed services serve a minimum of three years in a "joint" duty assignment prior to promotion to general officer. We present a computer simulation for analyzing (1) the impact of Title IV on officer professional development and (2) the impact of the law on officer inventory needed to meet Army personnel requirements. The simulation model permits Army personnel managers to evaluate potential changes to law, policy, and force structure affecting officer professional development.
Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African populations

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in approximately 3500 individuals belonging to a number of diverse Southern African populations. The indigenous peoples show the presence of the Gm alleles known to occur in Negroes (Gm1, 5, 13, 14, Gm1, 5, 6, 14 and Gm1, 5, 6) but the Bushmen possess some of them in very low frequencies and have, in addition and in appreciable frequencies the Gm1 and Gm1, 13 alleles which have not been reported as occurring in West African populations. The distribution of the Gm1, 13 allele in various Bantu-speaking tribes of the sub-continent reveals a marked cline, increasing from north to south along the eastern seaboard. The correlation between the frequency of Gm1, 13 and the Khoisan morphological, features present in a number of the tribes, and with the linguistic evidence which has been used to group them is high. The Bushmen possess a Gm1, 5 allele and may also have a Gm1, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21 allele. A Gm1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17 allele seems to be present in the Bantu. Its presence in Eastern New Guinea would also appear to be indicated by the population data presented here.
A Theory of Spontaneous T Violation

A theory of spontaneous $T$ violation is presented. The total Lagrangian is assumed to be invariant under the time reversal $T$ and a gauge transformation (e.g., the hypercharge gauge), but the physical solutions are not. In addition to the spin-1 gauge field and the known matter fields, in its simplest form the theory consists of two complex spin-0 fields. Through the spontaneous symmetry-breaking mechanism of Goldstone and Higgs, the vacuum expectation values of these two spin-0 fields can be characterized by the shape of a triangle and their quantum fluctuations by its vibrational modes, just like a triangular molecule. $T$ violations can be produced among the known particles through virtual excitations of the vibrational modes of the triangle which has a built-in $T$-violating phase angle. Examples of both Abelian and non-Abelian gauge groups are discussed. For renormalizable theories, all spontaneously $T$-violating effects are finite. It is found that at low energy, below the threshold of producing these vibrational quanta, $T$ violation is always quite small.
Dynamic biomechanical model of the hand and arm in pistol grip power handtool usage

The study considers the dynamic nature of the human power handtool operator as a single degree-of-freedom mechanical torsional system. The hand and arm are, therefore, represented as a single mass, spring and damper. The values of these mechanical elements are dependent on the posture used and operator. The apparatus used to quantify these elements measured the free vibration frequency and amplitude decay of a known system due to the external loading of the hand and arm. Twenty-five subjects participated in the investigation. A full factorial experiment tested the effects on the three passive elements in the model when operators exerted maximum effort for gender, horizontal distance (30, 60, 90 cm), and vertical distance (55, 93, 142 190 cm) from the ankles to the handle. The results show that the spring element stiffness and mass moment of inertia changed by 20.6 and 44.5% respectively with vertical location (p<0.01), and 23.6 and 41.2% respectively with horizontal location (p<0.01). Mass moment of inertia and viscous damping for males were 31.1 and 38.5% respectively greater than for females (p<0.01). Tool handle displacement and hand force during torque build-up can, therefore, be predicted based on this model for different tool and workplace parameters. The biomechanical model was validated by recalling five subjects and having them operate a power handtool for varying horizontal distances (30, 60, 90 cm), vertical distances (55, 93, 142 cm), and two torque build-up times (70, 200 ms). Tool reaction displacement was measured using a 3D-motion analysis system. The predictions were closely correlated with these measurements (R = 0.88), although the model underpredicted the response by 27%. This was anticipated since it was unlikely that operators used maximal exertions for operating the tools.
Promoters and mechanisms of SF6 oxidation reactions

Abstract Various gases can increase the rate of SF 6 oxidation. The efficacies of these promoters were shown to be inversely proportional to their electronegativities, demonstrating that the unusual slowness of SF 6 -oxygen reactions is caused by the ability of the fluorines in SF 6 to repel the highly electro-negative oxygen. Whereas SOF 4 is the principal sulfur oxyfluoride product of SF 6 -oxygen reactions, the presence of each of the promoters leads to a shift in products, primarily to SOF 2 formation. However, SO 2 formation is enhanced by the presence of relatively low hydrogen concentrations, and the level of SO 2 F 2 formation is strongly influenced by the identity and concentration of the various promoters. These data are used to deduce detailed reaction mechanisms that are consistent with the observed products and thermochemical energetics.
Luminescence from perturbed exciton states

Abstract The luminescence of KI(Tl), KBr(Tl), and KCl(Tl) has been investigated at 20°, 80° and 300°K for excitation in the A and D bands. The data indicate that two different centers are necessary to explain the emission. It is suggested that at least one emission band in KI(Tl) and KBr(Tl) results from electronic transitions on the negative ions surrounding the thallous ion. The corresponding emission in KCl(Tl) is not evident. It is also suggested that the emitting center may have the same symmetry as the center responsible for the intrinsic emission in these crystals.
Theory‐Testing, Generalization, and the Problem of External Validity

External validity refers to the generalization of research findings, either from a sample to a larger population or to settings and populations other than those studied. While definitions vary, discussions generally agree that experiments are lower in external validity than other methodological approaches. Further, external validity is widely treated as an issue to be addressed through methodological procedures. When testing theories, all measures are indirect indicators of theoretical constructs, and no methodological procedures taken alone can produce external validity. External validity can be assessed through determining (1) the extent to which empirical measures accurately reflect theoretical constructs, (2) whether the research setting conforms to the scope of the theory under test, (3) our confidence that findings will repeat under identical conditions, (4) whether findings support the theory being tested, and (5) the confirmatory status of the theory under test. In these ways, external validity is foremost a theoretical issue and can only be addressed by an examination of the interplay between theory and methods.
Measuring the intelligibility of conversational speech in children

Conversational speech is the most socially-valid context for evaluating speech intelligibility, but it is not routinely examined. This may be because it is difficult to reliably count the number of words in the unintelligible portions of the sample. In this study four different approaches to dealing with this problem are examined. Each is based on the assumption that it is possible to perceive syllables in unintelligible strings even when the target words are unknown; these unintelligible syllables can then be used to estimate the number of unintelligible words in these samples using at least four different approaches. Preliminary data are presented for each of the four approaches based on conversational speech from two convenience samples including 320 children with normal (or normalized) speech and 202 children with speech delay. Differences among the four approaches are discussed.