cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agreement over noisy networks

The authors consider the agreement problem over noisy communication networks. This problem is analysed via a blend of ideas from stochastic stability (supermartingales) and algebraic graph theory (spectra of graph Laplacians). In this venue, the authors show that the noisy agreement protocol has a guaranteed probabilistic convergence, provided that an embedded step size meets a graph theoretic constraint. The authors then proceed to define a pertinent graph parameter and point out the ramifications of having noisy information exchange links in networks that can be modelled as random and random geometric graphs.
Thermochemistry of rare-earth orthophosphates

The enthalpies of formation for the compounds (RE3+)PO4, (where RE = Sc, Y, La–Nd, Sm–Lu) were determined by oxide-melt solution calorimetry. Calorimetric measurements were performed in a Calvet-type twin microcalorimeter in sodium molybdate (3Na2O · 4MoO3) and lead borate (2PbO · 2B2O3) solvents at 975 K. The experiments were carried out using both powdered single crystals grown by a flux technique and powders synthesized by precipitation. Formation enthalpies were derived from the drop-solution enthalpies for (RE)PO4, RE oxides, and P2O5. Enthalpies of formation for the (RE)PO4 compounds with respect to the oxides at 298 K become more negative with increasing RE3+ ionic radius; i.e., in going from ScPO4 (−209.8 ± 1.0 kJ/mol), to LuPO4 (−263.9 ± 1.9 kJ/mol), to LaPO4 (−321.4 ± 1.6 kJ/mol). From structural considerations, a similar trend is expected for the isostructural RE vanadates and arsenates, as well as for the tetravalent actinide orthosilicates.
Comparison of Price-Based Static and Dynamic Job Allocation Schemes for Grid Computing Systems

Grid computing systems are a cost-effective alternative to traditional high-performance computing systems. However, the computing resources of a grid are usually far apart and connected by Wide Area Networks resulting in considerable communication delays. Hence, efficient allocation of jobs to computing resources for load balancing is essential in these grid systems. In this paper, two price-based dynamic job allocation schemes for computational grids are proposed whose objective is to minimize the execution cost for the grid users' jobs. One scheme tries to provide a system-optimal solution so that the expected price for the execution of all the jobs in the grid system is minimized, while the other tries to provide a job-optimal solution so that all the jobs in the system of the same size will be charged approximately the same expected price independent of the computers allocated for their execution to provide fairness. The performance of the proposed dynamic schemes is compared with static job allocation schemes using simulations.
The in utero ultrasonographic appearance of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome

chemotherapy is not specific with regard to original histology, sex, or chemotherapeutic regimen. The present case demonstrates that redifferentiation also is not specific with respect to final histology. ‘Three hypotheses, not mutually exclusive, have been proposed for this phenomenon’: The first is that chemotherapy destroys some cell lines selectively, leaving others to proliferate; the second is that chemotherapy induces differentiation; the third is that there is a natural tendency for germ cell tumors to undergo benign differentiation. The natural history of malignant germ cell tumors untreated with chemotherapy makes the last hypothesis unlikely. No aspect of’this case compels acceptance of one of the first two theories to the exclusion of the other. However, it is attractive to hypothesize that the chetnotherapy destroyed all of the cell lines except the dysgerminomatous elements, allowing these to proliferate.
Identification and Control of Mechanical Systems: Finite-Element Method

Introduction In the analysis of continuous systems, the formulations describing the system response are governed by partial differential equations, as presented in the last chapter. The exact solution of the partial differential equations satisfying all boundary conditions is possible for only relatively simple systems such as a uniform beam. Numerical procedures must be used to approximate the partial differential equations and predict the system response. The finite-element method is a very popular technique for the numerical solution of complex problems in engineering. It is a technique for solving partial differential equations that represent a physical system by discretizing them in their space dimensions. The discretization is performed locally over small regions of simple but arbitrary shape, i.e., finite elements. For example, in structural engineering, a structure is typically represented as an assemblage of discrete truss and beam elements. The discretization process converts the partial differential equations into matrix equations relating the input at specified points in the elements to the output at these same points. To solve equations over large regions, the matrix equations for the smaller subregions are summed node by node to yield global matrix equations. Our objective in this chapter is to present the fundamental principles of the finite-element method. It is not our goal to summarize all the finite-element formulations available, but rather to establish only the basic and general principles that provide the foundation for a preliminary understanding of the finite-element method.
Results from a wideband HF usability study

High Frequency (HF) radio systems have been used for the transmission of data for a very long time. The recent introduction of waveforms utilizing HF bandwidths much greater than 3 kHz represents a significant change in the potential for moving large amounts of data over HF radio systems. One of the key questions to be answered in respect of the new wideband HF systems is the degree to which the wider bandwidths will provide useful new capabilities. This paper outlines the results of a month long study that employed wideband HF data waveforms, in conjunction with a fourth generation automatic link establishment system, to evaluate the supportability of HF data communications between three sites across Canada.
Modeling Geometric Mistuning of a Bladed Rotor: Modified Modal Domain Analysis

Modified Modal Domain Analysis (MMDA) is a novel method for the development of a reduced-order model of a bladed rotor with geometric mistuning. This method utilizes proper orthogonal decomposition of Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM) data on blades’ geometries, and sector analyses using ANSYS and solid modeling. In this paper, the algorithm to compute reduced-order mass and stiffness matrices from ANSYS sector analyses are provided and numerical results dealing with variations in natural frequencies and forced response are presented for different patterns of geometric mistuning.
Abstract 3499: Novel Nitric Oxide-Containing Echogenic Liposome for the Treatment of Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background: Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality. The reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is suggested an important mechanism underlying cerebral vasospasm, a complication of SAH. NO or NO donors are known to have potent effects on cerebral vascular relaxation. We have developed NO-containing echogenic liposomes (NO-ELIP) for NO delivery to assess the role of NO in SAH-induced vasospasm. We hypothesized that NO-ELIP can produce vasodilation and provide an effective therapeutic approach to treat vasospasm following SAH. Methods: NO-ELIP was created by a freeze-under-pressure method. Male Sprague- Dawley rats (n=9) underwent SAH by puncturing the right middle cerebral artery with a sharp tip nylon monofilament. In the treatment groups, NO-ELIP were administered through the right femoral vein at 24 hours after SAH onset. The brain tissue was obtained for H&E staining at 30 min after NO-ELIP administration. Measurement of the posterior communicating artery was performed to evaluate the effects of NO-ELIP treatment on vasospasm following SAH. Results: After SAH, the normalized lumenal and wall thickness areas decreased from 1.02 ± 0.08 to 0.40 ± 0.15 (p Conclusion: This study demonstrates that NO-ELIP have the potential to deliver NO for therapeutic treatment of vasospasm. Enhancing the release of NO from circulating NO-ELIP by combining ultrasound exposure over the carotid artery may further provide an improved treatment strategy. This suggests that targeted therapeutic gas can be delivered to the cerebral circulation for the treatment of vasospasm following SAH
Peripheral nerve injuries secondary to missiles

Peripheral nerve injuries secondary to missiles can present some of the most challenging problems faced by hand surgeons. This article reviews the pertinent neural anatomy, injury classifications, and repair techniques. Options in the management of nerve gaps are presented including the use of vascularized nerve grafts. The results are discussed and a treatment algorithm is presented.
Sex pheromones of noctuid moths. VI. Absence of behavioral specificity for the female sex pheromones of Trichoplusia ni versus Autographa californica, and Heliothis zea versus H. virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Quantitative determinations of the response thresholds of male moths exposed to ether extracts of female abdomen tips provided evidence for the behaviorally similar nature of female sex pheromones between Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) and Autographa californica (Speyer) and between Heliothis sea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.). Males of A. californica attempted to mate with females of T. ni , without successful coupling occurring. Certain males of H. zea that succeeded in coupling with females of H. virescens could neither transfer spermatophores nor separate from the females. No successful interspecific transfer of a spermatophore occurred among any of the species, indicating the existence of morphological or physiological reproductive isolating mechanisms other than the female sex pheromone.
Can DiCoT Improve Infection Control?: A Distributed Cognition Study of Information Flow in Intensive Care

Inhibited information flow in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) can degrade patient wellbeing and expose hospital staff to hazardous conditions. To identify areas for improvement, we applied the Distributed Cognition for Teamwork (DiCoT) methodology and representational framework in a large hospital in the Southeastern US. We conducted ethnographic observations and interviews for 4 months, discovering systemic information flow barriers. This paper focuses on patient isolation status, which is put into place when a communicable disease is discovered, and how status propagation is sometimes delayed, increasing risk of Hospital-Acquired Infection (HAI). We use DiCoT to navigate the solution space, and propose introducing digital signs. Our main contribution is describing how DiCoT principles quickly led us to solutions to improving information flow in critical care. In future work, we will conduct further investigation, with additional design iterations.
Changes of chemical composition in mulberry wine fermentation

The changes of some chemical compositions,including total sugar,total acid,volatile acid,tannin,ethanol,carbinol,higher alcohol,ester and so on,during mulberry wine fermentation was studied in this paper.The results showed that the ethanol content,total acid level and pH value were 12%vol,6.83 g/L and 3.12,respectively.No change of tannin content was found.Volatile acid was increased during fermentation,however,the value was 1.0 g/L did not exceed l.2 g/L.The methanol was produced at the beginning of fermentation and its concentration was not changed in the fermentation.The contents of higher alcohols including n-propan alcohol,iso-butyl alcohol and iso-pentyl alcohol account for 50% of the total fra-grant compositions and was constantly accumulated during fermentation.In addition,acetaldehyde,ethyl acetate,ethyl caproate,ethyl valerate,ethyl lactate and some otherunidentified compositions were also detected.
Equity Issues in Science Education

The International Handbook of Science Education was commissioned by Kluwer Academic Publishers for their handbook series which was edited by Barry Fraser and Kenneth Tobin. These two editors invited me to take responsibility for editing one of the ten sections in the handbook. This was the section on equity. They also invited me to write the lead article for this section. As such, this article was not a study but a review of the literature in science education.
Cooperatives and Caste: The Debate on Property in the Stolypin Era, 1906–14

To officials involved in agrarian policy, the rural uprisings of 1905–7 made the need for an active agrarian policy seem urgent and directly connected with the survival of the regime. The image of conflagration in which peasants burned estates, seized gentry property, and attacked symbols of authority seemed to confirm Witte’s warnings on the eve of the uprisings: peasants had little interest in preserving the state order because they were not made a part of it, were unable to respect the private property of other estates because they were subject to different property laws, and were driven to extremes by socio-economic dislocation. Property relations — or the absence of peasant private property — had been a central theme in agrarian debates since the 1860s, but even Witte had avoided the issue due to the lack of consensus within the central government and his own lingering doubts over the capacity of peasants to adjust to change.
POWER2: architecture and performance

A dichotomy exists among the various approaches to achieving performance in the workstation and server markets. Some implementations aggressively pursue high clock rate goals, often by settling for less instruction-level parallelism. In contrast, IBM workstations have been well-known for supporting high degrees of concurrency. POWER2 (Performance Optimized With Enhanced RISC) based RISC System/6000 workstations further widen the gap between the instruction-level parallelism and clock rate approaches. This paper describes the architecture and performance aspects of these new systems. >
Non-factorizable C-valued functions induced by finite connected graphs

In this paper, we study factorizability of \(\mathbb{C}\)-valued formal series at fixed vertices, called the graph zeta functions, induced by the reduced length on the graph groupoids of given finite connected directed graphs. The construction of such functions is motivated by that of Redei zeta functions. In particular, we are interested in (i) "non-factorizability" of such functions, and (ii) certain factorizable functions induced by non-factorizable functions. By constructing factorizable functions from our non-factorizable functions, we study relations between graph zeta functions and well-known number-theoretic objects, the Riemann zeta function and the Euler totient function.
Excellent response to chemotherapy post immunotherapy

// Ashish D. Dwary 1 , Samip Master 1 , Abhishek Patel 1 , Constance Cole 1 , Richard Mansour 1 , Glenn Mills 1 , Nebu Koshy 1 , Prakash Peddi 1 , Gary Burton 1 , Dalia Hammoud 1 and Kavitha Beedupalli 1 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA Correspondence to: Kavitha Beedupalli, email: // Keywords : excellent response, chemotherapy, immunotherapy Received : June 28, 2017 Accepted : July 26, 2017 Published : August 08, 2017 Abstract Introduction: Immunotherapy in the form of immune checkpoint inhibitors has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. Newer monoclonal antibodies are coming up and are being tested in various cancers during different stages of treatment. With the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of various types of cancers, the question is raised as to what next can be offered to a patient who has progressed on this newer treatment. Does Sequence matter? There have been reports of improved responses to chemotherapy after immunotherapy in the form of vaccines. Here we present a case series of 6 patients who progressed on immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors after initial modality of treatment (chemotherapy/radiation), subsequently received chemotherapy with excellent response. Methods: We have a cohort of six patients who had disease progression on second line Immunotherapy for solid or hematological malignancies and had ECOG < 2. All these patients received third line salvage chemotherapy. Three patients had metastatic head and neck cancer, 2 had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and one had T -cell rich B- cell lymphoma. Prior review and approval were obtained from our institutional review board. Results: All patients had an excellent response to chemotherapy in third line setting, after immune checkpoint inhibitors and most of them achieved a complete response. Conclusion: Targeting cancer with chemotherapy after failure of immunotherapy is a valid option and can lead to better response rates and PFS which may lead to OS. This effect may be secondary to immunotherapy removing the inhibition exerted by tumor cells or other immune cells initially followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy mediated killing of tumor cells.
Better Late Than Never: Efficient Transmission of Wide Area Measurements in Smart Grids

The persistent pursuit of reliability dates back to the birth of power system. In the era of smart grid, the harsh requirement extends to the whole system including communication infrastructure. The concentration of wide area synchronized measurements within large system is challenging. In this paper, we investigate the data aggregation issue of phasor measurement units (PMU) data stream in the synchrophasor network, where large latencies lead to unnecessary packet loss. We reduce the final packet loss rate by formulating the data aggregation problem as a multiple stopping time problem. Based on simulation, the success rate booms when compared with single optimal stopping time and multiple fixed-stopping time approaches. Our result could benefit the future development of protocol design, system state estimation and missing data recovery techniques.
Settlement, expulsion, and return:

This article discusses two normative questions raised by cases of colonial settlement. First, is it sometimes wrong to migrate and settle in a previously inhabited land? If so, under what condition...
Agenesis of Anterior Falx Cerebri in Patient with Planned Interhemispheric Approach to Third Ventricle Mass.

Background Complete or partial agenesis of the falx cerebri may occur in pediatric patients with developmental anomalies. However, isolated agenesis of the falx in a developmentally normal adult is exceptionally rare. We describe the first reported case of a patient with a third ventricular mass associated with partial agenesis of the anterior falx cerebri, a circumstance that influenced surgical access to a third ventricular epidermoid cyst. Case Description A 60-year-old developmentally normal woman presented with progressively worsening aphasia and altered mental status. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed obstructive hydrocephalus from a third ventricular mass. An anterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach was planned to remove the tumor. However, upon dural opening there was no evidence of a falx cerebri, an anomaly visible but not reported on the prior imaging studies. An interhemispheric fissure was present, but the medial frontal lobes were densely adherent, with multiple traversing veins within the superficial arachnoid of the fissure. Therefore, a left frontal transcortical approach was performed for microsurgical resection of the tumor. Histopathologic analysis identified the lesion to be an epidermoid cyst. Conclusions Partial agenesis of the falx cerebri is exceedingly rare in a developmentally normal adult, particularly in the presence of an anatomically normal superior sagittal sinus. If present, however, it is important to note this association preoperatively because partial agenesis of the falx cerebri precludes an interhemispheric transcallosal approach to the lateral and third ventricles.
Default priors for the intercept parameter in logistic regressions

In logistic regression, separation occurs when a linear combination of predictors perfectly discriminates the binary outcome. Because finite-valued maximum likelihood parameter estimates do not exist under separation, Bayesian regressions with informative shrinkage of the regression coefficients offer a suitable alternative. Classical studies of separation imply that efficiency in estimating regression coefficients may also depend upon the choice of intercept prior, yet relatively little focus has been given on whether and how to shrink the intercept parameter. Alternative prior distributions for the intercept are proposed that downweight implausibly extreme regions of the parameter space, rendering regression estimates that are less sensitive to separation. Through simulation and the analysis of exemplar datasets, differences across priors stratified by established statistics measuring the degree of separation are quantified. Relative to diffuse priors, these proposed priors generally yield more efficient estimation of the regression coefficients themselves when the data are nearly separated. They are equally efficient in non-separated datasets, making them suitable for default use. Modest differences were observed with respect to out-of-sample discrimination. These numerical studies also highlight the interplay between priors for the intercept and the regression coefficients: findings are more sensitive to the choice of intercept prior when using a weakly informative prior on the regression coefficients than an informative shrinkage prior.
Evaluation of massive transfusion protocol practices by type of trauma at a level I trauma center.

Purpose: To evaluate massive transfusion protocol practices by trauma type at a level I trauma center. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on a sample of 76 trauma patients with MTP activation between March 2010 and January 2015 at a regional trauma center. Patient demographics, transfusion practices, and clinical outcomes were compared by type of trauma sustained. Results: Penetrating trauma patients who required MTP activation were significantly younger, had lower injury severity score (ISS), higher probability of survival (POS), decreased mortality, and higher Glasgow Coma scale (GCS) compared to blunt trauma patients. Overall, the mortality rate was 38.16%. The most common injury sustained among blunt trauma patients was head injury (36.21%), whereas the majority of the penetrating trauma patients sustained abdominal injuries (55.56%). Although the admission coagulation parameters and timing of coagulopathy were not significantly different between the two groups of patients, a significantly higher proportion of penetrating trauma patients received high plasma content therapy relative to blunt trauma patients (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Despite the use of the same MTP for all injured patients requiring massive transfusion, significant differences existed between blunt trauma patients and penetrating trauma patients. These differences in transfusion characteristics and outcomes following MTP activation underscore the complexity of implementing MTPs and warrant vigilant transfusion practices to improve outcomes in trauma patients. Key words: Massive transfusion protocol; Blunt; Penetrating; Trauma
Translational potential of tumor exosomes in diagnosis and therapy

Abstract Exosomes are endocytic-derived nanovesicles that are secreted by nearly all cell types in the body. Not only do exosomes contain important bioactive cargoes, but they also serve as direct cellular conduits by transporting these cargoes both proximally and distally to target cells. The horizontal exchange of cellular material mediated by exosomes has been shown to influence both normal physiology and disease states, such as cancer. Compelling evidence supports the role of exosomes in altering the tumor microenvironment, in promoting angiogenesis and immune modulation, and in establishing the premetastatic niche. Therefore, exosomes may not only provide a potential mechanistic link to tumor metastasis but could also be used as cancer biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic regimes.
Mark-up Languages: Speech

Until fairly recently, the web has primarily delivered information and services using visual interfaces, on computers equipped with displays, keyboards, and pointing devices. The web revolution had largely bypassed the huge market of customers of information and services represented by the worldwide installed base of telephones for which voice input and audio output provided the primary means of interaction. VoiceXML 2.0 [VXML2], a standard recently released by the W3c [W3C], is helping to change that. This article describes the features of VoiceXML 2.0 and illustrates their use in spoken dialogue systems through a set of examples.
Wake Fields: Limitations and Possibilities

If we consider the electric and magnetic fields surrounding a relativistic point charge, we see that they are nearly transverse to the direction of motion, having an angular spread of the order of 1/γ, as shown in Fig. 1. A conducting obstacle to one side of the charge a distance b, say, will intercept a portion of these fields and scatter them so that a second charge, following the first on the same path a distance s behind, will experience the scattered fields after the time it takes the speed of light to go from the scatterer to the axis of travel.
Sustainability, Current Programs, and a Look to the Future

It is important to review a few key concepts, address the school context, explore the sustainability of new mental health programming, and look at how families and schools can work together. In addition, a look to the future is considered by briefly exploring the so-called third wave of CBT to include therapies such as dialectical behavior therapy and mindfulness cognitive therapy, although these interventions may need more school-based research support before they would be chosen over other evidence-based interventions already available. The influence of technology in school-based mental health intervention is briefly discussed, as this trend will surely continue. The infusion of emotion science into CBT is advocated along with several examples of curricula already under development.
Adolescent Development, Theories of

The multifaceted nature of adolescence—the fact that it has biological, psychological, and social components—has made the period the focus of attention to theorists from many different disciplines, including biology, psychology, sociology, history, and anthropology. The purpose of this article is to provide brief summaries of the major theoretical viewpoints and highlight the central contributions each has made. In general, biologists and psychologists have emphasized the changing physical, intellectual, emotional, and social capabilities of the individual and have asked whether and in what ways individual functioning during adolescence differs from functioning during childhood or adulthood. Sociologists, anthropologists, and historians, in contrast, have focused on the transition of individuals into adult status and have posed questions about the nature of these changes in roles, rights, and responsibilities. The major biological and psychological theories discussed are those of G.S. Hall, A. Freud, P. Blos, H.S. Sullivan, E. Erikson, and J. Piaget. The major sociological, historical, and anthropological theories discussed are those of K. Lewin, E. Freidenberg, K. Mannheim, J. Coleman, G. Elder, J. Kett, R. Benedict, and M. Mead.
Treatment of benign pigmented lesions using a novel Dermal Cooling System

Benign pigmented lesions are among the most common dermatologic diagnoses that patients seek treatments for. Treatment modalities range from cryotherapy to light and laser-based technologies. These treatments have been shown to be effective, yet may lead to dyschromia or significant downtime. Therefore, we report the first clinical experience with a novel Dermal Cooling System that provides localized and controlled freezing to benign pigmented lesions. Twenty patients seeking treatment for benign pigmented lesions were treated with the Dermal Cooling System at the laser and cosmetic dermatology clinic at the University of California, San Diego. Photographs were captured at baseline and follow-up visits. Two blinded investigators reviewed and graded the photographs. Most patients experienced improvement after 1 month following the first treatment. Macular or slightly raised lesions responded best. Treatment side effects were transient, lasted a maximum of 3 days, and included erythema, swelling, itching, and darkening. There was no observed long-term dyschromia. The novel Dermal Cooling System shows promise in the treatment of flat to slightly raised benign pigmented lesions with little-to-no downtime. Further clinical experience is necessary to continue to optimize treatment parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:59-61, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MARS: The Why and How of It

The Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS Group) was assembled to address the issue of worse outcomes noted for revision ACL reconstructions noted by clinicians. It currently involves 83 surgeons at 52 sites which represents the most sites ever involved in a prospective orthopedic study. Greater than 1200 patients were enrolled, and 2-year follow-up has been completed at better than 80%. As described in this chapter, we have analyzed graft choice, meniscus, articular cartilage, surgical factors, rehabilitation factors, and their impact on outcome. The findings will allow us to counsel and treat patients more appropriately moving forward.
Resilience, community action and societal transformation: People, place, practice, power, politics and possibility in transition

Resilience, Community Action and Societal Transformation is an excellent resource for students, educators, academics, and community development practitioners. In reviewing this book, the principal ...
Venture Capital: An Experiment in Computational Corporate Finance

process, incorporating moral hazard and asymmetric information problems. The structure of the model, involving managerial effort, staged investment, and later-stage syndication, replicates what we know empirically of venture-capital financing. An entrepreneur raises funding for a positive NPV project by selling shares in the project. Terms-of-financing must take into account incentives for entrepreneur effort. After the entrepreneur's effort provision, if performance is strong, the entrepreneur will raise funds in the next financing stage, until the project is ultimately cashed out. We explore several financing scenarios, including first-best, monopolistic, and competitive syndicate financing. We solve numerically for initial effort levels and participants' project shares and option values, then measure value loss from first-best. We find that when financed by outside investors, the value loss from under-provision of effort is sizable, and that many positive-NPV firms cannot be financed. Syndicate financing in later stages alleviates under-provision of effort and increases the value of all parties. The initial venture capitalist, despite no longer being able to profit from a monopoly on late-stage financing, benefits from the entrepreneur's increased effort incentives. Allowing limited renegotiation between the incumbent venture capitalist and the entrepreneur leads to further increases in continuation efficiency and NPV. The syndication case is not as efficient with private information as with public information. The "fixed-fraction" rule of Admati-Pfleiderer (1994) for efficient project continuation does not hold, due to the endogeneity of effort. However, in many cases, requiring the initial investor to take an increasing share of the company can promote efficient continuation.
Revisitando un outlier: el domicilio insospechado de la excepcionalidad uruguaya

espanolMuchos de los fragmentos de experiencia que dieron lugar a la idea de “excepcionalidad uruguaya”, convertida en una suerte de lugar comun, remiten al pasado. Mi proposito en este articulo es mostrar la plausibilidad de recolocar el locus de esta excepcionalidad a traves de sus encuentros y desencuentros con la polis, entendida como espacio discursivo, forma de capital publico y regimen de regulacion discursiva. Esta formulacion permite una relectura integral del Uruguay y su saga, una genealogia del lugar de lo publico y la ciudadania, y la elaboracion de nuevas entradas para la reflexion-accion, para concluir que el mayor interes del caso remite a lo que revisitar el itinerario del Uruguay desde el trayecto de la polis en el permite mostrar: que el domicilio de la excepcionalidad uruguaya pertenece a la teoria, mas precisamente a la teoria politica. EnglishUruguay’s exceptionality within the context of Latin America and beyond has been well established in the scholarly literature for some time. Most fragments of experience which have sustained the notion of ‘Uruguayan exceptionality’, turned into a sort of commonplace, belong to the past. My purpose in this paper is to show the plausibility of relocating this ‘exceptionality’ by focusing on the changing relationship between Uruguay’s itinerary and the polis, posed as a specific kind of discursive space, form of (public) capital and regulatory regime. This formulation allows an integral re-reading of Uruguay’s historicity, the making of citizenship and things-public, and suggests new entries for action-oriented theory, to conclude that the locus of Uruguay’s exceptionality is none other than theory and, more specifically, political theory
Matryoshka-inspired hierarchically structured triboelectric nanogenerators for wave energy harvesting

Abstract There is a tremendous interest to harvest ocean wave energy due to its promising advantages of high-power density, wide distribution, independence of time of day, weather or seasons, and sustainability. However, most of the current energy harvesters or converters based on electromagnetic generators are suffering from unsatisfactory efficiency at low ocean wave triggering frequency and have the drawbacks of complex design, high cost and ease of corrosion in seawater. In this work, we report a matryoshka-inspired hierarchically structured triboelectric nanogenerator (HS-TENG) by nest-assembling multiple shells with decreasing sizes for effectively harvesting low-frequency wave energies with low-cost, high power density and high efficiency. As a proof-of-concept, we have fabricated a three-hierarchical-level HS-TENG by nesting three spherical acrylic shells filled with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) balls into the gap spaces between the neighboring shells. The important factors that may affect the energy harvesting performance of the HS-TENG are studied, including the size and number of moving balls, the diameter of the holding shell, the amplitude and frequency of wave actuation, as well as the orientation angle between wave motion direction and electrode gap. It is demonstrated that the HS-TENG has superior output performance over the traditional single ball TENG (SB-TENG), with a maximum output peak power of 544 μW at a low frequency of 2 Hz, more than 6.5 times of that obtained by a SB-TENG with the same size, capable of driving different wearable electronics. Based on the optimized design, we further demonstrate that a HS-TENG network formed by a 3 × 3 device array can directly lighten dozens of light-emitting diodes and power an electronic thermometer for monitoring water condition, indicating its capability in effectively harvesting water wave energy for potential large-scale deployment in the ocean. This study provides an innovative hierarchical structure that can effectively improve the output performance of TENGs and paves the way for developing next-generation high-performance TENGs for blue energy harvesting.
Depositional Histories of Sand Grains from Surface Textures

BROWN1 has drawn attention to the occurrence of features of “glacial origin” on sand grains from freshly weathered granite, from beaches, and from streams, all presumably lacking evidence of previous glacial history. We would like to clarify certain misleading statements presented by Brown1, not with the purpose of discrediting her findings but rather to argue with the interpretation of her data with respect to previously published literature on this subject. Krinsley and Donahue's transmission microscope work2 of 1968, referred to by Brown, has been greatly expanded on by much detailed work since the use of the scanning electron microscope to examine sand grain surface textures became widespread3–9. The statement made by Brown, quoting Krinsley and Donahue2 “that an assemblage of textures should characterize any one abrasive process, and that no single feature can be considered completely diagnostic,” was modified by Margolis and Kennett4 to read “… no single surface feature can itself be used to identify the origin of a sand grain, but rather that certain combinations of features are highly diagnostic when statistically significant percentages of the grains in the sample are examined”. With regard to Brown's statements on features of glacial origin Margolis and Kennett4 have written: “Features that in previous studies have been individually regarded as diagnostic of glacial origin such as large conchoidal fractures and breakage blocks, are also occasionally found on grains from high turbulence beaches and also occasionally on desert sands. When combinations of surface features are examined statistically, however, glacially derived sand grains exhibit unique combinations of characteristics”3,6. The point here is that the technique had advanced beyond presenting individual photographs as evidence of the history of a sand, and now involves a more quantitative treatment of data.
Folding Words Around Trees: Models Inspired by RNA

At the intersection of mathematics and biology, we find mathematical models built to address biological questions as well as new mathematical theories inspired by biological structures. In this chapter, we explore a combinatorial model for folding words around plane trees which is inspired by the bonds that form between nucleotides in a single-stranded RNA molecule. This chapter walks the reader through the construction of valid plane trees, structures formed by folding a word in a complementary alphabet around a plane tree, and enumerates the class of words with exactly one such folding. Valid plane trees are relatively unexplored combinatorial objects, and while we present several potential research projects, a careful reader can come up with many additional directions for further study.
Trends in Infantile Endogenous Endophthalmitis Hospitalizations in the United States: An Analysis from 2007 through 2014 Using the National Inpatient Sample.

Purpose To determine the annual change in incidence of neonatal and infantile endogenous endophthalmitis in the United States between 2007 and 2014 and identify associated risk factors for development of endophthalmitis and mortality. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants Neonates ( Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried to identify neonates hospitalized for endogenous endophthalmitis between 2003 and 2014 and infants hospitalized between 2007 and 2014 across the United States. National and regional incidence of neonatal and infantile endogenous endophthalmitis and comorbidities as well as risk factors in the development of the disease and predictive factors for mortality from the years 2007 through 2014 were calculated. Main Outcomes and Measures National incidence, regional incidence, and risk factors for development of neonatal and infantile endogenous endophthalmitis. Results The rate of decline in incidence of neonatal endogenous endophthalmitis was 4% from 2003 through 2014. The rate of decline in the infantile population was 7% from 2007 through 2014. In 2007, an estimated 291 total cases of infantile endophthalmitis were identified, in comparison with 140 cases in 2014. Comorbidities prevalent in the endophthalmitis population included prematurity, respiratory disorders, perinatal infections, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Significant positive predictors for the development of endogenous endophthalmitis based on multivariate logistic regression were perinatal infections, candidemia, bacteremia, very low birth weight, prematurity, respiratory disorders, and ROP. Descriptive analyses showed that the in-hospital mortality rate for patients identified with endophthalmitis was 1.55% in comparison with infants without endophthalmitis. Conclusions The incidence of endogenous endophthalmitis declined in both the neonatal and infantile population from 2007 through 2014. Odds of endogenous endophthalmitis were higher for premature and low-birthweight infants and those identified with perinatal infections, candidemia, bacteremia, respiratory disorders, or ROP. These findings are consistent with the decline observed in pediatric infectious disease-related hospitalizations in general.
An Interview with Dr. Barbara Rogoff about Perspectives on Learning.

This interview highlights and extends Dr. Barbara Rogoff’s keynote address at the 2019 annual convention. Specifically, in the interview, Dr. Rogoff discusses her framework for learning, Learning b...
Observation of a π-Type Dipole-Bound State in Molecular Anions.

We report the observation of a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-type dipole-bound state ($\ensuremath{\pi}$-DBS) in cryogenically cooled deprotonated 9-anthrol molecular anions ($9{\mathrm{AT}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) by resonant two-photon photoelectron imaging. A DBS is observed $191\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (0.0237 eV) below the detachment threshold, and the existence of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-DBS is revealed by a distinct ($s+d$)-wave photoelectron angular distribution. The $\ensuremath{\pi}$-DBS is stabilized by the large anisotropic in-plane polarizability of 9AT. The population of the dipole-forbidden $\ensuremath{\pi}$-DBS is proposed to be via a nonadiabatic coupling with the dipole-allowed $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-type DBS mediated by molecular rotations.
Curating the Caribbean: unsettling the boundaries of art and artefact

In this paper, we consider the material and visual implications of coloniality – the darker side of modernity, and structure of management that underpins and supports modernity’s rhetoric of promis...
Remote Experiment and Balance Between Monodisciplinarity and Pluridisciplinarity

The paper aims to analyze the balance between mono-disciplinarity, trans-disciplinarity and multi-disciplinarity when is using the remote experiment for education. Most of the axioms of trans-disciplinarity will be addressed, namely: ontological axiom, logical axiom, epistemological axiom. It also deals with the type of competencies that remote experiment educates as a result of mono, pluri and transdisciplinary approaches, namely: methodological, meta-cognitive competencies, pragmatic skills and the generated positive attitude.
Payload Length and Rate Adaptation for Throughput Optimization in Wireless LANs

Wireless local area networks offer a range of transmitted data rates that are to be selected according to estimated channel conditions. However, due to packet overheads and contention times introduced by the CSMA/CA multiple access protocol, effective throughput is much less than the transmitted bit rates. Furthermore, if there is even a single bit error in the packet, the entire packet is discarded and the packet is retransmitted. This causes the effective throughput to be a function of the packet payload length. We provide a theoretical framework to optimize single-user throughput by selecting the transmitted bit rate and payload size as a function of channel conditions for both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Nakagami-m fading channels. Numerical results reveal that careful payload adaptation significantly improves the throughput performance at low signal to noise ratios (SNRs) while at higher SNRs, rate adaptation with higher payload lengths provides better performance. We compare the range of SNRs over which payload length adaptation is crucial for AWGN and different fading channels based on the m-parameter of Nakagami fading realization. We then specify SNR values for switching between transmitted bit rates and payload lengths such that the effective throughput is maximized.
Experimental induction of retinal ganglion cell death in adult mice.

PURPOSE Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis during development and after trauma such as axonal damage and exposure to excitotoxins. Apoptosis is associated with changes in the expression of genes that regulate this process. The genes that regulate apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells have not been characterized primarily because previous studies have been limited to animal models in which gene function is not easily manipulated. To overcome this limitation, the rate and mechanism of retinal ganglion cell death in mice was characterized using optic nerve crush and intravitreal injections of the glutamate analog N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). METHODS To expose retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to excitotoxins, adult CB6F1 mice were injected intravitreally in one eye with NMDA. In an alternative protocol to physically damage the axons in the optic nerve, the nerve was crushed using self-closing fine forceps. Each animal had one or the other procedure carried out on one eye. Loss of RGCs was monitored as a percentage of cells lost relative to the fellow untreated eye. Thy1 expression was examined using in situ hybridization. DNA fragmentation in dying cells was monitored using terminal transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS RGCs comprise 67.5% +/- 6.5% (mean +/- SD) of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of control mice based on nuclear morphology and the presence of mRNA for the ganglion cell marker Thy1. One week after optic nerve crush, these cells started to die, progressing to a maximum loss of 57.8% +/- 8.1% of the cells in the GCL by 3 weeks. Cell loss after NMDA injection was dose dependent, with injections of 10 nanomoles having virtually no effect to a maximum loss of 72.5% +/- 12.1% of the cells in the GCL within 6 days after injection of 160 nanomoles NMDA. Cell death exhibited features of apoptosis after both optic nerve crush and NMDA injection, including the formation of pyknotic nuclei and TUNEL staining. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative RGC death can be induced in mice using two distinct signaling pathways, making it possible to test the roles of genes in this process using transgenic animals.