cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Public Health Paradigm for Alzheimer's Disease Research

In industrialized countries Alzheimer’s disease is becoming a pandemic. Over the next few decades one in six people are predicted to have Alzheimer’s disease. This will evolve into a public health tragedy. Unfortunately there is a problem with dementia research. After more than a century of research we cannot answer basic questions about the disease, whether the biomarkers are truly the disease or whether these biomarkers are symptoms of another yet unknown disease. This paper summarizes the literature to show that there are other correlates—and possible causes—of Alzheimer’s disease that have not received attention, but if the disease is approached from a public health perspective, then the disease can be organized under the four potential integrated processes of Trauma, Penumbra, Perfusion and Plasticity. Through this re-framing of the disease as a public health problem an opportunity emerges that can expand and reinvigorate research in Alzheimer’s disease. Such new insights can elucidate a better and fuller understanding of the disease and provide some real hope to defining a road map to a cure.
Iterative Interface Design for Robot Integration with Tactical Teams

This research investigated mobile user interface requirements for robots used in tactical operations and evaluated user responses through an iterative participatory design process. A longitudinal observational study (five sessions across six months) was conducted for the iterative development of robot capabilities and a mobile user interface. Select members of the tactical team wore the mobile interface and performed operations with the robot. After each training an after-action review and feedback was received about the training, the interface, robot capabilities, and desired modifications. Based on the feedback provided, iterative updates were made to the robotic system and the user interface. The field training studies presented difficulties in the interpretation of the responses due to complex interactions and external influences. Iterative designs, observations, and lessons learned are presented related to the integration of robots with tactical teams.
Extraction: Exposición canadiense en la Bienal de Venecia 2016

espanolExtraction -la exposicion canadiense en la Bienal de Venecia 2016- nos enfrenta a los ultimos ocho siglos de explotacion de los recursos naturales. Representado como un ‘contramonumento’ -que al invitar a los visitantes a mirar hacia el suelo los dejaba en una posicion de reverencia hacia la corona- esta investigacion y su manifiesto nos recuerdan que, aunque de forma menos obvia y evidente, la explotacion de recursos es tambien un patron de urbanizacion del suelo. EnglishExtraction –the Canadian exhibition at the 2016 Venice Biennale– confronts us with the last eight centuries of natural resources exploitation. Represented as a ‘counter-monument’ which, by inviting the visitors to look down at the soil left them in a position of reverence to the crown, this research and its manifesto remind us that –although in a less obvious or evident way– the exploitation of resources is also a pattern of land development
Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe

Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe presents a novel account of the origins of religious pluralism in Europe. Combining comparative historical analysis with contentious political analysis, it surveys six clusters of increasingly destructive religious wars between 1529 and 1651, analyzes the diverse settlements that brought these wars to an end, and describes the complex religious peace that emerged from two centuries of experimentation in accommodating religious differences. Rejecting the older authoritarian interpretations of the age of religious wars, the author uses traditional documentary sources as well as photographic evidence to show how a broad range Europeans - from authoritative elites to a colorful array of religious 'dissenters' - replaced the cultural 'unity and purity' of late-medieval Christendom with a variable and durable pattern of religious diversity, deeply embedded in political, legal, and cultural institutions.
Intermedialidad y auto-representación en el documental cubano de vanguardia: el caso de Nicolás Guillén Landrián

El ensayo estudia el papel de la intermedialidad y la autoconciencia en los origenes del documental cubano de vanguardia y a traves de la obra de uno de sus representantes mas destacados (y malditos): Nicolas Guillen Landrian (Camaguey, 1938 - Miami, 2003). Los documentales que Guillen Landrian realizo a finales de los anos 60 se caracterizan por el montaje frenetico, el cine-collage y el contrapunto intermedial, que remedaba el estilo de las vanguardias historicas y de los primeros documentalistas formados a la sombra de la Revolucion de 1959, pero socavando con ironia el mensaje ideologico de tales obras. Al discurso monologico, afirmativo y panfletario de cineastas como Santiago Alvarez, opone Guillen Landrian otro basado en la polifonia, la ambiguedad y la duda. Frente a la exaltacion las grandes narrativas colectivas, busca rescatar al individuo en su contexto, pero tambien en su singularidad plena. This essay explores the role of intermediality and self-consciousness in the Cuban avant-garde documentary by focusing on one of its most distinguished (and maudit ) representatives: Nicolas Guillen Landrian (Camaguey, 1938 - Miami, 2003). The documentaries Guillen Landrian made in the late 1960s are characterized by the use of a frantic montage, the cine collage, and the intermedial counter point, which were reminiscent of the Cuban Revolution’s first documentary productions; but which also undermined their ideological underpinnings. Unlike the monological, assertive, and didactic discourse of filmmakers such as Santiago Alvarez, Guillen Landrian short films resorted to polyphony, ambiguity, and heresy. In contrast to the vindication of the collective master narratives, he sought to rescue individuals in their context, but also in their full singularity.
Endoscopic Treatments Following Bariatric Surgery

Weight regain after bariatric surgery is common and can be managed with surgical interventions or less morbid endoscopic techniques. These endoscopic approaches target structural postoperative changes that are associated with weight regain, most notably dilation of the gastrojejunal anastomosis aperture. Purse string suture placement, as well as argon plasma coagulation application to the anastomosis, may result in significant and durable weight loss. Furthermore, various endoscopic approaches may be used to safely and effectively manage other complications of bariatric surgery that may result in poor weight loss or weight regain after surgery, including fistula formation.
Common femoral vein stent placement in a frozen abdomen causing acute limb ischemia

A 73-year-old woman was admitted for left groin bleeding through an open wound near a fungating left inguinal mass from advanced anal carcinoma. The interventional radiology service placed left iliac vein and common femoral vein stents as there was concern for communication and involvement of the left common femoral vein with the open wound, contributing to groin hemorrhage. After the procedure, the patient developed limb ischemia related to mass effect of the stent on the left common femoral vein stent artery. She was revascularized by placement of a left common femoral vein stent artery stent. This report describes a viable option for revascularization in the rare occurrence of limb ischemia related to venous stenting.
The Influence of GI and GII on the compression after impact strength of carbon fiber/epoxy laminates:

This study measured the compression after impact strength of IM7 carbon fiber laminates made from epoxy resins with various mode I and mode II toughness values to observe the effects of these tough...
Systematic approach to optimal SC converter synthesis for multi voltage-gain-ratio applications

Synthesizing the switched-capacitor (SC) converter to perform certain voltage conversions is considered a challenge in SC converter design. This paper presents a systematic approach to synthesize an optimal SC converter for multiple voltage-gain-ratio (VCR) applications. The optimization methodology is based on the minimum number of components, i.e. capacitors and switches. This approach exploits the canonical model presented in [8] which ensures that the converter is using the minimum number of capacitors based on the Fibonacci fundamental limit. Moreover, using the method presented in this paper, the controller circuit of the designed SC converter is simplified. Case studies are presented to show how different SC converters can be synthesized.
At the Altar of Lynching: Burning Sam Hose in the American South

The story of a black day-laborer called Sam Hose killing his white employer in a workplace dispute ended in a lynching of enormous religious significance. For many deeply-religious communities in the Jim Crow South, killing those like Sam Hose restored balance to a moral cosmos upended by a heinous crime. A religious intensity in the mood and morality of segregation surpassed law, and in times of social crisis could justify illegal white violence - even to the extreme act of lynching. In At the Altar of Lynching, distinguished historian Donald G. Mathews offers a new interpretation of the murder of Sam Hose, which places the religious culture of the evangelical South at its center. He carefully considers how mainline Protestants, including women, not only in many instances came to support or accept lynching, but gave the act religious meaning and justification.
Designing Energy-Efficient Intermittently Powered Systems Using Spin-Hall-Effect-Based Nonvolatile SRAM

Intermittently powered systems represent a new class of batteryless devices that operate solely on energy harvested from their environment. Due to the unreliable nature of ambient energy sources, these devices experience frequent intervals of power loss, leading to sudden reboots. Tolerating such power supply disruptions require the ability to rapidly checkpoint/save system state when power loss is imminent and restore it at the start of the next power cycle to continue computations in a seamless manner. A typical microcontroller used in these systems consists of a fast nonvolatile SRAM and a nonvolatile Flash storage. Prior work has shown how emerging nonvolatile memory technologies such as STT-MRAM can improve the energy efficiency of these systems, either by using STT-MRAM as a drop-in replacement for Flash (henceforth referred to as the SRAM+STT-MRAM memory configuration) or using STT-MRAM as unified memory (henceforth referred to as the unified STT-MRAM memory configuration). However, both these configurations have significant drawbacks. Using the SRAM+STT-MRAM configuration leads to high checkpointing overhead due to the inefficient write operations of STT-MRAM whereas using the unified STT-MRAM configuration is inefficient due to executing every program instruction directly from STT-MRAM. This paper proposes a novel Spin Hall Effect-based nonvolatile-SRAM (SNVRAM) bit-cell that combines the nonvolatility of spin devices with the speed and energy efficiency of conventional 6T SRAM cells. We explore the use of the proposed SNVRAM to replace the SRAM in a transiently powered system to mitigate the drawbacks of the aforementioned memory configurations. Simulation results using a set of evaluation benchmarks demonstrate that the SNVRAM+STT-MRAM configuration leads to significant memory energy benefits of $2.6\times $ and $2.8\times $ on average, compared to the SRAM+STT-MRAM and unified STT-MRAM memory configurations, respectively.
The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury

This article investigates how media discourses are sites for multiple “becomings” of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurobiological condition associated with repetitive brain trauma. I e...
Experimental Verification and Evolutionary Origin of 5′-UTR Polyadenylation Sites in Arabidopsis thaliana

Messenger RNA (mRNA) polyadenylation is an indispensable step during post-transcriptional pre-mRNA processing for most genes in eukaryotes. The usage of one poly(A) site over another is known as alternative polyadenylation (APA). APA has been implicated in gene expression regulation through its role of selecting the ends of a transcript. Recent studies of polyadenylation profiles in the Arabidopsis database unexpectedly predicted that a portion of the poly(A) sites are located in the 5'-UTR, which remains to be experimentally verified. We selected 16 genes from a dataset of 744, based on criteria designed to minimize problems in interpretation. Here, we experimentally verify 5'-UTR-APA in Arabidopsis for 10 of the 16 selected genes, and show for the first time existence of independent polyadenylated 5'-UTR transcripts, arising due to alternative polyadenylation. We used 3'-RACE and sequencing to validate poly(A) sites and northern blot to show that the observed short upstream transcripts do not arise from the 3'-end of a previously unrecognized convergent gene. Evidence is reported showing that two of the independent upstream open reading frame (uORF) transcripts studied, one containing a complex dual uORF, very likely arose by exon shuffling following duplication of the 5'-end from the downstream major open reading frame (mORF). Finally, results are presented to show that the uORF in this gene may encode two short functional proteins, based on observation of amino acid sequence conservation encoded by the dual uORFs.
Stress and the moment-twist relation in the torsion of a cylinder with a nonconvex stored energy function

In an earlier work [4], we studied the torsion problem for an isotropic, homogeneous, incompressible elastic solid cylinder with a nonconvex stored energy function. There, we were interested in finding the structure of the optimal torsional deformation field for a certain class of materials.1 We showed that for a stored energy function that is a nonconvex function of a common invariant measure of strain, the energy minimizer exists only if the applied angle of twist is small. The range of the angle of twist over which the minimizer exists was determined explicitly in terms of the smaller Maxwell strain of the stored energy function and the radius of the cylinder. When the angle of twist is moderate or large, we found that the optimal deformation field was given in terms of a minimizing sequence. In the limit, this minimizing sequence corresponded to a fine phase microstructure in which the shear strain at every material point of a certain subdomain of the cylinder became a mixture of the two Maxwell strains for the stored energy function.
Translocation of dopamine and binding of 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl) tropane (WIN 35,428) measured under identical conditions in rat striatal synaptosomal preparations. Inhibition by various blockers

Translocation of [3H]dopamine and binding of 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)[3H]-tropane ([3H]WIN 35,428) were measured in crude synaptosomal preparations from rat striatum under identical conditions of assay buffer (phosphate-Krebs) and temperature (25 degrees). [3H]Dopamine uptake as a function of time was close to linear for at least 8 min, whereas [3H]WIN 35,428 binding had reached equilibrium within 1 min and remained at its plateau value for at least 20 min. The following inhibitors were tested in uptake and binding assays run in parallel with the same synaptosomal preparation: cocaine, WIN 35,428, benztropine, nomifensine, mazindol, methylphenidate, N-[1-(2-benzo[b]-thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (BTCP), Lu 19-005 (Indatraline), 1-(2-(di(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxy)-ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propyl)piperazine (GBR 12909), 1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)-ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propyl)piperazine (GBR 12935) and 7-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-pyrrolo [1,2-a]quinoxaline (CGS 12066B). When present together with [3H]dopamine or [3H]WIN 35,428 for 8 min, the observed binding IC50 values were generally higher (average 1.4-fold) than the uptake IC50 values, with a significant y-axis intercept in linear regression analysis of binding on uptake IC50. For slowly equilibrating inhibitors, estimates of uptake IC50 values were overestimates, and relatively lower values were obtained by monitoring [3H]dopamine uptake for 1 min only during the last minute of the 8-min presence of inhibitor; under these conditions, binding over uptake IC50 ratios were on the average 2.3. Kinetic calculations, taking into account both radioligand and inhibitor equilibration kinetics, indicated that the latter comparison between binding and uptake measurements was most relevant, and suggested the involvement of complexities beyond simple competitive inhibition of dopamine transport, such as different binding domains for substrate and blocker recognition, or spare receptors for blockers. The present data indicate that binding over uptake IC50 ratios should be interpreted with caution, depending on the experimental conditions used to measure these ratios.
The Analectic Method

Chapter 3, on the Analectic Method offers an account of the transition from everyday naive involvement in the world to critical ethical consciousness and from dialectical to ana-dialectical methodology. It discusses the impact of Levinas’s work on Dussel’s account of the key moment of these transitions: the experience of the face-to-face encounter with victims of the prevailing system whom Dussel refers to as the Other. This experience provides an occasion for the one receiving the revelation of the Other to see more clearly those structural features of the prevailing system that cause the Other’s suffering. At the same time, the one receiving the revelation of the Other becomes increasingly aware of his or her own co-responsibility to critique and ultimately transform the unjust socio-economic order.
Mutual Exclusion Sizing for Hoi Polloi

Granting access to a shared self-timed resource requires a mutual exclusion circuit to resolve contention. All such circuits contain cross-coupled logic gates to decide contested cases on a first-come-first-served basis. An end-of-metastability detector grants a decision only after metastability, if any, ends. This brief contrasts two previously published mutual exclusion designs and offers previously unavailable guides to achieving least uncontested grant delay for each design. The faster design integrates its cross-coupled gates and end-of-metastability detector into a single stage. The slower design pays a time penalty by isolating these two functions in separate sequential logic stages.
Resource-Stratified Diagnostics in India: Current Practices and Aspirations for a National Standard

PurposeAs international health systems set goals to improve and expand access to cancer care services, the global health community has applied evidence-based principles to develop resource-stratifi...
The Association of Constraints, Negotiation, and Social Influences with Recreation Specialization among Recreational Baseball Participants

Recreation specialization is a progressive process that describes how recreationists engage in and view an activity over time (Scott & Shafer, 2001). This progression may be influenced by a variety of psychosocial factors behind an individual’s choice to engage in an activity. There have been calls for further studies that identify the antecedents which predict the specialization process (Scott & Shafer, 2001). To date, constraints, negotiation efforts and social influences have been examined separately across a variety of leisure and recreation contexts. However, less is known about the collective contribution of these factors in relation to recreation specialization, particularly with regard to social influences. The social relationships that recreationists build during their recreation careers may be an important predictor of recreation specialization. This study addresses this issue and examines the relationship between constraints, negotiation efforts, positive and negative social influences, and recreation specialization among a sample of recreational baseball participants. The sample consisted of 299 adult recreational baseball players in three cities across Korea. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS 22.0, and analysis indicated that negotiation efforts were the strongest predictor of recreation specialization. The more baseball players identified strategies to overcome constraints, the more specialized they were in their activity. We also revealed that negative social influences had direct negative effects on recreation specialization, whereas positive social influences were indirectly associated with recreation specialization through constraints and/or negotiation efforts. Both positive and negative social influences directly triggered baseball participants’ negotiation efforts. That is, increases in positive and negative social influences encouraged participants to use strategies to negotiate the constraints they encountered. Constraints had a negative effect on negotiation efforts, suggesting that perceptions of constraints inhibited people from engaging in efforts to negotiate constraints. On a practical level, results suggest that baseball clubs and program organizers who wish to promote increase specialization could provide club members with a variety of opportunities for minimizing negative social influences. Within each baseball team, role allocation among team members and regular team gatherings may help enhance group bonding and team cohesion and avoid conflicts between team members. Additionally, recreational baseball organizations should consider strategies to reduce the cost of equipment and clothing associated with the sport. To increase sport facility and field availability, we suggested allowing local recreational baseball clubs to use school grounds during non-school hours. Finally, local parks, recreation agencies, and participants should work together for more effective facility scheduling. Subscribe to JPRA
Physical, Psychological, and Social Factors Contributing to Headache

A comprehensive evaluation of factors contributing to headache requires examination of biological, psychological, and social inputs. In addition to genetics and “classical” risk factors, the natural history of headache is also strongly influenced by beliefs, emotions, and other behavioral constructs which demand attention from the treating clinician.
Fluorine-18-Labeled Fluciclovine PET/CT in Clinical Practice: Factors Affecting the Rate of Detection of Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to show the performance and evaluate the factors influencing the positivity rate (PR) of commercially produced 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT in the detection of recurrent prostate cancer in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 152 men who had suspected biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after receiving initial treatment and underwent fluciclovine PET/CT. PRs were calculated for whole-body, prostate and prostate bed, and extraprostatic locations. The influence of different factors, such as the absolute prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, PSA kinetics, the Gleason score, and Gleason grade groups, on the PR was evaluated. RESULTS. The overall PR was 81% (123/152) for the whole body, 61% (92/152) for the prostate and prostate bed, and 55% (83/152) for extraprostatic locations. There was a linear increase in the PR with an increasing PSA level (p 0.05). In addition, no statistically significant linear trend was found between the PR and increasing Gleason grade group. However, for every 1-unit increase in a patient's Gleason score, the odds of a positive finding in the extraprostatic location increased by 49% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION. Commercially produced fluciclovine PET/CT has a high PR for detection of prostate cancer recurrence and is positively correlated with increasing PSA levels. For extraprostatic disease, the PR increases with higher Gleason scores.
2,6-Diacetyl- and 2,6-diformylpyridine bis(N4-substituted thiosemicarbazones) and their copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes

2,6-Diformylpyridine bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) and bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone), H22,6Fo4M and H22,6Fo4DM, respectively, and 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) and bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone), H22,6Ac4M and H22,6Ac4DM, and their copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes have been synthesized. The 1H-n.m.r. spectra of the free bis(thiosemicarbazones) show that, most often, one of the thiosemicarbazone moieties is hydrogen bonded to the pyridine nitrogen, and in [2H6]-DMSO there is interaction with solvent oxygen. Golden yellow H22,6Ac4DM has a bifurcated hydrogen bonding interaction by one of the thiosemicarbazone moieties resulting in conjugation. Coordination to copper(II) and nickel(II) centers is via the pyridine nitrogen, amine nitrogen and thiolato sulfur and most of the complexes formed are polynuclear with thiosemicarbazone moieties from the same ligand coordinating to different metal centers.
Use of Predictive Equations for Energy Prescription Results in Inaccurate Estimation in Trauma Patients.

Background Overfeeding and underfeeding are associated with poor clinical outcomes. In the absence of indirect calorimetry (IC), the Society of Critical Care Medicine/ASPEN recommend prescribing 25-30 kcal/kg. The Harris-Benedict equation (HBE) multiplied by a stress factor is commonly applied in critically ill patients. We describe the difference between estimated and actual energy needs in critically injured patients. Methods From March to November 2018, we collected demographics and energy needs determined by continuous IC (started within 4 days) in intubated adults. Ideal or adjusted body weight was used for 25-30 kcal/kg, and HBE was multiplied by a 1.3 stress factor (1.3HBE). Daily requirements up to 14 days, extubation, or death were calculated using all 3 methods and compared with IC. Results Fifty-five subjects were included. Median age was 38 [27-58] years, 38 (69%) were male, body mass index was 28 [25-33] kg/m2 , and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 17 [14-24] Mechanism of injury was blunt (38, 69%), penetrating (9, 16%), and burn (8, 15%). By day 14, compared with measured energy requirements by IC, the other methods could result in a cumulative 1827-kcal (+7%) surplus (1.3HBE), a 1313-kcal (-5%) deficit (25 kcal/kg), or a 3950-kcal (+14%) surplus (30 kcal/kg) per patient over a median 9 days. Conclusion In critically injured patients, predictive equations for energy needs do not account for dynamic metabolic changes over time and could result in underfeeding or overfeeding. Adjusting daily prescription based on continuous IC may result in better individualized treatment.
Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and protein supplementation on stocker steers: II. Adaptive and innate immune function.

Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue that affects performance; however, little information is available pertaining to its effects on immunity. Recently, it has been shown that supplemental CP can improve performance in weaned steers postvaccination. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental CP on innate and adaptive immune responses in stocker steers chronically exposed to ergovaline. Angus steers (n = 12 pens; 3 steers/pen) were stratified by weight and assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to examine crude protein levels of supplement (14% or 18%) and ergovaline exposure (0 or 185 μg ergovaline/kg BW/d via ground endophyte-free (EF) or endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue seed, respectively) on immune response. Consumption of low to moderate concentration of ergovaline from EI tall fescue seed was sufficient to induce mild symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis. Blood samples were collected at day 0, 42, and 56 to evaluate infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1b titers following vaccine challenge. Additionally, serum cytokine concentrations were evaluated using Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Arrays on day 0, 28, and 42. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Regardless of treatment, no differences were observed in IBR and BVDV-1b seroconversion following vaccine challenge (P > 0.05). Regardless of crude protein concentration, EI steers had greater concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α), chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, MIG), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, -13, -15, -21), and various growth factors (FGF-1, IGF-1, VEGF-A) when compared to EF steers (P 0.05). Based on these data, steers exposed to ergovaline have an increase in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and supplemental CP had minimal impact to mitigate this response. However, in the current study, exposure to ergovaline had little to no effect on adaptive immunity and response to vaccination. Together, chronic exposure to ergovaline results in a hyperactive innate immune response, which may lead to an immuno-compromised animal.
Mechanisms of Promiscuity Among Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters

Detoxication, or 'drug-metabolizing', enzymes and drug transporters exhibit remarkable substrate promiscuity and catalytic promiscuity. In contrast to substrate-specific enzymes that participate in defined metabolic pathways, individual detoxication enzymes must cope with substrates of vast structural diversity, including previously unencountered environmental toxins. Presumably, evolution selects for a balance of 'adequate' kcat /KM values for a wide range of substrates, rather than optimizing kcat /KM for any individual substrate. However, the structural, energetic, and metabolic properties that achieve this balance, and hence optimize detoxication, are not well understood. Two features of detoxication enzymes that are frequently cited as contributions to promiscuity include the exploitation of highly reactive versatile cofactors, or cosubstrates, and a high degree of flexibility within the protein structure. This review examines these intuitive mechanisms in detail and clarifies the contributions of the classic ligand binding models 'induced fit' (IF) and 'conformational selection' (CS) to substrate promiscuity. The available literature data for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters suggest that IF is exploited by these promiscuous detoxication enzymes, as it is with substrate-specific enzymes, but the detoxication enzymes uniquely exploit 'IFs' to retain a wide range of substrates at their active sites. In contrast, whereas CS provides no catalytic advantage to substrate-specific enzymes, promiscuous enzymes may uniquely exploit it to recruit a wide range of substrates. The combination of CS and IF, for recruitment and retention of substrates, can potentially optimize the promiscuity of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.
Transforming Porous Organic Cages into Porous Ionic Liquids via a Supramolecular Complexation Strategy

Porous liquids are a type of porous materials that engineer permanent porosity into unique flowing liquids, exhibiting promising functionalities for a variety of applications. Here a Type I porous liquid is synthesized by transforming porous organic cages into porous ionic liquids via a supramolecular complexation strategy. Simple physical mixing of 18-crown-6 with task-specific anionic porous organic cages affords a porous ionic liquid with anionic porous organic cages as the anionic parts and 18-crown-6/potassium ion complexes as the cationic parts. In contrast, mixing of 15-crown-5 and anionic porous organic cages in a 2:1 ratio gives only solids, while the addition of excess 15-crown-5 affords a Type II porous liquid. The permanent porosity in the cage-based porous liquids has been also confirmed by molecular simulation, positron (e+ ) annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and enhanced gas sorption capacity compared with pure crown ethers.
The generalities that now are apparent

Abstract Generalities of behavior are now apparent and the nature of trace elements in combustion is not as complex as originally portrayed. The gas phase is mainly the method of free element transport and time constraints limit its role in chemistry. Gas phase chemicals are invariably simple structures. Chlorine and sulfur are now seen to often have important roles. The meaning of dew point has been reduced back to its original definition, simply being the temperature when a deposit is observed. It has no other implications. Retention or reactivity within an ash particle and surface deposition are major components. Individual elemental behavior can be assessed from minimal observations. Approximate modeling remains a quite plausible option now for any element. Care has to be taken with chemical thermodynamic calculations; they have limited use and can be fraught with meaningless implications, especially in the gas phase.
Helpless and Defended: An Encounter with Class Counter-Transference

A core standard of clinical social work is cultural competence and much has been written about its practice and application across difference, particularly in the arena of transference and countert...
Adverse Outcomes Associated With Inpatient Administration of Beers List Medications Following Total Knee Replacement.

Abstract Purpose Beers List drugs are potentially harmful in older adults and are grouped by level of risk. Over 9000 total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) are performed each year Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, primarily on older adults. Minimal data on the administration of Beers List drugs following arthroplasty currently exists in the literature. Our goal was to quantify the risks of these drugs following TKA. We hypothesized that increasing doses of Beers List drugs would be associated with increased risks for readmission, reoperation, emergency department (ED) visits, and mortality. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, data from TKAs performed in VA hospitals from 2010 to 2014 were examined, with complicated or bilateral procedures excluded. The data were obtained from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse. The outcomes examined were readmission, postoperative ED visits, reoperation on ipsilateral knee, and mortality. Beers List drugs were divided into 3 categories: medications to use with caution (Beers 0); medications to avoid in older adults (Beers 1); and medications to avoid in certain disease states (Beers 2). Beers 2 was not included in the final analysis due to an inability to verify appropriate diagnostic criteria without manual chart review. Logistic regression was performed looking at the total number of doses in the first 48 h after surgery compared to the above-mentioned outcomes. Findings Data from 12,639 TKAs were analyzed; the mean age of the patients was 65.06 years, and 77.8% of patients received Beers List drugs while admitted. The most frequently administered Beers List drugs were proton pump inhibitors, NSAIDs, insulin, α-blockers, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, muscle relaxants, and antipsychotics. There was a dose-dependent increase in readmission and ED visits in the Beers 1 group. The odds ratios were 1.03 for 30-day readmission and 1.02 at 90 days. The odds ratios for ED visits were 1.05 for 72-h ED visits and 1.04 for ED visits within 7 and 30 days. The odds ratios were set at 1-unit dose intervals. All results were found after control for VA facility, sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, Charlson score, case length, and body mass index. Implications The group of medications to avoid (Beers 1) from the 2015 Beers List showed associations with increased frequency of readmission and postoperative ED visits. Reinforcement of the need to avoid those drugs during surgical care will hopefully reduce such complications. Limitations included not controlling for overall discharge drug count and reliance on the outpatient problem list for outpatient diagnoses. Additional subgroup analysis will be performed to see whether specific drugs pose a higher than risk others.
Atypical Presentation of Navicular Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in a Symptomatic Pediatric Flatfoot Deformity: A Case Report

Abstract Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are rare in the foot, accounting for 4% to 6.3% of all ABCs found in the body. Approximately 80% of patients diagnosed with an ABC are in the second decade of life. While benign, pain and deformity are often the presenting symptoms. This report's objective is to describe, to our knowledge, the first reported case of a pediatric navicular ABC in association with pediatric flatfoot deformity that was successfully treated with curettage and bone grafting. An additional goal of the report is to highlight how the diagnosis of these osseous tumors can easily be missed given the overlap in symptoms with pediatric flatfoot deformity. An 11-year-old female presented to clinic with a chief complaint of painful, flatfoot deformity and discomfort to the medial midfoot after walking for more than 2 city blocks. The patient was conservatively treated for pediatric flatfoot deformity at an outside institution and advised that a surgical flatfoot reconstruction would be necessary to relieve her symptomology. On examination, the patient exhibited focal pain to the medial aspect of the navicular. Radiographs revealed an ill-defined, expansile, sclerotic lesion of the navicular, and MRI demonstrated a multicystic lesion filling the navicular, consistent with an ABC. Treatment included curettage and packing with allograft. At 1-year follow-up, the patient is well, with minimal pain and return to full activity without functional limitations. Local recurrence of an aneurysmal bone cyst following curettage and bone grafting is as high as 22% with patient age and lesion size comprising the main risk factors. This report demonstrates successful curettage of an ABC within the navicular and preservation of osseous articulations in a pediatric patient. At 1-year follow-up, the patient had minimal pain with no evidence of recurrence.
Management of pembrolizumab-induced steroid refractory mucositis with infliximab: A case report.

Management of pembrolizumab-induced steroid refractory mucositis with infliximab: A case report
A Light-Weight Monocular Depth Estimation with Edge-Guided Occlusion Fading Reduction

Self-supervised monocular depth estimation methods suffer occlusion fading, which is a result of a lack of supervision by the ground truth pixels. A recent work introduced a post-processing method to reduce occlusion fading; however, the results have a severe halo effect. This work proposes a novel edge-guided post-processing method that reduces occlusion fading for self-supervised monocular depth estimation. We also introduce Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling with Forward-Path (ASPPF) into the network to reduce computational costs and improve inference performance. The proposed ASPPF-based network is lighter, faster, and better than current depth estimation networks. Our light-weight network only needs 7.6 million parameters and can achieve up to 67 frames per second for \(256\,\times \,512\) inputs using a single nVIDIA GTX1080 GPU. The proposed network also outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods on the KITTI benchmark. The ASPPF-based network and edge-guided post-processing produces better results, both quantitatively and qualitatively than the competitors.
Routine Radiographs After Total Joint Arthroplasty: Is There Clinical Value?

Abstract Background Routine radiographs have historically been obtained during routine care after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, substantial improvements in surgical technique, biomaterials, and changes in payment models placing greater emphasis on value have occurred. Recently, there has been interest in a transition to performing follow-up visits virtually. The purpose of this study was to assess how frequently patients attend postoperative appointments and the clinical utility of routine radiographs after TJA. Methods Patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty at a single tertiary institution in 2018 were included. Patients attending scheduled follow-up at 6 to 12 weeks and 1 year were assessed. Retrospective chart review was conducted to determine whether abnormalities were noted on routine radiographic surveillance by the orthopedic surgeons or radiologist and if any radiographic findings altered clinical management. Results A total of 938 TJAs were performed, and 885 met inclusion criteria, with 423 (47.8%) total hip arthroplasties and 462 (52.2%) total knee arthroplasties. Eight hundred sixty-five (97.7%) patients attended a follow-up visit at 6 or 12 weeks and 589 (66.6%) attended at 1 year postoperatively. A single radiographic abnormality was detected, occurring at the 6- to 12-week period by the radiologist and interpreted as being an artifact by the surgeon. No additional radiographic abnormalities were detected at 1 year. Information from radiographs did not change clinical management for any patients. Conclusion In a large cohort of patients, routine radiographic surveillance did not detect any true abnormalities during the first year after primary TJA. For patients without symptoms attributable to the TJA prosthesis, conducting virtual care visits without routine radiographs may be considered.
Development and Application of CF4 Concentration Sensor Based on NDIR Principle

When designing gas chamber of infrared gas sensor, sometimes it is necessary to simulate the optical and fluid characteristics of the gas chamber. The purpose of optical simulation is to verify the influence of the 3D structure of the air chamber on the propagation of infrared light. During the simulation process, we can find the reflection, scattering and other physical phenomena of infrared light on the inner wall of the air chamber, and finally calculate the loss of infrared light in air chamber. Through this information, internal structure of the chamber can be further optimized. The simulation of fluid characteristics can also be called gas path simulation, which is to verify the influence of the 3D structure of the gas chamber on the diffusion of the measured gas in its interior. Through the simulation, a series of information about gas velocity and concentration distribution can be obtained, which can further optimize the structure of the gas chamber to ensure that the measured gas diffuses evenly and rapidly in the gas chamber. Firstly, the sensor concentration is calibrated at the different temperatures. The purpose of this step is to explore how much influence different temperatures will have on the output of the sensor, and to compensate temperature through the calibration data. In this paper, the five temperature points are selected for testing, which are −20°C, 0 °C, 10°C, 30 °C and 50°C. Keep the humidity at 25%. The test method is the same as the previous temperature test, in order to make the temperature inside the sensor chamber reach the required temperature faster.
Investigation of normal, lateral, and oblique impact of microscale projectiles into unidirectional glass/epoxy composites

Abstract Spacesuits and spacecraft must endure high velocity impacts from micrometeoroids. This work considers the impact of 100 μm diameter projectiles into composite targets at velocities from 0.5 km/s to 2 km/s. This work begins by presenting an energy-based theoretical model relating depth of penetration (DoP) and impact force to impact velocity, characteristic time, and threshold velocity and force. Next, this work compares numerical simulations of normal impact on composites to the theoretical model. Numerical simulations are conducted with LS-DYNA and the well-known composite model, MAT-162. The numerical models consider unidirectional S2-glass fiber reinforced SC-15 epoxy composite laminates. The numerical model shows good correlation with the theoretical model. The numerical model also investigates lateral impact, parallel to the fiber direction, and oblique impact at angles from 30° to 82.5°. This work decomposes oblique impact into normal and lateral components, and compares them with normal and lateral impact results. The results show good correlation of the normal component of oblique results with the theoretical model. This numerical and theoretical study focuses on DoP, velocity, and penetration resistance force as functions of time. The theoretical model and numerical simulations are used to determine new DoP parameters: characteristic time of depth of penetration and threshold impact velocity. These models are a first step in developing the capability to predict DoP for oblique, microscale, high-speed impact on composite materials.
TLR4 antagonist attenuates atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice with diet-induced type 2 diabetes

Although a large number of studies have well documented a key role of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in atherosclerosis, it remains undetermined if TLR4 antagonist attenuates atherogenesis in mouse model for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we induced type 2 diabetes in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR−/−) mice by high-fat diet (HFD). At 8 weeks old, 20 mice were fed HFD and 20 mice fed regular chow (RC) for 24 weeks. In the last 10 weeks, half HFD-fed mice and half RC-fed mice were treated with Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide (Rs-LPS), an established TLR4 antagonist. After the treatment, atherosclerotic lesions in aortas were analyzed. Results showed that the HFD significantly increased bodyweight, glucose, lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids, and insulin resistance, indicating that the HFD induced type 2 diabetes in LDLR−/− mice. Results also showed that Rs-LPS had no effect on HFD-increased metabolic parameters in both nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Lipid staining of aortas and histological analysis of cross-sections of aortic roots showed that diabetes increased atherosclerotic lesions, but Rs-LPS attenuated atherogenesis in diabetic mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies showed that Rs-LPS reduced infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in atherosclerotic lesions of diabetic mice. Finally, the antagonistic effect of Rs-LPS on TLR4 was demonstrated by our in vitro studies showing that Rs-LPS inhibited IL-6 secretion from macrophages and endothelial cells stimulated by LPS or LPS plus saturated fatty acid palmitate. Taken together, our study demonstrated that TLR4 antagonist was capable of attenuating vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in mice with HFD-induced type 2 diabetes.