cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling and chemical characterization of concentrated smokes

Because of rapid change in both their chemical and physical properties, concentrated (0.5 to 100 g/m/sup 3/) aerosols, such as a diesel fuel-based military obscurant and tobacco smoke, represent a unique challenge to the analytical chemist. Sampling procedures must minimize the alteration of phase concentrations of particular constituents. For example, collection of tobacco smoke particulate matter on glass fiber filters is limited to linear velocities of about 100 cm/min to prevent evaporation of nicotine. Trapping of reactive constituents must be performed rapidly so as to prevent loss through side reactions with other smoke constituents. Chemical characterization studies are directed at comparing laboratory generated test aerosols with those existing under field or ''real world'' conditions. For the diesel fuel aerosol, a tiered analytical scheme, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fractionation followed by high resolution gas chromatography, has proved useful for the determination of major constituents. Limited comparisons have suggested that observed differences result from differences in fuel composition and sampling conditions, rather than generation procedures. For tobacco smoke, comparisons are made between the compositon of smokes generated under standard conditions by smoking machines and that of smokes to which animals are actually exposed. In some cases, exposure smokes have been found tomore » be depleted in particulate matter, relative to the vapor phase. However, gross changes in the composition of the particulate matter do not occur.« less
Impact of a t-shirt message on stutterer stereotypes: A systematic replication

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how clerks in stores and other business people are likely to perceive and react to a stutterer who is wearing a T-shirt on which is printed: “I stutter. So what!” It is a systematic replication of a study of university students' reactions to a stutterer wearing such a T-shirt ( J. Fluency Disord ., 1988, 13, 279–281). The finding of this study is similar to that of the previous one—i.e., a stutterer wearing such a T-shirt would tend to be perceived and reacted to more positively than he or she would otherwise. Clinical implications are discussed.
Elk Food Habits and Range Interactions with other Herbivores in Wind Cave National Park

The elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) population in Wind Cave National Park (WCNP) has varied considerably during the last 20 years (Lovaas 1973, Varland et al. 1978). Leopold et al. (1963) recommended that ungulates in national parks "be reduced to levels that the range will carry in good health and without impairment to the soil, the vegetation, or to habitats of other animals". Because elk are able to occupy a wide variety of habitats (Murie 1951), and have such varied diets (Kufeld 1973), they have great potential to compete with other herbivores. Data are needed on specific elk food habits and herbivore habitat relationships in WCNP to adequately manage ungulate populations. A description of WCNP was given by Lovaas (1973), and the previous report on the present study (Wydeven 1978). Field work was conducted from 6 June 1976 through 12 August 1977.
SnoScan: An iterative functionality service scanner for large scale networks

Every day we rely on various integral parts of infrastructure to function as a society. These infrastructures, such as power, water, and roads, are all abstract representations of networks. Each of these networks is monitored so that their usability and functionality remain intact. SnoScan is a service scanner for computer networks to allow the constant monitoring and notification of their status with regards to their functionality. While there are many open source service scanners available, they will simply tell you if the service is present or not, but can not recognize an error in functionality. By testing for functionality, an in-depth picture of the status of the network can be revealed and present errors to administrators that would otherwise go unnoticed. A functionality service scanner is only useful when the relevance and importance of knowing the functionality is significant to the service in question. If it is enough to say that if the service is present, the service is intrinsic and requires no further testing. However, if knowing the service is present does not give sufficient evidence that the service is working as intended, further testing of the system is required. SnoScan is intended to monitor computer networks by emulating user behavior and initiating status checks to various services typically hosted in a home or business setting. Knowing that the service is functionally sound will provide more relevant information than a standard service scanner and ultimately a more stable network.
Bandwidth Limits for Lossless, Reciprocal PEC-backed Arrays of Arbitrary Polarization

A bandwidth limit was recently developed for antenna arrays backed by a PEC ground plane, under pure TE or TM polarization . In this paper, we extend this result to account for simultaneous excitation of both TE and TM modes, yielding a more general bandwidth limit for lossless and reciprocal PEC-backed arrays (LRPBA) under arbitrary polarization. For a linearly polarized LRPBA, the result is a simple expression for the maximum realizable impedance bandwidth as a function of scan angle. For a circularly polarized LRPBA, there appears to be a fundamental trade-off between polarization purity and impedance bandwidth. Overall, the maximum possible impedance bandwidth of a LRPBA at broadside is twice that of the same array whose polarization is held constant over frequency.
Response to “Different forms of intuitions”

Dear SirI appreciate Dr Hubbeling for her interest in my commentary on the utility of gut feeling as a teaching tool in modern medicine (Biswas 2015). She quotes a recent descriptive analysis of th...
Non-platinum based combination chemotherapy: phase I and II trials of docetaxel plus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, or irinotecan.

Non-platinum combination regimens have been developed for advanced non--small cell lung cancer using the novel and active agents docetaxel, gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and irinotecan. The aim of these combinations is to equal or exceed the survival benefits achieved with cisplatin doublets while minimizing toxicity. Of the docetaxel-based combinations, gemcitabine has been the most extensively studied. In a 317-patient randomized trial, docetaxel plus gemcitabine achieved a response rate of 34%, similar to the 32% response rate seen in patients randomized to docetaxel plus cisplatin. One-year survival rates were 38% and 42%, respectively. While being equally active, the docetaxel/gemcitabine combination was associated with significantly less neutropenia and gastrointestinal adverse events than the cisplatin-containing regimen. Phase II trials of docetaxel plus vinorelbine have reported response rates of up to 51% and 1-year survival in up to 60% of patients without significant peripheral neuropathy. Docetaxel plus irinotecan is also active in advanced non--small cell lung cancer and has shown similar efficacy to docetaxel plus cisplatin in a randomized trial. The adverse event profile of docetaxel/irinotecan is different from that of cisplatin-based regimens. Both non-platinum and platinum combination regimens have an important role to play in the treatment of non--small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 28 (suppl 9):15-20.
Quality of life and mood in women receiving extensive chemotherapy for gynecologic cancer.

BACKGROUND Quality of life (QOL) and mood were investigated among women who had received intensive chemotherapy for at least 1 year for advanced gynecologic cancers. Relationships of coping styles to QOL and mood in these patients also were examined. METHODS Twenty-four patients who had been receiving chemotherapy continuously or intermittently for at least 1 year were recruited into the study. To control for the diagnosis of cancer and for prior hysterectomy, 24 age-matched early stage gynecologic cancer patients not receiving chemotherapy and assessed 1 year following diagnosis were examined as a comparison group. All subjects completed psychosocial assessments at a clinic visit. Medical information was retrospectively abstracted from patient charts. RESULTS Decrements in physical, emotional, and functional well-being were reported by extensively treated patients, whereas social well-being and satisfaction with the relationship between doctor and patient were close to the norms of the comparison group. Extensively treated patients reported more fatigue and less vigor, but their depression and anxiety did not differ from early stage patients. Almost all extensively treated patients reported that their treatment had been worthwhile. Patients using avoidant coping reported poorer physical and emotional well-being, along with greater anxiety, depression, fatigue, and total mood disturbance. Those using active coping reported better social well-being, better relationships with their doctors, and less overall distress. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that gynecologic oncology patients extensively treated with chemotherapy experienced substantial decrements to quality of life, and yet treatment still was considered worthwhile by a majority of patients. Avoidant coping may be a particular risk factor for poor QOL and greater distress. Cancer 2000;89:1402–11. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Multiserver Queueing Models of Multiprocessing Systems

Conventional time sharing and multiprogramming systems have been extensively modeled as single-server queues. In contrast, multiprocessing systems must be modeled as multiserver queueing systems. This paper investigates the effect of the scheduling strategy-a key parameter-on the performance of multiserver queues, under very general assumptions: arbitrary arrival process and arbitrary service times distribution. We distinguish two classes of queue disciplines: preemptive and nonpreemptive, and two types of arrival processes: dependent (on the state of the queue) and independent. The performance is evaluated in terms of global measures: the utilization factor of the servers, as a measure of internal efficiency, and the mean response time, as a measure of external (user-oriented) performance. It is shown that nonpreemptive disciplines leave both measures invariant, for given but arbitrary (dependent or not) arrival process and arbitrary service distribution. For preemptive disciplines, the utilization factor is invariant only if the arrival process is independent, while the mean response time depends on the discipline, whatever the arrival process. It is also shown that the exponential distribution is the only distribution for which the queue discipline does not affect the performance of the system, thus underlining the very peculiar nature of this standard assumption and preventing us from safely generalizing the conclusions reached under this assumption. A quantitative comparison of preemptive and nonpreemptive disciplines requires an analytical solution, for which a general technique is presented.
Dynamics of Allostery in Hemoglobin: Roles of the Penultimate Tyrosine H bonds

The tyrosine residues adjacent to the C termini of the hemoglobin (Hb) subunits, αY140 and βY145, are expected to play important structural roles, because the C termini are the loci of T-state quaternary salt-bridges, and because the tyrosine side-chains bridge the H and F helices via H bonds to the αV93 and βV98 carbonyl groups. These roles have been investigated via measurements of oxygen binding, 1H NMR spectra, resonance Raman (RR) spectra, and time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectra on site mutants in which the H⋯F H bonds are eliminated by replacing the tyrosine residues with phenylalanine. The TR3 spectra confirm the hypothesis, based on TR3 studies of wild-type Hb, that the H⋯F H bonds break and then re-form during the sub-microsecond phase of the R–T quaternary transition. The TR3 spectra support the inference from other mutational studies that the αβ dimers act as single dynamic units in this early phase, motions of the E and F helices being coupled tightly across the dimer interface. Formation of T quaternary contacts occurs at about the same rate in the mutants as in HbA. However, these contacts are weakened substantially by the Y/F substitutions. Equilibrium perturbations are apparent also, especially for the α-subunits, in which relaxation of the Fe–His bond, strengthening of the A⋯E interhelical H bond, and weakening of the “switch” quaternary contact in deoxyHb are all apparent. Structural effects are less marked for the β-chain Y/F replacement, but the Bohr effect is reduced by 25%, indicating that the salt-bridge and H bond interactions of the adjacent C terminus are loosened. The α-chain replacement reduces the Bohr effect much more, consistent with the global perturbations detected by the structure probes.
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Diagnosed by Doppler Ultrasound

Using a transcutaneous Doppler ultrasonic blood velocity detector, retrograde ophthalmic artery blood flow was demonstrated in four patients, all of whom had angiographically confirmed occluded internal carotid arteries. In three, compression of the facial artery obliterated the ophthalmic artery signal. In a fourth patient compression of the superficial temporal artery produced the same result. The technique presently used to monitor ophthalmic artery blood flow and to detect retrograde ophthalmic flow is described. This simple method appears to be at least as useful as ophthalmodynamometry in the routine evaluation of patients for extracranial occlusive disease, is easier to perform, and has a wider range of application.
Expression of caveolin-1 in lymphocytes induces caveolae formation and recruitment of phosphofructokinase to the plasma membrane

Compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism has been shown in a wide range of tissues including reports of one compartment of glycolysis associated with the plasma membrane of cells. However, only in the erythrocyte has the physical basis for plasma membrane-associated glycolytic pathway been established. We have previously found that phosphofructokinase (PFK) appeared to colocalize with the fairly ubiquitous plasma membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV-1), consistent with a role for CAV-1 as an anchor for glycolysis to the plasma membrane. To test the hypothesis that CAV-1 functions as a scaffolding protein for PFK, we transfected human lymphocytes (a cell without CAV-1 expression) with human CAV-1 cDNA. We demonstrate that expression of CAV-1 in lymphocytes results in the formation of caveolae at the plasma membrane and affects the subcellular localization of PFK by recruiting PFK to the plasma membrane. Targeting of PFK by CAV-1 also was validated by the significant colocalization between the proteins after transfection, which resulted in a correlation of 0.97 +/- 0.004 between the two fluorophores. This finding is significant in as much as it illustrates the CAV-1 feasibility of generating binding sites for glycolytic enzymes on the plasma membrane. We therefore conclude that CAV-1 functions as a scaffolding protein for PFK and that this may contribute to the elucidation of the basis for carbohydrate compartmentation to the plasma membrane in a wide variety of cell types.
Inhibition of nasal mucosal eosinophils after immunotherapy is associated with a decrease in interleukin-13 mRNA and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression

ABSTRACT Background Grass pollen immunotherapy is highly effective in reducing seasonal hay fever symptoms and medication requirements. Clinical improvement is accompanied by a reduction in nasal mucosal eosinophils, although the mechanism is unknown. Methods Nasal biopsies were taken from 37 adults before immunotherapy and during the peak pollen season following 2 years treatment. Biopsies were processed for immunohistochemistry for CCR3, adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1) and apoptotic cells (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end-labeling; TUNEL), as well as for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 mRNA-positive cells. Results were compared with eosinophil numbers in the nasal mucosa. Results Analysis of the clinical data confirmed that the proportion of patients who showed greater than 60% improvement in symptoms (47 and 15%) and in rescue medication (79 and 10%) were significant for the immunotherapy group compared with placebo group ( P P P = 0.05) and IL-13 mRNA-expressing cells ( P Conclusion Successful grass pollen immunotherapy was associated with inhibition of seasonal increases in nasal eosinophils, IL-13 mRNA-expressing cells and VCAM-1 expression, but no change in CCR3 expression or in the number of apoptotic cells. The reduction in eosinophils after immunotherapy may be due to suppression of eosinophil recruitment to the nasal mucosa rather than enhanced apoptosis.
Effect of measurement noise on magnetoquasistatic position and orientation sensing

Magnetoquasistatic position and orientation errors due to measurement noise are quantitatively studied using theoretical field equations and added Gaussian noise.
The 2012 Acquisitions Institute at Timberline Lodge

This year the Acquisitions Institute was held May 19 through May 22, 2012, and brought together approximately eighty people from around the country. Seventeen presentations on acquisitions, collection development, and collection management were delivered over two days, with breaks, meals, and optional fun events providing ample opportunity to socialize and network. Written by a first-time attendee, this article describes the sessions of the 2012 institute.
A solar furnace for use in applied research

Abstract A description is presented of a solar furnace developed by Arthur D. Little, Inc. for research use. This furnace was developed to provide a compact, flexible research tool for exposing materials to temperatures up to 3500 °C. over a circular area of 0.6 cm diameter, without the problem of contamination from sample containers or furnace walls. An important feature is the sample-moving mechanism which allows the sample to be moved parallel to any of the three coordinates. Variable-speed motors, the controls for which are conveniently located at the base of the mirror support, permit regulation of the motion of the sample holder. Movement can take place either in cartesian or polar coordinates; and the sample can thus be rotated around the hot zone if desired. Measuring and optical instruments can be inserted through the hole at the back of the reflector and can be placed very close to the hot sample without being affected by the high temperature. An electronic guiding system keeps the furnace trained on the sun, while a shielding cylinder provides temperature control over the sample even at the highest temperature range. This solar furnace is the first in a line of high temperature equipment which Arthur D. Little plans to make commercially available to research laboratories.
Society of Urologic Oncology 2003 winter meeting

a c W The fourth annual Urologic Oncology conference held in ethesda, MD, in December 2003 was another remarkable eeting. Each year the number of participants has increased nd more importantly the number and quality of the poster resentations has significantly increased. This year 88 exellent posters were presented. It is evident that urologic esearch has evolved from highly focused subspecialty inestigations to multidisciplinary approaches. As researchers ontinue to search for medical therapies for the treatment nd potential cures of malignancies and other diseases, rologic surgeons face a potential future of increased numers of nonsurgical therapies. Thus, it is refreshing to note hat this meeting also focused on earlier interventions such s cancer prevention as well as diagnostic and prognostic ndicators. The first session of the conference focused on the epideiology of the major genitourinary malignancies. Wong-Ho how, Ph.D., presented data that suggested risks associated ith tobacco usage, body mass index and hypertension may ccount for approximately 50% of all sporadic renal cell arcinomas. Gary Schwartz, Ph.D., presented a compelling rgument for a potential linkage of ochratoxin A (a mycooxin contaminant in grains and pork) exposure with inreasing risk of testis cancer. Otis Brawley, M.D., discussed he controversies regarding the risks and benefits of prostate ancer screening. Lee Moore, Ph.D., discussed genetic hanges associated with two bladder cancer risk factors, obacco usage and arsenic exposure. Although genetic proling has become widely utilized, this session demonstrated he importance of epidemiological correlations in the role of isease prevention to direct investigations of cancer risk and rognostic factors. Molecular profiling of cancers was extensively discussed n other sessions. DNA mutations, RNA and protein expresion differences continue to be investigated. These differnces are being used to aid in the detection of cancer, cancer rogression and cancer prognosis. Multiple novel genes
Potential and viscous flow in VTOL, STOL or CTOL propulsion system inlets

A method was developed for analyzing the flow in subsonic axisymmetric inlets at arbitrary conditions of freestream velocity, incidence angle, and inlet mass flow. An improved version of the method is discussed and comparisons of results obtained with the original and improved methods are given. Comparisons with experiments are also presented for several inlet configurations and for various conditions of the boundary layer from insignificant to separated. Applications of the method are discussed, with several examples given for specific cases involving inlets for VTOL lift fans and for STOL engine nacelles.
Transformation of rat tracheal epithelial cells to immortal growth variants by particulate and soluble nickel compounds

Abstract The cytotoxicity and transforming activity of nickel subsulfide, nickel oxide and nickel sulfate was studied by assays of colony-forming efficiency and of transformation of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells to enhanced growth variants (EGVs) and immortal growth variants (IGVs). Nickel subsulfide caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity between 1 and 5 μg/ml, whereas the cytotoxic range of nickel oxide and nickel sulfate was 50–200 μg/ml and 60–130 μg/ml, respectively. At lower concentrations, nickel sulfate caused modest (up to 126%) growth stimulation. During the initial 24-h treatment period, internalized nickel subsulfide particles were observed in phagocytic vesicles in cells near the periphery of all RTE cell colonies, whereas nickel oxide particles were not internalized but had adhered to both the cells and the tissue culture dish. After 7–10 days of the transformation assay, nickel subsulfide particles were no longer visible, but nickel oxide particles remained on the dish for the duration of the 5 week assay. During weeks 3–5 of the transformation assay, internalized nickel oxide particles were observed in non-vacuolated cells at the periphery of the colonies. All 3 nickel compounds significantly (p NiO = NiSO4. MNNG, the positive control, was twice as active as nickel subsulfide at 1 3 the concentration and 1 6 the duration of treatment. EGVs induced by MNNG, nickel subsulfide and nickel sulfate were cloned and converted to IGVs at frequencies of 44, 24 and 43%, respectively. In contrast, EGVs transformed by nickel oxide rarely converted to IGVs (13%). All nickel-induced IGVs were immunohistochemically epithelial, mitotically active, aneuploid and exhibited high plating efficiencies. Our results suggest that respiratory epithelial cells are targets for the transforming capabilities of several nickel compounds but that the potency and mechanism of transformation by various forms of nickel may be different according to the physico-chemical properties of each compound.
Error bounds of the Galerkin method for singular integral equations of the second kind

For solving singular integral equations of the first kind Erdogan proposed a method of Galerkin type, and convergence was proved by Linz. In this paper we consider equations of the second kind, and it is found that the method converges also in this case. However, stronger conditions than for the first kind equations must be imposed. The computational aspect of the convergence problem is also considered.
TELESCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF MARS, 1996-1997 : RESULTS OF THE MARSWATCH PROGRAM

Abstract During the 1996–1997 apparition of Mars, Marswatch and the International Mars Patrol (IMP) of the Mars Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) received 2750 observations from 70 observers in 14 countries. Approximately 40% of these observations are CCD images, many of which were obtained through filters covering a spectral range from 330 to 820 nm. In addition, a large number of high quality visual observations were performed through standard color filters, permitting more accurate assessments of surface and atmospheric phenomena. The apparition coverage extended through 249° (11° to 260°) of areocentric longitude ( L s ), permitting monitoring of the northern hemisphere spring/summer/autumn meterological activity, north polar cap (NPC) behavior, and albedo feature alterations. There were few significant changes in albedo feature morphology during the 1996–1997 apparition. The north polar cap rift, the Rima Tenuis, which had been observed and imaged during each aphelic apparition since 1980, was not observed, perhaps due to a slowing in the NPC regression after 80° L s . The incidence of discrete clouds, orographic and localized, was higher than that predicted on the basis of the ALPO/IMP's martian meteorology study that spanned 14 previous apparitions from 1964 to 1993. Discrete clouds were more numerous than in 1993 or 1995, peaking in late northern spring, 30° L s earlier than predicted. The Syrtis Blue Cloud was extensively observed and imaged between 66° and 115° L s . The rate of occurrence of limb clouds was significantly lower than predicted for a given subseason. Their peak incidence occurred after aphelion, but their frequency decreased rapidly after 105° L s , nearly two martian seasons earlier than observed during previous apparitions. Limb hazes, bright in blue and ultraviolet light, were more numerous and conspicuous throughout the northern summer, as predicted from the meteorology study. Arctic clouds increased in number around aphelion and were often large and bright during early northern summer. A variable north polar hood was observed after 160° L s . We find clear evidence for the existence of extensive equatorial cloud bands, which became numerous between 50° and 120° L s , peaking in early northern summer (105° L s ), and often merging into bright limb clouds. These bands were more frequent and prominent in 1996–1997 than during the 1993 or 1995 apparitions and were extensively imaged in blue and ultraviolet light by both groundbased observers and by the HST.
Chemical-shift artifact reduction in Hadamard-encoded MR spectroscopic imaging at high (3T and 7T) magnetic fields.

Proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at higher magnetic fields (B0) suffers metabolite localization errors from different chemical-shift displacements (CSDs) if spatially-selective excitation is used. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the decreasing radiofrequency (RF) field strength, B1, at higher B0s, precluding its suppression with stronger gradients. To address this, two new methods are proposed: 1) segmenting the volume-of-interest (VOI) into several slabs, allowing proportionally stronger slice-select gradients; and 2) sequentially cascading rather than superposing the components of the Hadamard selective pulses used for reasons of better point-spread function (PSF) to localize the few slices within each slab. This can reduce the peak B1 to that of a single slice. Combining these approaches permits us to increase the selective gradient four- to eightfold per given B1, to 12 or 18mT/m for 4- or 2-cm VOIs. This “brute force” approach reduces the CSD to under 0.05 cm/ppm at 7T, or less than half that at 3T. Magn Reson Med 58:167–173, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Astrocyte-polymer implants promote regeneration of dorsal root fibers into the adult mammalian spinal cord

To overcome obstacles to the regeneration of crushed dorsal root fibers at the dorsal root entry zone, we have employed specially designed Millipore implants coated with embryonic astrocytes to serve as a substrate for axonal growth. This strategy was successful in promoting the growth of crushed dorsal root axons into the grey matter of the adult mammalian spinal cord in a small number of animals. Fiber ingrowth into the spinal cord was closely associated with the surface of the polymer implant. In addition, unique terminal arbor malformations, not normally present, were seen in several animals. A consistent finding was the presence of a limited inflammatory response in regions immediately adjacent to the implant where axons penetrate the spinal cord. Our findings suggest that providing the dorsal root entry zone with an embryonic milieu can stimulate a limited amount of axonal regeneration into the adult mammalian spinal cord.
Direct Imaging of Interactions between an Icosahedral Virus and Conjugate Fab Fragments by Cryoelectron Microscopy and X-Ray Crystallography

The binding properties of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) raised against cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) were characterized by conventional and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. McAb binding to CPMV on electron microscope (EM) grids was also assayed with gold-labeled anti-mouse antibodies. Two of the seven McAbs (5B2 and 10B7) were found to bind tighter to CPMV than the others in the inhibition ELISA and the EM assay. F(ab) fragments from both of these McAbs were prepared and complexed with CPMV in solution. Electron micrographs of flash frozen (vitrified) samples of native CPMV and CPMV complexed with F(ab) fragments from McAbs 5B2 and 10B7 as well as IgGs from 5B2 were recorded and reconstructions were computed at 23 A resolution for the CPMV/F(ab) complexes and 30 A resolution for the CPMV/IgG complex. Structures of all three complexes clearly displayed the F(ab) fragments distributed with icosahedral symmetry on the surface of CPMV. The IgG bound in a monodentate fashion with only one F(ab) attached to the virus surface. F(ab) fragments from 5B2 and 10B7 bound to nearly identical positions. The refined 2.8 A X-ray structure of CPMV was used to identify the roughly 30 amino acids covered by the F(ab) fragments. The "footprint" spans a subunit interface and appears spatially similar to antigenic site 3B on poliovirus. In a previous, preliminary report of the CPMV/F(ab) 5B2 complex (Wang et al., 1992, Nature 355, 275-278) the wrong enantiomorph of the reconstruction was chosen. This was corrected and, since the F(ab) binds close to a mirror plane, the change in the footprint was minor.
Reajuste por sinistralidade em contratos coletivos empresariais de assistência à saúde – Interpretação segundo os princípios constitucionais do direito à saúde e artigos 1º e 170 da Constituição Federal de 1988

Em um cenario em que se verifica a enorme dificuldade de estruturacao e consolidacao do Sistema Unico de Saude e de seus principios diretivos, bem como a crescente importância do setor de saude suplementar, este trabalho tem como finalidade refletir sobre a forma de interpretacao dos conflitos derivados do contrato coletivo empresarial de assistencia a saude, ja que este e um dos mais importantes instrumentos do setor de saude suplementar da atualidade. Inicialmente sao apresentadas as principais diferencas entre os contratos individuais e os contratos empresariais de assistencia a saude, em especial no tocante aos reajustes e a rescisao contratual. Em seguida, conclui-se que a divergencia na interpretacao dos casos do Superior Tribunal de Justica aqui selecionados baseia-se no entendimento de cada Ministro sobre o enquadramento do contrato ou no ramo do direito empresarial ou no ramo do direito do consumidor, o que leva a consequencias antagonicas em cada uma das duas hipoteses. Posteriormente, destaca-se a construcao do direito social a saude no âmbito nacional e internacional, seus principios e a sua inter-relacao com o setor da Saude Suplementar, sugerindo a aplicacao dessa principiologia como um todo a interpretacao do contrato em comento. Tambem sao analisados os principios previstos nos artigos 1o e 170 da Constituicao Federal de 1988, para demonstrar que, mesmo em contratos estritamente empresariais, o principio da liberdade com solidariedade, que da lastro a teoria do equilibrio contratual com base na boa-fe objetiva, e que deve ser utilizado.
Forest farming of shiitake mushrooms: aspects of forced fruiting.

Abstract Three outdoor shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) cultivation experiments were established during 2002–2004 at the University of Missouri Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Center, in central Missouri. Over three complete years following a year of spawn run, we examined shiitake mushroom production in response to the temperature of forcing water, inoculum strain, substrate host species and physical orientation of the log during fruiting. Forcing compressed the period of most productive fruiting to the two years following spawn run. Further, chilled forcing water, 10–12 °C, significantly enhanced yield, particularly when ambient air temperatures were favorable for the selected mushroom strain. The temperature of water available for force-fruiting shiitake logs depends on geographic location (latitude) and source (i.e., farm pond vs. spring or well water). Prospective growers should be aware of this effect when designing their management and business plans.
Nonuniform FDTD formulation for the analysis and reduction of crosstalk on coupled microstrip lines

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) formulation for nonuniformly meshed computational space with inhomogeneous lossy dielectrics is presented and discussed. The use of the nonuniform mesh allows for the analysis of practical geometries with modest computer resources. The selection of FDTD parameters in both time and spatial domains, and its influence on the numerical results is also addressed. Comparisons of numerical results with available measured data show good agreement. This FDTD formulation is applied to study the minimization of crosstalk between coupled microstrip lines. Different techniques are investigated to reduce the coupling, such as an air notch, a PEC doping, a PEC cover, and some related combinations. The numerical analysis of this study shows that the best techniques for crosstalk reduction with only one specific cover height and a limited range for the other microstrip line parameters, is obtained by applying the combination of a PEC doping and a PEC cover.
Production of H3+, HeH+ and He2+ ion beams using a coaxial electron-impact ion source

Abstract A cylindrically symmetric controlled-electron-bombardment ion source already described [J.J. Spezeski, G.A. Ruff and W.H. Wing, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 49 (1978) 1327] has been modified to permit production of molecular ions by gas-phase reaction in a controlled way. Extremely quiet beams of H 3 + , HeH + , and He 2 + with currents of 1.05 X 10 −7 , 6.2 X 10 −9 , and 1.7 X 10 −9 A, respectively, have been obtained. Source modifications are described and operation over a wide range of conditions is discussed.
Distinctions between transgenerational and non-transgenerational epimutations

Recent studies have described numerous environmentally-induced disruptions of the epigenome (epimutations) in mammals. While some of these appear to be corrected by normal germline-specific epigenetic reprogramming and are therefore not transmitted transgenerationally, others are not corrected and are transmitted over multiple subsequent generations. The mechanism(s) that distinguish transgenerational and non-transgenerational epimutations have not been delineated. This review examines several potential molecular and developmental distinctions between transgenerational and non-transgenerational epimutations in the context of the likelihood that any of these may or may not contribute to transgenerational inheritance of epimutations.
SOME PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASMIC GELS : I. TENSION IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF SPIROGYRA.

The chloroplast of Spirogyra is a long, spirally coiled ribbon which may contract to form a short, nearly straight rod. This happens under natural conditions and it can also be produced by a variety of inorganic salts and by some organic substances. It also occurs when the chloroplast is freed by centrifugal force from the clear peripheral protoplasm which is in contact with the cellulose wall. It would therefore seem that the chloroplast may be passively stretched by the action of the clear protoplasm and hence it contracts as soon as it is set free. This contraction happens in dead as well as in living cells. It would be of much interest to know how the protoplasm brings about the coiling of the chloroplast and how the chloroplast is set free by various reagents. Presumably they must penetrate the living protoplasm to produce the effects described. In one species partial contraction without detachment from the peripheral protoplasm can be brought about by lead acetate. This is reversible. Lead nitrate does not produce this result. The attack upon the problem is greatly facilitated by the study of dead cells. Thereby we reduce the number of variables but the chloroplast continues to react to certain chemical and physical agents in much the same manner as in the living cell and the solution surrounding it can be controlled as is not possible in the living cell. We must await further investigation to learn what plant and animal cells contain gels under tension and what functions they perform.
Volume dependence of the valence Wilson fermion mass spectrum

Abstract We present hadron mass spectrum results for valence Wilson fermions obtained from simulations on the GF11. We performed high statistic runs on three physical volumes, 8 3 × 32, 16 3 × 32, and 24 3 × 32, all with the same coarse lattice spacing, β = 5.7. We see no systematic difference between our 8 3 and 16 3 results at the large quark masses we could simulate on 8 3 . Our 16 3 and 24 3 results also agree at the small quark masses we simulated on these larger volumes.
Solution structure, stability, and flexibility of Sso10a: a hyperthermophile coiled-coil DNA-binding protein.

Sso10a is one of a number of DNA-binding proteins from the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus that has been associated with DNA packaging and chromatin regulation. Sequence analysis indicates that it is a member of a conserved group of archaeal transcription regulators (COG3432). We have determined the solution structure of Sso10a and show that it is a homodimer of winged-helix DNA-binding domains. The dimer interface consists of an extended antiparallel coiled coil, with the globular DNA-binding domains positioned at opposite ends of a solvent-exposed coiled-coil rod. NMR structure refinement of the elongated structure benefited not only from the inclusion of residual dipolar couplings from partially aligned samples but also the influence of anisotropic rotational diffusion on heteronuclear relaxation. An analysis of backbone mobility using 15N relaxation rates indicated that the overall tertiary and quaternary structure is largely inflexible on the nanosecond to picosecond time scale. Amide hydrog...
Thermal conductivity of solid ortho-para H2 mixtures below 1.6 K

We report thermal conductivity measurements of two hcp H2 crystals over a temperature range between 0.15 and 1.6 K and an ortho-H2 concentration range betweenX=0.55 andX=0.01. The orientation of the crystals in the conductivity cell was determined from the anisotropy of the NMR spectrum forX≈0.01. The conductivity results are analyzed into contributions from (1) phonon scattering by the rotational states of the ortho-H2 particles and (2) boundary phonon scattering. The results are compared with previous work at higher temperatures. The influence of ortho-H2 clustering on the thermal conductivity is observed and discussed.
Regression Testing for Web Applications Using Reusable Constraint Values

Companies that provide web applications need to perform frequent regression testing because companies often encounter various security attacks and frequent feature update demands from users. Typically, such applications require regression testing processes that require minimal test effort because they have already been deployed and used in the field. In our previous work, we presented an efficient regression testing approach that allows us to focus on the areas of code that have been changed and to regression test them to address this problem. While our experiment results showed that this approach can be efficient in saving the cost of regression testing by reducing the number of test paths necessary for the modified program, we also learned that resolving input constraints requires a lot of effort. In this paper, to accommodate further savings with regression testing, we present a technique that identifies reusable constraint values for regression test cases. The technique finds variables where input values from the previous version can be reused to execute the regression test path for the new version. Our empirical results show that a large number of variable constraints can be reused from the previous version's test cases, thus we can reduce a great deal of effort for resolving constraint values for those variables when we test a new version of the application.
CCK-8 injected into the nucleus accumbens attenuates the supersensitive locomotor response to apomorphine in 6-OHDA and chronic-neuroleptic treated rats

Postsynaptic dopamine-cholecystokinin (CCK) interactions in the nucleus accumbens were studied in two behavioral preparations of DA receptor supersensitivity: chronic-neuroleptic treated and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) denervated rats. Subcutaneous (SC) injections of apomorphine (APO; 0.15 mg/kg) in experiment 1 produced marked hyperlocomotion in rats following 12 days of pretreatment with cis-[Z]-flupenthixol (2 mg/kg; twice per day). Bilateral intra-accumbens (N.Acc.) microinjections of CCK-8 (2 ng and 2 μg) reliably reduced APO-stimulated hyperlocomotion. An intermediate CCK dose (20 ng) was without effect. No change in APO responsivity following chronic vehicle treatment was observed and the baseline APO response was not altered by CCK at any dose. Denervation of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) terminals by intra-N.Acc. injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 8 μg/side) in experiment 2 similarly resulted in intense locomotor hyperactivity after APO stimulation (0.1 mg/kg; SC). Bilateral intra-N.Acc. injections of CCK-8 (1, 10, 100 ng, and 1 μg) significantly attenuated the supersensitive locomotor response to APO. As in experiment 1, CCK produced “biphasic” dose-response effects with strong attenuation that persisted throughout the entire 60-min test at both high (1 μg) and low (1 ng) doses. Intermediate CCK doses (10 and 100 ng) produced only shortterm reductions in activity. Hypomotility induced by APO in SHAM-lesioned rats was not effectively reversed by CCK treatments. CCK had no effect on unstimulated baseline locomotor activity in either 6-OHDA or SHAM-lesioned rats. These results provide further evidence that CCK-8 modulates mesolimbic DA activity by functionally opposing the postsynaptic effects of DA in the region of the nucleus accumbens.
A Second Chance in Second Grade: The Independent and Cumulative Impact of First- and Second-Grade Reading Instruction and Students' Letter-Word Reading Skill Growth

This study examines the relation of language arts instruction to students' letter-word reading skill growth from the beginning of 1st grade to the end of 2nd grade using cross-classified random effects models. Amounts of teacher-managed, code-focused instruction in 1st and 2nd grade each uniquely predicted students' letter-word reading skill growth; plus, there were child-by-instruction interactions. Students with weaker fall 1st grade letter-word reading scores demonstrated stronger letter-word reading at the end of 2nd grade when they spent more time in 1st-and 2nd-grade teacher-managed, code-focused instruction. Students with stronger initial reading skills demonstrated higher 2nd-grade reading scores when they spent less time in 1st grade but more time in 2nd-grade teacher-managed, code-focused instruction. Students who participated in optimally effective 1st-grade and 2nd-grade classroom instruction demonstrated greater letter-word reading growth from the beginning of 1st grade to the end of 2nd grad...
Do I practice what I preach? Contraception use in North American medical students

Evaluation of: Rowen TS, Smith JF, Eisenberg ML et al. Contraceptive usage patterns in North American medical students. Contraception 83(5), 459–465 (2011).Contraception in medical students has not been well studied. Furthermore, the relationship between student knowledge and comfort in discussing sexuality with patients and personal choices of contraception has not been explored. A cross-sectional survey of nearly 2300 North American medical students attempted to define contraceptive usage and identify characteristics of effective use. In total, 71% of men and 76% of women were using at least one form of contraception, with condoms being the most popular method, followed by oral contraceptive pills. Female medical students were more likely to be using some form of birth control when compared with the general population. Decreased rates of contraception use were found in black and Asian students, students not in relationships and in female respondents with more sexual dysfunction. Students who felt comfor...
An Analysis of the Multicultural Assessment Intervention Process Model

Multiple regression models linking client counselor preferences, client-provider ethnic/racial match and provider self-perceived cultural competence to clinical outcome was developed with samples of African American, Latino American and White American adult outpatient community mental health clients (n=1153). The models tested hypothesized relationships of cultural factors predicted by the Multicultural Assessment Intervention Process model. Measured variables included clients’ preferences for the language in which mental health services were to be provided and the culture (race/ethnicity) of the provider, client-provider ethnic/racial match, self-perceived provider cultural competence and clinical outcome as measured by Global Assessment of Functioning scores at Time 2 statistically controlling for client scores at Time 1. Results indicated that lack of a client-provider ethnic/racial match and higher levels of provider self-perceived sensitivity predicted African American clinical outcome. These same re...
Altering in vivo macrophage responses with modified polymer properties.

Abstract Macrophage reprogramming has long been the focus of research in disease therapeutics and biomaterial implantation. With different chemical and physical properties of materials playing a role in macrophage polarization, it is important to investigate and categorize the activation effects of material parameters both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have investigated the effects of material surface chemistry on in vivo polarization of macrophages. The library of materials used here include poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (p(NIPAm-co-AAc)) nanoparticles (∼600 nm) modified with various functional groups. This study also focuses on the development of a quantitative structure—activity relationship method (QSAR) as a predictive tool for determining the macrophage polarization in response to particular biomaterial surface chemistries. Here, we successfully use in vivo imaging and histological analysis to identify the macrophage response and activation. We demonstrate the ability to induce a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes with a change in material functionality as well as identify certain material parameters that seem to correlate with each phenotype. This suggests the potential to develop materials for a variety of applications and predict the outcome of macrophage activation in response to new surface chemistries.