cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic visual tracking control system using embedded computers

In this paper, a low-cost visual tracking control system using video images and embedded computer is built and demonstrated. The target object in the image is separated from the rest of the image based on the special feature of the object. The position information of the target is then determined and used by the tracking controller to control the two motors in a pan and tilt head unit to rotate the camera horizontally and vertically until the target object is at the center of the image.
Exposure to Community Violence, Suicidality, and Psychological Distress Among African American and Latino Youths: Findings From the CDC Youth Violence Survey

The present investigation explored risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation and behavior in a sub-sample of African American and Latino adolescents (n = 2,626) who participated in the 2004 Centers for Disease Control Youth Violence Survey. Structural equation modeling was used to explore exposure to violence at the community level as a contextual factor that could potentially influence depressive symptomatology, substance abuse, parental support, social support, and suicidality among study participants. Findings indicated that exposure to violence at the community level was not directly related to suicidality among this population of urban adolescents. However, it was directly related with several other variables under study in the model, which in turn were directly related with suicidality. Tests of invariance revealed several across-group differences, particularly by race and gender, in how the identified risk and protective factors in the model related to suicidality. Implications for research...
Implementing Haptic Feedback Environments from High-Level Descriptions

Haptic feedback can be a critical component of virtual environments used in cognitive research, rehabilitation, military training, and entertainment. A limiting factor in the innovation and the acceptance of virtual environments with haptic feedback is the time and cost required to build them. This paper presents a development environment called iAcumen that supports a new approach for programming such systems. This approach allows the developer to directly express physical equations describing the underlying dynamics. By raising the level of abstraction for the developer, we avoid many of the problems that limit the effectiveness of traditional approaches.
Geriatric patients attending tertiary care psychiatric hospital.

This retrospective study aimed to explore the Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical profile of patients aged 60 years and above, attending psychiatric services for the first time at the Institute of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, Goa during 1993-1998. Hospital case files of six hundred and ninety-eight patients formed the study sample. Preliminary analysis revealed that 70% of the sample was between 60-69 years. Mean age was 65.8 years (Sd ΁6.11). Sex ratio male to female was 38:62. 59% came from extended families. The commonest psychiatric diagnosis was mood (affective) disorders seen in 43% of the sample, of which more than half had depression. Associated physical illnesses were seen in 68% of the sample. The differential occurrences of various psychiatric diagnostic categories as well as associated physical illnesses were significantly associated with the sex of the patients.
MATING PREFERENCE FUNCTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL FEMALE BARKING TREEFROGS, HYLA GRATIOSA,FOR TWO PROPERTIES OF MALE ADVERTISEMENT CALLS

A mating preference function describes the relationship between variation in a trait in potential mates and the strength of the preference for that trait. Few studies have measured mating preference functions either at a population level or for individuals. We used two-choice playback experiments to determine the mating preference functions of individual female barking treefrogs for two call characteristics: call-repetition rate and fundamental frequency. We tested each female four times with each pair of stimuli and with three to six pairs of stimuli. Individual females exhibited directional preferences for higher call rates and stabilizing preferences for intermediate fundamental fre- quency. These individual preference functions were similar to population-level preferences documented in previous studies. Within a stimulus type (call rate or fundamental frequency), nearly all females exhibited the same general preference function. However, females varied in the minimum difference between stimuli necessary to elicit a unan- imous choice for the higher call rate, and they differed in both the intermediate fundamental frequency they preferred most and the minimum difference in fundamental frequency that elicited a unanimous choice for one of the two alternatives. The variation we observed among females was not repeatable; repeatabilities were in general low and statistically nonsignificant. The observed variation in the preferences of females, even if unrepeatable, should weaken selection on male traits relative to selection in the absence of such variation.
Potassium Channels in the Renal Circulation

The renal artery and its main tributaries, the arcuate and interlobular arteries, are responsible for the vascular supply to the most richly perfused organ of the human body. Because the kidney establishes a large portion of total peripheral resistance, it is one of the essential vascular beds controlling blood pressure. While rapid adjustments in tone of the main renal arteries can significantly modulate acute blood pressure, the renal arterioles regulate blood pressure on a more long-term basis by modulating urinary excretion in response to changing blood volume (Fig. 1).
Thermal performance of low melting temperature alloys at the interface between dissimilar materials

Abstract This paper describes the thermal performance and practical concerns of using a variety of thermal interface materials (traditional: greases, phase change materials, gels, and thermal pads; emerging: carbon nanotubes, graphene, low melt alloys, and metallic nanosprings) and investigated the reliability of low melt alloys (LMAs) containing gallium, indium, bismuth, and tin as thermal interface materials (TIMs). The analysis presented herein involved the thermal performance evaluation of LMAs placed between different surfaces (copper and nickel) after accelerated life cycle testing, which included high temperature aging at 130 °C and thermal cycling from −40 °C to 80 °C. Three alloys (75.5 Ga and 24.5 In, 100 Ga, and 51 In, 32.5 Bi, and 16.5 Sn) were chosen as candidate LMA TIMs. The testing methodologies followed ASTM D5470 protocols. Measurements showed that the proposed alloys survived as long as 3000 hours of aging at 130 °C and 1500 cycles from −40 °C to 80 °C without significant thermal performance degradation. The obtained results show that the performance of LMAs is significant as TIMs.
The Time-symmetric Formulation of Quantum Mechanics, Weak Values and the Classical Limit of Quantum Mechanics

The two-state vector formalism provides a complete description of pre- and post-selected quantum systems and has uncovered a host of new quantum phenomena which were previously hidden. The most important feature is that any weak coupling to a pre- and post-selected system is effectively a coupling to a
Predictors of health care provider anticipatory guidance provision for older drivers

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of health care provider (HCP) driving safety/cessation-related anticipatory guidance provision and predictors of driving safety-related anticipatory guidance provision by HCPs.Methods: HCPs in several central/upper Midwest states were surveyed about frequency of anticipatory guidance provision (n = 265).Results: More than half of HCPs stated that they frequently or always provide driving safety/cessation-related anticipatory guidance to patients aged 85 or older, 38.7% provided this guidance to patients aged 75 to 84, and 13.7% to patients aged 65 to 74. Predictors of driving safety/cessation-related anticipatory guidance provision differed by patient age. For patients aged 65–74, HCP personal experience with a motor vehicle crash (either the HCP themselves or a friend/family member) was significant in predicting anticipatory guidance provision. However, for patients aged 75 and older, significant predictors included HCP rural p...
Great Plains Agriculture and Brannan's Farm Program

HE agricultural program presented to Congress by Secretary Brannan in April and May departs in several respects from the programs which have been followed since the early days of the New Deal. A revised concept of parity which places the base for computation on income rather than on price, a change in method of stabilizing farm income, a device for preferential treatment of the family farm, and a greater emphasis on farmer responsibility and initiative for instituting production or market controls are main features of the original presentation. Brannan's program is based on the idea of maintaining farm income through (1) production payments on non-storables, and (2) high support prices for storables. The non-storables account for about 75 percent of the gross income of agriculture. Prices for these would be allowed to seek the market level and prices for storables would be maintained according to the new support formula. The reaction of farm leaders to the program has varied from coolness to outright opposition, the chief exception being the Farmers Union.' Most of the producer groups which have testified have indicated their preference for price support rather than production payments whenever the choice has to be made. Some have indicated that they would favor rather strict production and marketing controls if necessary to maintain the prices of their products.2 Arguments advanced by Brannan when presenting his program and arguments advanced in most of the testimony which has fol-
Congestion Management with an Aggregate Flow Model

*Between January of 2003 and October of 2004 over, 215,000 hours of reportable delay are attributed to the FAA’s Traffic Management System. The cost of these delays to the nation’s airlines are on the order of $700 million. Although some of these delays may be unavoidable, the sheer complexity of the air traffic system coupled with the lack of adequate decision support capabilities often leads traffic flow specialists to adopt conservative and suboptimal policies for dealing with demand-capacity imbalances. In this study two linear programming models are presented that utilize an aggregate air traffic flow model for developing optimal policies for mitigating constraints and recovering a system previously impacted by a constraint. The utility of both of these models is illustrated for a three-region system that mimics air traffic flowing between inter-connected Centers in the National Airspace System. Results for this three-region system are generalized to provide guidelines for determining if solutions are feasible or infeasible for a given decision-making time horizon. It is envisioned that these new models could provide optimal control strategies to improve existing ground delay and ground stop programs. Specialists at the FAA’s Air Traffic Control System Command Center commonly use these two programs to resolve demand-capacity imbalances in the National Airspace System.
Bioluminescence Is Produced from a Trapped Firefly Luciferase Conformation Predicted by the Domain Alternation Mechanism

According to the domain alternation mechanism and crystal structure evidence, the acyl-CoA synthetases, one of three subgroups of a superfamily of adenylating enzymes, catalyze adenylate- and thioester-forming half-reactions in two different conformations. The enzymes accomplish this by presenting two active sites through an ∼140° rotation of the C-domain. The second half-reaction catalyzed by another subgroup, the beetle luciferases, is a mechanistically dissimilar oxidative process that produces bioluminescence. We have demonstrated that a firefly luciferase variant containing cysteine residues at positions 108 and 447 can be intramolecularly cross-linked by 1,2-bis(maleimido)ethane, trapping the enzyme in a C-domain-rotated conformation previously undocumented in the available luciferase crystal structures. The cross-linked luciferase cannot adenylate luciferin but is nearly fully capable of bioluminescence with synthetic luciferyl adenylate because it retains the ability to carry out the oxidative hal...
Concurrent Electro-Thermal Design of VLSI Circuits

In recent years, self-heating has become a significant issue in the performance of emerging ultra-scaled microelectronics. This is a particular problem in emerging finFET designs because of the use of thick buried oxide layers which impede heat flow to the heat sink. Furthermore, leakage power is becoming an increasingly important contributor to total power dissipation in deep sub-micron technology. Sub-threshold leakage, a component of leakage power, scales exponentially with temperature, leading to the possibility of thermal runaway. In this paper, compact thermal models of logic gates are developed for use in floor-plan electrical models of VLSI circuits. Concurrent electro-thermal simulation of the floor plan temperature and total power is then used to evaluate the possibility of thermal runaway in benchmark circuits. It is found that thermal runaway can occur with finFETs using 28 nm technology at the ITRS specified sub-threshold leakage (150 nA/μm) at a principal input activity of 0.5.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ecology of Insect Swarms. V. Movement of Individual Midges, Anarete pritchardi, within a Swarm

Analyses of photographic recordings of the movement of individual midges (Anarete pritchardi Kim) within a swarm show the following facts: (a) The speed of horizontal movement was about 0.9 meters per second, or 2 miles per hour. The speed of vertical movement was about the same, (b) The speed was the same with swarms of 2 distinctly different sizes, (c) The midge made complete turnabouts without a measurable reduction in the speed of movement, (d) The frequency of wing beats was about 225 per second, comparable to many other dipterous insects, (e) The vertical movements involved smooth nose-down descents (or nose-up ascents) and discontinuities interpreted as drops (or lifts). The latter resulted in a steeper vertical displacement than the former.
Passivation Performance of Sodium Sulfide on Heavy Metal Ions in Soil

Sodium sulfide was used as passivator to deal with artificial simulation heavy metal contaminated soil w ith Cu2 +,Zn2 +and Cr3 +.The results show that sodium sulfide has effective passivation ability to the three heavy metal ions,and more than 95% passivation rates can be acquired for every heavy metal ion.X ray diffraction analysis result reveals that passivation products w hich contain CuS,ZnS and Cr(OH) 3 can be obtained w hen sodium sulfide react w ith heavy metal ions.Solution chemistry analysis result show s that sulfide precipitation can be generated by sulfur ion reacting w ith heavy metal ions,or hydroxide precipitation can be generated by hydroxyl ion generated from sulfur ion hydrolysis reacting w ith heavy metal ions,so heavy metal ions can be removed by sodium sulfide.
A Technology-Enhanced Self-Study of Reversible Mentorship in a Modern Language Programme

Graduate teaching assistants (GTAs or TAs) in modern language programmes are frequently required to teach language courses at the basic level as part of their contracts with a university. As novice teachers, they are in need of training and support during their first teaching assignments, as Siskin and Davis (2001) pointed out.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency and Fertility Needs: National Survey Results.

Infertility is a common reproductive disease, with a prevalence of 9% to 18% of the general population. To date, no studies have attempted to examine the prevalence and experience of infertility among resident physicians in the United States. In female obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn) residents of age where infertility becomes more prevalent, ability to seek fertility may be influenced by rigorous professional demands and low remuneration. We seek to understand the prevalence of infertility, as well as experience and utilization of infertility services among Ob/Gyn residents. Cross-sectional descriptive survey was distributed among US Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited Ob/Gyn programs. Demographics, intentions to conceive during residency, fertility problems, fertility treatment, affordability of care, and perceptions of support were surveyed. A total of 241 responses were received in an equal distribution between junior (n = 120) and senior (n = 121) residents. The majority of respondents were female (91%), 25 to 35 years old (94%), and married (54%). Eighty-five percent (195 of 230) did not actively pursue fertility during residency. Twenty-nine percent (68 of 235) considered fertility preservation, but only 2% sought consultation. Twenty-nine percent of those interested in fertility (22 of 75) experienced infertility of some degree. Sixty-three percent felt low or no support from the program. Thirty-five percent reported stigma associated with their infertility. In conclusion, infertility is a prevalent reproductive health impairment among Ob/Gyn residents. The majority of residents defer childbearing during residency despite advancing reproductive age. A majority felt little or no support from training programs in addressing their fertility care. Further studies are indicated to understand the barriers and impact among resident trainees.
Language and Communication – Brain Substrate

Study of the neural substrate of language and communication has primarily involved two methodologies: lesion analysis, which determines structure–function relationships by noting deficits associated with damage to particular brain regions, and neuroimaging methodologies, which identify brain activity modulated by demands on the processes presumed to underlie language and communication. Lesion analysis highlights the importance of left hemisphere frontal and temporal lobe regions for core language comprehension and production tasks, and implicates a role for the right hemisphere in higher-level language tasks. Neuroimaging implicates a role for homologous right hemisphere regions in speech perception, grammar, and some aspects of sentence-level semantics.
GPU-accelerated hierarchical dense correspondence for real-time aerial video processing

Video from aerial surveillance can provide a rich source of data for many applications and can be enhanced for display and analysis through such methods as mosaic construction, super-resolution, and mover detection. All of these methods require accurate frame-to-frame registration, which for live use must be performed in real time. In many situations, scene parallax may make alignment using global transformations impossible or error-prone, limiting the performance of subsequent processing and applications. For these cases, dense (per-pixel) correspondence is required, but this can be computationally prohibitive. This paper presents a hierarchical dense correspondence algorithm designed for implementation on graphics processing units (GPUs). Since the method does not rely on epipolar geometry, it is also suitable for use when there are uncor-rected nonlinear lens distortions. A framework for using this dense correspondence to implement local mosaicking, super-resolution enhancement, and mover detection is also presented and demonstrated using examples of each of these types of enhancement and different types of video sources.
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and ADHD: Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Objective: Findings on maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD risk in children are inconsistent. A meta-analysis was performed to summarize effects of exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy on ADHD risk in children. Method: We conducted a systematic literature search to select articles up to June 2016. Only prospective cohort studies were included. Summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Pooled RR estimates based on 12 cohort studies including 17,304 pregnant women suggested that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of ADHD (pooled RR = 1.58, 95% CI = [1.33, 1.88]). Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that maternal smoking during pregnancy is related to an increased risk of ADHD in children. There is an urgent need to increase maternal awareness of smoking risk and quitting smoking to mitigate the ADHD risk in children.
How data analytics is transforming agriculture

Abstract Two discussions about the interaction between data analytics and competitive analysis have been taking place in the past decade: one focusing on micro-level firm capabilities and the other on macro-level industry competitiveness. We seek to integrate the micro- and macro-level analyses via the lenses of firms in agricultural input markets. Agriculture is undergoing a tremendous transformation in the collection and use of data to inform smarter farming decisions. Precision agriculture has brought a heightened degree of competition for input supply firms, forcing greater interactions among friends and foes.
Management of partial fingertip amputation in adults: Operative and non operative treatment

Abstract Background Hand and finger injuries account for approximately 4.8 million visits to emergency departments each year. These injuries can cause a great deal of distress for both patients and providers and are often initially encountered in urgent care clinics, community hospitals, and level one trauma centers. Tip amputation injuries vary widely in mechanism, ranging from sharp lacerations to crush injuries that present with varying degrees of contamination. The severity of damage to soft tissue, bone, arteries and nerves is dependent upon the mechanism and guides treatment decision-making. The management algorithm can oftentimes be complex, as a wide variety of providers, including orthopedists, general surgeons, plastic surgeons and emergency physicians, may care for these injuries, depending on location and local culture. We review the common mechanisms for tip amputation and the optimal treatment in adults, based on the severity of the injury, degree of wound contamination, and the facilities available to the provider. Methods Pubmed was searched using text words for articles related to management of fingertip injuries in adults. Bibliographies of matching articles were searched for additional relevant articles, which were then also reviewed. 107 articles were reviewed in total, and 61 were deemed relevant for inclusion. All clinical studies and reviews were included. Particular attention was paid to articles published within the past 15 years. Results In the United States, up to 90% of fingertip amputations are treated with non-replant techniques. In comparison, the majority of amputations in Asian countries are replanted due to moral values and importance of body integrity. Tip amputation injuries can be managed with local debridement, complex reconstruction, or simply with irrigation and application of a sterile dressing. Conclusion In the United States, most fingertip amputations in adults are treated with non-replant techniques. However, the precise management of a fingertip injury in adults depends on the degree of injury itself, and a number of operative and non-operative techniques may be successfully employed.
The coupled effects of crouch gait and patella alta on tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage loading in children.

Abstract Background Elevated tibiofemoral and patellofemoral loading in children who exhibit crouch gait may contribute to skeletal deformities, pain, and cessation of walking ability. Surgical procedures used to treat crouch frequently correct knee extensor insufficiency by advancing the patella. However, there is little quantitative understanding of how the magnitudes of crouch and patellofemoral correction affect cartilage loading in gait. Methods We used a computational musculoskeletal model to simulate the gait of twenty typically developing children and fifteen cerebral palsy patients who exhibited mild, moderate, and severe crouch. For each walking posture, we assessed the influence of patella alta and baja on tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage contact. Results Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral contact pressures during the stance phase of normal gait averaged 2.2 and 1.0 MPa. Crouch gait increased pressure in both the tibofemoral (2.6–4.3 MPa) and patellofemoral (1.8–3.3 MPa) joints, while also shifting tibiofemoral contact to the posterior tibial plateau. For extended-knee postures, normal patellar positions (Insall-Salvatti ratio 0.8–1.2) concentrated contact on the middle third of the patellar cartilage. However, in flexed knee postures, both normal and baja patellar positions shifted pressure toward the superior edge of the patella. Moving the patella into alta restored pressure to the middle region of the patellar cartilage as crouch increased. Conclusions This work illustrates the potential to dramatically reduce tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage loading by surgically correcting crouch gait, and highlights the interaction between patella position and knee posture in modulating the location of patellar contact during functional activities.
Strains of bacterial species induce a greatly varied acute adaptive immune response: The contribution of the accessory genome.

A fundamental question in human susceptibility to bacterial infections is to what extent variability is a function of differences in the pathogen species or in individual humans. To focus on the pathogen species, we compared in the same individual the human adaptive T and B cell immune response to multiple strains of two major human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. We found wide variability in the acute adaptive immune response induced by various strains of a species, with a unique combination of activation within the two arms of the adaptive response. Further, this was also accompanied by a dramatic difference in the intensity of the specific protective T helper (Th) response. Importantly, the same immune response differences induced by the individual strains were maintained across multiple healthy human donors. A comparison of isogenic phage KO strains, demonstrated that of the pangenome, prophages were the major contributor to inter-strain immune heterogeneity, as the T cell response to the remaining “core genome” was noticeably blunted. Therefore, these findings extend and modify the notion of an adaptive response to a pathogenic bacterium, by implying that the adaptive immune response signature of a bacterial species should be defined either per strain or alternatively to the species’ ‘core genome’, common to all of its strains. Further, our results demonstrate that the acquired immune response variation is as wide among different strains within a single pathogenic species as it is among different humans, and therefore may explain in part the clinical heterogeneity observed in patients infected with the same species.
Determinants of Obesity in Two Urban Communities: Perceptions and Community-Driven Solutions.

Objective: In the search of solutions to the rising rates of obesity, community perspec­tives are important because they highlight areas of need and help determine the level of community support for potential interventions. This study aimed to identify community perceptions of factors associated with obesity in two urban municipalities – one racially mixed and one predomi­nantly African American – and to explore community-driven solutions to the problem of obesity. Methods: The study used Photovoice meth­odology to understand what community members perceived as obesity-promoting factors in their residential environments. Results: A total of 96 photographs of factors relevant to obesity were discussed. Most commonly depicted were restaurants, gro­cery stores, fast food, and fitness centers. In 10 race-stratified focus groups, participants made 592 comments on 12 themes, the most common being restaurants, physical activity, food stores, and proposed solutions. The top three themes – restaurants, physical activity, and food stores – accounted for 58% of all barriers to healthy weight. Pro­posed solutions ranged from personal efforts and peer support, to educating adults and children, to community action. Conclusion: Interventions addressing the immediate food and physical activity environment – restaurants, grocery stores, and resources for physical activity – may have high likelihood of success as they align with community needs and understanding of priorities. Health education and promo­tion programs that increase food-related knowledge and skills are also needed and likely to receive strong community support. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(1):33-42; doi:10.18865/ ed.28.1.33.
The Point-to-Point Connection Problem

We turn our attention to a model that can be used to represent groups of multicast users. The main assumption in this model, known as the point-to-point connection problem, is that there are as many senders as receivers of data in the multicast group.
Anesthetics, Steroids and Surgery for Sciatica

There is little doubt that anesthetic and steroid injections can lead to dramatic pain relief in some patients with sciatica. Similarly, surgery can provide almost immediate relief of excruciating pain in some patients. As a rule, injections provide transient relief whereas surgery offers the possibility of a cure. The challenge is to determine the most effective treatment with the least likelihood of complications. Although we now have more than a century of experience with these treatments for sciatica there are still many unanswered questions.
Cognitive Load as Motivational Cost

Research on cognitive load theory (CLT) has focused primarily on identifying the mechanisms and strategies that enhance cognitive learning outcomes. However, CLT researchers have given less attention to the ways in which cognitive load may interact with the motivational and emotional aspects of learning. Motivational beliefs have typically been assumed to be merely a precursor to the cognitive process. This view provides an incomplete picture of the dynamic relationship between cognitive load and motivational beliefs. In this review, we synthesize previous scholarly efforts concerning the motivational effects of anticipated investment of mental effort, new developments in the expectancy-value theory of motivation, and recent findings implicating cognitive load in the formulation of motivational beliefs. By conceptualizing cognitive load as motivational cost, we argue that motivational beliefs are an important outcome that results from instruction. We examine recent empirical evidence supporting this proposition and consider the implications for the further development of both CLT and motivational theories through their integration.
Residual Insomnia and Nightmares Postintervention Symptom Reduction Among Veterans Receiving Treatment for Comorbid PTSD and Depressive Symptoms.

Abstract While evidence-based interventions can help the substantial number of veterans diagnosed with comorbid PTSD and depression, an emerging literature has identified sleep disturbances as predictors of treatment nonresponse. More specifically, predicting effects of residual insomnia and nightmares on postintervention PTSD and depressive symptoms among veterans with comorbid PTSD and depression has remained unclear. The present study used data from a clinical trial of Behavioral Activation and Therapeutic Exposure (BA-TE), a combined approach to address comorbid PTSD and depression, administered to veterans (N = 232) to evaluate whether residual insomnia and nightmare symptoms remained after treatment completion and, if so, whether these residual insomnia and nightmare symptoms were associated with higher levels of comorbid PTSD and depression at the end of treatment. Participants (ages 21 to 77 years old; 47.0% Black; 61.6% married) completed demographic questions, symptom assessments, and engagement-related surveys. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models demonstrated that residual insomnia was a significant predictor of PTSD and depression symptom reduction above and beyond the influence of demographic and engagement factors (e.g., therapy satisfaction). Consistent with previous research, greater residual insomnia symptoms were predictive of smaller treatment gains. Findings illustrate the potential significance of insomnia during the course of transdiagnostic treatment (e.g., PTSD and depression), leading to several important clinical assessment and treatment implications.
Fault leakage detection and characterization using pressure transient analysis

Abstract Injection of fluids in deep subsurface geological formations has created a series of challenges in recent decades. Possibility of upward fluid leakage along nearby wells and faults is one of the main issues related to these operations. It is important to ensure that such conduits, if present, can be detected, characterized and treated. Looking for pressure abnormalities in intervals above the injection zones, is one the methods used to monitor for these conduits. We propose an analytical solution to detect and characterize the vertical leakage from a fault of finite length using pressure data collected from monitoring zones. The proposed closed form analytical model would allow to not only distinguish the pressure signal of leakage from a fault of finite length from other possible leakage conduits but also to estimate the leakage rate, length of leaky section of the fault and relative position of the fault with respect to the location of monitoring well.
Isotopic equifinality and rethinking the diet of Australopithecus anamensis

OBJECTIVES Australopithecus anamensis has comparable δ13 Cenamel values to Ardipithecus ramidus, and both have been characterized as C3 feeders in open woodland habitats similar to "savanna" chimps. Unlike Ar. ramidus and "savanna" chimps, A. anamensis shows a derived dentognathic morphology for tough foods and a dental microwear pattern similar to the C3 -C4 -mixed-feeding A. afarensis. Here I test the hypothesis that changing the variables (e*enamel-diet , δ13 CC3, δ13 CC4 values) used to calculate the percentage of dietary C4 foods (%C4 diet) by 1-2‰ does not make a substantial difference for hominin diet reconstructions [van der Merwe, Masao, & Bamford, 2008, South African Journal of Science 104:153-155]. MATERIALS AND METHODS I estimate vegetation structures for A. anamensis with pedogenic carbonate and faunal enamel δ13 C values from the Pliocene Omo-Turkana Basin (4.2-3.9 Ma). I recalculate A. anamensis' %C4 diet based on new body size-dependent estimates of the e*enamel-diet value and alternative δ13 CC3 and δ13 CC4 values. RESULTS The Pliocene Omo-Turkana Basin shows evidence for dietary resources with a wide range of δ13 C values including canopy-driven 13 C depleted ground C3 foods. Alternative equation variables changed by 1-2‰ yield higher C4 estimates for A. anamensis (15-31%) than previously thought (0-10%). The choice of δ13 CC3 and δ13 CC4 values for estimating %C4 is not a perfunctory task and potentially explains the δ13 C isotopic equifinality of A. anamensis and "savanna" chimps. DISCUSSION My integrative diet model reconciles the carbon isotopic data with the dentognathic and microwear evidence of A. anamensis' diet and suggests that "savanna" chimps are not proper dietary analogs of A. anamensis. A foraging strategy across heterogeneous habitats of the Pliocene Omo-Turkana Basin incorporating an array of 13 C-depleted and 13 C-enriched C3 foods and a portion of C4 resources may have served as one of the selective pressures for A. anamensis, the earliest habitual biped [van der Merwe et al., 2008, South African Journal of Science 104:153-155].
Analysis of DNA Processing Enzyme FEN1 and Its Regulation by Protein Lysine Acetylation

Cellular proteins are modified by lysine acetylation wherein an acetyltransferase transfers an acetyl group from acetyl co enzyme A onto the e-amino group of lysine residues. This modification is extremely dynamic and can be reversed by a deacetylase that removes the acetyl group. Addition of acetyl group to the lysine residue neutralizes its positive charge, thereby functioning as a molecular switch in regulating the enzymatic functions of the protein, its stability, and it cellular localization. Since this modification is extremely dynamic within the cell, biochemical studies characterizing changes in protein function are imperative to understand how this modification alters protein function in a specific cellular pathway. This unit describes in detail expression and purification of a recombinant nuclease and acetyltransferase, in vitro acetylation of the recombinant protein and biochemical assays to study the changes in enzymatic activity of the in vitro acetylated nuclease.
Oligodendrogliomas: Advanced techniques in surgery

Abstract Oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are a well-defined class of infiltrating primary brain tumors characterized by 1p/19q chromosomal co-deletion and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation. These tumors are treated with gross total surgical resection, when possible, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation. The use of multiple intraoperative tools such as intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI), neuronavigation, neurophysiological monitoring, awake craniotomy, ultrasound, and tumor chemiluminescence helps to maximize the extent of resection while minimizing deficits. Herein, we describe the role of these techniques and their limitations for the resection of oligodendroglial tumors.
Practical Synthesis of 4-Chloro-2-(2-naphthyl)quinoline, a Precursor to Triple-Helix DNA Intercalators

Several synthetic approaches to the title compound and analogs have been evaluated. This compound is a practical precursor to N-substituted 2-(2-naphthyl)quinolin-4-amines, the triple-helix DNA specific intercalators.
Demography and Distrust: An Essay on American Languages, Cultural Pluralism, and Official English

Upon encountering native Spanish speakers, many native English speakers will find something offensive or threatening in the sounds of Spanish. Such persons might think to themselves, or say to these Spanish speakers, “speak American,” or “you’re in the USA, speak English,” or “go back where you came from.” While such statements attest to the continuing majoritarian dominance of English in the United States, they obscure a more interesting and variegated story of American linguistic pluralism. Linguistic pluralism has always been a prominent feature of the American population. The first languages here were native languages, followed by the languages of European conquerors, Spanish, English, French and Dutch. These were followed by the languages of European immigrants, the African languages of slaves, and the Spanish spoken by conquered Mexicans. All of these languages have left their imprint on American law and culture. Before and during the dominance of English, several states were officially bilingual, publishing their laws both in English and in other languages like German, French and Spanish. Benjamin Franklin railed at German immigrants in Pennsylvania, claiming that their German-language newpapers and street signs threatened the dominance of the English. However, legal history shows that, unlike the claims of linguistic homogeneity made by advocates of English-only, many languages have coexisted in the United States even as English became dominant. Furthermore, recognizing the dominance of English, the huge majority of immigrants, whether long-term or recent, learn English. Because of the numerous diverse languages that existed during the Framers’ era, the Framers were keenly aware of American cultural pluralism and did not legally designate an American language. This article first reviews the extensive, yet little-known legal history of linguistic pluralism in the United States. The article then reviews a significant paradox from American culture: the continuing conflict between the reality of American cultural pluralism and the American nativist need for conformity. American nativists argue that English-language homogeneity is necessary for national unity, and that other languages pose a threat to national unity. However, the legal history of cultural pluralism and linguistic diversity shows that national unity does not depend primarily on linguistic homogeneity. As just one example, the greatest threat to national unity was posed by the Civil War, fought between Americans who all spoke English. Contrary to the demand for linguistic homogeneity, the Framers recognized that language standardization was not under the government’s control. The need for linguistic unity is a demand that goes against the core American values of individual liberty and cultural pluralism.
Physiological roles of axonal ankyrins in survival of premyelinated axons and localization of voltage-gated sodium channels.

440 kD ankyrin-B and 480/270 kD ankyrin-G are membrane skeletal proteins with closely related biochemical properties yet distinctive physiological roles in axons. These proteins associate with spectrin-actin networks and also bind to integral membrane proteins including the L1 CAM family of cell adhesion molecules and voltage-gated sodium channels. 440 kD ankyrin-B is expressed with L1 in premyelinated axon tracts, and is essential for survival of these axons, at least in the case of the optic nerve. 440 ankyrin-B may collaborate with L1 in transcellular structures that mediate axon fasciculation and mechanically stabilize axon bundles, although these proteins may also be involved in axon pathfinding. Ankyrin-B (−/−) mice exhibit loss of L1 from premyelinated axon tracts and a similar, although much more severe, phenotype to L1 (−/−) mice and humans with L1 mutations. Ankyrin-B and L1 thus are candidates to collaborate in the same structural pathway and defects in this pathway can lead to nervous system malformations and mental retardation. 480/270 kD ankyrin-G are highly concentrated along with the L1CAM family members neurofascin and NrCAM at nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments. Voltage-gated sodium channels bind directly to ankyrins, and are likely to associate in a ternary complex containing neurofascin/NrCAM, and ankyrin-G. Mice with ankyrin-G expression abolished in the cerebellum exhibit loss of ability of Purkinje neurons to fire action potentials, as well as loss of restriction of neurofascin/NrCAM to axon initial segments. Ankyrin-G thus is a key component in assembly of functional components of the axon initial segment and possibly the node of Ranvier.
The Lifshitz Regime and its Experimental Signals

Abstract We discuss the possibility of a Lifshitz regime, where the dispersion relation for Goldstone bosons and related fields has a minimum at nonzero momenta. Studies with the Functional Renormalization Group suggest that this occurs over a wide region in the plane of temperature and baryon chemical potential. Conversely, the FRG finds that the region in which fluctuations from a critical endpoint are significant is rather small. We suggest that this is due generically to the narrowness of the tricritical region in the chiral limit. Even if particles are produced in thermal equilibrium, a dispersion relation which is non-monotonic in momenta produces what appears to be non-thermal behavior.
Diagnosis and treatment of children with severe enterovirus 71 infection-related nervous system damage

In this article we discussed the pathogenesis,pathology and clinical feature of nervous system damage,and treatment of severe EV71 infection. The neurological symptoms are associated with the direct damage of EV71 to the target neurons. We also discussed the treatment and method to avoid and reduce the severity of neurological sequelae for children with severe EV71 infection. Key words: Severe EV71 infection ; Nervous system damage; Sequelae
Some Control Theory Ideas in Systems and Synthetic Biology.

A central concern of systems and synthetic biology is that of identifying, and understanding the roles of, signal transduction pathways and feedback loops, whether in natural systems or as an aid to engineer networks that exhibit a desired behavior. This talk will discuss how certain types of network qualitative information can be gleaned from "dynamic phenotypes", a term that we take as encompassing transient characteristics of temporal responses, particularly when using richer classes of probing signals than step inputs. Examples of dynamic phenotypes include fold-change detection (scale invariance), non-monotonic responses, and induced subharmonic oscillations. We will present theorems that relate different behaviors to circuit motifs, and touch upon biological applications at multiple scales, including enzymatic mechanisms, chemosensing, the generation of certain stress responses, and the kinetic recognition of self vs non-self by the immune system.
Personal and Organizational Higher Purpose, Corporate Governance and Shareholder Value: Survey Results

This paper reports the findings of a recent survey of 1019 individuals to learn about their commitment to and perceived value from personal and organizational higher purpose, and examines the implications of the findings for corporate governance and the stated corporate goal of shareholder value maximization. We found that personal higher purpose promotes personal well-being, including greater happiness and lower stress from COVID-19, and this effect was stronger when the purpose statement was written down. This notwithstanding, while many individuals stated that they have a personal higher purpose, very few had a written statement of purpose. The incidence of written higher purpose statements is higher among organizations than among individuals. Employees of organizations with higher purpose statements were happier and prouder of their organizations. Two of the findings have potentially important implications for corporate governance: (i) The effects we documented were stronger when the purpose statement was written down and tied to society, employees, and customers, rather than shareholders; and (ii) employees trusted their leaders to make better business decisions when they endorsed the social value of the corporate higher purpose.