cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of four jealousy scales

Abstract Two studies assessed the relationships among three types of jealousy scales: dispositional, rational, and phenomenological. In Study 1 the jealousy scales were correlated with scales assessing social desirability, romantic love, repression-sensitization, locus of control, and machiavellianism. In Study 2 individuals' responses to the jealousy scales were correlated with their romantic partners' ratings of them. Several sex differences in the pattern of correlations emerged in both studies. In Study 1 the jealousy scales were more highly intercorrelated than were the scales assessing the five conceptually distinct variables and were correlated at a low to moderate level with these variables. Partners' reports correlated with self-reports only for the phenomenological scales. For males the dispositional and rationally derived scales appeared to contribute little beyond self-description. Conceptual issues affecting the measurement of jealousy were discussed.
Calibration of expert systems

Expert systems provide automated vehicles for providing advice, and enacting decisions which are commonly associated with human 'experts'. This research investigates calibration of expert systems to bring them in line with end user expectations. Calibration is typically involved in initial learning and setup of the knowledge base. Little research exists to provide insight into how much calibration to perform, or effective approaches to calibration. The research develops a short run comparative static analysis of expert systems development which focuses on expertise. The potential user of an expert system will demand a certain level of expertise and the potential provider of an expert system will be able to provide a certain level of expertise, depending on the sophistication of the expert system provided. The level of expertise provided depends, in part, on how well it is calibrated to the needs of the end user. Since calibration may require significant additional expenditures, as well as require a change in the life cycle approach used to develop expert systems, the decision to calibrate may incur significant additional costs in expert systems implementation. The research finds that only in certain situations is calibration justified. >
Manipulation planning for empirical backprojections

A method of computing manipulation plans is introduced. The empirical backprojection method uses observed state transitions to derive predictions of action effects and links these predictions to form manipulation plans. The data-intensive approach is in contrast to manipulation planning approaches that uses analysis of task mechanics to generate predictions. The empirical backprojection method is described, and three example tasks are used to illustrate the method. The assumptions underlying the method are then compared to the assumptions required by previously published analytical techniques. >
Specificity of the hepatitis C virus NS3 serine protease: effects of substitutions at the 3/4A, 4A/4B, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B cleavage sites on polyprotein processing.

Abstract Cleavage at four sites (3/4A, 4A/4B, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B) in the hepatitis C virus polyprotein requires a viral serine protease activity residing in the N-terminal one-third of the NS3 protein. Sequence comparison of the residues flanking these cleavage sites reveals conserved features including an acidic residue (Asp or Glu) at the P6 position, a Cys or Thr residue at the P1 position, and a Ser or Ala residue at the P1' position. In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to assess the importance of these and other residues for NS3 protease-dependent cleavages. Substitutions at the P7 to P2' positions of the 4A/4B site had varied effects on cleavage efficiency. Only Arg at the P1 position or Pro at P1' substantially blocked processing at this site. Leu was tolerated at the P1 position, whereas five other substitutions allowed various degrees of cleavage. Substitutions with positively charged or other hydrophilic residues at the P7, P3, P2, and P2' positions did not reduce cleavage efficiency. Five substitutions examined at the P6 position allowed complete cleavage, demonstrating that an acidic residue at this position is not essential. Parallel results were obtained with substrates containing an active NS3 protease domain in cis or when the protease domain was supplied in trans. Selected substitutions blocking or inhibiting cleavage at the 4A/4B site were also examined at the 3/4A, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B sites. For a given substitution, a site-dependent gradient in the degree of inhibition was observed, with a 3/4A site being least sensitive to mutagenesis, followed by the 4A/4B, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B sites. In most cases, mutations abolishing cleavage at one site did not affect processing at the other serine protease-dependent sites. However, mutations at the 3/4A site which inhibited cleavage also interfered with processing at the 4B/5A site. Finally, during the course of these studies an additional NS3 protease-dependent cleavage site has been identified in the NS4B region.
Particle filtering for Quantized Innovations

In this paper, we re-examine the recently proposed distributed state estimators based on quantized innovations. It is widely believed that the error covariance of the Quantized Innovation Kalman filter [1, 2] follows a modified Riccati recursion. We present stable linear dynamical systems for which this is violated and the filter diverges. We propose a Particle Filter that approximates the optimal nonlinear filter and observe that the error covariance of the Particle Filter follows the modified Riccati recursion of [1]. We also simulate a Posterior Cramer-Rao bound (PCRB) for this filtering problem.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity by the gp41 Core: Role of a Conserved Hydrophobic Cavity in Membrane Fusion

The gp41 envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contains an α-helical core structure responsible for mediating membrane fusion during viral entry. Recent studies suggest that a conserved hydrophobic cavity in the coiled coil of this core plays a distinctive structural role in maintaining the fusogenic conformation of the gp41 molecule. Here we investigated the importance of this cavity in determining the structure and biological activity of the gp41 core by using the N34(L6)C28 model. The high-resolution crystal structures of N34(L6)C28 of two HIV-1 gp41 fusion-defective mutants reveal that each mutant sequence is accommodated in the six-helix bundle structure by forming the cavity with different sets of atoms. Remarkably, the mutant N34(L6)C28 cores are highly effective inhibitors of HIV-1 infection, with 5- to 16-fold greater activity than the wild-type molecule. The enhanced inhibitory activity by fusion-defective mutations correlates with local structural perturbations close to the cavity that destabilize the six-helix bundle. Taken together, these results indicate that the conserved hydrophobic coiled-coil cavity in the gp41 core is critical for HIV-1 entry and its inhibition and provides a potential antiviral drug target.
Prevalence of and Factors Related to Tobacco Ban Implementation in Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs

This study examined the prevalence of and factors (psychological climate for change and staff attributes) related to indoor and outdoor tobacco bans for patients, employees, and visitors in U.S. substance use disorder treatment programs. Data were collected from a random sample of 1,026 program administrators. Almost all programs banned tobacco use indoors and around one third banned tobacco use outdoors. When there was no tobacco ban, the majority of programs restricted smoking to designated indoor and/or outdoor areas. Further, all psychological climate for change factors (perceived program support, perceived tobacco culture, and tobacco ban beliefs) but none of the staff attributes (percentage licensed/certified clinicians, percentage clinicians with master’s degrees, total staff with education in health-related field) were significantly related to the implementation of comprehensive tobacco bans (both indoors and outdoors).
Lunar Gravitational Field as Determined from Lunar Orbiter Tracking Data

Lunar gravitational field determination from analysis of Lunar Orbiter spacecraft tracking data
Effects of carbon nanofibers on cell morphology, thermal conductivity and crush strength of carbon foam

The effects of low volume fractions of carbon nanofibers on the structure, thermal conductivity and crush strength of carbon foam were examined. Bulk density of the foam increased linearly with the fiber fraction reflecting the morphological changes in the cells. Thermal conductivity increased at low fiber fractions, but dropped at higher fiber fractions. Crush strength increased linearly with fiber fraction for short length fibers, but decreased for the longer length fibers. Scanning electron microscopy, petrography, and X-ray diffraction illustrated the complex effects of the carbon nanofibers on the foam. Available models for thermal conductivity and crush strength have been extended to accommodate these effects incorporating cell structure and morphology (macroeffect), presence of fibers (microeffect), and graphite crystal d-spacing (nanoeffect). This research has shown that the nanofibers have a complex role in the macro, micro, and nanoproperties of the composite foam.
Spatio-temporal reconstruction of missing forest microclimate measurements

Abstract Scientists and land managers are increasingly monitoring forest microclimate environments to better understand ecosystem processes, such as carbon sequestration and the population dynamics of species. Obtaining reliable time-series measurements of microclimate conditions is often hindered by missing and erroneous values. In this study, we compare spatio-temporal techniques, space–time kriging (probabilistic) and empirical orthogonal functions (deterministic), for reconstructing hourly time series of near-surface air temperature recorded by a dense network of 200 forest understory sensors across a heterogeneous 349 km2 region in northern California. The reconstructed data were also aggregated to daily mean, minimum, and maximum in order to understand the sensitivity of model predictions to temporal scale of measurement. Empirical orthogonal functions performed best at both the hourly and daily time scale. We analyzed several scenarios to understand the effects that spatial coverage and patterns of missing data may have on model accuracy: (a) random reduction of the sample size/density by 25%, 50%, and 75% (spatial coverage); and (b) random removal of either 50% of the data, or three consecutive months of observations at randomly chosen stations (random and seasonal temporal missingness, respectively). Here, space–time kriging was less sensitive to scenarios of spatial coverage, but more sensitive to temporal missingness, with less marked differences between the two approaches when data were aggregated on a daily time scale. This research contextualizes trade-offs between techniques and provides practical guidelines, with free source code, for filling data gaps depending on the spatial density and coverage of measurements.
The class II transactivator (CIITA) is regulated by post-translational modification cross-talk between ERK1/2 phosphorylation, mono-ubiquitination and Lys63 ubiquitination.

The class II transactivator (CIITA) is known as the master regulator for the major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) molecules. CIITA is dynamically regulated through a series of intricate post-translational modifications (PTMs). CIITA's role is to initiate transcription of MHC II genes, which are responsible for presenting extracellular antigen to CD4+ T-cells. In the present study, we identified extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 as the kinase responsible for phosphorylating the regulatory site, Ser280, which leads to increased levels of mono-ubiquitination and an overall increase in MHC II activity. Further, we identify that CIITA is also modified by Lys63-linked ubiquitination. Lys63 ubiquitinated CIITA is concentrated in the cytoplasm and following activation of ERK1/2, CIITA phosphorylation occurs and Lys=ubiquitinated CIITA translocates to the nucleus. CIITA ubiquitination and phosphorylation perfectly demonstrates how CIITA location and activity is regulated through PTM cross-talk. Identifying CIITA PTMs and understanding how they mediate CIITA regulation is necessary due to the critical role CIITA has in the initiation of the adaptive immune response.
Doxorubicin Blocks Cardiomyocyte Autophagic Flux by Inhibiting Lysosome Acidification

Background—The clinical use of doxorubicin is limited by cardiotoxicity. Histopathological changes include interstitial myocardial fibrosis and the appearance of vacuolated cardiomyocytes. Whereas ...
La masculinidad marginada en la vanguardia postrevolucionaria: el caso de El Café de Nadie de Arqueles Vela

Este articulo analiza los temas de genero y sexualidad en textos clave del estridentismo mexicano: Actual No. 1 (1922) de Manuel Maples Arce, El movimiento estridentista (1926) de German List Arzubide y El Cafe de Nadie (1924) de Arqueles Vela. La critica reciente ha tachado a los estridentistas de machistas y homofobicos. Sin embargo, a mi parecer El Cafe de Nadie representa un caso excepcional, ya que subvierte el discurso dominante del hombre mexicano como viril y fuerte. Al resaltar la figura femenina de la pelona (una “flapper”), Vela mas bien expone la crisis de la masculinidad engendrada por la Revolucion. This article analyzes gender and sexuality in key texts from the Stridentist movement: Actual no. 1 (1921) by Manuel Maples Arce, El movimiento estridentista (1926) by German List Arzubide, and El Cafe de Nadie (1924) by Arqueles Vela. Recent scholarship has criticized the stridentists for their homophobic, machista attitudes. Nevertheless, I argue that El Cafe de Nadie subverts the dominant discourse of the virile Mexican man. By highlighting the figure of la pelona (the Mexican equivalent of a “flapper”), Vela exposes the crisis in masculinity engendered by the Revolution.
The role of fungi in diseases of the nose and sinuses.

BackgroundHuman exposure to fungal elements is inevitable, with normal respiration routinely depositing fungal hyphae within the nose and paranasal sinuses. Fungal species can cause sinonasal disea...
Inquilines and Other Arthropods Collected from Nests of the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri

Fifty-two species of arthropods were collected from nests of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), between June 1968 and August 1969. Based on frequency of encounter, most collections were probably a result of chance occurrence of the arthropods. However, 3 species of insects, Myrmecaphodius sp. probably excavaticollis (Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Myrmecasaurus sp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and an undescribed species of Thysanura, and 1 unidentified species of mite (Acarina: Uropodidae) were frequently collected in ant nests, and apparently live in various types of association with this ant.
Bausteine des Controlling von Internationalisierungsprozessen

Im vierten Kapitel wurden sieben Bereiche identifiziert, die fur das Management von Internationalisierungsprozessen besonders relevant sind und die aus diesem Grund auch Gegenstand eines Controlling von Internationalisierungsprozessen sein sollten. Jedem dieser Bereiche wird im Folgenden ein eigener Controlling-Baustein gewidmet. Jeder Baustein tragt zur Rationalitatssicherung bei, indem er Instrumente und Prozesse enthalt, die zu einer Verbesserung des Wahrnehmungs- und Reflexionsvermogens fuhren konnen. Zusammen bilden diese sieben Bausteine das Controlling von Internationalisierungsprozessen. — Zusatzlich wird sich ein achter Baustein mit der Internationalisierung per se beschaftigen. Er soll es den Unternehmen ermoglichen, den Status quo der Internationalisierung zu erfassen und ggf. Handlungsbedarf fur weitere Intemationalisierungsschritte zu erkennen. Damit setzt sich die Funktion des Controlling von Internationalisierungsprozessen thematisch aus acht verschiedenen Bausteinen zusammen. Abbildung 19 stellt die identifizierten Bausteine dar.
Effects of OKM5, a monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein IV, on platelet aggregation and thrombospondin surface expression.

The monoclonal antibody, OKM5, recognizes an 88-Kd monocyte membrane protein and also binds to the platelet membrane protein, GPIV (GPIIIb, CD36). In this study, we have found that the OKM5 target epitope is present at approximately 12,000 copies per platelet and that interaction with the antibody has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on platelet function. In the absence of other stimuli, OKM5 induced platelet aggregation, secretion, and expression of fibrinogen receptors. These stimulatory responses required intact antibody as F(ab')2 fragments were not active but blocked the stimulatory activity of the intact antibody. In contrast, exposure of platelets to OKM5 followed by another strong stimulus such as thrombin resulted in a marked suppression of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor binding to the cells. This effect was not noted when a weak stimulus, adenosine diphosphate, was the second agonist. At OKM5 concentrations that interfered with fibrinogen binding to thrombin- stimulated platelets by 80% to 90%, platelet binding of exogenous thrombospondin, or surface expression of endogenous thrombospondin was not affected. The inhibitory effect of OKM5 on fibrinogen binding to thrombin-stimulated platelets was related to the formation of massive platelet aggregates in the samples. These results show that interaction of OKM5 with its target antigen on platelets can elicit diverse functional responses from the cells.
Addressing BI Transactional Flows in the Real-Time Enterprise Using GoldenGate TDM

It’s time to visit low latency and reliable real-time (RT) infrastructures to support next generation BI applications instead of continually debating the need and notion of real-time. The last few years have illuminated some key paradigms affecting data management. The arguments put forth to move away from traditional DBMS architectures have proven persuasive - and specialized architectural data stores are being adopted in the industry [1]. The change from traditional database pull methods towards intelligent routing/push models is underway, causing applications to be redesigned, redeployed, and re-architected. One direct result of this is that despite original warnings about replication [2] – enterprises continue to deploy multiple replicas to support both performance, and high availability of RT applications, with an added complexity around manageability of heterogeneous computing systems. The enterprise is overflowing with data streams that require instantaneous processing and integration, to deliver faster visibility and invoke conjoined actions for RT decision making, resulting in deployment of advanced BI applications as can be seen by stream processing over RT feeds from operational systems for CEP [3]. Given these various paradigms, a multitude of new challenges and requirements have emerged, thereby necessitating different approaches to management of RT applications for BI. The purpose of this paper is to offer a viewpoint on how RT affects critical operational applications, evolves the weight of non-critical applications, and pressurizes availability/data-movement requirements in the underlying infrastructure. I will discuss how the GoldenGate TDM platform is being deployed within the RTE to manage some of these challenges particularly around RT dissemination of transactional data to reduce latency in data integration flows, to enable real-time reporting/DW, and to increase availability of underlying operational systems. Real world case studies will be used to support the various discussion points. The paper is an argument to augment traditional DI flows with a real-time technology (referred to as transactional data management) to support operational BI requirements.
Thiol–Trifluorovinyl Ether (TFVE) Photopolymerization: An On-Demand Synthetic Route to Semifluorinated Polymer Networks

We report a first example of thiol–trifluorovinyl ether (thiol–TFVE) photopolymerization as a facile, cure-on-demand synthetic route to semifluorinated polymer networks. The thiol–TFVE reaction—which proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition of a thiyl radial to the TFVE group—was elucidated using model small molecule reactions between phenyl trifluorovinyl ether and thiols with varying reactivity. These model reactions, characterized by 19F NMR, 1H NMR, and FTIR, also provided evidence of an oxygen-induced degradation pathway that may be circumvented by performing the reactions under an inert gas atmosphere. Photopolymerization of difunctional TFVE monomers with multifunctional thiols occurred with rapid kinetics and high conversions as observed with real-time FTIR and provided homogeneous semifluorinated polymer networks with narrow glass transitions as observed with dynamic mechanical analysis. The semifluorinated ether/thioether linkage incorporated into the polymer network yielded hydrophobic materials ...
C-Plane Sapphire and Catalyst Confinement Enable Wafer-Scale High-Quality Graphene Growth

Herein we report a systematic study elucidating the role of H2 in wafer-scale graphene synthesis on a Cu thin film using catalyst confinement (CC) and a C-plane sapphire substrate. Our process results in extremely flat and wrinkle-free graphene when coupled with a dry transfer process. The role of H2 was investigated by variation of the H2:CH4 flow ratio that, when optimized, was able to mitigate Cu catalyst roughening. This allows the Cu catalyst to maintain large monocrystalline grains extending several centimeters across growth wafers and predominantly in the Cu(111) orientation. The ultimate results are high-quality, continuous, and large-area graphene sheets. A comparison of graphene formation using the CC process with C-plane sapphire substrate and SiO2/Si wafers was conducted. The results highlight the benefits of using C-plane sapphire as substrates in contrast to SiO2/Si wafers on which highly roughened catalyst surfaces are usually formed leading to a high density of wrinkles in the graphene she...
Binge abstinence is associated with reduced energy intake after treatment in patients with binge eating disorder and obesity.

Objective Binge eating disorder (BED) is strongly associated with obesity and related medical and psychiatric morbidities. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has consistently been shown to reduce binge eating frequency and improve psychological functioning, as well as to produce abstinence rates of roughly 50%. This study examined the relationship between binge abstinence and dietary and psychological outcomes after CBT for BED. Methods Fifty adult patients with BED received 6-month treatments using a combination of CBT and dietary counseling. Trained interviewers conducted two 24-hour dietary recall interviews on randomly selected days at baseline and at 6 months. Results Participants had significant reductions in energy, macronutrient, and sugar intake and an increase in fruit intake. They reported significant reductions in BMI and binge eating frequency (from mean = 14.24 to mean = 1.90 binge eating episodes during the previous 28 days), as well as improvements in psychological functioning. Those who became binge abstinent reported eating roughly 400 fewer calories per day and experienced greater improvements in psychological functioning than those who did not. Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that individuals who achieve complete cessation from binge eating have significantly improved dietary and psychological outcomes that could potentially improve weight status, compared with those who continue to binge eat post-treatment.
The Expansion of the Cortical Sheet in Primates

The cortical sheet has expanded extensively during mammalian evolution. It is characterized by a large number of neurons arranged in six layers. While there are significant regional differences, the upper layers have been particularly enlarged in primates. The neurons and glia of the mature neocortex are generated by different types of progenitor cells during development. Primates have an expanded and particularly diverse pool of progenitors. Here we describe how the evolutionary emergence of two types of progenitor cells, intermediate progenitors and outer radial glia cells, has contributed to the expansion of the cortical sheet. We also hypothesize that their organization into discrete progenitor zones has important implications for their regulation.
The Importance of WT1 in Leukemia

Abstract Abstract 4645 Acute leukemias collectively comprise the most common group of malignancies in the pediatric age group. Increasingly, therapeutic approach and prognosis are influenced by leukemia-specific cytogenetic abnormalities and genetic alterations, thus highlighting the importance of identifying novel prognostic markers. The Wilms' tumor suppressor gene WT1 is expressed in leukemic blasts and is found to be mutated in approximately 10 percent of leukemia cases. Although it is unclear whether WT1 acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene in leukemia, it is known to regulate genes involved in cancer progression, including the angiogenic and mitogenic factor, VEGF. Previous studies in kidney and prostate cell lines identified potential WT1 binding sites on the VEGF-A gene promoter and demonstrated that WT1 transcriptionally regulated VEGF expression. Thus, we hypothesized that WT1 transcriptionally regulates VEGF expression in leukemia. To examine WT1 and VEGF expression patterns in pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and non-neoplastic bone marrow samples, we performed quantitative real time PCR. It was observed that WT1 and VEGF expression varied depending upon the type and sub-type of leukemia. Furthermore, to understand the significance of WT1 expression, we over-expressed GFP- WT1 in Molt-4 cells (T-ALL), HL-60 (AML) and K562 cells (CML) and then quantified mRNA levels of VEGF and the potential WT1 target genes CCNA1 and JAG. The results showed that WT1 levels induced variable expression of VEGF, CCNA1 and JAG in these different leukemic cell lines. Elevated expression of WT1 genes harboring mutations of the zinc finger (ZF) DNA binding domain has also been described in a subset of leukemias and has been associated with a poor prognosis. We therefore screened pediatric acute leukemia samples for novel ZF mutations that would abrogate its ability to regulate VEGF and other target genes. Conversely, a well described SNP rs16754 (in exon 7 of the WT1 gene) identified as a good prognostic marker in Cytogenetically Normal AML (CN-AML) was observed in our pediatric population as both homozygous and heterozygous variants of the WT1 gene. Our long term goal is to determine the molecular basis of the prognostic impact associated with variant WT1 expression in pediatric and adult leukemias. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Towards recognition of protein function based on its structure using deep convolutional networks

This paper proposes a novel method for protein function recognition using deep learning. Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) demonstrated high performances in many areas of pattern recognition. Protein function is often associated with its tertiary structure denoting the active domain of a protein. This investigation develops a novel DCNN for protein functionality recognition based on its tertiary structure. Two rounds of experiments are performed. The initial experiment on tertiary protein structure alignment shows promising performances (94% accuracy rate) such that it shows the model robustness against rotations, local translations, and scales of the 3D structure. With these results, the main experiments contain five different datasets obtained by similarity measures between pairs of gene ontology terms. The experimental results for protein function recognition on selected datasets show 87.6% and 80.7% maximum and average accuracy rates respectively. The initial success of the DCNN in tertiary protein structure recognition supports further investigations with respect to tertiary protein retrieval and pattern mining on large scale problems.
Expression and Modulation of Blood-brain Monocarboxylate Transporters

Neural activity and its high metabolic energy demands are sustained by the metabolic fuels and nutrients provided by the circulation. Recently, the molecular identity and primary structure of membrane carriers for monocarboxylic acids, a group of key metabolites in the central nervous system, were discovered. We have investigated these transporters in brain using protein and transcript specific probes to detect their expression and localization. These findings are now extended to the human brain and its cerebral vasculature.
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Among Pregnant Women and Sexually Active, Nonpregnant Women in the United States

Background Neonatal herpes is a rare, devastating consequence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or 2 (HSV-2) infection during pregnancy. The risk of neonatal infection is higher among pregnant women seronegative for HSV-1 or HSV-2 who acquire their first HSV infection near delivery. Methods We estimated HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence among pregnant women aged 20-39 years in 1999-2014, assessed HSV seroprevalence changes between 1999-2006 and 2007-2014, and compared HSV seroprevalence between pregnant women and sexually active, nonpregnant women aged 20-39 years in 2007-2014 using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Results Among pregnant women in 1999-2014, HSV-1 seroprevalence was 59.3%, HSV-2 seroprevalence was 21.1%, and HSV seronegativity was 30.6%. Between 1999-2006 and 2007-2014, HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence among pregnant women remained stable. However, among pregnant women with ≤3 sex partners (approximately 40% of all pregnant women), seronegativity for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 increased from 35.6% to 51.4% (P < .05). In 2007-2014, nonpregnant women who were (1) unmarried, (2) living below poverty level, or (3) had ≥4 sex partners were more likely than pregnant women to be seronegative for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 (P < .05). Conclusions HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence among US pregnant women remained stable between 1999 and 2014. However, pregnant women with fewer sex partners were increasingly seronegative for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, indicating an increasing proportion of pregnant women who are vulnerable to primary HSV acquisition in pregnancy, which confers an increased risk of transmitting HSV to their neonates.
Research into XBRL — Old and New Challenges

The XBRL 1.0 specification, or more accurately XFRML 1.0 specification, was released in 2000. This was only some two years only after the proposals by Charlie Hoffman to the AICPA and the first serious academic discussion of applying XML technologies to business and financial reporting (Debreceny et al. 1998; Hoffman 1999; Lymer et al. 1999). In the intervening period, we have seen a rapidly increasing level of interest in the policy implications of XBRL. A search of XBRL on Google.com returns an extraordinary 1.4m links. Similarly, a search on bibliographic databases such as ABI/Inform discloses more than five hundred papers from the academic and professional literature. In what is a relatively short period of technology adoption, the XBRL world has also seen significant maturing of specifications, architectures, taxonomies and software tools. In an important third dimension of adoption, the XBRL organization itself has matured significantly over this period. XBRL International and its national jurisdictions are comprised of more than four hundred corporations, agencies and not-for-profit organizations. These foundational elements have clearly been vital for the observed adoption of XBRL in important information supply chains. Whilst not at the rate that early proponents might have suggested (e.g. Coffin 2001a, Coffin 2001b; Hannon 2000), the use of XBRL within areas such as credit monitoring of financial institutions and in reporting corporate performance to a variety of securities markets does signal that XBRL has become a core enabling technology in business reporting.
Bronchogenic and Pericardial Cysts: Resect or Observe

Bronchogenic cysts are the most common cystic lesions in the mediastinum representing 15–25% of all mediastinal masses.1 They are the most common congenital foregut cyst and comprise 60% of mediastinal cysts.2 The prevalence of bronchogenic cysts is 1:68,000 admissions.3 They arise from abnormal budding of the tracheobronchial tree4 and, thus, are found along the anterior aspect of the esophagus, around the trachea, and in the mediastinum, hilum and lung. Depending upon when the cyst separates from the developing foregut it can be found in the neck, along the vertebrae, pericardium, subdiaphragmatic space and in other sites. Bronchogenic cysts can develop infection, compress and/or irritate adjacent vital structures and spontaneously hemorrhage. Fistulae have been reported to be as high as 43% in symptomatic patients,5 accounting for 53% of the major complications associated with cysts.6 Fifty-five percent of bronchogenic cysts have significant pericystic adhesions to mediastinal structures7; their presence makes surgical resection difficult.
The role of engineering-geologic factors in the early settlement and expansion of the conterminous United States

Geologic factors that are favorable or unfavorable for land use and construction strongly influenced the early history and expansion of the United States. Many Indian settlements in the American west were built on natural plateaus, near the rims of canyons, or in recesses in canyon walls where they could be defended easily. After 1492, European settlers built communities along the seacoasts, where there were natural harbors, or along lakes and rivers that were transportation routes. Many of these places were low and swampy, so that construction difficulties were common when the early settlements began to expand. Early roads and canals were laid out and built with little or no benefit of geologic knowledge.
Where does the congruity effect come from in memorial comparative judgments? A serial-position-based distinctiveness account

Abstract A congruity effect (CE) refers to choosing the larger of two large things (smaller of two small things) faster than vice versa. The source of the CE in comparative judgments has been debated for decades without a definitive answer. Major extant models, e.g., the semantic-coding, the expectancy, and the evidence accrual models attribute the effect to matching or mismatching between the instruction (“choose larger” or “choose smaller”) and the magnitude of the stimulus. However, previous research showed that manipulations of instruction did not have an effect on the CE. In five experiments, we showed that the instruction played no role in the generation of the CE and that serial-position-based (global), but not isolation-based (local) distinctiveness could provide a coherent explanation for the origin of the CE and a number of experimental findings related to the issues of the CE.
Supporting Children and Families at a Child's End of Life: Pediatric Palliative Care Pearls of Anticipatory Guidance for Families

Mental health professionals can play a key role in helping pediatric patients and their families prepare for and endure the death of a child. Impactful interventions include assisting a family's transition toward acceptance of a child's pending death, using prognostication as a tool in emotional preparedness, and education on expectant symptoms to optimize management and sense of caregiver efficacy.
Effect of ethanol on lipid metabolism

Hepatic lipid metabolism is a series of complex processes that control influx and efflux of not only hepatic lipid pools, but also organismal pools. Lipid homeostasis is usually tightly controlled by expression, substrate supply, oxidation and secretion that keep hepatic lipid pools relatively constant. However, perturbations of any of these processes can lead to lipid accumulation in the liver. Although it is thought that these responses are hepatic arms of the 'thrifty genome', they are maladaptive in the context of chronic fatty liver diseases. Ethanol is likely unique among toxins, in that it perturbs almost all aspects of hepatic lipid metabolism. This complex response is due in part to the large metabolic demand placed on the organ by alcohol metabolism, but also appears to involve more nuanced changes in expression and substrate supply. The net effect is that steatosis is a rapid response to alcohol abuse. Although transient steatosis is largely an inert pathology, the chronicity of alcohol-related liver disease seems to require steatosis. Better and more specific understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol causes steatosis may therefore translate into targeted therapies to treat alcohol-related liver disease and/or prevent its progression.
Structures of the M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor/G-protein complexes.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein–coupled receptors that respond to acetylcholine and play important signaling roles in the nervous system. There are five muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1R to M5R), which, despite sharing a high degree of sequence identity in the transmembrane region, couple to different heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) to transmit signals. M1R, M3R, and M5R couple to the Gq/11 family, whereas M2R and M4R couple to the Gi/o family. Here, we present and compare the cryo–electron microscopy structures of M1R in complex with G11 and M2R in complex with GoA. The M1R-G11 complex exhibits distinct features, including an extended transmembrane helix 5 and carboxyl-terminal receptor tail that interacts with G protein. Detailed analysis of these structures provides a framework for understanding the molecular determinants of G-protein coupling selectivity.
Sex Differences in Neurocognitive Function in Adults with HIV: Patterns, Predictors, and Mechanisms.

Sex differences in cognitive function are well documented yet few studies had adequate numbers of women and men living with HIV (WLWH; MLWH) to identify sex differences in neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and the factors contributing to NCI. Here, we review evidence that WLWH may be at greater risk for NCI. We conducted a systematic review of recent studies of NCI in WLWH versus MLWH. A power analysis showed that few HIV studies have sufficient power to address male/female differences in NCI but studies with adequate power find evidence of greater NCI in WLWH, particularly in the domains of memory, speed of information processing, and motor function. Sex is an important determinant of NCI in HIV, and may relate to male/female differences in cognitive reserve, comorbidities (mental health and substance use disorders), and biological factors (e.g., inflammation, hormonal, genetic).
Management and reproductive counseling in cervical, caesarean scar and interstitial ectopic pregnancies over 11 years: identifying the need for a modern management algorithm.

STUDY QUESTION Do management strategies (treatment type and order), including provision of reproductive counseling, differ in patients with non-tubal pregnancies? SUMMARY ANSWER Medical and surgical treatment strategies varied widely for each type of non-tubal pregnancy and reproductive counseling in this patient population is lacking. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Owing to the rarity of non-tubal pregnancies, there is no consensus regarding treatment strategies or protocol. Furthermore, there is limited data on how patients with a non-tubal pregnancy are counseled about future fertility. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION This is a descriptive retrospective study. Data were collected from January 2006 to December 2017. A total of 50 patients were included in the study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS Patients with an ultrasound diagnosis of a non-tubal ectopic pregnancy (e.g. cervical ectopic pregnancy [CEP], Caesarean scar pregnancy [CSP] or interstitial ectopic pregnancy [IEP]) were included. This study was performed at a university-based institution tertiary referral center. Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment type and order, reproductive counseling and outcomes were collected. Descriptive statistics were used for analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of the 50 patients identified, 13 were CEP (26%), 8 were CSP (16%) and 29 were IEP (58%). Patients with a CSP had a higher parity (median = 3, P = 0.02) and number of prior Caesarean deliveries (mean = 2.1, P < 0.001). A total of 66% (23/35) of patients expressed a desire for future fertility prior to treatment and only 56% (28/50) of patients received reproductive counseling according to the electronic medical records. Among all non-tubal pregnancies, there were variations in the type and the order of treatments that patients received. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was performed in a tertiary referral center therefore the management strategy could have been influenced by the prior interventions and patient response. The descriptive retrospective design precluded any assumption of causation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The management for non-tubal pregnancies has wide variations. Reproductive counseling in this patient population is lacking. The findings highlight the need for the development of a treatment algorithm and a reproductive counseling protocol for each non-tubal pregnancy to better standardize treatment strategy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS There was no funding for this study. The authors have no conflict of interest to report.
Simple, Low-Cost Fabrication of Soft Sensors for Shape Reconstruction

Shape reconstruction by soft sensors may be useful in applications ranging from precision agriculture to haptics and factory automation due to the potential for low-cost fabrication, durable operation, and safe and compliant interaction. Current prevalent techniques, however, require expertise, expensive materials, and high-end processing equipment which limits both their transition to practice and their accessibility to researchers. To address this issue, we present easily accessible, low-cost, and rapid fabrication techniques for soft and resistive carbon composite sensors. We characterize their repeatability and durability in response to stretch up to 135%. We further show how this fabrication technique may be easily customized to two different applications, including a stretchable, tactile interface for passive sensing, and an active, soft pneumatic gripper that can fully encompass an object to reconstruct its shape. We complement these with simple control and analysis, and show how to achieve high relative accuracy, despite the high manufacturing tolerances of the sensors.
A New Approach to the Hostile Bladder in Transplantation.

Abstract The intravesical and extravesical techniques for ureteral reimplantation, traditionally described, cannot be applied to a very small, contracted bladder, especially in the morbidly obese patient. An alternative approach using a pull-through technique of ureterocystostomy is described in 6 patients with excellent 2-year follow-up.
“Heads Will Roll:” Decapitations in Mughal Painting—Persecution or Punishment?

In recent decades, Hindu and Sikh revivalists have made concerted efforts to erase India’s Islamic past, particularly that of the Mughal Period. Revivalists claim that the Mughals were responsible for massacring Hindus, Jains and Sikhs on a scale not even surpassed by the Nazis in the Jewish Holocaust. The question posed in this chapter is: should such battleground practices be considered acts of religious persecution, inspired or approved by Islam, as many critics claim, or should they be considered manifestations of imperial punishment—or perhaps both?
Treatment of hyperglycemia not associated with NAFLD improvement in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background and objectives Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have become public health problems in the pediatric population. However, the relationship between these two conditions is not well understood. The primary objective of this study was to assess whether treatment of hyperglycemia in obese, treatment-naive children with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was associated with an improvement of surrogate markers of NAFLD. Materials and methods This retrospective, longitudinal study included 151 obese children with a diagnosis of T2DM (Age: 14 ± 1 years, 72% female children, BMI: 98.6th percentile, and A1c: 10.3 ± 0.2%). Clinical/demographic information was collected before patients started any diabetes treatment and 1 and 3 years after starting metformin and/or insulin therapy. Results Forty-eight patients (32%) had abnormal ALT/AST (i.e., >40 U/L), suggestive of NAFLD. After 1 year of therapy, there were no significant differences in plasma ALT among patients started on insulin, metformin, or combination: 5±4 vs. −10 ± 3 vs. −2±2 IU/L, respectively, P = .07. Of note, changes in plasma ALT were small, despite a significant reduction of A1c in patients prescribed insulin (alone or with metformin): -2.8 ± 1.0%, P = .01, and −2.7 ± 0.3%, P Conclusions Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is highly prevalent in obese children with T2DM. Treatment of hyperglycemia with metformin and/or insulin did not result in any significant improvement in surrogate markers of NAFLD (i.e., plasma aminotransferases). While changes in ALT and/or AST may not perfectly reflect histological changes in NAFLD, our findings suggest that the treatment of hyperglycemia per se may not be associated with NAFLD improvement.
Epidemiologic Linkages Between Childhood Trauma, Health, and Health Care

Childhood trauma is epidemiologically linked to a myriad of adverse physical and mental health outcomes throughout the lifespan. There is a dose response relationship between the number of adverse childhood experiences and increased risk for negative adult outcomes that impact an individual’s overall health. Many factors contribute to increased risk of childhood trauma, and a variety of factors play a role in the healthcare needs of those affected by trauma. A discussion of intergenerational and historical trauma, epigenetics, and trauma throughout the lifespan, along with the costs of trauma, is offered. Case studies of work completed to understand trauma and its effects at a local level are described. Finally, an analysis of childhood trauma and its epidemiologic linkages to health and health care is provided.
On small sample Bayesian inference and sequential design for quantal response curves

It is important in many econometric and biological applications to evaluate the effective dose (ED) points in the tails of quantal response curves and the curves according to a sensible criterion. Following Geisser (1971), it seems most sensible to evaluate the posterior mean value function of the response curve, since this also gives predictive probabilities of positive responses across the design region. While plausible, it can be insufficient for small samples to base the calculations upon standard multivariate normal likelihood approximations. Exact determinations, for example, via importance sampling (see Zellner and Rossi, 1984) are needed. Extending Leonard (1982a) it is now also possible to compute the exact posterior distribution of the ED points. These are proposed as “design measures”, since they can be used to sequentially generate further design points. Related procedures (see Leonard, 1982b) yield excellent frequency properties. For example, a total of 40 observations (10 fixed in advance and 30 chosen sequentially) can assess a response curve to 6% accuracy for all design points between the ED60 and ED90 points, with an average of over 90% of the sequentially generated design points falling between the ED60 and ED90 points.