cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting experience enhances the use of lexical stress and syllabic structure to predict L2 word endings

Prediction underlies many life’s situations including language. Monolinguals and advanced L2 learners use prosodic cues such as stress and tone in a word’s first syllable to predict the word’s suffix. To determine whether the same findings extend to words with non-morphological endings, we investigate whether Spanish monolinguals and advanced learners of Spanish with and without interpreting experience use stress (stressed, unstressed) and syllabic structure (CV, CVC) in a word’s initial syllable to predict its ending. This is crucial to understand whether associations underlying prediction are morphophonolexical associations or purely phonolexical. Interpreters were included due to their extensive experience predicting incoming speech. Participants completed an eye-tracking study where they listened to a sentence while seeing two words and selected the word they heard. Results revealed that monolinguals and interpreters predicted word endings under all conditions, but non-interpreters only predicted in the CVC oxytone condition. These findings are relevant for (1) prediction accounts, showing that phonolexical associations trigger prediction; (2) phonological models, revealing that stress and syllable information in the initial syllable are key for accessing and predicting meaning; and (3) L2 processing models, indicating that L2 learners with interpreting experience use suprasegmental information to access and predict lexical items similar to monolinguals.
The Constitutional Amending Process in American Political Thought

Preface The Philosophical Heritage The Creation and Justification of Article V George Washington, the Constitutional Amending Process, and the Farewell Address Thomas Jefferson and the Amending Process John C. Calhoun: The Amending Process and the Theory of Concurrent Majorities The Civil War Period: Sidney George Fisher Advocates Congressional Sovereignty, and John Jameson Warns Against Constitutional Conventions Christopher Tiedeman, Constitutional Interpretation, and the Amending Process The Progressive Era and Continuing Doubts About the Adequacy of the Amending Process Debates Over Substantive Limits on the Amending Process Selected Bibliography Index
Dissolved organic matter in newly formed sea ice and surface seawater

Abstract Changes in sea ice in the Arctic will have ramifications on regional and global carbon cycling. Research to date has primarily focused on the regional impacts to biological activity and global impacts on atmospheric processes. The current project considers the molecular-level composition of organic carbon within sea ice compared to the organic matter in seawater. The project revealed that the composition of organic matter within sea ice was more variable than the composition of organic matter within the surface ocean. Furthermore, sea ice samples presented two distinct patterns in the composition of organic matter with a portion of the sea ice samples containing protein-like organic matter. Yet, the samples were collected in the early winter period when little biological activity is expected. Thus, one hypothesis is that physical processes acting during the formation of sea ice selectively transferred organic matter from seawater into sea ice. The present project expands our understanding of dissolved organic matter in sea ice and surface seawater and thereby increases our knowledge of carbon cycling in polar regions.
Proteinuria in Diabetic Renal Allograft Recipients

Recipients of renal allografts commonly manifest proteinuria for months to years after transplantation,1,2 apparently without increased mortality compared to nonproteinuric recipients. Posttransplant proteinuria has been attributed to chronic allograft rejection1–3or recurrent glomerulo-nephritis4,5; histological studies of renal allografts demonstrate both processes within months after transplantation.1,6 Proteinuria is a constant concomitant finding in diabetic nephropathy and is correlated with duration of diabetes. Approximately 10% to 30% of all diabetics develop proteinuria7 because of glomerular structural injury and increased permeability resulting from diabetic nephropathy.8,9 Glomerulosclerosis is found in 90% of type I diabetics of longer than 10 years′ duration.10 Progressive nephropathy is likely once constant proteinuria develops; 80% of proteinuric diabetics die within 11 years of its discovery, and about half of these deaths are from renal failure.7 On average, death occurs 7 years following the onset of persistent proteinuria.
Gamma Knife surgery of vestibular schwannomas: longitudinal changes in vestibular function and measurement of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory.

Object Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is one of the methods available to treat vestibular schwannomas (VSs), in addition to microsurgical resection; however, clear information regarding balance function outcomes and the impact of treatment on patients' quality of life over time remains an important clinical need. The purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal balance outcomes and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) following GKS for VSs. Methods This was a prospective clinical study of balance outcomes in all patients with VSs treated in the Acoustic Neuroma and Skull Base Surgery Program at a tertiary referral center by the senior author and the Gamma Knife team between June 2000 and May 2008. The main outcome measures included preoperative vestibular testing and postoperative caloric testing performed at 6-month intervals to determine vestibular function. The DHI questionnaires were administered retrospectively to assess the impact of GKS on self-perceived disability. Results Between June 2000 and M...
Soybean Planting Dates and Populations

Introduction Soybean genetics are changing yearly with improved yield and/or resistance capabilities. Additionally, small plot research from Iowa State University indicates a planting recommendation of April 20 or as soon as soil and weather conditions are suitable at populations of 125,000 to 140,000 seeds/acre. This trial was designed to demonstrate this recommendation on a local site with local conditions.
Understanding the Divorce Cycle: The Cohabitation Revolution

I f this book had been written thirty years ago , there would be no need for a chapter on cohabitation. Cohabiting couples were far less common and far more stigmatized – we need only remember the quaint phrase “living in sin” to make that point. Living with a partner out of wedlock used to be something only a few unconventional people did. No longer. Since the 1970s, rates of cohabitation have risen fivefold. Perhaps even more noteworthy, increases in cohabitation almost perfectly correspond with declines in the marriage rate: Living with a partner out of wedlock is becoming a substitute for marriage for more and more people. As I showed in Chapter 3, this holds particularly true for the children of divorce, whose marriage rates have declined even more quickly than those of the general population. It already has been well established that parental divorce increases the likelihood of entering into a cohabiting relationship. Only three studies have considered how the children of divorce fare in cohabiting relationships, however. Two studies by Kathleen Kiernan and her colleagues analyzed married and cohabiting respondents together, a research strategy that does not permit insight into the unique effects of family structure on offspring cohabitation stability. A third study found no relationship between parental divorce and cohabitation dissolution. No studies have examined whether parental divorce affects the likelihood of marrying one's cohabiting partner. These topics are the focus of the current chapter.
The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World

Abstract : Shortly after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, Air Force Chief of Staff General John Jumper asked the RAND Corporation to conduct a study entitled "Thinking Strategically about Combating Terrorism." The year-long project was divided into four research tasks, each undertaking different yet complementary aspects of the counterterrorism problem: 1. Threat assessment -- identifying the character and boundaries of the threat; 2. The international dimension -- assessing the impact of coalition and other international actors on U.S. options; 3. Strategy -- designing an overarching counterterrorism approach; 4. Implications for the Air Force -- identifying promising applications of air and space power. The research for this report was conducted as part of the first task on threat assessment. It assesses the threat that terrorist groups pose to the United States and to its interests overseas by proposing a framework for evaluating their relative motivations and capabilities. The report describes the tools that various terrorist groups use to maintain group cohesion and to conduct successful terrorist attacks. Also, after identifying the potential vulnerabilities of terrorist groups, it discusses how these groups adapt and change and concludes with implications for the ongoing struggle against terrorism. This report therefore should be of interest to policymakers confronted with the task of reducing the threat that terrorism poses to the United States today. But terrorist threats change over time, so the authors have attempted to present a framework of use to decisionmakers and academics involved in terrorism analyses and counterterrorism responsibilities in the future as well.
Force-Time Characteristics of the Sprint Start

(1952). Force-Time Characteristics of the Sprint Start. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 301-318.
Lessons from developmental biology for regenerative medicine

The ultimate goal of regenerative medicine is the functional restoration of lost or damaged tissues and organs. Since most tissues in man lack true regenerative properties and instead respond to injury with an inflammatory response and scar tissue formation, regenerative medicine strategies that include combinations of cells, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules to replace injured or missing tissues have been developed. The physical, chemical, and electrical cues that define the microenvironmental niche and the effect of these influences upon cell behavior during development are of interest to developmental biologists, with obvious overlap to the interest of the regenerative medicine field. This manuscript provides an overview of current approaches for tissue restoration being investigated in the field of regenerative medicine and attempts to identify areas of mutual beneficial interest with the field of developmental biology.
Algunos aspectos del desarrollo de la sociedad de servicios

El objetivo de este articulo es presentar algunas de las principales caracteristicas del cambio de una sociedad industrial a una sociedad de servicios o post-industrial. En una breve resena historica este proceso es integrado con el cambio de una sociedad agraria a industrial que tuvo lugar en los Estados Unidos a principios del presente siglo. Las principales caracteristicas de la sociedad post-industrial son discutidas como tambien sus implicaciones para la economia de algunos paises Latinoamericanos. Los futuros desafios para la sociedad post-industrial son presentados en forma de preguntas en las conclusiones.
The Role of Family Phenomena in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Topic Previous research suggests that families are integral to the understanding of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Purpose The purpose of this article is to identify family phenomena related to children and adolescents with ADHD and highlight research findings that intersect family phenomena with the care and treatment of ADHD in youth. Sources A literature review was conducted at the University of Pennsylvania in spring of 2014 using an online library system. The four major databases utilized are Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Ovid Medline, Scopus, and Psyc-INFO. Conclusions A wide array of family-related concepts are identified in the literature and represent a multifaceted and dynamic range of family phenomena related to ADHD youth. Four major themes emerged in the literature, including family stress and strain, parenting practices and caregiver health, family relationships, and family processes related to ADHD management. Different cultural and ethnic groups are reflected in the studies, but the majority of participants are self-identified Caucasian. As a collective, the research findings suggest family-related phenomena are essential and relevant to the investigation of children and adolescents with ADHD and worthwhile to explore in future research endeavors, especially in diverse populations.
Social Catholicism: Birth and Tradition of Solidarism

In previous efforts I have dated the birth of (modern) Social Catholicism (alias: Roman‐Catholic Social Economycs) with the publication of the closely associated works of Charles de Coux (1832) and Alban de Villeneuve‐Bargemont (1834/37). If indeed (and without going all the way back to Jesus of Nazareth, via Thomas Aquinas, Jerome and Ambrose et al.) that be the case, and the implication of the present assignment be correct, then we should have to date the “birth of solidarism” in the Social‐Catholic vein identically. Undaunted by Gide's virtual declaration that “they were all solidarists then”, this is what we set out to show, viz. that our Solidarism did have its birth therewith.
THE CANADIAN FIREBALL PROCESSION OF 1913 FEBRUARY 9

This paper calls attention to the unscientific procedures by means of which C. C. Wylie has sought to controvert C. A. Chant's satellitory interpretation of the great Canadian fireball procession of 1913 February 9. Attention is directed to the many long-buried United States observations of the fireball procession that have recently been brought to light by Alexander D. Mebane's painstaking work. The data secured by Mebane not only definitely discredit Wylie's interpretatation of the Canadian incident as an ordinary meteor shower, but also provide further corroboration of the accuracy of Chant's interpretation of that phenomenon, at least in the somewhat modified form attributed to it by Denning, Davidson, Fisher, and Pickering.
Spotting Trends in Accident Reports Can Help To Stop Injuries

Injuries are the single greatest killer of young people in this country. Collecting complete and reliable information about injuries is an important first step in spotting trends and taking steps to stop injuries. Incident reports filed by school nurses may be one of the best sources for analyzing and preventing school injuries.
Calorimetric examination of high-affinity Src SH2 domain-tyrosyl phosphopeptide binding: dissection of the phosphopeptide sequence specificity and coupling energetics.

SH2 domains are protein modules which interact with specific tyrosine phosphorylated sequences in target proteins. The SH2 domain of the Src kinase binds with high affinity to a tyrosine phosphorylated peptide containing the amino acids Glu, Glu, and Ile (EEI) at the positions +1, +2, and +3 C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine, respectively. To investigate the degree of selectivity of the Src SH2 domain for each amino acid of the EEI motif, the binding thermodynamics of a panel of substitutions at the +1 (Gln, Asp, Ala, Gly), +2 (Gln, Asp, Ala, Gly), and +3 (Leu, Val, Ala, Gly) positions were examined using titration microcalorimetry. It was revealed that the Src SH2 domain is insensitive (ΔΔG° ≤ 0.6 kcal/mol) to conservative substitutions at all three peptide positions. However, mutation to Ala resulted in moderate reductions in ΔG°, with the substitution at the +3 position showing the largest loss in affinity (ΔΔG° = 1.4 kcal/mol), followed by the +2 (ΔΔG° = 1.0 kcal/mol) and +1 (ΔΔG° = 0.5 kcal/mol) posi...
Effect of nucleic-acid-binding compounds on the hydrolytic activity of various ribonucleases.

Studies were conducted on the stimulatory effect that various nucleic-acid-binding compounds have on the hydrolysis of RNA and polyribonucleotides by pancreatic ribonuclease A and by other ribonucleases. The stimulatory activity of chloroquine on tRNA hydrolysis by pancreatic ribonuclease was due to the formation of oligonucleotides of a wide range of sizes and was not due to the formation of very short ( n greater than 5) oligonucleotide fragments of tRNA. The dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers of chloroquine did not differ in their ability to stimulate the hydrolysis of tRNA by pancreatic ribonuclease A. In addition to chloroquine and primaquine, other nucleic-acid-binding compounds (e.g., quinacrine, lucanthone, and proflavin) stimulated the hydrolysis of tRNA by pancreatic ribonuclease A. Chloroquine did not alter the rate of hydrolysis by pancreatic ribonuclease A of low-molecular-weight substrates (cytidine cyclic 2':o'-monophosphate, uridine cyclic 2':3'-monophosphate, cytidylyl-adenosine, or uridylyl-uridine). Furthermore, chloroquine and primaquine did not affect the hydrolysis of poly(A) by high concentrations of pancreatic ribonuclease A. In studies on the hydrolysis of tRNA by other endoribonucleases, several of the nucleic-acid-binding compounds (e.g., quinacrine and ethidium) exhibited appreciable inhibition of both ribonuclease N1 and ribonuclease T1. None of the compounds tested stimulated the activity of ribonuclease T1, and only chloroquine, and perhaps lucanthone, stimulated the hydrolysis of tRNA by ribonuclease N1.
Energy scavenging from acousto-elastic metamaterial using local resonance phenomenon

This article presents the possibility of energy scavenging (ES) utilizing the physics of acousto-elastic metamaterial (AEMM) and use them in a dual mode (Acoustic Filter and Energy Harvester), simultaneously. Concurrent wave filtering and energy harvesting mechanism is previously presented using local resonance phenomenon in phononic crystal, however energy harvesting capabilities of AEMM is not reported extensively. Traditionally acoustic metamaterials are used in filtering acoustic waves by trapping or guiding the acoustic energy, whereas this work presents that the trapped dynamic energy inside the soft constituent (matrix) of metamaterials can be significantly harvested by strategically embedding piezoelectric wafers in the matrix. With unit cell model, we asserted that at lower acoustic frequencies maximum power in the micro Watts (~36μW) range can be generated, which is significantly higher than the existing harvesters of same kind. Efficient energy scavengers at low acoustic frequencies are almost absent due to large required size relevant to the acoustic wavelength. In this work we propose sub wave length scale energy scavengers utilizing the coupled physics of local, structural and matrix resonances. Upon validation of the argument through analytical, numerical and experimental studies, a broadband energy scavenger (ES) with multi-cell model is designed with varying geometrical properties.
Gauge theory and chemical structure.

: The possibility of chemical structure in the context of quantized matter is examined by way of Richard Bader's Atoms in Molecules. I critically examine his notion of ‘electronic charge density’—showing that he cannot really mean ‘density of charge’—and I argue that the appropriate concept is expectation value of charge. This still allows him to define chemical structure, but it makes problematic his appeals to the explanatory power of structure. This is because, as Rosenfeld and Bohr showed, the expectation value of charge cannot be taken as the electronic field experienced by other charges. I suggest that we can recover the efficacy of structure by thinking of chemistry as a gauge theory. Current consensus in the study of gauge theories indicates that gauge potentials represent a new type of property; while no member of the family of functions comprising the gauge potential is real, the potential itself is causally potent. I illustrate this in the case of electrodynamics, where the vector potential can causally influence charges in the absence of electric or magnetic fields. I show how chemical structure can be considered to be a gauge field. Following Bader, I take it to be a family of geometric configurations, no one of which is possessed by a given molecule. I claim that current research in gauge theory licenses the attribution of causal potency to this notion of structure, despite its lack of reality. I thus begin the process of freeing the explanatory resources of gauge theory from physics alone.
Hunting as a moral good.

I argue that hunting is not a sport, but a neo-traditional cultural trophic practice consistent with ecological ethics, including a meliorist concern for animal rights or welfare. Death by hunter is on average less painful than death in wild nature. Hunting achieves goods, including trophic responsibility, ecological expertise and a unique experience of animal inter-dependence. Hunting must then be not only permissible but morally good wherever: a) preservation of ecosystems or species requires hunting as a wildlife management tool; and/or b) its animal deaths per unit of nutrition is lower than that caused by farming practices. Both conditions obtain at least some of the time.
Role of readsorption during CO hydrogenation over cobalt model catalysts

Abstract The role of readsorption of ethene during carbon monoxide hydrogenation has been studied on polycrystalline cobalt foils and on thin cobalt films evaporated onto a gold substrate, using a combination of UHV studies and atmospheric pressure reactions at 525 K and at 101 kPa total pressure. On the cobalt foils we have detected C 1 C 5 hydrocarbons and on the Co/Au surfaces C 1 C 4 hydrocarbons. On both surfaces the product distribution shifts towards higher molecular weight hydrocarbons when increasing amounts of ethene are added. The amounts of various hydrocarbons formed on the surface are explained in terms of a simplified reaction model where α-hydrogenation is the rate-limiting step. The results indicate that multiple readsorption is required to produce higher molecular weight hydrocarbons in industrial catalysts.
Development of the correlation transfer equation of ultrasound-modulated multiply scattered light : A diagrammatic approach

In this paper, we develop a temporal correlation transfer equation (CTE) for ultrasound-modulated multiply scattered light. The equation can be used to obtain the temporal frequency spectrum of the optical intensity produced by a nonuniform ultrasound field in optically scattering media. Derivation of the CTE is based on the ladder diagram approximation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. We expect the CTE to be applicable to a wide spectrum of conditions in the ultrasound-modulated optical tomography of soft biological tissues.
Pituitary Hyperplasia and Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome: A Consequence of Chronic Untreated Congenital Hypothyroidism

An eight-year, 4-month old Indian girl with low IQ and delayed milestones, presented with headache (4 years), breast development (4 months), and menstrual bleeding for 22 days. Examination revealed short stature [height: 91.5 cm; SD score: -5.59], coarse dry skin, umbilical hernia (arrow), delayed reflexes, Tanner’s stage-3 breasts, absent pubic and axillary hair
Viscoelastic characterization of poly(butylene terephthalate) using longitudinal resonances

The viscoelastic constants of poly(butylene terephthalate) were determined as a function of temperature using the harmonic dispersion of longitudinal resonances. Measured quantities were Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and the logarithmic decrement, from which the bulk and shear moduli were derived. It was found that a dispersion relation used by Schwarzl and Struik can be employed to compensate for frequency dispersion of the modulus using no adjustable parameters. Measured quantities agree well with previously published values. Appendices are included which derive the resonant frequency shift due to damping in our specific experiment and which estimate the error introduced by the Schwarzl-Struik dispersion relation.
Premature termination of transcription and alternative splicing in the human transacylase (E2) gene of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex

We have isolated a human genomic clone hgE2-14 containing exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 transacylase gene. Sequencing of exon 8 and its surrounding intronic sequences reveals complete identity with the previously reported truncated E2 cDNA (hE2-1) sequence between nucleotides 938 and 1521. We have identified consensus splice site junctions flanking exon 8 and also a cryptic 3' splice site 370 bases upstream from the start of exon 8 in the gene. In addition, two polyadenylation signals located in the hE2-1 cDNA are also present in the intronic sequence downstream of exon 8 which promote termination of transcription. The data indicate that shortened human liver E2 transcripts undergo alternative splicing to yield mRNA of the hE2-1 type.
A general method for deriving the describing functions for a certain class of nonlinearities

Since Goldfarb's original work on describing functions, a considerable number of papers have been published in which the describing functions of particular nonlinearities have been derived. It appears however that little effort has been made to classify the nonlinearities. Since the describing function method is one of the more powerful methods available at present to analyze nonlinear feedback systems, it appears desirable to collect the expressions for the describing functions of a few different types of nonlinearities in one paper. It is the purpose of this paper to derive the describing functions of two general types of nonlinearities and show how the describing functions of many other practical types of nonlinearities for which the describing function analysis is valid naturally follow.
Improving Arabic-Chinese Statistical Machine Translation using English as Pivot Language

We present a comparison of two approaches for Arabic-Chinese machine translation using English as a pivot language: sentence pivoting and phrase-table pivoting. Our results show that using English as a pivot in either approach outperforms direct translation from Arabic to Chinese. Our best result is the phrase-pivot system which scores higher than direct translation by 1.1 BLEU points. An error analysis of our best system shows that we successfully handle many complex Arabic-Chinese syntactic variations.
FOLLOWING PATHS OF SYMMETRY-BREAKING BIFURCATION POINTS

We propose a pseudo-arclength continuation algorithm for computing paths of Z2-symmetry-breaking bifurcation points for two-parameter nonlinear elliptic problems. The algorithm consists of an Euler predictor step and a solution step composed of a sequence of Newton iterations. This work generalizes the algorithm of Werner and Spence for locating a one-parameter symmetry-breaking bifurcation point by using the approach of Keller and Fier for following a (two-parameter) path of limit points (a "fold"). By repeated use of the bordering algorithm, we solve linear systems whose matrix is the "symmetric" Jacobian or "antisymmetric" Jacobian, thus fully exploiting any (block tridiagonal) structures present. We give numerical results for the steady, axisymmetric flow between rotating coaxial cylinders (Taylor–Couette flow). For finite cylinders, we compute the fold curve and path of symmetry-breaking bifurcation points for small aspect ratios, and illustrate a new method to accurately locale the two Z2-symmetric codimension one singularities. For infinite cylinders, we show the projections on the (aspect ratio, Reynolds number) plane of the folds and bifurcation point paths in the neighborhood of the two-cell/four-cell neutral curve crossing. We numerically verify a conjecture of Meyer–Spasche and Wagner concerning the connection of two neutral-curve crossings by a path of secondary subharmonic bifurcations.
“They Touch Our Hearts”: The Experiences of Shared Site Intergenerational Program Participants

ABSTRACT This study examines the experiences of intergenerational program participants in a shared site intergenerational program. Four focus groups were held, one with each participant group: elders, children, caregivers (including parents of children and elder caregivers), and staff. Five major themes emerged from the groups: (a) emotions, (b) engagement challenges, (c) family environment, (d) relationships, and (e) respect/admiration. Each theme is discussed and illustrated with quotes. Implications of these findings are examined.
Mapping brain activity at scale with cluster computing

Understanding brain function requires monitoring and interpreting the activity of large networks of neurons during behavior. Advances in recording technology are greatly increasing the size and complexity of neural data. Analyzing such data will pose a fundamental bottleneck for neuroscience. We present a library of analytical tools called Thunder built on the open-source Apache Spark platform for large-scale distributed computing. The library implements a variety of univariate and multivariate analyses with a modular, extendable structure well-suited to interactive exploration and analysis development. We demonstrate how these analyses find structure in large-scale neural data, including whole-brain light-sheet imaging data from fictively behaving larval zebrafish, and two-photon imaging data from behaving mouse. The analyses relate neuronal responses to sensory input and behavior, run in minutes or less and can be used on a private cluster or in the cloud. Our open-source framework thus holds promise for turning brain activity mapping efforts into biological insights.
Dysregulation of cardiolipin biosynthesis in pediatric heart failure

Abstract Cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is critical for optimal mitochondrial function. CL abnormalities have been demonstrated in the failing rodent and adult human heart. The aim of this study was to determine whether abnormalities in CL content and the CL biosynthesis and remodeling pathways are present in pediatric idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). A cross-sectional analysis of myocardial tissue from 119 IDC and non-failing (NF) control samples was performed. Electrospray ionizing mass spectrometry was used to measure total CL and CL species content in LV tissue. RT-PCR was employed to measure gene expression of the enzymes in the CL biosynthesis and remodeling pathways in both the adult and pediatric heart. Significantly lower total and (18:2)4CL (the beneficial species) content was demonstrated in myocardium from pediatric patients with IDC compared to NF controls. Analysis of mitochondrial gene transcripts was used to demonstrate that there is no decrease in mitochondrial content. Expression of two biosynthesis enzymes and one remodeling enzyme was significantly lower in pediatric IDC compared to NF controls. Expression of two phospholipases involved in CL degradation were also altered, one up- and one down-regulated. Except for one remodeling enzyme, these changes are unique from those in the failing adult heart. Similar to what has been seen in adults and in a rat model of IDC, total and (18:2)4CL are lower in pediatric IDC. Unique CL species profiles are seen in heart tissue from children with IDC compared to adults. Differences in CL biosynthesis and remodeling enzyme expression likely explain the differences in CL profiles observed in IDC and implicate unique age-related mechanisms of disease.
A dichotomy theorem for turbulence

In this note we show:Theorem 1.1. Let G be a Polish group and X a Polish G-space with the induced orbit equivalence relation EG Borel as a subset of X × X. Then exactly one of the following:(I) There is a countable languageℒand a Borel functionsuch that for all x1, x2 ∈ Xor(II) there is a turbulent Polish G-space Y and a continuous G-embeddingThere are various bows and ribbons which can be woven into these statements. We can strengthen (I) by asking that θ also admit a Borel orbit inverse, that is to say some Borel functionfor some Borel set B ⊂ Mod(ℒ), such that for all x ∈ Xand then after having passed to this strengthened version of (I) we still obtain the exact same dichotomy theorem, and hence the conclusion that the two competing versions of (I) are equivalent. Similarly (II) can be relaxed to just asking that τ be a Borel G-embedding, or even simply a Borel reduction of the relevant orbit equivalence relations. It is in fact a consequence of 1.1 that all the plausible weakenings and strengthenings of (I) and (II) are respectively equivalent to one another.I will not closely examine these possible variations here. The equivalences alluded to above follow from our main theorem and the results of [3]. That monograph had previously shown that (I) and (II) are incompatible, and proved a barbaric forerunner of 1.1, and gone on to conjecture the dichotomy result above.
Agonistic Interactions of the Crab Petrolisthes (Crustacea, Anomura)

Competition for food and space should be minimal for Petrolisthes because the crabs are filter feeders and also, occur in aggregations. Interactions do occur between crabs and I wished to determine the communicatory value and possible function of the observed interactions. The details of each interaction between two conspecific crabs were recorded on film, with notes, and with an event recorder. The numerical results were arranged in contingency tables and analysed for significance using chi-square. The performance of agonistic behavioral acts by Petrolisthes and the reaction to them was not random, but followed patterns which indicated communication between the crabs. The most commonly occurring acts elicited the same responding acts for all species. Two of the species were more responsive to acts performed by conspecifics than the other two. The crab initiating the interaction was usually the larger of the two crabs and was also most likely to gain or retain space. The agonistic interactions of the crabs involved little forceful contact, and I suggest that the observed agonistic exchanges could serve an exploratory and a social bonding function to maintain the aggregation. Zusammenfassung Die verschiedenen Kampfhandlungen von Petrolisthes und die Reaktionen des Rivalen folgen nicht zufallig aufeinander, sondern regelhaft, was auf eine Kommunikation zwischen den Krebsen hinweist. Streit um Platz durfte minimal sein, da die Krebse oft zu vielen beisammen angetroffen werden. Gewalttatige Handlungen sind selten; ich vermute, das die Kampfe eine sozial bindende Funktion haben und die Ansammlung zusammenhalten. Noch eine andere Funktion der beobachteten Interaktionen konnte Erkundungsverhalten sein, das, gegen andere Krebse gerichtet, einen Austausch von Aktionen zur Folge hat. Wahrend einer Interaktion war der angreifende Krebs gewohnlich der grosere und gewann den Kampf oder sicherte sich seinen Platz. Antennen-schlage (antennal taps) und Scherenschieben (chela shoves) werden bei allen Arten meist mit der gleichen Handlung beantwortet. Bei P. cabrilloi und P. cinctipes folgte Scherenschieben auf Antennenschlag ohne eine Gegenreaktion eines Rivalen. Bei P. manimaculis und P. eriomerus reicht einfache Annaherung, um einen Artgenossen zum Ruckzug zu veranlassen. Bei P. cinctipes und P. cabrilloi folgt haufiger als bei P. eriomerus und P. manimaculis keine Gegenreaktion eines Artgenossen auf bestimmte Handlungen.
Dose convolution filter: Incorporating spatial dose information into tissue response modeling

Purpose: A model is introduced to integrate biological factors such as cell migration and bystander effects into physical dose distributions, and to incorporate spatial dose information in plan analysis and optimization. Methods: The model consists of a dose convolution filter (DCF) with single parameter {sigma}. Tissue response is calculated by an existing NTCP model with DCF-applied dose distribution as input. The authors determined {sigma} of rat spinal cord from published data. The authors also simulated the GRID technique, in which an open field is collimated into many pencil beams. Results: After applying the DCF, the NTCP model successfully fits the rat spinal cord data with a predicted value of {sigma}=2.6{+-}0.5 mm, consistent with 2 mm migration distances of remyelinating cells. Moreover, it enables the appropriate prediction of a high relative seriality for spinal cord. The model also predicts the sparing of normal tissues by the GRID technique when the size of each pencil beam becomes comparable to {sigma}. Conclusions: The DCF model incorporates spatial dose information and offers an improved way to estimate tissue response from complex radiotherapy dose distributions. It does not alter the prediction of tissue response in large homogenous fields, but successfully predicts increased tissue tolerance inmore » small or highly nonuniform fields.« less
SU‐FF‐J‐88: Portal Imaging Capability of Motion Detection

Purpose: Quantitative determination and validation of tumor motion is required for Image‐GuidedRadiotherapy(IGRT) of mobile tumors. One method for validating motion is portal imaging using electronic portal imaging devices(EPIDs). Ability to detect and delineate moving tumors depends on EPID specifications and image acquisition protocol. Requirements include accurate object definition and the capability to localize objects throughout the breathing cycle, at different locations within the body. We devised a straightforward test to assess EPID performance. Method and Materials: Water‐filled spheres of different diameters were attached to a computer‐controlled linear stage programmed to move spheres at constant velocities over a range of distances (up to 60mm) and speeds (from 5–40mm/s), within a stationary phantom. Images were captured during motion cycles using Varian PortalVision and Elekta iView amorphous siliconEPIDs. Accuracy of the projected target position was evaluated for images consisting of 1–3 averaged frames. We tested the image quality across the EPID while maintaining fixed source‐to‐object (isocenter) distances. Results: Both imagingsystems accurately reproduced projected target shapes. The accuracy of range and speed measurements were 0.5mm and 0.1mm/s, respectively. The iView system detected the 60mm range of motion to within 2.5mm, for all tested speeds. The PortalVision system detected 60mm range of motion to within 3.5mm, up to 20mm/s, but performance degraded at greater speeds, with images missing in parts of motion cycles. At 30mm/s, only 45mm was detected. For both systems, range measurement errors were proportionally smaller for shorter ranges. Both imagers performed consistently throughout their imagingsurface and both were comparable for image quality. Conclusion: We've devised a process that can simultaneously assess motion detection capability and test EPIDsystems. Both imagers performed well in static conditions, implying accelerator feedback system led to missing images. We'll investigate methods to improve the dynamic imaging characteristics of these EPIDsystems.
The role of selective pressure and selfish DNA in horizontal gene transfer and soil microbial community adaptation

Abstract Recent advances in genome sequencing and horizontal gene transfer in soil have led to new insights on soil microbial community adaptation. In this review, we document and evaluate the role of selective pressure and selfish DNA in propagating horizontal gene transfer in soil through the use of a model system involving the organic pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the metal cadmium. This review provides a theoretical framework for microbial adaptation, wherein it is the selfish nature of DNA that provides the initial stimulus for adaptation rather than the host cells themselves. Subsequent to selfish DNA transfer, if useful to host cells, the transferred DNA may become integrated into the host chromosome. Following these events, ultimately the growth of more fit individuals within the newly created ecological niche allows for adaptation of the soil microbial community.
High-Speed Power Flows Using Attached Scientific ("Array") Processors

The array processor is a comparatively recent innovation in computer architecture which promises large amounts of inexpensive computing power on fairly large problems. In particular, it is able to handle problems involving large, sparse matrix manipulations without serious degradation in performance. One such problem is the AC Power Flow simulation. This paper describes the implementation of Stott's Fast Decoupled Power Flow algorithm on the Floating Point Systems AP-120B array processor. The goal is a power flow which will solve a 1000-bus problem in less than 0.5 second from a "flat start". The parallelism afforded by the functional units of the AP- 120B have a pronounced effect on how the algorithm is implemented. The sparse linear equation solver dictates the hardware options with which the AP-120B should be equipped.
Public policy activity related to accessibility in the United States

The year 2010 has been very active in the area of public policy related to interface accessibility within the US. A number of events, which have been planned or discussed in previous years, have come to fruition. Other events have occurred which have started new policy processes related to accessibility.
Vascular targeting of doxorubicin using cationic liposomes.

Abstract Tumor vessel has been recognized as an important target for anticancer therapy. Cationic liposomes have been shown to selectively target tumor endothelial cells, thus can potentially be used as a carrier for chemotherapy agents. In this study, cationic liposomes containing 20 mol% cationic lipid dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) were prepared and characterized. The cationic liposomal DOX showed 10.8 and 9.1 times greater cytotoxicity than control PEGylated liposomal DOX in KB oral carcinoma and L1210 murine lymphocytic leukemia cells, and 7.7- and 6.8-fold greater cytotoxicity compared to control neutral non-PEGylated liposomal DOX, repectively, in these two cell lines. Although cationic liposomal DOX had higher tumor accumulation at 30 min after intravenous administration compared to control liposomes (p 0.05) and approximately twice the levels of the free drug and non-PEGylated liposomes. In a murine tumor model generated using L1210 cells, increased survival rate was obtained with cationic liposomal DOX treatment compared to free DOX (p
Late Pleistocene vegetation of Kings Canyon, Sierra Nevada, California

Seven packrat midden samples make possible a comparison between the modern and late Pleistocene vegetation in Kings Canyon on the western side of the southern Sierra Nevada. One modern sample contains macrofossils and pollen derived from the present-day oak-chaparral vegetation. Macrofossils from the six late Pleistocene samples record a mixed coniferous forest dominated by the xerophytic conifers Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus cf. ponderosa, and P. monophylla. The pollen spectra of these Pleistocene middens are dominated by Pinus sp., Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae (TCT), and Artemisia sp. Mesophytic conifers are represented by low macrofossil concentrations. Sequoiadendron giganteum is represented by a few pollen grains in the full glacial. Edaphic control and snow dispersal are the most likely causes of these mixed assemblages. The dominant macrofossils record a more xeric plant community than those that now occur on similar substrates at higher elevations or latitudes in the Sierra Nevada. These assemblages suggest that late Wisconsin climates were cold with mean annual precipitation not necessarily greater than modern values. This conclusion supports a model of low summer ablation allowing for the persistence of the glaciers at higher elevations during the late Wisconsin. The records in these middens also suggest that S. giganteum grew at lower elevations along the western side of the range and that P. monophylla was more widely distributed in cismontane California during the Pleistocene.
Study of the fragmentation patterns of the phosphate-arginine noncovalent bond.

Our previous work has highlighted the role of certain amino acid residues, mainly two or more adjacent arginine on one peptide and two or more adjacent glutamate, or aspartate, or a phosphorylated ...
A multi-core parallelization strategy for statistical significance testing in learning classifier systems

Permutation-based statistics for evaluating the significance of class prediction, predictive attributes, and patterns of association have only appeared within the learning classifier system (LCS) literature since 2012. While still not widely utilized by the LCS research community, formal evaluations of statistical confidence are imperative to large and complex real world applications such as genetic epidemiology where it is standard practice to quantify the likelihood that a seemingly meaningful statistic could have been obtained purely by chance. Learning classifier system algorithms are relatively computationally expensive on their own. The compounding requirements for generating permutation-based statistics may be a limiting factor for some researchers interested in applying LCS algorithms to real world problems. Technology has made LCS parallelization strategies more accessible and thus more popular in recent years. In the present study we examine the benefits of externally parallelizing a series of independent LCS runs such that permutation testing with cross validation becomes more feasible to complete on a single multi-core workstation. We test our python implementation of this strategy in the context of a simulated complex genetic epidemiological data mining problem. Our evaluations indicate that as long as the number of concurrent processes does not exceed the number of CPU cores, the speedup achieved is approximately linear.
Surface Plasmon Based Real-time Microfluid Temperature Sensor

We report on a real-time, non-invasive, and all optical microfluid temperature measurement technique using the surface plasmon resonance. The technique results in 0.03°C temperature resolution of liquid volumes as small as 20μL and thus may have applications in a myriad of fields including micro-fluidics, micro-chemistry, and biophysics. We also propose a technique for achieving a 25-fold increase in sensitivity. These all-optical measurements may be integrated into a fiber-optic systems providing great potential for use in emerging lab-on-chip and remote sensing technologies.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing in Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis

Chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing (ChIP-SEQ) represents a powerful tool for identifying the genomic targets of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling factors, and histone modifications. The frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis have historically been outstanding model systems for embryology and cell biology, with emerging utility as highly accessible embryos for genome-wide studies. Here we focus on the particular strengths and limitations of Xenopus cell biology and genomics as they apply to ChIP-SEQ, and outline a methodology for ChIP-SEQ in both species, providing detailed strategies for sample preparation, antibody selection, quality control, sequencing library preparation, and basic analysis.