cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Yellow Brick Road to Platelet GP IIb-IIIa (Integrin αIIbβ3) Activation.

Abstract In Oz, the yellow brick road led to dreams come true. In platelets, the road from agonist receptors to αIIbβ3 leads to thrombus formation, a response necessary for hemostasis and thrombosis. Upon platelet stimulation, agonist receptor pathways converge on the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of αIIbβ3, causing conformational changes that are propagated to the extracellular domain to effect high affinity ligand binding (activation). Numerous intracellular proteins have been implicated inαIIbβ3 activation, including protein kinase C (PKC), the Rap1 GTPase and talin. Indeed, talin recruitment to the β3 cytoplasmic domain is a final common step in αIIbβ3 activation. However, the relationships of these signaling proteins to each other, and the mechanism(s) of talin recruitment to β3 have not been established. Here we used forward, reverse, and synthetic genetics to engineer and order an αIIbβ3 activation pathway. In a CHO cell model system, increased expression of PKCαand talin to levels approximating those in platelets reconstituted αIIbβ3 activation in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). This response was detectable by monitoring fibrinogen binding or the binding of a monovalent, ligand-mimetic antibody Fab fragment (PAC-1 Fab) that is specific for high-affinity αIIbβ3. PMA-induced activation of αIIbβ3 could be blocked by over-expression of Rap1GAP, which inhibits Rap1 GTPase activity. In contrast, over-expression of constitutively-active Rap1A(G12V) caused αIIbβ3 activation that bypassed the requirement for PKCα, indicating that Rap1 is downstream of PKCαin this integrin activation pathway. αIIbβ3 activation by Rap1 was promoted by a specific Rap1 effector, RIAM, an adapter molecule with a PH domain and proline-rich and EVH-1 binding regions. For example, over-expression of RIAM, but not another Rap1 effector (RapL), caused activation of αIIbβ3 and bypassed the requirement for PKCαand Rap1. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of RIAM blocked αIIbβ3 activation by PMA or Rap1A(G12V), and this effect could be rescued by an siRNA-resistant form of RIAM. The integrin activating effects of PKCα, Rap1A(G12V) and RIAM were not observed if an integrin binding-defective talin mutant (W359A) was expressed instead of talin. In both CHO cells and platelets, activated Rap1 formed an integrin-associated complex with talin and RIAM, as assessed by deconvolution microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. In addition, when RIAM was knocked down by siRNA in ES cell-derived murine megakaryocytes, αIIbβ3 activation in response to ADP or thrombin receptor agonists was impaired. These results identify and order a signaling pathway from agonist stimulation to αIIbβ3 activation. At the end of this road, Rap1 organizes an integrin activating complex composed of RIAM and talin. The ability to synthetically reconstruct an αIIbβ3 activation pathway and validate it in platelets and megakaryocytes now provides molecular targets to facilitate characterization of clinical platelet activation defects and development of better anti-platelet drugs. We are not in Kansas anymore.
BET-Inhibitors Disrupt Rad21-Dependent Conformational Control of KSHV Latency

Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes stable latent infection in B-lymphocytes and pleural effusion lymphomas (PELs). During latency, the viral genome persists as an epigenetically constrained episome with restricted gene expression programs. To identify epigenetic regulators of KSHV latency, we screened a focused small molecule library containing known inhibitors of epigenetic factors. We identified JQ1, a Bromodomain and Extended Terminal (BET) protein inhibitor, as a potent activator of KSHV lytic reactivation from B-cells carrying episomal KSHV. We validated that JQ1 and other BET inhibitors efficiently stimulated reactivation of KSHV from latently infected PEL cells. We found that BET proteins BRD2 and BRD4 localize to several regions of the viral genome, including the LANA binding sites within the terminal repeats (TR), as well as at CTCF-cohesin sites in the latent and lytic control regions. JQ1 did not disrupt the interaction of BRD4 or BRD2 with LANA, but did reduce the binding of LANA with KSHV TR. We have previously demonstrated a cohesin-dependent DNA-loop interaction between the latent and lytic control regions that restrict expression of ORF50/RTA and ORF45 immediate early gene transcripts. JQ1 reduced binding of cohesin subunit Rad21 with the CTCF binding sites in the latency and lytic control regions. JQ1 also reduced DNA-loop interaction between latent and lytic control regions. These findings implicate BET proteins BRD2 and BRD4 in the maintenance of KSHV chromatin architecture during latency and reveal BET inhibitors as potent activators of KSHV reactivation from latency.
Multilevel Modeling and Ordinary Least Squares Regression: How Comparable Are They?

ABSTRACTStudies analyzing clustered data sets using both multilevel models (MLMs) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression have generally concluded that resulting point estimates, but not the standard errors, are comparable with each other. However, the accuracy of the estimates of OLS models is important to consider, as several alternative techniques (e.g., bootstrapping) used when analyzing clustered data sets only make adjustments to standard errors but not to the regression coefficients. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we analyzed 54,000 data sets using both MLM and OLS under varying conditions and we show that coefficients of not just OLS models, but MLMs as well, may be biased when relevant higher-level variables are omitted from a model, a situation that is likely to occur when using large-scale, secondary data sets. However, we demonstrate that by including aggregated level-one variables at the higher level, the resulting bias can be effectively removed.
Shear and shuffle in $\left\{{11\bar 22} \right\}\left\langle {11\bar 2\bar 3} \right\rangle$ twinning in titanium

In classical twinning theory, the K2 plane of $\left\{{11\bar 22} \right\}\left\langle {11\bar 2\bar 3} \right\rangle$ twinning mode was predicted to be $\left\{{11\bar 2\bar 4} \right\}$ , with a twinning shear of ∼0.22 which was experimentally “confirmed”. However, these twinning elements cannot be reproduced or verified in atomistic simulations. The K2 plane in the simulations is always (0001), but this K2 plane would lead to a nominal twining shear of 1.26 which is unrealistically large. In this work, atomistic simulations were performed to investigate the migration of $\left\{{11\bar 22} \right\}$ twin boundary in titanium (Ti). Shear and atomic shuffles for three different, reported K2 planes were analyzed in great detail, for the first time. The analyses show that ${K_2} = \left\{{11\bar 2\bar 4} \right\}$ leads to very complex shuffles despite the small twinning shear and is unfavorable. If ${K_2} = \left\{{11\bar 2\bar 2} \right\}$ , only half of the parent atoms are involved in the shuffling, but the twinning shear is very large (0.96) and is also unfavorable. When K2 = (0001), the parent atoms are carried to twin positions partly by shear and partly by a simple shuffle. Because shuffling makes no contribution to the twinning shear, the actual twinning shear is 0.66, instead of 1.26. Thus, K2 = (0001) is the most favorable and the conflict between the simulation results and the classical twinning theory can be reconciled.
Establishing an Institution: The Public Library Movement in Iowa 1900 - 1920

As the world becomes increasingly digitally-oriented it is important for public libraries to reexamine their history as they formulate strategies to secure their place as an irreplaceable community institution. The situation today is similar to the beginnings of the public library movement when libraries had to create their place in society and market that idea so that citizens and towns would support that effort. The ‘golden age’ of Iowa’s public library movement was from 1900-1920. During that period the work of Iowa’s Federation of Women’s Clubs, the Iowa Library Association, the Iowa Library Commission, and Andrew Carnegie’s library grants made it possible for Iowa towns to establish permanent free public libraries. Iowa was awarded 99 Carnegie library grants totaling $1,495,706 for 101 buildings. A case study of thirteen different Iowa towns, who applied for and received Carnegie library grants, helped to identify the common challenges that communities faced such as the location of the library, population size, tax requirements, and the final grant amount. It also highlighted the importance of community involvement and the support of political figures to overcome the challenges that towns faced. It was only through the requirements of the Carnegie library grants, and the community-driven nature of the grants, that permanent free public libraries were established throughout Iowa cementing the place of the free public library as a community institution.
Cloning of Chlorobium Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase Gene

Chlorobium, the green sulfur bacterium, is one of the early forms of life that evolved a photosynthetic system and synthesizes large amounts of tetrapyrroles (1–3). The present-day Chlorobiaceae, often found in the gloomy depths of ponds and lakes where H2S and CO2 are in abundance but the light intensity is extremely low, have been shown to contain huge amounts of bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) in their reaction centers (4). Uroporphyrinogen (UROgen) III, the cyclic asymmetric tetrapyrrole, is the precursor of heme, chlorophylls and vitaminm (5–7). In Chlorobium, the biosynthesis of UROgen III from glutamate has been established and the genes involved have been cloned and characterized (8–11, D. Majumdar and K. Xu, unpublished). To synthesize Bchl, chlorophylls and heme, UROgen III must be converted to coproporphyrinogen III by UROgen decarboxylase. This is the first enzyme involved in the post UROgen steps of porphyrin metabolism and is encoded by hemE. While the study of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Chlorobium is very important in respect of evolution of photosynthesis, interest in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.37) has also increased because deficiency of the enzyme has been related to the human disease, the autosomal dominant porphyria cutanea tarda. Here we present the cloning of the Chlorobium hemE gene in Salmonella auxotrophs.
Bis(flavonolato-κ2O,O′)dioxidoosmium(VI) di­chloro­methane disolvate

In the crystal structure of the title solvated trans-dioxidoosmium(VI) flavonol­ate (flav) complex, [Os(C15H9O3)2O2]·2CH2Cl2 or [Os(flav)2O2]·2CH2Cl2, the two di­chloro­methane solvent mol­ecules have nonclassical hydrogen-bonding contacts at or greater than 3.18 A. The pseudo-octa­hedrally coordinated central metal cation is observed with all donor atoms being oxygen. The Os=O bond lengths are 1.721 (5) and 1.728 (5) A, with a 170.4 (2)° bond angle. The O—Os bond lengths arising from the flanvonolate ligand are observed to all be slightly over 2.0 A. The chelate bond angles arising from the flavonolate O atoms with the osmium cation are constrained by the ligand at 80.72 (18) and 80.92 (17)°.
Is the childhood home food environment a confounder of the association between child maltreatment exposure and adult body mass index

Childhood maltreatment is consistently associated with adult obesity, leading to calls for tailored weight interventions for people with maltreatment histories. However, it is possible that the maltreatment-obesity association is spurious and driven by unmeasured confounding, in which case such interventions would be misplaced. The home food environment in childhood is a potential confounder, but its role in the association of maltreatment with obesity has not been examined. We used a longitudinal dataset (Project EAT) to examine the association of adult retrospective reports of maltreatment history in childhood (1+ types of maltreatment before age 18 years) with previously-collected prospective childhood reports of home food environment characteristics (availability of healthy foods, availability of sweet/salty snack food, family meal frequency, and food insufficiency). We then estimated the association between maltreatment and adult body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) with and without adjustment for these home food environment factors. After adjustment for sociodemographics, maltreatment had a 0.84 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.28, 1.41) higher BMI at age 24-39 years, compared to those with no maltreatment, after adjustment for sociodemographics, parenting style, and BMI in childhood. Additional adjustment for home food environment factors had little effect on this association (β = 0.78 kg/m2; 95% CI: 0.21,1.35), suggesting limited confounding influence of the home food environment factors. Findings provide additional robust evidence that childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for obesity that may warrant tailored interventions.
Network Resource Constrained Traffic Allocation for Delay Sensitive Mobile Crowdsourcing

In mobile opportunistic networks, a common assumption is that nodes are able to complete as much data exchange as needed during a communication opportunity, which is, however, not the case in practice due to limited wireless link bandwidth. Beyond that, the storage capacity at a node is also limited, further impacting the communication efficiency. In this paper, we explore delay sensitive and network resource constrained traffic allocation for mobile device-to-device crowdsourcing. With the requirement of restricted node storage and link bandwidth, we first formulate a non-linear traffic allocation optimization problem that would be at least as hard as NP-hard. In order to practically solve it, based on the submodular property, we propose an approximation algorithm and a distributed heuristic in the same design principle. We implement the latter on Dell Streak tablets and deploy an experiment with 21 nodes for a period of three weeks. Moreover, we extract the implementation codes from the prototype and run simulations using the Haggle trace to study its performance trend. The experiment and simulation outcomes verify that the proposed mechanisms achieve the close-to-optimal performance with affordable computation complexity, which can be easily implanted in practical network environment.
The PERK Arm of the Unfolded Protein Response Regulates Mitochondrial Morphology during Acute Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is transmitted to mitochondria and is associated with pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction in diverse diseases. The PERK arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) protects mitochondria during ER stress through the transcriptional and translational remodeling of mitochondrial molecular quality control pathways. Here, we show that ER stress also induces dynamic remodeling of mitochondrial morphology by promoting protective stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion (SIMH). ER-stress-associated SIMH is regulated by the PERK arm of the UPR and activated by eIF2α phosphorylation-dependent translation attenuation. We show that PERK-regulated SIMH is a protective mechanism to prevent pathologic mitochondrial fragmentation and promote mitochondrial metabolism in response to ER stress. These results identify PERK-dependent SIMH as a protective stress-responsive mechanism that regulates mitochondrial morphology during ER stress. Furthermore, our results show that PERK integrates transcriptional and translational signaling to coordinate mitochondrial molecular and organellar quality control in response to pathologic ER insults.
Anna Boncompagni, Wittgenstein and Pragmatism

London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 311 + xv pages. $63 Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-137-58846-3. Reviewed by Annalisa Coliva.
Does the method of sternocleidomastoid muscle activation affect the vestibular evoked myogenic potential response

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different methods of sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) activation on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). Forty normal volunteers were tested using three different methods of SCM activation: sitting with the head turned away from the test ear (SIT), supine with the head held straight up (SHU), and supine with the head held up and turned away from the test ear (SHT). Dependent measures were latency, and amplitude. Head and body position significantly affected the amplitude of the VEMP, but had no significant effect on latency. Testing subjects in the supine position with the head up and turned toward the non-test ear yielded the most robust amplitude response and sternocleidomastoid EMG activity. When amplitude measures where corrected according to tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity no significant difference was noted between the three different test positions. The increased amplitude in the supine with head turned position can be directly attributed to increased tonic SCM EMG activity.
The Intention of Universality

The first of the three acts of reason is “the understanding of indivisibles” (indivisibilum intelligentia) or simple apprehension. As already seen, by this act the intellect apprehends the intelligible character (ratio), quiddity, nature, or essence of the object in an absolute manner: “Una duarum operationum intellectus est indivisibilium intelligentia: inquantum scilicet intellectus intelligit absolute cuiusque rei quidditatem sive essentiam per seipsam, puta quid est homo vel quid album vel quid aliud huiusmodi.”2 It is now necessary to examine more fully the meaning of the statement that the quiddity of a thing is grasped by itself (per seipsam) or absolutely.
Interactive based Access Control Framework for Connected Vehicle Communication

Threats of attack on Vehicle Communications pose the risk of serious and unexpected consequences. In response, this paper proposes a novel Software Defined Networking (SDN) based Global Access Control (SGAC) to accommodate Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) communication systems. SGAC is the first attribute-based access control framework for connected vehicle communication based on SDN. SGAC tackles the need in federated vehicular communication to make decisions based on very volatile dynamic information. This SGAC enforces strict rules and dynamic changes based on network activities to yield better consistency and provide information at different levels of abstractions to enable the smooth flow of traffic. In the proposed SGAC, incoming requests are analyzed prior to access decisions, being routed through either centralized or decentralized modes, which gives system administrators flexibility to select the proper choice. We validated the SGAC via a driving simulator in a V2P communication setting. The simulation results showed that the SGAC could effectively control the mean speed throughout the entire work zone area, induce earlier lane changing, and extend stopping distance for worker crossings.
Modelling baryonic physics in future weak lensing surveys

Department of Energy Cosmic Frontier program [DE-SC0010118]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA ROSES ATP [16ATP16-0084]
Abstract IA06: Enhancing combination immunotherapy and adoptive cell therapy of cancer via lymph node-targeted vaccines

Lymph node targeting is achieved clinically is sentinel lymph node mapping in cancer patients, where small-molecule dyes are efficiently delivered to lymph nodes by binding to serum albumin. To mimic this process in vaccine delivery, we synthesized amphiphile-vaccines (lipid-polymer conjugates of peptides, proteins, or molecular adjuvants) designed to non-covalently bind vaccine antigens and adjuvants to endogenous albumin. These amphiphile conjugates both protect peptide antigens from premature degradation and greatly increase their delivery to lymph nodes. Such “albumin-hitchhiking” amphiphiles elicited as much as 30-fold amplified cellular immune responses and antitumor immunity against multiple antigens, and further enable mucosal delivery of therapeutic vaccines through albumin-mediated transport across epithelial barriers via the neonatal Fc receptor. When combined with complementary immunotherapy agents, these lymph node-targeted vaccines are capable of eradicating large established tumors in several mouse models, providing a blueprint for curative immunotherapies. We have further demonstrated that amph-vaccines can be used to deliver ligands for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to lymph nodes, creating efficient booster vaccines for CAR T cells. Citation Format: Darrell J. Irvine. Enhancing combination immunotherapy and adoptive cell therapy of cancer via lymph node-targeted vaccines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2017 Oct 1-4; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2018;6(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
Health Communication in Neonatal Intensive Care: Results of Focus Groups or Interviews with Parents, Nurses and Physicians

Background and Purpose: Health communication interventions to successfully promote satisfaction with care among parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are limited. This study investigated strategies for effective health communication in the NICU through focus groups with parents and nurses, and individual interviews with neonatologists. Methods: Eight parents, seventeen nurses, and three neonatologists from one NICU in Genesee County, Michigan participated. Results: Parents expressed a preference for daily, face-to-face communication with the physician. They recommended the use of visual aids to help with understanding infants� conditions. One such aid would be a baby diary to serve as the infant�s daily progress report for the parent to review during the visit. A communication strategy used by nurses was providing parents with the most up-to-date information in an approachable, reassuring manner. Physicians suggested interactive communication practice sessions as strategies to increase effective communication between physicians and parents. Physician-to-nurse strategies consisted of building trustworthy relationships by holding scientific forums, discussing health care disagreements, and accepting differing opinions. Conclusion: Future research may assess the influence of strategies recommended in this study on parental satisfaction with care and adherence to treatment recommendations as well as on health care provider self-efficacy.
Thermal transport and phonon focusing in complex molecular crystals: Ab initio study of polythiophene

Thermally conductive molecular crystals are of fundamental interest because they are unlike typical complex crystals, which conduct heat poorly owing to their large phonon scattering phase space. While molecular crystals with high thermal conductivity in the range of tens of ${\mathrm{Wm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have been known experimentally for decades, their intrinsic upper limits for thermal conductivity are unclear. Ab initio methods that have been successfully applied to simple crystals have proved difficult to adapt to molecular crystals due to quantum nuclear motion and their complex primitive cells. Here, we report the thermal transport properties of crystalline polythiophene with 28 atoms per primitive cell using an ab initio approach that rigorously includes finite-temperature anharmonicity and quantum nuclear effects. The calculated room temperature thermal conductivity is $198\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Wm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ along the chain axis, a high value that arises from exceptional phonon focusing along the chain for both acoustic and optical branches for nearly all wave vectors and despite short lifetimes in the picosecond range. Our finding, along with other recent ab initio studies of polyethylene, suggests that the intrinsic upper bounds for the chain axis thermal conductivity of polymer crystals may exceed $100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Wm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
ZrO2 atomic layer deposition into Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3−δ–Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ solid oxide fuel cell cathodes: mechanisms of stability enhancement

The application of atomic layer deposition (ALD) on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes has previously yielded mixed results and has been seen to depend on the ALD species, catalyst chemistry, catalyst morphology, and the conditions for deposition. Characterized here is the effect of an ALD zirconia coating within an SOFC oxygen electrode: Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3−δ infiltrated into Gd-doped ceria, Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ, scaffolds (SSC–GDC). Island-like ALD-ZrO2 coatings with approximately monolayer coverage initially yield a higher electrode polarization resistance, RP, but thereafter the coated electrodes show lower RP and slower degradation. For example, after ∼1000 hour accelerated ageing tests carried out at 750 °C, SSC–GDC coated with ∼0.3 nm of ALD-ZrO2 showed an RP increase of 18% compared to 30% for uncoated SSC–GDC. Strontium surface segregation was not found to be a significant degradation factor. At 750 °C, a reaction between the Zr-overlayer and the SSC was observed, producing SrZrO3, Co3O4, and SmCoO3. The low RP values achieved suggest that the reactant products were thin enough to be discontinuous and thus not hinder the oxygen surface exchange process, and yet they acted as a barrier to SSC particle coarsening.
Communicating science through theatre: middle school students’ noticings and articulations of ‘doing’ and ‘being’ in science after a theatre performance

This paper highlights an investigation of how middle school students responded to a theatre performance designed to portray science as a humanistic and relatable endeavour that youth – similar to t...
Urea in dry-rolled corn diets : Finishing steer performance, nutrient digestion, and microbial protein production

In Exp. 1, 88 yearling steers (332 kg) were fed dry-rolled corn finishing diets to evaluate effects of dietary urea level on performance and carcass characteristics. Diets contained 0, .5, 1.0, or 1.5% urea (DM basis), which supplied all supplemental N, and 10% chopped prairie hay. Gains (P = .10) and gain efficiency (G/F; P < .05) were increased by .5% urea, with little improvement by additional urea. Regression analysis estimated optimal dietary urea at .9% of DM for ADG and G/F. Fat thickness (P < .05) and yield grade (P < .10) increased linearly with dietary urea level. In Exp. 2, four ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (557 kg) were fed the diets used in Exp. 1 to evaluate effects of dietary urea on site and extent of digestion. True ruminal OM and starch digestion were increased 25 and 37%, respectively, by .5% urea, but higher urea levels did not differ from .5%. Flows of total N and microbial N to the duodenum were not affected by urea level. In Exp. 3, 100 yearling steers (347 kg) were fed dry-rolled corn finishing diets that contained 10% alfalfa hay as the dietary roughage to evaluate effects of dietary urea level on performance and carcass characteristics. Urea levels were 0, .35, .70, 1.05, or 1.40% urea (DM basis), with no other supplemental N provided. Dry matter intake (P = .10), ADG (P < .05), and G/F (P < .05) increased with intermediate concentrations of urea but decreased with the highest concentration. Regression analysis indicated that the optimal dietary urea level was .5% of DM for ADG and G/F. Urea increased dietary energy utilization but not metabolizable protein supply.
Damage and strength analysis of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer and Titanium tubular-lap joint using hybrid adhesive design

Abstract In this study, a Tubular-Lap Joint (TLJ) damage model for Titanium (Ti) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is developed to study novel hybrid adhesive joints. The damage model is performed by Finite Element Analysis using Cohesive Zone Modeling to understand stress analysis and investigate damage evolution of failure mechanisms, namely delamination, adhesive and cohesive failure. Results from the numerical damage model are validated with published experimental data from the literature to determine the accuracy of the model. The damage model is further employed to study novel hybrid adhesive joints, utilizing the benefits of brittle (high stiffness and high strength) and ductile (high elongation and high fracture toughness) adhesives to improve CFRP-Ti TLJ performances. This study verifies the importance of geometry considerations for adhesive joints and provides solutions to increase joint strength by utilizing a hybrid adhesive approach.
Digital Diasporas: Labor and Affect in Gendered Indian Digital Publics: , by Radhika Gajjala, London, Rowman & Littlefield International, Ltd., 2019, 280 pp., $100 (Hardcover)

As digital technologies have rapidly proliferated in India, the last few years have truly seen digital movements in the subcontinent come of age. And while scholars such as Roopika Risam have decen...
THE WISE CATALOG OF GALACTIC H II REGIONS

Using data from the all-sky Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite, we made a catalog of over 8000 Galactic HII regions and HII region candidates by searching for their characteristic mid-infrared (MIR) morphology. WISE has sufficient sensitivity to detect the MIR emission from HII regions located anywhere in the Galactic disk. We believe this is the most complete catalog yet of regions forming massive stars in the Milky Way. Of the ∼ 8000 cataloged sources, ∼ 1500 have measured radio recombination line (RRL) or Hα emission, and are thus known to be HII regions. This sample improves on previous efforts by resolving HII region complexes into multiple sources and by removing duplicate entries. There are ∼ 2500 candidate HII regions in the catalog that are spatially coincident with radio continuum emission. Our group’s previous RRL studies show that ∼ 95% of such targets are HII regions. We find that ∼ 500 of these candidates are also positionally associated with known HII region complexes, so the probability of their being bona fide HII regions is even higher. At the sensitivity limits of existing surveys, ∼ 4000 catalog sources show no radio continuum emission. Using data from the literature, we find distances for ∼ 1500 catalog sources, and molecular velocities for ∼ 1500 HII region candidates.
THE THEORY OF FUNCTIONALISM AND THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO): AN ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT AFTER THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS

The search for world peace has enjoyed perennial attention among scholars and world leaders throughout the ages. Closely allied with the search for world peace is an equally tenacious quest for order, peace and stability in international society. Integrationist theories which postulate the ultimate unification of world communities as a path to world peace constitute one avenue developed by statesmen and political scientists with an interest in world peace. Chief among integrationist theories is the theory of functionalism which gained appreciable currency in the aftermath of World War I. "Classical function'alism relies upon the cooperative pursuit of common interests in nonpolitical fields to generate political changes conducive to peace" (Claude 1956, p. 405). Fundamental to the theory of functionalism were the seminal writings of David Mitrany (1933, 1943), who contended that with the increase in technological sophistication and the need for systemic solutions to complex problems which transcend national borders, people will ultimately transfer their allegiance from nation states to effective international agencies with functional missions which involve the development of international economic and social cooperation. The ample parameters of functional missions include such specific goals as the eradication of poverty, diseases, illiteracy, economic insecurity, exploitation, as well as the elevation of living standards through reductions in the interference caused by national frontiers in an interdependent global economy and improvements in international air travel and commerce. Functionalism therefore constitutes an important theoretical bedrock for several intergovernmental organizations (lGOs) established to fulfill functional responsibilities in the first half of the twentieth century. Among the IGOs with functional responsibilities is the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) which was formed by 52 nations during the Chicago Conference of 1944. ICAO was formed with the functional mission of ensuring the development of international civil aviation in a safe and orderly manner. As ICAO moves beyond its first half century, it is prudent to conclude that international civil aviation is quite safe and very orderly. After a careful narrative analyses of the theory of functionalism and ICAO, this paper concludes that the jury may still be out on whether functionalist predictions will ever be validated by a transfer of allegiance from nation states to a functional IGO such as ICAO.
“I heard it wasn’t really a myth”: Enacting and contesting expertise in an Arizona science classroom

Abstract Based on linguistic ethnographic research in a majority Latino/a, lower-income high school in southern Arizona, this article illuminates the fluid, contingent, and contested nature of expertise in a science classroom. Over one academic year, a teacher's talk about discourse practices and behaviors associated with scientists set the stage for individual interactions in which she socialized students to make knowledge claims “like scientists.” Thus, interdiscursive relations, or connections between similar “kinds” of speech events, were crucial to the emergence of expertise in particular interactions. At the same time, students displayed cultural and linguistic expertise in science-related interactions, socializing the teacher into understandings and discourse practices associated with the students’ cultural identities. Analysis of video-recordings of classroom interaction highlights the central role of participants’ epistemic practice, or their management of knowledge claims, in these processes of socialization. The findings are relevant to linguistic anthropologists as well as science educators who seek to promote equity for students from traditionally marginalized groups.
Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics

This chapter discusses the interrelationships among three different kinds of states: the mechanical states of a single molecule or atom, the mechanical states (microstates) of a system of many molecules, and the thermodynamic states (macrostates) of a system of many molecules. The properties of macroscopic systems are determined by the behavior of molecules making up the system. Through statistical mechanics these properties can be calculated from molecular properties. The two principal postulates of statistical mechanics are: Observed macroscopic properties of a system held at a fixed energy can be equated to an average over system mechanical states corresponding to that energy; and all system states of the same energy are given equal weight in this average. The chapter discusses how statistical mechanics can be used to calculate averages of molecular states, equilibrium thermodynamics, and equilibrium constants for chemical reactions in model system representing a dilute gas can be averaged over microscopic states.
Introduction: Reducing the Invisibility of Sexual and Gender Identities in Criminology and Criminal Justice

In this chapter, the Handbook editors provide an overview of the volume. They discuss what led to this collection of papers that deconstruct the heteronormativity of Criminology and Criminal Justice (CCJ); their goals in producing this volume for CCJ so that LGBT people are better understood and better served; and the organization and content of the Handbook. Each of the chapters is briefly described and tied to the overarching goals and themes of the Handbook.
Development of a diagnostic co-dominant marker for stem rust resistance gene Sr47 introgressed from Aegilops speltoides into durum wheat

A robust and diagnostic STS marker for stem rust resistance gene Sr47 was developed and validated for marker-assisted selection. Stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Pgt) resistance gene Sr47, originally transferred from Aegilops speltoides to durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) line DAS15, confers a high level of resistance to Pgt race TTKSK (Ug99). Recently, the durum Rusty 5D(5B) substitution line was used to reduce the Ae. speltoides segment, and the resulting lines had Sr47 on small Ae. speltoides segments on wheat chromosome arm 2BL. The objective of this study was to develop a robust marker for marker-assisted selection of Sr47. A 200-kb segment of the Brachypodium distachyon genome syntenic with the Sr47 region was used to identify wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs) homologous to the B. distachyon genes. The wheat EST sequences were then used to develop sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. By analyzing the markers for polymorphism between Rusty and DAS15, we identified a co-dominant STS marker, designated as Xrwgs38, which amplified 175 and 187 bp fragments from wheat chromosome 2B and Ae. speltoides chromosome 2S segments, respectively. The marker co-segregated with the Ae. speltoides segments carrying Sr47 in the families from four BC2F1 plants, including the parent plants for durum lines RWG35 and RWG36 with the pedigree of Rusty/3/Rusty 5D(5B)/DAS15//47-1 5D(5B). Analysis of 62 durum and common wheat cultivars/lines lacking the Sr47 segment indicated that they all possessed the 175-bp allele of Xrwgs38, indicating that it was diagnostic for the small Ae. speltoides segment carrying Sr47. This study demonstrated that Xrwgs38 will facilitate the selection of Sr47 in durum and common wheat breeding.
The lowermost Mississippi River: a mixed bedrock-alluvial channel

In this study, the distribution of channel-bed sediment facies in the lowermost Mississippi River is analysed using multibeam data, complemented by sidescan sonar and compressed high-intensity radar pulse seismic data, as well as grab and core samples of bed material. The channel bed is composed of a discontinuous layer of alluvial sediment and a relict substratum that is exposed on the channel bed and sidewalls. The consolidated substratum is made up of latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene fluvio-deltaic deposits and is preferentially exposed in the deepest thalweg segments and on channel sidewalls in river bends. The exposed substratum commonly displays a suite of erosional features, including flutes that are quantitatively similar in form to those produced under known laboratory conditions. A total of five bed facies are mapped, three of which include modern alluvial deposits and two facies that are associated with the relict substratum. A radius of curvature analysis applied to the Mississippi River centreline demonstrates that the reach-scale distribution of channel-bed facies is related to river planform. From a broader perspective, the distribution of channel-bed facies is related to channel sinuosity — higher sinuosity promotes greater substratum exposure at the expense of alluvial sediment. For example, the ratio of alluvial cover to substratum is ca 1·5:1 for a 45 km segment of the river that has a sinuosity of 1·76 and this ratio increases to ca 3:1 for a 120 km segment of the river that has a sinuosity of 1·21. The exposed substratum is interpreted as bedrock and, given the relative coverage of alluvial sediment in the channel, the lowermost Mississippi River can be classified as a mixed bedrock-alluvial channel. The analyses demonstrate that a mixed bedrock-alluvial channel boundary can be associated with low-gradient and sand-bed rivers near their marine outlet.
Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging of Cancer

The sections in this article are Introduction Cancer Imaging Techniques Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning Magnetic Resonance (MR) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Single-photon Emission CT (SPECT) Ultrasonography (US) Optical Imaging Basics of Optical Imaging Optical Imaging Techniques Optical Contrast Agents Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging Why Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging? Development of Nanoparticle-based Contrast Agents Quantum Dots Gold Nanoparticles Dye-doped Silica Nanoparticles Optical Imaging of Cancer with Nanoparticles Active Targeting Passive Targeting Cancer Imaging with Quantum Dots Cancer Imaging with Gold Nanoparticles Cancer Imaging with Dye-doped Silica Nanoparticles Other Nanoparticle-based Optical Contrast Agents Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments
NK cell produced HMGB1 regulates DC maturation and Tim-3 expression (INC6P.339)

NK cells critically mediate the maturation and activation of DCs in generating effective immune responses as well as their ability to produce cytokines, kill, and induce autophagy. Central to this maturation process is the NK cell mediated release of HMGB1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, that plays an extracellular role in regulating immune responses as well as an intracellular role in promoting autophagy, a mechanism that allows stressed cells to survive mutagenic conditions. We examined the critical role of murine wild type (NKWT) and HMGB1 ablated (NKH) NK cells in stimulating DC maturation, using NK:DC co-cultures. In comparison with DCs cultured with NKWT cells, significant decreases in CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CCR7 and MHCII expressions were found using NKH co-cultures (p .05). Significant changes (p<.01) in the percent of cells expressing high levels of maturation markers CD80, CD86, CD83, MHCII were observed. Decreased expression of maturation markers under experimental conditions confirms that HMGB1 release by NK cells is necessary to induce DC maturation. In addition, anti-Tim-3 antibody coincubation increased CD86, CD80, and CD40 expression, even in the absence of HMGB1. These results demonstrate the importance of HMGB1 in stimulating DC maturation, triggering Tim-3 expression, and influencing DC function even with blockade of Tim-3 receptor.
Ethyl Methanesulfonate-Induced Reversion of Bacteriophage T4rii Mutants

E~~a~ellular virus particles to produce many mutations with rather little killing (LOVELESS 1958). The induced mutations may be delayed by several generations (GREEN and KRIEG 1961 ) . The mutagen reacts with three of the four bases naturally occurring in DNA (REINER and ZAMENHOF 1957; BROOKES and LAWLEY 1960, 1961a, 1962; PAL 1962), yet there is reason to suspect that it might be quite specific as to the type of base pair changes it usually induces. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the frequencies of EMS-induced mutations at various sites within the rII region of bacteriophage T4, and to test the notion that predominantly one type of base pair substitution might be induced. Four years ago in this laboratory, during a search for strongly EMS-revertible point mutants. D. M. GREEN found that some AP mutants [mutants which had been produced from standard I+ phage by AP) were quite EMS-revertible, but that none of the 18 EMS-produced mutants he examined were induced by EMS to revert to a comparable extent. This prompted the working hypothesis that one of the base pair transitions-either GC to AT or AT to GC-was much more strongly inducible by EMS than was the other transition. It was decided to test this possible specificity by checking a group of EMS mutants for EMS-induced reversion by a more sensitive test than had been previously employed, and to test similarly additional base analog and proflavin mutants. While this work was in progress, the results of another investigation with similar intent were reported (BAUTZ and FREESE 1960; FREESE 1961). The results differed in several respects for mutants that were included in both investigations; most striking was that the other group of workers found much less induced reversion. Althouyh the other workers used EES, the chemistry of the two ethylating agents would be expected to be very similar. It seemed that the difference must have arisen from the different techniques employed. This possibility led to an expansion of our work, and the chief reason for the conflicting resultswhich will be discussed in context in this paper-has now been clarified. We shall Operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. 2 The abbreviations used are: G, guanine; C, cytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; A, adenine; T, thymine; EMS, ethyl methanesulfonate; EES, ethyl ethanesulfonate; AP, E aminopurine; BU, 5-bromouracil or 5-bromodeoxyuridine; P. proflavine; and DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid.
Award Address Biological Activity: A Medicinal Chemist's View

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the medicinal chemist's view on biological activity. The work in the area of non-narcotic analgesics illustrates the importance of the biological activity. Ever since morphine had been found to be addictive, efforts have been made to find a strong analgesic of comparable potency devoid of its addicting properties. Among the earlier agents to be seriously proposed as a solution to this problem was heroin. The trivial chemical modification of exchanging an allyl for a methyl group exerted a profound effect on the pharmacological and clinical properties of the new drug. The laboratory tests correlated better with addiction liability than clinical analgesic potency. Study of the chemical properties of hycanthone showed it to be extremely sensitive to acid. So, special precautions had to be taken when searching for its presence in the urine of monkeys medicated with Miracil D. Initial examination of monkey urines revealed little if any of the putative metabolite. It seemed possible that the metabolite might be excreted as a conjugate of glucuronic acid. Pretreatment of the appropriate urines and subsequent isolation revealed that next to Miracil D sulfoxide, hycanthone was the most abundant urinary metabolite.
On Parity Complexes and Non-abelian Cohomology

To characterize categorical constraints - associativity, commutativity and monoidality - in the context of quasimonoidal categories, from a cohomological point of view, we define the notion of a parity (quasi)complex. Applied to groups gives non-abelian cohomology. The categorification - functor from groups to monoidal categories - provides the correspondence between the respective parity (quasi)complexes and allows to interpret 1-cochains as functors, 2-cocycles - monoidal structures, 3-cocycles - associators. The cohomology spaces H3, H2, H1, H0 correspond as usual to quasi-extensions, extensions, split extensions and invariants, as in the abelian case. A larger class of commutativity constraints for monoidal categories is identified. It is naturally associated with coboundary Hopf algebras.
Power and pitfalls of using transgenic mice to optimize therapy for CPVT: a need for prospective placebo-controlled clinical trials in genetic arrhythmia disorders.

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare, but devastating inherited arrhythmia disorder that leaves the physician with few therapeutic options, since not even implantable defibrillators are completely effective in preventing death. In this issue of the Journal, Katz and coworkers use transgenic mice to screen available antiarrhythmic agents in order to optimize drug therapy in CPVT caused by calsequestrin (Casq2) mutations [1]. The authors report that the combination of a β-blocker and the Ca2+ channel antagonist verapamil had 100% efficacy in Casq2-mutant mice and was somewhat effective in a case series of CPVT patients homozygous for the Casq2-D307H mutation. The first part of this editorial reviews the current state of understanding of the molecular and cellular arrhythmia mechanisms in CPVT and their implications for rational drug therapy. The second part discusses the strengths and limitations of using transgenic mouse models for optimizing CPVT therapy in humans.