cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorinated mesogen‐jacketed liquid‐crystalline polymers as surface‐modifying agents: Design, synthesis and characterization

Monomers with semifluorinated tails on monomeric vinyl hydroquinone cores were synthesized and their polymerization behavior was examined. The resulting semifluorinated mesogen-jacketed liquid-crystalline polymers (MJLCPs) proved to form fairly hydrophobic surfaces with water contact angles of 110–118°. These polymers were studied for the role of the fluorinated groups on both liquid-crystalline (LC) behavior and surface properties. Initial surface stability studies showed that these fluorinated MJLCP surfaces are relatively more stable than comparable systems of side-chain fluorocarbon LC blocks. Our studies show that M(1), 2,5-bis[(10-perfluorohexyl-decanoyl)oxy]styrene, could not be homopolymerized, while M(2) incorporating benzoate groups, 2,5-bis[4-(10-perfluorohexyl-decanyloxy)benzyloxy]styrene, permitted facile homopolymerization and block copolymer preparation by stable free-radical polymerization. As determined by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, the SCN transition temperature of the block copolymer shifted to a higher temperature with an increase in the DP of M(2). NEXAFS studies showed no net orientation of the (CF2)n side chains towards the surface normal consistent with observed low order smectic phases, nevertheless pointed to the presence of fairly hydrophobic CF2-covered surfaces. The above evidence proved the materials are suitable for application as surface-modifying agents. Polarized optical micrograph of M(1) showing a mosaic texture due to a smectic mesophase obtained on slow cooling at 2 K min−1 from the isotropic phase.
The Japanese World of Work and North American Factories

This paper argues that the Japanese advantage in the world market is not, as is frequently claimed, based on a set of techniques for the organization and management of production. As a result, neither the simple export nor the emulation of these techniques can insure Japanese levels of labor peace, productivity and quality outside of Japan. Instead, the Japanese advantage is based on the aggregate result of these techniques in the context of Japanese society, or the so-called Japanese "world of work." The world of work in Japan is then discussed in detail. This paper shows that although Japanese companies strenuously tried to recreate this world of work in North America, they have failed because of important differences between North American and Japanese societies.
Political Lords and Political Ideology in Southeastern Chiefdoms: Comments and Observations

This collection of papers highlights contexts in which ideology seems to have played a leading role in the political life of Southeastern societies. In this essay it is assumed that these polities operated within a general cosmological perspective based on belief in the consubstantiality of life. It is also assumed that association with qualities of distant time and space conveyed political legitimation to high elites. Building on these assumptions the significance of chiefly contacts with both horizontal (geographical) and vertical (celestial) external domains is examined and discussed.
HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIC RICKETS: FINAL HEIGHT AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS

The heights and symptoms of 52 patients, aged at least 18 years, with X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets were analysed retrospectively; 47 had been seen as children and 5 were adult at their first examination. 2 patients were lost to follow-up. 3 patients had died but their adult heights were known. There was no evidence that any form of treatment (ie, vitamin D in high doses, vitamin D plus phosphate supplements, or calcitriol plus phosphate) had any effect on adult height, symptoms, or alkaline phosphatase levels. There was a negative relation between adult height and the number of osteotomies undergone. The complications of treatment, such as renal failure, which occurred secondary to vitamin D intoxication in 3 patients in their twenties, may outweight any possible benefits. Until a treatment is established as effective in controlled trials, it may be better that these patients remain untreated.
Estimation and Modeling of Electrofishing Capture Efficiency for Fishes in Wadeable Warmwater Streams

Abstract Stream fish managers often use fish sample data to inform management decisions affecting fish populations. Fish sample data, however, can be biased by the same factors affecting fish populations. To minimize the effect of sample biases on decision making, biologists need information on the effectiveness of fish sampling methods. We evaluated single-pass backpack electrofishing and seining combined with electrofishing by following a dual-gear, mark–recapture approach in 61 blocknetted sample units within first- to third-order streams. We also estimated fish movement out of unblocked units during sampling. Capture efficiency and fish abundances were modeled for 50 fish species by use of conditional multinomial capture–recapture models. The best-approximating models indicated that capture efficiencies were generally low and differed among species groups based on family or genus. Efficiencies of single-pass electrofishing and seining combined with electrofishing were greatest for Catostomidae and low...
A Faster Clause-Shortening Algorithm for SAT with No Restriction on Clause Length

We give a randomized algorithm for testing satisfiability of Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form with no restriction on clause length. This algorithm uses the clause-shortening approach proposed by Schuler. The running time of the algorithm is O(2^(n(1−1/α))) where α = ln(m/n) + O(ln ln m) and n, m are respectively the number of variables and the number of clauses in the input formula. This bound is asymptotically better than the previously best known 2^(n(1−1/ log(2m))) bound for SAT.
CT Findings of Pneumonia After Lung Transplantation

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to describe the CT findings of pneumonia in patients who had undergone lung transplantation and to determine if specific imaging features existed for the different infectious organisms.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 262 patients with transplanted lungs at two lung transplantation centers. Patients with a documented pneumonia and correlating abnormal findings on CT (39 patients with 45 pneumonias) were included in the study.RESULTS. Of 45 pneumonias, Cytomegalovirus (n = 15), Pseudomonas (n = 7), and Aspergillus (n = 8) organisms were the most common single responsible infectious agents. The most common CT findings of pneumonia consisted of consolidation (n = 37; 82%), ground-glass opacification (n = 34; 76%), septal thickening (n = 33; 73%), pleural effusion (n = 33; 73%), and multiple (n = 25; 56%) or single (n = 2; 4%) nodules. No significant difference in the prevalence of findings was revealed among bacterial,...
The force on a sphere moving through a conducting fluid in the presence of a magnetic field

The force on a sphere moving through an inviscid, conducting fluid in the presence of a uniform magnetic field B0 is calculated for the low-conductivity case where the hydrodynamic motion deviates only slightly from potential flow. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed small. The force on the sphere is found to consist of both a drag and a deflective component which tends to orient its motion parallel to a magnetic field line; if the sphere's velocity is V, the force may be written where the coefficients A and C depend on the conductivities of both sphere and fluid. The coefficients are evaluated by calculating the Joule dissipation for particular orientations of V relative to B0. In one case the force is also calculated directly from the perturbed pressure distribution in the fluid. In an analogous way, a spinning sphere in a conducting fluid experiences both resistive and gyroscopic torques.
Focal Radiation Fibrosis After Radioimmunotherapy for Follicular Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A 75-year-old man with relapsed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma confined to a solitary lung mass was treated with radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using yttrium 90-ibritumomab tiuxetan. Imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed a complete response 3 months after RIT. Thirteen months after RIT, his positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan showed a fluorodeoxyglucose-avid infiltrate in the area of the previous lung mass. Bronchoscopy revealed the area to be obstructed with fibrosis, and cytologic washings and brushings did not show lymphoma. The patient remains asymptomatic, and the fluorodeoxyglucoseavid pulmonary infiltrate was unchanged 19 months after RIT. In view of the lack of respiratory symptoms or progressive imaging abnormalities, we believe radiation fibrosis is the most likely etiology. Radiation-induced lung injury after therapy with yttrium 90 was previously reported in the setting of intraarterial microspheres used to treat inoperable hepatic tumors. This is the first case in which radiation-induced radiographic changes are reported after RIT for lymphoma.
Shaping Aspirations, Awareness, Academics, and Action: Outcomes of Summer Enrichment Programs for English-Learning Secondary Students

Mixed-method evaluation of two iterations of month-long summer enrichment programs for English-learning secondary students investigated impacts on participants’ beliefs about school and academic achievement, and on actual course choices, test outcomes, and graduation rates. Students (N = 85) from one ethnically diverse, high-poverty high school in a large school district in Georgia took part in science and academic English-themed summer enrichment programs in 2006 and 2008. Questionnaires, interviews, and transcript analysis demonstrated that after taking part, students aspired to attend college, were aware of the steps necessary, and took steps such as tracking themselves into more advanced courses. Participants also were able to create and sustain peer support groups in their school, fostering a culture of academic achievement. Findings suggest that even such short-term programs can positively influence students’ attitudes, aspirations, and actual behaviors supporting academic achievement, graduation, a...
Condensed tannins, attine ants, and the performance of a symbiotic fungus

Field experiments indicate that the foliar concentration of condensed tannin affects the selection of leaf material ofInga oerstediana Benth., a tropical legume tree, by leaf cutter ants. In one study an increase in tannin concentration was correlated with a decrease in the acceptability of leaves to leaf-cutter ants, except at low tannin concentrations. Protein concentration was not correlated with acceptability nor was the ratio of protein to tannin. Results from a second study suggest that when the concentration of tannin was low the ants appear to select leaves on the basis of nutrient availability. Laboratory assays with the ants indicated that quebracho tannin, a commercially available condensed tannin, inhibits foraging ants. Again, at lower concentrations, quebracho tannin appeared to have little affect on the ants. The fungus the ants cultivate is a wood-rotting Basidiomycete that produces enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), that are capable of inactivating tannins. The activity of these PPOs may explain why leaf-cutter ants are undeterred by low concentrations of condensed tannins. I hypothesized that PPO activity would be absent from fungal cultures without tannin and that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit the fungus. Cultures with and without tannin showed similar PPO activity. Thus PPO activity is constitutive. In fact, as fungal biomass increased, so did PPO activity. As hypothesized, only high concentrations of quebracho tannin inhibited PPO activity and fungal growth. However, it is not clear whether the ants can discriminate between concentrations that do and do not inhibit the fungus.
Project Management Actions to Improve Design Phase Cost Performance

Over 270 engineering design projects are analyzed to assess the impact of the use of project management processes on design phase cost performance. Frequency of design team meetings and frequency of reporting of design phase progress were found to reduce design phase costs. Project manager training and the use of a project management based organizational structure were found not to create statistically significant lower design costs. Calculation of regression lines for the meeting and reporting frequency variables against design costs is shown to be a method to quantify the potential savings to be obtained by application of each process.
Introgression in fishes : significance for paleontology, cladistics, and evolutionary rates

Hybridization is frequent in certain freshwater fishes, but evidence for introgression is usually inconclusive. Most putative cases of introgression are unsubstantiated because mor? phological data alone are not constrained enough to provide unambiguous evidence for it. Definitive evidence for some cases has been provided by studies of proteins and mitochondrial DNA. The ability to hybridize is a context-dependent retained plesiomorphic trait, at least among lineages separated for up to about 5 million years. Hybridization and possibly introgression occurred in the distant past; they are not limited to anthropogenically disturbed habitats. Local variation and homoplasy are usual consequences. Introgression may substitute blocks of homoplastic characters, which may then become wide? spread in a recipient lineage. The mitochondrial DNA molecule may become such a block. The consequence for evolutionary studies is the loss of hierarchical structure in phylogenetic data and the loss of evidence of evolutionary history. False cladograms and poor estimates of evo? lutionary rates may result. Estimates of evolutionary divergence times and rates of evolution in fishes are often based simply on phenograms of genetic distances scaled with mammalian rate estimates. Rates cal? culated in this way are about two times slower than those calculated from divergence times based on fossil evidence for apomorphies that diagnose branching of fish lineages. (Introgression; phylogenetics; evolutionary rates; mitochondrial DNA; fossils; Salmonidae; Catostomidae.)
International Social Work

Increasingly, schools of social work are calling on their students to recognize that international issues touch the practice of all social workers, and it is essential that they be cognizant of, and responsive to, the effects of globalization. In this chapter a new definition, the history, and some of the main issues and applications of international social work are discussed. Though these elements are addressed in detail, many issues are still left unconsidered. To conclude, a way to move progressively forward in order to strengthen the position of international social work is offered. Keywords: international social work; globalization; social work education
The Counseling Profession in Kuwait: Its Journey and Future

A review of mental health counseling and therapy in Kuwait revealed that it is still in a developmental stage. While statistical data are lacking, there remains anecdotal evidence of growth since the mid-twentieth century, albeit with a setback as a consequence of the Iraqi invasion and its aftermath in the 1990s. Re-invigorated more recent growth indicates the need for and an interest in the field, even though psychiatric disorders are still highly stigmatized within Kuwait. The purpose of this paper is to outline how the counseling profession has developed to this point in Kuwait, what is being projected for its future development, and to make specific recommendations based on the perspective outlined.
The interdependence of planning and participative management in the implementation of technology

A field study was made of fourteen new production process implementations to determine factors related to success in the introduction of new technology. Both success and failure cases were selected. A questionnaire was used to gather data from ninety-eight respondents. The results report indicate than an extremely high correlation exists between planning for the introduction of new production processes and successful implementation. Twenty factors are identified that are thought to explain why planning is critical to success. It was determined that there is a particularly strong relationship between planning and participative management. >
The Interaction of Grievances and Structures in Social Movement Analysis: The Case of JUST*

Drawing upon insights from the social movement literature as well as leadership experience in a successful social movement organization, this paper suggests aspects of a framework for integrating t...
Privatization and the Historical Trajectory of “Social Movement Unionism”: A Case Study of Municipal Workers in Johannesburg, South Africa

The article discusses the opposition by the South African Municipal Workers' Union (SAMWU) to the privatization of Johannesburg's municipal services under Apartheid and in the new democratic dispensation. The unionization of South African black municipal workers has been shaped by a tradition of “social-movement unionism,” which greatly contributed to the decline and fall of the racist regime. The post-1994 democratic government has adopted policies of privatization of local services and utilities, which SAMWU opposed in Johannesburg by resurrecting a social movement unionism discourse. Conditions of political democracy have, however, proven detrimental to such a strategy, whose continued validity is here questioned.
Force field parameterization for the 4‐fluorophenyl group

Empirical intermolecular force field parameters for the fluorine atom of the 4-fluorophenyl group have been generated for use in molecular mechanics programs. Partial charges on the ring system were obtained by Mulliken population analysis of wave functions generated by molecular orbital calculations in the STO-3G approximation. Fluorine van der Waals parameters were obtained by non-linear least-squares fitting of crystallographic data following the procedure of Hagler and Lifson. The parameters developed are compared to fluorine parameters reported previously.
Platelet-activating factor production from in vitro and in vivo fertilized murine embryos is similar

PROBLEM: This study measured platelet-activating factor (PAF) production of in vitro and in vivo fertilized murine embryos to ascertain whether site of fertilization impacted subsequent embryonic PAF production. METHOD: Ooocytes and embryo were collected from stimulated B6D2F1 mice. PAF production throughout the preimplantation phase from the two-celled stage through expanded blastocysts was measured and compared among normally developing embryos with the only difference being site of fertilization. RESULTS: A striking increase in PAF production was noted for both in vivo and in vitro fertilized embryos over the four days of culture. Significantly higher (P .05) in PAF production between the two groups of embryos. CONCLUSIONS: Embryonic PAF production in the mouse increases in a stage-specific manner, and specifically the site of fertilization in vitro versus in vivo does not affect PAF production in normally developing embryos.
Kruppel-like Factor 2 Protects Against Ischemic Stroke by Regulating Endothelial Blood Brain Barrier Function

During an ischemic stroke normal brain endothelial function is perturbed, resulting in blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown with subsequent infiltration of activated inflammatory blood cells, ultimately leading to neuronal cell death. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is regulated by flow, is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and serves as a key molecular switch regulating endothelial function and promoting vascular health. In this study we sought to determine the role of KLF2 in cerebrovascular function and the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed in KLF2-deficient (KLF2−/−), KLF2 overexpressing (KLF2tg), and control mice, and stroke volume was analyzed. BBB function was assessed in vivo by real-time neuroimaging using positron emission tomography and Evan's blue dye assay. KLF2−/− mice exhibited significantly larger strokes and impairment in BBB function. In contrast, KLF2tg mice were protected against ischemic stroke and demonstrated preserved BBB function. In concordance, gain- and loss-of-function studies in primary brain microvascular ECs using transwell assays revealed KLF2 to be BBB protective. Mechanistically, KLF2 was demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to regulate the critical BBB tight junction factor occludin. These data are first to identify endothelial KLF2 as a key regulator of the BBB and a novel neuroprotective factor in ischemic stroke.
Noise Characterization, Modeling, and Reduction for In Vivo Neural Recording

Studying signal and noise properties of recorded neural data is critical in developing more efficient algorithms to recover the encoded information. Important issues exist in this research including the variant spectrum spans of neural spikes that make it difficult to choose a globally optimal bandpass filter. Also, multiple sources produce aggregated noise that deviates from the conventional white Gaussian noise. In this work, the spectrum variability of spikes is addressed, based on which the concept of adaptive bandpass filter that fits the spectrum of individual spikes is proposed. Multiple noise sources have been studied through analytical models as well as empirical measurements. The dominant noise source is identified as neuron noise followed by interface noise of the electrode. This suggests that major efforts to reduce noise from electronics are not well spent. The measured noise from in vivo experiments shows a family of 1/fx spectrum that can be reduced using noise shaping techniques. In summary, the methods of adaptive bandpass filtering and noise shaping together result in several dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement.
Focus on the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium

This is the first in a series of “Focus On” columns that will appear in the journal from time to time. Each column will present an overview of an academic center, not-for-profit organization, or public-private partnership in the health care domain. The Cardiac Safety Research Consortium and the DIA share a keen interest in regulatory science and a broad spectrum of medical products, and, as noted at the end of the column, the two organizations are currently enhancing their relationship by sponsoring sessions at our upcoming DIA Annual Meeting in Chicago this summer. I am therefore very pleased that Mitchell Krucoff, MD, FACC, Professor of Medicine at Duke University Medical Center and Cochair of the consortium's executive committee, has contributed this column. The consortium's website is https://www.cardiac-safety.org.—Editor
The healthy options for nutrition environments in schools (Healthy ONES) group randomized trial: using implementation models to change nutrition policy and environments in low income schools

The Healthy Options for Nutrition Environments in Schools (Healthy ONES) study was an evidence-based public health (EBPH) randomized group trial that adapted the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s (IHI) rapid improvement process model to implement school nutrition policy and environmental change. A low-income school district volunteered for participation in the study. All schools in the district agreed to participate (elementary = 6, middle school = 2) and were randomly assigned within school type to intervention (n = 4) and control (n =4) conditions following a baseline environmental audit year. Intervention goals were to 1) eliminate unhealthy foods and beverages on campus, 2) develop nutrition services as the main source on campus for healthful eating (HE), and 3) promote school staff modeling of HE. Schools were followed across a baseline year and two intervention years. Longitudinal assessment of height and weight was conducted with second, third, and sixth grade children. Behavioral observation of the nutrition environment was used to index the amount of outside foods and beverages on campuses. Observations were made monthly in each targeted school environment and findings were presented as items per child per week. From an eligible 827 second, third, and sixth grade students, baseline height and weight were collected for 444 second and third grade and 135 sixth grade students (51% reach). Data were available for 73% of these enrolled students at the end of three years. Intervention school outside food and beverage items per child per week decreased over time and control school outside food and beverage items increased over time. The effects were especially pronounced for unhealthy foods and beverage items. Changes in rates of obesity for intervention school (28% baseline, 27% year 1, 30% year 2) were similar to those seen for control school (22% baseline, 22% year 1, 25% year 2) children. Healthy ONES adaptation of IHI’s rapid improvement process provided a promising model for implementing nutrition policy and environmental changes that can be used in a variety of school settings. This approach may be especially effective in assisting schools to implement the current federally-mandated wellness policies.
The potential impact of reversibility on selection of tubal sterilization

Despite continuing interest in development of reversible sterilization, baseline data regarding how much more acceptable reversible procedures would be than currently available methods have not been available. This study provides such data from 1074 randomly selected obstetric/gynecology patients or reproductive age in metropolitan San Antonio. Basic socio-demographic data and attitudinal information with respect to both permanent and hypothetically reversible tubal ligation were elicited via a self-administered questionnaire. Responses toward permanent and reversible sterilization were compared and analyzed for statistically significant differences. Results indicate that approval of, serious consideration of, intent to eventually undergo, and immediate demand for tubal sterilization would be increased 25%, 95%, 178%, and 163%, respectively, if reversible procedures were available. All increases are statistically significant at P < .0001. These data, confirming pilot study results reported a year ago, indicate that the option of reversibility is exceedingly important to potential candidates for sterilization and its availability would significantly increase the acceptability of female surgical sterilization as an alternative method of contraception.
Nutrient-Gene Interaction: Tracer-Based Metabolomics

Understanding nutrient-gene interaction requires tools for both the study of nutrigenomics and the characterization of phenotype. Metabolomics or metabolite profiling is a powerful tool for characterizing metabolic phenotype, and tracer-based metabolomics is a subset of metabolomics that focuses on metabolite distribution and flux determination using tracers. In this review, the characterizations of metabolic phenotype by metabolite profiling and by metabolic flux measurements are compared. The rationale and methodologies of tracer-based metabolomics are explained. Tracer-based metabolomics provides a relational database of metabolites linked by the relationship of shared metabolic pathways, common substrates, and cofactors. Such a collection of flux measurements provides precise and accurate information on the operation of the cellular metabolic network and its response to genetic and nutrient environment changes. Nutrient-gene interaction can be studied using the concept of constraint-based modeling, which states that the observed metabolic phenotype is a consequence of constraints from genetic factors and the nutrient environment. Thus, genetic inheritance (genomic constraints) confers a wide range of possible phenotypes whereas selection by metabolic (structural and pathway relationship) and environmental (physical environment and nutrient availability) constraints determines the final observed phenotype. The study of the contribution from nutrient and genetic factors to the survival advantage of cancer cells using flux measurements is a critical first step in our understanding of the relationship between nutrient intake and cancer risk.
Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720–1850 . By Thomas S. Wermuth. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. Pp.vii,186. $17.95, paper.

For some time now historians have engaged in an ongoing debate concerning the nature of the early American economy. Some contend that from the outset, producers were motivated by private gain, responded to commercial opportunities, and were driven by an entrepreneurial spirit. Another school emphasizes the limited extent of the markets, the importance of “community” concerns, and the existence of local trade and labor systems based on social relationships and cultural expectations that inhibited the free play of market forces. Ultimately, the market system prevailed and the questions for economic historians become when and how this transition occurred.
Homo Ludens: Social rationality and political behavior

The most straightforward defense of political democracy is grounded in rational choice. Political democracy gives people power in public life parallel to that afforded by markets in private life: the power to turn their preferences into social outcomes. However, rational choice models of voter behavior dramatically underpredict voter turnout in all but the smallest elections. Fiorina (1990) has called this “the paradox that ate rational choice theory.” This anomaly is the centerpiece of Green and Shapiro's (1994) critique of rational choice methodology in political theory. This paper proposes a form of social rationality that strengthens the classical rational actor model. This concept explains many central statistical regularities concerning voter turnout and the historical regularities concerning collective action.
A first look at the protective immunity elicited by the yellow fever virus 17D live-attenuated vaccine (VIR7P.1051)

A hallmark of anti-viral vaccination for 77 years has been the safe and effective live-attenuated 17D yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccines. Among more than 500 million individuals vaccinated, only five cases of yellow fever have been reported. This efficacy is presumed to be the result of both neutralizing antibodies and a robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response. However, the importance of these immune components for protection following YFV challenge has never been evaluated. For the first time, we have addressed this question using a murine model in which YFV infection is lethal and 17D immunization protects 100 percent of animals. Similar to humans, vaccination in mice elicits life-long protection against challenge characterized by high neutralizing antibody titers and a robust polyfunctional T cell response. YFV-specific T cells express markers congruent with the differentiation of long-term memory. Additionally, T cell mediated cytotoxicity is detected for greater than one year post vaccination against MHC-I and MHC-II restricted targets. Adoptive transfer of immune sera or CD4+ T cells alone provides partial protection against YFV, but CD8+ T cells do not contribute to disease mitigation. Complete protection from disease requires both immune sera and CD4+ T cells. Further understanding the immune mechanisms that make 17D an effective vaccine will aid in the improvement of 17D-chimeric vaccines targeting flaviviruses and other pathogens.
Tensor effects in 6 Li → + 12 C scattering

A complete set of analyzing powers (i${\mathrm{T}}_{11}$, ${\mathrm{T}}_{20}$, ${\mathrm{T}}_{21}$, and ${\mathrm{T}}_{22}$) are reported for the elastic scattering of 50 MeV $^{6}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ by $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. They are as large as or larger than those measured earlier for 30 MeV $^{6}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$. A combined optical model analysis of both energies shows ${\mathrm{T}}_{21}$ to arise from the tensor interaction, ${\mathrm{T}}_{20}$ to involve a combination of tensor and J-dependent interactions, and i${\mathrm{T}}_{11}$ to be the most complicated, arising from an explicit spin-orbit, as well as tensor and J-dependent interactions. A coordinate transformation of the data and calculations, suggested in the earlier work of Hooton and Johnson, provides the clearest evidence for the need of a tensor interaction to describe $^{6}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ scattering. Examining the optical model calculations in terms of transferred angular momentum amplitudes provides further insight into the role played by each interaction. Also presented are the analyzing powers for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$${(}^{6}$Li${,}^{4}$He) polarimeter reaction at this higher bombarding energy.
Measurement of -- Gas Temperature in an Engine by the VELOCITY OF SOUND METHOD

THIS paper outlines a new method of measuring end-gas temperatures within the cylinder of an operating engine. The new instrument measures the acoustical properties by the pulse method, transmitting an acoustical impulse through a gas path of known length and measuring the time of propagation through the gas. The method yields a value for the average velocity of sound in the path. The authors describe the instrument and engine modifications necessary. The results of tests are also discussed, with a detailed description of one series. The appendixes outline the mathematical steps of finding the sound velocity in gas mixtures and the fuel-air cycle for the detailed series of tests.
Affect Comprehension in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Visual Field Isolation Intervention

Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) tend to show under-activation of the right fusiform face area of the ventral temporal cortex when viewing emotional faces, which may explain their affect comprehension deficits. This left hemisphere dominance, indicative of a piecemeal processing strategy, has been shown a less effective method of understanding true emotion. The present study aimed to condition the left-visual-field-to right-FFA pathway by allowing children with ASD to work through an emotion-matching computer program. One group completed the experiment with both eyes uncovered, while the other worked with only their left visual field open. Though no significant differences between improvement in accuracy, reaction time, and physiological response were found between the groups, almost all participants showed some improvement, and future investigations with larger sample sizes would be useful in puzzling out the benefit of visual field isolation in emotion comprehension interventions in children with ASD.
Automated deconvolution of structured mixtures from heterogeneous tumor genomic data

With increasing appreciation for the extent and importance of intratumor heterogeneity, much attention in cancer research has focused on profiling heterogeneity on a single patient level. Although true single-cell genomic technologies are rapidly improving, they remain too noisy and costly at present for population-level studies. Bulk sequencing remains the standard for population-scale tumor genomics, creating a need for computational tools to separate contributions of multiple tumor clones and assorted stromal and infiltrating cell populations to pooled genomic data. All such methods are limited to coarse approximations of only a few cell subpopulations, however. In prior work, we demonstrated the feasibility of improving cell type deconvolution by taking advantage of substructure in genomic mixtures via a strategy called simplicial complex unmixing. We improve on past work by introducing enhancements to automate learning of substructured genomic mixtures, with specific emphasis on genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) data, as well as the ability to process quantitative RNA expression data, and heterogeneous combinations of RNA and CNV data. We introduce methods for dimensionality estimation to better decompose mixture model substructure; fuzzy clustering to better identify substructure in sparse, noisy data; and automated model inference methods for other key model parameters. We further demonstrate their effectiveness in identifying mixture substructure in true breast cancer CNV data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Source code is available at https://github.com/tedroman/WSCUnmix.
Analysis on epidemiologic characteristic of other infectious diarrhea in Gongming street,Shenzhen 2005-2010

Objective To analyze epidemiology characteristics of other infectious diarrhea in Gongming street of Shenzhen and provide scientific evidence for preventing and controlling measure of this disease.Method The data of other infectious diarrhea cases reported by national diseases information management system were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method.Results During 2005-2010,9 258 cases of other infectious diarrhea were reported in Gongming street,with mean incidence rate of 214.64 /10 5.90.38% of patients were children under 5 years old,and 91.00% of the cases were scattered children.The peak season was from October to December.The first 5 districts with high cases reported were Jiangshi,Gongming,Shangcun,Heshuikou,Changzhen.4 966 cases,accounting for 53.64% of total reported cases,were diagnosed with Rotavirus infection.Conclusions In Gongming street,the other infectious diarrhea mainly occurred in 0-5 year old scattered children,and the incidence peak was in autumn and winter seasons.Rotavirus was the major pathogen.
Food consumption characteristics and development trends of rural residents in Beijing

The life of rural residents in Beijing have accessed to well-off stage.This paper found that as income rise,grain and vegetables demands showed a downward trend,vegetable oil,pork,beef,mutton,poultry meat,eggs and aquatic products demands increased significantly.Compared with urban residents,food consumption expenditure of rural residents in Beijing was poorer,consumption away from home was less,consumption motion was inadequate.By improving the consumption environment,increasing income and accelerating the urbanization process would greatly improve food consumption level of rural residents.
Development of influenza vaccines against pandemics

Influenza vaccine plays a crucial role as an effective measure for control of worldwide influenza pandemics. Currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccines can be used for the pandemic situation. Surveillance to isolate animal influenza viruses as vaccine candidate strains greatly contributes to the rapid production of vaccine. The reverse genetics approach can afford to attenuate a highly virulent virus by genetic engineering of any viral genes for the use of vaccine strain. The other approach to develop influenza vaccine should be encouraged to overcome the disadvantage of currently used inactivated vaccine.
ID 226 – Inter-individual differences in laser-evoked potentials and operculo-insular morphology

Laser-evoked potentials are a useful tool to evaluate the functional state of the spino-thalamic system. While late vertex potentials N2 and P2 are commonly assessed, middle-latency components such as the N1–P1 are under-utilized, due to their smaller amplitude and high inter-individual variability. To optimize their use, we investigate the possible relationship between this variability and anatomo-morphological variations in the operculo-insular region. We recorded laser-evoked potentials using high-density EEG (128 electrodes) in 15 healthy participants. Over the 30 ms following the appearance of the first lateralized N1–P1 scalp topography, the electrodes recording a frontal maximum and a temporo-central minimum were selected. Their positions were put in relation with the orientation of several sulci in the posterior operculo-insular cortex, measured on individual T1-3D MRIs. In all but two participants, a clear lateralized dipolar structure appeared ∼154 ms (±18 ms) after stimulation. There was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.43, p = 0.02, n = 12) between the negative maximum (N1) electrode coordinate in a coronal plane and the orientation of the posterior superior operculo-insular fold (MRI coronal plane). N1–P1 topography is highly related to operculo-insular anatomo-morphology. It remains to be studied whether N1–P1 topography can predict operculo-insular anatomy at the individual level and be used in routine clinical settings.
Financially Integrated Marketing Strategy: A Proposed Model

Organizations face a difficult challenge in managing the elements required to maintain their long-term viability and to maximize the value of the firm. The primary activities that enable a firm to achieve these objectives include developing an effective marketing strategy, creating shareholder wealth, and attracting investment capital. These elements have not previously been combined into a comprehensive framework, although calls have been made in the literature for such an effort. In this paper a marketing strategy perspective is utilized to develop a model that encompasses these important elements.
Measurement of local, internal magnetic fluctuations via cross-polarization scattering in the DIII-D tokamak (invited)

We present new measurements of internal magnetic fluctuations obtained with a novel eight channel cross polarization scattering (CPS) system installed on the DIII-D tokamak. Measurements of internal, localized magnetic fluctuations provide a window on an important physics quantity that we heretofore have had little information on. Importantly, these measurements provide a new ability to challenge and test linear and nonlinear simulations and basic theory. The CPS method, based upon the scattering of an incident microwave beam into the opposite polarization by magnetic fluctuations, has been significantly extended and improved over the method as originally developed on the Tore Supra tokamak. A new scattering geometry, provided by a unique probe beam, is utilized to improve the spatial localization and wavenumber range. Remotely controllable polarizer and mirror angles allow polarization matching and wavenumber selection for a range of plasma conditions. The quasi-optical system design, its advantages and challenges, as well as important physics validation tests are presented and discussed. Effect of plasma beta (ratio of kinetic to magnetic pressure) on both density and magnetic fluctuations is studied and it is observed that internal magnetic fluctuations increase with beta. During certain quiescent high confinement operational regimes, coherent low frequency modes not detected by magnetic probes are detected locally by CPS diagnostics.
Generating Constitutional Meaning

Reva Siegel's lecture reflects and is part of a seismic shift in constitu tional theory that has been taking place over the past decade or so, a shift away from how legal scholars have theorized about the Constitution since Brown v. Board of Education.1 Brown was a signal event in constitutional law, and it begat a cottage industry as a remarkable number of the nation's best legal minds turned their attention to developing general theories about how to read the Constitution.2 Largely taken for granted in this post-Brown debate was the question that had preoccupied constitutional discourse for the two centuries before Brown: who should interpret the Constitution? Through most of American history, constitutional controversy had centered around the locus of interpretive authority. There was a general consensus about how the Constitution should be interpreted, a conventional form of legal analysis that mixed arguments based on text, history, precedent, and policy. Given the elasticity of this method, disagreement centered on which institution or institutions had power to interpret: Congress, the President, the courts, the states, or the community at large. After Brown, combatants on both sides came to accept the judiciary as the authoritative interpreter of the Constitution (with the Supreme Court as final arbiter of constitutional meaning), and debate shifted to the question of interpretive methodology. There was profound disagreement about where the Constitution ended and politics began, as well as a broad range of views about how to read the text. But that constitutional law was first and foremost a matter for judges became an accepted norm across the legal and political spectrum. This shared assumption, in turn, had profound con sequences for the kinds of theories that developed, consequences that went largely unnoticed precisely because what was at issue on all sides was how judges should interpret the text, not whether they should do so. The two most important characteristics of this post-Brown scholar ship, which defined constitutional law for nearly two generations, were, first, that it was almost wholly normative in content, and second, that it
Shadow cameras: Reciprocal views from illumination masks

Scene appearance from the point of view of a light source is called a reciprocal or dual view. Since there exists a large diversity in illumination, these virtual views may be non-perspective and multi-viewpoint in nature. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of occluding masks to recover these dual views, which we term shadow cameras. We first show how to render a single reciprocal scene view by swapping the camera and light source positions. We extend this technique for multiple views by building a virtual shadow camera array with static masks and a moving source. We also capture non-perspective views such as orthographic, cross-slit and a pushbroom variant, while introducing novel applications such as converting between camera projections and removing refractive and catadioptric distortions. Finally, since a shadow camera is artificial, we can manipulate any of its intrinsic parameters, such as camera skew, to create perspective distortions.
Differential cigarette smoke and H2O2induced cytokine release from macrophages in COPD

Macrophages (MΦ) are increased in COPD but are dysfunctional, possibly due to oxidative stress. To investigate this, monocyte derived MΦ (MDM) and tissue MΦ were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or H 2 O 2 . MDM from non-smokers (NS), smokers (S) and COPD (n=4-8) were differentiated in GM or M-CSF. TMΦ were isolated from resected tissue (n=2-5). Cells were exposed to 30-300µM H 2 O 2 or 10-100% CSE ± 10ng/ml LPS for 24h. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay and cytokine release (CXCL8, TNFα, IL6, CCL2, IL10) by ELISA. H 2 O 2 and CSE stimulated only CXCL8 release from all MDM (Table 1). CSE stimulated CXCL8 release from COPD TMΦ only. CSE inhibited LPS-stimulated release of TNFα, IL6, CCL2 and IL10 from all MΦ types. CSE and LPS were additive with CXCL8 from MDM but the opposite in TMΦ. Cytokine release from MΦ differed with CSE or H 2 O 2 with discrepancies between MDM and TMΦ.
Evaluating Middle School Students’ Spatial-Scientific Performance within Earth/Space Astronomy in Terms of Gender and Race/Ethnicity

Differences were examined between groups of sixth grade students’ spatial-scientific development pre/post implementation of an Earth/Space unit. Treatment teachers employed a spatially-integrated Earth/Space curriculum, while control teachers implemented their Business as Usual (BAU) Earth/Space units. A multi-level modeling approach was used in a hierarchical manner to evaluate student performance on the Purdue Spatial Visualization: Rotation test (PSVT-Rot) and on the Lunar Phases Concept Inventory (which included four spatial domains), while controlling for two variables (gender and race/ethnicity) at the student level and one variable (teaching experience) at the teacher level. Results showed Treatment girls achieved higher LPCI Periodic Patterns (PP) spatial domain post-scores than girls in the BAU group. A gender gap was also observed (in favor of boys) within the BAU group for PP domain post-scores, while no gap was shown within the Treatment group. In addition, results for PP suggest Students of Color tended to have lower PP scores than White students (Effect Size = .29), and that higher pretest PP scores tended to lead to higher posttest PP scores, after adjusting for other student and teacher characteristics. The only statistically significant predictor of the PSVT-Rot posttest scores were scores on the respective pretest.