cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the contribution of point sources to atmospheric metals using single-particle mass spectrometry

Single-particle mass spectra were collected using an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) during December of 2003 and February of 2004 at an industrially impacted location in East St. Louis, IL. Hourly integrated peak areas for twenty ions were evaluated for their suitability in representing metals/metalloids, particularly those reported in the US EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). Of the initial twenty ions examined, six (Al, As, Cu, Hg, Ti, and V) were found to be unsuitable due to strong isobaric interferences with commonly observed organic fragments, and one (Be) was found to have no significant signal. The usability of three ions (Co, Cr, and Mn) was limited due to suspected isobaric interferences based on temporal comparisons with commonly observed organic fragments. The identity of the remaining ions (Sb, Ba, Cd, Ca, Fe, Ni, Pb, K, Se, and Zn) was substantiated by comparing their signals with the integrated hourly signals of one or more isotope ions. When compared with one-in-six day integrated elemental data as determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), the daily integrated ATOFMS signal for several metal ions revealed a semi-quantitative relationship between ATOFMS peak area and XRF concentrations, although in some cases comparison of these measurements were poor at low elemental concentrations/ion signals due to isobaric interferences. A method of estimating the impact of local point sources was developed using hourly integrated ATOFMS peak areas, and this method attributed as much as 85% of the concentration of individual metals observed at the study site to local point sources. Hourly surface wind data were used in conjunction with TRI facility emissions data to reveal likely point sources impacting metal concentrations at the study site and to illustrate the utility of using single-particle mass spectral data to characterize atmospheric metals and identify point sources.
The contribution of marker gene studies to hemopoietic stem cell therapies

Although the transfer of "therapeutic" genes into hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) offers many opportunities to treat a wide range of human disease, the low efficiency of transfer and limited expression of the transferred gene have so far largely prevented any direct beneficial effect from being obtained. However, gene marker studies in which the transferred genes are used simply to track the individual components of the infused HSC have already shown their utility. Genetic marking may be used to identify cells capable of causing relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation and to distinguish cells in the graft capable of preventing malignant disease. Marking may also be used to analyze the consequences of ex vivo or in vivo manipulations of the HSC which are intended to accelerate engraftment or augment gene transfer efficiencies. Information obtained from these studies should therefore not only improve the outcome of HSC based therapies, but also aid in the introduction of successful gene therapy protocols.
Inactivation of a Streptococcal bacteriocin (viridin B) by mammalian hemoglobin.

SummaryViridin B, a bacteriocin of Streptococcus mitis (S. mitior), had no bactericidal effect on indicator strains grown on blood agar, whereas activity was readily demonstrable on the same agar devoid of blood. Addition of viridin B to human, ovine, bovine, or rabbit erythrocytes caused immediate lysis of the cells and total inacti-vation of the bacteriocin. Inactivation was effected also by erythrocyte lysates. Activity in the lysates was heat resistant, nondialyza-ble, and insensitive to proteolytic enzymes. Chromatography on a Bio-Rad P-100 column indicated that the inhibitory activity resided exclusively in hemoglobin. Fraction-ation of hemoglobin showed that heme and not globin was totally responsible for this inactivation. The effect of heme appeared to be directly on viridin B rather than on blockage of indicator cell receptors. Cyto-chrome c, bilirubin, and ferrous and ferric ions had no effect on the bacteriocin. Among various other ions tested, only Ca2+ inhibited viridin B. Urea was also inhi...
Synthesis and nca-radioiodination of arylstannyl-cobalamin conjugates. Evaluation of aryliodo-cobalamin conjugate binding to transcobalamin II and biodistribution in mice

A new method of preparing radiolabeled cobalamin derivatives has been developed. The method involves the use of cobalamin-tri-n-butylstannyl hippurate conjugates as intermediates to obtain radioiodinated cobalamin-iodohippurate conjugates. The arylstannyl functionality was used as an exchangeable group to obtain high specific activity radioiodinations and to circumvent some deleterious side reactions common to cobalamins under electrophilic iodination conditions. The first step in the synthesis of tri-n--butylstannyl hippurate conjugates was to obtain free carboxylate groups on the cobalamin moiety. This was accomplished by mild acid hydrolysis of the b-, d-, or e-propionamide side chains on the corrin ring, followed by careful separation of the isomeric products. The second step was to couple a linking molecule (diaminododecane) to the carboxylate. The final step was to conjugate p-tri-n-butylstannyl hippurate to the cobalamin-diaminododecane adduct. All three isomeric cobalamin-p-tri-n-butylstannyl hippurate conjugates were prepared, as were the corresponding cobalamin-p-iodohippurate conjugates (HPLC standards). Radioiodination reactions were conducted with N-chlorosuccinimide and Na[*I]I in Me OH using conditions previously developed for arylstannylations. However, unlike the previous reactions, a key factor in obtaining the desired radioiodinated cobalamins was that the reaction be conducted under neutral conditions. Isolated yields of 40-65% were obtained for all three cobalamin isomers. Specific activities of 10-33% theoretical were obtained for the radioiodinated cobalamins. Evaluation of competitive binding of (nonradioactive) cobalamin-iodohippurate conjugates with recombinant human transcobalamin II showed that the e-isomer bound nearly as well as [57Co]cyanocobalamin (50%), whereas the b-isomer had decreased binding (6%) and the d-isomer was significantly decreased in its binding (0.7%). Two biodistributions of the radioiodinated e-isomer were conducted in athymic mice. One biodistribution investigated tissue localization in mice bearing a renal cell carcinoma xenograft, and the other biodistribution investigated tissue localization when the radioiodinated cyanocobalamin was mixed with 1% BSA prior to injection. A comparison of the results of the two biodistributions and a discussion of how they relate to previous [57/60Co]cyanocobalamin biodistributions are provided.
Mixed ligand complexes—IV. Cobalt(III) heterochelates with ethylenedibiguanide

Abstract Acetylacetone(acacH), 8-hydroxy quinoline (OxinH), picolinic acid (PicH), dipicolinic acid (dipicH2), iminodiacetic acid (IDAH2) and dimethylglyoxime (DMGH2) react readily with [Co(NH3)2(EBG)]3+ to form the mixed chelates [Co(acac)(EBG)]2+], [Co(Oxin)(EBG)]2+, [Co(pic)(EBG)]2+ and [Co(dipic)(EBG)]+ (EBG  N1, Nu1  ethylene-dibiguanide). A number of salts of each cation have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, conductance and equivalent weights measurements, paper chromatography, IR spectra and electronic absorption spectra. The dipicolinate anion and iminodiacetate anion behave as bidentates in these mixed chelates.
Obligations to Future Generations

The purpose of this note1 is to examine the notion of obliga tions to future generations, a notion that finds increasing use in dis cussions of social policies and programs, particularly as concerns population distribution and control and environment control. Thus, it may be claimed, the solution of problems in these areas is not merely a matter of enhancing our own good, improving our own conditions of life, but is also a matter of discharging an obligation to future generations. Before I turn to the question of the basis of such obligations the necessity of the plural is actually doubtful-there are three gen eral points to be considered: (1) Who are the individuals in whose regard it is maintained that we have such obligations, to whom do we owe such obligations? (2) What, essentially, do obligations to future generations oblige us to do, what are they aimed at? and ( 3 ), To what class of obligation do such obligations belong, what kind of obligation are they? Needless to say, in examining a notion of this sort, which is used in everyday discussion and polemic, one must be mindful of the danger of taking it-or making it out-to be more precise than it is in reality. This cautionary remark seems especially appropriate in connec tion with the first of the above points. But the determination of the purview of obligations to future generations is both ethically and practically significant. It seems clear, at least, who does not come within their purview. Obligations to future generations are distinct from the obligations we have to our presently living fellows, who
FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE AUSTRALIAN ACRIDID, VALANGA IRREGULARIS

Feeding experiments with the Australian acridid, Valanga irregularis, demonstrated the following relationships: 1) grasshoppers require a period of feeding on a particular food before becoming completely adjusted to it; 2) the plant species eaten has a strong influence on the rate of ingestion, even when the species is a preferred food in nature; 3) grasshoppers eat more food when feeding on a variety of foods than they do when restricted to a single plant species; 4) the rate of food ingestion at any particular time can be influenced greatly by foods the grasshopper has eaten previously and 5) the observed patterns were not due to differences between plant species' water content or leaf hardness. It is argued that the nutritional content of the leaf species cannot explain the observed feeding behaviors. The results of the feeding experiments coincide with those hypothesized by Freeland & Janzen (1974) when considering the role of plant secondary compounds in determining the feeding behaviors of polyphagous mammals. It is suggested that plant secondary compounds are responsible for the observed feeding behavior of caged V. irregularis. Resume COMPORTEMENT ALIMENTAIRE DE L'ACRIDIEN AUSTRALIEN VALANGA IRREGULARIS Des experiences ont ete realisees concernant l'alimentation de Valanga irregularis aux depens des 4 especes de plantes (Bauhinia blakeana, Prunus domestica, Citrus limon et Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) qu'il consomme habituellement dans la region ou cette etude a ete entreprise. Il a ete montre que la quantite de nourriture ingeree augmente de facon significative quand les insectes sont progressivement habitues a un type d'aliment. La quantite de nourriture mangee en un jour est fortement influencee par l'espece de plante qui est consommee; cette derniere influence egalement de facon significative les consommations ulterieures, meme quand on apporte aux insectes des nouvelles especes de plantes au lieu d'une seule espece. Ces modalites du comportement alimentaire sont sans relation avec la durete ou la teneur en eau des feuilles ou avec leur valeur nutritive; elles doivent cependant s'expliquer sur la base des hypotheses emises par Freeland & Janzen (1974) a propos des mammiferes phytophages. La presence de composes toxiques secondaires dans les especes de plantes mangees peut expliquer les resultats des experiences, ces composes secondaires intervenant dans le choix de l'aliment et dans le comportement alimentaire.
Transmission Power and Capacity of Secondary Users in a Dynamic Spectrum Access Network

In this paper, we analyze the capacity of secondary spectrum access in a broadcasting system consisting of one primary transmitter and multiple primary receivers. At the cost of a small redundancy of the SINR of primary receivers, secondary users can gain a significant capacity when allowed to share the spectrum at the same time with the primary transmitter. The average transmission power and capacity of secondary users are derived, evaluated numerically, and verified by simulating a simple dynamic spectrum access protocol. The results show that the capacity depends on the distance between primary and secondary transmitters as well as the density of primary receivers.
An improved soil‐moisture measuring unit for hydrologic studies

A fiberglas gypsum-block soil-moisture unit is described for measuring soil moisture under field conditions from saturation to the wilting point. A sketch of its design and its advantages over other units is presented. The gypsum block serves as a good buffer and contact with the soil, and the fiberglas serves to furnish reliable data in the wet range which the gypsum block alone does not give. It is especially recommended for hydrologic studies where a knowledge of soil-moisture conditions from field capacity to saturation is desirable.
Infectivity of human adenovirus-1 DNA.

Abstract Isolated human adenovirus type 1 DNA infects DEAE-dextran treated human embryo kidney cells in tissue culture. That this is a real property of the DNA was shown by its inactivation by DNase, the requirement for DEAE-dextran, and the lack of inhibition by either heat (56 °, 60 min) or adenovirus-1 specific antiserum. The DNA extracts were demonstrated to be free of contaminating whole virus, but it is less clear whether the activity resides in the DNA alone, or whether the 1–2% protein detected in the preparations may play some role in the infectivity of the DNA.
Atherosclerosis. Effect of rate of growth.

Young, rapidly growing rabbits developed more aortic atherosclerosis on an ad libitum cholesterol-containing diet than did older, more slowly growing rabbits. This effect may be due to an affinity of newly formed tissue, produced during growth, for lipids; this may be a partial explanation of the increase in the number of fatty streaks seen around the age of puberty in humans. A possible mechanism, based on local aortic injury, is presented to account for the localization and development of human atherosclerotic lesions.
The intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition (INOC) route to the ergot alkaloids: Use of the isoxazoline to γ-amino alcohol conversion in the total synthesis of (+)-paliclavine

Abstract A total synthesis of the ergot alkaloid paliclavine ( 20 ), in optically active form is described. The synthesis scheme is based on the intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition reaction of a nitrile oxide to a neighboring olefinic appendage bearing an allylic asymmetric center. The extent of diastereofacial selection in the intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition (INOC) reaction was found to be marginal. A single-crystal X-ray analysis has established the complete stereostructure of the isoxazoline 15 prepared from the “major” INOC product. The dependence of the reduction stereochemistry of the isoxazolinium salt 15a on the nature of the reducing agent is discussed.
Capital costs and profitability

Abstract The paper estimates a line-of-business (LB) cost-of-capital and derives explicitly its link — in long-run competitive equilibrium — to profitability measured as LB operating income to LB assets. The ways that observed profitability differs from what would obtain in competitive equilibrium are explored.
RELATION OF CHLOROSIS TO CONCENTRATION OF IRON IN CITRUS LEAVES

SEVERAL INVE$TIGATORS have adopted the concept that iron chlorosis is caused by physiological unavailability of iron in the tissues. The evidence presented here indicates that this concept is not valid, at least as far as citrus is concerned, anid that iron chlorosis involhes a simple deficiency of iron in the leaf. Visible symuptoms of iron chlorosis (lime-induced chlorosis) in citrus leaves are similar to those found in many other crop plants, namely, green veins sharply distinguished from a less g,reeni or yellow mesophyll. These symptoms are attributed to improper iron nutrition on the basis of the following evidence: (1) the leaf pattern can sometinies be cured by applying iron to the soil or other nutrient medium; and (2) affected leaves usually respond witl increased greenness to surface application of iron solutions, but such response does not result from applications of other nutrient elements (see discussion bv Jljin, 1952). Nutrient deficiencies are generallv accompanied by low concentrations of the deficient elements' in certain plant organs, particularly leaves (Goodall and Gregory, 1947)Although some investigators have reported this situation with iron in lime-induced chlorosis (e.g., Gile and Carrero, 1920; Menchikowsky and Puffeles, 1935), many have failed to find consistent differences in iron concentrations in chlorotic and healthy leaves (Ilj in. 1952 McGeorge, 1949; Wallace. 1928) . From this situation came the idea that not all the iron in chlorotic leaves is metabolically active; supportling evidence was supplied by Oserkowsky (1933!who showed that iron extracted from leaves by 0.3 N HCI correlated well with chlorophyll content. The conc.ept of physiological unavailabilitv of iron still appears to be prevalent (Leeper, 1952) in spite of the demonstration by Jacobson (1945) that. after thorouglh removal of surface contamination from the fresh leaves of some deciduous fruit trees, total iron content correlated well with chlorophyll content. The work of Smith et al. (1950), in Florida, indicates that this correjation probably holds also in citrus leaves. Their studies support the conclusion of Jacobson that iron-contaminants such
A new model of cortical plasticity using rat whisker barrel cortex

Abstract Each snout whisker of the rat is represented in the contralateral cortex by a group of cells which, because of the group shape, is called a barrel. The barrel cortex represents invariant somatotopy and function from animal to animal. This model has been used frequently in animals with whisker trimming or removal to study use-dependent cortical plasticity. We have developed a model more relevant to clinical brain injury. Imaging of the cortical intrinsic signal evoked by single movement was used to define the somatotopy of the barrel cortex. A single barrel was then destroyed by injection of 0.1 μl of kainic acid (KA). Repeated maps of the barrel cortex were then made using optical imaging techniques. The whisker projecting to the barrel, which had been destroyed, became represented in nearby cortex. Additionally, the surrounding barrels had increased size which, over a period of several months, returned towards control levels. The lesions were associated with increases in both GAP-43 and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Further investigation of the role that GAP-43 might play in cortical organization was evaluated using GAP-43 knockout mice. These mice had dramatically disrupted cortical organization. Preliminary results indicate that injection of pluripotential neural precursor cells into the area of the destroyed barrel appeared to result in restoration of the somatotopic organization of the cortex. We conclude that the original changes in cortical organization are likely related to decrease in surround inhibition and that intracortical sprouting completes this process. The mechanisms of the effects seen with precursor injection remain uncertain but are under further investigation.
An examination of the performance and prospects for the future of internet-primary banks

We study Internet-primary banks for differences in performance versus newly chartered traditional banks from 1996 through 2003. Internet-primary banks are larger, with lower net interest margins and loan losses, and higher wage and physical capital rates than newly chartered traditional banks. Univariate ROE is lower, but profit efficiency is significantly higher on average for Internet-primary banks compared to all newly chartered banks as well as those that survive through the sample period. In multivariate models, Internet-primary banks continue to have significantly higher average profit efficiency, and particularly so when of sufficient size.
On the Interpretation of Intuitionistic Number Theory

The purpose of this article is to introduce the notion of “recursive realizability.”Let P be some property of natural numbers. Consider the existential statement, “There exists a number n having the property P.” To explain the meaning which this has for a constructivist or intuitionist, it has been described as a partial judgement, or incomplete communication of a more specific statement which says that a certain given number n, or the number n obtainable by a certain given method, has the property P. The meaning of the existential statement thus resides in a reference to certain information, which it implies could be stated in detail, though the trouble is not taken to do so. Perhaps the detail is suppressed in order to convey a general view of some fact.The information to which reference is made should be thought of as possibly comprising other items besides the value of n or method for obtaining it, namely such items as may be necessary to complete the communication that that n has the property P.
Influence of plasticizer configurational changes on the mechanical properties of highly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract The effects of configurational changes among nine plasticizers were studied using puncture tests. Ion-selective poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes were plasticized with three citrate-related compounds (Citroflex A-4 (CFA4), Citroflex A-6 (CFA6), and Citroflex B-6 (CFB6)) and six sebacate-related compounds (dimethyl sebacate (DMS), diethyl sebacate (DES), dibutyl sebacate (DBS), dioctyl sebacate (DOS), dioctyl azelate (DOZ), and dioctyl adipate (DOA)). The strengths, stiffnesses, and toughnesses of the membranes increased at low PHR ratios (which are defined as the actual concentrations of plasticizer to PVC divided by the minimum concentrations of plasticizer required to isolate all of the PVC polar groups) and then monotonically decreased as plasticizer was added above these ratios. The ductilities increased up to PHR ratios of about 2.0 and decreased above PHR ratios of about 4.0. The citrate-related compounds could not be distinguished according to the mechanical properties. The DMS-, DES-, and DOA-plasticized membranes were generally stronger and stiffer than the DBS-, DOS-, and DOZ-plasticized membranes, but the ductilities were reduced using DMS, DES, and DOA. A nomogram was constructed to predict the strength, based on the plasticizer selection and PHR ratio. The strengths, stiffnesses, and toughnesses of the membranes decreased as the log (ionic conductivity, σ) increased, and the ranking of the configurational differences was similar to those of the mechanical properties versus PHR ratio.
Development of plants from leaf discs of variegated Coleus and its relation to patterns of leaf chlorosis.

Leaf discs approximately 8 mm in diameter taken from green and from chlorotic areas of variegated leaves ofColeus were grown in light under sterile conditions in a mineral salt, sucrose, vitamin medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin. Green shoots, which later formed roots, grew from both green and chlorotic discs in media containing suitable amounts of auxin and cytokinin. None developed in media supplemented with auxin alone or with cytokinin alone. Discs with young plants were transferred to soil. Plants that grew varied widely from those with no chlorosis to those with more chlorosis than the original variety from which the discs were taken. Plants grown from discs taken from green areas of leaves with chlorosis varied in patterns of chlorosis as much as those that grew from discs from chlorotic areas of leaves.
Hydrous Ruthenium Oxide Nanoparticles Anchored to Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Foam for Supercapacitors

In real life applications, supercapacitors (SCs) often can only be used as part of a hybrid system together with other high energy storage devices due to their relatively lower energy density in comparison to other types of energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells. Increasing the energy density of SCs will have a huge impact on the development of future energy storage devices by broadening the area of application for SCs. Here, we report a simple and scalable way of preparing a three-dimensional (3D) sub-5 nm hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO2) anchored graphene and CNT hybrid foam (RGM) architecture for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. This RGM architecture demonstrates a novel graphene foam conformally covered with hybrid networks of RuO2 nanoparticles and anchored CNTs. SCs based on RGM show superior gravimetric and per-area capacitive performance (specific capacitance: 502.78 F g−1, areal capacitance: 1.11 F cm−2) which leads to an exceptionally high energy density of 39.28 Wh kg−1 and power density of 128.01 kW kg−1. The electrochemical stability, excellent capacitive performance, and the ease of preparation suggest this RGM system is promising for future energy storage applications.
Use of synchrotron tomography to image naturalistic anatomy in insects

Understanding the morphology of anatomical structures is a cornerstone of biology. For small animals, classical methods such as histology have provided a wealth of data, but such techniques can be problematic due to destruction of the sample. More importantly, fixation and physical slicing can cause deformation of anatomy, a critical limitation when precise three-dimensional data are required. Modern techniques such as confocal microscopy, MRI, and tabletop x-ray microCT provide effective non-invasive methods, but each of these tools each has limitations including sample size constraints, resolution limits, and difficulty visualizing soft tissue. Our research group at the Advanced Photon Source (Argonne National Laboratory) studies physiological processes in insects, focusing on the dynamics of breathing and feeding. To determine the size, shape, and relative location of internal anatomy in insects, we use synchrotron microtomography at the beamline 2-BM to image structures including tracheal tubes, muscles, and gut. Because obtaining naturalistic, undeformed anatomical information is a key component of our studies, we have developed methods to image fresh and non-fixed whole animals and tissues. Although motion artifacts remain a problem, we have successfully imaged multiple species including beetles, ants, fruit flies, and butterflies. Here we discuss advances in biological imaging and highlight key findings in insect morphology.
Fluorescence Quenching by Blue and Yellow Light in a Sensitized Photographic Emulsion

A photographic emulsion, sensitized with 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine iodide, fluoresces strongly when exposed to blue or yellow light. The fluorescence decreases upon pre-exposure. A difference exists in this quenching effect, depending upon whether the pre-exposure is made with blue or yellow light.
Mammalian TIMELESS and Tipin are Evolutionarily Conserved Replication Fork-associated Factors

Abstract The function of the mammalian TIMELESS protein (TIM) has been enigmatic. TIM is essential for early embryonic development, but little is known regarding its biochemical and cellular function. Although identified based on similarity to a Drosophila circadian clock factor, it also shares similarity with a second family of proteins that is more widely conserved throughout eukaryotes. Members of this second protein family in yeast (S.c. Tof1p, S.p. Swi1p) have been implicated in DNA synthesis, S-phase-dependent checkpoint activation and chromosome cohesion, three processes coordinated at the level of the replication fork complex. The present work demonstrates that mammalian TIM and its constitutive binding partner, Tipin (ortholog of S.c. Csm3p, S.p. Swi3p), are replisome-associated proteins. Both proteins associate with components of the endogenous replication fork complex, and are present at BrdU-positive DNA replication sites. Knock-down of TIM also compromises DNA replication efficiency. Further, the direct binding of the TIM-Tipin complex to the 34 kDa subunit of replication protein A provides a biochemical explanation for the potential coupling role of these proteins. Like TIM, Tipin is also involved in the molecular mechanism of UV-dependent checkpoint activation and cell growth arrest. Tipin additionally associates with peroxiredoxin2 and appears to be involved in checkpoint responses to H2O2, a role recently described for yeast versions of TIM and Tipin. Together, this work establishes TIM and Tipin as functional orthologs of their replisome-associated yeast counterparts capable of coordinating replication with genotoxic stress responses, and distinguishes mammalian TIM from the circadian-specific paralogs from which it was originally identified.
Special issue: sixth international conference on autonomic computing and communications (ICAC 2009)

Addressing the increasing complexity of large-scale computing systems requires that computers and applications learn to manage themselves in accordance with high-level guidance from humans—a vision that has been referred to as autonomic computing. The purpose of the International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Communications (ICAC) series of conferences is to bring together researchers and practitioners addressing all aspects of self-management in computing systems and applications, and to work together to realize the vision of large-scale self-managing systems. This special issue is based on ICAC 2009, the sixth conference in the ICAC series, which was held in Barcelona, Spain in June 2009. The issue includes extended versions of 5 representative papers that capture core issues addressed at the conference: Paper I, “Ranking the Importance of Alerts for Problem Determination in Large Computer Systems,” addresses the challenges of system management due to large volumes of monitoring data, and proposes a novel peer review mechanism to rank the importance of alerts so that the top ranked alerts are more likely to be true positives. Paper II, “Plato: A Genetic Algorithm Approach to RunTime Reconfiguration in Autonomic Computing Systems,” addresses the challenges of designing and managing the set of reconfiguration rules and the potential inconsistencies produced, and proposes an approach to leverage genetic algorithms in the decision-making process of an autonomic system.
Torque measurements of the magnetic anisotropy energy of antiferromagnetic-coupled Fe/Cr/Fe layers

Various methods have been used to determine the exchange coupling, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, and complex switching behavior for epitaxially grown, antiferromagnetically coupled thin films of iron with interleaved chromium. In this paper, we determined the exchange coupling and magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy directly from the angle dependence of the magnetic free energy using torque magnetometry. The results are in very good agreement with ferromagnetic resonance, magnetization, and magnetoresistance measurements reported earlier on the same sample.
VEMECS: A virtual reality interface for spherical mechanism design

Mechanisms are one of the fundamental elements used by engineers in the design of machines. The design or synthesis of these elements has been studied for hundreds of years. More recently, the focus of kinematic synthesis research has been in reformatting the graphical synthesis methods into an analytical form compatible with computer processing. One of the thrusts of this research concentrates on the human/computer interface (HCI) between the user and the computer design software. The work presented in this paper addresses this issue of developing a new HCI for mechanism design based on virtual reality techniques. Current computer-aided mechanism design can be seen in the areas of analysis, topological, and dimensional synthesis (Erdman 1995). In each of these areas, the trend is toward developing user interfaces that are more compatible with the cognitive and perceptual nature of the designer. Mechanism synthesis computer programs like KINSYN (Rubel et al . 1977), LINCAGES-4 (Erdman and Riley 1981) and ...
Oxaloacetic carboxylase in flight musculature of the tsetse fly

Abstract 1. 1. A soluble enzyme catalysing the decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid has been isolated from the thoracic musculature of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans, Westwood. 2. 2. The properties of the enzyme differ markedly from those of similar enzymes in vertebrates; it is activated by Ca2+, the pH optimum is 5·9 and its activity towards malate in the presence of TPN is relatively low. 3. 3. Tissue of the tsetse fly other than flight musculature show little enzymatic activity. 4. 4. The level of carboxylase activity in extracts of the flight muscles of a number of other insects was low. 5. 5. Enzymatic decarboxylation can be inhibited by low concentrations of ferrous and ferric salts; injection of such salts into the thorax of tsetse flies in concentration sufficient to cause 100 per cent inhibition of the enzyme brings about immediate and permanent immobilization of the insect.
Carbocyclic Ribosylamines: Synthesis of 5-Substituted Carbocyclic β-Ribofuranosylamines

A synthesis of 5-substituted cyclopentylamine precursors for 5‘-substituted carbocyclic nucleoside analogues was developed. We show that the stereochemistry of the OsO4-catalyzed hydroxylation of an apically brominated lactam, 7-bromo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one, can be controlled through the appropriate selection of the lactam N−H protecting group. Sterically large groups direct the hydroxylation to the exo-face of the olefin, yielding hydroxylation products that can be converted into analogues of carbocyclic ribosides. Conversely, a sterically small protecting group permits OsO4 approach from the endo-face, yielding hydroxylation products analogous to carbocyclic lyxosides. A key intermediate for carbocyclic sugar production, (1S,2S,3R, 4R,5S)-1-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino-5-bromo-2,3-(dimethylmethylene)dioxy-4-hydroxymethylcyclopentane, was synthesized starting from a commercially available enantiomerically pure lactam, (1S)-(+)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one, in seven steps in an overall y...
Reciprocating Bone Saw: Effect of Blade Speed on Cutting Rate

Power reciprocating saws are used in surgical procedures to cut bone. Improved cutting rates are desirable in order to reduce operative time and improve patient outcome. A fixture was developed to test the effect of blade speed on cutting rate of bovine cortical bone. It was hypothesized that the volumetric cutting rate would increase in a linear manner for a fixed stroke length and a constant thrust force. A 7.0 N thrust force was applied. The reciprocating stroke length was held constant at 3.0 mm. Using an 18 TPI blade, cutting rate was determined to increase in a slightly non-linear manner, with disproportionately higher cutting rate at higher blade speeds. The data implies that a higher reciprocating frequency may invoke more efficient cutting.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Sex Differences in Mental Ability: A Proposed Means to Link Them to Brain Structure and Function.

Abstract Recent work with the 42 mental ability tests administered to participants of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA) has suggested that there are important dimensions of mental ability that function independently of g . Two of these dimensions, rotation–verbal and focus–diffusion, appear to involve trade-offs: greater residual rotation ability implies less residual verbal ability and vice-versa, and the focus–diffusion dimension functions similarly. These two uncorrelated dimensions also show strong sex differences. Individuals lying at different positions along these dimensions may have brains that differ structurally and/or functionally, leading to differences in the ways they approach mental ability tasks. If so, we should expect a lack of factorial invariance in test scores across groups of individuals lying at different positions on the two dimensions, indicating that the tests do not measure the same constructs in the same ways in the different groups. This study demonstrated such a lack of factorial invariance in each of the three mental ability batteries included in the MISTRA assessment. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale can be scored to correlate .7 with each of the two dimensions. We propose that use of these scores may help to clarify brain-mapping studies relating brain structure and function and to facilitate understanding of sex differences in mental abilities.
Infections and sinuses other than fistulas in the perianal region.

Abstract In this paper, the term “fistula” is used only if the tract connects with the lumen of the anus or rectum. Under this definition, only 14 per cent of a series of perianal sinuses studied at the Mayo Clinic were of non-fistulous origin. Non-fistulous sinuses generally arise subsequent to, or as accompaniments of, the following conditions: infections arising in sebaceous or sweat glands, pilonidal disease, cysts anterior to the sacrum or coccyx, trauma, osteomyelitis and abscesses and sinuses peculiar to the perineal region. Treatment usually is surgical. However, if a non-fistulous sinus is causing little disability but is so extensive that its surgical eradication would be mutilating, surgical operation should be withheld and the patient kept under observation.
Spectroscopic conformational studies of prion protein isoforms and the mechanism of transformation

Abstract The agent responsible for transmission of spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) has unique biological and physical properties, and its essential component is the prion protein (scrapie amyloid). The recent developments in structural chemistry and molecular biology of the prion protein provide strong evidence for the central role of an abnormal post-translational protein folding mechanism in the transmission and pathogenesis of disease. During the course of disease, the normal chromosomal PrP gene product containing a predominantly α-helical secondary structure is transformed into a protein with more secondary structure in β-sheets. As a result, the protein acquires different physical properties and the ability to form amyloid. Understanding this apparently conformational conversion mechanism may advance the investigation of other neurodegenerative disorders and brain amyloidoses. Here we review current knowledge of the structural chemistry of the prion protein and explore the mechanism of its replication.
Is Political Sociology Informed by Political Science

L'A. etudie les interdependances entre science politique et sociologie politique. Il s'efforce d'envisager les enseignements que la sociologie politique pourrait tirer de cette autre discipline. En premier lieu la science politique tend a offrir des modeles de comprehension des choix rationnels individuels dans le contexte organisationnel. Elle propose ensuite une analyse des systemes sociaux non-lineaires ou elle met en evidence les determinations contextuelles des actions sociales enracinees. De meme elle offre une perspective concernant les interactions strategiques au sein des classes emergentes ou concernant les acteurs institutionnels. Elle dispose enfin d'une tradition de recherche concue a partir de l'oeuvre de Barrington Moore et qui a elabore un certain nombre d'etudes importantes dans le domaine de l'etude des interventions de l'Etat
Approximate analysis of arbitrary configurations of open queueing networks with blocking

An algorithm for analyzing approximately open exponential queueing networks with blocking is presented. The algorithm decomposes a queueing network with blocking into individual queues with revised capacity, and revised arrival and service processes. These individual queues are then analyzed in isolation. Numerical experience with this algorithm is reported for three-node and four-node queueing networks. The approximate results obtained were compared against exact numerical data, and they seem to have an acceptable error level.
Case Presentations of Salivary Gland Infections

Salivary gland infections arise from a wide variety of etiologies: bacteria, localized viruses, systemic viruses, autoimmune diseases, secondary to sialoliths and strictures, and congenital disorders. When dealing with these entities, the diagnosis of the majority of them can be made quickly, although some of the rarer diseases are more difficult to recognize, particularly when they have a more obvious secondary bacterial infection. This article presents six cases and describes their management.
A perfectly matched layer for the time-dependent wave equation in heterogeneous and layered media

A mathematical analysis of the perfectly matched layer (PML) for the time-dependent wave equation in heterogeneous and layered media is presented. We prove the stability of the PML for discontinuous media with piecewise constant coefficients, and derive energy estimates for discontinuous media with piecewise smooth coefficients. We consider a computational setup consisting of smaller structured subdomains that are discretized using high order accurate finite difference operators for approximating spatial derivatives. The subdomains are then patched together into a global domain by a weak enforcement of interface conditions using penalties. In order to ensure the stability of the discrete PML, it is necessary to transform the interface conditions to include the auxiliary variables. In the discrete setting, the transformed interface conditions are crucial in deriving discrete energy estimates analogous to the continuous energy estimates, thus proving stability and convergence of the numerical method. Finally, we present numerical experiments demonstrating the stability of the PML in a layered medium and high order accuracy of the proposed interface conditions.
Clinical Pharmacology of Dopamine Agonists

With the availability of newer dopamine agonists selective for dopamine (D2) receptor subtypes, medical management of Parkinson's disease has progressed substantially. These agents can decrease the frequency of ergot-related side effects and dyskinesias. Also, when given as adjunctive therapy with levodopa, they can allow the levodopa maintenance dosage to be reduced without loss of symptom control. Based on early clinical experience, dopamine agonists can also be prescribed as initial monotherapy and can delay therapy with levodopa. Their therapeutic roles will be defined further by long-term studies.
Grading Students in Performing Groups: A Comparison of Principals' Recommendations with Directors' Practices

The purpose of this study was to examine how directors determine grades for students in high school band and choral classes and how the directors' grading systems compare with grading systems proposed by principals. Data were obtained from responses to questionnaires sent to band directors, choral directors, and principals at 98 randomly selected Illinois high schools.Results showed that directors relied most heavily on nonmusic criteria to determine grades; psychomotor criteria related to performance were the next most heavily weighted, followed by affective and cognitive criteria. In contrast, the principals' proposed grading systems assigned the greatest weight to psychomotor criteria, followed by nonmusic, cognitive, and affective criteria. Analyses of variance revealed significant differences (p > .05) between the two groups of directors and principals: Principals placed more weight on cognitive criteria and on basic performance technique and less weight on attendance at concerts and behavior than di...
Geology and geochronology of McMurdo Volcanic Group rocks in the vicinity of Lake Morning, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Trachyandesite lava flows and trachytic dykes exposed at ‘Gandalf Ridge’ and near Lake Morning on the northern slopes of Mount Morning represent the oldest exposed volcanic rocks in the Erebus volcanic province of the McMurdo Volcanic Group. Conventional whole rock K-Ar age determinations show the rocks are mid-Miocene, ranging between 14.6 and 18.7 Ma. North–south trending faults, which parallel the Transantarctic Mountains, cut the dated dykes. The faults are probably part of a broad fault zone which bounds the uplifted Transantarctic Mountains and the down-dropped Ross Sea/Ross Ice Shelf embayment.
Problem partitioning in hybrid genetic algorithms

Genetic algorithms are well suited to hybridization. Problem division between components of the hybrid varies by problem type and by the mechanisms included in the hybrid. We propose a hybridization technique for combining genetic algorithms (GAs) and deterministic algorithms based on solution candidate partitioning. We conduct a set of experiments to evaluate several instances of this hybridization scheme and demonstrate the efficiency of this hybridization within certain partition ranges for these problems. These results indicate that performance of this hybrid approach is superior to a GA or a deterministic algorithm alone for the problem instances examined, a result that may hold for problems of the same classes as those examined. Finally, we propose topics for future research.
Penalized-likelihood sinogram decomposition for dual-energy computed tomography

Dual-energy techniques in radiography and computed tomography can allow for decomposition of projection images and reconstructed images into two components, representing, for instance, bone and soft tissue. There are a variety of approaches to performing this decomposition in the data domain, including direct solution of the pair of nonlinear equations for each line integral using, in one case, a power-series expansion. After data-domain decomposition into two material-specific sinograms, standard image reconstruction techniques such as filtered backprojection are employed. One potential shortcoming of these approaches is that the data domain decomposition has the potential to amplify noise in the data, which algorithms such as FBP can mitigate only through filter apodization, potentially resulting in oversmoothing. Fessler and collaborators have explored two statistically principled alternatives. The first begins with a standard data-domain decomposition but then applies an iterative penalized weighted least squares algorithm during reconstruction in which the statistics of the decomposed sinograms, including correlations, are modeled in the weighting matrix. The second is an iterative penalized-likelihood based reconstruction approach that works directly with the raw dual-energy data without first decomposing. While the results are promising, these fully iterative reconstruction approaches are very computationally intensive. In this work we propose a middle ground, in which penalized-likelihood methods accurately modeling data statistics are used to perform the sinogram decomposition after which fast analytic algorithms can be used to reconstruct the images. Specifically, we derive a method that is guaranteed to monotonically increase a joint penalized likelihood objective for the two sets of material-specific line integrals.
M*: A complete multirobot path planning algorithm with performance bounds

Multirobot path planning is difficult because the full configuration space of the system grows exponentially with the number of robots. Planning in the joint configuration space of a set of robots is only necessary if they are strongly coupled, which is often not true if the robots are well separated in the workspace. Therefore, we initially plan for each robot separately, and only couple sets of robots after they have been found to interact, thus minimizing the dimensionality of the search space. We present a general strategy called subdimensional expansion, which dynamically generates low dimensional search spaces embedded in the full configuration space. We also present an implementation of subdimensional expansion for robot configuration spaces that can be represented as a graph, called M*, and show that M* is complete and finds minimal cost paths.