cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a one-stage ACL revision Technique using bone void filler after cyclic loading

Abstract Background Revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction often requires a two-stage approach. This study analyzes the biomechanical properties after cyclic loading of a one-stage ACL revision technique using a calcium phosphate bone cement. Methods Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL was performed in 5 matched pairs of fresh–frozen cadaveric knees separated into two groups. The control group underwent a standard reconstruction with a bone-patellar tendon–bone autograft with bioabsorbable interference screw fixation. The experimental group simulated a failed reconstruction by drilling a 12 mm hole and underwent a revision after filling it with a bioabsorbable calcium phosphate bone cement. The specimens were dissected, scanned for bone mineral density, and cyclically loaded on a mechanical testing system (preload of 250 cycles of 5–75 N at 0.5 Hz followed by 10,000 cycles of 20–150 N at 1 Hz). Intact specifmens underwent a load-to-failure protocol of 50 mm/min. Ultimate load, stiffness, and modes of failure were recorded. Data was analyzed using paired t-tests. Findings All specimens completed the mechanical testing protocol. The control group had a mean maximum load of 471.33 N (SD 220.73 N) and the experimental group had 453.54 N (SD 152.36; p = 0.84). There were no statistically significant differences in maximum load or stiffness. No correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and maximum load was found. Interpretation Using calcium phosphate filler in a single-stage ACL revision is biomechanically viable. Further testing of long-term incorporation of the ACL graft in an animal model, along with human clinical trials, should be performed before there is clinical acceptance of this technique.
Abstract A199: Oncogenic and drug‐sensitive ERBB2 mutations in glioblastoma

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Consortium recently completed a multidimensional analysis of glioblastoma, characterizing somatic alterations across a large sample set, and identifying genetic lesions that likely contribute to tumor fitness (TCGA Network, Nature, 2008). However, functional experiments are required to determine whether significantly altered genes are in fact oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in glioblastoma. We experimentally analyzed mutations in one of the significantly mutated genes, ERBB2. Unlike ERBB2 mutations in lung adenocarcinoma, ERBB2 mutations in glioblastoma are primarily located in the extracellular region, clustering around the domain that mediates receptor dimerization. We have determined that a subset of the reported mutations are gain‐of‐function and oncogenic, require kinase activity for oncogenic transformation, and are sensitive to specific small molecule kinase inhibitors. This discovery has therapeutic implications for glioblastoma patients who harbor somatic ERBB2 mutations. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A199.
Mechanism of Gas Cell Stability in Breadmaking

Abstract Bread volume is directly related to the extent to which gas cells can expand without failure. This study provides evidence that gas cells resist failure by virtue of dual film protection in the form of a primary gluten-starch matrix with a secondary liquid lamella on its inner side, enveloping the gas cells. Therefore two factors interact in determining the capacity for expansion by controlling disproportionation and coalescence—the rheological properties of the dough and the stability of liquid lamellae around the gas cells. Contributions of the liquid film stability to dough expansion were assessed using flours varying in their lipid content/composition. Incremental addition of original lipids back into defatted flour caused bread volume to decrease, and, after reaching a minimum, to increase. The polar fraction of the original lipids exhibited a similar trend though loaf volumes were higher for corresponding levels of lipid addition. Increasing levels of the non-polar fraction of the original lipids and an unsaturated free fatty acid (linoleic acid) had detrimental effects on loaf volume. However, addition of saturated free fatty acid (palmitic acid) produced no variations in loaf volume. The variations in stability of the liquid lamellae were analogous to the results of various film balance studies suggesting formation of condensed or expanded monolayers by the surface-active compounds (proteins and lipids) at the gas/liquid interface of the gas cells. On the other hand, dough (gluten-starch matrix) surrounding the gas cells undergoes biaxial extension during fermentation and baking. It therefore must have sufficient extensibility to respond to the gas pressure but also sufficient strength to resist collapse. Strain hardening has been shown to be a necessary rheological property for obtaining good bread volume ( Van Vliet et al., 1992 ; Dobraszczyk and Roberts, 1994 ). Dough inflation properties, followed using an SMS dough inflation system, exhibited higher strain hardening index for strong wheat flour capable of producing good loaf volume in comparison to weak wheat flour. The different lipid treatments were found to have negligible effects on dough rheological properties such as strain hardening. Image analysis of crumb grain of the baked loaves revealed that differences in number of gas cells and average cell elongation with different lipid treatments were insignificant. Average cell elongation is related to rheological behavior of gluten. The evidence agrees with the concept of the presence of a gluten-starch matrix and liquid lamellae around gas cells and their role in tandem to stabilize the gas cells in bread dough. Also, it is the expansion capacity of gas cells and not the number that controls the volume.
Isotope Effect in Molecular Tunneling

The intramolecular binding of carbon monoxide ($^{13}\mathrm{C}$$^{16}\mathrm{O}$/$^{12}\mathrm{C}$$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$^{18}\mathrm{O}$/$^{12}\mathrm{C}$$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ mixtures) to myoglobin at 20 and 60 K is observed with time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The binding rates (at \ensuremath{\approx} 1 ks) for the molecules $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$^{18}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ are in the ratio 1:0.84:0.65 at 20 K, 1:0.87:0.84 at 60 K. The large isotope effect confirms earlier evidence for molecular tunneling. The fact that $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$^{18}\mathrm{O}$ binds faster than $^{13}\mathrm{C}$$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ implies that structure effects are significant in molecular tunneling.
Abstract LB-185: Decreased LINE-1 methylation in peripheral blood is associated with breast cancer risk in the Sister Study

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Discussion Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-185.
Immunoelectron Microscopic Studies of Type C Virus Particles in ESP-1 and HEK-1-HRLV Cell Lines

A MONOLAYER cell culture (ESP-1) established with cells from pleural effusion of a patient with Burkitt lymphoma (American type) continuously produced virus particles morphologically similar to murine type C virus particles1. Earlier results1 of immunodiffusion tests suggest that the type C virus particles in the ESP-1 culture do not seem to have the group specific (gs-1) antigen of the known animal leukaemia viruses. These immunodiffusion tests also did not show the gs-3 antigen common to the viruses of leukaemia of mouse, hamster, rat, and cat.
Phylogeny of Nuclear-Encoded Plastid-Targeted Proteins Supports an Early Divergence of Glaucophytes within Plantae

The phylogenetic position of the glaucophyte algae within the eukaryotic supergroup Plantae remains to be unambiguously established. Here, we assembled a multigene data set of conserved nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted proteins of cyanobacterial origin (i.e., through primary endosymbiotic gene transfer) from glaucophyte, red, and green (including land plants) algae to infer the branching order within this supergroup. We find strong support for the early divergence of glaucophytes within the Plantae, corroborating 2 important putatively ancestral characters shared by glaucophyte plastids and the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that gave rise to this organelle: the presence of a peptidoglycan deposition between the 2 organelle membranes and carboxysomes. Both these traits were apparently lost in the common ancestor of red and green algae after the divergence of glaucophytes.
A new mixed segment-puff approach for dispersion modeling

Abstract This paper presents a new mixed methodology for realistic and cost-effective simulation of shortterm air quality dispersion phenomena using the Gaussian formula. The method can be applied to shortrange, intermediate and, especially, long-range transport simulations. Pollutant dynamics are described by the temporal evolution of plume elements, treated as segments or puffs according to their size. While the segments provide a numerically fast simulation during transport conditions, the puffs allow a proper simulation of calm or low-wind situations. The methodology is incorporated into a computer package (AVACTA II, Release 3) that gives the user large flexibility in defining the computational domain, the three-dimensional meteorological and emission input, the receptor locations, and in selecting plume rise and sigma formulas. AVACTA II provides both pollutant concentration fields and dry/wet deposition patterns. The model uses linear chemistry and is applicable to any two-species reaction chain (e.g., SO2 and SO2−4) where this approximation is reasonable and an appropriate reaction rate is available.
Sensitivity of fitness to macroparameter changes: an analysis of survivorship and individual growth in sea urchin life histories

An analysis for an age-structured demography was conducted to explore the sensitivity of fitness to individual parameters of a growth equation (Brody-Bertalanffy) and a survivorship function (Weibull). Initial parameters were selected to simulate populations of sea urchins and include northern and southern populations of the temperate sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and tropical species such as Diadema antillarum. Results of the analysis are intuitively reasonable. Regardless of whether a population is increasing or decreasing, there would always be an increase in fitness associated with increases of: 1) the growth-rate constant, 2) maximum gonad size, 3) maximum lifespan, 4) the shape parameter of the Weibull function; and, decreases of 1) the age at first reproduction and 2) the ratio of number of recruits/spawn weight. If trade-offs are possible then improved survival characteristics and increased lifespan would be favored in declining populations. In general, relative sensitivity is dependent upon which parameter is varied in the simulations. The analysis shows which changes of parameters would bring about the greatest change in fitness but can not show trade-offs or design constraints. An example of trade-off in urchin life history is the relationship between the growth-rate constant, K and maximum lifespan, ω. A doubling of lifespan is associated with a halving of K.
Conflict in Retirement Communities: Applying an Analytical Framework

This article examines how conflict and change manifest themselves in leisureoriented retirement communities. An analytical framework for studying conflict in the communities is applied to case examples to illustrate the nature and variety of conflict in retirement communities. These case examples are drawn from observations conducted by the authors as well as from previously published reports in related literature. These examples indicate that for some residents, participation in community conflict is viewed as a kind of “recreation.” Most of the residents, however, tend to stay out of community conflicts. Unless their economic interests or style of life are severely threatened or a major change is involved, the residents will generally attempt to avoid situations resulting in conflict.
The use of multisensor data for robotic applications

The feasibility of realistic autonomous space manipulation tasks using multisensory information is shown through two experiments involving a fluid interchange system and a module interchange system. In both cases, autonomous location of the mating element, autonomous location of the guiding light target, mating, and demating of the system are performed. Specifically, vision-driven techniques were implemented that determine the arbitrary two-dimensional position and orientation of the mating elements as well as the arbitrary three-dimensional position and orientation of the light targets. The robotic system is also equipped with a force/torque sensor that continuously monitors the six components of force and torque exerted on the end effector. Using vision, force, torque, proximity, and touch sensors, the fluid interchange system and the module interchange system experiments were accomplished autonomously and successfully. >
The fall in household size and the rise of the primary individual in the United States.

The long-term fall in household size in the United States is discussed within the framework of the aging of the population, continuing as the effects of fertility and mortality decline accumulate. Using distributions of households by size from U.S. census data 1790–1970 and a components of change analysis on primary individuals for 1950–1974, household changes are related to demographic change for the periods 1790–1900, 1900–1950, and 1950–1974. Fertility and mortality declines have unambiguous impact on household size until the increases in primary individuals begin. But these, too, have a theoretically interesting, if indirect relationship to population structure.
Getting More out of a Job Plot: Determination of Reactant to Product Stoichiometry in Cases of Displacement Reactions and n:n Complex Formation

The method of continuous variation (often referred to as Job’s method) is an easy and common method for the determination of the reactant stoichiometry of chemical equilibria. The traditional interpretation of Job plots has been limited to complex association equilibria of the type nA + mB ⇌ AnBm, while little focus has been placed upon displacement type reactions (e.g., A + B ⇌ C + D), which can give Job plots that look quite similar. We developed a novel method that allows the user to accurately distinguish between 1:1 complex association, 2:2 complex association, and displacement reactions using nothing more than a pocket calculator. This method involves preparing a Job plot of the system under investigation (using regularly spaced mole fractions), normalizing the measured quantities (such as the concentration of AnBm or C for the above reactions) to their maximum value (i.e., at mole fraction 0.5), and determining the sum of the normalized values. This sum is then compared with theoretically predicted...
Treatment of Jones Fracture Nonunion with Isolated Intramedullary Screw Fixation

Although the treatment of acute Jones fractures is well described in published studies, the Jones fracture nonunion is more controversial with regard to treatment. Although nonoperative treatment is an option, surgery is the usual course. We conducted a retrospective case series of 7 patients (1 man and 6 women; age range 39 to 54 years), who were initially treated nonoperatively for acute Jones fractures. They went on to develop nonunions and were treated with intramedullary screw fixation. All patients had healed radiographically by 11 weeks postoperatively. One screw (14.29%) required removal because of irritation. None of the patients to date have experienced a new fracture. Our results indicate that intramedullary screw fixation alone without bone grafting is a viable option for Jones fracture nonunions.
Free-boundary problems arising in processing of semiconductors

In this work we discuss two free boundary problems which arise in semiconductor processing. The first problem is concerned with deposition of titanium silicide over a wafer, a process which results in three layers of chemicals: Ti, TiSi and TiSi2 and three free-boundary interfaces. The second problem is concerned with the growth of loop dislocations in crystal, which develop as a result of implanting impurities and rapid thermal annealing. Existence results and properties of the solutions are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Short-term climatic fluctuations forced by thermal anomalies

A two level, global, spectral model using pressure as a vertical coordinate was developed. The system of equations describing the model is nonlinear and quasi-geostrophic (linear balance). Static stability is variable in the model. A moisture budget is calculated in the lower layer only. Convective adjustment is used to avoid supercritical temperature lapse rates. The mechanical forcing of topography is introduced as a vertical velocity at the lower boundary. Solar forcing is specified assuming a daily mean zenith angle. The differential diabatic heating between land and sea is parameterized. On land and sea ice surfaces, a steady state thermal energy equation is solved to calculate the surface temperature. On the oceans, the sea surface temperature is specified as the climatological average for January. The model is used to simulate the January, February and March circulations. Previously announced in STAR as N83-14822
THE GREEN REVOLUTION: A DIFFUSION MODEL∗

ABSTRACT The diffusion of technological innovations commonly is viewed as an index of the geographic spread of economic development. This is tantamount to equating development with the physical growth of production forces, a rather misleading simplification of what is otherwise a very complex process. For example, the “Green Revolution'’has been heralded as the harbinger of economic modernization to rural India, but it has other far more fundamental implications for village life. By instituting changes in production relations, the Green Revolution is aiding in the transformation of an entire mode of production. The notion of privileged access to the means of production is important in understanding who adopts what under the emerging mode. This in turn bears upon the social distribution of the final product. The concept of “class rent'’provides a useful analytical framework to explore the interdependencies between class privilege and production activity.
The effect of curvature on the fields in a circular accelerator

Abstract A comparison is made between the electromagnetic fields in a circular accelerator and in the linear accelerator obtained by “developing” the circular structure. In both cases the fields are excited by a narrow gap perpendicular to the axis, and across which a constant radio-frequency voltage is applied.
The Berkeley reliability simulator BERT: an IC reliability simulator

Abstract BERT (Berkeley reliability simulator) is a CAD tool developed for the purpose of design for reliability. This paper describes its intended application, the physical models and approaches used to simulate the hot electron effect, oxide time-dependent breakdown, electromigration, and bipolar transistor gain degradation.
Characteristics of Ka band waveguide using electromagnetic crystal sidewalls

Electromagnetic crystal structures have been used as sidewalls in special waveguides for the frequency range 30 to 40 GHz. They have the effect of substituting high impedance surfaces in place of the normal conducting metal sidewalls. The objectives in so doing are to obtain uniform electric field across the width of the waveguide and to force the wave in the guide to adopt the nature of a TEM wave. The measured insertion loss of Ka band waveguides is found to be low. The dependence of transmission phase on the center frequency of sidewall resonance has been measured and indicates that tunable sidewall resonance will provide simple and low loss phase shifting systems.
Quantifying Stratospheric Ozone in the Upper Troposphere with in Situ Measurements of HCl

We have developed a chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for precise in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from a high-altitude aircraft. In measurements at subtropical latitudes, minimum HCl values found in the upper troposphere (UT) were often near or below the detection limit of the measurements (0.005 parts per billion by volume), indicating that background HCl values are much lower than a global mean estimate. However, significant abundances of HCl were observed in many UT air parcels, as a result of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport events. We developed a method for diagnosing the amount of stratospheric ozone in these UT parcels using the compact linear correlation of HCl with ozone found throughout the lower stratosphere (LS). Expanded use of this method will lead to improved quantification of cross-tropopause transport events and validation of global chemical transport models.
Low-affinity transcription factor binding sites shape morphogen responses and enhancer evolution

In the era of functional genomics, the role of transcription factor (TF)–DNA binding affinity is of increasing interest: for example, it has recently been proposed that low-affinity genomic binding events, though frequent, are functionally irrelevant. Here, we investigate the role of binding site affinity in the transcriptional interpretation of Hedgehog (Hh) morphogen gradients. We noted that enhancers of several Hh-responsive Drosophila genes have low predicted affinity for Ci, the Gli family TF that transduces Hh signalling in the fly. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, improving the affinity of Ci/Gli sites in enhancers of dpp, wingless and stripe, by transplanting optimal sites from the patched gene, did not result in ectopic responses to Hh signalling. Instead, we found that these enhancers require low-affinity binding sites for normal activation in regions of relatively low signalling. When Ci/Gli sites in these enhancers were altered to improve their binding affinity, we observed patterning defects in the transcriptional response that are consistent with a switch from Ci-mediated activation to Ci-mediated repression. Synthetic transgenic reporters containing isolated Ci/Gli sites confirmed this finding in imaginal discs. We propose that the requirement for gene activation by Ci in the regions of low-to-moderate Hh signalling results in evolutionary pressure favouring weak binding sites in enhancers of certain Hh target genes.
Seismic Energy Dissipation of Inelastic Structures with Tuned Mass Dampers

The energy transfer process of using a tuned mass damper (TMD) in improving the ability of inelastic structures to dissipate earthquake input energy is investigated. Inelastic structural behavior is modeled by using the force analogy method, which is the backbone of analytically characterizing the plastic energy dissipation in the structure. Numerical simulations are performed to study the energy responses of structures with and without TMD installed. The effectiveness of TMD in reducing energy responses is also studied by using plastic energy spectra for various structural yielding levels. Results show that the use of TMD enhances the ability of the structures to store larger amounts of energy inside the TMD that will be released at a later time in the form of damping energy when the response is not at a critical state, thereby increasing the damping energy dissipation while reducing the plastic energy dissipation. This reduction of plastic energy dissipation relates directly to the reduction of damage in the structure, and TMD is therefore concluded to be quite effective in protecting structures from suffering major damage during an earthquake. However, storing energy in the TMD is restricted if the structure becomes plastic at a small displacement level. In this case, the effectiveness of TMD diminishes, and the structural response becomes practically the same as those without TMD installed.
Distributional Language Learning: Mechanisms and Models of Category Formation

In the past 15 years, a substantial body of evidence has confirmed that a powerful distributional learning mechanism is present in infants, children, adults and (at least to some degree) in nonhuman animals as well. The present article briefly reviews this literature and then examines some of the fundamental questions that must be addressed for any distributional learning mechanism to operate effectively within the linguistic domain. In particular, how does a naive learner determine the number of categories that are present in a corpus of linguistic input and what distributional cues enable the learner to assign individual lexical items to those categories? Contrary to the hypothesis that distributional learning and category (or rule) learning are separate mechanisms, the present article argues that these two seemingly different processes---acquiring specific structure from linguistic input and generalizing beyond that input to novel exemplars---actually represent a single mechanism. Evidence in support of this single-mechanism hypothesis comes from a series of artificial grammar-learning studies that not only demonstrate that adults can learn grammatical categories from distributional information alone, but that the specific patterning of distributional information among attested utterances in the learning corpus enables adults to generalize to novel utterances or to restrict generalization when unattested utterances are consistently absent from the learning corpus. Finally, a computational model of distributional learning that accounts for the presence or absence of generalization is reviewed and the implications of this model for linguistic-category learning are summarized.
Venus’ night side ionosphere: Its origin and maintenance

A substantial nightside ionosphere has been observed on Venus by both Mariner 5 and Mariner 10. Major dayside ionic species such as O2(+) and other molecular ions have chemical lifetimes much shorter than the 244.3-day rotation period of the planet. Rapid transport of ions from the dayside to the nightside to the extent required seems most unlikely. Consequently, possibilities are investigated for local production of ions on the nightside itself. Constraints imposed by chemical lifetimes require atomic ions with low ionization potentials. It is suggested that metallic ions of meteoric origin are the positive charge carriers, and the plausibility of this mechanism is demonstrated. Other possibilities are examined and shown to be less likely. Meteor ablation on Venus, the aeronomy of metallic species, and the role of negative ions near the electron peaks of the atmosphere are discussed.
Solar generation prediction using the ARMA model in a laboratory-level micro-grid

The goal of this article is to investigate and research solar generation forecasting in a laboratory-level micro-grid, using the UCLA Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) as the test platform. The article presents an overview of the existing solar forecasting models and provides an evaluation of various solar forecasting providers. The auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model and the persistence model are used to predict the future solar generation within the vicinity of UCLA. In the forecasting procedures, the historical solar radiation data originates from SolarAnywhere. System Advisor Model (SAM) is applied to obtain the historical solar generation data, with inputting the data from SolarAnywhere. In order to validate the solar forecasting models, simulations in the System Identification Toolbox, Matlab platform are performed. The forecasting results with error analysis indicate that the ARMA model excels at short and medium term solar forecasting, whereas the persistence model performs well only under very short duration.
Efferent connections of the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat.

Electrolytic lesions were stereotaxically placed in the dorsal and ventral areas of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray in the cat. A dorsal angular approach was made so that mechanical electrode damage was contralateral to the lesion, or a posterior approach through the fourth ventricle was employed to avoid electrode damage. The brains were sectioned coronally and sagittally and stained with a modifield Nauta-Gygax or Fink-Heimer stain. Degeneration from the dorsal lesions was chiefly in a radial pattern to the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus and mesencephalic reticular area. Also, fibers angled out of the dorsal gray, crossed the midline and joined the commissure of the superior colliculus, some taking a ventrolateral course through the colliculi and others running ventrally along the borders of the gray. Degeneration was traced caudally to the cuneiform nucleus and adjacent reticular area. Rostrally, fibers traveled in the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus to the pretectal area, lateral habenular nucleus and finally, the posterior hypothalamic area. Ventral lesions showed the same radial pattern of degeneration and fibers in the superior colliculus commissure. Caudally, fibers could be traced to the cuneiform nucleus, reticular area and inferior olive. The rostral course of fibers in the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus was similar, though there were additional connections with the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the fields of Forel, and the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus.
Crossover patterning by the beam-film model: analysis and implications.

Crossing-over is a central feature of meiosis. Meiotic crossover (CO) sites are spatially patterned along chromosomes. CO-designation at one position disfavors subsequent CO-designation(s) nearby, as described by the classical phenomenon of CO interference. If multiple designations occur, COs tend to be evenly spaced. We have previously proposed a mechanical model by which CO patterning could occur. The central feature of a mechanical mechanism is that communication along the chromosomes, as required for CO interference, can occur by redistribution of mechanical stress. Here we further explore the nature of the beam-film model, its ability to quantitatively explain CO patterns in detail in several organisms, and its implications for three important patterning-related phenomena: CO homeostasis, the fact that the level of zero-CO bivalents can be low (the “obligatory CO”), and the occurrence of non-interfering COs. Relationships to other models are discussed.
Object and Apparition: Envisioning the Christian Divine in the Colonial Andes

There are surprisingly few sustained art historical studies of Andean miracle-working statues and the iconic paintings they spawned in the viceregal period. The field, it seems, has been caught in ...
The Application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy to the Remote Identification of Solids in the Solar System

The techniques of Fourier transform spectroscopy combined with large aperture telescopes and advances in detector technology now permit infrared (at a wavelength greater than 1 micron) observations of the surfaces of small solar system objects such as asteroids and satellites. The results demonstrate that this activity can produce important new compositional information related to the origin and evolution of the solar system. The detection of water ice in Saturn's rings and on some of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn confirm expectations that ices are important mineralogical components in the chemistry of the outer solar system. More recent studies of the mineralogical composition of the surfaces of asteroids provide a new observational link to the origin of meteorites and the early thermal history of the solar system. These results have been dependent upon supporting laboratory studies of the spectral behavior of ices and minerals to define the potential, and limitations, of the method. Since many of the astronomical observations have been exploratory in nature, prospects are good that continued refinement of the techniques will lead to additional insights.
SURFACE TENSION OF VARIOUS MOLTEN GLASSES

Surface-tension measurements were made on a series of molten glasses at 1200° and 1350°C, using the maximum bubble-pressure method. A base glass was chosen with the composition of 17.4% Na2O, 10.1% CaO, 72.5% SiO2, or 1.4 Na2O: 0.9 CaO:6.0 SiO2, to which 0.030 gram-atom of various elements in the form of their oxides was added. An increase in surface tension was produced by Li, Si, Ca, Ra, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Zn, Al, Mg, Ce, and Zr. A decrease was produced by Ti, Na, B, K, Pb, and V. The values at 1200°C ranged from 235 dynes per centimeter for the glass containing vanadium, to 320 dynes per centimeter for the zirconium-containing glass; the base glass had a value of 304 dynes per centimeter. The surface-tension values at 1350°C were generally slightly less. Surface-tension results for various analyzed commercial glasses are given also for temperatures of 1200° and 1350°C.
The changing structure of radiation oncology: Implications for the era of managed care

This report presents results from the facilities surveys that are useful for radiation oncology practices facing the challenges of managed care. Facilities surveys collect data from the entire census of facilities practicing megavoltage radiation therapy. Data include equipment, personnel, and patient load. The data presented show that most, but not all, facilities throughout the United States are adequately equipped in terms of highest energy treatment machine, type of treatment planning computer, simulation, and quality assurance programs. The data also present the variation in percentage of new cancer cases receiving radiation therapy and repeat patients as a percentage of new radiation therapy cases by census region. The data show trends in patient load per type of personnel from 1974 to 1994, including a marked decrease in new patients per therapist. The distributions of patient load per type of personnel for academic, hospital-based, and freestanding facilities in 1994 show that academic facilities are larger and treat more patients per treatment machine. Academic facilities used more therapists per machine than other facilities.
Axl, A Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Mediates Flow-Induced Vascular Remodeling

Intima-media thickening (IMT) in response to hemodynamic stress is a physiological process that requires coordinated signaling among endothelial, inflammatory, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, whose ligand is Gas6, is highly induced in VSMC after carotid injury. Because Axl regulates cell migration, phagocytosis and apoptosis, we hypothesized that Axl would play a role in IMT. Vascular remodeling in mice deficient in Axl (Axl(-/-)) and wild-type littermates (Axl(+/+)) was induced by ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA) branches maintaining flow via the left occipital artery. Both genotypes had similar baseline hemodynamic parameters and carotid artery structure. Partial ligation altered blood flow equally in both genotypes: increased by 60% in the right carotid artery (RCA) and decreased by 80% in the LCA. There were no significant differences in RCA remodeling between genotypes. However, in the LCA Axl(-/-) developed significantly smaller intima+media compared with Axl(+/+) (31+/-4 versus 42+/-6x10(-6) microm3, respectively). Quantitative immunohistochemistry of Axl(-/-) LCA showed increased apoptosis compared with Axl(+/+) (5-fold). As expected, p-Akt was decreased in Axl(-/-), whereas there was no difference in Gas6 expression. Cell composition also changed significantly, with increases in CD45+ cells and decreases in VSMC, macrophages, and neutrophils in Axl(-/-) compared with Axl(+/+). These data demonstrate an important role for Axl in flow-dependent remodeling by regulating vascular apoptosis and vascular inflammation.
School Discipline, Violence And Vandalism: Implications For Teacher Preparation

Historical and social perspective into the school discipline problem is presented along with several suggestions for a positive solution. This summary of the final report of the Senate Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency stresses the development of preservice and inservice teacher programs to prepare teachers to handle discipline, vandalism, and violence problems. (JMF)
Adjuvant‐induced inflammation of rat paw is associated with altered calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity within cell bodies and peripheral endings of primary afferent neurons

Local inflammation is associated with profound changes in the biochemistry and physiology of primary afferent nerve fibers and the central neurons responding to their signals. In some tissues, the neural changes accompanying inflammation include sprouting and cytochemical changes that are delayed several days after the initial injury. In the present study, we have analyzed the effect of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation in the rat paw on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR) in dorsal root ganglia and within tissue of the inflamed paw. We quantified the CGRP-IR within the L1, L4, and L6 ganglia, and in ankle, midpaw, joint and toe tissues. Analysis of the processed tissue revealed a significant increase in the percentage of CGRP-positive cells within L4 dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to an inflamed hindpaw six days after administration of CFA. There was a parallel increase in the number and staining density of detectable CGRP-immunoreactive fibers in periarticular and perivascular tissues of the inflamed digits and inflamed ankle. The other tissues of the paw, including epidermis and the regions surrounding the abcesses, did not have detectable changes in CGRP-immunoreactive fibers, despite tissue swelling and dystrophic changes in the foot that included loss of mast cell staining. These data demonstrate that local inflammation of the rat paw has delayed influences on the peripheral nervous system, in addition to a number of previously characterized acute effects. The alterations of CGRP-IR were focused around specific tissue types, such as joints and subdermal blood vessels, and absent from others, such as epidermis or in the areas surrounding abscesses. This suggests production of local factors within reactive tissues that selectively interact with nerve fibers to induce changes in CGRP-IR within the fibers.
Geomorphology: the research frontier and beyond —Introduction

There appears to be something inherent in the thought processes of modern-day humans that, as the calendar turns (whether it be from one year to the next, one decade to the next, or one century to the next), it is appropriate to examine what has happened in the past and contemplate what is likely to happen in the future. Although the circumstances of the calendar may trigger these actions, there must be more justification to engaging seriously in such an exercise than just the calendar itself. Is such the case for geomorphology? Were the editors of this volume, John Vitek and John Giardino, wise in their picking our approach to the 21 st century as an appropriate point in time to consider geomorphology's research frontiers? As pointed out by J.B. Thornes (1978) "...geomorphology and associated scientific disciplines are undergoing rapid and accelerated development throughout the world." Interestingly, this comment appears in the introduction of a book entitled "Geomorphology: Present Problems and Future Prospects" (Embleton et al., 1978). Certainly, developments during the intervening 15 years have continued to accelerate. Vast changes have occurred in: ( 1 ) the specific geomorphic topics studied, (2) the number of scientists practicing geomorphology, (3) the techniques used in geomorphic research, (4) areal coverage (including that of extraterrestrial bodies), ( 5 ) the amount of interdisciplinary collaboration, (6) the extent of international involvement, (7) the number of scientific articles published, (8) the number of geomorphology organizations that have been formed around the world, and (9) the number of conferences devoted to geomorphologic topics. Indeed, the conference (the Third International Conference on Geomorphology, Hamilton, Canada, August 1993 ) at which the papers in this volume were presented, represents a turning point in geomorphology. Following a successful regional conference in Ankara, Turkey in 1991, it became the first international conference to be held under the auspices of the International Association of Geomorphologists ( IAG/IGA), an association that was officially founded in 1989. Its founding followed many years of preparation including the holding of the first (Manchester, England) and second (Frankfurt, Germany) international conferences on geomorphology. At both conferences, each attended by over 600 delegates from over 50 countries, a cornucopia of research papers gave testimony to both the breadth and depth of geomorphologic research. Further, they demonstrated the rapidity at which geomorphology is evolving and provided hints at what the future holds. Wanting to formalize such hints, Vitek and Giardino assembled a set of papers that illustrate: (1) the potentials for further development in some of geomorphology's well established subdisciplines, (2) the dynamism of
Improvements to the variable aperture method for measuring the mode-field diameter of dispersion-shifted fibers

The variable aperture system for measuring single-mode fiber mode-field diameter is modified to provide accurate measurements of dispersion-shifted fibers. The system's numerical aperture (NA) is increased by using a spherical mirror and a large aperture wheel with 23 apertures out to 0.556 NA. Petermann's second mode-field diameter (MFD) definition is calculated with Simpson's rule numerical integration. The industrialized high-NA variable aperture method in the far field (VAMFF) system is accurate to within 1%, with a measurement standard deviation of less than 0.5%. Flexibility for measuring various fiber designs over a range of wavelengths is also a key feature. It is concluded that the industrialized high-NA VAMFF system is an excellent MFD measurement bench because of its precision, accuracy, and versatility. >
Structure Discovery from Sequential Data.

In this paper we describe I-Subdue, an extension to the Subdue graph-based data mining system. I-Subdue operates over sequentially received relational data to incrementally discover the most representative substructures. The ability to incrementally refine discoveries from serially acquire d data is important for many applications, particularly as computer systems become more integrated into human lives as interactive assistants. This paper describes initial wo rk to overcome the challenge of locally optimal substructures overshadowing those that are globally optimal. We conclude by providing an overview of additional challenges for sequential structure discovery.
Selling Bone Marrow — Flynn v. Holder

On December 1, 2011, in Flynn v. Holder, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the ban on selling “bone marrow” that is part of the National Organ Transplantation Act of 1984 does not encompass “peripheral blood stem cells” obtained through apheresis.
Infections of the Skeletal System

Infections of the skeletal system are caused by a variety of organisms and generally occur through two routes, direct inoculation or hematogenous spread. Treatment requires long-term antimicrobial therapy with or without surgery to remove devitalized bone, inflammatory debris, foreign material, and necrotic tissue. This article reviews the causative agents,common diagnostics, and nuances of antimicrobial therapy commonly used to treat infection. It also reviews the major classifications of skeletal infections (hematogenous bone infections, bone infection from exogenous sources, and septic arthritis), with details covering pathophysiology,clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis.
Naturalistic observation of athletic drug-use patterns and behavior in professional-caliber bodybuilders

Athletic performance-enhancing drug use is widespread. Awareness in the medical community lags because various athletic subcultures have not been penetrated by conventional medical literature. This report presents a current and comprehensive assessment of drugs used by professional-caliber bodybuilders to enhance athletic performance. The scale of drug use documented significantly exceeds all previous reports from athletic populations and indicates that this group is at significant risk for use. Drug-use patterns and behavior encompass multiple domestic, foreign, and veterinary agents to create “successful” training programs. The presence of interathlete and intersport communication at amateur and professional levels creates a wide application for this information in athletic settings. Since use may not be limited to the competitive athlete, a heightened awareness will aid practitioners in correlating clinical observations with accurate athletic drug-use information.
The emergence of boundary spanning competence in practice: implications for implementation and use of information systems

This paper investigates how an organizational competence in boundary spanning emerges in practice by drawing on the concepts of boundary spanner and boundary object. Using data from two qualitative field studies, we argue that in order for boundary spanning to emerge a new joint field of practice must be produced. Our data illustrate that some agents partially transform their practices in local settings so as to accommodate the interests of their counterparts. While negotiating the new joint field, these agents become what we call boundary spanners-in-practice who produce and use objects which become locally useful and which acquire a common identity-hence, boundary objects-in-use. Moreover, we show how boundary spanners-in-practice use various organizational and professional resources including the influence that comes with being nominated to boundary spanners' roles to create the new joint field. The conditions necessary for boundary spanners-in-practice to emerge are outlined and discussed, as are important implications for IS implementation and use.
The unfalsified control concept: A direct path from experiment to controller

The philosophical issues pertaining to the problem of going from experiment to controller design are discussed. The “unfalsified control” concept is introduced as a framework for determining control laws whose ability to meet given performance specifications is at least not invalidated (i.e., not falsified) by the available data. The approach is “model-free” in the sense that no plant model is required — only plant input-output data. When implemented in real time, the result is an adaptive robust controller which modifies itself whenever a new piece of data invalidates the present controller. A simple design example based on fixed-order LTI controllers and an L2-inequality performance criterion is presented.
Measurement and effects of polarization fields on one-monolayer-thick InN/GaN multiple quantum wells

Polarization fields associated with one-monolayer-thick InN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) cause shifts of the photoluminescence peak that depend on the GaN barrier layer thickness. Diffraction contrast and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy show that the InN QWs are well defined and coherently strained. Mapping of electrostatic potential using off-axis electron holography shows that the electric fields inside the GaN barriers decrease from ∼0.7 to ∼0.2 MV/cm as the barrier layer thickness increases from 5 to 20 nm. Atomistic tight-binding calculations agree closely with experiment, and confirm that changes in optical emission of these III-nitride quantum wells result from changes in the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization fields in the InN quantum wells and the GaN barrier layers. Overall, this QW system provides the basis for InN-based light-emitting devices operating across a useful band of wavelengths at room temperature.