cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption, Distribution and Endogenous Excretion of Zinc by Rats Fed Various Dietary Levels of Inorganic Tin and Zinc

Three studies were designed to determine the effects of various levels of tin (less than 1, approximately 100, approximately 200, approximately 500 and approximately 2000 micrograms tin/g diet) and zinc (approximately 15, approximately 30, approximately 52 micrograms zinc/g diet) on the metabolism of zinc by growing rats. Retention of zinc in tibia, kidney, liver and plasma was decreased significantly when rats consumed greater than or equal to 500 micrograms tin/g diet. Tibia zinc levels were also sensitive to lower levels of dietary tin, i.e., even 100 micrograms tin/g diet when rats were fed 51.8 micrograms zinc/g diet. Apparent absorption of zinc was significantly less when rats were fed approximately 200 or approximately 500 micrograms tin/g diet rather than a control diet containing 15.8 micrograms zinc/g diet and significantly less when rats were fed approximately 500 micrograms tin/g diet rather than approximately 200 micrograms tin/g diet with 29.7 micrograms zinc/g diet. The effect of dietary tin on fecal excretion of endogenous zinc and true absorption of zinc seemed to be dependent on the dose. Rats fed approximately 2000 micrograms tin/g diet lost significantly more zinc of endogenous origin in the feces than control animals. A significant decrease in true absorption of zinc was observed among those rats fed approximately 500 micrograms tin/g diet with 29.7 micrograms zinc/g diet. Increased consumption of zinc resulted in decreased apparent absorption of zinc, increased losses of endogenous zinc in the feces, and decreased true absorption of zinc.
Employee Views of Organizational Wellness and the EAP

ABSTRACT This study examined the influence on substance use of organizational wellness and of attitudes toward the EAP. We developed the Organizational Wellness Scale (OWS) to assess perceptions of healthy (e.g., respectful) and addictive (e.g., workaholic) work climates. Employees from a municipal organization (N = 780) who scored high on the OWS reported less personal and co-worker substance use and enabling behaviors, and more favorable attitudes towards substance use policies. Results suggest that, beyond the influence of the EAP, work site health may effect both individual and work group substance use. Using the OWS, health service providers could benefit from monitoring die impact of organizational wellness on individual and work group health.
On Behalf of Women Offenders

The argument on behalf of women offenders was made at least four decades ago at the National Conference on Corrections convened by then President Richard Nixon in response to the 1971 Attica Prison riots. Among many speakers, Dr. Edith Flynn delivered the only address on women offenders. In “The Special Problems of Female Prisoners,” Dr. Flynn noted that female prisoners were largely ignored. She supported her assertion with reference to the then-recent President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967), noting that not a “single paragraph or statistic on the female offender could be found in any of the material” (Flynn, 1971:113). She asserted further that the prevailing theories of criminal behavior were inapplicable to women and that the resulting lack of information had adverse implications for managing and treating female offenders. In the intervening years, research has put forward a clearer picture of how women become involved in the justice system and what their treatment needs are when they get there. However, there is clear reason to lament the arduously slow pace in which emerging evidence is impacting policies and front-line practices and services for women (Belknap, 2007; Belknap and Holsinger, 2006; Blanchette and Brown, 2006; Bloom, Owen, and Covington, 2003; Chesney-Lind, 2000; Holtfreter, Reisig, and Morash, 2004; Messina, Grella, Cartier, and Torres, 2010; Reisig, Holtfreter, and Morash, 2006; VanDieten, 2011; VanVoorhis, 2009). Attempts to fill the knowledge gap observed by Dr. Flynn were addressed initially by surveys of correctional programs (Glick and Neto, 1977) and of women offenders (U.S. Government and Accounting Office [GAO], 1979).Several classic qualitative studies followed over the ensuing decades (Arnold, 1990; Bloom, 1996; Chesney-Lind and
Occupancy and indoor environment quality sensing for smart buildings

This paper presents a technique to determine the occupancy and indoor environment quality (IEQ) in buildings by enhancing physical measurements from a distributed sensor network with a statistical estimation method. The research is motivated by the increasing demand for improving energy efficiency while maintaining healthy and comfortable environment in buildings. Features representing the occupancy level and the relative changes are extracted from a suite of sensors: passive infra-red (PIR) sensors, Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration sensors, and relative humidity (RH) sensors, which are networked and installed in a laboratory. An Autoregressive Hidden Markov Model (ARHMM) has been developed to model the occupancy pattern, based on the measurements, given its ability to establish correlations among the observed variables. The result is compared with that obtained from the classical Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), which indicates that the ARHMM estimation method performed better than the other two methods, with an average estimation accuracy of 80.78%.
The lungs in immature infants: how important is surfactant therapy in preventing chronic lung problems?

Seventy-five premature infants weighing between 600 and 3200 g were studied over a period of 1 year. All of the infants received surfactant therapy for hyaline membrane disease immediately after birth and, thereafter, up to four doses every 6 h. The roentgenographic findings in all patients were documented at birth and at 2 days, 7–10 days, and 21–28 days of life. Larger babies responded to surfactant therapy better than did smaller infants. The smaller infants, even after initial clearing, were prone to develop pulmonary edema and the bubbly lungs of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. These data suggest that small infants, while initially responding to surfactant therapy with clearing of their lungs, are still at considerable risk of developing chronic lung disease in the form of pulmonary edema and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. An explanation is offered for why this occurs; at the same time it is suggested that, in view of our findings and those in the literature, the problems of pulmonary edema and bubbly lungs be more clearly separated.
Complex zero strip decreasing operators

Abstract Let ϕ ( z ) be a function in the Laguerre–Polya class. Write ϕ ( z ) = e − α z 2 ϕ 1 ( z ) where α ≥ 0 and where ϕ 1 ( z ) is a real entire function of genus 0 or 1. Let f ( z ) be any real entire function of the form f ( z ) = e − γ z 2 f 1 ( z ) where γ ≥ 0 and f 1 ( z ) is a real entire function of genus 0 or 1 having all of its zeros in the strip S ( r ) = { z ∈ C : − r ≤ Im z ≤ r } , where r > 0 . If α γ 1 / 4 , the linear differential operator ϕ ( D ) f ( z ) , where D denotes differentiation, is known to converge to a real entire function whose zeros also belong the strip S ( r ) . We describe several necessary and sufficient conditions on ϕ ( z ) such that all zeros of ϕ ( D ) f ( z ) belong to a smaller strip S ( r 1 ) = { z ∈ C : − r 1 ≤ Im z ≤ r 1 } where 0 ≤ r 1 r and r 1 depends on ϕ ( z ) but is independent of f ( z ) . We call a linear operator having this property a complex zero strip decreasing operator or CZSDO. We examine several relevant examples, in certain cases we give explicit upper and lower bounds for r ′ , and we state several conjectures and open problems regarding complex zero strip decreasing operators.
Effects of pulvinar inactivation on spatial decision-making between equal and asymmetric reward options

The ability to selectively process visual inputs and to decide between multiple movement options in an adaptive manner is critical for survival. Such decisions are known to be influenced by factors such as reward expectation and visual saliency. The dorsal pulvinar connects to a multitude of cortical areas that are involved in visuospatial memory and integrate information about upcoming eye movements with expected reward values. However, it is unclear whether the dorsal pulvinar is critically involved in spatial memory and reward-based oculomotor decision behavior. To examine this, we reversibly inactivated the dorsal portion of the pulvinar while monkeys performed a delayed memory saccade task that included choices between equally or unequally rewarded options. Pulvinar inactivation resulted in a delay of saccade initiation toward memorized contralesional targets but did not affect spatial memory. Furthermore, pulvinar inactivation caused a pronounced choice bias toward the ipsilesional hemifield when the reward value in the two hemifields was equal. However, this choice bias could be alleviated by placing a high reward target into the contralesional hemifield. The bias was less affected by the manipulation of relative visual saliency between the two competing targets. These results suggest that the dorsal pulvinar is involved in determining the behavioral desirability of movement goals while being less critical for spatial memory and reward processing.
Transmission of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) with type D retrovirus isolated from saliva or urine.

AbstractSaliva and urine specimens from rhesus monkeys with SAIDS were found to contain a type D retrovirus related to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) which has been linked etiologically to SAIDS. Virus i so1ates from sal i va and uri ne were shown to have the characteristics of the SAIDS agent by their reverse transcriptase divalent cation preference for synthetic template-primers, production of characteristic cytopathology in Raji cells and antigenic relat.edness to MPMV as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competition radioimmunoassay (RIA). Electron micrographs of parot id tissue from an anima1 with SAIDS also showed budding particles with type D retrovirus morphology. A tissue culture grown virus isolate from urine of an animal with SAIDS, produced SAIDS when inoculated into two normal juvenile rhesus monkeys. Since saliva and urine of monkeys with SAIDS contain infectious SAIDS virus, they are 1ikely sources of virus by which the disease is naturally transmitted. Thus, car...
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induces bursts of calcium release inside Limulus ventral photoreceptors.

Abstract Injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsO 3 ) into dark-adapted Limulus ventral photoreceptors produces a series of discrete bursts of membrane depolarization. Prior injection of aequorin, a luminescent calcium indicator, reveals that the bursts of depolarization are accompanied by individual bursts of intracellular calcium elevation with a similar time course. Reduction of extracellular calcium increased rather than decreased the InsP 3 -induced rise in calcium. These results suggest that small numbers of InsP 3 molecules can trigger discrete and rapid releases of large amounts of calcium from intracellular stores. In some cells, InsP 3 injection induces a delayed and prolonged elevation of intracellular calcium in addition to the brief bursts.
PLASMA GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULE FUNCTION. |[bull]| 2215

Extracellular glutathione peroxidase (EGPx) is a unique seleno-enzyme found in plasma and other extracellular fluids. Based on the disappearance of plasma EGPx activity in nephrectomized animals and the high level of EGPx mRNA in renal tissue, it was previously concluded that the kidney was the major source of plasma EGPx activity. We have previously shown that humans with renal failure receiving chronic dialysis treatment possess 42% plasma GPx activity. We examined the effect of nephrectomy and renal transplantation on plasma GPx activity. Nephrectomized patients have 22% plasma GPx activity, which increases to ≥ 100% of normal within 2 weeks following transplantation.In situ hybridization studies have shown that EGPx message is predominantly localized to the proximal convoluted tubules. We have determined that the EGPx mRNA is localized specifically to the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules. We therefore examined the effect of nephrotoxic agents known to affect proximal tubule function. In rabbits, a nephrotoxic dose of cephaloglycin (300 mg/kg) caused a 52% decrease in plasma GPx activity within 24 hours. This effect was prevented by concomitant treatment with probenecid. Patients receiving ifosfamide chemotherapy were found to have lower levels of plasma GPx activity. Three patients with Fanconi syndrome associated with ifosfamide therapy had 50, 56, and 23% of control plasma GPx activity. After resolution of the Fanconi syndrome in one patient, plasma GPx activity returned to normal within one month. We speculate that plasma GPx activity may be a sensitive and early indicator of damage to renal proximal tubules.
Robust TCP stream reassembly in the presence of adversaries

There is a growing interest in designing high-speed network devices to perform packet processing at semantic levels above the network layer. Some examples are layer-7 switches, content inspection and transformation systems, and network intrusion detection/prevention systems. Such systems must maintain per-flow state in order to correctly perform their higher-level processing. A basic operation inherent to per-flow state management for a transport protocol such as TCP is the task of reassembling any out-of-sequence packets delivered by an underlying unreliable network protocol such as IP. This seemingly prosaic task of reassembling the byte stream becomes an order of magnitude more difficultto soundly execute when conducted in the presence of an adversary whose goal is to either subvert the higher-level analysis or impede the operation of legitimate traffic sharing the same network path. We present a design of a hardware-based high-speed TCP reassembly mechanism that is robust against attacks. It is intended to serve as a module used to construct a variety of network analysis systems, especially intrusion prevention systems. Using trace-driven analysis of out-of-sequence packets, we first characterize the dynamics of benign TCP trafficand show how we can leverage the results to design a reassembly mechanism that is efficient when dealing with non-attack traffic. We then refine the mechanism to keep the system effective in the presence of adversaries. We show that although the damage caused by an adversary cannot be completely eliminated, it is possible to mitigate the damage to a great extent by careful design and resource allocation. Finally, we quantify the trade-off between resource availability and damage from an adversary in terms of Zombie equations that specify, for a given configuration of our system, the number of compromised machines an attacker must have under their control in order to exceed a specified notion of "acceptablecollateral damage."
Local and superlinear convergence for truncated iterated projections methods

Least change secant updates can be obtained as the limit of iterated projections based on other secant updates. We show that these iterated projections can be terminated or truncated after any positive number of iterations and the local and the superlinear rate of convergence are still maintained. The truncated iterated projections method is used to find sparse and symmetric updates that are locally and superlinearly convergent.
Characterization of Cord Fatigue in Tires

Abstract Fatigue in tire cords causes a linear loss of cord tensile strength with mileage and an increased fiber torsional stiffness. The loss in cord strength is centered mainly in the flex zone. The loss of cord strength stems from broken filaments and from a small loss of fiber strength throughout the tire. The lowered fiber strength is attributed to a lowered D.P., and does not appear to be connected with the broken filaments observed in the flex zone. The cause of the broken filaments has not been resolved. However, studies show that it is not due to abrasion or heat degradation. It was found possible to duplicate tire fatigue characteristics in the laboratory by causing cords to go through an extension-compression cycle approximately equivalent to the one in tires. Under these conditions, the Goodrich disk-type tester showed the same relative rate of strength loss for rayon and cotton cords as was found in a passenger tire fleet test.
Scheduling real-time computations with separation constraints

Abstract Given a graph and a positive integer k, the Separation Problem is to find a linear layout for the vertices such that each pair of adjacent vertices has a distance of at least k in the layout. A polynomial time algorithm has been studied earlier for the special case when the graph is a directed forest. In this paper, we study the problem when the roots of the trees in the forest have different constraints on their earliest starting positions. We present an O(n log n) algorithm for the problem with n vertices in the forest. We then use the algorithm to schedule real-time jobs with minimum distance constraints.
Egg Albumen Proteins Interactions in an Angel Food Cake System

The foaming properties of six albumen proteins were tested singly and in combinations in an angel food cake system. Physicochemical characteristics and foamability of the protein solutions and volume of cakes were determined. Solutions containing only globulins had good foaming properties and produced a large cake with excellent texture. Solutions of ovalbumin incorporated air after a long whip time and produced a large, coarse textured cake. Ovomucin, lysozyme, ovomucoid, and conalbumin had little or no foaming capacity. Association of ovomucin with globulins favored foam formation; however, cake volume was drastically reduced. Lysozyme, by complexing with ovomucin, depressed foaminess of the protein solutions but considerably larger cakes were produced. Lack of heat coagulative properties of the protein film was primarily responsible for low cake volumes.
Escherichia coli strains with modified RNase II activity: isolation and properties.

In a search for Escherichia coli strains defective in ribonuclease activity, a uracil requiring strain lacking RNase I activity was fed yeast RNA as the sole source of uracil and mutants that failed to utilize yeast RNA as the sole source of uracil were isolated. Among thirty colonies thus isolated and tested three were found to contain a heat labile RNase activity in cell free extracts. (Assays were performed under conditions for RNase II.) Since no strain completely lacking this RNase activity was found, and since these three strains have reduced growth rates that seem to be caused by the same mutation that altered the RNase activity, we concluded that RNase II activity is indispensible during cell growth.
Spectroscopic Measurement of a Long-Predicted Active Site pK in Iron-Superoxide Dismutase from Escherichia coli †

The accepted mechanism of Fe-containing superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) activity and inhibition by anions implies the existence of a group with a pK of 8.6−9.0 in the active site of reduced Fe-SOD [Bull, C. & Fee, J. A. (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3295−3304]. We have performed pH titrations of reduced Fe-SOD by NMR spectroscopy and observe a pK of 8.5 at 30 °C which is the only pK affecting the active site between pH 5.5 and 10.5. Thus, we present the first spectroscopic evidence of the predicted pK. Although the pK is associated with chemical shift changes for almost all of the resonances of the active site, resonance line widths and the T1 of a ligand proton are not significantly affected by the pK, indicating that there is no significant conformational change and only relatively minor effects on the electronic spin properties of Fe2+. The changes in chemical shift are probably caused by changes in hydrogen bonding to a ligand and attendant subtle perturbation of the Fe2+ paramagnetism upon loss of the ...
Smart money meets smart size

We examine the smart money effect from two dimensions – fund size and cash flow based on the US open-end equity funds. We find that positive cash flow portfolios earn significant four-factor alphas, and that there exists a quadratic relationship between positive cash flow fund size and abnormal returns. This is a departure from the pure small fund effect documented in the literature. Putting size and cash flows together, we are able to show that conditional on size, funds with higher cash inflows outperform funds with lower cash inflows, and that conditional on cash flows, smaller funds generally outperform larger funds. We conclude that following the money flows into mutual funds can bring higher risk-adjusted returns, especially when the money flows meet the optimal fund size.
Professional and Technical Communication in a Web 2.0 World

This article reports on results of a nationwide survey of alumni in professional and technical communication. It presents a series of snapshots from the results, including the types of texts written and valued, where those types are written, with and for whom, and with what technologies. A range of implications are explored.
Improvement in myocardial performance without a decrease in high-energy phosphate metabolites after isoproterenol in Syrian cardiomyopathic hamsters.

To determine the effect of isoproterenol on cardiac energetics and function in an animal preparation of cardiomyopathy, we studied Langendorff perfused hearts from Syrian cardiomyopathic hamsters. High-energy phosphate metabolites (phosphocreatine [PCr], ATP, inorganic phosphate [Pi]) and intracellular pH (pHi) were measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and correlated with left ventricular developed pressure, coronary flow, and O2 consumption before and during a 10(-6)M infusion of isoproterenol. Total intracellular calcium was also determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy with the use of potassium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate cobaltate as a marker for extracellular space. In cardiomyopathic hamsters, isoproterenol infusion increased mean developed pressure by 300% (p less than .005 compared with control; n = 5), O2 consumption eightfold (p less than .0005), and PCr by 40% (p less than .05). PCr/Pi ratio, which is analogous to phosphorylation potential, improved 100% (p = .05). In normal hamsters, isoproterenol infusion resulted in an 83% increase in developed pressure (p less than .001) and a 25% increase in O2 consumption (NS). However, mean PCr and PCr/Pi decreased by 30% and 50%, respectively (p less than .05 for both), during isoproterenol infusion. pHi decreased in normal animals (p less than .01), but tended to improve in diseased animals (NS) during isoproterenol infusion. Freeze-clamp measurements of phosphate metabolites correlated well with the nuclear magnetic resonance data. Intracellular calcium increased from 0.0102 +/- 0.002 to 0.144 +/- 0.030 mumol/ml heart water in normal hamsters during isoproterenol infusion. Cardiomyopathic hamsters had a markedly elevated baseline calcium content of 60.82 +/- 5.85 mumol/ml heart water due to the presence of dystrophic calcification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spinal cord stimulation and motor disorders.

Spinal cord stimulation has been investigated by us during the past 10 years in the treatment of various disorders of the motor system. The effectiveness was studied in 735 cases, including cerebral palsy (212), dystonia (129), torticollis (66), spinal cord injury (169), and degenerative diseases (159). Our resuits indicate that in properly selected patients, stimulating the spinal neural axis is therapeutically effective in the majority of the cases treated. Our data demonstrate that the level stimulated, the pattern and the polarity of the applied field, and the frequency of the stimulation are critical to achieve a satisfactory therapeutic result and must be individualized in each patient.
Characterization of the dopamine-responsive adenylate cyclase of bovine parathyroid cells and its relationship to parathyroid hormone secretion.

To investigate further the mechanism of dopamine (DA)-stimulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, we have identified and studied DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase in a particulate preparation of osmotically lysed dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. Adenylate cyclase was responsive to DA at concentrations as low as 0.3 μM, and the maximal stimulation in the presence of GTP was 2- to 4-fold that of activity with GTP alone. (-)Propranolol (1 μM) abolished the stimulation by (-)isoproterenol but did not inhibit the DA-stimulated adenylate cyclase, whereas a-flupenthixol (1 μM) inhibited DA stimulation but not that of (-)isoproterenol. The dopaminergic agonists epinine and BJ-dihydroxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene were nearly as effective as DA in stimulating the enzyme, while apomorphine displayed partial agonist activity. The dopaminergic antagonists chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and haloperidol inhibited the DA-stimulated adenylate cyclase. There was a close correspondence between the Ka values for DA and...
Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide modification, Lewis antigen expression, and gastric colonization are cholesterol-dependent

Helicobacter pylori specifically takes up cholesterol and incorporates it into the bacterial membrane, yet little is currently known about cholesterol's physiological roles. We compared phenotypes and in vivo colonization ability of H. pylori grown in a defined, serum-free growth medium, F12 with 1 mg/ml albumin containing 0 to 50 μg/ml cholesterol. While doubling times were largely unaffected by cholesterol, other overt phenotypic changes were observed. H. pylori strain SS1 grown in defined medium with cholesterol successfully colonized the stomach of gerbils, whereas SS1 grown without cholesterol failed to colonize. H. pylori lipopolysaccharide often displays Lewis X and/or Y antigens. Expression of these antigens measured by whole-cell ELISA was markedly enhanced in response to growth of strain SS1, 26695, or G27 in cholesterol. In addition, electrophoretic analysis of lipopolysaccharide in wild type G27 and in mutants lacking the O-chain revealed structural changes within the oligosaccharide core/lipid A moieties. These responses in Lewis antigen levels and in lipopolysaccharide profiles to cholesterol availability were highly specific, because no changes took place when cholesterol was substituted by β-sitosterol or bile salts. Disruption of the genes encoding cholesterol α-glucosyltransferase or lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase had no effect on Lewis expression, nor on lipopolysaccharide profiles, nor on the cholesterol responsiveness of these properties. Disruption of the lipid A 1-phosphatase gene eliminated the effect of cholesterol on lipopolysaccharide profiles but not its effect on Lewis expression. Together these results suggest that cholesterol depletion leads to aberrant forms of LPS that are dependent upon dephosphorylation of lipid A at the 1-position. A tentative model for the observed effects of cholesterol is discussed in which sequential steps of lipopolysaccharide biogenesis and, independently, presentation of Lewis antigen at the cell surface, depend upon membrane composition. These new findings demonstrate that cholesterol availability permits H. pylori to modify its cell envelope in ways that can impact colonization of host tissue in vivo.
Keeping in touch by technology: maintaining friendships after a residential move

Many observers have praised new communication technologies for providing convenient and affordable tools for maintaining relationships at a distance. Yet the precise role of mediated communication in relationship maintenance has been difficult to isolate. In this paper, we treat residential moves as natural experiments that threaten existing social relationships and often force people to rely on mediated communication to maintain their old relationships. Results from a 3-wave survey of 900 residential movers describing 1892 relationships shows that email and the telephone play different roles in social relationships. Email helps maintain social relationships, in the sense that relationships decline when email drops after the move. However increases in email are not associated with increases in the depth of the relationship or exchanges of support. In contrast, phone calls help movers grow relationships and exchange social support.
The counter-current transfer of prostaglandin in the ewe.

Abstract Section of the ovarian artery distal to the region where the counter-current transfer of prostaglandin F 2α is believed to take place did not interrupt the estrous cycle. A question is raised as to the role of the counter-current transfer mechanism in luteolysis.
Proportion of informative families for genetic counseling with linked marker genes.

The utility of linked marker genes for genetic counseling depends on the gene frequencies and dominance relationship at the marker locus as well as on the recombination value between the marker and disease gene loci. A quantity called the proportion of informative families was introduced to measure the effect of gene frequencies and dominance relationship on the utility of marker genes. This proportion is higher for X-linked genes than for autosomal genes, other things being equal. It is also higher for codominant markers than for marker genes with dominance. It is shown that when gene frequencies are appropriate linked marker genes are quite useful for genetic counseling. Examples are given by using real data on G6PD, colorblindness, the ABO blood groups,etc.
Reflection of Sound

The losses in the reflection of sound on solids are investigated. The heat conduction of the solid disturbs the temperature distribution in the gas and sets up a temperature wave. The fact that the pressure in the gas near the wall is no longer in phase with the density results in a heating of the gas on the wall. The effect amounts to a few percent for a million cycles. The scattering of the molecules on the wall, the scattering of the sound waves by uneven places, the effect of adsorption are also investigated. They become important only at higher frequencies.
Consumer preferences for food safety attributes: A market segment approach

Market segments for fresh produce are developed based on consumer preferences for food safety and other product attributes. Conjoint analysis was used to determine consumer preferences and cluster analysis was used to identify the market segments. The results indicate that a majority of consumers would be willing to pay a modest price premium for a program that would certify and label produce as complying with established food safety regulations. A small market segment for produce grown with limited pesticide usage was also identified. ©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Supergraph analysis of the ultraviolet finiteness of gauge supersymmetry

Abstract The detailed proof of the ultraviolet finiteness of the S -matrix of gauge supersymmetry for internal symmetry index N ⩾ 2 is presented (where 4 N is the number of Fermi coordinates in superspace). The theorem is established to arbitrary loop order in the linearized harmonic gauge when the spontaneous symmetry breaking of gauge supersymmetry preserves global supersymmetry. The asymptotic properties in the deep euclidean region of the tree-approximation propagators are calculated. These enter importantly in the derivation of the theorem.
The Penetration of Particles Associated with Cosmic-Ray Stars

A second series of measurements has been made at Climax, Colorado (elevation 3510 meters), of the particles associated with nuclear explosions, or stars, in a thin-walled ionization chamber. The associated particles were detected by observing coincidences between the ion chamber and appropriately placed trays of Geiger counters. The experiment was planned in such a way as to distinguish between those particles which are products of nuclear disintegrations which emerge from the ion chamber and those particles which are incident in the atmosphere in association with the particles producing the stars. Absorption measurements were made of both the low energy and penetrating product particles. There was no conclusive evidence indicating the presence of electrons or photons among the disintegration products. The absorption mean free path in lead was not exponential but increased to 190\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at the maximum of eight inches of lead. Absorption measurements of the associated particles which are not disintegration products of the stars indicate that they are parts of local penetrating showers having mean free paths greater than 500 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Absorber placed over the ion chamber produced bursts of electrons in the chamber whose number greatly exceeded that of extensive air showers. These bursts have been tentatively identified with narrow air showers.
Longitudinal study on pediatric dyslipidemia in population-based claims database.

Purpose To examine the rate of lipid testing among children from a large US medical insurance claims database, describe the characteristics of pediatric dyslipidemia, and assess the sensitivity of the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for identifying dyslipidemic children. Methods This retrospective cohort study used the claims data from the Integrated Healthcare Information Services (IHCIS), for the years 2003–2006. Two study cohorts consisted of children with laboratory-defined and diagnosis/treatment-defined dyslipidemia, respectively. They were compared to age- and gender-matched children without dyslipidemia, with respect to co-morbidities during the 6-month prior to and 12-month after the first dyslipidemic laboratory value or diagnosis/treatment. Results Seven per cent of the children who had laboratory values available in the database had a cholesterol test during the study period. Only 15% of laboratory-defined children (n = 23 475) had a dyslipidemia diagnosis. Cholesterol-modifying medications were rarely prescribed. Substantially more laboratory-defined children than their comparators were obese (8 times), had diabetes mellitus (10 times), or had hypertension (5 times). These co-morbidities were even higher among diagnosis/treatment-defined children. Conclusions The rate of lipid testing among children was low. The ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes showed low sensitivity against laboratory definitions. Though only a small proportion of dyslipidemic children were diagnosed or treated with a medication, co-morbidities associated with dyslipidemia were common. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsed laser annealing of P3HT/PCBM organic solar cells

A pulsed laser heating method has been investigated as a thermal annealing process for the improvement of P3HT/PCBM organic solar cell performance. We have shown that pulsed laser annealing can be used as an alternative to hot-plate annealing and produces comparable photovoltaic properties in P3HT/PCBM organic solar cells. Performance improvements can be achieved by irradiating either the ITO or aluminum electrodes. The increases in efficiency with laser annealing are due to increases in short circuit current density. Also, we have shown that morphology changes induced by rapid laser heating and cooling are similar to slower hot-plate annealing.
A programming solution to certain problems with loops in Prolog

Representing transitive relations in the obvious way in Prolog results in unwanted loops. A programming solution to this problem is provided and limitations and possible extension of this solution to other looping problems is discussed.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF ANESTHESIA IN GOLDFISH.

The anesthetizing concentrations in water of diethyl ether, chloroform, halothane (CF_3CClBrH), and methaxyflurane (CHCl_2CF_2OCH_3) have been determined for temperature-acclimated goldfish (Carassius auratus) at 5° to 30°C. At 20°C, the concentrations that anesthetize 50 percent of the fish are 2160, 167, 76.4, and 57.0 mg/ liter, respectively; the corresponding partial pressures are 13.0, 3.36, 4.12, and 0.67 mm-Hg. The anesthetizing partial pressures increase with body temperature, with enthalpies of 8.6, 13.2, 12.5, and 12.3 kcal/ mole, respectively.
Effect of food type and placement on earthworm (Aporrectodea tuberculata) burrowing and soil turnover

Subsurface-dwelling Aporrectodea tuberculata, a common earthworm in Upper-Midwest (USA) agricultural fields, may be a significant component of agroeco-systems with regard to soil mixing and preferential transport of water and chemicals. In this study we looked at effects of food residue placement and food type on A. tuberculata burrowing and soil turnover in two-dimensional Evans box microcosms. Four food residue placements mimicked patterns induced by primary tillage and two food types, readily available and natural food sources, with no food as a control. An average earthworm population of 100 earthworms m-2 was calculated to generate 1058 km ha-1 of new burrows and turnover 7.9 Mg ha-1 of soil in 1 week of activity at 20°C. Burrowing was random until food sources were encountered, at which time burrowing appeared to center around the food source.
Dissection of the two transferase activities of the Pasteurella multocida hyaluronan synthase: two active sites exist in one polypeptide

Type A Pasteurella multocida, an animal pathogen, employs a hyaluronan [HA] capsule to avoid host defenses. PmHAS, the 972-residue membrane-associated hyaluronan synthase, catalyzes the transfer of both GlcNAc and GlcUA to form the HA polymer. To define the catalytic and membrane-associated domains, pmHAS mutants were analyzed. PmHAS1-703 is a soluble, active HA synthase suggesting that the carboxyl-terminus is involved in membrane association of the native enzyme. PmHAS1-650 is inactive as a HA synthase, but retains GlcNAc-transferase activity. Within the pmHAS sequence, there is a duplicated domain containing a short motif, Asp-Gly-Ser, that is conserved among many beta-glycosyltransferases. Changing this aspartate in either domain to asparagine, glutamate, or lysine reduced the HA synthase activity to low levels. The mutants substituted at residue 196 possessed GlcUA-transferase activity while those substituted at residue 477 possessed GlcNAc-transferase activity. The Michaelis constants of the functional transferase activity of the various mutants, a measure of the apparent affinity of the enzymes for the precursors, were similar to wild-type values. Furthermore, mixing D196N and D477K mutant proteins in the same reaction allowed HA polymerization at levels similar to the wild-type enzyme. These results provide the first direct evidence that the synthase polypeptide utilizes two separate glycosyltransferase sites.
Performance of the Los Alamos HIBAF accelerator at 17 MeV

Abstract The Los Alamos free electron laser (FEL) is being rebuilt with a photoelectric injector and 40 MeV beam energy for a lower emittance, brighter beam. Tests of the Los Alamos high-brightness accelerator FEL (HIBAF) system have been conducted including the photoinjector and first 17 MeV of acceleration. The photoinjector is designed to operate with a micropulse charge of 5 nC, peak current of 300 A. energy spread of 0.3%, and emittance of 50π mm mrad. Measurements of temporal and spatial beam characteristics have been made up to 10 nC per micropulse for both single micropulses and macropulses. The operational characteristics of the system components, e.g., drive laser and photoinjector are described. The results of beam and rf measurements are briefly presented and compared to simulation. The effects of nonaxially symmetric rf fields in the on axis coupled accelerator structure were observed and are discussed.
No We Can't!: Postracialism and the Popular Appearance of a Rhetorical Fiction

This article explores the idea of “postracialism” as it circulated during the candidacy and election of President Barack Obama. Treating postracialism as a visual discourse, I recount a history of post-race moments through depictions of African Americans and describe the visual metaphors used to relay the idea through popular and political commentaries. Using Foss's (1994) rhetorical schema for the evaluation of visual imagery, I critique the New York Post “Stimulus Cartoon” and the New York Magazine “Politics of Fear” caricature as representatives of the contemporary postracial climate. These images represent the complicated visual culture of postracialism and the types of cultural tropes that circulate to support its logic. Examining the visual rhetoric of postracialism, I argue that the discourse is unable to communicate race in new ways because its contrived attempt at colorblindness (specific to Blackness) continually relies on a periphery view of the racial past. Whether using a comparative frame fo...
Correlation of electrocorticographic to clinical seizure onset and interhemispheric propagation times in temporal lobe epilepsy

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that, in human temporal lobe epilepsy, electrocorticographic time factors involved in the ictal EEG to clinical ictal transition (electrocorticographic to clinical seizure onset time, ECOT) and the interhemispheric propagation of epileptic activity (interhemispheric propagation time, IHPT), which are independently correlated with temporal lobe epileptogenicity and predictive of seizure-free outcome following temporal lobectomy, are correlated with one another in a quantitative fashion. A series of 37 patients with medically intractable temporal lobe seizures was studied with long-term subdural videoelectroencephalographic monitoring. Temporal lobe seizure interhemispheric propagation time (IHPT) was found to be a negative, exponential function of electrocorticographic to clinical seizure onset time (ECOT) (f(x)=8.201x10(-0.016x), r=0.347, d.f.=35, t=2.19, p<0.05, where f(x)=IHPT and x=ECOT). A small increase in ECOT was associated with a substantial decrease in IHPT and vice versa. The results suggest the electrophysiological time factor, ECOT, involved in the transition from ictal EEG seizure onset to clinical seizure onset, may determine the speed of interhemispheric propagation of established epileptic activity. The results suggest the interesting hypothesis that, in human temporal lobe epilepsy and, perhaps, under non-pathological circumstances, the human temporal lobe might possess a "time-labeling" function amenable to quantitative analysis.
Should hypertension be treated after acute stroke? A randomized controlled trial using single photon emission computed tomography

• Objective. —To determine if previously hypertensive patients with acute ischemic stroke should be treated with antihypertensive medication in the immediate poststroke period. Design. —Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting. —Acute-care teaching hospital. Patients. —Sixteen consecutive hypertensive patients (four men and 12 women; mean age, 66 years [age range, 46 to 83 years]) with middle cerebral artery infarction within 72 hours of onset and blood pressure between 170 and 220 mm Hg (systolic) and 95 and 120 mm Hg (diastolic). Intervention. —Placebo (n=6), nicardipine hydrochloride (20 mg [n=5]), captopril (12.5 mg [n=3]), or clonidine hydrochloride (0.1 mg [n=2]) given every 8 hours for 3 days. Main Outcome Measures. —Decline in blood pressure, change in cerebral blood flow as measured by single photon emission computed tomography, and clinical change as determined by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Results. —Blood pressure fell significantly in both the drug-treated group as a whole and in those patients receiving placebo ( P Conclusions. —Hypertensive ischemic stroke patients with a moderate elevation of blood pressure in the first few days may not require antihypertensive therapy. Nicardipine and possibly other calcium channel blockers may cause an excessive fall in blood pressure and impair cerebral blood flow in these patients and should therefore be used with caution.
The Predictive Validity of the Pharmacy College Admission Test as Compared With That of Other Academic Predictors

For the pharmacy class of 103 juniors who entered Oregon State University in 1974, the predictive power of entering grade point average (GPA) was compared with that of GPA combined with other academic predictors and with that of sections of the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT). A regression equation incorporating entering GPA, calculus grade, and grades in two sections of the PCAT was significantly more useful than entering GPA alone. A minimum sum of scores in three PCAT sections was found to be the most effective screen. Cross-validation efforts with new samples were strongly recommended.
Intracellular localization of carbonic anhydrase in rat liver and kidney tissues.

Abstract Evidence has been presented that the carbonic anhydrase is localized in the soluble fraction of rat liver and kidney tissue, and that it is not associated with any particulate cellular component obtained by the usual cell fractionation technique.
SYSTEMATIZING THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES

(Mr. Michalski, of the English Language Institute of the University of Michigan, has just returned from Peru, where he served as the English Teaching Specialist for the Education Division of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs. For the last four years he has been training and working with teachers of English in Peru, Chile, Puerto Rico and Bolivia.)
A Preliminary Investigation of Mental Health Needs and Barriers to Mental Health Care for Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan

Fifty female veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan completed an Internet survey related to their mental health needs, service utilization, and barriers to seeking mental health care within the Veterans Administration (VA) system. Veterans completed several self-report measures including the PTSD Checklist—Military, Center for Epidemiologic Scales—Depression, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist—21. The most frequently reported concerns for which participants indicated they needed counseling were depression, relationship issues, anxiety, and anger management. Although 78% of respondents reported that they felt they needed treatment in the past year, 42% of these individuals indicated that they did not seek counseling. Two commonly reported barriers to seeking mental health services in the VA were long waiting periods for appointments and prior bad experiences. Mental health concerns and symptoms of returning female veterans indicate the need for treatment, but a significant gap remains in the self-reported need for assistance and seeking of services.
Lower bound on the critical energy for the onset of chaos and the chaotic dynamical aperture of large accelerators

A generic nonintegrable Hamiltonian system is characterized by a critical energy above which chaotic motion sets in. A general method of finding a lower bound to this critical energy that does not require a solution of the equations of motion is discussed. Below the critical energy, the motion is regular everywhere on the energy surface and no instabilities can develop. The method is applied to a practical situation encountered in modern large accelerators, where the transverse motion of the particles in an arrangement of quadrupole, sextupole, and octupole magnetic elements may become chaotic. The chaotic dynamical aperture of the beam is calculated as a function of a dimensionless strength parameter. The estimated critical energy is compared with that obtained from detailed studies of the Poincar\'e sections of the above system at various energies.