cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liposomal delivery of heat-shock protein 72 into the heart prevents endotoxin-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction.

Background: The purposes of this study were to (1) determine whether functional heat-shock protein 72 (HSP-72) may be delivered into the heart, (2) determine whether HSP-72 itself is protective against endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-induced cardiodepression, and (3) compare relative protection and time courses required for protection for thermally induced HSP-72 versus liposomally introduced HSP-72. Methods: HSP-72 was introduced (liposomal HSP-72) or induced (heat shock, 42°C× 15 minutes, 24 hours before) in rat heart before LPS administration (0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal or ex vivo coronary infusion). Western blot analysis for HSP-72 was used to confirm its expression. Left ventricular developed pressure (Langendorff) was used as an index of cardiac function. Results: Direct intracoronary perfusion of liposomal HSP-72 delivered functioning HSP-72 into the myocardium. LPS induced cardiodepression; however, heat shock pretreatment abolished LPS-induced contractile dysfunction. A direct connection was found between HSP-72 and protection derived from liposomal transfer experiments that similarly reduced LPS-induced cardiodepression. Conclusions: (1) HSP-72 prevents LPS-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction, (2) liposomal transfer of HSP-72 into the myocardium provides the first direct mechanistic connection between myocardial HSP-72 and protection against LPS, (3) HSP-72 induction requires 24 hours and liposomal transfer of HSP-72 requires 90 minutes, and (4) HSP-72 may offer a clinically acceptable means of protecting the heart. (Surgery 1999;126:135-41.)
Surface morphology of GaSb grown on (1 1 1)B GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract The growth by molecular beam epitaxy of GaSb on (1 1 1)B GaAs surfaces is examined. Both thin nucleation layers and thick bulk layers were grown using on-axis and misoriented substrates by varying growth temperature and antimony overpressure. The resulting surface structures were studied by atomic force microscopy, revealing for the best layers – grown on the misoriented substrates – a stepped morphology displaying a very regular period.
Effectiveness and Relevance of Training for International Counseling Graduates: A Qualitative Inquiry.

The present study was a qualitative study that sought to examine the experiences and perceptions of international counseling graduates (ICGs) who had returned to their home country to work, focusing on the effectiveness and relevance of the training they had received in the United States. Participants were also asked to outline the roles they played in the development of professional counseling in their own country. Eight themes emerged from in-depth interviews involving nine participants: (a) Pioneering and Leadership, (b) American-centric Training, (c) Sojourner and Returnee Adjustment Distress, (d) Personal Investment from Trainers, (e) Student-Centered Training, (f) Time and Financial Constraints, (g) Independent Learning, and (h) Research. The data indicated that participants’ perceptions of the effectiveness and relevance of their training were mixed. Implications for training international counseling students are considered.
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation on Battery Electric Vehicle Dynamics and Energy Consumption Economy

This paper gives the evaluation method of the design scheme of power transmission system and builds the evaluation index system and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the index of dynamic property and energy consumption economy of battery electric vehicle. And the evaluation index system and evaluation model can be used to provide basis for the decision of the design scheme.
Dipetalonema viteae: effects of hypo- and hyperthermic stress on microfilaremia in the Mongolian jird, Meriones unguiculatus.

Abstract The effects of thermal stress on the numbers of circulating microfilariae of the filariid parasite, Dipetalonema viteae, in its host, the Mongolian jird, Meriones unguiculatus, was determined. The microfilaremia of each animal was allowed to stabilize, and the effects of stress were measured from this level. The ambient temperature was raised or lowered in 5C increments and maintained at each increment for a 24-hr period. Deep core body temperature of the jirds was recorded by the use of telemetry transmitters placed in the abdominal cavity. The transmitter signals were recorded on a Dynograph recorder. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 12, and 24 hr exposure to each ambient temperature, and microfilariae counted. Microfilaremial levels were then compared to numbers circulating prior to thermal stress. Both hypothermia and hyperthermia in the jird resulted in increased numbers of microfilariae in the peripheral blood. It is speculated that these fluctuations are changes in the percentage of the total microfilarial pool, and represent fluctuations of larvae being driven out of tissue and deep circulatory channels.
Selecting Research and Development Personnel for a Small Laboratory

In today's competitive labor market, it is not always a simple task to obtain research and development personnel. The engineering graduates from our colleges and universities are not sufficient to meet the staggering demands of American industry today. Providing the most competition to the smaller research laboratories for urgently needed scientific manpower are large industrial and governmental organizations. Even so, if both salary and working conditions are favorable, personnel can be procured for these smaller organizations. This presentation discussed these important factors in developing a research and development program: 1) What areas of research and development do you wish to follow, 2) what kinds of research and development workers should you employ, and 3) where should you get your manpower?
Potential Reduction of Forage and Rumen Digesta Particle Size by Microbial Action

Abstract Our objective was to examine direct effects of microbial action on particle size of feed and rumen digesta samples. The first experiment examined reduction of particle size during 48-h in vitro fermentation of rumen digesta from steers fed alfalfa hay or hay-concentrate diets. Distributions of particle size of material recovered on sieves were not altered significantly. A second in vitro experiment studied fermentation of a size-defined fraction of coarsely ground alfalfa hay. Over 50% of substrate dry matter and 37% of insoluble dry matter were digested after 48h. Logarithm base 10 of mean particle size was not changed; however, log 10 standard deviation increased linearly with incubation time. This was interpreted to indicate enough size reduction occurred to skew the distribution of particles without changing the mean. In a third experiment the same hay fraction was incubated for 96h in situ. Over 60% of substrate dry matter and 51% of insoluble dry matter were digested in 48h. Logarithm base 10 of mean particle size decreased with time of incubation; however, log 10 standard deviation was not affected. The 19% reduction of mean particle size in situ made only a minor direct contribution to total reduction of size necessary before passage from the rumen would be likely.
The Many Faces of International Adoption

Adoption is an old story with a new twist: international adoptions are reshaping American families and cultural landscape. In the long view, the authors believe international adoption is an immigration story that must be contextualized within research not only on individual adoptees, but within the waves of immigration that have altered American history.
Diamondlike Carbon Protective Coatings for Optical Windows

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) films were deposited on infrared transmitting optical windows and were evaluated as protective coatings for these windows exposed to particle and rain erosion. The DLC films were deposited on zinc selenide (ZnSe) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) by three different ion beam methods: (1) sputter deposition from a carbon target using an 8-cm argon ion source; (2) direct deposition by a 30-cm hollow cathode ion source with hydrocarbon gas in argon; and (3) dual beam direct deposition by the 30-cm hollow cathode ion source and an 8-cm argon ion source. In an attempt to improve the adherence of the DLC films on ZnSc and ZnS, ion beam cleaning, ion implantation with helium and neon ions, or sputter deposition of a thin, ion beam intermediate coating was employed prior to deposition of the DLC film. The protection that the DLC films afforded the windows from particle and rain erosion was evaluated, along with the hydrogen content, adherence, intrinsic stress, and infrared transmittance of the films. Because of the elevated stress levels in the ion beam sputtered DLC films and in those ion beam deposited with butane, films thicker than 0.1 micron and with good adherence on ZnS and ZnSe could not be generated. An intermediate coating of germanium successfully allowed the DLC films to remain adherent to the optical windows and caused only negligible reduction in the specular transmittance of the ZnS and ZnSe at 10 microns.
Bandwidth Efficient All-to-All Broadcast on Switched Clusters

We develop an all-to-all broadcast scheme that achieves maximum bandwidth efficiency for clusters with tree topologies. Using our scheme for clusters with cut-through switches, any tree topology can support all-to-all broadcast as efficiently as a single switch connecting all machines when the message size is sufficiently large. Since a tree topology can be embedded in almost any connected network, it follows that efficient all-to-all broadcast can be achieved in almost all topologies, regular or irregular. To perform all-to-all broadcast efficiently on clusters with store-and-forward switches, the algorithm must minimize the communication path lengths in addition to maximizing bandwidth efficiency. This turns out to be a harder algorithmic problem. We develop schemes that give solutions to common cases for such systems. The performance of our algorithms is evaluated on Ethernet switched clusters with different topologies. The results confirm our theoretical finding. Furthermore, depending on the topology, our algorithms sometimes out-perform the topology-unaware algorithms used in MPI libraries, including MPICH and LAM/MPI, to a very large degree
Influence of interfacial adsorption on the system constants of the solvation parameter model in gas-liquid chromatography

The influence of interfacial adsorption as a retention mechanism on the system constants of the solvation parameter model for the polar stationary phase poly(diethylene glycol succinate) was studied as a function of phase loading and temperature. The solvation parameter model provides reasonable models for sorption conditions (mixed retention) that are chemically sensible and only slightly less statistically sound that the partition models. Interfacial adsorption leads to a linear change in the system constants that can be predicted as a function of phase loading (volume) for high phase loadings (> 8%w/w) at a constant temperature. The changes in the system constants with temperature show the same trends for the sorption and partition models but with different slopes. As a unifying framework it is suggested that the retention properties of the interfacial region resemble those of the bulk solvent except that the interfacial region is less cohesive and the intensity of polar interactions are reduced. The impact of interfacial adsorption on the interpretation of stationary phase solvation properties, the estimation of retention for computer-aided method development, and the estimation of solute descriptors using the solvation parameter model is indicated.
Limits to pulse advance and delay in mode-locked lasers

A fundamental limitation on pulse advance or delay in mode-locked lasers is described by the impulse response of the intracavity bandwidth limitation, which is roughly equal to the inverse bandwidth (1/ωc) in seconds. In sync-pumped and active systems this restricts the allowable range of cavity-length mismatch for proper mode locking, explaining micrometer sensitivities in some cases. The master equation of mode locking cannot predict this behavior, which affects active, passive, and sync-pumped mode-locked lasers. We also note that the intrinsic recovery time of the pulse width τ in a mode-locked laser is (ωcτ/2)2 round trips, where [1 − (ω2/ωc2)] approximates the field response of the intracavity filter.
Metallothionein expression in invasive and in situ breast carcinomas

Abstract Background/Methods: The primary aims of this study were to examine the expression of metallothionein (MT) in 123 primary invasive breast carcinomas and the in situ components of these carcinomas and to assess the association between MT expression and certain socio-demographic and clinico-pathologic characteristics. MT expression was assessed using immunohistochemical procedures and semi-quantified using an immunoreactivity score. Results: Results showed that 57.7% of the invasive tumors and 43.3% of the in situ carcinomas in the study were MT-positive. Chi-squared analyses showed that MT expression was significantly higher in the tumors of women categorized as being of ‘other' race and of women with tumors of high histological grade. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that MT is a biomarker of tumor differentiation and aggressiveness and that MT expression may differ by race.
12C∗ and 8Be production in 12C + 208Pb collisions

Abstract The mechanisms involved in the production of fast α-particles in 12 C-induced reactions have been studied for the 12 C + 208 Pb system at the bombarding energies of E 12 c = 132, 187 and 230 MeV. Absolute cross sections for the reactions 208 Pb( 12 C. 12 C ∗ →α + 8 Be), 208 Pb( 12 C, 8 Be(g.s.)) and 208 Pb( 12 C, 8 Be(2.94 MeV)) have been determined by coincidence measurement of two or three correlated α-particles. Inclusive α-particle production cross sections were also measured at E 12 c = 187 MeV. It is found that the inelastic process ( 12 C, 12 C ∗ →α + 8 Be) does not contribute significantly to fast α-particle production but that the production of 8 Be by projectile fragmentation is an important source of α-particles. At the highest bombarding energy (230 MeV) it appears that the 12 C → 3α fragmentation reaction becomes more prominent at the expense of the 12 C→α + 8 Be fragmentation channel.
Retrospective study of cattle poisonings in California: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment

In this retrospective study all suspect bovine intoxications submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011 were reviewed. A total of 1199 cases were submitted, but a diagnosis of intoxication was only established in 13.5% of cases. In these cases, overexposures to minerals, metals, and poisonous plants were determined as the most commonly diagnosed poisonings in cattle in California. Nitrate/nitrite poisoning was the most commonly diagnosed plant-associated intoxication, followed by gossypol and oleander. This study details the diagnostic challenges and treatment options for the most commonly diagnosed intoxications. To ensure proper treatment and prevention of new cases, accurate diagnosis is necessary, and therefore this review provides an essential tool for the food animal practitioner. Available toxicological analyses are offered at select laboratories, which can be time consuming and expensive, yet the potential for residues in consumed animal products and implications for human health necessitate testing and consultation. Any potential exposure to a toxicant in cattle should be reviewed to determine whether a residue hazard exists. Therapy focuses on immediate removal of the toxicant from the environment and from the gastrointestinal tract. With few antidotes available, most are cost prohibitive to treat numerous affected cattle. In addition, most antidotes will require extra-label drug use and establishment of meat and milk withdrawal times.
Inhibition of N- and P-type calcium currents and the after-hyperpolarization in rat motoneurones by serotonin.

1. We investigated the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on whole-cell barium currents through calcium channels in visualized neonatal rat hypoglossal motoneurones (HMs) in a thin brainstem slice preparation. 2. High voltage-activated (HVA) currents were elicited by depolarizing voltage steps from -70 to 0 mV; low voltage-activated (LVA) currents were evoked using steps to between -30 and -40 mV from hyperpolarized potentials (< -80 mV). 5-HT (1.0 microM) inhibited HVA currents by at least 10% in 70% of HMs tested (n = 99); in those responsive neurones, 5-HT decreased HVA current by 22 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- S.E.M.). In contrast, 5-HT had no effect on LVA current amplitude in HMs (n = 7). 3. Calcium current inhibition was mimicked by 5-carboxamidotryptamine maleate (5-CT), a 5-HT1 receptor agonist, and by R(+)-8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT), a specific 5-HT1A agonist; N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine hydrochloride (TFMPP), a 5-HT1B agonist, was without effect. The effect of 5-HT was blocked by the 5-HT1A antagonist 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl]piperazine hydrobromide (NAN-190) but not by ketanserin, a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist. Although R(-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI), a 5-HT2A/2C agonist, mimicked the current inhibition by 5-HT, it was ineffective in the presence of NAN-190. These data indicate that 5-HT1A receptors mediate calcium current inhibition by 5-HT. 4. Following application of either omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CgTX) or omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA), to block N- and P-type components of calcium current, the 5-HT-sensitive current was reduced; 5-HT had no effect on the current remaining after application of both toxins. Thus, 5-HT inhibits both N- and P-type calcium currents in neonatal HMs. 5. Inhibition of HVA current by 5-HT was irreversible, and subsequent applications of 5-HT were occluded, when GTP gamma S was substituted for GTP in the pipette. In addition, inhibition of HVA current by 5-HT was relieved following depolarizing prepulses. These data indicate that inhibition of calcium channels by 5-HT is mediated by G proteins. 6. Under current clamp, both 5-HT and 8-OH-DPAT decreased the amplitude of the after-hyperpolarization (AHP) that followed action potentials, indicating involvement of a 5-HT1A receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
AFM study of lattice matched and strained InGaAsN layers on GaAs

We studied strained & lattice matched InGaAsN, InGaAs, and GaAsN layers, grown on GaAs substrate with gas source molecular beam epitaxy. Nitrogen concentration and lattice-matched condition have been established from Vegard's law with X-ray diffraction. Atomic force microscope measurement, at 22-monolayer thickness, shows different growth mechanism for each composition. Especially, a mesh-like surface morphology of lattice matched InGaAsN has been revealed in this study.
Sequential minimal optimization in convex clustering repetitions

Computing not the local, but the global optimum of a cluster assignment is one of the important aspects in clustering. Fitting a Gaussian mixture model is a method of soft clustering where optimization of the mixture weights is convex if centroids and bandwidths of the clusters remain unchanged during the updates. The global optimum of the mixture weights is sparse and clustering that utilizes the fitted sparse mixture model is called the convex clustering. To make the convex clustering practical in real applications, the author addresses three types of issues classified as (i) computational inefficiency of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, (ii) inconsistency of the bandwidth specifications between clustering and density estimation for high-dimensional data, and (iii) selection of the optimal clustering from several bandwidth settings. The extremely large number of iterations needed in the Expectation-Maximization algorithm is significantly reduced with an accurate pruning while choosing a pair of kernels and an element-wise Newton–Raphson method. For high-dimensional data, the convex clusterings are performed several times, with initially large bandwidths and succeeding smaller bandwidths. Since the number of clusters cannot be specified precisely in the convex clustering, practitioners often try multiple settings of the initial bandwidths. To choose the optimal clustering from the multiple results, the author proposes an empirical-Bayes method that can choose appropriate bandwidths if the true clusters are Gaussian. The combination of the repetitions of the convex clusterings and the empirical-Bayes model selection achieves stable prediction performances compared to the existing mixture learning methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 70–89, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Melting of a Slab of Semitransparent Material by Irradiation from an External Radiation Source

The paper reports on an experimental and analytical investigation of heat transfer during solid/liquid phase change in a slab of Semitransparent material heated by an external radiation source. Experiments have been performed with a test cell suitable for photographic observations using n-Octadecane as a phase-change material. An analytical model has been developed to predict the temperature distribution and solid/liquid interface motion during melting. The predicted interface positions agreed well with the experimental data. The predicted and measured temperature profiles were in good agreement, except for large incident fluxes and locations near the interface where the maximum discrepancy was about 4%.
What Do Policymakers Want From Us? Results of a Survey of Current and Former Senior National Security Decision Makers

What do the most senior national security policymakers want from international relations scholars? To answer that question, we administered a unique survey to current and former policymakers to gauge when and how they use academic social science to inform national security decision making. We find that policymakers do regularly follow academic social science research and scholarship on national security affairs, hoping to draw upon its substantive expertise. But our results call into question the direct relevance to policymakers of the most scientific approaches to international relations. And they at best seriously qualify the “trickle down” theory that basic social science research eventually influences policymakers. To be clear, we are not arguing that policymakers never find scholarship based upon the cutting-edge research techniques of social science useful. But policymakers often find contemporary scholarship less-than-helpful when it employs such methods across the board, for their own sake, and without a clear sense of how such scholarship will contribute to policymaking.
A new method of semigrand canonical ensemble to calculate first-order phase transitions for binary mixtures

First-order phase transitions of binary mixtures at the given pressure (P) and temperature (T) are studied by taking into account the composition fluctuations. Isothermal-isobaric semigrand canonical ensemble is adopted to find the relations among the total number of molecules, the composition fluctuations and Gibbs free energy density. By combining two identical subsystems of mixtures successively, the free energy density is transformed until being stable and its linear segments represent phase transitions. A new method is developed to calculate the phase equilibriums of binary mixtures. The method handles multiple types and number of phase equilibriums at single time and its solutions are physically justified. One example is shown for calculating the phase diagram of binary Lennard-Jones mixture. It demonstrates that the fluctuations of the total number of molecules in mixtures are fundamental behind phase transitions and the van der Waals loops in Gibbs free energy are reasonable.
Some recursive constructions for perfect hash families

An (n, m, w)-perfect hash family is a set of functions F such that for each f ϵ F, and for any X ⊆ {1,…,n} such that |X| = w, there exists at least one f ϵ F such that f|x is one-to-one. Perfect hash families have been extensively studied by computer scientists for over 15 years, mainly due to their applications in database management. In particular, much attention has been given to finding efficient algorithms to construct perfect hash families. In this article, we study perfect hash families from a combinatorial viewpoint, and describe some new recursive constructions for these objects. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cloning and Characterization of a 5′ Regulatory Region of the Prolactin Receptor-Associated Protein/17β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 7 Gene

Prolactin receptor-associated protein (PRAP) originally cloned in our laboratory was shown to be a novel, luteal isoform of 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 7 (17βHSD7). In this study, we cloned the promoter region of rat PRAP/17βHSD7 and investigated the mechanisms regulating both basal activity and LH-induced repression of this promoter. Truncated and site-specific mutants of PRAP/17βHSD7 promoter identified two enhancer regions that contained highly conserved Sp1 binding site and bound Sp1 from nuclear extracts of both corpora lutea and a rat luteal cell line. Repression of PRAP/17βHSD7 expression and promoter activity by human chorionic gonadotropin/forskolin was localized to a −52-bp proximal segment of the promoter. This region contained a conserved CCAAT site and bound nuclear factor Y; binding of this transcription factor was inhibited by human chorionic gonadotropin in vivo. Furthermore, mutation of the nuclear factor Y site in the −52-bp promoter-reporter construct abolished forskolin-mediated i...
Estrogen Regulation of Protein Synthesis in the Immature Rat Uterus: The Effects of Progesterone on Proteins Released into the Medium during in Vitro Incubations*

We have previously identified two major medium proteins secreted from the rat uterus during in vitro incubations that appear to be estrogen regulated. In this study, immature rats were treated with estradiol (E2) progestins, and actinomycin D. Medium proteins were analyzed after incubation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. E2 (1 μg) increased the synthesis of proteins with mol wt of 115,000 and 65,000. Progesterone inhibited this increase when given in doses of 500 and 250 tig and when given within 8 h of estradiol. Lower doses of progesterone were not completely inhibitory. When actinomycin D was given within 6 h of E2, it also inhibited the E2 stimulated increase. This system may provide a useful marker for monitoring hormonal action in the luminal epithelium and may help in understanding hormonal regulation of gene expression. (Endocrinology 120: 919–923, 1987)
Nissen fundoplication in the management of gastroesophageal reflux occurring after repair of esophageal atresia.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Gastroesophageal reflux is a major cause of complications after esophageal atresia repair. The suitability of the Nissen fundoplication in these patients is still disputed. Therefore, the authors evaluated the results of their prospective treatment protocol in those patients who underwent a Nissen fundoplication. Methods: From 1984 to 1996, 125 patients underwent anastomosis for esophageal atresia. A Nissen fundoplication was later performed in 29 patients. The prospective protocol included x-ray after 10 days, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. Forty-eightNhour pH measurements were performed between 6 and 12 weeks. Mean postfundoplication follow-up was at least 5 years (range, 2 to 13 years). Results: Two of the 29 patients died after the Nissen fundoplication from unrelated causes. A third patient was excluded from the study group. Nineteen of the remaining 26 patients showed severe stricture. pH-metry succeeded in 18 patients, showing pathological reflux in 17. In 24 patients the fundoplication was performed between 1 and 24 months (median, 4 months), in the other 2 patients much later. In 4 of the 26 patients (15%) the Nissen proved to be insufficient and had to be redone. The remaining 22 patients had no short-term or long-term complications. Conclusion: The authors' findings in this group of patients, comparing them with the results reported in the literature, indicate that there is no reason to change their prospective treatment protocol nor their policy to perform Nissen fundoplications at an early stage. J Pediatr Surg 35:573-576. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Visual-Spatial Aptitude in Elementary Education Majors in Science and Math Tracks.

Two standard measures of spatial aptitude (cube rotation and paper folding) were given to several hundred students majoring in elementary education at a midsize university. The population averaged 21 years of age and contained as many male as female members. The results of the tests were scrutinized by subject-matter concentration and sex, and compared to national averages for the activities. As expected, the men in the study significantly out-performed the women. In addition, the students with science and math specialties did better than students in other concentrations on the spatial tests. However, when the gender-concentration measures were examined together, it was found that the men and women choosing to specialize in science and math scored significantly higher on the tests than their non science-math peers. When the scores of the women in this group were compared to the men, it was found that there was no significant difference between them and their male colleagues. Furthermore, these women scored statistically higher than men in the study not specializing in math or science.
Family functioning, parenting style, and child behavior in kin foster care

Face-to-face interviews with 120 predominantly African American kin caregivers of children in the child welfare system revealed significant associations between family functioning and child behavior problems. Caregivers who reported healthier family functioning tended to report lower levels of behavior problems by the children in their care. Healthier family functioning related to roles and affective involvement were associated with lower levels of child behavior problems, but, surprisingly, less healthy family functioning related to behavior control was also associated with lower levels of child behavior problems. Caregiver ratings of their parenting styles were related to family functioning but not to their ratings of the child's behavioral functioning. Results of this study suggest several implications for child welfare practice and future research.
Improving MM-GB/SA Scoring through the Application of the Variable Dielectric Model

A variable dielectric model based on residue types for better description of protein–ligand electrostatics in MM-GBSA scoring is reported. The variable dielectric approach provides better correlation with binding data and reduces the score dynamic range, typically observed in the standard MM-GB/SA method. The latter supports the view that exaggerated enthalpic separation between weak and potent compounds due to the lack of shielding effects in the model is greatly responsible for the wide scoring spread.
A Behavioral Theory of Management

DIGEST OF THE ARTICLE: There are three types of managers. Technical managers strive to rationally produce the firm's output. Institutional managers cope with uncertainty in the environment. Organiz...
Commentary--Improving Federal health data: the essential partnership between researcher and policy maker.

The two papers by Blewett and Davern (2006) and Kenney, Holahan, and Nichols (2006) in the special section of this issue discuss the collection of large representative samples to monitor health, health care, and coverage of the population from the perspective of health policy researchers whose primary focus is at the state level. I approach this issue, not only as a health policy researcher, but as a former federal policy maker who was responsible for recommending to the Secretary of Health and Human Services how much of an investment the Department should make in federal health data collection and what type of information it should collect regarding health insurance coverage, spending, and access in the future. My goal is to provide the reader with an understanding of how federal policy makers view the relative importance and usefulness of federal health data collection and how these perceptions have influenced data collection to date and are likely to influence its prospects in the future.
Enabling testing of Android apps

Existing approaches for automated testing of An- droid apps are designed to achieve different goals and exhibit some pros and cons that should be carefully considered by developers and testers. For instance, random testing (RT) provides a high ratio of infeasible inputs or events, and test cases generated with RT and systematic exploration-based testing (SEBT) are not representative of natural (i.e., real) application usage scenarios. In addition, collecting test scripts for automated testing is expensive. We address limitations of existing tools for GUI-based testing of Android apps in a novel hybrid approach called T+. Our approach is based on a novel framework, which is aimed at generating actionable test cases for different testing goals. The framework also enables GUI-based testing without expensive test scripts collection for the stakeholders.
Comparison of Simulated Contrast Performance of Different Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) Coronagraph Configurations

We compare the broadband contrast performances of several Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph configurations through modeling and simulations. The basic optical design of the PIAA coronagraph is the same as NASA's High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) setup at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Using a deformable mirror and a broadband wavefront sensing and control algorithm, we create a "dark hole" in the broadband point-spread function (PSF) with an inner working angle (IWA) of 2(f lambda/D)(sub sky). We evaluate two systems in parallel. One is a perfect system having a design PIAA output amplitude and not having any wavefront error at its exit-pupil. The other is a realistic system having a design PIAA output amplitude and the measured residual wavefront error. We also investigate the effect of Lyot stops of various sizes when a postapodizer is and is not present. Our simulations show that the best 7.5%-broadband contrast value achievable with the current PIAA coronagraph is approximately 1.5x10(exp -8).
Prevalence and location of bone bruises associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury and implications for mechanism of injury: a systematic review.

Background Bone bruising is commonly observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.
Chylous Ascites: A Rare Complication of Thoracic Duct Embolization for Chylothorax

Thoracic duct embolization represents a safe and effective method to treat postsurgical chylothorax. Complications of this procedure are rare despite transabdominal puncture of lymphatic channels for thoracic duct access, and chylous ascites is unreported. Herein, we describe a case of chylous ascites formation after lymphatic puncture and attempted cannulation. Our management approach is also discussed.
Non-ergodic behaviour of Anderson insulators with and without Coulomb interactions

In some recent papers in which Monte Carlo methods have been used, it has been found that disordered Anderson insulators with Coulomb interactions may become glassy at low temperatures. This was in...
The effects of diets and age on the longevity of adult Drosophila willistoni infected with Nosema kingi

The effects of diets and age on the longevity of adult Drosophila willistoni infected with the microsporidian Nosema kingi were investigated. The studies revealed: (1), significant differences in the longevity of adult D. willistoni when the flies were fed six natural diets. The average life spans of the control flies on the diets tested were: 40 days on the orange-banana juice (OBJ); 36 days on the apple-grape juice (AGJ); 33 days on the orange juice (OJ); 31 days on the apple juice (AJ); and 29 days on both the regular stock (RS) and orange-banana apple-grape juice (OBAGJ) diets; (2), the life expectancy of adult D. willistoni was significantly decreased when the flies were infected with N. kingi. The differences between the life spans of the infected versus noninfected flies ranged from 2–10 days; and (3), the age of the fly at the time of exposure to N. kingi did not alter its ability to acquire the parasite. Differences in the life span of flies inoculated in different ages seem to exist, the ten days old group being in the best position.
MONITORING HIGH-RISK CARDIAC PATIENTS DURING TRANSPORTATION IN HOSPITAL

Abstract A completely portable, battery-operated system, encompassing the essentials of a coronary or intensive care unit, has been used with hospital trolleys to provide constant monitoring of patients during in-hospital transport. Fifty patients with suspected high-risk cardiac disease were monitored. Arrhythmias were frequent (84% of patients) during transport. 44% of those transported had arrhythmias which constituted indications for emergency therapy. This experience has shown that dangerous arrhythmias do happen in transport. At present, patients die soon after arrival at the hospital and during transportation to the wards. The approach described offers a potential means of saving these lives. Such a system also permits safe transport of critically ill patients for studies or procedures within the hospital without interrupting monitoring and with emergency resuscitation equipment readily at hand.
Xe 5s,5p correlation satellites in the region of strong interchannel interactions, 28--75 eV

The Xe $5s$, $5p$ photoelectron satellite spectrum has been studied in the photon-energy range from 28 to 75 eV with the aid of synchrotron radiation. This range includes the Xe $5s$ Cooper minimum, and the cross sections and angular distribution data demonstrate the importance of the strong two-electron channels in the region where the $5s$ cross section is small. Although the behavior of the satellites was not recorded over the $4d$ maximum, the data near 75 eV show an enhancement in the cross section in that region. The data underline the need of including the two-electron channels explicitly in the theory over a wide photon-energy range.
Heat transfer enhancement in the oscillating turbulent flow of a pulse combustor tail pipe

Abstract Heat transfer rates in pulse combustor tail pipes and in other reversing, oscillating, turbulent flows have been found to be much higher than those of steady turbulent flow. To elucidate the mechanisms of the enhancement, the temperature and velocity fields, measured with two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) and laser Doppier velocimetry (LDV), respectively, are compared. Time-resolved wall heat fluxes and Nusselt numbers are also presented and discussed. Possible causes for the heat transfer enhancement in oscillating flows are reviewed and discussed in view of the data presented in this paper and the recent literature.
Reliability for lifetime distributions

In the area of stress-strength models, there has been a large amount of work as regards estimation of the reliability R = Pr (X"2 < X"1) when X"1 and X"2 are independent random variables belonging to the same univariate family of distributions. The algebraic form for R = Pr (X"2 < X"1) has been worked out for the majority of the well-known distributions including normal, uniform, exponential, gamma, Weibull, and Pareto. However, there are still many other distributions for which the form of R is not known. We have identified at least some 30 distributions with no known form for R. In this paper, we consider the class of lift-time distributions (in particular, exponential and gamma) and derive the corresponding forms for the reliability R. The calculations involve the use of various special functions.
Games ad hoc networks play

This talk takes a critical look at the role of game theory in ad hoc networking. We consider game-theoretic formulations for modeling contention resolution, rate and power control, network formation, and network security. Results on the existence of equilibria, the complexity of finding them, and their structural properties will be covered. We discuss shortcomings of existing models, including assumptions on computational capability of the network nodes, the information available to each node, and the choice of utility functions. The talk will conclude with ideas to address these short-comings, and open problems in the area.
Perceptions of gangs among prosecutors in an emerging gang city

Abstract Gangs were a target of widespread political and social attention during the 1990s, and despite a short-lived lull in policy focus, gangs are recently receiving increased attention from policymakers. In spite of political concern about gangs, very little research had examined perceptions of gangs. By conducting face-to-face interviews with thirty of thirty-five county prosecutors, this study was among the first to examine prosecutors' perspectives of gangs in Gainesville, Florida, an area that could be considered an “emerging” gang city. Themes from the interviews were extracted and included prosecutorial perceptions of the: (1) definition and prevalence of gangs in Gainesville, Florida; (2) personal and social characteristics of gang members; (3) reasons people join gangs; and (4) best approaches to stop or eliminate gangs. The ways in which prosecutors' perspectives mirror prior research on gangs is highlighted.
Adapting a Comprehensive Approach to African American Women's Sexual Risk Taking

Abstract This study examines factors predicting the context of HIV related sexual behaviors in a random, community sample of 227 African American single and married women, ages 18 to 50. Structural equation models tested associations between women's past sexual histories, relationship factors, and risks for unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV, as well as risk reduction efforts since Magic Johnson's HIV disclosure. Sexual communication and past sexual experiences, most notably histories of STDs, physical, and sexual abuse, were significantly associated with increased HIV related sexual risk taking. Magic Johnson's HIV disclosure increased protective behaviors. Results suggest that a more comprehensive assessment of past victimization and cultural factors influencing women's behavior to reduce risks is needed in HIV prevention programs for African American women. The need for specific knowledge about women's sexuality and relationship risks beyond what currently is be...
Nonprogressive Scrotal Hair Growth in Two Infants

Abstract: Two infant boys developed scrotal hairs within the first three months of life. There was no other clinical or biochemical evidence of excessive androgen production, and no further progression of hair growth.
Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with phospholipid vesicles. Role of apolipoprotein C-II and heparin.

Abstract Lipoprotein lipase is bound to heparin-like molecules at the surface of capillary endothelial cells. For maximal activity, the enzyme requires apolipoprotein C-II, a protein constituent of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. In this report, the interactions of apolipoprotein C-II, heparin and sonicated vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline with purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase were studied by gel filtration on Bio-Gel A5m. In the presence of vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (1 mg), lipoprotein lipase (25 μg) associated with phospholipids even in the absence of apolipoprotein C-II. With limited phospholipid (40 μg), the amount of enzyme which associated with lipid decreased in the presence of apolipoprotein C-II (20 μg). Human plasma apolipoprotein C-III, another protein constituent of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, also caused a decrease in the amount of enzyme associated with phospholipid. These results suggest that apolipoprotein C-II does not increase the activity of the enzyme by facilitating its interaction with a lipid interface. In the absence of lipid, lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-II (molar ratio, 1 : 1) eluted from Bio-Gel A5m as two separate components. The interaction of heparin with lipoprotein lipase was studied using a specific [ 3 H]heparin, which was isolated by affinity chromatography on immobilized lipoprotein lipase; the [ 3 H]heparin eluted with 0.6 M NaCl. Specific [ 3 H]heparin coeluted with lipoprotein lipase when the enzyme was associated with phospholipid; the [ 3 H]heparin was released from the enzyme by 0.75 M NaCl.
Evaluation of analog contrast enhancement and digital unsharp masking in low‐contrast portal images

An experimental high‐contrast sensitivity storage phosphorimaging system was used to produce double‐exposure localization portal images of abdominal and pelvic treatment fields. The images were contrast enhanced by using an analog windowing technique and edge enhanced with a digital unsharp masking routine. A laser printer was used to print the storage phosphorimages onto film. Conventional images were obtained by placing film in the cassette with the storage phosphor plates prior to exposure. Four radiation oncologists rated the storage phosphor and conventional films for perceptibility of anatomical detail needed to verify the placement of the treatment field. Contrast enhancement alone did not result in a significant improvement in perceptibility over unprocessed conventional film (p>0.20). However, the combination of contrast and edge enhancement did result in a significant improvement over conventional film (p<0.05).
Use of particle filtration and UV irradiation to prevent infection by Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) in hatchery-reared larval and juvenile oysters

Means to control infection by pathogenic organisms are needed to help ensure that aquaculture is not a source for the spread of infectious diseases in wild and cultured stocks. Questions often arise as to whether larval or juvenile stages become infected in the hatchery or nursery phase of production, and if so, how they might be protected. To help answer these questions, we utilized both traditional and molecular diagnostic methods to detect two eastern oyster, Crassostrea ˝irginica, pathogens Haplosporidium nelsoni, cause of MSX disease and Perkinsus marinus, . cause of Dermo disease in larval and juvenile oysters reared at a hatcheryron-shore nursery receiving water in which both parasites are enzootic. Our study indicated that filtration of water to y1 y2 . 1 mm using a cartridge filter followed by exposure to 30,000 mW s cm ultraviolet UV irradiation was an effective means of preventing infections of the larvae and post-set. Once the juveniles were moved from the highly treated hatchery water to an upweller nursery receiving .
Autonomic service deployment in networks

Networks have been growing dramatically in size and functionality in past years. Internet Protocol network nodes not only forward datagrams using longest-prefix matching of the destination address, but also execute functions based on dynamic policies such as proxy-caching, encryption, tunneling, and firewalling. More recently, programmable behaviors have begun to appear in network elements, allowing experimentation with even more sophisticated services. This paper presents an autonomic approach to network service deployment that scales to large heterogeneous networks. Topological categories of service deployment are introduced. A two-phase deployment mechanism that is split into hierarchically distributed and central computations is presented and illustrated with examples of actual services in a programmable network environment, together with their deployment algorithms and simulation results. Autonomic service deployment allows the distributed and complex capabilities present in network elements to be leveraged more efficiently when installing new services than is possible in traditional centralized network management-based approaches. As a result, installation is faster and use of functional resources is more optimized.