cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overlap in speech-language and reading services for kindergartners and first graders.

Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and reading professionals provide educational services to children who are at risk for reading difficulties, although these professions do not necessaril...
Near-critical CO2 liquid--vapor flow in a sub-microchannel. Part II: Flow regimes

Abstract The mean-field free-energy LBM is used to investigate the liquid--vapor flow regimes in a two-dimensional 200 nm channel with near-critical CO 2 at temperature 25 o C and pressure 6.434 MPa as the working fluid. Flow regimes over vapor qualities ranging from 0.01⩽ x ⩽0.90, Weber numbers O (10 −2 )⩽ We ⩽ O (10 3 ), and capillary numbers O (10 −2 )⩽ Ca ⩽ O (10) are investigated. Three major types of flow regimes are encountered -- dispersed flow, bubble/plug flow, and liquid strip flow, each of which encompasses variations of the basic flow regime. The three major flow regimes with all their variations can be further classified into two major categories – regular and irregular. Irregular flow regimes are characterized by a distorted interface, including distorted bubble/slug flow, intermittent strip flow, wavy strip flow, and wispy-strip flow. Flows in which the interface is ordered and symmetric such as bubble/plug and strip flows are classified as regular flow regimes. It is found that the transition from regular to irregular flow regimes occurs at Weber number between 500 and 1000, independent of the vapor quality. Although no experiments exist at the same conditions, comparison of the predicted transition between regular and irregular regimes shows the same qualitative trends as experiments found in the literature.
The Injustice of Local Justice: Truth, Reconciliation, and Revenge in Rwanda

Based on long-term fieldwork in urban and rural Rwanda between 1997 and 2002 as well as on recent focus groups and interviews conducted in May and June 2007, this article explores local perceptions of the Gacaca process and asks whether Gacaca is fulfilling its primary goals to “end impunity,” promote reconciliation, and establish, in the words of Paul Kagame, the “real truth of what happened during the Genocide.” The findings indicate that how well Gacaca is functioning varies a great deal from community to community. The most important variable appears to be the character of the inyangamugayo (“persons of integrity”) who serve as both judge and jury in the Gacaca system. Regardless of how well Gacaca is operating, in communities where research was conducted, the process has increased conflict in local communities (or at least brought it to the surface) and intensified ethnic cleavages in the short term. Since the Gacaca process began its pilot phase in 2001, community-based organizations that had reesta...
Environment modeling for sense and avoid sensor safety assessment

Sense and avoid (SAA) systems being developed for unmanned aircraft are needed to fulfill the requirement to see and avoid other aircraft. An environment model objectively describes a specific environmental condition so that the performance of unmanned aircraft SAA sensors can be accurately modeled in safety studies. This paper presents an approach to develop an environment model that encompasses elements of the environment that are external to the unmanned aircraft and influence sensor performance. The environment condition, as defined in this paper, consists of the atmosphere and the intruder aircraft signature. An environment model, used in conjunction with a sensor model, can be employed to demonstrate the expected overall performance of SAA sensors across millions of encounter situations. Bayesian networks constructed from a variety of data sources capture the statistical makeup of environmental conditions where an unmanned aircraft will operate. Using a Bayesian statistical technique ensures that important relationships between variables in the model are captured.
Effects of herbal products and their constituents on human cytochrome P4502E1 activity

Ethanolic extracts from fresh Echinacea purpurea and Spilanthes acmella and dried Hydrastis canadensis were examined with regard to their ability to inhibit cytochrome P4502E1 mediated oxidation of p-nitrophenol in vitro. In addition, individual constituents of these extracts, including alkylamides from E. purpurea and S. acmella, caffeic acid derivatives from E. purpurea, and several of the major alkaloids from H. canadensis, were tested for inhibition using the same assay. H. canadensis (goldenseal) was a strong inhibitor of the P4502E1, and the inhibition appeared to be related to the presence of the alkaloids berberine, hydrastine and canadine in the extract. These compounds inhibited 2E1 with KI values ranging from 2.8 µM for hydrastine to 18 µM for berberine. The alkylamides present in E. purpurea and S. acmella also showed significant inhibition at concentrations as low as 25 µM, whereas the caffeic acid derivatives had no effect. Commercial green tea preparations, along with four of the individual tea catechins, were also examined and were found to have no effect on the activity of P4502E1.
Free hemoglobin induction of pulmonary vascular disease: evidence for an inflammatory mechanism

Cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) exposure may be a pathogenic mediator in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and when combined with chronic hypoxia the potential for exacerbation of...
Reciprocal path imaging: a technique for the mitigation of image degradation due to atmospheric turbulence

A naturally occurring, conjugate wave phenomenon in monostatic laser imaging applications is caused by reciprocal scattering pas which experience identical phase delays during the double passage of an electromagnetic wave through a random phase screen or turbulent medium. This 'opposition effect' of 'enhanced backscatter' phenomenon is known to be caused by constructive interference between reciprocal multiple scattering paths. Reciprocal path imaging (RPI) is an attempt to exploit this phenomenon for obtaining diffraction-limited images of extended objects obscured by a random phase screen or turbulent atmosphere. We report upon our current effort to investigate RPI with sparse array receivers and its potential as a mechanism for achieving high-resolution imaging through a turbulent atmosphere without the use of adaptive optics for image compensation. Preliminary work is reviewed and several RPI concepts to be evaluated in the laboratory are discussed.
Further studies of energy exchange between the zonal flow and the eddies

The present study describes the results of calculations of transports of sensible heat and momentum and of exchanges of available potential energy and kinetic energy between the zonal flow and the eddies in the wave number regime. The study is based on five levels of data for the months of April, July, October 1962 and January 1963, while only two levels of data (850 and 500 mb) were available for the months of January 1959 and April, July, October 1961. The heat and momentum transport calculations in the wave number regime show that a very large fraction of the total heat and momentum transport is carried out by the very long waves during winter while a smaller percentage of the total heat and momentum transport is accounted for by these waves during the remaining part of the year. The exchange from zonal to eddy available potential energy shows a marked variation during the year with maxima during the winter and minima during the summer. The spectral distributions are such that we find a maximum for wave numbers 2 or 3 during the winter. This maximum disappears during summer, when we find the maximum at much smaller wave lengths. This energy exchange is positive in all months thus far investigated not only for the total conversion but also for the individual wave numbers. The interchange from eddy to zonal kinetic energy has a different behavior. It differs from the annual variation of the potential energy exchanges in that we find the maximum value during fall. The spectra are very irregular with no clearly defined maxima and minima. This energy exchange is positive for all months investigated so far except for January 1963, but the average values are always much smaller than the average exchanges between the two forms of available potential energy. It is demonstrated that a very large fraction of the total (negative) interchange during January 1963 is accounted for by wave number 3. The results of our calculations are compared with those of other investigators showing fair qualitative agreement. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00158.x
Self-energy of a charge near an interface

Abstract We study the complex image potential for a charged particle near a vacuum-metal interface, a vacuum-insulator interface, and a metal-insulator interface. We analyze the dependence of the self-energy on various parameters and derive a number of analytical limits. For an electron near an insulator surface, recoil effects play an important role and the interaction with the electronic polarization is strongly space-dependent, which is of importance for the surface polaron problem. We consider the electromagnetic coupling between plasmons, excitons, and optical phonons, thus going beyond the usual description of the insulator as a structureless dielectric. We calculate the frequencies and the electron-coupling Hamiltonian of the resulting mixed interface modes. We find that surface optical phonons are completely screened by surface plasmons at the metal-insulator interface and do not contribute to the self-energy.
Mechanically aided thin-film evaporation as a tool for the tall oil industry

This article describes the thin-film evaporation process and emphasizes its values in applications where heat sensitivity, high viscosity and low thermal conductivity are important processing factors.
Design sensitivity analysis and optimization of steady fluid-thermal systems

Abstract Design optimization of fluid-thermal systems has been an area of significant research interest for the aerospace and automotive industry. The subject studies the modification of internal and external flow passages under certain specified objective constraints while satisfying the governing flow equations. Amongst various available optimization procedures the analytical sensitivity analyses-based optimization is arguably the most efficient design tool for complex multi-dimensional practical problems. In this paper, we augmented the analysis capabilities of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code with design sensitivity analysis (DSA). The design sensitivities are computed efficiently via analytical differentiation methods. The CFD–DSA codes are then combined with numerical optimization schemes. Finally, CFD–DSA design optimization algorithm is applied to the optimization of heat exchanger fin and HVAC duct systems.
Two-wave panel models and causal analysis: A criminological example

This paper illustrates some general analytic procedures which may be helpful in assessing various assumptions underlying alternative models in the causal analysis of panel data. The role of two basic mechanisms of change, temporal inertia and entropic decay, is specifically examined. The models developed are evaluated using data on changes in the politicalization of 172 male felons over a six-month period following their incarceration in a maximum security institution in the southeast. Several issues and problems in drawing causal inferences from panel data are addressed.
Exchange Rate Pass-through, Unemployment and Optimal Implementable Monetary Policy Rule for Emerging Economies

AbstractThis paper develops a small open economy model with nominal rigidities and search-matching frictions to study the implications of exchange rate pass-through for monetary policy in emerging countries. I find that, with complete exchange rate pass-through, the optimal policy rule features unemployment targeting as well as inflation targeting. However, the welfare gain from responding to unemployment fluctuations diminishes as the rate of exchange rate pass-through to import prices decreases. With low exchange rate pass-through, the optimal monetary policy is strict inflation targeting.
528 BREASTFEEDING: INFLUENCE ON SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES

The immunologic benefits of breastfeeding in infancy are well appreciated. Since trends in early infant feeding have changed over the past 25 years, we examined the frequency of insulin dependent diabetes (IDD) as a function of early infant feeding practice and duration of breastfeeding (BR) in 221 IDD patients and 240 of their non-diabetic siblings. There was no correlation of BR with age at diagnosis or incidence of IDD in a given sex. Since hereditary, immunologic and, presumably, environmental factors were similar for children within each family, we conclude that breastfeeding imparts no immunologic protection against later development of IDD.
LOAD DEPENDENCE OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONS DURING SHORT-TERM CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSION

We evaluated the effect of altered loading conditions on left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure-volume relations during acute coronary artery occlusion that was produced by inflation of an intracoronary balloon. Open-chest anesthetized dogs (n = 18) were instrumented so that LV pressure (micromanometer) and LV volume (conductance) could be measured without disturbing the pericardium. The effects of brief periods of occlusion (1-2 minutes) were assessed under steady-state conditions before and after dextran infusion with the pericardium present and absent and during vena caval occlusion. Under steady-state conditions before dextran infusion with the pericardium removed, at an LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) of 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, occlusion resulted in a rightward shift in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop (delta LVEDP, 2.7 +/- 2.3 mm Hg; delta LVEDV, 6.3 +/- 4.7 ml, both p less than 0.05 versus control). After dextran infusion (LVEDP, 20.9 +/- 6.0 mm Hg), occlusion resulted in a rightward and upward shift in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop (delta LVEDP, 5.8 +/- 4.4 mm Hg; delta LVEDV, 4.2 +/- 3.0 ml, both p less than 0.05 versus control). At low cardiac volumes before dextran infusion, the intact pericardium did not affect the response to occlusion. By contrast, after dextran infusion in the presence of an intact pericardium, LVEDP significantly increased (delta, 6.4 +/- 3.6 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) but LVDEV did not (delta, 0.7 +/- 1.5 ml, p = NS). There was a parallel upward shift in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop that was eliminated by removal of the pericardium. Thus, the change in LV diastolic pressure and volume during occlusion varied and depended on the baseline cardiac volume and presence of the pericardium. Before dextran infusion with the pericardium present and absent, coronary artery occlusion did not alter the LV diastolic chamber stiffness parameter, which was calculated from the diastolic interval of an averaged steady-state beat (0.040 +/- 0.019 versus 0.036 +/- 0.015 mm Hg/ml, p = NS). After dextran infusion with the pericardium present and absent, coronary artery occlusion increased the LV diastolic chamber stiffness parameter (0.057 +/- 0.034 and 0.074 +/- 0.034 mm Hg/ml, both p less than 0.05 versus controls, respectively). Vena caval occlusion eliminated the shifts in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop with the pericardium present and absent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Saddle-point ionization and the Runge-Lenz invariant

The ionization of hydrogenic atoms by a static electric field is investigated via a classical Hamiltonian model which includes the effects of nonzero angular momentum corresponding to magnetic quantum number m. A rigorous treatment of the saddle-point criterion is employed to derive a sufficient condition for the existence of bound states. For particle energies above the saddle-point energy, where the potential well is open, orbits may be trapped by the existence of an isolating integral (the Runge-Lenz invariant), which is identified as the separation constant of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in parabolic coordinates. Relations between the two criteria are established and parallels drawn with the (integrable) problem of two centers. We also treat the nonintegrable case of parallel electric and magnetic fields, and apply the saddle-point criterion to the effective potential. Perturbation by a circularly polarized field does not possess an effective potential, so that the saddle-point criterion does not apply. It is shown that in this case the full Hamiltonian dictates stability and that circular orbits can lose stability via Krein collision of eigenvalues.
The effect of experimenter outcome-bias and subject set on awareness in verbal conditioning experiments

Summary Eighteen Es positively reinforced a total of 65 Ss for high positive ratings of the success of persons pictured on photographs. Half the Es were led to expect high rates of awareness from their Ss while the remaining Es were led to expect low rates of awareness from their Ss. Each of these two groups was further divided into a group of Es whose Ss' instructions favored their seeing through of the experimental situation and a group whose Ss received standard instructions. An additional group of four Es running a total of 26 Ss under standard instructions was used as a control group. These Es were biased to expect high photo ratings but did not reinforce any of S's responses. The Es biased to expect higher rates of awareness obtained higher rates of awareness and Ss who had been given a set to see through the experiment tended to be more often aware, though this latter effect was not as reliable as the effect of E bias. The obtained effects were most significant statistically when they were operating conjointly. Subject set was, however, significantly related to magnitude of “conditioning” with Ss set to see through conditioning less. It was suggested that sets favoring a seeing through of an experiment may carry an implied set to not conform to more superficial demand characteristics of the experimental situation.
The effects of a group decision support system on culturally diverse and culturally homogeneous group decision making

Abstract Considerable research has been conducted over the last decade on the effects of using Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) in group decision making. Studies have examined the influence of GDSS on such variables as group task, size, quality of decision, and satisfaction with the process. However, only a few studies have focused on the use of GDSS and its interaction with group composition. This study compared the effects of group decision making, both with and without GDSS technology, on culturally diverse and homogeneous groups. Group performance was measured by the number of non-redundant, realistic ideas and the quality of solution produced in response to posed problems. The GDSS used in the study was Vision Quest. Groups using it, regardless of cultural make up, developed a significantly higher number of non-redundant, realistic ideas than groups that did not. Furthermore, among groups using the GDSS, culturally diverse groups produced a significantly higher number of non-redundant, realistic ideas than homogeneous groups that used the GDSS. Implications for diversity management and group support research are suggested.
Avoiding Paper Tigers and Saving Real Tigers: Response to Saberwal

(Norchi & Bolze1995). We agree that devolving authority and responsi-bility for natural area management to a more local levelis frequently an effective approach to conservation, anapproach that is widely recognized (e.g., IUCN et al.1991; IIED 1994; Western & Wright 1994; UNEP 1996).We endorse Saberwal’s primary point that long-term,successful conservation will depend on the support ofcommunities to build “site specific and enduring rela-tionships between [them] and government agencies.”This approach characterizes many Wildlife ConservationSociety (WCS) projects around the world. In many coun-tries, including India, the same end is sought by numer-ous political and social movements (e.g., Gadgil & Guha1992; Kothari et al. 1995). There is no doubt that chang-ing national political and economic “power structureswill eventually influence our ability to save the tiger.”The primary purpose of the WCS report, however,which is based on our long-term field involvement withtiger conservation in many parts of Asia, is not to advo-cate a reform of Asian society that would
Pharmacological evidence for stimulation of growth hormone secretion by a central noradrenergic system in dogs.

Abstract The role of brain catecholamines in the regulation of growth hormone secretion was investigated in pentobarbita l -anesthetized dogs by using drugs which modify the function of adrenergic neurons and receptors. Intravenous administration of l -dopa produced a prompt, statistically significant increase in plasma growth hormone concentration. This response was not significantly reduced by blockade of peripheral dopa decar☐ylase activity with carbidopa. Clonidine, an α-agonist which penetrates the brain, increased plasma growth hormone secretion. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and isoproterenol, catecholamines which do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, failed to affect plasma growth hormone concentration when administered intravenously. Apomorphine did not produce a statistically significant increase in plasma growth hormone concentration when administered directly into the the third ventricle, and pimozide failed to abolish the increase in plasma growth hormone produced by l -dopa. The increase in plasma growth hormone concentration produced by intravenous l -dopa and clonidine was prevented by administration of phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine directly into the third ventricle. The response to l -dopa was also abolished by intraventricular procaine. In dogs in which central β-adrenergic blockade was produced by intraventricular l -propranolol, the growth hormone response to l -dopa was greater than it was in control dogs treated with intraventricular d -propranolol. The data indicate that in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, the increase in growth hormone secretion produced by l -dopa is mediated by norepinephrine, rather than dopamine, that the site of action of the norepinephrine is central, above the median eminence and inside the ‘blood-brain barrier’, and that the norepinephrine acts via α-adrenergic receptors.
Effect of tunicamycin on the turnover of epidermal growth factor receptors in cultured calf aorta smooth muscle cells. Comparison with IMR-90 human lung fibroblasts.

Abstract Treatment of cultured calf aorta smooth muscle cells with tunicamycin, a potent inhibitor of dolichol-mediated glycosylation, resulted in progressive loss of receptors for epidermal growth factor with 50% of receptors lost after 6 h. Receptor half-life was also 6 h with cycloheximide treatment but was 12 h with either actinomycin D or camptothesin treatment. The epidermal growth factor-induced processing (internalization and/or degradation) of residual receptors remaining after tunicamycin treatment appeared to be unaltered. 50% decrease in 125 I-labeled epidermal growth factor binding was observed also with IMR-90 fibroblasts upon 6 h treatment with tunicamycin, although these cells were less sensitive to inhibition by tunicamycin of glycosylation and protein synthesis.
Enhanced lidar backscattering by quasi-horizontally oriented ice crystal plates in cirrus clouds

The backscattering of light by quasi-horizontally oriented hexagonal ice plates is investigated because of its pertinence to lidar measurements of cirrus clouds. For oriented ice crystals, the commonly used geometric optics ray-tracing method is not applicable to the computation of the scattered field in certain scattering directions, in particular, the backscattering direction, because of the singularity problem inherent to the ray-tracing technique. In this study, we solve for the electric field due to scattering by quasi-horizontally oriented ice plates using an approach based on the electromagnetic wave theory. We simplify the analysis by ignoring the effect of the plate's side faces on the internal field inside the particle. This is a reasonable approximation when the ratio of the particle diameter to its thickness is large. This approximation is also valid if the tilt of the particle's symmetric axis from zenith is small and the size parameter is large. The present numerical results indicate that very strong oscillations in the backscattering cross section occur with the variation of size parameter. Furthermore, the bulk backscattering intensity has been calculated by including the effect of a particle size distribution and the random tilt of particle symmetric axis within a small angular region, for example, 2°. A strong dependence is found between the lidar backscattering cross section and the degree of the random tilt of the particles. A combination of the present method with the T-matrix method, which works well for particles having small and moderate size parameters, may provide a more complete picture of the lidar backscattering by quasi-horizontally oriented ice plates.
Survival strategies of human norovirus

Human norovirus is a mutatable non-enveloped RNA virus capable of causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. Thus far, no experimental systems can propagate this virus in large amounts. Recent progresses in viral genomics and bioinformatics have led to a better understanding of molecular evolution of this virus in human populations. In addition, progresses in studies of the related noroviruses, those are replicable in laboratory systems, have led to a rapid accumulation of information on structural biology of norovirus. Furthermore, progresses in public health and water environment researches have led to a better understanding of viral ecology. In this review, I will first summarize fundamental characteristics of norovirus and its molecules. Then, I will summarize structure and molecular evolution of norovirus GII/4 subtype, which is now responsible for majorities of norovirus outbreaks in the world. Finally I will discuss survival strategies of human norovirus in nature by integrating the information.
Nanophotonic device analysis using time-domain methods

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is considered one of the most general and flexible approaches for electrodynamic analysis of large irregular geometries. While time-domain approaches do not yield eigenvalue information directly, complex eigenvalues can be extracted via post-simulation signal processing. This presentation will describe time-domain eigenvalue analysis techniques and their application to a variety of problems in nanophotonics. In particular, threshold analysis of two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities, modal analysis of multilayered spherical nanoplasmonic resonators and recently developed models for graphene plasmonics will be presented.
Naturalistic versus experimental approaches to aggression; theoretical and methodological issues

Various strategies to study human aggression are described, accompanied by a discussion of four major issues. It is concluded that the three major goals of research, precise measurement, realism, and generality, cannot be achieved in a single study or series of studies using only one paradigm. Investigators of a particular problem need to develop a research program that incorporates a number of strategies; hypotheses generated “in the street” need to be tested in the laboratory and vice versa.
Shape-Based Models for Interactive Segmentation of Medical Images

Accurate image segmentation is one of the key problems in computer vision. In domains such as radiation treatment planning, dosimetrists must manually trace the outlines of a few critical structures on large numbers of images. Considerable similarity can be seen in the shape of these regions, both between adjacent slices in a particular patient and across the spectrum of patients. Consequently we should be able to model this similarity and use it to assist in the process of segmentation. Previous work has demonstrated that a constraint-based 2D radial model can capture generic shape information for certain shape classes, and can reduce user interaction by a factor of three over purely manual segmentation. Additional simulation studies have shown that a probabilistic version of the model has the potential to further reduce user interaction. This paper describes an implementation of both models in a general-purpose imaging and graphics framework and compares the usefulness of the models on several shape classes.
Shape selective epoxidation of alkenes by metalloporphyrin-dendrimers

Abstract A series of oxidatively robust manganese-porphyrin-dendrimers were synthesized in good yields for use as shape-selective oxidation catalysts. The poly(phenylester) dendrimers with the bulky tert -butyl terminal groups were synthesized with a convergent approach. These cascade dendrimers were linked at the meta -phenyl positions of the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)porphinato manganese(III) chloride to produce a sterically hindered metal center. The regioselectivity of these catalysts was determined for epoxidation of non-conjugated dienes and 1:1 intermolecular mixture of linear and cyclic alkenes using iodosylbenzene as the oxygen donor. Metalloporphyrin dendrimers exhibit significantly higher substrate selectivity compared to unsubstituted Mn(TPP)(CI), but only moderate selectivity relative to the extremely hindered bis-pocket porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2′,4′,6′-triphenylphenyl)porphinato manganese(III) acetate. Molecular modeling was performed on the porphyrin dendrimers to elucidate the extent of steric crowding around the porphyrin. There is a relatively large cavity for substrate entrance in the manganese-porphyrin-dendrimers relative to extremely hindered bis-pocket porphyrin.
Impact of endoluminal treatment on small abdominal aortic aneurysm: aneurysm sac regression and secondary interventions with 5 years of follow-up.

Does early repair of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) lead to faster aneurysm sac regression or less secondary intervention? Computed tomography scans and reconstructions from M2S of all patients undergoing endovascular AAA repair at our institution from 1996 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. A small aneurysm is defined as an aneurysm sac to renal diameter ratio of less than 2. There were 374 patients with endovascular AAA repair that had complete imaging studies. There were 75 patients (20%) with small AAAs; of those, 19 patients (25.3%) had endoleak compared with 108 patients (36.1%) with a large aneurysm ( P = .1). Over a mean follow-up time of 42 months (range, 1-109), 11 small AAAs (14.7%) had secondary interventions compared with 58 (19.4%) of the large AAAs (P = .41). Small AAAs at 5 years had a 2.5% volume sac regression but a 3.0% increase in diameter. Those with a large aneurysm had a slight increase in sac volume and diameter at 1 month (3.3%, 1.4%) and then steadily decreased to —1...
A successful multifingered hand design-the case of the raccoon

In this paper, we consider the case of the raccoon, which has a dextrous five fingered hand and is renowned for its skills in dextrous manipulation. The kinematics of the raccoon hand are examined, and some critical differences and deficiencies with respect to the human hand design noted. We show how the raccoon successfully employs novel manipulation strategies in cases where the kinematics of its hands appear limited. Implications for the design and application of dextrous robotic hands are discussed.
BEST: Bayesian estimation of species trees under the coalescent model

Summary: BEST implements a Bayesian hierarchical model to jointly estimate gene trees and the species tree from multilocus sequences. It provides a new option for estimating species phylogenies within the popular Bayesian phylogenetic program MrBayes. The technique of simulated annealing is adopted along with Metropolis coupling as performed in MrBayes to improve the convergence rate of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Availability: http://www.stat.osu.edu/~dkp/BEST.
Tuning the cavity modes of a Fabry–Perot resonator using gold nanoparticles

We study the interaction between a planar Fabry–Perot microcavity and a single embedded gold nanoparticle. We record spatially resolved white-light transmission spectra and show that the interaction between microcavity and nanoparticle gives rise to a redshift of the cavity modes, in accordance with the Bethe–Schwinger cavity perturbation formula. The spectral tuning of cavity modes by discrete nanoparticles can be exploited for applications such as optical and micromechanical sensing.
The Image of the Protestant Minister in the Christian Social Novel

The image of the American Protestant minister in the American novel of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was, according to many scholars, predominantly a negative one. Conservative, steeped in outdated creeds, aloof from modern realities, and materialistic—these were some of the kinder descriptions of the much maligned Protestant clergyman which they find in the American novel of this period. But my own study of over one hundred Christian social novels, which reflect the rise of the social gospel in American Protestantism, leads me to urge a reassessment of this traditional view of the literary image of the Protestant minister. As propaganda for the emerging social gospel, the Christian social novel portrays not only the stereotyped picture of the clergyman, but more prominently a new kind of minister—physically rugged, intelligent, deeply religious, compassionate and above all a man concerned with the application of the gospel to economic and social problems. He was, in sum, an idealized image of the kind of heroic minister needed to take the gospel out of the sanctuary and into the slums and factories of modern urban America.
Understanding hybrid wireless device use and adoption: an integrative framework based on an exploratory study

In this paper, using data from a set of exploratory interviews, we inductively develop an integrative framework identifying key enablers and inhibitors that influence the process of use and adoption of hybrid wireless devices by subjects who participated in three-week long trial studies. A number of intended as well as unintended consequences of the use and adoption of the technology also emerged. The primary contribution of this paper is that it sensitizes the reader to the complex nature of the use and adoption process that is influenced by and influences a variety of factors, and provides a map for future researchers to identify, isolate, and study "variables" and relationships among the variables based on their theoretical interest and methodological orientations.
Socioeconomic Position, Race/Ethnicity, and Inflammation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background—Low socioeconomic position is known to be associated with cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis. Reasons for these associations remain a topic of research. Inflammation could be an important mediating mechanism linking socioeconomic position to cardiovascular risk. Methods and Results—This cross-sectional study used data from the baseline examination of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a study of 6814 men and women 45 to 84 years of age. Race- and ethnicity-stratified regression analyses were used to estimate associations of household income and education with C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 before and after adjustment for infection and medication use, psychosocial factors, behaviors, adiposity, and diabetes mellitus. Low income was associated with higher concentrations of interleukin-6 in all race/ethnic groups. Percent differences associated with 1-SD–lower income were 9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7 to 11), 6% (95% CI, 1 to 10), 8% (95% CI, 4 to 11), and 8% (95% CI, 3 to 13) for whites, Chinese, blacks, and Hispanics. Low levels of education were associated with higher levels of interleukin-6 only among whites and blacks (percent difference in interleukin-6 associated with 1-SD–lower education: 9% [95% CI, 6 to 12] among Whites, and 7% [95% CI, 3 to 10] among blacks). Similar patterns were observed for C-reactive protein. Adiposity was the single most important factor explaining socioeconomic position associations, especially among blacks and whites. A smaller effect was seen for psychosocial factors and behaviors in all race groups. Conclusions—Both household income and education are associated with inflammation, but associations vary across race/ethnic groups. Associations likely result from socioeconomic position patterning of adiposity and other factors.
MicroRNA-21 induces stemness by downregulating transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2) in colon cancer cells.

Although microRNA-21 (miR-21) is emerging as an oncogene and has been shown to target several tumor suppressor genes, including programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), its precise mechanism of action on cancer stem cells (CSCs) is unclear. Herein, we report that FOLFOX-resistant HCT-116 and HT-29 cells that are enriched in CSCs show a 3- to 7-fold upregulation of pre- and mature miR-21 and downregulation of PDCD4. Likewise, overexpression of miR-21 in HCT-116 cells, achieved through stable transfection, led to the downregulation of PDCD4 and transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFβR2). In contrast, the levels of β-catenin, TCF/LEF activity and the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin-D, which are increased in CSCs, are also augmented in miR-21 overexpressing colon cancer cells, accompanied by an increased sphere forming ability in vitro and tumor formation in SCID mice. Downregulation of TGFβR2 could be attributed to decreased expression of the receptor as evidenced by reduction in the activity of the luciferase gene construct comprising TGFβR2-3′ untranslated region (UTR) sequence that binds to miR-21. Moreover, we observed that downregulation of miR-21 enhances luciferase-TGFβR2-3′ UTR activity suggesting TGFβR2 as being one of the direct targets of miR-21. Further support is provided by the observation that transfection of TGFβR2 in HCT-116 cells attenuates TCF/LEF luciferase activity, accompanied by decreased expression of β-catenin, c-Myc and Cyclin-D1. Our current data suggest that miR-21 plays an important role in regulating stemness by modulating TGFβR2 signaling in colon cancer cells.
Exposure to Interparental Conflict and Psychological Disorder Among Young Adults

This article examines the effect of exposure to interparental conflict on the mental health of young adults. Based on a diverse sample of 649 students from three New England colleges, the authors investigate the association between nonviolent interparental conflict during childhood, subsequent distress and disorder, and identified factors that mediate the relationship. Results indicate that exposure to interparental conflict significantly increases the odds of experiencing a subsequent episode of major depressive disorder and alcohol abuse or dependency disorder, controlling for demographic factors, parental divorce, and any incident of parent to parent or parent to child physical assault. Exposure to interparental conflict in childhood or adolescence is also associated with current levels of depressive symptoms in young adults. This association is partially mediated by ongoing strain in parent and child relationships, greater strain within offspring’s own romantic relationships, and reduced self-esteem. ...
Refractory anaplastic astrocytoma responsive to PCV in combination with bevacizumab

We present a patient with anaplastic astrocytoma who had recurrent disease after treatment with surgery, radiation, procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU) and vincristine (PCV) over one year followed by poor response to second line treatment with temozolomide, irinotecan with bevacizumab, Novocure TTF therapy successively over a four year period after her initial treatment who then responded to PCV in combination with bevacizumab as third line therapy. This is the first report demonstrating benefit of concurrent PCV and bevacizumab treatment in a highly treatment refractory tumor.
Measurement of the rate coefficient for the reaction of O(1D) with H2O and re-evaluation of the atmospheric OH production rate

The rate coefficient for the reaction of O(1D) with H2O (Reaction 1), whose value is critical for calculating production rates of the OH radical in the atmosphere, was measured over a range of atmospherically relevant temperatures. The temporal profile of O(3P) following photolytic production of O(1D) in the presence of water vapor was used to determine a temperature dependent value for k1 of (1.45 ± 0.34) × 10−10 exp((89 ± 65)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where the quoted errors are at the 95% confidence level, include estimated systematic errors and σA = AσlnA. In addition, ratios of rate coefficients for quenching of O(1D) by N2 and O2 (k2 and k3) to that for Reaction 1 were determined to be k2/k1 = (0.13 ± 0.04) and k3/k1 = (0.19 ± 0.09) by measuring the relative OH concentration produced from Reaction 1 in the presence of various concentrations of N2 or O2. Combining our results of this work with previous measurements of k1, we recommend a value for k1 = (1.62 ± 0.27) × 10−10 exp((65 ± 50)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where the quoted errors are 95% confidence level, include estimated systematic errors and σA = AσlnA. Based on these results, the uncertainty in the calculated atmospheric OH production rate due to the uncertainty in these rate coefficients is reduced from ±50% to ±20%.
Perisomatic GABAergic Innervation in Prefrontal Cortex Is Regulated by Ankyrin Interaction with the L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule

The L1 adhesion molecule functions in axon growth and guidance, but a role in synaptic development of cortical inhibitory interneurons is largely unexplored. L1 mediates adhesion by engaging the actin cytoskeleton through binding the actin/spectrin adapter protein ankyrin. Loss of L1-ankyrin interaction impaired process elaboration/branching by GABAergic interneurons, including basket cells, and reduced the number of perisomatic synapses in the cingulate cortex as shown in L1 mutant mice (L1YH) with a mutation in the ankyrin-binding site, either alone or intercrossed with GAD67-enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter mice. Electron microscopy revealed that perisomatic inhibitory synapses but not excitatory synapses in the neuropil were specifically affected. In wild-type cingulate cortex, L1 colocalized with perisomatic synaptic markers, whereas L1 phosphorylation on Tyr(1229) decreased postnatally, correlating with increased ankyrin binding and synaptic development. These results suggest a novel role for L1 engagement with the actin cytoskeleton in development of inhibitory connectivity within the cingulate cortex.
Telepsychiatry: Videoconferencing in the Delivery of Psychiatric Care

The provision of psychiatric treatment via live interactive videoconferencing, frequently termed telepsychiatry, is a viable option for psychiatrists to provide care to individual patients, populations, and communities faced with limited access and to move the point of care delivery into patients' living environments. Psychiatric providers new to videoconferencing should not be intimidated by the technology or its encompassing logistics, but they do need to develop an awareness of the salient regulatory, administrative, and clinical issues that arise in the practice of videoconferencing-based telepsychiatry. This article provides an overview of the current evidence base in telepsychiatry and reviews administrative and clinical issues in videoconferencing-based treatment. These points are then highlighted in a case example.
SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.

Social species create emergent organizations beyond the individual. These emergent structures evolved hand in hand with neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms to support them because the consequent social behaviors helped these organisms survive, reproduce, and care for offspring sufficiently long that they too reproduced. Social neuroscience seeks to specify the neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms underlying social behavior, and in so doing to understand the associations and influences between social and biological levels of organization. Success in the field, therefore, is not measured in terms of the contributions to social psychology per se, but rather in terms of the specification of the biological mechanisms underlying social interactions and behavior—one of the major problems for the neurosciences to address in the 21st century.
Birth of a plate boundary at ca. 12 Ma in the Ancestral Cascades arc, Walker Lane belt of California and Nevada

The Walker Lane belt of eastern California and western Nevada is the northernmost extension of the Gulf of California transtensional rift, where the process of continental rupture has not yet been completed, and rift initiation can be studied on land. GPS and earthquake focal mechanism studies demonstrate that the Walker Lane belt currently accommodates NW-SE–directed movement between the Sierra Nevada microplate and the North American plate, but the timing and nature of rift initiation remains unclear. I present a model for plate-margin-scale initiation of the Gulf of California and Walker Lane transtensional rifts at ca. 12 Ma; localization of rifting in both was initiated by thermal weakening in the axis of a subduction-related arc undergoing extension due to slab rollback, and thermal weakening in the arc was enhanced by stalling of the trenchward-migrating precursor arc against a thick Cretaceous batholithic lithospheric profile on its western margin. Rifting succeeded very quickly in the Gulf of California, due to stalling of Farallon slabs, but the Walker Lane transtensional rift has been unzipping northward along the axis of the Cascades arc, following the Mendocino triple junction. I infer that plate-margin-scale Walker Lane transtension was signaled by the development of an unusually large and voluminous transtensional arc volcanic center, the ca. 11.5–9 Ma Sierra Crest–Little Walker arc volcanic center. I show that the style of faulting in this large Miocene arc volcanic center closely matches that of Quaternary transtensional structures in the central Walker Lane, where it lies, and that it differs from southern and northern Walker Lane structures. This indicates that the temporal transition from E-W Basin and Range extension to NW-SE Walker Lane transtension occurred earlier than most workers have inferred. I also summarize new data which show that the central Sierra Nevada range front (from Long Valley to the Tahoe Basin) lies squarely within the Walker Lane belt, not to the west of it as previous workers have inferred. The leading tip of Walker Lane transtension is marked by large arc volcanic centers sited in transtensional stepovers; these include the ca. 11.5–9 Ma Sierra Crest–Little Walker volcanic center; north of that, the ca. 6.3–4.8 Ma Ebbetts Pass volcanic center; and north of that, the active Lassen volcanic center. In its wake, large rift volcanic centers are sited on transtensional stepovers or bends; these include the Long Valley and Coso volcanic fields. I predict that any
Studies on brain-thymus cross-reactive antigens

An antigen(s) shared by mouse brain and thymocytes was studied with the use of a rabbit anti-mouse brain antiserum (RAMB). Full complements of brain-thymus antigen were found on the brains of several mouse strains, including athymic mice, regardless of their theta antigen genotype. Brain-thymus antigen(s) was absent in newborn mouse brains and gradually reached adult levels two weeks after birth. Treatment of mouse brain with trypsin neither decreased nor increased the amount of the brain-thymus antigen available for absorption of RAMB. Mouse brain-thymus antigens were present on rat thymocytes, but not rat brain. The concentrations of brain-thymus antigens were 3- to 4-fold higher in gray matter than white matter. Cross-absorption studies with RAMB and anti-theta antiserum suggest that theta antigen and brain-thymus antigen are two distinct substances, both antigenically and in their anatomical localization on brain cells.