cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to College Chemistry, First Edition (Driscoll, Jerry A.)

This book is directed toward an audience of non-science majors. Its choice of topics places it squarely in the camp of those who favor a simplified version of the science-majors general chemistry c...
Building strategic elements to increase contact lens sales

Purpose – This paper aims to build important strategic elements to penetrate deeper into the contact lens market and increase sales. Design/methodology/approach – The contact lens market is highly competitive and unattractive. Because contact lens market growth has slowed, competitors have become more alike. To survive or make more than normal profits, a contact lens manufacturer has to differentiate and compete on wider dimensions. Findings – In a complex, competitive and ever-changing vision care industry environment, a contact lens manufacturer must compete on wider dimensions to gain strategic advantage and increase sales. Practical implications – To survive, a contact lens manufacturer’s strategic game plan may not look simple and form wider strategic components. Originality/value – Provides a unique look at the contact lens market.
Dische's carbazole method for the determination of inulin in ventriculocisternal perfusion fluids.

Abstract Ventriculocisternal perfusion effluent samples from eight 21-week-old calves were analyzed by Schreiner's (resorcinol) and Dische's (carbazole) methods for the determination of inulin. The linear equations with their standard errors of the optieal densities (OD), y, on known concentrations (standards) of inulin, X, in/ μ g/ml were y=0.1094 X±0.0019 and y=0.4422 X±0.0046 for the resorcinol.
045 Strategies for Clinical Expert and Stakeholder Involvement in Updating and Implementing Clinical Guidance for New and Emerging Medical Interventions

Background Lack of sufficient clinical expert and stakeholder involvement in the routine updating of guidance on new and emerging medical interventions can lead to inefficient use of resources and inadvertently create unnecessary barriers to implementation. Context An evidence services unit within a large health care organisation developed a stakeholder-centred process for rapid updating and implementation of guidance related to the use of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Description of Best Practice The process focused on the following: 1) asking clinical stakeholders to identify the indications for which use of breast MRI remained unresolved or controversial; 2) conducting a search for high-quality systematic reviews and clinical trials for the specific indications, and contacting well-known external content experts to identify unpublished evidence; 3) obtaining data on the organisation’s current breast MRI utilisation and practice variation; 4) engaging experts/stakeholders in guidance development and revision based on current utilisation/practice variation compared to findings from the evidence review; 5) obtaining endorsement of guidance and commitment to implementation efforts from clinical opinion leaders and other stakeholders; and 6) initiating routine monitoring and feedback on breast MRI use. Lessons for Guideline Developers, Adaptors, Implementers, and/or Users Limiting evidence updates to controversial or unresolved areas of clinical practice, engaging stakeholders in guidance development based on a review of current utilisation data and scientific evidence, and engaging key opinion leaders and stakeholders in implementation and performance monitoring leads to more efficient use of resources, stronger implementation and improved performance.
PIQ-ing into chromatin architecture.

Decrypting the logic of gene regulation is aided by a breakthrough method for analyzing chromatin-accessibility data.
A proof of the axial anomaly

The local form of the axial anomaly with both left and right-handed gauge fields and a metric present is given and proved using the families index theorem
Differential stability of temperament and personality from toddlerhood to middle childhood

This prospective, longitudinal investigation examined differential consistency of three core dimensions of individuality from toddlerhood through middle childhood. Data came from 273 families who participated with their child at least once during three developmental periods: toddlerhood (2 years), early childhood (3 to 5 years), and middle childhood (6 to 10 years). Both mothers and fathers reported on attributes of their child using subscales from the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Questionnaire, and the Iowa Personality Questionnaire. Reports were used as indicators of the latent “Big Three” dimensions of positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and constraint at each of the three developmental periods. Results pointed to consistency in these broad dimensions of temperament and personality from toddlerhood to middle childhood.
The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on morphogenesis of the early chick embryo.

The effects of BrdU (3×10−4 M) on morphogenesis of the chick embryo explanted at the definitive streak stage and cultured for 24 hours were studied. Compared to controls treated embryos often showed (1) an open neural tube and (2) less numerous somites. Heart development was not significantly affected by BrdU. The damage caused by BrdU was not permanent, i.e., the embryos retained the ability to undergo fairly normal morphogenesis when, after 4–5 hours of BrdU treatment, they were subcultured on a medium with excess thymidine.
ASSOCIATIVE ORGANIZATION IN RECOGNITION MEMORY

This article reports an investigation of the effect of organization in word recognition. Ss learned lists of 30 words, 15 presented in associatively related triplets and 15 presenred in associative...
Restaurant Revenue Management: Could It Work?

In general, companies using revenue management forecast by the inventory unit they sell, the time interval they sell it for and the price they charge for it. Forecasting in most restaurants is fairly rudimentary, and generally the only forecasts made is the daily number of covers (customers). In order to be able truly to manage customer arrivals, restaurants should first develop detailed forecasts of customer arrivals by hour and party size. Restaurants are not quite ready to forecast by length of stay, because it is not typical to ask how long guests will need the table, but if the restaurant is able to reduce the variation in it dining times, it can roughly determine how long people will stay at the table.
On completing latin squares

Abstract In 1984, Colbourn proved that completing a partially filled latin square is NP -complete. In this paper, we tighten the Colbourn result by showing that completing a partially filled square remains hard even if no more than three unfilled cells exist in any row or column of the square and where only three integers are available.
Direct Position and Time Digitizer for Position-Sensitive Proportional Counters

A circuit for directly digitizing the location and flight time of neutrons detected in a 2-dimensional position-sensitive proportional counter has been constructed and is now in use here in diffraction experiments with the pulsed neutron source. The position along each coordinate is digitized directly by counting pulses from a 250 MHz clock during the time interval corresponding to the difference in rise times of pulses from the opposite ends of a resistive cathode. In addition, a slower time base is included for digitizing the neutron time-of-flightlight. The circuits, on a single CAMAC board, provide 8 binary bits of x position, 8 bits of y position and 12 bits of time without adding to the system deadtime. All-digital circuitry assures linearity, stability and reliability.
CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT AS A DETERMINANT OF THE MORPHOGENIC POTENTIAL OF TOBACCO CELLS

A B S T R A C T Polysomatism in Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Wisconsin 38' was confirmed. Pith samples from the region of the stem 3.5-10.5 cm below the apex contained nearly equal proportions of diploid and tetraploid cells and samples obtained further down, 15.5-22.5 cm, showed predominantly tetraploid (circa 70%) and smaller proportions of diploid (9%), octaploid (16%), and aneuploid (5%) cells. Cultures of the callus from pith explants showed no evidence of diploid cells after 1 year, but did show roughly half 4n and 8n euploid and half -aneuploid cells. The callus after 6 years in vitro consisted entirely of aneuploid cells. The attainment of this predominance of aneuploid cells could account for the decline of callus growth and organ formation of tobacco tissue cultures. Tobacco tissue cultures started from single cells disclosed that totipotentiality was not restricted to diploid cells but was possessed by and expressed with apparently equal ease by tetraploid cells. The morphogenetically depressed situation was associated with a highly variable aneuploidy. With increase in somatic age the frequency of aneuploid cells increased and the level of ploidy among the aneuploid cells shifted from sub-tetraploidy to above tetraploidy.
Identity in the context of adolescent psychology

Despite the general acceptance of the importance of the identity construct for the understanding of adolescent development, its potential explanatory power has remained underutilized due to its treatment as a global descriptive quality.
Direct Measurement of iR-Free Individual-Electrode Overpotentials in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

A method of measuring error-free potentials of individual electrodes directly in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell and under a full range of load is introduced. Successful measurement is accomplished by placing a reference electrode in ionic contact with the active layer of a fuel cell electrode of interest, that is, away from the electrolyte membrane. Half-cell measurements with the proposed reference electrode configuration are compared with measurements in two other fuel-cell reference electrode arrangements to illustrate the conditions necessary for directly achieving correct measurement of potentials (overpotentials). Functioning of the fuel cell reference electrodes is explained through modeling of electrical potential and reactant distribution in the working fuel cell.
Evaluation of contrast in duplicated radiographs

Abstract This investigation evaluated changes in the contrast of duplicated radiographs made at different ultraviolet light exposures. Increasing ultrviolet light exposure had different effects on the duplicates of originals of different “background” densities. When correctly exposed, a duplicate radiograph enhanced contrast. When originals had the same contrast but different “background” densities, their duplicates did not have the same contrast. It was not possible to duplicate accurately all the different contrasts measured on an original. It was possible, however, to produce duplicates with all contrasts greater than those of the original.
Anabolic Steroids: A Fatal Attraction?

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely abused, but the potential for dependence and addiction remains unclear. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that male and female hamsters will voluntarily self-administer testosterone and other AAS. Furthermore, we have observed fatal androgen overdose during self-administration. This suggests that AAS are potentially addictive, independent of their effects on muscle mass or athletic performance.
Improved characterization of molecular phenotypes in breast lesions using 18F-FDG PET image homogeneity

Positron emission tomography (PET) using uorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is commonly used in the assessment of breast lesions by computing voxel-wise standardized uptake value (SUV) maps. Simple metrics derived from ensemble properties of SUVs within each identified breast lesion are routinely used for disease diagnosis. The maximum SUV within the lesion (SUVmax) is the most popular of these metrics. However these simple metrics are known to be error-prone and are susceptible to image noise. Finding reliable SUV map-based features that correlate to established molecular phenotypes of breast cancer (viz. estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression) will enable non-invasive disease management. This study investigated 36 SUV features based on first and second order statistics, local histograms and texture of segmented lesions to predict ER and PR expression in 51 breast cancer patients. True ER and PR expression was obtained via immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples from each lesion. A supervised learning, adaptive boosting-support vector machine (AdaBoost-SVM), framework was used to select a subset of features to classify breast lesions into distinct phenotypes. Performance of the trained multi-feature classifier was compared against the baseline single-feature SUVmax classifier using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results show that texture features encoding local lesion homogeneity extracted from gray-level co-occurrence matrices are the strongest discriminator of lesion ER expression. In particular, classifiers including these features increased prediction accuracy from 0.75 (baseline) to 0.82 and the area under the ROC curve from 0.64 (baseline) to 0.75.
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) in diverse soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes.

Key message Using genome-wide association studies, 39 SNP markers likely tagging 21 different loci for carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) were identified in soybean.
Radar waveform synthesis method--A new radar detection scheme

A new scheme for radar detection and discrimination, the radar waveform synthesis method, is investigated. This scheme consists of synthesizing the waveform of an incident radar signal which excites the target in such a way that the return radar signal from the target contains only a single natural resonance mode of the target. When the synthesized incident radar signal for a known preselected target is applied to a wrong target, the return radar signal will be significantly different from that of a natural mode of resonance, thus the wrong target can be sensitively discriminated. A simple geometry of a thin wire illuminated by a radar signal at normal incidence has been studied. The induced current on the target and the backscattered field from the target are obtained in terms of natural resonance modes. The required waveforms for the incident radar signal for exciting return radar signals which contain various single natural mode of resonance are obtained. When an incident radar signal synthesized to excite a natural resonance mode of a thin wire is applied to a slightly shorter or longer thin wire, the return radar signal from the wrong target is shown to be significantly different from that of a pure natural mode of resonance.
An in-place levinson update algorithm

An in-place Levinson update algorithm is presented which requires less storage than update algorithms in some published programs. The algorithm may be easily implemented in a program which employs a Levinson recursion.
Cross-cultural differences in memory specificity

Attention and memory have been shown to differ across cultures, with independent Western cultures preferring an object-based feature analysis and interdependent Eastern cultures preferring a context-based holistic analysis. In two experiments, we assessed whether these cultural differences not only affect how much information is remembered, but also the specificity of memory such that the feature analysis preference of Americans should lead to greater memory for visual detail. Americans and East Asians incidentally encoded pictures of single items (Exp 1) and pictures of focal items presented against a meaningful background (Exp 2). On a recognition test, participants made same, similar, or new decisions about items (Exp 1 & 2) and backgrounds (Exp 2) that were the same as or similar to the encoded stimuli, as well as novel lures. As predicted, Americans exhibited greater accuracy than East Asians in specific memory for objects presented alone and this trend continued across both objects and backgrounds when objects were depicted in context. The two cultural groups did not differ in general (item-level) memory. These results support the idea that the feature analysis biases of Westerners may increase the specificity of visual information contained in memory, despite equivalent item-level memory.
Validation of right and left ventricular conductance and echocardiography for cardiac function studies

Background. Continuous estimation of left ventricular volume from instantaneous conductance has compared favorably with "gold standards," is less labor intensive, and provides real-time data. Little information exists, however, correlating right ventricular conductance with such gold standards or examining the effects of an electrical field generated in the opposite ventricle. Methods. In open-chested sheep, right and left ventricular conductance, two-dimensional echocardiography, and thermodilution cardiac outputs were measured at steady-state conditions. After these measurements, postmortem pressure-volume relations, ventricular mass, and ventricular casting were performed. Results. The corrected end-diastolic volume measured by conductance correlated well with volumes measured by echocardiography ( r = 0.89), postmortem pressurevolume relations ( r = 0.84), and casts ( r = 0.85). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume measured by conductance did not differ significantly from other standards by analysis of variance. The presence of an electrical field in the opposite ventricle did not affect measured conductance in the studied ventricle. Conclusions. Conductance is useful for the measurement of right and left ventricular end-diastolic volumes in the beating heart and is not affected by the presence of an electrical field in the opposite ventricle. Hence, conductance is a useful tool in studies involving interventricular dependence and function.
Cell population dynamics of periodontal ligament stimulated with parathyroid extract.

Young adult rats were injected with parathyroid extract (PTE). Periodontal ligament (PDL) adjacent to a previously resorbing alveolar bone surface was divided into four zones numbered I to IV, from bone to cementum. Zones I and IV were within 25 mμ of the bone and cementum surfaces, respectively, while a line bisecting the center of the PDL separated Zones II and III. A net increase of about 16 total nuclei in all zones was observed during the first five hours after PTE administration. Since local mitosis accounted for no more than two nuclei, approximately 14 cells apparently migrated into the area. Over the first five hours Zones I and II combined showed a 21-cell increase, being apparently the scle recipients of cells migrating into the field (14) plus approximately seven more from Zone III, which lost cells during the time period. The concurrent histological observation in Zone II, of increased intravascular monocytes and perivascular macrophages during the first five hours, suggests cells are migrating into Zone II via vascular channels. The data suggest two sources for increased PDL cellularity associated with stimulated osteoclast histogenesis: (1) local PDL cellular proliferation and (2) influx of migrating cells (probably through vascular channels) during first five hours after PTE.
A Retrospective Study of School Safety Conditions in High Schools Using the Virginia Threat Assessment Guidelines Versus Alternative Approaches

Threat assessment has been widely recommended as a violence prevention approach for schools, but there are few empirical studies of its use. This nonexperimental study of 280 Virginia public high schools compared 95 high schools using the Virginia threat assessment guidelines (Cornell & Sheras, 2006), 131 following other (i.e., locally developed) threat assessment procedures, and 54 not using a threat assessment approach. A survey of 9th grade students in each school obtained measures of student victimization, willingness to seek help for bullying and threats of violence, and perceptions of the school climate as caring and supportive. Students in schools using the Virginia threat assessment guidelines reported less bullying, greater willingness to seek help, and more positive perceptions of the school climate than students in either of the other 2 groups of schools. In addition, schools using the Virginia guidelines had fewer long-term suspensions than schools using other threat assessment approaches. These group differences could not be attributed to school size, minority composition or socioeconomic status of the student body, neighborhood violent crime, or the extent of security measures in the schools. Implications for threat assessment practice and research are discussed.
Spectroscopic Investigations of Laser Ablated Germanium Oxide

Laser produced plumes from a GeO 2 target were investigated using both optical emission spectroscopy and laser induced fluorescence. Elemental neutral and ionic Ge and diatomic GeO were monitored as a function of O 2 pressure at 4 cm from the target surface. Data obtained from laser fluorescence experiments showed no indication of chemical production of GeO in these plumes under any conditions studied; however, the atomic emission intensities of several ionic and neutral Ge lines appeared to increase with O 2 pressure. This signified plume interactions with the background gas. The trends in the species concentrations were determined and the results are interpreted with respect to mechanisms for thin film growth.
The influence of size scale on the performance of fuel cells

Two fundamental scaling effects in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system are being discussed—scaling of flow channel size and catalyst particle size. Various micro/nanofabrication processes [lithography, physical vapor deposition, and focused ion beam (FIB) etch/deposition] were employed to produce a microscale experimental platform. In addition, multiphysics fuel cell models were utilized to verify the experimental results. The modeling result suggests that fuel cell power density increases with decreasing channel size due to the reduced diffusion blockage of ribs and increased convection in microchannels. However, experimental observation revealed an optimum channel size with maximum power density. The discrepancy is explained by cathode flooding that the single-phase model is unable to account for. A novel micro-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique, combining atomic force microscope with an electrochemical interface, confirmed a linear dependency of Faradic impedance on the triple-phase boundary length (TPB) in microscale catalyst particles. Interestingly, the particle perimeter dependency of Faradic impedance changes to particle area dependency as the particle size increases. This is explained by the generation of cracks in larger catalyst particles, which, in turn, serve as triple phase boundaries. The model prediction based on finite element method confirms the experimental observations. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Masturbatory guilt and the psychological consequences of sexually transmitted diseases among women

Abstract The present study examined the relationship between masturbatory guilt and the psychological consequences of sexually transmitted diseases among women. The results indicated that women with high masturbatory guilt experienced more emotional stress as a result of their disease than women with low levels of guilt. Also, women with genital herpes experienced more emotional stress than women with other sexually transmitted diseases. Persistent interpersonal complaints were also identified as a means of elucidating the nature of the psychological sequelae.
Disposition of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide in serum, placental tissue, fetal fluids, and fetal tissues after administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) to pony mares with placentitis

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of CCFA in mares with placentitis and evaluate the disposition of the drug in fetal fluids, fetal membranes, colostrum, and serum of foals. A secondary objective was to obtain pilot data regarding the efficacy of CCFA for improving foal survival in mares with placentitis. Twelve pregnant pony mares were enrolled in the study, inoculated with Streptococcus zooepidemicus, intracervically and assigned to one of three groups: CEFT (n = 3; administered CCFA only; 6.6 mg/kg, i.m., q96h); COMBO (n = 6; administered combination therapy of CCFA, altrenogest, and pentoxifylline); UNTREAT (n = 3, no treatment). Treatment was initiated at the onset of clinical signs. Concentrations of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide (DCA), the acetamide derivative of ceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur metabolites, were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum and minimum serum concentrations of DCA at steady state in treated mares were 2.40±0.40 μg/mL and 1.06±0.29 μg/mL, respectively. Concentration of DCA in colostrum was 1.51±0.60 μg/mL. DCA concentrations in placenta and fetal tissues were very low (median = 0.03 μg/mL) and below the minimum inhibitory concentration of relevant pathogens. DCA was not detected in amniotic fluid or foal serum. Treatment did not appear to improve foal survival (CEFT: 0/3; COMBO: 2/6; UNTREAT: 2/3). Bacteria were recovered from the uterus of most mares postpartum and from blood cultures of most foals regardless of treatment.
The Diagnosis of Depression in People with Severe Limitations in Intellectual Functioning.

People with intellectual disability (ID) were once considered immune to developing psychopathology, including affective disorders such as depression. Now research has shown that people with ID do suffer from depression, and the focus is on understanding how to best diagnose and provide treatment. Research has come a long way in adapting the diagnostic process for people with mild/moderate deficits in intellectual functioning and communication abilities. However, there is a lack of research and clinical understanding regarding how to assess depression in people who lack communication skills and function with severe or profound deficits in intellectual functioning. This paper reviews the available literature on the occurrence of depression in people with ID, specifically those with more significant deficits, and discusses the difficulties that arise in trying to determine a diagnosis of depression for this population.
Severe anemia in cats with urethral obstruction: 17 cases (2002-2011).

Objective To characterize clinical parameters of cats with severe anemia due to suspected urinary bladder hemorrhage associated with urethral obstruction. Design Retrospective case-control study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Seventeen cats with urethral obstruction and severe anemia (group “UO-A”) that required transfusion were identified via medical record database search. Thirty cats with urethral obstruction and mild or no anemia (group “UO”) were included as controls. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The median PCV of all cases at presentation was 28% (range, 9%–47%). Seven cats had PCV ≤20% at presentation, and all transfused cats had PCV ≤20% at the time of transfusion. Three cats did not receive a transfusion despite PCV ≤18%. Cats in the UO-A group had a significantly longer duration of clinical signs (P = 0.001), and were more likely to have a history of previous urethral obstruction (P = 0.011), have a heart murmur (P = 0.002), have a gallop rhythm (P = 0.005), and have lower blood pressure (P = 0.007) compared to those in the UO group. Additionally, UO-A cats had significantly lower pH, more negative base excess, higher BUN, and higher creatinine compared to UO cats. Duration of urinary catheterization was significantly (P = 0.016) longer in UO-A cats. All UO cats survived to discharge, whereas 4/17 (23.5%) UO-A cats were euthanized (P = 0.013). Conclusions A history of previous urethral obstruction and longer duration of clinical signs may be important risk factors for severe anemia in UO cats. Additionally, UO-A cats appeared to be more severely affected, as evidenced by lower blood pressure, more severe metabolic acidosis, higher BUN and creatinine, and worse outcome.
Kinetic Heat Sink

Conventional heat sinks for processors achieve improved heat transfer efficiency by impinging ambient air over stationary fins. Further improvement in the air film heat transfer coefficient through increased air speed becomes asymptotic and invariably results in undesirable acoustic noise. The Kinetic Heat Sink (KHS) is a novel concept that utilizes rotating metals fins to transfer heat to the ambient air. The configuration allows high-speed relative motion between surrounding air and fins with the potential of a high heat transfer coefficient at practical flow rates and rotational speeds. Improved efficiency of heat transfer is anticipated because of higher relative tangential velocities offered by the rotating fins and moving air compared to a conventional heat sink configuration. The need to move the fins relative to the stationary heat source, however, imposes a technical challenge. A highly conductive thin liquid film to couple the stationary heat source to the moving fins is required to demonstrate ...
Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Mutations in Genes Linked to Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Fatal Cases of H1N1 Influenza

Background. Severe H1N1 influenza can be lethal in otherwise healthy individuals and can have features of reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HLH is associated with mutations in lymphocyte cytolytic pathway genes, which have not been previously explored in H1N1 influenza. Methods. Sixteen cases of fatal influenza A(H1N1) infection, 81% with histopathologic hemophagocytosis, were identified and analyzed for clinical and laboratory features of HLH, using modified HLH-2004 and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) criteria. Fourteen specimens were subject to whole-exome sequencing. Sequence alignment and variant filtering detected HLH gene mutations and potential disease-causing variants. Cytolytic function of the PRF1 p.A91V mutation was tested in lentiviral-transduced NK-92 natural killer (NK) cells. Results. Despite several lacking variables, cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection met 44% and 81% of modified HLH-2004 and MAS criteria, respectively. Five subjects (36%) carried one of 3 heterozygous LYST mutations, 2 of whom also possessed the p.A91V PRF1 mutation, which was shown to decrease NK cell cytolytic function. Several patients also carried rare variants in other genes previously observed in MAS. Conclusions. This cohort of fatal influenza A(H1N1) infections confirms the presence of hemophagocytosis and HLH pathology. Moreover, the high percentage of HLH gene mutations suggests they are risk factors for mortality among individuals with influenza A(H1N1) infection.
150 years later: a look at Loschmidt's contributions to organic chemistry

Examining the structures presented by Loschmidt in 1861 shows that he portrayed organic structures in a visually appealing way, but the structures do not support several claims and accolades of Loschmidt's modern-day champions. There is serious doubt that Loschmidt viewed benzene as a planar cyclic array of six carbon atoms; he did not understand positional isomerism of benzene derivatives or the essence of geometric isomerism. He did not recognize that carbons of the C6 nucleus could only be singly bonded to a substituent. Concerning his “prediction” of cyclopropane, Loschmidt may have been the first to consider a “circular” array of three atoms; this achievement must be viewed in the light of similar predictions for a cyclic dinitrogen oxide, tetracyclohexane, heptacyclononane, and a [1,1]-metacyclophane. His structures worked well for strings of sp2-hybridized carbons or for molecules with chains of tri-substituted carbons. Loschmidt did not differentiate between the bond lengths of double and triple bonds, as claimed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warning: Even memory for faces may be contagious.

College students (521) participated in this research program designed to study the extent to which memory for faces can be altered. Pilot results indicated that subjects who viewed a face and then heard a description of that face ostensibly written by another witness were influenced by that description. Specifically, subjects adopted the verbal expressions of another witness even when those expressions were in error. Furthermore, subjects who heard a misleading detail had a tendency to incorporate that detail into their reconstructions of the original face; subjects who did not hear the misleading detail rarely did so. These findings were further explored in three larger-scale experiments. In each of the three experiments, subjects viewed a target individual in a photograph (Experiment 2), in a film (Experiment 1), or live (Experiment 3). Subsequently, some subjects were exposed to misleading information via a version of the target individual ostensibly given by another witness (Experiments 1 and 2). The major results were as follows: (1) Experiment 1: If another witness referred to a misleading feature, over a third of the subjects included that detail in their own description, using the exact wording that the other witness had used. Control subjects rarely did so (5%). (2) Experiment 2: If the other witness referred to a misleading detail, nearly 70% of the subjects later “recognized” an individual with that feature. Control subjects did so far less often (13%). (3) If subjects were questioned with leading questions containing misinformation about a critical feature (moustache), over 30% indicated that they had seen the critical feature. Control subjects rarely did so (4%). These results show that memory for a face is affected by the introduction of subsequent misleading information about that face, contradicting the view that faces are special in their lack of susceptibility to interference. These results have important implications for police practices regarding eyewitness recognition.
2(Naphthyl-(1')-Methyl)-Imidazoline Hydrochloride (Privine). I. Potency in Modifying Cocaine Hydrochloride-Induced Convulsions

Summary1. Privine, on the basis of the method employed for comparison, is a less effective vasoconstrictor than epinephrine. 2. The LD50 of Privine for guinea pigs is intermediate between 1 cc of 1:250 (4 mg) and 1 cc of 1:100 (10 mg) per kilogram. 3. Actively growing guinea pigs of less than 300 g are more sensitive to a given toxic dose of cocaine in g per kg than are mature or less actively growing guinea pigs of more than 300 g. 4. The toxicity, after subcutaneous injection, of a dose of cocaine in g per kg may be decreased by decreasing the concentration of the solution used for injection; this has been previously reported by other investigators.
Bubbling Up the Good Ideas: A Two-Mode Network Analysis of an Intra-Organizational Idea Challenge

Organizations have been experimenting with intraorganizational crowdsourcing IOC, yet the mechanisms of IOC production remain an underresearched topic. Drawing on a 2-mode ERGM, we examine structural mechanisms and individual-level factors that shape the network structure of idea generation and selection yielded by an IOC idea challenge in a global IT corporation. Results show a Matthew effect leading to 1 highly centralized employee participation around a few "superactive" employees who engage with many ideas and 2 highly centralized idea popularity with a few ideas attracting most employee attention. We find support for shared affiliations among employee-idea clusters in the first half of the participation, which is, however, less likely in the second half. We also find support for geographic homophily.
The Spectrum and Panorama of Dyslexia: The Retrospective Study

The author began his “dyslexic career” by chance in 1965 as a psychiatric consultant to the Special Reading Services of the New York City Board of Education. At that time, the prevailing opinion within the Special Reading Services (SRS) was that reading disabilities were due to psychogenic factors.* This opinion was presented at the 1958 American Orthopsychiatric Symposium on Learning Disabilities by Jerome Silverman, Margarette Fite, and Margaret Mosher—3 members of a typical SRS clinic team consisting of psychiatrist, psychologist, and social worker. In their paper, “Clinical Findings in Reading Disability Children—Special Cases of Intellectual Inhibition,” the authors analyzed the data derived from a study of 35 SRS children (29 boys/6 girls) with severe learning problems, and clearly stated that “work with these children has shown repeatedly that the reading disability is only one aspect or symptom of a more basic disturbance in the child’s emotional life,” and that “physical and developmental factors ... while they do not appear crucial in the origin of the reading problem, may be contributory.” In addition, Silverman, Fite, and Mosher formulated a profile of a typical SRS child and then summarized their psychogenic concepts regarding the etiology of disabilities—which, of course, contrasted sharply with the views of researchers espousing a somatic or developmental pathogenesis.
Poster 043. Ability of a Priority Dispatch System to Respond Appropriately to Victims of Cardiac Arrest

Purpose: To evaluate die accuracy of die Emergency Medical Priority Dispatch System (EMPDS) with respect to response level for cardiac arrest cases, and to compare response times for delta versus other response levels. The study setting was an urban ALS system that adopted a priority dispatch system 2.5 years ago. The sensitivity of the EMPDS has not been evaluated with regard to cardiac arrest cases since its implementation. We hypothesized that 99% of cardiac arrest cases would receive the highest level of response. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1994 emergency medical services (EMS) atraumatic cardiac arrest incident reports. We compared response time to response level using a subsample of 230 cases for which complete data were available. We used ANOVA and chi-square tests in our analyses. Results: Of 284 cardiac arrest cases, 258 (90.8%) were classified as delta, 17 (6.0%) as charlie, eight (2.8%) as bravo, and one (0.4%) as alpha. More cases were misclassified as charlie or lower than expected ( p p = 0.25). Conclusion: The EMPDS has high sensitivity in identifying and responding to cardiac arrest calls. The highest priority calls had, on average, approximately one minute faster response times than the lower priority calls. This reflects the importance of accuracy in this system, particularly with regard to conditions, such as cardiac arrest where response time is highly correlated with survival. The results of this study support the use of the EMPDS, and indicate the need for more specific analyses of the causes and consequences of misclassification of cardiac arrest cases.
How does the arterial endothelium sense flow? Hemodynamic forces and signal transduction

The focal nature of atherosclerotic lesions is associated with patterns of altered blood flow in the major arteries (1–3), although the precise nature of the flow in such regions is unclear. At the interface between flowing blood and the arterial wall, a confluent monolayer of endothelial cells operates as a signal-transduction system for hemodynamic forces associated with flow. Investigations of the influence of pressure, stretch and shear stress upon endothelial biology have therefore been conducted with a view to linking the precise flow profiles and the vessel wall pathophysiology. It is now clear that early atherogenesis develops in the presence of an intact endothelial monolayer (4–6, 10) consistent with the pivotal role that the endothelium may play in this disease process. The mechanisms by which physical forces influence endothelial biology, however, have yet to be fully defined.
Dashboard design for improved team situation awareness in time-critical medical work: Challenges and lessons learned

Abstract We describe the process of designing TRU-Board, a dashboard system for improving team situation awareness in trauma resuscitation units—time-critical, high-risk medical settings characterized by team-based and information-intensive processes of treating critically injured patients. The design and evaluation process involved an iterative, user-centered approach with multiple phases and activities, including participatory design workshops, interviews and narrated video review sessions, video analysis of live resuscitations, and rapid prototyping and testing through heuristic evaluation and simulation sessions. Using this approach, we created a total of 16 major design prototypes, with multiple iterations in-between. This design and evaluation process resulted in several design principles and lessons learned. We conclude by discussing these lessons and challenges to introducing computerized support in complex, high-risk medical domains.
Epidemiology of adult atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is driven by a complex gene-environment interaction. Many of the risk factors and genetic underpinning previously observed for pediatric AD may not apply to adult atopic dermatitis, suggesting that these may largely be different disorders. Whereas AD is classically thought of as a pediatric disease, recent studies have shown high rates of disease in adults as well. Risk factors for persistence of childhood-onset AD, as well as adult-onset AD, are reviewed. Adults with AD are particularly vulnerable to exogenous insults from the outside environment, including climate, ultraviolet exposure, pollution, irritants and pruritogens, and microbes. Finally, adult AD is associated with a substantial health care burden, with increased utilization, direct and indirect costs of care, and lost work productivity.
Community integration in spinal cord injury of long duration

Objective to examine longitudinal changes in community reintegration among people aging with spinal cord injury, and to determine if these changes are related to demographic variables and scores on psychosocial measures of stress, life satisfaction, depression, psychological well-being, and perceived quality of life. Design 178 members of a British population-based study of outcomes after spinal cord injury were evaluated at three-year intervals from 1990 to 1999. Participants responded to a questionnaire that included measures of community integration and perceived psychosocial status. Scores and results were analyzed to identify changes over time in community reintegration. Results The findings indicate a general decline in community reintegration over time in terms of physical independence, mobility, occupation and social integration. However, economic self-sufficiency appears to steadily improve as time passes. Life satisfaction also declined over time and was related to community reintegration. Measures of emotional distress were not important predictors of community reintegration. Conclusions Community reintegration declined over time in this sample of British individuals aging with SCI. Although there were concurrent relationships between demographic variables of age and neurologic group, neither these factors nor duration of injury appeared to impact change in community reintegration. More significant was the relationship between perceived life satisfaction and community integration.
Military and Politics

Virtually all nations have some form of military force for protection against external foes, for international prestige, and often to maintain internal order. The relationship between a nation's political life and its military is a fundamental and enduring problem. The problem may be understood as a matter of managing the boundary between them. Civil authorities desire to control the military; simultaneously, militaries are more effective when they are professionalized, which requires substantial autonomy and minimal civilian penetration into their internal operations. Modern democracies have achieved more effective solutions in this regard than developing nations. Both institutional mechanisms and political norms contribute to the management of the boundary between military and politics.
Interspecific and intraspecific transference of metabolism-based mesotrione resistance in dioecious weedy Amaranthus.

Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) might play an important role in dispersing herbicide resistance alleles in dioecious weedy Amaranthus species. Field experiments in a concentric donor-receptor design were conducted to quantify two sets of PMGF studies, an interspecific (Amaranthus tuberculatus × Amaranthus palmeri) and an intraspecific (A. tuberculatus × A. tuberculatus). In both studies, PMGF was evaluated using a resistant A. tuberculatus phenotype with enhanced mesotrione detoxification via P450 enzymes as a source of resistance alleles. For interspecific hybridization, more than 104 000 putative hybrid seedlings were screened with three markers, one phenotypic and two molecular. The two molecular markers used, including 2-bp polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer region, distinguished A. palmeri, A. tuberculatus and their hybrids. Results showed that 0.1% hybridization between A. tuberculatus × A. palmeri occurred under field research conditions. For intraspecific hybridization, 22 582 seedlings were screened to assess the frequency of gene flow. The frequency of gene flow (FGF ) varied with distance, direction and year of the study. The farthest distance for 90% reduction of FGF was at 69 m in 2015 however, after averaging across directions it was 13.1 and 26.1 m in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This study highlights the transfer of metabolism-based mesotrione resistance from A. tuberculatus to A. palmeri under field research conditions. The results presented here might aid in the rapid detection of A. palmeri among other Amaranthus species and show that PMFG could be expediting the increase of herbicide resistance in A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus across US crop production areas.
Miragens do Japão: nostalgia, comida e isogastrias em Nihonjin de Oscar Nakasato / Mirages of Japan: Nostalgia, Food and Isogastrias in Nihonjin, by Oscar Nakasato

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva analisar as representacoes da comida no romance Nihonjin (2011) do escritor paranaense Oscar Nakasato. Arguo que as praticas culinarias estabelecem limites, que chamarei de isogastrias, entre as comunidades etnicas no Brasil das primeiras decadas do seculo XX. Em Nihonjin , que tem como pano de fundo a vida dos primeiros japoneses vindos em 1908 para trabalhar nos cafezais do interior de Sao Paulo, a comida, sua preparacao e consumo aparecem no romance como marcador da etnicidade japonesa na diaspora. As representacoes da comida sao tambem um indicador do processo de transculturacao dessa comunidade no Brasil. A saudade dos japoneses pelo Japao na diaspora encontra na comida um ponto de apoio para as lembrancas e a memoria. Palavras chave: Oscar Nakasato; Nihonjin ; estudos da comida; nostalgia; isogastrias; japoneses no Brasil. Asbtract: This research aims to study the representations of food in the novel Nihonjin (2011) by Oscar Nakasato. I argue that culinary practices establish boundaries, that I call isogastrias, between ethnic communities in Brazil in the first decades of the 20th century. In Nihonjin , which has as a background the life of the first Japanese immigrants that arrived to work in the coffee plantations of Sao Paulo in 1908, food, its preparation and consumption are depicted as a marker of Japanese ethnicity in the diaspora. The representations of food are also an indicator of the process of transculturation of this community in Brazil. The nostalgia that Japanese in the diaspora feel for Japan finds in food a foothold for memories and remembrances. Keywords: Oscar Nakasato; Nihonjin ; food studies; Nostalgia; isogastrias; Japanese in Brazil.