cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac hypertrophy and antihypertensive therapy.

Biochemical (myocardial DNA, RNA, and hydroxyproline) and humoral (plasma [PRA] and kidney [KRA] renin activity) factors were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar controls (NR) before and following treatment with minoxidil or propranolol. Minoxidil (150 mg·litre−1 drinking water) effectively controlled blood pressure (17.3 kPa vs 24.9 kPa [130 mmHg vs 187 mmHg], P <0.001) despite marked and sustained increases in both PRA and KRA ventricular weight which were not reduced and myocardial DNA, RNA, and hydroxyproline which were increased by minoxidil (P<0.01). In contrast propranolol did not reduce blood pressure in SHR but ventricular weight was reduced somewhat (3.1 ±0.4 mg·g−1 vs 3.4 ± 0.09 mg·g−1, P < 0.05); in both S HR and NR, KRA, and PRA were lowered by pranolol. Methyldopa which controlled blood pressure and lowered PRA led to a reversal of hypertrophy. Thus, although blood pressure control is obviously important for reversing cardiac hypertrophy, it may not be the sole factor for the development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy.
The Heisenberg Theory of the Anomalous Zeeman Effect

IN his theory for doublets Heisenberg (Zeit. f. Physik, 8, 273, 1922) assumes that the atom may be looked at as made of two parts: (1) the shell and (2) the valence electron. Expressing angular momenta in multiples of h/2π and choosing the direction of the angular momentum of the shell as positive, the electron is allowed to have angular momenta I=½, ± 3/2, ± 5/2, … in the s, p, d, … states respectively, and the shell has in all of the states the angular momentum ½. The observed Zeeman patterns show that I=3/2 in 2p1 and I= − 3/2 in 2p2. The observed energy levels show that the energy in 2p1 is higher than in 2p2. The writer experienced the following difficulty in accounting for this relative position of energy levels.
Optimal federalism: A model of psychological dependence

Increased size, scope, and visibility of government may strengthen relations of psychological dependence, an unintended aggregate effect of liberal programs. Such an effect depends upon the dominant phenomenological world of the citizenry which intersects objective trends: dependence,eminence grise identification, or enlightened maturity. A model of self-conceptions and emotional syndromes characteristic of the two parties in a dependency relationship predicts there will be objectively inconsistent and unrealistic expectations and demands by both parties, inadequate rationality and program evaluation, and mutual frustration, mistrust, and disillusionment. Trends in American politics suggest the possibility of an increasing dependency substructure. If dependency relations are growing, then the political and administrative problems outlined can be expected to increase.
Multistep contributions in 88Sr(h, t) 88Y☆

Abstract Using a coupled-reaction-channels (CRC) description of nuclear reactions, we have studied the reaction 88 Sr(h, t) 88 Y to 4 − , 5 − , and 2 + , 3 + doublet states. The data, taken at 23 MeV, show angular distributions with anomalous shapes, which cannot be explained by simple distorted-wave Born approximation calculations; our calculations, including (h, α) − (α, t) and (h, d) − (d, t) intermediate processes, but neglecting the direct (h, t) mechanism, give a good description of the shapes and relative magnitudes of the angular distributions. Effects of configuration mixing are also studied.
Neoclassical econometrics: The agenda

Abstract A new approach to econometric modeling and parameter estimation which permits the construction of Macro-econometric models from general Microeconomic-foundations is proposed. It provides, inter alia, Full Information calibration/estimation methods which: 1. (a) permits a statistical solution to the (Exact or Consistent) Aggregation Problem, 2. (b) permits a new approach to the problem of Parameter Identification, 3. (c) permits a systematic approach to the problem of Model Selection, 4. (d) obviates the need for use of the Duality Theory of Cost and Profit functions by working solely on Primal problems, 5. (e) treats, in principle, the spectrum of perfectly competitive to monopolistic/monopsonistic market structures, 6. (f) applies, in principle, to both partial and general equilibrium models, and 7. (g) obtains the structural form of “limited dependent variable” econometric estimation methods directly from neoclassical (constrained optimization) behavioral models —all in the context of well-behaved, but essentially unrestricted, functional forms, subject to a general set of “rationality postulates” regarding the behavior of individual economic units.
An electron microscopic study of the newt (Triturus viridescens) Optic Nerve

The newt (Triturus viridescens) optic nerve appears to be more primitive than that of higher vertebrates. Only one type of glial cell is present and their stellate cell bodies are located in the core of the nerve. They send radiating processes to the surface to form a glial limitans beneath the meninges. The processes and their branches enwrap fascicles of naked axons and scattered myelinated fibers. The position and cytological character of these cells and their processes suggest that they are primitive ependyma. They subserve the functions of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, in the latter case forming myelin wrappings. The position of their cell bodies is reminiscent of that of embryonic ependymal cells which surround the lumen of the optic stalk of vertebrates during eye development. Their cytoplasm is of medium to high cytoplasmic density, contains numerous cytoplasmic organelles and exhibit both microtubules and microfilaments.
A clinical laboratory procedure for the study of the general adaptation syndrome.

AT THE present time there is no simple clinical procedure which renders it possible to evaluate the intensity of the General Adaptation Syndrome of Selye (1) or to indicate when the reaction has been concluded. The present report presents a turbidity test applicable to blood serum and, with a slight modification, to urine, which renders such an evaluation possible. The proportions given have been found to be the most effective in producing the turbidity. EXAMINATION OF SERUM Materials 1. Nonhemolyzed serum is obtained by venipuncture at least four hours after a meal, and is diluted, 1 part of serum in 10 parts of distilled water; 0.5 ml. of serum is sufficient. It should be examined within twelve hours after its withdrawal. 2. Sorethytan-20-mono-oleate (Tween 80, Atlas Powder Co.)—20 ml. dissolved in 80 ml. of distilled water. 3. Ethyl alcohol (95 per cent)—100 ml. diluted with 20 ml. of distilled water. Technic Three test tubes are set up and the reagents added in the following order: distilled water—2 m...
Training Reciprocal Social Interactions Between Preschoolers and a Child with Autism

Previous research has suggested that children diagnosed with autism have severe social deficits that require active intervention. As such, the current study investigated the effectiveness of peer a...
Calcium at the sarcolemma

Experiments in mammalian ventricle in which calcium (Ca) is removed from and replaced to arterial perfusate indicate that a component of Ca important in contractile control is bound to rapidly exchangeable cellular sites. These sites appear to be in rapid equilibrium with extracellular Ca and are replenished, beat-to-beat, from the extracellular source. The binding sites appear to be anionic phospholipids of the sarcolemma. They are visualized to represent a store of sarcolemmal Ca which, upon membrane excitation, supplies the systems responsible for transsarcolemmal movement--the Ca channel and the Na-Ca exchanger. The amount of Ca bound to sarcolemma is an important factor in control of the amount of Ca which enters the cell via the channel or exchanger. Conversely, there is evidence that suggests that the activity of (at least) the exchanger determines, in part, the quantity of Ca bound. Increased activity of the Na-Ca exchanger is associated with increased Ca-binding to sarcolemmal sites.
Electron-Induced Oxygen Desorption from the TiO2(011)-2×1 Surface Leads to Self-Organized Vacancies

When low-energy electrons strike a titanium dioxide surface, they may cause the desorption of surface oxygen. Oxygen vacancies that result from irradiating a TiO2(011)-2x1 surface with electrons with an energy of 300 electron volts were analyzed by scanning tunneling microscopy. The cross section for desorbing oxygen from the pristine surface was found to be 9 (+/-6) x 10(-17) square centimeters, which means that the initial electronic excitation was converted into atomic motion with a probability near unity. Once an O vacancy had formed, the desorption cross sections for its nearest and next-nearest oxygen neighbors were reduced by factors of 100 and 10, respectively. This site-specific desorption probability resulted in one-dimensional arrays of oxygen vacancies.
Natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disease associated with neuropathy

David Leitenberg, MD, PhD, Richard N. Eisen, MD, Jonathan M. Goldstein, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Lamber-t Busque, MD, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Henry M. Rinder, MD, Peter Stys, MD, Martin E. Katz, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, D. Gary Gilliland, MD, PhD, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Brian R. Smith, MD, FACP, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Increased protein kinase C theta in skeletal muscle of diabetic patients

Abstract In this study we have investigated whether protein kinase C (PKC) protein and activity are increased in skeletal muscle of human diabetic patients. The protein content of different PKC isoforms (β, Θ, ϵ, δ, μ, and ζ) in the particulate fraction was measured, using Western analysis, in human rectus abdominus skeletal muscle from obese (hyperinsulinemic, normoglycemic) and obese diabetic (hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic) subjects. PKC Θ protein content was significantly higher in the particulate fraction of muscle from diabetic patients compared with the nondiabetic controls. PKC Θ was immunoprecipitated and its activity was measured in muscle from diabetic and nondiabetic controls. There was a significant increase in PKC Θ activity in muscle from diabetic patients compared with muscle from nondiabetic controls. Therefore, both PKC Θ protein content and activity were significantly increased in the particulate fraction in muscle from diabetic patients, suggesting the involvement of this isoform in diabetes. Most of the PKC Θ protein was found in the cytosol. There was no change in cytosolic PKC Θ protein content in muscle from diabetic patients compared with muscle from nondiabetic controls. Thus, the increase in particulate-associated PKC Θ was likely due to translocation and activation rather than an increase in protein mass.
Firing Rate Homeostasis in Visual Cortex of Freely Behaving Rodents

SUMMARY Ithas been postulatedthat homeostatic mechanisms maintain stable circuit function by keeping neuronal firing within a set point range, but such firing rate homeostasis has never been demonstrated in vivo. Here we use chronic multielectrode recordings to monitor firing rates in visual cortex of freely behaving rats during chronic monocular visual deprivation (MD). Firing rates in V1 were suppressed over thefirst 2 day of MD but then rebounded to baseline over the next 2‐3 days despite continued MD. This drop and rebound in firing was accompanied by bidirectional changes in mEPSC amplitude measured ex vivo. The rebound in firing was independent of sleepwake state but was cell type specific, as putative FS and regular spiking neurons responded to MD with different time courses. These data establish that homeostatic mechanisms within the intact CNS act to stabilize neuronal firing rates in the face of sustained sensory perturbations.
Relationship of computer hassles, somatic complaints, and daily hassles.

The relationships between computer hassles, measured by the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, daily hassles, measured by the Daily Hassles Scale, and somatic complaints, measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, were investigated in a college sample of 103. Computer hassles were correlated .57 with daily hassles and .39 with somatic complaints. Daily hassles were correlated .62 with somatic complaints. In general, these measures were uncorrelated with computer experience or computer knowledge. The daily Hassles Scale, a measure of stress, is a better correlate for the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, a measure of computer-related stress, than the Perceived Stress Scale.
Virus-specific memory CD8 T cells provide substantial protection from lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused an acute human respiratory illness with high morbidity and mortality in 2002-2003. Several studies have demonstrated the role of neutralizing antibodies induced by the spike (S) glycoprotein in protecting susceptible hosts from lethal infection. However, the anti-SARS-CoV antibody response is short-lived in patients who have recovered from SARS, making it critical to develop additional vaccine strategies. SARS-CoV-specific memory CD8 T cells persisted for up to 6 years after SARS-CoV infection, a time at which memory B cells and antivirus antibodies were undetectable in individuals who had recovered from SARS. In this study, we assessed the ability of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells to mediate protection against infection in the absence of SARS-CoV-specific memory CD4 T or B cells. We demonstrate that memory CD8 T cells specific for a single immunodominant epitope (S436 or S525) substantially protected 8- to 10-month-old mice from lethal SARS-CoV infection. Intravenous immunization with peptide-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) followed by intranasal boosting with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding S436 or S525 resulted in accumulation of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), lungs, and spleen. Upon challenge with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV, virus-specific memory CD8 T cells efficiently produced multiple effector cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin 2 [IL-2]) and cytolytic molecules (granzyme B) and reduced lung viral loads. Overall, our results show that SARS-CoV-specific memory CD8 T cells protect susceptible hosts from lethal SARS-CoV infection, but they also suggest that SARS-CoV-specific CD4 T cell and antibody responses are necessary for complete protection. IMPORTANCE Virus-specific CD8 T cells are required for pathogen clearance following primary SARS-CoV infection. However, the role of SARS-CoV-specific memory CD8 T cells in mediating protection after SARS-CoV challenge has not been previously investigated. In this study, using a prime-boost immunization approach, we showed that virus-specific CD8 T cells protect susceptible 8- to 10-month-old mice from lethal SARS-CoV challenge. Thus, future vaccines against emerging coronaviruses should emphasize the generation of a memory CD8 T cell response for optimal protection.
Islam and the West: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, by Mustapha Chérif

Abstract Originally published as L'Islam et l'occident, 2006. Translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. xxii + 114 pp. Hardback, $19.99
Intraoperative Doppler Coronary Artery Finder

Time-consuming difficulty is occasionally encountered in finding coronary arteries or previously placed vascular grafts during coronary revascularization procedures. A catheter-tipped, continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonic probe with simple audio output has been shown to be capable of expediting the search for these vessels.
Concurrent programming in Smalltalk-80

Smalltalk-80 provides only a minimal set of concurrency control mechanisms. The fork and newProcess messages can be used to indicate that two (or more) processes can run concurrently, and a Semaphore class is provided which can be used to achieve synchronization.These features are not enough, however, to simulate true concurrency. A process will not yield the processor until it can no longer continue. This makes it all too easy to unintentionally produce code which is dependent upon yielding the processor at some specific point.The Delay and Random classes were used to force processes to yield nondeterministically. This allowed a single processor, context switching environment to be simulated. The producer/consumer problem was used to exercise the concurrent mechanisms in this investigation.
Growth of Shigella flexneri in foods: comparison of observed and predicted growth kinetics parameters.

Abstract Shigella causes foodborne gastrointestinal illness; however, little information is available on its ability to grow in foods. Commercially available sterile foods (UHT milk, beef broth, chicken broth, vegetable broth, meats, vegetables) were inoculated with S. flexneri 5348 and incubated at 12, 15, 19, 28 or 37 °C. Growth curves were fitted from plate count data by the Gompertz equation and exponential growth rates, generation times, lag times and maximum population densities were derived. The observed kinetics values, expressed as T 1000 (time, h, required for a 3 log increase in bacterial population), were compared with values calculated using published growth models. Observed and calculated values compared favorably for growth at 19–37 °C. S. flexneri grew well in milk at 15–37 °C but growth at 12 °C was variable. The bacteria readily grew in most foods, even at 12 °C; but died off in carrots at 19 and 28 °C. Factors other than those used in the growth model may influence bacterial growth in specific foods.
Reconsidering Interests: The Next Big Idea in Career Counseling Theory Research and Practice:

A population of people that are living longer and working longer invite a reconsideration of interests and interest measurement as individuals make substantial changes in their vocational and avoca...
Ultra-high density 3D SRAM cell designs for monolithic 3D integration

This paper presents design options for 3D SRAM cells to enable ultra-high density 3D SRAM based on monolithic 3D integration. Our target technology offers one tier of NMOS devices, another for PMOS devices, and nano-scale inter-tier vias. Choosing the most compact 22nm 2D SRAM as our design baseline, we first achieve a 33% footprint area reduction by simply splitting the NMOS and PMOS devices in the 2D cell into two tiers. We then explore several alternative design options that fully take the advantage of monolithic 3D technology under area and reliability goals. Our options include (1) the conventional 2P4N cell with new sizing, (2) 3P3N cell with voltage enhancement, (3) 4P4N 8T cell. We achieve 44% and 45% area reduction with the first two and 40% with the last, all under high static noise margin, data retention voltage, and write margin under both nominal and statistical conditions.
Isothermal molecular-dynamics ensembles

S. Nose [Mol. Phys. 52, 255 (1984); J. Chem. Phys. 81, 511 (1984)] has developed a form of molecular dynamics that generates the canonical ensemble. Since molecular-dynamics calculations are carried out at constant total linear momentum, we investigate the necessary modifications in Nose’s theory when the constraint of constant total linear momentum is imposed. We show that Nose’s theory can be modified so that it generates phase-space trajectories corresponding to a constant-momentum canonical ensemble with zero total momentum. We also present an exact treatment of the statistical mechanics of this constant-momentum canonical ensemble, including expressions relating averages to thermodynamic variables and formulas involving thermodynamic response functions which are often used in molecular-dynamics calculations.
Determination of the solubility of a monomer in water by multiple headspace extraction gas chromatography

In water-based polymerization (suspension, microsuspension, emulsion, miniemulsion, and microemulsion polymerization), the solubility of the monomer in the aqueous phase can have profound effects on the final polymer product. This article demonstrates a novel method for the determination of monomer solubility in water with headspace gas chromatography (GC). In this method, an excess amount of an organic solute of interest was added into a closed headspace vial containing a given volume of water. The organic solute and water in the vial was well mixed by strong hand shaking; then, the equilibrated vapor solute in the vial at a desired temperature was measured by headspace GC with a multiple headspace extraction mode. In each headspace extraction, a part of the vapor phase in the vial was vented for GC analysis and replaced with an inert gas. The excess amount of solute in aqueous solution was eventually removed from the vial after multiple headspace extractions, and the solute concentration in water reached its saturation point. After that point, the concentration of the solute in the vapor dramatically decreased in each subsequent headspace extraction. By plotting vapor concentration versus headspace extraction number, we determined the transition point. The vapor concentration at this point corresponded to the solute solubility, which was calculated through a calibration. This method was very simple and automated; it could easily be used for organic solute solubility measurement at an elevated temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1296–1301, 2006
Inheritance and reliability of random amplified polymorphic DNA-markers in two consecutive generations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used in a variety of genetic studies in fisheries and aquaculture. Most population studies are performed without preliminary data demonstrating the Mendelian inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers. In this study, the inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers was examined in two consecutive generations of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Variability and segregation of RAPD markers were investigated in one F1 progeny and three F2 progenies. Seventy-four RAPD markers were generated by five primers using DNA extracted from the initial ornamental (koi) common carp female and wild-type colour common carp male. Fifty-five of these RAPD markers were transmitted to the F1 progeny and the inheritance patterns were analysed. Twenty RAPD markers were fully reproducible and demonstrated dominant simple Mendelian inheritance patterns in two consecutive generations. Twenty-four RAPD markers were not reproducible in all progenies. Thirteen markers displayed inheritance ratios in the progenies that did not fit simple Mendelian inheritance patterns. Non-reproducibility of RAPD markers and distorted ratios may be caused by the absence of amplification, poor amplification or by the appearance of artefact bands. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers with poor reproducibility and non-Mendelian inheritance can lead to misinterpretations of data in population studies, resulting in errors in the estimation of genetic diversity within and between individual populations. Therefore, it is recommended to first identify the set of reproducible RAPD markers that demonstrate Mendelian inheritance before application of the RAPD technique in population studies.
The Role of an African‐American Candidate on Psychological Engagement and Political Discussion in a Local Election

There have been numerous studies of African-American political participation, but little research investigating the effect of African-American candidates on political discussion. This is surprising, given the importance of political discussion in democratic theory and the increased attention it has received in the literature. We address this gap by examining the effect of a successful African-American Democratic candidate on psychological engagement and political discussion in a majority white, majority Republican local election in the Deep South. Our findings reveal a paradox—African-American voters paid more attention to the election and reported being more informed and more satisfied with the candidates, but were less likely to have discussed the election. The negative effect of race was less than in other concurrent races, indicating that the presence of an African-American candidate may limit but not erase participation differentials in political discussion.
The use of solvent isotope effects in the pursuit of enzyme mechanisms

The basic principles and illustrative applications to enzyme mechanisms of solvent isotope effects, with emphasis on the use of rate measurements in mixtures of protium and deuterium oxides (‘proton inventories’), are reviewed over a period slightly shorter than the history of this Journal. The principles in their current formulation are traced to publications of the 1960s and the illustrations are taken from publications that have appeared in 2006–2007. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spermatophore Web Formation in a Pseudoscorpion

The male pseudoscorpion Serianus sp. n. deposits spermatophores without mating, but only when females are present. It marks a path to the spermatophore with silken threads produced in an endodermal gland, which is homologous to the rectal pocket in males and females of other species and in the female of the same species.
Multipoint Inverse Method for Multielement Airfoil Design

A multipoint inverse method has been developed for the design of multielement airfoils with desired velocity distributions in incompressible potential flow. The method uses an isolated-airfoil, multipoint, inverse code to generate each element of the multielement airfoil and a two-dimensional panel method to analyze the multielement airfoil. Through Newton iteration, the variables associated with the design of the elements in isolation are adjusted to achieve desired multielement velocity distributions. As the paper demonstrates, changes in the velocity distributions over the elements in isolation result in remarkably similar changes in the velocity distributions over the corresponding elements of the multielement airfoil. This similarity results in two key features of the design method: 1) the use of the isolated airfoil velocity distributions as design variables to achieve desired distributions over the multielement airfoil, and 2) the calculation of the gradient information for the Newton iteration during the design of the isolated airfoils rather than by several panel-method analyses, resulting in substantial savings in computation time
Gas Bubbles in Fossil Amber as Possible Indicators of the Major Gas Composition of Ancient Air

Gases trapped in Miocene to Upper Cretaceous amber were released by gently crushing the amber under vacuum and were analyzed by quadrupole mass spectrometry. After discounting the possibility that the major gases N2, O2, and CO2 underwent appreciable diffusion and diagenetic exchange with their surroundings or reaction with the amber, it has been concluded that in primary bubbles (gas released during initial breakage) these gases represent mainly original ancient air modified by the aerobic respiration of microorganisms. Values of N2/(CO2 + O2) for each time period give consistent results despite varying O2/CO2 ratios that presumably were due to varying degrees of respiration. This allows calculation of original oxygen concentrations, which, on the basis of these preliminary results, appear to have changed from greater than 30 percent O2 during one part of the Late Cretaceous (between 75 and 95 million years ago) to 21 percent during the Eocene-Oligocene and for present-day samples, with possibly lower values during the Oligocene-Early Miocene. Variable O2 levels over time in general confirm theoretical isotope-mass balance calculations and suggest that the atmosphere has evolved over Phanerozoic time.
Getting started: Concurrent engineering for a medium-sized manufacturer

Abstract Concurrent engineering replaces the traditional sequential new product development process with one where tasks proceed in parallel whenever possible and where there is early consideration of all aspects of a product's lifecycle. Concurrent engineering shortens new product lead times, improves quality, and reduces manufacturing costs. The first step in implementing concurrent engineering requires developing an appropriate company structure and culture to support cooperation among departments, including design, manufacturing, marketing, purchasing departments, and so on. The second step is developing effective computer communication and analysis tools to yield in-depth benefits. This case study describes our efforts to improve new product development at a medium-sized cable manufacturer. Few concurrent engineering principles were currently being used. But our efforts with 14 individuals on the company's relatively simple product resulted in implementation of the first steps of concurrent engineering within three months. Team members from various departments discussed each new product using a checklist for early input and consideration of details, a new method for scheduling trial runs was implemented, and a system was built to track individual projects and monitor the process itself, identifying causes for delay. Our early experiences lead us to conclude that concurrent engineering can benefit many large and small companies, those who are industry leaders and followers and those with highly technical, complex products or relatively simple products.
EVOLUTIONARY MODELS OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE GALAXY.

A model of the galaxy is constructed and evolved in which the integrated influence of stellar and supernova nucleosynthesis on the composition of the interstellar gas is traced numerically. Our detailed assumptions concerning the character of the matter released from evolving stars and supernovae are guided by the results of recent stellar evolutionary calculations and hydrodynamic studies of supernova events. It is difficult to visualize an epoch of massive star formation in the collapsing gas cloud which formed our galaxy which would enrich the gas rapidly enough to account for the level of heavy element abundances in halo population stars; we have therefore proposed a stage of star formation which is entirely pregalactic in character. We suggest that the Jeans' length-sized initial condensations in the expanding universe discussed by Peebles and Dicke may provide the appropriate setting for this first generation of stars. Guided by these considerations, and by the need for a substantial quantity of 'unseen' mass to bind our local group of galaxies, we have constructed a model of the galaxy in which this violent early phase of massive star formation produces both (1) approximately 25% of the level of heavy elements observed in the solar system and (2) an enormous unseen mass in the form of black holes.
Critical point in finite density lattice QCD by canonical approach

Abstract We propose a method to find the QCD critical point at finite density calculating the canonical partition function Z C ( T , N ) by Monte-Carlo simulations of lattice QCD, and analyze data obtained by a simulation with two-flavor p4-improved staggered quarks with pion mass m π ≈ 770 MeV . It is found that the shape of an effective potential changes gradually as the temperature decreases and a first order phase transition appears in the low temperature and high density region. This result strongly suggests the existence of the critical point in the ( T , μ q ) phase diagram.
Use of circular permutation and end modification to position photoaffinity probes for analysis of RNA structure

Abstract Photocrosslinking allows first-order structural analysis with relatively small amounts of biological material and can be applied in complex in vitro systems. In this article we describe methods for positioning both arylazide and thionucleotide photoagents within an RNA of interest by end modification of circularly permuted RNAs. Application of this technique provided a library of constraints that, together with biochemical and phylogenetic comparative data, were used to develop a structure model of the bacterial ribonuclease P ribozyme–substrate complex. Circularly permuted genes for in vitro transcription are generated by PCR from tandem genes. Circularly permuted RNA transcripts can be modified with high efficiency at both the 5′ and 3′ termini with arylazide crosslinking reagents, or transcription can be primed with photoactive nucleotide analog monophosphates such as 6-thioguanosine. These crosslinking agents can be used over a wide range of experimental conditions but remain inert until they are activated by UV light. Crosslinked sites are subsequently mapped by reverse transcriptase primer extension of gel-purified crosslinked species. In addition to providing basic protocols for these methods, we discuss approaches for establishing the relevance of crosslinking data to native RNA structure.
« Effective target-mass » in inelastic interactions of 26.7 GeV/c protons with nucleons

The « effective target-mass » distribution has been obtained for a sample of proton-free proton and proton-bound nucleon inelastic collisions. It indicates that at least half of the events are to be interpreted as central collisions.
Heat production associated with synaptic transmission in the bullfrog spinal cord

By using heat detectors made with pyroelectric film, rapid heat production by the bullfrog spinal cord in response to dorsal root stimulation has been demonstrated. The heat production rises to its peak in about 100 ms after the arrival of afferent impulses and falls slowly with a time course comparable to that of the dorsal root potential. Stimulation of the ventral roots produces no detectable heat. The heat production was reversibly suppressed by immersion of the cord in a low Ca2+, high Mg2+ salt solution, indicating that the underlying exothermic process is associated with intraspinal synaptic transmission. The source of this 'synaptic heat' is located near the boundary between the dorsal column and the substantia gelatinosa in the vicinity of the stimulated dorsal roots.
Safety pharmacology assessment of drug-induced QT-prolongation in dogs with reduced repolarization reserve.

Abstract Introduction Drug-induced QT-prolongation, often based on hERG K+ current inhibition, has become a major safety concern during drug development. Hence, regulatory guidelines require combined in vitro and in vivo assays to assess the potential of new chemical entities to delay ventricular repolarization. Here, results of a pharmacological validation study with the torsadogenic compound sotalol are presented. Methods: Alteration of ECG parameters was investigated in both conscious and anesthetized Beagle dogs (cumulative infusions of d , l -sotalol; n = 6). The repolarization reserve of the latter was reduced by neurolept anesthesia using the hERG blocker droperidol (0.25 mg/kg/h yielding mean plasma concentrations of 0.5 μM). Furthermore, hERG K+ current and action potentials (AP; rabbit Purkinje fibers) were measured in vitro. Results: The Fridericia corrected QT interval, QTcF, in conscious dogs (control: 254 ± 15 ms), was dose-dependently prolonged by d , l -sotalol (+ 42 ms at plasma levels of 261 μM; dose 30 mg/kg). In anesthetized dogs, baseline QTcF (337 ± 35 ms) was already prolonged compared to conscious dogs. In addition, QTcF-increase (+ 90 ms) was more pronounced at lower d , l -sotalol plasma levels (181 μM; dose 10 mg/kg), and proarrhythmic markers Tpeak–Tend and short term variability of QT were increased. These in vivo findings are supported by in vitro data. The hERG K+ current was blocked by d , l -sotalol (IC50 ∼ 1.2 mM, IC20 ∼ 250 μM) and droperidol (IC50 ∼ 0.1 μM, IC20 ∼ 0.02 μM). Purkinje fiber APs were concentration-dependently prolonged by d , l -sotalol (APD90 : + 60% at 30 μM) and droperidol (APD90 : + 55% at 1 μM). Low droperidol concentrations increased the sensitivity of Purkinje fibers towards d , l -sotalol-mediated AP prolongation. Discussion: In conclusion, the higher sensitivity of anesthetized dogs towards sotalol-induced QT-prolongation is due to a reduced cardiac repolarization reserve caused by the hERG blocker droperidol. Hence, the droperidol-/fentanyl-/N2O-anesthetized dog is a particularly sensitive animal model for the detection of drug-induced QT-prolongation in safety pharmacology studies.
The baby and infant screen for children with autism traits-part 2: The development of age-based cutoffs

AbstractObjective: To create age-based scoring procedures for the BISCUIT-Part 2, an assessment measure of comorbid psychopathology in infants and toddlers aged 17–37 months.Method: The standard deviation from the mean method was used to develop separate age-based cutoffs for those with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with non-ASD related developmental delays, using a sample of 2867 infants and toddlers and their parents.Results: As age increased in those with ASD, higher cutoff scores were indicated. Less variation was seen in the cutoff scores established for those with non-ASD related delays.Conclusion: The findings suggest that as children with ASD grow older, symptoms of comorbidity become more prevalent and easier to detect. The implications of these results, as well as possible areas of future research, are discussed.
Synthesis gas incorporation into acylmanganese pentacarbonyls

Summary The reaction of p -CH 3 C 6 H 4 H 13 C(O)Mn(CO) 5 with H 2 /CO at 2400 psi in hexane solvent leads to incorporation of 1/1 H 2 /CO and essentially exclusive production of the oxycarbonyl, p -CH 3 C 6 H 4 13 CH 2 OC(O)Mn(CO) 5 . The success of this unusual reaction appears to depend on the dihaptocarbonyl nature of an intermediate acylmanganese tetracarbonyl as well as on the use of a hydrocarbon solvent. The reaction is quite general and has even been extended to acylmanganese compounds derived from dibasic acids. In the initial stage of the reaction it seems likely that a carbenic intermediate arising from the dihapto structure is involved but attempts to trap such a species were unsuccessful. The possibility that the reaction proceeds by initial hydrogenolysis of the acylmanganese compound to aldehyde and HMn(CO) 5 , followed by reaction of these two species with each other to give product, has been ruled out.
Brief Input-to-state stability for a class of Lurie systems

We analyze input-to-state stability (ISS) for the feedback interconnection of a linear block and a nonlinear element. This study is of importance for establishing robustness against actuator nonlinearities and disturbances. In the absolute stability framework, we prove ISS from a positive real property of the linear block, by restricting the sector nonlinearity to grow unbounded as its argument tends to infinity. When this growth condition is violated, examples show that the ISS property is lost. The result is used to give a simple proof of boundedness for negative resistance oscillators, such as the van der Pol oscillator. In a separate application, we relax the minimum phase assumption of an earlier boundedness result for systems with nonlinearities that grow faster than linear.
Covariance Structures in Conventional and Organic Cropping Systems

Guidelines are needed to develop proper statistical analyses procedures and select appropriate models of covariance structures in response to expected temporal variation in long-term experiments. Cumulative yield, its temporal variance, and coefficient of variation were used in estimating and describing covariance structures in conventional and organic cropping systems of a long-term field experiment in a randomized complete block design. An 8-year database on 16 treatments (conventional and organic cropping systems, crop rotations, and tillage) was subjected to geostatistical, covariance structure, variance components, and repeated measures multivariate analyses using six covariance models under restricted maximum likelihood. Differential buildup of the cumulative effects due to crop rotations being repeated over time was demonstrated by decreasing structured and unstructured variances and increasing range estimates in the geostatistical analyses. The magnitude and direction of relationships between cumulative yield and its temporal variance, and coefficient of variation shaped the covariance structures of both cropping systems, crop rotations, and phases within crop rotations and resulted in significant deviations of organic management practices from their conventional counterparts. The unstructured covariance model was the best to fit most factor-variable combinations; it was the most flexible, but most costly in terms of computation time and number of estimated parameters.
Molecular modeling of biomaterial surfaces

Molecular modeling has become widely recognized and accepted as an extremely valuable research tool for understanding and predicting molecular behavior. Recently reported papers utilizing molecular modeling to address biomaterial surface issues have centered upon the design of surfaces that are either resistant to protein adsorption or that specifically bind targeted biomolecules. Other applications include investigations of biomaterials and biological materials surface structure, surface hydrolysis and tribological behavior.
Placenta previa: Aggressive expectant management

We report the outcomes of 95 expectantly managed cases of placenta previa; all were diagnosed after 21 weeks' gestation. Patients at risk for preterm delivery because of hemorrhage or preterm labor received aggressive care, including multiple transfusions, volume expansion and tocolytic therapy, and amniotic fluid surfactant determinations, to achieve the goal of delivery at 37 weeks' gestation with mature fetal lung function. We present guidelines for outpatient management and double setup examination prior to delivery. The role of ultrasound in diagnosis (three asymptomatic cases; 13 cases with preterm labor) and serial placental localisation to determine the timing, route, and place of delivery is presented. Eighty-six percent of 19 infants born weighing
Fast condensation of the program dependence graph

Aggressive compiler optimizations are formulated around the Program Dependence Graph (PDG). Many techniques, including loop fission and parallelization are concerned primarily with dependence cycles in the PDG. The Directed Acyclic Graph of Strongly Connected Components (DAGSCC) represents these cycles directly. The naive method to construct the DAGSCC first computes the full PDG. This approach limits adoption of aggressive optimizations because the number of analysis queries grows quadratically with program size, making DAGSCC construction expensive. Consequently, compilers optimize small scopes with weaker but faster analyses.We observe that many PDG edges do not affect the DAGSCC and that ignoring them cannot affect clients of the DAGSCC. Exploiting this insight, we present an algorithm to omit those analysis queries to compute the DAGSCC efficiently. Across 366 hot loops from 20 SPEC2006 benchmarks, this method computes the DAGSCC in half of the time using half as many queries.
Nonautistic Motor Stereotypies: Clinical Features and Longitudinal Follow-Up

To characterize further the clinical features and long-term outcomes among children with motor stereotypies who do not manifest mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorders, a review of clinical records and semistructured telephone interviews were undertaken. The identified clinical cohort consisted of 100 typically developing children with motor stereotypies. The mean length of follow-up was 6.8 ± 4.6 years. At most recent follow-up, movements had continued in 94% of the sample (62% for >5 years). Only six children reported complete cessation of movements, with four (3 of 4 with head nodding) doing so >1 year after their initial diagnosis. Thus the course of motor stereotypies, especially in children with arm/hand movements, appears chronic. Nearly half the children in this cohort exhibit other comorbidities, including attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (30%), tics (18%), and obsessive-compulsive behaviors/obsessive-compulsive disorder (10%). Twenty-five percent of children with motor stereotypies reported positive family histories of motor stereotypies, suggesting an underlying genetic abnormality. Finally, evidence is emerging that the clinical course of children who exhibit head nodding may differ from those whose motor stereotypy predominantly involves the hands and arms.
THE CULTURAL FRAMEWORKS OF PREJUDICE: Reputational Images and the Postwar Disjuncture of Jews and Communism

Responses to prominent reputations provide a framework for understanding the growth and decline of group prejudice. In the 1930s, the connection between American Jews and Communism was both an empirical and cognitive reality—Jews constituted a significant portion of the American Communist Party and many Americans stereotyped them as such. However, by mid-century, the perceptual linkage between Jew and Communist had largely vanished. We explain the change in public attitudes by treating prejudice as a cultural framework for collective memory. Building on Blumer (1958) and the empirical conclusions of other prominent sociologists of the period, we argue that group prejudice depends on a group's distinctiveness, its perceived moral imbalance, and the discursive utility of attacks. When components of this three-part frame weaken, prejudice dissipates. Specifically, we claim that the specificity of reputations serves as a concrete stand-in for more diffuse images of social groups. While group position is not only the result of the reputation of prominent figures, the public images of these figures help to shape prejudice and its decline. As an empirical case, we examine the cultural framework for interpreting the linkage of American Jews and Communism in the late 1940s and early 1950s through the reputations of Alger Hiss, Roy Cohn, and Adolf Hitler. Presented by reputational entrepreneurs, these images emphasize American Communists who were decidedly non-Jewish, underline the prominence of anti-Communist American Jews, and delegitimize public anti-Semitism.
Investigation of Chemical Rinses Suitable for Very Small Meat Plants To Reduce Pathogens on Beef Surfaces

Numerous antimicrobial interventions are capable of reducing the prevalence of harmful bacteria on raw meat products. There is a need to identify effective and inexpensive antimicrobial interventions that could, in practice, be used in very small meat plants because of limited financial, space, and labor resources. Eight antimicrobial compounds (acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, peroxyacetic acid, acidified sodium chlorite, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, and aqueous ozone) were applied at various concentrations with small, hand-held spraying equipment, and bactericidal effectiveness was examined. Beef plate pieces were inoculated with fecal slurry containing a pathogen cocktail (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter jejuni) and natural populations of aerobic plate counts, coliforms, and E. coli. Antimicrobial solutions were applied to beef surfaces via a portable, pressurized hand-held spray tank, and treated surfaces were subjected to appropr...