cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Demands at the Ankle Joint During Saut de Chat and Temps levé Jumps in Classically Trained Ballet Dancers.

Background During ballet, injuries to the Achilles tendon are associated with the take-off phase of various jumps. Research question The purpose of the study was to assess differences in mechanical demand on the body, specifically at the ankle, in two single-leg jumps commonly trained in ballet: a saut de chat (SDC) and a temps leve (TL). Methods Fifteen classically trained female dancers had 16 reflective markers placed on the lower body and each dancer performed each jump three times on a force plate. The marker position data and ground reaction forces (GRF) were captured synchronously at 250 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. Peak vertical GRF, mean rate of force development (RFD), peak ankle moment, and peak ankle power were determined and averaged across trials. Paired t-tests were used to determine differences between the SDC and the TL. Results When compared to the TL, the SDC displayed significantly higher peak vertical GRF (p = 0.003), RFD (p = 0.002), and peak ankle moment and power (p 0.80). Conclusion The mechanical demand at the ankle joint is significantly greater for the SDC than the TL.
Evaluation of the effect of larval stocking density, salinity, and temperature on stress response and sex differentiation in the Dwarf Gourami and Rosy Barb

Abstract There is a variety of sexual determination and differentiation mechanisms among teleosts. The phenotypic physiology may be influenced by environmental stress during development as well as genetic factors. In these species, increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol during the undifferentiated labile period correlates with masculinization. In ornamental aquaculture, production of monosex male cohorts is desirable in several species, including the Rosy Barb Pethia conchonius and Dwarf Gourami Trichogaster lalius, which exhibit sexual dichromatism, where the males are more vibrantly colored and therefore more commercially valuable than female conspecifics. Internationally, the use of the synthetic androgen 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) to masculinize cohorts of ornamental fish is common. However, in the U.S., it is currently prohibited to use MT in ornamental aquaculture, putting domestic producers at an economic disadvantage. The current study explored the feasibility and efficacy of using environmental stressors during early larval rearing to influence sexual differentiation and skew populations toward a male phenotype. A suite of experiments were conducted during the first 30 days post hatch with both Rosy Barbs and Dwarf Gouramis. The aim of each experiment was to elevate endogenous cortisol levels in developing larvae using environmental stressors, thus potentially inducing masculinization. Stocking density, salinity, and temperature were manipulated to elicit a natural increase in circulating cortisol. Whole body cortisol levels, survival, growth, and sex ratios of fish in replicate tanks were determined for each experimental treatment. In both species, experimental treatments resulted in differences in growth, survival, and whole-body cortisol levels in specific experiments, but only one experiment resulted in modified sex ratios. The first potential evidence of temperature influence on sex determination was observed in Dwarf Gouramis with a significantly reduced proportion of males found after larval rearing in 30 °C conditions compared to 25 °C. These results provide novel insights into the larval stress physiology of these two species, but also suggest limited sexual plasticity perhaps due to a strong genetic sex determination system.
A Wearable System for Attenuating Essential Tremor Based on Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Objective: Currently available treatments for kinetic tremor can cause intolerable side effects or be highly invasive and expensive. Even though several studies have shown the positive effects of external feedback (i.e., electrical stimulation) for suppressing tremor, such approaches have not been fully integrated into wearable real-time feedback systems. Method: We have developed a wireless wearable stimulation system that analyzes upper limb tremor using a three-axis accelerometer and that modulates/attenuates tremor using peripheral-nerve electrical stimulation with adjustable stimulation parameters and a real-time tremor detection algorithm. We outfitted nine subjects with tremor with a wearable system and a set of surface electrodes placed on the skin overlying the radial nerve and tested the effects of stimulation with nine combinations of parameters for open- and closed-loop stimulation on tremor. To quantify the effects of the stimulation, we measured tremor movements, and analyzed the dominant tremor frequency and tremor power. Results:Baseline tremor power gradually decreased over the course of 18 stimulation trials. During the last trial, compared with the control trial, the reduction rate of tremor power was 42.17 ± 3.09%. The dominant tremor frequency could be modulated more efficiently by phase-locked closed-loop stimulation. The tremor power was equally reduced by open- and closed-loop stimulation. Conclusion: Peripheral nerve stimulation significantly affects tremor, and stimulation parameters need to be optimized to modulate tremor metrics. Clinical Impact: This preliminary study lays the foundation for future studies that will evaluate the efficacy of the proposed closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation method in a larger group of patients with kinetic tremor.
Left Ventricular Mechanical Circulatory Support—Assessing Outcomes With New Data

Ventricular assist devices continue to play a significant role in the surgical management of advanced heart failure. Left ventricular assist devices in particular have seen a rapid evolution in design, technology, implantation, and outcomes. This concise review focuses on the key data that have been published in the past 5 years that have demonstrated this rapid evolution in left-sided mechanical circulatory support from principally bridge to transplantation to destination therapy, with an increasing emphasis on quality-of-life measures and durability.
Stacked-Plate Framing

Stacked-Plate Framing takes a projective stance on conventional American construction. By challenging the exclusionary lens of the timeworn axiom “Cheap, Fast, or Good,” a pragmatic and optimistic ...
Predicting χ of Polymer Blends Using Atomistic Morphing Simulations

The Flory Huggins interaction parameter χ measures the compatibility of different species in mixtures and governs their phase behavior. We have previously used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations a...
NETWORKING TO ACHIEVE ALTERNATIVE REGULATION

Two national estuary programs in Florida, the Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBNEP) and the Tampa Bay National Estuary Program (TBNEP) are used to study the intricacies of implementation networks. Both programs are forms of alternative regulation and share similar attributes: an absence of a regulatory authority, exchange relationships based on equitable partnerships and an expected net aggregate benefit. Yet they arrive at two very different solutions. The results raise questions regarding the nature, scope and functioning of implementation networks. They also indicate that building networks is shaped by members' expectations and perceptions, and the degree of congruency they share with each other and the role of champions.
Marketing Strategy, Product Safety, and Ethical Factors in Consumer Choice

Firms that wish to be morally responsible in providing products that meet a high standard of safety may face problems competing against firms that make unsafe products and sell these products at cheap prices; these problems may be compounded when consumers do not accurately process information about safety and risk. This paper presents a conceptual argument that the tort system may serve to promulgate information which makes it feasible for firms to market safe products even in the face of these competitive obstacles.
Life in the Cosmological Future: Resources, Biomass and Populations

The amounts of life that can be realized in any ecosystem are determined by the resources of materials and energy, the requirements of the biomass, the rates of usage or wastage, and the life span of the habitat. In the Solar System, carbonaceous asteroids and comets are accessible resources, and meteorite-based microcosms showed that these materials could support microbial and plant life. Based on the measured nutrients, bioavailable materials in the carbonaceous asteroids can yield a biomass of 10 18 kg, and the total materials of the comets can yield a biomass of 10 25 kg. The total amount of life in a habitat of finite duration, such as the Solar System, may be measured in terms of time-integrated biomass. In these terms, the potential amount of future life about the Main Sequence Sun can be 10 34 kg-years, largely exceeding the 10 24 kg-years of past terrestrial life. Life about brown, red and white dwarf stars may be energy-limited and contribute 10 46 kg-years in the future. The upper limits of life would in the universe would be obtained by converting all baryonic matter to biomass, and gradually converting the biomass to supporting energy. These projections of cosmo-ecology allow an immense 10 48 kg-years of time-integrated biomass in the galaxy and 10 59 kg-years in the universe.
Postmodernist and consumerist influences on information consumption

Purpose – The statement “information is a difference that makes a difference” implies causal relationships between information bits. This relationship includes the use or consumption of information. It is this consumption of information in the context of information science, consumerism, postmodernism, and the vast information technology changes of the past decades that converge to create an environment in which the veracity and general quality of information is challenged. The purpose of this paper is to examine information consumption in this context. Design/methodology/approach – This paper will examine the consumption of information within the context of information science relevance theory, consumerism, postmodernism, and significant changes in information technology, providing some historical context and examining the impact of the convergence. Relevant arguments and theory will be presented as evidence of the impact of this convergence on the quality of information. Findings – Dimensions of informa...
Neutron-proton collective motion. I. Nuclear shapes

Abstract The rich variety of possible quadrupole shapes in proton-neutron systems are explored. New shape parameters are introduced that serve to simplify the expression for the energy surface of the general Hamiltonian and that allow a systematic classification of the different configurations into distinct families. Both axial and non-axial, aligned and non-aligned deformed shapes are examined. Particular attention is paid to new features (e.g., oblique shapes) that occur.
A Condensed Cramer’s Rule for the Minimum-norm Least-squares Solution of Linear Equations

Abstract In this paper, we will derive the condensed Cramer’s rule of Werner for minimal-norm least-squares solution of linear equations Ax = b from the Cramer’s rule of Ben-Israel and Verghese. In addition, a new condensed Cramer’s rule will be obtained in this paper.
Design Of Computer Generated Holograms For Electron Beam Fabrication By Means Of A Computer-Aided Design System

Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems that have been developed for electrical and mechanical design tasks are also effective tools for the process of designing Computer Generated Holograms (CGH), particularly when those holograms are to be fabricated using Electron Beam Lithography. CAD stations provide efficient and convenient means of computing, storing, displaying, and reformatting features that are common to many CGH encodings. CGH's have been designed on a CAD workstation using eight encoding methods. Though existing CAD workstations have many of the features that CGH design requires, suggestions are made so that future workstations may further accommodate the CGH design process.
Sintering mechanisms of Armstrong prealloyed Ti–6Al–4V powders

Abstract The grain evolution and sintering mechanisms of Armstrong prealloyed Ti–6Al–4V powders have been investigated at different sintering temperatures and hold times. Theoretical sintered density is simulated using Coble׳s and Kang׳s densification equation controlled by lattice diffusion or boundary diffusion and compared with the experimental sintered density. Armstrong Ti–6Al–4V powder has an average grain size of 3 µm which benefits the grain boundary diffusion mechanism at the intermediate stage of sintering. Up to 900 °C and below 91% relative sintered density, boundary diffusion dominates sintering. Lattice diffusion dominates the densification process at higher temperature (1100–1300 °C). Armstrong Ti–6Al–4V powder sintered compacts show greater sintered density and better mechanical properties than HDH prealloyed Ti–6Al–4V powder compacts sintered under the same conditions. Sintering activation energies of both Armstrong Ti–6Al–4V powder and HDH Ti–6Al–4V powder were determined and they indicate the controlling sintering mechanism for Armstrong powder and HDH powder is lattice diffusion above 1040 °C and 1140 °C respectively.
CF3CFHO versus CH3CH2O: An ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of Mechanisms of Decomposition and Reaction with O2

Ab initio electronic structure calculations provide potential energy surfaces for the decomposition of CF3CFHO and its competing reaction with O2. Additional calculations with the same methods stud...
Adapting human-machine interfaces to user performance

The goal of this study was to create and examine machine learning algorithms that adapt in a controlled and cadenced way to foster a harmonious learning environment between the user of a human-machine interface and the controlled device. In this experiment, subjects' high-dimensional finger motions remotely controlled the joint angles of a simulated planar 2-link arm, which was used to hit targets on a computer screen. Subjects were required to move the cursor at the endpoint of the simulated arm.
Revitalization of the NASA Langley Research Center's Infrastructure

The NASA Langley Research Center (Langley) was founded in 1917 as the nation's first civilian aeronautical research facility and NASA's first field center. For nearly 100 years, Langley has made significant contributions to the Aeronautics, Space Exploration, and Earth Science missions through research, technology, and engineering core competencies in aerosciences, materials, structures, the characterization of earth and planetary atmospheres and, more recently, in technologies associated with entry, descent, and landing. An unfortunate but inevitable outcome of this rich history is an aging infrastructure where the longest serving building is close to 80 years old and the average building age is 44 years old. In the current environment, the continued operation and maintenance of this aging and often inefficient infrastructure presents a real challenge to Center leadership in the trade space of sustaining infrastructure versus not investing in future capabilities. To address this issue, the Center has developed a forward looking revitalization strategy that ties future core competencies and technical capabilities to the Center Master Facility Plan to maintain a viable Center well into the future. This paper documents Langley's revitalization strategy which integrates the Center's missions, the Langley 2050 vision, the Center Master Facility Plan, and the New Town repair-by-replacement program through the leadership of the Vibrant Transformation to Advance Langley (ViTAL) Team.
Dr. Anderson and the Austrians: Price formation as a cumulative process

The formation of money prices is a pervasive feature of market economies. The theoretical explanation of money prices requires economists to recognize that prices are the result of a cumulative process in which past prices and practices create present prices, which are the basis of the plans and actions that will create future prices and practices. Lavoie’s interpretive economics embraces the historical element in economic theory and furnishes an approach congenial to studying the market as a cumulative process.
EFFECTS OF PARACHLOROPHENYLALANINE, QUIPAZINE AND CYPROHEPTADINE ON GROWTH HORMONE AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN SECRETION IN STEERS

Adrenergic and perhaps dopaminergic neurons provide inhibitory regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in ruminants. This suggests that either serotonergic or other neurons regulate the stimulatory release of GH. The nature of neurotransmitter control of adrenocorttcotropin (ACTH) secretion in ruminants has not been determined. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA; serotonin synthesis inhibitor), quipaztne (serotonin receptor agonist) and cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist) were utilized in Holstein steers to determine whether serotonin receptors mediate stimulatory actions on GH and ACTH secretion. PCPA (100 mg/kg B~) administered each day at 1900 hr for three successive days did not alter mean GH concentrations, amplitude of GH peaks, nor the number of GH peaks. Likewise, PCPA altered none of these parameters for ACTH. Quipazine injected iv at .1 or .5 mg/kg BW increased plasma GH (P<.05) and ACTH (P~.001) concentrations. There was a dose effect of quipazine on both GH (P<.05) and ACTH (P<.0001) secretion. Pretreatment of steers with cyproheptadine (.06 and .6 mg/kg BW) reduced the stimulation of GH by quipazine (P<.0001) and decreased basal GH concentrations (P<.0004). Cypruheptadine at .06 mg/kg BW did not alter quipaztne effects on ACTH, however, the higher dose decreased the peak ACTH response (P<.02) to quipazine. Studies with quipazine and cyprobeptadtne indicated that serotonergtc mechanisms are likely involved in the regulation of GH and ACTH secretion in steers.
Abdominal bruits in renovascular hypertension

A study of 87 patients surgically treated for renal arterial stenosis revealed that upper abdominal bruits were heard more frequently in patients whose stenosis was due to fibrous disease than to atherosclerosis. A diastolic bruit in a patient with fibrous disease of the renal artery usually indicated a favorable surgical result. Conclusions regarding the prognostic value of diastolic bruits in atherosclerotic renal artery disease must be deferred until a larger number of patients with this finding can be studied. When hypertension of less than 3 year's duration was combined with presence of a diastolic bruit, 17 or 18 patients had a favorable surgical outcome. An abdominal bruit should be carefully sought for in all patients evaluated for hypertension; when found, should be characterized acurately, because of the important diagnostic and prognostic information it may provide.
Identification of a Coordinate Regulator of Interleukins 4, 13, and 5 by Cross-Species Sequence Comparisons

Long-range regulatory elements are difficult to discover experimentally; however, they tend to be conserved among mammals, suggesting that cross-species sequence comparisons should identify them. To search for regulatory sequences, we examined about 1 megabase of orthologous human and mouse sequences for conserved noncoding elements with greater than or equal to 70% identity over at least 100 base pairs. Ninety noncoding sequences meeting these criteria were discovered, and the analysis of 15 of these elements found that about 70% were conserved across mammals. Characterization of the largest element in yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice revealed it to be a coordinate regulator of three genes, interleukin-4,interleukin-13, and interleukin-5, spread over 120 kilobases.
A New Image Thresholding Algorithm Based on Fuzzy sets Theory

Many classical measures partition image according to a single property. Moreover, many schemes suffer from the lack of evaluation of image quality at the global level. This paper proposes a novel two phases image thresholding measure that uses both global and local image properties for grayscale images. In the local phase, we present a novel thresholding technology which proposes threshold as multi-properties (ultra-fuzzy entropy and ultra-fuzzy similarity) based on type II fuzzy (ultra-fuzzy) sets. In the global phase, a nonlinear contrast intensification function is used to further enhance the image. In experiments conducted on various classic images, this algorithm showed notable visual improvement in comparison with common measures.
Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) studies of fullerene-doped pi-conjugated polymers

The X-band photoluminescence (PL) and PL-detected magnetic resonance (PLDMR) of C 60 - and C 70 -doped pristine 2,5-dihexoxy poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (DHOPPV), poly(3-dodecyl thiophene) (P3DT), and 2,5-dibutoxy poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (DBOPPE) are described and discussed. While light (approximately 0.1 mol.%) doping of pristine DHOPPV sharply weakens the PL, it strongly enhances the PL-enhancing polaron and triplet exciton resonances, which are very weak in the undoped film. The polaron PLDMR is attributed to magnetic resonance enhancement of nonradiative trapped polaron pair recombination, which reduces the polaron population and consequently the rate at which they nonradiatively quench singlet excitons. Its behavior in 0.1 mol.% C 60 :DHOPPV is discussed in relation to the potential effects of C 60 -counterions, including the photogeneration of trapped polaron pairs at the expense of singlet excitons, and the fission of singlet excitons to such pairs. The emergence of the triplet resonance is discussed in relation to intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet manifold induced by the C 60 dopant. At higher doping levels, the polaron and triplet exciton resonances weaken with increasing C 60 content. The reduced polaron resonance is discussed in relation to the smaller relative change in the polaron population at the field for resonance, and the potential effects of the dissociation of the polaron pairs. The behavior of C 70 -doped pristine DHOPPV at up to 1 mol.% C 70 is qualitatively similar to that of C 60 : DHOPPV, but the polaron resonance in P3DT and DBOPPE is less sensitive to C 60 . The triplet resonance is almost completely suppressed even in lightly doped P3DT and DBOPPE, which is attributed to quenching by the injected polarons.
A permittivity-based MEMS affinity glucose sensor with integrated temperature measurements

We present a proof-of-concept MEMS affinity sensor that measures the changes in dielectric properties of poly(acrylamide-ran-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) (PAA-ran-PAAPBA) polymer due to its specific, reversible binding with glucose. This sensor comprises capacitive electrodes sandwiching a solution of PAA-ran-PAAPBA polymer. Binding with glucose induces changes in the permittivity of the polymer, which can be measured as changes in capacitance to allow determination of the glucose concentration. A thin-film temperature sensor is also integrated within the device to maintain the polymer solution at a constant temperature via closed-loop control. Testing of the device with varying glucose-sensitive polymer compositions has shown that the device is capable of detecting glucose at physiologically relevant concentrations with excellent sensitivity and specificity. These results indicate that this MEMS-based sensor can be practically used for long-term, stable continuous glucose monitoring.
Comparative Social Behavior of Adult Female Rhesus Macaques and Bonnet Macaques

11 rhesus and 10 bonnet macaque ♀♀ were observed for five months to evaluate differences between the two species in patterns of social behavior with non-kin. Data were collected during 15 min focal animal follows, twice weekly for each ♀. Both durations and frequencies of social interactions with non-kin were evaluated. Bonnet ♀♀ approached, contacted, embraced and huddled with others more often than rhesus ♀♀ did. There were no differences in other intimate social behaviors, however. The data presented here suggest that although bonnet ♀♀ may contact others more frequently, they are not necessarily more affiliative than rhesus ♀♀ are. Zusammenfassung 1. Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung hat gezeigt, das Rhesus- und Bonnet-Affen sich in der Art ihres Sozialverhaltens unterscheiden. 2. Bonnet-Weibchen zeigten untereinander haufiger Kontakt- und Annaherungsverhalten als die Rhesusweibchen. 3. Obwohl klare Unterschiede in den sozialen Interaktionen beider Affen bestehen, sind Bonnets nicht sozialer. Die beiden Arten unterscheiden sich nicht in der Haufigkeit oder der Dauer ihrer korperlichen Interaktionen wie z. B. dem Lausen und passivem Kontakt.
Sensor confidence in sensor integration tasks: a model for sensor performance measurement

This paper addresses the problem of determining the reliability of individual sensors in a multi-sensor robotic system in an unknown environment. A system which can determine the reliability of its sensors is in general a more robust system since it can wisely decide which sensors are most appropriate for a given task and can also determine whether sensor conflicts are the result of poorly performing sensors. This research focuses on sensor confidence, which we define as the trust placed in a sensor based on its performance or based upon how well the system judges it to perform. The sensor's performance is its execution of the act of sensing -- its response to stimulus from the environment. Based upon our work the overall system determines which sensors perform reliably; it does not attempt to make the sensors more reliable. In other words, we are trying to provide information to the system reflecting the degree to which the sensors can be believed, we are not trying to find ways to modify the sensors or their performance to make them more believable.
Bragg Effect Refractometer

A novel optical waveguide refractometer is reported suitable for on-line and in situ monitoring of index of refraction. The device exhibits theoretical sensitivity dramatically higher than the sensitivity of the previously reported fiber optic refractometers. Based on the Bragg effect in the periodically corrugated dielectric waveguide, the refractometer can detect variations in the index of refraction of the medium in contact with the waveguide. It is found that more than two orders of magnitude higher theoretical sensitivity can be accomplished with the Bragg-type refractometer compared to the one based on the reflection principle.
Radiation flame proofing of polyester/cotton blends

Abstract Methodology has been developed for the grafting of vinyl functional organobromine and organophosphorus compounds on polyester fibers and 50/50 PET/cotton fabric. Procedures were developed for localized grafting of vinyl bromide (VBr) and diethylvinylphosphonate (DEVP) upon PET fibers. Oxygen index was used to evaluate the effect of the location of VBr and DEVP within the filament upon their flame retardance efficiencies. For the various bromine homopolymer grafts the apparent thermal stability of the graft and its flame retardance efficiency may be related to the alpha aliphatic hydrogen to bromine ratio. Using results from the polyester studies, techniques were devised for the treatment of 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Both homopolymer and copolymer grafts were evaluated but the greatest degree of success was attained using mixtures of phosphorus and bromine containing monomers. The results of these studies will be reviewed and their implications for development as commercial textile treatments discussed.
Cost/death averted with venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing total knee replacement or knee arthroplasty.

Study Objective. To compare the cost-effectiveness of warfarin or enoxaparin with no prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR) or knee arthroplasty. Design. Literature search and retrospective database analysis. Patients. Cohort of 42,692 patients over 40 years old who underwent TKR or knee arthroplasty, with a subsequent length of stay of at least 1 day, and who did not die postoperatively. Measurements and Main Results. Both warfarin and enoxaparin were superior to no prophylaxis with regard to costs and clinical outcomes. Enoxaparin was associated with medical charges of $26,455/patient and prevented 194 deaths/10,000 patients. Warfarin was associated with medical charges of $27,360/patient and prevented 124 deaths/10,000 patients. Conclusions. A wide range of model estimates and assumptions identify enoxaparin as the prophylaxis modality of choice for preventing venous thromboembolism and subsequent clinical complications following total knee replacement surgery.
Current Indications and Decision-making Leading to Parathyroidectomy: A Surgical Viewpoint

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is caused by a parathyroid adenoma in 85%, parathyroid hyperplasia in 15%, and parathyroid carcinoma in less than 1% of patients. This disease is classically described by the pentad of painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans, psychic moans, and fatigue overtones. Today about 20% of patients referred for parathyroidectomy have renal stones, 30% have osteopenia or osteoporosis, and about 2% have osteitis fibrosa cystica. There are now three different presentations for PHPT: symptomatic, minimally symptomatic, and asymptomatic. PHPT is currently diagnosed by biochemical testing with an elevated serum calcium, an elevated or non-suppressed parathyroid hormone level, and the absence of hypocalciuria. Given the wide spectrum of disease that is diagnosed based on biochemical markers, the NIH made specific recommendations for the treatment of the non-classical PHPT. Many experts in this field have challenged these recommendations because numerous long-term follow-up investigations have shown the detrimental effects of hyperparathyroidism on bone density and fracture rate, renal function, cardiovascular mortality, and neuropsychiatric function. Parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment for PHPT with a success rate of about 95%.
Hyperthermia in the rat from handling stress blocked by naltrexone injected into the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus

Experimental handling and colonic temperature measurement have been shown to cause stress and induce a long-lasting rise in colonic temperature in the rat. This stress-induced hyperthermia was blocked by microinjection of the narcotic antagonist naltrexone into the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (POAH) of the brain, but was not significantly affected by similar injections into areas of the brain above the POAH. Thus, the stress-induced hyperthermia may be caused by activation of the endogenous opioid mechanism in the POAH.
Adaptive computations of multispecies mixing between scramjet nozzle flows and hypersonic freestream

The objective of this paper is to compute the expansion of a supersonic flow through an internal-external nozzle and its viscous mixing with the hypersonic flow of air. The supersonic jet may be that of a multispecies gas other than air. Calculations are performed for one case where both flows are those of air, and another case where a mixture of freon-12 and argon is discharged supersonically to mix with the hypersonic airflow. Comparisons are made between these two cases with respect to gas compositions, and fixed versus flow-adaptive grids. All the computational results are compared successfully with the wind-tunnel tests results.
Baryon fluctuations and the QCD phase transition

The dynamic separation into phases of high and low baryon density in a heavy ion collision can enhance fluctuations of the net rapidity density of baryons compared to model expectations. We demonstrate that event-by-event proton and antiproton measurements can be used to observe this phenomenon. We then perform real-time lattice simulations to show how these fluctuations arise and how they can survive through freeze-out.
Clinical pharmacy in the intensive care unit of a private hospital in Brazil

Patient safety is one of the major concerns of healthcare professionals, especially in an intensive care setting. For identifying risk factors for adverse events and drug-related problems (DRPs), a clinical pharmacy (CP) service in the adult and pediatric ICUs of the Albert Einstein Jewish Hospital (HIAE) was created to work directly with medical prescriptions. This service, started in 2001, assesses factors such as: the route and frequency of administration, dose, compatibility, dilution, drug interaction, adverse drug reactions, allergy, infusion time, and indication. After the acceptance of a pharmacist in this team, in 2005, the clinical pharmacy has been expanded, with one pharmacist in each ICU, and in 2006 the clinical pharmacist has also started to act in procedures managed by the institution.
Query processing over incomplete autonomous databases: query rewriting using learned data dependencies

Incompleteness due to missing attribute values (aka "null values") is very common in autonomous web databases, on which user accesses are usually supported through mediators. Traditional query processing techniques that focus on the strict soundness of answer tuples often ignore tuples with critical missing attributes, even if they wind up being relevant to a user query. Ideally we would like the mediator to retrieve such possibleanswers and gauge their relevance by accessing their likelihood of being pertinent answers to the query. The autonomous nature of web databases poses several challenges in realizing this objective. Such challenges include the restricted access privileges imposed on the data, the limited support for query patterns, and the bounded pool of database and network resources in the web environment. We introduce a novel query rewriting and optimization framework QPIAD that tackles these challenges. Our technique involves reformulating the user query based on mined correlations among the database attributes. The reformulated queries are aimed at retrieving the relevant possibleanswers in addition to the certain answers. QPIAD is able to gauge the relevance of such queries allowing tradeoffs in reducing the costs of database query processing and answer transmission. To support this framework, we develop methods for mining attribute correlations (in terms of Approximate Functional Dependencies), value distributions (in the form of Naive Bayes Classifiers), and selectivity estimates. We present empirical studies to demonstrate that our approach is able to effectively retrieve relevant possibleanswers with high precision, high recall, and manageable cost.
Non-linear line-narrowing spectroscopy in mixed organic crystals

Abstract We report the elimination of inhomogeneous broadening in mixed organic crystals with multiply resonant four-wave mixing methods. Line narrowing and the line shifts characteristic of site selective methods are observed for both coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and multiply enhanced non-parametric spectrosocopy (MENS). The site selective capability of CARS is in agreement with the model proposed by Ouellette and Denariez-Roberge.
Foreign Immigrants in Early Bourbon Mexico, 1700-1760

List of tables and figures Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Spies, interlopers, and the famous foreign merchant 2. Entering the viceroyalty: immigrants by accident and by design 3. Religion: the essential requirement 4. Other hurdles to acceptance 5. The burden of wealth Conclusion Appendixes List of abbreviations and conventions Notes Bibliography Index.
Feminismos e antirracismo: entraves e intersecções: Entrevista com Luiza Bairros, ministra da Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial (Seppir)

Feminismos e antirracismo:entraves e interseccoes.Entrevista com Luiza Bairros,ministra da Secretaria dePoliticas de Promocao daIgualdade Racial (Seppir)
Keratins modulate colonocyte electrolyte transport via protein mistargeting

The function of intestinal keratins is unknown, although keratin 8 (K8)–null mice develop colitis, hyperplasia, diarrhea, and mistarget jejunal apical markers. We quantified the diarrhea in K8-null stool and examined its physiologic basis. Isolated crypt-units from K8-null and wild-type mice have similar viability. K8-null distal colon has normal tight junction permeability and paracellular transport but shows decreased short circuit current and net Na absorption associated with net Cl secretion, blunted intracellular Cl/HCO3-dependent pH regulation, hyperproliferation and enlarged goblet cells, partial loss of the membrane-proximal markers H,K-ATPase-β and F-actin, increased and redistributed basolateral anion exchanger AE1/2 protein, and redistributed Na-transporter ENaC-γ. Diarrhea and protein mistargeting are observed 1–2 d after birth while hyperproliferation/inflammation occurs later. The AE1/2 changes and altered intracellular pH regulation likely account, at least in part, for the ion transport defects and hyperproliferation. Therefore, colonic keratins have a novel function in regulating electrolyte transport, likely by targeting ion transporters to their cellular compartments.
Ferroxidase activity of mushroom tyrosinase

Abstract Mushroom tyrosinase catalyses the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). Both the newly-discovered ferroxidase and the well-characterized diphenol oxidase activities of tyrosinase exhibit inhibition by cyanide and both activities co-purify during two preparation steps. The characteristics of tyrosinase-catalysed Fe(II) oxidation are compared with those of other ferroxidases.
Stratification of the Impact of Inappropriate Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy for Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections by Predicted Prognosis

The bloodstream infection mortality risk score (BSIMRS) predicts the outcome of patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) with high discrimination. This retrospective cohort study examined the impact of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality in adult patients with Gram-negative BSI admitted to Palmetto Health Hospitals in Columbia, SC, USA, from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2012 after stratification by predicted prognosis at initial presentation using BSIMRS. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to identify independent risk factors for 28-day mortality overall and within each predefined BSIMRS category (<5, 5 to 9, and ≥ 10). Relative risk reduction (RRR), absolute risk reduction (ARR), and number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated from a predictive logistic regression model of mortality. Overall, 390 unique patients with first episodes of Gram-negative BSI were identified. The median age was 66 years, and 229 (59%) were women. There was significant association between inappropriate antimicrobial therapy and mortality in patients with BSIMRS of 5 to 9 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.55; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.22 to 8.31; P = 0.02) and BSIMRS of ≥ 10 (aHR, 4.99; 95% CI, 1.09 to 22.87; P = 0.04) but not in those with BSIMRS of <5 (aHR, 3.34; 95% CI, 0.17 to 22.77; P = 0.34). RRR, ARR, and NNT were 0.25, 0.02, and 63 for BSIMRS of <5; 0.56, 0.32, and 3 for BSIMRS of 5 to 9; and 0.39, 0.39, and 3 for BSIMRS of ≥ 10, respectively. There is a significant benefit from appropriate antimicrobial therapy in patients with Gram-negative BSI with guarded (BSIMRS of 5 to 9) and poor (BSIMRS of ≥ 10) predicted prognosis. Survival difference remains unclear among those with good predicted prognosis (BSIMRS of <5) at initial presentation.
Ductal growth is impeded in mammary glands of C-neu transgenic mice.

The steroid hormone, estradiol, is essential for both the growth of normal breast and induction of mammary carcinomas. The growth promoting effects of estrogen are presumed to be mediated by growth factors, in particular, epidermal growth factor, which mediates its effects through erbB receptors, erbB1 and erbB2/C-neu. C-neu is amplified and over-expressed in a large number of human cancers and transgenic mice over-expressing C-neu also develop mammary tumors. However, as yet, the impact of C-neu over-expression on estrogen action during normal mammary development and hence, its precise role in carcinogenesis, remains unclear. In the present studies, we demonstrate that estradiol-dependent mammary ductal growth accompanying puberty is impaired in transgenic mice expressing wild type C-neu, and is intrinsic to the tissue. The impairment is not due to an overall impairment in estrogen action, since progesterone receptor expression is unaffected in C-neu mice. It is also not due to an intrinsic inability of the epithelial cells to proliferate, since impeded ductal growth co-exists with alveolar growth during pregnancy. Therefore, we propose that, depending on the physiological state, C-neu may either promote or inhibit the growth of mammary epithelial cells, and discuss its potential significance to carcinogenesis.
Effects of Halothane on Phosphatidylcholine, -ethanolamine, -glycerol, and -serine Monolayer Order at a Liquid/Liquid Interface

Vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy has been employed to examine the vibrational spectra and determine the conformational order of diacylphosphatidyl lipid monolayers at a water-oil interface. These nonlinear vibrational spectra provide direct information about the orientation and the degree of order of the acyl chains of the lipid monolayers. Halothane was introduced into the lipid monolayers, and the resulting changes in acyl chain order were examined. Both neutral (zwitterionic) and charged lipid monolayers were studied in an effort to determine the likely sites of interaction between halothane and the lipid molecules. Two chain lengths (14 and 16 carbons) and four headgroups (choline, ethanolamine, glycerol, and serine) were studied. Each monolayer exhibits significant disorder, and the conformational order of each monolayer is perturbed after the introduction of halothane.
Oxypurinol attenuates hydroxyl radical production during ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat cerebral cortex: an ESR study.

Abstract Free radical generation and release from the cerebral hemispheres of rats subjected to four vessel occlusion followed by reperfusion was monitored using a cortical cup technique in conjunction with the spin-trapping agentα(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN). Electron spin resonance (ESR) was used to detect the presence of free radical adducts of POBN in the cortical superfusates. 30 min of ischemia plus reperfusion resulted in the release of OH radical adducts during the period of ischemia and, especially, during the initial phases of reperfusion. No radical adducts were detectable 90 min after the onset of reperfusion. Pretreatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, oxypurinol (40 mg/kg i.p.), virtually abolished free radical formation and release. The results of this study are consistent with earlier evidence of free radical formation during ischemia/reperfusion and suggest that the cerebroprotective actions of oxypurinol may be related to its ability to prevent the cascade of free radical generation.
Deglacial Flood Origin of the Charleston Alluvial Fan, Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Large-magnitude flooding of the Mississippi River from proglacial lakes Agassiz and Superior most likely occurred between 11,300 and 10,900 and 9900 and 9500 yr B.P. The Charleston alluvial fan, a depositional remnant of one of these floods, is located at the head of a wide alluvial plain near Charleston, Missouri. The fan is an elongate, convex-up sand body (16 × 24 km) composed of medium- and fine-grained sand at least 8 m thick. This sand contrasts with the older coarse-grained sand of the braided stream surface to the west and south and younger silty clay of the meandering stream level to the north and east. A weakly developed soil separates the underlying braided steam deposits from the alluvial fan. A bulk-soil radiocarbon date of 10,590 ± 200 yr B.P. from the contact between the fan and clays of the meandering stream system indicates that the Charleston fan was deposited near the end of the early interval of flooding from Lake Agassiz about 10,900 yr B.P. If the Charleston fan is the last remnant of deglacial flooding in the lower Mississippi Valley, then deposition of significant quantities of sediment from largemagnitude floods between 10,000 and 9500 yr B.P. did not extend into the lower Mississippi Valley through Thebes Gap.
Multidimensional Scaling of Elementary Teachers' Impressions regarding a Set of Student Behavior Problems

Summary.-A recently proposed multidimensional similarity analysis methodology was used to analyze the dimensionality of a set of selected behavior problems sometimes exhibited by elementary students in classroom situations. Judges were elementary school teachers who frequently encountered such behav~or problems. The three extracted evaluation dimensions, accounting for 82% of the judgmental variance, were all readily interpretable. The success of this exploratory application of a mulridimensional scaling procedure to educational concerns suggested further uses for such investigative methodologies with regard to other forms of educational judgment-evaluation. In the classroom, the teacher, especially when dealing with younger children, almost constantly must make decisions pertaining to matters of discipline, correction of behavior, and (even though we generally do not care to use the word) punishment. The fact is that teachers do encounter student misbehaviors which should not be allowed to continue or be repeated. According to a widely used educational psychology textbook (Klausrneier & Goodwin, 1966, p. 411) : "Punishment to divert attention from antisocial conduct and to prevent an individual from interfering with the progress of the group may be the most constructive procedure a teacher can use in special cases." How a teacher reacts to a particular instance of misbehavior on the part of a student depends upon how she (or he), the teacher, perceives the act of misbehavior. A very limited research (e.g., Greene, 1962) suggests that teachers may have unusual conceptions of what constitutes misbehavior and that a great deal of what they perceive to be misbehavior (and for which they punish) does not seem to be overly serious in nature. The present investigation was undertaken because it is not known how elementary school teachers evaluate and classify behavior problems exhibited by students in the classroom-school situation. In other words, the authors hoped to assess the number and nature of the common psychological dimensions that would most accurately and most parsimoniously account for teachers' evaluations
Women's Participation in Annual Meetings: Comparative Perspective from ISA

articipation by women in the roles of chairpersons, papergivers, and discus sants on the panels and roundtables, as well as the poster sessions, that convene at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) has long been tracked by Gruberg (see, for example, but not inclusive, Gruberg 1992; 1993; 1994; 1995; 2001; 2002; 2004; 2006). His reports provide a wel come record of women's increasing pres ence at the APSA's annual meetings. This study seeks to supplement Gruberg's ef forts by providing a comparative per spective with data from the most recent annual meeting of the International Stud ies Association (ISA). The ISA's annual meeting provides a useful comparison for two reasons. First, a very large percent age of its members are political scien tists, thus offering a comparison to an association consisting of people with comparable training and research agen das as represented at APSA. Second, the APSA has in recent years sought to forge international connections, making ISA an increasingly relevant sister organization.