cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SSRIs in children and suicide.

In her article “Volatile chemistry: children and antidepressants” (News Focus, 23 July, p. [468][1]), J. Couzin writes about the complex situation regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in children, including the possible initiation of suicidal acts by SSRIs, concealment by industry of negative data, and the problematic state of diagnosis of childhood depression. I am quoted as dismissing the SSRI fuss as “a tempest in a teapot.” My point was that the available data showed that the ambiguous ratings considered putatively suicidal occurred before treatment in less than 1% of the children studied. After SSRI treatment, this approximately doubled, but it is still not clear if this “signal” is statistically significant or clinically meaningful. It is still a very minority “signal.” No actual suicides occurred. The furor for immediate action is premature. It should also be noted that much public indignation comes from those who believe that any medical treatment of mental illness should be condemned. Severe depression is a serious illness and close therapeutic monitoring is necessary. This applies to all forms of treatment. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.305.5683.468
The end of the Cold War after 20 years: Reconsiderations, retrospectives and revisions

The end of the Cold War was a momentous development, a watershed in world politics that was both sudden and largely unexpected – and its twentieth anniversary is at hand. This cluster of events – the end of bipolar rivalry, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the unification of Germany, far-reaching nuclear arms reductions and the end of international communism – all set the stage for a new era of world politics organized around American unipolarity and the hegemony of capitalism and liberal democracy. One era ended and a new one began. In the wake of the end of the Cold War, theorists advanced a variety of competing explanations. A major debate unfolded, touching on multiple aspects of this grand historical turn. Along the way, many of the most important questions in international relations theory were at stake and in play. Realists emphasized the importance of shifting power and American assertiveness. Liberals emphasized the character of the Western system and the opportunities and constraints it presented to the Soviet side. Globalists emphasized the centrality of nuclear vulnerability and its imperatives for reconciliation. Others emphasized the centrality of the economic weakness of state socialism and its implications for international rivalry and its domestic performance. Yet, others emphasized the importance of transnational movements, the transmission of ideas, the role of popular culture and information, shifting norms of legitimacy and transformational leadership. The end of the Cold War was a development – like the Cold War itself – that no major
A new technique for the evaluation of ointment bases.

Abstract By making use of the Hardy‐Wolff‐Goodell pain threshold apparatus, it is possible to show a significant difference in the relative efticiency of release of Nupercaine from different ointment bases. Simple ointment U. S. P., hydrophilic ointment U. S. P., and a bentonite ointment base are compared.
Effects of Corn Processing on Growth Characteristics, Rumen Development, and Rumen Parameters in Neonatal Dairy Calves

Neonatal Holstein calves were fed texturized calf starters containing 33% whole (WC), dry-rolled (DRC), roasted-rolled (RC), or steam-flaked (SFC) corn to investigate how corn processing method affects intake, growth, rumen and blood metabolites, and rumen development. In the first experiment, 92 Holstein calves (52 male and 40 female) were started at 2 +/- 1 d of age and studied for 42 d. Starter dry matter (DM) intake was measured and fecal scoring conducted daily. Growth and blood parameter measurements were conducted weekly. A subset of 12 male calves (3/treatment) was euthanized at 4 wk of age and rumen tissue sampled for rumen epithelial development measurements. Experiment 2 consisted of 12 male Holstein calves ruminally cannulated at 7 +/- 1 d of age. Rumen fluid and blood samples were collected during wk 2 to 6. In the first experiment, postweaning and overall starter and total DM intake were significantly higher in calves fed starter with DRC than RC or SFC. Postweaning and overall starter and total DM intake were significantly higher in calves fed starter with WC than SFC. Postweaning average daily gain was significantly greater in calves fed starter with DRC than SFC. Blood volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher in calves fed starter with SFC than in calves fed all other treatments. Papillae length and rumen wall thickness at 4 wk were significantly greater in calves fed starter with SFC than DRC and WC, respectively. In experiment 2, calves fed starter with WC had higher rumen pH and lower rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations than calves fed all other starters. Rumen propionate production was increased in calves receiving starter with SFC; however, rumen butyrate production was higher in calves fed starter with RC. Results indicate that the type of processed corn incorporated into calf starter can influence intake, growth, and rumen parameters in neonatal calves. Calves consuming starter containing RC had similar body weight, feed efficiency, and rumen development but increased structural growth and ruminal butyrate production when compared with the other corn processing treatments.
Character and Behavior of Mist Generated by Application of Cutting Fluid to a Rotating Cylindrical Workpiece, Part 1: Model Development

Increasing attention is being devoted to the airborne emissions resulting from a variety of manufacturing processes because of health, safety, and environmental concerns. In this two-part paper, a model is presented for the amount of cutting fluid mist produced by the interaction of the fluid with the rotating cylindrical workpiece during a turning operation. This model is based on relationships that describe cutting fluid atomization, droplet settling, and droplet evaporation. Experiments are performed to validate the model. In Part 1 of the paper, the emphasis is on model development. In the model, thin film theory is used to determine the maximum fluid load that can be supported by a rotating cylindrical workpiece; rotating disk atomization theory is applied to the turning process to predict the mean size of the droplets generated by atomization; and expressions for both the evaporation and settling behavior are established. Droplet size distribution and mass concentration predictions are used to characterize the fluid mist. Model predictions indicate that the droplet mean diameter is affected by both fluid properties and operating conditions, with cutting speed having the most significant affect. Model predictions and experimental results show that the number distribution of droplets within the control volume is dominated by small droplets because of the settling and evaporation phenomena. In Part 2 of the paper, the cutting fluid mist behavior model is validated using the results obtained from a series of experiments. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1765150#
Muscle cell grafting for the treatment and prevention of heart failure.

Background: The review aims to highlight recent advances in cardiac and skeletal muscle cell grafting for myocardial infarct repair. Results: Fetal and neonatal cardiomyocytes form new myocardium in normal or injured hearts, and this new myocardium differentiates toward an adult phenotype. Unfortunately, formation of new myocardium is limited by graft cell death, in large part because of ischemic injury. In contrast, skeletal myoblasts are ischemia-resistant and form larger grafts of mature skeletal muscle in the injured heart. Although contractile under field stimulation, skeletal muscle grafts do not express gap junction proteins and remain electrically insulated, suggesting they may not beat with host myocardium. When placed in coculture, however, cardiac and skeletal muscle form synchronously beating networks, where cardiomyocytes capture and pace skeletal muscle cells via intercalated disk-like structures containing gap junctions. This suggests that engineering skeletal muscle to express gap junction proteins in vivo may induce similar coupling with host myocardium. One major challenge to myocardial repair is getting sufficient graft cell mass without risking a tumor-like overgrowth. Recent experiments suggest it may be possible to control skeletal muscle graft size using a small, synthetic ligand, which activates the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway only in genetically modified graft cells. Finally, a review of functional studies is presented that provides clear evidence that skeletal myoblast grafting is beneficial by limiting remodeling of the heart after infarction. Conclusion: Given that clinical trials of skeletal myoblast grafting for myocardial repair are under way, it will be critically important to determine if these cells beat after grafting in the heart.
Benzodiazepine dependence studies in animals: An overview

Woods, J.H.: Benzodiazepine dependence studies in animals: an overview. Drug Dev. Res. S1:077-081, 1982. A selective review of benzodiazepine dependence studies in animals is presented, emphasizing areas of drug self-injection, drug discrimination, and physiological dependence. Benzodiazepines as a class, as well as long-acting barbiturates, appear to maintain drug self-injection behavior less well than ultrashort-acting barbiturates. The duration of action as well as the rapidity of onset of these drugs may be important determinants of their reinforcing efficacy. Drug discrimination procedures may allow evaluation of the relative rapidity at onset and duration of action of these drugs to evaluate this and related hypotheses.
The Long-Horizon Benefits of Traditional and New Real Assets in the Institutional Portfolio

This article analyzes the potential role of an expansive set of real asset classes in reducing inflation risk in the portfolios of long-horizon institutional investors. The author proposes a simple model of the evolution of asset returns that can be parameterized by key variables, such as 1) the sensitivity of asset returns to expected and unexpected changes in inflation, and 2) the degree of persistence in inflation. Each of the variables is a significant determinant of the long-horizon inflation properties of assets. Using his model and research, coupled with research available in the academic literature, Martin provides insight into the viability of various real asset classes as potential hedges for inflation.
Leaf litter quality induces morphological and developmental changes in larval amphibians

Aquatic consumers exhibit many types of inducible phenotypic responses to variation in resource quantity and quality. Leaf litter constitutes a primary resource in freshwater systems, and variation in litter quality can alter the growth and development of aquatic consumers. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that variation in litter quality might also induce phenotypic changes in consumers. To test this hypothesis, we exposed two densities of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus [Rana sylvatica]) tadpoles to six chemically distinct species of leaf litter from temperate broadleaf and coniferous trees. After several weeks, we quantified development rate, growth rate, intestinal length, size of the oral disc, and five external dimensions of the tadpoles. In addition to substantial changes in growth and development rates, we found striking changes in all morphological responses among different leaf litter environments, including up to 14% longer intestines, 11% deeper tails, and 6% deeper tail muscles. In addition, we found strong relationships of total nitrogen content with all morphological features except growth rate. Our results indicate that differences in resource quality can induce phenotypic changes that are as large as or larger than changes induced by resource quantity. Our study also has substantial implications for the future of aquatic consumers living in forested wetlands given that these forests are currently experiencing widespread changes in tree composition.
The early bird catches the worm: new technologies for the Caenorhabditis elegans toolkit

The inherent simplicity of Caenorhabditis elegans and its extensive genetic toolkit make it ideal for studying complex biological processes. Recent developments further increase the usefulness of the worm, including new methods for: altering gene expression, altering physiology using optogenetics, manipulating large numbers of worms, automating laborious processes and processing high-resolution images. These developments both enhance the worm as a model for studying processes such as development and ageing and make it an attractive model in areas such as neurobiology and behaviour.
A parallel computing architecture for intelligent sensory data processing

It is noted that enhanced sensing capabilities in advanced systems of automation place an increasing computational burden on the control system architecture. Sensory processing for intelligent systems will take a variety of forms, ranging from simple preprocessing of sensory input values to sophisticated fusion and decision analysis algorithms. Sensory preprocessing, particularly when based upon state estimation methods, can take maximal advantage of a variety of parallel array processing techniques, while more advanced forms of decision analysis based upon sensory data can use special-purpose hardware units to optimize the largely serial throughput of these algorithms. A multifunctional sensory processing (MFSP) architecture is proposed for meeting some of these diverse requirements. The elements and applications of the MFSP architecture are discussed. >
Discovery of generalized spatial association rules

Spatial association rule mining is an important technique of spatial data mining and business intelligence. Nevertheless, traditional spatial association rule mining approaches have a significant limitation that they cannot effectively involve and exploit non-spatial information. As a result, many interesting rules mixing spatial and non-spatial information which provide extra insights and tell the hidden patterns cannot be found. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to discover the Generalized Spatial Association Rules (GSAR), which are capable of expressing richer information including not only spatial, but also non-spatial and taxonomy information of spatial objects. Meanwhile, the additional computation introduced only costs linear time complexity. A case study on a real crime dataset shows that using the proposed approach, many interesting and meaningful crime patterns can be discovered. However, traditional approaches cannot find such patterns at all.
A free occipital hair-bearing flap for reconstruction of the upper lip

A free hair-bearing occipital scalp flap was employed for reconstruction of the upper lip in a young man who had sustained a close range shotgun blast to the face. The "moustache" free-flap provides an abundant source of hair-bearing scalp which has certain advantages over conventional techniques of repair. It is a one-stage operation, involves minimal donor site morbidity and uses hair-bearing scalp which is not usually affected by male-pattern baldness.
Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex.

Purpose of review The Burkholderia cepacia complex is comprised of a group of related bacterial species that are capable of causing life-threatening respiratory tract infection in persons with cystic fibrosis. This article reviews advances in our understanding of Burkholderia cepacia complex infection in cystic fibrosis, focusing on the taxonomy, clinical microbiology, and epidemiology, as well as the natural history and clinical outcomes associated with Burkholderia cepacia complex infection. Recent findings Each of the nine species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex has now received a formal species name. These names are the preferred nomenclature, replacing the former 'genomovar' designations. Studies from several countries reiterate that two species, Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia multivorans, account for most Burkholderia cepacia complex infection in cystic fibrosis. Bacterial genotyping studies indicate that specific Burkholderia cepacia complex strains infect multiple cystic fibrosis patients, implying that they may have an enhanced capacity for interpatient spread. Emerging clinical outcomes data suggest that at least some of these so-called transmissible or epidemic strains are also more virulent in the cystic fibrosis host. Ongoing research is aimed at gaining a better understanding of Burkholderia cepacia complex ecology, defining Burkholderia cepacia complex virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms, and determining the relative virulence of distinct strains. Summary Significant advances in our understanding of the Burkholderia cepacia complex serve as a critical foundation for further efforts that ultimately will enable better infection control and the development of novel therapeutics to treat Burkholderia cepacia complex infection in persons with cystic fibrosis.
Compositional Reachability Analysis for Efficient Modular Verification of Asynchronous Designs

Compositional verification is essential to address state explosion in model checking. Traditionally, an over-approximate context is needed for each individual component in a system for sound verification. This may cause state explosion for the intermediate results as well as inefficiency for abstraction refinement. This paper presents an opposite approach, a compositional reachability method, which constructs the state space of each component from an under-approximate context gradually until a counter-example is found or a fixpoint in state space is reached. This method has an additional advantage in that counter-examples, if there are any, can be found much earlier, thus leading to faster verification. Furthermore, this modular verification framework does not require complex compositional reasoning rules. The experimental results indicate that this method is promising.
Characterization of spatial patterns of flow within the reperfused myocardium by myocardial contrast echocardiography. Implications in determining extent of myocardial salvage.

BACKGROUNDSince myocardial blood flow changes dynamically after reperfusion and since both hyperemia and impairment in microvascular function exist within the acutely reperfused bed, we sought to investigate the role of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in (1) defining the temporal variability in perfusion patterns after reflow and relating these to microsphere-derived blood flow; (2) differentiating viable from infarcted tissue during different periods of reflow; and (3) defining spatial perfusion patterns within the infarct bed in response to exogenously induced maximal vasodilation and relating these to infarct size and extent of myocardial salvage.METHODS AND RESULTSTwenty-one dogs with 3 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 2 to 3 hours of reflow were studied. MCE was performed at 15 and 45 minutes and 2 and 3 hours after reflow. It was also performed at either 2 or 3 hours after reflow in the presence of 0.56 mg/kg of dipyridamole. Radiolabeled microsphere-derived...
Differences in Values and Goals of Occupational Therapy Students

This study compared professional values and goals of three levels of occupational therapy students: (a) seniors in baccalaureate programs (n = 337), (b) students in professional master's programs (n = 95), and (c) students in postprofessional master's programs (n = 62). Demographic characteristics including gender, age, and college background were also examined. Significant differences were identified between the baccalaureate group and the postprofessional master's group for three professional goals: (a) making a theoretical contribution to the profession, (b) performing research in the profession, and (c) educating occupational therapy students. Significant differences were also noted for four professional values. Intellectual stimulation was more often chosen by postprofessional master's students; exciting life and comfortable life were more often chosen by baccalaureate students, and helpfulness was more often chosen by the baccalaureate and postprofessional master's students. It was concluded that determining the professional values and goals of occupational therapy students may generate implications for career counseling, recruitment, increased work force, decreased attrition, and future curriculum planning.
Frequency Domain Conditions for the Stability of Low Order Perturbed Polynomials

It is shown that for low order perturbed continuous system polynomials (N ? 6) stability can be guaranteed by checking very simple conditions in the frequency domain. This result is analogous to a recent result by Anderson, Jury and Mansour [1] based on Kharitonov's conditions.
Human Papillomavirus Infections: Warts or Cancer?

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are prevalent pathogens of mucosal and cutaneous epithelia. Productive infections of squamous epithelia lead to benign hyperproliferative warts, condylomata, or papillomas. Persistent infections of the anogenital mucosa by high-risk HPV genotypes 16 and 18 and closely related types can infrequently progress to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasias, carcinomas-in-situ, and invasive cancers in women and men. HPV-16 is also associated with a fraction of head and neck cancers. We discuss the interactions of the mucosotropic HPVs with the host regulatory proteins and pathways that lead to benign coexistence and enable HPV DNA amplification or, alternatively, to cancers that no longer support viral production.
Revisiting the equity-efficiency tradeoff

Konstantinos Eleftheriou and Stilianos Alexiadis recently presented an analysis of the equity-efficiency tradeoff based on data of US states, and concluded with a call for a return of emphasis to this relationship. Whereas they related their work to a limited and somewhat narrow foundation of literature, the equity efficiency tradeoff has been an underlying foundation of regional science research and policy in various forms for more than a half-century. Perhaps because of this narrow focus, they missed an opportunity to strengthen their call by identifying more fully the variety and extent of literature fundamentally related to if not explicitly founded upon the equity-efficiency tradeoff. This paper provides a broader view of the history of the tradeoff, identifies some closely related regional science problem domains all of which have the tradeoff at their cores, and highlights a number of the dimensions of the equity-efficiency tradeoff that warrant further research. Resumen. Konstantinos Eleftheriou y Stilianos Alexiadis presentaron recientemente un analisis de las ventajas relativas (tradeoff) entre equidad-eficiencia basado en datos estatales de los EE.UU., y concluyeron la necesidad de volver a poner un enfasis en esta relacion. Mientras que su trabajo esta basado en una revision de literatura limitada y en cierto modo restringida, las ventajas relativas entre equidad-eficiencia han sido un pilar de la investigacion y politicas de ciencias regionales de manera diferente por mas de medio siglo. Quizas, debido a este enfoque restringido, hayan perdido la oportunidad de poner mas vehemencia en su peticion mediante una identificacion mas exhaustiva de la amplitud y alcance de la literatura relacionada fundamentalmente con las ventajas relativas de la equidad-eficiencia, si bien no siempre basada en ella. Este articulo proporciona una vision historica mas amplia de las ventajas relativas, identifica ciertos ambitos problematicos en ciencias regionales estrechamente relacionados para los que las ventajas relativas son algo fundamental, y pone de relieve una serie de dimensiones de las ventajas relativas de la equidad-eficiencia que merecen mas investigacion.
Nitrates in ice: uptake; dielectric response by the layered capacitor method

Ice columns of 0.200.25 m length and 0.038 m diameter were grown in the laboratory from dilute solutions (105 to 102 N) of potassium, sodium, or ammonium nitrate at a constant freezing rate of 0.002 m h1 and stirring at 300 rpm. The distribution coefficient was computed at ~0.015 m intervals as the ratio of nitrate concentration in the melted ice and in the liquid phase as a function of interface position. The average distribution coefficients were (2.25 ± 0.55) × 104 for the potassium and sodium nitrate, and (6.1 ± 1.4) × 103 for the ammonium nitrate samples  about a 27-fold increase. These results are in line with other large anions such as sulfate and methanesulfonate that were previously investigated. The dielectric relaxation spectrum of ice slices (~0.012 m thick and sandwiched between thin fluoroplastic foils) was measured between 1 and 85°C at frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with a lock-in amplifier technique. First, the ice response was recovered from the (MaxwellWagner) layered capaci...
Estimates of the Orbiter RSI Thermal Protection System Thermal Reliability

In support of the Space Shuttle Orbiter post-flight inspection, structure temperatures are recorded at selected positions on the windward, leeward, starboard and port surfaces. Statistical analysis of this flight data and a non-dimensional load interference (NDLI) method are used to estimate the thermal reliability at positions were reusable surface insulation (RSI) is installed. In this analysis, structure temperatures that exceed the design limit define the critical failure mode. At thirty-three positions the RSI thermal reliability is greater than 0.999999 for the missions studied. This is not the overall system level reliability of the thermal protection system installed on an Orbiter. The results from two Orbiters, OV-102 and OV-105, are in good agreement. The original RSI designs on the OV-102 Orbital Maneuvering System pods, which had low reliability, were significantly improved on OV-105. The NDLI method was also used to estimate thermal reliability from an assessment of TPS uncertainties that was completed shortly before the first Orbiter flight. Results fiom the flight data analysis and the pre-flight assessment agree at several positions near each other. The NDLI method is also effective for optimizing RSI designs to provide uniform thermal reliability on the acreage surface of reusable launch vehicles.
Predictors of preventive health knowledge among female emergency department patients

Study objectives: A broad sample of 18- to 55-year-old women seeking treatment at a high-volume, urban emergency department (ED) were invited to participate in a study with the goals of (1) defining the extent of their knowledge on the purpose and suggested intervals of preventive health screening modalities and contraceptive and sexually transmitted disease preventive techniques relevant to women; and (2) determining whether demographic characteristics and medical history predict their knowledge on these topics. Methods: Using published surveys on women's health topics as a template, the authors created an anonymous, written, multiple-choice, self-administered, English-language survey about Papanicolaou tests, breast self-examinations, mammograms, condoms, emergency contraception, and birth control. After the instrument was pilot tested, surveys were administered to 18- to 55-year-old English-speaking women seeking treatment in our ED during 66 8-hour shifts in July and August 2002, 32 4-hour shifts in October and November 2002, and 32 4-hour shifts in April and May 2003. To reflect the patient volume patterns for the ED, each day of the week was sampled equally, and shifts were sampled so that 25% of the 7 am to 11 am shifts, 50% of the 11 am to 11 pm shifts, and 25% of the 11 pm to 7 am shifts were represented. In addition to demographic questions, the women were asked about their medical history, including use of screening modalities, contraceptive and sexually transmitted disease preventive techniques, and knowledge-based questions on the "who, why, when, and how often" of the screening and preventive techniques recommended use. Surveys were entered into an Epi Info 2002 database and analyzed in STATA 7. Analyses included summary statistics and constructing multivariable logistic regression models to predict correct responses to the knowledge-based questions by using demographic characteristics and medical history variables as potential predictors. Results: Of 1,203 women approached to participate in the survey, 1,101 spoke English, and 780 (70.8%) of these agreed to complete all or part of the questionnaire. The majority of respondents were white, single, Catholic, and without health insurance. Most (62%) of the women in the sample were younger than 35 years ( P P Conclusion: Although women in this age group demonstrated strong knowledge on some preventive health topics, there were clear areas of knowledge deficit, particularly about mammograms and emergency contraception. Younger, nonwhite women without private insurance appear less likely to understand the purpose of and recommended intervals for preventive health screening modalities and contraceptive and sexually transmitted disease preventive techniques. During interaction with these subgroups, emergency physicians should be mindful of potential misunderstandings on these topics and address them accordingly.
Size Doesn't Matter: In Defense of Single-State Studies:

Despite the bias against such studies in our discipline, we argue that research designs focusing on a single state are sometimes preferable to those employing data from all 50 states. Single state studies are appropriate when the researcher wishes to generalize to a unit of analysis other than the states themselves, when conditions in a given state provide a unique opportunity for the most rigorous test of a hypothesis, and when the measurement advantages of a single-state study outweigh the costs of limited generalization. We draw on a range of literature to reinforce our primary contention, that it is soundness of theory and rigor of analysis, rather than the number of states, that makes research valid and important.
Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV

HIV assembly has been intensively studied as the assembly and release of cell-free virus. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that HIV can also bypass cell-free spread by direct transmission from cell to cell across zones of tight contact designated virological synapses. Here, we introduce the concept of the virological synapse, compare it with that of immunological synapses, and discuss current virological synapse models to explain HIV spread in different lymphocytes. We will discuss how cell–cell contact modifies the classical life cycle of cell-free HIV in the donor as well as in the target cell. Finally, because HIV cell-to-cell transmission can be more resistant than cell-free virus to restriction factors, neutralizing antibodies, and anti-retroviral therapies, it may also affect the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS.
Assessing the Impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

In the summer of 2005, while the U.S. economy was growing comfortably despite a few longstanding concerns about deficits and outsourcing, storms were brewing off the Gulf Coast. On August 25, 2005, Hurricane Katrina blasted New Orleans, Louisiana, and the surrounding coastal areas on the Gulf of Mexico. Barely a month later, a second storm, Hurricane Rita, swept through the Gulf region, making landfall between Sabine Pass, Texas, and Johnson's Bayou, Louisiana. Speculation about their likely impact on world energy markets and the U.S. economy began as soon as the hurricanes were forecast to strike the oil-rich Gulf region. This case documents the paths of the storms and provides a summary of the Congressional Budget Office's estimates of the storms' impact on the U.S. economy. It is designed for use in teaching the concept of national income accounts. It can also be used to analyze the impact of exogenous shocks.
Genome-wide kinetics of DNA excision repair in relation to chromatin state and mutagenesis

We recently developed a high-resolution genome-wide assay for mapping DNA excision repair named eXcision Repair-sequencing (XR-seq) and have now used XR-seq to determine which regions of the genome are subject to repair very soon after UV exposure and which regions are repaired later. Over a time course, we measured repair of the UV-induced damage of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) (at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h) and (6-4)pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts [(6-4)PPs] (at 5 and 20 min and 1, 2, and 4 h) in normal human skin fibroblasts. Each type of damage has distinct repair kinetics. The (6-4)PPs are detected as early as 5 min after UV treatment, with the bulk of repair completed by 4 h. Repair of CPDs, which we previously showed is intimately coupled to transcription, is slower and in certain regions persists even 2 d after UV irradiation. We compared our results to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements data regarding histone modifications, chromatin state, and transcription. For both damage types, and for both transcription-coupled and general excision repair, the earliest repair occurred preferentially in active and open chromatin states. Conversely, repair in regions classified as “heterochromatic” and “repressed” was relatively low at early time points, with repair persisting into the late time points. Damage that remains during DNA replication increases the risk for mutagenesis. Indeed, late-repaired regions are associated with a higher level of cancer-linked mutations. In summary, we show that XR-seq is a powerful approach for studying relationships among chromatin state, DNA repair, genome stability, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.
Cultivating Virtue: Catharine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft on Civic Education

This essay focuses on the influence of Catharine Macaulay's analysis of sexual difference in the Letters on Education(1790) on Mary Wollstonecraft's argument for the civic education of women in A V...
A New Species of Triozocera (Mengeidae: Strepsiptera) from Liberia, West Africa

Triozocera maxi , described from 2 ♂ collected in a light trap, is the second strepsipteran species and the first member of the Mengeidae known from West Africa. The systematic history of the family is discussed, and a key is given to the 7 known species of Triozocera.
Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma: a 10 year institutional experience

Thyroid microcarcinoma is defined as thyroid cancer ≤ 10 mm in diameter and is usually papillary microcarcinoma (PMC). Despite recent increase in incidence, there is little consensus in management of thyroid microcarcinomas. This study aims to review the frequency of multifocality and lymph node (LN) metastasis, and the surgery performed on patients diagnosed with PMCs at the University of Oklahoma Medical center from 2004-2014. During this time, 20 PMCs were diagnosed at the Department of Pathology with tumor size ranging from 2 to 10 mm. Nine of 20 PMCs were treated with total thyroidectomies, of which 4 demonstrated multifocality. Two of 11 PMCs treated with lobectomies showed multifocal PMCs in the resected lobe. Seven of 20 cases had accompanying LN dissection with central compartment LNs in six cases, and lateral cervical LNs in three cases. Three of seven cases showed LN metastasis to central compartment with or without lateral cervical LN involvement with only one case showing contralateral LN metastasis. To summarize, multifocal PMCs were found in 30% (6/20) cases and LN metastasis (central and lateral cervical) was reported in 20% (4/20) cases. This data supports total thyroidectomy as the preferred treatment for PMCs with a conservative LN dissection approach limited to central compartment and/or palpable neck nodes.
Taxonomic notes on Eutypella vitis, Cryptosphaeria populina, and Diatrype stigma

(1987). Taxonomic Notes on Eutypella Vitis, Cryptosphaeria Populina, and Diatrype Stigma. Mycologia: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 135-139.
The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation

In The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation, John Kyle Day joins a growing list of civil rights historians who are expanding their analyses to consider white...
The key points for contamination control and the evaluation of cleaning and energy saving efficiency of central air conditioning system

Objective To find the key points for contamination control of central air conditioning system,and to evaluate the efficiency of cleaning and energy saving. Methods Random sampling method was used and the key contamination control points of the central air conditioning system of a supermarket in Shaoxing were screened. The relationship between cleaning and energy saving according to the dust amount,fan efficiency and power consumption were analyzed. Results Dust amount,total bacteria and fungi from shutter inlet,filter net,the main air inlet and branch duct of the central air conditioning system,were the main indices which exceeded the standards. The key control point of inhalable particle( PM10) was air inlet,new outlet,the main air pipe and the air outlet of the air pipe. After cleaning and sterilizing of the central air condition system,those indices were decreased( P 0. 05). And the power consumption of central air conditioning system decreased 14. 48%. Conclusion The key points for contamination control of the central air conditioning systems were main air pipe,new outlet,return air inlet,louver air outlet,branch dust,filtering net and the air outlet of the air pipe. The air quality of the central air conditioning systems could be improved by cleaning and sterilizing,and the energy could be saved simultaneously.
Equivalent Capacitor Model for Large Dielectric Enhancement in Composite Medium at Low Frequency

A composite medium equivalent capacitor(CMEC)model is proposed to investigate the phenomenon of rock dielectric enhancement at low frequency,which usually leads to data error during well logging.An initial stratified model with membrane is constructed according to the electrical characteristic of the reservoir rock.The electrical spectra of the model are analyzed by utilizing the equivalent lumped circuit method.The effects of the membrane conductivity and thickness are also analyzed by the electrical potential distribution of 3-layered stratified model with membrane.The results indicate that a low frequency dielectric enhancement is caused by the decreasing effective length of capacitor model,and the membrane parameters drive the permittivity amplitude quantitatively.The computing task of the proposed CMEC model gets less than 10% of finite difference method due to the fewer calculating parameters.The CMEC model provides an accurate evaluation for the well logging dielectric measurement at low frequency.
Time-dependent Solutions, ∆0 = ∆1 = ∆2

Most of the techniques used to analyse equilibrium or time-dependent solutions of the diffusion equation for n=1, as described in Chapter II, do not have simple generalizations for n≥2. We saw, for example, in Chapters III and IV, that the derivation of the equilibrium queue distribution was already quite difficult even in the special case μ0 = μ1 = μ2. Furthermore, the methods used there do not have obvious generalization for μ ≠ μ1 ≠ μ2.
Moral Development through Social Narratives and Game Design

Author(s): Vikaros, Lance; Degand, Darnel | Abstract: Morality originates in dispositions and attitudes formed in childhood and early adolescence. Fantasy play and both the perspective taking and interpersonal negotiation of conflicts that it affords, have been causally linked to the development of moral reasoning and a theory of mind. A closer examination of the self-regulated processes involved implicates a number of contributing factors that video games and virtual worlds are well suited to encourage. The authors present recommendations suggesting the ways in which such technology can facilitate moral development by supporting and simulating diverse social interaction in ways leading to the promotion of self-efficacy, critical thinking, and consequential decision making.
The Ph.D. defense

The Ph.D. defense, oral examination, or “viva” is a very interesting genre and only partly because it presents another opportunity to consider the repurposing of genres, as discussed in Chapter 3. Are dissertation defenses, on the one hand, just “meaningless rituals,” mere epideictic celebrations, simple instances of “just going through the motions”? Or are they, on the other, tough and true oral examinations of the submitted work, consisting of carefully prepared but unpredictable interrogations of the texts under review and thoughtful and intelligent responses by the candidates? Or are they sometimes both, or at least sometimes more and sometimes less one or the other? Unfortunately, our primary knowledge of the discoursal properties of this genre is limited to a massively investigated instance of a single sociology defense recorded in a complex manner at Indiana University in 1975 (Grimshaw, 1989; Grimshaw et al., 1994). In addition to this, I have studied the four dissertation defenses that have been recorded as part of the MICASE project. Defenses Outside the United States Before we look at the discoursal characteristics of the U.S. defense itself, it is particularly important to put this event type into a broader geographical context. Elsewhere, oral examinations of the Ph.D. can take very different forms and have different names, such as “viva,” “viva voce,” and “disputas” (Norway). In Britain, and in countries influenced by British academic traditions, the assessment of the Ph.D. thesis, as it is normally called, is carried out in a closed room and conducted by an external examiner from another institution, and an internal examiner, who is not the candidate's supervisor/advisor.
Glacier Mass Balance

Annual mass balance is recognized as the most sensitive climate variable observed on alpine glaciers. This has led the WGMS to establish both a long term data archive, but also protocol for mass balance observations and reporting. NCGCP has measured annual mass balance for the last 31 years on North Cascades glaciers. The glaciers have all lost significant mass with a mean annual balance of −0.51 ma−1. This is a cumulative loss of −15.5 m, equivalent to 17 m of glacier thickness, which is 20–30 % of the entire volume of the glaciers.
Violence and the competition for sovereignty in Cherokee Country, 1829–1835

ABSTRACTBeginning in 1829 with the discovery of gold and ending in 1835 with the ratification of the Treaty of New Echota, three political entities waged a struggle for political sovereignty over the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokees, of course, had their national self-determination at stake. They referenced treaties with the U.S. government that reaffirmed their status as an independent nation, but also looked to the federal government and its commitments in those same treaties to help the Cherokees uphold their territorial integrity. In this formulation, which the Supreme Court verified, the federal government reigned supreme. The ambiguous nature of American federalism also made it possible for the state of Georgia to claim sovereignty. Beginning in 1830, the state used violence against Cherokees under the guise of bringing social order to a lawless region. The vehicle for creating state authority, the Georgia Guard, used violence as a way of making life untenable for those the state saw as less than desi...
Uterine Adenosarcoma: a Review

Adenosarcomas are rare malignancies of the female genital tract, accounting for approximately 5 % of uterine sarcomas. Occasionally, adenosarcoma occurs in the ovaries or in extra-uterine tissue, which may be related to endometriosis. These tumors are characterized by benign epithelial elements and a malignant mesenchymal component. Pathologic diagnosis is dependent on the identification of the characteristic morphologic features. The most common immunohistochemical markers for adenosarcoma are CD10 and WT1, but these are not specific. The most frequent presenting symptom is abnormal uterine bleeding. The majority of patients present with stage I disease, with a 5-year overall survival of 60 to 80 %. Survival is influenced by the presence of myometrial invasion, sarcomatous overgrowth, lymphovascular invasion, necrosis, and the presence of heterologous elements including rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Patients with sarcomatous overgrowth have significantly increased risk of recurrence 23 versus 77 % and decreased 5-year overall survival 50 to 60 %. Standard of care treatment is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without lymphadenectomy, as the incidence of lymph node metastasis is rare. Retrospective data does not support the use of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy in uterine adenosarcomas as no survival benefit is seen. Insufficient data exists to recommend routinely neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy for uterine adenosarcomas. Limited evidence exists for the role of hormonal therapy in uterine adenosarcomas. The PIK3/AKT/PTEN pathway is mutated in ∼70 % of adenosarcomas, and this may represent a possible therapeutic target. This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning uterine adenosarcoma and discusses the management of this rare tumor.
An Expanded Nuclear Phylogenomic PCR Toolkit for Sapindales

Premise of the study: We tested PCR amplification of 91 low-copy nuclear gene loci in taxa from Sapindales using primers developed for Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae). Methods and Results: Cross-amplification of these markers among 10 taxa tested was related to their phylogenetic distance from B. simaruba. On average, each Sapindalean taxon yielded product for 53 gene regions (range: 16–90). Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicales), by contrast, yielded product for two. Single representatives of Anacardiaceae and Rutacaeae yielded 34 and 26 products, respectively. Twenty-six primer pairs worked for all Burseraceae species tested if highly divergent Aucoumea klaineana is excluded, and eight of these amplified product in every Sapindalean taxon. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that customized primers for Bursera can amplify product in a range of Sapindalean taxa. This collection of primer pairs, therefore, is a valuable addition to the toolkit for nuclear phylogenomic analyses of Sapindales and warrants furthe...
Parallel cyclic reduction decomposition for dynamic optimization problems

Abstract Direct transcription of dynamic optimization problems, with differential-algebraic equations discretized and written as algebraic constraints, can create very large nonlinear optimization problems. When this discretized optimization problem is solved with an NLP solver, such as IPOPT, the dominant computational cost often lies in solving the linear system that generates Newton steps for the KKT system. Computational cost and memory constraints for this linear system solution raise many challenges as the system size increases. On the other hand, the linear KKT system for our dynamic optimization problem is sparse and structured, and can be permuted to form a block tridiagonal matrix. This study explores a parallel decomposition strategy for block tridiagonal systems that is based on cyclic reduction (CR) factorization of the KKT matrix. The classical CR method has good observed performance, but its numerical stability properties need further study for our KKT system. Finally, we discuss modifications to the CR decomposition that improve performance, and we apply the approach to four industrially relevant case studies. On the largest problem, a parallel speedup of a factor of four is observed when using eight processors.