cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive Validity of SAT ® I: Reasoning Test for Test-Takers with Learning Disabilities and Extended Time Accommodations

The predictive validity of the SAT® I: Reasoning Test was examined for students who took the test with an extended time accommodation for a learning disability. The sample included college students with learning disabilities who took the SAT I between 1995 and 1998 with extended time accommodations. First year grade point average (FGPA) was used as a measure of student performance. Although positive, the adjusted correlation between FGPA and SAT scores was lower for test-takers with a learning disability than has been shown in prior research on test-takers without disabilities. In addition, the SAT scores obtained with an extended time accommodation appear to overpredict FGPA for male test-takers with a learning disability and accurately predict FGPA for female test-takers with a learning disability. When the same students were examined using both SAT I test scores and self-reported high school grade point average (HSGPA) to predict FGPA, the scores and grades of male test-takers did not under- or overpredict while the scores of female test-takers underpredicted FGPA. Due to the relatively small sample size, additional research is required to examine group differences (e.g., type of learning disability, severity of disability) and the impact of differential support received from college disability service offices during the first year of college.
A decade of fish-killing Prymnesium parvum blooms in Texas: roles of inflow and salinity

Fish-killing Prymnesium parvum blooms have occurred in south-central USA for at least ∼30 years, with the last decade experiencing recurrent blooms of large magnitude. In the systems reported here, Lakes Possum Kingdom, Granbury and Whitney (Texas), P. parvum blooms were winter phenomena developing under conditions far from the growth optimum. Bloom thresholds of 10 × 10 6 cells L ―1 were observed as a function of inflow and salinity for the period 2000―2009. In Lake Possum Kingdom, blooms occurred only when 7-day accumulated inflows were 1.5 psu. For Lakes Granbury and Whitney, blooms occurred when 7-day accumulated inflows were 0.5 psu. Inflow to these lakes exceeded thresholds during the spring and early-summer months in 8 (Lake Possum Kingdom), 7 (Lake Granbury) and 6 (Lake Whitney) of the 10 years analyzed. Salinities typically exceeded these thresholds during the period of study prior to the spring of 2007. The spring of 2007 was a period of high precipitation, after which salinities were typically below thresholds. The linkage between incidence of P. parvum blooms, inflows and salinity is of concern because combined effects from human population increase and climate change could lead to periods of decreased inflow and increased salinity, which may then increase the frequency and magnitude of P. parvum blooms.
PARAMETER CHARACTERISTICS FOR STABLE AND UNSTABLE SOLUTIONS IN NONLINEAR DISCRETE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

This paper studies complete stable and unstable periodic solutions for n-dimensional nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. The positive and negative iterative mappings of discrete systems are used to develop mapping structures of the stable and unstable periodic solutions. The complete bifurcation and stability analysis are presented for the stable and unstable periodic solutions which are based on the positive and negative mapping structures. A comprehensive investigation on the Henon map is carried out for a better understanding of complexity in nonlinear discrete systems. Given is the bifurcation scenario based on positive and negative mappings of the Henon map, and the analytical predictions of the corresponding periodic solutions are achieved. The corresponding eigenvalue analysis of the periodic solutions is presented. The Poincare mapping sections relative to the Neimark bifurcations of periodic solutions are presented. A parameter map for periodic and chaotic solutions is developed. The complete unstable and stable periodic solutions in nonlinear discrete systems are presented for the first time. The results presented in this paper provide a new idea for one to rethink the current existing theories.
ForSim: a tool for exploring the genetic architecture of complex traits with controlled truth.

Many important problems in biology involve complex traits affected by multiple coding or regulatory parts of the genome. How well the underlying genetic architecture can be inferred by statistical methods such as mapping and association studies are active research areas. ForSim is a flexible forward evolutionary simulation tool for exploring the consequences of evolution by phenotype, whereby demographic, chance, behavioral and selective effects mold genetic architecture. Simulation is useful for exploring these issues as well as the choice of study design inferential methods. Contact: ude.usp@1lwb Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Role of Nucleotide Sugar Pools in the Inhibition of NCAM Polysialylation by Ammonia

Ammonia in animal cell cultures has been shown to specifically inhibit terminal sialylation of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. For example, we have previously shown that as little as 2.5 mM NH 4 Cl can decrease neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polysialylation in both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Besides its potential involvement in SCLC metastasis, polysialic acid (PolySia) is a sensitive marker for measuring changes in sialylation. The role of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) in ammonia's inhibition of NCAM polysialylation was examined by adding glucosamine (GlcN) and uridine (Urd) to the cultures. This bypassed feedback inhibition of GlcN-6-P synthase and increased UDP-GlcNAc content by 25-fold in SCLC cells. After 3 days, PolySia levels were reduced to 10% of control with little effect on NCAM protein content. The extensive decrease in PolySia was confirmed in CHO cells. The effects of GlcN or Urd alone were less extensive, lending support to a specific role for UDP-GlcNAc in inhibition by ammonia. By comparison, 20 mM NH 4 Cl decreased PolySia content by 45% and increased UDP-GlcNAc in SCLC cells by 2-fold. The discrepancy between the {GlcN+Urd} and NH4Cl effects on UDP-GlcNAc and PolySia suggests that accumulation of UDP-GlcNAc is only partially responsible for decreased polysialylation in response to NH 4 Cl. In an attempt to increase NCAM polysialylation, N-acetylmannosamine and cytidine were added to cultures in order to circumvent the feedback inhibition of CMP-sialic acid synthesis. However, this only slightly increased PolySia levels and failed to counter ammonia's inhibition of NCAM polysialylation.
Pancreatic beta-cell-type-specific expression of the rat insulin II gene is controlled by positive and negative cellular transcriptional elements.

Abstract The insulin gene is expressed almost exclusively in pancreatic beta-cells. The DNA sequences that control cell-specific expression are located upstream of the transcription initiation site. To identify the cis-acting transcriptional control regions within the rat insulin II gene that are responsible for this tissue-specific expression pattern, we constructed a series of 5'-flanking deletion mutants and analyzed their expression in vivo in transfected insulin-producing and -nonproducing cell lines. Pancreatic beta-cell-specific expression was shown to be controlled by enhancer sequences lying between nucleotides -342 and -91 relative to the transcription start site. The rat insulin II enhancer appears to be a chimera, composed of a number of distinct cis-acting DNA elements. Both positive and negative transcriptional regulatory elements appear to be responsible for this cell-type-specific expression. We have shown that expression from one element within the enhancer, which is found between nucleotides -100 and -91, is regulated by both positive- and negative-acting cellular transcription factors. Expression from chimeras containing only the enhancer element sequences from -100 to -91 were active only in insulin-producing cells, indicating that the positive-acting factor(s) required for this activity may be active only in beta-cells. In contrast to the enhancer region, the rat insulin II gene promoter did not appear to require cell-specific transcription factors. Promoter mutants with 5'-flanking sequences extending to nucleotides -90 and -73 were constitutively active in both insulin-producing and -nonproducing cells. These results suggest that rat insulin II gene transcription in pancreatic beta-cells is imparted by a combination of both negative- and positive-acting cellular factors interacting with the gene enhancer.
The vent of the 1912 Katmai Eruption: Gravity and magnetic measurements

This study is aimed at defining the boundary and internal structure of the Novarupta vent area, the source of the 1912 Katmai eruption. A geodetic grid consisting of 145 stations was occupied for gravity and magnetic measurements and an aeromagnetic survey was flown at 1100 m above sea level. The combined gravity and magnetic data indicate that there are probably two intrusive bodies within the vent, not just one at Novarupta, as was previously thought. The outline of the overall vent at the surface is well defined by the aeromagnetic survey, and the vent appears to dip inwards indicating that it flares from depth. This is in contrast to the piston-like collapse thought to have taken place at Mt. Katmai in 1912.
Developmental adaptation: Where we go from here

The concept of developmental adaptation is a powerful framework that can be used for understanding the origin of population differences in phenotypic and genotypic biological traits. There is great deal of information describing how developmental responses can shape adult biological outcomes. Specifically, current research suggest that individuals developing in stressful environments such as high altitude will attain an adult enlarged residual lung volume that contribute to the successful cardiovascular adaptation of the high-altitude Andean native. Likewise, studies on the etiology of the metabolic syndrome indicate that development under poor nutritional environments elicit efficient physiological and metabolic responses for the utilization of nutrients and energy, which become disadvantageous when the adult environmental conditions provide abundant access to food and low energy expenditure. Epigenetic research in experimental animals and retrospective research in humans confirm that environmental influences during developmental period have profound consequences on the phenotypic expression of biological and behavioral traits during adulthood. Research on epigenetics is a productive direction for human biologists concerned with understanding the origins of human biological variability.
The dynamics of ultracompact H II regions

Many ultracompact H II regions exhibit a cometary morphology in radio continuum emission. In such regions, a young massive star is probably ablating, through its ultraviolet radiation, the molecular cloud clump that spawned it. On one side of the star, the radiation drives an ionization front that stalls in dense molecular gas. On the other side, ionized gas streams outwards into the more rarefied environment. This wind is underpressured with respect to the neutral gas. The difference in pressure draws in more cloud material, feeding the wind until the densest molecular gas is dissipated. Recent, time-dependent simulations of massive stars turning on within molecular gas show the system evolving in a direction similar to that just described. Here, we explore a semi-analytic model in which the wind is axisymmetric and has already achieved a steady state. Adoption of this simplified picture allows us to study the dependence of both the wind and its bounding ionization front on the stellar luminosity, the peak molecular density and the displacement of the star from the centre of the clump. For typical parameter values, the wind accelerates transonically to a speed of about 15 km s −1 , and
Racial Differences in Retention in Residential Substance Abuse Treatment: The Impact on African American Men:

Purpose: This study employed a static group comparison design with 106 men in residential treatment to examine the relationship of race to treatment retention. Methods: A retrospective analysis of retention, by race, including survival analysis, was undertaken. Results: Findings from the study indicated that (a) Caucasian men complete treatment more frequently than African American men, (b) Race was not predictive of time in treatment, and (c) that race was a factor in the receipt of both criminal justice coercion and case-management both of which were strong predictors of time in treatment. Conclusions: Race serves as a factor in the receipt of services related to retention. Future research should focus on further exploration how race impacts retention, and the interaction of race with coercion and the receipt of case-management.
Why and in what Context Adolescents Obtain Alcohol from Adults: A Pilot Study

Four focus groups involving 26 male and female high school seniors were conducted to provide insight into the context and settings in which alcohol is provided to youth, and why some youth choose certain sources of alcohol over others. Adults over the age of 21 years were the most common source of alcohol used by participants. Participants believe that it was less risky to ask an older adult to purchase alcohol than to attempt to buy it themselves. Few restrictions were placed on youth when alcohol was provided by an older adult. Youth may seek certain alcohol sources when they perceive that alcohol is available and risks of obtaining it are low.
Age-related differences in health-related quality of life in COPD: An analysis of the COPDGene and SPIROMICS Cohorts

Objective Younger persons with COPD report worse health-related quality of life (HRQL) than do older individuals. The factors explaining these differences remain unclear. The objective of this article was to explore factors associated with age-related differences in HRQL in COPD. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of participants with COPD, any Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade of airflow limitation, and ≥ 50 years old in two cohorts: the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study and the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). We compared St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores by age group: middle-aged (age, 50-64) vs older (age, 65-80) adults. We used multivariate linear modeling to test associations of age with HRQL, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics and comorbidities. Results Among 4,097 participants in the COPDGene study (2,170 middle-aged and 1,927 older adults) SGRQ total scores were higher (worse) among middle-aged (mean difference, −4.2 points; 95% CI, −5.7 to −2.6; P P Conclusions Age-related differences in HRQL may be explained by a higher impact of dyspnea among younger subjects with COPD. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00608764 and No.: NCT01969344; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Improved CO2 Absorption in a Gas–Liquid Countercurrent Column Using a Ceramic Foam Contactor

Solid foams are porous, monolithic materials with higher specific surface areas than the random packings that are commonly used in amine-based CO2 capture processes. In this work, the hydrodynamic characteristics (e.g., pressure drop, flooding point, and liquid holdup) and CO2 absorption performance of α-Al2O3 ceramic foam packings of different porosities were investigated experimentally in a gas–liquid countercurrent column. With a 30 wt % diglycolamine (DGA) solvent as the CO2 absorbent, the foams allowed higher flow rates of gas and liquid than a random packing before undesirable flooding was reached. Ceramic foams with lower porosities have larger operating capacities than those with higher porosities. A parametric study of a one-dimensional flow model was performed by investigating the effects of gas velocity, liquid velocity, and CO2 solvent loading on the CO2 removal performance. Lower gas velocities and higher liquid velocities increased the CO2 removal efficiency. The CO2 removal efficiency decre...
Correct Software Synthesis for Stable Speed-Controlled Robotic Walking

Presented at the 2013 Robotics: Science and Systems Conference VII (RSS), 24-28 June 2013, Berlin, Germany.
A STABLE HUMAN CELL LINE AS A HOST SYSTEM FOR SENDAI VIRUS.

SummarySendai strain of parainfluenza 1 virus previously passed in embryonated eggs was found to be adaptable to the stable line of human conjunctiva cells. Evidence for its multiplication in these cells was based on its capacity to produce typical CPE in 5–7 days throughout 17 serial passages, on its ability to initiate macroscopic plaque formation and on the nature of its single step growth cycle. The adapted virus could be cultivated in either conjunctiva cells or chick embryos. The former was more sensitive to viral infection (ratios of PFU:EIU up to 27) whereas higher virus titers were obtained from the latter.
Notes on the North American Species of the Genus Didea with the Description of a New Species

The discovery of an interesting new species of the genus Didea from Northwest, as well as of another European species from North America, has led the writer to make a more extended study of the group. All three of the European forms have been included as it is not improbable that the third may also be found in this country. The genus, which was founded by Macquart, with fasciata as type, and contained only two species from North America at the time of Williston, now with the additions of the present paper, contains six species from this country. One other is listed from Europe and one or two have been described from the Orient.
Wilson, the Republicans, and French Security after World War I

Historians of the fight between Woodrow Wilson and the Senate over the Versailles Treaty have generally shared the president’s perspective. From Denna Frank Fleming and W. Stull Holt through Ruhl J. Bartlett and Thomas A. Bailey to Selig Adler and John Chalmers Vinson, they have regarded the League of Nations as a valuable contribution to international relations, while viewing its Republican critics as negative and partisan politicians. Arno J. Mayer, who recently offered a significant account of the politics of peacemaking after World War I, adhered to this traditional interpretation. If the Republicans rather than Wilson had drafted the peace treaty with Germany, he concluded, “it would hardly have fostered a healthier international climate for the United States, for Europe, and for the world.”1 Vinson pictured the controversy over the League of Nations and the election of 1920 as a “referendum for isolation,” while Adler interpreted the defeat of the Versailles Treaty and the victory of Warren G. Harding as evidence of “the isolationist impulse.” John Milton Cooper, Jr., examined the origins of postwar American isolationism during the period of neutrality before 1917. He argued that before the United States intervened in World War I the Republicans had begun to coalesce around an isolationist position in opposition to Wilson’s internationalism.2
Effects of thidiazuron, naphthaleneacetic acid, dark incubation and genotype on shoot organogenesis from Malus leaves

Adventitious shoots were induced from sections of in vitro-derived leaves of several Malus genotypes using a regeneration medium supplemented with four levels of thidiazuron (TDZ) (1,2,3 and 4 μM)and three levels of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (2.7,5.4 and 8.1 μM). Optimum shoot regeneration of ‘McIntosh’ leaf explants was obtained in a medium containing 2.7 μM NAA and 4 μM TDZ. The influence of dark incubation on shoot induction indicated that one week of darkness was sufficient for organogenesis. Increasing TDZ concentration (5,10,15 and 20 (J.M) in the medium had varying effects on the frequency of regeneration of several genotypes including ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Gala’, ‘Mac- Spur’, ‘Dayton’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and M.7. Significant differences between the six genotypes were observed for regeneration frequency with an average of 11% for M.7 to 100% for ‘Gala’.
282 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PESTICIDE METABOLITE LEVELS AND EXPOSURE FROM THE HOME AND DIET.

Objective To evaluate the association between measured metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid metabolite levels and indicators of exposure through home and diet. Methods Data from the 2001-02 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used to evaluate exposure to pesticides in the US population. Questions included use of pesticides in the last month, types of treatment done (home, yard, foundation), whether performed by a professional or nonprofessional, and the number of rooms treated. Nutritional questions included intake of different foods and participation in the WIC program. Lab data consisted of urinary metabolites of OP and pyrethroid insecticides. Data were imported into SAS and analyzed using SAS callable SUDAAN. Age for all variables was limited to 6 years or older to maintain consistency with ages of participants for lab data. A new variable was created for total OP metabolites to assess cumulative exposure. Frequencies were determined and continuous variables were compared with t-tests and ANOVA. Appropriate 2-year weights were used to create a representative US sample. Results The 3,073 surveys comprise a representative sample of 50,704,925 US children ages 6 to 18 years. Eighteen percent reported using pesticides in the home in the last month and 20% reported treatment in the yard. Seventy-four percent of respondents reported having a nonprofessional treat the home, and 32% of respondents reported having a professional treat the home. Half of families had one room treated, whereas 13% had at least three rooms treated. Mean residues of all OP and pyrethroid metabolites were significantly higher in homes that were treated in the past month, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, which was lower. All metabolite levels except parathion were significantly higher when a nonprofessional treated the home compared with professional treatment. Of note, pyrethroid metabolites were four times higher in the home treated by nonprofessionals. Metabolite levels were also significantly higher when a nonprofessional treated the yard as opposed to the professional; pyrethroid metabolites were two times higher, and total OP levels were three times higher. Total OP levels were higher with daily intake of greens and dried beans/peas compared with no intake. There was no correlation with eating out in restaurants and pesticide metabolites. OP and pyrethroid metabolites were higher as the number of school lunches eaten per week increased. Conclusions Urinary metabolites of pesticides are higher when pesticides have been applied in the last month and when applied by a nonprofessional. Certain dietary exposure may increase pesticide metabolites, although the effect seemed less pronounced than from home or yard treatment. Due to the cross-sectional nature of NHANES, these data need confirmation using prospective study methods.
Growth, nutrient utilization, and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein.

Male Holstein calves < 1 wk of age were allowed a 2-wk adaptation period after purchase, and then were blocked by BW and assigned randomly within block to either a baseline slaughter group or one of four experimental groups (n = 8 to 9 per group). Treatments were isocaloric milk replacers (12.5% solids) fed at 12% of BW that contained 16.1, 18.5, 22.9, or 25.8% CP (DM basis) from whey protein sources. After a 6-wk feeding period, all calves were slaughtered and the weights and chemical composition of the viscera-free carcasses (VFC; including head, hide, feet, and tail) were determined. Gain of BW (0.38, 0.45, 0.56, and 0.62 kg/d) and gain:feed ratio (0.51, 0.59, 0.71, and 0.78) increased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary CP increased; rate of change in body length, wither height, and heart girth also increased linearly (P < or = 0.05). Balance measurements conducted during wk 3 and 4 of the experimental period showed that both absorbed N (16.9, 20.0, 25.8, and 30.6 g/d) and retained N (7.6, 9.0, 13.2, and 15.6 g/d) increased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary CP increased. Retained N as a percentage of absorbed N increased linearly (P < 0.01) as dietary CP increased (44.3, 44.7, 50.7, and 50.9%), whereas biological value was unaffected (71.1, 68.7, 69.5, and 67.3%; P = 0.26). Digestible energy and ME represented 94.5 and 89.7% of intake energy, respectively, and were not affected by dietary CP content. Plasma urea N concentration increased linearly (2.9, 3.3, 4.6, and 6.0 mg/dL) as dietary CP increased. Contents of water (68.2, 69.1, 70.2, and 70.5%; P < 0.001) and protein (19.6, 20.0, 20.0, and 20.2%; P < 0.10) in VFC increased linearly, whereas contents of fat (7.2, 6.2, 5.5, and 5.2%; P < 0.001) and ash (5.1, 5.2, 4.8, and 4.7%; P < 0.02) decreased linearly as dietary CP increased. Trends in visceral tissue composition were similar to those for VFC. The content of water in VFC tissue gain increased, whereas contents of fat and energy decreased, as dietary CP increased. Final VFC energy and gain of energy in VFC were not affected by dietary CP. At similar initial ME intakes, increasing dietary CP (i.e., increasing protein: energy) linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, N retention, and deposition of lean tissue in VFC, demonstrating that diet composition can markedly affect components of body growth in preruminant dairy calves.
Linear regression with a randomly censored covariate: Application to an Alzheimer's study

The association between maternal age of onset of dementia and amyloid deposition (measured by in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging) in cognitively normal older offspring is of interest. In a regression model for amyloid, special methods are required due to the random right censoring of the covariate of maternal age of onset of dementia. Prior literature has proposed methods to address the problem of censoring due to assay limit of detection, but not random censoring. We propose imputation methods and a survival regression method that do not require parametric assumptions about the distribution of the censored covariate. Existing imputation methods address missing covariates, but not right censored covariates. In simulation studies, we compare these methods to the simple, but inefficient complete case analysis, and to thresholding approaches. We apply the methods to the Alzheimer's study.
Dancing with Disease: A Dancer’s Reflections on Moving with People with Parkinson’s and Memory Loss

I am a professional dancer, choreographer, and Alexander Technique instructor. I joined the Performing Arts faculty at Washington University in St. Louis in 1994, where I teach contemporary concert art dance and somatic practices. Dancing is fundamentally a study of coordination, balance, and movement control. Because these essential goals are shared in movement therapies, I have become interested in contributing knowledge gained by dancing and collaboration with scientists working on therapeutic interventions. I am particularly interested in evidence that, for people attempting to mitigate symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), dancing in a variety of forms is emerging in scientific literature as an effective approach (1, 2). Furthermore, dancing is valuable to people who do it, not only for cognitive and motor issues but for social and personal fulfillment, while living with PD (3). I am also interested in correlative evidence suggesting that dancing, as a lifestyle activity, may confer a protective effect against risk of dementia (4). In this article, I would like to share several personal insights regarding dancing and why I believe it is so effective. In 2008, I met Madeleine Hackney and Gammon Earhart who were engaged in a series of studies demonstrating that Argentine Tango improved balance and functional mobility in people with PD (5–7). I was invited to create and administer an untested intervention for PD using “contact improvisation” (8). We showed similar improvements as the Tango pilot study. However, participants reported preferring improvising (not having to learn step patterns), and the increased human touch that the practice fostered became valuable to them. This report in the participant survey is among the most meaningful to me; I firmly believe that live human touch is an essential ingredient in physical, mental, and emotional health. During this past year, my students and I conducted a dozen non-scientific workshops for people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), applying creative dance practices I learned from dance artist Liz Lerman (9). Memories are not just “in our heads,” they are whole-person, embodied experiences – what I call “corps memories.” I am intrigued by evidence that integrating a motoric component such as pantomimic gesture or sign language during learning improves memory retention (10, 11). In workshops, people shared memories, and we created dance from the spontaneous gestural movements that typically accompany speech when they become immersed in reverie. This organic combination of narrative and kinesthetic sensation seems to enhance the details of memory. Artistically, there is something poignant, “dancing” memories that will be lost.
Classification Along the Color Line: Excavating Racism in the Stacks

This paper contends that systemic violence is fundamentally a classification problem. The interrogation of the production of racialized library subjects in relation to one another and in relation to political and social conditions may shed light on the intensely complex problems of racism in the United States today. I discuss the ways that sections of library classifications were constructed based on ideas about African Americans in relation to American social and political agendas. My claim is that the structures that were written in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries are deeply embedded in our libraries and have participated in the naturalization of certain racialized assumptions and associations. In the 21 st century we continue to maintain, apply, and refine a flawed structure. My aim is to provide a window into how epistemic violence affects American consciousness about race by revealing some of the ways that our library classifications have been woven together by a group of men who cited and informed one another and ultimately, organized and universalized American history. These classifications are structured around assertions about timeless and fixed national values constructed out of progressive conceptualizations of the nation and its citizenry. A reliance on racial exclusion was necessary for this grand narrative, and scientific theories and classifications provided legitimacy and fuel for racist programs. One of key ways that exclusion was legitimated and supported was through the application of evolutionary theory and principles. Social engineering, white supremacy, and conquest were justified and propelled by beliefs in the evolutionary superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race. It is not by accident that these ideas became foundational to classificatory practice in libraries. In fact, Thomas Dousa has drawn attention to the intellectual climate in which late 19 th century library classificationists worked - particularly, the theories and classifications of the sciences and nature as devised by Auguste Compte, Herbert Spencer, and Charles Darwin - and argues that these ideas and systems inspired the introduction of evolutionary principles into bibliographic classifications.[i] The present paper is in agreement with Dousa's claim and argues that such a conclusion carries critical implications for understanding libraries' classifications of race and ethnicity. Emphasis is placed is on the legacy of the classification of books about people of African descent as variously named and conceptualized in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. The last section of the paper examines the classifications as performatives to examine some of the processes by which racism has become systemic on library shelves. [i] Thomas M. Dousa, "Evolutionary Order in the Classification Theories of CA Cutter and EC Richardson: Its Nature and Limits." NASKO 2, no. 1 (2011): 76.
Reconnecting the Philosophy of Religion and Engaged Religious Reasoning

It is no surprise that the philosophy of religion, the many disciplines counted within the study of religion and theology, and religion-specific studies, all have their own methods and interests, and often proceed necessarily as conversations among small groups of experts. But the intellectual cogency and credibility of such studies also entails a problematization of the boundaries that divide them. While disciplinary distinctions are necessary and valuable, a freer flow of ideas and questions across boundaries is to the benefit of all concerned. In particular, the philosophy of religion proceeds more fruitfully if, among its several dimensions, it is also intentionally comparative and interreligious, vulnerable to the questions raised by insiders to traditions, and open to the implications of ideas for religious practice.
A Stackelberg Game Model for Botnet Traffic Exfiltration

Cyber-criminals can distribute malware to control computers on a networked system and leverage these compromised computers (i.e., botnets) to perform their malicious activities inside the network. Botnet-detection mechanisms, based on a detailed analysis of network traffic characteristics, provide a basis for defense against botnet attacks. In this work, we formulate the botnet defense problem as a Stackelberg security game, allocating detection resources to deter botnet attacks taking into account the strategic response of cyber-criminals. Based on the new game model, we propose a game-theoretic algorithm, \ORANI, to compute an optimal detection resource allocation strategy in zero-sum game settings. Our algorithm employs the double-oracle method to deal with an exponential number of players' actions. Furthermore, we provide greedy heuristics to approximately compute an equilibrium of these botnet defense games. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments based on both simulated and real-world network topologies to demonstrate advantages of our game-theoretic solution compared to previously proposed defense policies.
Cripping the new normal: Making disability count

Abstract We have been conducting research in New York City across a variety of sites where the presence of disability is dramatically increasing and transforming consciousness regarding this form of human variation in locations as diverse as schools, medical laboratories, film festivals, homes and religious institutions. We have learned how families form new kinship imaginaries around the fact of disability and how disability publics emerge through a variety of media forms and art activists. This article also addresses questions of demographics and futurity that we have encountered in our work. The number of disabled citizens, currently estimated at almost 20% of the USA population, is predicted to increase significantly over the next decade, both as an expanding portion of the population and a growing absolute number. Given the inevitable increase in disability across the life cycle, we highlight that what some disability scholars/activists call “accessible futures” will remain under constant negotiation. At the same time, the initiatives of people with disabilities and their supporters are changing the face of both public and private culture, and most importantly, the shape of future imaginaries in which disability is understood as a central aspect of the human condition. We conclude by asking how disability publics played a role in the 2016 American Presidential election.
Single passive leg movement assessment of vascular function: contribution of nitric oxide

Passive leg movement (PLM), a novel assessment of vascular function, has been simplified to a single PLM (sPLM), thereby increasing the clinical utility of this technique. However, the role of nitr...
A study on monitoring technology for multi-terminal ±500kV VSC-HVDC power transmission system

State Grid of China plans to put a ± 500kV/3000MW four-terminal voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission system into operation by 2020. In compare to existing VSC-HVDC transmission systems, this system has higher voltage level and transmission capacity. Accordingly, grid devices and topology would be significantly different. This paper introduces configuration of the transmission system, and proposes a monitoring design scheme based on existing monitoring functions of Smart Grid Dispatching and Control System (SGDCS). Theoretical analysis shows that, the detail monitoring functions given from aspects of grid modelling, data acquisition, topology analysis and intelligent alarming would be helpful for the reconstruction of existing SGDCS system.
Assessing Cardiac Tissue Function via Action Potential Wave Imaging Using Cardiac Displacement Data

The ability to visualize action potentials deep within the walls of the heart has important applications. It enables the identification of regions of electrically and mechanically compromised tissue that can mark the location(s) of infarcted and ischemic myocardial tissue, and also permits the visualization of normal and abnormal action potential wave propagation patterns for use in both clinical and cardiac research settings. Recently, we have been investigating the possibility of using 4-D mechanical deformation data, obtained either from MRI or ultrasound images, to reverse-calculate these action potential patterns [2, 4, 5]. This idea has also been studied by Konofagou et al. [6], who used mixed time and space second derivatives in the displacement fields to identify the location of action potentials. While this mixed-derivative method should be effective for spatially one-dimensional action potentials, it is less effective when propagation of the waves is fundamentally three-dimensional.
Distortion modes in halide perovskites: To twist or to stretch, a matter of tolerance and lone pairs

Using first-principles calculations, we show that $\mathrm{Cs}B{X}_{3}$ halides with $B=\text{Sn}$ or Pb undergo octahedral rotation distortions, while for $B=\text{Ge}$ and Si, they undergo a ferroelectric rhombohedral distortion accompanied by a rhombohedral stretching of the lattice. We show that these are mutually exclusive at their equilibrium volume although different distortions may occur as functions of lattice expansion. The choice between the two distortion modes is in part governed by the Goldschmidt tolerance factor. However, another factor explaining the difference between Sn and Pb compared with Ge and Si is the stronger lone-pair character of Ge and Si when forced to be divalent as is the case in these structures. The lone-pair chemistry is related to the off centering. While the Si-based compounds have not yet been synthesized, the Ge compounds have been established experimentally. As a final test of the importance of the tolerance factor we consider $\mathrm{RbGe}{X}_{3}$, which has smaller tolerance factor than the corresponding $\mathrm{CsGe}{X}_{3}$ because Rb is smaller than Cs. We find that it can lower its energy by both rotations or rhombohedral off-centering distortions but the latter lower the energy slightly more efficiently.
Time-temperature effects on microbial, chemical and sensory changes during cooling and aging of cheddar cheese.

Cheddar cheese requires several months of aging, during which operating costs and interests on capital significantly add to production costs. The flavor and aroma of aged Cheddar cheese is attributed to a complex mixture of chemical compounds (Lawrence and Gilles, 1987) which is influenced by the cheese microflora. The microflora consists of starter bacteria which reach maximum levels during cheese making and bacteria present in the milk after heat treatment or introduced during manufacturing (Chapman and Sharpe, 1981). Both starter and non-starter activity contributes extensively to finished cheese quality (Gilles and Lawrence, 1973; Fryer, 1982; Lawrence et al., 1983, 1984; Law, 1984). The temperature of the post hoop cheese block ranges between a high of 35°C at pressing to an aging temperature of 3.5-12°C. During the cooling period, a temperature gradient is established within the block of cheese. The extent of chemical and microbial activities at any given point within a cheese block will depend, in part, on the temperature profile over time at that point. Sensory characteristics and including textural parameters will reflect the extent of these activities.
A Short History of Biological Warfare and Weapons

Although biological weapons have been used only sporadically throughout human history, and their military effectiveness has never been clearly demonstrated by use in war, the impact of natural disease outbreaks continually reminds us that they are potentially very effective weapons. For that reason there has been a continual fascination with them by nations in the last century, a fascination that continues today. Particularly where regional hegemony (or resisting it) may require unconventional weapons, they remain a major threat. The legal regime prohibiting them is clear and in place, but it lacks effective mechanisms to verify compliance and to build confidence in the existing legal regime. Repairing that gap constitutes an urgent agenda for the international community.
In vitro synthesis of light and heavy polypeptide chains of myosin

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that preparations of highly purified chicken skeletal myosin contain four polypeptide chains: a “heavy” chain (MW about 200,000) and three “light” chains of molecular weights 25,500; 17,600; and 15,200. Three classes of polysomes that differ in size were obtained from homogenates of embryonic chicken leg muscle. The heavy and light chains of myosin are synthesized on two different classes of polysomes from messenger RNA's of different lengths. This suggests that the messages for myosin subunits are monocistronic.
Land Availability, Utilization, and Intensification for a Solar Powered Economy

Abstract Solar energy, though promising as the energy source for a fossil fuel-deprived future, is a dilute resource and harvesting it requires vast tracts of land. In this study, we develop an extensive process system model for land requirement analysis in each of the 48 contiguous states of the United States for a solar powered economy to address the likely land competition. Land requirement analysis in this study takes into account several issues that are usually ignored. Efficiencies of major energy conversion steps from primary energy to end use are accounted and intermittent solar availability, actual solar farm output and land availability are all considered. In addition, we prefer local photons for local use for consideration of minimizing transmission loss and energy security. Under this preferred scenario, our land requirement analysis shows that 16 of the 48 contiguous states have insufficient available land and that the land competition for energy and food will be intense. Thus, in a solar economy, land use intensification will be required to avoid conflict between our competing land use needs.
Vascular Tumors of the Airway

The most common vascular anomaly of the airway, defined as the airway between the glottis and carina, is the infantile airway hemangioma. This chapter will focus exclusively on the airway infantile hemangioma, and less commonly occurring vascular anomalies of the airway will be discussed in other chapters. Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are proliferative vascular tumors, composed of endothelial cells, which can be located on the skin or within the subglottis, trachea, and/or mediastinum. At birth hemangiomas are either absent or minimally evident. However, they grow quickly in the first months of life, following predictable stages of rapid proliferation, prolonged involution, and finally end-stage degeneration to fibrofatty residuum. In the case of airway infantile hemangiomas (AIH), rapid growth during the proliferative stage leads to life-threatening airway obstruction and requires emergent treatment.
Multiscale simulation of actin filaments and actin-associated proteins

Actin is an important cytoskeletal protein that serves as a building block to form filament networks that span across the cell. These networks are orchestrated by a myriad of other cytoskeletal entities including the unbranched filament-forming protein formin and branched network-forming protein complex Arp2/3. Computational models have been able to provide insights into many important structural transitions that are involved in forming these networks, and into the nature of interactions essential for actin filament formation and for regulating the behavior of actin-associated proteins. In this review, we summarize a subset of such models that focus on the atomistic features and those that can integrate atomistic features into a larger picture in a multiscale fashion.
Relationship of fatigue with cognitive performance in women with early-stage breast cancer over 2 years.

Objective Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction are major concerns for women with early-stage breast cancer during treatment and into survivorship. However, interrelationships of these phenomena and their temporal patterns over time are not well documented, thus limiting the strategies for symptom management interventions. In this study, changes in fatigue across treatment phases and the relationship among fatigue severity and its functional impact with objective cognitive performance were examined. Methods Participants (N = 75) were assessed at five time points beginning prior to chemotherapy to 24 months after initial chemotherapy. Fatigue severity and impact were measured on the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Central nervous system (CNS) Vital Signs was used to measure performance based cognitive testing. Temporal changes in fatigue were examined, as well as the relationship between fatigue and cognitive performance, at each time point using linear mixed effect models. Results Severity of fatigue varied as a function of phase of treatment. Fatigue severity and its functional impact were moderate at baseline, increased significantly during chemotherapy, and returned to near baseline levels by 2 years. At each time point, fatigue severity and impact were significantly associated with diminished processing speed and complex attention performance. Conclusions A strong association between fatigue and objective cognitive performance suggests that they are likely functionally related. That cognitive deficits were evident at baseline, whereas fatigue was more chemotherapy dependent, implicates that two symptoms share some common bases but may differ in underlying mechanisms and severity over time. This knowledge provides a basis for introducing strategies for tailored symptom management that vary over time.