cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Les Sept Princesses: A Vienna Discovery Renews Interest in the Art and Collaborative Interiors of Margaret Macdonald

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to analyze the importance of the collaborative interiors that Margaret Macdonald designed with her husband Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Special emphasis is placed on the Waerndorfer music room installation (1906–1907) and Macdonald's gesso panels Les Sept Princesses designed specifically for this space. RESEARCH DESIGN: Using photographs and a comprehensive review of primary and secondary sources descriptive of the Waerndorfer music room, a likely original placement of the panels in the space is suggested and the panels are analyzed for selected design attributes that are similar to the interior architecture. ANALYSIS: Elements to be formally analyzed include the dominant use of neutral colors enhanced by typical motifs; the asymmetrical placement of rectilinear form; the balancing of decorative detailing and highly finished paint employed on plain surfaces; the relevance of symbols used within the Mackintosh interiors; and a description of the symbols used by Macdonald in the Waerndorfer panels, many of which were influenced by Maurice Maeterlinck's play Les Sept Princesses. KEY FINDINGS: The collaborative relationship between Macdonald and Mackintosh was important to the stylistic development of their interiors. Macdonald successfully integrated the decorative theme of the panels with the interior architecture through the shared use of design elements and symbolic motifs. Although Macdonald's visual composition embodies the poetic and evocative values of Maeterlinck's play, the panels still are consciously ornamental and designed specifically to complement the interior. CONCLUSIONS: The use of symbolic ornamentation in the Waerndorfer music room interior should be viewed as an organizational methodology. Within the microcosm of the interior, the designers used symbolism and ionic meaning as a parti to control form, furnishings, decorative features, and panels designed in concert with Maeterlinck's literary theme.
Divergent activities of osteogenic BMP2, and tenogenic BMP12 and BMP13 independent of receptor binding affinities

Ectopic expression of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) induces osteogenesis, while ectopic expression of rhBMP12 and rhBMP13 induces the formation of tendon-like tissue. Despite their different in vivo activities, all three ligands bound to the type I bone morphogenic protein receptors (BMPRs), activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-3 and ALK6, and to the type II BMPRs, activin receptor type-2A, activin receptor type-2B, and BMPR2, with similar affinities. Treatment of C3H10T1/2 cells with rhBMP2 activated SMAD signaling and induced expression of osteoblast markers including osteocalcin mRNA (Ocn). In contrast, treatment with rhBMP12 or rhBMP13 resulted in a dose-dependent induction of a tendon-specific gene (Thbs4) expression with no detectable activation of SMAD 1, 5, and 8. Differential regulation of Thbs4 and Ocn has potential utility as an in vitro biomarker for induction of tenogenic signaling. Such an assay also permits the ability to distinguish between the activities of different BMPs and may prove useful in studies on the molecular mechanisms of BMP tenogenic activity.
Sensory Regeneration in Arthropods: Implications of Homoeosis and of Ectopic Sensilla

SYNOPSIS. The seemingly antithetic attributes of rigorous connectivity on one hand and vigorous regeneration on the other, are combined in the arthropod nervous system This apparent paradox is largely resolved by the comparison of normal postembryonic development with regeneration, which is also restricted to immature stages It is also becoming apparent that growth and interaction between neurons is more flexible than had been assumed. Normal sensory regeneration in situ is highly specific in restoring lost function The crucial event in regeneration as in embryonic development, is the establishment of first contacts between periphery and center Thereafter regeneration follows an accelerated recapitulation of normal postembryonic development. Data from ectopic grafts, homoeotic mutants and homoeotic regenerates address four components of sensory development and regeneration a) Positional information in the epidermis determines receptor type and central projection, b) Passage from periphery to ganglion is non specific Ectopic neurons reach mismatched ganglia c) Within neuropile the specific projection is a product of interaction between intrinsic programs of the neuron and pathways expressed as specific surface markers d) Fine tuning of synaptic relationships can occur in response to changed milieu The current elucidation of the genetic basis of metameric segment determination, and the identification of specific gene products as markers of pathways open the way to the understanding of neural specificity in development and regeneration at the molecular level.
Adjective check list descriptions of Freud and Jung.

Summary: Personality characteristics of Freud and Jung were assessed by 17 members of a psychology class familiar with biographical and autobiographical material of these subjects by means of Gough's Adjective Check List, Terms used in describing the men and ACL profiles scored on composite lists were consistent with expectation, Blind interpretation of profiles by the test author accorded with knowledge of the subjects. On special scales for "intellectence" and "origence" the subjects fell high on both dimensions which is typical of creative persons.
Advances in pelvic ultrasound: Endovaginal scanning for ectopic gestation and graded compression sonography for appendicitis

Endovaginal sonography and graded compression sonography for appendicitis are two recent, significant advances in the imaging evaluation of the pelvis. Endovaginal sonography is performed by placing a dedicated high-frequency ultrasound probe within the vagina to evaluate the uterus and adnexa. Much early research with this technique has focused on the evaluation of early pregnancy, where changes related to intrauterine and ectopic gestation are evident at least one week earlier when compared with routine transabdominal ultrasound. Graded compression sonography for appendicitis is an ultrasound search for the inflamed, nonruptured appendix performed by compressing the right lower quadrant with a linear array transducer, Both techniques are fast, safe, and inexpensive evaluations that can be used to evaluate patients with nonspecific clinical findings and are particularly helpful in women of childbearing age.
Requirement for Fc effector mechanisms in the APOBEC3/Rfv3 dependent neutralizing antibody response

Antiretroviral neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses are often evaluated in the absence of Fc-dependent immune effectors. In murine Friend retrovirus infection, Apobec3/Rfv3 promotes a potent polyclonal NAb response. Here, we show that the Apobec3/Rfv3-dependent NAb response correlated with virus-specific IgG2 titers and that the in vivo neutralization potency of Apobec3/Rfv3-resistant antisera was dependent on activating Fcγ receptors but not complement. The data strengthen retroviral vaccine strategies aimed at eliciting NAbs that activate specific Fcγ receptors.
Targeted disruption of the mouse ferrochelatase gene producing an exon 10 deletion

Protoporphyria is a disease characterized by a deficiency in ferrochelatase, the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, which catalyzes the chelation of iron and protoporphyrin to form heme. Clinical symptoms arise from an accumulation of protoporphyrin behind the partial enzyme block and include photosensitivity and sometimes hepatobiliary disease. Protoporphyria is described as an dominant disease, yet patients exhibit decreased ferrochelatase activities of 15-30% of normal, not 50% as might be expected. Missense, nonsense, and splicing mutations have been identified in ferrochelatase cDNA from protoporphyric patients. In this study we introduce an exon 10 deletion, an analogous mutation to that described in some protoporphyric patients, into the mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genome via homologous recombination. Targeted ES cells were confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Expression of wild-type and exon 10-deleted mRNA was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cDNA sequencing. Ferrochelatase levels were analyzed by immunoblotting. Ferrochelatase activity was measured by the chelation of zinc and mesoporphyrin, and by the decrease in protoporphyrin accumulation after adding delta-aminolevulinic acid. In the exon 10 +/- ES cells there is expression of both wild-type and exon 10-deleted mRNA, a 50% decrease in cross-reactive material with an anti-ferrochelatase antibody, and an approximate 50% decrease in ferrochelatase activity compared to wild-type ES cells. Therefore, an exon 10 deletion alone is insufficient to decrease ferrochelatase activity to the levels in protoporphyric patients. This suggests that requirement of an additional mutation to decrease the expression of the wild-type allele.
Mutations in the Atp1p and Atp3p subunits of yeast ATP synthase differentially affect respiration and fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

ATP1-111, a suppressor of the slow-growth phenotype of yme1Δ lacking mitochondrial DNA is due to the substitution of phenylalanine for valine at position 111 of the alpha-subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (Atp1p in yeast). The suppressing activity of ATP1-111 requires intact beta (Atp2p) and gamma (Atp3p) subunits of mitochondrial ATP synthase, but not the stator stalk subunits b (Atp4p) and OSCP (Atp5p). ATP1-111 and other similarly suppressing mutations in ATP1 and ATP3 increase the growth rate of wild-type strains lacking mitochondrial DNA. These suppressing mutations decrease the growth rate of yeast containing an intact mitochondrial chromosome on media requiring oxidative phosphorylation, but not when grown on fermentable media. Measurement of chronological aging of yeast in culture reveals that ATP1 and ATP3 suppressor alleles in strains that contain mitochondrial DNA are longer lived than the isogenic wild-type strain. In contrast, the chronological life span of yeast cells lacking mitochondrial DNA and containing these mutations is shorter than that of the isogenic wild-type strain. Spore viability of strains bearing ATP1-111 is reduced compared to wild type, although ATP1-111 enhances the survival of spores that lacked mitochondrial DNA.
News from Online: Water, Streaming Chemistry

A collection of water-related online resources is presented. Sources discuss a variety of water-topics, including water from a molecular perspective, water quality, water in the environment and society, and water conservation. Links to useful educator resources are also included.
Research environment for developing and testing object tracking algorithms

We present an integrated research environment (RAVEN) that we have developed for the purpose of developing and testing object tracking algorithms. As a Windows application, RAVEN provides a user interface for loading and viewing video sequences and interacting with the segmentation and object tracking algorithms, which are included at run time as plug- ins. The plug-ins interact with RAVEN via a programming interface, enabling algorithm developers to concentrate on their ideas rather than on the user interface. Over the past two years. RAVEN has greatly enhanced the productivity of our researchers, enabling them to create a variety of new algorithms and extended RAVEN's capabilities via plug-ins. Examples include several object tracking algorithms, a live- wire segmentation algorithm, a methodology for the evaluation of segmentation quality, and even a mediaprocessor implementation of an object tracker. After implementing an algorithm, RAVEN makes it easy to present the results since it provides several mask display modes and output options for both image and video. We have found that RAVEN facilitates the entire research process, from prototyping an algorithm to visualization of the results to a mediaprocessor implementation.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bacterial Motility Patterns Reveal Importance of Exploitation over Exploration in Marine Microhabitats. Part I: Theory

Bacteria use different motility patterns to navigate and explore natural habitats. However, how these motility patterns are selected, and what their benefits may be, are not understood. In this article, we analyze the effect of motility patterns on a cell’s ability to migrate in a chemical gradient and to localize at the top of the gradient, the two most important characteristics of bacterial chemotaxis. We will focus on two motility patterns, run-tumble and run-reverse-flick, that are observed and characterized in enteric bacterium Escherichia coli and marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus, respectively. To make an objective comparison, master equations are developed on the basis of microscopic motions of the bacteria. An unexpected yet significant result is that by adopting the run-reverse-flick motility pattern, a bacterium can reduce its diffusivity without compromising its drift in the chemical gradient. This finding is biologically important as it suggests that the motility pattern can improve a microorganism’s ability to sequester nutrients in a competitive environment.
A tour through Tapestry

The Information Tapestry is an experimental system that employs both collab­ orative filtering and content-based filtering, as well as automatic appraising and highlight­ ing, to tailor the delivery and presentation of information to each user's personal interests. This permits users to cope with large volumes of incoming documents, includ­ ing electronic mail, news wire stories and NetNews articles. This paper presents the facilities available to Tapestry users by way of a scenario depicting a day in the life of an active user.
Target lesion calcification in coronary artery disease: An intravascular ultrasound study

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency, amount and distribution of target lesion calcification in patients undergoing transcatheter therapy for symptomatic coronary artery disease. Background. Coronary artery target lesion calcification may be an important determinant of response to transcatheter therapy: balloon angioplasty causes dissections in calcified lesions, directional atherectomy cuts calcium poorly, rotational atherectomy causes preferential ablation of calcium and laser irradiation effect may vary. Intravascular ultrasound imaging is a highly sensitive technique for detection of plaque calcification in vivo. Methods. We performed intravascular ultrasound imaging before or after, or both, various transcatheter therapies in 110 patients. These 84 men and 26 women had a mean age of 60 years and a duration of angina of 22 ± 34 months. Forty-nine patients had one-vessel, 29 had two-vessel, 25 had three-vessel and 7 had left main coronary disease. Vessels treated and imaged were the left main (n = 7), left anterior descending (n = 47), left circumflex (n = 18) and right (n = 38) coronary arteries. Results. Eighty-four patients (76%) had target lesion calcification; 29 patients had one-quadrant, 25 had two-qoadraat, 17 had three-quadrant and 13 had four-quadrant calcification. The calcification was superficial in 42 patients, deep in 13 and both superficial and deep in 31. The axial length of calcium could be measured in 29 patients; it was ⩽5 mm in 11 and ≤6 mm in 18. Fluoroscopy detected calcification in 50 patients (48%, p < 0.001 vs. detection by ultrasound); this proportion increased to 74% in patients with calcification of two or more quadrants and to 86% in patients with calcification ≥6 mm in length of two or more quadrants. Calcification was more common in patients who smoked and tended to be more common ta patients with multivessel disease or previous coroaary artery bypass graft surgery. Conclusions. We conclude that target lesion calcification occurs in 75% of patiente with symptomatic coronary artery disease requiring angioplasty. Target lesion calcification is best detected, localized and quantified by intravascular ultrasound. These observations may be important in selecting devices for transcatheter therapy.
Optimized Linear Prediction for Radial Sampled Multidimensional NMR Experiments

Abstract Radial sampling in multidimensional NMR experiments offers greatly decreased acquisition times while also providing an avenue for increased sensitivity. Digital resolution remains a concern and depends strongly upon the extent of sampling of individual radial angles. Truncated time domain data leads to spurious peaks (artifacts) upon FT and 2D FT. Linear prediction is commonly employed to improve resolution in Cartesian sampled NMR experiments. Here, we adapt the linear prediction method to radial sampling. Significantly more accurate estimates of linear prediction coefficients are obtained by combining quadrature frequency components from the multiple angle spectra. This approach results in significant improvement in both resolution and removal of spurious peaks as compared to traditional linear prediction methods applied to radial sampled data. The ‘averaging linear prediction’ (ALP) method is demonstrated as a general tool for resolution improvement in multidimensional radial sampled experiments.
Patterns of leaf area and growing space efficiency in young even-aged and multiaged coast redwood stands

Projected leaf area estimates were used to predict volume increment and basal area of second-growth coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) trees on Jackson Demonstration State Forest, Mendocino County, California. Sample plots were established within even-aged and multiaged mixed-species stands. Redwood tree basal area growth was more strongly related to sapwood area than to tree size and differed significantly between canopy strata and overstory stratum crown classes. Projected leaf area was predicted from sapwood area for each tree, and summarized to the stand level, giving a maximum stand leaf area index (LAI) estimate of 14.9 m2/m2. Redwood tree growing space efficiency (GSE; the ratio of stem volume increment to leaf area) was greatest on average among emergent overstory trees, followed by dominant and codominant overstory trees. There was no evidence of declining overstory tree GSE with increasing leaf area over the range of data collected. A nonlinear model predicted increasing underst...
Patterns of Success in Systems Engineering of IT-Intensive Government Systems

The objective of this effort was to discover patterns of success in the systems engineering of information-intensive systems in a government acquisition environment using the method of positive deviance. Two large-scale success patterns were observed, each with several recurring sub-patterns. “Balancing the Supply Web” addresses “social” interdependencies among enterprise stakeholders who have different equities in the capability being developed. “Harnessing Technical Complexity” addresses the technical interdependencies among system components that together deliver an operational capability for the enterprise. The large-scale patterns are two sides of the same coin. The programs studied achieved success because of the way they each navigated through these dual interdependencies.
The stem-cell menagerie

The numbers, types and locations of stem cells in the nervous system have been the subject of much discussion. This review summarizes data on the types of stem cell present at different stages of development and in the adult brain, and the markers suggested to distinguish between the various possibilities that have been reported. We present evidence that more than one class of stem cell is present in the developing and adult nervous systems, and that it might be possible to distinguish between stem-cell populations and to localize the cell of origin of a particular neurosphere, based on markers that persist in culture and by using universal stem-cell markers prospectively to identify stem cells in vivo.
On the variation in light of tumbling bodies

Light curves have been constructed for a number of model astroids as represented by three series of triaxial ellipsoids (one almost prolate, one almost oblate and one in between). The light curves have maximumpossible amplitudes (Δm) ranging from 0m.1 to 1.0. The case Δm=0m.7 is illustrated in some detail. Quite complicated patterns of motion are shown at times to lead to simplelooking light curves for the prolate models. It is argued that models of this latter type are likely to be over-represented in any sampling of asteroidal light curves because of simple selection effects.
Critical analysis of the extinction coefficient of chloroplast cytochrome f.

In oxygenic photosynthesis the cytochrome bf complex links electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I. The largest subunit of the complex is cytochrome f, a 32-kDa polypeptide that is anchored in the membrane by a transmembrane alpha helix located near the carboxyl end. The three-dimensional structure of the soluble domain of ˚ cytochrome f isolated from turnip has been determined by X-ray crystallography to 1.96 A resolution. The structure revealed several novel features compared to previously solved soluble c-type cytochrome structures, including a predomi- nant b-strand motif, the N-terminal a-amino group of a tyrosyl residue as an orthogonal ligand, and a bound internal water chain. Here we report a novel and unprecedented extinction coefficient for cytochrome f. Using the pyridine hemochrome assay, the reduced minus oxidized extinction coefficient for the soluble domain of turnip cytochrome f was 26" 1m M y 1 y 1 . cm for the a-band wavelength peak at 554 nm relative to the isosbestic wavelengths 534, 543.5 and 560.5 nm , and y1 y1 . 25" 1 mM cm for spinach cytochrome f relative to the isosbestic wavelengths 533.5, 543.3 and 560.2 . The extinction coefficients reported here are significantly higher than previously published values for cytochrome f. We believe earlier determinations underestimated the cytochrome f extinction coefficient and that the same is likely true for commonly used extinction coefficients of cytochrome b . The cytochrome f extinction coefficient is large compared to most other 6 c-type cytochromes, which could be due to the unique axial ligand of the cytochrome f heme. Polarographic measurements show the midpoint potential of soluble turnip cytochrome f to be 362" 5 mV at pH 7.5. The midpoint potential was . pH-independent from 5.0 to 8.5, and pH-dependent from pH 8.5 to 10.5 y58 mVrpH unit with a pK on the oxidized form near 9. Storage of some samples of purified turnip and spinach cytochrome f at y208C modified the heme . environment in a fraction of the protein, shifting the midpoint potential to near y165 mV pH 7.5 and the peak of the a-band absorption spectrum from 554 nm to 552 nm.
Active control of compressor instability and surge by stator blades adjustment

Introduction T HE inceptionof compressorinstabilityin generaloccursduring an adverse operation condition that may cause an increase in compressor blade incidence angle and, thus, higher  ow de ection. Reducing the compressor mass  ow at a given rotational speed past the design surge limit exhibits one of the typical scenarios that can force the compressor into unstable operation. The decreased axial velocity component caused by the mass  ow reduction changes the incidenceangle leadingto an increased ow de ection that resultsin a pressureincrease.The increasedpressure,however,may cause the velocity pro le within the boundary layer to approach its separation point. In this case, the  uid particleinsidethe bladesurfaceboundary layer is, roughly speaking, exposed to three different forces. The convective force tries to move the particle in the direction of the motion, whereas two coacting forces, the shear stress force and the pressure force, oppose the motion of the particle.These three forces are generally in a dynamic equilibrium condition, which can be disrupted if additional pressure buildup is triggered by an adverse off-design operating point that leads to increased  ow de ection. This situationleads to a major boundary-layer ow separationalong the blade surface, hub, and casing, which indicates the inception of compressor instability. The phenomenon of the  ow separation (stall) and its controlhas been well known in external aerodynamics for more than half a century, where Prandtl, Schlichting,1 and Betz2 suggestedseveraldifferentcontrolscenarios.Stabilityenhancement using casing treatment was suggested by several researchers and summarized by Greitzer. The method discussed in this Note deals with the aerodynamic control and prevention of axial compressor instability and surge. It is based on dynamically adjusting the stator blades to the compressor interstage unsteady aerodynamics. Although it is concentrated on the aerodynamiccontroland preventionof stall, the method does not deal with control speci c procedures and algorithms. However, it can be combined with any multivariable control system to provide an active feedback control to prevent inception of compressor instability during a dynamic operation.
Heterogeneous Interactions of HOBr, HNO3, O3, and NO2 with Deliquescent NaCl Aerosols at Room Temperature

To better quantify the rates at which key trace gases interact with sea-salt aerosols, the kinetics of uptake of HOBr, HNO3, O3, and NO2 by deliquescent NaCl aerosols at 75% relative humidity (RH) and room temperature have been studied using an aerosol kinetics flow tube technique. Results for HOBr indicate that the uptake coefficient (γ) is larger than 0.2 for highly acidic aerosols at pH 0.3 and for aerosols that have been buffered to pH 7.2 using a 0.25 M NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 buffer. For unbuffered NaCl aerosols, the HOBr uptake coefficient due to reaction is less than 1.5 × 10-3. For HNO3, the uptake coefficient on unbuffered, NaCl aerosols is greater than 0.2, being driven by the very high solubility of HNO3 in aqueous salt solutions. Both NO2 and O3 show low reactivity on pH neutral aerosols with upper limits to the uptake coefficients of 10-4. With acidic aerosols, slight O3 loss occurs either on the walls of the flow tube or on the aerosols, giving rise to Cl2. These experiments are the first reported ...
Theory-inspired development of organic electro-optic materials.

Correlated time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) quantum mechanical and pseudo-atomistic Monte Carlo (PAMC) statistical mechanical methods have been used to assist in the understanding of and to guide the improvement of organic electro-optic (OEO) materials, prepared by electric field poling of π-electron chromophore-containing materials near their glass transition temperature. Theoretical treatment of the effects of dielectric permittivity and optical frequency on molecular (chromophore) first hyperpolarizabilities has been carried out as well as the analysis of the influence of spatially anisotropic intermolecular electrostatic interactions on the poling-induced noncentrosymmetric order of chromophores. Three classes of OEO materials have been considered in correlated theoretical and experimental investigations: (1) traditional chromophore/polymer composite materials, (2) chromophores covalently incorporated into polymers, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers, and (3) recently discovered mate...
The Sense of a Woman: Gender, Ambition, and the Decision to Run for Congress

Do men and women differ in their decisionmaking calculus for higher office? To answer this question, we use a survey of state legislators (SLs) in 1998 to examine the conditions under which male and female SLs seek a position in the U.S. House of Representatives. We consider three ways in which gender may influence ambition and the decision to run—indirectly, directly, and interactively—and we find evidence of all three effects. Female state legislators are less ambitious than males for a U.S. House seat, a difference that largely stems from gender disparities in child-care responsibilities. However, despite their lower ambition, female SLs are just as likely as their male counterparts to seek a congressional position. This apparent puzzle is solved by the finding that the expected benefit of office mediates the relationship between ambition and the likelihood of running. Female SLs are much more responsive to the expected benefit of office than are males, offsetting their diminished ambition level. The s...
The addictive role of nicotine in tobacco use.

In their review of the evidence that nicotine is addicting, the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company spokespersons (Robinson and Pritchard 1992) drew extensively on papers by Warburton (e.g., Warburton et al. 1988; Warburton 1990) in their dismissal of nicotine as an addictive drug. Their position is contrary to that of major scientific, medical, and clinical organizations (e.g., American Psychiatric Association, Medical Research Council of the UK, and World Health Organization) that have conducted expert reviews, as indicated in testimony by the Commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration before the US Congress (Kessler 1994). Although criteria for evaluation of nicotine varied from clinically to pharmacologically oriented perspectives, the conclusions were consistent: all of the organizations placed nicotine in the category of dependence-producing drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Robinson and Pritchard (1992) relied on their revised history of the nomenclature regarding the concept of addiction and on misleading accounts of published research. They also failed to account for the vast array of basic, clinical, and epidemiological research that has confirmed the addictive potential of nicotine (US DHHS 1988, 1994; Stolerman and Jarvis 1994). This commentary will correct a few points of scientific interest.
Effect of Annealing on the Structural, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Electroplated Cu Thin Films

The increasing demand for faster and more reliable integrated circuits (ICs) has promoted the integration of Copper-based metallization. Electroplated Cu films demonstrate a microstructural transition at room temperature, known as self annealing. In this paper we intend to investigate the annealing behavior of electroplated Cu films grown on a seed Cu layer on top of the barrier layers over a single crystal silicon substrate. All the samples were undergone through a multistep annealing process. Grazing incident x-ray diffraction pattern shows stronger x-ray reflections from Cu (111) and (220) planes but weaker reflections from (200), (311) and (222) planes in all the electroplated Cu samples. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on the cross section of the samples and the diffraction pattern showed the crystalline behavior of both seed layer and electroplated Cu. Nanoindentation was performed on all the samples using the continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) technique and it was found that the elastic modulus varies from 110 to 130 GPa while the hardness varies from 1 to 1.6 GPa depending on the annealing conditions. The tribological properties of all the copper films were also measured using the Bench Top CMP tester. Subsequently, Nanoindentation was performed on the samples after polishing the top surface in order to investigate the work hardening and an increase in hardness and modulus was observed. Finite Element Modeling was performed in order to investigate the stress behavior during nanoindentation.
Minimizing Staff Resistance to Federally Mandated Policies A Proposed Model for Special Education

Schools' internal balance of power has shifted. Therefore, policy making should be modified. P. L. 94-142 is a case in point.
The role of relativity in hypernuclear structure

Abstract The application of Relativistic Quantum Field Theory to the field of hypernuclear physics is discussed. A brief review is presented of some recent results and applications of a relativistic model to study the nuclear electromagnetic response function. The nuclear linear response and the RPA approximation is summarized in the context of a relativistic theory. Recent results are shown for hypernuclear structure and plans are discussed for using these results as input in high momentum transfer hypernuclear formation reactions such as (e, e, K + ) and (π + , K + ).
Purification and biophysical properties of human coronavirus 229E.

Coronavirus 229E was grown to high titers in diploid fibroblast cells under medium containing twice the normal concentrations of amino acids and vitamins. Growth curves showed maximum virus production at multiplicities of infection of 0.1 and 1; maximum titers of intracellular virus occurred at 22–24 hr and of extracellular virus at 26 hr postadsorption. Tube infectivity titers ranged from 109.0–109.5 TCID50/ml and plaque titers from 1010.2–1010.9 y PFU/ml at the time of peak virus production, when no cytopathology was evident. Virus titer dropped rapidly between 26 and 56 hr, coincident with increasing cytopathology. A single precipitin band was observed in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis between concentrated virus preparations and antiserum to purified 229E. Neuraminidase and hemagglutinin assays were negative. Virus was purified by two procedures: adsorption to and elution from human “0” erythrocytes and CaHPO4 gel followed by equilibrium sucrose gradient centrifugation, and PEG precipitation followed by equilibrium glycerol/tartrate gradients and rate zonal sucrose or glycerol/tartrate gradients. Final lots of purified virus containing <0.02% of the crude tissue culture proteins had absorption maxima at 256 nm and minima at 241.2 nm and a mean extinction coefficient of E1cm1% = 54.3 at 256 nm. The fully corrected sedimentation coefficient for the intact virion was S20,v0 = 381 S. PAGE by different techniques revealed seven polypeptides of mean apparent molecular weights between 16,900 and 196,100. Six contained carbohydrate and one contained lipid. Electropherograms of 3H- and 14C-labeled virus were identical to those of stained gels. Two glycoproteins constituting 25% of the virion protein were identified by bromelin digestion as the spike proteins. The density in sucrose and in potassium tartrate was 1.18 g/ml for the virion and 1.15 g/ml for the “despiked” particle.
Genetic markers associated with progression in early mycosis fungoides.

Background Mycosis fungoides is a rare, but potentially devastating malignancy. It classically presents with cutaneous patches and plaques and can progress to tumors on the skin with lymph node, blood, and visceral involvement. While most patients with MF have a relatively benign disease course, a subset of patients will develop progressive disease that is often fatal.
American Indian Perspectives on Evidence-Based Practice Implementation: Results from a Statewide Tribal Mental Health Gathering

Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices (EBP) within American Indian and Alaskan Natives communities is currently an area of debate and contention. There is considerable concern about expanding EBP policy mandates to AI/AN communities as these mandates, either through funding restrictions or other de facto policies, recall past histories of clinical colonization and exploitation by the state and federal government. As a response, work is being done to evaluate indigenous programs and examine strategies for culturally-sensitive implementation. While the literature reflects the perspectives of AI/AN populations on EBP generally, no one has yet reported the perspectives of AI/AN communities on how to feasibly achieve widespread EBP implementation. We report the findings of a statewide Tribal Gathering focused on behavioral health interventions for youth. The Gathering participants included AI/AN individuals as well as staff working with AI/AN populations in tribal communities. Participants identified strengths and weaknesses of the five legislatively fundable programs for youth delinquency in Washington State and discussed strategies likely to be effective in promoting increased uptake within tribes. Analysis of these discussions resulted in many useful insights in program-specific and community-driven strategies for implementation. In addition, two major themes emerged regarding widespread uptake: the importance of a multi-phase engagement strategy and adopting a consortium/learning community model for implementation. The findings from this Gathering offer important lessons that can inform current work regarding strategies to achieve a balance of program fidelity and cultural-alignment. Attending to engagement practices at the governance, community and individual level are likely to be key components of tribal-focused implementation. Further, efforts to embed implementation within a consortium or learning community hold considerable promise as a strategy for sustainability.
DEVELOPMENT OF GLOMERULAR PERMEABILITY IN THE NEWBORN LAMB

Following birth there are changes in glomerular morphology and function reflected by an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We wanted to determine if there are developmental changes in glomerular permeability associated with the increased GFR seen during early life. Clearance studies were performed in 12 lambs and compared to 4 adult ewes. Studies were performed shortly after birth and weekly where possible during the first 6 weeks of life. Creatinine (Cr), I125-Iodothalamate (I) and inulin (In) were administered as a bolus followed by constant infusion. The urine/plasma (U/P) ratio of I to Cr and In was determined. Then fluorescein labelled dextrans (D) mol. wgt. 3-70,000 daltons were infused. The D were chromatographed on LKB Ultrogel to separate them by mol. wgt. and analyzed by spectrophotoflurometry. U/P D / U/P I was plotted against effective D radius (A). Correlations of I versus Cr and In were CI=1.1 × CCr+6.7, r=0.9 and CI=0.9 × CIn+4.9, r=0.9 respectively. There was no significant difference in the D curves between the newborn, young or adult ewes. We conclude 1) changes in glomerular permeability for small molecules can not account for the increase in glomerular filtration rate seen during early extrauterine life. 2) Fluorescein labelled D can be used to determine glomerular sieving.
A MODULARIZED APPROACH FOR COMPREHENSIVE AIR TRAFFIC SYSTEM SIMULATION

This paper explains the design and computer implementation of a comprehensive dynamic air traffic system simulation program known as ComDATSS, currently under development at the University of Minnesota. ComDATSS simulates all essential components of an air traffic management system and their dynamic interactions. It provides a numerical testing environment for evaluating advanced ATM system designs and automation tools. Compared with existing ATM system simulation programs, ComDATSS employs an “as-it-is” physical modeling approach, generates four-dimensional aircraft trajectories, and allows for sufficient randomness in the simulations. In addition, the computer implementation of ComDATSS is implemented as a modular structure that can easily be modified and maintained.
Stereophotogrammetric Method For Breast Cancer Detection

This study reports on 29 patients (58 breasts), selected in a stratified manner to include 7 cancers, 13 benign tumors and 38 apparently normal breasts, that were subjected to biostereometric analysis. This process consisted of analysis in a blind setting of contour mammograms made from stereophotographs of the breast which resulted in the correct identification of all 7 cancers, 11 of the 13 benign tumors and 30 of the remaining 38 normal breasts. There were 8 false positives identified. This study, in conjunction with a previous study, indicates that the biostereometric analyzed contour mammograms have the potential to be developed into a process for breast cancer screening. Suggested areas for further study include volume differences in individual breasts as well as the volume differences in individual breast slices and their relationship to breast pathology.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical Properties of Aluminum

The frequency-dependent complex dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})={\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}+i{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ and associated functions are derived in the range 0 to 22 eV by application of the Kramers-Kronig relations to existing reflectance data for clean Al surfaces. The results are quantitatively interpreted in terms of intra- and interband transitions as well as plasma oscillations. The decomposition of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ into intra- and interband parts given here is seen to be valid in the presence of electron-electron interactions. Due to these interactions the optical effective mass ${m}_{a}=1.5$, deduced from experiment in the free-carrier region, is appreciably larger than that obtained using Segall's band calculations (${m}_{\mathrm{ac}}\ensuremath{\cong}1.15$). The band calculations are extended to higher energies in order to examine the effect of interband transitions for the range of interest. It is found that the only interband transitions which lead to significant structure in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ are those that occur around $W$ and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ in the vicinity of $K$ in the Brillouin zone and that these produce a peak near 1.4 eV. These conclusions are in accord with the experimentally determined ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ which exhibits a peak at 1.5 eV and has no further structure at higher energies. The result of a quantitative calculation of the structure in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ using a fine mesh of points in k space and an approximate variation of the momentum matrix element with k is in good agreement with the experimental results with respect to shape but has a magnitude which is somewhat too low. From the known influence of many-electron effects on the intraband contribution to $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and a general sum rule, the corresponding effect on interband transitions may be estimated and shown roughly to account for the difference. The derived $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ indicates the presence of a sharp plasma resonance at $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}=15.2$ eV, in excellent agreement with the results of characteristic energy loss experiments. It is shown that this resonance may be interpreted either in terms of electrons characterized by the low-frequency optical mass and screened by the interband dielectric constant at ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ or, since the $f$ sum has been essentially exhausted, in terms of the exact asymptotic formula for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ in which all carriers are unscreened and have the free-electron mass.
RFID-based information technology and management in agriculture and food supply chains

The methods that support agriculture and food supply chains management through radio frequency identification (RFID) were studied. RFID-based tracking systems can monitor animals, control outbreaks of animal diseases, and monitor the freshness of fruits and vegetables. Based on electronic product code (EPC) and the EPCglobal Network, RFID can perform traceability of products from the beginning to the end of supply chains in agriculture and the food industry, which can be an anti-counterfeit measure for product branding and perform hazards control in food products. Challenges and future work about RFID applications in agriculture and food supply chains were also discussed.
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of nephritis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with poor prognosis. Currently available renal biomarkers are relatively insensitive and nonspecific for diagnosing SLE nephritis. Previous research suggests that neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a high-quality renal biomarker of acute kidney injury, while its usefulness in SLE is unclear. We undertook this study to determine the relationship between urinary NGAL excretion and SLE disease activity or damage, with a focus on nephritis. Methods A cohort of 35 patients diagnosed as having SLE prior to age 16 years (childhood-onset SLE) was assessed for disease activity (using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 update) and damage (using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology SLE Damage Index) in a double-blind, cross-sectional study. Information on current markers of renal function and disease was obtained and compared with NGAL levels (ng/mg of urinary creatinine) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eight children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) served as controls. Results NGAL levels did not differ with the age, weight, height, sex, or race of the patients. Patients with childhood-onset SLE had significantly higher NGAL levels than did those with JIA (P 0.6 ng/mg urinary creatinine were 90% sensitive and 100% specific for identifying childhood-onset SLE patients with biopsy-proven nephritis. Conclusion Urinary NGAL is a promising potential biomarker of childhood-onset SLE nephritis. The results of the current study require validation in a larger cohort to more accurately delineate urinary NGAL excretion in relation to the diverse SLE phenotypes.
The Influence of Temporal Order Information in General Event Knowledge on Language Comprehension

Abstract. The coding of chronological order of real-life events, that is, “time’s arrow” in general event knowledge and its access in language comprehension was investigated with two relatedness judgment tasks. The temporal orientation (chronological or reverse) and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; 200/250 ms or 1,000 ms) between preinformation and target were manipulated. The first experiment examined highly familiar sequences of events (e.g., lighting-burning-extinguishing) with the same strength of temporal relatedness for preceding and succeeding events. The second experiment investigated individual events. The results show that time’s arrow is not restricted to sequences of events, but is also embedded in the mental representation of individual events. The preferred temporal orientation in favor of future time is not only coded by a higher association strength between mental event representations, but also by expectancy based selection processes. The results support Barsalou’s model of perceptual ...
Identification and characterization of small RNAs in Yersinia pestis.

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is closely related to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis evolutionarily but has a very different mode of infection. The RNA-binding regulatory protein, Hfq,...
Development and crisis in Brazil, 1930-1983

In this first English-language edition of a book that has seen thirteen printings in Brazil, Dr. Bresser Pereira analyzes Brazil's economy and politics from 1930, when the Brazilian industrial revolution began, up to July 1983. First addressing the period of strong development in Brazil between 1930 and 1961, he discusses at length the import-substitution model of industrialization; the emergence of new classes—industrialists, industrial workers, and especially the new technobureaucratic middle classes; the conflict between the traditional agrarian ideologies of coffee planters and the nationalistic and industrializing ideologies of the new classes; and the new realities of the 1950s that led to the crisis of the populist alliance between the industrial bourgeoisie and the workers. Next he explores the economic and political crisis of the sixties, centering on the Revolution of 1964, when an industrialized and fully capitalist— but still underdeveloped—Brazil experienced the cyclical movements of capitalism. The final chapters of the book examine the Brazilian "miracle" of 1967-1973, the economic slowdown of the 1970s that culminated in the severe recession of 1981, the dialectics between the process of abertura led by the military regime established in 1964 and the redemocratization process demanded by civil society, and the "total crisis of 1983."