cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for de novo biogenesis of an apical membrane compartment in groups of simple epithelial cells surrounded by extracellular matrix

In open monolayers of epithelial cells grown in vitro, the apical membrane domain forms on the free cell surface that faces the culture medium. However, in vivo, the apical lumenal compartment arises within groups of cells that do not have a free cell surface. We designed in vitro culture conditions, using small colonies of MDCK cells overlaid with collagen, in which formation of the apical membrane must occur de novo by remodeling existing membrane domains that are contacted by other cells or extracellular matrix. Within 12 hours of collagen overlay, the apical membrane glycoprotein gp135 is removed from the free cell surface, while lateral membrane proteins (e.g. Na+,K+-ATPase) remain at sites of cell-cell contacts. Subsequently, lumenal structures, containing gp135 and the apically secreted protein gp81, formed within these cell-cell contacts. Na+,K+-ATPase, adherens junction (E-cadherin, alpha- and beta-catenins) and tight junction (ZO-1) proteins were localized on the lateral membrane adjacent to, but excluded from the gp135-positive lumenal compartment. Therefore, each lumen represents a newly formed apical compartment on the lateral membrane. The Golgi complex (alpha-mannosidase II and Golgi beta-spectrin), centrosomes (gamma-tubulin) and microtubules reorient to a cytoplasmic position adjacent to the newly-forming apical lumenal compartments. Significantly, addition of colchicine, nocodazole or brefeldin A inhibits apical lumen formation. These results demonstrate that simple epithelial cells form an apical lumenal compartment de novo through initial intermixing, and then sorting of apical and basal-lateral membrane proteins at sites of cell-cell contacts. In addition, apical lumen formation requires an intact microtubule network, microtubule-dependent reorientation of the Golgi complex and secretory apparatus, and fully functional protein delivery from the Golgi complex to the forming apical cell surface.
The Gaps in Cardiac Rehabilitation Referral: The Elephant in the Room

We read with great interest the study by Aragam et al. [(1)][1] and the editorial comment by Thomas [(2)][2]. Indeed, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an important preventive measure that remains underused in the United States [(3,4)][3]. Intuitively, the first step in improving use of CR is to
Respiratory syncytial virus – more chimera than chimpanzee?

“…the Chimera prowled with lungs of fire and lion’s breast and head and serpent’s tail.” Metamorphoses 9. 647 – Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid – Roman poet; 43 BCE–17 CE)Respiratory syncytial virus (RS...
A rare case of multiple digital infarcts in a patient with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection

Granulomatosis with polyangitis (GPA) is an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis that affects small-sized to medium-sized arteries, and usually involves the upper and lower respiratory tract, and kidneys.1 Digital gangrene can be an unusual feature of GPA.1 ,2 Pulmonary involvement can be in the form of multifocal or solitary lung lesions.1 This case describes a patient with ANCA-positive vasculitis, presenting with digital gangrene and cavitary lung lesions, along with a concomitant Mycobacterium avium -intracellulare (MAI) infection, in the absence of renal involvement. A 59-year-old Caucasian woman presented with blackish discolouration of the fingertips on the right hand that started 3 weeks earlier (figure 1). She first noticed pallor, followed by erythema, cyanotic discolouration and, finally, dry gangrenous transformation of the fingertips. She denied any history of sinusitis, nasal discharge, cough, haemoptysis, or …
2D Cross Sectional Analysis and Associated Electrochemistry of Composite Electrodes Containing Dispersed Agglomerates of Nanocrystalline Magnetite, Fe3O4

When electroactive nanomaterials are fully incorporated into an electrode structure, characterization of the crystallite sizes, agglomerate sizes, and dispersion of the electroactive materials can lend insight into the complex electrochemistry associated with composite electrodes. In this study, composite magnetite electrodes were sectioned using ultramicrotome techniques, which facilitated the direct observation of crystallites and agglomerates of magnetite (Fe3O4) as well as their dispersal patterns in large representative sections of electrode, via 2D cross sectional analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Further, the electrochemistry of these electrodes were recorded, and Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM) was used to determine the distribution of oxidation states of the reduced magnetite. Unexpectedly, while two crystallite sizes of magnetite were employed in the production of the composite electrodes, the magnetite agglomerate sizes and degrees of dispersion in the two composite electr...
Survey on Lead Pollution and Urine Lead Level in Lead-exposed Workers of A Battery Factory

[Objective] To understand the situation of lead contamination and urine lead level of Lead-exposed workers in a battery factory,and provide evidence for formulation of appropriate occupational health countermeasures.[Methods] 41 lead-exposed workers were selected as exposed group,while 40 non-lead-exposed workers were selected as control group.Dithizone spectrometry was adopted to determine lead content in urine,flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was employed to determine air lead concentration.The relationship among urine lead content and air lead concentration,jobs,length of service and gender were analyzed.[Results] The over standard rate of air lead concentration was 20.83%in workshop,that of urine lead was 63.14% in exposed group;the differences between exposed group and control group was significant(P0.05).The difference of urine lead over standard rate between jobs was not significant,the phenomenon of excessive lead in urine existed in the workshop where the air lead concentration was not over standard.The differences of urine lead content between lengths of service and genders were not significant.[Conclusion] Lead-exposure is proved to be the obvious occupational hazard for the workers in this battery factory.The enterprise should take effective preventive measures to improve the operating environment,strengthen self-protection awareness,regular monitoring,conduct periodic medical examinations to protect the health of workers.
The Immune System of Horses and Other Equids

The basic principles and functions of mammalian innate and adaptive immunity can largely be translated to the immune system of horses and other equids. Horses have, to the best of our knowledge, all major immune components that have been described in mouse models or in humans. Equine immunology is a small field represented by a few research groups worldwide. Therefore, there has been a strong tendency to extrapolate knowledge from basic immunology to the equine immune system. Nevertheless, scientists have looked at specific equine immune components or immunity during infectious or inflammatory diseases in more detail. Several studies performed directly in horses have revealed immune components and ‘fine-tuning’ of immune responses that are specific to the horse. The most prominent example is the evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus in horses, which is clearly distinct from its counterpart in other mammals: horses have 11 antibody isotypes, which include IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA, and 7 different IgG isotypes called IgG1–IgG7. Research has also focused on differentiating adaptive cell-mediated immune responses during infectious diseases, allergy, and the development of the immune system in foals. Additionally, important discoveries have been made in equine immunodeficiencies and pregnancy immunology.
The Evolution of Biochemical Syntheses — Retrospect and Prospect

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of biochemical syntheses. Biology at the present time is entering a period of interest in the problems of evolution. The major impetus for this revival comes from the borderline area between genetics and biochemistry called molecular biology. This discipline promises a complete description of the genes, their activities, and their products at the molecular level. These advances are opening new areas of evolutionary research. The chapter discusses the evolution of biosynthetic reaction sequences in the light of recent developments. A mechanism for the evolution of biosynthetic pathways was proposed. The evidence indicated that a given gene controls the formation of one protein. The finding, which came to be known as the “one gene, one enzyme”—modified to “one gene–one polypeptide chain”—theory, implied that each biosynthetic pathway is governed by a constellation of functionally related genes.
The Product: Education

In the preceding chapter I argued that the (neoliberal) impulse to “get down to business” was in fact a bad approach to take in the name of improving education. My main claim was that education reform was overly influenced, if not determined, by corporate strategies and values. As a result education gets transformed into a product, to be marketed, distributed, and sold. Schools themselves become commercial sites, exploiting children, teachers, parents, and whole communities, much in the way unscrupulous corporations have done so historically, from tobacco to liquor companies, and from mortgage sellers to junk food vendors. Alex Molnar summarizes this trend in his School Commercialism: From Democratic Ideal To Market Commodity. In his book he observes:As I noted in Chap. 3, the marketing and investing in education as a commodity are explicitly and unabashedly promoted by a number of reformers, not just investment bankers by the way, but even a growing number of educators. This approach is problematic for many reasons, but the gravest negative impact on education is the reformation of education as a product and the refusal and or inability to consider education as a process of transformation (personal, cultural, and political).1 This important shift and emphasis toward the commodification of education have done real harm to students, teachers, administrators, parents, and education itself. Thus the need to reclaim education.
THE METABOLIC FATE OF C14-PROGESTERONE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS*

C14-progesterone was injected intravenously into 9 human subjects, 4 of whom had bile fistulas. In all subjects, slightly over 50 per cent of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. At least 40 per cent of the urinary radioactivity was in the form of glucuronidates and over 60 per cent of the radioactive metabolites were extractable from the urine following all hydrolytic procedures. Nearly 30 per cent of the radioactivity was excreted in the bile, mostly as conjugates and metabolites not extractable following the various hydrolytic procedures. The amount of radioactivity excreted in the stools averaged 13 per cent and 3 per cent in the non-fistula and fistula subjects, respectively. The recovery of the total radioactivity in the urines and stools of the non-fistula subjects averaged 67 per cent, in contrast to the 82 per cent recovered in the urine, bile and feces of the bile-fistula subjects. These data are most consistent with substantial biliary excretion of metabolites of progesterone, consequen...
Postdenominational Missiology: Developing an Ecumenical Renewalist Approach:

The emergence of postdenominational identities has been recognised as a significant development in approaches to mission. These contribute to a deeper form of ecumenism in the way they integrate different traditions in themselves rather than starting from a confessional or correlational outlook. They also seek to develop over time through ongoing dialogue with different traditions. This article examines one such postdenominational identity, the emerging ‘renewalist’ identity that is particularly shaped by the charismatic tradition. A renewalist approach is contrasted with the ecumenical approaches of Lausanne and the World Council of Churches as represented in their latest agreed statements on mission. We also consider the next stage of renewalist development by asking how it might learn from these mission statements. This article strengthens the claim to significance of postdenominational identities and clarifies the nature of renewalist missiology.
Avidity and Bystander Suppressive Capacity of Human Regulatory T Cells Expressing De Novo Autoreactive T-Cell Receptors in Type 1 Diabetes.

The ability to alter antigen specificity by T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene transfer has facilitated personalized cellular immune therapies in cancer. Inversely, this approach can be harnessed in autoimmune settings to attenuate inflammation by redirecting the specificity of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Herein, we demonstrate efficient protocols for lentiviral gene transfer of TCRs that recognize type 1 diabetes-related autoantigens with the goal of tissue-targeted induction of antigen-specific tolerance to halt β-cell destruction. We generated human Tregs expressing a high-affinity GAD555-567-reactive TCR (clone R164), as well as the lower affinity clone 4.13 specific for the same peptide. We demonstrated that de novo Treg avatars potently suppress antigen-specific and bystander responder T-cell (Tresp) proliferation in vitro in a process that requires Treg activation (P < 0.001 versus unactivated Tregs). When Tresp were also glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-reactive, the high-affinity R164 Tregs exhibited increased suppression (P < 0.01) with lower Tresp-division index (P < 0.01) than the lower affinity 4.13 Tregs. These data demonstrate the feasibility of rapid expansion of antigen-specific Tregs for applications in attenuating β-cell autoimmunity and emphasize further opportunities for engineering cellular specificities, affinities, and phenotypes to tailor Treg activity in adoptive cell therapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Tunable β-FeSi2 – Si1-yGey nanocomposites by a novel React/Transform Spark Plasma Sintering approach for thermoelectric applications

Abstract We developed a novel React/Transform Spark Plasma Sintering approach for nanocomposite synthesis, providing accelerated phase transformation and selective alloying. We synthesized compositionally tunable SiGe alloy particles, embedded within a β-FeSi2 matrix, both with nanoscale grain size. This is achieved simply by adding a few atomic percent of Ge into pre-cast α-FeSi2+δ via light ball-milling, followed by two-step spark plasma sintering. This processing approach is much more efficient than conventional β-FeSi2 synthesis methods, due to significantly accelerated eutectoid decomposition, α-FeSi2+δ → β-FeSi2 + Si, followed by a facile Ge incorporation into eutectoid Si, without mechanical alloying and post-annealing. Increasing the Ge content of the nanocomposite drives significant reductions in the overall thermal conductivity. We analyzed the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite system by including phonon-phonon scattering, alloying scattering (in SiGe) and boundary scattering (size effect) in each phase, and then average over the two phases. The modeling indicates that the reduction of κ L ( T ) results from both the nanostructuring and Ge alloying achieved by the processing route. Our approach offers a promising means for synthesizing self-assembled nanocomposite materials for thermoelectric applications.
Learning and Semantics

This chapter further elaborates on a topic of the previous chapter—inference—by focusing on a particular class of algorithms important for processing of cyber information—machine learning. The chapter also continues the thread of ontology and semantics as it explores the tradeoffs between the effectiveness of an algorithm and the semantic clarity of its products. It is often difficult to extract meaningful contextual information from a machine learning algorithm, because those algorithms that provide high accuracy also tend to use representations less comprehensible to humans. On the other hand, those algorithms that use more human-accessible vocabulary can be less accurate—they produce more false alerts (false positives), which confuse analysts. A related tradeoff is between the internal semantics of the algorithm versus the external semantics of its output. We illustrate this tradeoff with two case studies. Developers of CSA systems must be aware of such tradeoffs, and seek ways to mitigate them.
Are There Cults of Theoreticians

At other times I have discussed the fact that international science as a whole has much of the character of a world-wide subculture and that the style and even many of the goals of scientific work are dictated by the mores of that culture. I think that my mandate in this symposium is consideration of the applicability of this principle to the fields of molecular and solid-state theory. To lay it on the line as an opener, I will state that I believe that theoretical science is filled with small, clubish cults. However, I hasten to add that this particular symposium is a great example of fine strategy for evading the restrictions imposed by small cults. Rarely, if ever, has a symposium brought together, as speakers, theoreticians with such disparate styles as Lionel Salem, Wilse Robinson, Paul Flory, Klaus Ruedenberg, and Karl Freed The fact that spin waves in solids, transition states, inorganic reactions and statistical physics of macromolecules are all under discussion in one meeting is a remarkable accomplishment.
Maedi-Visna and Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

Maedi-Visna and ovine progressive pneumonia are diseases of sheep that are caused by ovine lentivirus and characterized by chronic inflammation of the lungs, mammary glands, joints, and central nervous system. Although tremendous progress in research has led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, many questions still remain. Much of the mystery is the result of the complexity of the ovine lentivirus genome and the intricate interactions of the virus with the host during replication. Discoveries in molecular virology are shedding light on these interactions and novel approaches to prevent and control lentivirus infections are being explored. There is hope that some of these approaches will eventually be used to eradicate these diseases.
Investigating user perception and comprehension of Android permission models

Do you know the permissions your favorite apps use? You probably don't, and you aren't alone. Everyone seemingly talks about how important app security and privacy is to them, but research has shown that users are generally not well informed about the permissions their apps use. This leads to serious ramifications for security, privacy and user perception (rating) of an app. Understanding the current Android permission model and how it can be improved offers significant benefits for both developers and users. To better understand user perception of the previous, current and a new proposed permission model, we conducted an in-person study involving 185 participants. Our primary findings include I) The current Android runtime model does not make users feel more secure in comparison with the older install-time model. II) Our proposed model is beneficial in helping users feel more secure. III) There is no statistically significant difference between the user ratings given to the apps using the different permissions models. IV) Runtime permission models are significantly beneficial in helping users to recall the requested permissions. V) We found that users were generally well informed about what the requested permissions meant, but age played a significant factor in reducing how informed users were.
Operations and Site Reliability

Now that your designs have been tested and proven out, albeit with some adjustments, you can look toward the transition plan to move responsibilities into the appropriate groups. Gamecorp has a team of site reliability engineers (SREs) who are responsible for the traditional production support role along with optimizing the platform when possible. Not all of the SREs are at the same skill level, and some are fairly green with respect to infrastructure in general, let alone cloud-based infrastructure. Before handing over the reins to the engineers and site reliability staff, it’s important to make sure a defined operating model is in place. You’ve made a good deal of progress on outlining the target state and how operational staff should be involved in the maintenance and operation of the target. Further defining roles and escalation paths will help to ensure everyone has a good handle on what they should do in the event of a platform problem.
Impact of pre-analytical variables on deep learning accuracy in histopathology.

AIMS Machine learning (ML) binary classification in diagnostic histopathology is an area of intense investigation. Several assumptions, including training image quality/format and the number of training images required, appear to be similar in many studies irrespective of the paucity of supporting evidence. We empirically compared training image file type, training set size, and two common convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using transfer learning (ResNet50 and SqueezeNet). METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides with carcinoma or normal tissue from three tissue types (breast, colon, and prostate) were photographed, generating 3000 partially overlapping images (1000 per tissue type). These lossless Portable Networks Graphics (PNGs) images were converted to lossy Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPG) images. Tissue type-specific binary classification ML models were developed by the use of all PNG or JPG images, and repeated with a subset of 500, 200, 100, 50, 30 and 10 images. Eleven models were generated for each tissue type, at each quantity of training images, for each file type, and for each CNN, resulting in 924 models. Internal accuracies and generalisation accuracies were compared. There was no meaningful significant difference in accuracies between PNG and JPG models. Models trained with more images did not invariably perform better. ResNet50 typically outperformed SqueezeNet. Models were generalisable within a tissue type but not across tissue types. CONCLUSIONS Lossy JPG images were not inferior to lossless PNG images in our models. Large numbers of unique H&E-stained slides were not required for training optimal ML models. This reinforces the need for an evidence-based approach to best practices for histopathological ML.
Toward a Typology of Nineteenth-Century Lakota Magico-Medico-Ritual Specialists

This chapter explores the relations between medical and religious systems in nineteenth-century Lakota (Western [Teton] Sioux) culture, demonstrating the inherent plurality and fluidity of traditional Lakota healing practice. Lakota magico-medico-ritual culture was and is idiosyncratic and anti-dogmatic, often based on visions and revelatory experiences, and hence open to innovation and practical adaptation. That said, there were and continue to be specific types of practitioners who used specific medicines and techniques, conducted specific ceremonies, and/or were affiliated with specific illnesses and spirit persons, illustrating structure within an otherwise varied, personalistic magico-medico-religious system. This chapter explores three distinct yet overlapping practitioner categories in traditional Lakota healing and ceremonial practice based on ethnohistorical research and contemporary ethnographic fieldwork with Lakota communities.
The Wishbone: A Cranial Midline Localizing Device.

Objective The Wishbone device is designed to enable surgeons to quickly and accurately localize the cranial midline. It is intended to be of particular use when localizing the burr hole site during posterior ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery. Methods The Wishbone is a simple mechanical device with 2 adjustable caliper arms that reversibly attach to a patient's left and right external auditory canals. The Wishbone's laser localizer illuminates the midline scalp. The Wishbone was used to localize the posterior midline in a pilot series of patients undergoing VPS surgery. Midline localization and ventricular catheter placement accuracy were determined using findings from postoperative computed tomography scans. Results The Wishbone is a mechanically robust device and proved easy for surgeons to use. Forty patients underwent VPS surgery using the Wishbone to localize the posterior midline. The localization procedure took less than 3 minutes. The average distance separating the Wishbone-localized midline scalp location and the computed tomography−defined anatomical midline was 2.9 mm (95% confidence interval 1.6–4.1 mm). In all cases, the ventricular catheter entered the ipsilateral lateral ventricle. The catheter tips were placed in the ipsilateral (n = 34) or contralateral (n = 5) frontal horn in all but 1 patient. In 1 patient, the catheter tip entered the parenchyma due to a burr hole localization error in the rostrocaudal dimension, unrelated to the Wishbone. Conclusions We describe a simple, efficient, and cost-effective system for accurately localizing the posterior cranial midline. A larger patient series is required to definitively compare its clinical utility relative to frameless stereotaxis-based midline localization methods.
Panic-Focused Reflective Functioning and Comorbid Borderline Traits as Predictors of Change in Quality of Object Relations in Panic Disorder Treatments

The aim of this study was to investigate whether (a) baseline levels of panic-specific reflection function (PSRF; i.e. patients’ capacity to reflect on their panic symptoms) and improvement in this capacity over treatment, (b) baseline borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits and pre–post treatment improvement in BPD traits predict change in patients’ quality of object relations (QORs). A subsample of 102 patients diagnosed with panic disorder from a larger randomized controlled trial received either Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. We investigated whether baseline levels and change in both PSRF and BPD traits (as measured by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II) predicted pre–post change in QORs, while controlling for pre–post treatment change in panic symptoms assessed by the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. In both treatments, higher baseline levels of PSRF and lower levels of BPD traits, as well as pre–post decrease in BPD traits, predicted improvement in QOR when controlling for symptomatic change. The findings suggest that reduction in comorbid BPD traits can facilitate improvement in patients’ QORs even in brief symptom-focused psychotherapies. Additionally, patients with higher baseline levels of symptom-focused reflective function and lower BPD traits are more likely to demonstrate interpersonal change over the course of psychotherapy for panic disorder. Finally, our study highlights the importance of examining therapeutic change beyond reduction in symptoms, particularly in domains of interpersonal functioning.
How a Few Individuals Brought about a Cultural Cusp: From a Mexican Mural Program to a Movement.

Significant cultural change often results from the interlocking behavior of a few individuals. The phenomenon is nonreplicable because a considerable portion of the major players’ interactions are nonrecurring and driven by unique circumstances. Yet, these interactions can be analyzed from a behavioral science perspective. As an example, I describe how five individuals made possible the cultural cusp that created an unprecedented social revolution through public murals in Mexico. I analyze how their repertoires complemented each other, the circumstances that brought them together, and the values that united them. Their unique interactions coalesced with recurring interlocking behavioral contingencies that created the movement. The example could shed light on the understanding of other cultural phenomenon with similar properties.
Utilization of CAR T Cell Therapy in Pediatric Patients.

Abstract Objective To provide an overview of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory malignancy and the associated toxicities. Data Sources Research articles, reviews, clinical trial information. Conclusion The key to the successful application of CAR T cell immunotherapy is (1) identifying patients with malignancies that are eligible for immunotherapy, (2) coordinating T-cell collection, (3) safe infusion of CAR T cells, and (4) managing/preventing toxicities following infusion. Implications for Nursing Practice As the use of targeted therapy with tumor-specific T cells becomes more prevalent, it is essential that the nursing staff stay abreast of these current therapies.
Predictive analysis of electronic waste for reverse logistics operations: a comparison of improved univariate grey models

Growing rates of innovation and consumer demand resulted in rapid accumulation of waste of electrical and electronic equipment or electronic waste (e-waste). In order to build and sustain green cities, efficient management of e-waste rises as a viable response to this accumulation. Accurate e-waste predictions that municipalities can utilize to build appropriate reverse logistics infrastructures gain significance as collecting, recycling and disposing the e-waste become more complex and unpredictable. In line with its significance, the related literature presents several methodologies focusing on e-waste generation forecasting. Among these methodologies, grey modeling approach has aroused interest due to its ability to present meaningful results with small-sized or limited data. In order to improve the overall success rate of the approach, several grey modeling-based forecasting techniques have been proposed throughout the past years. The performance of these models, however, profoundly leans on the parameters used with no established consensus regarding the suitable criteria for better accuracy. To address this issue and to provide a guideline for academicians and practitioners, this paper presents a comparative analysis of most utilized grey modeling methods in the literature improved by particle swarm optimization. A case study employing e-waste data from Washington State is provided to demonstrate the comparative analysis proposed in the study.
Distractor probabilities modulate flanker task performance.

Expectations about upcoming events help humans to effectively filter out potential distractors and respond more efficiently to task-relevant inputs. While previous work has emphasized the role of expectations about task-relevant inputs, less is known about the role that expectations play in suppressing specific distractors. To address this question, we manipulated the probabilities of different flanker configurations in the Eriksen flanker task. Across four studies, we found robust evidence for sensitivity to the probability of flankers, with an approximately logarithmic relationship between the likelihood of a particular flanker configuration and the accuracy of subjects’ responses. Subjects were also sensitive to length of runs of repeated targets, but minimally sensitive to length of runs of repeated flankers. Two studies used chevron stimuli, and two used letters (confirming that results generalize with greater dissimilarity between stimuli). Expanding the set of stimuli (thus reducing the dominance of any one exemplar) eliminated the effect. Our findings suggest that expectations about distractors form in response to statistical regularities at multiple timescales, and that their effects are strongest when stimuli are geometrically similar and subjects are able to respond to trials quickly. Unexpected distractors could disrupt performance, most likely via a form of attentional capture. This work demonstrates how expectations can influence attention in complex cognitive settings, and illuminates the multiple, nested factors that contribute.
Biosensing with Nanopores and Nanotubes

Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of new methods for fabricating membranes containing single, nanometer-sized pores. One potential application for such single-nanopore membranes is in biosensing. In particular, there has been a great deal of recent interest in using nanopores as the sensing element in resistive-pulse sensors [1–92].The resistive pulse sensing method [1–4], which is sometimes referred to as stochastic sensing [1–19], entails mounting a membrane containing a single nanopore between two halves of an electrochemical cell filled with an electrolyte solution. A transmembrane potential is applied, and the resulting ion current flowing through the electrolyte-filled nanopore is recorded versus time. As an analyte, with dimensions comparable to the nanopore diameter, is driven through the pore a momentary block in the ion current is observed, yielding a downward current-pulse. The concentration of the analyte can be determined from the frequency of these current-pulse events and the identity of the analyte is encoded in the magnitude and duration of the current pulse [1–4].
Ocular Pain Symptoms in Individuals With and Without a History of Refractive Surgery: Results From a Cross-Sectional Survey.

PURPOSE This study characterized ocular pain symptoms in individuals with and without a history of refractive surgery (RS) using a cross-sectional survey of individuals with ocular pain. METHODS A link to an anonymous survey was posted on a corneal neuralgia Facebook group that included individuals with ocular pain from any etiology and sent to individuals seen in our clinic with ocular pain. The survey asked about medical history, ocular pain symptoms (using standardized questionnaires), and treatment responses. Respondents were split into 2 groups based on a history of RS. RESULTS One hundred one individuals responded to the survey. The mean age for all respondents was 41.6 ± 15.6 years, and 50% reported a history of RS. A total of 46% of individuals with a history of RS reported that their ocular pain started within 1 month of surgery, with median pain duration of 36 (interquartile range 22-84) months. The median Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 (range 0-22) scores were 16 and 15 for the RS and no-RS groups, respectively. Most individuals in both groups characterized their pain as burning (score ≥1: RS, 86%; no-RS, 80%) and reported evoked pain to wind, light, or temperature (score ≥1: RS, 97%; no-RS, 85%). Fifty-nine of 101 individuals responded to treatment questions. Individuals in both groups reported >30% improvement in pain symptoms with some topical and systemic approaches. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with a history of RS developed ocular pain soon after surgery, which persisted for years. Symptom profiles were similar between those with and without RS. Topical and systemic approaches can treat pain in both groups.
If It Is Not Constructed As a ‘Market Completeness Metric,’ It Is Not a Market Completeness Metric

Suppose an economy is characterized by triad of information asymmetries, efficient aggregation of information, and populations of fully rational agents. This economy is postulated to be an ideal economy for domicile of stock markets. This study shows that in absence of metrics for assessing each of `market incompleteness' properties of stock markets, and market completeness properties of new issues of equity (combined, `market completeness metrics'), an economy cannot be construed to be an ideal economy for stock markets. In absence of market completeness metrics, while economic agents are able to act rationally, the formal theoretical evidence shows they are unable to arrive at fully rational behavior. Absence of capacity for arrival at full rationality induces stock markets within which investments in stocks are no more than gambles on future payoffs. Formal theoretical proofs reveal absence of any substitute mechanisms for inferring each of incompleteness properties of stock markets, or market completeness properties of new issues of equity. Mechanisms that are shown to fall short are inclusive of return correlations, market betas, portfolio information ratios, heterogeneity of industries, metrics for portfolio diversification, analyst recommendations, or metrics for ranking of rationality of price equilibriums. The formal theoretical evidence demonstrates that pricing of stocks on basis of dividends, equivalently future consumption magnifies uncertainties about future states of the world, and induces oligopolistic behaviors within product markets. Substitution of demand for stocks on basis of market completeness properties mitigates uncertainties about future states of the world, and enhances effectiveness of price competition within product markets. Study findings provide formal theoretical evidence for necessity of development of new algorithms that facilitate more robust pricing of publicly listed equities.
El món de ficció com a clau en el procés d'adaptació: el cas de Blade Runner, el videojoc

La narratologia tradicional se centra a descriure estructures basades en models linguistics que compliquen entendre la narrativa en mitjans interactius. No obstant aixo, basant-nos en teories mes recents, com les proposades per Herman a Story Logic (2002), el qual es refereix als storyworlds (mons-historia) com l'element central de les narratives, podem ver com els mons de ficcio ens serveix tant per entendre les narratives en mitjans interactius com en el proces de translacio entre ells. Per aixo, farem servir com a exemple el videojoc Blade Runner (1997) i la seva relacio amb els textos en els quals esta basat, la novel·la Blade Runner. Els andoides somnien xais electrics? de Philip K. Dick i la pel·licula Blade Runner de Ridley Scott. Per mitja d'una analisi comparativa de textos, podem apreciar com el joc fa servir els textos originals per recrear el seu mon de ficcio, fent servir els pilars que segons Herman defineixen el mon-historia, que son els estats, esdeveniments i accions que el caracteritzen. Aquests pilars es veuen reflectits en l'attrezzo, que serveix per donar peu a les accions del jugador, aixi com les micronarratives que invoquen esdeveniments que es narren en els textos en els quals s'inspira el joc. El joc tambe reprodueix la ambiguitat ontologica caracteristica dels mons de Philip K. Dick per mitja del seu disseny, tot recreant un dels estats dominants del mon de ficcio.
Rhes Deletion Prevents Age-Dependent Selective Motor Deficits and Reduces Phosphorylation of S6K in Huntington Disease Hdh150Q(CAG) Knock-In Mice.

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin (mHTT) protein. This expansion is thought to promote striatal atrophy by a combination of cell- and non-cell-autonomous processes, but the mechanisms are unclear. Previous evidence suggests that the striatal-enriched SUMO E3-like protein Rhes could play a pathological role in HD. Rhes interacts with, and SUMOylates, mHTT and promotes toxicity and Rhes deletion ameliorates the HD phenotype in cell and severe mouse models of HD. However, the effect of Rhes on less severe knock-in models of HD remains obscure. Here, we report that a Hdh(CAG)150 knock-in murine model of HD showed diminished body weight but no changes in locomotor coordination or activity at 80 and 100 weeks of age. Conversely, Rhes deletion did not impact the body weight or behaviors but caused a significant reduction of gait, clasping, and tremor behaviors in Hdh150Q/150Q mice. Rhes deletion did not affect the loss of striatal DARPP-32 protein levels but abrogated the hyper ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K) phosphorylation, which is a substrate for a mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, in Hdh(CAG)150 mice. Interestingly, striatal Rhes protein levels were downregulated in the striatum of Hdh(CAG)150 mice, indicating a potential compensatory mechanisms at work. Thus, Rhes deletion prevents age-dependent behavioral deficits and diminishes hyperactive mTORC1-S6K signaling in Hdh(CAG)150 knock-in mice HD striatum.
The U.S. Constitution: Reimagining 'We the People' as an Inclusive Construct

This is a transcript of a panel discussing policing practices in America. It was a part of a symposium entitled, Police Misconduct and Qualified Immunity: Reimagining "We the People" held at Thurgood Marshall School of Law.
Adult outcomes for children who sustained firearm-related spinal cord injuries.

OBJECTIVE To describe the adult functional, participation, education, employment, and quality of life outcomes of children who incurred spinal cord injury (SCI) as the result of gun injuries vs. non-violent etiologies, as well as their utilization of health services. DESIGN Retrospective-cohort study. Eligibility criteria were current age at least 18 years, at least 5 years after SCI, and injury prior to 19 years of age. After enrolling the gun injury group, we matched individuals with non-violent etiologies from the Midwest Regional SCI Model System database to the gun injury group's demographic characteristics. Adult outcomes included education level, employment, income, involvement with the criminal justice system, quality of life indicators using PROMIS and SCI-QOL item banks, and utilization of health services. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six participants with gun injury SCI matched with 19 participants with non-violent etiologies. RESULTS Average age at injury was 15 years and current age was 44 years for both cohorts. Individuals from racial minority groups were over-represented in the gun injury cohort. The gun-injury cohort had lower educational attainment. Though employment rates were similar, the gun injury group had a lower income level. Both groups endorsed high average levels of function and quality of life on the PROMIS and SCI-QOL short forms. CONCLUSIONS SCI etiology reflects racial characteristics of the sample and is associated with subsequent educational attainment and income. Rehabilitation planning should consider gun injury etiology in children not as a characteristic that determines a poor outcome, but as a risk factor for reduced educational attainment and lifetime income.
A Model for the Administration of Access Control in Software Defined Networking using Custom Permissions

Role-based access control (RBAC) has been widely studied and applied in many domains including Software De-fined Networks (SDN). Because the motivation behind adopting RBAC for SDN is to simplify the administration of network app authorizations, having an administrative model is a key component for managing the associations between different SDN entities, and thus determining the access rights of network apps. Currently, SDN environment is lacking such administrative model. Moreover, the operations provided by SDN services are coarse grained, which make it difficult to create administrative units necessary for access control administration. To address these problems, in this paper, we introduce an approach for creating custom SDN operations to extend the capabilities of SDN services and provide fine grained custom permissions specialized for the administration of access control in SDN. Then, with these extended features, we present SDN-RBACa, an administrative model to manage access control actions that define authorizations of network apps.Through proof of concept prototype and use cases, we demon-strate the usability of custom permissions and show how custom permissions enable and facilitate the administration of access control in SDNs.
GlassClass: Exploring the Design, Implementation, and Acceptance of Google Glass in the Classroom

Google Glass is worn like a pair of eye-glasses and is controlled with a small screen, touchpad, and microphone. A variety of Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality Glassware applications are available for Glass. However, due to the size and position of the screen, it is hard for onlookers to discern what the user is doing while using these applications. Additionally, the user can surreptitiously take pictures and record videos of nearby people and things, resulting in privacy concerns. We hypothesized that use of Glassware in a specific domain, where onlookers were apprised of the use of the Glassware, would be better accepted than the more generic use of Glassware. This paper reports on our design, implementation and evaluation of several Glass applications to enhance communication between teachers and students in the classroom and presents results from a study that suggests that students accept the use of Glassware in this environment.
Dependency Pairs for Rewriting with Built-In Numbers and Semantic Data Structures

This paper defines an expressive class of constrained equational rewrite systems that supports the use of semantic data structures (e.g., sets or multisets) and contains built-in numbers, thus extending our previous work presented at CADE 2007 [6]. These rewrite systems, which are based on normalized rewriting on constructor terms, allow the specification of algorithms in a natural and elegant way. Built-in numbers are helpful for this since numbers are a primitive data type in every programming language. We develop a dependency pair framework for these rewrite systems, resulting in a flexible and powerful method for showing termination that can be automated effectively. Various powerful techniques are developed within this framework, including a subterm criterion and reduction pairs that need to consider only subsets of the rules and equations. It is well-known from the dependency pair framework for ordinary rewriting that these techniques are often crucial for a successful automatic termination proof. Termination of a large collection of examples can be established using the presented techniques.
Direct equalization of multiuser doubly-selective channels based on superimposed training

Design of doubly-selective linear equalizers for multiuser frequency-selective time-varying communications channels is considered using superimposed training and without first estimating the underlying channel response. Both the time-varying channel as well as the linear equalizers are assumed to be described by a complex exponential basis expansion model (CE-BEM). User-specific periodic (non-random) training sequences are arithmetically added (superimposed) to the respective information sequences at the transmitter before modulation and transmission. There is no loss in information rate. Knowledge of the superimposed training specific to the desired user and properties of the other training sequences are exploited to design the equalizers. An illustrative simulation example is presented.
Basic proteins from the acidic extract of bovine spinal cord: II. Encephalitogenic, immunologic and structural interrelationships

Abstract 1. 1. Of 6 cationic proteins isolated form the acidic extract of bovine spinal cord, 3 induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis when injected into guinea pigs simultaneously with complete Freund's adjuvant. 2. 2. The 3 encephalitogens were shown to be related immunologically, by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test, and structurally, by the peptide mapping technique. Quite likely, they are fragments from one molecule produced by enzymatic degradation during the isolation procedures.
A Review of “The Good Soldiers”: Finkel, David, New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 287 pp., $26.00, ISBN 978-0-374-16573-4, Publication Date: September 2009

In 2007, four years after his ill-advised incursion into Iraq, President George W. Bush began taking steps to reverse America's aimless military-political strategy. Bringing in Robert Gates to repl...