cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis Issues for Gene Expression Array Data

Gene expression array technologies are rapidly emerging for use in various genome-wide studies in biology and medicine (1)(2)(3). Results from the recently completed sequencing of the human genome predict that the number of genes in the human genome is much smaller (∼33 000 genes) than anticipated (4). This implies that the major complexity in biological mechanisms in humans lies in the synergistic effects among various genes. Therefore, to decipher the secrets of our life and, ultimately, to find the cures for many human diseases, biologists must deal with multiple genes and their interactive transcripts simultaneously. High-throughput biotechnologies, including gene chip approaches, will play an important role in these studies (5). However, quality control over thousands of gene expression values and full utilization of the information from these high-throughput data are extremely difficult, and important issues in quality control and bioinformatic approaches have not been resolved (6)(7). A series of careful analyses on the variability of array instrumentation and on the statistical evaluation of gene expression intensities are required for reliable and consistent inference on gene chip data. Specifically, sources of error and their confidence levels on these high-throughput measurements need to be better understood because some can significantly alter our inferences and conclusions (8). The purpose of this report is to dispel three common misconceptions about array experiments. It often is believed that reproducibility of gene expression data is high enough to perform bioinformatic discovery without a replicated chip experiment and that duplicated array data are necessary only for confirmation of such a discovery, which may help publication in high-standard journals. Investigators who have successfully obtained resources for high-cost gene chip experiments must optimize their experimental strategy for their study goals within limited resources. Therefore, for an initial study, single-chip experiments for each …
Self-mapping in 802.11 location systems

Location systems that are based on scanning for nearby radio sources can estimate the position of a mobile device with reasonable accuracy and high coverage. These systems require a calibration step in which a map is built from radio-readings taken on a location-aware device. War driving, for example, calibrates the positions of WiFi access points using a GPS-equipped laptop. In this paper we introduce an algorithm for self-mapping that minimizes or even eliminates explicit calibration by allowing the location system to build this radio map as the system is used. Using nearly 100 days of trace data, we evaluate self-mapping's accuracy when the map is seeded by three realistic data sources: public war-driving databases, WiFi hotspot finders, and sporadic GPS connectivity. On average, accuracy and coverage are shown to be comparable to those achieved with an explicit war-driven radio map.
Pharmacologic pre-conditioning with the novel cytoprotective molecules hydrogen sulfide and SS31 modulates pro-and anti-apoptotic pathways

RESULTS: Binomial analysis showed that channels greater than 2cm part (sampling deeper tissue) were more highly correlated with MAP alues than channels less than 2cm during event periods (p 0.0182). ruskal-Wallis tests yield significant differences in correlations across 4 ites in the frontal region for control and event time periods (p 0.02 2/24 controls, p 0.02 12/13 events). Sensitivity analysis based on ndividual channel amplitudes showed it is necessary to lower the alert hreshold by 90%, relative to the largest observed oxygen saturation hange, in order for 50% of the channels to report the event.
The role of contact stresses and wall friction on fluidization

Fluidization and de"uidization experiments, where we increased the gas super3cial velocity in small increments and then decreased it, were performed in tubes ofdi4erent diameters to probe the role ofwall f on pressure drop and bed height. Such experiments, covering the regimes ofpacked bed, stable bed expansion and bubbling bed, were carried out f several di4erent particles. The compressive yield strength ofthe particle assemblies at various volume fractions was determined by measuring the height offully de"uidized beds at various mass loading levels. The systematic e4ect ofthe tube diameter on pressure drop and bed height hysteresis could be rationalized in terms of a one-dimensional model that accounted for the e4ect of wall friction and path-dependent contact stresses in the particle phase. Bubbling seemed to set in when the yield stress in the particle assembly could be overcome by the inherent "uctuations. Our experiments, which focused primarily on gas velocities below the minimum bubbling conditions, did not reveal any dramatic change across the Geldart A–B boundary. This is consistent with the original observation by Geldart (Powder Technol. 7 (1973) 285). The distinct di4erence between beds ofgroup A and B particles in the gently bubbling regime reported by Cody et al. (Powder Technol. 87 (1996) 211) is thus likely to be due to changes in the dynamics ofthe bubbles, as we observed no striking di4erence between these beds at gas velocities below minimum bubbling conditions. ? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethics and maternity care: from principles to practice.

The current crisis in maternity care (an escalating cesarean rate, an increase in maternal morbidity and mortality, increases in preterm and near preterm births, and standard care that is “intervention-intensive”) mandates a careful look at the ethical and moral principles that are (or should be) the foundation of contemporary maternity care (Sakala & Corry, 2008). The crisis pushes us to examine the extent to which these principles are honored and the ethical dilemmas faced by childbirth educators, nurses, and other providers when standard maternity care does not reflect the ethical standards outlined in the respective codes of ethics of childbirth educators, nurses, midwives, and physicians. The values, principles, and ethical responsibilities defined in the Code of Ethics for Lamaze Certified Childbirth Educators (Lamaze International, 2006) include these central values: The childbirth educator's primary responsibility is to promote the well-being of the childbearing woman. The childbirth educator should respect and promote the right of childbearing women to make informed decisions and assists childbearing women in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals. In addition, childbirth educators should provide full, accurate, up-to-date information upon which childbearing women are able to make an informed decision, whether it be informed consent or informed refusal. The values, principles, and ethical responsibilities to women, our employers, and the profession and society provide a roadmap for us, clarifying who and what we are, for ourselves, and for those who employ us. In establishing our professional standards of practice, the Lamaze code of ethics becomes a valuable support for us in our work. Our ethical standards become a guide to finding our way and staying the course despite problems (Lothian, 2007). Unfortunately, in the real world—that is, the current maternity care environment—it is difficult to practice what we preach. It is a challenge to present the “best evidence” when hospitals provide care that is decidedly not evidence-based. Childbirth educators and nurses too often feel pressured to encourage women to comply with hospital policies and routines or are pressured to withhold information or present information in ways that do not challenge women's prior thinking. Our mandate to assist women in making informed decisions, including making them aware of their right to informed refusal, creates never-ending dilemmas for many childbirth educators (as well as many nurses, midwives, and physicians). It is extremely difficult to move from principles to practice! These concerns prompted our decision to dedicate a special issue of JPE to the ethics related to childbirth and maternity care. In this issue, our authors tackle the issues, pushing us to think deeply about what we believe, and how to practice based on our principles.
On the Origins of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

A large number of proteins are sufficiently unstable that their full three dimensional structure cannot be resolved. The origins of this intrinsic disorder are not well understood, but its ubiquitous presence undercuts the principle that a protein's structure determines its function. Here, we present a quantitative theory that makes novel predictions regarding the role of intrinsic disorder in protein structure and function. In particular, we discuss the implications of analytical solutions of a series of fundamental thermodynamic models of protein interactions in which disordered proteins are characterized by positive folding free energies. We validate our predictions by assigning protein function using the Gene Ontology classification, in which Protein Binding, Catalytic Activity and Transcription Regulator Activity are the three largest functional categories, and performing genome-wide surveys of both the amount of disorder in these functional classes and binding affinities for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Specifically, without assuming any a priori structure-function relationship, the theory predicts that both Catalytic and low-affinity Binding (Kd > 10−7 M) proteins prefer ordered structures, while only high-affinity Binding proteins (found mostly in eukaryotes) can tolerate disorder. Relevant to both Transcription and signal transduction, the theory also explains how increasing disorder can tune the binding affinity to maximize the specificity of promiscuous interactions. Collectively, these studies provide insight into how natural selection acts on folding stability to optimize protein function.
Copy number variation detection and genotyping from exome sequence data

While exome sequencing is readily amenable to single-nucleotide variant discovery, the sparse and nonuniform nature of the exome capture reaction has hindered exome-based detection and characterization of genic copy number variation. We developed a novel method using singular value decomposition (SVD) normalization to discover rare genic copy number variants (CNVs) as well as genotype copy number polymorphic (CNP) loci with high sensitivity and specificity from exome sequencing data. We estimate the precision of our algorithm using 122 trios (366 exomes) and show that this method can be used to reliably predict (94% overall precision) both de novo and inherited rare CNVs involving three or more consecutive exons. We demonstrate that exome-based genotyping of CNPs strongly correlates with whole-genome data (median r(2) = 0.91), especially for loci with fewer than eight copies, and can estimate the absolute copy number of multi-allelic genes with high accuracy (78% call level). The resulting user-friendly computational pipeline, CoNIFER (copy number inference from exome reads), can reliably be used to discover disruptive genic CNVs missed by standard approaches and should have broad application in human genetic studies of disease.
Persistently Altered Epigenetic Marks in the Mouse Uterus After Neonatal Estrogen Exposure

Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) causes permanent alterations in female reproductive tract gene expression, infertility, and uterine cancer in mice. To determine whether epigenetic mechanisms could explain these phenotypes, we first tested whether DES altered uterine expression of chromatin-modifying proteins. DES treatment significantly reduced expression of methylcytosine dioxygenase TET oncogene family, member 1 (TET1) on postnatal day 5; this decrease was correlated with a subtle decrease in DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in adults. There were also significant reductions in histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), histone lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A), and histone deacetylases HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3. Uterine chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to analyze the locus-specific association of modified histones with 2 genes, lactoferrin (Ltf) and sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1), which are permanently upregulated in adults after neonatal DES treatment. Three histone modifications associated with active transcription, histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), and H4 lysine 5 acetylation (H4K5ac) were enriched at specific Ltf promoter regions after DES treatment, but this enrichment was not maintained in adults. H3K9ac, H4K5ac, and H3K4me3 were enriched at Six1 exon 1 immediately after neonatal DES treatment. As adults, DES-treated mice had greater differences in H4K5ac and H3K4me3 occupancy at Six1 exon 1 and new differences in these histone marks at an upstream region. These findings indicate that neonatal DES exposure temporarily alters expression of multiple chromatin-modifying proteins and persistently alters epigenetic marks in the adult uterus at the Six1 locus, suggesting a mechanism for developmental exposures leading to altered reproductive function and increased cancer risk.
Communication via eye blinks and eyebrow raises: video-based human-computer interfaces

Two video-based human-computer interaction tools are introduced that can activate a binary switch and issue a selection command. "BlinkLink," as the first tool is called, automatically detects a user's eye blinks and accurately measures their durations. The system is intended to provide an alternate input modality to allow people with severe disabilities to access a computer. Voluntary long blinks trigger mouse clicks, while involuntary short blinks are ignored. The system enables communication using "blink patterns:" sequences of long and short blinks which are interpreted as semiotic messages. The second tool, "EyebrowClicker," automatically detects when a user raises his or her eyebrows and then triggers a mouse click. Both systems can initialize themselves, track the eyes at frame rate, and recover in the event of errors. No special lighting is required. The systems have been tested with interactive games and a spelling program. Results demonstrate overall detection accuracy of 95.6% for BlinkLink and 89.0% for EyebrowClicker.
Consumption and Politics at Aztec Huexotla

Les changements politiques survenus dans le petit royaume d'Huexotla, dans la vallee de Mexico, avec son integration a l'Empire azteque, vus a travers la transformation des biens consommes par les edites locales. Les biens de l'elite sont le signe de leur statut social et l'empire azteque a utilise son tribut pour faire circuler une grande quantite de biens de prestige afin d'asseoir sa domination
Estimating average regression effect under non-proportional hazards

We present an estimator of average regression effect under a non-proportional hazards model, where the regression effect of the covariates on the log hazard ratio changes with time. In the absence of censoring, the new estimate coincides with the usual partial likelihood estimate, both estimates being consistent for a parameter having an interpretation as an average population regression effect. In the presence of an independent censorship, the new estimate is still consistent for this same population parameter, whereas the partial likelihood estimate will converge to a different quantity that depends on censoring. We give an approximation of the population average effect as integral beta(t)dF(t). The new estimate is easy to compute, requiring only minor modifications to existing softwares. We illustrate the use of the average effect estimate on a breast cancer dataset from Institut Curie. The behavior of the estimator, its comparison with the partial likelihood estimate, as well as the approximation by integral beta(t)dF(t)are studied via simulation.
Multiportal Combined Transorbital and Transnasal Endoscopic Resection of Fibrous Dysplasia.

Introduction Historically, access to the anterior skull base was achieved with open procedures. The paradigms to this approach were challenged with the advent of minimally disruptive endoscopic surgical techniques and supporting technology. The next step in the evolution of minimally disruptive surgery was the combination of multiportal endoscopic surgery. Results The patient was an 18-year-old man who presented with right-sided proptosis. Further diagnostic tests revealed a fibrous dysplasia (FD) occupying the skull base and orbit. The lesion was successfully resected. Conclusions The location of the tumor in this case was challenging, in which surgeons at some centers would have opted to have performed as an open procedure instead of endoscopically. The combined transnasal/transorbital approach is an uncommonly used technique that we have used to remove this tumor successfully. The patient also had a unique disease (FD) in a unique location that was treated without complications. This case report highlights how surgeons may use an expanded armamentarium in dealing with complex pathologies.
Nursing Considerations for Patients With Sarcoma on Pazopanib Therapy

Background Pazopanib was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in 2012. Because of the scarcity of effective treatments for advanced STS, pazopanib has become commonly prescribed. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge level of nurses regarding the safe administration of pazopanib, as well as management of its side effects. The study was also intended to examine the consistency of patient education about pazopanib. Methods A 12-question online survey was completed by six nurses working in the outpatient sarcoma department of a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center. The survey included questions about patient education, including side-effect management and medication safety. Findings The survey revealed that most nurses were consistent with best practices surrounding pazopanib teaching and side-effect management. However, many differences were observed, and patient education regarding drug interactions and the safe administration of pazopanib is lacking. Further standardization of nursing practice in this regard would greatly benefit patients taking pazopanib.
Use of 3D Electroanatomical Navigation (CARTO-3) to Minimize or Eliminate Fluoroscopy Use in the Ablation of Pediatric Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias.

Background Radiation exposure related to medical procedures carries known medical risk. Electrophysiology (EP) and catheter ablation procedures are traditionally performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Three-dimensional (3D) electroanatomical navigation systems decrease or eliminate fluoroscopy use in EP procedures. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and outcome of a minimal or no fluoroscopic electroanatomical mapping approach for catheter ablations for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in the pediatric population. Methods Patients were identified through our EP database. A retrospective chart review was performed at a single institution. Results Sixty-three pediatric patients underwent catheter ablations with a minimal fluoroscopic and 3D electroanatomical mapping using CARTO-3 system (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) between October 2012 and March 2015. We selected 20 age-matched patients who underwent ablations for SVT by the same operator prior to October 2012 with fluoroscopy use as our control group. The mean age in the study and control group was 13.9 years and 13.7 years, respectively. Mean procedure time was 208.7 minutes and 217.2 minutes in the study and control group (P = NS). Thirty-four (54%) in the study group had no fluoroscopy use. Mean fluoroscopy time was 4.1 minutes versus 35.4 minutes between the study and the control group (P < 0.001). Radiation dose was 6.7 mGy versus 209.3 mGy between the study and the control group (P < 0.001). Acute procedural success was achieved in 95% and 90% of patients in the study and control groups, respectively. On follow-up, the recurrence rate was 5.3% in the study group and 5.6% in the control group. Conclusion Catheter ablation for SVT in children can be successfully performed in patients with normal cardiac anatomy using minimal or no fluoroscopy with favorable outcomes.
Improving Student Confidence in Skill Performance in a Pharmaceutical Care Lab Setting

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of improving student self-confidence in performing skills taught in the second-year pharmaceutical care lab (PCL). Design: Pre-semester and post-semester surveys were administered to students in order to assess whether student confidence in performing the skills covered in the curriculum improved. Assessment: A paired t-test was used to assess the ordinal data under the assumption that the difference between ranks is approximately equivalent Conclusions: Results indicate that student confidence significantly improved in most areas covered in the second-year pharmaceutical care lab curriculum.
New self-magnetically insulated connection of multilevel accelerators to a common load

A new way to connect pulsed-power modules to a common load is presented. Unlike previous connectors, the clam shell magnetically insulated transmission line (CSMITL) has magnetic nulls only at large radius where the cathode electric field is kept below the threshold for emission, has only a simply connected magnetic topology to avoid plasma motion along magnetic field lines into highly stressed gaps, and has electron injectors that ensure efficient electron flow even in the limiting case of self-limited MITLs. Multilevel magnetically insulated transmission lines with a posthole convolute are the standard solution but associated losses limit the performance of state-of-the-art accelerators. Mitigating these losses is critical for the next generation of pulsed-power accelerators. A CSMITL has been successfully implemented on the Saturn accelerator. A reference design for the Z accelerator is derived and presented. The design conservatively meets the design requirements and shows excellent transport efficiency in three simulations of increasing complexity: circuit simulations, electromagnetic fields only with Emphasis, fields plus electron and ion emission with Quicksilver.
An Evaluation of Market Segments for Dental Care: A Determinant Attribute Approach

This abstract summarizes the results of a study that attempts to evaluate market segments for dental care with a determinant attribute approach. The market segments are defined based upon consumer usage rate of dental care services. Determinant attributes refer to salient attributes that actually affect consumer alternative evaluation process. Determinant attribute analysis is a technique that can assist marketers in understanding which product attributes most determine consumer choice behavior.
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells as novel biological determinants of vascular function and risk.

On retrouve les cellules souches endotheliales (CSE) dans les cellules mononucleaires circulantes, dans la moelle osseuse et dans le sang de cordon. Elles se sont revelees capables de s'integrer a certaines zones de la neovascularisation post-natale sous l'impulsion soit de l'ischemie ou de la denudation endotheliale. L'atteinte des cellules endotheliales est une caracteristique de la plaque atherosclereuse en formation qui est declenchee par divers facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires et l'ampleur de la dysfonction endotheliale semble etre un facteur de previsibilite independant du risque cardiovasculaire. Plusieurs recherches ont confirme que les taux circulants de CSE sont plus faibles chez les sujets presentant des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires, ce qui appuie l'hypothese selon laquelle cela contribuerait a la dysfonction endotheliale en nuisant a la reparation de l'endothelium. Dans une etude sur des hommes adultes, on a decouvert que les CSE circulantes etait moins nombreuses chez les patients presentant deja plusieurs facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires. De plus, la dysfonction endotheliale s'est revelee en forte correlation avec le nombre de CSE, de sorte que les sujets qui presentaient des facteurs de risque ne developpaient de dysfonction endotheliale que si leur numeration de CSE etait basse. Les CSE des sujets souffrant de dysfonction endotheliale etaient plus senescentes que celles de sujets assortis selon l'âge mais indemnes de facteurs de risque. Ces observations et d'autres, tirees d'etudes experimentales, soulevent la possibilite que la maladie et la dysfonction vasculaires s'installent lorsque la lesion est infligee par suite d'une exposition a des facteurs de risque dans le contexte d'une reparation incomplete imputable a la presence de CSE en nombre insuffisant.
Distribution of ribosomes in the egg of Ilyanassa obsoleta

Abstract The cytoplasm of the Ilyanassa egg at the trefoil stage contains a large population of electrondense particles of about 700 A and few free ribosome-like particles. The 700 A particles are composed of granules of about 120 A embedded in a homogeneous matrix. These particles are sparsely distributed in the perinuclear cytoplasm and are concentrated in very large patches at the periphery of the egg. In the polar lobe these particles occupy almost all the cytoplasm not filled with yolk. Amylase and RNase digestion experiments have characterized these 700 A particles as clusters of ribosomes embedded in an amylase-sensitive matrix.
The Importance of Electoral Systems

The importance of electoral systems has long been downgraded. A large majority of scholars have argued i) that they are not an independent variable, and/or ii) that their effects are, at best, uncertain. Both arguments are demonstrably wrong.
The limitations of opportunistic epidemiology, pseudopod epidemiology.

Epidemiology has been remarkably successful in the past in identifying the important agents of disease, the impact of the environment, both physical and social, and interrelationship with host susceptibility (genomics). Many of the advances in improving the health of individuals and populations have been the result of epidemiology studies that have identified the specific “agents” of disease and application of public health and preventive medicine. In recent years, large longitudinal studies have dominated epidemiology research, especially long incubation period chronic diseases. The initial hypotheses in these studies have been expanded by vertical extension studies using newer technologies to measure independent variables, vertical pseudopods, and additional studies of other diseases, horizontal pseudopods, of the original longitudinal study. Host susceptibility, i.e. genomics, has also become a prominent component of these longitudinal studies. The critical question addressed in this paper is whether these “pseudopod” epidemiology approaches have enhanced public health or generated a large number of studies of little impact.
Translocation of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin in maize

Neonicotinoid seed treatments, typically clothianidin or thiamethoxam, are routinely applied to >80% of maize (corn) seed grown in North America where they are marketed as a targeted pesticide delivery system. Despite this widespread use, the amount of compound translocated into plant tissue from the initial seed treatment to provide protection has not been reported. Our two year field study compared concentrations of clothianidin seed treatments in maize to that of maize without neonicotinoid seed treatments and found neonicotinoids present in root tissues up to 34 days post planting. Plant-bound clothianidin concentrations followed an exponential decay pattern with initially high values followed by a rapid decrease within the first ~20 days post planting. A maximum of 1.34% of the initial seed treatment was successfully recovered from plant tissues in both study years and a maximum of 0.26% was recovered from root tissue. Our findings show neonicotinoid seed treatments may provide protection from some early season secondary maize pests. However, the proportion of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin translocated into plant tissues throughout the growing season is low overall and this observation may provide a mechanism to explain reports of inconsistent efficacy of this pest management approach and increasing detections of environmental neonicotinoids.
Cities and wetlands: the return of the repressed in nature and culture

In his most recent work, Rod Giblett returns to familiar territory, the mucky, tremulous ground of wetlands. Among the numerous titles from this prolific author are several that explore the same te...
Lanthanide stannate pyrochlores (Ln2Sn2O7; Ln = Nd, Gd, Er) at high pressure.

Lanthanide stannate pyrochlores (Ln2Sn2O7; Ln = Nd, Gd, and Er) were investigated in situ to 50 GPa in order to determine their structural response to compression and compare their response to that of lanthanide titanate, zirconate, and hafnate pyrochlores. The cation radius ratio of A3+/B4+ in pyrochlore oxides (A2B2O7) is thought to be the dominant feature that influences their response on compression. The ionic radius of Sn4+ is intermediate to that of Ti4+, Zr4+, and Hf4+, but the 〈Sn-O〉 bond in stannate pyrochlore is more covalent than the 〈B-O〉 bonds in titanates, zirconate, and hafnates. In stannates, based on in situ Raman spectroscopy, pyrochlore cation and anion sublattices begin to disorder with the onset of compression, first measured at 0.3 GPa. The extent of sublattice disorder versus pressure is greater in stannates with a smaller Ln3+ cation. Stannate pyrochlores (Fd-3m) begin a sluggish transformation to an orthorhombic, cotunnite-like structure at ~28 GPa; similar transitions have been observed in titanate, zirconate, and hafnate pyrochlores at varying pressures (18-40 GPa) with cation radius ratio. The extent of the phase transition versus pressure varies directly with the size of the Ln3+ cation. Post-decompression from ~50 GPa, Er2Sn2O7 and Gd2Sn2O7 adopt a pyrochlore structure, rather than the multi-scale defect-fluorite + weberite-type structure adopted by Nd2Sn2O7 that is characteristic of titanate, zirconate, and hafnate pyrochlores under similar conditions. Like pyrochlore titanates, zirconates, and hafnates, the bulk modulus, B 0, of stannates varies linearly and inversely with cation radius ratio from 1 1 1 GPa (Nd2Sn2O7) to 251 GPa (Er2Sn2O7). The trends of bulk moduli in stannates in this study are in excellent agreement with previous experimental studies on stannates and suggest that the size of the Ln3+ cation is the primary determining factor of B 0. Additionally, when normalized to r A/r B, the bulk moduli of stannates are comparable to those of zirconates and hafnates, which vary from titanates. Our results suggest that the cation radius ratio strongly influences the bulk moduli of stannates, as well as their overall compression response.
Uniform p-type doping of silicon nanowires synthesized via vapor-liquid-solid growth with silicon tetrachloride

Boron-doped silicon nanowires (SiNWs) grown by the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism using silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) as the silicon precursor and trimethylboron (TMB) as the boron source were studied to understand the axial and radial doping uniformity. TMB-doped SiNWs with diameters up to 400 nm and lengths > 7.5 μm were integrated into a global back-gated test structure with multiple electrodes for electrical characterization. From gate modulated measurements, the SiNWs were confirmed to be heavily doped p-type. Multiple four point resistivity measurements across a total length of 7.5 μm were taken on as-grown SiNWs. Resistivity, corrected for surface charge, was determined to be 0.01 +/− 0.002 Ω cm along the entire length of the as-grown boron doped SiNWs. This was also observed in the axial direction for etched SiNWs, with corrected resistivity of 0.01 +/− 0.003 Ω cm, therefore confirming the uniform p-type doping of SiNWs using TMB and SiCl4 as precursors.
CMOS electronics probe inside a cellular network — Invited review paper

The parallelization of intracellular recording can greatly benefit the study of complex neuronal networks, but it has proven difficult to achieve. To meet this challenge, we have been developing large-scale arrays of intracellular vertical nanoscale electrodes operated by underlying CMOS integrated circuits. The development has been fruitful, and our first-generation CMOS nanoelectrode array hit a milestone by intracellularly recording from up to 235 networked cardiomyocytes in parallel. We reported this first-generation system and its unprecedented parallelism in intracellular recording in Nature Nanotechnology 12, 460 (2017). The present paper is a review of this work with a special focus on the development of its CMOS integrated circuit.
Statistical testing when the populations from which samples are drawn are uncertain

The topic of this article is hypothesis testing when the populations from which the data are drawn are known only with a given probability distribution. Some important areas of application for which such a situation arises is reviewed briefly. The specific cases herein considered are testing a one-sided hypothesis involving two populations. An illustrative small data set, involving six observations, is used to demonstrate relevant approaches and calculations for such testing. Both a frequentist approach and a Bayesian approach are developed. In both of these approaches, use is made of all possible data configurations along with their corresponding probabilities. Various measures of goodness are developed for each of the two approaches. A simulation approach is developed for larger data sets.
Screw and Barrel Assembly Development

This chapter briefly discusses developments in screw and barrel designs from the first reciprocating screw moulding machines to the types in use today. Reproduction of the mathematics of screw design has not been attempted, as it is very adequately covered elsewhere.
Documentation of social determinants in electronic health records with and without standardized terminologies: A comparative study

Background:Electronic health records (EHRs) are a promising new source of population health data that may improve health outcomes. However, little is known about the extent to which social and beha...
Intermittent Low-level Noise Causes Negative Neural Gain in the Inferior Colliculus.

Abstract The central auditory system shows a remarkable ability to rescale its neural representation of loudness following long-term, low-level acoustic exposures; even when the noise is presented intermittently. Circadian rhythms exert potent biological effects, but it remains unclear if acoustic exposures occurring during the light or dark cycle affect the neurophysiological changes involved in loudness rescaling. To address this issue we exposed rats to intermittent (12 h/day), low-level noise (10–20 kHz, 75 dB SPL) for 5 weeks; exposures occurred during either the light (inactive) or dark (active) phase of the circadian cycle. The 12-h exposures, whether occurring during the light or dark phase, did not significantly alter cochlear function as reflected in distortion product otoacoustic emissions and compound action potential responses. However, neural activity in the inferior colliculus demonstrated negative gain in a frequency- and intensity-specific manner compared to unexposed controls; the magnitude and direction of the neuroplastic changes in the inferior colliculus were largely the same regardless of whether the 12-h noise exposures occurred during the light or dark phase of the circadian cycle. These neuroplastic changes could become relevant for low-level sound therapies used to treat hyperacusis.
Abuse disclosures of youth with problem sexualized behaviors and trauma symptomology.

Abstract Background The majority of youth with problem sexualized behaviors (PSB) have substantiated experiences of abuse or exposures to violence (Silovsky & Niec, 2002). Little is known about specific abuse experiences that may differentiate youth with PSB from those without. Few studies have examined the types of abuse associated with post-traumatic stress symptomology. Objective The current study explored two research questions: (1) Do children with PSB differ from children without PSB in terms of their abuse disclosures?; and (2) Are the types of abuse disclosed associated with the child’s scores on a post-traumatic stress measure?. Participants & setting Data were analyzed for youth (N = 950) ages 3–18 years who completed a clinical assessment at a child advocacy center in the Midwest during the 2015 calendar year. Methods Youth completed assessments that included a forensic interview and either the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) for children ages 3–10 years, or the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) for children ages 11–16 years. Bivariate logistic regression was used to answer the research questions. Results Findings indicated that youths who disclosed offender to victim fondling were less likely to disclose PSB (OR = 0.460, p = .026), and children exposed to pornography were more likely to disclose PSB (OR = 3.252, p = .001). Additionally, youth who disclosed physical abuse (OR = 1.678, p = .001) or victim to offender sexual contact (OR = 2.242, p = .003) had higher odds of clinically significant trauma scores. Conclusions Implications for practitioners and future research directions are discussed.
Flight Motor Innervation of a Flesh Fly

A considerable number of papers have been published on the anatomy of the dipteran flight system. The early papers especially have become classical for their precise descriptions of thoracic musculature (Hammond, 1879; Luks, 1883; Ritter, 1911; Mihalyi, 1935; Behrendt, 1940; Williams and Williams, 1943; Tiegs, 1955) and the central nervous system (Hertweck, 1931; Vater, 1961). In addition, histological (Mangold, 1905; Marcu, 1929; Tiegs, 1955; Auber, 1960) and electron microscopic (Shafiq, 1964) papers have appeared on the peripheral innervation of the muscles involved in flight. The neural pathway from the CNS to those muscles, however, has not been investigated well, except for some descriptions in Hertweck’s work (1931). Physiological experiments performed in this area in the past have yielded incomplete or sometimes misleading results, mainly because of a lack of precise knowledge concerning the motor neurons (MNs) involved and their neural pathways. Thus an understanding of the neural organization in both the central and peripheral systems is essential in considering the flight mechanism.
Identity and Indigenous Education in Peruvian Amazonia

Throughout Peruvian Amazonia, state-backed educational institutions and pedagogical strategies have seldom emphasized the retention of indigenous knowledge. This in turn has historically undermined the cultural survival of the region’s culturally diverse indigenous peoples. Indeed, the story of formal “modern” indigenous education in the Peruvian Amazon is intimately related to state-driven introductions of Occidental concepts of “progressive” development, eventually anchored to incorporation into global markets. While it is clear that prospects for indigenous peoples’ cultural survival may be analyzed in general sweeping terms, it is also evident that a close analysis of each local or regional case reveals significant differences in approaches to contextualizing inter-cultural education and indigenous identity politics. Taking my cue from Lyotard’s The Postmodern Condition, which provides a basis for understanding and critiquing neo-liberal commoditization of education, I explore some of these contradictions as they find expression “on the ground” among indigenous peoples from Alto Amazonas, (Loreto, Peru). The chapter concludes by asserting that the intercultural educational environment in Peru must be formulated to include systems of Indigenous Knowledge that synergize both the school and the community’s well-being.
The Inner Image of Russian Color Term черньӀй (Black) (Experimental Study)

The article deals with the description of the method of investigating main features of color terms inner image in the consciousness of the bearers of modern Russian culture by the example of Russian color term черньӀй [chernyj] (black ).The theoretical basis of the study is A.A. Zalevskaya's conception of individual knowledge and Sharifian's conception of distributed emergent cultural cognition. The complex approach to the study of color terms using psycholinguistic methods and methods of statistical data processing is shown in the article.The following techniques are used:the association experiment, the semantic differential, the factor analysis.This research study was performed at Southwest State University in Kursk (Russia). The experiment showed that there is a connection between individual and cultural knowledge in the process of color terms' inner image formation.
Sub-2 Angstrom resolution structure determination using single-particle cryo-EM at 200 keV.

Abstract Although the advent of direct electron detectors (DEDs) and software developments have enabled the routine use of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structure determination of well-behaved specimens to high-resolution, there nonetheless remains a discrepancy between the resolutions attained for biological specimens and the information limits of modern transmission electron microscopes (TEMs). Instruments operating at 300 kV equipped with DEDs are the current paradigm for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM, while 200 kV TEMs remain comparatively underutilized for purposes beyond sample screening. Here, we expand upon our prior work and demonstrate that one such 200 kV microscope, the Talos Arctica, equipped with a K2 DED is capable of determining structures of macromolecules to as high as ∼1.7 A resolution. At this resolution, ordered water molecules are readily assigned and holes in aromatic residues can be clearly distinguished in the reconstructions. This work emphasizes the utility of 200 kV electrons for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM and applications such as structure-based drug design.
An evolutionary theory of moral injury with insight from Turkana warriors

Abstract Clinicians in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies are rethinking whether Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is caused solely by exposure to life-threatening experiences, or also by moral injury—witnessing or participating in acts that violate moral beliefs. However, while there are evolutionary hypotheses explaining PTSD as a response to physical danger, the evolutionary roots of moral injury lack an explanation. We posit that a subset of symptoms of combat-related PTSD is associated with moral injury and that these symptoms evolved in tandem with human's norm-psychology. We can examine this hypothesis by comparing societies with different moral beliefs about warfare, norm enforcement mechanisms, and spheres of moral concern. To illustrate the utility of this framework, we describe combat trauma, war norms, and norm enforcement among Turkana pastoralist warriors in Kenya who participate in highly lethal raids of neighboring ethnic groups. We previously showed that depressive PTSD symptoms in Turkana warriors are more strongly associated with experiencing moral violations in combat, and that Turkana warriors with comparably high overall PTSD symptom-severity experience lower rates of depressive symptoms than US combat veterans. Here we detail aspects of Turkana warfare, moral beliefs, and post-battle rituals that differ from WEIRD societies, and that may ameliorate the symptoms of moral injury in Turkana warriors. Our findings highlight how further studies of combat trauma outside of WEIRD militaries can help evaluate this theory and illustrate the importance of cross-cultural research for identifying the evolutionary roots of combat stress and best practices for prevention and recovery.
Alternativas desde Abajo: etnografía de un intersticio político entre la movilización callejera y el asalto institucional (2013-2014)

espanolLo que de forma generica se ha denominado como “asalto institucional” constituye un periodo y un laboratorio de practicas politicas en Espana de enorme complejidad, que tiene su origen en las postrimerias del segundo aniversario del 15M y que cristaliza con el nacimiento de Podemos y las diferentes “candidaturas de unidad popular” presentes en las elecciones municipales de 2015. Ahora bien, este ecosistema de accion colectiva es sumamente heterogeneo y diverso, y por ello se vuelve necesario prestar atencion a sus diferentes elementos. En el presente articulo se focaliza la mirada en su primera fase, todavia embrionaria e intersticial, que va desde mayo de 2013 a junio de 2014, y donde tuvieron lugar una serie de experiencias antecedentes de lo que mas tarde fueron iniciativas tan conocidas como Ahora Madrid, Barcelona en Comun, etc. A partir de un trabajo etnografico centrado en Madrid haremos un repaso a una de esas experiencias, Alternativas desde Abajo, como ejemplo empirico de las dinamicas en tension y las lineas de fuga existentes en el transito de la calle a la lucha electoral. EnglishWhat has been generically called "institutional assault" constitutes a period and a laboratory of political practices in Spain of enormous complexity, which has its origin in the last year of the second anniversary of 15M and crystallizes with the birth of Podemos and the different "candidacies of popular unity" present in the municipal elections of 2015. However, this space for collective action is extremely heterogeneous and diverse, and therefore it becomes necessary to pay attention to its different elements. In the present article the analytical focus is focused in its first phase, still embryonic and interstitial, that goes from May of 2013 to June of 2014, and where a series of experiences antecedents of what later were initiatives as well known as Ahora Madrid, Barcelona en Comun, etc. From an ethnographic work centered in Madrid, we will review one of those experiences, Alternatives from Below, as an empirical example of the dynamics in tension and the lines of escape existing in the transit of the street to the electoral struggle.