cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the action of strychnine on the recurrent IPSP and amino acid induced inhibitions in the cat spinal cord.

Abstract A study of the effect of strychnine on the recurrent IPSP in the spinal cord of nembutalized cats was carried out. Strychnine given in subconvulsive doses had no effect on the Renshaw cell discharge, the reversal potential for the IPSP, or GABA induced potential changes. The effects upon the resting potential and resting resistance were variable. In similar doses, strychnine diminished glycine induced potential changes and the conductance change resulting from stimulation of the recurrent inhibitory pathway. The data was thought to be consistent with the theory that strychnine competes antagonistically with the inhibitory transmitter.
Cine DENSE MRI detects delayed mechanical activation of the left ventricular free wall in a canine model of heart failure with left bundle branch block

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) benefits selected heart failure patients; however, CRT has a nonresponse rate of approximately 30-40%. Important factors that contribute to lead placement decisions and overall CRT success include determination of mechanical dyssynchrony, presence and location of scar, and the identification of late-activated segments. Recent imaging studies have reported progress in the first two areas. Previously, myocardial tagging showed promise for mapping mechanical activation time [1], but analysis of tagged images is time consuming. We investigated the use of cine DENSE to detect regions of late mechanical activation. Methods Cine DENSE at a temporal resolution of 17 ms, in-plane pixel size of 1.4 mm × 1.4 mm to 2.2 mm × 2.2 mm, and slice thickness of 8 mm was performed in standard short-axis planes in 4 canines with pacing-induced heart failure and left bundle branch block (LBBB) induced by catheter ablation. Using semi-automatic analysis methods [2,3], regional circumferential strain (Ecc) was determined from the mid-cavity short-axis DENSE images. The time to the onset of contraction (mechanical activation time) was defined as the time at which the slope of each Ecc curve first became negative, as shown in Figure 1. The mechanical activation time was computed for regions that were 5 × 5 pixels in size. Results Cine DENSE showed that the septum underwent early activation, while the late-activated regions were consistently located in the anterolateral and inferolateral segments. These patterns were visualized using time-to
Quantum transport theory

Abstract Procedures are discussed for calculating the steady-state current for linear quantum transport problems subject to inflow boundary conditions. A review of classical kinetic models is given, and techniques (based on quantum BGK modes) for solving the stationary Wigner equation with inflow BC's are discussed. Lastly, uniqueness of the steady-state current is shown.
Nucleation and growth characteristics of zinc oxide overgrowths

Abstract Nucleation and growth characteristics of electrodeposited zinc and anodically produced zinc oxide overgrowths on atomically smooth steel field emission end forms were investigated through field ion microscopy (FIM) and scanning electron microscopy. The zinc oxide overlayers attained in an alkaline bath through the application of an a.c. were seen to be more compact and they required less time to be produced in the desired consistency than those obtained with a d.c., with identical plating parameters. The a.c. coatings were seen to be amenable to FIM analysis, thus indicating good attachment properties to substrate steel tips. Controlled field evaporation sequences through the overgrowths showed the existence of a three-layer arrangement with the initial growth next to the substrate surface changing into the polycrystalline form of the plated material through an intermediate zone of excessive defect structure. These results are consistent with earlier studies on electrodeposited nickel on steel, Cr 2 O 3 on nickel and copper on tungsten systems for comparable depths of plated overlayers.
The rudimentary copulatory organ of the domestic fowl

The rudimentary copulatory organ of chickens was first observed as a phallic knob in 6-day embryos. This phallic knob enlarged similarly in both male and female embryos up to the twelfth day: from the twelfth to the seventeenth day it was distinguished by a large process in the males and a diminishing process in the females. Further differentiation took place from the eighteenth to the twenty-first days: some females lacked the porcess, others retained a smaller process than that of the male. As growth advance, fewer females retained the process until at 12 weeks of age it had entirely disappeared. The process was found in all males and showed no retrogression, whereas the few capons examined lacked it. A ridge-shaped ‘pseudo’ process developed at about 1 week in some females and was present up to 3 weeks of age. Histologically and embryologically, the process was seen to possess some characteristics of a penis. The cloacal method of sex determination might be used with an average maximum accuracy of about 90 per cent in living day-old chicks.
Consistency in marked digraphs.

Abstract In this paper we strive towards a mathematical theory for “marked digraphs” in which the nodes are signed. For completeness, we begin with an extensive list of definitions, including that of “consistency” in marked digraphs. We then provide three different descriptions of the concept: one an alternative in terms of directed cycles, another in terms of partitioning the nodes, and a third in terms of arc-digraphs and balance. We conclude with two additional observations, one characterizing the structure of consistent strongly connected marked tournaments and the other giving a criterion for a digraph to be “markable” in a consistent way.
CHASING AWAY THE TIMES TABLES BLUES

The times tables have traditionally been associated with drudgery, boredom, and frustration. But there's a better, more enjoyable way to master this basic arithmetic skill.
Using registry data to evaluate the 2004 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine shortage.

Background The most recent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) shortage occurred between December 2003 and September 2004. To ensure vaccination of the highest-risk children, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that providers delay administration of the third and fourth doses of vaccine to healthy children. We used Michigan Child Immunization Registry (MCIR) data collected from September 1, 2001 to November 30, 2004 to evaluate changes in PCV7 coverage. Methods Vaccination and demographic data from MCIR were reviewed for 420,733 children born between September 2001 and August 2004. Main outcome measures were the proportion of children who received the third dose of PCV7 by 7 months of age and the fourth dose of PCV7 by 16 months of age. Vaccine coverage for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) was used for comparison, as these vaccines were abundant during this time period and their administration schedule is the same as the third and fourth doses of PCV7, respectively. Data analysis was conducted in spring 2005. Results Coverage for the third dose of DTaP and the first dose of MMR remained steady, while PCV7 coverage for the third dose dropped from 29% to 11%, and the fourth dose dropped from 27% to 22% in the month following the recommendations to defer doses. Coverage returned close to pre-shortage levels shortly after the recommendations to resume the normal schedule. PCV7 coverage trends were similar for children seen in the private or public sector. Conclusions Registry data can be useful for evaluating vaccination coverage trends during a shortage. Our findings suggest that providers were compliant with recommendations to alter vaccine administration during the shortage.
Management of Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-shortening autosomal recessive disorder in the white population, affecting approximately 30,000 persons in the United States.1 It is caused by mutations in a single gene on the long arm of chromosome 7 that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (Figure 1).2 CFTR has multiple functions involving fluid balance across epithelial cells. It acts as a chloride channel activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)3 and may stimulate other chloride channels4 and inhibit sodium absorption by epithelial sodium channels.5 Mutations in the CFTR gene result in defective chloride transport in the epithelial cells in . . .
Sleep paralysis and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: A reply to Pendergrast

Abstract Pendergrast [Pendergrast, M. (in press). Sleep paralysis and recovered memories of sexual abuse: comment on McNally and Clancy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders .] provides a critique of our study on sleep paralysis among adults reporting either repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse [McNally, R. J., & Clancy, S. A. (2005a). Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcultural Psychiatry , 42 , 113–122]. We address his concerns in this reply.
A fibreoptic intubation technique for children with mucopolysaccharidoses using the laryngeal mask airway

Children with mucopolysaccharidoses present the anaesthetist with both a difficult airway and often an impossible intubation using conventional techniques. A technique for airway management and tracheal intubation is described utilizing the Brain laryngeal mask airway, the fibreoptic bronchoscope, a guide wire and a ureteral dilator. Two case reports of children with mucopolysaccharidoses are presented who were managed successfully with this technique. The advantages of the technique are discussed.
Novel method of swarm emigration by the epiponine wasp, Apoica pallens (Hymenoptera Vespidae)

Wasps in the Neotropical genus Apoica engage in swarm emigration behavior unlike any other swarm-founding wasp. We observed three emigrations by a colony of A. pallens in Costa Rica. Following absconding, the colony clustered on leaves as individuals flexed the terminal segments of the gaster dorsally. This posture exposed the bases of the 5th and 6th metasomal sternites, suggesting that the wasps were releasing a pheromone from the sternal glands on these segments. At sunset, wasps left in an explosion of departures and formed a diffuse swarm as they flew to a new site. No wasps marked trails by gaster dragging nor did scouts leave prior to departure of the whole swarm. Individuals at the new site ran along the substrate with the gaster held in the position of the calling display. We conclude that emigrating Apoica wasps use the calling display to guide the swarm to new nest sites.
Combined free tissue transfer and infrainguinal bypass graft: An alternative to major amputation in selected patients

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to document outcome and adverse prognostic factors in patients requiring combined free tissue transfer and distal bypass grafting for otherwise nonreconstructible infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease and advanced tissue necrosis. Methods: Between July 1990 and November 1999, 65 patients, all of whom would have required at least below-knee amputation, underwent free tissue transfer in conjunction with infrainguinal bypass grafting at the University of Rochester. Preoperative variables were assessed for their influence on outcome with χ 2 and outcome with life-table analysis with Cox proportionate hazard testing. Results: Free tissue transfer was performed synchronously with arterial reconstruction with autologous vein in 49 patients and after a previous functioning venous bypass graft in 16 patients. The 30-day mortality rate was 5%, and major complications occurred in another 16% of patients. Flap location, weight-bearing status, preexisting osteomyelitis, and the timing of bypass grafting relative to flap construction had no effect on outcome. All five free flap failures occurred within the first 30 days. All other flaps subsequently survived, even in seven patients whose bypass grafts thrombosed. Five-year limb salvage and patient survival rates were 57% and 60%, respectively, and 65% of patients regained meaningful ambulation. The combination of diabetes and dialysis-dependent renal failure was the strongest predictor of overall limb loss ( P P Conclusion: Free tissue transfer combined with infrainguinal bypass grafting in selected patients is safe and effective. The combination of diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency, particularly the need for dialysis, is a powerful predictor of failure and should be considered a strong contraindication for this procedure. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:17-23.)
The application of time evolution operators and Feynman diagrams to nonlinear optics

This paper develops a consistent formalism for describing nonlinear optical mixing and multiphoton processes of any arbitrary order. The theory uses the time-evolution operators of quantum mechanics, and the related Feynman diagrams.
Fabrication procedures and process sensitivities for CdS/CdTe solar cells

This paper details the laboratory processes used to fabricate CdS/CdTe solar cells at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The basic fabrication technique includes low-pressure chemical vapor deposited SnO2 , chemical-bath deposited CdS, close-spaced sublimated CdTe, solution-CdCl2 treatment, and an acid-contact etch, followed by application of a doped-graphite paste. This paper also describes the results of a reproducibility study in which cells were produced by multiple operators with an average AM1·5 efficiency of 12·6%. And finally, this paper discusses process sensitivities and alternative cell fabrication procedures and reports the fabrication of a cell with an AM1·5 efficiency of 15·4%. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost analysis of chronic disease self-management programmes being delivered in South Florida

Background:Chronic disease accounts for the majority of healthcare costs. The Chronic Disease Self-Management Programme (CDSMP) has been shown to be effective in reducing the burden of chronic disease.Objectives:The objective of this study was to measure the cost of delivering the Chronic Disease Self-Management Programme (CDSMP) in order to determine whether it has the potential to produce a net cost saving among elderly residents of South Florida.Methods:Cost data were collected from four agencies participating in the delivery of CDSMP workshops in South Florida. Information on healthcare cost savings were obtained from the literature and updated to current dollars. Questionnaires were emailed to programme coordinators from agencies participating in the delivery of CDSMP workshops. Questionnaires were returned via email. Costs were computed from the perspective of the participating agencies.Results:Costs for implementation per programme participant were US$204. These average costs are below the US$1,381...
Creating cross-over vehicles: Defining and combining vehicle classes using shape grammars

In the push for new vehicle designs, the distinctions between vehicle classes are quickly becoming blurred. We use shape grammars to quantify the differences between vehicle classes through the application of class-specific rules and the constraint of rule applications to within parametric ranges determined for each class. This allows for the development of new vehicle forms that clearly fall within a class or purposefully cross over the boundaries of classes and mix rules and ranges to create unique and interesting cross-over vehicles.
Parallel pattern identification in biological sequences on clusters

This paper presents a low communication overhead parallel algorithm for pattern matching in biological sequences. Given such a sequence of length n and a pattern of length m, we conclude an algorithm with five computation/communication phases, each requiring O(n) computation time and only O(p) message units. The low communication overhead of the algorithm is essential to achieving reasonable speedups on clusters, where the interprocessor communication latency is usually higher Previous parallel implementations use straightforward domain decomposition based on existing sequential algorithms and rely on parallel machines with low-latency interconnection network and fast hardware support for processor synchronization.
The Acceptability of Online Degrees: Principals and Hiring Practices in Secondary Schools

A national survey of high school principals (N = 683) was used to assess the acceptability of job applicant qualifications that included degrees earned either online, partly online, or in a traditional-residential teachertraining program. The applicants with coursework taken in a traditionalresidential setting were overwhelmingly preferred over applicants holding a degree earned partly or wholly online. Chi-square analyses were used to examine the relationships among applicant selection and respondents’ demographic characteristics, their explanations for applicant selection, and background information. Results indicated that applicant selection significantly differed by gender, school type (public vs. private), opinions on hiring criteria, and experience with online classes. Further analysis indicated that online courses were perceived as not presenting sufficient opportunity for students to develop important social skills through interaction with other students and mentors.
Cross-market optimization for hybrid energy storage systems

A method is developed to generate optimal bid schedules for a hybrid energy storage system participating in both energy and regulation service markets. The hybrid energy storage system includes a fast-response component, such as a flywheel or battery, and a slow response component, such as a pumped-hydro or a conventional generator. This paper describes the objective function and constraints of the cross-market optimization problem. A genetic algorithm is used to solve the problem with a nonlinear penalty curve applied to the energy constraints. A single market optimization method based on priority search is used as a baseline. The results show that the cross-market optimization can improve revenue of the energy storage system by 6.9% over the baseline. Although the method was applied to a hybrid energy storage system, it can be generalized to any energy storage systems.
PID controller design using Laguerre series

A new technique for designing (i.e. tuning) PID controllers based on Laguerre series representations of the plant model and the desired response is presented. The technique allows tradeoffs between response matching, noise/disturbance rejection, and economic operation.
Bootstrapping & the origin of concepts

beings create scienti1⁄2c theories, mathematics, literature, moral systems, and complex technology. And only humans have the capacity to acquire such culturally constructed knowledge in the normal course of immersion in the adult world. There are many reasons for the differences between the minds of humans and other animals. We have bigger brains, and hence more powerful information processors; sometimes differences in the power of a processor can create what look like qualitative differences in kind. And of course human beings also have language–the main medium for the cultural transmission of acquired knowledge. Comparative studies of humans and other primates suggest that we differ from them as well in our substantive cognitive abilities– for example, our capacity for causal analysis and our capacity to reason about the mental states of others. Each of these factors doubtless contributes to our prodigious ability to learn. But in my view another factor is even more important: our uniquely human ability to ‘bootstrap.’ Many psychologists, historians, and philosophers of science have appealed to the metaphor of bootstrapping in order to explain learning of a particularly dif1⁄2cult sort– those cases in which the endpoint of the process transcends in some qualitative way the starting point. The choice of metaphor may seem puzzling–it is selfevidently impossible to pull oneself up by one’s own bootstrap. After all, the process I describe below is not impossible, but I keep the term because of its historical credentials and because it seeks to explain cases of learning that many have argued are impossible. Sometimes learning requires the creation of new representational resources that are more powerful than those present at the outset. Early in the cultural history of mathematics, for instance, the concept of the number included only positive integers: with subsequent development the concept came to encompass zero, rational numbers (fractions), negative numbers, irrational numbers like pi, and so on.
Prospects for gold and other economically valuable minerals in volcanogenic formations of northern Sea of Okhotsk coastal region

General peculiarities of volcanic formations development are considered, and grounds for useful mineral prospecting cited. Recommendations and specific features of search are given, according to concrete examples. -- Authors.
Interactions between regulatory proteins that bind to the nicotinic receptor β4 subunit gene promoter

Abstract The genes encoding the α3, α5 and β4 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are tightly clustered within the genome. As these three subunits constitute the predominant acetylcholine receptor subtype expressed in the peripheral nervous system, their genomic proximity suggests a regulatory mechanism ensuring their coordinate expression. We previously identified two transcriptional regulatory elements within the β4 promoter. One of these elements, a CT box, interacts with the regulatory factors heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K and Purα. Another element, a CA box, interacts with Sp1 and Sp3. The binding site for a fifth factor, Sox10, overlaps the CT and CA boxes. As the CT and CA boxes are adjacent, we postulated that the proteins that bind to the elements interact. Here we report that the CT box-binding factors interact with each other as do the CA box-binding factors. However, there are no direct associations between the two pairs of proteins. Interestingly though, Sox10 directly interacts with all four proteins, suggesting a central role in β4 gene expression for this member of the Sox family of regulatory factors.
Glacial paleoenvironments on Mars revealed by the paucity of hydrated silicates in the Noachian crust of the Northern Lowlands

Abstract Hydrated silicates occur widespread in thousands of locations in the Martian Noachian-aged southern highlands. If an ocean existed on the northern lowlands of Mars during the Noachian, phyllosilicates are likewise expected to be present in the primeval crust of the Martian plains, since on Earth they are common products of continental fluvial transportation and oceanic sedimentation. Here we analyze data from spaceborne imaging spectrometers searching for Noachian Mg/Al-phyllosilicates in 198 impact craters in the northern lowlands of Mars, as impact-excavated materials have already been demonstrated as qualifying samples of preexisting subsurface deposits. Our results indicate that only 15 impact craters in the Martian lowlands show evidence of excavated Mg/Al-phyllosilicates ( 70%). Therefore, hydrated silicates form a mineralogical dichotomy noticeable in the ancient Noachian crust on a global scale. This is indicative of little or no significant fluvial transportation of phyllosilicate-rich, southern highland materials into the northern basins. But the Noachian phyllosilicate-rich terrains in the southern highlands are heavily dissected by ∼80,000 valley networks, revealing sustained surface runoff expected to be efficient at remobilizing sediments into the northern plains. The presence of widespread ice masses rimming cold glacial Noachian oceans is a plausible explanation for the lack of large-scale phyllosilicate minerals in the primeval basement of the lowlands of Mars.
Changes in circulating eosinophils in juvenile diabetics in response to epinephrine, ACTH and hypoglycemia.

THE alteration of carbohydrate metabolism in Cushing's syndrome and during ACTH (1) and cortisone (2) administration has led to the belief that, at least in some cases of diabetes mellitus, an elevated level of adrenal cortical function may be of etiologic significance. On the other hand, recent studies of the response of diabetics to stress (3) and determinations of urinary steroid excretion in diabetics (4, 5) have led some to the belief that perhaps there exists a degree of decreased adrenal cortical function. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that a variety of stress situations and the administration of ACTH and epinephrine all induce a pronounced fall in the level of circulating eosinophils, due presumably (except possibly for epinephrine) to stimulation of the adrenal cortex (6–11). This fact, together with the ease of counting eosinophils, has led to the introduction of the ACTH test (12) and the epinephrine test (13), both of which, within certain limits, are valuable tools for the estimation of...
How Much Did The Gulf Oil Spill Actually Cost British Petroleum Shareholders

On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon Drilling Platform, a British Petroleum (BP) licensed rig, exploded. Two days later the huge rig sank to thebottom of the Gulf of Mexico triggering the United States worst offshore oilspill. By April 26, investors and themarket began realizing that the costs associated with this catastrophic eventto BP could be significant and BP shares fell by over two percent. The next day BP reported its annual earningswhich showed a huge rise in profits, due in part to much higher oil prices forthe previous year and BPs common stock price increased. However, on May 6, 2010, analysts warned that the Gulf ofMexico oil spill disaster would likely cost BP over $23 billion dollars (15bn)and its shares can be expected to lag behind those of its competitors by 5% forthe lasting future. At the same time,Tony Hayward insisted the company would "bounce back" from thesetback though he could not give a timescale for when the flow of oil would behalted. This study investigated BPsstock returns using two models to determine if their stocks experiencedabnormal returns for the period April 20, 2010 through April 5, 2011. Results show that the most significant impact of the oilspill to the stock price was over the first 34 days of the event period. This study estimates a significant negativeimpact of 38% to 41% in share value for BP during this event period.
Elevated salt intake impairs dilation of rat skeletal muscle resistance arteries via ANG II suppression.

Vasodilator responses were assessed in resistance arteries (100–200 μm) isolated from the gracilis muscle of normotensive rats after changes in dietary salt intake. Sprague-Dawley rats were maintai...
Antipsychotic pharmacogenomics in first episode psychosis: a role for glutamate genes

Genetic factors may underlie beneficial and adverse responses to antipsychotic treatment. These relationships may be easier to identify among patients early in the course of disease who have limited exposure to antipsychotic drugs. We examined 86 first episode patients (schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder with psychotic features) who had minimal to no prior antipsychotic exposure in a 6-week pharmacogenomic study of antipsychotic treatment response. Response was measured by change in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score. Risperidone monotherapy was the primary antipsychotic treatment. Pharmacogenomic association studies were completed to (1) examine candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes known to be involved with glutamate signaling, and (2) conduct an exploratory genome-wide association study of symptom response to identify potential novel associations for future investigation. Two SNPs in GRM7 (rs2069062 and rs2014195) were significantly associated with antipsychotic response in candidate gene analysis, as were two SNPs in the human glutamate receptor delta 2 (GRID2) gene (rs9307122 and rs1875705) in genome-wide association analysis. Further examination of these findings with those from a separate risperidone-treated study sample demonstrated that top SNPs in both studies were overrepresented in glutamate genes and that there were similarities in neurodevelopmental gene categories associated with drug response from both study samples. These associations indicate a role for gene variants related to glutamate signaling and antipsychotic response with more broad association patterns indicating the potential importance of genes involved in neuronal development.
Neuropsychological Correlates of Hazard Perception in Older Adults.

Objectives: Hazard perception, the ability to identify and react to hazards while driving, is of growing importance in driving research, given its strong relationship to real word driving variables. Furthermore, although poor hazard perception is associated with novice drivers, recent research suggests that it declines with advanced age. In the present study, we examined the neuropsychological correlates of hazard perception in a healthy older adult sample. Methods: A total of 68 adults age 60 and older who showed no signs of dementia and were active drivers completed a battery of neuropsychological tests as well as a hazard perception task. Tests included the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading, Trail Making Test, Block Design, Useful Field of View, and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color Word Interference Test. Results: Hazard perception errors were related to visuospatial/constructional skills, processing speed, memory, and executive functioning skills, with a battery of tests across these domains accounting for 36.7% of the variance in hazard perception errors. Executive functioning, particularly Trail Making Test part B, emerged as a strong predictor of hazard perception ability. Conclusions: Consistent with prior work showing the relationship of neuropsychological performance to other measures of driving ability, neuropsychological performance was associated with hazard perception skill. Future studies should examine the relationship of neuropsychological changes in adults who are showing driving impairment and/or cognitive changes associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment or dementia. (JINS, 2015, 21, 332–340)
Children and Solitary Confinement: A Call to Action.

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics UN — : United Nations In 2011, the United Nations (UN) issued a report calling for the abolishment of solitary confinement for juveniles because it “can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.”1 Although there is no universal definition of solitary confinement, the report defines it as “the physical and social isolation of individuals who are confined to their cell for 22 to 24 hours a day.”1 Juvenile detention facilities often use similar practices, isolating children for many, but <22 hours.2 While isolated, “children are regularly deprived of the services, programming, and other tools they need for healthy growth, education, and development.”2 Despite the UN report, the United States continues to apply the use of juvenile solitary confinement and isolation. Disturbingly, no federal statutes limit or prevent application of these practices to juveniles, and the majority of states do not have laws that explicitly limit their use.2 Most commonly, these solitary confinement and isolation practices are left to the discretion of juvenile housing facilities that vary in type (detention, group, residential treatment centers) and staff/resident ratios. These facilities, whether public or private, generally operate outside the purview of public accountability. The extent to which solitary confinement and isolation of children is used in the United States is largely unknown, because correctional (juvenile and … Address correspondence to Mikah Owen, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine–Jacksonville, 841 Prudential Dr, Suite 1330, Jacksonville, FL 32207. E-mail: mikah.owen{at}jax.ufl.edu
COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS BY HUMAN FIBROBLAST STRAINS.

SummaryHuman diploid fibroblast strains derived from fetal lung, adult skin and keloids, produce collagen in vitro when allowed to grow to confluence and remain without transfer. This property may be retained throughout most of their culture life. Keloid fibroblasts produced the smallest quantities of collagen and had the lowest growth potential. All strains produced more collagen when ascorbic acid was added to the medium. Up to 3% of the total protein being made in the presence of ascorbic acid consisted of collagen. An appreciable fraction of the collagen failed to precipitate in the cell layer and escaped to the medium both in the presence and in the absence of added ascorbate.
On The Melting of Amorphous Ge and Si

The amorphous semiconducting phase (a-sc) of Si or Ge is so resistant to crystallization that rapid heating may bring it into a temperature regime in which it melts. Such melting might occur in one or the other of two ways, either homogeneously, by the reverse of the glass transition, to a viscous semi-conducting melt (l-sc) or by transition, probably by nucleation and growth, to the molten metallic state (lm). Using the self-diffusion constant of the crystalline elements in conjunction with the Stokes-Einstein equation, upper limiting values of the glass transition (a-sc→l-sc) temperatures of Si and Ge were calculated. These were of the order 0.6 to 0.65 Tcl for slow and 1.1 Tcl for ultra rapid heating, where Tcl is the equilibrium melting temperature of the crystal. Arguments are given that superheating to a temperature 1.15 to 1.25 Tal (a-sc↔lm in equilibrium at temperature T = Tal< Tcl) may be required for copious internal nucleation of im in a-sc. At lesser superheating the transition must be initiated at internal flaws (e.g. voids) or at the external surface of the a-sc film. Therefore the superheating at perceptible onset of the transition during rapid heating can vary widely from specimen to specimen, depending on the flaw concentration and how the external surface of a-sc was treated.
Polarization Anisotropy of Multiple Localized Plasmon Resonance Modes in Noble Metal Nanocrescents

Multiple localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes induced in gold and silver nanocrescents exhibit anisotropic behavior with respect to polarization of incident light. Extinction spectroscopy with polarization control was used to characterize the optical properties of asymmetric nanocrescents with diameters ranging from 100 to 500 nm. The analysis shows that selective induction of distinct dipole and quadrupole LSPR modes can be accomplished through polarization of incident light. Finite-difference time-domain calculations of the LSPR responses of the nanocrescent corroborate the polarization-dependent optical behavior. Simulations reveal optical near field enhancements with unique spatial patterns associated with the individual resonance modes depending on the polarization and wavelength of incident light. Quantitative analysis of the anisotropic LSPR behavior supports the potential for controlling the near field through selective induction of specific resonance modes with particular near field d...
The Change of Base Formula for Logarithms

(1986). The Change of Base Formula for Logarithms. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 413-413.
Comparison of Aphids Trapped on Vertical Sticky Board and Cylindrical Aphid Traps and Correlation with Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 Incidence

Sticky board aphid traps of 1290 cm2 and sticky cylindrical traps of 1225 cm2 were equally suitable for quantitative studies of aphid vectors of watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2). There were no differences between traps in total numbers of aphids or numbers of species caught or in numbers of Aphis spiraecola Patch, the main vector. At peak aphid migration, A. spiraecola comprised 81% of the catch on both traps. Correlations of trapped aphids with mosaic incidence the same week and one week later were both significant, but the correlation of trapped aphids with mosaic incidence 2 wk later was much better. Traps located south and east of a 7.3 ha watermelon field were closer to the area of highest mosaic incidence than north and west traps, but correlations of aphids trapped on boards or cylinders with mosaic incidence were highly significant regardless of trap location.
Biased normalized cuts for target detection in hyperspectral imagery

The Biased Normalized Cuts (BNC) algorithm is a useful technique for detecting targets or objects in RGB imagery. In this paper, we propose modifying BNC for the purpose of target detection in hyperspectral imagery. As opposed to other target detection algorithms that typically encode target information prior to dimensionality reduction, our proposed algorithm encodes target information after dimensionality reduction, enabling a user to detect different targets in interactive mode. To assess the proposed BNC algorithm, we utilize hyperspectral imagery (HSI) from the SHARE 2012 data campaign, and we explore the relationship between the number and the position of expert-provided target labels and the precision/recall of the remaining targets in the scene.
Data Flow of a Multiple Instrument On-Demand Processing Engine with Python and DPLKIT

The University of Wisconsin LIDAR Group’s High Spectral Resolution LIDAR on-demand data website and processing codebase uses Python to explore coding techniques which facilitate a flexible codebase that is reusable for various outputs, cooperative multi-instrument products, and retains stability and maintainability without hindering dynamic experimentation.
Output programmability and reduction of secondary intervention after pacemaker implantation

Six hundred one new or initial pacemaker implants between Jan. 1, 1972, and Dec. 31, 1979, consisted of 289 output-programmable pulse generators and 312 fixed-output generators. Standard leads were used in all instances. Of the 289 output-programmable pulse generators, 4.5% (13) required revision for failure to capture the heart in the postimplant period; of the 312 fixed-output units, 9.6% (30) required revision (p = 0.015). In 41 patients the early threshold was above standard output (5 V, 10 mamp, 0.5 msec), and in six of them approximately 6 months were required to return to stable threshold levels below standard output. In the remainder, threshold rose above standard output and was managed by increased output of the output-programmable pulse generators, either briefly or permanently. We conclude that output programmability allows reduction in secondary intervention after implantation and that threshold evolution may occupy a period as long as 6 months.
Endothelium-dependent relaxations to adenosine in juvenile rabbit pulmonary arteries and veins.

We studied the actions of adenosine and its analogues 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)-adenosine (NECA) and N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) in pulmonary vessels isolated from juvenile rabbits. Pulmonary arteri...
Regular families of kernels for nonlinear approximation

Abstract This article studies sufficient conditions on families of approximating kernels which provide N-term approximation errors from an associated nonlinear approximation space which match the best known orders of N-term wavelet expansion. These conditions provide a framework which encompasses some notable approximation kernels including splines, cardinal functions, and many radial basis functions such as the Gaussians and general multiquadrics. Examples of such kernels are given to justify the criteria. Additionally, the techniques involved allow for some new results on N-term Greedy interpolation of Sobolev functions via radial basis functions.
Mass peak profiling from selected-ion recording data as a tool for regulatory analyses

Identification of compounds in mixtures of environmental contaminants or synthetic products is essential for regulatory analyses. Exact masses of ions determined by high resolution mass spectrometry provide unique elemental compositions only for low-mass ions (<150 Da). Using mass peak profiling from selected-ion recording data (MPPSIRD) to acquire additional mass spectral data and a profile generation model (PGM) for automated interpretation of the data, provides elemental compositions for ions with m/z up to 600, based on incontestable properties of atoms, their exact masses, isotopic abundances, and valences. In this study, MPPSIRD and a PGM were used to identify intended and unintended products resulting from attempted syntheses of 2 thermolabile, nonionic, phosphorothioate compounds. The products were volatilized from a probe inserted into a VG70-250SE double-focusing mass spectrometer. High mass resolution substituted separation in the mass domain for the temporal separation of most components provided by chromatographic techniques. MPPSIRD and the PGM identified the correct composition for M + ○ by rejecting all other compositions that were possible within the error limits of the exact mass determinations for M + ○. MPPSIRD was used with 10 000-24 000 resolution to determine exact masses of ions prominent in mass spectra and to isolate signals from different ions with the same nominal mass. Superposition of volatilization peaks of ions and linked scans (constant magnetic field to electrostatic sector voltage ratio) correlated fragment ions with the molecular ion. The PGM determined the compositions of fragment ions, using the number of atoms of each element in the molecular ion as limits. Fragmentation schemes based on these ions and the tables of exact masses and relative abundances provided a preponderance of evidence for the product identities.
Chapter 33 – Cytokine Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISPOT) Assay

This chapter provides an overview of cytokine enzyme linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays. Versions of the ELISPOT assay have been used for nearly 20 years to detect antibody-secreting B cells and more recently cytokine-secreting lymphocytes. Several technical advances, including development of synthetic membranes and computer-assisted image analysis hardware and software, have improved the reliability and reproducibility of the assay and have facilitated data analysis. Cytokine ELISPOT analysis of T cell immunity has multiple advantages over many other approaches for accurately measuring the multiple relevant features of T cell immunity in animal models and in humans. This high-resolution assay has already proven to be invaluable in the research setting as an approach to delineating immune responses to infectious agents, tumor antigens, autoantigens, and transplant antigens. Similarly, ELISPOT assays are widely utilized in the investigation of a number of autoimmune diseases. Most of these studies are directed toward understanding the pathogenesis of disease and involve analysis of clonal size and cytokine-secretion profiles of autoantigen-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active autoimmune disease.
Introduction to Fluorescence Imaging of Live Cells: An Annotated Checklist

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces fluorescence imaging of live cells, defining its various features. An inverted microscope generally allows more flexibility and workspace for the culture and manipulation of live cells than an upright microscope. All lenses for fluorescence imaging should be checked upon delivery for the quality of point-spread function, using fluorescent beads as the sample. The system should include both a mercury arc lamp and a 100-W quartz-halogen lamp for epi-illumination, coupled through a selection mirror to the microscope. Contrary to common practice, the most suitable lamp for fluorescence imaging of live cells is often a 100-W quartz-halogen lamp. The mercury arc lamp should consist of a well shielded housing, power supply, and power supply cable to minimize the potentially damaging electromagnetic wave during ignition. Cooled CCD cameras are used in most fluorescent imaging applications. In choosing a camera, important parameters include quantum efficiency, noise level, pixel size and full-well capacity, and scanning frequency.
An Exploratory Evaluation of General Aviation Pilot Performance and Preferences Using Synthetic Vision Displays for Approaches and Missed Approaches in Flat and Challenging Terrain

Eight instrument-rated General Aviation pilots completed CAT I SA approaches to Oklahoma City (KOKC) and localizer approaches to Aspen (KASE), the latter with missed approaches. Approaches to KOKC ...
The IQGAP1 N-Terminus Forms Dimers, and the Dimer Interface Is Required for Binding F-Actin and Calcium-Bound Calmodulin.

IQGAP1 is a multidomain scaffold protein involved in many cellular processes. We have determined the crystal structure of an N-terminal fragment spanning residues 1–191 (CHDF hereafter) that contains the entire calponin homology domain. The structure of the CHDF is very similar to those of other type 3 calponin homology domains like those from calponin, Vav, and the yeast IQGAP1 ortholog Rng2. However, in the crystal, two CHDF molecules form a “head-to-head” or parallel dimer through mostly hydrophobic interactions. Binding experiments indicate that the CHDF binds to both F-actin and Ca2+/calmodulin, but binding is mutually exclusive. On the basis of the structure, two dimer interface substitutions were introduced. While CHDFL157D disrupts the dimer in gel filtration experiments, oxidized CHDFK161C stabilizes the dimer. These results imply that the CHDF forms the same dimer in solution that is seen in the crystal structure. The disulfide-stabilized dimer displays a reduced level of F-actin binding in sedi...
Tomographic reconstruction of an aerosol plume using passive multiangle observations from the MISR satellite instrument

We present initial results using computed tomography (CT) to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of an aerosol plume from passive observations made by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite. MISR views the Earth from nine different angles at four visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Adopting the 672 nm channel, we treat each view as an independent measure of aerosol optical thickness along the line of sight at 1.1 km resolution. A smoke plume over dark water is selected as it provides a more tractable lower boundary condition for the retrieval. A tomographic algorithm is used to reconstruct the horizontal and vertical aerosol extinction field for one along-track slice from the path of all camera rays passing through a regular grid. The results compare well with ground-based lidar observations from a nearby Micropulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) site.
Severe intellectual disability is not a contraindication to kidney transplantation in children

Renal transplantation in children with ID is controversial. Acceptability of these children as candidates varies between programs. Limited outcome data in pediatric renal TXP recipients with cognitive impairment diminish their access to TXP. A retrospective chart review was performed of all children who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and June 30, 2012 (N=72). Patients were divided into two groups, those with ID prior to transplantation (n=10) and those without (non-ID; n=62). Graft survival and BPAR episodes were compared between the two groups using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Graft survival rates at 3 years post-TXP were 100% in the ID group and 80% in the non-ID group (P=.13). Rates of BPAR at 3 years post-TXP were 10% in the ID group and 27% in the non-ID group (P=.29). Graft survival and acute rejection-free survival rates are similar between children with ID and those without. Based on midterm outcomes, there is no apparent contraindication to renal transplantation in pediatric patients with ID. Children with ID should be considered as TXP candidates provided that they have an adequate social support network.