cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse priority scanning and microscopy for high-resolution optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate methods for achieving high resolution imaging using alternate scanning techniques in optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy. These techniques enable high transverse resolutions and overcome depth of field limitations. Cellular level resolutions in human tissue may be achieved.
Three-nucleon low-energy constants from the consistency of interactions and currents in chiral effective field theory.

The chiral low-energy constants c{sub D} and c{sub E} are constrained by means of accurate ab initio calculations of the A=3 binding energies and, for the first time, of the triton {beta} decay. We demonstrate that these low-energy observables allow a robust determination of the two undetermined constants, a result of the surprising fact that the determination of c{sub D} depends weakly on the short-range correlations in the wave functions. These two- plus three-nucleon interactions, originating in chiral effective field theory and constrained by properties of the A=2 system and the present determination of c{sub D} and c{sub E}, are successful in predicting properties of the A=3 and 4 systems.
A case for a unified treatment of EFL and ESL: A multifactorial approach

This multifactorial corpus-based study focuses on dative alternation constructions (Mark gave his daughter a gift versus Mark gave a gift to his daughter) and contrasts 1,313 give occurrences in ditransitive and prepositional dative constructions across native, learner (EFL) and world (ESL) Englishes. Using cluster analysis and regression modeling, I analyze how grammatical contexts constrain syntactic choices in EFL and ESL and how speakers with different instructional backgrounds develop different variation patterns in their own English variety. The regression model reveals that the English variety factor accounts significantly for syntactic variation. In addition, the study identifies a prototypical prepositional dative construction in non-native English, which serves as a default construction for learners in more complex grammatical contexts. This study stresses the importance of reaching beyond structural linguistic differences by investigating processing (dis)similarities between EFL and ESL and shows the usefulness of a cognitive theoretical framework as a unified approach to cross-varietal variation.
The effects of ractopamine-hydrogen chloride (Optaflexx) on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing feedlot heifers.

Two experiments were conducted at the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Research Center to determine the effects of ractopamine-HCl (Optaflexx) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing feedlot heifers. In Exp. 1, heifers implanted with Revalor-H (n = 302, initial BW = 479 kg) were fed steam-flaked corn diets with 0 (control) or 200 mg of ractopamine-HCl (OPT) per heifer daily for 28 d before slaughter. Average daily gain and DMI were not different between treatments (P > 0.17); however, OPT cattle tended to have a greater G:F (P = 0.06). Treatments did not differ with respect to final BW, HCW, dressing percentage, USDA yield grade, USDA quality grade, marbling score, LM area, KPH, Warner-Bratzler shear force, weight loss during cooking, or L*, a*, or b* colorimetric values during a 7-d retail display or purge loss from loin steaks during retail display (P > 0.19). In Exp. 2, nonimplanted crossbred heifers (n = 281, BW = 451 +/- 2 kg) were fed finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn. A control diet (no ractopamine) was compared with diets providing 200 mg of OPT per heifer daily for periods of 28 or 42 d (200 x 28 and 200 x 42, respectively), 300 mg/d for 28 d (300 x 28), and a step-up regimen consisting of 14 d at 100 mg, followed by 14 d at 200 mg, and the final 14 d at 300 mg of OPT (step-up). Feeding OPT had no effect on carcass weight gain among treatments (P = 0.18). The efficiency of carcass gain was 34 and 35% greater (P = 0.06) for the 200 x 42 and step-up groups compared with control, respectively. Feeding OPT at 300 mg for 28 d reduced DMI compared with the control, 200 x 28, and 200 x 42 (P 0.10). Feeding ractopamine-HCl (Optaflexx) to finishing heifers generally improved the efficiency of carcass gain with minimal effect on carcass characteristics. These effects were most pronounced in heifers fed ractopamine for 42 d.
Particles and trace gases in the plume from a modern coal-fired power plant in the western United States and their effects on light extinction

The effects on light extinction of the particles and trace gases in the plume from a modern coalfired power plant located in Arizona have been investigated. The surface area and volume concentrations of the particles peaked at particle diameter of ~ 0.25, 0.55 and 1.11 μm. Concentrations of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and gaseous nitric acid ranged from 0.21 to 0.95, 0.22 to 16.6 and 0.97 to 5.5 μg m−3, respectively. Nitric acid accounted for 25–85 % of the nitrate in the plume. Gas-to-particle (g-to-p) conversion rates in the plume were generally too low to be detected, probably due to low ambient concentrations of the hydroxyl radical. Neither particulate sulfate nor nitrate peaked within the optically-critical size range within a travel time of ~ 4 h from the stack. The correlation coefficient between the light-scattering coefficient due to particles (bscat) and sulfate mass in the plume was appreciably lower (0.51) than that (0.66) between bscat and the total mass concentration of particles in the plume in excess of ambient. Scattering by particles and absorption by NO2 appeared to contribute about equally to light extinction by the plume. Optical depths of the plume, derived from airborne measurements, averaged 0.054 ± 0.036, compared with telephotometer measurements of 0.023 ± 0.035.
iBIOMES: managing and sharing biomolecular simulation data in a distributed environment.

Biomolecular simulations, which were once batch queue or compute limited, have now become data analysis and management limited. In this paper we introduce a new management system for large biomolec...
Management of Increased Intraocular Pressure After Cataract Extraction

We measured the change in intraocular pressure prospectively after extracapsular cataract extraction in 80 eyes after treatment with either pilocarpine gel, pilocarpine 4% solution, timolol 0.5% solution, or placebo. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, and anterior chamber cellular reaction were measured in a masked fashion on the first day after surgery. A significant increase in intraocular pressure was found in all groups postoperatively when compared with baseline values (P
Anisotropy of selected fission fragments for helium-ion-induced fission of Pb206 and Bi209

Abstract Fission fragments from 42 MeV helium-ion-induced fission of Pb206 and Bi209 were collected in thin aluminum catcher foils at centre-of-mass angles 90° and 165° to the beam direction. Several elements were chemically separated from the foils and purified by standard radiochemical procedures. The differential cross section ratios W(165°) W(90°) for ruthenium (Ru105), palladium (Pd109, 112), silver (Ag111, 112, 113), strontium (Sr91, 92), molybdenum (Mo99) and bromine (Br83) were measured. The average values of W(165°) W(90°) determined in these experiments by radiochemical techniques are 2.3 and 2.0 for Pb206 and Bi209, respectively, in excellent agreement with previous results obtained with solid state counters. Since second-chance fission (α, nf) is negligible for each of these targets, the magnitude of the fission fragment anisotropy for a particular mass split is a measure of the shape of its saddle configuration. Although the saddle shapes depend on the target nucleus, the different mass splits of a particular target appear to arise from a configuration with essentially a common shape. However, the anisotropy of Br83 from the fission of Bi209 was 10% less than that of other fragments. This result is consistent with an increase in the effective moment of inertia of a saddle configuration containing a fragment with a 50 N shell.
Stop rule and supremum expectations of i.i.d. random variables: a complete comparison by conjugate duality

Abstract A complete comparison is made between the value V ( X 1 ,…, X n ) = sup{ EX t : t is a stop rule for X 1 ,…, X n } and E (max j ≤ n X j ) for all uniformly bounded sequences of i.i.d. random variables X 1 , …, X n . Specifically, the set of ordered pairs {( x , y ): x = V ( X 1 , …, X n ) and y = E (max j ≤ n X j ) for some i.i.d.r.v.'s X 1 ,…, X n taking values in [0, 1]} is precisely the set {( x , y ): x ≤ y ≤ Γ n ( x ); 0 ≤ x ≤1}, where the upper boundary function Γ n is given in terms of recursively defined functions. The result yields families of inequalities for the “prophet” problem, relating the motal's value of a game V ( X 1 , …, X n ) to the prophet's value of the game E (max j ≤ n X j ). The proofs utilize conjugate duality theory, probabilistic convexity arguments, and functional equation analysis. Asymptotic analysis of the “prophet” regions and inequalities is also given.
The Effects of Message Framing and Source Credibility on Green Messages in Hotels

This study used an experimental approach to examine the influence of message framing and source credibility on potential hotel customers’ attitudes, behavioral intentions, attention, and environmentally friendly activities (EFAs) toward messages about protecting the environment. With 386 participants, this study employed a 2 × 2 between-subject design comparing a positive message frame, a negative message frame, a credible source, and a noncredible source. The results reveal that messages from a credible source that are positively framed led to the most positive attitudes toward the messages themselves, visit intention, and EFAs. Even without regard to source credibility, positively framed messages were more effective than those with a negative frame. The implication for hospitality practitioners is to maintain a positive frame for messages that encourage guests to participate in a hotel’s sustainability programs, and to add a credible source for additional message strength.
Simultaneous collection of gastric secretion and gastric mucosal biogenic amines and enzymes, and their comparison between pylorus-ligated and sham-operated rats

Gastric secretion and gastric mucosal biogenic amines and enzymes were measured in 2 hr pylorus-ligated (Shay) rats under basal conditions and following stimulation with ICI-50123 (100 μg/ml/kg/hr) or force feeding with Purina rat chow (5.0 ml/kg/hr). Results were compared with sham-operated rats. The biogenic amines and enzymes measured in the oxyntic gland area (OGA) and pyloric gland area (PGA) were histamine (Hm), serotonin (5-HT), histidine decarboxylase (HdD) (EC 4.1.1.22) and dopa decarboxylase (DD) (EC 4.1.1.26). Apart from gastric secretion where comparison was unjustifiable, there were no significant differences for any biogenic amine or enzyme between sham-operated and Shay rats in the basal state. OGA HdD activity was low in the 40 hr fasted Shay rat even although this preparation is usually considered to be vago-vagally stimulated. Ether anesthesia given either before or after ad libitum feeding had no effect on induced OGA HdD activity. OGA HdD was induced by ICI-50123 (synthetic gastrin-like pentapeptide, butyl oxycarbonyl-β-ala-try-met-asp-phe amide) and force feeding in both sham-operated and Shay rats, and in the sham-operated-group atropine partially prevented the induction caused by ICI-50123. ICI-50123 reduced OGA Hm in the sham-operated rat but not in the Shay preparation. Force feeding increased OGA Hm in both sham-operated and Shay rats, an effect possibly due to non-specific adsorption of the amine from food. Atropine did not alter OGA Hm in either sham-operated or Shay rats, but blocked ICI-50123-induced amine reduction in sham-operated animals. Atropine significantly depressed PGA Hm levels in both sham-operated and Shay rats, but the effect was not present when ICI-50123 and force feeding were given concomitantly with the alkaloid. OGA DD was not affected by either ICI-50123 or force feeding, but was significantly depressed by atropine in both sham-operated and Shay rats. OGA and PGA 5-HT expressed in μg/g or as total amine per tissue did not differ between sham-operated and Shay rats for any treatment. Acid and pepsin concentrations in sham-operated rats were similar to those obtained from chronic fistula rats; patterns of basal and stimulated gastric secretion in Shay rats were unremarkable.
Cultural evolutionary approaches to artifact variation over time and space: basis, progress, and prospects

It has becoming increasingly common for archaeologists to draw on evolutionary theory and methods to analyze artifactual variation over time and space. The term “evolution” and its traditionally biological connotations, however, can provide a source of confusion, which might cause hindrance to those trying to understand the growing array of case studies that utilize these methods. Given this, a brief review of the current theoretical basis for cultural evolutionary approaches is given, which largely draws on social transmission theory. Thereafter, recent advances in the field are discussed, which have involved both methodological developments and a flourishing of empirical examples of application. Finally, future directions are considered, which, as in any developing field, will probably involve further development of both its theoretical and empirical basis, and the interaction of the two. As David Clarke identified almost half a century ago, the great strength of the archaeological record is its power to reveal meaningful patterns of artifactual variation over temporal and spatial scales, especially in statistical terms. Cultural evolutionary approaches offer a set of theoretical and methodological tools to approach, discover, and scientifically analyze this potential wealth of information about past societies. Future developments will necessarily follow, but the place of this related body of theory and techniques within archaeology is now firmly established.
Effects of the lethal yellow (Ay) mutation in mouse aggregation chimeras

The Ay allele is a recessive lethal mutation at the mouse agouti locus, which results in embryonic death around the time of implantation. In the heterozygous state, Ay produces several dominant pleiotropic effects, including an increase in weight gain and body length, a susceptibility to hepatic, pulmonary and mammary tumors, and a suppression of the agouti phenotype, which results in a yellow coat color. To investigate the cellular action of Ay with regard to its effects upon embryonic viability and adult-onset obesity, we generated a series of aggregation chimeras using embryos that differ in their agouti locus genotype. Embryos derived from Ay/a × Ay/a matings were aggregated with those derived from A/A × A/A matings, and genotypic identification of the resultant chimeras was accomplished using a molecular probe at the Emv-15 locus that distinguishes among the three different alleles, Ay, A, and a. Among 50 chimeras, 25 analyzed as liveborns and 25 as 9.5 day embryos, 29 were a/a in equilibrium A/A and 21 were Ay/a in equilibrium A/A. The absence of Ay/Ay in equilibrium A/A chimeras demonstrates that Ay/Ay cells cannot be rescued in a chimeric environment, and the relative deficiency of Ay/a in equilibrium A/A chimeras suggests that, under certain conditions, Ay heterozygosity may partially affect cell viability or proliferation. In the 25 liveborn chimeras, Ay/a in equilibrium A/A animals became obese as adults and a/a in equilibrium A/A animals did not. There was no correlation between genotypic proportions and rate of weight gain, which shows that, with regard to its effects on weight gain, Ay heterozygosity is cell non-autonomous.
Formal Theory Versus Stakeholder Theory: New Insights From a Tobacco-Focused Prevention Program Evaluation

Health promotion and social betterment program interventions are based on either formal theory from academia or stakeholder theory from stakeholders' observations and experiences in working with clients. Over time, formal theory-based interventions have acquired high prestige, while stakeholder theory-based interventions have been held in low esteem. Here we examine the assumption that formal theory-based interventions are superior to stakeholder-based interventions in addressing community problems. The article elaborates on these ideas via a case study of a community-based, environmental tobacco smoke prevention program evaluation. The authors conclude that although both types of interventions had their strengths and limitations in the real world, the stakeholder theory-based intervention was more viable and effective than the formal theory-based intervention in this case due to implementation reasons. Findings are useful in understanding these two intervention types, in developing better strategies to a...
High-Resolution Topography-Following Chemical Mapping of Ocean Hypoxia by Use of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle: The Santa Monica Basin Example

AbstractThis paper reports on the execution of a combined chemical sensing/high-resolution terrain-following autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) survey to explore the fine structure and functional boundaries of the Santa Monica Basin suboxic zone and its relationship to topography. An AUV mapping vehicle is used in a novel configuration—combining the mapping vehicle tail section, with precision inertial navigation and acoustic communications systems, with CTD/O2, NO3 sensing, and Gulper water sampling systems. The challenge was to perform a long-distance near-bottom physical/chemical survey in deep water without any intermediate surfacing to disrupt the survey or require the vehicle to surface in areas of heavy ship traffic. Some 210 km of AUV cruise track at ≈10 m above bottom were accomplished during a 3-day survey. The dissolved oxygen concentration [O2] data are combined with temperature T, salinity S, and hydrostatic pressure P to produce maps of oxygen partial pressure pO2 that help define the limit...
Cross-sectional evidence for the job-matching model

Using the PSID and 2SLS estimation, this paper provides cross-sectional empirical evidence for the job-matching model. The empirical model which specifies wages as a function of expected tenure (rather than merely current tenure) more accurately describes the observed data.
Dual role of sumoylation in the nuclear localization and transcriptional activation of NFAT1.

The nuclear import of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factors is critical for regulating NFAT activity. Here we demonstrate that the sumoylation of NFAT1 defines a novel mechanism of the nuclear anchorage and transcriptional activation downstream from the known mechanism of calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation and nuclear import. We show that Lys684 and Lys897 of NFAT1 can be sumoylated. The sumoylation at Lys684 is required for NFAT1 transcriptional activity and subsequent sumoylation of Lys897, whereas the sumoylation of Lys897 is only required for nuclear anchorage. Because Lys897 of NFAT1 is not conserved among other members of the NFAT family, we propose that sumoylation of Lys897 may provide a mechanism for NFAT1 isotype-specific regulation of nuclear anchorage and transcriptional activation. Furthermore, we found that treatment with both ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ensured efficient nuclear anchorage with the recruitment of NFAT1 into the SUMO-1 bodies, whereas treatment with ionomycin alone induced nuclear translocation of NFAT1 but not recruitment into the SUMO-1 bodies. Our results suggest that the recruitment of NFAT1 into SUMO-1 bodies may be required for the progressive transcriptional activity of NFAT1 upon co-stimulation with ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, whereas anergic transcription stimulated by ionomycin alone may occur without recruitment into the SUMO-1 bodies.
The Administrative Costs of Congressional Earmarking: The Case of the Office of Naval Research

Discussions about congressional earmarking often focus on their direct costs in the federal government's appropriations bills. This article shows that this conventional view neglects the administrative costs of earmarking by examining the extensive transaction and opportunity costs that come with the political, budgetary, and programmatic management of these earmarked projects in Congress and in the Office of Naval Research. One policy conclusion from this study is that the executive branch should make these costs transparent, as they remain largely hidden from public discussion and the consideration of the federal budget.
Reversal of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by Drug Treatment of Hypertension

In our special study group of 195 patients, there were 68 patients who had not been treated for hypertension, who had not had evidence of heart failure, and who had echocardiograms at baseline and after five years in the study. In general, the patients at baseline had a significant increase in mean left ventricular mass, frequently in association with evidence of a decrease in left ventricular function. The decrease in left ventricular function appeared to be more marked in patients with a greater increase in left ventricular mass. After five years of treatment, there was significant decrease in mean left ventricular mass together with an improvement in mean left ventricular function at rest.27-� In general, regression of hypertrophy and improvement in left ventricular function at rest was more marked in patients with the better blood pressure control. Half of the patients in this study were treated by individualized stepped care therapy, starting with a diuretic, followed by reserpine as the second step, and hydralazine as the third step. Methyldopa was an alternate to reserpine. The other half of the patients in the HDFP were treated by their physicians on variable regimens. Very few patients were treated with beta blockers, and no patient was treated with calcium channel blockers or converting enzyme inhibitors. In the patients in whom we documented regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, no instance of left ventricular failure was detected that was believed to be related to the regression of the hypertrophy. These apparently beneficial effects of therapy of essential hypertension upon left ventricular anatomy and function in human subjects have been confirmed by echocardiography by numerous investigators.30� Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in human subjects and in animal models has also been shown to
Computer Planning and Intraoperative Navigation in Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Preoperative computer design and stereolithographic modeling combined with intraoperative navigation provide a useful guide for and possibly more accurate reconstruction of a variety of complex cranio-maxillofacial deformities. Although probably not necessary for routine use, the author's early experience confirms that of other surgeons with more than a decade of experience: computer-assisted surgery is indicated for complex posttraumatic or postablative reconstruction of the orbits, cranium, maxilla, and mandible; total temporomandibular joint replacement; orthognathic surgery; and complex dental/craniofacial implantology. Further study is needed to provide outcomes data and cost-benefit analyses for each of these indications.
Reductions for the stable set problem

One approach to finding a maximum stable set (MSS) in a graph isto try to reduce the size of the problem by transforming the problem into an equivalent problem on a sma ller graph. This paper introduces several new reductions for the MSS problem, extends several well-known reductionsto the maximum weight stable set (MWSS) problem, demonstrates how reductions for the generalized stable setproblem can be used in conjunction with probing to produce powerful new reductions for both the MSS and MWSS problems, a nd shows how hypergraphs can be used to expand the capabilities of clique projections. The effectivenessof these new reduction techniques are illustrated on the DIM ACS benchmark graphs, planar graphs, and a set of challenging MS S problems arising from Steiner Triple Systems.
Social Morphology of Pareto's Economic Elite

An a priori model of economic elites-as defined by Pareto-is developed using sociological assumptions from Rousseau and Marx. The model supplies statistical expectations for the probability of an economic elite and the relative size of economic elites. The results of this model have several important implications for the substantive theory of economic inequality.
ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATIONS NEAR A CRACK TIP IN A COMPRESSIBLE NONLINEAR ELASTIC MATERIAL

Abstract Finite plane strain deformations of a compressible nonlinear elastic body made of a Blatz-Ko material and containing an elliptical void are studied. The void is assumed to be either in the interior of the infinite body or at an edge. In the latter case, two different loadings, namely tensile tractions applied on sides parallel to the major axis of the ellipsoid, and equal and opposite normal tractions applied on the vertical side coincident with the minor axis of the ellipsoid, are considered. In the former case, the body is loaded by tensile tractions applied on the far away surfaces that are parallel to the major axis of the ellipsoid. In each case, it is found that stresses and principal stretches at the void tip stay bounded, and the stress concentration factor depends upon the tractions applied at the far away surfaces.
Satellite observations of Mexico City pollution outflow from the Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer (TES)

Concurrent tropospheric O3 and CO vertical profiles from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) during the MILAGRO/INTEX-B aircraft campaigns over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and its surrounding regions were used to examine Mexico City pollution outflow on a regional scale. The pollution outflow from the MCMA occurred predominantly at 600–800 hPa as evident in O3, CO, and NOx enhancements in the in situ aircraft observations. TES O3 and CO are sensitive to the MCMA pollution outflow due to their relatively high sensitivities at 600–800 hPa. We examined O3, CO, and their correlation at 600–800 hPa from TES retrievals, aircraft measurements, and GEOS-Chem model results. TES captures much of the spatial and day-to-day variability of O3 seen in the in situ data. TES CO, however, shows much less spatial and day-to-day variability compared with the in situ observations. The DO3/DCO slope is significantly higher in the TES data (0.43) than the in situ data (0.28) due partly to the lack of variability in TES CO. Extraordinarily high DO3/DCO slope (0.81) from TES observations at 618 hPa over the Eastern U.S. was previously reported by Zhang et al. [Zhang, L., Jacob, D.J., Bowman, K.W., et al., 2006. Ozone–CO correlations determined by the TES satellite instrument in continental outflow regions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L18804. 10.1029/2006GL026399.]. Thus the application of TES CO–O3 correlation to map continental pollution outflow needs further examination. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Estimating Effective Degrees of Freedom in Motor Systems

Studies of the degrees of freedom and "synergies" in musculoskeletal systems rely critically on algorithms to estimate the "dimension" of kinematic or neural data. Linear algorithms such as principal component analysis (PCA) are the most popular. However, many biological data (or realistic experimental data) may be better represented by nonlinear sets than linear subspaces. We evaluate the performance of PCA and compare it to two nonlinear algorithms [Isomap and our novel pointwise dimension estimation (PD-E)] using synthetic and motion capture data from a robotic arm with known kinematic dimensions, as well as motion capture data from human hands. We find that PCA can lead to more accurate dimension estimates when considering additional properties of the PCA residuals, instead of the dominant method of using a threshold of variance captured. In contrast to the single integer dimension estimates of PCA and Isomap, PD-E provides a distribution and range of estimates of fractal dimension that identify the heterogeneous geometric structure in the experimental data. A strength of the PD-E method is that it associates a distribution of dimensions to the data. Since there is no a priori reason to assume that the sets of interest have a single dimension, these distributions incorporate more information than a single summary statistic. Our preliminary findings suggest that fewer than ten DOFs are involved in some hand motion tasks. Contrary to common opinion regarding fractal dimension methods, PD-E yielded reasonable results with reasonable amounts of data. Given the complex nature of experimental and biological data, we conclude that it is necessary and feasible to complement PCA with methods that take into consideration the nonlinear properties of biological systems for a more robust estimation of their DOFs.
Raman Scattering of amorphous selenium films

Abstract First order Raman scattering measurements are presented for thin film evaporated a-Se. High temperature films yield polarized and depolarized spectra that are very similar to those of bulk a-Se. Low temperature in situ studied films indicate increased disorder and a considerable reduction in the intensity of the ring attributed 112 cm−1 peak. The Raman spectra of higher temperature films are consistent with a small number of rings and ordered chains that arise from constraints on the dihedral angle. Films deposited at low temperature suggest a reduction in chain order and ring population as might arise from a weakening of constraints on the dihedral angle.
A simple solar radiation model for computing direct and diffuse spectral fluxes

Abstract A solar spectral model that describes the solar radiation flux on a clear day at any given location was developed and tested. The model computes spectral fluxes of global, global photon, direct and diffuse solar radiation incident at the surface. Input parameters describe location and atmospheric characteristics. Location is described by latitude, altitude, slope orientation and surface albedo. Atmospheric characteristics described are turbidity, precipitable water vapor and total ozone content. The model was constructed using a one-layer homogeneous atmosphere with refinements, which are: 1. (1) Use of climatological data to predict the total ozone content, if it is not known. 2. (2) A more advanced treatment of infrared solar radiation (0.8–4.5 μm) absorption. 3. (3) A more complex scheme for predicting diffuse radiation. 4. (4) The capability of handling a spectral albedo. 5. (5) Inclusion of albedo dependence on zenith angle. Input parameters are minimized and several simplifying features are incorporated for ease of handling variables not routinely measured. Turbidity and total ozone content are treated as climatological estimates if specific location measurements are not available. Precipitable water vapor can be predicted using surface vapor pressure, since the sounding network is not dense. These features allow researchers outside the field of solar radiation to use the model. Because complete measurements with needed location and atmospheric characteristics could not be found, the validity of the model was tested by comparing it with a more complex, multilayered atmosphere model by Dave et al. [3]. Calculated fluxes of total direct, diffuse, and global radiation from the model presented were 11.5, 20.1 and 13.2 per cent lower, respectively, when they were adjusted for differences in extra-terrestrial solar radiation fluxes. Direct spectral fluxes closely agreed in spectral composition, with slight exception in the 0.8–0.95 μm region. Diffuse spectral flluxes were slightly higher in the UV region lower in the rest of the spectrum than were those in the multilayered atmosphere model. A sensitivity analysis of the model was also conducted: the most influential inputs were found to be latitude, slope orientation and turbidity, and the least influential was total ozone content. The hourly integrated values for the model compared very well with measured values for clear days at Davis. Discrepancies between predicted and measured values were due to lack of local turbidity coefficients.
Evaluation of the performance of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay.

Abstract Background Worldwide, many countries test for HIV infection using combination assays that simultaneously detect p24 antigen and HIV antibodies. One such assay, the ARCHITECT® HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay (ARCHITECT), has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States. Objective To evaluate the performance of ARCHITECT on well-characterized specimens from four CDC-funded studies. Study design We evaluated 3386 HIV-infected, 7551 HIV-uninfected, and 58 acute HIV infection (AHI) specimens. HIV-infected specimens were repeatedly reactive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot (WB) or positive by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). HIV-uninfected specimens were EIA- and NAAT-negative. AHI specimens were seronegative or indeterminate (using antibody-based EIAs, rapid tests or WB) and NAAT-positive. All specimens were de-identified and sent to Abbott Diagnostics for testing with ARCHITECT. ARCHITECT test results were compared to original study characterizations and were used to assess overall sensitivity and specificity and also sensitivity for AHI. ARCHITECT false-positive specimens with sufficient quantity were retested. Results Based on results from the initial ARCHITECT test, sensitivity was 99.94% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 99.79, 99.99) and specificity was 98.78% (95% CI: 98.51–99.01). Repeat testing resulted in corrected specificity of 99.50% (95% CI: 99.31, 99.64). Also, 48 AHI specimens (83%) were detected by this screening assay. Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of the ARCHITECT combination assay are very high and most AHIs were detected by the assay. Use of Ag/Ab combination assays may improve the number of AHIs identified relative to existing FDA-approved HIV-antibody only based serologic assays, particularly in high incidence populations.
Non-accidental injury

The recognition of child abuse as an evil, as opposed to a parental right, is relatively modern. The first clear medical description of the abuse of children was in 1860 when Ambroise Tardieu described the soft tissue, skeletal and intracranial injuries suffered by 32 Parisian children (Tardieu 1860; Labbe 2005). In 1946, Caffey described the association between subdural haematoma and long bone fractures and stated that the injuries “were either not observed or were denied when observed” (Caffey 1946). Further recognition of the condition followed and in 1961 when Kempe et al. (1962) coined the powerful term ‘the battered child’ for a multidisciplinary meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Within 5 years, every US state had passed a child abuse reporting law
Invasion and Intracellular Survival of Burkholderia cepacia

Burkholderia cepacia has emerged as an important pulmonary pathogen in immunocompromised patients and in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Little is known about the virulence factors and pathogenesis of B. cepacia, although the persistent and sometimes invasive infections caused by B. cepacia suggest that the organism possesses mechanisms for both cellular invasion and evasion of the host immune response. In this study, cultured human cells were used to analyze the invasion and intracellular survival of B. cepacia J2315, a highly transmissible clinical isolate responsible for morbidity and mortality in CF patients. Quantitative invasion and intracellular growth assays demonstrated that B. cepacia J2315 was able to enter, survive, and replicate intracellularly in U937-derived macrophages and A549 pulmonary epithelial cells. Transmission electron microscopy of infected macrophages confirmed the presence of intracellular B. cepacia and showed that intracellular bacteria were contained within membrane-bound vacuoles. An environmental isolate of B. cepacia, strain J2540, was also examined for its ability to invade and survive intracellularly in cultured human cells. J2540 entered cultured macrophages with an invasion frequency similar to that of the clinical strain, but it was less invasive than the clinical strain in epithelial cells. In marked contrast to the clinical strain, the environmental isolate was unable to survive or replicate intracellularly in either cultured macrophages or epithelial cells. Invasion and intracellular survival may play important roles in the ability of virulent strains of B. cepacia to evade the host immune response and cause persistent infections in CF patients.
WattValet: Heterogenous Energy Storage Management in Data Centers for Improved Power Capping

This paper presents WattValet, an efficient solution to reduce data center peak power consumption by using heterogeneous energy storage. We henceforth call an energy storage device, a battery, with the understanding that the discussion applies to other devices as well such as pumped hydraulic and thermal systems. Previous work on energy storage management in data centers often ignores or underestimates their degree of heterogeneity. Even if batteries used in a data center are of the same model and purchased at the same time, differences in storing temperature and humidity, as well as discharging cycles and depth, gradually drive their characteristics apart. We show that differences in battery characteristics, such as discharge rates, if not fully accounted for, can lead to significantly suboptimal power caps. A new algorithm, called WattValet, is described that reduces peak power consumption by efficiently exploiting heterogeneity. Evaluation using Wikipedia traces shows that the power cap generated by WattValet is within 2% of the optimal solution, whereas WattValet finishes the computation orders of magnitude faster than the optimal solution even in small-scale experiments.
The Chicago ring-billed gull damage management project

The population of ring'billed gulls in the upper Midwest has increased exponentially in recent decades leading to a va riety of conflicts including property damage, negative economic impacts, threats to human safety, and potential threats to human health. Some studies have suggested a link between gull fecal droppings and elevated Escherichia coli levels, which result in swim advisories and bans on public beaches. The objectives of the Chicago ring'billed gull damage management project were to reduce the local production of ring'billed gulls, to evaluate the affects limiting gull production has on gull use of beaches, and to reduce the severity of conflicts with gulls including the issuance of swim advisories and swim bans. Between 2007 and 2009, we applied corn oil to 52 ' 80% of nests in 2 large gull colonies in Chicago and successfully reduced hatching success and subsequent fledging of 18,000 ' 42,000 gulls per year without causing colony abandonment. Fewer hatch year gulls were observed in 2009 on Chicago's beaches compared to 2007. The reduction in the number of gulls using Chicago beaches has contributed to a reduction in conflicts with gulls, including a decrease in the frequency of swim advisories/bans on Chicago's beaches in comparison to 2006.
Introduction: MARC Cataloging for Medieval Manuscripts

The four articles published in this issue were originally delivered as seminar papers at the Thirty-First ACRL Rare Books and Manuscripts Preconference, held in Minneapolis, June 19–22, 1990. Since the preconference topic was “The Next Decade: Issues, Strategies, and Opportunities for Special Collections in the 1990s,” the subject of computerized cataloging—and in particular MARC format cataloging—for medieval manuscripts seemed a timely one. It was also timely in that these topics have been much discussed among medievalists in recent years, and the Minneapolis preconference—which included a field trip to the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library—offered itself as . . .
Euclidean Model Checking: A Scalable Method for Verifying Quantitative Properties in Probabilistic Systems

We typically represent the global state of a concurrent system as the crossproduct of individual states of its components. This leads to an explosion of potential global states: consider a concurrent system with a thousand actors, each of which may be in one of 5 states. This leads to a possible 51000 global states. Obviously, it is not feasible to exhaustively search the state space in such systems. In fact, actors often have an even larger number of states (than say 5), although these states may be abstracted to fewer states.
Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development: The Access to Knowledge Approach

Public discourse on IP often fails to ask the fundamental question: What is the purpose of intellectual property? The premise of this work is that intellectual property law exists to promote innovation and human development. First and foremost, IP policy must be judged by how well it advances - or frustrates - these goals. This introduction to the volume Access to Knowledge in Brazil: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development offers an introduction to this approach to evaluating IP law.
Fusion of edge-less and edge-based approaches for horizon line detection

Horizon line detection requires finding a boundary which segments an image into sky and non-sky regions. It has many applications including visual geo-localization and geo-tagging, robot navigation/localization, and ship detection and port security. Recently, two machine learning based approaches have been proposed for horizon line detection: one relying on edge classification and the other relying on pixel classification. In the edge-based approach, a classifier is used to refine the edge map by removing non-horizon edges. The refined edge map is then used to form a multi-stage graph where dynamic programming is applied to extract the horizon line. In the edge-less approach, classification is used to obtain a confidence of horizon-ness at each pixel location. The horizon line is then extracted by applying dynamic programming on the resultant dense classification map rather than on the edge map. Both approaches have shown to outperform the classical approach where dynamic programming is applied on the non-refined edge map. In this paper, we provide a comparison between the edge-less and edge-based approaches using two challenging data sets. Moreover, we propose fusing the information about the horizon-ness and edge-ness of each pixel. Our experimental results illustrate that the proposed fusion approach outperforms both the edge-based and edge-less approaches.
The Ductility of Stoichiometric and Ni-Rich Polycrystals of Ni3Al: The Effect of Strain Rate

Polycrystals of stoichiometric Ni3Ai are brittle in air at room temperature, at least at strain rates from 10-4 s-1 to 7 s-1. This is indicative of intrinsic brittle behavior. Nickel-rich (Ni24A1) polycrystals, on the other hand, undergo a brittle-to-ductile transition upon raising the strain rate to above about 10-2 s-1. It is argued that the transition reflects the suppression of environmental embrittlement, not of the intermetallic per se but of a Ni-rich solid solution that decorates the grain boundaries of the off-stoichiometric alloy.
Mass Dynamics of U.S. Presidential Competitions, 1928–1936

This analysis investigates the mass dynamics of competitive electoral politics with respect to the presidential vote during the 1928–36 realigning period for the United States. A formal system of three interdependent differential equations is employed to characterize the dynamic processes of the aggregate voter shifts between the Republican, Democratic, and nonvoter populations. The modeling strategy is used to locate substantial variations in the mass dynamics between large subgroups in the electorate as well as to identify both national and socially interactive components to the patterns of voter movements. The results show that the overall realignment period was quite complex. Vote switching from the Republican party to the Democratic party was the dominant characteristic of the 1932 election, whereas additional Democratic gains in 1936 came mostly from new voters.
Analysis on dynamic characteristics of the inlet during the transition of a solid rocket ramjet

According to the opening sequence of air inlet port cover and entrance closure, two opening methods were studied by numerical simulation. Dynamic characteristics, start time and pressure peak in the inlet were acquired. Results show the method of air inlet port cover opened first and entrance closure opened later has the advantage of shorter start time and lower pressure peak, which is of benefit to the transition of the solid rocket ramjet. Furthermore the results are valuable for the transition sequence selectness and inlet structure design.
Metering Automatic System Adapted to Distributed Power Generation

As an important part of smart grid,the metering automatic system( MAS) should be improved to meet the access of distributed power generation. The definition and overall framework of MAS,and the operation status of MAS in Guangzhou power grid were introduced. Based on the business demand of Guangzhou power supply bureau Co.,Ltd.,the overall function deployment program for new MAS was designed. Then the data acquisition,line loss rate and online / offline time statistics of the distributed power sources that connected to power grid were studied,so as to propose some suggestions for the development direction of MAS in Guangzhou power grid.
The Effect of Mode of Delivery on Infants between 24 to 30 Weeks

Abstract Study methods: three hundred and fifty-seven very low birth weight (VLBW)normal live infants between 24 to 30 weeks were delivered at the University of New Mexico over a six-year period (1988–1994) Birth weight ranged between 500 and 1,800 gm. Two hundred and ten delivered vaginally and 147 by Caesarean section. Sixty-eight normal infants with a birth weight range between 600 and 1,300 gm were delivered as breech, 22 delivered vaginally, while 46 were delivered by Caesarean section. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis and P The survival improved from 35 percent at 24 to 25 weeks to over 90 percent at 30 weeks. In the vaginal breech group 59 percent survived (13/22), while in the Caesarean breech the survival rate was 67 percent (31/46) P=0.56. Conclusion: our data do substantiate vaginal delivery for very low birth weight infants presented as vertex. In the small breech, below 30 weeks, there was a trend toward better survival in the Caesarean group, but this trend did not reach statistical significance. Type 2 statistical error is possible in view of the small number.
The Good Behavior Game with Students in Alternative Educational Environments: Interactions between Reinforcement Criteria and Scoring Accuracy.

The good behavior game (GBG) is a class-wide contingency management strategy that involves rewarding teams who engage in low levels of disruptive behavior. The GBG has been found to be effective with neuro-typical individuals from preschool to high school. In Study 1, teachers and experimenters implemented the GBG on alternating days in an alternative educational environment. Descriptive data were collected on method of selecting the maximum point criteria, scoring accuracy, and GBG efficacy. Both versions of the GBG reduced the frequency of target disruptive responses relative to baseline, despite differences in the selection of the maximum point criteria and scoring accuracy across teacher- and experimenter-implemented versions. In Study 2, only teachers implemented the GBG and reinforcement criteria were made more stringent to compensate for low levels of scoring accuracy. The teacher-implemented GBG reduced the total frequency of target responses exhibited by students in two classrooms, despite low scoring accuracy.