cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NASA and Public Private Partnerships

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC [Management] #Management over the space sight centers, research centers, and other installations that constitute NASA ! " " Ames Research Center, California [Research] #Research geared towards creating new knowledge and new technologies that span the spectrum of NASA interests ! " " Dryden Flight Research Center, California [Research] #Lead for sight research !! Glenn Research Center, Ohio [Research] #Develops and transfers critical technologies for aeronautics, aerospace, and space applications !! Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland [Mission] #Expand knowledge on the Earth and its environment, the solar system, and the universe through space observations !! Jet Propulsion Laboratory [Mission] #Managed by the California Institute of Technology is lead center for robotic exploration of the Solar System. !
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR ARCHITECTURE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes fundamentals of solar architecture. As all energies accessible on earth directly or indirectly originate from the sun, and buildings are rooted to specific geographical locations, it follows that the only successful application of solar energy in buildings will be the most desirable, economic blend of energies readily available to the building's site and function. Solar engineering employs mechanical equipment to achieve both low- and high-performance goals for many human uses, one of which is to provide energy in buildings. When used, solar engineering equipment can be sized to satisfy the energy needs of the building. It is the place of solar architecture to reduce these energy needs to a minimum—to zero if possible. The building itself is the solar machine. There are four classifications each with a different approach toward problem solving: (1) passive vernacular solar buildings, (2) dynamic energy responsive architecture, (3) hybrid solar architecture, and (4) solar mechanically equipped buildings. The chapter discusses the first three classifications.
Ecological Values amid Local Interests: Natural Resource Conservation, Social Differentiation, and Human Survival in Honduras*

Author(s): Gareau, Brian J. | Abstract: Local peoples living in protected areas often have a different understanding about their natural space than do non-local groups that promote and declare such areas ‘‘protected.’’ By designing pro- tected areas without local involvement, or understandings of local social differentiation and power, natural resources management schemes will likely be unsuccessful. Protected area Cerro Guanacaure in southern Honduras has been subject to many development projects, most of which have failed, and the local inhabitants observe that degradation of natural resources continues. However, this case study shows that this does not mean locals view natural resources simply in an individualistic, utilitarian way. They also see their surroundings in an ecological way, and a sociocultural way. This assessment is based upon in-depth interviews with local leaders and 208 fixed format interviews of park inhabitants in Cerro Guanacaure.
Compositional Design of Multitolerant Repetitive Byzantine Agreement

We illustrate in this paper a compositional and stepwise method for designing programs that offer a potentially unique tolerance to each of their fault-classes. More specifically, our illustration is a design of a repetitive agreement program that offers two tolerances: (a) it masks the effects of Byzantine failures and (b) it is stabilizing in the presence of transient and Byzantine failures.
Quality Assurance "Down Under": Market Access and Product Differentiation

Australia and New Zealand are major beef producing countries and major beef exporters. Unlike the case in the United States, where less than 10 percent of beef is exported, approximately 60 percent of Australia's and 85 percent of New Zealand's beef production is exported. Because of their dependency on a diverse set of export customers, these two countries are developing quality assurance programs that differentiate their beef in the global market and assure individual customers that the product is safe and meets customer needs. The Australian government and beef industry have invested in innovative identification, grading, and quality assurance systems that can be used by processors, producers, and supply chains. New Zealand relies upon individual processors to develop and implement quality assurance programs with their producers and suppliers. Using these innovations, supply chains have been able to distance themselves from the commodity market.
Analytica – An Experiment in Combining Theorem Proving and Symbolic Computation

Analytica is an automatic theorem prover for theorems in elementary analysis. The prover is written in the Mathematica language and runs in the Mathematica environment. The goal of the project is to use a powerful symbolic computation system to prove theorems that are beyond the scope of previous automatic theorem provers. The theorem prover is also able to deduce the correctness of certain simplification steps that would otherwise not be performed. We describe the structure of Analytica and explain the main techniques that it uses to construct proofs. Analytica has been able to prove several nontrivial theorems. In this paper, we show how it can prove a series of lemmas that lead to the Bernstein approximation theorem.
Target production for inertial fusion energy

Inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plants will require the ignition and burn of five to ten fusion fuel targets every second. The technology to economically mass produce high-quality precision targets at this rate is beyond the current state of the art. Techniques that are scalable to high production rates, however, have been identified for all the necessary process steps, and many have been tested in laboratory experiments or are similar to current commercial manufacturing processes. A baseline target factory conceptual design is described, and its capital and operating costs are estimated. The result is a total production cost of {approx}16 cents/target. At this level, target production represents {approx}6% of the estimated cost of electricity from a 1-GW(electric) IFE power plant. Cost scaling relationships are presented and used to show the variation in target cost with production rate and plant power levels. 23 refs., 7 figs., 9 tabs.
ACTS Experiments Program

An overview of the ACTS Experiments Program is presented. ACTS is being developed and will flight test the advanced technologies associated with: a Ka-band multibeam antenna, onboard signal processing and switching as well as laser communications. A nominal 3 yr experiments program is planned. Through the experiments program, the capabilities of the ACTS system will be made available to U.S. industry, university and government experimenters to test, prove the feasibility and evaluate the key ACTS system technologies. Communication modes of operation using the baseband processor and microwave switch matrix are presented, along with the antenna coverage pattern. Potential experiment categories are also presented and briefly discussed. An overall schedule of activities associated with the experiments program is outlined. Results of the ACTS Experiments Program will provide information vital to successful industry implementation of ACTS technology in a future operational system.
Yield impact of irrigation management transfer : story from the Philippines

Irrigation management transfer is an important strategy among donors and governments to strengthen farmer control over water and irrigation infrastructure. This study seeks to understand whether irrigation management transfer is meeting the promise of its commitments. The authors use data from a survey of 68 irrigator associations and 1,020 farm households in the Philippines to estimate the impact of irrigation management transfer on irrigation association performance and on rice yields. They also estimate a stochastic frontier production function to assess contributions to technical efficiency. There are three main results. First, the presence of irrigation management transfer is associated with an increase in maintenance activities undertaken by irrigation associations. Second, by increasing local control over water delivery, the presence of irrigation management transfer is associated with a 2-6 percent increase in farm yields. Rice production in irrigation management transfer areas is greater even after controlling for various differences among rice farmers in transfer and non-transfer areas. Third, irrigation management transfer is, at a minimum, poverty-neutral, and may even give the asset-poor a small boost in terms of rice yields. The authors speculate that this boost may be a result of increased timeliness of water delivery and better resolution of conflicts related to illegal use.
Partial Quantifier Elimination

We consider the problem of Partial Quantifier Elimination (PQE). Given formula ∃ X[F(X,Y) ∧ G(X,Y)], where F, G are in conjunctive normal form, the PQE problem is to find a formula F *(Y) such that F * ∧ ∃ X[G] ≡ ∃ X[F ∧ G]. We solve the PQE problem by generating and adding to F clauses over the free variables that make the clauses of F with quantified variables redundant in ∃ X[F ∧ G]. The traditional Quantifier Elimination problem (QE) can be viewed as a degenerate case of PQE where G is empty so all clauses of the input formula with quantified variables need to be made redundant. The importance of PQE is threefold. First, in non-degenerate cases, PQE can be solved more efficiently than QE. Second, many problems are more naturally formulated in terms of PQE rather than QE. Third, an efficient PQE-algorithm will enable new methods of model checking and SAT-solving. We describe a PQE algorithm based on the machinery of dependency sequents and give experimental results showing the promise of PQE.
The dawn of the E-lance economy

In October of 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old computer-science student at the University of Helsinki, made available on the Internet a kernel of a computer operating system he had written. Called Linux, it was a rudimentary version of the ubiquitous UNIX operating system, which for more than a decade had been a mainstay of corporate and academic computing. Torvalds encouraged other programmers to download his software — for free — and use it, test it, and modify it as they saw fit. A few took him up on the offer. They fixed bugs, tinkered with the original code, and added new features, and they too posted their work on the Internet.
CEO Centrality and Meeting or Beating Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts

Abstract: Using a sample of S&P 500 firms over the period 2000–2005, we examine whether CEO centrality – the relative power of the CEO within the top executive team – is associated with a higher probability of meeting or barely beating financial analysts’ earnings forecasts. We argue that CEOs with relatively high centrality are able to manipulate earnings in order to meet or just beat analysts’ forecasts. Specifically, our results show that there is a positive association between CEO centrality and the likelihood of meeting or just barely beating analysts’ forecasts. This finding holds after controlling for previously identified determinants proxying for managerial incentives, and earnings-related and forecast-related attributes. Additional tests show that CEO centrality is related to managing reported earnings upwards so that earnings targets can be met. Interestingly, our results show that as an explanatory variable, CEO centrality outperforms other proxies for CEO power used in prior studies. Collectively, our results suggest that a concentration of power in the top management team with the CEO can result in undesirable financial reporting behavior.
Mandatory Retirement Saving and Capital Formation

In this paper we examine the macroeconomic implications of mandatory retirement saving programmes in a life cycle framework. Such programmes include both social security and private pensions. First, we provide an interpretation and attempt a synthesis of recent research results. Then we present a computer simulation model and the results of alternative simulation experiments. The model applies only to dynamic steady states. We find important economic effects resulting from changes in the funding of mandatory retirement programmes, in benefit levels, and in sources of tax revenues.
Rules Without...: Some Critical Reflections on the Federal Corporate Sentencing Guidelines

On November 1, 1991, following an extended gestation period marred by controversy, the United States Sentencing Commission’s corporate sentencing guidelines finally became effective. As of January 1993, when this Article was in preparation, there were no significant judicial interpretations of the federal corporate Sentencing Guidelines (the “Sentencing Guidelines” or the “Guidelines”) from the courts, and no empirical data were available from the Commission on the actual operation of the Guidelines. Therefore, at this point we have only the corporate sentencing rules themselves, the tortured history of their development, and predictions about their ultimate impact. When more information becomes available on the Sentencing Guidelines in practice, we will be able to assess their effects more accurately. Let us hope that the future findings on the impact of the corporate Sentencing Guidelines are unexpectedly favorable for the health of our economy and our polity, because the current outlook is bleak. On their face, and based upon what we know of the thinking that animated their provisions, the corporate Sentencing Guidelines are a disaster for sentencing policy, and another blow to the American economy.
Has agricultural trade liberalization improved welfare in the least-developed countries? Yes

The author evaluates the progress in agricultural liberalization -and the welfare effects for least-developed and net food-importing countries- as a result of agricultural price shocks resulting from the Uruguay Round. She finds that: (1) The changes in welfare are significantly affected by the structure of trade and distortions in the domestic economy. (2) Although many economies are hurt by increases in world prices, losses in terms of trade are small relative to total GDP. Only in a few countries does the estimated welfare change constitute more than 1 percent of GDP. (3) In several countries, the distortion effects are significantly larger than the terms-of-trade effects. In some cases, the distortion effects work in opposition to the terms-of-trade effects and are large enough to reverse the sign of the net welfare change. In short, removing policy distortions could convert the small loss in terms of trade to potential gains. But many least-developed, net food-importing countries did not use the Round to support domestic efforts at trade reform. As most studies show, most gains from multilateral liberalization come from the countries' own liberalization efforts, so countries that failed to liberalize their trade policy lost the opportunity for gains.
Short-Run Demand Relationships in the U.S. Fats and Oils Complex

Fats and oils play a prominent role in U.S. dietary patterns. Recent concerns over the negative health consequences associated with fats and oils have led many to suspect structural change in demand conditions. Our analysis considers short run (monthly) demand relationships for edible fats and oils. In that monthly quantities of fats and oils are likely to be relatively fixed, an inverse almost ideal demand system specification is used. A smooth transition function is used to model a switching inverse almost ideal demand system that assesses short-run demand conditions for edible fats and oils in the United States. The results suggest that short-run demand conditions for fats and oils experienced a gradual structural shift that began in the late 1980s or early 1990s and persisted into the mid-1990s. Although this shift generally made price flexibilities more elastic, differences in scale flexibilities across regimes were modest in most cases. The results suggest that decreases in marginal valuations for most fats and oils in response to consumption increases are rather small. Scale flexibilities are relatively close to –1, suggesting near homothetic preferences for fats and oils.
Electronic transport in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

In this paper, we study about the electronic transport in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Intrinsic properties like electron mobility, band structure and interconnections of semiconducting carbon nanotubes are compared with other semiconductors.
Which Workers Gain from Computer Use

Workers who use computers earn more than those who do not. Is this a productivity effect or merely selection? Using the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey, we control for selection and find a wage premium of 3.8% for the average worker upon adopting a computer. This premium, however, obscures important differences in returns to computer adoption across education and occupation groups. We find that long-run returns to computer use are over 5% for most workers. Differences between short-run and long-run returns may suggest that workers share training costs through sacrificed wages.
Light paves the way to single-molecule detection and photocontrol, foundations of super-resolution microscopy

More than 25 years ago, low temperature experiments aimed at establishing the ultimate limits to optical storage in solids led to the first optical detection and spectroscopy of a single molecule in the condensed phase. At this unexplored ultimate limit, many surprises occurred where single molecules showed both spontaneous changes (blinking) and light-driven control of emission, properties that were also observed in 1997 at room temperature with single green fluorescent protein variants. These observations form foundations for super-resolution microscopy beyond the diffraction limit with single molecules, and tracking of single molecules in cells continues to yield surprises.
Genus $n$ Banach spaces

We show that the classification problem for genus n Banach spaces can be reduced to the unconditionally primary case and that the critical case there is n=2. It is further shown that a genus n Banach space is unconditionally primary if and only if it contains a complemented subspace of genus (n-1). We begin the process of classifying the genus 2 spaces by showing they have a strong decomposition property.
Rank Based Inference

The use of ranks has a long history stretching back to 1945 with the seminal work of Wilcoxon. Early nonparametric rank tests were developed for the basic one- and two-sample designs and then extended to the one- and two-way layouts. These tests are popular because of their nonparametric property along with their good efficiency and robust properties. In this entry, we describe and illustrate how to extend rank-based methods to the general linear model including regression, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance. We also describe a coefficient of determination that is useful when assessing the fit of a model to the data. Keywords: rank test; R-estimates; linear model; regression; analysis of variance; analysis of covariance
Dynamic temporal interpretation contexts for temporal abstraction

Temporal abstraction is the task of abstracting higherdlevel concepts from timedstamped data in a contextdsensitive manner. We have developed and implemented a formal knowledgedbased framework for decomposing and solving that task that supports acquisition, maintenance, reuse, and sharing of temporaldabstraction knowledge. We present the logical model underlying the representation and runtime formation of interpretation contexts. Interpretation contexts are relevant for abstraction of timedoriented data and are induced by input data, concluded abstractions, external events, goals of the temporaldabstraction process, and certain combinations of interpretation contexts. Knowledge about interpretation contexts is represented as a context ontology and as a dynamic induction relation over interpretation contexts and other proposition types. Induced interpretation contexts are either basic, composite, generalized, or nonconvex. We provide two examples of applying our model using an implemented systems one in the domain of clinical medicine (monitoring of diabetes patients) and one in the domain of traffic engineering (evaluation of trafficdcontrol actions). We discuss several distinct advantages to the explicit separation of interpretationdcontext propositions from the propositions inducing them and from the abstractions created within them.
Self-organized criticality in 4He with a heat current.

In the presence of a small heat current and appropriate boundary conditions, [sup 4]He will reach the superfluid critical point without fine tuning the temperature. This provides a physical example of self-organized criticality via the mechanism of singular diffusion proposed by Carlson [ital et] [ital al]. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2547 (1990)].
Gradient estimates and the fundamental solution for higher-order elliptic systems with rough coefficients

This paper considers the theory of higher-order divergence-form elliptic differential equations. In particular, we provide new generalizations of several well-known tools from the theory of second-order equations. These tools are the Caccioppoli inequality, Meyers’s reverse Holder inequality for gradients, and the fundamental solution. Our construction of the fundamental solution may also be of interest in the theory of second-order operators, as we impose no regularity assumptions on our elliptic operator beyond ellipticity and boundedness of coefficients.
From compositional to systematic semantics

We prove a theorem stating that any semantics can be encoded as a compositional semanties, which means that, essentially, the standard definition of compositionality is formally vacuous. We then show that when compositional semantics is required to be “systematic” (that is, the meaning function cannot be arbitrary, but must belong to some class), it is possible to distinguish between compositional and noncompositional semantics. As a result, we believe that the paper clarifies the concept of compositionality and opens the possibility of making systematic formal comparisons of different systems of grammar.
Cultivation of malaria parasites.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques to cultivate malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum . It also emphasizes on the cultivation of erythrocytic stages of species other than P.falciparum and in vitro development of preerythrocytic and sporogonic stages of malaria parasites. The culture medium is Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640, originally developed for human white blood cells supplemented with 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer and with hypoxanthine. Human erythrocytes are the host cell of choice. In nature, P. fulciparum is restricted to humans. Human erythrocytes have a longer in vivo lifetime than those of other susceptible primates and in most places are easier to obtain in quantity. The chapter discusses cloning method. The method permits the isolation and microscopic examination of a single infected cell with a single parasite without the use of a micromanipulator.
Subgame perfect cooperation in an extensive game

Abstract We propose a new solution concept for games in extensive form that incorporates both cooperation and subgame perfection. From its definition and properties, the new solution concept, named the subgame-perfect core, is a refinement of the core of an extensive game in the same sense as the set of subgame-perfect Nash equilibria is a refinement of the set of Nash equilibria. To further characterize the subgame-perfect core, we show that each subgame-perfect core payoff vector can be implemented as a non-cooperative solution, as it is a subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium payoff vector of an extensive form game that is closely related to the original game. We also motivate and introduce a related concept of subgame-perfect strong Nash equilibrium of an extensive game that is coalition proof.
Gap cycling for SWIFT

Purpose SWIFT (SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transformation) is a non-Cartesian MRI method with unique features and capabilities. In SWIFT, radiofrequency (RF) excitation and reception are performed nearly simultaneously, by rapidly switching between transmit and receive during a frequency-swept RF pulse. Because both the transmitted pulse and data acquisition are simultaneously amplitude-modulated in SWIFT (in contrast to continuous RF excitation and uninterrupted data acquisition in more familiar MRI sequences), crosstalk between different frequency bands occurs in the data. This crosstalk leads to a “bulls-eye” artifact in SWIFT images. We present a method to cancel this interband crosstalk by cycling the pulse and receive gap positions relative to the un-gapped pulse shape. We call this strategy “gap cycling.” Theory and Methods We carry out theoretical analysis, simulation and experiments to characterize the signal chain, resulting artifacts, and their elimination for SWIFT. Results Theoretical analysis reveals the mechanism for gap-cycling's effectiveness in canceling interband crosstalk in the received data. We show phantom and in vivo results demonstrating bulls-eye artifact free images. Conclusion Gap cycling is an effective method to remove bulls-eye artifact resulting from interband crosstalk in SWIFT data. Magn Reson Med 73:677–682, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low-threshold transversely excited NdP(5)O(14) laser.

The threshold and efficiency of a transversely excited, cw NdP5O14 laser have been measured with 0.58-μm excitation from a dye laser and 0.8-μm excitation from a semiconductor laser. After fitting our data for the threshold as a function of wavelength near 0.58 μm, we have applied the calculations to the 0.80-μm Nd3+ absorption band. With transverse excitation from high-radiance LED’s or laser diodes, thresholds are calculated to be 4–8.5 mW at 0.80 μm, depending on pump bandwidth. Using an AlxGa1−xAs double-hetero-structure laser diode pump, we have obtained quasi-cw lasing in NdP5O14, with thresholds ~7 mW and optical power conversion efficiency ~7%.
Modeling the marginal value of rainforest losses : a dynamic value function approach

A rainforest can be modeled as a dynamic asset subject to various risks, including risk of fire. Any small part of the forest can be in one of two states: either untouched by forest fire, or already damaged by fire, in which case there is both a local forest loss and increased dryness over a broader area. In this paper, two Bellman equations are constructed, one for unharmed forest and a second for already burnt forest. The analysis solves the two equations for the total expected asset values in each of the two states, assuming that asset returns have a constant growth rate over time. The equations are used for deriving the marginal value of standing (unburnt) rainforest, equivalent to the expected discounted value loss when losing a small additional forest patch. The paper shows that marginal forest value is increased by the additional dryness and forest fire risk that follow from forest fragmentation when additional forest is lost locally. Both forest fires and dryness here serve as “multipliers” to the basic services return loss, within and outside the forest. The paper also presents a framework for calibrating the impact of the forest fire risk component on forest value.
Quantum Computation with Linear Optics

We present a constructive method to translate small quantum circuits into their optical analogues, using linear components of present-day quantum optics technology only. These optical circuits perform precisely the computation that the quantum circuits are designed for, and can thus be used to test the performance of quantum algorithms. The method relies on the representation of several quantum bits by a single photon, and on the implementation of universal quantum gates using simple optical components (beam splitters, phase shifters, etc.). The optical implementation of Brassard et al.'s teleportation circuit, a non-trivial 3-bit quantum computation, is presented as an illustration.
Medical management of common urinary calculi

Nephrolithiasis is a common condition affecting nearly 5 percent of U.S. men and women during their lifetimes. Recurrent calculi can be prevented in most patients by the use of a simplified evaluation, reasonable dietary and fluid recommendations, and directed pharmacologic intervention. Serum studies and 24-hour urine collections are the mainstays of metabolic investigation and usually are warranted in patients with recurrent calculi. Although some stones are the result of inherited conditions, most result from a complex interaction between diet, fluid habits, and genetic predisposition. Calcium-sparing diuretics such as thiazides often are used to treat hypercalciuria. Citrate medications increase levels of this naturally occurring stone inhibitor. Allopurinol can be helpful in patients with hyperuricosuria, and urease inhibitors can help break the cycle of infectious calculi. Aggressive fluid intake and moderated intake of salt, calcium, and meat are recommended for most patients. South African Family Practice Vol. 49 (3) 2007: pp. 44
Evader interdiction and collateral damage

In network interdiction problems, evaders (e.g., hostile agents or data packets) may be moving through a network towards targets and we wish to choose locations for sensors in order to intercept the evaders before they reach their destinations. The evaders might follow deterministic routes or Markov chains, or they may be reactive, i.e., able to change their routes in order to avoid sensors placed to detect them. The challenge in such problems is to choose sensor locations economically, balancing security gains with costs, including the inconvenience sensors inflict upon innocent travelers. We study the objectives of 1) maximizing the number of evaders captured when limited by a budget on sensing cost and 2) capturing all evaders as cheaply as possible. We give optimal sensor placement algorithms for several classes of special graphs and hardness and approximation results for general graphs, including for deterministic or Markov chain-based and reactive or oblivious evaders. In a similar-sounding but fundamentally different problem setting posed by [7] where both evaders and innocent travelers are reactive, we again give optimal algorithms for special cases and hardness and approximation results on general graphs.
Maintaining Temporal Views over Non-Temporal Information Sources for Data Warehousing

An important use of data warehousing is to provide temporal views over the history of source data that may itself be non-temporal. While recent work in view maintenance is applicable to data warehousing, only non-temporal views have been considered. In this paper, we introduce a framework for maintaining temporal views over non-temporal information sources in a data warehousing environment. We describe an architecture for the temporal data warehouse that automatically maintains temporal views over non-temporal source relations, and allows users to ask temporal queries using these views. Because of the dimension of time, a materialized temporal view may need to be updated not only when source relations change, but also as time advances. We present incremental techniques to maintain temporal views for both cases.
FOXM1 is a downstream target of LPA and YAP oncogenic signaling pathways in high grade serous ovarian cancer

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a prototypical ligand for G protein coupled receptors, and Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1), a transcription factor that regulates expression of a wide array of genes involved in cancer initiation and progression, are two important oncogenic signaling molecules in human epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). We conducted in vitro mechanistic studies using pharmacological inhibitors, genetic forms of the signaling molecules, and RNAi-mediated gene knock-down to uncover the molecular mechanisms of how these two molecules interact in EOC cells. Additionally, in vivo mouse studies were performed to confirm the functional involvement of FOXM1 in EOC tumor formation and progression. We show for the first time that LPA up-regulates expression of active FOXM1 splice variants in a time- and dose-dependent manner in the human EOC cell lines OVCA433, CAOV3, and OVCAR5. Gi-PI3K-AKT and G12/13-Rho-YAP signaling pathways were both involved in the LPA receptor (LPA1-3) mediated up-regulation of FOXM1 at the transcriptional level. In addition, down-regulation of FOXM1 in CAOV3 xenografts significantly reduced tumor and ascites formation, metastasis, and expression of FOXM1 target genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, or invasion. Collectively, our data link the oncolipid LPA, the oncogene YAP, and the central regulator of cell proliferation/mutagenesis FOXM1 in EOC cells. Moreover, these results provide further support for the importance of these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in EOC.
How Students Navigate the Construction of Heritage Narratives.

AbstractUsing a multiple case study design, I examine how public high school students (n = 17) make sense of narratives about defining events with which they have specific heritage connections. Focusing on 3 groups of students (Hmong, Chinese, and Jewish) studying 3 heritage events (respectively, the Vietnam War, Modern China, and the Holocaust), this article addresses the following research question: How do students in public schools construct narratives of those events with which they have a heritage connection? Findings indicate that students appreciate, benefit, and learn from the inclusion of heritage histories in their high school classrooms; they can engage in complex historical thinking about subjects that may hold heavy emotional weight; and emotion can facilitate student engagement with heritage histories. Importantly, including these histories in the official knowledge of the classroom legitimated the stories and demonstrated to the students that their own and their families’ pasts are an impor...
Price discrimination through communication

We study a seller’s optimal mechanism for maximizing revenue when a buyer may present evidence relevant to her value. We show that a condition very close to transparency of buyer segments is necessary and sufficient for the optimal mechanism to be deterministic—hence, akin to classic third degree price discrimination—independently of nonevidence characteristics. We also find another sufficient condition depending on both evidence and valuations, whose content is that evidence is hierarchical. When these conditions are violated, the optimal mechanism contains a mixture of second and third degree price discrimination, where the former is implemented via sale of lotteries. We interpret such randomization in terms of the probability of negotiation breakdown in a bargaining protocol whose sequential equilibrium implements the optimal mechanism.
Free Response Data Scoring

Computers offer the potential to extend assessment by delivering complex interactive item formats that require examinees to respond in ways that more closely approximate the ‘real world’ criterion behaviors of interest. However, for this expansion of assessment to be practically useful, it is necessary for the computer to both deliver and score the assessments. During the last two decades, these procedures have been the focus of considerable effort by numerous researchers. This entry describes the state of the art for computerized scoring of complex item formats. It begins with a presentation of the types of procedures currently in use. The entry then discusses the strengths and weaknesses of differing approaches, focusing on conceptual distinctions between approaches. The discussion concludes with comments about the future of automated scoring. Keywords: automated scoring; computerized scoring; essay scoring
Bijections on m -level rook placements

Suppose the rows of a board are partitioned into sets of m rows called levels. An m -level rook placement is a subset of the board where no two squares are in the same column or the same level. We construct explicit bijections to prove three theorems about such placements. We start with two bijections between Ferrers boards having the same number of m -level rook placements. The first generalizes a map by Foata and Schutzenberger and our proof applies to any Ferrers board. This bijection also preserves the m -inversion number statistic of an m -level rook placement, defined by Briggs and Remmel. The second generalizes work of Loehr and Remmel. This construction only works for a special class of Ferrers boards, but it yields a formula for calculating the rook numbers of these boards in terms of elementary symmetric functions. Finally we generalize another result of Loehr and Remmel giving a bijection between boards with the same hit numbers. The second and third bijections involve the Involution Principle of Garsia and Milne.
Digital sound reconstruction using arrays of CMOS-MEMS microspeakers

We report on the development of a direct digital method for producing sound using an array of CMOS-MEMS microspeakers. In a previous article we described the theory behind digital sound reconstruction, characterized the acoustic response of a single CMOS-MEMS membrane, and showed experimental results involving a 3-bit (7 speaker) array composed of individual microspeaker chips. In this work, we report on the design, fabrication, and operation of an 8-bit (255 speaker) array integrated on a single chip. With this new device, we have been able to further study sound reconstruction and understand the sources of harmonic distortion and waveform quality that are essential to creating a complete digital sound system.
Deposit insurance and banking reform in Russia

The objective of this paper is not to review the pros and cons of deposit insurance systems, but to focus, rather narrowly, on the recent adoption of a deposit insurance system (DIS) in Russia, the rationale offered, and the potential impact it might have on the stability and development of the Russian banking system. An attempt is made to draw some lessons from the implementation experience in Russia. The paper starts with a brief description of the Russian DIS, followed by an overview of the banking system's structure and some observations on the sequencing followed for adopting the DIS and the political economy of its adoption. It concludes with a discussion of areas requiring attention.
Accelerating poverty reduction in a less poor world : the roles of growth and inequality

This paper re-examines the roles of changes in income and inequality in poverty reduction. The study provides estimates of the relative effects of inequality reduction versus growth promotion in reducing poverty for countries with different levels of initial poverty. The analysis uses country panel-data for 1980-2010. The results indicate that, as countries become less poor, inequality-reducing policies are likely to become relatively more effective for poverty reduction than growth-promoting policies. The results indicate that the growth elasticity of poverty reduction either increases or remains constant with the level of initial poverty. Nevertheless, the results also strongly indicate that, as poverty declines, the inequality elasticity of poverty reduction increases faster. Therefore, if the marginal cost of reducing inequality relative to the marginal cost of increasing growth does not increase with lower poverty levels, to accelerate poverty reduction, greater emphasis should be given to equity rather than growth as countries attain higher levels of development.
The pulsar B2224+65 and its jets: a two epoch X-ray analysis

We present an X-ray morphological and spectroscopic study of the pulsar B2224+65 and its apparent jet-like X-ray features based on two epoch Chandra observations. The main X-ray feature, which shows a large directional offset from the ram-pressure confined pulsar wind nebula (Guitar Nebula), is broader in apparent width and shows evidence for spectral hardening (at 95 percent confidence) in the second epoch compared to the first. Furthermore, the sharp leading edge of the feature is found to have a proper motion consistent with that of the pulsar (� 180 mas yr −1 ). The combined data set also provides evidence for the presence of a counter feature, albeit substantially fainter and shorter than the main one. Additional spectral trends along the major and minor axes of the feature are only marginally detected in the two epoch data, including softening counter to the direction of proper motion. Possible explanations for the X-ray features include diffuse energetic particles being confined by an organized ambient magnetic field as well as a simple ballistic jet interpretation; however, the former may have difficulty in explaining observed spectral trends between epochs and along the feature’s major axis whereas the latter may struggle to elucidate its linearity. Given the low counting statistics available in the two epoch observations, it remains difficult to determine a physical production scenario for these enigmatic X-ray emitting features with any certainty. Subject headings:
Using transient waveform recorders to measure and store beam parameters

Transient waveform digitizers are used to measure the tunes in the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) damping rings. Since the beam injection and extraction from these rings occurs at a high rate (120 Hz) and because of the stringent extracted beam stability requirements, simpler asynchronous resonant excitation spectrum analyzer measurements are not possible. The beam position monitor signals are processed, digitized, and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied to find the tunes. The coherent beam motion at injection, even though it damps quickly, is large enough to provide a strong tune signal. Recently, this technique has also been applied to several longitudinal signals. The results from these monitors are recorded at six-minute intervals in the SLC control system history buffers. This paper will describe the hardware setup and the software used to process the data, and will present some of the results. >
The relative proportions of water group ions in Saturn's inner magnetosphere: A preliminary study

We present a technique to gather ion composition information in the form of relative abundances of the water group ion species in Saturn's inner magnetosphere, utilizing the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer's Straight-Through Time-of-Flight data from two orbits in 2011. We show that between 4.75 and 8 Saturn radii H2O+ ions dominate the water group species, and from 8 to 10 Saturn radii it is OH+ ions that dominate. Our results show that the relative proportion of H3O+ falls fastest with increasing distance, while the proportion of H2O+ decreases slowly. However, O+ and OH+ increase with distance, and O+ is the least dominant ion species out to eight Saturn radii outside of which it is comparable to H3O+. The relative abundance of H2O+ found here matches theoretical work based on Herschel telescopic data very well. These results are compared with other published work, and further improvements to the technique are discussed.
α-Hydroxyboronate Esters: Formation and Synthetic Applications

The synthesis of α-oxyboronate esters by the copper-catalyzed diboration of carbonyls provides a facile method to access these versatile intermediates. The evolution of diboration conditions and approaches to allow the isolation of products derived from α-hydroxyboronate esters is discussed. Both experimental and computational evidence for the mechanism of the copper-catalyzed diboration reaction distinguishes the potential pathways of the key migratory insertion of the carbonyl into the copper–boron bond. α-Hydroxyboronate esters and their derivatives have been used in a number of synthetic transformations, including homologation, coupling, and elimination reactions.
Increasing Fundraising Success by Decreasing Donor Choice

Suggested contributions, membership categories, and discrete, incremental thank you gifts are devices often used by benevolent associations that provide public goods. Such devices focus donations at discrete levels, thereby effectively limiting the donors' freedom to give. We study the effects on overall donations of the trade-off between rigid schemes that severely restrict the choices of contribution on the one hand, and flexible membership contracts on the other, taking into account the strategic response of contributors whose values for the public good are private information. We show flexibility dominates when (i) the dispersion of donors' taste for the public good increases, (ii) the number of potential donors increases, and (iii) there is greater funding by an external authority. Our theoretical results are consistent with three basic patterns we discover in the membership schemes of National Public Radio stations: stations offer a larger number of suggested contribution levels—a proxy for flexibility—as (i) the incomes of the population served become more diverse, (ii) the population of the coverage area increases, and (iii) there is greater external support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
Segmentation and Automated Social Hierarchy Detection through Email Network Analysis

We present our work on automatically extracting social hierarchies from electronic communication data. Data mining based on user behavior can be leveraged to analyze and catalog patterns of communications between entities to rank relationships. The advantage is that the analysis can be done in an automatic fashion and can adopt itself to organizational changes over time. We illustrate the algorithms over real world data using the Enron corporation's email archive. The results show great promise when compared to the corporations work chart and judicial proceeding analyzing the major players.
SUB-LOGARITHMIC ALGORITHMS FOR THE LARGEST EMPTY RECTANGLE PROBLEM

We show that the Largest Empty Rectangle problem can be solved by reducing it, in a natural way, to the All Nearest Smaller Values problem. We provide two classes of algorithms: the first one assumes that the input points are available sorted by x (resp. y) coordinate. Our algorithm corresponding to this case runs in O(log log n) time using processors in the Common-CRCW-PRAM model. For unsorted input, we present algorithms that run in time using processors in the Common-CRCW-PRAM, or in O(log n) time using processors in the EREW-PRAM model. No sub-logarithmic time parallel algorithms have been previously reported for this problem.
A scheme for parameterizing ice cloud water content in general circulation models

The optical properties of ice clouds are a primary issue for climate and climate change. Evaluating these optical properties in three-dimensional models for studying climate will require a method to calculate the ice water content of such clouds. A procedure is developed to parameterize ice water content as a function of large-scale meteorological characteristics for use in circulation models in which the ice water content is not calculated by means of a three-dimensional prognostic equation for condensed water. The technique identifies large-scale flows in which ice clouds exist and calculates their ice water content by reconstructing the trajectory associated with cloud formation. As the cloud forms, its ice content changes both by deposition of ice from water vapor and by ice removal by sedimentation. The sedimentation process is found to modify significantly the ice water content expected from deposition alone. Ice water contents predicted by the parameterization are compared with aircraft observations collected in the middle latitudes and the tropics, and show reasonable agreement over four orders-of-magnitude of ice water content. A parameterization for the sublimation of ice crystals settling into ice-subsaturated environments is also presented.