cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of a prospective phase 2 clinical trial of induction gemcitabine/capecitabine followed by stereotactic ablative radiation therapy in borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Purpose Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy's (SABR's) great conformity and short duration has become an attractive treatment modality. We report a phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by SABR in patient with borderline resectable (BR) and locally advanced (LA) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods and materials Patients with biopsy-proven BR or LA PDAC were treated with four 21-day cycles of intravenous gemcitabine and oral capecitabine. Patients were restaged within 4 weeks after ICT by computed tomography and treated by 3-fraction SABR if no metastasis or progressive disease was identified. Patients were restaged 4 weeks following SABR to determine resectability. Tumor response was assessed with carbohydrate antigen 19-9. Results Thirty-five patients (19 BR/16 LA) were enrolled. The median age was 71.8 years (range, 50.6-81.1). ICT was completed in 91.4% (n = 32) of patients. All patients who completed ICT completed SABR. Of those 32 patients, 34.3% (n = 12: 10 BR, 2 LA) underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and 11 of 12 (91.7%) received R0 resection. Median overall survival was 18.8, 28.3, and 14.3 months for the entire cohort, BR, and LA, respectively. The 2-year local progression-free survival (LPFS) was 44.9%, 40%, and 52% for the entire cohort, BR, and LA, respectively. For BR patients, multivariate analysis showed surgery was associated with better overall survival and LPFS. One-year LPFS for patients with surgery was 80% and 44% without surgery. Within the 15.4-month follow-up, no grade 3+ toxicity from SABR was observed. No significant quality of life change was observed before and after ICT, SABR, or surgery for BR or LA patients. Conclusions This is the first prospective phase 2 study to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a 12-week gemcitabine/capecitabine ICT followed by SABR for BR or LA PDAC. The results suggest excellent tolerability, high R0 resection rates, and acceptable posttreatment complications.
Automatic building of Java projects in software repositories: a study on feasibility and challenges

Despite the advancement in software build tools such as Maven and Gradle, human involvement is still often required in software building. To enable large-scale advanced program analysis and data mining of software artifacts, software engineering researchers need to have a large corpus of built software, so automatic software building becomes essential to improve research productivity. In this paper, we present a feasibility study on automatic software building. Particularly, we first put state-of-the-art build automation tools (Ant, Maven and Gradle) to the test by automatically executing their respective default build commands on top 200 Java projects from GitHub. Next, we focus on the 86 projects that failed this initial automated build attempt, manually examining and determining correct build sequences to build each of these projects. We present a detailed build failure taxonomy from these build results and show that at least 57% build failures can be automatically resolved.
The evolution into personalized therapies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: challenges and opportunities.

Introduction: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer related mortality in the United States in 2030, with a 5-year overall survival of less th...
The International Investment Regime Since the 1980s: A Transnational 'Hands-Tying' Regime for International Investment

The papers in this collection address an important question about the institutions that govern trade and investment internationally: What explains the variance in their existence, scope and content? Most of the papers in this collection focus on international trade agreements, and represent a tremendous investment coding a increasingly detailed set of provisions from a proliferating number of legal provisions. Their purpose is not only to explain variation across institutions as an end in itself, but also to find out if the variance in these agreements matters for outcomes many of us care about: economic interdependence, trade and investment flows, non-discrimination, the distribution of benefits across parties to an agreement, and more. The assumption of the project is that international economic agreements represent a technology for a government to make credible commitments to market actors and to other governments. If "hands-tying" motivates the proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), why do these agreements vary, and with what consequences? This paper focuses on the international investment regime rather than on trade in goods or services. By "international investment regime" I mean the collection of often decentralized (even sometimes incoherent) rules about the promotion and protection of international direct investment. I will make three points. First, the variance across the trade and the investment regimes are significant, notably in their degree of centralization but also by the nature of the rights of the central players. Second, in the absence of a centralized framework for developing rules and dispute settlement procedures, bilateral hands-tying is the outcome of dyadic bargaining. Hands-tying in this context is dependent on the relative strength of the country whose hands are most likely to be tied – the capital importing country. In the final two sections, I show that BITs don’t "solve" governments’ time inconsistency problems. The evidence suggests that they have under-delivered investment and served up an unexpectedly large wave of litigation. The evidence suggests that resistance to certain forms of hands-tying is growing and may augur some significant changes in the terms of the central bargain of credibility for constraint.
The Focal Engineering Experience

I suggest that postmodern engineering move in the direction of what I am calling focal engineering. The notion of focal comes from the advocacy of Albert Borgmann for focal things and practices to engage our lives, as a counter to the disengaging tendencies of modern technology. I propose to look at what focal engineering might be, what the experience of it might entail, and how it could be assessed. The German language has two words, Erlebnis and Erfahrung, that both translate into the English word experience. Erfahrung is reflective, mediated, second-hand experience, our ordinary everyday experience. Erlebnis is our first-hand immediate experience, the Augenblick experience, the moment of vision, or the “a-ha” experience. These two notions of experience will play a role in the ethical assessment of the engineering project. Three types of ethics emerge, one relevant to the person (engineer), another to the process (engineering), and the third to the product (the engineered). Each type of ethics will initially seek an Erlebnis assessment, then an Erfahrung experience, then a circle back to the beginning for another Erlebnis, etc. Such a progression is a hermeneutic circle. A couple of circles around the Erlebnis/Erfahrung constellation should provide an authentic ethical assessment of the focal engineering experience.
Challenging Pain Syndromes Parsonage-Turner Syndrome

Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS) is a rare disorder typically characterized by an abrupt onset of upper extremity pain followed by progressive neurologic deficits, including weakness, atrophy, and occasionally sensory abnormalities. The exact cause and pathophysiology of PTS are complex and incompletely understood. Autoimmune, genetic, infectious, and mechanical processes have all been implicated. No specific treatments have been proven to reduce neurologic impairment or improve the prognosis of PTS. Most patients with PTS are treated with a multidisciplinary approach that includes both physical therapy and pharmacologic treatment, often with multiple agents. Further research is needed.
Effect of epileptiform abnormality burden on neurologic outcome and antiepileptic drug management after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract Objective To quantify the burden of epileptiform abnormalities (EAs) including seizures, periodic and rhythmic activity, and sporadic discharges in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), and assess the effect of EA burden and treatment on outcomes. Methods Retrospective analysis of 136 high-grade aSAH patients. EAs were defined using the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society nomenclature. Burden was defined as prevalence of 90% for each 18–24 hour epoch. Our outcome measure was 3-month Glasgow Outcome Score. Results 47.8% patients had EAs. After adjusting for clinical covariates EA burden on first day of recording and maximum daily burden were associated with worse outcomes. Patients with higher EA burden were more likely to be treated with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) beyond the standard prophylactic protocol. There was no difference in outcomes between patients continued on AEDs beyond standard prophylaxis compared to those who were not. Conclusions Higher burden of EAs in aSAH independently predicts worse outcome. Although nearly half of these patients received treatment, our data suggest current AED management practices may not influence outcome. Significance EA burden predicts worse outcomes and may serve as a target for prospective interventional controlled studies to directly assess the impact of AEDs, and create evidence-based treatment protocols.
How Does the Availability of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Resources Mediate the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Achievement

This study aims to investigate the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) availability between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement. We examined the relationship among SES, ICT availability, and achievement as well as how ICT availability mediated the relationship between SES and achievement via structural equation modeling techniques. To examine this relationship, a total of 4978 15-year-old students across the USA were sampled from Program for International Student Assessment 2012. Results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between SES and achievement, between SES and ICT usage, and between ICT usage and achievement. Additionally, the mediating effect of ICT usage accounts for a great percentage of the total effect of the relationship between SES and achievement. Implications and discussions are provided accordingly.
Sodium citrate contributes to the platelet storage lesion.

Background Sodium citrate has become the preferred anticoagulant used for apheresis collection and has been included in commercial platelet additive solutions (PASs) since PAS-II. It was suggested that citrate be included in PASs to prevent spontaneous aggregation. Reports in cell lines and cord blood have demonstrated that concentrations of citrate present in PAS formulations (10 mM) cause apoptosis. We evaluated whether the removal of citrate from PAS-III could improve platelet storage. Study design and methods Study 1 evaluated the effects of a citrate dose response on the storage of platelets in 65% PAS containing sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and phosphate. Study 2 compared the cell quality and function of platelets stored in 65% citrate-free PAS-III or PAS-III containing 10 mM of citrate. Measurements included cell count, blood gases, flow cytometry analysis of surface activation markers, and aggregation. Results Study 1 identified that inclusion of citrate in PAS resulted in a dose-dependent increase in glucose utilization, lactate formation, P-selectin expression, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Study 2 showed similar results in which platelets stored in citrate-free PAS-III benefited through better maintenance of glucose utilization with less lactate production, P-selectin expression, PS exposure, and ROS formation compared to citrate-containing PAS-III. Platelets stored in citrate-free PAS-III had aggregation responses that were at least 10% greater than those platelets stored in PAS-III. Conclusion Storage of apheresis platelets in citrate-free PAS-III improved multiple storage parameters including glucose utilization, lactate production, P-selection expression, PS exposure, and ROS formation and resulted in a modest increase in aggregation.
Pre-LVAD Blood-Borne Infection is a Harbinger of Poor Prognosis after LVAD Implantation

Purpose Infections are common post-LVAD and are associated with increased mortality. Multiple risk factors have been identified including age and INTERMACS profile. However, the effect of pre-LVAD infections on post-LVAD outcomes is poorly studied. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-LVAD infections on post-LVAD infection risk and survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 106 pts implanted with LVAD at a large volume center. Infection data including type (bacterial, fungal, and viral) and source (blood-borne vs others) were collected pre- and post-LVAD. The cohort was divided into 4 groups based on source and type of pre-LVAD infection: Group 1: blood-borne bacterial or fungal, Group 2: other bacterial or fungal, Group 3: viral, Group 4: no infection. Survival free from any post-LVAD infection and survival were assessed using Cox proportional hazards. Multivariable analyses were performed adjusting for age and INTERMACS profile (≤ 2 vs > 2). Results Among 106 pts (age 58±1 yr, 82% male, 62% white), 47 pts (44%) had pre-LVAD infection: 40 pts (38%) bacterial or fungal, 7 (7%) viral; 13 (12%) had blood-borne infection. 58 pts (55%) had a post-LVAD infection. Median time to any infection was 21 days (IQR: 7-39) for the entire cohort and 11 days (IQR: 4-36) for pts with pre-LVAD blood-borne infection. Pts in Group 1 had significantly worse survival free from infection compared to other groups (Group 1 vs 4, HR CI: 3.3 (1.7-6.6)) and significantly worse survival compared to Group 4 (HR CI: 5.5 (1.4-22.1)) (Figure). Notably, survival at 1 yr was 59% for Group 1 compared to 93% for Group 4. After adjusting for age and INTERMACS profile, this relationship remained significant for the composite endpoint, but not survival alone. For pts in Group 1 with INTERMACS profile ≤ 2, 1 yr survival was 57%. Conclusion Occurrence of pre-LVAD blood-borne infection was associated with 72% increase in mortality or post-LVAD infection. This finding may carry important implications for patient selection.
The Difference Between Unfixed and Postfixation Placental Weight

OBJECTIVES Reference values for placental weights correlated with gestational age are used in surgical pathology. Most reference values were established for fresh placentas. Some laboratories routinely fix all placentas, bringing into question the accuracy of the reference weight values. We wanted to determine the impact of fixation on placental weight. METHODS One hundred placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies were weighed in the fresh state, after removal of the cord and membranes. After fixation in formalin for 1 day and 5 days, the placentas were reweighed. The change in weight for each placenta was analyzed by a two-tailed paired t test. RESULTS Statistically, a small but significant gain in weight occurred after 24 hours (3.7%, P << .001), and there was no significant change identified in the additional 4 days (P = .51). Nine placentas lost weight with fixation; the weight of four was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS We consider formalin fixation to add a statistically significant but clinically negligible amount of weight to the placenta.
Material Stiffness and Cutting Parameters for Honeycomb Aluminum Sandwich Panel: a Comparison with Bulk Material

Abstract Aluminum sandwich panel provides a high-strength, light-weight structural material for use in aircraft and aerospace applications such as cabin bulkheads, rotor blades, and luggage and cargo unit load devices. This unique material also has application in many other industries such as machine tool enclosures, museum exhibits, marine craft bulkheads, and hurricane panels for storm survivability. This material, consisting of aluminum face sheets surrounding an aluminum honeycomb core, offers very high rigidity in a low density material. Machining this material is quite challenging due to variable cutting conditions in the low density, low lateral stiffness honeycomb core. Machining often requires a significant amount of post-processing in the form of manual removal of the partially released core walls (flags) along machined edges. The purpose of this work is to reduce the flagging created in the machining of this material. The first step to improving the cutting conditions is to better understand the causes that impact them. In this pursuit, a series of experiments was conducted to measure, quantify, and study the cutting forces during the machining of aluminum sandwich panel. A force dynamometer was used to measure forces during slot milling in bulk aluminum generating cutting coefficients for the force model. Cutting results in bulk aluminum showed generally good agreement with the model with over-predictions ranging from 5 to 20% depending on the feed rate. A series of cutting tests was then conducted on the aluminum sandwich panel in order to decouple the machining forces for the face sheets, the honeycomb core, and combinations of face sheets and core. The data revealed vibration in the honeycomb material that were significantly worse for shallower depths of cut involving the top face sheet and the upper portion of the honeycomb structure despite efforts at stiffening the fixture. The data showed force spikes that correlate with specific engagement conditions in the honeycomb structure. Peak forces were measured as high as 400N though it is not entirely clear whether these peak values are representative of actual peak forces or a combination of peak force with harmonic vibration. The resulting cut walls showed signs of tearing, rubbing, and remaining cell walls indicating that for much of the cut, ideal shearing of the material did not occur. The research highlights the need for further study of the actual mechanism of cell wall removal in this complex cutting environment.
Quantifying Subcellular Localization of Methylene Blue in Cultured Brain Cells

Subcellular distribution of Methylene blue (MB) in six cultured brain cell lines was investigated. Results demonstrate MB accumulates significantly more in mitochondria of glioblastoma cells relative to normal astrocytes.
Sport Specialization and Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Throwing Athletes: A Narrative Review

A significant number of adolescent athletes throughout the world participate in various throwing-dominant sports, including but not limited to baseball, cricket, handball, softball, track and field...
Highly reactive energetic films by pre-stressing nano-aluminum particles

Energetic films were synthesized using stress altered nano-aluminum particles (nAl). The nAl powder was pre-stressed to examine how modified mechanical properties of the fuel particles influenced film reactivity. Pre-stressing conditions varied by quenching rate. Slow and rapid quenching rates induced elevated dilatational strain within the nAl particles that was measured using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). An analytical model for stress and strain in a nAl core–Al2O3 shell particle that includes creep in the shell and delamination at the core–shell boundary, was developed and used for interpretation of strain measurements. Results show rapid quenching induced 81% delamination at the particle core–shell interface also observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Slower quenching elevated dilatational strain without delamination. All films were prepared at approximately a 75 : 25 Al : poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF weight ratio and were 1 mm thick. A drop weight impact test was performed to assess ignition sensitivity and combustion. Stress altered nAl exhibited greater energy release rates and more complete combustion than untreated nAl, but reaction dynamics and kinetics proceeded in two different ways depending on the nAl quenching rate during pre-stressing.
Improvements in patient safety culture: a national Taiwanese survey, 2009-16.

OBJECTIVE To assess national trends in patient safety culture in Taiwan. DESIGN A safety attitudes questionnaire (SAQ) was distributed to 144 hospitals from 2009 to 2016 (n = 392 341). SETTING Taiwan's medical centers, regional hospitals and community hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Hospital staff in Taiwan. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 5-point Likert scale to assess changes in patient safety culture dimensions (teamwork, safety climate, job satisfaction, stress recognition, management and working conditions) converted to positive response rate (percentage of respondents who answered slightly agree or strongly agree on Likert scale). RESULTS Dimensions for patient safety culture significantly increased in Taiwan over a period of 8 years, with an all-composite improvement in positive response rate of 4.6% (P < 0.001). Regional hospitals and community hospitals registered an all-composite improvement of 6.7 and 7.0%, respectively, while medical centers improved by 4.0%. Improvements for regional and community hospitals primarily occurred in teamwork (regional hospitals, 10.4% [95% confidence interval [CI], 10.2-10.6]; community hospitals, 8.5% [95% CI, 8.0-9.0]) and safety climate (regional hospitals, 11.1% [95% [CI], 10.9-11.4]; community hospitals, 11.3% [95% CI, 10.7-11.8]) (P < 0.001, all differences). Compared with nurses (5.1%) and pharmaceutical staff (10.6%), physicians improved the least (2.0%). Improvements for nurses and pharmacists were driven by increases in perceptions of teamwork (nurses, 9.8% [95% CI, 9.7-10.0]; pharmaceutical staff, 14.2% [95% CI, 13.4-14.9]) and safety climate (nurses, 9.0% [95% CI, 8.8-9.1]; pharmaceutical staff, 16.4% [95% CI, 15.7-17.2]) (P < 0.001, all differences). At study end, medical centers (55.1%) had greater all-composite measurements of safety culture than regional hospitals (52.4%) and community hospitals (52.2%) while physicians (63.7%) maintained greater measurements of safety culture than nurses (52.1%) and pharmaceutical staff (56.6%). CONCLUSION These results suggest patient safety culture improved in Taiwan from 2009 to 2016.
Climate of South Asia and the Human Wellbeing

South Asia is a large landmass of 642 million hectares (Mha) and comprising of diverse climates. The population of about 1.62 billion distributed in eight countries is strongly impacted by the climate. The Indus Valley Civilization of Harappa and Mohenjodaro vanished because the rainfall declined from 400 to 800 mm/year between 2500 and 2000 BC to less than 200 mm/year in 1700 BC. The fall of Indus civilization is also attributed to degradation of soil and water resources and to flooding of Indus caused by deforestation of the gallery forest. The rapid decline in population of South Asia between AD 1000 and 1700 was also attributed to meteorological drought. The present population of 1.62 billion is drastically influencing the regional and global climate by deforestation, land use conversion and biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. There has been a significant anthropogenic warming in Asia since 1950s. The problem is confounded by the acceleration of economic development jeopardizing natural resources which are already under stress by the Asian Brown Cloud, caused by soot and aerosol can strongly impact monsoons. The biomass, especially animal dung, must be used as a soil amendment rather than a source of energy and household fuel. The fate of 10,000 or so of the Himalayan glaciers also depends on the human-induced climate change. Thus, adaptation to climate change is essential, in which conversion to a judicious land use and widespread adoption of recommended soil/water/crop/vegetation management practices are important strategies. Building soil/ecosystem/social resilience is important to weathering the weather.
Improving of Dynamic IRdrop Performance in FinFET SoC Design

In this paper, we have improved dynamic IRdrop performance in large SoC design through various dynamic IRdrop reduction technique. Robust power/ground rail structure is proposed and applied to standard cell power/ground pin connection. Manual adding extra power switch cell is applied to fix localized IRdrop hot-spot. For memory macro, sharing power/ground metal scheme is shown significant improvement memory IRdrop performance. Those techniques are fully adopted in our FinFET based SoC implementation stage. As a result makes it easier to sign-off full-chip IRdrop compared to traditional physical design methodology.
An Improved Transmission Switching Algorithm for Managing Post-(N-1) Contingency Violations in Electricity Networks.

This letter is a proof of concept for an improved transmission switching (TS) performance by moving the search space to load shed buses. Research from the past shows that changing transmission system topology changes the power flows and removes post contingency violations. Hence, TS can reduce the amount of load shed after an N-1 contingency. One of the major challenges is to find the best TS candidate in a suitable time. In this letter, the best TS candidate is determined by using a novel heuristic bi-level method based on linear sensitivity. The proposed bi-level method is easy to implement in the real world, guarantees removal of post contingency violations, and ranks the best TS candidates based on minimum load shedding possible. Moreover, the proposed method is computationally efficient since it does not involve mixed integer programming. The bi-level method is implemented by modifying the topology of transmission system after the N-1 contingency in the IEEE 39-bus test system and results show that TS with generation re-dispatch is the best solution for load shed recovery to prevent cascading failures. Moreover, the bi-level method performs even for the case when the existing methods in literature fail to completely remove post contingency violations.
Party influence in presidential primaries: Evidence from Mexico:

Over recent decades, an increasing number of presidential candidates across the world have been nominated in primary elections. Yet, our understanding of presidential primaries outside of the U.S. ...
C-reactive protein and fracture risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies through the use of both frequentist and Bayesian approaches.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on all eligible cohort studies to evaluate the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and osteoporotic fracture risk. Both frequentist and Bayesian approaches were employed for the meta-analysis. We found that high tertiles of hs-CRP were significantly associated with increased fracture risk. The association between the inflammatory marker CRP and osteoporotic fracture has remained uncertain. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association of serum hs-CRP and fracture risk. We performed a systematic literature search of relevant databases, including PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE publications from January 1950 through April 2020. Three reviewers independently performed the study selection, quality assessment, and data abstraction. Frequentist and Bayesian hierarchical random-effects models were used separately for the analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Higgin’s I2 and Cochran’s Q statistic, and publication bias was examined using funnel plots and rank correlation tests. Fourteen cohort studies that reported t fracture outcomes were eligible for the systematic review. Only ten studies (n = 29,741) qualified for meta-analysis. In the frequentist approach, the RR for fracture in a comparison of the top tertile group to the bottom tertile group of hs-CRP was 1.54 (1.18, 2.01). The estimated risk of fracture remained significant in all sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Higgin’s I2 (30.52%) and Cochran’s Q statistic (p < 0.01) suggested there was moderate heterogeneity for the meta-analysis. In the Bayesian approach, the pooled RR was 1.60 (95% CI (1.07–2.49)), and the probabilities that the high level of hs-CRP increased fracture risk by more than 0%, 10%, and 20% were 99%, 98%, and 93%, respectively. A high level of hs-CRP is associated with a significantly increased risk of osteoporotic fracture.
Cultural Variation in the Development of Beliefs About Conservation.

Examining variation in reasoning about sustainability between diverse populations provides unique insight into how group norms surrounding resource conservation develop. Cultural institutions, such as religious organizations and formal schools, can mobilize communities to solve collective challenges associated with resource depletion. This study examined conservation beliefs in a Western industrialized (Austin, Texas, USA) and a non-Western, subsistence agricultural community (Tanna, Vanuatu) among children, adolescents, and adults (N = 171; n = 58 7-12-year-olds, n = 53 13-17-year-olds, and n = 60 18-68-year-olds). Participants endorsed or rejected four types of justifications for engaging in land and animal conservation: sustainability, moral, religious, or permissible. In both populations, participants endorsed sustainability justifications most frequently. Religious justifications increased with age in Tanna and decreased with age in Austin. Tannese participants were also more likely to endorse multiple justifications for conservation than Austin participants. Data across all justification types show a main effect of age in both communities; endorsement of conservation decreased with age in Austin, but increased with age in Tanna. Across age groups, participants were more likely to endorse the conservation of animals than land in Austin, yet equally as likely to endorse the conservation of land and animals in Tanna. Overall, these results reveal similarities and differences in the beliefs that support the conservation of natural resources across populations.
Long term intravital single cell tracking under multiphoton microscopy.

Visualizing and tracking cells over time in a living organism has been a much-coveted dream before the invention of intravital microscopy. The opaque nature of tissue was a major hurdle that was remedied by the multiphoton microscopy. With the advancement of optical imaging and fluorescent labeling tools, intravital high resolution imaging has become increasingly accessible over the past few years. Long-term intravital tracking of single cells (LIST) under multiphoton microscopy provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the longitudinal changes in the morphology, migration, or function of cells or subcellular structures. It is particularly suitable for studying slow-evolving cellular and molecular events during normal development or disease progression, without losing the opportunity of catching fast events such as calcium signals. Here, we review the application of LIST under 2-photon microscopy in various fields of neurobiology and discuss challenges and new directions in labeling and imaging methods for LIST. Overall, this review provides an overview of current applications of LIST in mammals, which is an emerging field that will contribute to a better understanding of essential molecular and cellular events in health and disease.
Are Corporate Officers Advised About Fiduciary Duties

This Article reports the results of an empirical study of whether and how in-house corporate counsel advise corporate officers about fiduciary duties. The fiduciary duties of officers long have been neglected by courts, scholars, and lawyers, even though executives play a central role in corporate success and failure. The study's findings, organized by type of company (public or private), size, and attorney position, show several interesting patterns in advice-giving practices. For example, fewer than half of all respondents provided advice to officers below the senior-most rank. The results raise the possibility that, unlike directors who may overestimate their liability exposure, certain shortcomings in giving advice to officers may cause them to underestimate personal liability exposure and engage in more risky behavior than is desirable for the company itself. The Article also offers recommendations for improved practices in advising officers about their duties.
Management of Homeless Suicidal and Aggressive Patients in the ED

Assessing psychiatric patients in the emergency department (ED) for admission to psychiatry is often a challenging task. Yet it is the bread and butter of any psychiatric ward which has an emergency department (ED) that receives patients. Whether they should be admitted or not depends on numerous factors, from dangerousness to outpatient follow-up care availability.
Seeing like a Consumer Drone

This chapter explores to what extent camera drone perspectives complicate theorizations of the aerial gaze as a top-down ordering form of surveillance. Consumer drones serve as powerful means for aerial exploration, creative expression, geographical literacy, and imaginative mobilities that include practices of both map-reading and way-finding. Moreover, the flying camera establishes “auratic views” and mobilizes the aerial gaze in vertical play reminiscent of virtual gaming practices. Consumer drones show clear alignments with other optical toys and can be understood as technologies of auratic visualization and vision. Ultimately, drone flying and image-taking curate a “drone-mindedness,” an enhanced environmental curiosity and awareness. I conclude with thoughts on the ambiguous nature of the consumer drone gaze as both playful and powerful, externally extending and internally attuning.
The Effect of Shopping Goals and In-Store Mobile Device Use on Purchase Outcomes in Brick-and-Mortar Stores: Research Findings on the Consumer Pathway to Purchase in the Mobile Era

The present study examines the effect of using a mobile device on search and evaluation by a shopper in a brick-and-mortar store. A conceptual model that proposes inter-relationships between shopping goals, the amount and type of in-store mobile device use, and purchase outcomes is developed. Data from a national quota sample of 1034 mobile shoppers is used to test hypotheses derived from the proposed model. The findings provide several new insights into the impact of in-store mobile device use on the consumer decision journey in a brick-and-mortar store. Depending upon the shopping goals of the consumer, the use of a mobile device by shoppers in a brick-and-mortar store can either decrease or increase search, lead to more deferred purchases or in-store-now purchases, and more online or physical store purchases. The study is among the first to model the pathway to purchase for mobile device assisted shoppers in brick-and-mortar stores.
COMPUTER-AIDED SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

A computer-based package has been developed for the analysis and synthesis of machine elements, such as linkages, cams, gears, bearings, transmission shafting, brakes and clutches and springs. The package can also be used for the design of an entire system containing a satisfactory combination of basic elements. The major distinguishing aspects of this work are (1) the large variety of elements contained in one package which facilitates the design of systems of components, (2) simplicity of use, (3) complete interactivity with computer graphics and (4) ease of extending the package to include new elements or to modify the selection procedures of existing elements.
Spectroscopic Evaluation of Layered Substrates

In this paper an ultrasonic method to evaluate bond quality between a layer of substrate is suggested. The method uses guided modes in the layered substrate structure, rather than the conventional bulk waves. It is demonstrated that the interface quality between the layer and the substrate can be monitored by the dispersion behavior of the lowest mode’s phase velocity. Both dissimilar and similar material combinations of layer and substrate with various bonding conditions are investigated.
An Empirical Assessment of Two Univariate Screening Measures in Cluster Analysis

As researchers soon discover, the inclusion of noisy (irrelevant) variables in cluster analyses can obscure or distort Atrue@ subgroup structures. This problem, identified and discussed by Milligan (1980), has prompted the search for methods that identify noisy variables and either down-weight or remove them. Several researchers have investigated this problem and have met with limited success (DeSarbo, Carroll, Clark, and Green 1984, De Soete 1986, 1988). Recently, Donoghue (1995) and Carmone, Kara, and Maxwell (forthcoming, 1999) have proposed screening methods to identify and eliminate noisy variables.
Enzymic joining of polynucleotides: VIII. Structure of hybrids of parental T4 DNA molecules

Abstract The structures of the “joint” (hydrogen-bonded) and “recombinant” (covalently-linked) hybrids of parental phage DNA's formed after infection of Escherichia coli strain BB with T4 amber mutants defective in the DNA polymerase or in the DNA polymerase and polynucleotide ligase genes were examined. The mixture of joint and recombinant DNA isolated after infection with DNA polymerase mutants consisted of molecules whose approximate size was one-fourth that of the parental T4 DNA and contained an average of two single-strand interruptions per molecule. The joint molecules isolated after infection with mutants defective in both the DNA polymerase and ligase were also one-fourth the size of the parental DNA; however, these contained an average of six single-strand interruptions per molecule. In both instances the interruptions were found to be gaps with mean lengths of 300 to 400 nucleotide residues.
The Coulomb Potential (II)

This chapter is both a continuation and generalization of the results of the preceding one, in that the two-body system with Coulomb potential, $$V = - \frac{k}{\rho },$$ (7.1) is examined in the full generality of 2+1 spacetime dimensions. That is, since it was shown in Section 5.4.3 that the third spatial dimension may be eliminated by an ordinary spatial rotation of the center-of-mass rest frame, the reduced motion of the relativistic two-body system with conservative potential V = V (ρ) may be studied without loss of generality in the coordinates, $${\Delta _x} = \rho \,\cosh \,\beta \,\sin \,\phi ,\,{\Delta _y} = \rho \cosh \,\beta \,\cos \,\phi ,\,{\Delta _t} = \rho \sinh \,\beta ,$$ (7.2) where Δz ≡ 0. In 2+1 dimensions, the azimuthal momentum is nonvanishing, $${\ell _\phi } \ne 0.$$ (7.3)
Theoretical Approaches to Interstellar Turbulence

The properties of the interstellar medium strongly suggest that it is turbulent, in the generalized sense of nonlinear systems which exhibit unpredictable temporal behavior accompanied by self-organizing spatial fluctuations covering a wide range of size scales. This paper reviews a number of theoretical approaches to the problem. These include phenomenological models designed to explain the observed scaling relations and virialization constraints, direct numerical solutions of the hydrodynamical equations, applications of statistical turbulence closure methods, and solutions of local model equations which suggest limit cycle and chaotic behavior.
Economic Effects of Biofuel Production on States and Rural Communities

This study summarizes research on farm-, local-, regional-, and macro-level economic effects of ethanol production. Given current production levels, the ethanol production industry annually employees approximately 3,500 workers, pays out nearly $30.5 million.
Impact of Lemaitre’s Ideas on Modern Cosmology

Physical scientists have a healthy attitude toward the history of their subject: by and large we ignore it. But it is good to pause now and then and consider the careers of those who through a combination of the right talent at the propitious time have had an exceptional influence on the progress of science. As I have noted on several occasions it seems to me that Georges Lemaitre played a unique and remarkable role in setting out the program of research we now call physical cosmology (1,2).
Characterizing User Behaviors and Resulting Products in an Online Educational Community: A Comparison between Novices and Elders

This study focuses on two user types in an online educational community – novices and elders, and explores the characteristics of their behaviors and products by analyzing usage logs. Results show that novices and elders have different behavior trajectories. In addition, the products created by elders attract more audience.
Cutting Edge: Identification of the Targets of Clonal Deletion in an Unmanipulated Thymus

Autoreactive thymocytes can be eliminated by clonal deletion during their development in the thymus. The precise developmental stage(s) at which clonal deletion occurs in a normal thymus has been difficult to assess, in large part because of the absence of a specific marker for TCR-mediated apoptosis. In this report, we reveal that Nur77 expression can be used as a specific marker of clonal deletion in an unmanipulated thymus and directly identify TCRintCD4+CD8+ and semimature CD4+CD8− thymocytes as the principal targets of deletion. These data indicate that clonal deletion normally occurs at a relatively late stage of development, as cells mature from CD4+CD8+ thymocytes to single-positive T cells.
Static, dynamic, integrated, and contextualized: a framework for understanding mental health service utilization among young adults.

Abstract Research has illuminated the problem of untreated mental illness among young adults, including evidence that young people who exit public care systems often discontinue mental health services in adulthood. The present study explored mental health service use experiences during the transition to adulthood among sixty young adults, ages 18–25, from a Midwestern U.S. state. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. All participants had mood difficulties, and shared three childhood experiences: (a) mood disorder diagnosis; (b) use of public mental health services; and (c) experience with social service systems. Immersion and grounded theory coding techniques were applied to the interview data. Two major themes about mental health service use emerged from the findings, namely the changing nature of service use over time and characterizations of experiences associated with service use at a given point in time. Categories of explanatory constructs that emerged in the latter theme included perceived need, emotions, perceived efficacy of services, and social considerations, among others. Findings suggested a four-facet mid-level theory of service utilization, highlighting both the cross-sectional and time-variant character of service use and decision-making within context. Links between broader theoretical frameworks of service utilization and social psychological models of decision making were noted, and guidelines were presented for ten classes of variables that researchers interested in understanding service use by young adults should consider.
Depression treatment and maternal functioning.

Background: In women with major depressive disorder (MDD), maternal role functioning is negatively impacted but has been shown to improve with treatment; however, most investigations have not included a control group or studied women longitudinally. We hypothesized that women with MDD who responded to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) would have overall functioning and maternal role functioning scores similar to that of the control group and superior to women with MDD (either untreated or nonresponsive to SSRIs). Methods: This prospective, longitudinal observational study (n = 215) included postpartum assessments at 2 1/2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Postpartum women were categorized into four mutually exclusive exposure groups by depression and medication status: (1) Control group (no SSRI, no MDD; (2) Responder (SSRI, no MDD); (3) Untreated (MDD, no SSRI); and (4) Nonresponder (Both MDD and SSRI). Outcome variables include a measure of overall functioning (Global Assessment Scale, GAS) and three measures of maternal role functioning (Maternal Self Efficacy, ICS; Gratification in Maternal Role, GRAT; and overall maternal role functioning, IFSAC). Results: The study hypothesis was supported. Responders had scores related to overall functioning and maternal role functioning that were similar to the control group and superior to nonresponders and untreated women with MDD, as measured by the GAS and the GRAT. Conclusion: Postpartum depression treatment optimally targets both symptom improvement and maternal functional recovery. The GRAT is a simple, self-administered instrument that can be used with a depression measure to assess maternal role functioning. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visible light photoreduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution using iron-containing zeolite tubes

Abstract In this study, a novel visible light photocatalyst consisting of iron-loaded zeolite tubes was designed to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in aqueous solution. Iron was incorporated into hollow, porous ZSM-5 tubes using two different methods. In the first method, the iron-encapsulated ZSM-5 tubes were prepared by introducing iron into the mesoporous silica template prior to the formation of the hollow ZSM-5 tubes resulting in an encapsulated iron species. In the second method, iron was ion-exchanged into the ZSM-5 shell during a post-synthesis treatment. The iron-loaded ZSM-5 structures were extensively characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, solid-state 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The iron in the iron-exchanged ZSM-5 tubes tended to aggregate compared to the iron in the iron-encapsulated ZSM-5 tubes. Both the iron encapsulated and iron-exchanged ZSM-5 hollow tubes were active for the visible light photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in aqueous solution. The iron-exchanged ZSM-5 tubes were very active initially but suffered from substantial iron leaching after the first use in aqueous Cr(VI) photoreduction relative to the iron-encapsulated ZSM-5 tubes which showed very little leaching of the iron.
Salt injury to plants with special reference to cations versus anions and ion activities

In contrast with the toxicities of sulfate and chloride salts added to substrates, the anions SO4 and C1 were not injurious when accumulated without leaf burning by cotton and tomato plants from atmospheres enriched with SO2 or HC1 gases. The foregoing results are discussed in terms of cationenzyme interactions which appear to represent at least a major cause of salt toxicity. Although anions are largely unreactive with enzymes it has long been observed that chloride salts in soil solutions are far more toxic than sulfate salts. Five of seven species have shown nearly equal growth repressions on substrates with 100 me/1 of C1 salts versus 200 me of SO4 salts, each added as 50 per cent Na. The ion activities of the two solutions were equal and the sum of cations in the plant saps were similar. The osmotic differentials (average about 10 atm) between the expressed tissue fluids and these substrate solutions were remarkably uniform within species. It is projected that the downward transport of salts via the phloem provides for root concentrations which supply ions to the xylem and thereby control the uptake of substrate salts.