cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ALL‐MEAT AND MEAT‐SOY WIENERS

Nutritive values of all-meat and soy-containing wieners were evaluated by protein efficiency ratio (PER), amino acid composition and sodium analyses. The effect of beef muscle reported to have high (shank) and low (skeletal muscles) levels of connective tissue was also evaluated. Replacement of 25% beef skeletal muscle by hydrated soy protein (BSMSP) gave a lower (P < 0.05) PER (2.67) than the PER (3.11) for all-beef skeletal muscle weiners (BSM). However, the PER for the BSMSP wieners was not significantly different from the PER (2.54) for the casein control. Beef shank, all-meat wieners (BS) and wieners where 25% of the beef shank (BSSP) was replaced by hydrated soy protein had similar PER values of 2.18 and 2.02, respectively. Both BS and BSSP wieners had lower (P < 0.05) PER values than the BSM and BSMSP wieners. BSM wieners contained 1.95–4.17 mg/100g protein more total essential ammo acids (minus tryptophan) than the beef shank and soy-containing formulations. Soy incorporation caused a 10–22% decrease in the methionine content compared to the all-meat formulations. Sodium levels ranged from approximately 990–1070 mg/100g in the four wiener formulations. The high sodium levels in these formulations were derived primarily from the 2% salt which was necessary to form the emulsions. Incorporation of the soy protein resulted in less than an 8% increase in the sodium content of the wieners.
Plastic bronchitis: new insights and a classification scheme

Plastic bronchitis is a rare disease in which there is the formation of large gelatinous or rigid branching airway casts. The history of the disease is reviewed and a classification system is proposed based on our current understanding. This system classifies plastic bronchitis by clinical disease association and cast histology. A summary of the medical literature is included together with guidelines for treatment. The evidence for these treatment decisions is reviewed.
Egr2 targets identify a population of dysfunctional T cells in the tumor microenvironment with immune modulatory properties

Meeting abstracts Although the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) indicates an endogenous anti-tumor response, immune regulatory pathways can subvert the effector phase and enable tumor escape. Negative regulatory pathways include expression of inhibitory receptors and corresponding
Hyperfine Structure of Thallium^203 and Thallium^205 in the 7²S_12 State*

The hyperfine-structure separations of Tl203 and Tl205 in the 72S12 state were obtained from the 3776-A resonance line with a grating spectrograph. These measurements were carried out because previously quoted values resulted from a study of the 5350-A transition ending on the 62P32 state, the hyperfine structure of which was inferred to be 8 mk, while recent atomic-beam magnetic-resonance experiments showed Δν(62P32)≈17 mk. Our results for Δν(72S12) are 405±5 mk and 412±4 mk for Tl203 and Tl205.
Application of thermodynamic approach to pneumatic transport at various pipe orientations

Abstract Application of thermodynamic analogy to pneumatic transport in 0.0266-m and 0.0504-m systems held at various angles of inclination was investigated. An equation of state similar to the van der Waals has been suggested for these systems. Measurements in these experimental set-ups included pressure drops, particle velocities, and solids mass flow rates in both the upper and lower halves of the pipe. These measurements were used to describe the phase behavior of the systems studied. It was found that the van der Waals analog is capable of describing the phase behavior of these systems. A method has been proposed to estimate the parameters of the van der Waals analog equation.
A Petrologic Study of a Thermally Altered Coal from the Purgatoire River Valley of Colorado

A column of coal from a seam thermally altered by an underlying lamprophyric sill has been studied petrographically, chemically, and mineralogically. Megascopically there are four major lithotypes present within the limits of the seam. They are: carbonaceous shale, natural coke, altered coal, and a layer of quartz grains. Megascopic evidence indicative of thermal alteration is the highly contorted bedding, natural coke with evidence of flowage, and prismatic fracturing within the highly altered coal zones. Micrinoids and fusinoids are common, with the cell cavities of the fusinoids commonly filled with calcite. Vitrinoids are all altered to a dark-brown color in thin section. Fungal derived bodies are common in the upper part of the seam and appear to be the most thermally resistant petrographic entities. No evidence of spore or cuticular material remains. Mosaic structure and vesiculation are additional common microscopic evidences for the thermal alteration. Sulfur distribution apparently has no relation to the presence of the intrusion. Ash values are highest at the top and bottom of the seam and are related to shale-rich zones. Volatile matter (d.a.f.) is high at the seam margins and increases as the distance from the intrusion decreases. This is attributed to one, or both, of two factors. Either the volatiles were released and readsorbed or they were never released. Only quartz, kaolinite, siderite, calcite, and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 were identified by X-ray examination. No evidence of the presence of cristobalite, mullite, or pyprophyllite was detected. Mean maximum reflectance values range from 1.00 percent to 3.00 percent and increase toward the intrusion. Evidence based on mineralogy, chemistry, reflectance, melting point, and electron spin resonance indicates that a temperature gradient did exist across the seam from greater than 375° C at the top to less than 600° C at the base, and also that the temperature of the underlying shale at the contact with the sill was not more than 600° C.
Interactions of multilamellar phospholipid vesicles with bovine lymphocytes: Effects of α-tocopherol on lymphocyte blastogenesis

Multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) composed of egg yolk lecithin (EYL) suppressed the response of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (BPBL) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). EYL contains 18:1 and 18:2 as the major unsaturated phospholipids. Dioleoyllecithin (DOL; cis 9) MLV did not suppress BPBL blastogencsis. Dilinoeyllecithin (DLL: cis.cis 9. 12) MLV suppressed BPBL blastogenesis. The suppressive effect could be reversed by increasing the MLV DML concentration. The addition of α-tocopherol (α-T) at 10 mole% into MLV containing DLL reversed blastogenic suppression of BPBL. MLV composed of mixed saturated phospholipids (dimyristoyllecithin and dipalmitoyllecithin) and α-T enhanced the BPBL blastogenic response to PHA. BPBL incubated with varying PHA concentrations (11.82–375 mg/ml) and a constant concentration (2 μmoles/ml) of MLV composed of EYL remained suppressed either when PHA and MLV were added simultaneously or when MLV were incubated for 1 hr prior to the addition of PHA. This suggests that a-T may act as an immunomodulator in the blastogenic response to PHA. Results suggest that α-T reversion of EYL suppression of BPBL blastogenesis may be due to interactions of α-T with unsaturated acyl chains in EYL phospholipids.
From array to array: confirmation of genomic gains and losses discovered by array-based comparative genomic hybridization utilizing fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays.

The combination of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with fluorescence in situ hybridization utilizing custom-designed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes applied to tissue microarrays represents a powerful compendium of techniques–greatly enhancing the throughput of genomic analysis and subsequent target validation. Such approach can be automated at various levels and allows managing large volume of targets and samples in a few experiments. As such, this approach facilitates discovery, validation and implementation of findings in the process of identification of new diagnostic, prognostic and potentially therapeutic molecular markers.
A copper requirement for the sporulation of Bacillus megaterium.

AN important relationship exists between metal ions and bacterial sporulation1,2. In previous mineral studies with spore-formers c.p. or reagent grade chemicals were used, and although important metal associations with sporulation have been revealed the presence and effect of unsuspected trace amounts of metallic ions were not considered.
DEPLETION OF RESERVE PROTEIN FROM EXTRAVASCULAR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID C14 LABELING OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN DOGS AFTER PLASMAPHERESIS

During protein depletion produced by plasmapheresis and a very low protein diet there is a proportionately greater decrease in extravascular, extracellular fluid protein than in plasma protein. A shift in the normal ratio of protein in these 2 compartments, approximately 1 to 1 in the dog, to over 2 to 1 as a result of depletion indicates an important, labile source of reserve protein for the plasma in the interstitial fluids. This reserve source is limited since a maximum drop of 50 per cent in the total exchangeable pool and of 75 per cent in the extravascular, extracellular protein occurred after both shorter and longer periods of depletion. Under the rigid conditions of these experiments additional plasma protein removal was associated with loss of weight despite adequate caloric intake. Investigation of the status of the interstitial fluid proteins in other conditions associated with disturbed protein metabolism seems warranted.
New results on rare τ decays

Abstract This is a review of new results on rare decays of the τ lepton. The results include new upper limits on the sevenpion decay τ− → 4π−3π+ (π0)ντ, and new measurements on the five-pion decay τ− → 3π−2π+ντ and the six-pion decays, τ− → 3π−2π+π0ντ and τ− → 2π−π+3π0ντ, including the first observation of the decay τ− → π−ω2π0ντ. Also included is a review of the first measurement of the Cabibbo-suppressed decay τ − → K ∗− ην τ . The results are compared with the Standard Model predictions, including a detailed comparison of the six-pion decays with isospin symmetry and Conserved-Vector-Current (CVC) expectations.
Adsorption selectivity and electrostatic fields of rutile powders

Abstract The surface properties of samples of rutile powder with different surface composition have been characterized by determining the preferential adsorption of n-butyl alcohol from binary solutions containing toluene and by estimating the electrostatic fields of the solid surfaces from heats of emersion obtained with liquids of various polarities. The surface polarity of rutile powders is greatly dependent on the chemical composition of the surfaces. These two methods can be used independently to characterize the polarity of solid surfaces since they lead to similar conclusions.
Modelling land use change with generalized linear models—a multi-model analysis of change between 1860 and 2000 in Gallatin Valley, Montana

This paper develops an approach to modelling land use change that links model selection and multi-model inference with empirical models and GIS. Land use change is frequently studied, and understanding gained, through a process of modelling that is an empirical analysis of documented changes in land cover or land use patterns. The approach here is based on analysis and comparison of multiple models of land use patterns using model selection and multi-model inference. The approach is illustrated with a case study of rural housing as it has developed for part of Gallatin County, Montana, USA. A GIS contains the location of rural housing on a yearly basis from 1860 to 2000. The database also documents a variety of environmental and socio-economic conditions. A general model of settlement development describes the evolution of drivers of land use change and their impacts in the region. This model is used to develop a series of different models reflecting drivers of change at different periods in the history of the study area. These period specific models represent a series of multiple working hypotheses describing (a) the effects of spatial variables as a representation of social, economic and environmental drivers of land use change, and (b) temporal changes in the effects of the spatial variables as the drivers of change evolve over time. Logistic regression is used to calibrate and interpret these models and the models are then compared and evaluated with model selection techniques. Results show that different models are 'best' for the different periods. The different models for different periods demonstrate that models are not invariant over time which presents challenges for validation and testing of empirical models. The research demonstrates (i) model selection as a mechanism for rating among many plausible models that describe land cover or land use patterns, (ii) inference from a set of models rather than from a single model, (iii) that models can be developed based on hypothesised relationships based on consideration of underlying and proximate causes of change, and (iv) that models are not invariant over time.
Neurogenesis of the nucleus accumbens septi and neighboring septal nuclei in the rhesus monkey: A combined [3H]thymidine and electron microscopic study

Abstract The time of origin and spatio-temporal pattern of neuron distribution in the nucleus accumbens septi and the lateral and medial septal nuclei were determined in the rhesus monkey. Autoradiographic analysis of 2 to 5 month old monkeys that had been exposed to a pulse of [ 3 H]thymidine during embryonic or early postnatal days showed that neurons destined for the nucleus accumbens septi are generated over a period of approximately 50 days (between embryonic day 36 and 85 of the 165 day gestational period) whereas the neurons destined for the medial and lateral septal nuclei are produced for only 25 days (from embryonic day 36 to 62). The peak of proliferation of neurons destined for all three nuclei occurs synchronously around embryonic day 45. A number of small cells with round, densely stained nuclei were labeled in specimens injected after embryonic day 85; however, following combined light- and electron-microscopic analysis, these late generated cells were classified as glia. Neurons destined for the nucleus accumbens septi generated on different embryonic days did not exhibit spatio-temporal gradients in their distribution. In contrast, neurons destined to populate the lateral and medial septal nuclei displayed a prominent ‘outside-to-inside’ spatio-temporal gradient in which earlier generated neurons occupied positions closer to the pial surface and later forming neurons were positioned closer to the ventricular surface. Based on this evidence regarding the time span of neuronal production and the absence of spatio-temporal gradients, the mode of development of the nucleus accumbens septi more closely resembles the pattern of neurogenesis reported for the primate neostriatum than that in the adjacent septal nuclei. These findings indicate that the nucleus accumbens septi and neostriatum in primates may have a common embryological origin.
A Remark on a Class of Linear Monotone Operators

For applications of angle-bounded mappings and operators satisfying condition (,) to nonlinear equations of Hammerstein type in Banach spaces we refer to [1-3]. It is clear by definition that the adjoint of an angle-bounded mapping is again angle-bounded. The purpose of this paper is to show that the class of linear operators satisfying condition (,) is invariant under passage to the adjoint operator.
Preface to the special issue on data mining for personalization

The continued growth and proliferation of e-commerce, online services, and Webbased information systems, has led to an explosion of available content and resources in digital form. As a result of user interactions with these resources, tremendous volumes of clickstream, transaction, and user data are collected by organizations in their daily operations. Mining and analyzing such data can help these organizations determine the life time value of clients, design cross marketing strategies across products and services, evaluate the effectiveness of targeted promotional campaigns, and thus provide more effective personalized content to visitors. Automatic personalization is a central technology used in user-adaptive systems to deliver dynamic content, such as textual information, links, advertisements, and product recommendations that are tailored to the needs and interests of a particular user or a segment of users. The process of personalization comprises iterative invocations of the personalization cycle consisting of the stages of understanding the user and building user profiles and models; delivering personalized offerings to the users based on this understanding; measuring impacts of these offerings on the users; and adjusting all the previous stages based on the measured feedback. Data mining is one of the key technologies used in various stages of this personalization process, especially in building user models and delivering personalized offerings to the users. Therefore, it is crucial to develop appropriate data mining methods fitting the corresponding personalization tasks well. This special issue of User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction explores recent developments and applications of data mining and machine learning techniques in
Low Affinity Binding of Phorbol Esters to Protein Kinase C and Its Recombinant Cysteine-rich Region in the Absence of Phospholipids

Binding of phorbol esters to protein kinase C (PKC) has been regarded as dependent on phospholipids, with phosphatidylserine being the most effective for reconstituting binding. By using a purified single cysteine-rich region from PKC δ expressed in Escherichia coli we were able to demonstrate that specific binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate to the receptor still takes place in the absence of the phospholipid cofactor. However, [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate bound to the cysteine-rich region with 80-fold lower affinity in the absence than in the presence of 100 μg/ml phosphatidylserine. Similar results were observed with the intact recombinant PKC δ isolated from insect cells. When different phorbol derivatives were examined, distinct structure-activity relations for the cysteine-rich region were found in the presence and absence of phospholipid. Our results have potential implications for PKC translocation, for inhibitor design, and for PKC structural determination.
Macronutrient Intake and Estrogen Metabolism in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

The purpose of this study was to determine if dietary factors could bias estimates of the relationships between estrogen metabolites and breast cancer risk factors. A lower ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone (2/16) has been associated with breast cancer diagnosis. However, both estrogen metabolism and breast cancer risk have been associated with dietary intake, and breast cancer patients may have different dietary patterns than healthy controls. An association between urinary 2/16 levels and breast cancer risk may be due to transitory dietary change after diagnosis, or due to other breast cancer risk factors which have been associated to steroid hormone metabolism. Thirty- seven healthy postmenopausal women provided two 24-h urine samples at a two-week interval. Six 24-h diet recalls were administered in this same time period. In linear regression analysis, dietary fat-to-fiber ratio (fat/fiber) and the saturated fat/soluble fiber ratio was inversely associated with urinary 2/16 values (b=−0.22, 95% CI (−0.43, −0.01; b=−0.26, 95% CI (−0.43, −0.09), respectively). The effects of these dietary factors on 2/16 were independent of body mass index or other breast cancer risk factors. These study results suggest that some of the variation in estrogen metabolite levels among postmenopausal Caucasian women may be due to dietary intake, and that dietary factors should be carefully measured and evaluated when investigating the relationship between estrogen metabolites and breast cancer risk.
Human physique and susceptibility to noninfectious disease

Physique is systematically associated with several important noninfectious diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CV), breast and endometrial cancer, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitis (NIDDM), gallbladder disease, peptic ulcer, and idiopathic mitral valve prolapse (IMVP). Of the cardiovascular diseases, hypertension is most securely associated with elevated body fatness or weight while evidence is mixed for an independent role of elevated fatness or weight in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), miocardial infarction (MI), or sudden death. Both elevated total body fatness and an upper body fat distribution appear to be independent causal agents in the risk of NIDDM. A predominance of evidence associates elevated total body fatness or weight independently with risk of breast and endometrial cancer, as well as with disease prognosis. Some evidence exists that height-ened endomorphy and mesomorphy also influence breast, cervical, and endometrial cancer risk. Gallbladder disease is independently associated with elevated total body fatness, while peptic ulcer and IMVP may be causally related to ectomorphy or linearity of build. These findings should be evaluated with caution because of the complex or unestablished etiology of these diseases, the presence of intercorrelated causal variables such as diet, physical activity, lifestyle (including smoking), age and reproductive history, and often incomparable research designs. Moreover, the genetic components of both diseases and physique is poorly evaluated.
New Isotopes of Neptunium

Evidence is presented for three new, light neptunium isotopes formed by deuteron bombardments of ${\mathrm{U}}^{233}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$. The isotope ${\mathrm{Np}}^{231}$ has a half-life of 50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 min. and emits alpha-particles of 6.28-Mev energy; the proportion of decay by electron-capture has not been determined. The isotope ${\mathrm{Np}}^{233}$ decays predominantly by electron-capture with a 35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3-min, half-life; it has an alpha-decay half-life roughly determined to be $\mathrm{ca}$. 10 yr. corresponding to a $\frac{K}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$-branching ratio of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ and the alpha-particles have an energy of 5.53 Mev. A 13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3-min. period with electromagnetic radiation, indicating orbital electroncapture, is attributed to ${\mathrm{Np}}^{232}$. Approximate cross sections for formation of various neptunium isotopes by deuterons of energy from 15 to 100 Mev have been determined. The cross sections are low, of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, possibly because most of the excited nuclei undergo fission.
Development of normal and injury-induced gene expression of aFGF, bFGF, CNTF, BDNF, GFAP and IGF-I in the rat retina.

Abstract Focal mechanical injury to the retina substantially increases basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) mRNA expression, accompanied by a transient increase in FGFR-1 mRNA, and this response is thought to protect photoreceptors near the injury site from inherited and light-induced retinal degenerations. We have now examined retinal gene expression of the principal survival factors involved in the response to injury in normal rats as a function of postnatal age both in normal and injured retinas. Sprague–Dawley rats were injured in one eye by needle incision through the retina at postnatal day (P) 10, 22, 35, 60, 90, 120 and 180. The other eye was uninjured and served as the control. Retinas were taken 1 day post-injury. Northern blot analysis was performed to determine the mRNA expression of the following factors and receptors: bFGF and acidic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF) and FGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1); CNTF and CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFR-alpha); brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor trk B; and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR); glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and opsin. In the uninjured control eyes, mRNA expression of most of the factors increased with postnatal age, with little expression at P10 and maximal expression levels reached at P22 (opsin), P35 (aFGF), P60 (BDNF) or P90 (bFGF, FGFR-1, CNTF and GFAP). In contrast, IGF-1 mRNA rapidly decreased from a high level of expression at P10 to about 55% of that level by P22, reaching a stable 45–50% of the P10 level at P35 and thereafter. The response to injury of bFGF, FGFR-1, CNTF and GFAP mRNAs increased with postnatal age. Unexpectedly, only minimal increases in bFGF, FGFR-1, CNTF and GFAP over those seen in the control eyes were observed before P35. Thereafter, the increase of bFGF mRNA after injury reached a maximum of three-fold at P60, maintained this level to P120, and slightly decreased to 2.5-fold by P180. Expression of FGFR-1 mRNA showed a maximum increase of 2.6-fold at P90. Expression of CNTF and GFAP mRNAs followed a time course similar to that of bFGF. Mechanical injury did not alter the mRNA levels of aFGF, BDNF, IGF-I, and receptors, CNTFR-alpha, trk B and IGF-IR. These data show that the response to injury is minimal at early postnatal ages but increases with age and peaks at P60–90 for most potential survival factors.
Apical ventricular tachycardia morphology in left ventricular nonischemic cardiomyopathy predicts poor transplant-free survival

Background The scar of patients with left ventricular (LV) nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) typically originates at or near the mitral annulus and extends a variable distance toward the apex. Objective To determine whether electrocardiograms of VT with LV apical exit sites would identify patients with larger scars extending a greater distance from the base toward the apex and decreased heart transplant/left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-free survival. Methods Consecutive patients with LV NICM undergoing VT ablation between May 2008 and April 2011 were studied. All electrocardiograms of spontaneous and induced VT were analyzed. Apical VT was defined as left bundle branch morphology with precordial transition≥V 5 or right bundle branch morphology with precordial transition≤V 3 . Scar percentage was defined as the area of low voltage divided by the total surface area. Results Thirty-two of 76 patients had 1 or more apical VTs. Those with apical VTs had larger percentage of endocardial and epicardial bipolar scars (14.9% vs 8.1%, P = .01, and 15.5% vs 5.5%, P = .03, respectively), scar that, although originating from the periannular region (94.7% of the patients), was more likely to extend apically beyond the basal half (48.3% vs 24.4%, P = .05 endocardial, and 85.7% vs 25.9%, P = .07 epicardial), and worse transplant/LVAD-free survival during a mean follow-up of 332 days ( P = .006). Conclusions Patients with NICM and apical VTs have larger voltage abnormality extending as contiguous or patchy "scar" from the base further toward the apex and worse transplant/LVAD-free survival. Particular attention should be paid to optimal heart failure management in these patients, with more guarded prognosis.
Exploitation of host cell biology and evasion of immunity by francisella tularensis.

Francisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterium that infects humans and many small mammals. During infection, F. tularensis replicates predominantly in macrophages but also proliferate in other cell types. Entry into host cells is mediate by various receptors. Complement-opsonized F. tularensis enters into macrophages by looping phagoscytosis. Uptake is mediated in part by Syk, which may activate actin rearrangement in the phagocytic cup resulting in the engulfment of F. tularensis in a lipid raft rich phagosome. Inside the host cells, F. tularensis resides transiently in an acidified late endosome-like compartment before disruption of the phagosomal membrane and escape into the cytosol, where bacterial proliferation occurs. Modulation of phagosome biogenesis and escape into the cytosol is mediated by the Francisella pathogenicity island-encoded type VI-like secretion system. Whilst inside the phagosome, F. tularensis inhibits NADPH oxidase activity but temporarily inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in PI3K/Akt-dependent manner, which is counteracted by the induction of SHIP that negatively regulates PI3K/Akt activation and promotes bacterial escape into the cytosol. Interestingly, F. tularensis subverts CD4 T cells-mediated killing by inhibiting antigen presentation by activated macrophages through ubiquitin dependent degradation of MHC II molecules on activated macrophages. In the cytosol, F. tularensis is recognized by the host cell AIM2-dependent inflammasome, which is down-regulated by F. tularensis that also inhibits Caspase-1 and ASC activity. During late stages of intracellular proliferation, caspase-3 is activated but apoptosis is delayed through activation of NF-kB and Ras, which ensures cell viability.
Competency assessment and development among health-care leaders: results of a cross-sectional survey.

In light of the challenges involved in leading a health care organization, it is important that the executives and managers charged with doing so are competent in a variety of areas. However, leadi...
Practical and experimental consideration of sun protection in dermatology

Much is known regarding the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the skin. As more epidemiologic and basic research continues to characterize the impact of sun exposure and other sources of UV radiation upon the development of cutaneous neoplasm and a variety of photosensitive dermatoses, it is crucial for the dermatologist to promote sun protection among his/her patients as well as the primary care physician who has a greater reach of the community than the skin specialist. Practical steps to achieve optimal sun protection include avoidance of UV radiation, avoidance of photosensitizing drugs, use of photo-protective clothing, and diligent application of broad-spectrum sunscreens. In recent years, novel agents and experimental modalities with the potential to offer enhanced protective effects against deleterious sequelae of sun exposure have been elucidated, e.g. antioxidants, alpha-MSH, polyphenol in green teas, genistein, NF-kB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides, pTpT vaccination, and IL-12. As these new photo-protective tools are being developed by scientists around the world, greater concerted effort is needed to engage public health officials and the media to promote sun protection awareness throughout the general public.
Results and conclusions from the first pressurized-thermal-shock experiment☆

The first pressurized-thermal-shock test of a 148 mm thick steel pressure vessel with a 1 m long flaw was performed to investigate fracture behavior of a vessel under conditions relevant to a flawed nuclear reactor pressure vessel during an overcooling accident. The objectives were to observe crack arrest and stability on the ductile upper shelf and the effects of warm prestressing on crack initiation. Three coordinated pressure and thermal transients were imposed on the vessel, which was preheated to ∼290°C. Two episodes of crack propagation and arrest occurred. The thermal transients were induced by coolant at −29 to 15°C. Pressure transients were as high as 94.4 MPa. The experimental objectives were attained. The inhibiting effects of warm prestressing were definitely demonstrated. Crack propagation was nearly pure cleavage, and arrest at ∼30 K above the onset of the Charpy upper-shelf was experienced in a positive K1 gradient and with K1 = 300 MPa√m. Fracture-mechanics analysis of brittle fracture based on small-specimen toughness measurements was reasonably accurate. Flaw evaluation by procedures of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code conservatively predicted vessel failure, which did not occur. No ductile tearing occurred after each crack arrest, although some stable tearing had been predicted on the basis of tearing resistance data.
‘New Wars’ and Gendered Economies:

This paper draws on the ‘new wars’ literature and global political economy research to explore how feminists and other critical analysts might investigate linkages between, and the gendering of, licit and illicit informal activities in relation to transnational financing of new wars. The paper considers the interdependence (co-constitution) of reproductive, productive and virtual economies, and aims to illuminate the intersection of race, gender, and economic inequalities (within and among states) as structural features of neoliberal globalization. Finally, the paper develops an analytical framing of coping, combat and criminal informal economies, which overlap and interact but entail distinctive sets of actors, motivations, and activities. A brief description of each economy is followed by suggesting how it is gendered and how this might inform feminist theory/practice in relation to war.
Benzimidazole resistance offusarium species recovered from potatoes with dry rot from storages located in the Columbia basin of oregon and Washington

Fusarium species cause dry rot or seedpiece decay of potato tubers in storage and in the field. When potato storages were sampled in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington,F. sambucinum, F. oxysporum, andF. solani were the predominantFusarium species recovered from potato tubers with dry rot. OtherFusarium species recovered includedF. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum, andF. sporotrichioides. The majority ofF. sambucinum isolates tested were resistant to thiabendazole at 5, 10, and 25 mg liter-1 in amended potato dextrose agar (PDA), whereas resistance was less frequent inF. oxysporum andF. solani isolates. When isolates ofF. sambucinum, F. solani, andF. oxysporum were grown on PDA with no thiabendazole, the average colony diameter of isolates with resistance to thiabendazole was greater than the average colony diameter of isolates sensitive to thiabendazole for each respective species. When isolates ofF. sambucinum were placed on tuber slices, lesions were apparent by four days after inoculation, and lesion diameters were generally greater than those associated withF. solani orF. oxysporum. At eight days after inoculation onto tuber slices, the average lesion diameter ofF. sambucinum, F. solani, orF. oxysporum isolates with resistance to thiabendazole was greater than the average lesion diameter of isolates sensitive to thiabendazole for each respective species. Thiabendazole-resistance was also detected inF. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, andF. sporotrichioides.
Strand-specific LINE-1 transcription in mouse F9 cells originates from the youngest phylogenetic subgroup of LINE-1 elements

LINE-1 (L1) is a mammalian family of highly repeated DNA sequences that are members of a class of transposable elements whose movement involves an RNA intermediate. Both structural and evolutionary data indicate that the L1 family consists of a small number of active transposable elements interspersed with a large number of L1 pseudogenes. In the mouse, the longest, characterized L1 sequences span about 7000 base-pairs and contain two long open reading frames. Two subfamilies of mouse L1 elements, A and F, have been defined on the basis of the type of putative transcriptional regulatory sequence found at the 5' end. In order to identify a transcribed subset of L1 elements in mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells, we have examined the strand-specificity of L1 transcription by Northern analysis and compared the open reading frame-1 sequences of ten A-type cDNAs with fifteen genomic A-type L1 elements. Transcripts containing A-type sequence are far more abundant than those containing F-type sequence. Although the majority of L1 RNA in F9 cells appears to be transcribed non-specifically from both strands, our results provide evidence for a subpopulation of variable length, strand-specific transcripts arising from A-type transcriptional regulatory sequences. F9 cell cDNA sequences, which share greater than 99.5% sequence identity with one another, represent a homogeneous subset of the genomic L1 population. Examination of genomic mouse L1 sequences reveals three types of length polymorphism in a defined segment of the first open reading frame. Phylogenetic analysis shows a correlation between the type of length polymorphism in the first open reading frame and the relative age of an individual A-type genomic L1 element. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequences indicates that the youngest subgroup of A-type L1 elements is preferentially transcribed in F9 cells. This subgroup may be currently dominating the L1 dispersal process in mice.
Hospital Birthing Room Design: A Study Of Mothers' Perception Of Hominess

The objective of this research is to examine a select set of interior design elements for their contribution to the perception of hominess in a birthing environment. Seven interior design elements were studied. Seven line drawings were generated to illustrate variability in the manipulation level of each design element, resulting in a total of 49 line drawings. Subjects were asked to rate each of the 49 drawings with three different outcome measures: the degree of hominess perceived, the likeliness of using the setting as their birthing place (preference), and the perception of personal control. Researchers employed multiple comparisons with analysis of variance to investigate the contribution of each interior design element to each of the three outcomes. Relationships among the three outcomes were then investigated through coefficient correlation analysis. Finally, a General Linear Model was utilized to further investigate degree of impact of each design element. The findings indicate that perceived hominess in the birthing place is important to women. Furthermore, there is agreement about the use and manipulation of interior design in enhancing the perception of hominess. Successful design in hospital birthing settings can contribute to women's feeling of hominess by providing personal control over visual access, patient exposure, family visitation, and the immediate environment.
Principles of the light-amplifier and allied devices

The paper first considers the necessary component parts of a light amplifying system and briefly points out the advantages of using solid state devices. A system is outlined which consists of a photoconducting layer in series with an electroluminescent phosphor layer. The properties of the constituent parts are discussed in detail and the behaviour of the series combination is examined. Various practical coiistructions are described and attention drawn to the difficulties of manufacturing a picture reproducing device of large area. Optical feedback depends on the spectral emission distribution of the electroluminescent layer and the spectral response of the photoconductor. An amplifier with optical feedback such that the loop gain exceeds unity can be triggered by a light pulse and then remains in the light emitting condition until the supply voltage is reduced. Such an electro-optical binary switch is described using ZnS and CdS powder layers or single crystals. Complex combinations of such units could be employed in shift registers, scaling circuits, etc., and novel circuits are suggested which employ light as the means of triggering and coupling. These devices would be of miniature size and need few, if any, associated conventional components. Limitations of switching time and possible future developments are also discussed.
Petrochemistry, age and isotopic composition of alkali basalts from Ponape Island, Western Pacific

Eleven analyzed lava samples from Ponape Island are alkali olivine basalt, basanite and basanitoid. Most lavas are aphyric or sparsely phyric (< 10% phenocrysts) and have phenocrysts of olivine (Fo77–80), clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite, and microphenocrysts of plagioclase (An53–68) in a fine-grained groundmass of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, opaques, potassic oligoclase, ± nepheline and accessary phases. Oxygen isotope and Fe2O3FeO data suggest that most samples are fresh, although H2O contents are high. Xenoliths of chromite-bearing harzburgites and dunites, both with cumulate textures occur in one locality. Major- and trace-element concentrations are similar to other oceanic volcanic islands. Most major elements and compatible trace elements vary systematically with respect to the Mg number [100Mg(Mg + Fe2+)]. In contrast, the incompatible trace elements do not correlate with the Mg number, but do covary with other incompatible elements. Simple closed-system shallow fractionation cannot be invoked to explain the observed chemical variation in the lavas. Derivation of the fractionated lavas (Mg number = 66-48) probably involved polybaric crystal fractionation from a high-Mg-number parental liquid. In addition, variable-source concentration of a trace-element-rich minor phase is postulated. However, the mantle was homogeneous with respect to the ratio of 87Sr86Sr. New KAr age data are not consistent with the hypothesis that Ponape and the Caroline Ridge represent a simple “hot spot”.
Online Comments on Smoking Bans in Psychiatric Hospitals Units

Objective: Individuals with mental health concerns are disproportionately affected by and suffer the negative consequences of tobacco use disorder, perhaps because smoking has historically been part of psychiatry's culture. In the early 1990s, psychiatric inpatient facilities were exempted from U.S. hospital smoking bans, in response to public outcry with national media attention. Almost 2 decades later, the current study characterizes online conversation about psychiatric hospital smoking bans. Previous commenting studies have demonstrated commenting's negativity, documenting the “nasty effect” wherein negative comments color perceptions of neutral articles. Thus, we focused particular attention on cited barriers to implementing health-positive smoke-free policies. Methods: We collected online comments (N = 261) responding to popular media articles on smoking bans in inpatient psychiatry between 2013 and 2014 and conducted an inductive and exploratory qualitative content analysis. Results: Verifying prev...
Plasmon-phonon-assisted electron-hole recombination in Si at very high carrier density.

As the electron-hole density in Si, and the corresponding plasma frequency, increase to equal or exceed the indirect energy gap, a new recombination channel opens up. We calculate the rate of such a recombination process to first order in the phonon coupling and the emission of a single plasmon. We find that at such high densities (of the order of ${10}^{21}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) this channel strongly inhibits further increase of the carrier density even a picosecond after the pump-laser pulse.
Perceptions of promotion and tenure criteria: A survey of accounting educators

Abstract This paper investigates the perceptions of accounting educators with respect to the present and desired importance of various factors considered in promotion and tenure decisions. The results suggest substantial disagreement across types of institutions in the perceived importance of the various factors. Respondents at doctoral granting institutions exhibited a research profile, those at non-doctoral accredited institutions exhibited a teaching/research profile, and those at non-accredited institutions exhibited a teaching/research/service profile. These findings should be of value to new faculty entering the academic community, as well as faculty who wish to assess their academic mobility.
Involvement of gustatory neocortex in the learning of taste aversions.

Abstract Compared to a normal control group, rats lacking anterolateral neocortex were markedly deficient in their ability to associate a saccharin stimulus with drug-induced illness, yet saccharin clearly was shown to be detectable (preferred to water) by lesioned rats at the testing concentration. Both normal and lesioned rats were able to associate readily a quinine cue with illness, and rats with medial neocortex lesions appeared normal when the saccharin stimulus was used. It is argued that the described deficit is an associative one related specifically both to lesions of anterolateral neocortex and to some feature of the saccharin stimulus used in this study.
Mining Test Oracles for Test Inputs Generated from Java Bytecode

Search-based test generation can automatically produce a large volume of test inputs. However, it is difficult to define the test oracle for each of the test inputs. This paper presents a mining approach to building a decision tree model according to the test inputs generated from Java bytecode. It converts Java bytecode into the Jimple representation, extracts predicates from the control flow graph of the Jimple code, and uses these predicates as attributes for organizing training data to build a decision tree. Our case studies show that the mining approach generated accurate behavioral models and that test oracles derived from these models were able to kill 94.67% of the mutants with injected faults.
Unexpected Adrenergic Effect of Chlorpromazine: Eating Elicited by Injection into Rat Hypothalamus

Although chlorpromazine is believed to block adrenergic transmission, injection of this drug into the hypothalamus of satiated rats does not block norepinephrine-elicited eating, but instead mimics norepinephrine by eliciting eating. The amount of eating elicited by norepinephrine and by chlorpromazine is reliably correlated. These results suggest that endogenous norepinephrine mediates eating elicited by centrally injected chlorpromazine.
Effect of Leaf Aging on Water Deficit—Water Potential Relationships of Dogwood Leaves Growing in Two Environments

Water deficit-water potential relationships were determined at approximately monthly intervals from May to August on leaves collected from dogwood trees grow- ing in two environments. The relationships were not the same for leaves of dif- ferent ages or for leaves of the same age, but growing in the different environments. With aging of the leaves, the relationships shifted to progressively lower water poten- tials for a given water deficit. Increased leaf dry weight, decreased cell wall elasti- city, and decreased osmotic potentials accompanied leaf aging. These changes and the shifts in the relationships were greatest for leaves growing under high light inten- sity and dry environmental conditions. The lack of constancy in the relationships reduces the usefulness of water deficit or relative turgidity as an estimator of water potential. For the purposes of some workers, however, the relationships may be sufficiently constant for mature leaves of a given species growing in a relatively constant environment.
A multi-time-scale analysis of chemical reaction networks: I. Deterministic systems

We consider deterministic descriptions of reaction networks in which different reactions occur on at least two distinct time scales. We show that when a certain Jacobian is nonsingular there is a coordinate system in which the evolution equations for slow and fast variables are separated, and we obtain the appropriate initial conditions for the transformed system. We also discuss topological properties which guarantee that the nonsingularity condition is satisfied, and show that in the new coordinate frame the evolution of the slow variables on the slow time scale is independent of the fast variables to lowest order in a small parameter. Several examples that illustrate the numerical accuracy of the reduction are presented, and an extension of the reduction method to three or more time scale networks is discussed.