cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Situational characteristics of young adults' eating occasions: a real-time data collection using Personal Digital Assistants.

Objective To examine: (a) situational characteristics of young adult eating occasions, including away-from-home eating, social influences, and multitasking, and (b) how these characteristics are associated with specific foods/beverages consumed.
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Costimulatory Receptor Programmed Death-1

PD-1, a member of the CD28/CTLA-4/ICOS costimulatory receptor family, delivers negative signals that have profound effects on T and B cell immunity. The 2.0 A crystal structure of the extracellular domain of murine PD-1 reveals an Ig V-type topology with overall similarity to the CTLA-4 monomer; however, there are notable differences in regions relevant to function. Our structural and biophysical data show that PD-1 is monomeric both in solution as well as on cell surface, in contrast to CTLA-4 and other family members that are all disulfide-linked homodimers. Furthermore, our structure-based mutagenesis studies identify the ligand binding surface of PD-1, which displays significant differences compared to those present in the other members of the family.
Regression of Prostate Cancer Following Administration of Genistein Combined Polysaccharide (GCP™), a Nutritional Supplement: A Case Report

Purpose: It has been reported that genistein, an isoflavone used in soybeans, has antiprostate cancer effects. Genistein Combined Polysaccharide (GCP™; AMino Up, Sapporo, Japan), a nutritional supplement manufactured in Japan, is composed of genistein and a polysaccharide obtained from basidiomycetes (mycelia) that grows in a variety of mushrooms. Methods: We report a case of a patient with a biopsy proven prostate cancer showing clinical and pathologic evidence of regression following administration of GCP. The patient was enrolled in an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved protocol and received GCP for 6 weeks prior to radical prostatectomy. Results: The patient's prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decreased from an initial value of 19.7 to 4.2 ng/mL after 44 days of low-dose GCP. No cancer was identified in the radical prostatectomy specimen and no side effects were observed in this patient. Conclusion: This case suggests that GCP, which has shown potent inhibitory effects against prostate cancer in ...
Geochemistry of Brokeoff volcano, California

Brokeoff volcano, a High Cascade stratovolcano located in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, is composed primarily of andesite, with subordinate amounts of basalt, basaltic andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, and rhyolite. A geochemical study was undertaken to investigate the genetic relationship between members of the basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite magma series. Both major-element and trace-element abundances vary regularly with the silica content of the lavas. Relatively small increases in K, Rb, and Ba abundances preclude derivation of most of the rhyodacites by fractional crystallization. A model is proposed for the generation of andesite by partial melting of a garnet peridotite and generation of rhyodacite by partial melting of a similar source at greater depths, followed by hornblende fractionation. A small volume of dacites and rhyodacites have distinctly higher incompatible element abundances and were probably produced by fractional crystallization of the andesite. Andesites and dacites produced by flank eruptions are characterized by complex phenocryst assemblages and were most likely formed by mixing of andesite and rhyodacite magma. It is concluded that members of the basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite magma series are not related by a single process, but probably by several processes, even at a single volcanic center.
Homogeneity tests of Tiebout sorting: A case study at the interface of city and suburb

The Tiebout hypothesis has stimulated 50 years of research into the relationship between residential location and local taxes and services. One line of research has focused on socioeconomic homogen...
Distribution of transforming growth factor beta in a two-week-old human embryo.

AbstractUsing inununohistochemical methods we have investigated the presence of transforming growth factors β1, β2 and β1 precursor in a two-week-old trilaminar human embryo. TGF-β1 precursor was seen in both the epiblast and the hypoblast. In contrast to the widespread localization of TGF-β1 precursor in the embryo proper, antibodies to the mature TGF-β1 peptide localized preferentially to the hypoblast with only weak staining in the epiblast. Staining with antibodies to TGF-β2 was generally weak in both the epiblast and hypoblast layers of the embryo proper. These results show that TGF-β1 and β2 peptides are detectable as early as the second week of human development.
Hydrogen defects in tetragonal ZrO2 studied using density functional theory

In the energy-structure paradigm, we analyzed the defects that can arise in tetragonal zirconium oxide (T-ZrO2) involving the hydrogen atom or the hydrogen molecule using density functional theory. Our results indicate that the dominant hydrogen defect under reducing conditions is , a complex formed between the hydride ion and a doubly charged oxygen vacancy. This result is consistent with the experimental observation that under reducing conditions, the solubility of hydrogen is proportional to the degree of hypostoichiometry of T-ZrO2. Under oxidizing conditions we found three different hydrogen defects, each predominating in a specific range of the chemical potential of electrons. Starting from the valence band top toward the conduction band bottom, these defects are the interstitial proton, , a complex formed between two hydrogen species and a zirconium vacancy with a net effective charge of (2−), , and finally a complex similar to the latter but with a net effective charge of (4−), . In the two hydrogens exist in the form of hydroxyl groups, while in they exist in the form of a hydrogen molecule. In addition, we found that up to three hydrogen species can favorably accumulate in a zirconium vacancy under oxidizing conditions. The clustering of hydrogen in cation vacancies can be a precursor for the deleterious effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and stability of metal oxides, in analogy with hydrogen embrittlement in metals. Finally we observed a red-shift and a blue-shift for the vibrational frequencies of all the hydroxyl groups and all the hydrogen molecules, respectively, in T-ZrO2 when compared to the gas phase frequencies. This is an important characteristic for guiding future experimental efforts to detect and identify hydrogen defects in T-ZrO2. The insights presented in this work advance our predictive understanding of the degradation behavior of T-ZrO2 as a corrosion resistant passive layer, as a gate dielectric and in biomedical applications.
How do tonic glutamatergic synapses evade receptor desensitization

Photoreceptor output synapses are the best known tonic chemical synapses in the nervous system, in which glutamate is continuously released in darkness, activating AMPA/kainate receptors in postsynaptic neurons. It has been shown that glutamate receptors in certain types of second-order retinal cells are largely desensitized in darkness, leading to small postsynaptic currents and reduced response dynamic ranges. Here we show that the tonic glutamatergic synapses between photoreceptors and rod-dominated hyperpolarizing bipolar cells (HBCRs) in the salamander retina evade postsynaptic receptor desensitization by using (1) multiple invaginating ribbon junctions as releasing sites for low-frequency, synchronized multiquantal release at each site; and (2) the GluR4 AMPA receptors as the postsynaptic receptors. The multiquantal events exhibit faster decay time than the GluR4 receptor desensitization time constant and therefore self-desensitization is minimized, and the average inter-event duration in darkness is much longer than the GluR4 desensitization recovery time and thus mutual desensitization is avoided. Consequently, the HBCRs are not desensitized in darkness, allowing light signals to be encoded by the full operating range of the glutamate-gated postsynaptic currents. Our study illustrates for the first time how a tonic glutamatergic synapse avoids postsynaptic receptor desensitization, a strategy that may be shared by many other synapses in the nervous system that need extended operation capacity.
Antibodies to Conserved Pneumococcal Antigens Correlate with, but Are Not Required for, Protection against Pneumococcal Colonization Induced by Prior Exposure in a Mouse Model

In mice following intranasal exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, protection against pneumococcal colonization was independent of antibody but dependent on CD4+ T cells. Nonetheless, concentrations of antibodies to three conserved pneumococcal antigens correlated with protection against colonization. Concentrations of antibodies to conserved pneumococcal antigens may be correlates of protection without being effectors of protection.
Effects of Distillers Grains and Substrate Steam-Flaked Corn Concentration on In Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance, Gas Production Kinetics, and Hydrogen Sulfide Production1

Effects of 3 levels of distillers grains (DG) and 3 ratios of steam-flaked corn (SFC) to ground corn (GC) were used to evaluate IVDMD, in vitro gas production kinetics, and in vitro H 2 S produc
Fiscal Redistribution In Middle Income Countries

This paper examines the redistributive impact of fiscal policy for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa using comparable fiscal incidence analysis with data from around 2010. The largest redistributive effect is in South Africa and the smallest in Indonesia. Success in fiscal redistribution is driven primarily by redistributive effort (share of social spending to GDP in each country) and the extent to which transfers/subsidies are targeted to the poor and direct taxes targeted to the rich. While fiscal policy always reduces inequality, this is not the case with poverty. Fiscal policy increases poverty in Brazil and Colombia (over and above market income poverty) due to high consumption taxes on basic goods. The marginal contribution of direct taxes, direct transfers and in-kind transfers is always equalizing. The marginal effect of net indirect taxes is unequalizing in Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia and South Africa. Total spending on education is pro-poor except for Indonesia, where it is neutral in absolute terms. Health spending is pro-poor in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa, roughly neutral in absolute terms in Mexico, and not pro-poor in Indonesia and Peru.
A growth study of Coxiella burnetii Nine Mile Phase I and Phase II in fibroblasts

Coxiella burnetii, a slow-growing, gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of Q fever in humans. The avirulent Phase II C. burnetii Nine Mile strain can invade and establish persistent infections in a wide variety of laboratory cell lines, and is generally considered to be easier to grow in culture than the wild-type Phase I organism. Efforts to improve Phase I organism yield in the BHK-21 cell line demonstrated that high CO2 conditions and the use of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 4.5 g/l glucose supplementation resulted in higher organism yields. Phase II organisms grown in the same cell line and conditions showed lower growth rates. Analysis revealed that increased average numbers of C. burnetii Phase I organisms within fibroblasts was due to higher growth rates within the hosts rather than to increased uptake or to increased cell-to-cell spreading. Addition of the nucleoside cytidine to the growth medium stimulated growth of Phase II but not Phase I organisms.
Simulation of particle size distribution with a global aerosol model: contribution of nucleation to aerosol and CCN number concentrations

Abstract. An advanced particle microphysics model with a number of computationally efficient schemes has been incorporated into a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate particle number size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations in the atmosphere. Size-resolved microphysics for secondary particles (i.e., those formed from gaseous species) and sea salt has been treated in the present study. The growth of nucleated particles through the condensation of sulfuric acid vapor and equilibrium uptake of nitrate, ammonium, and secondary organic aerosol is explicitly simulated, along with the scavenging of secondary particles by primary particles (dust, black carbon, organic carbon, and sea salt). We calculate secondary particle formation rate based on ion-mediated nucleation (IMN) mechanism and constrain the parameterizations of primary particle emissions with various observations. Our simulations indicate that secondary particles formed via IMN appear to be able to account for the particle number concentrations observed in many parts of the troposphere. A comparison of the simulated annual mean concentrations of condensation nuclei larger than 10 nm (CN10) with those measured values show very good agreement (within a factor of two) in near all 22 sites around the globe that have at least one full year of CN10 measurements. Secondary particles appear to dominate the number abundance in most parts of the troposphere. Calculated CCN concentration at supersaturation of 0.4% (CCN0.4) and the fraction of CCN0.4 that is secondary (fsecCCN) have large spatial variations. Over the middle latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, zonally averaged CCN0.4 decreases from ~400–700 cm−3 in the boundary layer (BL) to below 100 cm−3 above altitude of ~4 km, the corresponding fsecCCN values change from 50–60% to above ~70%. In the Southern Hemisphere, the zonally averaged CCN0.4 is below 200 cm−3 and fsecCCN is generally above 60% except in the BL over the Southern Ocean.
Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa

The paper proposes that reports of pervasive competition and conflict over land in sub-Saharan Africa belie a current image of negotiable and adaptive customary systems of landholding and land use but, instead, reveal processes of exclusion, deepening social divisions and class formation. Cases of ambiguous and indeterminate outcomes among claimants over land do occur, but the instances of intensifying conflict over land, deepening social rifts and expropriation of land beg for closer attention. More emphasis needs to be placed by analysts on who benefits and who loses from instances of ‘negotiability’ in access to land, an analysis that, in turn, needs to be situated in broader political economic and social changes taking place, particularly during the past thirty or so years. This requires a theoretical move away from privileging contingency, flexibility and negotiability that, willy-nilly, ends by suggesting an open field, to one that is able to identify those situations and processes (including commodification, structural adjustment, market liberalization and globalization) that limit or end negotiation and flexibility for certain social groups or categories.
Characterization of dull1, a Maize Gene Coding for a Novel Starch Synthase

The maize dull1 ( du1 ) gene is a determinant of the structure of endosperm starch, and du1 – mutations affect the activity of two enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, starch synthase II (SSII) and starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa). Six novel du1 – mutations generated in Mutator -active plants were identified. A portion of the du1 locus was cloned by transposon tagging, and a nearly full-length Du1 cDNA sequence was determined. Du1 codes for a predicted 1674-residue protein, comprising one portion that is similar to SSIII of potato, as well as a large unique region. Du1 transcripts are present in the endosperm during the time of starch biosynthesis, but the mRNA was undetectable in leaf or root tissue. The predicted size of the Du1 gene product and its expression pattern are consistent with those of maize SSII. The Du1 gene product contains two repeated regions in its unique N terminus. One of these contains a sequence identical to a conserved segment of SBEs. We conclude that Du1 codes for a starch synthase, most likely SSII, and that secondary effects of du1 – mutations, such as reduction of SBEIIa, result from the primary deficiency in this starch synthase.
Analysis of hierarchical control architectures: a Petri net approach

Petri nets have been shown to be quite powerful in specifying the control logic for hierarchical systems. Each level of the hierarchy may be modeled by one or more Petri nets. Each Petri net receives tokens from only one higher-level Petri net. Also, any two adjacent Petri nets (in the same level) may pass tokens only through the immediately-higher-level Petri net. Some results concerning the analysis of this type of hierarchical Petri net structures are shown. The authors concentrate on the conservativeness property. >
Women Are Sort of More Tentative Than Men, Aren't They? How Men and Women Use Tentative Language Differently, Similarly, and Counterstereotypically as a Function of Gender Salience

Based on self-categorization theory's explanation for gender-based language use, male and female participants sent e-mail on a masculine, feminine, or gender-neutral topic to an ostensible male or female recipient (i.e., intergroup or intragroup dyads). As predicted, the topic affected if and how men and women used tentative language differently: For masculine topics, traditional gender differences emerged (i.e., women were more tentative than men) in intergroup, but not intragroup, contexts; for feminine topics, differences were counterstereotypical (i.e., men were more tentative than women) in intergroup contexts only; and for a gender-neutral topic, no differences resulted in either intra- or intergroup contexts. Moreover, gender salience partially mediated these effects in intergroup interactions only: Topic affected tentative language through gender salience in the mixed-sex condition (i.e., a conditional indirect effect).
Na+-dependent purine nucleoside transporter from human kidney: cloning and functional characterization

Many purine nucleosides and their analogs are actively transported in the kidney. Using homology cloning strategies and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions, we isolated a cDNA encoding...
Tumor necrosis factor induction of endothelial cell urokinase-type plasminogen activator mediated proteolysis of extracellular matrix and its antagonism by gamma-interferon.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has a profound capacity to alter the endothelial cell phenotype that includes morphologic and functional changes that may be central for proinflammatory processes. Recent observations have indicated that TNF can promote the synthesis and secretion of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in low passage human endothelial cells that normally release little uPA. In this report we have confirmed and expanded upon these initial observations in human endothelial cells and describe the ability of gamma-interferon (gamma- IFN) to inhibit TNF-induced uPA synthesis and secretion in a dose- dependent manner (0.025 to 25 ng/mL). Analysis of cell-free conditioned medium derived from gamma-IFN-treated cultures by micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodologies using uPA- and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) indicate that the decrease in uPA activity observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) zymography is a direct result of a decrease in extracellular uPA antigen and is not a consequence of increased PAI-1 antigen. These findings are supported by Northern blot analyses that indicate that gamma-IFN treatment of endothelial cells resulted in a decreased steady state level of uPA messenger RNA (mRNA) with no measurable change in PAI-1 mRNA. This inhibitory response is specific for gamma-IFN because alpha-IFN fails to elicit a similar inhibitory response. In addition, TNF augmented extracellular proteolysis of radiolabeled subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) in a dose-dependent manner. The observed increase in ECM degradation mediated by TNF treatment of endothelial cells was dependent on the presence of plasminogen and could be inhibited by an anticatalytic uPA MoAb implying the requirement of proteolytically active uPA in this process. gamma-IFN (25 ng/mL) treatment of endothelial cells antagonized TNF-promoted degradation of radiolabeled ECM at a concentration that completely inhibited TNF- mediated uPA expression and activity. In addition, endothelial cells treated with TNF (18 hours) displayed the ability to invade ECM and reorganize individual cells into tube-like structures that were not evident in untreated control cultures when grown on Matrigel-coated culture dishes. gamma-IFN treatment of endothelial cells propagated on Matrigel was observed to inhibit TNF-mediated ECM invasion and tube formation at concentrations that were analogous to those required for the inhibition of uPA expression and activity. In summary, these observations suggest a novel homeostatic control mechanism for endothelial cell regulation of subendothelial ECM degradation promoted by TNF and inhibited by gamma-IFN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
Amicus Brief of Law Scholars in Fox v. Dish, No. 12-57048 (9th Cir)

The outcome of this case will affect the future of private non-commercial time-shifting of television programs – a fair use right expressly recognized by the Supreme Court almost three decades ago in Sony Corp. of America v. University City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984). The advance of technology from the videotape recorder (“VTR”), to the videocassette recorder (“VCR”) considered in Sony, to today’s digital video recorder (“DVR”) has not – nor should it – affect that right.Under Sony, using the Hopper (Dish’s DVR) and PrimeTime Anytime (“PTAT”) is as much a fair use as the original Betamax technology. Both enable private non-commercial time-shifting of legally acquired television programs, and Fox’s attempt to overrule Sony by claiming it has licensed time-shifted programming to internet websites such as Hulu and iTunes should be to no avail, as fair use markets cannot be reclaimed from the public through subsequent licensing practices. To allow this would be to take settled fair uses and turn them into infringements over time at the copyrights holder’s discretion.Fox continues its attack on fair use by seeking to stop Dish’s creation of quality assurance (“QA”) copies of Fox’s programs, which Dish then uses to access unprotectable facts about the programs – the start and stop times of show segments – and to use those facts to ensure that AutoHop, its commercial skipping program, responds appropriately. Use of such intermediate copies in order to access non-protected information has long been held to be fair. Fox attempts to distinguish these precedents by arguing that such copying is somehow not “transformative” of a message or meaning within the television program itself; but such transformation is not required for the purposes of understanding works or extracting unprotectable facts.
The Role of Salivary Enzymes in the Detection of Polysaccharides in the Termite Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

This study tested the ability of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes to detect the presence of large polysaccharides by breaking them down using their saliva. Previous work has found that the saliva of Reticulitermes contains cellulase and amylase but not xylanase. In several experiments, lab colonies were given choices between glucose and starch in the presence and absence of an amylase inhibitor or a choice between xylan and xylose. The results found that there was no preference between artificial food that contained equal amounts of starch and glucose but termites did prefer food containing xylose over food containing xylan. In addition, the presence of an amylase inhibitor in an artificial food source reduced the termite’s preference for food containing starch. The results confirm that the enzymes are necessary for termites to detect the presence of polysaccharides Termites have been found to prefer denser wood and higher concentrations of cellulose. The mechanism found here provides an explanation of how wood density is determined by termites.
Breaking curfew in the underworld

iv Acknowledgments v Usually in this Story 1 A Working Guide to Aboveground Girls 2 Persephone Exhibits 4 Out the 5 Warning Signs of Teens in Trouble......... 3 Persephone Begins to Exert Her Bad Influence 4 Persephone Plays Seven Minutes in Heaven 5 Persephone and Eurydice Carry On Drinking 6 Persephone’s Table Manners for Fallen Women 7 Persephone’s Best Light 8 Persephone’s List of Common Mistakes 9 Murmuration 10 Interoffice Memo re: Persephone’s Hair 11 Interoffice Memo Erasure 12 Persephone and the Office 13 Now that She’s Dead, She Knows Everything 14 Murmuration 15 Identifying Characteristics: Persephone’s Mermaid Tattoo 16 Murmuration 17 Dear Sirs 18 Persephone Invents a Sister I 19
Ecotourism and Legal Institutions

Ecotourism refers to efforts to provide for environmental and social sustainability through the use of tourism as an economic activity. The concept has been a source of considerable debate within social scientific disciplines addressing environmental issues. However, political science has been less involved in those discussions, mainly because most of the past discussions have discussed the effectiveness and appropriateness of either specific ecotourism practices or a reliance on ecotourism in general. This paper seeks to begin to fill that void by laying out a framework for the analysis of the role that legal institutions play in the development and maintenance of ecotourism. This first step requires that attention move away from the normative basis of the evaluation of ecotourism and focus on a descriptive approach to analyzing the phenomenon of ecotourism.
Management Earnings Forecasts, Information Asymmetry, and Liquidity: An Empirical Investigation

This study investigates (1) whether forecasting firms have lower liquidity prior to the issuance of a management-earnings forecast than non-forecasting firms and (2) whether forecasting earnings has a persistent affect on a firm's liquidity. I find that, first, forecasting firms have greater liquidity in the period prior to a forecast. Second, while issuing forecast increases liquidity in over short windows, this effect is not significant over longer windows. Third, initiating or ceasing the issuance of earnings forecasts has no significant long-term effect on the firm's liquidity. Combined, these results suggest that management earnings forecasting decision does not appear to be driven by liquidity-improvement goals, and that management earnings forecasts do not appear to strongly affect firms' liquidity.
Centrifugal Compressor Design Considerations

Initial design considerations of centrifugal compressor are commonly performed with experience base, although computer technology and numerical methods had made significantly progress. Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes are still not major design tools for centrifugal compressors. Major design systems for industrial centrifugal compressor design are largely based on one-dimensional meanline and two-dimensional through flow tools. The experience of designers is one of the key factors to drive design success. The impeller is one of the key components of a centrifugal compressor stage. Design of the impeller is critical to the success of compressor stage design. Basic sizing information to establish the initial parameters can save development time for industrial centrifugal compressor development. The diffuser plays an important role in the compressor operating range. A poorly designed diffuser reduces compressor operating range and stage efficiency. The volute design impacts the compressor performance and bearing life. For successful design all compressor components, the design experience is one of a key factor to make design success. This paper presents author’s design experience for centrifugal compressors. The discussions and information on compressor design considerations in open literature are also reviewed. The purpose of the paper is to serve as a part of compressor design experience database for young engineers and college students in order to reduce their training time to become compressor designers.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Abstract 4514: Proteasome inhibition causes regression of leukemia in part through regulation of forkhead tumor suppressors

BCR-ABL plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and some cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Although ABL kinase inhibitors have shown great promise in the treatment of CML, the persistence of residual disease and the occurrence of resistance have prompted investigations into the molecular effectors of BCR-ABL. Here, we show that BCR-ABL stimulates the proteasome-dependent degradation of members of the forkhead family of tumor suppressors in vitro, in an in vivo animal model, and in samples from patients with BCR-ABL-positive CML or ALL. As several downstream mediators of BCR-ABL are regulated by the proteasome degradation pathway, we also show that inhibition of this pathway, using bortezomib, causes regression of CML-like disease. Bortezomib treatment led to inhibition of BCR-ABL-induced suppression of FoxO proteins and their proapoptotic targets, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and BIM, thereby providing novel insights into the molecular effects of proteasome inhibitor therapy. We additionally show sensitivity of imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL T315I cells to bortezomib. Our data delineate the involvement of FoxO proteins in BCR-ABL-induced evasion of apoptosis and provide evidence that bortezomib is a candidate therapeutic in the treatment of BCR-ABL-induced leukemia. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4514.
On the Smooth Jordan Brouwer Separation Theorem

AbstractWe give an elementary proof of the Jordan Brouwer separation theorem for smooth hypersurfaces using the divergence theorem and the inverse function theorem.
Book Review: Negativity in Democratic Politics: Causes and Consequences, by Stuart N. SorokaNegativity in Democratic Politics: Causes and Consequences. SorokaStuart N.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 180 pp. $27.99 pbk.

Negativity in Democratic Politics: Causes and Consequences. Stuart N. Soroka. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 180 pp. $27.99 pbk.As you most likely will prioritize the negative over the positive, let us start with some of the critiques of Negativity in Democratic Politics: It is pretty short (too short?), some evidence presented in the book needs to be bolstered by future research, and it ignores some related literature streams. But, quite frankly, its confined focus is also among the strengths of this interesting work by Stuart N. Soroka, a professor of communication studies and political science at the University of Michigan.He compiled a large number of studies focusing on the role of negativity in political processes from a variety of disciplines (political science, psychology, economics, communications, biology, and physiology). This interdisciplinary approach allows scholars with an interest in this topic to peek across the borders between their discipline and many others. This book reveals that researchers with varying backgrounds have studied negativity from different angles. As the relations between those studies are not always evident, Soroka attempts to connect them to complete a larger puzzle.As a result, we see the bigger picture. Yet this book also reveals that some pieces are still missing. In some cases, those pieces may be found in other literature focusing on attribution bias and evolutionary biology, but in other cases, those pieces still need to be created-and this book could serve as a stepping stone for such research endeavors. Soroka also presents a variety of his own research to fill some of those holes.The book is not a direct protest against the emphasis on negative information in the political sphere. As mentioned several times, negative information is important for citizens to monitor their communities, especially for holding political officials accountable. Instead, the book presents a variety of examples of how negative information has a greater effect on judgments than positive information.Much of the research discussed has been conducted in the United States, although comparable results from other countries are provided, primarily Canada and the United Kingdom-which, the author acknowledges, are not wildly different cultures, but they are certainly not homogeneous in all aspects either. Soroka argues that this indicates that negativity may not solely be a cultural phenomenon in a specific country, but perhaps biological-although he did not delve much into the latter type of literature to strengthen his case. …
Other Tetrazines and Pentazines

This chapter presents a summary of theoretical and experimental works on the preparation and studies of 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, pentazine, hexazine, and their derivatives, excluding systems with bridgehead nitrogen atoms. The chapter covers the period 1994–2005 and summarizes the work reported in 59 publications. The parent 1,2,3,4-tetrazine and 1,2,3,5-tetrazine have not been isolated or studied experimentally, but there has been significant progress in the chemistry of their derivatives. Several new classes of compounds have been reported, incorporating the 1,2,3,4-tetrazine substructure fused to a benzene, cyclopentadiene, pyridine, or furazan ring. All reported derivatives of 1,2,3,5-tetrazine are structures with a bridgehead N-atom and are discussed in Volume 10. There have been no reports on isolation and experimental studies of pentazine and hexazine. The chapter offers an extensive discussion on the theoretical studies of the title compounds, being so far the only means to elucidate details on their structure, reactivity, and aromatic character (Section 8.13.2). Several 1,2,3,4-tetrazine derivatives have been analyzed in the solid state and a great deal of structural information has been gained using spectroscopic methods, particularly multinuclear NMR studies (Section 8.13.3). NMR has also been successfully employed to investigate ring–chain tautomerism, characteristic for some of the studied compounds (Section 8.13.4). The discussion of reactivity is divided into four sections (8.13.5–8.13.8), and covers reactions of various 1,2,3,4-tetrazine derivatives. Their synthesis is reported in Sections 8.13.9–8.13.11. A brief review of applications is offered in Section 8.13.12.
Upregulation of neurovascular communication through filamin abrogation promotes ectopic periventricular neurogenesis

Neuronal fate-restricted intermediate progenitors (IPs) are derived from the multipotent radial glia (RGs) and serve as the direct precursors for cerebral cortical neurons, but factors that control their neurogenic plasticity remain elusive. Here we report that IPs' neuron production is enhanced by abrogating filamin function, leading to the generation of periventricular neurons independent of normal neocortical neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Loss of Flna in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) led RGs to undergo changes resembling epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) along with exuberant angiogenesis that together changed the microenvironment and increased neurogenesis of IPs. We show that by collaborating with β-arrestin, Flna maintains the homeostatic signaling between the vasculature and NPCs, and loss of this function results in escalated Vegfa and Igf2 signaling, which exacerbates both EMT and angiogenesis to further potentiate IPs' neurogenesis. These results suggest that the neurogenic potential of IPs may be boosted in vivo by manipulating Flna-mediated neurovascular communication.
Nonresonant interactions of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves with relativistic electrons

The dynamics of relativistic electrons traveling through a parallel-propagating, monochromatic electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave in the Earth's dipole field are investigated via test particle simulations. Both resonant and nonresonant responses in electron pitch angle are considered and the differences between the two are highlighted. Nonresonant electrons, with energies below the minimum resonant energy down to 100s keV, are scattered stochastically in pitch angle and can be scattered into the atmospheric loss cone. The nonresonant effect is attributed to the spatial edge associated with EMIC wave packets. A condition for effective nonresonant response is also provided. This effect is excluded from current quasi-linear theory, can be a potentially important loss mechanism of relativistic and subrelativistic electrons in the radiation belts.
Robust Control of Large Power Systems VIA Convex Optimization

The reliable and efficient operation of large electric power systems requires the development of appropriate robust control strategies. In designing such a control, it is necessary to ensure that only locally available information is utilized, and that stability can be guaranteed over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances. This chapter demonstrates that such requirements can be satisfied using linear matrix inequalities, which provide a natural framework for computing feedback laws with information structure constraints.
7.10 Wear: Knee Joint Arthroplasty

The human knee is the most complex joint in the body providing three rotational and three translational motions under high loads reaching multiples of body weight. Total Knee Replacement (TKR) is booming and projected to reach millions of procedures per year. Knee arthroplasty is a successful, reliable and cost-effective surgery which allows the patient to return to pain-free and close to normal leg function. The improved longevity of implant design and materials was vital for this success, especially the wear resistance of ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components commonly used as bearing inserts. Wear still poses a risk to the patient, due to the particulate debris which can cause accumulative inflammation (osteolysis) and can result in bone resorption, implant loosening and eventual failure requiring revision surgery. This chapter describes the knee joint and its replacement surgery, and a glimpse of the evolution of TKR, dwelling on the technological factors that have brought success and implant longevity, and the interplay of those factors with wear. The main principles behind in vitro knee wear simulator testing are described, contrasting the displacement control and force control standard TKR wear test methods. Citations are made throughout the text of clinical and in vitro wear test results.
Does Statistical Significance Help to Evaluate Predictive Performance of Competing Models

In Monte Carlo experiment with simulated data, we show that as a point forecast criterion, the Clark and West's (2006) unconditional test of mean squared prediction errors does not reflect the relative performance of a superior model over a relatively weaker one. The simulation results show that even though the mean squared prediction errors of a constructed superior model is far below a weaker alternative, the Clark- West test does not reflect this in their test statistics. Therefore, studies that use this statistic in testing the predictive accuracy of alternative exchange rate models, stock return predictability, inflation forecasting, and unemployment forecasting should not weight too much on the magnitude of the statistically significant Clark-West tests statistics.
The Effects of Protostellar Jet Feedback on Turbulent Collapse

We present results of hydrodynamic simulations of massive star forming regions with and without protostellar jets. We show that jets change the normalization of the stellar mass accretion rate, but do not strongly affect the dynamics of star formation. In particular, $M_*(t) \propto f^2 (t-t_*)^2$ where $f = 1 - f_{\rm jet}$ is the fraction of mass accreted onto the protostar, $f_{\rm jet}$ is the fraction ejected by the jet, and $(t-t_*)^2$ is the time elapsed since the formation of the first star. The star formation efficiency is nonlinear in time. We find that jets have only a small effect (of order 25\%) on the accretion rate onto the protostellar disk (the "raw" accretion rate). We show that the small scale structure -- the radial density, velocity, and mass accretion profiles are very similar in the jet and no-jet cases. Finally, we show that the inclusion of jets does drive turbulence but only on small (parsec) scales.
Rendering rural modernity: Spectacle and power in a Chinese ethnic tourism village:

For residents of Upper Jidao, a Miao village in Guizhou Province, China, the past decade and a half of tourism development in the region can be boiled down to one single suggestion: make a spectacl...
Seeking Gandhi, finding Khomeini: How America failed to understand the nature of the religious opposition of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the Iranian Revolution

This article examines how Americans perceived the Iranian Revolution, and seeks to understand how many influential individuals failed to understand or acknowledge the true nature of the Shi‘i oppos...
Reverse the routine: Problem solving before instruction improves conceptual knowledge in undergraduate physics

Abstract STEM undergraduate classrooms are increasingly adopting instructional methods to enhance student engagement and improve learning outcomes. For example, in exploratory learning, students explore novel problems before they are taught the underlying concepts and procedures. The current studies examined the benefits of exploratory learning in undergraduate physics instruction. In Studies 1 and 2, students worked collaboratively in groups to complete a learning activity before lecture (explore-first condition) or after (instruct-first condition). The two studies were conducted in different semesters, with different physics courses and instructors of record. Students’ conceptual understanding and procedural knowledge (problem-solving accuracy) were assessed using an instructor-created quiz. Performance on the learning activity indicated that students in the explore-first condition struggled as much as (Study 2) or more than (Study 1) students in the instruct-first condition. However, on the quiz, students in the explore-first condition exhibited better conceptual understanding and equal procedural knowledge, compared to students in the instruct-first condition. In addition, self-reported interest and enjoyment were either equal (Study 1) or greater (Study 2) in the explore-first condition. Study 3 tested the effects of exploring alone versus in a collaborative group. Learning outcomes were equal across conditions, suggesting that there is no added learning benefit of exploring collaboratively compared to individually. However, interest and enjoyment were higher when students explored collaboratively, which may have long-term educational benefits. Exploratory learning, with or without collaboration, offers a useful method to improve student engagement and performance in essential undergraduate STEM courses.
Evaluation of the Chemical-mechanical Planarization (CMP) Performance of Silicon Nitride and Silicon Carbide as Hard Mask Materials for Cu-based Interconnect Technology

Hydrogenated silicon nitride, hydrogenated silicon carbide, and their intermediates were chemo-mechanically polished. Results showed that, within the material set examined, harder materials also have higher CMP removal rates. In addition, CMP rates for multilayer stacks did not follow those for single layers. Polish mechanisms were proposed to explain these phenomena.
Surgical modifications of the Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy minimize invasiveness without compromising short- and medium-term outcomes.

Abstract Background Biliary atresia (BA) causes progressive fibrosis and obliteration of the biliary tree, resulting in bile stasis and eventual liver dysfunction. It affects 1 in 10,000–18,000 infants, and if left untreated, universally leads to liver failure. The Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy (KPE) was developed as an effective surgical therapy for BA and can restore bile drainage into the intestine. Traditionally, the KPE procedure extra-corporealizes the liver to expose the portal plate. Here, we describe modifications to the procedure via a smaller incision in which the liver remains within the abdominal cavity and we compare the outcomes of this technique to previous institutional outcomes and to contemporary international series. Materials and methods We identified all patients who underwent KPE for BA at a single institution between 1994 and 2012. Patient outcomes after the modified KPE performed from 2004 to 2012 were compared to data from infants who underwent the traditional KPE from 1994 to 2003. Results Ninety-nine patients were identified. Fifty-two were in the traditional KPE group and 47 in the modified KPE group. There was no difference in mean age at surgery. Median follow-up was 64 months (traditional KPE) and 46 months (modified KPE). The rate of native liver survival (39.1% vs 48.5%), overall survival (89.2% vs 97.8%), liver transplant occurring under one year of age (36.5% vs 40.4%) and median time to liver transplant (188 vs 172 days) were not statistically different between groups (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). The results of the modified KPE compared favorably to published outcomes. Conclusion The described modifications to the KPE appear to yield equivalent outcomes when compared to the traditional KPE procedure and compare well with published outcomes in the literature. It is possible that the procedure described here results in less scarring and technically easier liver transplant procedures. Level of Evidence Level III.
Partnering with Youth in School Mental Health: Recommendations from Students

Strong partnerships involving schools, community systems, and families are critical in moving toward comprehensive and high-quality mental health programs and services for all students (Weist, 1997). Such partnerships are a foundational value in school mental health (SMH), with strong emphasis on the critical role of students in building, sustaining, and continuously improving programs and services (Christenson & Sheridan, 2001). There are many benefits to partnerships that emphasize strong family and youth participation in SMH, including enhanced collaborative decision-making, family engagement, and positive developmental outcomes for students (Epstein & Van Voorhis, 2010; Henderson & Mapp, 2002). Involving youth and families as partners in SMH is also consistent with federal priorities (U.S. Department of Education, Planning, & Evaluation, Policy Development, 2010), which emphasize consumer- and family-driven mental health care that encourages meaningful involvement of families in all aspects of service provision as recipients of care.