cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longtime behavior for a class of abstract integrodifferential equations

We are concerned with semilinear integrodifferential equations of the form, $$ \dot x\left( \psi \right)\left( {\text{t}} \right) = {\text{AX}}\left( \psi \right)\left( {\text{t}} \right) + \int_{ - \infty }^{\text{t}} {{\text{g}}\left( {{\text{t,s,x}}\left( \psi \right)\left( {\text{s}} \right)} \right){\text{ds}}} $$ (1.a) $$ {\text{x}}\left( \psi \right)\left( \theta \right) = \psi \left( \theta \right)\quad \theta \in \left( { - \infty ,0} \right] $$ (1.b) $$ \psi \in {\text{C}}_\alpha \quad {\text{For some }}\alpha \in \left( {0,1} \right) $$ (1.c) Here A is required to be the infinitesional generator of an analytic semi-group {T(t)|t ≥ 0} acting on a Banach space \( \{ T(t)|t \geq 0\} \). We further stipulate that O ∈ ρ(A). For α∈(0, 1), A α denotes the fractional power of the operator A and \( \underline {\bar X} _\alpha \) represents the interpolation space defined by the α power of A, i.e. $$ \underline {\bar X} _\alpha = \{ x|x \in D(A\alpha )\} $$ with $$ \left\| {\text{x}} \right\|_\alpha = \left\| {{\text{A}}^\alpha {\text{x}}} \right\|. $$
Beside Oneself with Rage: The Doubled Self as Metaphor in a Narrative of Brain Injury with Emotional Dysregulation

People narrating the experience of dysregulated anger after a brain injury call upon metaphor in patterned ways to help them make sense of their situation. Here, I analyze the use of the metaphor of the doubled self in a personal narrative of brain injury, and I situate this metaphor in its cultural history by analyzing Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Incredible Hulk as landmark moments in its development. A pattern of thought reflecting Seneca’s philosophy on the incompatibility of anger with rational selfhood emerges. I discuss implications for the way we care for people struggling with post-brain-injury anger.
Black to the future: re-drawing space and time on the chocolate map

The South is everywhere, and everywhere is the South! In their new soul stirring book, Chocolate Cities: The Black Map of American Life, Marcus Hunter and Zandria Robinson conduct a complete overha...
Assessing Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Dynamics in Pediatric Patients with Central Nervous System Tumors Treated with Intraventricular Radioimmunotherapy

The incidence of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics in children with central nervous system (CNS) tumors before intraventricular therapy has not been described. Methods: We performed a single-institution, retrospective review of patients with primary or metastatic CNS tumors treated between 2003 and 2018 (15 y). Patients underwent 111In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid injection into the CSF intraventricular space followed by nuclear medicine imaging at 90 min, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h (if required). CSF flow was classified as normal, delayed, asymmetric, or obstructed. Results: In total, 278 CSF flow studies were performed on 224 patients, 202 of whom (90%) were less than 18 y old. Of these, 116 patients (52%) had metastatic CNS neuroblastoma, 57 (25%) had medulloblastoma, and 51 (23%) had other histologic types of CNS tumors. Of the 278 studies, 237 (85%) were normal, 9 (3%) required neurosurgical intervention, 25 (9%) were delayed, and 7 (3%) were asymmetric. Conclusion: Abnormal CSF flow and the necessity for neurosurgical intervention must be considered when attempting to ensure appropriate intraventricular therapy in the pediatric population.
A One-Sided Epidural

A 32-year-old woman, G2P1 and at term, has broken her bag of water and is in early labor at 3 am. Her cervix has dilated to 3 cm, and she is having severe labor pain and is requesting an epidural. The resident has been busy all night and decides not to use ultrasound for this epidural placement, since he can easily feel her spinous processes. He deftly places the epidural, but the block is one sided. The patient says, “Wow, this is strange, the same thing happened to me last time. They had to do it over again, because the first time it worked on just one side” (L-1).
Diabetes-Related Complications and Pancreatic Cancer Incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort.

Background People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. However, it is unclear whether diabetes-related complications are associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. Methods A nested matched case-control analysis was conducted among the fee-for-service Medicare participants of the prospective Multiethnic Cohort (n = ∼123 000). Between 2001 and 2014, 433 incident cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were matched to 1728 controls by birth year, sex, race and ethnicity, and age at cohort entry. Participants were linked to data from the California and Hawaii cancer registries and Medicare claims. We used the diabetes complications severity index (DCSI) for the presence of 7 complications within 2 years prior to the diagnosis date of the index case. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association of DCSI with pancreatic cancer incidence. Results Diabetes was present among 45.4% of cases and 34.1% of controls. Cases had higher DCSI score compared with controls (score ≥4: 32.8% in cases; 21.2% in controls). The most prevalent diabetes-related complications for cases were cardiovascular disease (61.2%), nephropathy (31.2%), and cerebrovascular disease (21.7%). Individuals with diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14 to 1.91), nephropathy (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.32 to 2.33), cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.45 to 2.44), and metabolic complications (OR = 6.61, 95% CI = 2.49 to 17.50) were at increased risk of pancreatic cancer. For every 1-unit increase in DCSI score, participants had 18% greater risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.25). Conclusions Participants with diabetes-related complications have an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer. Identifying diabetes-related complications may help identify high-risk groups who can be studied for development of early markers for this fatal cancer.
Hypoxia and Acidification, Individually and in Combination, Disrupt Herbivory and Reduce Survivorship of the Gastropod, Lacuna vincta

Acidification and deoxygenation are two consequences of climate change that also co-occur in eutrophied coastal zones and can have deleterious effects on marine life. While the effects of hypoxia on marine herbivores have been well-studied, how ocean acidification combined with hypoxia affects herbivory is poorly understood. This study examined how herbivory and survival by the gastropod Lacuna vincta grazing on the macroalgae Ulva rigida was influenced by hypoxia and ocean acidification, alone and in combination, with and without food limitation. Experiments exposed L. vincta to a range of environmentally realistic dissolved oxygen (0.7 – 8 mg L-1) and pH (7.3 – 8.0 total scale) conditions for 3 – 72 h, with and without a starvation period and quantified herbivory and survival. While acidified conditions (pH < 7.4) reduced herbivory when combined with food limitation, low oxygen conditions (< 4 mg L-1) reduced herbivory and survival regardless of food supply. When L. vincta were starved and grazed in acidified and hypoxic conditions, respectively, herbivory was additively and synergistically reduced, respectively, with low oxygen having a more inhibitory effect than low pH. Shorter exposure times (9, 6, and 3 h) were required to reduce grazing at lower DO levels (~2.4, ~1.6, and ~0.7 mg L-1, respectively). Herbivory ceased entirely following a three-hour exposure to DO of 0.7 mg L-1 suggesting that episodes of diurnal hypoxia disrupt grazing by these gastropods. The suppression of herbivory in response to acidified and hypoxic conditions could create a positive feedback loop that promotes ‘green tides’ whereby reduced grazing facilitates the overgrowth of macroalgae that cause nocturnal acidification and hypoxia, further disrupting herbivory and promoting the growth of macroalgae. Such feedback loops could have broad implications for estuarine ecosystems where L. vincta is a dominant macroalgal grazer and will intensify as climate change accelerates.
Microgravity effect on murine T cells exposed to suborbital flight aboard Blue Origin’s New Shepard vehicle

Abstract Numerous scientific experiments have been conducted in space. However, the precise mechanisms mediating successful human body adaption to the hostile space environment are still not delineated. The cost and logistic challenges of sending biological payloads to International Space Station are forcing scientists to find alternative research platforms. In this study, we investigated whether brief exposure to microgravity during the suborbital flight aboard Blue Origin’s New Shepard rocket modulated the behavior of the gravity-sensitive murine T cells. We assessed the effect of suborbital environment on different T cell subsets, activation markers, functionality, and cytokine secretion capabilities. Thus, to optimize the potential response of T cells, we cultured them in interleukin IL-2 alone or combined with IL-12. We found that exposure to microgravity decreased the expression of T cells with CD4+ cells being more sensitive to suborbital flight as compared to CD8+ cells. Our data indicate that the functional capabilities of flown T cells were reduced. Also, our findings suggest that supplementing cells with IL-2 and IL-12 cytokines may restore microgravity-mediated cellular alterations. Finally, our study provides insights on the microgravity effect on the murine T cells by utilizing a novel suborbital research platform.
Directing evolution: the automated design of evolutionary pathways using directed graphs

As computing power grows, the automated specialization and design of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to tune their performance to individual problem classes becomes more attractive. To this end, a significant amount of research has been conducted in recent decades, utilizing a wide range of techniques. However, few techniques have been devised which automate the design of the overall structure of an EA. Most EA implementations rely solely on the traditional evolutionary cycle of parent selection, reproduction, and survival selection, and those with unique structures typically replace this with another static, hand-made cycle. Existing techniques for modifying the evolutionary structure use representations which are either loosely structured and highly stochastic, or which are constrained and unable to easily evolve complicated pathways. The ability to easily evolve complex evolutionary pathways would greatly expand the heuristic space which can be explored during specialization, potentially allowing for the representation of EAs which outperform the traditional cycle. This work proposes a methodology for the automated design of the evolutionary process by introducing a novel directed-graph-based representation, created to be mutable and flexible, permitting a black-box designer to produce reusable, high-performance EAs. Experiments show that our methodology can produce high-performance EAs demonstrating intelligible strategies.
Analysis of unexpected disruptive effects of contingent food reinforcement on automatically maintained self-injury

Research has identified treatment-responsive and treatment-resistant subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior (ASIB) based on patterns of responding in the functional analysis (FA) reflecting its sensitivity to disruption by alternative reinforcement, and the presence of self-restraint. Rooker et al. (2019) unexpectedly observed reductions in treatment-resistant self-injury while participants performed an operant task. The current study further examined this in nine participants with treatment-resistant ASIB in an example of discovery-based research. An operant task engendering high rates of responding (switch-pressing) to produce food, reduced self-injury across all participants, and eliminated self-injury for some participants under certain schedules. Although this finding must be replicated and evaluated over longer time periods, it provides some evidence that alternative reinforcement can disrupt self-injury in these treatment-resistant subtypes under some conditions. Reinforcer and response competition are discussed as possible mechanisms underlying these disruptive effects, as are the potential implications of these findings regarding treatment.
A qualitative examination of familial racial-ethnic socialization experiences among multiracial American emerging adults.

This qualitative interview study investigated the types of parental racial-ethnic socialization messages received by Multiracial American youth over the course of their development. The Multiracial population in America is the largest demographic group among individuals under the age of 18 (Saulny, 2011), but there is a dearth of research about the development of this rapidly growing population. Multiracial youth are members of multiple racial-ethnic groups. Thus, racial-ethnic socialization is particularly complex for Multiracial families because parents typically have different racial backgrounds and experiences compared to their children. Interviews were conducted with 20 Multiracial emerging adult college students (Mage = 20.55; 10 male, 10 female) of diverse racial backgrounds to identify the types of parental racial-ethnic socialization messages they received growing up. Using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), nine themes of racial-ethnic socialization content emerged: Cultural socialization, racial identity socialization, preparation for bias socialization, colorblind socialization, race-conscious socialization, diversity appreciation socialization, negative socialization, exposure to diversity socialization, and silent socialization. This research advances the literature by (a) identifying domains of racial-ethnic socialization messages for Multiracial American families, (b) examining a diverse sample of male and female Multiracial youth, (c) differentiating monoracial versus Multiracial socialization messages, and (d) distinguishing the unique connotations of egalitarian socialization messages (e.g., colorblind, race-conscious, diversity appreciation). The findings have important implications for understanding the development of Multiracial American individuals and families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Business Analytics in Agriculture: Emerging Practice and Research Issues

Agricultural businesses face several critical challenges today posed by a growing population, poor socio-economic status of farmers in much of the world, and increasing environmental and sustainability concerns. These challenges are inherently related to analytics in farm-to-fork operations and supply chains, and as such, analytics can provide effective solutions for important problems in this industry. This article has three objectives: (1) synthesize the benefits of analytics for various stakeholders (e.g., farmers, processors) throughout the entire agricultural supply chain, and illustrate success stories from industry; (2) collate data and their sources on a digital platform we created for effective use of analytics in agriculture; (3) present fruitful directions for analytics to benefit the agriculture industry. To organize these directions, we first develop a typology of agricultural activities and emergent analytics issues. This typology has four themes: (I) Physical Supply Chain, (II) Markets, (III) Environment and Sustainability, and (IV) Policy and Regulations. For each direction for future research within each theme we discuss a trifecta: (a) What is the issue that needs to be investigated; (b) What analytics paradigm is appropriate for its study; and (c) What are existing and future data sources to obtain data-driven results and insights for the issue.
Univariate Psychophysical Functions

Psychophysical scaling is discussed in terms of two basic approaches: measurement of the errors of discrimination and the erection of a scale based upon variability of judgments (Weber-Fechner approach) and measurement ofmagnitudes by direct subjective judgments (category and ratio scaling approaches). Each approach yields its own unique psychophysical function relating physically measured magnitudes to subjective intensities. The more direct approaches of category and ratio scaling are preferred because of their simplicity of use and because experimental findings can be translated into applications with greater ease.
Market failure, government failure, and the private supply of public goods: The case of climate-controlled walkway networks

Two opposing models of public-goods undersupply are those of “market failure” and “government failure”. Empirical work on the relative explanatory power of these two frameworks has been limited by the scarcity of acceptable data. The case of climate-controlled walkways in major urban cores is a rare instance where such difficulties can be overcome. We investigate the supply of CCWs in 55 large city-cores in North America. We find that (1) CCW networks are well-supplied by market forces, when (2) such forces are not frustrated by government policy. We also find evidence that (3) rules-based regimes dominate discretion-based regimes. These results are consistent with the position that the “government-failure” paradigm is a viable alternative to the traditional “market failure” paradigm.
Analysis of Random Access Protocol under Bursty Traffic

Aloha-type random-access protocols have been employed as access control protocols in wireline and wireless, stationary and mobile, multiple-access communications networks. They are frequently employed by the control and signaling subsystem of demand-assigned multiple access protocols for regulating the sharing of a control channel. The latter is used for the transport of reservation packets requesting the allocation of channel resources to an active terminal. Such a random access channel is used, among others, by cellular wireless networks, by two-way CATV networks (such as those based on the DOCSIS protocol recommendation), and by demand-assigned satellite networks. The correct design and sizing of the random access operated control/signaling channel is a critical element in determining the performance of these networks. Excessive delays in the transport of signaling messages (induced by too many collisions and retransmissions) lead to unacceptable session connection set-up times. Consequently, in this paper, we investigate the performance behavior of a random-access protocol when loaded by bursty traffic processes. The latter exhibit long range dependence (LRD). The LRD traffic flows are modeled here as multiplicative multifractal processes. The random access protocol is modeled as an Aloha channel with blocking. Parameters are defined to characterize the protocol behavior. We demonstrate that the burstiness feature of the traffic processes, rather than their LRD character, is the essential element determining the performance behavior of the protocol. When the loading traffic process is not very bursty, we show that the performance of the random-access channel can be better than that exhibited under Poisson traffic loading; otherwise, performance degradation is noted. We demonstrate the impact of the selection of the protocol operational parameters in determining the effective performance behavior of the random-access protocol.
Estrogen receptor α mediates 17α-ethynylestradiol-causing hepatotoxicity

Estrogens are known to cause hepatotoxicity such as intrahepatic cholestasis in susceptible women during pregnancy, after administration of oral contraceptives, or during postmenopausal replacement therapy. Enterohepatic nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) are important in maintaining bile acid homeostasis and protecting the liver from bile acid toxicity. However, no nuclear receptor has been implicated in the mechanism for estrogen-induced hepatotoxicity. Here Era–/–, Erb–/–, Fxr–/–, Pxr–/–, and Car–/– mice were employed to show that Era–/– mice were resistant to synthetic estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2)-induced hepatotoxicity as indicated by the fact that the EE2-treated Era–/– mice developed none of the hepatotoxic phenotypes such as hepatomegaly, elevation in serum bile acids, increase of alkaline phosphatase activity, liver degeneration, and inflammation. Upon EE2 treatment, estrogen receptor α (ERα) repressed the expression of bile acid and cholesterol transporters (bile salt export pump (BSEP), Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), OATP1, OATP2, ABCG5, and ABCG8) in the liver. Consistently, biliary secretions of both bile acids and cholesterol were markedly decreased in EE2-treated wild-type mice but not in the EE2-treated Era–/– mice. In addition, ERα up-regulated the expression of CYP7B1 and down-regulated the CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, shifting bile acid synthesis toward the acidic pathway to increase the serum level of β-muricholic acid. ERβ, FXR, PXR, and CAR were not involved in regulating the expression of bile acid transporter and biosynthesis enzyme genes following EE2 exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that ERα-mediated repression of hepatic transporters and alterations of bile acid biosynthesis may contribute to development of the EE2-induced hepatotoxicity.
Characterization and partial purification of mRNA N6-adenosine methyltransferase from HeLa cell nuclei : internal mRNA methylation requires a multisubunit complex

N6-Methyladenosine is found at internal positions of mRNA in higher eukaryotes. This post-transcriptional modification occurs at a frequency of one to three methylation/average mRNA molecule in mammalian cell lines and is sequence-specific. A highly conserved consensus recognition site for the methyltransferase has been determined from both viral and cellular messages, consisting of the sequence Pu(G/A)AC(U/A) (with A being methylated). Despite the ubiquity and the specificity of this modification, little is known about the mechanism of formation of N6-methyladenosine. Utilizing an in vitro methylation system from HeLa cell nuclear extracts, and a substrate RNA derived from the mRNA coding for bovine prolactin, the mRNA N6-adenosine methyltransferase has been characterized and partially purified. Unique among other characterized nucleic acid methyltransferases, the enzyme is composed of three components which are separable under non-denaturing conditions. The molecular masses of the components are 30, 200, and 875 kDa as determined by gel filtration and glycerol gradient sedimentation. The 200-kDa component appears to contain the S-adenosylmethionine-binding site on a 70-kDa subunit. The 875-kDa component has affinity for single-stranded DNA-agarose, suggesting that it may contain the mRNA-binding site. N6-Adenosine methyltransferase is not sensitive to treatment with micrococcal nuclease, nor to immunodepletion using an anti-trimethylguanosine antibody, suggesting that it does not contain an essential RNA component.
Aerodynamics of an Axisymmetric Missile Concept Having Cruciform Strakes and In-Line Tail Fins From Mach 0.60 to 4.63

An experimental study has been performed to develop a large force and moment aerodynamic data set on a slender axisymmetric missile configuration having cruciform strakes and in-line control tail fins. The data include six-component balance measurements of the configuration aerodynamics and three-component measurements on all four tail fins. The test variables include angle of attack, roll angle, Mach number, model buildup, strake length, nose size, and tail fin deflection angles to provide pitch, yaw, and roll control. Test Mach numbers ranged from 0.60 to 4.63. The entire data set is presented on a CD-ROM that is attached to this paper. The CD-ROM also includes extensive plots of both the six-component configuration data and the three-component tail fin data. Selected samples of these plots are presented in this paper to illustrate the features of the data and to investigate the effects of the test variables.
Latent transforming growth factor-beta from human platelets. A high molecular weight complex containing precursor sequences.

Human platelets, when induced to degranulate by thrombin, secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in a biologically latent form. In this form, TGF-beta cannot bind to its cellular receptor, nor can it be immunoprecipitated by polyclonal antisera to TGF-beta, suggesting that the receptor-binding site and other TGF-beta epitopes may be masked. Western blot analysis of the platelet secretate indicates that the latent form of TGF-beta is a 220-235 kDa complex, in which mature TGF-beta (25 kDa) is noncovalently associated with sequences from the remainder of the precursor (74 kDa), and a third unidentified entity (approximately 135 kDa). The third component is immunologically unrelated to other growth factor binding proteins. The complex is glycosylated, and gel filtration analysis suggests it may exist in solution as higher molecular weight aggregates. Further chromatographic analysis indicates that in its latent form, the platelet TGF-beta cannot bind to alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M), but that if the platelet latent TGF-beta is activated by transient acidification, the released active TGF-beta will bind to alpha 2M. We have previously identified the latent form of TGF-beta found in serum as an alpha 2M.TGF-beta complex (O'Connor-McCourt, M. D., and Wakefield, L. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14090-14099). We now propose that the latent TGF-beta secreted by platelets may be a cellular delivery complex, whereas the latent form found in serum may represent a clearance complex. Thus alpha 2M may scavenge excess TGF-beta that is released when the platelet latent form is activated, possibly by the clotting process. Finally, we have shown that the latent form of TGF-beta secreted by a variety of cell types in culture is similar, if not identical to that secreted by platelets.
Trading Identities: The Souvenir in Native North American Art from the Northeast, 1700–1900

Trading Identities: The Souvenir in Native North American Art from the Northeast, 1700-1900. Ruth B. Phillips. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998. 334 pp.
Neurophysiological models for new treatment development in schizophrenia: early sensory approaches.

Abstract Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder associated with core neurocognitive impairments. The ability to recreate these deficits in animal models is limited, hampering ongoing translational drug development efforts. This paper reviews the use of electroencephalography (EEG)-based neurophysiological measures, such as event-related potentials (ERPs) or event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs), as novel translational biomarkers for both etiological and treatment development research in neuropsychiatry. In schizophrenia, cognitive impairments manifest as deficits not only in high-level processes, such as working memory or executive processing, but also as deficits in neurophysiological responses to simple auditory and visual stimuli. Moreover, neurophysiological responses can be assessed even in untrained animals and are therefore particularly amenable to translational, cross-species investigation. To date, several sensory-level ERP measures, including auditory mismatch negativity and N1, and visual P1 and steady-state responses, have been validated in both human clinical investigations and animal models. Deficits have been tied to impaired neurotransmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Time-frequency analysis of ERSP permits further extension of these findings from physiological to circuit/cellular levels of analysis.
Worker Well-Being in the 21st Century: Addressing the Psychosocial Context of Work

The world of work has undergone significant change since the days when nation-states first began addressing the issue of worker well-being. Early legal responses (such as worker compensation laws and health and safety regulations) focused on the physical environmental hazards to which workers were subjected, e.g. unsafe machinery or exposure to toxic chemicals. The transformation in the nature of work to a service-oriented economy has led many to rethink the types of hazards to which workers are exposed. Recent research has focused on the psychological and social environment in the workplace and how that may contribute to undermining worker health. This article considers the ways in which European countries and the United States are responding to this newly recognized threat to worker health.
Behavioral activity and accumulation of cyclic AMP in brain slices of strains of mice.

Abstract Accumulations of cyclic AMP elicited by norepinephrine, adenosine and a norepinephrine-theophylline combination were measured in cerebral cortical slices from several inbred mouse strains. There were no apparent correlations between the responses of cyclic AMP-generating systems and active avoidance learning for seven strains. Adenosine-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP and sponteneous behavioral activity did show an inverse correlation in four inbred mouse strains. In individual mice of a randomly bred strain, ability to learn an avoidance task appeared inversely correlated with responsiveness of cortical cyclic AMP-generating systems to norepinephrine, but showed no significant correlation with responsiveness to adenosine.
Absorption and excretion of copper in mice.

THE marked elevation of tissue copper that occurs in Wilson's disease is generally thought to be due to an increased absorption of copper from the gastrointestinal tract1,2. In the work reported here, this concept was re-examined.
The biosynthesis, metabolism and translocation of β-amyrin in Sorghum bicolor

Abstract The biosynthesis of [ 14 C] β-amyrin and three other labelled 3β-hydroxypentacyclic triterpenes from [2- 14C ] acetate in leaves of Sorghum bicolor was demonstrated. Evidence for the metabolism of [ 14 C] β-amyrin to the corresponding C-3 ketone (β-amyrone) and for the transport of [ 14 C] β-amyrin in leaves was also obtained.
Classification of plant structures from uncalibrated image sequences

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of recovering fine-scale plant structure in 3D point clouds by leveraging recent advances in structure from motion and 3D point cloud segmentation techniques. The proposed pipeline is designed to be applicable to a broad variety of agricultural crops. A particular agricultural application is described, motivated by the need to estimate crop yield during the growing season. The structure of grapevines is classified into leaves, branches, and fruit using a combination of shape and color features, smoothed using a conditional random field (CRF). Our experiments show a classification accuracy (AUC) of 0.98 for grapes prior to ripening (while still green) and 0.96 for grapes during ripening (changing color), significantly improving over the baseline performance achieved using established methods.
374 PHARMACOGENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO PHENYTOIN HEPATO-TOXICITY ASSESSED IN VITRO

A small percent of patients treated with phenytoin (DPH) develop hepatotoxicity. Covalent binding of arene oxide metabolites (AOM) of the drug to cell macromolecules could result in cell death and secondary “hypersensitivity” reactions (fever, rash, eosinophilia). We tested the hypothesis that DPH hepatotoxicity results from decreased ability to detoxify AOM by exposing lymphocytes to AOM generated by a murine hepatic microsomal system. Cells from 17 controls (including 3 patients chronically treated with DPH without side effects) exhibited no toxicity (by trypan blue dye exclusion) over a DPH concentration range of 31-125 μM. When an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase (TCPO) was added to the incubation, a dose-dependent increase in cell death was noted. AOM of DPH are thus cytotoxic in the system. Cells from 3 patients who experienced DPH hepatotoxicity manifested damage in the absence of TCPO. Cells from both parents of one patient, and the mother of a second showed an intermediate response. A sibling's cells had the same dose-response curve as one of the patients. All patients' cells showed enhanced toxicity from mephenytoin, but a normal response to acetaminophen (metabolites of the latter are not AOM). DPH hepatotoxicity may be based on decreased ability to detoxify AOM, and this appears to be a heritable trait.
Systematic group leader training: Evaluating the effectiveness of the approach

Abstract The research findings in this study indicate increases in skill acquisition following systematic group leadership training.
An Analysis of the Grooming Behavior of Wild and Mutant Strains of Bracon Hebet or (Braconidae : Hymenoptera)

Grooming behavior in the wild type parasitic wasp Bracon hebetor and ten mutant strains was observed and the grooming movements recorded by a keyboard which activated clocks and an event recorder. The fifteen distinct fixed action patterns used by B. hebetor for grooming were described. These FAPs did not vary qualitatively in any mutant strain examined, nor did the presence or absence of the groomed structure affect the qualitative performance of the FAP. The quantitative analysis showed that grooming behavior in this species appears to be temporally organized in that wasps consistently spent more time grooming head structures and wings than other body parts. In addition, the amount of time spent in a bout of a particular movement was relatively consistent. The sequence of grooming movements was also non-random. Movements were generally clustered into anterior and posterior grooming, but there was also evidence of pair-wise linkage. Multivariate statistical analyses of the grooming frequencies per five minute observation period showed striking sexually dimorphic grooming behavior. Females of all strains spent more time grooming head structures, while males spent more time on wing grooming. Mutant strains differed in times spent on each grooming movement; wasps with structural mutations showing the most deviant grooming frequencies, and eye and body color mutants grooming more like wild type. The deviant grooming frequencies of the structural mutants was in the direction of the altered body part. It was concluded that grooming behavior in B. hebetor was under strong central control, but that altered sensory information could lead to alterations in grooming movement frequencies. The adaptive significance of this behavioral organization was discussed.
Plasticity of intermediate mechanics students' coordinate system choice

We investigate the interplay between mathematics and physics resources in intermediate mechanics students. In the mechanics course, the selection and application of coordinate systems is a consistent thread. At the University of Maine, students often start the course with a strong preference to use Cartesian coordinates, in accordance with their prior physics and mathematics classes. In small-group interviews and in homework help sessions, we ask students to define a coordinate system and set up the equations of motion for a simple pendulum for which polar coordinates are more appropriate. We analyze video data from several encounters using a combination of Process/Object theory and Resource Theory. We find that students sometimes persist in using an inappropriate Cartesian system. Furthermore, students often derive rather than recall the details of the polar coordinate system, indicating that their knowledge is far from solid. To describe our work more precisely, we define a scale of plasticity and several heuristics for defining resources and their plasticity.
Robust ultrasonic reverberation clutter suppression using Multi-Apodization with Cross-correlation

Dual Apodization with Cross-correlation (DAX) is a novel beamforming technique that utilizes a pair of complementary receive apodizations for clutter suppression in ultrasound imaging. The effectiveness of DAX in-vivo is often reduced because of the strong reverberation clutter signals caused by near-field structures. In this work, we propose a modified version of DAX, known as Multi-Apodization with Cross-correlation (MAX), which suppresses reverberation clutter in a highly robust manner by utilizing multiple pairs of receive apodizations followed by normalized cross-correlation. Our simulation, experimental and initial clinical results show that MAX achieves a large improvement over DAX in terms of image contrast and shows great potential for more accurate diagnosis in clinics.
Strontium isotope studies of atmospheric inputs to forested watersheds in New Mexico

Stable isotopes of strontium provide a unique quantification of ecosystem processes because organisms do not differentiate between them. For landscapes with contrasting geologies, these isotopes can identify atmospheric source material from local weathered material. This study quantified the input of strontium, distribution within the ecosystem, canopy capture versus leaf leachate, canopy loss, and Sr increment in biomass from an atmospheric origin. Forest ecosystems were studied along an elevational gradient in New Mexico. Spruce forests had a much greater capacity for capturing atmospheric Sr than aspen forests; however, aspen contained more total atmospheric Sr in their tissues because of greater uptake rates and the ability to utilize atmospheric deposited Sr before the initiation of the aspen forest. This technique has excellent capabilities for estimating the relative importance of atmospheric and weathering inputs to certain ecosystems.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease after lung transplantation: pathophysiology and implications for treatment.

Lung transplantation is currently performed on selected patients with end-stage lung disease. However, the median survival of patients after lung transplantation is inferior to that of any other solid organ transplantation, only 5 years.1 This low survival rate is primarily due to the development of obliterative bronchiolitis, which clinically manifests as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS).2 BOS develops in almost half of lung transplant recipients within 5 years and is a source of considerable morbidity because of its detrimental effect on lung function and quality of life.1 The pathophysiology of obliterative bronchiolitis is not fully understood. However, evidence suggests that obliterative bronchiolitis might represent a nonimmunologic aberrant response to a chronic stimulus injury.3–6 Recently, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been proposed as a potential factor responsible for chronic injury. Several studies have indirectly shown that the presence of GERD in lung transplant recipients is a risk factor for the development and progression of BOS, because of the high prevalence of GERD demonstrated after lung transplantation and because operative control of GERD may control the decline in lung function characteristic of BOS.4–7 Despite the evidence that supports the detrimental effect of GERD before and after lung transplantation, the prevalence of risk factors of GERD, including esophageal dysmotility, hiatal hernia, and delayed gastric emptying, are still unknown. In addition, the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus, a known complication of GERD, has not been determined in lung transplant patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and extent of GERD, as well as the frequency of these risk factors and complications of GERD in lung transplant patients.
Financial Panics: Their Implications for the Mix of Domestic and Foreign Investments of Great Britain, 1880–1913

I. Goals and methodology, 304. — II. The Cairncross theory, 306. — III. Construction of a model, 308. — IV. Testing the model, 311. — V. The results and their implications, 318. — VI. A simple correlation analysis, 322. — VII. Conclusions, 324.
Normal development and post-traumatic plasticity of corticospinal neurons in rats

Abstract Corticospinal (CS) neurons projecting to the spinal cord in the adult rat, identified by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), formed a caudal band in areas 3, 4, and 6 and a rostral band in area 10, separated by a gap. In the infant the gap was filled with CS neurons. The problem: What happened to the transient infant neurons as the mantle expanded, and would they persist if other CS neurons were destroyed in infancy? Identification of CS neurons by HRP and measurements of the growth of the mantle and cortical areas 3, 4, and 6 showed that CS neurons were scattered widely in the cortex as well as in the gap and future bands at 2 to 10 days. By about 2 weeks, CS neurons labeled from the cervical cord were limited to the “adult” bands. The greatest mantle expansion postnatally was in the occipital and bregma regions, including the anterior, but not the posterior, part of area 3, 4, and 6. Thus, expansion of the mantle, growth of areas 3, 4, and 6, and axonal growth of transient and permanent CS neurons did not parallel each other closely. When one or both caudal band regions were ablated at 5, 7, or 10 days, the gap CS neurons persisted bilaterally to adult life. No necrosis of layer V neurons was observed between 10 days and 2 weeks. It was assumed that the gap neurons and other extraneous CS neurons generated exploratory axons which normally disappeared, but when caudal band neurons were destroyed the transient axons attempted to fill the pathway.
Personal and institutional narratives of aging: a French historical case

Abstract French magistrates seeking retirement pensions in the early nineteenth century recounted life histories and careers in ways that juxtaposed personal and institutional narratives. They linked individual life histories to an emerging narrative of national history, blending public and private affairs, and pioneered modern representations of career, retirement, and aging. Letters addressed to the Ministry of Justice constituted life reviews called into being by historical experience and the development of bureaucratic procedures. The evidence comes from career dossiers housed in the French National Archives. The article concentrates on Napoleonic-era sources that predate the organization in 1814–1815 of a more formal system. Thus, it combines literary, historical, and institutional approaches to the study of aging and reminds us of the contingency of what we now think of as entitlement, even in a country whose social security system would be among the world's most fully developed and “sacred.”
The Logic of Conventional Deterrence and the End of the Cold War

I would like to thank James J. Wirtz, William C. Martel, John Mearsheimer, Edward Rhodes, Joseph Amodio, and the editors and anonymous reviewers of Security Studies for their comments.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: Gonadal androgen receptor activity

To determine whether abnormalities of the androgen receptor previously observed in skin fibroblasts from patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome also occur in the gonads of affected individuals, androgen receptor activity in the gonads of a patient with testicular feminization syndrome was investigated. Using conditions for optimal recovery of androgen receptor from human testes established by previous studies, we detected the presence of a high-affinity (dissociation constant = 3.2 X 10(-10) mol/L), low-capacity (4.2 X 10(-12) mol/mg DNA), androgen-binding protein when tritium-labeled R1881 was incubated at 4 degrees C with nuclear extracts from the gonads of control patients or from a patient with testicular feminization syndrome but not when incubated at 37 degrees C. Thus this patient has an androgen receptor with a temperature lability similar to that of receptors from normal persons.
MOST PROBABLE ENERGY LOSS OF FAST ELECTRONS

The most probable energy losses of electrons of 3.4, 7.2, 11.2, 15.6, and 19.4 Mev have been measured for Al, Cu, Ag, Ta, Au, and U samples of about 1 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The measurements agree with available calculations and remove the previous discrepancy for gold.
On the symbol error probability of 16-QAM based OFDM systems impaired by carrier frequency offset

In this paper, an exact closed form of symbol error probability for square 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems impaired by carrier frequency offset (CFO) is derived under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). For the derivation, we use the characteristic function (CHF) of the received signal with inter-carrier interference (ICI) terms to generate its probability density function (pdf) including the effect of cyclic prefix (CP) for practical applications. Computer simulation results validate the correctness of our theoretical approach and derivation.
Effect of D-penicillamine on glycosaminoglycan changes during rabbit tendon regeneration.

Abstract Tendon regeneration was studied in rabbits treated with 70 mg/kg/day of d -penicillamine by subcutaneous injection. After 1 day of treatment a 1-cm piece of Achilles tendon was excised surgically and regeneration allowed to proceed for periods of time ranging from 4 days to 4 months, while continuing penicillamine treatment. Regeneration tissue was then collected and analyzed for collagen solubility, hexosamine-hydroxyproline ratio, glycosaminoglycan composition and solubility profile of the CPC complexes of the glycosaminoglycans. Collagen solubility of regeneration tissue was generally increased 2 to 4-fold compared with untreated control values. The patterns of change of glycosaminoglycan composition and the CPC complex solubility profiles were generally quite similar in the control and penicillamine-treated tissues except for a systematic departure in the chromatographic fraction corresponding to dermatan sulfate. The dermatan sulfate fraction in untreated controls rose steadily from 40 per cent of total after 1 month of regeneration to 54 per cent at 4 months; this fraction in penicillamine-treated rabbits remained constant at about 40 per cent of total for the same period. Analogous changes in composition were observed in mature tendon from penicillamine-treated rabbits. Increasing the dose of penicillamine to 140 mg/kg/day caused excessive toxicity.
Microendolithic structures from the Fort Payne Formation (lower Mississippian), Kentucky and Tennessee: Implications for the paleoenvironment of carbonate mud-mounds

Abstract Resin cast embedment and naturally occurring internal molds have revealed an assemblage of microendoliths from the Lower Mississippian Fort Payne Formation. Microendoliths produced by the heterotrophs Orthogonum lineare , Orthogonum giganteum , and Saccomorpha clava dominate this unit, as well as the phototroph-produced traces Ichnoreticulina elegans and Fascichnus dactylus , a chlorophyte ( Ostreobium quekettii ) and cyanobacterium ( Hyella caespitosa ), respectively. They were found within a variety of fossil substrates, including solitary corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, and gastropods, with a notable absence in all trilobites and echinoderms. The Fort Payne from the Lake Cumberland/Dale Hollow region of southern Kentucky–northern Tennessee contains a suite of fossiliferous green shale deposits with isolated locations of enigmatic carbonate mud-mounds. The latter, commonly referred to as ‘Waulsortian’ mounds in other geographical areas, have been the center of much speculation in the past few decades, and the paleoenvironmental parameters behind their formation remain controversial. Using the aforementioned microendoliths, a sense of the light availability within the Illinois Basin can be determined. The assemblage of ichnotaxa uncovered is representative of light conditions spanning from dysphotic to aphotic. Using previously constrained depth parameters that indicate a depth of no more than 100 m, a dysphotic environment suggests that the water column was eutrophic, presumably due to high productivity within the Illinois Basin. This would seem to corroborate several other inferences about the Early Mississippian, including the growing number of suspension feeding echinoderms, the restructuring of phytoplanktonic communities and increased nutrient flux from a developing terrigenous floral weathering regime in the Early Mississippian.