cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE VICTIMIZATION–TERMINATION LINK*

The life histories of drug dealers suggest that victimizations sometimes mark turning points toward the end of criminal careers, which is a criminologically important but neglected empirical connection that we label the “victimization–termination link.” We theorize this link thusly: When serious victimizations occur in the context of crime, a break from the customary provides an opportune situation for adaptation, and when victims have social bonds and agency, when they define the event as the result of their own criminal involvement, and when they find other adaptations unattractive, criminal-victims are likely to adapt by terminating crime. We illustrate this desistance process with qualitative data obtained through interviews with young, middle-class drug dealers. We conclude by exploring promising avenues for future work. It takes only a minute to change one's whole life course.
Conodont biostratigraphy of the Chattanooga Shale, Middle and Upper Devonian, southern Appalachian basin, eastern United States

The Chattanooga Shale of the southern Appalachian Basin contains a diverse conodont fauna of the high Givetian, Frasnian, and Famennian. The predominantly fine-grained strata were deposited in an offshore setting where depositional packages are separated by unconformities. Conodonts allow regional and global correlation of these strata, recognition of the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, and narrow biostratigraphic constraint of two Frasnian ash beds, MN Zone 8 for the Belpre Ash and upper MN Zone 13 for the Center Hill Ash. Three new Frasnian palmatolepid conodonts are described in open nomenclature, and the holotype of Palmatolepis regularis Cooper is reillustrated.
An anthropomorphic torso section phantom for ultrasonic imaging.

Using stable materials capable of mimicking any soft tissues of the human body—quantitatively with respect to speed of sound, density, and attenuation coefficient and semiquantitatively with respect to scatter—we have constructed a torso section phantom containing simulated bowel gas, kidney, kidney fat pad, liver, tumor, cyst, bony structures, and resolution fibers. Simple geometries and precise knowledge of ultrasonic properties allow artifacts to be produced and explained with great confidence. Artifacts due to refraction and reflection are particularly dramatic. Phantoms such as this should be useful as stage one phantoms for training ultrasonographers. Such phantoms should also be of use to those who are doing research in ultrasonic image processing. This might involve, for example, recognizing image artifacts and reducing their effect in the formation of the image.
Comparison of the clinical behavior of newly diagnosed stages II-IV low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary with that of serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential that recur as low-grade serous carcinoma

Abstract Background. Serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (STLMP) frequently coexist with low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary (LGSC) and, when they recur, frequently do so as LGSC. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients with these two tumor types. Methods. All patients with stages II–IV LGSC (group 1) or with STLMP that recurred as LGSC (group 2) seen at our institution from 1973 to 2003 were identified, and demographic data were obtained. For group 1, progression-free and overall survival times were calculated from the date of primary diagnosis to the date of disease progression/recurrence or the date of last contact/death, respectively. For group 2, progression-free and overall survival times were calculated from the date of first relapse as a LGSC to the date of progression or the date of last contact/death, respectively. The method of Kaplan and Meier was used to estimate survival, and the log-rank test was used to compare differences between survival curves. Results. We identified 112 patients in group 1 and 41 in group 2. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in median age (42.7 vs. 45.4 years [at relapse]; P =0.37), progression-free survival time (19.5 vs. 25 months; P =0.92), or overall survival time (81.8 vs. 82.8 months; P =0.84). Conclusions. The age at diagnosis, progression-free survival time, and overall survival time associated with newly diagnosed stages II–IV LGSC of the ovary are similar to those of STLMP that recur as LGSC, providing further evidence of an association between these two tumor types.
Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Phenomena in Vaneless Radial Diffusers

Pressure fluctuations at various locations on the flow path of two centrifugal compressor stages have been recorded and analyzed in the time and frequency domains. Two distinct types of unsteady phenomena were measured: a rotating pressure pattern in the diffuser and compressor system surge. The rotating pressure pattern was generated at a much higher mass flow rate than the one leading to surge. At the onset of the diffuser instability, the pressure fluctuations were sinusoidal and lines of equal phase were radial. For the tests conducted in the present investigation, two nodal diameters existed in the pattern. Both amplitude and rotational speed of the pressure pattern gradually increased as the mass flow rate was gradually decreased. It is shown that the measured pressure fluctuations should not be attributed to rotating zones of separated boundary layers at the diffuser walls. This does not mean, however, that a stationary separation zone in the diffuser is not necessary to generate the measured diffuser instability.
Ellipsoidal and bent cylindrical condensing mirrors for synchrotron radiation

Abstract A simple description is given of the intensity profile of X-rays reflected at glancing incidence from an ellipsoidal or bent cylindrical condensing mirror. Results obtained with a quartz mirror at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator are shown.
Estimating Missing Values Using Neural Networks

The problem of missing values is common in statistical analysis. One approach to deal with missing values is to delete the incomplete cases from the data set. This approach may disregard valuable information, especially in small samples. An alternative approach is to reconstruct the missing values using the information in the data set. The major purpose of this paper is to investigate how a neural network approach performs compared to statistical techniques for reconstructing missing values. The backpropagation algorithm is used as the learning method to reconstruct missing values. The results of back-propagation are compared with results from two methods, viz., (1) using averages, and (2) using iterative regression analysis, to compute missing values. Experimental results show that backpropagation consistently outperforms other methods in both the training and the test data sets, and suggest that the neural network approach is a useful tool for reconstructing missing values in multivariate analysis.
Effects of temperature on larval eclosion of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata.

Abstract The developmental threshold and heat-unit requirements for larval eclosion of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) [Lepidoptera: Geometridae], were determined from experiments involving eggs exposed to various chilling and warming treatments. The developmental threshold was determined to be 4 °C. Eggs which were chilled below the developmental threshold required fewer heat-units for larval eclosion than did eggs not given a chill treatment. Eggs cultured at 14 °C required 470 (± 47) degree-days for 50% larval eclosion. However, eggs chilled for 2 weeks at 1 °C and subsequently placed at 14 °C required 382 (± 33) degree-days while eggs chilled for 12 weeks at 1 °C and subsequently placed at 14 °C required 156 (± 12) degree-days. The results are discussed in relation to chilling intensity, diapause, and physiological-time models. Resume Les effets de la temperature sur les eclosions larvaires de la phalene hiemale, Operophtera brumata (L.) Le seuil de developpement et la quantite de chaleur necessaires pour l'eclosion larvaire chez Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) ont ete determines en exposant les oeufs a differents regimes de refroidissement suivis de periodes de rechauffement. Le seuil de developpement determine est de 4 °C. Les oeufs places d'abord a des temperatures inferieures a celle du seuil de developpement demandent moins de quantite de chaleur pour l'eclosion larvaire, que les oeufs qui n'ont pas ete exposes a de basses temperatures. Les oeufs maintenus a 14 °C demandent 470 (± 47) degres-jours pour permettre 50% d'eclosion. Cependant, des oeufs maintenus pendant 2 semaines a 1 °C, puis a 14 °C, exigent 382 (±33) degres-jours; ceux places pendant 12 semaines a 1 °C, puis a 14 °C, en exigent 156 (±12). Les resultats sont discutes en relation avec l'intensite du refroidissement, la diapause et les modeles physiologico-temporels.
Comparison of Poison Exposure Data: NHIS and TESS Data

Objective: To identify age-adjusted poisoning episode rates, and poison control center contacts due to poisonings in children under 6 years old based on 1997–1999 National Health Interview Survey data; and compare findings with 1997–1999 Toxic Exposure Surveillance System data. Methods: Secondary analysis of National Health Interview Survey poisoning episode data for children 5 years and younger. Respondents were asked about poison exposures during the previous 3 months. Results: Based on National Health Interview Survey population weighted data there were 196/10,000 poisonings to young children <6 years. These exposures resulted primarily from harmful solid or liquid substances. A poison control center was called in 86% of exposures to children <4 years, but only in 70% of the 4–5 year old exposures. The odds of a poison control center not being called were 3.2 times greater for 4–5 year olds (compared to ≤3 years) and 4.5 times greater for African-American (compared with White-Americans). Comparison of ...
Electro-optic evidence for the control of the structure of bacteriophage f1 by a minor coat protein

Abstract The structures of the filamentous bacteriophage f1 and its gene 3 amber mutant R4 have been compared using electric birefringence, electric dichroism, and ultrasonic vibration. The electro-optic experiments showed that the phage particles can be oriented in an electric field. The birefringence and dichroism as a function of field strength are not the same for the A-protein mutant and for the wild-type particle. Studies using ultrasonic vibration to fragment the bacteriophage show that the stabilities of the f1 and R4 particles differ. We have interpreted the structural differences between the particles as reflecting alterations in the arrangement of the subunits of the major capsid protein, the B-protein; further, the observed suppressor dependence indicates that the subunit packing is controlled by the A-protein. Models for the mechanism of A-protein function are discussed.
Alterations of gene expression in failing myocardium following left ventricular assist device support.

Chronic unloading of the failing heart with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) can decrease cardiac mass and myocyte size and has the potential to improve contractile function. To study the ef...
Endogenous microbial contamination of cultured autologous preparations in trials of cancer immunotherapy.

Background Standardization of the manufacturing and processing of cellular immunotherapy products is necessary to ensure patient safety, establish efficacy, and demonstrate potency. Recognition of the autologous donor as a likely source of microbial contamination of cellular immunotherapy products may improve patient care and reduce expense to the laboratory. Methods Data on 243 immunotherapy products manufactured in the authors' institution between December 1997 and June 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Also reviewed were the case reports of four patients whose autologous immunotherapy products were contaminated. Results Twenty-five (10%) of the 243 immunotherapy products processed were positive on one or more tests for microbial contamination. In six (24%) of these products, the source of microbial contamination was the autologous donor. In 17 of the remaining 19 products, test results were judged to be false-positive. Discussion The unique processing techniques and stringent controls involved in the manufacture of cellular immunotherapy products may result in changes in the sources of microbial contamination routinely encountered. The identification of the autologous donor as a potential source of microbial contamination of the product may assist the clinician and the laboratory in troubleshooting products with positive results on microbial sterility testing. Also, the number of false-positive results in this study indicates that further research is needed to maximize the specificity of testing while maintaining the present high sensitivity.
Polynuclear diorgano-phosphato and -phosphonato metal complexes: Characterization studies and physicochemical correlations☆

Abstract A series of new and previously reported M (III) ( M = Al, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Dy) and M (IV) ( M = Th, U) polynuclear (-O-P-O-bridged) complexes with several diorgano-phosphato and -phosphanato ligands ( n - and iso -alkyl-, aralkyl- or aryl-substituted) were prepared and characterized by means of spectral, magnetic and X-ray powder diffraction studies. Spectral data ( V POO , V M −O , Dq ) were correlated to the σδ substituent constant (Hammett constants, as modified by Kabachnik for organophosphorus compounds). Linear V POO (asym) vs σδ plots were obtained; the V POO (asym) frequency increases with decreasing ligand-field strength. The V M −O vs σδ plots are considerably more complicated in the cases of 3 d metal ion than in Al(III) or Dy(III) complexes; Dq vs σδ plots for Ti(III) and V(III) complexes are also complicated. The non-linear trends observed in 3 d metal ion V M −O or Dq vs σδ plots are discussed in terms of the combination of inductive and steric effects in determining the degree of metal-ligand back-donation. The subnormal magnetic moments of several M (III) ( M = Ti, V, Cr, Fe) and U(IV) complexes suggest that the 3 d or 5 f electrons of these metal ions participate in magnetic exchange. The Dy(III) complexes are magnetically normal, as expected.
Auger-process-induced charge separation in semiconductor nanocrystals

Femtosecond nonlinear transmission techniques are applied to study mechanisms for optical nonlinearities and ultrafast carrier dynamics in CdS nanocrystals (NC{close_quote}s). The obtained data indicate the change in a dominant hole relaxation channel at high pump levels where nonlinear recombination effects start to play a significant role. This is manifested as a distinct difference in nonlinear-optical responses measured at low and high pump intensities in quasiequilibrium at long times after excitation. The analysis of the wavelength and time dependence of the nonlinear transmission over a wide pump-intensity range shows clearly that this difference is due to an Auger-process-assisted trapping of holes at surface/interface-related states. This trapping leads to efficient charge separation and the generation of a dc electric field that modifies the nonlinear optical response in NC{close_quote}s at high pump intensities. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Rotuman district chief: A Study in Changing Patterns of Authority

(1966). The Rotuman district chief: A Study in Changing Patterns of Authority. The Journal of Pacific History: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 63-78.
Interaction of rabbit sperm and egg. Examination of the same cryofractured specimens with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Rabbit ova fertilized in vitro were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing and critical-point drying methods and were also embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of a region of interaction between sperm and zona pellucida with scanning electron microscopy reveals the latter to be composed of a complex network of fibers interspersed with numerous pores. Transmission electron microscopy of the same region reveals a “typical” homogeneous composition of the zona pellucida. Ultrastructural observations of thin sections passing through the region of sperm-egg interactions or through other regions of the ovum or its investments reveals very little methodological distortion of the various intracellular organelles or matrix. Application of the procedures described provides not only an elucidation of surface detail but also reveals intracellular cytoplasmic information about the same specimen during in vitro fertilization.
Mental institutions and similar phenomena called schools

Mental institutions and public schools appear to have many conceptual and functional similarities. While their intended end product is a mature, independently functioning individual, they often operate in ways that would seem contradictory to their philosophy. This article explores certain “atrocities to the self” that result from programs that are intended to be beneficial but, in reality, often result in dehumanization.
The fox and the cabra: an ERP analysis of reading code switched nouns and verbs in bilingual short stories.

Abstract Comprehending a language (or code) switch within a sentence context triggers 2 electrophysiological signatures: an early left anterior negativity post code switch onset – a LAN – followed by a Late Positive Component (LPC). Word class and word position modulate lexico-semantic processes in the monolingual brain, e.g., larger N400 amplitude for nouns than verbs and for earlier than later words in the sentence. Here we test whether the bilingual brain is affected by word class and word position when code switching, or if the cost of switching overrides these lexico-semantic and sentence context factors. Adult bilinguals read short stories in English containing 8 target words. Targets were nouns or verbs, occurred early or late in a story and were presented alternately in English (non-switch) or Spanish (switch) across different story versions. Overall, switched words elicited larger LAN and LPC amplitude than non-switched words. The N400 amplitude was larger for nouns than verbs, more focal for switches than non-switches, and for early than late nouns but not for early than late verbs. Moreover, an early LPC effect was observed only for switched nouns, but not verbs. Together, this indicates that referential elements (nouns) may be harder to process and integrate than relational elements (verbs) in discourse, and when switched, nouns incur higher integration cost. Word position did not modulate the code switching effects, implying that switching between languages may invoke discourse independent processes.
THE ANATOMY OF THE LEAF‘ OF A NEW FIBRE PLANT

RESUME. The valuable fibre portion of this leaf consists in the fibre groupa scattered through the parenchyma of the abaxial portion of the leaf and in the groups of fibres accompanying each fibro-vascular bundle. The bast fibres are composed principally of cellulose, as indicated by their ready solubility in copper-oxide-ammonia solution, and by their violet colour when treated with zinc-chlor-iodine and blue colour with iodine and sulphuric acid. The fibres are not pure cellulose, however, as is shown by their red colour when treated with phloroglucin, and their yellow colour when treated with anilin sulphate. The outer part of the fibre-wall shows clear evidence of spiral structure under the action of cuprammonis. The treated fibre presents the appearance of a series of beads of unequal size. After repeated applications of the reagent, the constricting portion of the fibre swells and loosens. All portions of the fibre give the cellulose reaction with zinc-chlor-iodine, but the spiral constricting portion takes a violet colour in advance of the inner portion of the fibre and can then be seen very distinctly.
Google Glass for Recording Scleral Buckling Surgery.

Introduction The recent introduction of Google Glass (Google), a wearable technology platform with an optical head-mounted display (see specifications in the eTable in the Supplement), is gaining popularity in the medical community.1,2 The device, worn like a pair of conventional glasses, incorporates a computerized central processing unit, touch pad, display screen, high-definition camera, microphone, and wireless connectivity. With the video camera lens positioned just above the viewer’s right eye, Glass enables real-time transmission of exactly what the user sees. Here we report our intraoperative experience using Glass to record scleral buckling surgery.
Generators of lattice varieties

Although it is well known that the variety of all lattices is generated by the subclass of finite lattices, there are lattice varieties which are not generated by their finite members. In fact, there are modular varieties which are not even generated by their finite dimensional members [3]. At the present time it is not known if the variety of all modular lattices is generated by its finite or even its finite dimensional members. This raises the question: Do there exist generators for lattice varieties which satisfy some kind of finiteness conditions? In this note we will be concerned with generators satisfying atomicity conditions. Since any lattice variety is generated by its subdirectly irreducible members, we shall be particularly interested in generators which are also subdirectly irreducible. The main results are the following. The notation and terminology for this paper is taken from [1].
Isolation of human monocytes on re-orienting gradients of percoll

Abstract We have developed a rapid and simple method for isolating monocytes from peripheral blood. After mononuclear cells are isolated on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, the monocytes are purified by sedimentation for 5 min through a re-orienting gradient of Percoll. The method is easily reproducible and yields approximately half of the monocytes in starting blood, with minimal contamination by lymphocytes. Although both monocytes and lymphocytes have similar densities, separation occurs because these cells migrate at differing rates through the gradient to reach their equilibration point. The recovered monocytes are viable and functional; over 95% of them exclude trypan blue and they adhere to glass and plastic and ingest latex particles normally. By virtue of the rapidity and gentle nature of its centrifugation steps, the method exposes cells to only very limited non-physiologic conditions. For this reason and because the monocytes are maintained in suspension, opportunities for functional alterations are minimized.
The own-species face bias: A review of developmental and comparative data

Face recognition is characterized in part by biases resulting in enhanced perception and memory for individuals within frequently encountered groups and impaired recognition for individuals within uncommonly encountered groups. These biases are found across multiple categories and levels, including species, race, age, and gender (Scherf & Scott, 2012). At the highest level of categorization, human adults and nonhuman primates exhibit improved recognition (Dufour, Pascalis, & Petit, 2006; Pascalis & Bachevalier, 1998) and discrimination abilities (Pascalis, de Haan, & Nelson, 2002) for individuals within their own species, reflecting what has been called an “own-species” or “species-specific” bias in face processing. The own-species bias is a model system for delineating the role of experience and the developmental trajectory of face-processing biases, for further understanding the malleability of face biases in adults, and for examining and comparing face-processing abilities across species. Here, we will...
CCD star tracker experience: key results from Astro 1 flight

The ASTROS Star Tracker (AST), designed and built by JPL as a demonstration instrument in the early 80s was integrated with the astro scientific payload in 1985 for a planned March 1986 launch. After a slip of nearly five years, it was finally launched in December 1990, gathering extensive scientific data for over one hundred scientific targets. This paper reviews some of the AST results from the Astro-1 flight. After the five-year stand down, photometric, spectral, and geometric calibrations remained virtually unchanged, allowing predictable performance on all targets and successful automatic identification of every star field. Although small changes in the optical point-spread function increased the centroid error, this did not affect operation for Astro, and should be correctable for future instruments. Our data suggest that calibration of centroid error to the 1/100 pixel level is achievable when the point-spread function remains stable. The data are also consistent with the noise-equivalent-angle (NEA) of 1/300 pixel measured in the laboratory for bright stars.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Multiple Classes of Peptidomimetics from Versatile Resin-Bound Aldehyde Intermediates

A wide variety of highly substituted lactam containing peptidomimetic scaffolds are prepared by solid-phase synthesis from a single, versatile class of resin-bound aldehyde intermediates (1). These include monocyclics 3, bicyclics 4, tricyclics 5, and tetracyclics 6. The key intermediate 1 is readily synthesized from resin-bound natural or unnatural α-amino acids. The synthetic procedures permit the construction of a large diversity of substitution patterns for ready use in combinatorial chemistry. In every case, the release of final products from resin is by a cyclitive cleavage process. Since this depends on successful completion of multiple intermediate synthetic steps, the products are often quite pure, even though previous steps involve only a filtration workup. The mild conditions for many of these synthetic procedures offer the promise of using this chemistry in peptide fragment condensations to produce modified peptides, at either the N-terminus or C-terminus, or as individually assembled peptide ...
Different mechanisms of increased proteolysis in atrophy induced by denervation or unweighting of rat soleus muscle

Mechanisms of accelerated proteolysis were compared in denervated and unweighted (by tail-cast suspension) soleus muscles. In vitro and in vivo proteolysis were more rapid and lysosomal latency was lower in denervated than in unweighted muscle. In vitro, lysosomotropic agents (eg, chloroquine, methylamine) did not lessen the increase in proteolysis caused by unweighting, but abolished the difference in proteolysis between denervated and unweighted muscle. Leucine methylester, an indicator of lysosome fragility, lowered latency more in denervated than in unweighted muscle. 3-Methyladenine, which inhibits phagosome formation, increased latency similarly in all muscles tested. Mersalyl, a thiol protease inhibitor, and 8-(diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8), which antagonizes sarcoplasmic reticulum release of Ca2+, reduced accelerated proteolysis caused by unweighting without diminishing the faster proteolysis due to denervation. Calcium ionophore (A23187) increased proteolysis more so in unweighted than control muscles whether or not Ca2+ was present. Different mechanisms of accelerated proteolysis were studied further by treating muscles in vivo for 24 hours with chloroquine or mersalyl. Chloroquine diminished atrophy of the denervated but not the unweighted muscle, whereas mersalyl prevented atrophy of the unweighted but not of the denervated muscle, both by inhibiting in vivo proteolysis. These results suggest that (1) atrophy of denervated, but not of unweighted, soleus muscle involves increased lysosomal proteolysis, possibly caused by greater permeability of the lysosome, and (2) cytosolic proteolysis is important in unweighting atrophy, involving some role of Ca2(+)-dependent proteolysis and/or thiol proteases.
Effects of oxygen inhalation on intramyocardial oxygen tension

Quantitative intramyocardial oxygen tension measurements were made in seven anaesthetized dogs using a polarographic technique. One hundred per cent oxygen inhalation produced only a modest 7 mm Hg increase in intramyocardial oxygen tension (16 to 23 mm Hg pO2) despite a five-fold increase in arterial blood oxygen tension. These experimental findings are in agreement with basic theoretical considerations and raise certain fundamental questions about the value of oxygen therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
Electronic Shell Structure and Abundances of Sodium Clusters

Mass spectra are presented for sodium clusters of $N$ atoms per cluster ($N=4\ensuremath{-}100$) produced in a supersonic expansion with argon carrier gas. The spectra show large peaks or steps at $N=8, 20, 40, 58, \mathrm{and} 92$. These can be understood in terms of a one-electron shell model in which independent delocalized atomic $3s$ electrons are bound in a spherically symmetric potential well.
Attracting members to avocational nonprofit organisations

For avocational nonprofit organisations, ‘marketing’ means attracting and retaining members. Avocational organisations experiencing membership difficulties may offer a variety of explanations, the most frequent one being a purported shrinkage of leisure time for the average American. The 68 largest avocational nonprofit organisations in the USA were studied in an attempt to identify common factors associated with membership success, and to confirm or disprove commonly offered explanations for membership distress. Very few general attributes could be found; in most cases, an organisation's success or distress seem to stem from factors that are specific to that organisation. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Callaloo or Tossed Salad? East Indians and the Cultural Politics of Identity in Trinidad

Callaloo or Tossed Salad? East Indians and the Cultural Politics of Identity in Trinidad. Viranjini Munasinghe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. ix. 315 pp., references, index.
Gamma-ray spectroscopy of87Y

The level structure of87Y has been studied using in-beam γ-ray spectroscopic methods. Many previously unknown states have been observed. Members of theπ(g9/2)ν(g9/2)−2 multiplet are identified. The results are discussed in terms of the weak-coupling model.
Water vapor in the atmosphere: an examination for CARMA phase correction

We report on the current progress of the water vapor radiometer (WVR) phase correction project for the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA). CARMA is a new millimeter array that merges the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) array, the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) array and eventually the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Array (SZA). WVRs are designed for phase correction by monitoring the water vapor in the atmosphere along the line of sight toward astronomical sources. In addition, we discuss the stability of the current OVRO water vapor radiometers in preparation for testing at the CARMA site. We will systematically analyze the receivers with atmospheric correlations to decouple the effects of instrumentation and atmospheric noise. Finally, we report on the status of the correlation receivers in development.
An Attractant Self-Marking Device for Marking Field Populations of Stable Flies with Fluorescent Dusts

An attractant self-marking device for stable flies was developed using fluorescent dusts applied to the fiberglass panels of the Williams Trap. Flies that were attracted to the trap inadvertently marked themselves as they came in contact with the dusted surface of the trap panels. The fluorescent dust can be seen easily on flies by means of a long-wave ultraviolet light. Fluorescent dust was observed on flies a maximum of 14 days after marking. This marking technique had no discernible adverse effect on the survival or movement of the flies and provided an excellent means for studying natural movement and survival of wild flies in the field.
Turning adversity into advantage: Does proactive marketing during a recession pay off?

Abstract Recessions can severely affect the performance of firms, and even their very survival. However, all firms are not equally affected by a recession. Some firms view recessions as opportunities to strengthen their businesses, invest aggressively and establish their advantage over their weaker competitors, whereas others cut back, waiting for the recession to pass. Why do some firms view the recession as an opportunity and develop an aggressive marketing response to it? What are the effects of such a marketing response on the performance of the firm? These are the two central questions we address in this paper. We propose a new construct, which we call proactive marketing in a recession, as the firm's interpretation of the recession as an opportunity (opportunity interpretation) and development and execution of a response to capitalize on the perceived opportunity created by the change (offensive response). We develop and test a model of the antecedents and consequences of proactive marketing during a recession. The results of a survey of 154 senior marketing executives show that some firms do indeed adopt proactive marketing during a recession. Both organizational and environmental contexts influence firms' proactive response to a recession. Firms that have a strategic emphasis on marketing, an entrepreneurial culture, and slack resources are proactive in their marketing activities during a recession, while the severity of the recession in the industry negatively affects proactive marketing response. In addition, firms that have a proactive marketing response in a recession achieve superior business performance even during the recession. Our results suggest that not all firms do, or should, respond in a proactive manner during a recession. Those firms with a strategic emphasis on marketing already have programs in place (e.g., well-recognized brands, differentiated products, targeted communications, good support and service, etc.) that enable them to derive benefits from a proactive marketing response during the recession.
Mucolipin 1 channel activity is regulated by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation

Mucolipins constitute a family of cation channels with homology with the transient receptor potential family. Mutations in MCOLN1 (mucolipin 1) have been linked to mucolipidosis type IV, a recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe neurological and ophthalmologic abnormalities. At present, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate MCOLN1 activity. In the present paper, we addressed whether MCOLN1 activity is regulated by phosphorylation. We identified two PKA (protein kinase A) consensus motifs in the C-terminal tail of MCOLN1, containing Ser(557) and Ser(559). Ser(557) was the principal phosphorylation site, as mutation of this residue to alanine caused a greater than 75% reduction in the total levels of phosphorylated MCOLN1 C-terminal tail. Activation of PKA with forskolin promoted MCOLN1 phosphorylation, both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, addition of the PKA inhibitor H89 abolished MCOLN1 phosphorylation. We also found that PKA-mediated phosphorylation regulates MCOLN1 channel activity. Forskolin treatment decreased MCOLN1 channel activity, whereas treatment with H89 increased MCOLN1 channel activity. The stimulatory effect of H89 on MCOLN1 function was not observed when Ser(557) and Ser(559) were mutated to alanine residues, indicating that these two residues are essential for PKA-mediated negative regulation of MCOLN1. This paper presents the first example of regulation of a member of the mucolipin family by phosphorylation.
Homogeneous and Gradient Index (GRIN) Materials For Multi-Band IR Optics

We report new materials for multi-spectral infrared (IR) optics including IR gradient index (IR-GRIN) materials with a delta-n of 0.1 and new homogeneous glasses. These new materials transmit SWIR-LWIR (0.9 µm - >12 µm) and fill gaps in the IR materials dispersion map.
Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine phosphorylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

As part of an effort towards optimization of dosing of zidovudine (ZDV), formation and elimination of total phosphorylated ZDV (ZDVPt) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined in 21 asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during their first 24 weeks of therapy (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 161). Intracellular concentrations of ZDVPt were measured with a previously described and validated radioimmunoassay technique. Although ZDV phosphorylation occurred readily upon initiation of therapy, it declined with time; the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) at week 4 (mean +/- standard deviation, 3.41 +/- 0.93 pmol.h/10(6) cells) was significantly greater than that at week 24 (2.19 +/- 1.10 pmol.h/10(6) cells). Plasma ZDV AUC did not change with time and did not correlate with ZDVPt AUC. In dose-response experiments (20 to 100 mg orally), phosphorylation did not proportionally increase with increasing plasma ZDV concentrations. Similarly, compared with a single dose, two doses of ZDV over an 8-h period resulted in little ZDVPt increase in cells relative to increase in plasma ZDV concentrations. The half-life of intracellular ZDVPt was twice that of plasma ZDV (4 versus 2 h), suggesting that an every-8-h dosing regimen is justifiable. These findings suggest that metabolism of ZDV to its active intracellular forms may be saturable in some patients, is poorly correlated with plasma concentrations, and diminishes over time. These findings have implications for future development and management of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside therapy.
Base station activation and linear transceiver design for utility maximization in Heterogeneous networks

In a densely deployed Heterogeneous network (HetNet), the number of pico/micro base stations (BS) can be comparable or more than the number of the users. To reduce the operational overhead of the HetNet, selection of serving BSs becomes an important design issue. In this work, we propose to jointly optimize the transceiver and active BSs to trade off the overall spectrum efficiency with the operational overhead. We formulate this problem as a regularized sum rate maximization problem and solve it using sparse optimization techniques. The proposed algorithm is guaranteed to converge to a local optimal solution. The efficiency and the efficacy of the algorithm are demonstrated via realistic numerical simulations.
Response to: “Rescuing the NIH before it is too late”

We, the directors of the 27 NIH institutes and centers, wanted to respond to the points made by Andrew Marks in his recent editorial. While we appreciate that the scientific community has concerns, the current initiatives and directions of the NIH have been developed through planning processes that reflect openness and continued constituency input, all aimed at assessing scientific opportunities and addressing public health needs.
Evaluation of a Predictive Constitutive Model for Sands

In this technical note, an evaluation of the robustness and predictive ability of a constitutive model for sands is performed. The model is shown to capture the main features of sand behavior under both drained and undrained monotonic loadings for a wide range of relative densities and stress paths. The main contribution of this technical note is to evaluate a robust, yet simple, constitutive framework based on a solid theoretical basis that fulfils the most fundamental requirement of any useful constitutive law: accurate predictions.
Monte Carlo integration with Markov chain

There are two conceptually distinct tasks in Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC): a sampler is designed for simulating a Markov chain and then an estimator is constructed on the Markov chain for computing integrals and expectations. In this article, we aim to address the second task by extending the likelihood approach of Kong et al. for Monte Carlo integration. We consider a general Markov chain scheme and use partial likelihood for estimation. Basically, the Markov chain scheme is treated as a random design and a stratified estimator is defined for the baseline measure. Further, we propose useful techniques including subsampling, regulation, and amplification for achieving overall computational efficiency. Finally, we introduce approximate variance estimators for the point estimators. The method can yield substantially improved accuracy compared with Chib's estimator and the crude Monte Carlo estimator, as illustrated with three examples.
Three phase VSI with reduced output voltage distortion using FPGA based multisampled space vector modulation

This paper demonstrates reduced output voltage distortion in a three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) when digital multisampled space vector modulation is used. The modulator and the inverter controller are implemented entirely using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform, thus achieving increased bandwidth with respect to a typical digital signal processor (DSP) or microprocessor based controller. Increased controller bandwidth results in lower output voltage harmonic distortion in the frequency range above the fundamental and below the switching frequency. Experimental validation is presented together with the analysis carried out using a state space model of a VSI with an output LC filter.
Design and performance considerations of cat’s-eye retroreflectors for use in open-path Fourier-transform-infrared spectrometry

A ray-tracing analysis of cat's-eye retroreflectors for use in active open-path Fourier-transform-infrared (OP/FT-IR) spectrometry and the results of testing f/0.5 and f/1.75 cat's-eye retroreflectors built in our laboratory with a commercial active OP/FT-IR spectrometer are presented. The ray-tracing model is based on the optical characteristics of a commercial single-telescope monostatic OP/FT-IR spectrometer and explores trends in cat's-eye behavior in practical but rigorous field conditions encountered during transportable outdoor use. All mirrors modeled are paraboloids for which the focal ratios of the primary mirror are f/0.5, f/1.75, and f/3. The effect of the focal ratio of the primary mirror, the focal length of the secondary mirror, and the off-axis alignment of the primary and the secondary mirror have been evaluated as a function of path length, including variable input-beam divergence, between the spectrometer and the cat's-eye. The paraboloidal mirrors comprising the primary and secondary of the cat's-eye retroreflectors tested were made in our laboratory by spin casting liquid epoxy-graphite composite mixtures followed by in situ polymerization with no postpolishing.
Radiolabeling of the B- and C-ring of estradiol using no-carrier-added bromine-77

Two estradiol derivatives, Δ6- and Δ9-estradiol 3-acetate (1) and (2) were prepared and allowed to react with Na77Br and N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in methanol. The rapid addition of 77Br-OCH3 to the B-ring (Δ6,7) and C-ring (Δ9,11) double bonds produced brominated adducts 3a and 4b, respectively, in excellent radiochemical yields. Product 3a showed excellent radiochemical stability over a 3-day period; however, attempts to prepare the free phenol 5 by removal of the 3-acetyl group with base, result in loss of all activity from the molecule. Contrary to this, the 3-acetyl group of 4b was readily removed with base without loss of radioactivity and the resultant phenol 6 could be isolated in 73% radiochemical yield. Unfortunately 6 was moderately unstable since 80% of the activity was dissociated from the compound within 48 hours.
Sequence of a class E tetracycline resistance gene from Escherichia coli and comparison of related tetracycline efflux proteins.

Abstract We determined the nucleotide sequence of the class E tetA gene on plasmid pSL1456 from Escherichia coli SLH1456A. The deduced amino acid sequence of the class E TetA protein shows 50 to 56% identity with the sequences of five related TetA proteins (classes A through D and G). Hydrophobicity profiles identify 12 putative transmembrane segments with similar boundaries in all six TetA sequences. The N-terminal alpha domain of the six sequences is more highly conserved than the C-terminal beta domain; the central hydrophilic loop connecting the alpha and beta domains is the least conserved region. Amino acid residues that have been shown to be important for class B (Tn10) TetA function are conserved in all six TetA sequences. Unlike the class B tetA gene, the class D and E tetA genes do not exhibit a negative gene dosage effect when present on multicopy plasmids derived from pACYC177.
The curvelet transform for image denoising

We describe approximate digital implementations of two new mathematical transforms, namely, the ridgelet transform and the curvelet transform. Our implementations offer exact reconstruction, stability against perturbations, ease of implementation, and low computational complexity. A central tool is Fourier-domain computation of an approximate digital Radon transform. We introduce a very simple interpolation in the Fourier space which takes Cartesian samples and yields samples on a rectopolar grid, which is a pseudo-polar sampling set based on a concentric squares geometry. Despite the crudeness of our interpolation, the visual performance is surprisingly good. Our ridgelet transform applies to the Radon transform a special overcomplete wavelet pyramid whose wavelets have compact support in the frequency domain. Our curvelet transform uses our ridgelet transform as a component step, and implements curvelet subbands using a filter bank of a/spl grave/ trous wavelet filters. Our philosophy throughout is that transforms should be overcomplete, rather than critically sampled. We apply these digital transforms to the denoising of some standard images embedded in white noise. In the tests reported here, simple thresholding of the curvelet coefficients is very competitive with "state of the art" techniques based on wavelets, including thresholding of decimated or undecimated wavelet transforms and also including tree-based Bayesian posterior mean methods. Moreover, the curvelet reconstructions exhibit higher perceptual quality than wavelet-based reconstructions, offering visually sharper images and, in particular, higher quality recovery of edges and of faint linear and curvilinear features. Existing theory for curvelet and ridgelet transforms suggests that these new approaches can outperform wavelet methods in certain image reconstruction problems. The empirical results reported here are in encouraging agreement.
Stability of wireless relays in mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, relaying is one of the most fundamental functions. In this paper, we analyze the stability of several relaying strategies. By using the notion of node lifetime instead of the commonly used link lifetime, our analysis offers a complementary and unique finding not available in the literature previously. Our results show that a route of parallel relays have a significantly longer lifetime than a route of serial relays although the latter of the two has previously predominated the networking research.
Simultaneous power and thermal integrity driven via stapling in 3D ICs

The existing work on via-stapling in 3D integrated circuits optimizes power and thermal integrity separately and uses steady-state thermal analysis. This paper presents the first in-depth study on simultaneous power and thermal integrity driven via-stapling in 3D design. The transient temperature and supply voltage violations are calculated by a structured and parameterized model reduction, which also generates parameterized temperature and voltage violation sensitivities with respect to the via pattern and density. Using parameterized sensitivities, an efficient yet effective greedy optimization is presented to optimize power and thermal integrity simultaneously. Experiments with two active device layers show that compared to sequential power and thermal optimization using steady-state thermal analysis, sequential optimization using transient thermal analysis reduces non-signal vias by on average 11.5%, and simultaneous optimization using transient thermal analysis reduces non-signal vias by on average 34%. The via reduction would be higher for the 3D design with more device layers