cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interdisciplinary and Interagency Evaluation Team: Benefits for Other-Discipline Specialists.

Abstract Agriculturists are agricultural scientists who use basic agricultural research techniques derived from physical and biological sciences as they seek new knowledge to improve the food and fiber system. This empirically based knowledge is the major source of information that the Cooperative Extension service communicates to people in agriculturally related occupations. To facilitate such communication, programs are developed as vehicles for communicating and applying agricultural research findings to improve agricultural practices. Cooperative Extension System program evaluators strive to ascertain how effective and useful these programs are by using empirical evaluation processes grounded in the social sciences. Consequently, while agriculturalists and extension program evaluators are both committed to empiricism, their research orientations are as different as are the social and the biological/physical sciences. This article reports how—notwithstanding this difference—14 agriculturalists were benefitted as they performed an evaluator's role on a team that examined eight water quality demonstration projects. This study suggests that collaborative efforts between evaluators and agriculturalists strengthen study recommendations, are beneficial to the organization, and are personally rewarding to the participating specialists.
Far-infrared line intensities of H2O and CO from warm molecular clouds

Takahashi et al. (1983) have studied the role of H2O in the overall energetics of warm molecular clouds with large optical depths. It was found that in molecular clouds associated with nearby or embedded luminosity sources, the dust is likely to be warmer than the molecular gas. Thus, the warm dust represents the primary source of heat for the gas. In some cases, H2O was found to cool the gas. Takahashi et al. (1983) have presented the formalism for treating H2O in an optically thick molecular cloud with embedded sources of luminosity. The total H2O heating and cooling rates were also calculated. In the present investigation, the emergent intensities of far-infrared lines of H2O and excited, rotational CO transitions from relatively warm molecular clouds based on the large-velocity gradient model of the previous study are calculated. It is found that the dominant submillimeter CO transitions are related to emission, while the H2O transitions can be either absorption or emission lines.
Molecular targeting therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic carcinogenesis is driven by multiple genetic and epigenetic changes. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream signaling pathways, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis, play important roles in pancreatic cancer development. The phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3 K)/Akt and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways control both proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of pancreatic cancer. The role of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) in the development of pancreatic cancer has been made known recently. The elucidation of these molecular events has led to several distinct therapeutic advances, including therapies that target EGFR, the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis, the COX-2 and LOX pathways, and others. Many novel agents have been developed and are undergoing clinical investigation, such as monoclonal antibodies against EGFR, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs), Bay43-9006, CI-1040, CCI-779, celecoxib, and LY293111. This review highlights recent advances in the development of these agents.
Ground states of molecules. 53.MNDO calculations for molecules containing chlorine

MNDO calculations of heats of formation, dipole moments, ionization potentials, and structures are reported for a wide range of compounds containing chlorine in its characteristic valence state (ClI) and one or more of the elements H, B, Be, C, N, O, and F. The calculated errors in the heats of formation and the dipole moments are not significantly greater than those previously reported for compounds containing no chlorine. First vertical ionization potentials were on average 0.95 eV too high. The ordering of higher cationic states was found to be correct, even for species such as Cl2O, Cl2, and HOCl, where ab initio–Koopmans' theorem calculations predict the incorrect ordering. The calculated energies and geometries of compounds such as CIF3 are qualitatively incorrect, probably because of the lack of 3d atomic orbitals in the orbital basis set.
Organizing the “unknown subject”: Los Alamos, espionage, and the politics of biography

This essay uses post‐structuralist theory to analyze cultural discourse about nuclear espionage, focusing on the case of Klaus Fuchs as depicted in Robert Chadwell Williams' 1987 biography, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. For a variety of reasons, modernist biography is often frustrated in the attempt to depict subjects as unique and coherent individuals. Biographies of Los Alamos spies are shaped by intertextuality, in which their subjects continually recede before a conflicting documentary record of reminiscences, interrogation and trial transcripts, and popular culture images. Accordingly, biography offers a discursive opportunity for post‐Cold War audiences to meditate on and perhaps transform the political processes by which the contingencies surrounding Los Alamos spies and nuclear weapons technology are resolved as truth claims. Implications of this case for post‐Cold War culture and the ongoing Wen Ho Lee scandal are briefly noted.
Isotropic Treatment of EMF Effects in Advanced Photomasks

Classical methods for modeling electromagnetic scattering from the topography of lithographic reticles must place a high premium on fast computation, and toward that end they apply pre-stored perturbations (e.g. the so-called boundary layers) to feature edges in order to approximate the impact of finite-thickness mask films. Though approximate, these methods involve E&M calculations with vector fields, and so employ edge-field corrections that are different for edges oriented parallel or perpendicular to the vector field. As a result these methods entail a requirement for two separate aerial image simulations using orthogonal source polarizations in order to represent unpolarized illumination. This imposes a minimum 2X runtime penalty relative to baseline thin-mask (TMA) simulations, since the known method for combining the effect of both polarizations into one single set of imaging TCCs applies only to thin-mask calculations. More severe performance penalties are common in so-called sparse imaging methodologies when topographic effects are included, since the separated treatment of feature edges and the internal area of the features can increase the number of memory lookups required. In this paper an isotropic field perturbation approach is evaluated, in which an isotropic edge field correction, common to all edge orientations, mimics the effect of the true parallel and perpendicular edge field perturbations when the mask is illuminated with unpolarized light, as well as in certain cases of polarized illumination. The isofield is not an ad hoc empirical correction but rather an accurate approximation in the limit of modest departures from scalar TMA. More specifically, we show that the isofield model accounts for vector imaging effects with full accuracy in the TMA terms, and in an approximate way in the electromagnetic edge-field terms that becomes accurate when the polarization dependence of the TMA terms is small. We will show with comparison to more rigorous electromagnetic models and simulations, as well as against wafer measurements that the accuracy loss relative to classic polarized EMF correction approach is within a small percentage on mask blanks where the electromagnetic edge field perturbation terms are small relative to the TMA term. Methodology to extend these models into the subwavelength diffraction regime will be discussed.
Do Boys and Girls Act Differently in the Classroom? A Content Analysis of Student Characters in Educational Psychology Textbooks

Previous research on gender stereotyping in textbooks has focused primarily on pictures used in texts. However, many textbooks also use scenarios, with fictional characters, as pedagogical devices. Student characters in educational psychology textbooks were analyzed for potential gender stereotypes. Results revealed that male characters were depicted with negative masculine traits, such as aggression, significantly more often than were female characters. However, no differences were found for positive masculine traits or for feminine traits. Male characters were also portrayed as engaging in stereotypically masculine activities significantly more often than female characters, although no difference was found in science activity as a function of gender. The findings are discussed in terms of possible influence on preservice teachers who are the primary readers of educational psychology textbooks.
Excitation of proton hole states in 43Ca by the 41K(3He, p)43Ca reaction

Abstract The 41K(3He, p)43Ca reaction has been investigated at a bombarding energy of 13.0 MeV. Results for the p − 1h states are presented. The proton hole-state strength function for 43Ca is compared with that of 41Ca.
Revitalizing pathology laboratories in a gastrointestinal pathophysiology course using multimedia and team-based learning techniques

In 2008, we changed the gastrointestinal pathology laboratories in a gastrointestinal pathophysiology course to a more interactive format using modified team-based learning techniques and multimedia presentations. The results were remarkably positive and can be used as a model for pathology laboratory improvement in any organ system. Over a two-year period, engaging and interactive pathology laboratories were designed. The initial restructuring of the laboratories included new case material, Digital Atlas of Video Education Project videos, animations and overlays. Subsequent changes included USMLE board-style quizzes at the beginning of each laboratory, with individual readiness assessment testing and group readiness assessment testing, incorporation of a clinician as a co-teacher and role playing for the student groups. Student responses for pathology laboratory contribution to learning improved significantly compared to baseline. Increased voluntary attendance at pathology laboratories was observed. Spontaneous student comments noted the positive impact of the laboratories on their learning. Pathology laboratory innovations, including modified team-based learning techniques with individual and group self-assessment quizzes, multimedia presentations, and paired teaching by a pathologist and clinical gastroenterologist led to improvement in student perceptions of pathology laboratory contributions to their learning and better pathology faculty evaluations. These changes can be universally applied to other pathology laboratories to improve student satisfaction.
Line narrowing in multiresonant third order molecular spectroscopies

Abstract A complete analysis of line narrowing in third order, steady-state spectroscopies is given in terms of a recently developed perturbative theory for the nonlinear susceptibility. This approach rigorously includes realistic population dynamics and feeding without significantly complicating the analytic solutions. Unrelaxed resonant emission (i.e., resonant fluorescence and Raman emission) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) are treated as examples. Inhomogeneous broadening is included by an analytic contour integration over an inhomogeneous strain distribution. Unlike most existing approaches to line narrowing, both coherent and incoherent spectroscopies are treated by this same formalism, allowing the capabilities of each to be compared. A novel pictorial representation wich facilitates rationalization of line narrowing and its absence in certain coherent spectroscopies is introduced. Feeding effects are shown to alter line-narrowing behavior in third order for incoherent resonant emission but only in fifth order for CARS.
Capacity theorems for the finite-state broadcast channel with feedback

We consider the discrete, time-varying broadcast channel with memory under the assumption that the channel states belong to a set of finite cardinality. We study the achievable rates in two scenarios where feedback (and cooperation) is available. One scenario is the general finite-state broadcast channel (FSBC) where both receivers send feedback to the transmitter, and in addition one receiver sends his channel outputs to the other receiver through a cooperation link. The second scenario is the degraded FSBC where only the strong receiver sends feedback to the transmitter. We find the capacity regions for both cases. In both scenarios we consider non-indecomposable as well as a class of indecomposable FSBCs.
Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases

One hundred twenty-one cases of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, were reviewed. Anaplastic carcinoma is a rapidly growing neoplasm with a dismal prognosis. The mean survival of our patients was 7.2 +/- 10 months. A significant percentage of our patients (35%) had areas of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma elsewhere, supporting the hypothesis that anaplastic thyroid carcinoma arises from preexisting well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Twenty-four of 30 tumors analyzed (84%) stained for keratin, 28 (93.3%) stained for vimentin, and ten (33%) stained for epithelial membrane antigen. Younger patients lived longer than older patients, and patients whose disease was earlier-stage at presentation responded better than patients with metastases at presentation. Radical surgery alone did not significantly increase survival duration over less radical surgery. The role of multimodality therapy needs further evaluation.
Ferromagnetic-Resonance Field and Linewidth in an Anisotropic Magnetic Metallic Medium

We have calculated the ferromagnetic-resonance (FMR) field and linewidth in an anisotropic metallic medium in contrast to previous calculations done by others for an isotropic medium or for polycrystalline materials. The Landau-Lifshitz equation of motion of the magnetization with an additional effective anisotropic field of cubic symmetry is coupled with Maxwell's equations. The solution yields a generalized secular equation which is quartic in ${k}^{2}$, where $k$ is the propagation constant. We assume two limiting cases of the dynamic component of the magnetization $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{m}}$ at the surface: (i) $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{m}}$ is "free" to precess around the magnetic field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ at the disk surface and (ii) $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{m}}$ is totally constrained in precessing around $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$. As an example, results are given for a (100) Ni disk and for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ in the plane of the disk and at various angles with respect to the $〈100〉$ axis. At 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the FMR field ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$) is greater than its insulator value of 3072 Oe by 92 and 89 Oe, for $H$ along the $〈100〉$ and $〈110〉$ axes, respectively; the linewidth is nearly isotropic and equal to 262 Oe. However, at 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, where the anisotropy fields have a greater influence, the FMR fields are 341 and 207 Oe greater than the isotropic insulator value; the linewidth is anisotropic and equal to 660 and 424 Oe for the two respective directions. For the above cases, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{m}}$ is assumed to be pinned at the surface. The results which are also given for unpinned surface spins do not differ qualitatively. All the results have been obtained for two different frequencies, 9.4 and 24.0 GHz. Contrary to intuitive feelings, the anisotropy in the linewidth is inversely proportional to frequency. This is due to the fact that the anisotropy field becomes comparable to the resonant field as the frequency is lowered. We have thus found that, although exchange-conductivity effects are small at room temperature, they are quite significant in determining the resonance parameters at moderately low temperatures.
Internal model control and process uncertainty: mapping uncertainty regions for SISO controller design

Abstract A complete SISO controller design technique is presented that allows robust controller design in the face of process uncertainty. Process-uncertainty descriptions with meaningful physical interpretations are compatible with the technique. A test for robust performance can be applied when the process is described by a transfer function with real parameter variations. First a method is presented for locating all possible complex variations of a transfer function resulting from real parameter uncertainties. The possible variations are pictured as model uncertainty regions on the complex plane. Next a controller design technique based on the internal model control structure is outlined. The controller is used to map the process uncertainty regions to the Nyquist plane for stability and performance analysis. The region-mapping technique offers a unique opportunity to compare robust performance of PID and Smith Predictor controllers. Finally, applications of the proposed technique to structured singula...
The graft photopolymerization of acrylates and methacrylates on wool in dimethyl sulfoxide

Irradiation of wool by short-wavelength ultraviolet light in the presence of acrylate or methacrylate esters in dimethyl sulfoxide causes intermediate grafts (2%–10%) of polymer on the surface of the wool. The amount of grafting and homopolymerization and the evenness and regularity of photografted polymer are dependent upon the monomer used. With methyl acrylate, the reaction time, monomer concentration, and introduction of water as cosolvent affect the degree of fiber grafting and the amount and molecular weight of accompanying homopolymer. Polymers grafted onto wool by this technique change the tensile properties and the water desorption characteristics of the wool.
Autometallographic localization of inorganic mercury in the kidneys of rats: effect of unilateral nephrectomy and compensatory renal growth.

Abstract The histochemical technique of autometallography was used in the present study to demonstrate the zonal and tubular localization of inorganic mercury in the kidneys of unilaterally nephrectomized (NPX) and sham-operated (SO) rats given either a nontoxic 0.5 μmol/kg or a toxic 2.5 μmol/kg dose of mercuric chloride 10 days after surgery. Deposits were found in the cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla in both groups of rats given either dose of mercuric chloride. The deposits were localized exclusively in the convoluted and straight portion of the proximal tubule. Forty eight hours after the administration of the 0.5 μmol/kg dose of mercuric chloride, there were significantly more deposits in the renal outer stripe of the NPX rats than in the renal outer stripe of the SO rats. The number of deposits in the renal outer stripe of the NPX and SO rats given the 2.5 μmol/kg dose of mercuric chloride was similar after 24 hr, but was greater than the corresponding rats given the nontoxic dose. These findings suggest that the proximal tubule (particularly the pars recta) is the primary site for the accumulation of inorganic mercury in the kidney. They also suggest that, in the rat, there is enhanced accumulation of inorganic mercury in the pars recta of proximal tubules in the outer stripe of the renal outer medulla when a nontoxic dose of inorganic mercury is given after unilateral nephrectomy or when a toxic dose of mercuric chloride is administered.
A novel family of ubiquitous heavy metal ion transport proteins

We describe a novel diverse family of metal ion transporter (CDF) proteins (the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family) with members occurring in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thirteen sequenced protein members of the CDF family have been identified, several of which have been shown to transport cobalt, cadmium and/or zinc. All members of the CDF family possess six putative transmembrane spanners with strongest conservation in the four N-terminal spanners, and on the basis of the analyses, we present a unified structural model. Members of the family are shown to exhibit an unusual degree of size variation, sequence divergence, and differences in cell localization and polarity. The phylogenetic tree for the CDF family reveals that prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins cluster separately. It allows functional predictions for some uncharacterized members of this family. A signature sequence specific for the CDF family is derived.
Phorbol ester-induced expression, phosphorylation, and translocation of protein-tyrosine-phosphatase 1C in HL-60 cells

Abstract PTP1C, a protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (PTP) containing two Src homology 2 domains, is expressed at high levels in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. It represents 0.15% of total protein in a postnuclear extract and corresponds to approximately 70% of phosphatase activity measured with p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 5.0. Upon differentiation of HL-60 cells to macrophages induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the activity and expression levels of PTP1C increase 2- to 3-fold. Furthermore, PTP1C is phosphorylated on serine residues upon PMA treatment. While the enzyme localizes entirely in the cytosolic fraction in untreated cells, 30-40% is found in a particulate fraction following differentiation. Immunofluorescent staining of differentiated cells before and after digitonin treatment indicates that the bound enzyme localizes on the plasma membrane. The time courses of induction and translocation of PTP1C correlate with the differentiation process. The PMA-induced differentiation is inhibited by sodium orthovanadate, suggesting the PTPs are required for this process.
Performing communicative functions in development projects: An exploratory study of development practices in Tanzania

Abstract Literature regarding communicative tasks for development projects describes methodologies such as open planning, reaching consensus, and conducting community meetings; however, detail regarding how to perform these methods and functions is lacking. Here, interviews with project personnel, focus groups, and informal questioning with beneficiaries in 13 Tanzanian development projects across a range of sectors generate sets of practices enacted in the field to perform communicative functions. Results show that during needs assessment, personnel seek diverse community involvement in prioritization meetings. Personnel also establish various means to have consistent engagement with different community members for community support. To involve the beneficiaries through participation, personnel initiate community design groups and networks of implementing community members. These findings are useful in advancing practitioners’ understanding of communicative functions, informing their future practice, and ultimately improving the projects they manage.
The ecology of nasal colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus : the role of competition and interactions with host's immune response

The first step in invasive disease caused by the normally commensal bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae is their colonization of the nasal passages. For any population to colonize a new habitat it is necessary for it to be able to compete with the existing organisms and evade predation. In the case of colonization of these species the competition is between strains of the same and different species of bacteria and the predation is mediated by the host's immune response. Here, we use a neonatal rat model to explore these elements of the ecology of nasal colonization by these occasionally invasive bacteria. When neonatal rats are colonized by any one of these species the density of bacteria in the nasal passage rapidly reaches a steady-state density that is species-specific but independent of inoculum size. When novel populations of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae are introduced into the nasal passages of neonatal rats with established populations of the same species, residents and invaders coexisted. However, this was not the case for S. aureus - the established population inhibited invasion of new S. aureus populations. In mixed-species introductions, S. aureus or S. pneumoniae facilitated the invasion of another H. influenzae population; for other pairs the interaction was antagonistic and immune-mediated. For example, under some conditions H. influenzae promoted an immune response which limited the invasion of S. pneumoniae. Nasal colonization is a dynamic process with turnover of new strains and new species. These results suggest that multiple strains of either H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae can coexist; in contrast, S. aureus strains require a host to have no other S. aureus present to colonize. Levels of colonization (and hence the possible risk of invasive disease) by H. influenzae are increased in hosts pre-colonized with either S. aureus or S. pneumoniae.
Loss Analysis for Wood Frame Buildings during Hurricanes. I: Structure and Hazard Modeling

AbstractHurricanes present a serious financial threat to the Gulf Coast and eastern seaboard of the United States. This paper is the first in a set of companion papers that detail a comprehensive mechanistic loss model for wind and rainwater intrusion damage to light-frame wood buildings. In this paper the structural and hazard modeling for a passing hurricane is explained and demonstrated. The structural model consists of a nonlinear nail model integrated into a finite-element model, and a hazard model is developed using a combination of existing wind tunnel data and a rainwater intrusion model. A methodology to compute the rainwater entry volume is presented. The approach differs from previous methods in that it allows any time period to be examined by dividing the hurricane passage period into smaller increments of time and allows both load and resistance to change from time period to time period. Thus, the time and location of damage and rainwater intrusion is known. The companion paper utilizes the v...
Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852

Brazil: The Forging of. Nation, 1798-1852. Roderick J. Barman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988. 352 pp. $49.50 (cloth). ISBN0- 8047-1437-1.
A near-wall two-equation model for turbulent heat fluxes

A near-wall two-equation model for turbulent heat fluxes is derived from the temperature variance and its dissipation-rate equations and the assumption of gradient transport. Only incompressible flows with non-buoyant heat transfer are considered. The near-wall asymptotics of each term in the exact equations are examined and used to derive near-wall correction functions that render the modeled equations consistent with these behavior. Thus modeled, the equations are used to calculate fully-developed pipe and channel flows with heat transfer. It is found that the proposed two-equation model yields asymptotically correct near-wall behavior for the normal heat flux, the temperature variance and its near-wall budget and correct limiting wall values for these properties compared to direct simulation data and measurements obtained under different wall boundary conditions.
Using Population Segmentation to Provide Better Health Care for All: The “Bridges to Health” Model

The model discussed in this article divides the population into eight groups: people in good health, in maternal/infant situations, with an acute illness, with stable chronic conditions, with a serious but stable disability, with failing health near death, with advanced organ system failure, and with long-term frailty. Each group has its own definitions of optimal health and its own priorities among services. Interpreting these population-focused priorities in the context of the Institute of Medicine's six goals for quality yields a framework that could shape planning for resources, care arrangements, and service delivery, thus ensuring that each person's health needs can be met effectively and efficiently. Since this framework would guide each population segment across the institute's "Quality Chasm," it is called the "Bridges to Health" model.
Early Development and Tissue Distribution of Pseudoloma neurophilia in the Zebrafish, Danio rerio

The early proliferative stages of the microsporidian parasite, Pseudoloma neurophilia were visualized in larval zebrafish, Danio rerio, using histological sections with a combination of an in situ hybridization probe specific to the P. neurophilia small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene, standard hematoxylin-eosin stain, and the Luna stain to visualize spores. Beginning at 5 d post fertilization, fish were exposed to P. neurophilia and examined at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h post exposure (hpe). At 12 hpe, intact spores in the intestinal lumen and proliferative stages developing in the epithelial cells of the anterior intestine and the pharynx and within hepatocytes were observed. Proliferative stages were visualized in the pancreas and kidney at 36-48 hpe and in the spinal cord, eye, and skeletal muscle beginning at 72 hpe. The first spore stages of P. neurophilia were observed at 96 hpe in the pharyngeal epithelium, liver, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle. The parasite was only observed in the brain of larval fish at 120 hpe. The distribution of the early stages of P. neurophilia and the lack of mature spores until 96 hpe indicates that the parasite gains access to organs distant from the initial site of entry, likely by penetrating the intestinal wall with the polar tube.
New resource for the computation of cartilage biphasic material properties with the interpolant response surface method.

Cartilage material properties are important for understanding joint function and diseases, but can be challenging to obtain. Three biphasic material properties (aggregate modulus, Poisson's ratio and permeability) can be determined using an analytical or finite element model combined with optimisation to find the material properties values that best reproduce an experimental creep curve. The purpose of this study was to develop an easy-to-use resource to determine biphasic cartilage material properties. A Cartilage Interpolant Response Surface was generated from interpolation of finite element simulations of creep indentation tests. Creep indentation tests were performed on five sites across a tibial plateau. A least-squares residual search of the Cartilage Interpolant Response Surface resulted in a best-fit curve for each experimental condition with corresponding material properties. These sites provided a representative range of aggregate moduli (0.48–1.58 MPa), Poisson's ratio (0.00–0.05) and permeabil...
Roles of the Evaluator in Innovative Programs: A Formative Evaluation.

This article describes the role of the evaluator in planning and implementing an evaluation study of a new program to train school administrators in performance appraisal skills. Models developed by Chelimsky (1987) concerning the political continuum an evaluator follows and by Rossi and Freeman (1985) concerning the evaluation of innovative pro grams are used to analyze the role of the evaluator in affecting utilization. The case illustrates the similarities and differences between the federal, policy-level programs discussed by Chelimsky and locally based programs with both program and policy-level audiences. Further, the case demonstrates the broadened role of the evaluator in assisting in planning and developing an innovative program.
Shear wave splitting from local events beneath the Ryukyu arc : Trench-parallel anisotropy in the mantle wedge

We present shear wave splitting measurements from local slab earthquakes at eight seismic stations of the Japanese F-net array located in the Ryukyu arc. We obtained high-quality splitting measurements for 70 event-station pairs and found that the majority of the measured fast directions were parallel to the strike of the trench and perpendicular to the convergence direction. Splitting times for individual measurements ranged from 0.25 to 2 s; most values were between 0.75 and 1.25 s. Both the fast directions and the split times were similar to results for teleseismic S(K)KS and S wave splitting at the same stations, which suggests that the anisotropy is located in the mantle wedge above the slab. We considered several mantle deformation scenarios that would result in predominantly trench-parallel fast directions, and concluded that for the Ryukyu subduction system the most likely explanation for the observations is corner flow in the mantle wedge combined with B-type olivine fabric. In this model, the flow direction in the wedge is perpendicular to the trench, but the fast axes of olivine crystals tend to align perpendicular to the flow direction, resulting in trench-parallel shear wave splitting.
Intestinal obstruction due to gallstone.

I NTESTINAL obstruction by a gaILstone is an infrequent occurrence. Waiters and SneII’ state that stones account for not more than I or 2 per cent of a11 obstructive Iesions of the bowe1. The reIative incidence of this condition has aIso been corroborated by Jackson2 who pIaces the frequency between ?,4 and 2 per cent of cases of intestinal obstruction. Moore3 has reviewed the Iiterature prior to 1925 and his reports aIso show that between I and 2 per cent of a11 intestina1 obstructions are the result of gaIIstones. As Mayo and his coIIaborators4 have pointed out, the cause of obstruction is usually not suspected before operation and a history of chronic cholecystitis is of no vaIue. A review of the experience of the Mayo cIinic5 with intestina1 obstruction produced by gaIIstones, points out that there is nothing characteristic about this condition. In their report of onIy ten cases the correct preoperative diagnosis as to the cause of the obstruction was not made in any case. They further state that for a correct diagnosis the ‘clinician must depend upon the surgeon or the postmortem findings. GaIIstone iIeus occurs more frequentIy in femaIes than in maIes in a ratio of about 3-1. Impaction of a store in the cystic duct for any Iength of time Ieads to the foIIowing consequences : (I ) ulceration of the ducts with pyrexia, or abscesses of the Iiver and biIe ducts and resuItant subacute pyemia; (2) perforation into the adjacent tissues; (3) inflammation and abscess of the gaIIbIadder which may open externaIIy, perforate into the peritoneum or ulcerate into the intestines; (4) formation of a fIstuIa between the gaIlbIadder and the duodenum. The very great majority of Junior Surgeon, St. Elizabeth Hospital
The Effect of Structured Divergent Prompts on Knowledge Construction.

Discussion forums are a widely used activity in online courses. However, knowledge construction within online discussion rarely reaches higher levels. Therefore, it is important to understand which aspects of online discussion encourage learning and increase knowledge construction. This paper investigates the effect three Structured Divergent prompts (playground prompts, brainstorm prompts, and focal prompts) have on knowledge construction as compared to Convergent prompts. Participants (N=58) were required to post in an online discussion thread during a graduate education course at a private university. The Interaction Analysis Model was used to determine the levels of knowledge construction demonstrated within students’ posts. The posts were given a score using the following codes: 0-no post/no understandable post; 1-sharing information, 2-disagreeing; 3-negotiation of meaning; 4-testing co-construction; 5-agreement of the constructed meaning. The analysis revealed that two of the three Structured Divergent prompts (focal and brainstorm) yielded significantly higher levels of knowledge construction as compared to Convergent prompts.
An improved autocidal gravid ovitrap for the control and surveillance of Aedes aegypti.

Background: Limited success has been achieved using traditional vector control methods to prevent the transmission of dengue viruses. Integrated control programs incorporating alternative tools, such as gravid ovitraps (lethal ovitraps and sticky ovitraps) may provide greater potential for monitoring and reducing vector populations and dengue virus transmission. We had developed an autocidal gravid ovitrap (AGO) as a simple, low-cost device for surveillance and control of Ae. aegypti without the use of pesticides that does not require servicing for an extended period of time. The purpose of our study was to improve the efficacy and efficiency of this device. Methods: Competitive assays were performed in the laboratory and an outdoor cage to evaluate whether modifications to the structure and appearance of our original trap design (AGO-A), and the addition of an olfactory bait (hay infusion), improve trap function. The performance of a modified trap design (AGO-B) was then assessed and compared with conventional ovitraps in a series of field tests in San Juan City, Puerto Rico. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze adult Ae. aegypti capture data from the laboratory, outdoor cage and field experiments. Results: Increasing the size of the trap entrance, altering the color of trap components, and increasing the volume/ surface area of the aqueous bait significantly improved the performance of the AGO in the outdoor cage. In a subsequent field comparison, captures of Ae. aegypti females were 3.7 fold greater in the improved trap (AGO-B), compared with the original design (AGO-A). An infusion bait produced “in situ” significantly improved capture rates of the improved trap under both semi-natural and field conditions. Semi-weekly collections of Ae. aegypti females in the AGO-B were significantly correlated with cumulative rainfall 8 to 28 days prior to sampling, whereas egg collections in paired conventional ovitraps were not. When vector abundance was low, the AGO-B provided greater sensitivity and precision as a surveillance device, compared with paired conventional ovitraps. Conclusions: The AGO-B can be used to efficiently attract and capture gravid Ae. aegypti females for more than 8 weeks without the need for trap maintenance.
Sampling Piecewise Convex Unmixing and Endmember Extraction

A Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler for piecewise convex hyperspectral unmixing and endmember extraction is presented. The standard linear mixing model used for hyperspectral unmixing assumes that hyperspectral data reside in a single convex region. However, hyperspectral data are often nonconvex. Furthermore, in standard endmember extraction and unmixing methods, endmembers are generally represented as a single point in the high-dimensional space. However, the spectral signature for a material varies as a function of the inherent variability of the material and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is more appropriate to represent each endmember as a full distribution and use this information during spectral unmixing. The proposed method searches for several sets of endmember distributions. By using several sets of endmember distributions, a piecewise convex mixing model is applied, and given this model, the proposed method performs spectral unmixing and endmember estimation given this nonlinear representation of the data. Each set represents a random simplex. The vertices of the random simplex are modeled by the endmember distributions. The hyperspectral data are partitioned into sets associated with each of the extracted sets of endmember distributions using a Dirichlet process prior. The Dirichlet process prior also estimates the number of sets. Thus, the Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler partitions the data into convex regions, estimates the required number of convex regions, and estimates endmember distributions and abundance values for all convex regions. Results are presented on real hyperspectral and simulated data that indicate the ability of the method to effectively estimate endmember distributions and the number of sets of endmember distributions.
Elites, Events and British Support for the War in Afghanistan

Studies of the dynamics driving public support for war have largely split into two camps, one emphasizing the importance of unmediated conflict events and the other of elite discourse. To test the explanatory power of each perspective, we marshal a wide range of aggregate, individual-level and experimental survey data concerning British support for the war in Afghanistan. We find little support for event-response theories. With respect to elite theories, the data is more mixed. At the individual level, we find modest evidence consistent with elite opinion leadership; politically aware partisans are more supportive of the war in Afghanistan than are their peers who are less attuned to politics and therefore less exposed to elite cues. Similarly, our experiments show that even modest elite cues continue to influence support for war among some segments of the public. However, the aggregate level of war support is strikingly low throughout most of the period, despite the strong elite consensus in support of the war effort. Thus, elite discourse does appear to influence opinion, but only at the margins around a surprisingly low mean level of public support.
NMR study of molecular chain structure of polyvinylidene fluoride

Improved resolution of the 40 and 56.4 Mcycle F19 NMR room temperature spectra of solutions of polyvinylidene fluoride in dimethylacetamide has resulted in a clearer understanding of the polymer chain structure. The spectra indicate that the structure of polyvinylidene fluoride consists predominantly of head-to-tail sequences of CH2CF2 monomer links, with 5–6% of the monomer links added “backwards” to give occasional CF2CF2CH2CH2 configurations along the chain. Identifying the four principal chemically shifted lines in the NMR spectrum with four specific local chain structures, and applying simple probability theory to compare predicted and observed spectral intensities, it was possible to compute the probabilities of head-to-tail monomer addition (p), head-to-head addition (1-p), tail-to-tail addition (q), and tail-to-head addition (1-q). The values of both p and q varied somewhat from sample to sample, depending on the temperature and pressure of polymerization; however, both p and q were found to be in the general vicinity of 0.94. This is believed to be the first reported instance in which the relative probabilities of head-to-head, tail-to-tail, head-to-tail, and tail-to-head monomer addition in free-radical polymerization have been determined.
Artist Colonies in Europe, the United States, and Florida

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts, Department of Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida [St. Petersburg]
Storytelling Diamond: An Antenarrative Integration of the Six Facets of Storytelling in Organization Research Design

In the two decades since storytelling was called the “sensemaking currency of organizations,” storytelling scholarship has employed a wide variety of research methods. The storytelling diamond mode...
Improving Public Schools through the Dissent of Parents: Opting out of Tests, Demanding Alternative Curricula, Invoking Parent Trigger Laws, and Withdrawing Entirely.

Some parents and caregivers, frustrated by low academic performance of their local school, emphasis on testing, or the content of the curriculum, have worked independently or formed parent groups to speak out and demand improvements. Parents and families enact solutions such as opting out of tests, developing alternative curricula, invoking parent trigger laws, and withdrawing their children from public schools. When engaged well, these outcries of family dissent can be used to improve public schools and to keep them truly public. In this article, I define good dissent and show how it keeps schools healthy. I examine the actions, publications, and web sites of major parent organizations and individual parents to argue that some parents are demonstrating good and admirable dissent that can help improve school quality, parent satisfaction with schools, and student experiences in them; others not only fail to employ good dissent, but may actually be hurting the viability of our public schools and the type of...
Using simulation for option pricing

Monte Carlo simulation is a popular method for pricing financial options and other derivative securities because of the availability of powerful workstations and recent advances in applying the tool. The existence of easy-to-use software makes simulation accessible to many users who would otherwise avoid programming the algorithms necessary to value derivative securities. This paper presents examples of option pricing and variance reduction, and demonstrates their implementation with Crystal Ball 2000, a spreadsheet simulation add-in program.
High-Q inductors in a MAPBGA package substrate

A packaged-level inductor structure is reported to be an alternative approach to chip-level high Q inductors. Its potential performance was demonstrated by experimental characterization of a test vehicle implemented in a MAPBGA package.
Children's Understanding of Nonverbal Expressions of Pride.

To chart the developmental path of children’s attribution of pride to others, we presented children (4 years 0 month to 11 years 11 months of age, N = 108) with video clips of head-and-face, body posture, and multi-cue (both head-and-face and body posture simultaneously) expressions that adults consider to convey pride. Across age groups, 4- and 5-year-olds did not attribute pride to any expression presented, 6- and 7-year-olds attributed pride only to the multi-cue expression, and 8- to 11-year-olds attributed pride to both the head-and-face and multi-cue expressions. Children of all ages viewed the postural expression as anger rather than pride. Developmentally, pride is first attributed only when several cues are present and only later when a single cue (headand-face) is present.
Computer Optimization of FM/FM Telemetry Systems

In this correspondence, the threshold carrier power of FM/FM systems and the receiver IF bandwidth are optimized through a computer program. For a typical set of IRIG (inter-range instrumentation group) channels, it is demonstrated that the required carrier signal-to-noise ratio can be as low as 5 dB (much less than the conventional 12 dB value) in order to maintain the subcarrier signal-to-noise ratio at 12 dB, the threshold level. comparison of the optimized and the conventional taper analysis is tabulated.
Detection of measles antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum by a radioimmunoassay.

Evidence that different structural components of the measles virus may act as antigens has been provided by the serologic methods of hemagglutination inhi bition hemolysin inhibition, and nucleocapsid complement fixation. Using radio-iodinated measles viral antigens, an immune precipitation assay has been designed that is capable of discriminating among various reactivities to measles viral structural components in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and of distinguishing whether IgG and IgM antibody is involved. This technique has been applied to the study of measles antibodies in CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases. From data presented here, it was found that both groups of patients have individual reactivity to measles proteins, present in CSF and serum, whereas three normal CSF samples were found not to have such antibodies. It appears that oligoclonal immunoglobulins in CSF of MS patients may be detected by this method, and one patient with MS was found to have CSF IgM anti-measles antibodies.