cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Feminist Approach to Substance Abuse Treatment and Service Delivery

A major concern among service providers and policy makers has been the increase in the number of individuals and families that enter the health care system either using or abusing alcohol and other drugs or suffering from the ramifications of a significant family member's substance abuse. An additional concern involves a lack of adequate understanding of these clients and a lag in the development of appropriate treatment strategies, especially in relation to women (Blume, 1992; Googins, 1984; National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, 1987). This article pays particular attention to substance use among women; the identification of deficits in current mainstream, treatment efforts, which historically have been developed primarily by male providers for male substance abusers; the advantages and specifics of treatment based on a feminist perspective; and their application to other at-risk populations.
Marriage Timing of Chinese American and Japanese American Women

Using U.S. census data, this study examines the differences in marriage rates and timing among White, Chinese American, and Japanese American women. An accelerated time model estimates the duration until marriage for each racial-ethic group while controlling for nativity, education, birth cohort, ancestry, and English proficiency. Results show that White women have the shortest duration until marriage, with a smaller percentage remaining never married. Chinese American and Japanese American women delay first marriage longer and have higher percentages of never married women.
Outcomes of laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair in elderly and high-risk patients.

Background. This study examines the impact of age and comorbidities on complications and outcomes of laparoscopic (Lap) paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair. Methods. Data were collected prospectively on all patients who underwent Lap PEH repair from January 1995 through June 2005. Pre- and postoperative variables including complications were analyzed. Patients were stratified by age (Group [Gr.] 1, <65 years; Gr. 2, 65 to 74 years; Gr. 3, ≥ 75 years) and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class (1 and 2 vs 3 and 4). Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA, chi-square, and Fisher exact test. Results. Overall, 171 patients underwent Lap PEH repair. Mean patient age was 65 ± 15 years, mean ASA class 2.4 ± 0.5, gender 72% female, and mean operating time 173 ± 49 min. Patients in Gr. 3 had a significantly higher ASA class (Gr. 1, 2.3 ± 0.6; Gr. 2, 2.5 ± 0.5; Gr. 3, 2.6 ± 0.5) and longer postoperative length of stay (LOS) compared with Gr. 1 (P < 0.05). Esophageal lengthening was required in 10.4% of patients in Gr. 3 versus 2.6% in Gr. 1 and 2.1% in Gr. 2 (P = 0.079). Total complication rates were 17.1% in Gr. 1, 22.4% in Gr. 2, and 27.7% in Gr. 3 (P = not significant [NS]). Most complications were minor; grade 2 or higher complications occurred in 10.5% of patients in Gr. 1, 8.3% in Gr. 2, and 8.5% in Gr. 3 (P = NS). There was 1 death (Gr. 2) on postoperative day 18 due to a myocardial infarction (mortality rate = 0.6%). Mean follow-up was 25.3 ± 20.6 months. Postoperative symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation were similar between groups as was antisecretory medication use. Anatomic failure of the repair occurred in 23.7% of patients with adequate follow-up: 26.7% in Gr. 1, 15.4% in Gr. 2, and 27.8% in Gr. 3 (P = NS). Reoperation was performed in 1 of 32 (3.1%) failures. Conclusions. Lap PEH repair is safe in elderly and properly selected high-risk patients, although complication rates are higher than in younger patients. Most patients have a good symptomatic outcome irrespective of their age, but the anatomic recurrence rates remain a concern for all age groups.
What, Me Worry? The Role of Affect in Information Seeking and Avoidance

Guided by the risk information-seeking and processing model, this study examines positive and negative affect separately in their influence on informationseeking intentions and avoidance through structural equation analyses. The highlight is that information avoidance seems to be driven by positive affect, while information seeking seems to be more heavily influenced by negative affect. Another interesting finding is that informational subjective norms are positively related to both seeking and avoidance, which suggests that one’s social environment has the potential to strongly influence the way he or she handles climate change information. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Magnetoelectric interfaces and spin transport

Engineered heterostructures designed for electric control of magnetic properties, the so-called magnetoelectric interfaces, present a novel route towards using the spin degree of freedom in electronic devices. Here, we review how a subset of such interfaces, namely ferromagnet-ferroelectric heterostructures, display electronically mediated control of magnetism and, in particular, emphasis is placed on how these effects manifest themselves as detectable spin-dependent transport phenomena. Examples of these effects are given for a variety of material systems on the basis of ferroelectric oxides, manganese and ruthenium magnetic complex oxides and elemental ferromagnetic metals. Results from both theory and experiment are discussed.
Clash over NOAA budget

At the April 26 hearing on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) budget by a Senate Appropriations subcommittee, Sen. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr . (R-Conn.), decried the budget cuts proposed by NOAA and the Reagan Administration. ‘I think it would be almost criminal’ to agree to the proposed cuts, Weicker said, adding that although he understands the broad policy to trim the budget, the proposed cuts amounted to ‘piecemeal emasculation … I won't be part of it.’ ‘I cannot help but note with regret that for the third year in a row the Administration proposed drastic reductions in oceans-related research and development,’ said Weicker during the hearing conducted by the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on the departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, and the Judiciary. ‘The proposed 37% cut in funding for fisheries programs combined with a 40% cut in other oceans and coastal activities would add up to an $85 million loss for NOAA's oceans programs. To make cuts of this magnitude would be, in effect, to write off the great potential the oceans have for feeding our people and helping to power our economy,’ the Connecticut senator said. ‘In short, the potential of the oceans as well as the pressures placed upon them have never been so great—and they will be even greater tomorrow. In the face of Administration indifference and outright hostility, Congress must maintain its commitment to the oceans and to the positive contributions they can make to our future.’
Automatic Segmentation of Home Videos

Temporal video segmentation is one of the fundamental and essential tasks in video processing, understanding and management. In this paper, we present an automatic method for segmenting the home videos into temporal logical units. We have developed a statistical framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique. The temporal scene boundaries are detected by maximizing the posterior probability of the model parameters. The model parameters contain the number of the scenes and the boundary locations of the scenes. The proposed method has been demonstrated on several home videos, and high accuracy has been obtained
Unanswered questions in headache: So what is photophobia, anyway?

Photophobia refers to a sensory disturbance provoked by light. However, because it arises distinctly in a broad range of clinical conditions, its definition remains elusive. Many underscore the painful sensory aspects of photophobia, while others emphasize its unpleasant, affective qualities. To add further complexity, recent discoveries in photophobia research have raised disparate and potentially conflicting results. In this installment of an occasional series, we asked clinicians and scientists to give their interpretation of what these discoveries tell us about photophobia in the clinic, and vice versa.
Soil nutrient budgets following projected corn stover harvest for biofuel production in the conterminous United States

Increasing demand for food and biofuel feedstocks may substantially affect soil nutrient budgets, especially in the United States where there is great potential for corn (Zea mays L) stover as a biofuel feedstock. This study was designed to evaluate impacts of projected stover harvest scenarios on budgets of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) currently and in the future across the conterminous United States. The required and removed N, P, and K amounts under each scenario were estimated on the basis of both their average contents in grain and stover and from an empirical model. Our analyses indicate a small depletion of soil N (−4 ± 35 kg ha−1) and K (−6 ± 36 kg ha−1) and a moderate surplus of P (37 ± 21 kg ha−1) currently on the national average, but with a noticeable variation from state to state. After harvesting both grain and projected stover, the deficits of soil N, P, and K were estimated at 114–127, 26–27, and 36–53 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, in 2006–2010; 131–173, 29–32, and 41–96 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, in 2020; and 161–207, 35–39, and 51–111 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, in 2050. This study indicates that the harvestable stover amount derived from the minimum stover requirement for maintaining soil organic carbon level scenarios under current fertilization rates can be sustainable for soil nutrient supply and corn production at present, but the deficit of P and K at the national scale would become larger in the future.
Safety control of discrete event systems using finite state machines with parameters

Control theories for discrete event systems modeled as finite state machines have been well developed over the years in addressing various fundamental control issues. However, modeling in finite state machines has long suffered the potential problem of state explosion that renders it (and, hence, the corresponding control techniques) unsuitable for many practical applications. To mitigate the state explosion problem, we proposed, in our previous work, an efficient representation that appends finite sets of parameters to finite state machines in modeling discrete event systems. We follow up in this paper to present the control synthesis techniques operating under this modeling representation. We first propose our notion and means of control under this representation. We then present our algorithms for both offline and online synthesis of safety control policies and illustrate these algorithms with examples.
Biological in situ dose painting for image-guided radiation therapy using drug-loaded implantable devices.

Purpose: Implantable devices routinely used for increasing spatial accuracy in modern image-guided radiation treatments (IGRT), such as fiducials or brachytherapy spacers, encompass the potential for in situ release of biologically active drugs, providing an opportunity to enhance the therapeutic ratio. We model this new approach for two types of treatment. Methods and Materials: Radiopaque fiducials used in IGRT, or prostate brachytherapy spacers (‘‘eluters’’), were assumed to be loaded with radiosensitizer for in situ drug slow release. An analytic function describing the concentration of radiosensitizer versus distance from eluters, depending on diffusion‐elimination properties of the drug in tissue, was developed. Tumor coverage by the drug was modeled for tumors typical of lung stereotactic body radiation therapy treatments for various eluter dimensions and drug properties. Six prostate 125 I brachytherapy cases were analyzed by assuming implantation of drug-loaded spacers. Radiosensitizer-induced subvolume boost was simulated from which biologically effective doses for typical radiosensitizers were calculated in one example. Results: Drug distributions from three-dimensional arrangements of drug eluters versus eluter size and drug properties were tabulated. Four radiosensitizer-loaded fiducials provide adequate radiosensitization for � 4-cm-diameter lung tumors, thus potentially boosting biologically equivalent doses in centrally located stereotactic body treated lesions. Similarly, multiple drug-loaded spacers provide prostate brachytherapy with flexible shaping of ‘‘biologically equivalent doses’’ to fit requirements difficult to meet by using radiation alone, e.g., boosting a high-risk region juxtaposed to the urethra while respecting normal tissue tolerance of both the urethra and the rectum. Conclusions: Drug loading of implantable devices routinely used in IGRT provides new opportunities for therapy modulation via biological in situ dose painting. 2010 Elsevier Inc. Image-guided radiation therapy, Fiducials, Brachytherapy seeds, Lung SBRT treatment.
Thermolabilizing Pseudoreversions in Reovirus Outer-Capsid Protein μ1 Rescue the Entry Defect Conferred by a Thermostabilizing Mutation

Heat-resistant mutants selected from infectious subvirion particles of mammalian reoviruses have determinative mutations in the major outer-capsid protein μ1. Here we report the isolation and characterization of intragenic pseudoreversions of one such thermostabilizing mutation. From a plaque that had survived heat selection, a number of viruses with one shared mutation but different second-site mutations were isolated. The effect of the shared mutation alone or in combination with second-site mutations was examined using recoating genetics. The shared mutation, D371A, was found to confer (i) substantial thermostability, (ii) an infectivity defect that followed attachment but preceded viral protein synthesis, and (iii) resistance to μ1 rearrangement in vitro, with an associated failure to lyse red blood cells. Three different second-site mutations were individually tested in combination with D371A and found to wholly or partially revert these phenotypes. Furthermore, when tested alone in recoated particles, each of these three second-site mutations conferred demonstrable thermolability. This and other evidence suggest that pseudoreversion of μ1-based thermostabilization can occur by a general mechanism of μ1-based thermolabilization, not requiring a specific compensatory mutation. The thermostabilizing mutation D371A as well as 9 of the 10 identified second-site mutations are located near contact regions between μ1 trimers in the reovirus outer capsid. The availability of both thermostabilizing and thermolabilizing mutations in μ1 should aid in defining the conformational rearrangements and mechanisms involved in membrane penetration during cell entry by this structurally complex nonenveloped animal virus.
Techniken des Wissenserwerbs

Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine Einfuhrung in verschiedene Verfahren des automatischen und halbautomatischen Wissenserwerbs, die fur die Entwicklung und den Aufbau wissensbasierter Systeme relevant sein konnen. Sie mochte als Leserkreis Studenten ansprechen, die die Grundzuge kognitionswissenschaftlicher Wissenserwerbsmethoden kennenlernen wollen. Dem Praktiker wird aber auch eine Zusammenfassung der zur Zeit in der Diskussion befindlichen Methoden geboten. Dabei werden auch die potentiellen Einsatzmoglichkeiten der Verfahren erortert.
The K-Factor, Covitality, and Personality A Psychometric Test of Life History Theory

We present a psychometric test of life history theory as applied to human individual differences using MIDUS survey data (Brim et al. 2000). Twenty scales measuring cognitive and behavioral dimensions theoretically related to life history strategy were constructed using items from the MIDUS survey. These scales were used to construct a single common factor, the K-factor, which accounted for 70% of the reliable variance. The scales used included measures of personal, familial, and social function. A second common factor, Covitality, was constructed from scales for physical and mental health. Finally, a single general factor, Personality, was constructed from scales for the “Big Five” factors of personality. The K-factor, covitality factor, and general personality factor correlated significantly with each other, supporting the prediction that high K predicts high somatic effort and also manifests in behavioral display. Thus, a single higher-order common factor, the Super-K factor, was constructed that consisted of the K-factor, covitality factor, and personality factor.
Faculty perspectives on community-based research: "I see this still as a journey"

ACADEMIC FACULTY MEMBERS ARE increasingly following community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles. We conducted qualitative, in-depth interviews with 22 Johns Hopkins faculty members who conduct community-based research to understand their experiences and perspectives. Respondents engaged the community in numerous ways, ranging from working with community advisory boards to hiring community members as project staff to collaborating with community members across all phases of research. Challenges included defining "community," ensuring adequate community representation, sharing power with community partners, overcoming an institutional history of strained community-academic relationships, and working within existing academic incentive structures. Despite these challenges, respondents generally felt their experiences conducting research with community participation were positive and successful. Policy changes at funding and academic institutions and an emphasis on the similarities between CBPR and ethical principles could improve support for CBPR approaches.
The Third Sleeve Emerging Labor Newspapers and the Response of the Labor Unions and the State to Workers' Resistance in Vietnam

This article focuses on how the Vietnamese General Confederation of Labor (VGCL) responds to workers' strikes. A complex, non-monolithic VGCL has developed a “third sleeve,” its dynamic pro-labor p...
Two classes of silencing RNAs move between Caenorhabditis elegans tissues

Organism-wide RNA interference (RNAi) is due to the transport of mobile silencing RNA throughout the organism, but the identities of these mobile RNA species in animals are unknown. Here, we present genetic evidence that both the initial double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which triggers RNAi, and at least one dsRNA intermediate produced during RNAi can act as or generate mobile silencing RNA in C. elegans. This dsRNA intermediate requires the long dsRNA-binding protein RDE-4, the endonuclease DCR-1, which cleaves long dsRNA into double-stranded short-interfering RNA (ds-siRNA), and the putative nucleotidyltransferase MUT-2 (RDE-3). However, single-stranded siRNA and downstream secondary siRNA produced upon amplification by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RRF-1 do not generate mobile silencing RNA. Restricting intertissue transport to long dsRNA and directly processed siRNA intermediates rather than amplified siRNA may serve to modulate the extent of systemic silencing in proportion to available dsRNA.
Structural and Dynamical Analyses of the Kinase Network Derived from the Transpath Database

We analyze the structural design and the dynamical properties of a protein kinase network derived from the Transpath database. We consider structural properties, such as feedback cycles, pathway lengths, fraction of shortest pathways and crosstalk. Dynamic characteristics of the network are analyzed by using nonlinear differential equations with a special focus on kinase amplitudes and signal propagation times. Comparison with random networks shows that the cellular kinase network exhibits special features which might be a result of natural selection. In particular, the Transpath network contains no cycles, and input kinases and output kinases are generally connected by shortest signalling routes. Moreover, it displays a characteristic spectrum of cross-talk between different pathways.
Lateral Dye Distribution With Ink-Jet Dye Doping of Polymer Organic Light Emitting Diodes

In this work we investigate the lateral dye distribution resulting from the dye doping of a thin polymer film by ink-jet printing (IJP) for the integration of color organic light emitting diodes (OLED’s). The dye is found to segregate into distinct outer rings following rapid droplet evaporation, while slower evaporation rates are found to significantly reduce (or eliminate) this effect. The dye segregation phenomena are found to depend critically on the mechanisms of droplet evaporation. Good dye uniformity was obtained using a low vapor pressure solvent, and integrated, 250 micron red, green, and blue polymer organic light emitting diodes (OLED’s) were fabricated with this technique. These devices had good color uniformity over most of the device area and similar electrical properties to comparable spin-coated devices without IJP.
The feeding zones of terrestrial planets and insights into Moon formation

Abstract The final stage of terrestrial planet formation consists of several hundred approximately lunar mass bodies accreting into a few terrestrial planets. This final stage is stochastic, making it hard to predict which parts of the original planetesimal disk contributed to each of our terrestrial planets. Here we present an extensive suite of terrestrial planet formation simulations that allows quantitative analysis of this process. Although there is a general correlation between a planet’s location and the initial semi-major axes of its constituent planetesimals, we concur with previous studies that Venus, Earth, and Mars analogs have overlapping, stochastic feeding zones. We quantify the feeding zone width, Δ a , as the mass-weighted standard deviation of the initial semi-major axes of the planetary embryos and planetesimals that make up the final planet. The size of a planet’s feeding zone in our simulations does not correlate with its final mass or semi-major axis, suggesting there is no systematic trend between a planet’s mass and its volatile inventory. Instead, we find that the feeding zone of any planet more massive than 0.1 M ⊕ is roughly proportional to the radial extent of the initial disk from which it formed: Δ a ≈ 0.25 ( a max - a min ) , where a min and a max are the inner and outer edge of the initial planetesimal disk. These wide stochastic feeding zones have significant consequences for the origin of the Moon, since the canonical scenario predicts the Moon should be primarily composed of material from Earth’s last major impactor (Theia), yet its isotopic composition is indistinguishable from Earth. In particular, we find that the feeding zones of Theia analogs are significantly more stochastic than the planetary analogs. Depending on our assumed initial distribution of oxygen isotopes within the planetesimal disk, we find a ∼ 5% or less probability that the Earth and Theia will form with an isotopic difference equal to or smaller than the Earth and Moon’s. In fact we predict that every planetary mass body should be expected to have a unique isotopic signature. In addition, we find paucities of massive Theia analogs and high velocity Moon-forming collisions, two recently proposed explanations for the Moon’s isotopic composition. Our work suggests that there is still no scenario for the Moon’s origin that explains its isotopic composition with a high probability event.
Separable Fragments and Membrane Tethering of Arabidopsis RIN4 Regulate Its Suppression of PAMP-Triggered Immunity

RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) is a multifunctional Arabidopsis thaliana protein that regulates plant immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bacterial type III effector proteins (T3Es). RIN4, which is targeted by multiple defense-suppressing T3Es, provides a mechanistic link between PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity and effector suppression of plant defense. Here we report on a structure-function analysis of RIN4-mediated suppression of PTI. Separable fragments of RIN4, including those produced when the T3E AvrRpt2 cleaves RIN4 and each containing a plant-specific nitrate-induced (NOI) domain, suppress PTI. The N-terminal and C-terminal NOIs each contribute to PTI suppression and are evolutionarily conserved. Native RIN4 is anchored to the plasma membrane by C-terminal acylation. Nonmembrane-tethered derivatives of RIN4 activate a cell death response in wild-type Arabidopsis and are hyperactive PTI suppressors in a mutant background that lacks the cell death response. Our results indicate that RIN4 is a multifunctional suppressor of PTI and that a virulence function of AvrRpt2 may include cleaving RIN4 into active defense-suppressing fragments.
Targeting the TGFβ pathway with galunisertib, a TGFβRI SMI, promotes anti-tumor immunity leading to durable, complete responses, as monotherapy and in combination with checkpoint inhibition

Meeting abstracts TGFβ signaling is known to play a central role in tumor biology, via inducing and/or enhancing tumor cell growth and differentiation, modulating the extracellular matrix in the stroma, inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, modulating angiogenesis, and inhibiting immune
Understanding Community Perspectives: A Step Towards Achieving Food Marketing Equity

This chapter examines how historical and social factors impact community perspectives, receptivity, and potential motivation to improve food marketing environments. We explore the diversity of African Americans’ perspectives of marketing and the contextual factors that support different beliefs and responses. Given the nature and history of Black Americans as consumers, it is no surprise that de-marketing unhealthy food and beverages proves to be quite challenging. Insights from the community perspective are necessary in order to develop social and counter-marketing activities to support healthy food environments.
Generalization of treadmill perturbation to overground slip during gait: Effect of different perturbation distances on slip recovery.

Treadmill-perturbation training (TM-training) may improve a person׳s fall-resistance, whereby adjusting slip distance can be a simple way to manipulate training intensity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different slip distances in TM-training (12-cm vs. 18-cm) on its generalization to the recovery from a novel "free" slip during overground walking. Generalization here means the ability to apply learned skill from TM-training to slip recovery during overground walking. Thirty-six young adults in the TM_12 or the TM_18 group underwent either a 12-cm or an 18-cm slip during the treadmill walking for seven times, or in the control group were not exposed to any perturbation. Their responses were also contrasted with previously reported results from overground-perturbation training (OG-training) in which participants received either a 12-cm or an 18-cm slip during level walking with the same number of repetitions. Everyone was then exposed to the same generalization test during a novel "free" slip in overground walking. Their proactive and reactive control of stability was measured and compared. TM-training displayed a significant training effect in comparison to the control group (p 0.05). These results underscore the further needs to investigate the potential of the treadmill as a convenient instrument that can effectively deliver perturbation training.
Ellipsoidal Microhydrodynamics without Elliptic Integrals and How To Get There Using Linear Operator Theory: A Note on Weighted Inner Products

In this research note we revisit the topic of microhydrodynamics of an ellipsoid in rigid body motion to arrive at the final resolution of a 140-year-old “mystery” that was featured in the dedication paper on the same topic in the Doraiswami Ramkrishna Festschrift. There, the initial focus was on the role of the theory of self-adjoint operators as the framework for proving that the surface tractions on a sphere had to be a constant multiple of the same rigid body motions of the boundary conditions. The ellipsoid was then considered as a simple example to illustrate the loss of this behavior for nonspherical particles. That goal was accomplished because for an ellipsoid, n·x, the dot product of the surface normal n and the point x on the ellipsoid surface, is the required nonconstant multiplier. The simplicity of this result is striking and has been noticed throughout its history with a number of authors remarking on the lengthy algebraic manipulations required to prove this simple result. In keeping with ...
A comparison of polynomial approximations and artificial neural nets as response surfaces

Artificial neural nets and polynomial approximations were used to develop response surfaces for several test problems. Based on the number of functional evaluations required to build the approximations and the number of undetermined parameters associated with the approximations, the performance of the two types of approximations was found to be comparable. A rule of thumb is developed for determining the number of nodes to be used on a hidden layer of an artificial neural net, and the number of designs needed to train an approximation is discussed.
Relationship Between Spontaneous Activity and Metabolic Rate as Influenced by Certain Sympathomimetic Compounds

SummaryComparisons were made between the oxygen consumption and increased movements induced by the central nervous excitatory effects of a number of physiologically active organic compounds. After injection of several of these compounds, benzedrine, desoxyephedrine and N-methyl-β-cyclohexylisopropylamine HCl, oxygen consumption and voluntary movements varied in direct relationship to each other. After the injection of another compound (Isuprel), oxygen consumption increased greatly, but there was a decrease in activity. Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of voluntary muscular activity only under limited conditions.
Exertional compartment syndrome with amniotic band disruption sequence

Cases: We report the cases of two female patients who presented with symptoms of lower-extremity exertional compartment syndrome years after initial amniotic band reconstruction. These patients underwent extensive fascial release for treatment of amniotic band disruption sequence (ABDS) of the lower extremity, with resolution of their symptoms. We describe our current technique that is now performed at the time of initial reconstruction for addressing all layers of the deformity. Conclusion: The surgical reconstruction of ABDS requires addressing all layers of the deformity. Failure to do so may lead to long-term sequelae. Both patients in this report had exertional compartment syndrome following incomplete fascial release at their primary surgery, requiring subsequent fasciotomies.
The study on reproducibility of single channel multifocal VEP in Chinese

Objective:To investigate the reproducibility of single channel multifocal VEP in Chinese.Methods:We recorded single channel multifocal VEP from 7 subjects with VERIS TM Science on different occasions.The stimulus pattern consisted of 60 sectors cortically scaled like a dartboard.The mVEP's traces were superimposed with PhotoShop software and waveform consistency were analyzed.The latencies and peak-to-trough amplitudes of major waveform in mVEP were measured with VERIS TM Science software.The data were analyzed with Excel software.Result:The mVEP waveform recorded on different days had high consistency when superimposed.The latency's coefficient of variation (CV) was only 10% or less.However there were small variations of amplitude,which showed the average CVs of the amplitude in 60 location of left and right eye were 37% and 39%,respectively.The amplitude CVs of the average response in four quadrants were 19%,21%,26% and 27%,respectively.The amplitude CVs of the average response in upper and lower hemifield were 13% and 11%,respectively.Conclusion:The waveforms of single channel mVEP have good reproducibility,but the amplitudes with variability to some extent.When stimulus,electrodes and record parameters are consistent,mVEP can be used to track and follow up the degree of optic nerve impairment in patients.
Case Salience and the Attitudinal Model: An Analysis of Ordered and Unanimous Votes on the Rehnquist Court

How can we explain when ideology is more likely, and less likely, to influence Supreme Court decision making? We examine this question by comparing ordered and unanimous votes on the Rehnquist Court between 1994 and 2004. Building on previous research, our results suggest that the influence of attitudes on Supreme Court decisions varies by the level of case salience. When the case before the Court raises important questions of politics or policy, and therefore attracts a disproportionate amount of attention, the attitudinal model performs admirably: the justices are more likely to split into ideologically coherent blocs and less likely to produce unanimous opinions. Yet the explanatory power of the attitudinal model diminishes significantly in non-salient cases with lower political stakes. These findings underscore the utility of a conditional approach to the study of judicial attitudes.
Strategies for Enhancing Previewing

Earlier chapters provided a blueprint of the optimal patterns encountered during adaptive dyadic interaction. Such patterns of interaction tend to promote the infant’s predictive capacities and are imbued with previewing behaviors manifested by the caregiver. But what can be done to remedy a caregiver-infant relationship in which these previewing behaviors are absent or appear only sporadically? What techniques can be used to isolate sources of discord that impair the caregiver’s capacity for engaging in adaptive previewing within the dyad? How can the therapist best ascertain the cause of an absence of previewing behaviors and what treatment strategies are most effective in alleviating difficulty and reasserting previewing patterns during interaction? Lastly, do particular situations lead to the curtailment of previewing behaviors, thereby exerting a detrimental impact on early interaction between caregiver and infant?
Effect of anesthetics and oxygen deprivation on brain blood flow and metabolism.

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the normal, unanesthetized state are considered first, then the effects of anesthesia on cerebral blood flow are discussed. Finally, this knowledge is applied to several clinical problems.
Catheter-Based Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is associated with an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism. While anticoagulation reduces the risk of thromboembolism in AF, safe and consistent long-term treatment can be challenging with oral anticoagulation regimens. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is thought to be the major source of thromboembolism in AF. Novel, mechanical catheter-based strategies have been developed to exclude communication between the LAA and the left atrium in order to reduce the risk of thromboembolism in AF without the need for long-term OAC. Trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) imaging plays a critical role in transcatheter closure of the LAA. This chapter provides details on the multiple roles of TEE in LAA closure ranging from baseline evaluation (to establish eligibility and correct size of device) to procedural guidance (including transseptal puncture) to later follow up.
Operationalizing Frailty in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Cohort

Background Factors that may contribute to the development of frailty in late life have not been widely investigated. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study cohort presents an opportunity to examine relationships of midlife risk factors with frailty in late life. However, we first present findings on the validation of an established frailty phenotype in this predominantly biracial population of older adults. Methods Among 6,080 participants, we defined frailty based upon the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) criteria incorporating measures of weight loss, exhaustion, slow walking speed, low physical activity, and low grip strength. Criterion and predictive validity of the frailty phenotype were estimated from associations between frailty status and participants' physical and mental health status, physiologic markers, and incident clinical outcomes. Results A total of 393 (6.5%) participants were classified as frail and 50.4% pre-frail, similar to CHS (6.9% frail, 46.6% pre-frail). In age-adjusted analyses, frailty was concurrently associated with depressive symptoms, low self-rated health, low medication adherence, and clinical biomarker levels (ie, cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and hemoglobin). During 1-year follow-up, frailty was associated with falls, low physical ability, fatigue, and mortality. Conclusions These findings support the validity of the CHS frailty phenotype in the ARIC Study cohort. Future studies in ARIC may elucidate early-life exposures that contribute to late-life frailty.
Tunnel magnetoresistance of diamondoids

Abstract Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of diamondoids has been predicted by first principles density functional theory. Diamantane was used as a basic molecular proxy for diamondoids because hydrogen atoms in the apical position are easily substituted for a thiol group. The pristine diamantane exhibited a low TMR ratio of 7%, and boron-substitution considerably decreased the TMR ratio. Conversely, nitrogen-substitution enhanced the TMR ratio by up to 20%. Heteroatom-substitution changes the tunneling probabilities by varying the molecular bond lengths. Furthermore, when the spins of the electrodes are parallel, the heteroatoms resulted in transmittance probabilities at an energy range near the Fermi level. Consequently, heteroatom-substitution can control the TMR ratios of diamondoids very well.
CELL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HISTOINCOMPATIBLE T AND B LYMPHOCYTES : II. FAILURE OF PHYSIOLOGIC COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN T AND B LYMPHOCYTES FROM ALLOGENEIC DONOR STRAINS IN HUMORAL RESPONSE TO HAPTEN-PROTEIN CONJUGATES

Several experimental approaches, designed specifically to circumvent the possible contribution of a complicating "allogeneic effect," have been successfully used to answer the question of physiologic cooperative interactions between histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes in antibody responses to hapten-protein conjugates. This was accomplished for in vivo cell transfer studies by using an F1 hybrid host as the recipient of irradiated, carrier-primed T lymphocytes from one parent and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B lymphocytes from the opposite strain. Under these conditions, very good T-B cell cooperative interactions were observed to occur between T and B lymphocyte populations derived from syngeneic donors, whereas no cooperative response was obtained when T cells were derived from one parental strain and B cells from the other. Corroborative experiments were performed in a totally in vitro system in which DNP-primed B cells developed good secondary anti-DNP antibody responses in vitro to soluble DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) when cultured in the presence of irradiated KLH-primed T cells derived from syngenic donors but not from allogeneic donors. The failure of histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes to effect physiologic cooperative interactions has important implications for our understanding of how such interactions normally occur. The possibility that these results reflect the existence of a "block" of some sort to cell-cell interaction by virtue of the presence of a foreign major histocompatibility antigen on the surface of either cell has been definitively ruled out in the present studies. These observations demonstrate that the gene(s) that conditions the capability for physiologic T-B cell cooperation must be shared in common by the respective cell types, and suggest, furthermore, that this gene (or genes) belongs to the major histocompatibility system of the mouse. These findings, together with other relevant phenomena described previously, have led us to postulate that there exists on the B lymphocyte surface an "acceptor" molecule either for the putative active T cell product or for the T cell itself. The important genetic considerations and the possible sequence of events surrounding the actual T-B cell interaction implied by these postulates are discussed in detail.
Neuroanatomy: The Brain–Behavior Relationship

Here we review neuroanatomy, organizing the discussion of each brain area/system by the functions associated with it and by the deficits that occur when it is damaged. In the section on vision, we review the brain mechanisms of vision and the several agnosias that result from visual cortex damage. In the section on audition, we review the brain mechanisms of hearing and disorders such as tinnitus that result when the auditory system is damaged. In the section on touch, we review the brain mechanisms associated with touch and the different agnosias that result from damage to the somatosensory cortex. In the section on movement, we review the motor system of the brain and the akinesias that result from damage to the motor cortex. In the section on emotions, we review the brain mechanisms associated with happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. Finally, in the section on cognitive functioning, we review the brain mechanisms of language, memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. Our purpose is to provide some foundational information about how each system works, and about the dysfunction that results when a given system is damaged.
Analyzing Partially Correlated Longitudinal Data in Community Survey Research

Community surveys have been widely used to investigate local residents’ perceptions and behaviors related to natural resource issues. However, most existing community survey research relies on cross-sectional data and is thus unable to capture the temporal dynamics of community processes. Longitudinal analysis has received increasing interest in recent natural resource social science literature. Trend and panel studies are two typical approaches in longitudinal community survey research. Due to limited sampling frames, research design, and respondent attrition, longitudinal community surveys often involve both paired and independent observations across different survey waves. Using previous survey data on community responses to forest insect disturbance in Alaska as an example, this research note shows that the corrected z-test is a more appropriate approach to analyze partially correlated longitudinal data than conventional statistical techniques such as the paired and independent t-tests.
Protocol and Validation of CHARMM-GUI Hex Phase Builder

It is becoming increasingly apparent that protein dynamics, conformation, and therefore, function are dependent on the stresses within the bilayer – one of which being bending frustration. The amount of bending frustration is dependent on the bending modulus (kc) and spontaneous radius of curvature (R0–1) for a given lipid composition. These quantities are difficult to obtain computationally, particularly by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. For many years, experimentalists (and much more recently, simulators) have used the lipid hexagonal phase to obtain these quantities. The inverse lipid hexagonal phase exists in high temperature and low water domains of the certain lipid's phase diagram. In this phase, lipids aggregate with their hydrophilic heads oriented along hexagonally packed water pores. Although this phase spontaneously assembles, the equilibration time necessary for this type of process is unfeasible for typical all-atom MD simulations. Here, a simple and reproducible methodology, Hex Phase Builder, is described and validated as an integrated part of the CHARMM-GUI framework (http://www.charmm-gui.org/input/hexphase). By calculating the pressure within the water pore, kc and R0–1 can be obtained for any lipid composition. This sensitive technique provides energetic insight into lipid systems and allows for further validation of the oft-used CHARMM C36 lipid force field.
Training for Leadership Roles in Academic Medicine: Opportunities for Psychologists in the AAMC LEAD Program.

Psychologists’ roles within academic medicine have expanded well beyond research and scholarship. They are active as providers of patient care, medical education, and clinical supervision. Although the number of psychologists in academic health centers continues to grow, they represent a small portion of total medical school faculties. However, with the movement toward collaborative care models, emphasis on interprofessional teams, and increased emphasis on psychological science topics in medical curricula, psychologists are well-positioned to make further contributions. Another path through which psychologists can further increase their contributions and value within academic health centers is to aspire to leadership roles. This article describes the first author’s reflections on her experiences in a two-year, cohort-based, educational leadership development certificate program in academic medicine. The cohort was comprised largely of physicians and basic scientists, and a small number of non-physician participants of which the first author was the only clinical psychologist. The insights gained from this experience provide recommendations for psychologists interested in leadership opportunities in academic medicine.
Abstract 237: The First Direct Measure of Chylomicron Metabolism in Heart Reveals a Reciprocal Balance Between Mitochondrial Oxidation of Fats From Chylomicron vs Albumin Sources

Nearly all studies of fat metabolism in healthy and diseased heart are based on albumin sources of fat, even though lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL) are thought to be a major source of fat. If there are distinct differences in uptake, oxidation, and storage of fatty acids (FA) from lipoproteins compared to albumin sources, then our understanding of disease is far from complete. This study provides the very first investigation of the fate of 13C labeled FA from chylomicrons (CM) in heart, with quantified results of the direct competition between CM-FA vs albumin-FA to support mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Chylomicrons were biosynthetically labeled with 13C-oleate by delivering to the duodenum of rat either (a) emulsified in olive oil, or (b) incorporated into micelles. The labeled chylomicrons were collected as lymph via the thoracic duct for six hours. The olive oil approach, used traditionally to prepare CM to contain radiolabeled fats, resulted in a trace fraction of 13C-labeled FA (<2%). The micelle ap...
Electric Field-Induced Disruption and Releasing Viable Content from Extracellular Vesicles

In order to more fully elucidate the biogenesis of exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and understand the role of EVs in disease processes, it is necessary to develop methods to capture EVs and induce the unloading of viable cargo. Traditionally, ultracentrifugation followed by chemical based EV lysis techniques is used to isolate these extracellular vesicles and release their internal content. Here, we describe a novel technique for capturing and releasing exosomal content through magnetic bead-based EV extraction coupled with electric field induced release and measurement (EFIRM). The usage of low-voltage electric fields allows the EV to be lysed without chemical treatment, and surface immobilized probes can allow for the rapid capture of the content of lysed EVs. EFIRM as an integrated EV lysing and analysis system offers great potential for the investigation of EVs in clinical and basic science contexts.
A Radiologist’s View of Tumor Ablation in the Radiology Suite

Image-guided percutaneous, minimally invasive ablation techniques offer a wide variety of new modalities to treat tumors in some of the most medically complicated patients coming to our hospitals. The use of computed tomography, PET, ultrasound imaging, and MRI to guide radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation techniques now makes it possible to treat patients on a short stay or outpatient basis with very good immediate outcomes. This rapid expansion of new tumor ablation techniques often presents challenges for the non-operating room anesthesia team. Collaboration and communication between the radiologist and anesthesiologist are key to safety and excellent patient outcomes.