cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VisualNote: Physical Image Tagging for Building a Personal Visual Library

Effective note-taking strategies can benefit learners over a lifetime. Studies have shown that students who take notes by hand learn more than those who take notes on a laptop. Additionally, adding drawings to notes to represent concepts and relationships significantly effects memory and learning. This practice of representing ideas through diagrams and drawings in notes is referred to as visual note-taking. To engage learners in taking handwritten visual notes, we developed VisualNote: (1) a toolkit that facilitates purposeful practice of visual note-taking, and (2) a tangible tagging process that allows for online storage of notes and sharing within class and amongst broader communities. Guided by Universal Design for Learning (UDL), we took a constructivist approach to provide alternative approaches of expression, representation, and engagement that can be leveraged to equip learners with tools to pursue more pathways to learn and make learning visible.
Approximate Schur Complement Multilevel Methods for General Sparse Systems

We introduce a multilevel preconditioner based on an approximate Schur complement using sparse approximate inverses. We give a brief introduction to the algorithm followed by some results for two-dimensional and three-dimensional model problems.
Safety and efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in solid organ transplant recipients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

e22014Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are increasingly used in solid organ malignancies. However, data are limited regarding their safety and efficacy in solid organ transplant (SOT)...
Electron and Phonon Collision Integrals

This Chapter is mainly devoted to the study of inelastic collision integrals of electrons with phonons, with each other, and with photons. Canonical forms of collision integrals will be derived. In the case of photon fields, for a large number of monochromatic photons, the electron-photon collision integral corresponds to the classical field terms derived by Eliashberg.
Placing Consumers at the Front of the Relief Effort: Redirecting Credit Card Interest Charges

Catastrophes including the COVID19 pandemic of 2019-2020 impose great financial stress on consumers. This op-ed proposes the distribution of economic relief directly to consumers by authorizing credit card issuers to bill Congress for portions of the interest that otherwise would be charged to cardholders. Significant benefits include expanding access to consumer credit when it otherwise would be expected to diminish, reduced consumer default rates and bank charge-offs, and greater stimulus to overall economic welfare.
Xerosis Cutis in the Aging Population: an Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

The goal of this paper is to identify risk factors for dry skin in the elderly as well as to outline a treatment approach to xerosis in the elderly population. Females and those with darker skin types are at higher risk for dry skin. Certain medications such as diuretics and statins also are associated with higher incidence of xerosis. Ceramide-containing moisturizers help to play a protective role. A detailed medication review is warranted for all patients with dry skin. In the elderly, xerosis is a result of a complex interplay of genetic, behavioral, and comorbid factors. Prior to treatment for xerosis cutis, evaluation for an underlying primary inflammatory disease of skin should be ruled out.
Optimal efficient imaging time for identification of sentinel lymph node with Tc-99m Tilmanocept in breast cancer patients

We determined the optimal imaging time for axillary lymph node (LN) visualization following Tc-99m Tilmanocept in breast cancer patients to establish imaging guidelines that can allow for a reliable and efficient yet high yield study prior to surgery. Retrospective analysis in 651 patients who underwent lymphoscintigraphy, comparing LN visualization on immediate, 15-minute, and 90-minute delayed imaging after injection of Tc-99m Tilmanocept. Statistical analysis was performed using McNemar's test, kappa coefficient, and Pearson Chi-square test. Five hundred and six patients had either immediate or immediate and 90-minute delayed imaging. Of these patients, 203 (40.1%) had both immediate and 90-minute delayed images. Of these 203 patients, 54 (26.6%) had ≥1 lymph node(s) identified immediately and 196 (96.6%) had ≥1 lymph node(s) identified at 90 minutes (P<0.0001). A kappa coefficient of .0256 was observed (95% CI: .0058-.0453). One hundred and forty-five additional patients had 15-minute delayed imaging. Of these patients, 117 (80.7%) had ≥1 lymph node(s) identified, which was significantly fewer compared to the number of patients with ≥1 lymph node(s) detected at 90 minutes (P<0.0001). Ninety-minute delayed imaging is optimal for identifying sentinel lymph node(s) following Tc-99m Tilmanocept injection in breast cancer patients.
Advances in experimental mechanics at atomic scale

Abstract With the ongoing trend of miniaturizing electronic devices, the dimensions of metallic materials used in these devices decrease continuously from sub-microns to a few nanometers. Small-sized materials usually exhibit superior mechanical properties and dramatically different mechanical behaviors from their bulk counterparts. Deep insights into the atomistic mechanical behaviors in small-scale metals are of vital importance for designing new nanostructured materials to guarantee the reliability and stability of future nanodevices. This review firstly presents state-of-the-art experimental techniques and sample preparation methods for atomic-scale in situ deformation dynamics on small-sized metals. Then, recent advances in atomic-scale experimental mechanics are summarized, including size-dependent defect nucleation, twinning-related mechanism, phase transformation, diffusional deformation and pseudoelasticity. Finally, current limitations and future directions for research in the field of atomistic experimental mechanics are discussed.
Abstract 022: Plasma Metabolome Related To Plant-based Diets And The Association With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Plant-based diets have been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, and the evidence using objective approache...
The Velvet Glove That Cloaks the Fist of Power: The Role of U.S. Military Communication in Addressing the North Korea Threat

This chapter focuses on the role that military communication plays in shaping the North Korea nuclear threat. The U.S. military, in conjunction with other levers of national power, uses a wide variety of public statements, often mediated by the media, that range from passive (also known as military soft power) to actions of force (hard power). These statements are constructed to have effects on domestic as well as international audiences. In addition to laying out a framework for military communications and their intended effects, we discuss unintended consequences or risks of these military communications. Last, we describe how military communications attempt to shape the international environment and the behavior and expectations of potential adversaries and allies.
Overlap Intensity: An ImageJ Macro for Analyzing the HIV-1 In Situ Uncoating Assay

Capsid uncoating is at the crossroads of early steps in HIV-1 replication. In recent years, the development of novel assays has expanded how HIV-1 uncoating can be studied. In the in situ uncoating assay, dual fluorescently labelled virus allows for the identification of fused viral cores. Antibody staining then detects the amount of capsid associated with each viral core at different times post-infection. Following fixed cell imaging, manual counting can be used to assess the fusion state and capsid signal for each viral core, but this method can introduce bias with increased time of analysis. To address these limitations, we developed the Overlap Intensity macro in ImageJ. This macro automates the detection of viral cores and quantification of overlapping fusion and capsid signals. We demonstrated the high accuracy of the macro by comparing core detection to manual methods. Analysis of an in situ uncoating assay further verified the macro by detecting progressive uncoating as expected. Therefore, this macro improves the accessibility of the in situ uncoating assay by replacing time-consuming manual methods or the need for expensive data analysis software. Beyond the described assay, the Overlap Intensity macro includes adjustable settings for use in other methods requiring quantification of overlapping fluorescent signals.
Increased Medial Displacement of the Humeral Shaft of at Least 40% Correlates With an Increased Incidence of Nerve Injury in Proximal Humerus Fractures.

Background Peripheral nerve and infraclavicular brachial plexus injury following proximal humerus fractures are commonplace, but diagnosing a concomitant nerve injury in the acute setting is challenging. Fracture displacement has been identified as a qualitative risk factor for nerve injury, and additional attention should be paid to the neurologic exams of patients with proximal humerus fractures with significant medial shaft displacement. However, a quantitative relationship between the risk of nerve injury and medialization of the humeral shaft has not been shown, and additional risk factors for this complication have not been assessed. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for a neurologic deficit following a proximal humerus fracture, with particular interest in the utility of the magnitude of medial shaft displacement as a predictor of neurologic dysfunction. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on all proximal humerus fractures in a 3-year period (2012-2015) at a level one trauma center. Isolated greater tuberosity fractures (OTA 11-A1) were excluded. Fracture displacement was measured on initial injury AP shoulder radiograph and expressed as a percentage of humeral diaphyseal width. All orthopedic inpatient documentation was assessed to identify clinical neurologic deficits. Results We identified 139 patients for inclusion. There were 22 patients (16%) with new neurologic deficits at presentation (8 axillary nerve, 2 radial nerve, 12 infraclavicular brachial plexus or multiple nerve injuries). The average shaft medial displacement in patients with neurologic injuries was 59% vs. 21% without nerve deficits (p=0.03). Using a 40% medial displacement threshold, the odds ratio for a nerve injury was 5.24 (95% CI 1.54 - 17.77, p=.008). Conclusion Increased medial displacement of the humeral shaft following proximal humerus fracture is associated with an increased incidence of nerve injury at the time of initial presentation. This finding is not meant to be a surrogate for a high-quality neurologic exam in all patients with proximal humerus fractures. However, improved knowledge of the specific risk factors for an occult neurologic injury will improve the clinician's ability to accurately diagnose and properly treat proximal humerus fractures and their sequelae.Level of Evidence: III.
Facial affect perception in anxious and nonanxious men without depression

In two experiments a tachistoscopic paradigm was used to examine hemispheric differences in facial affect perception among anxious and nonanxious men without depression. In Experiment 1, hemispheric processing of Ekman and Friesen’s (1978) happy, angry, and neutral emotional faces was tachistoscopically examined, with reaction time as the dependent variable. The following results were obtained: (1) a right-hemisphere (LVF) advantage for the perception of facial affect, consistent with previous reports of the right hemisphere’s relative specialization for facial affect perception and (2) slower reaction time to facial affect stimuli for anxious men, regardless of valence and visual field. Similar procedures were used in Experiment 2, but with accuracy rather than reaction time as the dependent measure. Analyses yielded a three-way interaction, with anxious men identifying angry affects in the left versus right visual field more accurately, whereas nonanxious men demonstrated symmetry for the processing of angry affects. Implications for hemispheric asymmetry (i.e., relative right posterior activation) among anxious individuals without depression are discussed.
Mirror figure of merit (MEM): an alternative measure of groundwater model calibration error.

Scatter plots of model-predicted verses target (measured) values are used to qualitatively evaluate groundwater flow model calibration error. Often a 45 line representing complete agreement between model-predicted and target values is drawn on the plot for reference. The model is considered calibrated when, based on visual observation, the data points composing the scatter plot are all clustered tightly around the 45 line representing complete model agreement. Because model calibration error is assessed visually, the degree to which the model is calibrated is purely subjective. The mirror figure of merit (MFM), a number between minus one and one, was developed to quantify how close measured verses model-predicted values are to a 45 line when plotted. To calculate the MFM, the data constituting the scatter plot are mirrored around the 45 line. A best-fit regression line is determined for the mirrored scatter plot. The best-fit regression line is determined for the mirrored scatter plot. The best-fit regression line is then mirrored around the 45 line. The ratio of the slopes of the best-fit regression and mirrored lines yields the MFM value. For the ideal case, where the measured and model-predicted values are identical and fall on the 45 line, the MFM willmore » equal one. For all other cases, the MFM will be less than one. For very poorly calibrated models, the MFM can be negative, but typically is a positive value. Calibration of a number of groundwater flow models have been evaluated using the MFM.« less
Three problems and their relevance

Three problems are posed and their solutions (ranging from complete to partial) described. They are (i) the Hydrogen atom in an intense magnetic field; (ii) the thermodynamics of one-dimensional chain of continuous spins in an external magnetic field interactingvia Heisenberg interaction; and (iii) the pair correlation function in an interactingmaariys electron system. The relevance of these problems and their solution and various aspects of physics are stressed.
GEOGRAPHIC AND TAXONOMIC DISPARITIES IN SPECIES DIVERSITY: DISPERSAL AND DIVERSIFICATION RATES ACROSS WALLACE'S LINE

Broad-scale patterns of species diversity have received much attention in the literature, yet the mechanisms behind their formation may not explain species richness disparities across small spatial scales. Few taxa display high species diversity on either side of Wallace’s Line and our understanding of the processes causing this biogeographical pattern remains limited, particularly in plant lineages. To understand the evolution of this biogeographical pattern, a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Livistoninae palms (Arecaceae) was used to infer the colonization history of the Sahul tectonic plate region and to test for disparities in diversification rates across taxa and across each side of Wallace’s Line. Our analyses allowed us to examine how timing, migration history, and shifts in diversification rates have contributed to shape the biogeographical pattern observed in Livistoninae. We inferred that each of the three genera found in Sahul crossed Wallace’s Line only once and relatively recently. In addition, at least two of the three dispersing genera underwent an elevation in their diversification rate leading to high species richness on each side of Wallacea. The correspondence of our results with Southeast Asian geologic and climatic history show how palms emerge as excellent models for understanding the historical formation of fine-scale biogeographic patterns in a phylogenetic framework.
An Image Based Mathematical Model for the Propagation of Fan Noise in a Plenum with Large Side Openings

This paper presents another application of an images group model for a special enclosure geometry and source orientation. A previous work outlined the concept via application to a special tight-fitting enclosure. Application of the concept to a fan plenum requires different mathematical descriptions for the image groups. This paper describes the sound reverberation inside a sound enclosure with mostly open sides where the primary noise sources are the air inlets and exhausts of axial type fans located at the top of the enclosure, the sound transmission through the air inlet openings, and the radiation to wayside positions. The main reverberation between the floor and ceiling is determined with an image based mathematical model. The model considers how the main reverberant part image group is amplified by its images from two parallel bulkheads and any side wall frame members. The method of images approach allows the hard surfaces of an untreated plenum to be represented by perfectly reflecting surfaces with zero sound absorption coefficients, thus not requiring any estimate or measurement for these surfaces. Numerical results show excellent comparison to experimental results for an actual plenum. The image model is also shown to be significantly more accurate than the standard large room diffuse field reverberant model.
Targeted Sanctions in a World of Global Finance

This is the golden age of economic statecraft—and the study of economic statecraft. This is in large part due to the evolution of economic coercion from trade embargoes to targeted financial sanctions. Targeted financial sanctions are attractive because they can generate economic costs similar to those of more comprehensive sanctions, with fewer negative externalities. Over time, however, the intersection of economic sanctions with globalized capital markets will provoke three interesting research questions. First, do financial sanctions spare a target country’s population from negative humanitarian and human rights outcomes? Second, to what extent are financial sanctions an exercise in learning by both targets and senders? Third, will the United States’ use of financial sanctions trigger blowback against US primacy in the international financial system? These last two questions offer the prospect to linking research on economic statecraft with larger questions of international security and global politic...
Environmental Controls on Water Use Efficiency during Severe Drought in an Ozark Forest in Missouri, USA

Environmental control of canopy-level water use efficiency (WUE) during drought was studied at an eddy flux site in an oak-hickory forest in central Missouri, USA. Two consecutive severe droughts in the summers of 2006 and 2007 afforded coverage of a broad range of environmental conditions. We stratified data so as to obtain sub-ranges that minimized cross-correlations among WUE-controlling factors. Our results showed that WUE was subject to control by atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil water potential (SWP) and the ratio of diffuse to total photosynthetically active radiation (If/It). The relationship between WUE and VPD was found to be an exponential decay function, whereas SWP and If/It appeared to control WUE in a linear fashion. VPD was a stronger controller than the other two factors since the former had much better correlations with WUE. It was also observed that the relationship between WUE and any single controlling factor was subject to regulations by the other two. One such example was an opposite response of WUE to SWP between low and high VPD values. An examination of WUE-SWP relationship within the full range of VPD obscured this difference. We also found that the slope of the linear regression between WUE andmore » If/It, if determined within the full range of VPD, was exaggerated in comparison to that obtained in the sub-ranges of VPD. This was attributable to the fact that the two controlling parameters, VPD and If/It, were themselves correlated and direct controls of VPD on WUE were partially reflected in WUE-If/It relationship if considered within the full range of VPD.« less
Knowledge management in technology-focused firms in emerging economies: Caveats on capabilities, networks, and real options

In mature economies, technology-focused industries and the management of knowledge are widely viewed as critical to success. Increasingly, in emerging economies technology-focused industries and the management of knowledge are also viewed as important. To date, however, little is known about such activities in emerging economies. Particularly, it is not understood how knowledge management can impact efforts for corporate renewal in such environments. The literatures of the resource-based view of the firm, social capital/network theory, and real options theory are vital to providing insights for technology-focused industries and the management of knowledge in mature economies. In this paper we focus on the caveats when applying such theoretical foundations to emerging economies. To illustrate these issues we will draw on the largest emergent economy in the world, China.
Developing an evaluation program: Challenges in the teaching of evaluation

Abstract Challenges encountered in developing and maintaining an extensive (seven course) evaluation program at The Ohio State University are retrospectively reconstructed. Overviews of the setting, the history of program development within the setting, and the nature of the program are described as a backdrop for identifying and discussing six challenges or issues. Recommendations for others interested in the development of evaluation programs are then suggested.
SFG-surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of structure sensitivity and insensitivity in catalytic reactions: cyclohexene dehydrogenation and ethylene hydrogenation on Pt (1 1 1) and Pt (1 0 0) crystal surfaces

Abstract The effect of the surface structure of Pt (1 1 1) and Pt (1 0 0) has been investigated for cyclohexene hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, and ethylene hydrogenation by using sum frequency generation. Cyclohexene dehydrogenation is a structure sensitive reaction, and the rate was found to proceed more rapidly on the Pt (1 0 0) crystal surface than on the Pt (1 1 1) crystal surface. On Pt (1 0 0), the major reaction intermediate during cyclohexene dehydrogenation was 1,3-cyclohexadiene, whereas on Pt (1 1 1), both 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexadiene were present. Both 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexadiene can dehydrogenate to form benzene, although the reaction proceeds more rapidly through the 1,3-cyclohexadiene intermediate. Because of this, the structure sensitivity of cyclohexene dehydrogenation is explained by noting that there are both a fast and slow reaction pathway for Pt (1 1 1), whereas there is only a fast reaction pathway on Pt (1 0 0). Ethylene hydrogenation is a structure insensitive reaction. Both ethylidyne and di-σ-bonded ethylene are present in both Pt (1 1 1) and Pt (1 0 0) under reaction conditions, although the ratio of the concentrations of the two species are different. The rate of the reaction was found to be 11±1 and 12±1 molecules per site per second for Pt (1 1 1) and Pt (1 0 0), respectively. Since the reaction rate is essentially the same on the two surfaces, while the concentration of ethylidyne and di-σ-bonded ethylene are different, these species must not be the active species which turnover under catalytic ethylene hydrogenation. The most likely species which turnover are π-bonded ethylene and ethyl, and their concentrations are near the detection limit of SFG.
Enhanced pattern discrimination learning following unilateral damage to posterior cortex in rats

Rats with unilateral damage to the posterior cortex, including the “visual” cortex, learned a monocular pattern discrimination substantially more quickly than did an unoperated group. A unilaterally blinded group did not differ reliably from unoperated animals.
Effect of DDT on Testes and Secondary Sex Characters of White Leghorn Cockerels.

With the introduction of the insecticide DDT (2,2-Bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1-Tri-chloroethane) and its suz bsequent widespread application, there came a need for a complete understanding of its toxicity, and metabolic effects in animals other than insects. Studies on several species of mammals have resulted in a rather wide variety of findings regarding the action of this compound. In general, mammals are extremely sensitive to relatively small amounts of DDT. On the other hand, birds have been shown to possess a high degree of resistance to this substance(l). Since experiments dealing with the effects of DDT on birds are notably less numerous than similar studies on mammals, it appeared that additional information regarding this important compound might be obtained from a study designed to reveal the effects of longterm poisoning in chickens. In the course of this study on cockerels, some interesting effects were noted on the development of the testes and secondary sex characters.Method. White Leghorn coc...
Relaxation of the mass-asymmetry degree of freedom in heavy-ion reactions.

The /sup 58/Ni+ /sup 165/Ho reaction has been studied at 5.9 and 6.5 MeV per nucleon (reverse kinematics). Coincident reaction fragments were detected with two position-sensitive parallel plate avalanche detectors. Correlations between energy, mass, and angle show that a small fraction of the events have fully relaxed kinetic energies, masses intermediate between those of the projectile (target) and symmetric fragmentation, and angular distributions with a marked forward-backward asymmetry.
The influence of race on 3-year-old children's performance on the Stanford-Binet: Fourth edition ☆

Abstract This study examines the influence of race on performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB:FE; Thorndike, Hagan, & Sattler, 1986) for European American and African American children matched on age, gender, birth order, and maternal education. A significant difference in mean IQ, favoring European American children, was found indicating that racial group differences in IQ could be demonstrated at 3 years of age. The magnitude of difference was approximately 1 SD . The African American children scored lower on each subtest administered. However, the degree of disparity in performance between the groups was disproportionately associated with particular subtests. The greater the subtest's loading on the first principal factor, the greater the disparity in scores between the two racial groups ( r = .71). Thus, our findings confirm the Spearman hypothesis as early as 3 years of age.
Adenocarcinoma of the cecum manifesting as intussusception in a 16-year-old patient: Report of a case

A 16-year-old Negro girl underwent exploratory laparotomy for ileocecal intussusception and was found to have moderately well-differentiated mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the ileocecal valve. Specific aspects of this disease in children are discussed and an appeal for early diagnostic studies in cases of children who complain of weight loss, chronic constipation, and abdominal pain is made. Finially, on the basis of the natural history of the disease, a "second-look" operation is recommended.
Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Cardy Nitrate-Nitrogen Meter for Measuring Soil Solution Nitrate Nitrogen in Hawaiian Soils

The estimation of plant-available nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) is essential for any nutrient-management plan but can be time-consuming and expensive. However, the efficacy of rapid methods to determine soil NO3-N levels designed for grower use has received mixed reviews in the literature. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the Cardy electrode-based meter for measuring soil solution NO3-N concentrations under a perennial peanut living mulch in two mixed orchard systems on O'ahu and (2) determine the influence of soil type on measurement accuracy and precision under laboratory conditions. To achieve the first objective, 24 lysimeters were installed 15–30 cm deep at each of two fruit tree orchards with different soils and climate on Oahu island. For the second objective, a replicated column study was conducted, in which NO3-N solutions of varied concentrations were leached through three representative agricultural soils (Wahiawa, Loleka'a, and Waialua series). Field soil solution and co...
Disability history: no longer hidden [Review of: Paul Longmore, Why I burned my book and other essays on disability. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003].

In 1985, Reviews in American History published a book review by Paul Longmore of a new Randolph Bourne biography. Longmore began by praising the book for its perceptive accounts of Bourne's advocacy of socialism and cultural pluralism and of the important work he accomplished even as his opposition to the Great War isolated him among American intellectuals. Following this conventional opening, however, Longmore commenced a sustained and pointed critique on grounds never before seen in a scholarly review: the biographer, like others before him, had utterly failed to understand the significance of Bourne's disability and had therefore gotten Bourne all wrong. This groundbreaking review is included in a new collection of Longmore's essays, Why I Burned My Book and Other Essays on Disability, published as part of Temple University's "American Subjects" series. Probably more than anyone, Longmore has been responsible for bringing disability studies to the field of history, and in this respect he has several important firsts to his name. His review essays in RAH were the first to bring a disability studies critique to journals of history; he was the first to have an article published on disability history in the Journal of American History; and he was co-editor, with Laurie Umansky, of the first collection in the field, The New Disability History: American Perspectives (2001).1 Since the publication of his first book-The Invention of George Washington (1988)-a biography of George Washington's early years that Edmund Morgan called "probably the best account of Washington's character in the making," Longmore has worked primarily, and skillfully, in the essay form.2 The most important of the many essays that Longmore has written on disability over the years are collected here. Consistently accessible, the book as a whole would serve as a fine introduction to the contemporary study of disability, yet still offers much that is original and provocative to specialists in the field as well. In the Bourne review, Longmore argues that Bourne's life and work were fundamentally shaped by beliefs about disability in early-twentieth-century
The vascular surgeon's experience with adrenal venous sampling for the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism.

Background Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is used to distinguish between bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia and a functional adrenal tumor in patients with hyperaldosteronism. Successful sampling from both adrenal veins is necessary for lateralization and may require more than 1 procedure. AVS has traditionally been performed by interventional radiologists; however, our goal was to examine the outcomes when performed by a vascular surgeon. Methods All patients with a diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism were referred for AVS regardless of imaging findings. Cortisol and aldosterone levels were measured in blood samples from both adrenal veins. Postoperative analysis of intraoperative laboratory values before and after cosyntropin administration determined successful cannulation and sampling of each vein. Results Between 2007 and 2012, 53 patients underwent AVS by one vascular surgeon. The average age was 54 and 63% were men. Our success rate increased with experience, because during the earlier years (2007–2010) primary and secondary success rates were 58% and 68%, respectively compared with later years (2011–2012) when primary and secondary success rates were 82% and 95%, respectively (P Conclusions AVS is an important procedure in the work up of hyperaldosteronism to help identify and localize metabolically active tumors. It is an additional area in medicine where a vascular surgeon can lend expertise. Success with the procedure improves with experience and should be performed by high volume surgeons.
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Types of Sharpening Stones and Curets

The effects of various types of sharpening stones on standard carbon steel Gracey type curets, and the influence of the sharpened curets on periodontally involved root surfaces, during in vitro scaling and root planing, was evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Six different sharpening stones of varying texture, two of aluminum oxide, two India, and two Arkansas stones were assigned to sharpen six groups of 10 curets each. The curets were first examined under SEM and photographed and all exhibited edge irregularities. They were then sharpened with the different stones and again examined and photographed using SEM. The sharpness of each instrument was graded, related to the type of stone used, and the data compared statistically. A positive correlation was found between the texture of stone used and the surface sharpness it produced on the cutting edge of the instrument. The curets were then used to root plane the root surfaces on periodontally involved, extracted teeth. Replicas of the...
Mean and Variance in Quantum Theory

Calculation of the mean of an observable in quantum mechanics is typically assumed to require that the state vector be in the domain of the corresponding self-adjoint operator or for a mixed state that the operator times the density matrix be in the trace class. We remind the reader that these assumptions are unnecessary. We state what is actually needed to calculate the mean of an observable as well as its variance.
Polarization studies of the Venus UV contrasts - Cloud height and haze variability

The present investigation is concerned with the measurement of differences in the polarization of bright and dark areas on Venus. The differential polarization is matched by simple models in which the cloud height, amount of submicron haze above the clouds, and absorber amount in the clouds are varied. Physical and chemical models consistent with the findings are proposed. The differences in polarization between bright and dark ultraviolet features on Venus are found to have a straightforward interpretation in terms of known constituents of the atmosphere near the cloud tops. The observations of the polarization in four colors over 2 1/2 Venus years imply that the submicron haze and UV absorbers are anticorrelated, and that the clouds lie slightly (approximately 1 km) lower in the dark regions. These findings pose strong constraints on any model for the brightness variations in the UV.
A hybrid approach to generating and utilizing faceted vocabulary for knowledge discovery on the Web

We explored generation and application of faceted vocabulary as a potential mechanism to enhance knowledge discovery on the Web. Generation of faceted vocabulary involved examination of concept pairs extracted from an existing hierarchical classification structure, while application of faceted vocabulary involved both user interface design as well as fusion of retrieval and classification approaches. Our study investigates a hybrid approach that leverage existing classification hierarchy to construct and utilize a flexible classification scheme, where users can engage in knowledge discovery process via search and traversal of dynamic concept relationships. In our study, we explored integration of text- and classification-based methods that combines the strengths of vastly different approaches to information discovery by constructing and utilizing a flexible information organization scheme from an existing classification structure. We also examined integration of searching and browsing in our concept search application.
Anesthetic efficacy of the Gow-Gates injection and maxillary infiltration with articaine and lidocaine for irreversible pulpitis.

The aim of this randomized, double-blinded study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (AE) with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (LE) for Gow-Gates blocks and maxillary infiltrations in patients experiencing irreversible pulpitis in mandibular and maxillary posterior teeth. Forty patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a posterior tooth randomly received either AE or LE by using a Gow-Gates injection or maxillary infiltration. Endodontic access was initiated after no response to Endo-ice 15 minutes after solution deposition. Success was defined as none to mild pain on a visual analogue scale after access. Chi-square and analysis of variance statistical tests were used to analyze the data. Successful endodontic treatment substantially reduced the assessment of pulpitis pain by patients (analysis of variance, P .7515) or gender (chi(2), P > .1115). AE proved to be as effective but not superior to LE (P > .6002). These results demonstrated the similar anesthetic effectiveness of AE and LE when used during the endodontic treatment of teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis.
A basis of weighted exponentials

Abstract We show that for e sufficiently large, a certain sequence of the form { exp (− t 2 2 + c k t)} is a basis of the space of square-integrable functions on the real line with respect to the Lebesgue measure dt, in the norm generated by the measure dμ = exp(− 2et2) dt.
Do the black market and the official exchange rates converge in the long run

Establishing cointegration and long-run convergence between the official and the black market exchange rates is a way of testing foreign exchange market efficiency. Earlier research employed the Engle-Granger or Johansen method to test for cointegration between the two rates. Since either method requires each rate to be non-stationary, exchange rates that did not possess this property had to be excluded from analysis. However, with the introduction of the bounds testing approach to cointegration, no exchange rate needs to be excluded since this relatively new technique does not require pre-unit root testing. This paper employs monthly data from 27 developing countries and the bounds testing approach to cointegration by Pesaran et al. (2001) to show that in 22 out of 27 countries, not only are the two rates cointegrated but in all countries the black market exchange rate causes the official rate to adjust and converge toward the black market rate in the long run.
Possible Tests of Time Reversal Invariance in Beta Decay

Noninvariance under space reflection and charge conjugation has now been established for beta decay processes. Invariance under time reversal remains an open question, however. We discuss here several possible tests for the validity of this symmetry operation. General expressions are given for the distribution function in three experimental situations, which have the possibility of detecting terms in allowed beta decay that are not invariant under time reversal: (a) experiments in which the nuclei are oriented and electron and neutrino momenta are measured; (b) experiments in which the nuclei are not oriented, but the recoil momentum and electron momentum and polarization are observed; (c) experiments in which the nuclei are oriented and the electron momentum and polarization are measured. The distribution functions obtained omit Coulomb distortion effects and relativistic corrections for the nucleons, but are othewise complete. Such experiments should permit, in addition to the detection of terms which are not invariant under time reversal, the beginnings of a determination of the ten complex coupling constants which now characterize beta decay. An additional, somewhat surprising, result is found. If the two-component neutrino theory of Lee and Yang is correct, and if certain perhaps reasonable assumptions concerning the relative magnitudes of the various coupling constants are valid, then the longitudinal polarization of electrons in allowed beta decay even from unoriented nuclei should be almost complete (specifically, equal to $\frac{v}{c}$).
Reconstructing a binary tree from its traversals in doubly logarithmic CREW time

Abstract We consider the following problem. For a binary tree T = ( V , E ) where V = {1, 2, ..., n }, given its inorder traversal and either its preorder or its postorder traversal, reconstruct the binary tree. We present a new parallel algorithm for this problem. Our algorithm requires O ( n ) space. The main idea of our algorithm is to reduce the reconstruction process to merging two sorted sequences. With the best parallel merging algorithms, our algorithm can be implemented in O (log log n ) time using O ( n /log log n ) processors on the CREW PRAM (or in O (log n ) time using O ( n /log n ) processors on the EREW PRAM). Our result provides one more example of a fundamental problem which can be solved by optimal parallel algorithms in O (log log n )time on the CREW PRAM.
Restriction fragment analysis of the temporal program of bacteriophage SP01 transcription and its control by phage-modified RNA polymerases

Abstract The temporal program of phage SPO1 gene transcription and its regulation by modifications of RNA polymerase have been examined by using endonuclease restriction fragments of the phage genome as specific hybridization probes. Cells of Bacillus subtilis were pulsed-labeled at various times after infection by wild-type SPO1 or by mutants in regulatory gene 28, 33, or 34. Radioactive RNA from the pulse-labeled bacteria was then hybridized to electrophoretically separated restriction fragments of SP01-DNA. From the patterns of hybridization, we identified DNA fragments that contained early, middle, or late phage genes. To examine the control of phage gene transcription by modifications of RNA polymerase, RNA was copied in vitro from uncut SP01-DNA by either the unmodified B. subtilis transcriptase or by two forms of modified RNA polymerase that contained phage-coded regulatory subunits. RNA generated in vitro by each of the RNA polymerases exhibited a distinctive pattern of hybridization to the separated fragments of SPO1-DNA. RNA synthesized by unmodified host enzyme containing sigma factor preferentially annealed to DNA fragments containing early sequences, while RNA copied by the modified forms of RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 product or the products of genes 33 and 34 preferentially annealed to fragments containing middle and late genes, respectively. These findings confirm earlier reports indicating that the temporal program of SPOT gene expression is controlled by phage specified modifications in the transcriptional specificity of B. subtilis RNA polymerase.
Complementation at the Maroon-like Eye-Color Locus of Drosophila melanogaster

Two "allelic" Drosophila melanogaster mutants which are deficient in xanthine dehydrogenase can complement one another in heterozygotes. This complementation is due to the production of small amounts of xanthine dehydrogenase, enough of which is present to restore the normal eye color. However, not enough of the enzyme is present to produce normal amounts of the enzyme products, or to reduce the accumulation of the enzyme substrates to levels found in wild-type flies.
The Diffusion of New Imaging Technologies: A Molecular Imaging Prospective

Molecular imaging is a complex of technologies that will diffuse into clinical practice over the next 10 to 20 years. Because of characteristics of both the technology and the environment, molecular imaging has the potential to be disruptive to conventional radiology practice. Environmental influences, including scientific and clinical characteristics of the technology, the interests of commercial firms, competition among radiologists and with other specialists, and regulation and reimbursement decision making will influence both the pace of diffusion and the eventual success of various molecular imaging technologies. Molecular imaging poses both threats and exciting opportunities for radiologists. Radiologists must decide how they wish to cope with the advent of molecular imaging, choosing for the present among ignoring its potential, attempting to fit molecular imaging into current practice models, or morphing how they practice to accommodate molecular imaging as a part of radiologic practice.
Stereospecific, semi‐automated, N.C.A. syntheses of cis‐4‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐proline and trans‐4‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐proline

Cis-4-[18F]fluoro-L-proline 1 and trans-4-[18F]fluoro-L-proline were prepared stereospecifically in a semi-automated, N.C.A. procedure using the General Electric FDG MicroLab, a system employing a quaternary 4-aminopyridinium resin to effect F-18 fluorination. Thus, in the MicroLab, the p-tosyloxy moiety of trans- or cis-N-t-butoxycarbonyl-4-p-tosyloxy-L-proline methyl ester (trans2) was displaced with [18F]fluoride, and then the carbamate moiety was hydrolyzed with 0·1 N HCl. Next, by manual additions, the methyl ester was rapidly hydrolyzed with 1·0 N NaOH, and the pH was adjusted with phosphate buffer. The cis product was obtained in about 16% radiochemical yield 80 minutes from EOB, and the trans in about 18% yield. In both cases the radiochemical purity was greater than 99%, and no preparative HPLC was required. The procedure can be considered routine, and is virtually as simple as MicroLab production of FDG. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological Design Factors in Urban Public Transportation Vehicles

Urban growth, pollution, and fuel shortages among other factors are causing the United States to place increased reliance on public transportation systems to meet daily travel requirements. Recent trends in transportation have shown a reluctance to accept public transportation as a viable alternative to the automobile. Even some advanced systems such as BART have not been well received. A major source of this reluctance has been attributed to the failure to successfully meet the psychological needs and preferences of the traveler in designing passenger compartments of public vehicles. A discussion is presented on important psychological variables such as personal space, situation control, esthetics, perceived safety, privacy, and forced interaction with other travelers. Recommendations are given for improving the design of urban public transportation vehicles.
Prevention of early childhood caries

This paper reviews the methods used for the prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). The education of mothers or caregivers to promote healthy dietary habits in infants has been the main strategy used for the prevention of ECC. This review found that education has a modest impact on the development of ECC. While education should be promoted especially in high risk communities and population groups (low-income families and native populations), it should not be the only preventive strategy of ECC. Early screening for signs of caries development, starting from the first year of life, could identify infants and toddlers who are at risk of developing ECC and assist in providing information to parents about how to promote oral health and prevent the development of tooth decay. High risk children include those with early signs of ECC, poor oral hygiene, limited exposure to fluorides, and frequent exposure to sugary snacks and drinks. These children should be targeted with a professional preventive program that includes fluoride varnish application, fluoridated dentifrices, fluoride supplements, sealants, diet counseling, and chlorhexidine. Prevention of ECC also requires addressing the social and economic factors that face many families where ECC is endemic.