cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SHAPING A SETTLER ELITE: STUDENTS, COMPETITION AND LEADERSHIP AT SOUTH AFRICAN COLLEGE, 1829–95

Shortly after South African College, the predecessor of today's University of Cape Town, opened its doors in 1829 faculty members found that they had a problem. In one meeting of the Faculty Senate alone, four students were brought up on charges that one had been ‘fighting and noisy’, another ‘fighting – kicking open the door of the Messenger's Room’, another ‘writing on the Professor's desk with chalk’ the words ‘Ziervogel is a vagabond’ as well as ‘threatening the messenger with his fist’, and another ‘idle, insolent & insubordinate in writing class’ who, in replying to a reprimand from the writing master, said: ‘You may go to the Devil’. Several others were noted in the records as absent from class and lying about it. Moreover, the young college had only two dozen or so books, but already nine of them had been ‘mutilated by tearing out the leaves & c’. And virtually all the means for securing property from theft – ‘various locks, claps and staples’ – had been ‘broken in the College, apparently by some of the Students.’ So intractable had the students become, in fact, that the college authorities constructed a small one-room prison with no windows on campus, which they called the ‘Black Hole’, in which to confine offenders who could be identified and condemned. Students were regularly sentenced to terms of three or four hours per day without bread or water, usually in the early evening, the number of days depending on the severity of the offense. Students at South African College engaged in violence and intimidation of all sorts in the first half of the nineteenth century. They attacked professors and townspeople in Cape Town, preyed on each other, stole and destroyed property, and continually disrupted the operations of the college. These were not boys striving to become upstanding citizens, yet in the end they did for the most part, largely because in organizing campus violence some SAC students produced a reputation for leadership and a constituency that followed them. And that reputation proved useful later in securing positions in the city's merchant houses and in the colonial government. Later in the century, however, the violence subsided and was replaced with different means by which to produce a reputation for leadership, mainly structured competitions among students in a debating society, in sports and for high rankings in the examinations offered by the University of the Cape of Good Hope. What I wish to argue here is that the social relations created among students at South African College were important to forming elites in each successive generation. Moreover, it is important to know how these social relations were formed – mostly in competitions among students which centered around acts of violence, at first physical and later symbolic.
Development Toxicity Study

Development toxicology investigates the impacts on human development of exposure to potentially toxic substances or conditions. Controlled development toxicity studies in laboratory animals play an important role in the toxicological assessment of foods, drugs and chemicals. In contrast to carcinogenicity studies, methods to extrapolate safe exposure levels from animals to humans are not well developed. The mechanisms of most development toxicants are unknown, and statistical methods for carcinogenicity do not directly apply since the outcomes and the experimental design differ. Manifestations of development toxicity include death, malformations, growth alterations, and functional impairment. Improving methods of quantitative assessment of adverse development effects is a current research focus.
Intra-EU migration, citizenship and political union.

"Of the 14.1 million resident aliens living in the European Union (EU), 4.9 million are nationals of EU Member States residing in other Member States.... These resident alien EU nationals present a problem for maintaining democratic inclusiveness while EU Member States undergo integration....I explore this paradox of political integration by focusing on intra-EU migration and the Maastricht Treaty's attempted solution of European citizenship."
Posidonius and the Timaeus : off to Rhodes and back to Plato?

We know enough about Posidonius' life to trace his wanderings: he was born into a wealthy and influential family in Apamea, Syria; he went through all the steps of an Hellenistic education; in Athens he encountered his Stoic teacher Panaetius; and finally he settled—except for some travelling throughout the Mediterranean and to Rome—in the high society of Rhodes, where he actively participated in political life and headed a Stoic school.
Ultrafast carrier capture and relaxation in InGaAs self-organized quantum dots

The study of carrier capture and relaxation in self-organized quantum dots is a key step in the understanding of the device physics of novel quantum-dot lasers and detectors. We have investigated these ultrafast processes in In/sub 0.4/Ga/sub 0.6/As quantum dots using femtosecond differential transmission (DT) spectroscopy at 10 K. The sample consists of four undoped layers of self-organized InGaAs quantum dots with GaAs barriers and AlGaAs cladding layers. The band-structure calculations of the dots obtained with an eight-band k.p model show two confined states in the conduction band and many levels in the valence band.
Direct electron transfer based tri-enzyme electrode for monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides

Abstract A potentiometric biosensor has been developed based on the ability of organophosphorus pesticides to inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme choline esterase. The detection of choline esterase activity is based on the principle of molecular transduction. Immobilized peroxidase acting as the molecular transducer, catalyzes the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide by direct (mediatorless) electron transfer. The sensing element consists of a carbon based electrode covered by a layer of three co-immobilized enzymes: choline esterase, choline oxidase and peroxidase. A butyryl choline sensitive tri-enzyme has been developed employing highly dispersed teflonized carbon black as an electrode material. The immobilization procedure is based on physical adsorption of peroxidase and co-immobilization of choline oxidase and choline esterase using glutaraldehyde as a binding agent. The electrode retains 95% of its initial activity after 1 month of storage at 4°C. The parameters of the inhibitor assay procedure have been optimized. The procedure for measuring the electrode activity requires 3–5 min. Incubation of the electrode in a solution containing the organophosphorus pesticide, trichlorfon, for 10 min results in a notable decrease of electrode activity. This allows for the determination of trichlorfon in a nanomolar concentration range with a low detection limit of 5 nM (1.3 ppb).
Thyroidal Regulation of Rat Pancreatic Nuclear Triiodothyronine Receptor during Postnatal Development

We have shown previously that the rat pancreas contains nuclear T3 receptors which exhibit a characteristic maturation pattern during development. To investigate whether these receptors are subjected to autologous regulation by thyroid hormones, the effect of T4 on the binding capacity (Bmax), dissociation constant (Kd), and receptor occupancy were followed in intact rat pups at various ages. Hyperthyroidism (by daily injection of T4 0.1 micrograms/g body wt to intact pups starting 4 days before death at 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of age) increased while hypothyroidism (by propylthiouracil feeding) decreased the total T3 binding capacity during preweaning ages (mean maximal binding capacities as estimated by Scatchard analysis, at 30 C for 14-20 days old eu-, hyper-, and hypothyroid pups: 186, 229, and 129 fmol/mg non-histone protein (NHP). The thyroid conditions also affected the percentage of T3 receptor occupancy but not the affinity of binding (as measured by Kd). Concomitantly, these conditions also caused corresponding changes in pancreatic weights, DNA and protein contents, and the concentrations of amylase, trypsinogen, and lipase. The postnatal developmental retardation induced by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil treatment was reversed by T4 replacement. The results suggest that rat pancreatic T3 nuclear receptors during postnatal ages are modulated by T4, and such modulation apparently in turn affects the development of the exocrine enzymes.
A three-dimensional antenna array for terahertz sensing

Linear and planar arrays have been demonstrated to be effective in interferometric imaging and sensing of one-dimensional and two-dimensional objects. A planar spiral array was used for sensing sources or objects located on a plane parallel to the array plane. This paper shows that by using a three-dimensional array, it is possible to detect differences in distances and thus detect three dimensional objects more accurately. The concept is demonstrated for an array on an Archimedean spiral projection in the x-y plane and different functional variations in the z direction. A log-periodic variation in the z direction show better resolution of the image.
Common Editing Situations

The word processing program altered what you had just edited. Without asking or prompting, the program simply reformatted a sentence that you had just added. What was the first sentence of a new paragraph is now the fourth item of a list. You quickly change this item back to a sentence, but the word processing program even more quickly makes the sentence an item of the list again.
Aortic Organ Disease Epidemic, and Why Do Balloons Pop?

As children, we learned that a balloon blown up to its limit of elasticity would pop. For similar aortic ballooning, we hardly know more. Furthermore, in the 21st century, with a nascent epidemic of aortic-related deaths, there have been no consequential advances in preventing the loss of aortic elasticity or in describing the etiology or injury that causes aortic disease. Nor is there an explanation as to why, in some people the aorta “pops” and in others, the aorta dissects. See p 1098 In the United States between 1999 and 2001, at least 129 533 people died from diseases of the aorta and its branches, excluding carotid and coronary disease—an average of 43 199/year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ICD-10 codes (Table). The upper limit could potentially exceed 46 817 per year. This number is greater than the ≈40 000 people who die annually from breast cancer, homicides, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, or motor vehicle accidents.1 Despite this, little research and even less funding have been allocated to aortic disease research, possibly because disease of a supposedly utilitarian pipe that conveys blood to a pantheon of organs engenders less interest or sympathy in comparison with, for example, cancer. Furthermore, the dismal prognosis of aortic disease, a marker of systemic problems despite successful surgery, has not roused much concern, with a 5-year average survival rate of only 60% in most patients.2 This figure does not differ much from that of stage IB lung cancer. Even the aortic disease–related deaths of media figures such as Albert Einstein, Lucille Ball, Conway Twitty, and John Ritter have fomented little interest. As Western populations age, this most common cause of deaths including sudden death will become an increasing factor in long-term survival. View this table: Deaths Related to Aortic Disease …
Complete Conformal Metrics of Negative Ricci Curvature on Compact Manifolds with Boundary

We study the problem of finding complete conformal metrics determined by a symmetric function of Ricci tensor in a negative convex cone on compact manifolds. A consequence of our main results is that any smooth bounded domain in Euclidean space of dimension greater or equal to 3 admits a complete conformally flat metric of negative Ricci curvature with .
Fault tolerant algorithms for network-on-chip interconnect

As technology scales, fault tolerance is becoming a key concern in on-chip communication. Consequently, this work examines fault tolerant communication algorithms for use in the NoC domain. Two different flooding algorithms and a random walk algorithm are investigated. We show that the flood-based fault tolerant algorithms have an exceedingly high communication overhead. We find that the redundant random walk algorithm offers significantly reduced overhead while maintaining useful levels of fault tolerance. We then compare the implementation costs of these algorithms, both in terms of area as well as in energy consumption, and show that the flooding algorithms consume an order of magnitude more energy per message transmitted.
A multiple input single output model for rendering virtual sound sources in real time

Accurate localization of sound in 3-D space is based on variations in the spectrum of sound sources. These variations arise mainly from reflection and diffraction effects caused by the pinnae and are described through a set of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) that are unique for each azimuth and elevation angle. A virtual sound source can be rendered in the desired location by filtering with the corresponding HRTF for each ear. Previous work on HRTF modeling has mainly focused on methods that attempt to model each transfer function individually. These methods are generally computationally-complex and cannot be used for real-time spatial rendering of multiple moving sources. In this work we provide an alternative approach, which uses a multiple-input single-output state-space system to create a combined model of the HRTFs for all directions. This method exploits the similarities among the different HRTFs to achieve a significant reduction in the model size with a minimum loss of accuracy.
Disguised Protectionism and Linkages to the GATT/WTO

Member states of the gatt/wto have linked some issue-areas outside trade to the institution and did so with varying depths. At the same time they have chosen not to link other issue-areas. What accounts for this variation? The author argues that states establish a legalized linkage between the gatt/wto and an issue-area outside it when they are uncertain about the possibilities of disguised protectionism. Such uncertainty exists under two conditions: when diversity in regulations in an issue-area across states generates a large adverse impact on trade (negative externalities) but that diversity can be justified at the international level for (1) having an independent objective apart from hampering trade and (2) when there are few alternative policies to achieve that objective (legitimacy). States establish a highly legalized linkage in these situations to reduce the uncertainty and minimize disguised protectionism. By contrast, when regulatory diversity exhibits low legitimacy, states establish only a weakly legalized linkage. In the absence of meaningful externalities, they do not establish any linkages. The author evaluates this argument in two ways. He provides an overview of eleven issue-areas about which there have been some debates or conflicts about linkages to the gatt/wto . In addition, he carries out in-depth case studies of three issue-areas—labor standards, environmental standards, and health safety standards. The findings of this article contribute to a better understanding of international institutions and cooperation as well as of the evolution of the multilateral trade institution.
Remote determination of the structure constant profile from amplitude scintillation data using Tikhonov's regularized inverse method

An inversion technique based on Tikhonov's regularized Fourier inverse transform method for solving convolution equations is developed. The technique is useful in determining structure constant data on a propagation path from electromagnetic (EM) scintillation data.
Involvement of noradrenergic and corticoid receptors in the consolidation of the lasting anxiogenic effects of predator stress.

Abstract The roles of β-NER (β-noradrenergic receptor), GR (glucocorticoid) and mineral corticoid receptors (MR) in the consolidation of anxiogenic effects of predator stress were studied. One minute after predator stress, different groups of rats were injected (ip) with vehicle, propranolol (β-NER blocker, 5 and 10 mg/kg), mifepristone (RU486, GR blocker, 20 mg/kg), spironolactone (MR blocker, 50 mg/kg), propranolol (5 mg/kg) plus RU486 (20 mg/kg) or the anxiolytic, chloradiazepoxide (CPZ, 10 mg/kg). One week later, rodent anxiety was assessed in elevated plus maze, hole board, light/dark box, social interaction and acoustic startle. Considering all tests except startle, propranolol dose dependently blocked consolidation of lasting anxiogenic effects of predator stress in all tests. GR receptor block alone was ineffective. However, GR block in combination with an ineffective dose of propranolol did blocked consolidation of predator stress effects in all tests, suggesting a synergism between β-NER and GR. Surprisingly, MR block prevented consolidation of anxiogenic effects in all tests except the light/dark box. CPZ post stress was ineffective against the anxiogenic impact of predator stress. Study of startle was complicated by the fact that anxiogenic effects of stress on startle amplitude manifested as both an increase and a decrease in startle amplitude. Suppression of startle occurred in stressed plus vehicle injected groups handled three times prior to predator stress. In contrast, stressed plus vehicle rats handled five times prior to predator stress showed increases in startle, as did all predator stressed only groups. Mechanisms of consolidation of the different startle responses appear to differ. CPZ post stress blocked startle suppression but not enhancement of startle. Propranolol post stress had no effect on either suppression or enhancement of startle. GR block alone post stress prevented suppression of startle, but not enhancement. In contrast blocking GR and β-NER together prevented startle enhancement. MR block also prevented startle enhancement. Effects of MR block on startle suppression were not tested. Delay of habituation to startle was found in all stressed rats. Consolidation of delay of habituation was blocked or attenuated by post stress MR block, GR plus β-NER block and CPZ but not by post stress GR or β-NER block alone. Taken together, present findings suggest consolidation of lasting anxiogenic effects of predator stress may share some of the same neurochemical mechanisms implicated in some forms of fear memory consolidation. Implications of these findings for the study of stress-induced changes in affect including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are discussed.
Examining the effect of initialization strategies on the performance of Gaussian mixture modeling.

Mixture modeling is a popular technique for identifying unobserved subpopulations (e.g., components) within a data set, with Gaussian (normal) mixture modeling being the form most widely used. Generally, the parameters of these Gaussian mixtures cannot be estimated in closed form, so estimates are typically obtained via an iterative process. The most common estimation procedure is maximum likelihood via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Like many approaches for identifying subpopulations, finite mixture modeling can suffer from locally optimal solutions, and the final parameter estimates are dependent on the initial starting values of the EM algorithm. Initial values have been shown to significantly impact the quality of the solution, and researchers have proposed several approaches for selecting the set of starting values. Five techniques for obtaining starting values that are implemented in popular software packages are compared. Their performances are assessed in terms of the following four measures: (1) the ability to find the best observed solution, (2) settling on a solution that classifies observations correctly, (3) the number of local solutions found by each technique, and (4) the speed at which the start values are obtained. On the basis of these results, a set of recommendations is provided to the user.
Use of 3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolone Hydrazone in an Automated Colorimetric Method for Determination of Triglycerides in Plasma or Serum

A new automated colorimetric method is described for the determination of serum or plasma triglycerides. The samples are extracted with 2-propanol containing activated alumina. An AutoAnalyzer Sampler II and Proportioning Pump II are used in combination with a Gilford Model 300 N spectrophotometer and Model 3091-A debubbler flow cell. Following on-line saponification, glycerol is oxidatively cleaved with sodium metaperiodate. The resulting formaldehyde is reacted with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone (MBTH) under mild conditions to produce the corresponding azine. Further reaction of MBTH with the azine in the presence of an oxidizing agent results in the formation of a blue cationic adduct. Beer's law is obeyed, at 670 nm, to a triglyceride concentration of 400 mg/100 ml. Because of the high sensitivity of the MBTH reaction, short incubation periods, high sampling rates (60/h), and low flow rates can be used. The results correlate well with those obtained by the Kessler-Lederer method and by a totally enzymatic method.
Reliability of the Multi-Trial Items of the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test

(1969). Reliability of the Multi-Trial Items of the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 240-245.
Buying and Selling Human Tissues for Stem Cell Research

A series of expert committee reports and legislative proposals suggest an emerging consensus in the medical research and public policy communities that compensation of donors of tissues for stem cell and other biomedical research should be prohibited. Professor Korobkin challenges this consensus by outlining, analyzing, and ultimately rejecting, the leading arguments in favor of no compensation rules: that compensation is coercive, that it inappropriately commodifies the human body, that it will reduce the opportunity for altruistic donations, and that it will increase the cost of important medical research. He then evaluates second-best alternatives to allowing cash compensation for tissues and concludes by comparing the issues raised by compensation for research tissues with those raised by compensation for transplant organs.
Jun kinase-induced overexpression of leukemia-associated Rho GEF (LARG) mediates sustained hypercontraction of longitudinal smooth muscle in inflammation

The signaling pathways mediating sustained contraction of mouse colonic longitudinal smooth muscle and the mechanisms involved in hypercontractility of this muscle layer in response to cytokines and TNBS-induced colitis have not been fully explored. In control longitudinal smooth muscle cells, ACh acting via m3 receptors activated sequentially Gα12, RhoGEF (LARG), and the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. There was abundant expression of MYPT1, minimal expression of CPI-17, and a notable absence of a PKC/CPI-17 pathway. LARG expression was increased in longitudinal muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured for 24 h with IL-1β or TNF-α or obtained from the colon of TNBS-treated mice. The increase in LARG expression was accompanied by a significant increase in ACh-stimulated Rho kinase and ZIP kinase activities, and sustained muscle contraction. The increase in LARG expression, Rho kinase and ZIP kinase activities, and sustained muscle contraction was abolished in cells pretreated with the Jun kinase inhibitor, SP600125. Expression of the MLCP activator, telokin, and MLCP activity were also decreased in longitudinal muscle cells from TNBS-treated mice or from strips treated with IL-1β or TNF-α. In contrast, previous studies had shown that sustained contraction in circular smooth muscle is mediated by sequential activation of Gα13, p115RhoGEF, and dual RhoA-dependent pathways involving phosphorylation of MYPT1 and CPI-17. In colonic circular smooth muscle cells isolated from TNBS-treated mice or from strips treated with IL-1β or TNF-α, CPI-17 expression and sustained muscle contraction were decreased. The disparate changes in the two muscle layers contribute to intestinal dysmotility during inflammation.
Toxicity of p-Aminobenzoic Acid

Summary1. In mice, rats, and dogs, the acute toxicity of p-aminobenzoic acid by mouth has been determined. The drug is more toxic to mice and dogs than to rats. By intravenous injection the sodium salt of p-aminobenzoic acid is more toxic to rats than to mice. 2. Oral doses of p-aminobenzoic acid greater than 1.0 g per kg to dogs may cause death accompanied by acute gastro-enteritis and hemorrhages into the small intestine. Acute necrosis of the liver may result from doses of 2.0 g per kg or larger. 3. Rats tolerate daily doses of 1.4 g per kg by mouth for about a month without inhibition of growth or pathological changes.
A method for separation of some peptides from human urine.

SummaryA method is described for separation from human urine of a group of peptides. These were resolved on an anion exchange column into 27 components. The approximate amino acid composition of 13 of these is reported.
Glycone-rich Soy Isoflavone Extracts Promote Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Cell Growth

Due to the association of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with breast cancer risk, estrogenically active soy isoflavones are considered as an HRT alternative to alleviate menopausal symptoms. However, several recent reports challenged the health benefits of soy isoflavones and associated them with breast cancer promotion. While glyconic isoflavones are the major constituents of soybean seeds, due to their low cell permeability, they are considered to be biologically inactive. The glyconic isoflavones may exert their effects on membrane-bound estrogen receptors or could be converted to aglycones by extracellular β-glucosidases. Therefore, we hypothesized that despite their low cell permeability, soybean cultivars with high glyconic isoflavones may promote breast cancer cell growth. To test this, composition and estrogenic activity of isoflavones from 54 commercial soybean cultivars were determined. Soybean seeds produced in identical climate and growth conditions were used to minimize the effects of extraneous factors on isoflavone profile and concentrations. The glyconic daidzin concentration negatively correlated with genistin and with other aglycones. Relative to control, isoflavone extracts from 51 cultivars were estrogenic and promoted the growth of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line MCF-7 from 1.14 to 4.59 folds and other three cultivars slightly reduced the growth. Among these, extracts from three cultivars were highly estrogenic and promoted MCF-7 cell growth by 2.59-4.64 folds (P<0.005). Among six isoflavones, daidzin was positively associated with MCF-7 cell growth (P<0.005, r = 0.13966), whereas the negative correlation between genistin and MCF-7 cell growth was nearly significant (P≤0.0562, r = -0.026141). Furthermore, in drug interaction studies daidzin-rich isoflavone extracts antagonized tamoxifen, an ER inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that the glyconic daidzin-rich soy isoflavone extracts may exert estrogenic effects and promote ER+ breast cancer growth.
Study on solidifying waste drilling fluid in Daqing Oilfield

Waste drilling fluid is a stable polynomial gel suspension system including clay, high-density weighting material, chemical treating agents, waste water, sump oil and cuttings, etc. Its main components are hydrocarbons, salts, polymers, lignosulfonate, some metallic ions and dirts of barite. A solidifying system using fly ash and cement as main curing agent and chemical additives as assist agent has been developed. Field application shows that the strength of solidified waste is improved, curing time is shorted and leaching fluid toxicity of solidified waste is controlled within the guideline of GB3550-83 by using the solidifying system. Also, the soil corrosion and soil leaching degree of metallic ions and organic matters in the waste drilling fluid are minimized, thus the damage to the environment is minimized. With easy refilling for plowland and low cost of the system, a good economic benefit has been obtained.
The relationship between gross motor function classification system and risk factors in spastic cerebral palsy children

Objective:To investigate the relationship between gross motor function classification system(GMFCS) and risk factors in spastic cerebral palsy children.Method:The basic information and risk factors in 116 spastic cerebral palsy children were collected.GMFCS was used to define the classification for gross motor function.Step wise regression was used to analyse the relationship between GMFCS and risk factors.Result:Among the 116 cases of spastic cerebral palsy,70 cases(62.5%) were preterm(gestational age,GA37 weeks);60 cases(54.5%) had low birth weight(2500g);46 cases(39.7%) had asphyxia at birth;27 cases(23.3%) had infections during pregnancy;and 16 cases(13.8%) were twins.Preterm and low birth weight were the variables included by regression equation(P0.001).Conclusion:Preterm and low birth weight correlate with GMFCS and could be more likely to be GMFCSⅢ.Asphyxia at birth,infection during pregnancy and twins do not correlate with GMFCS.
Tumor heterogeneity is fundamental to the tumor ecosystem.

It may be necessary to broaden our concept of the malignant process beyond that of a disease to be attacked—to one that reflects a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of living systems.
Homeowner Representation in the Foreclosure Crisis

The dramatic increase in the number of homeowners entering the foreclosure process over the past decade has been well documented. While some of these cases end in foreclosure, many homeowners are able to secure alternate outcomes. There is reason to believe that legal representation may help homeowners to achieve more favorable outcomes. However, other aspects of the foreclosure process, particularly those instituted to increase court oversight and homeowner participation, may circumscribe the benefits of legal representation. In this article, I investigate whether homeowners with legal representation are more likely to avoid foreclosure than those who are unrepresented, taking into account procedural reforms that might shape the effectiveness of legal representation. Using a representative sample of residential foreclosure cases initiated in New York City between 2007 and 2011, I find that cases where the homeowner has legal representation less frequently end in foreclosure. However, after accounting for the enactment of reforms to the foreclosure process, the probability of foreclosure is not significantly different for cases where the homeowner has legal representation. The results suggest that the characteristics of the foreclosure process may be consequential for the resolution of foreclosure cases and the benefit of legal representation. This research contributes to scholarship on the use and effect of lawyers by considering the role of legal representation for homeowners facing foreclosure in the context of the rapid social and economic changes of the Great Recession.
EGFR signal activated HIF-1α/survivin pathway is important for the progression of breast cancer

B43 To identify cellular factors that are critical for breast cancer development from premalignant to malignant, we have examined the MCF10 series of cell lines as model systems for the in vitro and in vivo studies. Our previous study found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation increased the level of expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin in breast cancer cells but not in normal mammary epithelial cells. Activation of survivin gene expression is mediated by oxygen-independent hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α upregulation in EGF-treated cancer cells. As the cells transform to premalignant, DCIS and invasive breast carcinoma, the survivin expression was increased. However, the highest levels of EGFR and HIF-1α were detected in premalignant MCF10 AT1 and MCF10 DCIS, suggesting that EGFR and HIF-1α signal may be critical for the early stage of breast cancer development. Our in vivo and in vitro studies using tyrosin kinase inhibitor Erlotinib that blocks the EGFR signal showed that the levels of HIF-1α/survivin and growth of DCIS xenografts was significantly inhibited. Recent experimental and clinical evidence shows that CD44 is upregulated in breast cancer and is involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as tumor associated angiogenesis and are correlated with patient survival. In breast cancer, CD44+ progenitor cells were found to be more tumorogenic compared to CD44- cells. In our study we found that the percentage of cells showing coexpression of CD44 and survivin were increased according to the stages of cell transformation. Targeting tumors of individual patients expressing high CD44 and active EGFR induced HIF-1/survivin pathway will create an opportunity for improved personalized treatment.
Do Elevated Inflammatory Markers Associate With Infection in Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty

BackgroundSerologic erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements, which have been successfully utilized in the lower extremity, are thought to lack adequate sensitivity in the diagnosis of infection after shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic performance of preoperative white blood cell (WBC) count, ESR, and CRP in the diagnosis of infection in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty with the gold standard of infection being defined as a later diagnosis of infection.Patients and methodsA national insurance database between the years of 2007 and 2015 (PearlDiver, Warsaw, IN) was queried for those patients who underwent revision shoulder arthroplasty using a combination of procedural (common procedural terminology codes 23472 and 23474) and diagnostic codes (International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-9 code 81.97 and equivalent ICD-10 codes). This database contains demographics, laboratory data, and complication data to al...
Surface-enhanced patially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS) for biomedical applications

Detection of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tagged nanoparticles in-vivo is critical for its potential application in cancer diagnostics, inflammation monitoring, and glucose quantification. However, traditional optical methods are typically limited to surface level detection due to attenuation from layers of highly scattering and absorbing tissue. To break through this depth limitation, we utilize surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS), a recent development for probing deep tissue that combines the high SERS signals generated by nanoparticles with a depth resolved detection technique called spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). We create a series of tissue phantoms that optically mimic tissue and embedded SERS tagged gold nanostars within them to demonstrate the ability of SESORS to distinguish signals from different layers by simply offsetting the excitation spot from the collection spot. We also show the ability to recover the subsurface SERS signal by a scaled subtraction between the spectra obtained at the 0 mm offset position and the spectra obtained at 10 mm offset position, demonstrating the ability of SESORS to isolate the subsurface SERS spectra of tagged nanoparticles.
Mouse urothelial genes associated with voiding behavior changes after ovariectomy and bladder lipopolysaccharide exposure.

Aims Symptoms from overactive bladder (OAB) and cystitis secondary to urinary tract infection (UTI) can be similar in post-menopausal women. Effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on voiding behavior after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intravesical exposure (surrogate for cystitis) in mice were measured. Urothelial genes associated with micturition changes were identified. Methods Female C57BL6/J mice underwent OVX or sham surgeries (n = 10 for each). Voiding spot assays (VSA) were performed prior to surgery, 4 weeks post-surgery, and each time after 3 consecutive days of transurethral instillation of LPS. In another experiment, mice underwent either sham (n = 9) or OVX (n = 9) surgeries. Urothelial RNAs were collected 4 weeks post-surgery, day 1 and day 3 after LPS instillation. Mouse Gene 2.0 ST Arrays (entire 34 K transcripts) were used for microarray hybridization. A set of criteria was utilized to identify gene expression changes that mimicked voiding behavior changes. Results Three days after LPS exposure, OVX mice persisted with overactive whereas sham mice normalized voiding behavior. Nine urothelial paralleling voiding behavior changes were identified: IL6 (interleukin 6), IL6rα (Interleukin 6 receptor α), Ptgs2 (Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 or COX-2), Ereg (epiregulin), Dusp6 (dual specificity phosphatase 6), Zfp948 (zinc finger protein 948), Zfp52 (Zinc finger protein 52), Gch1 (GTP cyclohydrolase 1), and Amd (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase). Three other genes, coding unknown proteins, were also identified: GM12840, GM23134, and GM26809. Conclusions OVX mice persisted with increased voiding frequency after LPS. Urothelial genes that could mediate this voiding behavior include IL6, COX-2, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.
Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity: State Report 2005

Based on data from the 2005 Current Population Surveys (CPS), the state report of the Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity offers insight into variation in entrepreneurial activity by state. Like the national report of the Kauffman Index, the state report measures the proportion of non-business-owning adults who create a new business each month.The 2005 report indicates that the five states with the highest rates of entrepreneurial activity were Vermont, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, while the five states with the lowest rates included Delaware, West Virginia, Alabama, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. Atlanta, Riverside, San Francisco, and Houston had the highest entrepreneurship rates among the fifteen largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States, while the large MSAs with the lowest startup rates included Detroit, Philadelphia, Boston, and Seattle.Overall, the Mountain and Pacific states boasted higher rates of entrepreneurial activity. The Middle Southern and Midwestern states, on the other hand, were characterized by lower startup rates.
The sidelobe power suppression for the aircraft circle phase array radar

As the air force becomes more and more important, it is very important to improve the performance of object tracking. The circle phase array radar is adopted to improve the object tracking ability. However, it is very difficult to implement the circle phase array radar since it is a huge amount of antenna elements in the phase array radar. In this paper, we propose a novel method to help design the structure of the circle phase array radar and improve the performance of the circle phase array radar. The simulation results validate the proposed method.
Benedict, Ruth (1887–1948)

A US cultural anthropologist, Ruth Fulton Benedict is best known for two books, the 1934 Patterns of Culture and the 1946 The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Each contributes importantly to the central premises of ‘culture and personality’ studies in US anthropology. Both books demonstrate the close connection between descriptive intensity and ethnographic reliability. Both, too, treat the theories and methods of a science in terms of their significance for ensuring human rights in any society. Patterns of Culture gave a wide audience a new concept of culture: an integrated and distinctive whole that molds the temperaments and talents of individuals. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword penetrated into the mechanisms through which ‘culture’ and ‘personality’ reinforce and replicate a dominant ethos. Both books assert the importance of individual creativity, a bow to the humanitarian impulse Benedict never lost.
Envisioning sketch recognition: a local feature based approach to recognizing informal sketches

Hand drawn sketches are an important part of the early design process and are an important aspect of creative design. They are used in many fields including electrical engineering, software engineering and web design. Recognizing shapes in these sketches is a challenging task due to the imprecision with which they are drawn. We tackle this challenge with a visual approach to recognition. The approach is based on a representation of a sketched shape in terms of the visual parts it is made of. By taking this part-based visual approach we are able to recognize shapes that are extremely difficult to recognize with current sketch recognition systems that focus on the individual strokes. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Flow of wormlike micellar fluids around a sharp bend: Effects of branching and shear-banding

Flow transitions in wormlike micelle solutions flowing around a microfluidic 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} bend are studied. Shear-banding properties of the solution correlate with the form of secondary flow, while the micelle morphology (linear vs branched) has little effect on the flow behavior.
Technical Note: Simultaneous segmentation and relaxometry for MRI through multitask learning

Purpose This study demonstrated a magnetic resonance (MR) signal multitask learning method for three-dimensional (3D) simultaneous segmentation and relaxometry of human brain tissues. Materials and methods A 3D inversion-prepared balanced steady-state free precession sequence was used for acquiring in vivo multicontrast brain images. The deep neural network contained three residual blocks, and each block had 8 fully connected layers with sigmoid activation, layer norm, and 256 neurons in each layer. Online-synthesized MR signal evolutions and labels were used to train the neural network batch-by-batch. Empirically defined ranges of T1 and T2 values for the normal gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were used as the prior knowledge. MRI brain experiments were performed on three healthy volunteers. The mean and standard deviation for the T1 and T2 values in vivo were reported and compared to literature values. Additional animal (N = 6) and prostate patient (N = 1) experiments were performed to compare the estimated T1 and T2 values with those from gold standard methods and to demonstrate clinical applications of the proposed method. Results In animal validation experiment, the differences/errors (mean difference ± standard deviation of difference) between the T1 and T2 values estimated from the proposed method and the ground truth were 113 ± 486 and 154 ± 512 ms for T1, and 5 ± 33 and 7 ± 41 ms for T2, respectively. In healthy volunteer experiments (N = 3), whole brain segmentation and relaxometry were finished within ~ 5 s. The estimated apparent T1 and T2 maps were in accordance with known brain anatomy, and not affected by coil sensitivity variation. Gray matter, white matter, and CSF were successfully segmented. The deep neural network can also generate synthetic T1- and T2-weighted images. Conclusion The proposed multitask learning method can directly generate brain apparent T1 and T2 maps, as well as synthetic T1- and T2-weighted images, in conjunction with segmentation of gray matter, white matter, and CSF.
Effects of enriched environment on the capacity of learning and memory and expression of BDNF expression of CA1 hippocampus in rats

Objective To study the effects of enriched environment on the capacity of learning and memory and expression of brain derived neurotrophie factor(BDNF) expression of CA1 hippocampus in Wistar rats. Methods 20 male Wistar rats were raised from weaning(21 days old) to young adulthoed(50 -60 days old) in either an enriched or normal environment. The ability of learning and memory was measured with the Morris water maze test,and the expression of BDNF of CA1 hippocampus neuron was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results During Morris water maze test, the mean latency in enriched environment group was significantly shorter than that in the normal control group(24.37±5.45)s Vs (31.28±5.39)s;the time taken to cross the target in enriched environment group was significantly more than that in the normal control group(3.38±0.79)Vs (2.21± 0.49);the swimming distance of platform quadrant increased in the enriched environment group, and the decreased gray intensity of BDNF expression in CA1 hippoeampus was found in the enriched environment group. Conclusions Enriched environment can improve the capacity of learning and memory of the rats, which were realized may be through BDNF pathway. Key words: Enriched environment; Learning and memory; Brain derived neurotrophie factor(BDNF)
Intraocular Pressure Elevation Compromises Retinal Ganglion Cell Light Adaptation.

Purpose Functional adaptation to ambient light is a key characteristic of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but little is known about how adaptation is affected by factors that are harmful to RGC health. We explored adaptation-induced changes to RGC physiology when exposed to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor for glaucoma. Methods Wild-type mice of both sexes were subjected to 2 weeks of IOP elevation using the bead model. Retinas were assessed using a multielectrode array to record RGC responses to checkerboard white noise stimulation under both scotopic and photopic light levels. This information was used to calculate a spike-triggered average (STA) for each RGC with which to compare between lighting levels. Results Low but not high IOP elevation resulted in several distinct RGC functional changes: (1) diminished adaptation-dependent receptive field (RF) center-surround interactions; (2) increased likelihood of a scotopic STA; and (3) increased spontaneous firing rate. Center RF size change with lighting level varied among RGCs, and both the center and surround STA peak times were consistently increased under scotopic illumination, although none of these properties were impacted by IOP level. Conclusions These findings provide novel evidence that RGCs exhibit reduced light-dependent adaptation and increased excitability when IOP is elevated to low but not high levels. These results may reveal functional changes that occur early in glaucoma, which can potentially be used to identify patients with glaucoma at earlier stages when intervention is most beneficial.