cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Foraminiferal, Coccolithophorid, and Radiolarian paleotemperature equations: Assemblage coherency and estimate concordancy

The Imbrie-Kipp method of paleotemperature estimation is rigorously tested by comparing Atlantic temperature equations independently derived from the microfossils of three biotic groups: the Foraminifera, Coccolithophorida, and Radiolaria. This method consists of two steps: factor analysis of the modern sea-bed data of the individual groups which resolves discrete biogeographic assemblages and regression analysis of the modern assemblage data with observed sea-surface temperature data to obtain paleotemperature equations. Assemblage biogeography shows a simple subdivision into warm (low latitude) and cold (high latitude) for all biotic groups. Between biotic groups there is greater similarity among high-latitude assemblages than low-latitude ones. Correlating the assemblage data with observed sea-surface temperatures to produce temperature distribution patterns shows differences of less than 2°C in their optimum and critical temperatures. Regression analysis produced accurate temperature equations for each biotic group, all with standard errors of estimate of less than or equal to 2°C. Multiple correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.970. Applying these equations to two multiple biotic data sets (the modern and ice-age sea-bed data) and comparing their temperature estimates using the standard error pooled, shows over 87% concordancy for both data sets. Unlike the modern data, the discordancy among temperature estimates of the ice-age data shows a distinct geographic distribution; its cause is believed to be oceanographic, a difference in the water-mass structure between the modern and ice-age ocean.
The Democratic Sex: Gender Differences and the Exercise of Power

ABSTRACT Few have studied differences between how women and men lead, particularly at the local level. This article addresses this gap by reporting the results of a unique study of 192 female mayors and 192 male mayors in cities with populations of over 30,000 to consider whether the female mayors emphasized different policy issues and whether the women in local leadership created alternative decision-making processes in allocating resources. Overall, the results show similarities on policy issues, the use of power, and budget issues. However, some key gender differences emerge. Female mayors were far more willing to change the budget process, be more inclusive, and seek broader participation. Finally, more women mayors than men were willing to admit fiscal problems and discuss changes in their goals. Women mayors were also more likely than their male counterparts to believe that women face gender-based obstacles in the exercise of leadership.
Not Ready to Fill His Father's Shoes A Masculinist Discourse of Abortion

Many men report a profound experience associated with the abortion of a fetus they coconceived. Yet the meanings of abortion for men remain underinvestigated. Using data from in-depth interviews wi...
Pulse Oximetry in Horses

The clinical usefulness of two pulse oximeters was evaluated at two probe sites in nine anesthetized horses. The hemoglobin saturation determined by the pulse oximeters (SaOx) was compared with the hemoglobin saturation calculated from the measured arterial oxygen tension (SaO2). The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated from the differences in saturation measurements, over the saturation range of 80% to 100%, for each oximeter used at the tongue probe site and for one oximeter used at the ear. The oximeter results tended to underestimate the SaO2 with mean differences of -3.7% on the tongue and -6.0% on the ear. The limits of agreement were defined as the mean difference +/- 2 SD. Each oximeter used at the tongue produced limits of agreement of +1% to -8%, which meant that 95% of the SaOx values were 1 percentage point above or 8 percentage points below the SaO2. The variability of the differences and limits of agreement were larger when the ear was used as the probe site and at saturations less than 80%. Although both oximeters tended to underestimate the SaO2, they appeared to be clinically useful in detecting changes in arterial hemoglobin saturation.
What Educators in Catholic Schools Might Expect When Addressing Gay and Lesbian Issues: A Study of Needs and Barriers

ABSTRACT Previous research indicated that Catholic high schools in the United States were not addressing the topic of homosexuality in any significant and systematic way prior to the mid-1990s, though practitioners in Catholic high schools have begun to address the topic in recent years. This study, in sampling seven Catholic schools in the greater Chicago area, investigated how educators in Catholic high schools were addressing the topic of homosexuality and what barriers they encountered in efforts at implementation. It was found that their reasons for addressing the issue included two very recent developments: educators being better trained in gay and lesbian youth issues, and students “coming out” in their schools. Catholic identity has served both as a cause for and a barrier to addressing gay and lesbian issues in the schools. Two other barriers seem to be closely related: lack of support from school administration, which is strongly influenced by fear of community reaction.
Dual logic and cerebral coordinates for reciprocal interaction in eye contact.

In order to scientifically study the human brain’s response to face-to-face social interaction, the scientific method itself needs to be reconsidered so that both quantitative observation and symbolic reasoning can be adapted to the situation where the observer is also observed. In light of the recent development of dyadic fMRI which can directly observe dyadic brain interacting in one MRI scanner, this paper aims to establish a new form of logic, dual logic, which provides a theoretical platform for deductive reasoning in a complementary dual system with emergence mechanism. Applying the dual logic in the dfMRI experimental design and data analysis, the exogenous and endogenous dual systems in the BOLD responses can be identified; the non-reciprocal responses in the dual system can be suppressed; a cerebral coordinate for reciprocal interaction can be generated. Elucidated by dual logic deductions, the cerebral coordinate for reciprocal interaction suggests: the exogenous and endogenous systems consist of the empathy network and the mentalization network respectively; the default-mode network emerges from the resting state to activation in the endogenous system during reciprocal interaction; the cingulate plays an essential role in the emergence from the exogenous system to the endogenous system. Overall, the dual logic deductions are supported by the dfMRI experimental results and are consistent with current literature. Both the theoretical framework and experimental method set the stage to formally apply the scientific method in studying complex social interaction.
Comparison of full thickness skin graft “take” after excision with the carbon dioxide laser and scalpel

Abstract Specific aim. To evaluate the take of skin grafts on conventionally prepared beds and on beds prepared by a carbon dioxide laser, with and without abrasion of the bed. Significance. Graft take is dependent on hemostasis, immobility, and nutrition of the graft. Scalpel excision of the skin graft can be associated with hemostatic difficulties and laser treatment of the skin graft bed can provide hemostasis. Abrasion of the bed after laser treatment may then be a means of opening small lymphatic and blood vessels to maintain the graft. Laser treatment followed by abrasion of the bed may provide an ideal graft base before suturing of the skin graft. Material and methods. Full-thickness skin grafts were taken with a scalpel at three sites on the dorsal skin of 24 guinea pigs. The three beds were prepared with pressure alone to provide hemostasis, laser vaporization followed by abrasion with gauze to produce pinpoint bleeding, and laser vaporization alone. The original skin from each of the sites was then sutured back in place. At postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 10, 21, and 35 the graft sites were assessed clinically for “take.” Laser Doppler measurements were also made to evaluate blood flow. Histologic sections of the three sites were prepared. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Results. For the animals sacrificed through day 10 the rate of take for the sites that were not lased was 100%. For the sites that were lased alone and lased and abraded the rate of take was 71% with no difference between the two techniques. The lased sites demonstrated increased inflammatory response and graft necrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in the bed. Discussion. Grafts take best on a scalpel-prepared bed. Laser preparation of the bed, with or without abrasion, demonstrates decreased “take.” Therefore the carbon dioxide laser is not a recommended means to take a graft or prepare the graft bed.
Finite Element Analysis of the Knee: Development of a Failure Locus for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

A full or partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common and painful injury that has been estimated to occur approximately 250,000 times annually in the U.S. [1]. Articular cartilage and meniscal injuries are also associated with ACL injuries [2]. ACL injuries can often lead to degenerative osteoarthritis of the articular cartilage [2]. An epidemiology study of athletic injuries by Majewski et al. [3] determined that out of 19,530 sports injuries, 20% were ACL injuries and 8% were medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
SU‐FF‐T‐523: A Comparison of Head and Neck IMRT Plans Optimized with Biologically Based Versus Dose‐Volume Based Objectives in a Commercial Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To compare the quality of IMRT plans optimized with biologically (EUD) based versus dose‐volume based objectives in a commercial treatment planningsystem in the treatment of head and neck cancers.Method and Materials: EUD‐based optimization was utilized in the Philips Pinnacle P3IMRTtreatment planningsystem (licensed for Biological Evaluation) to obtain intensity‐modulated radiation therapy plans for five head and neck cancer patients. These plans were evaluated against IMRT plans optimized with conventional dose‐volume objectives. Each patient had twenty‐six organs‐at‐risk (OAR) contoured within the head and neck region. The plans were compared by examining dose‐volume histograms, dosimetric indices and biological endpoints. Dosimetric indices included mean, minimum and maximum doses, as well as target conformality, dose uniformity and the generalized EUD. Biological endpoints included tumor control probability (TCP), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and uncomplicated tumor control probability (P+). Results: Preliminary results show that the EUD‐based optimization in P3IMRT is capable of improving the sparing of OAR while maintaining target coverage. The biologically‐based optimization resulted in greater dose inhomogeneity and less conformality than the dose‐volume based optimization plans. It was also shown that plans optimized with EUD‐based objectives could obtain similar target coverage as the dose‐volume optimized plans but with fewer parameters. Conclusion: The P3IMRT biologically‐based optimization of head and neck IMRT plans resulted in equivalent target coverage while increasing the sparing of normal tissues compared to dose‐volume based optimization. This system can increase the efficiency of obtaining plans of equivalent or better quality by utilizing fewer parameters and has the potential of being incorporated into routine clinical use.
What We Know Now About Bias and Intergroup Conflict, the Problem of the Century

After nearly a century's study, what do psychologists now know about intergroup bias and conflict? Most people reveal unconscious, subtle biases, which are relatively automatic, cool, indirect, ambiguous, and ambivalent. Subtle biases underlie ordinary discrimination: comfort with one's own in–group, plus exclusion and avoidance of out–groups. Such biases result from internal conflict between cultural ideals and cultural biases. A small minority of people, extremists, do harbor blatant biases that are more conscious, hot, direct, and unambiguous. Blatant biases underlie aggression, including hate crimes. Such biases result from perceived intergroup conflict over economics and values, in a world perceived to be hierarchical and dangerous. Reduction of both subtle and blatant bias results from education, economic opportunity, and constructive intergroup contact.
Phosphors as Sensors for Radiation-Induced Displacement Damage

The radiation-induced displacement damage in yttrium borate (YBO3) is studied under X-ray, proton, and alpha irradiation. The photoluminescence (PL) was tested before and after irradiation to determine whether damage occurred and whether it could be queried by examining the PL spectrum. Two different dopants (cerium and europium) were used to activate the phosphor because each provides not only a different spectral signature but also a different mechanism for altering the spectrum between the pre- and post-PL measurements. X-rays, being primarily ionizing radiation, did not show any significant change between the pre and post measurements. We expected protons and alphas to damage the crystal structure, evidence of which could be seen in the change in the spectra before and after irradiation. However, we found no change under alpha exposure (3.6 × 1010 particles/cm2) and a significant change after proton exposure (5 × 1015 particles/cm2). While the material appears to be sensitive to protons, we cannot rule out its sensitivity to alphas because the alpha fluence may be too low to show an effect. This result provides strong indication that our materials are being damaged by particle radiation and that the radiation effects can be quantified.
Spirit-driven Discipleship A Pneumatology of Youth Ministry:

The failure of faith formation in the lives of adolescents is a result of the loss of pneumatological consciousness in the life of our churches. If we are to help our youth toward holistic disciple...
Embolization and Transcatheter Retrieval of Coils and Devices

Embolizations of coils and devices are well-known complications of transcatheter procedures performed in order to occlude extracardiac or intracardiac shunts. A review of the literature and of our experience was performed to provide a succinct review of existing transcatheter retrieval techniques. After embolization of a coil or device, the appropriate initial procedure involves repositioning of the coil or device using a snare or bioptome to a location where harm to the patient is minimized. The subsequent retrieval technique depends on the characteristics of the coil or device involved. Coils may be retrieved using a bioptome or a snare. Devices must be snared, often in specific places. Both may be pulled into long or short, appropriately sized retrieval sheaths. To minimize potential morbidities associated with these retrievals and to maximize efficacy of retrieval, operators performing transcatheter coil or device occlusions must be familiar with retrieval techniques.
Block of Mammalian Motor Nerve Conduction Using High Frequency Alternating Current

High frequency alternating current waveforms have been shown to produce a rapidly reversible nerve block in animal models. Acute in-vivo experiments were carried out in a rat model. A blocking electrode was placed on the sciatic nerve and motor nerve block quantified by measuring force output of the gastrocnemius muscle. Sinusoidal waveforms in the range of 10 kHz to 30 kHz were tested. The results indicate that a 100% nerve block of motor activity can be accomplished at all the frequencies tested. The block is complete and quickly reversible. Block thresholds (peak to peak voltage of the waveform) were measured and showed a linear relationship to frequency. Block was obtained with the lowest voltage at 10 KHz. It was also demonstrated that the block is not produced indirectly through fatigue. This type of nerve block may have multiple applications in the treatment of spasticity and pain
On the variability of tropospheric gases: Sampling, loss patterns, and lifetime

and its global mean lifetime (t) has been used to estimate the t of atmospheric gases. This can prove quite useful if it is a unique relationship. Here a three-dimensional chemical transport model is used to investigate the variability-lifetime relationship of tropospheric gases with two types of sources and three types of losses. The effects of sampling time and location are also explored. The relationship is best described in the form s = atb , where a and b are variable depending on the sources, sinks, and time and location of averaging. When spatially averaging over the troposphere and temporally averaging over 1 year, the model results give a b of 0.77-0.79 for t between 0.9 and 7.0 years. The variability of a CH3Br-like gas is also analyzed using different weightings of chemical sinks. Photochemical (OH), ocean mixed layer, and soil losses are scaled separately to maintain t � 1 year. These different scalings result in a ±17% spread in s, which translates into a ±20% spread in t inferred from the variability-lifetime relationship found in the model. In addition, the model is used to simulate conditions of Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics A and B field campaigns. The variability-lifetime relationships derived from the model do not compare to the field observations, except that both demonstrate a seasonal dependence of variability. This study identifies some factors controlling the variability of trace gases in the troposphere, estimates the error in using variability-lifetime analysis to determine an unknown t, and shows that the variability-lifetime relation is not universal among trace gases. INDEX TERMS: 3210 Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0312 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504); KEYWORDS: variability, lifetime, troposphere, methyl bromide, modeling, PEM-Tropics A and B
Genomic mining type III secretion system effectors in Pseudomonas syringae yields new picks for all TTSS prospectors

Many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals use a type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver virulence effector proteins into host cells. Because effectors are heterogeneous in sequence and function, there has not been a systematic way to identify the genes encoding them in pathogen genomes, and our current inventories are probably incomplete. A pre-closure draft sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, a pathogen of tomato and Arabidopsis, has recently supported five complementary studies which, collectively, identify 36 TTSS-secreted proteins and many more candidate effectors in this strain. These studies demonstrate the advantages of combining experimental and computational approaches, and they yield new insights into TTSS effectors and virulence regulation in P. syringae, potential effector targeting signals in all TTSS-dependent pathogens, and strategies for finding TTSS effectors in other bacteria that have sequenced genomes.
Thiol-reactive reagents inhibits intracellular trafficking of human papillomavirus type 16 pseudovirions by binding to cysteine residues of major capsid protein L1

A human papillomavirus (HPV) virion is composed of capsid proteins L1 and L2. Several cysteine residues are located on L1 of various HPVs at markedly similar relative positions, suggesting their important functions. Although the authentic virions cannot be studied with cultured cells, surrogate pseudovirions consisting of capsid and reporter plasmid are available for studies dealing with infectivity. HPV type16-pseudovirions (16PVs) were found to lose their infectivity after incubation with thiol-reactive reagents [biotin polyethyleneoxide iodoacetamide (BPEOIA), 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), 4-(N-maleimido)benzyl-trimethylammonium iodide (MBTA), and [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl] methanethiosulfonate bromide (MTSET)]. A labelled streptavidin was detected to bind to the complex of BPEOIA and L1 of the 16PVs incubated with BPEOIA. The analysis of molecular mass of trypsin-fragments derived from the complex of the BPEOIA and L1 indicated that BPEOIA bound to at least C146, C225, and C229. No appreciable change of the 16PVs carrying DTNB or NEM was detected by sedimentation analysis or electron microscopy. The 16PVs carrying DTNB or NEM were able to bind to and enter HeLa cells but degraded before they reached the perinuclear region. HPV16 L1 C146, C225, and C229 have free thiol, which are accessible to BPEOIA, DTNB, NEM, MBTA, and MTSET. Binding of DTNB or NEM to the thiols may cause conformational changes that result in the inhibition of the entry and trafficking of the 16PVs.
OR and energy: Problems of modelling

Abstract Attention is focused on three problem areas in energy modelling: (1) identifying the essential elements of the system, (2) coping with multiple criteria, (3) incorporating learning in the system. These aspects are illustrated through examples in current energy systems research, involving the oil market, power systems planning, and the role of nuclear energy. In modelling the word oil market, too heavy emphasis is placed on economic forces, but practically non on the political forces. However, certain economics-oriented studies indicate that financial gains of OPEC may actually be intensitive to the oil pricing policy followed. If that is indeed the case, the significant (political) elements and their motives have to be captured in the model in order to arrive at consistent results. Modelling the different objectives in power systems planning is an area where advances are urgently needed. A method is proposed, where decision alternatives are generated a posteriori , in contrast to recent approaches involving a priori articulation of preferences, or interactive methods. A multicriterion dynamic linear programming model and a fast algorithm are used in generating efficient solutions, which are then grouped, based on the clustering in objective values. The problem associated with changing system objectives is discussed and the nuclear programme is given as an example of how the system objectives move from costs to perceived risks. In line with the real system that ‘learns’ from its experience, we need models that change their objective functions as a result of their own outputs at prior times.
Advances in the treatment of menopausal symptoms

Vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy are both common menopausal symptoms. Hormone therapy is currently the only FDA-approved treatment for hot flashes. Current recommendations are to use the lowest dose of hormone therapy for the shortest period that will allow treatment goals to be met. Although the reanalysis of the WHI in 2007 by Roussow et al. provided evidence of coronary heart safety for users of hormone therapy under the age of 60 years and within 10 years of the onset of menopause, not all women desire or are candidates for hormone therapy. In this review we present an evidence-based discussion considering the effectiveness of hormonal and nonhormonal therapies for the relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy. Concern exists regarding systemic absorption of vaginal estrogen and possible adverse effects on the breast and uterus. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogen agonists offer benefits through targeted estrogen agonist/antagonistic effects and are being evaluated with an...
Radiolabeled antibody therapy of human B cell lymphomas

Modern chemotherapy regimens are capable of curing the majority of patients with newly diagnosed diffuse aggressive lymphomas1, but few patients with low-grade lymphomas or relapsed aggressive lymphomas can be cured with conventional therapy. High dose chemoradiotherapy in conjunction with marrow transplantation affords long term disease-free survival for approximately 25% of such patients2,3, but toxicity is formidable and post-transplant relapse and treatment-related complications result in the death of most such patients. Targeted radiotherapy using radiolabeled antibodies (RAb) offers a potentially effective new approach for refractory malignancies as demonstrated by a variety of animal and human studies4–13. In this report we summarize our experience administering radiolabeled anti-B cell antibodies to patients with refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in a phase I dose escalation trial.
Response to Puts and Dawood's 'the evolution of female orgasm: adaptation or byproduct?'--Been there.

David Puts and Khytam Dawood's recent critique of my book, The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution, attempts to make plausible an adaptive account of female orgasm based on a hypothesized mechanism of uterine upsuck and sperm competition. Yet the authors fail to respond to the criticisms of such accounts that I detailed previously in my book. They raise a further concern about my definition of adaptation - a red herring - and manufacture a conceptual error regarding heritability that they then attribute to me. Most seriously, they fail to address the glaring failure of sperm competition accounts to accord with evidence from sexology. Specifically, the distribution curve of orgasm-with-intercourse - according to Dawood et al.'s own data, as well as others' - is relatively flat across the various classes. This curve needs to be tested against a well-formed multistrategy adaptive hypothesis; it cannot be explained by the adaptive account defended by Puts and Dawood in their critique.
Small-Molecule Control of Protein Degradation Using Split Adaptors

Targeted intracellular degradation provides a method to study the biological function of proteins and has numerous applications in biotechnology. One promising approach uses adaptor proteins to target substrates with genetically encoded degradation tags for proteolysis. Here, we describe an engineered split-adaptor system, in which adaptor assembly and delivery of substrates to the ClpXP protease depends on a small molecule (rapamycin). This degradation system does not require modification of endogenous proteases, functions robustly over a wide range of adaptor concentrations, and does not require new synthesis of adaptors or proteases to initiate degradation. We demonstrate the efficacy of this system in E. coli by degrading tagged variants of LacI repressor and FtsA, an essential cell-division protein. In the latter case, addition of rapamycin causes pronounced filamentation because daughter cells cannot divide. Strikingly, washing rapamycin away reverses this phenotype. Our system is highly modular, with clearly defined interfaces for substrate binding, protease binding, and adaptor assembly, providing a clear path to extend this system to other degradation tags, proteases, or induction systems. Together, these new reagents should be useful in controlling protein degradation in bacteria.
Distinction of the memory B cell response to cognate antigen versus bystander inflammatory signals

The hypothesis that bystander inflammatory signals promote memory B cell (BMEM) self-renewal and differentiation in an antigen-independent manner is critically evaluated herein. To comprehensively address this hypothesis, a detailed analysis is presented examining the response profiles of B-2 lineage B220+IgG+ BMEM toward cognate protein antigen in comparison to bystander inflammatory signals. After in vivo antigen encounter, quiescent BMEM clonally expand. Surprisingly, proliferating BMEM do not acquire germinal center (GC) B cell markers before generating daughter BMEM and differentiating into plasma cells or form structurally identifiable GCs. In striking contrast to cognate antigen, inflammatory stimuli, including Toll-like receptor agonists or bystander T cell activation, fail to induce even low levels of BMEM proliferation or differentiation in vivo. Under the extreme conditions of adjuvanted protein vaccination or acute viral infection, no detectable bystander proliferation or differentiation of BMEM occurred. The absence of a BMEM response to nonspecific inflammatory signals clearly shows that BMEM proliferation and differentiation is a process tightly controlled by the availability of cognate antigen.
Inclusion of a prognostic cloud scheme with the relaxed Arakawa‐Schubert cumulus parametrization: Single‐column model studies

A prognostic cloud-prediction scheme has been tested with the relaxed Arakawa-Schubert cumulus-parametrization scheme using the GATE phase III data set. Observed profiles of temperature, moisture and wind fields have been used as initial conditions for a semi-prognostic as well as a fully prognostic study. The subsequent profiles of cloud liquid-water/ice, cloud fraction and precipitation rates besides several other fields have been generated by using these schemes. The cloud water substance and the cloud mass fraction are allowed to evolve prognostically along with the temperature and moisture fields. Results indicate that errors in the temperature and moisture profiles are lowest when the cloud scheme is allowed to interact with radiation and downdraughts are included in the model. Sensitivity studies have been carried out to understand the role of cloud-top entrainment instability. Results indicate that the cloud-top entrainment instability leads to a reduction of the cloud mass fraction and liquid-water content by 5–10% due to mixing with the environment.
Endogenous psychoactive tryptamines reconsidered: an anxiolytic role for dimethyltryptamine

The presence of the potent hallucinogenic psychoactive chemical N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the human body has puzzled scientists for decades. Endogenous DMT was investigated in the 1960s and 1970s and it was proposed that DMT was involved in psychosis and schizophrenia. This hypothesis developed from comparisons of the blood and urine of schizophrenic and control subjects. However, much of this research proved inconclusive and conventional thinking has since held that trace levels of DMT, and other endogenous psychoactive tryptamines, are insignificant metabolic byproducts. The recent discovery of a G-protein-coupled, human trace amine receptor has triggered a reappraisal of the role of compounds present in limited concentrations in biological systems. Interestingly enough, DMT and other psychoactive tryptamine hallucinogens elicit a robust response at the trace amine receptor. While it is currently accepted that serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors play a pivotal role in the activity of hallucinogenic/psychedelic compounds, we propose that the effects induced by exogenous DMT administration, especially at low doses, are due in part to activity at the trace amine receptor. Furthermore, we suggest that endogenous DMT interacts with the TA receptor to produce a calm and relaxed mental state, which may suppress, rather than promote, symptoms of psychosis. This hypothesis may help explain the inconsistency in the early analysis of endogenous DMT in humans. Finally, we propose that amphetamine action at the TA receptor may contribute to the calming effects of amphetamine and related drugs, especially at low doses.
The role of fear and disgust in predicting the effectiveness of television advertisements that graphically depict the health harms of smoking.

INTRODUCTION Antismoking television advertisements that depict the graphic health harms of smoking are increasingly considered best practices, as exemplified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's current national campaign. Evaluation of responses to these widely used advertisements is important to determine advertisements that are most effective and their mechanisms of action. Our study tested the hypothesis that advertisements rated highest in fear- and disgust-eliciting imagery would be rated as the most effective. METHODS Our laboratory study included 144 women and men aged 18 to 33; 84% were current nonsmokers. All participants viewed 6 antismoking television advertisements that depicted the health harms of smoking; they rated their responses of fear and disgust and the effectiveness of the advertisements. We used multilevel modeling to test the effects of the following in predicting effectiveness: fear, disgust, the fear-disgust interaction, the advertisement, and the participant's sex and smoking status. Follow-up analyses examined differences in ratings of fear, disgust, and effectiveness. RESULTS Advertisement, fear, disgust, and the fear-disgust interaction were each significant predictors of effectiveness. Smoking status and sex were not significant predictors. The 3 advertisements that elicited the highest ratings of fear and disgust were rated the most effective. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that antismoking advertisements of health harms that elicit the greatest responses of fear or disgust are the most effective. When advertisements elicit high ratings of both fear and disgust, advertisements with graphic imagery are effective, whereas advertisements without graphic imagery are not.
Opiate Use and Abuse, History of

For millennia, opium was celebrated for its beneficial medical effects with no mention of the dangers of addiction. In the eighteenth century, the first documented cases of opium addiction appear along with prohibitions and illegal opium markets. This happens in China, and, then, in the early twentieth century roughly similar events take place in the United States. The transition from use to abuse is accompanied by changes in self-administration techniques (e.g., smoking), drug potency, economic conditions (e.g., an increase in disposable wealth and leisure time), and individual differences (e.g., genetic-based metabolic factors).
Law - Made in Germany: Global Standort or Global Standard?

Earlier this year the Federal Ministry of Justice released the second edition of the brochure, Law - Made in Germany. For those readers who do not know the brochure, it is the product of an umbrella group of German professional organizations known as the Bundnis fur das deutsche Recht. A purpose of the Bundnis, as stated at its founding in 2008, and of the brochure, is to improve the position of German law in the ― "international competition of legal systems" (internationalen Wettbewerb der Rechtsordnungen). Catalyst for founding of the Bundnis and for publication of Law - Made in Germany was the 2007 publication by The Law Society of England and Wales of the brochure England and Wales: The jurisdiction of choice — dispute resolution.The issue of the second edition of Law - Made in Germany is an appropriate moment to consider what improving the position of German law in international competition means. I see at least two different, but not mutually exclusive, goals. The one stems from the brochure’s origin as counterpoint to the English brochure: to encourage non-Germans to bring their commercial disputes to Germany to be decided (forum shopping) and, related to that goal, to locate their businesses in Germany (location decision). The other goal is to raise appreciation of German law abroad and thereby, perhaps, to encourage voluntary adoption, adaptation or approximation abroad of some of its elements (reception of law).
Emotional Intelligence Research within Human Resource Development Scholarship.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to review and synthesize pertinent emotional intelligence (EI) research within the human resource development (HRD) scholarship. Design/methodology/approach – An integrative review of literature was conducted and multiple electronic databases were searched to find the relevant resources. Using the content analysis technique, the literature was reviewed and thematically organized. Findings – Seven major themes emerged through the process of content analysis on the body of the reviewed literature. The themes which described the presence of EI-related research within the field of HRD, included: Conceptual connections between EI and HRD; various aspects of EI training and development; the strengths and weaknesses of different EI measurement tools; EI profiles of individuals across various careers; the influence of context in the interpretation of EI; the role of EI in productive interpersonal interactions; and, finally, the impact of EI in leadership development and perf...
CS1 students' understanding of computational thinking concepts

This paper presents a small, multi-method case study conducted throughout the spring 2010 semester of CS1: Introduction to Computer Science at the University of Memphis. This study explored students' comprehension of three Computational Thinking concepts: algorithms, abstraction and efficiency. Results indicate that students understand and value the concept of the algorithm but are only beginning to understanding abstraction. In addition, student observations about efficiency represent the true focus of Computational Thinking, i.e., applying computer science concepts to other fields of study. Implications for teaching CS1 and for future research are also considered.
(DP) 2 SM: a dynamic approach to resource constraint project scheduling

Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold, first to introduce and evaluate a dynamic priority scheduling model developed in this research for solving the resource constraint project scheduling problem, second to introduce an improvement made upon the first model by cross breeding Dynamic Programming with the Dynamic Priority Scheduling Method (DPSM). The second model called Dynamic Priority Dynamic Programming Scheduling Method [(DP) 2 SM] aims at optimising the staged resource allocation decisions in DPSM. DPSM divides a project into phases (cycles) the length of which depend on the duration of the project and the period of clock cycle selected. The scheduling process starts by allocating resources to the first phase/cycle using a variety of policies, then the best schedule is selected based on an objective function. The process continues till all the activities are scheduled. In DPSM the interaction between phases is ignored while the decisions of each phase or cycle will affect all the remaining phases. Using (DP) 2 SM it may be possible to improve the quality of a schedule and reduce the duration of a project by optimising the overall project schedule.
Formation and actions of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in rat renal arterioles

The present study examined whether preglomerular arterioles of the rat produce 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and whether 20-HETE is vasoactive on these vessels. Raf preglomerular arterioles produced 20-HETE (4.8 +/- 1.0 pmol.min-1.mg-1, n = 7) and, to a lesser extent, 14-, 15-, 11-, and 12-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 6-ketoprostaglandin F/alpha and prostaglandin E2 when incubated with [14C]larachidonic acid. The results of immunoblotting and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments indicate that these vessels express mRNA and protein for a P-450 4A2 enzyme. With the use of a rat juxtamedullary nephron microvascular preparation perfused in vitro with a cell-free media, addition of 20-HETE (1 nM-1 microM) to the bath reduced the diameter of proximal and distal portions of the efferent arterioles. At a concentration of 1 microM, the diameter of the proximal and distal portions of the afferent arteriole fell by 14 +/- 1 and 16 +/- 3% after 20-HETE. The response to 20-HETE (1 microM) was not altered by blockade of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and p-450 pathways. Blockade of the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel with tetraethylammonium (1 mM) reduced the diameter of afferent arterioles by 10% and blocked the vasoconstrictor response to 20-HETE (1 microM). These results indicate that 20-HETE is an endogenous constrictor of preglomerular arterioles and suggest a role for the P-450 4A2 enzyme in the regulation of renal vascular tone.
Building data expertise into research institutions: preliminary results

Data-intensive research promises advancements in scientific knowledge and brings with it new demands for staff that can manage large and complex data, design user services, and facilitate open access. Research institutions are extending their services to scientific data management. As more organizations extend their operations to research data, an understanding of how to build data expertise into staff and service models is needed. Understanding the unique expertise required and various data roles is key to providing a well-trained workforce that can support data-intensive science. This study examines how an exemplar data center, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, develops and supports their data expertise. This poster reports preliminary results.
Growth effects of a pyridoxol analogue, 3-hydroxy-2,4,5-trihydroxymethylpyridine.

The compound, 3-hydroxy-2,4,5-trihydroxymethylpyridine (Â«- hydroxypyridoxol), has been speculated to be a possible precursor in the biosyn thesis of vitamin B6. To test this hypothesis the compound was synthesized and purified from the reaction by-products through ion-exchange column chromatog- raphy. Bioautography showed that the isolated compound was free of pyridoxal and pyridoxol. This pyridoxol analogue showed about 5% vitamin Be activity for both Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and rats, and none for Lactobacillus casei. The activity of the compound for Saccharomyces carlsbergensis increased to about 10 or 20% when the yeast grew in the presence of 2 and 4 ng of pyridoxal, pyridoxol, or pyridoxamine per 10 ml of assay medium. When the pyridoxol ana logue was added to a growing culture of a yeast mutant that excretes a fairly large amount of vitamin Be, there was no increase in the amount of vitamin BÂ« in the medium. J. Nutr. 101: 71-76, 1971.
Molecular evidence of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Abstract Many perpetrators of Munchausen syndrome by proxy present bloodstained materials as counterfeit evidence of proxy hemorrhage. Although blood grouping may show that the blood is not the proxy's, DNA typing may specifically identify the blood's source. A mother claimed that she alone had witnessed gastrointestinal bleeding of her son and presented bloodstained towels as evidence. Several clinical investigations had failed to reveal a bleeding source. I compared the DNA types of the bloodstains and the child's buccal cells. The bloodstain and epithelial cells differed at 4 of 8 microsatellite loci and at the amelogenin locus. The blood and buccal cells shared 1 allele at every locus, suggesting that their sources were closely related. The probability that the source of the blood was maternal was 0.9915 (prior probability, 0.5). I recommend DNA matching in suspected cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy whenever blood is presented as evidence.
Abstract 3551: CD44 expression in Ewing sarcoma is associated with reduced chemosensitivity in vitro.

CD44 is the primary hyaluronate (HA) receptor in a variety of cell types and has been implicated in several processes, such as cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions, cell migration and invasion, as well as metastasis and drug resistance. Even though CD44 expression has been studied in various types of cancer, such as prostate and lung cancer, little is known about its role in Ewing sarcoma, the second most common malignancy of bone and soft tissue in children and adolescents. We assessed the expression of CD44 in 25 cases of Ewing sarcoma by immunohistochemistry and found that CD44 is expressed in 40% of them. Furthermore, we noticed that in 4 out of 10 patients CD44 expression increased in one or more subsequent recurrent or metastatic biopsy samples. Therefore, we hypothesized that CD44+ cells in Ewing sarcoma represent cell clones, which are resistant to treatment and lead to tumor relapses. In order to study the role of CD44 in Ewing sarcoma, we cultured tumor cells for 24 to 72 hours in anchorage-independent sphere forming culture conditions, (low attachment plates), which are known to induce CD44 expression and compared them to adherent cells. CD44 mRNA and protein expression was induced in the anchorage-independent group as early as 24h in all 7 Ewing sarcoma cell lines. We then measured mRNA levels of ABCB5 and ABCC1, members of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters related to drug resistance by real time PCR and found them increased. These data were corroborated by our finding of significantly increased efflux of the fluorescent DNA binding dye, Hoechst 33342, in the anchorage-independent group, indicating that the cells that overexpress CD44 are more effective in effluxing the chemotherapeutic drugs, thus becoming more resistant to chemotherapy. Finally, changes in the expression of efflux proteins were associated with increased resistance to doxorubicin-induced apoptotic cell death documented by increased expression of annexin V. In summary, our data indicate that CD44 is involved in drug resistance in Ewing sarcoma and may be clinically useful in making therapeutic decisions. Citation Format: Nikolina Dioufa, Guang Li, Maria Tsokos. CD44 expression in Ewing sarcoma is associated with reduced chemosensitivity in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3551. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3551
Offshore Investment Funds

Offshore investment funds are alleged to have engaged in trading behavior that is different from their onshore counterparts because they may be subject to less supervision and regulation. In particular, they may trade more intensely. They could also pursue more aggressively certain trading strategies such as positive feedback trading or herding that could contribute to a greater volatility in the market. Using a unique data set, this chapter compares the trading behavior in the Korean stock market between offshore investment funds with their onshore counterparts registered in the US and UK. There are a number of interesting findings. First, there is indeed evidence suggesting that the offshore funds trade more intensely than their onshore counterparts. Second, however, there is no evidenOffshore investment funds are alleged to have engaged in trading behavior that is different from their onshore counterparts because they may be subject to less supervision and regulation. In particular, they may trade more intensely. They could also pursue more aggressively certain trading strategies such as positive feedback trading or herding that could contribute to a greater volatility in the market. Using a unique data set, this chapter compares the trading behavior in the Korean stock market between offshore investment funds with their onshore counterparts registered in the US and UK. There are a number of interesting findings. First, there is indeed evidence suggesting that the offshore funds trade more intensely than their onshore counterparts. Second, however, there is no evidence that the offshore funds engage in positive feedback trading. In contrast, there is strong evidence that the funds from the U.S. and U.K. do. Third, while offshore funds do herd, they do so far less than onshore funds in the U.S. or UK. Fourth, offshore funds hold less glamour stocks (e.g. stocks with high P/E) in their portfolio than funds in the U.S. or U.K. do. Moreover, flight to glamour stocks during the in-crisis period is less evident in the case of offshore funds. In sum, offshore funds are no especially worrisome monsters.