cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishment mode repressor synthesis blunts phage P22 antirepressor activity.

Phage P22 repressor is synthesized in two modes: the establishment mode requires the pre site, the repressor gene, and the products of two auxiliary phage genes; the maintenance mode, used in established lysogens, requires only the prm site and the repressor gene. P22 antirepressor is a protein that inactivates P22 repressor. A model is presented here in which antirepressor activity is restricted to repressor molecules made in the maintenance mode; repressor made by the establishment mode is postulated to blunt antirepressor activity. Phage P22 virA constitutively produces antirepressor. The model is used to explain the pattern of phage production from P22 virA infections of sensitive cells and from P22 virA superinfection of P22 lysogens. DNA binding activity (repressor) was measured in lysogens superinfected with P22virA. Following superinfection, elevated levels of repressor were detected in those cells in which establishment mode repressor synthesis was possible. This observation supports the idea that establishment mode repressor synthesis decreases the activity of antirepressor.
A flocking-based approach to maintain connectivity in mobile wireless ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) have a set of unique challenges, particularly due to mobility of nodes, that need to be addressed to realize their full potentials. Because the mobile nodes of a MANET are free to move rapidly and arbitrarily, the network topology may change unexpectedly. This paper presents a decentralized approach to maintain the connectivity of a MANET using autonomous, intelligent agents. Autonomous agents are special mobile nodes in a MANET, but unlike other nodes, their function is to proactively prevent network bottlenecks and service problems by intelligently augmenting the network topology. To achieve this function without depending on a central network management system, autonomous agents are expected to dynamically relocate themselves as the topology of the network changes during the mission time. A flocking-based heuristic algorithm is proposed to determine agent locations. A computational study is performed to investigate the effect of basic flocking behaviors on the connectivity of a MANET.
Thiamine Pyrophosphate Riboswitches Are Targets for the Antimicrobial Compound Pyrithiamine

Thiamine metabolism genes are regulated in numerous bacteria by a riboswitch class that binds the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). We demonstrate that the antimicrobial action of the thiamine analog pyrithiamine (PT) is mediated by interaction with TPP riboswitches in bacteria and fungi. For example, pyrithiamine pyrophosphate (PTPP) binds the TPP riboswitch controlling the tenA operon in Bacillus subtilis. Expression of a TPP riboswitch-regulated reporter gene is reduced in transgenic B. subtilis or Escherichia coli when grown in the presence of thiamine or PT, while mutant riboswitches in these organisms are unresponsive to these ligands. Bacteria selected for PT resistance bear specific mutations that disrupt ligand binding to TPP riboswitches and derepress certain TPP metabolic genes. Our findings demonstrate that riboswitches can serve as antimicrobial drug targets and expand our understanding of thiamine metabolism in bacteria.
Undulators for short wavelength FEL amplifiers

Issues critical to the design of undulators for use in short wavelength FEL amplifiers, such as attainable on-axis field strength, device compactness, field quality, required magnetic gap, and strong focusing schemes, are discussed. The relative strength of various undulator technologies, including pure permanent magnet, hybrid, warm electromagnetic, pulsed, and superconducting electromagnetic devices in both helical and planar configurations are reviewed. Favored design options for proposed short wavelength FELs, such as the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC and the DUV Free-Electron Laser at BNL, are presented.
HEAO 1 observations of 4U1232+07

An analysis of the NRL HEAO 1 observations of the Virgo cluster and 3C 273 has revealed X-ray emission from a region between these two objects. The most satisfactory explanation is the presence of two weak X-ray sources, for which error boxes have been obtained. One source is likely to be the peculiar galaxy IC 3576, suggested by Margon et al. (1972) as the source 2U 1231+07=4U 1232+07. The error box resulting from combining the present observations with the 4U data strengthen the X-ray identification with this extremely interesting galaxy. There are numerous possibilities for the other X-ray source, including the interacting pair of galaxies NGC 4410a and NGC 4410b (NGC 4410a/b).
The unethical exploitation of shareholders in management buyout transactions

The accurate pricing of securities in the capital markets depends upon the markets being both efficient and fair. In management buyout transactions (MBOs), the price bid by inside managers enhances the efficient pricing of securities but raises a reasonable doubt about the fairness to existing shareholders. This study addresses this fairness question in MBOs and offers short-term and long-term legal alternatives which allow both the efficiency and fairness criteria to be met. In the short-term the case law established in the Basic v. Levinson decision for merger negotiation disclosures should be applied to MBO transactions. Over the longer horizon, legislative changes should be made to existing securities laws. Applying the investor protection principles of the 1933 and 1934 securities acts to MBO transactions will suppress the temptation of managers to extract shareholder wealth for their personal gain.
Profiling visa and MasterCard holders: An overview of changes - 1973 to 1984, and some thoughts for future research

Replication is critical in furthering both the science and art of marketing; too often academicians and practitioners alike operate on the basis of outdated information. The author reports on a partial replication, conducted in 1984, of a 1973 study of bankcard holders and explores the changes in holdership and use patterns of consumers possessing either a VISA card, a MasterCard or both. Some notable changes have occurred in the eleven years since the first study was conducted. While MasterCard was the leading card in 1973, VISA has now taken a commanding lead. It is also the card of choice among holders of both cards. Average annual use of the cards has also increased, with single card holders increasing their use of their card more than holders of both bankcards.
Show me the money: A proposal for distributing unclaimed settlement funds

How do judges distribute unclaimed settlement money? The surprising answer is “pretty much however they want.” Linda Stamato and Sanford M. Jaffe, of New Brunswick, N.J., propose setting up independent federal circuit court panels to assist with judges' charitable inclinations.
Host stage preference for depositon of male eggs byCoccophagus cowperi [Hym.: Aphelinaidae]

VirginCoccophagus cowperiGirault females were allowed to deposit male eggs on a complete series (egg to nearly fully-formed adults) of developing female individuals of their own species, these females developing as primary, internal parasites of their scale hosts. Dissections of a subsample of this material indicated that the virgin females expressed a host stage preference for the large larval and prepupal stages. A large proportion of the eggs were deposited on mature primary parasite larvae prior to their expulsion of the meconium. The male eggs were directly anchored to the primary parasite.
Poly(ester-sulfonic acid)-coated mercury film electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry

The antifouling properties of poly(ester-sulfonic acid) coatings are explored for stripping voltammetric measurements of trace metals in the presence of organic surfactants. Up to at least 100 mg/L of gelatin, Triton X-100, albumin, or humic acid does not affect the stripping response of heavy metals. A relative standard deviation of 4% is obtained for 20 successive measurements of 5 × 10−7 M lead in the presence of 50 mg/L Triton X-100. Experimental variables, including film thickness, rotation speed, analyte, and surfactant concentrations, are explored. Potential for speciation work and assays of clinical samples is also indicated. The resistance to surfactant interferences, coupled with the simple coating procedure, good mechanical stability, and low cost, make poly(ester-sulfonic acid) coatings very attractive for anodic stripping voltammetry.
The Functions of Faith in Primitive Pentecostalism

On a foggy evening in the spring of 1906, nine days before the San Francisco earthquake, several black saints gathered in a small house in Los Angeles to seek the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Before the night was over, a frightened child ran from the house to tell a neighbor that the people inside were singing and shouting in strange languages.Several days later the group moved to an abandoned warehouse on Azusa Street in a run-down section of the city. Soon they were discovered by a Los Angeles Times reporter. The “night is made hideous … by the howlings of the worshippers,” he wrote. “The devotees of the weird doctrine practice the most fanatical rites, preach the wildest theories and work themselves into a state of mad excitement.”
Simplicity in 3-phase system circuit conventions and concepts

IN THE ANALYSIS of electric circuits, certain conventions are necessary, or at least desirable, to facilitate understanding and checking. Actually, also, the formulation of basic laws depends upon the conventions used, so that in any review of the subject, both conventions and basic concepts can well be treated together. Obviously, understanding is increased and chances for error and misunderstanding are reduced if the conventions used in all areas of circuit analysis are the simplest, most logical, and most consistent. This analysis is particularly concerned with 3-phase systems.
The nucleotide content of rat liver Golgi vesicles.

Abstract The nucleotide profile of rat liver Golgi vesicles isolated using sucrose gradients has been determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The nucleotide composition of this Golgi preparation, probably modified by osmotic shock, differs from that of liver supernatant fraction and from isolated rough microsomes. The major nucleotides present in the Golgi have been tentatively identified as uridine diphosphate and a peak containing uridine monophosphate plus cytidine monophosphate at 1.6 and 0.5 nmol/mg protein, respectively. In order to minimize osmotic shock, we have modified the isolation of Golgi using D 2 O-sucrose gradients. Intact Golgi from these gradients were extracted directly and analyzed. Higher levels of nucleotides were found in the unshocked preparation, and the profile was also altered, although it was still distinct from that of liver supernatant. Four major peaks were found, tentatively identified as uridine monophosphate plus cytidine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate, UDP, and uridine diphosphogalactose plus uridine diphosphoglucose, at 6.4, 6.4, 6.1, and 3.3 nmol/mg protein. These results indicate that the membrane of the Golgi apparatus is not freely permeable to nucleotides but that selective mechanisms exist for the uptake or exclusion of specific nucleotides from this organelle. The fact that UDP is selectively retained in shocked Golgi vesicles may indicate the presence of a binding protein which would prevent interference of Golgi function by UDP, a highly inhibitory product of galactosyltransferase.
The Neutral Density Temporal Residual Mean overturning circulation

Diagnosis of the ocean’s overturning circulation is essential to closing global budgets of heat, salt and biogeochemical tracers. This diagnosis is sensitive to the choice of density variable used to distinguish water masses and identify transformations between them. The oceanographic community has adopted neutral density for this purpose because its isopycnal slopes are approximately aligned with neutral slopes, along which ocean flows tend to be confined. At high latitudes there are often no tenable alternatives because potential density varies non-monotonically with depth, regardless of the reference pressure. However, in many applications the use of isoneutral fluxes is impractical due to the high computational cost of calculating neutral density. Consequently neutral density-related diagnostics are typically not available as output from ocean models. In this article the authors derive a modified Temporal Residual Mean (TRM) approximation to the isoneutral mass fluxes, referred to as the Neutral Density Temporal Residual Mean (NDTRM). The NDTRM may be calculated using quantities that are routinely offered as diagnostic output from ocean models, making it several orders of magnitude faster than explicitly computing isoneutral mass fluxes. The NDTRM is assessed using a process model of the Antarctic continental shelf and slope. The onshore transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water in the model ocean interior approximately doubles when diagnosed using neutral density, rather than potential density. The NDTRM closely approximates these explicitly-computed isoneutral mass fluxes. The NDTRM also exhibits a much smaller error than the traditional TRM in regions of large isoneutral temperature and salinity gradients, where nonlinearities in the equation of state diabatically modify the neutral density.
Matrix–Guest Energy Transfer in Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption

Molecular dynamics was used to analzye energy transfer rates between matrix and guest molecules in matrix-assisted laser desorption allowing for a large number of internal degrees of freedom. The effect of initial matrix temperature jump on internal energy equilibration times and on guest limiting temperatures has been studied on a model system comprising a pyridine-3-carboxylic acid matrix and leucine enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) guest molecule. It appears that the energy transfer rates between matrix and guest molecules depend on the initial matrix temperature jump. The initial matrix temperature of 900 K leads to incomplete desorption, whereas at 1500 K complete desorption and the formation of an energy-transfer bottleneck was observed. Following the guest center-of-mass at different initial matrix temperatures indicates that in the case of 1500 K and 3000 K the desorption process is complete, whereas at 900 K the guest molecule stays near the matrix surface. In the case of complete desorption deeper embedding of the guest molecules leads to somewhat lower guest limiting temperatures. Uniformly higher limiting temperatures are observed for higher laser irradiance and the increase in burial depth leads to more complete equilibration between the two species. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Sufficient Condition for Instability in the Limit of Vanishing Dissipation

A general theorem is presented concerning an evolution PDE whose leading-order term is of viscous dissipative type. It is proved that, under certain conditions, instability in the underlying nondissipative equation is a sufficient condition for viscous instability in the limit of vanishing viscosity. This theorem is applied to give a sufficient condition for instability of a rotating body with a cavity filled by a viscous fluid.
Adaptive individual differences within single populations.

Phenotypic differences can exist between species, between local populations of the same species and between individuals within single local populations. At all scales, phenotypic differences can be either adaptive or non-adaptive. Using natural selection to explain differences between closely related species was controversial during the 1940s but had become common by the 1960s. Similarly, the adaptive nature of differences between local populations was initially controversial but had become widely accepted by the 1980s. The interpretation of differences at the finest scale, between individuals within single populations, is still unresolved. This paper reviews studies of adaptive individual differences in resource use and response to risk. A general conceptual framework for thinking about adaptive individual differences within populations can unite subjects as seemingly different as speciation and personality psychology.
Link between Structure and Cooperativity in the C2a Domains of Synaptotagmin

Synaptotagmin has recently been shown to be a major Ca+2 sensor in exocytosis; however, the role of Ca+2 binding in the process is poorly described beyond the location of the binding sites. To address this, we have studied the most highly conserved sequences in the C2 family by mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography and biophysical characterization. We have shown that a single, conservative point mutation in this highly region of the C2A domain of Synaptotagmin 1 is capable of altering the cooperativity between the C2 domain and Ca+2. We conclude that this locus is a unique characteristic of the C2 domain and is involved in discriminating between the activities of C2A vs. C2B in the synaptotagmin molecule. We show that static loop motion in the Ca+2 binding pocket can be an important regulatory feature of the synaptotagmin molecule.
Object-oriented design

The current software depression is characterized by software that is late, erroneous, and costly. Experience indicates that the application of appropriate design methodolgies, embodied in a high-order language, is appropriate in combatting this depression. In particular, this paper describes an object-oriented design methodology, using Ada as the implementation language.
Noise in large‐aperture self‐scanned diode arrays

An equation for the random noise of self‐scanned silicon photodiode arrays is developed which includes significant terms not previously considered. It is shown that, including these terms, the new 2.5‐mm‐high self‐scanned arrays are only slightly noisier than older arrays; but because of their much greater aperture, they can detect much smaller light fluxes than the older arrays even when used with simple, inexpensive amplifiers.
A subparafascicular projection to the medial vestibular nucleus of the rabbit

Recent neurophysiological experiments have implicated the vestibular complex of mammals as a relay site for non-vestibular sensory information. In particular, it has been demonstrated that both neck proprioceptive and visual stimulation can modify the activity of secondary vestibular neuronslS, 20. The vestibulocerebellum might be an indirect source of neck proprioceptive and visual information to the vestibular nuclei since the activity of floccular and nodular Purkinje cells is modified by these sensory modalities and since the vestibulocerebellum projects onto the vestibular nucleiZ,4,2L However, neck proprioceptive information also ascends to the vestibular nuclei via a more direct spinal pathway 11. We have investigated the contribution of the vestibulocerebellum to the visual modulation of the activity of neurons in the vestibular complex. Neither dorsal cap lesions nor total cerebellectomies abolish the visual modulation of secondary vestibular neuronal activity 12 (Barmack and Pettorossi, unpublished observations). These findings are in agreement with behavioral observations which stress that damage to the vestibular nuclei causes a greater impairment of optokinetic reflexes than does cerebellectomy3, s. Therefore, using the HRP tracer technique, we have undertaken an investigation of alternative pathways by which visual information could reach the vestibular nuclei. Eight albino and Dutch-belted rabbits were used for unilateral, and in two cases, bilateral injections of HRP into the vestibular complex. The results from the two species were equivalent. The injection sites were localized by physiological techniques. Extracellular microelectrode recordings from the vestibular nuclei were obtained with a tungsten microelectrode while the rabbit was rotated in the horizontal or vertical planes in a bi-axial rate table. Single medial vestibular neurons were identified by their increased rate of discharge in phase with ipsilateral velocity of the rate table, and by their increased rate of discharge evoked by posterior-anterior optokinetic stimulation of the ipsilateral eye. Following physiological identification of the medial vestibular nucleus, the tungsten microelectrode was withdrawn and replaced with a glass micropipette containing 25~ HRP (Sigma IX). Its position was confirmed by observing multiple-unit activity during horizontal oscillation of the rate table. Pressure
Enhancing the performance of crumb rubber-modified binders through varying the interaction conditions

Traditional crumb rubber-modified (CRM) binders produced with coarse particles according to the McDonald method, the wet process, raise engineering as well as environmental concerns for their suitability in Superpave applications. This paper investigates the possibility of producing high-performance terminal blending CRM binders suitable for Superpave applications through the wet process. This paper re-examines the asphalt–rubber interaction mechanism and focuses on controlling the swelling of crumb rubber particles through varying the interaction conditions. This study considers parameters such as time, temperature, shearing speed and the addition of polymer modifiers to enhance the binder performance properties to meet the requirements of Superpave mixes. Rubber-modified terminal blends are very different from the McDonald-type binders and so are the conditions required for each binder type. The binder properties of interest are those related to performance and compatibility.
Finite-size scaling tests for spectra in SU(3) lattice gauge theory coupled to 12 fundamental flavor fermions

I carry out a finite-size scaling study of the correlation length in SU(3) lattice gauge theory coupled to 12 fundamental flavor fermions, using recent data published by Fodor, Holland, Kuti, N\'ogradi and Schroeder [Z. Fodor, K. Holland, J. Kuti, D. Nogradi, and C. Schroeder, Phys. Lett. B 703, 348 (2011).]. I make the assumption that the system is conformal in the zero-mass, infinite volume limit, that scaling is violated by both nonzero fermion mass and by finite volume, and that the scaling function in each channel is determined self-consistently by the data. From several different observables I extract a common exponent for the scaling of the correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ with the fermion mass ${m}_{q}$, $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}{m}_{q}^{\ensuremath{-}1/{y}_{m}}$ with ${y}_{m}\ensuremath{\sim}1.35$. Shortcomings of the analysis are discussed.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in human infant forebrain: [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in homogenates and quantitative autoradiography in sections.

The ontogeny of muscarinic receptors in human brain was studied by comparing [3H]quinuclidinyl ([3H]QNB) binding in postmortem tissue from infants 1 week to 3 months of age with binding in adult specimens. Saturation analysis with [3H]QNB and displacement studies with muscarinic antagonists and agonists in tissue homogenates demonstrated that binding sites in the infants' forebrain regions were present in adult or higher than adult concentrations (Bmax). Binding affinity (Ka) and pharmacological characteristics were nearly identical at the two ages. Quantitative receptor autoradiography demonstrated more [3H]QNB binding in the gray matter of infants than adults and revealed a marked difference between the two ages in the laminar distribution of binding sites in neocortex. In contrast to the adult pattern with higher binding in superficial layers 1-3 than in layers 4-6, the distribution in the immature cortex was inverted. These results suggest that muscarinic receptors in infants resemble closely those in mature brain. However, the topography of receptors in the immature neocortex is distinct and they are redistributed in a gradient from inside outward during postnatal development.
Cell-Type-Specific Growth Restriction of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus polR Mutants Is Linked to Defective Viral Polymerase Function

Vesicular stomatitis virus polR mutants synthesize defective RNA replication products in vitro and display growth restriction in some cultured cells (J. L. Chuang, R. L. Jackson, and J. Perrault, Virology 229:57-67, 1997). We show here that a recombinant virus carrying the polR N protein mutation (R179H) yielded ∼100-fold- and ∼40-fold-lower amounts of infectious virus than the wild type in mouse L-929 and rat 3Y1 cells, respectively, but only ∼3-fold less in hamster BHK cells. Virus genome accumulation was inhibited 6- to 10-fold in restricting cells, but transcription was not affected. No defect in encapsidation of replication products was detected, but virus protein accumulation was reduced two- to threefold in both restricting and nonrestricting cells. polR virus particles released from the latter were 5- to 10-fold less infectious than the wild type but showed no difference in protein composition. Phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α) was enhanced ∼3-fold in polR versus wild-type virus-infected L-929 cells, but neither inhibition of host gene transcription nor inhibition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase showed significant effects on restriction. Conditioned medium studies revealed no evidence for secretion of antiviral factors from restricting cells. We conclude that the block in polR growth is due to the combined effect of reduced genome replication and lower infectivity of released virus particles and may be due to overproduction of dsRNA. An accompanying paper (D. Ostertag, T. M. Hoblitzell-Ostertag, and J. Perrault, J. Virol. 81:503-513, 2007) provides compelling evidence for the role of dsRNA in this unique restriction phenomenon.
Bicuculline and picrotoxin as antagonists of γ-aminobutyrate and neuromuscular inhibition in the lobster

Bicuculline at 2 × 10−4M has a small but consisten antagonisctic effect on neurally-evoked neuromuscular inhibition in the lobster. This drug similarly antagonized the action of exogenously applied GABA. Picrotoxin at 2 × 10−6M had a greater antagonistic effect on both neurally evoked inhibition and the activity of applied GABA. Judging from the effects of bicuculline and picrotoxin on dose-response curves for GABA, the antagonistic properties of the two alkaloids appeared to be different in nature. The action of bicuculline appeared to be non-competitive whereas that of picrotoxin seemed to be more consistent with competitive antagonism. Bicuculline increased the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials recorded from the muscle fibers. This latter effect may be a consequence of a drug-induced increase in the resistance of the non-synaptic membrane. Hence, in addition to its action on GABA receptors, bicuculline appears to have non-synaptic effects which broaden the interpretation of its pharmacological activity.
Buckling of pressure-loaded, long, shear deformable, cylindrical laminated shells

Abstract A higher-order shell theory was developed (kinematic relations, constitutive relations, equilibrium equations and boundary conditions), which includes initial geometric imperfections and transverse shear effects for a laminated cylindrical shell under the action of pressure, axial compression and in-plane shear. Through the perturbation technique, buckling equations are derived for the corresponding ‘perfect geometry’ symmetric laminated configuration. Critical pressures are computed for very long cylinders for several stacking sequences, several radius-to-total-thickness ratios, three lamina materials (boron/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, and Kevlar/epoxy), and three shell theories: classical, first-order shear deformable and higher- (third-) order shear deformable. The results provide valuable information concerning the applicability (accurate prediction of buckling pressures) of the various shell theories.
Expansion of a two-dimensional foam

Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the transient and asymptotic structure of a foam generated by the expansion of an ordered doubly periodic array of inviscid gas bubbles with uniform interfacial tension arranged on a square or hexagonal lattice, subject to a constant rate of expansion. The flow of the liquid between the bubbles is computed by solving the equations of Stokes flow using a boundary-integral method that employs the doubly periodic Green's function. It is found that the radius of curvature of the developing Plateau borders and the amount of liquid distributed inside them strongly depend on the nominal capillary, defined as the instantaneous capillary number evaluated at the time when non-deforming circular bubbles arranged on a square or hexagonal lattice touch during the expansion. The thickness of the thin films developing between adjacent bubbles is found to decrease at an algebraic rate in time, and film rupture in the absence of destabilizing intermolecular forces occurs after an infinite evolution time.
Application of active structural health monitoring technique to aircraft fuselage structures

Damage identification of complex structures can be performed using an Active Structural Health Monitoring System (ASHMS) utilizing an array of piezoceramic (PZT) sensor- actuators and an electromechanical impedance analyzer. Based on the theory of electromechanical impedance for surface-bonded collocated sensor-actuators, the system provides the means of implementing effective Non-Destructive-Evaluation health monitoring to a structure at any point in its life cycle. When integrated into a structure, the ASHMS can identify the location and extent of damage through a statistical analysis algorithm which compares the electromechanical admittance of the structure's current condition with the structure's `baseline' condition over a defined frequency range. This paper presents a model independent method of structure damage identification based on statistical analysis of the changes in the electromechanical impedance of the structural response. Using a small section of an airplane fuselage with free-free boundary conditions as the test structure, a prototype system has been successfully developed which automatically measures and collects the electromechanical admittance data from an array of transducers. The measurement system developed can apply large voltages to the PZT transducers, while accurately determining the spectral and harmonic information of the frequency range of interest resulting in an increase in the measurement sensitivity and the area monitored by a single transducer. The system can accurately measure and collect large amounts of structural information with a limited number of transducers in a very short period of time. The post-analysis of the measured structural variation can be performed with the advanced signal processing algorithm presented herein within seconds of data collection. The results show a remarkable accuracy of damage location identification for a complex structure. The basic research conducted so far indicates that the ASHMS and associated processing techniques have a promising potential for health monitoring of real complex structures.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Depth distribution of photosynthetic activity in a Myriophyllum, spicatum community in Lake Wingra1

Photosynthetic rates and productivity of Myriophyllum spicatum L. were examined in the littoral by incubating shoot sections at three rooting depths using a 14C technique. At a rooting depth of 240 cm, the interrelation of biomass and photosynthetic rates resulted in the production of 56% of the total photosynthetic productivity within 100 cm of the water surface in May. In August, 57% of the total productivity occurred within only 20 cm of the surface. Variations in the depth distribution of biomass, due to differing growth and sloughing patterns, resulted in different depth relations of photosynthesis at the other rooting depths. Light extinction and light adaptation of photosynthetic tissues were other factors determining the depth relations of photosynthesis.
Optical Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films Grown From Methane Plasma

A 30 kHz ac glow discharge formed from methane gas was used to grow carbon films on InP substrates. Both the growth rate, and the realitive Ar ion sputtering rate at 3 keV varied monotonically with deposition power. Results from the N-15 nuclear reaction profile experiments indicated a slight drop in the hydrogen concentration as more energy was dissipated in the ac discharge. Values for the index of refraction and extinction coefficient ranged from 1.721 to 1.910 and 0 to -0.188, respectively. Optical bandgaps as high as 2.34 eV were determined.
Simultaneous global coupling and vertical dispersion correction in RHIC

Residual vertical dispersion on the order of +/-0.2 m (peak to peak) has been measured at store energies for both polarized protons and heavy ion beams in RHIC. The hypothesis is that this may have impact on the polarization transmission efficiency during the energy ramp, the polarization lifetime at store and, for heavy ions, the dynamic aperture. An algorithm to correct global coupling and dispersion simultaneously using existing skew quadrupoles was developed. Measured coupling and dispersion functions acquired before and after correction are presented.
Hepatitis C and the Renal Transplant Patient

Summary Our understanding of HCV is evolving rapidly. The question of the risk of transmission within HD units is still unsettled, and definitive recommendations about isolating HCV-infected patients are not possible. Although RT does not appear to be deleterious in many HCV-infected patients, histologic and clinical evidence of severe liver disease should be a contraindication to RT (Fig. 2). To assess the ultimate effect of RT in patients with HCV, longer-term studies are required. The role of different viral genotypes in the outcome of HCV infection in RT recipients requires further investigation. Pending more conclusive results, use of organs from anti-HCV-positive donors, even when transplanted into anti-HCV-positive recipients, is best avoided. The role of antiviral agents in RT recipients also remains to be defined, but preliminary results with alpha-interferon have been disappointing, showing limited efficacy and possibly inducing allograft dysfunction. Clearly, the distinction between viral and host factors in the evolution and severity of HCV infection remains the most fundamental issue in understanding the pathobiology of this disease and developing appropriate guidelines for management in the renal transplant patient.
Higher Adherence to a Diet Score Based on American Heart Association Recommendations Is Associated with Lower Odds of Allostatic Load and Metabolic Syndrome in Puerto Rican Adults

A score based on diet and lifestyle recommendations from the AHA has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to assess whether the diet components alone were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and allostatic load (AL; a composite measure of 10 physiologically dysregulated variables). The diet score ranged from 0 to 90 and included intake components for dietary fats, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, salt, added sugars, and alcohol and was tested in a cross-sectional analysis of 1318 Puerto Rican adults (aged 45-75 y; 72% women) living in Boston, MA. The mean ± SD diet score was 28.0 ± 9.9 for men and 30.0 ± 10.1 for women. Replicating findings from a previous study in this cohort that used both the diet and lifestyle components, we observed associations between the diet-only score and insulin, waist circumference, and HDL cholesterol. We found novel significant associations between the continuous diet score and AL components, namely an inverse association with urinary cortisol and a positive association with serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in women as well as an inverse association with urinary norepinephrine in men (all P < 0.05). In multinomial logistic regression, every 10 AHA diet score units were associated with 22% (95% CI: 1, 38; P = 0.043) lower odds of having ≥6 (vs. ≤2) dysregulated AL components in women. In men, every 10 diet score units were associated with lower odds of MetS (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.93; P = 0.016). Following AHA recommendations for a healthy diet may protect against the development of components of MetS and AL in Puerto Rican adults.
Avionics systems for advanced launch vehicles

A brief description of the successful pre-planned product improvement program used for the integration of modern avionics into the Centaur upper stage system is used to illustrate the implementation of evolutionary changes to an existing launch system. This concept can be used to leverage industry technology to existing vehicles as well as new programs. A common module approach to standard avionics processing capabilities is developed to provide a technology evolution plan to benefit existing and future systems and reduce the total development risk. Topics discussed include multipath redundant avionics, adaptive guidance, navigation & control, electromechanical actuators, integrated GPS (Global Positioning System) with the inertial navigation system, and laser ordnance initiation systems. >
Assessment of Costs in Congenital Heart Surgery.

With the increasing emphasis on reducing health care costs, the number of studies in the medical literature reporting data on cost continues to rise. In the field of congenital heart surgery, previous reports have demonstrated that children with congenital heart defects account for the highest resource utilization among all patients with birth defects and are in the top tier of resource use across all pediatric diseases. 1,2 Cost benchmarks in the United States for a variety of common operations have been reported, and significant cost variation across hospitals has been documented, related in part to differences in complication rates and postoperative length of stay. 3 In this issue of the World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Jantzen and colleagues report on how differences in coding and classification of operations in administrative versus clinical registry data sets can impact assessment of hospital costs in the
Validity and Reliability of the Movement Ability Measure: A Self-Report Instrument Proposed for Assessing Movement Across Diagnoses and Ability Levels

Background and Purpose Physical therapists lack instruments that assess movement across diagnoses and ability levels while focusing on physical therapy–specific outcomes. This article describes the creation of a Movement Ability Measure (MAM) and initial evidence of validity and reliability. Subjects More than 300 adult volunteers with various movement levels completed the 24-item questionnaire. Methods Item response theory methods were used to create the MAM and gather evidence of content and construct validity, test-retest and other types of reliability, and concurrent validity with the California Functional Evaluation instrument and self-acknowledgement of movement problems. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was .92. Person separation reliability was .98. Correlation ( r ) with the California Functional Evaluation instrument was .76. Respondents who denied having movement problems perceived a significantly higher level of movement ability than those who claimed to have a little, some, or a lot of movement problems in the preceding week. Discussion and Conclusion The MAM shows promise for documenting perceived movement ability across ability levels and diagnoses.
Phase I study of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid in patients with advanced cancers

Purpose Anti-angiogenic agents combined with histone deacetylase inhibitors act synergistically in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a phase I study of the combination of the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid in patients with advanced cancers.
Toward a Theory of Health‐Related Family Quality of Life

This article presents a theory of health-related family quality of life (HR-FQoL) for families coping with illnesses that may result in long-term survivorship (e.g., breast cancer). This theory draws on existing theoretical and empirical work to synthesize diverse literatures. Specifically, the theory of HR-FQoL is intended to elucidate the overlap between 2 approaches to understanding quality of life as it relates to illness: family quality of life and health-related quality of life The results is a synthesized conceptualization of health-related family quality of life. The conclusion offers possible applications of the HR-FQoL theory to families experiencing breast cancer and other illness and chronic conditions.
Perovskite‐Type Rare‐Earth Niobates and Tantalates

A family of perovskite-type compounds of composition AO.33BO3 was prepared by high-temperature heat treatment of appropriate mixtures of trivalent rare-earth oxide (A23+O3) and niobia or tantala (B25+O5). The A-type cations investigated included La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Y, and Yb. The compounds which can be formed with niobia appear to be limited to those containing A-type cations of radius greater than that of samarium, but with tantala the range extends down to ytterbium. The perovskitelike crystal structures are tetragonal or pseudotetragonal with an axial ratio ∼2. For the majority, the two-cell pseudotetragonal unit shows either orthorhombic or monoclinic distortions, the lower monoclinic symmetry characterizing those containing the smallest rare-earth cations, dysprosium, yttrium, and ytterbium. Niobia and tantala compounds of similar structure and composition were formed from ceria and praseodymia and the rare-earth cations appeared to be substantially reduced to the trivalent state during the high-temperature reactions.
Non-cognitive characteristics of medical students: entry to problem-based and lecture-based curricula.

SUMMARY The effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) versus lecture-based learning (LBL) continues to be debated all over the world. These arguments have often been based on students' cognitive measures of performance. Little emphasis has been placed on non-cognitive factors that may directly or indirectly affect the medical school performance of students in either curriculum. The purpose of this study was to (1) document possible differences in student cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics at entry between the two curricula and (2) to explore the relationships that exist between cognitive and noncognitive factors. Data were obtained from three medical school classes (n = 281). The results indicate that students who entered the PBL curriculum at this medical school had higher total Medical College Admission Test and undergraduate grade point average than students who entered the LBL curriculum. Students who entered the PBL curriculum were also more self-sufficient and were more likely to do well in individualistic and less structured settings. There were no strong correlations between cognitive and non-cognitive variables. Before conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of either PBL or LBL curricula, we need to document patterns in entry characteristics to control for a priori differences that affect student performance.
PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES: A FIELD TEST OF ODOR‐MEDIATED FORAGING

The physicochemical environment can strongly constrain the outcome of ecological interactions such as predation, mating, and competition. This is especially true of processes mediated by the sense of olfaction, because wind and water currents control the dispersal of odor signals and act as ancillary cues during odor plume following. In the field, we examined how variations in the physical and chemical properties of odor plumes would alter the foraging behavior of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, a common predator/ scavenger in tidal marsh creeks in the southeastern United States. We video-recorded re- sponses of naturally foraging crabs to odor plumes of varying composition and odor release rate (characteristic of clams of differing size). During each trial we presented crabs with an experimental plume that was a mixture of fluorescein-dyed seawater and clam mantle fluid, oyster mantle fluid, or a suite of amino acids, and a control plume which consisted of dyed seawater only. In addition to manipulating the chemical composition and odor release rate of the plume, we allowed flow speed to vary naturally with the tide. We tested for effects of odor composition, odor release rate, and flow speed on the success (i.e., finding the target) and efficiency (i.e., search path direction) of blue crab foraging. Mantle fluid solutions and wounded prey items elicited active search and upstream walking, while control and amino acid solutions had no effect on crab behavior. Odors released at a low rate (either low volume flow or low concentration) elicited fewer responses from crabs, and the resulting search was less efficient and less successful than responses to odors released at higher rates. Ambient current speed also affected both search success and efficiency. There was a decline in search success when current speed in the tidal channel was below 1 cm/s; search success remained constantly high, however, when current speed was above this threshold. Search efficiency was directly proportional to ambient current speeds. Such relationships between hydrodynamic and chemical properties of the environ- ment and foraging success and efficiency suggest that variation in the physicochemical environment can influence the detectability of prey and strategies employed by foragers. These results extend beyond the foraging of marine crustaceans into other olfactory- mediated interactions and habitats.
Particle size distributions in mesh cuts and microscopically estimated volumetric shape factors.

When particle size distribution parameters are calculated from sieve analysis, it is generally assumed that the distribution within the particle cut is either linear, producing a mean particle size equal to the average of the mesh openings , or that a more proper number is the geometric mean of these two apertures. It is shown here that particles within a mesh cut are not linearly distributed, but rather may be normally, log-normally, or biphasic combinations of the two. Three compounds were examined in this fashion, and results are reported here.
Measurement and correction of third resonance driving term in the RHIC

To further improve the luminosity in polarized proton operation of the relativistic heavy ion collider, correction of the horizontal two-third resonance at store is desirable. The long-lasting coherent beam oscillations, produced by the AC dipole, are used to measure 3Qx's resonance driving term h30000 through the analysis of turn-by-turn beam position data with the algorithm outlined by J. Bengtsson. The resonance driving term h30000 can be compensated with the 12 arc chromatic sextupole families. In this article, we will review the technique of h30000 resonance driving term's measurement and correction with AC dipole excitation in the RHIC, followed by the preliminary beam experiment results from the RHIC 2006 polarized proton run.
Picture-naming agreement in monolingulas and biliguals

Name agreement in Spanish and English in response to 264 pictures was assessed in monolinguals and in bilinguals, who varied in rated skill in the two languages. Most of the pictures were adapted from a standardized set of line drawings of common objects (Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980). Name agreement decreased as language skill decreased, and agreement was lower when labels were given in Spanish rather than in English. The relationship between name agreement and word frequency, word length, and (in the case of English) age of acquisition was assessed; both word frequency and word length were found to be related to agreement. Modal responses given by monolingual subjects were nearly identical in the two languages, and the types of non-modal responses were affected by both naming language and language skill.