cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Properties of the Electromagnetic Corrections to the Beta Decay of a Physical Nucleon

Some general properties of the electromagnetic corrections to the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of a physical nucleon, that is, a nucleon in the presence of strong interactions, are discussed. The aim of the paper is to isolate and determine general properties which are independent of the details of the strong interactions and the assumptions about the existence of the intermediate boson. The method used consists essentially in separating out in a finite and gauge-invariant manner all the terms of order $\frac{1}{k}$ in the hadronic covariants, and then examining properties of the other contributions. Under some general and plausible mathematical assumptions, it is shown that all the terms of order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ in the correction factor to the electron spectrum which explicitly depend on the electron energy $E$ and the electron mass $m$ can be rigorously computed, in spite of the complications of the strong interactions, provided that contributions of relative order $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}q}{M}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\frac{E}{M})\mathrm{ln}(\frac{M}{E})$, and $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}{v}_{N}}{c}$ are neglected. In particular, the electromagnetic correction of order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to the shape of the allowed electron spectrum is given by a single universal function $g(E, {E}_{m}, m)$ of $E$, $m$, and the end-point energy ${E}_{m}$; this function is independent of the details of the strong interactions and the assumption that the weak interactions are mediated by an intermediate boson. It is furthermore independent of the ratio $\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{GT}}}{{M}_{F}}$, and is physically significant, particularly if applied to nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays with $\frac{{E}_{m}}{m}\ensuremath{\gg}1$. These propositions do not preclude the existence of model-dependent terms which give contributions to the lifetime. No attempt is made here to evaluate these quantities, but their role on the physical observables is discussed. It is pointed out that, aside from the electron spectrum, there are other observables for which the corrections can be evaluated in a model-independent manner. This assertion is illustrated by giving the expression for the virtual radiative corrections of order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to the longitudinal polarization of the electron in allowed transitions. The contribution of the universal function $g(E, {E}_{m}, m)$ to the lifetime is briefly discussed. This paper implicitly assumes the validity of the vector and axial-vector theory of weak interactions.
Addition of sodium bicarbonate to rations of pre- and postpartum dairy cows.

Sodium bicarbonate was added to complete mixed rations to evaluate the effect of buffer addition on adaptation to high-energy rations by dairy cows in elderly lactation. Forty-five Holstein cows were assigned to one of three treatment groups: control pre- and postpartum; control prepartum, buffer postpartum; and buffer pre- and postpartum. Rations consisted of 85% chopped grass hay: 15% concentrate prepartum and 60% corn silage:40% concentrate postpartum. On day 4 postpartum, cows were switched abruptly to the postpartum ration for 9 wk. Buffered rations contained .6% sodium bicarbonate prepartum and .7% postpartum. Daily dry matter intake as a percent of body weight for cows fed buffer postpartum (3.51%) was greater than for cows fed no buffer (3.04%) of buffer pre- and postpartum (3.14%). Average production of 4% fat-corrected milk was greater for cows fed buffer postpartum and buffer pre- and postpartum (31.9 kg/day and 31.7 kg/day) than for cows fed no buffer (28.9 kg/day). Milk fat tests were not different. Cows fed the buffered rations lost body weight between wk 1 and 9 as compared to a net gain for cows fed no buffer. Cows fed buffers consumed more dry matter during wk 1 than did cows fed no buffer. Samples of rumen fluid, feces, and serum showed few differences that could be attributed to treatments. Compared to controls, cows fed sodium bicarbonate adapted to rations more rapidly postpartum as indicated by increased feed intake during the first 2 wk and by increased milk production during the first 4 wk of the trial.
Molecular dynamics study of fission gas bubble nucleation in UO2

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study helium and xenon gas bubble nucleation in UO2. For helium bubbles, the pressure release mechanism is by creating defects on the oxygen sublattice. Helium atoms diffuse away from the bubbles into nearby bulk UO2, thus forming a diffuse interface. For xenon bubbles, over-pressurized bubbles containing xenon can displace uranium atoms, which tend to aggregate around the xenon bubble as a pressure release mechanism. MD simulations of xenon atoms in pre-existing voids suggest that xenon atoms and the replaced uranium atoms occur in a 1:1 ratio, although kinetic factors may reduce that ratio depending on availability of xenon atoms and vacancies around the bubble. Finally, MD simulations suggest that for small bubbles (1–5 xenon atoms), the xenon bubble nucleus at UO2 grain-boundaries has much lower formation energy compared to that of bubbles of similar sizes in the bulk. However, when the xenon bubble grows into larger sizes, this energy difference is reduced.
Toward enhanced P300 speller performance

This study examines the effects of expanding the classical P300 feature space on the classification performance of data collected from a P300 speller paradigm [Farwell LA, Donchin E. Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1988;70:510-23]. Using stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA) to construct a classifier, the effects of spatial channel selection, channel referencing, data decimation, and maximum number of model features are compared with the intent of establishing a baseline not only for the SWLDA classifier, but for related P300 speller classification methods in general. By supplementing the classical P300 recording locations with posterior locations, online classification performance of P300 speller responses can be significantly improved using SWLDA and the favorable parameters derived from the offline comparative analysis.
Transient mass transfer at the surface of an evaporating stationary droplet

Abstract The combined transient heat and mass transfer during the evaporation of a superheated stationary droplet, surrounded by its own saturated vapor, is numerically investigated. The droplet and its surrounding vapor are assumed to contain a tracer amount of the transferred species. The effects of important physical parameters, when the partition coefficient of the transferred species is much larger than one, are examined. It is shown that, over a wide range of parameters, mass transfer is gas-side controlled. The mass transfer resistance associated with the vapor layer resulting from the droplet evaporation controls the droplet-vapor mass transfer, and can reduce the rate, or even reverse the direction, of mass transfer in the droplet.
INDUCED POLARIZATION IN ELECTROLYTE SATURATED EARTH PLUGS

This paper describes the results of some studies of the dependence of induced polarization and of the formation resistivity factor upon solution concentration in saturated porous plugs. Two theories based upon two different simple models are developed. The first treats induced polarization as an electric dipole polarization occurring at the surface of clay particles. It is a relaxation theory that does not lead to results agreeable with experiments. The second theory treats induced polarization as a concentration polarization which is induced at solution‐clay surfaces when current flows across the surfaces. The second theory is more successful than the first in two ways: (1) it leads to a time dependence more consistent with the experimental decays; (2) it leads to equations involving the resistivity of the saturating solution ρs which are also more consistent with experiments.
Behavioral Science---“Look Ma, I'm Simulating”

As organizational and individual behavior theories attempt to account for more variation in their data, it becomes necessary to use more complex models to describe the new theories. It may be especially pertinent to include dynamic, that is, time-based, variables. Hence, the question is often raised by the computer sophisticates: “Why don't the behavioral researchers use the computer more for simulation of an essentially changing probabalistic environment so that they may test complicated models, rather than batch-processing endless amounts of primitive data? In reviewing some of my possible answers to this question, I wonder if there aren't some generalizations one could make regarding relationships between management science and the rest of the research world?
Homopolymerization of norbornene by rhenium olefin metathesis catalysts

Norbornene was homopolymerized by Re(CO)5Cl/C2H5AlCl2 and Re(CO)5Cl/C2H5AlCl2/1,7-octadiene. In both cases, the homopolymers were essentially of the ring-retention, rather than ring-opened type, even though Re(CO)5Cl/C2H5AlCl2 is known to promote olefin metathesis of acyclic olefins. Although the homopolymers are nearly completely saturated, they show minor unsaturation. Nmr spectral studies of the nature of the double bonds in the polymer supports a simultaneous insertion-olefin methathesis mechanism.
Laparoscopic ileal conduit: five-year follow-up

Abstract Objectives. To report the techniques used for intracorporeal laparoscopic construction of an ileal conduit urinary diversion and long-term patient follow-up after this procedure. Methods. A 28-year-old man with cerebral palsy, a neurogenic bladder, and voiding dysfunction was referred for definitive management of his urinary tract after several episodes of pyelonephritis. A conduit urinary diversion was performed using a 5-port, transabdominal approach. An appropriate length of ileum was used for diversion, and ureterointestinal anastomoses were performed using a modified Bricker technique. All aspects of the procedure were performed intracorporeally, including isolation of conduit, bowel reanastomosis, ureteral mobilization, and ureterointestinal anastomosis. A 12-mm port site was enlarged and used as the stoma, which was constructed in routine fashion. Results. Five years after surgery, this patient had normal and stable renal function, with a serum creatinine of 0.8 mg/dL. Serial imaging studies continued to reveal prompt and symmetric renal function and no evidence of obstruction or reflux. Conclusions. Laparoscopic ileal conduit construction is feasible and can provide durable results. Although technically challenging, ongoing technical refinements will make performance of reconstructive laparoscopy more widely applicable. Larger series with substantial follow-up will help illuminate the place of laparoscopic noncontinent urinary diversion in the surgical armamentarium.
Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Electrical Resistance of Eleven Rare-Earth Metals

The electrical resistance of eleven rare-earth metals has been measured as a function of pressure to over 500 kbars at 77 and 296\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Appropriate isobars between 77 and 296\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K have also been obtained. The electronic structure of rare-earth metals is complex with the $4f$ and $5d$ atomic levels relatively close, and both atomic levels split by the crystal field. A wide variety of transitions are observed, many of which must be electronic in character, i.e., they must involve the lowering in energy of one electronic energy band vis-\`a-vis another with increasing pressure and decreasing interatomic distance. These data should provide a partial basis for a theoretical treatment of energy bands in the rare-earth metals.
IMP dehydrogenase, an enzyme linked with proliferation and malignancy

PREVIOUS studies conducted in this laboratory demonstrated that in a spectrum of liver tumours with different growth rates there is an imbalance in the activities of key enzymes and competing pathways of carbohydrate, pyrimidine, DNA and ornithine metabolism1–4. Recent investigations on purine metabolism showed that in the hepatomas there was an increased capacity in the de novo pathway of biosynthesis of inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP), as reflected in the increased activity of glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14) and a decrease in IMP catabolism5,6. These observations directed our attention to the metabolic fate of IMP because this purine nucleotide is at a strategic position in purine metabolism (Fig. 1). Control at such branching points is exerted primarily by modification of the activity or of the rate of synthesis of the first enzymes of the divergent pathways. In this instance, in normal conditions, a balance is maintained by both positive and negative feedback effects. Thus ATP is required for GMP biosynthesis and GTP for AMP biosynthesis; conversely, GMP and AMP each inhibit their own production7. In normal or malignant proliferation, or in response to a hormone stimulus, changes in control frequently involve reprogramming of gene expression. The theoretical framework and predictive value of generalisations about such biochemical changes (termed the molecular correlation concept) have been elaborated1–3.
Quantitative measurement of hypermodified adenosine ribonucleosides in plant tissues

Abstract A procedure for analyzing subnanomole levels of hypermodified ribonucleosides in small amounts of plant tissue is described. It involves sodium metaperiodate oxidation, tritiated borohydride reduction, and separation of hypermodified nucleosides by Sephadex LH-20 column in 35% ethanol followed by paper chromatography. Data for the identification of modified nucleosides by glc and paper chromatography are included.
Dielectric response of Na β-alumina: Evidence for a "glass transition"

Electrical modulus (${M}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$) data for melt-grown $\mathrm{Na}\ensuremath{\beta}$-alumina between 92 and 151 K is fitted in terms of the fractional-exponential-decay formalism with a fractional exponent $n$. Above 120 K the exponent $n$ decreases rapidly with increasing temperature, whereas the ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ peak frequency shifts with temperature as predicted by the Williams-Landel-Ferry relation. The behavior of $n$ and ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ is similar to that observed for glasses near their glass transition, which suggests that $\mathrm{Na}\ensuremath{\beta}$-alumina undergoes a "glass transition" near 120 K. It is also shown that the recent low-frequency-response model of Ngai yields the observed $n(T)$, ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(\ensuremath{\omega},T)$ behavior and leads to the determination of the microscopic activation energy for ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ -ion motion of 0.059 eV.
The Acid Strength of the Amino Group as a Factor in the Transport of Amino Acids

1. 1. Halogen atoms have been introduced on the β-carbons of amino acids in order to dissociate effects on pKa of the amino group on transport, from effects of the hydrophilic or hydrophobic character of the side chain. 2. 2. α-Monofluoromethyl- and α-trifluoromethylalanine have been synthesized by adaptations of the Strecker synthesis. The pKa of the amino group in these 2 cases was lowered by 1.6 and 4.3 units, respectively, by the introduction of fluorine. 3. 3. These fluorine-containing amino acids are resistant to metabolism, and apparently non-toxic. The first shows characteristic biological transport, but in all situations studied, whether in vivo or in vitro, its transport is weaker than for the unfluorinated methylalanine. 4. 4. The anionic trifluoromethylalanine gives no evidence of specific mediation in its transport, either by reference to neutral amino acids or to glutamic acid. 5. 5. α-Chloroalanine also has somewhat lower affinity for transport than alanine. 6. 6. These results indicate that the charged rather than the uncharged form of the amino group probably participates in amino acid transport.
Using a Bioinspired Robotic-Fish for Closed-Loop Control of Zebrafish Response in a Preference Test

This paper studies the response of zebrafish to a bioinspired robotic-fish. The robot’s color pattern and morphophysiology are modulated to emphasize features normally admired by zebrafish in conspecifics. A three-chambered instrumented tank is utilized to conduct a series of preference tests, offering the robotic-fish as a stimulus, juxtaposed with an empty compartment, to live zebrafish. The time spent by fish in the proximity of either stimulus compartment is used to score the preference of an individual to a stimulus. The tail-beating motion of the robotic fish is manipulated based on closed- and open-loop control strategies. The closed-loop controller uses the distance of the live-fish from the robotic-stimulus as its control input, while the open-loop controller provides a tail-beating motion, irrespective of fish behavior. Live-fish locomotion patterns and their preference space are compared and analyzed to ascertain the effects of closed-loop control on zebrafish response. This study’s results suggest that closed-loop control reinforces attraction to the robotic-stimulus, as compared to the open-loop approach, over extended exposure to the robot, therefore aiding against habituation to a stimulus.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
EQUILIBRIUM MODELING OF PSEUDOMONAD AGGREGATION AND PARTITIONING TO DOLOMITE

Bioremediation is a common treatment technology considered for the remediation of many toxic and hazardous waste sites. In order for this technology to be successfully implemented, the mobility and adhesion characteristics of the microorganisms must be understood. This study explored the surface and adhesion characteristics of two pseudomonads: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Olin and P. fluorescens rib:lux. In general, the Lewis acid/base character of these microorganisms dominated surface thermodynamics. In both cases partitioning to dolomite, a common mineral, was predicted to be greatest in the stationary phase. In the log growth and decay phases, the Lewis acid/base interaction energy was repulsive for both organisms. The stationary phase for both microbes exhibited a reversal of the Lewis acid/base energy to attractive. Although the magnitude of the various surface energy components differed between the microorganism, it is remarkable that the Lewis acid/base energy exhibited similar behavior.
The value of alphabetically-sorted browse displays in information discovery

Browse displays are information retrieval displays that alphabetically sort individual metadata elements such as author, title, and subject and lead searchers to desired information in a database or in a library. Browse displays are becoming a less common means of displaying search results in favor of relevancy-ranked displays. But browse displays have many benefits and add great value to information retrieval. Before libraries and repositories abandon browse displays, they should consider the value and benefits these displays offer, including structured search results, cross references, and simplicity.
"Antidotal thirst": a response to intoxication.

Albino rats increased their intake of water soon after they were given a load of 0.12 molar lithium chloride in the stomach. Alterations in blood volume and tonicity could not account for the magnitude of the thirst observed, which served to facilitate the renal excretion of the toxic lithium ions.
Education for Management and Technology in the 1970's The universities and business must foster entrepreneurship and its interaction with technology

In summary, then, let me restate my conviction that the most critical needs of management in the next decade will be met by the identification and cultivation of the innovative, creative, adaptable individual who sets as his goal the translation of technology for society9s needs. He will require a command of the growing body of managerial knowledge. He will need a continual refreshment of that knowledge through contact with the university as he seeks to deal with a world in change. If his firm is to encourage and use his creative capacity, it will be careful about his entry into the organization and his movement up the ladder, stressing only the values that count, that are pivotal, and taking care not to drive him into rebellion or conformity. The firm will be inventive about ways to give him opportunities to test his ideas. It will experiment with organizational forms which promote creativity. It will encourage adventure and accept risk. And in its success, it will be serving the needs of our societies in ways that will make our greatest hopes for technology a full and human reality.
THE CORRELATES OF URBAN MIGRATION PATTERNS IN THE UNITED STATES 1960–1975

Our basic objective is to empirically delineate the various causes and consequences of migration to urban areas. We examine the social, economic, and political characteristics of 263 SMSA’s for two...
Tech trek: the designer in cyberspace

Following the growth of the Internet the use of campus‐wide information systems (CWIS) has declined. Suggests that many organizations are starting to use them again as they realize the benefits which they provide: all the information they contain is useful to them and secure from others.
Developing A Medicare Prospective Payment System For Inpatient Psychiatric Care

Under the Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA) of 1999, the secretary of health and human services was mandated to implement a prospective payment system (PPS) for psychiatric inpatient facilities that were exempt from the Medicare inpatient PPS. This paper reviews the reason for the initial “distinct-part” exemption, describes research that has been conducted to inform the development of a psychiatric inpatient PPS, and examines some of the issues that must be addressed as a PPS is designed. In addition, some changes in the overall inpatient psychiatric hospital sector are discussed.
Image contrast measurements in the 125-200-Ã region

To date, image contrast in the soft-x-ray spectral region has been determined from the optical constant data for n and k. Uncertainties in these constants obtained from different sources suggest that direct measurement of image contrast would be useful. An experimental arrangement using a laser produced plasma is described for such a direct measurement of image contrast.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Amphibole Asbestos in Tree Bark—A Review of Findings for This Inhalational Exposure Source in Libby, Montana

In June 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated the town of Libby, Montana, a public health emergency—the first and only time the EPA has made such a determination under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). From about 1920 until 1990, the leading source of vermiculite ore for the United States and the world was from a mine near Libby. This vermiculite ore was contaminated with fibrous and asbestiform amphibole in veins throughout the deposit. Today, areas surrounding the abandoned vermiculite processing/mining facilities and much of the town of Libby are contaminated with these asbestos fibers, contributing to an outbreak of asbestos-related diseases in the Libby population. Trees in Libby and in forested areas surrounding the abandoned mine have accumulated amphibole asbestos fibers on their bark surface, providing for inhalational exposures. Several studies have been conducted to further understand this exposure pathway. To address e...
Effects of Divalent Metal Ions on pH-Dependent Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl (E)-(Hydroxyminio) Phosphonoacetate

Abstract The (E-oxime of phosphonoglyoxylic acid, or (E-troika acid [(E)-l] undergoe: fragmentation leading to phosphorylation of the aqueous solvent at neutral pH and room temperature.[1] In contrast, the corresponding C-methyl ester (a-2 is stable under these mild conditions. Conversion of the unreactive (E)-2 to (E)-1 requires dewthylation a pH 13–14, generating the polyanion of (E-1, which becomes reactive on protonation.[1]
New bounds on the Barycenter heuristic for bipartite graph drawing

Abstract The barycenter heuristic is often used to solve the NP-hard two-layer edge crossing minimization problem. It is well known that the barycenter heuristic can give solutions as bad as Ω( n ) times the optimum, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. However, the example used in the proof has many isolated nodes. Makinen [EATCS Bull. 70 (2000) 156–158] conjectured that a better performance ratio is possible if isolated nodes are not present. We show that the performance ratio for the barycenter heuristic is still Ω( n ) even for connected bipartite graphs. We also prove a tight constant ratio for the barycenter heuristic on bounded-degree graphs. The performance ratio is d−1, where d is the maximum degree of a node in the layer that can be permuted.
Laser-induced electron emission from nanostructures: A first-principles study

Time-dependent density functional theory simulation of laser-induced ionization is presented. Various test systems including a small wire-like molecule, ${\mathrm{C}}_{12}$H${}_{14}$, as well as carbon nanotubes with varying diameter are studied. It has been demonstrated that significant ionization electron current is produced when a laser pulse is applied. Moreover, pulse-like patterns of the current have been observed, which suggests that short laser pulses can be used to create spatially and temporally localized electron sources.
Geomorphic survey of eastern Cascade streams before and after 1995–1996 floods

Abstract A series of cross-sectional surveys was made on streams on the Wenatchee National Forest prior to flooding during winter 1995–1996. Resurveys were made on 18 stream reaches. Physical attributes of stream channels were measured and flood responses were assessed across a range of stream types and land system units. Changes in cross-sectional area, width and depth were measured. Lateral migration was measured. Aggradation and degradation of thalweg depth were surveyed. There was high correlation between geomorphologic channel characteristics and channel response. Degree of entrenchment and channel slope were highly correlated with increases in channel depth and channel scour. Slightly entrenched channels had higher lateral migration rates. A hierarchical framework for ecological stratification offered geomorphic explanation for channel features that correlate with channel response to extreme flood events.
A Revised Standard Weight (Ws) Equation for Channel Catfish

ABSTRACT Weight and length data were obtained from state, regional, and provincial biologists for 241 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) populations, representative of the species geographic range. We randomly selected 60% of the populations to develop a new standard weight (Ws) equation and used the remainder as an independent test set. The regression-line-percentile (RLP) technique was applied to the development data set providing a 75th percentile-based metric Ws equation of log10 Ws (g) = −5.800 + 3.294 log10 total length (TL, mm). The English equivalent is log10 Ws (lb) = −3.829 + 3.294 log10 TL (in). The remaining 98 populations were used to test both current and new Ws equations for length-related changes in relative weight (Wr) values. Regression of Wr values on TL by population showed that the current equation produced 15% more slopes that were significant (H0: β = 0) than did the new equation. An analysis of significant slopes produced from the RLP-generated equation showed a ratio of 31 posi...
Topographical studies of the polypeptide subunits of the thylakoid cytochrome b6-f complex

Abstract The orientation of specific polypeptides of the cytochrome b 6 - f complex with respect to the chloroplast stromal phase has been studied using trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS) and pronase E as impermeant modifying reagents. Of the four polypeptides of the complex (33, 23, 20 and 17 kDa), only cytochrome f was labeled by 14 C-TNBS in unfractionated membranes. However, to a varying degree, all of the constituent polypeptides were sensitive to pronase digestion and, in the case of cytochrome f , it was possible, by immunoblotting techniques to identify several degradation products. These results are discussed in relation to the organization of the cytochrome complex in thylakoid membranes and argue for an exposure to the stromal phase of all of the polypeptides, while functional considerations indicate that at least cytochrome f and the Rieske iron-sulfur protein have a possible transmembrane organization.
Seabed texture and composition changes offshore of Port Royal Sound, South Carolina before and after the dredging for beach nourishment

Abstract Beach nourishment has been a strategy widely used to slow down coastal erosion in many beaches around the world. The dredging of sand at the borrow site, however, can have complicated physical, geological and ecological impacts. Our current knowledge is insufficient to make accurate predictions of sediment infilling in many dredging pits due to lack of detailed sediment data. Two sites in the sandy shoal southeast of Port Royal Sound (PRS) of South Carolina, USA, were sampled 8 times from April 2010 to March 2013; one site (defined as ‘borrow site’) was 2 km offshore and used as the dredging site for beach nourishment of nearby Hilton Head Island in Beaufort County, South Carolina, and the other site (defined as ‘reference site’) was 10 km offshore and not directly impacted by the dredging. A total of 184 surficial sediment samples were collected randomly at two sites during 8 sampling periods. Most sediments were fine sand, with an average grain size of 2.3 phi and an organic matter content less than 2%. After the dredging in December 2011–January 2012, sediments at the borrow site became finer, changing from 1.0 phi to 2.3 phi, and carbonate content decreased from 10% to 4%; changes in mud content and organic matter were small. Compared with the reference site, the borrow site experienced larger variations in mud and carbonate content. An additional 228 sub-samples were gathered from small cores collected at 5 fixed stations in the borrow site and 1 fixed station at the reference site 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the dredging; these down-core sub-samples were divided into 1-cm slices and analyzed using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Most cores were uniform vertically and consisted of fine sand with well to moderately well sorting and nearly symmetrical averaged skewness. Based on the analysis of grain size populations, 2 phi- and 3 phi-sized sediments were the most dynamic sand fractions in PRS. Mud deposition on shoals offshore of PRS presumably happens when offshore mud transport is prevalent and there is a following rapid sand accumulation to bury the mud. However, in this borrow site there was very little accumulation of mud. This will allow the site to be used in future nourishment projects presuming no accumulation of mud occurs in the future.
The flying fish: An untethered sensor platform with acoustic homing capability, its role in global scale hydrographic surveys

A free-fall vehicle developed as a platform for a suite of oceanographic sensors is described. The vehicle's principal attributes are portability, speed, and acoustic homing. The vehicle architecture promotes the use of automated diagnostics and data collection. Concurrent with the vehicle development program at Woods Hole, several manufacturers are designing sensors which can be interfaced both mechanically and electronically with the fish. Intercomparison tests with the conventional CTD sensors are planned for late 1985 and early 1986. This paper presents the basic specifications of the Flying Fish to assist in the planning of experiments based on this instrument system. We also present some suggestions for the infrastructure required to support global scale hydrographic surveys.
The relationship between isometric force requirement and forelimb tremor in the rat.

Abstract To explore the effects of isometric force of rodent forelimb contraction on forelimb tremor, rats were trained to press downward on an isometric force transducer to raise a water-filled dipper cup and maintain force to keep the dipper in the raised position while licking. Force requirements were then manipulated parametrically to measure the effects of escalating force output on forelimb tremor and other variables. In the Peak-Force greater than Hold-Force (PF > HF) manipulation, the forces required to raise the dipper were 20, 40, and 60 g (each condition for about 2 weeks), while the force required to maintain the dipper in the raised position remained 6.7 g for all three conditions. In the Peak-Force equal to the Hold-Force (PF = HF) manipulation, rats were required to maintain the “dipper-raising” force throughout the response. The forces required were 20 g, 40 g, and 60 g (each for 2 weeks). For all force requirement manipulations, data were analyzed within and across conditions. As expected, force output increased with increased force requirements. Spectral analysis of force–time records revealed that during all manipulations, high-frequency (>10 Hz) forelimb tremor increased with increased force output, an effect that is consistent with human studies, and that may reflect increases in the number of motor units firing at higher rates. Additionally, with the exception of the 60-g PF = HF condition, there were within-condition decreases in tremor and increases in task engagement, evidence suggesting increased muscle strength as a function of experience (i.e., “physical training”). Taken together, the results suggest that the rodent-based method may provide a valuable, noninvasive functional assay for animal models of disorders that affect skeletal muscle control in humans.
Hydroxide decomposition of dimethylsulfoniopropionate to form dimethylsulfide

The kinetics of DMS production resulting from reaction of OH(-) with DMSP were investigated as a function of hydroxide concentration and temperature. The reaction was first-order with respect to DMSP and OH(-). The second order rate constant at 20+/-1 C is 0.0044/M/sec. The activation energy for this reaction is 14.4 kcal/mode. The investigation indicates that the rate of reaction of DMSP with OH(-) is very slow at the pH of seawater, suggesting that DMSP, which may be a major precursor of DMS in seawater, decomposes in the ocean by other mechanisms. A bacterium which produces DMS from DMSP quantitatively at rates many orders of magnitude higher than indicated by OH(-1) decomposition has been cultured, suggesting that enzymatic processes accelerate the production of DMS from DMSP in seawater.
Palmitoylation: policing protein stability and traffic

Palmitate modifies both peripheral and integral membrane proteins and its addition can be permanent or transient, which makes it unique among the lipid modifications of proteins. The presence of palmitate on a protein affects how the protein interacts with lipids and proteins in a membrane compartment, and the reversibility of palmitoylation allows different modes of trafficking between membrane compartments. Here, we review recent studies that have provided insights into the mechanisms that mediate the functional consequences of this versatile modification.
Copper,Zinc Superoxide Dismutase as a Univalent NO−Oxidoreductase and as a Dichlorofluorescin Peroxidase

Nitroxyl (NO(-)) may be produced by nitric-oxide synthase and by the reduction of NO by reduced Cu,Zn-SOD. The ability of NO(-) to cause oxidations and of SOD to inhibit such oxidations was therefore explored. The decomposition of Angeli's salt (AS) produces NO(-) and that in turn caused the aerobic oxidation of NADPH, directly or indirectly. O(2) was produced concomitant with the aerobic oxidation of NADPH by AS, as evidenced by the SOD-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c. Both Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD inhibited the aerobic oxidation of NADPH by AS, but the amounts required were approximately 100-fold greater than those needed to inhibit the reduction of cytochrome c. This inhibition was not due to a nonspecific protein effect or to an effect of those large amounts of the SODs on the rate of decomposition of AS. NO(-) caused the reduction of the Cu(II) of Cu,Zn-SOD, and in the presence of O(2), SOD could catalyze the oxidation of NO(-) to NO. The reverse reaction, i.e. the reduction of NO to NO(-) by Cu(I),Zn-SOD, followed by the reaction of NO(-) with O(2) would yield ONOO(-) and that could explain the oxidation of dichlorofluorescin (DCF) by Cu(I),Zn-SOD plus NO. Cu,Zn-SOD plus H(2)O(2) caused the HCO(3)(-)-dependent oxidation of DCF, casting doubt on the validity of using DCF oxidation as a reliable measure of intracellular H(2)O(2) production.
Temperature effects on fast charging large format prismatic lithium iron phosphate cells

Attempts to fast charge 160 A-h lithium iron phosphate cells at various temperatures are presented in this paper. The tests were done at a charging rate of 2C. The tests were done at three ambient temperatures: 0.0°C, +20°C and +40°C. The current, voltage, and temperature were recorded during the test. It was found that the battery accepts high current for fast charging with little difficulty. The battery charged well at all temperatures. These findings indicate that minimal heating or cooling will be required to compensate for weather conditions in electric vehicles in most climates. The data was obtained at the Battery Evaluation Lab at the University of Massachusetts Lowell which is also briefly described.
Reason and cognition in the Auto de los Reyes Magos and Alfonsi's Dialogue Against the Jews

The present study explores the representation of models of cognition in the Auto de los Reyes Magos, the oldest extant work in the vernacular dramatic corpus of Hispanism. These different ways of knowing performed in the play echo preoccupations central to the philosophical debates then unfolding in learned circles, over Aristotelian reason and natural law, in particular in Peter Alfonsi's Dialogue. This stasis follows the spread of the mode of disputation from written forums to different manifestations of cultural practice. I propose that the Auto puts forward a Christian epistemology of cognition centered on praxis, appropriating reason as inherently and exclusively Christian. My reading of the Auto makes clear how it sheds light on the role of performative cultural practices in the configuration of vernacular literatures.
Genomic Selection for Crop Improvement

Despite important strides in marker technologies, the use of marker-assisted selection has stagnated for the improvement of quantitative traits. Biparental mating designs for the detection of loci affecting these traits (quantitative trait loci [QTL]) impede their application, and the statistical methods used are ill-suited to the traits' polygenic nature. Genomic selection (GS) has been proposed to address these deficiencies. Genomic selection predicts the breeding values of lines in a population by analyzing their phenotypes and high-density marker scores. A key to the success of GS is that it incorporates all marker information in the prediction model, thereby avoiding biased marker effect estimates and capturing more of the variation due to small-effect QTL. In simulations, the correlation between true breeding value and the genomic estimated breeding value has reached levels of 0.85 even for polygenic low heritability traits. This level of accuracy is sufficient to consider selecting for agronomic performance using marker information alone. Such selection would substantially accelerate the breeding cycle, enhancing gains per unit time. It would dramatically change the role of phenotyping, which would then serve to update prediction models and no longer to select lines. While research to date shows the exceptional promise of GS, work remains to be done to validate it empirically and to incorporate it into breeding schemes.
Microwave emissivity of sea foam layers with vertically inhomogeneous dielectric properties

Abstract We present a radiative transfer model for the emissivity of vertically structured layers of sea foam at microwave frequencies from 1 GHz to 37 GHz. The main features of the model are: (1) Continuous variation in the amount of air in the foam layer depth which affects foam emission through vertically inhomogeneous foam properties. (2) Various radiative terms contributing to foam emissivity, such as upwelling and downwelling emissions within the foam layer, emission of seawater beneath the foam, and multiple reflections of these components at the foam layer interfaces. (3) Distribution of foam layer thicknesses. The dependencies of foam emissivity on foam layer thickness and incidence angle are presented. Analysis of the model sensitivity to input parameters shows that its results are most affected by the choice of the void fraction value at the air–foam interface. Comparisons of the model results to published experimental and modeling data show that with fewer model variables and inputs, and with a single tuning parameter, the model performs as well as, or better than, other physical models.
Knowing human moral knowledge to be true: an essay on intellectual conviction

The question addressed in this article is how people come to know the foundational axioms of their moral systems as true and correct. Drawing on my fieldwork among the Himba of northwestern Namibia, I argue that the most potent form of intellectual conviction is not generated through the external manipulations of ritual, but through a deeply internal experience in which moral knowledge coalesces with a subjectively perceived experience of timeless universality.
Construct Validity of the Short Inventory of Problems Among Spanish Speaking Hispanics

Objective Research on ethnic health disparities requires the use of psychometrically sound instruments that are appropriate when applied to ethnically diverse populations. The Short Inventory of Problems (SIP) assesses alcohol-related consequences and is often used as a measure to evaluate intervention effectiveness in alcohol research; however, whether the psychometric properties of this instrument are comparable across language and ethnicity remains unclear.
Differences in the distribution of cytogenetic subtypes between multiple myeloma patients with and without a family history of monoclonal gammopathy and multiple myeloma

We previously reported an increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in first-degree relatives of MGUS and multiple myeloma patients. Here, we examine whether primary cytogenetic categories of myeloma differ between patients with and without a family history of MGUS or myeloma. We studied 201 myeloma patients with available data on family history and molecular cytogenetic classification. Myeloma with trisomies was more common in probands who had an affected first-degree relative with MGUS or myeloma compared with those without a family history (46.9% vs. 33.5%, P = 0.125); however, the difference was not statistically significant. Additional studies on the cytogenetic types of myeloma associated with familial tendency are needed.
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 180

Abstract Spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=180 have been evaluated, and the corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. Interesting data in this evaluation include the experimental β-decay branching of 0.29% 5 for 180 Hf (5.5 h) to 180 Ta (>1.2×10 15 y), and the unusually large cross section measured for 180 Ta(γ, γ′). Such results may relate to the still unexplained natural abundance of 180 Ta, the rarest isotope found thus far. New experimental data on 180 Hf support major changes in previous spin and parity assignments, and in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy measurements have supplied the first extensive information on the level structures of 180 Pt and 180 Hg. The spin of 180 Lu remains undetermined suggesting the need for further measurements.
Glycemia (hemoglobin A1c) and incident venous thromboembolism in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort study

Diabetes has been inconsistently associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and there is little direct evidence on the associations of glycemia levels with VTE. We used data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study to test the hypothesis that glycemia, as measured by hemoglobin A1c (A1c), is positively associated with VTE. Participants aged 45-64 years (n = 12,298) had A1c measured in 1990 and were followed for incident VTE (n = 345) through 2005. Because A1c is affected by diabetes treatment, analyses were stratified by history of diagnosed diabetes. Owing to evidence of non-linearity, we categorized A1c according to clinical cut-points: <5.7, 5.7-6.4, and ≥ 6.5% in those with no diagnosed diabetes; <7.0 and ≥ 7.0% in those with diagnosed diabetes. After adjustment for potential confounders, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for VTE across increasing A1c categories were 1 (referent), 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) and 0.72 (0.41, 1.29) for those without diagnosed diabetes, and 1.30 (0.77, 2.17) and 1.41 (0.95, 2.09) for those with diagnosed diabetes. To explore the relation, we employed various models to adjust for potential confounding variables and modeled A1c as tertiles. We consistently found elevated hazard ratios in those with diagnosed diabetes, though the association was not statistically significant in every model. Hazard ratios in those without diagnosed diabetes were close to 1. In conclusion, our results are mildly suggestive that diagnosed diabetes and high levels of glucose, per se, may increase the risk of VTE. Elevated glucose was not related to VTE in those without diagnosed diabetes.
Acinar cystadenoma of the pancreas: A previously undescribed tumor

A 58-year-old diabetic woman died as a result of an acute myocardial infarction caused by coronary atherosclerosis and thrombosis. A 9 cm multiloculated cystic lesion was found incidentally in the body and tail of the pancreas. The microcysts and locules were lined by one or two layers of normal-appearing acinar cells. In some locules there were clusters of acinar structures containing eosinophilic material. The cuboidal cells lining the locules had morphologic and immunohistochemical features of acinar cells. The lesion was interpreted as an acinar cystadenoma, the benign counterpart of the well-established acinar cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Acinar cystadenoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic tumors of the pancreas.
Academic emergency medicine faculty and industry relationships.

Objectives: The authors surveyed the membership of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) about their associations with industry and predictors of those associations. Methods: A national Web-based survey inviting faculty from the active member list of SAEM was conducted. Follow-up requests for participation were sent weekly for 3 weeks. Information was collected on respondents’ personal and practice characteristics, industry interactions, and personal opinions regarding these interactions. Raw response rates were reported and a logistic regression was used to generate descriptive statistics. Results: Responses were received from 430 members, representing 14% of the 3,183 active members. Respondents were 83% male and 86% white, with 96% holding an MD degree (24% with an additional postdoctoral degree). Most were at the assistant (37%) or associate (25%) professor rank, with 51% holding at least one leadership position. Most respondents (82%) reported some type of industry interaction, most commonly the acceptance of food or beverages (67%). Respondents at the associate professor rank or higher were more likely to receive payments from industry (51% vs. 22%, odds ratio [OR] = 3.7). Conclusions: This survey suggests that interactions between industry and academic EM faculty are common and increase with academic rank, but not with years in practice or leadership influence. The number and type of interactions are consistent with those reported by a national sampling of other physician specialties. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2008; 15:819–824 a 2008 by the Society for Academic Emergency