cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of antiretroviral adherence,quality of life and their correlation in AIDS patients

Objective To understand the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and life quality of people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWAs),and explore their correlation.Methods Twenty-five patients who had received free highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) were investigated using cluster sampling in Hefei.The questionnaire of Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS(CPCRA) Antiretroviral Medication Self-Report was used to assess adherence to HAART,and SF-36 was administered to assess quality of life in PLWAs.Results The average level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy was 99.39% among 25 PLWAs.The scores of SF-36 domains in PLWAs were lower than normal,even in the statistically significant differences in the field of physical function(PF),general health(GH),social functioning(SF) and mental health(MH)(P0.05).The PLWAs with good compliance to antiretroviral therapy had better scores in the domains of physiological functions(RP),GH,vitality(VT) and MH than those with compliance on the poor level,although the statistically significant differences were not found.Conclusions The PLWAs receiving antiretroviral therapy had low level of quality of life.Comprehensive intervention is required to improve life quality of PLWAs.
Managing sales surprise: The role of operational slack and volume flexibility

Abstract Investors use sales surprise or revenue surprise (the degree to which actual sales exceed expected sales) as an important component of firm valuation. Rapidly scaling operations in the short-run to meet higher than expected demand, however, could increase adjustment costs and lower efficiency, thereby lowering performance. Operational slack (excess capacity internally in the firm and longer cash-conversion cycles externally in the supply chain) and volume flexibility could help mitigate the negative effect of sales surprise on firm performance. Based on a sample of 1286 firms representing 38,473 firm-quarter observations from 2003 to 2013, and using fixed-effects regression, the proposed relationships, except for mitigating effects of internal operational slack (or, excess capacity measured as standardized industry-adjusted Sales to PPE ratio) are supported for short-term performance (ROA). Findings are robust to long-term firm performance outcomes (Tobin's Q and market-to-book ratio), to controlling for autoregressive effects of past sales surprise, alternate proxies for firm size, squared-term specification for slack, an alternate forecasting method for sales surprise, and controlling for inventory efficiency.
Skin and soft-tissue coverage--retrospective.

The transfer of autogenous tissues in man has its origins in antiquity. Movement of composite tissues using pedicle techniques, which assured that such tissues were never deprived of vital blood supply, preceded free grafting. The ultimate refinement of carrying pedicles was reached in the vascularized island pedicle flap, which carried composite tissues solely on an intact vascular leash. An enormous increase in the versatility of composite transfers occurred when microvascular surgery made transfer with immediate vascularization a reliable procedure. This opened the door to free functioning muscle and musculocutaneous transfers with motor reinnervation at the recipient site—the supreme tissue transfers.
Perioperative Intracranial Hypertension in Patients with Supratentorial Tumors: Role of CBF Changes vs Importance of Mass Effect

Intracranial hypertension is a well-recognized complication in the perioperative management of patients with malignant supratentorial brain tumors of every cell-type, and this always is a serious concern with regard to optimal anesthetic care (Bedford et al. 1982). The compromised intracranial compliance caused by these tumors could be based on at least two possible mechanisms. One possibility is that the tumor causes an expanding mass lesion that gradually exhausts the pressure-volume reserves of the cranial compartment such that a relatively small increase in cerebral blood volume within normal brain can produce a large increase in ICP. An alternative possibility is that impaired cerebrovascular reactivity in the tumor mass might result in large increases in cerebral blood flow and consequent intracranial hypertension whenever arterial blood pressure or CO2 tension increases. To our knowledge the relative role of these two possible mechanisms for intracranial hypertension have not been studied in a systematic fashion, although both are often invoked whenever ICP problems are discussed in managing malignant supratentorial tumors.
Motivation, Endurance in an Adaptive Brain

Science labors under the burden of great expectations, such as cures for common maladies that afflict the human condition. Meeting those expectations is never simple or easy, however. There is always the nudge toward simplification, which is a good thing when it comes to foraging for coherence. The simpler, the better the tool for foraging. We do this all the time in science: one method comes to dominate or the one tool does. But science, particularly the biological sciences, is about pluralism (Dupre, 1981) more than monism. It is about coming to terms with gaps between explanations at levels of analysis and examining where explanations mesh and where they do not.
Understanding Somali piracy through cognitive resources theory

This paper examines Somali piracy through the lens of Cognitive Resources Theory (CRT). By and large, Somali piracy consists of hijacking ships, mostly in the Indian Ocean and adjacent areas, and c...
The effects of physiological adjustments on the perceptual and acoustical characteristics of vibrato as a model of vocal tremor.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physiological adjustments on listeners' perception of the magnitude of modulation of voice and to determine the characteristics of the acoustical modulations that explained listeners' judgments. This research was carried out using singers producing vibrato as a model of vocal tremor. Twenty healthy adults participated in a perceptual study involving pair-comparisons of the magnitude of “shakiness” with singers' samples, which differed by fundamental frequency, vocal quality, and vowel. Results revealed that listeners perceived a higher magnitude of voice modulation when female samples had a pressed vocal quality. Acoustical analyses were performed with voice samples to determine the features that predicted listeners' judgments. Based on regression analyses, listeners' judgments were predicted to some extent by modulation information in frequency bands across the spectrum.
Uncoupling protein 2 and metabolic diseases.

Abstract Mitochondria are fascinating organelles involved in various cellular-metabolic activities that are integral for mammalian development. Although they perform diverse, yet interconnected functions, mitochondria are remarkably regulated by complex signaling networks. Therefore, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in plethora of diseases, including neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. One of the many factors that lead to mitochondrial-associated metabolic diseases is the uncoupling protein-2, a family of mitochondrial anion proteins present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Since their discovery, uncoupling proteins have attracted considerable attention due to their involvement in mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress and energy metabolism. This review attempts to provide a summary of recent developments in the field of uncoupling protein 2 relating to mitochondrial associated metabolic diseases.
Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolic Disease

The estimated annual incidence of VTE, defined as DVT of the leg or PE, ranges from 104 to 183 per 100 000 person-years.1 Compared with those without VTE, the 30-year mortality risk is increased for survivors of an episode of VTE and for survivors of an episode of PE (64 vs 136 and 211 per 1000 person-years, respectively).2 In 2012, the ACCP released the ninth-edition guidelines for antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis.3 Since the publication of that guideline, there has been improved understanding of the diagnosis and prognosis of VTE. The addition of non–vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has altered the landscape of treatment options. This update addresses the role for NOACs and provides new recommendations for management of subsegmental PE and treatment of cancer-associated VTE.
Local Protection in Chinese Securities Litigation: A 20-Year Empirical Study of Securities Cases in China

As the significance of private litigation in securities enforcement has become widely recognised, private litigation now serves as an imperative supplement to administrative and criminal sanctions for investor protection in different countries. Chinese securities litigation, featuring heavy dependence on public enforcement, has been criticised for the protection of local listed companies in these lawsuits. This study empirically verifies the issue of local protectionism in China’s securities litigation. The theory that local governments’ fiscal reliance on listed companies motivates courts’ protectionism is evidenced in this study. Local protectionism in China’s securities litigation is found to be severe in the least-developed areas, but economic underdevelopment is only a sufficient condition for local protection. Case studies suggest that personal rent seeking and corruption contribute to local protectionism in China’s securities litigation. The discussion also extends to the examination of the “piggy-back” effect of public enforcement, state ownership and other extra-judicial factors in China’s securities litigation.
Exercise mitigates the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on adverse muscle remodeling.

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known for causing inflammation and vascular remodeling, particularly through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. Although its effect on the skeletal muscle is unclear, HHcy can cause skeletal muscle weakness and functional impairment by induction of inflammatory mediators and macrophage mediated injury. Exercise has been shown to reduce homocysteine levels and therefore, could serve as a promising intervention for HHcy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis through induction of inflammation and determine whether exercise can mitigate these effects. C57BL/6J (WT) and CBS+/- (HHcy) mice were administered a 6 weeks treadmill exercise protocol. Hindlimb perfusion was measured via laser Doppler. Measurement of skeletal muscle protein expression was done by western blot. Levels of skeletal muscle MMP-9 mRNA were determined by qPCR. Collagen deposition in the skeletal muscle was measured using Masson's trichrome staining. In CBS+/- mice, HHcy manifested with decreased body weight and femoral artery lumen diameter, as well as a trend of lower hindlimb perfusion. These mice displayed increased wall to lumen ratio, mean arterial blood pressure, collagen deposition, and elevated myostatin protein expression. Exercise mitigated the effects above in CBS+/- mice. Skeletal muscle from CBS+/- mice had elevated markers of remodeling and hypoxia: iNOS, EMMPRIN, and MMP-9. We conclude that HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis possibly through induction of EMMPRIN/MMP-9 and exercise is capable of mitigating the pathologies associated with HHcy.
Metabolic strugGLS after FLT3 inhibition in AML.

In this issue of Blood , Gallipoli et al report that by performing an elegant clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screen of FLT3 internal tandem duplication–positive (FLT3-ITD + ) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, they have identified that FLT3 inhibition exposes a therapeutically relevant metabolic dependency on glutaminolysis. 1
Miscellaneous Laboratory Analyses/Gastric Fluid

A limited number of tests do not fall specifically within the menu of routine tests that are directly related to the presence or absence of pathogens, blood, or alterations of bodily fluids. Gastric fluid is one such entity, and some of the testing is not done in the basic medical laboratory, but by specialists who directly determine the presence, absence, or disruptions of the fluid.
Detection of intramural scar by electroanatomic mapping versus MRI in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background Ventricular arrhythmias have been described to originate from intramural locations. Intramural scar can be assessed by delayed enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI ). The objective of this study was to determine whether endocardial voltage mapping by catheter can detect the presence and extent of scar deep within the myocardial wall thickness, using DE-MRI as gold standard.
The Patient’s Condition and the Meaning it Has for Him

Two of the most crucial factors that influence the way a person is likely to perceive, interpret, and respond to what is happening to him are his condition and what his condition means to him. His condition represents the particular state of physiological, psychological and—nowadays—sociological disequilibrium in which he finds himself. This state manifests itself in a cluster of signs and symptoms which follow a lawful course from their etiology to their eventual outcome, and is defined by such diagnostic terms as pemphigus, schizophrenic reaction or myocardial infarction.
Medical Management of Stroke

The acute management of stroke involves understanding both the location and the underlying cause of the stroke to effectively treat the patient. Early recognition and treatment of acute ischemic stroke with tissue plasminogen activator is the most effective treatment available to the majority of patients. Hemorrhagic stroke types are less common than ischemic stroke, but their treatments are completely different and mistakes in diagnosis are potentially catastrophic. The delivery of appropriate substrates to the brain as soon after injury is critical to maximize the potential for recovery.
WATCH THE WATCHMAN: IT'S NEVER TOO LATE FOR A COMPLICATION!

Pericardial effusions (PE) after Watchman (WM) placement occur primarily in the first 48 hours after implantation, commonly due to macro-perforation. We report an unusual case of a PE that developed 6 weeks after WM implantation. A 87-year-old female with atrial fibrillation and multiple falls had
A Rare Opportunity: Examining the Experience of a New Institutional Review Board:

The process of creating a new Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Research Ethics Committee (REC) presents many challenges; however, little has been published to describe this experience. Thus, many questions about creating a new IRB/REC and the challenges they face remain. The establishment of a new federal-wide single IRB provided a rare opportunity to describe these experience and outcomes. A census of the activity and outcomes of this new board is reported for its first 3 years of operation: The convened board approved 50 protocols, required an average of 93.24 days and 2.76 reviews for protocol approval, and issued an average of 31.82 stipulations per protocol. The census data helped to identify several issues that impacted the board's outcomes and it serves as a baseline for future comparisons. The overall dynamics, challenges, and outcomes of this new single IRB are discussed.
Inmate Social Ties, Recidivism, and Continuing Questions About Prison Visitation

One response to the era of mass incarceration has been a resurgence of research aimed at understanding the wide range of experiences individuals have during incarceration and the implications of those experiences for prisoner re-entry. Prison visitation is one such experience that is especially interesting to scholars, practitioners and policymakers alike in part because of the potential promise of visitation to help inmates maintain or restore social ties and, in turn, to improve individuals’ transitions from prison life back to society. Studies to date have been particularly focused on recidivism and the extent to which those who are visited, or are visited more, are less likely to recidivate after release. However, looming questions exist that need to be addressed to move this body of research forward. In particular, important questions remain about the causal impacts of visitation, the mechanisms through which visitation operates to impact recidivism, factors that might moderate visitation effects, barriers to visitation and whether there are plausible alternatives to visitation.
Comparison of wet and dry distillers grains plus solubles to corn as an energy source in forage-based diets1

ABSTRACT Four experiments compared wet or dry distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS or DDGS) to corn as energy sources in forage-based diets. In Exp. 1, 66 individually fed steers (268 kg of initial BW) were fed a 60:40 blend of sorghum silage and alfalfa hay and supplemented at 0, 0.33, 0.67, or 1.0% of BW with either WDGS or DDGS. In Exp. 2, 160 steers (286 kg of initial BW) were fed 25% WDGS or 33.6% dry rolled corn (DRC) in 35% sorghum silage and grass hay diets (DM basis). In Exp. 3, 60 individually fed steers (231 kg of initial BW) were fed DRC at 22.0, 41.0, or 60.0%, or WDGS at 15.0, 25.0, or 35.0% of diet DM in 30% sorghum silage and grass hay diets. In Exp. 4, 120 individually fed steers (282 kg of initial BW) were fed DDGS, WDGS (15 or 30% of diet DM), or DRC (22 or 50% of diet DM) in sorghum silage and grass hay diets. In Exp. 1, 3, and 4, increasing DGS inclusion increased ADG (P
Estate Planning Highlights of the 2019 Texas Legislature

This article reviews the highlights of the legislation enacted by the 2019 Texas Legislature relating to the Texas law of intestacy, wills, estate administration, trusts, and other estate planning matters. [Portions forthcoming in Volume 6, SMU Annual Texas Survey.]
Psychometric properties of a Korean version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a military sample

Perceived stress reflects a person’s feeling of how much stress the individual is under at a given time. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a popular instrument measuring the extent to which individuals perceive situations in their life as excessive relative to the ability to cope. Based on a literature review, however, several issues related to the scale remain: (a) the dimensionality is not established, (b) little information about the individual items exists, and (c) much research is based on university student samples. To address these, this study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Perceived Stress Scale (KPSS) using a military sample. This study was conducted in South Korea with 373 military personnel, aged 19–30 years. Both classical test theory (CTT) and the Rasch rating scale model were used to examine the psychometric properties of the KPSS, including factor structure, concurrent validity, reliability, and item analyses. Internal consistency reliability for the overall and negative/positive perception subscales was.85, .85 and .86, respectively. Based on Rasch reliability, person and item reliability were .82 and .98, respectively. Person and item separation were 2.13 and 7.19, respectively. Concurrent validity was established, with significantly positive association with the measures of depression and negative association with the measure of life satisfaction. Findings from the CFA suggested that a bifactor model with two group factors was the best fit to the observed data. The RSM showed that all but one item had acceptable infit and outfit statistics, and item difficulty ranged from −.73 to 1.22. Besides, the RSM showed positive and moderate inter-item correlations ranging from .42 to .75. The results provided evidence that a 10-item Korean version of the Perceived Stress Scale was a reliable and valid scale to measure perceived stress in military samples.
Foster Youth’s Educational Challenges and Supports: Perspectives of Teachers, Foster Parents, and Former Foster Youth

Research indicates that children in foster care are more likely than their non-foster care peers to be absent from school, have special education needs, and to experience traumatic life events. In turn, they are also less likely to graduate high school and to attend/graduate from college. The current study, which builds on this literature and was guided by an ecological framework, employed thematic analysis to explore Massachusetts foster youth’s academic challenges and supports through interviews with teachers (n = 19), foster parents (n = 14), former foster youth (n = 12), and three individuals who were both teachers and foster parents. All three groups of participants noted that strained relationships between foster youth and their schools contributed to academic challenges. In addition, foster parents and teachers described challenges within the school/home relationship. Participants offered insights into how foster youth can be supported academically (e.g., support for foster parents navigating special education services, enhancing extracurricular opportunities). Significantly, many of their suggestions are in fact already available, suggesting that increased awareness of and utilization of these resources have the potential to increase positive outcomes for foster youth.
Nuclear moments of the first excited state of Ne 22 from Ne 22 (132 MeV) + Pb 208 scattering

Elastic and inelastic cross section data for exciting the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ $2_{1}^{+}$ (1.27 MeV) state by 132 MeV $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ scattering from a $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ target are presented. The data are analyzed by a rotational model coupled-channels calculation including the ${0}^{+}$ ground state and the $2_{1}^{+}$, and $4_{1}^{+}$ states of $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$. We extract ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}$ deformation parameters, as well as $M(E2;{0}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{2}_{1}^{+}),M(E2;{2}_{1}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{2}_{1}^{+}),M(E4;{0}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{4}_{1}^{+})$, and $M(E2;{2}_{1}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{4}_{1}^{+})$ matrix elements for $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ and compare these quantities to those obtained for $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$. The extracted $2_{1}^{+}$ reorientation matrix element is considerably larger than shell-model predictions. Addition of a negative spin-orbit potential improves the fit to the $2_{1}^{+}$ differential cross section.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$($^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$,$^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$), $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$($^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$,$^{22}\mathrm{Ne}\ensuremath{'}$) ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=132$ MeV, measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced optical potential, quadrupole and hexadecapole deformation parameters and transition matrix elements of $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ by a coupled-channels analysis. Enriched target.]
Responsiveness of bovine corpora lutea to prostaglandin F2 alpha: comparison of corpora lutea anticipated to have short or normal lifespans.

The objective of this study was to determine if corpora lutea anticipated to have short lifespans were more responsive to the luteolytic action of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) than corpora lutea anticipated to have normal lifespans. Sixteen cows were allotted randomly to a hysterectomized-control (HC) or hysterectomized-progestogen (norgestomet) implant (HN) group. To verify that progestogen treatment of postpartum cows prior to induction of ovulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) results in an increased number of cows exhibiting normal-length luteal phases, 21 additional cows were allotted randomly to a uterine intact-control (IC) or a uterine intact-progestogen implant (IN) group. Cows allotted to the HN and IN groups received norgestomet ear implants for 9 d beginning 17 to 21 d postcalving. All cows were injected (i.m.) with 100 micrograms GnRH 28 to 32 d postcalving (48 h after implant removal in the HN and IN groups) to induce ovulation. Two or 3 d after GnRH injection (d 0), cows in the HC (n = 8) and HN (n = 8) groups were hysterectomized to remove the major endogenous source of PGF2 alpha, and on d 7 cows were injected (i.m.) with 10 mg PGF2 alpha to assess luteal sensitivity. The proportion of corpora lutea having normal lifespans was greater (P less than .1) for the IN than for the IC group. In HC and HN groups, concentration of progesterone (P) increased similarly from d 0 to 6. Injection of PGF2 alpha in HC and HN groups on d 7 decreased (P less than .01) concentration of P approximately 50% by 6 h after injection (similar for both groups). Complete luteolysis was induced by PGF2 alpha in none of eight and two of eight cows in the HC and HN groups, respectively. In remaining cows (HC and HN groups) concentration of P increased (P less than .01; similar for HC and HN groups) beginning 24 h after PGF2 alpha and remained elevated through d 30 to 34 (end of experimental-period). In summary, corpora lutea anticipated to be short-lived were not more responsive to PGF2 alpha than corpora lutea anticipated to have normal lifespans.
Accounting for Cell Type Hierarchy in Evaluating Single Cell RNA-seq Clustering

Cell clustering is one of the most common routines in single cell RNA-seq data analyses, for which a number of specialized methods are available. The evaluation of these methods ignores an important biological characteristic that the structure for a population of cells is hierarchical, which could result in misleading evaluation results. In this work, we develop two new metrics that take into account the hierarchical structure of cell types. We illustrate the application of the new metrics in constructed examples as well as several real single cell datasets and show that they provide more biologically plausible results.
Mother-daughter negative body talk as a moderator between body surveillance and body shame in adolescent girls

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of mother–daughter communication about their bodies on adolescent girls’ and mothers’ body shame. The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model was utilized to estimate relationships between individuals’ body surveillance and their own body shame (actor effect), individuals’ body surveillance and the other member’s body shame (partner effect), and negative body talk and both members’ body shame (relationship effect) in a sample of 100 mother–daughter dyads. For both mothers and daughters, individuals who had higher body surveillance reported higher body shame. Negative body talk emerged as a significant moderator: girls with higher body surveillance experienced greater body shame when they engaged in more negative body talk with their mothers. The findings highlight the need for clinicians to address mothers’ own surveillance and body shame, as well as negative body talk between mothers and daughters, in interventions that seek to reduce the impact of objectification on body shame in adolescents. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Expanding Post-Discharge Readmission Metrics in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and costly reason for hospitalization and rehospitalization. The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program penalizes hospitals for excess, non-elective, all-cause 30-day, inpatient rehospitalizations for COPD. We sought to determine how broadening the outcome definition would alter the numbers of patients being counted, specifically if observation stays and patients who died in the post-discharge period were included. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized for COPD between July 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017 in 21 hospitals in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care system. We classified encounters into 3 outcomes groups based on a 30-day post-discharge observation period: Group (1) non-elective, all-cause, inpatient rehospitalizations, which is the current metric; Group (2) composite outcome of Group 1 or all-cause mortality; and Group (3) composite outcome of Group 1 or non-elective, all-cause, observation rehospitalization. We used the Box-Cox method to find the transformation of the cumulative curves that resulted in the smallest mean standard error. We used the slope of the transformed curve against days to test for significant differences between pairs of cumulative density curves. Results Of 1,384,025 hospitalizations, 11,304 encounters from 8097 patients met criteria to be index hospitalizations. The event rate for non-elective, all-cause, inpatient rehospitalizations was 17.1% (95% CI 10.4-26.5). The event rate for all-cause mortality was 4.7% (95% CI 3.1-7.7). The event rate for non-elective observation rehospitalizations was 3.9% (95% CI 1.7-7.0). The slope and standard error for Group 1 were 1.17 and 0.01, respectively, while the slope and standard error for Group 2 were 1.62 and 0.01, respectively (P=0.02 comparing Groups 1 and 2). The slope and standard error for Group 3 were 1.45 and 0.01, respectively (P=0.02 comparing Groups 1 and 3). Conclusion We show that adding outcomes such as mortality and observation rehospitalizations would change the counts of patients contributing to the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program penalty for COPD if the outcome were broadened. Including mortality or observation stays in the quality incentive program might incentivize hospitals and providers to prevent these events in addition to inpatient rehospitalizations.
At risk and in love: A mixed methodexamination of the link between childhood maltreatment and youth relationships.

Abstract Introduction Research indicates that sexual and romantic relationships play an important role in youth well-being and development. This strengths-based perspective sits in tension with the documented risks that youth with histories of maltreatment face in sexual/romantic relationships. We conducted a U.S.-based mixed-method study to examine the connection between childhood maltreatment and youth relationships. Method We collected retrospective ratings of relationship quality and open-ended comments about those relationships using an online sexual life history calendar. Quantitative analyses drew on data from 98 participants (51 cisgender women, 47 cisgender men) between the ages of 18–25 (Mage = 22.51). Qualitative analyses compared demographically matched subsamples of 19 participants who reported multiple forms of child maltreatment and 20 who reported none. Results Quantitative analyses indicated that ratings of relationship stability, intimacy, and pleasure were unrelated to prior abuse or neglect. Qualitative analyses showed the relationships of those with multiple maltreatment histories, compared to those without any maltreatment, to be more often intertwined with and complicated by other hardships (e.g., homelessness). Conclusions Quantitatively, childhood maltreatment appeared unrelated to youth sexual/romantic relationship quality, though we regard those findings with due caution. Complementing this was qualitative evidence of differences between participants based on trauma histories, with those who had experienced childhood maltreatment referring more often to surrounding circumstances and hardships in descriptions of their youth sexual/romantic relationships. These mixed method findings reinforce the importance of youth sexuality research, policy, and practice that takes the broader conditions of young people's lives into consideration.
Low working memory load facilitates attention bias modification training

Abstract Implementations of attention bias modification training (ABMT) attempt to retrain attention away from rather than towards threat, thereby disrupting the anxiety-related attentional bias (AB). Yet, results of ABMT studies have been mixed due to limitations in knowledge of mechanisms underlying ABMT efficacy. Dual-process models of anxiety posit that ABMT works primarily through strengthening of the top-down cognitive control of attention to threat. If this is the case, introducing a working memory load (WML) during ABMT should reduce training efficacy. However, prior studies employing this method show mixed results (Booth, Mackintosh, Mobini, Oztop, & Nunn, 2014; Clarke et al., 2017) and fail to directly compare low and high WML with no WML or to account for individual differences in anxiety and working memory capacity (WMC). The present study (N = 306) assessed trait anxiety and WMC in neurotypical adults who were then randomly assigned to ABMT that trained attention toward or away from threat, with either no, low, or high WML, for a total of six training groups. Attentional bias was assessed before and after training. Results showed ABMT successfully trained attention under low WML, but not under high or no WML, suggesting that ABMT is facilitated by engaging but not overtaxing WML.
The New and the Old: A Qualitative Analysis of Modes of Conflict Resolution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

In law and business schools, culturally relevant/responsive curricula can aid students’ academic success. In this paper, we examine the use of culturally responsive narratives to illustrate principles and practices of dispute resolution (mediation and arbitration) in the Middle East as distinct or similar to those prescribed under Common Law. Through narratives embedded in familiar historical and socio-cultural contexts, we argue that students of Middle Eastern descent can achieve a greater understanding and retention of the curriculum as it is translated from theory into practice, exercise critical thinking skills, and enhance their motivation to learn. Teaching that taps into a reservoir of knowledge within Middle Eastern communities can also become a transformative experience for students, since it not only recognizes their communities of origin as noteworthy, but also makes their socio-cultural identities a key ingredient of the instructional process. As evidence of methodological effectiveness, we examine students’ reflections on the use of culturally familiar narratives to illustrate principles and practices of dispute resolution (mediation and arbitration) in the Middle East as distinct or similar to those adopted by the Western world.
Identification of in vivo CFTR conformations during biogenesis and upon misfolding by covalent protein painting (CPP)

Abstract In vivo characterization of protein structures or protein structural changes after perturbation is a major challenge. Therefore, experiments to characterize protein structures are typically performed in vitro and with highly purified proteins or protein complexes. Using a novel low-resolution method named Covalent Protein Painting (CPP) that allows the characterization of protein conformations in vivo, we are the first to report how an ion channel, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), is conformationally changed during biogenesis and channel opening in the cell. Our study led to the identification of a novel opening mechanism for CFTR by revealing that the interaction of the intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) with the nucleotide binding domain 2 (NDB2) of CFTR is needed for channel gating, and this interaction occurs concomitantly with changes to the narrow part of the pore and the walker A lysine in NBD1. However, the ICL2:NBD2 interface, which forms a “ball-in-a-socket” motif, is uncoupled during biogenesis, likely to prevent inadvertent channel activation during transport. In particular, solvent accessibility of lysine 273 (K273) in ICL2 changes with the opening and closing of the channel. Mutation of K273 severely impaired CFTR biogenesis and led to accumulation of CFTR in the Golgi and TGN. CPP further revealed that, even upon treatment with current approved drugs or at permissive temperature, the uncoupled state of ICL2 is a prominent feature of the misfolded CFTR mutants ΔF508 and N1303K that cause Cystic Fibrosis (CF), which suggests that stabilization of this interface could produce a more efficient CF drug. CPP is able to characterize a protein in its native environment and measure the effect of complex PTMs and protein interactions on protein structure, making it broadly applicable and invaluable for the development of new therapies.
A Technical Assistance Curriculum for Expanding Sustainable School-Based Oral Health Programs in the Carolinas' Dental Safety Net.

School-based oral health programs (SBOHPs) provide opportunities to address oral health inequities by providing convenient access points for care. No published guidelines on SBOHP implementation existed. Our work describes how philanthropic, public, and academic organizations partnered to support dental safety net providers with designing comprehensive SBOHPs in North and South Carolina. A multi-sector leadership team was established to manage a new SBOHP philanthropic-funded grant program organized into two phases, Readiness and Implementation, with the former a 6-month planning period in preparation of the latter. Readiness included technical assistance (TA) delivered through coaching and 15 online learning modules organized in four domains: operations, finance, enabling services, and impact. Organizations could apply for implementation grants after successful TA completion. Process evaluation was used including a Readiness Stoplight Report for tracking progression. Ten Readiness grantees completed the TA. A variety of models resulted, including mobile, portable and fixed clinics. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the readiness stoplight reports. Components of the operation and finance domains required were the most time-intensive, specifically the development of policy manuals, production goals, and financial performance tracking. The program’s structure resulted in (a) a two-state learning community, (b) SBOHP practice and policy alignment, and (c) coordinated program distribution. TA improvements are planned to account for COVID-19 threats, including school closures, space limitations, and transmission fears. Telehealth, non-aerosolizing procedures, and improved scheduling and communication can address concerns. Organizations considering SBOHPs should explore similar recommendations to navigate adverse circumstances.
Hawaiian Island endemic and indigenous plant species have higher mycorrhizal incidence than the global average

PREMISE Prior efforts have shown that continents harbor a greater proportion of mycorrhizal hosts than on islands. However, in the Hawaiian Islands, estimates of the proportion of mycorrhizal plant species are higher than on continents (>90%), but there are few studies to support this claim. Concurrently, Hawaii's flora faces some of the greatest global risks of extinction, and significant efforts are aimed at restoring native vegetation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been shown to improve plant restoration success, but little work has been done in Hawaii to understand the extent of mycorrhizal associations among native plant populations. METHODS We surveyed 35 native Hawaiian plant species in the wild, focusing on plant species that are reared for reintroduction. Roots from wild individuals were collected from 10 sites on Oahu to determine degree of mycorrhizal fungal colonization and how this varies across host populations. RESULTS Of the species surveyed, 97% had evidence of mycorrhizal colonization, including 25 endemic and nine indigenous species from 23 families. The mycorrhizal status of 22 of the species surveyed was unknown before this study. For four species, the degree of colonization by AM fungi differed among sites, and these differences corresponded with variations in precipitation and temperature. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of mycorrhizal colonization provides evidence that island flora can actually harbor more mycorrhizal hosts than species on mainlands and that future reintroduction projects should consider the potentially important roles of AM fungi for success of these hosts in the wild.
PLAG1 Immunohistochemical Staining Is a Surrogate Marker for PLAG1 Fusions in Lipoblastomas

BACKGROUND The hallmark of lipoblastoma is a PLAG1 fusion. PLAG1 protein overexpression has been reported in sporadic PLAG1-rearranged lipoblastomas. METHODS We evaluated the utility of PLAG1 immunohistochemical staining (IHC) in 34 pediatric lipomatous tumors, correlating the results with histology and conventional cytogenetics, FISH and/or next generation sequencing (NGS) results. RESULTS The study included 24 lipoblastomas, divided into 2 groups designated as "Lipoblastoma 1" with both lipoblastoma histology and PLAG1 rearrangement (n = 16) and "Lipoblastoma 2" with lipoblastoma histology but without PLAG1 cytogenetic rearrangement (n = 8), and 10 lipomas with neither lipoblastoma histology nor a PLAG1 rearrangement. Using the presence of a fusion as the "gold standard" for diagnosing lipoblastoma (Lipoblastoma 1), the sensitivity of PLAG1 IHC was 94%. Using histologic features alone (Lipoblastoma 1 + 2), the sensitivity was 96%. Specificity, as defined by the ability to distinguish lipoma from lipoblastoma, was 100%, as there were no false positives in the lipoma group. CONCLUSIONS Cytogenetics/molecular testing is expensive and may not be ideal for detecting PLAG1 fusions because PLAG1 fusions are often cytogenetically cryptic and NGS panels may not include all partner genes. PLAG1 IHC is an inexpensive surrogate marker of PLAG1 fusions and may be useful in distinguishing lipoblastomas from lipomas.
Rights, women, and the state of Pakistan

Violence against women is a problem around the world. Addressing the issues of physical and sexual violence against women has been a complicated endeavor for criminologists. Much of the traditional criminological research on violence against women has frequently focused on rape as a crime of power between individuals. However, this framework has been expanded to incorporate the analysis of rape during times of war and rape as a state crime. In these cases, rape serves a broader purpose within the military and social structure. By focusing on the specific case of the gang rape of Mukhtar Mai, the goal of this paper was to demonstrate and analyze the role of the state in many of these crimes. Mukhtar Mai’s case should not be understood in isolation, but as a way to illuminate the role of the state in these numerous crimes.
Periodic market closure and trading volume: A model of intraday bids and asks☆

Abstract This paper examines the effect of periodic stock market closure on transactions demand and volume of trade, and consequently bid and ask prices. We extend Merton (1971) to show that transactions demand at open and close is greater and less elastic than at other times of the trading day. In response, a market maker such as an NYSE specialist may effectively price discriminate by charging a higher price to transact at these periods of peak demand. Our predictions of periodic demand with high volume and concurrent wide spreads are consistent with empirical evidence, while the predictions of current information based models are not.
Proliferating problems:: U.S. management of strategic technology after the cold war

Abstract The end of the Cold War, political revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe, the globalization of commercial markets, and the proliferation of dangerous technologies to many unstable regions present new challenges for the management of strategic technology. Technology controls designed to enhance national security must address the economic costs of such restrictions. In relations with former Cold War adversaries, technology transfer policy must find innovative ways to encourage cooperative problem solving and pluralistic, democratic, and market-oriented reforms. Also, policy must respond to new threats posed by proliferation in a way that recognizes the limits of technology controls and the need to balance U.S. control interests with demands for technologies with legitimate commercial purposes. Recently, U.S. strategic technology policy has reduced barriers that have traditionally impeded the ability of U.S. exporters to do business in the global marketplace, and U.S. policy is evolving to play a cautious but constructive role in East-West relations. To address more effectively the challenge of proliferation, however, policy makers must better coordinate technology controls with U.S. arms, aid, and diplomatic initiatives toward nations and regions of concern. The first steps toward more effective policy will involve breaking down inter-agency barriers domestically and strengthening emerging multilateral institutions.
Computer Arithmetic Algorithms

This text explains the fundamental principles of algorithms available for performing arithmetic operations on digital computers. These include basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in fixed-point and floating-point number systems as well as more complex operations such as square root extraction and evaluation of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. The algorithms described are independent of the particular technology employed for their implementation.
Pigmented extramammary Paget disease of the thigh mimicking a melanocytic tumor: report of a case and review of the literature

Importance Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an uncommon tumor that presents in apocrine-rich skin as an irregular, pruritic plaque. Histopathologically, EMPD consists of an intraepidermal proliferation of atypical epithelioid cells. Rarely, the tumor cells contain intracytoplasmic melanin pigment, and the lesion clinically and histopathologically can mimic a melanocytic proliferation. Observations A 51-year-old female with a history of breast carcinoma presented with a pigmented patch on her right thigh of 6 months duration. The clinical impression was an atypical melanocytic nevus. Histopathologic examination revealed an intraepidermal proliferation of epithelioid cells along the dermal–epidermal junction with pagetoid migration. The tumor cells exhibited increased cytoplasm containing conspicuous melanin pigment and enlarged oval-irregular nuclei. Immunohistochemical studies showed the tumor cells to be strongly and diffusely positive for cytokeratin 8/18, cytokeratin 7 and p63; focally and weakly positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), but negative for cytokeratin 5/6, Cam5.2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human melanoma black 45 (HMB-45), tyrosinase and Sox-10, supporting the diagnosis of pigmented EMPD. The lesion was subsequently excised, and the patient is free of disease after 24 months. Conclusion We present this unusual case of pigmented EMPD arising on the thigh to draw attention to the entity and to underscore the potentially misleading clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic features that mimic other cutaneous intraepidermal lesions.
The semantic and pragmatic underpinnings of grammaticalization paths: The progressive to imperfective shift

This paper offers an analysis of a robustly attested semantic change in which progressive markers “spontaneously” emerge in languages, become entrenched in the grammatical system, and diachronically generalize by turning into imperfective markers. The pattern is cyclic in that the generalization is often followed by a re-emergence of new progressive markers. The analysis has a semantic component that characterizes the relation between the progressive and imperfective operators as a privative semantic contrast. Its dynamic component rests on the proposal that imperfective and progressive sentences crucially distinguish between two kinds of inquiries: phenomenal and structural inquiries (Goldsmith & Woisetschlaeger 1982). The trajectory — consisting of the recruitment of a progressive form, its categorical use in phenomenal inquiries, and its generalization to imperfective meaning — is modeled within the framework of Evolutionary Game Theory. The diachronic path is reconstructed as a cyclic pattern in which alternative communication strategies rise and fall in dominance over time due to the differences in communicative success and learnability associated with them. BibTeX info