cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using remote sensing products to predict recovery of vegetation across space and time following energy development

Abstract Using localized studies to understand how ecosystems recover can create uncertainty in recovery predictions across landscapes. Large archives of remote sensing data offer opportunities for quantifying the spatial and temporal factors influencing recovery at broad scales and predicting recovery. For example, energy production is a widespread and expanding land use among many semi-arid ecosystems of the Western United States dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), a keystone species providing a variety of ecological services. With remotely-sensed (Landsat) estimates of vegetation cover collected every 2–5 years from southwestern Wyoming, USA, over nearly three decades (1985–2015), we modeled changes in sagebrush cover on 375 former oil and gas well pads in response to weather and site-level conditions. We then used modeled relationships to predict recovery time across the landscape as an indicator of resilience for vegetation after well pad disturbances, where faster recovery indicates a greater capacity to recover when similarly disturbed. We found the rate of change in sagebrush cover generally increased with moisture and temperature, particularly at higher elevations. Rate of change in sagebrush cover also increased and decreased with greater percent sand and larger well pads, respectively. We predicted 21% of the landscape would recover to pre-disturbance conditions within 60 years, whereas other areas may require >100 years for recovery. These predictions and maps could inform future restoration efforts as they reflect resilience. This approach also is applicable to other disturbance types (e.g., fires and vegetation removal treatments) across landscapes, which can further improve conservation efforts by characterizing past conditions and monitoring trends in subsequent years.
A comparison of phonological and articulation-based approaches to accent modification using small groups

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of a phonologically based accent modification treatment to an articulation/motor based treatment with Spanish-speaking ...
Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformations: MRI Commonly Shows Adjacent Intramedullary Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is a relative paucity of radiology literature on spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCMs). We hypothesized that the classic MRI features of cavernous malformations are not highly prevalent. The purpose was to review MR imaging findings of SCMs with a focus on prevalence of hemorrhagic features, including adjacent intramedullary hemorrhage at initial presentation. METHODS In this single-institution study, 78 SCMs in 76 patients diagnosed on imaging/pathology were retrospectively evaluated for size, location, cord expansion, exophytic component, popcorn morphology, signal characteristics, including T1 weighted (T1w) and T2w rims, blood-fluid levels, and adjacent intramedullary hemorrhage. Intramedullary hemorrhage was defined as centrally and/or eccentrically located linear or flame shaped non-edematous signal abnormality extending longitudinally away from SCMs, distinct from lesional rim. RESULTS Sixty-three percent (49/78) of SCMs measured <1 cm in length, 78% (61/78) extended to the cord surface, 65% (51/78) were expansile, and 32% (25/78) were exophytic. Popcorn morphology was seen in 15% (12/78) on T1w and 22% (17/78) on T2w. Internal blood-fluid levels were evident in 4% (3/78). Sixty-nine percent (54/78) showed T2w hypointense rims; the T2w rim was complete/near-complete in 37% (29/78). A rim on T1w was visible in 49% (38/78); this was hyperintense in 58% (22/38). Adjacent intramedullary hemorrhage was seen in 45/78 (58%), was most commonly bidirectional in 67% (30/45) and eccentric in 68% (30/44). Cord edema was seen in 22% (17/78); 53% (9/17) also demonstrated intramedullary hemorrhage with edema. CONCLUSIONS The classically described popcorn morphology, internal blood-fluid levels, and complete/near-complete T2w hypointense rims are often absent on MRIs in SCMs. Adjacent intramedullary hemorrhage is frequently present, often eccentric and bidirectional.
Digital Inequality and Language Diversity: An Ethiopic Case Study

While digital supports for language diversity are expanding, supports for African languages and scripts lag behind. These gaps incentivize Africans to use colonial languages or the Latin script when using devices, and create barriers for Africans who lack these skills. This chapter expands the term “digital inequality” to encompass how technologies exacerbate offline inequality, such as rapid minority and Indigenous language and script extinction. It addresses these concerns through an investigation of the digital vitality of Ethiopian and Eritrean languages. The analysis demonstrates how gaps in digital support for the Ethiopic script drive the transliteration of Ethiopian languages into Latin characters, which saps these languages of their tri-level meaning. It concludes with policy and advocacy recommendations to make digital tools accessible to linguistically diverse users.
Bostock, LGBT Discrimination, and the Subtractive Moves

In Bostock v. Clayton County, the Supreme Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits sex discrimination in employment, covers discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The dissenting Justices, following the reasoning of several Court of Appeals judges, embraced a series of subtractive argumentative moves in order to argue that the statute does not prohibit discrimination that is explicitly within its scope, and which is part of the mischief that the statute aims to remedy. This article catalogues and critiques the subtractive moves. One may focus on (1) the law’s prototypical referent, or (2) the categories of objects that it happens to bring to mind, or (3) distinctions that feel familiar but which do not appear in the statute, or (4) formalist exceptions that are unrelated to the law’s language, or (5) the general expectations that were part of the law’s cultural background. One may also (6) claim that the law, read in its cultural context, simply doesn’t mean what it literally says. Each of these reaches outside the statute in order to defeat the law’s literal command. This strategy maximizes judicial discretion and betrays the promise of textualism.
APIMigrator: an API-usage migration tool for Android apps

To provide their functionality, mobile apps interact extensively with the application programming interface (API) of the underlying operating system. Given that this API evolves frequently, app developers are periodically required to migrate API usages in their apps to ensure that the apps behave as expected when running on the new API. To help developers with this tedious, error-prone, and time-consuming task, we defined a technique for automated API migration and implemented it in a tool called APIMigrator that supports Android apps. APIMigrator (1) automatically migrates API usages within an app by leveraging how developers of other apps migrated corresponding API usages and (2) validates the migrations through differential testing. We evaluated APIMigrator on a benchmark of 15 real-world apps and obtained promising results. Overall, our tool was able to migrate 85% of the API usages considered and validate 68% of these migrations. We provide a demo video of the tool at https://youtu.be/v0VfpKi_IDc.
The Final Alert on Ethics in AI Based Technology

The chapter is titled as a “Final Alert on Ethics…” as a wakeup call for humanity. It suggests that either mankind should pullup its socks, tighten its belt to prevent disasters on a prescription of limiting its unbridled expansion into consumerism or they would be left with no options but to adopt a technology in which machine intelligence would take over human intelligence. The World Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Governance and Disaster Management organized by the Special Centre for Disaster Research at Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi provoked transdisciplinary questions on ethics and few found some answers. These questions in the end did precipitate a parameter for performance assessment of governments, political economy of investments and the direction of preparedness in disaster management. As fragile habitats suffer further precipitation either by climate crises or any other direct human intervention, it is paramount as a society to have clear ethical principles on an adoption of a new technology. Any initiative on disaster management and recovery has to be guided through ethical governance. I refer here not to a philosophical disembodied discussion of ethics but what philosophers call virtue ethics—a lived, embodied experience of wisdom and discernment. Such ethics asks us to question what sort of people we should be and how we should live. I also rely on the profound tradition of dharma. Based in Indian philosophy dharma is translated as doing one’s duty while being infused with maitri (friendship) and karuna (compassion) for all sentient beings.
Chartering the FinTech Future

Banks are intermediaries that either lend, execute payments, or do both. The specific means through which these functions are achieved varies over time. Unbundled FinTech shadow banks are often more profitable and efficient than traditional banks, and they are also pioneering new approaches to financial inclusion. Allowing, but not requiring, FinTech shadow banks to become chartered banks will permit those for which this is value-creating to thrive, which will bolster the efficiency and inclusiveness of the banking system.
CPS Device-Class Identification via Behavioral Fingerprinting: From Theory to Practice

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) utilize different devices to collect sensitive data, communicate with other systems, and monitor essential processes in critical infrastructure applications. However, in the ecosystem of CPS, unauthorized or spoofed devices may danger or compromise the performance and security of the critical infrastructure. The unauthorized and spoofed devices may include tampered pieces of software or hardware components that can negatively impact CPS operations or collect vital CPS metrics from the network. Such devices can be outsider or insider threats trying to impersonate other real CPS devices via spoofing their legitimate identifications to gain access to systems, steal information, or spread malware. Device fingerprinting techniques are promising approaches to identify unauthorized or illegitimate devices. However, current fingerprinting solutions are not suitable as they disrupt critical real-time operations in CPS due to the nature of their extensive data analysis or too much overhead on the devices’ computational resources. To address these concerns, in this work, we propose STOP-AND- FRISK (S&F), a novel fingerprinting framework to identify CPS device classes and complement traditional security mechanisms in CPS. S&F is based on a secure challenge/response mechanism that analyzes the behavior of the CPS devices at both the hardware and OS/kernel levels. Specifically, the proposed novel mechanism combines system and function call tracing techniques, signal processing, and hardware performance analysis to create specific device-class signatures. Then, the signatures are correlated against known behavioral ground-truth to identify the device types. To test the efficacy of S&F extensively, we implemented a realistic testbed that included different classes of CPS devices with a variety of computing resources, architectures, and configurations. Our experimental results reveal an excellent rate on the CPS device-class identification. Finally, extensive performance analysis demonstrates that the use of S&F yields minimal overhead on the CPS devices’ computing resources.
Development and Validation of a Multiplex Microsphere Immunoassay Using Dried Blood Spots for SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence: Application in First Responders in Colorado, USA.

Serological testing of large representative populations for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is needed to estimate seroprevalence, transmission dynamics, and the duration of antibody responses from natural infection and vaccination. In this study, a high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 multiplex microsphere immunoassay (MMIA) was developed for the receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) that was more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (98% versus 87%). The MMIA was then applied and validated in 264 first responders in Colorado using serum and dried blood spot (DBS) eluates, compared to ELISA, and evaluated for neutralizing antibodies. Four percent (11/264) of first responders were seropositive in July to August 2020. Serum and DBS were highly correlated for anti-RBD and anti-N antibodies (R = 0.83, P < 0.0001 and R = 0.87, P < 0.0001, respectively) by MMIA. The MMIA accurately predicted SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using DBS (R = 0.76, P = 0.037). On repeat antibody testing 3 months later, anti-RBD IgG decreased less rapidly than anti-N IgG measured by MMIA, with a median change in geometric median fluorescence intensity of 62% versus 79% (P < 0.01) for anti-RBD and anti-N IgG, respectively. This novel MMIA using DBS could be scalable for rapid and affordable SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance in the United States and globally.
MRI for rectal cancer: Staging, mrCRM, EMVI, lymph node staging and post-treatment response

Abstract Rectal cancer is a relatively common malignancy in the United States. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rectal cancer has evolved tremendously in recent years, and has become a key component of baseline staging and treatment planning. In addition to assessing the primary tumor and locoregional lymph nodes, rectal MRI can be used to help with risk stratification by identifying high risk features such as extramural vascular invasion and can assess treatment response for patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. As the practice of rectal MRI continues to expand further into academic centers and private practices, standard MRI protocols and reporting are critical. In addition, it is imperative that the radiologists reading these cases work closely with surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists and pathologists to ensure we are providing the best possible care to patients. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the role of MRI for rectal cancer.
Configuration of beta-globin messenger RNA in rabbit reticulocytes. Identification of sites exposed to endogenous and exogenous nucleases.

Masked and exposed sites in rabbit β-globin messenger RNA were identified through S1 nuclease mapping of RNase T1 cleavage sites. Sites exposed to this enzyme were compared in deproteinized polysomal RNA and in mRNA in its native configuration in reticulocyte extracts. The analysis showed that most of the 3′ non-coding region is well accessible to the enzyme, both in deproteinized RNA and in the cell extract. A possible protecting function for the poly(A) sequence is suggested by the fact that molecules with very short poly(A) segments were cleaved preferentially in this region. The G residues in the 5′ non-coding region were inaccessible to RNase T1. A highly sensitive site adjacent to the initiation AUG codon was evident in the deproteinized RNA. This site was far less accessible to the enzyme in the mRNA associated with ribosomes in the cell extract. The first 150 nucleotides in the coding region showed very little susceptibility to digestion by the enzyme, in deproteinized RNA as well as in the cell extracts. Preparations of untreated mRNA showed the occurrence of truncated molecules, apparently generated by cleavage by endogenous nucleases. These cleavages were most prevalent in the two non-coding regions. They occurred at sites containing A-U sequences in the 3′ non-coding region, and at sites with different sequences in the 5′ non-coding region. Incubation of cell extracts at 37 °C did not cause any increase in these endogenous cleavages. It is suggested that they may have been generated in the intact cells, possibly as part of the mRNA degradation process in maturing reticulocytes.
Role of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association in Extension

In a recent discussion by three Fellows of else, is an aid to understanding and making the American Agricultural Economics Assocomplex economic decisions. ciation (AAEA), it was observed that if the Four types of change will likely preoccupy Land-Grant University System were to be creour profession over the next two decades: ated today, there would be no extension * internationalization, component. For those involved in the dis* technology, cussion, this was not a matter of controversy. * industrialization, and It was fact. That is a sobering thought for * resource mix. one who has committed a major share of his None of these forces is new to agriculture. professional career to extension education. Yet, each presents unique, new challenges Questioning of the relevance of extension for extension educators and for researchers in today's agriculture throws a whole new attempting to serve their needs. perspective on the issue of the role of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Internationalization (SAEA) in extension. Therefore, one is comNearly a decade ago, Schuh (1976) chalpelled to analyze a set of broader issues relenged the profession to come to grips with lating to the relevance and role of extension the realities of an open world economy. At in today's agriculture before drawing any the time, driven by a weak dollar and a tight conclusions regarding the role of the SAEA supply-demand balance, exports were growin extension. These include: ing on a path from $7 billion to a peak of • a review of the major forces affecting over $40 billion in 1981. The profession was agriculture out of which research and warned that agriculture had entered a new extension problems will evolve, era with macroeconomics and international * an analysis of the resulting challenges policies having a profound impact on agrito the Land-Grant System (hereinafter culture and its institutions. A specific chalreferred to as the System) and particulenge was made to extension regarding the larly to extension, and need to educate farmers, farm leaders, and * a refinement of those challenges for the policymakers on the factors affecting trade. agricultural economics profession. The predicted profound impact, indeed, Subsequently, implications will be drawn for has become a reality. Farmers, agribusinessthe role of the SAEA in extension education. men, economists, and policymakers alike have This approach is taken at the risk of not been forced to direct their thinking to the treating any of these topics in sufficient depth forces of a weak and subsequently a strong to be meaningful. The paper might, therefore dollar, from high inflation to low inflation, be viewed more as providing a basis for furand from a low to a high real rate of interest. ther discussion than for provision of definiThe importance of understanding these ecotive answers. nomic forces was emphasized to every agriculturalist-teacher, researcher, and extension worker.
Citric Acid Enhances the Antithrombotic Effect of Aspirin in Many Aspirin-Resistant Subjects

This study had three objectives: (1) to determine the frequency of high platelet aggregators in a consecutive series of 268 apparently healthy volunteers who presented to our Center; (2) to assess the inhibitory effect of aspirin (ASA) on these high aggregators; (3) to determine, in a double-blind trial, whether or not the addition of citric acid (CTA) to ASA would increase its inhibitory effect in subjects who had a suboptimal response to aspirin alone. A platelet aggregation-scoring methodology developed for turbidimetric platelet aggregometry was used to quantify baseline aggregation and medicinal effects. We define a high aggregator as one whose unmedicated PA score is ≥30. We define the response of a high aggregator to ASA as poor if the medicated PA score stays at ≥30. We found that 58 of 268 apparently healthy unmedicated volunteers (22%) had PA scores ≥30. and that 27 of these (47%) had a poor response to 325 mg ASA, with an average drop in their PA scores from 49.5 ± 13.1 to 41.1 ± 8.6 (16%). Twe...
Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race and Color in Latin America

Este libro se basa en encuestas realizadas en 2010, en cuatro paises latinoamericanos: Brasil, Co­lombia, Mexico y Peru. El aspecto mas novedoso y original de las encuestas fue el uso de la “paleta de colores”, un instrumento que permitio a los entrevistadores medir de manera consistente el color de la piel de los entrevistados, para despues relacionar el color con las auto-identificaciones raciales (blanco, mestizo, indigena, negro, etc.) de las personas encuestadas. El gran hallazgo del libro es que, en todos los paises, se encontro una fuerte correlacion entre el color de la piel y los indicadores so­cioeconomicos de los individuos (por ejemplo, sus niveles de educacion, de ingreso, de ocupacion, etc.), una correlacion mas fuerte y consistente que la relacion entre la identidad racial y aquellos indicadores. Quiere decir que el color de la piel tiene un papel mas significativo que las identidades cotidianas en la produccion y reproduccion de las desigualdades raciales. Considero este libro como una contribucion sumamente importante y original al estudio de las desigualdades raciales en America Latina, por los siguientes motivos. Primero, en el libro me impresiono el modelo de la colaboracion intelectual internacional. Los academicos hablamos de la necesidad de tales colaboraciones, pero no cumplimos tan frecuentemente con este prin­cipio tan valioso; y cuando si intentamos las colaboraciones internacionales, son muy pocos los proyectos que combinan el rigor intelectual que se ve en este libro, con los niveles igualmente altos de companerismo intelectual. Tuve la buena suerte de participar en dos de las reuniones del grupo PERLA, en que se presentaban los resultados preliminares de las muestras y los ana­lisis realizados por los distintos equipos. Lo que presencie en esas reuniones fue un espiritu de fuerte compromiso con el proyecto global, junto con una disposicion tanto para criticar como para recibir las criticas y utilizarlas para mejorar el producto final. Los integrantes tambien me contaron un poco del proceso de disenar el proyecto y los cuestionarios nacionales, los cuales se prepararon con base en una vision comun, pero tambien con pleno reconocimiento de las especificidades de cada pais. Esto permitia que los resultados del proyecto fuesen tan utiles, tanto en el ambito regional como en cada pais.
Phenomenological theory of anisotropic isothermal galvanomagnetic effects

The isotherma galvanomagnetic tensor components associated with the Halt effect and the magnetoresistance effect are analyzed for arbitrary orientation of the crystal axes in the sample, arbitrary orientation of the magnetic field B, and arbitrary crystal symmetry. The conductivity components in suitable co-ordinates are expanded in powers of the components of B. The coefficients are the galvanomagnetic material constants, called "brackets". By means of ONSAGER'S relations, it is shown that the magnetoresistance effect is always even in B, whereas the Hall effect is odd in B only with special geometry. Further, the Hall effect is even or zero for some geometric and crystallographic conditions. The effects of the crystal symmetry on the brackets are covered by a theorem. The re- sultant dependencies between the brackets are tabulated completely for all powers of B for the crystal classes other than trigonal and hexagonal. For the latter, the bracket relations are given up to the sixth power of B. Formulae for the number of independent brackets up to any power of B are given for all crystal symmetries. The significance of the results obtained is pointed out.
Transcriptional repression of Sin3B by Bmi-1 prevents cellular senescence and is relieved by oncogene activation

The Polycomb group protein Bmi-1 is an essential regulator of cellular senescence and is believed to function largely through the direct repression of the Ink4a/Arf locus. However, concurrent deletion of Ink4a/Arf does not fully rescue the defects detected in Bmi-1(-/-) mice, indicating that additional Bmi-1 targets remain to be identified. The expression of the chromatin-associated Sin3B protein is stimulated by oncogenic stress, and is required for oncogene-induced senescence. Here we demonstrate that oncogenic stress leads to the dissociation of Bmi-1 from the Sin3B locus, resulting in increased Sin3B expression and subsequent entry into cellular senescence. Furthermore, Sin3B is required for the senescent phenotype and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species elicited upon Bmi-1 depletion. Altogether, these results identify Sin3B as a novel direct target of Bmi-1, and establish Bmi-1-driven repression of Sin3B as an essential regulator of cellular senescence.
Ultrasound and Swallowing

Diagnostic ultrasound plays an important role in logopedics and phoniatrics. In this article the basic principles of ultrasound are introduced along with the various ultrasonic methods used for assessment and intervention: B-mode, TM-mode, spectral Doppler, color Doppler and enhanced color Doppler. The application of each method to the study of swallowing is explored along with recent state-of-the-art advances in three-dimensional ultrasonic imaging of the upper airway.
Computational complexity of Volterra based nonlinear compensators

The Volterra series can be used to represent a wide class of nonlinear systems with memory. A Volterra inverse can be used to apply post (or pre)-distortion for the purpose of nonlinear compensation. The authors determine and compare the computational complexity of two such compensators: one based on the analytical pth order Volterra inverse, the other on the adaptive Volterra inverse.
Mild interoceptive stressors affect learning and reactivity to contextual cues: toward understanding the development of unexplained illnesses.

Contextual learning is evident with repeated experiences with agents and treatments that induce frank illness and interoceptive stress. Here, we examined whether acute treatment with mild interoceptive stressors (low doses of pyridostigmine bromide (PB), neostigmine bromide (NB), and interleukin (IL)-1β) may serve as unconditional stimuli supporting contextual learning. Rats were exposed to interoceptive and exteroceptive stressors in contexts distinguished by visual or olfactory cues. Acoustic startle responses (ASRs) were measured the day following exposure and 2 weeks thereafter, without delivery of the unconditional stimuli. The appearance, form, and duration of startle potentiation depended on the distinguishing features of the context and the nature of the interoceptive stressor. Rats given cholinesterase inhibitors (PB and NB), but not IL-1β or exposed to an exteroceptive stressor, exhibited exaggerated ASRs in a novel context distinguished by visual cues. Treatment with either PB or IL-1β led to potentiated ASRs in the presence of odors congruent with those experiences during exposure to the stressor. Startle potentiation by odor was still apparent 2 weeks after treatment. For contexts differentiated by visual stimuli, cholinomimetics transiently alter reactivity within novel contexts. In the case of contexts differentiated by odors, learning is apparent at least 2 weeks after acute treatment of cholinomimetics and IL-1β. Contextual learning and changes in reactivity consequent to mild interoceptive stressors such as PB may play a role in the development of nonspecific symptoms typical of unexplained illnesses, such as Gulf War Illness.
Cuticle secretion during larval growth in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The moulting cycle and growth of the larval integument of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Growth during the first, second and third larval instars is accompanied by 3.0-, 3.4- and 3.7-fold increases in surface area, respectively. Growth in surface area occurs continuously during the larval stages, with no detectable relationship to the moulting cycle. Measurements of the thickness of the cuticular layers show that the endocuticle grows in thickness by apposition and in surface area by stretching. The pre-apolytic epicuticle remains at fairly constant thickness during the increase in surface area, indicating that it grows by intussusception of new components. Post-apolytic epicuticle becomes thinner and increases in surface area by stretching. The epicuticle and pre-ecdysial endocuticle are traversed by filaments, but these do not penetrate the endocuticle secreted after ecdysis. We suggest that the filaments transport breakdown products from the old cuticle inward to the epidermis for reutilization. The growth and deposition of cuticle in two larval growth mutants, lethal (2) giant larvae and Chubby Tubby , involves mechanisms similar to those found in wild-type larvae, but in Chubby Tubby the endocuticle contains inclusions which are ultrastructurally similar to dense epicuticle.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE ELIMINATION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN DURING ANAESTHESIA AND SURGERY

Oxygen consumption (VO2, ml min−1) and carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2, ml min−1), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), rate of ventilation (f) and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (E' co2 %) were measured in 38 infants and children (body weights 3.6–25 kg). Four children (body weight
Gallium-related defect centers in molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown ZnSe films: Influence of electric field on thermal emission of electrons

We report a study of the Poole-Frenkel (PF) effect in ZnSe. Our results show that ignoring the PF effect in deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) leads to a significant scatter in the activation-energy data reported in the literature for deep defects in this material. The Ga-doped ZnSe films used in this study were grown on (100) GaAs by molecular-beam epitaxy. Our DLTS results show the presence of two prominent electron traps at depths ${\mathit{E}}_{1}$=0.27 and ${\mathit{E}}_{2}$=0.40--0.48 eV. The ${\mathit{E}}_{2}$ trap exhibits a strong PF effect, indicating a donorlike character. Thermal emission from the ${\mathit{E}}_{1}$ trap is independent of the electric field. By taking into account the PF effect, we are able to explain the carrier-concentration dependence of the activation energy of trap ${\mathit{E}}_{2}$. The capture process for the ${\mathit{E}}_{1}$ trap is thermally activated with a thermal-energy barrier of 0.096 eV. The existence of a thermal barrier for the carrier capture leads to persistent photoconductivity observed below T=90 K. In order to describe the properties of the Ga-related traps in ZnSe:Ga films, we propose a consistent defect model involving complexes of Ga atoms with zinc vacancies in the next-nearest-neighbor positions (${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$-${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$). The model attributes the ${\mathit{E}}_{2}$ level to a donorlike state, and the ${\mathit{E}}_{1}$ level to an acceptorlike state of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$-${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ defect complex.
An adaptable microcomputer program for monitoring behavior

We describe an improvement of a flexible and easy to use program for monitoring and recording behavior durations with IBM-compatible microcomputers and a companion program that provides additional versatility for handling data. Up to 35 behaviors or events can be monitored, and processing speed is fast enough to measure even very rapidly performed behaviors. No specialized hardware is required, and the data files that are created are compatible with commercially available software packages for statistical analysis.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of linear poly(ether sulfone)s with dendritic terminal groups

Hybrid linear-dendritic ABA polymers, where A and B are dendritic and linear polymers, respectively, were synthesized in a single step via step-growth polymerization of 4,4'-difluorodiphenylsulfone and bisphenol A using arylether ketone dendrons of first and second generations (G1-OH and G2-OH) as monofunctional end-cappers. These G1 and G2-terminated poly(ether sulfone)s (G1-PESs and G2-PESs) were characterized by 1 H NMR, SEC, DSC, TGA, melt rheology, and tensile tests. The comparison of the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of these polymers with those of t-butylphenoxy-terminated polysulfones reveal that the G1- and G2-PESs have lower T g s at all molecular weights investigated. However, a plot of Tg versus 1/M n shows that the difference between the three series becomes negligible at infinite molecular weight and agrees to the chain end free volume theory. The melt viscosities of G1-PES and G2-PES with high molecular weights do not show a Newtonian region and, in the high frequency region, their viscosities are lower than that of the control while the stress-strain properties are comparable to those of the control, suggesting that it is possible to reduce the high shear melt viscosity of a PES without affecting the stress-strain properties by introducing bulky dendritic terminal groups.
Guidelines for Documentation of Treatment Efficacy for Young Children Who Stutter

The pressing need to document treatment efficacy for young children who stutter is discussed. Guidelines for such documentation are suggested and illustrated. Measures for verifying treatment effects in four realms are delineated: (a) conditions of documentation, (b) dependent variables to be measured, (c) establishment of treatment integrity, and (d) verification of the relationship between treatment and outcome. Illustrations of the application of the suggested guidelines are presented for 2 children.
Analysis of plant nutrient management strategies: Conventional and alternative approaches

During times of economic uncertainty, such as the current period, all costs of agricultural production become important and worthy of close scrutiny if the threat of farm foreclosures is to be minimized. This concern particularly applies to the cost of plant nutrients, which, under conventional approaches, typically represents 24%–30% (or more) of the total variable costs of production [Lu et al. (2000) Food Reviews International 16(2): 121–157; Bullen and Brown (2001) Economic Evaluation of UNR Cotton, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina]. The purpose of this paper is to examine, via a review of the literature, the economics and profitability of various plant nutrient management strategies–both conventional and alternative ones–in an attempt to identify those strategies that can lead to financial resource optimization and, ultimately, maximum profits for farm enterprises. The results of this analysis are as follows: In a meta-analysis of 120 studies, conventional nutrient management systems, using commercial fertilizers, showed higher profit for most grain crops (with the exception of corn and sorghum), than organic nutrient management systems. Both cover crop and animal manure-based systems show considerable promise as alternative nutrient management strategies for increasing farm profitability. A cover crop system produced the highest average corn yield and gross margin per hectare with the smallest coefficient of variation compared to no-tillage conventional, manure-based, or crownvetch systems. Manure-based systems that do not require purchase or transport of the manure (as in combined animal and crop production systems) can be considerably more profitable than conventional systems. Both manure-based and cover crop systems that do not include the use of commercial fertilizers (i.e., organic systems), hold particular promise due to the output price premiums typically garnered by the organic crops grown under such conditions.
Sex-role expectations of socially desirable first names

This study was an attempt to investigate the relationship between child-naming practices and the perpetuation of traditional sex-role expectations of masculine and feminine behaviors. It was hypothesized that desirable male and female first names would be rated as more sex-typed the more frequently they occurred in the culture. No relationship on a cross-sex-typed effect was predicted for undesirable first names. Psychology undergraduates (N=149) nominated desirable and undesirable male and female first names. The frequency of nomination was correlated with ratings of masculinity or femininity of the names, and the results supported the hypotheses. A significant correlation was found between frequency and degree of stereotypy of first names rated as desirable, but no effect was found for undesirable first names. These results were discussed in terms of role-conflict theory. Secondary issues raised were the use of androgynous first names and the effects of first names on affirmative action procedures.
The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A), a self-administered instrument that assesses anxiety, eating, mood, and substance use disorders among adolescent primary care patients. Methods: A total of 403 adolescents from California, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio completed the PHQ-A and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20) during or shortly after a visit to a primary care clinic or a school nurse's office. A few days later, clinical psychologists who were blind to the results of the PHQ-A administered a semi-structured clinical interview to assess the same psychiatric disorders and to conduct a global assessment of functioning (GAF) among 403 patients. Diagnostic agreement coefficients were computed and analyses of covariance were conducted. Results: Findings support the diagnostic validity of the PHQ-A. The PHQ-A and the clinical interview produced similar estimates of the prevalence rates of anxiety, eating, mood, and substance use disorders. The PHQ-A demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic agreement, and overall diagnostic accuracy, compared with the clinical interview. Adolescents with PHQ-A diagnoses experienced significantly poorer mental and overall functioning, more physical pain, and poorer overall health compared with those without psychiatric disorders. These differences remained significant after patients' age, gender, ethnicity, and site were controlled statistically. Conclusion: The PHQ-A may be used to assist primary care practitioners in identifying psychiatric disorders among their adolescent patients. The PHQ-A is the first such tool to be tested for use in adolescents and offers an acceptable and efficient tool for early detection and recognition of mental disorders in this high-risk group.
Gender differences associated with playing high school varsity soccer

Despite the increased participation of girls in competitive high school athletics, it is unclear that play on sports teams holds the same meaning for adolescent boys and girls. This study investigated school, grade, (freshman and sophomore vs junior and senior), and gender differences associated with a range of factors related to participation in high school varsity soccer play among 65 students attending two high schools, one emphasizing achievement, the other emphasizing competitive involvement in athletics, including soccer. Also of interest was the relationship between both soccer involvement and soccer knowledge and school climate, empathy, occupational interest, and perceived parent behavior. Because gender differences were found in comparative and correlational analysis, it is concluded that play on varsity soccer teams holds different meanings and values for adolescent boys and girls.
Curriculum developments in American law schools in the twenty-first century

The article begins with a brief history of legal education in the United States. Early legal education was a model that was theoretically based primarily on mentoring by practicing lawyers but was light in terms of substantive knowledge. Gradually the model evolved to the point where professional teachers, armed with casebooks, imparted knowledge in the way imagined by Christopher Columbus Langdell. Today, with many questioning the continued efficacy of the Langdell model, many law schools are experimenting with the model so as to adapt to a changing legal environment. There is some irony in these models in that many of them are heavily dependent on mentoring by lawyers in the guise of law professors. Still, the large point is that American legal education is not static. Rather, American legal education is changing and adapting to a different environment.
The U.S. interests and role in central Asia after K2

Central Asia is remote, poor, and has few historical or cultural ties to the United States. Yet, the region's importance to Washington exceeds its value as a stepping stone to Afghanistan and a neighbor of both China and Russia.
Minimum Variance Estimation of Power Distribution in Operating Boiling Water Reactors

This paper describes a method for obtaining minimum variance estimates of the power and flux distributions in an operating boiling water reactor. The method features updates of the covariance matrix for measurement error as new data sets are obtained. Test results show that the minimum variance estimate reduces measurement bias better than alternative methods.
Abstract wave equations with a singular nonlinear forcing term

Abstract Let V ⊂H be real separable Hilbert spaces. The abstract wave equation u′' + A(t)u = g(u), where u(t) ϵ V, A(t) maps V to its dual V ∗ , and g is a nonlinear map from the ball S(R0) = {u ϵ V: ∥u∥
THE IMPACT OF SCANDAL ON CANDIDATE EVALUATIONS: An Experimental Test of the Role of Candidate Traits

Correlational studies have found candidate traits to be an important determinant of vote preferences but cannot rule out reverse causality processes in explaining these findings. The present study demonstrates the independent impact of trait inferences on candidate evaluations using experimentally controlled candidate profiles of hypothetical U.S. congressmen. Using the scandal situation as a testing ground, this experiment examines whether task-relevant, competence traits actually have greater impact on political judgments than the more general, warmth-related trait qualities. Two types of scandals are considered (marital infidelity and tax evasion), both implying negative trustworthiness characteristics of the officeholder. Results demonstrate that trait inferences do have a causal impact on global evaluations. Consistent with past survey studies, competence qualities appear to be more important than warmth qualities but only for those with greater political information levels.
Bilinear Square Functions and Vector-Valued Calderón-Zygmund Operators

Boundedness results for bilinear square functions and vector-valued operators on products of Lebesgue, Sobolev, and other spaces of smooth functions are presented. Bilinear vector-valued Calderon-Zygmund operators are introduced and used to obtain bounds for the optimal range of estimates in target Lebesgue spaces including exponents smaller than one.
Effect of time and relationships on victim–offender dialogue completion in felony cases

Victim–offender dialogues (VODs) often take place in organizational contexts, the stakeholders of which may very well be interested in measures of program effectiveness such as completion rates. When reported, completion rates typically ranged from 40 to 60%. At the time of this study, Ohio’s VOD program was completing just 25% of initiated cases and program stakeholders were unsure as to the cause(s). An archived data analysis was performed on a sample (n = 212) of the Office of Victim Services (OVS) completed and will-not-proceed files. One hypothesis and two research questions make use of archived data to explore this felony VOD context. The amount of time between the date the crime occurred and the date on which the dialogue file was initiated was not a significant predictor of dialogue completion. However, both victim-offender’s pre-crime relationship and dialogue file initiator were found to significantly impact dialogue completion rates. These results are considered in light of social exchange and ...
Ultrafast clock recovery technique for high-speed optical packet networks

The authors propose, investigate and demonstrated an ultrafast bit clock recovery technique for packet-switched optical networks. An experimental prototype is constructed using commercial components (multitap delay lines and fast PLDs). Their clock recovery scheme performs clock acquisition within four preamble bits with an optical power penalty of 1 dB at 80 Mbit/s.
Contribution of radial dopant concentration to the thermoelectric properties of core-shell nanowires

We report the thermoelectric characteristics of core-shell p-type germanium nanowires (GeNWs) (lightly doped core, heavily doped shell). Overall, the thermoelectric characteristics are dominated by the heavily doped shell. Experimental data indicate that surface states produce dopant deactivation when the heavily doped shell is removed. Under this situation, the thermoelectric figure of merit is degraded. Etching the heavily doped shell resulted in a rough germanium nanowire with a thermal conductivity close to 1.1 W/m-K at 300 K, which is one of the smallest k measured for nanowires and comparable to the thermal conductivity of bulk SiO2.
A Heisenberg Inequality for Stochastic Integrals

Using the products of exponential functions, a family of unitary operators will be defined for all square integrable continuous martingale processes having a deterministic quadratic variation. A Heisenberg inequality for stochastic integrals will be proved using this family of operators.
A pp′ Group in the Arc Spectrum of Zinc

ONE of us (R. A. S.) in a study of pp′ groups in atomic spectra, which will be published in full later, has observed that in many two-valence-system spectra the frequency of the first pp′ group is nearly a mean between the frequency of the first line of the principal series of singlets in the spectrum and the first line of the principal series of doublets of the once more ionised atom.
Hyperfine structure of 147,149Sm II by collinear laser-ion-beam spectroscopy.

Collinear laser--ion-beam spectroscopy has been used to measure the hyperfine structure (hfs) of nine metastable even-parity levels (El15000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) and nine odd-parity levels (EV32000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) in $^{147}$,149Sm ii. The mass resolution of 1 part in 350 eliminates spectral congestion due to overlapping lines from neighboring isotopes. The kinematic compression of the Doppler width is essential to obtain the necessary spectral resolution (approximately 20 MHz) to completely resolve hfs. An optical pumping scheme is used to differentiate the upper and lower levels of the observed transitions. The resulting magnetic dipole hfs constants, A, for the even-parity states arising from the 4${f}^{6}$${(\mathrm{}}^{7}$F)5d configuration that are nominally more than pure 90% LS coupled have been analyzed in terms of Sandars-Beck effective-operator theory. The analysis shows that these levels actually contain substantial admixture of open-shell s electrons.
Some concepts of technology transfer: adoption of innovations in organizational context

This paper is based on the review of literature on technology transfer and diffusion of innovations. Models and propositions developed by scholars in various disciplines were analyzed. The definitions and concepts frequently encountered in the literature were discussed to understand the process of technology transfer at various levels. Problems of inter-organizational technology transfer were discussed at length.