cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of cytoplasmic factors which complement Ca2+ channel mutations in Paramecium tetraurelia.

The analysis of Ca2 +-channel function in the single-celled eukaryote Paramecium can be extended to a biochemical level based on recent observations that transfer of cytoplasm from wild-type cells into mutants lacking Ca2 + -channel function (“pawn” mutants) causes the mutant cells to regain Ca2 + -channel activity. Using a convenient behavioral assay for Ca2 + -channel function, we have used microinjection of cytoplasmic fractions into mutant cells to enrich for and characterize those components from wild-type cytoplasm which can “cure” cells carrying mutations in the 3 different pawn genes affecting Ca2+ -channel activity (pwA,pwB, and pwC). In each case, the curing factor appears to be a protein component of an intracellular membrane. They are distinguishable on the basis of thermal, pH and divalent ion sensitivities. In addition, the factor curing IhepwC mutational defect has been purified more than 180-fold. Furthermore, thepwB curing activity appears to be amplified during sequential transfer betwee...
Epidemiological effects of group size variation in social species

Contact patterns in group-structured populations determine the course of infectious disease outbreaks. Network-based models have revealed important connections between group-level contact patterns ...
An IC design for real-time motion estimation for H.264 digital video

An IC design to achieve real-time motion estimation compensation encoding for H.264 ITU video compression standard is presented. A full-search block matching algorithm has been adapted to a pipelined data flow to enable parallel processing of variable block sized block matching and fractional pixel motion vector generation. High definition TV (HDTV) requires wide bandwidth and a large amount of memory for digital video processing. The SOC is designed with TSMC 0.18mum technology using VHDL and optimized to achieve a 125 MHz clock speed to make real-time processing possible
Theory Construction in Qualitative Research From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis

A critical pathway for conceptual innovation in the social is the construction of theoretical ideas based on empirical data. Grounded theory has become a leading approach promising the construction of novel theories. Yet grounded theory–based theoretical innovation has been scarce in part because of its commitment to let theories emerge inductively rather than imposing analytic frameworks a priori. We note, along with a long philosophical tradition, that induction does not logically lead to novel theoretical insights. Drawing from the theory of inference, meaning, and action of pragmatist philosopher Charles S. Peirce, we argue that abduction, rather than induction, should be the guiding principle of empirically based theory construction. Abduction refers to a creative inferential process aimed at producing new hypotheses and theories based on surprising research evidence. We propose that abductive analysis arises from actors’ social and intellectual positions but can be further aided by careful methodolo...
Security in high speed networks

There is a growing interest in the development of broadband services and networks for commercial use in both local area and wide area networks. In particular, connectionless switched multimegabit data service (SMDS) and connection-oriented frame relay based broadband services an being offered by a number of major operators in the US and Europe. This paper considers the issues that need to be addressed in the design of security services for such high speed networks. First the relevant characteristics of broadband network interfaces an discussed, some of the existing security protocols for TCP/IP and OSI networks are reviewed, and their suitability for providing security in broadband networks assessed. Then the developed arguments are applied to design security services for the connectionless SMDS and the connection-oriented frame relay networks.
Efficient feedback controllers for continuous-time quantum error correction

We present an efficient approach to continuous-time quantum error correction that extends the low-dimensional quantum filtering methodology developed by van Handel and Mabuchi [e-print arXiv:quant-ph/0511221] to include error recovery operations in the form of real-time quantum feedback. We expect this paradigm to be useful for systems in which error recovery operations cannot be applied instantaneously. While we could not find an exact low-dimensional filter that combined both continuous syndrome measurement and a feedback Hamiltonian appropriate for error recovery, we developed an approximate reduced-dimensional model to do so. Simulations of the five-qubit code subjected to the symmetric depolarizing channel suggests that error correction based on our approximate filter performs essentially identically to correction based on an exact quantum dynamical model.
THE ACCELERATED WEATHERING OF A RADIOACTIVE LOW-ACTIVITY WASTE GLASS UNDER HYDRAULICALLY UNSATURATED CONDITIONS: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM A PRESSURIZED UNSATURATED FLOW TEST

To predict the long-term fate of low- and high-level waste forms in the subsurface over geologic timescales, it is important to understand how the formation of an alteration phase or phases will affect radionuclide release from the corroding waste forms under repository-relevant conditions. To generate data to conduct performance assessment calculations for the low-activity waste (LAW) integrated disposal facility at the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington state, accelerated weathering experiments are being conducted with the pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) test method to evaluate the long-term release of radionuclides from immobilized LAW (ILAW) glasses. The radionuclide release rate is a key parameter affecting the overall performance of the LAW disposal facility. Currently, there are three other accelerated weathering test methods being used to evaluate the long-term durability of glasses: product consistency test, vapor hydration test, and unsaturated drip test. In contrast to these test methods, PUF tests mimic the hydraulically unsaturated open-flow and transport conditions expected in the near-field vadose zone environment, allow the corroding waste form to achieve its final reaction state, and accelerate the hydrolysis and aging processes by as much as 50 times over conventional static tests run at the same temperature. In this paper, we discuss the results of an accelerated weathering experiment conducted with the PUF apparatus to evaluate the corrosion rate of an ILAW glass, LAWAN102, made with actual Hanford waste taken from Tank 241-AN-102 (U). Results from this PUF test with LAWAN102 glass showed that after 1.5 yr of testing, the corrosion rate, based on B release, reached a steady-state release of 0.010 ± 0.003 gm -2 day -1 , which is approximately eight times lower than other glasses previously tested. These results indicate that 99 Tc is being released from the glass congruently, whereas U is being controlled by the formation of a solubility-limiting phase or phases. These results also highlight the importance of being able to predict, with some level of certainty, the alteration phase or phases that will form and how the formation of these phases may impact the release, retention, and transport of radionuclides from the glass under the hydraulically unsaturated open flow and transport conditions that are expected in the LAW integrated disposal facility.
Effect of Fesoterodine in Vulnerable Elderly Subjects with Urgency Incontinence: A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial

Purpose: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of flexible dose fesoterodine in medically complex vulnerable elderly subjects with urgency urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: In this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, flexible dose, placebo controlled trial, subjects were community dwelling men and women 65 years old or older. Subjects had scores of 3 or more on the VES-13 (Vulnerable Elders Survey) and 20 or more on the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), and 2 to 15 urgency urinary incontinence episodes and 8 or more micturitions per 24 hours on 3-day baseline diaries. Subjects randomized to fesoterodine received 4 mg once daily for 4 weeks and could then increase to 8 mg based on discussion with the investigator. Subjects receiving 8 mg could decrease the dose to 4 mg at any time (sham escalation and de-escalation for placebo). The primary outcome measure was change in daily urgency urinary incontinence episodes. Secondary outcomes included changes in other diary variables and patient reported...
Paraplegia Complicating Left Posterolateral Thoracotomy

A 16-year-old female underwent an emergency posterolateral thoracotomy for construction of a systemic-pulmonary shunt to alleviate a cyanotic spell. She developed paraplegia secondary to intraspinal expansion of oxidized cellulose that had been placed intraoperatively as a hemostat. Surgical decompression of the spinal cord lessened the morbidity.
Tectonic and eustatic signals in the sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian Canadaway Group, New York state

We have refined the late Frasnian to early Famennian relative sea level curve based on detailed stratigraphic data from more than 1200 outcrops in the Appalachian basin of western New York. This curve is constructed from considerations of lithologies, bedforms, and ichnofacies. We document 3 sequences and 48 parasequences in the Canadaway Group, part of the marine component of the Catskill delta complex. Several apparent lowstands and one transgression are localized along the syndepositionally active Clarendon-Linden fault system; we infer that these systems tracts are forced, and result from interaction between fault-block motion and eustatic sea level changes. This detailed study thus demonstrates that sea level curves inferred from local foreland basins may have a stronger tectonic signal than formerly perceived.
Normalization of microarray data by iterative nonlinear regression

Normalization is an important prerequisite for almost all follow-up microarray data analysis steps. Accurate normalization assures a common base for comparative biomedical studies using gene expression profiles across different experiments and phenotypes. In this paper, we present a novel normalization approach - iterative nonlinear regression (INR) method - that exploits concurrent identification of invariantly expressed genes (IEGs) and implementation of nonlinear regression normalization. We demonstrate the principle and performance of the INR approach on two real microarray data sets. As compared to major peer methods (e.g., linear regression method, Loess method and iterative ranking method), INR method shows a superior performance in achieving low expression variance across replicates and excellent fold change preservation.
Fast implementations of secret-key block ciphers using mixed inner- and outer-round pipelining

The new design methodology for secret-key block ciphers, based on introducing an optimum number of pipeline stages inside of a cipher round is presented and evaluated. This methodology is applied to five well-known modern ciphers, Triple DES, Rijndael, RC6, Serpent, and Twofish, with the goal to first obtain the architecture with the optimum throughput to area ratio, and then the architecture with the highest possible throughput. All ciphers are modeled in VHDL, and implemented using Xilinx Virtex FPGA devices. It is demonstrated that all investigated ciphers can operate with similar maximum clock frequencies, in the range from 95 to 131 MHz, limited only by the delay of a single CLB layer and delays of interconnects. Rijndael, RC6, Twofish, and Serpent achieve throughputs in the range from 12.1 Gbit/s to 16.8 Gbit/s; and Triple DES achieves the throughput of 7.5 Gbit/s. Because of the optimum speed to cost ratio, the proposed architecture seems to be very well suited for practical implementations of secret-key block ciphers using both FPGAs and custom ASICs. We also show that using this architecture for comparing hardware performance of secret-key block ciphers, such as AES candidates, operating in non-feedback cipher modes, leads to the more prudent and fairer analysis than comparisons based on other types of pipelined architectures.
Androgen-dependent male vocal performance influences female preference in Neotropical singing mice

Vocalizations used in aggressive and mating contexts often convey reliable information about signaller condition when physical or physiological limitations constrain signal expression. In vertebrates, androgens modulate the expression of vocal signals and provide a proximate link between male condition and signal form. In many songbirds, assessment of males is based on production of trills that are constrained by a performance trade-off between how fast notes are repeated and the frequency bandwidth of each note. In this study, we first recorded trills of male Neotropical singing mice (Scotinomys) to examine whether they show a similar performance trade-off, and then manipulated androgen levels to assess their role in modulating vocal performance. Lastly, we broadcast experimentally manipulated trills to females to determine whether they preferred versions resembling those of androgen-treated males. Singing mice showed a vocal performance trade-off similar to that of birds. Males treated with androgens maintained vocal performance, but castrated mice that were administered empty implants produced trills with lower performance. Females approached high-performance trills more rapidly and spent more time near corresponding speakers. Together, our results demonstrate that androgens modulate the production of physically challenging vocalizations, and the resulting signal variation influences female receiver response.
Effective utilization of equations of state for thermodynamic properties in process simulation

Thermodynamic property computations using equations of state first require computation of the density root. Since higher level calculations such as single-stage flash, distillation and data regression are usually performed iteratively, properties are often demanded at conditions where the appropriate density root does not exist. A strategy of returning suitable pseudoproperties under such conditions is proposed. It has been successfully used in ASPEN (Advanced System for Process Engineering), a general process simulator developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Interferon-γ induction of major histocompatibility complex antigens on cultured bovine luteal cells

To investigate immunological mechanisms that may be involved in luteal function, the presence of Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on cultured bovine luteal cells was examined. After 72 h in serum-free culture, Class I antigens were markedly expressed on luteal cells, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence, whereas expression of Class II antigens was limited. The expression of MHC antigens on luteal cells was increased by treatment with the T-lymphocyte factor, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Class I and II antigens were elevated 25% and 370% above controls, respectively, after IFN-gamma exposure. Since the corpus luteum is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH), luteal cells were treated with either hormone alone or hormone in addition to IFN-gamma, and antigen expression was determined. LH treatment attenuated IFN-gamma-induction of Class II antigens on bovine luteal cells. These observations are the first to demonstrate the presence of MHC antigens on bovine luteal cells and the modulation of antigen expression by the lymphokine IFN-gamma and by LH.
Diagnostics techniques in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.

Introduction: Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the most common presentation of bladder cancer and is often treatable with endoscopic resection and intravesical therapies. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the gold standard in diagnosis and surveillance but are limited by their sensitivity in some situations. We seek to provide an overview of recent additions to the diagnostic armamentarium for urologists treating this disease. Methods: Articles were identified through a literature review of articles obtained through PubMed searches including the terms “bladder cancer”and various diagnostic techniques described in the article. Results: A variety of urinary biomarkers are available to assist the diagnosis and management of patients with NMIBC. Many have improved sensitivity over urine cytology, but less specificity. There are certain situations in which this has proved valuable, but as yet these are not part of the standard guidelines for NMIBC. Fluorescence cystoscopy has level 1 evidence demonstrating increased rates of tumor detection and prolonged recurrence-free survival when utilized for transurethral resection. Other technologies seeking to enhance cystoscopy, such as narrow band imaging, confocal laser endomicroscopy, and optical coherence tomography are still under evaluation. Conclusions: A variety of urine biomarker and adjunctive endoscopic technologies have been developed to assist the management of NMIBC. While some, such as fluorescence cystoscopy, have demonstrated a definite benefit in this disease, others are still finding their place in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Future studies should shed light on how these can be incorporated to improve outcomes in NMIBC.
Cognitive Referencing: The (Non)Relationship between Theory and Application.

The article questions the appropriateness of using cognitive referencing as a method to determine children's eligibility for language and motor services. Theoretical assumptions underlying the model are reviewed, and the validity of the practice is examined in light of current theory and empirical evidence. We conclude that the model of cognitive referencing is not consistent with current theoretical formulations. In addition, empirical findings examining the validity of the practice do not give support to the model. We caution practitioners against the adoption of a model that results in the exclusion of children from services until more thorough empirical examination is available on the appropriateness of the practice.
Quantifying the impact of routing and scheduling on throughput for wireless networks

Current evaluations of DoD tactical networking systems have left the impression of sub-optimal performance without being able to provide either a clear vision of the limits on the performance that could realistically be attained or which layers of the network algorithm are responsible for the suboptimal results. Recent advances in computing the capacity of a large MANET allow us to obtain a practical benchmark for MANET capacity performance evaluation [1]. In this paper, we quantify the impact of commonly used algorithms at the routing and the scheduling layers on the overall network throughput and compare their individual effects on overall network throughput performance. We consider the routing and the scheduling layers separately since practical MANET implementations are likely to use a layered architecture even though the joint routing and scheduling algorithm is known to be optimal. Our data shows that a good scheduling algorithm can provide potentially four times the throughput improvement of a good routing algorithm when inter-user interference conforms to an 802.11 type model.
Identification of two distinct fire regimes in Southern California: implications for economic impact and future change

The area burned by Southern California wildfires has increased in recent decades, with implications for human health, infrastructure, and ecosystem management. Meteorology and fuel structure are universally recognized controllers of wildfire, but their relative importance, and hence the efficacy of abatement and suppression efforts, remains controversial. Southern California's wildfires can be partitioned by meteorology: fires typically occur either during Santa Ana winds (SA fires) in October through April, or warm and dry periods in June through September (non-SA fires). Previous work has not quantitatively distinguished between these fire regimes when assessing economic impacts or climate change influence. Here we separate five decades of fire perimeters into those coinciding with and without SA winds. The two fire types contributed almost equally to burned area, yet SA fires were responsible for 80% of cumulative 1990–2009 economic losses ($3.1 Billion). The damage disparity was driven by fire characteristics: SA fires spread three times faster, occurred closer to urban areas, and burned into areas with greater housing values. Non-SA fires were comparatively more sensitive to age-dependent fuels, often occurred in higher elevation forests, lasted for extended periods, and accounted for 70% of total suppression costs. An improved distinction of fire type has implications for future projections and management. The area burned in non-SA fires is projected to increase 77% (±43%) by the mid-21st century with warmer and drier summers, and the SA area burned is projected to increase 64% (±76%), underscoring the need to evaluate the allocation and effectiveness of suppression investments.
Does the U.S. Support International Tribunals? The Case of the Multilateral Trade System

This paper challenges the conventional wisdom concerning the US's commitment to legalized resolution of trade disputes by examining shifts in US attitudes to legalized dispute settlement over time. This historical review suggests that US government support for judicialized dispute settlement in international trade is based less on an abstract commitment to the rule of law in international relations than on pragmatic, short-term and highly contextual calculations that this mechanism serves US interests better than alternative arrangements. This history also reveals that the level of US commitment to, and participation in, legalized trade dispute resolution mechanisms reflects a two-level game where US officials mediate conflicting pressures generated by their foreign counterparts and domestic political actors. The history of ebbs and flows in US enthusiasm for legalized dispute settlement suggests that in contexts where judicialized dispute settlement is not perceived to serve US political or economic interests, continued US support for the system will not be forthcoming. This paper will appear in "The United States and International Courts and Tribunals," edited by Cesare Romano; this volume examines US attitudes towards international adjudication across a variety of issue areas.
A selected bibliography of periodical articles on the music of the native peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa

The present work was motivated primarily by the writer's own interest in African studies- in particular, in the music of sub-Saharan Africa. There has been a widespread awakening of interest in all aspects of African studies in recent times. The prime catalysts, of course, are the emerging nations of Africa. Together with this interest, there is a continuing awareness on the part of scholars of the value of the interdisciplinary approach in studying the complex cultures of Africa, i.e., of bringing several different points of view to bear upon the study of a particular culture, for the purpose of attaining a more complete picture of the culture as a whole. The writer thus hopes that the present work will be of use not only to students of African music, but also to Africanists in other fields seeking to broaden their knowledge and understanding of this vast area and its various peoples.
Resistencias institucionales ante la mediación escolar. Una exploración en los escenarios de conflicto

Este articulo aborda las concepciones de los diferentes actores escolares sobre el significado y las implicaciones de la mediacion en sus escuelas, a partir de los datos de una investigacion cualitativa que ha formado parte de un proyecto mas amplio sobre las perspectivas y las practicas de la mediacion en Cataluna. Se analiza el alcance de las situaciones susceptibles de aplicacion de practicas restaurativas por parte de profesorado y alumnado, asi como las resistencias al cambio en las formas de resolucion de conflictos y en la democratizacion de la cultura escolar.
Technology Catch up in Emerging Economies: Emerging versus Mature Technologies

This paper examines how emerging economies (EE) overcome their latecomer disadvantages and catch up technologically with developed economies (DE). Specifically, we examine the nature of technologies that EE firms innovate in (namely emerging or mature technologies) and also investigate the role of governmental effort and firm activity in directing technology development. Data from 57 countries on patents filed with USPTO from 2000 to 2008 is used to test our hypotheses. We find that government R&D efforts are more likely to focus on mature technologies whereas R&D efforts by independent firms are more likely to focus on emerging technologies. We also find that firms are more likely to innovate in mature technologies, and that EE firms may have higher propensity to innovate in mature technologies than DE firms.
Adrenocortical cells in rats bearing a corticosterone secreting tumor.

The ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex has been studied in rats bearing the Snell 494 adrenocortical carcinoma. Atrophy of the adrenal gland is produced by the greatly elevated plasma levels of corticosterone (2-3X increase above control level) secreted by the tumor. The weight of the adrenal gland was reduced from 87.2 ± 3.2 mg in controls to 33.0 ± 3.0 mg in tumor-bearing animals at 8 weeks. Changes in the adrenal cortex of tumorbearing animals were similar both at 4 and 8 weeks after tumor implantation. The number and surface area of mitochondrial cristae in fasciculata cells decreased significantly. The volume of mitochondria per cell in tumor-bearing animals was reduced and mitochondria were elongated in contrast to spheroid mitochondria in zona fasciculata cells of controls. The volume and surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum decreased significantly when compared to controls. Beta-glycogen particles were identified in zona fasciculata cells of tumor-bearing animals but not in controls. Large, homogeneously electron-opaque bodies distinct from lipid droplets were observed in fasciculata cells at 8 weeks. The zona glomerulosa cells in tumorbearing animals were identical to those in controls.
A High Power Density Series-Stacked Energy Buffer for Power Pulsation Decoupling in Single-Phase Converters

A high-efficiency, high-power-density buffer architecture is proposed for power pulsation decoupling in power conversion between dc and single-phase ac. We present an active decoupling solution that yields improved efficiency and reduced circuit complexity compared to existing solutions. In the proposed architecture, the main energy storage capacitor is connected in series with an active buffer converter across the dc bus. The series-stacked capacitor blocks the majority of the dc bus voltage to reduce the voltage stress on the buffer converter, such that fast, low-voltage transistors can be employed for the buffer converter. Moreover, the series capacitor provides the majority of the power pulsation decoupling through a wide voltage swing, and the buffer converter only needs to process a small fraction of the total power of the entire architecture, allowing a very small active circuit volume and very high system efficiency. The circuit operation and design constraints are analyzed in detail. In the proposed buffer architecture, the series stacking of a nearly lossless capacitor and a lossy converter presents a challenge of capacitor voltage balancing and power loss compensation. We propose a control scheme exploiting the small ripple in the bus voltage and dc input current to compensate for the power loss in the buffer converter while maintaining the voltage balance. Light-load techniques are also introduced to ensure that the buffer architecture meets strict ripple requirements while providing sufficient loss compensation. A 2-kW hardware prototype based on low-voltage GaN switches has been built to demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution. A power density of 25 W/cm $^3$ (410 W/in $^3$ ) by rectangular box volume and an efficiency above 98.9% across a wide load range has been experimentally verified.
A two-scale Bragg scattering model for microwave backscatter from wind generated waves

A model for the wavenumber spectrum for fully developed seas is derived as a function of the mean wind gradient. The high wavenumber part of the spectrum, which defines the Bragg wavenumbers, is an equilibrium spectrum in balance by a wind forcing term determined by viscous dissipation, which is a strong function of water temperature, and dissipation by breaking and microbreaking. The low wavenumber spectrum, constructed from surface elevation observations of gravity waves, is merged with the high wavenumber spectrum. Parameters are adjusted to fit circle flight data for Ku-band. The full spectrum is used in the two-scale Bragg scattering theory, plus specular reflection, to compute backscatter as a function of wind speed, direction, incidence angle, and water temperature (which determines viscosity) for Ku-band.
Leadership as It Relates to Organizational Behavior and Performance

This chapter explores the idea that leadership can have an impact on the organization’s performance. Anecdotal evidence supports the common sense idea that leadership does influence organizational outcomes. This chapter reviews past research on the links between organizational performance and leadership. Additionally, some non-academic references about the impact of leadership on organizational performance are included.
Finding and Preventing Bugs in JavaScript Bindings

JavaScript, like many high-level languages, relies on runtime systemswritten in low-level C and C++. For example, the Node.js runtime systemgives JavaScript code access to the underlying filesystem, networking, and I/O by implementing utility functions in C++. Since C++'s typesystem, memory model, and execution model differ significantly fromJavaScript's, JavaScript code must call these runtime functions viaintermediate binding layer code that translates type, state, and failure between the two languages. Unfortunately, binding code isboth hard to avoid and hard to get right. This paper describes several types of exploitable errors that bindingcode creates, and develops both a suite of easily-to-build static checkersto detect such errors and a backwards-compatible, low-overhead API toprevent them. We show that binding flaws are a serious security problem byusing our checkers to craft 81 proof-of-concept exploits forsecurity flaws in the binding layers of the Node.js and Chrome, runtimesystems that support hundreds of millions of users. As one practical measure of binding bug severity, we were awarded $6,000 in bounties for just two Chrome bug reports.
Gandhi, Lawyers, and the Courts' Boycott during the Non-Cooperation Movement

This article analyses the role of the legal profession and the evolution of aspects of Indian nationalist ideology during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920–22. Very few legal professionals responded to Gandhi's call to boycott the British courts despite significant efforts to establish alternative institutions dedicated to resolving disputes. First identified by leading legal professionals in the movement as courts of arbitration, these alternative sites of justice quickly assumed the name ‘panchayats’. Ultimately, this panchayat experiment failed due to a combination of apathy, repression, and internal opposition. However, the introduction of the panchayat into the discourse of Indian nationalism ultimately had profound effects, including the much later adoption of constitutional panchayati raj. Yet this discourse was then and remains today a contested one. This is largely a legacy of Gandhi himself, who, during the Non-Cooperation Movement, imagined the panchayat as a judicial institution based upon arbitration and mediation. Yet, after the movement's failure, he came to believe the panchayat was best suited to functioning as a unit of village governance and administration.
K-8 Pre-service Teachers’ Algebraic Thinking: Exploring the Habit of Mind Building Rules to Represent Functions

In this study, through the lens of the algebraic habit of mind Building Rules to Represent Functions, we examined 18 pre-service middle school teachers' ability to use algebraic thinking to solve problems. The data revealed that pre-service teachers' ability to use different features of the habit of mind Building Rules to Represent Functions varied accross the features. Significant correlations existed between 8 pairs of the features. The ability to justify a rule was the weakest of the seven features and it was correlated with the ability to chunk information. Implications for mathematics teacher education are discussed.
Recent Trends in Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence Among Cancer Survivors in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors avoid necessary medications due to costs. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cost-related medication non-adherence (CRN) by age and insurance status over a number of years in a national sample of U.S. cancer survivors. METHODS: Using the 1999-2012 National Health Interview Survey, we examined the prevalence and correlates of self-reported CRN, that is, patient-reported inability to afford prescribed medications within the past 12 months, resulting in nonadherence among cancer survivors. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify time trends in CRN among cancer survivors. RESULTS: In a nationally representative sample of 20,517 cancer survivors from 1999 to 2012, 1,788 (8.7%) survivors reported CRN, representing approximately 436,498 individuals nationally. CRN increased significantly from 11.8% (1999-2005) to 16.9% (2006-2012) among younger cancer survivors (P < 0.001). Among young cancer survivors (aged 45-64 years), the uni...
Estimation of a smooth coefficient zero-inefficiency panel stochastic frontier model: A semiparametric approach

Abstract In this paper we propose a zero-inefficiency stochastic frontier model with a simple semiparametric approach using panel data. We model the frontier with a smooth coefficient function and specify a nonzero conditional probability for firms being fully efficient to be a known function of environment variables. Following (Yao et al., 2017) we propose a three step semiparametric estimator which is computationally efficient. The simulation results reveal encouraging finite sample properties. We illustrate the applicability of our model using country level data from the Penn World Table.
Giving Education a Bad Name: Bookish Boys in Contemporary American School Stories

This article discusses contemporary American school stories that appear to advocate learning and literacy as a democratic good, but actually undermine democratic possibilities by teaching young readers to think of academic inquiry as a means to selfish, petty ends. Since “learning” and “literacy” are catchwords for educators dedicated to remedying neoliberal inequities, it is understandable why authors of school fiction such as Andrew Clements and Tommy Greenwald are celebrated by educators for foregrounding the exploits of bookish characters. Yet, as is shown, the narrative arcs in works such as Frindle by Clements and Charlie Joe Jackson’s Guide to Not Reading by Greenwald ultimately endorse the market consciousness, deregulation, and excessive individualism for which neoliberalism is known. Examining the ways in which these two novels intersect with ongoing debates over literacy standards, learning outcomes, and academic honesty, it is argued that the didactic-pedagogical imagination in contemporary American fiction for young people has a biased conception of student development and life preparedness, ideologically at odds with democratic curriculum provision.
SOURCES OF BINOCULAR SUPRATHRESHOLD VISUAL FIELD LOSS IN A COHORT OF OLDER WOMEN BEING FOLLOWED FOR RISK OF FALLS (AN AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY THESIS)

Purpose To determine the sources of binocular visual field loss most strongly associated with falls in a cohort of older women.
Waves and Particles

In order to explain the results of some of the experiments involving the interaction between radiant energy and matter, such as blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Compton effect, it was necessary to assign to radiant energy some properties characteristic of particles rather than waves. The amount of energy assigned to such a particle of radiant energy, or photon, is given by $$\varepsilon = hv$$ (6-1) where h is the Planck constant and v is the frequency of the radiation. The frequency v is usually computed from measurements of the wavelength λ of the radiation, using the relationship $$v = {c \over \lambda }$$ (6-2) where c is the velocity of light. The wavelength λ can be measured only by some experiment that involves interference or diffraction, phenomena characteristic of wave motion. In spite of the fact that radiation possesses this dual character, it never exhibits both characteristics in any one experiment. In a given experiment it behaves either as a wave or a corpuscle.
Charticulator: Interactive Construction of Bespoke Chart Layouts

We present Charticulator , an interactive authoring tool that enables the creation of bespoke and reusable chart layouts. Charticulator is our response to most existing chart construction interfaces that require authors to choose from predefined chart layouts, thereby precluding the construction of novel charts. In contrast, Charticulator transforms a chart specification into mathematical layout constraints and automatically computes a set of layout attributes using a constraint-solving algorithm to realize the chart. It allows for the articulation of compound marks or glyphs as well as links between these glyphs, all without requiring any coding or knowledge of constraint satisfaction. Furthermore, thanks to the constraint-based layout approach, Charticulator can export chart designs into reusable templates that can be imported into other visualization tools. In addition to describing Charticulator's conceptual framework and design, we present three forms of evaluation: a gallery to illustrate its expressiveness, a user study to verify its usability, and a click-count comparison between Charticulator and three existing tools. Finally, we discuss the limitations and potentials of Charticulator as well as directions for future research. Charticulator is available with its source code at https://charticulator.com .
Improved performance of GaAsSb/AlGaAs nanowire ensemble Schottky barrier based photodetector via in situ annealing.

In this work, we report on the p-i GaAsSb/AlGaAs nanowires (NWs) ensemble device exhibiting good spectral response up to 1.1 μm with a high responsivity of 311 A W-1, an external quantum efficiency of 6.1 × 104%, and a detectivity of 1.9 × 1010 Jones at 633 nm. The high responsivity of the NWs has been attributed to in situ post-growth annealing of GaAsSb axial NWs in the ultra-high vacuum. The enabling growth technology is molecular beam epitaxy for the Ga-assisted epitaxial growth of these NWs on Si (111) substrates. Room temperature Raman spectra, as well as temperature dependent micro-photoluminescence peak analysis indicated suppression of band tail states and non-radiative channels due to annealing. A similar improvement in in situ annealed p-i GaAsSb NW ensemble with an AlGaAs passivating shell was inferred from a reduction in the Schottky barrier height as well as the NW resistance compared to the as-grown NW ensemble. These results demonstrate in situ annealing of nanowires to be an effective pathway for improving the optoelectronic properties of the NWs and the device thereof.
Spectrotemporal shaping of itinerant photons via distributed nanomechanics

Efficient phase manipulation of light is the cornerstone of many advanced photonic applications1–4. However, the pursuit of compact, broadband and deep phase control of light has been hindered by the finite nonlinearity of the optical materials available for integrated photonics5,6. Here, we propose a dynamically driven photonic structure for deep phase manipulation and coherent spectrotemporal control of light based on distributed nanomechanics. We experimentally demonstrate the quasi-phase-matched interaction between stationary mechanical vibration and itinerant optical fields, which is used to generate an on-chip modulated frequency comb over 1.15 THz (160 lines), corresponding to a phase modulation depth of over 21.6π. In addition, an optical time-lens effect induced by mechanical vibration is realized, leading to optical pulse compression of over 70-fold to obtain a minimum pulse duration of 1.02 ps. The high efficiency and versatility make such mechanically driven dynamic photonic structures ideal for realizing complex optical control schemes, such as lossless non-reciprocity7, frequency division optical communication1 and optical frequency comb division8. Optomechanical coupling enables an on-chip frequency comb and optical time-lens for 70-fold optical pulse compression.
Human corneal endothelium. I. Normal morphology.

The infant cornea contains many densely packed cells with large nuclei and little cytoplasm. As the cornea grows during childhood, cell density decreases by almost 50% and the cells become correspondingly larger. The adult cornea maintains a relatively uniform density of hexagonal cells which retain a generally uniform size and appearance. In the aged cornea, however, a pleomorphism develops. The aged endothelial surface is covered by a mixture of enormous as well as very small cells.
The ‘Police Change Manager’: Exploring a new leadership paradigm for policing:

The pace, complexity and extent of change in policing are unyielding. Therefore, police leaders must be capable and effective leaders of change. This article provides an exploratory analysis of the...
Helical growth of stage-IVb sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus: the relationship between rotation and elongation growth rates.

An understanding of the relationship between the two components of helical growth (rotation rate and elongation rate) is fundamental to understanding the biophysical and molecular mechanism(s) of cell wall extension in algal cells, fungal cells, and plant stems and roots. Helical growth occurs throughout development of the sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Previous studies within the growth zone of stage-IVb sporangiophores have reported conflicting conclusions. An implicit assumption in the previous studies [E.S. Castle (1937) J Cell Comp Physiol 9:477–489; R. Cohen and M. Delbruck (1958) J Cell Comp Physiol 52:361–388; J.K.E. Ortega et al. (1974) Plant Physiol 53:485–490] was that the relationship between rotation rate and elongation rate was independent of the magnitude of the elongation rate. In the present study, for stage-IVb sporangiophores growing at a steady rate, it is shown that the ratio of rotation rate and elongation rate decreases as the elongation rate increases. Previously proposed biophysical and molecular mechanisms cannot account for the observed behavior. The previously postulated fibril-reorientation mechanism [J.K.E. Ortega and R.I. Gamow (1974) J Theor Biol 47:317–332; J.K.E. Ortega et al. (1974) Plant Physiol 53:485–490] is modified to accommodate this new finding. Other experiments were conducted to determine how the ratio of rotation rate and elongation rate behaves during a pressure response (a transient decrease in elongation rate produced by a large step-up in turgor pressure using the pressure probe). Results of these experiments indicate that this ratio increases during the pressure response.
Robust Probabilistic Analysis of Transmission Power Systems based on Equivalent Circuit Formulation

Recent advances in steady-state analysis of power systems have introduced the equivalent split-circuit approach and corresponding continuation methods that can reliably find the correct physical solution of large-scale power system problems. The improvement in robustness provided by these developments are the basis for improvements in other fields of power system research. Probabilistic Power Flow studies are one of the areas of impact. This paper will describe a Simple Random Sampling Monte Carlo approach for probabilistic contingency analyses of transmission line power systems. The results are compared with those from Monte Carlo simulations using a standard power flow tool. Lastly, probabilistic contingency studies on two publicly available power system cases are presented.
Application of Neural Network to GNSS-R Wind Speed Retrieval

This paper applies a machine learning (ML) algorithm based on the multi-hidden layer neural network (MHL-NN) for ocean surface wind speed estimation using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reflection measurements. Unlike conventional wind speed retrieval methods that often depend on limited scalar delay-Doppler map (DDM) observables, the proposed MHL-NN makes use of information captured by the entire DDM. Both simulated and real data sets are used to train and evaluate the performance of the MHL-NN and compare it to a conventional wind speed retrieval method and other prevailing ML algorithms. The results show that the MHL-NN algorithm outperforms the other methods in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the wind speed estimation.
Unconditionally energy stable discontinuous Galerkin schemes for the Cahn–Hilliard equation

Abstract In this paper, we introduce novel discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes for the Cahn–Hilliard equation, which arises in many applications. The method is designed by integrating the mixed DG method for the spatial discretization with the Invariant Energy Quadratization (IEQ) approach for the time discretization. Coupled with a spatial projection, the resulting IEQ–DG schemes are shown to be unconditionally energy dissipative, and can be efficiently solved without resorting to any iteration method. Both one and two dimensional numerical examples are provided to verify the theoretical results, and demonstrate the good performance of IEQ–DG in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and preservation of the desired solution properties.