cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and cost of nonadherence with antiepileptic drugs in an adult managed care population.

Summary Purpose: This study assessed the extent of refill nonadherence with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and the potential association between AED nonadherence and health care costs in an adult-managed care population. Methods: Retrospective claims from the PharMetrics database were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥21, epilepsy diagnosis between January 01, 2000 and March 12, 2005, ≥2 AED prescriptions, and continuous health plan enrollment for ≥6 months prior to and ≥12 months following AED initiation. Adherence was evaluated using the medication possession ratio (MPR). Patients with an MPR <0.8 were classified as nonadherent. Multivariate regression was used to assess the effect of AED nonadherence on annualized cost outcomes. Regression covariates included patient demographics, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and follow-up duration. Results: Among patients meeting all inclusion criteria (N = 10,892), 58% were female, mean age was 44 years, mean CCI was 0.94, and mean follow-up was 27 months. Mean MPR was 0.78 and 39% of patients were nonadherent. AED nonadherence was associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR]= 1.110, p = 0.013) and emergency room (ER) admission (OR = 1.479, p < 0.0001), as well as increased inpatient and ER costs of $1,799 and $260 (both p = 0.001), respectively, per patient per year. Outpatient and other ancillary costs were not significantly affected by nonadherence. A large net positive effect of nonadherence on total annual health care costs remained (+$1,466, p = 0.034) despite an offset from reduced prescription drug intake. Discussion: Adherence with AEDs among adult epilepsy patients is suboptimal and nonadherence appears to be associated with increased health care costs. Efforts to promote AED adherence may lead to cost savings for managed care systems.
Getting control of osteoarthritis pain. An update on treatment options.

PREVIEWIronically, patients with osteoarthritis are often advised to do some walking or low-impact exercises to improve conditioning and reduce their weight. However, since pain after activity is the principal symptom of osteoarthritis, using the affected joint may be one of the last things a patient with hip or knee osteoarthritis wants to do. In this article, the authors summarize methods to manage the discomfort of osteoarthritis so patients can continue the most active lifestyle possible.
Transient wave propagation normal to the layering of a finite layered medium

Abstract Plane wave propagation in the direction normal to the layering of a periodically layered medium is studied. A period consists of two layers of homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic or viscoelastic materials. The layered medium is of finite extent and hence consists of a finite number of layers. A theory is presented by which the layered medium is replaced by an “equivalent” linear homogeneous viscoelastic material such that the stress or the velocity in the latter and in the layered medium are identical at the centers of the alternate layers. Transient waves in the layered medium are then obtained by solving the transient waves in the “equivalent” homogeneous viscoelastic medium. Solutions at points other than the centers of the alternate layers are also presented. Numerical examples are given for transient waves in an elastic layered medium due to a step load applied at one of the boundary while the other boundary is fixed. Comparisons with the exact solutions by the ray theory show that the present theory can predict very satisfactorily transient waves in a finite layered medium.
Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Rac1 Localization and Lamellipodia Dynamics during Epithelial Cell-Cell Adhesion

Cadherin-dependent epithelial cell-cell adhesion is thought to be regulated by Rho family small GTPases and PI 3-kinase, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Using time-lapse microscopy and quantitative image analysis, we show that cell-cell contact in MDCK epithelial cells coincides with a spatio-temporal reorganization of plasma membrane Rac1 and lamellipodia from noncontacting to contacting surfaces. Within contacts, Rac1 and lamellipodia transiently concentrate at newest sites, but decrease at older, stabilized sites. Significantly, Rac1 mutants alter kinetics of cell-cell adhesion and strengthening, but not the eventual generation of cell-cell contacts. Products of PI 3-kinase activity also accumulate dynamically at contacts, but are not essential for either initiation or development of cell-cell adhesion. These results define a role for Rac1 in regulating the rates of initiation and strengthening of cell-cell adhesion.
Characterization of HDJ-2, a human 40 kD heat shock protein

Abstract Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a large and complex family of proteins that play important roles in cellular function and survival. In previous studies, cDNA for a 45 kD human HSP (HDJ-2) was cloned and shown to be homologous to DNA-J, a bacterial HSP [F.M. Ausubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D.D. Moore, J.G. Seidman, J.A. Smith, K. Struhl, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997; A. Chellaiah, A. Davis, T. Mohanakumar, Cloning of a unique human homologue of the Escherichia coli DNAJ heat shock protein, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1174 (1993) 111–113]. We have also shown that the expression of HDJ-2 is highly elevated in kidney allograft biopsies of kidneys undergoing rejection [Y.G. Alevy, D. Brennan, S. Durriya, T. Howard, T. Mohanakumar, Increased expression of the HDJ-2 heat shock protein in biopsies of human rejected kidneys, Transplantation 61 (1996) 963–967]. Because of the potential importance of HDJ-2 to disease pathogenesis, we carried out studies to characterize the structure and regulation of HDJ-2. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that recognize recombinant HDJ-2 were prepared and used to localize its cellular expression. HDJ-2 was found to be farnesylated but not glycosylated. This HSP was ubiquitously expressed in all of the cell types we analyzed and was localized throughout the cytoplasm and around the nuclear membrane. However, upon heat shock it migrated to the Golgi, nucleolus, and the nuclear membrane. Northern blot analysis revealed two mRNA transcripts whose synthesis was not affected by heat shock. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that expression of HDJ-2 was also not affected by heat shock. Thus, our study shows the characterization of a HSP which, because of its migration pattern upon heat shock, is an excellent candidate for a protein chaperon.
Searching for Peptide Ligands With an Epitope Library

Tens of millions of short peptides can be easily surveyed for tight binding to an antibody, receptor or other binding protein using an "epitope library." The library is a vast mixture of filamentous phage clones, each displaying one peptide sequence on the virion surface. The survey is accomplished by using the binding protein to affinity-purify phage that display tight-binding peptides and propagating the purified phage in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequences of the peptides displayed on the phage are then determined by sequencing the corresponding coding region in the viral DNA's. Potential applications of the epitope library include investigation of the specificity of antibodies and discovery of mimetic drug candidates.
Scalar gravitation: A laboratory for numerical relativity. II. Disks.

While not a correct physical theory, relativistic scalar gravitation provides a simple test site for developing many of the tools of numerical relativity. Using this theory, we have built a mean-field particle simulation scheme to study the dynamical behavior of collisionless disks. Disks are one-dimensional matter sources of two-dimensional gravitational fields. One-dimensional disk sources can be evolved without excessive computational resources and yet they are able to generate nonspherical gravitational waves. We find that we are able to calculate smooth and accurate wave forms from time-varying disks, despite the stochastic representation of the matter source terms caused by sampling with a finite number of particles. A similar scheme should provide accurate wave forms in general relativity, provided sufficient computer resources are used.
Electrical double-layer effects near a contact line

Abstract The exact solution of the linearized Poisson-Boltzman equation has been obtained for a wedge-shaped liquid film on a solid surface. Approximate solution for the case of very thin films has been obtained and included in a force balance equation for the region near a contact line. It is seen that when the vapor-liquid interface has a constant charge density, the electrical effects have no influence. In the case where the interface has a constant surface potential, the profiles are distorted but the region near the contact angle remains unaffected being primarily under the influence of the intermolecular forces of interaction between the liquid and the solid. It is argued as well that in the dynamic cases the effect of the electrical double layers would be small. Thus the cases investigated here yield not much specific feature characteristic of the electrical double-layer effects, even though the strength of such effects according to conventional calculations is infinite at the contact line, it is outweighed by the intermolecular forces.
The impact of fiscal policy under rational expectations: Some tests☆

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically for Canada the implication of the Macro Rational Expectations (MRE) hypothesis that only unanticipated fiscal policy matters for real economic activity. The empirical results generated over the quarterly period 19601 to 1982iv do not reject the MRE hypothesis for Canada. These results, therefore, cast doubts on the appropriateness of using systematic fiscal policy to stabilize the real economy in Canada.
Petrologic constraints on the unroofing history of the Funeral Mountain Metamorphic Core Complex, California

This is the published version. Copyright 1990 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Radiative Properties of Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O Thin Films

Some applications of thin-film high-temperature superconductors, such as bolometers, radiation shielding, and space-cooled electronics, require knowledge of the superconducting-state radiative properties. At present, no general predictive model of the radiative properties has been presented. In this work, reflectance predictions based on two of the major theories of the superconducting state, the classical Drude-London theory and the quantum-mechanical Mattis-Bardeen theory, are compared with the available experimental data to determine the best method for predicting the radiative properties of thin-film Y-Ba-Cu-O. It is seen that the Mattis-Bardeen theory is more successful than the Drude-London theory in predicting the reflectance. Consequently, approximate formulae for the Mattis-Bardeen theory are developed, thus enhancing the theory's usefulness for engineering calculations.
Stresses and Coping Strategies of Chinese Families with Children with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities

Data from 368 families of children with autism and other developmental disabilities in the People's Republic of China were gathered to understand the stresses that families experience and the coping strategies they employ. Chinese families of children with developmental disabilities perceived high levels of stress related to pessimism, child characteristics, and parent and family problems. Regarding coping strategies, acceptance, active coping, positive reinterpretation and growth, suppression of competing activities, and planning were the most frequently employed coping strategies. Parents of children with autism experienced more stress and used planning as a coping strategy to a greater degree than parents of children with other developmental disabilities. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Methyl mercury inhibition of synaptosome and brain slice protein synthesis: in vivo and in vitro studies.

— Subacute methyl mercury (MeHg) intoxication was induced in adult rats following the daily intragastric administration of 1 mg MeHg/100 g body weight. Decreased [14C]leucine incorporation into cerebral and cerebellar slice protein was found. Weight loss occurred during the latent and neurotoxic phases but pair feeding did not reveal a significant defect in amino acid incorporation into slice protein. There was no decline in synaptosome protein synthesis in vitro during the latent phase but a significant decline in cerebellar and cerebral synaptosome synthesis was found during the neurotoxic phase. MeHg in vitro inhibited cerebral slice and synaptosome protein synthesis at half maximal concentrations of 7.5 and 12.5 μM respectively. Inhibition of synthesis in synaptosomes was non-competitive with K1 of 4 × 10−6M. MeHg had no effect on [14C]leucine or [14C]proline uptake into synaptosomes. There was no significant inhibition of synaptosome basal ATPase or Na + K ATPase at concentrations of MeHg (12 μM) giving half maximal inhibition of protein synthesis. No preferential inhibition of the chloramphenicol (55S) or cycloheximide sensitive components of synaptosome fraction protein synthesis was found, suggesting that the inhibition is common to both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial protein synthesizing systems. Addition of nucleotides and/or atractylate failed to influence protein synthesis and did not reverse the MeHg inhibition. Mannitol, as a replacement for the predominant cation species of the incubation medium, gave 40% inhibition of protein synthesis in the control but protected against further inhibition by MeHg.
INSECT RESISTANCE OF FOOD PACKAGES – A REVIEW1

Food processors can protect their products from insect infestation, despite worldwide substandard distribution facilities, by the use of insect-resistant packages. Insect-resistant packages must exclude insect species that enter through existing openings (invaders) and species that bore through the package wall (penetrators). In the United States, treatment of packages for insect resistance is restricted to pyrethrins syner-gized with piperonyl butoxide (alpha-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-(methylenedioxy)-2-propyltoluene) on multiwall paper or cotton shipping bags or on laminated cellophane-polyethylene for small fruit packages. The chemical treatment can migrate from the package into the commodity; therefore, physical barriers or appropriate treatment formulations must be employed. Packaging materials vary in resistance to penetration by insects, although some species of insects can penetrate most flexible films, foils, papers, and combinations of these. Polycarbonate film is the most resistant polymer film; polyester and polyester urethane films also resist insect penetration. Cellophane and paper are the least resistant commonly used flexible packaging materials. Shipping containers can be made insect resistant by the use of appropriate chemical treatment or physical barriers. Treated shipping bags with insect-tight seals, polyethylene-over wrapped or fully taped corrugated cases and heat-shrunk film overwraps on pallet loads of bags or cases provide protection from infestation. Consumer-sized packages such as overwrapped cartons, cartons with fully sealed flaps, and polyethylene-coated cartons with heat-sealed flaps provide varying degrees of protection from insects. Composite cans are very resistant to both invading and penetrating insects.
The Role of Standpoint in Justice Theory

Philosophers have a long history of thinking about justice from the standpoint of the ideally just individual. In this paper we explore the limitations of such an approach and consider an alternative. The alternative encompasses both empirical and analytical claims. The empirical claim starts with the standpoint of injustice and those who suffer it, and develops the idea of an empirically based sense of injustice. A sense of injustice helps us to notice things we might otherwise overlook. The analytical claim asserts that the standpoint of injustice is necessary for a complete picture of justice. Using specific examples, it is argued that certain aspects of justice can be understood only from an injustice standpoint. After considering a series of objections, we are led to conclude that the requirements of empirical and conceptual adequacy are interrelated. By supplementing ideal justice with the perspective of injustice, we better meet requirements of both empirical and conceptual adequacy.
Radiation-hardened-by-design clocking circuits in 0.13-μm CMOS technology

We present a single-event-hardened phase-locked loop for frequency generation applications and a digital delay-locked loop for DDR2 memory interface applications. The PLL covers a 12.5 MHz to 500 MHz frequency range with an RMS Jitter (RJ) of 4.70-pS. The DLL operates at 267 MHz and has a phase resolution of 60-pS. Designed in 0.13-μm CMOS technology, the PLL and the DLL are hardened against SEE for charge injection of 250 fC. The PLL and the DLL consume 17 mW and 22 mW of power under a 1.5 V power supply, respectively.
Death of the DVD Market and the Rise of Digital Piracy: Industrial Shifts in the Spanish Film Market Since the 2000s

A battle over the future of Spanish cinema ensued at the 2011 Goya Awards, an annual ceremony honoring Spain's top film talent and sponsored by the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematograf...
Recent advances in the theory of chemical diffusion in defective solids

Abstract Recent advances in the theory of chemical diffusion in solids with high defect concentrations are reviewed and discussed with the object of establishing common ground among the various approaches. Emphasis has been placed on exact results gained from (1) phenomenological models of chemical diffusion including ambipolar diffusion, (2) atomistic models including lattice gas models.
Structure and climb of twin dislocations in aluminum

Abstract The structure and motion via climb of 1 3 111 twin dislocations along a coherent twin boundary in aluminum are examined via a combination of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and computer simulation. Climb of these defects increases the thickness of the twin and is a possible alternative to the more familiar glide mechanism. Detailed analysis of the observed defect structure and comparison with atomistic modeling shows that the 1 3 111 twin dislocations exist in a dissociated configuration. This structure can be interpreted as the relaxation of the 1 3 111 dislocation into two dislocations, a Shockley partial and a stair-rod dislocation, which are separated by a short segment of stacking fault. The atomistic mechanism of the climb of the dislocations is analyzed.
Evaluation of stamping lubricants in forming advanced high strength steels (AHSS) using deep drawing and ironing tests

Abstract In forming AHSS, the lubricant must reduce the friction between die and sheet as well as the effect of heat generated from deformation and friction, especially in forming at high stroking rates. In this study, the effectiveness of stamping lubricants was evaluated by using the deep drawing and ironing tests. Various stamping lubricants were tested in forming of DP590 GA round cup samples. In these tests, the performance of lubricants was ranked via evaluation criteria that include punch force and the geometry of tested specimens. Deep drawing tests were conducted at two different blank holder forces, BHF (30 and 70 ton) at a constant ram speed (70 mm/s). The ironing tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of lubricants at higher tool–workpiece interface pressure than that is present in deep drawing. Polymer-based thin film lubricants with pressure additives (e.g. Lubricants A and B) were more effective than other lubricants as shown by the force (e.g. maximum punch force and applicable BHF without cup fracture) and geometry indicators (e.g. draw-in length, flange perimeter and sidewall thinning). The pressure and temperature distributions at the die–sheet interface were predicted by FE simulation of deep drawing and ironing tests. As expected, the value of interface pressure and temperature were maximum at the die corner radius.
The derivation of kinetic equations for anisotropic plasmas from the impact approximation

We derive the generalized population-alignment collisional-radiative model and the magnetic sublevel to magnetic sublevel (MSTMS) rate equation scheme from Fano's quantum impact approximation under certain hypotheses. This derivation employs a fully quantum mechanical treatment, as opposed to the semi-classical or intuitive approaches that have been used and applied in previous works. We have also given a quantum mechanical derivation for the formula, obtained semi-classically by Omont, Fujimoto and Kazantsev and co-workers, which expresses the rate coefficient for a cylindrically symmetric plasma in terms of those associated with a unidirectional, monoenergetic plasma. A practical prescription has also been provided for obtaining the MSTMS rate coefficients in terms of fundamental quantities that are readily calculated with available computer codes.
Transient oxygen atom yields in H2 ? O2 ignition and the rate coefficient for O + H2 → OH + H

Time-resolved measurements of the oxygen atom concentration during shock-wave initiated combustion of low-density (25 ≤ p ≤ 175 kPa) H2O2COCO2Ar mixtures have been made by monitoring CO + O CO2 + hv (3 to 4 eV) emission intensity, calibrated against partial equilibrium conditions attained promptly at H2:O2 = 1. Significant transient excursions (“spikes”) of [O] above constant-mole-number partial-equilibrium levels were found from 1400 to 2000°K for initial H2:O2 ratios of 16 and 10 and below ± 1780°K for H2:O2 = 6; they did not occur in this range for H2:O2 ± 4. Numerical treatment of the H2O2CO ignition mechanism for our conditions showed [O] to follow a steady-state trajectory governed by large production and consumption rates from the reactions with a pronounced maximum in the production term ka[H][O2]. The measured spike concentration data determine kb/ka = 3.6 ± 20%, independent of temperature over 1400 ≤ T ≤ 1900°K, which with well-established ka data yields This result reinforces the higher of several recent combustion-temperature determinations, and its correlation with results below 1000°K produces a distinctly concave upward Arrhenius plot which is closely matched by BEBO transition state calculations.
Relationships between vocational development and self-concept in sixth grade students

Abstract Super, in his self-concept theory of vocational development, indicates the existence of a strong relationship between vocational development and the development of self-concept in adolescent and adult subjects. This study was designed to test for this relationship in preadolescent subjects. The study investigated the relationships among a measure of career maturity, self-concept, socioeconomic status, race, sex, place of residence, and age. The research sample included 300 randomly selected sixth grade students enrolled in 22 public schools in the state of Georgia during the fall quarter of 1978. Data were obtained by the administration of two instruments, the Career Maturity Inventory-Attitude Scale (CMI-AS) and the Piers-Harris (P-H) Children's Self-Concept Scale. A multiple regression analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Results of this study indicate a positive but low correlation between the total scores on the CMI-AS and the P-H Scale. All six of the self-concept factors on the P-H Scale were found to be significantly correlated to the CMI-AS score. Socioeconomic status was found to be significantly correlated to the CMI-AS score. Although race was not found to be a significant source of variance on the CMI-AS, the interaction of race and socioeconomic status was found to be significant. Sex, place of residence (urban and rural), and age were not found to be significant sources of variance on the CMI-AS.
Hybrid reference metrology exploiting patterning simulation

Workhorse metrology such as CD-SEM is used during process development, process control, and optical proximity correction model generation and verification. Such metrology needs to be calibrated to handle various types of profiles encountered during IC fabrication. Reference metrology is used for calibration of workhorse metrology. There is an astounding need for sub-half and sub-quarter nanometer measurement uncertainty in the near future technology nodes as envisaged in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. In this regime of desired measurement uncertainty all metrology techniques are deemed limited and hybrid metrology appears promising to offer a solution. Hybrid metrology is the use of multiple metrology techniques, each with particular strength, to reduce the overall measurement uncertainty. CD-AFM makes use of a flared probe in order to scan the sidewalls and bottom of the pattern on a wafer to provide 3D profile and CD measurements at desired location on the profile. As the CD shrinks with technology nodes especially the space, the size of the AFM probe also needs to shrink while maintaining the flared geometry specifications. Unfortunately the fabrication of such probes is a challenge and new techniques are required to extend reference metrology to the smallest space and hole of interest. This paper proposes a reference system combining CD-AFM and patterning simulation model. This hybrid metrology system enables CD metrology in a space not measurable directly by conventional CD-AFM probe. The key idea is to use the successfully measured profile and CD information from the CD-AFM to calibrate or train the patterning simulation optical and resist model. Ability of this model to predict profile and CD measurement is verified on a physically measured dataset including cross sections and additional CD-AFM measurements. It is hypothesized that this model will be able to predict profile and CD measurements in otherwise immeasurable geometries. Being based on optics and materials fundamentals, this approach is presumed to be more accurate compared to mere extrapolation approach in use today. We report on the measurement uncertainty improvement with this approach. Situations with highest prediction confidence involve CD-AFM scanning resulting in partial information. For example, using carbon nanotube probes or CDP where there is little flaring of the tip, the CD-AFM cannot detect significant undercutting of the structure. Achieving agreement with the calibrated patterning model for measurement metrics such as height, top and middle CD permits the prediction of the bottom CD to be used as an authentic reference measurement.
External monitoring of I131-hippuran disappearance as a measure for renal blood flow.

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of the renal blood flow by external monitoring of radiohippuran disappearance following the single injection technique. In fifteen normal individuals, the renal blood flow as determined by this method amounted to 1088 ± 121 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Mean ± 1SD).
A biological basis for depression in pancreatic cancer.

Background Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma frequently present with depression the symptoms of which may precede cancer diagnosis, suggesting that the pathophysiology of depression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma may result from biological changes that are induced by the presence of the tumour itself. The present study was conducted to test a hypothesized relationship with the kynurenine pathway, which has been implicated in both depression and tumour-induced immunosuppression.
Effect of cimetidine or ranitidine administration on nifedipine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

The effect of cimetidine or ranitidine administration on responses to single and multiple doses of nifedipine were studied in 11 subjects who received cimetidine (300 mg q.i.d.) and 12 who received ranitidine (150 mg b.i.d.) in combination with nifedipine. After single doses of nifedipine, cimetidine decreased apparent oral clearance (dose/AUC) from 66 ± 32 L/hr to 33 ± 14 L/hr (p < 0.01); elimination half-life increased from 4.0 ± 2.2 to 4.9 ± 2.9 hours (p < 0.07). Increases in heart rate were greater (26 ± 13 vs 13 ± 11 beats/min standing; 19 ± 11 vs 9 ± 9 beats/min supine) and lasted longer than after nifedipine alone. Hypotensive effects were similar (10 ± 7 mm Hg decrease vs 9 ± 9 mm Hg). During nifedipine multiple-dose administration, cimetidine decreased the apparent oral clearance from 76 ± 39 to 43 ± 20 L/hr (p < 0.01). Blood pressure responses were not altered by cimetidine but heart rate increased more (18 ± 9 vs 9 ± 9 beats/min supine; 18 ± 13 vs 13 ± 14 beats/min standing). Ranitidine coadministration did not alter nifedipine elimination or dynamic responses. During administration of nifedipine alone, the ratio of oral clearances (multiple to single doses) was 1.1 ± 0.5. Thus (1) cimetidine but not ranitidine alters responses to nifedipine and (2) nifedipine kinetics do not differ between single- vs multiple-dose conditions. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 43, 673–680; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.94
Motherhood and the Construction of Feminist Identities: Variations in a Women's Movement Organization

This paper examines the relationship between feminism and motherhood as it plays out in the construction of feminist identities. Through a qualitative analysis of two grassroots chapters of the National Organization for Women (NOW), I examine how members’understandings and experiences with motherhood and their community context and organizational environment shape the construction of shared feminist identities. Central to this study is the conception of motherhood as a historically constructed ideology that provides a gendered model of behavior for women. In the organizations studied, I find that motherhood is interpreted two ways: as a social status with political ramifications and as the act of caring and taking responsibility for relationships. These interpretations are incorporated into “frames” extended to potential recruits and shape the group's actions. As a result these two ideologically similar liberal feminist organizations construct distinct feminist identities.
Effect of neonatal decerebration on thermogenesis during starvation and cold exposure in the rat.

Abstract Rat pups, 5 and 10 days old, were decerebrated at the midpontine level, or the hypothalamus was removed. Their metabolic responses to cold exposure (elevated O 2 consumption) was then measured after 2–10 hr of starvation, and compared with that of intact animals starved for the same length of time. The O 2 uptake of the unoperated pups declined after 2–4 hr and disappeared by 8–10 hr, whereas the decerebrate rats maintained near maximal O 2 consumption either in the cold or at thermoneutrality. Colonic temperatures averaged 5 C higher by 10 hr of starvation than in the intact animals. Blood glucose was also measured. It declined progressively in the intact pups, but remained near normal in the decerebrate preparations. These findings suggest that the low basal metabolism, and suppression by starvation of the metabolic response to cold exposure in the infant rat, are the result of descending inhibition of a heat generating system caudal to the transection, which is released by severing the connections. Aspiration of the hypothalamus caused only slight impairment of the responses to cold at this age, suggesting a critical thermoregulatory role for the more caudal brain stem and spinal structures early in life, with dependency on descending influences developing during maturation. A similar mechanism is also proposed to account for the maintained high blood glucose despite starvation in the decerebrate animals, and a possible relation between the two is discussed.
Analysis of the rotational structure in the high-resolution infrared spectra of trans-hexatriene-1,1-d2 and -cis-1-d1

Abstract Mixtures of trans -hexatriene-1,1-d 2 , - cis -1-d 1 , and - trans -1-d 1 have been synthesized. Anharmonic frequencies and harmonic intensities were predicted with the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ model for the out-of-plane ( a ″) modes of the three isotopologues. Assignments are proposed for most of the a ″ vibrational modes above 500 cm −1 . Ground state (GS) rotational constants have been determined for the 1,1-d 2 and cis -1-d 1 species from the analysis of rotational structure of C-type bands in the high-resolution (0.0015 cm −1 ) infrared spectra in a mixture of the three isotopologues. The GS constants for the 1,1-d 2 species are A 0 = 0.8018850(6), B 0 = 0.0418540(6), and C 0 = 0.0397997(4) cm −1 . The GS constants for the cis -1-d 1 species are A 0 = 0.809388(1), B 0 = 0.043532(2), and C 0 = 0.041320(1) cm −1 . Small inertial defects confirm planarity for both species. These ground state rotational constants are intended for use in determining a semiexperimental equilibrium structure and evaluating the influence of chain length on π-electron delocalization in polyenes.
Characterization of stacked-crystal PET detector designs for measurement of both TOF and DOI.

A PET detector with good timing resolution and two-level depth-of-interaction (DOI) discrimination can be constructed using a single-ended readout of scintillator stacks of Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3), with various Cerium dopant concentrations, including pure Cerium Bromide (CeBr3). The stacked crystal geometry creates a unique signal shape for interactions occurring in each layer, which can be used to identify the DOI, while retaining the inherently good timing properties of LaBr3 and CeBr3. In this work, single pixel elements are used to optimize the choice of scintillator, coupling of layers, and type of photodetector, evaluating the performance using a fast, single-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a single 4 × 4 mm2 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). We also introduce a method to quantify and evaluate the DOI discrimination accuracy. From signal shape measurements using fast waveform sampling, we found that in addition to differences in signal rise times, between crystal layers, there were also differences in the signal fall times. A DOI accuracy of 98% was achieved using our classification method for a stacked crystal pair, consisting of a 15 mm long LaBr3(Ce:20%) crystal on top of a 15 mm long CeBr3 crystal, readout using a PMT. A DOI accuracy of 95% was measured with a stack of two, identical, 12 mm long, CeBr3 crystals. The DOI accuracy of this crystal pair was reduced to 91% when using a SiPM for readout. For the stack of two, 12 mm long, CeBr3 crystals, a coincidence timing resolution (average of timing results from the top and bottom layer) of 199 ps was measured using a PMT, and this was improved to 153 ps when using a SiPM. These results show that with stacked LaBr3/CeBr3 scintillators and fast waveform sampling nearly perfect DOI accuracy can be achieved with excellent timing resolution—timing resolution that is only minimally degraded compared to results from a single CeBr3 crystal of comparable length to the stacked crystals. The interface in the stacked crystal geometry itself plays a major role in creating the differences in signal shape and this can be used to construct stacked DOI detectors using the same scintillator type, thereby simplifying and broadening the application of this technique.
Continuous Drug Delivery System Design Using Nonlinear Decoupling: A Tutorial

The design of nonlinear, time varying, multivariable, coupled system is a complicated task which offers few intuitive guides. Such guides are by contrast abundant in the much simpler task of designing a linear decoupled control system. Decoupling also allows the independent control of the system outputs in the presence of input interactions. The implications of these ideas in the design of control systems for continuous drug infusion have never been explored. This tutorial demonstrates the usefulness of nonlinear decoupling in the context of drug delivery using simple examples. First, decoupling by differentiation of the output equation is demonstrated. Next, two special cases where decoupling is achievable by input redefinition ann by input and state redefinition are given. Finally, limitations of the approach are discussed together with ongoing research to overcome them. The presentation avoids complex mathematical derivations and demonstrates that nonlinear decoupling can be applied using basic calculus.
Rejection based classifier for face detection

Pattern detection problems require a separation between two classes, Target and Clutter, where the probability of the former is substantially smaller compared to that of the latter. In this paper we propose a new classifier that exploits this property, yielding a low complexity yet effective target detection algorithm. This algorithm, called the maximal rejection classifier (MRC), is based on linear successive rejection operations. An application of detecting faces in images is demonstrated using the MRC with encouraging results. 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
High-affinity transporters for NAD+ precursors in Candida glabrata are regulated by Hst1 and induced in response to niacin limitation.

The yeast Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. C. glabrata is a NAD+ auxotroph, and its growth depends on the availability of niacin (environmental vitamin precursors of NAD+). We have previously shown that a virulence-associated adhesin, encoded by EPA6, is transcriptionally induced in response to niacin limitation. Here we used transcript profiling to characterize the transcriptional response to niacin limitation and the roles of the sirtuins Hst1, Hst2, and Sir2 in mediating this response. The majority of genes transcriptionally induced by niacin limitation are regulated by Hst1, suggesting that it is the primary sensor of niacin limitation in C. glabrata. We show that three highly induced genes, TNA1, TNR1, and TNR2, encode transporters which are necessary and sufficient for high-affinity uptake of NAD+ precursors. Strikingly, if a tna1 tnr1 tnr2 mutant is starved for niacin, it exhibits an extended lag phase, suggesting a central role for the transporters in restoring NAD+ homeostasis after niacin limitation. Lastly, we had previously shown that the adhesin encoded by EPA6 is induced during experimental urinary tract infection (UTI); we show here that EPA6 transcriptional induction during UTI is strongly enhanced in the tna1 tnr1 tnr2 mutant strain, implicating the transporters in the growth of C. glabrata during infection.
Contribution of L-type channels to Ca2+ regulation of neuronal properties in early developing purkinje neurons.

Activity driven Ca2+ signaling is an important regulator of neuronal development. Early developing Purkinje neurons (postnatal day 5–7) prior to the stage of dendritic development express a somatic Ca2+ signaling pathway that is electrically driven and communicates information from the cell membrane to the cytosol and nucleus. In the current studies, we examined the properties and potential functional role of this pathway using acutely isolated Purkinje neurons from postnatal day 5–7 rat pups and brief K+ stimulation to activate the pathway. Results show that the amplitude of the nuclear Ca2+ 1signal increases as a function of the cytosolic Ca2+ signal but is larger than the cytosolic Ca2+ signal at strong K+ stimulations. Both L-type and P-type Ca2+ channels contribute to the Ca2+ signal. We also show using semiquantitative immunohistochemical methods that activation of this Ca2+ signaling pathway results in activation the transcription factor CREB and that L-type Ca2+ channels play a prominent role in this effect. The level of cfos, a transcription factor whose expression is regulated by CREB, was also increased by K+ stimulation. K+ stimulation also altered the level of the Ca2+ binding protein calbindin, an effect that involved L-type Ca2+ channels. The relationship between increases in Ca2+ and calbindin expression was bell-shaped, with high levels of Ca2+ decreasing calbindin expression. The level of the transmitter GABA was also increased by K+ stimulation but this effect was not dependent on L-type Ca2+ channels. Taken together, these results support a role for L-type channels in the phenotypic expression of Purkinje neuron properties during early development and suggest that the different activity patterns of early developing Purkinje neurons could be one mechanism for signaling the induction of specific genes through differences in cytosolic or nuclear Ca2+.
Kalman filter based state-of-charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries in hybrid electric vehicles using pulse charging

The battery is one of the most important energy storage components in EV/HEV. Failing to estimate the state of the charge accurately will bring the risk of overcharge or over discharge. The traditional Coulomb counting method will bring accumulated error over time, therefore high deviation occurs between the estimated and real state of charge. Different estimation strategies are compared in this paper, i.e., Coulomb counting method, open-circuit-voltage method and Kalman filter based state of charge estimation. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of Kalman filter during the on-line application.
Smooth muscle overexpression of IGF-I induces a novel adaptive response to small bowel resection

Prior studies of intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR) have focused on growth factors and their effects on amplification of the gut mucosa. Because adaptive changes have also been described in intestinal smooth muscle, we sought to determine the effect of targeted smooth muscle growth factor overexpression on resection-induced intestinal adaptation. Male transgenic mice with smooth muscle cell overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) by virtue of an alpha-smooth muscle actin promoter were obtained. SMP8 IGF-I transgenic (IGF-I TG) and nontransgenic (NT) littermates underwent 50% proximal SBR or sham operation and were then killed after 3 or 28 days. NT mice showed the expected alterations in mucosal adaptive parameters after SBR, such as increased wet weight and villus height. The IGF-I TG mice had inherently taller villi, which did not increase significantly after SBR. In addition, IGF-I TG mice had a 50% postresection persistent increase in remnant intestinal length, which was associated with an early decline and later increase in relative mucosal surface area. These results indicate that growth factor overexpression within the muscularis layer of the bowel wall induces significant postresection adaptive intestinal lengthening and a unique mucosal response. IGF-I signaling within the muscle wall may play an important role in the pathogenesis of resection-induced adaptation.
Chemical Dependence and Substance Abuse on a Geropsychiatric Unit: A Preliminary Study

Medical records of 125geropsychiatric inpatients were reviewed for a pilot study of the prevalence and medical and psychosocial correlates of chemical dependence and/orabuse. Patients were studied in three groups, each corresponding to the phased implementation of a program to enhance staff awareness of these problems. In contrast to patients without chemical dependence/abuse diagnoses, patients with these diagnoses had shorter lengths of stay, a greater number of psychiatric diagnoses, and were more likely to show personality disorder. Inception and implementation of the staff awareness program was associated with finding a significantly greater number of patients with chemical dependence/abuse diagnoses.
A measurement-based study of hardware support for object invocation

The object invocation paradigm is attractive for structuring distributed systems. Distributed object-based operating systems view the resources of the system as a collection of objects. Object invocation is the primary mechanism in such systems, and is often used as a yardstick for measuring the system performance. However, existing systems of this flavour exhibit poor performance due to the mismatch between the requirements of the object invocation mechanism and the machine architecture. Through measurements of an existing object-based kernel, we present a breakdown of the costs involved in implementing the object invocation mechanism. The measurements suggest architectural solutions to improve the performance of such systems. We present our preliminary studies towards providing hardware support for the object invocation mechanism.
Applying Experiences from Trials of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, a live vaccine developed to prevent tuberculosis (TB), has been given to billions of persons over more than 7 decades. Studies of the efficacy of BCG vaccine have had widely divergent results, underscoring the complexity of the biology and immunology of TB. The long duration of TB infection, the heterogeneity of its clinical expression, and lack of inexpensive, reliable markers of infection and disease have made it difficult to study the impact of a vaccine, especially in resource-poor areas. A meta-analysis of data from trials of BCG vaccine found that studies conducted at sites that are a greater distance from the equator are associated with better vaccine efficacy, a finding that needs fuller study. BCG vaccine trials with higher validity scores showed higher rates of protection. Ongoing changes, including human immunodeficiency virus infection and demographic shifts, should be considered when developing trials of future vaccines. Analyses of past studies of BCG vaccine can identify sources of variation that may guide the design of studies of new vaccines. Rigorous study design and new tools are needed if studies are to provide clear, useful answers about new vaccines.
A Method for Comprehensive Evaluation of Propulsion System Thermodynamic Performance and Loss

This paper develops a method to analyze usage and loss of thermodynamic work potential in vehicle propulsion systems. This method is then demonstrated on the Northrop F-5E propulsion system. The result is a thermodynamic 'loss deck' describing the partitioning of work potential usage (and loss) as a function of vehicle flight condition and engine power setting. Specifically, three loss deck formulations are demonstrated for the F-5E propulsion system: exergy, gas horsepower, and thrust work potential. Finally, these three loss decks are compared and contrasted to show their relative merits for propulsion system design and engine/airframe matching applications.
Time- and Space-Efficient Algorithms for Least Median of Squares Regression

Abstract The least median of squared residuals regression line (or LMS line) is that line y = ax + b for which the median of the residuals |yi - axi - b |2 is minimized over all choices of a and b. If we rephrase the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) problem as finding the a and b that minimize the mean of | yi - axi - b |2, one can see that in a formal sense LMS just replaces a “mean” by a “median.” This way of describing LMS regression does not do justice to the remarkable properties of LMS. In fact, LMS regression behaves in ways that distinguish it greatly from OLS as well as from many other methods for robustifying OLS (see, e.g., Rousseeuw 1984). As illustrations given here show, the LMS regression line should provide a valuable tool for studying those data sets in which the usual linear model assumptions are violated by the presence of some (not too small) groups of data values that behave distinctly from the bulk of the data. This feature of LMS regression is illustrated by the fit given in...
Selective secretion and replenishment of discrete mucin glycoforms from intestinal goblet cells

Antibodies against MUC2, MUC3, and MUC5AC peptide epitopes stained the secretory contents of all goblet cells in the human colon-derived HT29–18N2 cell line. In contrast, four carbohydrate-specific...