cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LUNG VOLUMES OF NORMAL AND ASTHMATIC CHILDREN

Measurements of the various lung volumes were carried out with 27 normal children, 21 asthmatic children and 4 with allergic rhinitis. The asthmatic children had increases in functional residual capacity and residual volume. There was a significant increase in the time required for intrapulmonary mixing of gas in the asthmatic subjects. A biphasic character to the "wash-out" curves in both normal and asthmatic subjects was shown. It was considered, though not proved, that the increases in lung volume were due to the presence of bronchial obstruction.
Absorption of caesium 137 from the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat.

SummaryThe absorption of 137Cs from the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat has been studied in vivo. The data suggest that the presence or absence of food in the digestive tract affects the movement of 137Cs through the digestive tract and the rate of absorption. 137Cs was absorbed rapidly from the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat. Absorption occurred from all anatomical areas investigated, the small intestine being the most important site of absorption. The stomach and caecum absorbed only minute quantities. Using Dowex 50, total endogenous secretion was estimated at approximately 24·5 per cent of the initial dose, as measured over the first hour after injection. Taking endogenous secretion into consideration, the total amount absorbed at the end of one hour was 98·2 per cent of the initial dose.
Laboratory Carburization of Direct-Reduced Iron in CH 4 -H 2 -N 2 Gas Mixtures, and Comparison with Industrial Samples

Iron ore pellets, reduced with hydrogen, were isothermally carburized in CH4-H2-N2 at 823 K, 923 K, and 1023 K (550 °C, 650 °C, and 750 °C). Temperature strongly affected the total carbon concentration after carburization; significant unbound carbon deposited at the highest temperature. For the range of sizes tested (10 to 12 mm), pellet size did not affect carburization. The variability between pellets was much smaller than for industrial pellets; inhomogeneous gas distribution likely affects carburization under large-scale industrial conditions.
Pope's Encyclical Inspiring Government Action

With his recent encyclical, Laudato si' (“Praise Be to You”), Pope Francis brings the moral dimension of climate change to the forefront. Politicians worldwide have long debated the issue, but it's...
Nesting habits and nest symbionts of Polistes erythrocephalus Latreille (Hymenoptera Vespidae) in Costa Rica

Observations of nest size, shape, and habitat of Polistes erythrocephalus Latreille were made during the months of February and March, 1967, in Costa Rica. Eighteen abandoned nests and 31 active nests were examined. Two paras­ ites, the ichneumonid Pachysomoides stupida (Cresson) and an unidentified phycitid moth, were reared from the nests. A mud-daubing sphecid, several species of spiders, and members of the psocid genus Liposcelis were found in the abandoned nests. Several unidentified microlepidoptera larvae were also observed feeding on detritus in the nests.
Precursor (Amino Acid): Product (Vitamin) Interrelationship for Growing Chicks as Illustrated by Tryptophan-Niacin and Methionine-Choline

Experiments were conducted with crossbred chicks to examine the growth response to a vitamin when its precursor amino acid was in either deficient or adequate supply in the diet and vice versa. The tryptophan-niacin and methionine-choline interrelationships were thus examined. No growth responses to dietary niacin or choline were observed during severe tryptophan or methionine deficiency, respectively. However, when adequate levels of the precursor amino acids were present, marked gain and gain/feed responses to these vitamins occurred. In contrast, gain and feed efficiency responses to tryptophan or methionine occurred regardless of the chick's niacin or choline status, respectively.
Reductive Reactivity of the Tetravalent Uranium Complex [(η5-C5Me5)(η8-C8H8)U]2(μ-η3:η3-C8H8)

The reductive reactivity of the cyclooctatetraenide ligands in [(η5-C5Me5)(η8-C8H8)U]2(μ-η3:η3-C8H8), 1, was examined with polycyclic hydrocarbons, phenazine, and the diphenyldichalcogenide compounds PhEEPh (E = S, Se, Te). Complex 1 does not reduce anthracene, acenaphthylene, or benzanthracene, but it acts as a two-electron reductant with phenazine to form 1 equiv of C8H8 and the bimetallic complex [(η5-C5Me5)(η8-C8H8)U]2(μ-η1:η1-C12H8N2), 2. X-ray crystallography showed that the heteroleptic metallocene unit [(C5Me5)(C8H8)U]1+ adopted an η1-coordination mode with the phenazine dianion rather than the η3-coordination previously found with the homoleptic f element metallocene cations [(C5Me5)2M]1+. Complex 1 also reacts as a two-electron reductant with PhEEPh (E = S, Se, Te) to form C8H8 and the heteroleptic complexes [(η5-C5Me5)(η8-C8H8)U]2(μ-EPh)2 (E = S, 3; Se, 4; Te, 5).
A Water-Soluble Pybox Derivative and Its Highly Luminescent Lanthanide Ion Complexes

A new water-soluble Pybox ligand, 1, has been synthesized and found to crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n space group with unit cell parameters a = 6.0936(1) A, b = 20.5265(4) A, c = 12.0548(2) A, and β = 90.614(1)°. In the crystal, a water molecule is bound through hydrogen-bonding interactions to the nitrogen atoms of the oxazoline rings. This ligand was used to complex a variety of lanthanide ions, opening up new avenues for luminescence and catalysis in aqueous environment. These complexes are highly luminescent in aqueous solutions, in acetonitrile, and in the solid state. Aqueous quantum yields are high at 30.4% for Eu(III), 26.4% for Tb(III), 0.32% for Yb(III), and 0.11% for Nd(III). Er(III) did not luminesce in water, but an emission efficiency of 0.20% could be measured in D2O. Aqueous emission lifetimes were also determined for the visible emitting lanthanide ions and are 1.61 ms for Eu(III) and 1.78 ms for Tb(III). Comparing emission lifetimes in deuterated and nondeuterated water indicates th...
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Induce a Form of LTP Controlled by Translation and Arc Signaling in the Hippocampus

Activity-dependent bidirectional modifications of excitatory synaptic strength are essential for learning and storage on new memories. Research on bidirectional synaptic plasticity has largely focused on long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) mechanisms that rely on the activation of NMDA receptors. In principle, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are also suitable to convert synaptic activity into intracellular signals for synaptic modification. Indeed, dysfunction of a form of LTD that depends on Type I mGluRs (mGluR-LTD), but not NMDARs, has been implicated in learning deficits in aging and mouse models of several neurological conditions, including Fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. To determine whether mGluR activation can also induce LTP in the absence of NMDAR activation, we examined in hippocampal slices from rats and mice, an NMDAR-independent form of LTP previously characterized as dependent on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. We found that this form of LTP requires activation of Type I mGluRs and, like mGluR-LTD but unlike NMDAR-dependent plasticity, depends crucially on protein synthesis controlled by fragile X mental retardation protein and on Arc signaling. Based on these observations, we propose the coexistence of two distinct activity-dependent systems of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: one that is based on the activity of NMDARs and the other one based on the activation of mGluRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bidirectional changes of synaptic strength are crucial for the encoding of new memories. Currently, the only activity-dependent mechanism known to support such bidirectional changes are long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) forms that relay on the activation of NMDA receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are, in principle, also suitable to trigger bidirectional synaptic modifications. However, only the mGluR-dependent form of LTD has been characterized. Here we report that an NMDAR-independent form of LTP, initially characterized as dependent on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, also requires the activation of mGluRs. These finding suggest the coexistence of two distinct activity-dependent systems of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: one that is based on the activity of NMDARs and the other one based on the activation of mGluRs.
The Learning Tourist: The Role of Identity-Related Visit Motivations

Tourism and leisure patterns are changing in the 21st century; increasing numbers of people view leisure and tourism as an opportunity to expand their understanding of themselves and their world. A research model is described herein that utilizes the construct of identity-related visit motivations as a tool for understanding tourists’ visits to free-choice learning settings such as aquariums, coastal preserves, and whalewatching cruises. The model could have important implications for both future tourism research as well as improved tourism practice.
Reading our way forward: education for environmental and social justice

This study reviews recent environmental education initiatives from primary to post-secondary levels in the United States and considers the impacts of projects focused on school gardens and restaura...
Recent advances of research on function and distribution of selectins

As cell surface molecules, selectins widely express on the surface of leucocyte?active endothelial cells and platelet. It can mediate initial adhesion of leucocyte and vascular endothelial cells, participate in the interaction among diverse cells. In this review, we described the structural properties,physiological and pathologic distribution and biological functions of the selectin family proteins (include L selectin, P selectin, E selectin), in addition, we also briefly described the research advancement of selectins functions and the relative diseases.
Modulation of oxidative stress and subsequent induction of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress allows citral to decrease cancer cell proliferation.

The monoterpenoid, citral, when delivered through PEG-b-PCL nanoparticles inhibits in vivo growth of 4T1 breast tumors. Here, we show that citral inhibits proliferation of multiple human cancer cell lines. In p53 expressing ECC-1 and OVCAR-3 but not in p53-deficient SKOV-3 cells, citral induces G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as determined by Annexin V staining and increased cleaved caspase3 and Bax and decreased Bcl-2. In SKOV-3 cells, citral induces the ER stress markers CHOP, GADD45, EDEM, ATF4, Hsp90, ATG5 and phospho-eIF2α. The molecular chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid attenuates citral activity in SKOV-3 but not in ECC-1 and OVCAR-3 cells. In p53-expressing cells, citral increases phosphorylation of serine-15 of p53. Activation of p53 increases Bax, PUMA and NOXA expression. Inhibition of p53 by pifithrin-α, attenuates citral-mediated apoptosis. Citral increases intracellular oxygen radicals and this leads to activation of p53. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis by L-buthionine sulfoxamine increases potency of citral. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine decreases phosphorylation of p53 in citral-treated ECC-1 and OVCAR-3. These results define a p53-dependent and in the absence of p53, ER stress-dependent mode of action of citral. This study indicates that citral in PEG-b-PCL nanoparticle formulation should be considered for treatment of breast and other tumors.
Quantifying creativity: can measures span the spectrum?

Because the cognitive neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in the phenomenon of creativity, the issue arises of how creativity is to be optimally measured. Unlike intelligence, which can be assessed across the full range of intellectual ability creativity measures tend to concentrate on different sections of the overall spectrum. After first defining creativity in terms of the three criteria of novelty, usefulness, and surprise, this article provides an overview of the available measures. Not only do these instruments vary according to whether they focus on the creative process, person, or product, but they differ regarding whether they tap into “little-c” versus “Big-C” creativity; only productivity and eminence measures reach into genius-level manifestations of the phenomenon. The article closes by discussing whether various alternative assessment techniques can be integrated into a single measure that quantifies creativity across the full spectrum.
Abstract B57: Association between secondhand smoke exposure and nicotine dependence

Introduction: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is influenced by social class and immediate personal interactions; and it occurs in various social contexts, including the living space, workplace, institutions, and other physical environments. In addition, current smokers become exposed to SHS by opting to be in areas where smoking is permitted. We examined the association between exposure to SHS and nicotine dependence. Methods: We conducted a face-to-face interview with a cross-sectional sample of 313 African-American current smokers (59% male and 41% female) age 40–86 from Baltimore City and the District of Columbia. Clinical nicotine dependence was assessed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (2000). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between SHS exposure setting and nicotine dependence, controlling for known confounders. Results: In a preliminary analysis, exposure to SHS at home was associated with clinical nicotine dependence (P Conclusion: These data highlight the importance of examining social contextual factors as determinants of nicotine dependence, and suggest that promotion of a smoke-free environment may reduce the prevalence of nicotine dependence among current smokers.
Conserving pollinators in North American forests: A review

Bees and butterflies generally favor open forest habitats regardless of forest type, geographic region, or methods used to create these habitats. Dense shrub layers of native or nonnative species beneath forest canopies negatively impact herbaceous plant cover and diversity, and pollinators. The presence of nonnative flowers as a source of nectar, pollen, or larval food can have positive or negative effects on pollinators depending on the situation, but in cases where the nonnatives exclude native plants, the results are almost always negative. Roads and roadside corridors offer an opportunity to increase open, pollinator-friendly habitat even in dense forests by thinning the adjacent forest, mowing at appropriate times, and converting to native herbaceous plant communities where nonnative species have been planted or have invaded. Efforts to improve forest conditions for pollinators should consider the needs of specialist species and vulnerable species with small scattered populations. Conservation of bees and butterflies, as well as other pollinating species, in forested areas is important for most forest plant species, and forests may serve as reservoirs of pollinators for recolonization of surrounding habitats.
Abstract 3477: 3D morphological hallmarks of breast carcinogenesis: Diagnosis of non-invasive and invasive breast cancer with Lightsheet microscopy

BACKGROUND: Since the early 20th century, the pathological classification of breast cancer has been based primarily on the visual analysis of HE 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3477. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3477
Direct Observation of a Charge-Transfer State Preceding High-Yield Singlet Fission in Terrylenediimide Thin Films

Singlet exciton fission (SF) in organic chromophore assemblies results in the conversion of one singlet exciton (S1) into two triplet excitons (T1), provided that the overall process is exoergic, i.e., E(S1) > 2E(T1). We report on SF in thin polycrystalline films of two terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) derivatives 1 and 2, which crystallize into two distinct π-stacked structures. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fsTA) reveals a charge-transfer state preceding a 190% T1 yield in films of 1, where the π-stacked TDI molecules are rotated by 23° along an axis perpendicular to their π systems. In contrast, when the TDI molecules are slip-stacked along their N–N axes in films of 2, fsTA shows excimer formation, followed by a 50% T1 yield.
Ab initio study of nitrogen and position-specific oxygen kinetic isotope effects in the NO + O3 reaction.

Ab initio calculations have been carried out to investigate nitrogen (k15/k14) and position-specific oxygen (k17/k16O & k18/k16) kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the reaction between NO and O3 using CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) and CCSD(T)/6-311G(d) derived frequencies in the complete Bigeleisen equations. Isotopic enrichment factors are calculated to be -6.7‰, -1.3‰, -44.7‰, -14.1‰, and -0.3‰ at 298 K for the reactions involving the 15N16O, 14N18O, 18O16O16O, 16O18O16O, and 16O16O18O isotopologues relative to the 14N16O and 16O3 isotopologues, respectively (CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)). Using our oxygen position-specific KIEs, a kinetic model was constructed using Kintecus, which estimates the overall isotopic enrichment factors associated with unreacted O3 and the oxygen transferred to NO2 to be -19.6‰ and -22.8‰, respectively, (CCSD(T)/6-311G(d)) which tends to be in agreement with previously reported experimental data. While this result may be fortuitous, this agreement suggests that our model is capturing the most important features of the underlying physics of the KIE associated with this reaction (i.e., shifts in zero-point energies). The calculated KIEs will useful in future NOx isotopic modeling studies aimed at understanding the processes responsible for the observed tropospheric isotopic variations of NOx as well as for tropospheric nitrate.
Routing and Performance of Regular WSNs

We considered the usefulness of regular deployments of WSNs, and it is time now to quantify some of the specific parameters and compare how they perform as compared to a random scheme. An obvious reason to use regular scheme is that a desired area can be covered by fewer SNs and some underlying characteristics are shown in Table 15.1.
Mediating Test Anxiety through the Testing Effect in Asynchronous, Objective, Online Assessments at the University Level

Do asynchronous online evaluations, designed and delivered to engage the testing effect, moderate test anxiety? To answer this question, we surveyed 353 undergraduate and graduate students, drawn from 12 courses, hybrid and online, asking whether the option to take and retake a quiz lessened their text anxiety. Students, no matter the course or level, indicate yes, with more than 90% of the sample agreeing that the option to retake a quiz reduced test anxiety. We also consider this result with regards to the issues of metacognitive accuracy, student engagement, and learning effectiveness. Nearly 95% saw the “anytime, anyplace” test-retest option increasing understanding, improving class engagement, and supporting a more effective learning experience. Our findings profile a promising path to reset traditional as well as refine online evaluation pedagogies.
Skin marker placement by technologist prior to knee MRI helps identify clinically relevant pathologies.

Majority of musculoskeletal cross-sectional imaging requests have a non-revealing and non-specific clinical history of pain. However, the location of pain is very relevant towards arriving at a specific orthopedic diagnosis. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of skin marker placement and training of technologists prior to knee MRI in detection of clinically important findings. Total 200 consecutive left knee MRIs were evaluated before and after technologist training with regards to marker placement at the site of clinical symptoms or palpable finding. Marker location in relation to the knee was recorded and important findings were classified as correlated important finding, non-correlated important finding, other compartment important finding in non-correlated cases, and diffuse abnormality, i.e. tri-compartmental cartilage defects in both correlated and non-correlated cases. Differences among scans before and after technologist training were analyzed. The marker placement was observed in higher proportion of patients in post-training scans (78% vs 60%, p = 0.00). The most common location of the marker was in anterior or anterolateral knee (32% and 34% cases, respectively). The marker-important finding correlation was also higher post training, but not statistically significant (53% versus 38%, p = 0.57). Important findings correlated with the marker in more than 50% of the scans in the post-training set. Marker placement can aid in detection of clinically important imaging finding and technologist training aids in increased rates of marker placement and improved correlation.
Resection Arthroplasty Compared With Total Hip Arthroplasty in Treating Chronic Hip Pain of Patients With a History of Substance Abuse.

Abstract Background Retrospective comparison of surgical management of severe hip pain in patients with a history of substance abuse treated by modified Girdlestone resection arthroplasty (RA) vs delayed total hip arthroplasty (THA) following yearlong sobriety pathway. Methods Patients were identified using charts, current procedural terminology (CPT) code query, and THA sobriety pathway registry. The primary outcome was adequate pain control following surgery, defined as visual analog scale ≤ 5 or verbal description of “moderate” or lower pain. RA patients with infectious arthritis were analyzed separately. The secondary outcome was the level of mobility after surgery. Results In the THA pathway, 15 of 28 (53.6%) proved sobriety, 11 (39.3%) underwent THA, and 9 (32.1%) achieved adequate pain control (median 77 days). After RA, 19 (76%) achieved adequate pain control (median 119.5 days). Preoperative infection did not significantly affect time to pain control after RA (P = .94). Time to adequate pain control was not significantly different between RA and THA patients (P = .19). Three patients (30%) experienced improved level of mobility after THA and 7 (70%) experienced no change. After RA, 7 patients (29.1%) experienced improved level of mobility, 3 (13.6%) lost mobility, and 14 (63.6%) experienced no change. Three RA patients were later converted to THA without complication. Conclusion Yearlong sobriety pathway leading to THA leads to successful pain control in less than one-third of enrolled patients. Compared to delayed THA, RA enables more patients with substance abuse to be treated sooner and results in successful reduction of pain in a similar proportion of patients. RA may be an effective pain-reducing procedure for these patients.
Infertility Treatment in PCOS

Since first being described in 1935 by Stein and Leventhal, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is now known to be the most common endocrinopathy in reproductive aged women with multiple medical, metabolic, and reproductive implications. PCOS is a complex heterogeneous disorder and therefore appropriate diagnosis has been debated for many years. The most widely accepted diagnostic criteria are the 2003 Rotterdam criteria, which were subsequently endorsed by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology and the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. The Rotterdam Criteria based the diagnosis of PCOS by the presence of oligo/anovulation, clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, and ultrasound evidence of polycystic morphology. Diagnosis is based on the presence of two of the three while excluding other disorders, including Cushing's Syndrome, atypical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen secreting tumors, thyroid disorders, and other disorders causing oligo/anovulation.
Quantum Chemistry Methods with Multiwavelet Bases on Massive Parallel Computers

Abstract Multiresolution analysis (MRA) is a general-purpose numerical framework to solve integral and partial differential equations that has proven to be especially successful in applications in physics and chemistry. MRA allows construction of an orthonormal basis with dynamic adaptive resolution and systematic improvability, hence, providing guaranteed finite precision. Sparse representation of many kernels allows for efficient computation. Multiresolution Adaptive Numerical Environment for Scientific Simulation code uses MRA in a multiwavelet basis with low-rank separation of functions and operators for efficient computation in many dimensions. In this chapter, we describe some of the key elements of this approach, some of its applications in chemistry (including static and time-dependent problems) and examine some of its strengths and weaknesses.
Extracellular Enzymes in Sensing Environmental Nutrients and Ecosystem Changes: Ligand Mediation in Organic Phosphorus Cycling

Inorganic and organic phosphates react strongly with soil constituents, resulting in relatively low concentrations of soluble P in the soil solution. Multiple competing reactions are operating to regulate the solution-phase concentration of P-containing organic substrates and the released phosphate for assimilation by microbes, plants, or dispersal into the environment. In intensive agrosystems, external inputs of commercial fertilizers are often required to attain sufficiency levels of plant-available P. In this chapter, we focus on the ligand exchange process involved in the solubilization of organic P, a forerunner process crucial to the function of extracellular phosphohydrolases in accessing the recalcitrant soil organic P pool. Plants and microorganisms have evolved and developed multiple strategies to obtain the needed P. In these strategies, frequent interweaving of biophysical and biochemical processes are observed in the mineralization of organic P forms. A fundamental reassessment of the biogeochemistry of P in the soil-water systems is necessary to improve our understanding of the physical chemistry of charged surfaces and the role of organic ligands in the turnover of stabilized organic P. Practical solutions to constraints to phosphohydrolases’ activity are needed to attain improved use efficiency of this non-renewable resource.
Nice Demand in Rough Neighborhoods: Continuity in Non-Convex, Dispersed Economies

The technology available to households for transforming and producing goods to be consumed, and even for engaging in commercial transactions, will naturally be a significant factor in determining the structure of demand. Two general approaches have been used in modeling the role of these technologies. One is to incorporate the technology directly into the household preferences. The second is to incorporate the technology into the structure of the budget correspondence. The first approach is exemplified in Rader (1964), and (1978). The second has been used in Kurz (1974).
Double quantum well states in Cu/Co/Cu grown on Co(001)

A double quantum well (QW) system of Cu/Co(1 ML)/Cu grown on Co/Cu(001) has been investigated by photoemission spectroscopy. Energy spectra of the valence band from one of the Cu QW's have been measured as a function of the other Cu QW thickness. The results show strong resonance between the two Cu QW states across a 1 ML Co barrier. In particular, we observe that quantum well coupling removes the degeneracy of the two Cu QW states, resulting in a state crossing effect. A phase accumulation model is developed to explain these observations.
Celebrating photography’s two fathers

In early 1839, two very different geniuses, one French and one English, told the world about their discoveries of two different ways of creating permanent photographic images. Anticipating the 2014 celebration of the 175th anniversary of those events, Capturing the Light comes as a welcome gift recognizing the birth of photography. More than a rich, if condensed, dual biography of Louis Daguerre (1787–1851) and Henry Talbot (1800–1877), the book is a clear and fascinating account of the history of photography from its earliest roots in the camera obscura— essentially a wooden box with a lens on one end and, at the other, a piece of ground glass on which to focus an image. From at least the sixteenth century, artists, including Leonardo, Velasquez, and Vermeer, had used the camera obscura to create templates for their paintings. From the eighteenth century on, not only artists but also scientists and entrepreneurs were in search of a method to use chemicals to permanently record the images projected through a camera obscura onto paper or another medium. The daguerreotype made use of a sensitized metal plate that produced only a single copy of an image, while Talbot’s photogenic drawings of the 1830s, followed by his calotype of 1841, used sensitized paper; Talbot introduced the concept of the photographic negative, which could make one or more positive prints. Those who hope to find in this book an answer as to which man is ‘‘the true father of photography’’ will come away disappointed; about two-thirds of the way into the book, we read that the argument ‘‘over priority... is still not settled even today.’’ But readers in search of a lively, people-centered story of the birth of the technology will come away satisfied, whether they are practitioners of photography or not. It is a credit to the authors, both of whom are British historians and one of whom (Watson) is curator of the Fox Talbot Museum in Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire (home to the Talbot family estate), that they do not let nationalistic loyalties intrude on their
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale

The third revision of this individual test of “general reasoning ability,” for children between 3½ and 10 years of age, is made up of 95 cards on which are printed sets of pictures and symbols. Thr...
The thinking line

A simple problem-solving strategy is suggested, which seems to be universally adaptable to a broad variation of applied mathematics problems. As a first step to use this documentation problem-solving strategy, instructors need to define good (memorization) knowledge, and the students do have to memorize the same. The documentation method is flexible regarding the solution development and allows the instructor to get an insight of students’ knowledge. This allows instructors to specifically help students in their individual challenges.
The Art of the Win-Win Deal

“The Art of the Win-Win Deal,” presented by Rob Ross, executive director of NC LIVE, discussed the art of negotiation from both perspectives: the library and the vendor. Ross negotiates with vendor...
Using Uric Acid for Singlet Oxygen Detection in a Laser Virus Inactivation Experiment

We demonstrate the generation of singlet oxygen in a laser virus inactivation experiment using a low power diode light at 405 nm by detecting photobleaching of the absorption peak of uric acid at 294 nm.
Mucosal Barrier Defects: What Have We Learned from Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma, and Allergic Rhinitis?

This review covers recent findings describing roles for tight junction proteins in the mucosal barrier and their dysfunction in atopic diseases. Mucosal barrier dysfunction is commonly associated with chronic inflammation. Changes in tight junction protein expression and localization can be indicators of disease progression in allergic rhinitis. In addition, alterations in tight junctions may have a role in the initial onset of asthma. Lastly, polymorphisms in tight junction genes can be early predictors for atopic dermatitis risk and severity. Tight junctions play a vital role in maintenance of the epithelial barrier and are frequently disrupted in chronic inflammatory disease. Future study is warranted to evaluate novel targeted therapeutics that promote barrier function in the treatment of atopic disease.
The culture of poverty, again

This introduction to the special issue offers a selective account of two efforts, across a half century, to describe and alleviate the plight of poor people and their children in school: a specific...
Perioperative Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels as a Predictor of Postoperative Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder: a Cohort Study.

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with chronic pain syndromes and higher opioid use among cancer patients, but its association with opioid use among opioid-naive subjects following a major surgical procedure with acute pain has not been explored. To determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, opioid use, and opioid use disorder. We identified commercially insured subjects aged 18–64 years with available perioperative serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) levels who underwent one of nine major surgical procedures in 2000–2014. Primary outcomes were dose and duration of opioid use measured using pharmacy claims. Secondary outcome was opioid use disorder captured using diagnosis codes. Multivariable negative binomial models with generalized estimating equations were performed examining the association between 25D levels and postoperative opioid use measures, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Charlson score, education, income, latitude, and season of blood draw. Adjusted Cox regression was used to examine the association with opioid use disorder. Among 5446 subjects, serum 25(OH)D was sufficient (≥ 20 ng/mL) among 4349 (79.9%) subjects, whereas 837 (15.4%) had insufficient (12 to < 20 ng/mL) and 260 (4.8%) had deficient (< 12 ng/mL) levels. On multivariable analysis, as compared with subjects with sufficient 25(OH)D levels, subjects with deficient 25(OH)D levels had 1.7 more days (95% CI 0.76, 2.58) of opioid use per year and had 98.7 higher morphine milligram equivalent dose (95% CI 55.7, 141.8) per year. Among 11,713 study cohort, subjects with deficient 25(OH)D levels were more likely to be diagnosed with opioid use disorders (HR 2.41; 95% CI 1.05, 5.52). Patients undergoing common surgical procedures with deficient 25D levels are more likely to have higher opioid use and an increased risk of opioid use disorder compared to those with sufficient levels. Serum 25D levels may serve as a biomarker to identify subjects at increased risk of opioid misuse.
Blocking CCN2 preferentially inhibits osteoclastogenesis induced by repetitive high force bone loading.

Purpose/Aim: We recently found that blocking CCN2 signaling using a monoclonal antibody (FG-3019) may be a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing overuse-induced tissue fibrosis. Since CCN2 plays ...
Creating a database for health IT events via a hybrid deep learning model.

Abstract Objective The use of poorly designed and improperly implemented health information technology (HIT) may compound risks because it can disrupt established work patterns and encourage workarounds. Analyzing and learning from HIT events could reduce the risks and improve safety but are limited by accessible HIT event reports. In this study, we propose a hybrid deep learning model to identify HIT event reports from the FDA resource and thus establish the first publicly accessible database for HIT event reports. Materials and methods 6994 samples (3521 HIT and 3473 non-HIT events) extracted from the FDA MAUDE database were employed to assess nine individual and 120 hybrid models on the task of HIT identification. The optimal model was evaluated on an independent dataset prior to its application for establishing the HIT event database. Results The hybrid model consisting of logistic regression, CNN, and Hierarchical RNN (ACC = 0.903, AUC = 0.954, F1 score = 0.876) is superior to all the other models. The causes of errors include lack of root cause (72.3%), short descriptions (19.7%), and model undertrained (8.0%). The accuracy of the hybrid model on an independent dataset is reported as 0.862. We applied the optimal model to the entire MAUDE database (1991–2018) and generated an HIT event database with 48,997 reports. Conclusion The first HIT event database contains 48,997 reports with an annual growth rate of 10% (~5000 reports). The strategy of HIT event identification and establishment of the database could help healthcare professionals describe, understand, integrate the events and propose solutions in the context of a fuller spectrum of HIT events.
Intimate Partner Violence in Hispanic Communities

Many factors play into intimate partner violence, and finding resources to escape from an abusive relationship is often difficult. Cultural background and acculturative stress can play a major role in exacerbating the abuse as well as delaying the decision to leave the abusive relationship. For those who are immigrants, language difficulties, lack of social support, and legal status can further hinder help-seeking behavior. This chapter explores how being in a Hispanic milieu effects domestic violence dynamics.
Introduction to the special issue: Relationships in the time of COVID-19

This introduction describes the background for the special issue entitled “Relationships in the Time of COVID-19: Examining the Effects of the Global Pandemic on Personal Relationships.” It also ex...
Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Dialysis and Incident Dialysis Patient Outcomes in US Outpatient Dialysis Facilities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES About 30% of patients with AKI may require ongoing dialysis in the outpatient setting after hospital discharge. A 2017 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policy change allows Medicare beneficiaries with AKI requiring dialysis to receive outpatient treatment in dialysis facilities. Outcomes for these patients have not been reported. We compare patient characteristics and mortality among patients with AKI requiring dialysis and patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We used a retrospective cohort design with 2017 Medicare claims to follow outpatients with AKI requiring dialysis and patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis up to 365 days. Outcomes are unadjusted and adjusted mortality using Kaplan-Meier estimation for unadjusted survival probability, Poisson regression for monthly mortality, and Cox proportional hazards modeling for adjusted mortality. RESULTS In total, 10,821 of 401,973 (3%) Medicare patients requiring dialysis had at least one AKI claim, and 52,626 patients were Medicare patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis. Patients with AKI requiring dialysis were more likely to be White (76% versus 70%), non-Hispanic (92% versus 87%), and age 60 or older (82% versus 72%) compared with patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis. Unadjusted mortality was markedly higher for patients with AKI requiring dialysis compared with patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis. Adjusted mortality differences between both cohorts persisted through month 4 of the follow-up period (all P=0.01), then, they declined and were no longer statistically significant. Adjusted monthly mortality stratified by Black and other race between patients with AKI requiring dialysis and patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis was lower throughout month 4 (1.5 versus 0.60, 1.20 versus 0.84, 1.00 versus 0.80, and 0.95 versus 0.74; all P<0.001), which persisted through month 7. Overall adjusted mortality risk was 22% higher for patients with AKI requiring dialysis (1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.27). CONCLUSIONS In fully adjusted analyses, patients with AKI requiring dialysis had higher early mortality compared with patients without AKI requiring incident dialysis, but these differences declined after several months. Differences were also observed by age, race, and ethnicity within both patient cohorts.
The in vivo selection of the R-enantiomer of KS119W (VNP40541) as a potential anticancer agent

4717 KS119W, a novel hypoxia-selective anti-tumor agent, was recently shown to be active against a variety of solid tumor models including murine breast carcinoma (EMT-6), human non-small cell lung carcinoma (H460) and human small cell lung carcinoma (SHP77) in mice. However, KS119W is a racemic compound consisting of two enantiomers, R-KS119W and S-KS119W. In cell culture studies utilizing EMT-6 cells exposed to a hypoxic environment, both enantiomers of KS119W appeared to have similar cytotoxic effects. We then compared the efficacy and toxicity of R-KS119W with those of S-KS119W and racemic KS119W in murine tumor models. EMT-6-bearing Balb/c mice, H460-bearing Nu/nu CD1 mice and SHP77-bearing SCID/Beige mice were grouped randomly when the size of the tumors reached approximately 120-150 mm3, and then treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of racemic KS119W, R-KS119W, or S-KS119W from low dose to a maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The results demonstrated that the isomers were clearly different from one another in terms of drug potency; R-KS119W was less potent than but equally efficacious as S-KS119W. Using the same dosing schedule, the MTD of R-KS119W was 140 mg/kg on athymic Nu/nu mice and 100 mg/kg on Balb/c mice, whereas the MTD of S-KS119W was 80 mg/kg on athymic Nu/nu mice and 85 mg/kg on Balb/c mice. However, the efficacy and therapeutic windows of the two enantiomers were very similar. In H460 tumor-bearing athymic Nu/nu mice, R-KS119W, at doses from 80-140 mg/kg, yielded 52-80% tumor growth inhibition, whereas S-KS119W, with doses at 40-80 mg/kg, yielded 53-80% tumor growth inhibition. In EMT-6 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice, the treatment with R-KS119W at doses ranging from 85-100 mg/kg resulted in 58-69% tumor growth inhibition, whereas S-KS119W administered at doses ranging from 55-85 mg/kg resulted in 52-78% of tumor inhibition. The adverse side effects of the two enantiomers, however, were different. The mice treated with S-KS119W showed more weight loss and anemia, and developed irreversible edema at higher doses, but the mice treated with R-KS119W had mild toxicity, much fewer edemas, and could recover from the drug toxicities. In summary, racemic KS119W, R-KS119W and S-KS119W have similarities in efficacy and therapeutic window, but, unlike S-KS119W, R-KS119W at the MTD showed mild and reversible side effects. Therefore, R-KS119W is considered a better candidate for potential human clinical trials in the treatment of solid cancers.
Patterns of Mortuary Practice Associated with Genocide Implications for Archaeological Research

Forensic investigations of genocide address many of the same research questions raised by bioarchaeologists, but the express application of mortuary study theory to international war‐crimes investigations has not been reported, nor have modern examples served as the basis for reexamining mass death in the archaeological record. Data drawn from single, multiple, and mass graves in Bosnia and Iraq illustrate the behavioral processes associated with mass death resulting from genocide. Strong associations are evident between burial agent and differential mortuary practices. Considerate interments are seen exclusively in burials executed by friendly forces (“self”), while erratic commingling and mass interments result solely from the agency of enemy forces (“other”). Patterns of mortuary practice are sufficiently distinct as to identify agent of burial when the details of grave creation are unknown. These findings allow the reinterpretation of two mass interments in the archaeological record with evidence of i...
It's All about Those Bases: The Need for Incorporating Parasite Genetic Heterogeneity into the Development of Schistosome Vaccines.

Parasite genetic variation has been used to delineate and enumerate species, describe host–parasite associations, and observe the distribution of lineages among hosts and throughout the environment. Mechanisms or pathways inferred by these studies have often been carried forward in a predictive manner to inform assumptions about the organism’s biology, its life history, and host–parasite interactions. For medically relevant parasites, these observations have undoubtedly proven useful for a fuller epidemiological understanding of parasite transmission pathways and patterns. Here, we argue that functional parasite genetic variation in natural populations of schistosomes is poorly understood and that a better understanding of this variation is crucial to the development of effective vaccines.
Toward high-throughput predictions of the hydration free energies of small organic molecules from first principles

Abstract In this work we examine a multiscale procedure for predicting the solvation free energies of small organic molecules in liquid water at ambient conditions. The experimental database consists of thermodynamic data for 2583 neutral organic molecules, one of the largest sets available in the molecular modeling community. Using the extensive experimental data for hydration free energies as a benchmark, we find that the theoretical predictions are sensitive not only to water models but also to quantum-mechanical calculations for determining the molecular configurations and the atomic charges of solute molecules, and to the assignment of the non-bonded force-field parameters for different organic functional groups. Considering the computational cost of multiscale modeling for large-scale free-energy calculations from first principles, we maintain that the classical density functional theory provides a valuable alternate to conventional molecular simulation methods. The theoretical procedure will be important for future development of semi-empirical force fields and, in particular, for applications of multiscale modeling methods to practical problems that require high-throughput free-energy calculations.
Neural Dynamics: Criticality, Cooperation, Avalanches and Entrainment between Complex Networks

Book chapter discussing neural dynamics and the criticality, cooperation, avalanches and entrainment between complex networks.
Quantity, Quality, and Efficiency for a Partially Super-Additive Cost Function: Connecticut Public Schools Revisited

The dual cost function is partially super-additive when an output quantity bundle of a given quality can be produced at a lower cost by breaking up the output into a number of smaller bundles of the same quality to be produced by several firms instead of the entire bundle being produced by a single firm. In this paper, we build on Maindiratta's concept of size efficiency and propose a nonparametric method using mixed integer programming to measure cost efficiency allowing for partial super-additivity of the cost function. The proposed method is applied to data from Connecticut public school districts for the years 1980–81 through 1983–84.
Critical Comparisons of US and European Dynamic Side Impacts

While vehicle development and manufacturing process is becoming global, automotive safety regulations in various parts of the world have not been as uniform. A good example is the differing requirements for dynamic side impact protection of new vehicles. United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and European Union (EU) have each produced their own distinct test procedures such as, different barrier faces, impact configurations, and anthropomorphic test devices (dummies). Although both test procedures have the same final objective - estimate occupant responses in side impacts, they differ greatly in execution and emphasis on occupant response requirements. This paper discusses the differences in both side impact test procedures and vehicle and dummy performance in each case. Both dynamic side impact test data and analytical models are employed for this purpose. A full vehicle dummy-structure finite element is developed to investigate the two test conditions. Comparison of a typical vehicle performance such as door and bodyside intrusion profiles, contact velocities with dummies, dummy kinematics in both test conditions are examined closely. It is determined that although each test induces different loading and responses, there may be some commonality in impacted vehicle performance. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 893297.