cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indications and Outcomes of Arthroscopic Labral Reconstruction of the Hip: A Systematic Review

Purpose The primary purpose of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the literature for the current indications and outcomes of arthroscopic labral reconstruction of the hip. Our secondary purpose was to evaluate the role of arthroscopic labral reconstruction in the management of reparable labral tears. Methods A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using a PRISMA checklist. Studies published between June 2009 and June 2018 that evaluated outcomes after arthroscopic labral reconstruction with a minimum of 1 year of follow-up were included. Results Eleven studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 373 patients were identified. Of the 11 studies, 9 reported that an irreparable labrum was their indication for reconstruction, with 8 reporting that this was ultimately determined intraoperatively. Substantial variability in surgical technique, graft choice, and concurrent pathology was found. All 11 studies used at least 1 validated functional outcome metric to evaluate surgical outcomes, with all studies reporting improvement greater than the minimal clinically important difference. Donor-site pain was the most common complication, although it was reported in only 2 studies. Reported rates of revision surgery and conversion to arthroplasty were low (range, 0%-9.1% for both). Conclusions All 11 studies included in this systematic review reported clinically significant functional improvements after arthroscopic labral reconstruction and low rates of complications, revision surgery, and progression of arthritis, although graft types and concomitant procedures confound the results. The most common indication for reconstruction was a deficient labrum on intraoperative evaluation. The 6 studies that evaluated patient satisfaction reported favorable results, with a range of 6.73 to 8.7. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
Lanthanum-Induced Radiopaque Intestinal Precipitates: A Potential Cause of Intestinal Foreign Bodies

Lanthanum carbonate is a commonly prescribed oral phosphate binder for use in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease. The elemental form of lanthanum is a soft metal, which will appear radiopaque on a standard X-ray radiograph. This case report illustrates the potential for Lanthanum to masquerade as multiple radiopaque intestinal foreign bodies, leading to the extensive mobilization of medical resources and consultations including serial X-ray monitoring, multiple consultants including acute care and colorectal surgery. Given the few published reports describing this finding in the literature, it is essential to consider Lanthanum precipitates in the differential diagnosis of radiopaque intestinal foreign bodies in patients with chronic kidney disease to avoid unnecessary utilization of medical resources for this predominantly benign condition.
In Search of Intuition

What are intuitions? Stereotypical examples may suggest that they are the results of common intellectual reflexes. But some intuitions defy the stereotype: there are hard-won intuitions that take d...
“To Thine Own Self Be True”: One Music Educator’s Transition from Higher Education Faculty Member to High School Teacher

This dramaturgically-inspired telling of an autoethnographic narrative evokes theatre-in-the-round imagery to depict one of the two researcher’s significant and elective professional transition from holding a tenure-track university faculty position to high school music teaching, covering a one-and-a-half year time span. Four interrelated theoretical frameworks are used to interpret data, combining existing models with novel concepts: culturally scripted selves; aspects of selfhood informed by cultural scripts; performative markers of tertiary music education; and processes of concealment. Metathemes of time, workload/agency, and support developed and shaped data analysis. Recommendations for the field include changes in: mentorship models, definitions of success/happiness, cultural norms, and worklife balance. The story and our study of it is presented as a play in a critical, published format (non-acting edition). It consists of an Authors’ Note (including General Comments and Cast of Characters); a Play in two Acts, each with three Scenes; a Critical Analysis (including Review of Literature, Theoretical Framework, Discussion, and Implications), and an Appendix explaining research method.
Using the Virtual-Representational-Abstract with Overlearning Instructional Sequence to Students with Disabilities in Mathematics.

While mathematics education is key to the post-school outcomes of students with disabilities, it has received less attention in research and practice compared with other aspects of educating this p...
Allergic Contact Sensitization in Healthy Skin Differs from Sensitization in Chronic Dermatitis: Atopic, Occupational Wet Work, and Stasis Dermatitis

The duration of cutaneous inflammation preceding sensitization influences the resulting allergic response; the innate immune system instructs the adaptive immune response. Potent allergens that function as their own irritant cause classic T helper cell type 1 skewed dermatitis. Examples include poison ivy, epoxy resin, and methylchloroisothiazolinone. Less potent allergens, such as food proteins and propylene glycol, sensitize skin affected by chronic dermatitis resulting in a T helper cell type 2 skewed response, sometimes with associated systemic contact dermatitis. Systemic contact dermatitis should therefore be suspected in patients with positive patch tests to ingested allergens in the setting of chronic dermatitis.
Content-Based Similarity Search in Large-Scale DNA Data Storage Systems

Synthetic DNA has the potential to store the world9s continuously growing amount of data in an extremely dense and durable medium. Current proposals for DNA-based digital storage systems include the ability to retrieve individual files by their unique identifier, but not by their content. Here, we demonstrate content-based retrieval from a DNA database by learning a mapping from images to DNA sequences such that an encoded query image will retrieve visually similar images from the database via DNA hybridization. We encoded and synthesized a database of 1.6 million images and queried it with a variety of images, showing that each query retrieves a sample of the database containing visually similar images are retrieved at a rate much greater than chance. We compare our results with several algorithms for similarity search in electronic systems, and demonstrate that our molecular approach is competitive with state-of-the-art electronics.
A Multi-Functional Metasurface for Polarization Transformation Applications

A multifunctional metasurface performing both linear-linear (cross) and linear-circular polarization conversion is proposed and analyzed. The unit cell of the metasurface comprises of double head umbrella shape. The cross polarization conversion is achieved in two frequency bands of 7.5-7.99 GHz and 14.1-24 GHz. The polarization conversion efficiency is more than 90% over both frequency bands. The metasurface achieves circular polarization conversion within the frequency ranges of 7.15-7.3 GHz, 8.5-12.06 GHz and 27.6-30.85 GHz. Moreover, the proposed metasurface is angularly stable against oblique incidences of upto 45°. The proposed multifunctional structure is suitable for many applications like satellite communications, tracking and navigation systems.
Donor Age, Recipient Age and Transplant Type: How Their Interplay Affects Lung Transplants

Purpose There is a hesitancy to use older donor lungs in lung transplants, and to perform them in older patients. To invalidate the use of donor and recipient age as relative contraindications for lung transplantation, we examined both, and factored in transplant type, then analyzed their effects on survival outcomes using propensity matching. Methods Patients were stratified by recipient age ( Results Using 743 lung transplant patients at our single center over 8 years (Feb-2012 to Mar-2020) in the pre-propensity match, there was a significant difference in survival outcomes for the group: ≥50 donor age ≥70 recipient age group in survival when looking at single vs. double lung transplant (p = 0.038). There were no other statistically significant differences in survival based on donor and recipient age, or transplant type. Post-propensity matching, there was no difference in survival based on the interplay between donor and recipient age, for donor group ≥50 (p = 0.092), for donor group Conclusion While donor and recipient age are undoubtedly important factors to consider during lung transplantation, neither of these independently affects long-term survival. Upon matching, there was no differences in survival for lung transplant patients based on transplant type. Older lungs and older patients can result in reasonable post-transplant outcomes.
In-situ investigation of anisotropic crystalline and bulk negative thermal expansion in titanium alloys

Abstract Martensitically transforming polycrystalline Titanium-Niobium (TiNb) alloys exhibit tailorable coefficients of thermal expansions (CTEs) between large positive and negative values via deformation in martensite due to their anisotropic crystallographic CTE. However, the effects of Nb content, temperature, and deformation level on the crystal level and polycrystalline CTE anisotropy are not known, which limit the utilization of this unique feature in applications. In this study, TiNb alloys with 15 to 24 at.% Nb were systematically investigated using in-situ high energy synchrotron X-ray and iterative tension experiments to examine the evolution of crystalline CTE anisotropy, texture, and polycrystalline CTE. Analysis showed that crystalline CTE anisotropy and polycrystalline CTE values at a given temperature are the highest in Ti76Nb24 alloys, reaching +/-40 ppmK−1 at 90 °C. Lower Nb content allows for higher maximum temperatures at which CTE anisotropy is observed, but at the expense of maximum CTE achieved. Similarly, increasing deformation level reduces crystalline CTE anisotropy. Ti76Nb24 experiences a swift and massive texture evolution with deformation, resulting in CTE change along tensile axis from 8 ppmK−1 to -30 ppmK−1 after only 5% strain. Lower Nb alloys exhibit lower CTEs and less pronounced texture evolution at a given strain, culminating in a failure to manifest any apparent change in CTE for Ti75Nb15 polycrystals. This was attributed to dislocation plasticity accompanying martensite reorientation in lower Nb alloys. The analysis of in-situ texture and tension experiments revealed that there is a direct correlation between applied strain level, texture evolution, and maximum negative CTE achieved in different TiNb alloys.
A Dynamic Model of Player Level-Progression Decisions in Online Gaming

A key feature of online gaming, which serves as an important measure of consumer engagement with a game, is level progression, wherein players make play-or-quit decisions at each level of the game. Understanding users’ level progression behavior is therefore fundamental to game designers. In this paper, we propose a dynamic model of consumer level-progression decisions to shed light on the underlying motivational drivers. We cast the individual play-or-quit decisions in a dynamic framework with forward-looking players and consumer learning about the evolution patterns of their operation efficiencies (defined as the average score earned per operation for passing a level). We develop a boundedly rational approach to model how individuals form predictions of their own operation efficiency and playing utility. This new approach allows researchers to flexibly capture players’ over/unbiased/under estimation tendencies and risk averse/neutral/seeking preferences, two features that are particularly relevant when modeling the game-playing behavior. We develop an algorithm for estimating such dynamic model, and apply our model to level-progression data from individual players with one online game. We find that players in the sample tend to overestimate their operation efficiency, as their predicted values are significantly higher than the mean estimates inferred from their playing history with their completed levels. Furthermore, players are found risk seeking with moderate amount of uncertainty. We uncover two segments of players labeled as “Experiencers” vs. “Achievers”: while the former tend to derive a higher utility from the playing process, the latter are more goal oriented and derive a higher benefit from completing the entire game. Two counterfactual simulations demonstrate that the proposed model can help adjust the uncertainty level and configure a more effective level-progression point schedule to better engage players and improve the game developer’s revenue.
Trends in Health Insurance Among Cancer Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy From 2008-2017.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) In 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted, which allowed for increased access to health insurance in the US. Since then, there was a decrease in uninsured patients including those with cancer receiving radiation therapy. In 2017, federal policy was changed in regards to the ACA including a shortened enrollment period and significantly reduced funding. We aimed to determine trends in rates of uninsured patients receiving radiation therapy within this time period in order to identify correlations of these policy changes. MATERIALS/METHODS We obtained data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) Public Benchmark Reports from 2008-2017 to investigate trends in uninsured cancer patients who received radiation therapy. This data was stratified by all patients who received radiation therapy, and calculated percentages of those without insurance from the years 2008 to 2017. We then identified trends of uninsured status by race including White, Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific, Native American, and unknown. RESULTS According to the data, the percentage of patients receiving any kind of radiotherapy without health insurance declined over the years of 2008 to 2016 (2.3% to 1.76%). In 2017, the trend reversed with 1.78% of patients without health insurance. The percentage of patients who were uninsured that identified as White was lower than the entire population, and also declined from 2008 to 2016 (1.73% to 1.12%). In 2017, the trend reversed to 1.18%. The percentage of patients who were uninsured that identified as Black was higher than the entire population, but also declined from 2008 to 2016 (4.2% to 2.92%). In 2017, this trend continued to decline to 2.69%. The percentage of patients who were uninsured that identified as Hispanic was the highest of any group at any year. This group had an initial increase in uninsured patients from 2008 to 2012 (7.35% to 10%), then decrease by 2016 (7.78%). By 2017, this trend reversed again with 8% of the Hispanic population to be reported as uninsured. CONCLUSION In the last decade, there has been an overall trend towards less uninsured patients receiving radiation therapy in the United States, with the exception of 2017, which saw a slight increase, disproportionately affecting the Hispanic population. While it is uncertain as to whether federal policy changes in the promotion and administration of ACA affected these trends, this data mirrors observations in other series looking at un-insurance in cancer survivors. Further work is indicated to determine if this trend continues throughout the remainder of the past federal administration. In the meantime, it is essential to acknowledge the continued racial health disparities increase efforts in making access to cancer care more equitable.
Advanced signal processing for misfire detection in automotive engines

The paper presents an application of artificial neural networks to the reliable detection of misfires in automotive engines. By government regulations, automobiles an required to be equipped with instrumentation to detect engine misfires and to alert the driver whenever the misfire rate has the potential to affect the health of emission control systems. A relevant model for the powertrain dynamics is developed as well as an explanation of the instrumentation. The basis for using a neural network to detect these misfires is explained and experimental system performance data (including error rates) an given. It is shown that the present method has the potential to meet the government mandated requirements.
Outcomes of spinal cord stimulation: Patient validation

Objective. To identify aspects of daily life that have been most affected by chronic low back pain among spinal cord stimulation (SCS) patients and to determine the relative contribution that improvement in each would make to patients' quality of life (QOL). Materials and Methods. Telephone survey of 44 patients with chronic low back pain who were about to undergo or had been recently implanted with an SCS system. Patients were asked to define, by open-ended response and examiner-read list, those aspects of daily life that had been most affected by pain and to assess the relative importance that improvement in each would make to daily life. Results. Patients identified 13 areas of daily function that were most significantly impacted by chronic low back pain. Most frequently, activities of daily living, decreased ability to work, psychological changes, and limitations to social life and recreation were identified. Functional status change, decreased ability to walk, and ability to perform daily household activities were rated as the most important change from among items included in examiner-read list. Conclusions. Patients with chronic low back pain seek improvement in multiple dimensions of QOL after SCS, particularly increased physical activity, social relations, work status, and mood. It is likely that patients' assessment of SCS “success” correlates highly with functional improvement. As such, an understanding of SCS therapeutic benefit and satisfaction requires that QOL be carefully assessed in future outcome trials.
Mesoporous niobium oxides with tailored pore structures

Novel thermally stable and 2D mesoporous niobia phases were prepared by the evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) with high surface areas (up to 211 m2/g). The pore size of these novel mesoporous niobium oxides was tuned in a wide range from 4.6 to 21 nm by increasing the aging temperature, aging time, and humidity of aging atmosphere. Mixtures of two nonionic surfactants, Pluronic P123 and Brij 35, were for the first time used to tune the pore structure of resultant mesoporous niobia phases which showed that the mesopore shape may be switched from cylindrical to ink-bottle. The niobia mesostructures obtained in this study were thermally stable up to 500 °C. These novel mesoporous niobium oxides with tunable pore sizes are highly promising as catalytic supports and a major component in the synthesis of porous Nb-containing mixed metal oxides, such as MoVTeNbOx catalysts for selective (amm)oxidation of propane.
Quantum Time Entanglement of Electrons

Correlation is often significant in electron scattering from atoms, nuclei and bulk matter. Mathematically, as well as conceptually, correlation and entanglement are defined in the same way. Both correlation and entanglement connote mixing. Both are described as a deviation from a product (uncorrelated) form. In quantum optics the term entanglement is used to describe the spatial mixing of states of a system by external electromagnetic fields. In static systems correlation arises from interparticle fields that mix wavefunctions. Correlation dynamics, intrinsic in scattering from few and many body systems, adds the dimension of time to the basic conceptual framework. Time correlation, described here, mixes the time evolution of the particles. This time entanglement, which is non-local, requires both spatial correlation and quantum time ordering.
The Explicit Support of Human Reasoning in Decision Support Systems

Publisher Summary The chapter highlights reasoning and its explicit support as a fundamental research issue in decision support system (DSS), together with additional developments in artificial intelligence (AI) that can be the basis for further theoretical advancements in decision support. DSS refers to computer-based systems that aid human decision-making activities in a variety of ways. Reasoning is a core activity in human decision-making processes. A well-known model of decision making consists of three phases—intelligence, design, and choice. The chapter discusses several reasons for the choice of managerial decision making as the type of human decision activity to be supported. It reviews some chronological developments in computer-based support of managerial decision-making, as it underscores the need for DSS to explicitly support reasoning activities. The chapter develops some representation techniques that support reasoning activities in DSS environments. The representation attempts to capture both fuzziness and uncertainty in the environment, and the manipulation methods propagate measures of imprecision, through a line of reasoning, to any conclusion that is drawn from a body of imprecise knowledge so represented.
Iron Requirements in Adolescent Females

Adolescence is characterized by a large growth spurt and the acquisition of adult phenotypes and biologic rhythms. During this period, iron requirements increase dramatically in both boys and girls as a result of the expansion of the total blood volume, the increase in lean body mass and the onset of menses in young females. The overall iron requirements increase from a preadolescent level of approximately 0.7-0.9 mg Fe/d to as much as 2.2 mg Fe/d or perhaps more in heavily menstruating young women. These increased requirements are associated with the timing and size of the growth spurt as well as sexual maturation and the onset of menses. The available data on iron intakes in adolescents suggest that adolescent girls are unlikely to acquire substantial iron stores during this time period because intakes may average as little as 10-11 mg Fe/d. The bioavailability from diets in developing and industrialized countries indicates a negative iron balance is likely in many female populations. The low iron stores in these young women of reproductive age will make them susceptible to iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy because dietary intakes alone are insufficient, in most cases, to meet the requirements of pregnancy.
The cold plate as a test of nociceptive behaviors: description and application to the study of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain models

A cold plate apparatus was designed to test the responses of unrestrained rats to low temperature stimulation of the plantar aspect of the paw. At plate temperatures of 10 degrees C and 5 degrees C, rats with either chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammation of the hindpaw displayed a stereotyped behavior. Brisk lifts of the treated hindpaw were recorded, while no evidence of other nociceptive behaviors could be discerned. The most consistent responses were obtained with a plate temperature of 5 degrees C in three 5-min testing periods, separated by 10-min intervals during which the animals were returned to a normal environment. Concomitantly to cold testing, the rats were evaluated for their response to heat (plantar test) and mechanical (von Frey hairs) stimuli. In both injury models, while responses to heat stimuli had normalized at 60 days post-injury, a clear lateralization of responses to cold was observed throughout the entire study period. Systemic lidocaine, clonidine, and morphine suppressed responses to cold in a dose-related fashion. At doses that did not affect motor or sensory behavior, both lidocaine and its quaternary derivative QX-314 similarly reduced paw lifts, suggesting that cold hyperalgesia is in part due to peripheral altered nociceptive processing. Clonidine was more potent in CCI then in CFA rats in reducing the response to cold. Paradoxically, clonidine increased the withdrawal latencies to heat in the CCI hindpaw at 40 days and thereafter, at a time when both hindpaws had the same withdrawal latencies in control animals. Morphine was also more potent on CCI than CFA cold responses, indicating that, chronically, CFA-induced hyperalgesia might be opiate resistant. Evidence for tonic endogenous inhibition of cold hyperalgesia was obtained for CFA rats, when systemic naltrexone significantly increased the number of paw lifts; this was not found in rats with CCI. At 60 days, neither morphine nor naltrexone affected cold-induced paw lifting in CFA rats, suggesting that the neuronal circuit mediating cold hyperalgesia in these animals had become opiate insensitive. In conclusion, the cold plate was found to be a reliable method for detecting abnormal nociceptive behavior even at long intervals after nerve or inflammatory injuries, when responses to other nociceptive stimuli have returned to near normal. The results of pharmacological studies suggest that cold hyperalgesia is in part a consequence of altered sensory processing in the periphery, and that it can be independently modulated by opiate and adrenergic systems.
Intravascular Delivery of Particulate Systems: Does Geometry Really Matter?

In cancer therapy and imaging, the systemic passive delivery of particulate systems has relied on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect: sufficiently small particles can cross the endothelial fenestrations and accumulate in the tumor parenchyma. The vast majority of man-made particulates exhibit a spherical shape as a result of surface energy minimization during their synthesis. The advent of phage display libraries, which are revealing the extraordinary molecular diversity of endothelial cells, and the development of processes for fabricating particles with shapes other than spherical are opening the path to new design solutions for systemically administered targeted particulates. In this paper, the role of particle geometry (i.e., size and shape) is discussed at the tissue and cellular scales. Emphasis is placed on how the synergistic effect of particle geometry and molecular targeting can enhance the specificity of delivery. The intravascular delivery process has been broken into three events: margination, firm adhesion and control of internalization. Predictions from mathematical models and observations from in-vitro experiments were used to show the relevance of particle geometry in systemic delivery. Rational design of particulate systems should consider, beside the physico-chemical properties of the surface coatings, geometrical features as size and shape. The integration of mathematical modeling with in-vitro and in-vivo testing provides the tools for establishing a rational design of nanoparticles.
Antifungal activity of thiophenes from Echinops ritro.

Extracts from 30 plants of the Greek flora were evaluated for their antifungal activity using direct bioautography assays with three Colletotrichum species. Among the bioactive extracts, the dichloromethane extract of the radix of Echinops ritro (Asteraceae) was the most potent. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of eight thiophenes. Antifungal activities of isolated compounds together with a previously isolated thiophene from Echinops transiliensis were first evaluated by bioautography and subsequently evaluated in greater detail using a broth microdilution assay against plant pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis viticola, and Phomopsis obscurans. 5‘-(3-Buten-1-ynyl)-2,2‘-bithiophen (1), α-terthienyl (2), and 2-[pent-1,3-diynyl]-5-[4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl]thiophene (5) at 3 and 30 μM were active against all three Colletotrichum species, F. oxysporum, P. viticola, and P. obsc...
Human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell-directed lentiviral-mediated gene therapy in a xenotransplantation model of lysosomal storage disease.

As a group, lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) affect roughly 1 in 6700 live births. Treatment of patients with enzyme replacement therapy or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is severely limited by cost and clinical complications, respectively. In this study, the efficacy of gene therapy targeted to human hematopoietic progenitor cells was investigated for mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPSVII), a LSD caused by β-glucuronidase (GUSB) deficiency. Clinical experience has emphasized the need to evaluate transduction protocols directly with human cells through in vivo assays. Therefore, GUSB-deficient mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells from a patient with MPSVII were transduced with a third-generation lentiviral vector encoding human GUSB and then assessed in a xenotransplantation system. In this novel strategy, the xenotransplanted murine recipients were also GUSB-deficient, allowing a detailed evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in a host with MPSVII. Twelve weeks posttransplantation, lymphomyeloid expression of GUSB was detected in 10.8 ± 1.6% of the human cells in the bone marrow with an average of 1 to 2 vector genomes measured per positive cell. The corrected cells distributed widely throughout recipient tissues, resulting in significant therapeutic effects including improvements in biochemical parameters and reduction of the lysosomal distension of several host tissues.
Hans Selye and the Development of the Stress Concepta: Special Reference to Gastroduodenal Ulcerogenesis

Hans Selye has a historic role in the development of the stress concept. Before his short article in Nature in 1936, the neuroendocrine response to nonspecific injury was thought to be restricted to the release of catecholamines, as recognized by Cannon. Selye was the first to appreciate the crucial role of the adrenal cortex/hypophysis axis in the stress response. He also insisted on the nonspecificity of this neuroendocrine response, and he named the stress-causing agent "stressors". His last major contribution was the distinction between negative, that is, distress, and positive, that is, eustress reactions. The "triad of stress" (adrenal hypertrophy, gastrointestinal ulcers, thymolymphatic atrophy) was also first described by Selye, who was fascinated by the fact that in stressed rodents only gastric and not duodenal ulcers would develop. It was not until the recognition of duodenal ulcerogenic properties of propionitrile and cysteamine as well as the subsequent quantitative structure-activity studies predicting the duodenal ulcerogenic action of complex molecules that pathogenetic investigations allowed a molecular and mechanistic approach for studying the etiology and pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. Recent studies on the role of sulfhydryls, TRH, ET, and growth factors provide new insights into central and peripheral pre-ulcer pathways. We were surprised to learn that an organ-specific ET-1 release may play a role both in ulcer induction and healing, which seems to start with the expression of immediate early genes such as egr-1 and stimulation of the local synthesis of growth factors such as bFGF and PDGF. Thus, a historic review originating with Hans Selye and extending through the next 60 years allows a cellular and molecular approach to the better understanding of stress-related disorders such as gastroduodenal ulceration.
“Sad Monkey See, Monkey Do:” Nonverbal Matching in Emotional Support Encounters

The current study examined the interpersonal coordination of nonverbal immediacy behaviors in the emotional support process. Participants (N = 216) disclosed a distressing event to a confederate who was trained to exhibit emotional support that varied in high, moderate, or low nonverbal immediacy. After the 5-minute conversation, participants evaluated the confederate on several scales. Trained coders coded 10 immediacy cues of confederates and participants. Results indicated that participants tended to match confederates, regardless of the immediacy condition. Perceived liking for the helper did not moderate immediacy matching and exerted only a main effect on confederate immediacy; participants reported liking better highly immediate helpers than either moderately immediate or nonimmediate helpers. The study also generated several sex differences, such that, with the exception of eye contact, women tended to match confederates more than did men.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A PROFILE

Various commissions from the Wickersham (1931) to the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police (1978) have calledfor the upgrading of police educational levels. Junior colleges, colleges and universities have responded by creating a plethora of educational programs. However, currently, little is known about the nature, form, or practice of criminal justice education in the United States. In attempting to fill this void, data from the Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP) are presented concerning the number of students, criminal justice majors, and degrees awarded as well as institutional control, location, and type. These previously unpublished data are presented in a primary form Cfrequency distributions and cross-tabulations) to allow the reader to draw conclusions about the nature and scope of criminal justice education. Brief interpretations, however, are provided.
A Long and Productive Career: Franklin M. Henry–Scientist Mentor, Pioneer

(1994). A Long and Productive Career: Franklin M. Henry–Scientist Mentor, Pioneer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 295-307.
Human type 2 myeloid dendritic cells produce interferon-λ and amplify interferon-α in response to hepatitis C virus infection.

Background & Aims The type III interferons (IFN-λs: interleukin [IL]-28a, IL-28b, and IL-29) have important roles in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but little is understood about what cells produce these cytokines or how production is activated. We investigated whether human immune cells recognize HCV-infected cells and respond by producing IFN-λ. Methods We cultured healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with different populations of immune cells and Japanese fulminant hepatitis-1 (JFH-1) HCV-infected Huh7.5 (cell culture–derived HCV particles [HCVcc]/Huh7.5) cells. Results Human PBMCs recognized HCVcc/Huh7.5 cells and responded by producing IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IFN-λ. A rare subset of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), which are blood DC antigen (BDCA)+ (also called mDC2 cells ), were the major source of IL-28 and IL-29 production in response to HCVcc/Huh7.5 cells. Plasmacytoid DCs produced IFN-α, whereas natural killer and natural killer T cells were the main source of IFN-γ production in co-culture experiments. Of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs)3, 7, 8, and 9, only TLR3 or double-stranded HCV RNA induced production of IL-28 and IL-29 by mDC2s; endosomal maturation was required. Production of IFN-α and IFN-λ were linked—IFN-λ increased production of IFN-α by plasmacytoid DCs and IFN-α significantly increased production of IFN-λ. Conclusions mDC2s are a major source of IFN-λ production by PBMCs in response to HCVcc/Huh7.5 cells. mDC2s are activated through the TLR3 pathway, indicating that human DCs efficiently can initiate an immune response against HCV infection. IFN-λ therefore has an important role in HCV infection.
Comparison of Pressure Vessel Codes ASME Section VIII and EN13445

This paper consists of a comparative study of the primary technical, commercial, and usage differences between the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII and the European Pressure Vessel Code EN13445 (EN). This study includes a review of “Comparative Study on Pressure Equipment Standards” (hereby referenced by the “EC Study”) [see REF-1] and provides technical comparisons between the code design requirements, material properties, fabrication, and contributing effects on overall cost. This study is intended to provide a broad viewpoint on the major differences and factors to consider when choosing the most appropriate vessel design code to use.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Waves in a cloudy vortex

Abstract This paper derives a system of equations that approximately govern small-amplitude perturbations in a nonprecipitating cloudy vortex. The cloud coverage can be partial or complete. The model is used to examine moist vortex Rossby wave dynamics analytically and computationally. One example shows that clouds can slow the growth of phase-locked counter-propagating vortex Rossby waves in the eyewall of a hurricane-like vortex. Another example shows that clouds can (indirectly) damp discrete vortex Rossby waves that would otherwise grow and excite spiral inertia–gravity wave radiation from a monotonic cyclone at high Rossby number.
The production of Barberton komatiites in an Archean Subduction Zone

Based upon their geochemical similarity, we propose that the 3.5 Ga Barberton basaltic komatiites (BK) are the Archean equivalents of modern boninites, and were produced by the same melting processes (i.e. hydrous melting in a subduction zone). The Barberton komatiites also share some geochemical characteristics with boninites, including petrologic evidence for high magmatic H2O contents. Experimental data indicates that the Archean sub-arc mantle need only be 1500–1600°C to produce hydrous komatiitic melts. This is considerably cooler than estimates of mantle temperatures assuming an anhydrous, plume origin for komatiites (up to 1900°C). The depleted mantle residue that generates the Barberton komatiites and BK will be cooled and metasomatised as it resides beneath the fore-arc, and may represent part of the material that formed the Kaapvaal cratonic keel.
Methods and issues in microdialysis calibration

A review of calibration in microdialysis is presented. This review covers the methodological aspects of microdialysis including how physico-chemical parameters such as analyte diffusion coefficient, kinetics, volumetric flow rates, and membrane length affect calibration. The effects of diffusion versus diffusion coupled with chemical reaction are discussed in relationship to microdialysis extraction fraction and calibration. Resistance theory is used throughout to illustrate how diffusion and chemical reaction affect microdialysis calibration. In vivo calibration methods such as mass transfer coefficient, no-net flux method (Lonnroth method), internal standards (retrodialysis), in vivo delivery, and slow perfusion method are discussed. Applications of these various in vivo calibration methods are also included. Mathematical models are presented as a means to help understand the physical parameters that affect microdialysis calibration. Finally, the challenges in interpreting results from transient methods such as trapping free radicals and in situ metabolism are discussed.
IBM's Early Computers

In describing the technical experiences of one company from the beginning of the computer era, this book unfolds the challenges that IBM's research and development laboratories faced, the technological paths they chose, and how these choices affected the company and the computer industry. It chronicles the transformation of IBM into a computer company in a remarkably few years, discussing projects that ended in frustration as well as the more successful ones, and providing a sense of the atmosphere, the people, and the decision-making processes involved during the company's rapid technological transformation."IBM's Early Computers" is a unique contribution to the modern history of computers. It focuses on engineering alternatives rather than business and general management considerations and reveals the significance of imaginative solutions to problems in design and technology, from initial experiments with electronics in digital machines to the threshold of the System 360 era. This fair and balanced account of IBM's role in shaping today's electronic revolution identifies the individuals (both inside and outside the company) whose pioneering work influenced developments at IBM.The book's fourteen chapters briefly survey the card machine era and then cover electronic calculation, the magnetic drum calculator, the Defense Calculator and other first-generation products, ferrite core memories, magnetic tape, and disk storage development, programming, transistors, "Project Stretch" (which involved disappointments but led to one of IBM's greatest successes) high-speed printers, research, and new-product-line considerations."IBM's Early Computers" is included in the History of Computing Series, edited by I. Bernard Cohen and William Aspray.
Prothrombin Residues 473–487 Contribute to Factor Va Binding in the Prothrombinase Complex

To identify sequences in prothrombin (fII) involved in prothrombinase complex (fXa.fVa.fII.phospholipids) assembly, synthetic peptides based on fII sequences were prepared and screened for their ability to inhibit factor Xa (fXa)-induced clotting of normal plasma. The fII peptide (PT473-487, homologous to chymotrypsin residues 149D-163) potently inhibited plasma clotting assays and prothrombinase activity, with 50% inhibition of 12 and 10 microm peptide, respectively. Prothrombinase inhibition by PT473-487 was factor Va (fVa)-dependent and sequence-specific, because the peptide did not inhibit fII activation in the absence of fVa, and a scrambled sequence peptide, PT473-487SCR, was not inhibitory. Peptide PT473-487 did not inhibit the amidolytic activities of fXa and thrombin, suggesting that the peptide did not alter the integrity of their active sites. To determine whether PT473-487 interacted directly with fVa, fluorescein-labeled fVa (Fl-fVa) was prepared. When PT473-487 was titrated into samples containing phospholipid-bound Fl-fVa, the peptide increased fluorescein anisotropy (EC(50) at 3 microm peptide), whereas the control peptide PT473-487SCR did not alter the anisotropy, suggesting a direct binding interaction between PT473-487 and Fl-fVa. These functional and spectroscopic data suggest that fII residues 473-487 provide fVa-binding sites and mediate interactions between fVa and fII in the prothrombinase complex.
Slowly Dechlorinated Organic Chloramines

Dechlorination of some organic chloramines with aqueous sulfite solutions does not take place instantaneously as previously assumed. Field dechlorination times on the order of hours for some compounds that are found in chlorinated effluents appear likely on the basis of laboratory studies. These chlorinated compounds are not detected by standard analytical methods in the presence of sulfite ion.
Semiconductivity in Eu2O3 and Gd2O3, and exchange interaction in the system MnO-MgO, as possible criteria for the catalytic decomposition of ammonia

Abstract This work was part of an attempt to characterize more precisely the structural characteristics associated with catalytic activity in certain classes of solids. It was found that Eu 2 O 3 in H 2 atmosphere at 800 °C was an n -type semiconductor with a conductivity 19 times greater than that of Gd 2 O 3 under similar conditions. But no difference could be detected in the rate or activation energy for ammonia decomposition over these oxides. It was found that dilution with MgO did not alter the catalytic activity of MnO for the ammonia decomposition although, as was previously known, exchange interaction between Mn 2+ ions is diminished by such dilution. It appears from these results that neither semiconductivity nor exchange effects are directly related to catalytic activity in these solids, under the conditions described.
Thermal aspects of high-average-power electrooptic switches

The average power of electrooptic switches is limited by thermal effects arising from linear optical absorption of the laser pulse. Under some circumstances, even a small optical absorption can cause the switch to be the average-power-limiting component of the laser system. These thermal effects can be managed by configuring the switch as a cooled thin plate. The thermal properties of thin plate switches are fully analyzed for general switch configurations, and the major average-power-limiting effects are quantified. The results are applied to KD*P and LiNbO 3 switches. Both of these materials are found to be relatively poor average power switch materials. Electrooptic switches for future high-average-power applications will be configured in a thermally efficient manner, will probably require high excitation voltages, and will utilize new, mechanically strong materials.
Is restricted antigen presentation the explanation for fetal allograft survival

Mammalian embryos express paternal histocompatibility antigens which make them potential targets for the maternal immune system. The trophoblast is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen-negative barrier between mother and fetus which facilitates movement of antigenic molecules but prevents traffic of antigenic cells and is itself unable to present antigen. Gary Wood suggests that the lack of antigen presentation requirements for MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses prevent generation of paternal-antigen directed cell-mediated immunity.
Individual differences in the ability to focus and divide attention

Abstract This research deals with individual differences in the ability to focus and divide attention. Eighty-five subjects performed visual search and auditory detection tasks in three conditions: single channel, focused attention, and divided attention. Reaction time (RT) was fastest in the single channel condition, intermediate in the focused attention condition, and longest in the divided attention condition, and these effects were much stronger in the auditory than the visual task. Correlations among RTs in the three conditions were very high within modality (>.88), and lower between modalities (.5 to .6). The correlational data was well fit by a model that included separate factors for the visual and auditory tasks. Measures from the three attentional conditions within each modality loaded equally on these factors. The data provided no evidence for distinct abilities to divide or focus attention.
Large forms of Histoplasma.

Various types of large forms ofHistoplasma were studied in experimentally infected hamster and mouse tissues.Histoplasma can be found in the yeast phase in 5 distinct forms: 1. the classicalHistoplasma capsulatum form (ovoid, 2–5 µ in size); 2. occasional “large forms” in necrotic tissue and old cultures (up to 9 µ); 3. induced large forms in tissue explants (up to 20 µ); 4. small or large yeast cells surrounded by “halos” (up to 30 µ) and 5. the “duboisii” form (up to 22 or more) found exclusively inHistoplasma duboisii. Correlations between the above large forms with the classical small form were discussed.Histoplasma duboisii and the “classical”Histoplasma capsulatum can be separated (1) by its size in the parasitic phase in vivo and in vitro; (2) by its different pathogenicity for experimental animals and (3) by the most particular tissue response in hamsters and in mice.