cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Family-Medicine Providers' Perspectives on Group Care Visits for Maternal and Infant Nutrition Education.

Abstract Objective Explore current maternal and infant nutrition education practices and family medicine primary care providers' views on a group care model to deliver nutrition education to mother–infant dyads. Design In-depth interviews. Setting Family medicine clinics in 1 Midwestern US hospital system. Participants Family medicine primary care providers (n = 17) who regularly see infants during well-baby visits. Phenomenon of Interest Current maternal and infant nutrition education practices; views on ideal way to deliver nutrition education to mother–infant dyads; feedback on group care model to deliver nutrition education to mother–infant dyads. Analysis Audio recordings transcribed verbatim and coded using conventional content analysis. Results Family medicine primary care providers are limited in the ability to provide maternal and infant nutrition education and desire a different approach. Group care was the preferred method; it was shared most frequently as the ideal approach to nutrition education delivery and participants reacted favorably when presented with this model. However, there were many concerns with group care (eg, moderating difficult conversations, program implementation logistics, sufficient group volume, and interruption in patient–provider relationship). Conclusion and Implications Family medicine primary care providers desire a different approach to deliver nutrition education to mother–infant dyads in clinic. A group care model may be well-accepted among family medicine primary care providers but issues must be resolved before implementation. These results could inform future group care implementation studies and influence provider buy-in.
Evaluating the role of race in outcome of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI): Our institutional experience.

9042Background: Race-based differences in ICI efficacy for advanced NSCLC have not been studied due to under-representation of patients of minority background in pivotal trials. We systematically e...
Unmanned Aerial Systems Health Monitoring Architecture

As small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) proliferate, encounters between non-participants and UAS become much more frequent. Many of these are due to carelessness or not following rules on the part of the UAS operator. However, even when flying within the rules, encounters-potentially fatal-are possible. To help mitigate the risk of injury by UAS, health monitoring systems are imperative for reducing situations in which loss of control is likely. Current health monitoring tends to use real-time checks for power and navigation issues while a few systems are available for testing changes in vehicle responses to control inputs after flights. To reduce the likelihood of loss of control, we introduce a real-time health monitoring system that analyzes navigation, control, power, sensor, and communications integrity. Through experimental validation, we define metrics which detect degradations in the integrity of each system stated previously. Most failures present symptoms over time which can be detected, preventing the final catastrophic failure from occurring. Information requirements and necessary response times and thresholds are evaluated for each of the monitored subsystems, helping to define the implementation of each integrity check. Integration with a flight controller, particularly on small UAS which do not have the capacity to carry an auxiliary computer, is factored into the architecture, ensuring that health monitoring does not adversely affect flight control. Overall, this architecture provides a template and the considerations necessary for implementing more robust realtime health monitoring systems on the various UAS flight systems in operation.
Detection of Brain Activation in Unresponsive Patients with Acute Brain Injury

Abstract Background Brain activation in response to spoken motor commands can be detected by electroencephalography (EEG) in clinically unresponsive patients. The prevalence and prognostic importan...
Does it get better? Exploring “it gets better” videos using visual sociology

In 2010, the It Gets Better (IGB) project website was launched to house videos containing messages of support for youth who identify as sexual and/or gender minorities (SGMs). Despite success as a ...
Recent Developments in Educational-Benefit Discharge Litigation

In recent years, creative attorneys have challenged the scope of student loan non-dischargeability — and creditors’ attempts to collect educational debt after discharge — in class action cases across the nation. These recent cases focus on section 523(a)(8)(A)(ii) of the Bankruptcy Code, which excepts from discharge “an obligation to repay funds received as an educational beneﬁt, scholarship, or stipend.” An increasing number of courts have interpreted this phrase narrowly, concluding that billions of dollars in private loans that fail to qualify as “qualiﬁed educational loans” under subsection 523(a)(8)(B) are freely dischargeable. A recent decision adopting this interpretation, In re Crocker, also held that related claims for violation of the discharge injunction could be asserted in nationwide class actions. This issue of the Bankruptcy Law Letter is the ﬁrst in a two-part series examining the case law interpreting section 523(a)(8)(A)(ii), with particular attention to the class action cases that have been ﬁled around the United States. This issue considers the proper scope of section 523(a)(8)(A)(ii), while a forthcoming issue will confront the unique challenge of seeking damages for discharge violations on behalf of a nationwide debtor class.
Designing Imidazolium Poly(amide-amide) and Poly(amide-imide) Ionenes and Their Interactions with Mono- and Tris(imidazolium) Ionic Liquids.

Here we introduce the synthesis and thermal properties of a series of sophisticated imidazolium ionenes with alternating amide-amide or amide-imide backbone functionality, and investigate the structural effects of mono(imidazolium) and unprecedented tris(imidazolium) ionic liquids (ILs) in these ionenes. The new set of poly(amide-amide) (PAA) and poly(amide-imide) (PAI) ionenes represent the intersection of conventional high-performance polymers with the ionene archetype–presenting polymers with alternating functional and ionic elements precisely sequenced along the backbone. The effects of polymer composition on the thermal properties and morphology were analyzed. Five distinct polymer backbones were synthesized and combined with a stoichiometric equivalent of the IL 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([Bnmim][Tf2N]), which were studied to probe the self-assembly, structuring, and contributions of intermolecular forces when IL is added. Furthermore, three polyamide (PA) or polyimide (PI) ionenes with simpler xylyl linkages were interfaced with [Bnmim][Tf2N] as well as a novel amide-linked tris(imidazolium) IL, to demonstrate the structural changes imparted by the inclusion of functional, ionic additives dispersed within the ionene matrix. This work highlights the possibilities for utilizing concepts from small molecules which exhibit supramolecular self-assembly to guide creative design and manipulate the structuring of ionenes.
Personal Experiences of Oppression of Women Stereotypes in the Middle East: Both East and West are Guilty

Researchers need to isolate their own personal biases if we are to conduct truth – seeking culture research, even though this is difficult. In our study of Afghan and Saudi women on how family and collectivism impact entrepreneurial success/intention, we find that even within MiddleEastern Muslim women there are evident biases on their perceived degree of oppression. We conclude that both easterners and westerners are guilty of wrongfully stereotyping these women as “oppressed”, which can be attributed to poor understanding of social norms that shape their behaviors, which can be regarded as legitimate in the eyes of the so called “oppressee”.
Optimal designs for mixed continuous and binary responses with quantitative and qualitative factors

Abstract This work is concerned with optimal designs for multivariate regression of responses of mixed variable types (continuous and binary) on quantitative and qualitative factors. New complete class results with respect to the Loewner ordering, and relevant Chebyshev systems are derived to identify a small class of designs, within which locally optimal designs can be found for a group of models and optimality criteria. The complete class results facilitate the search of optimal designs via some general-purpose optimization techniques. Extensions of some previous results for characterizing optimal designs are also provided.
Cardiometabolic Diseases in the Adolescents, Young Adults, and the Elderly

Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, overweight, obesity, type-2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. NCD Risk Factor Collaborators report (2016), “If post-2000 trends in the increase in the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity and diabetes targets of stopping them by 2030 is virtually zero.” Thirty years ago, nutritionists were focusing on childhood nutrition, the “protein gap” and how to feed the hungry and deprived. Today, the Global Trends in Disease Group has been issuing report after report about the syndemic of metabolic diseases including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases. According to the public health experts, this pandemic is the result of subsidized agriculture, the role of multinational companies providing cheap, highly refined fats, oils, and carbohydrates, introduction of foods with added sugar and salt contents, as well as promotion of sugary beverages. What is wrong with worldwide healthcare policy? What is wrong with society in general? In any society, individuals should be made accountable for their own state of health. If the individual is not interested in maintaining his/her health, the result would be a rapid rise in the incidence of lifestyle diseases. Even in an advanced country like the United States, large ethnic disparities have been observed in obesity prevalence: Whites (22.0%), Latinos (33.65%), African Americans (36%), and Asians (10%). However, if one considers the waist/hip ratio as index of abdominal obesity, instead of body-mass index (BMI), the rankings change entirely. Therefore, a “one size fits all” approach will not hold up well in the early diagnosis, risk stratification, risk prediction, and the management of cardiometabolic diseases. In this short overview, we will focus our discussions on the prevalence of CMDs in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly. The pandemic of obesity and diabetes will continue to spread for the foreseeable future. However, we would like to express our concerns, viewpoints, and call for immediate action, for the development of novel strategies to arrest, reduce, reverse, and prevent the increase in the incidence of this “tsunami” of obesity and diabetes.
A Mechanism for Controller Failover in Distributed Software-Defined Networks

In Software Defined Networks (SDN), reliability plays a major role in maintaining a consistent end-to-end connectivity and dealing with controller failures. A traditional SDN implementation relies on a central controller that runs the control plane. However, in a large-scale Wide Area Network (WAN) deployment, centralized approach has several limitations related to performance and scalability. To address these issues, distributed SDN where multiple controllers that work cooperatively to control a network are deployed. One key limitation of such a distributed network is failure of one or more controllers may cause severe issues like network outage and reduced Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we address the problem of controller failure in distributed SDN by proposing two controller failover techniques, namely (a) RandomWeightLoadBalancing and (b) ProgressiveAssignmentLoadBalancing. Our work focuses on load balancing the orphan switches, connected to a failed controller, among available controllers rather than overloading a single controller with all orphan switches. Simulation results show that our proposed solutions perform a successful reassignment of orphan switches and ensure that the load of each controller is well balanced.
The Question of MacArthur's Reputation: Côte de Châtillon, October 14–16, 1918 – By Robert H. Ferrell

The author of this study has built a distinguished reputation by carefully retrieving the past; General Douglas MacArthur made himself legendary by playing fast and loose with it. It was never enou...
Alterations in the Nature of Ribonucleic Acid Synthesized in Rat Liver during Regeneration and after Cortisol Administration

Abstract Two nuclear ribonucleic acid fractions from normal and regenerating liver have been isolated and characterized by zone centrifugation and nucleotide analysis after 32P labeling. Comparison between the fractions from normal liver and those obtained from regenerating liver showed that regenerating liver synthesizes a markedly larger amount of ribosomal RNA than does normal liver. The administration of cortisol led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in the labeling of nuclear RNA, which affected both ribosomal and messenger RNA to the same extent. By comparing the hybridization properties of nuclear RNA fractions from normal and regenerating liver before and after cortisol treatment, it could be shown that cortisol causes the appearance of new species of messenger RNA both in normal and regenerating liver. No such differences could be found between messenger RNA populations of normal and regenerating liver from untreated animals.
Scalable Distributed Garbage Collection for Systems of Active Objects

Automatic storage management is important in highly parallel programming environments where large numbers of objects and processes are being constantly created and discarded. Part of the difficulty with automatic garbage collection in systems of active objects, such as actors, is that an active object may not be garbage if it has references to other reachable objects, even when no other object has references to it. This is because an actor may at some point communicate its mail address to a reachable object thereby making itself reachable. Because messages may be pending in the network, the asynchrony of distributed networks makes it difficult to determine the current topology. Existing garbage collection schemes halt the computation process in order to determine if a currently inaccessible actor may be potentially active, thus precluding a real-time response by the system. We describe a generation based algorithm which does not require ongoing computation to be halted during garbage collection. We also outline an informal proof of the correctness of the algorithm.
Seeing is Believing: Archival Imagery and Counter-Narratives

One by one, they emerge from the local archives. Singular black and brown faces, mixed among the seas of whiteness in class photographs, yearbook entries, black-owned newspapers, personal diaries, and more. Local historians had warned that these stories could not be found. And yet, there we were. One by one, two by two, church group by community picnic. The irony and tensions of being conspicuously unseen defines part of the black diasporic experience. This article employs archival photographs to construct a historical counter-narrative about the experiences of black communities in upstate New York. Using Ithaca, New York as a case study, I situate a “local” experience within African diaspora history.
Transgenerational Design: A Heart Transplant for Housing

Time and circumstances reshape one’s expectations and priorities. Responding to his past research and the realities of the aging process, the author describes why and how he designed and built the first fully accessible house aimed directly at Baby Boomers and beyond. The project offers a vehicle for broadening consumer awareness of, and increasing the demand for, “transgenerational” housing and household products. This uniquely innovative design neutralizes many restrictive effects of aging, accidents, illness or chronic conditions. It also demonstrates that attractive transgenerational houses can be designed to promote, provide, and extend independent living, remove barriers, offer wider options, supply greater choices, and enhance the quality of life for all – the young, the old, the able, the disabled – without penalty to any group.
Regolith Activation on the Lunar Surface and Its Ground Test Simulation

Activation of the surfaces of lunar regolith particles can occur through interactions with solar electromagnetic radiation, solar and galactic particle radiation and micrometeoroid bombardment. An attempt has been made to quantify the relative importance of each of those effects. The effects of these activated surfaces may be to enhance the adhesion and toxicity of the particles. Also key to the importance of activation is the lifetimes of activated states in various environments which is controlled by their passivation rate as well as their activation rate. Although techniques exist to characterize the extent of activation of particles in biological system, it is important to be able to quantify the activation state on the lunar surface, in ground-test vacuum systems, and in habitat atmospheres as well.
Suppression of Avian Hepatic Lipid Metabolism by Solvent Extracts of Garlic: Impact on Serum Lipids

The effects of garlic on lipid metabolism were examined in White Leghorn pullets that had been fed for 4 weeks either a control diet based on corn and soybean meal or an experimental diet containing either 3.8% garlic paste, a solvent extract (petroleum ether, methanol and water in sequence) of garlic paste, the residue or commercial garlic oil. Significant decreases in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (79-83%), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (43-51%), fatty acid synthetase (17-29%) and in representative pentose-phosphate pathway (23-39%) activities accompanied the feeding of the petroleum ether-, methanol- and water-soluble fractions of garlic. Garlic paste and oil also suppressed these activities. Significant decreases in serum lipids occurred in response to the feeding of these garlic fractions: serum total cholesterol by 20-25%, low density lipoprotein cholesterol by 28-41% and triglycerides by 10-26%; but high density lipoprotein cholesterol failed to respond to these treatments. The residue remaining after solvent fractionation had little influence on these parameters. These findings were substantiated by a second study in which pullets of a commercial broiler line were fed the garlic fractions. The results confirm that garlic oil and odorous components of garlic lower cholesterol levels. An odorless water-soluble component of garlic also has this effect. The mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic action is at the level of the suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Evaluating surgeon attitudes towards the safety and efficacy of portal vein occlusion and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation: a report of the MALINSA survey.

Background Various techniques, including portal vein embolization (PVE), contralateral portal vein ligation (PVL) and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation (ALPPS), are being used to augment the future liver remnant (FLR) volume in preparation for a major hepatectomy. The present study aims to survey and document the availability, variation, utilization and attitudes toward these techniques across centres in North and South America.
Hydrodynamic Resistance of Particles at Small Reynolds Numbers

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the field of low Reynolds number flows, with particular regard to the hydrodynamic resistance of particles in this regime. Use of symbolic “drag coefficients” and symbolic heat- and mass-transfer “coefficients” furnishes a unique method for describing the intrinsic, interphase transport properties of particles for a wide variety of boundary conditions. The particle resistance is characterized by a partial differential operator that represents its intrinsic resistance to vector or scalar transfer, independently of the physical properties of the fluid, the state of motion of the particle, or of the unperturbed velocity or temperature fields at infinity. The chapter discusses different particles in its context. One of these particles is helicoidally isotropic particles that furnish the simplest examples of bodies manifesting screw-like behavior. These particles are isotropic, in that their properties are the same in all directions. Yet they possess a sense and spin as they settle in a fluid.
Huang yu sou lan: Meiguo guo hui tu shu guan suo cang ming qing yu tu = Reading Imperial Cartography: Ming Qing Historical Maps in the Library of Congress

A joint publication of the Library of Congress and Academia Sinica in Taiwan, this book provides a beautifully illustrated catalogue of some 150 map titles dating from Ming and Qing China in the Li...
Practicing Preventive Health: The Underlying Culture Among Low-Income Rural Populations

Context: Health disparities on the basis of geographic location, social economic factors and education levels are well documented. However, even when health care services are available, there is no guarantee that all persons will take preventive health measures. Understanding the cultural beliefs, practices, and lifestyle choices that determine utilization of health services is an important factor in combating chronic diseases. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate personal, cultural, and external barriers that interfered with participating in a community-based preventive outreach program that included health screening for obesity, diabetes, heart diseases, and hypertension when cost and transportation factors were addressed. Methods: Six focus groups were conducted in a rural community of Louisiana. Focus groups were divided into 2 categories: participants and nonparticipants. Three focus groups were completed with Dubach Health Outreach Project (DUHOP) participants and 3 were completed with nonparticipants. The focus group interviews were moderated by a researcher experienced in focus group interviews; a graduate student assisted with recording and note-taking during the sessions. Findings: Four main themes associated with barriers to participation in preventive services emerged from the discussions: (1) time, (2) low priority, (3) fear of the unknown, and (4) lack of companionship or support. Health concerns, free services, enjoyment, and free food were identified as motivators for participation. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that the resulting synergy between low-income status and a lack of motivation regarding health care prevention created a complicated practice of health care procrastination, which resulted in unnecessary emergency care and disease progression. To change this practice to proactive disease prevention and self care, a concerted effort will need to be implemented by policy makers, funding agents, health care providers, and community leaders and members.
The Times They Are A'Changin': Students, Technology, and Instructional Services.

Although technology vies for our attention–continually creating new opportunities and challenges for library instruction–we must remain focused on our students. Recent studies indicate that the current generation of students is more comfortable than previous generations with online active learning environments and has seamlessly integrated the Internet into their everyday lives. In this article, Dupuis examines trends and uses anecdotes from her personal experience to illuminate the implications for instructional programs. It is time, she asserts, to reassess current approaches, content, instructional design, and evaluation techniques. To be successful, it is important to listen to students, challenge the status quo, and take risks.
Effects of Baclofen on Oral Counting, Arithmetic, and Symbol Decoding: An Explorative Multiple-Baseline Design Across Subjects

Sedation is a well-recognized side effect of the antispasticity medication baclofen. The literature discussing baclofen has shown that it is detrimental to memory and learning in individuals with known cognitive dysfunction. There is no information on how baclofen effects the function of individuals with normal baseline cognition despite frequent clinical reports of symptoms. This study explored the effect of baclofen on counting, arithmetic, and symbol decoding over a 9-week period of time on five adult males with traumatic spinal cord injury and no known cognitive dysfunction. We employed a repeated-measures, multiple baseline, double-blind, single-subject research design. The independent variable was antispasticity medication treatment, where the levels were 40 and 80 mg/day of baclofen versus placebo treatment. The dependent variables were speed and accuracy of counting integers, solving arithmetic problems, and decoding symbols. Slope and trend analysis of these data showed no change in counting and arithmetic tasks for all five subjects between each phase of the study. Changes were evident regarding ability to decode symbols, with varying trends across phases and subjects. Results of this study showed that baclofen, in low to moderate doses, did not seem to affect subjects' performance of oral counting or solving arithmetic problems. Baclofen did affect subjects' performance of symbol decoding, but with no consistent trend. These results suggest that further study of problem solving and memory funtion during baclofen administration would be useful.
A single dose of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neonatal rats alters gonocytes, reduces sertoli cell proliferation, and decreases cyclin D2 expression.

In this study, we explored the impact on both Sertoli cells and gonocytes of a single, relatively low dose of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP; 20-500 mg/kg) administered in vivo to 3-day-old rat pups. In parallel, we assessed the potential for two immediate metabolites of DEHP to produce similar testicular changes and began to explore the possible mechanisms involved. Morphological examination revealed the presence of many abnormally large, multi-nucleated germ cells by 24 h posttreatment with DEHP and with its metabolite, mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), but not with another metabolite, 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH; all at 1.28 mmol/kg) or with vehicle alone. These cells persisted through 48 h posttreatment, the longest time point examined in our study. We also assessed the rate of Sertoli cell proliferation in pups at intervals after dosage with either chemical or vehicle by administering bromodeoxy uridine (BrdU) 3 h before euthanasia. By 24 h after treatment with DEHP or MEHP, but not 2-EH or vehicle, the number of BrdU-labeled Sertoli cells was obviously diminished in testicular sections. Quantitation of DEHP-treated pups and controls indicates that a dose-response relationship exists between chemical treatment and labeling index (LI) of Sertoli cells, with a LI at the highest DEHP dose tested that was only 20% of that in controls. In addition, when we examined the time course of the effect of an intermediate dose of DEHP, we found that there the LI of Sertoli cells rebounds by 48 h after dosage, when we found the rate of proliferation in treated pups to be significantly higher than in controls. We also explored the potential mechanism involved in the response to DEHP and found serum levels of FSH to be unaffected by the chemical. In addition, study of cell cycle-related proteins including p27kip1 and cyclins D1, D2, and D3 with Western and Northern analysis indicated that cyclin D2 mRNA is specifically down-regulated by DEHP in a dose-dependent manner, and this decrease is manifest as a small, transient but reproducible reduction in the amount of cyclin D2 protein detectable in samples from treated pups compared to controls. Our findings characterize the changes in neonatal Sertoli cells and gonocytes that follow in vivo to low levels of DEHP and its metabolite, MEHP, as well as providing new information on the underlying mechanism and highlighting the extreme sensitivity of the neonatal testis to injury by this toxicant.
Developing a framework to improve virtual shopping in digital malls with intelligent self-service systems

Abstract Growing movements to urban places, increasing unemployment, decreasing buying power, rising real estate cost and demanding consumers for convenience and price are creating challenges for retailers. This paper reviews a sample list of retail channels, and proposes a systematic framework for conceptualizing the data-driven, and mobile- and cloud-enabled intelligent self-service systems to improve virtual shopping. With adoption of intelligent self-service systems, – more service oriented, more instrumented (from sensors to smart phones for monitoring consumers׳ behaviors), interconnected (patterns of interactions), and intelligent (algorithms help recognize patterns) – retail organizations can provide more cost effective quality retail service experiences to consumers.
Predictive Energy Management for Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Passenger Vehicle

In this paper, a model predictive control (MPC) approach is presented for solving the energy management problem in a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle. The hydraulic hybrid vehicle uses variable displacement pump/motors to transfer energy between the mechanical and hydraulic domains and a high pressure accumulator for energy storage. A model of the parallel hydraulic hybrid powertrain is presented which utilizes the Simscape/Simhydraulics toolboxes of Matlab. These toolboxes allow for a concise description of the relevant powertrain dynamics. The proposed MPC regulates the engine torque and pump/motor displacement in order to track a desired velocity profile while maintaining desired engine conditions. In addition, logic is applied to the MPC to prevent high frequency cycling of the engine. Simulation results demonstrate the capability of the proposed control strategy to track both a desired engine torque and vehicle velocity.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The classification and integration of edges as critical to the perception of reflectance and illumination

A pattern of luminances equivalent to that of a traditional simultaneous lightness display (two equal gray squares, one on a white background and the other on an adjacent black background) was presented to observers under two conditions, and matches were obtained for both perceived reflectance and perceived illumination level of the squares and their backgrounds. In one condition, the edge dividing the two backgrounds was made to appear as the boundary between a white and a black surface, as in the traditional pattern. The squares then were perceived as almost the same shade of middle gray. In the other condition, a context was supplied that made the edge between the backgrounds appear as the boundary between two illumination levels, causing one square to appear black and the other white. These results were interpreted as a problem for local ratio theories, local edge theories, and lateral inhibition explanations of lightness constancy, but as support for the concepts of edge classification, edge integration, and the retinal image as a dual image.
The effect of cognitive reappraisal on the emotional memory trade-off

Emotional information is often remembered better than neutral information, but this enhancement can come at the cost of memory for non-emotional stimuli presented alongside emotionally salient items. Two encoding-related factors have been proposed to influence the magnitude of this trade-off: The intensity of the affective response to the scenes (which increases the trade-off) and the cognitive control exerted to process the scenes (which decreases the trade-off). The present study examined the relative importance of these two factors by assessing the effect of cognitive reappraisal on the magnitude of the trade-off effect. Cognitive reappraisal refers to the implementation of cognitive strategies to assist a person in changing the intensity of their response to an experience. Thus, reappraisal provides a way to assess both of the factors that are important for the elicitation of the trade-off. The results revealed that when participants were asked to view the scenes, without cognitive reappraisal, a robust memory trade-off occurred. But, when participants were asked to either heighten or decrease their emotional reactions via reappraisal, there was a reduction in the magnitude of the trade-off. These results suggest that the cognitive process of reappraising the scenes is sufficient to reduce the trade-off effect, even when such processing leads to an intensified affective response.
An Evaluation of Some Commonly Used Highway Dispersion Models

This paper presents an evaluation of four gaussian (GM, HIWAY, AIRPOL-4, CALINE-2), and three numerical (DANARD, MROAD 2, ROADS) models with the tracer gas data collected in the General Motors experiment. Various statistical techniques are employed to quantify the predictive capability of each of the above models. In general, the three numerical models performed rather poorly compared to the gaussian models. For this data set, the model with the best performance in accurately predicting the measured concentrations was the GM model followed in order by AIRPOL-4, HIWAY, CALINE-2, DANARD, MR0AD2, and ROADS. Although the GM model provides by far a better simulation than any of the models tested here, it is skewed toward underprediction. As a screening tool for regulatory purposes, however, HIWAY model would be useful since this model has the highest percentage in the category of overprediction if the concentration data in the range of 50th percentile through 100th percentile are included in the analysis. The ...
Precise, controlled laser delivery with evanescent optical waves

Precise laser surgery is possible with laser pulses at wavelengths that are strongly absorbed at the surface of tissue. However, pulses at these wavelengths (far UV, far infrared) are not compatible with fiber-optic transmission, making endoscopic surgical procedures inside the body difficult. We use evanescent optical waves to demonstrate an alternative for confining energy near the tissue surface. Precise, superficial tissue ablation is achieved with evanescent waves generated at a sapphire–tissue interface by a free-electron laser, where the ablation depth may be varied. A new class of precise, controlled laser surgical tools may be achieved in this novel approach for use in endoscopic procedures. Electromagnetic theory governing evanescent-wave tissue ablation is presented.
Vena cava filters and inferior vena cava thrombosis

Objective Retrievable vena cava filters (R-VCF) are a recent addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. However, unlike permanent vena cava filters (P-VCF), outcomes data are limited regarding complication rates. Methods This was a retrospective comparative analysis of consecutive patients undergoing placement of R-VCF vs P-VCF at Wake Forest University School of Medicine from January 2000 to December 2004. Data collected included demographics, procedural specifics, filter type, indications, and complications. Summary data are expressed as number (percentage) or mean ± SD. Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed by using t and Fisher exact testing, as appropriate. Four additional patients with vena cava thrombosis were also referred to our institution for treatment during the study period, all with opposed biconical VCFs (OptEase and TrapEase filters) recently placed at other facilities. This last group of patients is described but not included in the analysis. Results A total of 189 VCF (165 P-VCF and 24 R-VCF) cases were examined. No significant differences in VCF groups were observed according to age, documented hypercoagulability, or concomitant anticoagulation. Significant differences were observed according to sex (30.3% of P-VCF vs 62.5% of R-VCF patients were female), morbid obesity (4.2% of P-VCF vs 25% of R-VCF patients), active malignancy (20% of P-VCF vs 41.7% of R-VCF patients), and indication for VCF placement. Over a median follow-up of 8.5 months, no case of significant hemorrhage, no VCF migration, and four cases of vena cava thrombosis were observed. Vena cava thrombosis was observed more frequently in the presence of R-VCF when compared with P-VCF (12.5% vs 0.6%; P = .007). All observed vena cava thromboses were associated with severe clinical symptoms and occurred in patients who received opposed biconical VCF designs. Conclusions In our experience, both P-VCF and R-VCF can be placed safely. Among both permanent and retrievable devices, however, opposed biconical designs seem to be associated with an increased risk for vena cava thrombosis. Although causative factors remain unclear, filter design and resultant flow dynamics may play an important role, because all episodes of vena cava thrombosis occurred in patients with a single-filter design.
WE‐C‐J‐6B‐02: Infrastructure for 4D Image Guide Therapy

This presentation looks at infrastructure needed for research investigation and for routine clinical use of time resolved volumetric (4D) image guided therapy The 4D imaging data used for IGRT comes from a variety of sources ranging from standard CT scanners, cone-beam CT from gantry mounted imagers, MR, and PET images. An example of a reconstructed 4- D data set for CT would have dimensions (512×512×100×10) (100 slices per volume representing 10 different time intervals. This represents approximately 0.5 gigabytes of data. Daily acquisition of these images therefore represents significant storage demands and increased network speeds needed to communicate this data between various processes (image alignment tools, contouring/segmentation, and treatment planning). While the DICOM imaging standard can be used for storing 4D datasets, the related derive data such as deformable alignment parameters and other associated data such as statistics about anatomical variability and embedded marker positions, are beyond the standard and require establishment of separate bookkeeping to maintain that data. The actual use of 4D data varies. This data provides information about patient alignment and extent of physiological motion. However, 4D data can also provide time dependent functional information which may provide early indicators of tumor and normal tissue responses. Decision based on analysis of these functions can be employed for daily assessment and immediate adjustments to the treatment either before or during delivery. Or analysis of the 4D data may be used to provide statistical support for more deliberate plan adjustment decisions. Often 4D data implies geometrical changes over time such as heart and respiratory motion which require deformable alignment of image volumes to relate and track anatomical regions of interest between different motion states and in reference to the imaging volumes used for planning. To aid in this presentation, a survey of current research and clinical uses of 4D image guided therapy will be presented with answers to questions regarding : the types of 4D imaging data sets used, the sizes of typical data sets, the frequency of acquisition, storage demands (long term and short term) and algorithms used for reconstruction, registration, analysis, and compression. The survey results demonstrate infrastructure needs for 4D image guided therapy that are significantly above and beyond what is typically needed for static volumetric imaging and planning in terms of both the amounts of data acquired and the tools needed for data management and analysis, This survey has included manufacturers and leading researchers in the field. In addition to survey results, examples of the infrastructure implemented by these users will be shown. Educational Objectives: 1. Identify various sources of 4D data and typical storage requirements 2. Present various use of 4D for IGRT employed to date and associated data display and analysis tools 3. Demonstrate successful infrastructure implementations
Vietnamese ethnicity and adolescent substance abuse: evidence for a community-level approach

This paper examines how membership in a highly concentrated Vietnamese‐American community affects the drug and alcohol use of Vietnamese‐American secondary school students. It suggests that research on adolescent substance abuse has had a tendency to concentrate on the family environment and the peer group. For this ethnic group, however, the present study finds that involvement in the ethnic community has a strong negative effect on drug and alcohol abuse, both directly and indirectly, through lessening the likelihood that adolescents will have substance‐abusing friends. Vietnamese language use is found to be an especially influential aspect of ethnicity. It is suggested that research on adolescent substance abuse should place more emphasis on community‐level explanations, such as the effect of ethnic and other sorts of social groups that surround individuals and families.
Advantages of E and C based interpretations of coordination chemistry

Abstract The advantages to be gained in the study of coordination compounds by concurrently carrying out electrostatic-covalent model analyses and experimental measurements is illustrated. Even though coordination compounds are not soluble in solvation minimized solvents, the analyses can indicate when solvation contributions are dominating trends in reactivity. They can also suggest additional experiments to aid in the understanding of the reaction chemistry and spectroscopy. The electrostatic-covalent analyses of various physicochemical measurements on coordination compounds provide a quantitative interpretation of the acceptor properties and a quantitative model for invoking steric, π-bonding and solvation effects. Compared to reported analyses with other scales, the electrostatic-covalent fit does not simply provide a better data fit, but often provides a different interpretation of the meaning of the experiment. It is shown that in studies where the varied ligands are limited to a single family of donors (e.g. substituted pyridines), a wide variation in the types of substituents on the family of donors is needed to define the chemistry.
On the mechanism of enhancement of human interferon production by actinomycin D and cycloheximide.

Abstract Normalized dose-effect curves have been employed in an attempt to relate the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis caused by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, respectively, to the enhancing effects of these drugs on interferon production by a strain of diploid human fibroblasts (FS-4) induced with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Enhancement of interferon production by actinomycin D was detectable at a low concentration (0.05 μg/ml) but reached a maximum only above 5 μg/ml. This suggests that interferon superinduction by actinomycin D involves at least two components: one related to the inhibition of nuclear heterogeneous RNA synthesis and the other not related to the block in RNA synthesis. With cycloheximide, half-maximal enhancement of interferon production was obtained at a concentration (2 μg/ml) that was approximately 20-fold higher than that at which half-maximal inhibition of protein synthesis was observed, but near-maximal effects on these processes were obtained at similar concentrations (5–10 μg/ml). These results, while compatible with a role of inhibition of protein synthesis in interferon superinduction, are nevertheless open to several alternative hypotheses.
Poverty by Color and Residence—Projections to 1975 and 1980

T HUS far in the 1960's, the number of poor has been steadily declining. The relatively favorable economic environment-as reflected by the declining unemployment rate, rapid growth rate, and rising median income -has played an important role in this improvement. Recent monetary and fiscal policy actions at the national level have been designed to curb the rapidly rising aggregate demand as a means of reducing inflationary pressure. These actions are bound to worsen the economic environment from the standpoint of many low-income people. In particular, the 10-percent tax surcharge is expected to retard the rise in aggregate demand and the demand for labor enough to raise the unemployment rate from its current level of 3.5 percent to 4.5 percent. How would this affect the poverty trends? The purpose of this paper is to project to 1975 and 1980 the incidence of poverty among various subgroups of the poor, under alternative assumptions regarding the state of the economic environment.
Solar wind ion injections in the morning auroral oval

Energy versus time dispersion of precipitating ion bursts was observed during two rocket flights in the morning auroral oval. Individual bursts lasted about 20 seconds and repeated on a time scale of 100 seconds. The dispersion is interpreted as energy-dependent time-of-flight delay which provides identification of ion charge-to-mass ratio as well as injection source distance. The data are consistent with injections of magnetosheath ions with injection distances ranging from 7 to 19 earth radii. Individual events extended over a regin of at least several degrees of magnetic longitude and 0.3 degrees of invariant latitude. It is suggested that these events are associated with turbulent plasma entry into the magnetospheric entry layer.
The effect of various diets on atherogenesis in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract The present study compares the production of lesions induced by different dietary regimens. Eighteen male rhesus monkeys were divided into three groups and fed according to varying dietary patterns for 12 months. Although a wide spectrum of lesions was observed in each dietary group, plaques with characteristics specific for each diet were predominant. The first group was fed a diet containing 25% fat as a 1 : 1 mixture of butterfat and coconut oil and 2% cholesterol. For the second group, the same ratio was alternated at 2-month intervals with a cholesterol-free diet containing 25% corn oil. Animals in the third group were fed a diet consisting of 2% cholesterol and 25% peanut oil. The latter group was subdivided into two subgroups of 3 animals each; one subgroup received peanut oil “contaminated” with aflatoxin. All diets produced hyperlipemia and hyperlipoproteinemia. The highest levels of serum cholesterol were recorded in animals fed a diet enriched by a mixture of butterfat, coconut oil and cholesterol continuously. Peanut oil-induced lesions were fibrocellular with minimal intracellular lipid deposition, while the coconut oil-butterfat feeding resulted in abundant, predominantly intracellular lipid accumulation, mostly in foam cells. Animals fed the alternating diets developed only mild intimal lesions with minimal lipid deposition. Lipid closely associated with the internal elastic membrane was observed in this latter group, a pattern similar to that reported by us previously in regressing lesions. Lesions in the coronary arteries closely resembled those in the aortas in each group. Densitometric analysis of serum samples fractionated by electrophoresis provided semi-quantitative data for estimating α- and β-lipoproteins. The rations of α to β were such as to indicate a marked rise in β-lipoprotein in both groups fed the high cholesterol ration. This was accompanied by an actual depression of a in the peanut oil-fed animals and a relatively slight increase in a concentration in the coconut—buffer-fed monkeys.