cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting of workplace inspections for lead.

The prevention of occupational lead poisoning requires identification of worksites with ongoing excessive lead exposures. The utility of different sources of surveillance data in identifying worksites was evaluated by comparing a list of companies inspected by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for lead with 1) Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC) claims for lead poisoning, and 2) the New York Health Department's Heavy Metal Registry (NYHMR) reports of individuals with elevated blood lead levels. For the period 1981 through 1985, the NYHMR identified 179 companies with at least one employee having an elevated blood lead level. Of the 134 OSHA inspections conducted in New York during the same time period, 23 (17%) companies were identified by the NYHMR. In Ohio from 1979 through 1985, 50 companies had workers' compensation claims filed against them involving documented elevated blood lead levels. OSHA inspected 306 companies; 23 (7.5%) were identified by the BWC. In both states, companies inspected by OSHA were concentrated in larger industries with traditional, well-recognized lead hazards (e.g., primary metal and fabricated metals). Companies identified by compensation claims and laboratory reports tended to be in industries dominated by smaller establishments where lead is not a primary part of the industrial process (e.g., automotive repair and construction). Sources of surveillance data, such as workers' compensation claims and laboratory reports, identify worksites that tend not to be routinely inspected by OSHA and which need intervention to prevent excessive lead exposure. To maximize the impact of public health resources devoted to the elimination of occupational lead poisoning, follow-up efforts at companies identified by state health departments and workers' compensation systems offer an important opportunity to complement OSHA's inspection efforts.
IgA Anticardiolipin and Anti-β2-Glycoprotein I Are the Most Prevalent Isotypes in African American Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract Background Ethnicity plays a role in the prevalence, isotype distribution, and clinical significance of anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti- β 2 -glycoprotein I (anti- β 2 -GPI) antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Few studies have been done in the African American population Methods Serum samples from 100 African American patients with SLE were tested for IgG, IgM, and IgA aCL and anti- β 2 -GPI antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Computerized clinical data on these patients were reviewed with a specific focus on clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Results Positivity for at least one isotype of aCL antibodies was found in 33% of the patients, whereas 28% were positive for at least one isotype of anti- β 2 -GPI antibodies. IgA was the most prevalent isotype for both antibodies; 24% of the patients in the aCL ELISA and 19% in the anti- β 2 -GPI ELISA were positive for IgA. Positivity for both aCL and anti- β 2 -GPI in the same patient was seen more frequently with the IgA isotype. Fewer than half of the patients positive for aCL antibodies had medium-to-high levels of antibodies. A few patients had presented thrombotic manifestations, and these patients were positive for aCL ( P = 0.01) and anti- β 2 -GPI antibodies ( P = 0.02). No other manifestations of APS could be significantly correlated with the presence of these antibodies. Conclusions Our results show that IgA is the most prevalent isotype among the African American patients with SLE studied. The predominance of the IgA isotype and the low prevalence of medium-to-high levels of aCL antibodies may account for the low frequency of clinical manifestations of APS in these patients.
First Report of Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean in Wisconsin

In August of 2006, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants collected from Columbia, Dane, Green Lake, Walworth, Jefferson, and Waushara counties in southern Wisconsin exhibited symptoms typical of sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme O'Donnell & Aoki [synonym F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines] (1). Foliar symptoms ranged from chlorotic spots to severe interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. Taproots of symptomatic plants were necrotic and stunted and stems exhibited a light tan discoloration, but never the dark brown discoloration typical for brown stem rot, a disease with similar foliar symptoms. Isolations from root and crown tissue of symptomatic plants were made using one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 ppm of streptomycin. Slow-growing, white-to-cream fungal colonies with blue and turquoise sporodochia were observed. Spores produced in sporodochia grown on PDA ranged in size from 32.5 to 70 μm long (average 53.1 μm) and 3 to 6 μm wide (average 4.4...
Development of a Dispersal Model for Balsam Woolly Adelgid, Adelges piceae Ratzeburg (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), to Facilitate Landscape-Level Management Planning

The balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratzeburg) attacks subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) in eastern Washington, Oregon, and northern Idaho. Historical balsam woolly adelgid distributions present an opportunity to understand climatic factors that influence the species’ distribution at a landscape scale. The distribution data allows for creation of predictive models that detail the likelihood of occurrence and associated geographic data allow modeling of species dispersal. Predictive variables linked to the distribution of the hosts and to abiotic environmental conditions were utilized to create a spatial probability model of occurrence. Balsam woolly adelgid predominantly disperses by wind, and hence, both wind speed and wind direction were used to create a dispersal probability model. Results from wind dispersal modeling suggested that two-thirds of the new infestations were due to July and August wind direction and speed. Average July winds ranged from 0.5 to 3.27 m/s, flowing south westerly, and August winds ranged from 0.43 to 1.55 m/s, flowing north easterly. Land managers can use the results of the predictive model to better understand where current infestations are likely to expand. Prediction of where the balsam woolly adelgid might move allows managers to adjust actions to respond to future insect movement and establishment.
Effectively using multiple technologies

Details regarding three examples where students were engaged in mathematics reasoning in effective and productive ways are shared. Technology in these instances allowed for students to share their thinking in ways that might not have otherwise been possible. These examples also serve to show how the choice of technology influences the mathematics to be learned from a mathematical task.
Anomalous fluorescence and laser emission from 7-alkylamino coumarins in acid solutions

Abstract The fluorescence emission from alcoholic solutions of 7-monoalkylamino-4-methyl coumarins shifts from blue to blue-green on the addition of acid. Fluorescence and excitation spectra measured at various concentrations show that with increasing concentration, a new excitation peak appears which is the source of the blue-green emission in the presence of acid. It is suggested that this new species is a dimer of the coumarin. The analyses of the amplified fluorescence spectra with a streak camera indicate that the blue-green emission is due to a transient excited species, consistent with a model based on the addition of H + to the excited dimeric state.
Geoscience: Depth charge

Cecily Wolfe welcomes a life of cartographer Marie Tharp, revealing her part in the plate-tectonics revolution.
Leading by example: new professionalism and the government client

The capacity of government client bodies to lead other industry actors in the creation of a more sustainable built environment is assessed. A framework is introduced that records the legislation, guiding principles and policies influencing government clients towards new professional practices embracing dynamic interactions between people, process and technology. The framework is used to analyse case studies related to two US government client organizations: the General Services Administration (GSA) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The study finds that GSA and NREL are actively seeking innovation and influencing their consultants, contractors and other US government agencies through their policies and programmes, notably by piloting new professional practices associated with integrated project delivery and open communication. The initiatives and their effectiveness are further studied in a broader, international context of emerging best professional practices. Government clients are key...
Failure of oral nitrate and calcium channel blocker therapy to prevent 5-fluorouracil-related myocardial ischemia: a case report.

Background: Myocardial ischemia induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a relatively rare, but potentially serious, occurrence. Some case reports have indicated that recurrent ischemia may be prevented if 5-FU is resumed after pretreatment with antianginal therapy. Methods: A 54-year old woman was diagnosed with stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Treatment with concurrent radiation and chemotherapy (mitomycin-C and 5-FU) was initiated with curative intent. Results: The patient had no evidence of underlying coronary artery disease based on history, physical examination or ECG. Approximately 48 h after initiation of 5-FU infusion the patient developed anginal pain associated with ECG changes compatible with ischemia. After resolution of ischemia and ruling out of myocardial infarction, coronary arteriography demonstrated normal coronary arteries. In an attempt to prevent myocardial ischemia, calcium channel blocker and nitrate therapy was started, but anginal pain with ECG change recurred when 5-FU was resumed. This necessitated selection of an alternative chemotherapy regimen. Conclusions: Even in the presence of normal coronary arteries, antianginal therapy may not preclude the occurrence of potentially serious 5-FU induced myocardial ischemia. For patients who experience 5-FU-induced myocardial ischemia, development of alternative chemotherapy regimens should be considered.
Simulation of HIV-infection in artificial immune systems

Abstract Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a multi-faceted disease process which ultimately leads to severe degenerative conditions in the immune and nervous systems. The complexity of the virus/host-system interaction has brought into sharp focus the need for alternative efforts by which to overcome the limitations of available animal models. This article reports on the dynamics of HIV infection in an artificial immune system (AIS), a novel in silico tool for bio-medical research. Using a method of graphical programming, the HIV/AIS interactions are described at the cellular level and then transferred into the setting of an asynchronous cellular automaton simulation. A specific problem in HIV pathogenesis is addressed: To determine the extent by which the physiological connectivity of a normal B-cell, T-cell, macrophage immune system supports persistence of infection and disease progression to AIDS. Several observations are discussed which will be presented in four categories: (a) the major known manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS; (b) the predictability of latency and sudden progression to disease; (c) the predictability of HIV-dependent alterations of cytokine secretion patterns, and (d) secondary infections, which are found to be a critical element in establishing and maintaining a progressive disease dynamics. The effects of exogenously applied cytokine Interleukin 2 are considered. All results are summarized in a phase-graph model of the global HIV/AIS dynamical system.
Factors Related to Financial Stress Among College Students

Many university administrators are concerned that debt loads and other financial concerns are negatively affecting student wellness. This study sought to explore factors related to financial stress among college students through an adaptation model, the Roy Adaptation Model, which is a conceptual framework used in health care applications. Responses from the 2010 Ohio Student Wellness Survey were analyzed using means tests and multivariate logistic regressions. The results show that financial stress is widespread among students – 71% of the sample reported feeling stress from personal finances. The results of the means tests and logistic regressions show that this study successfully identified important financial stressors among college students. Two of the most important financial stressors were not having enough money to participate in the same activities as peers and expecting to have higher amounts of student loan debt at graduation. The results also indicate that students with higher financial self-efficacy and greater financial optimism about the future are significantly less likely to report financial stress. Implications for student life administrators, policymakers, and financial counselors are discussed. Ph.D. Student, Department of Human Sciences, 1787 Neil Avenue, 262 Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S., heckman.59@osu.edu. Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Human Sciences, 1787 Neil Avenue, 262 Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S., lim.852@osu.edu. Associate Professor, Department of Human Sciences, 1787 Neil Avenue, 115F Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S., 614-292-4571, montalto.2@osu.edu
Altered RNA editing of serotonin 5-HT2C receptor induced by interferon: implications for depression associated with cytokine therapy

Members of the ADAR (adenosine deaminases acting on RNA) gene family are involved in one type of RNA editing that converts adenosine residues to inosine. The A-to-I editing of serotonin receptor subtype 2C (5-HT(2C)R) mRNA leads to replacement of three amino acid residues located within the intracellular loop II domain, resulting in dramatic alterations in G-protein coupling functions of the receptor. It has been speculated that RNA editing may play a role in several pharmacological and behavioral processes where the serotonergic plasticity is mediated through 5-HT(2C)R. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) often causes severe depression in patients treated for chronic viral hepatitis and certain malignancies. In this study, we examined the effects of IFN-alpha on RNA editing in human glioblastoma cell lines, which express 5-HT(2C)R mRNAs. ADAR1 expression and the pattern of the 5-HT(2C)R mRNA editing rapidly changed in response to IFN-alpha, leading to the dominant expression of the 5-HT(2C)R-VSI isoform predicted to have reduced G-protein coupling functions. Our results support the hypothesis that 5-HT(2C)R mRNA editing has causative relevance in the pathophysiology of depression associated with cytokine therapy.
Tilly Tally: War-Making and State-Making in the Contemporary Third World

Does the war-making/state-making thesis, most associated with Charles Tilly, apply in the developing world If so, how? This essay reviews the bellicist literature and offers an explanation for variation in state capacity among the most war-prone states in the developing world. We investigate the influence of war on state strength in two countries, Afghanistan and Vietnam. We examine three hypothesized causal mechanisms about how war contributes to state formation: raising money, building armies, and making nations. We find that war in Vietnam contributed to state-building, while war in Afghanistan has been state-destroying. There appear to be two main factors that contributed to state-making in Vietnam that were absent in Afghanistan: the existence of a core ethnic group that had served as the basis for a relatively long-standing political community in the past, and the combination of war and revolution, which inspired state officials and facilitated the promulgation of a unifying national ideology. Of these two factors, comparative data suggest relative ethnic homogeneity is the most important. Absent these specific conditions, war is more likely to break than make states in the contemporary Third World.
Forequarter amputation for recurrent breast cancer.

Introduction Localized excision combined with radiation and chemotherapy represents the current standard of care for recurrent breast cancer. However, in certain conditions a forequarter amputation may be employed for these patients.
Procedures for multi-time step integration of element-free Galerkin methods for diffusion problems

Abstract An explicit multi-time step integration algorithm is presented for the element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) for diffusion problems. To partition the problems into subdomains, two different methods are considered: a nodal partition and an integration point partition. Methods of estimating the critical time step for the one-dimensional EFGM are examined and means for estimating the stable time step for the different partitions are considered. Several numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the stability and accuracy of the methods.
Neurotransmitter/neuropeptide interactions in the regulation of neurohypophyseal hormone release.

Regulation of neurohypophyseal hormone release reflects the convergence of a large number of afferent pathways on the vasopressin (VP)- and oxytocin-producing neurons. These pathways utilize a broad range of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. In this review, the mechanisms by which this information is coordinated into appropriate physiological responses is discussed with a focus on the responses to agents that are coreleased from A1 catecholamine nerve terminals in the supraoptic nucleus. The A1 pathway transmits hemodynamic information to the vasopressin neurons by releasing several neuroactive agents including ATP, norepinephrine, neuropeptide Y, and substance P. These substances stimulate VP release from explants of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system and certain combinations of these agents elicit potent but selective synergism. Evaluation of the signal cascades elicited by these agents provides insights into mechanisms underlying these synergistic interactions and suggests mechanisms responsible for coordinated responses of the VP neurons to activation of a range of ion-gated ion channel and G-protein-coupled receptors.
Efficient channel code assignment scheme for multiple users in CDMA systems

Effective transmission of multiple video signals over a CDMA system simultaneously is investigated in this work. A channel code assignment scheme that efficiently protects compressed bitstreams while minimizing multiple access interference (MAI) is proposed. First, each video signal is coded with a two-layer structure that consists of the base and the enhanced bitstreams according to the bit importance. Then, these bitstreams are protected against transmission errors with channel codes such as RCPC. Better protection of higher bit-rate video requires more multicodes in spreading, which can lead to a severe multiple access interference problem. We set up a framework to a joint design of channel codes and spreading codes with the feedback of the channel status, and provide a solution to deal with the trade-off between channel coding rates and the assigned number of multicodes to achieve efficient transmission. Preliminary experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed channel code assignment scheme.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Framework for Supporting Scientific Language in Primary Grades.

In this article, the author reports on findings of second and third graders' science writing about Jupiter in order to describe their expressive fluency with scientific discourse. The students' artifacts were created within a setting of integrated science/literacy instruction in which students participated in hands-on science activities, engaged in extended talk around scientific ideas, and read and wrote scientific texts. The author also presents a framework for evaluating the written scientific discourse of second- and third-grade students. This framework essentially offers teachers a language for the assessment and support of students' scientific language acquisition. Its value lies in the potential for educators to use such a framework to support the full participation of all students in the field of science.
The major erythrocytic organic phosphates of the american eel, Anguilla rostrata.

Abstract 1. 1. The major acid-soluble organic phosphates associated with the erythrocytes of eels, Anguilla rostrata , acclimated to fresh and saltwater were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. 2. 2. The major erythrocytic phosphate of the eel is guanosine triphosphate (GTP) † with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the second most abundant phosphate compound. 3. 3. Total phosphate concentrations were approximately equal in marine and fresh water eels; marine eels exhibited high GTP: Hb and low ATP : Hb ratios while fresh water eels showed lower GTP : Hb and higher ATP : Hb ratios.
Studies on the metabolism of photosynthetic bacteria. XV. Photoautoxidation of ferrocytochrome c in extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum

Abstract 1. 1.Extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum prepared by sonic disintegration have been shown to contain the following enzymatic activities: cytochrome oxidase; DPNH- and TPNH-cytochrome c reductase; “malic” enzyme; and the dehydrogenases for succinic, malic, and lactic acids. The ratio of cytochrome oxidase to DPNH-cytochrome c reductase is significantly low when compared to that found in animal tissue. 2. 2.A photochemical oxidation of cytochrome c is effected by extracts. This activity is not shown in the presence of bacterial chlorophyll or carotenoids alone, and is destroyed by heating at 65 °C. The extract can also effect the photochemical oxidation of 2, 6-dichlorophenolindo-phenol and ascorbate. The relative rates of the DPNH-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase, and the photochemical oxidation are given. 3. 3.The photochemical oxidation does not proceed in the absence of oxygen and is much retarded in the absence of inorganic phosphate. No effect of added catalase is noted. The effect of common photosynthetic inhibitors has been studied. 4. 4.An uptake of oxygen observed during the course of the reaction concomitant with oxidation of the ferrocytochrome c corresponds to the well-known reaction in which four moles of the cytochrome are oxidized for every mole of oxygen reduced to water. 5. 5.The light reaction shows a typical enzymatic temperature effect, and a light saturation at 500 ft.-candles. A broad pH optimum from 6.5–7.5 is shown for the light reaction. 6. 6.Some implications of this reaction in relation to photosynthesis, as performed by bacteria, are presented.
Mean diffusivity in the amygdala correlates with anxiety in pediatric TBI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and orthopedic injury (OI) patients are prone to anxiety and mood disorders. In the present study, we integrated anatomical and diffusion tensor neuroimaging to investigate structural properties of the amygdala and hippocampus, gray matter regions implicated in anxiety and mood disorders. Children and adolescents were evaluated during the late sub-acute phase of recovery following trauma resulting from either moderate to severe TBI or OI. Mean diffusivity (MD) of the amygdala and hippocampus was elevated following TBI. An interaction of hemisphere, structure, and group revealed that MD of the right amygdala was elevated in females with TBI. Self-reported anxiety scores were not related to either volume or microstructure of the hippocampus, or to volume or fractional anisotropy of the amygdala. Left amygdala MD in the TBI group accounted for 17.5% of variance in anxiety scores. Anxiety symptoms may be mediated by different mechanisms in patients with TBI or OI.
Does the volume of ductal carcinoma in situ impact the positive margin rate in patients undergoing breast conservation for invasive breast cancer

Abstract Background We sought to investigate whether the volume of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) impacts margin status in patients undergoing lumpectomy for invasive breast cancer. Methods We identified 358 patients with stages I–III invasive breast cancer and associated DCIS who were treated with breast-conserving therapy from 1999 to 2009. Data included patient and tumor characteristics, percentage of DCIS ( 50%), and pathologic outcomes. Data were compared using chi-square and Fisher exact tests. A two-tailed P value of Results The 358 patients had a mean age of 58 ± 13 y; 260 (72%) patients were >50 y. The volume of DCIS in lumpectomy specimens was 50% in 33 (9%) patients. Tumors with decreasing DCIS volume were more likely to be estrogen receptor positive (239 [82%] with 50% DCIS; P = 0.026). DCIS volume was not significantly associated with patient age, tumor size, grade, and stage, nodal status, progesterone receptor status, or Her2 status (P > 0.05). Overall, 137 (38%) patients had one or more positive margins, including 97 of 296 (33%) with 50% DCIS volume (P Conclusions The volume of DCIS associated with an invasive breast cancer in the final lumpectomy specimen is a strong predictor of positive surgical margins. Future analyses will focus on the ability of core pathology to provide this information for intraoperative surgical decision making.
The community-wide dilemma of hospital-acquired drug resistance

Few of us who even casually read the newspaper harbor the long-cherished belief that infectious diseases are a problem of the past. Infectious diseases, even during the most optimistic times, remained the major worldwide source of human mortality. At present ≈17–20 million people die annually of infectious diseases, mostly as a consequence of well recognized diseases: malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV. A recent report (1) highlights the continued and even escalating threat to human health from an expanding list of human pathogens. These threats are largely the consequence of the emergence of novel pathogens into the human population (e.g., SARS-CoV and HIV), the transport of pathogens into novel areas (e.g., West Nile Virus), or the evolution of resistance among pathogens once believed controllable (e.g., antimicrobial-resistant forms of tuberculosis). In the wake of this enormous problem, there has been a renewed effort at constructing mathematical models of the infectious disease process in an attempt to predict disease emergence and the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (2–12). Models of antimicrobial resistance have largely focused on the likelihood and conditions under which resistant pathogenic forms will arise and spread and the identification of measures that should be taken to limit emergence (9–11). Most often these models are targeted at individual patients, and the recommended controls are on the structure of drug delivery or they …
Utility of thermal image sharpening for monitoring field‐scale evapotranspiration over rainfed and irrigated agricultural regions

[1] The utility of a thermal image sharpening algorithm (TsHARP) in providing fine resolution land surface temperature data to a Two-Source-Model for mapping evapotranspiration (ET) was examined over two agricultural regions in the U.S. One site is in a rainfed corn and soybean production region in central Iowa. The other lies within the Texas High Plains, an irrigated agricultural area. It is concluded that in the absence of fine (sub-field scale) resolution thermal data, TsHARP provides an important tool for monitoring ET over rainfed agricultural areas. In contrast, over irrigated regions, TsHARP applied to kilometer-resolution thermal imagery is unable to provide accurate fine resolution land surface temperature due to significant sub-pixel moisture variations that are not captured in the sharpening procedure. Consequently, reliable estimation of ET and crop stress requires thermal imagery acquired at high spatial resolution, resolving the dominant length-scales of moisture variability present within the landscape.
Fast and Accurate Inference for the Smoothing Parameter in Semiparametric Models

Summary A fast and accurate method of confidence interval construction for the smoothing parameter in penalised spline and partially linear models is proposed. The method is akin to a parametric percentile bootstrap where Monte Carlo simulation is replaced by saddlepoint approximation, and can therefore be viewed as an approximate bootstrap. It is applicable in a quite general setting, requiring only that the underlying estimator be the root of an estimating equation that is a quadratic form in normal random variables. This is the case under a variety of optimality criteria such as those commonly denoted by maximum likelihood (ML), restricted ML (REML), generalized cross validation (GCV) and Akaike's information criteria (AIC). Simulation studies reveal that under the ML and REML criteria, the method delivers a near-exact performance with computational speeds that are an order of magnitude faster than existing exact methods, and two orders of magnitude faster than a classical bootstrap. Perhaps most importantly, the proposed method also offers a computationally feasible alternative when no known exact or asymptotic methods exist, e.g. GCV and AIC. An application is illustrated by applying the methodology to well-known fossil data. Giving a range of plausible smoothed values in this instance can help answer questions about the statistical significance of apparent features in the data.
The impact of new cloning techniques on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

THE techniques of DNA and antibody cloning developed during the past decade are now being used successfully to solve a variety of clinical problems. Within the field of infectious diseases, practitioners can expect improved diagnostic tests and new therapeutic and preventive interventions. These advances in clinical methods are possible because defined macromolecules with specified functions can be constructed or isolated by cloning. In conceptual terms, cloning involves the separation and independent propagation of a specific element from a population of similar elements. In the case of gene cloning, a particular sequence of DNA is separated and propagated independently from an . . .
Precipitating antibody against core glycolipid of Enterobacteriaceae

Prazipitierende Antikorper gegen gereinigtes Glycolipidantigen ≪Re≫ vonSalmonella minnesota R595 wurden in Kaninchen erzeugt. ≪Re≫ Antiserum bildet Prazipitationslinien mit den Antigenen vonE. coli, Klebsiella, undSerratia, nicht aber mit den Antigenen vonPseudomonas aeruginosa. Typenspezifische Antisera gegen die ersten drei Organismen reagierten mit den ≪Re≫-antigen.
Ferromagnetic Anisotropy in Nickel-Cobalt-Iron Crystals at Various Temperatures

Single crystals of ternary alloys of nickel, cobalt and iron with forty percent nickel or more have been examined, with a pendulum magnetometer, for ferromagnetic anisotropy. All alloys in this region have face-centered cubic structures, like that of nickel. A region of low anisotropy, for nearly equal cobalt and iron contents, appears to be connected with the points where binary alloys of nickel and cobalt on one side and of nickel and iron on the other side change their anisotropy types. Measurements were made in all cases at room temperature, at about 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and at about 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At the higher temperatures anisotropy of either type generally diminishes and, in the region of low anisotropy, the principal anisotropy constant may change sign. The previously reported data for the binary alloys and single components in this system are recomputed and presented so as better to show the boundaries of the ternary field.
Commentary: Delivering Educational Services That Meet the Needs of All Students

Federal policies intended to promote educational equity, especially through state accountability mechanisms, have mobilized efforts to improve outcomes for students with disabilities. Although these efforts have met with some success, achievement gaps remain. The authors argue that local cultures of teaching practices and decision making continue to be the primary influences on learning experiences, and that improving outcomes for children and youth with disabilities will require attention to the social and cultural factors that affect the interpretation of policy and impact local practices. While recognizing the many technical challenges to implementing effective practices and limited resources for meeting students' needs, the authors stress that progress towards the attainment of equitable outcomes will be grudging unless the limited financial and human resources are allocated in ways that recognize the diversity and complexity inherent in the development of all learners and the local educational instit...
Magnetic Susceptibility of NiO and CoO Single Crystals

The magnetic susceptibility of a NiO single crystal grown by the flame fusion method was found to be isotropic below the Curie temperature as it is for the case of powdered material. Such characteristics can be explained by twinning or domain structure within the crystal. Stressing the crystal along a [111] direction, while annealing, produces an anisotropic susceptibility with the maximum and minimum values found when the applied field was parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the direction of stress. By using the Van Vleck theory, the results can be explained on the basis that the stress rotates some of the atomic spins from the direction of the [111] stress axis to the perpendicular planes. An assignment of spin direction to (111) planes of each domain agrees with the most recent neutron diffraction interpretation.The antiferromagnetic susceptibility of a single crystal of CoO was found to decrease when measured along one cubic edge and remain approximately constant along the other two [100] directions for temperatures down to 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At liquid helium temperatures the susceptibility increases for all [100] directions.
Animal models play a vital role in translational aging research.

No abstract available. (Published: 17 March 2015) Citation: Pathobiology of Aging & Age-related Diseases 2015, 5 : 27702 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/pba.v5.27702
Nanotechnology and environmental and public health considerations.

Nanotechnology has arrived on the scene much as did predecessor technologies—hailed for its purpose and accepted with enthusiasm amid bursts of research, funding, and news of creative applications. But the early efforts to consider its environmental aspects have been small even though the implications for environmental and public health are broad. A well-crafted policy framework is needed, one linked to a clearer understanding of the direct and indirect effects, benefits, and risk of nanotechnology. A precautious approach would foster policy interventions to prevent harms by slowing developments where the risks are high and focus scientific effort on dispelling ignorance and uncertainty, especially in those areas where the consequences of being wrong are substantial. This kind of approach also would impose the burden of demonstrating the safety of the technology primarily on its proponents. The process of producing guidelines for other technologies is considered.
Participatory engineering for recovery in post-earthquake Haiti

Participatory engineering has been called for after major catastrophes, yet is often bypassed due to countervailing implementation of ‘quick fixes’. While immediate expert-driven solutions may be attractive, in the long-term they may be ineffective and inconsistent with the goals and capacities of local stakeholders. This article discusses the findings of National Science Foundation research by a team of three engineers and one social scientist who visited Haiti twice, four and seven months after the January 2010 earthquake, to investigate community participation in water and sanitation engineering processes in Leogâne. Methods included interviews with local inhabitants, water-sector actors, and government agencies; inspections of the engineering of the existing water and sanitation system; surveys of the affected population; and a participatory workshop to which numerous community-based organizations were invited. The research tests the potential for engineers to develop stakeholder-based participatory p...
An academic-community partnership to address the flu vaccination rates of the homeless.

Objective The objective of this pilot research study was to explore the beliefs and barriers to flu vaccination from a sample homeless population in a small metropolitan community. Design and Sample In a collaborative academic-community partnership of a university undergraduate nursing education program, a local health department, and nonprofit agencies, a social marketing education program was developed by nursing students which included surveying the homeless for perceptions regarding flu vaccinations. There were a total of 87 homeless subjects that were surveyed. Measures The measurements were obtained from various questions regarding flu vaccinations on a Qualtrics survey examining the barriers, beliefs, and practices of the homeless population. The focus addressed health disparities and barriers with nursing students serving as the catalyst to reach the homeless in an educational service-learning project. Results This project demonstrated a positive impact in meeting health care needs of homeless persons as the rate of flu vaccination was doubled from the previous year at one community day shelter. Conclusions Nursing students developed their ability to impact a hard-to-reach population with positive changes in their attitudes by increased understanding of the health needs of the homeless.
Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin

Disposition and uptake/elimination profiles of topical 2,6-di-t-butyl, 4-nitrophenol (DBNP), the nitrated metabolite of an antioxidant additive of lubricant and hydraulic fluids was quantified in human skin grafted on athymic mice after a single topical 75 µg dose in corn oil. DBNP was quantified throughout the stratum corneum (SC), epidermis (E) and dermis (D) in punch biopsies collected from treated skin 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after application. SC samples were harvested from the treated skin with 20 adhesive discs. E and D were generated from the biopsy using a manual sectioning method. Detectable DBNP concentrations were measured in all skin compartments at all time points investigated. The Cmax of DBNP in SC was 1663 ± 602 µg cm−3, and ∼30 and ∼300 fold greater than the Cmax for E and D, respectively. Tmax occurred at 1.0, 0.5 and 1.0 in the SC, E and D, respectively. Over a 24 h interval (AUC0−24 h) there was 52 and 520 fold more DBNP in the SC than E and D, respectively. The elimination half-life of DBNP was 11 h from the SC and 9 h from both E and D. Thus, DBNP was quickly absorbed into the outermost layer of skin and established a steep concentration profile through human skin. The data are consistent with the vast majority of DBNP remaining on the surface (77%) or within human skin (15%) in vivo with only 0.2% of the DBNP dose quantified in the systemic blood circulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical-Level Synthesis for Digital Lab-On-a-Chip Considering Variation, Contamination, and Defect

Microfluidic lab-on-a-chips have been widely utilized in biochemical analysis and human health studies due to high detection accuracy, high timing efficiency, and low cost. The increasing design complexity of lab-on-a-chips necessitates the computer-aided design (CAD) methodology in contrast to the classical manual design methodology. A key part in lab-on-a-chip CAD is physical-level synthesis. It includes the lab-on-a-chip placement and routing, where placement is to determine the physical location and the starting time of each operation and routing is to transport each droplet from the source to the destination. In the lab-on-a-chip design, variation, contamination, and defect need to be considered. This work designs a physical-level synthesis flow which simultaneously considers variation, contamination, and defect of the lab-on-a-chip design. It proposes a maze routing based, variation, contamination, and defect aware droplet routing technique, which is seamlessly integrated into an existing placement technique. The proposed technique improves the placement solution for routing and achieves the placement and routing co-optimization to handle variation, contamination, and defect. The simulation results demonstrate that our technique does not use any defective/contaminated grids, while the technique without considering contamination and defect uses 17.0% of the defective/contaminated grids on average. In addition, our routing variation aware technique significantly improves the average routing yield by 51.2% with only 3.5% increase in completion time compared to a routing variation unaware technique.
Accumulation of glyceride-modified pre-penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli treated with globomycin

The membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis is a glyceride-cysteine lipoprotein whose NH2 terminus is analogous to the major outer membrane lipoprotein of Escherichia coli. When E. coli cells producing B. licheniformis penicillinase were treated with the antibiotic, globomycin, a precursor of the penicillinase, pre-penicillinase, accumulated in the cell. It could be immunoprecipitated with anti-penicillinase antibodies; it contained palmitate; and one of its two cysteine residues was modified by glycerol. The action of globomycin, probably indirectly, also activates protease which acts differently on the pre-penicillinase than does the signal peptidase. The results strongly indicate that the pre-penicillinase is processed by the globomycin-sensitive signal peptidase in E. coli, and the modification of precursor by lipid precedes removal of the signal peptide as it does with the membrane lipoproteins of E. coli.
Radio-astronomy precedent for optical interferometer imaging.

Radio-astronomical correlator arrays have demonstrated the ability of producing images of cosmic radio sources with extremely high resolution, dynamic range, and precision. A large body of experience and theory has been developed in connection with this technology that may form useful precedents for the development of similar technology in the optical and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The production of images of sources from measurements of their mutual coherence functions is demonstrated, and the capabilities and limitations of the technique are discussed. A prototype optical instrument is proposed, and its advantages and liabilities are identified.
Parachlorophenylalanine and habituation to repetitive auditory startle stimuli in rats

Abstract The relationship between brain serotonin levels and habituation of a skeletal-motor startle response was studied using parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a drug which inhibits the formation of serotonin. Depletion of brain serotonin by PCPA slows down, but does not prevent, habituation. PCPA given to rats that were habituated before starting drug treatment causes a transitory increase in startle response magnitude. Whether PCPA is administered before or after habituation, the treated rats exhibit heightened reactivity to startle stimuli following exposure to novel stimuli. These results suggest that brain serotonin plays a role in inhibitory processes.
Rent-setting in multiple winner rent-seeking contests

Abstract In this paper, we analyze a multiple winner rent-seeking contest where the number of winners is set by a self-interested regulator. The winners receive a license to compete in a market. The structure of competition in the market influences the number of winners through the preferences of the regulator. The model indicates that Cournot competitors can be better off than firms that are able to collude on output determination.
Autocrine Stimulation by Prolactin of Hormone-Responsive Breast Cancer Growth in Culture*

Evidence obtained in human breast cancer cell lines in culture suggests that estradiol stimulates the synthesis of secretory proteins which may, in turn, mediate its mitogenic effect. We questioned whether a similar mechanism could mediate the growth-promoting effect of PRL in the N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumor grown in soft agar, where PRL exerts a dose-dependent colony-stimulating effect. Conditioned medium obtained from PRL-treated tumors, but not from control tumors, was found to exert a significant dosedependent colony-stimulating effect when added to N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors plated in soft agar under serum-free medium conditions. The growth-promoting action of conditioned medium from PRL-treated tumors was abolished by pretreatment with heat, trypsin, and Concanavalin-A, suggesting the possible glycoprotein nature of the oPRL-induced growth factor(s). These results provide support for the novel hypothesis that estradiol and PRL may support the growth of hormonerespon...
Gamma-ray burst size-frequency distributions - Spectral and temporal selection effects

The effects of spectral variation on the detection of gamma ray bursts were investigated. Selection biases resulting from these effects can account for the reported deviation of the observed size-frequency distribution in peak energy flux from that expected for a simple uniform distribution of sources. Thus these observations as yet provide no clear evidence for structure in the burst source distribution. Because of selection biases, the intrinsic average temperature of the bursts is much harder (kT approximately MeV) than the observed average (approximately 200 keV).
Ultrasonography in maternal complications of pregnancy

Diagnostic ultrasonography has proved to be one of the simplest and most reliable adjunct methods for the evaluation of many complicating problems in pregnancy. Its major value lies in detecting problems that can be visualized anatomically in relation to the maternal pelvic organs as well as determining their potential effects on the fetus. Pelvic masses, whether functional, inflammatory, or neoplastic, constitute one of the most commonly encountered problems that the obstetrician is faced with in the pregnant patient. Any form of invasive diagnostic procedure is liable to disturb the pregnancy and potentially precipitate premature labor. Diagnostic ultrasonography, however, not only can provide information concerning the size, location, organ of origin, and internal consistency of the pelvic mass, but also can be very helpful in the management of these patients. It is relatively important to differentiate between uterine and extrauterine or adnexal pathology as well as benign and malignant processes, particularly in association with pregnancy. Although obstetricians are particularly conservative in the face of pregnancy, in certain malignant as well as complicated benign conditions surgical interventions are inevitable. Sonography can be utilized to follow up the progression or regression of benign and functional masses as well as to determine the optimal time for surgical intervention if clinically indicated. A comprehensive analysis of the patient’s history, physical, and laboratory findings along with the
Stabilization of generalized linear systems via the algebraic Riccati equation

Abstract This paper presents results from a study to examine the stabilization properties of linear time delay systems and systems depending on a parameter using techniques associated with the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE). These classes of systems can be viewed as members of a broader class of systems called generalized linear systems (GLS). Techniques of spectral factorization for the GLS play an essential role in the methods for performing this stabilization. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a polynomial solution to the generalized ARE are derived. Numerical examples are given in order to illustrate and clarify the results.