cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Code compression

Increasingly, we see a trend where programmeable processors are incorporated into a wide variety of everyday devices, ranging from “smart badges,” copy and fax machines, phones, and automobiles to traffic lights and wireless sensor networks. At the same time, the functionality expected of the software deployed on such processors becomes increasingly complex (e.g., general-purpose operating systems such as Linux on cell phones, intrusion-detection and related security security measures on wireless sensor devices). The increasing complexity of such software, and the reliability expected of them, suggest a plausible application of declarative languages. However, programs in declarative languages very often experience a significant increase in code size when they are compiled down to native code. This can be a problem in situations where the amount of memory available is limited. This talk discusses a number of different techniques for reducing the memory footprint of executables.
Functional Analysis of HDACs in Tumorigenesis

HDACs, originally described as histone modifiers, have recently been demonstrated to modify a variety of other proteins that are involved in diverse cellular processes unrelated to the chromatin environment. This includes deacetylation of nonhistone targets involved in multiple signaling pathways. In this regard, a considerable number of reports have analyzed the role of nonspecific inhibition of HDACs through pan-HDACi in cancer as well as processes of immune regulation. However, with pan-HDACi there is a lack of understanding about the exact contribution of inhibition of each individual HDAC, which makes the rational design of improved drug candidates extremely difficult. Additionally, current approaches using nonselective HDACi in the clinic have critical limitations, including pan-HDACi which elicit poor activity in solid tumors and cardiac toxicity, class I HDACi which activate multiple apoptotic pathways, limiting its use for longer periods of time, and class I-HDAC6i that evidenced a number of adverse effects in initial clinical trials. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the identification of more selective HDACi, and the subsequent development of accurate functional tests to identify the effectiveness and selectivity of these inhibitors. In this chapter, we are describing some selected methodologies to identify the individual activities of HDACs. In addition, we present specific methods to identify enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecular targets of HDACs.
Lipid Modifications in Cilia Biology

Cilia are specialized cellular structures with distinctive roles in various signaling cascades. Ciliary proteins need to be trafficked to the cilium to function properly; however, it is not completely understood how these proteins are delivered to their final localization. In this review, we will focus on how different lipid modifications are important in ciliary protein trafficking and, consequently, regulation of signaling pathways. Lipid modifications can play a variety of roles, including tethering proteins to the membrane, aiding trafficking through facilitating interactions with transporter proteins, and regulating protein stability and abundance. Future studies focusing on the role of lipid modifications of ciliary proteins will help our understanding of how cilia maintain specific protein pools strictly connected to their functions.
Lipid-lowering treatment in coronary artery disease: how low should cholesterol go?

The randomised clinical trial data, which supports preventing coronary heart disease (CHD) events by lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, is substantial, consistent and highly significant. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which are the preferred medications for lowering LDL-C levels, are well tolerated, with greater efficacy than other lipid-altering medications. In 1993, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines recommended LDL-C target levels to be achieved with therapy in high-risk individuals. In particular, the LDL-C goal of therapy in patients with CHD was ≤ 100 mg/dl (2.6 mmol/L), with no specific guidance as to the lower limit or whether additional clinical benefit could be expected. Because little clinical trial data existed at that time to offer support, and because some epidemiological data raised concern about the potential detriments associated with very low total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel remained appropriately vague on the ‘how low should you go’ question. In the last few years, several additional clinical trials have provided sufficient efficacy and safety data to re-examine that question. Analyses of on-treatment LDL-C levels and subsequent CHD events from three landmark trials with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors suggest that progressively lower LDL-C levels are associated with lower CHD events in a curvilinear fashion. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (Post-CABG) trial and Atorvastatin Versus Revascularisation Trial (AVERT) examined a more intensive versus less intensive drug regimen for LDL-C reduction, and concluded that the more aggressively treated patients had better angiographic and end-point outcomes. Most importantly, there did not appear to be any change in noncardiovascular end-points associated with lower LDL-C levels. In several ongoing clinical trials, patients with CHD have been randomised to receive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors with targets for LDL-C levels of 100 mg/dl versus 75 mg/dl (1.94 mmol/L). These trials have sufficient patient numbers and power to definitely determine if reducing LDL-C levels to approximately 75 mg/dl can provide an acceptable benefit-to-risk-ratio.
Perihematomal Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients With Active Malignancy

Background and Purpose— Patients with active malignancy are at risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to characterize perihematomal edema (PHE) and hematoma volumes after spontaneous non...
Japanese Military Expansion

The 1868 Meiji Restoration (明治维新) led to a profound reform process aimed to build up Japan’s national power and achieve military and economic equality with Western powers. The following decades witnessed tremendous political, social, economic, and military changes in Japan. However, as an island nation, Japan lacked the natural resources it badly needed for industrialization. The modernization transformation, to a large extent, encouraged military expansion, which was intended to expand Japan’s boundaries for natural resources, wealth, and more territories for further development. As Japan advanced steadily along a path of military expansion, neighboring countries inevitably fell victim to Japanese military conquest.
Metastatic Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma in the Context of In Vitro Fertilization Pregnancy

Adnexal masses are routinely encountered in the clinical practice. However, adnexal masses during pregnancy are incidental findings and usually resolve spontaneously or can be managed conservatively during pregnancy due to their benign nature. Ovarian malignancy is a rare event to occur during pregnancy. Only a few cases of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), a subtype of epithelial ovarian cancers, have been reported in pregnancy and all of which have undergone cystectomy or pregnancy termination prior to the last trimester of pregnancy. We present a unique case of OCCC in a pregnant 38-year old female of Asian ethnicity with endometriosis and an in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy. The OCCC, initially suspected to be of benign nature, was removed via emergency cesarean section during delivery in the late preterm period. The Positron Emission Tomography scan performed a few weeks after delivery confirmed metastatic lesions. Our case study not only emphasizes the need for definitive treatment option for endometriosis but also a close surveillance of all masses diagnosed during pregnancy, in particular with a background of other risk factors such as endometriosis and Asian ethnicity. In addition, our study advocates the need for the guidelines for management of such rare cases.
Forecasted attribution of the human influence on Hurricane Florence

Changes in extreme weather, such as tropical cyclones, are one of the most serious ways society experiences the impact of climate change. Advance forecasted conditional attribution statements, using a numerical model, were made about the anthropogenic climate change influence on an individual tropical cyclone, Hurricane Florence. Mean total overland rainfall amounts associated with the forecasted storm's core were increased by 4.9 ± 4.6% with local maximum amounts experiencing increases of 3.8 ± 5.7% due to climate change. A slight increase in the forecasted storm size of 1 to 2% was also attributed. This work reviews our forecasted attribution statement with the benefit of hindsight, demonstrating credibility of advance attribution statements for tropical cyclones.
An observational study of an approach to accommodate a fourth-year to third-year neurology clerkship curricular transition.

Background: Curricular transformation can result in bulges in students' clinical placements.Objective: To report on learner outcomes associated with a competency-based opt-out approach for a required 4th-year neurology clerkship.Methods and Study Design: During Oregon Health & Science University's recent undergraduate medical education curricular transformation, a 4-week required neurology clerkship transitioned from the fourth-year to the third-year in academic year 2016-17. Because this would have resulted in the neurology clerkship accommodating double enrollment for an entire academic year, 4th year medical students from the prior curriculum (graduating class of 2017) were offered the option of opting-out of the required neurology clerkship if they demonstrated competency by passing the USA National Board of Medical Examiners (US-NBME) clinical neurology subject examination and completing a neurology faculty-observed history and complete neurological examination.Results: Fifty-seven of 133 fourth-year students (42.9%) chose to complete the required neurology clerkship with 77 (57.9%) choosing to opt-out. All opt-out students passed the neurological exam assessment and scored similarly to the students who took the clerkship (US-NBME Neurology Subject Exam mean raw score in the opt-out group 76.9 vs, 77.6; p = 0.61). Students grades did not differ. Students who opted-out tended to pursue surgical careers (e.g., general surgery -10.8% opted-out vs 0% clerkship, OB/GYN - 6.8% opted-out vs 0% clerkship, orthopedic surgery 5.4% opted-out vs 0% clerkship) where those who took the clerkship tended to choose medical residency training disciplines (family medicine -16.1% clerkship vs 10.8% opting-out; internal medicine - 32.1% clerkship vs 14.9% opting-out; psychiatry 10.7% clerkship vs 2.7% opting-out (p = 0.042)Conclusion: While undertaking the neurology clerkship would have been the desired approach, students appear not to have been harmed by the opt-out approach regarding performance on the US-NBME clinical neurology subject exam. Choices regarding opting-out versus taking the neurology clerkship appear to be associated with career choice.
Design considerations for a sheet beam electron gun for the quasi-optical gyrotron

The quasi-optical gyrotron is a possible rf source for electron cyclotron resonances heating of large fusion reactors. To fully exploit its potential, a sheet beam electron gun should be utilized. A schematic and the parameters of the sheet beam gun are shown in Fig. 1. The gun shown is a magnetron injection gun modified for planar geometry. It actually produces a double sheet beam since up-down symmetry is assumed. In terms of the parameters of the beam in the gun, the gun parameters1 are derived for the parameters shown by conservation of canonical momentum, adiabatic compression in the presence of a voltage drop V o -V a . The initial transverse energy comes from E × B motion in the voltage drop V a . Limiting currents are determined by the current being a small fraction of the space charge limiting current, and also by the current being able to propagate through the interaction region. Both of these limiting currents turn out to be expressed in terms of a current per unit length rather than total current. Thus, by making the emitting region long enough, the gun is capable of putting out arbitrary current. The focusing electrode shapes can be determined by electrode synthesis, modified to a planar configuration.2 The remaining issue is of edge losses. We show that the electrode synthesis technique can be modified to shape edge electrodes in such a way as to minimize edge effects. Results for such an electron gun design will be shown. This work was supported by the Department of Energy.
4.14 – Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a micron-scale imaging method, analogous to ultrasound measuring the backreflection of infrared light rather than sound. It can operate in 2D and 3D mode and exceeds the frame rate of video. The penetration depth of OCT is about 2 mm, depending on tissue types. Within this range, OCT has substantial advantages over other clinical imaging modalities such as ultrasound and MRI, particularly in resolution. In addition to structural imaging, OCT can assess birefringence (e.g., polarization-sensitive OCT for collagen), microflow (Doppler OCT), tensile properties (OCT elastography), and tissue chemistry (OCT spectroscopy). While OCT has demonstrated great potentials in many clinical applications, particularly cardiology, arthritis, and ophthalmology, this chapter will focus on introduction of its physical principles.
Implementation of the EUC08 Reemployment Services and Reemployment Eligibility Assessments Program: Findings from Nine States

This report presents findings from a study of the implementation of the Reemployment Services and Reemployment Eligibility Assessment (RES/REA) program, which mandated that recipients of emergency unemployment benefits receive certain reemployment services and participate in a review of their work search efforts and eligibility for benefits. This study sought to identify strategies that the study states used to successfully implement the program at scale and practices that federal, state, and local administrators could consider in the future for similar programs.
Managerial ability and special items

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, we posit and find a significant negative relation between managerial ability and the probability of reporting special items, suggesting that firms with more-capable managers are less likely to incur special items. Additionally, we find that these managers can better manage gains or losses from special items. Second, we investigate whether more-capable managers can better mitigate the use of special items in the context of earnings management (i.e., classification shifting) because prior research suggests that managers engage in classification shifting using special items to manipulate core earnings (McVay, 2006) and more-capable managers are less likely to manage earnings (Demerjian et al., 2013). We find that more-capable managers can better mitigate the use of special items in classification shifting, relative to less-capable managers. Overall, results of this study highlight the importance of having capable managers. Our study has revenue management implications because managers may use special items to manage earnings.
Cytokine Panels and Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Translational Investigation.

Objectives To identify and compare serum and lower respiratory tract fluid biomarkers of lung injury using well-characterized mouse models of lung injury. To explore the relationship between these preclinical biomarkers and clinical outcomes in a discovery cohort of pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure from pneumonia. Design Prospective, observational cohort study. Setting A basic science laboratory and the PICU of a tertiary-care children's hospital. Patients PICU patients intubated for respiratory failure from a suspected respiratory infection. Interventions Prospective enrollment and collection of lower respiratory tract fluid samples. Measurements and main results C57BL6/J mice were intranasally inoculated with escalating doses of influenza A virus or toll-like receptor agonists to simulate varying degrees of lung injury. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured for the presence of cytokines using commercially available multiplex cytokine assays. Elevated levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 7 at the peak of inflammation in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum correlated with lethality, with the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ratio of C-C motif chemokine ligand 7:C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 providing the best prediction in the mouse models. These preclinical biomarkers were examined in the plasma and lower respiratory tract fluid of a discovery cohort of pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure from pneumonia. The primary clinical outcome measure was ventilator-free days, with secondary outcomes of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome severity and mortality. Elevation in peak lower respiratory tract fluid C-C motif chemokine ligand 7:C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 ratios demonstrated a significant negative correlation with ventilator-free days (r = -0.805; p Conclusions This study provides evidence that lung immune profiling via lower respiratory tract fluid cytokine analysis is feasible and may provide insight into clinical outcomes. Further validation of markers, including the C-C motif chemokine ligand 7:C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 ratio in this limited study, in a larger cohort of patients is necessary.
Alternative Factors Associated With Failure of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis

Introduction: Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis (MDO) is an alternative to tracheostomy and works via lengthening the mandible in order to reduce glossoptosis and airway obstruction. While many p...
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Depletion Caused by electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha Haploinsufficiency Leads to Hepatic Steatosis and Injury in Zebrafish.

The electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) complex, made up of the ETF alpha subunit (ETFA), ETF beta subunit (ETFB), and ETF dehydrogenase (ETFDH), regulates fatty acid β-oxidation activity while scavenging leaked electrons through flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)/reduced form FAD (FADH2) redox reactions in mitochondria. Here, we hypothesized that ETF dysfunction-mediated FAD deficiency may result in increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and steatosis and subsequent liver injury. We report that etfa haploinsufficiency caused hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis and injury in adult zebrafish. Further, etfa+/ - mutant livers had reduced levels of FAD and glutathione and an increase in reactive oxygen species. Because FAD depletion might be critical in the pathogenesis of the liver lesion identified in etfa+/ - mutants, we used riboflavin to elevate FAD levels in the liver and found that riboflavin supplementation significantly suppressed hepatic steatosis and injury in etfa+/ - mutants through suppression of oxidative stress and de novo lipogenesis in the liver. Additionally, we found that adenosine triphosphate-linked mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced in etfa+/ - primary hepatocytes and that riboflavin supplementation corrected these defects. Conclusion: FAD depletion caused by etfa haploinsufficiency plays a key role in hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress-mediated hepatic injury in adult zebrafish. This raises the possibility that people with ETFA haploinsufficiency have a high risk for developing liver disease.
Landscape Context Influences the Bee Conservation Value of Wildflower Plantings.

Pollination provided by bees is a critical ecosystem service for agricultural production. However, bee populations are at risk from stressors such as habitat loss, pesticides, and disease. On-farm wildflower plantings is one mitigation strategy to provide habitat and resources for bees. In many instances, government programs can subsidize the installation of these plantings for private landowners. Semi-natural habitat (SNH) in the landscape is also important for bee conservation and may alter the effectiveness of wildflower plantings. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of wildflower plantings and interactions with SNH in the landscape for promoting bee abundance and richness. Bee surveys were conducted over 2 yr at 22 sites in eastern Virginia and Maryland. Wildflower plantings, averaging 0.22 ha in size, were installed and maintained by cooperators at 10 of the sites. In total, 5,122 bees were identified from 85 species. Wildflower plantings did not alter bee communities independently, but bee abundance was greater on farms with plantings and 20–30% SNH in the landscape. Bee abundance and richness had nonlinear responses to increasing SNH in the landscape. The positive effects for richness and abundance peaked when SNH was approximately 40% of the landscape. Similar to predictions of the intermediate-landscape complexity hypothesis, increases in bee abundance at wildflower sites were only detected in simplified landscapes. Results indicate that small wildflower plantings in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. only provided conservation benefits to bee communities under specific circumstances on the scale studied, and that conserving SNH across the landscape may be a more important strategy.
Dresser Drawer Pardons

Can a President issue a pardon without telling anyone that she has issued it? Yes, the President can grant a valid pardon without telling anyone but the recipient of her grace that she has done so. While a defendant must plead a pardon for a court to take notice of it and quash an indictment, the document may lay buried in a sock drawer in case it is ever needed without losing any of its force or effect. Lawyers working in real property will sense that cached pardons savor of an obscure but nonetheless viable estate planning device: the “dresser-drawer deed.” Despite the advent of modern recording statutes, deeds of real estate are valid upon receipt and do not need to be recorded or otherwise publicized to be effective. My arguments for the validity of secret pardons will focus on Supreme Court precedents, especially United States v. Wilson, in which Justice Marshall expressly compares a pardon to other private acts, including donative transfers. This analogy and the Supreme Court opinions endorsing it will be the driving wheel of my reasoning. By and large, I will not argue that it is desirable for the President to be able to write a “sugar bowl,” “back pocket” pardon, though I will point out that secrecy and discretions are handy tools of statecraft. I mention this in light of the fact that some of the framers clearly plumped for the pardon power as a Presidential tool of peacemaking in service of the national interest, not to make a freestanding policy argument for secret pardons. As far as I know, a power to grant secret pardons could be on balance nothing but a fountain of mischief.
Clients in context: Environment, class, race, and therapists' perceptions of generalized anxiety disorder.

Evidence-based practice necessitates the inclusion of client identity and contextual information when conceptualizing diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To examine how therapists' perceptions of Generalized Anxiety Disorder is influenced by client environmental contextual and identity factors, like class and race. METHOD Therapists (n = 138; 76% women; Mage = 38.3) were randomly assigned three of six client vignettes and asked to provide diagnostic recommendations, confidence in diagnosis, and perception of client's concerns. Vignettes differed in their description of client class, race, and contextual factors. A linear mixed-model was used to test confidence in diagnosis and generalized linear mixed-models were conducted to predict diagnosis and client concerns. RESULTS Therapists altered diagnosis, confidence, and client concerns based on client contextual factors-but not identity factors. CONCLUSIONS Therapists consider contextual factors in making clinical decisions, with overall tendency towards diagnosis regardless of if symptoms met the diagnostic criteria of being "excessive" given the environmental context.
Urban Open Space and Governance in Ancient Mesoamerica

Analyzing the nature of governance of early states and cities is a major challenge for archaeology today. Blanton and Fargher’s (Blanton and Fargher, 2008) influential model of early state governance has proven difficult to operationalize using archaeological data. In this paper, we explore a possible material correlate of collective and autocratic governance: the amount of formal open space in a capital city. We use a sample of premodern Mesoamerican cities to evaluate whether or not these spaces functioned as public goods provided by collective governments. Our assumption is that a positive relationship between the amount of public space and the size of cities indicates that plazas functioned as public goods. In our sample of Mesoamerican cities, we find that the plaza-city size relationship does indeed imply that plazas were public goods. This finding is inconsistent with prior analysis of an expanded cross-cultural sample where no such relationship existed, suggesting that the relationship between the formal public space and the form of governance may be culturally specific to Mesoamerica. These results reflect the complexity of the dynamics of early cities and their governance and suggest that the classification of public goods must be attentive to cross-cultural variation.
Travertine-based estimates of the amount of water supplied by ancient Rome's Anio Novus aqueduct

Although popular with modern scholars, ancient flow rate measurements in Rome's aqueducts are unreliable since they only recorded flow section, not velocity. Use of limestone deposits — called travertine — as a record of wetted perimeter, enabled the first estimation of actual flows in Rome's Anio Novus aqueduct. Final flows reaching Rome, in the presence of thick travertine deposits, were significantly smaller, at 1.4 ± 0.4 m3/s (120,960 ± 34,560 m3/day), than previous maximum and minimum estimates. Lack of maintenance and/or changes in water use may have contributed to this difference. Even minimal travertine reduced the maximum flow rate by ~ 25%.
Mutational Characterization of Pancreatitis-Associated Protein 2 Domains Involved in Mediating Cytokine Secretion in Macrophages and the NF-κB Pathway

Pancreatitis-associated protein 2 (PAP2) is a member of the Reg3 gene family and is classified as a group 7 C-type lectin-like protein. In rats, each of the three PAP isoforms has independent immunologic functional effects on macrophages. We have previously shown that PAP2 up-regulates inflammatory cytokines in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner and acts through NF-kappaB mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to determine protein domains that are essential for the immunologic function of PAP2 by mutational or chemical analysis. The protein activity for each mutant was determined by measuring TNF-alpha, IL-6, or IL-1 production in macrophages. Truncation of the first 25 residues on the N terminus of PAP2 did not affect protein activity whereas truncation of the last 30 residues of the C terminus of PAP2 completely inactivated the function of PAP2. Additionally, reduction of three disulfide bonds proved to be important for the activity of this protein. Further investigation revealed two invariant disulfide bonds were important for activity of PAP2 while the disulfide bond that is observed in long-form C-type lectin proteins was not essential for activity. Coupling the ability of PAP2 to up-regulate inflammatory cytokines via NF-kappaB with its associated expression in acute pancreatitis, a condition with aberrant concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, we investigated whether PAP2 mutants mechanistically activate the NF-kappaB-signaling pathway and demonstrate that preincubation with select rPAP2 mutant proteins affect translocation of this transcription factor into the nucleus.
Apolipoprotein E Mediates Binding of Normal Very Low Density Lipoprotein to Heparin but Is Not Required for High Affinity Receptor Binding

Abstract The relationship between the cholesteryl ester content of normal human very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and its ability to bind to apolipoprotein E (apoE), heparin, and the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor have been compared. Plasma VLDL were separated by heparin affinity chromatography into two fractions: one with apoE and one without. Both fractions had the same cholesteryl ester content relative to apolipoprotein B (apoB). LDL, on the other hand, had a greater cholesteryl ester content. VLDL were modified by lipolysis to express the ability to bind apoE (Ishikawa, Y., Fielding, C. J., and Fielding, P. E. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2744-2749). Lipolyzed VLDL with or without apoE were compared for their ability to bind to heparin or the up-regulated fibroblast LDL receptor. Lipolyzed VLDL bound with the same affinity to the receptor whether or not the particles contained apoE. ApoB, not apoE, appears then to be the important ligand for normal VLDL. On the other hand, modified VLDL without apoE, even though binding to the LDL receptor, did not bind to heparin. These data suggest that apoE mediates heparin binding in normal VLDL, that apoB mediates receptor binding, and that the cholesteryl ester content of VLDL is not a factor in the induction of the ability to bind apoE.
On the Development of the Institute of Chinese Studies Library at Heidelberg University

My initial thought about what to contribute to this commemorative issue included such matters as International Interlibrary Loan (IILL), resource sharing, shared cataloging projects and, in general, defining proper fields of cooperation between the European Association of Sinological Librarians (EASL) and the Committee on East Asian Libraries. Since these matters were already voiced and discussed during EASL's visit to Washington and other Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) libraries in April 1992,1 (as chairman of EASL) decided not to repeat them again. However, it goes without saying that these issues should not be dropped or neglected and it is my sincere hope that in the not too distant future, European and American colleagues will be in a better position to share experiences and to discuss automation links and other matters concerning the flow of information between the two worlds. Instead, recent events at my own institute have convinced me that the time might be ripe to "go public" with what might be dubbed in euphemistic terms as "the Heidelberg Great Leap Forward".
Effect of Arginine Deficiency on Mammary Gland Development in the Rat

The effect of dietary arginine deficiency on rat mammary gland development was investigated in pregnant rats and ovariectomized nonpregnant rats. Consumption of an arginine-deficient diet from day 0 of pregnancy significantly reduced the total DNA and RNA content of the mammary gland by day 20. Pair-feeding studies revealed that reduced food intake associated with consumption of the arginine-deficient diet was not responsible for the altered nucleic acid content of the gland. Restriction of food intake by pair-feeding did reduce the wet weight of the mammary gland as well as its fat content when compared with ad libitum fed controls, but the degree of reduction did not fully account for the depressing effect on the wet weight and fat content observed when the arginine-deficient diet was fed. The ratio of RNA to DNA in the mammary tissues of rats fed the arginine-deficient diet indicated normal protein synthetic activity per cell. The extent of reduction in mammary nucleic acid content by arginine deficiency was similar for pregnant rats and ovariectomized nonpregnant rats treated with estrogen and progesterone. These studies show that dietary arginine is required for optimal mammary growth. The possible mechanism(s) by which arginine can modify mammary growth are discussed.
The antimigraine drug, sumatriptan (GR43175), selectively blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation from blood vessels in dura mater.

1. We describe the actions of GR43175, a 5-hydroxytryptamine1 (5-HT1)-like receptor agonist, on neurogenically-mediated plasma protein extravasation within an important pain-sensitive intracranial tissue, the dura mater. 2. GR43175 markedly attenuated extravasation of 125I-albumin from blood vessels within ipsilateral dura mater when administered to rats (100 micrograms kg-1) fifteen minutes before unilateral electrical trigeminal stimulation (1.2 mA, 5 Hz, 5 ms, 5 min); the ratio (stimulated/unstimulated sides) decreased from 1.81 to 1.23, P less than 0.005). 3. GR43175 (100 micrograms kg-1, i.v., rats; 30 micrograms kg-1, guinea-pigs) decreased the leakage of radiolabelled albumin from 163% to 119% (P less than 0.005, guinea-pig) or from 174 to 118% (P less than 0.05, rat) above vehicle-treated controls when injected ten minutes before systemic capsaicin treatment (0.5 or 1 mumol kg-1, i.v.). 4. GR43175 (30-300 micrograms kg-1) did not block plasma protein extravasation within extracranial tissues of rats and guinea-pigs innervated by the trigeminal nerve (conjunctiva, eyelid and lip). 5. The protein leakage which followed the i.v. administration of 5-HT (1 mumol kg-1) or neuropeptides which mediate neurogenic plasma extravasation, substance P (0.3 nmol kg-1 or 1 nmol kg-1) and neurokinin A (1 nmol kg-1), was not blocked by GR43175 (100, 300 micrograms kg-1) despite the presence of leakage in amounts equivalent to that following neurogenic stimulation. 6. GR43175 (100 micrograms kg-1) decreased bradykinin (10 mumol kg-1)-induced extravasation from 142 to 115% above vehicle-treated animals (P less than 0.05). 7. These results demonstrate an important action of GR43175 on neurogenic mechanisms in dural blood vessels. Since the ergot alkaloids possess a similar profile of drug activity, it is suggested that drugs useful in the treatment of acute vascular headaches may share a similar mechanism of action.
Another view of computer science ethics: patterns of responses among computer scientists

Abstract Within the computer science community, issues of ethics have emerged as significant and critical concerns. However, as computer scientists, we have little empirical information about how we feel about computer science ethics. We review the literature related to our work: studies of the attitudes of computer scientists towards issues of ethics, studies of the effects of technical expertise on attitudes toward ethical issues, and studies of the effects of gender on attitudes toward ethical issues. We describe two studies of attitudes toward issues of ethics in computing. In Study I, we attempted to identify patterns of responses toward ethical issues in computer science, as well as the relationships between different levels of technical expertise and gender to patterns of responses. In Study II, we focused on changes in responses to ethical issues as computer science students gain technical expertise. We also investigated effects of gender on responses in Study II. We found that four patterns of responses occurred. We also demonstrated some differences in responses among subjects of different genders and levels of technical expertise.
Modeling of the SAAO adaptive optics system

This paper describes a set of detailed modes, set up in frequency domain and in time domain, that were used to support the analysis, design, test and performance verification phases of the SAAO Adaptive Optics (AO) System, which is being installed atop the 10000 ft Haleakala on the island of Maui in Hawaii. The AO system consists of a 941 actuator deformable mirror, a state-of-the-art 32 by 32 channel wavefront sensor and high speed reconstructor and control electronics, a high bandwidth fast steering mirror and sensor for tracking and jitter control, and the various other optical elements that are essential to close the AO loops. The high fidelity of the mode, which includes details such as the optical misregistrations, timing latencies, wave optics and atmospherics, allows us to tune it to match test results. Thus anchored, the mode is then sued to make performance predictions. The model provides a valuable tool in understanding and testing such highly complex electro- optic systems.
Subjective Well-Being in Obese Individuals: The Multiple Roles of Exercise.

This paper focuses on the tangled web of obesity and exercise as it relates to subjective well-being. Many overweight individuals have low levels of subjective well-being as a reflection of anti-fat biases and sociocultural considerations. Since exercise helps balance the energy intake-output equation and is associated with mood benefits, improved self-concept and self-esteem, and decreased stress levels, it is an ideal approach for interrupting the inactivityobesity cycle. To facilitate exercise success in obese populations, however, it is important to change the perception of exercise from “should” to “want,” based on the positive psychology model. The paper concludes with a consideration of exercise enjoyment, mode, and training guidelines, which may influence the psychological benefits of physical activity and exercise adherence in overweight individuals.
PS24. Risk Factors for Non-Procedure Related Mortality One Year after Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

Objectives: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), although physiologically well tolerated, may fail to confer significant survival benefit in some high-risk patients. This study sought to determine risk factors for one-year non-procedure related mortality after TEVAR. Methods: A single-institution, prospective cohort review was performed of all patients undergoing TEVAR between 5/2002-12/2010. Univariate analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression were used to identify risk factors associated with one-year non-operative mortality (NOM), defined as death between post-operative day (POD) 31 and 365. For patients with multiple procedures, the index procedure was used for survival analysis. Results: 282 patients underwent at least one TEVAR procedure during the study interval; index procedures included descending (n 189), hybrid arch (n 55), and hybrid thoracoabdominal repair (n 38). Mean follow-up was 24 20 months and 100% complete. 30-day/in hospital mortality was 7.4% and one-year NOM was 11.7%. The most common cause of death between POD 31-365 was cardiopulmonary (n 12/33 [36%] late deaths). Univariate predictors of one-year NOM were ASA class (P 0.001), BMI (P 0.004), aortic diameter (P 0.005), weight (P 0.005), race (P 0.011), history of stroke (P 0.014), age (P 0.019), and peripheral vascular disease (P 0.032). Multivariable modeling (Table 1) demonstrated six independent predictors of one-year NOM, with these variables explaining the majority of risk (C statistic 0.83). Conclusions: ASA Class 4, white race, male sex, decreased weight, history of stroke, and increased aortic diameter independently predict one-year NOM after TEVAR. These clinical characteristics may help identify patients unlikely to derive long-term survival benefit from TEVAR.
Informed Trading Around Earnings Announcements: Another Look

This study is an empirical test of the Easley, O'Hara, and Srinivas (1998) multimarket sequential trade model of stock and option markets. We employ two approaches to determine the information content of signed stock and option trades executed around quarterly earnings announcements. The first approach expands the vector autoregression (VAR) technique of Hasbrouck (1991a) to include signed option trade volumes and inter-trade durations. Estimates from the VAR models provide insight into whether both equity and option trades are viewed as informative by the equity specialist. The second approach focuses on the information content of the earnings releases to determine whether signed equity and option trades executed prior to the announcements are informed. Results indicate that although informed traders prefer to transact in both markets around earnings announcements, option market transactions contain no incremental information.
NHLBI BARI Clinical Alert on Diabetics Treated With Angioplasty

On September 21, 1995, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute released a Clinical Alert to US physicians regarding the 5-year mortality results of patients with diabetes in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). The BARI study includes 1829 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, enrolled between 1988 and 1991, who were undergoing a first revascularization procedure and were randomly assigned to …
Role of endothelial cells in antihyperalgesia induced by a triptan and β-blocker

While blood vessels have long been implicated in diverse pain syndromes (e.g., migraine headache, angina pectoris, vasculitis, and Raynaud's syndrome), underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recent evidence supports a contribution of the vascular endothelium in endothelin-1-induced hyperalgesia, and its enhancement by repeated mechanical stimulation; a phenomenon referred to as stimulus-induced enhancement of (endothelin) hyperalgesia (SIEH). SIEH is thought to be mediated by release of ATP from endothelial cells, to act on P2X3 receptors on nociceptors. In the present study we evaluated the ability of another vasoactive hyperalgesic agent, epinephrine, to induce endothelial cell-dependent hyperalgesia and SIEH. We found that epinephrine also produces hyperalgesia and SIEH. Both P2X3 receptor antagonists, A317491 and octoxynol-9, which attenuate endothelial cell function, eliminated SIEH without affecting epinephrine hyperalgesia. We further evaluated the hypothesis that members of two important classes of drugs used to treat migraine headache, whose receptors are present in endothelial cells - the triptans and β blockers - have a vascular component to their anti-hyperalgesic action. For this, we tested the effect of ICI-118,551, a β₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist and sumatriptan, an agonist at 5-HT1B and 5-HT₁D receptors, on nociceptive effects of endothelin and epinephrine. ICI-118,551 inhibited endothelin SIEH, and attenuated epinephrine hyperalgesia and SIEH. Sumatriptan inhibited epinephrine SIEH and inhibited endothelin hyperalgesia and SIEH, while having no effect on epinephrine hyperalgesia or the hyperalgesia induced by a prototypical direct-acting inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E₂. These results support the suggestion that triptans and β-blockers interact with the endothelial cell component of the blood vessel to produce anti-hyperalgesia.
Effect of Temperature Gradient on Industrial Gasifier Coal Slag Infiltration into Alumina Refractory

Infiltration characteristics of industrial coal slag into alumina (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) refractory material with a temperature gradient induced along the slag's penetration direction are compared to those obtained under near-isothermal conditions. Experiments were conducted with a hot-face temperature of 1450°C and a CO/CO{sub 2} ratio of 1.8, which corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of ~10{sup −8} atm. The refractory under the near-isothermal temperature profile, with higher average temperatures, demonstrated a greater penetration depth than its counterpart that was under the steeper temperature gradient. Slag that did not infiltrate into the refractory due to the induced temperature gradient, pooled and solidified on the top of the sample. Within the pool, a conglomerated mass of troilite (FeS) formed separately from the surrounding slag. Microscopy of the cross-sectioned infiltrated refractories revealed that the slag preferentially corroded the matrix regions closer to the top surface. Furthermore, the formation of a thick layer of hercynite (FeAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}) at the top of refractory/slag interface significantly depleted the slag of its iron-oxide content with respect to its virgin composition. A qualitative description of the penetration process is provided in this article.
Frequency of oral estrogen replacement therapy in women with normal and abnormal exercise electrocardiograms and normal coronary arteries by angiogram.

Abstract The specificity of the exercise electrocardiogram has been reported to be lower in women than in men. 1 Using different standards, other investigators have reported no difference. 2 Nevertheless, there exists a relative consensus in the practicing medical community that a positive exercise electrocardiogram is of inherently less value in women than in men. Although one cannot discount the role that a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease in women 3 may play in this false-positive predisposition (i.e., reduced positive predictive accuracy), several authorities have speculated on a possible role for estrogen as a direct contributor to the false-positive exercise electrocardiogram in women (i.e., reduced specificity). 1,4 This study reviews our experience with exercise electrocardiography in women without atherosclerotic coronary artery disease by angiogram and assesses whether estrogen was associated with (false)-positive ST-segment changes.
Effect of deuteration on the accuracy of HN-HN distance constraints.

Abstract The effect of deuteration on the measurement of HN–HN distances in moderately sized (15 kDa) proteins is discussed. Data are presented for a 15 kDa protein which is 95% deuterated on the H α position, and partially (70%) deuterated at other aliphatic sites. Deuteration of the protein increases the signal intensity of HN–HN cross peaks in NOESY spectra such that dipolar couplings between protons 4–5 A apart are readily detected. Experimental data and computer simulations show that either perdeuteration or partial deuteration of the protein increases the accuracy of amide–amide distance constraints. Thus, partial deuteration can be used to obtain more accurate long-range distance constraints for structure determination by NMR.
A General Process for Defining Product Durability Requirements

An overview of the major steps involved in estimating product durability requirements using available data is presented with execution examples of the process as applied to vehicles.
SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, SUICIDE, AND HOMICIDE

In a sample of 46 nations, suicide and homicide rates were not associated with a measure of subjective well-being but rather with economic indices. Language: en
Changes in resting connectivity during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury

Abstract In the present study we investigate neural network changes after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) through the use of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) methods. Using blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI, we examined RSFC at 3 and 6 months following resolution of posttraumatic amnesia. The goal of this study was to examine how regional off-task connectivity changes during a critical period of recovery from significant neurological disruption. This was achieved by examining regional changes in the intrinsic, or “resting”, BOLD fMRI signal in separate networks: 1) regions linked to goal-directed (or external-state) networks and 2) default mode (or internal-state) networks. Findings here demonstrate significantly increased resting connectivity internal-state networks in the TBI sample during the first 6 months following recovery. The most consistent finding was increased connectivity in both internal and external state networks to the insula and medial temporal regions during recovery. These findings were dissociable from repeat measurements in a matched healthy control sample.