cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric properties and the predicted mechanical behavior of adult human clavicles

Abstract An image processing system was used to examine histomorphometric properties of 15 adult male and female human clavicles. Variations in porosity, cross-sectional area, anatomic and principal moments of inertia were assessed at 2.5-5.0% increments along the length of the clavicles. The clavicle's biomechanical behavior (axial, flexural, and torsional rigidities and the critical force for buckling) was modeled from these data using beam theory. Over threefold variations in porosity and moments of inertia were found along the length of the s-shaped clavicle—the greatest porosity and moments of inertia were located in the variably shaped sternal and acromial thirds of the bone in contrast to the denser and smaller, more circularly shaped central third of the bone. Clavicle orientation, as indicated by the direction of greates resistance to bending (maximum principal moment of inertia), was found to rotate from a primarily cranio-caudal orientation at the sternum to a primarily anterior-posterior orientation at the acromion. Based on cross-sectional geometry, section moduli, and estimates of flexural and torsional rigidity, the clavicle was found to be weakest in the central third of its length. These data concur with the fracture location most commonly reported clinically. Analysis of Euler buckling predicted a minimum critical force for buckling during axial loading of approximately two to three body weights for an average adult. Thus, buckling, or a combination of axial loading and bending or torsional loading, must be considered as possible failure mechanisms for this commonly injured bone.
Estimation of vascular open configuration using finite element inverse elastostatic method

This paper presents a new method for predicting the open configuration of vascular organs. The method utilizes finite element inverse elastostatic formulations. The equilibrium boundary value problem is formulated on the homeostatic configuration, and is solved inversely to find the open, stress-free configuration. The method is non-invasive, and enables us to estimate the open configuration based on information that is readily available form in vivo measurements. Examples involving both axisymmetric and asymmetric geometries are presented to demonstrate the utility of the method.
Retention of sequential drug discriminations under fixed-interval schedules for long time periods without training.

Abstract The experiments showed that sequential drug discriminations can be learned and retained under a fixed-interval (FI) schedule for more than 18 months without additional training under a complex three-choice procedure. Pigeons were trained to discriminate among 5 mg/kg pentobarbital, 2 mg/kg d -amphetamine, and saline. After responding stabilized, dose–response curves were determined for other drugs. Subsequently, pentobarbital was replaced with 5 mg/kg morphine as a training drug, and d -amphetamine was replaced with 30 mg/kg caffeine. After the pigeons learned these new discriminations, dose–response curves were redetermined. Initially, chlordiazepoxide substituted for pentobarbital, cocaine substituted for d -amphetamine, and nicotine partially substituted for d -amphetamine. Morphine, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, and caffeine did not substitute for either drug. After retraining with morphine and caffeine, responding occurred on the pentobarbital/morphine key after pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and morphine and on the d -amphetamine/caffeine key after d -amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine. After nicotine and Δ 9 -tetrahyrdocannabinol, responding occurred on the saline key. These data show that drug discriminations learned under fixed-interval schedules are retained for long time periods, even when discrimination training with other drugs occurs during the retention period.
Collagen Fiber Alignment and Maximum Principle Strain in the Axillary Pouch Predict Location of Failure During Uniaxial Extension

The glenohumeral joint is frequently dislocated in the anterior direction causing injury to the anteroinferior (axillary pouch, anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (AB-IGHL)) capsule. [1, 2] When unloaded, the axillary pouch consists of randomly oriented collagen fibers. These fibers play a pertinent role in its function to resist loading in multiple directions during dislocation at the extreme ranges of motion. [3] Maximum principle strain directions in the anteroinferior capsule have been shown to align with the AB-IGHL during increasing external rotation, suggesting that the collagen fibers may become more aligned with loading as well. [4] In addition, at positions of increased external rotation, the peak maximum principle strains in the capsule correspond to the location of a common capsular failure known as the Bankart lesion. [4] Further, an increase in collagen fiber alignment with load in the supraspinatus tendon has been shown in the toe region of the load-elongation curve. [5] Therefore, it was hypothesized that increases in the collagen fiber alignment and maximum principle strain would correlate with the location of tissue failure. The objective of this work was to determine the collagen fiber alignment and maximum principle strain in the axillary pouch during uniaxial extension to failure and to determine if these parameters could predict the location of tissue failure.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Bimodular Second-Order Orthotropic Stress Constitutive Equation for Cartilage

The design of tissue-engineered constructs grown in vitro is a promising treatment strategy for degenerated cartilaginous tissues. Cartilaginous tissues such as articular cartilage and the annulus fibrosus are collagen fiber-reinforced composites that exhibit orthotropic behavior and highly asymmetric tensile-compressive responses. They also experience finite deformations in vivo. Successful integration with surrounding tissue upon implantation likely will require cartilage constructs to have similar structural and functional properties as native tissue. Reliable stress constitutive equations that accurately characterize the tissue’s mechanical properties must be developed to achieve this aim. Recent studies have successfully implemented bimodular theories for infinitesimal strains (Soltz et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2003); those models were based on the theory of Curnier et al. (1995).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Fine structure of eyespots in tornarian larvae (phylum: Hemichordata).

The eyespots of tornariae of enteropneusts (Ptychodera flava from Hawaiian waters and an unknown species from southern California) were studied by electron microscopy. An ocellus is composed of two types of cells: sensory and supportive. The former is characterized by a bulbous cilium (with 9+2 axoneme) at its distal end, one or sometimes two arrays of microvilli from its sides below the cilium, and a basal axon. The latter features large, clear vesicles which presumably contained the reddish-orange pigment seen in the ocellus of a living larva. Five-day old tornariae of P. flava are positively phototactic. Both cilium and microvilli may function as photoreceptors. The tornarian ocellus studied is compared with eyespots of other invertebrates, and the evolutionary significance of its putative photoreceptors is discussed.
Playing with Process: Video Game Choice as a Model of Behavior

Three long-running shows had series finales this past spring: Law & Order, 24, and Lost. Law & Order silently faded away after its almost 20-year run with a self-contained story that felt like ever...
Cobalt extraction in ammoniacal solution: Electrochemical effect of metallic iron

The dissolution behavior of iron and cobalt in ammoniacal ammonium carbonate solution has been investigated with the aid of Eh-pH diagrams for the Fe-NH3-H2O-CO3 and Co-NH3-H2O-CO3 systems, and electrochemical techniques such as open circuit potential measurements and potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization experiments. The polarization measurements indicate that both Fe and Co electrodes show active and passive behavior, and that Co dissolves at a more oxidizing potential than does Fe(e.g., E = −0.34 V (SHE) for Co andE = −0.52 V for Fe at a dissolution rate of 1 mA cm−2). The active and passive current densities for Co are both greater than for Fe. In sintered Fe-Co mixtures, the presence of Fe shifts the potential of the maximum current to less noble values and also lowers the magnitude of this current. In addition there is practically no cobalt dissolution when the potential exceeds 0.6 V (SHE). It is suggested that the well-known poor recovery of cobalt from reductive-roasted ferruginous oxide ores may be partly related to the dissolution behavior of a metallic alloy phase containing both iron and cobalt.
Some simple flows of a Johnson-Segalman fluid

Unlike most other fluid models, the Johnson-Segalman fluid allows for a non-monotonic relationship between the shear stress and rate of shear in a simple shear flow for certain values of the material parameter. This has been used for explaining a phenomenon such as “spurt”. Here, we study three simple flows of a Johnson-Segalman fluid with a view towards understanding its response characteristics. We find that boundary conditions can have a very interesting effect on the regularity of the solution; changing them continuously leads to solutions that change their regularity. First, we consider the flow through a circular pipe and find solutions that have discontinuous velocity profiles which have been used to explain the phenomenon of “spurt” (cf. [10], [11]). Second, we consider the flow past an infinite porous plate and show that it will not admit solutions which have discontinuous velocity gradients, the solutions being necessarity smooth. Lastly, we study Poiseuille flow in a concentric annulus with porous boundaries. While “spurt” could be explained alternatively by allowing for “stick-slip” at the wall, the Johnson-Segalman model seems particularly suited in describing the appearance of “shear-layers” (cf. [13]).
AQUACULTURE AND CAPTURE FISHERIES: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ECONOMIC-ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

This study presents a framework for analyzing the interactions between aquaculture and capture fisheries in the context of ecosystem-based management. We extends a model of the economic and ecological systems in coastal New England by incorporating an aquaculture sector in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and by examining the forage fish and aquaculture link in a marine food web. We show that aquaculture and commercial fisheries interact in a complex way throughout the economic and ecological systems.
WIDE ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING STUDY OF CRYSTALLINE ORIENTATION IN RETICULATE DOPED POLYMER COMPOSITES

Reticulate doping consists of casting a composite film from a solution containing both a polymer and a charge-transfer complex (CTC) and allowing the conductive free radical salt to recrystallize as the solvent is removed from the polymer. In this study, a highly branched, low molecular weight polyethylene (PE) was doped with the CTC tetrathiafulvalene–tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF–TCNQ). Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), conductivity, optical microscopy, stress relaxation, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were used to show the effect of the addition of filler and uniaxial orientation on the mechanical and electrical properties of the composites. It has been shown that increasing TTF–TCNQ concentration shifts the preferential orientation of the crystalline phase of the PE from slightly perpendicular to slightly parallel to the casting surface. WAXS measurements were made on samples that were uniaxially stretched at 80°C and cooled to room temperature. These experiments showed a smaller incremental increase in crystalline orientation with increasing TTF–TCNQ. This observation was consistent with a drop in initial relaxation times calculated from room temperature stress relaxation experiments. In the unoriented composites, increasing TTF–TCNQ loading had no effect on PE crystallinity; however, the increase in crystallinity caused by uniaxial stretching was decreased by the presence of TTF–TCNQ. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 1785–1794, 1998
Alternative identity, alternative religion? Neo‐paganism and the Aryan myth in contemporary Russia

. As in all post-Soviet states, the Russian intelligentsia has been preoccupied with the construction of a new national identity since the beginning of the 1990s. Although the place of Orthodox religion in Russia is well documented, the subject of neo-paganism and its consequent assertion of an Aryan identity for Russians remains little known. Yet specialists observing the political and intellectual life of contemporary Russia have begun to notice that the development of references to ‘Slavic paganism’ and to Russia's ‘Aryan’ origin can be found in the public speeches of some politicians and intellectual figures. This article will attempt, in its first section, to depict the historical depth of these movements by examining the existence of neo-pagan and/or Aryan referents in Soviet culture, and focusing on how these discourses developed in different spheres of post-Soviet Russian society, such as those of religion, historiography, and politics.
Providing Early Intervention Services in Integrated Environments: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future

This paper briefly reviews accomplishments that have taken place during the past decade relative to integration of young children with disabilities and their nondisabled peers. Challenges for the f...
Some perspectives on isotope biosignatures for early life

Abstract The idea of using stable isotope compositions of light elements, particularly of carbon, as a sign of biological activities (biosignatures), both present and past, dates back to the dawn of stable isotope geochemistry in the 1940s. In the wake of the discovery of large variations in 13 C/ 12 C ratios among various carbon-bearing materials including plants and fossil fuels, the contentious debate ensued between Kalervo Rankama and Harmon Craig in the early 1950s whether the origin of graphitic carbon in ancient rocks (biogenic vs. abiogenic) can be uniquely identified by its isotopic compositions. During the last half-century, great progress has been made in understanding biogeochemical processes in modern and ancient terrestrial environments. Rapid developments in the last decade of novel analytical techniques and the birth of new geoscience fields such as geomicrobiology and astrobiology has prompted resurgence in the application not only of conventional light stable isotopes, but also of those of metal and other intermediate elements. However, recent debates on the origin of graphitic carbons from Early Archean rocks from Australia and Greenland are very much reminiscent of the Rankama–Craig debate half a century ago. Here, an attempt is made to review briefly the history of isotope biosignatures and to critically assess current criteria for early life. A number of possible abiotic pathways exist that lead to the synthesis of various organic and reduced carbon compounds (alkanes, PAH, amino acids, lipids, graphitic carbon, etc.) depleted in 13 C due to large kinetic isotope effects (up to ca. − 60‰). It also seems very likely that the mantle contains indigenous carbons (graphite, diamond, dissolved carbons, carbide) with low δ 13 C values (− 20‰ to − 30‰), which have previously been considered recycled sedimentary organic carbons or surface contamination. This analysis prompts us to reassess our current and future strategies for identifying early and extraterrestrial life using isotope biosignatures.
Empirical evaluation of an important approximation for combined-mode heat transfer in a participating medium using the finite-element method

Abstract An approximation common to many finite-element formulations for combined-mode heal transport is investigated. Although the approximation has been employed in the past, no discussion has been provided in the open literature regarding the implications of the approximation for solution accuracy. Two combined-mode problems involving conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer modes in one and two dimensions are solved using two finite-element formulations. The first formulation employs a traditional Galerkin method, while the second employs the approximation considered by this work. Results for the two benchmark problems are compared far accuracy and speed, and recommendations are made.
The semi-classical propagator and WKB mechanics

The relation between the WKB and semi-classical propagator approaches to molecular collision theory is examined in terms of the properties of a new WKB propagator. It is found that the conditions for a valid stationary phase approximation to this quantity may be more severe than hitherto supposed. A novel aspect of the relation between the nature of the classical trajectory and a semi-classical transformation between coordinate and momentum representations is also examined.
Effect of contraceptive steroids on arginine- stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion in women. II. Carbohydrate and lipid physiology in insulin-dependent diabetics.

Abstract The effect of contraceptive steroids on aminogenic glucagon secretion was studied in six insulin-dependent diabetic women. After 2 wk treatment with combined mestranol (80 μg) plus norethindrone (1 mg) daily, the mean peak plasma glucagon response to arginine infusion was suppressed to one-fourth of control levels. This was associated with a small but significant decrease in mean basal plasma cholesterol concentrations. There were no changes in basal plasma triglyceride, free fatty acid, glucose, insulin, or α-amino nitrogen concentrations or in daily insulin requirements during mestranol plus norethindrone treatment. These results confirm previous reports of no consistent changes in the insulin requirements of insulin-dependent diabetic women using contraceptive steroids and suggest that these women may not experience dramatic changes in their lipid metabolism during contraceptive therapy.
Women police units in India: a new direction

Twenty‐nine all‐women police units have recently (1994) been established by the Tamil Nadu State Police in South India. These units generally consist of 15 women constables and 2 sub‐inspectors under the command of an Inspector. They mainly deal with family‐related disputes and cases involving women and children, but also serve the full range of general police functions. The units were established for two main reasons: (i) to engender trust in the police among women victims and (ii) to provide an independent career structure for women police officers. Interviews with officers in five of these units revealed a high level of satisfaction with the work and the career prospects. Many more of the women in the units than in a general sample of women officers questioned in 1988 expressed interest in performing the full range of police duties, but they also said they would like to do this in units staffed only by women. More detailed evaluations of the units are needed to see how far the units address the needs of women police officers in traditional cultures.
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) protects myelination from undernutritional insult: studies of transgenic mice overexpressing IGF-I in brain.

Using insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice as a model, we have shown that IGF-I promotes myelination by increasing the number of oligodendrocytes and stimulating the expression of myelin-specific protein genes. In the present study, we investigated whether IGF-I protects myelination from undernutritional insult in Tg mice. Mice were undernourished beginning from postnatal (P) day 1, a time coincident with the onset of transgene expression, and sacrificed at P20. Consistently with our previous studies, brain weights of undernourished non-Tg control mice were decreased by ∼18%. Brain weights of undernourished IGF-I Tg mice, however, were the same as those of well-fed control mice and much greater than those of undernourished control mice. The expression of two major myelin proteins [myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP)] in cerebral cortex (CTX) and hippocampus (HIP) was decreased by 73–92% in undernourished control mice, as judged by Northern and Western blot hybridization. The abundances of MBP and PLP mRNAs and proteins, however, were decreased by only 40–70% in undernourished IGF-I Tg mice. To assess the number of oligodendrocytes and their precursors, antibodies specific for carbonic anhydrase II (CAII; an oligodendrocyte marker) and NG2 (a precursor marker) were used. Compared to their well-fed counterparts, undernourished control mice exhibited 17–30% decreases in the number of oligodendrocytes and their precursors in CTX and corpus callosum (CC), whereas well-fed IGF-I Tg mice had 21–35% increases in CTX and CC. Undernourished IGF-I Tg mice exhibited cell numbers similar to those of well-fed control mice. These data indicate that IGF-I protects myelination from undernutrition damage during development. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:700–708, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential Item Functioning of Pathological Gambling Criteria: An Examination of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Age

This study tested for the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) in DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Disorder (PGD) criteria based on gender, race/ethnicity and age. Using a nationally representative sample of adults from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), indicating current gambling (n = 10,899), Multiple Indicator-Multiple Cause (MIMIC) models tested for DIF, controlling for income, education, and marital status. Compared to the reference groups (i.e., Male, Caucasian, and ages 25–59 years), women (OR = 0.62; P < .001) and Asian Americans (OR = 0.33; P < .001) were less likely to endorse preoccupation (Criterion 1). Women were more likely to endorse gambling to escape (Criterion 5) (OR = 2.22; P < .001) but young adults (OR = 0.62; P < .05) were less likely to endorse it. African Americans (OR = 2.50; P < .001) and Hispanics were more likely to endorse trying to cut back (Criterion 3) (OR = 2.01; P < .01). African Americans were more likely to endorse the suffering losses (OR = 2.27; P < .01) criterion. Young adults were more likely to endorse chasinglosses (Criterion 9) (OR = 1.81; P < .01) while older adults were less likely to endorse this criterion (OR = 0.76; P < .05). Further research is needed to identify factors contributing to DIF, address criteria level bias, and examine differential test functioning.
Dating Across Race: An Examination of African American Internet Personal Advertisements

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with Black Americans' dating preferences. Two hundred profiles of Black individuals in the United States (100 men and 100 women) we...
Transcranial photoacoustic tomography of the monkey brain

A photoacoustic tomography (PAT) system using a virtual point ultrasonic transducer was developed for transcranial imaging of monkey brains. The virtual point transducer provided a 10 times greater field-of-view (FOV) than finiteaperture unfocused transducers, which enables large primate imaging. The cerebral cortex of a monkey brain was accurately mapped transcranially, through up to two skulls ranging from 4 to 8 mm in thickness. The mass density and speed of sound distributions of the skull were estimated from adjunct X-ray CT image data and utilized with a timereversal algorithm to mitigate artifacts in the reconstructed image due to acoustic aberration. The oxygenation saturation (sO2) in blood phantoms through a monkey skull was also imaged and quantified, with results consistent with measurements by a gas analyzer. The oxygenation saturation (sO2) in blood phantoms through a monkey skull was also imaged and quantified, with results consistent with measurements by a gas analyzer. Our experimental results demonstrate that PAT can overcome the optical and ultrasound attenuation of a relatively thick skull, and the imaging aberration caused by skull can be corrected to a great extent.
Enantiomeric enrichment of non-racemic antihistamines by achiral high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Enantiomers of several different antihistamines were shown to undergo enantiomer enrichment (auto-resolution) under achiral conditions. Using an aminopropyl silica gel column with a hexane–isopropanol mobile phase, non-racemic mixtures yielded resolutions of very high optical purity. It has been demonstrated that auto-resolution of antihistamines is concentration-dependent, as very dilute samples are not resolved. The benzylic hydrogen on the chiral carbon appears to play a major role in the chiral recognition process.
Flux penetration in high-Tc superconductors: implications for magnetic suspension and shielding

Two new effects associated with flux penetration and pinning in superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox are demonstrated. One of these is focussing of magnetic field lines by the superconductor and the other is magnetic suspension. The existence of stable equilibrium in suspension is shown to be related directly to hysteresis observed in the force-separation relation for a magnet and the superconductor. We also observe that the levitation height of a magnet increases with the magnet volume, contrary to results in the literature.
Finding abnormal data in vehicular cyber physical systems

In this work, we study an abnormal traffic data detection scheme for vehicular CPS, in which outlier detection algorithm is used to identify abnormal data in vehicular CPS. Experimental results on actual vehicular CPS data show that the scheme can efficiently identify the abnormal traffic data in the vehicular CPS datasets.
What Patients Recall of the Preoperative Discussion After Retinal Detachment Surgery

We conducted a prospective study to determine the percentage of preoperative information that was retained by 100 patients undergoing a scleral buckling procedure. Each patient received a standardized preoperative discussion regarding the nature of retinal detachment and its management. During the immediate postoperative period, each patient was questioned about the informed consent discussion. Although 97% of the patients acknowledged a thorough preoperative discussion there was a definite disparity between the patients' concept of adequate physician disclosure and the actual retention of the preoperative explanation. Overall retention of preoperative disclosure based on correct answers to 12 questions was only 57%. Few patients, 23%, retained knowledge of surgical risks, and only 61% remembered that a foreign material would be permanently sutured to the eye. When a patient failed to remember the correct answer to a question, more than half of the time he or she denied that information relevant to the question had been discussed. The results of this study indicate that patients retain primarily information that seems to be in favor of their decision to have surgery.
Induced Hypothermia for Acute Stroke

Induced hypothermia is one of the most promising neuroprotective therapies. Technological limitations and homeostatic mechanisms that maintain core body temperature have impeded the clinical use of hypothermia. Recent advances in intravascular cooling catheters and successful trials of hypothermia for cardiac arrest and neonatal asphyxia renewed interest in hypothermia for stroke, resulting in early phase clinical trials and plans for further development. This review elaborates on the clinical implications of hypothermia research in stroke and technical and logistical issues associated with the application of hypothermia.
The 18th-Century Body and the Origins of Human Rights:

Recent historical work on changing perceptions of the human body has been influenced by Michel Foucault’s contention that the self of western individualism was created by new regimes of disciplining the body. A different approach is taken here, one that focuses on how individual bodies came to be viewed as separate and inviolable, that is, as autonomous. The separateness and inviolability of bodies can be traced in the histories of bodily practices as different as portraiture and legal torture. After 1750, regular public exhibitions, themselves a new feature of the social landscape, showed increasing numbers of portraits in London and Paris. The proliferation of individual likenesses encouraged the view that each person was an individual, that is, single, separate, distinctive and original. At the same time, the tide turned against judicially sanctioned torture and cruel punishment. Long-held notions of sacrificial punishment and truth through pain withered under the pressure of new experiences of the bod...
Patient monitoring using ad hoc wireless networks: reliability and power management

In the health care domain, a major challenge is how to provide better health care services to an increasing number of people using limited financial and human resources. Wireless patient monitoring has the potential to support these multiple and conflicting requirements. However, the current quality and reliability of patient monitoring have not been very satisfactory due to the unpredictable and spotty coverage of infrastructure-oriented wireless networks. Ad hoc wireless networks can be formed among mobile and wearable patient-monitoring devices for improving the coverage of patient monitoring when infrastructure-oriented networks are not accessible. In this article, we provide support for reliable wireless patient monitoring by presenting several protocols for power management of devices, assisted power control, and sleep strategy. The performance results show that high reliability of message delivery can be obtained while maintaining a level of power conservation.
Persistence of axial orientation cues in regenerating intima of cultured aortic explants

The endothelial cells of arteries have a preferential orientation parallel to the axis of blood flow1. This axial orientation is maintained even at the interface between two branching or anastomosing vessels1, and is re-established by newly regenerated endothelial cells in regions of intimal wounds2. The cause of the orientation, however, remains unclear. Two possibilities have been proposed, shear stress from blood flow3 and ‘contact guidance’ by extracellular matrix4, but experiments to distinguish between them have been limited by the inaccessibility of the intima to systematic manipulation in vivo, and by the failure of organ-cultured vessels to demonstrate intimal regeneration comparable with that observed in vivo5,6. We have recently developed a technique for the culture of whole rat aorta explants which provides easy access to the intimal surface in vitro7. Additionally, our technique provides the first organ culture system in which the regeneration of endothelium in response to wounds performed in vitro has many of the characteristics of such regeneration in vivo. By studying the migration of regenerating endothelial cells into intimal wounds produced in vitro, we have obtained new evidence in favour of the extracellular matrix as the short-term determinant of endothelial cell orientation. Moreover, although this apparent effect of the matrix can be modified temporarily by suitable wounding procedures, axial orientation cues persist even in the absence of blood flow.
Fibrous thiosilicates and their crystal chemical analogs: considerations as infrared materials

Materials with high toughness often have fibrous microstructures or are made as fibrous composites. One possible route to new infrared-transmitting materials is through sulfide analogs of those silicates known to have fibrous structures. SiS2 itself occurs as fibrous crystals isostructural with the rare oxide polymorph, silica-W. However, it is extremely reactive with oxygen and water. An investigation is underway of compound formation in the systems CaS-SiS2, MgS-SiS2, and NaS-Al2S3-SiS2 to search for such fibrous silicate analogs as CaSiS3 (thiowollastonite), MgSiS3 (thioenstatite), CaMgSi2S6 (thiodiopside), and NaA1Si2S6 (thiojadeite). A second phase of the investigation is to construct crystal chemical analogs with less chemical reactivity: e.g. Ge for Si, rare earths for Al, and the larger alkaline earths (Ba, Sr) for the more reactive smaller ones (Ca, Mg).
Triggered Image Capture for High Speed Display Characterization

Precision display measurements often involve the integration of light measurements over many frames. Newer display technologies with high speed light modulators such as micromirrors are able to make sophisticated use of temporal modulation. This may result in measurement errors, and in situations where temporal modulation produces visible artifacts that affect display usability, but that conventional metrology techniques do not detect. There is a need for further development of new metrology techniques that collect information on the temporal behavior of high speed displays. The emergence of multiple technologies from multiple display manufacturers has created a need for generic, non-brand-specific or technology-independent tools. We are working on such a technique, using the triggered capture of display images with a sub-microsecond imager, with test images and image sequences designed to evoke particular display responses, triggers that can involve keying on features designed into the test images, and subsequent processing of captured images to reconstruct the behavior of the display. In principle, such measures can be calibrated with conventional full-screen measurements so that a determination of pixel sequences can lead to an accurate determination of the effective grayscale and luminance of each pixel. Complications include the finite time required for pixel switching (so that pixel duty cycles can not be computed in unit blocks of time), and the risk that the observation method used will introduce a bias in the temporal observations.
The roles of individual oxidants in secondary organic aerosol formation from Δ3-carene: 2. soa formation and oxidant contribution

Abstract This is Part 2 of a series of papers that address the role of individual oxidants in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the oxidation of Δ3-carene. In the present paper, an equilibrium gas–particle partitioning model is developed and used in conjunction with the gas-phase chemical mechanism described in Part 1 to perform simulations of SOA formation from the oxidation of Δ3-carene in a series of ozonolysis, nitrate radical, and photooxidation experiments. Simulations of the ozonolysis, nitrate radical, and photooxidation chamber experiments indicate that the main characteristics of the chemistry and gas–particle partitioning are adequately described by the chemical mechanism and equilibrium module. Results indicate that for photooxidation experiments, while O3-initiated chemistry is required to initiate SOA formation, the hydroxyl radical is the primary oxidant contributing to hydrocarbon consumption and contributes the most to SOA mass. Although contributing less than the primary oxidants, cross-products (products that are formed via oxidation pathways that include two or more oxidants) constitute a potentially significant contribution (up to 7%) to SOA formation. New particle phase formation appears to result from products formed via ozone oxidation. The effects of varying temperature and the ratio of hydrocarbon to oxides of nitrogen (ppbC/ppb) on SOA formation and oxidant contribution are explored. A model simulation with conditions more representative of the actual ambient atmosphere indicate an increased contribution to SOA of products generated from O3-initiated oxidation as well as cross-products.
Pushing Forty [President's Message]

Friends and Colleagues, let me first assure you that I am not the one pushing 40. But the picture I have sent accompanying this piece should have clearly established this. Rather, recently, the IEEE History Center has advised me that in 2012 the IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT) will celebrate its 40th Anniversary (first as a Committee and then converting to a Society). Most of my message will deal with this event.
STUDIES IN PROTOPLASM POISONING : I. PHENOLS.

1. After equilibrium of distribution of a phenol between water and an animal immersed in it has been once attained, the poisoning of the animal proceeds with constant velocity. The criterion of toxicity adopted in the first part of this study was the time required for initial recovery from paralysis after a given time in the phenol solution. In later work observations were made of the percentages of animals which died after stated periods in a phenol solution. 2. The numerical value of the velocity constant of poisoning for a given solution is independent of the criterion of toxicity adopted, provided that the criterion serves to measure the intensity of effect of the poison, and not merely the rate at which the poison is absorbed. 3. Recovery from paralysis produced by phenol and death from this poison has the same velocity constant. From this it may be inferred that recovery is due to a reversal of the mechanism which underlies poisoning. 4. The velocity of poisoning by phenols is nearly proportional to the square of the concentration. 5. A strictly chemical (mass law) interpretation is shown to be inadequate for the description of poisoning by phenols. 6. Certain physical factors, involved in poisoning by phenols, are discussed. 7. A precise method for obtaining the velocity constant of poisoning by a given agent is outlined.
Fetuin-A expression in early venous stenosis formation in a porcine model of hemodialysis graft failure.

Purpose Because fetuin-A is a cytokine with multifunctional effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, the authors examined the course of its expression in early venous stenosis formation in a porcine model of chronic renal insufficiency with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis grafts. Materials and Methods Pigs had chronic renal insufficiency created by complete embolization of the left kidney and partial embolization of the right kidney. Twenty-eight days later, PTFE AV grafts were placed from the carotid artery to the ipsilateral jugular vein, and the animals were euthanized 3 days ( n = 4), 7 days ( n = 4), or 14 days ( n = 4) later. Expression of fetuin-A was determined by Western blot analysis of the venous stenosis, control veins, and plasma. Immunohistochemical analysis of the venous stenosis and control vein was performed. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured before embolization and at the time of graft placement. Results The mean BUN and creatinine levels at graft placement were significantly higher than before embolization ( P P Conclusions Significantly increased expression of fetuin-A was observed in early venous stenosis by day 14 and in serum compared with baseline measurements. Understanding the role of fetuin-A in venous neointimal hyperplasia could help in improving outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Coordination of Alkali Metals to Oligosaccharides Dictates Fragmentation Behavior in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry

A correlation is found between the fragment ion yield and the degree of branching for oligosaccharides analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization/Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI/FTMS). The most branched oligosaccharides produced the least amount of fragment ion. Another relationship is found between the size of the alkali metal ion and the yields of fragment ions. The smallest alkali metal ion produced the greatest amount of fragment ions. The presence of the quasimolecular ion is dependent on both the size of the metal ion and the size of the sugar. A minimum number of saccharide residues are necessary to stabilize the complex and produce a quasimolecular ion. Molecular mechanics calculations were performed and structures obtained consistent with the observed experimental behavior. The site of coordination plays a dominant role in the yield and types of fragment ions observed.
Lithium, a Common Drug for Bipolar Disorder Treatment, Regulates Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Processing

Lithium is one of the most widely used mood-stabilizing agents for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Although the underlying mechanism(s) of this mood stabilizer remains controversial, recent evidence linking lithium to neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects (Choi and Sung (2000) 1475, 225−230; Davies et al. (2000) 351, 95−105) suggests novel benefits of this drug in addition to mood stabilization. Here, we report that both lithium as well as valproic acid (VPA) inhibit β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) production in HEK293 cells stably transfected with Swedish amyloid precursor protein (APP)751 and in the brains of the PDAPP (APPV717F) Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. Both lithium and VPA are known to be glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitors. Our studies reveal that GSK3β is a potential downstream kinase, which modulates APP processing because inhibition of GSK3 activity by either a dominant negative GSK3β kinase-deficient construct or GSK3β antisense ol...
Collaborative Teaming in Supervision: The First Year

The growing need for collaborative assessment and intervention within the school setting has prompted the need for changes in the role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) and the constructs of team design. Personal observations and reflections are offered to aid others who are actively seeking effective collaborative teaming. It provides our observations of, and personal perspectives about, interdisciplinary collaboration, stages of team development, and problems encountered.
Oxygen substitution in sputter-deposited MoS2 films studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction

Abstract The morphology and crystallite structure/orientation of sputter-deposited MoS 2 solid lubricant films have been shown to be strongly affected by oxygen-containing species in the sputtering chamber. We have studied the effect of oxygen incorporation within these films using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Films produced at The Aerospace Corporation, the National Centre of Tribology (U.K.), Hohman Plating and Manufacturing, and NASA Lewis Research Center were studied to determine common characteristics of different MoS 2 films produced by sputter deposition. In agreement with previous results, XPS of the films indicated a bulk anion:cation ratio ( i.e. (S+O):Mo) of about 2, and XRD revealed that the films consisted completely of MoS 2 -like phases that were compressed in the ( h k 0) directions as compared with pure MoS 2 . This “edge plane compression” appeared to correlate with oxygen content. EXAFS confirmed the absence of MoO 2 in the films and indicated that the films actually consist of two similar MoS 2 -like phases. Correlation of the EXAFS results with those obtained from XPS and XRD indicated that the two phases are MoS 2 and an MoS 2- x O x substitutional solution. The solid solution may be described as MoS 2 with oxygen atoms that have substituted for sulfur atoms in the MoS 2 crystal lattice. Relative peak height changes in the EXAFS radial distribution curves indicated that increasing amounts of oxygen cause a reduction in the size of crystallites in the films. The presence of the MoS 2- x O x phase may explain the superior tribological performance of MoS 2 films in some applications, which has been shown to correlate with oxygen impurities in the films.
Trait rumination and inhibitory deficits in long-term memory

Prior research has shown that individuals who tend to ruminate about dysphoric moods have difficulties with inhibitory processes in working memory (Joormann, 2006; Whitmer & Banich, 2007). The goals of the current study were to determine if these inhibitory deficits (1) also affect processes in long-term memory (LTM) and (2), if so, whether they are associated specifically with depressive rumination or also with other forms of rumination. To examine inhibitory processes in LTM, we used a retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm. In this paradigm, the practised retrieval of certain memories causes the inhibition of related but unpractised memories. In our non-clinical population, reduced inhibition was associated not only with the tendency to depressively ruminate but also with tendencies to angrily ruminate and to ruminate more generally. These findings suggesting that ruminators’ inhibitory deficits affect retrieval of information from LTM and that such deficits are not specific to depressive rumination.
Photovoltaics and electric utilities

Abstract We determine the long-term value of a grid-connected, residential photovoltaic (PV) systems. The value of the PV electricity is defined as the full avoided cost, consistent with the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978. A case study approach to three utility systems is used. The avoided cost is computed using a long range utility planning approach to measure revenue requirement changes in response to the time-phased introduction of PV systems into the grid. The changing value of PV electricity over a 20-year period from 1985 is presented, and the fuel and capital savings due to PV are analyzed and translated into a measure of breakeven capital investment.
Aerodynamic Parameter Estimation for the X-43A (Hyper-X) from Flight Data

Aerodynamic parameters were estimated based on flight data from the third flight of the X-43A hypersonic research vehicle, also called Hyper-X. Maneuvers were flown using multiple orthogonal phase-optimized sweep inputs applied as simultaneous control surface perturbations at Mach 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, and 3 during the vehicle descent. Aerodynamic parameters, consisting of non-dimensional longitudinal and lateral stability and control derivatives, were estimated from flight data at each Mach number. Multi-step inputs at nearly the same flight conditions were also flown to assess the prediction capability of the identified models. Prediction errors were found to be comparable in magnitude to the modeling errors, which indicates accurate modeling. Aerodynamic parameter estimates were plotted as a function of Mach number, and compared with estimates from the pre-flight aerodynamic database, which was based on wind-tunnel tests and computational fluid dynamics. Agreement between flight estimates and values computed from the aerodynamic database was excellent overall.
Congenital pulmonary artery-subclavian steal

A 3-month-old infant with bounding pulses and cardiac enlargement was proved to have a “steal” whereby blood was diverted from the vertebral-basilar system to the subclavian artery and to the lungs. Although relatively common as an acquired phenomenon in adults, the congenital form of subclavian steal is quite rare.
Coulomb and light-induced electronic renormalization in quantum wells for electromagnetically induced transparency and light amplification without inversion

With a coherent pump laser coupling two electron levels in quantum wells, Coulomb and light-induced electronic renormalization is investigated according to the density-functional theory. On the basis of the renormalization, the optical response function for intersubband absorption of a probe light beam is studied. Both the electromagnetically induced transparency and the probe light amplification without inversion are observed. The influences of the pump field strength, frequency detuning, electron density, and δ-doping position are determined.