cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superfluid Joule–Thomson Refrigeration, a New Concept for Cooling Below 2 Kelvin

A new type of sub-Kelvin refrigerator, the superfluid Joule–Thomson refrigerator is discussed. The refrigerator uses the circulation of the 3He component of a liquid 3He–4He mixture through a throttle to provide cooling to temperatures of 0.5 K. A simple analytical model is developed to predict the cooling power for this refrigerator as function of temperature. In addition, cooling power predictions are made using the equations of state of Radebaugh. The models are compared and discussed. This refrigerator can provide cooling in a microgravity environment.
Fast food consumption is associated with higher education in women, but not men, among older adults in urban safety-net clinics: A cross-sectional survey.

Abstract Fast food consumption is linked to poor health, yet many older adults regularly consume fast food. Understanding factors contributing to fast food consumption is useful in the development of targeted interventions. The aim of this study was to characterize how fast food consumption relates to socio-demographic characteristics in a low-income sample of older adults. This study used cross-sectional survey data of 50 to79-year-olds (N-236) in urban safety-net clinics in 2010 in Kansas City, KS. Self-reported frequency of fast food consumption was modeled using ordinal logistic regression with socio-demographics as predictor variables. Participants were 56.8 ± 6.0 (mean ± SD) years old, 64% female, 45% non-Hispanic African American, and 26% Hispanic. Thirty-nine percent denied eating fast food in the past week, 36% ate once, and 25% ate fast food at least twice. Age was negatively correlated with fast food intake (r = −0.20, P = 0.003). After adjusting for age, race-ethnicity, employment, and marital status, the association between education and fast food consumption differed by sex (Pinteraction = 0.017). Among women, higher education was associated with greater fast food intake (Spearman's correlation; r = 0.28, P = 0.0005); the association was not significant in men (r = −0.14, P = 0.21). In this diverse, low-income population, high educational attainment (college graduate or higher) related to greater fast food intake among women but not men. Exploration of the factors contributing to this difference could inform interventions to curb fast food consumption or encourage healthy fast food choices among low-income, older adults.
Direct C–C Bond Formation from Alkanes Using Ni-Photoredox Catalysis

A method for direct cross coupling between unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds and chloroformates has been accomplished via nickel and photoredox catalysis. A diverse range of feedstock chemicals, such as (a)cyclic alkanes and toluenes, along with late-stage intermediates, undergo intermolecular C–C bond formation to afford esters under mild conditions using only 3 equiv of the C–H partner. Site selectivity is predictable according to bond strength and polarity trends that are consistent with the intermediacy of a chlorine radical as the hydrogen atom-abstracting species.
Designing a Customer Experience Management Course

Customer experience is the latest battleground for business. Not only is customer experience management (CXM) one of the most promising approaches to marketing, but some observers also contend it i...
Voltage coefficient of a piezoelectric nanocomposite energy harvester: modeling and experimental verification

Piezoelectric nanocomposites composed of piezoelectric nanowires and flexible polymer have emerged as outstanding applications for flexible energy harvester. Although piezoelectric materials in their bulk form have high electromechanical coupling coefficient and can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy efficiently, they usually have low fracture toughness and are limited in applications due to difficulty in machining and casting it on to curve surfaces. Recently, additive manufacturing process (direct write) have been developed to incorporate piezoelectric nanowires into a polymer matrix with controlled alignment. It is shown that not only direct writing method can solve these issues but also it can improve the performance of the nanocomposite energy harvester significantly. In this paper, an experimentally verified finite element (FE) and micromechanics models are developed for calculation and optimization of g31 voltage coefficient of a piezoelectric energy harvester nanocomposite. It is shown that, by using high aspect ratio nanowires with controlled alignment the g31 coefficient can be enhanced more than five times compared to bulk form. Moreover, it is demonstrated that to achieve highest possible g31 coefficient only a small volume fraction of nanowires is needed and further increase in volume fraction result in the reduction of g31 coefficient.
Developing an optimal short‐form of the PTSD Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5)

Background Although several short-forms of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL) exist, all were developed using heuristic methods. This report presents the results of analyses designed to create an optimal short-form PCL for DSM-5 (PCL-5) using both machine learning and conventional scale development methods. Methods The short-form scales were developed using independent datasets collected by the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience among Service members. We began by using a training dataset (n = 8,917) to fit short-form scales with between 1 and 8 items using different statistical methods (exploratory factor analysis, stepwise logistic regression, and a new machine learning method to find an optimal integer-scored short-form scale) to predict dichotomous PTSD diagnoses determined using the full PCL-5. A smaller subset of best short-form scales was then evaluated in an independent validation sample (n = 11,728) to select one optimal short-form scale based on multiple operating characteristics (area under curve [AUC], calibration, sensitivity, specificity, net benefit). Results Inspection of AUCs in the training sample and replication in the validation sample led to a focus on 4-item integer-scored short-form scales selected with stepwise regression. Brier scores in the validation sample showed that a number of these scales had comparable calibration (0.015-0.032) and AUC (0.984-0.994), but that one had consistently highest net benefit across a plausible range of decision thresholds. Conclusions The recommended 4-item integer-scored short-form PCL-5 generates diagnoses that closely parallel those of the full PCL-5, making it well-suited for screening.
Non-monotonic behavior of the lateral diffusivity in an adsorbate as a function of the surface coverage

Abstract Diffusion dynamics of adsorbate particles confined on a surface strongly depends on the adsorbate surface coverage. Our molecular dynamics simulation reveals that the average lateral diffusivity of the Lennard-Jones adsorbate on a flat substrate varies non-monotonically with the surface coverage. Given that the adsorbate becomes stratified into distinct layers, we propose a novel approach to analyze the lateral diffusion of the adsorbate particles in different layers, via dividing the total lateral diffusion into consecutive lateral diffusion processes, separated by the layer boundary crossing events. A new definition of the lateral diffusivity in the specific layer has been introduced, and it is revealed that the total lateral diffusivity is equal to the sum of lateral diffusivities in different layers. Moreover, the non-monotonic behavior of the average lateral diffusivity with the surface coverage is found to result from the difference in behavior of the lateral diffusivity between the first and other layers.
The Mexican Press and Civil Society, 1940–1976: Stories from the Newsroom, Stories from the Street

The majority of studies about contemporary history of the Mexican press underline the relevance of the 1976 Excelsior coup to understand not just the relationship between the state, the media and t...
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations

Based on its young and growing population as well as the year-on-year economic growth, the role of the digital revolution cannot be overemphasized in realizing the nation’s enormous growth potentials in the future. Thus, bracing Nigeria for the future of trade requires unprecedented domestic, regional, and international investments in areas such as infrastructure development, peace, security, information technology, science, technology and innovation (STI), and environmental protection. Thus, domestic revenues and international funding support are both critical to support Nigeria’s preparedness for the future of trade. However, these sources alone will be insufficient and much more private finance will need to be mobilized. While leveraging on the evidence-based recommendations in the previous chapters, this chapter proposes forward-looking policy solutions for adopting digital tools in preparing Nigeria for the future of trade.
The effects of outdoor air-side fouling on frost growth and heat transfer characteristics of a microchannel heat exchanger: An experimental study

Abstract Air source heat pumps have the potential to efficiently heat and cool buildings, but their effectiveness in many climates is limited by frost growth on the outdoor heat exchanger in heating mode. These heat exchanger coils are also subject to fouling from fibers and particulates outdoors. Frost and fouling have each independently been studied extensively, and newly available research on fouling provides a method to realistically foul the air-side of coils in the laboratory. The current paper uses this method to conduct the first laboratory study of the important interactions between fouling and frost growth for a heat pump outdoor coil. A microchannel heat exchanger is tested clean and fouled, with variations in fouling level, humidity, and initial face velocity of air. Air flow rate is allowed to vary with resistance, and a surprising result is that light fouling increases heat transfer and frost growth rates, even with a 3.5% reduction in initial airflow caused by the fouling. However, heavier fouling decreases both rates. When frost growth is normalized to heat transfer, it is found to be increased by fouling; i.e. the coil's sensible heat ratio decreases.
Impact of the adhesion-force lever-arm "a" on the Rock 'n' Roll resuspension model and how to compute it from contact mechanics

Abstract The paper proposes a methodology to fill a gap in the context of mechanistic particle resuspension models related to the adhesion and lift force lever arms ( a ): to date, only one experimental observation exists from a centrifuge experiment with a specific particle/surface pair which found r P / a = 100 and assumed that the contact points were symmetric with respect to the particle center (Reeks, M.W., & D. Hall (2001) Kinetic Models for Particle Resuspension in Turbulent Flows: Theory and Measurement. Aerosol Science, 32, 1–31). However, the Reeks and Hall’s (2001) model is highly sensitive to this parameter, which therefore cannot be used as-is for different particle diameters or materials. This paper proposes a methodology to compute the adhesion and lift force lever arms ( a A and a L , respectively) based on Atomic Force Microcopy (AFM) surface roughness measurements and contact mechanics arguments. In practice, a spherical, perfectly smooth particle is brought in contact (computationally) with the measured surface roughness and is then rotated by the point of contact to determine the two or more asperities over which the particle would sit on the surface. A method to compute the asperity radius of curvature is devised to compute the asperity deformation and the correct partitioning of the total deformation between the particle and the asperity is presented. For the glass surface under consideration, the asperity deformation was negligible, i.e., it was below the van der Waals radius, which is the limit of applicability of contact mechanics. The Reeks and Hall’s (2001) model is then extended to account for the joint probability of a A and a L . Significant differences in particle resuspended after a day in common atmospheric conditions are found between the approach that uses the lever-arm distributions or their mean values. Also, important differences are found when comparing the lever-arm distribution and r P / a = 100. Hence, one should be cautious of using r P / a = 100 for surface/particle pairs differing from those in the original study. Limits of applicability of the theories used are presented together with considerations regarding how to extend the method to non-spherical particles and different materials.
FVIIa (Factor VIIa) Induces Biased Cytoprotective Signaling in Mice Through the Cleavage of PAR (Protease-Activated Receptor)-1 at Canonical Arg41 (Arginine41) Site.

Objective: Recent studies showed that FVIIa (factor VIIa), upon binding to EPCR (endothelial cell protein C receptor), elicits endothelial barrier stabilization and anti-inflammatory effects via ac...
High Internal Quantum Efficiency from AlGaN-Delta-GaN Quantum Well at 260 nm

High internal quantum efficiency (85%) was realized from the AlGaN-delta-GaN quantum well (QW) structure grown on a conventional AlN/sapphire template by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The peak emission wavelength is observed at 260 nm.
Rates and risk factors for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide deaths in persons with HIV: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is high and is associated with psychiatric morbidity and suicide risk. The objective of this study will be to assess the rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide deaths in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods and analysis We present a study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the suicidality outcomes (suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide deaths) in PLWHA. PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, OVID (HEALTH STAR), OVID (MEDLINE), Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database, Web of Science and PsychINFO databases will be searched from their inception until 1 January 2020. The primary outcome of interest will be the incidence of suicidality in PLWHA. In addition, we will delineate risk factors associated with suicidality in PLWHA. Citations, full-text articles and abstracts will be screened by four reviewers independently. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion. The study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using an appropriate tool. Random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted if we find that the studies are very heterogenous. For the suicidality outcome, probability of suicide risk will be reported. Relative risk ratios (with 95% CIs) will be reported for the effects of the risk factors. Potential publication bias will be assessed by conducting Egger’s test and creating funnel plots. We will conduct additional analyses to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity (eg, age, sex and geographical location). Ethics and dissemination No ethics clearance is required as no primary data will be collected. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be presented at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. The results may inform clinical management of PLWHA and may guide future population-specific interventions. We will search PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, OVID (HEALTH STAR), OVID (MEDLINE), Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database, Web of Science and PsychINFO from their inception until 1 January 2020. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020161501.
“It’s All Connected”: Critical Bifocality and the Liminal Practice of Youth Work

Efforts to transform educational systems advocate for shifting and expanding the voices of those who generate research. This study was part of a project that brought together mathematics teachers, ...
Longer telomeres during early life predict higher lifetime reproductive success in females but not males

The mechanisms that contribute to variation in lifetime reproductive success are not well understood. One possibility is that telomeres, conserved DNA sequences at chromosome ends that often shorten with age and stress exposures, may reflect differences in vital processes or influence fitness. Telomere length often predicts longevity, but longevity is only one component of fitness and little is known about how lifetime reproductive success is related to telomere dynamics in wild populations. We examined the relationships between telomere length beginning in early life, telomere loss into adulthood and lifetime reproductive success in free-living house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We found that females, but not males, with longer telomeres during early life had higher lifetime reproductive success, owing to associations with longevity and not reproduction per year or attempt. Telomeres decreased with age in both sexes, but telomere loss was not associated with lifetime reproductive success. In this species, telomeres may reflect differences in quality or condition rather than the pace of life, but only in females. Sexually discordant selection on telomeres is expected to influence the stability and maintenance of within population variation in telomere dynamics and suggests that any role telomeres play in mediating life-history trade-offs may be sex specific.
This Article Corrects:" Assessment of Physician Well-being, Part One: Burnout and Other Negative States".

Author(s): Lall, Michelle D.; Gaeta, Theodore J.; Chung, Arlene S.; Dehon, Erin; Malcolm, William; Ross, Adam; Way, David P.; Weichenthal, Lori; Himelfarb, Nadine T.
Grundriß der Schmerztherapie in der Kinderchirurgie

Surgical operations are painful and the surgeon can and must be involved in all aspects of pain management. Minimizing pain also reduces the physiologic stress in the patient, improves wound healing, end ensures a more rapid return to normal organ system homeostasis. Physical pain and the body’s response to it begin on the operating table, but the surgeon can prevent or minimize the sources of pain with good surgical technique. Optimal patient positioning taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and the planned operation should be utilised.
Odd-Dimensional Cohomology with Finite Coefficients and Roots of Unity

We prove that the triviality of the Galois action on the suitably twisted odd-dimensional etale cohomology group with finite coefficients of an absolutely irreducible smooth projective variety implies the existence of certain primitive roots of unity in the field of definition of the variety. This text was inspired by an exercise in Serre’s Lectures on the Mordell–Weil theorem.
Potassium incorporated alumina based CO2 capture sorbents: Comparison with supported amine sorbents under ultra-dilute capture conditions

Abstract Amines supported on silica or alumina supports are among the most well-studied sorbents for CO 2 capture from ultra-dilute sources, such as ambient air. Another class of sorbents that may also bind CO 2 strongly enough to function well under ultra-dilute conditions are supported alkali metal based compositions. In this work, the synthesis of alumina-supported potassium (AlK) via calcination of impregnated potassium acetate is described and the resulting materials are evaluated for CO 2 capture under ultra-dilute conditions (1% CO 2 ), including under simulated air capture conditions (400 ppm CO 2 ). The sorbents are evaluated at different adsorption and regeneration temperatures alongside two benchmark alumina-supported amine sorbents. The potassium–alumina sorbents are found to adsorb more CO 2 than the amine benchmark sorbent at the tested 1% CO 2 conditions, whereas the amine sorbent yielded a higher uptake under simulated air capture conditions of 400 ppm. Abbreviated adsorption isotherms are measured for the potassium-alumina sorbents at three temperatures, the isotherms are fit to a single site Toth adsorption model, and the assembled data are utilized to estimate the heat of adsorption using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The isosteric heat of adsorption for the potassium based sorbent is higher than those estimated and measured for amine based sorbents, which is consistent with the higher regeneration temperature required by the potassium based sorbents. Potassium–alumina sorbents may be useful adsorbents for ultra-dilute conditions due to their stability in oxygen relative to amine sorbents if plentiful heat is available for the significant temperature swings needed to effectively cycle the sorbents.
Multiple satellite observations of cloud cover in extratropical cyclones

Using cloud observations from NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer, and CloudSat-CALIPSO, composites of cloud fraction in southern and northern hemisphere extratropical cyclones are obtained for cold and warm seasons between 2006 and 2010, to assess differences between these three data sets, and between summer and winter cyclones. In both hemispheres and seasons, over the open ocean, the cyclone-centered cloud fraction composites agree within 5% across the three data sets, but behind the cold fronts, or over sea ice and land, the differences are much larger. To supplement the data set comparison and learn more about the cyclones, we also examine the differences in cloud fraction between cold and warm season for each data set. The difference in cloud fraction between cold and warm season southern hemisphere cyclones is small for all three data sets, but of the same order of magnitude as the differences between the data sets. The cold-warm season contrast in northern hemisphere cyclone cloud fractions is similar for all three data sets: in the warm sector, the cold season cloud fractions are lower close to the low, but larger on the equator edge than their warm season counterparts. This seasonal contrast in cloud fraction within the cyclones warm sector seems to be related to the seasonal differences in moisture flux within the cyclones. Our analysis suggests that the three different data sets can all be used confidently when studying the warm sector and warm frontal zone of extratropical cyclones but caution should be exerted when studying clouds in the cold sector.
Organic solvent extraction of liver microsomal lipid. Effect on the kinetic parameters of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and benzphetamine N-demethylase activity.

Abstract Extraction of lyophilized hepatic microsomes from untreated rats, once with l-butanol and twice with acetone, increased benzo[a]pyrene hvdroxylase and benzphetamine N-demethylase activities by 25 per cent: these activities were increased further by the addition of dilauroylglyceryl-3-phosphorycholine (di-12-GPC). More extensive extraction with 1-butanol decreased the activities by 50 per cent; addition of di-12-GPC restored activity to control levels. Kinetic analysis indicated that a single extraction with 1-butanol decreased the apparent Km for benzo[a]pyrene 6-fold, with no change in Vmax; addition of di-12-GPC had no effect on the apparent Km or Vmax. In contrast, a single extraction with l-butanol of microsomes from 3-methycholanthrene (3-MC)-treated rats had no effect on the apparent Km or Vmax for benzo[a]pyrene. Lineweaver-Burk plots of benzphetamine 4N-demethylase activity in extracted microsomes from untreated rats and in both unextracted and extracted microsomes from 3-MC-treated rats were non-linear with a marked increase in activity at higher benzphetamine concentrations.
Technological Solutions for Energy Security and Sustainability

This paper addresses the question: how can we minimize the expected time between now and the time when we achieve three measures of sustainability and security together -- independence from oil in cars and trucks, very deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and deep reductions in natural gas for electricity? Specific new technologies and metrics for progress are discussed, in context, linked to new information from IEEE, NSF, the State of the Future project and other sources.
MyD88-Dependent and MyD88-Independent Pathways in Synergy, Priming, and Tolerance between TLR Agonists

TLRs sense components of microorganisms and are critical host mediators of inflammation during infection. Different TLR agonists can profoundly alter inflammatory effects of one another, and studies suggest that the sequence of exposure to TLR agonists may importantly impact on responses during infection. We tested the hypothesis that synergy, priming, and tolerance between TLR agonists follow a pattern that can be predicted based on differential engagement of the MyD88-dependent (D) and the MyD88-independent (I) intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammatory effects of combinations of D and I pathway agonists were quantified in vivo and in vitro. Experiments used several D-specific agonists, an I-specific agonist (poly(I:C)), and LPS, which acts through both the D and I pathways. D-specific agonists included: peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, Pam3Cys, flagellin, and CpG DNA, which act through TLR2 (peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein and Pam3Cys), TLR5, and TLR9, respectively. D and I agonists were markedly synergistic in inducing cytokine production in vivo in mice. All of the D-specific agonists were synergistic with poly(I:C) in vitro in inducing TNF and IL-6 production by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Pretreatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with poly(I:C) led to a primed response to subsequent D-specific agonists and vice versa, as indicated by increased cytokine production, and increased NF-kappaB translocation. Pretreatment with a D-specific agonist augmented LPS-induced IFN-beta production. All D-specific agonists induced tolerance to one another. Thus, under the conditions studied here, simultaneous and sequential activation of both the D and I pathways causes synergy and priming, respectively, and tolerance is induced by agonists that act through the same pathway.
Cooperative Learning: Value-Added To Operations Management

Integrating cooperative learning techniques with information technology and applying it to the field of Production and Operations Management (P/OM) will help to investigate how ComputerSupported Cooperative Learning (CSCL) can enhance learning performance of students. Research in CSCL provides evidence that collaborative communication technology can be a better mechanism to add value to education. Most studies, however, have examined learning performance only during the middle and end of the learning process. Thus, it is not clear how information technology can continuously facilitate and improve student performance and learning experience over time. The purpose of this research is to examine how information technology, when applied to communication medium, can facilitate the learning process in the field of production and operations management. This study compared traditional, face-to-face cooperative learning environments to computer-supported cooperative learning environments for differences in students’ learning performance and group member satisfaction.
Climate change sensitivity assessment of streamflow and agricultural pollutant transport in California's Central Valley using Latin hypercube sampling

Bracketing the uncertainty of streamflow and agricultural runoff under climate change is critical for proper future water resource management in agricultural watersheds. This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in conjunction with a Latin hypercube climate change sampling algorithm to construct a 95% confidence interval (95CI) around streamflow, sediment load, and nitrate load predictions under changes in climate for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River watersheds in California's Central Valley. The Latin hypercube algorithm sampled 2000 combinations of precipitation and temperature changes based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections from multiple General Circulation Models. Average monthly percent changes of the upper and lower 95CI limits compared to the present-day simulation and a statistic termed the “r-factor” (average width of the 95CI band divided by the standard deviation of the 95CI bandwidth) were used to assess watershed sensitivities. 95CI results indicate that streamflow and sediment runoff in the Sacramento River watershed are more likely to decrease under climate change compared to present-day conditions, whereas the increase and decrease for nitrate runoff were found to be equal. For the San Joaquin River watershed, streamflow slightly decreased under climate change, whereas sediment and nitrate runoff increased compared to present-day climate. Comparisons of watershed sensitivities indicate that the San Joaquin River watershed is more sensitive to climate changes than the Sacramento River watershed, which is largely caused by the high density of agricultural land. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of the Receiving System for Complex Signals

The dolphin must have a fairly general and flexible sonar system in order to maximize its survival. Since acoustic energy propagates in water more efficiently than almost any other form of energy, a good passive and active sonar system is ideal for the aquatic environment. In order to have good passive and active sonar capabilities, the receiving system of the dolphin should have certain important characteristics. The receiver should be very sensitive over a wide frequency range to detect minute echoes and externally generated sounds. It should also be sensitive in both quiet and noisy environments and should be able to detect short and long duration sounds. A good spectral analysis capability, including frequency discrimination, is important in identifying and recognizing predators, prey, and other objects in the environment. Other important characteristics of a good sonar receiver include the capability to (a) spatially resolve and localize sounds, (b) reject externally generated interferences, and (c) recognize temporal and spectral patterns of sounds. In this chapter, these characteristics of the dolphin’s receiving system will be examined.
Impacts of mobility patterns on mobile IP handoff in wireless LANs

Mobile IP has been adopted to provide seamless services to mobile nodes. Currently, there are many mobile IP handoff schemes proposed at different layers of the network protocol stack. However, the handoff performance under different mobility patterns in terms of velocity and path has been largely ignored by the current research work. In this paper, we present our study of the mobility pattern's impact on the performance of mobile IP handoff by theoretical analysis as well as NS-2 simulations, where both deterministic and hybrid models for mobility patterns have been adopted. Our results show that the performance of mobile IP handoff schemes is directly impacted by the mobility patterns. Moreover, the cross-layer handoff schemes outperform other mobile IP handoff schemes under different mobility patterns. We conclude that the routing update delay is one of main performance bottlenecks in mobile IP handoff. So we propose a new solution to reduce the routing update delay by considering the behaviors at the lower layers such as the link layer. Furthermore, our study also presents a platform for efficient network design due to the fact that the routing update delay is tightly coupled with the deployment of access points.
Academic Freedom’s Duties: A Review of Stanley Fish’s Save the World on Your Own Time

Stanley Fish’s Save the World On Your Own Time is a “medley of disparate essays” collected into a book whose theme is to exhort each liberal arts professor to “just do your job” in terms of the mission of the college or university and the professor’s specific teaching duties to serve the mission. The collected essays sometimes struggle with the linear flow of the analysis, repetition, and tangents, but the book’s overall emphasis on the professorate’s academic duties is much needed. Whether the reader agrees or disagrees with some of Fish’s analysis (and I disagree with a number of points, as indicated below), the book forces thought, and I hope debate, on the mission of colleges and universities, the academic profession’s role in serving the mission, and each professor’s specific rights and duties. Self-assessment and reflection about failures of duty and their impact on the public trust are particularly timely given the steady erosion of the academic profession’s control over and autonomy in academic work in recent decades, particularly in institutions other than the research universities and elite liberal arts colleges.
Methodology and ground rules for simulating airborne military communication systems

This work presents a brief overview of more than 20 years of the modeling and simulation experience of military communication systems. Based on this background, the paper then provides ground rules, a methodology, and some lessons learned over that period for the simulation of airborne and command and control communication systems. The primary emphasis of the ground rules and methodology is on the modeling and simulation of military airborne communication systems utilizing the present de facto standard simulation tool for the military systems - OPNET. The methodology and ground rules differ significantly from those presented in classical simulation texts in that they are focused on communication systems and assume the use of the simulation package OPNET. Ground rules for the verification and validation of models are discussed with particular emphasis on OPNET models. OPNET largely ignores this vital component of modeling and simulation.
Bargaining in Environmental Regulation and the Ideal Regulator

Abstract We present a model of environmental regulation in which the stringency of a firm's emissions standard is determined by cooperative bargaining between the firm and a regulator. We show that bargaining can be socially beneficial because it can achieve the first-best outcome. This outcome is never an equilibrium of the noncooperative, Stackelberg game. We also show that the social cost function is not the preferred objective function for a regulator when regulations are determined by bargaining. Social costs are lower with a regulator that attaches more importance to damages and enforcement costs than to the firm's compliance costs.
The art in dying: Educating associate degree nursing students about death and the dying process through the power of art

Abstract Associate degree nursing programs frequently encompass death and dying in their curricula; however, educating nursing students on this sensitive topic can prove to be a challenge. Nurse educators can be instrumental in facilitating an insightful perspective among nursing students by incorporating a creative approach, utilizing active learning methodologies regarding death and the dying process.
Simplified chemical-kinetic mechanisms for characterizing the structure of the dark zones of double base and nitramine propellants

Simplified chemical-kinetic mechanisms were employed to calculate the structure of the dark zone formed over the burning surface of double base and nitramine propellants. It is believed that ignition delays in large-caliber-gun ballistie cycles are related to the chemistry taking place in the dark zone. Skeletal chemical-kinetic mechanisms comprising 22 elementary reactions among 15 species and 23 elementary reactions among 17 species were used to calculate the structure of the dark zone of double base and nitramine propellants, respectively. These skeletal chemical-kinetic mechanisms were previously extracted from a detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism incorporating 190 elementary reactions involving 41 species. Ignition-delay times are calculated using these mechanisms in homogeneous mixtures in which the initial concentrations of various reactants are similar to those found at the beginning of the dark zones of double base and nitramine propellants. These calculations were performed for various initial pressures and temperatures. The ignition-delay times calculated using the skeletal chemical-kinetic mechanisms are found to agree reasonably well with those calculated using the detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism. Reduced chemical-kinetic mechanisms were derived from the skeletal mechanisms by introducing steady-state approximations for a number of species. For double base propellants, a reduced mechanism of three global reactions is obtained. Reduced mechanisms using six and four global reactions are deduced for nitramine propellants. The ignition-delay times and structures of the dark zones calculated using the reduced three-step mechanism for double base propellants and six-step mechanism for nitramine propellants are in agreement with calculations made using the skeletal mechanisms. The ignition-delay times calculated using the four-step reduced mechanism for nitramine propellants are found to be significantly smaller than those calculated using the skeletal mechanism. The reduced chemical-kinetic mechanisms are expected to be useful in interior ballistics calculations.
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY FOR SEVERE RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION DUE TO RENAL-ARTERY MEDICAL FIBROPLASIA

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (P.T.R.A.) was performed in a 43-year-old woman with medial fibroplasia of the right main renal artery that was causing high-grade stenoses and severe hypertension. The procedure led to a virtually complete dilatation of the stenosing lesions and a prompt and lasting fall in blood-pressure to normal. Hypersecretion of renin from the right kidney was also promptly suppressed. The procedure was well tolerated by the patient and no complications were discerned. P.T.R.A. deserves further investigation to assess its role in the management of renovascular hypertension.
Merged Reference Desks in a Merged Library Environment : The Impact of Merging Government Publications

A new library in San Jose opened on August 1, 2003. This library is the result of a unique collaboration between San Jose State University Library and the San Jose Public Library. The planning for this new library highlighted merging several key areas of operation, including Government Publications. Several years before the two libraries merged, the University Library merged government publications reference functions into the general reference service of the Reference department. Depository library status at the federal and state levels impacted the planning and implementation stages. This paper discusses the background, planning, and implementation of merging the reference service for government publications, first within an academic environment and then in the unique joint library environment.
Effects of discharge voltage on Ti-O film formation on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by reactive DC sputtering

Abstract Coating of Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates with Ti-O films was carried out by reactive DC sputtering in Ar-O mixtures to improve the dental applicability of the alloy. The effects of discharge voltage (200–500 V) on Ti-O film formation were investigated. The Ti-O films deposited under various discharge voltages appeared to be uniform and adhesive, while their color tone and luster varied with the voltage. The films obtained under a voltage higher than 250 V were hard and durable, and the ones obtained under a voltage higher than 280 V were compact with less defects. The Ti/O ratio of each film was nearly constant in depth direction and its oxygen concentration depended on the voltage, which was detected by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). On the basis of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), it was concluded that the suboxides such as Ti 4 O 7 and Ti 6 O 11 were formed in the films and that Ti 2 O was also formed under a voltage higher than 400 V. The hardness of the films increased with the increase in voltage of up to 400 V, but slightly decreased at a higher voltage range. The maximum hardness higher than Hv2000 was noteworthy.
Some properties of rat liver mitochondrial RNA polymerase.

A rapid method suitable for purifying large amounts of mitochondria from rat liver using isopycnic zonal centrifugation is described. The RNA polymerase isolated from the purified mitochrondria was found associated with one peak when resolved by DEAE Sephadex chromatography. The enzyme was next fractionated on a phosphocellulose column followed by glycerol gradient centrifugation. A 600-fold purification was achieved when the enzyme was finally filtered through agarose gel. This final enzyme fraction consisted of one polypeptide chain as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles. The enzyme has a greater preference for poly [d(A-T)] templates than for rat liver mitochondrial DNA. Inhibition of the enzyme activity required high concentrations of the inhibitors. The resistance of the enzyme toα-amanitin indicated that there was no contamination from nuclear RNA polymerase II. The conclusion is drawn that the mitochondrial RNA polymerase activity is associated with a single polypeptide.
Short-Term, Linear Approaches To Psychotherapy: What We Now Know:

This article critiques short-term, linear approaches to psychotherapy and raises fundamental questions about the claims for their effectiveness. The article delineates the inherent weaknesses of short-term, linear approaches; summarizes a recent meta-analysis that challenges their effectiveness; and summarizes research showing they are less effective than longer-term, traditional psychotherapy. The author suggests that psychologists who are drawn to short-term, linear approaches embed these in a broader, more complex theoretical framework such as that which humanistic-existential psychology provides.
Methods of Analysis for Very Thick-Walled Cylindrical Shells

Methods of analysis are presented for very thick-walled cylindrical, isotropic shells subjected to axially symmetric lateral and in-plane loads. These methods are developed for shells with ratios of wall thickness to mean radius as large as 0.5, as well as being applicable for thin classical shells which involve Love’s First Approximation. The present methods are elasticity solutions and employ no shell theory assumptions. Explicit solutions are presented for the shell subject to in-plane loads and laterally distributed loads which are constant or varying linearly axially for various boundary conditions at the ends.
Travel life cycle

Abstract This article surveys changing tourism patterns along three time horizons: the last three decades, across the life cycle, and between successive generations. Based on empirical longitudinal data, the study suggests that the patterns and destination choice have changed with respect to all three perspectives. Younger generations gain different experiences as compared to previous generations and are likely to have different tourism patterns in later life stages. This has important implications for destinations that rely on the elderly market. Using longitudinal approaches, insights can be gained in changing destination choice across the life cycle and between successive generations, and it can complement traditional cross-sectional studies.
Oscillatory shearing of nonlinearly elastic solids

A finite oscillatory shearing motion is shown to be possible, in the absence of body force, in every homogeneous isotropic compressible or incompressible elastic solid. The spatial geometry is the same for all materials and the nature of the time-dependence, for a particular material, is determined by the generalized shear modulus. A motion of this type and a spatially uniform, time-dependent temperature can be supported in thermoelastic solids, without application of body force or volume supply of heat.
Teaching Participant-Observation Research Methods: A Skills-Building Approach

In spite of long-standing interest among social scientists in participant-observation field methods there is little published material on how to teach these methods. In this paper the authors discuss a course they have offered at UCLA for the past six years. The course features experiential-learning, simulation of fieldwork, and both student and teacher reflexivity. These teaching strategies are meant to facilitate student learning in five essential skill domains felt to be applicable to most types of participant-observation field research. A detailed description of course content and learning activities is included.
Investigations of perpendicular write head design for 1 Tb/in/sup 2/

We have revisited the considerations of perpendicular recording at 1 Tb/in/sup 2/. We have extensively modeled head designs with the down-track shield (DS) and head designs with the down-track and side shields (DS-SS). The side shields are needed to reduce the thermal erase width, however, there is a substantial reduction in effective write field for the DS-SS heads compared to the DS heads. This reduction in effective write field defines an upper limit for the anisotropy of the medium that can be written. As a consequence, it is hard to simultaneously achieve writability and the thermal stability requirement for 1 Tb/in/sup 2/.
Phase relations of 24-hour periodicities in blood corticosterone, mitoses in cortical adrenal parenchyma, and total body activity.

Under conditions standardized for analysis of 24-hour periodicity, with light from 06:00 to 18:00 alternating with 12 hours of darkness, corticostcrone in mouse serum undergoes reproducible 24-hour changes, with peak blood levels at about 16:00. Significant differences in phase characterize the 24-hour rhythms in serum corticosterone and in mitoses of cortical adrenal parenchyma; under the same lighting conditions, the peak of the latter occurs at about midnight. The corticosterone rhythm leads in phase the rhythm in gross motor activity and lags behind the eosinophil rhythm, in the absence of intentional stimulation other than daily routine. As compared to the significant change in blood corticosterone level along a 24-hour scale, the immediate effect of audiogenic stimulation upon serum corticosterone is slight. It consists of a small rise following stimulation at the time of the daily “corticosterone low” and is negligibleafter stimulation at the time of “corticosterone high.”The daily rhythm in blood ...
Factors controlling the expression of parthenocarpy in ‘Severianin’ tomato

Abstract The expression of parthenocarpy of ‘Severianin’ tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ) is not due to male or female sterility or self-incompatibility. Environments which favor the expression of parthenocarpy act upon sporophytic rather than gametophytic tissues of the plant. Fertilization does not occur during the development of parthenocarpic fruit of this mutant. Insufficient pollen shed plus rapid growth of the ovary are responsible for the development of parthenocarpic fruit under glasshouse environments.
Fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides a simple analytical relationship between post-stress heart rate recovery and heart rate variability during the stress

capabilities. The intent is not to suggest that an agent-based framework is “the” format for an executable ontology layer; the experience with classic ontologies suggests that it is impossible to produce a definitive knowledge representation tool. It is fully expected that other researches will develop similar types of tools, using different modeling paradigms. However, we believe that an ABMF demonstrates a robust, evolvable approach and will provide an essential translational step toward the goal of having as many steps as possible of the discovery process be automated. Eventually, this type of architecture would allow the automated generation of models that can be picked through by the researcher, providing a truly evolutionary solution to the synthetic aspect of biomedical research.