cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERFERENCE INDUCED AGAINST VACCINIA IN AN ADENOVIRUS-RHF-1 SYSTEM

Khoobyarian, Newton (University of Illinois, Chicago). Interference induced against vaccinia in an adenovirus-RHF-1 system. J. Bacteriol. 87:24-32. 1964.-It was observed that a continuous line of rabbit heart cell culture (strain RHF-1), when overlaid with growth medium after infection of cultures with adenovirus types 2, 3, 4, and 7, would develop resistance to vaccinia plaque formation. Data are presented to provide some information on the nature of such resistance observed specifically in an adenovirus 2-RHF-1 system. An analysis of this phenomenon indicated the following. (i) At least 6 hr were required before the start of vaccinia inhibition, and 15 to 18 hr were necessary for the maximal occurrence of inhibition; the degree of interference established varied with the concentration of adenovirus. (ii) The site of interference action was inside rather than outside the cells, since hardly any difference could be shown in the rate of vaccinia adsorption on resistant and susceptible cells. (iii) The interaction of adenovirus with RHF-1 cells not only would inhibit cell infection with vaccinia but would also suppress the 24- to 48-hr yield of virus. (iv) When RHF-1 cells were overlaid with maintenance medium after their infection with a low multiplicity of RHF-1 passaged adenovirus 2 (to establish sublethal infection), an inhibitory substance of varied activity could be detected daily over a period of at least 10 days which, when transferred to normal RHF-1 cultures, would render them resistant to vaccinia infection. (v) Although limited growth of virus appeared to be responsible for the production of the inhibitor, increase in inhibitory activity did not seem to coincide with increase in virus titer. (vi) The inhibitor seemed to resemble interferons in inhibiting virus plaque production, but its exact identity and the mode of action remain to be determined.
Parallelization of a Subgrid Orographic Precipitation Scheme in an MM5-Based Regional Climate Model

Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are practical downscaling tools to yield regional climate information for assessing the impacts of climate variability and change. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) RCM, based on the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), features a novel subgrid treatment of orographic precipitation for coupling climate, hydrologic, and ecologic processes at the watershed scale. The parameterization aggregates subgrid variations of surface topography into a finite number of surface elevation bands. An airflow model and a thermodynamic model are used to parameterize the orographic uplift/descent as air parcels cross over mountain barriers or valleys. The parameterization has significant performance advantages over nesting to achieve comparable resolution of climate information; however, previous implementations of the subgrid scheme required significant modification to the host MM5 model, prohibiting its incorporation within the NCAR-supported community version of MM5. With this effort, software engineering challenges have been addressed to incorporate, parallelize, and load-balance the PNNL subgrid scheme with minimum changes to MM5. The result is an efficient, maintainable tool for regional climate simulation and a step forward in the development of an MM5- based community regional climate model.
Moral Projection, Principle of

Describes the use of analogy as a heuristic device comparing persons to organizations and organizations to persons in the context of business ethics. Keywords: personhood; moral status of corporation; conscience; collective responsibility; corporations and the law; corporate moral agency; political philosophy and business ethics; normative/descriptive; corporate responsibility
Aligning Multiple RNA Sequences

Each cell in a living organism contains a complete design for all of the mechanisms that sustain its life. This blueprint is encoded in DNA and is called the genome of the organism. The basic activity of the cell involves maintaining an environment in which appropriate concentrations of specific proteins drive the reactions that characterize its normal existence. Under changing external conditions, concentrations of some proteins will be increased and others will be decreased. A new protein molecule is produced by copying a section of the DNA blueprint onto a “tape” and then feeding this tape through a “machine” that produces the protein corresponding to the design on the tape. The tape is actually an RNA molecule, and the machine that constructs new proteins under control of such a tape is called the ribosome.
[4] G protein activity in solubilized membrane preparations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the G protein activity in solubilized membrane preparations. The regulatory mechanisms require a cell-free approach that minimizes the potential contribution of indirect cellular compensatory mechanisms. A solubilized membrane system has been used to study G protein regulation of PLC activity. A nondenaturing detergent, such as sodium cholate, is used to extract membrane proteins in solution. Peripheral membrane proteins as well as trapped cytosolic proteins are also released in solution. If successful, the detergent-extracted membrane proteins retain functional activity and used for the study of interaction between PLC and G proteins in a detergent solution. Solubilization is often the first step in a purification protocol. The biochemistry of the system prior to final purification can provide insight as to whether the properties of the system have been affected by the purification scheme as might occur through the loss of a regulatory component. Using protocols similar to those originally developed for the solubilization of G proteins linked to adenylylcyclase, have shown that similar approaches result in the solubilization of a G-proteinregulated PLC. Thus, specific guanine nucleotide-dependent regulation of PLC activity is retained in the solubilized state. The following method for solubilization has been slightly modified from the original protocols to decrease the time needed to perform the entire procedure.
Circuits of the Mind

1: The Approach. 2: Biological Constraints. 2.1: Introduction. 2.2: The Neocortex. 2.3: Pyramidal Neurons. 3: Computational Laws. 3.1: Introduction. 3.2: Three Sources of Complexity. 4: Cognitive Functions. 4.1: Introduction. 4.2: Boolean Functions. 4.3: Learning. 4.4: The Nature of Concepts. 4.5: Experimental Psychology. 5: The Neuroidal Model. 5.1: Programmable Models. 5.2: Neuroids. 5.3: Timing. 6: Knowledge Representations. 6.1: Positive Knowledge Representations. 6.2: Vicinal Algorithms. 6.3: Frontier Properties and Storing New Items. 6.4: Frontier Properties and Associations. 6.5: Hashing. 7: Unsupervised Memorization. 7.1: An Algorithm. 8: Superivsed Memorization. 8.1: Introduction. 8.2: A Simple Algorithm. 8.3: A Second Algorithm. 9: Supervised Inductive Learning. 9.1: Introduction. 9.2: Pac Learning. 9.3: Learning Conjunctions. 9.4: Learning Disjunctions. 9.5: Learning Linear Threshold Functions. 10: Correlational Learning. 10.1: An Algorithm. 10.2: Computing with Numerical Values. 11: Objects and Relational Expressions. 11.1: Multiple Object Scenes. 11.2: Relations. 11.3: Timed Conjunctions. 11.4: Memorizing Expressions Containing Relations. 11.5: Memorizing New Relations. 11.6: Discussion. 12: Systems Questions. 12.1: Introduction. 12.2: General Organizational Principles. 12.3: Compatibility of Mechanisms. 13: Reasoning. 13.1: Introduction. 13.2: Relfex Reasoning. 13.3: Simple Reflex Reasoning. 13.4: Compound Reflex Reasoning. 13.5: Nonmonotonic Phenomena. 14: More Detailed Neural Models. 14.1: Implementing Vicinal Algorithms. 14.2: A Laminar Model. 14.3: A Columnar Model. 14.4: Sparser Random Graphs. 14.5: Another Columnar Model. 15: Afterword. Notes. Exercises. References. Index of Notation. Index
Express Contract Terms and the Implied Contractual Covenant of Delaware Law

Delaware law conceives of the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing (the “Implied Covenant”) in contradictory terms. It is both a gap filler subject to the express terms of a contract and an overriding obligation notwithstanding the express terms of a contract. It is not a judicial license to equitably rewrite bargained for agreements, yet courts may invoke the doctrine to limit express contractual rights when fairness dictates. How can these conflicting conceptions coexist?To be sure, these doctrinal conflicts are neither new nor Delaware’s alone. Confusion as to the interaction between express terms and the Implied Covenant abounds in all states. But this question is one of particular concern in Delaware because of the significant role the state’s law plays in the world of business. To make sense of the Implied Covenant, this Article focuses on an inescapable reality that is all but unacknowledged by Delaware law: the express terms of every contract must be judicially construed. By eliding this reality, the law obscures the control that Delaware courts exercise over bargained for agreements. Acknowledging the judicial role in contract construction not only harmonizes the Implied Covenant’s conflicting conceptions, but because judicial construction inevitably implicates a court’s idiosyncratic principles of equity and reason, it also reveals a degree of indeterminate judicial discretion inherent in the enforcement of express contractual rights and obligations.
Geochemical Exploration Techniques in U.S.S.R.: ABSTRACT

Geochemistry is widely used in field operations, and represents about 25 per cent of the petroleum exploration research in the U.S.S.R. Three approaches are used: (1) subsurface prospecting which included mudlogging, End_Page 381------------------------------ hydrocarbon distributions in sediments, and geochemical criteria for indicating oil such as the presence of organic compounds in waters; (2) surface prospecting which is concerned with rates of diffusion and filtration of hydrocarbons through sedimentary rocks, micro-biological detection of hydrocarbons, and the evaluation of radiometric, organic, and inorganic anomalies of the surface; (3) studies on the origin of petroleum and the recognition of favorable oil forming environments. About 90 per cent of the 300 geochemical field parties are doing subsurface prospecting. The other 10 per cent are engaged in surface surveys, and these are on a research basis. They are limited to arid areas of shallow young sediments such as around Volgograd, Baku, and Turkmenia. In contrast, about half of the geochemical research at 30 institutes or more in the U.S.S.R. involves surface prospecting techniques. The Soviets hope to develop a practical surface method that can be combined with geology for use in stratigraphic prospecting. In general, the Soviet scientists seem to be using more manpower and developing more geochemical parameters for field use than U. S. oil companies. The established facts of petroleum geochemistry, such as the organic nature of source beds and the detection of hydrocarbons in sediments and subsurface waters, are understood and taken into account in exploration programs. Thus the practical application of geochemistry in exploration is more widespread than in the U. S. End_of_Article - Last_Page 382------------
The role of cyber‐intermediaries: a framework based on transaction cost analysis, agency, relationship marketing and social exchange theories

Purpose – The purpose of his paper is to define the role of cyber‐intermediaries based on several theories such as transaction cost analysis, agency, social exchange, and relationship marketing.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual piece that uses arguments from well‐established theories in marketing and managementFindings – This paper suggests that cyber‐intermediaries will continue to add value to the producer‐consumer chain, benefiting both the producers and the consumers.Practical implications – The nature and type of products and services will define the role of the intermediary. They may be more useful in the low cost but frequently purchased product categories.Originality/value – The paper presents an integration of existing theories to understand the role of cyber‐intermediaries.
Interview with Dr Mehdi Khosrow‐Pour President and Publisher of Idea‐Group Inc., Hershey, PA

Purpose – To introduce one of the leading publishers today in information technology content provision and learn what issues he lays at night pondering.Design/methodology/approach – Interview method.Findings – Confirmation that the scholarly publishing industry is very competitive and that technology is now driving business decisions at a very fast pace.
The effect of distributional information on children's use of phonemic contrasts

Several recent experiments indicate that, when learning words, children are not as sensitive to phonemic differences (e.g., /d/ vs. /t/) as they are in discrimination tasks [Pater, J., Stager, C. L., & Werker, J. F. (2004). The perceptual acquisition of phonological contrasts. Language, 80, 384–402; Stager, C. L., & Werker, J. F. (1997). Infants listen for more phonetic detail in speech perception than in word-learning tasks. Nature, 388, 381–382]. In particular, 14-month-olds who can hear the difference between similar words such as “daw” and “taw” treat these labels as interchangeable when they refer to newly learned objects. We hypothesize that experience with the distribution of phonemes in their native language helps children use these phonemic distinctions in a word-learning task. Children receive distributional information when they experience different phonemes in different words. To test this hypothesis, we exposed children to two kinds of words: words in which phonemes occurred in very similar contexts, and words in which phonemes occurred in dissimilar contexts. Children who experienced phonemes in dissimilar contexts were more successful in using the contrast between the phonemes in a word-learning task.
A loop-free extended Bellman-Ford routing protocol without bouncing effect

Distributed algorithms for shortest-path problems are important in the context of routing in computer communication networks. We present a protocol that maintains the shortest-path routes in a dynamic topology, that is, in an environment where links and nodes can fail and recover at arbitrary times. The novelty of this protocol is that it avoids the bouncing effect and the looping problem that occur in the previous approaches of the distributed implementation of Bellman-Ford algorithm. The bouncing effect refers to the very long duration for convergence when failures happen or weights increase, and the nonterminating exchanges of messages, or counting-to-infinity behavior, in disconnected components of the network resulting from failures. The looping problems cause data packets to circulate and, thus, waste bandwidth. These undesirable effects are avoided without any increase in the overall message complexity of previous approaches required in the connected part of the network. The time complexity is better than the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm encountering failures. The key idea in the implementation is to maintain only loop-free paths, and search for the shortest path only from this set.
Longitudinal evaluation of T1ρ and T2 spatial distribution in osteoarthritic and healthy medial knee cartilage

Summary Objective To investigate longitudinal changes in laminar and spatial distribution of knee articular cartilage magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T 1ρ and T 2 relaxation times, in individuals with and without medial compartment cartilage defects. Design All subjects (at baseline n = 88, >18 years old) underwent 3-Tesla knee MRI at baseline and annually thereafter for 3 years. The MR studies were evaluated for presence of cartilage defects (modified Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring – mWORMS), and quantitative T 1ρ and T 2 relaxation time maps. Subjects were segregated into those with (mWORMS ≥2) and without (mWORMS ≤1) cartilage lesions at the medial tibia (MT) or medial femur (MF) at each time point. Laminar (bone and articular layer) and spatial (gray level co-occurrence matrix – GLCM) distribution of the T 1ρ and T 2 relaxation time maps were calculated. Linear regression models (cross-sectional) and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) (longitudinal) were used. Results Global T 1ρ , global T 2 and articular layer T 2 relaxation times at the MF, and global and articular layer T 2 relaxation times at the MT, were higher in subjects with cartilage lesions compared to those without lesions. At the MT global T 1ρ relaxation times were higher at each time point in subjects with lesions. MT T 1ρ and T 2 became progressively more heterogeneous than control compartments over the course of the study. Conclusion Spatial distribution of T 1ρ and T 2 relaxation time maps in medial knee OA using GLCM technique may be a sensitive indicator of cartilage deterioration, in addition to whole-compartment relaxation time data.
The development of antibody-IL-2 based immunotherapy with hu14.18-IL2 (EMD-273063) in melanoma and neuroblastoma

Patients with high risk melanoma and neuroblastoma frequently experience recurrence despite surgical resection and appropriate adjuvant therapies. Immunotherapy with the immunocytokine hu14.18-IL2 (EMD-273063) was developed by means of fusion of two molecules of IL-2 to the monoclonal antibody, 14.18, that recognizes GD2, expressed on the earlier mentioned malignancies. This article will discuss the results of preclinical work using EMD-273063 therapy, including data suggesting that intratumoral therapy may have enhanced antitumor benefit compared with intravenous therapy. Initial clinical trials in adult melanoma and pediatric neuroblastoma have demonstrated acceptable toxicity profiles in dosing that induces immune activation. Preclinical and initial clinical data suggest greater efficacy in the setting of minimal residual disease; therefore, future clinical testing is planned to test the benefit of EMD-273063 in this setting.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN AQUEOUS RIBOSE, RIBULOSE, AND ARABINOSE

The thermodynamics of the equilibria between aqueous ribose, ribulose, and arabinose were investigated using high-pressure liquid chromatography and microcalorimetry. The reactions were carried out in aqueous phosphate buffer over the pH range 6.8-7.4 and over the temperature range 313.15-343.75 K using solubilized glucose isomerase with either Mg(NO3)2 or MgSO4 as cofactors. The equilibrium constants (K) and the standard state Gibbs energy (delta G degrees) and enthalpy (delta H degrees) changes at 298.15 K for the three equilibria investigated were found to be: ribose(aq) = ribulose(aq) K = 0.317, delta G degrees = 2.85 +/- 0.14 kJ mol-1, delta H degrees = 11.0 +/- 1.5 kJ mol-1; ribose(aq) = arabinose(aq) K = 4.00, delta G degrees = -3.44 +/- 0.30 kJ mol-1, delta H degrees = -9.8 +/- 3.0 kJ mol-1; ribulose(aq) = arabinose(aq) K = 12.6, delta G degrees = -6.29 +/- 0.34 kJ mol-1, delta H degrees = -20.75 +/- 3.4 kJ mol-1. Information on rates of the above reactions was also obtained. The temperature dependencies of the equilibrium constants are conveniently expressed as R in K = -delta G degrees 298.15/298.15 + delta H degrees 298.15[(1/298.15)-(1/T)] where R is the gas constant (8.31441 J mol-1 K-1) and T the thermodynamic temperature.
Noisy Ikeda attractor

Abstract Optical turbulence in the limit of Ikeda dispersive bistability is investigated with the gaussian noise superimposed on the incident driving field. The approximate fractal dimension at various levels of coarse-graining is computed. At fine resolution, below the magnitude of noise, the self-similar features of the attractor are truncated. The fractal dimension is then shown to measure the properties of noise and not of the dynamical system.
Formation of Microvascular Networks: Role of Stromal Interactions Directing Angiogenic Growth

In the adult, angiogenesis leads to an expanded microvascular network as new vessel segments are added to an existing microcirculation. Necessarily, growing neovessels must navigate through tissue stroma as they locate and grow toward other vessel elements. We have a growing body of evidence demonstrating that angiogenic neovessels reciprocally interact with the interstitial matrix of the stroma resulting in directed neovascular growth during angiogenesis. Given the compliance and the viscoelastic properties of collagen, neovessel guidance by the stroma is likely due to compressive strain transverse to the direction of primary tensile forces present during active tissue deformation. Similar stromal strains control the final network topology of the new microcirculation, including the distribution of arterioles, capillaries, and venules. In this case, stromal-derived stimuli must be present during the post-angiogenesis remodeling and maturation phases of neovascularization to have this effect. Interestingly, the preexisting organization of vessels prior to the start of angiogenesis has no lasting influence on the final, new network architecture. Combined, the evidence describes interplay between angiogenic neovessels and stroma that is important in directed neovessel growth and invasion. This dynamic is also likely a mechanism by which global tissue forces influence vascular form and function.
Sexual Violence, Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder and Dementia

Little is known of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in older people. No literature exists on this disorder in older women exposed to sexual assault. A case of apparent PTSD in a demented woman raises questions of the anatomy and phenomenology of this disorder. Difficulties in diagnosis in a demented population may cloud the issues or prevent a proper therapeutic outcome.
Measurement of current transfer time in a tunneling cryotron flip-flop

This letter reports the operation of a tunneling cryotron flip-flop in which a current transfer rate of 107A/s is achieved. The measured time of 2 ns required to transfer 20 mA is in excellent agreement with predicted values. These measurements imply a junction transition time appreciably smaller than 800 ps, the previously measured upper bound.
Should Proton Pump Inhibitors Be Used for Acute Peptic Ulcer Bleeding

This is a systematic review abstract, a regular feature of the Annals’ Evidence-Based Emergency Medicine (EBEM) series. Each features an abstract of a systematic review from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and a commentary by an emergency physician knowledgeable in the subject area. The source for this systematic review abstract is: Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Proton pump inhibitor treatment for acute peptic ulcer bleeding (Cochrane Review). Chichester, UK: Cochrane Library; 2006;issue 1. The Annals’ EBEM editors prepared the abstract of this Cochrane systematic review, as well as the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Points.
Determination of proton densities on silica gel catalyst supports by n-quantum coherence in NMR

Abstract The concepts involved in production and detection of n-quantum coherence in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are considered. The use of coherent averaging to reduce internal Hamiltonians to zero, and to something other than their non-averaged values is reviewed. The experimental procedure necessary to produce and detect multiple quantum coherence in strongly dipolar coupled spin 1 2 solids is described. This procedure, using a single quantum propagator described in the initial sections, is then used to probe the densities (as distinguished from the chemical identities supplied by a 1-quantum fingerprint) of protons on silica gel surfaces of fumed, Cab-O-Sil HS5 silica gels which have: (a) not been relaxed by hydration, but have been reduced under flowing hydrogen; (b) been relaxed by hydration and subsequently reduced; (c) had deposited particles of metallic Ru, Pt, and Ag. As reflected in the highest order of multiple quantum coherence observed under a fixed time for development, the relaxed and reduced sample, and the sample with Ru deposited on it exhibit lower densities of protons than do the other samples. The implications to assuming that silica gel is an “inert” support for reactions involving reactions of hydrocarbons on supported metal catalysts are discussed.
Land use model for carbon conservation across a midwestern USA landscape

Abstract Land management to promote forest growth can conserve and sequester a significant amount of terrestrial carbon and thereby reduce the buildup of atmospheric carbon. This study uses geographic information systems (GIS) technology to develop a multi-criteria land use model for Butler County in southwestern Ohio that ranks rural land areas for restorative forest management based on their potential for carbon conservation. Our results identify 161 sites, or 18% of the county study area outside of incorporated urban areas, that have topographic and soil conditions productive for forest growth, and 21% of the mapped area is on transitional (uncultivated and undeveloped) lands that are potentially available for restorative management. The study strongly supports the planned protection of lands along stream corridors; 43% of the transitional lands ranked high potential are within a 100 m stream buffer and 80% are within a 500 m buffer. It also reveals “gaps” between the predicted carbon conservation map and regional plans for conservation, particularly showing the need to consider incorporating woodlots into privately owned farms on flat uplands with deep soil profiles. The study provides a valuable ecological planning resource that prioritizes lands for rural conservation based on their functional contributions to the regional carbon balance.
Diffusion of Gases through Plant Tissues : Entry of Acetylene into Legume Nodules.

I have measured acetylene diffusion through plant tissues including nodules from several species of legume—vetch, peas, soybeans, and Sesbania rostrata. The observed half-time for reequilibration of internal and external concentration is less than 1 minute for typical nodules. Inward diffusion of acetylene in air is rapid relative to the use of acetylene by nitrogenase so that diffusion of acetylene would not be a significant limiting factor for nitrogenase activity in air. However, under an atmosphere of Ar:O2 where there is no N2 reduction, the inward diffusion rate of acetylene into larger nodules could produce a measurable limitation of observed nitrogenase activity at low acetylene concentrations.
Niobium content of soils from West Africa

Abstract Analysis of twenty lateritic soil samples from West Africa has shown them to contain an average 24 p.p.m. of niobium; four similar samples taken from within a few miles from a niobium deposit contain from 79 to 87 p.p.m. niobium. It has been shown that as the aluminum content of the soils increases, the following depletion sequence is obtained: Si > Nb > Al = Fe The data indicate that, in general, high enrichments of niobium are not to be expected in lateritic soils.
Ghost magnetic resonance angiography.

Traditional methods for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) involve the radiofrequency excitation of vascular spins within a selected region of tissue, followed by gradient localization and imaging of those spins within that same region. Signals that unfaithfully localize within the imaging volume, so-called “ghost artifacts”, have historically been considered undesirable since they degrade image quality and every effort is made to suppress them. To the contrary, we hypothesized that these ghost artifacts could be manipulated to create detailed angiograms of the human body. In this initial demonstration of the method, which we call “Ghost MRA,” we show that the human arterial system can be depicted with exquisite anatomic detail and near total suppression of background signal. Moreover, unlike alternative unenhanced methods, Ghost MRA can be acquired without the need for cardiac synchronization. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Women and Industry in Taiwan

One of the factors underlying Taiwan's industrial growth over the past two decades has been the availability of a pool of underemployed, young workers who will accept relatively low wages, who are unlikely to raise demands for higher pay, shorter hours, or seniority benefits and who, in many instances, expect only short-term employment. Women are a significant segment of this industrial work force. By the start of the 1970s, at least 20% of the employed population over the age of 15 was engaged in manufacturing. Of these, 33% were women, most of whom were between the ages of 15 and 25 (Taiwan Provincial Labor Force Survey and Research Institute, 1971). While their male counterparts, also relatively young, held an expectation of continuous employment, increased skill-learning and job advancement within the factory workplace, the women workers were more likely to see their jobs as a brief interim between school and marriage (Kung, 1976). A major concern in my research is the effect of outside employment on women's status, autonomy, and control over their future and present lives. There is a fairly simplistic model of women's liberation in circulation which assumes that increased participation in the work force by women will modify or radically change their position within their natal households and give them the power to shape their future lives. There is no question that
Tracer surface diffusion on uranium dioxide

Abstract Surface diffusion on UO2 was measured by the spreading of U-234 tracer on the surface of a duplex diffusion couple consisting of wafers of depleted and enriched UO2 joined by a bond of uranium metal. Spurious gas phase transport was eliminated by a masking technique. Surface diffusion coefficients measured at temperature between 1760 and 2110°C ranged from 0.1 to 2 cm2/s. These results correspond to Arrhenius-type behavior with an activation energy of 72 ± 15 kcal/mol and a preexponential factor 5 × 106cm2/s with a 1–2 order of magnitude uncertainty range. The preexponential factor was in reasonable accord with the nonlocalized surface diffusion model of Bonzel, although the jump distance implicit in this theory appears to be unacceptably large. No significant effect of the atomic weight of the inert species in the gaseous environment at 1 atm pressure was detected, a result which is not inconsistent with the theory.
High brightness fiber coupled pump modules optimized for optical efficiency and power

We report on the continued development of high performance fiber coupled laser diode modules at nLIGHT. We show that by optimizing the laser resonator design single emitter diode lasers can be tailored for high brightness or for reduced $/W applications. For instance, a fiber laser pump module based on 6 single emitter diode lasers couples efficiently into a 105 μm, 0.15 NA fiber with peak operating efficiency <59% and output power < 65W. These results are made possible by optimizing the diode laser slow axis brilliance and by increasing the optical to optical efficiency to 90%. We will also report on the development of tailored laser resonator that meets the power, brightness, and cost targets for industrial applications. For instance, a wider emitter has reliable performance of <18W of output power while maintaining the slow axis divergence required for coupling into a fiber with a 12 mm-mrad beam parameter product. The corresponding 50% increase in output power significantly improves the $/W performance. These results of high brightness and high efficiency demonstrate the pump technology required for next generation solid state, fiber lasers, and materials processing applications.
Purification and characterization of an alkaline xylanase from Streptomyces viridosporus T7A

Streptomyces viridosporus T7A produces a large amount of extracellular xylanase activity. We have isolated and purified an alkaline xylanase from culture supernatants of this organism. Purification was achieved by treatment of the culture supernatant with Q-Sepharose, concentration of the unbound proteins by ultrafiltration, fractionation of these proteins by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography, followed by Rotofor preparative isoelectric focusing. The xylanase has a molecular mass of 59 kDa as determined by capillary electrophoresis. The purified xylanase has a pI of 10.2–10.5, a pH optimum of 7.0–8.0, and a temperature optimum of 65–70°C. The xylanase is strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ metal ions. The purified protein shows activity on birchwood and oat spelt xylans, but does not exhibit activity toward galactomannan, arabinogalactan, lichenan, or carboxymethylcellulose. This enzyme could have potential uses in biotechnology applications due to its high pH and temperature optima and unique substrate specificity.
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO): A yoked-control comparison.

After training to press a lever on a variable-interval 30-sec schedule, one group of rats was shifted to a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior 10-sec schedule, while a second group was shifted to a noncontingent yoked-control schedule that provided the same frequency and distribution of reinforcement. Then, both groups were extensively retrained on the variable-interval schedule, after which the first group was shifted to a series of differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior 30-sec sessions alternating daily with variable-interval 30-sec sessions, while the second group was treated like the first on variable-interval days and yoked with the first as before on differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior days. In both phases, response-decrement was more rapid and more marked in the differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior animals than in the controls. The difference was due, at least in large measure, to sustainment of response in the control animals by adventitious reinforcement. All the differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior animals developed “other” behavior—the same distinctive pattern of waiting at the foodcup—but there was no direct evidence that it contributed in any way to the decrement in lever pressing.
A field study of exploratory learning strategies

It has suggested that interactive computer users find “exploratory learning” to be an effective and attractive strategy for learning a new system or investigating unknown features of familiar software. In exploratory learning, instead of working through precisely sequenced training materials, the user investigates a system on his or her own initiative, often in pursuit of a real or artificial task. The value of exploratory learning has been studied in controlled settings, with special attention newly acquired systems, be there has been little investigation of its occurrence in natural situations or in support of ongoing learning. To address this question, a field study of the behavior and attitudes of computer users in everyday working situations was performed, using diaries and structured interviews that focused on learning events. The study showed that task-oriented exploration was a widely accepted method for learning, but that it often required support from manuals and from other users or system support personnel. Exploration not related to a current or pending task was infrequent, and most users believed it to be inefficient. These findings have implications for the design of systems, documentation, and training.
Gothic Signifying in Charles Chesnutt's Mandy Oxendine

Charles Chesnutt's novel Mandy Oxendine, which was rejected for pub lication in 1897 and never printed during the author's lifetime, responds to the myths of the black rapist and the white male hero, culminating in the chilling near-lynching of Tom Lowrey, a man who, like Homer Plessy and like Chesnutt himself, is "white in fact and black in theory" (Chesnutt, Mandy 4). Submitted one year after the Supreme Court's landmark Plessy vs. Ferguson decision upheld the Jim Crow laws,1 Mandy Oxendine is, like much of Chesnutt's fiction, an exploration of the psychic (and psycho cultural) toll exacted by the "one-drop rule." In an 1890 letter to George Washington Cable, Chesnutt used the term "white Negro" to describe his own racial identity, claiming that "'white Negroes' must accept their unique positions in US culture, even though that position has been mis understood by both blacks and whites" (qtd. in Edwards 89). As Chesnutt explained in accepting the Spingarn Medal from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1928: My physical makeup was such that I knew the psychology of people of mixed blood in so far as it differed from that of other people, and most of my writ ings ran along the color line, the vaguely defined line where the two major races of the country meet. It has more dramatic possibilities than life within clearly defined and widely differentiated groups. This was perfectly natural and I have no apologies to make for it, for we are all one people, and the suf ferings and triumphs, the failures and successes of one of us are those of all of us. (Chesnutt, "Remarks" 514)
Symptomatic right ventricular ischemia secondary to a critical stenosis in a nondominant right coronary artery.

Stable angina pectoris owing to isolated right ventricular ischemia from a critical stenosis in a nondominant right coronary artery is a rare entity and documentation of isolated right ventricular ischemia even rarer. We present a case of isolated right ventricular ischemia documented by fractional flow reserve (FFR) and resolution of symptoms after percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Race‐ing through the school day: African American educators' experiences with race and racism in schools

This article examines the ways African American educators experience themselves as raced individuals in their school settings and explores their perceptions of racial discrimination, subordination, and isolation. For this study, five African American educators participated in in‐depth phenomenological interviews. Qualitative data analysis of their stories revealed seven major thematic experiences: (1) hyper‐visibility/invisibility; (2) intersecting identities; (3) challenging assumptions; (4) challenges to authority; (5) pigeonholing; (6) presumptions of failure, and (7) coping fatigue. The study confirms several tenets of critical race theory including the assertion that racism is not aberrant, but endemic and permanent in American society, and routinely exists in public schools. The study further suggests that those most directly positioned to bring about necessary, concrete change aimed at addressing racial discrimination and prejudice in schools are building‐level administrators.
Frontal sinus cranialization using the pericranial flap: an added layer of protection.

Objectives: Extensive fractures involving the anterior and posterior tables of the frontal sinus are treated by frontal sinus cranialization. During this procedure, the disrupted posterior wall of the frontal sinus is removed, the sinus mucosa is drilled away, and the brain and dura are permitted to rest against the repaired anterior wall and sinus floor. Conventionally, the area originally occupied by the frontal sinus is left as dead space or filled with free adipose tissue. We describe a method of cranialization using a pericranial flap and report our experience with this technique. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: The medical records of patients who underwent frontal sinus cranialization using the pericranial flap at our institution were reviewed. Demographics, indications for cranialization, complications, and perioperative outcomes were examined. Results: A total of 19 patients underwent (bilateral) frontal sinus cranialization with the pericranial flap between 2000 and 2005. Indications included extensive frontal sinus fractures involving the posterior table (78.9%), mucocele (10.5%), arteriovenous malformation (5.3%), and frontal bone osteomyelitis (5.3%). There were no intraoperative complications. A postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in one patient with extensive skull base injuries. This was repaired endoscopically. Follow-up ranged from 9 to 55 months. Conclusions: The pericranial flap is easily harvested and versatile. Using this vascularized tissue during cranialization affords added protection by providing an extra barrier between the intracranial cavity and the frontal bone and sinonasal tract. This technique is inexpensive, safe, and effective and should be considered when cranialization of the frontal sinus is performed.
Functional complementarity in plankton communities along a gradient of acid stress

Abstract This study considered changes in the plankton communities of 50 Adirondack Mountain lakes, along an acidity gradient from pH 7.3 to 4.2. The objective was to test the hypothesis that changes in the biomass of certain species are compensated by opposite changes in the biomass of other species having similar ecosystem functions. This hypothesis was proposed by Frost et al. (1995) ; Linking Species and Ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, NY, pp. 224–239.) and referred to as `complementarity'. Results from the multi-lake survey, as well as data from two experimental studies, provide support for the hypothesis. With increasing acidity, there were declines in the number of plankton species, and pronounced changes in taxonomic composition. There were also reductions in food web complexity, measured as number of trophic links per species. The most acidic lakes displayed extreme dominance of a few taxa per trophic level, and characteristic acid-tolerant species such as Diaptomus leptopus (a calanoid copepod), Keratella taurocephala (a rotifer), and Chlamydomonas sp. (a chlorophyte alga). In contrast, the total biomass of producers and herbivores was unrelated to lakewater acidity. Acid lakes contained levels of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a ) consistent with measured levels of nutrients, and zooplankton biomass was consistent with its resource base (the phytoplankton). Experimental results indicated that complementary changes can occur rapidly at lower trophic levels when replacement species are already present in the community.
Flow-Field and Conjugate Heat Transfer of an Internally Air-Cooled Nozzle Guide Vane and Shrouds

In order to assess the life of gas turbine critical components, it is essential to adequately specify their aero-thermodynamic working environments. Steady-state analyses of the flow field and conjugate heat transfer of an internally air-cooled nozzle guide vane (NGV) and shrouds of a gas turbine engine at the baseline operating conditions are numerically investigated. A high-fidelity CFD model is generated and the simulations are carried out with properly defined boundary conditions. The features of the complicated flow and temperature fields are revealed. In general, the Mach number is lower and the temperature is higher on the NGV pressure side than those on the suction side. There are two high temperature spots on the pressure side, and the temperature across the NGV middle section is relatively low. These findings are closely related to the locations of the holes and outlets of the cooling flow passage, and consistent with the field observation of damaged NGVs. The obtained results provide essential information for the structural, material and life analyses of the NGV/shrouds assembly, and improvement of the cooling flow arrangement.Copyright © 2013 by Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada
Ultrastructural changes in sympathetic neurons of newborn and adult mice treated with nerve growth factor.

Purified nerve growth factor (NGF) induces a marked hypertrophy of the sympathetic chain ganglia when injected into newborn and adult mice. A 5-day treatment of newborn or adult mice with daily injections of NGF (20 μ g/g body weight) results in both instances in a striking increase in wet weight of sympathetic ganglia. When examined at the electron microscope, the NGF—treated neurons appear very enlarged: the endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are very abundant. The cytoplasmic area is filled with the interlacing bundles and threads of neurofilaments. This extraordinary production of neurofilaments and neurotubuli appears to be the most striking feature of the NGF—treated neurons.
Interleukin-6 trans-signaling in the senescent mouse brain is involved in infection-related deficits in contextual fear conditioning.

Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the senescent brain in response to peripheral immune stimulation is thought to induce behavioral pathology, however, few studies have examined if the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines is accompanied by an increase in cytokine signaling. Here, we focused on IL-6 as a prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine and used phosphorylated STAT3 as a marker of IL-6 signaling. In an initial study, IL-6 mRNA and the magnitude and duration of STAT3 activation were increased in the hippocampus of senescent mice compared to adults after i.p. injection of LPS. The LPS-induced increase in STAT3 activity was ablated in aged IL-6−/− mice, suggesting IL-6 is a key driver of STAT3 activity in the aged brain. To determine if IL-6 activated the classical or trans-signaling pathway, before receiving LPS i.p., aged mice were injected ICV with sgp130, an antagonist of the trans-signaling pathway. Importantly, the LPS-induced increases in both IL-6 and STAT3 activity in the hippocampus were inhibited by sgp130. To assess hippocampal function, aged mice were injected ICV with sgp130 and i.p. with LPS immediately after the acquisition phase of contextual fear conditioning, and immobility was assessed in the retention phase 48 h later. LPS reduced immobility in aged mice, indicating immune activation interfered with memory consolidation. However, sgp130 blocked the deficits in contextual fear conditioning caused by LPS. Taken together, the results suggest IL-6 trans-signaling is increased in the senescent brain following peripheral LPS challenge and that sgp130 may protect against infection-related neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in the aged.
The choice of numeraire, capital intensity uniqueness, and the reswiritching of techniques☆

Abstract This paper examines the condition for capital-intensity uniqueness and the phenomenon of reswitching of techniques in a two-sector linear capital model when the prices and wages are measured in terms of the value of net output per man (the Sraffa numeraire). It is shown that when the Sraffa numeraire is used, a) the capital-intensity condition is not sufficient to ensure a unique relationship between the value of capital per man and the rate of profit; and b) reswitching of techniques is possible even if there is only one capital good in the system. The results arise only from the interaction between the price and composition effects in the model using the Sraffa numeraire.
Technology management and the future

A major problem of firms around the world is the development of new technology and the adaptation of the firm to technological change. Increasingly, we must find ways to sharpen our ability to do technological forecasting and to translate these forecasts into strategies that enable the organization to maximize its opportunities for gain from these technologies. This approach means that more attention must be paid to the problems of organizational adaptation as part of the problem of managing technology within the firm. We need to look at the problems of adaptation and develop the set of necessary conditions for management to make a transition to a new technology in a way that will help the firm achieve its profit goals. These problems are difficult ones and require an interdisciplinary approach. In general, we see the need for those interested in the problems of research management and the management of technology to broaden their skills and their interests. We must move more strongly into the general management area and grapple with the problems of organizational behavior as well as the more traditional problems of research and technology management. >