cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SHOCK-VAPORIZATION STUDIES ON ZINC AND POROUS CARBON

Experiments probing the shock-induced vaporization of zinc and porous carbon yielded time-resolved data suitable for evaluation of equation-of-state (EOS) models and computations that describe expanded-state material behavior. In these tests, partial vaporization of the target material occurred as the initial shock stress ({approx gt}100 GPa) was released through a rarefaction originating at the target free surface. The target expansion products traversed a gap and impinged on a witness plate that was backed by a transparent window. A velocity interferometer recorded histories of the witness-plate/window interface velocity which were compared to one-dimensional wavecode (CTH) calculations based on selected multiphase EOS treatments. 10 refs., 4 figs.
An Alternate Twist to the Personal Health Project.

(1986). An Alternate Twist to the Personal Health Project. Health Education: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 25-27.
Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Sinusitis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa malignant otitis externa,which can be a life-threatening infection if not diagnosed and treated promptly and appropriately, is typically seen in elderly diabetics.
The GABBR1 locus and the G1465A variant is not associated with temporal lobe epilepsy preceded by febrile seizures.

Background Polymorphism G1465A in the GABBR1 gene has been suggested as a risk factor for non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE); however, this genetic association study has not been independently replicated. We attempted to replicate this study in our cohort of patients with TLE. Furthermore, we also analyzed the coding sequence of this gene and searched for disease-causing mutations.
Blood flow restriction training and the exercise pressor reflex: a call for concern

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training (also known as Kaatsu training) is an increasingly common practice employed during resistance exercise by athletes attempting to enhance skeletal muscle mass and strength. During BFR training, blood flow to the exercising muscle is mechanically restricted by placing flexible pressurizing cuffs around the active limb proximal to the working muscle. This maneuver results in the accumulation of metabolites (e.g., protons and lactic acid) in the muscle interstitium that increase muscle force and promote muscle growth. Therefore, the premise of BFR training is to simulate and receive the benefits of high-intensity resistance exercise while merely performing low-intensity resistance exercise. This technique has also been purported to provide health benefits to the elderly, individuals recovering from joint injuries, and patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Since the seminal work of Alam and Smirk in the 1930s, it has been well established that reductions in blood flow to exercising muscle engage the exercise pressor reflex (EPR), a reflex that significantly contributes to the autonomic cardiovascular response to exercise. However, the EPR and its likely contribution to the BFR-mediated cardiovascular response to exercise is glaringly missing from the scientific literature. Inasmuch as the EPR has been shown to generate exaggerated increases in sympathetic nerve activity in disease states such as hypertension (HTN), heart failure (HF), and peripheral artery disease (PAD), concerns are raised that BFR training can be used safely for the rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular disease, as has been suggested. Abnormal BFR-induced and EPR-mediated cardiovascular complications generated during exercise could precipitate adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, stroke and sudden cardiac death). Moreover, although altered EPR function in HTN, HF, and PAD underlies our concern for the widespread implementation of BFR, use of this training mechanism may also have negative consequences in the absence of disease. That is, even normal, healthy individuals performing resistance training exercise with BFR are potentially at increased risk for deleterious cardiovascular events. This review provides a brief yet detailed overview of the mechanisms underlying the autonomic cardiovascular response to exercise with BFR. A more complete understanding of the consequences of BFR training is needed before this technique is passively explored by the layman athlete or prescribed by a health care professional.
The neural coding of auditory space.

The barn owl9s auditory system computes interaural differences in time and amplitude and derives from them the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the sound source, respectively. Within the external nucleus of its inferior colliculus are auditory neurones, called ‘space-specific neurones’, that have spatial receptive fields. To activate a space-specific neurone, a sound must originate from a circumscribed region of space, or, if the sounds are delivered to each ear separately, using earphones, the stimuli must have the combination of interaural time and amplitude difference that simulates a sound broadcast from their receptive field. The sound-localization cues are processed in parallel, non-overlapping pathways extending from the cochlear nuclei to the subdivision of the inferior colliculus that innervates the space-specific neurones. Processing in the time pathway involves the coding of monaural phase angle, the derivation of sensitivity for interaural phase difference, and the calculation of interaural time difference (ITD) from interaural phase difference. The last process involves groups of neurones in the inferior colliculus whose collective firing signals a unique ITD, even though the activity of each constituent neurone signals multiple ITDs. The projections of these ensembles to the space-specific neurone endow the latter with a selectivity for ITD. Processing in the amplitude channel, about which less is known, initially involves an inhibitory process that sharpens the directional sensitivity of neurones in a lateral lemniscal nucleus. The inhibition is mediated by a commissural projection from the same lemniscal nucleus of the opposite side. At higher levels of the auditory system, neurones that are tuned to a limited range of interaural amplitude differences are found. It is proposed that at these higher stages, interaural amplitude difference, like ITD, is coded amidst an ensemble of neurones.
Crystallization of Beta NaFeO2 from a Glass Along the Na2SiO3‐Fe2O3 Join

Fine-particle beta sodium ferrite (β-NaFeO2), rather than α-Fe2O3, may be responsible for superparamagnetic behavior in a glass of composition (in mole fractions) 0.37Na2O-0.26Fe2O3-0.37SiO2. The 700°C isothermal section of the phase diagram of the Na2O-Fe2O3-SiO2 system is given, showing a three-phase field bounded by Na2SiO3-NaFeO2-Fe2O3; there is no evidence for the existence (at 700°C) of compounds of molar composition 6Na2O-4Fe2O3-5SiO2 or 2Na2O-Fe2O3-SiO2. The Moessbauer spectrum of β-NaFeO2 has an internal magnetic field of 487 kOe at room temperature.
Kinetochore Microtubule Dynamics and the Metaphase-Anaphase Transition

We have quantitatively studied the dynamic behavior of kinetochore fiber microtubules (kMTs); both turnover and poleward transport (flux) in metaphase and anaphase mammalian cells by fluorescence photoactivation. Tubulin derivatized with photoactivatable fluorescein was microinjected into prometaphase LLC-PK and PtK1 cells and allowed to incorporate to steady-state. A fluorescent bar was generated across the MTs in a half-spindle of the mitotic cells using laser irradiation and the kinetics of fluorescence redistribution were determined in terms of a double exponential decay process. The movement of the activated zone was also measured along with chromosome movement and spindle elongation. To investigate the possible regulation of MT transport at the metaphase-anaphase transition, we performed double photoactivation analyses on the same spindles as the cell advanced from metaphase to anaphase. We determined values for the turnover of kMTs (t1/2 = 7.1 +/- 2.4 min at 30 degrees C) and demonstrated that the turnover of kMTs in metaphase is approximately an order of magnitude slower than that for non-kMTs. In anaphase, kMTs become dramatically more stable as evidenced by a fivefold increase in the fluorescence redistribution half-time (t1/2 = 37.5 +/- 8.5 min at 30 degrees C). Our results also indicate that MT transport slows abruptly at anaphase onset to one-half the metaphase value. In early anaphase, MT depolymerization at the kinetochore accounted, on average, for 84% of the rate of chromosome movement toward the pole whereas the relative contribution of MT transport and depolymerization at the pole contributed 16%. These properties reflect a dramatic shift in the dynamic behavior of kMTs at the metaphase-anaphase transition. A release-capture model is presented in which the stability of kMTs is increased at the onset of anaphase through a reduction in the probability of MT release from the kinetochore. The reduction in MT transport at the metaphase-anaphase transition suggests that motor activity and/or subunit dynamics at the centrosome are subject to modulation at this key cell cycle point.
The effect of certain substances on the intrahepatic circulation of blood in the intact animal

Abstract The effects of glucose, dyes, particulate matter, thyroxin, epinephrine, and acetylcholine on the intrahepatic circulation of blood in intact animals were studied in vivo by means of the quartz-rod transillumination technique. Glucose increased the intrahepatic circulatory activity. Particulate matter, India ink, and dyes increased the intrahepatic circulatory activity and stimulated the phagocytic action of the Kupffer cells. The Kupffer cells became loaded with particles shortly after the injection of India ink. In the frog no Kupffer cells were seen within the lumina of the sinusoids, whereas in the rat such cells were found within the lumina of the sinusoids and were connected by strands to the sinusoidal wall. Thyroxin caused an increase of the vascular activity within the liver to such an extent that one could rarely find any sinusoids in the inactive phase. Epinephrine produced blanching of the liver by causing constriction of the intrahepatic vascular ramifications, but acetylcholine did not have any preceptible vasodilator effect.
Screening and treatment of diabetic nephropathy by primary care physicians.

To describe the practices of Indiana primary care physicians related to diabetic nephropathy screening and management. Cross-sectional, observational. The state of Indiana. Active primary care physicians [defined as general internists, family practitioners, and general practitioners) in Indiana who provided care for diabetic patients at the time of the survey (n=1,018) Practice patterns relevant to microalbuminuria and overt albuminuria screening and management were assessed along two dimensions: the percentage of patients to whom the practices were applied and the frequency with which the practices were performed. Of 1,141 physicians who responded to the survey, 1,018 were eligible for analysis. Eighty-six percent of physicians reported screening more than half of their patients with type 1 diabetes for overt albuminuria, as did 82% of physicians for their patients with type 2 diabetes. Only 17% of physicians indicated performing microalbuminuria testing on more than half of their type 1 patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor agents were used frequently to treat abnormal urinary albumin excretion when hypertension was present, but less often when hypertension was absent. Physician specialty, year of graduation from medical school, practice location, and familiarity with the results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial were significant predictors of screening and treatment practice patterns. Primary care physicians report practices that allow them to detect overt albuminuria but not microalbuminuria. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are frequently used by physicians who test for microalbuminuria, but efforts to increase the detection of early renal damage are needed so that these agents and other therapeutic strategies may be employed at the earliest opportunity.
An Empirical Economic Analysis of Voters' Preferences

In this study, 1970 census data are employed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on North Carolina local-option sales tax referenda voting. The effect of different socioeconomic variables on voting was predicted using the behavioral assumption that voters pursued their perceived self-interest. The empirical results yielded positive evidence that voters not only pursue that self-interest, but also that it may be possible to forecast the outcome of voting on economic issues by examining the socioeconomic traits of the citizenry. This knowledge may allow public officials to make economic decisions which are more consistent with public preferences. The results also indicate that it is critical that voters have a substantial flow of accurate information from the mass media.
Integrated Silicon Nanophotonics for High-bandwidth Chip-to-Chip Communications

Silicon Nanophotonics enables dense integration of electrical circuits with optical devices scaled down to diffraction limit. I will describe how chip-to-chip optical interconnects can be designed starting from devices up to a system level. 150-word Biography: Dr. Yurii Vlasov is a Manager of a Silicon Nanophotonics Project at the IBM Research. For the last 12 years at IBM he has been focused on the development of silicon nanophotonics technology, starting from initial exploratory fundamental research followed by advanced device engineering and, most recently, manufacturing and product development. Dr.Vlasov is currently leading the company-wide effort on transitioning the IBM Silicon Nanophotonics technology to commercial manufacturing for products relevant to IBM business. Prior to IBM, Dr. Vlasov developed semiconductor nanophotonics at the NEC Research Institute in Princeton, and at the Strasbourg IPCMS Institute, France. He also was, for over a decade, a Research Scientist with the Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology in St. Petersburg, Russia working on optics of nanostructured semiconductors. He received his MS from the University of St.Petersburg (1988) and PhD from the Ioffe Institute (1994), both in physics. Dr. Vlasov has published over 300 highly cited journal and conference papers, filed over 50 US patents, and delivered over 100 invited, plenary and tutorial talks in the area of nanophotonics. He served on numerous organizing committees of conferences on nanophotonics under OSA, IEEE, APS, MRS, etc. Dr. Vlasov was elected a Fellow of both the OSA and the APS, as well as a Senior Member of the IEEE. He was awarded several IBM Outstanding Technical Achievement Awards, the “Best of IBM” Award and the IBM 2012 Corporate Award, as well as SciAm50 Award by the Scientific American journal. For a couple of years Dr. Vlasov also served as an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University's Department of Electrical Engineering.
Selectively addressing optically nonlinear nanocrystals by polarization-shaped ultrafast laser pulses

A noncentrosymmetric nanocrystal can produce second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) upon interaction with a laser field. The SHG or SFG radiation depends on the orientation of the nanocrystal as well as the field polarization, which allows for modulating the second-order emission of an arbitrarily oriented nanocrystal by specially tailoring the field polarization. We theoretically study SHG and SFG signals produced by nanocrystals driven with broad-bandwidth laser pulses. Several simulations explore the influence of the field polarization and temporal pulse profile. The latter two factors are decoupled in their influence upon the SHG and SFG signals, and thus polarization and temporal shaping can be independently performed to modulate a nanocrystals’ second-order emission. We consider the possibility of enhancing (suppressing) the signal from one nanocrystal among others by choosing the appropriate polarization, thereby opening up the prospect of selectively addressing optically nonlinear nanocrystals.
Investigations of the yield and quality of the oils from some hybrid and tetraploid mints*1

Hybrids produced by crossing Japanese mint with Mentba spicata, the common wild spearmint, gave good yields of oil per acre which was low in menthol content. Hybrids of Japanese mint with Mentba aqrratica produced oils high in menthol content but low in yield per acre. Both hybrids were more vigorous than the female parent, and one was resistant to mint rust. Two tetraploids of spearmint obtained colchicine treatment contained only traces of oil.
Portable Raman integrated tunable sensor (RAMiTs) for environmental field monitoring

This paper describes a self-contained, portable Raman instrument that has been developed for environmental and homeland defense applications. The instrument consists of a 830-nm diode laser for excitation, an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) for wavelength discrimination, and an avalanche photodiode for detection. The primary component of this system is the AOTF and it has been selected based on its spectral range along with its high resolution, ~7.5 cm-1. Software has been developed in house using C programming language for controlling the instrument (i.e. the AOTF frequency, the signal acquisition, etc.). Evaluation of this instrument has been performed by analyzing several standard samples and comparing to a conventional Raman system. In addition to system evaluation, this paper will also discuss potential applications of this instrument to trace detection of hazardous chemicals using the Raman Integrated Tunable Sensor (RAMiTs) coupled with surface-enhance Raman scattering process.
Empirical results from the transformation of a large commercial technical computing environment

Technical computing has unique requirements which are exemplified by factors such as: an extreme focus on run-time performance, a high degree of responsiveness to the customer base, a continued focus on innovation, concurrent support on multiple computing platforms and most importantly, a very limited set of deep subject matter experts who have the skills to build the solution. Exacerbating the above issues is the fact that the field has traditionally seen a great deal of mergers and acquisition activity which leads quickly to an accumulation of disjoint software development systems. This paper describes a detailed case study built within a leading technical computing company which achieved significant success by focusing relentlessly on enhancing the productivity of the individual developer. The work was driven by the author as the general manager of the organization, and measured results of the transformation will be presented in this paper.
Systematic review of screening for bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates.

CONTEXT: Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is associated with chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effectiveness of specific screening modalities to prevent neonatal bilirubin encephalopathy. METHODS: We identified studies through Medline searches, perusing reference lists and by consulting with US Preventive Services Task Force lead experts. We included English-language publications evaluating the effects of screening for bilirubin encephalopathy using early total serum bilirubin (TSB), transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurements, or risk scores. Severe hyperbilirubinemia was used as a surrogate for possible chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, because no studies directly evaluated the latter as an outcome. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of early TSB, TcB measurements, or risk scores in detecting hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS: Ten publications (11 studies) were eligible. Seven (2 prospective) studies evaluated the ability of risk factors (n = 3), early TSB (n = 3), TcB (n = 2), or combinations of risk factors and early TSB (n = 1) to predict hyperbilirubinemia (typically TSB > 95th hour-specific percentile 24 hours to 30 days postpartum). Screening had good ability to detect hyperbilirubinemia: reported area-under-the-curve values ranged between 0.69 and 0.84, and reported sensitivities and specificities suggested similar diagnostic ability. Indirect evidence from 3 descriptive uncontrolled studies suggests favorable associations between initiation of screening and decrease in hyperbilirubinemia rates, and rates of treatment or readmissions for hyperbilirubinemia compared with the baseline of no screening. No study assessed harms of screening. CONCLUSIONS: Effects of screening on the rates of bilirubin encephalopathy are unknown. Although screening can predict hyperbilirubinemia, there is no robust evidence to suggest that screening is associated with favorable clinical outcomes.
Fiber temperature sensor for high-pressure environment

We describe a fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer EFPI based temperature sensor that incorporates a pressure isolation fixture. The sensor has high temperature sensitivity and low pressure- induced crosstalk. The detailed analysis and discussion of the sensor design, the signal demodulation algorithm, and the sensor fabrication as well as the sensor performance are presented. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical
Range of motion and function are not affected by increased post constraint in patients undergoing posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty

Abstract Background Constrained primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can provide stability in the face of incompetent collateral structures or irreconcilable flexion–extension imbalances. However, little is known about its effect on overall knee range of motion (ROM). This study determines whether TKA with increased constraint affects postoperative ROM. Methods Patients undergoing primary TKA using either posterior stabilized (PS) or constrained condylar knee (CCK) inserts were match-paired based on body mass index, preoperative ROM, and direction and severity of the coronal deformity, yielding 68 pairs. ROM and Knee Society Score (KSS) were obtained preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 1 year. Results When the 68 matched pairs were considered, all outcome variables related to ROM between the PS and CCK groups at each of the postoperative intervals were similar. Additionally, both the individual items and combined scores of the KSS were similar between groups at all time points. Conclusions We demonstrate that the use of increased constraint does not affect ROM, relief of pain, or function after TKA. Level of evidence Level III (retrospective case-controlled study, based on prospectively collected data).
A top down approach to protein structural studies using chemical cross-linking and Fourier transform mass spectrometry.

Mass spectrometric analysis of wild-type proteins that have been covalently modified by bifunctional cross-linking reagents and then digested proteolytically can be used to obtain low-resolution distance constraints, which can be useful for protein structure determination. Limitations of this approach include time-consuming separation steps, such as the separation of internally cross-linked protein monomers from covalent dimers, and a susceptibility to artifacts due to low levels of natural and man-made peptide modifications that can be mistaken for cross-linked species. The results presented here show that when a crude cross-linked protein mixture is injected into an electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI-FTMS) instrument, the cross-link positions can be localized by fragmentation and mass spectrometry on the ‘gas-phase purified’ singly internally cross-linked monomer. Our results show that reaction of ubiquitin with the homobifunctional lysine-lysine cross-linking reagent dissuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) resulted in two cross-links consistent with the known ubiquitin tertiary structure (K6-K11 and K48-K63). Because no protein or peptide chemistry steps are needed, other than the initial cross-linking, this new top down approach appears well suited for high-throughput experiments with multiple cross-linkers and reaction conditions. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of te on morphological transitions in Fe-C-Si alloys: Part i. Directional solidification

Directional solidification experiments have been carried out on Fe-3.4 wt pct C-2 wt pct Si alloys with and without the addition of 0.06 wt pct Te. The effect of the Te addition upon the gray-to-white transition velocity and the white-to-gray transition velocity has been determined. Quenched solid/liquid interface studies on mixed structures, white + type D gray and type D gray + type A gray, have determined the temperature differences at the growth front for these structures.
Kaposi's sarcoma of genitourinary tract.

Abstract Kaposi's sarcoma of the external genitalia is rare. Four cases with the initial lesion on the glans penis and 13 cases with secondary involvement of the external genitalia are presented. A high association between Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma is noted. The natural history is one of multiple recurrences in the immediate vicinity of the primary site or at distant locations at varying time intervals. Wide margin electron beam irradiation is the recommended treatment. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents also have produced favorable responses; yet prognosis for cure is poor because of the generalized nature of the disease—the course of which is nevertheless often prolonged.
IS MAGNESIUM NEUROPROTECTIVE TO THE FETUS? † 1324

Maternal administration of magnesium sulfate (MS) has been associated with improved neonatal survival and lower risk of cerebral palsy(CP). MS blocks the NMDA receptor, a mechanism for hypoxic brain injury. It is not known whether MS reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), a marker for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We hypothesized that maternal administration of MS would decrease IVH. We retrospectively examined records of 470 inborn(7/1/89 - 10/31/95) infants (23 - 32 weeks gestation) who survived to discharge. None of the mothers had PIH or chronic hypertension. All infants had cranial ultrasound within the first 7-10 days. Infants were classified into MS Gp (mothers received MS); Non-MS Gp (mothers received other tocolytics) and Control Gp (mothers received no tocolytics). The demographic profile of the study population is as follows: Table
Tolerance of inorganic selenium in wether sheep

Abstract This experiment evaluated the maximum tolerable level of inorganic Se fed to growing wether lambs for 1 year. Sodium selenite was added to provide 0.2, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm Se to a basal diet. Thirty-nine crossbred wether lambs initially weighing 22.8 ± 3.3 kg were randomly allotted to one of six treatments. Blood samples were collected and liveweight gain determined at 28-day intervals and tissue samples were collected at experiment termination. Serum, whole blood, wool, hooves, bile and five tissues were analyzed for Se concentrations. Five tissues at experiment termination were microscopically evaluated for tissue breakdown due to Se toxicosis. Also, five enzyme activities and albumin were determined. Lamb BW were not influenced by dietary Se concentrations ( P > 0.15). Both serum and whole blood Se concentrations increased at each collection period as dietary Se level increased ( P P r = 0.92) between serum and whole blood Se concentration. At termination of the study, all tissues and wool, hoof, and bile Se concentrations increased as dietary Se level increased ( P P > 0.15) among treatments, and enzymes were within their respective normal ranges. These results suggest that ≤10 ppm dietary Se as selenite is not toxic to wether lambs when fed for 1 year. It seems plausible, therefore, to consider the maximum tolerable level of Se as selenite for sheep to be considerably higher than 2 ppm as previously suggested.
A New Strategy for Adaptive Motion Control of Robots

The Lyapunov function approach is used to derive a new algorithm for model based adaptive motion control as applied to robot manipulators. The technique does not require a knowledge of state accelerations and if the method is implemented through a Newton-Euler recursive formulation then the computational requirements are quite low. High feedback gains are not needed to ensure stability. The parameter ranges allowed for stability are explicitly expressed, making the design process fairly simple. The algorithm is conceptually simple and easily implemented in industrial robots.
Generic single-input observability of continuous-time polynomial systems

It is shown that, for observable continuous time systems Whose dynamics and output are given by polynomial functions, the observation of the output that corresponds to a single input u is sufficient to determine the initial state, provided that u is suitably chosen. The "good" u's are an open dense subset of the set of all infinitely differentiable inputs. In particular, one can choose u to be a polynomial. Moreover, if the degree N is sufficiently large, then the "good" polynomial inputs of degree not greater than N form an open dense subset W of the set of all polynomials of degree not greater than N. The set W is semialgebraic, i.e., describable by finitely many polynomial inequalities. Similar results are proved for parameter identification.
Partially phase-correlated junction states

Abstract We examine the generation and steady-state dynamics of partially phase-correlated junction states (PPCJS). We demonstrate that PPCJS's, which are intermediate between the phase-ordered Josephson and the phase-uncorrelated non-Josephson state, can be generated by the selective application of random noise currents or fields to the tunnel diode.
Interaction of bovine immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) with staphylococcal protein A: evidence for IgG2a and IgG2b sub-subclasses in the bovine.

Abstract The reactivity of boving IgG with protein A is confusing with respect to which of the boving IgG class and subclasses are reactive. We have, therefore, re-examined the interaction of bovine immunoglobulins with protein A. The results presented in this paper indicated that at pH 8.0 protein A binds only immunoglobulin of the IgG2 subclass. The bound IgG2 can be readily recovered from an immobilized protein A column at pH 5.0. Furthermore, the antigenic IgG2 eluted demonstrated two charged species which could readily be separated by ion-exchange chromatography. These results indicate that IgG2 in the bovine exists in two sub-subclasses, IgG2a and IgG2b. The two sub-subclasses of IgG2 could be rapidly isolated with a good yield in two-steps namely protein A affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography.
AN EXCHANGE HEURISTIC FOR GENERALIZED JOB SHOP SCHEDULING

Abstract An efficient heuristic for the generalized job shop scheduling problem, with or without multiple parallel machines, is herein presented. This heuristic, in a somewhat more general form, was explained in some detail in our earlier work in project scheduling; and we now suggest that, through this approach, problems in the areas of job shop scheduling and project scheduling may be viewed as elements of the same class. Given an initial feasible solution, the algorithm seeks to improve on this schedule through reduction of makespan by effectively identifying rearrangement opportunities. The quality of the final schedule appears to be, in general, directly correlated to the quality of the starting solution. However, it is recommended that the process be initiated with a reasonably good randomly-generated schedule, rather than a better one produced through rule-based scheduling (such as the Longest Processing Time rule), owing to the fact that such better schedules actually tend to offer less opportunit...
The Dependence of BTI and HCI-Induced Frequency Degradation on Interconnect Length and Its Circuit Level Implications

The dependence of bias temperature instability (BTI) and hot carrier injection (HCI)-induced frequency degradation on interconnect length has been examined for the first time. Experimental data from 65-nm test chips show that frequency degradation due to BTI decreases monotonically for longer wires because of the shorter effective stress time, while the HCI-induced component has a nonmonotonic relationship with interconnect length due to the combined effect of increased effective stress time and decreased effective stress voltage. Simple aging models are proposed to capture the unique BTI and HCI behavior in global interconnect drivers. A closed-loop simulation methodology that takes into consideration the interplay between the frequency degradation and the stress parameters (such as stress duration and stress voltage) is used to determine the optimal repeater count and sizing in practical interconnect circuits.
Berry phase and anomalous Hall effect in a three-orbital tight-binding Hamiltonian

We consider the anomalous Hall (AH) state induced by interactions in a three-orbital per unit-cell model. To be specific, we consider a model appropriate for the copper-oxide lattice to highlight the necessary conditions for time-reversal breaking states which are AH states and which are not. We compare the singularities of the wave functions of the three-orbital model, which are related to the nonzero Berry curvature, and their variation with a change of gauge to those in the two-orbital model introduced in a seminal paper by Haldane. Explicit derivation using wave functions rather than the more powerful abstract methods may provide additional physical understanding of the phenomena.
Edible insects as minilivestock

Many species of insects (probably 1000 or more) have served as traditional foods among indigenous peoples, especially in warmer climes, and the insects have played an important role in the history of human nutrition. As part of the hunter-gatherer style of life, the main criteria for selection of these traditional species appears to be medium-to-large size and easy availability, i.e., abundance, as noted by Dufour and others. Thus it is not surprising that many insects considered as crop pests in modern agriculture have served as important food sources. Locusts and grasshoppers, which often occur in swarms, are good examples, and these insects have been included in the diets of almost every culture with any history of food-insect use.
Predicting adult approval of corporal punishment from childhood parenting experiences

This study explores the relationship between mothers' approval of corporal punishment and the degree to which they themselves were subjected to violence as children. Considered as additional contributing factors are: (1) whether the mothers as children were punished by their own parents, (2) whether they perceived such punishment as unfair, and (3) the degree of parental nurture they experienced as children. The sample consisted of 330 new mothers whose mother and father both lived in the home when they were 14 years of age. Respondents were interviewed at home one to two months following their infants' discharge from the hospital. After controlling for race and income, no relationship was found between approval of corporal punishment and the violence to which mothers were subjected as children. However, significant associations were found between such approval and: (1) whether mothers were punished by their parents, and (2) maternal (but not paternal) nurture. Perceptions that parental punishment was unfair failed to contribute to such approval. Altogether, parental factors in mothers' childhoods, excluding race and income, accounted for 8.9% of the variance in approval of corporal punishment.
Strength and fatigue of dispersion-strengthened copper

Abstract The tensile and fatigue properties of cold-worked copper and a commercial Cu-Al2O3 dispersion-strengthened alloy were measured at temperatures between 25 and 600°C. The GLIDCOP Al-15 alloy, which contains 0.15 wt% Al in the form of Al2O3 particles, exhibited a significantly higher tensile and fatigue strength than copper under all test conditions. The mechanical properties of this alloy appear to be suitable for high-strength, high-conductivity alloy applications in fusion reactors.
Response to Comments on "Reactions at Interfaces As a Source of Sulfate Formation in Sea-Salt Particles"

Our paper (1) demonstrated that the oxidation of chloride at the interface will be a new source of alkalinity that can modulate the acidification of particles during the day when gaseous OH is present. We proposed that this modulation of the acidity of sea-salt particles could potentially affect the rate of uptake and oxidation of SO2[S(IV)], which is very sensitive to pH.
A model for the high-frequency electrical response of wet rocks

In experiments on the electrical properties of rocks at high frequencies, the measured current has contributions from both conduction and displacement currents, and these are related to the bulk conductivity and dielectric permittivity, respectively. In the present model, the bulk electrical conductivity of a specimen is taken to be a constant given by Archie’s rule, whereas its frequency‐dependent permittivity is taken to be a generalization of Sillars’ model of a composite dielectric. The generalized Sillars’ model treats the pores as being an assemblage of spheroidally shaped inclusions with different orientations and aspect ratios. The conductivity of these spheroids, that is, the conductivity of the pore fluid, influences the frequency dependence of the permittivity in a manner that is in reasonable accord with available data. Furthermore, when applied to the dielectric data obtained in experiments on saturated rocks, the model yields distributions of pore shapes. These distributions are used to esti...
A randomized controlled trial on Stroke telerehabilitation: The effects on falls self-efficacy and satisfaction with care:

SummaryWe determined the effect of a multifaceted stroke telerehabilitation (STeleR) intervention on falls-related self-efficacy and satisfaction with care. We conducted a prospective, randomized, ...
In Vivo13C NMR spectroscopy of glucose metabolism of RIF‐1 tumors

An efficient method for measuring in vivo13C NMR spectra of tumors has been developed and employed to monitor glucose metabolism in radiation-induced fibrosarcomas (RIF-1) subcutaneously implanted in C3H/HeN mice. [1-13C]Glucose was injected directly into the tumors at a dose of 1 g/kg body wt. Spectra were obtained with a Bruker AM 360-WB spectrometer (8.4 T/8.9 cm bore) employing a homebuilt probe equipped with a four-turn solenoidal coil (1.5 cm outer diameter) for detection of 13C signals and a Helmholtz coil (two 3-cm turns separated by a 3-cm gap, oriented orthogonally to the 13C coil) for 1H decoupling. In addition to the natural abundance 13C resonances of the tumors, signals were detected from the α-and β-anomers of labeled glucose. Within 15 min following injection of labeled glucose [3-13C]lactate and [3-13C]alanine were detected. Lactate labeling approached steady state levels within about 50 min after glucose injection; in contrast, alanine labeling increased continuously over the duration of the experiment (70 min). Sixty minutes after glucose injection, the ratio of the intensity of [3- 13C]lactate to the principal lipid methylene resonance (30 ppm from external tetramethylsilane), which served as an internal intensity reference, was correlated with tumor size, whereas the corresponding ratio of the [3- 13C] alanine resonance was not. Labeling of glutamate was below the level of detection in the in vivo spectra; however, labeling of C4-glutamate at a level approximately 50-fold lower than the level of [3- 13C]lactate was detected in perchloric acid extracts. Incorporation of 13C label into C2-and C3-glutamate and C2-lactate was also observed. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
A conditional logic for defeasible beliefs

Abstract This paper provides a framework for representing beliefs by distinguishing between (i) the defeasible principles of a belief system, (ii) the propositions that are beyond reasonable doubt in a belief state, and (iii) the propositions ‘favored’ on the basis of defeasible principles and those propositions that are beyond reasonable doubt. Defeasible principles are interpreted semantically by means of a Lewis-style ranking of worlds (without the assumption that the actual world is among the ‘innermost’, or most highly ranked, worlds). The ‘favored closure’ (F-closure) of a set of defeasible principles and reasonable propositions is non-monotonic. Yet, given the concept of ‘pruning’ the default ranking relative to a set of worlds (determined by what is beyond reasonable doubt in a particular belief state) we provide a formal characterization of the conditions under which in inference to a favored conclusion on the basis of defeasible rules and reasonable propositions, is warranted. The adequacy of our representation of defeasible principles can be tested by considering a number of valid formulas that we list. We show that our concept of defeasible principle parallels but is not identical to the concept of ‘relatively high conditional probability’. An example of application of the formal language and semantics is given, and the final parts of the paper contain u
Industrial sludge reference material for the analysis of acid-extractable metals

An interlaboratory study describing the assignment of reference values to the extractable concentrations of metals in industrial sludge using NJDEP and USEPA methods is presented. Industrial waste containing high concentrations of alkali, alkaline earth, ferrous and transition metals was dried, size-reduced and homogenized. Multiple aliquots of this material were analyzed in two different government laboratories by several different combinations of extraction and analysis methodologies. Reference values for the acid-extractable concentrations of more than 15 metals were determined and will be included in the NIST Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2782, Industrial Sludge.
Initial T Cell Receptor Transgenic Cell Precursor Frequency Dictates Critical Aspects of the CD8+ T Cell Response to Infection

Adoptive-transfer experiments with relatively large input numbers ( approximately 10(6)) of T cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-tg) T cells are widely used to model endogenous T cell responses to infection or immunization. We show that input numbers of naive TCR-tg T cells sufficient to squelch the endogenous response to the same epitope substantially alter the kinetics, proliferative expansion, phenotype, and efficiency of memory generation by the TCR-tg T cells in response to infection. Thus, responses from nonphysiologic input numbers of TCR-tg T cells fail to accurately mimic the endogenous T cell response. Importantly, seeding as few as approximately 10-50 TCR-tg T cells, which constitute a fraction of the endogenous repertoire, allowed vigorous proliferation and analysis of TCR-tg cells after infection in a scenario representing normal physiology for any individual TCR. These data strongly suggest that modeling the endogenous T cell response with TCR-tg cells will require every effort to approximate the endogenous precursor frequency.
FMN binding and unfolding of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans flavodoxin: “hidden” intermediates at low denaturant concentrations

The flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans flavodoxin stays associated with the polypeptide upon guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) induced unfolding. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we determined the affinity of FMN for the flavodoxin polypeptide as a function of both urea and GuHCl concentrations (pH 7, 25 °C). The FMN affinity for folded and GuHCl-unfolded flavodoxin differs 10-fold, which is in agreement with the difference in thermodynamic stability between the apo- and holo-forms. In contrast, the urea-unfolded protein does not interact with FMN and equilibrium unfolding of holo-flavodoxin in urea results in FMN dissociation prior to polypeptide unfolding. ANS-binding, near-UV circular dichroism (CD), acrylamide quenching and FMN-emission experiments reveal the presence of native-like intermediates, not detected by far-UV CD and aromatic fluorescence detection methods, in low concentrations of both denaturants. Time-resolved experiments show that FMN binding is fastest at GuHCl concentrations where the native-like intermediate species is populated.
Lung Abscess in the Mentally Ill as a Complication of Electric Shock Treatment

Physicians dealing with the mentally ill patient often are painfully aware of how difficult is the early diagnosis of lung abscess. Furthermore, the need for early diagnosis is urgent since delay in treatment may bring about the need for pulmonary resection. In a review of the literature dealing with lung abscess following electric shock treatment we found only 34 cases. However, a survey of lung abscesses at this hospital during the past two years showed 15 cases occurring following electric shock treatment. This experience leads us to believe that lung abscesses following electric shock treatment are more cornmon than the literature indicates. A survey was undertaken to determine the factors involved in the production of these lung abscesses. Oral sepsis is a common occurrence in the mentally ill and provides a ready source of bacteria for pulmonary infection should they find access to the lungs. In addition, periods of unconsciousness are more frequently observed in the mentally ill than in the non-mentally ill. Alcoholic intoxication, attempted suicides (barbiturates) and epilepsy produce their share of the unconscious periods observed. The administration of electric shock treatment results in a period of unconsciousness with an almost explosive inspiration which follows a short period of apnea. These factors set the stage for pulmonary aspiration and lung abscess. To further complicate the situation, mentally ill patients, following their initial aspiration, seldom cough; expectorate little and rarely complain. Sixty per cent of our collected lung abscesses followed electric shock treatment. Since this treatment is under the control of the physician we are thus particularly concerned with the mechanisms involved in the production of such lung abscesses and practical methods of their prevention. Method Our study is divided into two phases. The first phase deals with proof of aspiration occurring following the administration of electric shock treatment. In a group of five patients, Dionosil,� 1 to 2 cc. was introduced into the patient’s mouth just prior to the administration of electric shock treatment. In a second group of 10 patients 5 cc. of Dionosil was administered. Chest x-ray films were taken as soon as possible following the patient’s return to consciousness. Since Dionosil is radiopaque and easily seen on chest x-ray films, this offered an excellent opportunity to verify that pulmonary aspiration of oral contents does occur following electric shock treatment.
Effects of chlorpromazine, secobarbital and sleep deprivation on attention in monkeys

In order to develop a method for studying sustained attention in the monkey, animals were trained to perform a rapid, serially-presented visual discrimination task. Two versions of the task were developed, one dependent upon shock avoidance, the other on water reward. The effects of varying doses of chlorpromazine (0.075 to 0.6 mg/kg) and of secobarbital (5 to 25 mg/kg) were studied; the shock avoidance task was also used to measure the effects of continuous work-sleep deprivation for periods up to 48 hours.