cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Austrian economics and the “market test”: A comment on laband and tollison

As one reads Laband and ToUison (2000), it seems that the authors would say that Friedman had passed Tullock's "market test," while Laband had not. Copi (1972), however, would describe Tullock's response as an instance of argumentum ad verecundiam or the informal fallacy of "appeal to authority." Indeed, since Tullock had not even bothered to hear what Laband had to say, one cannot know whether or not the young graduate student had actually found a mistake by Friedman.
1393 COMPARISON OF POSTNATAL HORMONAL CONTROL OF GLUCOSE IN OFFSPRMGS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM) AND IN HEALTHY INFANTS

1393 COMPARISON OF POSTNATAL HORMONAL CONTROL OF GLUCOSE IN OFFSPRMGS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM) AND IN HEALTHY INFANTS
Nucleokinesis in Neuronal Migration

Neuronal migration is a critical phase of nervous system development and can be divided into two distinct phases: extension of the leading process and movement of the cell body and nucleus (nucleokinesis). Nucleokinesis appears to require many of the same cytoskeletal and signaling molecules used in cell mitosis. Converging studies suggest it requires cytoplasmic dynein, cell polarity genes, and microtubule-associated proteins that coordinate microtubule remodeling. These coordinate first the positioning of the centrosome (microtubule organizing center) in the leading process in front of the nucleus and then the movement of the nucleus towards the centrosome. The positioning of the centrosome and the dynamic regulation that couples and uncouples the nucleus underlies directed migration of neurons.
Relevancy of cash flow in firm financial management

The inadequacies of assessing business performance and credit worthiness by short run cash flow under conditions of inflation are stressed in this article. Because of the economic nature of traditional loan amortization, short-run cash flow cannot be relied on in gauging: (1) true business performance and (2) long-run repayment capacity. In addition, standard financial performance ratios using nominal flows are shown to be inadequate under inflationary conditions. This article stresses that business performance and credit worthiness analysis should be based on a real monetary basis. An example is provided to demonstrate the necessary modifications of nominal business flows to place the financial analysis on a real basis.
Contrasting seismicity between the north China and south China blocks: Kinematics and geodynamics

[1] The north China block (NCB), part of the Sino-Korean craton, is surprisingly one of the most active seismic regions in the world. The south China block (SCB), another major craton in East Asia, has been seismically quiescent. Using the updated GPS data and finite element modeling, we show that the kinematic boundary conditions are the primary cause of the contrasting seismicity. The SCB, facilitated by large strike-slip faults on its boundaries, moves coherently as a rigid block. Conversely, sandwiched between the expanding Tibetan plateau and the stable Siberia, the NCB experiences large differential stresses, which are further enhanced by faulting and thermal thinning of the lithosphere. The spatial agreement between seismic energy release in the past ∼2000 years and the predicted long-term strain energy implies that intense seismicity in the NCB may continue in the future.
The cytology of achiasmatic meiosis in the female Tigriopus (copepoda)

1. In the harpacticoid copepods T. californicus, T. brevicornis, and T. japonicus the chromosome number is established at 2n = 24 for both sexes. Both sexes appear to be homogametic chromosomally. 2. Meiosis in the female follows the same general pattern in all three species. It is achiasmatic. 3. Distant conjugation takes place in the first meiotic prophase and continues throughout the first meiotic division. 4. MI orientation is regular and is brought about by the telosyndetic association of non-homologous pairs into a circular arrangement of eight pairs in T. californicus and T. japonicus; of nine pairs in T. brevicornis. The remaining pairs form side associations to the circular arrangement. These arrangements appear to be characteristic for each of the three species. 5. Occurrence of terminal heterochromatic knobs on the chromosomes reflects the pattern of MI orientation. 6. It is suggested that the attraction properties of these knobs in late prophase and up to a stage shortly before MI accounts for the orderly arrangement of the metaphase chromosomes, resulting in normal distributional products inspite of the lack of chiasmata. 7. Meiosis in the male is chiasmatio as much as revealed by the formation of regular bivalents in MI.
Nonparametric and Semiparametric Models for Missing Covariates in Parametric Regression

Robustness of covariate modeling for the missing-covariate problem in parametric regression is studied under the missing-at-random assumption. For a simple missing-covariate pattern, nonparametric covariate model is proposed and is shown to yield a consistent and semiparametrically efficient estimator for the regression parameter. Total robustness is achieved in this situation. For more general missingcovariate patterns, a novel semiparametric modeling approach is proposed for the covariates. In this approach, the covariate distribution is first decomposed into the product of a series of conditional distributions according to the overall missing-data patterns, and the conditional distributions are then represented in the general odds ratio form. The general odds ratios are modeled parametrically, and the other components of the covariate distribution are modeled nonparametrically. Maximum semiparametric likelihood is used to find the parameter estimates. The proposed method yields a consistent estimator f...
Dendrimer Liquid Membranes: CO2 Separation from Gas Mixtures

A generation 0 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer in the immobilized liquid membrane (ILM) configuration was studied using flat films and hollow fibers for CO2−N2 separation. This dendrimer as a pure liquid functions as a CO2-selective molecular gate with highly humidified feed gas (Kovvali et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7594). The present work broadens the range of relative humidity of the feed gas stream (RHf) by adding a small amount of glycerol to the pure dendrimer liquid. A 75% dendrimer−25% glycerol ILM was found to increase the operating range of RHf substantially while maintaining the CO2 permeance and the selectivity (αCO2/N2) close to the levels observed with a pure dendrimer ILM. The performances of pure and 75% dendrimer ILMs were found to be superior or comparable to the highest reported αCO2/N2's. This behavior is explained in terms of the charged environment in the dendrimer liquid membrane under humidified feed conditions and facilitated transport of CO2.
Mass and momentum transfer in polymers. II. Effects of concurrent sorption or desorption of penetrant on tensile creep of an amorphous polymer

Techniques have been developed for the prediction of tensile creep behavior of rubbery amorphous polymers with concurrent sorption or desorption of penetrant. The procedures require knowledge of polymer–penetrant interdiffusion behavior and the creep behavior of dry polymer and of polymer swollen to equilibrium. The techniques are based upon a moving boundary treatment, proposed by Kishimoto and Fujita, which has been modified and extended to consider two types of boundary definition, desorption in addition to sorption, and extension of the analysis to longer times. Calculated curves for the concurrent processes of diffusion and creep in the systems poly(n-butyl methacrylate) with ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, or benzene vapors at 23°C agree to a good approximation with those measured directly. Diffusion coefficients calculated from the measured concurrent curves also are comparable with those measured directly in previous studies. The techniques are useful initial procedures which, with some further modification or extension, should lead to a more general description of concurrent mass and momentum transfer in polymer–penetrant systems.
A role for epha2 in cell migration and refractive organization of the ocular lens.

The Eph receptors constitute the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases.1 The extracellular domains of Eph receptors interact with membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, located on the surfaces of adjacent cells. Unlike other receptor tyrosine kinases, Eph receptors function primarily in the regulation of cell shape, cell-substrate adhesion, and migration, though in certain contexts Eph receptors can also influence proliferation.2 Eph receptors take their name from the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell line from which the first member of the family, EPHA1, was cloned.3 Eph receptors are divided into A and B subclasses.4 In mammals, nine Epha (Epha1–8 and Epha10) and five Ephb (Ephb1–4 and Ephb6) receptors are known. Ephrin ligands are also classified into two groups: ephrin-a ligands (Efna1–5 in mammals) are GPI-linked proteins, whereas ephrin-b ligands (Efnb1–3) are transmembrane proteins. Typically, EphA receptors bind to ephrin-A ligands and EphB receptors bind to ephrin-B ligands, although limited cross-talk between class members has been reported.5 Eph-ephrin binding is unusual in that it can stimulate bidirectional signaling: forward signaling into the receptor-expressing cell and reverse signaling into the ligand-expressing cell.2 As a group, Eph receptors are expressed most prominently during development, when they play critical roles in such processes as limb formation and nervous system patterning. Most Eph receptors are expressed at low levels in adult tissues. A notable exception to this is Epha2 (originally called Eck, for epithelial cell kinase), which was cloned from HeLa cells6 and was shown to be enriched in adult tissues with high epithelial content such as lung, digestive tract, and skin.7 The biology of Epha2 has been studied intensively because the receptor is overexpressed in many human cancers.8–10 Recent studies have identified Epha2 as a surprisingly abundant plasma membrane component in cells of the ocular lens.11 The precise role of Epha2 in the lens is unknown, but mutations in EPHA2 have been shown to underlie inherited forms of cataract in humans.12–14 Moreover, common variants in EPHA2 have been associated with the much more prevalent age-related form of cataract.12,15,16 To gain insights into the role of Epha2 in the lens, we analyzed the lens phenotype of Epha2-null mice. Our data suggest that Epha2 is not required for lens transparency but does play a significant role in cell guidance and refractive organization of the lens.
Surface-Enhanced Raman and Resonant Rayleigh Scatterings From Adsorbate Saturated Nanoparticles†

Collective excitation of conduction electrons in metallic nanoparticles (NP) sustains surface plasmon resonance (SPR) resulting in a large and highly localized amplification of the incident electromagnetic field near the metal NP. This in turn enhances scattered radiation from any molecule in this neighborhood and is the enabling mechanism of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The optical response of the NPs is highly dependent on their composition, size, shape, and dielectric environment as well as on coupling with nearby particles. In this study, the surfaces of isolated gold NPs and NP dimers, trimers, and multimers were saturated with a Raman reporter molecule (4-(mercaptomethyl)benzonitrile), SERS intensity and surface plasmon resonance profiles were measured, and these were correlated with the nanostructure geometry as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Dark-field optical microscopy aided in the selection of isolated NPs and was used for measurements of their SPR in the form of resona...
Classification of postoperative acromial fractures following reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Background: Acromial fractures following reverse shoulder arthroplasty are difficult to identify and have variable effects onoutcomes. A reproducible classification system is needed to categorizethese fractures before it is possible to evaluate optimal treatment. The purposes of this study were to investigate the ability of radiographs to detect acromial fractures and establish fracture union, and to assess the reliability of a new classification system of postoperative acromial fractures based on the involvement of the deltoid origin. Methods: Eighteen patients presenting with pain along the acromion or scapular spine following reverse shoulder arthroplasty were evaluated for acromial fractures over a period of fifty-six months. If radiographic findings were negative, computed tomography (CT) scans were performed. Sixteen acromial fractures were identified and classified into subtypes on the basis of the deltoid muscle origin: type I indicated involvement of a portion of the anterior and middle deltoid origin; type II,at leastthe entire middledeltoid originwith a portionbut notallof the posterior deltoidorigin; andtype III, theentire middle and posterior deltoid origin. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was seventy-seven years (range, fifty-seven to eighty-seven years); the average duration of follow-up after surgery was twenty-five months (range, seven to forty-eight months). All fractures were treated nonoperatively. Blinded, fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons reviewed images that best illustrated the fracture, and the interobserver reliability of the classification system was evaluated. The reliabilityofradiographstodetectthefractureatthetimeoftheinitialpresentationofpainandtoobserveultimatefracture union was evaluated. Results: Interobserver reliability of the classification system was excellent (interclass correlation coefficient of 0.96). Radiographs were unreliable at detecting acromialfractures at thetime of the initial presentation of pain (k= 20.5) and at determining fracture union (k = 0.05). Conclusions: Radiographs may be unreliable for detecting acromial fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, and CT scans are often needed to identify the fracture. Once identified, postoperative acromial fractures can be reliably classified into three subtypes. Nonoperative treatment of postoperative acromial fractures results in limitation of functional outcomes. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Stochastic Beam Cooling Amplifier System Front End Components Performance Characteristics

The stochastic beam cooling amplifier front end consists of 180? hybrids, cables, directional couplers, power dividers/combiners and low noise preamplifiers. Most front ends will be operating at near liquid nitrogen (LN) temperature. Components used in the front ends should be able to operate at this temperature satisfactorily. Since the noise performance of the front end is of utmost importance to the beam cooling process, the insertion losses of cables, 180° hybrids, directional couplers and power combiners have been measured at room temperature and near liquid nitrogen temperature. The purpose of this report is to describe and present some measurements and data on the components mentioned, with the exception of the 1-2 and 2-4 GHz preamplifiers, which have been described elsewhere. 1,2
Erythrocytes from Ozone-Exposed Mice Exhibit Decreased Deformability

Injury from short-term exposure to ozone (O3) was detected by a simple test of red blood cell (RBC) filterability. This test measures changes in the ability of the RBC to deform--as occurs during passage through small capillaries. Male CD-1 mice were exposed to 1.0, 0.7, or 0.3 ppm O3 for 4 hr, and blood samples were obtained by heart puncture. RBCs were suspended in Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 10 mg/dl glucose. After incubation in air for up to 6 hr, the time required for 2 ml RBC suspension to pass through a 3-micron-pore-size polycarbonate filter was determined. A significant increase in the 6-hr filtration time for O3-exposed (1.0 ppm) mice over unexposed mice and a lack of protection by vitamin E were shown. The increases in RBC filtration times for O3-exposed mice appeared to be dose related. Ozone exposure (1.0 ppm) caused a significant increase in the hematocrit of both vitamin E-deficient and -supplemented mice. Vitamin E supplementation appeared to partially prevent this increase in hematocrit. Measurement of lipid peroxidation by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test revealed no detectable levels of TBA-reactive material in RBC from O3-exposed mice. These results suggest that measurement of RBC filterability may be feasible as a clinical test for short-term injury from exposure to oxidant gases.
Effect of Periodic Feeding and Photoperiod on Anticipation of Feed Withdrawal

Abstract Broiler chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery were reared on litter in environmental chambers. The rearing temperature was 32 C initially, and reduced 2.8 C/wk until 24 C was reached. Water was available for ad libitum intake. The treatments began at 7 days in Trial 1 and at 8 days in Trial 2, during which feed and water consumption were recorded by computer every 30 min and summarized for 2- and 24-h periods until each trial was completed. In Trial 1, the treatments were: 1) continuous light with feed available 12 h/day; and 2) 12 h light (L):12 h dark (D) with feed available for ad libitum consumption for 1 wk and unavailable thereafter during darkness. In Trial 2, the treatments were 1) 14L:10D; 2) 10L:14D; and 3) continuous light. During the treatments, no feed was provided during darkness and only for 12 h/day during continuous light. At 29 days, feeding and lighting were again continuously provided until the trial ended at 33 days. Broilers were able to anticipate the period of feed unavailability when it coincided with darkness. They were unable to anticipate the period when feed was unavailable if they were in continuous light. Continuously lighted broilers consumed more feed at the onset of the feeding period than did the broilers in light:dark cycles. Periodically lighted broilers consumed more feed at the end than at the onset of the feeding period. Resumption of continuous feeding occurred more quickly for continuously lighted broilers than for those previously on light:dark cycles. The data indicate that the internal clock that permits broilers to anticipate recurring periods of feed unavailability depends on a daily period of darkness.
Hybrid PET/CT and Frequency-Domain Based NIRF Optical Tomography Modality for Preclinical Studies

We present the development of miniaturized system for performing preclinical NIRF optical tomography using frequency-domain approach suitable for incorporation in a preclinical hybrid PET/CT scanner.
Clinical pharmacology of extended-spectrum penicillins in infants and children

Compared with previously available penicillins, piperacillin, azlocillin, and mezlocillin have increased activity in vitro against gram-negative bacilli. After intravenous administration of conventional doses (50 to 100 mg/kg) in children, peak concentrations of these drugs are }70 to 350 μg/ml. For piperacillin, azlocillin, and mezlocillin, the half-lives during the beta elimination phase (t 1/2β) are approximately 0.5 to 0.75, 0.8 to 1.7, and 0.8 to 1.0 hours, respectively. In patients receiving the higher dosage, particularly of azlocillin, the t 1/2β may be prolonged by }20%. A total daily dosage of 300 mg/kg or 9 gm/m 2 given in four to six divided dosages should produce peak concentrations of }150 μg/ml, and concentrations >16 μg/ml for at least 2 hours after each administration. Lower daily dosages are needed in neonates, but precise dosage recommendations cannot be made at this time. Only }60% of piperacillin and }45% of azlocillin are eliminated unchanged in the urine; thus only modest dosage reductions are needed in patients with decreased renal function. In children, adverse effects have been infrequent.
Carbon–hydrogen bond activation of chloroalkanes by a rhodium trispyrazolylborate complex

The trispyrazolylborate complex fragment [Tp′Rh(CNneopentyl)], generated photochemically from the carbodiimide complex, reacts with chloro-substituted alkanes to give primary C–H oxidative addition products. Little reactivity is seen of the carbon–chlorine bond except when chlorine is in the β-position of the alkyl group.
New insights on selected radio galaxy nuclei

Abstract We are performing a survey of powerful 3CR radio galaxies and quasars in the mid-infrared. The purpose is to test for the presence of a powerful hidden quasar-like thermal nucleus by measuring the ‘waste heat’ that must be emitted by any obscuring dust. The dust is treated as a calorimeter for the central engine. Three early mid-IR detections are particularly interesting: Cygnus A, M87, and Centaurus A. These are notable both as a demonstration of our technique and as an example of the great variety of objects that are classified as radio galaxies. We confirm the presence of hidden quasar-like nuclei in Cyg A and Cen A, but M87 shows only weak mid-IR emission, indicating its AGN is non-thermal, and consistent with only synchrotron emission. We also present a new near-infrared adaptive optics image of Cygnus A which shows a secondary point source.
Piezoresistance of N-Type Magnesium Stannide.

The piezoresistance tensor components for $n$-type ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn have been measured from 50-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The piezoresistance effect in ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn is larger than the piezoresistance effect in germanium or silicon. From these measurements and the elastic constants reported by Davis et al, the elastoresistance tensor components were obtained and found to satisfy the conditions ${m}_{11}=\ensuremath{-}2{m}_{12}$, ${m}_{11}$ large, and ${m}_{44}$ small, in the temperature range 50-200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These relationships confirm that $n$-type ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn is a many-valley semiconductor with constant-energy ellipsoids in the $〈100〉$ directions. The fact that ${m}_{11}$ and ${m}_{12}$ were both linear in the temperature range 60-175\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K indicates that intervalley scattering is unimportant in the extrinsic temperature region. The small value of the volume coefficient, $\frac{1}{3}({m}_{11}+2{m}_{12})$, indicates that carrier mobility in $n$-type ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn is relatively insensitive to changes in sample volume. The deformation potential was determined from a combination of these piezoresistance results and Umeda's magnetoresistance data, and was found to satisfy the relation ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}={{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}}^{0}(1+\ensuremath{\alpha}T)$, where ${{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}}^{0}=10.1$ eV and $\ensuremath{\alpha}=[(\ensuremath{-}4.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}]\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. High-stress piezo-resistance measurements yielded a deformation potential of ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}=18$ eV and mobility anistropy of $K=2.65$ at 77.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Umeda obtained $K=3.51$. A possible qualitative explanation of these differences can be given in terms of a change with stress of the position of the donor levels with respect to the conduction band.
Optimizations and OpenMP implementation for the direct simulation Monte Carlo method

Abstract Parallel implementation of a three-dimensional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code employing complex data structures and dynamic memory allocation is detailed for shared memory systems using Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP). Several techniques to optimize the serial implementation of the DSMC method are first discussed. Specifically for a 3-level Cartesian grid, a Cartesian-based movement technique including particle indexing is demonstrated to result in a modest decrease in overall simulation expense of 34% compared with a ray-tracing technique combined with stored cell-connectivity. Two strategies for data localization leading to optimal usage of cache memory are demonstrated to speed up certain cell-based functions (such as collision computations) by a factor of 3.38–4.36. The shared-memory parallel implementation using OpenMP is then described in detail. Synchronization points and related critical sections are identified as major factors that impact the OpenMP parallel performance. Techniques to remove all such synchronization points in the OpenMP implementation of the DSMC method are outlined. For dual-core and quad-core systems, speedups of 1.99 and 3.74, respectively, are obtained for a (free-stream flow) test simulation with low granularity. Finally, the parallel performance of identical source code employing OpenMP is shown to be strongly correlated to the underlying computer architecture. Both Symmetric Multiprocessor (SMP) and non-uniform memory access (NUMA) systems are studied in order to achieve a better understanding of their impacts on parallel scalability when using OpenMP.
And the Award for Best Actor Goes to…: Facades of Conformity in Organizational Settings

Facades of conformity are false representations created by employees to appear as if they embrace organizational values. I present a conceptualization of the facades of conformity construct and propose that organizational reward systems, minority status, and self-monitoring are examples of variables likely to serve as antecedents to creating facades of conformity. I also propose that psychological and emotional distress are potential outcomes to facade creation. I conclude with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications for continued research on facade creation.
Role of the Nonspecific DNA-binding Region and α Helices within the Core Domain of Retroviral Integrase in Selecting Target DNA Sites for Integration

Retroviral integrase plays an important role in choosing host chromosomal sites for integration of the cDNA copy of the viral genome. The domain responsible for target site selection has been previously mapped to the central core of the protein (amino acid residues 49–238). Chimeric integrases between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were prepared to examine the involvement of a nonspecific DNA-binding region (residues 213–266) and certain α helices within the core domain in target site selection. Determination of the distribution and frequency of integration events of the chimeric integrases narrowed the target site-specifying motif to within residues 49–187 and showed that α3 and α4 helices (residues 123–166) were not involved in target site selection. Furthermore, the chimera with the α2 helix (residues 118–121) of FIV identity displayed characteristic integration events from both HIV-1 and FIV integrases. The results indicate that the α2 helix plays a role in target site preference as either part of a larger or multiple target site-specifying motif.
Differential Impact of Role Conflict and Ambiguity on Selected Correlates: A Two-Sample Test:

The relationships between role conflict and ambiguity and their antecedents and consequences are the focus of much research. In such studies, however, the differential impact of role conflict as compared to role ambiguity on various correlates has not been empirically tested. In this study, results from such tests for two samples suggest that role conflict and ambiguity have comparable associations with nine widely researched correlates.
Possible indication of a light gluino.

The quarkonia data on {alpha}{sub 3} taken at face value, although consistent among themselves at the 10% level, are inconsistent with the current picture of minimal supersymmetric grand unification. They become consistent if the gluino octet lies below half the {ital Z} mass and are also consistent with jet measurements of {alpha}{sub 3} in the {ital Z} region if the gluino lies below the {Upsilon} region.
Concept analysis of comfort.

Topic The concept of comfort, although used frequently and throughout the nursing literature, has not been clearly or consistently defined. Purpose To clarify the meaning of comfort by employing the systematic approach of an evolutionary concept-analysis method. Sources Books, journals, professional organization position statements, electronic searches. Conclusions A clear definition and meaning of comfort is needed, and thus the ability to use this concept empirically in order to further nursing knowledge development.
Emotional Consciousness and Personal Relationships

Three kinds of emotional consciousness are distinguished in this article: feeling awareness, intellectual awareness, and bare awareness. All are important to three moral properties that emotions may have: epistemic, practical, and relational. The bulk of this article is devoted to the third dimension of moral value, that emotions are constitutive of personal relationships such as friendship, enmity, good and bad parenthood, and collegiality. The conception of emotions as concern-based construals (Roberts, 2003) is put to work to explain how felt and intellectually conscious emotions are constitutive of the qualities of such relationships. The relational value of emotions interacts with their epistemic and practical values.
How Rachel Carson and Michael Harrington Changed the World

The 50th anniversary of two pathbreaking books—Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and Michael Harrington’s The Other America—that helped change public opinion and public policy about the environment and poverty is discussed. Peter Dreier looks into what contemporary academics, including sociologists, can learn from the lives and careers of these two influential public intellectuals.
Adaptation of Mammalian Auditory Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Is Independent of Calcium Entry

Adaptation is a hallmark of hair cell mechanotransduction, extending the sensory hair bundle dynamic range while providing mechanical filtering of incoming sound. In hair cells responsive to low frequencies, two distinct adaptation mechanisms exist, a fast component of debatable origin and a slow myosin-based component. It is generally believed that Ca(2+) entry through mechano-electric transducer channels is required for both forms of adaptation. This study investigates the calcium dependence of adaptation in the mammalian auditory system. Recordings from rat cochlear hair cells demonstrate that altering Ca(2+) entry or internal Ca(2+) buffering has little effect on either adaptation kinetics or steady-state adaptation responses. Two additional findings include a voltage-dependent process and an extracellular Ca(2+) binding site, both modulating the resting open probability independent of adaptation. These data suggest that slow motor adaptation is negligible in mammalian auditory cells and that the remaining adaptation process is independent of calcium entry.
Toward online 3-D object segmentation and mapping

We build on recent fast and accurate 3-D reconstruction techniques to segment objects during scene reconstruction. We take object outline information from change detection to build 3-D models of rigid objects and represent the scene as static and dynamic components. Object models are updated online during mapping, and can integrate segmentation information from sources other than change detection.
SYNTHESIS OF DNA IN ISOLATED NUCLEI FROM DIFFERENTIATED MAMMALIAN EPIDERMAL CELLS

Epidermal spinous and granular cells from the newborn rat neither replicate their nuclear DNA nor proliferate in vitro under conditions which support both processes in basal cells. However, as shown by autoradiography, [ 3 H]thymidine and [ 14 C]bromodeoxyuridine do label nuclei removed from spinous cells but not from granular cells. CsCl density gradient centrifugation of DNA obtained from early differentiated nuclei which had been exposed in vitro to [ 14 C]bromodeoxyuridine, indicated that a considerable level of the tracer was present in the nucleic acid and suggested that replication of the genome had occurred. Therefore, spinous cells appear to retain the capability of reproducing nuclear DNA. Since differentiated cells appear to have the "diploid" level of DNA, these observations point to the replication of DNA as a possible locus of the mitotic inhibition which is coincident with epidermal differentiation.
On the triplet states of polynucleotide--acridine complexes. I. Triplet energy delocalization in the 9-aminoacridine-DNA complex.

Phosphorescence and fluorescence from the dye in complexes of DNA with 9-amino-acridine and acridine orange in a glycerol-H2O glass have been measured at 77°K. The dependence of the p/fratio for 9-aminoacridine on the exciting wavelength demonstrates triplet–triplet energy transfer from DNA to dye. The result provides evidence for π electron overlap between the dye and the bases of native DNA. The observation that the magnitude of the enhancement in ultraviolet-excited dye phosphorescence increases with the base to dye ratio indicates triplet delocalization in the polymer. Preliminary flash experiments provide evidence that this delocalization is not limited by slow diffusion of the triplet exciton. The inability to detect transfer on denaturation of the DNA illustrates the sensitivity of triplet–triplet energy transfer to the conformation of the macromolecular complex.
Co-ordination of insulation and spacing of transmission line conductors

A SURVEY of practice on existing transmission systems shows, for the same operating voltage, wide variations in the insulation used. Also, wide variations occur in the spacing between conductors and from them to grounded members of the supporting structure.
Controlled release devices for the delivery of anthelmintics in cattle.

Abstract Control of cattle helminths is not so much a problem of drug choice, but of drug delivery and livestock management. Several effective anthelmintics are available for domestic livestock, but their efficiency in limiting infection and disease attributed to important parasites such as Ostertagia and Haemonchus has been mainly due to good management practice and strategically timed treatment based on detailed epizootiological studies of parasite transmission. In most situations, treated animals remain fully susceptible to reinfection if continually grazed on contaminated pastures, and this is the rationale behind techniques for continuous or multiple treatment with anthelmintics. In response to these treatment requirements, the animal health industry has developed controlled release devices, or boluses, that can be implanted orally into the rumen (Fig. 1) to release anthelmintics over an extended period — either in a delayed or pulsed fashion. In this article, Gary Zimmerman and Eric Hoberg discuss same of the most promising of such devices.
A fluorescent immunoassay for theophylline: description and comparison to enzyme immunoassay, liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay

A fluorescent immunoassay for theophylline is described and comparatively evaluated with radioimmunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme immunoassay. Fifty sera were collected from 43 patients of a large acute-care medical facility, many of whom were suffering from other diseases in addition to bronchial asthma or apnea of the newborn, and were receiving other medication besides theophylline. Assays of theophylline in each serum sample were performed by each of the 4 procedures. The four methods showed comparable results, although each method had at least one unexplained outlier. Nevertheless, all methods seemed suitable for routine chemistry laboratory use. Three of the techniques have been available for several years, but unexplained erroneous levels are sometimes obtained for every procedure.
Simulation of a periodic dielectric corrugation with an equivalent anisotropic layer

A periodic, corrugated, dielectric layer is simulated by an anisotropic dielectric layer of equal thickness. The tensor elements of the equivalent dielectric layer are given in terms of the permittivity of the dielectric material, the period of the surface corrugation, and the width of the corrugations. The validity of this technique is verified by comparing the reflection coefficient of the equivalent layer with that of the corresponding corrugated layer using the moment method. Employing a multiple layer approach, the technique is extended to handle periodic surfaces with arbitrary cross sections which can be used to design millimeter wave dielectric plate polarizers and absorbers.
NEURAL NETWORK MODELING OF TRANSITION METAL - ZEOLITE EXHAUST CATALYSTS

Abstract Recent research in automobile exhaust catalysts has addressed the substitution of platinum-group metals Pt, Pd and Rh by metals such as Cu, Co, Ag, Zn, Mn and Sr exchanged or impregnated on zeolites, TiO2 or Zro2 carriers. These catalysts have the potential of becoming good alternatives to the commercial three-way catalysts to convert pollutant hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This paper describes a technique based on neural networks, to correlate the catalyst synthesis variables and resulting exhaust conversion. The optimum catalyst composition and operating conditions for a specified exhaust conversion are determined A back-propagation algorithm was used to train the feed-forward neural network consisting of two hidden layers with 45 and 60 neurons in the first and second hidden layers respectively, with optimum values of the learning factor and momentum gain coefficient. The effects of the operating and compositional parameters on NOx conversion by Cu-ZSM-5 we...
Use of a Long-acting Inhaled β2-Adrenergic Agonist, Salmeterol Xinafoate, in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition in which continuous bronchodilation may have clinical advantages. This study evaluated salmeterol, a β -agonist bronchodilator with a duration of action substantially longer than that of short-acting β -agonists, compared with ipratropium, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, and placebo in patients with COPD. Four hundred and five patients with COPD received either salmeterol 42 μ g twice daily, ipratropium bromide 36 μ g four times daily, or placebo for 12 wk in this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Patients were stratified on the basis of bronchodilator response to albuterol ( > 12% and > 200-ml improvement) and were randomized within each stratum. Bronchodilator response was measured over 12 h four times during the treatment period. Salmeterol provided similar maximal bronchodilatation to ipratropium but had a longer duration of action and a more constant bronchodilatory effect with no evidence of bronchodilator tolerance. Both a...
Restriction mapping and molecular cloning of adenovirus type 4 (subgroup E) DNA

The locations of thirty restriction endonuclease cleavage sites were determined on the genome of adenovirus type 4 (Ad4), the sole member of the subgroup E adenovirions. The restriction endonucleases Bg/II, EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI, KpnI, SalI, and XbaI cut Ad4 DNA 10, 3, 2, 3, 5, 5 and 3 times, respectively. Orientation of the linear Ad4 map with respect to left and right molecular ends was accomplished by taking advantage of the limited sequence homology between Ad2 and Ad4. Ten non-overlapping fragments of Ad4 DNA representing 98% of the genome, map units 1.6 to 99.6, have been cloned into the plasmid vector pKC7.
Synthesis of methyl substituted benzanthracenes and benzanthracene derivatives

Abstract Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-dimethylisobenzofuran with cinnamic esters allows for the synthesis of a variety of 7,12 dimethylbenzanthracene derivatives. The sterically congested 1,7,12 trimethylbanzanthracene was prepared.
Interaction of Fast Neutrons with Oriented Ho 165

Total cross-section and angular distribution measurements are reported for 8- and 15-MeV neutrons incident on unoriented ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$. Measurements of the "deformation effect" in the total cross section for unpolarized neutrons incident on oriented ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$ at 8 and 15 MeV are also reported. The first and second moments of the nuclear orientation were $\frac{{B}_{1}}{{B}_{1}(max)}=+0.55$ and $\frac{{B}_{2}}{{B}_{2}(max)}=+0.25$. If the "deformation effect" is defined by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{Def}}=\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{oriented})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{unoriented})$, the experimental results for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{Def}}$ are -38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 mb and -139\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16 mb at 8 and 15 MeV, respectively. The above data are explained by a coupled-channel analysis based on the rotational optical model, and the optical parameters derived from this analysis are used to interpret a measurement of the "spin-spin effect" at ${E}_{n}=7.85$ MeV. The neutron polarization for the measurement was 0.34. If the "spin-spin effect" is defined by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ss}}={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$, the experimental result for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ss}}$ is +3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13 mb at ${E}_{n}=7.85$ MeV. If $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ss}}$ is assumed to arise from a term of the form $\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{ss}}f(r, {r}_{0}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}, a)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{I}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}}{I}$ in the optical potential, the acceptable limits on the strength of the potential are $\ensuremath{-}340 \mathrm{keV}l{V}_{\mathrm{ss}}l540 \mathrm{keV}$. The present experimental results are compared with other published data on the interaction of neutrons with oriented ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$.
On the Use of the Beta Distribution in Probabilistic Resource Assessments

The triangular distribution is a popular choice when it comes to modeling bounded continuous random variables. Its wide acceptance derives mostly from its simple analytic properties and the ease with which modelers can specify its three parameters through the extremes and the mode. On the negative side, hardly any real process follows a triangular distribution, which from the outset puts at a disadvantage any model employing triangular distributions. At a time when numerical techniques such as the Monte Carlo method are displacing analytic approaches in stochastic resource assessments, easy specification remains the most attractive characteristic of the triangular distribution. The beta distribution is another continuous distribution defined within a finite interval offering wider flexibility in style of variation, thus allowing consideration of models in which the random variables closely follow the observed or expected styles of variation. Despite its more complex definition, generation of values following a beta distribution is as straightforward as generating values following a triangular distribution, leaving the selection of parameters as the main impediment to practically considering beta distributions. This contribution intends to promote the acceptance of the beta distribution by explaining its properties and offering several suggestions to facilitate the specification of its two shape parameters. In general, given the same distributional parameters, use of the beta distributions in stochastic modeling may yield significantly different results, yet better estimates, than the triangular distribution.
Structural requirements for signal-induced target binding of FADD determined by functional reconstitution of FADD deficiency.

FADD is a key adaptor modulating several signaling pathways such as apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and cell proliferation induced by mitogens. Whereas mutations in Fas disrupt its binding to FADD and cause autoimmune lymphoproliferative (lpr) syndromes, a FADD deficiency blocks embryonic development in mice. To delineate the multifunction of FADD in vivo, we performed functional reconstitution analysis by introducing wild type and mutant FADD into FADD–/– cells or FADD–/– mice lacking the endogenous FADD. An lpr-like FADD mutant, V121N, was reported previously as being defective in Fas binding in vitro. However, we found that in mice V121N can bind to Fas and is functional in signaling apoptosis. Unexpectedly, this lpr-like mutant FADD failed to support mouse development, indicating that the death domain of FADD has an additional function required for embryogenesis, which is independent of that required for receptor-induced apoptosis. Further mutagenesis was targeted at charged residues in the FADD death domain, presumably mediating electrostatic interactions with Fas. We showed that the target binding and apoptosis signaling functions of FADD were not affected when mutations were introduced to a majority of the charged residues. In one exception, replacing arginine 117 with an uncharged residue disrupted target binding and apoptosis signaling, but restoring the positive charge at position 117 failed to reconstitute the FADD function. Therefore, in vivo target binding of FADD involves an additional mechanism distinct from electrostatic interaction.
Ultrastructural and physiological evidence for calcitonin-induced postprandial calcium storage in bones of rats.

The postulate tested by these experiments is that calcitonin directs a portion of the calcium absorbed from food into temporary storage at surfaces of bone. This study utilized young adult rats in which the parathyroid glands had been autotransplanted. Many rats were also thyroidectomized (TX). All were trained to a 0900 h feeding schedule with predetermined calcium content of food. Calcitonin was injected only during the first 4 h postprandially to some of the TX animals. Urine calcium was monitored and, after sacrifice, changes in the tibia were recorded. The following results were obtained: (a) In thyroid-intact (TI) rats, renal calcium excretion was reduced if the daily intake of calcium was less than 90 mg. In TX rats calcium excretion rose each day during the time of intestinal absorption of calcium. Calcitonin injection to TX rats reduced urinary calcium content on the day it was injected. However, on the following 2 days, renal calcium excretion rose to twice that of TX controls. (b) Electron micrographs of bone tissue from TI rats and TX rats injected with calcitonin showed greater pyroantimonate reaction within bone fluid than did tissue from TX controls. Similarly, when prepared by an anhydrous procedure, bone surfaces of tibia taken from rats with endogenous or exogenous calcitonin contained dense material accumulation (following a calcium-containing meal) not present in bones from TX rats. (c) When tibia shaft fragments of rats sacrificed 4 h after consuming a calcium-containing meal were washed in acidic saline, more calcium accumulated during the first 15 min in the media containing bones from TI than from TX rats. The final equilibration level between media and bone fragments was not affected by the calcitonin state of the rat. These experiments demonstrate both physiological and bone morphological differences between TI and TX rats which can be negated by postprandial calcitonin injection to TX animals. They support the postulate that the secretion of calcitonin postprandially aids in the conservation and storage of ingested calcium.