cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation in Lake Malawi (East Africa) during the past 10,000 years: a continuous paleoclimatic record from the southern tropics

A suite of piston cores recovered from Lake Malawi (9–14°S, 34–35°E), east Africa in 1986 has been analyzed for major and minor elements, organic C and N, calcium carbonate and diatoms. An internally consistent stratigraphy was constructed from calcium carbonate abundance and variations in the two most abundant diatom genera, Stephanodiscus and Melosira, with age control obtained primarily from 14C dating of the carbonate. Differences with time in Fe abundance in a transect of cores from different water depths have been interpreted to reflect changes in chemocline depth. The depth to the chemocline was on the order of 100 m shallower than present prior to 3500 yr B.P., indicating less seasonality. Carbonate production and preservation appears to be related to climatically induced changes in both salinity and chemical distributions in the water column. The carbonate, which precipitates from surface waters, is most abundant during the interval from about 10,000 to 6000 yr B.P. This micrite most likely represents periods of low lake level when salinity increased and carbonate precipitation was enhanced. Sedimentary evidence suggests that lake levels were 100–150 m lower than present during this period. This record is different from climatic trends in northern intertropical Africa, but appears to also be related to changes in insolation and monsoon circulation. This is the northernmost basin in Africa reported to exhibit a “southern hemisphere” response to the early Holocene northern hemisphere summer insolation maximum. The climatic hingeline north of Lake Malawi (∼ 9°S) implied by our results is significantly south of that indicated by general-circulation model simulations, however. The cores show evidence for periods of abrupt climate change during the interval of generally arid climate.
Socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors and health in urban Guyana.

Abstract This study seeks to understand the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and self-reported indicators of physical and mental health in an urban Third World context. The data come from a probability sample of 654 adult residents of Georgetown, Guyana. There is a significant inverse association between formal education and morbidity for four of the six measures of health status. In this research the extent to which self-concept, health behaviors, stress and social ties are linked to health status and SES, and can explain SES differences in health status is explored. Psychosocial factors, especially the self-concept measures (self-esteem and mastery) play a moderate role in accounting for educational differences in health status.
Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour

This study investigated the nutritional ecology of forest elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda relative to crop-raiding behaviour, and examined nutritional differences between crops and food consumed by wild elephants. An index of dietary nutrient concentration was determined by quantifying the species and parts of plants consumed along feeding trails, collecting food items, and analysing foods for energy, fibre, protein, minerals and secondary compounds. Frequency of crop raiding was quantified over 13 mo. Energy and protein concentration was within suggested levels, but concentrations of several minerals, particularly sodium, were low relative to requirements based on captive elephants and values reported for other wild populations. The very low sodium concentrations of Kibale elephant diets and low availability of alternative sodium sources, such as soil or water, suggest that sodium drive is very likely in this population. Crops consumed by Kibale elephants had higher Na concentrations and lower concentrations of fibre and secondary compounds than wild diets. The known attraction of elephants to mineral sources throughout their range and the low mineral concentration of leaves, fruits, bark, and stems consumed by forest elephant in this study suggest that mineral nutrition is likely to be an important factor driving elephant behaviour and patterns of habitat use.
Human cytokines characterized by dielectric thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry

Malaria affects over 500 million people worldwide leading to 1–2 million deaths each year, the majority of whom are children. Four Plasmodium species cause malaria in humans. To properly diagnose, and correctly treat malarial infections, accurate diagnosis of infection is required. Proper diagnosis of infection will result in a reduction of morbidity, mortality, and of drug resistant parasites. However, the current tests for malaria diagnosis do not efficiently identify the appropriate human and parasite biomarkers associated with disease. Detection of specific inflammatory mediators such as cytokines associated with malaria pathogenesis will aid the determination of disease progression, disease prognosis, and the early diagnosis of malaria infection. In this study, we used dielectric thermal analysis (DETA), thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize five human cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), to demonstrate how their thermoanalytical properties can be investigated for sensor design. Analysis for DETA was performed at a frequency range of 0.1–300,000 Hz. Permittivity and loss factor measurements were used to calculate tan δ values. Peak frequencies were used to determine dielectric signatures for each cytokine. The peak frequencies were different for each cytokine analyzed. In addition, activation energies were frequency dependent for IL-2 but frequency independent for the remaining four cytokines. Cytokines were also examined using DSC which established variance in heat of crystallization and heat of fusion of solvent among the five cytokines. A noticeable differentiation was observed with IL-1α among the other four cytokines when analyzed using trend analysis. Detection of unique dielectric signals will aid development of sensitive dielectric sensors capable of detecting cytokines in various human samples.
Critical assessment of arterial transport models

Works pertinent to arterial transport models are analyzed and a critical assessment of the models utilized in the study of fluid flow and mass transfer within the arteries is presented with an emphasis on the role of porous media. Arterial transport models are assessed and classified based on their ability to physically prescribe the arterial anatomy as well as the related transport processes. Pertinent models such as wall-free, homogeneous-wall, and multi-layer models as well as the governing equations and different types of boundary conditions utilized in each model are analyzed.
Leu85 in the β1-β2 Linker of ASIC1 Slows Activation and Decreases the Apparent Proton Affinity by Stabilizing a Closed Conformation

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-activated channels expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems where they modulate neuronal activity in response to external increases in proton concentration. The size of ASIC1 currents evoked by a given local acidification is determined by the number of channels in the plasma membrane and by the apparent proton affinities for activation and steady-state desensitization of the channel. Thus, the magnitude of the pH drop and the value of the baseline pH both are functionally important. Recent characterization of ASIC1s from an increasing number of species has made evident that proton affinities of these channels vary across vertebrates. We found that in species with high baseline plasma pH, e.g. frog, shark, and fish, ASIC1 has high proton affinity compared with the mammalian channel. The β1-β2 linker in the extracellular domain, specifically by the substitution M85L, determines the interspecies differences in proton affinities and also the time course of ASIC1 macroscopic currents. The mechanism underlying these observations is a delay in channel opening after application of protons, most likely by stabilizing a closed conformation that decreases the apparent affinity to protons and also slows the rise and decay phases of the current. Together, the results suggest evolutionary adaptation of ASIC1 to match the value of the species-specific plasma pH. At the molecular level, adaptation is achieved by substitutions of nonionizable residues rather than by modification of the channel proton sensor.
Health impacts of frequent heavy automobile traffic on children and adolescents.

This paper assesses the extent to which particulate, elemental and organic carbon emissions from heavy traffic in urban city roads affect the health of children and the adolescent health. Although the health effects of exposures may be cumulative, it is in the adolescence that the manifestations are realized. This paper therefore, assesses the best way forward for monitoring and preventing the environmental health impacts of heavy traffic on children and adolescents who live within the vicinity of urban city transportation systems. Major urban cities such as Houston, New York, and California are cited as examples of cities where health-related problems have already been reported. The particulate, elemental and organic carbon emissions are reviewed as the sources by which heavy traffic and the hazardous chemical emissions affect the health of the populace. The role of accessory loading and engine speed on idling emissions in direct health risks of children and adolescents is evaluated. The association of particulate, elemental, and organic carbon emission with respiratory effects (including, allergies and asthma), and the related behavior problems in children and the adolescents are discussed. The best strategies in preventing the effects of heavy traffic in the urban cities are suggested by introducing new effective monitoring techniques and exposure assessment methods. It is visualized that a more comprehensive research is needed to develop robust regulatory systems that would control the efficiency of automobiles and prevent the adverse health effects relating to heavy traffics in urban city roads. Strong city environmental health authorities-community partnerships relevant to exposure information should be encouraged. Language: en
Comorbidity of other chronic age-dependent diseases in dementia

This study compares the prevalence rates of 5 common age-dependent diseases in non-demented and demented subjects. Control and dementia populations were approximately age-matched and their numbers also approximated. Prevalence rates for hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, cancer and diabetes were determined. The rates of two or more coexisting diseases in the same patient were also compared. Two populations were studied: one was designated the autopsy series, and the other the hospital series. In the autopsy series, the rate of cardiomegaly/hypertension was 1.3 times higher in the control than in the dementia population, and for MI it was 1.7 times higher in the former than in the latter. The rate for stroke was higher in the control group by only a factor of 1.1, for cancer by only a factor of 1.2, and for diabetes the rates were almost identical in the two populations. The rate differences were statistically significant only with respect to cardiomegaly and MI. When the non-vascular and vascular dementias were compared, the rates in the latter were higher by only a factor of 1.3 for cardiomegaly, stroke, cancer and diabetes; for MIs, the rates were about the same in the two dementia categories. The data for two or more coexisting diseases were almost identical in control and dementia autopsy populations. In the hospital series, the hypertension rate was 1.6 times higher in the control than in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) group; for MI, the control group was higher by a factor of 1.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measured Gene–Environment Interactions and Mechanisms Promoting Resilient Development

Childhood maltreatment elevates risk for antisocial behavior, depression, and other problems over the life span, but a subset of maltreated individuals avoids maladaptive development and shows resilience. Resilience reflects a dynamic confluence of factors that promotes positive adaptation despite exposure to adverse experiences. Recent replicated findings of gene–environment interactions (abbreviated G × E) involving maltreatment have identified two genes, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT), that moderate the association between childhood maltreatment and psychopathology. Accordingly, G × E raise new questions about potential biological mechanisms by which some individuals are able to cope adaptively and function relatively well despite experiencing early adversity. We summarize advances toward greater specification of G × E mechanisms, including genetic and environmental moderation of G × E effects and imaging genomics that provide clues regarding resilience processes in develo...
New fault location approach using voltage measurements

Existing power system transmission line fault location algorithms normally entail measurements from one-, two-or multi-terminals of the faulty line. This paper presents a general fault location approach utilizing only voltage measurements from one or more terminals by taking advantage of network analysis based on bus impedance matrix technique. The distinctive feature is that the buses with measurements can be far away from the faulted line. The proposed method for constructing the bus impedance matrix of the network with addition of a fictitious bus, where the fault occurs, as a function of the fault location may provide an efficient way for analyzing line faults. Preliminary studies have shown quite encouraging results.
Economics of Security: Research Challenges

Economics of security is a nascent research area. In this paper we identify buyer-level, buyer-seller level and seller-level economic problems. Some open questions are identified and their implications are discussed.
Introduction to Smart Antennas

As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. Smart antenna systems are capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is a promise for an effective solution to the present wireless systems problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed high-data-rate transmission. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader a broad view of the system aspects of smart antennas. In fact, smart antenna systems comprise several critical areas such as individual antenna array design, signal processing algorithms, space-time processing, wireless channel modeling and coding, and network performance. In this book we include an overview of smart antenna concepts, introduce some of the areas that impact smart antennas, and examine the influence of interaction and integration of these areas to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. In addition, the general principles and major benefits of using space-time processing are introduced, especially employing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques.
Non-Rayleigh echo PDF's for broadband acoustic scattering by patches of discrete targets with applications to fish

Echoes from patches of fish fluctuate significantly from ping to ping as the sonar beam is swept across the patches. The fluctuations can be strongly non-Rayleigh because 1) there can be a small number of targets in the beam at a time, 2) the distribution of fish can be inhomogeneous, or "patchy", and 3) the echoes are weighted by the non-uniform response of the sonar beam. We have previously identified two distributions to describe the statistical behavior of non-Rayleigh echoes from fish - the K-distribution for patches of multiple unresolved fish and a power law distribution for individual resolved fish. The Redistribution has been shown in previous studies (Abraham and Lyons, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 27: 800-813, 2002) to describe the statistics of targets with a Gamma distribution of echo amplitude. The power law distribution is based on the method proposed by Ehrenberg et al. for circular aperture transceivers (J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69: 955-962, 1981). In this paper, we provide a more general physical interpretation to the R-distribution and develop a generalized power-law distribution to include beampattern effect. In addition, we compare the data collected in the 2-10 kHz range with Atlantic herring with the model predictions for two types of groupings of echoes - within patches and across patches. The Rullback-Leibler (RL) distances between the observed and theoretically predicted distributions showed that for echoes within patches, Rayleigh distribution can reasonably describe the fish echoes amplitude while for echoes across patches, the echo amplitude can be characterized by either the R-distribution or a mixed distribution that involves the power law distribution of sonar beam, depending on whether the echoes can be resolved.
Growth enhancement by dopaminergic therapy in children with intrauterine growth retardation.

In a previous study we reported stimulation of growth velocity in hypopituitary children by dopaminergic therapy (DA), i.e. either L-dopa or bromocriptine. The purpose of the present study was to determine if DA stimulated endogenous GH release and growth in children with intrauterine growthretardation (IUGR), who also had microcephaly and psychomotor retardation. The effect of DA on serum LH, FSH, gonadal steroids, cortisol, T4, and TSH also was examined. Six prepubertal children [four girls and two boys; bone age (BA), 1.5–4 yr] with IUGR were divided into two study groups. Group I (n = 3) received L-dopa (15 mg/kg) orally every 6 h for 6 months. Group II (n = 3) received bromocriptine (1.25 mg) orally every 12 h for 6 months. At the end of the 6 months of DA therapy, both groups received human GH (hGH) (0.1 IU/kg) im thrice weekly for 6 months. The growth rate in group I was 6.5 α0.1 (αSD) cm/yr after 6 months of DA compared with a pretreatment growth rate of 4.1 α 0.7 cm/yr. Individual increments rang...
Validation of a Five-Question Survey to Assess a Child's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Abstract PURPOSE: To study the potentially adverse health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in young children, a short five-question survey was developed to identify routine exposure to ETS in a large epidemiological study. METHODS: The survey is administered to parents of a healthy cohort of children starting at age 3 months. To validate the survey, urinary cotinine levels were measured on 50 children from this cohort who were selected based on ETS exposure as reported in the survey: 24 with no exposure and 26 with exposure. Cotinine was adjusted for creatinine. RESULTS: Overall, children with some form of reported ETS exposure had urinary cotinine levels 7.5 times higher than those who were not exposed. Analysis of variance shows that mean levels of log transformed cotinine in children whose parent(s) smoke in the home, parent(s) who smoke but not in the home, and non-smoking parents are 137.13, 75.60, and 43.28 respectively ( p = 0.0009), indicating decreasing levels of cotinine as reported exposure decreases. Using a cut-point of 30ng/mg of cotinine to differentiate unexposed and exposed to ETS, we found 80% agreement with our survey. A Spearman's ranked correlation coefficient of 0.62 indicates a direct relationship between cotinine and an ETS exposure intensity score ( p CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the 5-question survey reflects the child's exposure to passive smoke and that the survey is sensitive to varying levels of exposure.
A Life in Peace and War

How can peace be encouraged and sustained in a violent world? For nearly half a century at the United Nations, ultimately as Under Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs, Brian Urquhart wrestled with this problem at its front lines. Managing the United Nations' peacekeeping operations in the world's hot spots-the Congo in the aftermath of Patrice Lumumba's assassination, Cyprus at the bloodiest moment of conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, Kashmir, and, through the tragic cycle of four wars, the Middle East-he has tested the limits, and the possibilities, of peacekeeping in the modern world.
The Particularist Pursuit of American Universalism: The American Jewish Committee’s 1944 ‘Declaration on Human Rights’

This article recovers a forgotten episode in the history of human rights: the 1944 ‘Declaration on Human Rights' sponsored by the American Jewish Committee. With an unprecedented media campaign and...
Return and Retirement Funds for Indian Migrant Working Women in ECR Countries

Overseas Indian workers are excluded from access to formal social security and retirement savings schemes available to residents of the 17 ECR countries. They are also excluded from formal pension, provident funds and gratuity schemes normally available to workers in India. No mechanism presently exists to enable and encourage these workers to either save for their old age or have any motivation to come back to India for a return and resettlement. As a consequence, a majority of these overseas Indian workers face the grave risk of poverty when they return to India and become too old to work. On an average, nearly one in every five Indian workers in ECR countries is a woman. Women workers are even more vulnerable to old-age poverty since they enjoy a higher life expectancy than men but are disadvantaged due to relatively lower incomes, shorter work life and interruptions in employment due to childbirth and other family responsibilities. This chapter focuses on the rationale and requirement for such a scheme and provides recommendations to the policymakers towards designing such institutional mechanism that would encourage the target population to voluntarily save for their scheduled return and to also improve their retirement incomes. The chapter argues in favour of using conditional cash transfers (CCTs) mechanism for providing a socioeconomic safety net. Even with needed reforms of formal sector pensions, part of the requirement for retirement income security will need to be met from newer instruments such as the CCTs. CCTs have received considerable attention as instruments for eliciting desirable behaviour on the part of the recipients, minimizing transaction costs and errors in delivery of public services. That the CCT mechanism can be used effectively and efficiently to motivate pension savings in India has been partly demonstrated by states like Rajasthan and Andhra by launching co-contributory pension scheme with the states contributing financially to augment retirement savings of low-income individuals.
Toward a domain-independent framework to automate scaffolding of task-based learning in digital games

This poster describes a framework that automatically generates learning support scaffolds to guide task-based learning. The aim is to combine the exploratory learning principles prominent in digital games with the rich user modeling and adaptation of intelligent tutoring systems.
Cellular Interrelationships in the Fetal Rabbit Testis

The types and patterns of arrangement of membrane interrelationships in the fetal rabbit testis were studied, using coordinated freeze-fracture, lanthanum tracer and standard transmission electron microscopic techniques. The testicular cords contain a mixture of large spherical germ cells and oval to elongated Sertoli cells. Desmosomes are present between germ cells and Sertoli cells and between adjacent Sertoli cells. Tight junctional specializations of the type found between Sertoli cells in the adult are not seen. In freeze-fracture replicas, short strands of particles of two different size populations are found on the surfaces of Sertoli cells. Similar short strands of particles are present on the membranes of peritubular myoid cells. In lanthanum preparations, the tracer passes freely between peritubular cells and through intercellular spaces within the seminiferous cords, indicating lack of a barrier to its passage throughout the testicular tissue. Prominent macular gap junctions similar to those fo...
Subduction and melting processes inferred from U-Series, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope, and trace element data, Bicol and Bataan arcs, Philippines

Abstract We present U-series, Sr–Nd–Pb isotope, and trace element data from the two principal volcanic chains on Luzon Island, developed over oppositely dipping subduction zones, to explore melting and mass transfer processes beneath arcs. The Bataan (western) and Bicol (eastern) arcs are currently subducting terrigenous and pelagic sediments, respectively, which have different trace element and isotopic compositions. The range of (230Th/238U) disequilibria for both arcs is 0.85–1.15; only lavas from Mt. Mayon (Bicol arc) have 230Th activity excesses. Bataan lavas have higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower 143Nd/144Nd than Bicol lavas (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7042–0.7046, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51281–0.51290 vs. 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70371–0.70391, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51295–0.51301) and both arcs show steep linear arrays towards sediment values on 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb diagrams. Analysis of incompatible element and isotopic data allows identification of a sediment component that, at least in part, was transferred as a partial melt to the mantle wedge peridotite. Between 1% and 5% sediment melt addition can explain the isotopic and trace element variability in the rocks from both arcs despite the differences in sediment supply. We therefore propose that sediment transfer to the mantle wedge is likely mechanically or thermally limited. It follows that most sediments are either accreted, reside in the sub-arc lithosphere, or are recycled into the convecting mantle. However, whole-sale sediment recycling into the upper mantle is unlikely in light of the global mid-ocean ridge basalt data. Fluid involvement is more difficult to characterize, but overall the Bicol arc appears to have more fluid influence than the Bataan arc. Rock suites from each arc can be related by a dynamic melting process that allows for 230Th ingrowth, either by dynamic or continuous flux melting, provided the initial (230Th/232Th) of the source is ∼0.6–0.7. The implication of either model is that inclined arrays on the U–Th equiline diagram may not have chronologic significance. Modeling also suggests that U-series disequilibria are influenced by the tectonic convergence rate, which dictates mantle matrix flow. Thus with slower matrix flow there is a greater degree of 230Th ingrowth. While other factors such as prior mantle depletion and addition of a subducted component may explain some aspects of U-series data, an overall global correlation between tectonic convergence rate and the extent of U–Th disequilibria may originate from melting processes.
Use of a new strategy to isolate and characterize 436 Drosophila cDNA clones corresponding to RNAs detected in adult heads but not in early embryos.

We describe a new strategy for producing tissue-specific cDNA libraries and subsequently identifying tissue-specific clones. This method was used to screen for cDNA clones corresponding to RNAs expressed in the Drosophila head that cannot be detected in the early embryo. RNA blots were used to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of expression of these RNAs. The ensemble of 436 head-not-embryo clones identified roughly 700 distinct RNAs that are differentially expressed in the Drosophila head. The RNA expression patterns can be classified into five major categories. It is argued that this ensemble of clones represents a large fraction of all genes differentially expressed in the adult head, but not detected in the early embryo. Many of these genes are likely to encode eye- and nervous system-specific products.
Speed control experiments for commercial heavy vehicles with coordinated friction and engine compression brakes

In this paper we describe the development and experimental validation of a simple coordination scheme between friction and engine compression brakes for a Class 8 Freightliner truck used as a development platform in the California PATH program. The coordination scheme is tuned to minimize the use of friction brakes while maintaining the speed tracking performance of the closed-loop braking controller that utilizes the friction (service) brakes only. Through the coordination scheme, a PID controller command is interpreted as a braking torque demand and split into a friction brake command and compression brake command. The split is based on the models for the compression braking torque and friction braking torque developed and identified from "field" experiments performed in Crow's Landing. The results of closed-loop experiments show that the integration of the compression brake into the speed control framework reduces the usage and wear of the conventional friction brakes.
Tibet through the Eyes of a Buryat: Gombojab Tsybikov and his Tibetan relations

Gombojab Tsybikov (1873-1930), an ethnic Buryat from Russia, was a young scholar of oriental studies, when he went on a scholarly expedition to Tibet. Sponsored by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Tsybikov spent over a year in Lhasa (1900-1901), gathering materials and taking photographs of the city and environs, and introducing Tibet both academically and visually to the outside world. This paper examines the context of this trip within the larger issues of scholarship, international politics and modernization. In addition, it argues that Tsybikov was an example of a man caught between identities – that of an ethnic Buryat raised as a Buddhist and his Russian citizenship, education and patronage. He was, in a sense, the epitome of modern man.
What pedagogical methods impact students’ entrepreneurial propensity?

There is a dearth of research that investigates the effectiveness of different pedagogical methods for teaching entrepreneurship. This paper focuses on three learning design choices: experiential learning, use of teamwork, and focus on quantitative methods. The paper examines pedagogical variables that could contribute to raising student scores on constructs of change, risk taking, goal setting, feedback, and achievement as measured by our customized entrepreneurial propensity survey. Results offer moderate evidence to confirm effects of experiential learning designs for goal-setting and weak evidence for feedback. Additional findings suggest the need for rethinking the role of teamwork in entrepreneurship courses.
The Library Exception Under the Indian Copyright Act 1957

An essential aspect of India's post-independence copyright system is the elaborate list of ‘fair dealing’ exceptions that are contained in Section 52 of our Act. This section carries an extensive narration of uses by various actors - both individual and institutional - that would not amount to infringement of copyright. These ‘exceptions to infringement’ were inserted as safeguards to ensure that the operation of copyright law did not yield outcomes that encumbered the very objective of copyright itself - the widest dissemination of knowledge. This paper in an analysis of Clause (o) of Section 52(1) of the Indian Copyright Act which grants special permissions to public libraries to reproduce materials for their use. The clause is examined in the light of recent technological advancements, and with an eye on India’s treaty obligations under the Berne Convention and the TRIPs agreement
How Melt-Stretching Affects Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Glasses

This work takes a simple phenomenological approach to the questions of when, how, and why a brittle polymer glass turns ductile and vice versa. Perceiving a polymer glass as a hybrid, we recognize that both the primary structure formed by van der Waals forces (network 1) and chain network (i.e., the vitrified entanglement network) (network 2) must be accounted for in any discussion of the mechanical responses. To show the benefit of this viewpoint, we first carried out well-defined melt-stretching experiments on four common polymer glasses (PS, PMMA, SAN, and PC) in a systematic way either at a fixed Hencky strain rate to a given degree of stretching at several temperatures or at a given temperature to different levels of stretching using the same Hencky rate. Then we attempted to preserve the effect of melt-stretching on the chain network structure by rapid thermal quenching. Subsequent room-temperature tensile extension of these melt-stretched amorphous polymers reveals something universal: (a) along th...
The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development: Changing Rules for Realistic Solutions

Preface 1. Change rules, change governments, and develop? 2. Deconstructing the puzzling evidence of reform 3. Overlooking the change context 4. Reforms as overspecified and oversimplified solutions 5. Limited engagement, limited change 6. What you see is not what you get (expecting limits) 7. Problem-driven learning sparks institutional change 8. Finding and fitting solutions that work 9. Broad engagement, broader (and deeper) change 10. Reforming rules of the development game itself.
Fine-grained multi-factor hail damage modelling

A fine-grained multi-factor estimation of crop-hail damage is required to progress from manual inspection of crops post-event to automated assessment and accurate forecasting of the expected impact on agricultural areas. Such automated processes will enable more accurate claims processing, improve customer satisfaction, and reduce insurance losses. This paper demonstrates the value of Gaussian Processes for the construction of such a multi-factor model of crop-hail damage. This is underpinned by a survey of public datasets, and a description of the target dataset to support an operational crop-hail damage model.
Utilization of System Dynamics to Model a Self-Sustained Mars Surface Colony

The National Institute of Aerospace hosted the 2015 Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concepts Academic Linkage competition, whose objective included establishing a fully functional self-sustaining Mars surface colony by the year 2054. Altogether, this task has been broken down into several different components, one involving the development and deployment of colony infrastructure over a 40-year period, and the other involving the utilization of system dynamics for studying the steady-state behavior of all surface colony operations. These surface colony operations prove to be multi-faceted, and are comprised of a wide range of important factors. Some of these factors include colony structure, agriculture and food production, power systems, and communications, all of which can be satisfied by a variety of unique processes. This paper details the work done to optimize the system dynamics of all surface colony operations in an effort to find the optimal combination of different technologies that is both self-sustaining and satisfies all competition requirements, an effort carried out through the utilization of both Matlab and Simulink.
Enhancing Photoresponse of Nanoparticulate α-Fe2O3 Electrodes by Surface Composition Tuning

A facile and general procedure to modify the surface composition of nanostructured α-Fe2O3 electrodes is reported. The method involves uniformly covering nanostructured α-Fe2O3 electrodes with a solution containing metal ions, which form a coating layer of Fe2O3−MxOy solid solutions on α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles upon heating in air. Because of the high surface area and surface reactivity of nanoparticles, a solid-state reaction can be induced at the surface of nanostructured electrodes using a mild heating condition that does not cause an aggregation of nanostructures. Any unreacted residual MxOy oxide layers are removed by dissolution in 1 M NaOH solution where α-Fe2O3 particles and their solid solution coating layers are stable. In this study, Al3+ and Sn4+ ions were incorporated using this method into the surface of a nanoparticulate α-Fe2O3 electrode prepared by electrodeposition. Although scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies did not show any detectable morphological or structural cha...
Propagation characteristics in urban environments

This paper presents propagation results in large urban environments using ray tracing simulations. We focus on the region around transmit antenna with ranges of kilometers. The effect of buildings, the number of streets, the height of the transmit antennas, and terrain on propagation characteristics is discussed.
Employment Law & Ethics: 7 Things You Need to Know About: Employment Security (Presentation Slides)

These slides cover the 7 most important aspects of employment security. They begin with coverage of what it means to be an employee at will and evaluate valid reasons for terminations. They then move to exceptions to the employment at will doctrine such as public policy, implied contract and good faith & fair dealing. The discussion then turns to the torts employers may have along with a wrongful discharge case. Finally the slides move to contract employees and the most common clauses that are found in employment contracts such as non-competes, non-disclosures and arbitration clauses. The slides conclude with a list of employee duties such as the duty of loyalty and the duty of care as we as some tough questions about this important area of the law.
Whitehead's Ideas of University Education

Whitehead's ideas of university education are the valuable sources in the human's ideas reservation,playing very important role in enlightening guidance in the reform of university education not only in the world but also in China.Whitehead thinks that university education is a bridge of knowledge and life connecting the young with the old and should foster the students' wisdom,imaginative power and creative power.Its instruction should combine with students' life,which makes them get lively knowledge and its administration different from that of corporation or other departments,should respect university and its' teachers.
Comparing the adsorption and desorption ability for three kinds of solid adsorbent for bisphenol A in water

Objective To compare the adsorption and desorption ability of activated carbon,GDX-502,XAD-2 for bisphenol A in water.Methods The adsorption and desorption ability,adsorption capacity and other factors were investigated.Results The adsorption capacity of GDX-502 is larger.The adsorption capacity of 1.25 g GDX502 is 97.8% for 500 ml 0.4 mg / ml BPA.The rate of recovery is 101.4%.Conclucion The adsorption and desorption ability of GDX-502 on bisphenol A in water is better,and the price is cheaper.It can be used for adsorption and recycling bisphenol A in water.
SU-F-T-271: Comparing IMRT QA Pass Rates Before and After MLC Calibration

Purpose: To compare IMRT QA pass rates before and after an in-house MLC leaf calibration procedure. Methods: The MLC leaves and backup jaws on four Elekta linear accelerators with MLCi2 heads were calibrated using the EPID-based RIT Hancock Test as the means for evaluation. The MLCs were considered to be successfully calibrated when they could pass the Hancock Test with criteria of 1 mm jaw position tolerance, and 1 mm leaf position tolerance. IMRT QA results were collected pre- and postcalibration and analyzed using gamma analysis with 3%/3mm DTA criteria. AAPM TG-119 test plans were also compared pre- and post-calibration, at both 2%/2mm DTA and 3%/3mm DTA. Results: A weighted average was performed on the results for all four linear accelerators. The pre-calibration IMRT QA pass rate was 98.3 ± 0.1%, compared with the post-calibration pass rate of 98.5 ± 0.1%. The TG-119 test plan results showed more of an improvement, particularly at the 2%/2mm criteria. The averaged results were 89.1% pre and 96.1% post for the C-shape plan, 94.8% pre and 97.1% post for the multi-target plan, 98.6% pre and 99.7% post for the prostate plan, 94.7% pre and 94.8% post for the head/neck plan. Conclusion: The patient QA results did not show statistically significant improvement at the 3%/3mm DTA criteria after the MLC calibration procedure. However, the TG-119 test cases did show significant improvement at the 2%/2mm level.
Historical trends in counsellor education dissertations

ABSTRACTThere exists a dearth of literature on the content, research method and research design trends of dissertations in education. Within one large subfield of education (i.e. counsellor education), an online and full-text archive of dissertations has become available. This archive contains over 200 dissertations produced in Oregon State University’s Counselling Academic Unit from 1947 to 2014. Research questions concerning decadal differences in content, research method and research design were examined empirically. No decadal differences were discovered in the three aforementioned areas. Reasons for these findings were discussed.
Measuring Visual Memory in Its Native Format

Knowing how memories are represented is crucial for understanding how the mind works. Brady et al. [1] explore an important and rarely considered aspect of visual working memory, which is the amount of information that can be stored when remembering meaningful objects, rather than the arbitrary colors and shapes that are typically used in such experiments [2].
A Current Review of Hiring Techniques for Sales Personnel: The First Step in the Sales Management Process

The most important decision facing sales managers is the selection of successful sales people. Though the process has been refined and improved, selecting those who will be successful is one of the greatest costs and challenges to Sales Management today. This article presents a review of several methods currently being utilized and insights to techniques that can be used.
United States v. Texas (Scalia, J., Concurring)

This contribution to the Cato Supreme Court Review imagines what could have been Justice Antonin Scalia’s concurring opinion in United States v. Texas, where he ruled that President Obama’s executive action on immigration violates the Take Care Clause of the Constitution.
Helium Leak Test for Micron-Sized Holes in Canned Foods

A helium leak test for canned foods was developed to provide a more sensitive method than existing ones and to reduce dependence on operator judgment for detecting leaking cans. The test forced helium through holes into cans filled with foods. Can headspace gas was sampled, and the helium content was measured by gas chromatography. An approximately linear (r = 0.81) relationship existed between the helium content of the headspace and the hole size in the can. The method detected holes as small as 1 μm in diameter (the smallest hole tested). Measurements of direct holes and dented seam holes in metal cans indicated that most holes tested smaller upon retesting. However, some seam openings did become larger. Some holes closed completely, probably as a result of clogging by particles. Cans with direct holes of known size were processed in a canning retort, and the cooling water was inoculated with ca. 106 bacteria/ml. Cans with holes greater than 5 μm became contaminated as exhibited by gas production during incubation at 37°C. The described helium test was compared with two modified conventional leak tests. When comparing cans with direct holes of known size, there was no difference between the methods. However, when comparing cans with leaks caused by dented seams, the helium test was found to be the most sensitive method for detecting leaks in cans of food. In order of their sensitivity, the tests for leaking cans were the helium test, the modified fluorescent dye test, and the modified vacuum test.
Abstract 396: Acute Hepatic ACAT2 Knockdown Transiently Increases Plasma and Hepatic Free Cholesterol and Fecal Neutral Sterol Excretion

In spite of the advent of statins, atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease (ASCVD) remains the number one killer of Americans. A way to reduce LDL cholesterol, the primary risk factor of ASCVD, is to increase cholesterol excretion from the body. Our group and others have recently found that cholesterol excretion can be facilitated by both biliary and non-biliary pathways. The lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol from the liver through the plasma to the small intestine for transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is not yet known. We have previously shown that chronic knockdown in mice of hepatic acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), a cellular enzyme that converts free cholesterol (FC) into cholesteryl ester (CE), appeared to cause the formation of hepatic apoB-containing lipoproteins that preferentially trafficked cholesterol to the small intestine for TICE. We tested the hypothesis that the plasma concentration of TICE-competent, apoB-containing lipoproteins, could be increased by preloading the liver with cholesterol and then acutely depleting the cholesterol by knocking down hepatic ACAT2 with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). After feeding a high cholesterol (0.2% wt/wt) diet for six weeks, C57BL/6 mice were treated with control non-targeting ASO or ACAT2 ASO for one or two weeks. After only one week of ACAT2 knockdown (ACAT2KD) hepatic ACAT2 protein expression was decreased nearly 80%. This translated into a 50% decrease in hepatic CE concentration in conjunction with a rarely seen 2-fold increase in hepatic FC concentration. Acute hepatic ACAT2KD increased plasma FC levels by 25%, which subsided after two weeks of treatment. The increased plasma FC was primarily associated with large and small LDL. After one week of hepatic ACAT2KD mice had a minor, non-significant increase in biliary cholesterol levels but had a 2-fold increase in fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion. In summary our data show that when CE is rapidly cleared from the liver, FNS levels dramatically increase with a transient increase in hepatic and plasma FC levels. We believe that in the ACAT2KD mice the increased plasma FC associated with LDL is feeding into TICE thus resulting in increased FNS.