cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical communication through the turbulent atmosphere with transmitter and receiver diversity, wavefront control, and coherent detection

Net-centric warfare in todays dynamically changing military environments and the need for low-cost gigabit intra-city communication present severe challenges for current free-space optical systems. Enabled by high-speed electronics and advances in wavefront control, we develop an architecture that provides free-space coherent optical links with information capacity, security, network robustness and power management performance that exceed the current state-of-the-art, including commercially deployed systems, R&D test-beds, and alternative theoretical architectures proposed. The deleterious effects of the turbulent atmosphere are mitigated with several diversity transmitters and receivers. We allow the phase and the amplitude of each transmitter to be controlled independently and assume, through coherent detection, that the phase and amplitude of the received wave is measured. Thus we can optimally allocate transmit power into the diffraction modes with the smallest propagation losses to increase channel capacity and mitigate turbulence-induced outages. Additionally, spatial mode modulation and rejection provides robust communication in the presence of denial of service via interference by adversaries with a priori knowledge of the system architecture. Some possible implementations of this system are described. New results, including asymptotic singular value distribution, expected bit error rate, interference performance, and performance in the presence of inhomogeneous turbulence, are given. Finally, performance of this system is compared with the performance of optical diversity systems without wavefront control and optical systems without diversity, both current state-of-the-art systems.
Use of laryngoscope and esophageal stethoscope to visually direct intraoperative insertion of pediatric transesophageal echocardiographic probe in infants and small children

compared with use of the femoral vein are well described.le4 Our technique adds to these advantages the following: (1) improvement of torque control of the catheter; (2) ability to perform transseptal puncture and balloon and blade atria1 septostomy in patients with interrupted inferior vena cava and azygos continuation (to avoid surgical septostomy); and (3) avoidance of ductal venosus constriction during catheter exchange.
‘Who is the Developed Woman?’: Women as a Category of Development Discourse, Kumaon, India

This article analyses gendered discourses of development in rural North India and addresses the usefulness of recent scholarship on development as discourse for understanding connections between development and subjectivity. This scholarship is an excellent point of departure for exploring the contradictions inherent in the institutionalization of economic development and the global reach of its discourses but it has focused primarily upon development as discourse at official sites of deployment while paying less attention to how specific discourses and processes of development are appropriated by those constituted as beneficiaries of development. The under-theorization of this aspect has meant that the range of processes through which development projects may encourage new subject positions are poorly understood. By investigating what some women in rural Kumaon have made of their own development this article contributes to emerging scholarship on development and subjectivity with an ethnographic analysis of the polysemic enthusiasm for development expressed by some of its beneficiaries. (authors)
Human Brain Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Isozymes: Substrate Specificity and Sensitivity to Disulfiram

Several enzymes active in the presence of NAD with acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde have been purified from human brain and characterized. The enzymes have been identified as aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3), NAD-linked succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.24), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is extremely heterogeneous with some isozymes active with acetaldehyde, others inactive. The cytoplasmic enzyme, which is the classical glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is inactive with acetaldehyde as substrate; the isozymes that are active with short chain aliphatic aldehydes are localized in the mitochondrial fraction. Properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes with respect to short chain aliphatic aldehydes and inhibition by disulfiram are described. Their Km values for acetaldehyde range from 300 to 2000 microM. All glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases that are active with acetaldehyde are easily inactivated by low concentrations of disulfiram. In all cases activity regain can be obtained with 2-mercaptoethanol; in the case of two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate isozymes (E8.5 and 9.0), activity can also be regained with cysteine and with glutathione; activity of E6.6 and E6.8 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases could not be regained with 33 microM cysteine or glutathione. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) were also inhibited by disulfiram; their activity could be regained with 2-mercaptoethanol but not with 33 microM cysteine or glutathione. Comparison of human brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase shows that the activity with short chain aldehydes is not unique to aldehyde dehydrogenase; neither is sensitivity to disulfiram; activity with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde appears to be a unique property of aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3).
Taking It Like a Man: Masculine Role Norms as Moderators of the Racial Discrimination–Depressive Symptoms Association Among African American Men

Objectives. I examined the association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms and explored the moderating role of 2 dimensions of masculine role norms, restrictive emotionality and self-reliance.Methods. Cross-sectional survey data from 674 African American men aged 18 years and older recruited primarily from barbershops in 4 US regions (2003–2010) were used. Direct and moderated associations were assessed with multivariate linear regression analyses for the overall sample and different age groups. Models were adjusted for recruitment site, sociodemographics, masculine role norms salience, and general social stress.Results. Everyday racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms across all age groups. Higher restrictive emotionality was associated with more depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years. Self-reliance was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 years and 40 years and older. The positive association betwe...
Juvenile Sex Offenders

Public policy has tended to treat juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) as adult sex offenders in waiting, despite research that contradicts this notion. Although as a group, JSOs are more similar to general delinquents than to adult sex offenders, atypical sexual interests and sexual victimization during childhood may be a pathway for sexual offending that differentiates some JSOs from their nonsexually delinquent peers. Developmental considerations must be considered in risk assessment evaluations of these youth. This article reviews theories of sexual offending in youth, risk factors for juvenile offending and reoffending, psychopathology in JSOs, risk assessment, and treatment.
Lack of Active Transfer of 14C Tetraethylammonium and Para-Aminohippuric Acid by the Term Sheep Placenta∗

SummaryThe placental transfer of PAH and 14C TEA by term sheep placenta was evaluated by administration of each compound via the maternal and fetal circulations. A, which is transferred passively by the placenta, was used as a reference compound. We found that the placental transfer rates of PAH and TEA were very low bidirectionally. This observation is interpreted as virtually excluding an active transport mechanism for transfer of organic acids and bases from the fetal compartment to the maternal circulation. Data obtained following probenecid and cyanine 863 administration were consistent with this conclusion.
Native-based simulations of the binding interaction between RAP74 and the disordered FCP1 peptide

By dephosphorylating the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II), the Transcription Factor IIF (TFIIF)-associating CTD phosphatase (FCP1) performs an essential function in recycling Pol II for subsequent rounds of transcription. The interaction between FCP1 and TFIIF is mediated by the disordered C-terminal tail of FCP1, which folds to form an α-helix upon binding the RAP74 subunit of TFIIF. The present work reports a structure-based simulation study of this interaction between the folded winged-helix domain of RAP74 and the disordered C-terminal tail of FCP1. The comparison of measured and simulated chemical shifts suggests that the FCP1 peptide samples 40–60% of its native helical structure in the unbound disordered ensemble. Free energy calculations suggest that productive binding begins when RAP74 makes hydrophobic contacts with the C-terminal region of the FCP1 peptide. The FCP1 peptide then folds into an amphipathic helix by zipping up the binding interface. The relative plasticity of ...
Pupal Development and Adult Emergence Patterns of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Pupal development times and thermal unit requirements, daily adult eclosion patterns, and the durations of phases of emergence of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), adult sexes were observed under reversed photoperiodic and thermoperiodic conditions. Female pupae required fewer days and thermal units for development than did males. Both sexes eclosed early in the scotophase; eclosion of adult males and females was complete within ≍ 1.7 and 4.5 h of last light, respectively. Newly emerged males required less time than females to inflate and dry their wings and less time for the entire emergence process (eclosion to wings dried and folded in a normal resting position). The temporal patterns of emergence suggest that efforts to observe emergence in sugarcane fields should be concentrated in the early scotophase. The short duration of the emergence process will limit the time during which newly emerged moths can be identified. Therefore, cage studies of emergence may offer a greater likelihood of success than studies relying on direct observation, especially under the usual conditions of low E. loftini population intensity and high crop biomass.
Palladium toning of silver-impregnated reticular fibers.

Palladium toning is much less expensive than gold toning. Ten minutes in 0.05% potassium hexachloropalladate in 4 N hydrochloric add tones silver-impregnated reticular fibers as well as 3 min in 0.2% aqueous gold chloride does. Differences in toning of the background depend on the silver stain.
Large fractionations of C and H isotopes related to methane oxidation in Arctic lakes

Abstract Microbial oxidation of methane (CH4) plays a central role in carbon cycling in Arctic lakes, reducing potential CH4 emissions associated with warming. Isotopic signatures of CH4 (δ13C and δ2H) are indicators of microbial oxidation, wherein the process strongly enriches 13C and 2H in residual CH4. We present δ13C and δ2H measurements obtained from sampling the water column and sediment for dissolved CH4 from three, small Arctic lakes in western Greenland under both open-water and ice-covered conditions from 2013 to 2014. Despite substantial variations in aquatic chemistry among the lakes, δ13C and δ2H of CH4 suggested that CH4 was produced predominantly by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the littoral sediments and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the profundal sediments in all of the lakes. Surprisingly large variations for both δ13C and δ2H of CH4 were observed, with δ13C extending from −72‰ to +7.4‰ and δ2H from −390‰ to +250‰. The CH4 isotopic values reported here were significantly more enriched (p
Dexterous manipulation of cloth

This paper introduces a new technique to synthesize dexterous manipulation of cloth. Given a simple description of the desired cloth motion, our algorithm computes appropriate joint torques for physically simulated hands, such that, via contact forces, the result of cloth simulation follows the desired motion. Instead of optimizing the hand control forces directly, we formulate an optimization problem that solves for the commanding forces from the hands to the cloth, which have more direct impact on the dynamic state of the hands and that of the cloth. The solution of the optimization provides commanding forces that achieve the desired cloth motion described by the user, while respecting the kinematic constraints of the hands. These commanding forces are then used to guide the joint torques of the hands. To balance between the effectiveness of control and computational costs, we formulate a model-predictive-control problem as a quadratic program at each time step. We demonstrate our technique on a set of cloth manipulation tasks in daily activities, including folding laundry, wringing a towel, and putting on a scarf.
Study on the general combining ability of three types close-sibling binary CMS lines of indica rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Three full-sibling binary CMS lines,11 back-cross binary CMS lines,10 half-sibling binary CMS lines,10 isozygoty CMS lines and five restorer lines were chosen to make 50 single hybrids(SH)and 120 modified single cross hybrids(MSH)by the way of NCⅡ design.The plots of F1 were arranged in the field in a randomized complete block design with 2 replications and the combining ability of 7 characters were analyzed using random model.The results showed that the variance of general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)were significant at 1% level in all characters.The GCA of three types of MSH and SH were studied using analysis of variance of independent comparison of single degree of freedom in the grain weight per plant(GWP)and the other yield traits.The result indicated that,three types of MSH were higher than the SH at 1% level in the GWP and the number of effective tillers per plant(NETP)respectively,the back-cross binary CMS lines and half-sibling binary CMS lines were higher than the SH at 1% level in seed setting rate(SSR).There were no significant differences in other yield traits.It suggested that the above three types of close-sibling binary CMS lines could be used increasing GWP,NETP and SSR in modified single cross hybrid rice breeding.
A FIVE-MINUTE PSYCHIATRIC SCREENING INTERVIEW

Recent studies indicate that as many as 30% of primary care patients have some type of psychiatric disorder. Although common, these disorders are often neither detected nor treated by primary care physicians. A brief interview is described that can be used as an effective screening tool to identify patients who require further evaluation.
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

This chapter presents an overview of the topics that deal with computational methods for control problems modeled by continuous-time dynamical system and discrete-time dynamical system in state-space and with numerical analysis aspects associated with these computational methods such as conditioning of problems, numerical stability of algorithms, and accuracy of solutions with references to the chapter(s) and section(s). The chapter also presents the following major topics associated with the design and analysis of linear control system: Linear and Numerical Linear Algebra; System Responses; Controllability and Observability; Stability and Inertia; Lyapunov, Sylvester and Riccati Equations; Realization and Identification; Feedback Stabilization and Eigenvalue Assignment; State Estimation; Internal Balancing and Model Reduction; Nearness to Uncontrollability and Instability; Sensitivity and Conditioning for Eigenvalue Assignment, Lyapunov, Sylvester, and Riccati equations; H 2 and H ∞ Control; and Selected Control Software.
Abstract 3693: Oligomerization status of p53 serves as an indicator of sensistivity of p53 wildtype tumors to the therapeutic combination of DNA damaging agent and checkpoint inhibitor

It is well established that cell cycle arrest in response to treatment with DNA damaging agents can be abrogated in p53-defective cells by treatment with the Chk1 inhibitors, but our more recent studies have shown that some p53 wild-type tumors are also sensitive to checkpoint abrogation. Two possible explanations are cytoplasmic sequestration of p53 or a defect in p53 oligomerization. In this study, we investigated the DNA damage response and UCN-01 sensitivity of two p53 wildtype neuroblastoma cell lines: SK-N-SH, and SH-SY5Y. In order to determine the responses of these cells to DNA damage, the cells were treated with concentrations of SN38 ranging from 0-30 ng/ml. Both lines arrested in G2, S, or G1 depending upon SN38 concentration and displayed an increase in p53 levels with increasing SN38. Additionally, p53 was phosphorylated on serine 15 and serine 20 following SN38 treatment in all three cell lines, suggesting that p53 is active. In order to determine whether these cells are susceptible to UCN-01-mediated abrogation of cell cycle arrest, cell were treated with 3 ng/ml SN38 for 24 hours, followed by 25 nM UCN-01 for 6 and 24 hours. The SK-N-SH showed now sensitivity to UCN-01 treatment whereas the SH-SY5Y abrogated S arrest within 6 hours and abrogated G2 arrest within 24 hours. We also analyzed the oligomerization status of p53 using glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The SK-N-SH cells possessed levels of p53 dimers and tetramers similar to what has previously been reported in p53 wildtype MCF10A cells. The SH-SY5Y, however, had extremely low levels of dimers and tetramers. Consistent with this, only SK-N-SH showed activation of p21waf1 and repression of cyclin B in response to SN38 treatment. Previous studies have reported cytoplasmic sequestration as a mechanism of p53 inactivation in p53 wildtype neuroblastomas. In order to determine the sub-cellular distribution of p53, we prepared nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. Both the SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y had primarily nuclear p53. The results of this study suggest that oligomerization status may serve as an indicator of sensitivity of p53 wildtype tumors to the therapeutic combination of DNA damage agent and checkpoint inhibitor. Citation Format: Pawan Puli, Robert Lipski, Aime A. Levesque. Oligomerization status of p53 serves as an indicator of sensistivity of p53 wildtype tumors to the therapeutic combination of DNA damaging agent and checkpoint inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3693.
UMAMIT14 is an amino acid exporter involved in phloem unloading in Arabidopsis roots

Amino acids are the main form of nitrogen transported between the plant organs. Transport of amino acids across membranes is mediated by specialized proteins: importers, exporters, and facilitators. Unlike amino acid importers, amino acid exporters have not been thoroughly studied, partly due to a lack of high-throughput techniques enabling their isolation. Usually Multiple Acids Move In and out Transporters 14 (UMAMIT14) from Arabidopsis shares sequence similarity to the amino acid facilitator Silique Are Red1 (UMAMIT18), and has been shown to be involved in amino acid transfer to the seeds. We show here that UMAMIT14 is also expressed in root pericycle and phloem cells and mediates export of a broad range of amino acids in yeast. Loss-of-function of UMAMIT14 leads to a reduced shoot-to-root and root-to-medium transfer of amino acids originating from the leaves. These fluxes were further reduced in an umamti14 umamit18 double loss-of-function mutant. This study suggests that UMAMIT14 is involved in phloem unloading of amino acids in roots, and that UMAMIT14 and UMAMIT18 are involved in the radial transport of amino acids in roots, which is essential for maintaining amino acid secretion to the soil.
Complete identification methods for causal inference

Human beings organize their intuitive understanding of the world in terms of causes and effects. Primitive humanity posited gods and spirits as invisible causes of phenomena they did not comprehend. As our attempts to understand the world began to be formalized and codified as empirical science, the emphasis on discerning cause-effect relationships remained. Though we, the modern humanity, are armed with powerful computers, sophisticated technology, and highly developed mathematics and statistics, our fundamental questions remain the same as those of our cave dwelling ancestors – we seek to understand the causes of windfalls and misfortunes that befall us, what effects our actions have, and what would happen if the past were different from what it is. This thesis will address these ancient questions with the rigor and generality of modern mathematics. Using the framework of graphical causal models which formalizes a variety of causal queries, such as causal effects, counterfactuals and path-specific effects as certain types of probability distributions, I will develop algorithms which will evaluate these probability distributions from available information; prove that whenever these algorithms fail to evaluate a query, no other method could succeed; provide characterizations based on directed graphs for cases where these algorithms do succeed; and finally show how a class of constraints placed on the causal model by its directed graph are due to conditional independence in these probability distributions, and how these conditional independencies can be exploited for testing causal theories.
Discontinuation of Vasopressin Before Norepinephrine in the Recovery Phase of Septic Shock.

Background:Guidance for the discontinuation of vasopressors in the recovery phase of septic shock is limited. Norepinephrine is more easily titrated; however, septic shock is a vasopressin deficien...
Congenital Epulis of the Newborn

Congenital epulis of the newborn occurs more often in females than males and involves the maxilla more often than the mandible. The major theories of the origin of this lesion are discussed, and a ...
Relationship Between Radiographic Lumbosacral Spine Mensuration and Chronic Low Back Pain Intensity: A Cross-sectional Study.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate correlative factors affecting chronic low back pain (CLBP), with special emphasis on the radiographic postural findings in the sagittal lumbosacral spine. Methods A cross-sectional study alongside a randomized trial was conducted. Standing lateral lumbar spine radiographs from 352 patients with CLBP enrolled in a randomized trial were analyzed and radiographic mensuration of lumbar lordosis, lumbosacral disc angle, and sacral inclination performed. These angles were correlated with baseline variables, including CLBP intensity, age, and sex. Multiple polynomial regressions were performed in which CLBP intensity was regressed on linear and quadratic terms of lumbar lordosis to investigate the possibility of greater pain with hypo- and/or hyperlordosis. Results There was no significant correlation of the angles with pain and age ( r ≤ 0.09, P > .05). Weak but statistically significant correlation was identified between all 3 measurements and sex ( r = –0.12 to 0.21, P P > .05). Conclusion This study determined that there was no correlation between lumbar lordosis and pain levels for people with CLBP; thus, use of lumbar spine radiographic mensuration in the management of pain for people with CLBP is not recommended.
Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Catalyst Impregnation

Several aspects of catalyst preparation have been modelled and experimentally investigated. Those included here are the process of imbibition of a solution of catalytic precursors into a dry porous sphere, the corresponding distribution of solutes when adsorption is very rapid and the modification of this distribution by finiteness of adsorption rate, diffusion during and after imbibition and by the drying process.
The Online Social Support Scale: Measure development and validation.

A new measure, the Online Social Support Scale, was developed based on previous theory, research, and measurement of in-person social support. It includes four subscales: Esteem/Emotional Support, Social Companionship, Informational Support, and Instrumental Support. In college and community samples, factor analytic and item response theory results suggest that subtypes of in-person social support also pertain in the online world. Evidence of reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity provide excellent psychometric support for the measure. Construct validity accrues to the measure vis-a-vis support for three hypotheses: (a) Various broad types of Internet platforms for social interactions are differentially associated with online social support and online victimization; (b) similar to in-person social support, online social support offsets the adverse effect of negative life events on self-esteem and depression-related outcome; and (c) online social support counteracts the effects of online victimization in much the same way that in-person friends in one social niche counterbalance rejection in other social niches. (PsycINFO Database Record
New Technologies in Tumor Ablation

The technology and engineering of tumor ablation are evolving more rapidly than the clinical validation. Technical descriptions risk being obsolete by publication time. General principles and developing technical paradigms provide a simplified framework to practice and study radiofrequency ablation (RFA).This chapter reviews the general limitations of tissue ablation methods, the optimization of ablation in the radiofrequency range, and several emerging technologies and paradigms feasible in the laboratory and possibly translatable to clinical practice.
Modeling Millisecond Reactors

ABSTRACT Catalytic partial oxidation processes at very short contact times have great promise for new routes to chemical synthesis from alkanes because they are capable of producing highly nonequilibrium products with no carbon formation using reactors that are much smaller and simpler than with conventional technology. We summarize some of the considerations which may be important in modeling and in interpreting partial oxidation processes. The gradients in these monolith reactors are typically 10 6 K/sec and 10 5 K/cm, and reactions are fastest in the regions of highest gradients. Therefore a conventional one-dimensional model may be highly inaccurate to describe these processes, particularly when used to attempt to decide between different reaction mechanisms. We argue that detailed modeling which includes detailed descriptions of reactor geometry, gas and solid properties, and surface and homogeneous reaction kinetics will be necessary to develop reliable descriptions of these processes. Even with detailed modeling, it may be necessary to consider the validity of these parameters under extreme reaction conditions.
n-gram geo-trace modeling

As location-sensing smart phones and location-based services gain mainstream popularity, there is increased interest in developing techniques that can detect anomalous activities. Anomaly detection capabilities can be used in theft detection, remote elder-care monitoring systems, and many other applications. In this paper we present an n-gram based model for modeling a user's mobility patterns. Under the Markovian assumption that a user's location at time t depends only on the last n - 1 locations until t - 1, we can model a user's idiosyncratic location patterns through a collection of n-gram geo-labels, each with estimated probabilities. We present extensive evaluations of the n-gram model conducted on real-world data, compare it with the previous approaches of using T-Patterns and Markovian models, and show that for anomaly detection the n-gram model outperforms existing work by approximately 10%. We also show that the model can use a hierarchical location partitioning system that is able to obscure a user's exact location, to protect privacy, while still allowing applications to utilize the obscured location data for modeling anomalies effectively.
Placement of former english language learners in middle schools: general education or dual language?

Historically, many educators have attempted to help English Language Learners (ELLs) develop sufficient English skills to be reclassified so that they can be placed in general-education classrooms....
Syncope and Influenza B: A Case of an Arresting Association.

Influenza is a contagious viral illness that usually presents with upper respiratory and pulmonary symptoms. While generally self-limited, pulmonary, renal, metabolic, neurologic, and cardiac complications have all been described in the literature. Here we describe a case of a 46-year-old male with multiple episodes of syncope, found to have severe bradycardia, sinus arrest, and positive influenza B, requiring permanent pacemaker placement. The viruses responsible for the flu can be differentiated into four types: A, B, C, and D. The two primary viruses responsible for the seasonal winter epidemic influenza in the United States are Human Influenza A and B viruses. It has been postulated that the influenza virus may be responsible for activating acute inflammatory cytokines, which then alter electrical conduction properties of endothelial cells. Although there have been cases of sinus arrest in association with influenza, some requiring pacemaker placement, our patient’s presentation with multiple episodes of syncope with severe bradycardia and sinus arrest requiring permanent pacemaker placement, in association with influenza B, is very unusual and possibly unique. Since emergency physicians are at the forefront in the diagnosis, treatment, and disposition of these patients, awareness of influenza triggered cardiac events is essential and lifesaving, especially in unvaccinated patients.
Synthesis of 4-Substituted Chlorophthalazines, Dihydrobenzoazepinediones, 2-Pyrazolylbenzoic Acid, and 2-Pyrazolylbenzohydrazide via 3-Substituted 3-Hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones.

Treatment of aminophthalimides with organometallic reagents leads to 3-substituted 3-hydroxyisoindolinones.
Polar molecules catalyze CO insertion into metal-alkyl bonds through the displacement of an agostic C-H bond.

The insertion of CO into metal-alkyl bonds is the key C-C bond-forming step in many of the most important organic reactions catalyzed by transition metal complexes. Polar organic molecules (e.g., tetrahydrofuran) have long been known to promote CO insertion reactions, but the mechanism of their action has been the subject of unresolved speculation for over five decades. Comprehensive computational studies [density functional theory (DFT)] on the prototypical system Mn(CO) 5 (arylmethyl) reveal that the polar molecules do not promote the actual alkyl migration step. Instead, CO insertion (i.e. alkyl migration) occurs rapidly and reversibly to give an acyl complex with a sigma-bound (agostic) C-H bond that is not easily displaced by typical ligands (e.g. phosphines or CO). The agostic C-H bond is displaced much more readily, however, by the polar promoter molecules, even though such species bind only weakly to the metal center and are themselves then easily displaced; the facile kinetics of this process are attributable to a hydrogen bonding-like interaction between the agostic C-H bond and the polar promoter. The role of the promoter is to thereby catalyze isomerization of the agostic product of CO insertion to give an η 2 -C,O-bound acyl product that is more easily trapped than the agostic species. This ability of such promoters to displace a strongly sigma-bound C-H bond and to subsequently undergo facile displacement themselves is without reported precedent, and could have implications for catalytic reactions beyond carbonylation.
The Application of the Performance Hand Wear and Tools Innovation Approach: Road Cycling Gloves

Over the last twenty years, the apparel industry has modernized the design process, by integrating digital design tools and technologies to collect and analyze body measurements, draft patterns, conduct fittings and manufacture. However, for performance hand wear and tool design, many of the methods used today are outdated and limit innovation opportunities. By integrating digital design tools from the apparel industry, there is an opportunity to develop products, to improve fit, performance and safety. This is especially important for users that rely on products for hand protection and accuracy, including, athletes, military personal, surgeons, construction and fire service workers. The following paper demonstrates how a performance hand wear and tools innovation approach developed by the author, was used by a graduate student to create a new glove for road cycling. Future work using the approach will aid in designing products for other users and help manufacturers improve safety and overall performance.
Prevalence of Severe Bacterial Infection in Febrile Children with Sickle CELL Disease in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13

Introduction The incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) decreased after introduction of penicillin prophylaxis and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). However, the decrease in pneumococcal infections alone may not necessarily mean an overall decrease in severe bacterial infections (SBI). In a previous publication, we reported a 0.4 % prevalence of pneumococcal bacteremia following introduction of PCV 13. In the current study, we aimed to define the prevalence of SBI and hospitalization in febrile patients in the same cohort in the later years. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients with SCD Results There were 258 febrile events in 120 patients resulting in 187 (72%) admissions (figure 1). SBI was seen in 12% of admissions with uncomplicated community acquired pneumonia being the most common. The prevalence of bacteremia was 1.6% with single cases of pneumococcus, E. coli, and H. influenzae bacteremia. Younger age, high fever, and splenectomy were associated with hospitalization (p 85% in both inpatient and outpatient groups. Conclusion Although majority of febrile events were due to viral infections, 3 of four febrile episodes in our cohort resulted in hospitalization. A small proportion of patients had SBI and a much smaller proportion had bacteremia. These findings support early virus identification which can have implications on patient discharge disposition and antibiotic use. Further studies looking at risk stratification of febrile patients with SCD are needed to encourage outpatient management without compromising safety. Disclosures Imran:Novo Nordask: Speakers Bureau.
Perforation of a Stenotic Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve Cusp by Heavy Calcium in the Other Cusp

On occasion in patients with stenotic congenitally bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs), the quantity of calcium in one of the cusps is considerably greater than in the other cusp. We examined operatively excised stenotic congenitally BAVs in 630 patients having isolated aortic valve replacement (No other cardiac valve was replaced, and none had had infective endocarditis.) Of the 630 valves, 3 contained a perforation in the mildly calcified cusp due to a large calcific “spur” extending across the orifice from a heavily calcified cusp. In conclusion, heavy calcific deposits in 1 of 2 BAVs may extend across the orifice causing a perforation in the noncalcified portion of the opposing cusp.
EVALUATING BODY MASS INDEX TRENDS IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY RECEIVING ROUTINE PEDIATRIC CARE

Obesity has adverse health effects in children and adults. We previously found greater BMI improvement in preteens with obesity (less weight gain, greater weight reduction) than young children (greater persistence or worsening of BMI) in a pediatric weight management program. This study examines
Commensurators of finitely generated nonfree Kleinian groups

When G is a semi-simple Lie group, and Γ a lattice, a fundamental dichotomy established by Margulis [25], determines that CG(Γ) is dense in G if and only if Γ is arithmetic, and moreover, when Γ is non-arithmetic, CG(Γ) is again a lattice. Historically, the prominence of the commensurator was due in large part to the density of the commensurator in the arithmetic setting being closely related to the abundance of Hecke operators attached to arithmetic lattices. These operators are fundamental objects in the theory of automorphic forms associated to arithmetic lattices (see [38] for example). More recently, the commensurator of various classes of groups has come to the fore due to its growing role in geometry, topology and geometric group theory; for example in classifying lattices up to quasi-isometry, classifying graph manifolds up to quasi-isometry, and understanding Riemannian metrics admitting many “hidden symmetries” (for more on these and other topics see [2], [4], [17], [18], [24], [34] and [37]). In this article, we will study CG(Γ) when G = PSL(2,C) and Γ a finitely generated nonelementary Kleinian group. In this setting, we will abbreviate the notation for the commensurator of Γ to C(Γ). In the case that Γ is of finite co-volume and non-arithmetic, identifying C(Γ) has attracted considerable attention (see for example [19], [32] and [33]). Our focus here are those Kleinian groups Γ for which H/Γ has infinite volume. Henceforth, unless otherwise stated, the Kleinian groups Γ that we consider will always have infinite co-volume. If Γ is a Kleinian group, we denote by ΛΓ and ΩΓ the limit set and domain of discontinuity of Γ. The Kleinian group Γ is said to be of the first kind (resp. second kind) if ΩΓ = ∅ (resp. ΩΓ 6= ∅). The only known result for Kleinian groups Γ as above is due to L. Greenberg who proved the following result (see [20] and [21], and see §3.1 for a new proof when there are no parabolics).
A STING-based fluorescent polarization assay for monitoring activities of cyclic dinucleotide metabolizing enzymes

Cyclic dinucleoties, such as cGAMP, c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, are fascinating second messengers with diverse roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Consequently there is a need for simple and inexpensive methods for profiling these compounds in biological media, monitoring their synthesis or degradation by enzymes and for identifying inhibitors of proteins that metabolize or bind to these dinucleotides. Since 2011, when we reported the first simple method to detect c-di-GMP (S. Nakayama, I. Kelsey, J. Wang, K. Roelofs, B. Stefane, Y. Luo, V. T. Lee and H. O. Sintim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 4856) or in 2014 when we revealed another surprisingly simple assay to detect c-di-AMP (J. Zhou, D. A. Sayre, Y. Zheng, H. Szmacinski and H. O. Sintim, Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 2412), there have been efforts to develop assays to detect cyclic dinucleotides by others. However a unified and simple assay, which can be used for all cyclic dinucleotides is lacking. Here, we investigate STING binding by various fluorescein-labeled c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP and cGAMP, using fluorescent polarization (FP). Fluorescein-labeled c-di-GMP (F-c-di-GMP) was found to be the best binder of STING. This probe could be displaced by unlabeled cGAMP, c-di-AMP or c-di-GMP and hence it is a universal probe, which can be used to monitor all three dinucleotides. HPLC analysis was used to validate the new F-c-di-GMP-based FP assay.
The Organic Foods Production Act, the Process/Product Distinction, and a Case for More End Product Regulation in the Organic Foods Market

Congress passed the Organic Foods Production Act in 1990 and over a decade later, rules were finally promulgated implementing the Act in 2002. During the time between the passage of the Act and its implementation, the number of consumers purchasing organic food in the United States and globally has increased dramatically. This consumer interest in organic food is particularly striking given that the Organic Foods Production Act does not guarantee that food sold as “organic” will be free from toxins or pesticide residues and the legislative history of the Act makes clear that Congress did not intend to guarantee that food labeled “organic” would be free from toxins or pesticide residues. Rather, the Organic Foods Production Act focuses intently on process rather than end product regulation, and in this way, the Organic Foods Production Act has a different focus than much of American business regulation. This paper asserts that regulation of organic food products should be more product based for a number of reasons: the most important is that organic farming and marketing is unique in that not only does the process by which the food is produced matter to these particular consumers – consumers also care deeply about the quality of the end product. This paper will discuss consumer preferences for process and/or product information in this area, particularly as concerns about farming methods and their relation to environmental health are on the rise.Additionally, in analyzing this product/process distinction, this paper will discuss the “market for lemons” theory first espoused by Professor and economist, George A. Akerlof, in “The ‘Market For ‘Lemons:’ Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.” This paper explores the application of the “Market for Lemons” theory to the organic foods market and whether the organic market might be subject to collapse due to asymmetric information between buyer and seller. This paper asserts that ultimately, buying organic food has to do with a host of factors that will remain sound, despite asymmetric information about product quality, and that the market for organic food will remain fundamentally strong. For a multitude of other reasons, however, including the religious and ethical concerns of consumers relative to health and environment, the paper proposes a regulatory paradigm that would include stricter “organic specific” regulation, as well as thorough end product testing to support the continued expansion of this profitable market.
Effects of emotion-related stereotype messages on young women’s experience and expression of emotion

Despite prevailing scientific evidence to the contrary, gender stereotypes of emotion maintain that females are more emotional than males. Although inaccurate gender stereotypes of emotions abound, the extent to which young women are influenced by emotion stereotypes is unknown. The current study examines if exposure to stereotype messages about expressing emotions, and the consequences of expressing such emotions, affects young women’s experience and expression of emotions. Using an experimental design, young women were randomly assigned to hear (and read) one of four messages directly or indirectly describing females’ emotional experiences and expressions relative to males’, and the negative or positive consequences of such experiences and expressions. Participants then reported their willingness to express emotions via the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al. in J Personal Soc Psychol 54(6):1063–1070, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 ) and engaged in an “Emotion-Recollection Task” (Hess et al. in Cognit Emot 14(5):609–642, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930050117648 ; Weinstein and Hodgins in Personal Soc Psychol Bull 35(3):351–364, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208328165 ) where they described, in writing, a recent emotional life event. Results revealed that participants were more comfortable expressing negative emotions, and demonstrated a greater willingness to actually express their emotions, when exposed to direct rather than indirect stereotyped messages. Although the young women did not report feeling more comfortable expressing their emotions following emotion-related stereotypes with positive or negative consequences, they did in fact use more emotion words when a stereotype message reflected positive rather than negative consequences. The study demonstrates how emotion-related stereotypes may affect the lived experience of young women.
Independent validation of downscaled climate estimates from a coastal Alaska watershed using local historical weather journals.

Downscaling coarse global and regional climate models allows researchers to access weather and climate data at finer temporal and spatial resolution, but there remains a need to compare these models with empirical data sources to assess model accuracy. Here, we validate a widely used software for generating North American downscaled climate data, ClimateNA, with a novel empirical data source, 20th century weather journals kept by Admiralty Island, Alaska homesteader, Allen Hasselborg. Using Hasselborg's journals, we calculated monthly precipitation and monthly mean of the maximum daily air temperature across the years 1926 to 1954 and compared these to ClimateNA data generated from the Hasselborg homestead location and adjacent areas. To demonstrate the utility and potential implications of this validation for other disciplines such as hydrology, we used an established regression equation to generate time series of 95% low duration flow estimates for the month of August using mean annual precipitation from ClimateNA predictions and Hasselborg data. Across 279 months, we found strong correlation between modeled and observed measurements of monthly precipitation (ρ = 0.74) and monthly mean of the maximum daily air temperature (ρ = 0.98). Monthly precipitation residuals (calculated as ClimateNA data - Hasselborg data) generally demonstrated heteroscedasticity around zero, but a negative trend in residual values starting during the last decade of observations may have been due to a shift to the cold-phase Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Air temperature residuals demonstrated a consistent but small positive bias, with ClimateNA tending to overestimate air temperature relative to Hasselborg's journals. The degree of correlation between weather patterns observed at the Hasselborg homestead site and ClimateNA data extracted from spatial grid cells across the region varied by wet and dry climate years. Monthly precipitation from both data sources tended to be more similar across a larger area during wet years (mean ρ across grid cells = 0.73) compared to dry years (mean ρ across grid cells = 0.65). The time series of annual 95% low duration flow estimates for the month of August generated using ClimateNA and Hasselborg data were moderately correlated (ρ = 0.55). Our analysis supports previous research in other regions which also found ClimateNA to be a robust source for past climate data estimates.
“To be our best selves”: Critical dialogue with girls of color about their experiences in a social justice leadership program

This critical qualitative study explores the affordances of social justice-oriented education that centers youth of color and their desire to engage in complex and nuanced dialogue concerning socia...