cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unveiling Anomalous Nodes Via Random Sampling and Consensus on Graphs

The present paper develops a graph-based sampling and consensus (GraphSAC) approach to effectively detect anomalous nodes in large-scale graphs. GraphSAC randomly draws sub-sets of nodes, and relies on graph-aware criteria to judiciously filter out sets contaminated by anomalous nodes, before employing a semi-supervised learning (SSL) module to estimate nominal label distributions per node. These learned nominal distributions are minimally affected by the anomalous nodes, and hence can be directly adopted for anomaly detection. The per-draw complexity grows linearly with the number of edges, which implies efficient SSL, while draws can be run in parallel, thereby ensuring scalability to large graphs. GraphSAC is tested under different anomaly generation models based on random walks, as well as contemporary adversarial attacks for graph data. Experiments with real-world graphs show-case the advantage of GraphSAC relative to state-of-the-art alternatives.
Wolbachia-Free Heteropterans Do Not Produce Defensive Chemicals or Alarm Pheromones

The true bugs, or heteropterans, are known for their widespread production of anti-predator chemicals and alarm pheromones in scent glands, a derived trait that constitutes one of the defining characters of the suborder Heteroptera and a potential novel trait that contributed to their diversification. We investigated whether symbiotic bacteria could be involved in the formation of these chemicals using Thasus neocalifornicus, a coreid bug that produces semiochemicals frequently found in other bugs. Using DNA phylogenetic methodology and experiments using antibiotics coupled with molecular techniques, we identified Wolbachia as the microorganism infecting the scent glands of this bug. Decreasing the level of Wobachia infection using antibiotics was correlated with a diminution of heteropteran production of defensive compounds and alarm pheromones, suggesting that this symbiotic bacterium might be implicated in the formation of chemicals.
MYC-associated and double-hit lymphomas: a review of pathobiology, prognosis, and therapeutic approaches

Aberrant expression of the v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) proto-oncogene has known transformative potential in healthy human cells. Chromosomal MYC rearrangements and consequent MYC overexpression is the defining lesion in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), conferring a highly proliferative state. However, abnormalities of MYC are increasingly appreciated in non-BL histologies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and B-cell lymphomas intermediate between BL and DLBCL, with a particularly aggressive clinical phenotype. Although there are conflicting data regarding prognostic implications of isolated MYC aberrancy in these non-BLs, the co-occurrence of MYC rearrangements and either the antiapoptotic gene B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) or the transcriptional repressor BCL6 leads to an entity termed double-hit B-cell lymphoma (DHL) (or triple-hit if all 3 abnormalities are observed) with a particularly poor prognosis and no established treatment paradigms. Notably, a distinct pattern of gene expression profiling has been noted when MYC is overexpressed in BL compared with other lymphomas, supporting the notion that, although MYC promotes target gene transcription, the target genes vary by disease subtype. The frequency of MYC activity depends on the method of detection and ranges from 5% to 10% using fluorescence in situ hybridization but up to 30% of DLBCL using immunohistochemistry. Standard therapies developed for DLBCL are less effective when the disease is driven by MYC, leading to lower response rates and response durations. An important clinical challenge is to pre-emptively identify MYC-associated lymphomas and to subsequently develop trials specifically for this group of patients. However, the design of such studies is complicated by variable definitions of MYC-associated lymphoid malignancies and the lack of effective therapies to date. The objective if the current review was to evaluate the implications of MYC aberrancy with respect to the B-cell lymphoma double-hit and triple-hit phenotypes and to consider the available data for clinical and practical management.
The Incidental Learning and Remembering of Event Durations

A theoretical framework is outlined which emphasizes the role of event structure on the remembering of an event’s actual duration. The basic idea is that the predictability of unfolding information not only determines the ease of attentional tracking, but the ability to subsequently recapitulate both the temporal and nontemporal relations within an event. Some support for this notion was obtained in a set of three experiments that examined the incidental learning and remembering of characteristic event durations. Results showed that time spans containing regularly-timed or continuous pitch information were remembered significantly better than those filled with irregularly-timed information. In addition, durations marked by a nonarbitrary ending yielded better performance than those ending in an arbitrary fashion. These findings were highly reliable ones that generalized across different memory tasks (i.e. duration recognition and extrapolation) and events varying in their degree of ecological validity.
Crashing the Facebook party: One library's experiences in the students' domain

Purpose – Facebook has become one of the fastest growing social networking sites on the Internet. Due to its increasing popularity, using Facebook presents a prime opportunity to engage with students in the virtual environment. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the experimental group librarians at Kimbel Library created to try and connect with students.Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins with a brief overview of social networking as well a basic literature review. Although most of the paper focuses on Kimbel Library's experiences with Facebook, a brief survey of 100 academic librarians is also included. The main purpose of conducting the survey was to determine how and if other libraries were using Facebook to connect with their students.Findings – After evaluating the survey it was a surprise to find out that most of Kimbel Library's experiences were consistent with other academic libraries. Although use of Facebook began for the express purpose of engaging with students,...
13C NMR studies of organosilanes : I. Substituent-chemical-shift parameters for phenylsilanes☆

Abstract The 13C NMR spectra for a series of 38 phenylsilanes of the type C6H5SiX3 (X = CH3, Cl, C6H5, H, alkoxy) have been recorded and assigned. The pheny] resonances have been correlated in terms of a small number (five to nine) of empirical substituent-chemical-shift parameters. The meta and para resonances, which are highly correlated, exhibit a linear dependence on the nature of the substituents. The other two phenyl resonances show a more complex behavior, requiring second-order terms for successful correlation.
A novel immunological model for the study of prostate cancer.

The Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma is a widely accepted model for in vivo experimental studies of prostate cancer. We have previously derived phenotypically distinct cell lines from a s.c. tumor resulting from the inoculation of the R-3327-5 subclone into Copenhagen rats. In this study, we report studies using a gelatin sponge model for the delivery of tumor cells and the retrieval of tumor-specific leukocytes responsive to different prostatic cell lines. S.c. preimplanted sponges were inoculated with tumor cells previously selected for differential properties of tumor formation and metastasis and examined for leukocyte content at time points of 1, 3, and 5 weeks after tumor cell inoculation. Cytospin and flow cytometric analyses revealed fewer tumor-associated leukocytes present in sponges inoculated with tumorigenic R-3327-5′ and R-3327-5′B lines, with lesser sponge degradation, than in experiments with the nontumorigenic R-3327-5′A line, suggestive of a tumor cell-induced immunomodulatory mechanism. Morphological studies indicate an intermittent tumor growth pattern that gradually disappears in sponges inoculated with the nontumorigenic R-3327-5′A cells but a robust growth pattern in sponges inoculated with the tumorigenic cell lines. Cytokine analyses show the secretion of higher levels of active transforming growth factor-β by the more invasive and metastatic lines. Total transforming growth factor-β levels are higher in the epithelial, tumorigenic R-3327-5′B line. Additionally, the more tumorigenic lines secrete interleukin 10, a potent immunosuppressive molecule. In this report, we demonstrate the ability to retrieve viable leukocyte populations from a prostate tumor line bearing sponges, which offers an important model for further in vitro and in vivo manipulations and holds promise for testing adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies.
Purification and Properties of Guanylate Kinase from Escherichia coli

An enzyme, guanylate kinase, has been purified approximately 7000-fold from extracts of Escherichia coli. On the basis of its chromatographic profile, its sedimentation equilibrium pattern, its lack of tryptophan fluorescence, and its single zone in disc electrophoresis, it is a highly purified, if not homogeneous, protein species. It is specific for guanosine monophosphate or dGMP, and, in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, catalyzes the phosphorylation of these monophosphates to the corresponding diphosphates. The enzymatic activity is markedly stimulated by K+ and NH4+, but a kinetic analysis of the stimulation reveals that the two ions probably have different mechanisms of activation.
U. S. Corporate Reaction To GATT: An Analysis Of Managements Public Disclosures

The authors performed a computerized search of recent public financial disclosures in Management Discussion and Analyses and Presidents Letters to Shareholders concerning the reaction of multinational firms to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The intent of the search was to explore 1) the extent of TAGG disclosures made by multinational firms, 2) the tenor of these disclosures (i.e., favorable, neutral or unfavorable), 3) the location of the GATT disclosure (i.e. the Management Discussion and Analysis or the Presidents Letter, and 4) the nature of the corporate response to GATT indicated by the disclosure. A total of 76 disclosures were examined and the majority were overwhelmingly favorable toward GATDD. These responses cited the general positive effect on their firm of increased world trade. Approximately ten percent of the firms with a favorable response to GATT discussed some specific strategic reaction such as a restructuring or increased international manufacturing. Favorable reactions to GATT were more likely to be found in the Presidents Letter, and negative or neutral reactions to GATT were more likely to be found in the Management Discussion and Analysis, perhaps due to the increased legal scrutiny given to the Management Discussion and Analysis. Negative and neutral GATT disclosures were mainly from the textile and agricultural sectors of the economy, and cited the negative effect of increased and/or unfair competition from imports.
Posterior acoustic enhancement in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess sonographic appearances of hepatocellular carcinoma with particular attention to posterior acoustic effects. Methods We performed an Institutional Review Board–approved retrospective review of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone sonographically guided procedures in our department between 2001 and 2010. A total of 247 masses thought to represent hepatocellular carcinoma were identified; 27 were excluded because of prior angioembolization (altering the sonographic appearance), alternate histologic diagnoses, and incomplete patient information or imaging. Ultimately, 220 masses in 185 patients (138 men and 47 women; average age, 59.1 years) constituted the study population. Preprocedure sonograms were reviewed in consensus by 3 abdominal radiologists; the liver echo texture, lesion echogenicity, and posterior acoustic effect were rated and correlated with patient data. Results The average mass size was 3.1 cm (range, 0.7–17 cm). In total, 84.1% of the masses (n = 185) arose in abnormally echogenic/attenuating livers; 54.1% of the masses (n = 119) were predominantly hypoechoic, 23.2% (n = 51) isoechoic, and 22.7% (n = 50) hyperechoic. Target-type morphologic characteristics were noted in 41 masses. Many masses (52.7% [n = 116]) had no specific posterior acoustic effect, but nearly half (46.4%) had either mild (n = 64) or marked (n = 38) posterior acoustic enhancement. The remaining masses (0.9% [n = 2]) had posterior shadowing. Posterior acoustic enhancement was most common among hyperechoic masses (62% with posterior acoustic enhancement), target-type masses (63%), and masses larger than 5 cm (81.5%). Conclusions Posterior acoustic enhancement is present to some degree in almost half of hepatocellular carcinomas, which may relate to the tissue characteristics of the tumor or the cirrhotic liver itself. Attention to this finding, including scanning without spatial compounding, is recommended during sonographic screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in the growing population of patients with liver disease.
Monte Carlo MCMC: Efficient Inference by Sampling Factors

Conditional random fields and other graphical models have achieved state of the art results in a variety of NLP and IE tasks including coreference and relation extraction. Increasingly, practitioners are using models with more complex structure---higher tree-width, larger fanout, more features, and more data---rendering even approximate inference methods such as MCMC inefficient. In this paper we propose an alternative MCMC sampling scheme in which transition probabilities are approximated by sampling from the set of relevant factors. We demonstrate that our method converges more quickly than a traditional MCMC sampler for both marginal and MAP inference. In an author coreference task with over 5 million mentions, we achieve a 13 times speedup over regular MCMC inference.
Assessing Psychosocial Differences in Stages of Change: An Analysis of Military Healthcare System Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Provider advice is considered key to behavioral change for a healthier lifestyle. However, a healthcare professional simply telling an individual to change does not prompt behavior change. This study intends to link patient knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs to the stages of change. By incorporating a stages-of-change assessment and tailoring interventions to patient with diabetes, outcomes can improve. Methods: This study is a secondary data analysis of a single-site, prospective intervention study promoting walking in patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 111) in an Army community hospital. Results: Analysis of variance provided evidence of significant knowledge and attitude differences between precontemplation and contemplation groups, and for significant self-efficacy and social norms differences across the stages of change. Discussion: Results here provided evidence for the application of stages of change in promoting exercise to patient with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, this stud...
Regime Type and Performance: Authoritarian Rule, Semi-Capitalist Development, and Rural Inequality in Asia

Taking issue with the conclusion reached in several studies that economic variables best explain variation in economic performance among nations, this article reasserts the explanatory power of regime type and political characteristics for performance. If performance is evaluated in terms of material equality and welfare rather than growth, and is examined diachronically over the past decade and within differentiated population groups (rural, landless, and nearlandless), democratic-type regimes (Malaysia, Sri Lanka) have performed better than bureaucratic-authoritarian ones (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand). Where bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes have not perpetuated or increased poverty and inequality, e.g., South Korea, these “deviant” outcomes are due more to the peculiarities of the context and historical experience than to regime policies.
A generic and innovative approach for integrated simulation and optimisation of end milling using solid modelling and neural network

Accurate and integrated modelling and optimisation of 2½-axis end milling using standard tools and novel approaches is presented here. The resulting system provides a practical bridge between current state-of-the-art CAD/CAM and optimised CNC production. First, a novel and generic approach for extracting the in-cut geometry is implemented using ACIS® open architecture solid modeller. Next, an ANN (artificial neural network) model is designed and implemented for force prediction. Finally, a new technique for optimising the cutting parameters is applied and verified. The technique is based on reverse mapping of the ANN model for cutting force estimation. As such, the machining process is optimised directly using the learned neural network model by adjusting the net inputs to optimal values that minimise a specified objective function subject to cutting constraints. The optimisation results are used to update the initial CL (cutter location) data file to produce an optimum NC (numerically controlled) code. The proposed approach is demonstrated and verified through a case study to show its validity, practicality, and applicability.
Optimal Financial Contracts for a Start-Up with Unlimited Operating Discretion

This paper presents a model in which asymmetric information and extreme uncertainty lead to the exclusive use of equity and riskless debt for small business financing. The paper derives these results without any restrictions on the available contract space, the distribution function governing a project?s payoff, or the risk aversion of most potential entrepreneurs. Linear securities derive from the assumption that small business financing involves more uncertainty than is captured in most financial models. Instead of assuming that business people are faced with a given menu of projects, the model allows entrepreneurs to create (over time) an unlimited number of non-positive net present value projects with any payoff distribution they desire. Also, outside investors cannot observe project choice but only terminal cash flows. As a result, suppliers of funds must design contracts so that in equilibrium entrepreneurs do not wish to undertake undesirable investments. Further analysis of the model shows that in equilibrium entrepreneurs must contribute some of their own capital. The paper also finds that when a firm does not have any collateralizable assets, the equilibrium funding agreements have the property that the investors split the project?s proceeds in proportion to their initial investments. We further demonstrate that the existence of an infinite number of non-positive NPV projects can lead in equilibrium to positive abnormal returns earned by outside financiers. The model also produces a pecking order theory of financing. It is shown that highly profitable firms, and/or those companies run by relatively risk neutral individuals will first try to raise funds with riskless debt, and then turn to equity only when the supply of riskless debt has been exhausted. Finally, the paper shows that the linearity of the equilibrium contracts derives from the entrepreneur?s discretion with regard to the payoff distribution, rather than the flexibility associated with non-positive NPV projects. As part of the same analysis, we also demonstrate that under some conditions our underpricing results can be derived solely from the infinite supply of non-positive NPV projects.
Addressing drug adherence using an operations management model

OBJECTIVE To provide a model that enables health systems and pharmacy benefit managers to provide medications reliably and test for reliability and validity in the analysis of adherence to drug therapy of chronic disease. SUMMARY The quantifiable model described here can be used in conjunction with behavioral designs of drug adherence assessments. The model identifies variables that can be reproduced and expanded across the management of chronic diseases with drug therapy. By creating a reorder point system for reordering medications, the model uses a methodology commonly seen in operations research. The design includes a safety stock of medication and current supply of medication, which increases the likelihood that patients will have a continuous supply of medications, thereby positively affecting adherence by removing barriers. CONCLUSION This method identifies an adherence model that quantifies variables related to recommendations from health care providers; it can assist health care and service delivery systems in making decisions that influence adherence based on the expected order cycle days and the expected daily quantity of medication administered. This model addresses the possession of medication as a barrier to adherence.
Bond Graphs for Flexible Multibody Systems

A method is presented for the analysis and simulation of the dynamic response of systems containing linked long, flexible bodies driven by actuators at joints and attachement points.
Disruption of sonic hedgehog signaling alters growth and patterning of lingual taste papillae.

Abstract Taste buds on the anterior part of the tongue develop in conjunction with epithelial–mesenchymal specializations in the form of gustatory (taste) papillae. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) are expressed in developing taste papillae, but the roles of these signaling molecules in specification of taste bud progenitors and in papillary morphogenesis are unclear. We show here that BMP4 is not expressed in the early tongue, but is precisely coexpressed with Shh in papillary placodes, which serve as a signaling center for both gustatory and papillary development. To elucidate the role of Shh, we used an in vitro model of mouse fungiform papillary development to determine the effects of two functional inhibitors of Shh signaling: anti-Shh (5E1) antibody and cyclopamine. Cultured E11.5 tongue explants express Shh and BMP4 LacZ in a pattern similar to that of intact embryos, localizing to developing papillary placodes after 2 days in culture. Tongues cultured with 5E1 antibody continue to express these genes in papillary patterns but develop more papillae that are larger and closer together than in controls. Tongues cultured with cyclopamine have a dose-dependent expansion of Shh and BMP4 LacZ expression domains. Both antibody-treated and cyclopamine-treated tongue explants also are smaller than controls. Taken together, these results suggest that, although Shh is not involved in the initial specification of papillary placodes, Shh does play two key roles during pmcry development: (1) as a morphogen that directs cells toward a nonpapillary fate, and (2) as a mitogen, causing expansion of the interplacodal epithelium and underlying mesenchyme.
Stress induced disorganization of circadian and ultradian rhythms: Comparisons of effects of surgery and social stress

Persistent autonomic disturbances following stressful events suggest that the rhythmical nature of homeostatic functioning may be disrupted by these experiences. We assessed the effects of two different stressors on circadian and ultradian rhythms of Long-Evans rats by using nonlinear multi-oscillator cosinor analysis. Heart rate and intraperitoneal temperature were monitored continuously in 5-min intervals in two groups of animals via radio-telemetry for 15 days after surgery (n = 9) and 15 days following social defeat (n = 6). Circadian amplitude of heart rate and temperature increased significantly for the first nine days of the recovery from surgery but only circadian temperature amplitude increased following social defeat. Circadian acrophase of temperature but not heart rate changed significantly for a similar period following the surgery but not after the social defeat. A mathematical model incorporating the first five harmonics of the circadian rhythm was found to fit the data significantly better than a circadian model alone with rhythms of 3 and 5 cycles/day in temperature and heart rate entraining significantly to the light-dark schedule. Full recovery of the circadian and ultradian rhythms did not occur until a minimum of nine to twelve days after surgery or social defeat. The results suggest that rhythms with multiple periodicities are involved in homeostatic functioning and that models incorporating these rhythms may aid in understanding an organisms adaptive response to surgical intervention and social defeat, long after the challenges have terminated.
QUINE ON DISPOSITIONS AND SUBVISIBLE STRUCTURES

WHAT is a disposition? Quine suggests a natural answer. He suggests that we conceive of a disposition as a " built-in, enduring structural trait ".1 He seemingly believes that this is its " ontological status " (p. 34). This proposed view is quite sweeping in scope. It is apparently intended to cover the entire range of dispositions from the solubility of sugar to the irritability of human beings: Quine suggests that the solubility of sugar is simply its " subvisible structure ", a " structure suited to dissolving " (p. 223). He says of a man's disposition to assent to or dissent from a sentence S,
Theory of a Two-Dimensional Ising Model with Random Impurities. III. Boundary Effects

We study the effects which immobile random impurities may have on magnetic properties and spin-spin correlation functions of a ferromagnetic system properties the Curie temperature. This is done within the context of the model introduced in the first paper of this series by computing the spin correlation functions on the boundary of a half-plane of random Ising spins, where the boundary row is allowed to intereact with a magnetic field $\mathfrak{H}$. We find that as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}$ the average boundary spontaneous magnetization vanishes as ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T$. However, the average boundary magnetic susceptibility is shown not to exist for a finite range of temperature about ${T}_{c}$. Furthermore, at ${T}_{c}$ the average boundary magnetization behaves as $\ensuremath{-}{N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ sign $(\mathfrak{H}){[\mathrm{ln} N{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{c}|\mathfrak{H}|]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is a measure of the width of the distribution of random bonds. Whenever $T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}=O({N}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$, the average spin-spin correlation function for two spins on the boundary is shown to approach its limit at infinite separation as some inverse power of the separation instead of as an exponential. At ${T}_{c}$ this average correlation function behaves asympotically as ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}2} {(\mathrm{ln}m{N}^{\ensuremath{-}2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ when $m$ the separation between boundary spins, is large. Finally, we make the probabilistic nature of the boundary spontaneous magnetization more precise by computing its probability distribution function.
Prosthetic vascular graft infection imaging

Abstract Purpose We are reporting our experience with imaging of vascular graft infections using computed tomography angiography (CTA), white blood cell (WBC) scintigraphy and software-based fusion imaging. Material and methods Institutional review board approval was obtained. We performed a retrospective review of patients who had clinical signs and symptoms of vascular graft infection in whom both WBC single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CTA was performed between 2005 and 2010. We performed fusion imaging with available data using software coregistration technique and analyzed outcome of the patients. Results We had 20 patients; 11 had grafts of the aorta, five had peripheral vascular grafts, three had aortic and peripheral vascular grafts, and one had a thoracic aortic graft. WBC imaging was positive in 10 patients, negative in six patients and indeterminate in 4 patients. CTA was positive in six patients, negative in four patients and indeterminate in 10 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) for WBC, CTA and WBC SPECT/CTA fusion were 75/100/80/100/50%, 88/50/80/88/50% and 94/50/85/88/67% respectively. Conclusion The use of CTA, WBC scintigraphy, and image co-registration influenced the diagnostic confidence of graft infection and the outcome of the patients. Software-based fusion imaging of both modalities resulted in improved sensitivity, accuracy, and NPV.
Minimality and stability of minimal hypersurfaces in IRn

In this paper we show that the hypercone over S2 × S4 is strictly area-minimizing in ℝ8. We also show the existence of smooth embedded stable hypersurfaces in ℝ8 which are not area-minimizing.
Persistent indocyanine green fluorescence after vitrectomy for macular hole.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the persistence of indocyanine green (ICG) autofluorescence after ICG-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling for macular hole surgery. Design Interventional case series. Methods Retrospective institutional study. Four eyes of four patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with ICG-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling for macular hole repair were imaged for ICG autofluorescence at 795 nm with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The main outcome measure was persistence of ICG autofluorescence. Results All four patients demonstrated persistent ICG fluorescence in the central macula up to 8 months postsurgery. Conclusions Persistent ICG signal was noted in the macula months after vitrectomy for macular hole surgery. The persistence of ICG autofluorescence could be responsible for delayed photochemical damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. Further studies must quantify the risk of retinal pigment epithelium injury when ICG-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling is used in macular hole surgery.
Solidification velocity of undercooled Ni–Cu alloys

Abstract The solidification velocity of Ni–Cu alloys was measured as a function of bulk undercooling using high-speed thermal imaging of electromagnetically levitated samples. Two departures from power law growth (approximating plateaus) in the velocity versus undercooling data were observed: the first occurred at intermediate undercoolings and is attributed to copper solute, while the second occurred at high undercoolings and is hypothesized to be an effect of oxygen. The Ivantsov solution with marginal stability arguments (IMS model) is a widely used model that relates dendrite growth velocity to total undercooling for dilute alloy systems. However, the model does not predict a plateau at intermediate undercoolings for alloys with a large equilibrium partition coefficient, kE. Satisfactory agreement between the model and experimental results can be obtained by using a value of kE that is smaller than the alloy’s actual value, but this is physically unreasonable and causes disagreement with currently accepted kinetic models.
International student flows and R&D spillovers

Abstract As human capital embodies technology, this study empirically explores the significance of international student flows as a channel of R&D spillovers based on cointegration method against a data set of 21 OECD economies and Israel during 1971–1990. Findings favor student flows to trade as a channel of technology transmission.
Speaking Up in the Operating Room: How Team Leaders Promote Learning in Interdisciplinary Action Teams

ABSTRACT This paper examines learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Research on team effectiveness has focused primarily on single-discipline teams engaged in routine production tasks and, less often, on interdisciplinary teams engaged in discussion and management rather than action. The resulting models do not explain differences in learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Members of these teams must coordinate action in uncertain, fast-paced situations, and the extent to which they are comfortable speaking up with observations, questions, and concerns may critically influence team outcomes. To explore what leaders of action teams do to promote speaking up and other proactive coordination behaviours – as well as how organizational context may affect these team processes and outcomes – I analysed qualitative and quantitative data from 16 operating room teams learning to use a new technology for cardiac surgery. Team leader coaching, ease of speaking up, and boundary spanning were associated with successful technology implementation. The most effective leaders helped teams learn by communicating a motivating rationale for change and by minimizing concerns about power and status differences to promote speaking up in the service of learning.
Ca++-induced fusion of proteoliposomes: Dependence on transmembrane osmotic gradient

The fusion of cytochrome oxidase liposomes with liposomes reconstituted with mitochondrial hydrophobic protein is dependent on the presence of an acidic phospholipid in the liposomes and on the addition of Ca++ ions. Liposomes which have grown, by fusion, to diameters in excess of 1000 A lose the ability to fuse further, unless an osmotic gradient across the liposome membrane is established, with the internal osmotic pressure higher than the external. At a given Ca++ concentration, the extent to which this second fusion step takes place is determined by the ratio of internal to external osmolarity. Single-walled liposomes with diameters exceeding 1 μm have been produced by this technique. The data suggest that the thermodynamic driving force for the Ca++-induced fusion is an excess surface free energy which can be supplied by membrane curvature or transmembrane osmotic gradients.
Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of carbon isotope composition in unpurified samples: Methamphetamine example

A gas chromatograph/quadrupole mass spectrometer system, operated in electron impact/selected ion monitoring mode, is used to determine the intensity ratio of the m/z 59 and the m/z 58 ions of the [C3H8N]+ fragment derived from methamphetamine samples synthesized with varying amounts of 13C-labeled methylamine. Crude products are introduced into the gas chromatograph without prior cleanup. The ratios measured were in excellent agreement with those calculated. A change in 0.25% use of 13C-methylamine is sufficient for product differentiation. The feasibility of using isotope labeling and subsequent mass spectrometric isotope ratio measurement as the basis of a compound tracing mechanism is discussed. Specifically, if methamphetamine samples manufactured from legal sources are asked to incorporate distinct 13C compositions, their sources can be traced when samples are diverted into illegal channels. Samples derived from illicit preparations can also be traced if the manufacturers of a precursor (methylamine in this case) incorporate distinct 13C compositions in their products.
The role of v-Fgr myristoylation and the gag domain in membrane binding and cellular transformation

Abstract The v-fgr oncogene encodes a chimeric oncoprotein composed of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV)-derived gag and cellular-derived actin and c-Fgr sequences. v-Fgr is myristoylated and membrane bound, two criteria which must be met for src kinases to induce cellular transformation. Although inhibition of myristoylation resulted in a decreased ability of v-Fgr to sediment with membranes from an NIH-3T3 P100 fraction, deletion of the gag domain caused nearly all of the protein to remain unbound and cytosolic. Systematic deletions within gag indicate that while amino acids 3 through 9 are critical determinants of myristoylation and/or define a domain which directs membrane localization, these residues cooperate with additional gag sequences when anchoring the protein to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, nonmyristoylated and/or cytoplasmic variants of v-Fgr failed to induce anchorage-independent growth of NIH-3T3 cells, indicating that proper subcellular localization of v-Fgr is a key factor in its ability to induce transformation.
A high-performance CMOS 70-MHz palette/DAC

A VLSI circuit has been developed that combines dual-ported RAMs and three high-speed 8-b digital-to-analog converters (DACs). It is known as a palette/DAC. A 6-2 segmented DAC architecture improves differential linearity and monotonicity. The current-source cell uses a cascode device to improve the DAC's linearity. A reference current, set by an on-chip bandgap reference voltage generator, and its associated distribution scheme eliminate the negative effects of threshold mismatches between current source cells, supply line resistance, and noise. The maximum conversion rate is 70 MHz with typical DC differential nonlinearity of 0.48 LSB (least significant bit). The 253-mil/SUP 2/ is designed on a double-metal CMOS process and consumes 1.2 W of power.
Quantitative immuno-electron microscopic analysis of nuclear respiratory factor 2 alpha and beta subunits: Normal distribution and activity-dependent regulation in mammalian visual cortex

The macaque visual cortex is exquisitely organized into columns, modules, and streams, much of which can be correlated with its metabolic organization revealed by cytochrome oxidase (CO). Plasticity in the adult primate visual system has also been documented by changes in CO activity. Yet, the molecular mechanism of regulating this enzyme remains not well understood. Being one of only four bigenomic enzymes in mammalian cells, the transcriptional regulation of this enzyme necessitates a potential bigenomic coordinator. Nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2) or GA-binding protein is a transcription factor that may serve such a critical role. The goal of the present study was to determine if the two major subunits of NRF-2, 2alpha and 2beta, had distinct subcellular distribution in neurons of the rat and monkey visual cortex, if major metabolic neuronal types in the macaque exhibited different levels of the two subunits, and if they would respond differently to monocular impulse blockade. Quantitative immuno-electron microscopy was used. In both rats and monkeys, nuclear labeling of alpha and beta subunits was mainly over euchromatin rather than heterochromatin, consistent with their active participation in transcriptional activity. Cytoplasmic labeling was over free ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and occasionally the nuclear envelope, signifying sites of synthesis and possible posttranslational modifications. The density of both subunits was much higher in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm for all neurons examined, again indicating that their major sites of cellular action is in the nucleus.
Central antinociceptive effects of lysine-vasopressin and an analogue

Vasopressin (VP) neurons project to extrahypothalamic sites involved in pain perception, including the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord as well as the trigeminal and vagus nerves. Previous studies have reported antinociceptive activity following intracerebroventricular (ICV) or subcutaneous (SC) VP injections (16-100 microgram) on the tail-flick test while hyperalgesia has been observed in rats either genetically deficient in VP or treated with antisera to VP. The present study investigated whether nanogram (ng) doses of lysine-vasopressin (LVP) and a VP analogue with prolonged activity increased tail-flick latencies and flinch-jump thresholds following ICV or SC injections. LVP (150 and 500 ng, ICV) significantly increased tail-flick latencies while the analogue 1-deamino-(8-Lys-N epsilon-(Gly-Gly-Gly))-VP (500 ng, ICV) produced more powerful and prolonged analgesia. In contrast, latencies were not increased by SC injections of LVP (150-1500 ng). Further, flinch-jump thresholds were affected minimally by either ICV or SC LVP injections. These data suggest a role for VP in pain modulation and a central site of this action.
Concussions in wheelchair basketball.

Abstract Wessels KK, Broglio SP, Sosnoff JJ. Concussions in wheelchair basketball. Objective To estimate the incidence rate of concussions in wheelchair basketball. Design Survey. Setting Wheelchair basketball tournaments during the 2009 to 2010 season. Participants Wheelchair basketball players (N=263) ranging in age from 18 to 60 years. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participants completed a survey on their concussion history including how many concussions they have sustained, how many days they refrained from physical activity because of injury, to whom they reported their injury, and reasons for not reporting an injury if they did not. Participants also provided demographic information about their disability, age, sex, and length of wheelchair use and sports participation. Results Within the sample of 263 wheelchair basketball players, 6.1% reported experiencing a concussion in the current season. Of those experiencing concussions during the current season, 44% did not report their concussion. Of those not reporting the incident, 67% did not because they did not want to be removed from physical activity. Analysis by sex indicated that 5.82% of the male athletes sustained a concussion during the current season, and 14.36% had sustained an injury during their athletic career. Female athletes, however, sustained concussions at a higher rate, with 6.67% having concussions during the current season and 30.6% during their athletic careers. Women were also 2.5 times more likely to sustain a concussion than men. Athletes were most likely to report their concussion to their coach (60% of concussed athletes). Conclusions The current investigation was consistent with previous research in that women were more likely to sustain a concussion than men, and injury rates were similar to those in able-bodied basketball. Further work is needed in concussion assessment in persons with disability, as well as greater education concerning concussion in disability sports.
Treatment of lethal Pichinde virus infections in weanling LVG/Lak hamsters with ribavirin, ribamidine, selenazofurin, and ampligen.

Abstract A lethal Pichinde (An 4763 strain) virus infection was produced in 3-week-old random-bred Golden Syrian (LVG/Lak strain) hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally with virus, causing mortality in 6–9 days. High virus titers (⩾ 107.5 cell culture infectious doses/g) were present in visceral organs, serum, brain and salivary glands near the time of death. Intraperitoneal treatments with ribavirin (10 and 32 mg/kg) and ribamidine (32, 100, and 320 mg/kg) for 10 days starting 24 h after virus challenge significantly decreased mortality and reduced virus titers by 100- to 10 000-fold in liver, spleen, brain, and serum. Serum alanine aminotransferase (an indicator of liver damage) was also reduced in animals treated with the two compounds (ribavirin at 32 mg/kg; ribamidine at 100 and 320 mg/kg). Intraperitoneal selenazofurin (1–100 mg/kg per day for 10 days) and ampligen (0.5 and 5 mg/kg every other day for 5 injections) treatments provided neither protection from the lethal infection nor increased mean survival times. In fact, selenazofurin was overtly toxic, causing death of uninfected hamsters at 32 and 100 mg/kg. The random-bred LVG/Lak hamster appears to be a viable and cost-effective model for evaluating new therapies for arenavirus infections.
The crack-inclusion interaction problem

The general plane elastostatic problem of interaction between a crack and an inclusion is considered. The Green's functions for a pair of dislocations and a pair of concentrated body forces are used to generate the crack and the inclusion. Integral equations are obtained for a line crack and an elastic line inclusion having an arbitrary relative orientation and size. The nature of stress singularity around the end points of rigid and elastic inclusions is described and three special cases of this intersection problem are studied. The problem is solved for an arbitrary uniform stress state away from the crack-inclusion region. The nonintersecting crack-inclusion problem is considered for various relative size, orientation, and stiffness parameters, and the stress intensity factors at the ends of the inclusion and the crack are calculated. For the crack-inclusion intersection case, special stress intensity factors are defined and are calculated for various values of the parameters defining the relative size and orientation of the crack and the inclusion and the stiffness of the inclusion.
Inelastic electron scattering mechanisms in clean aluminum films

Magnetoresistance data for clean aluminum films (${R}_{\ensuremath{\square}}=0.2\ensuremath{-}4 \ensuremath{\Omega}$) are analyzed in terms of localization and superconducting fluctuations. The inferred inelastic-scattering rate ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is interpreted as the sum of electron-phonon and dirty-limit electron-electron processes. Extrapolation of these results for ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ shows good agreement with results of superconducting nonequilibrium studies of Chi and Clarke for ${R}_{\ensuremath{\square}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1 \ensuremath{\Omega}$. For lower ${R}_{\ensuremath{\square}}$, another inelastic mechanism is evident, possibly clean-limit electron-electron scattering.
Terrorism and the marxist left: Peru's struggle against Sendero Luminoso

Abstract The political balance in Peru since the return of democratic government in 1980 has shifted to the left, and the United Left (Izquierda Unida or IU) is considered a serious contender in the 1990 elections. This paper investigates IU's prospects for success in presenting a clear alternative within the country's Marxist coalition and in undermining support for the armed revolutionary group Sendero Luminoso. The origins of IU are traced from the 1978 constituent assembly elections, and its organization, structure, and tactics are evaluated in terms of its effectiveness. If it achieves power, it will face its greatest challenge from Sendero Luminoso, the militant Maoist group that has been responsible for much of the terrorism that has gripped Peru in this decade. The authors describe Sendero's strategy and tactics and those of its chief rival, the MRTA. Finally the paper explores IU's alternatives for dealing with these radical leftist groups and the political violence they espouse.