cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interactive visualization tool for teaching ARP spoofing attack

Local area network (LAN) access is the top vector for insider threats and misuses according to the Verizon's Data Breach Investigations Report. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is often exploited by the attackers who have gained access to the LAN. It is critical for students to learn how attacks on ARP work and know the countermeasures. In an earlier work, authors developed a hands-on lab to help students learn how an ARP spoofing attack works by asking them to create and send attack packets. To enhance learning further, we present an interactive visualization tool that intuitively shows the effects of the ARP spoofing attack in real-time. The Hacker Graphical User Interface (HGUI) is an interactive visualization tool developed to assist students in learning how ARP Spoofing works. By modeling a controlled ARP Spoofing attack using virtual machines, we give students the ability to alter elements of the attack by interacting with the visualization. This tool was developed using Processing, an open source programming language used in many visual art communities. It runs on virtual machines installed with Kali Linux. This tool animates attack packets, normal packets, and the status of ARP cache in real-time. If students have successfully carried out the ARP spoofing attack, they can see the normal packets being routed to the attacker machine and the victim's ARP cache being poisoned. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of the lab. Tests were conducted to measure the performance of students before and after using this tool. We also gave students surveys after they completed the hands-on lab. The result shows that this tool can significantly enhance students' understanding of the concept of ARP spoofing attacks and motivate them in learning more about cyber security.
Velocimetry of interstitial flow in freely draining foam

Abstract Interstitial flows at the middle height of a freely draining foam column were measured by microparticle image velocimetry (μPIV), and superficial flow was measured from the bottom of the foam by a digital weighing scale. In addition, Plateau border widths were measured from the μPIV images. Plateau borders were selected for μPIV particle-tracking analysis based on their orientation being nearly vertical. Interstitial liquid velocity in the vertically oriented Plateau borders was found to depend linearly on the square of the width consistent with Poiseuille flow. Three foams were examined including a commercial fluorinated Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), a commercial non-fluorinated firefighting foam (Re-healing Foam Type 6; RF6), and a simple lab-mixed foam composed from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water. The interstitial velocity and superficial velocity measurements were compared with theoretical models that assumed either channel-dominated (CD) or node-dominated (ND) viscous dissipation, i.e. rigid or mobile interfaces. The measurements were found to fall in between the two limiting cases for AFFF and RF6, with RF6 showing closer agreement with the CD case than the ND case. Flow measurements in SDS foam agreed approximately with the ND model, as expected, prior to foam breakdown. An approximate liquid volume fraction at the middle height of the foam column was also obtained from the ratio of interstitial flow to superficial flow.
Alterations in lipidome and metabolome profiles of Nannochloropsis salina in response to reduced culture temperature during sinusoidal temperature and light

Abstract Metabolic response to four suboptimal cultivation temperatures was explored in Nannochloropsis salina, with an emphasis on fatty acid and lipid metabolism. Cultures were cultivated in controlled environmental photobioreactors. Physiological performance, characterized by growth rate and photosynthetic output, were reduced at all three cold stress temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C). However, biomass productivity and overall growth for cultures at 20 °C was like that of those grown at the optimal temperature (25 °C). Fatty acid productivity was elevated at all suboptimal temperatures, and both total fatty acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content were statically elevated at 20 °C. Lipid accumulation was observed exclusively in response to cold stress; however, lipid turnover and enrichment in polyunsaturated fatty acids occurred in all temperature variants. In addition, extensive lipid remodeling occurred in both polar and neutral lipid pools, specifically in monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol pools. While 20 °C is optimal for eicosapentaenoic acid and total fatty acid productivity, cold stress is necessary to induce both productivity and polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment in triacylglycerol pools.
A space time analysis evaluating the impact of hurricane sandy on HIV testing rates

Abstract Spatial proximity to infrastructural damage from natural disasters may pose a threat to established HIV testing services and contribute to delays in knowledge of one's disease status. Physical vulnerabilities such as spatial proximity to a level 4 FEMA impact zone, are defined in this study as natural and infrastructural barriers that can impede access to care. We analyzed the storm effects and community characteristics that contributed to the changes in HIV testing rates post Hurricane Sandy. Univariate and bivariate Moran's I tests were conducted to test for spatial autocorrelation. Combined spatial lag and error models accounted for lagged effects and alternatives in error distribution. Bivariate local Moran's I identified many significant clusters of more extreme negative relative change in HIV testing rates in areas with high FEMA impact ranks. Spatial lag and error models highlighted a significant relationship between CBSAs closer to a level 4 FEMA impact zone and the increased effect of Hurricane Sandy on HIV testing. Additionally, as the number of habitable buildings increased, there was significantly less change in HIV testing rates. Physical vulnerability had a significant effect on HIV testing rates. However all findings became less significant over time, highlighting the recovery process. Factors including: increased communication concerning preventative measures prior to the disaster, a prompt response to mitigate infrastructural damage and resumption of HIV testing services, are essential at the government and community levels to mitigate infection risk.
Evaluation of multi-decadal UCLA-CFSv2 simulation and impact of interactive atmospheric-ocean feedback on global and regional variability

This paper evaluates multi-decadal simulations of the UCLA version of Climate Forecast System version 2, in which the default Noah land surface model has been replaced with the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model version-2. To examine the influence of the atmosphere–ocean (AO) interaction on the variability, two different simulations were conducted: one with interactive ocean component, and the other constrained by the prescribed sea surface temperature. We evaluate the mean seasonal climatology of precipitation and temperature, along with the model’s ability to reproduce atmospheric variability at different scales over the globe, including extratropical modes of atmospheric variability, and long-term trends of global and hemispheric temperature and regional precipitation. Here, we particularly selected two monsoon regions, East Asia and West Africa, where the simulation of multi-decadal variations which has heretofore been a challenging task, to examine decadal variation of monsoon precipitation. In general, temperature anomaly trends were better captured than those of precipitation in both simulations. Results suggest that the AO interaction, represented as latent heat flux, contributes to improve reproducibility of global-wide climatology, extratropical modes of atmospheric variability, and variability in the multi-decadal climate simulation, as well as for inter-decadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon.
Confronting human trafficking: The role of state capacity:

While human trafficking occupies a prominent place on the global policy agenda, many aspects of this phenomenon remain empirically underdeveloped. We examine the role of state capacity in these ill...
On the scientific prospects for Freud’s theory of hysteria

ABSTRACTHysteria (or conversion disorder) is once again attracting concerted scientific attention. This paper looks at the extent to which recent scientific research supports Freud’s theory of hyst...
From Her Head to Her Toes: Gender-Bending Regalia in the Tomb of Constance of Aragon, Queen of Hungary and Sicily

This article re-examines Jozsef Deer’s claim that the crown uncovered in the tomb of Constance of Aragon (d. 1222) was originally her husband’s. His argument is based entirely on the shape of the crown itself, and ignores the context of her burial and the other idiosyncrasies of Frederick II’s burial provisions at Palermo Cathedral. By examining the contents of the grave of Constance, and by discussing patterns related to the size of medieval crowns recovered from archaeological context, the evidence indicates that this crown would have originally adorned the buried queen’s head. Rather than identifying it as a ‘male’ crown that found its way into the queen’s sarcophagus as a gift from her husband, this article argues that Constance’s crown is evidence that as a category of analysis, gender is not as simple as it may appear. In fact, medieval crowns often had multiple owners and sometimes a crown could be owned, or even worn, by someone who had a different gender than the original owner. This fact demonstrates the need for a more complex, nuanced interpretation of regalia found in an archaeological context.
296 Activated stress response genes and perturbation of regulatory pathways in anti-nuclear antibody positive individuals and SLE patients vary by cell type and race in single-cell transcriptomic analyses

Background A universal hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). While their cognate antigens and ANA levels can associate with SLE subphenotypes, many individuals develop ANAs years prior to autoimmune disease manifestations or never develop any clinical symptoms. At present, the mechanisms governing the transition from autoantibody production to disease onset remain unknown. Methods To ascertain differences in immune cell populations and their transcriptional state, we performed scRNA-seq on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 patients, including African and European American individuals with lupus-associated autoantibodies (n=10), SLE patients (n=10), and ANA- healthy controls (n=10). Transcriptomes were analyzed using canonical correlation analysis, the results of which were used by a smart local moving algorithm to identify cell population clusters and by Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for visualization. Differential expression of genes was assessed using Model-based Analysis of Single Cell Transcriptomics. Results Distinct cell populations could be identified for each disease classification. EA ANA +individuals showed a decrease in the number of naive B cells relative to SLE and healthy individuals; in contrast, AA ANA +individuals had higher numbers of centrocytes. Additionally, AA SLE patients demonstrated an enrichment of plasma cells relative to both ANA +and healthy individuals while FCRL5, a marker of dysfunctional B cells, was increased only in SLE memory B cells. Overall, AA ANA +cell populations showed an upregulation in a number of heat shock genes in ANA+ (HSPA6, HSPA1A, DNAJB1). Multipotent progenitor (MPP) cells from SLE patients of both ethnicities were marked by upregulation of interferon stimulated genes; ANA +MPPs, however, differed in that cells from AA individuals had an upregulation of housekeeping genes (GAPDH, PGK1) while anti-inflammatory NFKB1A was increased in EA MPPs. Comparison of a manually curated list of regulatory factors demonstrated dysregulation of several genes, including upregulation of TGFB across all AA ANA +cell clusters and an increase in CD46 in EA ANA +clusters. Similarly, gene set enrichment analysis of differentially regulated genes indicated activation of stress response pathways in AA and EA ANA +individuals. Conclusions These data indicate that substantial transcriptional and cell population differences exist among immune cells from ANA+, SLE, and healthy individuals, including an activated stress response and enhanced immune regulation in the cells from ANA +individuals. Our results suggest that cells from ANA +individuals may be regulating reactions to stimulation, and exhaustion of that response may allow for transition to SLE. Funding Source(s): NIH U54GM104938, U01AI101934, U19AI082714, and P30AR053483.
Ideal Bodies at Work: Faculty Mothers and Pregnancy in Academia.

This study explores female faculty members’ pregnancy and pregnant embodiment in academia. Based on semi-structured interviews with 32 faculty mothers from 21 academic institutions in the U.S., I e...
Handheld spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry for motion-corrected ophthalmic optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the gold standard for quantitative ophthalmic imaging. The majority of commercial and research systems require patients to fixate and be imaged in a seated upright position, which limits the ability to perform ophthalmic imaging in bedridden or pediatric patients. Handheld OCT devices overcome this limitation, but image quality often suffers due to a lack of real-time aiming and patient eye and photographer motion. We describe a handheld spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry (SECTR) system that enables simultaneous en face reflectance and cross-sectional OCT imaging. The handheld probe utilizes a custom double-pass scan lens for fully telecentric OCT scanning with a compact optomechanical design and a rapid-prototyped enclosure to reduce the overall system size and weight. We also introduce a variable velocity scan waveform that allows for simultaneous acquisition of densely sampled OCT angiography (OCTA) volumes and widefield reflectance images, which enables high-resolution vascular imaging with precision motion-tracking for volumetric motion correction and multivolumetric mosaicking. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo human retinal OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging using handheld SECTR on a healthy volunteer. Clinical translation of handheld SECTR will allow for high-speed, motion-corrected widefield OCT and OCTA imaging in bedridden and pediatric patients who may benefit ophthalmic disease diagnosis and monitoring.
Unemployment Risk and Debt Contract Design

We examine how firms’ contractual relationships with their employees affect the design of their debt contracts, and their use of financial covenants and pricing grids in particular. Viewing the firm as nexus of both explicit and implicit contractual relationships, we argue that managers internalize their employees’ preferences when negotiating contractual terms with creditors. An increase in unemployment insurance benefits reduces employees’ cost of job loss which, in turn, allows managers to take more risk. We find that loans initiated following an increase in unemployment insurance benefits are more likely to include performance rather than capital covenants and are more likely to include pricing grids based on financial (i.e., profitability) ratios rather than credit ratings. Overall, our study demonstrates how the design of debt contracts changes in response to arguably exogenous changes in employees’ collective tolerance — and, in turn, managers’ preferences — for risk.
Malign and benign neglect: a local food system and the myth of sustainable redevelopment in Appalachia Ohio

Local food systems seem virtuous in the larger context of the neoliberalization of global food systems and increasing food insecurity. However, local food systems are critiqued for reproducing neoliberalism when they prioritize niche-market consumerism over enhancing access for poor people. Advocates, in contrast, insist local food systems contribute to an equitable political economy of food if they are place-based and inclusive. Local food systems must not, according to them, be condemned monolithically in light of their neoliberal tendencies, but evaluated instead on a case-by-case basis regarding their potentially innovative solutions to food insecurity. We heed this call by investigating how a regionally-renowned local food system addresses food insecurity in an impoverished corner of rural Appalachia. Specifically, we use qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis, to evaluate the local food system in Athens County, Ohio. Our findings indicate that extra-local processes under neoliberalism, including austerity and economic marginalization, create a large-scale context of malign neglect in which local food security initiatives operate. Place-based strategies for food security, in response, emphasize producer profitability and consumer responsibility as solutions to extra-local constraints. These localized processes of benign neglect, however, reproduce stifling neoliberalisms within the Athens local food system, giving it a defensive stance that fails to promote innovative modes of inclusion despite its sustainable reputation. Malign and benign forms of neglect, working in creative tension, perpetuate a problematic paradox of food insecurity amidst a seemingly robust local food system as neoliberalization operating at a variety of scales remains unchallenged.
Population dynamics of Pinfish in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (1998-2016)

Forage fishes play an important role in marine ecosystems by transferring energy and nutrients through the food web. The population dynamics of forage species can therefore have cascading effects across multiple trophic levels. Here, we analyzed a 19-year dataset on Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) across four eastern Gulf of Mexico estuaries to investigate population dynamics, inter- and intra-annual synchrony, metapopulation portfolio effects, growth, and habitat effects. Young-of-year growth rates did not differ among estuaries. The population dynamics of these four systems were stable in the long-term, but highly dynamic inter-annually. Intra-annual dynamics were stable and predictable despite variation in long-term means. Some estuaries exhibited positive inter-annual synchrony, and all four estuaries were synchronous intra-annually. There was evidence for stronger portfolio effects for the entire four-estuary metapopulation, as well as for the two northern estuaries while the southern estuaries appeared to act as a single population. Submerged aquatic vegetation was by far the most important predictor for both presence and abundance of Pinfish. It is important to understand the factors driving forage fish population fluctuations to better predict ecosystem effects, including those to species of economic and ecological importance. These predictors can be useful for the implementation of ecosystem-based management decisions.
Dual-view Inverted Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy for Accurate 3D Digital Pathology on Large Specimens

diSPIM is used to render 3D digital histological images on large specimens. By comparing dual-view deconvolved results with the corresponding single-view images, we demonstrate that dual-view imaging can provide higher image accuracy.
The Safety and Efficacy of Oral Magnesium Pidolate in Children with Hemoglobin SC Disease.

Abstract An important characteristic of the Hb SC erythrocyte is its high intracellular Hb concentration, which is due to cell K+ loss and dehydration mediated by an abnormally active K-Cl co-transport. This pathologic state of cellular dehydration raises the intracellular concentration of Hb S, thereby increasing its tendency to polymerize. Previous studies in patients with sickle cell disease have shown that oral Mg supplements can increase erythrocyte Mg content, reduce the activity of K-Cl co-transport and diminish erythrocyte dehydration. We performed a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study with crossover design on oral Mg supplementation in children with HbSC disease. Methods: Two major pediatric sickle cell centers participated in this IRB-approved study: Texas Children's Sickle Cell Center and The Children's Hospital in Boston. Over 100 eligible patients were contacted and invited to participate. The enrolled patients or their parents/guardians gave informed consent. Patients were randomized to either receive oral Mg pidolate or placebo for 6 months followed by a wash-out period of 2 months, then followed by a 6 month period of the other agent (placebo/Mg pidolate) and 2 months wash-out. Patients were initially followed every 2 weeks, then every 4 weeks. Safety was assessed both by clinical assessment as well as laboratory evaluation, including serum magnesium levels. Results: Between January 2002 and December 2004 we enrolled 12 patients (7 males, 5 female, age range 3.9 to 16.8 years) with HbSC disease and at least one pain crisis within the last year. Only 5 patients are fully evaluable for efficacy assessment. Seven patients came off study for the following reasons: 3 for non-compliance, 2 for study violation (pharmacy dispensed wrong formulation), and 2 withdrew for personal reasons (no longer interested), but all of them were included in the safety assessment. There were 3 events that were considered probably related to study drug (or placebo): diarrhea, grade 2 once and headaches, grade 3, in 2 instances. There were 6 events possibly related to drug (or placebo): diarrhea in three patients (all grade 1) and headaches of grade 2 or 3 in three patients. All adverse events resolved without stopping the drug/placebo. The results of the intracellular Mg concentrations and thus efficacy analysis will be available after unblinding the study in September 2005. Conclusion: Mg pidolate appears to be safe and well-tolerated when used in children with HbSC disease. No serious adverse events occurred that were considered definitively related to the study drug(s). Efficacy results will be available at the time of the meeting. However, despite the fact that study was open at 2 major sickle cell centers and had relatively non-restrictive enrollment criteria, accrual was extremely slow, presumably due to the sporadic and rather low disease intensity of Hb SC disease, and several patients did not complete the study. This should be taken into consideration when designing larger studies for patients with HbSC disease exclusively.
The shrinking eye: dimensional changes in the young child's eye after glaucoma drainage device implantation for refractory childhood glaucoma.

Purpose To investigate the magnitude of reduction in the axial length (AL) and corneal diameter following glaucoma drainage device (GDD) placement and intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction in glaucoma patients Method The medical records of consecutive childhood glaucoma patients who underwent GDD implantation at a single practice between 2013 and 2018 and were Results A total of 16 eyes of 10 patients were included. Before GDD placement, mean AL was 23.49 ± 3.05 mm. Mean AL reduction after placement was 0.80 ± 0.85 mm (P = 0.001); median AL reduction, 0.93 mm (range, −3.05 to +0.59). Mean IOP reduction after GDD placement was 15.0 ± 6.0 mm Hg (P Conclusions In this study cohort, reduction in AL, corneal diameter, and cup:disk ratio was found to be correlated with reduced IOP after GDD placement. This result merits consideration during surgical planning for glaucoma patients
Emotion Recognition and Reactivity in Persons With Neurodegenerative Disease Are Differentially Associated With Caregiver Health.

Author(s): Brown, Casey L; Wells, Jenna L; Hua, Alice Y; Chen, Kuan-Hua; Merrilees, Jennifer; Miller, Bruce L; Levenson, Robert W | Abstract: Background and objectivesMotivated by the high rates of health problems found among caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease, we examined associations between deficits in two aspects of care recipients' socioemotional functioning and their caregivers' health.Research design and methodsIn 2 studies with independent samples (N = 171 and 73 dyads), caregivers reported on care recipients' emotion recognition and emotional reactivity. Caregiver health was assessed using both self-report measures (Studies 1 and 2) and autonomic nervous system indices (Study 2).ResultsLower emotion recognition in care recipients was linearly associated with worse self-reported health, faster resting heart rate, and greater physiological reactivity to an acoustic startle stimulus in caregivers. These effects held after accounting for a variety of risk factors for poor caregiver health, including care recipients' neuropsychiatric symptoms. Emotional reactivity showed a quadratic association with health, such that the lowest and highest levels of emotional reactivity in care recipients were associated with lower self-reported health in caregivers.Discussion and implicationsResults shed light on the unique associations between two aspects of care recipients' emotional functioning and caregivers' health. Findings suggest potential ways to identify and help caregivers at heightened risk for adverse health outcomes.
BARcode DEmixing through Non-negative Spatial Regression (BarDensr)

Abstract Modern spatial transcriptomics methods can target thousands of different types of RNA transcripts in a single slice of tissue. Many biological applications demand a high spatial density of transcripts relative to the imaging resolution, leading to partial mixing of transcript rolonies in many pixels; unfortunately, current analysis methods do not perform robustly in this highly-mixed setting. Here we develop a new analysis approach, BARcode DEmixing through Non-negative Spatial Regression (BarDensr): we start with a generative model of the physical process that leads to the observed image data and then apply sparse convex optimization methods to estimate the underlying (demixed) rolony densities. We apply Bar-Densr to simulated and real data and find that it achieves state of the art signal recovery, particularly in densely-labeled regions or data with low spatial resolution. Finally, BarDensr is fast and parallelizable. We provide open-source code as well as an implementation for the ‘NeuroCAAS’ cloud platform. Author Summary Spatial transcriptomics technologies allow us to simultaneously detect multiple molecular targets in the context of intact tissues. These experiments yield images that answer two questions: which kinds of molecules are present, and where are they located in the tissue? In many experiments (e.g., mapping RNA expression in fine neuronal processes), it is desirable to increase the signal density relative to the imaging resolution. This may lead to mixing of signals from multiple RNA molecules into single imaging pixels; thus we need to demix the signals from these images. Here we introduce BarDensr, a new computational method to perform this demixing. The method is based on a forward model of the imaging process, followed by a convex optimization approach to approximately ‘invert’ mixing induced during imaging. This new approach leads to significantly improved performance in demixing imaging data with dense expression and/or low spatial resolution.
AutoToken: predicting peak parallelism for big data analytics at Microsoft

Right-sizing resource allocation for big-data queries, particularly in serverless environments, is critical for improving infrastructure operational efficiency, capacity availability, query performance predictability, and for reducing unnecessary wait times. In this paper, we present AutoToken --- a simple and effective predictor for estimating the peak resource usage of recurring big data queries. It uses multiple query plan identifiers to identify recurring query templates and to learn models with the goal of reducing over-allocation in future instances of those queries. AutoToken is computationally light, for both training and scoring, is easily deployable at scale, and is integrated with the Peregrine workload optimization infrastructure at Microsoft. We extensively evaluate AutoToken on SCOPE jobs from our production clusters and show that it outperforms state-of-the-art solutions for peak resource estimation.We also discuss our plans towards supporting repeatable and extensible research on resource prediction for SCOPE jobs, including describing a simulation methodology for generating arbitrary-sized datasets with similar characteristics as the production datasets.
Why Do Women Talk About It? Reasons for Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Associated Symptomology.

Many sexual victimization survivors disclose their experience; however, there is limited research investigating why women disclose this experience and how reasons relate to psychopathology. The cur...
The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A comparative study of the late medieval and early modern periods

Introduction 1. How Babur became a Ghazi 2. Disclaiming Timur's Inheritance and the Rise of the Mughal Empire 3. The Origins of the Ghazi King 4. Inventing the Image of the 'Founder King' 5. The Triad of kings 6. Tatars and Ottomans 7. The Ghazas of Sultan Murad II. Conclusion
Denying and Accepting a Family Member's Illness: Uncertainty Management as a Process.

Doubt is a common, yet challenging form of uncertainty to have about another’s illness. Although navigating illness uncertainty is a process of continual (re)appraisal and management, existing rese...
Design of a Portable Shape Display for Augmented Reality

We introduce a portable pin-based shape display for augmented reality that enables active environment exploration over a large workspace. As users explore the environment, our custom Unity App displays the augmented reality objects and computes the associated shapes to be rendered on the portable 3x3 pin array. We conducted a user study using a non-mechatronic version of the device to evaluate the effects of important design parameters on the perceived realism of interactions with physical objects. Based on these results, we designed the final device and conducted a second user study to determine the effectiveness of the device at conveying shape features. Without visual feedback, participants were successful in identifying the correct shape with 42.86% accuracy, demonstrating the potential of the device to be used to enhance the haptic experience during active exploration. Finally, two preliminary applications are explored to illustrate possible educational use cases for the overall system.
The Humanist World of Renaissance Florence

Introduction. A social conception of the humanist movement 1. Learned connections and the humanist movement 2. Literary and social humanists 3. The social origins of the Florentine humanists 4. The humanist demands of ritual 5. Civic failure of the literary humanists or literary failure of the civic humanists? 6. The rise of the social humanists, 1400-55 7. Humanism as a means to social status, 1456-85.
Standard Multiorgan Procurement from the Deceased Donor

Organ procurement in humans to facilitate transplantation was first performed by the Soviet surgeon Yurii Voronoy in 1933. The donor was a 60-year-old man who died of a traumatic brain injury soon after admission to a Kherson, Ukraine, emergency room. A single kidney was removed 6 h postmortem and transplanted into the thigh of a 26-year-old woman dying from mercury poisoning; it produced several milliliters of urine before the patient ultimately succumbed 2 days posttransplant. Likewise, the birth of liver transplantation on March 1, 1963, by Thomas E. Starzl was possible only after successful liver procurement from a child who had died following cardiac surgery. In the 1950s and 1960s, live donors were the predominant organ source in the fledgling field of kidney transplantation. Concepts of brain death and organ transplantation had advanced on independent courses until 1963, when Guy Alexandre led a Belgian team in performing the first kidney procurement from a “heart-beating” deceased donor. His pioneering and then controversial views on brain death were first discussed in an open forum at the 1966 CIBA Foundation symposium in London. Two years later, a report issued by the Harvard Ad Hoc Committee outlined similar criteria for brain death, which provided the sound ethical and medical footing that the transplant community required to carry out organ procurement on brain-dead or “heart-beating” donors.
Chapter 8 Elastic and mechanical properties

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses elasticity and mechanical properties of rare earth metals. There area variety of types of hardness tests, but the most popular in the case of rare earth metals seems to have been the Brinell test and the Vickers, or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH) test as it is most commonly called. The DPH test is perhaps the most reliable hardness test and, in fact, should give hardness values in close agreement with the results of properly conducted Brinell and Knoop (when loads are >500g) hardness tests. Consequently, the emphasis in this section is on DPH data, but Brinell data are also presented where they are instructive. Frequently, microhardness data are quoted in the rare earth literature. As they are determined with a diamond pyramid indenter using lower loads than macrohardness, the author includes them with DPH values when they are in agreement with macroscopic values although it is recognized that microhardness results can be load sensitive. With the exception of the three cubic metals, γ-cerium, europium, and β-ytterbium, all the rare earth metals, at room temperature, have a hexagonal structure, which is strongly anisotropic. This inherent anisotropy appears in large grained as-cast structures and it is strong in polycrystalline materials that have been formed by rolling or swaging, even after full annealing.
Modeling the Transport of Contaminants Originating from the Dissolution of DNAPL Pools in Aquifers in the Presence of Dissolved Humic Substances

A two-dimensional finite difference numerical model was developed to describe the transport of dissolved organics originating from nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) pool dissolution in saturated porous media in the presence of dissolved humic substances. A rectangular NAPL pool was considered in a homogeneous porous medium with unidirectional interstitial groundwater velocity. It was assumed that dissolved humic substances and aqueous phase contaminants may sorb onto the solid matrix under local equilibrium conditions. The contaminant in the aqueous phase may undergo first-order decay. Also, the dissolved contaminant may sorb onto humic substances. The transport properties of dissolved humic substances are assumed to be unaffected by sorbing contaminants, because dissolved humic macromolecules are much larger than dissolved contaminants and sorp- tion of nonpolar contaminants onto humic substances do not affect the overall surface charge of humic substances. The sorption characteristics of dissolved humic substances onto clean sand were determined from column experiments. An effective local mass transfer rate coefficient accounting for the presence of dissolved humic substances was developed. Model simulations indicate that dissolved humic substances substantially increase NAPL pool dissolution, and consequently reduce the required pump-and-treat aquifer remediation time.
Water trees in EPR cable insulation

An earlier observation of carboxylate ions in vented water trees in service-aged XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) cable insulation is extended to bow-tie trees in lab-aged XLPE, to bow-tie and vented trees in lab-aged EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber) and to the surface of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) film aged in an electrolytic cell. The initiation sites for bow-tie trees in EPR frequently contain transition metal oxides. Water trees in EPR and lab-aged insulations are shown to share many common features with the more widely studied examples in film-aged XLPE. Ionic materials (carboxylates and metal ions) are present at high concentrations in the trees. The commonality of the chemical state of water trees in filled EPR compared to unfilled XLPE implies a common mechanism. >
LeTourneau Motor Analyzer senior design project

Faulty electric motors can cause many problems for a company, including increased maintenance cost, shortened motor lifespan, and serious accidents. Some companies have produced motor analysis devices to predict and prevent these harmful events from occurring. However, these devices are expensive and require an in depth understanding of electric circuits and motors. When a motor is suspect, the company must call in experts to analyze the motor. This is very expensive and time consuming. With the advancement of processing power in microcontrollers and the development of integral systems on chips, it is possible to produce a small unit that will be able to perform the functions of the more expensive analysis devices. The device would be a handheld tester can diagnose the health of the motor by using resistance, inductance and high voltage “megger” testing, giving a user-friendly pass/fail result, allowing non-skilled personal to conduct tests on motors. It utilizes modern circuitry and micro-controllers to perform the tests, resulting in an affordable accurate tester. The increase in motor testing availability, affordability, and frequency will decrease the chances of catastrophic accidents that can cost time, money, and lives.
Sensitivity to hand path curvature during reaching

People optimize reaching to make straight and smooth movements. We performed experiments characterizing human sensitivity to hand path deviations from a straight reach. Vision of the arm was blocked. Subjects either moved the hand along paths of constrained curvature, or a robot moved the relaxed limb along similar trajectories (active and passive conditions, respectively). Subjects responded after each trial whether or not they thought the movement curved convex right. In a series of three experiments, we tested the effects of modifying visual feedback of hand position to suppress curvature, isotonic muscle activation, and a distracter task on subjects ability to detect curvature during reaching. We found that both active reaching and artificial minimization of visual hand path deviations significantly decreased proprioceptive curvature sensitivity. Specifically, isotonic contraction of muscles antagonistic to the movement decreased sensitivity to curvature while agonistic contraction had no effect. The distracter task did not significantly affect proprioceptive sensitivity, though it did interfere with the detrimental effect of minimizing visual error feedback. These findings demonstrate that: 1) "antagonist" muscle activation decreases efficacy of proprioceptive feedback during hand path curvature estimation, and 2) vision's dominance over proprioception can be manipulated by altering the attentional demands of the task.
Plasmodium falciparum DNA microarrays and interpretation of data

Publisher Summary Microarray analysis is a powerful technique that can examine the gene expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. The completion of the P. falciparum genome allows a targeted approach to the analysis of global gene expression, by allowing the design of gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product arrays. Such arrays can be used in a multitude of experimental designs, including comparing gene expression between different stages of the parasite life cycle, the examination of the effect of drugs on gene expression, as a single-dose event, or by following a time course of parasite growth in the presence of drug, and genomic analysis, can be performed by comparing the hybridization patterns of fluorescently labelled DNA from different strains of the parasite. Such an approach has been shown to be an effective way to identify gene deletions in Campylobacter jejuni .
The Application of Data Mining to Flow Cytometry

Data mining is the process of automating information discovery to detect useful patterns, correlations, and trends. Existing data must be fitted into a representative model from which useful information can be derived through a variety of algorithms. The routine generation of vast amounts of data make flow cytometry a logical target for the application of data mining. This informative unit discusses the steps of the data-mining process using the immunophenotyping of hematologic neoplasms to demonstrate the application. The author describes several types of algorithms and provides a useful resource list of commercially available tools.
Diagnosis of Pentalogy of Cantrell Using 2- and 3-Dimensional Sonography

Pentalogy of Cantrell is a very rare congenital syndrome with major anomalies and a very poor prognosis. It is described as a defect in midline closure and includes 5 characteristics: (1) a supraumbilical omphalocele, (2) a cleft sternum, (3) diaphragmatic defects, (4) pericardial defects, and (5) other associated cardiac anomalies. 1 The prevalence of this syndrome has been quoted to be between 1 per 65,000 to 1 per 200,000 births. 2 We report the second-trimester diagnosis of a case of pentalogy of Cantrell made by traditional 2-dimensional (2D) sonography combined with newer 3-dimensional (3D) methods.
Dehydrogenation of formate by 10-methylacridinium ion

Abstract Formate is dehydrogenated to CO 2 by 10-methylacridinium ion, mimicking formate dehydrogenase. The hydrogen and carbon kinetic isotope effects are 2.74 and 1.027 in a mixed solvent consisting of di-methylformamide and water in a 4:1 ratio, at 50°. These values are similar to those observed in the enzymatic reaction (2.27 and 1.042, respectively) suggesting that the mechanisms of enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions are the same, and transition state structures not too different. Marcus theory of atom and group transfer is used to locate the transition state for the nonenzymatic reaction 0.4 of the distance along the minimum energy path from precursor configuration to successor configuration. It is concluded, following Cleland and coworkers, that the protein of the enzyme dehydrates the formate and deforms the cofactor NAD + so as to make the reaction more spontaneous. This produces an enzymatic transition state in which the covalency changes around hydrogen are less advanced than in the non-enzymatic transition state, but the environment of the carboxylate is much more suitable to the product, CO 2 .
Accuracy of recall of occupational physical activity by questionnaire.

Abstract The validity of the Tecumseh Occupational Activity Questionnaire (TOQ) and a modified Seven Day Recall (SDR) was measured in 46 healthy women, ages 20–60 years (mean ± SD, 39.4 ± 11.8). Occupational data were compared with direct (7-day occupational activity records and Caltrac accelerometer) and indirect (maximal oxygen uptake and percent body fat) measures of physical activity status. Physical activity survey and occupational record data were log transformed to normalize skewed distributions. Intraclass correlations ranged from r = 0.26 to 0.73 (P r = 0.32 to 0.35 (P r = 0.46 (P r = 0.45 (P r = 0.34, P r = 0.32, P 0.05). These results suggest that the TOQ and SDR both provide reasonably accurate measurements of light and moderate intensity occupational physical activity.
Does sickle cell disease protect against HIV/AIDS?

Understanding the interaction between genetic diseases and systemic disorders can stimulate advances in therapeutics, disease pathogenesis and prevention strategies. For example, the rarity of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with cystic fibrosis,1 protection against Epstein Barr viral infection in X linked agamaglobulinemia2 and amelioration of common variable immune deficiency by acquisition of HIV3 contributed significantly to the understanding of genetic and mechanistic pathogenesis of tuberculosis and HIV. In this edition of STI, Nouraie and colleagues4 analysed hospital discharge data …
Leveling of thixotropic liquids

Abstract In this paper the effect of thixotropy in the hydrodynamic behavior of thin films is studied. The simple problem of leveling on a horizontal substrate is considered. The rheological properties of the material are assumed to evolve over time due purely to changes in its internal structure. These changes are modeled in terms of a single structural variable. Neither elastic nor yielding effects are taken into account. More specifically, two distinct rheological models are considered: the simple model proposed by Moore and the more complex model proposed by Baravanian et al. These models exhibit a large range of variation for the liquid viscosity across the film thickness. After deriving the hydrodynamic equations governing leveling flows with the standard assumptions required by the lubrication approximation and running time-dependent numerical simulations, the nonlinear leveling history of the liquid can be predicted as a function of the initial microstructural state, rheological parameters, and initial disturbance of the liquid free surface. The main effort of this work is devoted to devising approximation schemes which lead to significant simplifications of the governing equations and their numerical computations. By approximating the inverse of viscosity as a monotonic function between its substrate and free-surface values, excellent agreement is found for the film amplitude, irrespective of the values of the rheological parameters of both models. Finally, a linear analysis yields a generalization of the Orchard’s law of leveling for Newtonian liquids to take into account the effect of thixotropy.
Stability and Instability of Solitary Waves of Korteweg-de Vries Type

Considered herein are the stability and instability properties of solitary-wave solutions of a general class of equations that arise as mathematical models for the unidirectional propagation of weakly nonlinear, dispersive long waves. Special cases for which our analysis is decisive include equations of the Korteweg-de Vries and Benjamin-Ono type. Necessary and sufficient conditions are formulated in terms of the linearized dispersion relation and the nonlinearity for the solitary waves to be stable.
Evidence of incomplete relaxation in the reaction Ag+40Ar at 288 and 340 MeV bombarding energies☆

Abstract The particles emitted in the reaction induced by 40 Ar on natural Ag at 288 and 340 MeV bombarding energy have been studied. The fragments have been identified in atomic number, their kinetic energy distribution and their angular distributions have been measured. The kinetic energy spectra show two components: a high-energy component related to the beam energy, or “quasi-elastic” component, and a low kinetic energy component, close to the Coulomb energy called “relaxed” component. The relaxed component is present at all angles and for all particles. The quasi-elastic component is present close to the grazing angle for atomic numbers close to that of the projectile. The relaxed cross section increases with atomic number for Z > 9. The increase in cross section is sharper for the lower bombarding energy. The angular distributions are forward peaked, in excess of 1 sin θ for all the measured atomic numbers. The forward peaking is larger for particles close in Z to the projectile. The results are interpreted in terms of characteristic times associated with a short-lived intermediate complex. The cross sections and angular distributions are satisfactorily reproduced on the basis of a model accounting for a diffusion process occuring along the mass asymmetry coordinate of the intermediate complex.