cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug-Induced Liver Injury with Autoimmune Features

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can present with autoimmune features, including positive autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, and lymphoplasmocytic inflammation on liver biopsy. Differentiating between DILI and idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis (iAIH) can be challenging in part because it is often difficult to establish DILI causality. Drug discontinuation is the main treatment of DILI with autoimmune features, though immunosuppression is indicated in certain circumstances, such as DILI with immunoallergic features. This chapter will address how to differentiate between DILI and iAIH and discuss some of the drugs that are most commonly associated with an autoimmune phenotype.
Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety

Abstract There is increasing attention to the negative emotional responses associated with awareness of climate change. We present three studies developing a scale of climate change anxiety. In Study 1, the scale was developed and validated in an MTurk sample of 197. Exploratory factor analysis of our item pool revealed a four-factor structure, with cognitive-emotional impairment, functional impairment, behavioral engagement, and experience emerging as unique factors. Cognitive-emotional impairment and functional impairment were considered to constitute subscales for climate change anxiety; along with behavioral engagement, they were all related to experience as well as to negative emotions. Neither climate change anxiety nor general depression and anxiety were related to behavioral engagement. Study 2 replicated the factor structure as well as the pattern of correlations in a second MTurk sample of 199. Study 3 examined the relationship between climate change anxiety and adaptation responses in a sample of 217, and tested whether climate change anxiety scores would be affected by the framing of a climate change message. Overall, results suggest that climate change anxiety is not uncommon, especially among younger adults; that worry can be differentiated from a more serious impact on one's life; and that climate change anxiety is correlated with emotional but not behavioral responses to climate change.
Chapter 2 – Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the flow of a steady one-dimensional stream of gas through a duct (circular tube). A set of equations are used for preliminary design to measure the changes in combustor cross-sectional area, variations in gas molecular weight and specific heat, exchange of heat with surroundings, drag caused by solid particles in the flow, and loss due to friction in the combustor walls. The format of equations developed by Shapiro is followed sequentially until a final set of equations is arrived at. Further calculations involve the speed of sound, Mach number, conservation of mass, and conservation of energy of the flow. Subchapters deal with thermodynamics of perfect gas mixture and fuel air mixture. Heating values for different fuel oxidizers are calculated. Still further calculations are made with relation to conservation of species, conservation of momentum, and impulse function and stagnation pressure. In equations of motion in standard form, the variables are manipulated to get desired results. In summation, this chapter provides various permutations and combinations of one-dimensional flow; any analyzes the changes in results with changes in input variables on Shapiro's equations.
Constraint Satisfied Model Predictive Control Strategy for MMC Energy Storage System Based on Super Capacitor

With the continuous development of power electronics technology and the large-scale access of new energy power generation, the stable operation of the power grid is facing huge challenges. The MMC energy storage system has attracted more and more attention due to its strong ability to support the grid. However, the MMC energy storage system has a complex structure and contains many devices, and the research on high-performance control technology has always been a difficult point. In response to the above problems, this article proposes a constraint satisfaction model predictive control method for MMC energy storage system based on super capacitor. In the article, the operation mechanism of MMC energy storage system is analyzed, and the discrete domain mathematical model of MMC-ESSC is established. The article studies the prediction method of the future internal and external variables of the system, the rolling optimization mechanism and the method of establishing the objective function, and finally carries on the experiments verification. The analysis of experimental results shows that proposed control technology has high dynamic characteristics and efficiency.
Palliative Care for the Hematopoietic Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy Clinician

Hematopoietic cell transplant and cellular therapy is a multidisciplinary practice that includes palliative care services and specialists. Patients with hematologic malignancies and those who require transplant have many palliative care needs including addressing the acute and long-term experiences of significant pain, non-pain, and psychological symptom burdens of their disease and treatments, management of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, and addressing advance care planning and quality end-of-life care treatment. Despite these palliative care needs, involvement of specialty palliative care in hematopoietic cell transplant is grossly underutilized even with randomized control studies demonstrating symptom burden improvements, survival benefits, and ability to provide palliative care services by a variety of methods by timing, setting, and mode of delivery. In addition to improving patient outcomes and quality of life, similar effects have been demonstrated for patient caregivers by palliative care interventions. Barriers to palliative care in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant include poor understanding of the full spectrum of palliative care services and need for palliative transfusion support at advanced stages of cancer. Further research is needed to assess the palliative care needs of patients with hematologic malignancies including the spectrum of cancer types, disease trajectories, and patient populations. To inform oncologists’ clinical practice in this regard, this chapter will review the evidence of unmet palliative care needs in hematology, describe and define the scope of palliative care, discuss the challenges to its integration in hematology, and provide a model for care moving forward.
Advancing Seq2seq with Joint Paraphrase Learning.

We address the problem of model generalization for sequence to sequence (seq2seq) architectures. We propose going beyond data augmentation via paraphrase-optimized multi-task learning and observe that it is useful in correctly handling unseen sentential paraphrases as inputs. Our models greatly outperform SOTA seq2seq models for semantic parsing on diverse domains (Overnight - up to 3.2% and emrQA - 7%) and Nematus, the winning solution for WMT 2017, for Czech to English translation (CzENG 1.6 - 1.5 BLEU).
The Burdens of the Excessive Fines Clause

A key component is missing from the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause doctrine: who has the burden of proof? This question—which has been essentially ignored by both federal and state courts—is not just a second-order problem. Rather, the assignment of burdens of proof is essential to the Clause’s enforcement, making it harder—or easier—for the government to abuse the revenue-generating capacity of economic sanctions in ways that can entrench poverty, particularly in heavily policed communities of color. This Article takes on this question by first sorting through a morass within the U.S. Supreme Court’s due process doctrine as it relates to assessing the fundamental fairness of procedural practices, including the assignment of burdens of proof. After offering a framework that reconciles the doctrine, it applies that framework to the excessive fines context by breaking the “burden of proof” into four component parts: (1) the burden to raise the excessive fines claim, (2) the burden of producing evidence relevant to that claim, (3) the burden of persuading the decision maker as to the result, and (4) the standard of proof to be employed in that determination. While the government and private interests at stake remain constant across these various burdens, disentangling them allows a more exacting inquiry. In particular, it allows examination of how lawmakers have crafted related processes and structures—such as the refusal to provide counsel or the vast array of direct and collateral consequences attached to both non-payment and conviction—that make it more likely that abuses of power will occur absent the check on authority that burdens of proof can help provide.
Condylar degeneration in anterior open bite patients: A cone beam computed tomography study

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of condylar degeneration in patients with anterior open bites (AOB). Study design Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 194 patients with AOB (108 with skeletal open bites and 86 with dental open bites) and 100 patients serving as controls were included in this retrospective study. Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists categorized each of the 588 condyles as normal, degenerative-active, or degenerative-repair. The χ2 analysis with Bonferroni adjustment was used to evaluate the relationship of condylar status (normal vs degenerative) to anterior open bites. Results Of the 103 degenerative condyles, there were 59 in the group with skeletal open bites, 14 in the group with dental open bites, and 30 in the control group. Condylar degeneration occurred twice as frequently in patients with skeletal open bites as it did in the control group (P Conclusions Degenerative condylar change was significantly more likely in patients with skeletal open bites and less likely in patients with dental open bites.
Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils challenge climate sustainability in the US Corn Belt.

Agricultural landscapes are the largest source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but their specific sources and magnitudes remain contested. In the US Corn Belt, a globally important N2O source, in-field soil emissions were reportedly too small to account for N2O measured in the regional atmosphere, and disproportionately high N2O emissions from intermittent streams have been invoked to explain the discrepancy. We collected 3 y of high-frequency (4-h) measurements across a topographic gradient, including a very poorly drained (intermittently flooded) depression and adjacent upland soils. Mean annual N2O emissions from this corn–soybean rotation (7.8 kg of N2O–N ha−1⋅y−1) were similar to a previous regional top-down estimate, regardless of landscape position. Synthesizing other Corn Belt studies, we found mean emissions of 5.6 kg of N2O–N ha−1⋅y−1 from soils with similar drainage to our transect (moderately well-drained to very poorly drained), which collectively comprise 60% of corn–soybean-cultivated soils. In contrast, strictly well-drained soils averaged only 2.3 kg of N2O–N ha−1⋅y−1. Our results imply that in-field N2O emissions from soils with moderately to severely impaired drainage are similar to regional mean values and that N2O emissions from well-drained soils are not representative of the broader Corn Belt. On the basis of carbon dioxide equivalents, the warming effect of direct N2O emissions from our transect was twofold greater than optimistic soil carbon gains achievable from agricultural practice changes. Despite the recent focus on soil carbon sequestration, addressing N2O emissions from wet Corn Belt soils may have greater leverage in achieving climate sustainability.
Attachment style and treatment completion among psychiatric inpatients with substance use disorders

Background and Objectives: A strong dose–response relationship exists for psychosocial treatments for co‐morbid substance abuse disorders; yet rates of attrition are exceedingly high for those seeking treatment in residential and hospital settings. This study examined patient characteristics, including attachment style as predictors of completing 42 contiguous days of inpatient dual‐diagnosis treatment among patients with substance use disorders. Methods:Baselinecharacteristics wereassessedin 187consecutively admitted patients with research diagnosis of substance use disorders. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to examine predictors of treatment retention. Results: Results indicated a two‐variable model consisting of total number of co‐occurring Axis I and II disorders, and pre‐occupied attachment style, accounting for 17% of the variance. Attachment status predicted retention above and beyond psychiatric co‐morbid disorders, demonstrating incremental predictive validity. Moderator analyses failed to detect an interaction. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Among inpatients with substance abuse disorders, anxious‐preoccupied attachment style predicted treatment retention, reflecting the importance of interpersonal components of treatment relationships in completing treatment. This study adds to a growing body of evidence linking attachment style with treatment adherence. Further research is needed to examine possible mechanisms associated with this relationship. (Am J Addict 2013;22:14–17)
Heredity, stress and blood pressure, a family set method—IV: Blood pressure adjustment techniques

Abstract This fourth article, in a series of five, reports on the statistical adjustments useful in analyzing blood pressure data from family sets. Blood pressure level has been associated with numerous demographic, physiologic, medical history, socioeconomic, temporal and genetic characteristics. To assess the effect of a subset of these characteristics on blood pressure, it is necessary to control for the remaining variables. Statistical methods, including categorization, standardization and regression, are presented as approaches toward adjusting blood pressure readings for sources of variation deemed concomitant. The ultimate, long-range purpose of these procedures is to separate genetic from environmental components of blood pressure.
Computer Architecture: Design and Performance

From the Publisher: A book aimed at design techniques used to improve the performance of computer systems. A fully revised second edition is divided into three parts; Part I describes the fundamental methods used to improve the performance of computer systems, Part II describes multiprocessor systems using shared memory and Part III includes computer systems not using shared memory. The book has complete chapters on major topics such as cache memory design, single bus multiprocessors, Interconnection networks and other techniques involving the use of parallelism. Senior/graduate level computer science, computer engineering and electrical engineering students.
Static Shape Control for Flexible Structures

An integrated methodology is described for defining static shape control laws for large flexible structures. The techniques include modeling, identifying and estimating the control laws of distributed systems characterized in terms of infinite dimensional state and parameter spaces. The models are expressed as interconnected elliptic partial differential equations governing a range of static loads, with the capability of analyzing electromagnetic fields around antenna systems. A second-order analysis is carried out for statistical errors, and model parameters are determined by maximizing an appropriate defined likelihood functional which adjusts the model to observational data. The parameter estimates are derived from the conditional mean of the observational data, resulting in a least squares superposition of shape functions obtained from the structural model.
Welding parameter optimization based on Gaussian process regression Bayesian optimization algorithm

In welding processes, welding parameters have a significant impact on weld quality and mechanical properties of welded joints. For example, if the welding current is not tuned properly, the welding arc becomes unstable which will cause an unacceptable weld. Therefore welding parameters must be optimized in order to achieve best weld quality. However current methods have many limitations in exploring optimal welding parameters. In this paper, Gaussian Process Regression is applied to model the relationship between the welding performance indices and welding parameters. Bayesian Optimization Algorithm is adopted to balance the modeling and optimization processes and optimize welding parameters. Experiments were performed for the Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed method greatly improves the welding parameter optimization process; moreover it can be applied with fewer experiments compared with existing methods which will reduce the testing cost and effort.
Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships

[1] Several recent studies have reported a substantial correlation between satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud fraction, which is ascribed to an aerosol microphysical mechanism. Another possible explanation, however, is that the history of meteorological forcing controls both AOD and cloud fraction. The present study examines the latter hypothesis by comparing meteorological conditions along parcel back-trajectories for cases of large and small AOD and cloud fraction. Cloud and aerosol observations are obtained from the MODIS instrument aboard Terra, and meteorological information is obtained from ECMWF analyses. For continuity with previous investigations, the analysis focuses on the stratocumulus cloud region of the Northeast Atlantic during June through August 2002, the season of maximum cloud cover. Results show that scenes with large AOD and large cloud fraction had origins closer to Europe and experienced greater lower tropospheric static stability (LTS) during the past 2–3 days than did scenes with small AOD and small cloud fraction. Controlling for variations in LTS reduces the dependence of cloud fraction on AOD by at least 54%. We conclude that meteorological forcing must be accounted for in assessing aerosol impacts on cloud forcing, and that doing so requires a Lagrangian analysis of parcel histories. Citation: Mauger, G. S., and J. R. Norris (2007), Meteorological bias in satellite estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16824,
Asian American adolescents' academic achievement : A look behind the model minority image

Summary This investigation examined the attitudes and behavior regarding academic achievement from the perspective of 153 Asian American adolescents who participated in an essay contest entitles “Growing Up Asian American.” Less than half the adolescents (42.5%) reported a positive attitude toward academic achievement, while over half expressed either negative attitude (13.1%) or mixed positive/negative attitude (44.4%). In contrast, an overwhelming majority (83%) of the adolescents exhibited embracing behavior toward academic achievement, while only 1.3% rejected and 15.7% showed mixed embracing/rejecting behavior. In addition, attitude and behavior were significantly correlated. All of the adolescents with positive attitudes exhibited embracing behavior. Adolescents with non-positive attitudes (negative or mixed) were more likely to show embracing behavior (70.5%) than non-embracing (rejecting or mixed) behavior (29.5%). The findings suggest significant distress among Asian American adolescents even tho...
Direct Measurement of 59Fe-Labeled Fe2+ Influx in Roots of Pea Using a Chelator Buffer System to Control Free Fe2+ in Solution.

Fe2+ transport in plants has been difficult to quantify because of the inability to control Fe2+ activity in aerated solutions and non-specific binding of Fe to cell walls. In this study, a Fe(II)-3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4[prime]4″-disulfonic acid buffer system was used to control free Fe2+ in uptake solutions. Additionally, desorption methodologies were developed to adequately remove nonspecifically bound Fe from the root apoplasm. This enabled us to quantify unidirectional Fe2+ influx via radiotracer (59Fe) uptake in roots of pea (Pisum sativum cv Sparkle) and its single gene mutant brz, an Fe hyperaccumulator. Fe influx into roots was dramatically inhibited by low temperature, indicating that the measured Fe accumulation in these roots was due to true influx across the plasma membrane rather than nonspecific binding to the root apoplasm. Both Fe2+ influx and Fe translocation to the shoots were stimulated by Fe deficiency in Sparkle. Additionally, brz, a mutant that constitutively exhibits high ferric reductase activity, exhibited higher Fe2+ influx rates than +Fe-grown Sparkle. These results suggest that either Fe deficiency triggers the induction of the Fe2+ transporter or that the enhanced ferric reductase activity somehow stimulates the activity of the existing Fe2+ transport protein.
Seasonal association of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a thrombotic microangiopathy, is a clinical diagnosis, characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia without another likely explanation. Some initiators of the disease are well represented in the literature, such as certain drugs, malignancies, and viral illness; however, there are less objective factors still being investigated, with references to hormonal, stress, and seasonal variations considered anecdotally. A better insight of these factors would aid in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all idiopathic TTP cases treated with therapeutic plasma exchange at our institution from 1999 to 2008 to determine whether there was seasonal variation in TTP presentation. Seasons were defined as follows: winter = December to February; spring = March to May; summer = June to August; and fall = September to November. With the use of Poisson regression models, the incidence between seasons was compared. RESULTS: During this study period, a total of 97 cases were recorded. Summer had the highest occurrence of TTP (35%). This was significant compared to the fall (p = 0.012) and the winter (p = 0.019). There were more cases in the summer compared to the spring, but this was not significant. CONCLUSION: In our population, there was a significant difference in the number of TTP cases presenting in summer compared to fall and winter. This supports a possible environmental, infectious, or physiologic influence associated with the summer.
"This isn't something I can fake": Reactions to Glee 's representations of disability

Angered by how Glee 's creators depict the character of Artie giving up on his dreams of being a dancer, I demonstrate the show's ignorance of integrated dance and wheelchair ballroom dance. A review of other responses reveals widespread criticism by disability studies scholars. However, the fan communities generally are unaware of what is missing, engrossed in shipping and music appreciation debates.
Producing the superior self Strategic comparison and symbolic boundaries among luxury hotel workers

In the luxury hotel, unequal entitlements between workers and guests - both to human attention and labor and to social and material resources generally - are prominent. Participant observation in two hotels shows that one of the myriad ways interactive workers respond to their subordinate position is to establish themselves as superior to others. They use comparative strategies of self to situate themselves as privileged on a range of symbolic hierarchies, including those of competence, authority, status, need, morality, intelligence, and cultural capital. Comparative ethnographic data on these judgments shows that they are not fixed categories in people’s heads but rather contradictory, context-dependent orientations. The article further argues that even as they establish workers as symbolically superior, these strategies also constitute some people as legitimately entitled to workers’ labor, thereby normalizing inequality between workers and guests.
Problem of Spin Arrangements in MnO and Similar Antiferromagnets

The magnetic dipolar energy is computed for ordering of the second kind with the four antiferromagnetic sublattices of a facecentered cube making arbitrary spin directions with respect to one another, and this energy is shown to be of the same form in the sublattice direction cosines as is the calculated powder neutron-diffraction pattern. (The dipolar energy is also calculated for ordering of the third kind and shown to lead to a spin arrangement in disagreement with powder neutron-diffraction results on $\ensuremath{\beta}$ MnS.) The observed neutron patterns in MnO and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ MnS agree with minimum dipolar energy, but many spin arrangements can satisfy this and the spins are constrained only to certain regions. Other sources of anisotropy in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ salts are shown to be much weaker. A model is introduced in which the spins are constrained by dipolar and exchange forces to point parallel to (111) planes and constrained by the weaker anisotropy to a threefold set of easy axes within these planes. Nagamiya's small-field approximation for the field dependence of the powder susceptibility of a uniaxial antiferromagnet is extended to all values of the applied field, and a similar calculation is made for the powder susceptibility of our MnO model. Comparison with experimental data indicates that the weak within-plane anisotropy is \ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ which is to be contrasted with the theoretical out-of-plane dipolar anisotropy of ${10}^{7}$ ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. A rough theory of antiferromagnetic resonance for our model seems to explain the partial paramagnetic-like absorption observed below the N\'eel point.
Isolation of a 2:1 hydrochlorothiazide-formaldehyde adduct impurity in hydrochlorothiazide drug substance by preparative chromatography and characterization by electrospray ionization LC-MS.

Abstract Hydrochlorothiazide drug substance (19 lots) from five different manufacturers and four different countries of origin (USA, Italy, Hungary, and Croatia) were analyzed for the presence of impurities using a gradient elution chromatographic system, with acetonitrile–water as the mobile phase. Two known impurities of hydrochlorothiazide, 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide and chlorothiazide, were separated, as well as a late-eluting, unknown, recurring impurity. The unknown impurity was isolated by preparative liquid chromatography followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography. It was characterized by electrospray ionization LC–MS as a 2:1 hydrochlorothiazide–formaldehyde adduct of the parent drug substance. The adduct is believed to form through the double condensation reaction of hydrochlorothiazide with excess formaldehyde during the parent compound's synthesis. The concentration of this impurity ranged from 0.02 to 1.1% (area%), and was above the 0.1% USP Other Impurities threshold in 16 of the 19 lots examined.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Biaryl Atropisomers via Peptide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Bromination

Despite the widespread use of axially chiral, or atropisomeric, biaryl ligands in modern synthesis and the occurrence of numerous natural products exhibiting axial chirality, few catalytic methods have emerged for the direct asymmetric preparation of this compound class. Here, we present a tripeptide-derived small-molecule catalyst for the dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic biaryl substrates. The reaction proceeds via an atropisomer-selective electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction using simple bromination reagents. The result is an enantioselective synthesis that delivers chiral nonracemic biaryl compounds with excellent optical purity and good isolated chemical yields (in most cases a >95:5 enantiomer ratio and isolated yields of 65 to 87%). A mechanistic model is advanced that accounts for the basis of selectivity observed.
Ideology and the Interpretation of Personal Experience: Procedural Justice and Political Quiescence

Objectively disadvantaged groups in American society often fail to take political actions that would rectify their disadvantaged state. Scholarly treatments of this failure to mobilize have traditionally examined the beliefs of the disadvantaged about distributive fairness, i.e., about the fair distribution of money or opportunities across members of society. This paper explores citizens' beliefs about the fairness of the procedures by which outcome distributions are made. We argue that procedural evaluations are a key input into evaluations of the political system and, through such evaluations, into political actions. In fact, people's beliefs about procedures are often more important than their beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of income or opportunity. An examination of procedural justice beliefs suggests, in turn, that citizens' views about the fairness of procedures focus on opportunities to speak rather than on actual control over decisions. This focus on voice probably results from socialization. In the terminology of Crosby and Clayton [(1986) “Introduction: The Search for Connections,” Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 1–9], people's societal values may override their experiences with their current objective situation in the development of their views about society. As a result, objectively unjust procedures may be viewed as fair.
Energy Efficiency of Plasma-Assisted Combustion in Ram/Scramjet Engines

Analysis of energy and power requirements for shortening the ignition delay time in hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engines using nonequilibrium plasma generation of radicals shows that the uniform volumetric plasma ignition would be associated with extremely high power budget and substantial losses of total pressure. A multi-point, repetitively pulsed plasma ignition scheme is proposed that would reduce the power budget by several orders of magnitude. The paper also explores an approach where the fuel is injected into the core flow as a liquid jet, and low-power electron beams are used to electrostatically charge the droplets and thus to control droplet break-up, atomization, and mixing. With a subcritical microwave field applied to the injection region, local enhancement of electric field strength at the surface of droplets, due to both the electric charge and the field increase near the polarized dielectric body, together with seed electrons and ions produced by the electron beam, would create subcritical microwave discharges and thus initiate combustion in multiple spots. The multi-spot ignition would help in spreading the flame across the combustor. Additionally, the initiation of combustion at the droplet surface, where local equivalence ratio is high, could help ignite lean (in average) mixtures.
Cap-assisted ERCP with a forward-viewing gastroscope as a rescue endoscopic intervention in patients with Billroth II anatomy.

Background ERCP, especially therapeutic, is difficult in patients with Billroth II surgical reconstruction and is associated with a higher rate of complications. This has led to controversy on the choice between a forward-viewing and side-viewing endoscope for performing the procedure. A previous case series from Asia reported a high rate of success with a cap-fitted ERCP technique. To our knowledge, the utility of cap-assisted ERCP with a forward-viewing gastroscope when other techniques fail has not been reported. We describe and demonstrate a novel rescue approach using a cap-fitted, forward-viewing gastroscope in patients with Billroth II anatomy, when attempts with duodenoscopes, pediatric colonoscopes, and gastroscopes previously failed.
Treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

Persons 75 years of age or older constitute 6.1% of the US population but account for 36% of acute myocardial infarctions (MI) and 60% of deaths. Unfortunately, despite the fact that patients over age 75 represent a large subgroup with an exceptionally high case-fatality rate, most randomized clinical trials have enrolled few patients in this group. As a result, therapeutic recommendations for managing acute MI in the very elderly are often extrapolated from studies conducted in younger patients. This article reviews current evidence-based guidelines for early treatment of acute MI in the elderly. As in younger patients, aspirin, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be considered standard therapy in appropriately selected elderly patients. Although the benefits of reperfusion therapy (i.e., thrombolysis and primary angioplasty) are less well established, advanced age per se should not be considered a contraindication to the use of these interventions. Given the relative paucity of data in the very elderly, additional studies are needed to define optimal pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment of acute MI in this rapidly growing, high-risk population.
Quantum dot photonic-crystal-slab nanocavities: Quality factors and lasing

Emission linewidths of quantum dot photonic-crystal-slab nanocavities are measured as a function of temperature and fabrication parameters with low-power and high-power, cw and pulsed, nonresonant excitation. The cavity linewidth is dominated by the absorption of the ensemble of quantum dots having a density of ~=400/µm2; above the absorption edge, the cavity linewidth broadens considerably compared with the empty cavity linewidth. Gain and lasing are seen for high-power pumping; it is estimated that only a small number of quantum dots contributes to the lasing.
Isomerization and Degradation Kinetics of Hop (Humulus lupulus) Acids in a Model Wort-Boiling System

The rate of isomerization of alpha acids to iso-alpha acids (the compounds contributing bitter taste to beer) was determined across a range of temperatures (90-130 degrees C) to characterize the rate at which iso-alpha acids are formed during kettle boiling. Multiple 12 mL stainless steel vessels were utilized to heat samples (alpha acids in a pH 5.2 buffered aqueous solution) at given temperatures, for varying lengths of time. Concentrations of alpha acids and iso-alpha acids were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isomerization reaction was found to be first order, with reaction rate varying as a function of temperature. Rate constants were experimentally determined to be k1 = (7.9 x 10(11)) e(-11858/T) for the isomerization reaction of alpha acids to iso-alpha acids, and k2 = (4.1 x 10(12)) e(-12994/T) for the subsequent loss of iso-alpha acids to uncharacterized degradation products. Activation energy was experimentally determined to be 98.6 kJ per mole for isomerization, and 108.0 kJ per mole for degradation. Losses of iso-alpha acids to degradation products were pronounced for cases in which boiling was continued beyond two half-lives of alpha-acid concentration.
PHOTOTAXIS IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM AMOEBAE

— An apparatus has been developed to measure phototactic movement in a population of amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. Fluence–response curves in white light show a positive phototaxis to light below 100mW/m2. Higher intensities cause a negative phototaxis. An action spectrum, based on the zero-crossing points in fluence–response curves for monochromatic light, shows a major peak at about 405nm and secondary maxima at about 450, 520, 580 and 640nm. This action spectrum resembles the action spectra for accumulations of amoebae in and dispersal from light traps and that of inhibition of aggregation by light, but is distinctly different from the action spectrum for phototaxis by D. discoideum pseudoplasmodia.
Protein Synthesis in Postischemic Rat Brain: A Two-Dimensional Electrophoretic Analysis

This study examined the pattern of protein synthesis in the neocortex, caudate-putamen, and the hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in rats. The animal model of temporary ischemia used in this study causes permanent damage to vulnerable neurons with a time course of injury that varies from hours (caudate nucleus) to days (hippocampus). To examine the spectrum of proteins synthesized in these regions at 3 and 18 h after recirculation, cerebral proteins were pulse-labeled in vivo by an intravenous injection of [35S]methionine. Newly synthesized (35S-labeled) and constitutive (unlabeled) proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. In all three brain regions, specific proteins underwent preferential synthesis (Mr approximately 27,000, approximately 65,000, approximately 70,000, approximately 110,000), while others showed decreased synthesis (neuron-specific enolase, alpha- and beta-tubulin). There was an early (3 h post ischemia) induction of the Mr approximately 70,000 mammalian "stress" protein; at 18 h post ischemia, its synthesis remained high in the hippocampus but was diminished in the neocortex and had largely subsided in the caudate-putamen. All regions at 18 h showed increased synthesis of an Mr approximately 50,000 protein, tentatively identified as glial fibrillary acidic protein. The results show that temporary forebrain ischemia induces changes in protein synthesis that include features similar to those observed in other eukaryotic cells subjected to injurious stress. These postischemic changes in protein synthesis are qualitatively similar in all brain regions examined despite regional differences in the severity of subsequent neuronal damage. The persistent synthesis of the Mr approximately 70,000 stress protein in the hippocampus, however, may reflect continued metabolic injury long after the ischemic episode has passed.
Hypocitricemic response to surgical stress in rats

Abstract Surgical stress resulted in a marked hypocitricemic response in rats. The hypocitricemic effect was observed by 16 hr post-op and by 48 hr a return toward normocitricemia was evident. The effect was observed in Wistar as well as Sprague-Dawley rats. No increased urinary excretion or renal utilization of citrate was apparent. Therefore the decreased circulating level of citrate following surgery did not appear to result from altered renal handling of citrate. No increased 11-OHCS production was observed which could have been correlated with the hypocitricemic effect. These studies demonstrate that the hypocitricemic effect of surgery observed in humans can be investigated with experimental studies in rats which elicit a similar response to surgical stress.
Multiple transmembrane binding sites for p-trifluoromethyldiazirinyl-etomidate, a photoreactive Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric inhibitor.

Photoreactive derivatives of the general anesthetic etomidate have been developed to identify their binding sites in γ-aminobutyric acid, type A and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. One such drug, [3H]TDBzl-etomidate (4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]benzyl-[3H]1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate), acts as a positive allosteric potentiator of Torpedo nACh receptor (nAChR) and binds to a novel site in the transmembrane domain at the γ-α subunit interface. To extend our understanding of the locations of allosteric modulator binding sites in the nAChR, we now characterize the interactions of a second aryl diazirine etomidate derivative, TFD-etomidate (ethyl-1-(1-(4-(3-trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate). TFD-etomidate inhibited acetylcholine-induced currents with an IC50 = 4 μm, whereas it inhibited the binding of [3H]phencyclidine to the Torpedo nAChR ion channel in the resting and desensitized states with IC50 values of 2.5 and 0.7 mm, respectively. Similar to [3H]TDBzl-etomidate, [3H]TFD-etomidate bound to a site at the γ-α subunit interface, photolabeling αM2-10 (αSer-252) and γMet-295 and γMet-299 within γM3, and to a site in the ion channel, photolabeling amino acids within each subunit M2 helix that line the lumen of the ion channel. In addition, [3H]TFD-etomidate photolabeled in an agonist-dependent manner amino acids within the δ subunit M2-M3 loop (δIle-288) and the δ subunit transmembrane helix bundle (δPhe-232 and δCys-236 within δM1). The fact that TFD-etomidate does not compete with ion channel blockers at concentrations that inhibit acetylcholine responses indicates that binding to sites at the γ-α subunit interface and/or within δ subunit helix bundle mediates the TFD-etomidate inhibitory effect. These results also suggest that the γ-α subunit interface is a binding site for Torpedo nAChR negative allosteric modulators (TFD-etomidate) and for positive modulators (TDBzl-etomidate).
Finished sequence and assembly of the DUF1220-rich 1q21 region using a haploid human genome

Although the reference human genome sequence was declared finished in 2003, some regions of the genome remain incomplete due to their complex architecture. One such region, 1q21.1-q21.2, is of increasing interest due to its relevance to human disease and evolution. Elucidation of the exact variants behind these associations has been hampered by the repetitive nature of the region and its incomplete assembly. This region also contains 238 of the 270 human DUF1220 protein domains, which are implicated in human brain evolution and neurodevelopment. Additionally, examinations of this protein domain have been challenging due to the incomplete 1q21 build. To address these problems, a single-haplotype hydatidiform mole BAC library (CHORI-17) was used to produce the first complete sequence of the 1q21.1-q21.2 region. We found and addressed several inaccuracies in the GRCh37sequence of the 1q21 region on large and small scales, including genomic rearrangements and inversions, and incorrect gene copy number estimates and assemblies. The DUF1220-encoding NBPF genes required the most corrections, with 3 genes removed, 2 genes reassigned to the 1p11.2 region, 8 genes requiring assembly corrections for DUF1220 domains (~91 DUF1220 domains were misassigned), and multiple instances of nucleotide changes that reassigned the domain to a different DUF1220 subtype. These corrections resulted in an overall increase in DUF1220 copy number, yielding a haploid total of 289 copies. Approximately 20 of these new DUF1220 copies were the result of a segmental duplication from 1q21.2 to 1p11.2 that included two NBPF genes. Interestingly, this duplication may have been the catalyst for the evolutionarily important human lineage-specific chromosome 1 pericentric inversion. Through the hydatidiform mole genome sequencing effort, the 1q21.1-q21.2 region is complete and misassemblies involving inter- and intra-region duplications have been resolved. The availability of this single haploid sequence path will aid in the investigation of many genetic diseases linked to 1q21, including several associated with DUF1220 copy number variations. Finally, the corrected sequence identified a recent segmental duplication that added 20 additional DUF1220 copies to the human genome, and may have facilitated the chromosome 1 pericentric inversion that is among the most notable human-specific genomic landmarks.
Hypoxic and ischemic disorders of infants and children. Lecture for 38th Meeting of Japanese Society of Child Neurology, Tokyo, Japan, July 1996

Abstract Hypoxia-ischemia damages selected regions of the immature brain at different ages. Prior to 32 weeks gestation the periventricular white matter is selectively vulnerable but in the last trimester the basal ganglia become especially vulnerable to injury. Hypoxiaischemia causes injury by activating a series of biochemical events that unfolds over a period of hours to days following the initial insult and we are investigating the ways in which age modifies these events. The cascade includes release of glutamate, overstimulation of excitatory amino acid receptors and raised intracellular levels of calcium. Clinically this series of events is manifested by hypoxicischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a syndrome that includes coma, seizures, a burst suppression EEG, respiratory depression and severe hypotonia. Clinical studies have established a relationship between the severity of neonatal encephalopathy and later manifestations of brain damage or cerebral palsy. Potential neuroprotective therapies need to be effective when given after the insult but the ‘therapeutic time window’ for most N-methyl-n-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate antagonists is limited after injury. Using a model of hypoxic-ischemic injury and neonatal rats and hypothermic-circulatory arrest in dogs, we found that immunohistochemical staining for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is markedly increased from 6 to 24 h after the insult in the basal ganglia and cortex. The induction of nNOS preceded the time of maximal neuronal necrosis and during the time when many apoptotic nuclei were appearing. We have also found that a brief period of 2 h of mild hypothermia (32°C) following hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats delayed neuronal necrosis by more than a week. We are determining whether this delay is related to a change in nNOS activation. Induction of nNOS in the post-insult period may contribute to expression of injury and signs of encephalopathy following a hypoxic-ischemic insult.
The characterization of phosphoric acid‐treated peat as a cation exchanger

Abstract Peat, obtained from Glenamoy, County Mayo, Ireland, is shown to have enhanced cation exchange capacities after treatment with small amounts of phosphoric acid. It is also shown that the use of both sulfuric and phosphoric acid yields higher capacities which are analogous to those observed previously for the sulfuric acid treatment alone. Even though the phosphoric acid treatment did not show the highest capacities, it has excellent physical properties: Greatly reduced leaching and swelling in comparison to the other forms of peat which have been studied. Also, high recoveries of Cu from dilute solutions (l.33ppm) is seen. Thus, the data indicate the feasibility of utilizing phosphoric acid‐treated peat as an inexpensive cation exchanger in large scale water treatment flow systems.
Lake Sammamish response to wastewater diversion and increasing urban runoff

Abstract Lake Sammamish has shown a decrease in its mean annual concentration of phosphorus following diversion of about one third of the external loading in 1968. During 1971–1975 the P concentration averaged 27 μg l −1 , in contrast to the prediversion (1964–1966) concentration of 33 μg l −1 , and may be equilibrating near the predicted steady state concentration of 22 μg l −1 . Neither phytoplankton biomass or Secchi visibility has changed following diversion, however the blue green component of the phytoplankton decreased by nearly 50%. The failure of biomass and visibility to improve is probably a result of similar pre- and postdiversion winter spring epilimnetic P concentrations. The marked reduction in P since diversion occurred during and prior to fall overturn and may have represented a supply of P for later summer early fall blue green algal populations that declined after diversion. Runoff from a rapidly developing westside portion (18%) of the watershed is contributing substantially to P loading of the lake. Development to a density of about ten dwellings ha −1 has increased loading possibly on the order of 14%. Future development of the eastside portion (26% of watershed) may increase loading by 20% and be equivalent to nearly one half of the P previously diverted in 1968.