cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic failure mechanics

Advances in computing as well as measurement instrumentation have recently allowed for the investigation of a wider spectrum of physical phenomena in dynamic failure than previously possible. The current status and potential topics for research in dynamic failure mechanics are described in this article. These include basic research in dynamic crack initiation and growth in brittle materials, elastic–plastic solids, heterogeneous solids, such as layered materials and composites, and adiabatic shear banding in ductile materials. Research that would benefit and advance practical applications such as aircraft hardening, micrometeorite impact shielding and high speed machining is also outlined. For each of the topics, research needs in terms of theory, numerical simulation and validation as well as experimentation are described.
Camp 2.0: A Queer Performance of the Personal

Camp, a style of performance in queer subcultures, is being reimagined in the online video portal of YouTube. Online performers—mostly young and queer—have infused camp with a neoliberal sense of individuality, emotional authenticity, and personal development, thereby challenging historical understandings of camp as wholly ironic and disengaged or politically charged. These shifts in self-presentation are reflected in statements made by performers in interviews and in the videos posted by these vloggers.
From Nanorings to Nanodots by Patterning with Block Copolymers

We demonstrate three different transfer patterns that can be achieved by use of a surface reconstructed block copolymer film where metal is evaporated onto the surface of the film, providing the contrast. Thin films of diblock copolymers having cylindrical microdomains oriented normal to the surface with long-range lateral order were used. Solvent reconstruction of the film, followed by a glancing angle metal evaporation and thermal annealing, led to three different decorations of the films with gold. These films were used as masks for pattern transfer of pores, columns, and rings to underlying substrate with high fidelity.
BEAM POLARIZATION DURING A SIBERIAN SNAKE TURN-ON

Abstract Installing Siberian snakes in a circular proton accelerator allows one to overcome all spin depolarizing resonances even at very high energies. However, Siberian snake application at low energies is technically rather difficult. Turning snake on at some energy during acceleration would allow using Siberian snakes even in rings with low injection energies. It is shown that the beam polarization would be preserved during the snake ramp, provided that the snake is turned on in more than ten turns, and the energy is set near a half-integer Gγ.
Acute Renal Failure, Skin Rash, and Eosinophilia Associated with Aztreonam

A case of acute renal failure associated with aztreonam therapy is reported. A man, age 70, with infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloaca was treated for 9 days with aztreonam and presented with a generalized maculopapular rash, fever, eosinophilia, worsening renal function and increased IgE levels and eosinophiluria. Aztreonam was then discontinued and the patient was treated with supportive measures and steroids and his renal failure reversed over the course of 5 days. This appears to be one of the first cases of acute renal failure associated with aztreonam.
Optical hit–miss morphological transform

We present an optical correlator implementation of the morphological hit-miss transform. This provides improved recognition of objects in clutter compared with standard optical pattern-recognition correlator techniques. The hit-miss transform is modified to use rank-order filtering since this gives better performance in noise and clutter. By varying the correlation plane threshold, we can perform dilations, rank-order filters, and erosions on the same multifunctional coherent optical correlator system. We quantify the thresholds required for generic object part recognition and provide simulated and optical laboratory data.
Pertussis toxin inhibition of B cell and macrophage responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide

Lipopolysaccharide, a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, activates B lymphocytes and macrophages. Pertussis toxin, which inactivates several members of the G protein family of signaling components, including Gi and transducin, was found to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-induced responses of the WEHI-231 B lymphoma cell line and the P388D1 macrophage cell line. These results, combined with the demonstration that lipopolysaccharide inhibits adenylate cyclase activity in P388D1 cells, strongly argues that lipopolysaccharide activation of cells is mediated by a Gi-like receptor-effector coupling protein.
Antiproton mass measurements

Abstract The most accurate mass measurements by far are measurements of charge-to-mass ratios, with the assumption that there is only one fundamental unit of charge. The most accurate of such antimatter mass measurements, by orders of magnitude, is an extremely high precision comparison of the charge-to-mass ratio of the antiproton and proton. Mass measurements with antimatter particles require the solution of unique problems—owing to the need to obtain the antimatter from unusual sources, and because antimatter particles annihilate upon interacting with matter. For the future, the most accurate antimatter mass measurements are likely to arise from even more accurate comparisons of the frequency of laser transitions of antihydrogen and hydrogen. The techniques to slow, trap and cool antiprotons that were developed to make the q / m measurements possible, have now made it possible to produce slow antihydrogen, an important step toward the eventual laser spectroscopy of antihydrogen.
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Cardiac Cell Injury and Death

Mitochondria can serve as the arbiter of cell fate in response to stress. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is characterized by permeabilization of an otherwise relatively impermeable mitochondrial inner membrane and appears to have a major role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in myocardial infarction and stroke. After I/R, the fate of the cell is determined by the extent of MPT. If minimal, the cell may recover; if moderate, the cell may undergo programmed cell death; if severe, the cell may die from necrosis due to inadequate energy production. After reviewing the role of MPT in disease, we examine the signaling and metabolic networks that regulate MPT. We then conclude with some of the challenges in future MPT research.
The expanding role of neuropsychology in geriatric psychiatry.

Accepted May 3, 2004. From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego. Address correspondence to Barton W. Palmer, Ph.D., Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, 116-A, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161. e-mail: bpalmer@ucsd.edu 2004 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry When one considers the potential content of an issue of The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry on the theme of geriatric neuropsychology, the initial impression may be that it will be an edition focused on dementias and differential diagnosis of memory complaints. Those topics certainly are a part of what neuropsychology investigates in geriatric psychiatry. Indeed, one of the most common clinical referral questions for neuropsychologists working with older adults is some form of the question “Does this person’s complaint of memory problems reflect normal age-related forgetfulness, depression, or the early manifestations of Alzheimer disease (AD) or another dementia?” However, neuropsychology has considerably wider relevance to geriatric psychiatry, both in terms of clinical and interventions research, and in routine clinical care. In addition to overtly neurocognitive disorders such as AD and other dementias, many neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, severe mood disorders, substance abuse, and sleep disturbance are associated with some degree of neurocognitive impairment. The contribution of neuropsychology in research and clinical care of patients with these disorders is expanding. Examining the patterns of neuropsychological deficits may inform us about the nature of underlying neuropathology, but such examination also aids in documenting and perhaps decreasing the functional deficits associated with these conditions. The potential value of neuropsychological information is further magnified in the context of older psychiatric patients, where the cognitive deficits associated with psychiatric disorders may be compounded by normal age-related changes in cognitive functioning. What Is Neuropsychology?
Analysis of large electron optical systems with many interacting optical elements

Abstract The analysis of large electron optical systems depends on the accuracy of the field computation of the system. In turn, the accuracy of the computed fields is strongly dependent on the size and complexity of the system under investigation and the fineness used to convert the system to a discrete numerical model. This results in severe demands on computer memory and speed. In addition, the analysis of these complex electron optical systems having multiple optical elements requires a measure of flexibility in “adjusting” each element's contribution to the system independently. With this flexibility the entire system does not have to be solved again when a change is made to one element of the system. Two techniques have been developed to resolve these two limitations. One technique allows a large system to be broken into smaller sections by establishing the section boundary conditions using current loops. This permits the system problem to be solved using finer and finer discrete models of each section to increase the accuracy of the system solution. The second technique permits the field contribution of each optical element of the system to be computed individually, but as though all the elements of the system were operated at their nominal excitations.
NOTES transgastric abdominal wall hernia repair in a porcine model.

With approximately 1 million ventral and inguinal hernia repairs performed in the United States each year, even small rates of complications translate into large numbers of patients. Less invasive approaches that potentially lower morbidity deserve consideration, recognizing there are many technical considerations that currently limit their use. We describe a reproducible technique and lessons learned in our laboratory that answer some existing questions with regards to the use of NOTES® for hernia repair. A non-survival porcine model with general anesthesia was utilized in all cases. Each animal underwent transgastric peritoneal access with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) technique, and the gastrotomy was dilated with a wire-guided balloon dilatation catheter. An Esophageal Z-stent delivery device (Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, NC) was modified ex-vivo to allow us to introduce and protect a 10 × 15 cm lightweight polypropylene hernia prosthetic with pre-placed sutures. Once deployed, the sutures were pulled through the abdominal wall using a looped spinal needle technique in combination with the flexible endoscope. After the four anchoring sutures were tied, proprietary endoscopically placed tacks (Cook Medical) were placed at regular intervals between the sutures to secure the edges of the prosthetic. Hernia repairs were performed on five animals. In each case, we successfully completed prosthetic delivery and deployment into the peritoneal cavity, anchoring to the abdominal wall with full-thickness abdominal wall sutures, and endoscopically placed nitinol tacks. All prosthetics were deployed flat against the anterior abdominal wall. Operative times ranged from 65 to 120 min. Transgastric abdominal wall hernia repair is feasible, consistent, and reproducible. In particular, the delivery system can successfully deliver the prosthetic across the gastric wall via a transoral route. Survival animal experiments investigating outcomes related to quality of repair, microbiology, adhesions, and visceral closure need to be done. Human studies are not recommended until these issues are formally investigated.
Robust x-ray tubes for use within magnetic fields of MR scanners

A hybrid system that combines an x-ray fluoroscopic system and a magnetic resonance (MR) system can provide physicians with the synergy of exquisite soft tissue contrast (from MR) and high temporal and spatial resolutions (from x ray), which may significantly benefit a number of image-guided interventional procedures. However, the system configuration may require the x-ray tube to be placed in a magnetic field, which can hinder the proper functioning of the x-ray tube by deflecting its electron beam. From knowledge of how the magnetic field affects the electron trajectories, we propose creating another magnetic field along the cathode-anode axis using either solenoids or permanent magnets to reduce the deflection of the electron beam for two cases: a strong and slightly misaligned field or a weak field that is arbitrary in direction. Theoretical analysis is presented and the electron beam is simulated in various external magnetic fields with a finite element modeling program. Results show that both correction schemes enhance the robustness of the x-ray tube operation in an externally applied magnetic field.
Nutrient Uptake and Retention Patterns in Two Streams with Contrasting Watershed Landuse

ABSTRACT We estimated the uptake lengths (Sw) of NO3-N and PO4-P using the nutrient enrichment method to assess their transport dynamics in Panther Creek (forested stream) and Ledbetter Creek (agricultural stream). The agricultural stream had higher ambient NO3-N than the forested stream, while PO4-P was higher in the forested stream than agricultural stream. Although we expected shorter Sw estimates in the forested stream based on the ambient nutrient concentrations and higher metabolism, the agricultural stream (Ledbetter) had shorter Sw (372 m for N and 327 and 242 m for P) than estimates from Panther Creek (753 and 870 m for N; 827 m for P). Nutrient uptake patterns in these streams may reflect the combined effects of biological activities and hydrologic characteristics. Ledbetter Creek contained several large pools and backwater areas that allowed longer residence and contact time for amended nutrients than Panther Creek. It was also assumed that Ledbetter had a potential for higher abiotic phosphoru...
Prenatally diagnosed severe CDH: mortality and morbidity remain high

Abstract Purpose This study sought to evaluate prenatal markers' ability to predict severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH) and assess this subgroup's morbidity and mortality. Methods A retrospective review was performed between 2006 and 2014. Prenatal criteria for severe CDH included: liver herniation, lung-to-head ratio (LHR) 2 requirement at discharge, and few ventilator-free days in the first 60. Statistics performed used unpaired t-test, p Results Overall, 47.5%(29/61) of patients with prenatally diagnosed, isolated CDH met severe criteria. Mean LHR: 1.04±0.35, o/eLHR: 31±10% and o/eTLV: 20±7%. Distribution was 72% LCDH, 24% R-CDH. Overall survival: 38%. ECMO requirement: 92%. Patch rate: 91%. Mean ventilator-free days in 60: 7.1±14. Supplemental oxygen at discharge was required in 27%. In this prenatally diagnosed severe cohort, 58%(15/26) had persistent PHtn post-ECMO requiring inhaled nitric oxide±epoprostenol. Comparing patients with and without PHtn: mean ECMO duration 18±10 days versus 9±7 days (p=0.01) and survival 20% versus 72% (p=0.006). Conclusion A combination of prenatal markers accurately identified severe CDH patients. Outcomes of this group remain poor and persistent PHtn contributes significantly to mortality.
Trypanosoma cruzi-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Role in Neural Repair and Neuroprotection

Some patients infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi develop chronic Chagas’ disease, while others remain asymptomatic for life. Although pathological mechanisms that govern disease progression remain unclear, the balance between degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system seems to contribute to the different clinical outcomes. This review focuses on certain new aspects of host-parasite interactions related to regeneration in the host nervous system induced by the trans-sialidase of T. cruzi, also known as a parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF). PDNF plays multiple roles in T. cruzi infection, ranging from immunosuppression to functional mimicry of mammalian neurotrophic factors and inhibition of apoptosis. PDNF affinity to neurotrophin Trk receptors provide sustained activation of cellular survival mechanisms resulting in neuroprotection and neuronal repair, resistance to cytotoxic insults and enhancement of neuritogenesis. Such unique PDNF-elicited regenerative responses likely prolong parasite persistence in infected tissues while reducing neuropathology in Chagas’ disease.
DETOXICATION OF CYANIDE BY CYSTINE

SUMMARY Chemical studies on the nature of the reaction product between cystine and cyanide ion support formulation of the structure as 2-imino-4-thiazoli- dinecarboxylic acid. The compound was inert metabolically when fed to the rat or when injected. On treatment with acid, a small amount of thio- cyanate was produced. 2-Imino-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid was isolated from the urine of rats given sodium cyanide subcutaneously. 80 per cent of the cyanide was ac- counted for as thiocyanate. When L-cystine-W was administered first, the compounds excreted were labeled. Radioactivity measurements showed that the iminothiazolidinecarboxylic acid was produced from cystine, while the thiocyanate chiefly was formed from other sources of sulfur. The reaction with cystine constitutes an independent pathway for detoxi- cabion of cyanide. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ScMberl, A., Kawohl, M., and Hamm, R., Chem. Ber., 84, 571 (1951). 2. ScMberl, A., and Hamm, R., Chem. Ber., 81,210 (1948).
MONITORED EXECUTION OF ROBOT PLANS PRODUCED BY STRIPS

We describe PLANEX1, a plan executor for the Stanford Research Institute robot system. The problem-solving program STRIPS creates a plan consisting of a sequence of actions, and PLANEX1 program carries out the plan by executing the actions. PLANEX1 is designed so that it executes only that portion of the plan necessary for completing the task, reexecutes any portion of the plan that has failed to achieve the desired results, and initiates replanning in situations where the plan can no longer be effective in completing the task. The scenario for an example plan execution is given.
Free Clinics and the Law

The importance of incorporation, the use of a board of trustees, and obtaining the proper tax exemption status are described from an attorney's vantage point, with the pro's and con's discussed and defined in layman's terms. The importance of appropriately dealing with runaways, the legal hassles to be avoided, as well as the use of the clergy, the judicial, and the police systems are outlined. Examples of documented statements are presented. The ramifications of prescribing birth control pills to minors, and the legal problems surrounding drug abuse treatment are clarified.
Hypercapnic acidosis and compensated hypercapnia in control and pulmonary hypertensive piglets.

Low tidal volume/inspiratory pressure ventilator strategies result in hypercapnia, which has been shown to increase pulmonary vasomotor tone. This may be particularly detrimental in infants and children with preexistent pulmonary hypertension. In this study, a piglet model of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was used to test the hypotheses that: 1) the effects of hypercapnic acidosis are exaggerated by preexistent pulmonary hypertension; and 2) the pulmonary hemodynamic effects of hypercapnic acidosis are attenuated by normalizing pH. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by 2 weeks of hypoxia. Hemodynamic responses were measured in control and pulmonary hypertensive piglets during both normoxia and hypoxia under normocapnic, hypercapnic acidotic, and compensated hypercapnic conditions. We found that: 1) hypercapnic acidosis increased both normoxic and hypoxic pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) in control piglets; 2) the pressor effects of hypercapnia were not attenuated by infusing bicarbonate to normalize the pH; and 3) piglets with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension had elevated baseline normoxic and hypoxic PVRI, but responded to hypercapnic acidosis and compensated hypercapnia in a similar way to control piglets. These data suggest that acute hypercapnic acidosis may have deleterious effects on the pulmonary hemodynamics of normal and pulmonary hypertensive subjects which may not be acutely reversed by buffering the pH.
Marginalization by collaboration: Environmental justice as a third party in and beyond CALFED

Governance and planning of ecosystem and water management within the California BayDelta, a critical component of California’s water economy, have been characterized by a range of innovations in collaboration and conflict resolution. Despite legal mandates to incorporate environmental justice, the California Bay-Delta Authority’s (CBDA) policydevelopment process and the subsequent Delta Vision process have systematically marginalized the role of environmental justice in California’s water policy. We suggest that environmental justice in Bay-Delta planning can be understood as a ‘‘third party’’ with a tenuous seat at the CALFED water management table. As such environmental justice is a useful lens through which to assess the state’s broader commitments and capacities relative to equity as a planning principal and outcome. We interpret the fate of environmental justice within Bay-Delta planning as indicative of the inherent tensions between systems based on increasing market dominance and state legitimation and the values of environmental justice based on distributive, procedural, and cognitive justice. We construct a model of marginalization and environmental injustice in collaborative planning to illustrate these tensions. We draw upon experiences of members of the Environmental Justice Sub-Committee of CBDA’s Bay Delta Public Advisory Committee, as well as interviews with other key environmental justice interests, and a comprehensive review of internal and public CBDA documents relating to the environmental justice program including budgets and program plans, and ethnographic field work. We conclude that by learning from the mistakes of BayDelta planning, a positive model of collaborative, environmental justice-based planning for water and ecosystem management is possible.
Hardware Implementation of Automated Sensor Self-Validation System for Cupola Furnaces

Custom Computing Machines have demonstrated their superiority over general-purpose processors in computation-intense applications. In this paper, we investigate the use of an FPGA system to implement an automated sensor self-validation algorithm for the Cupola furnaces. The details of the software algorithm and the hardware implementations are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the implementation are discussed.
PrefJoin: An efficient preference-aware join operator

Preference queries are essential to a wide spectrum of applications including multi-criteria decision-making tools and personalized databases. Unfortunately, most of the evaluation techniques for preference queries assume that the set of preferred attributes are stored in only one relation, waiving on a wide set of queries that include preference computations over multiple relations. This paper presents PrefJoin, an efficient preference-aware join query operator, designed specifically to deal with preference queries over multiple relations. PrefJoin consists of four main phases: Local Pruning, Data Preparation, Joining, and Refining that filter out, from each input relation, those tuples that are guaranteed not to be in the final preference set, associate meta data with each non-filtered tuple that will be used to optimize the execution of the next phases, produce a subset of join result that are relevant for the given preference function, and refine these tuples respectively. An interesting characteristic of PrefJoin is that it tightly integrates preference computation with join hence we can early prune those tuples that are guaranteed not to be an answer, and hence it saves significant unnecessary computations cost. PrefJoin supports a variety of preference function including skyline, multi-objective and k-dominance preference queries. We show the correctness of PrefJoin. Experimental evaluation based on a real system implementation inside PostgreSQL shows that PrefJoin consistently achieves from one to three orders of magnitude performance gain over its competitors in various scenarios.
Participation as Post-Fordist Politics: Demos, New Labour, and Science Policy.

In recent years, British science policy has seen a significant shift ‘from deficit to dialogue’ in conceptualizing the relationship between science and the public. Academics in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) have been influential as advocates of the new public engagement agenda. However, this participatory agenda has deeper roots in the political ideology of the Third Way. A framing of participation as a politics suited to post-Fordist conditions was put forward in the magazine Marxism Today in the late 1980s, developed in the Demos thinktank in the 1990s, and influenced policy of the New Labour government. The encouragement of public participation and deliberation in relation to science and technology has been part of a broader implementation of participatory mechanisms under New Labour. This participatory program has been explicitly oriented toward producing forms of social consciousness and activity seen as essential to a viable knowledge economy and consumer society. STS arguments for public engagement in science have gained influence insofar as they have intersected with the Third Way politics of post-Fordism.
Professional Development and Teacher Learning: Mapping the Terrain

Teacher professional development is essential to efforts to improve our schools. This article maps the terrain of research on this important topic. It first provides an overview of what we have learned as a field, about effective professional development programs and their impact on teacher learning. It then suggests some important directions and strategies for extending our knowledge into new territory of questions not yet explored.
Interaction of two myxozoan parasites from naked goby Gobiosoma bosc, in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana.

Abstract: During a parasitological survey of naked gobies (Gobiosoma bosc) in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, U.S.A., 2 myxozoan parasites were found infecting the gall bladders of 84 of 90 fish. Parasite plasmodia of each were morphologically distinct; plasmodia bearing Ellipsomyxa-like spores were elongate and fusiform (1,126 by 403 μm), and those bearing Sphaeromyxa-like spores were large and discoid (1,400 μm diameter). Neither parasite conformed to any described species of myxozoan, and both are described here. Sphaeromyxa kenti n. sp. bears boomerang-shaped spores ranging 17.5–19.8 μm long by 3.8–5.2 μm wide. Two unequal sized polar capsules contain ribbon-like polar filaments characteristic of this genus. Ellipsomyxa adlardi n. sp. bears ovoid spores 11.3–14.4 by 7.1–8.8 μm, with 2 rounded polar capsules oriented in opposite directions relative to the longitudinal plane of the spore. Phylogenetically both species cluster with sequenced members of their respective genera. Plasmodia of E. adlardi n. s...
The conceptual cohesion of classes

While often defined in informal ways, software cohesion reflects important properties of modules in a software system. Cohesion measurement has been used for quality assessment, fault proneness prediction, software modularization, etc. Existing approaches to cohesion measurement in object-oriented software are largely based on the structural information of the source code, such as attribute references in methods. These measures reflect particular interpretations of cohesion and try to capture different aspects of cohesion and no single cohesion metric or suite is accepted as standard measurement for cohesion. The paper proposes a new set of measures for the cohesion of individual classes within an OO software system, based on the analysis of the semantic information embedded in the source code, such as comments and identifiers. A case study on open source software is presented, which compares the new measures with an extensive set of existing metrics. The differences and similarities among the approaches and results are discussed and analyzed.
A Green's function approach to the dynamics-controlled truncation formalism: Derivation of the /spl chi//sup (3)/ equations of motion

Summary form only given. The dynamics-controlled truncation (DCT) formalism is a successful microscopic approach that gives a complete description of all coherent phenomena in optically excited semiconductors to certain low orders (e.g., /spl chi//sup (3)/) in the external field. Its most important application to date has been the elucidation of exciton-exciton correlation effects in four-wave-mixing experiments in the /spl chi//sup (3)/ regime. We have examined in detail the standard Feynman-Dyson perturbation theory diagrams for the (Keldysh path-ordered) Green's functions corresponding to the interband polarization, the one-particle density matrix, and the coherent biexcitonic (four-point) correlation function. The Coulomb matrix elements for transitions between conduction and valence bands are excluded, and the initial state is taken to be the electron-hole vacuum. The crucial result from this examination is that these two conditions annihilate a vast class of order.
Pearls: How I Create the Tibial Socket for PCL Reconstruction.

Once the ACL and PCL footprints are removed from the femoral side, I carefully resect the anterolateral and posteromedial PCL remnants with a 308 scope all the way to the level of the posterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci. Using a 308 scope Note from the Editor-in-Chief: We are pleased to present the next installment of ‘‘Pearls’’, a new column in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. In this column, distinguished surgeons, scientists, or scholars share surgical or professional tips they use to help surmount important or interesting problems. We welcome reader feedback on all of our columns and articles; please send your comments to eic@clinorthop.org. One of the authors certifies that he (BAL) has received or may receive payments or benefits, during the study period, an amount of less than USD 10,000 from Arthrex Inc, Naples, FL, USA. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research neither advocates nor endorses the use of any treatment, drug, or device. Readers are encouraged to always seek additional information, including FDA approval status, of any drug or device before clinical use. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. B. A. Levy MD (&) Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA e-mail: levy.bruce@mayo.edu Fig. 1 View from the anterolateral portal establishing the posteromedial portal with the ‘‘needle and knife’’ technique (black arrow). (Reprinted from Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, King AH, Prince MR, Reardon PJ, Levy BA, Stuart MJ, All-Inside Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Article in Press, Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10601872). Pearls Published online: 7 December 2015 The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons1 2015
Tractability of planning with loops

We create a unified framework for analyzing and synthesizing plans with loops for solving problems with non-deterministic numeric effects and a limited form of partial observability. Three different action models—with deterministic, qualitative non-deterministic and Boolean non-deterministic semantics—are handled using a single abstract representation. We establish the conditions under which the correctness and termination of solutions, represented as abstract policies, can be verified. We also examine the feasibility of learning abstract policies from examples. We demonstrate our techniques on several planning problems and show that they apply to challenging real-world tasks such as doing the laundry with a PR2 robot. These results resolve a number of open questions about planning with loops and facilitate the development of new algorithms and applications.
M is for the Many Things

My basic argument is this: Motherhood is a central but confusing icon within our social structure. It is at once domination and dominated, much as mothers are both revered and regulated. The reverence and regulation are not so much in conflict as in league. The rules remind women of how to behave in order to stay revered. This reverence is something more than a fan club for mothers. It matters in such practical and concrete ways as keeping one's children, having credibility in court, getting promoted at work, and so on.
Prolific Authors in the Finance Literature: A Half Century of Contributions

The prolific authors identified in this study are truly remarkable: 332 prolific authors in seven leading finance journals, 350 prolific authors in sixteen core finance journals, and 367 prolific authors in all of the 72 finance journals examined. These authors demonstrate great durability in navigating the vagaries of referees and the demands of editors. They represent a small minority of thousands of authors during the half century 1953 to 2002. Besides satisfying a natural curiosity of who the prolific authors are, examination of extreme performance provides perspective on research productivity in finance, as do the reported distributional statistics. The findings help in the formation of realistic expectations about scholarly work.
Non-Specific Granulomatous Prostatitis

Between 1963 and 1972, 86 patients with non-specific granulomatous prostatitis were seen. Symptomatology was suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection in the majority of the cases. The most important feature on prostatic examination was the likelihood of confusion with prostatic carcinoma. Management by whatever means yielded uniformly good results. The natural history of this disease seems to be that of gradual resolution.
Regino Pedroso and El ciruelo de Yuan Pei Fu: poemas chinos

In the "Introduction" to the anthology Encounters: People of Asian Descent in the Americas, Roshni Rustomji-Kerns remarks on the lack of discussion concerning the Asian diaspora outside the United States: "Where the reality of our lives and their absence in academic explorations of Asian Americas collide, there is an open wound that needs to be acknowledged, discussed, and-one hopes-healed." The immigration of the Chinese to Latin America and their cultural production represent one of these "absences." The arrival of close to 300,000 Chinese during the coolie trade (1847-1874) and the subsequent immigration that proceeded oftentimes remain a historical footnote. The terms mestizo and mulato are often regarded as representative of the miscegenation that occurred in post-encounter Spanish America, meaning that the only "mixed blood" is that of Africans, Europeans, and Indigenous groups. No hint of the Asiatic mixture is represented in these terms.
Particle-Assisted Light Concentration for Solar Photovoltaics

We describe how wavelength-sized particles can be used to couple sunlight into a planar solar-concentrator. Simulations are presented that study the influence a particle’s form on the concentration effect.
PHASE DEPENDENT ROUGHNESS CONTROL OF SAND MOVEMENT

Experiments with wave motion over asymmetrical "ripple-like" forms show that the difference between a net sand transport in a down-wave versus an up-wave direction is related to a subtle phase dependent mechanism associated with the intensity of vortex formation in the lee of the form. Artificial roughness modules have been developed, consisting of arrays of asymmetrical forms resembling natural ripples. The asymmetry of the forms causes an intense vortex to form in the lee of the steep face. This vortex traps and suspends sediment, which when the orbital motion reverses its phase, is lifted above the roughness element and carried in the new direction. Thus, the direction of the net sand transport is dependent upon the relation between the steep face of the roughness element and the phase of the orbital velocity; the net transport being in the direction of the orbital velocity that is out-of-phase with the maximum vortex formation.
Aggressive Marketing and Revitalizing the Corporation: Increasing U.S. Competitiveness

There is increasing concern among analysts, researchers, and leaders of American industry about our eroding competitive position in international markets. Less radical solutions include joint ventures and government intervention. A more radical solution is the adoption of a more aggressive marketing position, including a focus on growth in market share as the central organizational goal, a long-term perspective, concern with competitive intelligence, and true marketing analysis to identify competitive advantage and distinctive competences. An even more radical solution involves revitalizing or re-inventing the corporation. A variety of considerations comes into play here, including employee ownership in the company, leasing employees instead of hiring them, elimination of top-down authoritarian style and substitution with a networking style of management, increasing use of entrepreneurship within companies-intrapreneurship-and formation of smaller autonomous businesses within a larger structure.
Investigation of Occupational Hazards and The Control Measures in An Electronic Materials Plant

[Objective] To understand the occupational hazards and their existing links in an electronic materials plant,and put forward targeted prevention and control measures.[Methods]The process flow,distribution of occupational hazards,Occupational hazards concentration (intensity) and control measures were investigated and comprehensively analyzed.[Results]The overall layout,process flow,equipment layout,occupational disease protection facilities,and individual preventive articles of this enterprise basically accorded with the requirements of "Standard Design of Industrial Enterprises" GBZ 1-2002.Toxicant,illumination and high temperature strength of each post (monitoring point ) accorded with national occupational health standards.The qualified rate of noise intensity was 92.9%.The over-standard rate of dust concentration was 20%.[Conclusion]Occupational disease prevention measures taken by this enterprise are fundamentally valid.It is suggested to carry out the necessary rectification on over-standard dust and noise,and to adopt more strictly management to effectively protect the health benefits of workers.
Evaluation of Uncertainty about Indication Error of Verification Equipment for AC Electrical Energy Meters in Measurement

Contrapose the question of evaluation of uncertainty about indication error of verification equipment for AC electrical energy meters in measurement, the paper gives the methods of evaluation of uncertainty about indication error of all class and single or three phase verification equipment in measurement.At the same time, by using Excel assistant evaluation, it could settle all the count problems of Evaluation.
Late-life Cognitive Activity and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Bias Analysis

Background Engaging in late-life cognitive activity is often proposed as a strategy to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. However, it is unclear to what extent the available evidence supports a causal effect of cognitive activity in dementia prevention. Methods We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE through June 2014 to identify peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies of cognitive activity and incidence of AD or all-cause dementia. Eligible articles analyzed data from cohort or nested case-control studies, explicitly defined cognitive activity, evaluated participants for AD or all-cause dementia using clearly defined criteria, and provided effect estimates adjusted for at least age and sex. We describe methodologic issues and biases relevant to interpretation of these studies, and quantify the degree of bias due to confounding and reverse causation required to nullify typically observed associations. Results We reviewed 12 studies involving 13,939 participants and 1,663 dementia cases, of which 565 were specifically evaluated as AD. Most studies found associations between late-life cognitive activity and lower AD and/or all-cause dementia incidence. Differences in cognitive activity operationalization across studies precluded meta-analysis of effect estimates. Our bias analysis indicated that the observed inverse associations are probably robust to unmeasured confounding, and likely only partially explained by reverse causation. Conclusion Our systematic review and bias analyses provide support for the hypothesis that late-life cognitive activity offers some reduction in AD and all-cause dementia risk. However, more data are needed to confirm this relationship and on the optimal type, duration, intensity, and timing of that activity.
Generic vs. Secondary Meaning

In the fall of 1992 a Dallas-based corporation called Registry, also doing business as American Hospitality Management, brought a series of lawsuits filed in several venues against companies who used the term “hospitality management” to describe their products or services. Registry owned and operated five hotels under the name Registry, including one in Bloomington, Minnesota, and nine more under the assumed name, Hospitality Management Corporation.
Human Rights in Europe

In the last half century, the continent of Europe—the very continent that scorned and traduced human rights before and during World War II—has developed the most robust institutional machinery in the world for protecting the human rights of its citizens.
Tennis Ball Cannon

This chapter describes a tennis-ball-cannon model. In such a model, a series of balls is shot from a gun; each ball flies in an arc and bounces when it hits the ground. The model contains discontinuous behaviors—the firing of the gun, the bouncing of the balls, and others. This model illustrates the segmented function formulation. The chapter discusses the behavior of the model as a function C that encapsulates the discontinuous events; the value of the solution, C ( t ), includes information such as which balls are part of the model at any time t . Unlike the swinging chain, this model isn't already directly supported by the library modules. The purpose of this model is to illustrate the segmented function mechanism and to test the piecewise-continuous ODE solution utilities. To fully exercise these tools, somewhat contrived features in the model are included: discontinuities regularly in time, discontinuities based on state, increase of dimensionality, decrease in dimensionality, change in properties, change in continuous behavior, and discontinuities in motion.
The Treatment of Time

Climate change takes place over decades, centuries, and millennia. The consequences of actions taken now also work themselves out on time scales covering multiple generations. The persistence of CO2 in the atmosphere depends on the long-term response of the biosphere to increased temperatures and concentrations, and the atmospheric lifetimes of many of the non-CO2 greenhouse gases are over 100 years. The achievement of thermal equilibrium between the surface layers of the ocean and atmosphere takes decades, and achievement of equilibrium between the different layers of the ocean requires even more time (IPCC 2001a).1 These physical facts mean that the treatment of events and policies that unfold over very long stretches of time must be a central feature of the economic analysis of climate change. Not only do policies have long-lasting consequences, but the basic conceptualization of the economic system itself has to reflect the lengths of time involved.
Laparoscopic and Robotic Aortic Surgery

Minimally invasive approaches have taken the world of vascular surgery by storm, particularly endovascular techniques. Nevertheless, open surgical technique like the aortobifemoral bypass (AFB) remains an extremely efficacious and durable operation and is the procedure against which all other iliac procedures are benchmarked. However, if one thinks of an open procedure, like an endovascular procedure, as consisting of both a “delivery system” and a therapeutic component, the delivery system for aortobifemoral bypass remains unappealing and in many instances a very high-risk operation in patients with significant comorbidities. Consequently, endovascular management of aortoiliac disease has moved to the front line of the treatment algorithm. Being able to deliver the results of open surgical techniques in a more acceptable manner is possible today both by totally laparoscopic or robotic abdominal procedure. This not only reduces the convalescence period but also leads to fewer operative complications than standard techniques. This chapter discusses current minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic techniques in aortic surgery.
A “Very Unfeeling World”: The Failure of Social Healing in Rowson’s America

The image of a pregnant and sickly young girl trudging through the snowy streets in Susanna Haswell Rowson’s Charlotte Temple (1791) resonated deeply in the eighteenth-century American imagination.
Comparisons of weather and aircraft surveillance radar requirements to determine key features for a 10-cm multi-function phased array radar

Surveillance capabilities of the ARSR-4 and ASR-9/11 for aircraft detection and tracking, and the TDWR and the WSR-88D for weather surveillance are reviewed to determine requirements for a 10-cm wavelength polarimetric Multi-function Phased Array Radar (MPAR) that can match present day performance. Low sidelobes, polarimetric purity, and well matched H and V radiation patterns required for the weather radar surveillance mission are among those issues that place stringent requirements on the MPAR. Attenuation of 10-cm radiation to meet the ARSR-4 performance is addressed. Matching the angular resolution requirements of the WSR-88D and the ARSR-4 sets the size of the MPAR. To match the height resolution of the TDWR for the detection of low altitude wind shear along the approach and departure corridors of an airport and also to serve the ASR-9/11 function, the MPAR needs to be located on the airport at or near the present site of the ASR-9/11. Time multiplexing of the surveillance functions allows independent control of each function, while offering the potential of freeing spectral space. It is concluded that a network of 10-cm wavelength MPARs could meet the present day requirements of airport and long range surveillance of aircraft, and provide faster weather surveillance without compromising data quality.