cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear-induced radial segregation in bidisperse suspensions

In this paper, we discuss experimental evidence for radial particle segregation in a parallel-plate geometry. The motion of coloured tracer particles of a size different from the bulk suspension is followed as a function of time. The tracer particles are seen to experience a constant drift velocity independent of their radial position. This is in addition to the random-walk motion arising from their interactions with other particles in the suspension. These observations are found to be consistent with the shear-induced migration model of Leighton & Acrivos (1987 a,b) as well as the tracer diffusivity measurements of Phan & Leighton (1996). In the experiments of Abbott et al. (1991), it was observed that larger particles migrated radially outward to regions of lower shear stress in a wide-gap Couette device. In our experiments large tracers were also observed to migrate radially outward. In this case, however, the radial migration resulted in migration to regions of higher shear stress, contrary to expectations. This apparent discrepancy is explained in terms of a model that incorporates both the stress-induced migration of earlier studies and a curvature-induced migration flux (which in turn is shear-induced) as an opposing effect.
The Beloved City: Commentary On a Kimbanguist Text

The Eglise de JIsus-Christ sur la Terre par le Prophete Simon Kimbangu (EJCSK), which claims a membership of at least a million, is the leading indigenous church of the Republic of Congo and has legal status equivalent to the Catholics, the Protestants, and the Salvation Army. 1) Most Kimbanguists are Bakongo from the western Congo, but the church has important congregations in Kisangani (Stanleyville), Lubumbashi (Elisabethville) and other towns in Congo and in neighbouring countries. The EJCSK, like almost all of the numerous indigenous churches of the western Congo, claims spiritual descent from Simon Kimbangu, nominal leader of the great messianic movement of I921. 2) Since Kimbanguism in general, and EJCSK in particular, have been the subject of several studies and usually appear on short lists of African messianic movements, it is regrettable that no Kimbanguist theological texts of any length have been published or studied. It is sometimes suggested that Kimbanguists have no theology, and make do with a syncretic assortment of heterogeneous beliefs. Here is a representative comment:
Geochemical variation in microstructural shell layers of the southern quahog (Mercenaria campechiensis): Implications for reconstructing seasonality

Abstract Shells of the northern and southern quahogs ( Mercenaria mercenaria and Mercenaria campechiensis , respectively) from paleontological and archaeological deposits have been used to reconstruct climate, environmental conditions, and ecological relationships. Seasonal fluctuations in temperature and salinity are recorded in shell carbonate as variations in δ 18 O and δ 13 C values and Sr : Ca ratios; however, these environmental proxies have not yet been calibrated for M. campechiensis . Previous geochemical studies of quahog shells focused on the outer prismatic layer as an ecological archive. The outer layer is often not preserved in fossil and archaeological shells. Moreover, recent innovations in microsampling techniques allow high-resolution sampling of the middle cross-lamellar layer. This study tests whether outer prismatic and middle cross-lamellar layers record similar variations in δ 18 O and δ 13 C values and Sr : Ca ratios in modern shells of M. campechiensis and whether profiles are similar among individuals. The last 2 years of shell growth from three individuals (6, 7, and 9 years old) collected alive near Bokeelia, southwest Florida, were microsampled for geochemical analyses. δ 18 O varies seasonally relative to translucent (summer) and opaque (winter) growth increments. Variation of δ 18 O from outer and middle layers are identical within and among shells; however, the oldest individual did not preserve the most positive values represented in the two younger shells. δ 13 C from both layers are similar within shells, although the outer layer is more variable and the range of values varies somewhat among individuals. Sr : Ca ratios from the outer and middle layers within shells do not track each other well, and profiles among individuals are different. To evaluate whether a seasonal signal was present, Sr : Ca ratios were compared to δ 18 O values. There was no co-variation within the outer layer in any of the shells; therefore, this layer should be avoided when using Sr : Ca ratios as a temperature proxy. The middle layer from the 6-year-old shell showed no co-variation, the 7-year-old shell exhibited a moderate negative co-variation ( r 2 = 0.55, p r 2 = 0.72, p δ 18 O, and environmental interpretations made using δ 13 C values should be treated with caution.
Localization and pharmacological characterization of nicotinic-cholinergic binding sites in cockroach brain using α- and neuronal bungarotoxin

Abstract [ 125 I]α-Bungarotoxinisusedasaprobetostudythenicotinic-cholinergicreceptorinmembrane preparations of the cockroach brain. Binding is restricted mainly to particulate fractions of brain homogenates, is time dependent and is saturable above 2 nM with very low non-specific binding. Scatchard analysis indicates that binding is associated with a single affinity site ( K d = 1.09 nM) having a B max of 8926 fmol/mg protein which is the highest concentration of binding sites yet reported in insects. Association kinetics are best fit by a mono-exponential model with a k obs = 4.37 × 10 −3 s −1 . Dissociation is best described by a bi-exponential model giving dissociation constants of 1.18 × 10 −5 and 9.94 × 10 −5 s −1 . The K d s calculated from kinetic data are 0.029 and 0.25 nM suggesting the possibility of heterogeneous binding sites not detected by saturation studies. Displacement studies indicate that binding follows a nicotinic pharmacology and demonstrate the high affinity of methyllycaconitine and the anthelmintics, morantel and pyrantel. Displacement by neuronal bungarotoxin shows the presence of two distinct binding sites not differentiated by α-bungarotoxin. Autoradiographic studies show α-bungarotoxin to be binding to neuropile regions of the brain, to be displaced from these regions by agents effective in binding studies and demonstrate that the neuronal bungarotoxin binding sites can be regionally localized.
Neural Networks as Fuzzy Systems

Any fuzzy system is a knowledge‐based system which implies an inference engine. Proposes neural networks as a means of performing the inference. Using the Theorem of Representation proposes an encoding scheme that allows the neural network to be trained to perform modus ponens.
Cognitive deficits in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis: what does the future hold?

SUMMARY Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis is relatively rare and research regarding disease characteristics is in its infancy. Regardless, there are a growing number of studies finding early cognitive deficits in this population. There are some similarities in outcomes to those seen in the adult-onset multiple sclerosis population, but also several important differences. With specific regard to cognitive functioning in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, there is evidence of deficit in nearly a third of patients, with impairment primarily in areas of processing speed, visual–spatial processing and language. There are additional findings of fatigue and depression that impact functional outcomes requiring further attention in assessment and treatment considerations. This paper also explores other areas requiring increased focus, including treatment and outcomes, neuroimaging and additional disease-modifying factors (comorbidities, socioeconomic status, race and so on).
Temperature acclimation of respiration in Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and the influence of seasonal selection

Abstract 1. 1. Larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens are capable of adaptive acclimation to temperature. The pattern of acclimation changes with age. Few other insects are known to have this ability, even though it is common in other poikilotherms. 2. 2. Temperature compensation (metabolic rate independence from temperature change) occurs outside the acclimation range. Its interaction with acclimation permits homeostasis over a wider range of temperatures than either process alone. Temperature compensation also changes with age. 3. 3. The data indicate that seasonal selection is responsible for a changing response to temperature. The continual interaction of changing environment and responses to selective forces results in a population whose members cannot adaptively respond physiologically to a wide range of conditions. Nevertheless, the response of the population itself shifts adaptively.
Providing for the Public Good: Corporate–Community Relations in the Era of the Receding Welfare State:

In his pioneering research on corporate-community ties in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Galaskiewicz (1985a) examined the social conditions that guided corporate philanthropy in a given metropolitan area. Two conditions, however, suggest the need for revisiting the type of research taken on in that original study. First, Galaskiewicz's study lacked a comparative dimension for examining the institutional environments that drive variation across localities. Second, a great deal has changed in the institutional conditions that drive corporate ties to their communities since the 1980s and early 1990s, the most important institutional change coming from the Tax Reform Act of 1986. We identify two significant factors that contribute to variation in local philanthropic commitments of corporations to the metropolitan communities in which they are headquartered. First, local corporate tax rates increase corporate giving overall, but they drive down corporate commitments to their localities. Second, the local state's involvement in the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program of 1986 also drives down local corporate giving. Thus, activist states that are successful in capturing the fiscal resources of corporations through a variety of institutional mechanisms end up driving down the philanthropic commitments of the corporations that are headquartered in those localities. We illuminate these relationships through in-depth qualitative research in three case cities and data on a nationally representative sample of 2,776 corporations.
Coping styles as correlates of health in high school students.

Abstract Purpose: To study a large, population-based sample of adolescents with the goal of expanding our knowledge base about the relationship of coping and health outcomes. Method: We examined 1769 nonclinical, high school students (48% girls, mean age 16 years, predominantly white) using one class period to establish a link between coping styles, health problems, and health risk behaviors. Instruments employed included the Coping Response Inventory — Youth form (abbreviated version) and the Juvenile Wellness and Health Survey. ANCOVAs were used to test the main effects of coping typology, gender, and their interaction on the five health domains. Results: Findings were consistent with previous research and showed that approach coping correlated negatively with indicators of health problems and health risk behaviors, while avoidance coping correlated positively with these domains. The presence of both forms of coping mitigated the negative effects of avoidance coping. Conclusion: As early as mid-adolescence, habitual coping styles appear to be associated with significant health outcomes. In screening nonclinical samples the clinician can rely on habitual coping styles as indicators of potential health problems.
Changing fuel use behavior: the Pittsburgh smoke control movement, 1940-1950

Abstract Local policy development in Pittsburgh brought about cleaner air by influencing change in the household use of fuel and combustion equipment. By a combination of media campaigns, voluntary organizations, technical advisers, and business and labor leaders, the public was convinced of the necessity to reduce air pollution. The unique aspect is that the public accepted the costs of a long-range policy decision through education and persuasion.
The 2008 Carl Ludwig Lecture: retrotrapezoid nucleus, CO2 homeostasis, and breathing automaticity.

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains 2,000 glutamatergic neurons that innervate selectively the respiratory centers of the pontomedullary region. These cells are at the ventral medullary surface in a previously identified chemosensitive region. RTN neurons are highly sensitive to acid in vitro and vigorously activated by inputs from the carotid body and from the hypothalamus in vivo. Mutations of the transcription factor Phox2b cause the congenital hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), a disease characterized by extremely reduced chemoreflexes and the loss of breathing automaticity during sleep. RTN neurons express Phox2b and develop poorly in a mouse model of CCHS, which lacks chemoreflexes. Based on these and other data, I propose that the RTN is a critical nodal point for the homeostatic regulation of arterial Pco2 and that the nucleus operates as follows. RTN always contributes a major fraction of the tonic excitatory drive to the respiratory centers. RTN neurons derive their activity from two sources: a chemosensory drive (intrinsic chemosensitivity and inputs from the carotid bodies) and synaptic inputs from higher brain centers (non-chemosensory drive). Under anesthesia or non-rapid eye movement sleep, the chemosensory drive to RTN neurons dominates, and, under these circumstances, the excitatory input from RTN to the respiratory controller is required for breathing automaticity. During waking and exercise, RTN contributes a reduced fraction of the total excitatory drive to the respiratory controller, but this fraction remains essential for CO2 homeostasis because of its exquisite chemosensitivity. The working hypothesis could explain the breathing deficits experienced by CCHS patients.
Formation of pyrene nano-rods within a supramolecular framework

The combination of trimesic acid and the tri-dentate linker 1,3,5-tri(4-pyridyl)-2,4,6-triazine leads to the assembly of a bilayer structure, which contains four pyrene molecules per cavity; adjacent tetrameric aggregates within the channels formed by the superimposed layers combine to yield pyrene nano-rods.
Redistribution des revenus opérée par l’assurance maladie entre groupes d’âge et groupes sociaux ☆

Our study, based on microsimulation models, evaluates the redistributive impact of health care insurance in France on income distribution between age and social groups. This work sheds light on the debate concerning the respective role of the public health care insurance (PHI) and the private supplemental health care insurance (SHI) in France. The analysis points out that the PHI enables the lowest-income households and the pensioners a better access to health care than they would have had under a complete private SHI. Due to the progressivity of taxes, low-income households contribute less to the PHI and get higher benefits because of a weaker health. Pensioners have low contributions to public health care finance but the highest health care expenditures.
Developmental toxicity and structure-activity relationships of chlorophenols using human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells.

Abstract The chlorophenols (CPs) comprise a major class of widely distributed and frequently occurring environmental contaminants. Previous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of CPs on embryonic and fetal development. HEPM (human embryonic palatal mesenchymal) and MOT (mouse ovarian tumor) cell lines have been utilized in complementary bioassays for the detection ofteratogens, but not the CPs. In this study, our objectives were 2-fold: (1) to determine if the HEPM assay could be used to complement other bioassay systems of nonhuman origin i.e.. Hydra attenuata (HA) and rat whole embryo culture (WEC), in the evaluation of the developmental toxicity of CPs, and (2) to delineate the ability of the HEPM assay to evaluate structure-activity relationships of pentachlorophenol (C5P), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (C4P), 2,3,5-trichlorophenol (C3P), 3,5-dichlorophenol (C2P), 4-monochlorophenol (CP), phenol, and CP derivatives (i.e., acetates, sodium phenates and anisoles). HEPM cells were seeded into each well of a 24-well plate and cultivated for 24 h. The medium was replaced with fresh medium containing various concentrations of test chemicals dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.1%). After culturing for 72 h, the medium was removed, cells were trypsinized, and cell number determined. The HEPM cell growth inhibition assay demonstrated a linear relationship between the IC50 values of the CPs and degree of chlorine substitution. The IC50 values of C5P, C4P, C3P, C2P, CP, and phenol were 18.8, 21.5, 27.5, 63.0, 150.0 and 470.0 μM, respectively. A clear structure-activity relationship was observed between toxicity of CPs and the degree of chlorine substitution. The rank order of CP toxicity from the HEPM assay (i.e., C5P>C4P>C3P>C2P>CP>phenol) is in excellent agreement with previous in vitro and in vivo studies. However, contrary to published reports, the HEPM assay predicted that all CPs were teratogenic (false positives). These findings suggest that the HEPM cell growth inhibition bioassay may be useful to discriminate between subtle differences in structure-activity and, in combination with other bioassays, might facilitate the rapid detection and prioritization of diverse cytotoxins, including various developmental toxicants. Importantly, conclusions about the teratogenicity of a test chemical (via HEPM testing) should be approached with caution and confirmed with other teratogen-sensitive systems.
Meson Production in Deuterium by 1.4-Bev Pions

Pion-nucleon interactions have been produced in a deuterium-filled diffusion cloud chamber operated in the 1.37-Bev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beam at the Cosmotron in order to compare the characteristics of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}n$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ collisions. A total of 180 interactions have been observed and analyzed, and the total cross section for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}d$ collisions is estimated to be 72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 millibarns. The results are consistent with approximately equal ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}n$ cross sections and a ratio of elastic: inelastic events=1:2 for both types of interaction. Approximately 15% of the inelastic collisions are cases in which two or more mesons are produced. Analysis of distributions of angles, momenta, and charges suggests a process for meson production in which the statistical model is slightly modified by a specific meson-nucleon interaction. The observed ratio of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}n$ charge states $(n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}):(p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=(1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6):1$ indicates that interactions proceeding through the isotopic spin $T=\frac{3}{2}$ do not predominate. The prominence of ($p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) and ($p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$) charge states together with a lack of correlation between emitted pion directions suggests that neither $T=0$ nor $T=1$ $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ resonances play a significant role at this energy.
Image continuity at different levels of zoom for fringe patterns

Fringe patterns are raw output data from many measurement systems including laser interferometers and moire systems. For instruments with a range of zoom levels to measure the object at different scales, a technique (algorithm) is needed to combine and/or compare data to obtain information at different levels of details. A technique to keep the continuity of output images both at different levels of zoom and within the same level of zoom is developed and demonstrated. Image registration is used to correlate images, find relative zoom values, and obtain shift between images in the lateral plane. Fringe patterns from a moire system and a laser interferometer are used as images to be stitched and demonstrate the technique. Interferomteric fringes are used to find the required parameters to inter-relate locations and scale of the fringe patterns at different levels of zoom. The calculated parameters are scale and translation in both directions; these parameters make it possible to locate the coordinates of the region that the measurement system is zoomed in on, related to the area with lower magnification and relative locations of images within the same level of zoom. Results show that this technique is capable of finding the scale and shift parameters within the resolution of one pixel and therefore can restore continuity between images at different levels of zoom.
Hunting, healing, and hxaro exchange A long-term perspective on !Kung (Ju/'hoansi) large-game hunting

Abstract The question of why hunters target large game knowing that most of the meat will end up far beyond their own hearths is an intriguing one. It raises the issue of whether foragers pursue nonnutritional goals in food procurement and which goals they pursue. Here, I will use data from studies that have been carried out over a 34-year period among the Ju/'hoansi (!Kung Bushmen) to evaluate four hypotheses concerning why foragers target large game: reciprocity, costly signaling, nepotism, and long-term political goals aimed at bringing about conditions conducive to cooperative breeding. I will propose on the basis of qualitative and quantitative data that (1) all four hypotheses identify benefits that are gained by Ju/'hoansi through producing and distributing a surplus of meat, (2) different benefits might be important at different stages of a man's life, and (3) the pursuit of broader political goals merits serious consideration in accounting for men's work effort.
Credit and Credibility State Government Bond Ratings, 1975-2002

Financial crises, municipal bankruptcies, and fear of contagious sovereign default have raised questions about the competency and character of politicians and public managers, but the credibility of private sector credit rating agencies and bond ratings may be the more relevant target of scrutiny. This article examines the credibility of government bond ratings in light of market institutions creating incentives to inflate ratings. Using yield spreads as interval indicators of bond ratings and historical ratings of state general obligation (GO) bonds from 1975 to 2002, a Granger-causality and vector autoregression analysis of the average ratings in the Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s portfolio of state GO bond ratings indicate that ratings are sensitive to market dynamics. Such market endogeneity confirms concerns about the credibility of government bond ratings and points to the necessity of considering institutional reform in the bond rating market.
A new approach to simulation of helium and simultaneous damage production in fusion reactors — in reactor tritium trick

Abstract A new approach to simultaneous helium and displacement damage production during fission reactor irradiations of Ti, V and Nb based alloys is presented. Helium is introduced by the beta decay of tritium which is produced during reactor irradiations by the 3He(n,p)3T reaction in the gas surrounding the test specimens. It is shown that helium production rates which are relevant for fusion reactor testing can be obtained. The proposed technique offers additional possibilities for using existing fission reactors for bulk irradiation testing with relevant He/dpa ratios, as well as for simulation of surface bombardment by fusion reactor plasma species.
Health locus of control and psychological distress in cancer patients: interactive effects of context.

Delineation of the relationship between health locus of control (HLOC) and psychological adjustment in chronic disease has been hampered by the failure to consider the moderating effect of contextual factors. The extent to which HLOC beliefs match the control realities in a situation (Reality Matching hypothesis) as well as the degree of threat (Threat hypothesis) posed by the situation were hypothesized to moderate the HLOC-distress relationship. Distress, diesease severity (i. e., threat), and HLOC were assessed in 69 individuals with malignant disease undergoing evaluation for bone marrow transplantation. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the HLOC-distress relationship was moderated by disease severity and treatment history (i. e., whether an individual had failed prior cancer therapy). However, in some instances, the specific interaction relationships obtained differed from those evident in previous research with ESRD patients. It was concluded that there is no simple main effect relationship between HLOC beliefs and psychological adjustment. Rather. this relationship is best described by joint consideration of factors descriptive of the context in which the individual is embedded.
Long Term Synaptic Depression That Is Associated with GluR1 Dephosphorylation but Not α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Internalization

Long lasting changes in the strength of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus are thought to underlie certain forms of learning and memory. Accordingly, the molecular mechanisms that account for these changes are heavily studied. Postsynaptically, changes in synaptic strength can occur by altering the amount of neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse or by altering the functional properties of synaptic receptors. In this study, we examined the biochemical changes produced following chemically induced long term depression in acute hippocampal CA1 minislices. Using three independent methods, we found that this treatment did not lead to an internalization of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Furthermore, when the plasma membrane was separated into synaptic membrane-enriched and extrasynaptic membrane-enriched fractions, we actually observed a significant increase in the concentration of AMPA receptors at the synapse. However, phosphorylation of Ser-845 on the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 was significantly decreased throughout the neuron, including in the synaptic membrane-enriched fraction. In addition, phosphorylation of Ser-831 on GluR1 was decreased specifically in the synaptic membrane-enriched fraction. Phosphorylation of these residues has been demonstrated to control AMPA receptor function. From these data, we conclude that the decrease in synaptic strength is likely the result of a change in the functional properties of AMPA receptors at the synapse and not a decrease in the amount of synaptic receptors.
Localization of the Brain-Specific High-Affinityl-Proline Transporter in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons: Molecular Heterogeneity of Synaptic Terminals☆

The expression of a brain-specific, high-affinity Na+-(and Cl--)dependent l-proline transporter in subpopulations of putative glutamatergic pathways in mammalian brain suggests a physiological role for this carrier in excitatory neurotransmission (Fremeau et al. , Neuron 8: 915-926, 1992). To assess further the cell-type and subcellular localization of PROT, we examined its distribution in low-density cultures of embryonic rat hippocampus. PROT immunoreactivity was detected beginning at 8 days in culture in a highly punctate pattern localizing to a subset of synaptic terminals. PROT was not detected at GABAergic terminals but was specifically localized to a subset of excitatory nerve terminals. PROT-labeled terminals showed partial apposition to AMPA-type and NMDA-type glutamate receptor clusters. Immunolabeling of isolated neurons grown in microisland cultures revealed that PROT was expressed by 60% of cultured hippocampal neurons. Individual microisland cultures were immunopositive for either PROT or glutamic acid decarboxylase, but never both. In the expressing pyramidal neurons, PROT was targeted to all presynaptic terminals. These findings indicate that PROT contributes to the molecular heterogeneity of glutamatergic terminals and suggest a novel presynaptic regulatory role for PROT in excitatory transmission at specific glutamatergic synapses.
Coalescence of wustite grains during iron oxidation in a hot-stage environmental SEM

The growth of wustite grains during the initial stages of iron oxidation at 1050°C and $$P_{O_2 } = 10^{ - 4} $$ atm has been investigated in situ in a hot-stage environmental SEM (HSESEM). Adjacent wustite grains were seen to coalesce by annihilation of the grain boundary dislocations constituting original boundaries. Specifically, dissociation of a grain boundary into an array of dislocations followed by their annihilation either by glide or climb was observed. The grain boundaries exhibiting this coalescence are believed to be low-angle boundaries. A controlled extent of oxidation followed by rapid cooling in the HSESEM enabled the study of wustite grain boundaries. Dissociation of a grain boundary into dislocations without their annihilation was also observed in later stages of oxidation when the dislocation mobility was severely reduced.In this case, instead of grain coalescence, nucleation of a new grain with an orientation different from either of the two original grains took place.
A morphing downwind‐aligned rotor concept based on a 13‐MW wind turbine

To alleviate the mass-scaling issues associated with conventional upwind rotors of extreme-scale wind turbines (>/=10 MW), a morphing downwind-aligned rotor (MoDaR) concept is proposed herein. The concept employs a downwind rotor with blades whose elements are stiff (no intentional flexibility) but with hub-joints that can be unlocked to allow for moment-free downwind alignment. Aligning the combination of gravitational, centrifugal and thrust forces along the blade path reduces downwind cantilever loads, resulting in primarily tensile loading. For control simplicity, the blade curvature can be fixed with a single morphing degree of freedom using a near-hub joint for coning angle: 22 degrees at rated conditions. The conventional baseline was set as the 13.2-MW Sandia 100-m all glass blade in a three-bladed upwind configuration. To quantify potential mass savings, a downwind load-aligning, two-bladed rotor was designed. Because of the reduced number of blades, the MoDaR concept had a favorable 33% mass reduction. The blade reduction and coning led to a reduction in rated power, but morphing increased energy capture at lower speeds such that both the MoDaR and conventional rotors have the same average power: 5.4 MW. A finite element analysis showed that quasi-steady structural stresses could be reduced, over a range ofmore » operating wind speeds and azimuthal angles, despite the increases in loading per blade. However, the concept feasibility requires additional investigation of the mass, cost and complexity of the morphing hinge, the impact of unsteady aeroelastic influence because of turbulence and off-design conditions, along with system-level Levelized Cost of Energy analysis.« less
Two Trypanosome-Specific Proteins Are Essential Factors for 5S rRNA Abundance and Ribosomal Assembly in Trypanosoma brucei

We have previously identified and characterized two novel nuclear RNA binding proteins, p34 and p37, which have been shown to bind 5S rRNA in Trypanosoma brucei. These two proteins are nearly identical, with one major difference, an 18-amino-acid insert in the N-terminal region of p37, as well as three minor single-amino-acid differences. Homologues to p34 and p37 have been found only in other trypanosomatids, suggesting that these proteins are unique to this ancient family. We have employed RNA interference (RNAi) studies in order to gain further insight into the interaction between p34 and p37 with 5S rRNA in T. brucei. In our p34/p37 RNAi cells, decreased expression of the p34 and p37 proteins led to morphological alterations, including loss of cell shape and vacuolation, as well as to growth arrest and ultimately to cell death. Disruption of a higher-molecular-weight complex containing 5S rRNA occurs as well as a dramatic decrease in 5S rRNA levels, suggesting that p34 and p37 serve to stabilize 5S rRNA. In addition, an accumulation of 60S ribosomal subunits was observed, accompanied by a significant decrease in overall protein synthesis within p34/p37 RNAi cells. Thus, the loss of the trypanosomatid-specific proteins p34 and p37 correlates with a diminution in 5S rRNA levels as well as a decrease in ribosome activity and an alteration in ribosome biogenesis.
A model of reactive planning for multiple mobile agents

Reactive planning is studied for multiple mobile agents. The approach taken is distributed, i.e., each planning agent independently plans its own action based on its map information. An environment contains mobile agents of different capacities with respect to knowledge about the environment, planning algorithms, etc. A model for such reactive agents is described, and simulation results are presented to show their behavior patterns. >
Pyrrolidinyl pyridone and pyrazinone analogues as potent inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP)

We report the synthesis and in vitro activity of a series of novel pyrrolidinyl pyridones and pyrazinones as potent inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Within this series, compound 39 was co-crystallized within the catalytic site of a human chimeric POP protein which provided a more detailed understanding of how these inhibitors interacted with the key residues within the catalytic pocket.
Multidisciplinary treatment of eating disorders--Part 2: Primary goals and content of treatment.

This article describes the program content of a multidisciplinary, hospital-based program for severe eating disorders. Common goals for treatment of patients with eating disorders are discussed. Details about the specific therapeutic strategies used in individual and group therapy are provided. Also, information about dietary counseling and exercise prescriptionis described. This article is the second in a two-part article. The first article (Stewart & Williamson, 2004 [this issue]) described the structural organization and costs associated with this multidisciplinary treatment program.
Some studies of triggered whistler emissions

In this paper, the so-called triggered emissions of whistlers are considered. The effects of a nonlinear interaction between a whistler wave and the particles resonating with it are considered in some detail. The interaction gives rise to two closely related effects, namely a change in the amplification or absorption by the plasma, and a phase-bunching of the resonant and near-resonant particles, thus giving rise to a current. The current due to the phase-bunched particles has roughly the same structure (frequency and wave number) as the wave causing it, and will therefore give rise to emission of a new whistler wave, acting like an antenna. The possibility of having a self-sustained process of phase-bunching and emission is investigated. The structure of a region where this process can take place is proposed, and the corresponding conditions that must be met are stated.
A Penny-Per-Ounce Tax On Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Would Cut Health And Cost Burdens Of Diabetes

Sugar-sweetened beverages are a major contributor to the US obesity and diabetes epidemics. Using the Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model, we examined the potential impact on health and health spending of a nationwide penny-per-ounce excise tax on these beverages. We found that the tax would reduce consumption of these beverages by 15 percent among adults ages 25–64. Over the period 2010–20, the tax was estimated to prevent 2.4 million diabetes person-years, 95,000 coronary heart events, 8,000 strokes, and 26,000 premature deaths, while avoiding more than $17 billion in medical costs. In addition to generating approximately $13 billion in annual tax revenue, a modest tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could reduce the adverse health and cost burdens of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Polymorphism influences singlet fission rates in tetracene thin films

We report the effect of crystal structure and crystallite grain size on singlet fission (SF) in polycrystalline tetracene, one of the most widely studied SF and organic semiconductor materials. SF has been comprehensively studied in one polymoprh (Tc I), but not in the other, less stable polymorph (Tc II). Using carefully controlled thermal evaporation deposition conditions and high sensitivity ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we found that for large crystallite size samples, SF in nearly pure Tc II films is significantly faster than SF in Tc I films. We also discovered that crystallite size has a minimal impact on the SF rate in Tc II films, but a significant influence in Tc I films. Large crystallites exhibit SF times of 125 ps and 22 ps in Tc I and Tc II, respectively, whereas small crystallites have SF times of 31 ps and 33 ps. Our results demonstrate first, that attention must be paid to polymorphism in obtaining a self-consistent rate picture for SF in tetracene and second, that control of polymorphism can play a significant role towards achieving a mechanistic understanding of SF in polycrystalline systems. In this latter context we show that conventional theory based on non-covalent tetracene couplings is insufficient, thus highlighting the need for models that capture the delocalized and highly mobile nature of excited states in elucidating the full photophysical picture.
Challenges in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Ethnic Minorities: Summit Proceedings

These proceedings document the Multicultural Problem Solving Summit, which was held in Waikoloa Village, Hawaii in February 2008. Welcoming comments were followed by a brief review of the history o...
Development of distributed simulation model for the transporter entity in a supply chain process

The transporter is a critical part of supply chain integration. An international transporter process involves multiple ground pickup and delivery operations, package sorting and palletizing, airport operations and air transport. This paper describes a successful two-machine implementation of a distributed simulation model for an international transportation system in a supply chain network operation using Run Time Infrastructure of High Level Architecture software developed by the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, the Distributed Manufacturing Simulation Adapter developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and ARENA simulation tool. By incorporating the capabilities provided by these tools, it was successful in establishing information flow exchange between the machines where one machine houses transport while the other has suppliers, customers, and distribution centers located in different parts of world. This research tool attempts to facilitate the development of distributed simulations so they can be used to analyze and solve manufacturing related problems.
A cone-based genetic optimization procedure for test generation and its application to n-detections in combinational circuits

Test generation procedures based on genetic optimization were shown to be effective in achieving high fault coverage for benchmark circuits. In this work, we propose a representation of test patterns for genetic optimization based test generation, where subsets of inputs are considered as indivisible entities. Using this representation, crossover between two test patterns t/sub 1/ and t/sub 2/ copies all the values of each subset either from t/sub 1/ or from t/sub 2/. By keeping input subsets undivided, activation and propagation capabilities of t/sub 1/ and t/sub 2/ are expected to be captured and carried over to the new test patterns. Experimental results presented show that the proposed scheme results in complete stuck-at test sets and n-detection test sets for combinational circuits, even in cases where other procedures report incomplete fault coverages.
Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Introduction: Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor targeting the incretin system to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Areas covered: This review focuses on the pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and use of oral vildagliptin in special populations. Clinical efficacy and vildagliptin's role in the spectrum of therapeutics available are briefly addressed. Expert opinion: Vildagliptin is an effective and well-tolerated oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. It is dosed orally and can be used safely as monotherapy or in combination with other oral anti-hyperglycemic agents and insulin. It is rapidly absorbed and can be taken without regard to food. It is metabolized by hydrolysis and renally cleared. It has low potential for drug interactions and is well tolerated in elderly patients. Body mass index and gender have no significant pharmacokinetic impact. There is no significant interaction with CYP enzymes. There is a low risk for hypoglycemia and weight gain. Dose adjustment is recom...
Obese sedentary patients with dyspnoea on exertion who are at low risk for coronary artery disease by clinical criteria have a very low prevalence of coronary artery disease

Dyspnoea, a much less specific symptom of ischaemia than chest discomfort, is common among obese patients. Patients with dyspnoea often undergo stress testing as part of their evaluation. We sought to examine the yield of stress testing in non-elderly, obese, sedentary patients with dyspnoea on exertion (DOE) as a chief complaint.We reviewed stress echocardiograms carried out on 203 patients in a stress testing laboratory at a major tertiary care centre. Of these, 81 (40%) fell into a group that was at low risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) by clinical criteria. Ischaemia was detected in two patients in the low-risk group (2.5%), and these results were likely false positives. In the higher risk group, 9.0% of functional tests showed ischaemia; after further testing, 2.5% of the higher risk patients were found to have obstructive coronary lesions. Clinical follow-up was performed for a mean of 815 days. New obstructive coronary disease was detected in 1.6% of all patients, and these patients were from the higher risk group. In obese sedentary patients with DOE but otherwise at low risk of coronary disease stress testing is of very low yield. DOE is generally not an anginal equivalent in this patient population.
Generation scheduling with thermal stress constraints

This paper describes a scheduling method for representing the thermal stress of turbine shafts as ramp rate constraints in the thermal commitment and dispatch of generating units. The paper uses Lagrangian relaxation for optimal generation scheduling. In applying the unit commitment, thermal stress over the elastic limit is used for calculating the ramping cost. The thermal stress contribution to generation cost requires the calculation of a set that includes thermal stress at the end of each time step; this requirement presents a complicated problem which cannot be solved by an ordinary optimization method such as dynamic programming. The paper uses an improved simulated annealing method to determine the optimal trajectory of each generating unit. Furthermore, the paper uses linear programming for economic dispatch in which thermal stress limits are incorporated in place of fixed ramp rate limits. The paper illustrates the economics of frequently ramping up/down of low cost generating units versus the cost of replacement of their turbine rotors with a shorter life span. The experimental results for a practical system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in optimizing the power system generation scheduling.
Modeling optimal age-specific vaccination strategies against pandemic influenza.

In the context of pandemic influenza, the prompt and effective implementation of control measures is of great concern for public health officials around the world. In particular, the role of vaccination should be considered as part of any pandemic preparedness plan. The timely production and efficient distribution of pandemic influenza vaccines are important factors to consider in mitigating the morbidity and mortality impact of an influenza pandemic, particularly for those individuals at highest risk of developing severe disease. In this paper, we use a mathematical model that incorporates age-structured transmission dynamics of influenza to evaluate optimal vaccination strategies in the epidemiological context of the Spring 2009 A (H1N1) pandemic in Mexico. We extend previous work on age-specific vaccination strategies to time-dependent optimal vaccination policies by solving an optimal control problem with the aim of minimizing the number of infected individuals over the course of a single pandemic wave. Optimal vaccination policies are computed and analyzed under different vaccination coverages (21%–77%) and different transmissibility levels (\(\mathcal{R}_{0}\) in the range of 1.8–3). The results suggest that the optimal vaccination can be achieved by allocating most vaccines to young adults (20–39 yr) followed by school age children (6–12 yr) when the vaccination coverage does not exceed 30%. For higher \(\mathcal{R}_{0}\) levels (\(\mathcal{R}_{0}>=2.4\)), or a time delay in the implementation of vaccination (>90 days), a quick and substantial decrease in the pool of susceptibles would require the implementation of an intensive vaccination protocol within a shorter period of time. Our results indicate that optimal age-specific vaccination rates are significantly associated with \(\mathcal{R}_{0}\), the amount of vaccines available and the timing of vaccination.
The tetrad and hexad: maximum beam separation as a starting point for noncoplanar 3D treatment planning: prostate cancer as a test case.

Abstract Purpose : In contrast to computer optimized three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning, we have used maximally separated, noncoplanar beams as the starting point for 3D treatment planning of prostate cancer to maximize the rate of dose fall off from the target volume and minimize dose to surrounding tissues. Materials and Methods : A planar four-field plan, a planar six-field plan, a tetrad plan, and a hexad plan are analyzed using a 3D treatment planning system which is capable of displaying real-time 3D dose distributions within volume reconstructed data sets (VISTAnet—an extension of the virtual simulator). The tetrad plan is based on the methane molecule and the hexad plan has a minimum separation of 58° on beam entrance. All fields are conformal. The irradiated volume equals the clinical target volume plus a 1 cm margin. Competing plans are compared using cumulative dose-volume histograms and normal tissue complication probabilities. Results : The crossover point, the isodose surface that conforms more to the beams than the target, is introduced and described. The hexad and tetrad plans result in tighter dose distributions when compared to the planar plans with the same number of beams. The tetrad plan treats a volume less than or equal to the planar six-field plan at isodose surfaces above 18% except between 37% and 44% where the tetrad volume is slightly larger. As expected from integral dose considerations, the amount of normal tissue receiving some radiation increases, but the amount receiving clinically significant amounts of radiation decreases as the number of beams increase. The plan involving the largest number of noncoplanar beams results in the tightest isodose distribution. Analysis of rectal and bladder cumulative dose volume histograms does not reveal a clearly superior plan based on normal tissue complication probabilities. Conclusions : Using basic principles of solid geometry, maximally separated beams without significant overlap on exit or entrance can be designed which minimize clinically significant dose to surrounding tissues and tighten the isodose distribution around the target volume. The emphasis of this treatment plan optimization is geometric in contrast to methods using computer optimization or artificial intelligence.