cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Special Section: Latin American Voices on Illegal and Marginally Legal Practices at Borders

I present here selected articles that originated from the Simposio de antropologia “entre lo legal y lo illegal” in Monterrey, Mexico, November 2019. These articles focus on Latin American borders: the U.S.-Mexico border, the Brazil-Paraguay border, and the Argentina-Bolivia border. These Latin American scholars resist the top-down agenda of seeing threat in everything that has been illegalized, because as they show, many smuggled goods are normalized and present few risks and many benefits to civilians. Yet at the same time, they draw attention to the terrible levels of criminal and state violence that do occur around intensely illegalized commodities. They do not offer a solution, but they do offer insights for progress on this crucial question.
Electronic Excitations in Undoped and Lightly Oxygen Doped La2CuO4+y

The electronic excitations from 0.1 to 2.5 eV in pure and lightly oxygen doped single-crystal La2CuO4+y are studied by means of polarization and temperature dependent reflectivity and transmission measurements. We discuss the current understanding of these excitations. In particular, we demonstrate that both extended and localized holes interact with optical phonon modes and form large polarons. Moreover, in undoped La2CuO4 we show the existence of weakly electric dipole allowed excitons with multimagnon sidebands.
Abstract 1944: Divergent effects of BRAF activation in neural stem and progenitor-like glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are heterogeneous tumors that are refractory to radiation and traditional chemotherapeutics. Separate studies have identified populations of neural stem and progenitor -like GBM cells, however the contribution of these cells types to tumor progression and the response to targeted therapy are poorly understood. Small molecules (such as vemurafenib) targeting the most common MAPK-activating mutation, BRAFV600E, are currently entering clinical trials for treatment of high-grade glioma. Understanding the contribution of different cell types to treatment responses will be necessary for the design of effective adjuvant therapeutic strategies. We show that activating MAPK pathway gene mutations in GBM correlate with elevated expression levels of oligodendrocyte precursor (OPC) and neural stem cell (NSC)-associated genes. Cells expressing CD133 and NG2 coexist in human GBM and BRafV600E expressing mouse neurosphere cultures, and maintain some of their respective neural stem and progenitor-like properties. In isogenic mouse cells expressing BRafV600E, NG2+ cells expand rapidly and symmetrically, while rates of asymmetric division are unaffected in slow-proliferating CD133+ cells. Tracing of proliferation rate with the membrane-associated dye PKH-26 reveals heterogeneity in the proliferation rate of CD133+ cells, but not proliferative NG2+ cells. BRAF-targeted inhibition of human GBM cells with PLX4720, the tool compound of vemurafenib, reduces S-phase entry of NG2+ cells, yet CD133+ cells are less affected. Interestingly targeted inhibition of components of the asymmetric division machinery selectively disrupts G2-M progression in CD133+ cells. The functionally divergent populations of CD133-expressing NSC-like cells will likely be therapeutically problematic with mono-therapeutic approaches. These data point to a differential regulation of key cell cycle processes between CD133+ stem-like cells and NG2+ OPC-like cells, that will inform the intelligent design of compound treatment strategies. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Robin G. Lerner, Yuichiro Ihara, Kate Lewis, Amelie Griveau, Brian Reichhold, Dian Qu, Martin McMahon, David Rowitch, Charles D. James, Claudia Petritsch. Divergent effects of BRAF activation in neural stem and progenitor-like glioblastoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1944. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1944
Smodels with CLP—A Treatment of Aggregates in ASP

Many practical systems have been recently proposed to support execution of Answer Set Programming (ASP) [13,7,1,10]. Our objective is to introduce different types of aggregates in ASP. Database languages (e.g., SQL) use aggregate functions—e.g., sum, count, and max—to obtain summary information from a database. Aggregates have been shown to significantly improve compactness and clarity of programs in various flavors of logic programming [9,6]. We expect to gain similar advantages from the introduction of aggregations in ASP.
Effects of Hot Rolling on Powder-in-Tube BSCCO Tapes

High critical currents have been obtained in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) by the powderin-tube approach. Because of the inherent structural anisotropy of the Bi-based high-Tc superconducting materials, high-Jc is obtained only when the wires are subsequently rolled into rectangularly cross-sectioned tapes. Previously, intermediate annealing was employed to maintain ductility in the silver, with a high-temperature sintering just before the final rolling in order to form the high-Tc, superconducting phase. Here, we report on the effects of hot rolling at various temperatures for the final rolling of powder-in-tube BSCCO-2212 tapes. Hot rolling was accomplished by preheating the rolls with infrared heaters and rolling the tapes directly from the furnace. The highest current densities were obtained by a final hot rolling of the 2212 tapes at 420°C, with the furnace temperature at 750°C (the highest temperature studied). Results showed that the enhancement of Jc was due to the improvement of grain alignment, as well as to the reduction of the size and fraction of Bi-free phases during the final heat treatment. Furthermore, an analytical model of the hot-rolling process that has been developed illustrates the importance of preheating the tapes and heating the rolls.
Neurogenetics of synaptic transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Publisher Summary Caenorhabditis elegans are widely used as powerful tools for the analysis of mutants and genes. From the perspective of a mammalian neurobiologist, there are two basic strategies that may profitably be employed using C. elegans . Firstly, the basic information derived from C. elegans biology and molecular genetics is applied to mammalian systems; that is, genes first characterized in C. elegans are used to identify mammalian homologues. The other powerful use of C. elegans is to start with known mammalian biology and genes and then identify the C. elegans homologues of these genes. The availability of a large collection of C. elegans mutants has permitted careful in vivo analysis of cholinergic regulation and the behavioral consequences of cholinergic hypofunction. Animals completely lacking the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) protein cannot grow or survive after hatching. Animals with milder mutations in the unc-17 gene are small, slow-growing, and display a number of neurornuscular deficits. They are also quite strongly resistant to inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. All of these phenotypes are shared by cha-1 mutants that argue that vesicular transport is necessary for cholinergic function. Three amine neurotransmitters have been identified thus far in C. elegans : Dopamine (DA), formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), and serotonin (5HT). The C. elegans Genome Sequencing Project has identified a genomic sequence that appeared to encode part of a vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)-like protein. The C. elegans VMAT homologue appears to be encoded by the previously identified cat-2 gene. Using these transporter genes and mutants, together with standard C. elegans tools, it can be now possible to analyze the differentiation of particular neuronal cell types and also the contribution of particular protein domains to cellular and overall behavioral function.
Variability of the consonant modulation spectrum across individual talkers

The variability of consonant modulation spectra across individual talker was investigated. Speech recordings were drawn from a database which included adult male and female, and child male and female talkers. Each talker produced the same set of vowel-consonant-vowel tokens. Each phoneme was represented by a matrix of thirty-six values. Spectral Correlation Index (SCI) values were calculated across subsets of the stimulus set. The SCI between two signals was obtained by concatenating the 36 modulation spectrum values into a single vector and correlating the vectors. Results indicated that the modulation spectrum for a single VCV token was very similar across talkers. It was also observed that the SCI values for all talkers are 0.9 or higher.
Proteomics in Drug Discovery and Development

Aided by major technological advances, the field of proteomics has become extremely active in the identification of drug targets that can guide drug development and treatment decisions and ultimately improve treatment outcomes. Proteomics has provided a means for molecular profiling that will assist in the development of tailored therapies. Although the implementation of genomic and proteomic testing in clinical practice is still in its infancy, the rapid development of new technologies and platforms provides hope for personalized medicine. This chapter describes these technologies and platforms, presenting many of their technical aspects along with examples of how they have been implemented in pharmaceutical applications. Keywords: proteomics; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; drug discovery; mass spectrometry; protein quantification
Lectures on Classical W-Algebras

These are lecture notes of lectures given in 1993 in Cortona, Italy. W-algebras appeared in the conformal field theory as extensions of the Virasoro algebra. They are closely connected with integrable systems and can be interpreted as symplectic (or Poisson) structures inherent in those systems (we touch only classical aspects of W-algeabras). We try to give some self-contained description of this link. First three parts are devoted to integrable systems and their Hamiltonian nature. Part 4 deals with the most important for W-algebras problem: seeking generators that are primary fields. Parts 4 and 5 introduce the KP-hierarchy and τ-functions, Part 6 discusses additional symmetries, W∞-algebra and the string equation. Finally, Part 7 is devoted to some reductions (constrained hierarchies).
When Poetry Became Ethnography and Other Flying Pig Tales in Honor of Dell Hymes

Cahnmann-Taylor remembers her first encounter with Dell Hymes at an open mic event at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. She puzzles his complex stance on the role ethnographic poems might play in one's ethnographic project. In Dell Hymes's honor, she shares a poetic rendering of a speech event from her bilingual education study in urban Philadelphia. [Dell Hymes, ethnography, poetry, arts-based research]
Theoretical maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion in plasmonic metal–semiconductor heterojunctions

Plasmonics can enhance solar energy conversion in semiconductors by light trapping, hot electron transfer, and plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET). The multifaceted response of the plasmon and multiple interaction pathways with the semiconductor makes optimization challenging, hindering design of efficient plasmonic architectures. Therefore, in this paper we use a density matrix model to capture the interplay between scattering, hot electrons, and dipole–dipole coupling through the plasmon's dephasing, including both the coherent and incoherent dynamics necessary for interactions on the plasmon's timescale. The model is extended to Shockley–Queisser limit calculations for both photovoltaics and solar-to-chemical conversion, revealing the optimal application of each enhancement mechanism based on plasmon energy, semiconductor energy, and plasmon dephasing. The results guide application of plasmonic solar-energy harvesting, showing which enhancement mechanism is most appropriate for a given semiconductor's weakness, and what nanostructures can achieve the maximum enhancement.
Chinese Migration and Settlement in Southeast Asia Before 1850: Making Fields From the Sea

Human migration is a central theme in world and Asian history, but important cases, among them Chinese who emigrated to other countries between ca. 1000 and 1850 CE, have been somewhat neglected in the migration literature. Since the mid-19th century, millions of Chinese migrated temporarily or permanently to other countries, making these migrants and their descendants a vital presence in the world economy and in the population of many nations. Today, more than 30 million people of Chinese ancestry or ethnicity live outside of Greater China, over 20 million of them in Southeast Asia. But this emigration has a much longer history, the subject of recent scholarly interest that has enriched our knowledge and is the focus of this essay. It has been said of the maritime trading and fishing peoples of southern China that they made fields from the sea. Enterprising and adaptable, Chinese have long sailed to Southeast Asia to trade, many of them settling permanently. By 1400, Chinese trade networks linked Southeast Asian trading ports to China and to each other. Chinese settlers eventually became dominant in the commercial sector in many societies, including most Western colonies, in Southeast Asia. Increasing numbers of migrants arrived to trade or mine for tin and gold, ushering in a “Chinese century” in the Southeast Asian economies from around 1700 into the mid-1800s. Over the centuries some Chinese married local women, serving as cultural brokers between China and Southeast Asia and fostering hybrid communities. Others maintained their cultural heritage. After 1850, millions more left China. Chinese immigrants and their descendants built the foundations for a widespread modern diaspora and transnational connections. The emigrant flow from China continues, continuing a human behavior – migration – that has a long history in Asia.
ANALYSIS OF THE GIEMSA-BANDING PATTERNS OF THE CHROMOSOMES FROM RATS CARRYING THE GENES OF THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION COMPLEX (GRC)

Summary Morphological studies of metaphase chromosomes were done with rats derived from the BIL/1 strain, which has genes affecting growth and reproduction linked to the major histocompatibility complex by conventional Giemsa-trypsin staining and the results were compared to rat strains not carrying these defects. A subterminal-terminal centromeric polymorphism was detected in chromosome 3 [del 3 (pter cent)] among the strains studied. Comparison of the G-banded karotypes of the rats carrying the defects with the karotypes of the otsher strains did not reveal any gross chromosomal abnormalities.
Gonococcal epididymitis and pyelonephritis in a male

A young man presented with signs and symptoms of epididymitis and pyelonephritis after adequate treatment of gonococcal urethritis a week earlier. This is an unusual presentation of gonococcal disease.
Childhood morbidity and health services utilization : cross-national comparisons of user-related factors from DHS data

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine user-related factors that influence the utilization of medical care facilities for treating childhood morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Data from six African countries which participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program were examined using a modified version of the Andersen Behavioral model as a conceptual framework. The results indicate that while the prevalence of childhood morbidity is high in all the countries, between 23–68% of sick children were not taken for a medical visit. This is a major concern since the diseases examined here account for a high proportion of deaths among children. Logistic regression analyses show that factors which account for differentials in health service use include the age of the mother, the mother's education, family resources, rural-urban residence and the number of reported diseases. The implications for improved health care delivery in sub-Saharan African countries are discussed.
WE‐G‐214‐03: Investigating the Repeatability of Quantitative PET Imaging of Heterogeneous Tumors

Purpose: High precision within quantitative imaging studies is required to define biological targets for dose painting, and to evaluate responses to therapy. However, within PETimaging systems there are position‐dependent systematic fluctuations in contrast‐recovery. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of patient set‐up on PET‐based quantification of heterogeneous tumors. Methods: Ten dogs with sinonasal tumors received six repeated [18F]FDG‐PET scans. Between each PET acquisition, known set‐up errors were produced by varying patient position in precisely controlled 1.0±0.5 mm steps. Imagenoise was investigated by retrospectively varying acquisition time of a stationary scan. Resulting changes in SUVmax and PET‐based target volumes were evaluated. Correlation between corresponding voxels of co‐registered images determined repeatability of spatial distributions. A theoretical upper limit of repeatability was estimated from simulated PETimages using empirical models of position‐dependent contrast‐recovery. Results: From the simulated PETimages, a theoretical upper limit of 0.90 was estimated for the repeatability of spatial distributions when set‐up errors are present. When only imagenoise was varied between [18F]FDG‐PET scans, repeatability of spatial distributions was measured at 0.95. However, set‐up errors lead to significant decreases (p < 0.01) in voxel correlations. Introducing set‐up errors between [18F]FDG‐PET acquisitions reduced the repeatability of spatial distributions to 0.80, and caused changes of 5% in SUVmax and 10% in volumes of PET‐based targets. Conclusions: Set‐up errors as small as a few millimeters (< 3mm) reduced the reproducibility of quantitative PETimaging of heterogeneous tumors. PET‐based quantitative values generally varied within 10%, but target volumes within some tumors changed by 30%. Errors during PET acquisition will lead to uncertainty in quantifying changes in tumor function, and to limited accuracy and precision of PET‐based biological target volumes. Therefore, tumor delineation must be independent of SUV thresholds and uncertainty margins are required for PET‐based response quantification.
Neuroprotective effects of PPARγ agonists against oxidative insults in HT-22 cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in regulating many metabolic and inflammatory processes. The present study explores the role of PPAR ligands in protecting neuronal cultures from toxic insults. For that purpose, we used WY14643 [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio acetic acid] as a PPARalpha agonist, L-165041 and L-783483 as PPARbeta ligands, and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2), troglitazone, and ciglitazone for PPARgamma. Experiments were performed using HT-22, an immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line, and SK-N-SH, a human neuroblastoma cell line. Cell viability against glutamate, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and serum deprivation insults was determined using a calcein acetoxymethyl (AM) assay. Of the compounds tested, only 15d-PGJ2 and troglitazone showed a dose-dependent neuroprotection from glutamate and H(2)O(2) insults in HT-22 cells. None of the PPAR agonists was protective in SK-N-SH cells. A minimum of 4-6 h preincubation with 15d-PGJ2 was required to achieve significant neuroprotection. On the other hand, troglitazone was protective even when administered simultaneously with glutamate, or for up to 8 h postglutamate insult. To investigate whether the neuroprotective effects are mediated through PPARgamma, we first determined through Western blotting that HT-22 and SK-N-SH cells express PPARgamma. However, the neuroprotective effects of those compounds are unlikely to be mediated through the PPARgamma for two reasons: (1) various concentrations of another PPARgamma agonist (ciglitazone) were not neuroprotective; (2) by itself, PPAR exhibits a low affinity for DNA, and high-affinity binding requires heterodimerization with RXR, the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor; administering 9-cis-retinoic acid in conjunction with 15d-PGJ2 did not alter the neuroprotective effects of the latter. Our results demonstrate neuroprotective effects of 15d-PGJ2 and troglitazone that are likely independent of PPARgamma.
Arrays of thermal microactuators coupled to micro-optical components

The power provided by individual surface micromachined micro-actuators is often insufficient to drive micro-optical components. Therefore, arrays of polycrystalline silicon thermal micro-actuators have been developed. The coupling of the actuators combines their forces to overcome the friction involved with sliders and hinges. This is demonstrated with the fabrication of a scanning micro-mirror and a lateral scanning micro-mirror. The scanning micro-mirror is connected to the substrate using substrate micro-hinges, thus allowing the plate to rotate off of the substrate surface. The micro-mirror is lifted off the substrate and locked into a support mechanism directly connected to the thermal actuator array. Utilizing the actuators, the angle between the micro-mirror and the substrate surface is modulated. The actuator array is capable of moving the mirror plate through a range of 15 degrees. The lateral scanning micro-mirror is connected to the substrate with flowing substrate hinges mounted to the substrate with a rotating pin joint. The hinge support is directly connected to an actuator array by a thin polysilicon tether. The micro-mirror rotates through 5 degrees about the pin joint by driving the actuator array with an electrical current. These mirrors can be used in a variety of micro-optical systems such as optical scanners, corner cube reflectors, and optical couplers.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
"Late-onset" borderline personality disorder: a life unraveling.

(2002). 'Late-Onset' Borderline Personality Disorder: A Life Unraveling. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 292-301.
Vision Index for Isopod Crustacea related to Latitude and Depth

THERE has been no systematic study of the distribution of eye-bearing and blind benthic crustaceans in relation to the depth of the sea at which they occur. It has, however, been known for many years1 that many deep-sea isopods are blind and it has also been known that most intertidal species have well developed eyes2. We have examined the bathymetric range of many species of isopods in order to determine the correlation between presence or absence of eyes, latitude, depth and light penetration. To do this we have developed a visual or ocular index.
Synthesis and Properties of IrRe(2)(m-H)(2)(CO)(9)(eta(5)-C(9)H(7)).

The slow addition of Re(2)(m-H)(2)(CO)(8) to a solution of Ir(CO)(eta(2)-C(8)H(14))(eta(5)-C(9)H(7)) in hexane at reflux provides IrRe(2)(m-H)(2)(CO)(9)(eta(5)-C(9)H(7)) (1) in 80% yield. The molecular structure of 1 shows an IrRe(2) triangle incorporating one Ir(CO)(eta(5)-C(9)H(7)) and two Re(CO)(4) fragments. The strongly different Ir-Re distances suggest that one hydride ligand bridges one Ir-Re edge and the other hydride bridges the Re-Re edge. Low-temperature (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra are consistent with this structure; at higher temperatures a dynamic process involving migration of one hydride ligand between the two Ir-Re edges is observed. Cluster 1 is readily deprotonated with KOH/EtOH, and the resulting anion has been isolated as the PPN salt, [PPN][IrRe(2)(m-H)(CO)(9)(eta(5)-C(9)H(7))] (2). Both the (1)H and low temperature (13)C NMR spectra of 2 are consistent with a structure in which the remaining hydride ligand bridges the Re-Re edge. Variable-temperature (13)C NMR spectra indicate that 2 undergoes CO scrambling localized on the Ir-Re edges. The reaction of 1 with PPh(3) leads to IrRe(2)(m-H)(2)(CO)(8)(PPh(3))(eta(5)-C(9)H(7)) (3), which contains the phosphine on a rhenium atom, as well as to cluster fragmentation.
Estimating the effect of land use and transportation planning on travel patterns: Three problems in controlling for residential self-selection

The common understanding of “residential self-selection” generally found in research on the effects of the built environment on travel is in error in three main ways. First, scholars have generally failed to recognize that the built environment may have different effects on travel for different households. Second, controlling for residential self-selection is not necessarily relevant to the predictive questions that controlled estimates are meant to inform. Third, in controlling for preferences and sorting, the literature has failed to account for the composition of the population and its consequences for housing demand. These problems may significantly influence the validity and usefulness of the research.
Thermal neutron detection with PMMA nanocomposites containing dysprosium fluoride nanocrystals

Naturally occurring dysprosium is attractive as a neutron detector because of its high thermal neutron capture cross section and high natural abundance. Neutron-induced transmutation of 164Dy results in production of stable isotopes of holmium and erbium (the latter only at sufficiently high neutron fluxes), due to beta decays caused by nucleus instability. This mechanism, unaffected by gamma radiation, can be used to unambiguously detect neutrons, without having to discriminate against an accompanying gamma flux. Optically-enabled thermal neutron detection can be based on significant differences in optical properties of Dy and Ho or Er, which allows to determine the relative fractions of Dy, and Ho, and E in an irradiated sample. In our search for the most sensitive method of differentiating between Dy and Ho residing in the same host material, we produced various Dy- and Ho-containing nanocrystals and uniformly dispersed them in a PMMA polymer matrix. Optical properties of the nanocomposites were analyzed by means of absorption and PL spectroscopy. We also report on neutron irradiation experiments with Dy-containing nanocrystals and our attempts to optically detect neutron-induced conversion of Dy into Ho.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF SERPENTINE TOLERANCE IN THE MOSS, FUNARIA FLAVICANS: VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG HAPLOID SIB FAMILIES

Many mosses occur both on and off serpentine soils, but experiments designed to test whether serpentine populations of widespread species display genetic adaptations for growth on serpentines have not been reported. Toward that end, two populations of the moss, Funaria flavicans, were grown on nutrient media varying in nickel and chromium concentration and in the ratio of magnesium to calcium. Three haploid siblings from each of five sporophytic families from the two populations were grown on five experimental media. There was no evidence that serpentine plants were more tolerant of nickel, chromium, high magnesium/calcium, or high nickel combined with high magnesium/calcium. In fact, plants from the nonserpentine population produced more protonemal growth than the serpentine plants on every medium except the control, on which plants from the two populations were indistinguishable. Large differences in nickel tolerance among haploid sib families (families of meiotic progeny derived from the same sporophyte) from the nonserpentine site provided evidence of genetic polymorphism in that population.
Performance and cycling of the iron-ion/hydrogen redox flow cell with various catholyte salts

A redox flow cell utilizing the Fe2+/Fe3+ and H2/H+ couples is investigated as an energy storage device. A conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell anode and membrane design is employed, with a cathode chamber containing a carbon felt flooded with aqueous acidic solution of iron salt. The maximum power densities achieved for iron sulfate, iron chloride, and iron nitrate are 148, 207, and 234 mW cm−2, respectively. It is found that the capacity of the iron nitrate solution decreases rapidly during cycling. Stable cycling is observed for more than 100 h with iron chloride and iron sulfate solutions. Both iron sulfate and iron chloride solutions display moderate discharge polarization and poor charge polarization; therefore, voltage efficiency decreases dramatically with increasing current density. A small self-discharge current occurs when catholyte is circulating through the cathode chamber. As a result, a current density above 100 mA cm−2 is required to achieve high Coulombic efficiency (>0.9).
The genetics of suicide: a critical review of molecular studies.

Genetic epidemiology research has shown that genes contribute to suicide risk. Unfortunately, the first 30 years of candidate-based association studies have provided little information about the specific genetic contributors. This article reviews genetic association studies of suicidal phenotypes published to date. Possible theoretical, methodological, and operational challenges accounting for the modest success of association studies in the field are also discussed. The authors conclude that future research may benefit from using a more systematic and comprehensive selection of candidate genes and variants, examining gene–environment and gene–gene interactions, and investigating higher-order moderators.
Digital Signal Processing for Coherent Optical Communications: Current State of the Art and Future Challenges

This paper reviews examples of signal processing for current coherent transmission systems and the challenges faced by system designers to realize increased bit rates.
Well-defined (supra)molecular structures in zeolite methanol-to-olefin catalysis

Methanol-to-olefin (MTO) conversion on microporous silico-aluminophosphates is particularly well-suited for the application of molecular-level concepts to the development of well-defined supported catalysts. The active site of a typical MTO catalyst is a nm-size inorganic cage with an essential organic component. Opportunities for altering the selectivity of such catalysts include tailoring the organic component and modification of the cage with additional inorganic material through ship-in-a-bottle synthesis. The latter possibility has already been realized experimentally by the development of a useful and practical phosphate-modified catalyst.
Contamination Flashover, Part II: Flat Plate Model Tests

In order to study some of the processes occurring during flashover, wet contaminant tests were done on a simple flat plate insulator. The effects of such factors as contaminant surface resistivity, the amount of inert binder (bentonite), the use of a different binder (kaolinite), and insulator orientation were studied. Additional data was obtained on time to flashover and the drying effect of the preliminary discharging. Some interesting polarity effects were noted.
The relation of suspended to bed material in rivers

It has been known for some time that if the average concentration of suspended sediment at any point in a wide straight stream was known, the average concentration at any other point could be determined. This was first demonstrated by O'Brien ]see 1 of ”Bibliography“ at end of paper] using the methods developed by Schmidt in a study of turbulence in the atmosphere. That the results obtained with this method agree with actual observations in streams and channels was demonstrated by Christiansen ]2[ and Richardsen ]3[. For artificial turbulence it has been checked by Hurst ]4[ and Rouse ]5[.
Probing a Structural Model of the Nuclear Pore Complex Channel through Molecular Dynamics

The central pore of a nuclear pore complex (NPC) is filled with unstructured proteins that contain many FG-repeats separated by hydrophilic regions. An example of such protein is nsp1. By simulating an array of nsp1 segments, we identified, in an earlier study, a spontaneously formed brushlike structure that promises to explain selective transport in the NPC channel. Here we report four (350,000 atom, 200 ns) simulations probing this structure via its interaction with transport receptor NTF2 as well as with an inert protein. NTF2 dimers are observed to gradually enter the brush, but the inert protein is not. Both NTF2 and the inert protein are found to bind to FG-repeats, but binding periods lasted more briefly for the inert protein. A simulation also investigated the behavior of a brush made of mutant nsp1 that is known to be less effective in NPC-selective transport, finding that this brush does not attract NTF2.
Electron beam lithography of sub-0.1μm circuits

Abstract This paper describes the high resolution electron beam system and the lithography processes developed for the fabrication of ultra high speed, sub-0.1μm silicon FET circuits and other projects where complex multi-level structures with highly accurate overlay are required. Noise sources and short term instability in the lithography tool have been reduced to less than 4nm peak-to-peak, while still accepting 125mm wafers. Devices and circuits have been fabricated with 70nm polysilicon gates and level-to-level overlay of typically 30nm over a 250μm field. The devices have yielded record transconductance results of more than 910mS/mm at 77 K, and have shown clear evidence of velocity overshoot. Device switching speeds of 13 picoseconds have been observed in ring oscillator circuits.
Coagulation-promoting and inhibitory properties of modified thrombin preparations.

SummaryAn alcohol precipitate obtained from heated bovine thrombin preparations promoted the early phases of the coagulation mechanism, but did not clot fibrinogen in the manner of the unheated preparation. These materials inhibited bovine thrombin at lower concentrations that human thrombin in the clotting of fibrinogen.
Periods and stability of solar g-modes

We consider the rotation independent (m = 0) frequencies of Hill and Gu (1988) and Henning and Scherrer (1988). Comparison with Cox, Guzik, and Kidman (CGK) frequencies shows that CGK are systematically 5.7 ± 0.7% larger. This effect may be due to the larger central density in this model (162 g cm−3) compared to the real Sun. A known systematic error of about one percent in the pressure calculated by the Iben (1965) procedure can account for the higher CGK central helium and density. A check of this increase of g-mode frequency with central density is made by calculating g-mode frequencies for a WIMP model with a central density of 210 g cm−3. This 30% density increase gives a 17% frequency increase, and implies a law with frequency increasing with the 17/30 power of the central density. Thus the 5.7% decrease of frequencies from the model to the real Sun indicates a central density decrease of about 9.7% to about 147 g cm−3. Comparison with the recent van der Raay g-mode frequencies shows that the CGK model frequencies are about 14% larger, as one would expect for these observed frequencies with a large P0 of 41.2 min.
The Mediating Role of Voice and Accountability in the Relationship Between Internet Diffusion and Government Corruption in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa

We examine relationships among Internet diffusion, voice and accountability, and government corruption based on data from 24 Latin American and 23 sub-Saharan African countries from 2006 to 2010. Our study suggests that greater levels of Internet diffusion are associated with greater levels of voice and accountability and that greater levels of voice and accountability are associated with lower levels of government corruption. Also, there seems to be an overall relationship between Internet diffusion and government corruption, which is primarily indirect and mediated by voice and accountability. Our study builds on modernization theory, and employs the method of robust path analysis, implemented through the software WarpPLS. Policy-makers in developing countries aiming at increasing voice and accountability at the national level, and thus the degree to which their citizens participate in the country's governance, should strongly consider initiatives that broaden Internet access in their countries.
The origin and elimination of spurious peaks in threshold electron photoionization spectra

Abstract Autoionization electrons in threshold photoionization spectra are known to occur. The effect of such electrons on the interpretation of threshold electron spectra is discussed and a new method is described which enables one to discriminate between zero kinetic energy electrons and energetic electrons in photoionization experiments with little ambiguity. The method largely overcomes the main problem present in some previously described threshold electron studies; namely, the line-of-sight transmission of energetic electrons which gives rise to non-threshold electron peaks. A rejection ratio of 25 is readily obtained for 0.038 eV electrons compared with threshold (zero kinetic energy) electrons and the (small) transition probability for energetic electrons falls off more rapidly than for analysers previously described. Design parameters based on electron trajectory calculations are given for the analyser used, and photoionization results on argon are presented.
Organization Adjustment to Population Change in Nonmetropolitan America: A Longitudinal Analysis of Retail Trade

The impact of population change on retailing is examined using longitudinal data for nonmetropolitan counties. Analysis confirms the ecological expectation that population change cannot prevail for long without concomitant adjustments in organization structure. Such adjustments became pronounced as the magnitude and duration of consistent population change increased. As income rose, retail sales grew whether a county gained or lost population: however, population change affected the size of the sales increment. The response to population change included shifts in both the number and operational scale of units. Adjustments in the number of establishments were in the same direction but less than proportionate to population shifts, reflecting organization resistance to unit adjustments. This resistance, coupled with spiraling retail demand, caused employment gains and expansion of organization scale in both growing and declining counties. Because the retail response to population increase was not symmetrical to that for decline, the expectation a single process of organization adjustment could accommodate both growth and decline was rejected. This study examines the impact of population change on the organization structure that supplied retail goods to nonmetropolitan residents between 1929 and 1972. Given the dependence of retailing on the patronage of a spatially proximate clientele, any significant local population shift is expected to necessitate retail adjustments. This expectation derives from the ecological tenet that change in one component of the ecological complex cannot long prevail without concomitant adjustments in other ecological components. Hawley (b), for example, argues an organization cannot continue to operate in its established pattern in the face of substantial popula*I am grateful to Michael Welch, Kirsten Gronbjerg, Amos Hawley, William Bates, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and to Ross Purdy for fostering my interest in the
guidelines for binary phase diagram assessment

The recent publication of Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,2nd ed, [90Mas] and our extensive screening of phase diagram graphics for this edition has revealed many phase diagram features, which while not explicitly violating phase diagram rules, are to a lesser or greater extent unlikely to represent thermodynamically acceptable conditions. In two previous papers, several thermodynamically improbable features or boundaries in binary phase diagrams were pointed out [91Oka2], and some unlikely thermodynamic models were shown to be unrealistic, or in error [91Okal]. In the present paper, we discuss some of the unlikely features in more detail in order to develop a set of guidelines that may be useful for checking future proposed phase diagram boundaries, or some specific phase diagram features resulting from both experimental and theoretical work, including also phase diagram assessments.
ABCA3 Is Critical for Lamellar Body Biogenesis in Vivo

Mutations in ATP-binding cassette transporter A3 (human ABCA3) protein are associated with fatal respiratory distress syndrome in newborns. We therefore characterized mice with targeted disruption of the ABCA3 gene. Homozygous Abca3–/– knock-out mice died soon after birth, whereas most of the wild type, Abca3+/+, and heterozygous, Abca3+/–, neonates survived. The lungs from E18.5 and E19.5 Abca3–/– mice were less mature than wild type. Alveolar type 2 cells from Abca3–/– embryos contained no lamellar bodies, and expression of mature SP-B protein was disrupted when compared with the normal lung surfactant system of wild type embryos. Small structural and functional differences in the surfactant system were seen in adult Abca3+/– compared with Abca3+/+ mice. The heterozygotes had fewer lamellar bodies, and the incorporation of radiolabeled substrates into newly synthesized disaturated phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine in both lamellar bodies and surfactant was lower than in Abca3+/+ mouse lungs. In addition, since the fraction of near term Abca3–/– embryos was significantly lower than expected from Mendelian inheritance ABCA3 probably plays roles in development unrelated to surfactant. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that ABCA3 is necessary for lamellar body biogenesis, surfactant protein-B processing, and lung development late in gestation.
Systematic profiling of polyclonal HIV antibodies and prediction of effector functions

Background Antibody-dependent effector functions (ADEF) with the ability to recruit the innate immune response may play an important role for the spread of HIV infections. ADEF are mediated by the antibody Fc and depend on antibody class and glycosylation status. We describe the systematic profiling of the Fc regions of HIV-specific antibodies isolated from different patient sera. Methods
Translation of hepatitis a virus RNA in Vitro: Aberrant internal initiations influenced by 5′ noncoding region

Abstract Hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNAs were translated in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The pattern of proteins synthesized from full-length HAV RNA was highly complex, consisting of a continuous spectrum of polypeptides ranging from 200,000 Da. The pattern was not significantly altered by varying incubation times, ion, or other reaction parameters, or by the addition of HeLa or BS-C-1 cell extracts to the translation reactions. Plasmids engineered with mutations in the 3C coding region produced transcripts which directed the synthesis of the same overall pattern of polypeptide products as those transcribed from wild-type sequences, suggesting that protein processing by 3C did not generate the complex set of protein products. Translation of RNA containing only the P3 coding region of HAV, directly adjacent to the HAV 5′ noncoding region, generated a set of protein products which precisely matched a subset of those synthesized from full-length HAV RNA. The translation products of P3 RNA, full-length RNA, and mutant 3C-containing RNAs were analyzed by immunoprecipitation with antisera specific for 3D, VP1, and 2C sequences; several products were subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis. All together, the results demonstrate that translation of HAV RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysates initiates predominantly at a large number of internal AUG codons, especially those in the P3 coding region. A minor population of products is initiated from sites in the P1 and P2 regions. The latter proteins undergo some proteolytic processing, at unidentified sites, catalyzed by 3C protein sequences. Replacement of the HAV 5′ noncoding region with encephalomyocarditis virus 5′ end sequences increased initiation at the correct polyprotein start site and both reduced and altered the products generated by internal initiation.
Polyplex-mediated gene transfer into human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro.

The human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a potential target tissue for directed transfer of candidate genes to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The RPE is uniquely suited to gene therapy protocols that use liposome-mediated DNA transfer because of its high intrinsic phagocytic function in vivo. In these studies, we examined the efficacy of human RPE cell uptake and expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and neomycin resistance marker genes by polyplex-mediated gene transfer in vitro. The effects of varying DNA and polyplex concentration and ratios on GFP transgene expression were examined. A narrow range of experimental conditions were found to maximize transgene expression; most important were the DNA concentration and the DNA:polyplex ratio. The transfection efficiency for human RPE cells was reproducibly 20% in vitro by this method and reached a maximum level of expression after 48 h. There was a rapid decline in gene expression over 2 weeks following polyplex-mediated gene transfer, but stable integration does occur at low frequencies with and without selection.
The Wannier theory for two electrons escaping from a positive ion

Abstract In a classic work, Wannier derived on the basis of classical mechanics and statistical arguments, the threshold behavior of the cross-section for ionization of atoms by electron impact. This review article discusses the work done by him and since in extending the analysis to quantum mechanics and the status of experimental results on threshold escape of two electrons from a positive ion. The central ideas of the Wannier theory are shown to have very broas implications for our understanding of the dynamics of electron-electron interactions in the presence of an ionic field. Even further, the Wannier theory is shown to be relevant for the description of highly correlated motion in varied physical situations.
The phospholipid head-group orientation: effect on hydration and electrical conductivity.

Abstract The water adsorption isotherms have been obtained for egg phosphatidylethanolamine when it is complexed to egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, respectively. In the presence of phosphatidylcholine, the phosphatidylethanolamine water binding is changed to a strong binding as compared to when the phospholipid is in its uncomplexed form. Cholesterol increases the water adsorbed by the phospholipid, however, it does not change the nature of the isotherm. Phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine also exhibits a strong water binding. The electrical conductivity of these phospholipids has been measured concurrently with their hydration. Electrical activation energies have been obtained for the fully hydrated phospholipids and are a function of both the amount of water adsorbed and the orientation of the polar head-group. The results are discussed in terms of a model for water adsorption, previously put forth by the authors.
THE EFFECT OF AMPHENONE-B ON THE CHOLESTEROL AND ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF THE RAT ADRENAL

PREVIOUS publications have described the chemical synthesis (Allen and Corwin, 1950) and some of the biological properties of Amphenone-B.* This substance has progestational activity in the rabbit (Allen, Hertz and Tullner, 1950) and has an anesthetic effect in the rat, rabbit and dog (Hertz, Allen, Tullner and Westfall, 1952). Amphenone-B also has folliculoid activity (Hertz, Allen and Tullner, 1950) in the castrated female rat. It has been reported, in addition, that the rat responds to the compound with a marked hyperplasia of the thyroid, a goitrogenic action which is probably related to its aromatic amino groups (Hertz et al., 1951). But of all the effects in its bizarre spectrum of endocrine action, the most interesting and unexpected is the profound hypertrophy of the adrenal glands. Just as the goitrogenic activity can be suppressed by the simultaneous administration of thyroxine, the hypertrophy of the adrenals can be suppressed by the administration of cortisone (Hertz, Tullner, and Allen, 1951).