cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to foraging uncertainty: A model of individual vs. social allostasis and the "Superorganism Hypothesis".

Introduction Food insecurity is a major global contributor to developmental origins of adult disease. The allostatic load of maternal food uncertainty from variable foraging demand (VFD) activates corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) without eliciting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation measured on a group level. Individual homeostatic adaptations of the HPA axis may subserve second-order homeostasis, a process we provisionally term “social allostasis.” We postulate that maternal food insecurity induces a “superorganism” state through coordination of individual HPA axis response. Methods Twenty-four socially-housed bonnet macaque maternal-infant dyads were exposed to 16 weeks of alternating two-week epochs of low or high foraging demand shown to compromise normative maternal-infant rearing. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CRF concentrations and plasma cortisol were measured pre- and post-VFD. Dyadic distance was measured, and blinded observers performed pre-VFD social ranking assessments. Results Despite marked individual cortisol responses (mean change = 20%) there was an absence of maternal HPA axis group mean response to VFD (0%). Whereas individual CSF CRF concentrations change = 56%, group mean did increase 25% (p = 0.002). Our "dyadic vulnerability" index (low infant weight, low maternal weight, subordinate maternal social status and reduced dyadic distance) predicted maternal cortisol decreases (p < 0.0001) whereas relatively “advantaged” dyads exhibited maternal cortisol increases in response to VFD exposure. Comment In response to a chronic stressor, relative dyadic vulnerability plays a significant role in determining the directionality and magnitude of individual maternal HPA axis responses in the service of maintaining a “superorganism” version of HPA axis homeostasis, provisionally termed “social allostasis.”
The Empire's New Clothes: The Politics of Dress in Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable

(2016). The Empire's New Clothes: The Politics of Dress in Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable. South Asian Review: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 109-121.
Child Welfare Services to Native Americans

The worker providing child welfare services to Native American families must be aware of the current and past efforts to help them, knowledgeable regarding the cultural factors and characteristics ...
Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures.

Mixed linear models were developed by animal breeders to evaluate genetic potential of bulls. Application of mixed models has recently spread to all areas of research, spurred by availability of advanced computer software. Previously, mixed model analyses were implemented by adapting fixed-effect methods to models with random effects. This imposed limitations on applicability because the covariance structure was not modeled. This is the case with PROC GLM in the SAS® System. Recent versions of the SAS System include PROC MIXED. This procedure implements random effects in the statistical model and permits modeling the covariance structure of the data. Thereby, PROC MIXED can compute efficient estimates of fixed effects and valid standard errors of the estimates. Modeling the covariance structure is especially important for analysis of repeated measures data because measurements taken close in time are potentially more highly correlated than those taken far apart in time.
Methods of Gene Enrichment and Massively Parallel Sequencing Technologies

Thirty years after the invention of dideoxy sequencing (a.k.a. Sanger sequencing), the advent of massively parallel sequencing technologies became another biotechnical revolution that enables the acquisition of genetic information in gigabase scale within an acceptable period of time. As a consequence, causal mutations underlying clinically heterogeneous disorders are more efficiently detected, paving the way for deciphering the pathogenecities of complex diseases. With the huge potential impact in modern medicine and health care, progress has been rapid in further optimizing the technology in both the academic and industrial fields. Third-generation sequencing technologies, although still facing multiple challenges, have shed light on the direct analyses of DNA and RNA at single-molecule level. Currently, before whole genome sequencing becomes routine, an in-depth assessment of targeted genomic regions is more feasible and has been widely applied in both clinical applications and basic research. Various enrichment methods, either PCR-based or hybridization-based, have been developed and gradually improved during application. This chapter provides detailed information on various target gene enrichment methods as well as massively parallel sequencing platforms. Hopefully this could assist the project-based approach/platform selections tailored for individual needs.
two – THE AVERAGE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses and presents the comparison of three types of average. It discusses the use of the summation sign, Σ. There are many different kinds of average. An average is always an attempt to summarize, or represent, a varied set of values with a single value. This is most generally done by identifying some central point around the middle of the complete set of values. This central point is then called the average. Therefore, the average is described as a measure of central tendency for a set of values. However, there is more than one way to identify the central point of a set of values, sometimes resulting in different central points for the same set of scores. This difference in how and where the central point is located is what distinguishes most of the different definitions of average. The two most common definitions of average are called the mean and the median. The mean is the best known definition of the average. It is simply the sum of all the scores in a group divided by the total number of scores in the group.
Abdominal Ultrasound: Credentialing and Certification

The use of clinical ultrasound as a diagnostic tool by surgeons has rapidly increased over the past two decades. The use of ultrasound has found its way into essentially all of the surgical subspecialties. Ultrasound provides a real-time diagnostic modality that enhances the surgeon’s ability to make therapeutic decisions. Utilization of ultrasound during operative procedures is an extension and expansion of other diagnostic modalities, such as computed tomography. A number of studies have documented that surgeons can perform ultrasound with a high degree of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Other papers have documented that the interpretation of specific ultrasound images by surgeons is equivalent to the high-quality interpretation provided by radiologists and other imaging specialists.
Two Types of Interpersonal Listening

Background/ContextAlthough the concept of listening had been neglected by philosophers of education, it has received focused attention since 2003, when Sophie Haroutunian-Gordon addressed it in her...
Abstract 4125: Beyond Functional Capacity: Exercise Training Improves Adverse Prognostic Markers from the Exercise Tolerance Test

Meta analyses have shown that exercise training decreases mortality in post MI patients, but no single cohort study has shown this benefit. To evaluate whether risk score - predicted mortality and adverse prognostic markers derived from exercise tolerance tests (ETT) are modifiable with exercise training, we analyzed 210 consecutive patients (age 58±10 yrs/ 59% male) who completed a 12 week cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program without change in medications. The Duke Prognostic Score (DUKE), Cleveland Clinic Foundation Risk Score (CCFRS), chronotropic Index (CI), and the one-minute post exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) were compared from symptom-limited ETT’s done upon entry and exit from CR. All prognostic variables and risk scores improved significantly with CR (see table below). Data are also shown below for those with abnormal CI
Nuclear Investigation in Heart Failure and Myocardial Viability

Heart failure (HF) is evolving as an enormous cardiovascular health problem worldwide. In the United States alone, five million patients suffer from symptomatic disease, and more than half a million patients are newly diagnosed with HF every year. There are at least one million hospitalizations that result in 6.5 million hospital days and nearly 300,000 deaths each year. The total inpatient and outpatient costs for HF are approximately $35 billion. It has been increasingly realized that a much larger number of subjects may harbor asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction, and an enormous number may suffer from diseases that render them susceptible to the development of HF. Therefore, it is important that clinicians are able to predict the evolution and progression of the disease so that appropriate preventive measures are undertaken. The recommendations of the American College of Cardiology–American Heart Association emphasize the development of management strategies that will prevent the evolution of HF in those who are susceptible to or suffer from asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. For this purpose, various novel strategies are being developed for the identification of neurohumoral alterations that form the basis of ventricular remodeling. The development of new radiotracers represents an important first step toward targeted molecular imaging and image-guided therapy in HF patients. In this chapter, we describe one such molecular imaging strategy, the development of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that binds specifically to myocardial ACE in the heart and will help identify patients who are susceptible to HF development. This may lead to a new generation of imaging probes for monitoring disease progression and the effectiveness of treatments for HF.
CHAPTER 43 – Changes in Autonomic Responsiveness during Development

This chapter describes the age-dependent changes in α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor signal cascades and cardiac autonomic responsiveness, and it also briefly discusses the potential developmental contributions of parasympathetic and other nonadrenergic cascades. There are several pronounced age-dependent changes in autonomic responsiveness of the heart during postnatal development. In general, these differences result in greater excitatory responses in the young heart. The α-adrenergic receptor response is entirely excitatory (via α 1A/c or α 1d receptors) in the neonate, but is both excitatory and inhibitory (via α 1B receptors) in the adult. The β-adrenergic receptor response is excitatory at both ages, but is contributed to both by β 1 and β 2 receptors in the neonate but largely by β 1 in the adult. The physiological and pathological importance of the α 1 -adrenergic receptor signaling cascade to cardiac electrophsyiologic function appears to be minor as compared to β-adrenergic receptor actions. Muscarinic responsiveness is both excitatory—via M 1 or M 3 receptors—and inhibitory—via M 2 receptors—in the neonate, but is entirely inhibitory in the adult.
Model Complexes for the Palladium-Catalyzed Transannular C–H Functionalization of Alicyclic Amines

This report describes the synthesis of model complexes for key intermediates in the Pd-catalyzed transannular C(sp3)–H arylation of alicyclic amines. These complexes react stoichiometrically with phenyl iodide to afford C–H arylation products. Furthermore, they participate in H/D exchange with d10-tert-butyl alcohol at temperatures as low as 40 °C. Overall, these studies provide insights into the factors controlling transannular C(sp3)–H activation in these systems.
Unpacking the Glass Ceiling: Mechanisms that Produce Gender Inequality in Organizations

Abundant evidence documents that a glass ceiling persists, such that women achieve lower levels of career success than men, after accounting for human capital and other career-relevant qualificatio...
Fluctuations and magnetoresistance oscillations near the half-filled Landau level

We study theoretically the magnetoresistance oscillations near a half-filled lowest Landau level ($\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$) that result from the presence of a periodic one-dimensional electrostatic potential. We use the Dirac composite fermion theory of Son [Phys. Rev. X 5, 031027 (2015)], where the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ state is described by a $(2+1)$-dimensional theory of quantum electrodynamics. We extend previous work that studied these oscillations in the mean-field limit by considering the effects of gauge-field fluctuations within a large flavor approximation. A self-consistent analysis of the resulting Schwinger-Dyson equations suggests that fluctuations dynamically generate a Chern-Simons term for the gauge field and a magnetic field--dependent mass for the Dirac composite fermions away from $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$. We show how this mass results in a shift of the locations of the oscillation minima that improves the comparison with experiment [Kamburov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 196801 (2014)]. The temperature-dependent amplitude of these oscillations may enable an alternative way to measure this mass. This amplitude may also help distinguish the Dirac and Halperin, Lee, and Read composite fermion theories of the half-filled Landau level.
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on the microstructure gradient of biomimetic nanofiber scaffolds fabricated by cone electrospinning

Abstract Biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering should exhibit structural complexity close to native tissues, which typically have non-homogenous nanostructures. This study presents a novel electrospinning process using a cone-shape rotating collector to fabricate polymer nanofiber scaffold with continuous gradient microstructures. The effects of rotation speed (RS) and tip-to-axis distance (TAD) on microstructure gradients were investigated through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), a generalization of univariate ANOVA that allows the researchers to analyze more than one dependent variable in designed experiments. The covariation against multivariate null hypotheses relative to error covariation was visualized through an ellipsoid plot. We found that RS and TAD significantly influenced the gradients in fiber diameter and fiber alignment. The RS was positively correlated to the microstructure gradients, and the TAD was negatively correlated to the gradients. With high TAD, higher RS led to a lower diameter gradient. While with low TAD, higher RS led to higher diameter gradient. In addition, marginal effects on density and mat porosity were also observed. This electrospinning strategy has potential applications in providing biomimetic topological cues for cell matrix with heterogeneous structures.
The Contours of ‘Defend Forward’ Under International Law

In 2018, United States Cyber Command announced a new operational concept to “defend forward” against other states whose cyber operations against the United States have been hostile, but short of an armed attack. Defend Forward supports the U.S. strategy of persistent engagement, which recognizes the need to continuously engage to inhibit incessant adversarial cyber operations against the United States. Although the public Defend Forward description was short on details, it consists of three general components: (1) positioning to degrade cyber operations; (2) warning to gather information about threats and inform defenses; and (3) influencing adversaries to discourage them from deploying cyber operations against the United States. In the year since the announcement of the Defend Forward concept, there has been vital debate about whether the United States should defend forward. This paper examines a related but distinct question: Could the United States defend forward under international law, and if so, what limits does the law impose? This paper concludes that international law provides the United States with significant leeway to position itself to degrade adversaries' cyber operations, gather information about cyber threats, and discourage other states from acting against the United States in cyberspace. Although international law imposes vital limits on operational concepts such as Defend Forward, there is a significant gap between those boundaries and how the United States has defended against cyber aggression short of armed conflict.11The views expressed in this paper are only those of the author, and do not represent the United States Naval Academy, United States Department of Navy, United States Department of Defense, or any other party. Thanks to those who provided incredibly valuable feedback on earlier drafts, including Tracy Emmersen, Evan Field, Michael Fischerkeller, Emily Goldman, Joe Hatfield, Chris Inglis, Eric Jensen, Martin Libicki, Kurt Sanger, and Andrew Slack.
Co-Creating School Innovations: Should Self-Determination be a Component of School Improvement?:

BackgroundResearch suggests a number of benefits from teacher participation in school improvement—chief among them that it can increase teacher receptivity to innovation and reform adoption. Improv...
Conceptualizing and operationalizing alumni engagement: When conversational voice matters more than openness and assurances of legitimacy

Abstract The question of how organizations engage with their stakeholders has seen increasing investigation in recent years, with public relations researchers examining the concept of engagement from cognitive, affective, and behavioral perspectives (e.g., Dhanesh, 2017; Jelen-Sanchez, 2017). This study examined the engagement of university alumni with their alma mater, with data collected from qualitative interviews, a pilot survey, and a main survey. Results identified three dimensions of alumni engagement: instrumental, communicative and affective, and confirmatory factor analysis supported this three-dimensional structure. Structural equation modeling showed that, while conversational voice was conducive to alumni engagement, openness and assurances of legitimacy did not exert any significant impacts. The findings offer concrete ways in which universities can better engage with alumni, as well as conceptual and methodological ways in which public relations scholars might continue to refine the notion of engagement between organizations and their publics.
Is There a Duty-Generating Special Relationship of Creator to Creature?

Mark Murphy has argued that the relationship between a creator and their creatures is not a special relationship that generates new moral obligations for the creator. Murphy’s position is grounded, in part, on his claim that there are no good arguments to the contrary and that the creator-creature relationship (at least in the case of God) is not a relationship between equals. I argue that there are good reasons to think that a creator and creature being equals is not required for such an obligation. I offer an argument for such an obligation based on the moral significance of thrusting upon sentient or rational beings significant, unsought, and wholly new circumstances. More specifically, I argue that it is reasonable to conclude that a creator enters into a duty-generating special relationship with their creatures to promote their creatures’ well-being, when (1) the creator is the voluntary source of the creatures’ wholly new and unconsented to circumstances from which to flourish or languish and (2) it would cost the creator virtually nothing to promote the creatures’ welfare.
The Idea of Academic Freedom and Its Implications for Teaching and Learning

Professors are evaluated by their peers based on the quality of their ideas in their research and teaching, rather than by administrators or legislators for instrumental or ideological reasons. Academic freedom—broadly defined as the freedom to teach and conduct research without fear or concern of retribution—remains at the heart of the modern university. Or does it? Is academic freedom a distinctly Western tradition, essential in such countries as the United States and Australia, but expendable in non-Western countries like China or Ethiopia? As academic labor becomes commoditized and transitory in the twenty-first century, is the value of academic freedom declining? Does a social medium pose different issues for how to think about academic freedom? In a knowledge-driven world framed by globalization is academic freedom more important than ever as an intellectual engine for creativity and innovation in the classroom and in the laboratory? These are the questions the chapter investigates by focusing on the classroom, teaching, and learning.
Damayanti’s Intrepid Saga: Rescue of Soulmate from Invisible Enemy

Narrated as a beautiful love story, the story of Damayanti includes elements of audacity, journey, and feminine mystique. Damayanti’s journey from the Mahabharata, Jain texts, as well as folk and regional retellings is examined. Although, her story includes elements of exile and returns, the outcome of her life differs significantly from the other feminine tales examined in this book. She provides the counterbalance to the audacious journeys of Draupadi, Savitri, and Kunthi. Examining Damayanti’s life provides helpful information to understand the varieties of heroic journeys of women in ancient India.
Defibrillation testing is not required during routine ICD implantation

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major cause of mortality throughout the world, accounting for ∼300 000 deaths per year in the USA.1 The introduction of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in the 1980s significantly reduced the risk of SCD by terminating life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias.2 Subsequent clinical trials confirmed the survival benefit with implanted ICDs in at-risk cardiac patients.3,4 Since the beginning, defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing has been an integral part of the ICD implantation procedure to ascertain detection and termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. DFT testing often involves multiple ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction and defibrillation, imposing a significant burden on the implanting team and, foremost, the patient. However, the view on the routine use of DFT testing has been challenged by a recent investigation on DFT testing during ICD implantation.5 In this issue of the journal, Bansch et al .6 present another prospective, randomized, parallel group, multicentre non-inferiority trial, NORDIC ICD, designed to test the hypothesis that shock efficacy during follow-up is not impaired in …
Story: A Handbook

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jacqueline S. Thursby Year: 2006 Pages: 200 Publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN: 0-313-33430-7 (hard cover). Prices: $55.00 USD(hard cover).
New satellite mission with old data: Rescuing a unique data set

[1] We review efforts to save a unique data set and scientific results based on the rescued data. The goal of the project was to produce Alouette 2, ISIS 1, and ISIS 2 digital topside ionograms from selected original seven-track analog telemetry tapes. This project was initiated to preserve a significant portion of 60 satellite years of analog data, collected between 1962 and 1990, in digital form before the tapes were discarded. More than 1/2 million digital topside ionograms are now available for downloading at http://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov and for browsing and plotting at http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov. We illustrate data products, discuss analysis programs, review scientific results based on the digital data, and recognize those who made the project possible. The scientific results include evidence of extremely low altitude ionospheric peak densities at high latitudes, improved and new ionospheric models including one connecting the F2 topside ionosphere and the plasmasphere, transionospheric HF propagation investigations, and new interpretations of sounder-stimulated plasma emissions that have challenged theorists for decades. The homepage for the ISIS project is at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/isis/isis-status.html.
Robust true random number generator using hot-carrier injection balanced metastable sense amplifiers

Hardware true random number generators are an essential functional block in many secure systems. Current designs that use bi-stable elements balanced in the metastable region are capable of both high randomness and high bitrate. However, these designs require extensive support circuits to maintain balance in the metastable region, complex built-in self test loops to configure the support circuits, and suffer from sensitivity to environmental conditions. We propose a true random number generator design based around sense amplifier circuits that are balanced in the metastable region using hot carrier injection, rather than complex support circuits. Further, we show an architecture that maintains high entropy output across a range of ± 20% voltage variation. Experimental results from a prototype design in a 65nm bulk CMOS process demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed TRNG architecture, which passes all NIST tests.
BEGINNING A NEW ERA OF DROUGHT MONITORING ACROSS NORTH AMERICA

A cooperative, multinational effort to improve the monitoring and assessment of climate extremes.
Experimental Assessment and Future Applications of the Shikani Tracheostomy Speaking Valve

Purpose Tracheostomy speaking valve use may increase airflow resistance and work of breathing. It remains unclear which valve offers the best performance characteristics. We compared the performanc...
Unsteady aerodynamic models for agile flight at low Reynolds numbers

at plate at Reynolds numbers between 100 and 300 as long as the reduced frequency k is not too large, k < 2, and the eective angle-of-attack is below the critical angle. In this study reduced order models are obtained using an improved method, the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA), which is more ecient to compute and ts within a standard control design framework. For test cases involving pitching and plunging motions, it is shown that Wagner’s indicial response is closely approximated by ERA models of orders 4 and 6, respectively. All models are tested in a framework that decouples the longitudinal ight dynamic and aerodynamic models, so that the aerodynamics are viewed as an input-output system between wing kinematics and the forces generated. Lagrangian coherent structures are used to visualize the unsteady separated ow.
Cycloadditions, Unimolecular Rearrangements, and Thermal Eliminations

Most of the reactions described in the preceding chapters involve polar or polarizable reactants and proceed through polar intermediates or transition states. One reactant can be identified as nucleophilic, and the other as electrophilic. Carbanion alkylations, nucleophilic additions to carbonyl groups, and electrophilic additions to alkenes are examples of such reactions. The reactions to be examined in this chapter, on the other hand, occur by a reorganization of valence electrons through activated complexes that are not much more polar than the reactants. These reactions usually proceed through cyclic transition states, and little separation of charge occurs during these processes. The energy necessary to attain the transition state is usually provided by thermal or photochemical excitation of the reactant(s), and frequently no other reagents are involved. Many of the transformations fall into the category of concerted pericyclic reactions, and the transition states are stabilized by favorable orbital interactions, as discussed in Chapter 11 of Part A. We will also discuss some reactions which effect closely related transformations but which, on mechanistic scrutiny, are found to proceed through discrete intermediates.
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: 20-year experience at a tertiary referral center

Background Sinonasal melanoma (SNM) is a rare cancer with extremely poor prognosis. Detecting melanoma on frozen section has historically been considered to be unreliable. A review of cases of sinonasal melanoma treated at a tertiary referral center was conducted to analyze treatment outcomes and identify prognostic factors for survival. In addition, an investigation was performed correlating sinonasal melanoma on frozen section and permanent analysis. Methods An institutional review board–approved search of the pathology database for cases of primary sinonasal melanoma treated between 1991 and 2011 was performed. Fourteen cases were identified and the medical charts were reviewed. Results Eleven patients had tumors arising from the nasal cavity, 2 arose from the maxillary sinus, and 1 from the ethmoid sinuses. Mean duration of follow-up was 20.7 (range, 1.4 to 84.5) months. Overall, 5-year recurrence-free survival and overall survival was 23% and 35%, respectively. All patients had surgical resection with intent for cure and all but 1 patient had adjuvant therapy. Survival analysis showed that positive margin status (log rank p = 0.031) and the presence of perineural/lymphovascular invasion (log rank p = 0.021) negatively affected recurrence-free survival and overall survival, respectively. Nine cases had evaluation of intraoperative frozen sections with 32 total sections submitted for analysis. When compared with final pathology, there was a 0% false negative rate. Conclusion Based on this series, positive margins and the presence of perineural/lymphovascular invasion are negative predictors of survival. In addition, intraoperative frozen section analysis of sinonasal mucosal melanoma correlates well with final pathology.
How Does the 1979 Iranian Revolution Affect Current Iranian Fundamentalism and International Politics

The 1979 Iranian Revolution played a crucial role in the development of Shia fundamentalism in Iran and throughout the Middle East. Since the 1979 Revolution, religion in Iran has transitioned from a social movement calling for reform, to a fundamentalist ideology that is resistant to change. This article then investigates how this transition has occurred and its contribution to current international relations, specifically fundamentalist alliances with Iran and the creation of the Iranian nuclear program. Finally, the article analyzes the topic of how nuclear proliferation in Iran may be linked to international nuclear terrorism.
Fibroblast growth factor-2 protects entorhinal layer II glutamatergic neurons from axotomy-induced death

The entorhinal cortex is a major relay between the hippocampus and other cortical and subcortical regions. Glutamatergic axons from layer II neurons form the entorhinal cortical projection to the hippocampus via the perforant pathway. We have demonstrated previously that lesion of the perforant pathway causes the death of approximately 30% of entorhinal layer II (ECL2) neurons. To elucidate mechanisms contributing to neuronal death and to investigate strategies preventing it, we identified the phenotype of the vulnerable neuronal population. Sections were immunolabeled with antibodies to the neuronal markers NeuN, glutamate, and calbindin-D28k, and to receptors for fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGFR1) and NMDA (NMDAR1) and were examined using confocal microscopy. Calbindin immunoreactivity was strikingly lamina-specific to ECL2, where one-third of all ECL2 neurons were calbindin-positive. Localization of glutamate revealed that half of the glutamatergic ECL2 neurons coexpressed calbindin. Quantification using unbiased stereology at 9 weeks after lesion of the perforant pathway revealed that the only ECL2 neuronal population that experienced a significant (70%) loss (20% of the total) was the population of glutamatergic ECL2 neurons that did not coexpress calbindin. All ECL2 neurons expressed FGFR1; therefore, we tested the role of FGF-2 in the survival of glutamatergic ECL2 neurons. We grafted fibroblasts genetically engineered to express nerve growth factor or FGF-2 and found that only FGF-2 grafts prevented loss of the vulnerable glutamatergic/calbindin-negative neurons. We present a hypothesis for the selective vulnerability of these glutamatergic/calbindin-negative ECL2 neurons and address the role of FGF-2 in neuronal rescue.
Two-step high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of myo-inositol and sorbitol.

Abstract A simple two-step HPLC method for the separation and quantitation of myo -inositol and sorbitol in extracts of glomeruli from rat kidneys is described. The limit of detection is 2 ng. The procedure involves fractionation of the sugar alcohols on a Waters Sugar Pak column, preparation of the p -nitrobenzoate derivatives, and further purification with quantitation by absorbance at 254 nm using a Waters μPorasil column. The applicability of the procedure to determination of sorbitol and myo -inositol in biological samples was demonstrated by the finding of marked alterations in sorbitol and myo -inositol content of glomeruli isolated from diabetic compared to that from normal rat kidneys.
An Empirical Examination of Firm, Industry, and Temporal Effects on Corporate Social Performance

Research examining firm and industry effects on performance has primarily focused on the financial aspects of firm performance. Corporate social performance (CSP) is a major aspect of firm performa...
Black carbon and brown clouds

In aerosol hot spots around the globe, solar radiation is dimmed down on its way to the Earth's surface. The resulting surface cooling turns out to be almost in balance with heating of the atmosphere due to black carbon.
Noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome: quantitative and immunohistochemical analyses of islet cells for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein.

Objective: To present a case of an elderly man with noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS) and to determine the pathogenesis of this syndrome.Methods: The pancreas of our patient with NIPHS was immunocytochemically stained for insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-secreting cells and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein (PDX-1). The clinical findings and morphologic and immunocytochemical analyses of the islets of our patient are described, along with a review of related published reports.Results: A 78-year-old man presented with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, with episodes unrelated to meals or fasting. An insulinoma could not be localized by preoperative imaging or by intraoperative ultrasonography or palpation. He underwent a 70% distal pancreatectomy. For assessment of the possibility that a nuclear transcription factor regulating islet β-cell growth and development is overexpressed in this disease and is responsible for diffuse islet hyperfunction and proliferation of β-cells...
The ecology and evolution of endophytes

Abstract The association between tall fescue and its endophyte is the best-known case of a symbiosis that is widespread in grasses, especially in cool-season, pooid grasses. Field and herbarium surveys have shown that many grasses are endophyte infected, often at 100% frequency. Ubiquitos endophyte infection with a host species is prima facie evidence that the association is mutualistic since there are mechanisms by which individuals could lose the infection (e.g. extended seed dormancy). Studies have shown that the frequency of endophyte infection tends to increase over time, suggesting an ecological advantage for infected (E+) plants. A 3 year demographic experiment with tall fescue in a grassland community in Louisiana revealed that E+ plants had significantly higher survival growth and flowering rates than E-plants. The mean fitness of E+ ball fescue was twice the mean fitness of E-plants. Greenhouse and common garden experiments have shown that E+ plants generally perform better than E-plants in mixtures. In order to separate the effects of endophyte-induced physiological changes in hosts versus protection against herbivory, a series of factorial competition experiments have been conducted where infection status, insect herbivory, density, and the identity of competing species were controlled. Preliminary results indicate that both infection and herbivory can affect competitive interactions among plants. The high frequency of seed-borne Acremonium endophytes within species of genera like Festuca , Lolium, Poa , and Stipa suggests that the association originated before speciation within these genera. The association of clavicipitaceous fungi with grasses spans a great range of interactions from localized ovarian parasites (e.g. Claviceps ), systemic, choke-inducing fungi (e.g. Atkinsonella, Balansia, Epichloe ), epiphytic fungi ( Atkinsonella , some species of Balansia, Myriogenospora ), and completely seed-borne, asymptomatic endophytes such as in Lolium . The question of what type of associations are ancestral and which are derived remains unanswered. The potential of these fungi for contagious spread and the presence or absence of a sexual reproductive system may influence genetic variation within taxa, and therefore their evolution and coevolution with grasses. Seed-borne Acremonium endophytes do not spread contagiously or reproduce sexually. They are reproductively isolated from other endophytes and can become genetically differentiated by the accumulation of random mutations. Isozyme electrophoresis has revealed abundant genetic variation in many Acremonium endophytes from wild grasses but, in contrast, artificial selection of cultivated grasses apparently has eliminated much genetic variation of endophytes. Future research on endophytes will focus on quantifying genetic variation for important traits such as alkaloid production, stroma formation, and host compatability.
Rhabdomyoblastic pulmonary lesions in a patient with Wilms Tumor: choristomas or metastases?

New lesions that occur while patients are receiving treatment for malignant tumors may represent not only difficulties in arriving at the correct diagnosis, but also impact on subsequent therapeutic options. We encountered a patient developing new pulmonary lesions during and after receiving treatment for Stage II Wilms tumor (WT). The presence of mature rhabdomyoblasts in multiple biopsy specimens allowed rational decisions to be made regarding subsequent therapy. This and other published experiences suggest that patients with WT may develop choristomas or have tumors, which undergo cytodifferentiation. Methodologies are now available allowing differentiation of these two processes.
On convergence of information in spaces with infinite invariant measure

The paper extends the ergodic theorems of information theory (Shannon-MacMillan-Breiman theorems) to spaces with an infinite invariant measure. An L1 difference theorem and a pointwisa ratio theorem are proved, for the information of spreading partitions. For the validity of the theorems it is assumed that the supremum f* of the conditional information given the increasing “past” is integrable. Simple necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrability of f* are obtained in special cases: If the initial partition is composed of one state of a null-recurrent Markov chain, then f* is integrable if and only if the partition of this state according to the first return times has finite entropy.
A new method for the determination of DNase II and a comparison with two other assay procedures.

A new method of assay for DNase II was developed based on the reaction of derivatives of desoxyribose with p-NPH. This new method was compared with two other existing procedures for the determination of enzyme activity, i.e., the DPA and u.v. methods. All three procedures were found to be equally accurate. In contrast to the DPA and u.v. methods, the p-NPH procedure was found suitable for the assay of DNase II in subcellular particulates suspended in hypertonic sucrose. Examination of the assay conditions using the DPA method showed that optimal DNase II activity is obtained at pH 4.9 in the presence of 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer and 0.1 M NaCl. In the absence of NaCl, the maximal activity was somewhat lower and the pH optimum was extended from 4.9 to 4.8–5.6.
Purification and characterization of kallikrein-like serine proteases from rat submandibular glands

The purification and characterization of kallikrein-like proteases from rat submandibular glands is described. The proteolytic activity of each fraction during purification was monitored on the synthetic substrate N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME). The purification scheme involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 and chromatofocusing. Three TAME-hydrolytic activity peaks were eluted from DEAE-Sepharose as unbound fraction (Pool 1), at 125 mM NaCl (Pool 2) and at 250 mM NaCl concentration (Pool 4). Pool 1 further resolved into two protease fractions (1A1 and 1A2), pool 2 into three protease fractions (2A1, 2A2 and 2A3) and pool 4 gave a single major protease peak (4A1) by chromatofocusing on PBE-94. Protease pools 2A2, 2A3, and 4A1 each gave a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an estimated molecular weight of 34 kDa, 46 kDa and 46 kDa respectively. Pools 1A1, 1A2, 2A1 and 2a2 gave a single precipitin line with anti-rat glandular kallikrein antibodies. 2A3 and 4A1 did not react with these antibodies. Synthetic substrates DL-val-leu-arg-pNA and Bz-pro-phe-arg-pNA, specific for kallikrein-like proteases, were hydrolyzed preferentially by 2A3 and 4A1 but were poor substrates for 1A1, 1A2, 2A1 and 2A2.
Failure of delayed feedback deep brain stimulation for intermittent pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease.

Suppression of excessively synchronous beta-band oscillatory activity in the brain is believed to suppress hypokinetic motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Recently, a lot of interest has been devoted to desynchronizing delayed feedback deep brain stimulation (DBS). This type of synchrony control was shown to destabilize the synchronized state in networks of simple model oscillators as well as in networks of coupled model neurons. However, the dynamics of the neural activity in Parkinson’s disease exhibits complex intermittent synchronous patterns, far from the idealized synchronous dynamics used to study the delayed feedback stimulation. This study explores the action of delayed feedback stimulation on partially synchronized oscillatory dynamics, similar to what one observes experimentally in parkinsonian patients. We employ a computational model of the basal ganglia networks which reproduces experimentally observed fine temporal structure of the synchronous dynamics. When the parameters of our model are such that the synchrony is unphysiologically strong, the feedback exerts a desynchronizing action. However, when the network is tuned to reproduce the highly variable temporal patterns observed experimentally, the same kind of delayed feedback may actually increase the synchrony. As network parameters are changed from the range which produces complete synchrony to those favoring less synchronous dynamics, desynchronizing delayed feedback may gradually turn into synchronizing stimulation. This suggests that delayed feedback DBS in Parkinson’s disease may boost rather than suppress synchronization and is unlikely to be clinically successful. The study also indicates that delayed feedback stimulation may not necessarily exhibit a desynchronization effect when acting on a physiologically realistic partially synchronous dynamics, and provides an example of how to estimate the stimulation effect.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Viability of Primary Conidia ofZoophthora radicans

Four isolates of the entomopathogenic fungusZoophthora radicanswere compared in a laboratory study to evaluate the effect of relative humidity (RH) on duration of primary conidial viability. Primary conidia were showered onto agar-coated glass microscope slides within an enclosed chamber equilibrated to one of five test RH levels (60, 75, 80, 95, or 100%). Target RH levels were achieved by recirculating air through a glycerin/water solution, of controlled specific gravity, contained in a reservoir within the chamber. Conidial samples of each isolate incubated for 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, or 240 min at each RH were removed and inspected using a technique of simultaneous vital fluorochrome staining to determine percentage conidial viability. At 60% RH, isolates did not differ significantly and average viability dropped to less than 10% within the first 60 min. At 75% RH, viability did not change significantly over 4 h. However, average viabilities at 75% RH differed significantly for the four isolates and ranged from 24 to 63%. At 80% RH, viability differed significantly among isolates and declined slowly over time, remaining above 80% for 2 h and above 50% for 4 h. At 95 and 100% RH, average viability was near 95% and did not vary significantly with time or isolate. These data can be used to assist selection of appropriate isolates for biological control.
High-Field Electron g-2 Measurement

We have measured the $g$-factor anomaly of the free electron to an accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3 ppm (68% confidence level). The method (a refinement of that used by Wilkinson and Crane in 1963) is based on a direct observation of the difference between the spin precession and cyclotron frequencies of 100-keV electrons confined in a precisely measured magnetic mirror trap. An order of magnitude increase in precision over the Wilkinson-Crane experiment has been achieved by (a) a tenfold increase in the magnitude of the magnetic field (to 1 kG), and (b) a tenfold reduction in the relative depth of the magnetic trap (to 60 ppm). An extensive series of tests for systematic effects at the 1-ppm level has also been carried out. With $a=\frac{1}{2}(g\ensuremath{-}2)$, we find ${a}_{\mathrm{expt}}({e}^{\ensuremath{-}})=(1159657.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$. The difference between this result and the current theoretical expression for $a$, as calculated through second order in the fine-structure constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, is ${a}_{\mathrm{expt}}({e}^{\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{-}[0.5(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\pi}})\ensuremath{-}0.32848{(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{2}]=(1.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.33){(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{3}$. In the above, we have used ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=137.03608\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00026$, as recently recommended by Taylor, Parker, and Langenberg. The uncertainty in the coefficient is the rms sum of our experimental error and the uncertainty in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In this form, our result can be interpreted as an experimental determination of the sixthorder quantum-electrodynamic contribution to the anomaly. Current estimates of this quantity are $1.49{(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{3}$.