cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of megasplay faulting and permeability contrasts on Nankai Trough subduction zone pore pressures

[1] Results of a coupled fluid flow and deformation model indicate that megasplay fault slip may impact excess pore pressures within an accretionary prism. In a simulation with homogeneous low permeability representative of clay-rich sediment, excess pore pressures build where compression occurs in the hanging wall and directly beneath the splay fault. In another simulation with heterogeneous permeability, the impact of high permeability fault zones and turbidite horizons lessens the effect of the megasplay fault slip. Overall, excess pore pressures are lower for the heterogeneous simulation than for the simulation with uniform low permeability. Within the footwall of the megasplay fault zone, simulated pore pressures increase across a transition from more permeable uplifted turbidites to less permeable clay-rich sediments. Strong permeability contrasts might provide an alternate explanation for a previously observed decrease in seismic velocity beneath the megasplay fault of the Nankai Trough subduction zone.
Reovirus: Effect of Noninfective Viral Components on Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis

We determined the effects of noninfective reovirus components on cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Reovirus inactivated by ultraviolet light inhibited cellular DNA synthesis, whereas reovirus cores and empty capsids did not. Both cores and empty capsids were adsorbed to cells. Adenine-rich ribonucleic acid (RNA) from reovirus, adsorbed to cells in the presence of diethyl-aminoethyl-dextran, produced a partial inhibition of DNA synthesis. RNA was synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D after infection with ultraviolet light-irradiated reovirus, and this RNA synthesis was not due to multiplicity reactivation of virus infectivity. These data suggest that viral structural proteins do not inhibit DNA synthesis and that the inhibition produced by ultraviolet-irradiated virus may be mediated in part or in toto by a newly synthesized viral product.
Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United States and Asia

Are present nutrient management recommendations for the world's major cereal cropping systems adequate to sustain the productivity gains required to meet food demand while also assuring acceptable standards of environmental quality? To address this question, the current nutrient management approaches and their scientific basis in large-scale, mechanized maize (Zea mays L.)-based cropping systems of the USA and more labor-intensive, small-scale irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems in Asia were evaluated. The principal challenges in both systems are similar: (1) there is no compelling evidence for significant increases in the genetic yield potential in both systems during the past 30 years, (2) farm yields are presently about 40–65% of the attainable yield potential, and (3) nutrient management mostly relies on approaches that do not account for the dynamic nature of crop response to the environment. Because average farm yield levels of 70–80% of the attainable yield potential are necessary to meet expected food demand in the next 30 years, research must seek to develop nutrient management approaches that optimize profit, preserve soil quality, and protect natural resources in systems that consistently produce at these high yield levels. Achieving these goals will require novel strategies for more precise plant nutrient management tailored to the technologies, dynamics and spatial scales relevant to each system. Significant advances in soil chemistry, crop physiology, plant nutrition, molecular biology, and information technology must be combined in this effort. Future field-oriented plant nutrition research must be of a more strategic, interdisciplinary, and quantitative nature. Systems approaches at micro- to meso-scales are required for gaining a more quantitative understanding of crop response to nutrients based on interactions among the essential crop nutrient requirements and on response to dynamic environmental conditions.
Non-aqueous phase liquid characterization via partitioning tracer tests : a modified Langmuir relation to describe partitioning nonlinearities

The equilibrium interphase behaviors of alcohol partitioning tracers between NAPL and water are inherently nonlinear in nature. This nonlinearity may be described using an unfavorable form of the Langmuir partitioning relation with a good degree of agreement up to tracer mole fraction values of 0.3. The presence of co-tracers tends to move the equilibrium partitioning closer to Raoult's law. It may be possible to manipulate tracer tests systems to minimize the effects of nonlinearities through the use of co-tracers.
Racial Disparity Among the Head and Neck Cancer Population

Head and neck cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the USA, accounting for 3.3 % of all cancers. The incidence of head and neck cancer has plateaued recently; however, morbidity and mortality continue to remain high. Moreover, racial disparity between African-American and White patients has been studied in the head and neck community, and a vast difference still remains in mortality rate and late stage at presentation. A review of the English literature was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE for demographics, epidemiology, and studies that focused on the disparity in head and neck cancer between African-American and White patients. Age-adjusted incidence of head and neck cancer is increased in African-Americans, while the 5-year survival is decreased compared to Whites. African-American patients present with more advanced disease. When receiving similar multidisciplinary care, the overall survival was not significantly different, but racial disparity often persists in treatment regimens. Socioeconomic determinants such as insurance status play a critical role in racial disparity, along with low levels of public awareness, a lack of knowledge of specific risk factors, and a sense of mistrust that is seen in the African-American population. Disparity in the head and neck cancer community is worrisome, and although efforts have been taken to decrease the disparity, a significant difference exists. Fortunately, the disparity is reversible and can be eliminated. To do so, it is critical to extend to underserved community programs that provide appropriate screening and diagnosis, with subsequent follow-up and treatment following the standards of care.
Outdoor recreation participation: A comparative analysis

The relationship of demographic variables to participation in outdoor recreation has been studied with both practical and theoretical aims. However, the results of demographic analysis have been disappointing in their failure to verify an adequate model of prediction for population aggregates. The 1977 Outdoor Recreation Telephone Survey is analyzed with stepwise multiple regression, an associational matrix, and contingency tables. While variance accounted for ranges only from 1 to 10 percent in multiple regression analysis, the relationship of specific activities to age, sex, and other variables is found to be both useful and of substantive interest. Implications for theory and practice are outlined.
Differential associations between entorhinal and hippocampal volumes and memory performance in older adults.

Magnetic resonance imaging-derived entorhinal and hippocampal volumes were measured in 14 nondemented, community-dwelling older adults. Participants were selected so that memory scores from 2 years prior to scanning varied widely but were not deficient relative to age-appropriate norms. A median split of these memory scores defined high-memory and low-memory groups. Verbal memory scores at the time of imaging were lower, and entorhinal and hippocampal volumes were smaller, in the low-memory group than in the high-memory group. Left entorhinal cortex volume showed the strongest correlation (r= .79) with immediate recall of word lists. Left hippocampal volume showed the strongest correlation (r= .57) with delayed paragraph recall. These results suggest that entorhinal and hippocampal volumes are related to individual differences in dissociable kinds of memory performance among healthy older adults.
IR spectroscopy of isotope-labeled helical peptides: probing the effect of N-acetylation on helix stability.

The effect of N-acetylation on the conformation of alanine-rich helical peptides is examined using isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A series of peptides with sequence AA(AAKAA)(3)AAY has been prepared; each peptide incorporates four (13)C-labeled alanines. These peptides have two amide I' bands in their FTIR spectra: one corresponding to the (12)C amino acids, and one assigned to the (13)C amino acids. The intensity and frequency of the (13)C amide I' band varies systematically with the position of the labels in the sequence and the presence or absence of an N-acetyl capping group. The intensity of the (13)C amide I' band correlates with helix stability at the labeled residues as predicted by thermodynamic models of the helix-coil transition. These results suggest that FTIR spectroscopy combined with specific isotope labeling can be used to dissect the conformation of helical peptides at the residue level.
Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle

Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can positively and negatively modulate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth. To investigate these paradoxical effects of H2O2, we examined its effect on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell cycle proteins. High concentrations of H2O2 (500 µM to 1 mM) induced apoptosis, whereas moderate concentrations (100 µM) caused cell cycle arrest in G1. H2O2 (100 µM) blocked serum-stimulated cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2) activity, but not CDK4 activity, suggesting that cell cycle arrest occurred in part by inhibiting CDK2 activity. The serum-induced increase in cyclin A mRNA was also completely suppressed by H2O2, whereas cyclin D1 mRNA was not affected. In addition, H2O2 caused a dramatic increase in expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 mRNA (9.67 ± 0.94-fold at 2 h) and protein (8.75 ± 0.08-fold at 8 h), but no change in p27 protein. Finally, H2O2 transiently increased p53 protein levels (3.16 ± 1.2-fold at 2 h). Thus, whereas high levels ...
The Impact of Technology Use on Hispanic Students' Mathematics Achievement Within Family and School Contexts: Subgroup Analysis between English- and Non-English-Speaking Students

This study tested a theoretical model explaining the relationship between technology, family context, and school context variables as predictors of mathematics achievement across two language group...
What is Inverse-Geometry CT?

Inverse-geometry computed tomography (IGCT) systems are being developed to provide improved volumetric imaging. In conventional multislice CT systems, x-rays are emitted from a small area and irradiate a large-area detector. In an IGCT system, x-ray sources are distributed over a large area, with each beam irradiating a small-area detector. Therefore, in the inverse geometry, a series of narrow x-ray beams are switched on and off while the gantry rotates. In conventional CT geometry, cone-beam and scatter artifacts increase with the imaged volume thickness. An inverse geometry may be less susceptible to scatter effects, because only a fraction of the field of view is irradiated at one time. The distributed source in the inverse geometry potentially improves sampling, leading to reduced cone-beam artifacts. In the inverse geometry, the tube current may be adjusted separately for each source location, which potentially reduces dose. Multiple IGCT prototypes have been constructed and tested on phantoms. A gantry-based IGCT system with one-second gantry rotation was developed, and images of phantoms and small animals were successfully acquired. Clinical feasibility with acceptable noise levels and scan times has not yet been shown. Overall, results from prototype systems suggest that the inverse geometry will enable imaging of a thick volume (∼16 cm) while potentially reducing cone-beam artifacts, scatter effects, and radiation dose. The magnitude of these benefits will depend on the specific IGCT implementation and need to be quantified relative to comparable multislice scanners.
Representing last exit potentials as potentials of measures

Let Xtbe a transient Hunt process having a potential density u(x) chosen in the usual way. No duality hypotheses are assumed. Let K be a closed set with M=sup{t:Xt∈K}<∞ almost surely. For f a bounded Borel function, $$P^x \left( {f\left( {X_M } \right);M > 0} \right) = \int {u\left( {x,y} \right)} \left( {1_K f\left( y \right)k\left( {dy} \right) + f\left( z \right)v_C \left( {dy,dz} \right)} \right)$$ , where κ is a measure on E, and νcis a measure on E×E so that νc(E−K) ×E)=0. If Xt is simply a right process and K is closed, $$P^x \left( {1_K f\left( {X_M } \right);M > {\text{0}}} \right) = \int u \left( {x,y} \right)1_K f\left( y \right)k\left( {dy} \right)$$ . If Xtis a right process and K ⊂E is closed in the Ray topology of X, then $$P^x \left( {f\left( {X_M } \right);M > 0} \right) = \int {u\left( {x,y} \right)} \left( {1_K f\left( y \right)k\left( {dy} \right) + f\left( z \right)v_C \left( {dy,dz} \right)} \right)$$ . If Xtis a diffusion, we obtain the representation of equilibrium potentials (for closed sets) due to Chung, Getoor-Sharpe, and Meyer without duality hypotheses.
Convenient apparatus for determining molecular weights of moisture-sensitive compounds by a modified Rast method

Abstract An apparatus easily assembled from readily available components is described for the determination of molecular weights of moisture-(and/or oxygen-) sensitive compounds by a modified Rast method. A procedure for sealing moisture- (and/or oxygen-) sensitive compounds in capillary tubes is also described.
Finite-Electric Field Study of Pressure Effects on Polarization Rotation in PbTiO3

We perform first-principles finite-electric field simulations of PbTiO3 both at zero and high pressures to investigate the effect of pressure on polarization rotation. We find that whereas a large electric field is required at zero pressure to induce a phase transition from the tetragonal (P4mm) phase to the rhombohedral (R3m) phase, at 8GPa a relatively small electric field is required indicating the greater ease of polarization rotation at high pressure. Pressure reduces the relative well depth between the two phases leading to a softer free-energy surface. This explains the increased electro-mechanical coupling obtained in PbTiO3 with pressure.
Structure and function of the receptor-like protein kinases of higher plants

Cell surface receptors located in the plasma membrane have a prominent role in the initiation of cellular signalling. Recent evidence strongly suggests that plant cells carry cell surface receptors with intrinsic protein kinase activity. The plant receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are structurally related to the polypeptide growth factor receptors of animals which consist of a large extracytoplasmic domain, a single membrane spanning segment and a cytoplasmic domain of the protein kinase gene family. Most of the animal growth factor receptor protein kinases are tyrosine kinases; however, the plant RLKs all appear to be serine/threonine protein kinases. Based on structural similarities in their extracellular domains the RLKs fall into three categories: the S-domain class, related to the self-incompatibility locus glycoproteins of Brassica; the leucine-rich repeat class, containing a tandemly repeated motif that has been found in numerous proteins from a variety of eukaryotes; and a third class that has epidermal growth factorlike repeats. Distinct members of these putative receptors have been found in both monocotyledonous plants such as maize and in members of the dicotyledonous Brassicaceae. The diversity among plant RLKs, reflected in their structural and functional properties, has opened up a broad new area of investigation into cellular signalling in plants with far-reaching implications for the mechanisms by which plant cells perceive and respond to extracellular signals.
Flow-induced crystallization from solution: The relative effects of extension and shearing flow fields

Calculations have been performed to evaluate the relative effects of extensional and shearing flow fields on both the chain elongation and crystal nucleation rate enhancement for polyethylene crystallizing from xylene solutions. Rheological behavior was evaluated by means of the elastic dumbbell model modified for nonlinear effects at high elongations, and nucleation rate effects were considered from an essentially phenomenological view point. Molecular weight effects were also incorporated explicitly in the computations. Results show that chain elongation and nucleation rate enhancement is far greater for extensional than for shearing flows. Semiquantitative comparisons with experimental results reported in the literature for various aspects of the flow induced process, including the important fractionation effects, are discussed. Modification of the dumbbell model to account for shear rate effects on the intrinsic viscosity is also discussed.
Continuum elasticity theory of edge waves in a two-dimensional electron liquid with finite-range interactions

We make use of continuum elasticity theory to investigate the collective modes that propagate along the edge of a two-dimensional electron liquid or crystal in a magnetic field. An exact solution of the equations of motion is obtained with the following simplifying assumptions: (i) The system is {\it macroscopically} homogeneous and isotropic in the half-plane delimited by the edge (ii) The electron-electron interaction is of finite range due to screening by external electrodes (iii) The system is nearly incompressible. At sufficiently small wave vector $q$ we find a universal dispersion curve $\omega \sim q$ independent of the shear modulus. At larger wave vectors the dispersion can change its form in a manner dependent on the comparison of various length scales. We obtain analytical formulas for the dispersion and damping of the modes in various physical regimes.
The physical and chemical properties of a chicken egg white glycoprotein purified by nondenaturing methodology

An egg white glycoprotein fraction resembling ovomucoid was purified from chicken egg white by a sequential procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-and CM-cellulose. The resulting preparation was homogenous as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at several pH values (2.3, 4.3, and 9.5), isoelectric focusing, end group analysis, ultracentrifuge studies, and immunochemical analysis. The purified material had an isoelectric point of 4.8, an average molecular weight of 27,800, and contained 3 moles of galactose, 12 moles of mannose, and 29 moles of glucosamine per mole of protein. The product inhibited bovine trypsin, forming a 1 to 1 complex on a molar basis, and elicited a positive anaphylactoid response in albino rats at levels as low as 0.5 μg. Brief exposure of the purified glycoprotein to extremes in pH did not irreversibly alter the protein conformation as indicated by circular dichroism measurements, trypsin inhibition, gel electrophoresis, and immunochemical studies. The egg white glycoprotein isolated by the above procedure differs from ovomucoid prepared by a trichloroacetic acid procedure with respect to isoelectric point, carbohydrate composition, and circular dichroism spectra
Establishing functional speech in echolalic children.

Abstract This paper is a summary of research by the authors in the development of speech in echolalic children. The procedures are based on operant behavior-modification techniques such as: (1) shaping and imitation training for the development of speech ; (2) fading in of new stimuli and fading out of verbal prompts to transfer the speech from imitative control to control by appropriate stimulus conditions; and (3) extinction and time-out from reinforcement for the reduction of inappropriate behavior in conjunction with the differential reinforcement of appropriate responses which are incompatible with the inappropriate behavior.
Manipulation of magnetic carriers for drug delivery using pulsed-current high Tc superconductors

Abstract An innovative method of manipulating magnetic carriers is proposed, and its feasibility for drug delivery and therapy is demonstrated experimentally. The proposed method employs pulsed-field solenoid coils with high-critical- temperature (Tc) superconductor inserts. Pulsed current is used to magnetize and de-magnetize the superconductor insert. The proposed method was demonstrated to be able to (1) move magnetic particles, ranging in size from a few millimeters to 10 μm, with strong enough forces over a substantial distance, (2) hold the particles at a designated position as long as needed, and (3) reverse the processes and retrieve the particles. We further demonstrated that magnetic particles can be manipulated in a stationary environment, in water flow, and in simulated blood (water/glycerol mixture) flow.
Relationship between Nuclear Volume and Radiosensitivity of Different Cell Types in Gemmæ of Marchantia polymorpha L.

THE radiosensitivity of various species of plants has been investigated for many years1,2. Much recent work has been concerned with attempts to discover if there is some common cellular feature which might serve as an index of radiosensitivity. In general, the nucleus (or its components) has been considered as the primary object determining radiosensitivity3–7. One method of investigation has been to irradiate a number of different species and then to correlate the responses of the irradiated plants with inherent particular nuclear parameters of apical meristem cells of unirradiated control plants. In general, plants with the smaller nuclei have been found to be more resistant to radiation than those plants with the larger nuclei. Indeed, where the species being compared differed in chromosome number, Sparrow et al.8 have shown that the quotient of the nuclear volume divided by the chromosome number (the interphase chromosome volume) is a more accurate index of radio-sensitivity than nuclear volume alone. Thus chromosome number is important in determining radiosensitivity where variation in numbers exists.
Cattle, Co-wives, Children, and Calabashes: Material Context for Symbol Use among the II Chamus of West-Central Kenya

Apres une discussion sur l'ecologie du betail, l'alimentation humaine, la composition du groupe domestique et l'allocation alimentaire des pasteurs Il Chamus de la region du lac Baringo au centre-ouest du Kenya, l'A. utilise les donnees d'Hodder pour evaluer une explication alternative des symboles et de la culture materielle de cette population. L'etude montre l'importance du lait et des produits laitiers comme ressource alimentaire. Le nombre de gourdes decorees et le degre de l'emploi de symbole sur les contenants laitiers dependent du nombre d'enfants et de co-epouses, et de la taille du troupeau dans un foyer. Les femmes produisent et se servent de moins de gourdes decorees avec l'âge
Covalently Modified Silicon and Diamond Surfaces: Resistance to Nonspecific Protein Adsorption and Optimization for Biosensing

We report the direct covalent functionalization of silicon and diamond surfaces with short ethylene glycol (EG) oligomers via photochemical reaction of the hydrogen-terminated surfaces with terminal vinyl groups of the oligomers, and the use of these monolayers to control protein binding at surfaces. Photochemical modification of Si(111) and polycrystalline diamond surfaces produces EG monolayers linked via Si−C bond formation (silicon) or C−C bond formation (diamond). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the monolayer composition. Measurements using fluorescently labeled proteins show that the EG-functionalized surfaces effectively resist nonspecific adsorption of proteins. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of mixed monolayers on silicon and diamond and apply these surfaces to control specific versus nonspecific binding to optimize a model protein sensing assay.
The ecology of marine exploitation in prehistoric Hawaii

Archaeological evidence for prehistoric strategies of marine exploitation in Oceania may be profitably analyzed from an ecological perspective, in which individual sites and assemblages are viewed in the context of adaptation to local environmental constraints. This perspective is illustrated through the contrastive analysis of environment, technology, and faunal remains at three prehistoric Hawaiian sites. Differing strategies of marine exploitation evidenced for each site are shown to reflect local marine environmental conditions. An ecological approach shows greater promise for an understanding of prehistoric adaptation to marine environment than the typological analyses current in much archaeological work on fishing.
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope project: A progress report

Abstract The Atacama Cosmology Telescope is a project to map the microwave background radiation at arcminute angular resolution and high sensitivity in three frequency bands over substantial sky areas. Cosmological signals driving such an experiment are reviewed, and current progress in hardware construction is summarized. Complementary astronomical observations in other wavebands are also discussed.
Visual performance in the rhesus monkey after exposure to blue light

Abstract Rhesus monkeys trained to perform a visual task (Landolt ring discrimination) were exposed for 1000 sec to known amounts of 441 nm light by means of a 2500 W xenon lamp with narrow bandpass filter. Radiant exposures to the macula of 30 J/cm 2 did not impair vision, but 60 J/cm 2 produced a transient loss of 20/20 vision which lasted from 20 to 30 days. A radiant exposure of 90 J/cm 2 produced a permanent loss of 20/20 vision. These results, in addition to explaining solar retinitis and eclipse blindness, correlate well with the retinal photopathology of the short wavelength photochemical lesion.
Double-labelling with rhodamine beads and biocytin: a technique for studying corticospinal and other projection neurons in vitro

Corticospinal neurons retrogradely labelled with rhodamine-labelled latex microspheres (RLMs) in vivo were studied intracellularly in a slice preparation up to 13 months later with electrodes containing biocytin. The physiological properties of these double-labelled corticospinal neurons were indistinguishable from those of comparable neurons which were impaled with biocytin-containing electrodes without prior RLM-labelling, and neurons studied with potassium acetate-filled electrodes in similar areas. Thus, neither labelling with RLMs nor injection of biocytin affected neuronal properties. This important advantage of RLMs makes them suitable for prelabelling projection neurons in vivo for subsequent studies that take advantage of the versatility of a brain slice preparation. In addition to its lack of effects on neuronal properties, intracellular labelling with biocytin also provides high-quality morphological details ideal for anatomical analysis. The compatibility of retrograde labelling with RLMs and intracellular staining with biocytin make this a useful combined technique for tracking electrophysiological and anatomical changes in identified projection neurons over time.
Catalytic Synergism in Physical Mixtures of Supported Iron−Cerium and Supported Noble Metal for Hydroisomerization of 1,3-Butadiene

In an effort to better understand the excellent synergism of certain physical mixtures of supported catalysts for the 1-butene double bond shift described previously, the butadiene hydroisomerization selectivity/activity of the same mixtures was studied. Limited activity/selectivity synergism for the hydroisomerization of butadiene was measured for physical mixtures of FeCe/Grafoil (alloy) and Pt/Grafoil or Pd/Grafoil (noble metal). A high degree of synergism was noted for mixtures in which the ratio of alloy to noble metal was less than about 20:1. Additions of alloy to mixtures which increased the ratio to values higher than 20 did not change the activity or selectivity. For Pd/Grafoil containing mixtures both activity and selectivity synergism could be explained completely on the basis of a hydrogen spillover model. For example, the limit in activity synergism was ascribed to the depletion of hydrogen atoms away from palladium centers (radial gradient around each noble metal particle) due to the use of...
Sustained effect of and lack of development of tolerance to controlled-release isosorbide-5-mononitrate in chronic stable angina pectoris.

Tolerance has been shown to develop when nitrate preparations are used in such a manner as to produce plasma levels within the therapeutic range continuously over a 24-hour period. However, a period of reduced or low nitrate plasma levels of a few hours per day may limit or completely prevent tolerance development. In 18 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris, a single 60-mg daily dose of a controlled-release preparation of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (ISMN) was compared with the administration of 30 mg, 4 times daily, of immediate-release isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The comparisons were carried out on the first day of therapy and after 11 to 14 days of continuous therapy to assess the duration of effectiveness and the development of tolerance. On short-term therapy, both drugs produced a significant improvement in treadmill walking times to moderate angina in comparison with placebo. The values for ISMN were 87 +/- 99 seconds (23%) at 12:30 P.M., 72 +/- 91 seconds (19%) at 5 P.M. and 51 +/- 81 seconds (13%) at 8:30 P.M. For ISDN, the respective values were 71 +/- 83 seconds (19%), 89 +/- 98 seconds (24%) and 79 +/- 87 seconds (21%). There were no significant differences between drugs. Plasma nitrate levels for each drug paralleled the improvements in exercise performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The influence of host defensive behavior on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) biting persistence.

Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes were less persistent in attempting to feed on a human hand when the host was so defensive that mosquitoes could land only briefly and could not feed. Attack duration (amount of time mosquitoes attempted to feed, a measure of biting persistence) was longest in the mosquitoes' 1st attack on the hand, and progressively shorter thereafter. Sucrose-starved mosquitoes were significantly less persistent than were sucrose-fed mosquitoes. Mosquito age did not affect biting persistence. We suggest that when mosquitoes cease attacking a defensive host, they break contact with that host, possibly leading to multiple feeding within a single gonotrophic cycle.
Flexible inspection system based on a vision guided coordinate measuring machine

The objective of this paper is to develop a flexible three-dimensional inspection system for sculptured surfaces by employing 'Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), CAD database and vision system technology. New surface identification and rough localization methods are suggested using a concept called ‘Z-layers’ and a vision guided system. The Z-layers are generated from a CAD database which classifies the three-dimensional models. The three-dimensional models are reconstructed using a vision system that identifies the model and roughly identifies the orientation and location of the object implementing Z-layers. Then inspection planning and fine localization methods are mapped out which are based on the CAD database. The experimental results indicate that the developed inspection system, with the proposed algorithm, can be implemented in modern industry to reduce measurement errors and increase productivity.
A transportation-sensitive model of a regional economy

Abstract An integrated model system for analyzing alternative regional multimodal freight transportation infrastructures is developed. An econometric model uses transportation price information to determine the origin-destination flows of commodities throughout a region. These flows are input to a freight modal split model, which apportions them among the various modes on the bases of relative transport service variables. A network simulation model assigns the commodity flows by mode to specific routes and calculates flow-dependent origin-destination impedance values. Equilibrium values of model outputs are attained by means of a multi-feedback iteration process. The nature of model system interactions is explored by applying the model to a hypothetical region.
Aflatoxin determination in peanut butter by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay

High specificity, high titre antisera to aflatoxins B1 and G1 have been produced by immunisation of rabbits with a bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate. The antiserum has been used to set up an indirect, double antibody microtitration plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a limit of detection of 0.1 pg toxin per well. The assay has been validated for application to peanut butter, and demonstrates many advantages over conventional methodology, including the requirement for minimal sample preparation before assay, its technical simplicity, and its potential high sample through-put.
Role of interferon regulatory factor-1 in the regulation of IL-18 production and activity

Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of several cytokines. Using IRF-1 knockout (KO) mice, the role of IRF-1 in the production and activity of IL-18 was evaluated. Administration of IL-12 or concanavalin A significantly increased levels of circulating IL-18 in wild-type (WT), but not in IRF-1 KO mice. However, despite these differences in circulating IL-18 levels, no or only minor differences in constitutive or inducible IL-18 mRNA and tissue-associated protein levels were observed between WT and IRF-1 KO mice. On the other hand, we observed that constitutive and inducible levels of the IL-18-processing enzyme caspase-1 were markedly reduced in the spleen and the liver of IRF-1 KO compared to WT mice. In addition, both constitutive and inducible liver mRNA levels for the IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), a specific IL-18 antagonist, were significantly lower in IRF-1 KO than in WT mice. Compared to IL-12, IL-18 only weakly induced IRF-1 mRNA in cultured splenocytes. However, IL-18-induced IFN-gamma production was strongly reduced in splenocytes from IRF-1 KO compared to WT cells. In conclusion, IRF-1 regulates IL-18 production and activity mostly by modulating expression of caspase-1 and IL-18BP. In addition, IRF-1 participates in the induction of IFN-gamma by IL-18.
A simulation of radiationless relaxation in phosphors by molecular dynamics

Abstract Molecular dynamic (MD) methods are used to study vibrational relaxation in phosphors. Using a model system consisting of a few hundred atoms with periodic boundary conditions an activator ion is “excited” by a sudden change of its interatomic force law. Then relaxation of the surrounding atom positions and dissipation of vibrational energy — Stoke's shift — is followed in time. Parameters are fit to the repulsive term of the ionic pair potential for Tl+ in the ground and excited state to give agreement with excitation and emission spectra.
pH-rate profiles support a general base mechanism for galactokinase (Lactococcus lactis).

Galactokinase (GALK), a member the Leloir pathway for normal galactose metabolism, catalyzes the conversion of α-d-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate. For this investigation, we studied the kinetic mechanism and pH profiles of the enzyme from Lactococcus lactis. Our results show that the mechanism for its reaction is sequential in both directions. Mutant proteins D183A and D183N are inactive (<10 000 fold), supporting the role of Asp183 as a catalytic base that deprotonates the C-1 hydroxyl group of galactose. The pH-kcat profile of the forward reaction has a pKa of 6.9 ± 0.2 that likely is due to Asp183. The pH-kcat/KGal profile of the reverse reaction further substantiates this role as it is lacking a key pKa required for a direct proton transfer mechanism. The R36A and R36N mutant proteins show over 100-fold lower activity than that for the wild-type enzyme, thus suggesting that Arg36 lowers the pKa of the C-1 hydroxyl to facilitate deprotonation.
Relationships between the Intensity of Cold-Air Outbreaks and the Evolution of Synoptic and Planetary-Scale Features over North America

Abstract Much of the previous work on cold-air outbreaks has examined the synoptic development associated with small samples of strong outbreaks. In this study, a synoptic climatology of cold-air outbreaks is developed from a large outbreak sample displaying a wide range of intensities over the southeastern United States. Relationships are developed between the intensity of cold-air outbreaks and the magnitude of planetary- and synoptic-scale surface temperature, pressure, and 500-mb height anomalies over North America. These atmospheric fields are passed through a Gaussian nine-point filter in order to distinguish between planetary- and synoptic-scale features. Lag correlation fields are constructed to identify patterns in the strength of the relationship between the outbreak intensity and the magnitude of the planetary- and synoptic-scale atmospheric fields over North America during a 12-day window preceding the cold-air outbreak. Planetary-scale circulation anomalies are found to be more strongly relat...
The effect of a large cape on distribution patterns of coastal and oceanic copepods off Oregon and northern California during the 1998-1999 El Nino-La Nina

Abstract Hydrographic and ocean drifter measurements made along the Oregon coast indicate that the spatial structure of the coastal upwelling system differs in waters to the north and the south of Cape Blanco, Oregon. North of the Cape, a 10–30 km wide zone of coastal upwelling parallels the coast, but south of the Cape, increased wind stress leads to a seaward expansion of the upwelling system and cold upwelled water extends 50–100 km offshore. Because the hydrography and the transport differ, we hypothesize that zooplankton distributions will differ as well. In this paper we investigate differences in copepod distributions and copepod community composition between the waters north and south of Cape Blanco. Five cruises were conducted in 1998 and 1999, which were years of contrasting ocean conditions; there was a strong El Nino in 1998, which was followed by a strong La Nina in 1999. Copepod biomass did not differ between the El Nino and La Nina periods; however, species composition of the copepod assemblages differed vastly. During the 1998 El Nino, the copepod community was dominated by subtropical neritic and warm-water offshore species. During the 1999 La Nina, the zooplankton community was dominated by cold water boreal neritic species. The warm water species were widely distributed in shelf and slope waters in 1998, whereas in 1999, they were found primarily offshore of central Oregon, but over the shelf off northern California. During the summer upwelling season of both years, copepod community composition in shelf waters differed significantly from slope waters in the region to the north of the Cape, however, community composition was the same in shelf and slope waters in the region south of the Cape. These results lead us to suggest that offshore transport by the upwelling jet may be an important mechanism controlling copepod community structure south of Cape Blanco. When we examined these patterns in community composition on a species-by-species basis, among the dominant boreal copepod species, Pseudocalanus mimus and Acartia longiremis were displaced offshore and maintained high population densities in the waters south of Cape Blanco whereas densities of Calanus marshallae and Centropages abdominalis declined in the waters south of the Cape. Thus, the interaction between the boreal copepods and the waters north versus south of Blanco is species-specific. Species may be either lost or retained depending upon interactions between vertical current shear and their vertical distributions. Alternatively, there may be a differential ability among species to survive and reproduce in waters offshore and south of Cape Blanco.
The implementation of speech recognition in an electronic radiology practice.

For both efficiency and economic reasons, our practice (200,000 examinations) has converted all remote dictation to speech recognition transcription (PowerScribe, L & H, Burlington, MA). The design criteria included complete automation to the existing radiology information system (RIS), with full RIS capabilities immediately available following dictation. All dictations for computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine were converted from remote transcription to speech recognition over a 2-week period (following a 4-week installation phase and 8 days of training). The average turnaround time for these reports decreased from approximately 2 hours to less than 1 minute. Reports are then sent to the institutional Electronic Medical Record and are available throughout all facilities in a nominal 2 minutes. Speech recognition rates were suprisingly high, although certain phrases caused consistent difficulties and certain staff required retraining. This presents our analysis of both successful and problematic areas during our design and implementation, as well as statistical performance analyses.
Watching where you're going: an analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of attention during walking

Dual task methodology and eye-tracking were used to examine how attention is allocated when walking over terrain of varying complexity. Volunteers completed six test sessions in which they walked for 30 minutes with one of three terrain conditions (no markings, irregular markings, irregular markings). While walking, volunteers also performed a secondary vigilance task with targets placed at either eye level or ground level. Results showed that accuracy on the secondary task declined as terrain complexity increased. Median RT was also significantly faster with no markings than either marking condition. In addition, RTs were faster with the targets at eye level for all marking patterns except the irregular pattern. These data show that walking over varied terrain impacts vigilance. Language: en
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Family Daily Hassles and Family Coping and Managing Strategies

Despite many years of stress and coping research, little is known about how ordinary families cope with daily microstressors and manage their lives. The present study examined the relationship between three dimensions of family daily hassles: time and energy involvement, positive and negative influences, and family resources, coping, and managing strategies. The authors studied families with elementary-school-aged children from a midsized, Southern city in the United States. The sample consisted of 255 mothers (51% African American) and 128 fathers (62% White). The findings of the study indicated that the dimensions of family daily hassles are distinct and are associated with both family coping and managing strategies; however, more research is needed in this area.
The Mouth of Heaven and the Kwakiutl Tongue: A Comment on Walens on Goldman

1972 What is Kinship All About? In Kinship Studies in the Morgan Centennial Year. P. Reining, ed. Pp. 32-63. Washington, D.C.: Anthropological Society of Washington. Steward, Julian H. 1955 Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Strathern, Andrew 1972 One Father, One Blood: Descent and Group Structure among Melpa People. Canberra: Australian National Univer-
Modeling of chemical vapor infiltration of carbon in porous carbon substrates

Abstract A model has been developed to account for reaction, diffusion, and deposition during chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of carbon in porous substrates. The model was applied to the case of isothermal CVI of carbon-carbon composite substrates during propylene pyrolysis, and experimental results were predicted successfully. A kinetic scheme based on experimental observations, which consists of initiation, nucleation, growth, and deposition of a carbon precursor, was incorporated into the model. The initial Thiele modulus for deposition, which provides the intrinsic rate of deposition relative to the rate of diffusion, was found to control the uniformity of densification.
Gas distribution measurements from a PRS nozzle

Summary form only given, as follows. Experiments are underway to characterize the argon gas flow from a supersonic z-pinch nozzle used on Phoenix. The annular nozzle has a 3.5-cm mean diameter, 13.75 degree mean inward tilt, and a 1.5-mm exit width. The gas density is measured using an ultra-sensitive, time-resolved, two-color Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The interferometer uses cw lasers of 532 and 1064 nm wavelengths. A single beam line with diameter less than 1 mm traverses the gas flow perpendicular to the nozzle axis, requiring multiple shots to build up transverse density profiles as a function of axial position. Abel inversion is used to determine the radial density profile. Shot-to-shot reproducibility is a major issue for this technique. Shots are correlated with a fast piezo-resistive pressure sensor, a flashover pin, and a valve current monitor. For a 50 /spl mu/g/cm Argon load the path-integrated density across the main part of the flow is about 2/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -2/. The interferometer system is sensitive to fringe shifts greater than 10/sup -5/ waves permitting path-integrated neutral-density measurements as small as 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -2/, allowing accurate measurements at the gas-flow edge. Possible future experiments include measuring the ionization fraction of pre-ionized gas-puffs and the electron and neutral densities in the early stages of PRS implosions.
Initial Characterization of small Proteoglycans Synthesized by Embryonic Chick Leg Muscle-Associated Connective Tissues

Muscle development in the embryonic chick involves the interfacing of two different cell types: myogenic cells forming the contractile network and connective tissue cells which wrap this network into discrete morphologies. Previous reports from this laboratory detailed the characterization of large extracellular matrix proteoglycans synthesized by skeletal muscle. This report describes the initial characterization of small muscle-associated connective tissue proteoglycans synthesized in embryonic chick leg in ovo and by embryonic leg muscle-associated secondary fibroblasts in vitro by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the D1 gradient fractions from the in ovo and in vitro material revealed that the proteoglycans were of relatively small size. These molecules eluted from Sepharose CL-2B through a Kav range of 0.6-0.8. Analysis of alkaline borohydride-released glycosaminoglycan chains by Sepharose CL-6B, Sephadex G-25, and thin layer chromatography demonstrated a mixture of three proteoglycan families composed of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans.
Mixed Generalized Linear Model for Estimating Household Trip Production

An innovative modeling framework to estimate household trip rates using 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey data is presented. A generalized linear model with a mixture of negative binomial probability distribution functions was developed on the basis of characteristics observed from the empirical distribution of household daily trips. This model provides a more flexible framework and a better model specification for analyzing household-specific trip production behavior. Compared with traditional least squares-based regression models, the parameter estimates from the proposed model are more efficient. Although the mean accuracies from the two modeling approaches are comparable, the mixed generalized linear model is more robust in identifying outliers due to its unsymmetric prediction bounds derived from more correct model specification.